bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IN VITRO INHIBITION OF YEAST GROWTH BY MOUSE ASCITES FLUID AND SERUM
Authors: Summers Donald F. , Hasenclever H. F.
Published: January 2020

Summers, DonaldF. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.),and H. F. Hasenclever. In vitro inhibition of yeast growth by mouse ascites fluid and serum. J. Bacteriol.87:1–7. 1964.—A nondialyzable heat-stable factor(s) present in experimentally produced mouse ascites fluid and in serum from these ascitic mice was shown to inhibit the invitro growth of several yeasts. The inhibitory activity was almost totally abolished by trypsin treatment of the ascites fluid, and was progressively diminished by repeated adsorption of the ascites fluid by heat-killedCandida albicanscells. A close relationship was shown to exist between growth inhibition by ascites fluid and concentration of free iron or nutrients in the growth medium. Increased concentration of nutrients or free iron caused diminution of inhibitory activity.
EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF ENDOTOXIN FROM ENTEROBACTERIACEAE: A COMPARISON OF SELECTED METHODS AND SOURCES
Authors: Fukushi K. , Anacker R. L. , Haskins W. T. , Landy M. , Milner K. C. , Ribi E.
Published: January 2020

Fukushi, K. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont.), R. L.Anacker, W. T. Haskins, M. Landy, K. C. Milner, and E. Ribi. Extraction and purification of endotoxin from Enterobacteriaceae: a comparison of selected methods and sources. J. Bacteriol.87:391–400. 1964.—Endotoxins containing only 0.2% N (accounted for by amino sugars) and 2% ester- and amide-linked fatty acids (calculated as palmitic acid) were prepared fromSalmonella enteritidis. These products were of high biological potency, and were rapidly destroyed by acid hydrolysis. Equally potent acid-susceptible products were derived from different strains ofEscherichia coliandSerratia marcescens. No correlation was evident between potency and content of nitrogen, fatty acids, and hexosamine; however, low values for carbohydrate were invariably associated with reduced endotoxic activity. Factors such as strain, method of cultivation, and extraction procedure markedly affected the chemical composition and activity of primary extracts. Results are given which demonstrate significant advantages in the use of cell walls for the isolation and purification of endotoxins.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF COBAMIDE COENZYMES IN
CLOSTRIDIUM TETANOMORPHUM
Authors: Toohey J. I. , Barker H. A.
Published: January 2020

Toohey
, J. I. (University of California, Berkeley),
and H. A. Barker
. Factors affecting the formation of cobamide coenzymes in
Clostridium tetanomorphum
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
504–509. 1964.—Tests were carried out to determine the optimal culture conditions for the production of cobamide coenzymes in
Clostridium tetanomorphum
strain H1. A method is described for carrying out coenzyme determinations on the cells from 10-ml cultures of the bacterium. In a basal medium containing magnesium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, sodium molybdate, calcium chloride, and potassium phosphate, the optimal concentration of monosodium glutamate was 0.1
m
and of yeast extract was 3 g per liter. Addition of glucose at a concentration of 0.05
m
was found to double the yield of cells and to increase tenfold the specific coenzyme yield. Addition of cobaltous chloride (2 × 10
−5
m
) also increased coenzyme production. Addition of benzimidazole caused an apparent increase in coenzyme production by causing the synthesis of the highly active benzimidazole analogue. Addition of methionine (5 × 10
−6
m
) appeared to inhibit coenzyme production.
TRANSFORMATION OF
BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS
Authors: Gwinn Darrel D. , Thorne Curtis B.
Published: January 2020

Gwinn, Darrel
D. (Oregon State University, Corvallis),
and Curtis B. Thorne
. Transformation of
Bacillus licheniformis
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
519–526. 1964.—When a series of 28 auxotrophic mutants of
Bacillus licheniformis
were screened for transformation, only three of them, M28 (glycine
−
), M30 (uncharacterized), and M33 (purine
−
), produced a detectable number of transformants. The screening method consisted of spreading auxotrophic cells and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the prototrophic strain 9945A on minimal agar plates and observing the plates for development of prototrophic colonies. M28 transformed at a higher frequency than did the two other mutants, and it was studied in greater detail. Although up to 20% of the recipient cells spread on the plates in the presence of DNA gave rise to prototrophic colonies over a period of 72 hr, only about 10
−3
% of the cells produced transformants when they were incubated with DNA in liquid suspension for 1 hr. The most competent cultures of many tested were those grown on a shaker for 22 hr in a medium composed of nutrient broth, salts, and glycerol. When mutations resulting in requirements for histidine, leucine, serine, and trytophan were introduced singly into the glycine mutant, transformants for the leucine, serine, and histidine markers could be obtained at will, but transformants for the tryptophan marker were not detected even though all four of the double mutants could be transformed to glycine independence.
INDUCTION OF THE METHIONINE-ACTIVATING ENZYME IN
SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Pigg C. Joanne , Sorsoli W. A. , Parks L. W.
Published: January 2020

Pigg, C. JoAnne
(Oregon State University, Corvallis), W. A.
Sorsoli, and L. W. Parks
. Induction of the methionine-activating enzyme in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
920–923. 1964.—The methionine-activating enzyme was induced in yeast in the presence of methionine, resulting in an accumulation of
S
-adenosylmethionine. Formation of the sulfonium derivative prevented the accumulation of high levels of free methionine in induced cells. The physiological significance of this phenomenon is discussed.
HETEROGENEITY OF APPARENTLY COMPLETE POLIOVIRUS PARTICLES
Authors: Tumilowicz Joseph J. , Hummeler Klaus
Published: January 2020

Tumilowicz, JosephJ. (Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.),and Klaus Hummeler. Heterogeneity of apparently complete poliovirus particles. J. Bacteriol.87:1105–1113. 1964.—A chromatographic procedure was developed for separating the N from the H complement-fixing antigen of poliovirus. This procedure concomitantly effected some separation of classes of N particle. The ratio of physical virus particles (PVP) to plaque-forming units (PFU) in N-reactive fractions varied from 6 to 51. Fractions with the lowest PVP-PFU ratios represented a considerable enrichment of PFU, when compared with the original ratio in each experiment. A direct relationship was found between the ratio of complement-fixing units of N antigen [CFU(N)] to 1010PVP and the ratio of PFU to 1010PVP for most of the N-reactive fractions. Large differences among the PVP-CFU(N) ratios, along with relatively constant PFU-CFU(N) ratios for most of the N fractions, indicated that N antigen is not distributed equally among non-H particles. Two possibilities, both compatible with the results, were discussed for the manner in which N antigen might be distributed. An absolute value of 107PVP-CFU(N) was proposed for particles with a PVP-PFU ratio of 1.
USE OF 5-FLUOROURACIL FOR THE ISOLATION OF AUXOTROPHIC MUTANTS OF
BACILLUS MEGATERIUM
Authors: Wachsman J. T. , Hogg L.
Published: January 2020

Wachsman
, J. T. (University of Illinois, Urbana),
and L. Hogg
. Use of 5-fluorouracil for the isolation of auxotrophic mutants of
Bacillus megaterium
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1137–1139. 1964.—The combination of 5-fluorouracil (FU) and uridine was used to selectively kill wild-type cells of
Bacillus megaterium
KM, thereby providing surviving populations greatly enriched in auxotrophic mutants. Exponentially growing cells were irradiated with ultraviolet light, incubated in a basal medium containing sucrose and, in most experiments, a complete amino acid mixture. Exponentially growing cells were then washed and incubated in the basal medium containing only sucrose, to deplete intracellular reserves. FU and uridine were added, and incubation was continued. After 5 hr, auxotrophs may account for up to 50% of the survivors. Organisms requiring each of the following compounds were identified: alanine, arginine, asparagine, cysteine, histidine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, adenine, and guanine.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF
BACILLUS MEGATERIUM
UNDERGOING ISOLATION OF ITS NUCLEAR BODIES
Authors: Fitz-James Philip
Published: January 2020

Fitz-James, Philip
(University of Western Ontario, London, Canada). Electron microscopy of
Bacillus megaterium
undergoing isolation of its nucelar bodies. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1202–1210. 1964.—The various steps of treatment leading to the isolation of nuclear bodies were followed by thin-section electron microscopy. Nuclear rearrangement (condensation then dispersion) accompanied the treatment of washed rejuvenated cells with sucrose stabilizing buffer. Liberation of protoplasts with lysozyme did not greatly alter nuclear form. Strongly cationic buffers used for subsequent lipase digestion again caused a marked aggregation of the nucleoids. The isolated nuclear bodies were found as masses of uranyl- and lead-stainable fibers in various degrees of aggregation, possibly damaged by the isolation procedures.
PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A MARINE BACTERIUM,
AEROMONAS PROTEOLYTICA
SP. N
Authors: Merkel Joseph R. , Traganza Eugene D. , Mukherjee Barid B. , Griffin Travis B. , Prescott J. M.
Published: January 2020

Merkel, Joseph
R. (Fort Johnson Marine Biological Laboratory, College of Charleston, Charleston, S.C.),
Eugene D. Traganza, Barid B. Mukherjee, Travis B. Griffin, and J. M. Prescott
. Proteolytic activity and general characteristics of a marine bacterium,
Aeromonas proteolytica
sp. n. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1227–1233. 1964.—A highly proteolytic bacterial species was isolated from the alimentary canal of the marine borer,
Limnoria
. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of the organism indicated that it was a new
Aeromonas
species, for which the name
A. proteolytica
is proposed. When freshly isolated, the organism required seawater for growth; but, upon prolonged culture in the laboratory, it was able to grow in media of greatly reduced salt concentration, provided that relatively large amounts of peptone were supplied. Peptone or hydrolysates of casein were capable of supplying all organic nutrients required for growth and proteinase production. Certain individual amino acids were also able to furnish all energy, carbon, and nitrogen requirements. Inorganic nitrogen was utilized in the presence of citrate, but could not serve as the only source of nitrogen in the presence of glucose. The organism was facultatively anaerobic, but best growth and proteinase production occurred only with vigorous aeration. The amount of growth obtained in 24 hr increased rapidly as the incubation temperature was increased up to a maximum of 40 C, but no growth occurred at 42 C.
USE OF
ARTHROBACTER TERREGENS
FOR BIOASSAY OF MYCOBACTIN
Authors: Reich Claude V. , Hanks John H.
Published: January 2020

Reich, Claude
V. (Johns Hopkins-Leonard Wood Memorial Leprosy Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.),
and John H. Hanks
. Use of
Arthrobacter terregens
for bioassay of mycobactin. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1317–1320. 1964.—
Arthrobacter terregens
was used to assay mycobactin, a growth factor for
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
. Within 7 days,
A. terregens
gave a linear photometric growth response to mycobactin in the range of 0.05 to 0.2 μg/ml. Preparations found to be active (or inactive) by this assay produced corresponding effects on the growth of
M. paratuberculosis
after 6 weeks to 4 months. Mycobactin was produced routinely from pellicles of
M. phlei
on a peptone-glycerol-beef heart infusion medium, and was extracted from both cells and medium by organic solvents. The mycobactin content per cell rose rapidly after the third day and attained a maximum at 4 to 6 days. The decline to less than one-half this value by the tenth day was associated with excretion into the medium. Production on synthetic media occurred after increasing the usual levels of asparagine. The demonstrated effects of crude mycobactin on the donor strain were (i) to catalyze the onset of growth and (ii) to reverse the effect of conditions which cause the formation of abnormal cells.
EFFECT OF MITOCHONDRIAL STABILIZERS ON THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF THE PARTICULATE FRACTION ISOLATED FROMMYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Youmans Anne S. , Youmans Guy P.
Published: January 2020

Youmans, AnneS. (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.),and Guy P. Youmans. Effect of mitochondrial stabilizers on the immunogenicity of the particulate fraction isolated fromMycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Bacteriol.87:1346–1354. 1964.—A number of substances which have been used to stabilize mammalian mitochondrial preparations were tested to determine whether they would similarly affect the immunogenicity of a particulate fraction prepared from ruptured viable attenuated mycobacterial cells. The use of 0.44msucrose and the presence of 3 × 10−2mMgCl2during the preparatory processes markedly increased the immunogenicity of the particulate fraction. The increase was so great that immunogenic preparations were then consistently obtained which, in adequate dosage, were more immunogenic in CF-1 male mice than were viable attenuated mycobacterial cells. On the other hand, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), citrate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone when present during the preparatory processes reduced the immunogenicity. The addition of MgCl2, ethylene-diaminetetraacetate, or ATP to the particulate fraction after it had been prepared did not increase its immunogenicity. When the particles were prepared in the 0.44msucrose buffer alone, incorporated in Freund's adjuvant, and injected intraperitoneally, immunogenicity was increased. However, this increase was not significantly greater than that obtained when the particles were prepared in the sucrose buffer containing MgCl2. The immune state engendered in mice by the intraperitoneal injection of the particulate fraction persisted for at least 12 weeks.
INFECTION OF WHITE SWISS MICE WITH AIRBORNECRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS
Authors: Smith C. D. , Ritter R. , Larsh H. W. , Furcolow M. L.
Published: January 2020

Smith, C. D. (Communicable Disease Center, Kansas City, Kansas), R.Ritter, H. W. Larsh, and M. L. Furcolow. Infection of white Swiss mice with airborneCryptococcus neoformans. J. Bacteriol.87:1364–1368. 1964.—A group of 39 white Swiss male mice were allowed to run 3 days on previously sterilized soil that had been seeded withCryptococcus neoformans1 year previously. It was determined that the soil contained an average of 1.6 × 106viable yeast cells per ml. The mice were observed for 24 weeks, at which time the survivors were necropsied. The total mortality rate during this period was 44%; 67% of the mice had positive cultures, including all who had a fatal infection. Two additional experiments were done with the same strain with the use of aerosols produced by a Henderson apparatus. In experiment 1, 39 mice received 11,000 viable cells each; in experiment 2, 40 mice received 14,622 viable cells. Both groups of mice showed similar mortality rates, with a total of 77% dead after 20 weeks in experiment 1, and 80% in experiment 2. All of the mice in experiment 1 had positive cultures, as did 95% of the mice in experiment 2.
EFFECT OF HEMIN AND OXYGEN TENSION ON GROWTH AND NITRATE REDUCTION BY BACTERIA
Authors: Jacobs N. J. , Heady R. E. , Jacobs J. M. , Chan K. , Deibel R. H.
Published: January 2020

Jacobs, N. J. (American Meat Institute Foundation, Chicago, Ill.), R. E.Heady, J. M. Jacobs, K. Chan, and R. H. Deibel. Effect of hemin and oxygen tension on growth and nitrate reduction by bacteria. J. Bacteriol.87:1406–1411. 1964.—The effect of hemin supplementation of growth media on the ability of several bacteria to reduce nitrate was studied. Added hemin had no detectable effect on the ability of these organisms to reduce nitrate when grown in stationary cultures exposed to air. However, under anaerobic conditions, six strains of facultatively anaerobic staphylococci required hemin for nitrate reduction and growth stimulation in complex, nitrate-containing media. In a nutritionally defined medium, one strain ofStaphylococcusrequired both hemin and nitrate for anaerobic growth. Anaerobic growth and nitrite production of the aerobeBacillus subtiliswas stimulated by addition of hemin. However, the anaerobic growth response was markedly de-decreased as compared with that obtained under static atmospheric conditions. Hemin had no detectable effect on anaerobic nitrate reduction or growth of the obligate aerobePseudomonas denitrificans, or of the facultative anaerobesEscherichia coli, B. polymyxa, andCorynebacterium diphtheriae.
USE OF A BACTERIAL CULTURE FILTRATE AS AN AID TO THE ISOLATION AND GROWTH OF ANAEROBIC SPIROCHETES
Authors: Hardy Paul H. , Lee Young C. , Nell E. Ellen
Published: January 2020

Hardy, Paul H., Jr
. (The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.),
Young C. Lee, and E. Ellen Nell
. Use of a bacterial culture filtrate as an aid to the isolation and growth of anaerobic spirochetes. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1521–1525. 1964.—A previously described procedure that permits colonial growth of laboratory-adapted anaerobic spirochetes on surface streaked media was applied to the isolation of new spirochetal strains from human oral microflora. Primary isolates were readily cultivable as colonies, but they were found to be nutritionally dependent upon other microorganisms with which they are normally associated in vivo. Spirochetal growth was first noted around colonies of oral bacteria; pure cultures were then grown on media fortified with the culture filtrate of one such organism—a microaerophilic diphtheroid.
TOLERANCE OFSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUSTO SODIUM CHLORIDE
Authors: Parfentjev I. A. , Catelli Anna R.
Published: January 2020

Parfentjev, I. A. (Institute of Applied Biology, New York, N.Y.),and Anna R. Catelli. Tolerance ofStaphylococcus aureusto sodium chloride. J. Bacteriol.88:1–3. 1964.—The tolerance ofStaphylococcus aureusto high concentrations of sodium chloride in liquid medium has been reported. We found thatS. aureusgrows at 37 C in Tryptose Phosphate Broth saturated with sodium chloride. No difference was noticed between possibly pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. Under the conditions of our tests, no changes in the original properties ofS. aureusstrains occurred. In contrast, solutions of sodium chloride in distilled water were injurious to staphylococci and killed most of these organisms in 1 hr. Staphylococci were killed faster at 37 C than at room temperature in a solution of 0.85% sodium chloride in water. Addition of traces of Tryptose Phosphate Broth had a protective effect and prolonged the life of these organisms in physiological saline. All tests were performed at pH 7.2.
DEPENDENCY OFTREPONEMA MICRODENTIUMON OTHER ORAL ORGANISMS FOR ISOBUTYRATE, POLYAMINES, AND A CONTROLLED OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL
Authors: Socransky S. S. , Loesche W. J. , Hubersak C. , Macdonald J. B.
Published: January 2020

Socransky, S. S. (Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, Mass.), W. J.Loesche, C. Hubersak, and J. B. Macdonald. Dependency ofTreponema microdentiumon other oral organisms for isobutyrate, polyamines, and a controlled oxidation-reduction potential. J. Bacteriol.88:200–209. 1964.—Strains ofTreponema microdentiumcan be cultivated on a variety of autoclaved commercially available media in the presence of other oral organisms. Organisms supporting growth in these circumstances include a facultative diphtheroid accompanied by either a strain ofFusobacteriumor a motile gram-negative anaerobic rod. Culture filtrates and lysates of these “supporting organisms” failed to substitute for growing organisms. Measurement of the oxidation-reduction potential of the test system demonstrated that the spirochetes grew in a narrow range of Eh (optimum, −190 mv). The supporting organisms could be replaced by their filtrates when the Eh of the medium was poised in this range by a combination of reducing agents. Both filtrates contained a heat-labile factor required by the spirochete, which could be replaced by 5 μg/ml of cocarboxylase. Isobutyric acid, which could be detected in the fusiform filtrate, and putrescine which could be detected in the diphtheroid filtrate, replaced the spirochete's remaining filtrate requirement. Maximal growth occurred when any of the following were incorporated into the medium: 2 μg/ml of sodium isobutyrate; 250 μg/ml of putrescine dihydrochloride; 200 μg/ml of spermidine phosphosphate, or 150 μg/ml of spermine tetrahydrochloride.
RELATIONSHIP OF MYCOSIDE CONTENT AND COLONY MORPHOLOGY FOR GROUP II AND GROUP III UNCLASSIFIED MYCOBACTERIA
Authors: Navalkar R. G. , Wiegeshaus E. H. , Smith D. W.
Published: January 2020

Navalkar
R. G. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), E. H.
Wiegeshaus, and D. W. Smith
. Relationship of mycoside content and colony morphology for group II and group III unclassfied mycobacteria. J. Bacteriol.
88:
255–259. 1964.—The relationship between colony morphology and mycoside content previously reported for
Mycobacterium kansasii
and
M. fortuitum
does not extend to group II and group III unclassified mycobacteria. Mycoside distribution studies permit a division of group II cultures into three subgroups: mycoside D group, mycoside Cm group, and a group containing no mycoside. The colony form of group II and group III isolates is more definitive on oleic acid-albumin-agar than on Corn Meal Agar. Attention is called to the differences in colony form and mycoside content for subcultures of
M. marianum
obtained from two sources.
ESTIMATION OF THE NUMBER OF INFECTIOUS BACTERIAL OR VIRAL PARTICLES BY THE DILUTION METHOD
Authors: Seligman Stephen J. , Mickey M. Ray
Published: January 2020

Seligman, StephenJ. (University of California, Los Angeles),and M. Ray Mickey. Estimation of the number of infectious bacterial or viral particles by the dilution method. J. Bacteriol.88:31–36. 1964.—For viral or bacterial systems in which discrete foci of infection are not obtainable, it is possible to obtain an estimate of the number of infectious particles by use of the quantal response if the assay system is such that one infectious particle can elicit the response. Unfortunately, the maximum likelihood estimate is difficult to calculate, but, by the use of a modification of Haldane's approximation, it is possible to construct a table which facilitates calculation of both the average number of infectious particles and its relative error. Additional advantages of the method are that the number of test units per dilution can be varied, the dilutions need not bear any fixed relation to each other, and the one-particle hypothesis can be readily tested.
IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY OF
ANAPLASMA MARGINALE
I
Authors: Rogers Thomas E. , Hidalgo Richard J. , Dimopoullos George T.
Published: January 2020

Rogers, Thomas
E. (Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge),
Richard J. Hidalgo, and George T. Dimopoullos
. Immunology and serology of
Anaplasma marginale
. I. Fractionation of the complement-fixing antigen. J. Bacteriol.
88:
81–86. 1964.—Studies were conducted to fractionate and purify the complement-fixation (CF) antigen of
Anaplasma marginale
in infected erythrocytes of cattle. Initial attempts were made to resolve the antigen from crude stromatal preparations by various chemical and physical methods. Fractionation procedures involving partial and total lipid extraction suggested that the CF antigen was lipoprotein in nature. Fluorocarbon deproteinization of stromatal antigens was also attempted. A method was developed for the preparation of a desirable
Anaplasma
CF antigen which involved disintegration of infected erythrocytes by sonic vibration and separation of the antigen by differential centrifugation. Antigens prepared by this method were highly specific, colorless, did not exhibit anticomplementary activity, and possessed higher titers than standard
Anaplasma
antigens. When density-gradient sedimentation was applied to sonic extracts of infected cells, it was demonstrated that the CF antigen could also be fractionated by this method.
NEW TRANSPORT MEDIUM FOR SHIPMENT OF CLINICAL SPECIMENS I
Authors: Cary Sylvia G. , Blair Eugene B.
Published: January 2020

Cary, Sylvia
G. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.),
and Eugene B Blair
. New transport medium for shipment of clinical specimens. I. Fecal specimens. J. Bacteriol.
88:
96–98. 1964.—A new transport medium for the collection and shipment of clinical specimens is described. Preliminary studies indicate that, with initial fecal specimens,
Salmonella
and
Shigella
can be recovered for as long as 49 days,
Vibrio comma
for 22 days, and
Pasteurella pestis
for at least 75 days.
THE GENUS
DERMATOPHILUS
Authors: Gordon Morris A.
Published: January 2020

Gordon
, M. A. (New York State Department of Health, Albany). The genus
Dermatophilus
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
509–522. 1964.—Seventeen strains of
Dermatophilus
originating in skin lesions of cattle, sheep, horses, deer, and man were compared as to conditions for growth, colonial characteristics under varying conditions, microscopic morphology, and biochemical reactions. All grew well aerobically at 37 C and were facultatively anaerobic. They were morphologically similar in both gross and microscopic appearance, and most produced motile spores. Stable gray variants often appeared among the orange-yellow “wild-type” colonies. Acid without gas was produced consistently from glucose and fructose, and transitorily from galactose, but was produced from none of eight other carbohydrates except belatedly by some strains from maltose. Almost all strains hydrolyzed casein, most of them digested BCP milk with varying rapidity, and the majority liquefied gelatin, but there was considerable variation in this last property. Differences crossed both host and geographic lines. It is concluded that all isolates can be accommodated in the species
D. congolensis
Van Saceghem 1915, emend. 1916, 1934, with
D. dermatonomus
and
D. pedis
falling into synonymy.
COLORADO TICK FEVER VIRUS IN CELL CULTURE I
Authors: Trent Dennis W. , Scott L. Vernon
Published: January 2020

Trent, DennisW. (University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma City)and L. Vernon Scott. Colorado tick fever virus in cell culture. I. Cell-type susceptibility and interaction with L cells. J. Bacteriol.88:702–708. 1964.—Colorado tick fever (CTF) virus was serially propagated in monolayer cultures of L and FL cells. Early passages of virus in FL cells yielded viral titers 104-fold greater than did the corresponding L-cell passages. During L-cell passage number 4, there was a 103-fold increase in the amount of infectious virus produced as compared with virus cultured earlier in this cell line. Viruses from L-cell passages 8 and 12 were identified with specific immune serum to be CTF viruses which were antigenically similar, if not identical, to the mouse-adapted virus. Parallel titrations of mouse-, L cell-, and FL cell-adapted viruses were performed in mice and replicate monolayers of L, FL, HeLa, KB, chick embryo, and cotton rat kidney cells. Cytopathic effects and viral replication were noted in all cultures except HeLa and cotton rat kidney. Cultures of L, FL, and chick embryo cells were as sensitive to infection as were suckling or weanling mice. KB cells were the least susceptible of those cell types examined. In L-cell cultures, 90% of the input virus was adsorbed to the cells during the first 30 min of incubation. The latent period lasted 10 to 12 hr, and was followed by rapid viral synthesis for the next 10 to 24 hr, depending upon the multiplicity of infection. Curves describing exponential increase in cell-associated and cell-released virus were separated by 4 hr. When the maximal total virus titers were reached, 80 to 90% of the virus was released from the cell.
METSCHNIKOWIA KAMIENSKII
, SP. N., A YEAST ASSOCIATED WITH BRINE SHRIMP
Authors: Spencer J. F. T. , Phaff H. J. , Gardner N. R.
Published: January 2020

Spencer
, J. F. T. (University of California, Davis), H. J.
Phaff, and N. R. Gardner
.
Metschnikowia kamienskii
sp. n., a yeast associated with brine shrimp. J. Bacteriol.
88:
758–762. 1964.—A description is given of
Metschnikowia kamienskii
sp. n., four strains of which were isolated from brine shrimp (
Artemia salina
) collected from a saline lake near Watrous, Saskatchewan, Canada. In addition, we obtained from N. van Uden a fifth strain which was originally isolated by L. J. Wickerham from sporocysts of the trematode
Diplostomum flexicaudum
parasitizing the hepatopancreas of a lymnaeid snail found in Lake Douglas, Michigan, in which material the yeast was first observed by Kathleen Hussey of Columbia University. All strains were identical and formed long club-shaped asci, containing a single needle-shaped spore, pointed at both ends.
M. kamienskii
differs in several of its physiological properties and by the size of its asci from the two previously isolated members of the genus,
M. krissii
and
M. zobellii
. A key differentiating the three species is given.
INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF A
EUBACTERIUM
SP. DEMONSTRATED BY THE NEGATIVE STAINING TECHNIQUE
Authors: Bladen Howard A. , Nylen Marie U. , Fitzgerald Robert J.
Published: January 2020

Bladen, Howard
A. (National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Md.),
Marie U. Nylen, and Robert J. Fitzgerald
. Internal structures of a
Eubacterium
sp. demonstrated by the negative staining technique. J. Bacteriol.
88:
763–770. 1964.—Thin sections as well as negatively stained whole cells of a
Eubacterium
sp. isolated from the rat cecum were examined in a Siemens Elmiskop I electron microscope. The cell wall usually appeared in thin sections as a single dense layer about 130 A thick; however, occasionally it was demonstrated to be composed of three layers. The plasma membrane was approximately 130 A wide, and was composed of a denselight-dense arrangement. Intracytoplasmic membranous elements continuous with the plasma membrane were also observed in thin sections. When whole cells were negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid, the cell wall became transparent, and structures comparable in morphology to intracytoplasmic membranous elements were observed. These were demonstrated by stereomicroscopy to be in the interior environment of the cell, and appeared in many cases continuous with the cell wall. Frequently, they seemed to open to the exterior of the cell through what may be termed a pore. Small stalked structures similar to those described in mitochondria were observed along the periphery of the cell and occasionally along the walls of the internal elements.
SOME CYTOLOGICAL AND PATHOGENIC PROPERTIES OF SPHEROPLASTS OFCANDIDA ALBICANS
Authors: Kobayashi George S. , Friedman Lorraine , Kofroth Judith F.
Published: January 2020

Kobayashi, GeorgeS. (Tulane University, New Orleans, La.),Lorraine Friedman, and Judith F. Kofroth. Some cytological and pathogenic properties of spheroplasts ofCandida albicans. J. Bacteriol.88:795–801. 1964.—Spheroplasts ofCandida albicanswere prepared by use of an enzymatic mixture from the digestive tract of the snailHelix pomatia. Untreated cells exhibited well-defined cell walls, whereas such structures were absent from spheroplasts. The intravenous inoculation of either spheroplasts or intact cells into rabbits produced a fever which was apparent within 30 min, the “immediate” fever response characteristic of microbial endotoxin. Cell-wall fragments of enzyme-treated cells did not induce a convincing pyrogenic response. When the inoculum was viable, body temperatures did not return to normal but remained elevated until death of the animal 1 or more days later, exhibiting the “delayed” fever of infection. The gross pathological picture in animals succumbing to infection by viable spheroplasts was similar to that obtained with untreated yeast cells.
DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN, VITAMIN K
2
-COUPLED TETRAZOLIUM REDUCTION, AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Bragg P. D.
Published: January 2020

Bragg, P. D.
(University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada). Dihydrostreptomycin, vitamin K
2
-coupled tetrazolium reduction, and oxidative phosphorylation in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1019–1023. 1964.—Dihydrostreptomycin inhibited the vitamin K
2
-coupled pyruvate-triphenyltetrazolium (TTC) reductase system in extracts from antibiotic-sensitive cells, but stimulated this reaction with extracts from a dependent mutant. The effects of nucleotides, phosphate, and uncoupling agents on the vitamin K
2
-TTC system are consistent with the linkage of reduction of the dye through intermediates of oxidative phosphorylation.
PRODUCTION OF PROTOPLASTS IN AN OSMOTIC MUTANT OF
NEUROSPORA CRASSA
WITHOUT ADDED ENZYME
Authors: Hamilton James G. , Calvet Janet
Published: January 2020

Hamilton, James G.
(Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.),
and Janet Calvet
. Production of protoplasts in an osmotic mutant of
Neurospora crassa
without added enzyme. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1084–1086. 1964.—An osmotic mutant of
Neurospora crassa
was grown in minimal medium containing increasing concentrations of sorbose. Protoplasts were produced in the higher concentrations by inhibition of cell-wall synthesis. Similar molar concentrations of fructose, glucose, and sucrose also produced protoplasts, suggesting a relationship between inhibition of cell-wall synthesis and osmotic pressure. Increased sugar concentration led to decreased growth.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OFN-ACETYL-d-GLUCOSAMINE KINASE FROMSTREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
Authors: Zeleznick L. D. , Hankin H. , Boltralik J. J. , Heymann H. , Barkulis S. S.
Published: January 2020

Zeleznick, L. D. (CIBA Pharmaceutical Co., Summit, N.J.), H.Hankin, J. J. Boltralik, H. Heymann, and S. S. Barkulis. Purification and properties ofN-acetyl-d-glucosamine kinase fromStreptococcus pyogenes. J. Bacteriol.88:1288–1295. 1964.—A kinase fromStreptococcus pyogeneswhich catalyzes adenosine triphosphate-dependent phosphorylation ofd-glucose andN-acetyl-d-glucosamine has been purified 1,500-fold. The ratio of the enzymatic activity on both substrates remained constant throughout the fractionation. Similarity in heat stability,p-hydroxymercuribenzoate inhibition, protection by either carbohydrate, and lack of repression of enzymatic activity when the bacteria were grown exclusively on one of the two substrates supports the hypothesis that kinase activity is associated with one enzyme.
BACTERIAL METABOLISM OF 2-METHYLALANINE
Authors: Aaslestad H. G. , Larson A. D.
Published: January 2020

Aaslestad
, H. G. (Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge),
and A. D. Larson
. Bacterial metabolism of 2-methylalanine. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1296–1303. 1964.—A bacterium isolated from soil was found to oxidize 2-methylalanine to 65% of the theoretical value by an adaptive enzyme system. Manometric experiments with whole cells indicated that acetone but not isopropylamine was an intermediate. Cellular extracts produced carbon dioxide from 2-methylalanine when pyruvate was added to the reaction mixture. Dialysis stimulated the 2-methylalanine metabolizing system, providing pyridoxal phosphate and pyruvate were supplied. A study of the stoichiometry of this pyridoxal phosphate-dependent reaction indicated that acetone and carbon dioxide were principal products. The formation of carbon dioxide from 2-methylalanine seemed dependent upon transfer of the amino group to pyridoxal phosphate. Other 2-methyl amino acids were found to be decarboxylated by this system, thus indicating a lack of absolute specificity.
RESISTANCE-ENHANCING ACTIVITY OF CULTURE FILTRATES OFMYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Hedgecock Loyd W.
Published: January 2020

Hedgecock, LoydW. (Veterans Administration Hsopital, St. Louis, Mo.). Resistance-enhancing activity of culture filtrates ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Bacteriol.88:1349–1355. 1964.—It was demonstrated that filtrates of cultures ofMycobacterium tuberculosisexhibit resistance-enhancing activity against infection withKlebsiella pneumoniaeandDiplococcus pneumoniae. Resistance was demonstrable when the culture filtrate was injected 3 hr prior to challenge withK. pneumoniae, and reached the highest level when injected 24 hr before challenge. Protection was maximal when the filtrate and challenging organisms were injected by the same route. After infection withK. pneumoniae, the bacterial titers in the tissues of filtrate-treated animals were significantly lower than those of untreated susceptible controls. Mice injected with the filtrate 24 hr previously demonstrated significantly increased rates of clearance of injected carbon from the blood. In examination of a variety of mycobacteria, resistance-enhancing activity was found only in culture-filtrates of pathogenic mycobacteria, the highest concentration occurring in filtrates of virulent organisms. The injection of a relatively large amount of phenol-killed cells of all of the mycobacteria examined enhanced resistance to infection withK. pneumoniae.
ATTACHMENT AND GROWTH OF BACTERIA ON SURFACES OF CONTINUOUS-CULTURE VESSELS
Authors: Larsen Don H. , Dimmick R. L.
Published: January 2020

Don H. Larsen
(Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah),
and R. L. Dimmick
. Attachment and growth of bacteria on surfaces of continuous-culture vessels. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1380–1387. 1964.—Initial attempts to induce synchrony in a continuous culture of
Serratia marcescens
by alternating growth temperatures produced fluctuations in the population of a magnitude and at a density higher than predicted by theory. Without temperature change, the density in the 14-ml volume changed with dilution rate, but the total output of cells per hour remained constant, even at dilution rates greater than critical. When glass wool was added to the culture vessel, the total output per hour increased 30-fold. Nonlethal ultrasonic agitation applied to the vessel reduced the population density in continuous culture under both a static and a cyclic temperature program. The decrease in population density, when the washout rate was momentarily increased about tenfold, was less than theoretically predicted, and the subsequent rapid rise, when flow was terminated, indicated the presence of a reservoir of cells on the walls of the vessel continually discharging their progeny into the medium. Several genera were examined in the latter manner; it is estimated that in some cases as many as 90% (
S. marcescens, Escherichia coli
), and in others (
Bacillus
spp.) possibly none, of the cells in suspension arose from wall inhabitants. Growth of bacteria on the walls of continuous-culture vessels can significantly influence the population density and, hence, the kinetics of continuous growth.
ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES OF STREPTOMYCIN-DEPENDENT
ESCHERICHIA COLI
IN RELATION TO VALINE FORMATION
Authors: Bragg P. D. , Polglase W. J.
Published: January 2020

Bragg
, P. D. (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada),
and W. J. Polglase
. Enzymatic activities of streptomycin-dependent
Escherichia coli
in relation to valine formation. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1399–1402. 1964.—The activities of several enzymes were compared in antibiotic-depleted and antibiotic-supplemented streptomycin-dependent
Escherichia coli
. Depleted cells were somewhat lower than supplemented cells in several oxidase activities. Isocitric dehydrogenase was very much lower in depleted cells than in supplemented cells. The lactic dehydrogenase activity of depleted and supplemented cells was similar. The balance of enzymatic activities in depleted and supplemented cells was thus found to correlate well with the observed extracellular products. Thus, depleted cells excreted lactic acid and were deficient in oxidase activity (although normal in lactic dehydrogenase activity), whereas supplemented cells excreted valine and were rich in the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-producing enzyme, isocitric dehydrogenase. Since antibiotic-depleted cells were not deficient in lactic dehydrogenase, it appeared probable that the failure of depleted cells to metabolize lactate was related to a deficiency in the electron-transport system.
TYPES OF HEMOLYSINS PRODUCED BY
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
, AS DETERMINED BY THE REPLICA PLATING TECHNIQUE
Authors: Haque Riaz-Ul , Baldwin Jack N.
Published: January 2020

Haque, Riaz-Ul
(The Ohio State University, Columbus),
and Jack N. Baldwin
. Types of hemolysins produced by
Staphylococcus aureus
as determined by the replica plating technique. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1442–1447. 1964.—The type of hemolysins produced by a representative number of cells of a culture of
Staphylococcus aureus
was determined by the replica plating technique, with the use of sheep, rabbit, human, and horse blood agar plates. Unless horse and human red blood cells were used, a distinction between α-and δ-hemolysins was difficult to make. Strains producing α-β–, β-δ–, and α-δ–hemolysins were recognized by the replica plating technique. A few colonies produced lysis of rabbit, horse, and human cells without lysis of sheep red blood cells. This pattern of lysis was not detected by the radial streak or the tube titration procedures when mixed populations were examined, and may be due to a lytic factor not hitherto described.
USE OF A FLUORESCEIN-LABELED SONICALLY DISRUPTED BACTERIAL ANTIGEN TO DEMONSTRATE ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS
Authors: Eveland Warren C.
Published: January 2020

Eveland, WarrenC. (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor). Use of a fluorescein-labeled sonically disrupted bacterial antigen to demonstrate antibody-producing cells. J. Bacteriol.88:1476–1481. 1964.—Cells obtained by primary tissue culture of the spleens of chickens immunized with sonically disruptedEscherichia coliO111 organisms were stained with a fluorescein-labeled homologous antigen by use of direct immunofluorescent methods. Brilliant staining of the cytoplasm in cells from immunized birds appeared to be diffuse in certain cells and rather globular in others. In contrast, cells from nonimmunized birds showed no staining at all. The cells involved in the specific reaction appeared to be those of the lymphocyte-monocyte-plasma cell types, as shown when stained by the May-Grunwald-Giemsa method. Preparations stained by the methyl green-pyronin technique revealed an increase in the pyrinophilic cells in the preparations from the immunized birds, thus demonstrating increased amounts of ribonucleic acid in these cells, which in turn is consistent with the presence of antibody globulin. Specificity of the reaction was confirmed also by (i) staining antibody-coatedE. coliO111 organisms with the conjugate, (ii) precipitin reaction with specific antibody, and (iii) specific agglutination with circulating antibody from the immunized birds.
MUTATION IN CONTINUOUS CULTURES III
Authors: Kubitschek H. E. , Gustafson Lynn A.
Published: January 2020

Kubitschek
, H. E. (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Ill.),
and Lynn A. Gustafson
. Mutation in continuous cultures. III. Mutational responses in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1595–1597. 1964.—In continuous cultures of
Escherichia coli
K-12-W6 in minimal media, the growth rate dependence of the rate of mutation to resistance to bacteriophage T
5
depended upon the nutrient factor used to limit growth. In glucose-limited cultures, caffeine-induced mutation rates were predominantly proportional to generation rate. However, in cultures limited with the required amino acid, methionine, mutation rates appeared to be independent of generation rate, both for caffeineinduced and for spontaneous mutation. These mutational responses agree with those found earlier in tryptophan auxotrophs of
E. coli
B, suggesting that constancy of mutation occurs when growth is limited with a required amino acid. Since these two kinds of strains differ in their control of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, these results show that the RNA-control locus does not affect the mutational response.
SPECIFICITY OF IMPROVED METHODS FOR MYCOBACTIN BIOASSAY BY
ARTHROBACTER TERREGENS
Authors: Antoine Alan D. , Morrison Norman E. , Hanks John H.
Published: January 2020

Antoine, Alan
D. (Johns Hopkins University-Leonard Wood Memorial Leprosy Research Laboratory, Baltimore, Md.),
Norman E. Morrison, and John H. Hanks
. Specificity of improved methods for mycobactin bioassay by
Arthrobacter terregens
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1672–1677. 1964.—
Arthrobacter terregens
was used to assay mycobactin, a growth factor for
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
. Improved techniques permit the assay of mycobactin within 3 to 4 days by agarplate or liquid-medium methods. For the agarplate method,
Arthrobacter terregens
gave linear increases in zonal growth at mycobactin concentrations of 0.07 to 0.30 μg per spot; for the liquid-medium method, linear increases in turbidimetric growth occurred at 0.05 to 0.27 μg/ml. Specificity studies show that the mycobactin hydrolytic products, cobactin and mycobactic acid, function as growth stimulators, but the high concentrations required would produce only minimal interference in mycobactin assays. Furthermore, the response to mycobactic acid is characterized by a delayed response of 3 days. Various synthetic hydroxylamine-containing compounds and metalchelating agents cannot replace the biological activity of mycobactin. Diacetylmycobactin is 7.4 times more effective than mycobactin as a growth stimulator.
CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF
AZOTOBACTER AGILIS
Authors: Cohen Gary H. , Johnstone Donald B.
Published: January 2020

Cohen, Gary
H. (University of Vermont, Burlington),
and Donald B. Johnstone
. Capsular polysaccharide of
Azotobacter agilis
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1695–1699. 1964.—Capsular polysaccharide from
Azotobacter agilis
strain 132 was recovered from washed cells by alkaline digestion. The polysaccharide was purified by centrifugation, repeated alcohol precipitation, Sevag deproteinization, and treatment with ribonuclease and charcoal-cellulose. Methods of isolation and purification appeared to provide a polymer showing no evidence of heterogeneity when examined by chemical and physical methods. Colorimetric, paper chromatographic, and enzymatic analyses on both intact and acid-hydrolyzed polysaccharide indicated that the polymer contained galactose and rhamnose at a molar ratio of approximately 1.0:0.7. A sialic acid-like component was also present in the polysaccharide. The study shows significant differences in the chemical composition of the extra-cellular polysaccharide of
A. agilis
and that of
A. vinelandii
. This adds further biochemical evidence for the right of these species to independent status.
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF DEVELOPMENT INSCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE
Authors: Niederpruem Donald J. , Hobbs Hudner , Henry Lyle
Published: January 2020

Niederpruem, DonaldJ. (Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis),Hudner Hobbs, and Lyle Henry. Nutritional studies of development inSchizophyllum commune. J. Bacteriol.88:1721–1729. 1964.—Individual carbon and nitrogen sources which sustain dikaryotic fruiting in the basidiomyceteSchizophyllum communewere determined. Combination studies indicated that certain poor substrates were inhibitory; these included acetate, citrate, KNO2, andl-lysine. Homokaryotic (haploid) fruiting was promoted by dilute culture medium. Both developmental systems were arrested by respiratory CO2. Elevated temperature (e.g., 30 C) essentially completely blocked homokaryotic fruiting ofS. commune.