bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison between next‐generation sequencing and multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays for nonsmall‐cell lung cancer molecular diagnosis
Authors: Murakami Shuji , Shinada Kanako , Otsutsumi Yuka , Komine Fumiko , Yuan Yuan , Nakamura Junko , Katakura Seigo , Kondo Tetsuro , Kato Terufumi , Yokose Tomoyuki , Saito Haruhiro
Published: April 2024

Purpose

Genetic mutation detection has become an important step in nonsmall‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment because of the increasing number of drugs that target genomic rearrangements. A multiplex test that can detect multiple gene mutations prior to treatment is thus necessary. Currently, either next‐generation sequencing (NGS)‐based or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based tests are used. We evaluated the performance of the Oncomine Dx Target Test (ODxTT), an NGS‐based multiplex biomarker panel test, and the AmoyDx Pan Lung Cancer PCR Panel (AmoyDx PLC panel), a real‐time PCR‐based multiplex biomarker panel test.

Materials and Methods

Patients with histologically diagnosed NSCLC and a sufficient sample volume to simultaneously perform the AmoyDx PLC panel and ODxTT‐M were included in the study. The success and detection rates of both tests were evaluated.

Results

Biopsies revealed 116 cases of malignancies, 100 of which were NSCLC. Of these, 59 met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for analysis. The success rates were 100% and 98% for AmoyDx PLC panel and ODxTT‐M, respectively. Nine driver mutations were detected in 35.9% and 37.3% of AmoyDx PLC and ODxTT‐M panels, respectively. EGFR mutations were detected in 14% and 12% of samples using the AmoyDx PLC panel and ODxTT‐M, respectively. Of the 58 cases in which both NGS and AmoyDx PLC panels were successful, discordant results were observed in seven cases. These differences were mainly due to different sensitivities of the detection methods used and the gene variants targeted in each test.

Discussion

The AmoyDx PLC panel, a PCR‐based multiplex diagnostic test, exhibits a high success rate. The frequency of the nine genes targeted for treatment detected by the AmoyDx PLC panel was comparable to the frequency of mutations detected by ODxTT‐M. Clinicians should understand and use the AmoyDx PLC panel and ODxTT‐M with respect to their respective performances and limitations.
Trends in the Annual Incidence Rates of Child Sexual Abuse and Child Maltreatment over the Past 25 Years in the United States
Authors: Lucier‐Greer Mallory , Short Kaylee , Wright Emily Marie , O'Neal Catherine Walker
Published: April 2024

Experiencing child sexual abuse is associated with increased risk for a range of short‐ and long‐term negative effects. This short report defines and explores the annual incidence rates of child sexual abuse in the United States over 25 years between 1996 and 2021 (the most recent data released) and, comparatively, annual incidence rates of child maltreatment, more generally. A retrospective trend analysis of Child Maltreatment Reports, produced by the Department of Health and Human Services with data from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System, was conducted to compile and analyse rates of child sexual abuse and child maltreatment over time. In general, the rates of reported child maltreatment and child sexual abuse have declined, on average, since the 1990s. We, then, discuss these trends in connection with research documenting societal and family factors that may have contributed to these declines.
Extraction of Lentinus Edodes Polysaccharides with Ultrasound Enhanced with Deep Eutectic Solvent and Their Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Zhang Jixian , Zeng Xinglin , Liu Guoyan , Wen Chaoting , Xu Xin
Published: April 2024

Ultrasound extraction (UE) enhanced with deep eutectic solvent (DES) was used to extract Lentinus edodes polysaccharides. Box‐Behnken design (BBD) was applied to investigate the influences of water content (10–90 %), solid‐liquid solvent (1 : 10–1 : 50 g/mL), time (4–12 min), temperature (40–80 °C) and ultrasonic power (100–500 W) on the yield of Lentinus edodes polysaccharides. The optimal extraction conditions were ultrasonic power of 300 W, extraction time of 8 min, water content of 80 %, a solid‐liquid ratio of 1 : 30 g/mL and a temperature of 60 °C, respectively. The highest extraction yield of Lentinus edodes polysaccharide was 10.17 % under optimal conditions. The results of FT‐IR, SEM, and monosaccharide composition confirmed that the extracts possessed the characteristics of polysaccharides. In addition, the polysaccharides obtained with the UE enhanced with DES method exhibited higher antioxidant activities than the polysaccharides extracted with the UE method and HWE method. This extraction method can further expand the production efficiency and structural diversity of Lentinus edodes polysaccharides and meet the supply and demand relationship. It can be foreseen that this method can be applied to the extraction of more active substances.
The Solvation Structure of Localized High Concentration Electrolytes
Authors: van Ekeren Wessel , Hall Aram , Lahtinen Katja , Younesi Reza
Published: April 2024

The development of liquid electrolytes receives significant attention within the field of battery research. New concepts are emerging, and one of these groundbreaking ideas is localized high concentration electrolytes (LHCEs). The fundamental characteristic of this type of electrolyte is related to its solvation structure. However, despite the progress made, the solvation process and its relationship towards physicochemical and electrochemical properties are not yet fully understood. A comprehensive understanding of LHCEs and their solvation structure requires further dedicated research and analysis. This concept review offers a thorough examination of the design principles governing LHCEs, elucidates methodologies for investigating solvation structures, connects these insights to interphase chemistry, and explores potential applications in future battery technology.
Regulation Strategies for Fe−N−C and Co−N−C Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Qu Ximing , Yan Yani , Zhang Zeling , Tian Benjun , Yin Shuhu , Cheng Xiaoyang , Huang Rui , Jiang Yanxia , Sun Shigang
Published: April 2024

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and alkaline membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) have received great attention as energy devices of the next generation. Accelerating oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics is the key to improve PEMFC and AEMFC performance. Platinum‐based catalysts are the most widely used catalysts for the ORR, but their high price and low abundance limit the commercialization of fuel cells. Non‐noble metal‐nitrogen‐carbon (M−N−C) is considered to be the most likely material class to replace Pt‐based catalysts, among which Fe−N−C and Co−N−C have been widely studied due to their excellent intrinsic ORR performance and have made great progress in the past decades. With the improvement of synthesis technology and a deeper understanding of the ORR mechanism, some reported Fe−N−C and Co−N−C catalysts have shown excellent ORR activity close to that of commercial Pt/C catalysts. Inspired by the progress, regulation strategies for Fe−N−C and Co−N−C catalysts are summarized in this Review from 5 perspectives: (1) coordinated atoms, (2) environmental heteroatoms and defects, (3) dual‐metal active sites, (4) metal‐based particle promoters, and (5) curved carbon layers. We also make suggestions on some challenges facing Fe−N−C and Co−N−C research.
Design of Bright Chemogenetic Reporters Based on the Combined Engineering of Fluorogenic Molecular Rotors and of the HaloTag Protein
Authors: Coïs Justine , Bachollet Sylvestre P. J. T. , Sanchez Louis , Pietrancosta Nicolas , Vialou Vincent , Mallet Jean‐Maurice , Dumat Blaise
Published: April 2024

The combination of fluorogenic probes (fluorogens) and self‐labeling protein tags represent a promising tool for imaging biological processes with high specificity but it requires the adequation between the fluorogen and its target to ensure a good activation of its fluorescence. In this work, we report a strategy to develop molecular rotors that specifically target HaloTag with a strong enhancement of their fluorescence. The divergent design facilitates the diversification of the structures to tune the photophysical and cellular properties. Four bright fluorogens with emissions ranging from green to red were identified and applied in wash‐free live cell imaging experiments with good contrast and selectivity. A HaloTag mutant adapted from previous literature reports was also tested and shown to further improve the brightness and reaction rate of the most promising fluorogen of the series both in vitro and in cells. This work opens new possibilities to develop bright chemogenetic reporters with diverse photophysical and biological properties by exploring a potentially large chemical space of simple dipolar fluorophores in combination with protein engineering.
Elucidation of Design Criteria for V‐based Redox Mediators: Structure‐Function Relationships that Dictate Rates of Heterogeneous Electron Transfer
Authors: Dagar Mamta , Brennessel William W. , Matson Ellen M.
Published: April 2024

Redox mediators are attractive solutions for addressing the stringent kinetic stipulations required for efficient energy conversion processes. In this work, we compare the electrochemical properties of four vanadium complexes, namely [V(acac)3], [V6O7(OMe)12], [nBu4N]3[V6O13(TRISNO2)2], and [nBu4N]5[V18O46(NO3)] in non‐aqueous solutions on glassy carbon electrodes. The goal of this study is to investigate the electron transfer kinetics and diffusivity of these compounds under identical experimental conditions to develop an understanding of structure‐function relationships that dictate the physicochemical properties of vanadium oxide assemblies. Complex selection was dictated by two criteria – (1) nuclearity of the transition metal complexes (2) distribution of electron density in the native electronic configuration. Our analyses establish that electronic communication between metal centers significantly impacts charge transfer kinetics of these vanadium‐based compounds.
Himmlische Thermodynamik
Authors: Enders Tim Bastian , Keitel Maximilian , Wunsch Jonas
Published: April 2024

Das Einstrom‐Strahltriebwerk ist der Prototyp der Turbinentriebwerke. Wir verfolgen den Weg der Luft durch das Triebwerk und verdeutlichen die grundlegende Funktionsweise anhand von Zustandsberechnungen der Luft beim Durchströmen.
Deriving the Transdiagnostic Scales From the Personality Assessment Inventory and SPECTRA: Indices of Psychopathology: A Demonstration
Authors: Blais Mark A. , Kelley Shannon E. , Ruchensky Jared R. , Richardson Laura A. , Massey Christina , Stein Michelle B.
Published: April 2024

Transdiagnostic models of psychopathology address many of the shortcomings common to categorical diagnostic systems. These empirically derived models conceptualize psychopathology as a few broad interrelated and hierarchically arranged dimensions, with an overarching general psychopathology dimension, the p‐factor, at the apex. While transdiagnostic models are gaining prominence in mental health research, the lack of available tools has limited their clinical translation. The present study explored the potential of creating transdiagnostic scales from the joint factor structure of the Personality Assessment Inventory, Alternative Model of Personality Disorder trait scales (AMPD), and the clinical scales of the SPECTRA: Indices of Psychopathology (SPECTRA). Exploratory factor analysis in a clinical sample (n = 212) identified five factors corresponding to the Negative Affect/Internalizing, Detachment, Antagonism/Externalizing, Disinhibition/Externalizing, and Thought Disorder transdiagnostic dimensions. Goldberg's “Bass‐Ackward” method supported a hierarchical structure. Five composite transdiagnostic scales were created by summing each factor's highest loading PAI and SPECTRA scales. A global psychopathology scale was created by summing the five composite scales. All the composite scales demonstrated adequate internal consistency. Correlations between the composite scales and the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory‐3 provide initial validity evidence for four composite and global scales. The composite thought disorder scale had no conceptually corresponding NEO domain. Clinical implications and study limitations are discussed.
Characterization of genetic diversity of greens‐type hybrid bermudagrass selections through SSR markers and morphological analysis
Authors: Earp Ryan , Moss Justin Quetone , Fang Tilin , Anderson Michael , Wu Yanqi
Published: April 2024

The development of Tifgreen bermudagrass, and the subsequent mutations of this cultivar, has revolutionized the game of golf in the southern United States as superintendents have access to high‐quality putting surface capable of withstanding hot summers. However, the lack of genetic diversity may make them vulnerable to various pests and the low tolerance to freeze temperatures may make them susceptible to winterkill. In recent years, Oklahoma State University and other universities have begun to create new interspecific F1 hybrids between common (Cynodon dactylon) and African bermudagrasses (C. transvaalensis) for putting greens. The objectives of this study were to investigate the genetic diversity and variation among 14 experimental genotypes and two standard cultivars (TifEagle and Tifdwarf). Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and morphological characteristics were used to evaluate the genetic relationships and variation among the 16 genotypes. Results showed significant variation for 11 vegetative traits and two reproductive traits. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was greatest for the third internode length and the least for the first leaf angle for both the field and greenhouse trials. The morphological cluster analysis also showed variation between the two trial environments. The SSR marker cluster analysis showed the 16 genotypes were grouped into four major groups, with a similarity coefficient ranging from 0.44 to 1. The highest similarity was found among the two commercial standards and an experimental ultradwarf from Florida. Several new genotypes (OKC3920, 5 × 23, 11 × 2, 19 × 19, and 34 × 20) were also grouped with the ultradwarf genotypes in the morphological cluster analysis, showing the possibility of achieving similar morphological traits with new genetics. Further field evaluations are needed to determine the performance of these genotypes under low mowing heights.
Engineering exosomes to reshape the immune microenvironment in breast cancer: Molecular insights and therapeutic opportunities
Authors: Cao Jilong , Lv Gang , Wei Fang
Published: April 2024

Background

Breast cancer remains a global health challenge, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. Immunomodulation and immunotherapy have emerged as promising strategies for breast cancer treatment. Engineered exosomes are the sort of exosomes modified with surface decoration and internal therapeutic molecules. Through suitable modifications, engineered exosomes exhibit the capability to overcome the limitations associated with traditional therapeutic approaches. This ability opens up novel avenues for the development of more effective, personalized, and minimally invasive interventions.

Main body

In this comprehensive review, we explore the molecular insights and therapeutic potential of engineered exosomes in breast cancer. We discuss the strategies employed for exosome engineering and delve into their molecular mechanisms in reshaping the immune microenvironment of breast cancer.

Conclusions

By elucidating the contribution of engineered exosomes to breast cancer immunomodulation, this review underscores the transformative potential of this emerging field for improving breast cancer therapy.

Highlights

Surface modification of exosomes can improve the targeting specificity.

The engineered exosome‐loaded immunomodulatory cargo regulates the tumour immune microenvironment.

Engineered exosomes are involved in the immune regulation of breast cancer.
Density data for Lake Erie benthic invertebrate assemblages from 1930 to 2019
Authors: Burlakova Lyubov E. , Karatayev Alexander Y. , Hrycik Allison R. , Daniel Susan E. , Mehler Knut , Hinchey Elizabeth K. , Dermott Ronald , Griffiths Ronald , Denecke Lillian E.
Published: April 2024

Benthic invertebrates are important trophic links in food webs and useful bioindicators of environmental conditions, but long‐term benthic organism abundance data across broad geographic areas are rare and historic datasets are often not readily accessible. This dataset provides densities of benthic macroinvertebrates collected from 1930 to 2019 during surveys in Lake Erie, a Laurentian Great Lake. The surveys were funded by the governments of the United States and Canada to investigate the status and changes in the benthic community. From the total of 21 lake‐wide and basin‐wide benthic surveys conducted in Lake Erie from 1929 to 2019, we were able to acquire data for 17 surveys, including species‐level data for 10 surveys and data by higher taxonomic groups for seven surveys. Our amassed Lake Erie dataset includes data from 11 surveys (including five with species‐level data) conducted in the western basin in 1930–2019, seven surveys (six with species‐level data) in the central basin, and eight surveys (seven with species‐level data) in the eastern basin (1973–2019). This Lake Erie dataset represents the most extensive temporal dataset of benthic invertebrates available for any of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Benthic samples were collected using Ponar or Shipek bottom dredges and taxa densities were calculated as individuals per square meter using the area of the dredge. Density data are provided for taxa in the Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Cnidaria, Nemertea, and Platyhelminthes phyla. Current taxonomy was used for most groups but, in a few cases, older taxonomic names were used for consistency with historical data. Analysis of this dataset indicates that eutrophication, water quality improvement, and dreissenid introduction were the major drivers of changes in the benthic community in the western basin, while hypoxia was a major factor in the central basin, and dreissenid introduction was the most important driver in the eastern basin. Considering the rarity of high taxonomic resolution long‐term benthic data for lake ecosystems, this dataset could be useful to explore broader aspects of ecological theory, including effects of eutrophication, hypoxia, invasive species, and other factors on community organization, phylogenetic and functional diversity, and spatial and temporal scales of variation in community structure. In addition, the dataset could be useful for studies on individual species, including abundance and distribution, species co‐occurrence, and how the patterns of dominance and rarity change over space and time. Use of this dataset for academic or educational purposes is encouraged as long as this data paper is properly cited.
Recent progress of interface modification of layered oxide cathode material for sodium‐ion batteries
Authors: Sun Luyi , Zeng Jun , Wan Xuanhong , Peng Chenxi , Wang Jiarui , Lin Chongjia , Zhu Min , Liu Jun
Published: April 2024

With the advantages of similar theoretical basis to lithium batteries, relatively low budget and the abundance of sodium resources, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are recognized as the most competitive alternative to lithium‐ion batteries. Among various types of cathodes for SIBs, advantages of high theoretical capacity, nontoxic and facile synthesis are introduced for layered transition metal oxide cathodes and therefore they have attracted huge attention. Nevertheless, layered oxide cathodes suffer from various degradation issues. Among these issues, interface instability including surface residues, phase transitions, loss of active transition metal and oxygen loss takes up the major part of the degradation of layered oxides. These degradation mechanisms usually lead to irreversible structure collapse and cracking generation, which significantly influence the interface stability and electrochemical performance of layered cathodes. This review briefly introduces the background of researches on layered cathodes for SIBs and their basic structure types. Then the origins and effects on layered cathodes of degradation mechanisms are systematically concluded. Finally, we will summarize various interface modification methods including surface engineering, doping modification and electrolyte composition which are aimed to improve interface stability of layered cathodes, perspectives of future research on layered cathodes are mentioned to provide some theoretical proposals.
Spanish consensus on the management of concomitant antiseizure medications when using cenobamate in adults with drug‐resistant focal seizures
Authors: Carreño Mar , Gil‐Nagel Antonio , Serratosa José M. , Toledo Manuel , Rodriguez‐Uranga Juan Jesus , Villanueva Vicente
Published: April 2024

Objective

Cenobamate is an antiseizure medication (ASM) associated with high rates of seizure freedom and acceptable tolerability in patients with focal seizures. To achieve the optimal cenobamate dose for maximal potential effectiveness while avoiding or minimizing drug‐related adverse events (AEs), the administration of cenobamate with other ASMs must be managed through concomitant ASM load reduction. A panel of Spanish epilepsy experts aimed to provide a Spanish consensus on how to adjust the dose of concomitant ASMs in patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE) in order to improve the effectiveness and tolerability of adjunctive cenobamate.

Methods

A three‐stage modified Delphi consensus process was undertaken, including six Spanish epileptologists with extensive experience using cenobamate. Based on current literature and their own expert opinion, the expert panel reached a consensus on when and how to adjust the dosage of concomitant ASMs during cenobamate titration.

Results

The expert panel agreed that tailored titration and close follow‐up are required to achieve the best efficacy and tolerability when initiating cenobamate in patients receiving concomitant ASMs. When concomitant clobazam, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and sodium channel blockers are taken at high dosages, or when the patient is receiving two or more sodium channel blockers, dosages should be proactively lowered during the cenobamate titration period. Other concomitant ASMs should be reduced only if the patient reports a moderate/severe AE at any stage of the titration period.

Significance

Cenobamate is an effective ASM with a dose‐dependent effect. To maximize effectiveness while maintaining the best tolerability profile, co‐medication management is needed. The recommendations included herein provide practical guidance for proactive and reactive management of co‐medication in cenobamate‐treated patients with DRE and a high drug load.

Plain Language Summary

Patients with epilepsy may continue to have seizures even after treatment with several different antiseizure medications (ASMs). Cenobamate is an ASM that can reduce seizures in these patients. In this study, six Spanish experts in epilepsy discussed the best way to use cenobamate in drug‐resistant epilepsy. They provide practical guidance on when and how the dose of other ASMs might be adjusted to reduce side effects and optimize the use of cenobamate.
Probabilistic risk assessment for reinforced concrete frame structures subject to mainshock‐aftershock sequences
Authors: Zhou Zhou , Lu Dagang , Gardoni Paolo , Han Miao , Yu Xiaohui
Published: April 2024

Recent earthquakes have highlighted that aftershocks can considerably increase the structural demand and seismic risk of engineering structures. This study presents a probabilistic approach to assess the seismic risk of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures subjected to mainshock‐aftershock sequences. In this approach, a predictive fragility method is used to evaluate the probabilities of structural damage under sequential excitations. The Bayes theorem is employed to generate posterior distributions of unknown model parameters. Then, a practical seismic hazard assessment method is used to conduct mainshock‐aftershock hazard analysis. The Copula technique is employed to develop a joint distribution model of the mainshock and aftershock intensity measures. Finally, the seismic risk is evaluated using the classical risk integration equation with the mainshock‐aftershock fragilities and hazard surfaces. Confidence bounds for fragilities and seismic risks are also obtained to account for the uncertainties of model parameters caused by aftershocks. The proposed approach is demonstrated by considering a seismic‐designed RC frame building. It can be concluded that aftershocks can significantly increase the seismic risk throughout the entire structural service life. The additional uncertainties caused by aftershocks result in wider confidence bounds for seismic risk.
Enhanced absorption of prenylated cinnamic acid derivatives from Brazilian green propolis by turmeric in humans and rats
Authors: Yamaga Masayuki , Kawabe Hiroshi , Tani Hiroko , Yamaki Ayanori
Published: April 2024

Prenylated cinnamic acid derivatives are the bioactive components of Brazilian green propolis (BGP). The effect of other botanical components on the pharmacokinetic profiles of these derivatives remains relatively unexplored. In the present study, we investigated the influence of several herbal extracts (turmeric, ginkgo leaf, coffee fruit, soybean, and gotu kola) on the plasma concentrations of cinnamic acid derivatives after BGP consumption. When the herbal extracts were co‐administered with BGP in the clinical study, the area under the curve (AUC) values of artepillin C and drupanin, the major BGP components in plasma, were significantly increased by 1.7‐ and 1.5‐fold, respectively, compared to those after BGP administration alone. Among the herbal extracts administered to rats, turmeric extract increased the AUC. Furthermore, a bidirectional transport assay suggested that artepillin C and drupanin are substrates of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), a drug elimination transporter. These results suggest that curcumin‐containing turmeric extract may increase the plasma concentrations of artepillin C and drupanin via BCRP. Our findings enabled us to estimate the food–herb and herb–herb interactions in vivo in foods and herbal medicines containing cinnamic acid derivatives and prenylated compounds.
Design toolchain for automotive E/E architecture exploration
Authors: LAURENT Jean‐Baptiste , RICHEFEU Julien , MONSUEZ Bruno
Published: April 2024

Design space exploration (DSE) is an elegant way to tackle the ever‐growing design complexity of automotive Electrical/Electronic (E/E) architectures. In this paper, a toolchain extension is presented and discussed. While still under development, it enhances the modeling with a graphical canvas and allows the model to be defined more naturally, and agnostically before being attached to the rest of the toolchain. It is, then, that more heavy‐duty simulation frameworks such as Metropolis are put to use to perform guided design space exploration and converge toward an optimum.

We validated the extended toolchain with a proof of concept use case being challenged by the addition of a third camera, and the way the existing two‐frontal cameras subsystem could be adjusted to fit it best. It is intended for this modeling toolchain to be reusable on a larger range of design use‐cases.
Revisiting Large Scale Defence Acquisition: Uncertainty and Acquisition Responsiveness
Authors: de Haan Peter , Efatmaneshnik Mahmoud , James Ady
Published: April 2024

This article re‐examines the model for large‐scale defence acquisition, aiming to establish a more adaptable framework that can effectively navigate the uncertainties of a dynamic and evolving operational environment. Drawing upon principles derived from Beer's Viable System Model (VSM), coupled with software engineering concepts from DevOps and innovation frameworks, the article proposes the development of a preliminary acquisition framework. The primary objective of this endeavour is to refine the framework, facilitating the creation of naval platforms that possess enhanced future‐proofing capabilities. Simultaneously, the aim is to minimize the time gap between significant acquisition decisions and achieving initial operating capability, all while upholding the fundamental requisites of the prevailing acquisition frameworks. Considering the extended operational lifespan of valuable assets, which can exceed two decades, there is a discernible risk that naval resources might become obsolete due to technological advancements driven by evolving adversarial threats. To counteract this potential scenario, it becomes imperative to regard naval acquisition as a continuous process, necessitating ongoing evolution and timely updates that align with the swiftly changing environmental conditions. This article asserts the significance of embracing a future‐proofing mindset. Such an approach holds the potential to curtail expenses associated with the swift and cost‐effective implementation of new capabilities as we advance into the future.
Environmental and social governance performance and enterprise total factor productivity
Authors: Cheng Zhonghua , Han Lele
Published: April 2024

With the popularity of both green development and sustainable investment concepts, evaluation of environmental performance, social responsibility and corporate governance (ESG) is the way for enterprises to protect the environment and, at the same time, interact with stakeholders. This paper first analyses how ESG influences corporate total factor productivity (TFP), then, using A‐share listed company data from 2009 to 2021, conducts an empirical test proving that ESG greatly boosts TFP. Examination of the intermediate mechanism reveals that ESG can improve TFP by raising R&D investment, enhancing the attention of stakeholders, and increasing internal control capabilities. The heterogeneity study shows that, for state‐owned firms, non‐polluting industries, and small‐scale and low‐market degree enterprises, ESG enhances TFP more. Further analysis indicates that ESG uncertainty and ESG catering behaviour will weaken the fostering impact, but environmental regulation has a beneficial regulatory role.
Intense and problematic social media use and sleep difficulties of adolescents in 40 countries
Authors: Khan Asaduzzaman , Thomas George , Karatela Shamshad , Morawska Alina , Werner‐Seidler Aliza
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Social media has become a ubiquitous part of everyday life; however, evidence suggests patterns of social media use can affect sleep health in children and adolescents. This study aimed to examine the associations of intense and problematic social media use (SMU) with sleep‐onset difficulties in adolescence.

Methods

We analysed data from 212,613 adolescents aged 11‐15 years (51.1% girls) from 40 European and North American countries that participated in the 2017/2018 Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children survey. Intense SMU assessed how often respondents had online contact through social media, and problematic SMU was assessed by symptoms of addiction to social media. Sleep‐onset difficulties were assessed using a self‐reported item. Multilevel mixed‐effects logistic regression was used to obtain the estimates.

Results

Sleep‐onset difficulties were more common among girls than boys (27.1% vs 20.8%). Intense SMU was significantly associated with sleep‐onset difficulties in boys in 17 countries and in girls in 25 countries, while problematic SMU was significantly associated in most of the participating countries. Overall, exposure to problematic SMU alone was highly associated with sleep‐onset difficulties both in girls (OR 2.20, 2.04–2.38) and boys (OR 1.88, 1.73–2.04), while the association estimates for intense SMU were smaller and comparable across gender (Girls: OR 1.27, 1.23–1.31; Boys: OR 1.22, 1.18–1.27). Sensitivity analyses supported the above findings.

Conclusions

Intense and/or problematic SMU were associated with sleep‐onset difficulties across gender with associations being higher for problematic compared to intense SMU. Prospective research with objective measures is needed to understand the causal mechanisms underlying these relationships.
Evaluating the polymerization effectiveness and biocompatibility of bio‐sourced, visible light‐based photoinitiator systems
Authors: Wendland Rion J. , Conway Matthew T. , Worthington Kristan S.
Published: April 2024

The use of photopolymerization is expanding across a multitude of biomedical applications, from drug delivery to bioprinting. Many of these current and emerging photopolymerization systems employ visible light, as motivated by safety and energy efficiency considerations. However, the “library” of visible light initiators is limited compared with the wealth of options available for UV polymerization. Furthermore, the synthesis of traditional photoinitiators relies on diminishing raw materials, and several traditional photoinitiators are considered emerging environmental contaminants. As such, there has been recent focus on identifying and characterizing biologically sourced, visible light‐based photoinitiator systems that can be effectively used in photopolymerization applications. In this regard, several bio‐sourced molecules have been shown to act as photoinitiators, primarily through Type II photoinitiation mechanisms. However, whether bio‐sourced molecules can also act as effective synergists in these reactions remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of bio‐sourced synergist candidates, with a focus on amino acids, due to their amine functional groups, in combination with two bio‐sourced photoinitiator molecules: riboflavin and curcumin. We tested the effectiveness of these photoinitiator systems under both violet (405 nm) and blue (460–475 nm) light using photo‐rheology. We found that several synergist candidates, namely lysine, arginine, and histidine, increased the polymerization effectiveness of riboflavin when used with both violet and blue light. With curcumin, we found that almost all tested synergist candidates slightly decreased the polymerization effectiveness compared with curcumin alone under both light sources. These results show that bio‐sourced molecules have the potential to be used as synergists with bio‐sourced photoinitiators in visible light photopolymerization. However, more work must be done to fully characterize these reactions and to investigate more synergist candidates. Ultimately, this information is expected to expand the range of available visible light‐based photoinitiator systems and increase their sustainability.
Conflict's impacts on food systems: Mapping available evidence of interactions
Authors: Dowd Caitriona , Polzin Samuel S. , Gleason Kelsey , Yang Rebecca , Narang Pranay , Patel Ronak
Published: April 2024

This scoping study maps the conflict and food systems nexus to identify broad themes, specific components and remaining gaps in research. Applying systems thinking and network analysis, the analysis points to three trends. First, studies are heavily focused on production, with relatively less attention to aspects including transport, trade and household utilisation. Second, geographically, food systems within Africa and at country‐level are well‐represented in existing research, at the expense of other regions and scales. Third, specific modalities of violence are often omitted, and we observe a tendency to aggregate discrete forms of insecurity. The study has implications for scholars and practitioners seeking to better understand and respond to conflict's impacts on food systems and suggests avenues for further research.
Two‐ and 3‐year outcomes in convalescent individuals with COVID‐19: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Yang Huqin , Guan Lujia , Yang Tingyu , Ma Haomiao , Liu Xuefeng , Li Xuyan , Li Jieqiong , Tong Zhaohui
Published: April 2024

As the long‐term consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) have not been defined, it is necessary to explore persistent symptoms, long‐term respiratory impairment, and impact on quality of life over time in COVID‐19 survivors. In this prospective cohort study, convalescent individuals diagnosed with COVID‐19 were followed‐up 2 and 3 years after discharge from hospital. Participants completed an in‐person interview to assess persistent symptoms and underwent blood tests, pulmonary function tests, chest high‐resolution computed tomography, and the 6‐min walking test. There were 762 patients at the 2‐year follow‐up and 613 patients at the 3‐year follow‐up. The mean age was 60 years and 415 (54.5%) were men. At 3 years, 39.80% of the participants had at least one symptom; most frequently, fatigue, difficulty sleeping, joint pain, shortness of breath, muscle aches, and cough. The participants experienced different degrees of pulmonary function impairment, with decreased carbon monoxide diffusion capacity being the main feature; results remained relatively stable over the 2–3 years. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that female sex and smoking were independently associated with impaired diffusion capacity. A subgroup analysis based on disease severity was performed, indicating that there was no difference in other parameters of lung function except forced vital capacity at 3‐year follow‐up. Persistent radiographic abnormalities, most commonly fibrotic‐like changes, were observed at both timepoints. At 3 years, patients had a significantly improved Mental Component Score compared with that at 2 years, with a lower percentage with anxiety. Our study indicated that symptoms and pulmonary abnormalities persisted in COVID‐19 survivors at 3 years. Further studies are warranted to explore the long‐term effects of COVID‐19 and develop appropriate rehabilitation strategies.
Roles of reactive oxygen species in inflammation and cancer
Authors: Yu Yunfei , Liu Shengzhuo , Yang Luchen , Song Pan , Liu Zhenghuan , Liu Xiaoyang , Yan Xin , Dong Qiang
Published: April 2024

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) constitute a spectrum of oxygenic metabolites crucial in modulating pathological organism functions. Disruptions in ROS equilibrium span various diseases, and current insights suggest a dual role for ROS in tumorigenesis and the immune response within cancer. This review rigorously examines ROS production and its role in normal cells, elucidating the subsequent regulatory network in inflammation and cancer. Comprehensive synthesis details the documented impacts of ROS on diverse immune cells. Exploring the intricate relationship between ROS and cancer immunity, we highlight its influence on existing immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint blockade, chimeric antigen receptors, and cancer vaccines. Additionally, we underscore the promising prospects of utilizing ROS and targeting ROS modulators as novel immunotherapeutic interventions for cancer. This review discusses the complex interplay between ROS, inflammation, and tumorigenesis, emphasizing the multifaceted functions of ROS in both physiological and pathological conditions. It also underscores the potential implications of ROS in cancer immunotherapy and suggests future research directions, including the development of targeted therapies and precision oncology approaches. In summary, this review emphasizes the significance of understanding ROS‐mediated mechanisms for advancing cancer therapy and developing personalized treatments.
Role of durotomy on function outcome, tissue sparing, inflammation, and tissue stiffness after spinal cord injury in rats
Authors: Jin Chen , Wang Kaiwei , Ren Yilong , Li Yi , Wang Zhanwei , Cheng Liming , Xie Ning
Published: April 2024

Currently, there is a lack of effective treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI), a debilitating medical condition associated with enduring paralysis and irreversible neuronal damage. Extradural decompression of osseous as well as soft tissue components has historically been the principal objective of surgical procedures. Nevertheless, this particular surgical procedure fails to tackle the intradural compressive alterations that contribute to secondary SCI. Here, we propose an early intrathecal decompression strategy and evaluate its role on function outcome, tissue sparing, inflammation, and tissue stiffness after SCI. Durotomy surgery significantly promoted recovery of hindlimb locomotor function in an open‐field test. Radiological analysis suggested that lesion size and tissue edema were significantly reduced in animals that received durotomy. Relative to the group with laminectomy alone, the animals treated with a durotomy had decreased cavitation, scar formation, and inflammatory responses at 4 weeks after SCI. An examination of the mechanical properties revealed that durotomy facilitated an expeditious restoration of the injured tissue's elastic rigidity. In general, early decompressive durotomy could serve as a significant strategy to mitigate the impairments caused by secondary injury and establish a more conducive microenvironment for prospective cellular or biomaterial transplantation.
THz active modulation device by electric field turned modulation characteristics of titanium sulfide nanofilm device
Authors: Gao Feilong , Hou Shaodong , Li Guoru , Zhang Bingyuan
Published: April 2024

An effective approach to manipulate terahertz (THz) waves involves the utilization of a device structure. In this particular investigation, we have successfully fabricated a SnS2 nanofilm device using femtosecond laser direct ablation. The passive and active polarization‐sensitive characteristics of the SnS2 nanofilm device were examined within the THz frequency range, employing different line spaces of 500, 600, and 700 μm. The combination of the device effect and SnS2 absorption led to an enhanced passive polarization modulation. Moreover, when an external electric field was applied to the SnS2 nanofilm device along the device line, persistent switching and linear modulation of THz wave transmission were observed. These findings indicate that the integration of material properties and device structure in this SnS2 device renders it highly suitable for applications in ultrafast THz switches, filters, and modulation devices.
Waterscapes meet socio‐ecological models: A relational framework to examine water insecurity and human health and well‐being
Authors: Tallman Paula Skye , Piland Natalia C. , Villarmarzo Melanie , Victoria‐Lacy Lulu , Valdés‐Velásquez Armando
Published: April 2024

Water insecurity, the inability to benefit from affordable, adequate, reliable and safe water, is one of the greatest contemporary threats facing humans. While ‘water insecurity’, as a concept, is globally recognized and serves an essential function in policymaking, it does not capture the multiple, relational connections between Indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) and water systems. We contend that studies of water insecurity and health among IPLCs can be improved by applying a systematic approach to the concept of waterscapes. The term waterscape describes the socio‐natural relations between humans and water.

To make examining waterscapes more systematic and to draw attention to the importance of health within waterscapes, we use a four‐tiered socio–ecological approach to describe the multi‐level interactions between IPLCs and local water systems in the Amazonian watershed. We then apply this four‐tiered model to the case of the Belo Monte dam in the Brazilian Amazon to identify the specific health impacts of disrupting the Xingu River waterscape.

Applying the four‐tiered socio‐ecological approach to the Belo Monte case study showed that this dam led to flooding and compromised water quality that local people associated with an increased risk for chronic health conditions, such as kidney and renal diseases, and vector‐borne diseases, such as dengue. Displacement due to the dam threatened food security, economic security, community cohesion and the cultural survival of multiple IPLCs along the Xingu river. Our approach uncovers not only the direct consequences of the dam on water insecurity but also the broader implications for community well‐being and cultural integrity, addressing the diverse challenges arising from human‐water interactions.

The four‐tiered approach for assessing waterscapes offers a framework that enables a comprehensive examination of the intricate relations between water and humans. While there are overlaps among the levels, this framework is applicable to other situations where mining, oil extraction and the construction of hydrovías are substantially altering local waterscapes. Tools such as this one can promote more meaningful engagement between researchers, policymakers, and IPLCs in defining the range of outcomes to be considered in social and environmental impact assessments.

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Effect of graphene oxide/layered double hydroxide modified by 7‐octenyltrimethoxysilane on the mechanical and gas barrier properties of fluoroelastomers
Authors: Cong Chuanbo , Peng Daigang , Yuang Mingyang , Liu Mingchao , Umer Rehan , Zhou Qiong
Published: April 2024

Layered double hydroxide/graphene oxide (GLDH) composites (SGLDH) modified by 7‐octenyltrimethoxysilane (7‐OTOS) were prepared by co‐precipitation method. The structure and morphology of SGLDH were characterized using x‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. According to the obtained results, 7‐OTOS was successfully grafted onto graphene oxide (GO) and layered double hydroxide (LDH) surfaces. 7‐OTOS was grafted on both GO and LDH surfaces, which is why the amount of LDH loaded on the SGLDH surface was significantly increased compared with that on the GLDH composite. The filler‐matrix interfacial interactions of the SGLDH‐filled fluoroelastomer composites were characterized using contact angle analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, RPA analysis, FTIR, SEM, and cross‐linking density tests. It was indicated that the interfacial interactions between the SGLDH and matrix were significantly improved, and the SGLDH was well dispersed in the fluoroelastomer composites. In addition, the gas barrier properties and mechanical properties of the fluoroelastomer composites were tested. The carbon dioxide permeability coefficients of the fluoroelastomer composites filled with 10‐phr SGLDH increased by about 32.1% and 20.3%, and the tensile strengths increased by about 47.6% and 27.7%, respectively, compared with those of the fluoroelastomer composites filled with 10‐phr LDH and GLDH.

Highlights

SLDH nanocomposites are based on silyl ether linkages to increase LDH loading.

Elastomer nanocomposites exhibited interfacial cross‐linking mechanism.

Interfacial interactions were exhibited between FKM and SGLDH.

FKM/SGLDH exhibited enhanced gas barrier properties (+32%) compared to FKM.

FKM/SGLDH exhibited enhanced mechanical properties (+47%) compared to FKM.