bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What keeps pensioners at work in Russia? Evidence from Household Panel Data
Authors: Kolev Alexandre , Pascal Anne
Published: March 2003

The proportion of working pensioners in Russia is high relative to what is usually observed in several Eastern and Western European countries. In this paper, we present an analysis of the determinants of pensioner employment, using panel data from the on‐going Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey for the period 1994‐99. Given the sharp deterioration in the safety net in recent years, a particular attempt is made to assess the role of inadequate pension benefits, along with other individual, household, and local labour market characteristics, in driving up the employment rate of older people during transition. Both the probability of holding a job and the number of hours worked are modeled. The microeconometric analysis confirms the role that family income and access to alternative coping mechanisms such as subsistence farming play in pensioner employment for women, but also stresses for both men and women the importance of age, education, and health status. Finally, the results show a low sensitivity of pensioner employment to pension arrears and pension benefits, indicating that even the full payment of benefits may be too low to significantly affect the decision to remain in employment.

JEL classification: C33, H55, J14, J21, P36.
A test of the permanent income hypothesis on Czech voucher privatization
Authors: Hanousek Jan , Tůma Zdeněk
Published: March 2003

In 1992 the Czech Republic privatized state assets, which resulted in some citizens receiving an unexpected windfall. Whether the windfall was consumed or saved provides a clear test of the permanent income hypothesis in a transitional economy. Analysis of data from a survey conducted specifically to test this hypothesis indicates that only a small number of transferred assets were consumed, a finding which is consistent with the permanent income hypothesis.

JEL classification: D31, E21, H24.
Contractual governance, business groups and transition
Authors: Kali Raja
Published: March 2003

We suggest a unified framework to explain the following stylized pattern in the development of contractual governance and industrial organization. Contractual governance in many emerging economies is characterized by relational contracting. Coincident with relational contracts are large, diversified organizations — often referred to as business groups. As institutions and market intermediaries develop, a process of transition from relational contracting to arms‐length explicit contracting takes place. During this phase relational and explicit contracts complement each other. Business groups initially expand in size, scope and increase the strength of ties. As development proceeds, a threshold is crossed after which business groups begin to unravel. This process of transition in contractual governance is often accompanied by a period of rapid growth, which eventually comes to a stop.

JEL classification: L22, L14, O17.
Privatization and enterprise wage structures during transition: Evidence from rural industry in china
Authors: Ho Samuel P.S. , Dong Xiao–Yuan , Bowles Paul , MacPhail Fiona
Published: March 2003

Wage structures in transition economies usually diverge significantly from their centrally–planned predecessors. Using a matched sample of employees and enterprises, we examine the effects of privatization on wage structures in rural industry in two provinces of China. We find that privatization was associated with increased wage and earnings inequality. We report increased returns to education, increased returns to experience for mid–age workers, and increases in gender wage discrimination. We find these aspects of wage structures are similar in different types of private ownership emerging from the reform process.

JEL classification: P31, P23, P26 and J31.
Taxes, M‐M Propositions and Government’s Implicit Cost of Capital in Investment Projects in the Private Sector
Authors: Galai Dan
Published: March 2003

The corporate tax claim of the government is internalised in the analysis of the corporation's capital structure. In this framework the M‐M Propositions are rederived. In the proposed approach, the current value of the firm is calculated on a before‐tax basis, and is equal to the sum of present values of equity, debt, and government claim. An enhanced M‐M model is derived, which is more representative of modern financial realities, and has significant implications for the practice of financial analysis. The paper highlights the potential conflict of interest among the different claimholders in making an investment decision. The model presented here allows us to analyse the tradeoffs among various policies available to the government to encourage investments to their socially optimal level.
Price Limits and Stock Market Volatility in the Athens Stock Exchange
Authors: Phylaktis Kate , Kavussanos Manolis , Manalis Gikas
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we have examined the effects of price limits on the stock volatility in the Athens Stock Exchange. We put forward two hypotheses, the information hypothesis, which implies that price limits only slow down the process of adjustment and have no effect on stock volatility; and the over‐reaction hypothesis, which assumes that investors tend to overreact to new information, so that price limits give them time to reassess the information and reduce stock volatility. Our results show strong support for the information hypothesis. This evidence is obtained by performing the tests on ten stocks, which include heavily traded stocks as well as less active stocks, and covering a variety of industries, and on a market wide price index. The results are also robust to the frequency of the measurement of the returns, and to the tightness of the limits.
Exchange rate exposure, foreign involvement and currency hedging of firms: some Swedish evidence
Authors: Nydahl* Stefan
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the effect of exchange rate fluctuation on a firm’s value, the so‐called exchange rate exposure, for a sample of Swedish firms. In contrast to previous results, using U.S. data, the values of Swedish firms, as reflected in the stock price, seem quite sensitive to movements in the exchange rate. Studying the cross sectional differences in exposure, the estimated exposure is positively and significantly related to the fractional of total sales made abroad and negatively related to the use of currency derivatives.

F30, G10
Venture capitalists, investment appraisal and accounting information: a comparative study of the USA, UK, France, Belgium and Holland
Authors: Manigart Sophie , De Waele* Koen , Wright Mike , Robbie Ken , Desbrières Philippe , Sapienza Harry , Beekman Amy
Published: March 2003

The differences between the information used for the pre‐investment valuation and the valuation methods used by venture capital investors in five countries (USA, UK, France, Belgium and Holland) are empirically studied. The analysis is based on postal questionnaire surveys of representative samples of senior venture capitalists in each country. Differences are found, which may be attributed to the dominant corporate governance mechanism or the level of development of the venture capital market. Between‐country differences persist even after taking into account between‐country differences in the relative importance of investment stages and venture capital types. Apparently similar systems and venture capital markets place varying emphases on different valuation methods, with theoretically ‘correct’ methods not always being preferred in practice. The findings of the study highlight the need for venture capital firms entering non‐domestic markets to invest considerable effort in understanding the operation of these markets if they are to exploit fully their perceived competitive advantages and minimize the likelihood of repeating the problems experienced by venture capital entrants into foreign markets in the late 1980s.
Efficiency Barriers to the Consolidation of the European Financial Services Industry
Authors: Berger Allen N. , De Young Robert , Udell Gregory F.
Published: March 2003

Cross‐border consolidation of financial institutions within Europe has been relatively limited, possibly reflecting efficiency barriers to operating across borders, including distance; differences in language, culture, currency, and regulatory/supervisory structures; and explicit or implicit rules against foreign competitors. EU policies such as the Single Market Programme and European Monetary Union attenuate some but not all of these barriers. The evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that these barriers offset most of any potential efficiency gains from cross‐border consolidation. Banks headquartered in other EU nations have slightly lower average measured efficiency than domestic banks and non‐EU‐based foreign banks.
Smiles, Bid‐ask Spreads and Option Pricing
Authors: Peña Ignacio , Rubio Gonzalo , Serna Gregorio
Published: March 2003

Given the evidence provided by Longstaff (1995), and Peña, Rubio and Serna (1999) a serious candidate to explain the pronounced pattern of volatility estimates across exercise prices might be related to liquidity costs. Using all calls and puts transacted between 16:00 and 16:45 on the Spanish IBEX‐35 index futures from January 1994 to October 1998 we extend previous papers to study the influence of liquidity costs, as proxied by the relative bid‐ask spread, on the pricing of options. Surprisingly, alternative parametric option pricing models incorporating the bid‐ask spread seem to perform poorly relative to Black‐Scholes.
Anatomy of the Eurobond Market 1980–2000
Authors: Claes Anouk , De Ceuster Marc J.K. , Polfliet Ruud
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we provide descriptive evidence of primary market activity in the Eurobond market for the period 1980–2000. This study explores the Bondware Database that contains 33,024 publicly issued Eurobonds. We analyse some characteristics of the issuers (nationality, industry and credit quality), the intermediary parties (bookrunners, lead managers, ...) and the structures used for the bonds (currencies, size, years to maturity, interest and repayment structure, embedded options).
The Perception of Time and the Notion of a Point of View
Authors: Hoerl Christoph
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to investigate the temporal content of perceptual experience. I argue for a view according to which we must recognize the existence of perceptions the content of which cannot be spelled out simply by looking at what is the case at an isolated instant. Acts of apprehension can cover a succession of events. Howev er, a subject who has such perceptions can still fall short of having a concept of time. I compare this with arguments which have been put forward to show that a subject who has spatial perceptions can fall short of having a concept of space. In both cases, it is the fact that perception is from a point of view which stands in the way of it constituting an exercise of a concept of how things are objectively. However, I also show that the way in which perception is perspectival takes a different form in each of the two cases.
Sex Equality in Social Protection: New Institutionalist Perspectives on Allocation of Competence
Authors: Hervey Tamara K.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the development of regulation in the European Union (EU) of sex equality in social protection. It applies research methodologies suggested by ‘new institutionalist’ and ‘historical institutionalist’ perspectives on European integration. It does not aim to replace existing accounts, but simply to add an additional perspective to the analysis. The article suggests that new insights can be gained by observing the impact of the question of ‘division of competence’ on the issue of regulation of sex equality in social protection by the EU. The focus on division of competence illuminates relationships between institutions involved in the process of policy formation and implementation, especially the European Commission and the European Court of Justice. It may also illuminate policy outcomes and the directions in which the EU‘s sex equality law (and possibly social law more generally) has developed and may develop in the future.
The Regulation of Public Procurement as a Key Element of European Economic Law
Authors: Bovis Christopher
Published: March 2003

This article aims to investigate the regulation of public purchasing from an interdisciplinary perspective. It endeavours to provide its audience with the broad framework of the function of public procurement and public purchasing in the common market and the Member States, as well as the legal and socio‐economic parameters which determine this newly regulated field. It also intends to enable its readers to understand and appreciate the impact of the liberalisation of public markets on the whole process of European integration, as it places the regulation of public procurement within the framework of the four freedoms, as well as within the EU’s key policies.
Union Citizenship—Metaphor or Source of Rights?
Authors: Reich Norbert
Published: March 2003

After nearly ten years of introducing Union Citizenship as a concept into Community law it seems time to draw a preliminary evaluation of its importance in reshaping the legal and social positions of citizens living in the EU, more precisely in its Member States. The balance sheet is however mixed: On the one hand, the prevalent position in legal doctrine seems to be that Union citizenship is merely a derived condition of nationality, while on the other side certain fundamental rights are based on criteria other than citizenship/nationality alone. The European Charter on Fundamental Rights will not overcome this dilemma. This can be shown in conflictual areas which are in the centre of discusion in the paper, namely the (limited!) use of the concept of citizenship to extend existing free movement rights in the new case law of the Court of Justice, the resistance towards granting ‘quasi‐citizenship’ rights to third country nationals lawfully resident in the Union for a longer period of time, and the yet unsolved problem of imposing ‘implied duties’ based on a doctrine of ‘abus de droit’ upon citizens paralleling the rights granted to them. As a conclusion the author is of the opinion that the question asked for in the title can be answered in the positive only to a limited extent. Citizenship appears to be a sleeping fairy princess still be be kissed awake by the direct effect of Community law.
The Treaty of Nice: The Sharing of Power and the Institutional Balance in the European Union—A Continental Perspective
Authors: Yataganas Xenophon A.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an initial response to the conclusions of the Nice Summit and the new EU Treaty which emerged from it. It consists of two parts: in the first I discuss the climate in which the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) took place and the opening positions of the Institutions, the Member States, and the applicant countries. The results achieved at Nice are set out in the second part, with special emphasis on the themes that mark a shift of power within the Community's institutional architecture; i.e. the extension of qualified‐majority voting in the Council and the co‐decision procedure with the European Parliament, the reweighting of votes and the composition of the Institutions with a view to an enlargement which is both imminent and unprecedented in the history of the EU. I conclude that while the results of the IGC and the new Treaty of Nice fall short of what is needed in an EU with ambitions on a continental scale, they do mark another stage in the process of European integration and the permanent evolution of its constitution. In this sense, the balance of power is likely to be different from what it has been in the past. The Franco‐German axis has been severely weakened, the UK and Spain seem to be determined to play a central role, and the smaller countries are seeking to retain some influence over how the process works. New alliances are likely to emerge, particularly after enlargement, with Germany in search of a dominant position, France desperately trying to preserve the status quo, and the UK wanting to influence the direction of moves towards integration from the inside. Nice seems to mark an interim stage in this process. A new IGC has already been scheduled for 2004. There is no doubt that the post‐Nice period will be one of transition towards a new distribution of power within the EU, sanctioned by a new, highly constitutional treaty.
The Governance of the European Union: The Potential for Multi‐Level Control
Authors: Scott Colin
Published: March 2003

In its White Paper on the Governance of the European Union the European Commission has adopted a narrow concept of governance which focuses almost exclusively on public institutions exercising legislative and executive power (in other words institutions of government). The article suggests that a theory of multi‐level control in the EU would attend to greater variety both in the available governance institutions and the techniques of control. The deployment of an analysis grounded in theories of control suggests that the European Commission is substantially holding to a long‐held preference for instruments of government premised on the exercise of hierarchical power. This reform path sits uneasily with revived concerns to render the governance of the EU more democratic. Equally it inhibits the generation of more efficient governance arrangements which place greater dependence on communities, competition, and design as alternative bases of control to hierarchy. Control theory suggests that the assertion of different reform agendas and institutional structures by other actors can check the more wayward (and arguably illegitimate) tendencies within the Commission plan, whilst drawing in alternative bases of control which, when combined, may yield technically superior governance solutions.
Rediscovering Civil Society: The European Union and the White Paper on Governance
Authors: Armstrong Kenneth A.
Published: March 2003

The concept of ‘civil society’ has been rediscovered in contemporary discourses concerning the relationship between democracy and governance. This paper analyses this rediscovery in the more specific context of the European Commission’s 2001 White Paper on European Governance. However, processes of transnationalisation, governmentalisation and autonomisation may compromise much of the potential of ‘European civil society’ as an intermediating sphere of social action. By reinforcing these processes, the White Paper undermines the normative claims made for a civil society premised upon the voluntary nature of its associative forms and its distinctive open, communicative and deliberative rationality.
The Schengen Law: A Challenge for Legal Accountability in the European Union
Authors: Thym Daniel
Published: March 2003

This article examines challenges for accountability arising from the development of the Schengen law within the framework of the European Union. Building upon the substantive body of research by other authors on general implications of the integration of the Schengen acquis, it focuses on recent developments after the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam and evaluates to what extent the European institutions have so far met the challenges for accountability stemming from the intergovernmental origin of the Schengen law. The article identifies various persisting deficiencies in the areas of transparency, institutional balance and judicial review and proposes specific actions, which should be addressed vigorously by the European institutions.
Beyond European Labour Law? Reflections on the EU Racial Equality Directive
Authors: Bell Mark
Published: March 2003

In June 2000, the Council adopted a directive forbidding discrimination on grounds of racial or ethnic origin in the areas of employment, social protection, education, goods and services, and housing. This is the first time the European Union has adopted binding legislation to combat racism. In this article, the Directive is placed within the context of European labour law, and its implications for the development of this area of law are considered. Specifically, it is proposed that a new category of European ‘social law’ is emerging, broader in scope than European ‘labour law’. The Directive also reveals a new emphasis on effective enforcement of social law. Finally, this article considers the position of the Social Partners and non‐governmental organisations in relation to the Directive. The prominence of NGOs is linked to wider trends in the wake of globalisation.
Piercing the Legal Veil: Commercial Arbitration and Transnational Law
Authors: Zumbansen Peer
Published: March 2003

The contemporary search for new forms of international governance, of which the debate around lex mercatoria is but an example, should attentively build on the lessons on public and private ordering learned in the nation state. Sophisticated commercial practices on a transnational scale, while necessitating adaptive and flexible procedures within an adequate institutional framework, involve many of the same normative questions posed by economic law in the nation state. The following article critically discusses the claims made in the lex mercatoria debate as to the rise of a transnational private law society (‘Privatrechtsgesellschaft’) in which political problems of exclusion and freedom have allegedly been resolved by the universal spread of private autonomy. Against similar images of a world exclusively made up of independent, self‐relying market citizens, it is argued that if a conception of rights is to be rescued from the deathbed of the traditional nation state, then the learning experiences made within its confines are well worth considering in light of the pressing legitimacy needs of emerging institutions and polities.
From Protecting to Promoting: Evolving EU Sex Equality Norms in an Organisational Field
Authors: Wobbe Theresa
Published: March 2003

This paper builds on a process–oriented approach which examines constitutionalism with respect to both legislation and social practices. Drawing on the institutionalist concept of the organisational field it provides tools for explaining the emergence of the distinct connectedness and isomorphism of European sex equality norms. The paper elucidates the shifting meaning of sex equality in the field of employment on the one hand, as it demonstrates the close ties between sex equality law and the constitutional status of gender norms on the other. Contrary to both the intergovernmentalist and neo–functionalist approaches in European integration studies, the concept of ‘institutionalist field’ allows for explication of shifting institutional demands that work beyond the rational interests of the nation–state. The field approach thus emphasises the interrelation between legal and political actors and their respective shared cognition which defines what bears meaning.
Intelligent interaction design: the role of human‐computer interaction research in the design of intelligent systems
Authors: Blandford Ann
Published: March 2003

As more intelligent systems are introduced into the marketplace, it is becoming increasingly urgent to consider usability for such systems. Historically, the two fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and human‐ computer interaction (HCI) have had little in common. In this paper, we consider how established HCI techniques can usefully be applied to the design and evaluation of intelligent systems, and where there is an urgent need for new approaches. Some techniques ‐ notably those for requirements acquisition and empirical evaluation ‐ can usefully be adopted, and indeed are, within many projects. However, many of the tools and techniques developed within HCI to support design and theory‐based evaluation cannot be applied in their present forms to intelligent systems because they are based on inappropriate assumptions; there is consequently a need for new approaches. Conversely, there are approaches that have been developed within AI ‐ e.g. in research on dialogue and on ontologies ‐ that could usefully be adapted and encapsulated to respond to this need. These should form the core of a future research agenda for intelligent interaction design.
Describing generic expertise models as object‐oriented analysis patterns: the heuristic multi‐attribute decision pattern
Authors: Manjarrés Ángeles , Pickin Simon
Published: March 2003

We report on work concerning the use of object‐oriented analysis and design (OAD) methods in the development of artificial intelligence (AI) software applications, in which we compare such techniques to software development methods more commonly used in AI, in particular CommonKADS. As a contribution to clarifying the role of OAD methods in AI, in this paper we compare the analysis models of the object‐oriented methods and the CommonKADS high‐level expertise model. In particular, we study the correspondences between generic tasks, methods and ontologies in methodologies such as CommonKADS and analysis patterns in object‐oriented analysis. Our aim in carrying out this study is to explore to what extent, in areas of AI where the object‐oriented paradigm may be the most adequate way of conceiving applications, an analysis level ‘pattern language’ could play the role of the libraries of generic knowledge models in the more commonly used AI software development methods. As a case study we use the decision task — its importance arising from its status as the basic task of the intelligent agent — and the associated heuristic multi‐attribute decision method, for which we derive a corresponding decision pattern described in the unified modelling language, a de facto standard in OAD.
The Attitudes of NHS Clinicians and Medical Managers Towards Changes in Accounting Controls
Authors: Jones C.S. , Dewing I.P.
Published: March 2003

Clinical directors and medical managers expected accounting information would assume high importance for institutional control as a consequence of NHS reforms. However, clinical directors were not comfortable with the symbolism of formal accounting controls. Their individual understanding of accounting information varied, but was modest overall. Medical managers were more inclined to accept and respond to financial controls. However, acceptance and response was frustrated for all users by inaccuracy and lateness of accounting reports. Cost savings were prompted more by established professional attitudes than in response to accounting reports. Non‐financial controls remained the dominant mode of operational control.
A Critical Appreciation of the Uses for Strategic Management Thinking, Systems and Techniques in British Universities
Authors: Groves R.E.V. , Pendlebury M.W. , Stiles D.R.
Published: March 2003

The Dearing Commission’s examination of British higher education has given further impetus to the need for strategy making at an institutional level. Recent policy developments are examined as a background and rationale for the use of institutional strategy. Intrinsic difficulties are then considered in managing universities strategically. Several techniques and ideas are evaluated to help resolve such problems, before adapting Porter's generic strategies and value chain concepts and placing them within a stakeholder focus group framework. Critical conclusions are then drawn on current higher education policy and the consequent use of institutional strategy in a fast changing environment.
The Response of Fundholding Family Doctors to Price Signals
Authors: Ellwood Sheila
Published: March 2003

The introduction of budgets for family doctors to purchase health services for their patients was a major part of the internal market reforms in the UK health service. The paper examines the response to price signals of 35 fundholding GP practices during the first four years of fundholding. Admissions increased and the private sector was used for a small level of provision, but great diversity was apparent between individual GP practices. Despite huge potential savings from changing referral patterns, only very minor changes were observed. GPs used the power of fundholding to instigate change in the services provided by existing suppliers rather than to respond to more attractive prices from alternative suppliers.
Accrual Accounting and the Efficiency of the Core Public Sector
Authors: Robinson Marc
Published: March 2003

This paper evaluates the ‘microeconomic’ case for the extension of accrual accounting to the core government for the purposes of performance measurement, competitive tendering and asset management. Having found the microeconomic case to be weak, it suggests that it is the potential role of accrual accounting as an indicator of the fiscal stance of the public sector (particularly in respect to intergenerational equity) which provides a convincing rationale for its introduction in core government, and that this has significant methodological implications.
Australian – USA Federal Government Accounting: Convergence or Divergence?
Authors: Stanton Patricia , Hughes J.W. , Stanton J.
Published: March 2003

Despite moves toward international harmonisation of accounting standards, there is evidence that standards regulating government accounting in various countries are diverging. This paper argues that, despite their similar federal systems and ostensibly similar objectives for federal government reporting, the accounting standards of the USA and Australia differ significantly in detail. A comparison of their objectives and standards reveals that the standards particularly differ in relation to accounting for assets, and in determining the performance of a reporting entity. Although these divergences emanate from differing philosophies underlying the standards of the two countries, they have implications for international harmonisation of accounting standards, and for reciprocity agreements.
Governmental Accounting in Spain and the European Monetary Union: A Critical Perspective
Authors: Montesinos Vicente , Vela José Manuel
Published: March 2003

During the last twenty‐five years, the changes in Spanish accounting have been radical and significant, especially since 1986 when Spain joined the European Union. Those changes were first introduced in business accounting, following the patterns of the Fourth Directive, but governmental accounting has also been affected by structural reforms that have modified the financial reporting system, the accounting standards and the accounting principles to be applied. However, the governmental accounting system needs further improvement, particularly given the EMU framework and the relationship between governmental accounting and national accounting.
A Comparative Study on the Impact of Revised SORP 2 on British and Irish Charities
Authors: Connolly Ciaran , Hyndman Noel
Published: March 2003

Charities constitute an important sector in the economies of Britain and Ireland. However, despite their economic importance, charity external financial reporting has been characterised by a diversity of accounting practice and a lack of standardisation. Over the last 20 years an attempt has been made to improve this situation by the publication of a Statement of Recommended Practice (SORP) for charities in 1988 and its revision in 1995. It is argued that inconsistencies in the financial statements of charities and the adoption of dubious accounting practices make it difficult for users of charity accounts to understand (and therefore use) the information provided. Previous studies have mainly looked at the impact of the original SORP (1988) on large charities in Britain. Little is known with respect to the impact on Irish charities. This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of over 200 financial statements of Irish and British charities with respect to the recommendations contained in the revised SORP (1995). The results provide evidence that the accounts of Irish charities are considerably less compliant with the recommendations made in the revised SORP than their British counterparts. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
An International Comparison of Materiality Guidance for Governments, Public Services and Charities
Authors: Price Renée , Wallace Wanda A.
Published: March 2003

This article compares international and country–specific guidance associated with the materiality concept as it applies to the public sector and charitable entities. The proliferation of multiple terms with similar meanings is evidenced in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom – England, Ireland and Scotland – and international guidance. Alignment of terminology could enhance harmonization of standards and increase the chances that application of standards is comparable. Conceptual dimensions of materiality in the public sector emphasize qualitative considerations such as legal compliance, fiduciary responsibility, timeliness, and follow–up.
Modeling Foreign Bank Performance and Lending Behavior
Authors: Molyneux Philip , Remolona Eli , Seth Rama
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the profitability and commercial loan growth of foreign banks using a simultaneous‐equation framework. Maximizing behavior provides a two‐equation system in which bank profitability depends on variables related to expected returns, costs, and risks and in which loan growth is determined by risk and return variables. The model is tested to evaluate the determinants of foreign bank performace and lending behavior in the United States between 1987 and 1991. Overall the results indicate that factors such as capital strength, commercial and industrial loan growth, and assets composition were important in determining foreign banks’ return‐on‐assets in the period under study. The role of capital appears to be particularly important in explaining foreign bank performance. The single significant determinant of loan growth was found to be previous period's loan growth.
Men Without Clothes: Heroic Nakedness and Greek Art
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: March 2003

The naked men of Greek art have been an excuse for male nakedness in more recent art, but the significance of male nakedness in classical art is debated. Osborne traces the history of the representation of the naked male body in Greek art and argues that although in early Greek art nakedness was unmarked, and clothing was used only to draw special attention to men, changes in visual rhetoric led artists to make increasingly detailed reference to the male body, causing a loss of semiotic innocence. Naked male bodies thus came to carry messages about sex as well as gender. The reinstatement of the naked male body in classical art followed the development of a highly artificial convention in which beardlessness was equated with sexual immaturity and held to render the male body asexual.
Women’s History in France: An Ill‐Defined Subject
Authors: Riot‐Sarcey Michèle
Published: March 2003

As a new approach and subject, women’s history in France is ill‐defined as an academic category and remains on the margins of mainstream history. The concept of gender, a necessary analytical tool, cannot in itself suffice; the historicity of the tensions between men and women must be restored. At stake is the tension between a continuous linear history and the historical discontinuities which arise in its gaps and flaws, the tension between female individuals [individues] who, as objects of representation, are taken to be representative of their sex, and critical subjects who confront representation as a form of power.
Poverty, Dependence and ‘Women’: Reading Autobiography and Social Policy from 1930s New Zealand
Authors: Cooper Annabel , Molloy Maureen
Published: March 2003

This essay explores the construction of ‘women’ in New Zealand during the 1930s, when the social legislation of the First Labour Government was being formulated and enacted. It examines the documentation produced by the legislative process in relation to the autobiographical texts of John A. Lee and Mary Isabella Lee, arguing that there are parallel conflicts in each set of texts. There is a series of double movements: the offer of the state’s protection to women is at the same moment a gesture of defence; ‘women’ are simultaneously constructed as ‘helpless’ and—not so overtly—as needing to be controlled.
Historical Masculinities: Regulation, Fantasy and Empire
Authors: Davin Anna
Published: March 2003

Dawson, Graham Soldier Heroes: British Adventure, Empire, and the Imagining of Masculinity

Sussman, Herbert Victorian Masculinities: Manhood and Masculine Poetics in Early Victorian Literature and Art

Hall, Donald E. (ed.) Muscular Christianity: Embodying the Victorian Age

Kestner, John Masculinities in Victorian Painting
The Struggle for Australian History
Authors: Smith Bonnie G.
Published: March 2003

Dixson, Miriam The Real Matilda: Women and Identity in Australia 1788 to the Present

Ferres, Kay (ed.) The Time to Write: Australian Women Writers 1890–1930

Grimshaw, Patricia, Lake, Marilyn, McGrath, Ann and Quartly, Marian Creating a Nation 1788–1990

Summers, Anne Damned Whores and God’s Police

Robinson, Portia The Women of Botany Bay
Contested Meanings: Protection and Resistance in Labour Inspectors’ Reports in Twentieth‐Century Greece
Authors: Avdela Efi
Published: March 2003

Reports written by Labour Inspectors responsible for the implementation of protective labour legislation in Greek industry during the period 1913–34 are analysed both as discourses that construct new industrial relations and as sources that provide evidence of workers’ resistance. To account for their difficulty in implementing labour laws, Inspectors defined themselves as agents of ‘progress’ struggling against the ‘backwardness’ of the working masses, especially as expressed in gender attitudes. Yet the reports also provide evidence of divergent cultural meanings and unravel the multiple ways in which men and women workers negotiated their identities.
The Gendering of the British Working Class
Authors: Koditschek Theodore
Published: March 2003

How have feminist historians transformed the account of class formation and consciousness articulated in Thompson’s The Making of the English Working Class? Deborah Valenze’s The First Industrial Woman, Anna Clark’s The Struggle for the Breeches, Sonya Rose’s Limited Livelihoods, and Ellen Ross’s Love and Toil place the gendering of the British working class at the center of the process and explain the peculiar limitations of the working‐class movement. The essay also places these books in the theoretical tradition of socialist feminism and considers them as responses to Joan Scott’s call for a poststructuralist approach to gender, class and power.
Why Aren’t Jewish Women Circumcised?
Authors: Cohen Shaye J.D.
Published: March 2003

From Hellenistic to modern times, in the eyes of Jews and non‐Jews alike, circumcision is a sign that marks the boundary between Jews and non‐Jews. Jews are circumcised, gentiles are not. What, then, of Jewish women? Why are they not marked with a bodily sign attesting to their place within the covenant? Cohen argues that the Jews of antiquity seem not to have been bothered by this question probably because the fundamental Otherness of women was clear to them. Jewish women were Jewish by birth, but their Jewishness was assumed to be inferior to that of Jewish men. Jews and Christians, however, who opposed circumcision, used the non‐circumcision of women as one of their supporting arguments.
Getting/After Foucault: Two Postantique Responses to Postmodern Challenges
Authors: Cartledge Paul
Published: March 2003

Goldhill, Simon Foucault’s Virginity: Ancient Erotic Fiction and the History of Sexuality

Dowling, Linda Hellenism & Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford
Reading the Female Body
Authors: King Helen
Published: March 2003

Cadden, Joan The Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages: Medicine, Natural Philosophy, and Culture

Dean‐Jones, Lesley Ann Women’s Bodies in Classical Greek Science

Demand, Nancy Birth, Death, and Motherhood in Classical Greece
Women's Talk and the Colonial State: The Wylde Scandal, 1831–1833
Authors: McKenzie Kirsten
Published: March 2003

Between 1831 and 1833 the Chief Justice of the Cape Colony, Sir John Wylde, was involved in a scandal surrounding anonymous accusations of incest resulting from the alleged pregnancy of his unmarried daughter. The rumours led to an official inquiry by the secretary of state. The resulting political crisis took place against a background of social tension over impending slave emancipation. The records of the inquiry, together with contemporary comment, form the basis for a discussion of how gender roles, gossip and a separation between public and private spheres informed the operation of Cape colonial politics and society.
‘He Likes Women More Than He Likes Drink and That Is Quite Unusual’: Working‐Class Social Clubs, Male Culture, and Heterosocial Relations in the United States, 1920s–1930s
Authors: McBee Randy D.
Published: March 2003

Throughout the early twentieth century working‐class men spent much of their leisure time in their basement hangouts, known as social clubs. Social clubs usually formed out of the associational life of young working‐class men and remained attached to a larger male culture. But they were also used for dances and other heterosocial interaction. This essay examines the organisation of these clubs and how members used them to negotiate homosocial and heterosocial leisure. In particular, it explores the struggles between men and women over the use of club space and how those struggles affected their relationships and male culture.
Futures for Feminist Histories
Authors: Cox Pamela
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Gerda Lerner, Why History Matters: Life and Thought

Barbara Laslett, Ruth‐Ellen B. Joeres, Mary Jo Maynes, Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham and Jeanne Barker‐Nunn (eds), History and Theory: Feminist Research, Debates, Contestations

Joan Wallach Scott (ed.), Feminism and History
Gender, Slavery and the Making of New World Identities
Authors: Patterson Tiffany Ruby
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

David Barry Gaspar and Darlene Clark Hine (eds), More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas

Maggie Montesinos Sale, The Slumbering Volcano: American Slave Ship Revolts and the Production of Rebellious Masculinity
Women's History and Biography
Authors: Williamson Lori
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Helen M. Hopper, A New Woman of Japan: A Political Biography of Kato‐Shidzue

Delia Jarrett‐Macauley, The Life of Una Marson 1905‐65

Cynthia Nelson, Doria Shafik, Egyptian Feminist: A Woman Apart

Judith Olmstead, Woman Between Two Worlds: Portrait of an Ethiopian RuralLeader

Lizabeth Paravisini‐Gebert, Phyllis Shand Allfrey: A Caribbean Life
Of Sheep and Scribbling: Women and Writing in (Mostly) Early Modern England
Authors: Clarke Norma
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Kevin Pask, The Emergence of the English Author: Scripting the Life of the Poet in Early Modern England

Carol Barash, English Women’s Poetry 1649‐1714: Politics, Community and Linguistic Authority

Anna Battigelli, Margaret Cavendish and the Exiles of the Mind

Helen Wilcox (ed.), Women and Literature in Britain 1500‐1700

Jeni Williams, Interpreting Nightingales: Gender, Class and Histories
Gender, Politics and Mass Culture
Authors: Kibler M. Alison
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Margaret Finnegan, Selling Suffrage: Consumer Culture and Votes for Women

Nan Enstad, Ladies of Labor, Girls of Adventure: Working Women, Popular Culture, and Labor Politics at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

Alison M. Parker, Purifying America: Women, Cultural Reform and Pro‐Censorship Activism, 1873‐1933
‘Are You Going to be MISS (or MR) Africa?’Contesting Masculinity in Drum Magazine 1951–1953
Authors: Clowes Lindsay
Published: March 2003

DrumDrum magazine was first published in March 1951. Like other magazines, it both reflected and shaped the society from which its audience emerged. During 1951, its audience, mainly urban black readers, was able to push the publication away from its original rural focus towards an urban emphasis. Town living, however, meant different things to different people. Thus, while readers were successful in shifting the focus of the magazine, they were less successful in influencing the way the publication presented urban life. This paper explores the struggle between readers, journalists and editors over the Miss Africa beauty contest announced at the beginning of 1952. Although the magazine reluctantly admitted men to the contest, it discriminated against male entrants in a variety of ways over the course of the year, and subsequent competitions barred male contestants entirely. Despite opposition from male readers who wished to be considered beautiful, the men of Drum were largely successful in asserting their own deeply gendered cultural vision of urban life.
A Tale of Two Josephines: Class, Gender and Self‐sovereignty in Gilded Age
Authors: Lasser Carol
Published: March 2003

Using court records and newspaper accounts, this article analyses the ‘Blann‐Ammon’ controversy in the context of nineteenth‐century liberal feminism. Risking social ostracism and imprisonment, Josephine Ammon, a wealthy and well connected Cleveland matron, sought to defend the legal rights and autonomy of Josephine Blann, her neighbour of working‐class origins; but in her efforts to empower Blann, Ammon constructed perceptions of Blann, and of the case, to serve her own political and ideological purposes. This article suggests the class limitations on both constructions of womanhood and notions of feminist self‐sovereignty.
Slavery, Gender and the Meanings of Freedom
Authors: Lasser Carol
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Paul Goodman, Of One Blood: Abolitionism and the Origins of Racial Equality

Leslie A. Schwalm, A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina

Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation

Marli Weiner, Mistresses and Slaves: Plantation Women in South Carolina, 1830–1880
Maternalism and Its Discontents
Authors: Frost Jennifer
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in thgis article:

Elizabeth J. Clapp, Mothers of All Children: Women Reformers and the Rise of Juvenile Courts in Progressive Era America

Estelle B. Freedman, Maternal Justice: Miriam Van Waters and the Female Reform Tradition

Molly Ladd‐Taylor and Lauri Umansky (eds),‘Bad’ Mothers: The Politics of Blame in Twentieth‐Century America
Gender and Morals in Spanish Catholic Youth Culture: A Case Study of the Marian Congregations 1930–1936
Authors: Vincent Mary
Published: March 2003

Jesuit‐run Marian Congregations proliferated in 1930s Spain. Drawing on literature produced for their members, this article demonstrates how gendered understandings were fundamental to the congregations' symbolic delineation of an uncontaminated Catholic space. Visions of an incorrupt male elite abound, reinforcing the Jesuits' educational mission among future leaders and opinion‐formers. In contrast, the purity of women and children was seen as a sign of society's moral health. Modesty was the quintessential female virtue. Yet, the cult of the Virgin Mary suggested that the virginal female body was both tool and symbol in the struggle against a fallen world. Girls were, therefore, charged with the task of moral guardianship. Such campaigns were emblematic of Spanish Catholicism's tendency to proffer religious solutions to social problems.