bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ‘question mark’ sign as a new ultrasound marker of tetralogy of Fallot in the fetus
Authors: Martínez J. M. , Gómez O. , Bennasar M. , Olivella A. , Crispi F. , Puerto B. , Gratacós E.
Published: March 2010

Objective

To describe a new ultrasonographic marker, the ‘question‐mark’ sign, to assist in the diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) in the fetus, and to evaluate its prevalence in TOF as compared with other cardiac defects.

Methods

A prospective evaluation over a 5‐year period of a consecutive series of 3998 pregnant women undergoing fetal echocardiography from 12 to 40 weeks' gestation due to high risk for congenital heart disease (CHD). Standard echocardiographic planes with color Doppler assessment and evaluation of the whole aortic arch, from the left ventricular outflow tract to the descending aorta in the axial upper mediastinum views, were performed. The question‐mark sign corresponded with an enlarged and dilated ascending aorta and aortic arch in the three‐vessel view of the upper fetal mediastinum. The frequency of this sign was evaluated in cases with TOF and in other cases of cardiac defects, as well as in fetuses with normal cardiac scans in this series.

Results

CHD was diagnosed in a total of 447 (11.2%) fetuses at a median gestational age of 24 (range, 12–40) weeks. Forty‐two of the 447 (9.4%) had TOF, of which 29 cases (69.0%) had classical TOF (pulmonary stenosis), nine (21.4%) pulmonary atresia and four (9.5%) absent pulmonary valve syndrome. A question‐mark sign was observed in 16/29 (55.2%) cases of classical TOF and in 8/9 (88.9%) cases of TOF with pulmonary atresia. The sign was never observed in any of the cases of TOF with a right‐sided aortic arch. Likewise, the sign was observed in 1/405 (0.2%) cases with other cardiac anomalies (a fetus with a complex cardiac defect) and in none of the fetuses with normal hearts.

Conclusions

The finding of an enlarged aorta with a question‐mark shape should raise a strong suspicion of tetralogy of Fallot, in particular the variant with pulmonary atresia. This sign may be useful in screening considering that prenatal diagnosis of TOF by routine ultrasonography remains a challenge. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of a regional training program in fetal echocardiography for sonographers on the antenatal detection of major congenital heart disease
Authors: McBrien A. , Sands A. , Craig B. , Dornan J. , Casey F.
Published: March 2010

Objectives

The aims of this study were to ascertain the effect of a regional training program in fetal echocardiography for obstetric radiographers on the antenatal detection of major congenital heart disease (CHD) and to document short‐term outcomes for major CHD.

Methods

All 87 obstetric radiographers in Northern Ireland were invited to attend 2.5 days of training during a 1‐year period. Data were collected before and after the training, over a 5‐year study period, to assess the effect of training on the antenatal detection of CHD in the population.

Results

The antenatal detection of major CHD rose significantly, from 28% (72/262) pretraining to 43% (36/84) in the year of training (P = 0.008). Antenatal diagnosis of four‐chamber‐view defects rose significantly (from 38% to 54%; P = 0.04), as did detection of outflow‐tract‐view defects (from 8% to 21%; P = 0.05). Twelve per cent (13/108) of cases died spontaneously in utero and 8% (9/108) were terminated. Only 78% (67/86) of live‐born cases in which CHD had been diagnosed antenatally survived the neonatal period, compared to 93% (221/238) with a postnatal diagnosis of CHD (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Even with a relatively simple training program, significant improvements can be made in the antenatal detection of CHD. With training, obstetric sonographers can successfully assess outflow tracts. Antenatally diagnosed cases have more complex CHD and this probably contributes to poor neonatal survival. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Ilizarov Method of External Fixation: Current Intraoperative Concepts
Authors: Lee Daniel K. , Duong Elizabeth Thu Anh , Chang Douglas G.
Published: March 2010

The Ilizarov method of external fixation is used to treat fractures, complex lower extremity deformities, osteomyelitis, and soft tissue contractures and to lengthen limbs. Tremendous improvements in the Ilizarov method have occurred during the past 60 years, improving intraoperative care and limb salvage management concepts. Improved instrumentation has increased the quantity and complexity of the tray systems required for these procedures. Perioperative nurses must be well versed in optimal preparation and function of Ilizarov fixation systems to ensure safe patient care during Ilizarov external fixation procedures.
Clinical Issues—March 2010
Authors: Denholm Bonnie , Ogg Mary , Ogg Mary
Published: March 2010

This Month

Flash sterilization

Key words: flash sterilization, routine sterilization cycles, drying time, cooling time, rigid sterilization containers.

Eye protection

Key words: protective eye wear, goggles, standard precautions, bloodborne pathogens.

Reusing medication syringes and tubing

Key words: single‐use devices, reusing syringes, multidose vials, infection prevention.
Evidence that the C‐terminus of OprM is involved in the assembly of the VceAB‐OprM efflux pump
Authors: Bai Jiangping , Mosley Lakysha , Fralick Joe A.
Published: March 2010

Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram‐negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure. In this study we present evidence that the C‐terminal domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM and the α‐helical hairpin domain of Vibrio cholerae VceA play an important role in the recognition/specificity/recruitment step in the assembly of a functional, VceAB‐OprM chimeric efflux pump. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence directly linking the C‐terminal domain of an outer membrane efflux protein to its recruitment during the assembly of a tripartite efflux pump.
Channel character of uncoupling protein‐mediated transport
Authors: Ježek Petr , Jabůrek Martin , Garlid Keith D.
Published: March 2010

Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are pure anion uniporters, which mediate fatty acid (FA) uniport leading to FA cycling. Protonated FAs then flip‐flop back across the lipid bilayer. An existence of pure proton channel in UCPs is excluded by the equivalent flux‐voltage dependencies for uniport of FAs and halide anions, which are best described by the Eyring barrier variant with a single energy well in the middle of two peaks. Experiments with FAs unable to flip and alkylsulfonates also support this view. Phylogenetically, UCPs took advantage of the common FA‐uncoupling function of SLC25 family carriers and dropped their solute transport function.
DJD-Associated Pain in Cats
Authors: Lascelles B Duncan , Sheilah A Robertson
Published: March 2010

Practical relevance Degenerative joint disease (DJD) has a high prevalence in domestic cats and can be associated with pain. This pain should be addressed wherever possible.

Audience All practitioners are faced with cats that are mobility impaired due to DJD-associated pain.

Patient group Cats of all ages and breeds, and either sex, can experience DJD-associated discomfort.

Clinical challenges Recognizing DJD and assessing DJD-associated pain in cats is a challenge. Owner observations of activity and behavior, careful observation and a logical and thorough orthopedic evaluation are key. Current understanding of the etiology of feline DJD and the mechanisms of DJD-associated pain is incomplete, making the rational choice of treatments a further challenge.

Evidence base Evidence is emerging on the prevalence of feline DJD, and on how to assess the associated pain and mobility impairment. There is a lack of information on the etiology of feline DJD and a relative lack of data on the efficacy of putative treatments.
Acute Vomiting in Cats
Authors: Trepanier Lauren
Published: March 2010

Practical relevance The control of nausea and vomiting in cats is important in order to prevent the development of food aversion, anorexia (with its associated complications of weight loss and dehydration), and hepatic lipidosis.

Clinical challenges There are several antiemetic drugs that are clinically effective in cats. Making a rational choice from the available options requires knowledge of the likely cause of the vomiting, and the mechanisms of action and side effects of each drug. For example, a drug such as prochlorperazine, which can cause sedation, may be a useful first-line choice in a hospitalized cat that requires mild sedation to be handled, but would be undesirable in a critically ill cat.

Audience For companion animal and feline practitioners, the vomiting cat is a common presentation.

Evidence base The guidance provided in this review draws on the findings of clinical trials in humans, experimental studies in cats, some clinical trials in cats, and clinical experience.
Inverse Modeling of the Ocean and Atmosphere
Authors: Bennett Andrew F.
Published: March 2010

Inverse Modeling of the Ocean and Atmosphere is a graduate-level book for students of oceanography and meteorology, and anyone interested in combining computer models and observations of the hydrosphere or solid earth. A step-by-step development of maximally efficient inversion algorithms, using ideal models, is complemented by computer codes and comprehensive details for realistic models. Variational tools and statistical concepts are concisely introduced, and applications to contemporary research models, together with elaborate observing systems, are examined in detail. The book offers a review of the various alternative approaches, and further advanced research topics are discussed. Derived from the author's lecture notes, this book constitutes an ideal course companion for graduate students, as well as being a valuable reference source for researchers and managers in theoretical earth science, civil engineering and applied mathematics.
Piers Plowman and the New Anticlericalism
Authors: Scase Wendy
Published: March 2010

The medieval English poem Piers Plowman is noted for its attacks on the clergy. The later fourteenth century, when the poem was written, is often thought of as an anticlerical age. This book is an extended investigation of the anticlericalism of the poem. Dr Scase challenges the usual assumption that long-established anticlerical traditions continued unchanged in the conflicts of this period. She describes and analyses important but little-known medieval polemics and satires (many of them only available in manuscript), tracing the emergence of a distinctive 'new anticlericalism' which entailed nothing less than the making of a new anticlerical literature. With the writing of Piers Plowman, she argues, this literary challenge was accepted. Always referring closely to the contemporary controversies, and with constant attention to the detail of the text, she reveals the significance of the poem's anticlericalism. Informative and rigorously argued, this book is intended to convince literary critics and historians alike.
Troubadours and Irony
Authors: Gaunt Simon
Published: March 2010

From Petrarch and Dante to Pound and Eliot, the influence of the troubadours on European poetry has been profound. They have rightly stimulated a vast amount of critical writing, but the majority of modern critics see the troubadour tradition as a corpus of earnestly serious and confessional love poetry, with little or no humour. Troubadours and Irony re-examines the work of five early troubadours, namely Marcabru, Bernart Marti, Peire d'Alvernha, Raimbaut d'Aurenga and Giraut de Borneil, to argue that the courtly poetry of southern France in the twelfth century was permeated with irony and that many troubadour songs were playful, laced with humorous sexual innuendo and far from serious; attention is also drawn to the large corpus of texts that are not love poems, but comic or satirical songs.
Pluralism, Socialism, and Political Legitimacy
Authors: Barnard F. M.
Published: March 2010

The processes of transition from communist rule in Eastern Europe and the dilemmas of reform in the Soviet Union invite reflection on the role of pluralism in rendering a political system legitimate and democratic. Frederick M. Barnard examines differing conceptions of political pluralism, focusing on the question of how political differentiation can evolve and flourish without leading to crippling political fragmentation. The book uses certain proposals put forward by Czechoslovak reformers during the Prague Spring as a point of departure in examining broader questions about socialism and pluralism. These reformers outlined a unique form of pluralist socialism, and their arguments in favour of this political order take up a number of issues fundamental not only to the current reform process, but to political theory generally. The ways in which these proposals differed from others of the time put forward in Poland and Yugoslavia as well as from Western democratic theory are also discussed.
Lie Groups, Lie Algebras, Cohomology and some Applications in Physics
Authors: Azcárraga Josi A. de , Izquierdo Josi M.
Published: March 2010

Now in paperback, this book provides a self-contained introduction to the cohomology theory of Lie groups and algebras and to some of its applications in physics. No previous knowledge of the mathematical theory is assumed beyond some notions of Cartan calculus and differential geometry (which are nevertheless reviewed in the book in detail). The examples, of current interest, are intended to clarify certain mathematical aspects and to show their usefulness in physical problems. The topics treated include the differential geometry of Lie groups, fibre bundles and connections, characteristic classes, index theorems, monopoles, instantons, extensions of Lie groups and algebras, some applications in supersymmetry, Chevalley-Eilenberg approach to Lie algebra cohomology, symplectic cohomology, jet-bundle approach to variational principles in mechanics, Wess-Zumino-Witten terms, infinite Lie algebras, the cohomological descent in mechanics and in gauge theories and anomalies. This book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in theoretical physics and applied mathematics.
An Introduction to Nietzsche as Political Thinker
Authors: Ansell-Pearson Keith
Published: March 2010

This is a lively and engaging introduction to the contentious topic of Nietzsche's political thought. It traces the development of Nietzsche's thinking on politics from his earliest writings to the mature work in which he advocates aristocratic radicalism as opposed to 'petty' European nationalism. The key ideas of the will to power, eternal return and the overman are discussed and all Nietzsche's major works analysed in detail, such as Beyond Good and Evil and The Genealogy of Morals, within the context of the concerns of modern political theory. The book concludes with an assessment of Nietzsche's enduring relevance and of the insights afforded by contemporary liberal and feminist readings. This textbook will be essential for all students of Nietzsche and of the history of political ideas. It includes a chronology of Nietzsche's life and works and a guide to further reading.
Biochemical Oscillations and Cellular Rhythms
Authors: Goldbeter Albert , Berridge M. J.
Published: March 2010

This book addresses the molecular bases of some of the most important biochemical rhythms known at the cellular level. Clarifying the mechanism of these oscillatory phenomena is of key importance for understanding the origin as well as the physiological function of these rhythms, and the conditions in which simple periodic behaviour transforms into complex oscillations including bursting and chaos. It will appeal to graduate students and researchers in a wide variety of fields. On the one hand, it will be of interest to life scientists such as biochemists, cell biologists, medical scientists, pharmacologists and chronobiologists. On the other hand, scientists studying nonlinear phenomena, including oscillations and chaos, in chemistry, physics, mathematics and mathematical biology will also find these ideas of value.
The Worldwide Crisis in Fisheries
Authors: Clark Colin W.
Published: March 2010

The world's marine fisheries are in trouble, as a direct result of overfishing and the overcapacity of fishing fleets. Despite intensive management efforts, the problems still persist in many areas, resulting in many fisheries being neither sustainable nor profitable. Using bio-economic models of commercial fisheries, this book demonstrates that new management methods, based on individual or community catch quotas, are required to resolve the overfishing problem. Uncertainty about marine systems may be another factor contributing to overfishing. Methods of decision analysis and Bayesian inference are used to discuss risk management and the precautionary principle, arguing that extensive marine reserves may be the best way to protect fisheries, alongside a controlled catch quota system. This book will be of interest to environmental scientists, economists and fisheries managers, providing novel insights into many well-known but poorly understood aspects of fisheries management.
Science and Policy in Natural Resource Management
Authors: Allison Helen E. , Hobbs Richard J.
Published: March 2010

This book was first published in 2006. Despite many well-intentioned policies and changes to management practices, the world's natural resources continue to decline. The roles and interplay between science and policy in the regional broadacre agriculture landscape are examined here, offering readers a thorough understanding of the complex interactions that occur across spatial scales to produce the regional-scale impacts. The fundamental causes of resource degradation, social decline and environmental pollution are addressed, examining the cross-scale drivers from the individual farm level to the global level of commodity systems. Broadacre agriculture is a common land use throughout all continents of the world and is driven by the same type of dynamics, and this case study of the Western Australia agricultural region can be used to clearly demonstrate the principles for other agricultural systems. Aimed at academics, ranging from researchers through to policy analysts, this book will inspire innovation and action in sustainable natural resource management.
An Introduction to Atmospheric Thermodynamics
Authors: Tsonis Anastasios
Published: March 2010

This is a self-contained, concise, rigorous book introducing the reader to the basics of atmospheric thermodynamics. This new edition has been brought completely up to date and reorganized to improve the quality and flow of the material. The introductory chapters provide definitions and useful mathematical and physical notes to help readers understand the basics. The book then describes the topics relevant to atmospheric processes, including the properties of moist air and atmospheric stability. It concludes with a brief introduction to the problem of weather forecasting and the relevance of thermodynamics. Each chapter contains worked examples and student exercises, with solutions available to instructors on a password protected website at www.cambridge.org/9780521796767. The author has taught atmospheric thermodynamics for over 20 years and is a highly respected researcher. This book is an ideal text for short undergraduate courses taken as part of an atmospheric science, meteorology, physics or natural science program.
Strategic Legal Writing
Authors: Zillman Donald N. , Roth Evan J.
Published: March 2010

Many legal writing texts emphasize how one writes; this book is unique because it also focuses on why one writes. Every chapter challenges the reader to write to achieve a strategic objective. Each assignment has been carefully considered by the authors, and fully vetted to simulate the decision-making involved in the preparation of important legal writing, whether in a general counsel's office, a law office, a government attorney's office, or a judge's chambers. Simply put, the authors' approach is that effective legal writing does not exist in a vacuum. This book provides practical assignments that teach the student that the best legal writing is not an end in itself, but a means to a larger strategic objective.
Shakespeare's Imagery and What it Tells Us
Authors: Spurgeon Caroline F. E.
Published: March 2010

Caroline Spurgeon's pioneer study of the imagery of Shakespeare's plays shows how much light can be thrown on Shakespeare's own mind and thought and on the themes and characters of the plays by a detailed examination of his imagery. At the same time she contrasts Shakespeare with other dramatists of his time, including Marlowe, Bacon, Ben Jonson and Dekker.
Population, Gender and Politics
Authors: Jeffery Roger , Jeffery Patricia
Published: March 2010

Roger and Patricia Jeffery are well known for their work on religion and gender in South Asia. In their latest book, a study of the demographic processes of two castes in rural north India, they ask why fertility levels are higher among the Muslim Sheikhs than the Hindu Jats. They conclude that explanations can only partially be attributed to gender relationships and religion, and it is the economic and political interests of both groups which are the defining factors. Their marginal economic position provides little incentive for the Sheikhs to raise small families, while the Jats, who are locally dominant, are encouraged to use birth control and educate their children. The authors go on to demonstrate the significance of this analysis for a wider understanding of the problems of population and politics in India generally. The book will be invaluable for students of South Asia and for anyone interested in the demography of developing countries.
Introduction to Stellar Astrophysics
Authors: Böhm-Vitense Erika
Published: March 2010

This comprehensive textbook conveys the basic physical ideas and laws used in the study of the outer layers of a star. The stellar atmosphere emits the light which we see. The only layers of a star where we can get direct information about temperature, pressure and composition are in the atmosphere. This complete account first introduces stellar magnitudes, spectra and temperatures. This is followed by a full discussion of radiative transfer in a stellar atmosphere, which leads to descriptions of line formation, the spectrum of hydrogen, and spectral analysis. Finally the structural components that are accessible, such as the convestion zone, chromosphere, corona, and mass outflow are described. The book will interest any student with a knowledge of physics and mathematics who needs to learn about stellar atmospheres.
Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Serpedin Erchin , Chaudhari Qasim M.
Published: March 2010

Wireless sensor networks are set to play a key role in a wide range of civilian and military applications, with tiny sensors connected through wireless links performing various sensing, computing, communication, and control tasks in highly distributed systems. This book presents a critical element in the deployment of wireless sensor networks: the process of synchronization. It summarizes the most important clock synchronization protocols proposed for wireless sensor networks with special emphasis placed on deriving efficient clock offset estimation schemes and performance benchmarks. Graduate students of electrical and computer engineering and computer science will find this a valuable resource, as will engineers who are interested in designing efficient clock synchronization algorithms and improving the performance of existing synchronization protocols.
Reading Greek Tragedy
Authors: Goldhill Simon
Published: March 2010

This book is an advanced critical introduction to Greek tragedy. It is written specifically for the reader who does not know Greek and who may be unfamiliar with the context of the Athenian drama festival but who nevertheless wants to appreciate the plays in all their complexity. Simon Goldhill aims to combine the best contemporary scholarly criticism in classics with a wide knowledge of modern literary studies in other fields. He discusses the masterpieces of Athenian drama in the light of contemporary critical controversies in such a way as to enable the student or scholar not only to understand and appreciate the texts of the most commonly read plays, but also to evaluate and utilize the range of approaches to the problems of ancient drama.
The Subgroup Structure of the Finite Classical Groups
Authors: Kleidman Peter B. , Liebeck Martin W.
Published: March 2010

With the classification of the finite simple groups complete, much work has gone into the study of maximal subgroups of almost simple groups. In this volume the authors investigate the maximal subgroups of the finite classical groups and present research into these groups as well as proving many new results. In particular, the authors develop a unified treatment of the theory of the 'geometric subgroups' of the classical groups, introduced by Aschbacher, and they answer the questions of maximality and conjugacy and obtain the precise shapes of these groups. Both authors are experts in the field and the book will be of considerable value not only to group theorists, but also to combinatorialists and geometers interested in these techniques and results. Graduate students will find it a very readable introduction to the topic and it will bring them to the very forefront of research in group theory.
The Seduction Narrative in Britain, 1747–1800
Authors: Binhammer Katherine
Published: March 2010

Eighteenth-century literature displays a fascination with the seduction of a virtuous young heroine, most famously illustrated by Samuel Richardson's Clarissa and repeated in 1790s radical women's novels, in the many memoirs by fictional or real penitent prostitutes, and in street print. Across fiction, ballads, essays and miscellanies, stories were told of women's mistaken belief in their lovers' vows. In this book Katherine Binhammer surveys seduction narratives from the late eighteenth century within the context of the new ideal of marriage-for-love and shows how these tales tell varying stories of women's emotional and sexual lives. Drawing on new historicism, feminism, and narrative theory, Binhammer argues that the seduction narrative allowed writers to explore different fates for the heroine than the domesticity that became the dominant form in later literature. This study will appeal to scholars of eighteenth-century literature, social and cultural history, and women's and gender studies.
A Continuous Time Econometric Model of the United Kingdom with Stochastic Trends
Authors: Bergstrom Albert Rex , Nowman Khalid Ben
Published: March 2010

Over the last thirty years there has been extensive use of continuous time econometric methods in macroeconomic modelling. This monograph presents a continuous time macroeconometric model of the United Kingdom incorporating stochastic trends. Its development represents a major step forward in continuous time macroeconomic modelling. The book describes the model in detail and, like earlier models, it is designed in such a way as to permit a rigorous mathematical analysis of its steady-state and stability properties, thus providing a valuable check on the capacity of the model to generate plausible long-run behaviour. The model is estimated using newly developed exact Gaussian estimation methods for continuous time econometric models incorporating unobservable stochastic trends. The book also includes discussion of the application of the model to dynamic analysis and forecasting.
Karl Barth
Authors: Barth Karl
Published: March 2010

This short volume, which emerged from the Karl Barth centenary year in 1986, brings together a collection of essays which makes an important contribution to Barth interpretation. Few would dispute the fact that Karl Barth is one of the great figures of twentieth-century theology, and two decades after his death he continues to fascinate those who study the field and his own thought in the magisterial, unfinished Church Dogmatics. Yet while his impact and influence upon modern theology has been great, Barth has been subject, too, to suspicion and sometimes to fierce opposition. The contributors to this book examine and refute some of the more simplistic reasons why the thought of Karl Barth has had a somewhat limited appeal in modern English-language theology. Writing form a variety of ecclesiastical persuasions, Reformed, Lutheran, Anglican and Roman Catholic, the authors seek to demonstrate at a fundamental level the continuing important of some of Barth's major concerns. Collectively the essays constitute a positive introduction to Barth, to his place in the history of the philosophy of religion, as a constructive theologian, as a Churchman and in specific relation to the modern history of English-language theology.
The New Testament Text of Saint Ambrose
Authors: Muncey R. W.
Published: March 2010

St Ambrose of Milan (AD 340–97) has always been considered one of the four great doctors of the Latin Church. He was a great ecclesiastical statesman, a successful bishop and administrator, and a prolific writer. His works contain numerous quotations from the New Testament; by examining them it is possible to learn something of the text available to him. The introduction deals with the syntax and vocabulary of Ambrose, giving examples of 'Europeanizes' and 'African-isms'. A list of Græcisms is also given, and there are notes on some select quotations from the New Testament. The examination shows that Ambrose's quotations generally reach a high standard of accuracy, showing agreement either with the Greek reading or a variant, or with some Latin MS. authority. The Ambrosias text is sometimes in agreement with Old Latin texts, while at other times it shows assimilation to a Vulgate text. It is interesting to note that Ambrose is an important witness to certain readings that are peculiar to the Codex Bezae.
Copyright Exceptions
Authors: Burrell Robert , Coleman Allison
Published: March 2010

This book was first published in 2005. Copyright 'exceptions' or 'users' rights' have become a highly controversial aspect of copyright law. Most recently, Member States of the European Union have been forced to amend their systems of exceptions so as to comply with the Information Society Directive. Taking the newly amended UK legislation as a case study, this book examines why copyright exceptions are necessary and the forces that have shaped the present legislative regime in the UK. It seeks to further our understanding of the exceptions by combining detailed doctrinal analysis with insights gained from a range of other sources. The principal argument of the book is that the UK's current system of 'permitted acts' is much too restrictive and hence is in urgent need of reform, but that paradoxically the Information Society Directive points the way towards a much more satisfactory approach.
Five-Minute Activities for Young Learners
Authors: McKay Penny , Guse Jenni
Published: March 2010

This book contains a selection of short activities organized around six themes which reflect the content covered in young learner English exams and the curriculum in most primary mainstream classrooms: Animals, Journeys, Fantasy and adventure, The world around us, Healthy bodies, and About me.

Activities are organized by topic and by level to make it easy to find appropriate activities for students. They encourage meaningful language use and real communication appropriate to primary learners. Each activity also contains guidance and information on preparation, procedure, language focus, skills focus and thinking focus. Activities can be used flexibly in any order at any point in a teaching programme. In addition, the design of the activities allows teachers to adapt and apply the ideas to other themes.

This book is suitable for both novice and experienced teachers who need a resource of enjoyable and motivating activities for the young learner classroom.
National Law in WTO Law
Authors: Bhuiyan Sharif
Published: March 2010

This book examines how national law is treated in WTO law, both in the WTO treaty and dispute settlement cases. The WTO treaty contains a set of far-reaching obligations establishing a systemic and constitutional framework of interaction between WTO law and national law. WTO dispute settlement operates as an international layer of judicial review of national laws and administrative, judicial or quasi-judicial measures. Consequently, much of the WTO dispute settlement decisions and rulings relate in different ways to Members' national laws. Yet, up until the publication of this book, there was no systematic analysis of this vastly important subject. This book provides a thorough map of an increasingly complex field. In doing so, it extends the enquiry beyond well-known formulas and combines practical analysis with principled discussion of how the treatment of national law in international law can and should ensure effectiveness of international rules and promote good governance within nation-states.
Legal Principles in WTO Disputes
Authors: Mitchell Andrew D.
Published: March 2010

Principles play a crucial role in any dispute settlement system, and the World Trade Organization (WTO) is no exception. However, WTO Panels and the Appellate Body have been too timid in using principles, sometimes avoiding their use when appropriate and at other times using them without fully acknowledging that they are doing so. Perhaps more worryingly, these bodies often fail to delve deeply enough into principles. They tend to overlook key questions such as the legal basis for using a given principle, whether the principle is being used in an interpretative manner or as applicable law and the meaning of the principle in public international law. This book establishes a framework for addressing these questions. The use of such a framework should allay fears and misconceptions about the use of principles and ensure that they are used in a justifiable manner, improving the quality of dispute settlement in the WTO.
Mapping interacting QTL for count phenotypes using hierarchical Poisson and binomial models: an application to reproductive traits in mice
Authors: LI JUN , REYNOLDS RICHARD , POMP DANIEL , ALLISON DAVID B. , YI NENGJUN
Published: March 2010

We proposed hierarchical Poisson and binomial models for mapping multiple interacting quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for count traits in experimental crosses. We applied our methods to two counted reproductive traits, live fetuses (LF) and dead fetuses (DF) at 17 days gestation, in an F2female mouse population. We treated observed number ofcorpora lutea(ovulation rate) as the baseline and the total trials in our Poisson and binomial models, respectively. We detected more than 10 QTLs forLFandDF, most having epistatic and pleiotropic effects. The epistatic effects were larger, involved more QTLs, and explained a larger proportion of phenotypic variance than the main effects. Our analyses revealed a complex network of multiple interacting QTLs for the reproductive traits, and increase our understanding of the genetic architecture of reproductive characters. The proposed statistical models and methods provide valuable tools for detecting multiple interacting QTLs for complex count phenotypes.
Between Elite Interests and Pro-Poor Resistance: The Nigerian Courts and Labour-Led Anti-Fuel Price Hike Struggles (1999–2007)
Authors: Okafor Obiora Chinedu
Published: March 2010

Between 1999 and 2007, a popular Labour-led movement led a pro-poor struggle to resist the fuel price hike policy of the Nigerian government. Waged in the context of the poverty in which nearly 70 per cent of Nigerians lived, the operation of powerful incentives to raise fuel prices, and Labour's extraordinary socio-political leverage, these struggles triggered much government frustration. One of the strategies adopted by the government to legitimize its attempt to repress the movement was to resort to the courts. This article analyses, from a socio-legal perspective, the key cases relating to the validity of the government's attempts to repress the struggles. The article concludes that, although both pro- and anti-movement trends can be observed in the jurisprudence, the anti-movement tendency having so far prevailed in terms of formal legal precedent, the pro-movement (ie pro-poor) decisions have, as a result of their massive popular legitimacy, actually functioned as the “living law.”
Equitable Bases of the Nigerian Land Use Act
Authors: Nwabueze Remigius N
Published: March 2010

Do the terms of the Nigerian Land Use Act permit the application of equitable principles to transactions under it? More particularly, could equity be used to enforce null and void transactions under the Act? Although the Supreme Court answered these questions in the negative in Ajilo, other decisions of the Supreme Court, as well as some sections of the Act itself, suggest that the Act is not incompatible with equitable principles. Nor is it contrary to public policy to enforce null and void transactions under the Act through the intervention of equity. Two relevant equitable concepts are resulting and constructive trusts. While constructive trusts have found some fertile soil in Nigerian equity jurisprudence (despite the discordant tune in Ajilo), Nigerian courts seem to struggle with the principles of resulting trust. This article suggests that resulting and constructive trusts are proper instruments for the interpretation and application of the Act and that Ajilo should be overruled.
The Nicholson Judgment: An Exercise in Law and Politics
Authors: Klaaren Jonathan , Roux Theunis
Published: March 2010

The Nicholson judgment was clearly a precipitating factor in the resignation of former South African President Thabo Mbeki in 2008. Engaging with the judgment in its own terms, this note first puts forward a best legal interpretation of the judgment, covering the doctrines of prosecutorial independence and legitimate expectations. It then identifies the degree to which the comment in the judgment may be termed politically activist. In the authors' view, Nicholson tackled political issues in his judgment that he need not have: in particular, allegations of executive interference in the independence of the prosecutions authority. Assuming that Nicholson J's text may be read as an attempt to bolster the legitimacy of the judiciary, the note explores whether it succeeds on those terms and concludes that the judgment is ultimately an example of failed dramatic art.
Seasonal influences on the litter size at birth of pigs are more pronounced in the gilt than sow litters
Authors: TUMMARUK P. , TANTASUPARUK W. , TECHAKUMPHU M. , KUNAVONGKRIT A.
Published: March 2010

The aim of the present study was to use data from herds to demonstrate the degree of seasonal influence on litter size at birth in gilts compared to sow parities 2, 3–5 and older (parities ⩾6) in a conventional, open-housing system for commercial pig herds in the northeastern part of Thailand. Data were obtained during a 3-year period from July 2005 to June 2008. The data analysed included observations on 25 835 litters from 8100 sows. Total number of piglets born per litter (TB), number of piglets born alive per litter (BA), proportion of stillborn piglets per litter (SB) and proportion of mummified fetuses per litter (MF) were analysed using a general linear mixed model procedure. The influence of temperature, relative humidity and temperature-humidity index (THI) on TB, BA, MF and SB were also analysed. The meteorological data were merged with the reproductive data and the means of temperature, relative humidity and THI during 115 days before farrowing were calculated and included in the statistical models. The results revealed that sows that farrowed in the hot season had a larger TB and BA than sows that farrowed in the rainy (P<0·001) and cool seasons (P<0·001). The difference of TB and BA among seasons was more pronounced in the gilt litters than the sow litters, insofar as the gilts that farrowed in the rainy season had 0·7 TB fewer than gilts that farrowed in the hot season (P<0·001). By contrast, sows of parities 2, 3–5 and ⩾6 that farrowed in the rainy season had 0·4 (P=0·01), 0·3 (P=0·003) and 0·3 (P=0·02) TB fewer than those that farrowed in the hot season. In the first parity, MF increased from 0·022 to 0·042 when the mean temperature during gestation increased from 26 to 29°C (P<0·001). On average, a reduction of 0·8 TB and 0·7 BA were found when the humidity during gestation increased from 50 to 80% (P<0·001). The influence of THI on TB, BA and SB differed among herds. When THI increased from 71/72 to ⩾81, a decrease of 0·4 TB were observed in herd A (P<0·001) and a decrease of 0·9 TB were observed in herd B (P<0·001), but not in herds C and D (P>0·05). In conclusion, inferior litter size at birth was observed in sows that farrowed in either rainy or cool seasons. High temperature, high relative humidity and/or high THI during gestation significantly reduced the number of total piglets born per litter. The influence of season, temperature, relative humidity and/or THI on litter size at birth was more evident in the gilts than the sows. These data indicated that various strategies to reduce temperature in the open-housing system for pregnant gilts and sows in Thailand are not adequate and the proper housing of pregnant gilts should be emphasized.
A Scribal Solution to a Problematic Measurement in the Apocalypse
Authors: Hernández Juan
Published: March 2010

Orthographic variation within the manuscripts of the Greek NT is seldom acause célèbrebeyond the ranks of diehard textual critics. Even among these most will concede that orthographic irregularities amount to little more than evidence of scribal incompetency or inconsistency in their spelling practices. To find the same word both spelled correctly and misspelled within a single manuscript by the same scribe is not uncommon. It approaches the norm. The critical editions of our Greek NTs have therefore opted, on good grounds, to exclude textual variants displaying non-standardized spelling. To include them would make it impossible for anyone to use the critical apparatuses in a meaningful way. The deluge of senseless errors would drown out variants of demonstrable textual significance.
Something about Mary? Remarks about the Five Women in the Matthean Genealogy
Authors: Smit Peter-Ben
Published: March 2010

The occurrence and significance of the five women in Jesus' genealogy in the Gospel of Matthew has been a source of continuous scholarly debate. Taking a gender-sensitive approach, this contribution argues for looking at the five women as one group, viewing them as simultaneously accentuating the messianic line that Jesus is part of and vindicating his somewhat irregular birth, as well as substantiating the openness of Israel for Gentiles by adducing precedents from Israel's history.
Persönliche Korrespondenz des Paulus: Zur Strategie der Pastoralbriefe als Pseudepigrapha
Authors: Tsuji Manabu
Published: March 2010

The three Pastoral letters present themselves as Paul's personal correspondence, but their contents would fit better the genre of a community letter. The pseudonymous author has forged them as personal letters from ‘Paul’, because he had to reckon with his readers' critique concerning their authenticity, above all with critical scrutiny directed at possible contradictions in their circumstances of origin. Through the genre of a private letter he has attempted to concoct previously unknown letter-situations, and to make understandable the late discovery of the letters. At the same time, through the construction of three letters he has made a claim for general validity in respect of geography and time, so as to spread the ‘right meaning’ of the statements in theCorpus Paulinum.
Immunohistological studies on neoplasms of female and maleOnchocerca volvulus: filarial origin and absence ofWolbachiafrom tumor cells
Authors: BRATTIG N. W. , HOERAUF A. , FISCHER P. U. , LIEBAU E. , BANDI C. , DEBRAH A. , BÜTTNER M. , BÜTTNER D. W.
Published: March 2010

Up to 5% of untreated femaleOnchocerca volvulusfilariae develop potentially fatal pleomorphic neoplasms, whose incidence is increased following ivermectin treatment. We studied the occurrence of 8 filarial proteins and ofWolbachiaendobacteria in the tumor cells. Onchocercomas from patients, untreated and treated with antibiotics and anthelminthics, were examined by immunohistology. Neoplasms were diagnosed in 112 of 3587 female and in 2 of 1570 maleO. volvulus. The following proteins and other compounds ofO. volvuluswere expressed in the cells of the neoplasms: glutathione S-transferase 1, lysosomal aspartic protease, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, alpha-enolase, aspartate aminotransferase, ankyrin E1, tropomyosin, heat shock protein 60, transforming growth factor-beta, and prostaglandin E2. These findings prove the filarial origin of the neoplasms and confirm the pleomorphism of the tumor cells. Signs indicating malignancy of the neoplasms are described.Wolbachiawere observed in the hypodermis, oocytes, and embryos of tumor-harbouring filariae using antibodies againstWolbachiasurface protein,WolbachiaHtrA-type serine protease, andWolbachiaaspartate aminotransferase. In contrast,Wolbachiawere not found in the cells of the neoplasms. Further, neoplasm-containing worms were not observed after more than 10 months after the start of sufficient treatment with doxycycline or doxycycline plus ivermectin.
Strategies Used by Home Support Workers in the Delivery of Care to Elderly Clients
Authors: Sims-Gould Joanie , Martin-Matthews Anne
Published: March 2010

On estime que 36,000 travailleurs de soutien à domicile aident les anciens canadiens chaque année avec les activités quotidiennes, comme la baignade, l’habillement, le nettoyage et les travaux ménagers légers, mais les expériences quotidiennes des travailleurs qui donnent soutien à domicile ne sont pas bien encore compris. Mahmood et Martin-Matthews (2008) ont développé un modèle qui localise le travailleur de soutien à domicile, le client âgée et la membre de la famille à l’intersection des sphères privées et publiques encadré par leur traits sociaux, spatials et temporels, et par la structure organisationnelle de l’entreprise. Cette étude, financée par Les Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada, examine et affine ce modèle grâce à une analyse des entrevues approfondies avec les travailleurs de soutien à domicile en la Colombie-Britannique. Travailleurs de soutien à domicile identifient les questions clés dans la prestation des services et discutent une gamme de solutions créatives pour effectuer leurs tâches quoti-diennes et avec de la déférence. Les conclusions de l’étude informent notre compréhension des expériences de travail des travailleurs de soutien à domicile; également ils mettent en évidence les qualités qui caractérisent les travailleurs exceptionnelles en naviguant parmi les différents domaines de soutien à domicile.