bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SYNTHESIS, BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND DOCKING STUDIES OF NON HEPATOTOXIC 5-SUBSTITUTED THIAZOLIDINE-2, 4-DIONES AS ANTIDIABETIC, ANTI-HYPERLIPIDEMIC, ANTI-OXIDANT AND CYTOTOXIC AGENTS
Authors: Shukla Karuna S. , Pandey Shailendra , Chawla A Pooja
Published: September 2021

A series of eleven thiazolidine-2, 4-dione (TZD) derivatives, were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1 H NMR and mass spectral analysis. All the synthesized TZD derivatives were screened for their in vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic and antioxidant, activities and cytotoxicity. In vivo antihyperglycemic effect was assessed by measuring plasma glucose (PG) levels in alloxan-induced type II diabetic rat models. The compound 4h exhibited better blood glucose lowering activity than the standard drug rosiglitazone. The synthesized TZD derivatives were evaluated for hepatotoxicity and pancreatic tissue studies. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH method and H2 O2 method. Compounds 4a and 4b exhibited potent antioxidant activity. Among the tested compounds for cytotoxicity using MTT assay method, compound 4i exhibited better viability and cytotoxicity activity. Thiazolidinedione derivatives were evaluated for their affinity towards target PPARg, using rosiglitazone as the reference compound molecular docking visualization through FlexX docking program. From selected anti-diabetic targets, the proposed derivatives exhibited better interaction with PPARγ receptor, where rosiglitazone showed docking score of -19.891 kJ/ mol, compound 4h exhibited highest docking score of -31.6068 kJ/mol. The study showed that all the studied compounds were showing higher docking score when compared to control drug rosiglitazone and it could be a remarkable starting point to evaluate structure activity relationships to develop new lead molecules with potential anti-diabetic activities.
Automatic Control System for Hybrid Electrical Energy Supply Based on Internet of Things
Authors: Effendy M. Edwin Syah , Kusumanto RD , Carlos RS
Published: September 2021

The utilization of renewable energy is slowly starting to become one thing that to be interesting inside the development of science technology. The utilization of renewable energy is from at least two renewable energy (Solar Power Plants and Wind Power Plants), State Electricity Enterprise (PLN), and Generator Sources. This device could be operated automatically and integrated on the internet, which has a monitoring system such as voltage, inside which will be used to control everything inside that system. This device is designed to be operated in a combinational manner. This means to be operated based on the voltage value which qualified to activate the load. The utilization of the 3.3V microcontroller is able to design an efficient and low-cost board. Besides that, the device also uses the PLN and Generator set sources as the power backup when the main power runs out. Base on the research noted, this device will distribute the electric source to the houses, which means beneficial for the local society. This device might be applied automatically to four different sources with C++ Programming language to set the point value.
STUDY ON ZOOPLANKTON DIVERSITY DURING SPRING SEASON IN CHASHMA LAKE, PAKISTAN
Authors: Hayat S , Naeem M , Ramzan M , Zafarullah M , Ahmad I , Ali Q , Malik A
Published: September 2021

The present study was conducted to know the zooplankton species diversity in Chashma Lake during spring (March 2016 to May 2016). Various physico-chemical parameters like Temperature, PH, Salinity, conductivity, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen, Alkalinity, Chloride and Carbon dioxide which effect the distribution of zooplankton were also analyzed during this study. Zooplankton community was dominated by different species of rotifers. Those rotifers were Asplanchna herricki, Asplanchna brightwelli, Polyarthra remata, Brachionus angularis, Keratella cochlearis, Keratella tecta and Keratella valga tropica. Among these Keratella valga tropica was most common. Some species of copepods were recorded such as, Diacyclops thomasi, Acanthocyclops robustus, Mesocyclops edax, Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus and Orthocyclops modestus. Among these Diacyclops thomasi was most abundant. Among copepods some nauplii and copepodid stages were also observed. Different species of cladocerans such as, Bosmina longirostris, Daphnia pulex, Chydorus sphaericus, Alona bicolor, Alonella exigua and Simocephalus serrulatus were also recorded.
ENZYME BIOCATALYSIS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Authors: Yaseen F , Siddique A , Idrees N , Fateh A , Ahmad R , Ali A , I Ali
Published: September 2021

The factor that makes enzyme biocatalysts for organic synthesis both fascinating and challenging from a scientific standpoint is the field's higher interdisciplinarity, and which necessitates expertise from a wide range of disciplines, including microbiology, organic synthesis, molecular biology, genetics, and reaction engineering. Enzymes can now carry out a wide variety of organic reactions, including hydrolytic reactions, redox reactions, and C-C bond formations, with higher performance. Enzyme catalysis has also evolved into a widely used manufacturing technology in the chemical industry, especially in the fields of fine organic chemicals and pharmaceuticals. More advances in molecular modeling for enzyme-catalysis syntheses are expected, allowing for a greater number of biocatalytic techniques based on the enzymes that have been optimized or engineered by rationalized protein engineering. The organic chemists mostly have successfully used these custom-made biocatalysts (the isolated pure enzymes, the recombinant genetically modified microorganisms, also known as the designer cells), an important milestone in the enzyme catalysis process in organic synthesis is into generally accepted synthetic technology for academia as well as industries.
ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF KIWI FRUIT
Authors: Siddique A , Idrees N , Kashif M , Ahmad R , Ali A , Ali A , Siddiqua A , Javied MA
Published: September 2021

The kiwi fruit has been drawing attention and a great deal of interest because of its health benefits. It is consumed in its natural form, while it is being presented in processed form by the food industry such as sweets, ice creams, frozen juice or pulp, and many other byproducts. The peel of kiwi fruit which is a byproduct of fruit is still under exploration, but it has raised much interest in this by-product because this has many bioactive molecule contents in it such as phenolic compounds. Kiwi fruit has shown antimicrobial activity apart from the antioxidant activity against many pathogenic bacteria i.e. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes as well as fungi like Penicillium funiculosum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus ochraceus. With the presence of antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities in kiwi fruit, it may be used as a potential medicinal fruit.
Polykoiranie II (Philo Judaeus, Early Christian Apologists, Pseudo-Dionysius)
Authors: Bennington Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

The chapter pursues invocations and quotations of the same line from Homer in Philo Judaeus’s On the Confusion of Tongues, and subsequently among the second-century CE Christian apologists Clement of Alexandria, Tatian, pseudo-Justin, Eusebius of Caesarea, and the pseudo-Dionysius, and their various attempts to Christianize pagan and Judaic sources. The complexity of the “One” in the concept of “one God” is analysed in Christianity, Judaism, and Islamic thought, and shown to have a significant stylistic presence in Derrida.
Protodemocracy and the Fall of Sovereignty (Hobbes, Aristotle)
Authors: Bennington Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

A close reading of Hobbes stresses the latter’s recognition of a democratic or proto-democratic moment at the root of the political, at the aporetic moment of transition from the state of nature to the political state. This rather effaced priority of democracy sits uneasily with Hobbes’s deep suspicion of it, and its constant association in his work with rhetoric and oratory. A reading of Hobbes’s language theory in light of Aristotle’s distinction between phonè and logos shows how this rhetorical dimension of language is in fact irreducible (and indeed exuberantly exploited in Hobbes’s own writing), and how, especially in Hobbes’s elaborate and fascinating discussion of counsel, it relates to the structural failing both of the sovereignty Hobbes is concerned to defend and of the models of reading he promotes in the Leviathan.
Introduction
Authors: Beyer Gerald J.
Published: September 2021

The introduction describes the author’s purpose, aims, and methodology of the book and why it should matter to all who care about Catholic higher education. The author discusses his own indebtedness to Catholic higher education and acknowledges that Catholic colleges and universities in the United States serve students and society in laudable ways. However, the introduction presents the thesis of the book: many Catholic institutions of higher education have failed to embody the values of the Gospel and the principles of Catholic social teaching (CST) in some important institutional policies and practices. Just
Universities argues that the corporatization of the university undermines the fidelity of Catholic higher education to its mission by hindering efforts to promote worker justice on campus, equitable admissions, financial aid, and retention policies, just diversity and inclusion policies, and socially responsible investment and stewardship of resources. The author acknowledges the argument of the book represents one perspective and is intended to generate more sustained conversation about ways that Catholic social teaching should shape the life of Catholic institutions of higher learning.
Fate of the Flesh
Authors: Gil Daniel Juan
Published: September 2021

In the seventeenth century, the hope for resurrection starts to be undermined by an emerging empirical scientific world view and a rising Cartesian dualist ontology that translates resurrection into more dualist terms. But poets pick up the embattled idea of resurrection of the body and bend it from a future apocalypse into the here and now so that they imagine the body as it exists now to be already infused with the strange, vibrant materiality of the “resurrection body.” This “resurrection body” is imagined as the precondition for the social identities and forms of agency of the social person, and yet the “resurrection body” also remains deeply other to all such identities and forms of agency, an alien within the self that both enables and undercuts life as a social person. Positing a “resurrection body” within the historical person leads seventeenth-century poets to use their poetry to develop an awareness of the unsettling materiality within the heart of the self and allows them to reimagine agency, selfhood, and the natural world in this light. In developing a poetics that seeks a deranging materialism within the self, these poets anticipate twentieth-century “avant-garde” poetics. They do not frame their poems as simple representation nor as beautiful objects but as a form of social praxis that creates new communities of readers and writers that are assembled by a new experience of self-as-body mediated by poetry.
Linguistic Hospitality
Authors: Kearney Richard , Fitzpatrick Melissa
Published: September 2021

This chapter outlines an ethical model of linguistic hospitality, advanced by Paul Ricoeur and Jacques Derrida, emphasizing the fundamental tension at work between a phenomenology of alterity (Levinas and Derrida) and a hermeneutics of empathy (Ricoeur). Absolute unconditional hospitality is “impossible”; but it is, Derrida insists, no less “desirable” for all that, although to most people it may seem “blind,” “mad,” or “mystica”—a mere “dream.” Any attempt to make the impossible possible is already a matter of betrayal, compromise, and contagion. Where hermeneutic hospitality speaks of conversion between host and guest, deconstructive hospitality speaks of contamination, which explains Ricoeur’s confession that the difference between the two approaches is that between the words “difficult” and “impossible.”
Confessional Hospitality
Authors: Kearney Richard , Fitzpatrick Melissa
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at critical debates on religious hospitality-as-translation in contemporary political philosophy—notably in critical theory and Jürgen Habermas. Interestingly, Jürgen Habermas, Jacques Derrida, and Joseph Ratzinger all agree with Ricoeur on the central need for “hospitality” in our modern political discourse. While they speak from different perspectives—Habermas, secular; Derrida, Messianic; Ratzinger, Catholic—they all concur that hospitality offers a radical alternative, however complicated, to the infamous friend-enemy opposition made intellectually current by Samuel Huntington after 9/11. After analysing key aspects of these debates, the chapter ends by addressing the difficulties that arise in regard to Habermas’s model of secular hospitality to religion.
Revision, Origin, and the Courage of Truth
Authors: Ohi Kevin
Published: September 2021

Henry James’s New York Edition prefaces contain multiple accounts of the genesis of the novels and tales that the edition collected: Some anecdotes tell of how the idea for the novel came to him, while others tell of the material circumstances of the text’s composition (where he was, for example, as he wrote). More often, the prefaces tell of the disappearance of the moment of genesis: of its having been forgotten, or there being no moment when the idea wasn’t somehow present in his mind. In the unrationalized relation among these different accounts, James implicitly theorizes the relation between art and life. Linking the prefaces to the autobiography, therefore, the chapter thus considers “revision” as a practice that maintains the potentiality of inception, seeking, in rereading, to return each text to incipience. Comparing James’s account of revision to Michel Foucault’s late turn to parrhēsia (as a mode of truth-telling) and to Gilles Deleuze’s account of the “act of creation,” the chapter links this potentiality to terms of ethical exhortation with which James ends the prefaces. Turning, finally, to James’s “The Middle Years,” the chapter ends with that story’s imagining of a life lived in the potentiality of revision.
“First Love”
Authors: Ohi Kevin
Published: September 2021

Eudora Welty’s strange and beautiful story “First Love” pairs two stories of love’s emergence from loss: the main character’s dawning love for Aaron Burr, who must leave him behind, and his love for his parents, from whom he has been separated in a raid. Joel, described as deaf and mute, falls in love with a great orator—for, the story tells us, one of his gestures. Turning to theories of gesture in Giorgio Agamben, Werner Hamacher, and others, the chapter links the emergence of desire to what these accounts suggest is the potentiality inherent in gesture: language, or proto-language, that expresses nothing other than itself, than its own happening. Welty’s own enigmatic language, where one is perhaps never sure whether any given statement is literal or figurative, embodies this language-turned-to-gesture and makes the events of the story difficult to distinguish from the taking place of its language—a recursive structure that the chapter suggests is the story’s rendering of the fathomless initiations, the abyssal temporalities, of the interval of queer becoming and inception. For the story never tells us what Joel becomes; it leaves Joel (and us) in what Kathryn Bond Stockton calls the “interval” of the queer child.
Form and Foreskin
Authors: Strouse A. W.
Published: September 2021

Why did Saint Augustine ask God to “circumcise [his] lips”? Why does Sir Gawain cut off the Green Knight’s head on the Feast of the Circumcision? Is Chaucer’s Wife of Bath actually—as an early glossator figures her—a foreskin? And why did Ezra Pound claim that he had incubated The Waste Land inside of his uncut member? In this book, A. W. Strouse excavates a poetics of the foreskin, uncovering how Patristic theologies of circumcision came to structure medieval European literary aesthetics. Following the writings of Saint Paul, “circumcision” and “uncircumcision” become key terms for theorizing language—especially the dichotomies between the mere text and its extended exegesis, between brevity and longwindedness, between wisdom and folly. Form and Foreskin looks to three works: a peculiar story by Saint Augustine about a boy with the long foreskin; Sir Gawain and the Green Knight; and Chaucer’s Wife of Bath’s Tale. By examining literary scenes of cutting and stretching, Strouse exposes how Patristic treatments of circumcision queerly govern medieval poetics.
Acute ischemic stroke on the setting of left atrial myxoma: optimal time for cardiac surgery
Authors: Bui Quoc , Tran San , Pham Steven , Phan Vien , Nguyen Khiet , Mai Ngoc , Nguyen Thoai , Nguyen Lac , Hoang Thanh , Le Chuong , Chaudhry Hashim , Goyal Amandeep , Nguyen Duc , Tran Phillip , Ha Dat Q , Huynh Doi
Published: September 2021

The surgical resection timing of left atrial (LA) myxoma is still controversial in concern for the risk of further embolic phenomena if delayed surgery versus hemorrhagic transformation during early surgery. We describe a case of 60-year-old man without significant past medical history admitted with two-day of double vision and found to have LA myxoma. Multiple factors including clinical aspects and comorbidities should be evaluated to decide the favorable management.
Trajectory-Tracking Control for Manipulators Based on Fuzzy Equivalence and a Terminal Sliding Mode
Authors: Liu Youyu , Li Yi , Zhang Xuyou , Chen Bo
Published: September 2021

To suppress the chattering of manipulators under heavy-load operations, a control method called fuzzy equivalence & terminal sliding mode (FETSM) was applied to the trajectory tracking of motion curves for manipulators. Based on the switching term of the equivalent sliding mode (ESM), a fuzzy parameter matrix processed by the simple fuzzy rules was introduced, and the fuzzy switching term was obtained. By summing the fuzzy switching term and the equivalent term of the equivalence and a terminal sliding mode (ETSM), the control law of the FETSM for manipulators was obtained. On this basis, the stability of the system was analysed and the finite arrival time of it was deduced. On the premise of ensuring the stability of the system, the fuzzy rules and membership functions were designed for the fuzzy constants in the fuzzy switching term. Simulation tests show that the proposed FETSM can ensure sufficient trajectory-tracking precision, error convergence speed, and robustness. Compared with the ETSM, the proposed FETSM can reduce the chattering time by 94.75 % on average; compared with the proportion-integral-differential (PID) control method, the maximum chattering amplitude by the FETSM can be reduced by at least 99.21 %. Thus, the proposed FETSM is suitable for those manipulators under heavy-load operations.
Earthquake and Fire Hazard Risk Perception: A Study on the Emerging Rangpur City of Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Md Zakiur , Atun Funda , Martinez Javier
Published: September 2021

Rangpur city is one of the emerging cities in Bangladesh. In 2012, this city upgraded from municipality to city corporation. On the one hand, the city population started to increase; on the other hand, vulnerability to earthquake and fire hazards are increased due to rapid urbanization. Therefore, we investigate the risk perception of earthquake and fire hazards in Rangpur. The purpose of this study is fourfold: (i) to assess the risk perception of earthquake hazards and fire hazards at the household level; (ii) to investigate the influence of demographic and socio-economic factors on the risk perception of each hazard; (iii) to investigate the preparedness for earthquake and fire hazards; and (iv) to propose planning guidelines and policy interventions for the disaster resilience of the Rangpur city focusing on earthquake and fire hazards. We conducted a questionnaire survey with 558 participants and 9 semi-structured interviews in fifteen electoral wards in Rangpur city. Afterward, we analyzed the data in SPSS and ArcMap platforms. The study results show that socio-demographic indicators such as gender, household ownership type, and residential floor are likely to influence citizens’ risk perception. We also find that the spatial distribution of risk perception of both hazards is diversified at the electoral ward level. At the same time, we observe that the level of preparedness for both hazards is not satisfactory. Based on the study findings, we recommend a few planning guidelines and policy interventions for disaster resilience in Rangpur city.
Clinical guidelines for the management of gastrointestinal fistula
– developed by experts of the Polish Surgical Society
Authors: Sobocki Jacek , Jackowski Marek , Dziki Adam , Tarnowski Wiesław , Banasiewicz Tomasz , Kunecki Marek , Słodkowski Maciej , Stanisławski Michał , Zaczek Zuzanna , Richer Piotr , Matyja Andrzej , Frączek Mariusz , Wallner Grzegorz
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Gastrointestinal fistula is one of the most difficult problems in gastrointestinal surgery. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality, numerous complications, prolonged hospitalization, and high cost of treatment.
Aim: This project aimed to develop recommendations for the treatment of gastrointestinal fistulas, based on evidence-based medicine and best clinical practice to reduce treatment-related mortality and morbidity.
Material and methods: The preparation of these recommendations is based on a review of the literature from the PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Library databases from 1.01.2010 to 31.12.2020, with particular emphasis on systematic reviews and clinical recommendations of recognized scientific societies. Recommendations in the form of a directive were formulated and assessed using the Delphi method.
Results and conclusions: Nine recommendations were presented along with a discussion and comments of experts. Treatment should be managed by a multidisciplinary team (surgeon, anesthetist, clinical nutritionist/dietician, nurse, pharmacist, endoscopist).
Societal attitudes toward death and awareness of death confirmation: an internet survey
Authors: Majchrowicz Bożena , Tomaszewska Katarzyna , Guty Edyta
Published: September 2021

Background: The progress and development of treatment methods and techniques have made the previous
criteria for recognizing human death imprecise and insufficient. Thus, a medical line had to be drawn between
life and death. Attitudes towards death and awareness concerning its confirmation, although often marginalized, undergo significant changes over time depending on the social space they concern.
Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to examine social attitudes towards death and the level of awareness concerning its confirmation.
Material and methods: This research on attitudes and knowledge regarding brain death involved 400 randomly selected respondents who were Internet users. The research was conducted from September 2019 to
January 2020 using the CAWI method and a proprietary questionnaire.
Results: An older age, a higher level of education, and less frequent religious practice were significantly associated with knowledge of brain death. Of particular note, more complete knowledge of brain death was associated with greater support for organ transplantation, and this relationship was most evident in individuals
willing to donate their own organs.
Conclusions: There is a clear variation in the level of knowledge about brain death. At least a high level of
knowledge was held by 40.3% (161) of the respondents, and the same percentage was seen for those with at
most a low level of knowledge (40.3%, 161). Regardless of who would be the organ donor, whether a loved one
or a stranger, the respondents overwhelmingly supported organ transplantation after death. Acceptance of
organ donation was higher when respondents had more knowledge of what brain death is
Postmemory, Monuments, and Revolting Heritage
Authors: Mullins Paul R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the ways Confederate monumental landscapes have masqueraded as expressions of Southern heritage while aspiring to rationalize the rebellion’s defeat and resurrect White racial hierarchies. Rationalizing the rebel cause was at the heart of Confederate monument-building at its height in the early twentieth century, and that process of re-imagining the war and Confederacy was akin to Marianne Hirsch’s (2001) “postmemory”: that is, a generation without an experience of the war was nevertheless traumatized by testimony of elders and what they imagined to be the war’s lasting unpleasant effects. Over the course of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries those monuments became increasingly tied to reproducing White supremacy as the Confederacy functioned as an enormously flexible signifier naturalizing anti-Black structural inequality.
Effacing Evil
Authors: Mullins Paul R.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 3 examines the materiality of racist violence, and the anxieties expressed and distorted by public memories of that violence. The legacy of racist terror, lynching, and anti-Black violence has been effaced in many communities that are uneasy with or unable to acknowledge the heritage of racism’s most unsettling historical expressions. Nevertheless, many communities have attempted to erase or ignore the material traces of violence only to find those places and histories hold a persistent grip on our imagination. Despite such reluctance to acknowledge the history of racist violence, some communities have begun to reflectively examine how place-based material narratives and memorialization might illuminate the lasting heritage of racist violence.
“The Slums of the Future”
Authors: Mullins Paul R.
Published: September 2021

The chapter examines Americans’ persistent uneasiness with suburbia and the ways the state, urban planners, and consumer ideologues aspired to fabricate a homogeneous “middle class,” implicitly White world. The persistent rhetorical anxieties over suburban life routinely have fixed on the unsettling effects of social and material homogenization without interrogating the ways such measures of “sameness” were simultaneously exaggerated and desirable to many suburbanites. The African American effort to secure a foothold in suburban communities, despite redlining, reveals the ways suburban life challenged unspoken Whiteness and exposed the diversity at the heart of suburban homogeneity.
“To Be Called a Free Colored Man in the States Is Synonymous with What We Here Term Slavery”
Authors: Murray Robert
Published: September 2021

In chapter 1 Murray establishes the trajectories of several Liberian settlers’ during their travels in the United States, what they wanted to accomplish, and what they actually attained. He traces how the settlers’ whiteness became entangled with arguments regarding their relative “civilization” and the power that discourse provided to certain well-positioned settlers to make claims for an elevated status. These settlers sought a liminal position between antipodal whiteness and blackness; they hoped to remain undefined and unfixed and, in this manner, slip through American society’s racialized norms. The same ships that returned Liberian settlers to America also brought native Africans across the Atlantic to America. The resulting exchange between the two societies shaped racial consciousness not only in the United States but also within the Liberian colonies themselves.
“Nearly All Have Natives as Helps in Their Families, and This Is as It Should Be”
Authors: Murray Robert
Published: September 2021

Chapter 3 focuses on Liberia’s labor regime. The colonists made expansive use of a spectrum of coerced, unfree, or debased African labor. The command of black workers undergirded the whiteness of the Americo-Liberians and was the focus of two broad charges leveled at the colony. Critics charged that the Liberian settlers preferred trading with natives rather than engaging in agriculture and that they utilized Africans as a slave labor force. Ideologically and rhetorically, Liberia was complicated as its booster claimed it could uplift two separate populations: indigenous Africans and African American settlers. Working for the settlers within various states of unfreedom would bestow “civilization” upon native Africans; settlers would find uplift through their command of indigenous labor. This framework presented a significant problem: native Africans laboring in Liberia both had to assimilate and remain separate and subordinate.
Conclusion
Authors: Noyalas Jonathan A.
Published: September 2021

The book’s conclusion provides perspective on several key points. First, leaning on the viewpoint of distinguished historian Nell Irvin Painter, the conclusion establishes that the historical interpretation of the past is fluid and must evolve as new evidence and viewpoints emerge. Additionally, the conclusion highlights the idea prevalent throughout the book which contends that emancipation did not occur at one singular moment, but rather on multiple occasions. Third, this study’s conclusion highlights the theme of hope, another thread which runs throughout the entire volume. While the book’s conclusion highlights the importance of hope to African Americans, it also points out the author’s hope that individuals can begin to approach this difficult topic with objectivity and an open mind in order to gain a more complete understanding of the complexities of the United States’ most tumultuous and transformative moment.
Chocolate Can Be Good for You
Authors: Walters Dale
Published: September 2021

This chapter deals with the long-reported health benefits of chocolate consumption. It examines the use, by the Mayans and Aztecs, of their chocolate drink, which was often mixed with other plant-based remedies, to treat various ailments, and its use in Europe and beyond as both a nutritious food and a medicine. The chapter also examines the more recent experimental studies which report beneficial effects of chocolate on cardiovascular health and neurodegenerative diseases, effects which are attributed largely to flavanols present in chocolate. The chapter also looks at the current debate about whether chocolate should be considered as food or medicine.
Swollen Shoots
Authors: Walters Dale
Published: September 2021

This chapter deals with cacao swollen shoot disease, which has wreaked havoc in cacao-growing areas of West Africa since its first report in the early part of the twentieth century. First thought to be caused by drought, it was subsequently found to be caused by a virus—the cacao swollen shoot virus—and to be transmitted between cacao trees by several species of mealybug, including Formicococcus njalensis. Today, we know that ten viruses are involved in causing the disease, which is restricted to West Africa. The chapter examines the transmission of the virus and the efforts made to restrict its spread and reduce its impact. Attempts to tackle the disease have resulted in the destruction of some 300 million trees so far, which gives an indication of the considerable efforts that have been made to contain this devastating disease.
Vascular Trouble
Authors: Walters Dale
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at two diseases affecting the vascular system of the cacao tree: vascular streak dieback, caused by the fungus Ceratobasidium theobromae, and wilt disease, caused by the fungus Ceratocystis cacaofunesta. Both diseases are considered as serious threats to cacao production and their impact has already been considerable and severe. Vascular streak dieback nearly destroyed the cacao industry in Papua New Guinea and is mercifully restricted to Indonesia, Malaysia, and South-East Asia, while Ceratocystis wilt has been reported in several countries in South and Central America, where it has caused substantial crop losses. The chapter examines the research being undertaken to better understand these diseases and how best to tackle them.
Cacao Borers
Authors: Walters Dale
Published: September 2021

The minute moth Conopomorpha cramerella is a dainty insect that poses a serious threat to the cacao industry in Southeast Asia – the cocoa pod borer. This insect is responsible for losses to the Indonesian cacao industry of some $500 million annually, and unfortunately, it has been reported from northern Australia. Cacao is also attacked by two lepidopterans (Eulophonotus myrmeleon and Zeuzera coffeae) and a weevil (various Pantorhytes species), which bore through the stem of the tree, causing considerable damage. This chapter examines the life cycles of these cocoa pod borers and cocoa stem borers and looks at how an understanding of their biology and ecology can help to manage these pests.
Grundfreiheiten im Spannungsfeld von Verkehr und Nachhaltigkeit
Authors: Ehlotzky Nicole
Published: September 2021

Die Thematik des vorliegenden Buches beruht auf dem Spannungsverhältnis zwischen einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung des Verkehrs im Alpenraum und den wirtschaftlichen Zielsetzungen des europäischen Binnenmarktes. Sie liegt an der Schnittstelle von Völkerrecht, Europarecht und innerstaatlichem Recht.

Das Buch befasst sich mit dem Vertragswerk der Alpenkonvention und ihrem im Dezember 2002 in Kraft getretenen Verkehrsprotokoll, das durch sechs Alpenstaaten ratifiziert wurde, zuletzt durch Italien unter Abgabe einer Erklärung im Februar 2013. Auch die Europäische Union, für die das Protokoll ein gemischtes Abkommen sowohl mit einigen ihrer Mitgliedstaaten als auch mit Drittstaaten darstellt, ist seit ihrer Genehmigung im Juni 2013 völkerrechtlich umfassend daran gebunden.

Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es, Konfliktbereiche zwischen dem Verkehrsprotokoll und dem Unionsrecht aufzuspüren sowie Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer unionsrechtskonformen Durchführung des Verkehrsprotokolls durch die Alpenstaaten rechtsdogmatisch aufzuarbeiten. Im Mittelpunkt stehen das primäre Unionsrecht, vor allem die Grundfreiheiten des Binnenmarktes, aber auch relevante Sekundärrechtsakte wie die Wegekostenrichtlinie. Die Judikatur des EuGH wird dabei eingehend analysiert.

Ausgezeichnet mit dem „Preis des Fürstentums Liechtenstein“ und dem „Franz Gschnitzer-Förderungspreis“.
Individualrechte im europäischen Umweltrecht
Authors: Giera Ulrike
Published: September 2021

In den letzten Jahren hat der Individualrechtsschutz im Umweltrecht durch die Aarhus-Konvention sowie die Rechtsprechung des EuGH verstärkt an Bedeutung gewonnen. Angesichts erheblicher Vollzugsdefizite im Umweltrecht werden Einzelne in die Kontrolle des Vollzuges eingebunden. Die Arbeit untersucht Individualrechte im Umweltrecht der Europäischen Union und ihren Einfluss auf das nationale Verwaltungsrecht. Dabei wird insbesondere die Rechtsprechung des EuGH zur Umsetzung umweltbezogener Richtlinienbestimmungen in Bezug auf die Kriterien, nach denen Individualrechte im Unionsrecht zu ermitteln sind, beleuchtet.

Die Autorin analysiert außerdem, wie Individualrechte aus europäischen Umweltrichtlinien im österreichischen Recht zum einen legislativ umgesetzt, zum anderen effektiv durchgesetzt werden können.

Dr. Ulrike Giera arbeitet in der Rechtsabteilung der Energie-Control Austria. Zuvor war sie wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Institut für Staats- und Verwaltungsrecht der Universität Wien sowie am Institut für Rechtswissenschaften der Universität für Bodenkultur Wien.
Marxistisches Denken
Authors: Bohn Rainer
Published: September 2021

Anyone who wants to productively apply and creatively develop the social theory founded by Marx and Engels today needs a solid knowledge of the fundamentals and a deep understanding of the methods of thought. Unlike compact overviews, which are often too selective, dogmatic and demanding, this volume provides a systematic, comprehensibly argued account that reaches into the present. It addresses the philosophical and epistemological foundations, the actual historical development through different social formations, the elementary categories and analytical findings of contemporary capitalist societies and, in particular, the critique of the political economy of capitalism.
Discourses of Home, Gender, and Sexuality
Authors: Lai Francisca Yuenki
Published: September 2021

The chapter establishes the context for the specific gender and sexual subjectivities that the Indonesian migrant women in this study found desirable during their stay in Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, public attitudes toward LGBT people tend to be accepting. This allows migrant workers to make room for their same-sex intimate behaviors and relationships. The chapter discusses the social changes in Indonesia, including the anti-LGBT sentiment, and the raids on gay and lesbians in the country. The chapter also addresses the changing notions of family and womanhood given the fact that millions of Indonesian women left to work overseas.
The French Hong: The Physical Plant
Authors: Schopp Susan E.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 5 focuses on the buildings that provided the French with living, work, and warehouse space in Canton; over the years, they rented at least seven different ones, and occasionally more than one at a time. They most often referred to these structures, which were a familiar form of Cantonese vernacular architecture, as hangs or hams (hongs), and only rarely as factoreries (factories). Their 1767 renovations to the façade of the hong that they rented from the merchant Tinqua were widely emulated by other trading nations on the Canton riverfront; less impressively, control of the same hong was twice a cause of major friction among French traders, the second time with long-lasting consequences. Besides identifying the various French hongs and locations, building structure, layout, furnishings, and residents, the chapter also explores the significance of the hong, to both the Chinese and the international community, as the symbol of a nation’s success in the Canton Trade. As the outward expression of a nation’s presence in Canton, the hong served as the public face of that nation, and thus came to assume an importance that far exceeded any merely physical function.
The French Hong: Daily Work Life and Operations
Authors: Schopp Susan E.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 6 examines the French hong as a workplace. The workload was busiest at the beginning and end of the trading season; in addition to involving selling, selecting, purchasing, and delivery of cargo, the trade generated an enormous volume of supporting documentation in the form of contracts, receipts, permissions, correspondence, etc. The life of the Chinese employees is underrepresented in the archival records, but excerpts from an individual’s 1789 diary provide a detailed personal glimpse into one trader’s daily activity. Among the challenges affecting staff performance were interpersonal rivalry and the difficulty of adjusting, or not, to a climate and culture that were significantly different from those of Europe. The French referred to their Canton commercial establishment as a comptoir, a term that could be applied to both the physical and the intangible entity, and over the decades, its administration assumed several different forms; staff composition and salaries likewise varied. However, there were times, especially during periods of warfare or national unrest, when there was no French representation at Canton.
Life Outside Work
Authors: Schopp Susan E.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 7 provides insights into individuals’ activities outside the busy periods of work. In Macau, besides dinners and a variety of social gatherings, the company of women was permitted; consequently, traders could install their families there, while others maintained mistresses or second families. In Canton, the international trading community hosted frequent dinners, receptions, and other social events at each other’s hongs, while invitations to dinner at the homes of hong merchants were particularly prized. Shops were also a source of excitement and fascination, both for the wide array of goods that they carried and for the nature of the shopping experience; additionally, the French made visits to artisans’ workshops and painters’ ateliers, and to the city walls and places beyond. Two of the most popular destinations for outings were reached by boat: Honam (河南) Island, just across the river from the hongs, and the Fati (or Fatee) Gardens (花地), above Canton.
Introduction
Authors: Denton Kirk A.
Published: September 2021

The introduction first outlines the importance of historical memory and museums to Taiwan’s post-martial law political culture and its emergent democracy. It then establishes a narratological methodology centered on close reading of museum exhibitions and the political implications of those exhibitions. Finally, it offers an overview of the history of museum development in Taiwan, from the Japanese colonial era to the present.
Multicultural History in a Multicultural Taiwan
Authors: Denton Kirk A.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 2 focuses on the National Museum of Taiwan History (國立台灣歷史博物館‎) opened in 2011 in the city of Tainan. The first in Taiwan dedicated to telling the story of Taiwan’s development into nationhood, the museum centers its narrative around the tropes of inclusiveness, ethnic diversity, immigration, and political pluralism. In the process, it avoids the excesses of a more radical Taiwanese nativism and presents a “consensus” view of the history of the island that de-emphasizes historical traumas, such as inter-ethnic conflict, the horrendous treatment of Taiwan’s indigenous peoples, and the February 28 Incident.
The “Root of a National Culture”
Authors: Denton Kirk A.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 7 concerns the National Museum of Taiwan Literature (國立台灣文學館‎) and its efforts to assert literature as a cultural foundation for a national polis. It presents a close reading of the exhibit when the museum first opened in 2003 and the 2011 revised exhibition. Like the National Museum of Taiwan History, this museum emphasizes Taiwan’s linguistic and cultural diversity, as well as its strong sense of openness and cultural tolerance.
Local Culture, the Environment, and Place-Making
Authors: Denton Kirk A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at museums in the “ecomuseum” mode that serve to forge a “sense of place” for local communities. The Lanyang Museum (蘭陽博物館‎), opened in 2010, is a natural history museum focused on the “mountains, plains, and ocean” of Yilan county where it is located. The linchpin in a network of museums in the county, it both offers Yilan people cultural outlets and forms of cultural identification and stimulates tourism and economic development. Gold Museum Park (黃金博物園區‎), or Gold Ecological Park, struggled initially to live up to the ecomuseum ideal, but it eventually developed a close working relationship with the local community of Jinguashi, where it is located. The idea of the ecomuseum goes well beyond matters of local identity; it also sits well with a particular image of Taiwan and Taiwan national identity. With community-oriented ecomuseums dotting the national map, Taiwan becomes a nation of identifiable communities that are simultaneously unique and part of a diverse whole.
Empowered by Ancestors
Authors: Cheung Hiu Yu
Published: September 2021

By focusing on the Imperial Temple, this book explores the making of ancestral ritual norms by looking into the ritual debates in the imperial courts of Song China (960–1279). It argues that court ritual debates empowered the Song scholar-officials (shidafu士大夫‎) with the cultural authority to confront the state and reshape society. In particular, the two discourses of filial piety and political merits played crucial role in Song court ritual debates over the Imperial Temple. Both discourses had a tremendous influence on the ancestral practices of later societies. In addition, this book offers a new perspective to examine the intellectual dimension of Song factionalism, in which the ritual interests of Song scholar-officials were more associated with their scholarly backgrounds than their political stances or affiliations. In the Song ritual discourses of the Imperial Temple, scholar-officials rendered a separate intellectual identity that transcended the boundaries of not only factional politics but also the strictly defined “schools” (xuepai學派‎) of Song scholarship. In terms of intellectual identity, Song scholar-officials are more eclectic than historians have previously thought, if ritual interest is taken into consideration. From this perspective, the book examines Song scholars’ ritual discussions on the Imperial Temple, especially those scholars who have been conventionally categorized with the New Learning (xinxue新學‎) school and the Learning of the Way (Daoxue 道學‎) fellowship.
An Examination of the 1072 Controversy over the Song Primal Ancestor
Authors: Cheung Hiu Yu
Published: September 2021

Chapter 3 analyzes a series of mid-Song discussions on the placement of spirit tablets of imperial ancestors, especially the Primal Ancestor, in the Imperial Temple in 1072. It reveals how the 1072 debate over the Imperial Temple was intensified during the implementation of Wang Anshi’s 王安石‎ (1021–1086) New Policies. More importantly, it reveals the differences between Song scholar-officials’ political positions and intellectual interests, thus providing a new interpretation of Song factionalism from the perspective of ritual politics.
Beyond Black Churches: Toward an Understanding of the Black Spiritual Left, featuring Du Bois, Bethune, Thurman, and Black Lives Matter
Authors: Perry Larry ,   Eastern Illinois University
Published: September 2021

Drawing upon Leigh Schmidt’s work on the “spiritual left,” this article presents a genealogy of the Black Spiritual Left featuring W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary McLeod Bethune, Howard Thurman, and Black Lives Matter activists Opal Tometi and Patrisse Cullors. Black Spiritual Leftists are defined as Black figures who separated from or were not part of Black churches and yet took on a spiritual orientation important to their progressive activism. Their faith is Spiritual, but not necessarily religious. In its most recent manifestation, the Black Spiritual Left argues—in opposition to some Black Church pastors—that defense of Black lives requires respect for marginalized Black women, LGBTQ, and criminalized Black men and boys.