bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empirical Analysis of Merging Behavior at Freeway On-Ramp
Authors: Daamen Winnie , Loot Martijn , Hoogendoorn Serge P.
Published: February 2011

The ability of microscopic (simulation) models to represent lane-changing behavior according to reality has recently been questioned. In this paper the merging maneuver (a specific type of lane changing) is analyzed with empirical data. First, a conceptual model is composed; it includes the factors influencing merging behavior, namely the merge location and its relation to prevailing driving conditions, gap acceptance, and the relaxation phenomenon. The empirical data set consists of 35 min of vehicle maneuvers on 400 m of freeway, collected by a camera mounted underneath a helicopter. This process results in a data set of 3,459 vehicle trajectories, from which 704 trajectories describe merging vehicles. It is found that different merge locations are used under congested and freeflow traffic conditions. During free-flow, most vehicles merge at the first half of the acceleration lane. Under congested traffic conditions, relatively more merges are registered at the end of the acceleration lane. The smallest accepted gap observed in the data set lies between 0.75 and 1.0 s. Net headways between the merging vehicle and the new leader and new follower of less than 0.25 s are recorded. These short accepted gaps are growing over time and indicate relaxation behavior. From the data analysis it can be concluded that gap acceptance theories, as they are used in current models and theories to model merge behavior, are not able to model the observed behavior accurately.
Effect of Visible Light Transmission from Vehicle Windows on Traffic Flow of Car-Following
Authors: Lee Chungwon , Lee Jung-Beom , Kim Hyewon
Published: February 2011

Regulation of the percentage of visible light transmission (VLT) has been controversial because the driving behavior of the following vehicle depends on the integrity of the vision field. It is conjectured that the level of VLT of a vehicle can affect the stability and headway of vehicles. Car-following theory can be a useful tool to analyze the effect of vehicle VLT on traffic flow in cases in which proper field data can be obtained. Most car-following experiments have been based mainly on mathematical analyses, which, because of a lack of accurate equipment, assumed that the response of the drivers was uniform. Now, global positioning systems (GPSs) and other advanced technologies make it possible to obtain vehicle trajectories and to monitor driving behavior accurately. This study focuses on identifying the effect of vehicle VLT on the local and asymptotic stability underlying car-following theory. Car-following experiments were performed for VLT of 70%, 30%, and 0% with a real-time kinematic GPS receiving apparatus. In addition, both local and asymptotic stability were analyzed to verify the relationship between VLT and the stability of vehicle trajectories. Driving behavior was also investigated with acceleration noise and distance headway. The VLT of tinted windows is found to have a statistically significant effect on the following driver's behavior. Further studies should focus on measuring the negative impact of lower VLT to establish minimum standards for VLT for various velocities and different types of vehicles by using this experimental method.
Hybrid Extended Kalman Filtering Approach for Traffic Density Estimation along Signalized Arterials
Authors: Di Xuan , Liu Henry X. , Davis Gary A.
Published: February 2011

Estimation of densities on freeways and arterials is critical to traffic control and management. Most previous work, however, focused on freeway density estimation based merely on detector data. This study attempts to estimate traffic density along a signalized arterial by using data from both detectors and a global positioning system (GPS). The approximation to the previously developed MARCOM (Markov compartment) model is adapted to describe arterial traffic states. A hybrid extended Kalman filter is then implemented to integrate the approximated MARCOM with detector and GPS measurements. The proposed model is tested on a single signal link simulated by using VisSim. Test results show that the hybrid extended Kalman filter with GPS data can significantly improve density estimation.
Effects of In-Vehicle and Infrastructure-Based Collision Warnings to Nonviolating Drivers at Signalized Intersections
Authors: Inman Vaughan W. , Davis Gregory W.
Published: February 2011

The potential effectiveness of warnings to drivers in imminent danger of collision with a red light violator was evaluated in an experiment that used a driving simulator. Three warnings were tested: (a) an infrastructure-based warning that immediately turned the traffic signal red and activated red wig-wag lights; (b) an in-vehicle warning that consisted of a brake pulse, voice annunciation, and activation of a red dashboard light; and (c) simultaneous activation of both warnings. Three warnings were tested with different groups of drivers. Drivers in each group were also exposed to one of three traffic conditions: (a) no other vehicles ahead or behind, (b) following closely behind another vehicle, and (c) being closely followed by another vehicle. Individual drivers received only one warning on only one trial. The warnings were given on approach to the intersection at a point where the probability that the driver would stop for a yellow change interval was less than 10%. All three warnings proved effective in delaying drivers' arrival at the intersection by at least 1 s. The simultaneous in-vehicle and infrastructure warning was significantly more effective than the other warnings and delayed 95% of drivers. The infrastructure-only and in-vehicle-only warnings delayed 67% and 80%, respectively. The presence of leading or following vehicles had no detectable effect on the probability response to the warning.
Rural Variable Speed Limit System for Southeast Wyoming
Authors: Buddemeyer Jenna , Young Rhonda K. , Dorsey-Spitz Brendan
Published: February 2011

Variable speed limit (VSL) is a type of intelligent transportation system that has shown promise for improving safety on roadways that are subject to adverse weather conditions. A new rural VSL system was installed by the Wyoming Department of Transportation along I-80 in the southeastern part of the state. Statistics on the use of the system during its initial months of implementation are presented along with analyses of the impact on observed speeds of measured weather variables and speed limits on the VSL system. Preliminary results indicate that drivers reduce their speeds by 0.47 to 0.75 mph for every mile per hour in posted speed reduction. The research lays the foundation for a decision support system that will be used in future operations of the VSL system.
Driver and Vehicle Characteristics and Platoon and Traffic Flow Stability
Authors: Pueboobpaphan Rattaphol , Van Arem Bart
Published: February 2011

Advanced driver assistance (ADA) systems may change individual driver and vehicle characteristics and influence the overall traffic flow performance. An overview is presented of the relationship between individual driver and vehicle characteristics and platoon and traffic flow stability under manual, ADA, and mixed traffic. The factors that make traffic flow stable or unstable are reviewed and categorized, and how ADA systems influence traffic flow stability is reviewed. The definition of traffic flow stability, assessment methodologies, open issues that need further clarification, and implications for the development of ADA systems are discussed. The result of stability analysis depends not only on driver and vehicle characteristics but also on traffic stream characteristics and the method used to analyze stability.
Column Generation Method for U.S. Army Logistics Air Fleet Scheduling
Authors: Li Yihua , Miao Qing , Wang Bruce X.
Published: February 2011

In a U.S. Army problem, an air fleet is scheduled to pick up and deliver military personnel with time window and aircraft capacity constraints. Demand for personnel flights between military bases has a number of unique features, such as priority demand and flexible delivery locations. A column generation method was adopted in which the resource-constrained shortest-path subproblem is solved as a schedule for a fleet vehicle. The master problem solves for an optimal set of schedules for the entire fleet. This column generation method is embedded in an automatic scheduling program (ASP) at the U.S. Joint Operational Support Airlift Center. A comparison of the ASP prototype and the current manual scheduling shows significant improvement potential to the operations for demand satisfaction and resource utilization.
Enhancement factors for grounded ice and ice shelves inferred from an anisotropic ice-flow model
Authors: Ma Ying , Gagliardini Olivier , Ritz Catherine , Gillet-Chaulet Fabien , Durand Gaël , Montagnat Maurine
Published: January 2011

Polar ice is known to be one of the most anisotropic natural materials. For a given fabric the polycrystal viscous response is strongly dependent on the actual state of stress and strain rate. Within an ice sheet, grounded-ice parts and ice shelves have completely different stress regimes, so one should expect completely different impacts of ice anisotropy on the flow. The aim of this work is to quantify, through the concept of enhancement factors, the influence of ice anisotropy on the flow of grounded ice and ice shelves. For this purpose, a full-Stokes anisotropic marine ice-sheet flowline model is used to compare isotropic and anisotropic diagnostic velocity fields on a fixed geometry. From these full-Stokes results, we propose a definition of enhancement factors for grounded ice and ice shelves, coherent with the asymptotic models used for these regions. We then estimate realistic values for the enhancement factors induced by ice anisotropy for grounded ice and ice shelves.
Sediment plumes as a proxy for local ice-sheet runoff in Kangerlussuaq Fjord, West Greenland
Authors: McGrath Daniel , Steffen Konrad , Overeem Irina , Mernild Sebastian H. , Hasholt Bent , Van Den Broeke Michiel
Published: January 2011

Meltwater runoff is an important component of the mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) and contributes to eustatic sea-level rise. In situ measurements of river runoff at the ˜325 outlets are nonexistent due to logistical difficulties. We develop a novel methodology using satellite observations of sediment plumes as a proxy for the onset, duration and volume of meltwater runoff from a basin of the GrIS. Sediment plumes integrate numerous poorly constrained processes, including meltwater refreezing and supra- and englacial water storage, and are formed by meltwater that exits the GrIS and enters the ocean. Plume characteristics are measured in Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS, band 1, 250 m) satellite imagery during the 2001-08 melt seasons. Plume formation and cessation in Kangerlussuaq Fjord, West Greenland, are positively correlated (r2 = 0.88, n = 5, p < 0.05; r2 = 0.93, n = 5, p < 0.05) with ablation onset and cessation at the Kangerlussuaq Transect automatic weather station S5 (490 ma.s.l., 6 km from the ice margin). Plume length is positively correlated (r2 = 0.52, n = 35, p < 0.05) with observed 4 day mean Watson River discharge throughout the 2007 and 2008 melt seasons. Plume length is used to infer instantaneous and annual cumulative Watson River discharge between 2001 and 2008. Reconstructed cumulative discharge values overestimate observed cumulative discharge values for 2007 and 2008 by 15% and 29%, respectively.
Analysis of Stability and Bifurcation in Nonlinear Mechanics with Dissipation
Authors: Stolz Claude
Published: January 2011

The analysis of stability and bifurcation is studied in nonlinear mechanics with dissipative mechanisms: plasticity, damage, fracture. The description is based on introduction of a set of internal variables. This framework allows a systematic description of the material behaviour via two potentials: the free energy and the potential of dissipation. In the framework of standard generalized materials the internal state evolution is governed by a variational inequality which depends on the mechanism of dissipation. This inequality is obtained through energetic considerations in an unified description based upon energy and driving forces associated to the dissipative process. This formulation provides criterion for existence and uniqueness of the system evolution. Examples are presented for plasticity, fracture and for damaged materials.
Deterministic Prediction of the Entropy Increase in a Sudden Expansion
Authors: Isaacson LaVar King
Published: January 2011

This paper presents the results of a study of the prediction of the entropy growth within an internal free shear layer of an ideal gas flow downstream of a sudden expansion of the flow area. The objective of the study is exploratory in nature by invoking concepts from information theory to connect the deterministic prediction of the spectral entropy growth within the shear layer to the experimentally inferred increase in entropy across the flow region. The deterministic prediction of the spectral entropy increase along the shear layer is brought into agreement with the experimentally inferred increase in entropy through the ad hoc inclusion of the activation spectral entropy. The values for this activation spectral entropy are directly related to the area ratios across the expansion region and have a specific numerical value for each area ratio.
Effects of Chitin and Its Derivative Chitosan on Postharvest Decay of Fruits: A Review
Authors: Zhang Hongyin , Li Renping , Liu Weimin
Published: January 2011

Considerable economic losses to harvested fruits are caused by postharvest fungal decay during transportation and storage, which can be significantly controlled by synthetic fungicides. However, considering public concern over pesticide residues in food and the environment, there is a need for safer alternatives for the control of postharvest decay to substitute synthetic fungicides. As the second most abundant biopolymer renewable source in nature, chitin and its derivative chitosan are widely used in controlling postharvest decay of fruits. This review aims to introduce the effect of chitin and chitosan on postharvest decay in fruits and the possible modes of action involved. We found most of the actions discussed in these researches rest on physiological mechanisms. All of the mechanisms are summarized to lay the groundwork for further studies which should focus on the molecular mechanisms of chitin and chitosan in controlling postharvest decay of fruits.
Identification of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, Discoidin Domain Receptor 1 (DDR1), as a Potential Biomarker for Serous Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Quan Jinhua , Yahata Tetsuro , Adachi Sosuke , Yoshihara Kosuke , Tanaka Kenichi
Published: January 2011

Ovarian cancer, one of the most common gynecological malignancies, has an aggressive phenotype. It is necessary to develop novel and more effective treatment strategies against advanced disease. Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) play an important role in the signal transduction pathways involved in tumorigenesis, and represent potential targets for anticancer therapies. In this study, we performed cDNA subtraction following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using degenerate oligonucleotide primers to identify specifically overexpressed PTKs in ovarian cancer. Three PTKs, janus kinase 1, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, and discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), were identified and only DDR1 was overexpressed in all ovarian cancer tissues examined for the validation by quantitative real-time PCR. The DDR1 protein was expressed in 63% (42/67) of serous ovarian cancer tissue, whereas it was undetectable in normal ovarian surface epithelium. DDR1 was expressed significantly more frequently in high-grade (79%) and advanced stage (77%) tumors compared to low-grade (50%) and early stage (43%) tumors. The expression of the DDR1 protein significantly correlated with poor disease-free survival. Although its functional role and clinical utility remain to be examined in future studies, our results suggest that the expression of DDR1 may serve as both a potential biomarker and a molecular target for advanced ovarian cancer.
A Review and Modern Approach to LC Ladder Synthesis
Authors: Casson Alexander J. , Rodriguez-Villegas Esther
Published: January 2011

Ultra low power circuits require robust and reliable operation despite the unavoidable use of low currents and the weak inversion transistor operation region. For analogue domain filtering doubly terminated LC ladder based filter topologies are thus highly desirable as they have very low sensitivities to component values: non-exact component values have a minimal effect on the realised transfer function. However, not all transfer functions are suitable for implementation via a LC ladder prototype, and even when the transfer function is suitable the synthesis procedure is not trivial. The modern circuit designer can thus benefit from an updated treatment of this synthesis procedure. This paper presents a methodology for the design of doubly terminated LC ladder structures making use of the symbolic maths engines in programs such as MATLAB and MAPLE. The methodology is explained through the detailed synthesis of an example 7th order bandpass filter transfer function for use in electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis.
In vitro Biocompatibility of New Silver(I) Coordination Compound Coated-Surfaces for Dental Implant Applications
Authors: Brunetto Priscilla S. , Slenters Tünde Vig , Fromm Katharina M.
Published: January 2011

Biofilm formation on implant materials causes a common problem: resistance to aggressive pharmacological agents as well as host defenses. Therefore, to reduce bacterial adhesion to implant surfaces we propose to use silver(I) coordination networks as it is known that silver is the most powerful antimicrobial inorganic agent. As a model surface, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold Au(111) was used to permit permanent attachment of our silver(I) coordination networks. The surface coatings showed typical nano-structured surfaces with a good biocompatibility for soft-tissue integration with fibroblast cells.
Triterpene Composition and Bioactivities of Centella asiatica
Authors: Hashim Puziah , Sidek Hamidah , Helan Mohd  Helme M. , Sabery Aidawati , Palanisamy Uma Devi , Ilham Mohd
Published: January 2011

Leaves of Centella asiatica (Centella) were analysed for their triterpene composition and bioactivity such as collagen enhancement, antioxidant, anticellulite and UV protection capacity properties. Triterpenes of Centella were measured using HPLC-PAD on an Excil ODS 5 mm (C18) column for the simultaneous determination of asiatic acid, madecassic acid, asiaticoside and madecassoside. Centella was found to contain significant amounts of madecassoside (3.10 ± 4.58 mg/mL) and asiaticoside (1.97 ± 2.65 mg/mL), but was low in asiatic and madecassic acid. The highest collagen synthesis was found at 50 mg/mL of Centella extracts. The antioxidant activity of Centella (84%) was compared to grape seed extract (83%) and Vitamin C (88%). Its lipolytic activity was observed by the release of glycerol (115.9 µmol/L) at 0.02% concentration. Centella extracts exhibited similar UV protection effect to OMC at 10% concentration. In view of these results, the potential application of Centella in food and pharmaceutical industries is now widely open.
Opioid Actions in Primary-Afferent Fibers—Involvement in Analgesia and Anesthesia
Authors: Kumamoto Eiichi , Mizuta Kotaro , Fujita Tsugumi
Published: January 2011

Opioids inhibit glutamatergic excitatory transmission from the periphery by activating G-protein coupled opioid receptors in the central terminals of primary-afferent neurons in the spinal substantia gelatinosa, resulting in antinociception. Opioid receptor activation in the peripheral terminals of primary-afferent neurons inhibits the production of action potentials in response to nociceptive stimuli given to the periphery, leading to antinociception. Opioids also exhibit a local anesthetic effect without opioid receptor activation in peripheral nerve fibers. This review article will focus on analgesia and anesthesia produced by the actions of opioids on primary-afferent fibers.
The Effect of Tensile Hysteresis and Contact Resistance on the Performance of Strain-Resistant Elastic-Conductive Webbing
Authors: Shyr Tien-Wei , Shie Jing-Wen , Jhuang Yan-Er
Published: January 2011

To use e-textiles as a strain-resistance sensor they need to be both elastic and conductive. Three kinds of elastic-conductive webbings, including flat, tubular, and belt webbings, made of Lycra fiber and carbon coated polyamide fiber, were used in this study. The strain-resistance properties of the webbings were evaluated in stretch-recovery tests and measured within 30% strain. It was found that tensile hysteresis and contact resistance significantly influence the tensile elasticity and the resistance sensitivity of the webbings. The results showed that the webbing structure definitely contributes to the tensile hysteresis and contact resistance. The smaller the friction is among the yarns in the belt webbing, the smaller the tensile hysteresis loss. However the close proximity of the conductive yarns in flat and tubular webbings results in a lower contact resistance.
Measurement of Blood Pressure Using an Arterial Pulsimeter Equipped with a Hall Device
Authors: Lee Sang-Suk , Nam Dong-Hyun , Hong You-Sik , Lee Woo-Beom , Son Il-Ho , Kim Keun-Ho , Choi Jong-Gu
Published: January 2011

To measure precise blood pressure (BP) and pulse rate without using a cuff, we have developed an arterial pulsimeter consisting of a small, portable apparatus incorporating a Hall device. Regression analysis of the pulse wave measured during testing of the arterial pulsimeter was conducted using two equations of the BP algorithm. The estimated values of BP obtained by the cuffless arterial pulsimeter over 5 s were compared with values obtained using electronic or liquid mercury BP meters. The standard deviation between the estimated values and the measured values for systolic and diastolic BP were 8.3 and 4.9, respectively, which are close to the range of values of the BP International Standard. Detailed analysis of the pulse wave measured by the cuffless radial artery pulsimeter by detecting changes in the magnetic field can be used to develop a new diagnostic algorithm for BP, which can be applied to new medical apparatus such as the radial artery pulsimeter.
High-Performance Piezoresistive MEMS Strain Sensor with Low Thermal Sensitivity
Authors: Mohammed Ahmed  A. S. , Moussa Walied  A. , Lou Edmond
Published: January 2011

This paper presents the experimental evaluation of a new piezoresistive MEMS strain sensor. Geometric characteristics of the sensor silicon carrier have been employed to improve the sensor sensitivity. Surface features or trenches have been introduced in the vicinity of the sensing elements. These features create stress concentration regions (SCRs) and as a result, the strain/stress field was altered. The improved sensing sensitivity compensated for the signal loss. The feasibility of this methodology was proved in a previous work using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). This paper provides the experimental part of the previous study. The experiments covered a temperature range from −50 °C to +50 °C. The MEMS sensors are fabricated using five different doping concentrations. FEA is also utilized to investigate the effect of material properties and layer thickness of the bonding adhesive on the sensor response. The experimental findings are compared to the simulation results to guide selection of bonding adhesive and installation procedure. Finally, FEA was used to analyze the effect of rotational/alignment errors.
Staphylococcus aureus α-Toxin Triggers the Synthesis of B-Cell Lymphoma 3 by Human Platelets
Authors: Schubert Sebastian , Schwertz Hansjörg , Weyrich Andrew S. , Franks Zechariah G. , Lindemann Stephan , Otto Monika , Behr Hagen , Loppnow Harald , Schlitt Axel , Russ Martin , Presek Peter , Werdan Karl , Buerke Michael
Published: January 2011

The frequency and severity of bacteremic infections has increased over the last decade and bacterial endovascular infections (i.e., sepsis or endocarditis) are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Bacteria or secreted bacterial products modulate platelet function and, as a result, affect platelet accumulation at sites of vascular infection and inflammation. However, whether bacterial products regulate synthetic events in platelets is not known. In the present study, we determined if prolonged contact with staphylococcal α-toxin signals platelets to synthesize B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-3), a protein that regulates clot retraction in murine and human platelets. We show that α-toxin induced αIIbβ3-dependent aggregation (EC50 2.98 µg/mL ± 0.64 µg/mL) and, over time, significantly altered platelet morphology and stimulated de novo accumulation of Bcl-3 protein in platelets. Adherence to collagen or fibrinogen also increased the expression of Bcl-3 protein by platelets. α-toxin altered Bcl-3 protein expression patterns in platelets adherent to collagen, but not fibrinogen. Pretreatment of platelets with inhibitors of protein synthesis or the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) decreased Bcl-3 protein expression in α-toxin stimulated platelets. In conclusion, Staphylococcus aureus-derived α-toxin, a pore forming exotoxin, exerts immediate (i.e., aggregation) and prolonged (i.e., protein synthesis) responses in platelets, which may contribute to increased thrombotic events associated with gram-positive sepsis or endocarditis.
What Has the Study of the K3 and K5 Viral Ubiquitin E3 Ligases Taught Us about Ubiquitin-Mediated Receptor Regulation?
Authors: Boname Jessica M. , Lehner Paul J.
Published: January 2011

Cells communicate with each other and the outside world through surface receptors, which need to be tightly regulated to prevent both overstimulation and receptor desensitization. Understanding the processes involved in the homeostatic control of cell surface receptors is essential, but we are not alone in trying to regulate these receptors. Viruses, as the ultimate host pathogens, have co-evolved over millions of years and have both pirated and adapted host genes to enable viral pathogenesis. K3 and K5 (also known as MIR1 and MIR2) are viral ubiquitin E3 ligases from Kaposi’s Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) which decrease expression of a number of cell surface receptors and have been used to interrogate cellular processes and improve our understanding of ubiquitin-mediated receptor endocytosis and degradation. In this review, we summarize what has been learned from the study of these viral genes and emphasize their role in elucidating the complexity of ubiquitin in receptor regulation.
Phosphorus Accumulation Pattern in a Subsurface Constructed Wetland Treating Residential Wastewater
Authors: Karczmarczyk Agnieszka , Renman Gunno
Published: January 2011

A horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland was investigated after eight years of residential wastewater discharge (150 person equivalents). Twenty core samples distributed over the entire wetland were taken from the soil matrix. The distribution pattern of phosphorus (P) accumulation in the substrate of the wetland was determined using kriging technique and P sorption was related to the content of aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe). The correlations found between Al, Ca and Fe content and P accumulation in the bed substrate were weak: R2 = 0.09, R2 = 0.21 and R2 = 0.28, respectively. Great heterogeneity was observed in the distribution of Ca, P and organic matter in the superficial and deeper layers of the bed. Hydraulic problems associated with wastewater discharge and conductivity of the bed substrate were suggested to have negative effects on the wetland performance.
Les conditions climatiques du tourisme littoral
Authors: Besancenot Jean-Pierre , Mounier J. , de Lavenne F.
Published: January 2011

SUMMARY

In order to study the climatic conditions of summer tourism in the coastal areas of temperate latitudes, we suggest to adopt the « comprehensive climatology » method. Its principles have been worked out by the Russian authors. Thus, the decades the months of the summer season are expressed in numbers of days w ilh fine, pleasant weather, which are defined according to bioclimalic levels delimiting thermic and hydric comfort...

The knowledge of the frequency of these types of weather enables us to grasp the « atmospheric quality » over a region and to estimate the climat in which man lives. A practical application of the method stresses its value to analyse the data of regional touristic planning.
L'élevage bovin et les transformations récentes des systèmes de productions agricoles en Deux-Sèvres
Authors: Vergneau G.
Published: January 2011

SUMMARY

In his study of cattle-breeding in the Deux-Sèvres area, the author has drawn from new sources and submitted his findings to data-processing. This approach brings high precision to his spatial analyses which are occasionally of a relatively new type ; the economic concentration of livestock being a case in point.

Moreover, in order to improve his review of the present situation and of the recent evolution of cattle-breeding, the author constantly places his survey within a much broader perspective, thus bringing into bearing a whole range of factors capable of boosting to a certain degree the development of the agricultural systems in practice in the area considered.
Les relations maritimes entre la France et la Grande-Bretagne : leurs conséquences portuaires
Authors: Guillaume Jacques
Published: January 2011

The french littoral has known several periods of traffic's development across the Channel. The Railway period, during the nineteenth century, drew the present map of main lines but the increase of road traffic has extended the front of competitions and asphyxiated the maladjusted lines. These deep transformations shape harbour installations to level the crossing's obstacles. Under these conditions, we don't wonder the economic consequences are small in local areas.
De la polyculture paysanne à l'intégration : les couches sociales dans l'agriculture
Authors: Canévet Corentin
Published: January 2011

Im Laufe des letzten Jahrhundertviertels hat die französische hand- werkliche Landwirtschaft äußerst tiefgehende Umwälzungen erlebt. Der Autor analysiert diese Änderungen als Auflösung der auf dem System der Multikultur-Viehzucht beruhenden traditionellen Laudwirtschaft und als Zerfall des Bauerntums. Beide Bewegungen flihren zu einer neuartigen sozialen Schichtung die immer mehr neues Agrarbürgertum, wohlhabendes Mittelbauerntum, marktgebundenes und verschuldetes Bauerntum und traditionelles verarmtes Bauerntum entgegensetzt. Diese Analyse stammt weitgehend aus der Beobachtung der landwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung in der Bretagne.
Palladios — «le Pseudo-Galien» (Ὁ Νεώτερος Ἐξηγητής) — dans le commentaire de Stéphanos d'Athènes aux Aphorismes d'Hippocrate
Authors: Wolska-Conus Wanda
Published: February 2011

The article attempts to identify the author who hides behind the enigmatic name of 'New Exegete', of whose work Stephanus claims to give an 'exegesis' (ov ημείς εξηγούμεθα). The commentaries on Book VI of the Epidemics by Palladius and John of Alexandria are analysed, and they are compared with the commentary on the Aphorisms composed by Stephanus. Particular attention is given to the interpretation of several aphorisms in Palladius' s commentary which are not found, in the form given by Palladius, in the commentary on the Aphorisms by Galen, but which reappear in that of Stephanus. This proves, on the one hand, that Palladius did indeed compose a commentary on the Aphorisms (mentioned also in several Arabic sources), and on the other that Stephanus knew and made much use of this commentary to which he often refers as that of Galen, that is 'Pseudo-Galen' (cf. REB 56, 1998, 5-71), in fact, Palladius.
Le cirque, l'argent et le peuple. À propos d'une inscription du Bas-Empire
Authors: Zuckerman Constantin
Published: February 2011

REB 58 2000 France p. 69-96

Constantin Zuckerman, Le cirque, l'argent et le peuple. À propos d'une inscription du Bas-Empire. — La révision d'une inscription problématique, provenant de la ville de Bostra en Arabie et datée de 539/40, nous conduit à poser deux questions majeures. La première concerne les finances du théâtre et du cirque, et surtout les personnes responsables de leur gestion, les aurarii, dont le rôle est éclairé et précisé grâce aux données nouvelles. La seconde question porte sur le sens du mot δημόται qui figure dans l'inscription. Notre analyse vise à effacer la distinction entre les deux significations couramment admises, citadins/citoyens et passionnés du cirque, et à restituer aux mots δήμος et δημόται leur unité de sens : ils désignent dans tous les contextes le peuple de la cité et les citoyens qui le composent. Cette démonstration nous oblige à aborder le problème épineux des «partis du cirque» et elle aboutit à une définition structurelle du peuple de la cité, tant à Constantinople que dans d'autres grandes villes de l'Empire..
Le débat sur les droits du fisc et les droits régaliens au début du 14e siècle
Authors: Laiou Angeliki
Published: February 2011

When the first Paleologan emperors were forced, by external circumstances, to increase taxes through new, exceptional exactions such as the phonikon or the parthénophthoria, they came up against the open opposition — something new — of their subjects, of whom Thomas Magistros appeared as spokesman. Cities thus gained important privileges. In its own way, Byzantium took part in the European phenomenon of fiscal burdens and negotiations between sovereign and subjects.
Nouvelles découvertes sinaïtiques. À propos de la parution de l'inventaire des manuscrits grecs
Authors: Géhin Paul , Frøyshov Stig
Published: February 2011

REB 58 2000 France p. 167-184

PauL Géhin et Stig Frøysen, Nouvelles découvertes sinaïtiques. A propos de la parution de l'inventaire des manuscrits grecs. — Cet article rend compte de l'Inventaire des manuscrits grecs découvert au Mont Sinaï en 1975. Il met en valeur l'importance de ces découvertes pour l'histoire de la liturgie, notamment palestinienne, et apporte des compléments substantiels concernant le regroupement des fragments et l'identification des textes.
Une relecture du Moyen Âge arménien
Authors: Martin-Hisard Bernadette
Published: February 2011

REB 58 2000 France p. 199-213

Bernadette Martin-Hisard, Une relecture du Moyen Âge arménien. — L'analyse des deux derniers ouvrages de Nina Garsoïan, un recueil d'articles parus entre 1984 et 1988 et une magistrale étude de la période de formation de l'Église nationale d'Arménie, met en évidence l'ampleur des problèmes doctrinaux qui durent être peu à peu résolus, entre l'Église théodorienne d'Orient et l'Église chalcédonienne de Constantinople, et dans le cadre de la Transcaucasie, en suivant des voies qui ne furent ni rapides ni droites.
Une source méconnue des Dialogues de Nicétas de Maronée
Authors: Barmine Alexei
Published: February 2011

Contrary to what is often affirmed, Nicetas of Maronea, the first Greek defender of the doctrine of the filioque, did not have direct knowledge of the Latin Fathers, nor was he influenced by Anselm of Canterbury. Rather, he followed another Greek theologian, Eustratius of Nicaea, as the comparison of works by the two authors confirms.
Moines et monastères géorgiens du 9e siècle : La Vie de saint Grigol de Xancta. Deuxième partie : une mise en perspective historique
Authors: Martin-Hisard Bernadette
Published: February 2011

Written in the mid-tenth century the Life of Grigol reveals a Byzantine background to the history of Georgia. Though it had passed under Arab domination, Eastern Georgia was nevertheless considered by the Byzantines as a part of their sphere of influence as recognised in 591. This explains the periodic reappearance from the mid- seventh to early ninth century of titles such as curopalates held by magnates in the regions bordering on Byzantine Chaldea, the field of action of the monk Grigol.
Opening scenes of the Second Iconoclasm: Nicephorus's Critique of the citations from Macarius Magnes
Authors: Featherstone Michael
Published: February 2011

L'auteur offre une nouvelle édition du De Magnete de Nicéphore de Constantinople en plaçant ce petit traité dans le contexte du début du Second Iconoclasme. Un quart de siècle s'étant écoulé depuis le concile de Nicée II, Nicéphore se met à expliquer certaines citations provenant d'un auteur obscur, Macaire Magnés, que les iconoclastes ont annexé à leur cause. Le pamphlet qui en résulte — apparemment le premier ouvrage du patriarche contre les iconoclastes — donne un exemple de la méthode philologique, pour ainsi dire, du débat entre les iconoclastes et iconodules.
Constantinopoli vista da P. Giulo Mancinelli S. J. (1583-1585)
Authors: Ruggieri Vincenzo
Published: February 2011

REB 60 2002 France p. 113-131

Vincenzo Ruggieri, Constantinopoli vista da P. Giulo Mancinelli S. J. (1583-1585). — The chief of the first Jesuit mission to Constantinople in the 1580's, P. Giulio Mancinelli, is the author of a report of the mission. Preserved in the General Archives of the Jesuit Order (Rome), this document also contains a contemporary description of Constantinople. The article presents an edition and commentary on this topographical part of Mancinelli' s report.
An Anonymous Byzantine Geographical Treatise
Authors: Ivanov Sergey A.
Published: February 2011

Le manuscrit Vladimir 415 contient un traité géographique, qui est ici édité, traduit et commenté. Il ressort de cette étude que le texte a été rédigé entre 1360 et 1390.
Note sur la Vie d'Etienne le Jeune et sa chronologie interne
Authors: Déroche Vincent
Published: February 2011

There is, however, one problem with the recent commentary on the Life of Stephen the Younger : the examination of the internal chronology leads to the rejection of 715 as the year of the saint's birth and thus to the dating of the martyrdom in 765, before the conspiracy of Podopagouros. This latter, then, is not the focal point of what cannot be an anti-Studite text.
Heraclius in 625
Authors: Zuckerman Constantin
Published: February 2011

L'itinéraire d'Héraclius et la chronologie de ses batailles durant deux années clef de la campagne perse, 625-626, subissent ici une révision, le témoignage de Théophane étant revu à la lumière de celui de Pseudo-Sébéos. Une année de campagne, placée par Théophane sub a.m. 61 15, se réduit désormais à deux mois d'hostilités durant l'hiver 625, et les événements décrits sub a.m. 6116 se placent dans les mois qui suivent. Cette analyse tenant compte tant des réalités du terrain que des données des sources élimine les contradictions du récit de Théophane qui ont jusqu'ici défié les commentateurs.
Anastasian Questions and Answers among the Sinaï New Finds
Authors: Munitiz Joseph A.
Published: February 2011

En suivant les indications fournies dans l'inventaire sommaire des nouvelles découvertes sinaïtiques du Dr P. G. Nikolopoulos, l'auteur s'est rendu au monastère du Sinaï pour examiner les manuscrits susceptibles de contenir les Questions et réponses d'Anastase le Sinaïte. Dans les trois manuscrits on trouve, en fait, quelques questions d'Éphrem, l'homélie «In Sextum Psalmum» d'Anastase (conservées dans un bon manuscrit du 9e siècle) et les vestiges de collections postérieures d' érotapokriseis «anastasiennes», auxquelles il faut ajouter quelques questions bibliques non publiées.
High resolution BrainPET combined with simultaneous MRI
Authors: Langen K.-J. , Weirich C. , Rota Kops E. , Kaffanke J. , Tellmann L. , Scheins J. , Neuner I. , Stoffels G. , Fischer K. , Caldeira L. , Coenen H. H. , Shah N. J. , Herzog H.
Published: February 2011

After the successful clinical introduction of PET/CT, a novel hybrid imaging technology combining PET with the versatile attributes of MRI is emerging. At the Forschungszentrum Jülich, one of four prototypes available worldwide combining a commercial 3T MRI with a newly developed BrainPET insert has been installed, allowing simultaneous data acquisition with PET and MRI. The BrainPET is equipped with LSO crystals of 2.5 mm width and Avalanche photodiodes (APD) as readout electronics. Here we report on some performance characteristics obtained by phantom studies and also on the initial BrainPET studies on various patients as compared with a conventional HR+ PET-only scanner. Material, methods: The radiotracers [18F]-fluoroethyl- tyrosine (FET), [11C]-flumazenil and [18F]-FP-CIT were applied. Results: Comparing komthe PET data obtained with the BrainPET to those of the HR+ scanner demonstrated the high image quality and the superior resolution capability of the BrainPET. Furthermore, it is shown that various MR images of excellent quality could be acquired simultaneously with BrainPET scans without any relevant artefacts. Discussion, conclusion: Initial experiences with the hybrid MRI/BrainPET indicate a promising basis for further developments of this unique technique allowing simultaneous PET imaging combined with both anatomical and functional MRI.
Median sternotomy and ventral stabilisation using pins and polymethylmethacrylate for a comminuted T5 vertebral fracture in a Miniature Schnauzer
Authors: Allman D. A. , Guiot L. P.
Published: February 2011

A 2.9 kg Miniature Schnauzer was referred to our clinic, the Emergency & Critical Care Medicine Service at the Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, following a dog fight. Physical examination findings upon admission included multiple thoracic wounds, absence of hindlimb deep pain, and marked Schiff-Sherrington syndrome. Computed tomography imaging revealed thoracic wall penetration and a comminuted T5 vertebral fracture. Thoracic exploration and thoracic wall repair were performed through a median sternotomy. The vertebral fracture was exposed and stabilised intra-thoracically through the same approach using pins and polymethylmethacrylate. The pins were placed percutaneously into the vertebral bodies of the adjacent vertebrae. Recovery was uncomplicated and fracture healing was documented eight weeks postoperatively. Spinal trauma secondary to dog fights is relatively common. The presence of concurrent penetrating thoracic injury negatively affects prognosis and necessitates thoracic exploration as soon as feasible. The approach should allow complete thoracic exploration to repair parietal and visceral damage, thus indicating the need for median sternotomy rather than an intercostal approach. The present case report suggested that median sternotomy can be used to safely apply stabilisation devices for the treatment of concurrent spinal trauma. Direct visualisation of the vertebral bodies permited optimal implant anchorage as compared to potentially more hazardous techniques such as dorsal pinning.
From Passenger to Driver: Creativity and Culture in Rural Communities
Authors: Mitchell Patrick , Fisher Ron
Published: January 2011

This study examines the activities of an arts group in a small rural town in Australia through the lens of the Creative Industries paradigm. The aim of the study is to gain deeper understanding of the potential of arts activities to impact on a community. The study evaluates how future
growth of the arts in such communities may be augmented by use of the paradigm supported by a branding approach based on creativity and innovation. The research uses in-depth interviews of volunteers and other key actors in a rural arts festival. Findings suggest that the Creative Industries
paradigm provides a framework that supports and develops the work of community art in rural communities. The paradigm also supports the development of a branding strategy based on creativity and innovation.
Structural Basis for a New Mechanism of Inhibition of H I V-1 Integrase Identified by Fragment Screening and Structure-Based Design
Authors: Rhodes David I , Peat Thomas S , Vandegraaff Nick , Jeevarajah Dharshini , Le Giang , Jones Eric D , Smith Jessica A , Coates Jonathan AV , Winfeld Lisa J , Thienthong Neeranat , Newman Janet , Lucent Del , Ryan John H , Savage G Paul , Francis Craig L , Deadman John J
Published: February 2011

Background:

HIV-1 integrase is a clinically validated therapeutic target for the treatment of HIV-1 infection, with one approved therapeutic currently on the market. This enzyme represents an attractive target for the development of new inhibitors to HIV-1 that are effective against the current resistance mutations.

Methods:

A fragment-based screening method employing surface plasmon resonance and NMR was initially used to detect interactions between integrase and fragments. The binding sites of the fragments were elucidated by crystallography and the structural information used to design and synthesize improved ligands.

Results:

The location of binding of fragments to the catalytic core of integrase was found to be in a previously undescribed binding site, adjacent to the mobile loop. Enzyme assays confirmed that formation of enzyme–fragment complexes inhibits the catalytic activity of integrase and the structural data was utilized to further develop these fragments into more potent novel enzyme inhibitors.

Conclusions:

We have defined a new site in integrase as a valid region for the structure-based design of allosteric integrase inhibitors. Using a structure-based design process we have improved the activity of the initial fragments 45-fold.
A 24-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Study of the Efficacy of Oral SCIO-469, a p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Inhibitor, in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: GENOVESE MARK C. , COHEN STANLEY B. , WOFSY DAVID , WEINBLATT MICHAEL E. , FIRESTEIN GARY S. , BRAHN ERNEST , STRAND VIBEKE , BAKER DANIEL G. , TONG SANDRA E.
Published: February 2011

Objective.

To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of oral SCIO-469, a p38 MAPK inhibitor that blocks tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß, and cyclooxygenase-2 synthesis in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods.

Patients were randomized to receive SCIO-469 at either 30 or 60 mg three times daily in an immediate-release (IR) formulation or at 100 mg once daily in an extended-release (ER) formulation, or placebo for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was American College of Rheumatology (ACR)20 response at Week 12. Safety was monitored through Week 26.

Results.

Overall, 302 patients were randomized: 76 to placebo, 75 to 30 mg IR, 73 to 60 mg IR, and 78 to 100 mg ER. There were no significant differences in ACR20 responses at Week 12 between SCIO-469 and placebo. Declines in C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate during early treatment did not persist to Week 12 and were not a consequence of decreased SCIO-469 plasma levels. The 60 mg IR regimen showed a dose-limiting toxicity manifested by elevations in alanine aminotransferase. Adverse events were common in all groups (79.7% and 86.7% through 13 and 26 weeks, respectively). Twenty-one patients reported 28 serious adverse events (SAE). SAE were more common with IR SCIO-469 than with placebo (7% vs 4%) but were not reported with ER SCIO-469.

Conclusion.

In all regimens tested, SCIO-469 showed no greater efficacy compared to placebo in patients with RA. The transient effect of SCIO-469 on acute-phase reactants suggests a complex role of p38 MAPK in inflammation.