bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistance of wild and near isogenic bean lines with arcelin variants to Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman): I - Winter crop
Authors: Lara Fernando M.
Published: November 2006

The objective of this study was to determine the resistance of winter crops of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lines with arcelin variants to Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Two trials, a no-choice test and a free-choice test, were set up under laboratory conditions using genotypes Arc. 1, Arc. 2, Arc. 3 and Arc. 4 (near isogenic lines containing arcelin 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively), genotypes Arc. 1S, Arc. 3S and Arc. 5S (wild lines containing arcelin 1, 3 and 5, respectively), and genotypes IAPAR MD-808 and Porrillo 70. Plots with 10 g of each line and a proportion of 7 adult pairs/plot were used. Attractiveness, oviposition, emergence and adult weight, mortality, developmental period, and seed weight loss were determined. Nonpreference (attraction and oviposition) was observed only for the wild genotypes Arc. 3S and Arc. 5S. The wild genotypes Arc. 5S and Arc. 1S and the near isogenic lines Arc. 1 and Arc. 2 presented high resistance of the antibiosis type to Z. subfasciatus. Arc. 4 and Arc. 3 presented moderate resistance, probably due to feeding nonpreference.
Disfunção familiar referida pela presença de depressão materna e/ou alcoolismo na família e ocorrência de cárie dentária em crianças de dois e três anos de idade
Authors: Souza Marcos Augusto de Andrade , Vianna Maria Isabel Pereira , Cangussu Maria Cristina Teixeira
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVOS: identificar a associação entre disfunção familiar, referida pela presença de alcoolismo na família e/ou presença de sintomas de depressão materna e a cárie dentária em crianças de dois e três anos de idade. MÉTODOS: a população consistiu de 74 famílias de Salvador, Bahia. A coleta de dados compreendeu o exame bucal das crianças e a entrevista com suas mães no domicílio. Foram utilizados para o diagnóstico de cárie dentária os critérios adotados pela da Organização Mundial de Saúde, classificando posteriormente a prevalência da doença. Para a identificação de sintomas de depressão materna e/ou caso de alcoolismo na família foram utilizados o Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20) e a escala CAGE adaptada, respectivamente. Procedeu-se a análise descritiva, e a razão de prevalência ajustada para as variáveis de confusão estimada por meio de regressão logística não-condicional. RESULTADOS: a população revelou-se homogênea no perfil socioeconômico. A prevalência de cárie em crianças foi de 20,2%. Observou-se uma associação positiva entre disfunção familiar e cárie (RPbruta= 3,06; IC95%: 1,07-8,75). Quando este modelo foi ajustado pelas covariáveis de confusão, chefia da família e situa-ção de trabalho materno nos últimos dois anos, detectou-se incremento da associação (RPajustada= 7,35; IC95%: 1,50-36,07). CONCLUSÕES: existe uma associação entre disfunção familiar e ocorrência de cárie dentária em crianças de dois e três anos de idade.
Estado nutricional e sua relação com fatores biológicos, sociais e demográficos de crianças assistidas em creches da Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo
Authors: Zöllner Cristina Carpentieri , Fisberg Regina Mara
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVOS: descrever os fatores associados ao estado nutricional de crianças assistidas em creches da Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: foi selecionada amostra probabilística de crianças de 4 a 84 meses (n=556), utilizando procedimento de amostragem por conglomerados. Adotou-se o padrão de referência do National Centre for Health Statistics, para os índices peso/idade, peso/estatura e estatura/idade, considerando-se em déficit nutricional as crianças que apresentaram esses índices dois escores z abaixo do valor mediano da população de referência e sobrepeso com índice peso/estatura dois escores z acima. Foram construídos dois modelos de regressão logística multivariada para identificar quais as variáveis associa-das com o déficit de estatura e o sobrepeso. RESULTADOS: encontrou-se 5,2% de prevalência de déficit de estatura e 5,0% de sobrepeso. As variáveis número de irmãos e faixa etária da criança se associaram inversamente com os dois agravos em estudo, onde ter dois ou mais irmãos e idade inferior a dois anos é fator de risco para déficit de estatura e ter dois ou mais irmãos e idade inferior a cinco anos é fator de proteção para sobrepeso. CONCLUSÕES: verificou-se prevalência de déficit de estatura e sobrepeso acima do esperado para a população de referência, justificando intervenções nutricionais que contemplem esses dois agravos.
Coexistence of Southeast Asian ovalocytosis and β‐thalassemia: A molecular and hematological analysis
Authors: Fucharoen Goonnapa , Fucharoen Supan , Singsanan Sanita , Sanchaisuriya Kanokwan
Published: November 2006

We describe hematological and molecular characterization of a Thai famale who had Southeast Asian ovalocytosis (SAO) associated with β+‐thalassemia trait. The proband had mild microcytosis with Hb 12.9 g/dl, Hct 35.8%, MCV 74.4 fl, MCH 26.8 pg, MCHC 36.0 g/dl, and elevated Hb A2 (5.6%), characteristics of β‐thalassemia trait. Peripheral blood film examination revealed prominent ovalocytosis. However, a one‐tube osmotic fragility (OF) test commonly used for thalassemia screening was negative and a normal OF curve was observed. Further polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses identified the β‐28A‐G mutation in the β‐globin gene and a 27 bp deletion in erythrocyte band 3 protein gene, indicating a genetically compound heterozygote. Hematological data of the proband was comparatively presented with those of eight female and 15 male carriers of pure β‐thalassemia with the same mutation. The finding demonstrates that although the association of the SAO and β‐thalassemia does not produce a more severe clinical picture, this could lead to a mis‐screening of β‐thalassemia using an OF test as a primary screening test. Additional blood film examination followed by PCR could help in the detection of this unusual genetic interaction in the region. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New polymeric structures designed for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions
Authors: Mocioi Mihaela , Albu Ana Maria , Mateescu Carmencita , Voicu Georgeta , Rusen Edina , Marculescu Bogdan , Mutihac Luana
Published: November 2006

New polymeric structures obtained by chemical transformations of maleic anhydride/dicyclopentadiene copolymer with triethylenetetraamine, p‐aminobenzoic acid, and p‐aminophenylacetic acid were used for the removal Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The experimental values prove the importance of the chelator nature and of the macromolecular chain geometry for the retention efficiency. The retention efficiency (ηr), the retention capacity (Qe), and the distribution coefficient of the metal ion into the polymer matrix (Kd) are realized by evaluation of residual Cu(II) ions in the effluent waters, by atomic adsorption. Also are discussed the influence of pH, the thermal stability of the polymer, and their polymer–metal complex, as well as the particular aspects regarding the contact procedure and the batch time. Based on the polymers and polymer–metal complexes characterization a potential retention mechanism is proposed. All polymer supports as well theirs metal–complexes are characterized by ATD and FTIR measurements. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1397–1405, 2007
Blocking of soft segments with different chain lengths and its impact on the shape memory property of polyurethane copolymer
Authors: Chun Byoung Chul , Cho Tae Keun , Chung Yong‐Chan
Published: November 2006

The arrangements, whether block or random type, of the soft segments of polyurethane block copolymers prepared with MDI and two kinds of poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG; MW of 1000 or 2000) in various ratios were compared for possible effects on the physical properties of the copolymers. A long soft segment, PTMG‐2000, was superior in all mechanical properties (strain, stress, and modulus) because a long chain length could provide more motional freedom than a short one (PTMG‐1000) could and therefore was helpful in forming strong interchain attractions among hard segments. Inclusion of more PTMG‐2000 led to a lower Tg and a peak shift in infrared spectra. The arrangement of two soft segments in a block‐type copolymer, a key finding in this study, was controlled by separately synthesizing two prepolymers, each with a different chain length, and connecting two prepolymers in a second step. Random‐type copolymers prepared for purposes of comparison were allowed to react with two PTMGs in one step. Two types of copolymers were compared, and the reason for the differences in the shape memory property are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1435–1441, 2007
Preparation of highly branched polyethylene using (α‐diimine) nickel complex covalently supported on modified SiO2
Authors: Jiang Hongliu , Wu Qing , Zhu Fangming , Wang Haihua
Published: November 2006

Bis(4‐(4‐amine‐3,5‐diisopropylbenzyl)‐2,6‐diisopropylphenylimino) acenaphthene NiBr2 (Catalyst I) was synthesized. The complex covalently supported on Et3Al‐treated silica (SC) and used for ethylene polymerization was produced with cocatalyst of common inexpensive alkylaluminum compounds. Polyethylenes (PEs) with branching numbers of 12.94 (1000C) to 116.02 (1000C) were prepared in heptane. The polymerization conditions, such as the cocatalyst, Al/Ni ratio, and temperature, had significant effects on catalytic activity and properties of polyethylenes. Confirmed by high‐temperature 13C NMR, the polyethylenes synthesized contain significant amounts of not only methyl but also ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and other long branches (longer than six carbons). The branching degree of polyethylenes increased with temperature, while their molecular weight and melting point decreased correspondingly, resulting in linear semicrystalline to totally amorphous polymers. The formation of the branches could be illustrated by the chain walking mechanism, which controlled their specific spacing and conformational arrangements with one another. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl PolymSci 103: 1483–1489, 2007
Copolymerization of methyl acrylate with styrene using triphenylstibonium 1,2,3,4‐tetraphenylcyclopentadienylide as a novel radical initiator
Authors: Mohan Upasana , Varshney Anuradha
Published: November 2006

The free‐radical copolymerization of methyl acrylate with styrene initiated by triphenylstibonium 1,2,3,4‐tetraphenylcyclopentadienylide under nitrogen blanket at (60 ± 0.1)°C in 1,4,dioxane for 2 h has been carried out. The kinetic expression is Rp ∝ [I]0.14 [MA]0.70 [Sty]0.75. The system follows nonideal kinetics due to primary radical termination as well as degradative chain transfer reactions. The overall activation energy is 42 kJ mol−1. The reactivity ratios calculated from Kelen–Tüdos method for r1 (MA) and r2 (Sty) are 0.16 ± 0.01 and 0.028 ± 0.005 respectively. These values suggest the alternating nature of the copolymer. The ylide dissociated to form a phenyl radical, which brings about copolymerization of methyl acrylate with styrene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1731–1736, 2007
Novel route to pure and composite fibers of polypyrrole
Authors: Han Gaoyi , Shi Gaoquan
Published: November 2006

An organic salt (FeAOT) is synthesized by the reaction of sodium 1,4‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) and ferric chloride. It is fabricated into fibers by manual drawing and electrospinning. Long polypyrrole (PPy) fibers are obtained for the first time by a vapor deposition reaction of pyrrole on the FeAOT fibers, and this technique is extended to the synthesis of PPy composite fibers with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PPy–MWCNT fibers). The PPy and PPy–MWCNT fibers have a nanoporous morphology, a conductivity of 10–15 S cm−1, and a tensile strength of 12–43 MPa. The electrochemistry and current–voltage characteristics of the PPy fibers are also studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1490–1494, 2007
Fire‐resistant effect of nanoclay on intumescent nanocomposite coatings
Authors: Wang Zhen‐yu , Han En‐hou , Ke Wei
Published: November 2006

The aim of the study is the development of an intumescent nanocomposite coating to provide fire protection for the metallic substrate. Acrylic nanocomposites containing nanoclay and relative intumescent nanocoatings are prepared. The effect of nanoclay on the thermal degradation of an intumescent nanocomposite coating is analyzed by using differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry, and X‐ray diffraction. The influence of the added content of nanoclay on fire performance is studied by a fire protection test and measurements of the limiting oxygen index and effective thermal conductivity. The distribution of nanoparticles in the acrylic nanocomposite is characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The flame‐retardant efficiency of the intumescent nanocomposite coating is improved by 1.5% well‐distributed nanoclay particles. However, 3% nanoclay produces a negative effect on the fire performance of the coating. Fire protection tests and scanning electron microscopy observations reveal that the fire‐retardant property of a conventional intumescent coating is destroyed by aging, whereas the nanocomposite coating modified with 1.5% nanoclay demonstrates good aging and fire resistance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1681–1689, 2007
Deposition of polymer complex layers onto nonwoven textiles
Authors: Połowiński S.
Published: November 2006

Polymeric complex layers are deposited onto polypropylene and polyester nonwoven fabrics via the layer by layer method. It is found that grafting after previous surface activation with an aqueous ammonium persulfate solution is a beneficial method to form the first acidic layer. In order to form polymer complexes, poly (acrylic acid), poly(itaconic acid), poly(allylamine hydrochloride), and poly(N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) are used. The deposition of subsequent layers to form polymer complexes modifies the properties of nonwovens. Moreover, it is found that the deposited layers can be microreactors for chemical processes such as polymerization of aniline and formation of polymers and copolymers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1700–1705, 2007
Moisture absorption modeling using design of experiments
Authors: Yong Virginia , Hahn H. Thomas
Published: November 2006

The effect of temperature and humidity on equilibrium moisture content of laminates was studied by response surface design. Two glass fabric‐reinforced laminated composite materials with different epoxy matrix resins, laminates A and B, were studied. Laminates A and B used are cyanate ester and polyphenylene oxide modified epoxy based laminate, respectively. The results show that the response surface profiles of moisture absorption for the two laminate materials are similar though their amounts of moisture absorption are different. The temperature‐humidity interaction effect and the quadratic effect of temperature are significant for laminate A. However, only the linear effects of temperature and humidity are significant for laminate B. Predictive models relating the important factors to the equilibrium moisture content were proposed in the article. The models developed can be used to predict and assess the reliability of the laminates for moisture related failures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1539–1543, 2007
Strain rate mediated microstructure evolution for extruded poly(vinylidene fluoride) polymer films under uniaxial tension
Authors: Fang F. , Zhang M. Z. , Yang W.
Published: November 2006

The deformation and fracture mechanism during uniaxial tension under controlled strain rates are investigated for extruded poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer films at room temperature. It was found that both the longitudinal and transversal film‐samples exhibited pronounced strain rate effect, that is, the yield stress increases while the fracture strain decreases with the increasing of strain rates. For the longitudinal film samples, phase transformation from the nonpolar α‐phase to the polar β‐phase occurs during the uniaxial tension, and the extent of the phase transformation enhances when the strain rate decreases. For the transversal film samples, no phase transformation was detected in all tested strain rates. By combining the stress–strain behavior and the X‐ray results, it can be inferred that the conformational change from α to β phase during uniaxial tension contributes to the higher fracture strain of the longitudinal films than that of the transversal films. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1786–1790, 2007
Synthesis of poly(aniline‐co‐o‐toluidine) coatings and their corrosion‐protection performance on low‐carbon steel
Authors: Pawar Pritee , Sainkar S. R. , Patil P. P.
Published: November 2006

Strongly adherent poly(aniline‐co‐o‐toluidine) coatings were synthesized on low‐carbon‐steel substrates by the electrochemical copolymerization of aniline with o‐toluidine with sodium tartrate as the supporting electrolyte. These coatings were characterized with cyclic voltammetry, ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The formation of the copolymer with the mixture of monomers in the aqueous sodium tartrate solution was ascertained by a critical comparison of the results obtained from the polymerizations of the individual monomers, aniline and o‐toluidine. The optical absorption spectrum of the copolymer was drastically different from the spectra of the respective homopolymers, polyaniline and poly(o‐toluidine). The extent of the corrosion protection offered by poly(aniline‐co‐o‐toluidine) coatings to low‐carbon steel was investigated in aqueous 3% NaCl solutions by open‐circuit‐potential measurements and a potentiodynamic polarization technique. The results of the potentiodynamic polarization measurements showed that the poly(aniline‐co‐o‐toluidine) coatings provided more effective corrosion protection to low‐carbon steel than the respective homopolymers. The corrosion rate depended on the feed ratio of o‐toluidine used for the synthesis of the copolymer coatings. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103:1868–1878, 2007
Halide‐Anion Binding by Singly and Doubly N‐Confused Porphyrins
Authors: Maeda Hiromitsu , Morimoto Tatsuki , Osuka Atsuhiro , Furuta Hiroyuki
Published: November 2006

The halide‐binding properties of N‐confused porphyrin (NCP, 1) and doubly N‐confused porphyrins (trans‐N2CP (2), cis‐N2CP (3)) were examined in CH2Cl2. In the free‐base forms, cis‐N2CP (3) showed the highest affinity to each anion (Cl−, Br−, I−) with association constants Ka=7.8×103, 1.9×103, and 5.8×102 M−1, respectively. As metal complexes, on the other hand, trans‐N2CP 2–Cu exhibited the highest affinity to Cl−, Br−, and I− with Ka=9.0×104, 2.7×104, and 1.9×103 M−1, respectively. The corresponding Ka values for cis‐N2CP 3–Cu and NCP 1–Cu were about 1/10 and 1/2, respectively, of those of 2–Cu. With the help of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and complementary affinity measurements of a series of trisubstituted N‐confused porphyrins, the efficient anion binding of NCPs was attributed to strong hydrogen bonding at the highly polarized NH moieties owing to the electron‐deficient C6F5 groups at meso positions as well as the ideally oriented dipole moments and large molecular polarizability. The orientation and magnitude of the dipole moments in NCPs were suggested to be important factors in the differentiation of the affinity for anions.
Synthesis of Murisolin, (15R, 16R, 19R, 20S)‐Murisolin A, and (15R, 16R, 19S, 20S)‐16,19‐cis‐Murisolin and Their Inhibitory Action with Bovine Heart Mitochondrial Complex I
Authors: Hattori Yasunao , Kimura Yuka , Moroda Aki , Konno Hiroyuki , Abe Masato , Miyoshi Hideto , Goto Tetsuhisa , Makabe Hidefumi
Published: November 2006

The asymmetric total synthesis of murisolin, (15R, 16R, 19R, 20S)‐murisolin A, and (15R, 16R, 19S, 20S)‐16,19‐cis‐murisolin was performed by using an epoxy alcohol as a versatile chiral building block for synthesizing the stereoisomers of mono‐THF annonaceous acetogenins. The inhibitory activity of these murisolin compounds was examined with bovine heart mitochondrial complex I, and they showed almost the same activity.
Fluorescent Analysis of Translesion DNA Synthesis by Using a Novel, Non‐natural Nucleotide Analogue
Authors: Lee Irene , Berdis Anthony
Published: November 2006

The replication of damaged DNA is a promutagenic process that can lead to disease development. This report evaluates the dynamics of nucleotide incorporation opposite an abasic site, a commonly formed DNA lesion, by using two fluorescent nucleotide analogues, 2‐aminopurine deoxyribose triphosphate (2‐APTP) and 5‐phenylindole deoxyribose triphosphate (5‐PhITP). In both cases, the kinetics of incorporation were compared by using a 32P‐radiolabel extension assay versus a fluorescence‐quenching assay. Although 2‐APTP is efficiently incorporated opposite a templating nucleobase (thymine), the kinetics for incorporation opposite an abasic site are significantly slower. The lower catalytic efficiency hinders its use as a probe to study translesion DNA synthesis. In contrast, the rate constant for the incorporation of 5‐PhITP opposite the DNA lesion is 100‐fold faster than that for 2‐APTP. Nearly identical kinetic parameters are obtained from fluorescence quenching or the 32P‐radiolabel assay. Surprisingly, distinct differences in the kinetics of 5‐PhITP incorporation opposite the DNA lesion are detected when using either bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase or the Escherichia coli Klenow fragment. These differences suggest that the dynamics of nucleotide incorporation opposite an abasic site are polymerase‐dependent. Collectively, these data indicate that 5‐PhITP can be used to perform real‐time analyses of translesion DNA synthesis as well as to functionally probe differences in polymerase function.
Pd0.213Cd0.787 and Pd0.235Cd0.765 Structures: Their Long c Axis and Composite Crystals, Chemical Twinning, and Atomic Site Preferences
Authors: Schmidt Joshua Teal , Lee Stephen , Fredrickson Daniel C. , Conrad Matthias , Sun Junliang , Harbrecht Bernd
Published: November 2006

We present single‐crystal studies of Pd0.213Cd0.787 and Pd0.235Cd0.765, synchrotron powder studies of Pd1−xCdx, 0.755≥x≥0.800, and LDA‐DFT and extended Hückel (eH) calculations on these or related phases. The two single‐crystal structures have a, b, and c axis lengths of 9.9013(7), 14.0033(10), 37.063(24) and 9.9251(3), 14.0212(7), 60.181(3) Å, respectively and they crystallize in the space groups Ccme and F2mm, respectively (solved as (3+1)‐dimensional crystals their most convenient superspace group is Xmmm(00γ)s00). The structures have two different structural components each with their own separate axis parameters. Powder data shows that the ratio of these separate axes (S/L) varies from 1.615 to 1.64, values near the golden mean (1.618). For Pd0.213Cd0.787, different Pd and Cd site occupancies lead to variation in the R factor from 2.6–3.6 %. The site occupancy pattern with the lowest R factor (among the 26 820 variants studied) is the exact site occupancy pattern predicted by LDA‐DFT parameterized eH Mulliken charge populations. The phases can be understood through a chemical twinning principle found in γ‐brass, the parent structure for the above phases (a relation with the MgCu2 Laves phase is also noted). This twinning principle can be used to account for Cd and Pd site preferences. At the same time there is a clean separation among the Cd and Pd atoms for the two separate chain types at height b=0 and 1/2. These results indicate that Cd:Pd stoichiometry plays a role in phase stability.
Tris‐Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes of Carbazole(fluorenyl)pyridine Ligands: Synthesis, Redox and Photophysical Properties, and Electrophosphorescent Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Bettington Sylvia , Tavasli Mustafa , Bryce Martin R. , Beeby Andrew , Al‐Attar Hameed , Monkman Andrew P.
Published: November 2006

Using ligands synthesized by Suzuki cross‐coupling methodology, new phosphorescent homoleptic tris‐cyclometalated complexes have been obtained, namely fac‐[Ir(Cz‐2‐FlnPy)3] (1 d–f) and fac‐[Ir(Cz‐3‐FlnPy)3] (2 d–f), which are solution‐processible triplet emitters (Cz denotes N‐hexylcarbazole, n is the number of 9,9′‐dihexylfluorene (Fl) units (n=0,1,2) and Py is pyridine). In all cases, Py and Fl are substituted at the 2‐ and 2,7‐positions, respectively, and Cz moieties are substituted by either Py or Fl at the 2‐ or 3‐positions, in series 1 and 2, respectively. The oxidation potential of 1 d studied by cyclic voltammetry (${E{{{\rm ox}\hfill \atop 1/2\hfill}}}$=0.14 V, versus Ag/AgNO3, CH2Cl2) is less positive (i.e. raised HOMO level) compared to that of the isomer 2 d (${E{{{\rm ox}\hfill \atop 1/2\hfill}}}$=0.30 V), where the Cz‐nitrogen is meta to the Ir center. Ligand‐centered oxidations occur at more positive potentials, leading to 7+ oxidation states with good chemical reversibility and electrochemical quasi‐reversibility, for example, for 2 f ${E{{{\rm ox}\hfill \atop {\rm pa}\hfill}}}$ =0.45 (1e), 0.95 (3e), 1.24 V (3e). Striking differences are seen in the solution‐state photophysical data between complexes [Ir(Cz‐2‐Py)3] (1 d) and [Ir(Cz‐3‐Py)3] (2 d), in which the Cz moiety is bonded directly to the metal center: for the latter there is an 85 nm blue‐shift in emission, a decrease in the luminescence lifetime and an increase in the PLQY value. Organic light emitting devices were made by spin‐coating using polyspirobifluorene:bis(triphenyl)diamine (PSBF:TAD) copolymer as host and the complexes 1 d or 2 d as dopants. Turn‐on voltages are low (3–4 V). With 1 d orange light is emitted at λmax=590 nm with an EQE of 1.3 % (at 7.5 mA cm−2) and an emission intensity (luminance) of 4354 cd m−2 (at 267 mA m−2). The green emission from 2 d devices (λmax=500 nm) is due to the reduced electron‐donating ability of the carbazole unit in 2 d. Recording the EL spectra of the 1 d device at 6 V (current density, 100 mA cm−2) established that the time to half brightness was about 9 h under continuous operation with no change in the spectral profile, confirming the high chemical stability of the complex.
Latrunculin Analogues with Improved Biological Profiles by “Diverted Total Synthesis”: Preparation, Evaluation, and Computational Analysis
Authors: Fürstner Alois , Kirk Douglas , Fenster Michaël D. B. , Aïssa Christophe , De Souza Dominic , Nevado Cristina , Tuttle Tell , Thiel Walter , Müller Oliver
Published: November 2006

Deliberate digression from the blueprint of the total syntheses of latrunculin A (1) and latrunculin B (2) reported in the accompanying paper allowed for the preparation of a focused library of “latrunculin‐like” compounds, in which all characteristic structural elements of these macrolides were subject to pertinent molecular editing. Although all previously reported derivatives of1and2were essentially devoid of any actin‐binding capacity, the synthetic compounds presented herein remain fully functional. One of the designer molecules with a relaxed macrocyclic backbone, that is compound44, even surpasses latrunculin B in its effect on actin while being much easier to prepare. This favorable result highlights the power of “diverted total synthesis” as compared to the much more widely practiced chemical modification of a given lead compound by conventional functional group interconversion. A computational study was carried out to rationalize the observed effects. The analysis of the structure of the binding site occupied by the individual ligands on the G‐actin host shows that latrunculin A and44both have similar hydrogen‐bond network strengths and present similar ligand distortion. In contrast, the H‐bond network is weaker for latrunculin B and the distortion of the ligand from its optimum geometry is larger. From this, one may expect that the binding ability follows the order1≥44>2, which is in accord with the experimental data. Furthermore, the biological results provide detailed insights into structure/activity relationships characteristic for the latrunculin family. Thus, it is demonstrated that the highly conserved thiazolidinone ring of the natural products can be replaced by an oxazolidinone moiety, and that inversion of the configuration at C16 (latrunculin B numbering) is also well accommodated. From a purely chemical perspective, this study attests to the maturity of ring‐closing alkyne metathesis (RCAM) catalyzed by a molybdenum alkylidyne complex generated in situ, which constitutes a valuable tool for advanced organic synthesis and natural product chemistry.
Hydroaminomethylation with Novel Rhodium–Carbene complexes: An Efficient Catalytic Approach to Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Ahmed Moballigh , Buch Cathleen , Routaboul Lucie , Jackstell Ralf , Klein Holger , Spannenberg Anke , Beller Matthias
Published: November 2006

Starting from [{Rh(cod)Cl}2] and 1,3‐dimesitylimidazole‐2‐ylidenes the novel [RhCl(cod)(carbene)] complexes 1–5 have been synthesized, characterized, and tested in the hydroaminomethylation of aromatic olefins. The influence of different ligands and reaction parameters on the catalytic activity was investigated in detail applying 1,1‐diphenylethylene and piperidine as a model system. The scope and limitations of the novel catalysts is shown in the preparation of 16 biologically active 1‐amino‐3,3‐diarylpropenes. In general, high chemo‐ and regioselectivity as well as good yields of the desired products were achieved.
Kibdelones: Novel Anticancer Polyketides from a Rare Australian Actinomycete
Authors: Ratnayake Ranjala , Lacey Ernest , Tennant Shaun , Gill Jennifer H. , Capon Robert J.
Published: November 2006

The kibdelones are a novel family of bioactive heterocyclic polyketides produced by a rare soil actinomycete, Kibdelosporangium sp. (MST‐108465). Complete relative stereostructures were assigned to kibdelones A–C (1–3), kibdelone B rhamnoside (5), 13‐oxokibdelone A (7), and 25‐methoxy‐24‐oxokibdelone C (8) on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical interconversion, as well as mechanistic and biosynthetic considerations. Under mild conditions, kibdelones B (2) and C (3) undergo a facile equilibration to kibdelones A–C (1–3), while kibdelone B rhamnoside (5) equilibrates to a mixture of kibdelone A–C rhamnosides (4–6). A plausible mechanism for this equilibration is proposed and involves air oxidation, quinone/hydroquinone redox transformations, and a choreographed sequence of keto/enol tautomerizations that aromatize ring C via a quinone methide intermediate. Kibdelones exhibit potent and selective cytotoxicity against a panel of human tumor cell lines and display significant antibacterial and nematocidal activity.
Structural, electrical and optical properties of Ge implanted GaSe single crystals grown by Bridgman technique
Authors: Karaağaç H. , Parlak M. , Karabulut O. , Serincan U. , Turan R. , Akınoğlu B. G.
Published: November 2006

Structural, optical and electrical properties of Ge implanted GaSe single crystal have been studied by means of X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), temperature dependent conductivity and photoconductivity (PC) measurements for different annealing temperatures. It was observed that upon implanting GaSe with Ge and applying annealing process, the resistivity is reduced from 2.1 × 109 to 6.5 × 105 Ω‐cm. From the temperature dependent conductivities, the activation energies have been found to be 4, 34, and 314 meV for as‐grown, 36 and 472 meV for as‐implanted and 39 and 647 meV for implanted and annealed GaSe single crystals at 500°C. Calculated activation energies from the conductivity measurements indicated that the transport mechanisms are dominated by thermal excitation at different temperature intervals in the implanted and unimplanted samples. By measuring photoconductivity (PC) measurement as a function of temperature and illumination intensity, the relation between photocurrent (IPC) and illumination intensity (Φ) was studied and it was observed that the relation obeys the power law, IPC αΦn with n between 1 and 2, which is indication of behaving as a supralinear character and existing continuous distribution of localized states in the band gap. As a result of transmission measurements, it was observed that there is almost no considerable change in optical band gap of samples with increasing annealing temperatures for as‐grown GaSe; however, a slight shift of optical band gap toward higher energies for Ge‐implanted sample was observed with increasing annealing temperatures. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of ytterbium tartrate trihydrate crystals in silica and agar‐agar gels and their characterization
Authors: Want B. , Ahmad F. , Kotru P. N.
Published: November 2006

Single crystals of ytterbium tartrate trihydrate have been grown by gel method using silica and agar‐agar gels as media of growth. The medium of growth influences the morphology of grown crystals, silica gel yielding single and polycrystalline in the form of spherulites whereas agar‐agar gel leading to growth of single and twinned crystals. Materials grown as single crystals have been characterized by using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDAX, XRD, FT‐IR, CHN and thermogravimetric techniques. The stoichiometry of the grown single crystals is suggested to be Yb(C4H4O6) (C4H5O6).3H2O. The FT‐IR spectrum shows the presence of singly as well as doubly ionized tartrate ligands. Results of thermal analysis indicate that the material is thermally stable up to a temperature of 200 °C. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of rhodium incorporation in KTiOPO4 single crystals grown from self‐flux
Authors: Bhaumik I. , Ganesamoorthy S. , Bhatt R. , Karnal A. K. , Sundar R. , Wadhawan V. K.
Published: November 2006

The presence of an impurity like rhodium in the platinum crucible used for the growth of KTiOPO4 (KTP) single crystals can have severe consequences in the performance of devices made from these crystals. In the present study the effect of rhodium incorporation has been investigated. Rhodium‐incorporated KTP crystals have a lower ionic conductivity (1.3 × 10–7 S/cm at 100 kHz) than pure KTP crystals (3.5 × 10–6 S/cm at 100 kHz) along the c‐axis. And the optical absorption in the green‐wavelength regime leads to a detrimental effect on their SHG performance. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical phonon modes and transmissivity in BaWO4 single crystal
Authors: Ran Donggang , Xia Hairui , Sun Shangqian , Zhao Peng , Liu Fengqin , Ling Zongcheng , Ge Wenwei , Zhang Huaijin , Wang Jiyang
Published: November 2006

Barium tungstate (BaWO4) single crystal has been grown using Czochralski technique. It belongs to the scheelite structure, forming the space group I 41/a at room temperature and the primitive cell contains two molecular units. The polarized Raman spectra were recorded by a micro‐Raman spectrophotometer system in the backscattering geometry. All the observed Raman modes were assigned. The Raman mode at 924 cm–1, which belongs to the totally symmetrical Ag optical modes, has the strongest intensity and its linewidth is 4.6 cm–1. The infrared active lattice vibrations have been studied, eight optical modes were observed and assigned. The ultraviolet absorption edge is at 256 nm and the optical transparency range is up to 2500 nm at room temperature. The energy gap Eg of this crystal was obtained from the optical transmission spectra. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of Al‐doped ZnO thin films deposited by two different sputtering methods
Authors: Yim Keunbin , Lee Chongmu
Published: November 2006

Aluminum‐doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films were deposited on sapphire (002) and glass substrates by two different sputtering techniques radio frequency magnetron cosputtering of AZO and ZnO targets and sputtering of an AZO target. The dependence of the photoluminescence (PL) and transmittance properties of the AZO films deposited by cosputtering and sputtering on the AZO/ZnO target power ratio, R and the O2/Ar flow ratio, r were investigated, respectively. Only a deep level emission peak appears in the PL spectra of cosputtered AZO films whereas both UV emission and deep level emission peaks are observed in the PL spectra of sputtered AZO films. The absorption edges in the transmittance spectra of the AZO films shift to the lower wavelength region as R and r increase. Also effects of crystallinity, surface roughness, PL on the transmittance of the AZO films were explained using the X‐ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and PL analysis results. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of calcium binding proteins on the precipitation of calcium carbonate: A kinetic and morphologic study
Authors: Xie An‐Jian , Yang Yuan‐Feng , Yao Cheng‐Li , Shen Yu‐Hua , Yang Yong‐Mei , Yu Xue‐Rong , Zhang Chun‐Yan , Zhu Xue‐Mei
Published: November 2006

In our experiments, the thermodynamic effect of calcium binding proteins (CBP) on the growth of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was studied in vitro. The CaCO3 crystals obtained in systems with and without CBP were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectrograph (FT‐IR) and powder X‐ray diffractometer (XRD). The kinetic process was studied by monitoring the conductivity and pH value, which revealed the obvious inducement effect of CBP on the CaCO3 crystals growth, and the possible formation mechanism of CaCO3 in CBP solution was discussed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal, phase transition and spectral studies in erythromycin pseudopolymorphs: dihydrate and acetone solvate
Authors: Wang Zhanzhong , Wang Jingkang , Dang Leping
Published: November 2006

The thermal, phase transition and spectral studies of erythromycin A dihydrate and acetone solvate were performed by Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetry (TG‐DTA), X‐Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) and Fourier Transform Infra‐Red (FTIR) spectrum. The non‐thermal kinetic analysis of erythromycin A dihydrate was carried out by DSC at different heating rates in dynamic nitrogen atmosphere. The result showed that heating rate has substantial influence on the thermal behavior of erythromycin dihydrate. The Arrhenius parameters were estimated according to the Kissinger method. Corresponding to dehydration of dihydrate, melting of dehydrated dihydrate, phase transition from dehydrated dihydrate to anhydrate, and melting of anhydrate, the calculated activation energy were 39.60, 269.85, 261.23, and 582.16 kJmol–1, the pre‐exponential factors were 3.46 × 103, 8.06 × 1032, 9.23 × 1030, and 7.29 × 1063 s–1, respectively. Ozawa method was used to compare activation energy values calculated by Kissinger method. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Oxidation of a Phospholipid at an Electrode Modified with an Electrochemically Formed Sol‐Gel Film Doped with Cyclodextrin
Authors: Wandstrat Michelle M. , Spendel Wolfgang U. , Pacey Gilbert E. , Cox James A.
Published: November 2006

In aqueous, un‐buffered solution at a potential where H+ is generated in a tetraethylorthosilicate sol, nm‐scale deposits of silica on electrodes are formed. Inclusion of β‐cyclodextrin in the sol promotes electrochemical activity, presumably by producing channels in the otherwise‐passivating film. With the additional provision of inclusion of a redox mediator, RhII, the electrochemical oxidation of a representative phospholipid (PL), phosphatidylcholine (PC), is demonstrated; the process occurs without the passivation that otherwise precludes the voltammetric determination of PLs. By cyclic voltammetry, current proportional to PC concentration in the range 1–100 μM is achieved with the described electrode.
Palladium Sub‐Nanoparticle Decorated ‘Bamboo’ Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Exhibit Electrochemical Metastability: Voltammetric Sensing in Otherwise Inaccessible pH Ranges
Authors: Ji Xiaobo , Banks Craig E. , Holloway Andrew F. , Jurkschat Kerstin , Thorogood Charles A. , Wildgoose Gregory G. , Compton Richard G.
Published: November 2006

A generic approach for the detection of electroactive species in potential ranges that would normally be inhibited due to the stripping of the electrocatalytic material is presented. We demonstrate, via the example of the electrochemical oxidation of hydrazine, that palladium nanoparticle (< 1 nm) decorated bamboo multi‐walled carbon nanotubes exhibit a metastability such that they allow the sensing of hydrazine in the pH range where palladium metal would normally be voltammetrically stripped (oxidized) from the surface of convectional electrodes.
Cyclic testing of unreinforced masonry walls in two‐way bending
Authors: Griffith M. C. , Vaculik J. , Lam N. T. K. , Wilson J. , Lumantarna E.
Published: November 2006

An experimental programme was conducted in which eight full‐scale unreinforced masonry walls were subjected to cyclic face loading using a system of airbags. Of the eight walls, six contained a window opening and four were subjected to vertical pre‐compression. Combined supports at the vertical and horizontal edges ensured that under face loading the walls underwent two‐way bending. The test walls were found to possess good post‐peak strength and displacement capacity as well as reasonable energy dissipation characteristics. Significant strength and stiffness degradation and non‐symmetry of strength in the positive and negative displacement directions were also evident. Discussion of the causes of the aforementioned trends and their implications towards the seismic response of masonry walls is provided. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic fragility methodology for highway bridges using a component level approach
Authors: Nielson Bryant G. , DesRoches Reginald
Published: November 2006

Bridge fragility curves, which express the probability of a bridge reaching a certain damage state for a given ground motion parameter, play an important role in the overall seismic risk assessment of a transportation network. Current analytical methodologies for generating bridge fragility curves do not adequately account for all major contributing bridge components. Studies have shown that for some bridge types, neglecting to account for all of these components can lead to a misrepresentation of the bridges' overall fragilities.

In this study, an expanded methodology for the generation of analytical fragility curves for highway bridges is presented. This methodology considers the contribution of the major components of the bridge, such as the columns, bearings and abutments, to its overall bridge system fragility. In particular, this methodology utilizes probability tools to directly estimate the bridge system fragility from the individual component fragilities. This is illustrated using a bridge whose construction and configuration are typical to the Central and Southeastern United States and the results are presented and discussed herein. This study shows that the bridge as a system is more fragile than any one of the individual components. Assuming that the columns represent the entire bridge system can result in errors as large as 50% at higher damage states. This provides support to the assertion that multiple bridge components should be considered in the development of bridge fragility curves. The findings also show that estimation of the bridge fragilities by their first‐order bounds could result in errors of up to 40%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Referral patterns to a specialist eating disorder service: the impact of the referrer's gender
Authors: Feeney Eileen , Noble Helen , Waller Glenn
Published: November 2006

There is some evidence that the characteristics of general practitioners (GPs) and of the services that they operate influence the likelihood of referring patients to specialist eating disorder services. The aim of this study was to determine whether the gender of the GP is associated with referral rates for different eating disorders. The sample was a retrospective case series of 93 patients, referred to a specialist eating disorder service by local GPs. Associations between GP gender and clinical characteristics of the patients were determined using chi‐squared tests and t‐tests. Patients with binge eating disorder were substantially more likely to be referred by female GPs, while other atypical cases were more likely to be referred by male GPs. There was no evidence that the patients referred by male GPs differed in clinical presentation from those referred by female GPs. Clinical hypotheses are advanced to explain these biases in the referral practices of male and female clinicians. There is a need for greater education of GPs about the importance of identifying atypical eating disorders and treating them appropriately. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Retardation of electrical tree propagation by resin degradation
Authors: Weiers T. , Keller D. , Hutter W. , Stephan C. E.
Published: November 2006

In order to improve insight into the effect of delaminations between the conductor and the groundwall insulation on the ageing of high voltage rotating machinery insulation, the influence of the polymer degradation on tree growth has been studied. Simultaneous partial discharge measurements and photograhic observations have been conducted in order to investigate the effect of the degradation of the resin on electrical tree propagation. The photographic observation indicates that the degradation of the resin retards the tree propagation after the tree having failed to penetrate a mica barrier. As the resin is degraded and in part rendered conducting, the partial discharges change both in magnitude and in terms of phase resolved partial discharge patterns. These partial discharge measurements are promising to improve insight into the processes involved in winding insulation ageing, when photographic observations are unattainable. Moreover the differences found between various resins offer an explanation why various types of winding insulation have been found to differ in their capability to withstand thermal cyclic ageing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete duality finite volume schemes for two‐dimensional drift‐diffusion and energy‐transport models
Authors: Chainais‐Hillairet C.
Published: November 2006

The drift‐diffusion and the energy‐transport models appear in the modelling of semiconductor devices. The main difficulty arising in the approximation of the energy transport model by finite volume schemes is the discretization of the Joule heating term in the equation on the density of energy. Following some recent ideas by Domelevo and Omnès for the discretization of the Laplace equation on almost general meshes, we construct a finite volume approximation of the 2‐D drift‐diffusion and energy transport models. These schemes still hold on almost general meshes. Finally, we present numerical simulations of semiconductor devices. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress evoked by opiate withdrawal facilitates hippocampal LTP in vivo
Authors: Dong Zhifang , Zhong Weixia , Tian Meng , Han Huili , Cao Jun , Xu Tianle , Luo Jianhong , Xu Lin
Published: November 2006

Stress impairs hippocampal long‐term potentiation (LTP), but it is unknown whether the stress evoked by opiate withdrawal has the same effect. Here the authors report that opiate withdrawal for 4 days does not influence basal synaptic transmission, but results in a greatly increased LTP in hippocampal CA1 area in anesthetized rats. Elevated‐platform stress enabled a large LTP in rats withdrawn for only 18 h, but the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486 (twice per day for 3 days) prevented the large LTP on 4 days withdrawal. Moreover, 4 days withdrawal enhanced the NMDAR‐mediated EPSCs, in which the NR2A‐containing NMDAR‐mediated EPSC was increased but the NR2B‐containing NMDAR‐mediated EPSC was decreased. These results suggest that adaptive changes of the NMDAR and glucocorticoid receptor functions during 4 days of opiate withdrawal may enable stress to facilitate hippocampal LTP, potentially contributing to the opiate withdrawal experience‐dependent modifications of hippocampal functions. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.