bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photocatalytic Activity of Novel Ag4V2O7 Photocatalyst Under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Wang Jinxiu , Yang Xue , Chen Jing , Xian Jiangjun , Meng Sugang , Zheng Yi , Shao Yu , Li Danzhen
Published: November 2013

In this study, pure Ag4V2O7 was synthesized via hydrothermal method without surfactant at different temperatures (100°C, 120°C, and 140°C) and pH values (4 and 5) for the first time. Moreover, Ag4V2O7 nanoparticles with homogeneous size distribution about 200–300 nm can be obtained by adding polyvinylpyrrolidone to the synthesis system. Effects of hydrothermal synthesis conditions on photophysical properties and photocatalytic activity of Ag4V2O7 were investigated systematically. Ag4V2O7 sample prepared at 120°C and pH = 4 had the optimal photocatalytic activity among these samples, which almost completely degraded 10 ppm Rhodamine B within 3 h under visible light irradiation (420 nm < λ < 800 nm). The degradation products were measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy. The active species involved in the degradation process were analyzed by means of adding active species scavengers, electron spin resonance techniques, and photoelectrochemical experiments. A possible mechanism for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants on Ag4V2O7 photocatalyst was proposed and discussed preliminarily.
Effects of Ho and Ti Doping on Structural and Electrical Properties of BiFeO3 Thin Films
Authors: Raghavan Chinnambedu Murugesan , Kim Jin Won , Kim Sang Su
Published: November 2013

Effects of Ho and Ti ions individual doping and co‐doping on the structural, electrical, and ferroelectric properties of the BiFeO3 thin films are reported. Pure BiFeO3, (Bi0.9Ho0.1)FeO3, Bi(Fe0.98Ti0.02)O3+δ, and (Bi0.9Ho0.1)(Fe0.98Ti0.02)O3+δ thin films were prepared on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) substrates by using a chemical solution deposition method. All thin films were crystallized in distorted rhombohedral structure containing no secondary or impurity phases confirmed by using an X‐ray diffraction study. Changes in microstructural features, such as grain morphology and grain size distribution, for the doped samples were analyzed by a scanning electron microscopy. From the experimental results, a low electrical leakage (1.2 × 10−5 A/cm2 at 100 kV) and improved ferroelectric properties, such as a large remnant polarization (2Pr) of 52 μC/cm2 and a low coercive field (2Ec) of 886 kV/cm, were observed for the (Bi0.9Ho0.1)(Fe0.98Ti0.02)O3+δ thin film. Fast current relaxation and stabilization observed in the (Bi0.9Ho0.1)(Fe0.98Ti0.02)O3+δ imply effective reduction and neutralization of charged free carriers.
Geopolymer with Hydrogel Characteristics via Silane Coupling Agent Additives
Authors: Glad Brayden E. , Kriven Waltraud M.
Published: November 2013

Geopolymers (GP) represent a fascinating alternative to typical structural ceramics, but all prior work has demonstrated substantial mesoporosity. This porosity is detrimental to mechanical properties as well as drying failure resistance. Here, mesoporosity in metakaolin Na‐based GP has been reduced by an order of magnitude through the addition of acrylate‐functional silane coupling agents, and the effect of this modification was extensively analyzed using a variety of characterization techniques. It was found that a critical concentration of approximately 0.06 mol methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane/mol GP was necessary for extensive property modification. Above this concentration, membranes and tubes of organic material could be observed, suggesting that only this surplus additive contributed to mesoporosity reduction. The source of this mesoporosity reduction is shown to be segregation of free water via hydrogel‐like interaction caused by the formation of sodium acrylate groups.
Effects of Carbon and Oxygen Impurities on Luminescence Properties of BCNO Phosphor
Authors: Zhang Xinghua , Li Lanlan , Lu Zunming , Lin Jing , Xu Xuewen , Ma Yuanhui , Yang Xiaojing , Meng Fanbin , Zhao Jianling , Tang Chengchun
Published: November 2013

The BN and BCNO phosphors were prepared at 750°C using different methods and their structure and luminescent properties were investigated. All the prepared samples were turbostratic boron nitride structure. The SEM and high‐resolution TEM images show that the BCNO phosphors are polycrystalline in nature and include some nanocrystals. The carbon and oxygen impurities have great effects on the excitation, emission, and absorption spectra of BN and BCNO phosphors. The first‐principle calculations results indicate that the carbon and oxygen impurities will produce energy levels in the band gap, which can affect the spectra properties of BCNO phosphors. The spectra properties of BN and BCNO phosphors can be well explained by a simplified energy level diagram.
Clarifying misconceptions about compassionate care
Authors: Dewar Belinda , Adamson Elizabeth , Smith Stephen , Surfleet Joyce , King Linda
Published: November 2013

Aim

To discuss the meaning of compassionate care as it applies to staff, patients and families in health and social care settings, its application to practice and how organizational infrastructures affect the delivery of care.

Background

The term compassion has assumed headline status and inclusion in current health and social care policy. Clarity of what the term means in practice is needed and may help to promote delivery of compassionate care consistently across health and social care settings.

Design

Discussion paper.

Data Sources

This article draws on data from an action research programme (Leadership in Compassionate Care Programme, 2007–2011) that focused on embedding compassionate care into practice and education and related literature focused on compassionate person‐centred care. A literature search was conducted and articles published in English relating to the terms compassionate, person‐centred care between 1999–2011 were included.

Discussion

Perceptions of compassion, practising compassion and the infrastructure to support compassion are discussed.

Implications for Nursing

It is anticipated that this discussion will prompt further debate, raise awareness and help to clarify the meaning of compassion in everyday practice with patients, relatives and staff, so that it can be more clearly named, valued and defended.

Conclusion

This article challenges some of the beliefs and values that underpin the meaning of compassionate care and its application to practice. It brings greater clarity to the meaning of compassion, which could be used to form the basis of shared visions of caring, both strategic and operational, across organizations.
Annual Research Review: Towards a developmental neuroscience of atypical social cognition
Authors: Happé Francesca , Frith Uta
Published: November 2013

As a starting point for our review we use a developmental timeline, starting from birth and divided into major developmental epochs defined by key milestones of social cognition in typical development. For each epoch, we highlight those developmental disorders that diverge from the normal developmental pattern, what is known about these key milestones in the major disorders affecting social cognition, and any available research on the neural basis of these differences. We relate behavioural observations to four major networks of the social brain, that is, Amygdala, Mentalizing, Emotion and Mirror networks. We focus on those developmental disorders that are characterized primarily by social atypicality, such as autism spectrum disorder, social anxiety and a variety of genetically defined syndromes. The processes and aspects of social cognition we highlight are sketched in a putative network diagram, and include: agent identification, emotion processing and empathy, mental state attribution, self‐processing and social hierarchy mapping involving social ‘policing’ and in‐group/out‐group categorization. Developmental disorders reveal some dissociable deficits in different components of this map of social cognition. This broad review across disorders, ages and aspects of social cognition leads us to some key questions: How can we best distinguish primary from secondary social disorders? Is social cognition especially vulnerable to developmental disorder, or surprisingly robust? Are cascading notions of social development, in which early functions are essential stepping stones or building bricks for later abilities, necessarily correct?
Randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind glycemic control trial of novel sodium‐dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kashiwagi Atsunori , Kazuta Kenichi , Yoshida Satoshi , Nagase Itsuro
Published: November 2013

Aims/Introduction

In the present dose–response study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin (ASP1941), a novel and selective inhibitor of sodium‐dependent glucose cotransporter 2, in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Materials and Methods

A total of 361 patients from 39 Japanese centers were randomized to receive either once‐daily oral ipragliflozin (12.5, 25, 50 or 100 mg) or a placebo for 12 weeks.

Results

All ipragliflozin‐treated groups had clinically significant, dose‐dependent decreases in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose levels compared with placebo‐treated groups. The adjusted mean difference in HbA1c change from baseline to the end of treatment between the placebo and 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg ipragliflozin groups were −0.61%, −0.97%, −1.29%, and −1.31%, respectively (P < 0.001). Reductions in HbA1c levels were similar between obese and non‐obese patients, and were larger in patients with baseline HbA1c ≥8.4% than in those with HbA1c <8.4%. Furthermore, bodyweight significantly (P < 0.001) and dose‐dependently decreased among ipragliflozin‐treated groups compared with the placebo group. The incidence of adverse events was similar across all groups. However, mild increases in hematocrit and blood urea nitrogen were found in ipragliflozin treated groups.

Conclusions

Once‐daily administration of ipragliflozin was dose‐dependently effective in glycemic control without major adverse effects. Ipragliflozin was equally effective between obese and non‐obese patients, and led to weight loss in both groups. Ipragliflozin was safe and well‐tolerated in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (no. NCT00621868).
The prevalence of onychomycosis in the global population – A literature study
Authors: Sigurgeirsson B. , Baran R.
Published: November 2013

Background

Onychomycosis is a common disorder, and high prevalence figures are commonly cited in the literature.

Objectives

Evaluate the prevalence of onychomycosis based on published studies.

Methods

Relevant studies were identified in Medline by using specific search criteria.

Results

Eleven population‐based and 21 hospital‐based studies were identified. The mean prevalence in Europe and North America was 4.3% [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.9–6.8] in the population‐based studies, but it was 8.9% (95% CI: 4.3–13.6) for the hospital‐based studies. Both population‐based and hospital‐based studies showed that onychomycosis is more common in toenails and is seen more frequently in males. The main causative agent was a dermatophyte in 65.0% (95% CI: 51.9–78.1) of the cases. Trichophyton rubrum was the single most common fungus and was cultured on average in 44.9% of the cases (95% CI: 33.8–56.0). Moulds were found on average in 13.3% (95% CI: 4.6–22.1) and yeasts in 21.1% (95% CI: 11.0–31.3).

Limitations

We may not have been able to locate all studies.

Conclusions

Onychomycosis is a common disorder, but it may not be as common as cited in the literature, because hospital‐based studies might overestimate the prevalence of onychomycosis. It is more frequent in males, and toenails are more commonly affected. Dermatophytes, particularly T. rubrum, are the main causative agents.
Detection and differentiation of causative organisms of onychomycosis in an ex vivo nail model by means of Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Smijs T. G. , Jachtenberg J. W. , Pavel S. , Bakker‐Schut T. C. , Willemse‐Erix D. , de Haas E. R. M. , Sterenborg H.
Published: November 2013

Background

Onychomycosis is worldwide the most prevalent infection of the nail. It is mainly caused by the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes and to a lesser extent Trichophyton tonsurans. The yeast Candida albicans and the mould Scopulariopsis brevicaulis can also cause onychomycosis. Management of these nail conditions may require appropriate treatment methods and therefore the identification of the causative species can be of importance. However, the determination of agents causing onychomycosis is still not optimal.

Objectives

To detect and differentiate causative organisms of onychomycosis in an ex vivo nail model by means of Raman spectroscopy. The work focusses is on the discriminative power of Raman spectroscopy for detection of differences between T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytus and T. tonsurans on human nail and distinguishing these dermatophytic from the non‐dermatophytic species S. brevicaulis and C. albicans.

Methods

Raman spectra (200/sample) were taken from 50‐μm human nail slices infected with T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytus, T. tonsurans, S. brevicaulis or C. albicans using a 2500 High‐Performance Raman Module and 785‐nm diode laser. Processed spectra were analysed by sorting the correlation matrix and presented as dendrogram and heat map. Raman spectra from suspended dermatophytic microconidia were taken for mutual comparisons.

Results

Spectral differences between the dermatophytes T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytus and T. tonsurans (635–795, 840–894, 1018–1112, 1206–1372, 1566–1700/cm) and the non‐dermatophytes S. brevicaulis and C. albicans (442–610, 692–758, 866–914, 1020–1100, 1138–1380,1492–1602/cm) growing on nail were confirmed by clustering correlation showing two main clusters. Dissimilarities between tested dermatophytes were also found with T. rubrum being most different. Raman spectra of the dermatophytic microconidia varied over the whole tested 400–1800/cm range.

Conclusion

Important dermatophytic and non‐dermatophytic agents of onychomycosis growing on ex vivo human nail can be distinguished specifically and non‐invasively by Raman spectroscopy.
Expression of human β‐defensin‐2 in psoriatic epidermis models treated with balneophototherapy
Authors: Gambichler T. , Skrygan M.
Published: November 2013

Background

The molecular mechanisms of action of salt water soaks combined with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation – balneophototherapy (BPT) – are unknown.

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the effect of BPT on the expression of human β‐defensin‐2 (hBD2) using a psoriatic epidermis model (PEM).

Methods

Using real‐time RT‐PCR and ELISA, we studied the expression patterns of hBD2 in PEM which were treated over three consecutive days with differently concentrated salt water solutions [(3% NaCl; 30% NaCl, 30% Dead Sea salt (DSS)] and consecutive narrowband UVB exposure.

Results

mRNA of hBD2 was significantly reduced in irradiated 3% NaCl, 30% NaCl and 30% DSS soaked PEM when compared with non‐irradiated PEM. ELISA for hBD2 revealed significantly reduced protein expression in irradiated 3% NaCl, 30% NaCl and 30% DSS soaked PEM when compared with non‐irradiated PEM. Compared with irradiated controls and 3% NaCl soaked and irradiated PEM, BPT using 30% NaCl and 30% DSS revealed significantly decreased hBD2 protein levels.

Conclusions

Both mono‐treatment with salt water soaks and BPT of PEM result in altered expression of hBD2, whereas the effects observed are most prominent after BPT. hBD2 gene and protein expression is predominantly down‐regulated following BPT indicating that this combined phototherapeutic regimen is superior to mono‐UVB or salt water soaks alone with respect to normalization of hBD2 expression in psoriatic epidermis.
The Potential of Double K‐Means Clustering for Banana Image Segmentation
Authors: Hu Meng‐han , Dong Qing‐li , Liu Bao‐lin , Malakar Pradeep K.
Published: November 2013

A two‐step k‐means clustering technique was used to segment banana images in this study. The first k‐means clustering image segmentation procedure could segment the contours of a banana finger and a banana hand from the background image. Adding the second k‐means clustering could quantify the damage lesions and senescent spots on the banana surface. The result of the validation test showed that the algorithm was suitable for the flaw extraction of banana finger, and the human visual evaluation of comparison among the original, manual separated and automatic segmented images of banana hand demonstrated the potential of this algorithm for banana hand segmentation. Furthermore, the influences of the other special factors, i.e., the specular reflection and the blurry phenomenon, on the segmentation of various banana images were also discussed in this study.

Practical Applications

The algorithm based on the double k‐means clustering has a potential for image segmentation of banana fingers and hand under nearly all postharvest situations. This automatic image segmentation algorithm will be beneficial for achieving a comprehensive automation of banana industry.
Effect of ear acupressure on acute postpartum perineal pain: a randomised controlled study
Authors: Kwan Winny SC , Li William WH
Published: November 2013

Aims and objectives

To explore the effect of ear acupressure in relieving perineal pain in women during the first 48 hours after delivery.

Background

Perineal pain is a common problem during postpartum, and different treatment modalities have been used for relief. Ear acupressure has been reported to have possible benefit on relieving acute postpartum perineal pain.

Design

This study was designed as a prospective, randomised controlled trial.

Methods

Chinese women with a singleton vertex foetus at the gestation of 37 weeks or above were recruited. One hundred and twenty six and 130 women were randomised into the intervention and control groups, respectively. Women in the intervention group received application of tapes and seeds on four designated acupressure points on both ears, while women in the control group received tapes on four irrelevant points. Both groups were instructed to stimulate the points in a similar fashion. Pain perception was assessed by the Verbal Descriptive Pain Scale and the Visual Analogue Scale, and the consumption of analgesics was also reviewed.

Results

No significant difference in perineal pain perception between the groups was observed in Verbal Descriptive Pain Scale. Although the mean Visual Analogue Scale and the accumulative mean consumption of paracetamol were generally lower in the intervention group, statistical significance was not reached.

Conclusions

There is no evidence so far to conclude that ear acupressure can effectively relieve perineal pain based on the statistical results. Further research is suggested to explore whether the effectiveness of pain relief is affected by the frequency and duration of acupressure point stimulation.

Relevance to clinical practice

Training of midwives to perform this intervention is easy to achieve, but further evidence is required to prove its effectiveness.
Workforce Downsizing and Firm Performance: An Organizational Routine Perspective
Authors: Brauer Matthias , Laamanen Tomi
Published: November 2013

While there is an extensive body of work on how organizational routines emerge and evolve over time, there is a scarcity of research on what happens when routines are disrupted or disbanded through the elimination of key individuals involved in them. This study is the first to theorize and empirically examine the relationship between the magnitude of workforce downsizing and firm performance applying an organizational routine perspective. Consistent with prior research on organizational routines, we posit that small‐scale downsizing leads to efficiency improvements without disrupting the existing routines. While larger routine disruptions occur in both medium‐ and large‐scale downsizing, we further argue and find that large‐scale downsizing tends to be more beneficial than medium‐scale downsizing. Building on prior research on routines, we reason that in medium‐scale downsizing employees try to salvage the impaired, partially functioning routines, while large‐scale downsizing requires a more fundamental rethinking and re‐creation of routines leading to more positive outcomes. Our study contributes to downsizing research through the application of the organizational routine perspective to explain the financial outcomes of downsizing. In doing so, we depart from the widely held assumption in the downsizing literature that the relationship between the magnitude of downsizing and firm performance is linear. Our study also extends prior research on organizational routines by highlighting the usefulness of conceiving routines as mindful accomplishments where the pressure to engage in path‐breaking cognitive effort may lead to better results than path‐dependent repairing of routines.
Organizational Innovativeness: Construct Development and Cross‐Cultural Validation
Authors: Ruvio Ayalla A. , Shoham Aviv , Vigoda‐Gadot Eran , Schwabsky Nitza
Published: November 2013

Organizational innovativeness (OI) is a central concept in academic research and managerial practice. In many cases, OI has been operationalized as the number of innovations organizations adopt. In contrast, this paper conceptualizes OI as a five‐dimensional construct (creativity, openness, future orientation, risk‐taking, and proactiveness) representing the organizational climate, which refers to the organization's ability to generate ideas and innovate continually over time. The findings support the conceptualization and operationalization of the five‐dimensional OI, validated in Norway, Israel, and Spain. These results shed new light on existing findings and can promote new research directions as well as guide strategic managerial decision‐making.
Testosterone 2% Gel Can Normalize Testosterone Concentrations in Men with Low Testosterone Regardless of Body Mass Index
Authors: Dobs Adrian , Norwood Paul , Potts Susan , Gould Errol , Chitra Surya
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Little is known about the effect of body mass index (BMI) on the efficacy and safety of testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men. A prior noncomparative trial demonstrated that testosterone 2% gel restored testosterone levels in hypogonadal men and was generally well tolerated.

Aim

This post hoc analysis evaluated the influence of BMI on the pharmacokinetics of testosterone therapy in men with low testosterone.

Methods

Men (N = 149) aged 18–75 applied testosterone 2% gel to the front and inner thigh once daily for 90 days. Starting dose was 40 mg/day, which could be adjusted at days 14, 35, and 60. Patients were split into categories depending on baseline BMI: Tertile 1 (≤29.1 kg/m2), Tertile 2 (29.2–32.4 kg/m2), and Tertile 3 (>32.4 kg/m2).

Main Outcome Measures

Efficacy end points were average serum total testosterone concentrations over 24 hours and maximum serum testosterone concentrations at day 90. Adverse events were recorded.

Results

The efficacy analysis included 129 men with low testosterone (mean age 52.9, 54.0, and 54.2 years for Tertiles 1, 2, and 3, respectively) defined as serum testosterone <250–300 ng/dL. Baseline testosterone levels were comparable across BMI tertiles. After 90 days of treatment with testosterone 2% gel (≥40 mg/day), 79.1%, 79.5%, and 73.8% of patients in Tertiles 1, 2, and 3, respectively, achieved serum testosterone concentrations in the physiologic range (i.e., ≥ 300 to ≤ 1,140 ng/dL). The mean average daily dose at day 90 was higher in participants in Tertiles 3 vs. 2 (P = 0.039) and Tertiles 3 vs. 1 (P = 0.010). The gel was generally well tolerated, with skin reactions the most commonly reported adverse event (16.1%; n = 24).

Conclusions

In this study, daily application of testosterone 2% gel was effective at returning serum testosterone to physiologic levels in men with low testosterone and high BMI, although required dose was affected by BMI.
Interconnectivity of sympathetic and sleep networks is mediated through reduction of gamma aminobutyric acidergic inhibition in the paraventricular nucleus
Authors: Perry Juliana C. , Bergamaschi Cássia T. , Campos Ruy R. , Silva Adilson M. , Tufik Sergio
Published: November 2013

Chronic short sleep duration has been linked to sympathoexcitation and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The central nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of sympathetic activity. Thus, the present study evaluates the pre‐autonomic neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and rostral ventrolateral medulla after sleep restriction using various protein expression measurements and electrophysiological approaches. Wistar male rats were assigned randomly to two experimental groups: control or sleep restriction for 14 days. Sleep restriction was defined as 20 h of paradoxical sleep deprivation followed by a 4 h sleep permission period using the modified multiple platform method. Micropunches of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and rostral ventrolateral medulla were dissected to evaluate the protein expression of angiotensin II receptor, type 1 (AT1), AT2, gamma aminobutyric acidA) (N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor1) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase neuronal nitric oxide synthase isoform through immunoblotting. Sleep restriction induced a down‐regulation of the gamma aminobutyric acidA receptor in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Microinjection of bicuculline, a gamma aminobutyric acid receptor blocker, into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus increased renal sympathetic activity renal sympathetic nerve activity, mean arterial pressure and heart rate in anaesthetized control rats. However, the amplitude and frequency of renal sympathetic nerve activity was higher in the sleep restriction group. These findings suggest that gamma aminobutyric acidergic inhibition within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is involved in sympathoexcitation induced by sleep restriction.
Patterns of parasite prevalence and individual infection in yellow‐bellied marmots
Authors: Lopez J. , Wey T. W. , Blumstein D. T.
Published: November 2013

Patterns of infection and prevalence result from complex interactions between hosts and parasites, the effects of which are likely to vary by species. We investigated the effects of age, sex and season on the likelihood of individual infection, and the effects of host population size, sex ratio and age structure on parasite prevalence. We capitalized on data from a long‐term study of yellow‐bellied marmotsMarmota flaviventrispotentially infected with fecal–orally transmitted intestinal parasites (Ascarissp.,Eimeriaspp. andEntamoebasp.), ectoparasitic fleasThrassis stanfordi, and a flea‐ and louse‐transmitted blood parasiteTrypanosoma lewisi. Patterns of individual‐ and group‐level infection varied widely by parasite. Yearlings were more likely to be infected withTr. lewisiandAscaris. Yearlings were also slightly more likely than adults to haveEimeria, but female yearlings had higher infection levels than female adults, while male yearlings had lower infection levels than male adults.Entamoebainfection decreased as the season progressed. Adults and males were more likely to be infected withTh. stanfordi.Ascarisprevalence increased with colony size. There were no significant relationships between colony size and prevalence ofEntamoeba,Tr. lewisi,EimeriaorThrassis. There was a small, but significant positive correlation between male‐biased sex ratio and prevalence of fleas. The host population's age structure affected the prevalence of infection ofAscarisandEimeria. Overall intestinal parasite diversity increased with colony size. Taken together, our results show a great deal of variation in the likelihood of individual infection and patterns of parasite prevalence in marmots.
Sperm competitiveness differs between two frog populations with different breeding systems
Authors: Álvarez D. , Viesca L. , Nicieza A. G.
Published: November 2013

In species with simultaneous polyandry, male‐biased operational sex ratio is expected to increase the risk of sperm competition and thus sperm traits affecting siring success can differ among populations. Here, we test the hypothesis that high male–female ratios will enhance sperm competitiveness of Rana temporaria males. In this species, local populations can show either prolonged or explosive breeding. In a context of sperm competition and in controlled laboratory conditions, prolonged‐breeding males sired a higher proportion of eggs than explosive‐breeding males, regardless of female origin. This study demonstrates intrapopulation variation in siring success under a situation of sperm competition, consistent with the prolonged‐explosive dichotomy of breeding strategies.
Clinical and tree hollow populations of human pathogenic yeast in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada are different
Authors: Carvalho Chris , Yang Jiaqi , Vogan Aaron , Maganti Harinad , Yamamura Deborah , Xu Jianping
Published: November 2013

Yeast are among the most frequent pathogens in humans. The dominant yeast causing human infections belong to the genus Candida and Candida albicans is the most frequently isolated species. However, several non‐C. albicans species are becoming increasingly common in patients worldwide. The relationships between yeast in humans and the natural environments remain poorly understood. Furthermore, it is often difficult to identify or exclude the origins of disease‐causing yeast from specific environmental reservoirs. In this study, we compared the yeast isolates from tree hollows and from clinics in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Our surveys and analyses showed significant differences in yeast species composition, in their temporal dynamics, and in yeast genotypes between isolates from tree hollows and hospitals. Our results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that yeast from trees constitute a significant source of pathogenic yeast in humans in this region. Similarly, the yeast in humans and clinics do not appear to contribute to yeast in tree hollows.
An Explanation of Recommendation Differences: Illustrations from Recent Atrial Fibrillation Guidelines
Authors: CAMM CHRISTIAN F. , CAMM A. JOHN
Published: November 2013

The development of guidelines and their use in all areas of medicine has greatly expanded in recent years. However, despite a shared evidence base, recommendations provided by different professional societies and healthcare authorities often vary considerably. The rapid advances in atrial fibrillation (AF) and the multiplicity of guidelines devoted to AF have made it particularly susceptible to this problem. Many nonmedical aspects are important in the development of guidelines, and without understanding them correct interpretation of guidelines is difficult. Conflicts of interest, the regulatory environment, and local data all influence guidelines. Nuanced wording, resource availability, and strategic purpose add complexity to guideline recommendations. This article reviews major AF guidelines from around the world and discusses aspects which have nothing to do with the scientific evidence base in order to help the practicing physician understand and make better use of differing guideline recommendations.
Eczema and Sensitization to Common Allergens in the United States: A Multiethnic, Population‐Based Study
Authors: Fu Teresa , Keiser Elizabeth , Linos Eleni , Rotatori Robert M. , Sainani Kristin , Lingala Bharathi , Lane Alfred T. , Schneider Lynda , Tang Jean Y.
Published: November 2013

The relationship between food and environmental allergens in contributing to eczema risk is unclear on a multiethnic population level. Our purpose was to determine whether sensitization to specific dietary and environmental allergens as measured according to higher specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels is associated with eczema risk in children. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants ages 1 to 17 years were asked whether they had ever received a diagnosis of eczema from a physician (n = 538). Total and specific serum IgE levels for four dietary allergens (egg, cow's milk, peanut, and shrimp) and five environmental allergens (dust mite, cat, dog, Aspergillus, and Alternaria) were measured. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between eczema and IgE levels. In the United States, 10.4 million children (15.6%) have a history of eczema. Eczema was more common in black children (p < 0.001) and in children from families with higher income and education (p = 0.01). The median total IgE levels were higher in children with a history of eczema than in those without (66.4 vs 50.6 kU/L, p = 0.004). In multivariate analysis adjusted for age, race, sex, family income, household education, and physician‐diagnosed asthma, eczema was significantly associated with sensitization to cat dander (odds ratio [OR] = 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05, 1.4, p = 0.009) and dog dander (OR = 1.5, 95% CI, 1.2, 1.7, p < 0.001). After correction for multiple comparisons, only sensitization to dog dander remained significant. U.S. children with eczema are most likely to be sensitized to dog dander. Future prospective studies should further explore this relationship.
Living donor liver transplantation for pediatric patients with metabolic disorders: The Japanese multicenter registry
Authors: Kasahara Mureo , Sakamoto Seisuke , Horikawa Reiko , Koji Umeshita , Mizuta Koichi , Shinkai Masato , Takahito Yagi , Taguchi Tomoaki , Inomata Yukihiro , Uemoto Shinji , Tatsuo Kuroda , Kato Shunichi
Published: November 2013

LDLT is indicated for a variety of metabolic disorders, primarily in Asian countries due to the absolute scarcity of deceased donor LT. We analyzed data for all pediatric LDLTs performed between November 1989 and December 2010, during which 2224 pediatric patients underwent LDLT in Japan. Of these patients, 194 (8.7%) underwent LDLT for metabolic disorders. Wilson's disease (n = 59; 30.4%) was the most common indication in the patients with metabolic disorders, followed by OTCD (n = 40; 20.6%), MMA (n = 20; 10.3%), and GSD (n = 15; 7.7%). The one‐, five‐, 10‐, and 15‐yr patient and graft survival rates were 91.2%, 87.9%, 87.0%, and 79.3%, and 91.2%, 87.9%, 86.1%, and 74.4%, respectively. Wilson's disease and urea cycle deficiency were associated with better patient survival. The use of heterozygous donors demonstrated no negative impact on either the donors or recipients. With regard to X‐linked OTCD, symptomatic heterozygote maternal donors should not be considered potential donor candidates. Improving the understanding of the long‐term suitability of this treatment modality will require the registration and ongoing evaluation of all patients with inherited metabolic disease considered for LT.
Quotation
Authors: Saka Paul
Published: November 2013

Understanding quotation is fundamental to understanding the nature of truth and meaning. Quotation, however, is a remarkably complicated phenomenon, and a vigorous literature on the topic has been growing at an increasing rate.§1 To give you a sense of this work, §1 enlarges upon the significance of studying quotation; §2 presents a rudimentary taxonomy of quotation; and §3 critically surveys theories of how quotation works.
Dependence Logic: A survey of some recent work
Authors: Kontinen Juha
Published: November 2013

Dependence logic and its many variants are new logics that aim at establishing a unified logical theory of dependence and independence underlying seemingly unrelated subjects. The area of dependence logic has developed rapidly in the past few years. We will give a short introduction to dependence logic and review some of the recent developments in the area.
Understanding as Knowledge of Meaning
Authors: Barber Alex
Published: November 2013

Testimony, the transmission of knowledge through communication, requires a shared understanding of linguistic expressions and utterances of them. Is this understanding itself a kind of knowledge, knowledge of meaning? The intuitive answer is ‘yes’, but the nature of such knowledge is controversial, as is the assumption that understanding is a kind of knowledge at all. This article is a critical examination of recent work on the nature and role of semantic knowledge in the generation of the linguistic understanding needed for testimony. After describing a default view – that linguistic understanding partially consists in the possession and application of knowledge of a compositional theory of truth conditions – it scrutinizes two recent charges against this view: that linguistic understanding and knowledge of meaning are conceptually distinct, and that semantic ‘knowledge’ is knowledge without an object.
Predicting Philosophical Disagreement
Authors: Feltz Adam , Cokely Edward
Published: November 2013

We review evidence showing that disagreement in folk and expert philosophical intuitions can be predicted by global, heritable personality traits. The review focuses on recent studies of intuitions about free will, ethics, and intentional action. These findings are philosophically important because they suggest that while some projects cannot be done, other projects must take individual differences in philosophical character into account. But care needs to be taken when interpreting the implications of these individual differences. We illustrate one way that these differences have been abused. We then illustrate two ways that these findings can be legitimately used to help illuminate philosophical issues. Given the large and readily available body of evidence, neglect of persistent and predictable philosophical differences is irresponsible.
Epistemic Utility and Norms for Credences
Authors: Pettigrew Richard
Published: November 2013

Beliefs come in different strengths. An agent's credence in a proposition is a measure of the strength of her belief in that proposition. Various norms for credences have been proposed. Traditionally, philosophers have tried to argue for these norms by showing that any agent who violates them will be lead by her credences to make bad decisions. In this article, we survey a new strategy for justifying these norms. The strategy begins by identifying an epistemic utility function and a decision‐theoretic norm; we then show that the decision‐theoretic norm applied to the epistemic utility function yields the norm for credences that we wish to justify. We survey results already obtained using this strategy, and we suggest directions for future research.
Efficacy of localized phototherapy and photodynamic therapy for psoriasis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Almutawa Fahad , Thalib Lukman , Hekman Daniel , Sun Qing , Hamzavi Iltefat , Lim Henry W.
Published: November 2013

Localized phototherapy including topical psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) and targeted ultraviolet B (UVB), and photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been increasingly used in the treatment of localized psoriasis. Yet, there are no systematic reviews or meta‐analyses that scientifically evaluated the pooled efficacy of these treatments in psoriasis. We searched Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases during the period of January 1980 to June 2012. Our systematic search resulted in 765 studies, 23 of them were included in the review. The primary outcome was 75% reduction in severity score from baseline. A meta‐analysis using random effect model found topical PUVA to be more effective than non‐laser targeted UVB [odds ratio: 3.48 (95% confidence interval 0.56–21.84), P = 0.183]. The pooled effect estimate of the efficacy (75% reduction in severity score) of topical PUVA, targeted UVB, and PDT were as follows: 77% (topical PUVA), 61% (targeted UVB), and 22% (PDT). Topical PUVA and targeted UVB phototherapy are very effective in the treatment of localized psoriasis. Topical PUVA seems more effective than non‐laser targeted UVB phototherapy. On the other hand, PDT has low efficacy and high percentage of side effects in treating localized psoriasis.
Head‐group acylation of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol is a common stress response, and the acyl‐galactose acyl composition varies with the plant species and applied stress
Authors: Vu Hieu Sy , Roth Mary R. , Tamura Pamela , Samarakoon Thilani , Shiva Sunitha , Honey Samuel , Lowe Kaleb , Schmelz Eric A. , Williams Todd D. , Welti Ruth
Published: November 2013

Formation of galactose‐acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols has been shown to be induced by leaf homogenization, mechanical wounding, avirulent bacterial infection and thawing after snap‐freezing. Here, lipidomic analysis using mass spectrometry showed that galactose‐acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols, formed in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves upon wounding, have acyl‐galactose profiles that differ from those of wounded Arabidopsis thaliana, indicating that different plant species accumulate different acyl‐galactose components in response to the same stress. Additionally, the composition of the acyl‐galactose component of Arabidopsis acMGDG (galactose‐acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerol) depends on the stress treatment. After sub‐lethal freezing treatment, acMGDG contained mainly non‐oxidized fatty acids esterified to galactose, whereas mostly oxidized fatty acids accumulated on galactose after wounding or bacterial infection. Compositional data are consistent with acMGDG being formed in vivo by transacylation with fatty acids from digalactosyldiacylglycerols. Oxophytodienoic acid, an oxidized fatty acid, was more concentrated on the galactosyl ring of acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols than in galactolipids in general. Also, oxidized fatty acid‐containing acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols increased cumulatively when wounded Arabidopsis leaves were wounded again. These findings suggest that, in Arabidopsis, the pool of galactose‐acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols may serve to sequester oxidized fatty acids during stress responses.
An Assessment of Change in Risk Perception and Optimistic Bias for Hurricanes Among Gulf Coast Residents
Authors: Trumbo Craig , Meyer Michelle A. , Marlatt Holly , Peek Lori , Morrissey Bridget
Published: November 2013

This study focuses on levels of concern for hurricanes among individuals living along the Gulf Coast during the quiescent two‐year period following the exceptionally destructive 2005 hurricane season. A small study of risk perception and optimistic bias was conducted immediately following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Two years later, a follow‐up was done in which respondents were recontacted. This provided an opportunity to examine changes, and potential causal ordering, in risk perception and optimistic bias. The analysis uses 201 panel respondents who were matched across the two mail surveys. Measures included hurricane risk perception, optimistic bias for hurricane evacuation, past hurricane experience, and a small set of demographic variables (age, sex, income, and education). Paired t‐tests were used to compare scores across time. Hurricane risk perception declined and optimistic bias increased. Cross‐lagged correlations were used to test the potential causal ordering between risk perception and optimistic bias, with a weak effect suggesting the former affects the latter. Additional cross‐lagged analysis using structural equation modeling was used to look more closely at the components of optimistic bias (risk to self vs. risk to others). A significant and stronger potentially causal effect from risk perception to optimistic bias was found. Analysis of the experience and demographic variables’ effects on risk perception and optimistic bias, and their change, provided mixed results. The lessening of risk perception and increase in optimistic bias over the period of quiescence suggest that risk communicators and emergency managers should direct attention toward reversing these trends to increase disaster preparedness.
Economic Convergence in the African Continent: Closing the Gap
Authors: Khan Faiza A.
Published: November 2013

The paper attempts to analyse the conditional β‐convergence and its sources for 32 African countries over the period 1960‐2008. The augmented Solow model with both gross domestic product (GDP) per worker and per capita income is estimated using the dynamic system generalized methods of moments (GMM) technique with the panel data. This is the first study on the sources of conditional β‐convergence for African countries. According to the results of the augmented Solow model, income convergence rates are lower than those of GDP per worker. Moreover, total factor productivity convergence, human capital convergence and capital labour convergence are contributing towards the convergence of GDP per worker in Africa. This means that growth in the poorest African countries is being augmented by “catch‐up factor,” which is good news for them. However, convergence in terms of GDP per worker is not being fully translated into income per capita convergence. The demographic structure in the African continent with its record of persistent population growth has played an important role in lowering the income convergence of its countries.
Genetic score of power‐speed and endurance track and field athletes
Authors: Ben‐Zaken S. , Meckel Y. , Nemet D. , Eliakim A.
Published: November 2013

Athletic excelling capability in a specific sport results from the combined influence of hundreds of genetic polymorphisms. The aim of the current study was to characterize athletes' polygenetic scores. We developed two polygenetic scores: (a) Power Genetic Distance Score based on two polymorphisms (PGDS2; ACEI/D, ACTN3C/T) or five polymorphisms (PGDS5; ACTN3C/T, ACEI/D, IL6‐174G/C, NOS3T/C, AGTMET235THR); and (b) Endurance Genetic Distance Score based on two polymorphisms (EGDS2; ACEI/D, ACTN3C/T) or five polymorphisms (EGDS5; PPARGC1AGly482Ser, PPARAintron7G/C, PPARDT294C, NRF2A/C, HIFC/T). Eighty‐two power‐speed athletes, 87 endurance athletes, and 119 nonathletic controls participated in the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. Power‐speed athletes' mean PGDS2 (46.1) and PGDS5 (29.4) were significantly higher compared with their mean EGDS2 (36.4) and EGDS5 (23.1; P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively); and compared with controls' mean PGDS2 (36.6) and PGDS5 (24.2; P < 0.05, P < 0.05, respectively). Endurance athletes' mean EGDS2 (60.3) and EGDS5 (35.3) were significantly higher compared with their mean PGDS2 (26.9) and PGDS5 (21.8; P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively); and compared with controls' mean EGDS2 (51.2) and EGDS5 (26.1; P < 0.05, P < 0.001, respectively). We conclude that polygenetic scores can differentiate power‐speed from endurance athletes. Whether these scores may be used to identify elite power‐speed or endurance athletes' needs to be addressed in future studies.
The effect of relaxin on the musculoskeletal system
Authors: Dehghan F. , Haerian B. S. , Muniandy S. , Yusof A. , Dragoo J. L. , Salleh N.
Published: November 2013

Relaxin is a hormone structurally related to insulin and insulin‐like growth factor, which exerts its regulatory effect on the musculoskeletal and other systems through binding to its receptor in various tissues, mediated by different signaling pathways. Relaxin alters the properties of cartilage and tendon by activating collagenase. This hormone is also involved in bone remodeling and healing of injured ligaments and skeletal muscle. In this review, we have summarized the literature on the effect of relaxin in musculoskeletal system to provide a broad perspective for future studies in this field.