bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The End of the Mississippi Experiment With Conjugal Visitation
Authors: McElreath David H. , Doss D. Adrian , Jensen Carl J. , Wigginton Michael P. , Mallory Steve , Lyons Terry , Williamson Lori , Jones Don W.
Published: August 2016

On February 1, 2014, an end came to what had been termed the “Mississippi Experiment”—Conjugal visitation in the state’s prisons. What had begun as a practice to control inmates and provide them an incentive to work in the early 1900s had fallen victim to changing times and a declining state budget. The authors discuss the history of conjugal visitation in Mississippi as well as possible consequences associated with discontinuing the program. These include increased levels of violence within the prison system, recidivism once prisoners are released, and the breakup of families.
Serial changes and prognostic implications of CT findings in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: comparison with fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias alone
Authors: Lee Geewon , Kim Ki Uk , Lee Ji Won , Suh Young Ju , Jeong Yeon Joo
Published: August 2016

Background

Although fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) alone and those combined with pulmonary emphysema are naturally progressive diseases, the process of deterioration and outcomes are variable.

Purpose

To evaluate and compare serial changes of computed tomography (CT) abnormalities and prognostic predictive factors in fibrotic IIPs alone and those combined with pulmonary emphysema.

Material and Methods

A total of 148 patients with fibrotic IIPs alone (82 patients) and those combined with pulmonary emphysema (66 patients) were enrolled. Semi-quantitative CT analysis was used to assess the extents of CT characteristics which were evaluated on initial and follow-up CT images. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the effects of clinical and CT variables on survival.

Results

Significant differences were noted between fibrotic scores, as determined using initial CT scans, in the fibrotic IIPs alone (21.22 ± 9.83) and those combined with pulmonary emphysema groups (14.70 ± 7.28) ( P < 0.001). At follow-up CT scans, changes in the extent of ground glass opacities (GGO) were greater ( P = 0.031) and lung cancer was more prevalent ( P = 0.001) in the fibrotic IIPs combined with pulmonary emphysema group. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis showed changes in the extent of GGO (hazard ratio, 1.056) and the presence of lung cancer (hazard ratio, 4.631) were predictive factors of poor survivals.

Conclusion

Although patients with fibrotic IIPs alone and those combined with pulmonary emphysema have similar mortalities, lung cancer was more prevalent in patients with fibrotic IIPs combined with pulmonary emphysema. Furthermore, changes in the extent of GGO and the presence of lung cancer were independent prognostic factors of poor survivals.
Characteristics and quality of published animal research in the field of radiology
Authors: Yoon Soo Jeong , Yoon Dae Young , Cho Young Kwon , Baek Sora , Lim Kyoung Ja , Seo Young Lan , Yun Eun Joo
Published: August 2016

Background

Animal research has played an important role in the field of radiology.

Purpose

To evaluate the characteristics and quality of published radiological animal research.

Material and Methods

A PubMed search was performed for radiological animal research articles (defined as studies using animal models with a radiologist as the first author) published in 1994, 2004, and 2014. The following information was extracted from each article: journal name, radiological subspecialty, imaging technique, animal species, number of animals used, number of authors, declared funding, country of origin, methodological quality, and ethical quality. Methodological and ethical quality of studies were assessed with seven-item (sample size calculation, animal age, animal sex, animal weight, inclusion and exclusion criteria, randomization, and blinded outcome assessment) and four-item (ethical review committee approval, anesthesia, pain control, and euthanasia) scales, respectively.

Results

The numbers of radiological animal studies markedly increased, from 91 in 1994 to 163 in 2004 and to 305 in 2014. One hundred and sixty-two (29.0%) articles focused on the neuroradiology/head and neck subspecialty, 233 (41.7%) used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 190 (34.0%) used mice, 254 (45.4%) used 10–30 animals, 297 (53.1%) had 4–7 authors, 392 (70.1%) were funded, and 222 (39.7%) were from the USA. Six of 7 methodological and 3/4 ethical quality items significantly improved over time.

Conclusion

The quantity and quality of radiological animal research has increased over the last two decades; however, methodological and ethical quality remains suboptimal.
Low-cycle fatigue properties of basalt fiber and graphene reinforced polyamide 6 hybrid composites
Authors: Mészáros László , Szakács József
Published: August 2016

In this study, the effect of graphene content on quasi-static and fatigue mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced polyamide 6 is investigated. Hybrid composites and reference monocomposites were melt compounded, and then specimens were injection molded. Although the presence of graphene caused moderate change in quasi-static tensile properties, remarkable increment in the fatigue properties of hybrid composites was experienced. Hybrid composites with low graphene content withstood higher number of cycles in fatigue tests at the same loading compared to basalt fiber reinforced monocomposites. Scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces revealed proper dispersion of reinforcement in the hybrid materials, an explanation to the better fatigue performance at lower graphene contents.
Hospital Staff’s Perceptions with Regards to the Baby-Friendly Initiative
Authors: Pound Catherine , Ward Natalie , Freuchet Marine , Akiki Salwa , Chan Jason , Nicholls Stuart
Published: August 2016

Background:

Adherence to Baby Friendly Initiative (BFI) practices is low in Canadian hospitals, despite evidence showing a positive impact of BFI practices on breastfeeding rates and duration. In 2012, the provincial Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care added BFI status to its progress indicators for Public Health Units, which are now required to begin BFI implementation.

Objective:

This study aims to explore health care workers’ self-reported knowledge of the BFI and their perceptions of the importance of its components.

Methods:

A questionnaire was electronically sent to 2237 employees working at our institution.

Results:

Questionnaires were completed by 651 participants, of which 110 (16.9%) and 87 (13.5%) participants reported having good knowledge of the BFI and the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding, respectively. Multiple logistic regression showed that having children and having received formal breastfeeding education were associated with higher self-reported knowledge. Additionally, 481 (75%) participants reported that it was important or very important to them that the institution adopt the BFI. Having children and being an allied health professional were associated with perceiving the implementation of the BFI as important.

Conclusion:

The results of our study have allowed us to identify potential barriers to implementation of the BFI, which can be targeted through system changes and staff education. Through this approach, we hope to facilitate acceptance of the BFI at our institution and increase support for optimal breastfeeding practices among our patients.
Adaptive robust control of machining force and contour error with tool deflection using global task coordinate frame
Authors: Davis Tyler A , Shin Yung C , Yao Bin
Published: August 2016

Peripheral milling process productivity or quality can be improved by controlling either cutting force or contour error. While each means for improvement is often addressed individually, efforts to control both aspects simultaneously are less common in the literature. This article describes an approach to control both the contour error and force using an adaptive robust controller. The axes dynamic behavior and tool deflection are considered as the two major sources of error expressly considered in the control design and are embedded in a global task coordinate frame representation of contour error. The adaptive control component maintains high-performance control of both force and contour error in the presence of significant model error or external disturbances. The control approach is implemented on a three-axis machine tool for validation. Experimental results indicate that significant improvements to both contour error and force regulation have been achieved.
‘Neither a borrower nor a lender be’: Letters from the anaesthetist Joseph Thomas Clover to the Birmingham surgeon Joseph Sampson Gamgee
Authors: Ball Christine M
Published: August 2016

The London surgeon and anaesthetist, Joseph Thomas Clover (1825–1882), and the Birmingham surgeon, Joseph Sampson Gamgee (1828–1886), are well known figures in the history of medicine. Draft letters among the surviving papers of Joseph Clover have been transcribed and reveal new information about their friendship, their financial affairs and Clover’s motivation to become a full-time anaesthetist. They have also led to the discovery that Gamgee was briefly imprisoned in Warwick County Goal for debt in 1859.
An Annotated Bibliography of Journalism Subjects in American Magazines
Authors: Merwin Fred E. , Smith Henry L.
Published: August 2016

A marked increase in articles suggesting ways and means for the newspapers to combat growing public criticism of their editorial and business practices through public relations programs was evident during the early months of 1939. The articles followed a series of critical attacks on the press, with Secretary of the Interior Ickes leading the way. The annual meetings of the publishers and editors produced discussions of current newspaper problems. Much interest was noted in the settlement of the Guild strike in Wilkes-Barre and the prosecution of the Guild strike against Hearst in Chicago.
News Notes
Authors: Miller Douglass W.
Published: August 2016

News for inclusion in this section … activities of schools and departments of journalism, staff appointments and changes, curricular developments and the like … must reach Professor Miller, School of Journalism, Syracuse University, by the first of the month preceding publication. News for the December issue must reach him by November 1.
Press and Communications: An Annotated Bibliography of Journalism Subjects in American Magazines
Authors: Merwin F. E. , Baskette F. K.
Published: August 2016

The Associated Press case went to the U. S. Supreme Court during the current quarter. Arguments were not expected to be heard before the October term. The perennial issue of press freedom achieved the dignity of a “commission investigation” on grant given by Henry Luce of Time-Life-Fortune. The inquiry will be directed by President Hutching of Chicago. The War Labor Board ruled that the Guild's membership maintenance did not endanger the first amendment to the Constitution. Articles on the press and the war reflected the pre-invasion expectancy. Television came in for a new round of interest.

F. E. M.
Measuring Radio News Since V-J Day
Authors: Wilson Elmo C.
Published: August 2016

Now that radio news listening has become a firmly-rooted American habit, the question arises as to how the listeners feel about the news they get. The author of this analysis is director of research for the Columbia Broadcasting System.
A Comparison of Sexual Health and Sexual Behaviors by Sexual Orientation among Hispanic Men Residing along the US-Mexico Border
Authors: Vasquez Elias Provencio , De Santis Joseph P. , Mata Holly J. , Robbins Leslie K.
Published: August 2016

Background/significance:

High rates of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) related to high-risk sexual behaviors are a public health problem in the United States. Hispanics have the second highest rates of HIV infection among racial/ethnic minorities. Previous research with Hispanic men has identified a number of factors that influence sexual risk and render Hispanic men at risk for HIV/STIs that vary by sexual orientation. Despite these differences in sexual risk by sexual orientation, no study to date has compared the sexual behaviors of Hispanic men by sexual orientation.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to compare the sexual behaviors of a sample of Hispanic men residing along the US-Mexico border by sexual orientation.

Method:

A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used to collect data from 103 Hispanic men in a US-Mexico border community. The sample included fifty heterosexual men and fifty-three men who have sex with men (MSM). Participants completed two measures of sexual health/sexual behaviors and a demographic questionnaire.

Results:

Among this sample of Hispanic men, fewer heterosexual men were tested for HIV infection compared to MSM, more MSM reported HIV infection, MSM had higher rates of certain STIs, and MSM reported more sexual partners. MSM were more likely to experience sexual violence. Heterosexual Hispanic men reported lower rates of condom usage when compared to Hispanic MSM.

Implications:

Hispanic men as a population may engage in high-risk sexual behaviors that place them at risk for HIV/STIs. More research focused on Hispanic men residing along the US-Mexico border can provide the foundation for intervention studies to help this population of men decrease their risk for HIV/STIs.
Hungry on the inside: Prison food as concrete and symbolic punishment in a women’s prison
Authors: Smoyer Amy B , Lopes Giza
Published: August 2016

Women’s perceptions of the prison experience and the punishing dimensions of their confinement are under-examined. To expand knowledge in this area, Sexton’s theory of penal consciousness is used to analyze formerly incarcerated women’s narratives about prison food. This analysis builds understanding about the lived experience of incarceration by explicating one dimension of prisoners’ understandings and perceptions of punishment. Women’s narratives describe both concrete and symbolic punishments associated with food. Participants spoke about poorly designed, sloppy food systems that left them feeling uncared for, ignored, frustrated, and humiliated. Women articulate experiences of hunger that reflect both a deprivation of adequate food and a rationing of humane attentions. These punishing perceptions may inhibit the efforts of social service and health providers to engage incarcerated and formerly incarcerated women in care. In contrast, exceptional participant narratives about positive, non-punishing food experiences suggest that ameliorated food systems could improve the lived experience of incarceration and promote the engagement in services that is needed to improve the outcomes of incarcerated and formerly incarcerated women.
Thermodynamic model for homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion with recompression valve events and direct injection: Part II—Combustion model and evaluation against transient experiments
Authors: Shingne Prasad S , Sterniak Jeff , Assanis Dennis N , Borgnakke Claus , Martz Jason B
Published: August 2016

This two-part article presents a combustion model for boosted and moderately stratified homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion for use in thermodynamic engine cycle simulations. The model consists of two parts: one an ignition model for the prediction of auto-ignition onset and the other an empirical combustion rate model. This article focuses on the development of the combustion model which is algebraic in form and is based on the key physical variables affecting the combustion process. The model is fit with experimental data collected from 290 discrete automotive homogeneous charge compression ignition operating conditions with moderate stratification resulting from both the direct injection and negative valve overlap valve events. Both the ignition model from part 1 and the combustion model from this article are implemented in GT-Power and validated against experimental homogeneous charge compression ignition data under steady-state and transient conditions. The ignition and combustion model are then exercised to identify the dominant variables affecting the homogeneous charge compression ignition and combustion processes. Sensitivity analysis reveals that ignition timing is primarily a function of the charge temperature, and that combustion duration is largely a function of ignition timing.
Efficient evaluation of member cardinality in cluster-based vehicular cyber-physical systems
Authors: Qian Jin , Jing Tao , Huo Yan , Li Hui , Li Zhen
Published: August 2016

In the cluster-based vehicular cyber-physical systems, the member cardinality is an important parameter for the cluster maintaining and updating. Also, it is widely utilized in the design of protocols for routing, medium access, activation scheduling, and topology control. However, the delay of the traditional member cardinality evaluation method is too large to satisfy the requirement of the high-dynamic vehicular cyber-physical systems. To tackle this problem, in this article, we propose a new member cardinality evaluation method that is based on the time slot occupation technique. The new method can improve the evaluation efficiency and obtain a high evaluation accuracy. Besides, we extend the method to further improve the performance. Finally, we analyze the proposed method considering the unreliability of the channel state. The mathematical analysis and simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.
Structural hybrid reliability index and its convergent solving method based on random–fuzzy–interval reliability model
Authors: An Hai , Zhou Ling , Sun Hui
Published: August 2016

Aiming to resolve the problems of a variety of uncertainty variables that coexist in the engineering structure reliability analysis, a new hybrid reliability index to evaluate structural hybrid reliability, based on the random–fuzzy–interval model, is proposed in this article. The convergent solving method is also presented. First, the truncated probability reliability model, the fuzzy random reliability model, and the non-probabilistic interval reliability model are introduced. Then, the new hybrid reliability index definition is presented based on the random–fuzzy–interval model. Furthermore, the calculation flowchart of the hybrid reliability index is presented and it is solved using the modified limit-step length iterative algorithm, which ensures convergence. And the validity of convergent algorithm for the hybrid reliability model is verified through the calculation examples in literature. In the end, a numerical example is demonstrated to show that the hybrid reliability index is applicable for the wear reliability assessment of mechanisms, where truncated random variables, fuzzy random variables, and interval variables coexist. The demonstration also shows the good convergence of the iterative algorithm proposed in this article.
Functional outcome of en bloc resection of a giant cell tumour of the distal radius and arthrodesis of the wrist and distal ulna using an ipsilateral double barrel segmental ulna bone graft combined with a modified Sauve-Kapandji procedure
Authors: Zhang W. , Zhong J. , Li D. , Sun C. , Zhao H. , Gao Y.
Published: August 2016

Giant cell tumour of the distal radius is a locally aggressive lesion. In this study, we performed a wrist arthrodesis reconstruction with an ipsilateral double barrel segmental ulnar bone graft combined with a modified Sauve-Kapandji procedure for a giant cell tumour of the distal radius. From January 2007 to September 2013, we followed eight patients for a mean duration of 36 months. One patient developed a recurrence and was treated by amputation; the other seven patients achieved radiological union in about 8 months. There was no wrist instability, deformation or dislocation; the mean range of motion of the forearm achieved 75° of supination and 70° of pronation. The patients could recover reasonable grip strength. This new operative procedure can excise the tumour with a low rate of recurrence, fewer functional deficits and fewer complications than reported for other procedures.

Level of evidence: IV, therapeutic
Long-Term Improvement in Glucose Control and Counterregulation by Islet Transplantation for Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Rickels Michael R. , Peleckis Amy J. , Markmann Eileen , Dalton-Bakes Cornelia , Kong Stephanie M. , Teff Karen L. , Naji Ali
Published: August 2016

Context:

Islet transplantation has been shown to improve glucose counterregulation and hypoglycemia symptom recognition in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) complicated by severe hypoglycemia episodes and symptom unawareness, but long-term data are lacking.

Objective:

To assess the long-term durability of glucose counterregulation and hypoglycemia symptom responses 18 months after intrahepatic islet transplantation and associated measures of glycemic control during a 24-month follow-up period.

Design, Setting, and Participants:

Ten patients with T1D disease duration of approximately 27 years were studied longitudinally before and 6 and 18 months after transplant in the Clinical & Translational Research Center of the University of Pennsylvania and were compared to 10 nondiabetic control subjects.

Intervention:

All 10 patients underwent intrahepatic islet transplantation according to the CIT07 protocol at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania.

Main Outcome Measures:

Counterregulatory hormone, endogenous glucose production, and autonomic symptom responses derived from stepped hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic and paired hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps with infusion of 6,6-2H2-glucose.

Results:

Near-normal glycemia (HbA1c ≤ 6.5%; time 70–180 mg/dL ≥ 95%) was maintained for 24 months in all patients, with one returning to low-dose insulin therapy. In response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, glucagon secretion was incompletely restored at 6 and 18 months, epinephrine was improved at 6 months and normalized at 18 months, and endogenous glucose production and symptoms, absent before, were normalized at 6 and 18 months after transplant.

Conclusions:

In patients with T1D experiencing problematic hypoglycemia, intrahepatic islet transplantation can lead to long-term improvement of glucose counterregulation and hypoglycemia symptom recognition, physiological effects that likely contribute to glycemic stability after transplant.
A Follow-Up Study of the Prevalence of Valvular Heart Abnormalities in Hyperprolactinemic Patients Treated With Cabergoline
Authors: Drake William M. , Stiles Craig E. , Bevan John S. , Karavitaki Niki , Trainer Peter J. , Rees D. Aled , Richardson Tristan I. , Baldeweg Stephanie E. , Stojanovic Nemanja , Murray Robert D. , Toogood Andrew A. , Martin Niamh M. , Vaidya Bijay , Han Than S. , Steeds Rick P. ,   on behalf of the UK Cabergoline valvulopathy study group, Baldeweg F. C. , Sheikh U. E. , Kyriakakis N. , Parasuraman S.K. , Taylor L. , Butt N. , Anyiam S.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Uncertainty exists whether the long-term use of ergot-derived dopamine agonist (DA) drugs for the treatment of hyperprolactinemia may be associated with clinically significant valvular heart disease and whether current regulatory authority guidelines for echocardiographic screening are clinically appropriate.

Objective:

Our objective was to provide follow-up echocardiographic data on a previously described cohort of patients treated with DA for lactotrope pituitary tumors and to explore possible associations between structural and functional valve abnormalities with the cumulative dose of drug used.

Design:

Follow-up echocardiographic data were collected from a proportion of our previously reported cohort of patients; all had received continuous DA therapy for at least 2 years in the intervening period. Studies were performed according to British Society of Echocardiography minimum standards for adult transthoracic echocardiography. Generalized estimating equations with backward selection were used to determine odds ratios of valvular heart abnormalities according to tertiles of cumulative cabergoline dose, using the lowest tertile as the reference group.

Setting:

Thirteen centers of secondary/tertiary endocrine care across the United Kingdom were included.

Results:

There were 192 patients (81 males; median age, 51 years; interquartile range [IQR], 42–62). Median (IQR) cumulative cabergoline doses at the first and second echocardiograms were 97 mg (20–377) and 232 mg (91–551), respectively. Median (IQR) duration of uninterrupted cabergoline therapy between echocardiograms was 34 months (24–42). No associations were observed between cumulative doses of dopamine agonist used and the age-corrected prevalence of any valvular abnormality.

Conclusion:

This large UK follow-up study does not support a clinically significant association between the use of DA for the treatment of hyperprolactinemia and cardiac valvulopathy.
The main trends and approaches of modern education
Authors: Мальцева  , Maltseva Tatyana
Published: August 2016

An article is devoted to effective use in the educational process of active and interactive teaching methods to enhance and develop cognitive and creative activity of students; improve the efficiency of the educational process; formation and assessment of professional competence, as well as the formation of special knowledge and practical skills of teachers and organizers of the learning process.
Dupin Cyclide and Second-Order Curves. Part 1
Authors: Сальков  , Sal'kov Nikolay
Published: August 2016

Making smooth shapes of various products is caused

by the following requirements: aerodynamic, structural, aesthetic,

etc. That’s why the review of the topic of second-order curves is

included in many textbooks on descriptive geometry and engineering

graphics. These curves can be used as a transition from the one

line to another as the first and second order smoothness. Unfortunately,

in modern textbooks on engineering graphics the building of Konik

is not given. Despite the fact that all the second-order curves are banded by a single analytical equation, geometrically they unites

by the affiliation of the quadric, projective unites by the commonality

of their construction, in the academic literature for each of

these curves is offered its own individual plot. Considering the

patterns associated with Dupin cyclide, you can pay attention to

the following peculiarity: the center of the sphere that is in contact

circumferentially with Dupin cyclide, by changing the radius of the

sphere moves along the second-order curve. The circle of contact

of the sphere with Dupin cyclide is always located in a plane passing

through one of the two axes, and each of these planes intersects

cyclide by two circles. This property formed the basis of the graphical

constructions that are common to all second-order curves. In

addition, considered building has a connection with such transformation

as the dilation or the central similarity. This article considers

the methods of constructing of second-order curves, which are

the lines of centers tangent of the spheres, applies a systematic

approach.
Geometric Modeling in the Automated Designing of Architectural Objects
Authors: Ерцкина  , Ertskina Elena , Королькова  , Korolkova N.
Published: August 2016

The article is devoted to overview of software used in

the automated designing of architectural objects. Particular attention

is paid to the features of modern software and the possibility

of their use in the design of constructions.

The technique of modern SAPR implementation in educational

process within studying of «Engineering Graphics» course is

considered by the example of AutoCAD graphic system for students

of construction specialties.

The selection of these CAD systems as the base for graphic

disciplines teaching is validated.

The architectural task consists in creation of one of two developed

ways of modeling. In the course of task performance students

solve the main geometrical objectives by definition of the form and

constructive and geometrical parameters of the objects and in

parallel master 3D modeling in AutoCAD or ArchiCAD packages.

It is proved that inclusion in educational process of the graphic task

developed taking into account a professional orientation trained,

increases its efficiency. The task performed during the first semester

promotes fixing and profound studying of fundamentals of

engineering graphics. It can be used when studying 3D computer

geometric modeling for students of the technical directions.

Geometric modeling in design of architectural objects, you can

create a model of the object based on the descriptions of the characteristics

of the object, geometry, proportion and relationships,

information membranes, implemented in an appropriate software

environment. It also allows you to increase the search of new architectural

forms, to perform the analysis of the spatial form of the

designed object and the projection to develop an architectural

model of the building. Based on this analysis the trend of engineering

and development of geometric modeling for the designing of

sites is showed.
Compensation of Losses not Related to the Breach of Obligations
Authors: Четырус Евгений , Chetyrus Evgeniy
Published: August 2016

The article considers the concept of “indemnity” that is rather new to national civil law. The analogy of this concept that was borrowed from the foreign law system is reflected in the article 4061 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation “Compensation of losses which occur due the circumstances stated in the contract”. In particular, the given Article of the Code establishes that the parties to the obligations acting jointly as members of the business activities may through their mutual agreement provide for the obligation of one party to compensate for material losses of the other party which were caused by the circumstances listed in the contract, but unrelated to violation of obligations by the party (losses caused by impossibility of fulfilment of obligations, submission of claims by third parties or bodies of state power against a party or third party which was indicated in the contract, etc.). The agreement between the parties shall determine the amount of losses to be compensated for as well as the procedure for such calculation and compensation. The author concludes that the notion “indemnity” and compensation of losses which are not associated with the violations of obligations, should not be confused since they are not identical legal factors.
Collective Labor Disputes, Strikes and Protests in Russia: Relevant Laws and Practices
Authors: Герасимова Елена , Gerasimova Elena
Published: August 2016

The article analyses the information that has been gathered in the sphere of collective labor disputes, strikes, labor protests and conflicts in Russia. It contains official statistics which show that collective labor protests are held strictly within the frameworks stipulated by law (collective labor disputes, strikes), the number thereof is low and does not increase in difficult and crisis periods. At the same time increasing is the number of protests which take place in various forms and without resort to procedures provided for by law for the resolution of labor conflicts. The author pays attention to the role of the currently effective legislation, the enforcement thereof, including judiciary practices, and the consequences of such practices. The author concludes that the legislature, enforcement and case practice – all call for changes which would be conducive to making use of legislation of collective labor disputes not only as a prohibitive and restricting tool, but as a creative effective, convenient and efficient mechanism of solving collective labor conflicts.
Mistakes in Criminal Law Legislation
Authors: Кауфман Михаил , Kaufman Mikhail
Published: August 2016

The analysis of the modern Russian criminal law reveals a significant number of shortcomings – both conceptual (as gaps and redundancy) and defects of juridical and technical nature. The lawmakers’ mistakes affect the overall quality of the criminal law and lead to its poor efficiency. The author analyzes the mistakes made in the course of criminalization, decriminalization, penalization and depenalization, notices the unsystematic nature of many changes. Technical and legal mistakes are examined from the perspective of the criminal law systematic violation, often resulted in inconsistency of its provisions. The author makes a conclusion that the criminal legislation should be drastically reformed and existing mistakes should be corrected — for this purpose a scientifically justified concept of criminal policy that meets all modern criminal demands should be developed.
The Right to Defense in Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Селина Елена , Selina Elena
Published: August 2016

Analyzed in this article is the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 29 dated 30 June 2015 “On the practice of courts of law, ensuring the right to defense in criminal proceedings”. The new feature of the defendant is determined – statement of the court procedure to the temporary absent or remote defendant. It is proved that in Article 73 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, with the obvious desire of the legislator to include in the subject of proving the circumstances established in the protection contains no direct reference to the non-participation of a person to commit a crime. Epistemologically, self-confidence as the lack of evidences is not accepted as a direct proof. Indirectly, alibi is the fact that the accused person was in the other place when the crime had been committed, indicates the innocence or alias (physical disconnect of the accused person and the real person who committed the crime), or alter (physical disconnect of the accused person and the mechanism of committing the crime). It is proved that the application of these and other arguments in favor of the accused should result in their including in disprove.
Problems of Substantive Differentiation Conditions of Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Боярская Александра , Boyarskaya Aleksandra
Published: August 2016

The article discusses current issues of differentiation of criminal proceedings. The character of the impact of criminal law on procedural form of summary court proceedings. The author successively examines the substantive basis of summary court proceedings of Russian criminal trial: a special order of the trial, a special procedure for the trial at the conclusion of the pre-trial agreement, judicial procedure under Art. 226.9 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, as well as in criminal cases of private prosecution. The author concludes that the specific substantive basis is not peculiar to each of these procedures. Legislators did not specify the substantive grounds of procedure under Sec. 40.1 Code of Criminal Procedure. The court proceedings under Art. 226.9 CPC RF does not have its own substantive basis. The article concludes that all above said demonstrates the destruction of classical chords, according to which the differentiation of criminal law determines the differentiation of criminal procedural law in sphere of differentiation of criminal procedural form. Nowadays, on the contrary, the differentiation of the criminal procedure is carried out more rapidly and dictates the transformation of criminal procedural law. The article also analyzes the causes and symptoms of this trend of development of modern legislation.
International Legal Regulation of Cooperation of the Russian Federation and Neighboring States in the Arctic on the Basis of Bilateral Treaties
Authors: Авхадеев Владислав , Avkhadeev Vladislav
Published: August 2016

The modern Law of the Arctic regime is administered both at the international law and national law levels. International legal regulation of the Arctic regime is exercised at the level of international multilateral and bilateral treaties. Multilateral treaties are aimed primarily to legal relations that govern the regime of Arctic maritime areas, as well as the decision of environmental issues in the region. Bilateral treaties are aimed to regulate the cross-border problems of neighboring countries. First of all, it means resolving contentious issues of delimitation of maritime areas of the Arctic, cooperation in the field of fisheries and mineral resources. Bilateral treaties are binding only for their members and do not create obligations for third countries. In some cases there are collisions between international bilateral and multilateral agreements on matters relating to the delimitation of neighboring maritime areas. Determination of the effectiveness of existing in the Arctic region international treaties and of their future development needs to be monitored.
The pattern of verbal, visuospatial and procedural learning in Richardson variant of progressive supranuclear palsy in comparison to Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Sitek Emilia , Wieczorek Dariusz , Konkel Agnieszka , Dąbrowska Magda , Sławek Jarosław
Published: August 2016

Cel pracy

Postępujące porażenie ponadjądrowe (PSP) jest klasyfikowane w ramach spectrum atypowych zespołów parkinsonowskich lub też zwyrodnienia czołowo-skroniowego. Praca miała na celu porównanie profili uczenia się materiału słownego, wzrokowo-przestrzennego oraz uczenia proceduralnego u pacjentów z PSP oraz u osób z chorobą Parkinsona (PD). Ponadto, przeanalizowano związek pomiędzy czynnikami wykonawczymi (inicjowaniem i hamowaniem) oraz wskaźnikami uczenia.

Metoda

W badaniu uczestniczyły 33 osoby z rozpoznaniem klinicznym wariantu Richardsona PSP (PSP-RS), 39 osób z PD and 29 osób kontrolnych dobranych pod względem wieku i wykształcenia. Zastosowano skalę Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), próby fluencji semantycznej i fonemicznej, test uczenia się materiału słownego (AVLT), test uczenia się materiału wzrokowo-przestrzennego DUM, test Tower of Toronto (ToT) and 2 próby uczenia się sekwencji ruchowych. Pacjenci z PSP-RS oraz z PD nie różnili się istotnie pod względem wyników MMSE.

Wyniki

Pacjenci z PSP-RS uzyskali niższe wyniki w teście DUM niż osoby z PD. Odtwarzanie odroczone w AVLT było natomiast lepsze w PSP-RS niż w PD. Uczenie się sekwencji ruchowych było na podobnym poziomie. Wyniki AVLT były dodatnio skorelowane z wynikami prób fluencji fonemicznej w PSP-RS oraz w PD. Wskaźnik przekroczeń zasad w ToT był ujemnie skorelowany z wynikami DUM w PSP-RS i w PD oraz z wynikami AVLT w PD.

Wnioski

Globalne funkcjonowanie pamięci jest względnie podobne w PSP-RS oraz w PD. Czynniki wykonawcze (inicjowanie oraz hamowanie) są ściśle związane ze sprawnością pamięci w PSP-RS oraz w PD. Zaburzenia uczenia się materiału wzrokowo-przestrzennego w PSP-RS są prawdopodobnie związane z impulsywnością i trudnością z hamowaniem reakcji zautomatyzowanych.
The Impact of Supplier Inventory Service Level on Retailer Demand
Authors: Craig Nathan , DeHoratius Nicole , Raman Ananth
Published: August 2016

To set inventory service levels, suppliers must understand how changes in inventory service level affect demand. We build on prior research, which uses analytical models and laboratory experiments to study the impact of a supplier’s service level on demand from retailers, by testing this relationship in the field. We analyze a field experiment at the supplier Hugo Boss to determine how the supplier’s inventory service level affects demand from its retailer customers. We find increases in historical fill rate to be associated with statistically significant and managerially substantial increases in current retailer orders (i.e., demand, not just sales). Specifically, a one percentage point increase in fill rate, measured over the prior year, is associated with a statistically significant 11% increase in current retailer demand, controlling for other factors that might affect retailer demand. We explore the drivers of this demand increase, including changes in retailer assortment and order frequency. We discuss features of a retail buyer’s decision context identified through our field work that may explain the magnitude of the relationship we observe.
Mitigating Uncertainty via Compromise Decisions in Two-Stage Stochastic Linear Programming: Variance Reduction
Authors: Sen Suvrajeet , Liu Yifan
Published: August 2016

Stochastic Programming (SP) has long been considered a well-justified yet computationally challenging paradigm for practical applications. Computational studies in the literature often involve approximating a large number of scenarios by using a small number of scenarios to be processed via deterministic solvers, or running Sample Average Approximation on some genre of high performance machines so that statistically acceptable bounds can be obtained. In this paper we show that for a class of stochastic linear programming problems, an alternative approach known as Stochastic Decomposition (SD) can provide solutions of similar quality in far less computational time using ordinary desktop or laptop machines of today. In addition to these compelling computational results, we provide a stronger convergence result for SD, and introduce a new solution concept that we call the compromise decision. This new concept is attractive for algorithms that call for multiple replications in sampling-based convex optimization algorithms. For such replicated optimization, we show that the difference between an average solution and a compromise decision provides a natural stopping rule. We discuss three stopping criteria that enhance the reliability of the compromise decision, reducing bias and variance associated with the result. Finally our computational results cover a variety of instances from the literature, including a detailed study of SONET Switched Network (SSN), a network planning instance known to be more challenging than other test instances in the literature.
“Who Are You?…I Really Wanna Know”: Product Meaning and Competitive Positioning in the Nascent Synthesizer Industry
Authors: Anthony Callen , Nelson Andrew J. , Tripsas Mary
Published: August 2016

It is well established that firms make a series of positioning choices that shape how they compete within an industry. However, much of this work has examined competition within established industries where performance attributes are well understood. By contrast, we know little about how firms position their products within nascent industries, which often are characterized by extreme uncertainty about what the product even is. We address this gap through an inductive study of the emergence of the music synthesizer, drawing upon a unique data set of four leading firms’ complete product offerings and advertisements from 1975 through 1986 as well as interviews with professional musicians over the same time period. We discover that conventional dimensions of competitive positioning, such as features and price, do not capture important distinctions in how firms framed their products. Rather, firms projected two distinct meanings for the synthesizer: a new instrument that enables a musician to create and/or play new “synth” sounds, or an emulator of acoustic instruments. These meanings were also salient amongst professional musicians. The fundamental differences in meaning were distinct from both the product label as well as the technical “reality” of each synthesizer, and shaped the ways in which firms positioned and thus differentiated their products. Specifically, our analysis reveals three meaning-based strategies for positioning new products: meaning-focusing, meaning-spanning, and meaning-mixing. We also consider the implications of our findings for the literatures on emergent categories and on the social construction of technology.
Physicochemical and Microbiological Post-Harvest Losses of Camel Milk Along the Camel Milk Value Chain in Isiolo, Kenya
Authors: Odongo Nicanor , Lamuka Peter , Abong George , Matofari Joseph , Abey Khalif
Published: August 2016

Camel milk value chain experiences a lot of constrains which are likely to leads to high post-harvest losses due to physicochemical and microbiological changes. However, the magnitude of these quality and quantity losses have not been quantified. The objective of this study was to quantify these losses at different stages along the camel milk value chain. The study established the mean pH along the Isiolo value chain to range from 6.5 to 6.6 and did not show significant (p>0.05) difference along the chain. The percentage lactic acid ranged from 1.63 to 2.07 and showed significant (p<0.05) different along the chain. 3.57% and 4.76% of milk at delivered at bulking/cooling hub in Isiolo town and terminal market at Eastleighin Nairobi,respectively, failed alcohol test. Total viable count (TVC) showed the highest count along the chain (1.78x106 to 8.1x108) while Staphylococcus aureus showed the lowest count along the chain (1.3x104 to 2.0x106). Generally the microbial counts increased along the chain. This could be due to the longer withholding time of the milk at the various points along the chain. More milk was lost due to Total viable count standard than coliform counts standard, 100% of milk at the terminal Eastleigh market, Nairobi were rejected due to TVC while 92.5% rejected due to coliform counts. Camel milk value chain was therefore shown to be of poor microbiological quality which results to a lot of milk post-harvest losses.
Cake Flour Chlorination and Alternative Treatments (Review)
Authors: Al-Dmoor Hanee , El-Qudah Jafar
Published: August 2016

In order to produce satisfactory cake, ingredients must be balanced accurately. Flour acts as building structure that contributes in the crumb properties. Chlorine treatment of soft wheat flour has been widely used since the 1920s. The functional effect of chlorination is partially de-polymerizing and oxidizing of flour starch. Oxidized starch granules are able to swell more rapidly after the starch reaches the gelatinization temperature and the resulting batter system will be adequately viscous to support the cake’s structure without collapsing. Batter expansion is superior for treated flours, even at the lowest chlorination rate, than for untreated flour. Alternatives to chlorine treatment need to be developed because of the potential carcinogenic effect of chlorination. Egg albumin contributes strength to cake crumb and improves cake volume. Acceptable cake volume can be achieved by heating but the dryer, stiffer crumb that springs back upon compression is not produced by heated flours. Xanthan gum L-cysteine, and hydrogen peroxide plus peroxidase to heat-treated flour and obtained volumes equivalent to cakes produced using chlorine-treated flour. Ozone treatments also are applied in cake flour with some benefits instead of chlorination.
Feed Efficiency and Serobiochemical Profile of Wistar Rats Fed With Spirulina As Functional Food
Authors: Manjula K , Raj M , Krishna Ramya
Published: August 2016

Spirulina is an algae that grow in fresh and sea water and itself known to the human community with its unique Neutraceuticals properties, generally produced from the species named Arthrospira platensis, and Arthrospira maxima. Arthrospira species were cultivated throughout the world to fulfil the need of human dietary supplementation. An experimental study was planned to know the effect of spirulina supplementation on serum biochemical profile of Wistar albino rats as model study. Test results clearly denoted that diet planned with spirulina fed rats showed better serobiochemical profile when compared with stock diet and rice based diet. The protein and albumin values were significantly higher in spirulina fed rats. Feed consumption rate is very low in spirulina diet but gained more weight when compared to stock and rice diets, this might be due to high biological value protein in spirulina.
What do we really need to know about maths?
Authors: Stevens Judith
Published: August 2016

Early Years Teachers and Educators need to know how young children learn about key concepts in maths and what they can do to support children's learning at each stage of their development.