bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Walt Whitman
Authors: Reynolds David S
Published: November 2023

From the great events of the day to the patient workings of a spider, few poets responded to the life around them as powerfully as Walt Whitman. Now, in this brief but bountiful volume, David S. Reynolds offers a wealth of insight into the life and work of Whitman, examining the author through the lens of nineteenth-century America. Reynolds shows how Whitman responded to contemporary theater, music, painting, photography, science, religion, and sex. But perhaps nothing influenced Whitman more than the political events of his lifetime, as the struggle over slavery threatened to rip apart the national fabric. America, he believed, desperately needed a poet to hold together a society that was on the verge of unraveling. He created his powerful, all-absorbing poetic “I” to heal a fragmented nation that, he hoped, would find in his poetry new possibilities for inspiration and togetherness. Reynolds also examines the influence of theater, describing how Whitman’s favorite actor, the tragedian Junius Brutus Booth--“one of the grandest revelations of my life”--developed a powerfully emotive stage style that influenced Leaves of Grass, which took passionate poetic expression to new heights. Readers will also discover how from the new medium of photography Whitman learned democratic realism and offered in his poetry “photographs” of common people engaged in everyday activities. Reynolds concludes with an appraisal of Whitman’s impact on American letters, an influence that remains strong today. Solidly grounded in historical and biographical facts, and exceptionally wide-ranging in the themes it treats, Walt Whitman packs a dazzling amount of insight into a compact volume.
The Visual Arts
Authors: Reynolds David S
Published: November 2023

As With Popular Performance, Whitman Found in Photography and painting a rich mine of poetic materials. He regarded art as a means of refining and elevating the masses. In a newspaper article titled “Polishing the Common People,” he called for the widespread distribution of artworks: “We could wish the spreading of a sort of democratical artistic atmosphere among the inhabitants of our republic.”1 His poetry was his gesture toward fostering such an artistic atmosphere. From the new medium of photography he learned techniques of democratic realism. “In these Leaves [of Grass] everything is photographed. Nothing is poeticized,” he wrote.2 A frequenter of Manhattan daguerreotype galleries, he offered in poetry his own gallery of “photographs”-realistic vignettes of common people engaged in everyday activities.
Science, Philosophy, And Religion
Authors: Reynolds David S
Published: November 2023

“Lo! Keen-Eyed Towering Science, / As From Tall Peaks the Modern overlooking,” writes Whitman in “Song of the Universal.” In the next breath he adds, “Yet again, lo! the soul, above all science. These lines point to the movement in his poetry from the scientific to the spiritual. He struggled to bring together the two in his poetry, and he made use of popular approaches that made such couplings possible. Like the eighteenth-century deists, he denied the specialness of any single religion and forged a broadly ecumenical outlook that embraced all religions. As he wrote, his was “the greatest of faiths and the least of faiths.” His ecumenical outlook engendered two long passages in “Song of Myself “ in which he listed by name the major world religions, indicating that he respected and accepted them all.
Paralytic Strabismus
Authors: Buckley Edward G
Published: November 2023

The treatment of ocular motility disorders, which occur after injury to one or more of the motor nerves to the extraocular muscles, presents a therapeutic challenge. The goal of treatment is to create a large area of single binocular vision that is centered around the primary-gaze position while preserving as much single vision in the reading position as possible. In most cases of paralytic strabismus, a variety of surgical approaches can be used. However, to achieve high patient satisfaction, the successful procedure must result in an area of single binocular vision that is large enough to permit normal gaze function. Careful analysis of the ocular motility deficit, with special emphasis on the amount and direction of extraocular muscle dysfunction, is crucial in selecting the appropriate surgical procedure.
Neuropsychological Testing after Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Prigatano George P , Borgaro Susan R
Published: November 2023

Soon after the publication of the first edition of this book, the American Academy of Neurology35 published its position on the utility of neuropsychological assessment. “Neuropsychological assessment is useful in the assessment of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) where it can aid in the detection of subtle deficits, provide information on outcome and prognosis, contribute to the construction of direct rehabilitation strategies, and facilitate rehabilitation that leads to more functional independence” (p. 594). As noted in the first edition of this book, neuropsychological testing can also aid in diagnosis, medical-legal testimony, and research.
Measuring food consumption of individuals
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes methods commonly used for measuring the food consumption of individuals. Subsequent chapters discuss the factors associated with the reproducibility and validity of each of these methods (Chapters 5–7) and the calculation and evaluation of nutrient intakes (Chapters 4 and 8). Two groups of methods are used to measure the food consumption of individuals. The first group, known as quantitative daily consumption methods, consists of recalls or records designed to measure the quantity of the individual foods consumed over a 1-d period. By increasing the number of measurement days, quantitative estimates of the usual intakes of individuals can be obtained, using the same methods. The number, selection, and spacing of the days depend on the food intake, the nutrients of interest, the day-to-day variation in nutrient intake, and the level of precision required. Determination of the usual intake is particularly critical when relationships between diet and biological parameters or chronic disease are assessed. Estimates of usual intakes are also needed to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intakes.
Assessment of iron status
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S
Published: November 2023

The assessment of the iron status of the population is critical: iron deficiency is the most frequently occurring micronutrient deficiency in low-income and industrialized countries. The human body contains about 2.5 to 4 g of elemental iron. Of this, about 70% is present in the hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying pigment of the red blood cells that plays a critical role in transferring oxygen from lung to tissues. Hemoglobin is made up of four heme subunits, each with a polypeptide chain of globin attached. Each molecule of heme consists of a protoporphyrin IX molecule with one iron atom. In addition, about 4% of body iron is present in myoglobin, the oxygenbinding storage protein found in muscle. The structure of myoglobin is similar to hemoglobin, except that it contains only one heme unit and one globin chain.
Assessment of folate and vitamin B12 status
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S
Published: November 2023

Deficiencies of the two related vitamins, folic acid and vitamin B12, cause megaloblastic anemia, an anemia characterized by abnormally large red-cell precursors (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow and larger than normal red cells (macrocytic cells) in the peripheral blood. These abnormalities in cell morphology arise because a deficiency of either vitamin B12 or folate impairs the production of 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate, which is essential for the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Interference with DNA synthesis induces abnormal cell replication, especially in rapidly dividing cells.
Age-Related Memory Decline
Authors: Economou Alexandra , Simos Papanicolaou G , Papanicolaou Andrew C
Published: November 2023

Recognition among psychologists that memory declines with age is credited to Kral (1958), although as early as the seventh century BC, Pythagoras had commented on it (Berchtold & Cotman, 1998), registering thus a valid, albeit mundane, observation about a ubiquitous phenomenon. Memory problems of the elderly have received much attention lately as the population of many regions of the world ages. Memory decline attributed to aging is estimated to occur in 40% of individuals older than 60 years (Hanninen, Koivisto, Reinikainen et al., 1996). The rest (60%) remain cognitively intact (Weintraub, Powell, & Whitla, 1994; Rosen, Prull, O’Hara et al., 2002a; Snowdon, 2003; Perls, 2004), suggesting that “successful” cognitive aging is also a biological possibility. For those who experience deficits, the central problem becomes one of separating memory decline (and cognitive decline, more generally) caused by recognizable diseases from decline due to "normal" wearing down of the brain.
Repeats and Variation in Pathogen Selection
Authors: Bayliss Christopher D , Richard Moxon E
Published: November 2023

For a population of bacteria to survive in a fluctuating environment, diversity at certain loci is an essential part of fitness. The potential for diversity at such loci actually can be inherited and selected. A single genome sequence can imply diversity at those loci through the evolution of sequences with a high mutation rate at such loci. We suggest the term “species genome” to encompass the full range of diversity implied by a bacterial genome.
Tuning Knobs in the Genome: Evolution of Simple Sequence Repeats by Indirect Selection
Authors: King David G , Trifonov Edward N , Kashi Yechezkel
Published: November 2023

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are highly mutable sites that are distributed throughout eukaryotic genomes. They often occur as functional elements within genes and gene-regulatory regions where mutational changes in repeat number provide extensive variation with minimal genetic load. Implicit in this mutability is the potential for rapid and reversible adjustment of quantitative traits. Although these repetitive elements have been regarded as “junk” or “selfish” DNA, their unique properties are consistent with indirect selection for a “tuning knob” function that facilitates efficient evolutionary adaptation.
Eukaryotic Transposable Elements: Teaching Old Genomes New Tricks
Authors: Wessler Susan R
Published: November 2023

When transposable elements were discovered in maize by Barbara McClintock over 50 years ago they were regarded as a curiosity—now they are known to be to the most abundant component of probably all eukaryotic genomes. As such, they make up the vast majority of the output of genome sequencing projects. The availability of so much new information has fueled a revolution in their analysis and studies of their interaction with the host. In addition to discovering transposable elements, McClintock also uncovered three ways that the elements can alter genetic information: by restructuring the genome through element-mediated chromosomal rearrangements; by inserting into and around genes and, in the process, generating new alleles; and by imposing their epigenetic marks on flanking chromosomal DNA. In the context of this book, what is implicit about transposable elements is that their presence and extraordinary abundance in genomes promotes a myriad of genome-altering events. By presenting recent case studies that illustrate each of the three modes of action, this chapter brings the reader up to date on the molecular consequences of transposable element activity on host gene expression and genome evolution.
Josephine Lang And Christian Reinhold Köstlin
Authors: Krebs Harald , Krebs Sharon
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1840, Josephine Lang fell ill with pleurisy. The Bavarian Queen Mother, Caroline, who had for a number of years taken a warm interest in Lang, sent the young composer to the health resort of Kreuth, known today as Wildbad Kreuth, for a whey cure. Lang arrived there on 13 June 1840. On the evening of 30 June, another invalid arrived in Kreuth: the law scholar and writer Christian Reinhold Köstlin. Born in 1813 in Stuttgart, he was the second son of the Protestant prelate Nathanael Köstlin. He had a strong predilection for the arts. He was apparently a good pianist; his son wrote that he played all of Beethoven’s piano sonatas from memory. He was passionately interested in theater and was a prolific writer of poems and novellas. At the wish of his father he had studied law, at the universities of Tübingen, Heidelberg, and Berlin. After earning his doctorate, he had practiced law in Stuttgart and, in 1839, acceded to a position in the law faculty at the University of Tübingen. While being extremely productive in his “official” career, he was also attempting to make a name for himself as a novelist, dramatist, and poet.3 Owing in part to the demands of maintaining two careers, Köstlin had fallen critically ill in the spring of 1840. Kreuth gossip had it that “shattering events”5 had also contributed to his illness; these supposedly involved an unhappy love affair with the prominent singer Agnese Schebest, who either had not returned or had betrayed his love.6 Köstlin had indeed been in love with Schebest for more than three years. His diary-like poetry manuscripts document many upheavals in this relationship, but they do not refer to any crisis in the first half of 1840.
Lang’s Final Years
Authors: Krebs Harald , Krebs Sharon
Published: November 2023

Ferdinand Hiller invested a great deal of effort in ensuring that his biography would have a positive impact on Lang’s situation. During the period between his completion of the essay (26 April 1867) and its appearance in the Kölner Zeitung on 29 May 1867, he explored other options for publication that would result in greater exposure for Lang. On 4 May 1867, the wife of a Berlin banker wrote to him that she was “very eagerly looking forward to the ‘Biography of a Woman.’” She went on to inform Hiller, who had apparently asked her advice, that a magazine entitled Gartenlaube would doubtless have the widest circulation, although Hiller might prefer a weekly or daily periodical. After the appearance of the essay, Frau [Sophie] Klingemann (a close friend of the Mendelssohns) wrote to ask permission to translate the article into English for publication. She and Marie Benecke (Felix Mendelssohn’s eldest daughter) had decided that there were more “men of wealth and power”2 in England than in Germany and that such men might be motivated by the publication to come to Lang’s aid.3 To our knowledge, the English translation did not materialize. Hiller’s article was, however, reprinted in German along with his other Musikalische Briefe in a two-volume set entitled Au dem Tonleben unserer Zeit (1868); this reprint no doubt resulted in further publicity for Josephine Lang.
Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony (conclusion)
Authors: Schenker Heinrich
Published: November 2023

In contrast to normal practice, the first part of the Scherzo has no modulation and thus neither a two-nor a three-part song form. Keeping its tonality intact, it proceeds in a single sweep, driving upward from 3to5 in bars 1-97– 1-97 and then falling in bars 98-140– from 5 to 1. The piece may be reckoned among those whose form cannot be determined without knowledge of the Urlinie. The following ilustration offers insight into the origin and development of the voice-leading that the master has chosen for the construction of 3 –5: Just as with 3 –5 of the theme of the Andante (bars 1– 8), the ascent (see Fig. 1a) here, inclusive of 5, should also take place entirely above the I. Although the simpler adornment with neighbor notes in the earlier movement is replaced here with the more artistic technique of reaching over, the upper-fifth divider of I is also present, exactly as in the earlier movement; the divider is clearer in the Andante, at bar 7, whereas here at bar 60 it is somewhat less clear, on account of the reaching-over technique. On the other hand, there is a fundamental difference between the bass parts in the two movements: in the Andante the bass ascends in accordance with the basic plan of making its way via III to V; here it descends linearly through a fourth to the root of the upper-fifth divider, which effects a completely different voice-leading.
True Performance
Authors: Schenker Heinrich
Published: November 2023

There is no epoch of human history in which even one ingenious creative achievement was understood: essence and core invariably founder upon the inadequacy of the generations. What emerges, even in the best of cases, is perhaps an entirely external relationship, but for the most part it is only perversion and distortion. What founders of religion and great poets, musicians, and thinkers conceived and taught, being confined to the inner life of the idea, thus rests apart from mankind, whose spirituality consists less in an actual result or increasing benefit, than in a joy that derives from the impulse to imitate and pretends to be spiritual reception.
Miscellanea
Authors: Schenker Heinrich
Published: November 2023

The marble statue comes to mind constantly. It is truly remarkable, but the conception of a human body as a single entity has dawned on me for the first time in the last few days. Up until now I had a general notion of a lot of strands of muscle moving this way and that, swelling, subsiding, forming humps here, flat planes there, and in the process knitting the body together around the skeleton. Only now have I fully grasped the conception of the entire musculature as a single pliable mass that clothes the skeleton, hard in one place, soft in another, compacted in yet another; as a mantle of muscle, its fabric capable of stretching here, contracting there, and through which the bone occasionally protrudes.
Mendelssohn’s Venetian Gondola Song, Op. 30, No. 6
Authors: Schenker Heinrich
Published: November 2023

A piano piece by the master, one which all the world has played and yet plays, but which no one ever really knew and no one yet knows. Mendelssohn himself was the source of the title, and the musical public has stuck with it.
Principles of Patient and Family Assessment
Authors: Glass Elaine , Cluxton Douglas , Rancour Patrice
Published: November 2023

An effective assessment is key to establishing an appropriate nursing care plan for the patient and family. The initial palliative care nursing assessment varies little from a standard nursing assessment. In order to assess effectively, members of the health care team need to maximize their listening skills and minimize quick judgments. Medical experts contend that during a medical assessment interview, in which a physician mostly listens and gently guides the patient’s story, the physician can accurately diagnose the patient’s problem 70% to 80% of the time.
Fatigue
Authors: Anderson Paula R , Dean Grace E
Published: November 2023

Patients do not have the energy, words, or language that would make doctors, nurses, and other health care professionals understand just how tired they feel. Fatigue is a devastating symptom that deserves the same attention that pain and other well-recognized symptoms of chronic illness receive. Fatigue is the symptom that has the greatest potential for hindering the optimism of patients that they will one day be well again.
Anorexia and Cachexia
Authors: Kemp Charles
Published: November 2023

Anorexia, the “lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat,” and resulting weight loss are common in many illnesses. In the early stages, anorexia usually resolves with resolution of the illness, and any weight lost may be replaced with nutritional supplements or increased intake. Unchecked, anorexia (or decreased nutritional intake from other causes such as lack of available food) leads to protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) and weight loss, primarily of fat tissue but also of lean muscle mass. These conditions are common among patients with advanced cancer and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Urinary Tract Disorders
Authors: Gray Mikel , Campbell Fern
Published: November 2023

In many ways, the techniques used for management of urinary symptoms are similar to those used for patients in any care setting. However, in contrast to traditional interventions, the evaluation and management of urinary tract symptoms in the palliative care setting are influenced by considerations of the goals of care and closeness to death. Urinary system disorders may be directly attributable to a malignancy, systemic disease, or a specific treatment such as radiation or chemotherapy. This chapter provides a detailed overview of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system, which serves as a framework for understanding of the pathophysiology of bothersome symptoms and their management. This is followed by a review of commonly encountered urinary symptoms seen in the palliative care setting, including bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), lower urinary tract pain, urinary stasis or retention, and hematuria.
Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Pasacreta Jeannie V , Minarik, Pamela A , Nield-Anderson Leslie
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides information regarding the assessment and treatment of anxiety and depression among individuals who are faced with chronic or life-threatening illness and delineates psychosocial interventions that are effective at minimizing these troubling symptoms. Practical guidelines regarding patient management and identifying patients who may require formal psychiatric consultation are offered.
Sexuality
Authors: Lamb Margaret Anne
Published: November 2023

Sexuality is a basic aspect of human life, seen by many as fundamental to “being human.” It is a complex phenomenon that basically comprises the greatest intimacy between two humans. The ability to give and to receive physical love is very important for many individuals, even through the trajectory of an incurable illness. The ability to maintain close sexual relations can be viewed as maintaining an essential part of one’s “self.” Sexuality can affirm love, relieve stress and anxiety, and distract one from the emotional and physical sequelae of an eventually terminal chronic illness. Sexual expression can foster hope and accentuate spirituality. Health care providers in all clinical settings where palliative care is provided can be pivotal in facilitating the expression of sexuality in the terminal stages of life. Holistic palliative care throughout the trajectory of an incurable illness should include the promotion of sexual expression and assistance in preventing or minimizing the negative effects of an illness’s progression on a couple’s intimacy. Sexual partners’ caring can comfortably include sexual expression if both parties are interested and able.
Supporting Families in Palliative Care
Authors: Davies Betty
Published: November 2023

Recognizing the importance of a family focus necessitates clearly defining what is meant by “family.” Most often, families in palliative care do consist of patients, their spouses, and their children. But in today’s world of divorce and remarriage, steprelatives must also enter into the family portrait. In other instances, people unrelated by blood or marriage may function as family. Therefore, the definition of family must be expanded. The family is a group of individuals inextricably linked in ways that are constantly interactive and mutually reinforcing. Family can mean direct blood relatives, relationships through an emotional commitment, or the group or person with which an individual feels most connected.2 Moreover, family in its fullest sense embraces all generations—past, present, future; those living, those dead, and those yet to be born. Shadows of the past and dreams of the future also contribute to the understanding of families.
Poor, Homeless, and Underserved Populations
Authors: Hughes Anne
Published: November 2023

Poverty is inextricably linked to increased morbidity, premature mortality, and limited access to both preventive health care and ongoing medical care. Beyond the medical outcomes of poverty, the individual and community costs are substantial and often invisible. People who are poor constitute a vulnerable population, a term used in community health to describe social groups at greater risk for adverse health outcomes. The root causes of this vulnerability typically are low socioeconomic status and a lack of access to resources. The Institute of Medicine’s report, which evaluated racial and ethnic disparities in health care, failed to address the role of poverty in disparities. However, the role of poverty in contributing to inequalities, independent of race and ethnicity, is difficult to decipher because class and race are often closely intertwined. Some believe poverty may be most responsible for disparities in health care.
The Experience of the Nurse in End-of-Life Care in the 21st Century
Authors: Vachon Mary L S
Published: November 2023

The discipline of hospice palliative care nursing began more than 30 years ago. The author has been involved in the field as a researcher, educator, and practicing clinician since before its early days and has written what might be seen as snapshots of stress and coping in hospice palliative care at various points over the past three decades. This chapter focuses on the experience of hospice palliative care nursing at the beginning of the 21st century.
Palliative Care and Requests for Assistance in Dying
Authors: Volker Deborah L
Published: November 2023

The concept of palliative care, as described by the World Health Organization, is in direct conflict with the idea of deliberately hastening a person’s death via the practice of assisted dying (AD). Indeed, palliative care “intends neither to hasten nor postpone death.”1 Yet patients may be fearful of the extreme discomfort they anticipate, or they may simply want some certainty as to the timing or circumstances of death. Nurses who care for patients with life-limiting disease encounter patient and family questions, concerns, and requests for AD. Receiving such a request can represent a morally troubling dilemma in which there is uncertainty about how best to respond. The purpose of this chapter is to review the ethical and legal status of AD, summarize empirical findings regarding both professional and lay opinions and experiences with AD, and offer guidelines for responding to requests for AD.
A Community-Based Approach to Improving the Quality of Life’s End
Authors: Byock Ira , Norris Kaye
Published: November 2023

Palliative care strives to bring the best of clinical practice to the goals of comfort and quality of life for individuals and families living with advanced illness. Toward those ends, it has become a specialty focus within the fields of medicine and nursing. Health care is often critically important in the lives of dying people. Yet, dying is fundamentally personal. Life with illness spans the entire spectrum from mundane daily activities, including basic tasks of self-care and family caregiving, to profound existential or spiritual experiences evoked by dying and grief. In caring for those whose disease has advanced beyond cure or substantial control, clinicians are wise to remember the subordinate, albeit essential, role that health care plays in lives of people who are ill. In palliative care, primacy and priority are rightfully accorded to people’s personal values and goals.
Making Slayer Slang
Authors: Adams Michael
Published: November 2023

English is full of words, but the processes by which they form are relatively few. Slang forms according to the same processes as mainstream English, but it bends those processes a little in order to resist convention or the linguistic status quo. Essentially all English word-formative processes operate within slayer slang; but slayer slang, both as an engine driving the formation of new words and as a social lexicon, a style of language use, depends very much on the processes by which it is made and the novel ways in which it handles what are, by and large, the tools with which we craft new words in English.
Sources of Frenchness
Authors: Ellis Katharine
Published: November 2023

Origins matter. For French musicians and writers of the nineteenth century they were a constant source of fascination, their successful unearthing an inspiration to editors, historians, and performers alike. It is therefore unsurprising to find origins provoking especially heated debate when it came to making sense of some of the earliest musics they knew. The chanson populaire tradition, Adam de la Halle’s Le jeu de Robin et Marion, and the Franco-Flemish polyphonic chanson all exemplify the importance and the nature of the search.
Reality And Rationality
Authors: Salmon Wesley C , Dowe Phil , Salmon Merrilee H
Published: November 2023

This volume of articles (most published, some new) is a follow-up to the late Wesley C. Salmon’s widely read collection Causality And Explanation (OUP 1998). It contains both published and unpublished articles, and focuses on two related areas of inquiry: First, is science a rational enterprise? Secondly, does science yield objective information about our world, even the aspects that we cannot observe directly? Salmon’s own take is that objective knowledge of the world is possible, and his work in these articles centers around proving that this can be so. Salmon’s influential standing in the field ensures that this volume will be of interest to both undergraduates and professional philosophers, primarily in the philosophy of science.
An Empiricist Argument for Realism
Authors: Salmon Wesley C
Published: November 2023

As I sit in my office and glance about, I see many ordinary things—some chairs, my briefcase and umbrella, pencils, books, and various other objects. With a modicum of effort I can touch them. Like Descartes, I know that I could be dreaming or hallucinating and that in the past I have sometimes been mistaken about such matters. Unlike Descartes, I am not epistemologically disturbed by this fact. Certainty about contingent matters of fact is beyond our reach, but I am convinced, “with a probability bordering on certainty,” that such middle-sized material objects exist and that we are aware of many of their properties.
Rationality and Objectivity in Science
Authors: Salmon Wesley C
Published: November 2023

Thomas S. Kuhn’s (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions has been an extraordinarily influential book. Coming at the height of the hegemony of logical empiricism —as espoused by such figures as R. B. Braithwaite, Rudolf Carnap, Herbert Feigl, Carl G. Hempel, and Hans Reichenbach—it posed a severe challenge to the logistic approach that they practiced. It also served as an unparalleled source of inspiration to philosophers with a historical bent. For a quarter of a century there has been a deep division between the logical empiricists and those who adopt the historical approach, and Kuhn’s book was undoubtedly a key document in the production and preservation of this gulf.
Dynamic Rationality
Authors: Salmon Wesley C
Published: November 2023

Since the time of Bishop Butler we have known that probability is the very guide of life —at least it should be if we are to behave rationally. The trouble is that we have had an extraordinarily difficult time trying to figure out what kind of thing—or things—probability is. I shall argue that causality is a key piece in the puzzle, and consequently, an indispensable aspect of rationality.
Marvelous Images
Authors: Walton Kendall L
Published: November 2023

The twelve essays by Kendall Walton in this volume address a broad range of theoretical issues concerning the arts. Many of them apply to the arts generally-to literature, theater, film, music, and the visual arts-but several focus primarily on pictorial representation or photography. In “ ‘How Marvelous! ‘: Toward a Theory of Aesthetic Value” Walton introduces an innovative account of aesthetic value, and in this and other essays he explores relations between aesthetic value and values of other kinds, especially moral values. Two of the essays take on what has come to be called imaginative resistance-a cluster of puzzles that arise when works of fiction ask us to imagine or to accept as true in a fiction moral propositions that we find reprehensible in real life. “Transparent Pictures”, Walton ‘s classic and controversial account of what is special about photographic pictures, is included, along with a new essay on a curious but rarely noticed feature of photographs and other still pictures-the fact that a depiction of a momentary state of an object in motion allows viewers to observe that state, in imagination, for an extended period of time. Two older essays round out the collection-another classic, “Categories of Art”, and a less well known essay, “Style and the Products and Processes of Art”, which examines the role of appreciators ‘ impressions of how a work of art came about, in understanding and appreciation. None of the reprinted essays is abridged, and new postscripts have been added to several of them.
“How Marvelous!”
Authors: Walton Kendall L
Published: November 2023

Aesthetics is often classified as a branch of value theory. This classification is curious and in some ways objectionable. Many important issues of aesthetics, as traditionally practiced, have no direct connection with notions of value or evaluation. This is as it should be, if aesthetics is the theoretical or philosophical examination of the cultural institution of art. For there is much to the institution besides evaluation, and one might argue that it is far more important to understand and appreciate works of art than to decide how good they are.
Seeing-In and Seeing Fictionally
Authors: Walton Kendall L
Published: November 2023

Richard Wollheim ‘s writings on pictorial representation combine philosophical enquiry into the nature of the medium—enquiry involving issues of philosophy of mind and language, as well as aesthetics—with examination of the place that painting and other visual arts have in our lives and critical observations about individual works and particular artistic styles. He brings to this multifaceted enterprise a rare combination of philosophical sophistication and aesthetic perceptiveness. The philosophical side of Wollheim ‘s work is dominant in Art and Its Objects; aesthetic and critical considerations come to the fore in Painting as an Art. But both are evident in both books, and all of his work on the visual arts is sensitive in both directions.
Strangulation in Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Taliaferro Ellen , Hawley Dean , McClane George , Strack Gael
Published: November 2023

Strangulation is a common form of intimate partner violence (IPV) assault often over-looked or minimized by victims as well as professionals. Strangulation survivors who appear to be stable can harbor insidious injuries associated with high morbidity and mortality if not recognized and treated in a timely fashion. Strangulation is the correct term to use for manual and ligature strangulation, but lay persons may still use the word choking. The pathophysiology of strangulation assault or death usually is asphyxiation produced not by airway compromise, but by vascular compromise in the neck. Survivors of strangulation assault can manifest a variety of signs and symptoms.
Medical and Forensic Documentation
Authors: Buel Sarah M , Hirst Eliza M
Published: November 2023

Documenting intimate partner violence (IPV) accurately (including injuries and statements made by patients) not only enhances patient care, but may also be a key evidentiary component to civil and criminal cases resulting from violence. When practitioners become aware of IPV, they must be knowledgeable of abuse reporting requirements in their jurisdiction, as well as how to help victims plan for safety (with local resources and strategies for survival). Practitioners may be required to undermine patient autonomy and informed consent to protect patient safety or comply with mandatory IPV reporting laws. The National Domestic Violence Hotline, 1-800-799-SAFE, is a useful resource for practitioners and survivors.
Adolescent Relationship Violence
Authors: Knox Lyndee , Lomonaco, Carmela , Alpert Elaine
Published: November 2023

In national and state level surveys, between 10% and 20% of girls and boys report experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) or relationship violence (RV), with higher rates among vulnerable populations such as homeless youth, minority youth, pregnant and parenting teens, and also youth from rural communities. These figures likely underestimate the problem. Adolescent RV is underreported by public health systems, and its relationship to other forms of youth violence, such as school violence, is not understood and often not recognized. Although rates of victimization and perpetration reported by girls and boys are similar, significant differences exist between the genders in the type and severity of the violence and reasons for use of violence in an intimate relationship.
Introduction
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

This volume brings together articles that discuss certain refinements and additions to the universal hierarchy of clausal functional projections proposed in Cinque (1999). The first four chapters offer some reasons for concluding that, in addition to affixes, particles, auxiliaries, and adverbs, there is another important source of evidence for the hierarchy of functional projections, namely the syntax of “restructuring” verbs. Analyzing such verbs as functional not only affords, I think, a deeper understanding of the “restructuring” phenomenon but also allows one to check (subparts of) the overall order of heads filling in certain aspects of it that were left underdetermined by the other sources of evidence or had simply gone unnoticed. The remaining chapters discuss some general issues concerning the hierarchy and address certain objections that have been leveled against it. Chapter 6 reconsiders the analysis of circumstantial PPs adopted in Cinque (1999: § 1.5), arguing that even these elements enter a universal hierarchy whose rigid order is in many cases obscured by subsequent movements.1 The picture of the clause that emerges, I think, is one in which not only advPs but also complements and adjunct PPs are merged in the specifier positions of rigidly ordered, dedicated, functional projections above the “lexical” core of the clause, V(P), and in which any cross-linguistic word order difference is, in the spirit of Kayne (1994), a consequence of different types of leftward movements of V(P).2
The Interaction of Passive, Causative, and “Restructuring” in Romance
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I want to show how the hierarchy of functional projections investigated in Cinque (1999) provides an unforeseen solution to a puzzle of Romance syntax: the selective application of passive to verbs that trigger “restructuring” (or “clause reduction”).’ As Aissen and Perlmutter (1983: 390ft) observed, in “clause reduction” contexts the object of the embedded verb should quite generally become the subject of the matrix verb when the latter is passivized. This is indeed the case in Spanish, with such verbs as terminar and acabar ‘finish’ (cf. [1] and [2], their [P32] and [P33]), but is, unexpectedly, not possible with the majority of “clause reduction” triggers (see, for example, [3] and [4], their [P36] and [P37]): As Aissen and Perlmutter (1983: 391f) observe, “[t]he subclass of Clause Union triggers that allow passives like (lb) and (2b) seems to be roughly the class that specifies the end point of an action. We have no explanation for this, which we assume to be a language-particular fact that needs to be stated in the grammar of Spanish. Thus we assume that there are languages in which Passive in Clause Union structures is not limited to a small subclass of Clause Union triggers.”
The Transfer Of N Onresponsibility
Authors: Fischer John Martin
Published: November 2023

In ancient times-some fifteen years ago-I suggested that Frankfurt-type examples call into question the principle of transfer of nonresponsibility (which I then called, a bit too narrowly, the “principle of transfer of blamelessness,” following John Taurek’s usage in his fascinating Ph.D. dissertation at UCLA in 1972).1 In the introductory essay to my anthology, Moral Responsibility, I presented a somewhat informal version of Peter van lnwagen’s modal principle (which he called principle “B”), and (following van lnwagen) explained how it could be employed as part of a “direct” argument for the incompatibility of causal determinism and moral responsibility (i.e., an argument for the incompatibility claim that does not employ the claim that causal determinism rules out alternative possibilities):
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Authors: Kuo Alex C M
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Release agents, rubber molds, sealants and gaskets, surfactants, water repellents, masonry coating, adhesives, process aids, foam control agents, biomedical devices, personal care and cosmetics, medicinal, pharmaceuticals, dielectric encapsulation, greases, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, heat transfer fluids, fuser oil, polish and coatings, paper coating. Properties of Special Interest Thermal stability, low temperature performance, and minimal temperature effect. Good resistance to UV radiation. Excellent release properties and surface activity. High permeability to gases. Good damping behavior, anti-friction, and lubricity. Hydrophobic and physiological inertness. Shear stability, weak intermolecular forces, and excellent dielectric strength. Low volatility at high molecular weight and high volatility at low molecular weight.
Polyesters of Ricinoleic Acid and Lactic Acid
Authors: Vaisman Boris , Shikanov Ariella , Domb Abraham J , Langer R
Published: November 2023

Properties of Special Interest Polyester copolymers of ricinoleic acid (RA) with lactic acid (LA) degrade in physiological medium giving an almost zero-order weight loss, with a 20–40% loss after 60 days of incubation. Lactic acid release to the degradation solution is proportional to weight loss of the polymer samples. The main decrease in molecular weight was observed during the first 20 days, followed by a slow degradation phase, which kept the number average molecular weight constant for another 40 days. These polymer matrices are suitable for delivery of both water-soluble and hydrophobic drugs.
Poly(ether ether ketone)
Authors: Fried J R
Published: November 2023

Major Applications General-purpose molding and extrusion polymer for high-performance applications, especially as resin for carbon fiber composites. Examples include chemical resistant tubing and electrical insulation, automotive bearings, pump and valve construction for corrosive applications, and compressor valve plates. Properties of Special Interest Good abrasion resistance; low flammability and emission of smoke and toxic gases; low water absorption; resistance to hydrolysis, wear, solvents, radiation, and high-temperature steam; ease of processing and excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties at high temperatures.
Poly(ether sulfone)
Authors: Wu Sizhu , Madkour Tarek M
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Medical and household appliances that are sterilizable by hot air and steam such as corrosion-resistant piping. Also used in electric and electronic applications such as television components. Used as membranes for reverse gas streams and gas separation. Properties of Special Interest High performance thermoplastic of relatively low flammability. Amorphous, high-creep resistance, and stable electrical properties over wide temperature and frequency ranges. Transparent with good thermal and hydrolytic resistance.
Polygermanes
Authors: West Robert
Published: November 2023

Properties of Special Interest Polygermane polymers, with their main chain consisting entirely of germanium atoms, resemble polysilanes in showing properties resulting from delocalization of the sigma-electrons along the polymer backbone. Thus the polygermanes have strong UV absorption bands, are thermochromic and photoactive, and become semiconducting when doped with SbF5. Polysilane-polygermane copolymers have also been prepared, and are of interest as possible superlattice polymers. Listed below are known polygermanes and copolymers, with selected properties. For an overview of properties of polygermanes, see reference 1.
Poly(hydridosilsesquioxane)
Authors: Lin Gui , Baney Ronald H
Published: November 2023

Structure [HSiO1.5]n (n > 3, such as 8, 10, 12, 14, 16,18). The structure of poly(hydridosilsesquioxanes) depends upon the preparation of methods, The structure is a function of the concentration of the initial monomer, the nature of the solvent, the nature of the hydrolysable substituents, the concentration of water, the temperature, the type of catalyst, and the nature of the non-hydrolysing substituent. The structure may include ladder structures, cage structures (oligomer), and partial cage structures (bridged) (1,2) and tube-like structure(3).
Poly(N-methylcyclodisilazane)
Authors: Narsavage-Heald Donna M
Published: November 2023

Alternative Names Poly(1,3-dimethyl-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclodisilazane); poly(hexamethylcyclodisilazane)
Poly(methylphenylsilylene)
Authors: West Robert
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Hole transport agent in electrophotography, light-emitting diodes, display devices, and printing processes. Properties of Special Interest Good film-forming characteristics and efficient hole conductor.
Poly(α-methylstyrene)
Authors: Gaines Michelle K , Kane Lisaleigh , Spontak Richard J
Published: November 2023

Major Application Copolymerized with styrene for improved heat resistance
Poly(norbornene)
Authors: Galiatsatos Vassilios
Published: November 2023

Major Applications The rubbery polymers are useful as vibration and noise dampening materials. Also for oil spill recovery, sound barrier materials, and for soft seals and gaskets. More recent applications for polynorborne derivatives include interlayer and intermetal dielectrics in microelectronics.
Polypentenamer
Authors: Galiatsatos Vassilios
Published: November 2023

Synthesis Ring-opening polymerization of cyclopentene. Trans-polypentenamer is produced by Ziegler-Natta polymerization employing a catalyst based on aluminum triethyl/tungsten hexachloride compound. Aluminum diethylchloride/molybdenum pentachloride compounds may be employed to produce the cis isomer. Both macrocycles and linear chains are produced during polymerization.
Polyphosphazenes
Authors: Allcock Harry R
Published: November 2023

There are more that 700 different polyphosphazenes known, all of which have different engineering properties. Applications have been developed as hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials, hydrogels, optical and photonic materials, solid and gel polymer electrolytes, high performance elastomers, membranes, and as fire resistant materials. Most are stable in the atmosphere and to aqueous media, and a few are bioerodible via hydrolysis mechanisms and are the basis of tissue engineering and drug delivery procedures.
Poly(phosphonates)
Authors: Ding Leiyuchuan , Foxman Bruce M
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Flame retardation. Corrosion-resistant and improved adhesion coatings. Prevention of gingivitis and dental caries. Adjuvants and thickeners in textile dyeing. Scale inhibitors. Molding resins.
Poly(propylene imine) dendrimers
Authors: Tomalia Donald A , Rookmaker Margaret
Published: November 2023

Structure Dendrimers are three-dimensional macromolecules consisting of three major architectural components: a core, branch cells, and terminal groups. These products are constructed from repeat units called branch cells
Poly(propylene oxide)
Authors: Yuan-Huffman Qingwen Wendy
Published: November 2023

Polymerization None Ring-opening polymerization 1 Typical copolymersNone Ethylene oxide–propylene oxide copolymer 2 Solvents None Benzene, ethanol, dioxane, N,N-dimethylacetamide, chloroform, 3 tetrahydrofuran, methanol (hot), acetone