bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sense of Mother Calling in Child rearing and Child Psychological Wellbeing: A Mediating Model Analysis
Authors: Haqyar Hakim Khan , Bayan Ehsanullah , Rahmani Shafiqullah , Naami Abdolzahra
Published: September 2024

Background: An increasing body of research highlights the significant role of calling in work and career domains. Nevertheless, very little correlational research has shown positive outcomes of parent sense of calling in child rearing context. To fulfill this gap, this study aimed to test the relationship between mother calling in child rearing and children’s psychological well-being by mediating psychological well-being and satisfaction with being mothers of women teachers in Jalalabad Afghanistan. Materials and Methods: The study participants included 250 mothers and 250 of their children who were selected by random sampling. The Questionnaires for mothers used in this study were: Subjective Sense of Calling in child rearing, Psychological Well-Being, and Parental Satisfaction. Children also completed the Psychological Well-Being. Methods for analyzing the data were: Bivariate correlation analysis, structural equation modelling for model fit indices, direct effect of the variables, and process macro bootstrapping for the indirect effect of variables. Findings: The findings of this research showed the designed model had an excellent model fit. The direct path between women's sense of calling in child rearing and children psychological well-being, between mother psychological well-being and children psychological well-being. Between mother satisfaction with being mother and children psychological well-being were positive and significant as p < 0.05. Also, this research showed the indirect effects of mother calling mediated by psychological wellbeing and satisfaction with being of mothers on children psychological wellbeing are positive and significant. Conclusion: The results suggested that in order to increase child psychological well-being, women should become more familiar with their role as calling in child rearing context.
Effects of Fasciolosis on Haematological Parameters in Cattle
Authors: Hematzai Nasratullah , Rawan Ahamd Farid , Wahidyar Mohammad Yousof , Hasanzai Nasirweda
Published: September 2024

Background: Bovine fascioliasis is a systemic infection of cattle caused by, Fasciola spp. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of fasciolosis on hematological parameters in cattle. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 40 local breeds (Watani) bulls and non-pregnant with ages ≥2 years heifers were randomly selected, of which 30 were infected with Fasciola spp and 10 were not infected (control). Findings: These results indicated that the infected group had significantly lower total red blood cell (RBC) count and Haemoglobin (Hb) levels than in the control group. In contrast, the infected group had a higher total white blood cell (WBC) count (9.3 x103) compared to the not-infected group (7.7 x103). Conclusion: The hematological findings of the present study suggest that Fasciola spp decreases the total RBC count and Hb levels, leading to anemia.
Foliar Application of Multi-micronutrients Grade IV and Different Fruit Covering Materials: A Focus on Yield and Quality of Pomegranate (Punica granatum cv. Bhagwa)
Authors: Zerak Anwarulhaq , Zaland Hekmatullah , Safi Zabihullah , Zahid Tayebullah , Aryan Shafiqullah , Hanifi Spinghar
Published: September 2024

Background: Foliar fertilization as a highly effective approach to regulating plant nutrition has garnered significant attention in recent years. This study determined to elucidate the impact of foliar application of micronutrients grade IV and pre-harvest fruit covering bags on the quality and yield of pomegranate cv. Bhagwa. Materials and Methods: Micronutrients grade IV was applied to foliage at the time of flowering and three weeks after first flowering with 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% concentrations. Thereafter, the completely set fruits of pomegranates were covered in a newspaper bag, brown paper bag, white paper bag, non-woven bag, and non-covered fruits left as control treatment. Findings: The results revealed that significantly (P<0.05) higher amount of fruit yield (ton/hectare), fruit retention, total sugar (%), and reducing sugar (%) was observed with the application of multi-micronutrients at 1.0% level concentration. In addition, all the aforementioned parameters showed significantly (P<0.05) higher values at 1.0% multi-micronutrients with the interaction of brown paper bags covering materials. Conclusion: To conclude, fruit covering materials and the application of nutrients substantially influence the yield and quality of pomegranate.
Improving Water Efficiency, Nutrients Utilization, and Maize Yield using Super Absorbent Polymers Combined with NPK during Water Deficit Conditions
Authors: Sherzad Rashad Ahmad , Shinwari Habibrahim , Noor Noor Ali , Baber Bakht Munir , Durani Asmatullah , Aryan Shafiqullah , Kakar Kifayatullah , Hashemi Tariqullah , Thobunluepop Pitipong , Sarobol Ed
Published: September 2024

Background: The increasing global population poses a significant challenge, resulting in a scarcity of food resources on a global scale. Addressing this issue necessitates advancements in agricultural practices, particularly in drought-prone areas. Super absorbent polymers (SAPs) are crucial in improving crop production's water and nutrient utilization efficiency, making them highly relevant for drought-affected areas. Thus, this research aimed to assess the impact of SAPs, combined with manure and fertilizers, on the growth of maize (Zea mays) cv. Ts-1004. Material and Methods: The experiment consisted of nine treatment groups, namely, T1 (Nitrogen, N), T2 (Potassium, K), T3 (Phosphorus, P), T4 (NPK), T5 (Compost), T6 (SAPs), T7 (NPK + Compost), T8 (NPK + SAPs), and T9 (Control). These treatments were evaluated under two water level conditions: well-watered (W1) and water-stressed (W2) in a greenhouse environment. The plants were subjected to water stress by maintaining soil moisture content at 20 – 25% during the knee height and flowering stages for 8 days. Results: The results revealed that significantly (P < 0.05) higher values in ear girth, ear length, number of seeds per ear, and ear weight were observed in the T8 treatment compared to other treatments. Additionally, the T8 treatment exhibited the highest yield under well-watered and water-stressed conditions (3,274.4 kg/ha). The application of SAPs improved soil moisture content, leading to enhanced water use efficiency (24.53 kg/ha/mm) and harvest index. Moreover, SAPs positively influenced the concentration percentage of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in roots, stems, leaves, and seeds, with T8 showing the highest values under water stress conditions. Conclusion: These findings highlighted the effectiveness of SAPs in enhancing crop growth and productivity, particularly under water stress conditions. This approach will help farmers reduce water stress on crops.
The Effect of Resistance Training on Physical Performance in Obese Women after Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Bahir Hizbullah , Afghan Mohammad Khalid , Sidiqi Khwaja Mohammad Salim
Published: September 2024

Background: Bariatric surgery is one of the most common methods for weight loss. This study, explores the effects and differences of control and exercise on obese patients after surgery and observed the effects of a 4-week exercise program combined with standard postoperative treatment on the physical function and glycolipid metabolism of obese individuals following bariatric surgery. Materials and Methods: Eight of the seventeen obese female individuals who satisfied the inclusion criteria were placed in the group of exercise, and nine were placed in the group of control. During four weeks, the exercise group got a 60-minute exercise intervention three times per week (training every other day). The Control group did not engage in any athletic activity. Before and after the intervention, data were gathered. Software SPSS26.0 was employed. Since the data had a normal distribution, the groups individually were compared using the independent sample T test, whereas the groups before and after the group were contrasted using the paired sample T test. Use a non-normal distribution with a nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. Findings: Weight, BMI, waist and neck circumferences, and hip circumferences in the exercise and control groups were substantially decreased (P<0.01) compared to the pre-test, as well as the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in the group of the exercise was statistically significantly reduced (P<0.05), while WHR in the Control group was not statistically different (P>0.05). The decrease in basal metabolic rate (BMR) was better in than in the Control group (P<0.05) in the exercise group. When compared to the pre-test, both groups' total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels considerably decreased (P< 0.01). Conclusion: Both groups had improvements in the composition of the body; however, exercise had a more significant effect on subjects' WHR and TF, as well as delaying the loss of skeletal muscle and BMR, than the Control group did on subjects' WC decline.
Supply and Consumption Methods of Medicinal Plants in Mazar-e-Sharif City, Afghanistan
Authors: Emran Sayed Esmail , Hosainy Sayed Abull Hassan , Faqiri Shah Mahmood
Published: September 2024

Background: Balkh province is located in the northern part of Afghanistan, which is rich in medicine plant diversity. The large number of medicinal plant shops (Attari) in the center of Mazar-e-Sharif city indicates that the citizens of Balkh province are familiar with medicinal plants and their uses. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the socioeconomic characteristics, medicinal plant distribution patterns, consumption methods, and types of medicinal plants in the Mazar-e-Sharif city Attaris. Materials and Methods: The study focused on 102 Attaris in the research area, research factors such as the age of medicinal plant sellers, monthly income, education level, marital status, number of people working in Attaris, and work experience of Attaris were studied. Findings: The results revealed that the average age of people in Attaris is 49 years with a work experience of about 15 years, and only 3% have an education related to medicinal plants. About 20 % of medicinal plant sellers had a university education but not related to medicinal plants science, about 17 % had a diploma, 30 % had a high school education and the remaining 12 % had primary education. Unbelievably, about 50 % of consumers were rich people and the remaining 50 % of the clients were low-income. People visited Attari's to heal their digestive system disorders are the most common health issues, followed by issues with the kidneys, bladder, and urinary system, respiratory conditions, skin and wound issues, hypertension and cardiovascular conditions, liver issues, diabetes, typhoid, pain, helminthiasis, anorexia, gynecological complaints, sexual dysfunction, weakness, fever, and obesity. Lemon balm, Common jujube, Starflower, Black pepper, Cumin, and Turmeric were the high-selling medicinal plants offered in Mazar-e-Sharif Attaris'. Conclusion: A large number of medicinal plant shops (Attaris) in the center of Mazar-e-Sharif city indicates that the citizens of Balkh province are familiar with medicinal plants and their uses. However, unfavorable economic situation of some people who referred Attaris showed that the existence of traditional medicine systems (Attaris) is considered to be one of the urgent needs of the Mazar-e-Sharif.
Study the Types of Medical Crimes and Medical Infractions in the Penal Code of Afghanistan
Authors: Rezaiee Zaker Hussain
Published: September 2024

Doctors are regarded as lifesavers in the world. Earlier, people who practiced medicine used to be precise in their treatment and more concerned with curing patients, it was considered as a service to humanity. However, currently, the profession has evolved into a money-making enterprise rather than a noble work. This has devolved into misuse of a noble deed. One of the ways to make money is medical crimes and medical infractions. So one of the most important issues discussed in today's law is the Medical Crimes and Medical Infractions.  All countries have complete laws on prosecuting delinquent doctors. Afghanistan's legal system has incomplete laws regarding medical crimes and infractions. Unfortunately, no research has been done in this field in Afghan law. This is the first research that discusses medical crimes and medical infractions in the Afghan penal code. The penal code of Afghanistan is incompletely criminalized medical crimes and has not criminalized medical infractions. Therefore, it is necessary that the Afghan penal code should criminalize and recognize the medical infractions. This research wants to provide a legal solution to compensate the physical damage and mental damage of the patient, explaining the difference between medical infractions and medical crimes, study the challenges of the Afghan penal code regarding the criminalization of medical infractions cases and providing a suitable solution to prevent medical infractions and crimes in the Afghan society. Overall, there is a need for a fair and effective method to monitor and punish physician misconduct that will be conductive to the honest delivery of quality health care.
Work-Family Conflict and Non Sharing Jobs: The Link Explored for Dhaka
Authors: Biswas Kohinoor , Alam M Sayeed , Sulphey M.M.
Published: September 2024

Work family conflict is an area of growing interest to the duo; ie: the Government and employers alike, According to Greenhaus and Beutell (1989) work family conflict is is defined as Ii form of inter-role conflict in which the role pressures from the work and family domains are mutually incompatible in some respect. The focus on this arena is gaining momentum due to the fact that women play a critical combination of roles 'caring' at home and 'working' at the workplace. As governments and employers are becoming increasingly dependent on the contribution from women workforce, this dilemma of work-family balance and the resultant conflict appears to be a serious concern.
Employment and Income Status of Disadvantaged Women-A Comparative Analysis between Some Selected Urban and Rural Areas of Khulna District
Authors: Rahman Md. Moududur , Tasneem Sadia
Published: September 2024

This study mainly discusses a comparative analysis between status of urban and rural disadvantaged women. For surviving the livelihood women work in both area works hard. Moreover, their income depends on seasonal variation and rural women also suffer from uncertainty of income. The study is based on empirical data collected through household survey and personal interviews with disadvantaged women of village Shiromoni and Rupsha slum and its adjacent area under Khulna district. This analysis looks into the condition of such women and the present GO and NGO programs toward their economic improvement. Thus, to achieve better social structure, the Government and its development partners need to re-orient their programs and implement an effective affirmative action for the disadvantaged women.
Applicability of Loan Securitization for Solving NonPerforming Loans’ Problems in Bangladeshi Commercial Bank
Authors: Faruk Mohammad Omar
Published: September 2024

Non-performing loan (NPL) is one of the most influential factors for lowering the overall performance of any bank or financial institution which immediately impacts on overall activities of a bank including liquidity, stability and profitability. The securitization is, an innovative financial product, being used in many developed and developing countries as a better solution for the NPL problem. This paper lays out a proposal of how asset securitization against the NPL of a bank can be introduced in Bangladesh. This securitization can introduce a new financial market in the economy where the writing off of bad loans just stops the NPL. The paper also shows the securitization model and the problems & the prospects of implementing NPL in Bangladesh.
The Impact of TQM Practices in Improving Product Quality: Bangladesh Garment Organizations as a Case
Authors: Ferdousi Farhana , Shabnam Saadia
Published: September 2024

The increase in competition, changes in import and export policies, and increased customer consciousness have resulted in organizations focusing on the use of TQM practices to remain competitive. This study identifies the practices of TQM. In addition, this study also examines the association between TQM practices and product quality. It uses data obtained from 133 garment organizations. Results reveal that TQM practices, including leadership (employee empowerment, resource allocation), employee participation (cross-functional teams, employee authority), supplier relationship (supplier audit), and customer focus (customer survey) have positive association with product quality. These findings lead to the conclusion that if sample organizations can achieve quality improvement thorough TQM practices, then other garment organizations of Bangladesh may also do so. It is important to create right awareness for all organizations to realize these improvements.
Response Strategies Used during COVID- Abstract 19: Restaurants in Dhaka City
Authors: Faruqi Md. Farhan , Solayman Abid Islam
Published: September 2024

COVID-19 jeopardized the survival of the worldwide restaurant business. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the effectiveness of restaurant response strategies to the COVID-19 crisis during more than two months of lockdown in 2020 in Bangladesh. A two-stage approach was used to collect the data. The restaurants were chosen from eight Dhaka City clusters that were selected judgmentally. A standardized questionnaire was utilized to collect data from 221 restaurant owners selected through simple random sampling. The findings show that during COVID-19, all three strategies online reliance, cost reduction, and resilience- influenced restaurant profitability. Restaurants may replicate some of these successful response strategies developed during COVID-19 in the future. To increase profitability, restaurants should develop good relationships with online food delivery companies.
Performance Assessment of a Bangladeshi E-commerce Enterprise: A Case Study
Authors: Hassan Saad , Hoque Mohammad R. , Ahmed Nisar , Mohib Ashfaque A.
Published: September 2024

This research has assessed the performance of a reputed Bangladeshi ecommerce enterprise as a case study to unearth the glitches in operations and supply chain of e-commerce industry. The study has three parts namely identifying and evaluating the magnitude of potential failures in relevant processes; inventory analysis; and correlating the failures with various inventory classifications. Service mapping or blueprint were created to understand the standard of operations in the enterprise. Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) tool was used to measure the magnitude of the problems and possible solutions. In addition, ABC analysis was used to classify inventory in three different categories. The analysis of data reveals that mistake in order taking and processing, warehouse mismanagement; and in-appropriate delivery are major failure points with significant impact on operations.
Second Language Acquisition and Grammar Instruction
Authors: Bhowmik Subrata Kumar
Published: September 2024

Grammar instruction is a contentious issue in the field of second language acquisition. There are arguments about whether or not grammar instruction helps L2 learning. The paper reviews literature on second language acquisition research and theories to present different perspectives on the teaching of grammar. Research suggests that although grammar instruction impacts L2 learning positively it is imperative to take a cautious approach while incorporating grammar teaching in the curriculum.
The Sundarbans Forest Systems: Patterns of Colonial Control and Social Response to Capitalist Enterprises, c. 1830-1905
Authors: Iqbal Iftekhar
Published: September 2024

Studies of the forest have received intense and varied attention in the past few decades, generating three major trends. One relates to the discourse of destruction of forest regimes. The intervention of colonial capital as well as pressure of population growth has been understood to be contributing to such destruction. Another theme is that of conservation which has highlighted the debates around the place of origin of conservation ideas and practices. Although the initial assumption was that conservation practices started in the USA in the nineteenth century, some historians have argued later that conservation policies and practices originated in the colonial world, where the destruction of the environment was most remarkable. Recently, particularly in South Asia, there have been important discussions on the intervention of the state in forest regimes and the resistance from forest dwellers. Seen in any way, the role of capital and the colonial state have been regarded as one of uninterrupted domination. While this proposition stands the test of empirical scrutiny in many respects, it blocks a more flexible reading of the varied development of capitalist intervention and colonial domination within a given ecological regime.
A Comparative Study of English and Non-English Major University Students' Motivation to Learn English Oral Communication
Authors: Quadir Mst. Moriam
Published: September 2024

This study examines the differences in motivations of English and non-English major university students in Bangladesh to learn English oral communication. Altogether 355 (184 English and 171 non-English majors) university students participated in this study. To measure learners' motivation a modified versions of the questionnaire constructed by Schmidt's et al (1996) was administered. In order to figure out the significant differences between the two groups an independent sample t-test was performed on each questionnaire item and on motivational subscales. Pearson correlations (2-Tailed) were analyzed on motivation data of both groups to understand the interactions among motivational subscales. Some similarities and differences between the groups are found from the analyses. Based on the findings of this study some suggestions are proposed for their pedagogical usefulness.
ESL Students' Reflective 'Burning Experiences' at a Writing Workshop
Authors: Buripakdi Adcharawan
Published: September 2024

Writing workshops can become a site of igniting a genuine passion for writing. This paper explores how writing workshops can be used to empower and liberate students. It describes the experiences of graduate students in writing a personal book. Grounded in a narrative research approach, this study is a description of ESL students' reflective ' Burning Experiences' at a writing workshop held in a graduate class in the United States. Based on personal interviews and ethnographic observations, a Thai student narrated her experiences and those of her thirteen classmates from seven countries toward the creative writing project in the workshop. Findings reveal that sharing stories that students were "burning to write" allowed them to get rid of the 'I can't write syndrome'. These students also felt empowered, were freed of constraints, and found their own voices. Most importantly, the writing workshop was a site where students used writing not simply as a tool but also as forum to express their real identity. Finally, the compelling experiences in this writing class included the negotiation of writers' roles, the discovery, exploration and identity negotiation and construction. This study provides teachers an alternative way of teaching ESL composition.
Cultural Identity and Diaspora in Jhumpa Lahiri's The Namesake
Authors: Sharmin Iffat
Published: September 2024

This paper is an attempt to read Jhumpa Lahiri's The Namesake in the light of Stuart Hall's essay on "Cultural Identity and Diaspora". Hall begins his essay saying that identity is not as transparent or unproblematic as we think it to be and this paper aims to show how the discovery of one's identity is indeed an intricate process, one that is always necessarily complex. When an individual straddles the boundaries of two cultures, as does Gogol Ganguli, the protagonist of The Namesake, the task becomes even more complex and problematic, being grounded in issues of memory, tradition, and family expectations. Throughout the novel, we see that Gogol remains captive to his conflicted identity _ is he Indian or American?- although there is the merest hint at the novel's end that he may choose one identity over the other. His trajectory suggests that, for the second generation Indian_ American at least, refusing to choose one identity over the other, which might mean complete renunciation of either Indian_ness or American_ness, troubles one's negotiation of identity. Whereas Gogol's mother, Ashima, as a first generation Indian_American, is able to negotiate a hyphenated subjectivity because she has an original identity as a starting point, Gogol is 'always_already' in crisis due to his birth on 'foreign' soil. This paper throws light on how Lahiri uses Gogol's name to show the duality of immigrant experience and thus explain what Hall meant by diaspora experience when he said that, "diaspora experience is defined by … the recognition of a necessary heterogeneity and diversity, by a conception of 'identity' which lives with and through, not despite, difference; by hybridity."
Court vs. Courtship in Jane Austen’s Emma
Authors: Mortuza Shamsad
Published: September 2024

The paper examines the royal dedication of Jane Austen’s Emma as a critical engagement with the regency crisis. Austen decided to comply with a royal request to dedicate Emma to the Prince Regent and inserted it almost as a last-minute adjustment, even though she had the option to include it in one of her future works. I shall argue that this inclusion of the dedication is far from an accident. While the novel’s preoccupation with marriage and courtship probably hides its courtly interest, the textual treatment of contextual foils and foibles, disease and decadence directly implicate the ‘regency crisis’. The paper adopts a new historicist approach and claims that Emma is an Austenite search for an ideal ruler at a time when the court was troubled by the deﬁciencies in the reigning monarch.
Re-presenting the margins: revisiting the Scottish countryside in L. G. Gibbon’s Sunset Song
Authors: Dasthakur Saurav
Published: September 2024

In his The Politics of Modernism: Against the New Conformists Raymond Williams comments on the gradual institutionalisation of the dominant (Anglo-American) version of modernism and the cooption of its subversive possibilities by the capitalist market dynamics, which it at least in some forms tried to challenge, or bypass, in the initial phase of its emergence in the late nineteenth-early twentieth century (Politics 35). As several critics have amply demonstrated, one of the deﬁning features of this ‘established,’ market-governed tradition of modernism was a many-pronged ideological ambivalence in its response to social modernity. Such ambivalence or inbetweenness of the modernists, which stands in conspicuous contrast to their aesthetic radicalism, as Williams has argued, was a part of the broader ‘structure of feeling’ of dominant cultural formations in their clash with emergent ones at a speciﬁc historical context. Hence Williams’ suggestion that artistic and other institutional practices, ‘these laws, constitutions, theories, ideologies, which are so often claimed as natural, or as having universal validity or signiﬁcance, simply have to be seen as expressing and ratifying the domination of a particular class’ (Problems 36-37). The dominant modernist discourses, more often than not, either prioritized the middle classes over the working classes, the masculine over the feminine, the urban over the provincial, the elite over the popular, or took an ambivalent stance in times of conﬂict between the two poles of these dyads. The crises the hegemonic class, gender or space faced at the turn of the century and the culture of negotiations, new compromises and new institutional practices the crises generated have been subjects of extensive critical enquiry in several disciplines. The historian Eric Hobsbawm, for one example, has devoted an entire chapter, ‘Who’s Who or the Uncertainties of the Bourgeoisie’ in his The Age of Empire 1875-1914 (165-91) to understand the nature of the culture of ambivalence which was one of the products of this crisis.
Resistance of Achebe’s ‘Heroes’ Okonkwo and Obi Okonkwo: Defeated in the Flux of Nigerian Society?
Authors: Sharmin Sonia
Published: September 2024

This paper analyzes the resistance of Achebe’s two ‘heroes’ Okonkwo, the protagonist of Things Fall Apart, and Obi Okonkwo, the protagonist of No Longer at Ease. While Okonkwo takes up arms to preserve culture and tradition in a “things fall apart society”, Obi Okonkwo’s honesty and his love for Clara remain constant with him and he is “no longer at ease” in the ﬂux of colonial Nigeria. In pre-colonial Nigeria, Okonkwo’s resistance to the white man’s religion, education and technology is defeated and Obi’s desire for a corrupt-free Nigeria fails during British colonial rule. In line with this development, we ﬁnd Okonkwo’s son converting to Christianity. Eventually, Okonkwo commits suicide realizing that he is going to be defeated. However, the history of resistance does not end here and Okonkwo’s and Obi’s apparent defeats have far-reaching implications for Africa’s subsequent anti-colonial struggle.
The Powerlessness of Cameroon’s Reunification Monuments
Authors: NFI Joseph Lon
Published: September 2024

This study attempts to investigate the symbolism and popularity of the Reuniﬁcation Monuments constructed in Yaounde and Mamfe some years after the political reuniﬁcation of the two Cameroons. These monuments were constructed to commemorate the reuniﬁcation of Cameroon, considered by many as the most signiﬁcant event in postcolonial Cameroon history. This study intends to investigate why the monuments became victims of neglect, indifference and even scorn from Cameroonians only a few decades after reuniﬁcation. An analysis of the data collected from interviews and secondary sources reveals that the monuments remain unpopular like the reuniﬁcation history itself largely due to the failure of the powers that be to project this aspect of Cameroon history. The monuments have, therefore, remained powerless, as they have not immortalized the reuniﬁcation of Cameroon, as is the case with reuniﬁcation monuments elsewhere.
Authorized Honesty: The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V. S. Naipaul
Authors: Idris Farhad Bani
Published: September 2024

No acquaintance of V. S. Naipaul could possibly imagine that during the scattering of Pat Naipaul’s ashes, the Quran was recited, but the author, highly acclaimed for both his ﬁction and non-ﬁction but also known for his hostility towards Islam, allowed the lapse and was even grateful. The recitation of Sura Fatiha in Arabic was performed by Naipaul’s newly-wed wife Nadira, a Muslim woman from Pakistan with links in Kenya. Naipaul was too distraught to accompany her into the woods on Cooper’s Hill; he stood by the car, crying the entire time. The location, near Gloucester, had memories for him, memories of Pat, wife of a forty-one year long marriage. Months earlier, the funeral at Salisbury Crematorium was austere and frugal. Curiously enough, Naipaul defended the minimalism to someone in Islamic terms: “’It was chaste, it was Quranic in its purity’” (480). There was no decent interval between the ﬁrst wife’s death and the second wedding. Naipaul had met Nadira in Pakistan while collecting materials for a new book on Islam (Beyond Belief) and had proposed to her when Pat was still alive but dying of cancer. She passed away in February of 1996; the wedding occurred in April; Pat’s remains were dispersed in October.
Documentary-Making Methodology: Step-by-step Documentation of Life after Grey
Authors: Haque Muhammed Shahriar
Published: September 2024

One of the unnoticed snares of a first-time documentary filmmaker, besides insufficient research and clear objective(s), is lack of specific knowledge of research methodology. Documentary filmmaking is a separate genre, with many sub-genres, which varies from commercial to alternative/art filmmaking. There is plenty of available literature in books and research articles that deal with separate aspects of this genre of filmmaking in terms of modes and approaches of documentary, research, preproduction, production, postproduction, and so on. However, there is hardly any academic book or article in the Bangladeshi context that comprehensively provides the step-by-step guide to documentary filmmaking, particularly through a pragmatic demonstration of a film that has been made for the purpose of emphasizing the methodology. Theory and practice may not always conform; in such case(s) overcoming unanticipated challenges that threaten an entire project is imperative. This paper endeavours to portray the step-by-step methodological journey of documentary filmmaking from the initial stage of idea generation, through research phase to pre and post production until the official screening from a first-time filmmaker’s perspective. The methodological steps are based on the making of documentary Life after Grey (2015).
‘Still I Am Not Tragic’: Indigenous Australian Women’s Sovereignty in Marie Munkara’s Every Secret Thing and A Most Peculiar Act
Authors: Ahmed Fatema Johera
Published: September 2024

In this paper, I examine the representation of the Indigenous women characters in two novels by Indigenous Australian writer Marie Munkara, namely Every Secret Thing (2009) and A Most Peculiar Act (2014). Munkara’s novels are set in the early phase of the colonisation of Australia and trace the takeover of Indigenous lands and lives by the Catholic Church and bureaucrats employed by the office of the Chief Protector of Aborigines. I argue that colonial constructions of white femininity disempowered both settler and Indigenous women. Despite being doubly colonised because of their race and gender, Munkara’s female characters maintain their sovereignty by engaging in decolonising practices. Indigenous women’s resistant subjectivity works in tandem with their connection to their lands to expose white ways of knowing as not the universals they are taken to be. They reveal that acquiring the coloniser’s language and imitating white cultural practices do not take away from their Indigeneity. Rather these are signs of Indigenous people’s dynamism and syncretism; they are means by which Indigenous women survive colonisation, maintain their sovereignty, and even creatively counter the colonial imposition.
The Spectre of Globalized Biotechnological Exploitation in the Science Fiction of Muhammad Zafar Iqbal
Authors: Sarkar Abhishek
Published: September 2024

This article discusses select science fiction texts by the Bangladeshi author Muhammad Zafar Iqbal with reference to a recurring theme, namely, the globalized exploitation of Third World bodies. This article discusses how these texts demonize technological modifications of the human body and suggest a core of “human” sentiments as the guiding force for combating such biotechnological intervention. This article focuses on a few texts where two key plot elements are, (i) artificially and illegally manipulated human bodies, and, (ii) the surveillance of the central characters by ruthless, technologically superior First World actors and their local collaborators. The texts analyzed in detail are “Dr. Triple A” (2000), Prodigy (2011), and Animan (2014). In these texts, Iqbal reposes faith in a human exceptionalism that is predicated upon emotions and morality. He thus steers clear of Western philosophical trends such as posthumanism or transhumanism. This is borne out by these texts’ celebration of strong interpersonal attachments and selfless love, which help (morally and emotionally alert) underdogs engage with and ultimately defeat their self-centred, technologically advanced oppressors.
The Translator’s Role in Addressing Untranslatability in Poetry: Observing Translations of Kazi Nazrul Islam’s Bidrohi
Authors: Huda Dravida Anjuman
Published: September 2024

Among the many concerns about poetry translation, untranslatability is the most critical one. Translators often face difficulties in offering an authentic translation in target language. It is, after all, the translator who may decide how to address this issue. One phenomenal Bengali poem entitled Bidrohi, written by the “rebel” poet Kazi Nazrul Islam can be regarded as a text that contains untranslatability issues to a large extent. It is to be noted that there are some translation-techniques - both for any type of source text and for poetry in particular –that are suggested by translation theorists like, for example, Vinay and Darbelnet, Andre Lefevere, and Peter Newmark. Whereas Vinay and Darbelnet categorized the general translation procedures into two methods (direct and oblique translation), Lefever suggested a catalogue of seven possible strategies for translating poetry. On the other hand, Newmark’s strategies include semantic and free translation. However, as the translator is the agent of authenticity and closeness in translation, s/he has a huge role to play in assessing, choosing, and combining the existing translation techniques according to the source text. This paper aims to explore the role of the translator and to figure out if there is a certain effective approach that can be made towards a poem that is difficult to translate. In order to achieve that ground, two translations of Bidrohi– one offered by Professor Kabir Chowdhury, and the other by Mohammad Nurul Huda have been analyzed. The findings of this research paper indicate that the two translations in major parts show two different combinations of translation strategies. This paper takes the terms “Direct” and “oblique” translation as coined by Vinay and Darbelnet to show that both the translations tend to switch between these two general translation approaches. In addition, both the translations highlight some poetry translation-techniques like Lefevere’s “phonemic translation” or Peter Newmark’s semantic translation, which too, serve the purpose of overcoming untranslatability. The findings also show that there is no single effective approach in overcoming untranslatability in poetry. Overall, it can be concluded that when a poem appears nearly-untranslatable, a balanced combination of “direct” and “oblique” translation as well as some selected poetry-translation strategies can be an effective standpoint. This paper does not claim to discuss untranslatability issues in any other genre but poetry.
The Exploration of Human Alter Ego in Animals An Evaluation of Ted Hughes’s Animal Poems
Authors: Rashid Md. Abdur , Islam Kazi Shahidul
Published: September 2024

Ted Hughes, inarguably one of the greatest poets of the 20th century, occupies an unparalleled position in contemporary English poetry chiefly because of hispoetics of animal imagery that has so far been approached from different perspectives. This paper focuses on Hughes’s representative poems and puts forth the theory that his arts poetica actually develops from two simultaneous feelings, firstly his conviction in pristine animal energy, and secondly, his disillusionment about the humanization of man through the suppression of his primeval energy. These diametrical feelings make Hughes speak in favour of the suppressed elements of the psyche which alone promise resilience in the face of uncaring reality. Hughes thinks the civilizing ideologies actually result in the subversion of the primal imperviousness of the alter ego which is spontaneously manifested in non-human beings. A corollary of this paper is that Hughes’s signature poems encompassing ‘The Hawk in the Rain’, ‘The Jaguar’, ‘Hawk Roosting’, ‘Pike’, ‘Snowdrop, ‘Second Glance at a Jaguar’ etc. and the Crow Poems make more sense when studied with reference to human alter ego represented through the poet’s conscious delineation of non-human instincts.
Stosowanie przepisów Rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2017/745 do sztucznej inteligencji
Authors: Kupis Monika
Published: September 2024

This paper presents the general shape of the regulation of Regulation (EU) 2017/745 of the European Parliament and of the Council dedicated to software in healthcare and applied to AI software. It addresses issues of the general characteristics of MDR applied to software, including the definition of a medical device in Regulation 2017/745 with regard to artificial intelligence, the criteria for qualifying AI software as a medical device. It also addresses systemic problems as well as existing and proposed mandatory and soft law regulations.
Prawo do śmierci po wyroku Sądu Najwyższego Kanady w sprawie Carter (2015)
Authors: Malczewski Jacek
Published: September 2024

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Badanie dopełnienia obowiązku informacyjnego i odpowiedzialność za powikłania po zabiegu wykonanym lege artis bez zgody pacjenta. Glosa do wyroku Sądu Apelacyjnego w Gdańsku z 9.06.2020 r., V ACa 89/20
Authors: Wszołek Anna
Published: September 2024

The judgment concerns the infringement of the patient's right to consent to surgery and the doctor's liability for complications arising from the surgery performed lege artis. In the author's opinion, the Court of Appeal duplicated the discretionary, or at least premature, conclusions of the Regional Court regarding the defectiveness of the patient's consent, which was of fundamental importance for the possibility to pursue claims for breach of patient's right and causing health disorder. Moreover, the liability of the defendant for health disorder was excluded, as the causality between the unlawfully performed surgery and complications was not observed, an unambiguous assessment of the patient's condition if the surgery had not been performed was not possible and the plaintiff failed to prove her claim. This commentary presents a different view and addresses mainly two issues: the court's examination of  fulfilling the doctor's duty to inform, and the causal link between the surgery performed lege artis without consent and the complications in the case of a patient with anatomical predispositions.
Zakaz przerywania ciąży z przyczyn embriopatologicznych w praktyce orzekania organów międzynarodowych jako tortury oraz nieludzkie lub poniżające traktowanie naruszające prawa człowieka
Authors: Nieróbca Natalia
Published: September 2024

Over the last two decades, there has been a shift in the perception of international bodies, which has contributed to broadening the material scope of the concept of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. Accordingly, these bodies are increasingly willing to recognize, that in certain circumstances, denying or impeding a woman's access to abortion when the need to terminate a pregnancy is motivated by the finding of a serious fetal defect in the fetus, may be classified as such. A distinction is, however, made between cases in which the possibility of performing an abortion in the indicated circumstances is provided for in by national legislation and situations in which that legislation does not provide any guarantee in that regard. With respect to the first category, the possibility of recognizing such restrictions as forms of maltreatment that violates human rights, is accepted by both the bodies operating within the framework of the Council of Europe and the UN system, as exemplified by the ECHR judgment in R.R. v. Poland. Obstructing access to abortion is then considered in the context of the state's failure to meet its obligation under national law to provide women with access to a legal medical procedure. On the other hand, the line of jurisprudence with respect to the second category of cases, which began with the opinion of the UN Human Rights Committee in the case of K.L. v Peru and developed, inter alia, in the Amanda Mellet case, is less well-established. In particular, so far, no uniform criteria have been indicated to recognize that in a given case the refusal of abortion was tantamount to a violation of the prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment. However, the analysis of the arguments of the ECHR and the UN Human Rights Committee in the above-mentioned cases allows the identification of such circumstances, which do not form an otherwise closed list.
Evaluation of the Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Oral Hygiene Habits
Authors: Bayırlı Ali Batuhan , Kısakürek Seniha
Published: September 2024

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of socioeconomic status on oral hygiene habits.

Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was conducted on 709 adult individuals (330 females, 379 males) who applied for routine examinations at Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Faculty of Dentistry. Evaluation was performed on participants' sociodemographic characteristics, socioeconomic statuses, and oral hygiene habits. Questions directed at the participants encompassed oral hygiene habits, frequency of dental examination, gum health, prevalence of restorations and prostheses, as well as educational level, occupation, and monthly income. The 'Modified Kuppuswamy Socioeconomic Status Scale' was used for assessing participants' socioeconomic status. Data from the study were analyzed using the Pearson Chi-square test (p=0.05).

Results: Statistically significant differences were observed when evaluating tooth brushing habits among socioeconomic groups (p
Comparison of a self-adhesive resin cement, a conventional and a bulk-fill resin composite for luting of indirect restorative materials; the effect of thickness and material factors on translucence, monomer conversion and resin-dentin bond strength
Authors: Demirbuğa Sezer , Balkaya Hacer , Akbaş Aysun Tuğçe
Published: September 2024

Introduction: With developing technology, the search for the most ideal material to be used in the cementation of indirect restorations continues. To determine the effect of thickness and material factors on monomer conversion, translucency, and resin-dentin bond strength in luting indirect restorative materials (IRM) of different thicknesses using a resin cement, a conventional and a bulk-fill resin composite.
Materials and methods: Samples of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic material (IPS e.max) and ceramic-resin hybrid material (Lava Ultimate) in 2 and 4 mm thicknesses, were luted using RelyX U200 (a self-adhesive resin cement), X-tra fil (a bulk-fill resin composite) and Z250 (a conventional microhybride resin composite) to the dentin surface and subjected to bond strength test after thermal cycle. In addition, the translucency parameter (TP) of the prepared blocks and the degree of conversion (DC) of the luting materials were investigated. The data was statistically analyzed.
Results: The bond strength of X-tra fil and Z250 was statistically higher than RelyX U200 (p0.05). The increase in thickness decreased the TP of IRMs and the DC of resins underlying Lava (p0.05).
Conclusion: Conventional and bulk-fill resin composites can be alternative luting materials to resin cements. Thickness increase did not change bond strength, while decreased TP, and DC only for Lava Ultimate.