bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of an expert computer system to federal tax planning
Authors: Michaelson Robert
Published: January 2007

The author gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, provision of computer facilities by the Computer Science Department of Stanford University, and the assistance of Professors Gerard D. Brighton and Donald Michie at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in bringing this project to completion.
Impressions from the 1982 ACM Symposium on Lisp and Functional Programming
Authors: Sridharan N. S.
Published: January 2007

I returned from this conference with three distinct impressions: firstly, having Alonzo Church, Barkley Rosser and Haskell Curry together as Honored Guests of the conference; secondly, being totally entertained by the "performer" Peter Henderson presenting a rational reconstruction of an Escher woodcut using recursive function definitions
1
; and feeling that there were a number of astute British scientists who were thinking about foundational issues, who may soon make fundamental contributions to novel ways of computing!
Challenges
Authors: Esptein Susan
Published: January 2007

It is the intent of this article to push beyond the horizon of "current survey and future work," with a set of mildly outrageous long-term challenges. The targeted areas are expert systems, problem solving and learning. Somewhere between AAAI-82 and science fiction, our future research projects lie. If we are not to be mired in the pedestrian, we should reach out beyond the traditional. Not long ago, a proposal to develop heuristics (Lenat, 1982) or follow strategic instructions (Mostow) would have seemed mildly outrageous. This article is intended as a set of equally unreasonable challenges, a focus for the future. Expert systems, problem solving and learning are particularly amenable to such a focus. The categories are neither mutually exclusive nor collectively exhaustive.
An overview of the HORNE logic programming system
Authors: Frisch Alan M. , Allen James F. , Giuliano Mark
Published: January 2007

HORNE is a PROLOG-based logic-programming system embedded in LISP. Programming in HORNE involves a careful mixture of logic programming and LISP programming. Since the summer of 1981, HORNE has been continually evolving from its origin HCPRVR (Chester, 1979). The main implementation is in FRANZ LISP on a VAX; a scaled-down implementation also exists in UCI LISP on a PDP-10. Today, HORNE bears little resemblance to HCPRVR; the primary similarity being the manner of embedding logic in LISP and the LISP-logic interface. This paper conveys the flavor of the current state of the system sacrificing detail and completeness for succinctness and simplicity. After a brief overview of the basic system, this paper highlights those aspects of HORNE that differ from more conventional PROLOG systems. We assume that the reader is familiar with the rudiments of PROLOG and LISP. A more thorough account of the system may be found in the "Horne User's Manual" (Allen and Frisch, 1982).
Neurolinguistics and psycholinguistics as a basis for computer acquisition of natural language
Authors: Powers D. M. W.
Published: January 2007

Research into Natural Language Understanding systems for computers has concentrated on implementing particular grammars and grammatical models of the language concerned. This paper presents a rationale for research into Natural Language Understanding systems based on Neurological and Psychological principles.Important features of the approach are that it seeks to place the onus of Learning the language on the computer, and that it seeks to make use of the vast wealth of relevant Psychollngulstic and Neurollnguistic theory.
OURANOS, an AI micromcomputer program with English and German user-defined vocabularies
Authors: Schreiner Joseph
Published: January 2007

OURANOS is a collection of programs that create userdefined 230-word vocabularies, and allow intelligent user-computer conversations using these vocabularies. Moreover, there are English and German versions of OURANOS, and any situation developed in one language can be translated and further developed in the other. Situations consist of facts, which may be user-entered, or derived from propositions. Individual facts are attributes or relationships describing one to three objects, modified by tense, negation, and probability.
Review of "Artificial Intelligence: An MIT Perspective, vol. 2 by P. H. Winston and R. H. Brown"; MIT Press 1982.
Authors: Nevatia Ram
Published: January 2007

This is a paperback edition of the original version published in 1979. Vol. 2 is divided in three sections dealing with vision, manipulation and machine design. (Vol. 1 deals with expert problem solving, natural language, and representation and learning.) Each section contains chapters written by various MIT researchers. In general, each chapter describes recent (as of the original date of publication) MIT research in the particular areas. Each section also provides a nice overview and summary by the editors.
Review of "Machine Intelligence and Related Topics: An Information Scientist's Weekend Book by Donald Michie"; Gordon & Breach, Science Publishers, Inc., ISBN 0-677-05560-9, 1982.
Authors: Maida Anthony S.
Published: January 2007

Machine Intelligence
is a collection of articles that Donald Michie has published in various, sometimes obscure, places over the years and which he thought would make an entertaining, informative anthology for the information scientist.
AI-related dissertations
Authors: Humphrey Susanne M. , Krovetz Bob
Published: January 2007

The following are citations selected by title as being related to AI resulting from a computer search of the Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) database, produced by University Microfilms International. The online file does not include abstracts, but citations include the DAI reference for finding the abstract in the published DAI. Information for ordering may also be found in the publication. Other elements of the citation are author, title; university, year, and, if available, number of pages; and DAI subject category chosen by the author. References are sorted first by DAI subject category and second by author.
Special issue on AI and Database research
Authors: King Jonathan J.
Published: January 2007

This collection of research summaries spans a very wide range of interests under the general heading of AI and Database research. In this introduction, I briefly describe the leading areas of interest that emerge from the reports submitted for this issue.
Table-driven rules in expert systems
Authors: Pasik Alexander , Schor Marshall
Published: January 2007

The structure and organization of expert systems can be usefully modeled after corresponding human experts. Often this modeling degrades because of insufficient expressive power in production system languages. Relational table techniques provide additional abstraction capabilities and are useful in extending the expressiveness of production system rules; the resulting systems can be easier to build, understand and debug because they can reflect more accurately human methods of reasoning. The number of superfluous rules is reduced by organizing much of the problem domain knowledge in relations in working memory. The relational table methods also provide a tool for the interfacing of knowledge bases and databases.
Mastering Master Mind logically
Authors: Koppstein Peter
Published: January 2007

Some readers of the recent note by Ehud Shapiro on "Playing Master Mind Logically" (SIGART 85, July 1983) may reasonably have concluded that Prolog was a suitable language for a "generate and test" strategy, as the author stated, but that perhaps there was something intrinsic to Prolog that made anything much more subtle unwieldy. The present note at any rate shows how a more "logical" strategy incorporating that previously described may readily be implemented without compromising the elegance and simplicity of Ehud Shapiro's original problem. A related approach, using templates as generators, is also described.
Review of "Approches Formelles De La Semantique Naturelle (Formal Approaches to Natural Semantics) by A. Borillo, M. Borillo, L. Farinas del Cerro & J. Virbel"; Laboratoire de Langages et Systemes Informatiques Toulouse, France 1982
Authors: Reggia James , Roy Vicki
Published: January 2007

This paperback book is a collection of presentations made at the Linguistics Summer School for Computer Scientists at Toulouse, France in September, 1981. It attempts to fill a perceived educational gap in the interdisciplinary area between computer science (especially Al) and human communication (read "traditional linguistics"). All but two of the papers are written in French, with topics ranging from the theoretical/philosophical to descriptions of implemented programs. We summarize two representative papers in this book, and then make some general comments.
Research at the Artificial Intelligence corp.
Authors: Harris Larry R.
Published: January 2007

The Artificial Intelligence Corporation was formed in 1975 to develop and market a commercial natural language database query product. The company currently employs 30 people to enhance, support and market its product known as INTELLECT, which is the productization of the earlier prototype system known as ROBOT.
ILIAD--language generation for instruction
Authors: Bates Madeleine , Wilson Kirk
Published: January 2007

The ILIAD system is an intelligent CAI system developed to give instruction and practice in English to children and adults who have language-delaying handicaps such as deafness or who are not native speakers of English. The student specifies grammatical or functional language topics and exercises are produced which contain sentences generated by the system. In order to provide highly personalized exercises and very specific tutorial guidance it is necessary for the system to have a deep understanding of the linguistic relationships in the sentences it generates.
Research in knowledge representation for natural language understanding
Authors: Bates Madeleine , Bobrow Robert J. , Goodman Brad , Israel David J. , Schmolze Jim , Sidner Candy , Woods W. A.
Published: January 2007

BBN's project in Knowledge Representation for Natural Language Understanding is developing techniques for computer assistance to a decision maker who is collecting information about and making choices in a complex situation. In particular, we are designing a system for natural language control of an intelligent graphics display. This system is intended for use in situation assessment and information management. We believe that the decision maker needs an extremely flexible system, capable of manipulating large amounts of data and presenting it on a graphical display in a variety of ways until he feels satisfied that he has a grasp of his situation.
The unification of language understanding and problem solving
Authors: Charniak Eugene , Hirst Graeme , Kaplan Matthew , Wong Douglas
Published: January 2007

We are interested in the role that "common-sense knowledge" plays in our ability to understand natural language. Because problemsolving systems have similar knowledge requirements, we are studying the relation between language comprehension on one hand, and problem-solving systems, including much of what goes under the heading of "knowledge engineering", on the other. The current focus of our research therefore is a system that can function in several areas. Some of these will be typical of the language comprehension literature ("stories" about stereotypic situations) while others will involve problem-solving (the blocks world, geometry, and inventory control). This system is based upon a unified set of programs for deductive information retrieval, syntactic parsing, and "low-level" problem solving, as well as a single "frame" representation[1].
Research in natural language processing
Authors: Wilensky Robert
Published: January 2007

Research at Berkeley concerns a variety of topics involving Artificial Intelligence and natural language processing. This work includes the development of theories of how humans perform tasks requiring intelligence, and the testing and development of these theories by the construction of computer simulations. The following is a brief description of individual research projects.
Research on meaning-representation in natural languages
Authors: Zadeh L. A.
Published: January 2007

A basic assumption underlying our approach to the problem of meaning-representation in natural languages is that almost everything that relates to natural languages is a matter of degree. Viewed in this perspective, the classical two-valued logic does not provide a suitable basis for a comprehensive theory of natural languages and, especially, for the representation of meaning, knowledge and strength of belief.
Conversational language comprehension
Authors: Parkison Roger
Published: January 2007

The following paragraphs are excerpts from the Introduction to my dissertation (Parkison, 1980):"This thesis describes a program which permits a person to communicate with a computer in ordinary, unrestricted English. This program has been in use for several years as one component of a computer model of paranoia known as PARRY (Colby, 1975). As part of a study of paranoid thought processes, psychiatrists are invited to interrview and diagnose the computer model via teletype as if it were a human patient."
Research at U. of Cambridge
Authors: Jones K. Sparck , Boguraev B. K. , Tait J. I.
Published: January 2007

Research here is focussed on semantic aspects of language processing. Current projects are concerned with natural language access to databases. Their specific aim is question interpretation relying on the use of general semantics. This implies word and text characterisation by formulae and patterns involving general semantic category and relation primitives. This work follows earlier research on approaches to the determination, representation and exploitation of text meaning making use, in different ways, of semantic primitives and patterns, which were investigated in systems for sentence paraphrase, story understanding, and summary generation.
Robust man-machine interfaces and dialog modelling
Authors: Boggs Mark , Carbonell Jaime , Frederking Robert , Hayes Phil , Mouradian George , Kosy Don , Mauldin Michael , Fujisawa Hiromichi
Published: January 2007

A number of projects at the Carnegie-Mellon University Computer Science Department address issues in Natural Language Processing. Since several of these projects share rescarchers and a similar view of the world, we have listed them in a single summary. Our general interests are in robust man-machine interfaces and the modelling of human dialogs.
Conversion of a French surface expression into its semantic representation according to the RESEDA metalanguage centre
Authors: Zarri Gian Piero , Leon Jacqueline , Ornato Monique , Pomian Joanna
Published: January 2007

The research work that we intend to present here represents a feasibility study concerning the automatic translation of natural language statements -- which describe the biographies of historical personages taken into account by the RESEDA system -- into the RESEDA semantic metalanguage.
A mechanism for natural language access to database systems
Authors: Mazlack Lawrence J. , Feinauer Richard A. , Leigh William E. , Paz Neomi
Published: January 2007

This reports on an investigation focused on a transform mechanism for a natural language database query system being undertaken at the University of Cincinnati. The mechanism studies the questions involved in a natural language interface between the human environment and the database query languages used to access machine stored data. A major product of the research would be a methodology for the transformation of database queries in a natural language into database queries stated in the data manipulation language of a DBMS.
Natural language processing at Columbia University
Authors: Lebowitz Michael
Published: January 2007

Natural language research at Columbia is being carried out in the Department of Computer Science primarily by Professor Michael Lebowitz along with several graduate students. Several other faculty members are involved in other areas of AI, including Professors Kender and Stolfo.
SENECA (Semantic Networks for Conceptual Analysis)
Authors: Camarero E. G. , Sanz J. Garcia , Centro de Calclo M. F. Verdejo
Published: January 2007

SENECA (2) is a representation based on semantic networks, allowing the description of objects, their characteristics and relationships. The processes that can be performed in the domain of discourse, modifying the information, can also be represented.
Natural language processing systems and III-formed input
Authors: Weischedel Ralph , Razi Amir , Advani Sudhir , Sondheimer Norman
Published: January 2007

The goal of our project is to add robustness to natural language understanding systems by adding rule-based methods of handling illformed input [1,2,3]. This includes both ungrammatical and semantically inappropriate utterances. The method being used consists of the following procedure:
A chart parser for GPSG
Authors: Thompson Henry
Published: January 2007

Taking advantage of the recent swing in interest within theoretical linguistics away from transformational formalisms (back) to context-free formalisms, this project is concerned with putting computational tools to work for linguists.
Natural language database query project
Authors: Hafner Carole
Published: January 2007

Project Goals:
a. Developing small-scale solutions to current problems in NL understanding (e.g., anaphora). b. Incorporating these solutions into a NL database query system. c. Performing "human factors" experiments to evaluate various database interfaces, including NL interfaces. d. Modelling the relationship between database structures and natural language semantics.
HAM-ANS (Hamburg application-oriented natural-language system)
Authors: von Hahn Walther , Wahlster Wolfgang , Hoeppner Wolfgang
Published: January 2007

The aim of this three-and-a-half-year project (7/1/81-12/31/84) is the development of a robust and cooperative system which provides natural language access in German to other software systems, e.g. reservation, data base, and vision systems. The basic core of HAM-ANS is a generalized version of the experimental NL-system HAM-RPM (see below). Broad coverage will mainly be achieved in the analysis grammar, the inference component and the language generation component. Domain-dependent parts are to be identified and implemented in a way that allows the exchange of different application areas while keeping up the core modules. The implementation will be accompanied by optimization efforts, e.g. compilation of LISP and ATN code. Issues of adaptability and portability of the interface will be studied by implementing parts of the system on a LISP machine and in FRANZ LISP on a VAX 11/780.
HAM-RPM (Hamburger Redepartnermodell)
Authors: von Hahn Walther , Hoeppner Wolfgang , Jameson Anthony , Wahlster Wolfgang
Published: January 2007

The Natural Language system HAM-RPM simulates a dialogue partner conversing about one of several interchangeable scenes in colloquial German. The overall goals of the research have been twofold: simulating natural language dialogue behaviour by means of a computer is a promising and reliable method for establishing and testing theoretical models of language which beyond systematic properties try to integrate communicative and cognitive aspects. Second, in a variety of applications the accessability of other nonlinguistic computer systems can be enhanced by using natural language as a means of communication.
Parallel processing of natural language
Authors: Lozinskii E. L. , Nirenburg S.
Published: January 2007

Among the various traditions established in computer processing of natural language during the twenty-odd years of research, the understanding that any such processing is to be done sequentially has a special status.
Research in natural language processing
Authors: Loebner Egon
Published: January 2007

We are carrying out a preliminary investigation of the use of a generalized phrase structre grammar (the formulation of context-free grammars developed in [1] and related works) as the basis for a modular and linguistically robust natural language processor. The grammar is generated from a kernel set of rules, plus a set of metarules that expand the kernel into the full rule set used for processing English. This greatly simplifies the task of testing and modifying the grammar.
Transformational question-answering (TQA) system
Authors: Damerau F. J. , Petrick S. R. , Pivovonsky M. , Plath W. J.
Published: January 2007

The Transformational Question Answering (TQA) system, formerly known as REQUEST [1,2,3], is an experimental natural English query system that has been under development since the early 1970s. Its syntactic analyzer is based upon transformational grammar [4,5,6,7], and its semantic interpreter makes use of a Knuth attribute grammar [8,9]. The combination of these components provides sufficient generality, convenience, and efficiency to implement a broad range of linguistic models. The particular model which was developed is closest to the generative semantics variety of transformational grammar.
Research at the U. of Illinois
Authors: Waltz Dave
Published: January 2007

The following people now have appointments to work on NL research at CSL: Dave Waltz, Associate Professor, CSL and Electrical Engineering; Jerry DeJong, Assistant Professor, CSL and Electrical Engineering; La Raw Maran, Research Associate, CSL; Rick Dinitz, Research Assistant: Jeff Gibbons, Research Assistant (as of 1/1/82); Jordan Pollack, Research Assistant; Alberto Segre, Research Assistant (as of 1/21/82); David Spoor, Research Assistant.
Research at USC/ISI
Authors: Mann William C.
Published: January 2007

This project is developing a model of human communication as a kind of goal-pursuit activity, using naturally-occurring dialogues in English as the subject matter to be modeled. The model represents four principal levels of knowledge in communication: goals being pursued, speech acts used to pursue goals, propositions exchanged while performing speech acts, and linguistic symbols used to convey all of these.
SOVA - software environment for NLU of Slovenian language
Authors: Tancig Peter
Published: January 2007

The field of natural language processing already has quite a tradition in Yugoslavia but research is lacking in AI related areas, such as natural language understanding (NLU) and knowledge representation. In order to establish sound software support for such research we have been developing a system named SOVA.
The LRC machine translation system
Authors: Slocum Jonathan
Published: January 2007

Source-language text is analyzed according to phrasestructure grammar rules augmented with procedures incorporating syntactic and semantic restrictions, surface and deep case analysis, and transformations; transformed to target-language structures and lexical items representing an equivalent utterance; then synthesized into target-language text.
Research at MIT
Authors: Berwick Robert C.
Published: January 2007

A simple invertible grammar has been designed that is able to map input story summaries written in a simplified English (e.g., a plot outline of Macbeth, a medical history, or a synopsis of an historical event) into case-frame representations of those summaries. This input representation then serves as the basis for an analogical matching routine that is able to extract out the structural features common to several stories, a procedure that in turn forms the basis for an analogical learning program developed by Winston. The same grammar is then used in reverse by the analogical reasoner to generate natural sounding output. As implemented, the system is flexible and highly domainindependent; it relics on a modified system of order-independent transformations in order to obtain these properties. The generation procedure itself is broken down into three steps. Step I takes a highlevel plan generated by the analogy program and separates the plan into groups, generating a set of kernel sentences for each group. Step 2 takes as input the set of kernel sentences and a collection of syntactic and thematic rules and determines the set of transformations that must be applied upon each set of kernel sentences. Finally, Step 3 executes the transformations, combining the altered kernels of each set into a sentence, performs some clean-up pronominalization, and produces an output English word string. The following is an example of English text actually produced by the program: "At the beginning of the story Lady Macbeth is bothered by the fact that Macbeth is not the king. Macbeth who was a nobleman is persuaded by her to murder the king with a knife because she wants Macbeth to be the king."
Formal and computational linguistics
Authors: Friedman Joyce
Published: January 2007

The Computational Linguistics Project at the University of Michigan is concerned with formal linguistic models and with the representation of information in logic and in natural language. The project is headed by Joyce Friedman; important contributions have been made by graduate research assistants, notably by David S. Warren (now at SUNY Stony Brook) and Douglas B. Moran (Oregon State University).
Artificial intelligence approach to machine translation
Authors: Nomura Hirosato , Shimazu Akira , IIda Hitoshi , Katagiri Yasuhiro , Saito Yaski , Naito Shozo , Ogura Kentaro , Origasa Masako
Published: January 2007

The machine translation project attempts a totally intelligent system which can understand languages and translate into other languages. The system has the facilities to support many tasks in translation processes, linguistic analysis, knowledge manipulation, and programming. The main emphasis is on understanding the meanings of sentences, the role of knowledge in understanding and man-machine interactions.
Research in computational linguistics
Authors: Sager  , Grishman
Published: January 2007

The Linguistic String Project and Computer Science Department of New York University are engaged in a long-term program of basic and applied research in computational linguistics, aimed at the automated retrieval and processing of information in natural language scientific and technical texts. Over the past fifteen years we have developed a large array of resources, including a broad-coverage English grammar, dictionaries, a program for parsing and transformational analysis, and various utilities for managing grammar, dictionary, and text files. The grammar and parsing program have been incorporated into two main application systems, one for the information formatting of natural language medical texts, the other for natural language data base retrieval.
Computational studies of formal theories of natural language
Authors: Moran Douglas
Published: January 2007

This research is oriented towards the development of process versions of descriptive theories of natural language. Present investigations are concentrating on the family of formal theories known as Montague Grammar, and especially on those derived from PTQ [4]. These theories are the subject of active investigation by both linquists and philosophers, and the fundamental characteristics of these theories make them computationally attractive.
Dependencies of discourse structure on the modality of communication
Authors: Cohen Philip R.
Published: January 2007

With the genesis of speech understanding systems, computational linguistics research is becoming less wedded to teletype-based interaction. It would therefore be wise to look for systematic ways in which the discourse structure of voice interaction differs from teletype interaction. Such discoveries could lead to substantially different discourse components for speech understanding systems.Rubin (1980) points out that language experiences should not simply be characterized as oral or written. Rather, there is a set of dimensions along which language experiences such as having a conversation and writing/reading a letter might differ, including: the ability to interact, the sharing of space and time between speaker and hearer, the concreteness of referents, and the use of voice or print.Following Rubin's taxonomy, and influenced by Chapanis et al.'s [1977] communication mode study and Grosz' [1977] task-oriented dialogue work, we conducted a study to explore how the structure of an instruction-giving discourse depends on the communication situation in which it takes place. Twenty-five subjects were videotaped as they instructed twenty-five others in assembling a toy water pump. Five "dialogues" each took place face-to-face, via telephone, teletype, audiotape, and written text. We chose to analyze telephone and teletype dialogues first since results would have direct implications for the design of speech understanding and production systems.Preliminary results indicate that the structure of telephone dialogues is markedly different from that of teletype dialogues. In telephone mode, speakers frequently, explicitly, and often indirectly, request hearers to identify the referents of noun phrases. For example, utterances used indirectly to perform such requests include "there is a NP" and "the NP?". In contrast, teletype "speakers" rarely accomplish the goal of referring in a separate step. Instead, the goals of referring and requesting an assembly action are achieved with one utterance, usually an imperative such as "Insert the green plunger into the large tube with threads on one end".As for computational implications, we are led to conclude that, within the framework of a plan-based theory of speech acts (Perrault and Allen [1980]), referent identification should be treated as a planned action by language production and comprehension systems. That is, by planning to facilitate the healer's plan, producers should design their noun phrases so that hearers can identify the referents. Conversely, comprehenders should reason about what the producer intended to be done with the uttered NP -- find its referent, supply a co-referring NP. etc. Our goal, then is to develop production and comprehension systems capable of reasoning about reference.
Natural language project
Authors: Castelfranchi Cristiano , Parisi Domenico , Stock Oliviero
Published: January 2007

(1) Explicit and detailed specification of performance to be obtained and of input to system. (2) "Occam's Razor: Do not introduce anything on the basis of tradition or a priori philosophy (e.g. NP, [for all] x, extension vs. intension). Introduce only such structure as is necessary to produce the performance to be obtained. (3) Do not restrict excessively the range of linguistic facts to be considered. The system must comprehend or produce at least 75% of a page in a newspaper. (4) Do not try to obtain directly overall and "deep" comrehension. First get literal comprehension, close to linguistic input. Obtain the rest with successive processes. (5) Avoid "cosmetics": e.g. in production don't have the machine produce expressions that "ape" human behavior but that the machine does not understand. (6) Stay close to natural logic: vagueness, contradictions, natural language quantifiers, not absolute and not metric time, etc.
Discourse understanding at the U. of Rochester
Authors: Allen James F. , Small Steven L.
Published: January 2007

Current participants in the discourse understanding project at the University of Rochester are James Allen, Steven Small, Gary Cottrell, Alan Frisch, Andy Haas, Hans Koomen, Diane Litman, Lokendra Shastri, and Marc Vilain. The project is studying dialogues that concern some task that one agent is assisting the other to perform, or some complex behavior that one agent is attempting to explain to the other. Thus there is a well defined set of goals that are pursued throughout the dialogue. In such dialogues, there is extensive use of utterances that consist of short sentence fragments. In addition, clarification subdialogues arise frequently in which previous misunderstandings are corrected. In order to model such dialogues, many sources of knowledge must be exploited. In particular, we emphasize
Research at SUNY
Authors: Gelernter Herbert , Jones Mark , Salveter Sharon , Warren David
Published: January 2007

The goal of the SYMCHEM project is the automatic discovery of synthesis routes for organic compounds. Future plans call for a natural language interface that will allow experts (chemists) to directly transfer their expertise to SYMCHEM. However, this is not an active research effort at this time.
Natural language queries: an interpreter for the Italian Language
Authors: Lesmo Leonardo , Torasso Piere
Published: January 2007

In the past two years a system has been implemented which accepts as input a query in Italian and produces a representation of the query which is easily interpretable as a sequence of algebraic operations on a relational data base /1/. The main features of the system can be summarized as:
Propositional & analogical generation of coordinated verbal, visual & musical texts
Authors: Klein Sheldon , Ross David A. , Manasse Mark S. , Danos Johanna , Bickford Mark S. , Jensen Kendall I. , Burt Walter A. , Blank Glenn D. , Blanks Walter T.
Published: January 2007

We are developing a model for human cognitive processing which assumes that a major component of the rules for calculating behavior are resident outside the individual, in the inherited, collective phenomena that anthropologists call 'culture'. Our model contains rules of behavior encoded in propositional structures such as frames or scripts, plus a method for calculating behavior by analogy. Propositional rules are transformed into situation state descriptions that are related by transformation operators which are also valid for transforming situations by analogy, and for planning by analogy. This kind of operator has been named 'Appositional Transformation Operator' or ATO (1,2,3,4).
A systematic method to solve the Rubik's cube problem
Authors: Abiteboul Serge , Medioni Gerard
Published: January 2007

We present here a method to solve the Rubik's cube problem that has the advantage of being systematic and of relying on a small set of basic transformations. It was developed independently of any other studies.
Interlisp-D
Authors: Sheil Beau
Published: January 2007

The Interslip-D project was formed to develop a personal machine inplementation of Interlisp for use as an environment for research in artificial intelligence and cognitive science [Burton et al., 80b]. This note describes the principal developments since our last report almost a year ago [Burton et al., 80a].
Generating novel tactics through evolutionary computation
Authors: Porto V. William , Fogel David B. , Fogel Lawrence J.
Published: January 2007

Simulated evolution on a computer can provide a means for generating appropriate tactics in real-time combat scenarios. Individual unit or higher level organizations, such as tanks and platoons, can use evolutionary computation to adapt to the current and projected situations. In this article, we briefly review current knowledge in evolutionary algorithms and offer an example of applying these techniques to generate adaptive behavior in a platoon-level engagement of tanks in which the mission of one platoon is changed on-the-fly.
Review of "Creativity in Invention and Design: Computational and Cognitive Explorations of Technological Originality by Subrata Dasgupta", Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Authors: Dunkerson Duane
Published: January 2007

This brief book will not be much help to the day-to-day AI practitioner but could be used as a point of departure. The author is Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at the Center for Advanced Computer Studies of the University of Southwestern Louisiana. He has written four previous books about computer science. I am in sympathy with the author's intent, but I found that he cracked the concrete of his conceptual support and then left a flabby interior of amorphous specifics to be gutted by rather too sharp conclusions. The author states that creativity, especially in technology, can be discussed within a computational framework. Specifically, he concerns himself with a plausible explanation of Wilkes' invention of microprogramming in 1951. In general, the author puts forth hypotheses related to the specific which corroborate findings by others that creativity is not significantly differing from other everyday mental processes.
Is AI planning now?
Authors: Hartman Leo , Hoebel Louis
Published: January 2007

The current state of domain independent planning allows for a variety of levels of sophistication for describing world behavior and goals or objectives that the planner is to satisfy. Planners have become very efficient at searching the combinatorial spaces implicitly defined by these descriptions. On the results of the AIPS-98 planning competition, Yale University Professor and AIPS Planning Competition Chair, Drew McDermott states, "It is hard to draw any conclusion from these data, except to note that all of these planners performed very well, compared to the state of the art a few years ago. Many of the plans found were 30 or 40 steps long, and some were longer than 100 steps." [1, 10]
First Fredkin challenge match
Authors: Berliner Hans
Published: January 2007

On August 18 and 19, at Stanford University during the AAAI conference, the first of a projected pair of annual chess competitions pitting the World's best computer programs against rated human players of approximately the same strength was held. These matches are part of the Fredkin prize competition, wherein a sum of $100,000, established by the Fredkin Foundation of Cambridge, Massachusetts, is ultimately to be awarded to the creators of a program that will defeat the World Chess Champion in official competition.
On limitations of V.S. Cherniavsky
Authors: Schefe Peter
Published: January 2007

There is a natural question the reader of Cherniavsky's publications of the last years may ask: Are there limitations of V.S. Cherniavsky? Cherniavsky's question is still, "whether artificial intelligence is limited in the sense of being separated from intelligence of the human by some natural boundary." He answers it roughly this way: if we assume it is not, we get into trouble. The `Main Assumption' of artificial intelligence is that human thinking is as deterministic as machines are:Given some text t and some evidence i (of t), a deterministic device can (after some time) judge it "true" eventually.
Photographic storage of AI information
Authors: Filsinger Alan E.
Published: January 2007

As AI projects often use large amounts of storage, the development of high resolution for storing and retrieving data on photo-graphic film may in the future provide a contribution.
Review of "Purposive Explanation in Psychology by Margaret A. Boden", Harvard University Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1972.
Authors: Colby Kenneth Mark
Published: January 2007

Artificial Intelligence is a type of theoretical psychology studying mental symbol-processing functions in living and nonliving, real and abstract systems. Psychology's methods have been limited to experimental, survey, mathematical, interview, and participant-observation approaches. AI adds a new formal method in which theories are cast in the formalism of a programming language. Many workers in AI lack knowledge about psychological theories relevant to their interest. This is the perfect book for them.
More on Go
Authors: Mann William F.
Published: January 2007

In the article "Go and the Computer" which you reprinted from Go Review, Stuart Dowsey presents a brief laymen's eye view of my work. Here is a somewhat more detailed glimpse. This work was done primarily in 1971 and 1972 as a hobby, using available time on a PDP-10 at Computer Corporation of America.
A note on resolution, connection graphs, and subsumption
Authors: de Champeaux Dennis
Published: January 2007

Completeness is endangered by the combination in connection graph of subsumption deletion rules and the run time pure literal rule. With some care we can restore completeness.
Software tools for Fortran
Authors: Hounam Ian
Published: January 2007

This paper describes what software tools are and makes particular reference to the NAGWare Fortran Tools. I describe how compiler technology may be used to design tools to reformat code to help programmers understand code that they may not necessarily have written, but have to maintain or develop further.
Implicit data structures for logic and stochastic systems analysis
Authors: Ciardo Gianfranco , Miner Andrew S.
Published: January 2007

Both logic and stochastic analysis have strong theoretical underpinnings, but they have been traditionally relegated to separate areas of computer science, the former focusing on logic and discrete algorithms, the latter on exact or approximate numerical methods. In the last few years, though, there has been a convergence of research in these two areas, due to the realization that data structures used in one area can benefit the other and that, by merging the goals of the two areas, a more integrated approach to system analysis can be derived. In this paper, we describe some of the beneficial interactions between the two, and some of the research challenges ahead.
Distribution of the error in estimated numbers of fixed points of the discrete logarithm
Authors: Holden Joshua
Published: January 2007

Brizolis asked the question: does every prime
p
have a pair (
g, h
) such that
h
is a fixed point for the discrete logarithm with base
g
? This author and Pieter Moree, building on work of Zhang, Cobeli, and Zaharescu, gave heuristics for estimating the number of such pairs and proved bounds on the error in the estimates. These bounds are not descriptive of the true situation, however, and this paper is a first attempt to collect and analyze some data on the distribution of the actual error in the estimates.
Relative placement representation
Authors: Liesenberg H. K. E. , Kinniment D. J.
Published: January 2007

This paper suggests two ways of representing a relative placement of rectangular cells. The first one by a graph, whereas the second representation is expressed in terms of a linear notation. Some operations are described to convert the former representation into the latter one.
Project LOGOS at Case Western Reserve University
Authors: Rose C. W. , Barden J. P.
Published: January 2007

The descriptive title of Project LOGOS is Computer-Aided Design and Certification of Computer Systems. This account is based on unpublished papers presented at the Primary Seminar on Project LOGOS, 27-28 Octover 1971 at the University and on reports to the sponsor, The Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense.
A rationale for heuristic program selection and evaluation
Authors: Ignizio J. P. , Wyskida R. M. , Wilhelm M. R.
Published: January 2007

In the past, great claims have been set forth as to the potential of the heuristic procedure or "heuristic programming," References 1 and 2. As early as 1958 Simon and Newell, Reference 2, wrote of "Heuristic Problem Solving: The Next Advance in Operations Research." However, and this is strictly the opinion of the authors (although it is shared by most others we have discussed the matter with), rather than seeing a relative increase in heuristic program solution techniques in the literature, the converse appears to be true. Most of the journals dealing with operations research, management science, industrial engineering, and related fields have evolved (or perhaps dissolved, depending on one's point of view) into journals of mathematics, or perhaps abstract mathematics. The fundamental idea of engineering as being directed toward real world applications often seems to have been lost. As a result, we (industrial engineers/operations researchers) are now caustically described as pseudo-mathematicians, and the field has been defined as the "science of providing elegant solutions to trivial problems." OR has even been credited with such things as our poor performance and defeats in the Indo-China war, Reference 5, cost overruns on defense contracts and so on. Such criticism comes from both outside and within our profession, References 3, 4, 5.
An interactive system for semi-automatic artwork generation of printed circuit boards
Authors: Mura A. , Tomljanovich M.
Published: January 2007

An integrated interactive system for the P.C. boards production is described. The system comprises a minicomputer, a teletype, a paper tape puncher and reader and a package of analysis, control and post-processing programs.The input data to the system consist of circuit schematics, coded in terms of electrical components and connections, and manual layouts of the P.C.B.'s. Both inputs are internally and mutually checked.This operation is performed on-line with the digitizing phase, producing an intermediate punched paper tape and diagnostic printouts.Information recorded on the paper tape are then split in order to obtain control paper for N.C. artwork, drill and insertion machines.A core-resident components library supplies all the required supplementary data, i.e. pads size, holes diameter, drawing symbols, etc.Important features of the system are:- exhausive controls of the layout against the schematic and v.v.;- very easily made and completely system controlled updating and/or correcting of both schematics and layout;- no significant limitations.Results obtained during first months of system's operation are reported; a cost reduction of about 50% and a turnaround time reduction of about 60% with respect to the manual system have been achieved.
On time sharing systems' performance...
Authors: Bernstein Sergio
Published: January 2007

"Evaluating the performance of a time sharing system is difficult."
The current status and future work of design automation in Japan
Authors: Su Stephen Y. H.
Published: January 2007

The Japanese computer industry is very active and has done a great deal of work in the Design Automation area. The author has had the opportunity to talk to some of the people working for the leading Japanese computer manufacturers.
GAZELLE
Authors: Sass W. H.
Published: January 2007

The "Gazelle" system is composed of a group of programs developed as tools* to aid the design engineer in the creation, simulation, analysis and test generation of digital logic. Gazelle is designed for use on an IBM 1130 computing system running under the "GLEAM" (Reference #1) multitask operating system. An IBM 2250 display console provides the engineer with the ability to interface with the computer in his development and simulation of a logic circuit.
Review of "Routeing according to a Structured Biplanar Scheme in Printed Boards, by G. Alia, G. Frosini and P. Maestrini", Computer Aided Design (July 1973).
Authors: Smith Rob
Published: January 2007

The problem described involves placement and interconnection of a single module type on two layer boards. Modules are assigned to one side of the board, with the legal locations forming a uniform grid. A channel-type routine scheme is used, with horizontal and vertical channels on separate layers.
Review of "A survey of computer hardware description languages in U.S.A. by Stephen Y. H. Su", to be published in COMPUTER, December 1974.
Authors: Su Stephen Y. H.
Published: January 2007

One important goal in digital engineering is to find a language which is descriptive, efficient for simulation and automatic hardware implementation purposes.In this paper, the different levels of CHDL (computer hardware description languages) are introduced. Existing CHDL are surveyed and the features of these languages are pointed out. A table lists the names of CHDL, the authors, and the references. It also points out what language each CHDL is adapted from and reports the status of the implementation of these languages. Suggestions for overcoming the difficulties of using CHDL for computer-aided system/logic design are given.