bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compound Relationships between Firms
Authors: Ross William T. , Robertson Diana C.
Published: July 2007

In this article, the authors introduce the idea of a compound relationship; that is, for many pairs of firms, the overall relationship between the two firms is composed of multiple simple relationships: supplier to customer, and vice versa; competitor to competitor; and partners. This multiplicity of relationships can lead to both opportunities and challenges for each of the two firms in the dyad. The authors define the nature of compound relationships and delineate why it is important for the firm to treat them as such rather than focusing only on the simple relationships. They distinguish compound relationships from social networks and simple dyadic relationships and relate the construct to exchange theory, “coopetition,” and the interorganizational relationship literature in marketing. They then use the political economy framework to develop a set of conceptual propositions that apply to many aspects of compound relationships. They end with some speculations regarding the appropriate management of compound relationships and propose opportunities for further research.
The Thought Worlds of Marketing and Sales: Which Differences Make a Difference?
Authors: Homburg Christian , Jensen Ove
Published: July 2007

The literature is divided on whether differences between the thought worlds of marketing and sales are deleterious or beneficial. This article empirically investigates various facets of thought-world differences and their effects on various outcomes. It confirms that, in general, differences hamper the cooperation between marketing and sales, which leads to a lower market performance of the business unit. However, some facets of thought-world differences enhance the market performance of the business unit through a direct effect that outweighs the negative effect mediated by the quality of cooperation between marketing and sales. Market performance is enhanced if one side plays the customers' advocate while the other plays the products' advocate. Market performance is also enhanced if one side plays the advocate of short-term considerations while the other plays the advocate of long-term considerations. In contrast, differences between marketing and sales in regard to product knowledge and interpersonal skills are deleterious to market performance. Thus, the kind of difference makes a difference.
Reservation Price as a Range: An Incentive-Compatible Measurement Approach
Authors: Wang Tuo , Venkatesh R. , Chatterjee Rabikar
Published: July 2007

Drawing from the literature on buyers' uncertainty in preference and product knowledge, the authors suggest and empirically test the proposition that a consumer's reservation price for a product is more meaningfully and accurately represented as a range than as a single point. Given this conceptualization, they propose an approach for incentive-compatible elicitation of a consumer's reservation price range (ICERANGE) that builds on Becker, DeGroot, and Marschak's (1964) point-of-purchase method. Two empirical applications of the approach provide an assessment of its practicality and its predictive performance relative to current methodologies for reservation price elicitation. The results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms the benchmark approaches in terms of predictive validity and yields valuable incremental information about uncertainty in product valuation.
The Effect of Measurement Task Transparency on Preference Construction and Evaluations of Personalized Recommendations
Authors: Kramer Thomas
Published: July 2007

Marketing activities frequently involve personalizing product offers to consumers' individually measured preferences. Because preferences are often ill-defined, responses to customized offers may depend on how easy it is for consumers to identify the preferences they stated in the measurement task. A series of experiments shows that the likelihood of choosing a personalized recommendation that matches measured preferences most closely is greater with measurement tasks that allow consumers to identify their stated preferences more easily (i.e., transparent tasks). However, this difference in choice likelihood due to task transparency is observed only for novices (versus experts), and making the identification of stated preferences more difficult eliminates the effect by decreasing the choice likelihood following more (versus less) transparent tasks. The author identifies consumers' understanding of their own preferences as the mechanism underlying the task transparency effect. The findings provide evidence that consumers must be able to “see through” or understand the construction of their preferences to maximize utility.
Transfer-Appropriate Processing, Response Fluency, and the Mere Measurement Effect
Authors: Janiszewski Chris , Chandon Elise
Published: July 2007

The mere measurement of a person's intention to behave has been shown to influence his or her likelihood of engaging in the behavior. The mere measurement effect has been attributed to an increased accessibility of the attitude toward the behavior. Another source of the mere measurement effect may be the redundancy in the cognitive processes used to generate the mere measurement response and the cognitive processes used to decide whether to engage in the behavior. Process redundancy creates a fluency that can be interpreted as supportive of the behavioral tendency. Across eight studies, the authors show that processing fluency also contributes to the mere measurement effect.
Willingness to Pay and Competition in Online Auctions
Authors: Chan Tat Y. , Kadiyali Vrinda , Park Young-Hoon
Published: July 2007

The authors model how to measure consumer willingness to pay (WTP) using an English, or ascending first-price, auction based on two general bidding premises: No bidder bids more than his or her WTP, and no bidder allows a rival bidder to win at a price that he or she is willing to beat. In other words, the authors propose a “no-regret” rule in bidding. They impose no other restrictive assumptions on “maximands” or the bidders' behaviors in a competitive auction context. The authors model WTP as having two components: a pure product feature component and one based on the auction market environment. The latter includes bidder experience, seller reputation, and measures for competition among bidders and items. The proposed model is general enough to include a “buy-it-now” (equivalent to a posted price) auction mechanism. The authors use data on notebook auctions from one of the largest Internet auction sites in Korea. They find that most product characteristics matter in the expected ways. There are two additional primary findings: First, WTP declines as more similar items are concurrently listed with the focal item; there is an additional effect if these similar items also belong to the same brand. Therefore, market thickness matters for consumer WTP. Second, more extensive site surfing and bidding histories lead to lower WTP, implying that search costs and experience matter in bidding. As specific substantive benefits, the authors demonstrate how sellers can calculate changes in WTP and, thus, the expected revenue as the number of concurrently available similar items varies.
The Costs and Benefits of Do-Not-Call Regulations: A Comment on Beard and Abernethy's “Consumer Prices and the Federal Trade Commission's ‘Do-Not-Call’ Program”
Authors: Anderson Keith B.
Published: July 2007

In a 2005 Journal of Public Policy & Marketing article, Beard and Abernethy estimate that the Federal Trade Commission's do-not-call regulations could plausibly be increasing the amount the average household pays for long-distance service by $19–$39 per year. However, their approach causes them to overstate the possible costs significantly. An expanded model and more plausible parameter values result in cost estimates of no more than $6–$22 per year. Furthermore, the benefits of the do-not-call regulations—the ability of consumers to avoid the interruptions caused by unwanted commercial telephone calls—suggest that the benefits of avoiding unwanted calls from long-distance providers are greater than the costs of the regulations if consumers value the time taken up by unwanted telemarketing calls at more than $8–$27 per hour.
Consumer Vulnerability as a Shared Experience: Tornado Recovery Process in Wright, Wyoming
Authors: Baker Stacey Menzel , Hunt David M. , Rittenburg Terri L.
Published: July 2007

Natural disasters leave people vulnerable because of threats to health and safety and because of losses of lives, financial assets, and possessions valued for functional and symbolic purposes. This article explores vulnerability as a shared experience, examines how responses to individual and community vulnerability facilitate and impede the restoration of control, and shows how vulnerability can transform individuals and a community. The findings demonstrate that vulnerability can be experienced as a social process and as a state of flux and that individuals and social groups actively and constructively work to move themselves out of their vulnerable states. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for theory and for public policy.
How do Antitobacco Campaign Advertising and Smoking Status Affect Beliefs and Intentions? Some Similarities and Differences between Adults and Adolescents
Authors: Tangari Andrea H. , Burton Scot , Andrews J. Craig , Netemeyer Richard G.
Published: July 2007

This article presents two studies that examine similarities and differences with respect to how adults and adolescents process and respond to information in an antitobacco ad campaign. Study 1 examines (1) the effects of antitobacco advertising campaign measures (e.g., campaign advertisement integration, perceived strength of ad-based messages, attitude toward the ad campaign) on four key adult antismoking beliefs and (2) the influence of these campaign evaluations and beliefs on smokers’ intentions to quit smoking. Hierarchical regression results show that antismoking ad campaign reactions explain substantial additional variance in beliefs about tobacco industry deceptiveness, smoking addictiveness, harmfulness of secondhand smoke, and restrictions on smoking at different public venues. The findings also show that the campaign variables as a whole are positively related to intentions to quit smoking, beyond the variance that is explained by demographics. In Study 2, the authors replicate and extend these findings for the campaign using similar measures and procedures for a sample of more than 900 adolescents. They draw comparisons between these adult and adolescent findings and offer some implications for potential corrective advertising for consumers’ beliefs about smoking that may be required of tobacco companies based on U.S. v. Philip Morris USA, Inc.
Constructing Identity with Dreamstones: Megalithic Sites and Contemporary Nature Spirituality
Authors: Lucas Phillip Charles
Published: July 2007

For growing numbers of people, the postmodern construction of identity includes the search for a spirituality that reconnects them with the natural world and fosters activity that protects the ecosystem and its many forms of life. Practitioners of this "nature spirituality" construct their identities using a large toolkit of symbols, myths, histories, rituals, sacred places, and beliefs. The megalithic sites of Western Europe constitute one element of this toolkit. This paper considers the ways these sites are interpreted and experienced in the nature-spirituality subculture and how these interpretations and experiences help individuals construct empowering identities that tie together their spiritual and ecological commitments. This interpretive process is occurring outside the control of governing elites, ecclesiastical authorities, or dominant religious institutions. It is at root an exercise in both individual and communal identity construction, a movement of resistance to a world system that has lost its secure moorings in the natural order.
"I Saw You Disappear with My Own Eyes": Hidden Transcripts of New York Black Israelite Bricolage
Authors: Dorman Jacob S.
Published: July 2007

To date, scholars have tended to view Black Israelites as mercenary, derivative, or imitative. However, this microhistorical reading of the public, partial, and hidden transcripts of New York Rabbi Wentworth Arthur Matthew's beliefs and ritual practices demonstrates that Black Israelites did not simply imitate Jews, but rather they were bricoleurs who constructed a polycultural religion that creatively reworked threads from religious faiths, secret societies, and magical grimoires. Black Israelite religious identity was imagined and performed in sidewalk lectures and in Marcus Garvey's Liberty Hall; it was embodied through Caribbean pageants, and acted out in parades. Black Israelism was lived through secret Spiritualist and Kabbalistic rituals, and taught openly through Sunday Schools and Masonic affiliates. Finally, it was an identity that was formed and performed in a mixture of Sanctified and Judaic rites. Print culture, performance, and complex social networks were all important to the imagination and realization of this new Israelite religious identity. Recognizing the subversive quality of this bricolage and the complexity of its partial and hidden transcripts belies attempts to exclude esoteric African American new religious movements from the categories of protest religion and black religion. When one combines the study of Black Israelism with similar studies of African American NRM's of the 1920s, it is possible to appreciate a remarkable wave of overlapping esoteric religious creativity that accompanied the much more famous artistic creativity of the Harlem Renaissance.
Association study of the polymorphisms in the KISS1 gene with central precocious puberty in Chinese girls
Authors: Luan Xiaohui , Zhou Yuxun , Wang Wei , Yu Hong , Li Pin , Gan Xiaohong , Wei Dongzhi , Xiao Junhua
Published: July 2007

Objective: The kisspeptin/GPR54 pathway has been proven to be crucial in the process of puberty onset, yet the polymorphisms in the KISS1 gene and their relationships with central precocious puberty (CPP) have not been investigated. This study was performed to reveal the relationship between the gene and the disease.

Design and Methods: 272 Chinese Han girls diagnosed to be CPP patients were recruited as Case Group I, 43 unrelated African women as Case Group II, and 288 unrelated normal Chinese Han girls as Control Group. Polymorphism scans of the KISS1 gene were performed for the first time by bidirectional resequencing of the whole gene in a subset of the patients, and then by ligase detection reaction some of the polymorphisms identified were typed in the two groups and the respective haplotypes were constructed. The relationships of the typed polymorphisms and the haplotypes with CPP were evaluated by an association study between genotypes and phenotypes.

Results: By resequencing, eight polymorphisms were identified, five of which were typed forming 18 haplotypes. Although one novel nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism substituting one amino acid in kisspeptin (P110T) was found to be statistically related to the disease (P = 0.025), no further supporting evidence has yet been found. The other polymorphisms and all the haplotypes were not found to be related.

Conclusion: The polymorphism scanning and typing of KISS1 uncovered several potentially meaningful polymorphisms, but the conclusion was not solid and further studies are necessary for function validation of these polymorphisms.
A simple diagnostic test using GH-releasing peptide-2 in adult GH deficiency
Authors: Chihara Kazuo , Shimatsu Akira , Hizuka Naomi , Tanaka Toshiaki , Seino Yoshiki , Katofor Yuzuru , _ _
Published: July 2007

Objective: The international, first-line diagnostic test for adult GH deficiency is the insulin tolerance test (ITT), which is contraindicated in some patients due to severe adverse events. Alternatives such as GH-releasing hormone combined with arginine or GH-releasing peptides (GHRP) have been proposed. We validated the use of GHRP-2 for diagnosing adult GH deficiency (GHD).

Methods: Seventy-seven healthy subjects and 58 patients with peak GH<3 μg/l by ITT were enrolled. After overnight fasting, a 100 μg dose of GHRP-2 was administered intravenously; blood samples were taken during the subsequent 2 h and GH measured by immunoradiometric assay.

Results: Serum GH peak occurred within 60 min after GHRP-2 administration in all subjects. GH responses to GHRP-2 were not affected by gender, but were slightly lower in elderly subjects and those with adiposity, although these did not influence diagnosis of GHD. Repeated tests showed favourable reproducibility. Peak GH concentrations after GHRP-2 were significantly (P<0.001) lower in patients (1.36±2.60 μg/l) than the healthy group (84.6±60.9 μg/l) with no difference between hypothalamic and pituitary diseases. Serum GH concentration at the point where sensitivity of response crossed with specificity ranged from 15 to 20 μg/l. A cut-off value of 15 μg/l for diagnosing GHD with GHRP-2 corresponded to the diagnostic value of 3 μg/l in the ITT.

Conclusions: The GHRP-2 provocative test showed favourable reproducibility and was mildly influenced by age and adiposity. Severe GH deficiency could be diagnosed with high reliability using a 15 μg/l (9 μg/l when GH calibrated with recombinant World Health Organization 98/574 standard) cut-off for peak GH concentration.
Lower heart rate variability is associated with higher plasma concentrations of IL-6 in type 1 diabetes
Authors: González-Clemente J-M , Vilardell C , Broch M , Megia A , Caixàs A , Giménez-Palop O , Richart C , Simón I , Martínez-Riquelme A , Arroyo J , Mauricio D , Vendrell J
Published: July 2007

Objective: In type 1 diabetes, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is associated with cardiovascular risk factors related to insulin resistance, which in turn are associated with low-grade systemic inflammation. Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) is considered one of the first indicators of CAN. Since the autonomic nervous system interacts with systemic inflammation, we evaluated CAN to study its possible association with low-grade systemic inflammation.

Design: Cross-sectional study of a group of 120 subjects diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus 14 years before.

Methods: Information recorded: 1) clinical characteristics: sex, age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure (BP), smoking, alcohol intake, insulin dose, HbA1c, and lipid profile; 2) plasma levels of soluble fractions of tumour necrosis factor α receptors 1 and 2, IL-6, and C-reactive protein; 3) insulin resistance by estimation of the glucose disposal rate (eGDR); and 4) tests for CAN: HRV in response to deep breathing (E/I ratio), HRV in response to the Valsalva maneuver, and changes in systolic BP responding to standing.

Results: A significant negative correlation was found between E/I ratio and plasma concentrations of IL-6 (r=−0.244, P=0.032), which remained significant after adjusting for potential confounding factors (age, sex, HbA1c, WHR, diastolic BP, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, insulin dose, and smoking; r=−0.231, P=0.039). No other significant associations were found between inflammation-related proteins, tests for CAN, and eGDR.

Conclusions: These findings suggest a link between low-grade inflammation and early alterations of CAN in type 1 diabetes and may be of importance in the pathogenesis of CAN and/or its clinical implications.
Randomized prospective study comparing a single radioiodine dose and a single laser therapy session in autonomously functioning thyroid nodules
Authors: Døssing Helle , Bennedbæk Finn Noe , Bonnema Steen Joop , Grupe Peter , Hegedüs Laszlo
Published: July 2007

Objective: To compare the efficacy of interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) with radioiodine in hot thyroid nodules.

Design: Thirty consecutive outpatients with subclinical or mild hyperthyroidism and a scintigraphically solitary hot nodule with extraglandular suppression were randomized to either one ILP session or one radioiodine (131I) dose.

Methods: ILP was performed under continuous ultrasound-guidance and with an output power of 2.5–3.5 W. 131I was given as a single dose based on thyroid volume and a 24-h thyroid 131I uptake. Thyroid function and nodule volume were evaluated at inclusion and at 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment.

Results: Normalization of serum TSH was achieved in 7 out of 14 patients in the ILP group and in all 15 patients in the 131I group (P=0.0025). In the ILP group, mean thyroid nodule volume reduction was 44±5% (s.e.m.; P<0.001), and in the 131I group 47±8% (P<0.001), within 6 months, without between-group difference (P=0.73). The mean reduction of total thyroid volume was 7±5% in the ILP group (P=0.20) and 26±8% (P=0.006) in the 131I group (P=0.06 between-group). Two patients in the 131I group developed hypothyroidism but no major side effects were seen.

Conclusions: This first randomized study, comparing ILP with standard therapy, demonstrates that ILP and 131I therapy approximately halves thyroid nodule volume within 6 months; but in contrast to 131I, extranodular thyroid volume is unaffected by ILP and no patient developed hypothyroidism. Using the present design, ILP seems inferior to 131I therapy in normalization of serum TSH. The potential value of ILP as a non-surgical alternative to 131I needs further investigation.
Germline inactivating mutations of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein gene in a large cohort of sporadic acromegaly: mutations are found in a subset of young patients with macroadenomas
Authors: Cazabat Laure , Libè Rossella , Perlemoine Karine , René-Corail Fernande , Burnichon Nelly , Gimenez-Roqueplo Anne-Paule , Dupasquier-Fediaevsky Laurence , Bertagna Xavier , Clauser Eric , Chanson Philippe , Bertherat Jérôme , Raffin-Sanson Marie-Laure
Published: July 2007

Objective: Germline mutations of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein gene (AIP) have recently been described in three families with GH or prolactin-secreting tumors, as well as in a few patients with apparently sporadic somatotropinomas. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of AIP mutations in a large cohort of patients with apparently sporadic GH-secreting tumors.

Design: One hundred and fifty-four patients were included in a prospective cohort designed to study the genetic predisposition to GH-secreting tumors together with 270 controls.

Methods: In all these subjects, the entire coding sequence of the AIP gene was screened for germline mutations.

Results: AIP mutations were detected in 5 out of 154 patients (3%): nonsense mutations in exon 4 (p.Lys201X; n = 2) and in exon 6 (p.Arg304X), one deletion in exon 3 (c.404delA; pHis135LeufsX21), and one mutation affecting the splice acceptor site of exon 4 (c.469-2 A > G). The five patients with an AIP mutation were significantly younger (mean age ± S.D.: 25 ± 10 vs 43 ± 14 years, P = 0.005) and three of them presented with gigantism. One missense mutation (p.Arg304Gln) was found in a single patient that was absent in all controls.

Conclusions: Germline mutations of the AIP gene were found in a small proportion of patients with sporadic pituitary somatotropinomas. This study shows that age and gigantism are simple clinical features which can help to select patients for mutation screening. It also supports the role of AIP in pituitary tumorigenesis.
Expansion of Manchester Airport
Authors: Congdon L. , Taylor A.
Published: July 2007

During the past fifty years, the airport at Manchester has grown to become one of the world's busiest. The process of development and a substantial expansion programme has been implemented over the past decade. This programme is on-going and will effectively double the airport's capacity to a maximum of twenty-four million passengers per annum.

Whereas the technical aspects of the developments are, in themselves, of interest, this Paper aims to explain their background in terms of the planning process and the planning and design objectives

As an airport is complex mixture of conflicting and competing interests, the developmental role of Manchester Airport PLC includes the recognition of these legitimate interests and the creation of a balanced environment for the timely provision of capacity and services for both passengers and airlines.

In the financial environment within which Manchester has grown, compromise has been essential to ensure the continued expansion and existence of the airport.

This Paper has theo bjectives of (a) summarizing developments at the airport over the past ten years (b) describing the recent schemes for the expansion of the terminal and their inter-relationship (c) explaining the planning background, development proposals and method of implementing construction of the new international terminal at Manchester, which is now on site and programmed to become operational in the spring of 1993.
M25 orbital road: M25-M1-A405 interchange
Authors: Peters R. V. L. , Welton M. , Knott N. G. , Heptinstall C. T. K. , Basra A. , Rogers M. W. , Parker F. J. , Moores P. , Guy D. G. , Price M. , Medhurst R. , Dodshon W. D. , Hollinghurst E.
Published: July 2007

Conventional traffic modelling and forecasting and economic testing led to the selection of a design for the M25/M1 interchange which, to some extent, compromised on the strategic function of the road network. This has favoured local traffic movement on the M25 and contributed to pressures for development within the M25 corridor which are already much in evidence.
Electrification of British Railways' East Coast Main Line: Civil Engineering Works, Doncaster to Berwick
Authors: Fenwick T. H.
Published: July 2007

This Paper describes a number of significant civil engineering projects associated with the electrification of the East Coast Main Line, between Doncaster and the Scottish Border.

It does not provide a comprehensive catalogue of the work carried out but concentrates on some of the more interesting items.

The topics covered include an overbridge reconstruction, the jacking up of the 33 m span truss bridge at Holgate Road, major remodelling of the track layout and related station structure alterations, all at York.

Some particular considerations to be addressed when modernizing railways which pass through or over listed structures are discussed, with special reference being made to work carried out at Durham Viaduct, Durham Station, Newcastle High Level Bridge, Newcastle Central Station, Newcastle Ouseburn Viaduct, Morpeth Station, and Berwick Royal Border Bridge.

Rationalization of the track-layout at and around Newcastle is outlined along with some of the bridge works required. An economical method was found for lowering the tracks to achieve electrification clearances through Red Barns Tunnel. This is described.

Also provided are details of the solution used for stabilizing the railway where this crosses Newham Bog between Morpeth and Berwick. This novel approach, using geotextiles and plastics, enabled the line speed over the peat bog to be raised from 125 km/h (80 mph) to 160 km/h (l00 mph) cost-effectively, to the satisfaction of the client, InterCity.
Air traffic control towers
Authors: Billing W. G. , Latter B. V.
Published: July 2007

Air traffic control towers are specialist-use buildings of varying degrees of complexity, and considerable differences in size. They do, however, share many common features in both construction, and therefore design, and in the selection of sites.

This Paper looks at the processes through which the most suitable site is selected for a control tower building (CTB) at an aerodrome and at the design and construction features of the CTB and its associated technical and support accommodation. It emphasizes the input of professional air traffic control (ATC) staff into the design brief, which is then considered by civil engineering consultants who will produce the architectural design. Whereas suitability for purpose in the operational ATC sense is determined by ATC planning staff, within the parameters thus obtained, the consultants will have some considerable degree of freedom in their own design work, leading to CTBs of striking dissimilarities in appearance capable of fulfilling similar operational roles.
Causation and modelling of railway civil engineering costs
Authors: Barber S. J. , Jones N. H. , Shenton M. , Wolfendale D. M.
Published: July 2007

The Introducers explained that Britain was preeminent in Europe in its understanding of cost causation. To ensure optimal use of its infrastructure they said it is important that British Rail (BR) accurately attributes costs between businesses where assets are used by more than one business. This requirement is particularly relevant to trainload freight (TLF) because this business uses 17 500 miles of BR's 20 300 miles but only directly owns and manages 2000. (Civil engineering costs are 28% of overall costs for TLF.) The relative lack of direct managerial control focuses attention on the ability to allocate with accuracy.
M40 Oxford to Birmingham Landscape and environment
Authors: Jacob T. H. , Moore P. B.
Published: July 2007

With the main emphasis of the Department of Transport's road programme now turning to the widening of existing roads, the M40 extension between Oxford and Birmingham has been seen as the last link in the strategic network of motorways begun in 1959.

The challenge of such a long greenfield route was to prepare a design which respected the sensitive environment of the corridor and kept intrusion to nearby villages to a minimum. A thorough assessment of the scheme's impact, covering aspects such as landscape, nature conservation and noise led to the optimization of the design in environmental terms and to extensive proposals in mitigation.

Now that the motorway is open to traffic, the Paper looks in detail at how it fits into its environment and how the planting proposals and new habitats for conservation are taking shape. Illustrations are provided of how the landscape measures are taking effect and of how the motorway fits into its setting.

A particularly sensitive issue for local residents is traffic noise. Detailed calculations of noise levels were presented at public inquiries into the scheme and these are discussed in relation to people's perception of the noise problem and to the actual levels from traffic now using the motorway.
Design and construction of the Dornoch Firth Bridge: construction
Authors: Beaney N. J. , Martin J. M.
Published: July 2007

This Paper explains the construction phase of the project. It contains an introduction followed by a detailed description of the temporary works, and the construction methods and equipment used. A detailed discussion is provided on the factors that influenced the choice of systems for the major items of temporary works such as deck and portal formwork, launching equipment and piling frames.

The construction section of the Paper, provides detailed comment on the methods and equipment used, how they performed, and how any difficulties were overcome for each phase of the construction, namely piling, portal construction, deck construction. A brief description of the 16000 kN testpile is also included.

Comment is made on the merits of design and construct contracts in the public works sector.
Birmingham Eurohub concept and evolution
Authors: Lambert R. C. , Hartley A. J. R.
Published: July 2007

Birmingham International Airport (BHX) has been one of the UK's most rapidly growing airports in the past few years. This Paper deals with the market driven Eurohub Terminal that was opened in 1991 and was specifically designed to respond to new style airline operations as air service development in Europe becomes liberalized in the next decade. The project involved an innovative design, which rewrote many established airport terminal planning conventions. The project's joint venture funding also involved both the public and private sectors in new approaches to airport facility provision. In addition, the day to day management of the terminal was to be the responsibility of a major airline, another change to established airport operation and management practices within the UK and Europe. The Paper stresses the fundamental needs for a designt hat had to be adaptable to future, undefined, changes, and the complexity of the interrelation between project concept and design with the method of raising development resources against a demanding project timetable.
Low-cost conversion of bolted track to continuously welded rail
Authors: Cannon D. F. , Allen R. J.
Published: July 2007

A major source of cost saving in the approach to conversion presented by Mr Cannon was the avoidance of rail cropping. A number of speakers queried this practice, given the difficulties it presented of battered rail ends, quality control of welding, cleaning etc. It was suggested that cropping could be cost-effective. Mr Cannon stated that his cost analysis had been based on the assumption that there was to be minimal disturbance to normal operations and that conversion work would be undertaken during the night. In many cases a good quality product could be produced, at a rate typical of the normal welding cycle time, without end cropping. In such cases it was difficult to see how cropping could turn out to be more cost-effective.
A new approach for optimizing earth moving operations. Part II
Authors: Jayawardane A. K. W. , Price A. D. F.
Published: July 2007

Part I of this Paper describes the develoment of a comprehensive model (RESOM) achieved by combining computer simulation and linear/integer programming (LP/IP) techniques. In Part II, the application and experimentation with RESOM is sytematically explained using two case studies. The first case study reveals that about 20% of earthworks costs estimated by contractors could be saved through the application of RESOM. The advanced use of RESOM is illustrated using a second case study and involves the testing of different plant teams for individual haulage operations, the setting up of new borrow/ disposal sites, the incorporation of project duration constraints and the determination of the optimum construction plan for various optimality criteria. A sensitivity analysis performed to investigate the effect of average sectional interval and plant selection is also presented.
Validity of Self‐Reported Periodontal Status in the Florida Dental Care Study
Authors: Gilbert Gregg H. , Litaker Mark S.
Published: July 2007

Background: Our objectives were to assess the validity of self‐reported periodontal status by quantifying the 1) concordance between self‐reported and clinical status at baseline; and 2) validity using a multivariable regression of self‐reported periodontal status and sociodemographic status.

Methods: The Florida Dental Care Study was a prospective study that used a population‐based, stratified random sample of 873 persons in four counties of north Florida who were ≥45 years of age at baseline. Analyses used baseline data derived from in‐person interviews and clinical periodontal examinations. Multivariable logistic regressions were done to quantify the relationships between the outcome (clinically determined periodontal attachment level) and predictors (self‐reported dental symptoms, self‐reported dental behaviors, sociodemographic circumstances, and clinically determined number of remaining teeth).

Results: Self‐rated “gum” health and presence of a loose tooth were the only periodontal measures that were associated significantly with clinically determined periodontal status in multivariable regressions. The validity of self‐reported periodontal status improved when the threshold of severity was increased. Significant racial differences in the validity of self‐reports were evident.

Conclusion: Self‐reported measures of periodontal status were related to clinically measured periodontal attachment loss and warranted classifying their validity as “moderate” and useful for some circumstances.
A Brief History of National Surveillance Efforts for Periodontal Disease in the United States
Authors: Dye Bruce A. , Thornton‐Evans Gina
Published: July 2007

National efforts directed toward improving our understanding of the epidemiology of periodontal disease began nearly a half century ago following the development of Russell's periodontal index (PI). United States Public Health Service agencies began national surveillance activities for periodontal disease with the first National Health Examination Survey in 1960 to 1962, and this continued periodically through 2004 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Periodontal disease status was assessed by using the PI in the earlier national health surveys, but beginning in the 1980s, direct measures for clinical attachment loss were made in national health surveys and continued through 2004 in NHANES. This article provides a general history of the development and implementation of national surveillance efforts for periodontal disease from the mid‐1950s to 2005. It also provides brief background information on the factors that have influenced these national surveillance efforts.
Interim Analysis of Validity of Periodontitis Screening Questions in the Australian Population
Authors: Slade Gary D.
Published: July 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to provide interim results regarding the validity of six periodontal screening questions in predicting the prevalence of clinically assessed periodontitis among Australian adults.

Methods: The Australian National Survey of Adult Oral Health is a cross‐sectional survey of Australians aged 15 years or older. Subjects were selected using a multistage probability sampling design. The interview included six questions to screen for periodontal disease and five demographic/health history questions that represented traditional risk indicators for the disease. Oral examinations were conducted by trained, calibrated dentists who measured periodontal recession and probing depth at mesio‐buccal, mid‐buccal, and disto‐buccal sites on all erupted teeth. A computer algorithm determined three categories of periodontal case status: none/mild, moderate, or severe. Multivariable binary logistic regression models were constructed using six screening questions, five traditional risk indicators, and all 11 variables.

Results: This interim analysis used data from 2,999 subjects who resided in the first five states/territories that completed the survey. Based on clinical findings, 4.0% of subjects were classified with “severe” periodontitis and 25.2% were classified with “moderate” periodontitis. Five screening questions had non‐response rates of <2%, whereas bivariate correlations among screening questions were weak, indicating little redundancy among items. The combined set of 11 questions achieved “useful” overall levels of prediction based on area under receiver operating characteristic curves. Values of combined sensitivity and specificity were modest when considered at a threshold needed for predicting prevalence. Larger values of combined sensitivity and specificity were achieved when higher prevalence was predicted.

Conclusion: Six screening questions and five conventional risk indicators can be used readily in large population surveys, yielding useful levels of validity in predicting the prevalence of periodontitis.
Use of Guided Tissue Regeneration in the Treatment of a Lateral Periodontal Cyst With a 7‐Month Reentry
Authors: Nart José , Gagari Eleni , Kahn Michael A. , Griffin Terrence J.
Published: July 2007

Background: The lateral periodontal cyst (LPC) is an unusual cyst of odontogenic origin, most frequently encountered in the mandible between the roots of canines and premolars. The most common treatment for LPC is surgical enucleation. This article reports a case of an LPC treated with guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and bone allograft.

Methods: A 74‐year‐old woman presented for periodontal examination. Radiographs revealed a cystic lesion with LPC characteristics. After surgical incisions and flap reflection, the cyst was removed and sent for biopsy. Because of the anatomy of the resulting intrabony defect, GTR was considered the ideal treatment.

Results: The biopsy revealed the histologic features of an LPC. Radiographs at 7 months post‐treatment indicated bone fill of the initial defect. Although some attachment loss occurred, the reentry demonstrated a high percentage of bone fill of the defect after 7 months.

Conclusion: Depending on the anatomy of the defect left after the removal of an LPC, GTR, along with bone grafting, can be a very useful tool for its treatment by reducing the attachment loss observed after simple enucleation of the cyst.
Gingival Involvement in Oral Paracoccidioidomycosis
Authors: Silva Cléverson O. , Almeida Aroldo dos Santos , Pereira Alessandro Antônio Costa , Sallum Antônio Wilson , Hanemann João Adolfo Costa , Tatakis Dimitris N.
Published: July 2007

Background: Paracoccidioidomycosis, a deep mycosis endemic in parts of Latin America, often presents with oral lesions involving the gingiva. Nevertheless, the periodontal literature is devoid of references to oral paracoccidioidomycosis. The purpose of this study was to characterize the gingival involvement in oral paracoccidioidomycosis and to contrast clinical and histopathologic diagnosis of the disease. Differential diagnosis and management of oral paracoccidioidomycosis were reviewed.

Methods: From January 1995 to October 2006, the files of the Oral Pathology Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Alfenas Federal University, were reviewed to identify cases referred because of a clinical diagnosis of oral paracoccidioidomycosis. Data collected included patient demographics (age, gender, race, and occupation), clinical information (oral lesion location), and histopathologic diagnosis.

Results: Forty‐six cases were identified, and 34 were histopathologically confirmed as paracoccidioidomycosis. Of the remaining 12 cases, one‐half were diagnosed as either carcinoma or dysplastic leukoplakia. Of the 34 confirmed paracoccidioidomycosis cases, 45% presented with multiple site involvement, whereas the gingiva/alveolar process was the most prevalent site overall (52%). The gingiva/alveolar process was the most prevalent site in both multiple and single site cases. The majority of patients were men (88%), white (75%), and in their fourth decade of life (47%). Statistical analysis revealed that patients with gingival/alveolar process involvement were demographically indistinguishable from those without.

Conclusions: Oral paracoccidioidomycosis has a strong predilection for the gingiva, whereas patients with gingival lesions do not differ from patients lacking such involvement. Early diagnosis of gingival/oral lesions may prevent life‐threatening complications of this mycosis.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Syndecan‐1 in the Dental Follicle of Postnatal Mouse Teeth
Authors: Shibata Shunichi , Dias Rubia A. , Hashimoto‐Uoshima Mariko , Abe Tatsuhiko , Yanagishita Masaki
Published: July 2007

Background: Syndecans are cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans that modulate the action of growth factors and extracellular matrix components. Syndecan‐1 plays important roles during early tooth development, and it is expressed in the dental follicle of fetal tooth germ. However, no studies have followed its expression in the dental follicle during the postnatal period. We hypothesized that syndecan‐1 protein expression in the dental follicle may be important for postnatal tooth development, and, thus, examined its expression patterns.

Methods: Syndecan‐1 protein expression in the dental follicle of the lower first molar was investigated by immunohistochemistry using embryonic day (E) 18.5 to 21‐day‐old (d 21) mice. Immunoelectron microscopy was applied to the dental follicle and pulp cells to confirm its membrane localization in mesenchymal cells.

Results: Strong syndecan‐1 immunostaining was maintained in the dental follicle and the adjacent dental pulp surrounded by the Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) from d 4 to d 14, but reduced staining was noted at d 21 with the near‐completion of tooth eruption. Three dimensionally, syndecan‐1–positive areas plugged the apical foramina surrounded by HERS. However, immunostaining was detected constantly in the dental follicle and the dental pulp of the lower incisor at d 21. In addition, membrane localization of syndecan‐1 protein was confirmed for the first time in mesenchymal cells, including dental follicle and pulp cells, by immunoelectron microscopy.

Conclusion: The spatial and temporal expression of syndecan‐1 in the dental follicle suggests that this proteoglycan is important for the maintenance of proliferation and/or movement of cells in this region during tooth eruption.
Comparison of Death Anxiety in Two Groups Tested during and after (1986 and 1991) the Lebanese Civil War
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: July 2007

Death anxiety was assessed in two groups, one during the civil war in Lebanon (1986) and one after the cessation (1991). For two samples ( n1 = 673, n2 = 616) of Lebanese male and female secondary school and university students no significant mean between-group (time) differences were found. However, the females had higher mean scores on death anxiety in all comparisons
Lack of Sex Differences in Knowledge of, Attitudes About, and Behaviors Related to Substance Use in Adolescents in a Sample of High School Students in the Northeastern USA
Authors: Gatins Deborah E. , White Royce M.
Published: July 2007

As part of an ongoing investigation, data were collected on behaviors and attitudes about substance abuse and general knowledge about substances for high school students ( N = 1,103) during the 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 academic years. In preliminary analyses no meaningful sex differences were found for type or frequency of use, attitudes about substance use, or knowledge about substances. Lack of meaningful sex differences were evident even when comparisons by sex group were made within this ethnic minority population as well as within school Grades 10, 11, and 12. It is suggested that being a boy or a girl may have little to do with the American middle-class adolescents' choice to use substances. Findings should be understood to suggest possible cohort effects.
Count Data in Psychological Applied Research
Authors: Vives Jaume , Losilla Josep-Maria , Rodrigo María-Florencia
Published: July 2007

As some authors have noticed in fields other than psychology, level of measurement and distributional characteristics of count data are commonly not taken into account, so that they are analysed as normally distributed continuous variables, and therefore some general linear model is applied. In this work, we review a random sample of 457 articles published in the last four years in journals with the highest impact factor in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR Social Sciences Edition) of the Institute for Scientific Information. The goals are to know how often count variables appear in psychological applied research and which data analyses are used when dealing with count response variables. Examination showed that there is a notable presence of count variables, especially in some topics in psychology and a remarkable misapplication of the general linear model. One deals with causes and consequences of this approach to data analysis and suggests the use of specific models to analyse count data.