bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bilateral vestibular neurectomy for treatment of vertigo
Authors: BÖhmer Andreas , Fisch Ugo
Published: January 2017

The effects of bilateral vestibular neurectomy on equilibrium and vestibular function were clinically evaluated in two patients more than 15 years after surgery. Both patients had bilateral Ménière's disease and their vertiginous spells were permanently resolved after the second vestibular neurectomy. Symptoms of disequilibrium were absent in one patient and mild in the other. Reflexive horizontal eye movements on whole body rotation in darkness were absent on low angular accelerations (2°/s2), but could be elicited with angular accelerations of 20°/s2 or higher. Extravestlbular cues generating these eye movements seemed to be unlikely because a “control” patient with complete peripheral vestibular ablation after bilateral subtotal petrosectomy did not present reflexive eye movements under the same stimulus paradigms. An incomplete deafferentiation of the vestibular end organ (rather than regeneration of vestibular nerve fibers) and a consecutive Impairment of the central velocity storage mechanism may explain the good functional outcome in our bilateral neurectomized patients.
Air-Ground Coupling — A Review
Authors: Powell R.F.
Published: January 2017

The considerable amount of literature published on the interaction of an airborne acoustic wave with the ground surface is primarily concerned with the reflected wave and its effect on noise measurement and prediction. This review is concerned with the resulting wave motion within the ground and the effect on it of various characteristics of the source and the ground, all of which have received little systematic investigation. The previous work from a wide variety of contexts is reviewed and augmented using loudspeaker, thunderflash and aircraft sources. The conclusion is that much more data is required on well specified sources and well known local ground structure before the problems of interpretation will be eased.
Reinforced Ice and Ice Domes: Opportunities for the North*
Authors: Glockner P.G.
Published: January 2017

It is suggested that reinforced ice domes in spans up to 100–150 metres and constructed by spraying water onto a spherical inflatable membrane could be economic solutions for constructing temporary enclosures in cold regions. The feasibility and practicability of such a novel and economical erection/construction technique has been demonstrated at The University of Calgary by constructing small-scale model ice domes and testing them until failure. Details of this erection technique, properties of the reinforcement (spun fibreglass yarn) and the load-deflection-time behaviour of the model domes are described.

The first part of the paper gives some results on the short-duration load and creep response of unreinforced and reinforced ice samples, including shear. pull-out/bond and tensile strength. The results indicate that such fibreglass yarn reinforcement does not enhance the shear strength of ice but does inhibit initiation and propagation of cracking and thereby increase the ultimate tensile strength of the composite.
An Introduction to the CUBIC Space Frame
Authors: Kubik M.L , Kubik L.A.
Published: January 2017

The CUBIC Space Frame is a modular three dimensional structure without diagonal bracing, which is capable of spanning large distances and carrying significant loads. The absence of bracing members also means that building services can be more easily accommodated within the structural depth. The paper includes a review of the origins of the system, followed by a brief look at some of the research and development issues that have had to be considered. Also included are photographs and descriptions of some past applications.
Design and Development of a Self Deployable Structural Element
Authors: Neogi Depankar , Douglas Craig D.
Published: January 2017

Over the past two decades there has been considerable need for reliable lightweight structures for various space applications, ranging from communication antennae to that of building the first space station. The impetus for research in the field of deployable space structures has been due to the volume constraint imposed by current launch vehicles.

This paper describes the design and development of an advanced composite self deployable structural element (SDSE). In its predeployed state, the SDSE is a collapsed structural element designed to achieve minimum volume configuration. This makes it beneficial for space applications as it can be folded and compactly stowed in a space transport vehicle. Ideally, this structure will deploy at the site without human intervention. The SDSE is flexible in its unheated state. It is formed of a core of thermally activated expanding foam or pressurizing agent, an internal bladder, a load carrying member of braided advanced composite material, and an outer retaining jacket. The core material, upon hearing with a resistance wire, internally pressurizes the structural element which leads to deployment. The same heat source also cures the advanced composite material.
Post thrombotic syndrome following deep vein thrombosis in paediatric patients
Authors: Vosicka Klara , Qureshi Mahim I , Shapiro Susan E , Lim Chung S , Davies Alun H
Published: January 2017

Background

Although well characterised in adults, less is known about post-thrombotic syndrome in children. In this review, current knowledge regarding paediatric post-thrombotic syndrome is summarised, with particular emphasis on pathophysiology, aetiology, diagnosis and management.

Methods

A Medline literature review was performed using search terms ‘post thrombotic syndrome’, ‘post phlebitic syndrome’, paediatric and children. Relevant articles were identified and included for summation analysis.

Results

The incident of paediatric venous thromboembolism is rising. Deep vein thrombosis can cause venous hypertension through a combination of venous reflux, venous obstruction and impairment of the calf muscle pump, leading to development of post-thrombotic syndrome. In children, this is more likely to occur if deep vein thrombosis diagnosis and treatment are delayed, if a higher number of vessels are involved, and if factors such as D-dimer are elevated at diagnosis and throughout treatment. Post-thrombotic syndrome occurs in about 26% of paediatric deep vein thrombosis, though the results of individual studies vary widely. A number of tools exist to diagnose paediatric post-thrombotic syndrome, including the modified Villalta scale and Manco-Johnson instrument. Once post-thrombotic syndrome develops, the mainstay of treatment remains supportive, with little evidence of benefit from pharmacological measures.

Conclusion

Surgical or interventional treatment is not advised except in exceptional cirumstances, due to variable prognosis of PTS in paediatric populations with rising incidence of paediatric venous thromboembolism, it follows that the prevalence of post-thrombotic syndrome in children may also increase. Evidence-based venous thromboembolism prevention strategies need to be implemented for prevention of deep vein thrombosis, but when it does occur, deep vein thrombosis requires prompt and effective treatment to prevent post-thrombotic syndrome. Optimum treatment strategies for post-thrombotic syndrome require further investigation.
Endovenous laser treatment of groin and popliteal varicose veins recurrence
Authors: Cavallini Alvise , Marcer Daniela , Ferrari Ruffino Salvatore
Published: January 2017

Objectives

Recurrent varicose veins following surgery is a common, complex and costly problem in vascular surgery. Treatment for RVV is technically more difficult to perform and patient satisfaction is poorer than after primary interventions. Nevertheless, traditional vein surgery has largely been replaced by percutaneous office-based procedures, and the patients with recurrent varicose veins have not benefited from the same advantages. In this paper, we propose an endovascular laser treatment that allows reducing the invasiveness and complications in case of SFJ and SPJ reflux after ligation and stripping of the great and small saphenous vein.

Methods

8 SFJ and 1 SPJ stumps were treated by endovascular laser treatment in out-patient clinic. Endovascular laser treatment was performed with a 1470 nm diode laser and a 400 µc radial slim™ fiber. Intraoperative ultrasoud was used to guide the fiber position and the delivery of tumescent anesthesia. The gravity of chronic venous disease was determined according to the CEAP classification and the severity of symptoms was scored according to the revised Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS).

Results

The average linear endovenous energy density was 237 J/cm. Patients return to daily activities after a mean of 1.9 days after. The VCSS improved drastically from a mean of 8 pre-interventional to 1 at day 30 and until one year. During the follow-up period (mean 8 months, range: 5–17 months), all the stumps except one were occluded. All patients were very satisfied or satisfied with the method. No severe complications occurred.

Conclusions

Office-based endovascular laser treatment of groin and popliteal recurrent varicose veins with 1470 nm diode laser and radial-slim fiber is a safe and highly effective option, with a high success rate in the early post-operative period.
A Systematic Review of Part C Early Identification Studies
Authors: Barger Brian , Rice Catherine , Simmons Christina Anne , Wolf Rebecca
Published: January 2017

Authors conducted a systematic literature review on early identification steps leading at-risk young children to connect with Part C services. Authors classified data collection settings as primary (settings for general population) or specialized (settings for children at risk of developmental delay) and according to the phases of early identification in the study: (a) original population of children aged 0 to 6 years who had received Part C services, (b) screening and/or referral and/or developmental assessment from 0 through age 2 years, and (c) were deemed eligible and/or received Part C services. Authors identified 43 articles including at least two phases of the early identification process. The literature about connecting children to Part C early intervention (EI) is sparse and fragmented; few studies document the full process from community monitoring to service receipt. Results indicate opportunities for development of systems to better track and improve the identification of young children in need of EI.
Elastography in the diagnosis of breast lesions: comparison of different elastographic features
Authors: Ricci Paolo , Maggini Elena , Mancuso Ester , Maldur Viorica , Medvedyeva Olena , Ursu Simona Carmen , Pediconi Federica
Published: January 2017

Background

Breast elastography is a non-invasive and widely accessible method used in the differential diagnostic procedure in addition to B-mode imaging.

Purpose

To assess the role of elastographic features in the differentiation of breast lesions and to evaluate the importance of depth in the choice of reference fat tissue for the calculation of strain ratio.

Material and Methods

From January to August 2015, 242 breast lesions were evaluated using elastographic assessment based on qualitative and semi-quantitative parameters (color map, strain ratio, length ratio) as well as elastographic analysis. Histological findings were considered as gold-standard.

Results

Sensitivity and specificity of B-mode ultrasound imaging were 90% and 60%, respectively. Color map sensitivity was 98% and specificity 46%; strain ratio sensitivity 81% and specificity 70%; length ratio sensitivity 64% and specificity 76%. Combined analysis of these three elastographic features improved the overall diagnostic performance of any of the three parameters alone, yielded sensitivity similar to that of color map (95%) and specificity comparable to strain ratio and length ratio (70%). There was no significant difference in strain ratio obtained from the reference fat tissue at the same depth as the lesion and at a different depth (sensitivity 77% versus 84%; specificity 70% versus 68%; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

In our experience, elastography can improve ultrasound characterization of the lesion, particularly if elastographic analysis is performed.
A case-report of migraine “sine headache”
Authors: Taga Arens , Russo Marco , Genovese Antonio , Manzoni Gian Camillo , Torelli Paola
Published: January 2017

Background and objectives

We describe a case of a female patient whose otherwise “typical” migraine attacks turned into episodes with a full spectrum of associated symptoms but without headache.

Case report

We evaluated a 53-year-old woman with a long history of migraine without aura. In concomitance with premenopausal menstrual dysregulation, she reported episodes of nausea and vomiting, associated with photophobia, phonophobia and osmophobia, but without headache; these episodes were responsive to oral triptans. Alternative diagnoses were excluded through extensive examinations.

Discussion

To date, no reports have been published in the literature on otherwise typical migraine attacks that are not accompanied by headache, nor did our case seem comparable to cases of abdominal migraine and cyclic vomiting syndrome.

Conclusion

Pathophysiologically, we hypothesize that functional dysregulation of the hypothalamus-brainstem connectivity may generate migraine attacks with a full spectrum of associated symptoms but without pain.
Depleted Resources Causing Burnout for Layoff Survivors
Authors: Reinardy Scott
Published: January 2017

A survey of newspaper layoff survivors shows that journalists with depleted trust, morale and job satisfaction are experiencing significant degrees of burnout and intend to leave newspapers. Also, journalists with low perception of job quality show signs of burnout.
Editors Have Mixed Feelings on User-Generated Content
Authors: Brost Lori F.
Published: January 2017

This qualitative study of user-generated content (UGC) in Michigan community newspapers found that reader comments were the most widely used form of UGC, accepted by 80 percent of the 33 newspapers, but editors share concern about publishing unedited comments.
Afghanistan War Coverage More Negative over Time
Authors: Haigh Michel M.
Published: January 2017

More than 1,100 articles discussing the Afghanistan War were examined for a 10-year period. The tone and depiction of the U.S. military became more negative over time. More articles about Afghanistan were published in 2009 and 2010 when the number of U.S. casualties increased.
Chinese, U.S. Newspapers Differ in Use of News Frames
Authors: Zhou Chun , Mastin Teresa
Published: January 2017

This study examines how U.S. and Chinese newspapers differed in how they framed China's dispute with Google over censorship. The results show that Chinese newspapers were more likely to use the economic consequences frame and less likely to use the human interest frame.
Adolescents and the Newspaper: Images in Black and White
Authors: Cobb Cathy J. , Kenny David
Published: January 2017

Using data from more than 1,000 teenagers, the study examines racial differences in media behavior and socialization patterns. Particular attention is paid to usage of the newspaper relative to other media. According to the findings, several variables discriminate between black and white adolescents, including: availability of the newspaper in the home, frequency and intensity of readership, content preferences, perceived relevance of the newspaper medium and social responsibility. The findings also support the important role of parents in establishing a newspaper reading habit.
Fair Warning: A Comparison of Police and Newspaper Reports about Rape
Authors: Schwengels Marlyss , Lemert James B.
Published: January 2017

Journalists avoid identifying rape victims. Incestuous rapes pose additional problems to traditional news story forms since the victim's identity can be guessed if the alleged incestuous rapist's name is publicized. This comparison of newspaper reports against police reports showed newspapers treat incestuous rapes as non-events. News of other types of rape also was highly selective and could mislead potential victims. The authors offer a “model” incestuous rape story for editors' consideration.
Attention to Candidates and Issues in Newspaper Coverage of 1992 Presidential Campaign
Authors: Mantler Gordon , Whiteman David
Published: January 2017

This study of six major newspapers found substantial differences in coverage, with George Bush getting significantly more coverage in four of the six.
Getting Personal: Daily Newspaper Adoption of Personal Advertisements
Authors: Merskin Debra
Published: January 2017

Classified advertising managers at 65 daily newspapers have adopted voice mail personal advertisements widely and recently in response to declining revenues in classified advertising categories. Though the characteristics of this section and the criteria they impose on advertisers vary, the adoption of voice mail personals suggests a new function for the daily newspaper.
Specificity, Imagery in Writing: Testing the Effects of “Show, Don't Tell”
Authors: Tankard James , Hendrickson Laura
Published: January 2017

Sentences that show are usually perceived by readers as more interesting, engaging and informative than sentences that merely tell.
Ethical Choices That Become Legal Problems for Media
Authors: Alexander Laurence B.
Published: January 2017

Court decisions on confidentiality, misquoting and dangerous advertising have turned ethical issues into legal problems.
Tools Daily Newspapers Use in Computer-Assisted Reporting
Authors: Garrison Bruce
Published: January 2017

Two-thirds of newspapers engage in computer-assisted reporting and most of those use IBM-compatible hardware and software.
Analysis of the active control of steering bogies for the dynamic characteristics on real track conditions
Authors: Hwang In-Kyeong , Hur Hyun-Moo , Kim Myeong-Jun , Park Tae-Won
Published: January 2017

In this study, an active steering bogie with a re-designed primary axial rubber spring for urban trains was developed. The applied axial rubber spring had a reasonable stiffness that can be achieved in the X, Y and Z directions. Therefore, the steering performance of the bogie can improve because of the lower longitudinal stiffness. The running performance of an active steering vehicle on a curved track was simulated by means of a co-simulation with VI-Rail and MATLAB/Simulink. Further, a control algorithm was developed and applied to an actual active steering bogie. The radius of curvature acquired from the actual active steering bogie by the control algorithm was in reasonable agreement with that acquired from a track inspection vehicle. The numerical analysis revealed a significant improvement in the vehicle safety and ride quality and a reduction in the wheel–rail wear and noise. As a result, the validities of the developed primary suspension and control algorithm of the active steering bogie were confirmed. Further, this study may enable railway vehicles to run more stably and faster on sharp curves.
The ‘Jewish cardinal’? Aron Jean-Marie Lustiger (1926–2007)
Authors: Nettelbeck Colin
Published: January 2017

Cardinal Aron Jean-Marie Lustiger died at the age of 80 in 2007. Archbishop of Paris from 1981 to 2005, he was a towering and controversial public figure, both within the Catholic church and in European society more broadly. Since his death, he has remained a subject of intense interest. This essay will analyse two films about him – the 2012 documentary Aron Jean-Marie Lustiger (Jean-Yves Fischbach) and the 2013 fiction film Le Métis de Dieu (Ilan Duran Cohen) – as prisms through which the thought, policies and achievements of Lustiger can be examined and assessed. Primarily a charismatic man of faith, Lustiger was also widely engaged with the history of his times. It will be argued that his personal trajectory, frequently through his own direct agency, offers insight into several crucial layers of the cultural and political history of France, including the Occupation years; the Jewish question; the post-war recovery and decolonisation processes; Franco-German reconciliation; the restructuring of the universities; the chaotic socio-political movements around 1968; the development of the European Union; and the complex transformations of church life since the Second Vatican Council with the concomitant shifts in the relations between church and state.
Soumission ou simulacre de soumission? Michel Houellebecq et la métaphysique (Baudrillardienne) du radiateur
Authors: Spieser-Landes David
Published: January 2017

La publication, le 7 janvier 2015, du dernier Houellebecq ( Soumission), qui imagine l’accession à la présidence de la république française d’un parti musulman pour 2022, a causé un gros émoi en France avant même sa parution. Soumission fut immédiatement taxé « d’islamophobie » et catalogué dans la mouvance zemmourienne du « suicide français » – bref, un « cadeau pour Marine Le Pen ». Cet article répond aux accusations d’islamophobie formulées contre Houellebecq en procédant à une analyse textuelle rigoureuse et en remettant Soumission dans son contexte postmoderne et proprement houellebecquien. Ce faisant, il a aussi pour objectif de replacer le débat autour de l’islamophobie en France dans le contexte plus large de la « crise religieuse » que traverse la France contemporaine, une crise révélée par l’après-attentat contre Charlie Hebdo.
Estimation of indirect effect when the mediator is a censored variable
Authors: Wang Jian , Shete Sanjay
Published: January 2017

A mediation model explores the direct and indirect effects of an initial variable ( X) on an outcome variable ( Y) by including a mediator ( M). In many realistic scenarios, investigators observe censored data instead of the complete data. Current research in mediation analysis for censored data focuses mainly on censored outcomes, but not censored mediators. In this study, we proposed a strategy based on the accelerated failure time model and a multiple imputation approach. We adapted a measure of the indirect effect for the mediation model with a censored mediator, which can assess the indirect effect at both the group and individual levels. Based on simulation, we established the bias in the estimations of different paths (i.e. the effects of X on M [ a], of M on Y [ b] and of X on Y given mediator M [ c’]) and indirect effects when analyzing the data using the existing approaches, including a naïve approach implemented in software such as Mplus, complete-case analysis, and the Tobit mediation model. We conducted simulation studies to investigate the performance of the proposed strategy compared to that of the existing approaches. The proposed strategy accurately estimates the coefficients of different paths, indirect effects and percentages of the total effects mediated. We applied these mediation approaches to the study of SNPs, age at menopause and fasting glucose levels. Our results indicate that there is no indirect effect of association between SNPs and fasting glucose level that is mediated through the age at menopause.
Prioritising patient care: The different views of clinicians and managers
Authors: Skirbekk Helge , Hem Marit Helene , Nortvedt Per
Published: January 2017

Background:

There is little research comparing clinicians’ and managers’ views on priority settings in the healthcare services. During research on two different qualitative research projects on healthcare prioritisations, we found a striking difference on how hospital executive managers and clinical healthcare professionals talked about and understood prioritisations.

Aim:

The purpose of this study is to explore how healthcare professionals in mental healthcare and somatic medicine prioritise their care, to compare different ways of setting priorities among managers and clinicians and to explore how moral dilemmas are balanced and reconciled.

Research design and participants:

We conducted qualitative observations, interviews and focus groups with medical doctors, nurses and other clinical members of the interdisciplinary team in both somatic medical and mental health wards in hospitals in Norway. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim.

Ethical considerations:

Basic ethical principles for research ethics were followed. The respondents signed an informed consent for participation. They were assured anonymity and confidentiality. The studies were approved by relevant ethics committees in line with the Helsinki Convention.

Findings:

Our findings showed a widening gap between the views of clinicians on one hand and managers on the other. Clinicians experienced a threat to their autonomy, to their professional ideals and to their desire to perform their job in a professional way. Prioritisations were a cause of constant concern and problematic decisions. Even though several managers understood and empathised with the clinicians, the ideals of patient flow and keeping budgets balanced were perceived as more important.

Discussion:

We discuss our findings in light of the moral challenges of patient-centred individual healthcare versus demands of distributive justice from healthcare management.

Conclusion:

The clinicians’ ideals of autonomy and good medical and nursing care for the individual patients were perceived as endangered.
Book Review: Carlos Nunes Silva (Ed.), Urban Planning in Lusophone African Countries
Authors: Mahanta Gatikrushna
Published: January 2017

Carlos Nunes Silva (Ed.), Urban Planning in Lusophone African Countries, Ashgate Publishing Limited, England, 2015, pp. 243, US$ 138, ISBN: 978-1-4724-4487-5 (Hardback).
Affective-Associative Two-Process theory: A neural network investigation of adaptive behaviour in differential outcomes training
Authors: Lowe Robert , Billing Erik
Published: January 2017

In this article we present a novel neural network implementation of Associative Two-Process (ATP) theory based on an Actor–Critic-like architecture. Our implementation emphasizes the affective components of differential reward magnitude and reward omission expectation and thus we model Affective-Associative Two-Process theory (Aff-ATP). ATP has been used to explain the findings of differential outcomes training (DOT) procedures, which emphasize learning differentially valuated outcomes for cueing actions previously associated with those outcomes. ATP hypothesizes the existence of a ‘prospective’ memory route through which outcome expectations can bring to bear on decision making and can even substitute for decision making based on the ‘retrospective’ inputs of standard working memory. While DOT procedures are well recognized in the animal learning literature they have not previously been computationally modelled. The model presented in this article helps clarify the role of ATP computationally through the capturing of empirical data based on DOT. Our Aff-ATP model illuminates the different roles that prospective and retrospective memory can have in decision making (combining inputs to action selection functions). In specific cases, the model’s prospective route allows for adaptive switching (correct action selection prior to learning) following changes in the stimulus–response–outcome contingencies.
Reduced order models for nonlinear dynamic analysis of structures with intermittent contacts
Authors: Zucca Stefano , Epureanu Bogdan I
Published: January 2017

The forced response of structures with complex geometry and intermittent contacts is nonlinear due to contact breathing phenomena that occur during vibration. Therefore, calculation times to predict such responses can be extremely long especially because highly refined finite element models are necessary to properly model geometrically complicated structures. To alleviate this issue, reduced order models can be very beneficial as they can dramatically speed up the analysis process by reducing the size of the system and thus the calculation times. In this paper, a reduced order modeling method for the forced response of structures with intermittent contacts is developed. The proposed approach assumes that the dynamics of the nonlinear system in the frequency range of interest is spatially correlated. The spatial correlation can be dominated by normal modes of the open (or sliding) linear system. Nonetheless, the boundary conditions of a vibrating structure with intermittent frictionless contacts vary in time (i.e. at any time t the contacts are partly open and closed), and the actual extent of the contact area changes over time. Here, this observation is complemented by the assumption that, given the frequency range of the harmonic excitation force, the system dynamics is dominated by one of the modes of either the open or the sliding system, and thus the time evolution of the contact area can be estimated by knowing (a) the normal penetration at the contact node pairs at rest due to pre-stress, and (b) the vector of normal relative displacements at the contact nodes of that dominant mode. As a result, a set of normal modes – referred to as piecewise linear modes – is computed, by imposing special boundary conditions at the nodes lying on the contact surfaces, and a reduction basis is selected and used to reduce the size of the model of the system. Two numerical test cases, specifically a cracked plate and two coaxial cylinders are used for validation. Results show that the proposed method allows to accurately compute the nonlinear forced response of structures with intermittent contacts both in case of zero gap and in case of initial pre-stress at the contacts.
Static and vibration characteristics of thin-walled box beams: An experimental investigation
Authors: Kashefi Kiana , Sheikh Abdul Hamid , Griffith Michael C , Ali MS Mohamed , Tateishi Kazuo
Published: January 2017

Static and vibration characteristics of thin-walled straight and curved box beams were investigated experimentally. Three different beam configurations were considered for the tests: one straight and two curved box beams. The load was applied at the centroid of the box section for the straight and one curved beam specimens. However, for the other curved specimen, the load was applied eccentrically to investigate its behavior under the additional torsion induced by the eccentricity. Displacements and strains were obtained using linear variable displacement transducer, one-directional and rosette strain gages. The specimens were excited using an impact at their free ends. The time history of strains was obtained to calculate natural frequencies and damping ratios. The experiment results were compared with those obtained from three-dimensional finite element analysis for all cases. The results obtained from implementing tests on the straight specimen were also used to validate an efficient numerical method recently developed by the authors.
The prehistory of innovation: A longer view of penal change
Authors: Rubin Ashley T
Published: January 2017

New penal technologies, however innovative, rarely emerge fully formed, but we currently lack a theoretical appreciation of the lengthy, messy process by which penal innovations develop. Indeed, most studies of penal change focus on the conditions surrounding the emergence of a particularly successful innovation, a model of punishment whose widespread diffusion is indicative of significant change. This paper extends our analytical focus by examining the legacy of an innovation’s prehistory, the ideational period in which an idea is created at the margins of criminal justice before manifesting on a wider scale. This paper traces the history, and influence, of American uses of penal incarceration before Pennsylvania’s famous Walnut Street Prison, often referred to as the country’s first prison. This prehistory complicates the notion of innovation by identifying significant precursors. Ultimately, recognizing penal innovations’ prehistory challenges macro-level theories of penal change, which largely overlook those causes that significantly predate the “moment” of innovation.
Fabrication and microstrain evolution of Al-TiB2 composite coating by cold spray deposition
Authors: Chen H , Pala Z , Hussain T , McCartney DG
Published: January 2017

This paper investigates the microstructure evolution of Al-TiB2 coatings prepared by cold spraying. In situ Al-TiB2 composite powders containing uniformly distributed titanium diboride (TiB2) particles with a size range of 5–100 nm in the Al matrix and Al/Al-TiB2 blended powders were used as the cold spray feedstock for coating fabrication on aluminium alloy substrates. The microstructures of the feedstock powders and as-deposited coatings were characterised using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction. Al/Al-TiB2 blended powder coatings, compromising closely packed powder particles, were sprayed to an approximate thickness of 500 µm. Al-TiB2 composite coatings (approximately 50 µm thick) were obtained retaining the microstructure of the composite powders being sprayed and no evidence of detrimental phase transformation was found. However, micro-cracks were found to exist in the Al-TiB2 coating due to the hardly deformable powder particles. Little or no microstrain was revealed in the as-sprayed Al-TiB2 coating, indicating that annealing may have occurred due to the localised adiabatic heating during the spraying process. It is demonstrated that it is possible to fabricate the Al-TiB2 composite coating by cold spray deposition but further improvements to eliminate coating cracking are required.
The Constitutional Role of the Queen of Australia
Authors: Selway Justice B.M.
Published: January 2017

When the Australian federation came into existence in 1901 the same King ruled throughout the British Empire. The Crown was indivisible. The Australian Commonwealth Constitution reflected that political and legal reality. That reality has undergone considerable change in the last century. The Empire no longer exists, although some of the former dominions and colonies remain monarchies. The Queen is now monarch of 15 separate and independent nations, including Australia. In so far as Australia is concerned, these developments raise a number of practical and constitutional issues. These issues relate both to the relationship of the Australian monarchy with those other monarchies which share the same Queen and to the role of the Australian monarch within the Australian federation. Some of those issues are explored in this paper.
Safety in the Air: Air Carriers' Rights and Responsibilities at National and International Law
Authors: Abeyratne Ruwantissa
Published: January 2017

Several air disasters involving loss of lives of passengers and others on the ground have illustrated the key role expected of airlines in ensuring the security of aircraft and the safety of those affected by the contract of carriage by air. The culmination of these expectations came immediately after 11 September 2001 when aircraft were used as weapons of mass destruction against passengers of the aircraft concerned and those on the ground. Sustained debate followed between the air transport industry and regulators as to whether airlines could justifiably be expected to bear full responsibility for the safety of those on board and on the ground who may be affected by an air disaster. The international community now recognizes that the airlines have to bear some responsibility in the decision-making process regarding persons boarding their aircraft.

Modern techniques for passenger screening include the use of machine readable travel documents (MRTDs) and advance passenger information (API). In addition, the practice of passenger profiling is not uncommon among some carriers who cooperate with customs and immigration authorities to identify possible offenders, with a view to preventing them from boarding their aircraft. The process of refusal to board, however, may entail legal consequences, particularly in the context of the contract which has already passed between the air carrier and passenger prior to boarding. Although usually a contract can be frustrated thus affecting the performance of that contract, the instance of a potential offender is unique in that refusal of carriage is based on conjecture rather than empirical evidence. This article examines this issue with a focus on developments in some European and United States jurisdictions.
The diagnostic performance of leak-plugging automated segmentation versus manual tracing of breast lesions on ultrasound images
Authors: Xiong Hui , Sultan Laith R , Cary Theodore W , Schultz Susan M , Bouzghar Ghizlane , Sehgal Chandra M
Published: January 2017

Purpose

To assess the diagnostic performance of a leak-plugging segmentation method that we have developed for delineating breast masses on ultrasound images.

Materials and methods

Fifty-two biopsy-proven breast lesion images were analyzed by three observers using the leak-plugging and manual segmentation methods. From each segmentation method, grayscale and morphological features were extracted and classified as malignant or benign by logistic regression analysis. The performance of leak-plugging and manual segmentations was compared by: size of the lesion, overlap area ( Oa) between the margins, and area under the ROC curves ( Az).

Results

The lesion size from leak-plugging segmentation correlated closely with that from manual tracing ( R2 of 0.91). Oa was higher for leak plugging, 0.92 ± 0.01 and 0.86 ± 0.06 for benign and malignant masses, respectively, compared to 0.80 ± 0.04 and 0.73 ± 0.02 for manual tracings. Overall Oa between leak-plugging and manual segmentations was 0.79 ± 0.14 for benign and 0.73 ± 0.14 for malignant lesions. Az for leak plugging was consistently higher (0.910 ± 0.003) compared to 0.888 ± 0.012 for manual tracings. The coefficient of variation of Az between three observers was 0.29% for leak plugging compared to 1.3% for manual tracings.

Conclusion

The diagnostic performance, size measurements, and observer variability for automated leak-plugging segmentations were either comparable to or better than those of manual tracings.
Making the Connection between Standard Terminologies, Use Cases, and Mapping
Authors: Giannangelo Kathy
Published: January 2017

Clinical data captured at the point of care using a standard terminology can be efficiently and effectively used for a variety of administrative and secondary purposes such as reimbursement, vital and health statistics trending, and health policy decision making. Maps are created with a specific purpose in mind and refined for particular use cases. They should be understandable, reproducible and useful. Driven by a philosophy of ‘code once, use many times’, after clinical care is recorded in an electronic health record (EHR) using a standard terminology, mapping tables can be used to identify the related code(s) in legacy terminologies.
Graduate Student Professional Development in Applied Sociology Courses through Group Research Projects
Authors: Korsching Peter F. , Peter Gregory
Published: January 2017

Designing stimulating and scholarly course projects for graduate students in an applied sociology course is a challenge. We discuss the development and continued refinement a type of course project that involves all students in the course in a collaborative research project and helps them understand the process of conducting and reporting applied research. Objectives of the project for the students are: (1) professionalization and socialization into the discipline; (2) experience in defining, developing, executing, and delivering a real-world research project; (3) experience in working on a research team and working with other disciplines; (4) development of critical thinking and the sociological imagination in conceptualizing the project; and (5) output of a scholarly product for the students' vita. The students define the research problem, identify subjects, develop research instruments, collect data, analyze the data, and write a paper potentially resulting in a professional meeting presentation and publication in an academic journal.
Conceptualising the right to data protection in an era of Big Data
Authors: McDermott Yvonne
Published: January 2017

In 2009, with the enactment of the Lisbon Treaty, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union entered into force. Under Article 8 of the Charter, for the first time, a stand-alone fundamental right to data protection was declared. The creation of this right, standing as a distinct right to the right to privacy, is undoubtedly significant, and it is unique to the European legal order, being absent from other international human rights instruments. This commentary examines the parameters of this new right to data protection, asking what are the principles underpinning the right. It argues that the right reflects some key values inherent in the European legal order, namely: privacy, transparency, autonomy and nondiscrimination. It also analyses some of the challenges in implementing this right in an era of ubiquitous veillance practices and Big Data.
Employee Performance at Workplace: Conceptual Model and Empirical Validation
Authors: Pradhan Rabindra Kumar , Jena Lalatendu Kesari
Published: January 2017

The present study explores the concomitant areas for extending the scope of employee performance as a major domain of human resource (HR) effectiveness. We have interviewed researchers and corporate practitioners regarding their understanding of performance at workplace. On the basis of literature and feedback from academicians and industry professionals, a conceptual framework along with 42-item instrument on employee performance was proposed for empirical validation. The instrument obtained empirical views from experts on its proposed dimensions and statements. The initial analysis of content validity ratio (CVR) of the instrument had resulted in 38 items having CVR value of 0.49 and above with 75 percent acceptability from expert analysis. The retained items were taken for field survey. In total, 361 executives from Indian manufacturing and service organizations responded to the 38-item employee performance scale. Exploratory factor analysis revealed three distinct factors of employee performance that constitute the new scale: task performance, adaptive performance, and contextual performance (TAC). Reliability study on the sample reported significant internal consistency on the total scale ( a = 0.80) along with the three subscales ( a ranging from 0.80 to 0.91). The prescribed framework offers an inclusive understanding of the nature and subtleties of employee performance. It is proposed that, HR managers and organizational behavior (OB) practitioners must use the insights from the explored factors to create and maintain a better work environment. In applied perspective, the proposed instrument and its corresponding findings are expected to provide insights for designing organization-specific policies for improving employee performance.
Supersized Atheroma Causing Acquired Coarctation of Aorta Leading to Heart Failure
Authors: Karakattu Sajin , Murtaza Ghulam , Dinesh Sharma , Sivagnanam Kamesh , Schoondyke Jeffrey , Paul Timir
Published: January 2017

Calcified atheromatous aortic lesion causing significant narrowing of the aorta is an uncommon clinical entity. This calcified atheroma leads to obstruction of the lumen of the aorta simulating acquired coarctation of aorta causing impaired perfusion of lower limbs, visceral ischemia, and hypertension. We report a case of 58-year-old patient who presented with dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, 25-lb weight gain, lower extremity edema, and chest pain. Extensive workup including computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large calcific mass in the aortic arch causing his presenting symptoms. After surgical correction his symptoms resolved. Any patient presenting with heart failure symptoms in the setting of uncontrolled renovascular hypertension, intermittent claudication symptoms, or visceral ischemia with normal ejection fraction but moderate to severe left ventricular hypertrophy should be in high suspicion for acquired coarctation of aorta. The routine thorough examination of pulses in bilateral upper and lower extremities in all hypertensive patients is a very simple and useful clinical tool to diagnose acquired aortic coarctation.
Legal Informalism, Power and Liberal Governance
Authors: Krieken Robert Van
Published: January 2017

Although critiques of legal formalism have been rethought over recent years to produce a 'new informalism' in legal theory which draws on Michel Foucault's approach to power, this essay examines the ways in which there are still a variety of problems in the understanding of power, social control and freedom utilized by studies of 'informal' or 'popular' justice. It briefly outlines the ideas and practices encompassed by the concept of informal justice, and identifies the critique of legal informalism as an extension of state power and control as well as the counter-critiques that underlie the 'new informalism'. I then go on to argue that the problems continuing to face the understanding of informal justice in legal theory include going beyond seeing power as radiating outwards from some 'thing' called 'the state', as well as beyond the opposition of individual and community liberty to 'state power', towards a more complex and nuanced understanding of the ways in which law and government work through individual and community 'freedom', rather than against them. I conclude with some comments on the kind of research agenda concerning legal informalism encouraged by Foucault's conceptions of power, government and freedom.
Square Pegs in Round Holes: The Dilemma of Conjoined Twins and Individual Rights
Authors: Munro Vanessa E.
Published: January 2017

The judgment in the English Court of Appeal case of Re A ( Conjoined Twins: Surgical Separation) highlights forcefully the highly individualistic and abstract assumptions that commonly shape the deployment of rights discourse in liberal legal adjudication. Forced by the all-or-nothing nature of this discourse into a dilemma between perceiving of the twins as separate right-bearers or perceiving of the stronger twin, Jodie, as the singular right-bearer and of Mary, her weaker sibling, as a non-legal entity, the court chose the former option.
Plasma kallikrein mediates brain hemorrhage and edema caused by tissue plasminogen activator therapy in mice after stroke
Authors: Simão Fabrício , Ustunkaya Tuna , Clermont Allen C. , Feener Edward P.
Published: January 2017

Key Points

tPA activates the contact system, and PKal blockade enhances tPA-mediated thrombolysis. PKal contributes to hemorrhagic transformation and cerebral edema in mice with acute stroke receiving tPA.
A phase 2 trial of pomalidomide and dexamethasone rescue treatment in patients with AL amyloidosis
Authors: Palladini Giovanni , Milani Paolo , Foli Andrea , Basset Marco , Russo Francesca , Perlini Stefano , Merlini Giampaolo
Published: January 2017

Key Points

PDex can be a rescue regimen for patients with AL amyloidosis previously exposed to alkylators, proteasome inhibitors, and lenalidomide. Responses to PDex are frequent, rapid, and improve survival.