bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
End-Tidal CO2 as a Predictor of Survival in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Eckstein Marc , Hatch Lorien , Malleck Jennifer , McClung Christian , Henderson Sean O.
Published: September 2011

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate initial end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) as a predictor of survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of all adult, non-traumatic, out-of-hospital, cardiac arrests during 2006 and 2007 in Los Angeles, California. The primary outcome variable was attaining return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in the field. All demographic information was reviewed and logistic regression analysis was performed to determine which variables of the cardiac arrest were significantly associated with ROSC.

Results: There were 3,121 cardiac arrests included in the study, of which 1,689 (54.4%) were witnessed, and 516 (16.9%) were primary ventricular fibrillation (VF). The mean initial EtCO2 was 18.7 (95%CI = 18.2–19.3) for all patients. Return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 695 patients (22.4%) for which the mean initial EtCO2 was 27.6 (95%CI = 26.3–29.0). For patients who failed to achieve ROSC, the mean EtCO2 was 16.0 (95%CI = 15.5–16.5). The following variables were significantly associated with achieving ROSC: witnessed arrest (OR = 1.51; 95%CI = 1.07–2.12); initial EtCO2 >10 (OR = 4.79; 95%CI = 3.10–4.42); and EtCO2 dropping <25% during the resuscitation (OR = 2.82; 95%CI = 2.01–3.97).

The combination of male gender, lack of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, unwitnessed collapse, non-vfib arrest, initial EtCO2 ≤10 and EtCO2 falling > 25% was 97% predictive of failure to achieve ROSC.

Conclusions: An initial EtCO2 >10 and the absence of a falling EtCO2 >25% from baseline were significantly associated with achieving ROSC in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. These additional variables should be incorporated in termination of resuscitation algorithms in the prehospital setting.
Primary Health care and Disasters—The Current State of the Literature: What We Know, Gaps and Next Steps
Authors: Redwood-Campbell Lynda , Abrahams Jonathan
Published: September 2011

Introduction: The 2009 Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction/Emergency Preparedness (DRR/EP) and the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 demonstrate increased international commitment to DRR/EP in addition to response and recovery. In addition, the World Health Report 2008 has re-focused the world's attention on the renewal of Primary Health Care (PHC) as a set of values/principles for all sectors. Evidence suggests that access to comprehensive PHC improves health outcomes and an integrated PHC approach may improve health in low income countries (LICs). Strong PHC health systems can provide stronger health emergency management, which reinforce each other for healthier communities.

Problem: The global re-emphasis of PHC recently necessitates the health sector and the broader disaster community to consider health emergency management from the perspective of PHC. How PHC is being described in the literature related to disasters and the quality of this literature is reviewed. Identifying which topics/lessons learned are being published helps to identify key lessons learned, gaps and future directions.

Methods: Fourteen major scientific and grey literature databases searched. Primary Health Care or Primary Care coupled with the term disaster was searched (title or abstract). The 2009 ISDR definition of disaster and the 1978 World Health Organization definition of Primary Health Care were used. 119 articles resulted.

Results: Literature characteristics; 16% research papers, only 29% target LICs, 8% of authors were from LICs, 7% clearly defined PHC, 50% used PHC to denote care provided by clinicians and 4% cited PHC values and principles. Most topics related to disaster response. Key topics; true need for PHC, mental health, chronic disease, models of PHC, importance of PHC soon after a natural disaster relative to acute care, methods of surge capacity, utilization patterns in recovery, access to vulnerable populations, rebuilding with the PHC approach and using current PHC infrastructure to build capacity for disasters.

Conclusions: Primary Health Care is very important for effective health emergency management during response and recovery, but also for risk reduction, including preparedness. There is need to; increase the quality of this research, clarify terminology, encourage paper authorship from LICs, develop and validate PHC- specific disaster indicators and to encourage organizations involved in PHC disaster activities to publish data. Lessons learned from high-income countries need contextual analysis about applicability in low-income countries.
Früherkennung von Psychosen bei Kindern und Adoleszenten
Authors: Schultze-Lutter Frauke , Resch Franz , Koch Eginhard , Schimmelmann Benno G.
Published: September 2011

Die Früherkennung und Frühbehandlung von Personen mit erhöhtem Psychoserisiko gilt derzeit als vielversprechende Strategie, die weitreichenden negativen Konsequenzen psychotischer Störungen zu reduzieren. Die beiden derzeitigen Risikokriteriensätze, die «ultra-high risk» und die Basissymptom-Kriterien, wurden vorwiegend an Erwachsenenstichproben entwickelt. Erste Studien sprechen dafür, dass diese Kriterien nur eingeschränkt auf Kinder und Jugendliche übertragbar sein könnten. Für die «ultra-high risk»-Kriterien gibt es Hinweise, dass einige attenuierte psychotische Symptome im Jugendalter möglicherweise nicht ausreichend spezifisch und, wenn beobachtbare Verhaltenskorrelate fehlen, kurze intermittierende psychotische Symptome im Kindesalter schwer klassifizierbar sind. Auch für die Basissymptom-Kriterien liegen nur sehr vorläufige Hinweise auf ihre Eignung bei Kindern und Adoleszenten vor. Da entwicklungsbezogene Besonderheiten auch bei der Erhebung von Basissymptomen berücksichtigt werden sollten, wurde eine Kinder- und Jugendversion des Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument (SPI-CY) entwickelt, die in der vorgelegten Arbeit vorgestellt wird. Somit sind gezielte Studien zur Validierung und ggf. Adaptation der Risikokriterien für Kinder und Jugendliche dringend erforderlich, insbesondere wenn ein «Prodromal Risk Syndrome for Psychosis» oder «Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms Syndrome» in das DSM-5 aufgenommen wird. In diesem Fall müsste betont werden, dass die klinisch-prognostische Validität dieses Risikosyndroms für Kinder und Jugendliche noch unzureichend geklärt ist.
Anschlusshilfen als Parameter für die Wirksamkeit teilstationärer Jugendhilfe-Maßnahmen
Authors: Büttner Peter , Rücker Stefan , Petermann Ulrike , Petermann Franz
Published: September 2011

Fragestellung: Hilfen zur Erziehung sollen Familien in prekären Lebenssituationen entlasten. Auf Seiten der Kinder und Jugendlichen stehen der Abbau von Verhaltensproblemen und die Förderung von Kompetenzen im Vordergrund. Eltern werden unterstützt, ihre Erziehungskompetenz zu verbessern. Jugendhilfe-Maßnahmen wirken auf Kinder, Jugendliche und ihre Eltern unterschiedlich, und im bundesweiten Vergleich benötigt der Großteil der Familien auch im Anschluss der Hilfe weitere Unterstützung. In dieser Studie werden die Hilfeverläufe von Familien mit und ohne Anschlusshilfen verglichen. Methodik: Insgesamt 89 Familien erhielten durchschnittlich zwei Jahre lang teilstationäre Erziehungshilfe. Im Anschluss daran benötigten 26 Familien weitere Hilfen. Um Prädiktoren für Anschlusshilfen zu identifizieren, wurden die bedarfsbegründenden Problembereiche am Hilfebeginn und -ende systematisch erfasst und in einem Prä-Post-Vergleich gegenübergestellt. Ergebnisse: Kinder mit weiterem Unterstützungsbedarf zeigen im Vergleich am Hilfeende signifikant höhere Symptombelastungen und geringere Kompetenzzuwächse. Die deutlichsten Unterschiede liegen jedoch für ungünstiges Elternverhalten vor. Die Gruppen unterscheiden sich signifikant. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Wirksamkeit von Jugendhilfe-Maßnahmen hängt bedeutsam von der Verbesserung der elterlichen Erziehungskompetenz ab. Ein Mangel daran begründet selbst nach intensiven Erziehungshilfen weiteren Bedarf.
Das Essener Trauma-Inventar für Kinder und Jugendliche (ETI-KJ)
Authors: Tagay Sefik , Düllmann Sonja , Hermans Enno , Repic Nevena , Hiller Regina , Senf Wolfgang
Published: September 2011

Fragestellung: Angesichts der klinischen und wissenschaftlichen Bedeutung traumatischer Ereignisse und posttraumatischer Störungen hatte unsere Studie die Entwicklung und Überprüfung des Essener Trauma-Inventars für Kinder und Jugendliche (ETI-KJ) zum Ziel. Das neue Instrument erfasst ein breites Spektrum an potenziell traumatischen Ereignissen und soll ein geeignetes Screeningverfahren zur Identifikation der beiden Traumafolgestörungen Akute Belastungsstörung und Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung nach DSM-IV darstellen. Methodik: Das ETI-KJ wurde an einer Stichprobe von 276 Kindern und Jugendlichen zwischen 12 und 17 Jahren im Hinblick auf seine psychometrischen Kennwerte an klinischen und nicht klinischen Gruppen überprüft. Ergebnisse: Es fanden sich gute bis sehr gute Reliabilitätskennwerte, insbesondere für die Gesamtskala des ETI-KJ ergab sich eine sehr hohe interne Konsistenz. Die a priori angenommene Vier-Faktoren-Struktur (Intrusion, Vermeidung, Hyperarousal, Dissoziation) fand empirische Bestätigung. Hinweise auf eine sehr gute Konstruktvalidität zeigten sich durch signifikante Korrelationen des ETI-KJ mit weiteren Traumaskalen, Maßen der psychischen Befindlichkeit und der Ressourcenausstattung. Schlussfolgerungen: Mit dem ETI-KJ liegt im deutschen Sprachraum erstmals ein ökonomisches, reliables und valides Screeninginstrument zur differenzierten Erfassung traumatischer Ereignisse und posttraumatischer Störungen vor, dessen Einsatz sich sowohl im Forschungs- als auch im klinischen Kontext empfiehlt.
Der Einfluss sozialer und monetärer Belohnungen auf die Inhibitions- fähigkeit von Jungen mit hyperkine- tischer Störung des Sozialverhaltens
Authors: Vloet Timo D. , Konrad Kerstin , Herpertz-Dahlmann Beate , Kohls Gregor
Published: September 2011

Fragestellung: Die Inhibitionsfähigkeit von Jungen mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) lässt sich besonders effektiv durch soziale Belohnungen steigern. Vor dem Hintergrund der hohen Komorbidität von ADHS und Störungen des Sozialverhaltens war es das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie, erstmalig den differenziellen Effekt von sozialen und nicht-sozialen, monetären Belohnungen auf die Inhibitionskontrolle bei Jungen mit hyperkinetischer Störung des Sozialverhaltens (HSV) zu untersuchen. Methodik: Zum Einsatz kam eine motivationale «Go/No-go-Aufgabe». Der Studie lag die Hypothese zugrunde, dass Jungen mit HSV (n = 17) ihre Inhibitionsleistungen unter sozialer Belohnung deutlich weniger steigern als gesunde Kontrollprobanden (n = 17), wogegen die Ansprechbarkeit auf nicht-soziale, monetäre Belohnungen vergleichbar ist. Ergebnisse: Beide Experimentalgruppen verbesserten ihre Inhibitionsfähigkeiten unter sozialer und nicht-sozialer, monetärer Belohnung, wobei der Verstärkungseffekt für monetäre Belohnung am größten war. Allerdings zeigte sich nur in der Kontrollgruppe, aber nicht bei den Jungen mit HSV, ein strategischer Wechsel im Antwortverhalten unter monetärer Belohnung, d. h. langsamere Antwortreaktionen zugunsten einer stärkeren Inhibitionskontrolle und somit eines potenziell größeren Geldgewinns. Schlussfolgerung: Unsere Befunde deuten nicht auf eine Hyposensitivität für soziale Belohnungen bei Jungen mit HSV hin. Vielmehr legen die Daten nahe, dass bei Jungen mit HSV sowohl monetäre als auch soziale Belohnungen verhaltenswirksam sind, wobei der Einsatz monetärer Verstärker bessere Effekte erwarten lässt.
Psychology in Latvia
Authors: Reņģe Viesturs , Dragūns Juris G.
Published: September 2011

History of psychology in Latvia can be divided into three stages: (1) origin and early development during the period of independence between the two World Wars; (2) survival under rather difficult conditions under the Soviet rule; and (3) rapid growth after the reestablishment of independence in 1991. After a brief review of the first two stages, this survey concentrates on recent and current trends in Latvian psychology. Research is reviewed on: interethnic relations, social representations; attachment styles in infancy and childhood and their reverberations in adulthood; early detection and intervention of depression in schoolchildren and university students; validation of major intelligence tests and exploration of new modes of assessing intelligence, and the interplay of social axioms and personal characteristics in observing traffic regulations. As a profession, psychology has burgeoned in the last two decades; programs for training psychologists have been expanded; and applications of psychology have been extended beyond schools to clinical, counselling, industrial/organizational, military, and sports settings.
The Human Being in Society
Authors: Magnusson David
Published: September 2011

In everyday language the terms psychology and psychological are used in very different meanings, without a clear definition of what the terms refer to. This article is an attempt to meet the need for clarification of the content and boundaries of psychology as a scientific discipline. This is a prerequisite for real scientific contribution to progress in cross-disciplinary research and to decision making in societal and cultural processes. Applying a holistic – interactionistic view as the frame of reference for planning, implementation, and interpretation of single studies, the target of theoretical and empirical analyses is the human psychobiological and social being in continuous interaction with his/her proximal and distal environment.
The Influence of Facial Piercings and Observer Personality on Perceptions of Physical Attractiveness and Intelligence
Authors: Swami Viren , Stieger Stefan , Pietschnig Jakob , Voracek Martin , Furnham Adrian , Tovée Martin J.
Published: September 2011

The primary aim of the present study was to examine the influence of facial piercings on observer ratings of physical attractiveness and intelligence. A total of 440 women and men rated a set of stimuli that depicted a female and a male model, respectively, with varying numbers of facial piercings. Participants also completed measures of the Big Five personality factors and sensation seeking, and provided information of their own piercings. Results indicated that, controlling for participants’ own piercings, stimuli with piercings were rated as less physically attractive and intelligent than those without piercings, with multiple piercings being accorded the most negative ratings. In addition, men with piercings were rated more negatively than women with piercings. Further results showed that participants’ openness to experience and sensation seeking were associated with more positive ratings of pierced individuals, and that greater number of participant piercings was correlated with the Big Five personality factors of Emotional Stability, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness, and sensation seeking. These results are discussed in relation to the extant literature on body modifications.
The Later, the Better? Early, Average, and Late Timing of Sexual Experiences in Adolescence and Psychosocial Adjustment in Young Adulthood
Authors: Haase Claudia M. , Landberg Monique , Schmidt Christoph , Lüdke Kirsten , Silbereisen Rainer K.
Published: September 2011

The present article challenges the assumption that later timing of sexual experiences is unequivocally associated with higher psychosocial adjustment. Data from two representative cross-sectional German studies conducted in 1996 and 2005 were analyzed to examine the psychosocial adjustment of young adults (age 20–29) who had their first sexual experiences early (before age 16), at an average age (between age 16 and 18), or late (later than age 18 or not yet). Early timing of sexual experiences was associated with lower educational attainment. Late timing of sexual experiences was associated with poorer social relations. Early and late timing of sexual experiences were associated with lower subjective well-being. Results were replicated across the two studies and controlled for sociodemographic characteristics and (in Study 1) early adversities, parental involvement, and pubertal timing. These findings show that not only early but also late timing of first sexual experiences can be associated with lower psychosocial adjustment in selected domains in young adulthood. Further research is needed to understand maladaptive correlates of late sexual timing.
Understanding the Relational Self
Authors: Pouliasi Katerina , Verkuyten Maykel
Published: September 2011

This study examines spontaneous social self-representations in two different cultures (the Netherlands and Greece) and among adults and early adolescents. A distinction between three levels of the social self is made: the relational self, the communal self, and the collective self. Supporting the notion of the general primacy of the relational self the findings show that the relational self is the most prominent and important one in both cultures and among both age groups. Yet, there is a cultural difference in the cognitive representation of the relational self. In the Dutch context, participants tended to understand their relational self in terms of a personalized or dyadic mode of connection (pair-wise mode). In contrast, in Greece participants understood their relational self in terms of units of significant others (group-wise mode). Implications for the relationship between culture and the self-concept are discussed.
The Influence of Guilt on the Relationship Between Burnout and Depression
Authors: Gil-Monte Pedro R.
Published: September 2011

Burnout is a serious problem that can be expressed as psychological symptoms, such as depressive mood. Earlier studies have shown that feelings of guilt appear to be involved in the burnout process. However, the exact nature of the relationships among burnout, guilt, and depression is unclear. The purpose of this study was to test the mediator role of guilt in the relationship between burnout and depression. The sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of 700 employees working with intellectually disabled persons. Hypotheses were tested together in a path model. Two models were constructed to test the relationships among the variables. The difference between the models was the order of the Guilt-Depression relationship. The Hypothesized model (i.e., Indolence → Guilt → Depression) showed an adequate fit to data, and all hypothesized relationships were significant. The fit of the Alternative model (i.e., Indolence → Depression → Guilt) was worse than the fit of the Hypothesized model. The hypothesized model offers a good representation of the relationships among burnout, guilt, and depression. The results point to recommending the incorporation of the evaluation of guilt as a symptom of burnout, in order to perform a more complete diagnosis and discriminate among subjects affected by burnout.
An Actigraphic Validation Study of Seven Morningness-Eveningness Inventories
Authors: Thun Eirunn , Bjorvatn Bjørn , Osland Theresa , Martin Steen Vidar , Sivertsen Børge , Johansen Torill , Halvor Lilleholt Tom , Udnes Idalill , Hilde Nordhus Inger , Pallesen Ståle
Published: September 2011

Morningness-eveningness refers to the preference people have regarding the time they like to rise, conduct activities, and go to bed. People denoted as “morning types” (“larks”) like to rise early in the morning and go to bed early, while “evening types” (“owls”) prefer to sleep until later in the day and stay up until later at night. Various self-report instruments that measure morningness-eveningness have been developed. The aim of this study was to validate seven different self-report measures on morningness-eveningness using actigraphic data. One hundred and sixty-six students (mean age 21.4 years, range 19–30) were recruited from the University of Bergen and Bergen University College. The participants completed the self-report measures and wore an actigraph for seven days. The results showed that all self-report measures were in concordance with actigraphy-measured bed times, rise times, and the nadir for physical activity. In addition, some of the instruments were sensitive to differences between morning and evening types in their total sleep time on weekend nights or their stability in the activity curve across days as measured by actigraphy. Both the strengths and weaknesses of the present study are discussed, and proposals for future research are presented.
Reproducibility of cardiac power output and other cardiopulmonary exercise indices in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Jakovljevic Djordje G. , Seferovic Petar M. , Nunan David , Donovan Gay , Trenell Michael I. , Grocott-Mason Richard , Brodie David A.
Published: September 2011

Cardiac power output is a direct measure of overall cardiac function that integrates both flow- and pressure-generating capacities of the heart. The present study assessed the reproducibility of cardiac power output and other more commonly reported cardiopulmonary exercise variables in patients with chronic heart failure. Metabolic, ventilatory and non-invasive (inert gas re-breathing) central haemodynamic measurements were undertaken at rest and near-maximal exercise of the modified Bruce protocol in 19 patients with stable chronic heart failure. The same procedure was repeated 7 days later to assess reproducibility. Cardiac power output was calculated as the product of cardiac output and mean arterial pressure. Resting central haemodynamic variables demonstrate low CV (coefficient of variation) (ranging from 3.4% for cardiac output and 5.6% for heart rate). The CV for resting metabolic and ventilatory measurements ranged from 8.2% for respiratory exchange ratio and 14.2% for absolute values of oxygen consumption. The CV of anaerobic threshold, peak oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and respiratory exchange ratio ranged from 3.8% (for anaerobic threshold) to 6.4% (for relative peak oxygen consumption), with minute ventilation having a CV of 11.1%. Near-maximal exercise cardiac power output and cardiac output had CVs of 4.1 and 2.2%, respectively. Cardiac power output demonstrates good reproducibility suggesting that there is no need for performing more than one cardiopulmonary exercise test. As a direct measure of cardiac function (dysfunction) and an excellent prognostic marker, it is strongly advised in the assessment of patients with chronic heart failure undergoing cardiopulmonary exercise testing.
Finite element method simulation of the domain growth kinetics in single-crystal LiTaO3: Role of surface conductivity
Authors: Brugère Antoine , Gidon S. , Gautier Brice
Published: September 2011

Domain growth under the electric field of an atomic force microscope (AFM) is studied by piezoresponse force microscopy in congruent single-crystal LiTaO3 and compared to a finite element method simulation. The model is based on the existence of a conductive top layer, being the water absorbed layer always present in AFM experiments in air, within which the electric potential can propagate beyond the tip contact area. As a result, the simulated domain growth demonstrates kinetics in agreement with experimental observations, thus underlying the active role of the water layer.
Thermal-induced domain wall motion of tip-inverted micro/nanodomains in near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 crystals
Authors: Liu X. Y. , Kitamura K. , Liu Y. M. , Ohuchi F. S. , Li J. Y.
Published: September 2011

Thermal-induced domain wall motion of tip-inverted micro/nanodomains in near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 single crystals was investigated using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). The domain wall motion was observed in PFM phase and amplitude images at room temperature after the sample was subjected to a thermal process at a heating temperature higher than 100 °C. In hexagonal domains with only y walls, predetermined nucleation with layer-by-layer growth is the main mechanism for the domain wall motion. In the domains composed of both x walls and y walls, the x walls are more mobile than the y walls, and the domain wall motion starts from the random nucleation of steps along the x walls that finally grow into y walls. The domain wall motion in the near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 crystal is attributed to the energy-preferable domain wall orientation, the pyroelectric effect, and the screening charge variation caused by the thermal process.
Quasi-one-dimensional domain walls in ferroelectric ceramics: Evidence from domain dynamics and wall roughness measurements
Authors: Pertsev N. A. , Kiselev D. A. , Bdikin I. K. , Kosec M. , Kholkin A. L.
Published: September 2011

Direct measurements of the motion of domain walls in disordered ferroelectrics provide important information on their interaction with defects, which is crucial for the functioning of various ferroelectric devices such as high-K capacitors and ferroelectric-based memories. In this work, we report on the results of the nanoscale measurements of domain-wall velocity and static domain-wall roughness in disordered (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 (PLZT) ceramics prepared by hot press sintering. Relaxation of domain walls to their equilibrium configurations at short length scales yields the apparent roughness exponent ζ ≈ 0.67 in PLZT 9.5/65/35. At the same time, the dynamical exponent μ was found to be about 0.25 from the independent measurements of domain-wall creep under local application of electric field. An analysis of these two values points to the effective dimensionality deff = 1 for the domain walls in PLZT with high La content. This result is confirmed by the layer-by-layer polishing followed by the imaging of an artificially created domain. The origin of disorder and its dependence on La concentration in PLZT solid solutions are discussed.
Comparative density functional theory and post-Hartree-Fock (CCSD, CASSCF) studies on the electronic structure of halogen nitrites ClONO and BrONO using quantum chemical topology
Authors: Berski Slawomir , Gordon Agnieszka J.
Published: September 2011

In this paper, the electronic structures of cis- and trans-ClONO and BrONO are studied at the CCSD/aug-cc-pVTZ, CASSCF(14,12)/aug-cc-pVTZ, and B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ computational levels. For the Cl–O bond, topological analysis of the electron density field, ρ(r), shows the prevalence of the shared-electron type bond (∇2ρ(3,−1) < 0). The Br–O bond, however, represents the closed-shell interaction (∇2ρ(3,−1) > 0). Topological analysis of the electron localization function, η(r), and electron localizability indicator (ELI-D), ϒDσ(r), shows that the electronic structure of the central N–O bond is very sensitive to both electron correlation improvements (coupled-cluster single double (CCSD), CASSCF, density functional theory (DFT)) and bond length alteration. Depending on the method used, the N–O bond can be characterized as a “normal” N–O bond with a disynaptic V(N,O) basin (DFT); a protocovalent N–O bond with two monosynaptic, V(N) and V(O), basins (CCSD, CASSCF); or a new type, first discovered for FONO, characterized by a single monosynaptic, V(N) basin (CCSD, DFT). The total basin population oscillates between 0.46–0.96 e (CCSD) and 0.86–1.02 e (CASSCF). The X–O bond is described by the single disynaptic basin, V(X,O), with a basin population between 0.76 and 0.81 e (CCSD) or 0.77 and 0.85 e (CASSCF). Analysis of the localized electron detector distribution for the cis-Cl–O1–N=O2 shows a manifold in the Cl⋅⋅⋅O2 region, associated with decreased electron density.
Role of surface orientation on atomic layer deposited Al2O3/GaAs interface structure and Fermi level pinning: A density functional theory study
Authors: Hegde Ganesh , Klimeck Gerhard , Strachan Alejandro
Published: September 2011

We investigate the initial surface reaction pathways in the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 on GaAs (111)A and (111)B substrates using precursors trimethylaluminum (TMA) and water to ascertain the effect of surface orientation on device performance. We find that the condition of the respective substrates prior to deposition of TMA and water has a major impact on the surface reactions that follow and on the resulting interface structure. The simulations explain the atomistic mechanism of the interfacial self-cleaning effect in ALD that preferentially removes As oxides. The electronic structure of the resulting atomic configurations indicates states throughout the bandgap for the (111)B structure. By contrast, the (111)A structure has no states in the mid-gap region, thus explaining the significant experimental difference in Fermi Level Pinning behavior for corresponding devices.
Mechanism behind the surface evolution and microstructure changes of laser fabricated nanostructured carbon composite
Authors: Foong Y. M. , Koh A. T. T. , Ng H. Y. , Chua D. H. C.
Published: September 2011

Many studies have shown that amorphous carbon films with reduced internal stress, improved adhesion strength, and diversified material properties are obtainable through doping process, but the presence of dopants was reported to promote surface evolution and alter the microstructures of carbon matrix. By combining analyses from experimental results and theoretical estimations, this work examines the mechanism behind the surface evolution and microstructural changes in laser fabricated nanostructured copper-carbon composite. We showed that the presence of metal ions during laser deposition increased the heat dissipation on carbon matrix, which enhanced the formation of nanoislands but graphitized the carbon matrix. In addition, theoretical estimations and XPS hinted that the presence of energetic species may force the carbon ions to react with the substrate interface and form silicon carbide bonds, which contributed to the improved adhesion strength observed in copper doped carbon films, along with a reduction in internal stress owing to the presence of nanoclusters.
X-ray phase contrast imaging of biological specimens with femtosecond pulses of betatron radiation from a compact laser plasma wakefield accelerator
Authors: Kneip S. , McGuffey C. , Dollar F. , Bloom M. S. , Chvykov V. , Kalintchenko G. , Krushelnick K. , Maksimchuk A. , Mangles S. P. D. , Matsuoka T. , Najmudin Z. , Palmer C. A. J. , Schreiber J. , Schumaker W. , Thomas A. G. R. , Yanovsky V.
Published: September 2011

We show that x-rays from a recently demonstrated table top source of bright, ultrafast, coherent synchrotron radiation [Kneip et al., Nat. Phys. 6, 980 (2010)] can be applied to phase contrast imaging of biological specimens. Our scheme is based on focusing a high power short pulse laser in a tenuous gas jet, setting up a plasma wakefield accelerator that accelerates and wiggles electrons analogously to a conventional synchrotron, but on the centimeter rather than tens of meter scale. We use the scheme to record absorption and phase contrast images of a tetra fish, damselfly and yellow jacket, in particular highlighting the contrast enhancement achievable with the simple propagation technique of phase contrast imaging. Coherence and ultrafast pulse duration will allow for the study of various aspects of biomechanics.
Enhancement of ultrasonic surface waves at wedge tips and angled defects
Authors: Edwards R. S. , Dutton B. , Clough A. R. , Rosli M. H.
Published: September 2011

The behaviour of sound waves interacting with wedges has attracted interest from researchers in geophysics and non-destructive testing. We consider here the near-field behaviour of Rayleigh waves incident on wedges and surface-breaking defects which propagate at an angle to the surface, such as rolling contact fatigue on rails. It has been shown that, for a detection point on the edge of the crack tip, a very large signal enhancement is observed for shallow angles. We explain this behaviour through considering the effect of the defect geometry, with changes in the frequency·thickness product leading to mode-conversion of the incident Rayleigh wave.
Long-range-corrected hybrids using a range-separated Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional and random phase approximation correlation
Authors: Irelan Robert M. , Henderson Thomas M. , Scuseria Gustavo E.
Published: September 2011

We build on methods combining a short-range density functional approximation with a long-range random phase approximation [B. G. Janesko, T. M. Henderson, and G. E. Scuseria, J. Chem. Phys. 130, 081105 (2009)10.1063/1.3090814] or second-order screened exchange [J. Paier et al., J. Chem. Phys. 132, 094103 (2010)10.1063/1.3317437] by replacing the range-separated local density approximation functional with a range-separated generalized gradient approximation functional in the short range. We present benchmark results that show a marked improvement in the thermodynamic tests over the previous local density approximation-based methods while retaining those methods’ excellent performance in van der Waals interactions.
Pressure-induced amorphization in mayenite (12CaO·7Al2O3)
Authors: Zhang Xinxin , Wang Yanchao , Wang Hui , Cui Qiliang , Wang Chengxin , Ma Yanming , Zou Guangtian
Published: September 2011

We report a joint experimental and theoretical study on high pressure structures of nanoporous mayenite (12CaO·7Al2O3). A pressure-induced amorphization was identified at ∼13 GPa by in situ high pressure x-ray experiments. The amorphous product can be decompressed to ambient conditions. Ab initio calculations reveal that the anisotropic deformations of empty cages break the crystallographic long-range orders, leading to the formation of high-pressure amorphous state. Furthermore, the deformation routes of empty cages are found fully dependent on their individual locally structural geometry relevant to the distribution of extra-framework oxygen ions.
High-performance space-charge-limited transistors with well-ordered nanoporous aluminum base electrode
Authors: Wu Kun-Yang , Tao Yu-Tai , Ho Chi-Chih , Lee Wei-Li , Perng Tsong-Pyng
Published: September 2011

A large-area and periodically patterned nanoporous aluminum grid with controlled pore size was fabricated by poly(ethylene oxide)-assisted self-assembly of polystyrene nanospheres. The grid layer was used as the shadow mask for the creation of nanochannels in a polymeric dielectric layer, as well as the base electrode in a space-charge limited transistor prepared thereafter. A high performance device with poly(3-hexylthiophene) as conducting semiconductor was achieved, yielding a high on-current output of ∼12 mA/cm2 and a high on-off ratio of ∼2 × 104 at a collector voltage of −2.0 V.
Effects of volume evolution of static and dynamic polar nanoregions on the dielectric behavior of relaxors
Authors: Shi Y. P. , Soh A. K.
Published: September 2011

Recent experiments revealed unusual dielectric behaviors of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 originated from polar nanoregions (PNRs). Thus, Pauli’s master equation is adopted to investigate the distinct dielectric responses, correlation strength, and volume evolutions of static and dynamic PNRs. Our findings have not only validated the percolation theory but also ascertained Lorentzian distribution of the rate of thermal change of PNR volume. Finally, based on Maxwell’s equation the observed dielectric deviations of bulk permittivity from Curie-Weiss law are attributed to the thermal effects on static volume fraction and polarization rotation.
Plasmonic band edge effects on the transmission properties of metal gratings
Authors: de Ceglia D. , Vincenti M. A. , Scalora M. , Akozbek N. , Bloemer M. J.
Published: September 2011

We present a detailed analysis of the optical properties of one-dimensional arrays of slits in metal films. Although enhanced transmission windows are dominated by Fabry-Perot cavity modes localized inside the slits, the periodicity introduces surface modes that can either enhance or inhibit light transmission. We thus illustrate the interaction between cavity modes and surface modes in both finite and infinite arrays of slits. In particular we study a grating that clearly separates surface plasmon effects from Wood-Rayleigh anomalies. The periodicity of the grating induces a strong plasmonic band gap that inhibits coupling to the cavity modes for frequencies near the center of the band gap, thereby reducing the transmission of the grating. Strong field localization at the high energy plasmonic band edge enhances coupling to the cavity modes while field localization at the low energy band edge leads to weak cavity coupling and reduced transmission.
Precision spectroscopy reveals a highly forbidden electronic transition in helium
Authors: Wilson R. Mark
Published: September 2011

Researchers combine optical trapping and frequency comb technology to control and measure the interaction of light with degenerate quantum gases.
DHS changes tack on radiation detection
Authors: Kramer David
Published: September 2011

Homeland Security unveils new policy to use off-the-shelf systems in preventing the smuggling of nuclear materials.
The tide predictions for D-Day
Authors: Parker Bruce
Published: September 2011

Based on the physics of Newton and Laplace, the big brass tide-predicting machine designed by Lord Kelvin was crucial for the success of the Normandy invasion in World War II.
Highly variable recessive lethal or nearly lethal mutation rates during germ-line development of male
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Gao Jian-Jun , Pan Xue-Rong , Hu Jing , Ma Li , Wu Jian-Min , Shao Ye-Lin , Barton Sara A. , Woodruff Ronny C. , Zhang Ya-Ping , Fu Yun-Xin
Published: September 2011

Each cell of higher organism adults is derived from a fertilized egg through a series of divisions, during which mutations can occur. Both the rate and timing of mutations can have profound impacts on both the individual and the population, because mutations that occur at early cell divisions will affect more tissues and are more likely to be transferred to the next generation. Using large-scale multigeneration screening experiments for recessive lethal or nearly lethal mutations of
Drosophila melanogaster
and recently developed statistical analysis, we show for male
D. melanogaster
that (
i
) mutation rates (for recessive lethal or nearly lethal) are highly variable during germ cell development; (
ii
) first cell cleavage has the highest mutation rate, which drops substantially in the second cleavage or the next few cleavages; (
iii
) the intermediate stages, after a few cleavages to right before spermatogenesis, have at least an order of magnitude smaller mutation rate; and (
iv
) spermatogenesis also harbors a fairly high mutation rate. Because germ-line lineage shares some (early) cell divisions with somatic cell lineage, the first conclusion is readily extended to a somatic cell lineage. It is conceivable that the first conclusion is true for most (if not all) higher organisms, whereas the other three conclusions are widely applicable, although the extent may differ from species to species. Therefore, conclusions or analyses that are based on equal mutation rates during development should be taken with caution. Furthermore, the statistical approach developed can be adopted for studying other organisms, including the human germ-line or somatic mutational patterns.
The Babi-State Conflict at Shaykh Tabarsi
Authors: Zabihi-Moghaddam Siyamak
Published: September 2011

In May 1844 a young merchant from Shiraz, Sayyid ᶜAli Muhammad, made the claim that he was the Bāb (Gate). To his contemporaries the term referred to an intermediary between the community of believers and the messianic figure of Islamic eschatology, the Mahdi. By 1848 the religious movement that formed around him had attracted tens of thousands of adherents. The September of that year saw the beginning of the Shaykh Tabarsi episode in Mazandaran, which became the first of four major clashes between the Babis and the Qajar state.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the background, immediate circumstances, and events of the Shaykh Tabarsi conflict. It examines those developments, both in the political sphere and within the Babi community, that led to the outbreak of open warfare in 1848, and focuses on the question of the objectives of the Babi participants in the conflict.
The rise and fall of school integration in Israel: Research and policy analysis
Authors: Resh Nura , Dar Yechezkel
Published: September 2011

School integration (desegregation) was introduced in Israeli junior high schools in 1968 with the aim of increasing educational equality and decreasing (Jewish) ethnic divides. While never officially abandoned, a de facto retreat from this policy has been observed since the early 1990s, despite the voluminous research that revealed its positive, though moderate, educational outcomes. This shift in educational emphases reflected profound societal changes, fed by global neo‐liberal trends and educational consumerism, which research‐based arguments supporting integration were too weak to resist. The ascent and waning of school integration in Israel provide an instructive case for analysing the interconnection of educational policy, educational research, and societal changes, demonstrating the weakness of research in sustaining educational policy in the face of counteracting social and political developments.
Protective Factors in Forensic Mental Health: A New Frontier
Authors: de Ruiter Corine , Nicholls ToniaL.
Published: September 2011

The field of violence risk assessment has made substantial strides in the past four decades. In large part, these advances reflect the addition of purpose-designed risk assessment measures such as the HCR-20 and COVR as well as the contributions of prolific scholars and state of the art studies (Hodgins’ Aftercare Project; Monahan, Steadman et al.'s MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment study). However, important areas of inquiry have been left largely unexplored. The potential incremental value to be added by dynamic risk factors to historical and static factors is relatively unexamined. Yet, changeable factors offer the capacity to identify new opportunities for the prevention and management of violence risk. Similarly, the added value to be offered by a consideration of protective factors in addition to risk factors is only now emerging as a field of inquiry in adult forensic mental health. This special section is dedicated to addressing some of these limitations and provides papers describing two new measures (SAPROF and START) and empirical evidence supporting the role of protective factors in risk assessment and risk management research.
Predictions on heat transport and plasma rotation from global gyrokinetic simulations
Authors: Sarazin Y. , Grandgirard V. , Abiteboul J. , Allfrey S. , Garbet X. , Ghendrih Ph. , Latu G. , Strugarek A. , Dif-Pradalier G. , Diamond P.H. , Ku S. , Chang C.S. , McMillan B.F. , Tran T.M. , Villard L. , Jolliet S. , Bottino A. , Angelino P.
Published: September 2011

Flux-driven global gyrokinetic codes are now mature enough to make predictions in terms of turbulence and transport in tokamak plasmas. Some of the recent breakthroughs of three such codes, namely GYSELA, ORB5 and XGC1, are reported and compared wherever appropriate. In all three codes, turbulent transport appears to be mediated by avalanche-like events, for a broad range of ρ* = ρi/a values, ratio of the gyro-radius over the minor radius. Still, the radial correlation length scales with ρi, leading to the gyro-Bohm scaling of the effective transport coefficient below ρ* ≈ 1/300. The possible explanation could be due to the fact that avalanches remain meso-scale due to the interaction with zonal flows, whose characteristic radial wavelength appears to be almost independent of the system size. As a result of the radial corrugation of the turbulence driven zonal and mean flows, the shear of the radial electric field can be significantly underestimated if poloidal rotation is assumed to be governed by the neoclassical theory, especially at low collisionality. Indeed, the turbulence contribution to the poloidal rotation increases when collisionality decreases. Finally, the numerical verification of toroidal momentum balance shows that both neoclassical and turbulent contributions to the Reynolds' stress tensor play the dominant role. The phase space analysis further reveals that barely passing supra-thermal particles mostly contribute to the toroidal flow generation, consistently with quasi-linear predictions.
The effect of low temperature deuterium plasma on molybdenum reflectivity
Authors: Eren B. , Marot L. , Langer M. , Steiner R. , Wisse M. , Mathys D. , Meyer E.
Published: September 2011

Metallic first mirrors (FMs) are foreseen to play a crucial role for all optical diagnostics in ITER. It is highly important for the FMs to maintain a good reflectivity both in erosion and deposition zones in the harsh ITER environment. Molybdenum mirrors, which are important candidates for the FMs, exhibit a reflectivity spectrum different from that of bulk molybdenum after exposure to low temperature (4–5 eV) deuterium plasma. This difference is mainly due to the presence of deuterium and deuterium-induced defects in the metal. The results presented show that these reflectivity changes are similar for single and nanocrystalline molybdenum mirrors. Moreover, exposure of magnetron sputtered nanocrystalline molybdenum films to deuterium plasma revealed that after a certain deviation of the spectrum has been reached, the reflectivity remains constant upon further exposure. Exposures were carried out in a range of fluences corresponding to up to 18 ITER discharges in equatorial ports and 38 discharges in the upper ports in the first wall positions. Constant conditions of −200 V bias and 150 °C temperature were maintained on the samples. Further exposures performed in a tokamak result in reflectivity changes that are comparable to those obtained with deuterium plasma exposure. No mechanical damage, such as blistering and increase in roughness, is observed on the coated molybdenum films upon any of the mentioned exposures. The complex permittivity of the exposed molybdenum is determined from ellipsometry measurements and corroborated with core and valence level photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and surface resistivity measurements.
Comment on: Cadrin et al. (2010) “Population structure of beaked redfish, Sebastes mentella: evidence of divergence associated with different habitats. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1617–1630”
Authors: Makhrov Alexander A. , Artamonova Valentina S. , Popov Viktor I. , Rolskiy Aleksei Yu. , Bakay Yuri I.
Published: September 2011

Makhrov, A. A., Artamonova, V. S., Popov, V. I., Rolskiy, A. Yu., and Bakay, Y. I. Comment on: Cadrin et al. 2011. “Population structure of beaked redfish, Sebastes mentella: evidence of divergence associated with different habitats. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1617–1630” – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2013–2015. An analysis of the genetic data used in the paper by Cadrin et al. (2010) indicates that they do not disprove the hypothesis of the existence of a single population of S. mentella in the Irminger Sea.