bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional connectivity predicts the dispositional use of expressive suppression but not cognitive reappraisal
Authors: Burr Daisy A. , d'Arbeloff Tracy , Elliott Maxwell L. , Knodt Annchen R. , Brigidi Bartholomew D. , Hariri Ahmad R.
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Previous research has identified specific brain regions associated with regulating emotion using common strategies such as expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. However, most research focuses on a priori regions and directs participants how to regulate, which may not reflect how people naturally regulate outside the laboratory.

Method

Here, we used a data‐driven approach to investigate how individual differences in distributed intrinsic functional brain connectivity predict emotion regulation tendency outside the laboratory. Specifically, we used connectome‐based predictive modeling to extract functional connections in the brain significantly related to the dispositional use of suppression and reappraisal. These edges were then used in a predictive model and cross‐validated in novel participants to identify a neural signature that reflects individual differences in the tendency to suppress and reappraise emotion.

Results

We found a significant neural signature for the dispositional use of suppression, but not reappraisal. Within this whole‐brain signature, the intrinsic connectivity of the default mode network was most informative of suppression tendency. In addition, the predictive performance of this model was significant in males, but not females.

Conclusion

These findings help inform how whole‐brain networks of functional connectivity characterize how people tend to regulate emotion outside the laboratory.
Goals or semantic constructs? Different choice setting and choice goal activation
Authors: Xiao Na
Published: January 2020

The researcher of this paper contributes to the literature by identifying nuances among three types of choice settings that are likely to activate choice‐related goals and their implications for product evaluation. First, the research verifies that choice settings can activate choice‐related goals, for example, simplifying a choice. Second, it is proposed and shown that choice settings activate goals, not semantic constructs. Third, this research attempts to shed light on some nuances among different choice settings, which vary in the degree of cognitive effort used to compare alternatives. The results aid in understanding how three different choice settings can activate choice‐related goals. Fourth, the research proposes that goal activation has an implication for product evaluation, offering a new perspective to preference and choice reversal literature. Five experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses.
Removal of Cu2+ from Water Using Liquid‐Liquid Microchannel Extraction
Authors: Liu Hui , Dai Shuang , Li Jun , Ma Rui , Cao Yan , Wang Gang , Komarneni Sridhar , Luo Jianhong
Published: January 2020

The very good extraction selectivity of Cu2+ from water was demonstrated with a new microchannel equipment, by employing di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as an extractant and kerosene as a solvent. The effects of different experimental parameters on the extraction efficiency E, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient KLa, and the entrainment were experimentally investigated. The results showed that the extraction efficiency increased with increasing temperature, extractant concentration, phase ratio (organic/aqueous), and pH. The total flow rate, phase ratio, and pH were found to have a great effect on the mass transfer, whereas the temperature and the extractant concentration showed little effect.
The role of PDLIM1, a PDZ‐LIM domain protein, at the ribbon synapses in the chicken retina
Authors: Ríos Hugo , Paganelli Alejandra R. , Fosser Nicolás S.
Published: January 2020

PDLIM's protein family is involved in the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. In the present study, we describe the localization of PDLIM1 in chicken photoreceptors. This study provides evidence that this protein is present at the cone pedicles, as well as in other synapses of the chicken retina. Here, we demonstrate the expression pattern of PDLIM1 through immunofluorescence staining, immunoblots, subcellular fractionation, and immunoprecipitation experiments. Also, we consider the possibility that PDLIM1 may be involved in the synaptic vesicle endocytosis and/or the presynaptic trafficking of synaptic vesicles back to the nonready releasable pool. This endocytotic/exocytotic coupling requires a tight link between exocytic vesicle fusion at defined release sites and endocytic retrieval of synaptic vesicle membranes. In turn, photoreceptor ribbon synaptic structure depends on the cytoskeleton arrangement, both at the active zone‐related with exocytosis—as well as at the endocytic zone—periactive zone. To our knowledge, the PDLIM1 protein has not been observed in the pre synapses of the retina. Thus, the present study describes the expression and subcellular localization of PDLIM1 for the first time, as well as its modulation by visual environment in the chicken retina.
Early postnatal gene expression in the developing neocortex of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) is related to parental rearing style
Authors: Bottom Riley T. , Krubitzer Leah A. , Huffman Kelly J.
Published: January 2020

The earliest and most prevalent sensory experience includes tactile, thermal, and olfactory stimulation delivered to the young via contact with the mother, and in some mammals, the father. Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), like humans, are biparental and serve as a model for understanding the impact of parent/offspring interactions on the developing brain. Prairie voles also exhibit natural variation in the level of tactile stimulation delivered by the parents to the offspring, and this has been well documented and quantified. Previous studies revealed that adult prairie vole offspring who received either high (HC) or low (LC) tactile contact from their parents have differences in the size of cortical fields and the connections of somatosensory cortex. In the current investigation, we examined gene expression, intraneocortical connectivity, and cortical thickness in newborn voles to appreciate when differences in HC and LC offspring begin to emerge. We observed differences in developmentally regulated genes, as well as variation in prelimbic and anterior cingulate cortical thickness at postnatal Day 1 (P1) in HC and LC voles. Results from this study suggest that parenting styles, such as those involving high or low physical contact, impact the developing neocortex via very early sensory experience as well as differences in epigenetic modifications that may emerge in HC and LC voles.
Chiral 432 Helicoid II Nanoparticle Synthesized with Glutathione and Poly(T)20 Nucleotide
Authors: Lee Yoon Young , Cho Nam Heon , Im Sang Won , Lee Hye‐Eun , Ahn Hyo‐Yong , Nam Ki Tae
Published: January 2020

Finding a novel method to generate a chiral plasmonic material has been highlighted in the last decades for its unique light‐matter interactions. Recently, an aqueous based peptide directed synthesis of chiral plasmonic gold nanoparticle with exceptional chiroptic response has been reported. Especially, the facile and precise control of chirality using biomolecules allows potential expansion of chiral metamaterial synthesis. In this work, we show a significant enhancement of chiroptic response by simultaneous introduction of multiple bio‐molecular chiral modifiers, glutathione and homooligonucleotide containing thymine. Compared to previously synthesized single chiral plasmonic nanoparticles using only glutathione molecules, further addition of an oligonucleotide into the growth solution induces a two‐fold increase of dissymmetric factor. We believe that the presented synthetic method proposes an effective route of chiral metamaterial morphology and property control for versatile applications.
Detection of G Protein‐Coupled Receptor Complexes in Postmortem Human Brain by Proximity Ligation Assay
Authors: Zhu Ying , Dwork Andrew J. , Trifilieff Pierre , Javitch Jonathan A.
Published: January 2020

Combining immunological and molecular biological methods, the antibody‐based proximity ligation assay (PLA) has been used for more than a decade to detect and quantify protein‐protein interactions, protein modification, and protein expression in situ, including in brain tissue. However, the transfer of this technology to human brain samples requires a number of precautions due to the nature of the specimens and their specific processing. Here, we used the PLA brightfield detection technique to assess the expression of dopamine D2 receptor and adenosine A2A receptor and their proximity in human postmortem brains, and we developed a systematic random sampling method to help quantify the PLA signals. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Protocol 1: Sample preparation and sectioning for PLA_BF

Basic Protocol 2: PLA_BF staining of brain tissue

Basic Protocol 3: Image acquisition and result analysis

Support Protocol: Luxol fast blue/cresyl violet staining
Zinc Phthalocyanine Conjugated Dimers as Efficient Dopant‐Free Hole Transporting Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Molina Desiré , Ruiz‐Preciado Marco A. , Carlsen Brian , Eickemeyer Felix Thomas , Yang Bowen , Flores‐Díaz Natalie , Álvaro‐Martins Maria João , Nonomura Kazuteru , Hagfeldt Anders , Sastre‐Santos Ángela
Published: January 2020

Four ZnPc‐dimers with 2,5‐thienyl (ZnPc−th−ZnPc 1), 2,7‐fluorenyl (ZnPc−flu−ZnPc 2), 3,6‐bisthienylldiketopyrrolopyrrole (ZnPc−DPP−ZnPc 3) and 1,4‐phenyl (ZnPc−p−ZnPc 4) bridges have been studied as dopant‐free hole transporting materials (HTMs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The synthesis and characterization of ZnPc−th−ZnPc 1 and ZnPc−flu−ZnPc 2 dimers are reported for the first time. Steady state and time resolved photoluminescence demonstrate the good hole‐extraction capability of these materials. The best efficiencies obtained for dimers 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 15.5 %, 15.6 %, 16.8 % and 15.7 %, respectively, without the addition of dopants. Besides, these derivatives demonstrated better stability both in dark storage conditions with a relative humidity <20 % for 500 h and at 50 °C with a relative humidity >60 % for 160 h when compared to doped spiro−OMeTAD. The push‐pull nature of dimer ZnPc−DPP−ZnPc 3 has led to the highest efficiency among the ZnPc derivatives under study demonstrating that donor‐acceptor‐donor systems can be good alternatives to commonly used materials due their energy levels, low cost and the final morphology of the hole transporting layer.
Simultaneous and Significant Improvements in Efficiency and Stability of Deep‐Blue Organic Light Emitting Diodes through Friedel‐Crafts Arylmethylation of a Fluorophore
Authors: Feng Quanyou , Tan Kesheng , Zheng Xiaojun , Xie Songlin , Xue Kai , Bo Yifan , Zhang He , Lin Dongqing , Rao Junfeng , Xie Xinmiao , Xie Linghai , Cao Hongtao , Zhang Hongmei , Wei Ying , Huang Wei
Published: January 2020

The molecular design of purely organic fluorophores for highly efficient and stable deep‐blue organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is still a challenge. Excellent performances in terms of Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates, external quantum efficiency (EQE), brightness and lifespan, often cannot be achieved simultaneously in one deep‐blue OLED. Herein, a novel carbazole‐based thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter DPFCz‐TRZ is designed and synthesized through Friedel‐Crafts arylmethylation of Cz‐TRZ. Compared with the parent compound Cz‐TRZ, the OLED based on DPFCz‐TRZ exhibits significantly improved performances with a maximum EQE of 15.5 % and brightness beyond 16000 cd m−2, while retaining similar deep‐blue emission with a CIE coordinate of (0.15, 0.10), an electroluminescence (EL) maximum of λ=445 nm and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 65 nm. Additionally, the device also shows a respectable lifetime (LT50, time to 50 % of initial luminance) of 78 h at 500 cd m−2, corresponding to a LT50 of 1304 h at 100 cd m−2. Impressively, a record high EQE of 5.2 % can be obtained at a very high luminance of 10000 cd m−2. This work demonstrates the first report of simultaneous achievement over 15 % EQE and 1000 h LT50 (100 cd m−2) in deep‐blue purely organic electroluminescence devices with a coordinate of (≤0.15, ≤0.10) and maximum brightness beyond 16000 cd m−2.
Stay cool during power struggles
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: January 2020

Once upon a time, I was the dean of an evening and weekend college (EWC) at a small faith‐based university. We shared a building with the school of religion. I found myself in a power struggle with the faculty of religion. They held a lot of power at the university.
Experimental assessment of optimal lotic eDNA sampling and assay multiplexing for a critically endangered fish
Authors: Wood Zachary T. , Erdman Bradley F. , York Geneva , Trial Joan G. , Kinnison Michael T.
Published: January 2020

Designing eDNA tools to detect and quantify rare species includes inherent assumptions about the spatial distribution of the organism, spatial nature of eDNA dynamics, and the real‐world performance of alternate assays under field conditions. Here, we use cage experiments with small numbers of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), to reveal that eDNA detection rates and eDNA quantities follow a predictable, but nonlinear relationship with distance from a point source. In contrast to the common assumption of consistent eDNA degradation moving away from a source, eDNA detections and concentrations increased up to roughly 70 m downstream before declining steadily. We apply our eDNA distance functions to selection of stream sampling intervals for detecting fish without known locations and find that even a single juvenile salmon can be reliably detected with intervals up to 400 m spacing. Finally, we show that two different qPCR eDNA assays provide very different detection probabilities in nature despite similar efficiency in laboratory testing, demonstrating the importance of experimentally assessing assay efficiencies in the wild as well as the capacity for multiplexing as a strategy to ensure high detection efficiency when monitoring rare species.
A round‐robin evaluation of the repeatability and reproducibility of environmental DNA assays for dreissenid mussels
Authors: Sepulveda Adam J. , Hutchins Patrick R. , Jackson Craig , Ostberg Carl , Laramie Matthew B. , Amberg Jon , Counihan Tim , Hoegh Andrew , Pilliod David S.
Published: January 2020

Resource managers may be hesitant to make decisions based on environmental (e)DNA results alone since eDNA is an indirect method of species detection. One way to reduce the uncertainty of eDNA is to identify laboratory‐based protocols that ensure repeatable and reproducible results. We conducted a double‐blind round‐robin analysis of probe‐based assays for DNA of dreissenid (Dreissena spp.) mussels, which are prolific aquatic invaders that can cause significant economic and ecological impacts. DNA extract from water samples spiked with known amounts of dreissenid DNA and from water samples collected from waters with and without dreissenids were analyzed by four independent research laboratories. We used results to calculate detection repeatability within laboratories and assays, detection reproducibility among laboratories and assays, and estimated dreissenid DNA copy number precision and accuracy. Laboratory and assay repeatability and reproducibility of detection results were high, 91% and 92%, respectively. The estimated copy numbers were neither precise nor accurate for samples spiked with <773 gene copies. These results suggest that eDNA surveillance of dreissenid mussels, using the protocols evaluated herein, can generate reliable detection data for decision‐making. However, managers should be cautious about using the quantitative information often associated with eDNA detections, especially when DNA is at lower abundance. Our results provide strong support that eDNA has the potential to provide repeatable and reproducible evidence under varying laboratory conditions and for different sample water chemistries. This is reassuring since the demand for eDNA surveillance is widespread and number of laboratories that process eDNA samples is growing steadily.
2019 Open Doors report on international educational exchange — Any surprises?
Authors: Dennis Marguerite J.
Published: January 2020

In 2018–19, for the third year in a row, international student enrollment in American colleges and universities decreased at all academic levels, according to statistics published on Nov. 19, 2019, by the Institute of International Education, in collaboration with the United States Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. Undergraduate students declined by 2.4%. Graduate student enrollment declined by 1.3%, and the number of international nondegree students declined by 5%. Only the numbers for Optional Practical Training increased, by 9.6% over the previous year.
Report reveals millennial graduates’ satisfaction with college investment, careers
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: January 2020

There's a popular narrative that college is not worth the time and money. Even a Gates Foundation initiative is examining the value of higher education, said Larry Chiagouris, a Professor in the Lubin School of Business at Pace University and author of The Secret to Getting a Job After College. But how do recent graduates feel about the investment they made, especially as it relates to their career?
A systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment workflow with consolidated counterselection to efficiently isolate high‐affinity aptamers
Authors: Rosch Jonah C. , Balikov Daniel A. , Gong Franklin , Lippmann Ethan S.
Published: January 2020

Efficient selection of nucleic acid aptamers with high affinity and specificity for a broad range of targets remains challenging. Historically, aptamer selections have been protracted and tedious processes, often requiring double‐digit rounds of selection to converge nucleic acid pools into a small number of prospective high‐affinity aptamers. More recently, the use of microfluidic devices and specialized equipment has helped streamline the aptamer selection process, but these platforms are not necessarily accessible to the broad research community. Here, we demonstrate that aptamers with high affinity and moderate specificity can be obtained with a conventional selection workflow that is modified to include facile methods for increasing partitioning and enhancing selection stringency. This process exposes an immobilized protein target to a single‐stranded DNA library, followed by washing with buffer that contains the undesired off‐target(s), with both steps occurring under constant perfusion using a standard peristaltic pump. Prospective aptamers are then eluted, amplified by an emulsion polymerase chain reaction, regenerated to single strands by enzymatic digestion, and resubjected to the selection procedure. We validated this selection scheme using the platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) family, whereby we successfully isolated nanomolar affinity aptamers against PDGF‐BB with specificity comparable to an aptamer selected using a microfluidics‐based approach.
Insights into Recombination Processes from Light Intensity–Dependent Open‐Circuit Voltages and Ideality Factors in Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Thongprong Non , Supasai Thidarat , Li Youyong , Tang I-Ming , Rujisamphan Nopporn
Published: January 2020

To analyze the dominant recombination, researchers often consider the diode ideality factor (nid), determined from the fitting of a semi‐log plot of light intensity–dependent open‐circuit voltage (Voc(lnI/I0)) to a linear dependence. This value is called “nid,Voc”. Theoretically, nid is the exponential dependence factor in the recombination rate function of the split of quasi‐Fermi levels. This nid is called “nid,C”. Herein, correlations between nid,Voc, nid,C, and the dominant recombination are reconsidered using a validated numerical drift–diffusion model and a diode current analysis in perovskite solar cell devices having accumulations of charged defects near the carrier transporting interfaces. It is found that the interplay between the recombination processes affects the linearity of the Voc(lnI/I0) plots. Devices having a single dominant recombination process exhibit Voc(lnI/I0) plots that appear to be linear, resulting in nid,Voc ≈ nid,C of the dominant recombination. Conversely, bends in the Voc(lnI/I0) curves indicate that different (multiple) recombination mechanisms dominate at different light intensities, so nid,Voc is an effective nid of the total diode current whose value is not consistent with any nid,C values. This work provides more understanding of nid and how to interpret a Voc(lnI/I0) curve more correctly for the insights into recombination mechanisms.
Reversible ternary nickel‐cobalt‐iron catalysts for intermittent water electrolysis
Authors: Lu Xunyu , Zhang Qingran , Ng Yun Hau , Zhao Chuan
Published: January 2020

Global‐scale application of water splitting technology for hydrogen fuel production and storage of intermittent renewable energy sources such as solar and wind has called for the development of oxygen evolution catalysts and hydrogen evolution catalysts that are inexpensive, efficient, robust, and can withstand frequent power interruptions and shutdowns. Current water electrolyzers must operate with a protective current in stand‐by/idle modes to avoid a substantial catalyst degradation. Here, we show a hierarchically structured porous ternary composite catalyst of nickel, cobalt and iron (NiCoFe) hydroxides prepared via electrodeposition on three‐dimensional (3D) nickel foam (NF) substrates as reversible bifunctional electrodes for both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The NiCoFe/NF electrode exhibits exceptionally high catalytic activity, requiring overpotentials as low as 220 and 50 mV, respectively, for OER and HER to occur. In a water electrolysis cell comprising of two NiCoFe/NF electrodes, an overall cell overpotential of merely 300 mV is required to deliver a stabilized current density of 3 mA cm−2. The ternary electrocatalyst also exhibits prolonged stability under both continuous and intermittent electrolysis and can be used for oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reversibly without degradation.

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Thermal sensor performance and fire characterisation during short duration engulfment tests
Authors: Kemp Shelley , Proulx Gary , Auerbach Margaret , Grady Michael , Parry Roger , Camenzind Martin
Published: January 2020

A small‐scale reproduction of the ISO 13506‐1 thermal manikin was constructed to enable the assessment of manikin sensor performance, the partitioning of energy, and the variability of the fire generated during short duration heat and flame engulfment tests. The cylindrical test apparatus simultaneously housed four total heat flux (THF) sensors, one radiant heat flux sensor, and three manikin sensors. Calibrated manikin sensors were provided by nine laboratories and were categorised as buried thermocouple, copper‐based, or surface‐mounted thermocouple sensors. The test apparatus was exposed to fire generated by four propane torches for three exposure durations. All sensors presented similar profiles in net heat flux over time, which could be divided into four distinct phases: transient increase, pseudo‐steady state, transient decrease, and post‐exposure. Over pseudo‐steady state, the mean THF over all exposure durations was 88 ± 8 kW/m2, and the ratio of convective to radiant energy was approximately 50:50, but highly variable. For a 4‐second exposure, manikin sensors from five laboratories had a bias in heat flux greater than ± 5% during pseudo‐steady state when compared with the THF sensors. This bias can primarily be attributed to the sensitivity of the manikin sensors to convective heat or heat loss due to sensor design.
Vom Marmorkrebs und anderen Einwanderern
Authors: Jeschke Jonathan
Published: January 2020

Ökologie im Anthropozän: Biologen möchten die dynamischen und vielschichtigen Interaktionen zwischen Lebewesen und ihrer Umwelt verstehen, wobei sie bei „Umwelt“ auch den Menschen und seine Aktivitäten mitdenken. Was das bedeutet, zeigt sich am Beispiel invasiver Arten und ihrer Lebensgemeinschaften.
Zwischen Labor und Krankenbett
Authors: Unterstell Rembert
Published: January 2020

Der Kölner Onkologe und Clinician Scientist Christian Reinhardt verbindet die Behandlung von Krebspatienten mit der Erforschung zielgerichteter und personalisierter Therapien. Neue Ansatzpunkte dafür soll ein tieferes molekulares Krankheitsverständnis liefern
Clincopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes of oral leukoplakia by carbon dioxide laser excision in the elderly patients
Authors: Yang Shih‐Wei , Lee Yun‐Shien , Chang Liang‐Che , Hwang Cheng‐Cheng , Chen Tai‐An
Published: January 2020

Background

Older age is one of the factors associated with malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia (OL). The purpose of this study is to analyze the clincopathological features and treatment outcomes of OL in the elderly patients.

Methods

The demographic data and histopathological results of the patients (age ≥ 65) who received carbon dioxide laser surgery for OL from 2002 to 2017 were analyzed statistically.

Results

There were 53 males and 16 females, with a mean age 71.2 ± 4.9. The follow‐up time was 42.5 ± 35.2 months. In the univariate analysis, morphology, pathology, and area were found to be factors associated with postoperative recurrence. Among these factors, pathology and area were the independent predictive factors for recurrence in the multivariate logistic regression model. Malignant transformation occurred in 8 of 69 patients (11.6%).

Conclusions

The pathological high‐risk dysplasia and area of OL were the two prognostic factors for postoperative recurrence.
Enjoyment and acceptability of different exercise modalities to improve bone health in young adult women
Authors: Lambert Conor , Beck Belinda R. , Watson Steven L. , Harding Amy T. , Weeks Benjamin K.
Published: January 2020

Issue addressed

Osteoporosis presents a serious public health issue and physical activity is recognised as the most effective modifiable risk factor for the condition. The reasons behind physical activity participation, however, are complex. We therefore aimed to explore the experiences related to a bone‐targeted exercise intervention, determine enjoyment and acceptability of each exercise mode, and identify barriers and facilitators to osteogenic exercise for young adult women.

Methods

The present study was conducted within the Osteoporosis Prevention Through Impact and Muscle‐loading Approaches to Exercise (OPTIMA‐Ex) trial, a three‐arm RCT comparing musculoskeletal outcomes from two supervised, high‐intensity, exercise programs (impact and resistance training) with an unsupervised low‐intensity exercise control. A mixed‐methods approach was used, including quality of life and physical activity enjoyment questionnaires and qualitative analysis of semi‐structured interviews.

Results

All groups had improvements in the 'mental health' domain of the quality of life measure; however, the two supervised exercise groups had greater levels of physical activity enjoyment. The qualitative analysis revealed that overall the trial activities were positively, yet the two supervised groups had 'richer' exercise experiences. Motivations for participation, barriers to physical activity and desired continuation of participation differed between all three groups.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that bone‐targeted exercise interventions for young adult women must address perceived time demands and environmental barriers to participation in order to maximise compliance and adherence.

So what?

As physical activity is the most effective lifestyle strategy to improve bone health and young adulthood an important window for its augmentation, increasing convenience, accessibility and understanding of osteoporosis preventative behaviours in this demographic is vital.
ADVANCES IN UTILIZATION OF WASTEWATER IN AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE: A TECHNICAL NOTE
Authors: Odoemena Kenneth Ikenna , MD Rowshon Kamal , Hasfalina Binti Che Man
Published: January 2020

This paper has endeavoured to produce a technical note on the hazards that humans and the environment face with the burden of wastewater irrigation on crops and the soil. Reports based on past and present issues related to wastewater used in irrigation of crops and the health implications when it is applied in the arable field for irrigating crops have been considered broadly. It is conclusive that wastewater has polluted and contaminated crops and soil when not properly treated before being applied for irrigation purposes. The crop effects and advantages of wastewater reuse in agriculture are of extensive application because of a lack of water in numerous parts of the world. Besides, the impacts of wastewater systems should be assessed not only from the perspective of social, monetary and natural viewpoints, but in addition from the sustainable improvement point of view; thus this paper surveyed the sustainability, benefits, impediments, developments and innovations of using the wastewater in water systems for agriculture. Wastewater treatment must be further advanced to address developing concerns such as amount and quality. More effective decentralized wastewater administration frameworks must be set up to provide the approach to abridge the cost of wastewater treatment. Finally, we require suitable strategies to catch and convey water, secure soil, reuse wastewater and streamline its administration. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the effectiveness of including meaningful pictures in the formation of equivalence classes
Authors: Arntzen Erik , Mensah Justice
Published: January 2020

In three experiments, 165 adult participants were trained on 12 baseline conditional discriminations and tested for the formation of three 5‐member equivalence classes (A➔B➔C➔D➔E). All experiments included two reference groups; the abstract (ABS) group was trained with all abstract stimuli and the picture (PIC) group with C‐stimuli as meaningful pictorial stimuli but A, B, D, and E stimuli as abstract shapes. In Experiment 1, the color of the meaningful stimuli was manipulated. In the ABS, PIC, and black‐and‐white groups, 33.3%, 80%, and 93.3% formed equivalence classes, respectively. In Experiment 2, participants were exposed to a test block with and without trials that included C stimuli. For the groups with and without C trials in the test, 93.3% and 86.7% formed equivalence classes, respectively, compared to 20% in the ABS group. In Experiment 3, the number of meaningful pictures and their location in stimulus classes were manipulated. One group was trained with 3 pictures (C1/B2/D3, the 3‐PIC) while the other groups had 2 pictures (C1/B2 and C1/D3, the 2‐PIC). In the second test block for the ABS and PIC groups, 6.7% and 86% of the participants formed equivalence classes, respectively. For the 3‐PIC and the 2‐PIC groups, 66.7% and 50% of the participants formed equivalence classes, respectively. Results suggest that the effects of meaningful stimuli in equivalence classes (a) cannot be attributed to the use of colorful stimuli in previous studies, (b) occur during training and are not dependent on the presence of meaningful stimuli at test, and (c) are sensitive to stimulus location.
Diurnal cycle of rainfall over Lake Victoria Basin during the long‐rain season based on TRMM satellite estimate
Authors: Onyango Augustine O. , Xu Haiming , Lin Zhaohui
Published: January 2020

The spatial–temporal characteristics of March–April–May rainfall are investigated over Lake Victoria Basin on a diurnal time scale using harmonic and principal component analyses. The study uses high‐resolution Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42 V7 satellite estimate for the years 1998–2015. The diurnal signal in the initiation time for the land and the lake shows a difference in amplitude and phase with a peak in the late afternoon to evening over the land and late night to early morning over the lake. The rainfall maximum first appears over the highlands on the northeast of the lake around 1500 local standard time (LST) then intensifies and migrates westwards. Around 0300 LST the rainfall is observed ubiquitously over the lake before localizing in the western half of the lake around 1100 LST. There exists an enhanced rainfall amplitude of about 50% of the daily rainfall mean over the northeastern sector of the basin and the western half of the lake. By comparison, the amplitude of the semi‐diurnal cycle is weaker and in the range of 1–30% of the daily mean. Rainfall amount (RA) values are higher over the lake and the highlands on the east of the basin while lower on southeastern and western parts of the basin. The distribution of RA, rainfall intensity (RI) and rainfall frequency revealed high peak of RA over the eastern part of the basin that may be attributed to the high incidence of moderate rainfall. The peak over the western half of the lake may be ascribed to the enhanced RI over the lake.
Collective Trauma and Mental Health Hospitalization Rates Among Children in New York State, 1999–2013: Age, Period, and Cohort Effects
Authors: Liu Sze Yan , Lim Sungwoo
Published: January 2020

Mental health hospitalization rates among U.S. children have been increasing locally and nationally in recent decades. Children in New York State (NYS) have also witnessed several collective traumatic events during the last two decades including the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks (9/11), the Great Recession, and Hurricane Sandy (2012) and its aftermath. Decomposition of these rates into age, period, and cohort effects may help elucidate how large‐scale collective traumatic events may be driving time trends. This study examined age–period–cohort effects in children and youth mental health hospitalizations in NYS from 1999–2013. Age effects followed a linear trend from age 5 years, B = −2.76, 95% CI [−3.48, −2.03)] up to age 15 years, B = 1.62, 95% CI [1.52, 1.73]. The largest period effects were noted in 2004, B = 0.36, 95% CI [0.28, 0.45], and in 2013, B = 0.31, 95% CI [0.15, 0.47], approximately 3 years after 9/11 and the Great Recession, respectively. The largest birth cohort effect was noted for children born in 1992–1995 (range: 0.29 for children born in 1992–0.27 for children born in 1995), suggesting that the birth cohorts who experienced the 9/11 attacks during middle childhood and the Great Recession during puberty are at increased risk of mental health hospitalizations compared to other birth cohorts.
The protection of NF‐κB inhibition on kidney injury of systemic lupus erythematosus mice may be correlated with lncRNA TUG1
Authors: Cao Hai‐Yu , Li Dong , Wang Yun‐Peng , Lu Hui‐Xiu , Sun Jing , Li Hai‐Bin
Published: January 2020

We aimed to know the effect of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) inhibition on the kidney injury of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) mice. Pristane‐induced SLE mice were treated with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 50 or 100 mg/kg), a NF‐κB inhibitor. Histopathological changes were observed by hematoxylin & eosin, Masson and periodic schiff‐methenamine stainings. Long noncoding RNA Taurine upregulated gene 1 (LncRNA TUG1) was measured by real‐time reverse transcription PCR, NF‐κB p65 expression by western blotting, levels of inflammatory cytokines, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), and antidouble stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and the deposition of IgG and C3 by immunofluorescence. The kidney of SLE mice exhibited interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration, interstitial fibrous proliferation, glomerular mesangial proliferation, and crescent formation, which was mitigated after PDTC administration. The levels of BUN, Cr, ANA, and anti‐dsDNA and the pro‐inflammatory factors in SLE mice were increased with obvious deposition of IgG and C3, but they were also reversed by PDTC. Furthermore, the NF‐κB p65 expression in the nucleus in the SLE mice was decreased with the up‐regulation of TUG1 expression and NF‐κB p65 expression in the cytoplasm after PDTC treatment. Correlation analysis revealed the negative correlation between the TUG1 expression and NF‐κB p65 in the nucleus in the kidney tissues. NF‐κB inhibition with PDTC protected against the kidney injury of pristine‐induced SLE mice possibly via up‐regulating lncRNA TUG1, and further clinical studies are needed to clarify whether NF‐κB inhibition may be a therapeutic modality for the kidney injury of SLE.
Impacts of future climate and land use change on water yield in a semiarid basin in Iran
Authors: Shirmohammadi Bagher , Malekian Arash , Salajegheh Ali , Taheri Bahram , Azarnivand Hossein , Malek Ziga , Verburg Peter H.
Published: January 2020

Studying the interaction between hydrology, land use, and climate change is necessary to support sustainable water resources management. It is unknown how land management interventions in dry climate conditions can benefit water yield in the context of climate and land use change interactions. In this study, we assessed the effects of both land use and predicted climate change on the Mordagh Chay basin water yield using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs model. First, we modeled the current water yield, followed by developing six combined climate–land use scenarios until 2030 based on the CCSM4 climate model for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. We used three future land use scenarios simulated by the Dyna‐CLUE model. The trend scenario of land use change, which does not include any improvements in irrigation efficiency, significantly affected basin water yield under both climate scenarios. Water yield decreases by 19.8% and 31.8% for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. Under all land use scenarios that included improvements in irrigation efficiency, the water yield responded positively. For the RCP4.5 scenario, the water yield was projected to increase between 16.6% and 18% depending on the land use scenario. The increase in water yield under the RCP8.5 climate scenario was much lower than for the RCP4.5 scenario (about one‐third). Overall, the results showed that by adopting appropriate irrigation efficiency, it is possible to achieve a better balance between environmental needs and regional economic and agricultural development. The results provide insight into possible sustainable development options and also provide guidance for managing the other Urmia Lake sub‐basins, whereas the approach of integrated assessment of climate, land use change, and land management options is also applicable in other conditions to help inform sustainable management.
Publishing perspectives from the British Ecological Society: Partnership, community, collaboration, and innovation
Authors: Aimé Emilie , Newton Erika L. , Hill Catherine
Published: January 2020

Key points

The British Ecological Society (BES) is a thriving Learned Society with a successful journals portfolio, which is currently published with a commercial partner, Wiley.

Our journals operate independently and are unique but work together to form a strong portfolio by sharing ideas and best practice.

We attribute our success to being embedded in, and led by, the ecological community, which works closely with a professional team of experienced in‐house editorial staff.

These close interactions between our membership and editorial boards and in‐house staff allow us to innovate and adapt to change; we describe three projects that illustrate this.

Collaboration with those outside of the BES is an important part of our ethos, and we describe the benefits we have gained through working with others.

As part of our strategy, we are keen to embrace a more open and transparent future while continuing to provide publishing opportunities for a global audience.
In vivo diffusion‐weighted MRS using semi‐LASER in the human brain at 3 T: Methodological aspects and clinical feasibility
Authors: Genovese Guglielmo , Marjańska Małgorzata , Auerbach Edward J. , Cherif Lydia Yahia , Ronen Itamar , Lehéricy Stéphane , Branzoli Francesca
Published: January 2020

Diffusion‐weighted (DW‐) MRS investigates non‐invasively microstructural properties of tissue by probing metabolite diffusion in vivo. Despite the growing interest in DW‐MRS for clinical applications, little has been published on the reproducibility of this technique. In this study, we explored the optimization of a single‐voxel DW‐semi‐LASER sequence for clinical applications at 3 T, and evaluated the reproducibility of the method under different experimental conditions. DW‐MRS measurements were carried out in 10 healthy participants and repeated across three sessions. Metabolite apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were calculated from mono‐exponential fits (ADCexp) up to b = 3300 s/mm2, and from the diffusional kurtosis approach (ADCK) up to b = 7300 s/mm2. The inter‐subject variabilities of ADCs of N‐acetylaspartate + N‐acetylaspartylglutamate (tNAA), creatine + phosphocreatine, choline containing compounds, and myo‐inositol were calculated in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and in the corona radiata (CR). We explored the effect of physiological motion on the DW‐MRS signal and the importance of cardiac gating and peak thresholding to account for signal amplitude fluctuations. Additionally, we investigated the dependence of the intra‐subject variability on the acquisition scheme using a bootstrapping resampling method. Coefficients of variation were lower in PCC than CR, likely due to the different sensitivities to motion artifacts of the two regions. Finally, we computed coefficients of repeatability for ADCexp and performed power calculations needed for designing clinical studies. The power calculation for ADCexp of tNAA showed that in the PCC seven subjects per group are sufficient to detect a difference of 5% between two groups with an acquisition time of 4 min, suggesting that ADCexp of tNAA is a suitable marker for disease‐related intracellular alteration even in small case–control studies. In the CR, further work is needed to evaluate the voxel size and location that minimize the motion artifacts and variability of the ADC measurements.
The Fascinating Chemistry of α‐Haloamides
Authors: Fantinati Anna , Zanirato Vinicio , Marchetti Paolo , Trapella Claudio
Published: January 2020

The aim of this review is to highlight the rich chemistry of α‐haloamides originally mainly used to discover new C−N, C−O and C−S bond forming reactions, and later widely employed in C−C cross‐coupling reactions with C(sp3), C(sp2) and C(sp) coupling partners. Radical‐mediated transformations of α‐haloamides bearing a suitable located unsaturated bond has proven to be a straightforward alternative to access diverse cyclic compounds by means of either radical initiators, transition metal redox catalysis or visible light photoredox catalysis. On the other hand, cycloadditions with α‐halohydroxamate‐based azaoxyallyl cations have garnered significant attention. Moreover, in view of the important role in life and materials science of difluoroalkylated compounds, a wide range of catalysts has been developed for the efficient incorporation of difluoroacetamido moieties into activated as well as unactivated substrates.
Relationships between metabolic markers and obesity measures in two populations that differ in stature—The SAMINOR Study
Authors: Michalsen Vilde L. , Braaten Tonje , Kvaløy Kirsti , Melhus Marita , Broderstad Ann R.
Published: January 2020

Background

The relationships between metabolic markers and obesity measures may differ by ethnicity, sex, and height. Questions have been posed whether these relationships differ by ethnicity in the population in Northern Norway, but this has not been explored yet.

Objectives

Investigate the relationships between metabolic markers and obesity measures in Sami and non‐Sami and explore the impact of stature.

Methods

In total, 13 921 men and women aged 30 and 36 to 79 years (22.0% Sami) from a population‐based cross‐sectional survey in Norway, the SAMINOR 1 Survey (2003‐2004, 57.2% attendance), were included. Relationships between triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, systolic/diastolic blood pressure (BP), metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus as outcomes, and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR), respectively, were modelled using fractional polynomial regression. Appropriate interaction analyses and adjustments were made.

Results

The non‐Sami were approximately 6 cm taller than the Sami. No interactions were found between ethnicity and obesity. At the same levels of WC, BMI, or WHtR, levels of lipids and BP differed marginally between Sami and non‐Sami, but these were eliminated by height adjustment, with one exception: At any given WC, BMI, or WHtR, Sami had approximately 1.4 mmHg (95% CI, −2.1 to −0.7) lower systolic BP than non‐Sami (P values < .001).

Conclusions

Height explained the marginal ethnic differences in metabolic markers at the same level of obesity, except for systolic BP, which was lower in Sami than in non‐Sami at any given BMI, WC, or WHtR.
High performance multi‐functional cyanate ester oligomer‐based network and epoxy‐POSS containing nanocomposites: Structure, dynamics, and properties
Authors: Bershtein Vladimir , Fainleib Alexander , Yakushev Pavel , Kirilenko Demid , Egorova Larisa , Grigoryeva Olga , Ryzhov Valery , Starostenko Olga
Published: January 2020

The aim of this research was the detailed analysis and estimation of CER oligomer‐based nanocomposites for applications under extreme high temperature conditions. Thermostable nanocomposites based on cross‐linked cyanate ester resin (CER), derived from PRIMASET PT‐30 multi‐functional oligomer and doped by 0.025wt% to 10wt% epoxycyclohexyl‐functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (ECH‐POSS) nanoparticles, were synthesized and characterized using TEM, mid‐, and far‐IR spectroscopy, and by DMA, DSC, CRS, and TGA techniques. At nanoparticles contents less than 1wt%, basically their molecular level dispersion in the matrix is suggested, whereas their clusters of about 20 to 30 nm in diameter were observed at 2wt% and 10wt% ECH‐POSS. In correlation with the results of structural analysis, the ambivalent influence of the nanoparticles, depending on their content, on the dynamics and properties of nanocomposites was revealed. The “constrained dynamics” effects caused by post‐curing and covalent embedding ECH‐POSS units into the matrix were registered by DMA, far‐IR spectroscopy and CRS. Highly cooperative glass transition with Tg ≈ 400°C (DMA, 1 Hz) was observed, and at the limit total suppression of glass transition could be achieved. The obvious superiority of the studied nanocomposites over the CER nanocomposites synthesized from monomeric dicyanate ester of bisphenols, especially at high temperatures, was shown.