bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlling Procurement Costs in Inflationary Conditions
Authors: Farmer David
Published: February 2008

The most significant element in manufacturing costs is materials. To be more precise, manufacturing companies, on average, dispose of more than half the money they receive from sales in purchasing materials, components and services. As one measure of comparison, labour costs represent something over 20 per cent, less than half the proportion attributable to materials. Thus, despite the considerable irritant of fast‐rising wages, at the level of the manufacturing company, materials loomed largest as the most significant contributor to inflation during the period 1973–4.
The Buyer's Influence on Pricing Decisions
Authors: Farmer David , Farrington Brian
Published: February 2008

Little effort seems to have been made to understand the buyer's role in pricing. The weight of comment and discussion implies a passive or, at least, reactive role for the buyer in pricing decisions. Yet there is considerable evidence to suggest that the countervailing power of purchases can be a major influence on pricing. A better understanding of the buyer's influence on pricing decisions should be beneficial from several viewpoints. The marketing specialist seeks to understand the processes through which price offers are considered in order to be able to influence those decisions. The purchasing manager should seek similar understanding for his own purposes.
Buyers and Risk
Authors: Farmer David
Published: February 2008

The case that the industrial buyer is a risk avoider is not difficult to sustain. Every buying organisation, to a greater or lesser degree, demonstrates symptoms of such behaviour every day. Among these symptoms, the most apparent to the observer is the tendency to retain established suppliers even when competitive alternatives are available. Clearly, to take on a new supplier involves some aspect of risk of failure—even if only of a “teething trouble” nature. A second symptom in production organisations is that which is implied in the statement “we must keep the line moving”. One consequence of this is the tendency to maintain raw material and component inventory levels which err on the high side. In flow production situations involving expensive capital equipment, for example, it is reasonably easy to defend such behaviour. As one Materials Manager put it: “If I stop the line for one hour it costs this company £x,000. There would need to be remarkable cost savings to interest me in changing our present level of stocks or our major suppliers”. Another symptom is a tendency to over‐specify, or to pay “a little more” to ensure that the supplier performs within the required parameters.
Modal Choice for Urgent Consignments between Britain and Western Europe
Authors: Gray R.
Published: February 2008

Air freight is often used in the transport of goods between the United Kingdom and Western European destinations despite a well developed, competitive and generally much cheaper road groupage (consolidation) industry. In particular, until 1980, express road services with fast delivery times comparable to air do not appear to have made much impact on shippers. This paper examines some of the possible reasons for the continuing existence of a reasonably high level of demand for air freight to Western Europe from the United Kingdom. Air freight appears to be used mainly for the sake of urgency which is usually associated with transit time. This paper examines some of the other factors which may be taken into account by shippers when deciding between air and surface transport.
Power, Conflict, and Satisfaction in Distribution Channels—An Empirical Study
Authors: Wilkinson Ian
Published: February 2008

Drawing from the literature on channels of distribution, four hypotheses concerning the relationships between power, satisfaction and conflict are developed. These hypotheses are tested using data from the channel of distribution for bulk beer. Finally, the causal model underlying the hypotheses is tested, using causal path analysis and an alternative causal model is presented which provides a better fit with the data and which also helps to explain some troublesome findings from previous research.
Logistics Systems Modelling: An Application to Cargo Handling Research
Authors: Gregson R.E.
Published: February 2008

In investigating a principal area of a certain African country's total distribution network, viz the cargo handling operations within its main Port, a logistics systems model was used as a basis of the research design to measure the current cargo handling performance. In this article, the reader is taken step‐by‐step through the research method, data collection and analysis, hopefully to demonstrate the practical application of the model and the implications for its further use.
Simulating Distribution Costs: The Case of the Beverage Container
Authors: Walter C.K.
Published: February 2008

There has been no lack of criticism in the literature of accounting and logistics over the attention given, or not given, to distribution costs. Dobson stated flatly: “Distribution is neglected by cost accountants”. Only slightly less deprecating were Lambert and Armitage, who concluded that, for years, “control over distribution costs has been at best haphazard and, at worst, nonexistent”.
Typology of Physical Distribution Systems in Multi‐national Corporations
Authors: Picard Jacques
Published: February 2008

An essential part of any manufacturing company's set of decisions is its distribution policy. This is very often referred to in the marketing literature as the “place” or “distribution mix” decision. This set of decisions might in turn, be divided into two subsets—channel decisions and physical distribution (logistics) decisions. Channel decisions deal with the choice of intermediaries between the producer of a good and the final user. Physical distribution decisions deal with the arrangements for “locating, stocking and shipping a company's goods to meet the service requirements of the marketplace”.
Mission Costing: A New Approach to Logistics Analysis
Authors: Barrett Timothy F.
Published: February 2008

The total or integrated approach to physical distribution places an emphasis upon integrating those activities which are involved either directly or indirectly with the provision of customer service. As such, it contrasts with the traditional approach to physical distribution which emphasises the separate individual activities and the cost minimisation of such individual activities, while ignoring the interaction between the activities and their impact on revenue. While the total distribution concept has seemingly gained wide acceptance, Ray, Gattorna and Allen claim that the reason why it is rarely implemented is “lack of adequate cost data”. This view is shared by Shirley who states “particularly needed are new ways of thinking about distribution costs; to consider their interdependence and contribution to profit”. This monograph attempts to respond to this need by providing a consideration of the Mission Approach to Physical Distribution, and how physical distribution accounting systems may utilise this approach to provide information not only on the costs but also on the revenue aspects of providing varying levels of customer service.
The Implementation of the Business Logistics Concept – a Scandinavian Approach
Authors: Persson Göran
Published: February 2008

During the 1960s and 1970s, Business Logistics (BL), or as it is now often referred to in Scandinavia, Materials Administration (MA), has become a well established and widely accepted management philosophy, based on a systems theory approach and emphasising a total materials flow concept.
The International Logistics Concept
Authors: Davies G.J.
Published: February 2008

In an earlier paper, Gray and Davies used the expression “international logistics” to mean a system in which documentation flows are as much a part of the main logistical flow as flows of product. In this paper, the international logistics concept is formally presented. It is argued that the current conceptual framework for logistics is more appropriate to national distribution.
Logistical and Promotional Services and Wholesaler‐Broker Satisfaction
Authors: Ross Robert H. , Lusch Robert F.
Published: February 2008

Brokers must realise that the promotional and logistical services they provide wholesalers help to determine the wholesaler's satisfaction with them. Although the results of the research presented in this article clearly show that high quality performance of both types of services is important, logistical services play a more important role in determining wholesaler satisfaction. Consequently, manufacturers must realise that brokers are an important link in the physical distribution channel and can help deliver high customer satisfaction via superior physical distribution service.
Creating Effective Policies for Customer Service
Authors: Christopher Martin
Published: February 2008

It is sometimes suggested that the role of distribution is to provide “time and place utility” in the transfer of goods and services between buyer and seller. Put another way, there is no value in a product or service until it is in the hands of the customer or consumer. It follows that making the product or service “available” is what, in essence, the distribution function of the business is all about. “Availability” is in itself a complex concept, impacted upon by a galaxy of factors which together constitute customer service. These factors might include delivery frequency and reliability, stock levels and order cycle time, for example, as they all impact upon availability. Indeed, it could be said that ultimately customer service is determined by the interaction of all those factors that affect the process of making products and services available to the buyer.
Computer Simulation Study for a Production—Distribution System
Authors: Mohanty R.P. , Chandrashekhar V.
Published: February 2008

The problem is concerned with a single manufacturing enterprise producing varieties of products which are being distributed through a set of regional warehouses. The operations of each regional warehouse in the distribution subsystem is considered to be quasi‐autonomous in the sense that the decentralisation is granted to the extent of formulating and operating their own cost structure and transportation modes. For the production subsystem there is a need for aggregation of regional ordering policies to take advantage of the single manufacturing facilities. The boundaries of both subsystems are highly interactive. The simulation approach suggested in this study highlights the causal behaviour of the interacting boundaries and formulates a feedback control model in order to derive the various operational parameters of the total system. The effect of disturbance of the operational parameters on the total system behaviour has been studied through experimental design and analysis of variance.
French Distribution: Research, Practice and Environment
Authors: Langeard Eric
Published: February 2008

The analysis of 20 years of frustrating events may help shed light on the next period 1982–2000. A brief summary could be contained in the following statements:
Economic and Organisational Approaches to Distribution Research with Special Reference to Norway
Authors: Reve Torger , Gripsrud Geir
Published: February 2008

Distribution research, both in Europe and in the United States, is fragmented into two seemingly disparate disciplinary orientations: aneconomicapproach and anorganisationalapproach. The former attempts to apply micro‐economic theory and industrial organisation analysis to the study of distribution systems, focusing on horizontal as well as vertical markets. The latter attempts to apply behavioural and organisational concepts and theories to vertical distribution channel phenomena. Typically, economic and organisational studies have made only occasional references to each other, and very little integration has been achieved. Sometimes the two approaches have been in rivalry, economic researchers ignoring organisational variables, and organisational researchers ignoring economic variables.
Patterns of Change in Retail Institutions in the United States with Special Attention to the Traditional Department Store
Authors: Bucklin Louis P.
Published: February 2008

One of the more engrossing facets of marketing in the United States is the metamorphosis of retail institutional form. For well over 100 years, many historians and marketers have been fascinated by the successful entry of new types of retail organisations into the market and the gradual demise of the old. This interest has resulted in an extensive literature describing these changes and, in more recent years, a succession of theories to explain the process.
A Materials Management System for a Complex Organisation
Authors: Dale B.G.
Published: February 2008

Materials management de facto has existed for many years in terms of procedures for buying and processing material to meet orders for finished products. However, the term itself first came into vogue in the mid 1960s and various commentators have pointed to different factors which have led to its evolution and growth over the past 15 or more years. Whilst any analysis of the relative importance of the various factors involved is beyond the scope of this survey, it is fair to say that a combination of pressures in the 1960s and 1970s led to a change in direction of business thinking and a search for profit contributions through the adoption of an integrated materials management approach in previously neglected areas. There is no single view about what materials management really is and the materials management concept has been given many interpretations. Academics and organisations alike interpret materials management in the light of their own experiences and perceptions.
Estimating Inter‐market Sales Movements
Authors: Yavas Ugur , Riecken Glen
Published: February 2008

Increased consumer mobility is a recurrent theme in retailing literature. A major ramification of increased mobility is that consumers are no longer restricted to their local trade area. Consumers appear willing to forego secondary costs such as time, money and effort to shop at places when they feel product and service offerings are more compatible with their needs.
Developing a Distribution Plan
Authors: Christopher Martin
Published: February 2008

Increasingly many companies have recognised the need to develop more formal approaches to planning. The uncertainties of the market environment and the increased complexity of business decisions have provided an incentive to these organisations to seek ways in which corporate resources can be better allocated and contingencies provided for. Nevertheless, formal business planning still tends to be confined to the larger companies, and often those that are involved in so‐called fast‐moving markets. Thus the Unilevers and Procter and Gambles of the world are using highly sophisticated planning techniques, but many other companies still lag behind. This is due not so much to a lack of a resources to commit to the planning function but more often to a lack of appreciation of the necessity for planning.
The Impact of Customer Services in International Markets
Authors: Marr Norman E.
Published: February 2008

Traditionally distribution service has been viewed as an ancillary part of the product, “a necessary evil”. As a consequence service levels tended to emerge over time to meet corporate goals. In the past managers would point out the fact that they had shipped 90 per cent of cases ordered within 24 hours when answering the question “what level of customer service does your company give?” This isolation of one element of customer service as representative of the level of service offered was a very common practice.
Assigning Organisational Responsibility for Interface Activities: An Analysis of PD and Marketing Manager Preferences
Authors: Lynagh Peter M. , Poist Richard F.
Published: February 2008

During the past two decades, Physical Distribution (PD) has been described as having “come of age”, in semi‐maturity and most recently, as being in an actual state of maturity. Paralleling this development in an increasing number of firms, the PD function has been organised as a separate department to manage both the inbound and outbound flow of materials and goods.
The Role and Influence of Factory Level Purchasing within a Corporate Structure
Authors: Bilborough C.A.M. , Dale B.G.
Published: February 2008

An investigation has been carried out within a multinational engineering corporation into the role of purchasing within a corporate structure. The main research method was case studies of corporate purchasing and three factory buying departments. It was found that the division of responsibilities between corporate and factory levels had a major effect on the role of purchasing at factory level resulting in the latter occupying a service role in relation to other departments. It is also pointed out that the use and usefulness of various purchasing techniques is also influenced by the relationship between corporate and factory purchasing and factors such as tighter control of stocks, pressures from customers, purchasing department staffing levels, the economic situation, the level of computerisation and the role of purchasing in relation to other departments.
The Importance of Government‐Sponsored Location Incentives for Distribution Facilities
Authors: Hawes Jon M. , Lewison Dale M. , Prough George E.
Published: February 2008

Within a marketing framework, the attribute importance perception of corporate buyers and government promoters of distribution facility sites are examined. The results suggest some interesting marketing implications for promoters as well as for procurers of physical distribution facilities.
Materials Logistics Management
Authors: Bowersox Donald J. , Carter Phillip L. , Monczka Robert M.
Published: February 2008

A few years ago the faculty of the Graduate School of Business Administration at Michigan State University responded to a developing industry need for young people trained with an understanding of the interfaces between physical distribution, manufacturing and purchasing. In 1980 the Materials Logistics Management Programme (MLM) was established to meet this industry requirement. Students of the MLM programme have been in great demand by industry since the programme's inception. For the past two years MLM graduates have received the highest starting salaries of all MSU business graduates. This article presents an overview of the MLM philosophy that has emerged as the programme matured.
The Logistics of Distribution in China
Authors: Vernon Wortzel Heidi
Published: February 2008

Every country concerns itself to some extent with the efficient and equitable distribution of goods to its people. In order to unravel the logistics of physical distribution in China, it is critical to understand the political and economic context in which it is carried out. The policy of capitalist or mixed economy countries is to let manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers compete to provide the goods at the time, place and price desired by the customer. As a rule, neither government policy nor the distribution process is set up to ensure that people will get the particular goods for a set price or at a given location. Prices are a function of the relative power held by consumers, distribution channels and producers. Location is a function of customer demand. It is assumed that the discipline of the marketplace will keep the system operating with reasonable efficiency.
Information‐Based Decision Making in Logistics Management
Authors: Langley C. John
Published: February 2008

In today's progressive business environment, it is an accepted fact in many firms that the effective management of logistics activities is a prerequisite to overall cost efficiency, and the ability to assure the competitive pricing of products and services. Also, there is a growing tendency among corporate executives to view logistics capabilities as being among the key ways in which the firm can differentiate its products and services from those of its competitors.
Closed Loop Planning for Manufacturing and Distribution
Authors: Dube William R.
Published: February 2008

Isn't it amazing that winning teams have high morale and even the offense and defense like each other?
Effects of Customer Service on Sales: An Analysis of Historical Data
Authors: Ozment John , Chard Douglas N.
Published: February 2008

Before distribution managers can effectively manage customer service, they must be able to determine how sales respond to various levels of service. The potential for customer service to contribute to a company's sales is generally acknowledged and has received considerable attention in the literature over the past several years. Much of the work, however, has been of a theoretical nature. Empirical studies have been confined largely to analyses of data collected by surveys which measure respondents' opinions regarding varying levels of logistics service. Hence, conclusions are based on sales expectations or purchase intentions of sellers and buyers, respectively. It is not suggested that respondents would misrepresent their concern for service levels, but little work has been done to confirm the proposed sales‐service relationships through analysis of historical data. If expectations and/or intentions indeed become actions, the impact should be observable in sales patterns over time.
Restocking Inventory in Groups: A Transport Inventory Case
Authors: Buffa Frank P.
Published: February 2008

The study described here used data from a retailer of soft goods and housewares to evaluate various inventory‐grouping methods and to determine an optimal method considering inventory, transportation and consolidation costs. The specific objectives of this article are:
The International Logistics Concept
Authors: Davies G.J.
Published: February 2008

In an earlier article Gray and Davies used the expression “international logistics” to mean a system in which documentation flows are as much a part of the main logistical flow as flows of product. Here the international logistics concept is formally presented, and it is argued that the current conceptual framework for logistics is more appropriate to national distribution.
The Multi‐Criteria Warehouse Location Problem Revisited
Authors: Lee Sang M. , Luebbe Richard L.
Published: February 2008

In several earlier issues of this journal, a multi‐criteria warehouse location problem was discussed with the focus of these articles on the solution methodology employed. The first article presented the needs of AJ Equipment Company to resolve a multiple objective warehouse location decision and to demonstrate the practical application of a multiple criteria model to the warehouse location problem. The solution methodology employed by Green et al. was to use a zero‐one goal programming model. This approach modelled the goals to which management had given priority and generated a single optimal solution.
A Mission Approach to Customer Profitability Analysis
Authors: Anandarajan Asokan , Christopher Martin
Published: February 2008

Customer Profitability Analysis (CPA) is a technique for assessing the real profitability of customers and markets and is currently the subject of growing interest. The Marketing Accounting Research Centre at the Cranfield School of Management recently conducted a study involving four diverse companies, the purpose of which was to review the concepts and approaches that could be used to implement a system of customer profitability accounting.
A Mathematical Model for Optimum Storage Capacity
Authors: Ying Hui Wah
Published: February 2008

Gas storage facilities are expensive and their siting is determined by the customer not the supplier. Accurate determination of optimum capacity is a “must”.
Motor Carrier Services: The US Experience
Authors: Raghunathan T.S. , Bagchi Prabir K. , Bardi Edward J.
Published: February 2008

This discussion of buying motor carrier services in a deregulated environment identifies the key factors influencing supplier choice.
A Conceptual Approach for Managing of Spare Parts
Authors: Duchessi Peter , Tayi Giri Kumar , Levy Joshua B.
Published: February 2008

A methodology is proposed for integrating managerial logic to control spares inventory.
Information Considerations for Logistics Network Planning
Authors: Ballou Ronald H.
Published: February 2008

Deciding where to locate stocking points and plants within a logistics network, which ports or vendor locations to use, and how the product should flow through this network are common strategic planning problems for many businesses. Management scientists have laboured for many years to create models that can assist businesses with this type of problem. Numerous such models are described in the management literature. Much attention is given to improving their scope, robustness, speed of solution, and mathematical sophistication. Very little attention is given to the information that drives these models and so strongly affects their accuracy and utility, yet management should have more concern about the input data to these models than about the way in which a particular model solves the problem.
Executive Development for the Technologist
Authors: Maxwell S.R.
Published: February 2008

The author concludes the consideration of management teaching in technical education, which he began in our last issue, with an appraisal of the present situation and some recently expressed views. He urges the need to establish management as a discipline and recommends both a survey of our needs in administration and the creation of an independent management teacher training institute.
Courses in Work Study for Building and Related Industries
Authors: Macqueen W.M.
Published: February 2008

The author describes the thinking behind the establishment of some college work study courses for building and related industries. He refers to the selection, and educational background of students, the importance of follow‐up, and some of the pitfalls to be avoided in this type of course, which is something of a newcomer to technical education.
Craft Subjects in a Secondary Technical School
Authors: Foy R.
Published: February 2008

THE DONCASTER Technical High School caters for the needs of intelligent boys with practical interests. Experience shows that a substantial majority of these boys become applied scientists of some kind, either as technologists or technicians, whilst the number taking up trade apprenticeships continues to fall. We consider that, for such boys, the acquisition of skill is secondary to the use of craftwork as a means of intellectual development, and that there should be a close correlation between school craftwork and science and mathematics.
Training Russian Engineers
Authors: Hawkins T.H.
Published: February 2008

STEPHEN PROKOFIEVITCH TIMOSHENKO was a professor of engineering at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute from 1908–1912 and a professor at the Polytechnic Institute at St. Petersburg from 1912–1917. For political reasons he left Russia in 1917 and went to America. Subsequently he became professor of engineering mechanics at Stanford University and built up a reputation both for original work and as a teacher which has made him well known in the USA and in other English‐speaking countries where his textbooks are used.
THE BULGE — Progress Report Number 3
Authors: Wellens John
Published: February 2008

1960—A VALLEY between the little bulge that is past and the big bulge yet to come. Though this should be a year for planning and preparation, the Crowther Report will tend to focus public attention on the late sixties. The Crowther Report sees through the bulge to a different world beyond, a world of scarce human resources. While this is undoubtedly a true picture, it serves no useful purpose, at this precise moment, to cloud the issue. My own fear is that consideration of the Crowther Report, the Albemarle Report on the Youth Services, and the Anderson Report on university awards will so crowd Parliamentary time that the serious bulge situation will be swept on one side in the excitement. And the extent to which this happens in Parliament will set the pattern over the country as a whole.
Notes and News
Authors: Wellens John
Published: February 2008

THE NORTH of England Education Conference, held in Manchester at the end of December, attracted 950 delegates. Two sessions were of particular interest to our readers: that on ‘The Relationship of Secondary Schools with Technical Education’, addressed by Dr P. F. R. Venables, Principal of Birmingham College of Advanced Technology, and a discussion on ‘Problems of Youth Employment’ by a panel of four speakers.
Progress Report Number 5
Authors: Wellens John
Published: February 2008

THE MOST frequently‐canvassed solution to the problem of the bulge is to persuade companies to increase their intake of craft apprentices independently of the need for them; the British Employers Confederation has actually set a target of an increase of 20 per cent during the bulge years. In this report I hope to expose this policy as a form of mental bankruptcy by describing a few of the more imaginative alternatives. But there is a second and more serious purpose: this is to examine what needs to be done to promote action. What are, or should be, the springs of action in this context? How can the skeleton of a permissive arrangement be clothed with the flesh of action? This is the really big problem to be solved. Solve this, and the bulge will fade into insignificance.
Notes and News
Authors: Wellens John
Published: February 2008

In publishing its booklet ‘Training Boys in Industry — The Non‐Apprentice’ on 23rd August, the Industrial Training Council showed itself flexible enough to execute yet another switch in policy. Originally wedded to the belief that the bulge was to be solved only by persuading large firms to expand their intake of craft apprentices, the Council has now seen the possibilities in the semi‐skilled sphere and has thus taken the second step up a ladder of about two dozen staves. Professional educationists, and readers of this journal in particular, will be aware that interest in the field of semi‐skilled training has been gradually mounting over the past year or two and, in this sense, the Council is following rather than giving a lead. But then, a committee is no device for leading, and the writers of this booklet have made no claim to be offering a revolutionary approach.
Training Foremen — the Lucas Way
Authors: Wellens John
Published: February 2008

The state of foreman training in general. To train supervisors at all, on the present scale, is an innovation in this country: it is a development which has taken place within the last fifteen years. In these circumstances there is little wonder that ideas have changed over this period, but what is surprising is that, independently, several firms and organisations have followed the same sequence of development. Immediately after the war the accepted practice was for a firm to avail itself of the courses offered by local education authority institutions: short full‐time courses in the residential adult education colleges and part‐time evening classes in technical colleges. Although these are still popular, attention was soon redirected from the external course to the internal course given by the firm‐usually a large firm — exclusively for its own foremen on its own premises. The effect of this change was to re‐orientate the subject matter from general principles to the specific problems of the particular firm. This was a splendid move; foremen are essentially doers, pragmatists concerned foremost with actual day‐to‐day problems. The new trend, which has become discernible over the last two or three years, is a logical development beyond this stage. A fictitious ‘model’ of a company, bearing a very close resemblance to the actual firm arranging the course, is created — on paper or within the confines of the lecture room. Fictitious, though important and relevant, problem situations are carefully selected and built into this model, and the training exercise is to resolve the problems. Such lectures and direct instruction as are given relate directly to the problems before the group: they set out the background knowledge essential to an understanding of the various issues. In this way foremen can ‘have a go’ without being haunted by the awful thought that they may ruin the company in the process. This article is about this type of supervisory training and the way it is organised and carried out by Joseph Lucas Limited.
The Youth Employment Service — and the School
Authors: Crompton V.T.
Published: February 2008

The ‘School Talk’ given by the Youth Employment Officer is the introduction to the preparatory stage of careers guidance work.
County Apprentice
Authors: Wellens John
Published: February 2008

Two years have now passed since the appearance of the first hushed rumours that certain Local Education Authorities were preparing to make revolutionary changes in the national organisation of craft apprenticeship. Some schemes have been abandoned, others postponed — perhaps indefinitely. One has the impression that some LEA's, themselves with schemes half‐prepared, are waiting to see which way the wind will blow; if there has been a race, it has been one in which the runners were constantly looking over their shoulders. Rumour and doubt were removed by Middlesex County Council in their recent announcement of plans for a County Apprenticeship Scheme. Disarmingly simple and direct, the plan introduces changes which are scarcely perceptible. Yet if adopted unchanged by further authorities the scheme will open the way to a complete revolution — undoubtedly a desirable revolution — in craft apprenticeship.
VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE
Authors: Crompton V.T.
Published: February 2008

Before leaving the topic of using visual aids as a means of disseminating careers information — particularly in school (TECHNICAL EDUCATION, January 1961) — attention should be drawn to an extract from ‘One World’, a report to the Nottinghamshire Education Committee from a Study Group comprising six head teachers of secondary schools and six industrial representatives nominated by the East Midlands Branch of the Institute of Personnel Management. The group members were given no specific terms of reference when they were first called, but they were fully alive to the Education Committee's real desire to promote greater understanding and co‐operation between industry and education — a form of ‘bridging the gap’, and an aim akin to that expressed in the editorial of the last issue of this journal. On visual aids the study group had this to say:
National Lending Library for Science and Technology — a major step forward
Authors: Wellens John
Published: February 2008

It is only recently that we have come to recognise that organised facilities for making available current literature in science and technology form an essential and important component of the apparatus of technical education. In the Autumn of 1962, a new service for the scientist and technologist will become fully operational. In this article John Wellens describes why and how this new service has come into being and what it will provide.
Training the Young Worker
Authors: Wellens John
Published: February 2008

Commonwealth Technical Training Week will soon be upon us; it will provide a much‐needed occasion for a wide variety of organisations and people to come together solely for the purpose of considering the training of the young worker. It will focus attention on what is rapidly becoming a serious national issue: apprentice training and its possible reorganisation. Apprentice training is not about little boys in short trousers: it is about the way an industrial society restores and builds up its stock of craft workers. This article has been prepared to serve two functions: it sets out a review of apprentice procedures in several countries in the hope that the information may be used as background material for the public discussions, and it offers some views on the nature of the changes which are urgently required
COMMONWEALTH TECHNICAL TRAINING WEEK — AND AFTER
Authors: Lloyd Major‐General C.
Published: February 2008

In the United Kingdom we already know that the Commonwealth Technical Training Week has been a success in the sense that the thousands of functions and events arranged nationally and locally were most efficiently organised and extremely well attended. It is also a reasonable assumption that it has achieved its object which may be stated briefly thus:
VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE
Authors: Flanders N.W.E.
Published: February 2008

The first of two articles from a member of the Youth Employment Service: next month's article will deal in particular with careers guidance beyond the school
The Place of Chemistry in the Middle School
Authors: McCabe J.J.C.
Published: February 2008

Should Chemistry be studied as an individual subject to ‘O’ level? The author questions the traditional, the practical and the theoretical reasons for teaching the subject at this stage
Changing Patterns of Employment
Authors: Wellens John
Published: February 2008

Last month Mr Wellens gave an historical analysis of how increasing industrial sophistication upgrades the labour force. Educational changes brought in to keep up with these developments can have massive side‐effects which are largely unforeseen — dangerous surgical operations indeed. Is it not time we tried preventive medicine?
Towards Creative Thinking
Authors: Case Duncan
Published: February 2008

WAS ANY real attempt at conscious development of the thought process made in our school days? No doubt we were subjected to barrages of questions designed to elicit a required response and witnessed the satisfied smirk on the master's face when it came.
Notes and News
Authors: Vick F.A.
Published: February 2008

Mr R. H. Collins, of Harold Cartwright Grammar School, Solihull, told the conference of current progress in bringing a new ‘O’‐level syllabus in Mathematics into operation. Over the years an ever‐widening gulf had been developing between the mathematics taught in schools and that taught in the universities, colleges of technology and used in industry and life in general. We have always forced children to follow adult ways of reasoning — very different from their own; now a child‐centred mathematics was required in which whatever is being developed as a topic must have roots in the immediate and past experience of the children.
THE COMMON MARKET
Authors: Wellens John
Published: February 2008

The ultimate decision on whether to join the Six will be made solely on political and economic considerations. It is a fair bet that social and cultural aspects will not affect the issue, although it is through them that the influence of the Common Market will be felt in our daily lives — not least as they touch education and industrial training
ORGANISING LABORATORY WORK
Authors: Comley D.
Published: February 2008

How frequently should laboratory work be done, and how long should the periods be?
THE ESSENTIAL BACKGROUND
Authors: Rossiter Jean F.
Published: February 2008

One may expect a teacher to teach and a Youth Employment Officer or Careers master to guide and advise. But, as the author shows, an ETO in industry may spend little or none of his time educating or training. This new series should be of value to the many people entering work in or connected with industrial training and education. It may also be informative to ‘eavesdroppers’ from education or guidance who wonder just what an industrial training officer's work does involve. The author's job is in the Education and Training department of one of the nationalised industries. In her next article she will be considering recruitment; here it is a question of the information he needs before he can fulfil his function
PRESS TOOL DESIGN — A time‐saving teaching aid
Authors: Swift C.J.
Published: February 2008

This well thought‐out visual aid is a full‐size model of a standard press tool die‐set. The stages of manufacture are shown with pre‐punched card strips in a ‘live’ sequence.
THE PRACTICE OF TEACHING
Authors: Danielian J.
Published: February 2008

If these hints and tips about how to teach leave you smiling or seething, then they weren't really intended for you anyway. But spare a thought for the poor chap who can only try to remember how his own teachers did it. And spare another thought for his students!
IGNORANCE OF INDUSTRY?
Authors: Avent Catherine
Published: February 2008

MANY YOUNG MEN reading for arts degrees aspire to careers in what they vaguely call ‘management in industry’ but until they reach the stage of interviews with industrial recruiters, it is often hard for them to get a clear picture of the work and prospects ahead of them. Careers masters in public and grammar schools have drawn attention to the glaring disparity between the mass of glossy brochures with which industrial concerns try to attract potential scientists and technologists, and the comparative scarcity of information for the boy proposing to study the humanities but not intending to enter such professions as law, teaching, or the Civil Service.
THE PRACTICE OF TEACHING
Authors: Danielian J.
Published: February 2008

D — Recording. It is vital that students should have a concise and accurate record of the matter they are supposed to know.
OPERATIVE TRAINING
Authors: Wellens John
Published: February 2008

To operate a sewing machine requires four basic skills: machine control, guiding the work with the hands, positioning several components together on the work‐table, and machine servicing. Under the ancient practice of ‘sitting next to Nellie’, a new entrant is expected to absorb all these skills at the same time. Under the analytical system, the trainee is taught one element at a time in such a way that each element is isolated. She is required to time and record her performance at every stage.
PRACTICAL WORK
Authors: Longden J.
Published: February 2008

IF WE are to deal effectively with the new courses, we must get into the habit of thinking of the college workshop as a laboratory for practical subjects rather than as a production unit. By thinking and acting this way, we can extract the maximum advant‐age from the limited time we have available. But there is more to it than just this.
Image of the Technologist
Authors: Hutchings D.W.
Published: February 2008

A recent Oxford University survey has shown that there is some basis in fact for the widely‐held assumption that, in general, only the less able grammar school boys choose to take up technological studies. A more difficult problem has been to discover possible reasons for this antipathy to applied science in schools — the report of the research suggests that it is partly because there is an over‐glamorised public image of the scientist and a correspondingly low esteem of the technologist.
KEEP TRAINING ON THE GROUND
Authors: Allen Keith R.
Published: February 2008

WE HEAR a lot today about getting training off the ground, as though it were some kind of rocket. Better training, however, seldom leaves the ground. It is based on painstaking evaluation — which can take a considerable time. If he is wise, a newly appointed factory training officer will do nothing for six months — or that is how it may seem. A training officer's raw material is human. Because of this, the one thing he cannot do is generalise too much from past experience.
Programmed Learning Integration … 2
Authors: Paul Thomson F.
Published: February 2008

LAST MONTH we discussed the part that systems in which teaching machine and language laboratory techniques are integrated can play in aiding learning, and the British equipment available was reviewed.
INTRODUCING SUPERVISORY TRAINING
Authors: Christie J.A.
Published: February 2008

TEXTBOOKS SAY that training has to begin at the top and then work through the organisation. When I took over the production unit of a medium‐sized factory engaged in batch production, I resolved to put this into practice. Training is only a part of a production manager's job, but my experience as detailed in this article showed me what a valuable part it is.
The Content of COMMUNICATIONS COURSES … 2
Authors: Tyas J.G.M.
Published: February 2008

NOTHING IS so depressing about present‐day scientific education as its compartmentalism — the widespread failure to ‘carry over’ scientific ways of thinking and apply them to those problems we do not ordinarily think of as scientific. Many a technologist who would not dream of applying any but the most rigorous scientific methods to the design of a machine or the study of a material will quite happily use any old rag‐bag of ignorance and prejudice in considering political, social, or economic questions.
LETTERS & DISCUSSION
Authors: Urwick Colonel L.
Published: February 2008

THE EDITORIAL under the above title in your July issue contained the following sentences:
GEAR‐PLANING
Authors: Schofield J.
Published: February 2008

Most technical college laboratories or machine shops consider it essential to have some method of manufacturing involute gears. If special‐purpose machine tools are installed they are usually gear shaping or hobbing machines. In industry, many gear planing machines are in use, and most colleges teach this system of manufacture in HND and HNC courses.
Who trains?
Authors: ALLEN KEITH R.
Published: February 2008

This is the second of two articles in this issue particularly addressed to firms who may at present be examining critically the provision they make for training—or even considering training seriously for the first time. It deals with some aspects of the problem of selection for posts in Education and Training.
Language laboratories: a new approach
Authors: BROWN J.I. , ROBINSON G.A.
Published: February 2008

Two things put a language laboratory out of reach of a large number of technical colleges and schools:
Evening Class wastage
Authors: COOPER BRUCE M.
Published: February 2008

An area about which we in further education are most complacent, and from which we still recruit most of our students, is the evening class. It is the area, too, where we are most vulnerable. Where else but in a technical college would such shoddy methods of enrolment persist?
Waste
Authors: FINCH IAN
Published: February 2008

Even if one is to ignore the smug and childishly rounded invective with which Mr Johnson sets the stage for his amply padded apologetic — and ignore even further his nonsensical non‐sequitur about the demand for Technicians' courses (the Cotton Board, among others, was asking for these in 1951), there still remains the matter of his slick dismissal of a 60–70 per cent failure rate by quoting a 75 per cent failure rate. I stand humbled. If he chooses to gloss over the transference of courses concept as do most others, then we obviously part company quite badly. Not even the considerable mass of sophistry employed by Mr Johnson obscures the basic issue, and his persistent chuntering away about the importance of National selection leads one to wonder whether he would not rather be back under the happy simple days of yesteryear. If, on the other hand, he wants to tighten technical education into a closed educational system he might come out openly and say so. He might also reflect that in doing so he would be contributing to the destruction of its most vital and — in English education — unique feature.
Technical College libraries: 1 Problems of classification
Authors: SMITH D.L.
Published: February 2008

Almost every college with any sort of library must by now have found it necessary to arrange its books and pamphlets in some sort of subject order.
Technical College libraries: 2 Tuition in library use
Authors: COWLEY J.
Published: February 2008

Most of the 1,800 students attending Mid‐Herts College fall into the 16–21 age group. The full‐time students attend commercial, science, engineering, or arts courses leading to GCE ‘O’‐ and ‘A’‐levels, RSA, and ONC qualifications. The block‐release and day‐release students attend craft, technician, laboratory and ONC courses. Beyond this range, the student is transferred to the Colleges of Technology, for which the Further Education establishments act as ‘feeder’ colleges.