bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Joel Robbins. Becoming Sinners: Christianity and Moral Torment in a Papua New Guinea Society. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2004 (xxvii and 383 pp., 10 photos, 2 maps)
Authors: Keane Webb
Published: March 2006

A string of important articles over the years has established Joel Robbins at the forefront of the anthropological study of Christianity. Although his long awaited book draws on these earlier publications, it presents a powerful and sustained argument that is far greater than the sum of its parts. It is hard to think of another recent work in the anthropology of Christianity, or even of religion more generally, that displays such a command of local knowledge in tandem with so broad and secure a mastery both of social theory and the history of religious doctrine. Moreover, counter to the particularistic tendency of some cultural anthropology today, this book forthrightly lays the groundwork for further comparative research. It is also an exemplary piece of ethnographic and historical writing. Although the volume is long and well documented, every detail works for the analysis. Robbins writes in language so clear, measured, and intellectually sober that those whose palates have become accustomed to the harsher spices and artificial flavorings so often served up in the name of cultural theory may miss its significance. They should not: this is a monumental book with which all subsequent writers on religious conversion, culture theory, social transformation, and globalization should have to contend.
Metasedimentary xenoliths in the lavas of the Timanfaya eruption (1730–1736, Lanzarote, Canary Islands): metamorphism and contamination processes
Authors: APARICIO A. , BUSTILLO M. A. , GARCIA R. , ARAÑA V.
Published: March 2006

We report on the investigation of contact metamorphism provoked by the emplacement of a shallow magma chamber during the Timanfaya eruption of Lanzarote from 1730 to 1736 AD. The study was carried out on metamorphic xenoliths from basaltic Timanfaya lavas, and shows how the primary basanitic magma was contaminated by sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Mineralogical and chemical studies allowed the definition of several xenolith types. Silica xenoliths (quartz, tridymite, cristobalite or a mixture of these, constituting more than 50 % of the xenolith) and calc-silicate xenoliths (wollastonite, sometimes the 2M type, diopside, forsterite or mixture of these, constituting more than 50 % of the xenolith) are the most frequent. Other minerals recognized were calcite, dolomite, augite, enstatite, hypersthene, spinel and scapolite. The mineralogy and some textures of the metamorphic forsteritic xenoliths are identical to those found in ultrabasic xenoliths (dunites) and point to a possible metamorphic origin for some of them. Major and trace elements showed a diversity of composition, controlled by the mineralogy. The REE composition of the metamorphic xenoliths is high, compared with the sedimentary xenoliths not affected by metamorphism. The mineral assemblages define metamorphic facies of low, medium and high grade, depending on the distance of the sedimentary rocks from the magma chamber border. The IGPETWIN-MIXING program was used to verify the contamination process, taking the xenoliths as representative of the sedimentary/metamorphic rocks that were melted. The results indicated that sedimentary/metamorphic rock contamination of a basanitic magma can produce tholeiitic compositions.
Percutaneous endoscopic, radiological and surgical gastrostomy tubes: a comparison study in head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Rustom I K , Jebreel A , Tayyab M , England R J A , Stafford N D
Published: March 2006

A gastrostomy feeding tube has become the most acceptable method for long-term feeding support in patients with head and neck cancer. The aim of this study was to compare the complications of percutaneous endoscopically inserted gastrostomy (PEG) tubes, radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG) tubes and surgically inserted gastrostomy (open/laparoscopic) (SUR) tubes in head and neck cancer patients and also to compare the mortality rates of these patients.

Seventy-eight head and neck cancer patients underwent gastrostomy tube insertion (40 PEG, 28 RIG and 10 SUR) during the period February 2002 to February 2005. There were no significant demographic differences between the three groups. Thirty-six patients (46 per cent) developed complications, 32 minor and four major. All three groups were similar in their rate of minor complications, with the dislodgement and blockage rate being lowest in the PEG group (p > 0.05). The mortality rate was 4 per cent within 30 days of gastrostomy tube insertion. There were no deaths in the PEG group, two deaths in the RIG group and one in the SUR group. The PEG tube was considered superior to the RIG and SUR gastrostomy tubes, had fewer complications and was safer. Thus, PEG tube insertion is our first choice for head and neck cancer patients.
Routine nasopharyngeal biopsy in adults presenting with isolated serous otitis media: is it justified?
Authors: Glynn F , Keogh I J , Ali T Abou , Timon C I , Donnelly M
Published: March 2006

Nasopharyngeal malignancy accounts for less than 2 per cent of all head and neck cancers. Serous otitis media (SOM) causing deafness is a recognized indicator of nasopharyngeal obstruction and the possibility of a nasopharyngeal malignancy must be considered in all adults. Examination under anaesthesia (EUA) and biopsy of the nasopharynx is routinely undertaken in many centres to rule out nasopharyngeal malignancy in adults with SOM. The purpose of this 10-year retrospective study was to evaluate the case records of all adult cases of SOM, including their presentation, clinical findings, management and nasopharyngeal biopsy results.

Eighty-five patients were included in the study. Fifty-nine presented with unilateral SOM and 26 with bilateral SOM. The primary presenting complaint in all cases was hearing loss. A nasopharyngeal mass was documented in 55 patients (69 per cent). Four nasopharyngeal masses were noted to have irregular or exophytic mucosa on flexible nasendoscopy. All patients underwent a EUA of the ears and a nasopharyngeal biopsy. The four patients with suspicious-looking masses were all found to have malignancies (two squamous cell carcinomas, one B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and one adenocarcinoma). Three of these patients presented with unilateral SOM and one with bilateral SOM. All other patients with masses were found to have benign lymphoid hyperplasia. In total, 4.7 per cent of the adults with conductive hearing loss secondary to SOM were found to have a malignancy on nasopharyngeal biopsy.

We would advocate a high index of suspicion of a nasopharyngeal tumour in adults presenting with SOM. If a mass is found in the nasopharynx then it should be biopsied. If no mass is found then it is not necessary to biopsy; however, close follow up, with repeat fibre-optic nasendoscopy, is advised.
Managing problems with tracheoesophageal puncture for alaryngeal voice rehabilitation
Authors: Albirmawy O A , Elsheikh M N , Saafan M E , Elsheikh E
Published: March 2006

Objectives: The tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) technique and the insertion of its associated voice prostheses may give rise to adverse events. We present our experience with this technique, paying special attention to the incidence and management of these adverse events.

Study design: A retrospective clinical analysis was undertaken.

Methods: Seventy-five laryngectomized patients underwent TEP for voice restoration. They were divided into two groups: group one, 43 patients with secondary TEP; and group two, 32 patients with primary TEP. Patient medical records were reviewed for data on the incidence, management and outcome of adverse events encountered during patients' follow up.

Results: Problems that arose in the patients were itemized as either early or late. The same patient could develop one or more problems in either group. The management of these problems, concerning the creation and maintenance of the TEP and associated prostheses, was noted. In group one, results were initially favourable in 91 per cent of patients and still positive in 81.4 per cent after three years. In group two, early results were favourable in all patients, and only two patients asked for late elective closure of the TEP (with a success rate of 93.7 per cent).

Conclusions: Via an intensive and multidisciplinary approach to problems, most of the inevitable adverse events could be solved adequately, minimizing the discomfort of patients who had undergone laryngectomy and indwelling voice prosthesis insertion.
Does the slow compression technique of hyperbaric oxygen therapy decrease the incidence of middle-ear barotrauma?
Authors: Vahidova D , Sen P , Papesch M , Zein-Sanchez M P , Mueller P H J
Published: March 2006

Objective: To note the incidence of middle-ear barotrauma following standard and slow compression during hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). The standards used were: (1) less than 40 per cent of the cohort should develop barotraumas, and (2) the incidence of barotrauma following the slow technique should be less than that caused by the standard technique.

Design: Prospective clinical audit.

Material and methods: Forty-two consecutive patients who received either standard compression or slow compression HBOT were included. Pre- and post-treatment otoscopy (graded according to a modified Teed's scale), tympanometry, audiometry and subjective ear complaints were compared between the groups and also compared with the set standard.

Results: Significantly less middle-ear barotrauma was noted when using the slow compression technique compared with the standard compression technique (p < 0.05). The incidence of barotrauma when using standard compression failed to meet the set standard of less than 40 per cent.

Conclusion: The slow compression method of HBOT proved to be both safe and superior to the standard compression technique.
Relationship between the affected ear in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and habitual head-lying side during bedrest
Authors: Çakir B Ö , Ercan İ , Çakir Z A , Civelek Ş , Turgut S
Published: March 2006

Objective: To assess the association between the habitual head position during bedrest and the affected ear in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).

Study design: Prospective trial of patients with active BPPV of the posterior semicircular canal, confirmed on physical examination.

Methods: Seventy-five patients were asked to explain the head position and lying side they were accustomed to before falling asleep in bed.

Results: Fifty patients (67 per cent) habitually adopted a lateral head position during bedrest. The ear affected by BPPV was found to be consistent with the head-lying side during bedrest in 43 cases (86 per cent) (29 cases for the right ear and 14 cases for the left ear).

Conclusion: Habitual lateral head-positioning during bedrest can be a major factor leading to the development of BPPV in the ipsilateral ear.
Protective effect of edaravone in inner-ear barotrauma in guinea pigs
Authors: Masuda Y , Tanabe T , Murata Y , Kitahara S
Published: March 2006

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the protective effect of edaravone, a free radical scavenger, on inner-ear barotrauma (IEB) in guinea pigs, based on a hypothesis implicating free radicals in the development of IEB.

Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty-five guinea pigs were divided into a control group and a pretreatment group. After auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing, the pretreatment group received 9.0 mg/kg intraperitoneal edaravone. Animals were exposed to pressure loading and then to further ABR testing.

Results: The incidence of IEB was 62.7 per cent in the control group and 42.9 per cent in the pretreatment group (p < 0.01). The distributions of threshold elevation in the control group were 37.3 per cent (for 10 dB or less), 21.3 per cent (for 20–30 dB), 18.0 per cent (for 40–60 dB) and 23.4 per cent (for 70 dB or more), and those in the pretreatment group were 57.1 per cent, 19.1 per cent, 14.3 per cent and 9.5 per cent, for the same respective decibel levels (p < 0.01).

Conclusions: These results suggest that protective treatment with edaravone can significantly reduce both the incidence of IEB and the severity of the resultant ABR threshold elevation.
The morphology of two sibling sympatric Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Sea of Japan
Authors: Radashevsky Vasily I. , Pankova Victoria V.
Published: March 2006

Two sympatric species earlier differentiated by means of starch gel electrophoresis within Polydora cf. ciliata from the Sea of Japan are here identified and their adult and gamete morphology are described and illustrated. One species bores into various shells and coralline algae while the other bores only into gastropod shells occupied by hermit crabs. Both species have the prostomium anteriorly incised to rounded, 0–4 eyes, the caruncle extending to the end of chaetiger 2, heavy falcate spines of chaetiger 5 with a lateral tooth, branchiae beginning on chaetiger 7, and the pygidium disc-like to cup-shaped with a dorsal gap to only an incision. Males of the two species differ in aggregations of spermatids. The more opportunistic borer, which occurs in a greater number of hosts, always has 8-cell-aggregations of spermatids. These worms are here referred to as P. calcarea. The other species, in which spermatids are always interconnected in tetrads, is here described as a new one, P. manchenkoi sp. nov. The two species also differ in that prominent brownish-yellow pigment appears on the posterior segments after fixation in formaldehyde in P. manchenkoi sp. nov. but not in P. calcarea. It is suggested that spermatid aggregates and spermatozoan morphology be included in future polychaete descriptions when possible.
Artemia sites in Iran
Authors: Abatzopoulos T.J. , Agh N. , Van Stappen G. , Rouhani S.M. Razavi , Sorgeloos P.
Published: March 2006

Field surveys were conducted in order to collect information on the occurrence of wild Artemia populations in hypersaline environments such as salt lakes, lagoons and salty rivers. The mating behaviour of Artemia populations and the presence or absence of males were carefully recorded. Sampling involved the use of plankton nets. Collected cysts were characterized on the basis of their diameter and chorion thickness, while nauplii (instar-I) were characterized on the basis of their total length. Artemia populations were found at 17 different geographical locations scattered over 12 Iranian provinces. All Iranian Artemia populations are parthenogenetic with the exception of Artemia urmiana from Urmia Lake. During the last five years severe salinity increase has caused a dramatic reduction of population sizes in several hypersaline settings in Iran. The study of cyst and naupliar biometry revealed substantial differences between populations and can be used, to some extent, for their discrimination. Cyst diameter mean values range from 243.2 to 285.4 μm. For some Iranian parthenogens, cyst diameters were among the smallest recorded so far for parthenogenetic Artemia. The total length of newly hatched nauplii ranges from 455.5 to 529.8 μm.
Early development of the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus from the Barents Sea reared under laboratory conditions: morphology and behaviour
Authors: Epelbaum Anna B. , Borisov Rostislav R. , Kovatcheva Nikolina P.
Published: March 2006

Morphology of larval, postlarval, and early juvenile stages of the red king crab is described and illustrated from laboratory reared material; attention is directed to certain aspects of morphology not previously considered. Some behavioural patterns are clarified, with special emphasis on locomotion and feeding. Morphological criteria for distinguishing the first two juvenile stages are proposed; additional morphological criteria for distinguishing zoeal stages are reported. Data on development and growth rates under laboratory conditions at 7–8°C are given for early life history stages. No major morphological differences were observed between early life stages of the red king crab from the native area in the Pacific Ocean and from the Barents Sea.
Larval development and metamorphosis of Balanus albicostatus (Cirripedia: Thoracica); implications of temperature, food concentration and energetics
Authors: Desai Dattesh , Khandeparker Lidita , Shirayama Yoshihisa
Published: March 2006

The influence of food concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2×105 cells ml−1) and temperatures (20 and 30°C) on the survival, development, organic carbon and nitrogen content of Balanus albicostatus larvae was evaluated. The effect of food concentration on the subsequent ageing and metamorphosis of cypris larva was also determined. At lower food concentration and temperature, naupliar development duration was prolonged and the rate of metamorphosis of nauplius to cyprid was low. The rearing food concentration affected organic carbon and nitrogen content of the nauplii, which was also reflected in non-feeding cyprids. A decrease in the carbon content was observed with cyprid ageing at 5°C. Metamorphosis was higher in 8-d aged cyprids when compared to 2-d aged cyprids, and was positively influenced by the natural biofilm.
The larval development of Pagurus proximus (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguridae) reared in the laboratory
Authors: Kornienko Elena S. , Korn Olga M.
Published: March 2006

The larval development of the hermit crab Pagurus proximus is described and illustrated from the larvae reared in the laboratory. The development included four zoea and a single megalopa, thus following the typical pattern in the Paguridae. At 20–22°C megalopa of P. proximus was attained 17 to 23 days after hatching. Morphological characters of zoea and megalopa of P. proximus are compared with those described for the related species P. brachiomastus. The distinctive differences between larvae of these two species lend support to the separation of P. proximus from P. brachiomastus. The main larval features allow to assign P. proximus larvae to the Group A of Pagurus larvae (typical representative: P. bernhardus).
Implications of water flow and oxygen gradients for molluscan oxygen uptake and respirometric measurements
Authors: Irwin Sandra , Davenport John
Published: March 2006

Oxygen microenvironments adjacent to mussel (Mytilus edulis) and periwinkle (Littorina littorea) tissues were described using micro-optodes. For mussels these environments did not differ from the surrounding water body in either static or stirred conditions. Consequently no difference was seen in the MO2 of mussels within stirred and unstirred respirometers. An oxygen extraction efficiency of 30% was recorded for mussels in stirred and unstirred conditions. Under static conditions, periwinkles, with their weak ventilatory arrangements, were not capable of ventilating the surrounding water efficiently, and their tissues were surrounded by hypoxic seawater, even in fully aerated water. The resultant build up of oxygen gradients close to the tissue surface led to measures of oxygen consumption representative of hypoxic conditions in fully aerated, unstirred respirometers. Stirring of the contents of the respirometer immediately prior to final oxygen concentration measures was insufficient to counter this effect, which could only be avoided by continuous artificial stirring of the respirometric chamber water. These findings have considerable implications for study of the oxygen consumption of aquatic animals with limited ventilatory capacity, such as gastropod molluscs.
Calliopaea bellula feeding upon egg-masses of Haminoea orbignyana: oophagy among opisthobranch molluscs
Authors: Coelho Rita , Malaquias Manuel , Calado Gonçalo
Published: March 2006

Calliopaea bellula, a sacoglossan opisthobranch, was recently found in the Ria Formosa, a coastal lagoon in southern Portugal feeding upon eggs of the cephalaspidean opisthobranch Haminoea orbignyana, the second most abundant gastropod inhabiting the sea grass habitats in the lagoon. The feeding behaviour of C. bellula is described together with photographic images of this process. Egg-masses of other common opisthobranch species collected in the Ria Formosa were also offered, but they were always rejected. This is the first known case of predation on eggs of H. orbignyana.
The socio-cultural and learning experiences of music students in a British university
Authors: Dibben Nicola
Published: March 2006

Research into student experience in Higher Education has largely focused on students' role as learners. However, the student experience encompasses a much wider range of behaviours and beliefs than can be captured through a focus on teaching and learning alone. I report the findings of a research project which explored student experience in the music department of a British red-brick university. Music presents a particularly interesting case study given the presence of extra-curricular musical activities, the opportunity for social interaction between staff and students outside the formal context of the lecture or seminar room, and perceptions of Western art music as a form of ‘middle-class’ culture. Analysis of survey and interview data reveals the centrality of musical performance activities, and in particular the development of a performer identity, to students' experience of belonging and achievement. The influence of students' socio-economic background is also considered: social class was largely invisible to respondents within the departmental context, possibly because it is an invisible norm, within larger contemporary discourses in which social class is equated with financial difference rather than cultural difference. However, the research revealed an association between socio-economic background, term-time employment and academic achievement. The implications of these findings for teaching and learning in music in Higher Education are considered.
Editorial
Authors: COX GORDON , PITTS STEPHANIE
Published: March 2006

In this issue two main themes can be discerned: the professional practice and experience of music teachers; and student experience at music college and university.
Quo vadis, design space explorer?
Authors: GOLDSCHMIDT GABRIELA
Published: March 2006

The paper presents aspects of designer action that stress cognitive strategies for effective design problem solving, under the headings of exploration and representation. It proposes that links among design moves and shifts between design arguments are of prime importance in exploration and the design space should accommodate and expose them. The primacy of self-generated representations in the form of free-hand sketches and the role of arbitrary visual stimuli as supporting design reasoning is introduced. The expositions lead to the conclusion that the design space should be conceived as a multilevel and multifacet construct that supports on the spot experimentation and provides essential feedback not only regarding designs, but also concerning the process of designing.
Design space exploration revisited
Authors: VAN LANGEN PIETER H.G. , BRAZIER FRANCES M.T.
Published: March 2006

Design involves reasoning about descriptions of design artifacts, reasoning about design requirements, and reasoning about design process objectives (such as keeping to deadlines and available budget). Reasoning about these three aspects occurs during exploration, generation, and evaluation of partial design descriptions. Design space exploration involves exploration in all three related spaces: the space of partial descriptions of design artifacts, the space of design requirements, and the space of design process objectives. These spaces are vast. Explicit representation of the relations between elements in these three spaces provides the additional information needed to understand and reuse descriptions of partial design process traces, and to guide design exploration. In their Keynote Article, Woodbury and Burrow describe one of these spaces, namely, the space of design object descriptions, as a network of partial and intentional descriptions of design artifacts. The links between partial descriptions represent paths in design processes. Making the information compiled in these paths of exploration explicit, as proposed in this paper, extends the approach described by Woodbury and Burrow, increasing options for accessibility.
Design space and typed feature logic
Authors: PENN GERALD
Published: March 2006

The logic of typed feature structures is a sorted description logic that has enjoyed widespread usage in grammar design for the last 20 years. Woodbury and Burrow have faithfully preserved its strengths in adapting it to design space navigation research, although the weaknesses it has exhibited in the context of natural language grammar design are likely to surface here as well.
Sonic memory material as ‘pathetic trigger’
Authors: VOEGELIN SALOMÉ
Published: March 2006

Memory, according to Henri Bergson, is gleaned from the present and realises the present perception from its sensory-motor elements through movements towards that which it perceives.

The purpose of this article is to propose and debate the deliberate use of such ‘present memory’ in the sonic artwork. The suggestion is that sonic memory material – sounds that are plundered from old recordings – can be collaged into complex sonic works to produce, not a nostalgic experience in the sense of a recognition of the past, but a current production of sonic material in a continually present perception. Such a production strategy employs the affective quality of memory to ‘trigger’ a sensorial engagement in the sense of a ‘pathetic’ engagement understood as an emotional and sentimental involvement with the work. The understanding is that such an emotional engagement involves the listener centrally in the production of the artwork and challenges modernist (visual) art discourses, which evaluate the work from a distance.
Language ecology and photographic sound in the McWorld
Authors: WYNNE JOHN
Published: March 2006

The unique sounds of the world's small-scale languages are being extinguished at an alarming rate. This article explores links between acoustic ecology and language ecology and outlines an approach to the creation of archive material as both source for and useful by-product of sound art practice and research. Through my work with endangered click-languages in the Kalahari Desert, it considers the boundaries between language and music and discusses the use of flat speaker technology to explore new relations between sound and image, portrait and soundscape in a cross-cultural context.
Chikreng Rebellion: Coup and Its Aftermath in Democratic Kampuchea
Authors: Slocomb Margaret
Published: March 2006

The history of the regime of Democratic Kampuchea (DK) which ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 in the name of social revolution made on behalf of Cambodia's poor peasants has been researched and documented according to many sources. When the leaders of the counter-revolutionary Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation, spearheaded by a massive force of the People's Army of Vietnam, took back the capital, Phnom Penh, on 7 January 1979, they captured official documents, particularly the forced confessions of thousands of political prisoners, which threw light on the nature of the regime and its catastrophic course after victory in April 1975. Other contemporary sources included monitored radio broadcasts of the regime, the dossiers of Khmer Rouge defectors to Thailand compiled by the US State Department, and the rich vein of information provided to western scholars of Cambodian history by refugees in the Thai camps and in other countries which received them after 1979.
River control and the evolution of knowledge: a comparison between regions in China and Europe, c. 1400–1850
Authors: Davids Karel
Published: March 2006

This article examines the similarities and divergences in the evolution of knowledge concerning river control in China and Europe, between about 1400 and 1850. The analysis concentrates on four densely populated and relatively prosperous regions, which were faced with comparable problems caused by unruly rivers: the coastal plains of the Yellow River, the basin of the middle Yangzi, the coastal area of Northern Italy, and the Rhine delta in the Netherlands. During the period under discussion, Northern Italy was the first region to witness a ‘cognitive leap’ in knowledge of river hydraulics. The author analyses why this particular transformation in the body of knowledge took place in Northern Italy, rather than in any of the regions in China. He also examines why the Netherlands, in contrast to regions in China, offered a receptive environment to this new approach in river hydraulics from c. 1770. He suggests that differences in the development of knowledge can be explained primarily in terms of underlying socio-political structures.
Energy crisis and growth 1650–1850: the European deviation in a comparative perspective
Authors: Malanima Paolo
Published: March 2006

The present article adopts a comparative perspective contrasting the agricultural civilization of Europe with the agricultural civilizations of other regions to understand the reasons for Europe’s transition to modern energy carriers. In Europe—especially in the West and North—specific ecological conditions determined a stronger need for energy than in other coeval agrarian civilizations. The rapid growth of the European population from the second half of the seventeenth century onward, on the one hand, and worsening climatic conditions, on the other, determined an energy crisis and a lowering of living standards, especially in the second half of the eighteenth century and the first two decades of the nineteenth. After 1820, a shift to different, cheaper energy carriers laid the foundation for a new age of growth.
The worldwide economic impact of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1793–1815
Authors: O’Rourke Kevin H
Published: March 2006

The paper provides a comparative history of the economic impact of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. By focusing on the relative price evidence, it is possible to show that the conflict had major economic effects around the world. Britain’s control of the seas meant that it was much less affected than other belligerent nations, such as France and the United States. The fact that this conflict had such large price effects around the world suggests a highly inter-connected international economy, but is also consistent with the hypothesis that mercantilist conflicts prevented the emergence of more pronounced commodity market integration during the eighteenth century. The war had several longer-run effects which both helped and hindered the integration of international commodity markets during the nineteenth century.
Large variations in the thermosphere and ionosphere during minor geomagnetic disturbances in April 2002 and their association with IMF By
Authors: Goncharenko L. , Salah J. , Crowley G. , Paxton L. J. , Zhang Y. , Coster A. , Rideout W. , Huang C. , Zhang S. , Reinisch B. , Taran V.
Published: March 2006

We investigate the variations in the thermosphere and ionosphere using multi‐instrument observations during the April 2002 period, with a particular focus on periods during small geomagnetic disturbances. Large and long‐lasting reductions in the daytime electron density were observed at midlatitudes by incoherent scatter radars, ionosondes, and GPS receivers. These reductions reached 30–50% and were observed over an extended longitudinal area. They propagated to middle latitudes (35–40°N) in the case of a weak geomagnetic disturbance (Kp = 3−) and to low latitudes (0–10°N) in the case of a stronger disturbance (Kp = 5−). Data from the GUVI instrument aboard the TIMED satellite reveal a reduction in the daytime O/N2 ratio in the coincident area. Similar decreases are also predicted by the TIMEGCM/ASPEN model in both O/N2 ratio and electron density, though the magnitude of the decrease from the model is smaller than observed. We suggest that these ionospheric and thermospheric disturbances result from high‐latitude energy input and efficient transport of regions with reduced O/N2 to lower latitudes. We discuss the possible role of a strong positive By component of the interplanetary magnetic field in the transport of regions with reduced O/N2.
Effects of large deep‐seated landslides on hillslope morphology, western Southern Alps, New Zealand
Authors: Korup Oliver
Published: March 2006

Morphometric analysis and air photo interpretation highlight geomorphic imprints of large landslides (i.e., affecting ≥1 km2) on hillslopes in the western Southern Alps (WSA), New Zealand. Large landslides attain kilometer‐scale runout, affect >50% of total basin relief, and in 70% are slope clearing, and thus relief limiting. Landslide terrain shows lower mean local relief, relief variability, slope angles, steepness, and concavity than surrounding terrain. Measuring mean slope angle smoothes out local landslide morphology, masking any relationship between large landslides and possible threshold hillslopes. Large failures also occurred on low‐gradient slopes, indicating persistent low‐frequency/high‐magnitude hillslope adjustment independent of fluvial bedrock incision. At the basin and hillslope scale, slope‐area plots partly constrain the effects of landslides on geomorphic process regimes. Landslide imprints gradually blend with relief characteristics at orogen scale (102 km), while being sensitive to length scales of slope failure, topography, sampling, and digital elevation model resolution. This limits means of automated detection, and underlines the importance of local morphologic contrasts for detecting large landslides in the WSA. Landslide controls on low‐order drainage include divide lowering and shifting, formation of headwater basins and hanging valleys, and stream piracy. Volumes typically mobilized, yet still stored in numerous deposits despite high denudation rates, are >107 m3, and theoretically equal to 102 years of basin‐wide debris production from historic shallow landslides; lack of absolute ages precludes further estimates. Deposit size and mature forest cover indicate residence times of 101–104 years. On these timescales, large landslides require further attention in landscape evolution models of tectonically active orogens.
Evapotranspiration of two vegetation communities in a high‐elevation riparian meadow at Hart Prairie, Arizona
Authors: Springer Abraham E. , Amentt Melissa A. , Kolb Thomas E. , Mullen Regina M.
Published: March 2006

Hart Prairie, Arizona, has the largest Bebb willow (Salix bebbiana) community in the United States; however, greater than 95% of willows are older than 80 years and regeneration by seed is not occurring. This study examined the evapotranspiration of two herbaceous communities that dominate the Hart Prairie watershed: (1) a mixture of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) and graminoids and (2) dominantly graminoids. Transpiration during premonsoon and postmonsoon dry periods of 2000, 2001, and 2002 was estimated for each community by the difference in volumetric soil‐water content (0–30 cm soil depth) between replicated plots that were clipped of all vegetation and control, unclipped plots. Transpiration rates estimated under conditions of minimal soil drainage varied between 0.63 and 2.4 mm/d for the fern‐graminoid community and 0.57 and 1.1 mm/d for the graminoid community over the study. The fern‐graminoid community produced more biomass than the graminoid community in all years, but generally had lower transpiration rates. Severe drought in year 2002 reduced growth and transpiration of the fern‐graminoid community more than the graminoid community. Evaporation rates were estimated by temporal changes in soil‐water content in clipped plots during dry periods, and were 54 to 474% of transpiration rates estimated under conditions of minimal soil drainage because of the dry and windy conditions that occur at the study site. Based on this study and a study of transpiration of scattered trees invading the meadow, transpiration by the herbaceous understory was higher than transpiration by trees during similar seasons.
Evolution of weathering patterns in the Indo‐Burman Ranges over the last 280 kyr: Effects of sediment provenance on 87Sr/86Sr ratios tracer
Authors: Colin C. , Turpin L. , Blamart D. , Frank N. , Kissel C. , Duchamp S.
Published: March 2006

A high‐resolution study of mineralogy and major element geochemistry combined with Sr and Nd isotopes has been conducted on high sedimentation rate cores collected off the Irrawaddy River mouth in the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to reconstruct the erosional and weathering history of the Irrawaddy River basin. In both cores, ɛNd(0) values imply that both glacial and interglacial sediments share a common crustal source: the Irrawaddy River. Strong glacial/interglacial cycles are recorded by 87Sr/86Sr: interglacial periods yield values between 0.713 and 0.717, whereas glacial periods show higher values between 0.717 and 0.719. Variations of the pedogenic clays (smectite and kaolinite) to primary mineral (feldspar, quartz, illite, and chlorite) ratios show strong precessional cycles, suggesting a control by past changes in the summer monsoon intensity. Each increase in pedogenic clays content is also associated with a net loss of labile elements (Na, K, and Ca) from the detrital minerals under chemical weathering. Wet periods of summer monsoon reinforcement correspond to an increase in weathering of the Irrawaddy plain soils and a decrease of 87Sr/86Sr ratio. Plotting 87Sr/86Sr versus 87Rb/86Sr gives a pseudo‐isochrons interpreted as a mixing line representing the strength of chemical weathering. During glacial stages, enhanced physical erosion induced by glacier scour and frost action in the highland of the Irrawaddy River basins produced high volumes of unaltered, Rb‐rich minerals. The low sea level of glacial times constricted the river to the main channel in the lower reaches and permitted an efficient transport of unaltered Rb‐rich minerals with high radiogenic Sr composition from the high relief of the Indo‐Burman Ranges and the Tibetan plateau to the Indian Ocean.
“Matreshka” model of multilayered current sheet
Authors: Zelenyi L. M. , Malova H. V. , Popov V. Y. , Delcourt D. C. , Ganushkina N. Y. , Sharma A. S.
Published: March 2006

Current sheets are one of the key elements of the Earth's magnetosphere, determining the magnetic energy storage and release. An analytical self‐consistent model of multicomponent thin current sheets, where the plasma consists of ions of both solar wind and ionospheric origin, is presented. The influence of the electron population is taken into account assuming Boltzman‐like quasi‐equilibrium distribution in the electrostatic field, which can lead to a sharp peak in the electron current density in the center of the current sheet. We include the contribution of non‐adiabatic O+ ions in our model as one of the terms in the Grad–Shafranov‐like system of equations describing the quasi‐equilibrium configuration. The contribution of the oxygen ions to the total cross‐tail current usually does not exceed 30% for realistic conditions, but current “wings” carried by O+ ions produce significant broadening of the current profile.
Seismic evidence for asthenospheric updoming beneath the western Bohemian Massif, central Europe
Authors: Heuer B. , Geissler W. H. , Kind R. , Kämpf H.
Published: March 2006

Detailed images of the lithosphere beneath the western Bohemian Massif were obtained by analysis of more than 8500 P receiver functions. At the intersection of Regensburg‐Leipzig‐Rostock zone and Eger Rift, crustal thickness decreases to 26 km from approx. 31 km in the surroundings. The receiver functions display a positive phase at about 6 s delay time and a strong negative phase at 7 to 8 s, which coincides with an area of Moho updoming, CO2 mantle‐derived degassing and earthquake swarm activity. These phases can be modeled by a velocity increase at 50 km and a velocity decrease at 65 km depth. The velocity decrease, observed over an area of 5300 km2, gives evidence for local asthenospheric updoming and/or a confined body of partial melt, which might be the cause for high CO2 mantle fluid flow and earthquake swarm activity in this recently nonvolcanic, intracontinental rift area.
Inflation model of Uzon caldera, Kamchatka, constrained by satellite radar interferometry observations
Authors: Lundgren Paul , Lu Zhong
Published: March 2006

We analyzed RADARSAT‐1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to compute interferometric SAR (InSAR) images of surface deformation at Uzon caldera, Kamchatka, Russia. From 2000 to 2003 approximately 0.15 m of inflation occurred at Uzon caldera, extending beneath adjacent Kikhpinych volcano. This contrasts with InSAR data showing no significant deformation during either the 1999 to 2000, or 2003 to 2004, time periods. We performed three sets of numerical source inversions to fit InSAR data from three different swaths spanning 2000 to 2003. The preferred source model is an irregularly shaped, pressurized crack, dipping ∼20° to the NW, 4 km below the surface. The geometry of this solution is similar to the upper boundary of the geologically inferred magma chamber. Extension of the surface deformation and source to adjacent Kikhpinych volcano, without an eruption, suggests that the deformation is more likely of hydrothermal origin, possibly driven by recharge of the magma chamber.
Modeling nighttime ecosystem respiration from measured CO2 concentration and air temperature profiles using inverse methods
Authors: Juang Jehn‐Yih , Katul Gabriel G. , Siqueira Mario B. S. , Stoy Paul C. , Palmroth Sari , McCarthy Heather R. , Kim Hyun‐Seok , Oren Ram
Published: March 2006

A major challenge for quantifying ecosystem carbon budgets from micrometeorological methods remains nighttime ecosystem respiration. An earlier study utilized a constrained source optimization (CSO) method using inverse Lagrangian dispersion theory to infer the two components of ecosystem respiration (aboveground and forest floor) from measured mean CO2 concentration profiles within the canopy. This method required measurements of within‐canopy mean velocity statistics and did not consider local thermal stratification. We propose a Eulerian version of the CSO method (CSOE) to account for local thermal stratification within the canopy for momentum and scalars using higher‐order closure principles. This method uses simultaneous mean CO2 concentration and air temperature profiles within the canopy and velocity statistics above the canopy as inputs. The CSOE was tested at a maturing loblolly pine plantation over a 3‐year period with a mild drought (2001), a severe drought (2002), and a wet year (2003). Annual forest floor efflux modeled with CSOE averaged 111 g C m−2 less than that estimated using chambers during these years (2001: 1224 versus 1328 gCm−2; 2002: 1127 versus 1230 gCm−2; 2003: 1473 versus 1599 gCm−2). The modeled ecosystem respiration exceeded estimates from eddy covariance measurements (uncorrected for storage fluxes) by at least 25%, even at high friction velocities. Finally, we showed that the CSOE annual nighttime respiration values agree well with independent estimates derived from the intercept of the ecosystem light‐response curve from daytime eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements.
Performance of two cloud‐radiation parameterization schemes in the finite volume general circulation model for anomalously wet May and June 2003 over the continental United States and Amazonia
Authors: Sud Y. C. , Mocko David M. , Lin S. J.
Published: March 2006

An objective assessment of the impact of a new cloud scheme, called Microphysics of Clouds with Relaxed Arakawa‐Schubert Scheme (McRAS) (together with its radiation modules), on the finite volume general circulation model (fvGCM) was made with a set of ensemble forecasts that invoke performance evaluation over both weather and climate timescales. The performance of McRAS (and its radiation modules) was compared with that of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (NCAR CCM3) cloud scheme (with its NCAR physics radiation). We specifically chose the boreal summer months of May and June 2003, which were characterized by an anomalously wet eastern half of the continental United States as well as northern regions of Amazonia. The evaluation employed an ensemble of 70 daily 10‐day forecasts covering the 61 days of the study period. Each forecast was started from the analyzed initial state of the atmosphere and spun‐up soil moisture from the first‐day forecasts with the model. Monthly statistics of these forecasts with up to 10‐day lead time provided a robust estimate of the behavior of the simulated monthly rainfall anomalies. Patterns of simulated versus observed rainfall, 500‐hPa heights, and top‐of‐the‐atmosphere net radiation were recast into regional anomaly correlations. The correlations were compared among the simulations with each of the schemes. The results show that fvGCM with McRAS and its radiation package performed discernibly better than the original fvGCM with CCM3 cloud physics plus its radiation package. The McRAS cloud scheme also showed a reasonably positive response to the observed sea surface temperature on mean monthly rainfall fields at different time leads. This analysis represents a method for helpful systematic evaluation prior to selection of a new scheme in a global model.
An ultrafine sea‐salt flux from breaking waves: Implications for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine atmosphere
Authors: Clarke Antony D. , Owens Steven R. , Zhou Jingchuan
Published: March 2006

Sea‐salt aerosol (SSA) is an important constituent of natural marine aerosol to which anthropogenic aerosols must be compared when assessing their climatic influence. Size distributions of particles, produced by bubbles from coastal oceanic breaking waves, were found to have sizes as small as 0.01 μm, with 60% smaller than 0.1 μm diameter. The thermal stability of these particles and their growth factor measured under increasing humidity indicate that most are sea salt. These SSA size distributions were used in conjunction with the measured number flux for bubbles from coastal breaking waves to develop a new sea‐salt source function. This source function and the associated SSA flux compare favorably with previously published estimates available for sizes larger than 0.5 μm but extend the source function down to much smaller sizes. When this SSA flux is applied to oceanic whitecaps that have a highly nonlinear dependence on wind speed, it implies strong regional and temporal differences in the open ocean surface number flux. In marine regions with little continental impact we estimate that this SSA flux can contribute ∼5–90% of the marine cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), with the rest accounted for by the flux of aerosol entrained from the free troposphere. These two fluxes are large enough to account for commonly observed aerosol and CCN concentrations in the clean MBL without requiring a nucleation source in the MBL. These observations have significant implications for modeling marine aerosol concentrations and evolution.