bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Muslims and Democracy
Authors: Crow Karim Douglas
Published: January 2022

Diplomacy is normally understood in the context of international relations or relations between states which communicate for purposes of cooperation, rivalry or strategic advantage, and regulating exchanges for mutual benefit. Historically, diplomatic relations between states were marked by competition and strategic exchanges (e.g. impressive gifts), promoting trade and commerce, as well as gathering intelligence. Diplomacy could also be a prelude and preparation for warfare, and/or for arbitration and negotiating terms of peace to end war. Diplomats, spies, and merchants often mingled their activities in searching for a comparative advantage against another ruling polity.
Muslim Private Higher Educational Institutions in Malaysia: Issues and Challenges
Authors: Hashim Rosnani
Published: January 2022

Privatisation of higher education is a global trend. There is an increasing demand for higher education due to the nature of work and economy today, and public universities and colleges cannot meet the demand with their limited financial resources from the government. Private higher education institutions (PHEI) seem to be the most attractive alternative to public universities and colleges in opening greater access to higher education. Malaysia is no exception, having about 25 private universities, 22 private university colleges and 410 private colleges and institutes. About a fourth of these PHEIs are Islamic institutions going by the name of the institutions or their ownership. However, private higher education institutions have their own issues and challenges. The most serious of them are preserving the philosophical goal of a balanced and integrated education despite market demands and sustaining its operation financially amidst a competitive environment. Yet, there are several opportunities for Islamic PHEIs especially in terms of international collaboration and exchanges. This article is an attempt to examine these issues and challenges or opportunities.
Whither Homosexual Rights?
Authors: Hazri Tengku Ahmad
Published: January 2022

The question of homosexual rights presents a formidable dilemma for contemporary Islam. And this is especially so as the Islamic world generally accepts human rights as valid aspirations, so much so that a number of scholars do not hesitate to include these as one of the higher objectives of the shariah (maqasid al-shariah). This is why when calls for homosexual rights or gay rights as valid human rights are made, they attract mixed reactions.
Thomas K. Gugler, Mission Medina: Da'wat-e Islami und Tabligi Gama'at (Kultur, Recht und Politik in muslimischen Gesellschaften 18)
Authors: Marcinkowski Christoph
Published: January 2022

Thomas K. Gugler, the author of this detailed study which is also his PhD thesis, is a promising scholar from Germany with a strong background in both Indology and Islamic studies - which, unfortunately, is still a rather rare combination of interests in the land of the late Annemarie Schimmel (1922-2003), the only other significant German scholar with such a focus.
Wang Yong Bao (Ahmed Musa) Diplomacy: Theory and Practice in Islam
Authors: Crow Karim Douglas
Published: January 2022

The topic of diplomatic practice and international relations in Islam has attracted a growing interest in modern Muslim thought, revisiting the rich legacy of juristic and historical treatments addressing interconnected issues relating to diplomacy. This study by a Chinese scholar with solid training in Arabic and Islamic thought, who took his BA in Libya and his MA and PhD degrees in Malaysia, is a welcome and worthy contribution to this discussion.
Ghazi bin Muhammad, Love in the Holy Quran
Authors: Bakar Osman
Published: January 2022

Love in the Holy Quran authored by HRH Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad bin Talal of Jordan is an English translation of the sixth edition of his second PhD dissertation (in Arabic) submitted to al-Azhar University, Cairo. His first doctorate was from Cambridge University. It is a beautiful book on a beautiful subject, namely the subject of love in all its dimensions and manifestations, both divine and human, as treated in the Qur’an, the hadiths, and the classical works of eminent representatives of many generations of Muslim scholars, particularly prominent exegetes of the Qur’an.
Reza Shah-Kazemi. The Spirit of Tolerance in Islam
Authors: Crow Karim Douglas
Published: January 2022

Once in a long while one meets an imaginative, carefully researched reflection on essential aspects of Islam’s inclusive tolerant stance toward the ‘Other’ - other revealed religions, cultural polities, or contrasting metaphysical systems. Reza Shah-Kazemi, the Managing Editor of Encyclopaedia Islamica in London, has authored several penetrating works treating Islamic spirituality and valuable comparative studies (including Shankara and Ibn al-Arabi; or Buddhism and Islam), and has sensitively explored the qur’anic vision of interfaith dialogue.
Islamic Ethics and Stem Cell Research
Authors: Olawale Fahm AbdulGafar
Published: January 2022

Application of Islamic Ethics to issues in the physical sciences is only in its infancy. Human stem cells are nature’s self-renewing master cells, capable of generating every one of the numerous biological tissues in the human body. Their use in contemporary medicine for repairing organs and regenerating cellular tissues holds the promise of major treatments and cures. Summary overviews of the scientific context of stem cell research is provided, and of the controversy surrounding it. The contribution of Islamic Law and ethical tradition is then reviewed, focusing on the Higher Aims of the Shariah. Islam may assist in defining the ethical boundaries at the heart of this issue, and positively contribute to medical science in this field of enquiry.
Situation Analysis of the Ongoing Crisis in Myanmar
Authors: Souza Salvador del
Published: January 2022

The intercommunal, sectarian conflict that broke out in Rakhine State in June 2012 has not subsided despite efforts by the Myanmar authorities to contain it. Worse, fresh riots between the Rakhines and the Muslims (however we call them) erupted again in Mrauk U, Minbyar, and Kyauk Phyu in the third week of October resulting in more than two thousand houses burned and thousands of people, mainly from the Muslim community, displaced. A night-time curfew was imposed by the local authorities, and more security forces arrived following an order by Myanmar President Thein Sein. However, the tension has not diminished and further unrest is expected if the authorities cannot contain it. Even if the authorities do contain it, they must do so in a way that will lead to permanent peace and reconciliation between the two communities, not only within Rakhine State but within the whole country.
Ali Allawi's Perspective on Forging a Civilisational Presence
Authors: Crow Karim Douglas
Published: January 2022

Ali Allawi is an Iraqi statesman who served in post-Saddam Iraq as Minister of Defense and then Minister of Finance and is currently a Senior Fellow at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. In his book The Crisis of Islamic Civilization he gives a wake-up call for Muslims “to muster the inner resources of their faith to fashion a civilizing outer presence.” He questions the very possibility of the survival and continuity of Islam’s “transcendental ideal” in the face of profound challenges brought by modernity, globalisation, and impersonal technological and marketising forces.
Mindanao Conflict and Islamic Revivalism: The Moro Islamic Liberation Front's Approach
Authors: Macasalong Marjanie Salic
Published: January 2022

The Moros, or Muslims in the southern part of the Philippines, have struggled for self-determination since the 16th century, when Spanish colonial domination arrived in the islands that came to be known as the Philippines. Centuries later, when “the Philippines” gained complete independence from an imperial United States, the newly independent nation inherited longstanding grievances of the Moro people, who continued their armed-struggle to regain their right for self-determination, through long and drawn out warfare that involved the whole population of the Philippines. This conflict was never simply about the Manila government and Moro rebel groups, but was always a complex, deep-rooted and multifaceted one that began during Spanish colonisation. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), is today a mass-based organisation in Mindanao, having organised millions of people from all walks of life through a powerful social justice program with an emphasis on Islam as the ultimate goal. It advocates liberating the Moro homeland through establishing Islamic Sharia in the region. The MILF’s revivalist and Islamisation programs have shored up the notion of self-reliance among the “Bangsamoro” people and planted an Islamic way of life in their communities and religious, social, economic, and military structures, through schools, madrasah, mosques, sharia courts, and multi-purpose cooperatives. The way forward today lies in the recognition of the legitimate rights of the Moros for self-determination and, from the Moros, respect for the territorial integrity of the Philippines.
How Interest Causes Unemployment
Authors: Abdullah (Leslie Terebessy) Abdul Karim
Published: January 2022

A number of nations are currently mired in an economic recession. Conventional economic theory seems unable to point to a way out. Many households, individuals, firms and even governments are trapped in sizable levels of debt. Keynes argued in favour of overcoming the Great Depression by raising government spending in order to stimulate economic growth. This was to be financed by borrowing. This solution worked then but is unlikely to work now, as many governments are already deeply in debt.
From Goldsmiths to Modern Banking: A Frank Look at the Money-Creation Process and its Relevance to Islamic Banking
Authors: Jha Yusuf
Published: January 2022

This paper discusses the role interest has played in the modern financial system, highlighting the money creation process in particular and the key questions that arise within Islamic Finance as a result. The paper contends that the legalisation of interest built the foundations for much of our modern day financial architecture with the modus operandi of commercial banking being its central element. As a result, money today is mainly created as interest-bearing debt with a host of associated consequences. Among these are an artificial economy of scarcity, endemic debt pressure, constant inflation, wealth polarisation, an ever present risk of default, and the environmentally irreconcilable paradigm of perpetual growth. Consequentially the interest-based modern financial system has seemingly set the world on a path necessitating an incessant demand to privatise, commoditise, and monetise ever increasing amounts of the earth’s resources, causing us to live in an age where finance, energy, health care, and the ecosystem are reportedly headed towards imminent collapse. The question for Islamic finance practitioners is whether their discipline as currently practiced is actually providing a solution towards tackling these crises, or whether it is instead normalising the problems within an “Islamic” framework.
Debt and Economic Acitivity
Authors: Abdullah Abdul Karim
Published: January 2022

Many nations, rich and poor alike, are reeling under mountains of interest-based debt. What are the effects of large and growing debts on economic activity? It is widely believed that borrowing helps the economy to grow faster. However, a number of recent studies have shown that, beyond a certain threshold, large levels of debt in fact slow down economic activity rather than stimulate it. It appears that in some countries this threshold has already been passed. Others are coming dangerously close to it. Reduced or negative rate of growth makes it harder to repay existing debts. Social unrest has taken place in a number of countries as governments channel increasing amounts of limited tax revenues towards the repayment of debt with interest to creditors. A more effective way to respond to the debt crisis is to adopt bona fide Islamic financing. In such a system there is no room for earning interest income by lending. Active participation in the real sector is required. Participation in real sector activity is rewarded by incentives in the form of profits, rents, and wages.
Islam and Democracy
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: January 2022

RELIGIOUS VIEWPOINT: A democratic system of rule is on the whole acceptable to Islam.

Muslim scholars have differed in their assessment of democracy and constitutionalism from the viewpoint of Islamic principles. The view has gained ground, however, that a democratic system of rule is on the whole acceptable to Islam. This acceptance is because democracy is about fundamental rights and liberties, the rule of law, a representative and participatory government, separation of powers and equality before the law. Rights and liberties are a manifestation of human dignity which must be protected against the coercive power of the state. A constitution is also an instrument of limitation, organisation and division of power among the various organs of state.

Broadly, Islam approves of most of these concepts and takes affirmative positions on the protection and realisation of people’s welfare and maslahah, a consultative government committed to accountability (muhasabah) and justice. Islam advocates a limited government, which is committed to the advancement of the goals and purposes (maqasid) of Shariah. Islam and democracy both seek to realise people’s welfare and basic rights of life, personal security, privacy and ownership. The Shariah recognises these, as also the rights to education and employment, and the individual’s entitlement to the essentials of life.
The MENA Saga
Authors: Bajrektarevic Anis H.
Published: January 2022

The MENA theatre is situated in one of the most fascinating locations of the world, the Middle East and North Africa. It represents, along with the Balkans-Caucasus, the only existing land corridor that connects three continents. It also holds over a half of the world’s proven oil-gas reserves (56 percent - oil, 48 percent - gas). Furthermore, the Gulf OPEC states and Libya have by far the lowest costs of oil extraction, thanks to the high crude purity (measured by overall properties such as the state of aggregation, excavation gravity, viscosity, weight, sulfuric content and other contaminants) which simplifies and reduces the cost of the refinement process. These petrol-exporters also enjoy the close proximity to open warm seas for low-cost, fast and convenient overseas shipments. Hence, the costs per barrel of crude for Libya and the Persian Gulf states are under US$ 5; for other OPEC members, below US$ 10. This is in a sharp contrast to countries such as the US, Russia, Norway, Canada and many others that bear production costs of several tens of US$ per barrel, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA).

Therefore, it is an absolute imperative for the external/peripheral powers to dominate such a pivotal geo-economic and geopolitical theatre by simply keeping its centre “soft,” and pre-empting, preventing or hindering any emancipation that might come through any indigenous socio-political modernisation. This is the very same imperative that has remained a dominant rationale of inner European and Asian machtpolitik for centuries.
Tajdid, Islah and Civilisational Renewal in Islam
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: January 2022

The basic theme of this article is that civilisational renewal is an integral part of Islamic thought. The article looks into the meaning, definition and origins of tajdid, islah and their relationship with ijtihad, and how these have been manifested in the writings and contributions of the thought leaders of Islam throughout its history. The article develops tajdid-related formulas and guidelines that should lead the efforts of contemporary Muslims in articulating the objectives of inter-civilisational harmony and their cooperation for the common good.
Constitutional Governance and the Future of Islamic Civilisation
Authors: Hazri Tengku Ahmad
Published: January 2022

The article advances the argument that Islamic law, more than a mere legal system, represents a legal tradition. A legal tradition stands at the heart of civilisations generally, and Islamic civilisation particularly. Constitutional design in Muslim states must have this backdrop in mind because modern constitutionalism is typically carried out within the framework of modern nation-states, instead of civilisations. The danger then is that the constitution may end up as a kind of “fiat constitution”. By excavating the historical and philosophical foundations of the modern constitution, the article then shows that the very idea of constitutionalism itself actually accommodates the idea of legal tradition, but unfortunately in practice, it is often ignored when designing the constitution of Muslim states. The article also identifies six core constitutional fault lines of contemporary Islamic civilisation, areas which are most vulnerable to conflicts.
The Religious Thrust of Islamic Civilisation
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: January 2022

Civilisation implies settlement, to be sedentary or settled in a region, as distinguished from a bedouin or nomadic lifestyle. The renowned historian ‘Abd al-Rahman Ibn Khaldun (d. 1406) used hadarah (civilisation) in the sense of transformation from nomadism to umran, to an urban milieu inhabited by settled populations and societies. The antonym of badawah (nomadism), hadarah signifies the interaction between man and his environment, and has its genesis in man’s quest to harness the existential world around him in the pursuit of worthy objectives. Mankind’s mission as God’s vicegerent places upon man the responsibility to ‘build the earth’ in a manner that befits his status as the most honoured of God’s creatures. The English word civilisation is derived from civitas, a Latin term which means ‘pertaining to the citizen’ or ‘a state’, thus implying a transformation from nomadism to urbanity and settlement.
Modernism and Traditionalism in Islam: A Plea for Realism
Authors: Legenhausen Muhammad
Published: January 2022

The benefits of modernisation cannot be ignored any more than its failings. Nothing should be accepted or rejected merely because it is modern. Likewise, nothing should be accepted or rejected merely because it is traditional. There is much that is good in modernity, and much that is good in traditional societies. There is much that is bad in modernity, and much that is bad in traditional societies. 

In practice, any politically active movement that opposes Westernisation and calls for the enforcement of Islamic law is termed “Islamic fundamentalism.” One must be careful to distinguish so-called fundamentalists from traditional Muslim groups, for there are Muslim groups that have been anti-intellectualist, anti-philosophical and rather outwardly oriented throughout the history of Islamic civilisation. On the other hand, there are some revolutionary Muslims who have been philosophers and mystics.
Islamic Law and Human Rights in Malaysia
Authors: Mohamed Adil Mohamed Azam , Ahmad Nisar Mohammad
Published: January 2022

This article deals with the Islamic law and human rights principles which constitute the two important elements of the Malaysian legal system. Human rights, despite being a basic tenet of Islam, have frequently and widely been misunderstood by many Muslims. Indeed, the protection of human rights is consistent with the very objective of the coming of Islam i.e. as a mercy to the whole universe and for safeguarding the sacred values of humanity. As such, it is not an exaggeration to consider that Islam is a strong proponent of human rights and violations of human rights may be tantamount to disregarding Islamic principles. Nevertheless, due to constitutional constraints, the protection of human rights in Malaysian law may not necessarily be based on Islamic law. This is because the Federal Constitution of Malaysia limits the jurisdictions of Islamic law to selected matters such as matrimonial issues and other limited criminal jurisdictions. Despite Article 3 of the Constitution that clearly names Islam as the religion of the Federation, this provision, does not provide for the full application of Islamic law in Malaysia. Thus, the protection of human rights in Malaysia is selectively covered based on Islamic law, whereas the major scope of protections is covered by Federal-based civil law, in accordance with the specification of jurisdiction vested by the Constitution.
Restoring the Ethical Basis of Finance
Authors: Abdullah Abdul Karim
Published: January 2022

Contemporary finance, both Islamic as well as conventional, is beset by challenges. These challenges have more in common than would appear at first sight. In Islamic finance, problems stem primarily from the tendency to replicate conventional instruments, while maintaining formal compliance with the Shariah. In conventional finance, it is becoming increasingly clear that the use of fixed income securities (borrowing at interest) is producing a range of unwelcome macroeconomic effects. These effects impose additional costs on society. They include indebtedness, reduced efficiency in the allocation of resources, inflation, unemployment, uneven distribution of wealth and instability in the form of business cycles. To the extent that Islamic finance replicates the instruments of conventional finance, it can be expected to replicate any adverse macroeconomic effects of debt financing as well. Thus, the response to the problems caused by interest-based finance, as well as its replication in Islamic finance, is to supplant financing by lending at interest with financing on the basis of risk sharing. In other words, it requires restoring finance to its ethical foundations. The transformation of finance from lending to risk sharing, however, will require not only a supportive transformation in social outlook, but also appropriate changes in the regulatory framework.
Abu I-Hasan Ali al-Nadawi's Approach to Renewal and Reform (Tajdid wa Islah)
Authors: Ali Mohammed Farid
Published: January 2022

Our remarks are based on two works by Abu l-Hasan Ali Nadawi (d. 1999), a well known scholar of Arabic language, Islamic culture and da’wah.  The first work is Tarikh-i-Da’wat wa ‘Azimat, originally written in Urdu then rendered into Arabic as “Rijal al-Fikr wa al-Da’wah fi al-Islam” and into English as “Saviours of the Islamic Spirit”. The second work is Islam and the World: Rise and Decline of Muslims and its Effect on Mankind. We shall briefly present Nadawi’s theory of renewal, his approach to understanding the contributions of Islamic scholars, leaders, and Sufi shaykhs in this field, as well as his identification of the causes which have brought about the decline of Muslim civilisation.
An Analysis of Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh) as Applied Islamic Ethics
Authors: Abdullah Ahmad Badri
Published: January 2022

As the dynamic cognitive part of the Shari’ah, fiqh is inclined to adapt to new challenges by adopting new methodologies and approaches. One such approach that has emerged recently is ‘applied Islamic ethics’. This new ethical approach is essentially based on the principles of the higher objectives of Shari’ah (maqasid al-Shari’ah) and attempts to anchor Islamic jurisprudence in its ethical dimension, which has been significantly neglected for some time. This article attempts to analyse the new approach by surveying its historical developments, its possible methodologies, the benefits emanating from its application and the possible challenges it needs to face.
The Impact of Militancy on Liberation Movement: The Case of Mindanao
Authors: Macasalong Marjanie Salic
Published: January 2022

The conflict in the southern Philippines is regarded by many as one of the longest internal conflicts in the world. Beginning from the 16th century when Spanish colonial domination commenced, the conflict had persisted for five centuries. Recently, however, there are positive signs that this conflict will come to an end. On October 15, 2012, the Government of the Philippines (GPH) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) signed the historic Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro (FAB) in order to finally put an end to the decades-long conflict. Under the FAB, the Bangsamoro people will have a new political autonomy that will be called “Bangsamoro Government.” This will replace the existing autonomy in Mindanao, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). Malaysia, the third-party facilitator for more than a decade, played a significant role in the making of this landmark agreement. The research presented here has been undertaken with the objective of exploring various approaches in search for a lasting peace in Mindanao. It examines the impact of militancy in the quest for peace, starting from the Spanish era until the current administration. This research revisits how the Moros resisted the Spaniards and Americans during the colonial era, and the Philippine forces after independence. Although there were efforts by previous administrations to solve the conflict, they did not achieve lasting peace because the root causes of the conflict were not properly addressed. The researcher employed a document-based study and a historical-analytical method because the conflict is very much anchored in its history. Without this, readers could not understand the root causes of the problem and the historical development of the inclusion of Mindanao into the Philippines. The data for this study are collected from both primary and secondary sources such as books, articles, journals, newspapers, government reports, non-governmental organisations’ reports, policy statements, press releases, and signed-agreements.
The Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'an (IEQ). Volume 1: Allah, Ahmad, A-Beautiful Names of Allah. General Editor: Muzaffar Iqbal
Authors: Crow Karim Douglas
Published: January 2022

The reputable historian of Islamic science Muzaffar Iqbal initially conceived this project in 2007, and the realisation of this first volume of a projected seven covering over six hundred entries is a welcome event. In his Introduction to this volume Iqbal emphasises the need for contemporary Muslims to reconnect with the Arabic sources of their faith, given that “only 20 percent of all Muslims today understand the language of the primary sources of their tradition”, whereas until fairly recent times a much larger proportion of literate Muslims had a working knowledge of Arabic. Cultural schizophrenia induced by colonial projects and modern mass education have “exiled most Muslims from their spiritual and intellectual traditions, primarily by severing their links to the language of revelation and traditional scholarship” (p. xi). IEQ is intended to be a unique resource to rectify this rupture by seeking to reconnect modern educated Muslims with the central source of their faith and practice - the Qur’an as the actual Word of God, and traditional scholarship treating it - through a deeper source-based understanding of this text. It also seeks to serve the needs of non-Muslims interested in understanding the message of the Qur’an, as well as of academic scholars interested in the range of Muslim understandings of their revealed Book.
An Introduction to Islam in the 21st Century. Aminah Beverly McCloud, Scott W. Hibbard, and Laith Saud (Eds.)
Authors: Parray Tauseef Ahmad
Published: January 2022

Since John L. Esposito edited The Oxford History of Islam (Oxford University Press, 1999) there has not appeared a comprehensive reference book covering Islamic history with regional studies from the classical to contemporary eras and throwing light on contemporary challenges. This team-edited volume An Introduction to Islam in the 21st Century provides an overview of the Islamic tradition for Western readers which captures its diversity, interpretive debates, and regional differences. It begins with the social and political realities informing 21st century Islamic practice, and examines varying interpretations and debates over hotly debated issues such as the phenomenon of militancy, Islamophobia, and the teaching of Islam in the West. The central approach is that the “image of Islam (particularly in the West) is very different from the lived reality of over a billion adherents around the globe” (p.4). An accessible introduction to Islam, An Introduction to Islam in the 21st Century announces itself as a western-oriented contemporary product.
A Peacebuilding from the Bottom: Daily Life and Local Governance in Rural Afghanistan
Authors: Hayashi Yutaka
Published: January 2022

The images of Afghanistan are quite often occupied with the long history of conflicts since late 1970s. Even some knew the assassination of Ahmad Shah Massoud on the eve of 911 attacks on the US soil in 2001. The year of 2001 was a historic turning point for the country to re-start state building from the ashes of two decades of war. In other words, 2001 can be seen as a new beginning of peacebuilding in Afghanistan.

This article will examine a possible peacebuilding in Afghanistan from the perspective of rural life after 2001. It is often argued that peacebuilding means to establish state institutions and rule of laws and to introduce a democratic system. This paper, however, aims to highlight the rural daily life and local governance system in order to lead a stable and effective peacebuilding in Afghanistan. For that purpose, based on the interviews conducted between 2003 and 20131 it is, therefore, emphasised that the importance of peacebuilding in rural area, not the top-down peacebuilding, is critical to materialise peace in the country.

This article will investigate the life in rural Afghanistan and based on that, highlights the descent and humble needs of villagers, farmers and ex-combatants for life that directly indicate a way to establish peace from rural area. It would also imply the gap between the reconstructions of state system and the needs of the people in rural area. This article, therefore, (1) touches upon brief background of the targeted rural districts, and (2) examines the needs of the people in the rural area and finally (3) highlights the community structure and local governance in rural Afghanistan.
The Arab Spring, Good Governance and Citizens' Rights
Authors: Akhmetova Elmira
Published: January 2022

This article is a study of the origins and consequences of the Arab Spring through highlighting the higher objectives of the Shariah in governance, as well as the basic rights and responsibilities of the citizens and the rulers in Islam. The paper suggests that maintaining peace, harmony and social stability are the main objectives of Islam in governance. But revolutionary changes commonly destroy social harmony and well-being; and produce chaos, insecurity, injustice and economic collapse. At the same time, the citizens own rights to disobey their deviant rulers. Accordingly, through discussing the rights and responsibilities of the citizens before their rulers and of the rulers before their people, the paper recommends adoption of the approach of nonviolent and evolutionary changes to improve political and social ills. It also suggests that governments should conduct peaceful, fair-minded and just rule rather than giving people no other option but to create public havoc. The paper also suggests that Islamic principles in governance, as embedded in the text and traditions, are conducive to good governance and democratic thought in many compelling ways.
Conversion Issues in Malaysia: A Challenge to Religious and Racial Harmony
Authors: Yussof Sheila Ainon
Published: January 2022

There is a worrying trend recently of inter-religious cases which have fuelled angst amongst multiracial communities in Malaysia, and which threaten to disrupt racial harmony or dismantle the 1Malaysia Unity Framework. We refer to the recent case of a “Muslim” bride (named Zarina Majid) marrying her Hindu boyfriend of seven years.

The earlier version of her story goes like this. Zarina was a product of the law which at its time allowed a unilateral conversion of minors by their parents who converted to Islam. Zarina’s parents married as Hindus in 1980. Her father converted to Islam at the urging of a relative while her mother remained a Hindu. It was reported that they remained in the “dual-religion” marriage for a good number of years, and Zarina said that her mother, being illiterate, did not realise that her children were Muslims. Her father registered them as Muslims in their birth certificates and in their MyKad (the national identity card). The problem arose when their father left his home after the birth of Zarina’s brother in 1990 and abandoned them. As a result of abandonment, Zarina was Muslim in name only, nurtured by her Hindu mother to become a practising Hindu, whilst the Muslim father moved on with his life presumably to marry a Muslim wife.
Separation of Powers: An Islamic Perspective
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: January 2022

This article explores the principle of separation of powers and its proper constitutional role in regulating relations among the various organs of state in an Islamic polity. It will be noted at the outset that the Muslim polity has undergone shifting paradigms - from the Righteous Caliphate of the early decades of the advent of Islam, to the ensuing hereditary/dynastic caliphate, to western nation state, and now to a fresh demand for an Islamic state (dawla Islamiyya) as I explain in the following paragraphs. With the spread, under European influence, of the western nation state in much of the post-colonial Muslim world, both the Shari’ah and ulama lost their preeminence. Massive dislocations in their legal and political orders brought the Muslims face to face with a host of uncertainties as to what role, if any, their own legacy could play under the new constitutional arrangement of western origin.
Economic Benefits of Risk Sharing
Authors: Abdullah Abdul Karim
Published: January 2022

Discussions of the benefits of risk sharing tend to be confined to benefits at the company level. These include remaining debt-free and the fact that capital, unlike borrowed funds - apart from listing, legal and other fees - comes at zero cost. What tends to be overlooked is that the use of risk sharing also brings major benefits to society at the macro-economic level. Specifically, it contributes to the realisation of the leading economic objectives of government stabilisation policies. These include an efficient allocation of resources, full employment, stable prices, robust growth, a more even distribution of wealth, and greater cyclical stability. Thus, channeling capital into investment by means of risk sharing in preference to borrowing at interest can significantly alleviate the macro-economic problems currently plaguing most industrialised economies.
A Cultural Analysis of Ottoman Algeria (1516-1830) The North-South Mediterranean Progress Gap
Authors: Ladjal Tarek , Bensaid Benaouda
Published: January 2022

A number of works have dealt with the socio-political and economic history of Algeria under the Ottoman protectorate; yet the intellectual and cultural life of this period remains poorly explored. We examine the question of ‘progress’ against the intellectual and religious life of Ottoman Algeria, analysing the reasons behind the negligent European intellectual influences upon Ottoman Algeria. We review pre-colonial Algeria’s cultural and intellectual landscape in order to assess the reaction of Algerian society to European ideas originating in the French Revolution and the Enlightenment. Algeria’s intellectual context, learning system, and the public practice of Sufism contributed significantly to building resistance to European intellectual infiltration and influence, while the European communities in Algeria played a marginal role in shaping Algeria’s intellectual and cultural life. In spite of its inherent political and geostrategic advantages, Ottoman Algeria failed to achieve a balance between military power and politics in the Mediterranean region, and its own inherent cultural resources.
STRAIN RATE–DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF UNCURED RUBBER: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND CONSTITUTIVE MODELING
Authors: Kim Sanghyeub , Berger Thomas , Kaliske Michael
Published: January 2022

The strain rate dependence of uncured rubber is investigated through a series of tensile tests (monotonic, multistep relaxation, cyclic creep tests) at different strain rates. In addition, loading/unloading tests in which the strain rate is varied every cycle are carried out to observe their dependence on the deformation history. A strain rate–dependent viscoelastic–viscoplastic constitutive model is proposed with the nonlinear viscosity and process-dependent recovery properties observed in the test results. Those properties are implemented by introducing evolution equations for additional internal variables. The identified material parameters capture the experiments qualitatively well. The proposed model is also evaluated by finite element simulations of the building process of a tire, followed by the in-molding.
The Historical Role of Work Social Support, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Innovation Capabilities
Authors: Zeeshan Rasool  , Rubab Asghar  , Ali Junaid Khan  , Shahzad Ali Gill
Published: January 2022

This study aims to observe the impact of work social system (WSS) on innovative capability through knowledge sharing process and corporate social responsibility (CSR) through happiness feeling and job satisfaction. Several models from empirical studies were developed to test the relations such as organizational trust as moderator and happiness, knowledge sharing and job satisfaction as mediators. The data was collected in the form of questionnaires from the bank employees in the southern region of Pakistan. The study finds the results in consistent with the previous studies which show the positive relation between trust, innovation, and the supervisory support. This paper concludes that taking volunteer activities increases job satisfaction, happiness feeling in employees. This study has implications of promoting positive environment and culture by the managers and using organizational trust as a moderator instead of a mediator.
Do Mangue à Fábrica: as transformações nas relações de trabalho e de gênero em territórios pesqueiros de Goiana/PE
Authors: Oliveira Valéria Costa Aldeci de
Published: January 2022

O livro “Do mangue à fábrica: as transformações nas relações de trabalho e de gênero em territórios pesqueiros de Goiana/PE”, de Valéria Costa, documenta esse momento e o faz com perspicácia, voltando-se para as comunidades de pescadores, em especial para as mulheres marisqueiras, observando o processo de integração de algumas delas em uma das empresas sistemistas da planta da FCA, a LEAR Corporation. A autora se detém na análise das transformações que então ocorrem nas relações de trabalho e nas relações sociais de gênero nesses territórios tradicionais e pesqueiros. Observa e analisa com agudeza como se processam as transformações e as permanências nas relações de gênero e de trabalho dessas mulheres, que de tradicionais marisqueiras das comunidades pesqueiras da região, converteram-se em modernas operárias da LEAR. A realização de entrevistas em profundidade, associada à observação direta foram os recursos metodológicos priorizados. O resultado desse estudo, inicialmente uma tese de doutorado que agora está sendo disponibilizado ao público na forma de livro, é um belo registro de uma situação em que se combinam densas tradições e impactantes e abruptas transformações, vista (tal situação) sob um ângulo muito especial e revelador, o das relações de gênero.
Análisis de las cuentas por cobrar en bancos de Lima
Authors: Guija Romero Milagros Maria , Terry Ponte Otto Franklin
Published: January 2022

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis comparativo de las cuentas por cobrar mediante ratios financieros. Se consideró una muestra de 15 bancos que cotizan en la Bolsa de Valores de Lima durante los años 2015 al 2019, haciendo uso de la técnica análisis documental. Los resultados revelan que no podrían atender a todas sus obligaciones inmediatas y se evidencio un ligero deterioro de sus cuentas por cobrar. Debido a la volatilidad del sistema financiero, se deben aplicar estrategias enfocadas en lineamientos de otorgamiento, refinanciamiento y convenios de pago para minimizar la morosidad y cesar la colocación de recursos financieros cuyos costos son asumidos directamente por los intereses pagados a los depositantes, lo que repercute en la rentabilidad. La principal limitación ha sido no poder incorporar variables regulatorias, por ser información reservada, que habría posibilitado integrar dimensiones en la predicción de riesgos. Se concluye que la conjunción de los negocios que realizaron y la estructura adecuada de un balance les permitieron gestionar las brechas entre los diferentes activos y pasivos con sus vencimientos a distintos periodos.
Impacto COVID 19 sobre la situación económica, en una empresa del sector agrícola
Authors: Padilla Gabriel Sheyla Patricia , Vargas Fuentes Gisela Anabel , Pérez Huamán Yeni Lisbeth , Sánchez Vásquez Rocío Elizabeth , Gómez Miguel Jesús Mariano
Published: January 2022

El estudio consideró el objetivo de determinar el impacto de la COVID-19 sobre la situación económica de una empresa agrícola, cuyo enfoque es cuantitativo, de tipo descriptivo, comparativo y con un diseño no experimental. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de la técnica de revisión documental, de una muestra de 48 registros contables. Los resultados fueron: 1) la COVID-19 incide de forma negativa sobre las ventas, con un valor de T=-1.906. y un p valor de 0.083; y 2) la COVID-19 incide de forma negativa sobre las compras, con un valor de T= -1.897 y un p valor de 0.084. 3) La COVID-19 incide de forma negativa sobre las cuentas por cobrar con un valor de T= -1.764 y un p valor de 0.105. Se concluyó que la empresa en promedio ha dejado de comprar cada mes durante la pandemia un monto de 95 662.015 soles; no ha significado un cambio significativo en la economía de la empresa; respecto de las ventas se concluyó que la empresa ha dejado de percibir en promedio 39024.41 soles; no trajo mayores consecuencias en la economía de la empresa; respecto de las cuentas por cobrar, se concluyó que la empresa ha percibido un 0.30% más de deudas de los clientes.
Жолдасбаев Сайден Жолдасбаевич (1936–2021)
Authors: Бахтыбаев Мэлс Маратович , Акымбек Ералы Шардарбекулы
Published: January 2022

В статье рассматриваются основные вехи творческого пути одного из известных казахских ученых – археолога, доктора исторических наук, профессора, академика Академии истории и общественных наук Сайдена Жолдасбаевича Жолдасбаева (1936–2021). После окончания университета в 1963 г., С.Ж. Жолдасбаев сначала работал в научно-исследовательском институте, затем в университете преподавателем, доцентом, профессором, заведующим кафедрой, директором Научно-исследовательского центра. Он одним из первых в Казахстане организовал экспедицию по палеоэтнографическим исследованиям. С. Жолдасбаев провел исследования на, более чем 250 зимовках, а также раскопки около 400 усадеб. В центре его внимания был археологический материал ХV–ХVІІІ вв. В 1975 г. успешно защитил кандидатскую диссертацию, в 1997 г. – докторскую. В результате исследовательской работы было написано 10 монографий, 34 учебника и более 300 научных, научно-популярных статей. Посвятив всю свою жизнь археологии и этнологии, С. Жолдасбаев изучал материальную и духовную культуру казахского позднего средневековья: городское строительство, стационарное домостроение, хозяйство и ремесла, обычаи и традиции. К статье приложен список основных публикаций С.Ж. Жолдасбаева – автора многочисленных научных статей, монографий и учебников.
Новые данные о культуре древних тюрков Жетысу
Authors: Тулегенов Туралы Жаксылыкович , Бесетаев Бауыржан Берканович , Хасенова Бакыт Мулдашевна
Published: January 2022

В полевом сезоне 2017 г. были произведены аварийно-спасательные раскопки близ с. Алмалык Талгарского района Алматинской области, в ходе которых было обнаружено погребение человека с лошадью. Среди инвентаря заслуживает внимание бронзовая серьга так называемого «салтовского» типа, которая дает возможность определить культурно-хронологические рамки памятника и в определенной степени подчеркивает социальный статус погребенного. В погребении также были зафиксированы железные предметы, относящиеся к снаряжению верхового коня. В ходе поиска аналогий были получены косвенные свидетельства в пользу существовавших контактов между раннесредневековым населением Жетысу и Восточного Казахстана, Алтая Это еще раз доказывает особое значение конского снаряжения в эпоху средневековых кочевников, когда на данной территории имели место масштабные боевые действия и массовые миграции населения. Сравнительно-типологический анализ находок выявил круг наиболее близких по морфологическим и техническим характеристикам аналогий, которые указывают на принадлежность памятника к культуре древних тюрков. Памятник датируется VIII–XI вв.
Новые исследования на городище Бытыгай
Authors: Сакенов Сергазы Кайырбекович , Бурбаева Сауле Букихановна , Букешева Гульзат Кайнулловна , Кукушкин Алексей Игоревич
Published: January 2022

В статье приведены предварительные итоги археологических раскопок средневекового городища Бытыгай, проведенных в полевом сезоне 2021 г. Памятник находится на левом берегу р. Нура, в 1 км к востоку от села Коргалжин (Коргалжинский р-н, Акмолинская обл.). На территории городища были заложены два раскопа. Площадь первого раскопа составила 200 м², площадь второго – 120 м². Полностью исследован производственный цех, включающий две печи для плавки глазури, печь для обжига кирпичей, а также сооружение, предназначенное для предварительной сушки сырого кирпича. В работе дается основная характеристика зафиксированных объектов и строительных материалов. В результате раскопок производственного цеха выявлено несколько типов кирпичей: шесть ‑ обожженных кирпичей, один ‑ с орнаментом без глазури и один тип ‑ орнаментированный, покрытый глазурью. Материалы исследования показывают уровень развития городской культуры в Тенгиз-Коргалжинском регионе и свидетельствуют о том, что Бытыгай, наряду с другими известными средневековыми городищами, являлся административно-торговым центром, расположенным на пересечении караванных маршрутов. Производственный цех по изготовлению и обжигу кирпичей и архитектурно-отделочных материалов датирован предположительно XIV–XV вв.
Некоторые вопросы изучения памятников сяньбийской эпохи
Authors: Жунисханов Айдын Сенгалиевич , Айткали Азат
Published: January 2022

Сяньби (кит. 鮮卑 (Шянбэй) сяньбэй) – полиэтническая общность, возникшая в нач. І тыс. н.э. на просторах Центральной Азии. В начале ІІ в. н.э. под натиском сяньбийцев распалась хуннская империя. После этих событий в Центральной Азии устанавливается политическое господство сяньби. Полиэтническая общность сяньбийцев сыграла значительную роль в древней истории Казахстана. Научных работ по истории сяньби на казахском языке чрезвычайно мало, что обусловило актуальность данной работы. История изучения сяньбийцев начинается с переводов древнекитайских текстов Н.Я. Бичуриным, Н.В. Кюнером и В.С. Таскиным. Впервые в научный оборот понятие «сяньбийский период» ввел Г.Е. Грумм-Гржимайло. На основе полученных археологических данных из Северного Китая, Монголии и Сибири ученые по-новому начали осмысливать историю сяньби. В Казахстане изучение археологических памятников сяньбийцев (рук. З. Самашев) проводится систематично начиная с 2016 г. роизведены антропологические и генетические исследования, а также радиоуглеродный анализ материалов. В результате чего были уточнены вопросы связанные с расселением сяньбийцев на территории современного Восточного Казахстана.