bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of sulfonylurea herbicides using high resolution electrospray ionization ion mobility quadrupole mass spectrometry
Authors: Clowers Brian H. , Steiner Wes E. , Dion Heather M. , Matz Laura M. , Tam Maggie , Tarver Edward E. , Hill Herbert H.
Published: August 2002

The purpose of the current study was to explore and assess the potential of high resolution electrospray ionization atmospheric pressure ion mobility spectrometry (ESI–AP‐IMS) as a field analytical method for the detection and identification of mixtures of sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides in aqueous samples. Because of increased usage, persistent behavior, and potential for crop damage, an environmental method of analysis capable of evaluating SU herbicides in a swift and effective manner is necessary. Eight SU herbicides were evaluated using ESI–AP‐IMS quadrupole mass spectrometry. The selected herbicides were chosen based upon availability and scope of use. The SU herbicide species were qualitatively identified using quadrupole mass spectrometry, followed by the determination of reduced mobility values for characteristic ions. Various mixtures of rimsulfuron, metsulfuron‐methyl, prosulfuron, sulfometuron‐methyl, tribenuron‐methyl, and primisulfuron‐methyl could be revealed using AP‐IMS. The ease of use, ability to operate under ambient conditions, and relatively rapid data acquisition times make ESI–AP‐IMS an attractive candidate for the analysis of aqueous environmental field samples. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 302–312, 2001; DOI 10.1002/fact.10010
Australian Defence Organisation Environmental Management Initiatives—Shoalwater Bay Training Area
Authors: Wark Niel J. , Verrier Frances J.
Published: August 2002

The Australian Defence Organisation (ADO) operates within a complex framework of requirements. In
addition to operational readiness, the ADO plays an important role in the environmental management of some of
the world's most pristine terrestrial and marine environments. Implementation of the ADO's
environmental management system ensures the sustainability of activities within Defence training areas.
Sustainability facilitates the continued access to appropriate areas for the conduct of military activities that
support operational readiness. One of Australia's major defense training areas, the Shoalwater Bay Training
Area (SWBTA), exemplifies the leadership, management, and technological initiatives undertaken by the
ADO to maintain environmental values. In particular, SWBTA contains extensive aquatic and marine environments
within which realistic maritime and amphibious defense activities can be conducted. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Composition of the essential oil of Nepeta persica Boiss from Iran
Authors: Javidnia K. , Miri R. , Safavi F. , Azarpira A. , Shafiee A.
Published: August 2002

The feline attractant properties of several Nepeta spp. have been known for a long time. It was found that nepetalactones were responsible for this characteristic. In this study, the composition of the essential oil of Nepeta persica Boiss (Lamiaceae) was investigated by GLC and GC–MS. Forty‐one, components, representing 86.4% of the oil, were characterized. The major components were 1,4‐hexadiene‐2,3,4,5 tetramethyl and 4aβ, 7α,7aα‐nepetalactone. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oils from Astronium urundeuva (Allemao) Engl. and A. fraxinifolium Schott ex Spreng.
Authors: Maia José Guilherme S. , da Silva Milton Helio L. , Andrade Eloisa Helena A. , Zoghbi Maria das Graças B. , Léa Maria M. Carreira
Published: August 2002

The essential oils from leaves and fine branches of Astronium urundeuva and A. fraxinifolium have been obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC–MS. The oils of the samples of A. urundeuva, collected at Carolina, state of Maranhão, and Araguaína, state of Tocantins, were dominated by Δ3‐carene (78.1% and 56.3%, respectively). The major components of A. fraxinifolium, collected at Chapada dos Guimarães, state of Mato Grosso, were (Z)‐β‐ocimene (42.2%), bicyclogermacrene (13.3%), limonene (13.2%) and (E)‐β‐ocimene (11.1%). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oils from Croton zambesicus Muell. Arg. growing in Cameroon
Authors: Fekam Boyom F. , Keumedjio F. , Jazet Dongmo P. M. , Ngadjui B. T. , Amvam Zollo P. H. , Menut C. , Bessiere J. M.
Published: August 2002

Three essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves, roots and stem barks of Croton zambesicus Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) were analysed by GC and GC–MS. This West Tropical African species has many uses, especially as a drug source for the cure of many ailments. The three organs were found to contain 0.17–0.34% yield of oil. The qualitative composition of the three types of oil were found to be similar; those from the leaves and stem bark were found to be rich in monoterpenes (69.6% and 75.2% respectively), while the root bark oil contained 57.0% sesquiterpenes. The root and stem barks oils were found to be rich in oxygen‐containing compounds, with spathulenol (14.0%) and linalool (33.8%) as the major components, respectively. The leaf oil was found to contain mainly hydrocarbons and only 11.6% of oxygenated compounds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element study of free surface turbulent flow in rotating channels
Authors: Pagalthivarthi Krishnan V. , Ramanathan Veeraraghavan
Published: August 2002

Under certain conditions of liquid flow through rotating channels, the Coriolis force can induce a free surface to be formed. This problem is of practical importance in a Coriolis wear tester, which is used for determining the sliding wear coefficient of wear materials in slurry handling equipment. A deforming Galerkin finite element method is presented for predicting two‐dimensional turbulent free surface mean flow in rotating channels. Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations are cast into weak(algebraic) form using primitive variables (velocity and pressure). Eddy viscosity is determined via a mixing length model. Velocity is interpolated biquadratically, while pressure is interpolated bilinearly. The kinematic condition is used to form the Galerkin residual for the free surface. The free surface is represented by Hermite polynomials of zeroeth order for continuity of position and slope. Combined Newton's iteration is used to simultaneously solve for the free surface and the field variables. Results of velocity and pressure fields, as well as the free surface are shown to converge with mesh‐size refinement. There is excellent respect for mass conservation. Results are presented for various values of Rossby number (Ro) and height‐based Reynolds number (ReH). Parameter continuation in Ro and ReH space is used to compute solutions at higher values of flow rate and angular velocity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The approximation of long‐memory processes by an ARMA model
Authors: Basak Gopal K. , Chan Ngai Hang , Palma Wilfredo
Published: August 2002

A mean square error criterion is proposed in this paper to provide a systematic approach to approximate a long‐memory time series by a short‐memory ARMA(1, 1) process. Analytic expressions are derived to assess the effect of such an approximation. These results are established not only for the pure fractional noise case, but also for a general autoregressive fractional moving average long‐memory time series. Performances of the ARMA(1,1) approximation as compared to using an ARFIMA model are illustrated by both computations and an application to the Nile river series. Results derived in this paper shed light on the forecasting issue of a long‐memory process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk premia and long rates in Ireland
Authors: Cuthbertson Keith , Bredin Don
Published: August 2002

Using a number of long‐term maturities and monthly data, 1989–1997, we provide a number of tests of the expectations hypothesis (EH) of the term structure. The main insight in this paper is the use of the excess holding period return to provide a proxy for a possible time‐varying term premium. Nearly all previous studies using the VAR methodology have used only the spread and the change in (short) rates and they have ignored the excess holding period return. We find that we cannot reject the EH, but we do reject the presence of time‐varying risk premia. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Cross‐Currency Hedging Performance of Implied Versus Statistical Forecasting Models
Authors: Brooks Chris , Chong James
Published: August 2002

This article examines the ability of several models to generate optimal hedge ratios. Statistical models
employed include univariate and multivariate generalized autoregressive conditionally heteroscedastic
(GARCH) models, and exponentially weighted and simple moving averages. The variances of the hedged
portfolios derived using these hedge ratios are compared with those based on market expectations implied by the
prices of traded options. One‐month and three‐month hedging horizons are considered for four
currency pairs. Overall, it has been found that an exponentially weighted moving‐average model leads to
lower portfolio variances than any of the GARCH‐based, implied or time‐invariant approaches.
© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:1043–1069, 2001
Heterogenic molecular basis for loss of ABL1‐BCR transcription: Deletions in der(9)t(9;22) and variants of standard t(9;22) in BCR‐ABL1‐positive chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Loncarevic Ivan F. , Römer Jennifer , Starke Heike , Heller Anita , Bleck Cordula , Ziegler Monika , Fiedler Wolfgang , Liehr Thomas , Clement Joachim H. , Claussen Uwe
Published: August 2002

The objective of this study was to characterize the ABL1‐BCR fusion gene in 76 BCR‐ABL1‐positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients regarding expression as well as genomic status, to assess the frequency of ABL1‐BCR gene deletion in these patients, which has been reported to be an adverse prognostic factor in Philadelphia chromosome‐positive CML. Patients were analyzed for ABL1‐BCR 1b‐b3 and/or 1b‐b4 transcription by RT‐PCR analysis. ABL1‐BCR gene status was analyzed by FISH in 16 CML patients with no ABL1‐BCR transcript. FISH revealed a partial or total deletion of the ABL1‐BCR gene in 9/16 and localized the 5′ portion of ABL1 and the 3′ portion of BCR at separated loci in 5/16 patients. The latter FISH pattern resulted from a nonreciprocal translocation in two and a complex translocation in three individuals. In 2/16 patients, FISH could not exclude an intact ABL1‐BCR fusion gene. Thus, most CML patients without ABL1‐BCR transcript could be characterized cytogenetically to belong to two major subgroups: a silent ABL1‐BCR gene was attributed to a deletion in der(9)t(9;22) in 56% of the investigated patients or to variants of a standard t(9;22) (∼ 31%). Conversely, none of the 50 patients with an ABL1‐BCR transcript exhibited a variant t(9;22) in GTG‐banding analysis. Thus, genomic aberrations such as deletions or complex genomic rearrangements are the basic and most frequent cause for ABL1‐BCR RNA negativity in CML. The heterogeneity of the underlying molecular mechanisms may explain divergent clinical implications described for patients with an ABL1‐BCR deletion and those with no ABL1‐BCR transcript. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcription factor BACH2 is transcriptionally regulated by the BCR/ABL oncogene
Authors: Vieira Sara A.D. , Deininger Michael W.N. , Sorour Amani , Sinclair Paul , Foroni Letizia , Goldman John M. , Melo Junia V.
Published: August 2002

Expression of BCR/ABL, a constitutively active tyrosine kinase, is a primary event in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Ph‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL). Inhibition of the BCR/ABL kinase activity in the BV173 CML cell line with STI571 resulted in a significant overexpression of a 10‐kb novel mRNA, found to be the human ortholog of the murine Bach2, a B‐cell‐specific transcription factor. The human BACH2 cDNA is >9,120 bp long and includes an open reading frame of 2,526 bp encoding a protein with a basic leucine zipper (bZip) and a BTB/POZ domain, mediating DNA‐binding and heterodimerization. BACH2 was consistently upregulated (2–10‐fold) in all 10 Ph+ lymphoid lines tested following BCR/ABL inhibition. In CML myeloid cell lines (n = 8) and BCR/ABL‐negative lines (n = 6), BACH2 was either undetectable by Northern blotting or did not change in response to STI571, suggesting that BACH2 repression by BCR/ABL may be specifically relevant to lymphoid transformation. Quantitative RT/PCR revealed a significantly lower level of BACH2 expression in leukocytes from patients with CML (n = 24) as compared to normal individuals (n = 23) (P < 0.0005). Moreover, CD34+ cells treated in vitro with STI571 exhibited a consistent upregulation of BACH2 in 8 of 10 CMLs but in none of the 9 normal individuals tested. Transcription regulation of BACH2 in BCR/ABL‐positive cells was exerted via the MEK pathways, as shown by their responses to the U0126‐specific inhibitor. Radiation hybrid mapping and FISH revealed that BACH2 is located on chromosome 6, band q15, a region frequently associated with deletions in ALL and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, suggesting its possible role as a tumor suppressor gene. However, no rearrangement or loss of signal was observed by Southern blotting in 34 lymphomas, 10 B‐cell ALLs, or seven reactive lymph nodes. The pattern of BACH2 expression in BCR/ABL‐positive cells suggests that transcriptional repression by this regulator is impaired in CML and may contribute to the emergence of lymphoid blast crisis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intron/Exon organization and polymorphisms of the PLK3/PRK gene in human lung carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Wiest Jonathan , Clark Adam M. , Dai Wei
Published: August 2002

PLK3/PRK, a conserved polo family protein serine/threonine kinase, plays a significant role at the onset of mitosis and mitotic progression. Recently, PLK3/PRK has been shown to induce apoptosis when overexpressed in cell lines and is also implicated in cell proliferation and tumor development. Forty lung tumor cell lines were used for single‐strand confirmation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and DNA sequencing to examine the mutational status of PLK3/PRK. No missense or nonsense mutations were revealed in the lung carcinoma cell lines examined. However, three polymorphisms were identified as: a G to A at position 720, an A to G at 1053, and a G to C at 1275. Intron/exon boundaries were determined by amplification of genomic DNA with PLK3/PRK exon‐specific primers. The amplification products with increased size relative to the cDNA were sequenced. Fifteen exons throughout the open reading frame were characterized. None of the introns were exceptionally large, typically ranging from 100–300 basepairs in length. These results suggest that although PLK3/PRK expression is downregulated in a majority of lung carcinoma samples, mutational inactivation of the coding sequence of the PLK3/PRK gene appears to be a rare event in lung cancer. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental impact on trans‐acting dosage effects in maize aneuploids
Authors: Cooper Jennifer L. , Birchler James A.
Published: August 2002

Summary: The reduction in vigor or viability caused by aneuploidy may be the result of trans‐acting dosage effects that reduce gene expression. To investigate the molecular and developmental parameters of aneuploid syndromes, the expression of sucrose synthase1 (sus1) and shrunken1 (sh1) was studied in 2‐week‐old plants. Expression of sus1 and sh1 was first investigated in euploids, where it was found that both transcripts varied in a diurnal fashion. Chromosome arm number can be varied in a series from one to three doses in maize. In the 14 aneuploid dosage series examined, most caused changes in sus1 and sh1 RNA levels that were both gene and tissue specific. Results were compared to previous data from embryo and endosperm tissue. More dosage effects were detected and the magnitude of RNA level modulation was greater in 2‐week‐old plant tissue. These findings suggest that the molecular consequences of aneuploidy might become more severe as development progresses. genesis 31:64–71, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistological localization of the myelinating cell‐specific receptor LPA1
Authors: Cervera Pascale , Tirard Marilyn , Barron Sonia , Allard Julien , Trottier Suzanne , Lacombe Joëlle , Daumas‐Duport Catherine , Sokoloff Pierre
Published: August 2002

LPA1 (also termed Edg‐2 or VZG‐1) is a G‐protein–coupled receptor for lysophosphatidic acid and its gene transcripts have been found selectively expressed by mature myelin‐producing cells. We have raised in rabbit a polyclonal antibody against a sequence unique to LPA1 and common to rat, mouse, and human orthologues. In Western blots, LPA1 immunoreactivity appeared as 44–53 kDa bands in extracts from recombinant RH7777 cells expressing LPA1, mouse purified oligodendrocytes, or human white matter, but not from wild‐type RH7777 cells or purified astrocytes. In glial cultures, LPA1 immunoreactivity was restricted to oligodendrocytes, appeared at cell membrane and processes, colocalized with myelin basic protein, and appeared before myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. In slices of rat and human brains, LPA1 immunoreactivity was found in myelinated tracts, as well as in oligodendrocyte somata and their myelinating fibers. Immunoreactivities of LPA1 and myelin basic protein colocalized in the brain, but oligodendrocyte soma showed stronger signals for LPA1 than myelinated fibers, whereas the reverse was true for myelin basic protein. These results strengthen the view that LPA1 is involved in myelin formation or maintenance. GLIA 38:126–136, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inferior temporal stream for word processing with integrated mnemonic function
Authors: Fernández Guillén , Heitkemper Patrick , Grunwald Thomas , Van Roost Dirk , Urbach Horst , Pezer Niko , Lehnertz Klaus , Elger Christian E.
Published: August 2002

The participation of the inferior temporal cortex in visual word perception and recognition raises several questions: Is there a directed processing stream proceeding anteriorly by continuous cortical processing? How fast are words processed within such an inferior temporal stream? Does this stream support implicit or explicit memory? To answer these questions, we analyzed the spatio‐temporal relationship of event‐related potentials, recorded directly from the inferior temporal cortex in epilepsy patients performing a continuous visual word recognition paradigm. Event‐related potentials elicited an inferior temporal positivity in a strip along the left collateral sulcus. This potential exhibited a linear (r = 0.74) peak latency progression from posterior to anterior inferior temporal regions (≈15 cm/sec), indicating a directed, intracortical processing stream. Peak amplitudes and latencies showed reliable old/new effects with smaller amplitudes and shorter latencies for old as opposed to new words. Although the amplitude‐old/new‐effect occurred for all repeated words (e.g., implicit memory), the latency‐old/new‐effect occurred for correctly recognized old words only (e.g., explicit recognition). These results seem to dissociate two distinct mnemonic processes. The graded decrease of mean ITP peak amplitudes and latencies, however, does not allow us to exclude a single trace model as assumed for explicit recognition memory based on familiarity (Mandler [1980]: Psychol Rev 87:252–271). Regardless whether there is a dissociation between implicit and explicit memory in inferior temporal cortex or not, our findings are in accordance with an integrated inferior temporal processing stream for words that performs continuously semantic and mnemonic operations supporting both implicit and explicit memory. Hum. Brain Mapping 14:251–260, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactions of unsymmetrical α‐diazo‐β‐diketones with imines: Syntheses of 4H‐1,3‐oxazin‐4‐ones
Authors: Xu Jiaxi , Chen Liangbi
Published: August 2002

Cycloaddition reactions of an unsymmetrical α‐diazo‐β‐diketone, 2‐diazo‐1‐phenyl‐1,3‐butanedione, with a series of imines having various substituents were studied. The results indicated that only cycloadducts derived from acetylphenylketene, which was generated by the thermal Wolff rearrangement of 2‐diazo‐1‐phenyl‐1,3‐butanedione with phenyl migration, and imines were obtained. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:165–168, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10015
Reductive cleavage of the halogen–phosphorus and sulfur–phosphorus bonds with alkali metals
Authors: Stankiewicz Marek , Nycz Jacek , Rachon Janusz
Published: August 2002

The reduction of thiophosphorus acid chlorides with alkali metals (Na, K) in liq. NH3/THF solution, potassium anthracenide, and potassium naphthalenide was investigated. It was found that these types of phosphorus compounds easily undergo reduction to >PS− anions. It was also demonstrated that >PO− and >PS− anions as well very efficiently undergo sulfurization with elementary sulfur in liquid ammonia to yield >P(O)S− and >P(S)S− anions, respectively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:330–339, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10040
Unusual formation of a thiacyclopent‐2‐ene by the reaction of 4,4′‐dimethoxythiobenzophenone with tetracyanoethylene
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Tsujimoto Yoshikazu
Published: August 2002

The reaction of 4,4′‐dimethoxythiobenzophenone (1a) with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) afforded an unusual type of 2:1 adduct with the structure of thiacyclopent‐2‐ene (5a). On the other hand, the reaction of thiobenzophenone (1b) with TCNE afforded the corresponding thiophene, the normal 2:1 adduct (2b). The mechanism of the formation of 5a is discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:259–262, 2001
Synthesis of 1,3,3a,5‐tetraaryl‐3a,4,5,6‐tetrahydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a] [1,5]benzodiazepines
Authors: Xu Jiaxi , Wang Chenbo , Zhang Qihan
Published: August 2002

A series of 3a,5‐diaryl‐1,3‐diphenyl‐3a,4,5,6‐tetrahydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a][1,5]benzo‐diazepines was synthesized by the cycloaddition reactions of 2,4‐diaryl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,5‐benzo‐diazepines and N‐phenylbenzonitrileimine generated from N‐phenylbenzenecarbohydrazonic chloride in the presence of triethylamine in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:557–559, 2001
Provider payment reform in China: the case of hospital reimbursement in Hainan province
Authors: Yip Winnie , Eggleston Karen
Published: August 2002

This paper develops a simple model of payment incentives and empirically evaluates provider payment reform in Hainan Province, China. We use a pre‐post study design with a control group to analyse two years of claims data to assess the impact of a January 1997 change to prospective payment for a sub‐sample of the hospitals. This difference‐in‐difference empirical strategy allows us to isolate the supply‐side payment reform effects from demand‐side changes, in contrast with previous studies of China's reforms. Our results validate the theory that Chinese providers' behavioural response to payment incentives is similar to that reported in the literature derived from the experience of industrialized countries. We find that prepayment is associated with a slower rate of growth of overall expenditures, programme spending and patient co‐payments per inpatient admission, compared to fee‐for‐service (FFS). These findings suggest cautious optimism regarding the effectiveness of prospective payment for controlling costs and should be encouraging for policymakers in developing and transitional economies considering replacement of FFS with more aggregated forms of provider payment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating an EQ‐5D population value set: the case of Japan
Authors: Tsuchiya Aki , Ikeda Shunya , Ikegami Naoki , Nishimura Shuzo , Sakai Ikuro , Fukuda Takashi , Hamashima Chisato , Hisashige Akinori , Tamura Makoto
Published: August 2002

Quality adjustment weights for quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) are available with the EQ‐5D Instrument, which are based on a survey that quantified the preferences of the British public. However, the extent to which this British value set is applicable to other, especially non‐European, countries is yet unclear. The objectives of this study are (a) to compare the valuations obtained in Japan and Britain, and (b) to explore a local Japanese value set. A diminished study design is employed, where 17 hypothetical EQ‐5D health states are evaluated as opposed to 42 in the British study. The official Japanese version of the instrument and the Time Trade‐Off method are used to interview 543 members of the public. The results are: firstly, the evaluations obtained in Japan and those from Britain differ by 0.24 on average on a [−1, +1] scale, and mean absolute error (MAE) in predicting the Japanese preferences with the British value set is 0.23. Secondly, comparable regressions suggest that the two peoples have systematically different preference structures (p<0.001 for 8 of 12 coefficients; F‐test). Thirdly, using alternative models, the predictions are improved so that the local Japanese value set achieves MAE in the order of 0.01. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genomic instability in head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Friedlander Paul L.
Published: August 2002

Background

In the normal host, there are a variety of cellular systems that ensure the accurate replication and repair of DNA. Recent evidence suggests that there are individual variations in the ability to preserve the genome. Certain individuals have defects in these checkpoints and have an inherent genomic instability. They are susceptible to the accumulation of DNA damage and are prone to carcinogenesis. This article examines the role of genomic instability in the development of head and neck cancer.

Results

Patients with either the chromosomal instability syndromes or the Li‐Fraumeni syndrome have marked defects in either DNA repair or apoptosis. These patients are prone to have head and neck neoplasms develop. Head and neck cancer patients also have a diminished ability to repair DNA damage compared with the “normal” population. Abnormalities have been identified in mutagen sensitivity, the expression of DNA mismatch repair enzymes, the expression of p53, and telomerase activity when head and neck cancer patients are compared with controls.

Conclusion

Subpopulations exist who have increased genomic instability. These individuals are at an increased risk for the accumulation of DNA mutations and the development of head and neck cancer. More research is needed to identify specific mechanisms of genomic instability and to further define the importance of this phenomenon. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 683–691, 2001.
Effects of performance‐based reimbursement on the professional autonomy and power of physicians and the quality of care
Authors: Forsberg Ewa , Axelsson Runo , Arnetz Bengt
Published: August 2002

The key question addressed in this study is whether performance‐based reimbursement in health care affects the professional power and autonomy of physicians, and if so, whether this has any consequences for the quality of care. This cohort study examines the period 1994–98 in 11 Swedish county councils. Four hundred and eighteen physicians were studied in Stockholm County Council, which has a performance‐based reimbursement system, and in ten councils without such a system. The results show that professional power and autonomy are considered to be very limited in all councils, and that they have decreased during the period studied. Professional autonomy is, however, more limited in Stockholm. The limitations in Stockholm are more related to financial considerations, whereas the limitations in the other councils are more due to guidelines and lists of recommended drugs. Professional autonomy and power were found to be important determinants for quality of care, and the physicians in Stockholm estimated the quality of care lower than their colleagues in the ten other councils. Thus, our study suggests that the performance‐based reimbursement system might fail to reach the desired results due to its negative impact on professional power and autonomy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the superheated steam cycle of a PWR secondary system
Authors: Wu Cunzhen , Xiao Jie , Qin Yuehui
Published: August 2002

The impacts of variations of turbine exhaust steam wetness, live steam parameters, and the turbine sectional pressure ratio on the thermodynamic efficiency of the saturated steam cycle in a PWR secondary system are analyzed. The effects of live steam parameters and turbine sectional pressure ratio on the thermodynamic efficiency and the turbine exhaust steam wetness for the superheated steam cycle are also investigated. The optimum ranges of operating parameters are proposed based on the comparison of the performance of the superheated steam cycle with that of the saturated steam cycle. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(3): 185–194, 2001
Statistical self‐similarity of spatial variations of snow cover: verification of the hypothesis and application in the snowmelt runoff generation models
Authors: Kuchment L. S. , Gelfan A. N.
Published: August 2002

An analysis of snow cover measurement data in a number of physiographic regions and landscapes has shown that fields of snow cover characteristics can be considered as random fields with homogeneous increments and that these fields exhibit statistical self‐similarity. A physically based distributed model of snowmelt runoff generation developed for the Upper Kolyma River basin (the catchment area is about 100 000 km2) has been used to estimate the sensitivity of snowmelt dynamics over the basin and flood hydrographs to the parameterization of subgrid effects based on the hypothesis of statistical self‐similarity of the maximum snow water equivalent fields. Such parameterization of subgrid effects enables us to improve the description of snowmelt dynamics both within subgrid areas and over the entire river basin. The snowmelt flood hydrographs appear less sensitive to the self‐similarity of snow cover over subgrid areas than to the dynamics of snowmelt because of a too large catchment area of the basin under consideration. However, for certain hydrometeorological conditions and for small river basins this effect may lead to significant changes of the calculated hydrographs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aircraft observations of surface–atmosphere exchange during and after snow melt for different arctic environments: MAGS 1999
Authors: Brown‐Mitic Constance M. , MacPherson Ian J. , Schuepp Peter H. , Nagarajan Badrinath , Yau Peter M. K. , Bales Roger
Published: August 2002

The arctic environment, and in particular the Mackenzie Basin, displays a very dynamic interrelationship between the atmosphere and the surface for the different ecosystems represented. The Canadian Twin Otter research aircraft flew a total of 24 grid and long regional transects, over tundra, forest and delta ecosystems, during the period of snow melt (late May–early June) and early summer (early July) as part of the 1999 Mackenzie Area GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) Study (MAGS) field campaign. Observations over tundra showed a sharp rise in the sensible heat flux at the onset of melt, reaching a maximum at the end of the melting period similar to those observed in early summer. The latent heat flux showed a more gradual rise from snowmelt to early summer with a Bowen ratio (sensible heat/latent heat) of two during melt. The forested system demonstrated a similar gradual rise in the latent heat flux, whereas the sensible heat flux was already high with Bowen ratios reaching three at the start of the observation period in late May. The gradual rise in latent heat flux can be tied to gradual thawing of the root zone and the onset of photosynthesis activity. The relatively low solar elevation angle and earlier start of snow melt along the regional transect may account for the much larger sensible heat flux. An analysis of the turbulent coherent structures indicates that the spatial density of structures for both latent heat and sensible heat increases strongly with season, from snow melt into the early summer conditions. This has implications for sampling criteria and optimum flux averaging period.

There are distinct differences in energy partitioning between the various arctic ecosystems. At the beginning of the observation period, almost all the net radiation over the delta and tundra regions is utilized in non‐turbulent form, whereas the forested areas use less than 50%. Model simulations of the ground heat flux showed observed diurnal imbalances and suggest that the magnitudes depend on the position of the permafrost table and may partially account for the large non‐turbulent energy. Preliminary results from the Canadian MC2 model using the MAGS aircraft data for diagnosis and validation have identified sensitive model components that may merit further investigation. The findings from this study will help to fill gaps in our knowledge about surface–atmosphere interactions in arctic environments, particularly during snow melt, and broadens our contemporary view of evapotranspiration dynamics of wet surfaces. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐variable parameter estimation to increase confidence in hydrological modelling
Authors: Bergström Sten , Lindström Göran , Pettersson Anna
Published: August 2002

The expanding use and increased complexity of hydrological runoff models has given rise to a concern about overparameterization and risks for compensating errors. One proposed way out is the calibration and validation against additional observations, such as snow, soil moisture, groundwater or water quality. A general problem, however, when calibrating the model against more than one variable is the strategy for parameter estimation. The most straightforward method is to calibrate the model components sequentially. Recent results show that in this way the model may be locked up in a parameter setting, which is good enough for one variable but excludes proper simulation of other variables. This is particularly the case for water quality modelling, where a small compromise in terms of runoff simulation may lead to dramatically better simulations of water quality. This calls for an integrated model calibration procedure with a criterion that integrates more aspects on model performance than just river runoff.

The use of multi‐variable parameter estimation and internal control of the HBV hydrological model is discussed and highlighted by two case studies. The first example is from a forested basin in northern Sweden and the second one is from an agricultural basin in the south of the country. A new calibration strategy, which is integrated rather than sequential, is proposed and tested. It is concluded that comparison of model results with more measurements than only runoff can lead to increased confidence in the physical relevance of the model, and that the new calibration strategy can be useful for further model development. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Winter streamflow variability, Yukon Territory, Canada
Authors: Moore R. D. , Hamilton A. S. , Scibek J.
Published: August 2002

Knowledge of winter streamflow regimes is required in northern catchments to evaluate water supply and to assess the vulnerability of aquatic habitat. The objective of this study was to explore the nature and causes of winter streamflow variability in northern rivers through examination of a limited number of case studies involving intensive field measurements, as well as a synoptic analysis of winter streamflow measurements archived by Water Survey of Canada for rivers in Yukon Territory, Canada. Evidence was found for an abrupt decrease in discharge at freeze‐up in one of the case studies and for 10 of the 25 stations in the synoptic analysis that had measurements within 30 days of freeze‐up (an additional 12 stations had no measurements within 30 days of freeze‐up). However, given the paucity of measurements in the early winter, the magnitude, duration and frequency of these events cannot be specified. The case studies indicate that, even where a coherent depression does not occur, discharge can fluctuate around a smooth recession trend for about the first 30 days after the onset of ice effects, probably as a result of transient storage and release of water behind ice jams. A storage‐depletion model that represents streamflow as outflow from two parallel linear reservoirs provided a reasonable fit to most of the observed measurements (excluding those in the first 30 days following freeze‐up), with model fit deteriorating with increasing latitude and decreasing catchment size. The effect of latitude could relate to abstraction of flow by ice production, which would cause deviations from a storage‐depletion trend. Northern catchments also tended to have steeper late‐winter recessions, which could reflect a lack of extensive, deep aquifers to maintain late‐winter discharge. The tendency to poorer model fit in smaller catchments could reflect a problem with data reliability, since it is more difficult to find good winter gauging sections in smaller streams. Some evidence for temperature‐related discharge fluctuations was found in both the case studies and synoptic analyses. However, the magnitude of these effects appears to be about ±10 to 15%, at most, and not to be consistent between winters. Further advances in understanding winter streamflow variability will require frequent measurements on a range of streams over a number of winters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential markers predicting distant metastasis in axillary node‐negative breast carcinoma
Authors: Niu Yun , Fu Xilin , Lv Ajuan , Fan Yu , Wang Ying
Published: August 2002

Prognostic parameters for axillary node‐negative (ANN) breast cancer are still rare. Our aim was to establish potential markers that predict distant metastasis in ANN breast carcinoma and permit detection of the patients with high metastasis risk. A case control study was designed that comprised 64 ANN patients who developed distant metastasis during a 5–10 year follow‐up period, 64 ANN patients with recurrence‐free survival and 64 node‐positive (ANP) comparitors. Immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization were used to detect nm23, Cathepsin‐D (Cath‐D), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Laminin Receptor (LR) in 192 cases. A significantly lower expression of both nm23 mRNA and protein was found in the ANN‐group with poor prognosis compared with the ANN‐group with good prognosis (p < 0.01). The protein levels of Cath‐D, EGFR and LR were significantly higher in the ANN‐group with poor prognosis and in the ANP‐group compared with the ANN‐group with good prognosis (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05), but no differences were found between the poor ANN‐group and the ANP‐group. Multiple regression analysis showed a close correlation of nm23, Cath‐D and EGFR expression with occurrence of distant metastasis of ANN breast carcinoma. All markers except nm23 correlated with conventional histopathologic criteria such as tumor grade, margin and vessel invasion. The results suggest the combined detection of nm23, Cath‐D and EGFR as predictive markers of distant metastasis in ANN breast cancer patients. Quantitative analysis together with clinicopathologic factors could contribute to estimate the potential risk of metastasis and select individual therapy regimen. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with radiotherapy and/or chemoembolization
Authors: Chia‐Hsien Cheng Jason , Chuang Vincent P. , Cheng Skye Hongiun , Lin Yu‐Mong , Cheng Tsun‐I , Yang Po‐Sheng , Jian James Jer‐Min , You Dong‐Ling , Horng Cheng‐Fang , Huang Andrew T.
Published: August 2002

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the outcome, patterns of failure, and toxicity for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with radiotherapy, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), or combined TACE and radiotherapy. Forty‐two patients with unresectable HCC were treated with combined radiotherapy and TACE (TACE+RT group, 17 patients), radiotherapy alone (RT group, 9 patients), or with TACE alone (TACE group, 16 patients). Mean dose of radiation was 46.9 ± 5.8 Gy in a daily fraction of 1.8 to 2 Gy, directed only to the cancer‐involved areas of the liver. TACE was performed with a combination of Lipiodol, doxorubicin, cisplatin, and mitomycin C, followed by Gelfoam or Ivalon embolization. Tumor size was smaller in the TACE group (mean: 5.4 cm) compared with the TACE+RT group (8.6 cm) and the RT group (13.1 cm) (P = 0.0003). The median follow‐up was 24 months in the TACE+RT group, 28 months in the RT group, and 23 months in the TACE group. Survival was significantly worse for patients treated with radiotherapy alone due to the selection bias of patients with more advanced disease and compromised condition in this group. In contrast, the TACE+RT and TACE groups had comparable survival (two‐year rates: TACE+RT 58%, TACE 56%, P = 0.69). The local control rate for the treated tumors was similar in the TACE+RT and TACE groups (P = 0.11). The intrahepatic recurrence outside the treated tumors was common and similar between these two groups (P = 0.48). The extrahepatic progression‐free survival was significantly shorter for patients in the TACE+RT group than in the TACE group (two‐year rates: TACE+RT 36%, TACE 100%, P = 0.002). Seven patients died from complications of treatment. Local radiotherapy may be added to treat patients with unresectable HCC, and the control of progression of the treated tumors was promising even in patients with large hepatic tumors. Survival of patients with combined TACE and radiotherapy was similar to that with TACE as the only treatment, while a significant portion of the patients treated with radiotherapy developed extrahepatic metastasis. ©2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of low nuclear grading of renal carcinoma cells in the functional profile of tumor‐infiltrating T cells
Authors: Puccetti Luca , Manetti Roberto , Parronchi Paola , Piccinni Marie‐Pierre , Mavilia Carmelo , Carini Marcc , Romagnani Sergio , Maggi Enrico
Published: August 2002

Tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from biopsies of 9 selected patients with pT1pN0M0 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were analyzed at the clonal level for phenotypic distribution, cytokine secretion profile and antitumor cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. T‐cell clones generated from RCCs were able to produce higher amounts of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) than the corresponding clones derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, thus suggesting a recruitment into tumors of T cells with peculiar functions. Moreover, CD4+ T‐cell clones generated from TILs of nuclear grading 2 (G2)‐type RCC patients produced significantly higher amounts of IL‐4 and IL‐10 and lower amounts of IFN‐γ than the corresponding clones generated from G1‐type RCC and 2 renal angiomyolipoma (AML) patients. In addition, T‐cell clones generated from lymphocytes infiltrating the peritumoral areas of G2‐type, but not those from G1‐type, RCC patients produced higher and lower amounts of IL‐4 and IFN‐γ, respectively, than the corresponding clones derived from intratumoral T cells of the same patients. The proportion of T‐cell clones derived from G2‐type tumors and proliferating to autologous tumor cells (ATCs) was significantly lower than that of clones generated from G1‐type RCC or AML patients. However, irrespective of their source, they exhibited similar cytokine profiles and produced comparable amounts of IL‐4, IL‐10 and IFN‐γ. Furthermore, the proportion and the production of both IL‐4 and IFN‐γ of G2‐type RCC‐derived T‐cell clones with cytotoxic activity against ATC were significantly lower than those of cytolytic clones generated from AML and G1‐type RCCs. The concentrations of IL‐4, IL‐10 and IFN‐γ produced by the cytolytic clones from G2‐type RCC were also lower than those produced by their noncytolytic counterparts obtained from the same patients. These data address the association of the nuclear grading of neoplastic cells with different local tumor‐specific T‐cell responses in RCC. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exchange rates, prices and money: A long‐run perspective
Authors: De Grauwe Paul , Grimaldi Marianna
Published: August 2002

In this paper we analyse the long‐run proportionality and neutrality propositions between inflation and money growth and between exchange rate changes and money growth. Using a sample of 100 countries over a thirty‐year period we find that the evidence in favour of these propositions is weak for the low inflation countries and very strong for the high inflation countries. We propose an explanation based on productivity shocks and transaction costs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a (re)theorisation of the historical geography of nationalism in diasporas: the Irish diaspora as an exemplar
Authors: Boyle Mark
Published: August 2002

The strength of diasporic nationalism is characterised by an uneven historical geography, with different diasporic communities functioning as ‘hotbeds’ of nationalism at different times. Mapping and explaining these historical geographies is of importance if the cultural and political experiences of diasporic existence are to be understood. It is towards a critical interrogation of the conceptual tools available to accomplish this task that this paper is dedicated. Based upon a reading of social scientific literature on the intensity of national affiliation among the nineteenth and early twentieth century Irish diaspora, and using Doreen Massey's recent advocacy of a new concept of ‘space–time’, the paper advances a case for a (re)theorisation of the phenomenon of diasporic nationalism. In so doing, it is hoped that it will contribute to ongoing efforts to (re)theorise migration in four main ways: firstly, by identifying a subject area that provides a forum for population geography researchers to continue their growing dialogue with social and cultural geographers on the one hand and political geographers on the other; secondly, by reviewing the contribution of migration research to work in this area to date; thirdly, by offering a (re)theorisation of diasporic nationalism that places some traditional concerns of population geography at its core; and finally, by calling upon migration researchers to engage (once again) with contemporary debates within human geography about time and space, and to reflect upon how the conceptions of time and space which inhere within their work, condition the way they define and understand the settlement experiences of migrant groups. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.