bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small organ size contributes to the slow pace of life in tropical birds
Authors: Wiersma Popko , Nowak Brittany , Williams Joseph B.
Published: April 2012

Attributes of an animal’s life history, such as reproductive rate or longevity, typically fall along a ‘slow–fast’ continuum. Animals at the fast end of this continuum, such as temperate birds, are thought to experience high rates of mortality and invest more resources in reproduction, whereas animals at the slow end, such as tropical birds, live longer, have fewer offspring and invest more resources in self-maintenance. We have previously shown that tropical birds, compared with temperate species, have a reduced basal (BMR) and peak metabolic rate (PMR), patterns consistent with a slow pace of life. Here, we elucidate a fundamental linkage between the smaller mass of central organs of tropical species and their reduced BMR, and between their smaller flight muscles and reduced PMR. Analyses of up to 408 species from the literature showed that the heart, flight muscles, liver, pancreas and kidneys were smaller in tropical species. Direct measurements on 49 species showed smaller heart, lungs, flight muscles, liver, kidneys, ovaries and testes in tropical species, as well as lower feather mass. In combination, our results indicate that the benign tropical environment imposes a relaxed selection pressure on high levels of sustained metabolic performance, permitting species to reduce the mass of organs that are energetically costly to maintain. Brain, gizzard and intestine were exceptions, even though energy turnover of brain and intestine are high. Feather mass was 37% lower in tropical species compared with similar-sized temperate birds, supporting the idea that temperate birds require more insulation for thermoregulation.
Auditory processing at two time scales by the cricketGryllus bimaculatus
Authors: Grobe Bianca , Rothbart Matti M. , Hanschke Anne , Hennig R. Matthias
Published: April 2012

The acoustic display of many cricket species consists of series of pulses grouped into chirps, and thus information is distributed over both short and long time scales. Here we investigated the temporal cues that females of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus used to detect a chirp pattern on a longer time scale than the fast pulse pattern. First, over a range of chirp and pause durations (100–400 ms), the duty cycle of the chirp pattern emerged as the most important cue for detection. The songs of males showed a distribution at lower duty cycles than preferred by females. The duty cycle also limited the responses of females at very short durations and pauses (below 80 ms). Second, by systematic variation of pulse and chirp periods of stimuli, an intermediate response field emerged that revealed the best responses of female crickets to patterns with amplitude modulations on both short and long time scales. On average, females also responded weakly to stimuli that contained amplitude modulations of only one time scale. Third, test patterns were constructed by addition of modulation frequencies rather than rectangular pulses. These tests showed that female crickets processed the chirp pattern in the time domain and tolerated noise levels up to a modulation depth of 50%. The combined evidence from all three approaches indicated inhibitory effects of unattractive patterns on both time scales. The fusion of short and long time scales during auditory processing by female crickets corresponded to a weighted AND-like operation of two processing modules, the pulse and the chirp filter.
Regulation of the mTOR signaling network in hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels
Authors: Wu Cheng-Wei , Storey Kenneth B.
Published: April 2012

For many small mammals, survival over the winter months is a serious challenge because of low environmental temperatures and limited food availability. The solution for many species, such as thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus), is hibernation, an altered physiological state characterized by seasonal heterothermy and entry into long periods of torpor that are interspersed with short arousals back to euthermia. During torpor, metabolic rate is strongly reduced to achieve major energy savings, and a coordinated depression of non-essential ATP-expensive functions such as protein synthesis takes place. This study examines the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, a crucial component of the insulin receptor network, over six stages of the torpor–arousal cycle of hibernation. Immunoblots showed that the phosphorylation state of mTORSer2448 was strongly reduced in skeletal muscle (by 55%) during late torpor but increased by 200% during early arousal compared with euthermia. However, the phosphorylation state of this residue remained relatively constant in cardiac muscle during torpor but was enhanced during entrance into torpor and early arousal from torpor stages (by 2.9- and 3.2-fold, respectively). Phosphorylation states of upstream regulators of mTOR, p-AktThr473 and p-TSC2Thr1462, were also suppressed in skeletal muscle by 55 and 51%, respectively, during late torpor, as were selected downstream substrates – p-4E-BP1Thr46 and p-S6Ser235 contents dropped by 74 and 41%, respectively. Overall, the results indicate suppressed mTOR signaling in skeletal muscle, but not cardiac muscle, during torpor. By contrast, activation of mTOR and other components of the mTORC1 complex (p-PRAS40Thr246 and GβL) occurred during early arousal in both skeletal and cardiac muscle.
Odorant tuning of olfactory crypt cells from juvenile and adult rainbow trout
Authors: Bazáes Alejandra , Schmachtenberg Oliver
Published: April 2012

Teleost fish lack independent olfactory organs for odorant and pheromone detection. Instead, they have a single sensory epithelium with two populations of receptor neurons, ciliated and microvillous, that are conserved among vertebrates, and a unique receptor cell type named the olfactory crypt cell. Crypt cells were shown to be chemosensory neurons that project to specific areas in the olfactory bulb, but their odorant tuning and overall function remain unclear. Reproduction in fish is generally synchronized by sex pheromonal signaling between males and females, but the sensors responsible for pheromone detection remain unknown. In crucian carp, a seasonal variation in the population of olfactory crypt cells and their brain projections pathways, involved in reproduction, led to the hypothesis of a role as sex pheromone detectors. In the present study, morphology and localization of olfactory crypt cells were compared between juvenile and mature rainbow trout of both sexes, and calcium imaging was used to visualize responses of crypt cells from the three groups to common social and food-related odorants, sex hormones and conspecific tissue extracts. Crypt cells from mature trout were found to be larger than those of juvenile specimens, and preferentially localized to the apical surface of the olfactory epithelium. Although a fraction of crypt cells of all groups responded to common odorants such as amino acids and bile salts, cells from mature trout showed a characteristic preference for gonadal extracts and hormones from the opposite sex. These results support an involvement of olfactory crypt cells in reproduction-related olfactory signaling in fishes.
On the Robustness of Anchoring Effects in WTP and WTA Experiments
Authors: Fudenberg Drew , Levine David K , Maniadis Zacharias
Published: April 2012

We reexamine the effects of the anchoring manipulation of Ariely, Loewenstein, and Prelec (2003) on the evaluation of common market goods and find very weak anchoring effects. We perform the same manipulation on the evaluation of binary lotteries, and find no anchoring effects at all. This suggests limits on the robustness of anchoring effects. (JEL C91, D12, D44)
Ignorance Is Bliss: An Experimental Study of the Use of Ambiguity and Vagueness in the Coordination Games with Asymmetric Payoffs
Authors: Agranov Marina , Schotter Andrew
Published: April 2012

We consider a game where one player, the Announcer, has to communicate the value of a payoff relevant state of the world to a set of players who play a coordination game with multiple equilibria. While the Announcer and the players agree that coordination is desirable, since the payoffs of the players at the equilibria are unequal, they disagree as to which equilibrium is best. We demonstrate experimentally that in such coordination games, in order to mask the asymmetry of equilibrium payoffs, it may be advantageous for a utilitarian benevolent Announcer to communicate in an ambiguous or vague manner. (JEL C71, D81, D83)
Health Care Commissioning
Authors: Light Kate , Harden Melissa , Stirk Lisa , Wright Kath
Published: April 2012

Health care commissioning has been described as a multifaceted cycle that includes planning, procurement and evaluation of health services. Unsurprisingly for such a complex procedure, different approaches are taken in by different countries. This diversity presents a challenge when choosing websites for an international audience, so we have selected resources that provide support for activities that are likely to be central to any system of commissioning. Some sites are country-specific regarding the details of what they provide (for instance, the NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care in England), but nevertheless they serve as a model of the type of information that commissioners need at various stages of the cycle. Other elements that are likely to be required include management skills (the World Health Organization: management for health services delivery website), and knowledge of the effectiveness of various delivery processes (the Health Systems Evidence website from McMaster University).

If you would like to comment on this edition of “What's on the Web” please contact:
Impaired Short-Term Plasticity in Mossy Fiber Synapses Caused by Mitochondrial Dysfunction of Dentate Granule Cells Is the Earliest Synaptic Deficit in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Lee Sang Hun , Kim Kyung-Ran , Ryu Shin-Young , Son Sungmin , Hong Hyun Seok , Mook-Jung Inhee , Lee Suk-Ho , Ho Won-Kyung
Published: April 2012

Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the early stages is characterized by memory impairment, which may be attributable to synaptic dysfunction. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and Ca2+dysregulation are key factors in the pathogenesis of AD, but the causal relationship between these factors and synaptic dysfunction is not clearly understood. We found that in the hippocampus of an AD mouse model (Tg2576), mitochondrial Ca2+handling in dentate granule cells was impaired as early as the second postnatal month, and this Ca2+dysregulation caused an impairment of post-tetanic potentiation in mossy fiber-CA3 synapses. The alteration of cellular Ca2+clearance in Tg2576 mice is region-specific within hippocampus because in another region, CA1 pyramidal neuron, no significant difference in Ca2+clearance was detected between wild-type and Tg2576 mice at this early stage. Impairment of mitochondrial Ca2+uptake was associated with increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. Mitochondrial dysfunctions in dentate granule cells and impairment of post-tetanic potentiation in mossy fiber-CA3 synapses were fully restored when brain slices obtained from Tg2576 were pretreated with antioxidant, suggesting that mitochondrial oxidative stress initiates other dysfunctions. Reversibility of early dysfunctions by antioxidants at the preclinical stage of AD highlights the importance of early diagnosis and antioxidant therapy to delay or prevent the disease processes.
Abnormalities in Hippocampal Functioning with Persistent Pain
Authors: Mutso Amelia A. , Radzicki Daniel , Baliki Marwan N. , Huang Lejian , Banisadr Ghazal , Centeno Maria V. , Radulovic Jelena , Martina Marco , Miller Richard J. , Apkarian A. Vania
Published: April 2012

Chronic pain patients exhibit increased anxiety, depression, and deficits in learning and memory. Yet how persistent pain affects the key brain area regulating these behaviors, the hippocampus, has remained minimally explored. In this study we investigated the impact of spared nerve injury (SNI) neuropathic pain in mice on hippocampal-dependent behavior and underlying cellular and molecular changes. In parallel, we measured the hippocampal volume of three groups of chronic pain patients. We found that SNI animals were unable to extinguish contextual fear and showed increased anxiety-like behavior. Additionally, SNI mice compared with Sham animals exhibited hippocampal (1) reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression and phosphorylation, (2) decreased neurogenesis, and (3) altered short-term synaptic plasticity. To relate the observed hippocampal abnormalities with human chronic pain, we measured the volume of human hippocampus in chronic back pain (CBP), complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), and osteoarthritis patients (OA). Compared with controls, CBP and CRPS, but not OA, had significantly less bilateral hippocampal volume. These results indicate that hippocampus-mediated behavior, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis are abnormal in neuropathic rodents. The changes may be related to the reduction in hippocampal volume we see in chronic pain patients, and these abnormalities may underlie learning and emotional deficits commonly observed in such patients.
The Subthalamic Nucleus Is One of Multiple Innervation Sites for Long-Range Corticofugal Axons: A Single-Axon Tracing Study in the Rat
Authors: Kita Takako , Kita Hitoshi
Published: April 2012

The frontal cortex provides strong excitatory inputs to the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and these cortico-STN inputs play critical roles in the control of basal ganglia activity. It has been assumed from anatomical and physiological studies that STN is innervated mainly by collaterals of thick and fast conducting pyramidal tract axons originating from the frontal cortex deep layer V neurons, implying that STN directly receives efferent copies of motor commands. To more closely examine this assumption, we performed biotinylated dextran amine anterograde tracing studies in rats to examine the cortical layer of origin, the sizes of parent axons, and whether or not the cortical axons emit any other collaterals to brain areas other than STN. This study revealed that the cortico-STN projection is formed mostly by collaterals of a small fraction of small-to-medium-sized long-range corticofugal axons, which also emit collaterals that innervate multiple other brain sites including the striatum, associative thalamic nuclei, superior colliculus, zona incerta, pontine nucleus, multiple other brainstem areas, and the spinal cord. The results imply that some layer V neurons are involved in associative control of movement through multiple brain innervation sites and that the cortico-STN projection is one part of this multiple corticofugal system.
Antennal Lobe Processing Correlates to Moth Olfactory Behavior
Authors: Kuebler Linda S. , Schubert Marco , Kárpáti Zsolt , Hansson Bill S. , Olsson Shannon B.
Published: April 2012

Animals typically perceive their olfactory environment as a complex blend of natural odor cues. In insects, the initial processing of odors occurs in the antennal lobe (AL). Afferent peripheral input from olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) is modified via mostly inhibitory local interneurons (LNs) and transferred by projection neurons (PNs) to higher brain centers. Here we performed optophysiological studies in the AL of the moth,Manduca sexta, and recorded odor-evoked calcium changes in response to antennal stimulation with five monomolecular host volatiles and their artificial mixture. In a double staining approach, we simultaneously measured OSN network input in concert with PN output across the glomerular array. By comparing odor-evoked activity patterns and response intensities between the two processing levels, we show that host mixtures could generally be predicted from the linear summation of their components at the input of the AL, but output neurons established a unique, nonlinear spatial pattern separate from individual component identities. We then assessed whether particularly high levels of signal modulation correspond to behavioral relevance. One of our mixture components, phenyl acetaldehyde, evoked significant levels of nonlinear input-output modulation in observed spatiotemporal activation patterns that were unique from the other individual odorants tested. This compound also accelerated behavioral activity in subsequent wind tunnel tests, whereas another compound that did not exhibit high levels of modulation also did not affect behavior. These results suggest that the high degree of input-output modulation exhibited by the AL for specific odors can correlate to behavioral output.
Eugene Rabinowitch, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, and the Nature of Scientific Internationalism in the Early Cold War
Authors: Slaney Patrick David
Published: April 2012

Eugene Rabinowitch intended the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists to be an institution of scientific internationalism in the early cold war. He hoped that the Bulletin might serve, faute de mieux, as a site of international contact that would allow his vision of the scientific life to contribute to peace and stability in the shadow of the atomic bomb. Domestic anticommunists, however, envisioned the relation of science to national security and the role of the scientist quite differently. Protecting a sense of oneself as a scientist was consequently a feat of endurance, as Rabinowitch’s experience with the Bulletin shows.
Deformation and Fracture of Oxides Fabricated on 304L Stainless Steel via Pulsed Laser Irradiation
Authors: Lawrence Samantha K. , Stauffer Douglas D. , Major Ryan C. , Adams David P. , Gerberich William W. , Bahr David F. , Moody Neville R.
Published: April 2012

Localized heating of metals and alloys using a focused laser beam in ambient atmosphere produces dielectric oxide layers that have characteristic optical appearances including different colors. Nanoindentation probed the deformation and fracture of laser-fabricated oxides on 304L stainless steel. Conductive nanoindentation measured electrical contact resistance (ECR) of the same colored oxides indicating a correlation between laser exposure, conductance during loading, current-voltage (I-V) behavior at constant load, and indentation response. Microscopy and X-ray diffraction examined the microstructure and chemical composition of the oxides. Combining techniques provides a unique approach for correlating mechanical behavior and the resulting performance of the films in conditions that cause wear.
Swelling Pressures of Compacted Bentonite/Sand Mixtures
Authors: Gray M. N. , Cheung S. C. H. , Dixon D. A.
Published: April 2012

Compacted bentonitic clay/sand mixtures are being considered for use as buffer materials in the Canadian concept for nuclear fuel waste disposal. This paper describes a laboratory study of the swelling pressures that develop in statically compacted, air-dry specimens of mixtures of sodium bentonite and silica sand as they are saturated with double-distilled, deionized water. The results are interpreted with the aid of scanning electron microscope observations of the soils' structures.

It is shown that the sand acts as an inert filler material, and swelling pressures are controlled by a parameter termed the effective clay dry density, γC, defined as the ratio of the mass of clay to the combined volume of the claq plus voids in the mixture. A threshold value of γC exists below which swelling pressures can be expected to be isotropic. Above the threshold value of γC, pressures parallel to the axis of compaction can be expected to be greatgr than those perpendicular to it. This is related to a change in soil fabric as γC is increased above the threshold value. For the Canadian disposal concept, γC would probably be below the limiting value and swelling pressures of 2.5 MPS or less are expected. The swelling pressures are likely to be isotropic within a saturated buffer mass.
Slow clinical improvement after treatment initiation in Leishmania/HIV coinfected patients
Authors: Souza Guenael Freire de , Biscione Fernando , Greco Dirceu Bartolomeu , Rabello Ana
Published: April 2012

INTRODUCTION: In Brazil there is a large area of overlap of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and HIV infection, which favored a increased incidence of coinfection Leishmania/HIV. METHODS: This study evaluated 65 consecutive patients with VL and their clinical response to treatment in two health care settings in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. RESULTS: At baseline, the clinical picture was similar between both groups, although diarrhea and peripheral lymphadenomegaly were more frequent in HIV-infected subjects. HIV-positive patients had lower median blood lymphocyte counts (686/mm³ versus 948/mm³p = 0.004) and lower values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (48IU/L versus 75.6IU/L p = 0.016) than HIV-negative patients. HIV-positive status (hazard ratio = 0.423, p = 0.023) and anemia (HR = 0.205, p = 0.002) were independent negative predictors of complete clinical response following antileishmanial treatment initiation. CONCLUSIONS: This study reinforces that all patients with VL should be tested for HIV infection, regardless of their clinical picture. This practice would allow early recognition of coinfection with initiation of antiretroviral therapy and, possibly, reduction in treatment failure.
Psicologia e segurança pública: invenção de outras máquinas de guerra
Authors: Bicalho Pedro Paulo Gastalho de , Kastrup Virginia , Reishoffer Jefferson Cruz
Published: April 2012

O artigo aborda o ingresso dos "profissionais psi" no campo da segurança pública. Para tal, examina as principais definições de controle social, procurando relacionar a questão da escalada da insegurança com o advento da nova ordem social proposta pelo modelo neoliberal, bem como da reedição de propostas criminológicas positivistas que embasam políticas destinadas a conter o fenômeno da criminalidade. Reúne, ainda, três analisadores; o 'caveirão", os mandados de busca coletivos e os autos de resistências, que condensam uma correlação de forças que fortalece a criminalização da pobreza e a adoção do extermínio como políticas de segurança pública. Com a perspectiva de problematizar o "fazer-psicológico", coloca em análise a construção de "máquinas de guerra" e o desencadear de processos de singularização.
A produção do conhecimento na psicologia social brasileira: um estudo descritivo a partir da Revista Psicologia & Sociedade, 1986-1992
Authors: Cruz Robson Nascimento da , Stralen Cornelis Johannes van
Published: April 2012

Com o intuito de auxiliar na compreensão da história recente da Psicologia Social brasileira, apresentamos a primeira parte de pesquisa que objetivou descrever alguns aspectos que perpassam sua organização científica e social, o que se deu a partir de um dos seus principais veículos de comunicação, o periódico Psicologia & Sociedade: Revista da Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Social (ABRAPSO). Para isso, analisamos os trabalhos publicados entre os anos de 1986 e 1992. Assim, o total de 277 trabalhos, distribuídos em 10 revistas, constituiu nossa fonte de pesquisa. A origem institucional e geográfica dos autores, o padrão de autoria, o tipo e as temáticas dos trabalhos publicados, a metodologia e os locais de realização das investigações e intervenções, foram as informações examinadas. Por fim, a identificação tanto das transformações quanto de padrões de funcionamento da área, e alguns de seus possíveis determinantes, são apresentados.
A comparison of extradural tramadol and extradural morphine for postoperative analgesia in female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy
Authors: Neves Celso Sawaya , Balan Juliana Andrea Osório , Pereira Diego Roberto , Stevanin Helaine , Cassu Renata Navarro
Published: April 2012

PURPOSE: To compare the postoperative analgesic effects of the extradural tramadol or morphine in female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. METHODS: Sixteen female dogs were randomly assigned to two groups of eight animals each and received morphine (0.1mg kg-1 M group) or tramadol (2mg kg-1 T group). The pre-anesthetic medication was intravenously (iv) acepromazine (0.05mg kg-1). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (4mg kg-1iv) and maintained with isoflurane. The degree of analgesia was evaluated using a numerical rating scale that included physiologic and behavior variables. Dogs were scored at one, three, six and 12 hours after surgery by one blinded observer. Dogs were treated with morphine (0.5mg kg-1) if their scores were >6. Serum cortisol was measured before the pre-anesthetic medication was administered (basal), at the time of the ovarian pedicle clamping (T0), and at 1 (T1), 6 (T6) and 12 (T12) hours postoperative. RESULTS: The pain score did not differ between morphine and tramadol treatments. Rescue analgesia was administered to one dog in the T treatment group. Serum cortisol did not differ between treatments. CONCLUSION: The extradural administration of morphine or tramadol is a safe and effective method of inducing analgesia in female dogs undergoing ovariohyterectomy.
Alterações na rede social de apoio durante a gestação e o nascimento de filhos
Authors: Oliveira Maíra Ribeiro de , Dessen Maria Auxiliadora
Published: April 2012

A rede social de apoio tem sido enfatizada como um dos aspectos mais importantes para o bem-estar materno durante a gestação e o nascimento dos filhos. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar as alterações no apoio prestado por familiares e não familiares durante esse período, na perspectiva de 45 mulheres grávidas e de 42 com bebês de até seis meses. A coleta de dados consistiu na aplicação de um questionário de caracterização do sistema familiar e de uma entrevista semiestruturada, visando obter informações sobre a estrutura e o funcionamento da família e de sua rede social durante a gestação e o nascimento dos filhos. Os resultados apontaram mudanças na vida familiar, durante essa transição, quanto ao contato social e ao suporte emocional e material. Os dados sugerem a importância da elaboração de programas de educação familiar para a manutenção do equilíbrio familiar, nesse período.
Explorando a relação entre consciência morfológica, processamento cognitivo e escrita
Authors: Mota Márcia Maria Peruzzi Elia da
Published: April 2012

Estudos realizados em línguas alfabéticas mostram que a habilidade de refletir sobre os morfemas que compõem as palavras - consciência morfológica - está associada ao sucesso no reconhecimento e compreensão de palavras na leitura. O português é uma língua com uma ortografia bastante regular em termos das correspondências entre letra e som. Neste estudo, investiga-se se o processamento da morfologia contribui para a escrita no português e se essa contribuição é independente de outros aspectos cognitivos da linguagem, como vocabulário e memória auditiva. Crianças de 2º ano e 3º ano do Ensino Fundamental constituíram a amostra. Os resultados das correlações de Pearson mostram que a consciência morfológica está associada à escrita; quando se controla a memória e o vocabulário, essa relação passa a ser significativa.
Inconsciente e transferência: perspectivas na clínica
Authors: Pisetta Maria Angélica Augusto de Mello
Published: April 2012

Como fenômeno clínico, a transferência sempre é acompanhada por seu caráter antinômico. Ela é abertura à interpretação e ao encontro com o analista, em contrapartida se apresenta também como um obstáculo, exibindo sua face de resistência. Freud se mostra atento às duas vertentes clínicas, teorizando-as em diferentes momentos, em especial quando se refere à estereotipia do inconsciente que a transferência convoca. Também ressalta sua abertura, quando a situa como condição de interpretação. Como conduzi-la, levando em conta sua contradição interna? É a partir dessas questões que abordaremos a proposição lacaniana de que a transferência demarca um fechamento do inconsciente, articulada que está a ele numa pulsação temporal.
A instituição de saúde mental como dispositivo social de produção de subjetividade
Authors: Costa-Rosa Abílio da
Published: April 2012

Analisa-se a instituição de saúde mental como dispositivo de produção de subjetividade. Embora se trate de um setor singular da produção, a aplicação do referencial de análise das formações sociais e da mercadoria, criado por Marx, pode trazer à luz aspectos de extrema utilidade na análise da composição e dos efeitos produtivos das práticas no campo da saúde mental em nosso contexto na atualidade. Dois modos de produção destacam-se em flagrante contradição: suas lógicas são congruentes com a do modo capitalista de produção ou com a lógica dos modos de produção cooperados que o antecederam; a concepção de saúde variará radicalmente em cada caso. Conclui-se que, no âmbito da saúde psíquica e mental, a produção de saúde é indissociável da produção de subjetividade, podendo estas ser sintônicas ou dessintônicas entre si, dependendo do modo de produção em que são realizadas. Propõe-se nova definição de saúde para a atenção psicossocial.
Desenvolvimento sustentável: uma perspectiva econômico-ecológica
Authors: Romeiro Ademar Ribeiro
Published: April 2012

O objetivo do trabalho é oferecer uma definição de desenvolvimento sustentável de uma perspectiva econômico-ecológica. Para tanto, foram analisadas inicialmente as condições históricas da formulação e a evolução do conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável, de suas origens como ecodesenvolvimento até sua nova apresentação como economia verde. Em seguida, foram avaliadas as premissas do conceito de sustentabilidade fraca que permite à economia ambiental neoclássica desconsiderar a realidade natural em suas formulações de políticas ambientais. Por sua vez, a análise dos fundamentos teóricos da economia ecológica possibilitou chegar a uma definição de sustentabilidade estritamente ecológica, condição necessária para a definição de desenvolvimento sustentável proposta. Finalmente, são analisados os problemas para atingir o crescimento zero sem gerar uma crise e para mudar as expectativas de consumo em sociedades de consumo. Uma definição sucinta de desenvolvimento sustentável é, então, proposta.
A vocação da Amazônia é florestal e a criação de novos estados pode levar ao aumento do desflorestamento na Amazônia brasileira
Authors: Ferreira Leandro V. , Pereira Jorge L. G. , Cunha Denise A , Matos Darley C. L , Sanjuan Priscilla M
Published: April 2012

O Pará detém uma rica diversidade de ecossistemas. Contudo, é um dos Estados que mais contribuem para o desmatamento na Amazônia. Atualmente, 22% do Estado foram desflorestados. Uma nova política de ocupação está sendo estudada para a Amazônia, baseada na criação de novos Estados. A criação de novos Estados pode aumentar o desmatamento na Amazônia, especialmente em regiões onde a fronteira agropecuária e mineraria é intensa como no Pará. Este estudo compara as mudanças da representatividade das áreas protegidas e do desmatamento, considerando a proposta de divisão do Estado do Pará em três novos Estados. A criação dos novos Estados pode levar a uma diminuição ou mesmo eliminação de algumas unidades de conservação, o que terá como consequência direta o aumento do desmatamento. Outra consequência grave da criação de novos Estados será a extinção do Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico do Pará, um importante instrumento de políticas públicas. A criação de novos Estados deve ser precedida de estudos que envolvam uma avaliação criteriosa dos impactos ambientais, sociais e econômicos. Umas das consequências mais graves se isso não for levado em consideração é a criação de um vácuo jurídico que será aproveitado para aumentar a pressão nos recursos naturais da Amazônia.
Perspectivas e planejamento do setor energético no Brasil
Authors: Tolmasquim Mauricio Tiomno
Published: April 2012

O artigo apresenta um panorama do setor energético brasileiro por meio de estatísticas atualizadas, referentes à evolução da oferta interna de energia e sua evolução até o ano de 2020. Em particular, é abordado o sistema elétrico, sendo mostrada a situação atual e a evolução da capacidade instalada. No tocante ao setor de combustíveis, são abordadas as questões do petróleo, do gás natural e dos bicombustíveis. O artigo deixa claro que não teria sido possível manter o alto crescimento econômico brasileiro que ocorreu nos últimos oito anos sem um suprimento crescente de energia. Para isso, muitos e diversificados investimentos de longo prazo foram realizados, tais como a construção de usinas hidrelétricas, termelétricas e eólicas, gasodutos e oleodutos, as medidas de conservação de energia, a ampliação dos sistemas de transmissão elétrica, entre outros empreendimentos.
Esterilização em gatas mediante salpingectomia parcial (incluindo prenhes) versus ovariossalpingohisterectomia
Authors: Silva Amanda Camilo , Silva Camila Elana Santana e , Peluso Emília Miranda , Tudury Eduardo Alberto
Published: April 2012

A ligadura ou laqueadura das tubas uterinas é uma forma de contracepção bastante utilizada na medicina humana. Ela consiste na oclusão mecânica e/ou ressecção parcial desta estrutura (salpingectomia parcial). Nesta pesquisa, procurou-se utilizar uma técnica de contracepção definitiva em gatas prenhes, que não comprometesse a gestação em curso, o parto, nem os conceptos, tendo em vista a frequência da visualização de útero gravídico nas campanhas de castração. Avaliou-se também o ganho de peso e mudanças de comportamento das gatas submetidas à salpingectomia parcial, comparando-as com as submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia (OSH), além de comparar o tempo cirúrgico entre os dois procedimentos. Para tal, foram utilizadas 40 gatas, distribuídas em dois grupos de 20 animais, GA: salpingectomia parcial, e GB: OSH; sendo o primeiro subdividido em GA1 contendo 10 gatas prenhes e GA2 contendo 10 não prenhes. Todos os animais foram reavaliados com sete, 60, 180 e 365 dias. O tempo cirúrgico apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos, sendo o GB mais demorado. Nas gatas do grupo GA1, o curso gestacional e o parto foram normais. No total, foram visualizadas 51 vesículas embrionárias, nasceram 49 fetos vivos e ocorreram duas reabsorções fetais. Dentre os 49 fetos, sete (14,28%) apresentaram a anormalidade genu recurvatum. Quanto à fertilidade, os animais do grupo A que ciclaram e copularam não engravidaram. Apenas o grupo B apresentou aumento de peso médio (20,34%) estatisticamente significativo. Com relação aos parâmetros comportamentais, o grupo B apresentou maiores alterações quanto ao aumento na ingestão de alimentos, aumento da letargia e diminuição do período de vigília. Concluiu-se que a técnica de salpingectomia parcial realizada em gatas é um método contraceptivo 100% eficaz, de rápida execução, que pode ser empregado durante a identificação transcirúrgica do estado de prenhez, com mínimo efeito prejudicial aos conceptos e sem alterações significativas de conduta e ganho de peso, mas com características indesejáveis quanto à aceitação dos proprietários.
Indicação geográfica de alimentos e bebidas no Brasil e na União Europeia
Authors: Valente Maria Emília Rodrigues , Perez Ronaldo , Ramos Afonso Mota , Chaves José Benício Paes
Published: April 2012

Entre os direitos relativos à propriedade intelectual, a indicação geográfica (IG) surge como um meio de fomentar o desenvolvimento socioeconômico de uma sociedade. Alguns países, especialmente os europeus, há tempos vêm utilizando a proteção jurídica proporcionada pelo registro das IGs como forma de tornar seus produtos mais competitivos e desenvolver regiões menos favorecidas. No Brasil, o tema é, ainda, recente e necessita ser melhor compreendido, razão pela qual é abordado nesta revisão.
Motivos e prevalência de insatisfação com a imagem corporal em adolescentes
Authors: Petroski Edio Luiz , Pelegrini Andreia , Glaner Maria Fátima
Published: April 2012

OBJETIVO: Verificar os motivos e a prevalência de insatisfação com a imagem corporal (IC) em adolescentes. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 641 adolescentes de 11 a 17 anos. A imagem corporal foi autoavaliada através da escala de nove silhuetas corporais. Resultados: A prevalência de insatisfação com a IC foi de 60,4% (masculino = 54,5%, feminino = 65,7%; p < 0,05). Os rapazes (26,4%) apresentaram maior desejo em aumentar o tamanho da silhueta corporal, enquanto as moças (52,4%) desejavam diminuir. Prevalência mais elevada de insatisfação com a IC foi encontrada nos adolescentes urbanos. Os motivos indicados pelos adolescentes para a insatisfação foram similares entre os sexos (p = 0,156). Quando ao domicílio, a estética foi o motivo indicado pelos adolescentes urbanos e a autoestima pelos adolescentes rurais. Foi encontrada associação entre a percepção da imagem corporal e os motivos de insatisfação. Conclusões: A estética, a autoestima e a saúde são os motivos que mais influenciam a insatisfação com a IC. Mais da metade dos adolescentes está insatisfeita com sua silhueta corporal. Neste sentido, intervenções por profissionais e serviços de saúde são necessárias nessa fase da vida, para prevenir possíveis problemas futuros de distúrbios alimentares (anorexia, bulimia e vigorexia).
Validação de metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem na promoção da saúde alimentar infantil
Authors: Maia Evanira Rodrigues , Lima Junior José Ferreira , Pereira Jamelson dos Santos , Eloi Aryanderson de Carvalho , Gomes Camilo das Chagas , Nobre Marina Maria Fernandes
Published: April 2012

OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a validação de metodologias ativas de educação em saúde, na promoção da alimentação saudável de crianças do Ensino Fundamental. MÉTODOS: Foi feito estudo de validação de quatro tecnologias educacionais: dinâmicas de avaliação, minuto-cinema, momento-teatro e caixa dos sentidos. A pesquisa foi efetuada em 2009, com 25 crianças de 5 a 7 anos, estudantes de uma escola privada em Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, selecionadas intencionalmente para participar de oficinas de ensino-aprendizagem. O projeto foi realizado por estudantes da Faculdade de Enfermagem daquela cidade, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética competente, e consentimento dos responsáveis pelas crianças. RESULTADOS: Validaram-se as metodologias utilizadas. Nas dinâmicas de avaliação, a colagem adequada dos alimentos foi realizada por 84% das crianças, demonstrando aquisição de saberes a partir da interação com os meios de comunicação, o aprendizado nutricional em família e o convívio social infantil, para a diferenciação entre alimentos saudáveis e não saudáveis. Na atividade minuto-cinema, os escolares demonstraram interesse na obtenção de conhecimento sobre a valia dos alimentos abordados. No momento-teatro, observou-se interatividade eficaz entre sujeitos e pesquisadores. Todas as crianças identificaram os alimentos ocultos na caixa dos sentidos, através de sua textura e consistência, o que contribuiu para o aperfeiçoamento das habilidades cognitivas infantis. Observou-se dificuldade dos pais e da escola em ofertar alimentos saudáveis. CONCLUSÃO: As metodologias utilizadas favoreceram o desenvolvimento de competências dos estudantes na promoção da saúde. No cuidado à criança, a alimentação é fundamental para promoção da saúde, pois o significado do ato de nutrir ultrapassa o mero ato biológico.
Toxoplasma gondii in goats from Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil: risks factors and epidemiology
Authors: Garcia Guilherme , Sotomaior Cristina , Nascimento Aguinaldo José do , Navarro Italmar Teodorico , Soccol Vanete Thomaz
Published: April 2012

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan with wide geographical distribution and minimal parasitic specificity that affects many species of wild and domestic animals. In livestock, especially in small ruminants like goats, toxoplasmosis can cause abortion and the birth of weak animals, leading to economic losses to farmers, and is a major source of human infection. This is a seroepidemiological study of toxoplasmosis in goats in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Sera from 405 goats from the metropolitan mesoregion of Curitiba, eastern state, were tested by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Information on properties and goat characteristics was also collected using questionnaires. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis was 39.41 and 35.96% by ELISA and IFAT, respectively. T. gondii antibody prevalence increased with age. The risk factors for T. gondii infection in goats were: age over one year; exposure to cats, type of management and purpose of breeding. Other epidemiological factors and relevant control measures are discussed in the current study.
Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in goat kids
Authors: Coelho Willian Marinho Dourado , Amarante Alessandro Francisco Talamini do , Bresciani Katia Denise Saraiva
Published: April 2012

Fecal samples from male and female goat kids, of different breeds and up to one year of age, were analyzed to determine egg and oocyst counts per gram of feces (EPG and OPG, respectively), and fecal culturing was performed to identify nematode genera. Helminth eggs and Eimeria spp. oocysts were found in 93.06% (188/202) and 77.22% (156/202) of the fecal samples, respectively. From fecal cultures, the following genera were identified: Cooperia in 11.88% (24/202), Haemonchus in 51.98% (105/202), Oesophagostomum in 9.4% (19/202), Strongyloides in 5.94 (12/202) and Trichostrongylus in 20.79% (42/202) of the samples. The Eimeria species found were E. alijevi in 25.24% (51/202), E. arloingi in 7.42% (15/202), E. caprina in 2.97% (6/202), E. caprovina in 10.39% (21/202), E. christenseni in 4.45% (9/202), E. joklchijevi in 11.38% (23/202), E. hirci in 9.4% (19/202) and E. ninakohlyakimovae in 28.71% (58/202) samples. Among the gastrointestinal parasites, the genus Haemonchus and two Eimeria species (E. ninakohlyakimovae and E. alijevi) were predominants.
The Risk for Anemia with Targeted Therapies for Solid Tumors
Authors: Barni Sandro , Cabiddu Mary , Guarneri Paolo , Lonati Veronica , Petrelli Fausto
Published: April 2012

Background.

Anemia is a common manifestation in patients with cancer. Little is known about the frequency of and risk for anemia with targeted therapies used to treat solid tumors.

Methods.

We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of solid tumors by comparing targeted therapy (alone or in combination) with standard therapy alone to calculate the incidence and relative risk (RR) for anemia events associated with these agents. Overall, 24,310 patients were included in the analysis.

Results.

The addition of targeted therapies to standard treatment (chemotherapy or placebo/best supportive care) increased the risk for all grades of anemia by 7%. The RR for all grades (incidence, 44%) and grades 1–2 (incidence, 38.9%) of anemia was higher with biological therapies alone but not when combined with chemotherapy. The risk was significant for erlotinib, trastuzumab, and sunitinib. Bevacizumab was associated with a lower risk for anemia. Anti–epidermal growth factor receptor, anti–human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, anti–vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors predicted RRs of 1.24, 1.20, 0.82, and 1.33, respectively, and all of these values were significant.

Conclusion.

Grade 1–2 anemia is frequently associated with biological agents. The risk is particularly associated with small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (gefitinib and erlotinib), breast cancer, and lung cancer. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents are not labeled for use with targeted therapies (without chemotherapy) and the treatment is supportive only.
Characterizing species abundance distributions across taxa and ecosystems using a simple maximum entropy model
Authors: White Ethan P. , Thibault Katherine M. , Xiao Xiao
Published: April 2012

The species abundance distribution (SAD) is one of the most studied patterns in ecology due to its potential insights into commonness and rarity, community assembly, and patterns of biodiversity. It is well established that communities are composed of a few common and many rare species, and numerous theoretical models have been proposed to explain this pattern. However, no attempt has been made to determine how well these theoretical characterizations capture observed taxonomic and global‐scale spatial variation in the general form of the distribution. Here, using data of a scope unprecedented in community ecology, we show that a simple maximum entropy model produces a truncated log‐series distribution that can predict between 83% and 93% of the observed variation in the rank abundance of species across 15 848 globally distributed communities including birds, mammals, plants, and butterflies. This model requires knowledge of only the species richness and total abundance of the community to predict the full abundance distribution, which suggests that these factors are sufficient to understand the distribution for most purposes. Since geographic patterns in richness and abundance can often be successfully modeled, this approach should allow the distribution of commonness and rarity to be characterized, even in locations where empirical data are unavailable.
The concept of epistemic justification
Authors: Simic Ivana
Published: April 2012

The thesis of this paper is that there are two distinct notions of epistemic justification, namely, deontological and non-deontological justification that work together in a full account of epistemic justification that is necessary for knowledge. These two notions apply to different beliefs. The non-deontological justification applies to first-order beliefs, while the deontological justification applies to second-order beliefs (metabeliefs). From the external perspective, although a subject, S, needs not to have any metabeliefs that are the subject of the deontological justification in order to be said to know something, yet whenever S claims that she knows something she thereby expresses a meta-belief that is subject to deontological justification. Thus, knowledge claims that one ascribes to oneself or to others are always associated with such metabeliefs and hence with the deontological justification. If successful, this proposal would have explanatory power with respect to the clash between externalist and internalist intuitions in epistemology. It seems that these intuitions have its place and can be reconciled in one complex notion of epistemic justification.
Zagorka Micic: On the occasion of her 100th anniversary
Authors: Sajkovic Radmila
Published: April 2012

In this text the author reviews the life and work of Zagorka Micic, famous Serbian woman-philosopher, in honour of the 100th anniversary of her birth. She was one of the first students of Edmund Husserl, and her Ph. D. thesis was among the earliest ones in phaenomenology, which was waking in that time. Her cooperation with Husserl has continued for a decade. After the World War II Zagorka Micic worked as a professor of logic and history of philosophy at the University of Skoplje (now FYRM). Stressing her individual qualities, the paper is full of personal memories and reminiscences of mutual encounters.
Retorika u naucnom istrazivanju
Authors: Gordic Aleksandar
Published: April 2012

nema