bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern Canonical Quantum General Relativity
Authors: Thiemann Thomas
Published: August 2010

Modern physics rests on two fundamental building blocks: general relativity and quantum theory. General relativity is a geometric interpretation of gravity while quantum theory governs the microscopic behaviour of matter. Since matter is described by quantum theory which in turn couples to geometry, we need a quantum theory of gravity. In order to construct quantum gravity one must reformulate quantum theory on a background independent way. Modern Canonical Quantum General Relativity provides a complete treatise of the canonical quantisation of general relativity. The focus is on detailing the conceptual and mathematical framework, on describing physical applications and on summarising the status of this programme in its most popular incarnation, called loop quantum gravity. Mathematical concepts and their relevance to physics are provided within this book, which therefore can be read by graduate students with basic knowledge of quantum field theory or general relativity.
Remembering
Authors: Bartlett Frederic C. , Kintsch Walter
Published: August 2010

In 1932, Cambridge University Press published Remembering, by psychologist, Frederic Bartlett. The landmark book described fascinating studies of memory and presented the theory of schema which informs much of cognitive science and psychology today. In Bartlett's most famous experiment, he had subjects read a Native American story about ghosts and had them retell the tale later. Because their background was so different from the cultural context of the story, the subjects changed details in the story that they could not understand. Based on observations like these, Bartlett developed his claim that memory is a process of reconstruction, and that this construction is in important ways a social act. His concerns about the social psychology of memory and the cultural context of remembering were long neglected but are finding an interested and responsive audience today. Now reissued in paperback, Remembering has a new Introduction by Walter Kintsch of the University of Colorado, Boulder.
Fiscal Governance in Europe
Authors: Hallerberg Mark , Rainer Strauch Rolf , von Hagen Jürgen
Published: August 2010

This book presents a theoretical framework to discuss how governments coordinate budgeting decisions. There are two modes of fiscal governance conducive to greater fiscal discipline, a mode of delegation and a mode of contracts. These modes contrast with a fiefdom form of governance, in which the decision-making process is decentralized. An important insight is that the effectiveness of a given form of fiscal governance depends crucially upon the underlying political system. Delegation functions well when there are few, or no, ideological differences among government parties, whereas contracts are effective when there are many such differences. Empirically, delegation and contract states perform better than fiefdom states if they match the underlying political system. Additional chapters consider why countries have the fiscal institutions that they do, fiscal governance in Central and Eastern Europe, and the role of such institutions in the European Union.
Continued Fractions
Authors: Jones William B. , Thron W. J.
Published: August 2010

This is an exposition of the analytic theory of continued fractions in the complex domain with emphasis on applications and computational methods.
The Physics of Metals
Authors: Hirsch P. B.
Published: August 2010

The Physics of Metals is an advanced treatise written by a team of experts. It presents an authoritative account of selected topics in a major field of modern physics and will prove indispensable to both experimental and theoretical solid state physicists and metallurgists seeking a clear explanation of the state of knowledge of the physical phenomena occurring in metals, without recourse to elaborate mathematics. The whole work was inspired by the desire to honour Sir Nevill Mott by writing an account of some of the topics treated in Mott and Jones's classic work The Theory of the Properties of Metals and Alloys.
Wallace Stevens and the Aesthetics of Abstraction
Authors: Ragg Edward
Published: August 2010

Edward Ragg's study was the first to examine the role of abstraction throughout the work of Wallace Stevens. By tracing the poet's interest in abstraction from Harmonium through to his later works, Ragg argues that Stevens only fully appreciated and refined this interest within his later career. Ragg's detailed close-readings highlight the poet's absorption of late nineteenth century and early twentieth century painting, as well as the examples of philosophers and other poets' work. Wallace Stevens and the Aesthetics of Abstraction will appeal to those studying Stevens as well as anyone interested in the relations between poetry and painting. This valuable study embraces revealing philosophical and artistic perspectives, analyzing Stevens' place within and resistance to Modernist debates concerning literature, painting, representation and 'the imagination'.
A History of the Irish Short Story
Authors: Ingman Heather
Published: August 2010

Though the short story is often regarded as central to the Irish canon, this text was the first comprehensive study of the genre for many years. Heather Ingman traces the development of the modern short story in Ireland from its beginnings in the nineteenth century to the present day. Her study analyses the material circumstances surrounding publication, examining the role of magazines and editors in shaping the form. Ingman incorporates recent critical thinking on the short story, traces international connections, and gives a central part to Irish women's short stories. Each chapter concludes with a detailed analysis of key stories from the period discussed, featuring Joyce, Edna O'Brien and John McGahern, among others. With its comprehensive bibliography and biographies of authors, this volume will be a key work of reference for scholars and students both of Irish fiction and of the modern short story as a genre.
Virtual Selves, Real Persons
Authors: Hallam Richard S.
Published: August 2010

How do we know and understand who we really are as human beings? The concept of 'the self' is central to many strands of psychology and philosophy. This book tackles the problem of how to define persons and selves and discusses the ways in which different disciplines, such as biology, sociology and philosophy, have dealt with this topic. Richard S. Hallam examines the notion that the idea of the self as some sort of entity is a human construction and, in effect, a virtual reality. At the same time, this virtual self is intimately related to the reality of ourselves as biological organisms. Aiming to integrate a constructionist understanding of self with the universalizing assumptions that are needed in natural science approaches, this text is unique in its attempt to create a dialogue across academic disciplines, while retaining a consistent perspective on the problem of relating nature to culture.
European Comparative Company Law
Authors: Andenas Mads , Wooldridge Frank
Published: August 2010

Company law is undergoing fundamental change in Europe. All European countries have undertaken extensive reform of their company legislation. Domestic reform has traditionally been driven by corporate failures or scandals. Initiatives to make corporate governance more effective are a feature of recent European law reform, as are measures to simplify and ease burdens on smaller and medium-sized businesses (SMEs). An increasing EU harmonisation is taking place through the Company Law Directives, and the free movement of companies is also facilitated by the case law of the European Court of Justice on the directives and the right to free movement and establishment in the EC Treaty. New European corporate forms such as the European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) and the European Company (SE) have added new dimensions. At a time of rapid development of EU and national company laws, this book will aid the understanding of an emerging discipline.
Power Exhaust in Fusion Plasmas
Authors: Fundamenski Wojciech
Published: August 2010

Nuclear fusion research is entering a new phase, in which power exhaust will play a vital role. This book presents a complete and up-to-date summary of this emerging field of research in fusion plasmas, focusing on the leading tokamak concept. Emphasis is placed on rigorous theoretical development, supplemented by numerical simulations, which are used to explain and quantify a range of experimental observations. The text offers a self-contained introduction to power exhaust, and deals in detail with both edge plasma turbulence and edge localized modes, providing the necessary background to understand these important, yet complicated phenomena. Combining an in-depth overview with an instructive development of concepts, this is an invaluable resource for academic researchers and graduate students in plasma physics.
Parametric Variation
Authors: Biberauer Theresa , Holmberg Anders , Roberts Ian , Sheehan Michelle
Published: August 2010

Parametric variation in linguistic theory refers to the systematic grammatical variation permitted by the human language faculty. Although still widely assumed, the parametric theory of variation has in recent years been subject to re-evaluation and critique. The Null Subject Parameter, which determines among other things whether or not a language allows the suppression of subject pronouns, is one of the best-known and most widely discussed examples of a parameter. Nevertheless its status in current syntactic theory is highly controversial. This book is a defence of the parametric approach to linguistic variation, set within the framework of the Minimalist Program. It discusses syntactic variation in the light of recent developments in linguistic theory, focusing on issues such as the formal nature of minimalist parameters, the typology of null-subject language systems and the way in which parametric choices can be seen to underlie the synchronic and diachronic patterns observed in natural languages.
Paths to Development in Asia
Authors: Vu Tuong
Published: August 2010

Why have some states in the developing world been more successful at facilitating industrialization than others? Challenging theories that privilege industrial policy and colonial legacies, this book focuses on state structure and the politics of state formation, arguing that a cohesive state structure is as important to developmental success as effective industrial policy. Based on a comparison of six Asian cases, including both capitalist and socialist states with varying structural cohesion, Tuong Vu proves that it is state formation politics rather than colonial legacies that have had decisive and lasting impacts on the structures of emerging states. His cross-national comparison of South Korea, Vietnam, Republican and Maoist China, and Sukarno's and Suharto's Indonesia, which is augmented by in-depth analyses of state formation processes in Vietnam and Indonesia, is an important contribution to understanding the dynamics of state formation and economic development in Asia.
How Capitalism Was Built
Authors: Aslund Anders
Published: August 2010

Anders Åslund foresaw the collapse of the Soviet Union in his book Gorbachev's Struggle for Economic Reform (1989). He depicted the success of Russia's market transformation in How Russia Became a Market Economy (1995). After Russia's financial crisis of 1998, Åslund insisted that Russia had no choice but to adjust to the world market (Building Capitalism, 2001), though most observers declared the market economic experiment a failure. Why did Russia not choose Chinese gradual reforms? Why are the former Soviet countries growing much faster than the Central European economies? How did the oligarchs arise? Who is in charge now? These are just some of the questions answered in How Capitalism Was Built, covering twenty-one former communist countries from 1989 to 2006. Anybody who wants to understand the confusing dramas unfolding in the region and to obtain an early insight into the future will find this book useful and intellectually stimulating.
Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Schubert E. Fred
Published: August 2010

Revised and fully up-dated, the second edition of this graduate textbook offers a comprehensive explanation of the technology and physics of LEDs such as infrared, visible-spectrum, ultraviolet, and white LEDs made from III-V semiconductors. Elementary properties such as electrical and optical characteristics are reviewed, followed by the analysis of advanced device structures. With nine additional chapters, the treatment of LEDs has been vastly expanded, including new material on device packaging, reflectors, UV LEDs, III-V nitride materials, solid-state sources for illumination applications, and junction temperature. Radiative and non-radiative recombination dynamics, methods for improving light extraction, high-efficiency and high-power device designs, white-light emitters with wavelength-converting phosphor materials, optical reflectors, and spontaneous recombination in resonant-cavity structures are discussed in detail. With exercises, solutions, and illustrative examples, this textbook will be of interest to scientists and engineers working on LEDs and graduate students in electrical engineering, applied physics, and materials science.
Public Philosophy in a New Key
Authors: Tully James
Published: August 2010

These two ambitious volumes from one of the world's most celebrated political philosophers present a new kind of political and legal theory that James Tully calls a public philosophy, and a complementary new way of thinking about active citizenship, called civic freedom. Professor Tully takes the reader step-by-step through the principal debates in political theory and the major types of political struggle today. These volumes represent a genuine landmark in political theory. In this second volume, Professor Tully studies networks and civic struggles over global or imperial relations of inequality, dependency, exploitation and environmental degradation beyond the state. The final chapter brings all of the author's resonant themes together in a new way of thinking about global and local citizenship, and of political theory in relation to it. This forms a powerful conclusion to a major intervention from a vital and distinctive voice in contemporary thought.
The Political Origins of Religious Liberty
Authors: Gill Anthony
Published: August 2010

The issue of religious liberty has gained ever-increasing attention among policy makers and the public. Whereas politicians have long championed the idea of religious freedom and tolerance, the actual achievement of these goals has been an arduous battle for religious minorities. What motivates political leaders to create laws providing for greater religious liberty? In contrast to scholars who argue that religious liberty results from the spread of secularization and modern ideas, Anthony Gill argues that religious liberty results from interest-based calculations of secular rulers. Using insights from political economists, Gill develops a theory of the origins of religious liberty based upon the political and economic interests of governing officials. Political leaders are most likely to permit religious freedom when it enhances their own political survival, tax revenue, and the economic welfare of their country. He explores his theory using cases from British America, Latin America, Russia, and the Baltic states.
Deadly Connections
Authors: Byman Daniel
Published: August 2010

Thousands of people have died at the hands of terrorist groups who rely on state support for their activities. Iran and Syria are well known as sponsors of terrorism, while other countries, some with strong connections to the West, have enabled terrorist activity by turning a blind eye. Daniel Byman's hard-hitting and articulate book analyzes this phenomenon. Focusing primarily on sponsors from the Middle East and South Asia, it examines the different types of support that states provide, their motivations, and the impact of such sponsorship. The book also considers regimes that allow terrorists to raise money and recruit without providing active support. The experiences of Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Libya are detailed here, alongside the histories of radical groups such as al-Qaida and Hizballah. The book concludes by assessing why it is often difficult to force sponsors to cut ties to terrorist groups and suggesting ways in which it could be done better in the future.
Muslims and the State in Britain, France, and Germany
Authors: Fetzer Joel S. , Soper J. Christopher
Published: August 2010

Over ten million Muslims live in Western Europe. Since the early 1990s, and especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, vexing policy questions have emerged about the religious rights of native-born and immigrant Muslims. Britain has struggled over whether to give state funding to private Islamic schools. France has been convulsed over Muslim teenagers wearing the hijab in public schools. Germany has debated whether to grant 'public-corporation' status to Muslims. And each state is searching for policies to ensure the successful incorporation of practicing Muslims into liberal democratic society. This 2004 book analyzes state accommodation of Muslims' religious practices in Britain, France, and Germany, first examining three major theories: resource mobilization, political-opportunity structure, and ideology. It then proposes an additional explanation, arguing that each nation's approach to Muslims follows from its historically based church-state institutions.
Introductory Quantum Optics
Authors: Gerry Christopher , Knight Peter
Published: August 2010

This book provides an elementary introduction to the subject of quantum optics, the study of the quantum mechanical nature of light and its interaction with matter. The presentation is almost entirely concerned with the quantized electromagnetic field. Topics covered include single-mode field quantization in a cavity, quantization of multimode fields, quantum phase, coherent states, quasi-probability distribution in phase space, atom-field interactions, the Jaynes-Cummings model, quantum coherence theory, beam splitters and interferometers, dissipative interactions, nonclassical field states with squeezing etc., 'Schrödinger cat' states, tests of local realism with entangled photons from down-conversion, experimental realizations of cavity quantum electrodynamics, trapped ions, decoherence, and some applications to quantum information processing, particularly quantum cryptography. The book contains many homework problems and an extensive bibliography. This text is designed for upper-level undergraduates taking courses in quantum optics who have already taken a course in quantum mechanics, and for first and second year graduate students.
Introductory Algebraic Number Theory
Authors: Alaca Saban , Williams Kenneth S.
Published: August 2010

Algebraic number theory is a subject which came into being through the attempts of mathematicians to try to prove Fermat's last theorem and which now has a wealth of applications to diophantine equations, cryptography, factoring, primality testing and public-key cryptosystems. This book provides an introduction to the subject suitable for senior undergraduates and beginning graduate students in mathematics. The material is presented in a straightforward, clear and elementary fashion, and the approach is hands on, with an explicit computational flavour. Prerequisites are kept to a minimum, and numerous examples illustrating the material occur throughout the text. References to suggested reading and to the biographies of mathematicians who have contributed to the development of algebraic number theory are given at the end of each chapter. There are over 320 exercises, an extensive index, and helpful location guides to theorems and lemmas in the text.
A Guide to MATLAB
Authors: Hunt Brian R. , Lipsman Ronald L. , Rosenberg Jonathan M. , Coombes Kevin R. , Osborn John E. , Stuck Garrett J.
Published: August 2010

This is a short, focused introduction to MATLAB, a comprehensive software system for mathematical and technical computing. It contains concise explanations of essential MATLAB commands, as well as easily understood instructions for using MATLAB's programming features, graphical capabilities, simulation models, and rich desktop interface. Written for MATLAB 7, it can also be used with earlier (and later) versions of MATLAB. This book teaches how to graph functions, solve equations, manipulate images, and much more. It contains explicit instructions for using MATLAB's companion software, Simulink, which allows graphical models to be built for dynamical systems. MATLAB's new "publish" feature is discussed, which allows mathematical computations to be combined with text and graphics, to produce polished, integrated, interactive documents. For the beginner it explains everything needed to start using MATLAB, while experienced users making the switch to MATLAB 7 from an earlier version will also find much useful information here.
World Englishes
Authors: Mesthrie Rajend , Bhatt Rakesh M.
Published: August 2010

The spread of English around the world has been and continues to be both rapid and unpredictable. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties deals with this inescapable result of colonisation and globalisation from a social and linguistic perspective. The main focus of the book is on the second-language varieties of English that have developed in the former British colonies of East and West Africa, the Caribbean, South and South-East Asia. The book provides a historical overview of the common circumstances that gave rise to these varieties, and a detailed account of their recurrent similarities in structure, patterns of usage, vocabulary and accents. Also discussed are debates about language in education, the rise of English in China and Western Europe, and other current developments in a world of global travel and migration.
Intermediate Dynamics for Engineers
Authors: O'Reilly Oliver M.
Published: August 2010

This book has sufficient material for two semester-length courses in intermediate engineering dynamics. For the first course, a Newton-Euler approach is used, followed by a Lagrangrian approach in the second. Using some ideas from differential geometry, the equivalence of these two approaches is illuminated throughout the text. In addition, this book contains comprehensive treatments of the kinematics and dynamics of particles and rigid bodies. The subject matter is illuminated by numerous, highly structured examples and exercises featuring a wide range of applications and numerical simulations.
Design, Measurement and Management of Large-Scale IP Networks
Authors: Nucci Antonio , Papagiannaki Konstantina
Published: August 2010

Designing efficient IP networks and maintaining them effectively poses a range of challenges, but in this highly competitive industry it is crucial that these are overcome. Weaving together theory and practice, this text sets out the design and management principles of large-scale IP networks, and the need for these tasks to be underpinned by actual measurements. Discussions of the types of measurements available in IP networks are included, along with the ways in which they can assist both in the design phase as well as in the monitoring and management of IP applications. Other topics covered include IP network design, traffic engineering, network and service management and security. A valuable resource for graduate students and researchers in electrical and computer engineering and computer science, this is also an excellent reference for network designers and operators in the communication industry.
Oil, Water, and Climate
Authors: Gautier Catherine
Published: August 2010

Today's oil and gas are at record prices, whilst global energy demand is increasing from population and economic development pressures. Climate change, resulting in large part from the burning of fossil fuels, is exacerbating the impacts of the excelerated exploitation of our natural resources. Therefore, anxieties over energy, water, and climate security are at an all-time high. Global action is needed now in order to address this set of urgent challenges and to avoid putting the future of our civilization at risk. This book examines the powerful interconnections that link energy, water, climate and population, exploring viable options in addressing these issues collectively. Difficult political decisions and major reforms in resource governance, policies, market forces, and use are needed and this book provides excellent introductory material to begin to understand and to address these problems.
Introductory Computational Physics
Authors: Klein Andi , Godunov Alexander
Published: August 2010

Computers are one of the most important tools available to physicists, whether for calculating and displaying results, simulating experiments, or solving complex systems of equations. Introducing students to computational physics, this textbook, first published in 2006, shows how to use computers to solve mathematical problems in physics and teaches students about choosing different numerical approaches. It also introduces students to many of the programs and packages available. The book relies solely on free software: the operating system chosen is Linux, which comes with an excellent C++ compiler, and the graphical interface is the ROOT package available for free from CERN. This broad scope textbook is suitable for undergraduates starting on computational physics courses. It includes exercises and many examples of programs. Online resources at www.cambridge.org/0521828627 feature additional reference information, solutions, and updates on new techniques, software and hardware used in physics.
Phaseolin fromPhaseolus vulgarisbean modulates gut mucin flow and gene expression in rats
Authors: Montoya Carlos A. , Leterme Pascal , Romé Véronique , Beebe Stephen , Claustre Jean , Lallès Jean-Paul
Published: August 2010

Dietary protein might modulate mucin flow and intestinal mucin gene expression. Since unheated phaseolin fromPhaseolus vulgarisbean is resistant to digestion and increases gut endogenous protein losses, we hypothesised that unheated phaseolin influences mucin flow and gene expression, and that phaseolin heat treatment reverses these effects. The hypothesis was tested using a control diet containing casein as the sole protein source and three other diets with casein being replaced by 33 and 67 % of unheated and 67 % of heated phaseolin. The rats were fed for 6 d and euthanised. Digesta and faeces were collected for determining digestibility and mucin flow. Gut tissues were collected for mucin (Muc1,Muc2,Muc3andMuc4) and Trefoil factor 3 (Tff3) gene expressions. Colonic mucin flow decreased linearly with increasing the dietary level of unheated phaseolin (P < 0·05). Unheated phaseolin increased N flow in ileum, colon and faeces (P < 0·05), and reduced apparent N digestibility linearly (P < 0·01). Heat treatment reversed all these changes (P < 0·05 to < 0·001), except mucin flow. The expressions ofMucmRNA in gut tissues were influenced by dietary phaseolin level (ileum and colon:Muc3andMuc4) and thermal treatment (ileum:Muc2; colon:Muc2,Muc3,Muc4andTff3) (P < 0·05 to 0·001). In conclusion, phaseolin modulates mucin flow andMucgene expression along the intestines differentially.
Iranian Millenarianism and Demorcratic Thought in the 19th Century
Authors: Cole Juan R. I.
Published: August 2010

Between 1905 and 1911, Iranians were engaged in a protracted struggle over whether a constitutionalist regime would replace royal absolutism.1 Little in Iran's political culture before 1905 had hinted at this conflict before it broke out, and for the past thirty years historians have been seeking this genealogy for it. Most have searched among the papers of officials and diplomats, often examining unpublished or posthumously published manuscripts with little or no contemporary circulation, at least before the revolution,2 but we might get closer to its context if we look at what was going on outside the governmental elite. Here I will explore the growth of belief in representative government within an Iranian millenarian movement, the Bahai faith, in the last third of the 19th century, as an example of how the new ideas circulated that led to the conflict.3 Historians have noted a link between millenarianism and democratic or populist thought elsewhere, after all; for instance they have long recognized the importance of chiliastic ideas in e English Revolution of the 17th century. The republicanism of American dissidents and revolutionaries was also sometimes tinged with a civil millennialism. The Bahais of Iran, too, combined democratic rhetoric with millenarian imagery in the generation before the Constitutional Revolution.4
Newtonian pizza: spinning a viscous sheet
Authors: HOWELL PETER D. , SCHEID BENOIT , STONE HOWARD A.
Published: August 2010

We study the axisymmetric stretching of a thin sheet of viscous fluid driven by a centrifugal body force. Time-dependent simulations show that the sheet radiusR(t) tends to infinity in finite time. As timetapproaches the critical timet*, the sheet becomes partitioned into a very thin central region and a relatively thick rim. A net momentum and mass balance in the rim leads to a prediction for the sheet radius near the singularity that agrees with the numerical simulations. By asymptotically matching the dynamics of the sheet with the rim, we find that the thicknesshin the central region is described by a similarity solution of the second kind, withh∝ (t* −t)αwhere the exponent α satisfies a nonlinear eigenvalue problem. Finally, for non-zero surface tension, we find that the exponent increases rapidly to infinity at a critical value of the rotational Bond numberB= 1/4. ForB> 1/4, surface tension defeats the centrifugal force, causing the sheet to retract rather than to stretch, with the limiting behaviour described by a similarity solution of the first kind.
The Bermuda Company, the Privy Council, and the Wreck of the San Antonio, 1621–23
Authors: MacMillan Ken
Published: August 2010

In September 1621, Governor Nathaniel Butler of Bermuda was woken in the middle of the night to hear a report that one hundred Spaniards had landed on the west part of the islands. Bermuda had long been at risk of attack because of its close proximity to the homebound route of the Spanish treasure fleet, so Butler understandably went on the defensive. He ordered the manning of several forts and repaired to the landing area with twenty armed men, expecting to pick up additional strength along the way. Rather than find an invading enemy, Butler and his men found a group of Portuguese and Spanish men, women, and children, whose ship—the 300-tonne, Portuguese-owned San Antonio—had been separated from the treasure fleet by a bad storm and wrecked upon the rocks ten miles west of the islands. Saving what goods they could carry, most of the castaways made their way to Mangrove Bay at the north part of Somerset Island in a small cockboat.
Forestry as Foreign Policy: Anglo-Siamese Relations and the Origins of Britain's Informal Empire in the Teak Forests of Northern Siam, 1883–1925
Authors: Barton Gregory A. , Bennett Brett M.
Published: August 2010

Nineteenth-century Europeans visiting Southeast and South Asia eulogised teak trees (Tectona grandis) for their value and beauty. Diplomatic diaries, travel memoirs, literary descriptions and geography books for children described the teak as a universal sovereign of the sylvan world, the regal “lord” of the forests. With dwindling supplies of oak in Britain, British elites saw teak as a vital component of the country's global naval supremacy in the nineteenth century. The fear of a dwindling supply of teak during the late eighteenth to the mid nineteenth centuries encouraged the creation of forestry departments and laws in British India that attempted to preserve the finite amount of teak in the sub-continent. Yet the finite ecologies of India and Burma could not supply all the teak required to fuel expanding demand. Britain would have to look beyond its formal empire in Asia to find more teak.
Swiss Conservatives and the Struggle for the Abolition of Slavery at the End of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: David Thomas , Schaufelbuehl Janick Marina
Published: August 2010

This article examines the Swiss anti-slavery movement during the last third of the nineteenth century. Despite being a country without colonies, Switzerland actively participated in international anti-slavery networks, often linked to the armed conquest of Central Africa.

Through an analysis of the socio-political affiliations of the leaders of these abolitionist campaigns in Switzerland, the authors show how the Swiss conservative protestant elite, whose role in international philanthropy had become more important after the founding of the Red Cross, relied on the anti-slavery movement, not only to reinforce its position in international networks, but also to pursue political and social objectives on a domestic level, in particular the “social regeneration” of the country.
Foreword to the special issue of EJAM on crime modelling
Authors: BERESTYCKI H. , JOHNSON S. D. , OCKENDON R. , PRIMICERIO M.
Published: August 2010

This special issue is one of the very first dedicated to crime modelling in a journal of applied mathematics. It emphasizes one of the new areas at the Social Science frontier, where modelling and mathematical tools are put to use with a view to shed light on phenomena previously thought to be outside of their reach. Pioneering research is increasingly being carried out in many different areas in the life sciences or social sciences, often under the heading of the study of complex systems. When addressing issues regarding society, individuals or the collective behaviours of humans, several questions naturally arise about the modelling enterprise. What is the nature and role of modelling in social sciences? What is one to expect from these new approaches? The case of economics, which has relied on mathematics for a very long time now, can serve as a paradigm for what is happening in other social sciences.
Molecular mechanisms controlling human adipose tissue development: insights from monogenic lipodystrophies
Authors: Rochford Justin J.
Published: August 2010

Appropriately functioning adipose tissue is essential for human health, a fact most clearly illustrated by individuals with lipodystrophy, who have impaired adipose development and often suffer severe metabolic disease as a result. Humans with obesity display a similar array of metabolic problems. This reflects failures in fat tissue function in obesity, which results in consequences similar to those seen when insufficient adipose tissue is present. Thus a better understanding of the molecules that regulate the development of fat tissue is likely to aid the generation of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of all disorders of altered fat mass. Single gene disruptions causing lipodystrophy can give unique insights into the importance of the proteins they encode in human adipose tissue development. Moreover, the mechanisms via which they cause lipodystrophy can reveal new molecules and pathways important for adipose tissue development and function as well as confirming the importance of molecules identified from studies of cellular and animal models.
Measuring primary production rates in the ocean: Enigmatic results between incubation and non‐incubation methods at Station ALOHA
Authors: Quay P. D. , Peacock C. , Björkman K. , Karl D. M.
Published: August 2010

Primary production (PP) rates were estimated using concurrent 14C and 18O bottle incubations and a non‐incubation oxygen isotope (17Δ) based method during monthly cruises to the time series station ALOHA in the subtropical N. Pacific Ocean between March, 2006 and February, 2008. The mean gross oxygen production (GOP) rate in the photic layer (0–200m) at ALOHA was estimated at 103 ± 43 and 78 ± 17 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 from the 17Δ and 18O methods, respectively. In comparison, the mean 14C‐PP rate (daytime incubations) in the photic layer was 42 ± 7 mmol C m−2 d−1 (502 ± 84 mg C m−2 d−1). Seasonal and depth variability (% change) for GOP rate was 2–3 times that for 14C‐PP. The non‐incubation 17Δ‐GOP rates consistently exceeded the incubation 18O‐GOP rates by 25–60%, and possible methodological biases were evaluated. A supersaturation of the dissolved O2/Ar gas ratio was measured every month yielding a mean annual value of 101.3 ± 0.1% and indicating a consistent net autotrophic condition in the mixed layer at ALOHA. The mean annual net community production (NCP) rate at ALOHA estimated from dissolved O2/Ar gas ratio was 14 ± 4 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 (120 ± 33 mg C m−2 d−1 or 3.7 ± 1.0 mol C m−2 yr−1) for the mixed layer. A NCP/GOP ratio of 0.19 ± 0.08 determined from 17Δ and O2/Ar measurements indicated that ∼20% of gross photosynthetic production was available for export and harvest.
Black carbon in grassland ecosystems of the world
Authors: Rodionov Andrej , Amelung Wulf , Peinemann Norman , Haumaier Ludwig , Zhang Xudong , Kleber Markus , Glaser Bruno , Urusevskaya Inga , Zech Wolfgang
Published: August 2010

Black carbon (BC) is the product of incomplete burning processes and a significant component of the passive soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. The role of BC in the global carbon cycle is still unclear. This study aimed to quantify and characterize BC in major grassland ecosystems of the world. Twenty‐eight representative soil profiles (mainly Mollisols) were sampled in the Russian Steppe, the U.S. Great Plains, the Argentinian Pampa, the Manchurian Plains in China, and the Chernozem region in central Germany. Black carbon contents were estimated using benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCA) as a molecular marker, and indications about the origin of the BC were derived from bulk and compound‐specificδ13C analyses and radiocarbon dating of bulk soil organic matter (SOM). Our findings suggest that between 5% and 30% of SOC stocks consist of BC. Maximum BC contributions to SOC frequently were found at deeper parts of the A horizon with14C ages younger than 7000 years BP; that is, incorporation of C as charred particles accompanied ecosystem development since the mid‐Holocene. Most of this BC formed from local vegetation, as indicated by a13C isotope signature similar to that of bulk SOM. At some sites, also nonlocal sources contributed to soil BC, e.g., fossil fuel BC inputs at the German sites. Black carbon stocks were highest in Chernozems and lowest in Kastanozems. The Russian Steppe and Chinese Manchurian sites stored about 3–4 times more BC (around 3 kg m−2) than did the other sites because of thicker A horizons that were rich in BC. On a global scale, we estimate that steppe ecosystems contain between 4 and 17 Pg BC.
An intermediate‐complexity model for simulating marine biogeochemistry in deep time: Validation against the modern global ocean
Authors: Romaniello Stephen J. , Derry Louis A.
Published: August 2010

We present a new high‐resolution 1‐D intermediate‐complexity box model (ICBM) of ocean biogeochemical processes for paleoceanographic applications. The model contains 79 reservoirs in three regions that should be generally applicable throughout much of Earth history: (1) a stratified gyre region, (2) a high‐latitude convective region, and (3) an upwelling region analogous to those found associated with eastern boundary currents. Transport processes are modeled as exchange fluxes between boxes and by eddy diffusion terms. Significant improvement in the representation of middepth oxygen budgets was achieved by implementing nonlocal mixing between the high‐latitude surface and gyre thermocline reservoirs. The biogeochemical submodel simulates coupled C, N, P, O, and S systematics with explicit representation of microbial populations, using a process‐based approach. Primary production follows Redfield stoichiometry, while water column remineralization is depth‐ and redox couple–dependent. Settling particulate organic matter is incorporated into a benthic submodel that accounts for burial and remineralization. The C/P ratio of burial depends on bottom water oxygen. Denitrification takes place both by classical and anammox pathways. The ICBM was tested against modern oceanographic observations from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project, Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, and other databases. Comparisons of model output with circulation tracers including θ, salinity, CFC‐12, and radiocarbon permit a test of the physical exchange scheme. Vertical profiles of biogeochemically reactive components in each of the three regions are in good agreement with observations. Under modern conditions the upwelling zone displays a pronounced oxygen minimum zone and water column denitrification, while these are not present in the high‐latitude or gyre regions. Model‐generated global fluxes also compare well to independent estimates of primary production, burial, and phosphorous and nitrogen cycling. The ICBM appears to adequately simulate the long‐term (kyr) evolution of several biogeochemical cycles and improves on previous box models in several important ways. In a companion paper, the model's performance under euxinic conditions is tested against modern Black Sea data. The simple and adaptable structure of the model should make it applicable to a wide range of paleoceanographic problems. The model source code is available in MATLABTM 7 m‐files provided as auxiliary material.
Interhemispheric observations of emerging polar cap asymmetries
Authors: Laundal K. M. , Østgaard N. , Snekvik K. , Frey H. U.
Published: August 2010

In this paper we use simultaneous global UV images of the aurora in the two hemispheres to study differences in the polar cap boundary location. We show that the northern and southern auroral ovals circumvent the same amount of magnetic flux, providing additional evidence that the poleward boundary of the aurora coincides with the open/closed field line boundary. During a period of significant flux closure, large asymmetries in the polar cap boundaries developed between the hemispheres. The asymmetry was strongest in the regions where the polar caps contracted the most, suggesting that emerging interhemispheric polar cap asymmetries is an intrinsic phenomenon during substorm expansions, when magnetic flux closes rapidly in the tail. Utilizing the prolonged surveillance of the open/closed boundary location, we show that the growing asymmetries can be accounted for by differences in the ionospheric convection in the two hemispheres. The observations suggest that the differences in convection were due to seasonal differences between the hemispheres, and that the summer hemisphere responded more promptly to changes in magnetospheric convection than the winter hemisphere.
Empirical modeling of a CIR‐driven magnetic storm
Authors: Sitnov M. I. , Tsyganenko N. A. , Ukhorskiy A. Y. , Anderson B. J. , Korth H. , Lui A. T. Y. , Brandt P. C.
Published: August 2010

The empirical analysis of structure and evolution of the geomagnetic field and underlying electric currents during the 8–11 March 2008 magnetospheric storm, driven by a corotating interaction region, is presented. It is based on the high‐resolution geomagnetic field model TS07D (http://geomag_field.jhuapl.edu/model/) and the low‐altitude mapping of field‐aligned currents obtained using Iridium satellites. Compared to storms, driven by coronal mass ejections, the equatorial currents are found to be overall more dawn‐dusk symmetric. Only in the early main phase a moderate hook‐like westward current flowing from the Region‐2 inflow area on the dawn side to the dusk/afternoon magnetopause is detected, along with an eastward current near the pre‐noon magnetopause. New tail‐type currents are found to dominate the storm‐time magnetosphere in early main and recovery phases at the moments of strong peaks of the solar wind dynamic pressure. Similar effects, found in CME‐driven storms, coincide in time with the plasma sheet density bursts. A clear distinction between the periods dominated by the partial ring current and the tail‐type currents seen in the model agrees with the Iridium data that indicate a significant reduction and contraction of the field‐aligned current pattern in the latter case. Overall small magnitudes of the total field‐aligned currents, with rather transient enhancements, appear to be the most distinctive feature of CIR‐driven storms. Comparison between the model and observations made by five THEMIS probes shows good agreement on storm timescales. Moreover, every deviation arising during a substorm reveals characteristic signatures of the tail current sheet thinning and dipolarization.
First results on terrestrial gamma ray flashes from the Fermi Gamma‐ray Burst Monitor
Authors: Briggs M. S. , Fishman G. J. , Connaughton V. , Bhat P. N. , Paciesas W. S. , Preece R. D. , Wilson‐Hodge C. , Chaplin V. L. , Kippen R. M. , von Kienlin A. , Meegan C. A. , Bissaldi E. , Dwyer J. R. , Smith D. M. , Holzworth R. H. , Grove J. E. , Chekhtman A.
Published: August 2010

The Gamma‐ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on the Fermi Gamma‐ray Space Telescope detected 12 intense terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) during its first year of observation. Typical maximum energies for most of the TGFs are ∼30 MeV, with one TGF having a 38 MeV photon; two of the TGFs are softer and longer than the others. After correcting for instrumental effects, a representative bright TGF is found to have a fluence of ∼0.7 photons cm−2. Pulses are either symmetrical or have faster risetimes than fall times; they are well fit with Gaussian or lognormal functions. The fastest risetime observed was 7 μs, constraining the source radius to be less than about 2 km from the velocity of light. TGFs with multiple pulses separated in time have been known since their discovery; the GBM sample also includes clear cases of partially overlapping pulses. Four TGFs are associated with lightning locations from the World Wide Lightning Location Network. With the several μs absolute time accuracy of GBM, the time order can be confidently identified: one TGF occurred before the lightning, two were simultaneous, and one TGF occurred after the lightning.
Laser40Ar/39Ar age constraints on Miocene sequences from the Bengal basin: Implications for middle Miocene denudation of the eastern Himalayas
Authors: Uddin Ashraf , Hames Willis E. , Zahid Khandaker M.
Published: August 2010

Petrographic, mineral‐chemistry and subsurface studies reveal that orogenic sedimentation had already begun in the Bengal basin by the early Miocene. Laser40Ar/39Ar age determinations were made for detrital muscovite grains (145 total, among 4 samples) from the lower‐to‐middle Miocene Bhuban Formation. The laser fusion ages range from circa 12 Ma to 516 Ma, and thus suggest derivation from a combination of sources: the Himalayas, Indo‐Burman ranges and possibly the Indian shield and Tibetan plateau. Modes of circa 16 Ma, 18 Ma, 26 and 40 Ma in the age distributions of these samples are most consistent with unroofing of the Higher Himalayas since the early Miocene. Detrital micas of such an early age (16 Ma) for the Bhuban Formation are interpreted to indicate that little time elapsed between the isotopic closure of40Ar in the muscovite and its ultimate deposition in middle Miocene strata. The detrital ages of circa 16 and 22 Ma in this study, most prominent in the highest stratigraphic levels sampled in this study, are younger than those previously reported in the western Himalayan foreland basins. These younger detrital ages are consistent with rapid middle Miocene unroofing and erosion as has been proposed for crystalline rocks of the eastern Himalayas. The minimum40Ar/39Ar ages for muscovite in a particular sample seem proportional to the stratigraphic level sampled, i.e., younger ages tend to occur for samples of higher stratigraphic level. These results support earlier studies indicating that detrital geochronology can be used as an effective tool in evaluating stratigraphic ages.