bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geochemical Behavior of Fluorine during the Formation of Pleistocene Limestones in Yoron-jima Island, Southwestern Japan
Authors: Aizawa Shoichi , Akaiwa Hideo
Published: July 2006

The distribution and the mode of occurrence of fluorine in Holocene (mainly high-Mg calcite), Pleistocene (low-Mg calcite), and Paleozoic (low-Mg calcite) limestones of Yoron-jima Island were investigated, and the geochemical behavior of F during the formation of Pleistocene limestones is discussed. The average F contents of Holocene (n = 3), Pleistocene (n = 20), and Paleozoic (n = 8) limestone samples are 680, 99, and 45 ppm, respectively, showing a marked decrease of this element during early diagenetic processes of marine carbonates. A positive correlation between the F and Mg contents of Pleistocene limestones indicates that F might have been removed together with Mg2+ from high-Mg calcite into interstitial waters during these processes. A main mode of occurrence of F (about 50%) in Pleistocene limestones is confirmed to be carbonate fluorapatite (francolite), and the rest is thought to be fluorite.
Kinetic Studies on the Role of Dioxygen in the Copper-Catalyzed Autoxidation of Cysteine
Authors: Hanaki Akira
Published: July 2006

Kinetic studies on a role of dioxygen in the copper-catalyzed autoxidation of cysteine in glycylglycine-phosphate buffers have been carried out. The rate of autoxidation was obtained by measuring the consumption of cysteine. It has been revealed that cysteine is oxidized by a “sequential mechanism”. The reaction pathway can be shown by Eqs. 1, 2, 3, and 4; cysteine is oxidized not only by copper(II) species, but also by copper(I)–O2 adducts:

Here, L represents ligands including cysteine. The oxidation step (4) catalyzed by the Cu(I)–O2 species was proposed to be rate-determining.
Kinetics of Oxygen-Atom Transfer Reactions of α-[PMo12O40]3− and of A-β-[PMo3W9O40]3− Anion Salts with PPh3 in Non-Aqueous Solution
Authors: Kawafune Isao , Matsubayashi Gen-etsu
Published: July 2006

The kinetics of the oxygen-atom transfer reactions of α-[NBun4]3[PMo12O40] (abbreviated PMo12) and of A-β-[NBun4]3[PMo3W9O40] (abbreviated PMo3W9) with PPh3 were investigated in acetonitrile at 23—82 °C. Each reaction is first order in both the heteropolyanion salt and PPh3. The second-order rate constants at 23 °C are k2 = 6.53 × 10−4 and 4.58 × 10−5 (dm3 mol−1 s−1) for the reduction of PMo12 and PMo3W9, respectively. The difference in the k2 values is attributed to the number of active sites for oxygen transfer; PMo3W9 has only three corner-sharing oxygen atoms in the Mo(VI)–O–Mo (VI) bonds, whereas there are twelve corner-sharing and twelve edge-sharing oxygen atoms in PMo12. The activation parameters are, however, almost identical for both reactions: ΔH‡ = 43.6 and 43.4 (kJ mol−1) and ΔS‡ = −158 and −181 (J K−1 mol−1) for the reduction of PMo12 and PMo3W9, respectively. These results suggest a similar transition state in the oxygen-atom transfer reactions via the Mo–O–Mo sites of PMo12 and PMo3W9.
Complexation Reactions of Aluminum Ions with Polyamino Polycarboxylic Macrocycles in an Aqueous Solution
Authors: Kodama Mutsuo , Kimura Eiichi
Published: July 2006

The complex formation reactions of aluminum ions with polyamino polycarboxylic macrocycles (DOTA, TETA, PEPA, and HEHA) in an aqueous solution were investigated using a potentiometric method. At a pH higher than 5.00 the tetradecamer, [Al14(OH)34]8+, was found to be the most consistent uncomplexed Al(III) species based on our experimental data. Under the experimental conditions employed, aluminum ions form solely 1 : 1 ratio complexes with all of the ligands studied. Polyaza rings of the ligands may act simply as a frame to constrain the carboxylate groups into a nearly spherical arrangement; DOTA, TETA, PEPA, and HEHA act as tetra-, penta-, and hexa-dentate ligands, respectively, wrapping themselves around the aluminum(III) ion.
Photochemistry of Cobalt(III) Complexes. I. Optically Active Cobalt(III) Complexes Containing Co–C Bond Prepared by Photodecarboxylation of Amino Carboxylato Complexes
Authors: Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Yoshida Miyuki , Yonemura Toshiaki , Ama Tomoharu , Okamoto Ken-ichi , Yasui Takaji
Published: July 2006

Some cobalt(III) complexes with Co–C σ-bond have been prepared by photodecarboxylation reactions of the complexes containing ethylenediamine-N,N′-dipropionate (eddp) or its analogs. The crystal structure of α-[Co(Me2eedmp-C,N,N′,O)(en)]+ (Me2eedmp: −CH2CH2N(CH3)(CH2)2N(CH3)(CH2)2COO−), which is the photolysis product of α-[Co(Me2eddp)(en)]+ (Me2eddp: {CH2N(CH3)(CH2)2COO−}2), was determined by the X-ray diffraction method. The crystal is monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 9.013(2), b = 13.420(1), c = 14.754(4) Å, β = 92.75(1)°, V = 1782.5(6) Å3, Z = 4, and R = 0.038. The coordination of C atom to Co center results in elongation of the Co–O bond located in the trans position of the C atom, compared with usual Co–O bonds. The photolysis products of optically active isomers (Λ-α, Λ-β(1), and Λ-β(2)) of [Co(eddp)(en)]+ were studied on the basis of the absorption, CD, and 13C NMR spectral data. The photolysis of Λ-β(1) provided Δ-α-[Co(eedmp-C,N,N′,O)(en)]+ (eedmp; −CH2CH2NH(CH2)2NH(CH2)2COO−), while the photolysis of Λ-β(2), which is a conformational diastereomer of Λ-β(1), provided (−)CD543-β-[Co(eedmp-C,N,N′,O)(en)]+ (major product) and Λ-α-[Co(eedmp-C,N,N′,O)(en)]+. Optically active (+)CD553-β-[Co(etnmp-C,N,N′,O)(en)]+ (etnmp: −CH2CH2NH(CH2)3NH(CH2)2COO−) was obtained by the photolysis of Δ-(−)CD505-β-[Co(tndp)(en)]+ (tndp: CH2{CH2NH(CH2)2COO−}2).
Incorporation of MnIII and FeII Complexes into TCNQ Networks: Preparations, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties of [MnIII(salen)(TCNQ)0.5][MnIII(salen)(TCNQ)0.5(CH3OH)]CH3OH·H2O and [FeII(CH3OH)4(TCNQ)2]TCNQ·2CH3CN
Authors: Oshio Hiroki , Ino Etsuo , Ito Tasuku , Maeda Yonezo
Published: July 2006

Metal complexes with TCNQ as ligands, [MnIII(salen)(TCNQ)0.5][MnIII(salen)(TCNQ)0.5(CH3OH)]CH3OH·H2O (1) and [FeII(CH3OH)4(TCNQ)2]TCNQ·2CH3CN (2) (where TCNQ and H2salen represent tetracyanoquinodimethane and quadridentate schiff base N,N′-disalicylideneethylenediamine, respectively) were prepared, and crystal structures and magnetic properties were studied. Complex 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group with cell constants a = 12.000(6), b = 19.986(7), c = 9.494(6) Å, α = 100.67(5), β = 100.01(5), γ = 81.50(4)°, V = 2188(2) Å3, and Z = 2. In 1, two distinct six-coordinate [MnIII(salen)]+ chromophores are bridged by two kinds of TCNQ2− anions (A and B) in μ2 and μ4 fashions to form a one-dimensional structure. Complex 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group with cell constants a = 10.523(1), b = 14.008(2), c = 8.062(1) Å, α = 94.96(1), β = 111.11(1), γ = 79.96(1)°, V = 1091.3(3) Å3, and Z = 1. In 2, mono-anionic and neutral TCNQ molecules (C and D, respectively) stacks to form columns (···DCCD···), which are linked by the coordination of the nitrile group to [FeII(CH3OH)4]2+. Temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed that magnetic interactions between metal centers in 1 and 2 are very small.
Intra- and Intermolecular Allene–Alkyne Coupling Reactions by the Use of Fe(CO)4(NMe3)
Authors: Shibata Takanori , Koga Yuji , Narasaka Koichi
Published: July 2006

Intramolecular allene–alkyne coupling reactions proceed in the presence of Fe(CO)4(NMe3) under photoirradiation conditions to provide various bicyclic dienones through η3-allyl iron complexes. Various 4-methylene-2-cyclopenten-1-ones could be prepared by intermolecular allene–alkyne coupling reaction under the same reaction conditions.
Synthesis of Long Chain Malachite Green Leuco Base (LMGH) and Its Spectroscopic Study in Organic Solvents and Ionic Micellar Solutions
Authors: El-Shishtawy Reda M , Fukunishi Koushi
Published: July 2006

The synthesis of long chain malachite green leuco base (LMGH) is reported. The absorption spectra of LMGH in different solvents seem to be independent of the solvent polarity (dielectric constant), while the emission spectra are dependent on it. Slight fluorescence self-quenching of LMGH in methanolic solution appears at a concentration of ca. 4 × 10−5 mol dm−3 and it becomes the dominant factor above 2 × 10−4 mol dm−3. The effect of the long chain on the basicity of LMGH relative to that of malachite green leuco base (MGH) can be revealed by the fluorescence quenching of both compounds by Fe3+. The quenching process obeys a static type of mechanism, which is followed by an electron transfer of LMGH to Fe3+. The fluorescence quenching efficiency of micellized LMGH by Fe3+ is very dependent on the charge of the micelle, and is most effective in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelle. The color appearance of the dye from LMGH upon mixing with Fe3+, is easily observed in methanol, but not in SDS micelle. The critical micelle concentrations (cmc) of anionic (SDS) and cationic (hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, CTAC) micelles have been estimated using LMGH as a probe.
Methano- and Propanofullerenes by [1 + 2] and [3 + 2] Cycloadditions of Vinylcarbene Species
Authors: Tokuyama Hidetoshi , Isobe Hiroyuki , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: July 2006

Vinylcarbene species generated by thermolysis of cyclopropenone acetal (CPA) reacts with C60 in a [1 + 2] and a [3 + 2] manner to afford, at 80 °C, methano- and propanofullerene derivatives as a 10 : 1 mixture. The periselectivity depends on the reaction temperature; the ratio of the [1 + 2] and [3 + 2] cycloadducts changed to 2 : 1 and to 7 : 93 in the reaction at 100 and 140 °C, respectively. Temperature dependence was also observed in the reaction of phenyl-substituted CPA. The reactions of ethyl- and trimethylsilyl-substituted CPAs, which proceeded only at 150—170 °C, afforded propanofullerenes as a sole product. The reaction of the substituted CPAs proceeded exclusively via a terminally substituted vinylcarbene species.
Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonic Octapeptide, Phe–Gly–Ser–Leu–AlaP–Phl–Leu–Pro, an Analog with Partial Sequence of erb B-2 Gene Product
Authors: Inami Kaoru , Teshima Tadashi , Miyashita Hideaki , Shiba Tetsuo
Published: July 2006

A chemical synthesis was performed of an octapeptide with a phosphonic ester linkage, which corresponds to a variation of the partial sequence of a gene product of erb B-2. The phosphonic ester linkage was successfully prepared through a coupling reaction of magnesium salt of the hydroxypeptide with phosphonochloridate, without damage of the peptide bond. The free aminophosphonic peptide as the final product gave a single peak on the ODS column, and a reasonable ratio of the component amino acids. The reaction series exploited here might be useful as a general procedure for preparation of the phosphonic peptide.
Synthetic Studies on Oligomycins. Synthesis of the Oligomycin B Spiroketal and Polypropionate Portions
Authors: Nakata Masaya , Ishiyama Takashi , Akamatsu Shinichi , Hirose Youichi , Maruoka Hiroshi , Suzuki Rika , Tatsuta Kuniaki
Published: July 2006

The oligomycin B spiroketal portion, [2S,2(2R),3S,6R,8S,8(3R),9S,10R,11S]-2-[2-(t-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)propyl]-8-[3-(hydroxymethyl)pentyl]-3,9,11-trimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane-5,10-diol (2), and polypropionate portion, ethyl (2E,4S,5R,6R,7S,8S,9R,10S,12R,13S,14R,16E)-5-(t-butyldimethylsilyloxy)7,9-(isopropylidenedioxy)-12,13-(4-methoxybenzylidenedioxy)-4,6,8,10,12,14-hexamethyl-11-oxo-18-phenylsulfonyloctadeca-2,16-dienoate (3), have been synthesized. The C19-C21 Wittig salt, [(2S,3R)-2-ethyl-3,4-(isopropylidenedioxy)butyl]triphenylphosphonium iodide (6), prepared from 2-butene-1,4-diol via Sharpless epoxidation, was coupled with the C22-C27 aldehyde, benzyl 2,4-dideoxy-3-O-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2,4-di-C-methyl-α,β-l-galacto-hexodialdopyranoside-(1,5) (7), prepared from (Z)-2-butene-1,4-diol via Sharpless epoxidation and the Brown’s crotylboration. The resulting coupling product was transformed to the C19-C27 lactone, [3S,4R,5R,6S,6(3R,4R)]-6-[3-ethyl-4,5-(isopropylidenedioxy)pentyl]-4-(4-methoxybenzyloxy)-3,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one (4). The C28-C34 organostannane compound, (2R,4S,5S,7RS)-2-(t-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-5-methyl-7-(tributylstannyl)-4-(triethylsilyloxy)-7-[(2-trimethylsilylethoxy)methoxy]heptane (5b), was prepared from (R)-methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate via the Brown’s crotylboration and the Still’s stannylation. After lithiation of 5b with butyllithium, the resulting α-alkoxy organolithium compound was coupled with 4 and the product was converted to the C19-C34 spiroketal, [2S,2(2R),3S,6R,8S,8(3R,4R),9S,10R,11S]-2-[2-(t-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)propyl]-8-[3-ethyl-4,5-(isopropylidenedioxy)pentyl]-10-(4-methoxybenzyloxy)-3,9,11-trimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecan-5-ol (37). The synthetic 2, derived from 37, was identical to the oligomycins (A, B, C mixture) degradation product in all respects, which elucidates the absolute stereochemistry of oligomycin B (1b). The C3-C9 aldehyde, (2-trimethylsilylethoxy)methyl 2,4,6-trideoxy-3-O-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2,4,6-tri-C-methyl-d-glycero-α-l-ido-heptodialdopyranoside-(1,5) (9), was prepared from (2S)-3-(t-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-2-methylpropanal via Keck’s crotylstannane addition and Brown’s crotylboration. The aldol coupling between the zinc enolate of the C10-C16 ketone, t-butyldimethylsilyl 2,3,7,8-tetradeoxy-4-O-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3,5-di-C-methyl-α-l-xylo-octopyranosid-6-ulose (10), prepared from methyl (R)-(+)-lactate via Brown’s crotylboration and a metallated methoxyallene addition, and aldehyde 9 gave the C8-C9 syn, C9-C10 syn product, which was transformed to the oligomycin B polypropionate portion 3 through elongation of the C1-C2 and C17-C18 carbon units.
The Electron-Transfer Effect of Coenzymes NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H in Conjugated Transmembrane Oxidoreductase Reactions
Authors: Nakamura Yoshiharu , Tanaka Akio , Okubayashi Satoko , Tera Hidemi , Hori Teruo
Published: July 2006

Conjugated oxidoreductase reactions across membranes prepared from PVA or polyurethane containing amino components were driven between systems of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)/glucose 6-phosphate (G6P)/NADP+ and glutathione reductase (GR)/glutathione oxidized form (GSSG)/NADPH. In order to obtain the optimum reaction system, membranes were prepared, while considering the membrane composition, membrane thickness, and membrane density. The kinetics and the mechanism of the conjugated transmembrane reaction systems have been discussed.

Consequently, it has been found that the coenzyme molecules adsorbed in the membrane can act as electron carriers, and that the used hydrogel membrane should be as dense as possible and positively charged.
Heterogeneous Liquid-Phase Oxidation of Alcohols with Solid Oxidizing Reagents of Vanadium(V) Oxide and Chromium(VI) Oxide Supported on Zirconium(IV) Oxide
Authors: Nakamura Hideo , Matsuhashi Hiromi
Published: July 2006

The oxidizing reagents in a heterogeneous system were obtained by impregnating Zr(OH)4 with NH4VO3 and (NH4)2CrO4 followed by calcination in air at 773 K. These materials (V2O5/ZrO2 and CrO3/ZrO2) converted alcohols into their corresponding aldehydes or ketones at moderate temperatures in a solvent with very high selectivity. Changes in the oxidation states of vanadium and chromium were investigated by a temperature-programmed reduction method (TPR). A linear relation was found between the yield of cyclohexanone formed from cyclohexanol and the amount of reduced vanadium or chromium, determined by TPR. It was confirmed that the active species of V(V) and Cr(VI) were reduced to V(II) and Cr(IV), respectively, in the oxidation process.
Adiabatic Electron Affinities of Oligophenyls: Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Nakamura Tsuneyuki , Ando Naoto , Matsumoto Yukino , Furuse Shunsuke , Mitsui Masaaki , Nakajima Atsushi
Published: July 2006

Adiabatic electron affinities (EAa’s) of seven oligophenyls: biphenyl (BP), 4-cyanobiphenyl (CNBP), o-terphenyl (o-TP), m-terphenyl (m-TP), p-terphenyl (p-TP), p-quaterphenyl (p-QP), and 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene (TPB), have been evaluated by anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The result provides the direct determination of the EAa values of the isolated CNBP, p-TP, p-QP, and TPB molecules, while EAa of BP, o-TP, and m-TP were estimated from the extrapolation of EAa vs cluster size. The excellent agreement between the experimental and calculated EAa were obtained.
Amplification of Twisting Power in Chiral Mesophase by Introducing Achiral Rod-like Compound with Ester Group
Authors: Choi Suk-Won , Fukuda Kaoru , Nakahara Shoichiro , Kishikawa Keiki , Takanishi Yoichi , Ishikawa Ken , Watanabe Junji , Takezoe Hideo
Published: July 2006

The helical pitch of a chiral nematic (cholesteric: Ch) liquid crystal (LC) became shorter if an achiral compound 1 was added to a chiral host. This unusual behavior characteristic to ester compounds can be explained by the ability of the ester compound 1 to form non-planar conformations.
Direct Observation of Cation Radicals of a Diarylethene during Oxidative Ring-opening Reaction
Authors: Matsuda Kenji , Yokojima Satoshi , Moriyama Yoshihisa , Nakamura Shinichiro , Irie Masahiro
Published: July 2006

The ESR spectrum of a diarylethene was measured during electrochemical oxidative ring-opening reaction of the closed-ring isomer. The spectrum was simulated by UB3LYP/cc-pVTZ method to reveal that the spectrum contains the cation radicals of both the open- and closed-ring isomers. By comparing the calculated spectrum with the experimental one, the ratio between the cation radical of the open- and the closed-ring isomers was determined to be 4:1.
Preparation of Crystalline TiO2 Thin Film Photocatalysts on Polycarbonate Substrates by a RF-magnetron Sputtering Deposition Method
Authors: Takeuchi Masato , Yamasaki Takashi , Tsujimaru Koichiro , Anpo Masakazu
Published: July 2006

Crystalline TiO2 thin films were successfully prepared on thermally unstable polycarbonate substrates without any inorganic or organic binders at low temperature (ca. 353 K) by a RF-magnetron sputtering deposition method. The anatase structure of TiO2 could be confirmed by XRD measurements. These thin films showed high transparency and mechanical stability and were not susceptible to peeling by scratching or bending. These TiO2 thin films prepared on polycarbonate substrates also exhibited photoinduced superhydrophilicity under UV light irradiation.
Introduction of Si–H Bond onto the Surface of Mesoporous Molecular Sieves and Functionalization by Hydrosilylation Reaction
Authors: Kugita Tsuyoshi , Higuchi Hiroyuki
Published: July 2006

The Si–H bond was introduced onto the surface of MCM-41 by reduction of the butoxylated MCM-41. The hexyl and phenylalkyl-functionalized MCM-41s were obtained by reaction of the Si–H introduced MCM-41 with 1-hexene or styrene.
Multiphoton-sensitized Polymerization of Pyrrole
Authors: Yamada Katsumi , Kimura Yu , Suzuki Syoichi , Sone Junji , Chen Jun , Urabe Shigeharu
Published: July 2006

An aqueous solution, acting as a photoinduced electron-transfer system, was prepared using tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium complex, methylviologen, and pyrrole to demonstrate the multiphoton-sensitized polymerization of pyrrole. A conductive polypyrrole (2.7 × 10−2 S cm−1 in free standing state) was obtained on a glass substrate by illumination at 800 nm using a femtosecond pulses laser. The excitation of the ruthenium complex was entailed by two-photon absorption because the ruthenium complex did not have any absorption around 800 nm.
Molecular Conductor Based on Reduced π-System Donor: Insulating State of (MeDH-TTP)2AsF6
Authors: Nishikawa Hiroyuki , Sekiya Hiromichi , Fujiwara Akira , Kodama Takeshi , Ikemoto Isao , Kikuchi Koichi , Yamada Jun-ichi , Oshio Hiroki , Kobayashi Kensuke , Yasuzuka Syuma , Murata Keizo
Published: July 2006

The transport properties of (MeDH-TTP)2AsF6, which crystallized in the κ-type structure, were investigated and found to be semiconductive with a small activation energy. ESR measurements suggested that the insulating state below 40 K should be antiferromagnetic, similarly to the Mott transition system represented by quasi-two-dimensional κ-ET [ET = bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene] salts.
Diastereo- and Enantioselective Tandem Michael Addition and Lactonization Catalyzed by Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Phenoxide: Stereoselective Synthesis of the Two Enantiomers by Using a Single Chiral Source
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Nagao Hitoshi , Yamane Yoshinobu
Published: July 2006

Diastereo- and enantio-selective synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyran-2-ones from various silyl enolates and α,β-unsaturated ketones were successfully carried out by using cinchonidine-derived quaternary ammonium phenoxide. In this reaction, a synthesis of the two enantiomers was achieved by an appropriate choice of a substituent on the bridgehead nitrogen of cinchonidine.
Radius properties for subclasses of univalent functions
Authors: Obradović M. , Ponnusamy S.
Published: July 2006

A normalized analytic function

It is known that

We also show that if
Separating positivity and regularity for fourth order Dirichlet problems in 2d-domains
Authors: Dall'Acqua Anna , Meister Christian , Sweers Guido
Published: July 2006

The main result in this paper is that the solution operator for the bi-Laplace problem with zero Dirichlet boundary conditions on a bounded smooth 2d-domain can be split in a positive part and a possibly negative part which both satisfy the zero boundary condition. Moreover, the positive part contains the singularity and the negative part inherits the full regularity of the boundary. Such a splitting allows one to find a priori estimates for fourth order problems similar to the one proved via the maximum principle in second order elliptic boundary value problems. The proof depends on a careful approximative fill-up of the domain by a finite collection of limaçons. The limaçons involved are such that the Green function for the Dirichlet bi-Laplacian on each of these domains is strictly positive.
On a fourth order Steklov eigenvalue problem
Authors: Ferrero Alberto , Gazzola Filippo , Weth Tobias
Published: July 2006

We study the spectrum of a biharmonic Steklov eigenvalue problem in a bounded domain of R
Sustaining Language Diversity in Europe: Evidence from the Euromosaic Project
Authors: Taaffe Thomas , Heidemann Kai A.
Published: July 2006

Sustaining Language Diversity in Europe: Evidence from the Euromosaic Project. Glynn Williams. Palgrave Macmillian: New York. 2005. 251 pages. ISBN: 1403998167 (paper).
Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire
Authors: Taaffe Thomas , Sterpka Mary
Published: July 2006

Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. 2004. New York. Penguin Books. 448 pages. ISBN: 0143035592 (paper).
Whither the Area in Area Studies? How Students Teach Us to Rethink the Boundaries of Eastern Europe
Authors: Metzo Katherine , Cash Jennifer
Published: July 2006

The authors examine the state of the field of Russian and East European area studies by bringing student perspectives into dialogue with leading scholarly perspectives on the direction of area studies. They argue that the collapse of communism and increasing globalization do not necessitate the elimination of area studies. Instead, area studies helps to contextualize the shared histories and experiences of neighboring states as well as local particularities within the increasing integration of Europe.
The Emotional Contradictions of Identity Politics: A Case Study of a Failed Human Relations Commission
Authors: Taylor Judith
Published: July 2006

This case study of the birth and death of a human relations commission in California contributes to our understanding of the emotional stakes of social movement participation and the meaning of multiculturalism in the U.S. post–civil rights era. The research indicates the extent to which resonant movement frames are necessary for movement success and how their absence can cause emotional harm to movement adherents. In this account of institutional activism, the frameworks of human relations and multiculturalism—simultaneously affective and amorphous— attracted participation but produced a harmful emotional climate and ultimately proved insufficient to inspire collective identity and action. Thus, instead of transforming social movement behavior, the state project of human relations deployed here succeeded in invigorating entrenched grievances and identities. Other factors, such as leadership, social movement identity work, and the “emotion culture” of movements are also discussed. Findings presented herein are based on one year of participant observation, twenty-four interviews, and analysis of public records.
Beyond Asian American: Examining Conditions and Mechanisms of Earnings Inequality for Filipina and Asian Indian Women
Authors: Stone Rosalie A. Torres , Purkayastha Bandana , Berdahl Terceira Ann
Published: July 2006

Theories of intersectionality encourage scholars to look at how “gender” experiences are forged through race, particularly in the labor market. This study uses data from the 2000 1-percent Public Use Microdata on 23,852 Filipina, Asian Indian, and non-Hispanic white women living in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles to examine additive and interactional influences on earnings. A detailed analysis of interaction effects by race-ethnicity reveal several important differences across the three groups of women. The results of this study show that popular stereotypes about Asian-origin groups, such as “model minority,” mask significant barriers in achieving full equality in the labor market. The study also highlights the importance of immigration context and occupational race segregation in understanding earnings for non-white immigrant women.
Two and a Half Centuries of Qualitative and Quantitative Chemical Analyses of Dead Sea Water
Authors: Oren Aharon
Published: July 2006

The waters of the Dead Sea, with their extremely high salt concentration and unusual ionic composition, have challenged the analytical skills of the pioneers of modern chemistry in the 18th and the 19th centuries. Since the first qualitative (Perry, 1742) and quantitative analysis (Macquer, Lavoisier, and Sage, 1781) of Dead Sea brine were published, many chemical analyses of its waters have appreared in the literature. Illustrious names such as Marcet, Klaproth, Gay‐Lussac, Gmelin, Hermbstädt, and Boussingault are associated with these early analyses. Many of the analytical results, obtained with the primitive equipment available at the time, are surprisingly accuate, even by present‐day standards. Thus, the chemical composition of Dead Sea water was known long before correct maps of the lake had been published and before the geological history, the physical limnology, and the microbiology of the lake were understood.
Air Pollution Emission Inventory Survey for Israel
Authors: Weinroth Erez , Luria Menachem , Ben‐Nun Avia , Kaplan Jay , Peleg Mordechai , Mahrer Issac
Published: July 2006

High ozone levels are regularly measured during summer months over the inland and mountainous regions of Israel. Studies analyzing the back trajectories of air masses responsible for the high ozone levels showed that the precursors originated from the densely populated Israeli coastline. In order to better understand the contribution of those emission sources to ozone production, it is essential to have an accurate emission inventory that can be inputted into a photochemical model. The present paper describes the methods used in preparing an emission inventory for Israel based on information available and published until 1998. The source and accuracy of the data available are described. The calculations performed and the assumptions taken in order to obtain data not directly available are clarified. The sources reported in the inventory were the major polluters (power plants, oil refineries, and cement industries); industry; transportation; and biogenic sources. The pollutants studied were SO2, NOx, CO, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, ethylene, isoprene, toluene, xylene, formaldehyde, and aldehydes. The inventory showed that transportation is responsible for almost the entire CO and 30% of the volatile organic compounds emitted, although transportation itself accounts for only a fifth of total fuel consumption. About 75% of the NOx emitted can be attributed to industrial sources and the remaining 25% to transportation. Model simulations using the emission inventory were performed and compared to data available from a monitoring station situated 30 km east of Tel Aviv. The results showed good agreement, validating the accuracy of the emission inventory. The present emission inventory provides an important database as input to photochemical models used in forecasting ozone levels over Israel.
Catalytic Oxidation of Thiol Compounds by Novel Fuel Cell‐inspired Co‐Porphyrin and Co‐Imidazole Catalysts
Authors: Goifman Anatoly , Gun Jenny , Gelman Faina , Ekeltchik Irina , Worch Eckhard , Lev Ovadia
Published: July 2006

The catalytic performance of pyrolyzed carbon‐supported cobalt‐nitrogen donor (CoN4) catalysts for the oxidation of thiol compounds by dioxygen in aqueous solution was studied. This paper continues our previous line of research, which was inspired by the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen on pyrolyzed carbon‐supported cobalt‐porphyrins and related tetra‐coordinated nitrogen donor‐transition metal complexes (MeN4, where Me stands for a transition metal atom). Both pyrolyzed carbon‐supported Co‐imidazole and Co‐porphyrin exhibited fast catalytic oxidation of the different thiols. The rate of oxidation of different thiols on the pyrolyzed CoN4 catalysts was compared to the homogeneous rate of oxidation using 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin Co(II) tetrasodium salt as catalyst. Based on the cobalt content, the heterogeneous catalysts always outperformed the homogeneous one, and at times even exhibited 4,100‐fold better catalysis. The dependence of the catalytic rate of oxidation on the preparation temperature was investigated, showing an optimal catalysis at ˜650 °C for the cobalt‐imidazole catalyst. The decrease in catalytic performance after heat treatment at elevated temperature was attributed to the formation of cobalt metal acting as a generator of carbon nanotubes.
Design of high-strength concrete beams subjected to small axial loads
Authors: Kwan A. K. H. , Chau S. L. , Au F. T. K.
Published: July 2006

In the design of reinforced concrete beams, the effects of small axial loads (axial load ≤ 0% of axial capacity of concrete section) are often ignored or at most only nominally allowed for. Moreover, the existing guidelines given in the various design codes are applicable only to beams cast of normal-strength concrete and designers are left to themselves to decide what to do when high-strength concrete is used. In this study, the effects of small axial loads on the flexural strength and ductility of normal- and high-strength concrete beams have been investigated by complete moment–curvature analysis of beam sections cast of different grades of concrete and subjected to different levels of axial load. The results revealed that the application of a small axial load has the beneficial effect of increasing the flexural strength but also the adverse effect of decreasing the flexural ductility. Based on the numerical results, simple formulae for estimating the effects of small axial loads and guidelines for the design of normal- and high-strength concrete beams subjected to small axial loads have been developed.
Strain of heated concrete during two thermal cycles. Part 2: strain during first cooling and subsequent thermal cycle
Authors: Khoury G. A.
Published: July 2006

The strains of three nuclear reactor type concretes during first cooling from constant test temperatures of 110°C to 600°C and during a second heat cycle have been analysed in detail. Drying shrinkage and load-induced thermal strain (LITS) are largely absent from the strains measured during the subsequent three thermal transients because the ‘delayed’ components were largely (but at lower temperatures not totally) dissipated in the five-day period at constant temperature. An important conclusion derived from the strain measurements during the three last thermal transients is that they provide a sensitive indication of the thermal stability of the concretes as deduced from thermal cycling tests with and without compressive loading. It is from these results that the concept of the ‘concrete-specific critical temperature’ emerges, and it is being used for the first time in the current paper. Up to this ‘critical’ temperature, a second thermal cycle would not cause significant additional damage. At higher temperatures, the influence of thermal cycling, particularly for unloaded concrete, would be to cause marked progressive cracking. The onset, and degree, of damage depend primarily upon the type of aggregate and to a lesser extent upon the type of cement paste. Orders of influence of environmental and material factors are presented for the different strains analysed in the current paper.
Bond behaviour and flexural performance of structural synthetic fibre-reinforced concrete
Authors: Won J.-P. , Lim D.-H. , Park C.-G.
Published: July 2006

This study established the optimum fibre geometry for structural synthetic fibre-reinforced concrete. This was achieved through bond testing of structural synthetic fibres that fully utilised matrix anchoring without fracturing, while maintaining the maximum pullout resistance. The experimental procedure was divided into three parts. First, eight deformed structural synthetic fibres with widely different geometries were investigated and bond tests were conducted. Crimped structural synthetic fibres performed significantly better than the other fibres in terms of interface toughness and pullout load. Second, additional bond tests were performed on various sizes of crimped structural synthetic fibres to determine their optimum dimensions, which were at a height of 1·8 mm and an amplitude of 6·0 mm. Third, flexural tests were performed on concrete reinforced using the optimum structural synthetic fibres. It was demonstrated that structural synthetic fibres improved the flexural toughness of concrete.
The Use of Microwave Irradiation in Organic Synthesis. From Laboratory Curiosity to Standard Practice in Twenty Years
Authors: Kappe C. Oliver
Published: July 2006

In the past few years, the use of microwave energy to heat and drive chemical reactions has become increasingly popular in the medicinal chemistry community. First described 20 years ago, this non-classical heating method has matured from a laboratory curiosity to an established technique
that is heavily used in academia and industry. One of the many advantages of using rapid 'microwave flash heating' for chemical synthesis is the dramatic reduction in reaction times: from days and hours to minutes and seconds. As will be discussed here, there are good reasons why many organic
chemists are incorporating microwave chemistry into their daily work routine.
The University of Zurich (UZH) Hosts the Inaugural Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Symposium
Authors: Finney Nathaniel S.
Published: July 2006

On friday, May 5th, 2006, the Organic Chemistry Institute hosted the inaugural Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin symposium at the University of Zurich. The symposium, which will be held annually, will showcase the work of premier female researchers from all scientific disciplines. Dr. Jenny
Glusker presented a broad and informative retrospective of Hodgkin's life, after which Prof. Anna Bernardi provided an overview of her group's work in the synthesis and biological evaluation of glycomimetics. Dr. Jennifer Albaneze-Walker described work carried out under her supervision at
Merck on the development of PDE IV inhibitors, and Prof. Lia Addadi unified the preceding themes in presenting her work on antibody recognition of cholesterol-related structures.
Microwave-Assisted Extraction – A State-of-the-Art Overview of Varieties
Authors: Ondruschka Bernd , Asghari Jila
Published: July 2006

The microwave-assisted extraction technique offers some advantages over conventional extraction methods. Applications include the extraction of high-value compounds from natural sources including nutraceutical and functional food ingredients, pharma actives from biomass, and phytonutrients.
Compared to conventional solvent extraction methods, the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique offers advantages such as improved stability of products and marker compounds, increased purity of crude extracts, the possibility to use less toxic solvents, reduced processing costs, reduced
energy and solvent consumption, increased recovery and purity of marker compounds, and very rapid extraction rates.
Risk assessment in development lending
Authors: Gordon Ken
Published: July 2006

This paper looks at one approach that lenders can use to assess the risk of property development loans. It focuses on a pre‐approval analysis of several key elements of the construction process and presents a means of developing an overall risk rating for a given project to assist the underwriter with the approval and pricing process. In addition, the paper reviews the post‐approval requirements for the appointment of qualified consulting professionals and the information required from them, enabling the lender to react immediately to any major construction or cost variance. It also includes an attempt to clarify ‘cost to complete’, a confusing concept used to ensure that sufficient funds remain at all times to complete the approved project. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
Do stakeholder groups influence environmental management system development in the Dutch agri‐food sector?
Authors: Bremmers Harry , Omta Onno , Kemp Ron , Haverkamp Derk‐Jan
Published: July 2006

This paper presents the results of a survey that included 492 companies in the Dutch agri‐food sector with respect to the influence of stakeholder groups on the companies' level of environmental management system (EMS) implementation. It is concluded that primary stakeholders (government, clients) are more relevant for EMS development than secondary stakeholders (such as environmental organizations). The results suggest that small and medium‐sized companies are able to accommodate to demands with respect to the implementation of internally oriented care systems (I‐EMSs). I‐EMSs focus at the single firm or location. In general, they are predominantly influenced by governmental and other ‘non‐commercial’ stakeholder groups. For the implementation of externally oriented EMSs (E‐EMSs), which focus on the supply chain and network, qualitative rather than quantitative relationship characteristics between companies and the government are important. Moreover, commercial stakeholder groups (such as suppliers, clients and competitors) influence E‐EMS levels significantly. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Labour Party: saved by the modernisers or modernised to be saved?
Authors: Rantavellas Christos
Published: July 2006

The paper treats politics as a complex process that embraces actual or potential interactions among constructed meanings of different social actors through various symbolic forms drawing on the specific socio‐historical, political context. These symbolic forms can take the form of various kinds from everyday linguistic utterances to complex images and texts. It is suggested that there is a strong interrelationship between ‘image’ and political discourse and their symbolic value grows as long as they come from consistent communication among all the social actors participating in the political process inside and outside of the political organisation. Two historical examples from the British political landscape—the Labour election defeat in 1987 and the Labour leadership election in 1994—are examined so as to draw some useful remarks concerning the limitations in drawing the line between ‘image’ and political discourse and among processes considered either internal or external of the party. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
Rethinking corporate restructuring
Authors: Heugens Pursey P. M. A. R. , Schenk Hans
Published: July 2006

A giant wave of corporate restructuring has rolled through the global corporate landscape ever since the early 1980s, and to date there are still no signs of it slowing down. Much of the restructuring took place under the banner of increasing corporate financial performance, but a significant by‐product of the deep‐rooted organisational change it involves is additional strain on the organisation's relationships with employees, communities, taxpayers, governments and other stakeholders. This commentary paper first assesses four qualitatively different types of corporate restructuring and the corresponding techno‐rational explanations and justifications for their occurrence. Next, it demonstrates how these restructuring transactions can frustrate a firm's relationships with market and non‐market parties. It then goes beyond the techno‐rational perspective by discussing four types of public affairs instruments, and framing them as facilitating measures which companies can take to appease actors that have the potential to inhibit organisational restructuring efforts. The authors thus rethink corporate restructuring by focusing on the crucial role that public affairs activities can play in the management of the market and non‐market pressures associated with the redesign of organisational structures and portfolios. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Two Different Circular Staplers for Mucosectomy in the Treatment of Hemorrhoids
Authors: Arroyo Antonio , Pérez‐Vicente Francisco , Miranda Elena , Sánchez Ana , Serrano Pilar , Candela Fernando , Oliver Israel , Calpena Rafael
Published: July 2006

Background

The main objections against circular stapled mucosectomy have been anal pain and rectal bleeding during the surgical procedure or in the immediate postoperative follow‐up. To avoid these consequences, a new stapler (PPH33‐03) has been developed. The aim of this trial was to compare the intraoperative and short‐term postoperative morbidity of stapled mucosectomy with PPH33‐01 versus PPH33‐03 in the treatment of hemorrhoids.

Methods

We conducted a prospective randomized clinical trial comparing hemorrhoidectomy with PPH33‐01 (group 1, n = 30) versus PPH33‐03 (group 2, n = 30) for grade III–IV symptomatic hemorrhoids. For the follow‐up, the patients underwent examination and proctoscopy at 4 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. We recorded anal pain (linear analog scale from 0 to 10), intraoperative hemorrhage, postoperative bleeding, and continence (Wexner Continence Grading Scale).

Results

Demographic and clinical features showed no differences between the two groups. More patients required suture ligation to stop anastomotic bleeding at surgery when the PPH33‐01 stapler was used (15 versus 4, P < 0.05). Rectal bleeding during the first postoperative 4 weeks was similar (P > 0.05). The postoperative pain scores during the first week were similar (P > 0.05). Patients with pain on defecation were fewer in the PPH‐03 group (15 versus 2, P < 0.05). Six patients from group 1 and none from group 2 (P < 0.05) had granulomas along the line of staples at the sites of the reinforcing stitches; the granulomas were associated with postoperative anal discomfort and rectal bleeding. One patient in group 1 complained of persistent pain that resolved within 3 months. Of all the intraoperative or preoperative variables analyzed, only the presence of granuloma was associated with postoperative bleeding and anal discomfort. We have not found any recurrence or incontinence during the 6‐month follow‐up.

Conclusions

Intraoperative bleeding along the stapled line and tenesmus or discomfort during defecation were less frequent after circular stapled mucosectomy with PPH33‐03. Therefore, circular stapled mucosectomy with PPH33‐03 decreases the risk of immediate complications and thus allows implantation with more safety as a day surgery procedure.
Foley Catheter Balloon Tamponade for Life‐threatening Hemorrhage in Penetrating Neck Trauma
Authors: Navsaria Pradeep , Thoma Maximilien , Nicol Andrew
Published: July 2006

Background

Foley catheter (FC) balloon tamponade is a well‐recognized technique employed to arrest hemorrhage from penetrating wounds. The aim of this study was to review our experience with this technique in penetrating neck wounds and to propose a management algorithm for patients with successful FC tamponade.

Methods

A retrospective chart review (July 2004–June 2005 inclusive) was performed of patients identified from a prospectively collected penetrating neck injury computer database in whom FC balloon tamponade was used. The units’ policy for penetrating neck injuries is one of selective nonoperative management. All patients with successful FC tamponade underwent angiography. A venous injury was diagnosed if angiography was normal. Ancillary tests were performed as indicated. Removal of the FC was performed in the OR.

Results

During the study period, 220 patients with penetrating neck injuries were admitted to our unit. Foley catheter balloon tamponade was used in 18 patients and was successful in 17 patients. Angiography was positive in 3 patients, all of whom underwent surgery. The FC was successfully removed in 13 patients at a mean of 72 (range 48–96) hours. One patient bled after removal of the catheter, mandating emergency surgery.

Conclusion

Foley catheter balloon tamponade remains a useful adjunct in the management of selective patients with penetrating, bleeding neck wounds.
Impact of 144 weeks of laronidase therapy on body functions, endurance and general well‐being in a Hurler–Scheie patient
Authors: Soutar R. L. , Mercer J. , Wraith J. E.
Published: July 2006

The quality of life of a Hurler–Scheie patient who experienced improvement in several organ functions and regained mobility after 144 weeks of laronidase enzyme replacement therapy is described.
Pericardial effusion in primary systemic carnitine deficiency
Authors: Wattanasirichaigoon Duangrurdee , Khowsathit Pongsak , Visudtibhan Anannit , Suthutvoravut Umaporn , Charoenpipop Dussadee , Kim Sook Z. , Levy Harvey L. , Shih Vivian E.
Published: July 2006

A patient with pericardial effusion and a complicated presentation of primary systemic carnitine deficiency (PSCD) is described. This is the first case of PSCD reported to have pericardial effusion. Compound heterozygosity for two mutations in the SLC22A5 gene, T440M and F23del, and four SLC22A5 polymorphisms (c.IVS3+6A>G, c.−77G>A, c.−78C>T, and p.S95S) were identified in the patient.
Newborn screening may fail to identify intermediate forms of maple syrup urine disease
Authors: Bhattacharya K. , Khalili V. , Wiley V. , Carpenter K. , Wilcken B.
Published: July 2006

The New South Wales state‐wide newborn screening programme has offered comprehensive screening for inborn errors of metabolism, including MSUD, using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry since 1998. Over this period, a number of patients with classic MSUD have been identified with subsequent good neurological outcome. We describe two patients with an intermediate form of MSUD who presented later in childhood. Retrospective review of their newborn screening results demonstrates that the diagnosis could not have been made by current newborn screening. Their neurological outcome is much less satisfactory. Despite the usefulness of expanded newborn screening programmes in detecting severe neonatal presentations of inborn errors of metabolism, partial enzyme deficiencies may not be detected. Metabolic diseases still need to be considered in appropriate clinical situations later in life.