bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Green Infrastructure with Actual Canopy Parameterization: A Simulation Study for Heat Stress Mitigation in a Hot-Humid Urban Environment
Authors: Zeeshan Muhammad , Ali Zaib , Ranjha Qasim A.
Published: September 2023

Background

The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon, resulting from rapid urbanization and aggravated by persistent climate change, is intensifying heat stress and temperature anomalies inside the urban microclimate, requiring the implementation of suitable adaptation measures for sustainable development. The integration of street trees inside the urban landscape is a strategy to alleviate the thermal stress of pedestrians. However, trees have variable potential for the regulation of thermal comfort depending on their different canopy shapes/drag. Therefore, a holistic understanding of tree plantings and species with respect to a particular climate is necessary for urban sustainability.

Methods

In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) that employ unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations were performed using FLUENT solver to analyze the cooling potential of isolated tree species based on 5 morphological characteristics and canopy shapes (i.e., tree height, trunk height, crown width, crown height, and leaf area density) in an urban area.

Results

Results revealed a variable temperature regulation (i.e., 0.6 to 1.2 °K) depending on the tree species. Overall, the cooling effect was only observed in the vicinity of the tree canopy. This was due to the availability of shading and increased moisture content provided by the canopy foliage, which blocked shortwave radiation from the sun, as compared to its surroundings.

Conclusions

The study findings show that leaf area density is the morphological trait that has the greatest impact on thermal comfort, as it results in low ambient air temperature irrespective of the type of urban density. Additionally, the most effective way to reduce thermal stress is to implement taller trees with uniform foliage density, which will produce a well-ventilated environment.
Examining Species Diversity and Urban Forest Resilience in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA) Metropolitan Area
Authors: Rogers Elton C. , Ries Paul D. , Buckler Daniel C.
Published: September 2023

Potential impacts from climate change and other disturbances expedite the need to address vulnerabilities of urban forests. Low species diversity is a contributor to high urban forest vulnerability, and this study examined 40 public and private tree inventories in the metropolitan area of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Applying an established vulnerability framework, this study helps to identify the current and future resilience of the urban forest in the face of climate change and other urban forest threats. A Milwaukee metropolitan area tree inventory was compiled and includes 439,974 trees. This inventory then was assessed under 2 climate change models through the end of the century (2070 to 2099). It also was assessed for species diversity under multiple diameter classes, and the Shannon Diversity Index was used to determine correlations between tree size and diversity. The resulting data analysis revealed a poorly diversified urban tree canopy in the Milwaukee metropolitan area. However, when looking at tree size and diversity, diversity increased as tree diameters decreased. Additional analysis revealed that under a low climate change scenario (RCP 4.5), only 9.5% of the overall inventory was within the moderate, moderate-high, or high vulnerability categories through the end of the century. Under a high climate change scenario (RCP 8.5), 55.52% of the inventory fell within those same vulnerability categories. Diameter class did not have a significant impact on vulnerability under either climate change scenario. This data can help inform urban forestry practitioners during species selection for planting trees in their communities.
Comparison of Essential Amino Acids, Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidants on Fruit Ripening Stage of Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh
Authors: Somboonwatthanakul Issaraporn , Senakun Chadaporn , Kurukod Jurairat
Published: September 2023

Essential amino acids, bioactive compounds and antioxidants of Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh were determined on the 3 stages of fruit ripening including unripe, half-ripe and ripe. Eight essential amino acids, identified by LCMS/MS, were found in most samples ranging from 5.63 ± 0.08 to 689.89 ± 25.12 µg/g DW. Glucose, fructose and caffeic acid contents ranged 49.86 ± 0.04 to 258.96 ± 0.86 mg/g, 61.41 ± 0.01 to 259.23 ± 2.71 mg/g and 114.67 ± 0.35 μg/g to 124.65 ± 0.33 μg/g, respectively. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 9.06 ± 0.22 to 124.65 ± 0.33 17 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g dry weight (DW) and 9.73 ± 0.02 to 105.83 ± 6.63 μg/g DW, respectively. These results showed the first to compare essential amino acids, bioactive compounds and antioxidants in the fruit ripening stages of Lepisanthes rubiginosa. The information of this study indicated promise for further development of functional ingredients in food or cosmetic products.
HIGHLIGHTS

These results showed the first to compare essential amino acids, bioactive compounds and antioxidants in the fruit ripening stages of Lepisanthes rubiginosa
The highest TFC was found in half-ripe fruits (46.82 ± 1.24 mg RE/g DW), followed by ripe (19.62 ± 0.94 mg RE/g DW) and unripe (6.63 ± 0.02 mg RE/g DW) as shown in Table 1
Both qualitative and quantitative LCMS/MS results of 10 amino acids were identified for the first time, including 9 essential amino acids in rubiginosa

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Youtube Videos as Supplementary Materials for Teaching English Literature
Authors: Niña M. Acuña  , Merlyn L. Estoque
Published: September 2023

This study determined the effective use of YouTube videos as supplementary materials in teaching English. It utilized quantitative design using quasi-experimental approach to the Grade 6 pupils of Bernardo Vasquez Memorial Central Elementary School who were randomly assigned into two groups: the experimental group, who watched YouTube videos during the conduct of English lesson, and the control group, who were not exposed to YouTube videos. It used the researcher-made questionnaire as assessment tool to determine the effectiveness of YouTube videos as supplementary material in teaching English.
Based on the results of the study, the following findings were identified: The performance in English of the participants in both control and experimental groups have improved as per pretests and posttests results in the writing and speaking tasks. However, the experimental group has higher post-test results after using YouTube relevant videos in the English class in both writing and speaking perform ancethan the control group.; There was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test results of each group in terms of writing and speaking; There exist a significant difference on the post-test English performance between the control and experimental groups after controlling the effect of the pretest.
From the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: (a) The performance of the pupils in writing and speaking in English in both groups prior and after the use of relevant Youtube videos as supplementary material to teaching English have improved after the conduct of the study; (b) The students in both experimental and control classes demonstrated the skills as expected of them in the teaching of language, but the experimental group performed better, and (c) the YouTube videos used to teaching language are effective in teaching language
When Teaching Hurts: Exploring the Secondary Traumatic Stress Experiences of Early-Career SBAE Teachers
Authors: Schmidt Kirby J. , Milliken D. Brett , Morales Amy M. González , Traini Haley Q. , Velez Jonathan J.
Published: September 2023

Sources of satisfaction, stress, and burnout are all-too-familiar to school-based agricultural education (SBAE) teachers. Yet, the current literature related to SBAE stress has not addressed the overwhelming existence of trauma in our greater society. Teacher wellbeing can be compromised when students share their own adversities and traumatic experiences, thus producing secondary traumatic stress (STS). To lay a foundation for inquiry, we used the Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) survey and scale to quantify and draw attention to STS. In this study, we found early-career SBAE teachers (n = 49) in Oregon experienced moderate levels of STS along with STS being a significant positive predictor of burnout. Given our findings, we urge scholars and practitioners to recognize the implications student trauma has on the lives of teachers. Students carry invisible wounds to the SBAE classroom, which inextricably transfers to the teachers caring for them. Secondary exposure to trauma is salient to the experiences of teachers. Left unattended to, STS could result in severe implications for the individual as well as the profession.
The Impact of an Instructional Development Program on College of Agriculture Faculty Members’ Teaching-focused Social Capital: A Mixed Methods Approach
Authors: Hur Gangseok , Roberts T. Grady , Bunch James "J.C." , Diaz John , Diehl David
Published: September 2023

The social aspect of faculty instructional development programs is increasingly recognized because the programs' impact is greatly influenced by social interactions among faculty participants. These interactions allow faculty members to reflect on and improve their teaching practices. Although the literature has shown that effective instructional development programs help develop faculty’s educational knowledge, attitudes, and teaching practices, little research has investigated how instructional development programs help faculty develop their teaching-focused social capital. To address this knowledge gap, this study examined the impact of an instructional development program, Teacher’s College, on faculty participants’ teaching-focused social capital development. The findings from the mixed-methods study indicated that Teacher’s College positively affected faculty participants’ teaching-focused social capital by promoting connections with individuals across the college and providing a supportive learning community. This study also found that online and socially distant meetings due to the pandemic and geographic distances diminished faculty participants’ opportunities to develop their social network and social capital. Based on the findings, we propose recommendations for Teacher’s College and future research in the evaluation of faculty instructional development programs.
Home demonstration work in North Carolina: Leading the way for rural women
Authors: Radford Daniel , Morgan Joy , Kirby Barbara , Warner Wendy
Published: September 2023

Canning and home demonstration clubs played an important role in improving agriculture and home life shortly after the turn of the 20th century. Organized in local communities, these clubs for young girls and their mothers provided the opportunity for females to engage in experiential learning through the growth and canning of vegetables. Club work and activities allowed the involved individuals to learn important home life concepts including incorporating more nutritious meals, record keeping, maintaining the family garden, and other duties surrounding the home. In addition, clubs promoted cooperation among various groups, fostered friendships, and provided entrepreneurial opportunities for farm women. Movements such as these increased the demand for agricultural and extension education and many of the strategies developed through these clubs can be implemented in both formal and non-formal education today.
Comparison of preservice teachers’ time allocation and performance evaluations while student teaching: An exploratory study
Authors: Coleman Bradley , Israel Glenn , Barry Debra , Ferand Natalie , Bunch J.C. , Rogers Alyssa
Published: September 2023

Student teachers’ experiences during their internship are crucial in their development as a teacher. In agricultural teacher education programs, it is common for student teachers to record where their time is allocated each week on categorized timesheets. The purpose of this study was to examine the preservice teachers' performance over the 14-week student teaching experience and how their performance was affected based on their weekly allocation of time. It was found that hours spent on observation had a small, positive effect on teacher professionalism and reflective and autonomous practitioner performance constructs. In addition, hours logged for direct student contact had a small positive effect on the reflective and autonomous practitioner construct. However, the measures of model fit suggest that these effects were trivial. Time allocations were excessive and sporadic. Therefore, discussion regarding the expectations of appropriate thresholds and distributions of time for student teachers and trainings on time management strategies should be conducted across the profession. Additionally, continued research should be conducted on student teachers’ time allocation and its effect on their performance.
Compensatory health beliefs in women in the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy
Authors: Mazur-Skupowska Magdalena , Byrka Katarzyna
Published: September 2023

Background

Compensatory health beliefs may serve as one of many self-regulatory strategies that individuals employ to maintain healthy lifestyles. Past research with samples from a general population has shown, however, that compensatory beliefs are ineffective in this regard and may even lead to inaction in future health-related behaviors such as eating healthily or being active. To better understand this phenomenon, in the present study, changes in compensatory health beliefs regarding various life domains were examined in a group of pregnant women.

Participants and procedure

In a longitudinal study design, 166 women completed questionnaires in the first (t1), the second (t2), and the third (t3) tri-mester of their pregnancies. We assessed the level of their self-control as a trait (t1, t2, t3), compensatory health beliefs (t1, t2, t3), and unhealthy snacking (t3).

Results

As predicted, self-control as a trait decreased and the levels of compensatory beliefs increased over time. A linear mixed ef-fects analysis showed that self-control was the best predictor of compensatory beliefs in the third trimester. Finally, com-pensatory health beliefs in the third trimester mediated the effect of self-control at the beginning of pregnancy on un-healthy snacking in the third trimester.

Conclusions

It appears important to support pregnant women in opting for constructive self-regulatory strategies, especially in their final trimesters, when coping resources are exhausted by the challenges of this period.
Relationship Between Cost Leadership Strategies and Performance of Domestic Airline Firms in Kenya
Authors: Kiprop Daniel Kiprotich , Wanza Sr. Dr. Lucy , Githinji Mr. Robert
Published: September 2023

The business strategy or combination of strategies adopted by a firm has to fit the firm’s resources and competencies in addition to being responsive to the environmental dynamisms to achieve the desired competitive advantage. The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between cost leadership and organizational performance of domestic airlines in Kenya. The study employed a correlational research design. The study targeted all the 48 domestic airline firms licensed and operating within the Kenyan borders. The study setting was the three airports in Kenya including JKIA, Wilson Airport, and Moi International Airport Mombasa. From each of the airlines, the target was to engage utmost five individuals holding management positions within the airline management structure. Stratified random sampling technique was used to arrive at a representative sample where Slovin’s formula was used. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires while secondary data was gathered by use of a document analysis guide. A response rate of 90.23% was realized. Most of the respondents (44.85%, N = 87) were from airline with 11 to 20 staff. In terms of flight types, 40.72% (N = 79) indicated they offer non-scheduled flights. On nature of services 51.55% (N = 100) of the respondents indicated they offer both passenger and cargo hauling flights. Majority held that revenue for the company has been on the rise (60.3%, N = 117) and customers served increased annually comparing 2018 and 2019 (44.3%, N = 86). Pearson correlation test showed a weak positive correlation between cost leadership strategy and revenue generated by the airlines (N = 194, p = 0.005, r = 0.199 at 95% CL) and same to volume of cargo hauled (N = 194, p = 0.000, r = 0.255 at 95% CL) for the period of 2018 and 2019. Regression analysis revealed that cost leadership strategy had a 4% and 6.5% influence on revenue and volume of cargo hauled respectively implying Cost leadership is associated with performance of domestic airline firms in Kenya. The study recommends a longitudinal study in diverse industries to ascertain the relationship more so in the post Covid -19 pandemic.
BEYOND FUN
Authors: Dos Santos Oliveira Valdineli , De Oliveira Azevedo Silva Juliana , Cristiane Florencio dos Santos Márcia , Maria da Silva Siqueira Josivânia
Published: September 2023

“Games have the potential to stimulate human improvement, the playful environment is appealing, and it can be incorporated into the educational context. The aim of the study was to highlight how games can impact social interaction within a school structure. In order to achieve this, it was necessary to: a) identify how games can be used as an educational tool; b) explain how the educational environment can become more attractive when games are present, aiming to understand the mechanisms through which the use of games can positively affect students’ motivation and the quality of the learning experience; c) demonstrate how the integration of elements from an ‘imaginary world’ can contribute to transforming the school environment into a more pleasant and welcoming space for students. The study utilized a qualitative approach, and the data collection instrument employed was Document Analysis. Through the compilation of various documents, followed by an in-depth analysis, it was possible to realize that games should be present within the educational environment, constantly striving to make this environment increasingly appealing to students. Simultaneously, teachers will have an additional ally in the teaching and learning process. Additionally, as students learn while having fun, they will also be exposed to numerous conflicting experiences, which will further strengthen the development of their identity.”
Supuestos recientes de externalización: una visión desde la Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad Social
Authors: Camino Frías Juan José
Published: September 2023

El recurso a la externalización de determinadas actividades presenta características comunes, con independencia de que en el desarrollo de aquellas se empleen instrumentos tradicionales o nuevos modos de prestación de servicios empresariales.
Se analizan recientes actuaciones de la Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad Social que han evidenciado el recurso fraudulento a la externalización, ocasionando perjuicios para las personas trabajadoras, que se traducen en el recurso masivo, en última instancia, de falsos autónomos o de supuestos de cesión ilegal de aquellas. También se analiza la utilización fraudulenta de las empresas de trabajo temporal y de las cooperativas de trabajo asociado en determinadas actividades industriales.
Se describe el funcionamiento de estas externalizaciones, así como los resultados de las actuaciones inspectoras, el recorrido judicial que están teniendo y los efectos sobre la situación de las personas trabajadoras.
En relación con las empresas de trabajo temporal, se observa cómo el abuso de su utilización se sanciona como infracción muy grave por cesión ilegal de personas trabajadoras.
Sobre las plataformas de reparto, se aprecia que algunas de ellas han derivado a la utilización de las personas trabajadoras mediante empresas interpuestas, incurriendo en casos de cesión ilegal.
Análisis del proceso de regularización de los «falsos cooperativistas» de la industria cárnica, con un incierto futuro judicial, pero con un reconocimiento de hecho de la condición de personas trabajadoras de los afectados.
Se valora el papel precursor de la Inspección en los procesos de regularización de las personas trabajadoras afectadas por estas formas fronterizas de externalización.
Una descentralización de lujo: nomadismo digital en la Ley 28/2022, de empresas emergentes
Authors: Goerlich Peset José María
Published: September 2023

Uno de los contenidos innovadores de la Ley 28/2022 ha sido la regulación del llamado «nomadismo digital». El análisis que sigue muestra cómo con ello se persigue atraer a las personas que adoptan este estilo de vida a nuestro territorio por las ventajas que su presencia reporta. Tras describir las finalidades legislativas, se intenta extraer de la norma un concepto de esta nueva figura y, después, se profundiza en los dos incentivos en los que se basa la política de atracción. Se consideran, para terminar, las insuficiencias que derivan del actual marco normativo del teletrabajo internacional –inseguridad y dificultades para mantener el estatuto jurídico originario– y cómo pueden dificultar que las empresas posibiliten este tipo de prestaciones.
The role of government policies on students' inter-university transfer among selected private universities in Kenya
Authors: Samuel Mercy Igoki , Tarsilla Kibaara , Gichohi Paul Maku
Published: September 2023

This study assessed the influence of government policies on students' mobility in private universities in Nairobi County, Kenya. This study employed a descriptive quantitative survey design. This study targeted 26 registered private universities (including private university constituents where mobility rate records are too high) in Nairobi County, Kenya. The research sample size was 180 private university students and nine registrars. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 was used to analyse quantitative data. Descriptive analysis, inferential statistics, and regression analysis were used to analyse the findings. Descriptive statistics such as standard deviation, percentages, and mean scores were computed appropriately. Binary logistic regression analysis was adopted to find out the extent of the effect on the dependent variables of independent variables. The study concluded that government policies significantly influence the mobility of students in private universities in Nairobi County in Kenya. The Government agencies through the Commission for University Education (CUE), Ministry of Education (MOE), Kenya Universities and Colleges Placement Service (KUCCPS), and Higher Education Loans Board (HELB) that are concerned with the welfare of students and need to control the alarming cases of student mobility should take measures to review the existing policies that guide learning in institutions of higher education and introduce systematic measures that can enhance student engagement while undertaking their studies.
To Reach Flourishing, Turn Right Sharply at the Next Corner
Authors: Ehrenfeld John R.
Published: September 2023

Modern humans are failing to attain their existential potential, expressed as flourishing. Simultaneously, megaproblems like climate change have arisen as unintended consequences of normal societal behaviors. Both failings lie at the deepest root of modern culture, the way we think
we think, and consequently choose our norms and design our cultural institutions. The paper explicates a transformative model of cognition, recently developed by Iain McGilchrist, that raises the possibility of flourishing. According to the model, each brain hemisphere attends to the world
differently and, thus, produces two distinctive actors. When the right is master, actions reflect the immediate external world, that is, they care for it. When the left controls, actions reflect a virtual world of facts and theories that have been abstracted from experience and stored in the
left hemisphere. Its actions are instrumental and treat the real world as a resource. The ills and failings of modernity spring from an excess of left-brain domination. Flourishing, as the desired state of human and natural affairs, requires rejuvenating the right side as master. Some practical
approaches, for example, mindfulness exercises, are offered. Pragmatic inquiry, importantly, should become the primary method for dealing with such large, complex problems.
Program Imunisasi Dasar Lengkap Pada Bayi di Puskesmas Cendrawasih Kota Makassar
Authors: Shahnyb Nurafni , Nur Nur Hamdani
Published: September 2023

Indonesia termasuk Sala satu negara dengan jumlah anak yang tidak mendapatkan imunisasi cukup banyak. Situasi ini telah berdapak pada munculnya kejadian luar biasa (KLB). Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan program imunisasi dasar lengkap pada bayi di Puskesmas Cendrawasih Kota Makassar. penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi. Program imunisasi dasar lengkap pada bayi di Puskesmas Cendrawasih Kota Makassar sangat lengkap dan sesuai dengan pedoman imunisasi, yaitu terkait input, proses, output. Hal ini dilihat dari hasil wawancara yang menunjukan bahwa; Input: Ketersediaan sumber daya manusia atau tenaga kesehatan di Puskesmas Cendrawasih Kota Makassar, sesuai dengan yang ditetapkan atau standar yang berlaku, hal ini dikarenakan penyediaan sumber daya manusia atau tenaga kesehatan langsung dari Dinas Kesehatan Kota Makassar. Proses: melakukan perencanaan sebelum melakukan imunisasi, persiapan petugas imunisasi lengkap, melakukan koordinasi dengan baik serta melakukan pengawasan yang ketat. Output: imunisasi yang telah dilakukan secara rutin, serta lancar dan baik, dengan bayi yang melakukan imunisasi cukup banyak, serta program imunisasi yang dilakukan sesuai dengan standar yang berlaku.
DECORRÊNCIAS DO USO DE MEDICAMENTOS PSICOTRÓPICOS NO PROCESSO DE APRENDIZAGEM E NA COGNIÇÃO DE MULHERES ENCARCERADAS
Authors: Queiroz Clésia Carneiro da Silva Freire
Published: September 2023

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir as implicações do uso de medicamentos psicotrópicos no processo de aprendizagem de mulheres encarceradas. A metodologia utilizada foi o ensaio teórico que consistiu em uma análise e síntese crítica de estudos sobre o ambiente prisional, o processo de aprendizagem e o uso de medicamentos psicotrópicos nesse contexto.  Assim, a pesquisa destacou que o contexto prisional influencia o impacto dos medicamentos na cognição e aprendizagem, incluindo efeitos colaterais e a falta de apoio psicossocial e na reintegração a sociedade. A falta de estudos detalhados nessa área revelou lacunas significativas, exigindo abordagens personalizadas de tratamento. Ficou claro que o uso de medicamentos psicotrópicos não pode ser a única abordagem na reabilitação; uma abordagem holística é fundamental, integrando terapias alternativas e educação.
VIOLÊNCIA SEXUAL CONTRA CRIANÇA E ADOLESCENTE E AS AÇÕES DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS
Authors: Oliveira Heverton Ferreira de
Published: September 2023

O presente artigo intitulado “Violência Sexual contra a Criança e Adolescente e as Ações dos Direitos Humanos”, tem como objetivo central mostrar um panorama da violência sofrida pelas crianças e adolescentes no Brasil. Trazendo um contexto dessa violência e os traumas causados nas vidas das vítimas desse tipo de violência. Tal artigo mostrará os avanços alcançados para proteger essas crianças e adolescentes vitimizadas e a ação dos Direitos Humanos dentro da temática acima. Serão abordadas algumas ações governamentais criadas para atuar em favor das vítimas dessa violência, além de dados estatísticos desse tipo de crime dentro do território nacional. Far-se-á ainda um breve estudo no (ECA) “Estatuto da Criança e Adolescente”. Por fim, será pontuada algumas propostas para minimizar esse mal de natureza desumana e destrutiva que persiste em macular a inocência e a pureza da criança e adolescente brasileiro, pois está evidenciado como principal resultado que a violência sexual contra a criança e o adolescente tem causado danos irreparáveis, tendo o poder público a responsabilidade de atuar de maneira enérgica, com o objetivo de minimizar tal tipo de ilícito, aplicando de maneira eficaz as normas já existentes no nosso ordenamento jurídico, devendo ainda, a sociedade exigir de seus governantes uma atuação mais efetiva. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi o exploratório bibliográfico e documental, fazendo uso de obras sobre o tema, além de documentos disponibilizados em sites, utilizando desta forma tanto a abordagem qualitativa, quanto a abordagem quantitativa.
Measuring and modeling investigation of the net photochemical ozone production rate via an improved dual-channel reaction chamber technique
Authors: Hao Yixin , Zhou Jun , Zhou Jie-Ping , Wang Yan , Yang Suxia , Huangfu Yibo , Li Xiao-Bing , Zhang Chunsheng , Liu Aiming , Wu Yanfeng , Zhou Yaqing , Yang Shuchun , Peng Yuwen , Qi Jipeng , He Xianjun , Song Xin , Chen Yubin , Yuan Bin , Shao Min
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Current process-based research mainly uses box models to
evaluate photochemical ozone production and destruction rates, and it is unclear to what extent the photochemical reaction mechanisms are elucidated. Here, we modified and improved a net photochemical ozone production rate (NPOPR, P(O3)net) detection system based on the current dual-channel
reaction chamber technique, which makes the instrument applicable to
different ambient environments, and its various operating indicators were
characterized, i.e., “airtightness”, light transmittance, wall losses of the
reaction and reference chambers, conversion rate of O3 to NO2, air residence time, and performance of the reaction and reference chambers. The limits of detection of the NPOPR detection system were determined to be
0.07, 1.4, and 2.3 ppbv h−1 at sampling flow rates of 1.3, 3, and 5 L min−1, respectively. We further applied the NPOPR detection system to field observations at an urban site in the Pearl River Delta (China). During the observation period, the maximum value of P(O3)net was 34.1 ppbv h−1, which was ∼ 0 ppbv h−1 at night within the
system detection error and peaked at approximately noon local time. The
daytime (from 06:00–18:00 LT) average value of P(O3)net was 12.8 (± 5.5) ppbv h−1. We investigated the detailed photochemical O3 formation mechanism in the reaction and reference chambers of the NPOPR detection system using a zero-dimensional box model. We found that the
photochemical reactions in the reaction chamber were very close to those in
ambient air, but there was not zero chemistry in the reference chamber because the
reaction related to the production and destruction of RO2
(= HO2 + RO2) continued in the reference chamber, which led to a small amount of P(O3)net. Therefore, the P(O3)net measured
here can be regarded as the lower limit of the real P(O3)net in the
atmosphere; however, the measured P(O3)net was still
∼ 7.5 to 9.3 ppbv h−1 higher than the modeled
P(O3)net value depending on different modeling methods, which may be due to the inaccurate estimation of HO2 / RO2 radicals in the modeling study. Short-lived intermediate measurements coupled with direct P(O3)net measurements are needed in the future to better understand O3 photochemistry. Our results show that the NPOPR detection system can achieve high temporal resolution and continuous field observations, which helps us to better understand photochemical O3 formation and provides a
key scientific basis for continuous improvement of air quality in China.
A single-point modeling approach for the intercomparison and evaluation of ozone dry deposition across chemical transport models (Activity 2 of AQMEII4)
Authors: Clifton Olivia E. , Schwede Donna , Hogrefe Christian , Bash Jesse O. , Bland Sam , Cheung Philip , Coyle Mhairi , Emberson Lisa , Flemming Johannes , Fredj Erick , Galmarini Stefano , Ganzeveld Laurens , Gazetas Orestis , Goded Ignacio , Holmes Christopher D. , Horváth László , Huijnen Vincent , Li Qian , Makar Paul A. , Mammarella Ivan , Manca Giovanni , Munger J. William , Pérez-Camanyo Juan L. , Pleim Jonathan , Ran Limei , San Jose Roberto , Silva Sam J. , Staebler Ralf , Sun Shihan , Tai Amos P. K. , Tas Eran , Vesala Timo , Weidinger Tamás , Wu Zhiyong , Zhang Leiming
Published: September 2023

Abstract. A primary sink of air pollutants and their precursors is dry
deposition. Dry deposition estimates differ across chemical transport
models, yet an understanding of the model spread is incomplete. Here, we
introduce Activity 2 of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International
Initiative Phase 4 (AQMEII4). We examine 18 dry deposition schemes
from regional and global chemical transport models as well as standalone
models used for impact assessments or process understanding. We configure
the schemes as single-point models at eight Northern Hemisphere locations
with observed ozone fluxes. Single-point models are driven by a common set
of site-specific meteorological and environmental conditions. Five of eight
sites have at least 3 years and up to 12 years of ozone fluxes. The
interquartile range across models in multiyear mean ozone deposition
velocities ranges from a factor of 1.2 to 1.9 annually across sites and
tends to be highest during winter compared with summer. No model is within
50 % of observed multiyear averages across all sites and seasons, but some
models perform well for some sites and seasons. For the first time, we
demonstrate how contributions from depositional pathways vary across models.
Models can disagree with respect to relative contributions from the pathways, even when
they predict similar deposition velocities, or agree with respect to the relative
contributions but predict different deposition velocities. Both stomatal and
nonstomatal uptake contribute to the large model spread across sites. Our
findings are the beginning of results from AQMEII4 Activity 2, which brings
scientists who model air quality and dry deposition together with scientists
who measure ozone fluxes to evaluate and improve dry deposition schemes in
the chemical transport models used for research, planning, and regulatory
purposes.
Influence of electromagnetic interference on the evaluation of lidar-derived aerosol properties from Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard
Authors: Poguntke Tim , Ritter Christoph
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Possible interference sources for our aerosol lidar setup with transient recorders have been assessed. This was done by two methods: a spectrum
analysis of the lidar signals in order to detect radio-frequency interference and measurements of the electromagnetic interference caused by the
laser power supply. We found disturbances in the analog channels of the transient recorders, presumably caused by aging effects of our older
recorders. An easy method on how the signal-to-noise ratio can be improved retrospectively is presented. We also show that the usage of two-way
radio at our location leads to a noticeable radio-frequency interference in the lidar profiles. Further, we present measurements of the
electromagnetic interference caused by the laser power supply, which may lead to disturbances in the lidar profiles if the transient recorders are
placed next to it.
Observing Low Altitude Features in Ozone Concentrations in a Shoreline Environment via Unmanned Aerial Systems
Authors: Radtke Josie K. , Kies Benjamin N. , Mottishaw Whitney A. , Zeuli Sydney M. , Voon Aidan T. H. , Koerber Kelly L. , Petty Grant W. , Vermeuel Michael , Bertram Timothy H. , Desai Ankur R. , Hupy Joseph P. , Pierce R. Bradley , Wagner Timothy J. , Cleary Patricia A.
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Ozone is a pollutant formed in the atmosphere by photochemical processes involving nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when exposed to sunlight. Tropospheric boundary layer ozone is regularly measured at ground stations and sampled infrequently through balloon, lidar, and crewed aircraft platforms, which have demonstrated characteristic patterns with altitude. Here, to better resolve vertical profiles of ozone within the atmospheric boundary layer, we developed and evaluated an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) platform for measuring ozone and meteorological parameters of temperature, pressure, and humidity. To evaluate this approach, an UAS was flown with a portable ozone monitor and a meteorological temperature and humidity sensor to compare to tall tower measurements in northern Wisconsin. In June 2020, as a part of the WiscoDISCO20 campaign, a DJI M600 hexacopter UAS was flown with the same sensors to measure Lake Michigan shoreline ozone concentrations. This latter UAS experiment revealed low-altitude structure in ozone concentrations in a shoreline environment showing highest ozone at altitudes from 20–100 mAGL. These first such measurements of low-altitude ozone via UAS in the Great Lakes Region revealed a very shallow layer of ozone rich air lying above the surface.
Indoor 222Rn Modeling in Data-Scarce Regions: An Interactive Dashboard Approach for Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Domínguez Durán Martín , Sandoval Garzón María Angélica , Huguet Carme
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Radon (222Rn) is a naturally occurring gas that represents a health threat due to its causal relationship with lung cancer. Despite its potential health impacts, several regions have not conducted studies, mainly due to data scarcity and/or economic constraints. This study aims to bridge the baseline information gap by building an interactive dashboard that uses inferential statistical methods to estimate indoor radon concentration’s (IRC) spatial distribution for a target area. We demonstrate the functionality of the dashboard by modeling IRC in the city of Bogotá, Colombia, using 30 in situ measurements. IRC measured were the highest reported in the country, with a geometric mean of 91 ±14 Bq/m3 and a maximum concentration of 407 Bq/m3. In 57 % of the residences RC exceeded the WHO's recommendation of 100 Bq/m3. A prediction map for houses registered in Bogotá’s cadaster was built in the dashboard by using a log-linear regression model fitted with the in situ measurements, together with meteorological, geologic and building specific variables. The model showed a cross-validation Root Mean Squared Error of 56.5 Bq/m3. Furthermore, the model showed that the age of the house presented a statistically significant positive association with RC. According to the model, IRC measured in houses built before 1980 present a statistically significant increase of 72 % compared to those built after 1980 (p-value = 0.045). The prediction map exhibited higher IRC in older buildings most likely related to cracks in the structure that could enhance gas migration in older houses. This study highlights the importance of expanding 222Rn studies in countries with a lack of baseline values and provides a cost-effective alternative that could help deal with the scarcity of IRC data and get a better understanding of place-specific variables that affect IRC spatial distribution.
Comparison of the Coastal and Regional Ocean Community Model (CROCO) and NCAR-LES in Non-hydrostatic Simulations
Authors: Fan Xiaoyu , Fox-Kemper Baylor , Suzuki Nobuhiro , Li Qing , Marchesiello Patrick , Auclair Francis , Sullivan Peter P. , Hall Paul S.
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Advances in coastal modeling and computation provide the opportunity for examining non-hydrostatic and compressible fluid effects at very small scales, but the cost of these new capabilities and the accuracy of these models versus trusted non-hydrostatic codes has yet to be determined. Here the Coastal and Regional Ocean COmmunity model (CROCO) and the NCAR Large-Eddy Simulations (NCAR-LES) code base are compared with a focus on their simulation accuracy and computational efficiency. These models differ significantly in numerics and capabilities, so they are run on common classic problems of surface-forced, boundary-layer turbulence. In accuracy, we compare turbulence statistics, including the effect of the explicit sub-grid scale (SGS) parameterization, the effect of the second (dilatational) viscosity and the sensitivity to the speed-of-sound, which is used as part of the CROCO compressible turbulence formulation. To gauge how far CROCO is from the NCAR-LES, we first compare the NCAR-LES with two other LES codes (PALM and Oceanigans). To judge efficiency of CROCO, strong and weak scaling simulation sets vary different problem sizes and workload per processor, respectively. Additionally, the effects of 2D decomposition of CROCO and NCAR-LES and supercomputer settings are tested. In sum, the accuracy comparison between CROCO and the NCAR-LES is similar to the NCAR-LES versus other LES codes. However, the additional capabilities of CROCO (e.g., nesting and realism) and its compressible turbulence formulation come with roughly an order of magnitude of additional costs despite efforts to reduce them by adjusting the second viscosity and sound speed as far as accuracy allows.
Soil moisture-atmosphere coupling strength over Central Europe in the recent warming climate
Authors: Schwitalla Thomas , Jach Lisa , Wulfmeyer Volker , Warrach-Sagi Kirsten
Published: September 2023

Abstract. In the last decades, Europe more often experiences periods of severe drought and heatwaves which have a major impact on agriculture and society. While land surface conditions were found to be crucial for exacerbating duration and intensity of these events, their influence is typically quantified for climate periods or single events. To provide an overview of how surface conditions shape land-atmosphere (LA) coupling, this study investigates interannual variability of LA coupling strength for the summer seasons 1991–2022 over Europe. The focus is set on the warm summers and the analysis is based on ERA5. Especially the drought summer seasons 2003, 2018, and 2022 can be identified by the changing soil moisture-atmosphere coupling pattern in turn leading to an increased lifted condensation level height inhibiting local deep convection triggering. Summer 2021 was a special case as spring precipitation was on average and a heavy rain event occurred during July, resulting in high moisture availability leading to a change in the LA feedback strength. During the four warm and wet summers since 1991 no strong soil moisture-atmosphere coupling is observed as there is always enough soil moisture available for evaporation. The results obtained with respect to LA coupling strength reflect a shift in the coupling relationships toward reinforced heating and drying by the land surface under heatwave and drought conditions, whose frequency is increasing with ongoing climate change.
Physicochemical and Temporal Characteristics of Individual Atmospheric Aerosol Particles in Urban Seoul during KORUS-AQ Campaign: Insights from Single-Particle Analysis
Authors: Yoo Hanjin , Wu Li , Geng Hong , Ro Chul-Un
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Single-particle analysis was conducted to characterize atmospheric aerosol particles collected at Olympic Park in Seoul, Korea as a part of the KORUS-AQ campaign which was carried out during May–June 2016. The KORUS-AQ campaign aimed to understand the temporal and spatial characteristics of atmospheric pollution on the Korean Peninsula through an international cooperative field study. A total of 8004 individual particles from 52 samples collected between 5/23–6/5, 2016, were investigated using a quantitative electron probe X-ray microanalysis (low-Z particle EPMA), resulting in the identification of seven major particle types. These included genuine and reacted mineral dust, sea-spray aerosols, secondary aerosol particles, heavy metal-containing particles, combustion particles, Fe-rich particles, and others (biogenic and humic-like substances (HULIS) particles). Distinctly different relative abundances of individual particle types were observed during five characteristic atmospheric situations, namely (a) a mild haze event influenced by local emissions and air mass stagnation, (b) a typical haze event affected by northwestern air masses with a high proportion of sulfate-containing particles, (c) a haze event with a combined influence of northwestern air masses and local emissions, (d) a clean period with low particulate matter concentrations and a blocking pattern, and (e) an event with an enhanced level of heavy metal-containing particles, with Zn, Mn, Ba, Cu, and Pb being the major species identified. Zn-containing particles were mostly released from local sources such as vehicle exhausts and waste incinerations, while Mn, Ba, and Cu-containing particles were attributed to metal-alloy plants or mining. The results suggest that the morphology and chemical compositions of atmospheric aerosol particles in urban area vary depending on their size, sources, and reaction or ageing status, and are affected by both local emissions and long-range air masses.
Microstructure-based simulations of the viscous densification of snow and firn
Authors: Fourteau Kévin , Freitag Johannes , Malinen Mika , Löwe Henning
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Accurate models for the viscous densification of snow and firn under mechanical stress are of primary importance for various applications, including avalanche prediction and the interpretation of ice cores. Formulations of snow and firn compaction in models are still largely empirical, instead of using microstructures from micro-computed tomography to numerically compute the mechanical behavior directly from the physics at the micro-scale. The main difficulty of the latter approach is the choice of the correct rheology/constitutive law governing the deformation of the ice matrix, which is still controversially discussed. Being aware of these uncertainties, we conducted a first systematic attempt of microstructure-based modeling of snow and firn compaction. We employed the Finite Element suite ElmerFEM using snow and firn microstructures from different sites in the Alps and Antarctica to explore which ice rheologies are able to reproduce observations. We thereby extended the ParStokes solver in ElmerFEM to facilitate parallel computing of transverse isotropic material laws for monocrystalline ice. We found that firn (density above 550 kg m-3) can be reasonably well simulated across different sites assuming a polycrystalline rheology (Glen's law) that is traditionally used in glacier or ice sheet modeling. In contrast, for snow (density below 550 kg m-3) the observations are in contradition with this rheology. To further comprehend this finding, we conducted a sensitivity study on different ice rheologies. None of the material models is able to explain the observed high compactive viscosity of depth hoar compared to rounded grains having the same density. While on one hand our results re-emphasize the limitations of our current mechanical understanding of the ice in snow, they constitute on the other hand a confirmation of the common picture of firn densification as a foam of polycrystalline ice through microstructure-based simulations.