bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Cropping Systems and a Nematicide on Root-knot Nematodes and Quality and Yield of Tomato Transplants1
Authors: Johnson A. W. , Campbell G. M.
Published: August 2022

Millet, milo, soybean, crotalaria and Norman pigeon pea were used in conjunction with clean fallow and a nematicide (fensulfothion) for managing root-knot nematode populations in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplant production. Clean fallow was most effective in suppressing numbers of nematodes. After 2 years, numbers of nematodes increased to damaging levels and fallow was no longer effective for complete control even when used in conjunction with fensulfothion. After 4 years none of the crops used as summer cover crops alone or in conjunction with fensulfothion reduced numbers of root-knot nematodes in harvested tomato transplants sufficiently to meet Georgia regulations.
Salt Tolerance of Three Muskmelon Cultivars1
Authors: Shannon M. C. , Francois L. E.
Published: August 2022

The salt tolerance of 3 muskmelon cultivars (Cucumis melo L. cv. Top Mark, PMR 45, and Hale's Best) was determined in plots artificially salinized with NaCl and CaCl2. Marketable yield, total dry weight, vine dry weight, and total fruit weight of all cultivars decreased with increasing salinity. ‘Top Mark’, the highest yielding cultivar at low salinity, yielded least at high salinity. ‘PMR 45’ was the least affected with increasing salinity. Na and Cl in the leaves and fruit and % soluble solids in the fruit all increased with increasing salinity levels.
Relationship of Stage of Ripeness and Holding Temperature to Decay Development of Blueberries1
Authors: Ballinger W. E. , Maness E. P. , McClure W. F.
Published: August 2022

The relationship of holding temperature and stage of ripeness to decay development of blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L) was determined comparing 6 sets of 5 ripeness classes (light-sorted; 740-800 nm) stored at 1.1°, 10.0°, and 22.2°C. On each of 6 dates, 1 set (3 temperatures × 5 ripenesses × 4 replications) was removed from storage and sorted for decay. Regardless of cultivar or stage of ripeness, all blueberries stored at 22.2° decayed rapidly (within 5 days). Only when the blueberries were held at 1.1° did the time and expense of light-sorting appear economically justifiable; i.e., overripe berries (% soluble solids (SS)/% acid (Ac) ratio = 30) required about 12 days while just-ripe blue fruits (SS/Ac = 10) required about 32 days to develop 20% decay. Estimates of maximum degree of ripeness (SS/Ac) for fresh marketing (< 20% decay at retail) were made: Trans-Atlantic (up to 20,) transcontinental (up to 27), and local (⋜ 1200 km) (up to 30). Fruit riper than SS/Ac = 30 should be processed within 24 hours.
Effects of GA3 on Puffing and Levels of GA-like Substances and ABA in the Peel of Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshu Marc.)
Authors: Kuraoka Tadayuki , Iwasaki Kazuo , Ishii Takaaki
Published: August 2022

In a paper entitled, Effects of GA3 on Puffing and Levels of GA-like Substances and ABA in the Peel of Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshu Marc.) by Tadayuki Kuraoka, Kazuo Iwasaki and Takaaki Ishii, (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 102(5):651-654. 1977), a printer's error appeared in a solvent formulation. In col. 2, paragraph 3, line 4, on p. 651, the solvent formulation should read “10 iso-propanol: 1 ammonia:1 water (by vol) for 20 cm.”
Uptake and Distribution of 14C-labelled 5-Chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole in ‘Valencia’ and ‘Hamlin’ Oranges1
Authors: Kossuth S. V. , Biggs R. H. , Winkler V. M.
Published: August 2022

Uptake and distribution of 14C-labelled 5-Chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (Release3) was followed in fruit peel of ‘Valencia’ and ‘Hamlin’ orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). Little lateral movement of 300 ppm peel applied Release occurred. Seventy-eight to 94% of the applied 14C-labelled material was found in or on the flavedo, less than 1.5% in the pulp, and 5 to 19% in the albedo tissue. Simulated or true rain removed 70% or more of the 14C-Release during the 0–8 hour period after peel application in the field, but a 24-hour rainless period resulted in recovery of up to 66% of the compound. Under controlled conditions, maximum peel uptake of 14C-Release occurred at 58 to 66% relative humidity (RH) and 25° to 35°C. Increasing RH at lower temperatures only partially increased uptake of Release.
Translocation of 14C from Tops and Roots of Pecan in the Spring following Assimilation of 14CO2 during the Previous Growing Season1
Authors: Lockwood David W. , Sparks Darrell
Published: August 2022

Pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] seedlings in their first year of growth were treated weekly with 14CO2 for one growing season, then reciprocally grafted with untreated seedlings, and tops and roots were autoradiographed during shoot elongation the following season. Translocation of 14C labelled substrates was acropetal. The root was the major storage organ for reserve substrates.
Performance of Rodenticides for the Control of Pine Voles in Orchards1
Authors: Byers R. E.
Published: August 2022

Hand placement of commercially prepared baits of 2-[(p-chlorophenyl) phenylacetyl]-l,3-indandione (Chlorophacinone, CPN, Rozol), 3-[3-(4’-bromo[1,l’-biphenyl]-4-y)-3-hydroxy-1-phenylpropyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (Bromadiolone, LM-637) and 3-[3-(4-bromo[l,l’-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (Brofacoum, BFC, ICI 581) were found to be very effective in controlling the pine vole, Microtus pinetorum LeConte, in a single 11.2 kg/ha (10 lb./acre) application. Cubed apple baits treated with BFC or 1-(3-pyridylmethyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl) urea (RH 787, Vacor) were also effective. The 2-diphenylacetyl-1,3-indandione (Diphacinone, DPN, Ramik-Brown) prepared bait did not perform as well as the other anticoagulants in these experiments. Prepared meal baits of RH 787 gave excellent results in laboratory trials; however this preparation failed to control pine voles in field plots.
Toxicity of Homogenized Leaves of Woody and Herbaceous Plants to Root Lesion Nematodes in Water and in Soil1
Authors: Miller P. M.
Published: August 2022

The leaf homogenate (LH) most toxic in soil to Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Chitwood & Oteifa was of white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Other toxic LH were of dogwood (Cornus florida L.), red oak (Quercus borealis Michx. f. maxima (Marsh) Ashe, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis Sreb. & Zucc.), tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), geranium (Geranium maculatum L.) and bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Sodium nitrate at 100 mg/kg of soil increased the toxicity of new pine needles and new oak leaves. Some LH were toxic in water but not in soil. Acetone powders of some tree leaves were toxic. Some products of decay or organic matter or closely related and easily available compounds were toxic to another nematode, Tylenchorhynchus dubius (Bütschl:) or stylet nematode.
Effects of Nitrogen Form and Level on Ion Concentrations, Water Stress, and Blossom-end Rot Incidence in Tomato1
Authors: Pill W. G. , Lambeth V. N. , Hinckley T. M.
Published: August 2022

Ammonium nutrition, in comparison to NO3–N nutrition, of tomato in sand culture reduced shoot growth, total and mean fruit weight, fruit number, leaf xylem pressure potential, leaf CA, Mg, and NO3 concentration, and normal fruit Ca, Mg, K, and NO3 concentration. Leaf diffusive resistance, leaf NH4 concentration, and blossom-end rot incidence were increased by NH4–N nutrition. Increasing substrate NO3 level increased shoot growth, fruit number per plant, and fruit NO3 concentration. Increasing substrate NH4 level increased leaf diffusive resistance, and leaf xylem pressure potential, but had no effect on shoot growth. Under both N forms, increasing N level did not affect fruit yield or normal fruit Ca, K, or P concentration, but decreased leaf Ca, Mg, and P concentration, and increased normal fruit Mg. Blossom-end rot occurred only under NH4–N nutrition. Affected fruit had lower Ca, Mg, NO3, and NH4 concentration and higher fruit K/Ca ratio. Fruit condition exerted no effect on fruit P or K concentration.
Plant and Soil Effects of Fertilizer and Lime Applied to Highbush Blueberries1
Authors: Cummings George A.
Published: August 2022

Changes in pH and concentration of P, K, Ca and Mg in the soil were monitored during an 8-year period in a blueberry field cleared for cultivation just prior to establishment. The influence of 3 rates of N, P, K and 2 rates of lime upon these parameters, yield, and foliar elemental levels of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. cv. Wolcott) were determined. Soil pH increased from 3.7 to 4.1 during the study when lime was not applied. Application of N and K increased and P decreased soil pH. Foliar N, P and K reflected the amount applied, but foliar concentration of Ca and Mg was influenced in only 3 years by application of dolomitic lime. Yield was increased by the intermediate level of K (47 kg/ha) and the intermediate and high levels of P (25 and 50 kg/ha) compared with the O rates. Yield was not increased by N above the base rate of 34 kg/ha. Bush mortality was increased by high levels of N (168 kg/ha), P (50 kg/ha) and K (94 kg/ha) compared to the O rates. Increasing N or P delayed but K hastened fruit ripening. Lime application did not influence yield. The effect of treatments upon certain foliar micronutrients are presented and discussed.
Water Relations in Apple Seedlings: Changes in Water Potential Components, Abscisic Acid Levels and Stomatal Conductances under Irrigated and Non-irrigated Conditions1
Authors: Davies Frederick S. , Lakso Alan N.
Published: August 2022

Stomatal conductance, abscisic acid levels, and water potential components (water, osmotic, and rurgor potentials) were measured in irrigated and non-irrigated open pollinated seedlings of ‘Northern Spy’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). Although non-irrigated seedlings typically displayed water potentials of 0.2 to 0.6 MPa lower than those of irrigated seedlings, turgor potentials remained comparable in both groups, Because diurnal osmotic adjustment was also greater for non-irrigated seedlings. Abscisic acid (ABA) levels in the leaf increased linearly in response to changes in leaf turgor, rather than water potential. Stomatal conductance was independent of bulk leaf ABA levels and was poorly correlated with leaf turgor potential above a critical value of 0.7 MPa.
The Effects of Wind and Wind-Plus-Sand on Tomato Plants1
Authors: Precheur Robert , Greig J. K. , Armbrust D. V.
Published: August 2022

Seedlings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were exposed to winds of 1,340 cm/sec (for 10 and 20 minutes) and wind-plus-sand (10 and 20 minutes; abrasive flux rate, 6 g/cm per minute). Exposing plants to wind alone for 10 and 20 minutes had no effect on stem or leaf anatomy, although 20 minute winds caused desiccated lesions on leaves. Tomatoes, sandblasted for 10 or 20 minutes, developed a secondary endodermis under wounded tissue with wound periderm developing 2 days after wind treatment. Leaf, palisade cell, and leaf midrib thicknesses in plants exposed to 20 minutes of wind-plus-sand were greater than those of the controls. Stems of plants sandblasted for 20 minutes developed an elongated layer of chlorenchyma below the epidermis 21 days after exposure; the layer was doubled that of the controls. Dry weight and net photosynthetic rates were reduced significantly in all plants by all treatments compared with controls except on day 1 after plants were exposed to wind for 10 minutes. Net photosynthetic rates were not significantly different 5 days after treatment, and net respiration rates were not significantly different on either day 1 or 5.
The Structure of Processed Pine Bark1
Authors: Airhart D. L. , Natarella N. J. , Pokorny F. A.
Published: August 2022

The external surfaces and internal structures of particles of milled pine bark (Pinus taeda L. and P. elliottii Engelm.) were examined with scanning electron microscopy. Numerous external openings, cracked cell walls and internal cellular connections, that might allow water penetration were observed. Periderm surfaces were without pores, and contained rough surfaces and apparently waxy substances that might resist water penetration or absorption.
Morphology of Noninfectious Bud Failure Symptoms in Vegetative Buds of Almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch)1
Authors: Hellali R. , Lin J. , Kester D. E.
Published: August 2022

Comparative anatomical studies of vegetative buds from normal and failure prone (BF) ‘Nonpareil’ almond showed no anatomical difference in the buds, except reduced size in buds on severely affected BF trees, until early August to mid-September. The sequence of microscopically visible degenerative processes in shoot apices of BF trees is: l) breakdown of the outer tunica layer, 2) disorganized proliferation of the corpus: and, 3) the differentiation of layers of cells in the sub-apical region delimiting the potentially necrotic tissues of the apex. Subsequent abscission of affected buds occurs depending upon the extent of the necrosis. Growth was observed from 13% of buds from BF trees budded onto peach seedling rootstock, 38% of buds from non-BF trees grafted at the same time, and 95% of buds from normal plants. The scion buds had been collected and grafted in October, when internal anatomical symptoms were apparent. In general, the number of failing buds and the severity of the internal symptoms increased acropetally. Buds from BF trees attained maximum size by early June and thereafter decreased in size due to dessication.
Amino Acid Composition and Flavor of Fresh Market Tomatoes as Influenced by Fruit Ripeness When Harvested1
Authors: Kader Adel A. , Stevens M. Allen , Albright Marjorie , Morris Leonard L.
Published: August 2022

Four amino acids (glutamic, γ-aminobutyric, glutamine, and aspartic) make up about 80% of the total free amino acids in fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Cal Ace). Fruits harvested at the table-ripe stage contained more alanine and less glutamic acid than those picked green or at the breaker (incipient red color) stage and ripened at 20°C to table-ripe. The higher glutamic acid concentrations in fruit picked at the breaker or earlier stages were paralled to higher scores for “off-flavor,” as described by a taste panel, relative to fruits picked table-ripe. However, when monopotassium glutamate (60, 120, or 180 mg/l00g) was added to diced table-ripe fruits, the panelists were not able to detect flavor differences due to increased glutamic acid concn. Differences in amino acid composition associated with fruit ripeness when picked do not appear to be directly related to flavor differences.
Sod Production in Shallow Beds of Waste Materials1
Authors: Neel P. L. , Burt E. O. , Busey P. , Snyder G. H.
Published: August 2022

Sprigs of ‘Tifgreen’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) and seeds of ‘Argentine’ bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) were planted in 10 different media consisting of combinations of 5 waste products spread 10 cm deep on black polyethylene plastic sheets. Experiments were conducted in 1976 and 1977 utilizing the following media components: composted heat-treated sewage sludge (SS); composted sugarcane processing byproducts (SB); composted municipal wood chips (WC); sandy muck soil (SM); and water treatment sludge (WS). In 51 days the bahiagrass had formed sod which was comparable in tear strength to commercially available sod. Excellent rooting of the experimental sod occurred in 7 days; commercially cut sod had rooted much less as determined by root weights and the force required to uproot the sod. Bermudagrass sprigs did not develop sufficient coverage in 51 days to yield acceptable sod but did so by 65 days. The sod also rooted more quickly than commercial bermudagrass sod. Both grasses rooted better than commercial sod because root apical meristems were not cut off during harvesting. The media which resulted in the best and worst combinations of evaluations were different for each grass species. Excellent quality bahiagrass sod was produced in media containing SS, and the least acceptable in WC+SS and WS+SB media. A system now exists to make use of a number of urban waste products for sod production, while at the same time shortening production time.
Effect of Fruit Thinning on Size and Quality of ‘Stanley’ Plum (Prunus domestica L.)1
Authors: Wells John M. , Bukovac Martin J.
Published: August 2022

Hand thinning during late June drop increased fruit size and improved quality of ‘Stanley’ plum as indexed by soluble solids and color development. Crop load within the range of 200 to 990 g of mature fruit per cm2 trunk cross-sectional area was negatively correlated with fruit size, soluble solids and color. The percentage of mature fruits with cheek diameter less than 35 mm increased as crop load increased. Total flower buds and flowers per spur, and flowers per flower bud, were not significantly affected by fruit load in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 fruits per spur the previous season. However, a weak negative relationship was found between fruits per spur and flower buds produced per spur with a wider range (0 to 8 fruits/spur) in fruit load.
Fruit Turgor Influences Susceptibility of ‘Tahiti9 Lime to Stylar-end Breakdown1
Authors: da Cunha G. A. P. , Davenport T. L. , Soule J. , Campbell C. W.
Published: August 2022

‘Tahiti’ (Citrus latifolia Tan.) lime fruit varying in turgor, estimated by fruit water potential and rind oil release pressure, were collected and assayed for susceptibility to stylar-end breakdown. Susceptibility was determined by heating fruit for 3 hours at 42°C in a constant temperature water bath. Incidence of stylar-end breakdown was about 40% in the most turgid fruit, water potential ≥–4 bars and rind oil release pressure ≤2.0 kg. Decreasing turgor resulted in a linear decrease in susceptibility. Minimum susceptibility of from 0% to 2% was found in limes with water potential ≤–11 bars and rind oil release pressure ≥4.5 kg. Stylar-end breakdown can be controlled by maintaining strict picking schedules so that fruit are not allowed to get too large, controlling postharvest field heat, and harvesting fruit with reduced turgor pressure.
Comparative Inflorescence Development of Two Cultivare of Forced Tuberous-rooted Dahlias1
Authors: Barrett J. E. , De Hertogh A. A.
Published: August 2022

Flower development of tuberous-rooted Dahlia ‘Park Princess’ and ‘Miramar’ was studied during 2 forcing seasons using scanning electron and light microscopy techniques. Each cultivar had a flat, rectangular (0.2 × 0.1 mm) vegetative meristem which domed and increased in diameter as the last leaf primordia developed. Subsequently, 8 outer involucrate bract primordia were formed and the meristem bacame round with a diameter of approximately 0.35 mm. The first visible sign of floral initiation was the formation of inner involucrate bract primordia. The floret primordium developed after the subtending bract primordium. The first unpinched plants of ‘Park Princess’ were reproductive 20 days after planting and 100% were reproductive after 30 days. ‘Miramar’ was reproductive 10 days later with a corresponding delay in anthesis. Unpinched ‘Park Princess’ and ‘Miramar’ were reproductive when the 4th and 6th leaf pairs had separated, respectively. When pinched, over 80% of the lateral branches of ‘Park Princess’ and ‘Miramar’ were reproductive after 12 days.
Comparative Floral Fertility in Heat Tolerant and Heat Sensitive Tomatoes1
Authors: Shelby Richard A. , Greenleaf Walter H. , Peterson Curt M.
Published: August 2022

The heat tolerant tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) breeding line AU 165 and ‘Nagcarlang’ were compared with the heat sensitive ‘Floradel’ in fruit set, pollen abortion, and embryo sac abortion. The 2 heat tolerant cultivars had a significantly higher percentage fruit set under both moderate and high temperature in spring and summer than did ‘Floradel’, but fruit set of all 3 cultivars was significantly lower at high temperature. The fruit set of all 3 cultivars was markedly improved by hand pollination, indicating that insufficient pollination probably was a major cause of heat sterility at high temperature. Both pollen and embryo sac abortion were minor factors in the reduced fruit set observed. Heat tolerance in the cross AU 165 × ‘Floradel’ appeared to be partially dominant.
Comparison of Urea and Sulfur-coated Urea as Nitrogen Sources for Lowbush Blueberries Growing on a Colton Gravelly Loamy Sand1
Authors: Smagula John M. , Hepler Paul R.
Published: August 2022

Fertilization with 98 and 196 kg N/ha from urea or sulfur-coated urea (SCU) resulted in higher amounts of K2SO4-extractable ammonium N in the 0-7.6 cm but not the 7.6-15.2 cm soil layer. There was no difference due to sources of N. Application of 98 kg N/ha from either urea or SCU to portions of 5 clones of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium augustifolium Ait.) increased N concentration, size and weight of leaves, flower bud formation, and yield.
Lily Bulb Harvest Maturity Indices Predict Forcing Response1
Authors: Roberts A. N. , Green J. L. , Moeller F. W.
Published: August 2022

Harvest date, bulb weight, and the number of scale and leaf primordia of the daughter axis of July-to-October-harvested bulbs of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cvs. Croft, Ace and Nellie White were harvest maturity indices (HMI) evaluated as predictors of subsequent bulb responses to dormancy-removing and flower-forcing treatments. Higher HMI ratings associated with late harvest, e.g., increased bulb size and increased numbers of daughter leaf primordia, favored early shoot emergence and flowering with standard forcing programs. However, early-harvested bulbs with lower HMI ratings could be forced with equal or superior quality when given modified forcing regimes. Early-harvested bulbs without cold treatment were more responsive to long day (LD) flower induction than late-harvested bulbs. The optimum dormancy-removing temperature was always 15°C, but the flower-inducing optimum tended to shift from 10° to 5° with progressively later harvest. However, 10° storage favored earlier emergence, greater leaf and flower numbers, while total days to flower from potting remained the same at the 2 inductive temperatures. The interaction of bulb maturity at harvest and forcing regime emphasize the necessity of tailoring the forcing regime to the HMI of the bulb.
Factors Influencing CO2-induced Peel Injury of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Lau O. L. , Looney N. E.
Published: August 2022

Dipping or vacuum infiltrating ‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) with water before a 10-day 17% CO2 gassing treatment increased the incidence and severity of CO2-associated peel injury. Susceptible fruits receiving a localized water treatment using flannelette rings were injured preferentially in the wet areas. When the flannelette rings were soaked with water, carbonic acid, 0.05 m succinate, 0.05 m oxalacetate and 0.05 m malonate and the fruits held in controlled atmosphere storage, only malonate caused severe surface injury. Dips or vacuum infiltration treatments involving malonate caused a similar type of injury. However, this injury was clearly different in appearance from CO2 injury. Infiltrating fruits with 0.02 n HCl (pH 1.8) caused no injury suggesting that CO2 injury is not simply due to tissue acidification.
Influence of Photoperiod and Light Quality on Stolon Formation and Flowering of Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques
Authors: Heins R. D. , Wilkin H. F.
Published: August 2022

In the paper, Influence of Photoperiod and Light Quality on Stolon Formation and Flowering of Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques by R. D. Heins and H. F. Wilkins (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 103(5):687-689. 1978), the authors names were inadvertently omitted from the table of contents.
Distinguishing Camellia L. Species Using Dorsal Leaf Surface Impressions
Authors: Ackerman William L.
Published: August 2022

At the request of the second author of the paper “Distinguishing Camellia L. Species Using Dorsal Leaf Surface Impressions,” by W. L. Ackerman and Ao-luo Zhang [J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108(3):439–444, 1983], I would like to report two errors which I, the first author, unintentionally made in my improper use of the word “Taiw an” in the text (page 439, line 6) and in Table 1 (page 440).
Microdroplet Application of GA4+7 + BA: Sites of Absorption and Effect on Fruit Set, Size, and Shape of ‘Delicious’ Apples
Authors: Greeen Duane W.
Published: August 2022

The greatest increase in length to diameter (L/D) ratio of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) following microdroplet application of gibberellins A4+7 plus 6-benzylamino purine (GA4+7 + BA) occurred when this mixture was applied in the calyx or on the receptacle surface. Movement of GA4+7 + BA to the receptacle from surrounding flower parts or spur leaves was limited. No GA4+7 + BA treatment of 25-600 ppm (0.625-15 μg GA4+7 + BA/flower) influenced fruit set or increased fruit weight. Increased L/D ratio was due to a combination of increased fruit length and decreased fruit diameter. Reduced fruit diameter and weight were attributed to a lower seed number.
Effects of BA, GA4+7, and Daminozide on Fruit Set, Fruit Quality, Vegetative Growth, Flower Initiation, and Flower Quality of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple
Authors: McLaughlin Joann M. , Greene Duane W.
Published: August 2022

Five repeat spray applications at full bloom (FB) + 11 days through FB + 61 days of 50 ppm 6-benzylamino purine (BA) and/or gibberellins A4+7 (GA4+7) were made on limbs receiving 0 or 2000 ppm butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) at FB + 11 days. Similar repeat applications of BA and GA4+7 were made at FB + 4 through FB + 57 days on limbs where all blossom clusters were removed at FB or all blossom clusters were retained. GA4+7 depressed flower bud formation, whereas BA not only increased bloom but also overcame some of the inhibitory effects of GA4+7 on flowering. The daminozide and BA combination increased flowering more than when each was applied separately. BA increased lateral flower development in the blossom cluster and increased the number of “king” flowers surviving several mid-April freezes. Russeting was increased by BA, decreased by GA4+7, and unaffected when BA and GA4+7 were combined. BA increased fruit weight, length, and diameter when treatments were started at FB + 4 days. GA4+7 increased fruit length but fruit weight was increased only when treatments were started at FB + 11 days. GA4+7 decreased seed number, and when combined with BA, seed number was reduced even further.
Influence of Organic Amendments on Solution Phosphorus Requirements for Vegetables in Minesoil
Authors: Swiader John M. , Morse Ronald D.
Published: August 2022

Green-manure systems of a tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) sod and a rye (Secale cereale L.)-soybean (Glycine max. L.)-rye rotation were grown for 2 years to provide organic amendments to minesoil. One year after incorporating the green-manure crops, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) were grown on the amended minesoil and on adjacent, unamended minesoil. Six levels (0.05 to 2.4 ppm) of solution P were established within each plot, based on phosphate sorption isotherms. P sorption decreased in the organic-amended minesoils, thereby reducing the inorganic P fertilizer needed to establish each P solution level. Levels of amorphous Al oxides decreased while exchangeable Al remained relatively constant in the amended minesoil. Moisture relationships and other physical properties were improved in each green-manure regime. Organic amendments had no effect on optimum solution P requirements as tomato and pepper produced highest yields at 0.20 and 0.40 ppm solution P while eggplant produced highest yields at 1.60 and 2.40 ppm solution P in all minesoils. Yields of vegetables were higher in the amended minesoils for most solution P levels, while tissue P and other nutrient concentrations remained unchanged. Yield increases at each P solution level were attributable to improvements in minesoil moisture properties, not to nutritional factors. No differences between the 2 green-manure systems were apparent in their effect on external (solution P) or internal (tissue P) P requirements of the vegetable crop.
Severity of Acephate Phytotoxicity on Spathiphyllum Schott, cv. Clevelandii as Influenced by Host Nutrition and Temperature
Authors: Chase A. R. , Poole R. T.
Published: August 2022

Trials in the greenhouse and growth chambers were performed to evaluate the influence of fertilizer level and temperature on sensitivity of Spathiphyllum cv. Clevelandii to acephate insecticide. Plant quality was not influenced consistently by fertilizer level in all tests, although highest-quality plants usually were produced with recommended fertilizer levels (3 g/15-cm pot Osmocote 19N-6P-12K). Plants were grown at fertilizer levels up to 15 g/15-cm pot with those grown between 22° and 27°C undamaged, while those grown at 32° had severe foliar necrosis and were stunted. Increases in either fertilizer level or temperature resulted in increased levels of phytotoxicity when plants were sprayed with recommended rates (0.4 g/liter) of acephate insecticide. An interaction occurred between temperature and fertilizer level in growth chamber trials.
Ice Nucleation Within Peach Trees
Authors: Ashworth E. N. , Davis G. A.
Published: August 2022

The freezing of water within the young trees of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was monitored using differential thermal analysis (DTA). Ice formation was initiated near −2°C. A logarithmic relationship between ice nucleation temperature and tissue sample size was observed. This suggested that the use of small tissue samples to estimate ice nucleation temperature may overestimate the extent of supercooling which would be observed in intact plants. The ice-nucleating agent associated with peach shoots active at − 2° was: 1) present in both field- and greenhouse-grown plants; 2) associated with overwintering dormant tissue and throughout blossom development; 3) resistant to surface disinfestants; 4) resistant to bacterial nucleation inhibitors; and 5) inactivated by autoclaving.
Pollen Morphology of Some Vaccinium Species and Their Hybrids
Authors: Goldy Ronald G. , Munoz Carlos E. , Lyrene Paul M.
Published: August 2022

Pollen morphology of 10 Vaccinium species, 10 interspecific hybrids, and 3 colchicine-induced polyploids were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Size, exine patterning, furrow and pore size and shape, and general appearance were investigated. Although differing morphological features were generally lacking, some interspecific differences and variation within hybrid populations were noted. Furrow and pore sizes, and the associating opericuli were the most valuable characters. Some species had large furrows with large rounded pores and others had small furrows with insignificant pores. Exine patterning was minimal and, when present, generally occurred in the inter-colporate regions. F1 populations of V. corymbosum × V. elliottii had the greatest exine variation and the degree of exine patterning revealed a possible dosage effect. Exine patterns suggest that the ancestors of V. myrsinites may be V. darrowi and V. elliottii rather than V. darrowi and V. tenellum as previously proposed by Camp.
Light Levels Alter Leaf Anatomy of Aphelandra squarrosa ‘Dania’
Authors: McConnell D. B. , Rugaber P. , Sheehan T. J. , Henny R. J.
Published: August 2022

Aphelandra squarrosa Nees. plants grown under 250 μmol s−lm−2 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were transferred to 265, 737, and 1070 μmol s−1m−2. Stomatal density and number of palisade layers of newly expanded leaves decreased linearly after 2 months, while number of countable chloroplasts per palisade cell increased linearly as light intensity decreased. Number of countable chloroplasts per palisade cell decreased and palisade layers increased in mature leaves transferred to higher PAR levels. Stomatal density and guard cell length in mature leaves did not change. There were nonlinear responses to PAR levels in number of marginal collenchyma cells, leaf thickness, and palisade cell length of immature leaves. Chloroplasts in mature and immature leaves were less discrete and more tightly appressed to anticlinal palisade cell walls as PAR levels increased.
Effect of Foliar Application of Mineral Nutrients on Stomatal Aperture and Photosynthesis in Apple Seedlings
Authors: Swietlik Dariusz , Bunce James A. , Miller Stephen S.
Published: August 2022

Application of a complete nutrient solution (CNS) on apple seedling leaves reduced stomatal conductance (gs). Tween 20 and CaCl2 were components of the CNS which induced gs reduction. Tween 20 alone, however, did not cause stomatal closure, but CaCl2 (24.8 mm) had a consistent, negative effect on gs when applied alone. Application of CaCl2 in combination with one of the other macrocomponents of the CNS (MgSO4, urea, or K2SO4 + KH2PO4) produced less consistent gs reductions indicating that the CaCl2 effect on gs can be modified by the presence of these compounds. Urea, MgSO4, or K2SO4 + KH2PO4 had little effect on gs when applied separately. Application of MgCl2 or KCl, which were not the CNS components, decreased and had no effect on gs, respectively. In addition to gs reduction, CaCl2 sprays reduced net photosynthesis (Pn). The equivalence of intercellular CO2 concentration in sprayed and unsprayed seedlings implied that the Pn drop following CaCl2 sprays resulted from decreased capacity of mesophyll for CO2 fixation and not from reduction in the stomatal aperture. Two possible explanations for stomata closure are discussed: a direct effect of CaCl2 on stomata and an indirect effect of CaCl2 spray through changes in mesophyll CO2 fixation capacity. Reductions in gs and Pn following treatments with different salts were not associated with visible leaf injury.
Effects of Root-zone Heating on Elemental Composition of Calceolaria
Authors: White John W. , Biernbaum John A.
Published: August 2022

Root-zone heating increased the tissue concentration and total uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl, Fe, MnZn, and Cu; decreased the tissue concentration but not total uptake of Na and Zn, and had no effect on the tissue concentration of B. The element with the greatest increase in concentration in the shoot was water-soluble NO3-N. The ratio of cations to anions did not change significantly with changes in root-zone temperature. The concentration and balance of cations did not change significantly with changes in percentage of NH4-N at ambient root-zone temperatures.
Need for High-quality Seed for Effective Priming to Overcome Thermodormancy in Lettuce
Authors: Perkins-Veazie Penelope , Cantliffe Daniel J.
Published: August 2022

Priming has been used to circumvent thermodormancy in lettuce seeds, but results have sometimes varied according to cultivar and seed lot. Two- and 3-year-old seeds of ‘Montello’ and ‘Green Lakes’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were aged at 41°C and 100% RH for 2, 3, or 5 days, dried, then primed for 20 hours at 15° in aerated 1% K3PO4 and redried at 7° and 45% RH. Germination at 25° was not affected by 2 and 3 days of accelerated aging or by priming of 2- and 3-year-old seeds. After 5 days of accelerated aging, germination decreased for both primed and nonprimed seeds. No germination occurred at 35° unless the seeds were primed. Natural aging led to a reduction in germination of primed ‘Green Lakes’ seeds at 35°. All accelerated aging treatments led to reduced germination of the primed seeds at 35°, regardless of cultivar. After prolonged accelerated aging (3 or 5 days), priming did not overcome thermodormancy. Accelerated aging greatly reduced germination rate at 25°. Priming for longer durations of 35 and 40 hours, after 3 days of accelerated aging, increased germination rates slightly at 25° but did not improve germination patterns at 35°. Only lettuce seeds of the highest quality could be effectively primed to overcome thermodormancy.
Influence of Embryonic Dominance and Polarity on Adventitious Shoot Formation from Apple Cotyledons in vitro
Authors: Kouider Mohamed , Korban Safi S. , Skirvin Robert M. , Chu M. C.
Published: August 2022

In vitro studies indicated that an isolated embryonic axis, or an intact embryo with all or part of its cotyledons, of a ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus Xdomestica Borkh.) produced only a single shoot and root. Adventitious shoot formation was observed when the embryonic axis was excised and the cotyledons were grown in vitro. The number of shoots formed increased as the length of the transverse cut surface was increased. More than 30 shoots per explant were obtained when both the proximal and distal one-third sections of the cotyledon (relative to the embryonic axis) were removed. An increase in shoot number per explant resulted in decreased shoot length. A polar phenomenon was observed in all excision treatments; adventitious shoot formation occurred only at the proximal cut end of the cotyledon.
Photoperiod and Temperature Effects on Flower and Runner Development in Day-Neutral, Junebearing, and Everbearing Strawberries
Authors: Durner Edward F. , Barden J. A. , Himelrick D. G. , Poling E. B.
Published: August 2022

Strawberries (Fragaria Xananassa Duch.) classified as day-neutrals (‘Hecker’ and ‘Tristar’), Junebearers (‘Redchief’ and ‘Guardian’), and everbearers (‘Ourown’ and ‘Ozark Beauty’) were grown at a constant 21°C under 16 hour long days (LD), 9 hour short days (SD), or 9 hours with the dark period interrupted by 3 hours of low-level incandescent radiation [night interruption (NI)]. Flowering of day-neutrals was unaffected by photoperiod; Junebearer flowering was inhibited under NI and LD compared to SD; flowering of everbearers was promoted by LD compared to SD. Runner production was greatest for all types under LD, followed by NI then SD. Everbearers produced more runners than the other types. Effects of photoperiod on total, nonstructural carbohydrates varied with photoperiodic type and tissue sampled. The 3 types of strawberries were grown also under SD and NI under day/night temperature regimes of 18°/14°, 22°/18°, 26°/22°, and 30°/26°C. With number of inflorescences and runners and total dry weight per plant, significant photoperiod × temperature × type interactions were found. Results indicate that current classification of strawberry cultivars into photoperiodic type is inadequate.
Salinity Affects Germination and Growth of Tall Fescue Cultivars
Authors: Horst G. L. , Beadle N. B.
Published: August 2022

A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine relative salt tolerances during germination and seedling growth of 16 tall fescue cultivars (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Seeds of tall fescue were germinated on mats floating on saline solutions made from tap water and equal portions of NaCl and CaCl2 up to 7500, 12,500, and 15,000 ppm. The hydroponic growth medium containing 15,000 ppm NaCl and CaCl2 salt was suitable to identify cultivars with potential salt tolerance and commercial value under saline growing conditions. Cultivars which had less than a 50% growth reduction relative to the control were considered salt-tolerant. Broad-sense heritability estimates indicated that germination percentage, blade length, seedling dry and fresh weights, and germination rate (in that order) are viable selection criteria for salt-tolerance screening. The cross-pollination characteristic of the species should enhance improvement through recurrent selection.
Interaction between Cytospora leucostoma and Host-phenolic Compounds in Dormant Peach Trees
Authors: Wisniewski M. , Bogle A. L. , Shortle W. C. , Wilson C. L.
Published: August 2022

The interaction between Cytospora leucostoma (causal agent of peach canker) and host-phenolic compounds in dormant peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was examined. Initially, inoculated samples had significantly higher phenolic levels than uninoculated samples. The levels in inoculated samples decreased dramatically in tissues closest to the point of inoculation, however, while the phenolic levels in uninoculated samples remained relatively stable through time. The data suggested that C. leucostoma degraded host-phenolic compounds. Maximum phenolic enrichment was observed in the branch collar region of the main stem of inoculated samples. It was concluded that the presence of C. leucostoma in host tissue played a significant role, over and above the wounding response, in establishing levels of host-phenolic compounds. Levels of phenolics in host tissue seemed to increase in advance of the fungus and this increase may function as a mechanism that slows the pathogen's advance.
Inheritance of Immature White Seedcoat Color in Common Bean
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Kean D.
Published: August 2022

Immature white seedcoat (IW), consisting of reduced green color in immature seedcoats and early development of white color in white seeded cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris, is described. IW was found in 9 of 66 commercial cultivars. It occurs irrespective of mature seedcoat colors, pod pigmentation, or wax vs. green pod color. Genetic analyses of progenies from 6 crosses indicated IW is conditioned by a single recessive gene which is not linked with the P locus for mature seedcoat color or with Y for green vs. wax pod. The gene designation iw is proposed for immature white seedcoat.
Influence of N and Plant Spacing on Mechanically Harvested Tabasco Pepper
Authors: Sundstrom F. J. , Thomas C. H. , Edwards R. L. , Baskin G. R.
Published: August 2022

Nitrogen rate and in-row plant spacing significantly influenced yields of mechanically harvested red Tabasco (Capsicum frutescens L.) pepper. Red pepper yields increased with an increase in N rate from 0 to 112 kg N/ha, and a decrease in in-row plant spacing from 81 to 10 cm. The percentage of machine harvested red pepper in relation to green and orange fruit removal was enhanced with 20 cm in-row spaced plants. Tabasco plant height increased with an increase in N rate from 0 to 112 kg N/ha, while plant diameter decreased with a decrease in in-row spacing from 81 to 10 cm. Conventionally spaced (81 cm in-row spacing) Tabasco plants were damaged substantially more during mechanical harvesting than 10 cm in-row spaced plants. Early season leaf-petiole tissue N concentrations had higher correlations with red pepper yields than did late season tissue N concentrations. Multiple harvests of red Tabasco pepper with a flail-type machine produced yields similar to those obtained with hand harvesting.
Spent Mushroom Compost in Soilless Media and its Effects on the Yield and Quality of Transplants
Authors: Lohr Virginia I. , O’Brien Ralph G. , Coffey David L.
Published: August 2022

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and marigold (Tagetes patula L.) transplants were grown from seed in leached and unleached media containing 0%, 25%, or 50% (by volume) peat and/or fresh or aged spent mushroom compost with 50% vermiculite. Reduced growth and symptoms of ammonium toxicity were seen in transplants grown in fresh spent mushroom compost. Transplants grown in 0% or 25% compost were larger than those grown in 50%, probably due to high salinity in 50% compost. Leaching reduced media soluble salts and generally improved plant yields. K and Ca were higher and P and Mg were lower in the tissue of transplants grown in spent mushroom compost than of those in the peat-lite control mix. High quality transplants were produced in 25%, aged spent mushroom compost, while acceptable plants of slightly reduced quality were produced in 50%, aged compost.
Apple Root Distribution as Effected by Irrigation at Different Soil Water Levels on Two Soil Types
Authors: Beukes D. J.
Published: August 2022

Apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) were grown in a field trial at soil water depletion (SWD) levels of 15% (wet) and 75% (dry). Water extraction depths were divided into 3 or 4 depth increments, and ranged from 700 to 1100 mm, depending on the treatments and rooting depth. Treatments were applied from the end of shoot extension growth until harvest. In a loamy sand and a loam soil, root distribution was affected primarily by the soil water regime. The treatments affected distribution with depth rather than root diameter. Shallower (about 600 mm), but more concentrated, root systems developed under the wet than dry treatment. The effect of soil water regime on root distribution was more pronounced in a loamy sand than in a loam. Treatment effects were probably diminished in the latter by high soil bulk densities.
Two Genes for Cucumber Beetle Resistance in Muskmelon
Authors: Nugent P. E. , Cuthbert F. P. , Hoffman J. C.
Published: August 2022

In the early 1970s, a study was begun to find resistance to feeding in muskmelon, Cucumis melo L., by banded cucumber beetles, Diabrotica balteata LeConte. Bitter seedlings were observed to be more susceptible to feeding than nonbitter seedlings. We noticed reduced damage levels in both bitter and nonbitter seedlings in 1974. Genetic study of resistant materials showed that in addition to the recessive form of the bitter gene, bibi, a 2nd recessive gene, cbl cbl, conditioned reduced seedling susceptibility. Subsequent tests involving spotted (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber), striped [Acalymma vittata (Fabricius)], and banded beetles on leaf disks of several C. melo cultivare showed that homozygous double recessive, bibi cblcbl, plants were more resistant to all 3 species of cucumber beetles than nonbitter, bibi Cbl — and bitter Bi—Cbl— plants. This double-recessive resistance provides muskmelon breeders with germplasm which can be incorporated into breeding lines and hybrids.
Construction of a Milled Pine Bark and Sand Potting Medium from Component Particles II. Medium Synthesis
Authors: Pokorny F. A. , Henny B. K.
Published: August 2022

A standard 1:1 v/v pine bark and sand potting medium was characterized physically by particle size distribution, bulk density (BD), total pore space, porosity at 50 cm H2O tension and porosity at >50 cm H2O tension. A potting medium identical to the standard was constructed from component milled pine bark and sand particles. Phaseolus lunatus L. ‘Jackson Wonder’ plants grown in the 2 physically similar media, under a standard cultural program, were essentially identical. Construction of a potting medium from a prescribed screen analysis provides a means to quantify variation which exists within a medium assumed to be uniform.
Control of Floral Initiation in Florists’ Hydrangea
Authors: Bailey Douglas A. , Weiler Thomas C.
Published: August 2022

Plants of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Rose Supreme’, ‘Merritt's Supreme’, and ‘Sister Therese’ produced inflorescence primordia more effectively under 8-hr photoperiods than under continuous photoperiod (CP) at 24°C. Inflorescence primordia were present on all plants under 8-hr photoperiods after 16 weeks, whereas plants under CP remained vegetative. Plants under CP sustained internode elongation throughout the experiment, whereas plants under 8-hr photoperiods remained short with little increase in number of expanded leaf pairs. Continuous photoperiod inhibited floral initiation of ‘Rose Supreme’ and ‘Merritt's Supreme’ plants at 24°C, yet had little effect at 18°C. ‘Sister Therese’ plants bloomed freely, regardless of photoperiod. Daminozide (3 biweekly foliar sprays of 5000 mg/liter) inhibited floral initiation of ‘Rose Supreme’ and ‘Sister Therese’ plants. Plants of all 3 cultivars flowered more rapidly at 24° than at 18°, whereas photoperiod had no effect on flowering date. Inflorescences were larger and plants were taller at 24°C than at 18°C. Continuous photoperiod increased inflorescence diameter and plant height at 24°C but had little effect at 18°C. Plants treated with daminozide were shorter than untreated plants, regardless of temperature or photoperiod.