bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Southern Green Stink Bug, 1988
Authors: Mink J. S. , Boethel D. J.
Published: March 2022

Selected insecticides were tested for control of stink bugs, primarily Southern green stink bugs, in 2 separate experiments. In Test 1, plots were 50 ft long by 8, 36-inch rows. Insecticides were applied to ‘Forrest’ soybean (R5) on 6 Sep. In Test 2, plots were 40 ft long by 8, 36-inch rows. Insecticides were applied to ‘Forrest’ soybean (R6) on 22 Sep. Both tests were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 18 gal of finished product/acre at 30 psi through 8002 nozzles. Insects were sampled with a 15-inch-diam sweep net at 2, 7, and 14 DAT in Test 1 and at 2 and 7 DAT in Test 2. Test 1 received 0.53 inches of rain between 2 and 7 DAT and 1.17 inches between 8 and 14 DAT. No rain fell during Test 2.
Control of an Agromyzid 1987
Authors: Talekar N. S. , Huang C. C.
Published: March 2022

‘AGS 66’ soybean breeding line was planted in 3- by 3.3-m plots 2 Oct at the experimental farm of the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, in southern Taiwan. There were 10 treatments replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Predetermined quantities of insecticide formulations were diluted in water and sprayed on designated plots with a 10-liter air pressure sprayer charged to 2.7 kg/cm2 (40 psi) and fitted with a cone-type nozzle. A 0.5-liter spray volume (50% of the designated quantity of the active ingredient) was applied to each plot during the first 4 applications; 1 liter/plot (1,000 liters/ha) was applied during the rest. Spraying was done on 8, 12, 14, 21, and 28 Oct and 4 and 11 Nov. Insecticide efficacy evaluation was performed 27 Oct and 17 Nov. Thirty plants at random were uprooted from each plot. Each plant was cut open and the number of larvae and pupae found within the stems was recorded. Likewise, the number of plants with visible agromyzid damage, including those without larvae or pupae, was also recorded. At harvest on 11 Jan 1988 seed yield of each plot was recorded.
Sugarbeet Root Maggot Control, 1987
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Sugarbeets were grower planted on 6 Apr near Minidoka, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and irrigation was by hand line sprinklers. A representative area of the field was selected for the insecticide plots. Eleven treatments and an untreated control were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 6 rows (22-inch spacing) by 25 ft with 5-ft alleys between plots. Six treatments were applied at planting either as a modified in-furrow narrow band or as a 5-inch band treatment. Modified in-furrow treatments consisted of a 1-inch band of material being mixed with the soil covering the seed. Band applications were applied above the seed and lightly incorporated. Two band treatments were applied at first adult emergence on 5 May (cultivation) and 3 band applications were made at peak adult activity on 22 May. On 8 Jul, 10 beets/plot were dug from nonyield data rows, washed, and rated for root maggot damage. The rating scale was 0, no scars; 1, 1-4 small scars of pinhead size; 2, 5-10 small scars to 3 large scars; 3, more than 3 large scars; 4, one-half to three-quarters of the root area blackened by scars; 5, more than three-quarters of root area damaged. Root maggot damage is reported as the sum of the ratings for 10 beets/plot. Yield data were taken by digging, topping, and weighing the untared beets from the center 2 plot rows on 30 Sep. Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Sugarcane Borer Control, 1988
Authors: Wier A. T. , Bessin R. T. , Reagan T. E. , Leblanc E. J.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen insecticide treatments were applied in a 5-replicate, randomized block experiment of third ratoon SCB-susceptible sugarcane at the St. Gabriel Research Station in Iberville Parish, La. Plots (0.004 ha) consisted of 3 rows on 1.8 m centers by 7.4 m. Spray mixture was applied to the canopy with backpack sprayers (pressure and output approximately 14 psi and 260 liter/ha, respectively). Biosafe was applied during light rain (applications 1 and 2) or in the evening before dew formed (application 3) within 24 h of other treatment applications. Javelin granules were applied from a shaker jar (1 pt mason jar with 5-mm holes in top) over the canopy. Insecticides were applied initially (15 Aug) when SCB larvae sampled randomly exceeded the 5% economic threshold of stalks with live SCB larvae in leaf sheaths. Two other applications were made (31 Aug and 19 Sep) when infestation levels in plots treated with Guthion 2 L at 0.75 lb (AI)/acre exceeded the 5% threshold. Season-long control was evaluated 24 Oct by examining 25 stalks randomly selected from the center of each plot for SCB entrance and exit holes.
Lygus Bug Control and Effects on Predators, 1988
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Babcock J. M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet grain lupin was seeded at 270 lb/acre in 11-inch rows near Waitsburg, Walla Walla County, Wash. Ten treatments, including the control, were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design of 0.01-acre plots. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a 4-ft spray boom calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi. Four 8003 flat-fan nozzles at 19-inch spacings were used on the spray boom. The first treatment was made 1 Jul at 50% primary bloom followed by a second treatment 21 Jul. Populations were estimated from 5 180° sweeps on 1, 7, 15, 21, and 28 Jul with a 15-inch-diam sweep net. A count of MPB was not made on the 1 Jul sampling date.
Insecticidal Activity of Products Applied for Control of Tobacco Cyst Nematodes, 1988
Authors: Johnson C. S.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots consisting of 1 border row and 1 40-ft test row (24 plants) were established on 4-ft centers in a field infested with a tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera tabacum subsp. solanacearum (Miller and Gray) Stone, at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va. The soil was an Appling sandy loam (pH 6.1, 2-7% slope, 1.2% organic matter). Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Liquid nematocides were applied on 29 Apr (air temperature 64°F, soil temperature 55°F, 25% soil moisture) using a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with 8003LP nozzles spaced 20 inches apart. Sprayed treatments were applied at 25 psi to attain a delivery volume of 32 gal/acre. Liquid nematocides were incorporated by disking immediately after treatment. Temik 15 G treatments were applied using a Gandy apparatus mounted to a pushcart. Preplanting Temik treatments were applied 2 May and incorported by bedding the soil immediately after treatment. Temik sidedress treatments were applied on 19 May and incorporated immediately by cultivation of the bed. ‘Coker 319’ tobacco was transplanted into the field on 3 May. Supplemental irrigation was applied 69 and 78 d after transplanting. Fertilizer and other cultural and pest control practices conformed to recommendations of the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Five plants/plot were examined 24 d after transplanting for number of flea beetles and number of flea beetle holes on the most damaged leaf.
Tobacco Budworm, Tobacco Hornworm, and Aphid Control, 1988
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Padgett M. , Sumner S. M.
Published: March 2022

‘NC2326’ tobacco was transplanted at the Bowen Farm site at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga., 28 Apr in a field of Ocilla loamy sand soil. Plots 4 rows wide (44 inches apart) by 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows and blocks were separated by 5-ft vacant alleys. Six insecticide treatments were applied 8 Aug with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 9.5 gal formulation/acre at 48 psi. A single TX-12 hollow-cone nozzle was placed directly over the center of each row. Numbers of live hornworms and budworms/9 plants on row 2 of each plot, and M. nicotianae/4 upper leaves on plants 3 and 6 of row 2, were recorded 2, 7, and 14 DAT.
Control of Myzus Nicotianae, 1988
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed T. David , Barnes Martha L.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va. Treatment plots were single 40-ft rows of ‘Coker 319’ tobacco planted on 4-ft centers. Eight treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows, and blocks were separated by 5-ft vacant alleys. On 9 Aug, treatments were applied as foliar sprays with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 24 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3 TX-10 spray nozzles/row. X-77 spreader (8 fl oz/100 gal) was added to one Orthene treatment and to the RH-7988 treatments. Ten infested plants in each plot were marked with red spray paint. M. nicotianae counts were made between the fourth and sixth lateral veins on the abaxial right side of 4 upper leaves on the marked plants on 9 Aug and 12 Aug. On 12 Aug M. nicotianae injury and the presence of sooty mold were rated on a scale of 0 to 7 (0, no signs of aphid or aphid damage; 7, severe damage). Count data were transformed to log10(x + 1) for ANOVA.
Grasshopper Control, 1987
Authors: Johnson Gregory D. , Lester Donald G. , Jackson Grant D.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of a liquid systemic insecticide to protect winter wheat from grasshoppers was evaluated at the Central Montana Agricultural Research Center, Moccasin, Mont. A 300-ft by 300-ft field was planted 2 Sep in ‘Neeley,’ at 16-18 seeds/ft of row using a 6-shank (7-ft wide) Noble drill. Liquid Furadan was applied in the seed furrow through a microtube injection system mounted directly on the seed drill. Each nozzle on the injection system delivered 1 ml/30 s at 20 psi. The outside 6 rows of the field were divided into plots measuring 7 (6 rows) by 100 ft. Three treatments, Furadan 4 F at 0.375 and 0.5 lb (AI)/acre and an untreated control, were assigned in a completely randomized design to these border plots. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Furadan was applied to the next 6 rows at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre. The remainder of the field was untreated. Treatment evaluations were based on the number of damaged plants/ft of row at 10 locations randomly chosen within each treated and untreated plot and untreated interior. Counts were transformed by log(x + 1). Numbers shown in the table are actual means.
Spray Volume Trial, 1986
Authors: Pfeiffer D. G. , Ponton L. F. , Varn M.
Published: March 2022

Savey 50 W (hexythiazox) was applied in 3 different volumes of water: 189.2, 473.1, and 946.2 liters/ha. Each plot consisted of 0.1 ha. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted Swanson airblast sprayer at pink stage of bud development (9 Apr). An additional plot consisted of an untreated control. Mites were sampled from 4 trees/treatment. One 20-leaf replicate was collected from each tree on each sampling date. Mites were removed from leaves with a leaf-brushing machine and counted under a binocular microscope.
Summer Control of Japanese Beetle, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on a golf course fairway in Lewistown, Pa. The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 by 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and powder formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi at delivering spray at 5 gal/1,000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade of sand top dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (30 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.25-1.25 inches; soil type, sandy clay loam; soil particle size analysis: 55% sand, 24% silt, 21% sand; soil moisture, 16.8%; organic matter, 2.7%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 5.1; 6.5 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 27 DAT (26 Sep). Three sod samples of 1 ft2 each were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Control of Bluegrass Billbug, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on plots at University Park, Pa. The field plots consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass. Treatment plots were 9 x 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and powder formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi and delivering spray at 5 gal/1,000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker, and mixed with a fine grade of sand top dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (15 May) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 75°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 66°F; RH, 60%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 35% sand, 41% silt, 24% sand; soil moisture condition, moist; organic matter, 2.0%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.7; 5.4 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made at 62 DAT (18 July). Bluegrass billbug control was evaluated by removing 4 0,087-ft2 sod samples from each replicate, and total bluegrass billbug life stages (larvae, pupae, adults) were recorded from each sample and converted to a square-foot count. Sod samples were removed with a 4-inch cup cutter.
Control of Green Peach Aphids, 1988
Authors: Warkentin Dennis
Published: March 2022

Plants were grown vegetatively in an 85°F greenhouse. Each 6-inch pot contained 3 plants growing in Metro Mix 500 media. All pots were placed in an insectary colony of green peach aphids until well infested. Spray applications were made to point of leaf wetness with hand-held mist bottles. Efficacy evaluations were made before treatment and 2-3 d after each of 2 applications by counting all aphids on each replicate pot. There were 4 replicates/treatment. Phytotoxicity observations were made throughout the trial.
Control of Black Vine Weevil, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

A large taxus (20 m circumference) growing at the Secrest Arboretum in Ohio was used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against black vine weevil adults. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 psi with a Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments to run-off to 91-cm-wide sections of the plant. Treatments were separated by an equally wide buffer area. Sprays were applied 24 Jul under sunny skies, 33°C, and 0-8 km/h breeze. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 49 DAT by randomly clipping 6 8-12-cm sprigs from each treatment area. Two sprigs were placed in each of 3 9- by 16-cm cylindrical paper cartons fitted with nylon organdy cloth lids, along with 5 ovipositing weevils. Mortality was assessed 72 h after placing weevils with foliage. Moribund weevils were fed unsprayed foliage for an additional 96 h before final mortality counts were made.
Avid Trunk Injection as a Control for Elm Leaf Beetle, 1988
Authors: Harrell Mark O. , Pierce Philip A.
Published: March 2022

Ten Siberian elms along a street in Omaha, Nebr., were used in this test. The trees ranged (at 4.5 ft) from 6.5 to 18.5 inches diam and were approximately 25 ft tall. Trees were paired along the row into 5 replicates. An Avid treatment and an untreated control were assigned randomly within each replicate. The Avid treatment was applied by injecting 0.8 ml of Avid 0.15 EC (2.0% AI) into holes drilled into the trunk near the ground. The number of holes was determined by dividing the circumference of the trunk at 4.5 ft by 4. Each hole was one-quarter inch diam and approximately 1 inch deep. The holes were spaced evenly around the trunk. Treatments were applied and initial tree crown foliage ratings were made on 5 Jul, when considerable defoliation by the first generation of the elm leaf beetles had already occurred. Crown foliage ratings were made on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 indicating no defoliation and 1 indicating very heavy defoliation. Posttreatment crown ratings were made on 24 Aug using the same 1-10 scale. Second- and third-instar larvae were collected on 15 Jul from neighboring untreated trees and placed in cages (10/cage) in the laboratory on foliage from the 10 test trees. Survival of the larvae in each cage was recorded on 18 Jul. For the previous 6 months, rainfall had been 26% below normal. From 1 Jul through 31 Aug, rainfall was 4.0 inches, 48% below normal.
Spruce Spider Mite Control on Fraser Fir, State College, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Fraser fir (1-2 m high) growing at a Christmas tree plantation in State College, Pa., were used to evaluate acaricides against spruce spider mites. Treatments were assigned to heavily infested trees at random and consisted of 4 single-tree replicates. Pretreatment counts indicated 182 mites/single-tree sample. Treatments were applied with a KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on setting 3 for 40 s, delivering 910 ml of finished spray/tree. The first application was made to all trees 21 May under cloudy skies, 18°C, and 8-16 km/h breeze. A second spray was applied to some of the trees 2 Jun under partly sunny skies, 27°C, and 0-16 km/h breeze. Treatments were evaluated 1, 2, 4, and 8 wk after the second application by removing four 10-15-cm-long lateral branch tips from each of the 4 replicates/treatment. Samples were transported in coolers or insulated boxes and shipped by overnite carrier. All samples were immediately processed by passing them through a mite brush 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween 20. The number of live mites was counted with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Bagworm Control on Juniper, 1987
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Coffelt M. A.
Published: March 2022

Bagworm control measures were evaluated on container-grown junipers. Treatments were applied to run-off on 7 Jul, using a 1-gal B & G compressed-air sprayer operating at 30 psi. One h after application, 15 bagworm larvae collected from a bagworm-infested white pine were placed on each of 3 replicates/treatment. Bagworms were collected 7 DAT and subjected to high temperature (>100°F) in the laboratory. Mortality was determined by counting the number of larvae that failed to become active 30 min after initiation of temperature stress. Temperature at application was 89°F, and plants were watered daily for 20 min using an overhead sprinkler system.
Spring Control of Pine Needle Scale on Scotch Pine in Centre County, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Twenty-four treatments were evaluated to control the spring generation crawlers of pine needle scale on heavily infested 5-6-ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied to 4-tree replicates. Foliar sprays were applied by using a 412 Solo Master mistblower. 303 ml of each treatment was applied to each replicate (100 gal/acre). Treatments were applied 22 May. At treatment time the following conditions existed: air temperature, 72°F; 60% RH; water pH 7.0; skies were clear and sunny. At 10 DAT (1 Jun), at least 5 infested needle fascicles were removed randomly from each tree. Fascicles were then individually placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler to the laboratory, where the viability of the first 100 nymphs observed under a stereo dissecting microscope was determined. Counts were always made from a minimum of 5 fascicles.
Control of Bagworm on Eastern White Pine, 1987
Authors: Miller Fredric D.
Published: March 2022

Bagworm control was evaluated by selecting 8-ft-wide sections of a 100-ft row of similar 20-ft-tall eastern white pine trees of size and similar infestation level. Insecticides were applied to run-off at labeled rates on 16 Jun using a Lockwood-Meyers Hardy Sprayer at 400 psi. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Temperature at the time of treatment was 75°F and wind velocity was 0-5 mph. Mortality was determined by randomly selecting 20 bagworms from each replication at 2, 7, 14, and 19 DAT. Visual examination for larval movement and dissection of the bag were used to determine mortality.
Control of Pine Needle Scale, On Scotch Pine, Loudonville, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Scotch pines (0.5-1 m tall), growing in a Christmas tree plantation in Loudonville, Ohio, infested with first-generation pine needle scales were chosen for evaluating efficacy of selected pesticides against scale crawlers. Spray applications were made 18 May using a KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on aperture setting 3 for 30 s and delivering 600 ml of finished spray to each of 4 replicate trees/treatment. Conditions were sunny, 24°C, and 13-26 km/h breeze. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated at 8 and 13 DAT by collecting 5 needle fascicles from each tree. Needles were placed in coin envelopes and transported in a cooler to the laboratory, where viability of 100 crawlers for each sample was determined with the aid of a dissecting microscope. Counts were made from all 5 needle fascicles (first 20 nymphs observed on each).
Control of Second-Generation Pine Needle Scale, Burton, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Scotch pines (1-2 m tall) growing in a Christmas tree plantation in Burton, Ohio, infested with pine needle scale were chosen for evaluating pesticides against scale crawlers. Sprays were applied 21 Jul using a KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on aperture setting 3 for 30 s and delivering 600 ml of finished spray to each of 4 replicate trees/treatment. Conditions were sunny, 34°C, and 6-16 km/h breeze. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated at 13 DAT by removing 5 needle fascicles from each tree. Needles were placed in coin envelopes and transported in a cooler to the laboratory, where mortality was assessed with the aid of a dissecting microscope. Counts were made from all 5 needle fascicles (first 20 nymphs observed on each).
Laboratory Screening of Insect Growth Regulators, 1988
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on pear seedlings (from open pollinated ‘Bartlett’ seeds) growing in 4-inch pots. Seedlings were infested with PP eggs by caging 25 adults on each for 5 d. Treatments were applied with a hand-operated atomizer sprayer to the point of heavy drip. In one test seedlings were sprayed with water dilutions of candidate pesticides 1 d before adults were caged on them. In another test infested seedlings were sprayed when about one-half of the eggs had hatched. In both tests 5 serial dilutions of each pesticide were evaluated. Five infested seedlings were sprayed with water only to provide controls for each test. Treated seedlings with PP eggs and nymphs were held in a growth room at 75°F and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) for 17 d. Then, treatments were evaluated by counting the remaining eggs and live and dead nymphs on the entire seedling with a binocular dissecting microscope. Eggs that appear normal after 17 d were considered nonviable. Percentage mortality was calculated and data were corrected for check mortality by Abbott’s formula. Two sets of tests were conducted with the most active compounds.
Control of Peachtree Rorer on Tart Cherry, 1988
Authors: Biddinger D. J. , Howitt A.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied to 5-yr-old ‘Montmorency’ tart cherry trees in a commercial orchard near Sutton’s Bay, Mich. Treatments consisted of trees replicated 5 times in a completely randomized design. Materials were applied dilute to runoff to the lower trunk and to the soil in a 1-ft radius around the trunk until each area was soaked. Dates of application were 25 May (petal fall)–peak first-generation American plum borer emergence, 17 Jun–peak lesser peachtree borer emergence, and 25 Jul–peak peachtree borer emergence. Trees were evaluated by digging up the soil around the trunks with garden trowels to a depth of 10 inches and carefully examining the soil for larvae. Then the crown and upper roots were carefully examined for old and new damage and larvae. New damage was distinguished from old by the presence of fresh reddish frass and gummosis. Old damage had either no frass or dark brown frass and no gummosis. Extensive surface damage and tunneling meant that the larvae often had to be excavated with hammers and wood chisels from the roots. A damage rating of 0-3 was assigned for no, slight, moderate, and heavy damage and averaged as an index of values 1-3. This index does not distinguish between old and new damage.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Biddinger D. J. , Howitt A.
Published: March 2022

A completely randomized design of 4 rows of berries for each treatment was used. Each row was about 50 ft long with 12 bushes, and each treated row had an untreated buffer row between it and other treated rows. Materials were applied dilute to runoff by handgun at 400 gal/acre starting at petal fall on 13 Jun and again on 27 Jun. Evaluation for both pests consisted of examining 100 randomly sampled berry clusters/block for a total of 400 clusters/treatment. An attempt at evaluating a high population of blueberry maggot this year indicated the need to set up large blocks to test this highly mobile pest. As it was, the adults picked up traces of all chemicals tested during their movements, one of which or in combinations killed most.
Field Evaluation, 1986
Authors: Mayse M. A. , Carr W. C.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticidal treatments were tested for efficacy against WGLS larvae. Plots were located in a 1-acre section of 30-yr-old ‘Thompson Seedless’ vines on the Fresno Research Farm. A randomized complete block design consisting of 5 treatments with 4 replicates was used. Each replicate included 5 treated vines along with 2 treated buffer vines. Treatments were applied to foliage on 8 Jul using a single-nozzle hand wand connected to a tractor-towed, pressurized (60 psi) 35-gal tank spray rig. Spray volume was 200 gal/acre. Direct observation counts of WGLS larvae on the middle 5 vines in each plot were made 1 day before treatment and on 4 dates after treatment.
Control Test, 1987
Authors: Reimer Neil J. , Beardsley J. W.
Published: March 2022

In Experiment 1, treatments of Lorsban 4 EC, Lorsban 15 G, and Asana 1.9 EC were tested on plowed pineapple fields on Lanai Island, Hawaii, for efficacy against ants with pineapple foliage and mulch removed. Pretreatment ant populations were monitored by using 6 wooden tongue depressors coated with a 50:50 mixture of peanut butter and soybean oil placed near the center of each plot. Treatments were applied to 0.5-acre plots when the ant populations had stabilized after the plowing stress. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Ant counts were indexed, and 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 represented 0, 1-10, 11-25, 26-75, and >75 ants, respectively. In Experiment 2, two corn cob grit baits were tested for efficacy against bigheaded ants on 4-acre plots of ratoon pineapple. Ant densities were monitored using 6 redwood stakes placed near each plot center baited with a 50:50 mixture of peanut butter and soybean oil. Ant counts were indexed, and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 represented 0, 1-25, 26-100, 101-300, 301-500, and >500 ants/stake respectively.
Pesticide Efficacy Against Crm in Florida, 1988
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Smith D. A.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots in a randomized complete block design. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied with a handgun using a truck-mounted sprayer at 350 psi on 13 Jun. About 4.0 gal (387 gal/acre) of finished spray was applied to each treatment tree. Water pH was 7.7. Twenty fruit were examined from around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1-cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit using a 10 x hand lens. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation.
Pesticide Efficacy Against CRM in the San Joaquin Valley, 1988
Authors: Hare J. D. , Clemens T.
Published: March 2022

Acaricides were tested for control of CRM populations near Exeter, Calif. A completely randomized design was used with 5 single-tree replicates/treatment. Trees were assigned to treatments based on pretreatment mite counts to minimize within-treatment variation. Applications were made on 31 Mar to an established population. Materials were applied with a handgun at 450 psi (7 gal/tree; 700 gal/acre) using a John Bean sprayer. Counts of live, adult female mites from one 5-leaf terminal/tree quadrant (20 leaves/tree) were made at 5 DAT and at 7- to 14-d intervals thereafter until mite populations naturally declined due to the onset of high mid-summer temperatures.
Insect and Mite Control, 1988
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to 32-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays by handgun and hydraulic sprayer operating at 200-250 psi at 370 gal/acre. Trees were sprayed on 1 Jun (petal fall [PF]), 11 Jun (first cover [1C]), 27 Jun (second cover [2C]), 11 Jul (third cover [3C]), 25 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 8 Aug (fifth cover [5C]), and 22 Aug (sixth cover [6C]). The standard pesticide program consisted of Manzate 200 80 W (0.8-1.5 lb/100 gal) on 5 dates, and Rubigan 1 EC (0.2 lb), Cyprex 65 W (0.4-0.8 lb), Unfoamer (0.1 lb), and Dithane M22 80 W (0.8-1.5 lb) on 2 dates. There were no mixtures of insecticides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used with 2 ‘McIntosh’ and 2 ‘Cortland’ cultivars. Except for the test trees, the orchard was not sprayed with insecticides or acaricides. On 30 Aug, about 485 apples were picked from the 4 trees of each treatment and examined 7-10 Sep for external egg punctures (AM), egg-laying scars (PC), and typical feeding injuries (CM and LAW). ERM and TSSM were counted on 25 leaves collected at chest-height from around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. June, July, and August were generally warmer and more humid than normal; the latter 2 months were relatively wet.
Pesticide Efficacy Against CRM, 1988
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. A. , Appelhoom T. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to plots of approximately 3 acres each. Two half-acre plots were left untreated. Treatments (160 gal/acre) were applied with an FMC airblast sprayer on 19 May. Twenty-five leaves or fruit were examined from the canopy of 4 randomly selected trees in each of 4 subplots, for a total of 16 sample trees/treatment. A 1-cm2 area was examined on the upper and lower leaf surfaces or on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 leaf or 2 fruit counts were combined and recorded as one observation. The spray water pH was 8.5. The Kelthane treatment had the pH lowered to 7.0 by addition of 3 pt Triton 44 M. All treatments were tank mixed, with manganese, copper, zinc, and borax applied as foliar nutritionals.
Pesticide Efficacy Against CRM, 1988
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. A. , Appelhoom T. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to randomized 2-acre plots; one hall-acre plot remained untreated. Treatments (500 gal/acre) were applied with an airblast sprayer on 11 Jul. Twenty-five fruit were examined from the canopy of 4 randomly selected trees in each of 4 subplots, for a total of f6 trees/treatment. A 1-cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The combined 2-cm2 count/fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as one observation. All treatments, including the control, received 6 lb/acre of Champion cupric hydroxide. The addition of Bond (sticker/extender from Loveland Industries), Surfix (spreader/sticker from Setre Chemical), or sulfur (Thiolux from Sandoz) did not give greater initial mortality or residual control in combinations with Vendex than it did with Vendex alone. No phytotoxicity was observed in any of the treatment plots.
Citrus Root Weevil Control on Citrus, 1988
Authors: McCoy C. W. , Fojtik J. , Lye B. H.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted with a completely randomized block design of 2 trees/plot and was replicated 4 times. All treatments were applied with a John Bean sprayer at 300 psi to run-off. Wild adult weevils collected from the adjacent plantings were placed in screen limb bags (5 weevils/bag) which were attached to treated leaf terminals and secured to prevent escape. Two limb bags were attached to each tree, and adult mortality (residual control data) was recorded and a new cohort of weevils was placed in each bag at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8 wk after treatment.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1988
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: March 2022

Snap beans were planted 25 Jul at Lowell, Ark. Plots were 4 100-ft rows (36-inch spacing) with 5-ft alleys separating plots on the same row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 11 treatments replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied 23 Sep with a hand-held CO2 sprayer equipped with 3 Spraying Systems TX4 nozzles calibrated to deliver 5.4 gal/acre. Plants were sampled at 3 DAT by taking 2 drop cloth samples (3 ft of each of 2 inner rows) in each plot. Percentage of pod damage was assessed by counting caterpillar-damaged pods from 50 plants randomly selected at harvest (10 Oct).
Maggot Control, 1988:
Authors: Webb D. R. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

A hand-pushed V-belt seeder was used to plant 100 seeds in each treatment row. A 2-4-inch band of meat and bone meal was placed over each row to increase oviposition. Each plot consisted of single-row treatments 15 ft long and 3 ft apart in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Seeds were treated 23 Jun and plots were completed by 1 Jul. Damage counts were made 22 Jul for beans and 25 Jul for corn. Emerged seedlings in each row of the snap bean plot were counted and the average percentage of damage was calculated on the number of damaged plants observed. In the corn plot, average percentage of damage was calculated by recording the injury in 25 seed pieces/row after they were dug and washed. Both plots received very light damage from larvae. Germination was slow in occurring in snap bean and sweet corn plots because of the lack of rain, which resulted in variable plant stands and poor conditions for oviposition
First-Generation Walh Timing Experiment, 1987
Authors: Eisner E. A. , Beers E. H
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 7-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Materials were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. The first spray was timed to coincide with petal fall, about 10 d after the first nymphs had hatched. The remaining treatments were applied at 1-wk intervals. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 leaves/tree showing visible injury on the upper surface. Counts were made before treatment and at 3, 7, and 14 DAT. All treatments were evaluated on 5 Jun when half of the nymphs had transformed into adults. Cumulative leafhopper-days (CLDs) were calculated by averaging 2 successive nymph counts, multiplying by the number of intervening days, and adding these over the season.
Fall Control of Northern Masked Chafer and Japanese Beetle Grubs with Registered and Experimental Granular Formulations on a Golf Course Fairway in Snyder CO., PA, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (11 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 70°F.; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70°F.; RH, 90%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 23.6% sand, 64.8% silt, 11.6% sand; soil moisture, 28.3%; organic matter, 2.9%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.4; 4.3 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 23 d later (4 Oct). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Northern masked chafer and Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Control of the Sweet Potato Whitefly on Poinsettia Under Glasshouse Conditions, 1989
Authors: Bethke James A. , Parrella Michael P.
Published: March 2022

Poinsettias (Annette Hegg cv. Brilliant Diamond) were obtained as rooted cuttings and potted in 6 inch pots in a greenhouse at UCR and allowed 4 wk growth before use. At such time, 10 whiteflies were confined to 2 expanded leaves/plant for a 24 h period by clip cages. Eight to 12 d later the number of immatures were counted and plants were separated into groups of 4 (3 plants with first and second instars and one plant with third, fourth and pupal stages). Plants were then treated with 7 treatments and a water control using a 2 gal hand sprayer at 45 psi. Treated plants were kept in a greenhouse at 80°F and ambient relative humidity for 4-5 d. Post-treatment counts were taken 4 d later when mortality was obvious.
Phytotoxicity of an Insecticidal Soap and Horticultural Oil on Five Species of Turfgrass, 1989
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Steinegger D. H.
Published: March 2022

Safer Insecticide Concentrate and 4 rates of SunSpray Ultra-Fine Spray Oil were applied on 19 Jul to 5 × 5 ft plots of Kentucky bluegrass, zoysiagrass, buffalograss, tall fescue and bentgrass at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NB. Plot design for all trials was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Air temperatures ranged from 72-80°F during application with 60-70% relative humidity. Soil moisture was well below field capacity. Products were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 3 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. A total of 0.16 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Phytotoxicity was evaluated 2, 7 and 14 DAT using a 1-5 injury rating scale where 1 = severe discoloration (loss of chlorophyll and darkening due to necrosis) 3 = moderate discoloration and 5 = no observable discoloration or injury.
Redheaded Pine Sawfly Control in Loblolly Pines in North Carolina, 1988
Authors: Hobbs W. R. , Hain F. P.
Published: March 2022

An experimental growth regulator LAB 166 801 I, developed by BASF Corp., was tested in the laboratory for effectiveness against redheaded pine sawfly feeding on loblolly pines. Two concentrations of the chemical were tested using Dimilin as a standard. On 6 Jun in Raleigh, N.C., 3 loblolly pines were sprayed using a compressed air sprayer to the point of run-off. One pine was sprayed with 1 ml/gal of growth inhibitor, one with 2 ml/gal of growth inhibitor, one with 0.8 g/gal of Dimilin 25 WP and one pine left untreated for controls. After the spray dried, 4 inch stems of new needle growth were cut from each pine, taken to the lab and placed in small jars of water. Ten sawfly larvae from an infestation of longleaf pine on the Coastal Plain were placed on each jar of needles to feed. The jars were covered with clear glass globes that had tops sealed with paper toweling for containment. There were 5 replications totaling 50 larvae for each treatment. Fresh needles from the treated pines were supplied as needed and the larvae were allowed to feed. Percent survival was calculated from the number that reached the adult stage.
Field Evaluation of Chlorpyrifos and Hydroprene Against German Cockroach Populations, 1986
Authors: Ogg Clyde L. , Gold Roger E.
Published: March 2022

A field study was conducted to evaluate 2 formulations of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos plus hydroprene, against German cockroaches. The study site consisted of apartments in Omaha, NE which were similar in construction and size. Cockroach populations were initially estimated by using sticky traps (Mr. Sticky*) that were placed under the kitchen sink, adjacent to the stove or refrigerator, behind the toilet in each bathroom, and near the waterheater. Mean number of cockroaches/ trap/night (precount) were calculated for each unit. Cockroaches were retrapped at monthly intervals until trap counts (postcounts) indicated poor performance (<50% reduction). Each apartment was treated with a 0.5% water emulsion spray prepared from either Dursban 4 EC, Dursban M or a tank mixture of 0.5% Dursban M and 0.125% Gencor 5 EC. Each treatment was replicated 10 ×. Postcounts were converted to percentage reduction of cockroach populations for each apartment, based on precounts using the following formula: Percentage reduction = [(precount ° postcount) / precount] × 100. Because the percentage reduction data were not normally distributed, the data were transformed to ranks, within times, and analyzed using ANOVA procedures.
Evaluation of Triumph and Dursban for Control of Ticks, 1989
Authors: Barker R. W. , Pinkston Ken , Price Richard
Published: March 2022

Field tests determined the relative efficacy and residual life of 2 formulations of Triumph (4 E and 1 G), at 2 rates (1 and 2 lbs AI/A), in a simulated yard habitat. Dursban 50 W (@ 0.5 lb AI/A) was compared to the Triumph formulations and all formulations were compared to untreated plots. One gal of each formulation and rate was applied to separate plots of a bermuda-crab grass composition. Treatments were applied at 30-40 psi, with a 3.8-liter BG compressed air sprayer, equipped with a 5700 multi-tip fan nozzle. Granules were applied using a 1-liter metal container with a perforated lid. All treatments were replicated 3 times and each replicate consisted of a 9.3 m2 area within a circular arena. The simulated yard areas were constructed by burying 15-cm wide metal flashing 2.5 cm in the soil. A total of 18 circular arenas were situated within a 650-m2 fenced area at the Oklahoma State University Entomology-Livestock Research Farm at Stillwater, Oklahoma. Each arena was separated from adjacent arenas by a distance of about 1 m. Twenty adult ticks of each species (mixed sexes) were placed in each arena 24 h prior to chemical treatments. Masking tape was placed around the upper edge of the flashing on each arena to prevent tick escape during the test period. Grass height measurements were recorded prior to chemical applications. Treatments were compared to untreated controls by counting the number of live ticks collected from each arena using carbon dioxide (CO2) traps at 1-, 7- and 14-DAT. Ticks collected at 1 and 7 DAT were returned to arenas, but all ticks that could be found at 14 DAT were removed. Limited rain showers occurred 2 and 10 DAT, but because tick mortality was observed after both rain showers, no adverse effect on the treatments could be determined.
Insecticide Field Trials Against Ixodes Dammini, 1988
Authors: Stafford K. C.
Published: March 2022

Chlopyrifos (5.3% EC; 6 oz/1000 ft2), carbaryl (27% EC; 8 oz/750 ft2), and diazinon (25% EC; 8 oz/1000 ft2) were applied with a backpack mist blower to 577 m2 plots of mixed brush and woodland to control I. dammini nymphs and larvae on 13–14 Jul. The study areas included 2 treatment plots for each insecticide and up to 5 control plots in Lyme and East Haddam, Connecticut. Questing ticks were sampled with traps baited with dry ice (2/plot) at weekly intervals from 1 Jun to 31 Aug. No samples were taken the wk of spraying. Samples could not be taken the wk after the insecticide applications because of heavy rains.
Effects of Cockroach Frass on Residual Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Braness G. A. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Stainless steel panels (15.2 cm2) were contaminated with cockroach frass (i.e., cockraoch feces, secretions) by exposing the panels to adult German cockroaches. Five stainless steel panels, separated by wooden spacers (0.48 cm in diameter) and held together by rubber binders, were placed vertically in plastic tubs containing approximately 1000 cockroaches of mixed sex. Cockroaches and panels were housed together at 28 ° 1°C in a 12:12 (L:D) photocycle, were provided Wayne Rodent Blox* and water, and after 25 d the panels were removed. The quantity of frass on each surface was not determined. Dilute aqueous sprays of 0.05% cyfluthrin (Tempo 20 WP and Tempo 2 E) and 0.5% chlorpyrifos (Dursban 2 E and Empire 20) were applied to clean and frass contaminated panels by use of a spray tower with a mechanized nozzle assembly (Spraying Systems Tee-Jet 8001 E). The spray tower was calibrated to deliver 0.5 ml/232 cm2 of cyfluthrin and 0.95 ml/232 cm2 of chlorpyrifos. The panels were aged in the laboratory (25°C and 50% RH) prior to bioassays 1 and 28 DAT. Ten adult cockroaches (5 male, 5 female) from a non-resistant laboratory colony were used for bioassay. A 12.7 cm diameter Plexiglass ring, lightly greased with petrolatum/mineral oil mixture, confined the insects to the panels during a continuous exposure. Knockdown was recorded at 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 min for cyfluthrin treatments; 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, and 210 min for chlorpyrifos treatments. Probit analysis determined KT50 and KT95 values (based on the response of 3 replications, 30 insects) for each insecticide and surface combination.
Laboratory Evaluation of Lacquer Formulated Fenvalerate Against German Cockroaches, 1988
Authors: Ogg Clyde L. , Gold Roger E.
Published: March 2022

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the efficacy of a lacquer insecticide formulation (lacquer carried similar to Killmaster° carrier) on painted pine panels, through time. The treatments were 0.20, 0.33 and 0.50% AI fenvalerate (in lacquer carrier). Pine panels (232.25 cm2) were painted with 2 coats of interior semi-gloss latex paint, then a 4 mm deep circular groove was cut into the surface of the wood, so that an inverted plastic petri dish cover (92 mm diam) could retain cockroaches on the test surfaces. The insecticide surfaces were prepared by pipeting a 1 ml solution of the lacquer fenvalerate formulation onto each painted panel, and distributing it with a saturated natural bristle brush. The treated panels were then held horizontally in the dark at 25°C until bioassay. Three panels for each treatment (fenvalerate at 0.20, 0.33 & 0.50 % AI) were utilized at 1, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 d after insecticide application for the assay. A total of 54 painted panels were used in this assay, in which each panel was only used once. Ten male German cockroaches, Orlando normal susceptible strain, were anesthetized and positioned on the treated surfaces and confined by the petri dish covers. Mortality (moribund cockroaches were considered dead) was recorded at 0.50, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12.0, 24.0, 48.0 & 72.0 hrs after placement, with the cockroaches experiencing continuous exposure to the insecticide surface. Mortality data were analyzed by probit analysis, which yielded mean LTgo values express in hr for each treatment and insecticide residue age combination.