bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A General and Convenient Synthesis of 3,5-Diaryl-2-(3H)-oxazolones
Authors: Chatterjee B. G. , Sahu D. P.
Published: March 2015

A convenient and general route to the synthesis of 3,5-diaryl-2-(3H)-oxazolones has been developed. A number of hitherto unreported oxazolones have been prepared in almost quantitative yields. The structure of all these compounds have been characterised by IR, and elemental analysis and couple of them by NMR spectra. Attempt to extend this novel method to the synthesis of higher ring homologue, 1,3-oxazine, however, has not met with success.
Preparation of Triacetoneamine, I
Authors: Sosnovsky G. , Konieczny M.
Published: March 2015

The preparation of triacetoneamine (1) by the condensation of acetone with ammonia in the presence of calcium chloride at room temperature is investigated. In addition to 1, acetonin (8), diacetone alcohol (4), mesityl oxide, and diacetoneamine (7) are formed during the reaction. The progress of the reaction is monitored by gas chromatography. The effects of the extent and the rate of stirring, the amount of ammonia introduced on the critical first day of the reaction, and the mesh size and the amount of calcium chloride on the purity and weight yield of 1 are studied. The yield of 1 is maximized by recovery of the unreacted acetone. The reaction at room temperature under optimized conditions is described.
Complexes of Transition Metal(II) Thiocyanates with 1,2,4-Triazole
Authors: Haasnoot J. G. , Groeneveld W. L.
Published: March 2015

The preparation of complexes containing 1,2,4-triazole (trz) is described. The general formula is M(trz)2(CNS)2 with M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn. For M = Ni two isomeric compounds have been isolated. The infrared spectra of the Ni compounds are assigned on the basis of the assignment for the free 1,2,4-triazole. One of the Ni compounds is a trinuclear complex according to its infrared spectrum. The other complexes are isomorphous, with exception perhaps of the Cu complex. For these compounds a polynuclear structure is proposed.
Notizen: Reaktionen mit 3.3-Bis(trifluormethyl)-Δ4-1.4.2λ5-oxazaphospholinen, XVI1 Abfangreaktionen von Nitril-yliden mit Azobenzol / Reactions with 3,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)-Δ4-1,4,2λ5-oxazaphospholines, XVI1 Trapping Reactions of Nitrile Ylides with Azobenzene
Authors: Burger Klaus , Goth Herbert , Roth Wolf-Dieter
Published: March 2015

Trapping reactions of bis(trifluoromethyl) substituted nitrile ylides with azobenzene yielding 5,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-Δ3-1,2,4-triazolines are described.
Organic Reaction Schemes and General Reaction-Matrix Types, IV Organic Name Reactions
Authors: Bart Jan C. J. , Garagnani Enea
Published: March 2015

A sample consisting of 427 one- and multi-step organic name reactions has been classified in terms of a previously determined empirical set of 43 general reaction-matrix types (R), according to procedures outlined originally by UGI et al.14. The resulting distribution of R-matrices is similar to the overall pattern of other random and specialized sample analyses. The metathesis reaction accounts for 60% of all single-step synthetic transformations; subsets consisting of the primary three and ten R-matrices describe some 78% and 93% of the population, respectively. The results represent a valid experimental basis for the mathematical description of the constitution of organic chemistry.
HX-Eliminierung (X = OH, NH2) aus primären ω-phenylsubstituierten Alkoholen und Aminen: Indiz für interne Solvatisierung von Radikalkationen in der Gasphase oder Resultat einer selektiven Aktivierung von CH-Bindungen? / HX-Elimination (X = OH, NH2) from Primary ω-Phenylsubstituted Alcohols and Amines: a Probe for Internal Solvation of Gaseous Radical Cations or the Result of a Selective Activation of CH-Bonds ?
Authors: Levsen Karsten , Heimbach Heinz , Bobrich Michael , Responder Johannes , Schwarz Helmut
Published: March 2015

Using collisional activation mass spectrometry the structures of the [M–HX]+• ions (X = OH, NH2) from 5-phenylpentanol-1 (1), 5-phenylpentylamine (2) and 6-phenylhexanol-1 (3) have been established. Contrary to previous results it is shown for the first time that in addition to ionized 1-phenyl-alkenes-1 some other double bound isomers as well as phenylcyclopentane and phenylcyclohexane are formed. The results strongly suggest that the HX eliminations are induced by a selective activation of CH bonds.
Notizen: Einfache Bestimmung der Substituentenposition im Pyrrolring von Pyrrolo[2,3-d] Pyrimidinen und 7-Desazapurinnucleosiden durch 13C-NMR / Simple Determination of the Position of Substitution in the Pyrrol Ring of Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines and 7-Deazanucleosides Using 13C NMR
Authors: Lüpke Uwe , Seela Frank
Published: March 2015

The position of substituents at C-5 or C-6 of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines can be determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy. The method can also be used for 7-deazanucleosides and allows the assignment of the position of side chains.
Mass Spectral Fragmentation Pattern of trans-1,2-Di-(3-pyridyl)ethylene and trans-1,2-Di(4-pyridyl)ethylene
Authors: Keats Neil G. , Summers Lindsay A.
Published: March 2015

The mass spectral fragmentation patterns of trans-1,2-di-(3-pyridyl)ethylene and trans- 1,2-di-(4-pyridyl)ethylene obtained on electron impact have been elucidated. They are more complex than the disintegration pathway observed with trans-1,2-di-(2-pyridyl)-ethylene.
Über die Darstellung neuer Kobaltcarbonyl-Komplexe mit 1-Diphenylphosphino-2-diäthylaminoäthan / Syntheses of New Cobalt Carbonyl Complexes with 1-Diphenylphosphino-2-diethylaminoethane
Authors: Behrens Helmut , Jungbauer Anton , Moll Matthias
Published: March 2015

By treatment of Co2(CO)8 with 1-diphenylphosphino-2-diethylaminoethane, Ph2P-CH2-CH2-NEt2 (P͡N), [Co(CO)3(P͡N)2][Co(CO)4] or Co2(CO)6(P͡N)2 are formed, depending on the reaction conditions. The complex Co2(CO)4 (nor-C7H8)2 also reacts with P͡N to give the substituted cobalt carbonyl Co2(CO)6(P͡N)2. Insertion of SnCl2 and the II B group metals into the Co-Co bond is possible.
Komplexchemie polyfunktioneller Liganden, 411 Synthese und Kristallstruktur von Di-μ-carbonyl-μ-bis(diphenylphosphino)-amin-tetracarbonyl-dikobalt(0) (Co-Co) · 0,5 Benzol / Complex Chemistry of Polyfunctional Ligands, 411 Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Di-µ-carbonyl-µ-bis(diphenylphosphino)amine-tetracarbonyl-dicobalt(0) (Co—Co) · 0.5 Benzene
Authors: Ellermann Jochen , Geheeb Norbert , Zoubek Gerd , Thiele Gerhard
Published: March 2015

X-ray investigations of brown crystals, formed as a by-product in the reaction of Co2(CO)8 with (C6H5)2P(CH2)2P(C6H5)2 show the existence of the complex

Co2(µ-CO)2(CO)4μ-[(C6H5)2P]2NH.

The triclinic unit cell (space group PĪ ) contains two complex molecules and one molecule benzene as a solvate. The ligand (C6H5)2P(CH2)2P(C6H5)2, prepared by literature methods, obviously sometimes contains some [(C6H5)2P]2NH. The compound

Co2(μ-CO)2(CO)4μ-[(C6H5)2P]2NH can also be directly synthesized by the reaction of Co2(CO)8 with [(C6H5)2P]2NH.
Darstellung einiger Alkali- und Erdalkaliperoxoborate durch Perhydrolyse von Tris(methoxy)boran / Preparation of Some Peroxoborates of Alkaline and Alkaline Earth Metals by Perhydrolysis of Tris(methoxy)borane
Authors: Heller Gert , Zambelli Jürgen
Published: March 2015

Perhydrolysis of the trimethyl ester of boric acid with Η2O2/Η2Ο (85:15 by weight) in butanolic solvents in the presence of lithium- or cesium-tert-butylate in certain molar ratios yields Li2[B2(O2)2(OH)4 or Cs2[B2(O2)2(OH)4].

In methanol in the presence of MX2, where M = Ca, Sr or Ba and X = N-methylacetamide depending on the experimental conditions M[B2(O2)2(OH)4] · n CH3OH, M[B2(O2)2(OH)2(OOH)2] · CH3OH or a compound with a chain structure (anion C) are obtained. Perhydrolysis with H2O2/ H2O (98:2 by weight) yields Sr[B2(O2)2(OOH)4] · CH3OH, Ba[B2(O2)2(OOH)4] · CH3OH or Ba[B2(O2)2(OOH)4] · 2 H2O2.

Based on IR spectra and Raman spectra the structural features of these salts are discussed.
Pyrimidine Derivatives and Related Compounds, IX / Preparation of 5-Aminopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and of Oxazino[4,5 : 5,6]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, a New Ring System
Authors: Elnagdi Mohamed Hilmy , Fahmy Sherif Mahmoud , Elmoghayar Mohamed Riffaat Hamza , Negm Abdalla Mohamed
Published: March 2015

Whereas the 5-aminopyrazole derivatives (1 a, b) react with ethyl β-amino-β-trichloro-methylmethylenecyanoacetate (2) in basic media to yield the corresponding 5-aminopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives (3a, b), the reaction of la, b with 2 in refluxing acetic acid has afforded oxazino[4,5:5,6]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives.

5-Amino-3-phenyl-4-phenylazopyrazole (12) reacted with 2 in refluxing pyridine to yield the 5-amino-2-phenyl-3-phenylazopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivative (18). On the other hand, the reaction of 12 and 2 in refluxing acetic acid has afforded a mixture of the oxazino[4,5:5′,6′]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives (14) and the pyrazolo[3,4-d]-astriazine derivatives (15). The mechanism of the formation of reaction products is discussed.
The Electronic Single Crystal Spectrum of Binuclear Rhodium(II)acetate Hydrate Rh2(CH3COO)4· 2 H2O
Authors: Bienek G. , Tuszynski W. , Gliemann G.
Published: March 2015

The visible and near-ultraviolet spectrum of rhodium(II)acetate hydrate single crystals has been measured in a temperature range from 10 K to 295 K. Two band systems centered at 17,000 cm-1 and 22,000 cm-1 have been found, both consisting of components polarized parallel to and perpendicular to the rhodium-rhodium z-axis. Polarizations, intensities and temperature dependences are consistent with an assignment of z-polarized a1g →a2u and xy-polarized eg →a2u transitions for the lower energy band. For the higher energy band it could not be determined definitely whether only the b2g →-b1u and eg → b1u transitions give rise to the z-and x,y-polarization directions, respectively, or if b1g → b2u and eg →b2u also make a contribution.
Reactions of t-Butyl Peresters, XVII The Photochemical Reaction of Dialkyl t-Butylperoxy Phosphates and Alkyl f-Butylperoxy Alkylphosphonates with Cyclohexene and Cyclopentene in the Presence of Copper Ions
Authors: Sosnovsky George , Karas Gary
Published: March 2015

The photochemical reaction of dialkyl t-butylperoxy phosphates (1) and alkyl t-butylperoxy alkylphosphonates (2) with cyclohexene in benzene in the presence

of a catalytic amount of copper (I) bromide produced the corresponding phosphates (3) and phosphonates (4) in 50-70% yield. The analogous reaction of 1

(R = i-C3H7) with cyclopentene gave a 36% yield of cyclopent-l-en-3-yl di-isopropyl phosphate (5), which could not be obtained by the thermal copper ion catalyzed reaction. Benzene, benzophenone, and acetone were effective as triplet photosensitizers in the phosphorylation reaction. Typical free radical inhibitors, such as, galvinoxyl (6), 4-hydroxy- 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-l-oxyl (7), and DPPH (8) retarded the photosensitized reaction. The reaction was not affected by the singlet sensitizer Eosin-Y.
Anionische Komplexe [Mo2(O2CPh)4X2]2⊖ mit X = N3, Cl, Br. Die Kristallstruktur von (PPh4)2[Mo2(O2CPh)4Cl2] · 2CH2Cl2 / Anionic Complexes [Mo2(O2C-Ph)4X2]2⊖ with X = N3, Cl, Br. The Crystal Structure of (PPh4)2[Mo2(O2C-Ph)4Cl2] · 2CH2Cl2
Authors: Jansen Kay , Dehnicke Kurt , Fenske Dieter
Published: March 2015

The syntheses and IR spectra of the complexes [Mo2(O2C-Ph)4X2]2⊖ with X = N3, CI, Br and the counter ion PPh4
⊕ are reported. The azido and the bromo complexes are obtained from a solution of [Mo2(O2CPh)4] with PPh4N3 in pyridine or by reaction with PPh4Br in CH2Br2, respectively. When (PPh4)2[Mo2(O2CPh)4(N3)2] is dissolved in CH2Cl2, nitrogen is evolved and the complex with X = CI is obtained. The crystal structure of (PPh4)2[Mo2(O2CPh)4Cl2] · 2CH2Cl2 was determined from X-ray diffraction data (5676 observed independent reflexions, R = 0.042). It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with four formula units per unit cell; the lattice constants are a = 1549, b = 1400, c = 1648 pm, β = 94.6°. The centrosymmetric [Mo2(O2CPh)4Cl2]2⊖ ion has a rather short Mo-Mo bond of 213 pm, whereas the MoCl bonds are very long (288 pm)
The Photoreactions of Thymine with Hypoxanthine and Imidazole
Authors: Wenska Grażyna
Published: March 2015

Photochemical reactions of thymine linked to hypoxanthine or imidazole by a trimethylene chain were studied in aqueous solution. Irradiation (λ = 254 nm) of thymine-hypoxanthine pair yielded two internal cycloadducts with azetidine and cyclobutane part structures. Sensitization and quenching experiments suggested that the excited singlet was the reactive state in the photo-cycloaddition reactions. Only cyclobutanes were isolated from irradiated (λ = 290 nm) solutions of thymine-imidazole pairs. Photocycloadditions were reversible upon irradiation at λ = 254 nm
[P(C6H5)4]2S8: Synthese und IR-Spektrum / [P(C6H5)4]2S8: Synthesis and IR Spectrum
Authors: Czeska Bernhard , Dehnicke Kurt
Published: March 2015

[P(C6H5)4]2S8 was prepared from Na2S4 and PPh4Cl in ethanol solution and characterized by its IR spectrum
Synthese und Kristallstruktur von 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluor-2-propylamino-1-thiooxamid / Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propylamino-1-thiooxamide
Authors: Roesky Herbert W. , Hofmann Hartmut , Noltemeyer Mathias , Sheldrick George M.
Published: March 2015

Dithiooxamide 1 reacts with hexafluoroacetone 2 at room temperature to yield 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propylamino-1-thiooxamide 3 and sulfur. The modes of formation of the bis(trifluoromethyl)-methyl group from hexafluoroacetone, the migration of oxygen and the elimination of sulfur are not clear. Crystals of 3 are monoclinic, space group Cc, with a = 2865.3(13), b = 924.4(9), c = 702.9(6) pm, β = 93.3(7)°. The structure was refined to R = 0.067 from 614 reflections
Iron Carbonyl Assisted Synthesis of 1,2-Diazepin-3-ones from Cyclic Diazenes and Alkynes
Authors: Millini Roberto , Kisch Horst , Krüger Carl
Published: March 2015

Bicyclic 1,2-diazepin-3-ones 1a-c, 2a, c are prepared by an iron carbonyl mediated reaction sequence from alkynes and cyclic 1,2-diazenes. The latter are first converted into hexacarbonyl diiron complexes which react with two molecules of an alkyne to afford tricyclic carbonyl iron compounds I -III. Oxidative degradation with bromine leads to these novel heterocycles whose structure is confirmed by an X-ray analysis of 1b.
Reactions of Chromyl Chloride with Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Anhydrides
Authors: Kapoor Ramesh , Kapoor Pratibha , Sharma Ramneek
Published: March 2015

Chromyl Chloride reacts with carboxylic acids [RCOOH where R = C2H5, n-C3H7, CH2CI, CHCl2 and CCI3] to give reduced chromium(III) carboxylates, [Cr3 O(OOCR)6 (H2O)3 ]Cl. Magnetic susceptibility, UV-visible and IR measurements are all consistent with their trinuclear basic structures. Reactions of chromyl chloride with carboxylic acid anhydrides [(RCO)2O where R = CH3 , C2H5 and n-C3H7 ] give dinuclear oxo-bridged complexes of the type, [Cr2O(OOOCR)3 ]Cl. These compounds behave as non-electrolytes in polar organic solvents. IR spectra suggest the presence of bridging carboxylato groups containing Cr-O -Cr chains. Their low magnetic moment values suggest polymeric structures exhibiting antiferromagnetic coupling between Cr atoms.
Synthese und fungizide Eigenschaften von Phosphorsäureethylesterdiamiden/Synthesis and Fungicidal Properties of Phosphorodiamidates
Authors: Schaller Rainer , Mildenberger Hilmar , Sachse Burkhard
Published: March 2015

Secundary amines - especially 2-aryloxyethyl-n-propylamines and 4-arylpiperazines were treated with ethyldichlorophosphate yielding ethylchlorophosphamides. Subsequent substitution of the chloroatom by morpholine derivatives, imidazole or triazole formed new ethylphosphorodiamidates with a broad-spectrum-fungicidal activity. Experimental details as well as the fungicidal properties are reported.
Studien zum Vorgang der Wasserstoffübertragung, 77 [1] Hydrierungs-und Desulfurierungsstudien mit Raney-Nickel und Nickel-Träger-Katalysatoren Studies on the Occurrence of Hydrogen Transfer, 77 [1] Hydrogenation and Desulfurization Studies with Raney-Nickel and Nickel Support Catalysts
Authors: Horner L.
Published: March 2015

To characterize nickel catalysts the capability for the hydrogenation and desulfurization under standard conditions is investigated. Depending on the conditions for the preparation the catalysts are subdivided in four classes: Raney-nickel-type, two types of nickel support catalysts and nickel-Al2O3-borides. Table I shows the rates of the hydrogenation of sodium cinnamate and the values for the desulfurization of diphenylsulfide, carbondisulfide and sodiumthiosulfate. The values for the specific surface, for the volume of the pores and for the adsorption energies are determined (Table II). ESCA-measurements give an orienting impression on the composition of the surface of some selected catalysts (Table III). Table IV contains some analytical values for the nickel-Al2O3 -borides. The capability for the magnetizability of some catalysts before and after the desulfurization is registrated qualitatively.
Addition der schweren Chalkogen-Atome und Halogenonium-Ionen an Carbodiphosphorane / Addition of the Heavy Chalkogen Atoms and Halogenonium Ions to Carbodiphosphoranes
Authors: Schmidbaur H. , Zybill Chr. , Neugebauer D. , Müller G.
Published: March 2015

Hexaphenylcarbodiphosphorane Ph3P=C=PPh3 (1) forms deeply coloured, crystalline 1:1 ad- ducts with elemental sulfur, selenium and tellurium (2, 3 and 7, respectively). A superior method of synthesis for 7 is the reaction of Na2Te with (Ph3P)2CCl⊕Cl⊖. All three compounds are thermally unstable and decompose at or below room temperature. A selenium adduct 5 was also obtained with Me3P = C = PPh, (4). The compounds 2 and 3 can be alkylated at the chalkogen atoms using MeOSO2F or PhCH2Cl. Oxydation of 3 leads to Se - Se coupling.

Addition of elemental iodine to 1 in molar ratios 1:1. 2:3 and 1:2 affords salt-like products composed of the (Ph2P)2Cl⊕ cation associated with I⊖ and/or I3
⊖ anions (8a-c).

The crystal and molecular structures of 3 and 8b have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. 3′, containing one half equivalent of disordered tetrahydrofuran, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n (a = 10.848(6), b = 17.433(8). c = 16.848(9) Å, β = 91.51(5)°. V = 3185.07 Å3, ϱx = 1359 gcm-3, Z = 4). Based on 3488 structure factors, the final R value was 0.103. The selenium is attached to the ylidic carbon atom without major changes of the Ph3P=C=PPh3 skeleton (C - Se = 1.99 Å). 8b crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1̄ (a = 9.935(2). b = 11.507(2), c = 16.646(3) Å, α = 90.91(1), β = 112.00(1), γ = 96.60(1)°, V = 1749.15 A3, ϱx = 1.741 gcm-3, Z = 2). Refinement of 382 parameters on 5096 structure factors converged at R = 0.043. The molecular structure shows close similarities to the selenium adduct 3 (C-I = 2.12 Å).
Verbesserte Synthese von Dichlorisoeverninsäure / Improved Synthesis of Dichloroisoeverninic Acid
Authors: Dornhagen Jürgen , Scharf Hans-Dieter
Published: March 2015

The Dichlorination of methyl isoeverninate 7a gave the geminal dichloroketone 12 as the major product. The title compound 1 was therefore synthesized via dichlorination of 4-protected methyl orsellinate 5a using the pivaloyloxy-function as a new protecting group in resorcyclic acids chemistry.
Das Hydrogendiarsenit-Anion HAs2O5
3- Darstellung und Struktur von K3HAs2O5 • 6 H2O / The Hydrogendiarsenite Anion HAs2O53- Preparation and Structure of K3HAs2O5-6 H2O
Authors: Sheldrick W. S. , Häusler H.-J.
Published: March 2015

K3HAs2O5-6H2O 1 has been crystallised from aqueous solution and its crystal structure established by X-ray analysis. 1 contains isolated hydrogendiarsenite anions HAs2O5
3-, composed of two corner-sharing ψ -AsO3-tetrahedra. The anion displays the semi-eclipsed conformation in which the lone-pairs on the As atoms take up a syn-position with respect to an As-O bond on the opposite As atom. As a result the pyramidal coordination geometry of the As atoms is considerably distorted. The HAs2O5
3- anions in the crystal lattice are linked via O - H ··· O hydrogen bonds into infinite chains parallel to the b-axis, which are surrounded by water molecules of crystallisation
Über [CO4S3(SO)(CN)12]8- : bemerkenswerte Bildung eines Clusters und eines „SO“-Liganden sowie Relevanz zum Promotor-Effekt bei der HDS-Katalyse / [Co4S3(SO)(CN)12]8-: A Remarkable Formation of a Cluster and a “SO ” Ligand and its Relevance to the Promotor Effect of HDS Catalysis
Authors: Müller Achim , Krickemeyer Erich , Jostes Rainer , Bögge Hartmut , Diemann Ekkehard , Bergmann Ulrich
Published: March 2015

The preparation of K8[Co4S3(SO)(CN)12] • 4 H2O (by cyanolysis of “cobalt sulfide”) and its properties (vibrational, UV/VIS and ESCA spectra, magnetic and thermogravimetric data, and crystal structure) are reported. The formation of a “SO " ligand through air oxidation is discussed with regard to the promoting effect of Co in the CoMoS phase of the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst
Parasitismo em tambatinga (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus brachypomus, Characidae) cultivados na Amazônia, Brasil
Authors: DIAS Márcia Kelly Reis , NEVES Ligia Rigôr , MARINHO Renata das Graças Barbosa , PINHEIRO Douglas Anadias , TAVARES-DIAS Marcos
Published: February 2015

Os estudos sobre os parasitos e doenças parasitárias são de grande interesse para a piscicultura, uma vez que podem afetar o crescimento dos peixes. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a fauna parasitária e relação parasito-hospedeiro em Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus brachypomus (tambatinga) de 10 pisciculturas do estado do Amapá, Amazônia. Dos 503 peixes examinados, 63,1% estavam parasitados e 49.299.189 parasitos foram coletados, tais como Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Piscinoodinium pillulare, Trichodina sp., Tetrahymena sp., Anacanthorus spathulatus, Linguadactyloides brinkmanni, Mymarothecium boegeri, Notozothecium janauachensis, Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus, Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae e Perulernaea gamitanae. Porém, a dominância foi de I. multifiliis, seguida de P. pillulare e monogenoideas, parasitos que apresentaram padrão de dispersão agregado juntamente com P. gamitanae. Houve correlação positiva do comprimento dos hospedeiros com a prevalência parasitária total, bem como do tamanho dos peixes com a abundância de I. multiliis, P. pillulare, monogenoideas e P. gamitanae, mas os níveis infecção não influenciaram o fator de condição relativo dos hospedeiros. A ocorrência de ectoparasitos foi favorecida pelo manejo e pobre condição sanitária das pisciculturas, mas a presença de espécies de endoparasitos foi devido ao abastecimento dos viveiros com água provenientes de corpos de água naturais. Este foi primeiro relato de I. multiliis, P. pillulare, Trichodina sp., Tetrahymena sp., A. spathulatus, N. janauachensis, N. buttnerae e P. (S.) inopinatus para tambatinga no Brasil.
Land cover classification of Lago Grande de Curuai floodplain (Amazon, Brazil) using multi-sensor and image fusion techniques
Authors: FURTADO Luiz Felipe de Almeida , SILVA Thiago Sanna Freire , FERNANDES Pedro José Farias , NOVO Evelyn Márcia Leão de Moraes
Published: February 2015

Given the limitations of different types of remote sensing images, automated land-cover classifications of the Amazon várzea may yield poor accuracy indexes. One way to improve accuracy is through the combination of images from different sensors, by either image fusion or multi-sensor classifications. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine which classification method is more efficient in improving land cover classification accuracies for the Amazon várzea and similar wetland environments - (a) synthetically fused optical and SAR images or (b) multi-sensor classification of paired SAR and optical images. Land cover classifications based on images from a single sensor (Landsat TM or Radarsat-2) are compared with multi-sensor and image fusion classifications. Object-based image analyses (OBIA) and the J.48 data-mining algorithm were used for automated classification, and classification accuracies were assessed using the kappa index of agreement and the recently proposed allocation and quantity disagreement measures. Overall, optical-based classifications had better accuracy than SAR-based classifications. Once both datasets were combined using the multi-sensor approach, there was a 2% decrease in allocation disagreement, as the method was able to overcome part of the limitations present in both images. Accuracy decreased when image fusion methods were used, however. We therefore concluded that the multi-sensor classification method is more appropriate for classifying land cover in the Amazon várzea.
Trap efficiency evaluation for small mammals in the southern Amazon
Authors: SANTOS-FILHO Manoel dos , LÁZARI Patrick Ricardo DE , SOUSA Cícero Pedro Farias de , CANALE Gustavo Rodrigues
Published: February 2015

The effectiveness of ecological researches on small mammals strongly depends on trapping techniques to survey communities and populations accurately. The main goal of this study was to assess the efficiency of three types of traps (Sherman, Tomahawk and Pitfall) to capture non-volant small mammals. We installed traps in 22 forest fragments in the southern Brazilian Amazonia. We captured 873 individuals belonging to 21 species; most of the individuals (N = 369) and species (N = 19) were trapped using Pitfalls, followed by Shermans (N = 271 individuals; N = 15 species) and Tomahawks (N = 233 individuals; N = 15 species). Pitfalls trapped a richer community subset of small mammals than the two other types of traps, and a more abundant community subset than Tomahawks. Proechimys sp. was the most abundant species trapped (N = 125) and Tomahawk was the most efficient type of trap to capture this species (N = 97 individuals). Neacomys spinosus and Marmosops bishopi were more trapped in Pitfalls (N = 92 and 100 individuals, respectively) than Shermans and Tomahawks. Monodelphis glirina was more trapped in Shermans and Pitfalls than Tomahawks. Species composition trapped using the three types of traps were distinct. Pitfalls captured a more distinct subset of the small mammal community than the two other live traps. We recommend the association of the three types of traps to reach a more comprehensive sampling of the community of small mammals. Thus, as stated by previous studies, we also recommend the complementary use of Shermans, Tomahawks and Pitfalls to account for a thorough sampling of the whole small mammal community in researches conducted in the tropical forests of Amazonia.
The spiny rat Proechimys guyannensis (Rodentia: Echimydae) fails to respond to intradermal inoculation with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis
Authors: PASSOS Stela Rechinelli , MADUREIRA Ana Paula , ALMEIDA Sayanne Luns Hatum de , ZANINI Marcos Santos
Published: February 2015

Leishmaniasis a disease of worldwide occurrence is caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus. In Brazil, Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the main parasite responsible for the American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Main hosts of this protozoa are small wild mammals particularly marsupials and rodents. The aim of this study was to evaluate if spiny rat Proechimys guyannensis (Rodentia: Echimydae) has role in the cycle of the American cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. (V.) braziliensis. Thus, promastigotes (the flagellate stage) of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis were used to inoculate seven spiny rats (Proechimys guyannensis). After inoculated intradermal at the ear pinna, nose and plantar pad, the rats were monitored for 180 days. Tissue samples collected at 90 and 180 days from the rats proved to be negative for the presence of genetic material from the parasite. After euthanasia, the protozoa also failed to growth in culture medium containing tissue samples collected from the rats showing that there was no infection. These results fail to prove that spiny rat has a role in the cycle of the American cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. (V.) braziliensis.
Vegetational changes during the last millennium inferred from a palynological record from the Bananal Island, Tocantins, Brazil
Authors: MENDES Laís Aguiar da Silveira , PIRES Etiene Fabbrin , MENESES Maria Ecilene Nunes da Silva , BEHLING Hermann
Published: February 2015

The Bananal Island is regarded the largest fluvial island in the world, bounded by Araguaia and Javaés rivers, being located in southwest of Tocantins. The objectives of this work were to provide information about the vegetational changes that occurred at the Bananal Island, in order to contribute to the understanding the dynamics of past and current savanna and areas of ecotones with forests. Thus, a sedimentary core collected from a small lake at the Bananal Island plain was submitted to pollen and radiocarbon dating analyses. The results showed that the last millennium was dominated by forest reflecting a wet climate. At the beginning of the record (920-770 yr cal BP) the wet climate and high rainfall produced flooding during long rainy seasons that maintained the Javaés River connected to the studied lake, and hence, this environment was marked by the presence of a homogenous forest rich in Moraceae/Urticaceae, due to flooded soils occurrence. During the following period (770-304 yr cal BP) the reduced rainfall and shortening of the rainy seasons isolated the lake from the Javaés River for long periods, which caused a diversification of the forest and gave rise to the appearance of the components of floodplain forest and marsh vegetation adapted to waterlogged soils. Since 304 years cal BP to the present day this environment remained dominated by this diverse forest and the lacustrine conditions were also similar to previous phase, with a slight increase of moisture in the last 84 years that caused the increase of Piranhea.
Litterfall production in intact and selectively logged forests in southern of Amazonia as a function of basal area of vegetation and plant density
Authors: ALMEIDA Everton José , LUIZÃO Flávio , RODRIGUES Domingos de Jesus
Published: February 2015

Nutrient recycling in the forest is linked to the production and decomposition of litter, which are essential processes for forest maintenance, especially in regions of nutritionally poor soils. Human interventions in forest such as selecttive logging may have strong impacts on these processes. The objectives of this study were to estimate litterfall production and evaluate the influence of environmental factors (basal area of vegetation, plant density, canopy cover, and soil physicochemical properties) and anthropogenic factors (post-management age and exploited basal area) on this production, in areas of intact and exploited forest in southern Amazonia, located in the northern parts of Mato Grosso state. This study was conducted at five locations and the average annual production of litterfall was 10.6 Mg ha-1 year-1, higher than the values for the Amazon rainforest. There were differences in litterfall productions between study locations. Effects of historical logging intensity on litterfall production were not significant. Effects of basal area of vegetation and tree density on litterfall production were observed, highlighting the importance of local vegetation characteristics in litterfall production. This study demonstrated areas of transition between the Amazonia-Cerrado tend to have a higher litterfall production than Cerrado and Amazonia regions, and this information is important for a better understanding of the dynamics of nutrient and carbon cycling in these transition regions.
Spatial-temporal variation of dissolved inorganic material in the Amazon basin
Authors: SÁNCHEZ Liz Stefanny Hidalgo , HORBE Adriana Maria Coimbra , MOQUET Jean-Sébastien , SONDAG Francis , GUYOT Jean-Loup
Published: February 2015

The Amazon River basin is important in the contribution of dissolved material to oceans (4% worldwide). The aim of this work was to study the spatial and the temporal variability of dissolved inorganic materials in the main rivers of the Amazon basin. Data from 2003 to 2011 from six gauging stations of the ORE-HYBAM localized in Solimões, Purus, Madeira and Amazon rivers were used for this study. The concentrations of Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO4 -2, HCO3 - and SiO2 were analyzed. At the stations of Solimões and Amazon rivers, the concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3 - and SO4 -2 had heterogeneous distribution over the years and did not show seasonality. At the stations of Madeira river, the concentration of these ions had seasonality inversely proportional to water discharge (dilution-concentration effect). Similar behavior was observed for the concentrations of Cl- and Na+ at the stations of the Solimões, Amazon and Madeira rivers, indicating almost constant release of Cl- and Na+ fluxes during the hydrological cycle. K+ and SiO2 showed almost constant concentrations throughout the years and all the stations, indicating that their flows depend on the river discharge variation. Therefore, the temporal variability of the dissolved inorganic material fluxes in the Solimões and Amazon rivers depends on the hydro-climatic factor and on the heterogeneity of the sources. In the Madeira and Purus rivers there is less influence of these factors, indicating that dissolved load fluxes are mainly associated to silicates weathering. As the Solimões basin contributes approximately 84% of the total flux of dissolved materials in the basin and is mainly under the influence of a hydro-climatic factor, we conclude that the temporal variability of this factor controls the temporal variability of the dissolved material fluxes of the Amazon basin.
Predicting the distribution of forest tree species using topographic variables and vegetation index in eastern Acre, Brazil
Authors: FIGUEIREDO Symone Maria de Melo , VENTICINQUE Eduardo Martins , FIGUEIREDO Evandro Orfanó , FERREIRA Evandro José Linhares
Published: February 2015

Species distribution modeling has relevant implications for the studies of biodiversity, decision making about conservation and knowledge about ecological requirements of the species. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the use of forest inventories can improve the estimation of occurrence probability, identify the limits of the potential distribution and habitat preference of a group of timber tree species. The environmental predictor variables were: elevation, slope, aspect, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and height above the nearest drainage (HAND). To estimate the distribution of species we used the maximum entropy method (Maxent). In comparison with a random distribution, using topographic variables and vegetation index as features, the Maxent method predicted with an average accuracy of 86% the geographical distribution of studied species. The altitude and NDVI were the most important variables. There were limitations to the interpolation of the models for non-sampled locations and that are outside of the elevation gradient associated with the occurrence data in approximately 7% of the basin area. Ceiba pentandra (samaúma), Castilla ulei (caucho) and Hura crepitans (assacu) is more likely to occur in nearby water course areas. Clarisia racemosa (guariúba), Amburana acreana (cerejeira), Aspidosperma macrocarpon (pereiro), Apuleia leiocarpa (cumaru cetim), Aspidosperma parvifolium (amarelão) and Astronium lecointei (aroeira) can also occur in upland forest and well drained soils. This modeling approach has potential for application on other tropical species still less studied, especially those that are under pressure from logging.
Updated List and identification key of 219 tree species of white sand forests of the Allpahuayo Mishana National Reserve, Loreto, Peru
Authors: GOMEZ Ricardo ZARATE , VARGAS Tony Jonatan MORI , AREVALO Fredy Francisco RAMIREZ , DOZA Hilda Paulette DAVILA , GONZALES George Pepe GALLARDO , HUAYMACARI Geancarlo COHELLO
Published: February 2015

White sand forests, although low in nutrients, are characterized not only by several endemic species of plants but also by several monodominant species. In general, plants in this forest have noticeably thin stems. The aim of this work was to elaborate a parallel dichotomous key for the identification of Angiosperm tree species occurring on white sand forests at the Allpahuayo Mishana National Reserve, Loreto, Peru. We compiled a list of species from several publications in order to have the most comprehensive list of species that occur on white sand forest. We found 219 species of Angiosperm, the more abundant species were Pachira brevipes (26.27%), Caraipa utilis (17.90%), Dicymbe uaiparuensis (13.27%), Dendropanax umbellatus (3.28%), Sloanea spathulata (2.52%), Ternstroemia klugiana (2.30%), Haploclathra cordata (2.28%), Parkia igneiflora (1.20%), Emmotum floribundum (1.06%), Ravenia biramosa (1.04%) among others. Most species of white sand forests can be distinguished using characteristics of stems, branches and leaves. This key is very useful for the development of floristic inventories and related projects on white sand forests from Allpahuayo Mishana National Reserve.
Chemical and physical attributes and calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus in the soil of murundu fields in Brazil
Authors: SANTOS Fernando André Silva , PIERANGELI Maria Aparecida Pereira , SILVA Fernando Luiz , SERAFIM Milson Evaldo , SOUZA Célia Alves de
Published: February 2015

Fields of murundus (FM) are wetlands that provide numerous ecosystem services. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the chemical [organic carbon (OC), P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+ and H+Al] and physical [texture and bulk density (Bd)] soil attributes and calculate the organic matter (OM) and nutrient stock (P, Ca, Mg, and K) in soils of FM located in the Guapore River basin in Mato Grosso. Thirty-six sampling points were selected, and soil samples were collected from two environments: the murundu and plain area surrounding (PAS). At each sampling point, mini trenches of 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.4 m were opened and disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected at depths of 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, and 0.2-0.4 m. In the Principal Component Analysis the variables H+Al (49%) and OM (4%) were associated with the F1 component and sand content (47%) with the F2 component. The FM had lower pH values and higher concentrations of K+, P, and H+Al than PAS at all depths (p < 0.05). Additionally, FM stocked up to 433, 360, 205, and 11 kg ha-1 of Ca, Mg, K, and P, respectively, for up to a depth of 0.2 m. The murundu stored two times more K and three times more P than that in the PAS. Our results show that the FM has high sand content and Bd greater than 1.5 Mg m-3, high acidity, low OC content, and low nutrient concentrations. Thus, special care must be taken to preserve FM such that human intervention does not trigger environmental imbalances.
Interferência e características do edema periorbital no exame pupilar após craniotomia
Authors: Torres Analuiza Candido , Siciliano Maria Laura Iervolino Penteado , Diccini Solange
Published: February 2015

Objetivo Avaliar a interferência e características do edema periorbital no exame pupilar, em pacientes submetidos a craniotomia por via anterior. Métodos Estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado em pacientes no pós-operatório na unidade de terapia intensiva e internação de neurocirurgia. A interferência e características do edema periorbital no exame pupilar foram avaliados da admissão do paciente até sétimo dia de pós-operatório. O exame pupilar foi realizado por enfermeiros. Resultados Foram avaliados 100 pacientes e a incidência de edema periorbital foi de 80%. O enfermeiro não realizou o exame pupilar em 24 (30%) pacientes. As características que influenciaram na realização do exame pupilar foram coloração arroxeada e intenso edema periorbital. Conclusão O edema periorbital estava presente na maioria dos pacientes no pós-operatório de craniotomia e o exame pupilar não foi realizado em 30% dos pacientes. A presença de intenso edema periorbital e de coloração arroxeada foram características que prejudicaram o exame pupilar.
Crianças e adolescentes usuários de substâncias no serviço de emergência psiquiátrica
Authors: Martins Maraiza Mitie de Macedo , Souza Jacqueline de , Silva Aguinaldo Alves da
Published: February 2015

Objetivo Descrever as características de crianças e adolescentes que utilizaram o serviço de emergência psiquiátrica devido aos transtornos pelo uso de substâncias analisando a freqüência e desfechos dos atendimentos. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado em serviço de emergência psiquiátrica sendo considerado o atendimento aos menores de 18 anos correspondentes ao uso de substâncias. Resultados Foram realizados 4.198 atendimentos de emergência psiquiátrica para crianças e adolescentes. Destes, 1.007 eram por problemas relacionados ao uso substâncias, com idade prevalente de 12 aos 17 anos, com predomínio da cor branca, cursando ensino fundamental, religião católica e policonsumo. A maioria foi internada ou recebeu alta. Conclusão Foi possível caracterizar os atendimentos de emergência psiquiátrica, destacando a idade precoce, o policonsumo e a não continuidade de tratamento como aspectos críticos.
Opinião dos profissionais de saúde sobre os serviços de controle da tuberculose
Authors: Cecilio Hellen Pollyanna Mantelo , Higarashi Ieda Harumi , Marcon Sonia Silva
Published: February 2015

Objetivo Analisar, na perspectiva dos profissionais de saúde, o desempenho dos serviços de controle a tuberculose em relação ao enfoque na família e a orientação para comunidade. Métodos Estudo transversal que incluiu 134 profissionais de saúde da atenção primária. Para cada variável foi determinado um escore médio, posteriormente, submetido à análise de variância. Resultados A dimensão enfoque na família obteve escore satisfatório e apenas a “variável entrega do pote de exame de escarro aos comunicantes” foi classificada como regular. A dimensão orientação para a comunidade foi classificada como insatisfatória, porém a “realização de trabalhos educativos” e a “busca de sintomáticos respiratórios na comunidade” atingiram escore regular. Conclusão De acordo com os profissionais, o desempenho dos serviços de saúde para o controle da tuberculose em relação ao enfoque na família é satisfatório, porém as ações de orientação para a comunidade são insatisfatórias.
Diagnósticos de enfermagem em clínica cirúrgica
Authors: Novaes Elisiane Soares , Torres Maricy Morbin , Oliva Ana Paula Vilcinski
Published: February 2015

Objetivo Identificar a frequência dos diagnósticos de enfermagem em pacientes de clínica cirúrgica. Métodos Estudo transversal, descritivo e exploratório, de abordagem quantitativa, com dados referentes a 28 pacientes. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi desenvolvido pelos pesquisadores, com base em padrões funcionais de saúde. Resultados Foram encontrados 301 diagnósticos de enfermagem, com média de 12 por paciente. Somente quatro diagnósticos apresentaram frequência acima de 50%. Os mais frequentes foram: “risco de infecção”, “integridade da pele/tissular prejudicada”, “disposição para bem-estar espiritual”, “disfunção sexual” e “padrão do sono perturbado”. Diagnósticos que se enquadram no domínio 13 (Crescimento/Desenvolvimento) não foram documentados nesta amostra. Conclusão Os achados demostraram ampla variedade de diagnósticos na população estudada, reflexo da diversidade de cuidados a serem prestados. A identificação das necessidades de cuidados favorece a implantação de intervenções específicas, contribuindo para a qualidade da assistência de enfermagem.
Qualidade de vida e adesão à medicação antirretroviral em pessoas com HIV
Authors: Galvão Marli Teresinha Gimeniz , Soares Larisse Lima , Pedrosa Samyla Citó , Fiuza Maria Luciana Teles , Lemos Larissa de Araújo
Published: February 2015

Objetivo Avaliar e correlacionar a qualidade de vida e a adesão à terapia antirretroviral em pessoas com HIV. Métodos Estudo transversal, desenvolvido com 45 pessoas com HIV em tratamento ambulatorial. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: questionário para avaliação da adesão ao tratamento antirretroviral (CEAT-VIH) e escala para avaliação da qualidade de vida em pessoas com HIV (HAT-QoL). Foi realizada análise descritiva e empregado o teste de correlação linear de Spearman. Resultados A qualidade de vida mostrou-se comprometida nos domínios relacionados às atividades gerais; sexuais; preocupação com a saúde, com o sigilo, com questões financeiras; e conscientização sobre o HIV. Houve predomínio da adesão inadequada em 51,3% dos participantes. A correlação entre os escores das escalas mostrou significância estatística nos domínios relacionados à medicação e confiança no profissional. Conclusão A qualidade de vida apresentou comprometimento em seis domínios da escala e a adesão encontrou-se inadequada na maioria das pessoas com HIV.
Visita de Enfermagem e dúvidas manifestadas pela família em unidade de terapia intensiva
Authors: Pelazza Bruno Bordin , Simoni Rosemary Cristina Marques , Freitas Ercilhana Gonçalves Batista , Silva Beatriz Regina da , Silva Maria Júlia Paes da
Published: February 2015

Objetivo : Conhecer as dúvidas dos familiares de pacientes internados na unidade de terapia intensiva, há mais de 24 horas, e manifestadas durante as visitas de enfermagem. Métodos : Estudo transversal prospectivo que incluiu 115 famíliares de pacientes internados há mais de 24 horas em unidade de terapia intensiva. O instrumento de pesquisa foi um questionário aplicado em três visitas de enfermagem. Resultados : A dúvida mais apresentada foi sobre o estado clínico e a diferença média entre as dúvidas da primeira e segunda visita foi estatisticamente significante (p=0,047). A média de dúvidas da primeira visita foi significante, quando comparada com a terceira (p<0,001). Conclusão : As dúvidas manifestadas por familiares foram sobre o estado de saúde, condições clínicas e sobre o cuidado realizado. O número médio de dúvidas foi menor na terceira visita de enfermagem.
Fatores de risco de infecção da ferida operatória em neurocirurgia
Authors: Bellusse Gislaine Cristhina , Ribeiro Julio Cesar , Campos Fabrício Ribeiro de , Poveda Vanessa de Brito , Galvão Cristina Maria
Published: February 2015

Objetivo Analisar os fatores de risco de infecção da ferida operatória em neurocirurgia. Métodos Estudo transversal, prospectivo, conduzido em hospital de nível terciário com 85 neurocirurgias eletivas e limpas, tendo como desfecho a infecção até 30 dias após o procedimento cirúrgico. Resultados A ocorrência de infecção de sítio cirúrgico foi de 9,4% (n=8). Na análise bivariada observou-se que os fatores de risco: tempo total de internação, Índice de Massa Corporal, porte cirúrgico e transfusão sanguínea foram associados com a presença de infecção. Após ajuste no modelo de regressão logística binária, apenas o tempo total de internação mostrou relação estatisticamente significativa com a presença de infecção. Conclusão A ocorrência de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em neurocirurgia na instituição estudada foi maior do que o preconizado na literatura científica. Os resultados apontaram que o acompanhamento ambulatorial do paciente cirúrgico após a alta hospitalar pode reduzir a subnotificação dos casos de infecção.
Prevalência de hipertensão arterial e seus fatores de risco em adolescentes
Authors: Moura Ionara Holanda de , Vieira Eduardo Emanuel Sátiro , Silva Grazielle Roberta Freitas da , Carvalho Rumão Batista Nunes de , Silva Ana Roberta Vilarouca da
Published: February 2015

Objetivo Avaliar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial e fatores de risco associados entre adolescentes. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com 211 adolescentes escolares. Foi avaliada a prevalência de hipertensão arterial e verificada a relação desta com o excesso de peso, atividade física e glicemia capilar. Resultados A prevalência de hipertensão arterial foi de 13,7%. Não foram observadas associações da pressão arterial elevada com o excesso de peso e níveis de atividade física. Os adolescentes com glicemia capilar elevada apresentaram maiores chances de desenvolver a hipertensão arterial. Conclusão Os adolescentes apresentaram elevada prevalência de hipertensão arterial. Os casos de hipertensão foram associados apenas com a glicemia capilar elevada.