bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pacesetter Experience: Practices and Recommendations to Insure Structural Integrity of Semisubmersibles from Design to In-Service Inspections
Authors: Zumwalt Crane E. , Bennett William T.
Published: January 2021

The partnership of sound design, a competent builder, effective construction inspection, and proper operation and maintenance is necessary to have a successful mobile offshore drilling unit. Current experience indicates the relative importance of construction inspection in reducing the need for in-service structural inspections. Not only are the results of construction inspection easier to detect and repair, but they are also cost-effective. Cooperation between the designer, builder, owner, regulatory body and classification society is necessary to achieve this proper balance between construction and in-service inspection.
Boiler Flue Gas Analysis and Automatic Combustion Air Trim Control by Measurement of Carbon Monoxide, Unburned Hydrocarbons, and Opacity
Authors: Sweeney James J.
Published: January 2021

Regulation of combustion air flow is one of the most critical, yet commonly neglected elements of steamship economy. This paper describes the author's company's successful pioneering implementation of sophisticated electronic technology to that end, which has resulted in fleetwide fuel savings of 31/2 percent.
Experimental Verifications of a Theoretical Procedure for Propeller-Induced Hull Pressure Calculations
Authors: Colombo A. , Chilo' B.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes the methodologies adopted by the Italian Ship Research Center to predict propeller-induced pressures. An outline of the developed computer program is given, and calculated pressure amplitude results for two ships are compared with the experimental values obtained from full-scale measurements. In particular, calculated pressure results, produced by three different propeller design solutions at several points on the stern of a new-generation single-screw roll-on/roll-off containership, are discussed and compared with the same quantities measured both on a ship model in the Depressurized Towing Tank of the Netherlands Ship Model Basin and on the full-scale ship fitted with the selected propeller.
Design of the Icebreaking Supply Ship Robert LeMeur
Authors: Churcher Archie , Kolomojcev Alex , Hubbard Geoff
Published: January 2021

The Robert LeMeur is an icebreaking supply vessel designed specifically to support oil field operations in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. This paper details the severe environment within which the ice vessel operates as well as the unusual operational profile. The design of the vessel is then traced, identifying those areas which are of particular importance—namely, hull strength, selection of propulsion equipment, and selection of electrical and control equipment. The paper also discusses experience gained with the vessel in its first season of operation.
Computerized Shipboard Inventory Management: The STIMS Project
Authors: White Stephen G. , Keyte James H.
Published: January 2021

Shipboard management of spare parts inventory has historically been labor intensive, ill-defined, and poorly managed. The authors' company has contracted with the Maritime Administration to create a shipboard system encompassing inventory management and requisitioning of spare parts. The system has been developed in such a manner that it is easy to manage, and can be easily adopted by other maritime corporations. The result of this project will provide significantly improved management of shipboard inventory, with a resultant decrease in vessel operating expenses.
Calibration of Tanks on Tankers and Oil Barges
Authors: Morrell R. Carter
Published: January 2021

The drastically increased value of crude oil and petroleum products has emphasized the need for accurate calibrations for tanks on tankers and oil barges. This paper describes the methods of calibration, the treatment of deductions for internal structure, trim and list corrections, and the presentation of the ullage tables. A proposed method of calibration for cargo remaining on board after discharge is also discussed.
The Canadian Arctic Marine Technology R&D Program: A Review
Authors: Glen I. F.
Published: January 2021

A proposed five-year program of research and development designed to achieve technical excellence in Arctic marine transportation technology was developed for the Transportation Development Centre under contract in 1978 and published in 1979 as TP 2003. This program was developed, described, costed and had priorities set under four areas:transiting performance,hull structural integrity,propulsion systems and appendages, andhazard avoidance.

In addition, a separate full-scale demonstration program to design, construct, and operate a 90 000-ton Arctic tanker was proposed. The total program was costed at $35.75 million, with the demonstration program costed at a further $106 million. A brief review of the status of this program is presented in which the progress of Arctic marine technology in the five year period has been measured against the original proposed program. Recommendations for the future of the program are made in light of current Arctic activity, and projected activity.
A Summary of Coast Guard Relations with the American Bureau of Shipping
Authors: Spencer J. S. , Henn A. E.
Published: January 2021

This paper gives a perspective of the commercial vessel plan review and inspection program of the U.S. Coast Guard and its parallels with that of the American Bureau of Shipping. The history of cooperative efforts, culminating in recent memoranda of understanding, is also presented. Finally, the current status of working relationships between the Coast Guard and the American Bureau is described, and general plans for future agreements are summarized.
Impulse Response Techniques for Floating Bridges and Breakwaters Subject to Short-Crested Seas
Authors: Hutchison Bruce L.
Published: January 2021

A frequency domain technique is presented which permits the determination of the complete covariance matrix for the six degree-of-freedom motions, and the nodal shears and bending moments, for floating bridges and breakwaters. The structures are modeled as a series of interacting modules subject to stochastic excitation from directional short-crested seas. The two principal methods of analyzing such problems— linear superposition of responses to long-crested components of the directional spectrum, and beam sea responses modified by a scalar coherency function—are carefully examined. It is shown that, under proper interpretation, the two methods are logically consistent. The paper concludes by examining two types of coherency processes in directional wave fields.
An Assessment of Shipboard Tank Level Indicating Systems
Authors: Johnson James E. , Rogers A. C. , Bass Robert L.
Published: January 2021

New closed loading procedures, safety issues, and pollution-related legislation have impacted the design and operation of tank gaging equipment. To focus on the technical and operational problems and to provide solutions, a study was conducted over the period of September 1978 through April 1981. Information was acquired from owners and operators, North American, European and Japanese classification and regulatory bodies, and from gaging manufacturers worldwide. The tank gaging systems typically used for liquid bulk carrier applications are generically classified, and representative gaging units within the generic classes are assessed through laboratory and design review evaluations for the purpose of developing an all-encompassing type of approval standard.
One Problem, Many Solutions—Transients in Open Feedwater Cycles
Authors: Karassik Igor J.
Published: January 2021

The author examines the historical development of the awareness of the problem created by the effects of sudden load rejection on the boiler feed pumps operating in open feedwater cycles and of the many different solutions subsequently proposed to deal with this problem. The relative merits of these solutions are examined from the points of view of the effect of their respective assumptions on the reliability and on the practical and economic aspects of the resulting installation. Finally, the author considers whether the use of protective controls may not, in the end, be the most practical approach to solving this problem.
Small Fish Boat Stability: A Case Study
Authors: Lundgren George A. , Storch Richard L.
Published: January 2021

A review of a 27-ft hull in two configurations, as a salmon troller and a pleasure craft, provided an opportunity to perform a case study of small fish boat stability. Simplified inclinings and a review of the applicability of the IMCO and roll period stability criteria are discussed. Conclusions concerning small fish boat stability are presented.
Developed Plate Expansion Using Geodesics
Authors: Clements John C.
Published: January 2021

This work is concerned with the application of a new isometric mapping algorithm to hull plate expansion procedures for ships with all or portions of the hull consisting of developable surfaces. The expansion procedure is based on the relationship between the ruling lines r⇀(s) generating the developable surface S⇀(s,t) and one additional geodesic g⇀(s) constructed within the surface as the solution of the differential equation det(g⇀'g⇀"n⇀) = 0 where n⇀ is the unit normal to S⇀ at g⇀. Precise accuracy control is achieved through the use of adaptive numerical quadrature and a variable stepsize differential equation solving routine.
FFG7 Class Frigate and DD963 Class Destroyer Marine Gas Turbine Propulsion Systems Maintenance and Operational Training Facility
Authors: Rocca Ralph J. Della , Stehn John D.
Published: January 2021

The need for a gas turbine training facility became apparent with the introduction into the U.S. Navy fleet of the first ships of the FFG7 Frigate and DD963 Destroyer Classes with gas turbine propulsion plants. This facility, constructed at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center, provides "hands-on" training for maintenance and operation of marine gas turbines and associated propulsion plant components and controls and their piping and electrical systems. The Navy intends to train at this facility approximately 1000 personnel per year in the use of their latest and newest propulsion plants. The design of the facility reproduces as closely as possible the existing machinery and control spaces of the two different classes of ships and integrates them into a single main building with the school and the mechanical equipment wings. This paper presents an overview of the need for well-trained, qualified naval personnel to man the expanding fleet of marine gas turbine propulsion systems, existing training facilities and the various stages in the development of the FFG7/DD963 Gas Turbine Maintenance and Operational Training Facility. In regard to the facility, the paper discusses the planning and managing of the project; development of the designs for the building and propulsion plants; construction of the building facilities and FFG7 plant; the fabrication, transportation and erection of the FFG7 within the building; and the testing and operation of the FFG7 plant since light-off. Major emphasis is given to the FFG7 plant since the DD963 plant is being reconsidered in conjunction with the CG47 upgrading and is awaiting a decision to proceed.
A Review of Research to Aid the Development of Commercial Arctic Marine Transportation: 1982 Trafficability Tests on the USCGC Polar Star
Authors: Frederick Seibold
Published: January 2021

A multi-year "trafficability" research program was begun in 1978 to demonstrate that year-round commercial marine transportation in Arctic waters is feasible and to collect data necessary to begin developing the criteria to design and operate marine vehicles for that environment. Using U.S. Coast Guard Polar Class icebreakers, annual winter deployments had been made in 1979, 1980, and 1981 into the Bering and Chukchi Seas to collect environmental and ship performance data. Early in 1982, the fourth phase of these research activities was conducted on the USCGC Polar Star in western Alaskan waters as far north as the Arctic Circle. Participants in the research were the Maritime Administration, the U.S. Coast Guard, the State of Alaska, the Canadian Ministry of Transport, twelve participating companies of the Alaskan Oil and Gas Association, and the Newport News Shipbuilding Company. This paper reviews the results of this voyage and the data collected. The Polar Star was instrumented to continuously monitor and record propulsion and ship motion parameters and speed. Video recording equipment was used to document ice conditions. Extensive on-ice equipment was used to profile ice features and to measure other ice parameters. Numerous pressure ridges were profiled and ice cores taken to improve the understanding of Bering and Chukchi Sea winter ice conditions and ice strength. Level ice resistance tests were conducted. However, heavy level ice conditions were not encountered and it is planned to complete the level ice resistance tests in 1984. Other research tasks included an ice edge analysis, hull friction experiments, and an ice drift study.
“ASEMOS”—Advanced Semisubmersible Mooring System
Authors: Wolff Christian V.
Published: January 2021

The least efficient, yet most popular mooring system on semisubmersibles is the conventional chain-only type. These perform well in shallow to moderate depths, but as water depth increases, so do horizontal excursions of the rig. System efficiency also decreases because more and more of the strength of the chain is required to support its own weight and less is available to provide horizontal restoring forces. This paper describes an advanced mooring system that offers several distinct advantages over the usual alternatives: more elasticity in the mooring line at shallow depths; maximum strength and restoring force at the vessel; lower center of gravity and improved stability; increased variable deck-load capacity; and protection of the winches from wind and sea. One feature that makes the "ASEMOS" system unique is the placement of the mooring winches within the pontoons (Figs. 1 and 2). This location not only protects the winches from the elements, but results in a much lower center of gravity than that of other comparably sized semisubmersible drilling rigs. Another key feature is the use of oversized very heavy chain between the end of the wire rope mooring line and the anchors. This heavy chain provides extra elasticity in the mooring line catenary in shallow depths, and shortens the length of wire rope required to achieve maximum anchor-holding power in deep water. The greater breaking strength of the oversized chain permits the use of a lower-grade steel and avoids the high cost and fatigue problems commonly encountered in other systems.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Heat Exchangers: A Review of Research and Development
Authors: Kinelski Eugene H.
Published: January 2021

The goal of the OTEC heat exchanger program within the Division of Ocean Energy Systems in the U.S. Department of Energy was to develop designs, evaluate enhanced surfaces, and control biofouling using corrosion-resistant materials that were cost-effective. This report summarizes the available data on a closed-cycle OTEC power system and shows how such data could be applicable to heat exchangers used by the power industry, the U.S. Navy, and merchant ships. Ammonia was selected as the best choice for an OTEC working fluid because of its superior thermodynamics properties at the temperatures involved and its low cost. It was chosen for the advanced tests of the prototypical shell-and-tube and compact heat exchangers. The most effective biocontrol procedure for maintaining clean heat transfer surfaces in the evaporators was intermittent chlorination with possibly periodic mechanical cleaning. Preliminary, short-term test data indicated that cold seawater (at the Seacoast Test Facility at Ke-ahole Point, Hawaii) does not appear to cause fouling in condensers; however, long-term data are still needed to determine the level of biocontrol needed. Titanium and the high-alloy stainless alloys, such as AL-6X and AL-29-4C, are expected to provide the 30-year life in OTEC systems. The use of aluminum alloys is predicated upon the reduction of frequency of mechanical cleaning (to remove biofouling) that will reduce the erosion-corrosion of the heat-transfer surfaces.
Navy/Merchant Electric Plants for the 1980’s
Authors: Dalton Thomas
Published: January 2021

Discussion is limited primarily to conventional generator sets and switchgear in electric plant designs for typical naval and merchant ships. Standard shipboard electric plant design practice and historical shipboard power requirements are initially reviewed for basic reference. Power requirement forecasts for the next generation of ships are then established to suggest future electric plant designs. A comprehensive review of electric plant design issues is coupled with the future electric plant designs to define the developmental requirements of the electric plant in meeting the design challenge for the next generation of ships.
Corrosion Protection Guidelines for Aluminum Hulls
Authors: Holtyn Chester H.
Published: January 2021

Marine aluminum alloys are used in boat hulls and structures because of their corrosion resistance, strength, weldability, light weight, and ease of fabrication. Years of successful service of a wide variety of vessels have proven aluminum's suitability. However, in order to take maximum advantage of the metal's inherent resistance to corrosion, consideration should be given to the details of a vessel's design, fabrication, and operation in order to optimize its performance. This paper provides the designer, builder, and operator with some guidelines. The complexity of these subjects makes it necessary to generalize. The information is applicable to a range of small and medium-size craft, approximately 30 to 120 ft, but not to any specific type or size of hull. Larger craft with aluminum hulls or deckhouses and smaller riveted craft may require individual consideration beyond the scope of this document.
Investigation of Fuel Injection System Cavitation Problems on the MV James R. Barker, MV Mesabi Miner, and MV William J. De Lancey
Authors: Parsons Michael G. , Harkins Richard W.
Published: January 2021

Cavitation erosion has long been recognized as a potential problem in the components and piping of diesel engine fuel injection systems. Specific cavitation erosion problems have been experienced recently in the fuel injection systems of the Colt-Pielstick PC2 engines of the Great Lakes bulk carriers MV James R. Barker, MV Mesabi Miner, and MV William J. De Lancey. Similar damage has been found in the injection systems of PC2 engines onboard other U.S.-flag vessels. The experience on the subject vessels and the efforts being taken to eliminate or minimize these problems are described. The modeling and methods used in a digital computer simulation of the fuel injection system on these vessels are presented. This simulation is being developed to study the effects of the delivery valve spring characteristics and performance, system pressures, and various system details and potential modifications on the overall performance of the fuel injection system. Special emphasis has been placed upon the factors which can be causing the cavitation damage within the high-pressure injection piping and injector bodies. Example simulation results are presented. The simulation will provide a practical and economical way to evaluate potential modifications.
An Introduction to the U.S. Maritime Administration Systematic Series
Authors: Roseman Donald P. , Seibold Frederick
Published: January 2021

Results of an extensive test program of full-form merchant ship models, sponsored by the Maritime Administration, are presented in abstract form as an introduction to the forthcoming publication by SNAME of the complete series data. The systematic series characteristics are oriented toward low length/breadth for economy in construction and high breadth/draft for restricted draft service. Material presented and evaluated includes hull form development, resistance and propulsion data, and directional stability and control data, for deep and shallow water test conditions. The SNAME text, entitled The U.S. Maritime Administration Systematic Series of Full Form Merchant Ship Models will be published in early 1986.
A Comparison of Offshore Patrol Vessels
Authors: Kazek Michael S.
Published: January 2021

This is a comparative naval architecture analysis of Royal Navy, Norwegian and Indian Coast Guard vessels. Standard design statistical and estimating techniques were used to identify and compare the principal factors which influence the design of the offshore patrol vessels (OPV's) studied. The investigation covers design requirements, ship characteristics, hull form, speed and propulsion, habitability, arrangements, stability, and seekeeping. The analysis of the designs leads to the conclusion that offshore patrol vessels are ships with limited but well-defined missions. This results in designs which are simple and functional in order to emphasize basic performance for a set monetary investment.
Application of Probabilistic Methods to Engineering Estimates of Speed, Power, Weight, and Cost
Authors: Hutchison Bruce L.
Published: January 2021

The development and growth in the application of probabilistic methods are traced up to the present time and it is concluded that such methods are now widely accepted. The maritime engineering community currently employs probabilistic methods in a few instances, but the opportunity for wider applications seems to be great. Especially promising candidates are those activities that are currently regarded as estimates, such as weight estimates, cost estimates, and speed and power estimates. Example applications to each of these three estimating problems are presented, illustrating both the methods and the advantages of adopting the probabilistic perspective. Including measures of the dispersion in certainty in the estimating process is shown to be simple and useful. It is concluded that the maritime engineering community should give serious consideration to greater use of probabilistic methods.
Fastnet Disaster: Capsizing Study
Authors: Strohmeier Daniel D.
Published: January 2021

The 1979 Fastnet Race was beset by an intense gale that caught 303 yachts in the Western Approaches to the United Kingdom. Only 28 percent finished the 605-mile race. In the breaking seas 48 percent were knocked down to 90 deg and 33 percent beyond. Many capsized 360 deg, some pausing at 180 deg. In the disaster, 15 lives were lost. Why? A joint project of SNAME and United States Yacht Racing Union sought an understanding of the capsize phenomenon. Much has been learned, starting with tank testing. This paper touches on the highlights of that effort to date.
Salvage of Stranded Tankers with the Aid of Computers
Authors: Clay John S.
Published: January 2021

The threat of large-scale pollution by tankers offers an incentive to increase our present knowledge in vessel groundings. The lack of research and technical writing as to the effects of waves on a vessel aground is emphasized. A procedure is developed to evaluate the likelihood of exceeding longitudinal strength of stranded tankers in waves. A software modification to Ship Hull characteristics Program (SHCP), a highly used naval architecture program, is described. The modification allows modeling of ground reaction for hull strength calculations of stranded vessels. An analytical technique for predicting hull failure based on the probability of wave height exceedance is presented. Computer runs using the hull form of a coastal tanker are evaluated. Pertinent environmental parameters acting on grounded vessels are defined. New salvage data collection procedures and equipment are proposed. The need to apply current microcomputer technology to salvage is addressed, and proposed hardware and software systems are included. Based on the work presented, sound initial salvage decisions, which increase hull survivability and decrease the chances of pollution, can be made. It is proposed that new technologies can augment a salvor's feel for the dynamics involved in salvage engineering.
Computer Simulations of the Behavior of Maritime Structures
Authors: Hooft J. P.
Published: January 2021

This paper discusses the setup of calculation models for the effectuation of time domain computer simulations of the behavior of floating structures. Special attention is devoted to the development of simple and reliable mathematical descriptions of the effects of external phenomena which may influence the behavior of the structure. The paper also indicates the applicability of time domain simulations for various areas of marine technology and ocean engineering, and refers to various publications in which time domain computer simulations and the results thereof have been presented.
Technical and Economic Considerations in Developing Offshore Oil and Gas Prospects Using Floating Production Systems
Authors: Drawe W. J. , Raj Anil , Rawstron P. J.
Published: January 2021

This paper discusses the use of floating production systems (FPS) in developing offshore fields and includes consideration of related system and subsystem options. The system options are discussed from their relative technical and economic merits. Proven conventional and state-of-the-art technology as well as technical limitations are included. A decision tree matrix has been developed for use in the early planning stages to assist in determining preferred baseline options for selecting an approach. Systems from the mud-line upwards to the floating hull, and on-board systems, are included.
Design and Construction of the Concrete Canoe California II
Authors: Ertekin R. Cengiz , Porter Bradford A.
Published: January 2021

Student chapters of the American Society of Civil Engineers participate annually in a competition for the design, construction and performance of concrete canoes that meet certain minimum rule restrictions. This paper reports on the craft entered in the 1984 competition by students at the University of California/ Berkeley. The Berkeley team came in second in the men's and women's races and placed first in both design and construction.
Resistance of a Systematic Series of Semiplaning Transom-Stern Hulls
Authors: Compton Roger H.
Published: January 2021

YP 676 underway The results of a systematic series of small (5 ft) models of hulls typical of coastal patrol, training, or recreational powerboats are presented and discussed. Hull form parameters studied include length-to-beam ratio, displacement-length ratio, longitudinal position of the center of gravity and section shape (hard chine or round bilge). The effects of these parameters on the calm-water resistance and running attitude (sinkage and trim) over a range of speeds corresponding to waterline length Froude numbers from 0.10 to 0.60 were investigated in the 120-ft towing tank at the U.S. Naval Academy Hydromechanics Laboratory (NAHL). Experimental procedures and computer-based data acquisition and analysis methods used at NAHL are described. The experimental results as well as the cross-faired and nondimensionalized stillwater resistance trends are presented. Comparisons with other resistance prediction methods for hulls of the subject type are made. An example of the application of the resistance prediction to the new 108-ft yard patrol craft (YP) being acquired by the U.S. Naval Academy is included.
Design and Construction of the Coastal Tanker MT Eastern Sun
Authors: Terry R. G. , Lore D. N.
Published: January 2021

Fig. 0This paper discusses the Eastern Sun, a 26 000-bbl coastal tanker delivered to Sun Transport in May 1985. The ship's design and mission requirements are described. Rationale for the vessel's particulars and proportions are explained. The design of the ship, its systems and construction are described. Operating experience from eight months of service are reviewed.
Keynote Address to the 1986 Ship Production Symposium
Authors: Webber James H.
Published: January 2021

This article is a transcript of remarks by VADM Webber delivered before the symposium on August 27,1986. The SNAME News section of this issue contains an account of the symposium, which was sponsored by the Ship Production Committee and hosted by the Society's Hampton Roads Section at Williamsburg, Virginia, August 27–29, 1986. Selected papers from the symposium may be found in the Society's new quarterly, Journal of Ship Production, beginning with the November 1986 issue.
Technical Challenges Associated with Dry Transportation
Authors: van Hoorn Frank
Published: January 2021

Less than twenty years ago the first jack-up drilling rig was transported "piggyback" on a submersible barge. Dry transportation of extremely large and heavy cargoes has developed rapidly ever since. Specialized ships have been designed and built; records (with regard to weight, size or complexity of the transport) have regularly been broken. In this paper, the development of heavy-lift transportation is outlined, followed by a review of present heavy-lift design criteria. Technical challenges associated with several types of heavy-lift cargoes such as jack-up/semisubmersible rigs, dry docks, jackets, tension leg platforms, and modules are discussed. The importance of the transportation engineer's involvement in the preliminary project engineering stage is emphasized.
Reflagging Foreign-Flag Vessels to U.S. Flag: Past, Present, Future
Authors: Henn A. E. , Pluta P. J. , Gilmour T. H.
Published: January 2021

The reflagging process was initially formalized by the U.S. Coast Guard with the printing of Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circular Number 10–81 (NVIC 10–81) issued October 5, 1981. Since that time, U.S. Coast Guard regulations have changed, and an economic downturn coupled with a surplus of cargo vessels worldwide has made purchase of existing vessels an attractive alternative to new construction. This has been especially true for our recent buildup of the Ready Reserve Fleet. These facts, in addition to the short turnaround time inherent in the technical review and inspection of a reflagging, caused the Coast Guard to update its reflagging guidance by issuing change one to NVIC 10–81 (NVIC 10–81, CH-1) on June 5, 1985. In the future, as more international standards are accepted and incorporated into the regulations, updated guidance for reflagging will again be necessary. Whatever form this guidance takes, it must remain flexible.
Conceptual Design of a Medium-Endurance Research Vessel Optimized for Mission Flexibility and Seakeeping
Authors: Hutchison Bruce L. , Laible Duane H.
Published: January 2021

This paper reports on a study to define a large, medium-endurance general-purpose oceangoing ship that can carry out an effective research program in any of the five disciplines (biological, chemical, geological, geophysical, and physical) that characterize modern oceanography. The general requirements specify a vessel of the same size, but of greater capability, than the present large vessels in the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System fleet, carrying a team of about 25 researchers to most areas of the world's ocean in reasonable comfort and providing a platform that will allow more overside and laboratory work in higher sea states than is now possible. Other general requirements discussed herein include flexibility, low noise and vibration levels, and economy. The latter point requires that the emphasis on increased capability does not obscure the need to develop vessels that are economical to construct and operate.
Recovering the Energy in Diesel Exhaust: Some Thermodynamic Points
Authors: Woodward John B.
Published: January 2021

The concepts of availability and reversible heat transfer are reviewed; the latter is shown to be the basis for diesel engine bottoming cycles. The thermodynamics of bottoming or waste-heat conversion to work by a gas turbine in parallel with the turbocharger turbine are discussed, and compared with those of a Rankine cycle for the same function. The two alternatives are shown to be of equal merit until practical differences are introduced; the first alternative is then favored. Throughout, formulas and calculations are given in detail to provide information on techniques not commonly found in either thermodynamics texts or technical papers.
Statistical Prediction of Ship’s Effective Power Using Theoretical Formulation and Historic Data
Authors: Lin Cheng-Wen , Day William G. , Lin Wen-Chin
Published: January 2021

This paper reports on the progress in developing a tool that easily provides reliable resistance predictions for all candidate hull forms, using only the geometric information available at an early stage of design development. Parallel to model testing, the methodology is based on Froude's hypothesis. However, the residuary resistance is now predicted by a technique that combines a theoretical formulation for wave resistance and form drag with a statistical regressional analysis of a historic model-test database. The theoretical formulation accounts for the basic physics, while the regressional analysis provides the quantitative answers. The merit of the present tool is evaluated through comparison with other existing techniques and through its application to several actual hull designs.
Hydro-Numeric Design of Winglet Keels for Stars & Stripes
Authors: Letcher John S. , Cressy Christopher P. , Oliver James C. , Fritts Martin J.
Published: January 2021

A new computational method is presented for the design of optimal keels for racing yachts. The method was used in the design of the 1987 America's Cup winner Stars & Stripes. Lift and induced drag are computed with an extended version of the VSAERO panel method program, employing a far-field wake integration technique. Parametric studies of lift and induced drag performance for variations of keel and winglet geometry are presented. The optimal configuration for the expected racing conditions was chosen through a sailing performance code which accepted as input the parameterized lift and induced drag relationships.
Analysis of Wave Resistance in the Design of the 12-Meter Yacht Stars & Stripes
Authors: Scragg Carl A. , Chance Britton , Talcott John C. , Wyatt Donald C.
Published: January 2021

During the design of the 12-Meter yacht Stars & Stripes, the design team placed great emphasis upon the minimization of all forms of hydrodynamic resistance: skin friction, lift-induced drag, form drag, and wave resistance. In this paper, the authors discuss methods used to measure, predict, and minimize the wave resistance of 12-Meter yachts. After a brief review of wave resistance theory, the authors discuss a method by which the wave resistance was determined directly from measured wave profiles. Numerical techniques used to theoretically predict the curves of wave resistance from the yacht designers' description of hull geometry are examined, and the predictions are compared with the experimentally determined wave resistance. Finally, the authors discuss hull optimization techniques, based upon the minimization of the theoretical wave resistance, which enable the yacht designers to develop hull shapes of minimum wave drag.
An Increased Role of Controllability in Ship Design
Authors: Barr Roderick A.
Published: January 2021

Historically, ship controllability and maneuverability have played only a small role in the ship design process. The need for an increased role of controllability in ship design is considered. It is proposed that the methods needed to implement such an increased role are available, including methods required to characterize acceptable or desirable performance, predict performance, and relate performance to ship geometric characteristics. The use of available maneuvering databases and collections and available systematic series data is emphasized. The current and potential future role of classification societies and regulatory or advisory bodies is briefly considered.
Vibration Analysis for Preventive Maintenance: A Classical Case History
Authors: Hofmann Stephen L.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes the California Maritime Academy's Vibration Monitoring Program for Preventive Maintenance (PM) onboard the Training Ship Golden Bear(TSGB) and how the program detected a potentially dangerous main engine problem. The discovery of machinery operating faults by using vibrational analysis is not unique to marine engineers, but several factors in the Golden Bear's main engine vibration problem make this case a classical one:the nature and extent of the vibration levels;the timing of events and the way the fault developed;the final location of the fault in relationship to the spot on the engine where the high vibration level occurred; andverification of the fact that a PM vibration program can successfully diagnose faults in operating machinery in the marine environment.
Fishing Vessels of the Pacific Northwest: The Past 30 Years
Authors: Cole James A.
Published: January 2021

This paper reviews the evolution of the design of fishing vessels of the Pacific Northwest over the past three decades. Since the vessels are designed to suit their particular fishery or fisheries, five different types are reviewed: gillnet boat, trollers, combination fishing vessels over a range of several sizes, tuna seiners, and stern trawlers. The paper shows how evolution has brought bigger vessels with increased carrying capacity, range, and endurance. Stability problems that have arisen with some of the types are also discussed. A section is devoted to each type summarizing its origins, its evolution, the fishery, fishing method, etc. This is followed by comparisons in hull design of the types reviewed with drawings of the vessels accompanied by their principal characteristics. The conclusion covers the technological advances in design and construction of the vessels and the increased sophistication of their machinery and equipment. An Appendix illustrates the operating areas and seasons of the Pacific Northwest fisheries and includes photographs of typical vessels of the region.
The Use of Untrimmed End Volumetric Heeling Moments in the Grain Stability Calculation for Specially Suitable Bulk Carriers
Authors: Garber Paul A.
Published: January 2021

Reasons for the use of untrimmed end volumetric heeling moments in the National Cargo Bureau's (NCB) "Grain Stability Calculation" form are described In detail. Severe loading delays are caused by merchant marine officers' lack of knowledge regarding the necessity of trimming the hold end spaces on conventional bulk-carrying vessels. The paper offers a remedy for this situation by explaining the laws dealing with the carriage of bulk grain on this type of vessel and by outlining methods of trimming hold end spaces where required. The alternative of using "untrimmed ends" moments is discussed, along with the associated savings in both time and money. Actual calculations of the "Stability Summary" section of the NCB form present three different loading arrangements utilizing untrimmed end moments. The paper concludes that every bulk carrier engaged for at least a few voyages in the grain trade should have a table of "untrimmed end volumetric heeling moments" on board since they do provide a loading alternative that can considerably lower or eliminate trimming costs and reduce a vessel's turnaround time.
Ship-Handling in the Port of Churchill—The “Bear” Essentials
Authors: Allan Robert G. , Woodward Peter
Published: January 2021

This paper describes an indepth study performed by the authors' company to properly determine the ship-handling requirements in the Port of Churchill, on Canada's Hudson Bay, and the subsequent design and construction of the 3000-hp tugboat, H. M. Wilson. This tug is unusual primarily because of the unique and remote location of the port in which it operates, and by the limitations which this remote site placed upon its design and construction. Hudson Bay ship-berthing tug H. M. Wilson
Notes on the Preparation of Fire Control Plans
Authors: Riley William M.
Published: January 2021

This paper presents an overview of the Coast Guard regulations requiring display of fire control plans on board merchant ships and an analysis of how these plans are intended to be used by ships' officers, the Coast Guard marine inspector, and others. The preparation of a fire control plan which not only meets minimum requirements, but is actually useful, is then discussed.
A Constant-Tension Winch System for Handling Rescue Boats
Authors: Christison S. Grant
Published: January 2021

This paper describes a constant-tension davit winch and control system that has been developed to reduce the risks involved when launching and recovering small boats over the side of a ship. During a launching operation, slack cable is available automatically as soon as the boat rests on the water, allowing the cable to be pulled from the winch by hand. During a recovery operation, as the boat rises and falls on the waves, the davit-winch drum will yo-yo backwards and forwards, maintaining tension on the cable until the operator is ready to hoist the boat from the crest of a wave. This prevents the boat from being buffeted by the waves and avoids most of the shock loads that occur when a conventional davit winch is used. All control functions for the winch are provided by a single control lever. The winch is designed to meet SOLAS requirements for factors of safety, brake capacity and gravity lowering, etc. Provision can be made for hoisting by means of a hand crank where required. A method of simulating wave-type motion on a test tower is described in this paper and is believed to provide acceleration and deceleration values that exceed actual sea conditions. Test data showing cable tension and speed for both "in haul" and "out haul" conditions are provided, along with acceleration values for both directions of cable movement.
SEAWOLF Producibility
Authors: Brucker B. R.
Published: January 2021

Submarine construction shipyards are in the midst of long-term programs to implement new technology in order to improve their competitive positions. Initiatives such as zone-oriented construction are well underway and others such as the integration of computer networks in manufacturing are now gaining momentum. This infusion of new technology requires an array of new design products. The SEAWOLF design effort is putting forth a major effort to present a design that supports the implementation of technology and captures the necessary attributes for an efficient construction program.
Performance of Light-and Heavy-Displacement Sailing Yachts in Waves
Authors: Gerritsma J. , Keuning J. A.
Published: January 2021

Experiments with light-and moderate-displacement sailing yacht models have been carried out in the Delft Ship Hydromechanics Laboratory to investigate heave, pitch, and added resistance in regular waves. The experiments included conditions with and without heel and leeway angles. The results are analyzed and compared with calculations based on a strip theory method. Numerical methods are used to predict and to compare the performance of sailing yachts in realistic irregular-wave conditions.
Combined Wave and Current Forces on Large-Diameter Submarine Pipelines
Authors: Andrés José M.
Published: January 2021

This paper deals with the analysis of combined wave and current forces acting on an 8.3-ft-diameter, 70-ft-long submarine pipeline mounted on a steep slope at Keahole Point on the island of Hawaii, Hawaii. Force transfer coefficients have been obtained for a large number of wave and current conditions. In the absence of strong currents, mean values of wave force coefficients calculated by a frequency-domain method have proven to predict extremely well the distribution of peak wave forces. In cases where current effects are relevant, a wave-by-wave analysis of the loads indicates that, for the range of Reynolds numbers and Keulegan Carpenter parameter covered in this study, the inertia coefficient decreases as the value of the ratio of current to maximum wave velocity increases. The same result is also found by a mean-square method in which overall force coefficients are computed for the whole record length.
Principles of Marine Vapor Recovery
Authors: DiEIsi Gary J.
Published: January 2021

Many state and local air pollution control agencies are considering rules that would require recovery of vapors from marine loading operations to help meet EPA-mandated ozone level regulations. Most of the proposed rules will require recovery of vapors from crude oil and gasoline loadings. Several marine vapor recovery systems designed for dedicated ships in a dedicated trade have been operated successfully over the past few years, but a universal system has yet to be designed. This paper describes the basic principles of vapor recovery systems as they pertain to inerted tankers. The Gaviota Marine Terminal Vapor Recovery System and other marine systems are briefly described. Complications caused by the impending local or national vapor recovery rules and remaining safety concerns are also discussed.
Comments on Levine: "Contingency Planning for Oil Spills: An Update Based on Experience Gained from the Port Angeles Spill"
Authors: Brin Ricardo G.
Published: January 2021

This paper deals with the analysis of combined wave and current forces acting on an 8.3-ft-diameter, 70-ft-long submarine pipeline mounted on a steep slope at Keahole Point on the island of Hawaii, Hawaii. Force transfer coefficients have been obtained for a large number of wave and current conditions. In the absence of strong currents, mean values of wave force coefficients calculated by a frequency-domain method have proven to predict extremely well the distribution of peak wave forces. In cases where current effects are relevant, a wave-by-wave analysis of the loads indicates that, for the range of Reynolds numbers and Keulegan Carpenter parameter covered in this study, the inertia coefficient decreases as the value of the ratio of current to maximum wave velocity increases. The same result is also found by a mean-square method in which overall force coefficients are computed for the whole record length.
A Fishing Vessel Energy Analysis Program
Authors: Calisal Sander M. , McGreer Dan , Rohling Gerry F.
Published: January 2021

A microcomputer-based program has been developed at the University of British Columbia to help fisherman and naval architects estimate fishing vessel fuel consumption. The program allows users to calculate the fuel consumption for a given fishing trip scenario. The program can then be used to calculate the return on investment of fuel saving improvements made to the vessel such as: Kort nozzle, two speed gearbox, variable-pitch propeller, and new propeller design. The program can be used for the design of small vessels such as tugs and supply vessels.
Recollection of Some Personal Experiences in Ship Design and Research—Possibly Amusing or Embarrassing
Authors: St. Denis Manley
Published: January 2021

There is an old saying that a title tells half the story that follows, and the title of my talk is long enough to do just that, so that it makes for a good beginning. However, there is also another old saying that a talk should always be given a title that is short, the reason being that the short title and, consequently, the whole content of the talk will thus be more easily remembered—or perhaps it is that they will be more easily forgotten—I cannot remember which. I also cannot recall who first made such a statement. Perhaps it was me. In which case it may well be an ancient saying. I decided on the length of the title by tossing a coin. How else?