bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Against moral theories: reply to Benatar
Authors: Lawlor R
Published: October 2008

D Benatar argues that in the author’s recent article Moral theories in teaching applied ethics, the author overlooked important roles that could be played by moral theories in such teaching. In this reply, the cases that Benatar suggests are considered and for each an alternative approach is suggested that will avoid the costs discussed in the original paper and will also be a more effective response to that particular issue.
The ESRC research ethics framework and research ethics review at UK universities: rebuilding the Tower of Babel REC by REC
Authors: Hunter D L H
Published: October 2008

The history of the National Health Service research ethics system in the UK and some of the key drivers for its change into the present system are described. It is suggested that the key drivers were the unnecessary delay of research, the complexity of the array of processes and contradictions between research ethics committee (REC) decisions. It is then argued that the primary drivers for this change are and will be replicated by the systems of research ethics review being put in place at UK universities in response to the Economic and Social Research Council research ethics framework. It is argued that this is particularly problematic for multi-centre review and for researchers who switch institutions. Finally, some potential solutions to this problem and their feasibility are discussed.
Is informed consent effective in trauma patients?
Authors: Bhangu A , Hood E , Datta A , Mangaleshkar S
Published: October 2008

Background:

Informed consent in the modern era is a common and important topic both for the well-informed patient and to prevent unnecessary litigation. However, the effectiveness of informed consent in trauma patients is an under-researched area. This paper aims to assess the differences in patient recall of the consent process and desire for information by performing a comparative analysis between orthopaedic trauma and elective patients.

Methods:

Information from 41 consecutive elective operations and 40 consecutive trauma operations was collected on the first post-operative day.

Results:

100% of elective patients and 90% of trauma patients knew what operation they had received (p = 0.06). Overall recall of complications was poor, but was significantly lower in trauma patients compared with elective patients (62% vs 22%, p<0.001). 30% of trauma patients desired more information about their operation compared to 12% of elective patients (p = 0.049), although only 35% of trauma patients wanted written as well as verbal explanations, compared to 85% of elective patients p<0.001). Overall 100% of elective and 90% of trauma patients were happy with the consent process (p = 0.06). Subset analysis of neck of femur compared to other trauma patients showed that the above factors were not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusions:

Recall of complications in the trauma patients is significantly lower than in elective patients, although both groups scored poorly overall. Repeated verbal explanations should be reinforced with the option of additional information leaflets for trauma operations. Further research into the usefulness of DVDs for commonly performed operations is warranted, although official internet resources may be more cost-effective.
ON FACTORIZATION CONSTRAINTS FOR BRANES IN THE ${\rm H}_3^+$ MODEL
Authors: ADORF HENDRIK , FLOHR MICHAEL
Published: October 2008

We comment on the brane solutions for the boundary [Formula: see text] model that have been proposed so far and point out that they should be distinguished according to the patterns regular/irregular and discrete/continuous. In the literature, mostly irregular branes have been studied, while results on the regular ones are rare. For all types of branes, there are questions about how a second factorization constraint in the form of a b-2/2-shift equation can be derived. Here, we assume analyticity of the boundary two-point function, which means that the Cardy–Lewellen constraints remain unweakened. This enables us to derive unambiguously the desired b-2/2-shift equations. They serve as important additional consistency conditions. For some regular branes, we also derive 1/2-shift equations that were not known previously. Case by case, we discuss possible solutions to the enlarged system of constraints. We find that the well-known irregular continuous AdS 2 branes are consistent with our new factorization constraint. Furthermore, we establish the existence of a new type of brane: the shift equations in a certain regular discrete case possess a nontrivial solution that we write down explicitly. All other types are found to be inconsistent when using our second constraint. We discuss these results in view of the Hosomichi–Ribault proposal and some of our earlier results on the derivation of b-2/2-shift equations.
ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTION OF REISSNER–NORDSTROM AND SCHWARZSCHILD–DE SITTER EXTREMAL BLACK HOLE
Authors: SINI R. , VARGHESE NIJO , KURIAKOSE V. C.
Published: October 2008

The nature of scalar wave functions near the horizon of Reissner–Nordstrom (RN) extremal and Schwarzschild–de Sitter (SdS) extremal black holes are found using WKB approximation and the effect of reflection of waves from the horizon. The absorption cross-section σ abs when RN extremal and SdS extremal black holes placed in a Klein–Gordon field is calculated.
STRINGS AND MEMBRANES FROM EINSTEIN GRAVITY, MATRIX MODELS AND W∞ GAUGE THEORIES AS PATHS TO QUANTUM GRAVITY
Authors: CASTRO CARLOS
Published: October 2008

It is shown how w∞, w1+∞ gauge field theory actions in 2D emerge directly from 4D gravity. Strings and membranes actions in 2D and 3D originate as well from 4D Einstein gravity after recurring to the nonlinear connection formalism of Lagrange–Finsler and Hamilton–Cartan spaces. Quantum gravity in 3D can be described by a W∞ matrix model in D = 1 that can be solved exactly via the collective field theory method. We describe why a quantization of 4D gravity could be attained via a 2D quantum W∞ gauge theory coupled to an infinite-component scalar-multiplet. A proof that noncritical W∞ (super)strings are devoid of BRST anomalies in dimensions D = 27(D = 11), respectively, follows and which coincide with the critical (super)membrane dimensions D = 27(D = 11). We establish the correspondence between the states associated with the quasifinite highest weights irreducible representations of W∞, [Formula: see text] algebras and the quantum states of the continuous Toda molecule. Schrödinger-like quantum mechanics wave functional equations are derived and solutions are found in the zeroth-order approximation. Since higher-conformal spin W∞ symmetries are very relevant in the study of 2DW∞ gravity, the quantum Hall effect, large N QCD, strings, membranes, … it is warranted to explore further the interplay among all these theories.
THE ANALYSIS OF B→ηK* AND B→ϕKS DECAYS IN A FLAVOR CHANGING Z′ MODEL
Authors: WANG SHUAI-WEI , LIU YAO-BEI , SONG HAI-ZHEN
Published: October 2008

We study the large branching ratios of B→ηK* decays and the time-dependent CP asymmetry SϕKS anomaly of B→ϕKS decay in a flavor changing Z′ model associated with flavor changing neutral currents at the tree level. Considering the right-handed flavor changing couplings and setting ξLL = ξRL = ξLR = ξRR = ξ, we obtain 0.011 < ξ < 0.0131, this parameter region could give a simultaneous explanation to these anomalies of B→ηK* and B→ϕKS decays. The results are consistent with the constraints and the assumptions of some references.
DECOMPOSITION AND OXIDATION OF THE N-EXTENDED SUPERSYMMETRIC QUANTUM MECHANICS MULTIPLETS
Authors: KUZNETSOVA ZHANNA , TOPPAN FRANCESCO
Published: October 2008

We furnish an algebraic understanding of the inequivalent connectivities (computed up to N ≤ 10) of the graphs associated to the irreducible supermultiplets of the N-extended supersymmetric quantum mechanics. We prove that the inequivalent connectivities of the N = 5 and N = 9 irreducible supermultiplets are due to inequivalent decompositions into two sets of N = 4 (respectively, N = 8) supermultiplets. "Oxido-reduction" diagrams linking the irreducible supermultiplets of the N = 5, 6, 7, 8 supersymmetries are presented. We briefly discuss these results and their possible applications.
SEARCHES BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL AT HIGH-ENERGY COLLIDERS
Authors: GRIVAZ J.-F.
Published: October 2008

Recent searches for physics beyond the Standard Model at high-energy colliders are reviewed, with emphasis on supersymmetry, additional space dimensions, extra gauge bosons, leptoquarks and model-independent searches. The results reported are based on data samples of up to 0.5 and 2.5 fb -1 collected at HERA and at the Tevatron, respectively.
Communication in geology: a personal perspective and lessons from volcanic, mining, exploration, geotechnical, police and geoforensic investigations
Authors: Donnelly Laurance J.
Published: October 2008

Geologists are frequently required to convey the results, advice and recommendations from geological investigations to a variety of end users. Often, it is the communication of the information that is the most challenging and can be more difficult than the investigation itself. Most of these investigations use highly sophisticated scientific techniques and geological terminology. When combined with cultural and language barriers, and social, political, religious or economic constraints, this makes it difficult to convey the correct message, and for the recipient to understand the implications of the geological information. The failure to effectively and accurately communicate this message may reduce the usefulness of the information being provided. Communication must be considered part of a geological investigation because if the correct message is not conveyed properly, or is misunderstood, the consequences can be catastrophic. Communication is an ability that professional geologists must have to interact successfully with colleagues, other professionals and the public. It is a skill learnt by training and experience. Spoken communication relies on interpersonal skills and the ability to convey information effectively, confidently and consistently. This paper provides case studies and draws upon the experiences of the author.
Communicating uncertainty in climate-change adaptation and decision support; further development of the Gdańsk case study
Authors: Schmidt-Thomé Philipp , Kaulbarsz Dorota
Published: October 2008

The impact of climate change on European society is an issue of increasing concern on the agenda of European regional development policy. Using sea-level rise and changing flood-prone areas as an example of climate-change impact, this paper reviews an approach to stakeholder communication developed in the Baltic Sea Region. The application of climate- and sea-level change scenarios in spatial planning, as well as the communication between scientists and stakeholders, was integrated into a set of tools called the ‘decision support frame’ (DSF), which focuses especially on uncertainty aspects. By specifically addressing the communication process the DSF distances itself from pure computer-based decision-making. The city of Gdańsk is a good example where a combination of climate-change models, maps and various discussion rounds led to a communication process that has integrated several planning authorities and decision-makers.
Modeling Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity at the Calyx of Held Using In Vivo-Like Stimulation Patterns
Authors: Hermann Joachim , Grothe Benedikt , Klug Achim
Published: October 2008

We measured synaptic responses to complex stimulus trains in the calyx of Held and used the data to test how well several vesicle-release models could capture the observed dynamics. We tested stimulation protocols consisting of Poisson-distributed activity with periodically changing mean frequencies, trains with constant inter spike intervals, and stimulus trains derived from in vivo responses to natural sounds. All stimuli were embedded in chronic background activity attempting to imitate the naturally occurring spontaneous activity in the auditory brain stem. We found that already the most basic model variant produced very good results, exhibiting very high correlation coefficients between the experimental data and the model predictions. None of the more complex model variants, which incorporated receptor desensitization, synaptic facilitation, and double-exponential recovery from depression, showed improved data-prediction matching accuracy. These findings are in contrast to previous modeling work performed in nonchronically active synapses, where the inclusion of additional physiological parameters into the modeling process tended to result in models with higher accuracy. Our findings suggest that the functional state of chronically active calyces may differ from the functional state of silent calyces and that this functional state of chronically active synapses can be described in relatively simple terms.
ω-Conotoxin GVIA Alters Gating Charge Movement of N-Type (CaV2.2) Calcium Channels
Authors: Yarotskyy Viktor , Elmslie Keith S.
Published: October 2008

ω-conotoxin GVIA (ωCTX) is a specific blocker of N-type calcium (CaV2.2) channels that inhibits neuropathic pain. While the toxin appears to be an open channel blocker, we show that N-channel gating charge movement is modulated. Gating currents were recorded from N-channels expressed along with ß2a and α2δ subunits in HEK293 cells in external solutions containing either lanthanum and magnesium (La-Mg) or 5 mM Ca2+ plus ωCTX (ωCTX-Ca). A comparison showed that ωCTX induced a 10-mV right shift in the gating charge versus voltage ( Q- V) relationship, smaller off-gating current time constant (τ QOff), a lower τ QOff voltage dependence, and smaller on-gating current ( QOn) τ. We also examined gating current in La-Mg plus ωCTX and found no significant difference from that in ωCTX-Ca; this demonstrates that the modulation was induced by the toxin. A model with strongly reduced open-state occupancy reproduced the ωCTX effect on gating current and showed that the gating modulation alone would inhibit N-current by 50%. This mechanism of N-channel inhibition could be exploited to develop novel analgesics that induce only a partial block of N-current, which may limit some of the side effects associated with the toxin analgesic currently approved for human use (i.e., Prialt).
Common Familial Colorectal Cancer Linked to Chromosome 7q31: A Genome-Wide Analysis
Authors: Neklason Deborah W. , Kerber Richard A. , Nilson David B. , Anton-Culver Hoda , Schwartz Ann G. , Griffin Constance A. , Lowery Jan T. , Schildkraut Joellen M. , Evans James P. , Tomlinson Gail E. , Strong Louise C. , Miller Alexander R. , Stopfer Jill E. , Finkelstein Dianne M. , Nadkarni Prakash M. , Kasten Carol H. , Mineau Geraldine P. , Burt Randall W.
Published: October 2008

Present investigations suggest that ∼30% of colorectal cancer cases arise on the basis of inherited factors. We hypothesize that the majority of inherited factors are moderately penetrant genes, common in the population. We use an affected sibling pair approach to identify genetic regions that are coinherited by siblings with colorectal cancer. Individuals from families with at least two siblings diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma or high-grade dysplasia were enrolled. Known familial colorectal cancer syndromes were excluded. A genome-wide scan on 151 DNA samples from 70 kindreds was completed using deCODE 1100 short tandem repeat marker set at an average 4-cM density. Fine mapping on a total of 184 DNAs from 83 kindreds was done in regions suggesting linkage. Linkage analysis was accomplished with Merlin analysis package. Nonparametric linkage analysis revealed three genetic regions with logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores ≥2.0: Ch. 3q29, LOD 2.61 (P = 0.0003); Ch. 4q31.3, LOD 2.13 (P = 0.0009); and Ch. 7q31.31, LOD 3.08 (P = 0.00008). Affected siblings with increased sharing at the 7q31 locus have a 3.8-year (± 3.5) earlier age of colorectal cancer onset although this is not statistically significant (P = 0.11). No significant linkage was found near genes causing known syndromes or regions previously reported (8q24, 9q22, and 11q23). The chromosome 3q21–q24 region reported to be linked in colorectal cancer relative pairs is supported by our study, albeit a minor peak (LOD 0.9; P = 0.02). No known familial cancer genes reside in the 7q31 locus, and thus the identified region may contain a novel susceptibility gene responsible for common familial colorectal cancer. [Cancer Res 2008;68(21):8993–7]
The Chemokine Receptor CX3CR1 Is Involved in the Neural Tropism and Malignant Behavior of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Marchesi Federica , Piemonti Lorenzo , Fedele Giuseppe , Destro Annarita , Roncalli Massimo , Albarello Luca , Doglioni Claudio , Anselmo Achille , Doni Andrea , Bianchi Paolo , Laghi Luigi , Malesci Alberto , Cervo Luigi , Malosio MariaLuisa , Reni Michele , Zerbi Alessandro , Di Carlo Valerio , Mantovani Alberto , Allavena Paola
Published: October 2008

Tumor perineural dissemination is a hallmark of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and represents a major source of local tumor recurrence after surgery. In this study, we provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 may be involved in the neurotropism of PDAC cells to local peripheral nerves. Neoplastic cells from PDAC cell lines and surgical specimens express the chemokine receptor CX3CR1, absent in normal pancreatic ducts. Its unique ligand, the transmembrane chemokine CX3CL1, is expressed by neurons and nerve fibers. CX3CR1 + PDAC cell lines migrated in response to human recombinant CX3CL1 and specifically adhered to CX3CL1-expressing cells of neural origin via mechanisms involving activation of G proteins, β1 integrins, and focal adhesion kinase. In vivo experiments with transplanted PDAC showed that only CX3CR1-transfected tumor cells infiltrated the local peripheral nerves. Immunohistochemistry of CX3CR1 in PDAC specimens revealed that 90% of the samples were positive with a heterogeneous pattern of expression. High receptor score was significantly associated with more prominent tumor perineural infiltration evaluated histologically (P = 0.026). Regression analyses (univariate and multivariate) showed that high CX3CR1 expression and perineural invasion were strongly associated with local and earlier tumor recurrence (P = 0.007). Collectively, this study shows that the CX3CR1 receptor may be involved in PDAC tumor neurotropism and is a relevant and independent risk factor to predict an early local tumor relapse in resected patients. Thus, the CX3CR1-CX3CL1 axis could represent a valuable therapeutic target to prevent tumor perineural dissemination in pancreatic cancer. [Cancer Res 2008;68(21):9060–9]
The Taccalonolides: Microtubule Stabilizers That Circumvent Clinically Relevant Taxane Resistance Mechanisms
Authors: Risinger April L. , Jackson Evelyn M. , Polin Lisa A. , Helms Gregory L. , LeBoeuf Desiree A. , Joe Patrick A. , Hopper-Borge Elizabeth , Ludueña Richard F. , Kruh Gary D. , Mooberry Susan L.
Published: October 2008

The taccalonolides are a class of structurally and mechanistically distinct microtubule-stabilizing agents isolated from Tacca chantrieri. A crucial feature of the taxane family of microtubule stabilizers is their susceptibility to cellular resistance mechanisms including overexpression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), multidrug resistance protein 7 (MRP7), and the βIII isotype of tubulin. The ability of four taccalonolides, A, E, B, and N, to circumvent these multidrug resistance mechanisms was studied. Taccalonolides A, E, B, and N were effective in vitro against cell lines that overexpress Pgp and MRP7. In addition, taccalonolides A and E were highly active in vivo against a doxorubicin- and paclitaxel-resistant Pgp-expressing tumor, Mam17/ADR. An isogenic HeLa-derived cell line that expresses the βIII isotype of tubulin was generated to evaluate the effect of βIII-tubulin on drug sensitivity. When compared with parental HeLa cells, the βIII-tubulin–overexpressing cell line was less sensitive to paclitaxel, docetaxel, epothilone B, and vinblastine. In striking contrast, the βIII-tubulin–overexpressing cell line showed greater sensitivity to all four taccalonolides. These data cumulatively suggest that the taccalonolides have advantages over the taxanes in their ability to circumvent multiple drug resistance mechanisms. The ability of the taccalonolides to overcome clinically relevant mechanisms of drug resistance in vitro and in vivo confirms that the taccalonolides represent a valuable addition to the family of microtubule-stabilizing compounds with clinical potential. [Cancer Res 2008;68(21):8881–8]
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 Is Required for Progression to Advanced Medulloblastoma in patched1 Heterozygous Mice
Authors: Corcoran Ryan B. , Bachar Raveh Tal , Barakat Monique T. , Lee Eunice Y. , Scott Matthew P.
Published: October 2008

Medulloblastoma (MB) can arise in the cerebellum due to genetic activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway. During normal cerebellum development, Shh spurs the proliferation of granule neuron precursors (GNP), the precursor cells of MB. Mutations in the Shh receptor gene patched1 (ptc1+/−) lead to increased MB incidence in humans and mice. MB tumorigenesis in mice heterozygous for ptc1+/− shows distinct steps of progression. Most ptc1+/− mice form clusters of preneoplastic cells on the surface of the mature cerebellum that actively transcribe Shh target genes. In ∼15% of mice, these preneoplastic cells will become fast-growing, lethal tumors. It was previously shown that the loss of function of insulin-like growth factor 2 (igf2) suppresses MB formation in ptc1+/− mice. We found that igf2 is not expressed in preneoplastic lesions but is induced as these lesions progress to more advanced MB tumors. Igf2 is not required for formation of preneoplastic lesions but is necessary for progression to advanced tumors. Exogenous Igf2 protein promoted proliferation of MB precursor cells (GNP) and a MB cell line, PZp53MED. Blocking igf2 signaling inhibited growth of PZp53MED cells, implicating igf2 as a potential clinical target. [Cancer Res 2008;68(21):8788–95]
Neuropilin-1 Upholds Dedifferentiation and Propagation Phenotypes of Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells by Activating Akt and Sonic Hedgehog Axes
Authors: Cao Ying , Wang Ling , Nandy Debashis , Zhang Ying , Basu Ananda , Radisky Derek , Mukhopadhyay Debabrata
Published: October 2008

Expression of neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) has been shown in many cancer cells, but its molecular effect on tumorigenesis is largely unknown. In this report, we show that in aggressive types of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), NRP-1 is expressed at a high level. We show that after knockdown of NRP-1 by short hairpin RNA, RCC cells express significantly lower levels of MDM-2 and p63 proteins but higher levels of p53, and exhibit reduced migration and invasion. When implanted in mice, RCC cells with a reduced NRP-1 level have a statistically significant smaller tumor-forming ability than control cells. Also, NRP-1 knockdown RCC cells exhibit a more differentiated phenotype, as evidenced by the expression of epithelial-specific and kidney-specific cadherins, and the inhibition of sonic hedgehog expression participated in this effect. Inhibition of sonic hedgehog expression can be reversed by ΔNp63α overexpression. Our study reveals that NRP-1 helps maintain an undifferentiated phenotype in cancer cells. [Cancer Res 2008;68(21):8667–72]
A Mathematical Analysis of the Effects of Hebbian Learning Rules on the Dynamics and Structure of Discrete-Time Random Recurrent Neural Networks
Authors: Siri Benoît , Berry Hugues , Cessac Bruno , Delord Bruno , Quoy Mathias
Published: October 2008

We present a mathematical analysis of the effects of Hebbian learning in random recurrent neural networks, with a generic Hebbian learning rule, including passive forgetting and different timescales, for neuronal activity and learning dynamics. Previous numerical work has reported that Hebbian learning drives the system from chaos to a steady state through a sequence of bifurcations. Here, we interpret these results mathematically and show that these effects, involving a complex coupling between neuronal dynamics and synaptic graph structure, can be analyzed using Jacobian matrices, which introduce both a structural and a dynamical point of view on neural network evolution. Furthermore, we show that sensitivity to a learned pattern is maximal when the largest Lyapunov exponent is close to 0. We discuss how neural networks may take advantage of this regime of high functional interest.
Genetic uniformity of Rana pyrenaica Serra-Cobo, 1993 across its distribution range: a preliminary study with mtDNA sequences
Authors: Carranza Salvador , Arribas Oscar
Published: October 2008

The genetic variability of the Pyrenean frog Rana pyrenaica was assessed using DNA sequences of the cytochrome b, COI and 12S rRNA mitochondrial genes. The results show that, despite inhabiting an area of mountainous terrain with high mountain peaks and deep isolated valleys, R. pyrenaica is genetically very homogeneous. The extremely low level of genetic variability observed, even in the fast evolving cytochrome b and COI genes, suggests that R. pyrenaica may have colonized most of its present range very rapidly after the last Würm glaciation from a refuge area in the Prepyrenees. This is the first attempt to establish the level of genetic variability of this endangered Pyrenean endemism and, as a result, it has major implications for its conservation.
Hybrids of Darevskia valentini, D. armeniaca and D. unisexualis from a sympatric population in Armenia
Authors: Arakelyan Marine , Danielyan Felix , Stepanyan Ilona
Published: October 2008

A unique hybridization zone of rock lizard species of genus Darevskia, with diploid (2n), triploid (3n) and tetraploid (4n) individuals, occurs in the mountain steppe of central Armenia. Our long-term monitoring has showed an increasing birth rate of triploid hybrids in this mixed population. Among these hybrids, the frequency of captured males with fully developed reproductive systems and presumably fertile females also increased significantly. Consequently, intensive microevolution has taken place in this sympatric population. The morphological, ecological, cytological, histological, and parasitological characteristics of the hybrid Darevskia are presented here and compared with parental species.
Density, population structure and activity pattern of Hydromedusa tectifera (Testudines-Chelidae) in a mountain stream of Córdoba province, Argentina
Authors: Bonino Marcelo , Leynaud Gerardo , Lescano Julián
Published: October 2008

The Snake-necked Turtle (Hydromedusa tectifera) is mainly distributed in the northeastern provinces of Argentina; however, some isolated populations occur in central Córdoba. This is the first report on some ecological aspects of one of these populations. Population density and annual activity pattern were characterized at Toro Muerto Stream in the Sierras region of the Córdoba province, central Argentina. Turtles were hand-captured and sex and carapace length were determined for each individual. Mark-recapture data were used to estimate population density, variation in monthly capture rates, and sex ratios throughout the sampling months. A total of 96 turtles were captured and density was estimated at 218 individuals ha−1. Individuals were captured all year round, but showed activity peaks in spring and summer. This seasonal pattern has also been observed in other freshwater turtles. During the mating season a higher number of males were captured, which suggested a seasonal difference in activity patterns between sexes.
Social Adversities in First-Time and Repeat Prisoners
Authors: Kjelsberg Ellen , Friestad Christine
Published: October 2008

Aims: To explore possible systematic differences between prison inmates serving their first sentence and inmates having experienced previous incarcerations. It is hoped that a better knowledge of these issues will make us better equipped to meet the rehabilitation needs of our prisoners and decrease their risk of reoffending and reincarceration.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study a randomly selected and nationally representative sample of 260 Norwegian prisoners, 100 serving their first sentence and 160 recidivists, was interviewed with special focus on childhood circumstances, education, work experience, and present social and economic situation. In addition their criminal records were collected from the National Crime Registry.

Results: In males multivariate analyses identified a number of variables independently and significantly associated with being a repeat offender. The odds for reincarceration increased significantly if the person fulfilled any one of the following criteria: having experienced the incarceration of a family member during childhood ( OR = 3.6); having experienced childcare interventions during childhood ( OR = 3.2); current drug abuse ( OR = 2.6); current housing problems ( OR = 2.3). In females only one strong correlation emerged: if the person had current drug problems the odds for being a recidivist increased substantially ( OR = 10.9).

Conclusions: While criminal reoffending and reincarceration seemed to be primarily associated with drug abuse in females, the childhood problems of male repeat offenders, compared with males serving their first sentence, indicate that these individuals' current multiple social and economic disadvantages were complex in origin and of long standing. Interventions aimed at preventing reoffending must take into account the gender differences demonstrated. Aiming at primary prevention, the negative effects associated with parental incarceration are crucial: how can one prevent the perpetuation of these problems from one generation to the next?
Static Tearing, Part II: Analysis of Stages of Static Tearing in Cotton Fabrics for Wing-shaped Test Specimens
Authors: Witkowska Beata , Frydrych Iwona
Published: October 2008

We present here an analysis of the stages of static tearing in cotton fabrics for wing-shaped test specimens. For the analysis and measurements of geometry of the tearing zone, a program for image analysis was realized and video film elaborated. Moreover, the influence of the constructional features of woven fabrics and fabric structure, and also the testing conditions on the tear force and tearing zone parameters were examined.
Experimental Investigation of Effects of Spandex Brand and Tightness Factor on Dimensional and Physical Properties of Cotton/Spandex Single Jersey Fabrics
Authors: Tezel Serkan , Kavuşturan Yasemin
Published: October 2008

In this study, the effects of spandex brand, the tightness factor of the base, and spandex yarn on the dimensional and physical properties of cotton/spandex single jersey fabrics are investigated. In order to examine the effects of the tightness factor of cotton and spandex yarn, fabric samples were knitted by feeding both cotton and spandex yarns with three different adjustments of positive yarn feeding mechanisms so as to produce tight, medium, and loose cotton/spandex single jersey fabrics. Four different spandex yarns were used. The fabrics knitted with spandex yarns that have the largest tension values under a constant draw ratio give the highest weight, courses/cm, stitches/cm, thickness, and lowest air permeability values. Spandex yarns that have similar elongation % values affect the wale per cm values in a similar way. Because of the greater stretched structure of the spandex yarns that have shorter loop length values, the width of the fabric decreases and then the thickness of the fabric increases.
Covalent Modification of the Wool Fiber Surface: Removal of the Outer Lipid Layer
Authors: Meade Susie J. , Dyer Jolon M. , Caldwell Jonathan P. , Bryson Warren G.
Published: October 2008

This investigation provided a comparative assessment of strategies for the removal of 18-methyleicosanoic acid (18-MEA), and other surface bound lipids enveloping the wool fiber surface, by chemical and physical cleavage of the thioester bond. The removal of this lipid layer reveals an underlying proteinaceous layer, exposing functional chemical groups available for covalent attachment of new molecular or nanoparticulate entities by chosen treatments. Lipid removal treatments employing methanolic potassium hydroxide, t -butoxide in t-butanol, and aqueous hydroxylamine and a physical atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) plasma treatment were compared. Treated wool fabrics were subsequently characterized by analysis of the exposed groups on the fiber surface by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), with the bulk surface properties of the fabrics assessed employing wettability testing techniques. An evaluation of chemical and plasma methods for removal of the surface bound lipid layer resulted in the selection of aqueous hydroxylamine/ non-ionic surfactant as the optimal treatment method for subsequent covalent attachment of novel entities by surface treatments. Optimized aqueous hydroxylamine treatment was found to remove up to 77% of the surface bound 18-MEA, providing a marked increase in surface wettability, without significantly affecting the handle of the treated fabric. Surface characterization demonstrated that the hydroxylamine treatment produces an increase in surface friction, with uniform and controlled removal of the surface lipid layer, and minimal surface oxidation of the surface thiols. Minimizing surface oxidation of thiols was a critical target of surface lipid removal in this study, as it maximizes the potential for subsequent surface modification via covalent attachment. The use of aqueous conditions, short reaction times, and moderate temperatures with hydroxylamine treatment are advantageous in comparison with treatments employing non-aqueous solvents such as methanol and anhydrous t-butanol. The economic and environmental advantages of an aqueous, effective, and non-damaging approach to surface lipid removal highlight this approach as a potential avenue for future textile application of novel wool surface chemistries.
Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Teduglutide, a Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐2 (GLP‐2) Analog, Following Multiple Ascending Subcutaneous Administrations in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Marier Jean‐Francois , Beliveau Martin , Mouksassi Mohamad‐Samer , Shaw Paula , Cyran Jane , Kesavan Jothi , Wallens John , Zahir Hamim , Wells David , Caminis John
Published: October 2008

Teduglutide, a glucagon‐like peptide‐2 (GLP‐2) analog, is currently being evaluated for the treatment of short‐bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, and other gastrointestinal disorders. The pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of teduglutide in healthy subjects (N =64) were assessed following daily subcutaneous administrations for 8 days in a double‐blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled, ascending‐dose study. Teduglutide treatments were administered as a 50‐mg/mL (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 50, and 80 mg) or 20‐mg/mL (20 mg) formulation. Blood samples were collected on days 1 and 8, and plasma concentrations of teduglutide were measured using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. Mean systemic exposures to teduglutide were very similar on days 1 and 8, suggesting minimal, if any, accumulation following once‐daily repeated administrations. The apparent clearance of teduglutide following administration of the 50‐mg/mL formulation was constant over the dose range, with mean values in male and female subjects of 0.155 and 0.159 L/h/kg, respectively. Peak plasma concentrations and total exposure of teduglutide after subcutaneous injection of a 20‐mg/mL formulation (1.0 mL) were approximately 15% and 78% higher than those observed with the 50‐mg/mL formulation (0.4 mL), respectively. Teduglutide treatments were safe and well tolerated. All but 1 adverse event was assessed as mild or moderate in severity. No relationship between teduglutide treatments and frequency of adverse events was observed, with the exception of injection site pain, which increased as a function of dose and injected volume. Results from the current study will assist in the dose selection in future efficacy studies.
Estimation of Cefuroxime Dosage Using Pharmacodynamic Targets, MIC Distributions, and Minimization of a Risk Function
Authors: Viberg Anders , Cars Otto , Karlsson Mats O. , Jönsson Siv
Published: October 2008

An approach for estimation of dosing strategies based on data‐derived models and assessment of the risk associated with deviation from the treatment target is presented. The work is illustrated by establishing a dosing strategy to be used for a priori individualization on the basis of renal function for the antibiotic cefuroxime. Treatment involved exposing patients to concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 50% of the dosing interval. The risk (penalty) function incorporated both deviations from the target and the use of excess amount of drug. Dosing strategies were estimated for a target population by minimizing the risk function. The population was characterized by a population pharmacokinetic model, and distributions of CLcr and body weight were reflective of the target group. The estimated dosing strategies were assessed by evaluating population distributions of (1) percentage of dosing interval with concentrations above MIC, (2) time of drug exposure below MIC, and (3) drug administered in excess to reach the target. These distributions were generated using wild‐type MIC distributions for Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The authors illustrate how benefits and risks of drug treatment can be weighed quantitatively in decision‐based risk functions and subsequently used in the estimation of drug dosing.
Molecular Basis of Inflammation: Relationships Between Catabolic Cytokines, Hormones, Energy Balance, and Muscle
Authors: Roubenoff Ronenn
Published: October 2008

Inflammation alters energy metabolism, macro‐ and micronutrient balances, and body composition. This review briefly describes the current understanding of how this happens, focusing on the effect of immune system activation on energy balance. Conversely, malnutrition also has a large impact on immune function, with both undernutrition (causing immune suppression) and overnutrition (causing inflammation) now well described. Improved understanding of the interplay of the immune system and metabolism can lead to new treatments for both cachexia and obesity.
Memory and mood during the night and in the morning after repeated evening doses of MDMA
Authors: Kuypers KPC , Wingen M. , Ramaekers JG
Published: October 2008

Previously it has been shown that MDMA causes memory impairment during daytime testing. However, MDMA is usually taken in the evening or during the night. In addition, it is known that sleep deprivation also causes memory impairment. The present study aimed to assess whether evening doses of MDMA added to, or interacted with the memory impairment due to sleep deprivation. Fourteen healthy subjects participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way cross-over study. Treatments consisted of MDMA 75 and 50 mg divided over the evening or double placebo. Memory tests and subjective measures of mood were conducted at baseline and three times post dosing that is at 6.30 pm, 9.30 pm, 1.30 am and 7 am, respectively —1.5, 1.5, 5.5 and 11 h relative to drug intake (first dose). Memory performance detoriated progessively over time as a function of sleep loss, independent of treatment. MDMA added to this impairment as indicated by a significant main effect of MDMA on verbal and spatial memory performance. Mood ratings and response speed revealed an MDMA by Time interaction. After administration of MDMA response speed improved and feelings of vigor, friendliness, elation, anxiety, confusion, arousal and positive mood increased in magnitude during the night, while all these parameters returned to placebo-like levels on the final morning session. It is concluded that evening doses of MDMA selectively impair memory performance, and that this impairment is additional to the effect of sleep deprivation on memory performance.
An Exploratory Study of the Relationships Between Theory X/Y Assumptions and Superior Communicator Style
Authors: Sager Kevin L.
Published: October 2008

The present study explored the possibility that McGregor's (1960) Theory X/Y assumptions serve as cognitive determinants of superior communicator style, a multidimensional set of style variables that can have considerable effects on subordinate well-being and organizational viability. A total of 279 superiors completed an online survey that measured Theory X/Y orientation and superior communicator style. Correlational tests revealed that Theory X assumptions were positively related to the Dominant and Impression Leaving styles. In contrast, Theory Y assumptions were negatively related to the Anxious style, and positively related to the Supportive, Impression Leaving, and Nonverbally Expressive styles. The article concludes with a discussion of the potential psychological effects of each style profile as well as the implications of the findings for screening job applicants.
Discrete, Sequential, and Follow-Up Use of Information and Communication Technology by Experienced ICT Users
Authors: Stephens Keri K. , Sørnes Jan Oddvar , Rice Ronald E. , Browning Larry D. , Sætre Alf Steiner
Published: October 2008

Most prior media use research has assumed that people use information and communication technologies (ICTs) independently of other ICTs, that is, as discrete media. This study uses cross-organizational, in-depth interview data to uncover the important role that ICT sequences play in persuasion, information exchange, and documentation. The primary occasions for sequential ICT use were (a) preparing for meetings, (b) performing daily tasks, and (c) following up to persuade. When people need to follow up initial communication episodes, the overall groupings of ICTs represent two underlying attributes: degree of connection with others and extent of synchroneity. These findings support an expanded perspective on media richness theory and information theory by illustrating that ICT sequences can expand cues and channels and provide error-reducing redundancy for equivocal and uncertain tasks.
Characterization of white matter damage in animal models of multiple sclerosis by magnetization transfer ratio and quantitative mapping of the apparent bound proton fraction f*
Authors: Rausch M , Tofts PS , Lervik P , Walmsley AR , Mir A , Schubart A , Seabrook T
Published: October 2008

Quantitative magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging (qMT-MRI) can be used to improve detection of white matter tissue damage in multiple sclerosis (MS) and animal models thereof. To study the correlation between MT parameters and tissue damage, the magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), the parameter f* (closely related to the bound proton fraction) and the bound proton transverse relaxation time T2B of lesions in a model of focal experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) were measured on a 7T animal scanner and data were compared with histological markers indicative for demyelination, axonal density, and tissue damage. A clear spatial correspondence was observed between reduced values of MTR and demyelination in this animal model. We observed two different levels of MTR and f* reduction for these lesions. One was characterized by a pronounced demyelination and the other corresponded to a more severe loss of the cellular matrix. Changes in f* were generally more pronounced than those of MTR in areas of demyelination. Moreover, a reduction of f* was already observed for tissue where MTR was virtually normal. No changes in T2B were observed for the lesions. We conclude that MTR and qMT mapping are efficient and reliable readouts for studying demyelination in animal models of MS, and that the analysis of regional f* might be even superior to the analysis of MTR values. Therefore, quantitative mapping of f* from human brains might also improve the detection of white matter damage in MS.
Rituximab levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurological autoimmune disorders
Authors: Petereit HF , Rubbert-Roth A
Published: October 2008

Background

Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody against the B-cell-specific surface protein CD20, is being evaluated for treatment of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. Both diseases are restricted to the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Whereas the ability of rituximab to deplete B cells in peripheral blood and tissue is well known, little information is available about the ability of rituximab to penetrate the barriers separating brain and CSF from the serum compartment.

Objective

To measure rituximab levels in serum and CSF of rituximab-treated patients and correlate them with CSF and response markers.

Methods

Fourteen paired serum/CSF samples of patients with autoimmune nervous system disorder were analyzed for up to 43 weeks after rituximab application.

Results

Rituximab remains detectable within the CSF after i.v. application for up to 24 weeks. Furthermore, levels of rituximab in CSF correlate significantly with the integrity of the blood CSF barrier.
Identification of Ramie Single Fiber Surface Topography Influenced by Solvent-Based Treatment
Authors: Marsyahyo Eko , Soekrisno  , Heru Santoso Budi Rochardjo  , Jamasri
Published: October 2008

The effects of alcohol, acetone, and methyl ethyl ketone solvent-based treatment on surface topography of ramie single fiber are investigated. In this study, the average of specific porous volume and specific surface area of ramie single fiber are determined to interpret the effects of the treatment quantitatively using Brunauer-Emmet-Teller surface area method. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy is applied directly to the fiber to detect the differences of molecular group function in the fiber surface. Qualitatively, scanning electron microscopy was also provided. The result shows that the solvent treatment could improve surface topography to gain matrix penetration when utilizing the fiber into polymeric composite material.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1 is dispensable for stem cell function in the mouse hematopoietic and nervous systems
Authors: Levi Boaz P. , Yilmaz Ömer H. , Duester Gregg , Morrison Sean J.
Published: October 2008

High levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity have been proposed to be a common feature of stem cells. Adult hematopoietic, neural, and cancer stem cells have all been reported to have high ALDH activity, detected using Aldefluor, a fluorogenic substrate for ALDH. This activity has been attributed to Aldh1a1, an enzyme that is expressed at high levels in stem cells and that has been suggested to regulate stem cell function. Nonetheless, Aldh1a1 function in stem cells has never been tested genetically. We observed that Aldh1a1 was preferentially expressed in mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and expression increased with age. Hematopoietic cells from Aldh1a1-deficient mice exhibited increased sensitivity to cyclophosphamide in a non–cell-autonomous manner, consistent with its role in cyclophosphamide metabolism in the liver. However, Aldh1a1 deficiency did not affect hematopoiesis, HSC function, or the capacity to reconstitute irradiated recipients in young or old adult mice. Aldh1a1 deficiency also did not affect Aldefluor staining of hematopoietic cells. Finally, Aldh1a1 deficiency did not affect the function of stem cells from the adult central or peripheral nervous systems. Aldh1a1 is not a critical regulator of adult stem cell function or Aldefluor staining in mice.