bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A sphericon-shaped magnetic millirobot rolling on a surface actuated by an external wobbling magnetic field
Authors: Jeon Seungmun
Published: January 2017

This paper proposes a novel sphericon-shaped magnetic millirobot (SSMM) that can roll on a variety of surfaces. The SSMM comprises four identical half cones with a cylindrical magnet inserted into the geometric center. It can roll forward or backward on a surface with repeated rolling cone motions (wobbling motions). Since a rolling SSMM develops its entire surface by means of line contact, a relatively large maximum static friction force can make the SSMM move on a surface steadily and effectively. In this work, a new type of external wobbling magnetic field (EWMF) was also derived to manipulate the SSMM’s rolling motions precisely. Then, the controlled rolling motions of prototype SSMMs under various surface conditions were demonstrated to examine the rolling ability of the proposed SSMM.
Epitaxial strain controlled magnetocrystalline anisotropy in ultrathin FeRh/MgO bilayers
Authors: Zheng Guohui , Ke San-Huang , Miao Maosheng , Kim Jinwoong , Ramesh R. , Kioussis Nicholas
Published: January 2017

Using ab initio electronic structure calculations we have investigated the effect of epitaxial strain on the magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) of ultrathin FeRh/MgO heterostructures. Analysis of the energy- and k-resolved distribution of the orbital character of the band structure reveals that MCA largely arises from the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) between dx2−y2 and dxz/dyz orbitals of Fe atoms at the FeRh/MgO interface. We demonstrate that the strain has significant effects on the MCA: It not only affects the value of the MCA but also induces a switching of the magnetic easy axis from perpendicular to in-plane direction. The mechanism is the strain-induced shifts of the SOC d-states. Our work demonstrates that strain engineering can open a viable pathway towards tailoring magnetic properties for antiferromagetic spintronic applications.
Design and analysis of a new flux-intensifying permanent magnet brushless motor with multilayer flux barriers
Authors: Yang Shen , Zhu Xiaoyong , Xiang Zixuan , Fan Deyang , Wu Wenye , Yin Jianing
Published: January 2017

This paper proposes a new flux-intensifying permanent magnet brushless motor for potential application in electric vehicles. The key of the proposed motor is to adopt the concept of flux-intensifying effect, thus the preferable flux-weakening ability and extended speed range can be achieved. The usage of segmented and relatively thinner permanent magnet (PM) in the proposed motor contributes to the increase of d-axis inductance Ld. In addition, the multilayer flux barriers along q-axis flux path will effectively decrease q-axis inductance Lq. As a result, the unique feature of Ld>Lq can be obtained, which is beneficial to extending the speed range of the proposed motor. Furthermore, the flux-intensifying effect can reduce the risk of irreversible demagnetization in PMs. The electromagnetic performances of the proposed motor are analyzed and investigated in details by using the finite element methods, which demonstrate the excellent flux-weakening capability and wide speed range can be achieved in the proposed FI-PMBL motor.
Electric-current-induced dynamics of bubble domains in a ferrimagnetic Tb/Co multilayer wire below and above the magnetic compensation point
Authors: Tanaka Masaaki , Sumitomo Sho , Adachi Noriko , Honda Syuta , Awano Hiroyuki , Mibu Ko
Published: January 2017

We investigated the electric-current-induced dynamics of bubble domains in a perpendicularly magnetized ferrimagnetic {Tb/Co}7 multilayer wire with a heavy-metal Pt cap layer. The {Tb/Co}7 wire with the transition-metal-dominant and rare-earth-dominant magnetizations was obtained by changing temperature. We found that the bubble domains moved to the electric current direction with growing in oblique angles when electric current pulses were applied. The oblique directions of the bubble-domain’s growth in the {Tb/Co}7 wire with the transition-metal-dominant and rare-earth-dominant magnetizations were opposite with each other. The micromagnetic simulations imply that these oblique growths are accounted by the spin injection from the Pt layer via the spin Hall effect.
Magnetic anisotropy in spherical Fe16N2 core–shell nanoparticles determined by torque measurements
Authors: Kita Eiji , Shibata Kenichi , Sasaki Yuji , Kishimoto Mikio , Yanagihara Hideto
Published: January 2017

The magnetic anisotropy energy for core–shell α”-Fe16N2 nanoparticles was evaluated by the rotational hysteresis loss obtained from magnetic torque measurements. The saturation magnetization of the α”-Fe16N2 core was deduced from volume fractions of α”-Fe16N2 determined by an analysis of a low-temperature Mossbauer spectrum. The saturation magnetization and the anisotropy energy were found to be 234 emu/cc and 6.9 Merg/cm3, respectively. These values coincide with those of bulk-like single-phase α”-Fe16N2 particles. This crystalline anisotropy is still smaller than the shape anisotropy of the thin films (2πMs2=20 Merg/cm3), and a perpendicular magnetic state is not expected for the thin-film form.
Effect of Mn Promoter on Structure and Performance of K-Co-Mo Catalyst for Synthesis of Higher Alcohols from CO Hydrogenation
Authors: Xie Wei , Ji Li-li , Zhou Ji-long , Pan Hai-bin , Zhu Jun-fa , Zhang Yi , Sun Song , Bao Jun , Gao Chen
Published: January 2017

A series of Mn-doped K-Co-Mo catalysts were prepared by a sol-gel method. The catalyst structure was well characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 physisorption, NH3 temperature-programmed adsorption, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The catalytic performance for higher alcohol synthesis from syngas was measured. It was found that the Mn-doped catalysts exhibited a much higher activity as compared to the unpromoted catalyst, and in particular the C2+ alcohol selectivity increased significantly. The distribution of alcohol products deviated from the Anderson-Schulz-Flory law. The portion of methanol in total alcohol was suppressed remarkably and the ethanol became the predominant product. Characterization results indicated that the incorporation of Mn enhanced the interaction of Co and Mo and thus led to the formation of Co-Mo-O species, which was regarded as the active site for the alcohol synthesis. Secondly, the presence of Mn reduced the amount of strong acid sites significantly and meanwhile promoted the formation of weak acid sites, which had a positive effect on the synthesis of alcohol. Furthermore, it was found that the incorporation of Mn can enhance the adsorption of linear- and bridge-type CO significantly, which contributed to the formation of alcohol and growth of carbon chain and thus increased the selectivity to C2+OH.
Self-suspended Pure Polydiacetylene Nanoparticles with Selective Response to Lysine and Arginine
Authors: Luo Jun , Fu Kai-yu , Dong Hai-yan , Chen Dao-yong
Published: January 2017

We demonstrate a very convenient access to self-suspended pure poly(10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid) (PDA) nanoparticles (NPs) simply by adding the ethanol solution of diacetylene monomer to water, followed by UV irradiation. The as-obtained PDA NPs are of high purity because no any initiator, catalyst or stabilizer was used during the whole process. The stabilizer-free PDA NPs are stable in the aqueous suspension. Due to the high purity and stability, the PDA NPs can respond sensitively and selectively to lysine and arginine among 18 kinds of water soluble natural amino acids; without the competitive interaction from the stabilizer, the sensitivity was enhanced.
Modulation of Self-healing of Polyion Complex Hydrogel by Ion-specific Effects
Authors: Liu Hui-li , Liu Guang-ming , Zhang Guang-zhao
Published: January 2017

We have prepared polyion complex (PIC) hydrogel consisting of poly(3-(methacryloylamino)propyl-trimethylamonium chloride) and poly(sodium p-styrenesulfonate) polyelectrolytes via a two-step polymerization procedure and have investigated specific ion effects on the self-healing of the PIC hydrogel. Our study demonstrates that the mechanical properties of the PIC hydrogel are strongly dependent on the type of the ions doped in the hydrogel. The ion-specific effects can be used to modulate the self-healing efficiency of the PIC hydrogel. As the doped anions change from kosmotrops to chaotropes, the self-healing efficiency of the PIC hydrogel increases. A more chaotropic anion has a stronger ability to break the ionic bonds formed within the hydrogel, leading to a higher efficiency during the healing.
Arabidopsis thaliana phytaspase: identification and peculiar properties
Authors: Chichkova Nina V. , Galiullina Raisa A. , Mochalova Larisa V. , Trusova Svetlana V. , Sobri Zulfazli M. , Gallois Patrick , Vartapetian Andrey B.
Published: January 2017

Phytaspases are plant cell death-related proteases of the subtilisin-like protease family that possess an unusual aspartate cleavage specificity. Although phytaspase activity is widespread in plants, phytaspase of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. has escaped detection and identification thus far. Here, we show that a single gene (At4 g10540) out of 56 A. thaliana subtilisin-like protease genes encodes a phytaspase. The recombinant phytaspase was overproduced in Nicotiana benthamiana Domin leaves, isolated, and its substrate specificity and properties were characterised. At pH 5.5, at physiological mildly acidic reaction conditions, the Arabidopsis phytaspase was shown to be strictly Asp-specific. The strongly preferred cleavage motifs of the enzyme out of a panel of synthetic peptide substrates were YVAD and IETD, while the VEID-based substrate preferred by the tobacco and rice phytaspases was almost completely resistant to hydrolysis. At neutral pH, however, the Arabidopsis phytaspase could hydrolyse peptide substrates after two additional amino acid residues, His and Phe, in addition to Asp. This observation may indicate that the repertoire of Arabidopsis phytaspase targets could possibly be regulated by the conditions of the cellular environment. Similar to tobacco and rice phytaspases, the Arabidopsis enzyme was shown to accumulate in the apoplast of epidermal leaf cells. However, in stomatal cells Arabidopsis phytaspase was observed inside the cells, possibly co-localising with vacuole. Our study thus demonstrates that the Arabidopsis phytaspase possesses both important similarities with and distinctions from the already known phytaspases, and is likely to be the most divergent member of the phytaspase family.
Potent neutralization of hepatitis A virus reveals a receptor mimic mechanism and the receptor recognition site
Authors: Wang Xiangxi , Zhu Ling , Dang Minghao , Hu Zhongyu , Gao Qiang , Yuan Shuai , Sun Yao , Zhang Bo , Ren Jingshan , Kotecha Abhay , Walter Thomas S. , Wang Junzhi , Fry Elizabeth E. , Stuart David I. , Rao Zihe
Published: January 2017

Significance

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) remains enigmatic, being unusually stable physically. Where the receptor binds and how the virion can be destabilized to release the genome are unknown. We report a potent HAV-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody, R10, that blocks receptor attachment and interferes with viral uncoating. We have determined high-resolution cryo-EM structures of HAV full particles, empty particles, and full particles complexed with R10 Fab, revealing that R10 binds to the viral surface along the edges of the pentameric building block of the virus, and these interactions are critical for receptor binding and viral uncoating. Our results point to the use of a receptor mimic mechanism to neutralize virus infection, highlighting new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Relative importance of βcyto- and γcyto-actin in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts
Authors: Patrinostro Xiaobai , O'Rourke Allison R. , Chamberlain Christopher M. , Moriarity Branden S. , Perrin Benjamin J. , Ervasti James M.
Published: January 2017

The highly homologous β (βcyto) and γ (γcyto) cytoplasmic actins are hypothesized to carry out both redundant and unique essential functions, but studies using targeted gene knockout and siRNA-mediated transcript knockdown to examine βcyto- and γcyto-isoform–­specific functions in various cell types have yielded conflicting data. Here we quantitatively characterized actin transcript and protein levels, as well as cellular phenotypes, in both gene- and transcript-targeted primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We found that the smooth muscle αsm-actin isoform was the dominantly expressed actin isoform in WT primary fibroblasts and was also the most dramatically up-regulated in primary βcyto- or β/γcyto-actin double-knockout fibroblasts. Gene targeting of βcyto-actin, but not γcyto-actin, led to greatly decreased cell proliferation, decreased levels of cellular ATP, and increased serum response factor signaling in primary fibroblasts, whereas immortalization induced by SV40 large T antigen supported fibroblast proliferation in the absence of βcyto-actin. Consistent with in vivo gene-targeting studies in mice, both gene- and transcript-targeting approaches demonstrate that the loss of βcyto-actin protein is more disruptive to primary fibroblast function than is the loss of γcyto-actin.
Mande Languages
Authors: Idiatov Dmitry
Published: January 2017

Mande languages are spoken across much of inland West Africa up to the northwest of Nigeria as their eastern limit. The center of gravity of the Mande-speaking world is situated in the southwest of Mali and the neighboring regions. There are approximately seventy Mande languages. Mande languages have long been recognized as a coherent group. Thanks to both a sufficient number of clear lexical correspondences and the remarkable uniformity in basic morphosyntax, the attribution of a given language to Mande is usually straightforward. The major subdivision within Mande is between Western Mande, which comprises the majority of both languages and speakers, and Southeastern Mande (aka Southern Mande or Eastern Mande, which are also the names for the two subbranches of Southeastern Mande), a comparatively small but linguistically diverse and geographically dispersed group. Traditionally, Mande languages have been classified as one of the earliest offshoots of Niger-Congo. However, their external affiliation still remains a working hypothesis rather than an established fact. One of the most well-known Mande languages is probably Bamana (aka Bambara), as well as some of its close relatives, which in nonlinguistic publications are sometimes indiscriminately referred to as Mandingo. Mande languages are written in a variety of scripts ranging from Latin-based or Arabic-based alphabets to indigenously developed scripts, both syllabic and alphabetic.
Acculturation and Health
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. , Unger Jennifer
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this book is to bridge “basic” theory and research on acculturation—that is, what acculturation is, how it operates, and what are the appropriate methods to study it—with “applied” acculturation research—that is, how acculturation affects various health behaviors and outcomes among migrant populations. This introductory chapter reviews current theory and research on acculturation and health and points to future directions for the field. We also propose some new ideas to help move the field forward. The chapter also lays out the structure of and goals for the book. Fundamental definitional issues regarding what acculturation is, and how it could relate to health outcomes, are covered.
Future Directions for Research on Acculturation and Health
Authors: Unger Jennifer , Schwartz Seth J.
Published: January 2017

This closing chapter reviews what we see as the contribution of the Handbook to the literature, as well as what we view as the major issues facing the study of acculturation and health. Issues enumerated include mismatches between acculturation theory and the ways in which acculturation is measured and studied in health and medical research; advances in measurement; appreciating the nuanced links between acculturation and health outcomes; expanding the array of migrant groups and receiving societies examined in acculturation and health research; studying acculturation among indigenous and colonized groups; incorporating acculturation into preventive and treatment interventions; and examining the mechanisms through linking acculturation with health outcomes. The chapter concludes with recommendations for moving the field forward.
Helping in Organizations: A Review and Directions for Future Research
Authors: Ehrhart Mark G.
Published: January 2017

Helping has long been a central component of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and yet our knowledge of the full spectrum of helping processes in organizations is limited. Most helping research in the OCB literature has focused on individuals’ tendencies to help across situations, including antecedents and outcomes of those general tendencies. Integrating across a number of related literatures on such topics as prosocial behavior, help seeking, feedback/advice seeking, and favor exchange, this chapter presents an integrative framework of helping processes organized around the key decisions of whether to seek help and whether to help when asked, as well as whether to offer help and whether to accept offered help. An exploration of the factors associated with these decisions identifies a number of topics that have not received full attention in the OCB literature, which can be studied across various types of help and levels of analysis.
History of African American Political Thought and Antiracist Critical Theory
Authors: Gooding-Williams Robert
Published: January 2017

The relationship between antiracist critical theory and the study of the history of African American thought merits consideration in light of an ongoing debate between anachronists and antiquarians about the relationship between the current practice of philosophy and the study of the history of philosophy. Contemporary antiracist critical theory is extensive and includes expansive genealogical and critical historical accounts of modern racism; racial and gender oppression; roles that policing, prison growth, and segregation play in perpetuating racial inequality; and appraisals of recent black politics—including the “Black Lives Matter” movement. Many of these efforts take up the history of African American political thought and complicate our understanding of the relationship between the issues that engage contemporary critical theorists and the issues that engaged some of their predecessors. Recent scholarship on the social and political thought of W. E. B. Du Bois is highly relevant to this comparison between critical theory and intellectual history.
Rights and Identity in Latin American Philosophy
Authors: Nuccetelli Susana
Published: January 2017

Two issues of Latin American political philosophy have attracted considerable attention. The first is controversy about human rights, prompted by the European expansions that took place during the Iberian Conquest and colonial ruling that followed, and today, by the phenomenon of contemporary globalization. The second issue concerns the identity of Latin Americans and their descendants abroad—namely, who they are as a people, and what they should be culturally and ethnically or racially. These questions have prompted Latin American philosophical theorizing since the early nineteenth-century Wars of Independence, to this day.
Minimalist Biological Race
Authors: Hardimon Michael O.
Published: January 2017

The minimalist concept of race represents the barest characterization of the ordinary concept race possible. Minimalist races are groups of human beings distinguished by patterns of visible physical features, groups whose members are linked by a common ancestry peculiar to members of the group, and which originate from a distinctive geographic location. Minimalist races exist because there are existing human groups that satisfy the minimalist concept of race. Their existence is not precluded by the findings of population genetics. Appeal to contemporary studies in evolutionary biology and population genetics makes it possible to rebut the objection that minimalist races do not exist because they are not genetically distinct.
“Race” in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Discourse by Africans in the Diaspora
Authors: Mosely Albert G.
Published: January 2017

Ideas of race in the discourse of Africans living in the shadow of the dominant colonialist racial theory(ies) included Ignatius Sancho, Olaudah Equiano, and Quobna Cugoano in eighteenth-century England; and David Walker, Martin Delaney, Alexander Crummell, Edward Blyden, and Frederick Douglas in nineteenth-century America. Africans in England were active in abolitionist causes and expressed outrage at callous treatment of slaves at sea. African American abolitionists argued against slavery with the use of both religious and scientific principles. Douglass argued for the existence of only one human race and extended his arguments against slavery to opposition to the exploitation of Asian workers in the “coolie” trade.
Gender Theory in Philosophy of Race
Authors: Zack Naomi
Published: January 2017

The subject of critical race theory is implicitly black men, and the main idea is race. The subject of feminism is implicitly white women, and the main idea is gender. When the main idea is race, gender loses its importance and when the main idea is gender, race loses its importance. In both cases, women of color, especially black women, are left out. Needed is a new critical theory to address the oppression of nonwhite, especially black, women. Critical plunder theory would begin with the facts of uncompensated appropriation of the biological products of women of color, such as sexuality and children.
Racial Profiling and the Political Philosophy of Race
Authors: Lever Annabelle
Published: January 2017

Philosophical reflection on racial profiling takes one of two forms. The first sees it as an example of “statistical discrimination,” raising the question of when, if ever, probabilistic generalizations about group behavior or characteristics can be used to judge particular individuals. The second is concerned with how racial profiling illuminates the reproduction of hierarchies of power and privilege based on skin color and morphology. Insights from both approaches can be synthesized to clarify what, if anything, is wrong with racial profiling and what broader conclusions for equality and security follow from the study of profiling.
Feeling Part of the Scene
Authors: Riches Gabby
Published: January 2017

What does it mean to be an extreme band in northern England? How do female and male metal musicians come to feel part of a scene that is continuously splintering into spatial fragments and social circles? What sorts of sensual and affective intensities emerge during these music making performances and practices? These questions, which remain peripheral within popular music, leisure, and metal music studies, are central to this chapter. Drawing upon the author’s ethnographic research of Leeds’s extreme metal scene, this chapter draws on feminist poststructuralism to examine how the fluctuating socio-spatial landscape of Leeds’ metal scene has impacted the lives of fourteen metal musicians in regards to their interpersonal band relationships, class and gendered identities, affective engagements in the scene, and commitments to their music making practices. A performative, nonrepresentational approach is used to highlight the multiplicity of ways leisure identities and music making practices and performances are experienced, produced, challenged, and emotionally negotiated.
A Consumer Behavior-Influenced Multidisciplinary Transcendent Model of Motivation for Music Making
Authors: Vaccaro Valerie L.
Published: January 2017

This chapter reviews multidisciplinary research from the fields of consumer behavior, humanistic and positive psychology, music education, and other areas to develop a new Transcendent Model of Motivation for Music Making. One’s “extended self” identity can be defined partly by possessions and mastery over objects, and objects can “complete” the self. Music making involves a person’s investment of “psychic energy,” including attention, time, learning, and efforts, and is a creative path which can lead to peak experiences and flow. Music making can help satisfy social needs, achieve self-actualization, experience self-transcendence, enhance well-being, strengthen spirituality, and improve the quality of life.
Sonic Participatory Cultures within, through, and around Video Games
Authors: O'Leary Jared , Tobias Evan
Published: January 2017

This chapter is concerned with the diverse ways that people engage with music or sound within, through, and around video games. It begins with a review of literature on games as a leisure activity and sonic space, followed by highlighting various frameworks of participatory cultures. The bulk of the chapter connects these participatory culture frameworks with examples of engagement in sonic participatory cultures and sonic participation within, through, and around video games. Although these categories of sonic participation are divided into three sections, the chapter concludes with a discussion on the overlapping nature of sonic participation and implications for leisure as sonic participation.
Well-Being and Music Leisure Activities through the Lifespan
Authors: Hallam Susan , Creech Andrea , Varvarigou Maria
Published: January 2017

Music constitutes a leisure activity for many people, either through listening or making music. For some, singing or playing constitutes a “serious” leisure activity while for others it is recreational. Similarly, listening for some is a hobby to which they devote considerable time and energy; for others it constitutes casual engagement. Despite these differences in forms and levels of engagement, music can have a considerable impact on subjective well-being. Well-being can be enhanced through listening while undertaking other tasks or through using music to change moods and emotions. However, music can cause distress when it is not to the liking of a listener and out of their control. Music can also play a role in the development and maintenance of identity through the kind of music listened to. Attending live music requires a greater level of interest but leads to similar benefits as active music making.
Trust and National Identity
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara , Miller David
Published: January 2017

This article examines evidence from social psychology and comparative social science on the trust-related effects of having a national identity. The starting hypothesis is that identities provide a foundation for extending trust by permitting those who share them to make assumptions about the motivations and intentions of others. The discussion in the article establishes that this hypothesis is empirically supported, and examines the trust-related effects of national identities in particular. We are attentive to the strength and quality of these identities, which correlate with how inclusive or exclusive they are. We then propose that public policy steers national identities in a culturally civic direction, emphasizing elements that are accessible to newcomers and minorities and downplaying those that are not.
Trust Games
Authors: Buskens Vincent , Frey Vincenz , Raub Werner
Published: January 2017

This article offers an overview of different variants of trust games and shows how game-theoretic modeling can contribute to an analysis of conditions for placing and honoring trust in such games. The focus is on explaining trust rather than on explaining consequences of trust for individual behavior or for outcomes such as societal cohesion or economic prosperity. Specifically, game-theoretic modeling allows for analyzing how the “embeddedness” of trust games in long-term relations between actors and in networks of relations can be a basis for informal norms and institutions of trust. Game-theoretic modeling also allows for analyzing actors’ incentives to modify embeddedness characteristics so that informal norms and institutions of trust become feasible. We discuss how game-theoretic models can be used to derive testable predictions for experiments with trust games and sketch empirical evidence from such experiments.
The Essays, Articles, and Lectures of Jack London
Authors: Wichlan Daniel J.
Published: January 2017

This essay categorizes and analyzes the nonfiction (essays, articles, and lectures) of Jack London providing summaries of key works in each category. An argument is made for this body of work as a representation of an autobiography. Conclusions regarding his political and social philosophies are drawn based on those categories of writing. Comparisons and contrasts are made with his fictional work including an examination of his motivations. The relationship between London’s writing and lecturing is examined both in terms of content and origin. The essay also provides the raw material to provide further characterizations of London as a public figure.
The Atavistic Nightmare
Authors: Newton Michael
Published: January 2017

This essay argues that Jack London’s fantastic tales hinge on a belief in the theory of recapitulation, and that a common concern with the past-haunted self characterizes these stories. Taking Before Adam (1906), “A Relic of the Pliocene” (1904), “When the World Was Young” (1913) and The Star Rover (1915), and the ghost stories, “Who Believes in Ghosts!” and “Planchette” (1906) and “The Eternity of Forms” (1910) as its examples, the essay shows how London returns again and again to people, objects, creatures who exist as echoes of the past. His is a “recapitulatory” imagination, and here selves are doubled with past selves. London pictures contemporary identity in this way to expose the crack in modernity, that it is in fact not modern at all, or only in so far as it is also primitive, a reprise.
The People of the Abyss
Authors: Hodson Sara S.
Published: January 2017

The People of the Abyss is Jack London’s study of the poor in the city of London, England, in 1902. This essay places the book in the context of earlier poverty studies by Joseph Tuckerman, Henry Mayhew, William Booth, Charles Loring Brace, Jacob Riis, Robert Blatchford, George Hawes, and others. The essay then considers four tensions within London’s book: between London’s roles as both observer and participant, between his affinity for the lower classes of his own origin and his new status as a successful writer and middle-class family man, between his feelings of both revulsion and sympathy for the poor, and between the docile and subservient poor and those who are spirited or rebellious in the face of charity. The interplay of these tensions enables London to portray vividly and examine fully the lives of the poor who inhabit the East End of the city of London.
Canine Narration
Authors: Glass Loren
Published: January 2017

This chapter counters the persistent tendency in Jack London criticism to allegorize the character of Buck in Call of the Wild, either as an avatar of the author or as a Jungian archetype. Returning to London1s stated intentions, and reading him alongside Charles Darwin’s The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, this essay argues that London was, first and foremost, interested in realistically rendering the cognitive capacities of dogs in their relations with humans as separate species linked along an evolutionary continuum. The essay concludes by putting Call of the Wild in dialogue with Jacques Derrida’s foundational “The Animal That Therefore I Am,” arguing that London1s Darwinian understanding of the shared emotional and cognitive capacities of dogs and humans complicates Derrida’s claim for the absolute alterity of other species.
The Facts of Life and Literature
Authors: Tichi Cecelia
Published: January 2017

Horrific experiences as a boy laborer prompted Jack London’s quest for—and public circulation of—factual data that is omnipresent in his fiction, essays, and lectures. His vast database ranged from newsprint accounts to reports of the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. London’s zeal for factual authenticity aligns him with contemporary investigative journalists (the muckrakers) and with the Progressive movement in which political figures (notably Wisconsin’s Robert La Follette) and professionals in medicine, economics, law, religion and other fields who sought to reform US society by presenting the dire facts of political corruption, child labor, dangerous workplaces, starvation wages, slum housing, the injustices of the criminal justice system—all topics in London’s oeuvre. London adhered to contemporary Upton Sinclair’s maxim that the true purpose of fiction is “to alter reality.” He strategically compounded factual data with emotional appeals in his career as a foremost American public intellectual.
“The Ragged Edge of Nonentity”
Authors: Durica Paul
Published: January 2017

In the late 1870s a body of writing on tramps began appearing in the same nationally circulating magazines that were publishing regional fiction. The chapter argues that this tramp literature presented a view of the nation that differed from the one found in regional fiction; as the tramp circulated, he encountered a country seamless in its geography and connected by commerce. These articles also offered a different representation of the tramp. Often criminalized, the tramp became in print a homegrown, thoroughly modern figure. By the early 1900s, Jack London could produce the first writing on tramps to have the qualities of “literature,” marking this transformation of the tramp from social problem into a source of romantic possibility.
Jack London and Physical Culture
Authors: Baggett Paul
Published: January 2017

As tempting as it may be to situate the author of such titles as “The Strength of the Strong,” The Abysmal Brute, and The Call of the Wild among the Bernarr Macfaddens of his day, a closer examination of London’s career reveals he held a much more pessimistic view of physical culture’s ideals than many might assume. While he shared his contemporaries’ interest in maintaining corporeal well-being, he also realized that maintaining physical strength was far less powerful than the pen. But even more, he discovered that in his efforts to forge new political ground, the precarious nature of the literary marketplace, and the strength of American consumerism were often more powerful than any one body could handle.
“See Things in New Ways”
Authors: Horwitz Howard
Published: January 2017

Like many socialists, but unlike someone like Edward Bellamy, London explains the process by which people’s political “method of thinking” changes. London’s “How I Became a Socialist” formulates a model of conversion that most of us might find curious. London treats political commitments and faith as passions with a physiological basis. London pairs “socialism” with terms that designate tribal affiliation. If being a socialist is like being “Teutonic” and “Christian,” then political affiliation is a species of religious faith, and political and religious affiliation operate as tribal affiliation, suggesting a biologistic basis. In London’s analogy, one’s commitment to a set of beliefs is akin to one’s alliance to others of like kind.
The Man and the Myth
Authors: Roetzel Calvin J.
Published: January 2017

This essay compares Paul’s human profile with that of the mythic apostle portrayed in both canonical and non-canonical sources. It highlights Paul’s formative years in Tarsus, his urban, Hellenistic background, the Greek he learned, and the philosophy he engaged in a diverse cultural setting. His Diaspora Jewish upbringing, schooling, scriptural study, and religious observance engaged his Hellenistic world in a vital reciprocity that was life-changing. On the other hand, both canonical and non-canonical materials conspired to portray another Paul of myth and legend. This image focused on but was not limited to portraying the mythic Paul—Paul as miracle worker, the celibate Paul, and Paul as martyr. Rather than juxtaposing the portrait of the mythic against the historical Paul, casting one as ‘true’ the other ‘false’, this essay suggests that both versions collaborate to offer a portrait that is more real and theologically nuanced than either taken alone.
Interest Groups
Authors: McCauley Darren
Published: January 2017

State-centric Anglo-American studies continue to dominate the interest group landscape (Baumgartner and Leech, 1998; Jordan and Maloney, 2007; Truman, 1951). As a commanding “outside-in” pressure on French scholarship, a long debate on defining France on the pluralism–corporatism spectrum has ensued (Keeler and Hall, 2001; Wilson, 1987; 2008). The exceptional nature of interest representation in France has inspired a plethora of state-centric modeling. This chapter argues that an “inside-out” influence is gaining momentum, whereby French political sociological accounts underline the primacy of group behavior (Courty, 2006; Offerlé, 2009; Mathieu, 2009). Active in Europeanization research (Saurugger, 2009), and social movement theory (Fillieule and Tartakowsky, 2014), French scholars are leading the way in bringing the debate on interest representation beyond Anglo-American state-centric models.
Republicanism
Authors: Mény Yves
Published: January 2017

Republicanism, républicanisme: these apparently similar concepts hide substantial divergences on both sides of the Atlantic. While in the Anglo-American world the debate focuses on the historical tradition of liberty that republicanism is supposed to express best, the French historiography and the political discussion about republican values and myths tend to consider equality as the pivotal theme. This divergence has to do with the nature and development of the English, American, and French revolutions. While the conversation about the meaning and the implications of the concepts give rise to passionate debates among both scholars and policymakers, the exchanges between the two are quite scarce. In France, the republican ideal/ideology has had an overwhelming influence. Since the nineteenth century it has permeated all dimensions of public debate and the development of public institutions and policies. It is also an instrument for the exclusion of groups, parties, and movements that do not fully share this vision.
France and the Evolution of European Integration
Authors: Parsons Craig
Published: January 2017

France and Europe is a topic we might expect to connect poorly to broader scholarship. The EU is often described as sui generis, and France’s role in it has arguably been unique. Yet the opposite is true. Of all the literatures on French politics covered in this volume, that on the French relationship to European integration may be most connected to scholarship beyond the French case. Early theories of integration theorized France as similar to other countries. Later work on “Europeanization” consistently situates France in comparative perspective. In both phases the French case has had an outsized impact on broader theoretical debates. This topic area has also seen the emergence of the most internationally prominent French approach to politics; the political sociology approach.
Varieties of Capitalism
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: January 2017

This chapter reviews the “varieties of capitalism” (VOC) literature on comparative political economy alongside the development of French political economy scholarship and the evolution of Western capitalism through this body of work. It shows that, although France has a distinct kind of capitalism from other Western countries, particularly in this period of crisis, and that French scholars have used the “French touch” to assess political economy issues through the lens of discourse/“référentiel,” ideas, and institutions, the French case has been incorporated in comparative VOC theory-building. Indeed, the French model is under the same global economic challenges and is enmeshed in Europeanization, like other capitalist economies. Today, the lines between comparative VOC and French work have become more fuzzy, as French scholars increasingly include insights from recent VOC scholarship into their own work and have simultaneously influenced this newer comparative work.
French Aid Through the Comparative Looking Glass
Authors: Cumming Gordon D.
Published: January 2017

There is now a vast comparative literature on Northern development assistance, its purposes, composition, structures, motives, and effectiveness. These writings often include French aid within their comparative framework. But they present a mixed picture of the French case, with qualitative studies portraying it as “deviant,” and variable-led analyses viewing it as “representative.” Drawing on specialist interviews, this chapter challenges these comparative perspectives and, at a time when fresh approaches to international development are desperately needed, paves the way for wider consideration of French ideas on aid. It begins with an overview of the comparative literature on Northern aid before reviewing the comparative scholarship on French assistance. It shows how these writings have missed out on the agenda-setting dimension of French aid, notably its capacity to act as a “model” for other donors and lay the groundwork for future comparative research. It concludes by reconciling “conflicting” views of the French case.
The State Imperative
Authors: Hayward Jack
Published: January 2017

This chapter argues that the pervasive sense of national decline among French public opinion can only be appreciated if it is judged against the elevated height of state self-esteem over previous centuries. Since the stabilization of the political regime in the second half of the twentieth century, the state has regressed as the overarching and unifying political framework, reversing its traditional standing. Now, many of the traditional state culture’s assumptions are no longer valid, creating a disjunction between expectations about what the state should do and what it can do. While those who speak on behalf of the state endeavor to sustain the myth of its sovereignty, their credibility has become increasingly implausible as the long process of state-building has been unwinding. Thus, France remains exceptional in terms of its norms and ideas about the state, even if it is no longer exceptional in terms of the behavior of the state.
Carbon Capture and Storage
Authors: Macrory Richard
Published: January 2017

The capture and long-term storage of carbon dioxide from power plants and other industrial installations may prove a key technology in climate change abatement strategies. Regulatory frameworks for carbon capture and storage (CCS) are now being developed in a number of jurisdictions. The European Union produced the first comprehensive legislation on the subject in 2009, which provides a compelling example of challenges associated with the design of regulation dealing with a novel technology. This chapter identifies three issues, each of which reflects aspects of regulatory legitimacy: the extent to which states within a federal or quasi-federal system should have the legal discretion to reject a technology; the way in which regulation provides for opportunities for public participation and engagement in issues concerning the new technology; and whether, and at what point, the state should assume responsibility for storage sites, given the long timescales necessary for secure storage.
Experimental Firing and Re-firing
Authors: Daszkiewicz Malgorzata , Maritan Lara
Published: January 2017

Ceramics are by definition inorganic non-metallic materials, formed from a powder and by firing converted to a permanent solid mass. Firing is thus a sine qua non for the creation of a ceramic product. This chapter discusses the mineralogical changes and the changes in physical properties which occur in raw materials during the firing process. Experimental firing (in the laboratory and in the field) is a method used to examine the relationship between the properties of ceramic products and raw materials as well as firing conditions. Re-firing, as opposed to experimental firing, involves the firing of ancient ceramic fragments in the laboratory. This procedure enables ancient ceramics to be classified by the type of plastic raw material used in their manufacture and also provides an estimation of equivalent original firing temperature.
Organic Inclusions
Authors: Mariotti Lippi Marta , Pallecchi Pasquino
Published: January 2017

Organic inclusions in ceramics may occur naturally in clay deposits or be intentionally added to the paste as temper. In the first case, the inclusions are composed of entire microscopic organisms and/or parts of microscopic and macroscopic plants and animals found in the local environment. In the second case, the plant or animal tempers are specifically selected, used alone or mixed with other organic or inorganic tempers, and come from a wide variety of geographic and ecological contexts. During firing, organic compounds undergo partial to complete destruction; charred organic materials or their heat-resistant remnants are nevertheless useful for the identification of their origin. The use of different tempers provides valuable information about ceramic technologies and regional potting traditions. In addition, organic inclusions may demarcate the geographical area of ceramic manufacture, the depositional environment of the clay, and/or ancient agricultural practices in the area of production.
Ceramic Raw Materials
Authors: Montana Giuseppe
Published: January 2017

Any ceramic object represents the result of a well-structured production chain starting with the localization and the exploitation of a suitable raw material and ending with the artisanship and craftsmanship of the potter. The study of ceramic raw materials has been increasingly regarded in archaeometric research as the best starting point for identifying local paste recipes for pottery diachronically produced in any historical period. The classification of a ceramic paste and its assignment to a production center can be established more easily when ceramic sherds, kiln wasters, and raw material are studied in combination. The reconstruction of the “production chain” should facilitate the study of specific kiln sites or wider regional ceramic circulation. The chapter deals with the most relevant compositional and physical properties of clayey ceramic raw materials. Mineralogical and chemical compositions are discussed together with some characteristic properties such as plasticity, swelling, flocculation, and experimental texts.
The Eighteenth-Century Psalm
Authors: Lewis Jayne Elizabeth
Published: January 2017

Integral to both Anglican liturgy and nonconformist devotional practice in the eighteenth century, the “Englished” Psalm supplied a common currency between competing but increasingly compatible confessional groups. The Psalms also turn up everywhere in emergent, nonreligious literary genres. In both settings, the Psalms calibrated signature speech acts of imprecation, petition, and praise with lexical praxes that a commercialized print culture made not only possible and common but visible and adjustable by individual writers and readers. A novel experimental culture of the English Psalms held unprecedented potential to turn class, credal, and historical division into unity but also posed uniquely “modern” perils. While the Psalms could now be experienced directly as sources of freedom and pleasure available to a wide range of Christian readers and writers, they also potentially transferred the experience of pleasure from a many-personed God to printed English words.