bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REPLACING HOUSEWORK IN THE SERVICE ECONOMY
Authors: COHEN PHILIP N.
Published: March 2007

Using data from the 1993 Consumer Expenditure Survey to examine housework-related service consumption, the author finds that spending on housekeeping services and meals out—which helps relieve women's housework burden—is affected by dynamics within marriages as well as by family class and race-ethnicity. Other things equal, families in which women have more relative power, as reflected in their income and occupational status, consume more housekeeping services and spend more of their food dollars on meals out, as do wealthier families and white families. Along with housework itself, which is well studied, these results suggest that housework service consumption is also an arena for gendered negotiation and conflict within families, and one way that gender relations vary by class and race-ethnicity.
GENDER AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF CONSENT IN CHILD-ADULT SEXUAL CONTACT
Authors: NELSON ANDREA , OLIVER PAMELA
Published: March 2007

Neither legalistic gender-neutral categories nor prior feminist theories adequately capture all of the gender dynamics of child sexual abuse. Surveys of 923 young adults, 88 of whom reported sexual contact with adults before they were 16, complemented by intensive follow-up interviews with 18 reporting contact, reveal that gendered constructions of sexuality and dominance make the experience of abuse significantly different for boys and girls. Girls nearly always had contact with men and tended to experience it as harmful abuse. Boys were more likely to have contact with women than with men; they generally interpreted contact with women as consensual, but their contact with men as abusive. Extensions of feminist gender analysis are required to explain these patterns.
LESTER FRANK WARD AS A SOCIOLOGIST OF GENDER
Authors: FINLAY BARBARA
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the writings of Lester Frank Ward on relevant topics in the sociology of gender. Although Ward's work on the subjection of women has been largely ignored, a new look at these writings reveals much of interest. His theory of early female superiority in human societies, his association of the rise of male dominance with the discovery of paternity and the development of property, his recognition of the role of conflict and force in human society, and his discussion of marriage and family as reinforcing male proprietary interests in women are significant. Ward was one of many early sociologists who supported women's equality and who critically evaluated the role of gender in society, but like the others, his work has been ignored, discounted, and misrepresented by later, more conservative, interpreters of the discipline. However, he should be recognized as one of the important forerunners of the sociology of gender.
“I TAKE CARE OF MY KIDS”
Authors: BAKER PHYLLIS L. , CARSON AMY
Published: March 2007

This article examines 17 substance-abusing women's perceptions of their mothering practices in the context of a residential substance-abuse treatment program for women with children and pregnant women. Using in-depth semistructured interviews and observations of treatment groups, the participants' cultural knowledge about mothering is explored. Although the women in this study described how their substance-abusing lifestyle had a negative impact on their children, they also detailed practices that illustrated that they felt capable as parents. The women were silent about how race, gender, or class arrangements affected their lives; their stories, however, showed active avoidance and manipulation of the contemporary ideology of mothering.
Thermoplastic Coated Carbon Fibers for Textile Preforms
Authors: Allen L.E. , Edie D.D. , Lickfield G.C. , Mccollum J.R.
Published: March 2007

A continuous process for producing prepreg from carbon fiber and thermo plastic matrix is described. After the tow has been spread using a pneumatic device, the process utilizes a fluidized bed to apply thermoplastic powder to the bundle. Finally, direct electrical heating of the coated fiber tow melts the polymer on the individual fibers, creating a uniform and extremely flexible prepreg. The efficiency of the process was evalu ated during initial trials in which a thermoplastic polyimide, LaRC-TPI, was applied to T-300, 3K (3000 filament) carbon fiber tow. The physical properties of unidirectional com posite specimens fabricated from this prepreg were measured, and the matrix uniformity and void content of the samples was determined. The results of these evaluations are detailed and discussed.
Performance Enhancement of Concrete Through the Use of Waste Injection Molding Pellets: A Preliminary Study of Viability
Authors: Lennon B. , Karbhari V.M. , Allen H.
Published: March 2007

The recycling of advanced polymers and composites is a major problem facing the composites industry due not only to problems related to the actual process itself but also to liability issues associated with reuse. This article presents the initial results of an ongoing investigation aimed at the reuse of waste pellets as aggregate in concrete to in crease the compression strength and ductility of the resulting concrete. A variety of glass- filled materials, including nylon, polycarbonate, and polypropylene—as well as unrein forced polymers such as PET and PEEK—were used. Materials were substituted for traditional stone aggregate at a range of levels including complete replacement. Results demonstrate the viability of such use, and the article discusses implications in terms of future applications, as well as advances needed, in order to make this approach a reality.
Strengthening of Concrete Column Stubs through Resin Infused Composite Wraps
Authors: Karbhari V.M. , Eckel D.A. , Tunis G.C.
Published: March 2007

There is a critical need for the development and implementation of appro priate technologies to strengthen, repair and rehabilitate the infrastructure. FHWA studies estimate that the U.S. currently faces a $167 billion cost to repair deficient bridges and roads. In many cases, retrofit and rehabilitation by conventional means is very costly (due to both specialized equipment needs and closure of the structure during repair), if not im possible (e.g., the additional dead load resulting from repair of a deck/beam could very well further damage the structure and cause its final failure). Due to their inherent light ness, placement flexibility and resistance to corrosion, composites are logical substitutes for steel structural elements often used for the rehabilitation of bridge decks and columns. In this article, we focus on columnar structures where retrofit is needed to strengthen and increase compressive load carrying capacity. The use of a novel resin infusion technique is shown to contribute to substantial improvements in composite wrap efficiency. The use of 24 oz. woven glass roving as the reinforcement in the composite wrap is shown to substantially increase both load carrying capacity and deformation capability of the stubs. It is shown that through the use of glass/carbon hybrids, replication of the initial behavior of concrete is possible, along with a simultaneous improvement in load-carrying capacity (by 72 70%) and the creation of substantial increase in deformation capacity before failure.
Requests at Work
Authors: Murray Denise E.
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a longitudinal study of communication in a business environment. The majority of interactions in this business environment are conversation for action, that is, conversations through which participants get things done. Typically, these conversations begin with a bid for action (usually realized by a request) by one party. The requestee can accept the bid or negotiate to change the conditions of the initiating bid for action. Four validity conditions are negotiable: comprehensibility, truth, sincerity, and rightness. This article presents a model for the opening of such conversations for action. The opening moves are represented by a transition network with the options available at each node represented by system networks. This model demonstrates the two-tier nature of interaction: participants respond to both the request and its conditions.
Vertical Communication Chains
Authors: McPhee Robert D.
Published: March 2007

A three-part argument is made that vertical communication chains in organizations need more study. First, four fundamental questions about chained vertical communication are posited. Second, relevant literature in five sets is reviewed; the sets include superior-subordinate communication studies, role conflict studies, ethnographic case studies, studies of vertical serial transmission, and network analyses. In each set there are at least a few studies that indicate the importance of vertical chain effects on other interactional units of analysis, but the studies collectively give only fragmentary answers to the fundamental questions. Third, three alternative theoretical models of chained vertical communication—a homogeneous model, a multiple strata model, and a multiple clusters model—are explicated that make rival claims about the nature and importance of the vertical chain, claims that cannot be distinguished on the basis of the current empirical literature. The article ends with suggestions for an integrated approach to the study of vertical chains—integrated across methods and across study foci.
A Critical Evaluation of Organizational Commitment and Identification
Authors: Barge J. Kevin , Schlueter David W.
Published: March 2007

Organizational, commitment and identification continue to capture the imagination and interest of organizational researchers. There is disagreement, however, regarding how these concepts should be measured in the workplace. Given this controversy, this study examines four popular instruments used by researchers to operationalize commitment and identification. The four measures considered include the commitment measures designed by Mowday, Steers, and Porter (1979), Cook and Wall (1980), and Hrebiniak and Alutto (1972), and Cheney's (1983) organizational identification measure. The primary goals of this article include assessing the reliability and validity of these instruments and their theoretical and practical utility to individuals interested in commitment or identification.
A Communication Model Based on the Conduit Metaphor
Authors: Rasmussen R. V.
Published: March 2007

This article extends Axley's recent discussion of the “conduit metaphor” of communication. A communications model is presented and its elements are critically examined from theoretical and empirical perspectives. The article explores certain “taken for granted” assumptions about the nature and causes of communication difficulties, suggests reasons why managers may not be convinced that miscommunication is an important organizational problem, and outlines a research program.
When Social Support is Uncomfortable
Authors: Sass James S. , Mattson Marifran
Published: March 2007

This study expands the understanding of social support by addressing the communicative use of support in the context of a community program for troubled teens. A cultural description of the organization is drawn from observational field research involving staff, volunteers, and the youths. This description presents the ways in which the organization accomplishes and constructs support. The organization offers support in response to commitments made by the participants. In this context, support may be experienced as comfortable or uncomfortable; this tension is transcended by the cultural term coaching. The study identifies and explores two novel aspects of social support: support that is perceived as uncomfortable by the recipient and the use of support as a means for gaining compliance.
Disseminating Information and Soliciting Input during Planned Organizational Change
Authors: Lewis Laurie K.
Published: March 2007

This study examined implementers’ uses of channels to disseminate information to and solicit input from staff members during planned change. How communication was differently directed to paid and volunteer staff and the degree to which channel use is predictive of implementers’assessments of success of change efforts was also assessed. Implementers of 89 planned change efforts across a wide variety of geographic and business sectors served as respondents for the study. Potential applications of findings for organizational practitioners are discussed.
Discourse, Power, and Knowledge in the Management of “Big Science”
Authors: Kinsella William J.
Published: March 2007

This article extends a Foucauldian view of power/knowledge to the archetypical knowledge-intensive organization, the scientific research laboratory. Although Foucault hesitated to extend his analytics of power to the so-called hard sciences, rhetorical and social studies of science provide a foundation for such an extension. The article describes the discursive production of power/knowledge at a “big science” laboratory conducting nuclear fusion research and illuminates a critical incident in which the fusion research “discipline” imposes normative “discipline” on individual scientists and research teams. Here scientific knowledge is not solely a product of data and theory but emerges from a discursive formation in which management practices and institutional context frame the relationship between knowledge and power.
Martha E. Rogers: A Life History
Authors: Hektor Lynne M.
Published: March 2007

The 20th century in nursing has focused heavily on theory development. While theorizing about nursing—what it is, and what it is not— can be traced back to Nightingale, Martha E. Rogers' An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing (1970) marked the advent of a new era in nursing science. With a view of nursing as a "learned profession," this landmark work staked out a substantive knowledge base for the discipline. The science of unitary human beings proposed by Rogers was a radical departure from all that had come before and is seen by many as pioneering the beginning of a paradigmatic shift within the profession. The purpose of this inquiry is to document the self-described events across the life span of Martha E. Rogers that she perceived as having influenced the development of the science of unitary human beings. A life history approach is utilized and the data are organized chronologically. This life story of Martha E. Rogers is essential to the current and future understanding of the evolution of the culture of nursing. Likewise, more is learned about the nature and process of theory development.
Therapeutic Touch as Energy Exchange: Replication and Extension
Authors: Quinn Janet F.
Published: March 2007

This study replicated and extended previous published research which suggests that therapeutic touch involves an energy exchange. The theorem that eye and facial contact between therapeutic touch practitioners and subjects should not be necessary to produce the effect of anxiety reduction was deduced from the Rogerian conceptual system and tested. This theorem was not supported. Numerous explanations for the failure of the hypotheses to be supported are posited, among them the impact of the research design, effects related to the investigator as practitioner, and medication. The influence of medication in particular is so pervasive in the sample that it would seem to be the most reasonable explanation.
The Lived Experience of Grieving the Loss of an Important Other
Authors: Pilkington F. Beryl
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to uncover the structure of the lived experience of grieving the loss of an important other using Parse's research methodology. Parse's theory of human becoming provided the nursing perspective for the study. Five participants described their experience of grieving the loss of an important other through dialogical engagement with the researcher. The researcher dwelled with the transcribed descriptions and through the processes of extraction-synthesis uncovered the structure of the lived experience of grieving the loss of an important other as an anguished suffering in devastating void amidst consoling movements away from and together with the lost one and others while confidently moving beyond personal doubts. Linked to the major concepts of Parse's theory through heuristic interpretation, the structure was abstracted as valuing the connecting-separating in transforming. The study adds to knowledge about grieving and expands Parse's theory of nursing. Recommendations for practice and further research are offered.
Feeling Uncomfortable: Children in Families with no Place of their Own
Authors: Baumann Steven L.
Published: March 2007

The number of children living in shelters in the United States dramatically increased during the 1980s. Despite this increase in number, little is known about their experiences. The purpose of this research using Parse's method was to generate a structure of the lived experience of feeling uncomfortable for children in shelters. The investigator sought to expand nursing's knowledge base about feeling uncomfortable and to provide a better understanding of the experiences of children in families with no place of their own. The findings suggest that the lived experience of feeling uncomfortable for the participants is a disturbing uneasiness with the unsureness of aloneness with togetherness amidst longing for personal joyful moments. These findings, considered from Parse's human becoming theory, create a theoretical structure of feeling uncomfortable. Similarities and differences with related literature are discussed. Implications for practice and further research are offered.
Balancing the Politics of Two Cultures: Cincinnati Initiative for Teacher Education and the Cincinnati Professional Practice Schools Partnership
Authors: Mitchell Arlene Harris , Castenell Louis A. , Hendricks-Lee Martha S. , Mooney Tom
Published: March 2007

The Cincinnati Initiative for Teacher Education (CITE) and the development of the Cincinnati Professional Practice Schools formulated a partnership among the University of Cincinnati, the Cincinnati Public School District, and the Cincinnati Federation of Teachers. The success of this venture has been achieved through the recognition of the different institutional cultures. The political factors of faculty roles, accountability, and funding are discussed in the article while giving a brief historical background of the conception, planning, and execution of this successful collaboration.
Cultural Wars in a Southern Town: Race and the Hidden Narrative of the Master
Authors: Sears James T.
Published: March 2007

The article employs a historical case study to document the evolution of a curriculum controversy between religious conservatives and secular progressives within a southern community fractured along racial and social class lines. In addressing how educational policy on sexuality curriculum was developed within this community of religious and ideological differences, the author argues that it is actually the hidden curriculum of race that is most salient for educational policy makers because both sides in this policy debate share a set of core Euro-American values.
California's Reading Initiative: Constraints on Implementation in Middle and High Schools
Authors: Sunderman Gail L. , Amoa Marian , Meyers Tiffany
Published: March 2007

This article examines interactions between the policy environment and schools as institutions to understand how eight middle and high schools in California responded to demands to improve student reading. The authors argue that school-level reading programs were shaped by the broader institutional environment: institutional norms that govern conceptions of appropriate roles and responsibilities, technical components of the middle and high school curriculum, and the limitations posed by resource constraints. The authors consider the state curriculum policy an impetus for schools to focus on reading development but insufficient to overcome these other important constraints. At the same time, the authors contend that the organization and allocation of resources to support instruction made important contributions to reading development. This article uses data from case studies of eight middle and high schools located in six school districts in California.
The Brown Decision Revisited: Mathematizing Social Problems
Authors: Tate William F. , Ladson-Billings Gloria , Grant Carl A.
Published: March 2007

Almost 40 years after the landmark Brown vs. Board of Education decision, African-Americans are still attempting to understand its meaning and significance in their daily lives. Unaware of the potential for divergent constructions of equality, citizens who were barred from equal access to schooling continue to struggle with poor-quality schooling. This article argues that a restrictive form of equality, rather than an expansive one, limits the ability of African-Americans to benefit equally from schooling in the nation `public schools. The article also suggests that the Brown decision represents the Supreme Court's attempt to apply a largely mathematical solution to a social problem. The failure of the court to provide a verbal interpretation of the mathematical model it constructed left individual school districts free to develop educational responses that failed to address the needs of African-American students. The article concludes with an expansive vision of a desegregated/integrated school that reconsiders student diversity, curriculum, instruction, and parent-community involvement.
When School Desegregation Fuels Educational Reform: Lessons from Suburban St. Louis
Authors: Wells Amy Stuart , Crain Robert L. , Uchitelle Susan
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact of a metropolitan-wide school desegregation plan on the attitudes and experiences of a handful of suburban school teachers. Instead of resisting the change that came with a sudden influx of African American students from the inner city into their once all-White suburban schools and classrooms, these educators embraced the new racial and ethnic diversity. The findings presented here focus on the voices of these reform minded, or visionary, teachers and demonstrate ways in which the desegregation plan increased teachers' critical awareness of the status quo; that is, the Eurocentric curriculum, the tracking system, and the ways in which students, particularly Black students, are treated by teachers in their schools. We also explain why the presence of racially distinct students into previously all-White schools led these visionary teachers to focus more intently on the individual needs of all students and why such a change helped them better serve many White students whom they had not reached before.
Ralph Tyler: The Educators' Educator
Authors: Goodlad John I.
Published: March 2007

Any short list of individuals dominating the educational scene during the second half of the 20th century necessarily includes the name of Ralph W Tyler His scholarly contributions to the fields of evaluation and curriculum development prior to 1950 were at the core of discourse in both for the decades afterward. Probe into the genesis and development of the National Academy of Education, the National Institute of Education, the National Assessment of Educational Progress, the Center for the Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, and a host of federal, state, institutional, and organizational educational improvement initiatives from the 1950s through the 1980s and one finds the genius of Ralph Tyler And look to the work of the thousands of individuals who sought his wise counsel to begin to develop an appreciation of how great a treasure the generosity and wisdom of one person can be.
Stratification in Early Childhood Social Policy and Programs in the United States: Historical and Contemporary Manifestations
Authors: Swadener Beth Blue
Published: March 2007

This article provides a review and critical examination of ways in which the stratifications operating in U S. society have pervaded early childhood care and education and related social programs and policies. After a brief discussion of economic and social stratification, as reflected in child and family poverty rates and patterns, highlights from the history of multitiered early childhood programs in the Unites States are provided. Particular attention is given to African American education issues, child care in the early 20th century, and Head Start, in the context of renewed national attention and recent reports. Related social and educational policy issues are discussed, emphasizing future directions of child and family advocacy.
Building on the Existing Structures: An Outreach Strategy for Improving the Capacity for Education in the Inner Cities
Authors: Wang Margaret C. , Iglesias Aquiles
Published: March 2007

The dual purpose of this article is to describe the design and implementation of a particular approach to dissemination and outreach used by the National Center on Education in the Inner Cities (CEIC). A major premise is that the growing problems facing today's children and families stem from a variety of economic, political, and health pressures and that they have significant implications for this nation 's capacity for education. Furthermore, the solutions to these problems are by nature complex, requiring the application of knowledge and expertise from many disciplines and professions. First, a Model for Outreach and Utilization is described, followed by a discussion of the application of the model by CEIC, with emphases on building on existing structures for information dissemination and training and technical support for research utilization. The article closes with next-step recommendations drawn from CEIC's experience in implementing the model.
Applying Customer Dissatisfaction Measures to Schools: You Better Know What's Wrong Before You Try to Fix It
Authors: Salisbury David F. , Branson Robert K. , Altreche Wanda I. , Funk Fanchon F. , Broetzmann Scott M.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the feasibility of applying customer dissatisfaction measures to public schools. Based on previous research and experience in business and industry, the article lays out a framework for a public education customer satisfaction system. The issues of measurement, transaction satisfaction, and the differences between customer dissatisfaction and satisfaction are considered as they apply to public education. The initial test results of a customer dissatisfaction measurement process in one school district are included. Results suggested that the likelihood of having questions or concerns about the school district was quite high among both parents and businesses. In spite of the relatively large number of questions or concerns, few parents or businesses contacted the school district for assistance. Data analysis and interpretation revealed numerous opportunities for corrective action. Finally, the article discusses the benefits and the dangers and potential pitfalls in applying customer dissatisfaction measures in public education.
Forms and Effects of School-Based Management: A Review
Authors: Leithwood Kenneth , Menzies Teresa
Published: March 2007

Eighty-three empirical studies of school-based management (SBM) were examined in order to determine variations in the forms of SBM in practice and the effects of each variant on students and others involved in SBM implementation. Evidence from the review suggests that SBM takes at least four forms in practice: administrative control, professional control, community control, and equal control. The main features of each of these forms is outlined and especially instructive cases are used for purposes of illustration. Both positive and negative effects on students, teachers, and people in other relevant roles are reported. The review finds little evidence of positive effects on students.
Expectations, Opportunity, Capacity, and Will: The Four Essential Components of Chicago School Reform
Authors: Hess G. Alfred
Published: March 2007

This article examines the school-based management reforms instituted in Chicago since 1988 and needed changes added to those reforms in 1995. After describing student achievement patterns between 1990 and 1998, the article examines three essential components of the reform effort: higher teacher expectations for students, the opportunity for schools to do things differently including additional resources, and addressing the capacity of teachers to dramatically improve the level of instruction. But school-based management alone was not enough to make improvement happen in all schools. A fourth component was needed. Accountability provisions, strengthened in 1995, addressed the lack of will among school staffs to undertake change and among students to be highly engaged in learning.
Charter School Authorizers: A New Governance Mechanism?
Authors: Bulkley Katrina
Published: March 2007

This article explores the practices of charter school authorizers in Arizona and Michigan, including the two Arizona state boards and Central Michigan University (CMU). The author focuses on the role of authorizers in authorizing new schools, overseeing operating schools and holding them accountable, and providing technical assistance. When this study ended, CMU had developed a larger and more bureaucratic organization than the Arizona boards and tended to focus more on issues of compliance. An examination of the isomorphic pressures, or pressures to become similar to preexisting organizations (such as districts and state education agencies), helps to explain why authorizers in each state have taken rather different directions.
Constructing Knowledge: Realist and Radical Learning within a Canadian Royal Commission
Authors: Bedard George J.
Published: March 2007

A common response to educational crises is for governments to establish blue-ribbon panels. These panels, or commissions in Canada, are often given the mandate to solicit expert opinion, conduct research, develop a cogent synthesis of the findings, and submit solutions to policy makers. This article examines the work of an Ontario royal commission operating in a highly charged political setting from a constructivist perspective. Key issues include how commission members construct knowledge about educational reform, how they perceive their multiple purposes, and how research should be undertaken and recommendations formulated.
Three Researchers Reflect: Vignettes and Verities
Authors: Cibulka James G. , Malen Betty , Peterson Paul E.
Published: March 2007

This article is a little different from the others in this yearbook. The editors asked three senior policy researchers to discuss their own work and experiences in the politics of education research. In these narratives, they reflect about their personal experiences in the political arena of education research and consider what sense they make of it. James Cibulka (University of Maryland) discusses his confrontation with the State of Wisconsin in his investigation of the role of the state superintendent and the state teachers’group. Betty Malen (University of Maryland) reviews her experiences with research on site-based management. Paul Peterson (Harvard University) provides a personal view of his involvement in doing research on choice and markets.
Chemical Hazards and Poison Control for the Health Professional—Review of Select Principles and Exposures
Authors: Laven David L. , Weisser Lisa
Published: March 2007

Exposure to a wide variety of chemicals can pose significant hazards to patients, and present health care professionals with scenarios that require proper assessment and treatment. Knowing when a chemical exposure requires emergency medical attention is equally as important as knowing when such assistance is not necessary and that simple treatment measures performed at home will suffice. This current discussion is intended to highlight selected principles and clinical information pertaining to common chemical exposures, but not to replace the full spectrum of information that would be available to health care professionals (and the lay public) by contacting their nearest poison control center. There are several factors that should be considered when assessing the nature of and possible clinical outcomes (and medical needs) from patient exposure to chemicals. Identification of the chemical(s) involved, events leading up to the exposure, route of exposure (e.g., ingestion, dermal, inhalation, ocular), patient medical history and current symptoms, are just a few of the variables that must be ascertained before various treatment approaches can be undertaken.
Understanding and Managing Sleep Difficulties in the Elderly
Authors: Higbee Martin D. , Plaza Cecilia M. , Dunkelbarger-Reed Joy
Published: March 2007

Insomnia is a common complaint in the geriatric population with studies indicating that 23-34% of elderly report symptoms of insomnia. Age-related changes in sleep physiology, diseases common in the elderly, and drug therapies common in the treatment of these diseases may result in difficulties with sleep. Managing these complaints requires a thorough evaluation to determine the etiology of insomnia since it is a symptom and not a disease. Additionally, when treating insomnia, non-pharmacologic issues need consideration before initiating drug therapy. A variety of pharmacologic agents are available to treat insomnia short term. Recently, two new novel agents have been added to the armamentarium of drugs that have some advantages over older, traditional agents.
Use of Mental Health Services by Persons with a Mental Illness in Nursing Facilities
Authors: Shea Dennis G. , Russo Patricia A. , Smyer Michael A.
Published: March 2007

Objective:To identify mental health service use patterns in nursing facilities subsequent to nursing home reforms in the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987. Methods:The study involves a retrospective analysis of Medicare Part B claims for mental health care for persons in a nursing facility in 1992 (N = 692) using the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. Mental health service use was described and analyzed using logistic regression. Results:Only 26% of nursing facility residents and 36% of residents with a mental illness had a mental health visit in 1992. Logistic regression confirms analyses prior to 1987 showing older residents and those in rural areas remain less likely to receive mental health visits. Discussion:Claims data collected after the passage of The Nursing Home Reform Act (NHRA) of 1987 indicate continued low levels of mental health treatment in nursing homes.
Does the Source of Support Matter for Different Health Outcomes?
Authors: Dupertuis Leslee L. , Aldwin Carolyn M. , BossÉ Raymond
Published: March 2007

Objectives: This study investigated the differential relationships between different types and sources of social support and physical and mental health. Methods:Using data from the Normative Aging Study, 1,386 older men (median age = 62.7 years) were categorized into four groups separately for frequency of interaction with networks and perceived support. Results:More than half the sample reported high levels of support from both sources. One-way ANOVAs revealed that those with high perceived support from both sources reported better physical health and fewer depressive symptoms than those with lowsupport from both sources or high support from family alone. Similarly, those with high perceived support from both sources had lower levels of depressive symptoms than those with low support from both sources, but frequency of contactwas unrelated to physical health. Discussion:In general, those with high support from both family and friends reported the highest level of well-being.
Changes in Aged Populations Served by Home Health Agencies
Authors: Swan James H. , Estes Carroll L.
Published: March 2007

This article examines changes in clients served by home health agencies, and how changes are related to recent health care trends and local market structure. Two types of explanatory factors are examined: organizational measures and market factors. A theoretical model of isomorphism is tested, considering the effects of privatization within the context of the growth of chains and multifacility systems. Findings show that (a) system members are more likely than nonmembers to show increases in clients of all ages; (b) for-profits that are not system members are more likely to have increases in total clientele and in clients age 65-74, whereas for-profits' changes in clientele age 85 or over depends on their system membership-increasing among nonmembers, decreasing among members; and (c) agencies in states with home health "certificate of need" (CON) are more likely to have increases in clients age 65-74 and 85 and over. The results for total clientele and those age 65-74 support an isomorphism hypothesis.
Stability of Informal Long-Term Care
Authors: Jette Alan M. , Tennstedt Sharon L. , Branch Laurence G.
Published: March 2007

Driven by projections of increasing needs for long-term care coupled with changing social trends, fear of family abandonment of caregiving has persisted. Data from two longitudinal studies confirm that informal caregivers are not withdrawing their help. Not only were family and friends the first source of assistance, but they also continued to be the primary source of care over 10 years. Further, although the majority of elders retained the same primary caregiver, if there was a change, it was typically to a new informal caregiver in the next generation. Very few elders who remained in the community ceased receiving informal care or turned from informal care to formal services.
Factors Associated with the Maintenance of Good Self-Rated Health
Authors: Hirdes John P. , Forbes William F.
Published: March 2007

Using data from the Ontario Longitudinal Study of Aging, the associations of remaining in good self-rated health with various independent variables are examined. Indicators of an "advantaged" socioeconomic status (e.g., relatively high levels of income and education), not smoking, and moderate alcohol use are associated with remaining in good health. The strongest association is observed between a life satisfaction index and remaining in good health, and different explanations are suggested for this finding. Comparisons with the previously reported associations of these same independent variables with mortality show different relationships for the two end points. For example, the associations of several indicators of social relationships with maintaining good self-rated health are not significant, although a strong relationship between social isolation and mortality has been reported. These differences can be explained by assuming that the relationships with the maintenance of good self-rated health can be affected by differential mortality rates.
Dimensions and Correlates of General Well-Being among Older Adults
Authors: Levin Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2007

This article examines dimensions and correlates of psychological well-being among older adults aged 55 and above using the General Well-Being (GWB) Scale with data ( N=2,931) collected in Kentucky in 1982. A shortened, 11-item version of the GWB is confirmed for use among older respondents and is found to comprise three correlated dimensions termed positive affect, enervation, and negative affect. Development of this scale involved exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, comparison of alternative model specifications, and regression of its component dimensions onto known correlates of psychological well-being in older adults, including age, education, marriage, gender, race, and subjective health.
Financial Vulnerability among Arts Organizations: A Test of the Tuckman-Chang Measures
Authors: Hager Mark A.
Published: March 2007

In the past decade, nonprofits scholars have given increased attention to the topic of vulnerability and organizational demise. An early contribution to this literature was Tuckman and Chang’s elaboration of four financial ratios that they believe could be used to predict financial vulnerability. These measures have largely escaped empirical tests. This research note describes a test of the Tuckman-Chang financial vulnerability measures among a population of nonprofit arts organizations. The article concludes that although the Tuckman-Chang measures do not have utility for all types of arts nonprofits, the measures nonetheless show substantial promise for predicting the closure of some nonprofit organizations.
Does Participation in Voluntary Associations Contribute to Social Capital? The Impact of Intensity, Scope, and Type
Authors: Wollebaek Dag , Selle Per
Published: March 2007

Voluntary associations are often ascribed a fundamental role in the formation of social capital. However, scholars disagree on the extent to which face-to-face contact, that is, active participation, is necessary to create this resource. This article examines the impact of participation in associations on social capital using three dimensions: intensity (active vs. passive participation), scope (many vs. few affiliations) and type (nonpolitical vs. political purpose). Whereas those affiliated display higher levels of social capital than outsiders, the difference between active and passive members is absent or negligible. The only cumulative effect of participation occurs when a member belongs to several associations simultaneously, preferably with different purposes. The article challenges the notion that active participation is necessary for the formation of social capital and suggests that more attention should be paid to the importance of passive and multiple affiliations within associations.
Female Participation in Public Interest Nonprofit Governance: Yet Another Glass Ceiling?
Authors: Shaiko Ronald G.
Published: March 2007

Women are disproportionately represented in staffing of nonprofit organizations yet are found much less frequently in positions of organizational governance: executive directorships and board memberships. Using data collected from more than 200 public interest nonprofit organizations and from semistructured personal interviews with public interest nonprofit board members, this empirical analysis provides insights into the organizational biases and candidate attributes that inhibit women in their efforts at attaining governing positions in the nonprofit sector.
How Alternative Ideas Become Institutions: The Case of Feminist Collectives
Authors: Bordt Rebecca L.
Published: March 2007

Using institutional theory developed by organizational sociologists, I tell the story of feminist collectives in the United States. I argue that feminist collectives are a specific case of the emergence, institutionalization, and deinstitutionalization of alternative ideas and structures. I document these three processes using historical material (both academic and political) from the contemporary women's movement and more recent empirical studies of women's organizations. The contribution this analysis makes to organization building and theory building is considered.
The Role of "Fictions" in the Redefinition of Mission
Authors: Barthel Diane
Published: March 2007

Although much emphasis has been placed on a nonprofit organization's definition of mission and the extent to which it can be translated into specific performance criteria, the language that satisfies bureaucratic agencies is seldom the same as that which generates moral allegiance. The case of the National Trust for Historic Preservation reveals a nonprofit organization in the process of changing its mission from one based on architectural conservation toward one committed to rebuilding American communities. The author argues that this new mission takes the form of a 'fiction, " with fictions defined as "instruments of cultural imagination that lead to the re enchantment of the world. " The author provides three criteria by which this and similar organizational fictions can be evaluated. Whether such missions-as-fictions are exportable and how they relate to the broader organizational field are also considered.
Kid Customer?
Authors: McKENDRICK JOHN H. , BRADFORD MICHAEL G. , FIELDER ANNA V.
Published: March 2007

The growth of commercial playgrounds in the UK is part of a broader process whereby ever greater realms of children's lives are commodified. McNeal's theory of the social group of children as a market is introduced as a framework through which commercial playgrounds may be understood. An introduction to commercial playgrounds and the project from which the article is derived sets the context for an analysis of how parents and children perceive and experience these environments, how they are marketed to them and how they consume them. It is found that it is overly simplistic to suggest that these new developments are testimony to the new-found consumer power of children. Children play a marginal role: in the production of these play environments; in contributing to parents' information field prior to decision-making; and in the visit decision-making process. Some groups of children are found to be more active consumers of these spaces; children with fewer siblings and children outside two-parent families being significantly more likely to contribute to decision-making. However, `active consumption' is not distributed evenly across different types of commercial playground. Of particular significance is that children are more marginal to the decision-making process for family pubs, the domain which has traditionally been the preserve of adults. In conclusion, it is argued that the social group of children is not a primary, secondary or tertiary market. Rather, these new commercial playgrounds provide primarily for the needs of adults (for themselves and with respect to how they want their children to play) and, to a lesser extent, for the needs of children.
Ruthless Rhetoric
Authors: ROSEMBERG FÚLVIA , ANDRADE LEANDRO FEITOSA
Published: March 2007

The article describes and discusses representations of street children and child and youth prostitution disseminated through literature and by the international and Brazilian media during the 1980s and 1990s. The analysis of the images of child and youth prostitution is centred in particular on the journalistic use of a photo from 1992 that represents a Brazilian adolescent put up for sale. The article shows how the dissemination of images that stigmatize the poor is caused by, among other factors, the need of the media and of modern philanthropy to make an impact on the public.
Strategic Ambiguity in Electoral Competition
Authors: Aragonès Enriqueta , Neeman Zvika
Published: March 2007

Many have observed that political candidates running for election are often purposefully expressing themselves in vague and ambiguous terms. In this paper, we provide a simple formal model of this phenomenon. We model the electoral competition between two candidates as a two-stage game. In the first stage of the game, two candidates simultaneously choose their ideologies, in the second stage, they simultaneously choose their levels of ambiguity. Ambiguity, although disliked by voters, may be sustained in equilibrium. More interestingly, we provide insight into the causes for ideological differentiation by showing that politicians may wish to differentiate themselves ideologically so that they can afford to become more ambiguous.
Employment, Party Economic Performance, and the Formation of Partisan Preferences
Authors: Grafstein Robert
Published: March 2007

In order to explore the formation of partisan preferences, this paper develops a political-economic model of the US providing micro-foundations for both the genesis and consequences of unemployment. It predicts the standard findings (1) that Democratic administrations are associated with higher economic growth than are Republican administrations; and (2) that the electorate's partisan preference is influenced by the relative likelihood of unemployment. These two patterns and the link between them are explained in terms of the decisions of rational agents facing uncertain elections and competitive labor markets. Specifically, differences in the parties' fiscal policies affect individuals' employment decisions. Agents use labor contracts to exploit the resulting economic uncertainty. The partisan preferences of the electorate are then influenced by employment status. This explanation avoids certain limitations in the work of Hibbs and Alesina.