bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Later Developments In Jewish, Christian, And Islamic Images
Authors: Edward Wright J
Published: November 2023

The preceding review of the texts and traditions that describe the heavenly realm ends with sources that can in some way be dated to at least the second century ce. Obviously, heavenly speculation did not end at this point. Jewish, Christian, and Islamic authors continued to develop images of the heavenly realm. The following is a very brief overview of these speculations in order to show how some of the themes discussed in previous chapters developed in subsequent Jewish, Christian, and Islamic communities. This topic has been the focus of several successful books. A most helpful sketch of the images of heaven from ancient to modern times can be found in Colleen McDannell and Bernhard Lang, Heaven: A History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988). The analyses by McDannell and Lang are somewhat superficial since their survey covers several millennia. Nonetheless, their book fills an important role as a synthesis of the literary and artistic images of heaven in western thought. More recently Jeffrey Burton Russell’s A History of Heaven: The Singing Silence (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997) provides an insightful study of the topic focusing on Christian materials.
Islam and the West: A Clash of Civilizations?
Authors: Esposito John L
Published: November 2023

Fear often issues in the demonization of an enemy or threat. For decades, international relations were conducted within the context of a superpower rivalry, between East and West, the Soviet Union and the United States. In the post-Cold War period, many who seek new demons warn of an Islamic threat to Western civilization or of an impending clash of civilizations. Increasingly, voices in America and Europe proclaim, “The Muslims are coming, the Muslims are coming!”2 not only as a political but also as a demographic threat. Similar attitudes lay behind the initial response of those experts who saw the Oklahoma bombing as the handiwork of Middle East terrorists or Islamic fundamentalists.
Introduction
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T
Published: November 2023

Before Buddhism made its presence felt in Tibet, as it did during the eighth and ninth centuries C.E., and even as the Buddha’s teaching began to establish itself there, it was but one of several foreign ways of culture with which the Tibetans were becoming familiar. Besides Tibet’s ancient indigenous traditions, that are still perceptible both in their persistent survivals and in elements of the earliest written records, early medieval Tibet knew of Chinese historiography and Greek medicine, Nepalese sculpture and Sogdian textiles, Nestorian Christianity and Manichaeism. The penetration by Buddhism of Tibetan culture, so that the two would become to all intents and purposes indivisibly associated, was not yet previsioned, and to explain the success and thoroughness of Buddhism’s Tibetan conquest remains a central problem for the historical study and interpretation of Tibetan civilization. The sketches of three key issues given here may serve as an introduction, delineating some important aspects of the rise of Buddhism in Tibet, and providing a point of departure for the studies that follow in later chapters.
From Korea to Tibet
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T
Published: November 2023

Lbetan Buddhism has often been represented, by both Tibetans and non-Tibetan students of Tibetan culture, as the product of a strict and literal transmission of Indian Buddhism, an almost invariant preservation of a perennial tradition, and it is indeed true that leading Tibetan Buddhist teachers have been careful students of lndian Buddhism. Despite the powerful and enduring role of Indian Buddhist sources and precedents, however, it is clear that this view alone is far too simple. “Indian Buddhism” itself was not at all monolithic, and India imparted many and varied influences to Tibet, which the Tibetans themselves received and transformed in many and varied ways. Moreover, as is underscored in this chapter, not all of the Buddhism the Tibetans transmitted came from India.
The Imaginal Persistence of the Empire
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T
Published: November 2023

Throughout this book I have steered a shifting course, tacking between systematic and narrative thought,1 or, to put it differently, between philosophy and myth. In this final section I shall follow the same route once again, beginning in this and the following chapter with some of the mythic aspects of the rediscovered treasures and related texts, but turning later to aspects of systematic thought which they embody as well.
The Life of Rennyo: A Struggle for the Transmission of Dhanna
Authors: Shin’ya Yasutomi
Published: November 2023

In this passage, the essence of Rennyo’s restoration of the tradition is stated clearly and concisely. Rennyo used the phrase “entrusting Amida” (mida o tanomu) to demonstrate the foundation of the Jodoshin school faith to the people of his time. Rennyo’s life coincides with the middle of the Muromachi period (1392-1573), a time of social upheaval and natural disasters. Treason undercut the previous military ethic of loyalty, exemplified by the assassination of the Shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori (1394-1441) by his subordinate, Akamatsu Mitsusuke (1373-1441). Frequent famines plagued the populace, and peasant uprisings shook the country like earthquakes. Power struggles among the political elite eventually escalated into the great war that occurred during the Onin and Bunmei eras, from 1467 to 1477.
Dancing into Freedom: Rennyo and Religion
Authors: Lafleur William R
Published: November 2023

For many of us involved in the study of the religions of Japan, Rennyo has until now been more of a reputation than a reality. Although we have had access to important essays by scholars such as Stanley Weinstein and translations done by the late Minor Rogers, Rennyo has remained for many of us a figure, however towering within history, still wrapped in a mist. Therefore, the opportunity for many of us to try to penetrate that mist is welcome indeed. I am not at all a scholar versed in the materials pertinent to understanding Rennyo and his times, but I am appreciative of the opportunity to try to see what I can see of Rennyo. Since my interests are in literature as much as in religion, I will briefly explore an aspect of how these two come together in a portion of Rennyo’s writing.
Religion and the American Revolution
Authors: Davis Derek H
Published: November 2023

Prelude to War The Continental Congress was formed for the single purpose of giving leadership to the American colonies in the growing disputes with Great Britain that were increasingly pointing to a full-scale war for independence. For the most part, the colonists had been loyal to Britain prior to 1763. They enjoyed access to British markets and the protection of the British military and naval forces.
Religious Dimensions of the Declaration Of Independence
Authors: Davis Derek H
Published: November 2023

The Declaration of Independence is arguably the most widely known and influential political document in the history of the world. When the Continental Congress at Philadelphia on 4 July 1776 adopted the Declaration of Independence, it marked an abrupt end to America's acceptance of British authority over the American colonies. This dramatic step was not taken hastily or unadvisedly. It came as the culmination of a long series of events that convinced Americans that their freedom and happiness could never be attained under British rule.
Scholars and the Religious Spirit of the Tales
Authors: Murphy G Ronald
Published: November 2023

My interest in religious meaning in the Grimms’ Fairy Tales began with the appearance of Bruno Bettelheim’s The Uses of Enchantment, the Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. Bettelheim’s application of psychological models to explain the tales struck me then, and now, as a brilliant work of interpretation, even though there are places, such as his reading of the seven dwarfs, where it seems he got carried away Bettelheim consistently maintains a Freudian–Oedipal approach throughout the book and forcefully defends the therapeutic usefulness of the stories in raising children, but he also repeatedly makes reference to his feeling that the tales have unexplored religious significance. In referring to the return journey of Hansel and Gretel after they have defeated the witch, he comments: “Their way home is blocked by aℍ big water “which they can only cross with the help of a white duck. The children do not encounter any expanse of water on their way in.
Hansel and Gretel
Authors: Murphy G Ronald
Published: November 2023

Thus the beginning of the story of the “Little Brother and Little Sister,” of Hansel and Gretel. Where did the story come from? Was it always as we now know it? Was the story possibly narrated to the brothers by the same Dortchen (Dorothee) Wild whom Wilhelm later married? Rölleke is convinced that the narrator was indeed a member of the Wild family in Cassel, mainly by the fact that Wilhelm wrote it down. Ellis feels strongly that if the story had been told to Wilhelm by Dortchen Wild he would certainly have so indicated, as he did in other cases. This omission of Dortchen’s name, of course, would not exclude the other members of the family. The story itself in any case does not conceal its literary ancestry-it is descended from the French tradition.
Sleeping Beauty
Authors: Murphy G Ronald
Published: November 2023

When the right King’s Son comes through the hedge of thorns at the appointed moment in time he awakens not just one person held within its time-created frame but all who live (sleep) there. The hedge itself exists as a result of the wish of the old woman who sits and spins thread, a figure of deep mystery from the ancient religious past, known by many names: the Parcae, the Norns, the weird sisters, the fates, or less mythically, the passage of time. When Bruno Bettelheim published his admirable analysis and interpretation of this tale he focused on what in it fascinated him most, the adolescence of the heroine and the 100 years of time.
Introduction
Authors: Ostrander Rick
Published: November 2023

On July 2, 1881, President James A. Garfield was shot. As he lay on his bed for weeks struggling for life, Americans united in prayer. Sunday, August 28, was named specifically as a day for earnest prayer. On that day, few pulpits of any denomination failed to make reference to President Garfield’s condition, and worshipping assemblies across the land offered prayers for his recovery. The next week, Garfield’s condition improved, and the nation’s hopes rose that its prayers had been answered. However, the president soon took a turn for the worse and died a few weeks later.
Proving the Living God Answered Prayer as a Modern Evangelical Apologetic
Authors: Ostrander Rick
Published: November 2023

Four years before John Tyndall proclaimed the inalterability of the meteorological world through spiritual forces, another Englishman faced the issue of prayer and the weather. In November 1857, George Mueller of Bristol had a problem on his hands. This man cared for hundreds of orphans, and a dangerous leak had been detected in the boiler that heated the orphanage’s buildings. Mueller had to shut down the boiler in order to repair it. The shutdown and repair were scheduled to take place on Wednesday, and all the preceding week a frigid north wind had been blowing. What was to be done with the children if on the day of the shutdown the weather remained so intemperate? George Mueller solved this predicament in his customary way: He prayed, asking God to shift the direction of the wind from the north to the south. “The evening before,” recounted Mueller in his journal, “the bleak north wind still blew; but, on the Wednesday, the south wind blew: exactly as I had prayed.... Here, then, is one of our difficulties which was overcome by prayer and faith.” The American editor of Mueller’s 1873 autobiography remarked: “[I]f Mr. Galton and Prof. Tyndall ask for proofs of the value of prayer in common life, they may be directed to the Bristol Orphan Houses, for the facts of which they are in search.”
Controlling Chinese Gangs
Authors: Chin Ko-lin
Published: November 2023

According to Spergel (1990), there are four basic strategies for dealing with youth gangs: local community organization or neighborhood mobilization; the provision of social and economic opportunities; youth outreach or street gang work; and the suppression and incarceration of gang members. In New York City’s Chinatowns, organized responses to Chinese gangs have primarily involved suppression and incarceration of gang members. The first two strategies mentioned by Spergel have never been implemented. The third strategy, youth outreach or street gang work, is almost nonexistent. Although there is a youth outreach program, called Project Reach, that operates on the outskirts of Manhattan’s Chinatown, it only deals with a limited number of at-risk youths from various ethnic groups. The program’s main purpose is to provide tutoring, counseling, and recreational activities to high school students after school, and it appears to have limited, if any, impact on the Chinese gang problem. Another youth pro gram, named Turn a New Leaf, which is sponsored by the Asian Americans Communications group and is located in Queens, is reported to be actively involved in helping hard-core Chinese gang members. However, the efficacy of the program has not been confirmed (World Journal, 1994c).
Humanists and Reformers as Foes: Humanistic Studies and Confessional Formation
Authors: Rummel Erika
Published: November 2023

The 1520s brought about not only a clarification of the respective aims of humanists and reformers but also a remarkable reevaluation. “Wherever Lutheranism reigns, letters perish,” Erasmus wrote in 1528. His complaint was echoed by Georg Witzel, a former Lutheran pastor, who stated in 1536: “Education is languishing among the Lutherans. There will be tears and lamentations over Luther, if only on account of the disruption of learning.”
Introduction: Senses Of Scripture And Tradition
Authors: Thiel John E
Published: November 2023

It is a distinctive Roman Catholic teaching that, in the words of the Second Vatican Council’s “Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation,” sacred Tradition and sacred Scripture make up a single sacred deposit of the Word of God, which is entrusted to the Church.”1 In this one divine Word, God speaks the promise of salvation. Catholic Christians believe that one finds this Word of promise both in the writings of biblical scripture and in tradition in the ways that scripture informs and is informed by the authentic teachings of the Church; age-old Christian practice; liturgical devotion; the compelling lives of the saints; the writings of great Catholic thinkers; and God’s recognized sacramental presence to holy times, places, and events. This Word is one, issuing as it does from the one divine Speaker and conveying the message of the one Word, unique Son, spoken by God before the saved world was created (John 1:1). And yet because this one divine Word is communicated in both scripture and tradition, it is communicated in a mediated plurality that extends further still to scripture’s many words and to tradition’s many more words, actions, persons, times, places, and happenings. Certainly, this teaching of the Church is among its most important, for it articulates where and how the Christian community encounters the truthful promise of eternal life and the ecclesially embraced narrative of how God has gracefully brought this promise to fulfillment. A doctrine so basic to the claims of the faith that it professes both the source and means of God’s revelation to humanity cannot help but shape the understanding of every other Catholic belief, doctrine, and practice.
Anthology in the Torah and the Question of Deuteronomy
Authors: Tigay Jeffrey H
Published: November 2023

Anthologies go back to the oldest stage in Jewish literature. The Bible consists of twenty-four distinct books according to the Jewish count, and the very term “Bible,” though singular in English, goes back to the Greek plural ta biblia, “the books.” The original separateness of the Bible’s components was manifest in the fact that prior to the adoption of the codex (by Christians in the second and following centuries and by Jews after the talmudic period) it was, physically, a group of scrolls rather than a single volume. Accordingly, early writers had no name for the collection as a whole and could use only descriptive phrases such as “the Law, the Prophets, and the other books” (Prologue to the Greek of Ben Sira [Ecclesiasticus]) and “the Law, the Prophets, and the Psalms” (Luke 24:44).Several of the names eventually adopted also reflect the Bible’s anthological character: not only rabbinic haSefarim, “the books” (cf. Daniel 9:2) and Kitvei haKodesh, “the sacred writings,” but the names used in the Middle Ages even after the codex was adopted: Esrim ve-’arbalz or Kaf-dalet, “the twenty-four (books),” and Tanakh, the acronym for Torah, Neviim uKetuvim, “the Torah, Prophets, and Writings.” Note as well Bibliotheca, “collection of books,” used by Jerome and others.
Anthological Dimensions of the Babylonian Talmud
Authors: Segal Eliezer
Published: November 2023

The Babylonian Talmud defies attempts to categorize it according to the standard literary genres of Western literature. Even when we take care to define it on its own terms, the undertaking is likely to be frustrated by the realization that the classification is susceptible to many different possibilities, depending on the vantage from which it is approached. To complicate the efforts even further, talmudic scholarship itself is often in disagreement over fundamental issues related to the Talmud’s purpose and composition.
Anthology
Authors: Elbaum Jacob
Published: November 2023

Yalqut —literally, a collection —is the common name in the Middle Ages for an anthology of midrash, or rabbinic scriptural interpretation. The term yalqut, taken from the title of one such collection, yalqut shimoni (which scholars through the ages have often simply called Yalqut), would indeed seem to be an appropriate name for these works. They are, after all, collections of midrashic tradition as it was preserved in the various collections made during the so-called classical or canonical period of midrash during the Byzantine period in the land of Israel. At first glance, these works also appear absolutely different in character from the classical canon of midrash. The singular literary genres of “authentic” midrash from the classical period, which had retained some vitality even in the collections edited at a relatively late date, no longer appear in their pure form in the yalqutim but are adulterated by disparate elements. So, too, in the yalqutim, the crystalline literary editing and original formulation of classical midrash give way to mere technical arrangement, which seems to have involved nothing more than a hackneyed conglomeration of passages from various sources.
The Context of liberty
Authors: Thysell Carol
Published: November 2023

A model of intellectual toleration in an era of polemics, Marguerite de Navarre entertained a spectrum of seemingly conflicting ideas in her writing, as at her courts. For some contemporary historians, her interest in such a variety of philosophical and theological perspectives appears to be merely a benign eclecticism. For her contemporary biographer, Theodore Beza, however, the Queen’s tolerance proved she had succumbed to heresy.Beza, who was also Calvin’s friend and biographer, recorded Marguerite de Navarre’s association with the libertines Quintin and Pocquet as a tragedy that led this one-time defender of the reformers’ faith to “plunge into idolatries like all the others.” Beza believed that she was persuaded by Gerard Roussel, one of the reformers at Meaux and whom she later named Bishop of Oleron, to look upon outward forms of religion as adiaphora. For Beza, it was this indifference to exterior practices and rites that allowed her to tolerate the “blasphemies and errors” of the libertines in her court.
Of Brigands and Bridles
Authors: Thysell Carol
Published: November 2023

One of the most significant differences between the frame stories of Boccaccio’s Decameron and Marguerite de Navarre’s Heptameron is the role of nature and the devisants’ response to it. Boccaccio’s storytellers intentionally flee the destruction and disaster of the Black Death in Florence and look for a pastime that will help them forget their former lives in the city. The men and women of the Heptameron, however, do just the opposite. After having been healed of their physical ailments, these devisants attempt to leave their mountaintop spa in hopes of returning to their former lives at the court. The natural disaster which they encounter, a flood that wipes out the bridge leading down the mountain, keeps them together through no design of their own. Rather, when they take up the pastime of storytelling, they do so specifically to remind themselves of their friends at court and of the society from which they are separated.
The pleasure of Discernment
Authors: Thysell Carol
Published: November 2023

Substantively, however, as I have noted in chapter 3, the Heptameron presents no clear moral guidelines or rules for behavior. Rather, a single anthropology of a fallen humanity that relies entirely upon God’s grace rather than upon self-determination unites the devisants in a theology that initially looks similar to that of Calvin. But differences between Marguerite de Navarre and Calvin on the application of that universal norm to moral practice and on the regenerate person’s ability to discern between good and evil become apparent in the devisants’ varying interpretations of each story.
Rhetoric: More Tropes
Authors: Wolosky Shira
Published: November 2023

When we think of poetic imagery, what we often think of are images of comparison: simile and metaphor and personification. But there is a wide range of poetic tropes, or figures, which have to do with the shape of material within the poem but may not involve the kind of comparison we most associate with poetic imagination. These are rhetorical figures that organize what may be called the poem’s linguistic body, the elements of sound and rhythm, of word order and relationship. This does not mean, however, that their power is superficial. While they may rely on word order or positioning, or relationships of contiguity, these tropes are fundamental to poetry. In poetry, we never merely look through, but always also look at, the words that comprise the text. It is poetry’s claim that this ordered materiality of language, this poetic body, is profoundly significant and integral to poetic meaning.
European Esoteric Currents
Authors: Versluis Arthur
Published: November 2023

Although it is not feasible to offer a complete survey of Western esotericism here, it is necessary to introduce the main currents that will be central to this particular study of the American Renaissance. There are already some very good introductions, some in English, to various European esoteric currents, and there is an excellent overview of the field by the leading scholar, Antoine Faivre, entitled Access to Western Esotericism.1 However, there remains a great deal of work to be done in this field, particularly in terms of English and American forms of the various esoteric currents. Here I will sketch the primary European esoteric currents that in turn are important for the American Renaissance, but will begin with some more general remarks about European esotericism.
Fuller
Authors: Versluis Arthur
Published: November 2023

The Hermetic and theosophic library brought to New England by Charles Lane and Bronson Alcott certainly influenced Alcott and Emerson, but there were other Transcendentalists who also reveal a very Hermetic understanding of nature—perhaps most importantly and surprisingly, Margaret Fuller. One might have surmised that Fuller had some Hermetic leanings from Hawthorne’s depiction of Zenobia in The Blithedale Romance, but there has been relatively little scholarly attention paid to this subject. The original edition of Fuller’s Woman in the Nineteenth Century is preceded by an obviously Hermetic illustration—a serpent biting its own tail and forming a circle, within which are two superimposed triangles, one black, point upward, another white, point downward, behind the first.
Secularization Reconsidered
Authors: Fenn Richard K
Published: November 2023

The Social Location of secularity is wherever social life is subject to radical uncertainty:

The conditions of a system far from equilibrium are not time-reversible, in which it is sufficient to know the “law” and the initial conditions in order to predict its future states. Rather, a system far from equilibrium is the expression of the “arrow of time,” whose role is essential and constructive. In such a system, the future is uncertain and the conditions are irreversible. The laws that we can formulate therefore enumerate only possibilities, never certainties.”

In a secular social system, the future is unpredictable and each moment may bring something new. Secularity is thus the experience of radical uncertainty: radical because the ultimate may be at stake—life and death—even incircumstances that seem quite ordinary; and uncertain because there are no laws that give one a reliable guide on how to think, feel, or act.
Buying Time
Authors: Fenn Richard K
Published: November 2023

If One is Fully To experience the passage of time, one must be prepared to discipline what Freud called the “pleasure-principle.” According to that principle, one refuses to experience emotions in all their intensity. One attenuates them, simultaneously holding on to pain and thinning it out in a sort of “attenuation” over time. The individual thus is stretching out both pleasure and pain in order to experience them both in tolerable doses, too much of either being overwhelming to the psyche. Medicinal doses of pleasure and pain, as it were, are preferable to an experience of intense sadness or joy. The psyche protects itself, then, by thinning out emotional experience. However, attenuation also means holding on to the original feeling rather than letting it go. That is why the masochist may seem to be savoring a pleasure rather than consummating it; masochists like to have their cake and to eat it, too. In other words, masochists perpetuate the pleasure of having cake by not finishing their portion; in this way they avoid the guilt or responsibility for the destruction that results from consuming something completely. Thus, by stretching out pleasure, one can hold on to it in a diminished form and avoid being overwhelmed by the intensity of experience.
Memoir Writing
Authors: Practice Writing
Published: November 2023

In recent years there has been an explosion bf memoir writing in this country, most of it by elders. But whether the writer is elderly or not, the work appears to be done in response to our culture’s extraordinary rate of social and technological change. It appears that by writing records of their lives, and thereby pre serving a record of the past, the authors are attempting to maintain a kind of psychological stability in the ever-shifting present. Memoirs by elders have historical and anthropological value, providing firsthand data for future historians. Even personal stories by young people, if psychologically revealing, provide the same. If you write your story as though you are trying to provide future readers not only entertainment but a knowledge of your times, you will add an extra dimension to your work. It will also help you to cull unimportant material, because by asking, “What would people a hundred. years from now care to know?” you will be led to realize which stories have a merely personal interest. The last section in this chapter deals with this and other editing questions.
Healing as an Act of Transformation
Authors: Shaked Shaul
Published: November 2023

The field of enquiry of this essay is what may be termed the popular religion of Sasanian Babylonia. The material from which we can try to reconstruct it is rather limited. In the present context, I shall concentrate on the numerous magical texts in a variety of Aramaic dialects that have come to light from Mesopotamia. They display to us at least one aspect of the faith and practice of people in Babylonia during the Sasanian period, mostly between the fifth and the seventh centuries C.E.1 In historical terms, this faith can be described as an amalgam of pieces of mythology and religious perceptions that derive from the different cultures of the region before this period and contemporary with it. The best-known religions of this period are Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Mandaeism, and they are probably complemented by remnants of Babylonian paganism, by notions derived from Greek culture, and by other faiths that are less conspicuous in our corpus of texts, such as Manichaeism and Christianity.
From Professionalism to Collegial Control
Authors: Mather Lynn , McEwen Craig A , Maiman Richard J
Published: November 2023

We began this book by asking how lawyers think about and make the decisions that constitute their daily practices. One vision of these decisions finds their roots in the organized profession—its educational processes, formal organizations, and rules of conduct. Another explanation sees these decisions as shaped by the economic forces acting on lawyers, with firm profits or client pockets controlling the choices that attorneys make in their work. Yet another perspective underlines the role of lawyers’ individual values and identities in making day-to-day decisions. Each of these views addresses what we see to be the core issue in the debate about legal professionalism—namely, the question of who or what forces control or influence the discretionary work decisions at the heart of law practice. Our contribution to this debate has been to focus closely on that question through an empirical study of divorce lawyers at work. It has also been to emphasize the central importance of collegial control in answering that question and to identify multiple “communities of practice” as the key agents of collegial control. In this study, we have tried to identify the standards that develop in these varied communities, how they are created, how widely they are shared, how—if at all—they are connected to the formal codes and organization of the bar, and how effective they are as agents of collegial control.
Constitutional Principles without Constitutional Theories
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: November 2023

In its constitution, now in early draft, a nation bans “cruel and unusual punishment.” A large segment of society believes that capital punishment is necessarily “cruel and unusual”; many people want to insert an explicit ban on capital punishment into the constitution. But many other people disagree, and many more are unsure what they think. What should constitution-makers do about the problem? 2. A new law bans the transmission of “indecent” materials on the Internet to “anyone under the age of eighteen.” The law is challenged on the ground that it violates the right to free speech. Those challenging the law argue that the Internet is no different from any other place where speech occurs and that the ordinary constitutional protections should apply. Those who defend the law argue that the Internet raises unique problems, because it is so easy to send materials to thousands or even millions of people.
Circling Earth
Authors: Martin Joel W
Published: November 2023

For some American Indians involved in Native American religions, life unfolds as a rich drama. This drama plays out in a world filled with spiritual forces and shaped by them. Everything can mean something. Little is separate from religious influence. Spiritually attuned Native American men and women seek multiple ways to express their religious visions. Their spirituality can affect how they cook, eat, dance, paint, tell stories, mold pottery, dye clothes, decorate their bodies, design their homes, organize their villages, court lovers, marry, bury, dress, speak, make love, cut their hair, and so on. Wisdom comes by paying attention to the living world, discerning the spiritual dimension within it, and debating its significance with others in a community.
Homecoming
Authors: Martin Joel W
Published: November 2023

Lone Wolf, an Odawa Indian in the Great Lakes region, starts each day mindful of his moral responsibilities to the world around him. “I wake up every morning and go outdoors to a little place in the yard and, facing east, give thanks and offer tobacco to the manidos for the good morning.” Like his Algonquin ancestors who offered tobacco to the spirit of the wind before canoeing across a lake, Lone Wolf cultivates a good relationship with the manidos, the nonhuman power persons who enliven the Odawa world. Attending to their feelings, giving thanks for their blessings, Lone Wolf expands his own moral sense to embrace wider circles of concern.
On the completeness of the calculus of logic (1930a)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

When one provides an axiomatic foundation for logic, as, for example, is done in Principia mathematica, the question arises whether the axioms initially adopted are “complete”, that is, whether they actually suffice for the formal deduction of every correct proposition of logic. This problem has hitherto been solved only for the simplest logical propositions, namely those of the propositional calculus. The answer turns out to be positive, that is, every correct (valid) propositional formula follows from the axioms of Principia mathematica. The speaker shows how this theorem can be extended to the formulas of the restricted functional calculus (formulas without bound functional variables).
Engendering and Experience
Authors: Kassam Zayn
Published: November 2023

Instructors embarking on teaching a course on women in the Islamic tradition often start out with questions such as: “How am I going to teach a course on Women and Gender Issues in Islam?” “How can I organize so much material into a one-semester format?” “How do I teach a course on women in Islam to students who may have very little exposure either to Women̓s Studies or to Islam?” Beth Baron’s review article is an excellent starting point, and indeed she points out that “the scholarly literature on women in the Middle East has increased so rapidly in the past few years that it is almost impossible to keep up with this body of material.”
Natural Reason in the Summa contra Gentiles
Authors: te Velde Rudi A
Published: November 2023

A distinctive feature of Aquinas’s Summa contra Gentiles is the central role the author assigns to natural reason in his project of manifesting the truth of Christian faith. Reason is supposed to give a rational account of the truth of what faith professes about God, to arrive at a veritas demonstrativa, which will be shown to accord with the Christian religion.
Traditions in Eastern Tibet
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J
Published: November 2023

Gyarawa Namkha Chokyi Gyatso’s codification of the Self-Liberated Wis dom of the Peaceful and Wrathful Deities and his pioneering efforts toward institutionalizing its liturgy appear to have been solidified by the latter half of the fifteenth century. In the following discussion I will examine Gyarawa’s legacy, while emphasizing also the closely affiliated but distinctive tradition of the Great Liberation upon Hearing in the Bardo. I will explore in close detail each of the major traditions of both textual collections by focusing on their most prominent players. In the end I hope to establish a foundation of evidence for uncovering how and why the Karling liturgy became so widely influential in Tibet and surrounding regions from the fifteenth century on ward.
The Church Hates Women
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

Recently, feminist activist Eleanor Smeal has suggested that main-stream denominations tended to underplay the blatant evils of the Catholic Church, for fear of appearing anti-Catholic. Specifically, she has said: “We have to be tougher on the Catholic Church—we are letting them off the hook.” This suggestion is astonishing in view of the con- stant barrage of feminist attacks on the Church and its leaders. In recent years, women’s groups such as Smeal’s Feminist Majority Foundation have been among the most vocal critics of Catholicism, to the extent that the mass media have almost without question accepted the notion of “Catholic misogyny.” On many occasions, the feminist critique of the Church has crossed the line into strident anti-Catholicism.
Imbued with Otherness
Authors: Yu Christopher
Published: November 2023

“Form’s what affirms,” declares a nameless schoolteacher, a character who represents both the poet’s spokesman and straw man in James Merrill’s poem “The Thousand and Second Night,” one of two brilliant lyric sequences from his 1966 collection Nights and Days. The pronouncement approvingly reflects back on the poem itself and enlarges the teacher’s observation that three enigmatic prose intermissions in the sequence refer “to mind, body, and soul (or memory).”

The emphasis of the terms on form, on memory, and on the distinction between the physical and metaphysical suggests a flirtation with the terms of Platonic philosophy. The argument on behalf of poetry is generally in keeping with Diotima’s praise of literary artists in the Symposium for being lovers of “wisdom” (phronesis) and “excellence” (arete).
Come to the Garden: A Walk Through The Song of Songs
Authors: Carr David M
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter, we entered the special world of love poetry in the ancient Near East: Mesopotamian songs of royal-divine love and entertaining Egyptian love poetry. Often these love poems feature gardens, whether gardens of lovemaking or the female lover imaged as a garden. Now we enter a different garden, the Biblical Song of Songs.
The Erotic and the Mystical: Bringing Sexuality and Spirituality Together in Reading the Song Of Songs
Authors: Carr David M
Published: November 2023

There is something seductive about the Song of Songs. As Cheryl Exum observes, “Something about the Song turns even the most hardened of feminist critics into a bubbling romantic.”1 The poem purports to let us eavesdrop on a private conversation, though in actuality, the text is quite public. It pretends to present raw lovers’ voices unmediated by any narrator, though in fact these voices are artistic creations. The anonymity of the lovers makes it easier to identify ourselves with one of them. Insofar as we have felt similar desires, the poem invites us to identify with their speech. It lures us to climb into the dialogue and see their speech as the real speech of lovers, perhaps even the real speech of our love. We imagine ourselves longing for a kiss like the woman when she says, “Let him kiss me with the kiss of his mouth” (Song 1:2).
Teaching Freud and Interpreting Augustine’s Confessions
Authors: Dixon Sandra Lee
Published: November 2023

This chapter will highlight two words of the overall topic, teaching Freud and interpreting Augustine’s Confessions. I emphasize teaching Freud because the literature on the psychological study of Augustine, largely psychoanalytical as it is, rarely cites Freud at all. Yet Freudian ideas abound, especially in the articles from the 1960s that launched research on this topic. If we claim to teach Freud, we should, I believe, let students sharpen their minds on the words, at least in translation, of Freud himself. Moreover, self-discipline in the psychological study of Augustine is crucial, as historians and theologians will remind us. If we do not start by disciplining ourselves in our use of theory, I have little hope that we will do so in the interpretation of Augustine’s writing.

I proceed both in this essay and in class by thinking of the conclusions of psychoanalytic theory and practice as tools of investigation for understanding a perplexing phenomenon. To employ them deftly, one must, of course, know how they are put together. So we spend time taking them apart and examining the pieces. Then we can reconstruct the tools and test more fully our understanding by using them to produce something different. For those of us who like this sort of project, Freudian theory offers a marvelous means of investigation and Augustine’s Confessions a wonder of material to reconceive in Freudian terms.
Intentional Error :The Paradox of Editing Joyce’s Ulysses
Authors: Mahaffey Vicki
Published: November 2023

In The Spring Of 1990, I had an informal conference with a graduate student in architecture who was auditing my course in Yeats and Joyce. I asked him about his work, and he explained the project he was currently working on: I want to design a contemporary library, one that takes into account the change in the way readers are increasingly encountering the texts they read: on computer screens, with characters that are not inked, but which emit light. When you research the architecture of famous libraries, it becomes clear that throughout the era of the printed book, architects have had to factor in an awareness that light damages books. I am anticipating a situation in which we read light, and I’d like to design a library in which the architecture would express and reflect this startling reversal. The student’s comments crystallized for me some of the thoughts I had been having about textual editing.
New England Yankee
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: November 2023

DAVID SOUTER WAS expected for lunch at the home of his Concord, New Hampshire, friends Ronald and Mary Ellen Snow. The Supreme Court’s fall term had not yet begun, and the justice regularly delayed his return to Washington as long as possible, leaving New Hampshire only a few days before the Court’s first conference in late September. But earlier that morning, September II, 2001, terrorists had launched their horrendous attacks on New York and Washington; Mary Ellen Snow seriously doubted their guest would appear. “Mary Ellen called me at the office that day, assuming that David wouldn’t be coming,” Ron Snow later recalled with a smile. “And I said, ‘You better have lunch ready, because he’ll show up.’ I went home at a quarter of twelve and at noon David drove into the yard. When we asked him how he got away from the [marshal at his Concord chambers], he said, ‘It was simple; I didn’t tell them I was going.’ He had gone to the florist’s and picked up a pot of flowers, and we sat on the side porch of our house. Mary Ellen put up a screen so no one would see him, and we had a long, lovely lunch.”
“Stealth Candidate”
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: November 2023

Within A Short Time of his appointment to the New Hampshire Supreme Court, David Souter had acquired a reputation as the court’s intellectual leader. When John King retired as chief justice in 19861 Souter’s friends assumed Governor John Sununu would elevate him to the court’s center seat. But Sununu followed tradition, choosing David Brock, who had been appointed an associate justice on the court in 1978 five years before Souter joined him there. According to Souter’s friend and mentor Warren Rudman, whose high regard for the future justice accounted for his rapid rise in the New Hampshire attorney general’s office, “David was dis appointed. The challenge of being an associate justice was wearing thin. Once again he was uncertain about his future. He even considered leaving the court.”
American Law In A Global Context
Authors: Fletcher George P , Sheppard Steve
Published: November 2023

Whatever your background, if you seek an understanding of the legal system of the United States, this is the book for you. American Law in a Global Context is an elegant and erudite introduction to the American legal system from a global perspective. It covers the law and lawyering tools taught in the first year of law school, explaining the underlying concepts and techniques of the common law used in U.S. legal practice. The ideas central to the development and practice of American law, as well as constitutional law, contracts, property, criminal law, and courtroom procedure, are all presented in their historical and intellectual contexts, accessible to the novice but with insight that will inform the expert. Actual cases illuminate each major subject, engaging readers in the legal process and the arguments between real people that make American law an ever-evolving system. George P. Fletcher and Steve Sheppard’s exciting approach contrasts the American legal system with other legal systems, especially those of continental Europe. This comparison illuminates the core concepts of US law, making them easily understandable to readers from other systems, and offering a unique perspective on American law as part of global network of laws. Designed to help the foreign student grasp the basic ideas of pedagogy, legal institutions, and substantive law in the US, appendices include an introduction to the common law method, instruction on how to read a case, and the interpretation of statutes. Based on the course for lawyers from across the globe studying American law at Columbia University, this cutting edge volume makes the basics of American legal education accessible to students and the public worldwide. A must-own reference source for LLM students, undergraduates, and students of US law in other countries.
Freedom Fights Back
Authors: Fletcher George P , Sheppard Steve
Published: November 2023

Constitutional history, at least in the United States, could be written as a struggle between the commitment to freedom and the commitment to equality. The more freedom people have, the less they are equal. The more equality they enjoy, the less freedom they are allowed to exercise. The more equality, the less freedom. This was the view—if slightly perverse—of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision, which held that the Missouri Compromise violated the freedom to take one’s property (i.e., slaves) wherever one went. The conflict also applies to the accumulation of wealth. The freedom to own property and to earn money in a free market stands in opposition to the equal distribution of wealth. The American Supreme Court has consistently rejected the relevance of wealth in applying the principle of equality under law.
Multiple Common Laws?
Authors: Fletcher George P , Sheppard Steve
Published: November 2023

The federal courts have jurisdiction in diversity-of-citizenship cases, but what law should they apply? The case does not arise under the Constitution or under federal statutes. It arises under the common law. Therefore, it seems that a federal court should, like any court, be able to interpret the common law as it sees fit. Yet the first statute on the organization of the federal courts, the Judiciary Act of 1789, established the rule that in “trials at common law” the federal court should apply the “laws” of the several states. Therefore, the federal courts interpreted the Judiciary Act to mean that they should apply the law of state in which they sit. If there was a state statute on the point, the federal court applied the statute, but this left a vast repository of cases to be resolved under the common law.
Feudalism in Land Law
Authors: Fletcher George P , Sheppard Steve
Published: November 2023

Lawyers in the civil law tradition are rarely aware of the great inﬂuence of the French Revolution on the structure of their legal ideas. In the field of real property, at least, the revolution changed everything. It converted the feudal order into a liberal system of ownership in which a single owner could own and alienate (sell, give away, transfer by will) his or her entire interest in a piece of land. The liberal idea is that a piece of land should be owned in exactly the same way that a chattel (a piece of movable property) can be owned. If you transfer ownership in a car or horse, why should you not be able to transfer title to a piece of land? The whole idea of the feudal system was that land was different; land provided the basis of the interlocking set of obligations that constituted the basic structure of society. To understand how this system worked, we turn back to the early common law in England, to the beginning of the feudal system.