bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Musculoskeletal Health Literacy in Patients With Foot and Ankle Injuries
Authors: Rosenbaum Andrew J. , Tartaglione Jason , Abousayed Mostafa , Uhl Richard L. , Mulligan Michael T. , Alley Max , DiPreta John A.
Published: June 2015

Purpose. Approximately 33% of Americans have inadequate health literacy, which is associated with decreased medical knowledge, increased hospitalization and use of emergency care, and worse control of diseases. In this study, the Literacy in Musculoskeletal Problems (LiMP) questionnaire was used to evaluate the prevalence of limited musculoskeletal literacy in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with foot and ankle–related complaints, as these individuals may be at increased risk for inferior outcomes. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, individuals ≥18 years of age presenting with foot and ankle–related complaints to the ED were invited to participate. Participants completed a demographic survey and the LiMP questionnaire, with scores ≥6 indicative of adequate musculoskeletal literacy. The prevalence of adequate health literacy and the influence of demographic parameters was assessed. P values <.05 were considered significant. Results. The mean LiMP score was 5 ± 2.06. Limited musculoskeletal health literacy was seen in 32% of participants (18/56). Although gender (male), a current or prior employment in a health care field, and having previously seen a physician for a musculoskeletal complaint correlated with higher literacy rates, these values did not reach statistical significance ( P > .05). However, Caucasians and those with higher levels of education (equal to or more than college) were significantly more likely to possess adequate literacy ( P = .008, P = .04, respectively). Conclusions. Approximately one third of patients presenting to the ED with foot and ankle–related complaints have limited musculoskeletal literacy and may lack the necessary skills required for making informed decisions regarding their care. This is concerning and has tremendous socioeconomic implications, as more than 23 000 people per day require medical care for ankle sprains in the United States, with average treatment costs for this injury in the ED setting estimated at $1498. Identification of those most at risk is thus crucial and will facilitate the development of interventions geared toward those most vulnerable.

Levels of Evidence: Prognostic, Level IV study
Improving health outcomes for young people with long term conditions: The role of digital communication in current and future patient–clinician communication for NHS providers of specialist clinical services for young people – LYNC study protocol
Authors: Griffiths Frances E , Atherton Helen , Barker Jack R , Cave Jonathan AK , Dennick Kathryn , Dowdall Peter , Fraser Joe , Huxley Caroline , Kim Sung-Wook , Madan Jason J , Matharu Harjit , Musumadi Luhanga , Palmer Tom M , Paul Moli , Sankaranarayanan Sailesh , Slowther Anne-Marie , Sujan Mark A , Sutcliffe Paul A , Sturt Jackie
Published: June 2015

Background

Young people living with long term conditions are vulnerable to health service disengagement. This endangers their long term health. Studies report requests for digital forms of communication – email, text, social media – with their health care team. Digital clinical communication is troublesome for the UK NHS.

Aim

In this article we aim to present the research protocol for evaluating the impacts and outcomes of digital clinical communications for young people living with long term conditions and provide critical analysis of their use, monitoring and evaluation by NHS providers (LYNC study: Long term conditions, Young people, Networked Communications).

Methods

The research involves: (a) patient and public involvement activities with 16–24 year olds with and without long term health conditions; (b) six literature reviews; (c) case studies – the main empirical part of the study – and (d) synthesis and a consensus meeting. Case studies use a mixed methods design. Interviews and non-participant observation of practitioners and patients communicating in up to 20 specialist clinical settings will be combined with data, aggregated at the case level (non-identifiable patient data) on a range of clinical outcomes meaningful within the case and across cases. We will describe the use of digital clinical communication from the perspective of patients, clinical staff, support staff and managers, interviewing up to 15 young people and 15 staff per case study. Outcome data includes emergency admissions, A&E attendance and DNA (did not attend) rates. Case studies will be analysed to understand impacts of digital clinical communication on patient health outcomes, health care costs and consumption, ethics and patient safety.
Teaching attentiveness in the classroom and learning to attend to persons with disabilities
Authors: Whitt Jason D
Published: June 2015

Christian pedagogical practices aim both at the transmission of disciplinary content in the classroom and at the formation of Christian virtues. Simone Weil challenges that of the two aims the greatest good of study is fostering the virtue of attention. However, would it be possible to construct a course such that not only is attention an epistemological good, but it is also the necessary content of the course? This was the challenge in constructing a course on disability in which attention is a primary learning outcome allowing students to rightly engage those with disabilities.
Supporting Postsecondary Students With Sensory or Mobility Impairments in Reaching Their Career Aspirations
Authors: Berry Stephanie J. , Domene José F.
Published: June 2015

This study investigated the kinds of supports postsecondary students who have mobility or sensory impairments perceived as being most effective in assisting them to attain their career aspirations. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 15 postsecondary students who self-identified as having a permanent mobility or sensory impairment, aged 19 to 32 years. Thorne’s (2008) inductive approach to content analysis was used to extract salient themes from the data. Three core findings emerged, with participants (a) identifying a wide range of individuals as being important sources of support, (b) citing important internal resources perceived to be as important as their social support networks in helping them to reach their goals, and (c) describing fewer environmental and material supports, but still perceived these to be crucial in facilitating educational and career success. Overall, these students were able to identify many kinds of support and experienced success in accessing them. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Prognostic significance of minimal residual disease in high risk B-ALL: a report from Children’s Oncology Group study AALL0232
Authors: Borowitz Michael J. , Wood Brent L. , Devidas Meenakshi , Loh Mignon L. , Raetz Elizabeth A. , Salzer Wanda L. , Nachman James B. , Carroll Andrew J. , Heerema Nyla A. , Gastier-Foster Julie M. , Willman Cheryl L. , Dai Yunfeng , Winick Naomi J. , Hunger Stephen P. , Carroll William L. , Larsen Eric
Published: June 2015

Key Points

MRD measured by flow cytometry is prognostic in childhood B-ALL even with more effective high-dose methotrexate therapy. Intensive therapy in MRD-positive patients altered the timing of relapse but did not overcome the poor prognostic significance of MRD.
Correction of murine hemoglobinopathies by prenatal tolerance induction and postnatal nonmyeloablative allogeneic BM transplants
Authors: Peranteau William H. , Hayashi Satoshi , Abdulmalik Osheiza , Chen Qiukan , Merchant Aziz , Asakura Toshio , Flake Alan W.
Published: June 2015

Key Points

IUHCT induces DST in murine models of sickle cell and β-Thal. IUHCT combined with postnatal nonmyeloablative allogeneic BM transplants corrects the disease phenotype in SCD and Thal mice.
The oxidative demethylase ALKBH3 marks hyperactive gene promoters in human cancer cells
Authors: Liefke Robert , Windhof-Jaidhauser Indra M. , Gaedcke Jochen , Salinas-Riester Gabriela , Wu Feizhen , Ghadimi Michael , Dango Sebastian
Published: June 2015

Background

The oxidative DNA demethylase ALKBH3 targets single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in order to perform DNA alkylation damage repair. ALKBH3 becomes upregulated during tumorigenesis and is necessary for proliferation. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be understood.

Methods

To further elucidate the function of ALKBH3 in cancer, we performed ChIP-seq to investigate the genomic binding pattern of endogenous ALKBH3 in PC3 prostate cancer cells coupled with microarray experiments to examine the expression effects of ALKBH3 depletion.

Results

We demonstrate that ALKBH3 binds to transcription associated locations, such as places of promoter-proximal paused RNA polymerase II and enhancers. Strikingly, ALKBH3 strongly binds to the transcription initiation sites of a small number of highly active gene promoters. These promoters are characterized by high levels of transcriptional regulators, including transcription factors, the Mediator complex, cohesin, histone modifiers, and active histone marks. Gene expression analysis showed that ALKBH3 does not directly influence the transcription of its target genes, but its depletion induces an upregulation of ALKBH3 non-bound inflammatory genes.

Conclusions

The genomic binding pattern of ALKBH3 revealed a putative novel hyperactive promoter type. Further, we propose that ALKBH3 is an intrinsic DNA repair protein that suppresses transcription associated DNA damage at highly expressed genes and thereby plays a role to maintain genomic integrity in ALKBH3-overexpressing cancer cells. These results raise the possibility that ALKBH3 may be a potential target for inhibiting cancer progression.
Some generalized fixed point results in a b-metric space and application to matrix equations
Authors: Pathak Hemant Kumar , George Reny , Nabwey Hossam A , El-Paoumy Mahdy S , Reshma Kaivatath Puthalath
Published: June 2015

We have proved a generalized Presic-Hardy-Rogers contraction principle and Ciric-Presic type contraction principle for two mappings in a b-metric space. As an application, we derive some convergence results for a class of nonlinear matrix equations. Numerical experiments are also presented to illustrate the convergence algorithms.
Altered immunometabolism at the interface of increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Lenin Raji , Sankaramoorthy Aravind , Mohan Viswanathan , Balasubramanyam Muthuswamy
Published: June 2015

The mechanism of perturbed immune function in patients with T2DM is poorly understood. Recent studies imply a role for ER stress in linking immune-system alterations and metabolism. Here, we investigated whether ER stress markers and its downstream effector signals are altered in patients with type 2 diabetes along with proinflammatory augmentation. In our study, gene and protein expression of ER stress markers (GRP-78, PERK, IRE1α, ATF6, XBP-1 and CHOP) was elevated significantly (P < 0.05) in PBMCs from T2DM patients compared with control subjects. The mRNA expression of both the proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and oxidative stress markers (p22phox, TXNIP, and TRPC-6; P < 0.05) was also increased in PBMCs from patients with T2DM. SOCS3 mRNA expression was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in diabetes patients. mRNA expression of most of the ER stress markers from PBMCs correlated significantly and positively with poor glycemic control, dyslipidemia, IR, and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Chronic ER stress in PBMCs from patients with T2DM was evident from the increased caspase-3 activity (P < 0.01), which is an executioner of apoptosis. Along with an impairment of miR-146a levels, the downstream targets of miR-146a, viz., IRAK1 and TRAF6 mRNA levels, were also elevated significantly (P < 0.01) in patients with T2DM. There was an inverse relationship among miR-146a levels and ER stress markers, inflammatory markers, and glycemic control. We demonstrate evidence of increased ER stress markers with impaired miR-146a levels and increased proinflammatory signals in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Editorial: Passive aggressive avoidance of SAMHD1 restriction by HIV-1
Authors: Appelberg K Sofia , Goodenow Maureen M
Published: June 2015

Discussion on SAMHD1 expression in vivo and regulation of its viral restriction activity due to multiple cytokine stimulation.
Chemotherapy Response Score: Development and Validation of a System to Quantify Histopathologic Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Tubo-Ovarian High-Grade Serous Carcinoma
Authors: Böhm Steffen , Faruqi Asma , Said Ian , Lockley Michelle , Brockbank Elly , Jeyarajah Arjun , Fitzpatrick Amanda , Ennis Darren , Dowe Thomas , Santos Jennifer L. , Cook Linda S. , Tinker Anna V. , Le Nhu D. , Gilks C. Blake , Singh Naveena
Published: June 2015

Purpose

To develop and validate a histopathologic scoring system for measuring response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in interval debulking surgery specimens of stage IIIC to IV tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma.

Patients and Methods

A six-tier histopathologic scoring system was proposed and applied to a test cohort (TC) of 62 patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and interval debulking surgery. Adnexal and omental sections were independently scored by three pathologists. On the basis of TC results, a three-tier chemotherapy response score (CRS) system was developed and applied to an independent validation cohort of 71 patients.

Results

The initial system showed moderate interobserver reproducibility and prognostic stratification of TC patients when applied to the omentum but not to the adnexa. Condensed to a three-tier score, the system was highly reproducible (kappa, 0.75). When adjusted for age, stage, and debulking status, the score predicted progression-free survival (PFS; score 2 v 3; median PFS, 11.3 v 32.1 months; adjusted hazard ratio, 6.13; 95% CI, 2.13 to 17.68; P < .001). The three-tier CRS system applied to omental samples from the validation cohort showed high reproducibility (kappa, 0.67) and predicted PFS (CRS 1 and 2 v 3: median, 12 v 18 months; adjusted hazard ratio, 3.60; 95% CI, 1.69 to 7.66; P < .001). CRS 3 also predicted sensitivity to first-line platinum therapy (94.3% negative predictive value for progression < 6 months). A Web site was established to train pathologists to use the CRS system.

Conclusion

The CRS system is reproducible and shows prognostic significance for high-grade serous carcinoma. Implementation in international pathology reporting has been proposed by the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting, and the system could potentially have an impact on patient care and research.
Chemokine Ligand 20: A Signal for Leukocyte Recruitment During Human Ovulation?
Authors: Al-Alem Linah , Puttabyatappa Muraly , Rosewell Kathy , Brännström Mats , Akin James , Boldt Jeffrey , Muse Ken , Curry Thomas E.
Published: June 2015

Ovulation is one of the cornerstones of female fertility. Disruption of the ovulatory process results in infertility, which affects approximately 10% of couples. Using a unique model in which the dominant follicle is collected across the periovulatory period in women, we have identified a leukocyte chemoattractant, chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), in the human ovary. CCL20 mRNA is massively induced after an in vivo human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulus in granulosa (>10 000-fold) and theca (>4000-fold) cells collected during the early ovulatory (12–18 h) and late ovulatory (18–34 h) periods after hCG administration. Because the LH surge sets in motion an inflammatory reaction characterized by an influx of leukocytes and CCL20 is known to recruit leukocytes in other systems, the composition of ovarian leukocytes (CD45+) containing the CCL20 receptor CCR6 was determined immediately prior to ovulation. CD45+/CCR6+ cells were primarily natural killer cells (41%) along with B cells (12%), T cells (11%), neutrophils (10%), and monocytes (9%). Importantly, exogenous CCL20 stimulated ovarian leukocyte migration 59% within 90 minutes. Due to the difficulties in obtaining human follicles, an in vitro model was developed using granulosa-lutein cells to explore CCL20 regulation. CCL20 expression increased 40-fold within 6 hours after hCG, was regulated partially by the epithelial growth factor pathway, and was positively correlated with progesterone production. These results demonstrate that hCG dramatically increases CCL20 expression in the human ovary, that ovarian leukocytes contain the CCL20 receptor, and that CCL20 stimulates leukocyte migration. Our findings raise the prospect that CCL20 may aid in the final ovulatory events and contribute to fertility in women.
Pancreatic PYY Is Critical in the Control of Insulin Secretion and Glucose Homeostasis in Female Mice
Authors: Shi Yan-Chuan , Loh Kim , Bensellam Mohammed , Lee Kailun , Zhai Lei , Lau Jackie , Cantley James , Luzuriaga Jude , Laybutt D. Ross , Herzog Herbert
Published: June 2015

Insulin secretion is tightly controlled through coordinated actions of a number of systemic and local factors. Peptide YY (PYY) is expressed in α-cells of the islet, but its role in control of islet function such as insulin release is not clear. In this study, we generated a transgenic mouse model (Pyytg/+/Rip-Cre) overexpressing the Pyy gene under the control of the rat insulin 2 gene promoter and assessed the impact of islet-released PYY on β-cell function, insulin release, and glucose homeostasis in mice. Our results show that up-regulation of PYY in islet β-cells leads to an increase in serum insulin levels as well as improved glucose tolerance. Interestingly, PYY-overproducing mice show increased lean mass and reduced fat mass with no significant changes in food intake or body weight. Energy expenditure is also increased accompanied by increased respiratory exchange ratio. Mechanistically, the enhanced insulin levels and improved glucose tolerance are primarily due to increased β-cell mass and secretion. This is associated with alterations in the expression of genes important for β-cell proliferation and function as well as the maintenance of the β-cell phenotype. Taken together, these data demonstrate that pancreatic islet-derived PYY plays an important role in controlling glucose homeostasis through the modulation of β-cell mass and function.
TNF-α Suppressed FSH-Induced LH Receptor Expression Through Transcriptional Regulation in Rat Granulosa Cells
Authors: Nakao Kohshiro , Kishi Hiroshi , Imai Fumiharu , Suwa Hiroto , Hirakawa Takashi , Minegishi Takashi
Published: June 2015

Several inflammatory cytokines regulate ovarian function. TNF-α is produced in granulosa cells under physiological conditions and has a reciprocal action on follicle development. In contrast, in pelvic inflammatory diseases, TNF-α is excessively produced in the pelvic cavity and has an adverse effect on reproductive functions. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of action of TNF-α on the expression of LH receptor (LHR) in immature rat granulosa cells. TNF-α suppressed FSH-induced LHR mRNA and protein expression and was not associated with cAMP accumulation. By using a luciferase assay, the construct containing base pairs −1389 to −1 of the rat Lhcgr promoter revealed that TNF-α decreased FSH-induced promoter activity. In response to TNF-α, nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 was translocated to the nucleus, and the suppressive effect of TNF-α on LHR mRNA expression was abrogated by an NF-κB inhibitor. In a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, TNF-α induced the association of NF-κB p65 with the rat Lhcgr transcriptional promoter region. NF-κB p65 and histone deacetylase (HDAC) interact to mediate expression of several genes at a transcriptional level. HDAC activity is thought to induce tight connections within local chromatin structures and repress gene transcription. Furthermore, the TNF-α–induced suppression of LHR mRNA expression was blocked by an HDAC inhibitor. Taken together, these results suggest that the interaction of NF-κB p65 with HDAC in the promoter region of rat Lhcgr might be responsible for TNF-α action on the regulation of LHR.
Accountable Care Organizations in California: Market Forces at Work?
Authors: Whaley Christopher , Frech H. E. , Scheffler Richard M.
Published: June 2015

Accountable care organizations (ACOs), one of the most recent and promising health care delivery innovations, encourage care coordination among providers. While ACOs hold promise for decreasing costs by reducing unnecessary procedures, improving resource use as a result of economies of scale and scope, ACOs also raise concerns about provider market power. This study examines the market-level competition factors that are associated with ACO participation and the number of ACOs. Using data from California, we find that higher levels of preexisting managed care leads to higher ACO entry and enrollment growth, while hospital concentration leads to fewer ACOs and lower enrollment. We find interesting results for physician market power — markets with concentrated physician markets have a smaller share of individuals in commercial ACOs but a larger number of commercial ACO organizations. This finding implies smaller ACOs in these markets.
The Economics of Provider Payment Reform: Are Accountable Care Organizations the Answer?
Authors: Feldman Roger
Published: June 2015

A remarkable consensus has developed that the fee-for-service (FFS) approach for paying medical providers must be replaced. This payment approach is said to increase the volume of services without improving care coordination. In response to these calls, Medicare and private payers are experimenting with payment systems that combine the basic element of FFS — a fee for each service — with arrangements that allow providers to share the savings if they hold total spending per patient below a targeted amount. Medicare's accountable care organizations (ACOs) embody the shared savings approach to payment reform. Private payers have introduced total cost of care contracting (TCOC) in several locations. This article questions the consensus that FFS must go. If the fees are too high, then someone needs to “bite the bullet” and reduce fees in key areas. Hoping to control overspending by investment in ACOs is wishful thinking. I describe the theory and practice of shared savings payment systems and summarize recent TCOC contracting initiatives in the private sector. Medicare's shared savings approach is likely to be less effective than private contracts. Cutting providers' fees would be more efficient. Finally, the new payment models in the Affordable Care Act will not ease the problem of high prices for private payers.
Review of Medicare, Medicaid, and Commercial Quality of Care Measures: Considerations for Assessing Accountable Care Organizations
Authors: Kessell Eric , Pegany Vishaal , Keolanui Beth , Fulton Brent D. , Scheffler Richard M. , Shortell Stephen M.
Published: June 2015

Accountable care organizations (ACOs) have proliferated under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). If ACOs are to improve health care quality and lower costs, quality measures will be increasingly important in determining if provider consolidations associated with the development of ACOs are achieving their intended purpose. This article assesses quality measurement across public and private sectors. We reviewed available quality measures for a subset of programs in six organizations and assessed the number and domain of measures (structure, process, outcomes, and patient experience). Two-thirds of all quality measures were categorized as process measures. Outcome measures made up nearly 20 percent of measures. Patient experience and structure measures made up approximately 8 percent and 7 percent, respectively. We propose further improvements to quality measurement initiatives. For example, programs that reward providers should consider reward size and distribution within the organization. Quality improvement initiatives should consider what encourages provider buy-in and participation and the effects on populations with disproportionate health care needs. As the focus of quality initiatives may change from year to year, measures should be periodically revisited to ensure continued improvement and sustainability. Finally, we suggest quality measures that regulators could use prior to ACO formation or in the year or two following formation.
Estimating a War of Attrition: The Case of the US Movie Theater Industry
Authors: Takahashi Yuya
Published: June 2015

This paper empirically studies firm's strategic exit decisions in an environment where demand is declining. Specifically, I quantify the extent to which the exit process generated by firms' strategic interactions deviates from the outcome that maximizes industry profits. I develop and estimate a dynamic exit game using data from the US movie theater industry in the 1950s, when the industry faced demand declines. Using the estimated model, I quantify the magnitude of strategic delays and find that strategic interactions cause an average delay of exit of 2.7 years. I calculate the relative importance of several components of these strategic delays. (JEL D92, L11, L82, N72)
Team Contests with Multiple Pairwise Battles
Authors: Fu Qiang , Lu Jingfeng , Pan Yue
Published: June 2015

We consider a multi-battle team contest in which players from two rival teams form pairwise matches to fight in distinct component battles, which are carried out sequentially or (partially) simultaneously. A team wins if and only if its players win a majority of battles. Each player benefits from his team's win, while he can also receive a private reward for winning his own battle. We find that the outcomes of past battles do not distort the outcomes of future battles. Neither the total expected effort nor the overall outcome of the contest depends on the contest's temporal structure or its feedback policy. (JEL C72, D72, D74, D82)
Do Firms Underinvest in Long-Term Research? Evidence from Cancer Clinical Trials
Authors: Budish Eric , Roin Benjamin N. , Williams Heidi
Published: June 2015

We investigate whether private research investments are distorted away from long-term projects. Our theoretical model highlights two potential sources of this distortion: short-termism and the fixed patent term. Our empirical context is cancer research, where clinical trials—and hence, project durations—are shorter for late-stage cancer treatments relative to early-stage treatments or cancer prevention. Using newly constructed data, we document several sources of evidence that together show private research investments are distorted away from long-term projects. The value of life-years at stake appears large. We analyze three potential policy responses: surrogate (non-mortality) clinical-trial endpoints, targeted R&D subsidies, and patent design. (JEL D92, G31, I11, L65, O31, O34)
Highly sampled tetranucleotide and tetraloop motifs enable evaluation of common RNA force fields
Authors: Bergonzo Christina , Henriksen Niel M. , Roe Daniel R. , Cheatham Thomas E.
Published: June 2015

Recent modifications and improvements to standard nucleic acid force fields have attempted to fix problems and issues that have been observed as longer timescale simulations have become routine. Although previous work has shown the ability to fold the UUCG stem–loop structure, until now no group has attempted to quantify the performance of current force fields using highly converged structural populations of the tetraloop conformational ensemble. In this study, we report the use of multiple independent sets of multidimensional replica exchange molecular dynamics (M-REMD) simulations with different initial conditions to generate well-converged conformational ensembles for the tetranucleotides r(GACC) and r(CCCC), as well as the larger UUCG tetraloop motif. By generating what is to our knowledge the most complete RNA structure ensembles reported to date for these systems, we remove the coupling between force field errors and errors due to incomplete sampling, providing a comprehensive comparison between current top-performing MD force fields for RNA. Of the RNA force fields tested in this study, none demonstrate the ability to correctly identify the most thermodynamically stable structure for all three systems. We discuss the deficiencies present in each potential function and suggest areas where improvements can be made. The results imply that although “short” (nsec-μsec timescale) simulations may stay close to their respective experimental structures and may well reproduce experimental observables, inevitably the current force fields will populate alternative incorrect structures that are more stable than those observed via experiment.
Company Standard оf Auditor Activity «Audit Evidence»
Authors: Лосева  , Loseva N.
Published: June 2015

Presented material is the enterprise’s internal standard of auditing that defines the concepts of audit evidence,

procedures and information applied as audit evidence, as well as requirements to audit procedures to obtain audit

evidence.
On the derivation of Dessler-Parker-Sckopke relation
Authors: Мазур Виталий , Mazur Vitaliy , Шухман Илья , Shukhman Ilia Grigorevich
Published: June 2015

We propose a simple derivation of the known Dessler–Parker–Sckopke (DPS) relation which connects the magnetic field produced by the ring current with the kinetic energy of its particles. We start from the distribution function of particles which depends on the integrals of motion in an axially-symmetric magnetic field and calculate the corresponding moments (current and kinetic energy). Unlike the derivation of the DPS relation given in the pioneer works, the approach pro-posed here is more straightforward and is based on the first principles.
Period Decompositions for the Capacitated Lot Sizing Problem with Setup Times
Authors: de Araujo Silvio Alexandre , De Reyck Bert , Degraeve Zeger , Fragkos Ioannis , Jans Raf
Published: June 2015

We study the multi-item capacitated lot sizing problem with setup times. Based on two strong reformulations of the problem, we present a transformed reformulation and valid inequalities that speed up column generation and Lagrange relaxation. We demonstrate computationally how both ideas enhance the performance of our algorithm and show theoretically how they are related to dual space reduction techniques. We compare several solution methods and propose a new efficient hybrid scheme that combines column generation and Lagrange relaxation in a novel way. Computational experiments show that the proposed solution method for finding lower bounds is competitive with textbook approaches and state-of-the-art approaches found in the literature. Finally, we design a branch-and-price-based heuristic and report computational results. The heuristic scheme compares favorably or outperforms other approaches.
Lowering Customer Evaluation Costs, Product Differentiation, and Price Competition
Authors: Jing Bing
Published: June 2015

When match uncertainty is resolved via costly evaluation, the first product sampled by a customer is more likely to make the sale. This prompts firms to lower their products’ evaluation costs to attract customers to sample their products first. Such efforts by firms are called customer learning investment (CLI). When product quality is freely observable but horizontal match is not, we examine how CLI choices interact with quality and price competition in a duopoly. CLI has a competition effect in that a higher CLI of a firm increases its demand but decreases that of its rivals. In the market-covered duopoly, both qualities will decrease (increase) when the high-end (low-end) firm invests more in customer learning, and remain unchanged when they invest equally, relative to when neither firm invests. We further show that the firm with a higher relative production efficiency invests more in customer learning than the competitor. In the market-not-covered duopoly, CLI by the low-end firm also creates a market-expansion effect by inducing some additional low-end customers to sample and purchase its product. This may induce it to invest more than the high-end firm, even when the latter has a higher relative production efficiency.
Seasonal sea ice changes in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica, over the period of 1979–2014
Authors: Stammerjohn S. E. , Maksym T. , Massom R. A. , Lowry K. E. , Arrigo K. R. , Yuan X. , Raphael M. , Randall-Goodwin E. , Sherrell R. M. , Yager P. L.
Published: June 2015

Recent attention has focused on accelerated glacial losses along the Amundsen Sea coast that result from changes in atmosphere and ocean circulation, with sea ice playing a mediating but not well-understood role. Here, we investigated how sea ice has changed in the Amundsen Sea over the period of 1979 to 2014, focusing on spatio-temporal changes in ice edge advance/retreat and percent sea ice cover in relation to changes in winds. In contrast to the widespread sea ice decreases to the east and increases to the west of the Amundsen Sea, sea ice changes in the Amundsen Sea were confined to three areas: (i) offshore of the shelf break, (ii) the southern Pine Island Polynya, and (iii) the eastern Amundsen Sea Polynya. Offshore, a 2-month decrease in ice season duration coincided with seasonal shifts in wind speed and direction from March to May (relating to later ice advance) and from September to August (relating to earlier retreat), consistent with reported changes in the depth/location of the Amundsen Sea Low. In contrast, sea ice decreases in the polynya areas corresponded to episodic or step changes in spring ice retreat (earlier by 1–2 months) and were coincident with changes to Thwaites Iceberg Tongue (located between the two polynyas) and increased southeasterly winds. Temporal correlations among these three areas were weak, indicating different local forcing and/or differential response to large-scale forcing. Although our analysis has shown that part of the variability can be explained by changes in winds or to the coastal icescape, an additional but unknown factor is how sea ice has responded to changes in ocean heat and freshwater inputs. Unraveling cause and effect, critical for predicting changes to this rapidly evolving ocean-ice shelf-sea ice system, will require in situ observations, along with improved remote sensing capabilities and ocean modeling.
The origins and development of music camps in Spain
Authors: Garrido Diego Calderón , Carnicer Josep Gustems , Garrido Caterina Calderón
Published: June 2015

This paper delves with music camps, a non-formal educational approach that combines leisure activities with music, currently taking about 2000 students in Spain. Its origin is in the school camps, resulting from the combination of Rousseau's thought on education based on experience with social changes brought about by the industrial revolution, giving as a result the first organized school camps in Switzerland in the late 19th Century, with a hygienist target. Years later that experience came to Spain through the Institución Libre de Enseñanza, expanding rapidly through the rest of the country. In Catalonia, because of the importance that choral societies and their respective hiking groups had there, many colonies were organized from the choruses, including Cantarelles d'estiu by l'Orfeo Lleidatà in 1968, being the first music camp in Spain. Later this musical educational activity has spread virtually throughout the country. Their organizational characteristics, as well as their educational content, allow us to establish the intrinsic characteristics of these music camps presented in this work.
Assessment in the music classroom: Inherent challenges and the PISA problematic
Authors: Chrystosomou Smaragda
Published: June 2015

Assessment and evaluation is inherent in teaching and learning. At the same time, innate in the notion of assessment and evaluation is the goal to improve something and not simply to understand it.

Evaluation and assessment in the arts’ classrooms is controversial and often discussions on issues related to the ‘how’ and the ‘what’ of assessment in arts education, lead to heated philosophical debates.

The importance and ambiguity of the issue of assessment and evaluation in music education has led this writer to explore the views of Greek music teachers (future and in-service). The results of a small scale inquiry that are presented here, revealed a pattern that mirrored the general discussion on issues from around the world in relation to assessment in music education.

In the last part of this paper The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) is discussed under the light that is shed by issues of validity and homogeneity that have occurred. Also, the role and suitability of the arts within such an institution and with the use of such tools is considered.
Music teacher education in Portugal. Contributions for a reflection in context
Authors: Mota Graça
Published: June 2015

This article presents the context of music teacher education in Portugal after the Bologna Declaration. In the backdrop of the present economic, political and financial situation with its sociological and philosophical complexities, the construction of curricula for music teacher education cannot avoid the discussion around a new teaching and learning paradigm, which takes as starting points the development of general skills–instrumental, interpersonal, and systemic–as well as those of musical nature, leading to a significant educational interaction within the Higher Education European Space. The challenge of such an approach of music teacher education is addressed under a critical perspective, with an emphasis on the possible dangers that may come from a distorted vision, essentially moved by economical motivations. This article, beyond government educational policies and the present institutional restrictions, also addresses the imperative that music education be positioned in a world of tensions and conflicts, in confrontation with political turbulences and with the absence of equality of opportunities at the social, economic, and political levels.
Higher conservatories of music: The drama of memory in the scene of global crisis
Authors: González Francisco Martínez
Published: June 2015

Higher Conservatories of Music confront for the thousandth time, alongside with the rest of higher artistic education institutions, a new historic opportunity of definition concerning their value in the framework of the state education system. The sudden intensification of their traditional condition of precariousness -accelerated by external as much as internal factors–, alongside with a very deep qualitative change about the horizon of expectations of managers and users, is collaborating to generate a majority state of opinion with a highly critic and demanding polarity. The main subject of this paper is to analyse near and remote reasons of this state of affairs, as well as the possibilities of realizing the aspirations of the involved sectors.5
Nulla aesthetica sine ethica: Challenges for a new, caring and collaborative higher artistic training
Authors: Gracia álvaro Zaldívar
Published: June 2015

This paper copes with the Higher Education European Space demand of looking for new professional profiles in order to get together the so often abstracts academic proposal with real social needs. It also discusses the need of searching for private collaborations and patronages to support public teaching. It also stresses out the imperative for the graduate young artists to be no only excellents, but also a human training with a deep solidarity approach, a driving need (nulla aesthetica sine ethica) in this current world, so complex and unjust but, likewise, full of new and exciting possibilities for improvement.
Orthodontic Treatment to Improve Hip Joint Mobility and Balance
Authors: Fujii Yoshiro
Published: June 2015

The case subject is a 10-year-old girl with a history of strong left hip joint flexibility issues and milder right hip joint flexibility issues. The main cause of this disorder was confirmed to be the misalignment of her lower front teeth. As soon as dental orthodontic devices were attached on her lower teeth, the movement of her left hip joint improved. The mobility of both hip joints further improved as the orthodontic treatment progressed. Furthermore, she was able to maintain her balance for longer periods of time. However, the underlying mechanism, which leads to such a quick and extensive improvement, is unclear. Further studies are required.
Taperosis
Authors: Del Balso C. , Teeter M. G. , Tan S. C. , Lanting B. A. , Howard J. L.
Published: June 2015

Tribocorrosion at the head–neck taper interface – so-called ‘taperosis’ – may be a source of metal ions and particulate debris in metal-on-polyethylene total hip arthroplasty (THA).

We examined the effect of femoral head length on fretting and corrosion in retrieved head–neck tapers in vivo for a minimum of two years (mean 8.7 years; 2.6 to 15.9). A total of 56 femoral heads ranging from 28 mm to 3 mm to 28 mm + 8 mm, and 17 femoral stems featuring a single taper design were included in the study. Fretting and corrosion were scored in three horizontally oriented concentric zones of each taper by stereomicroscopy.

Head length was observed to affect fretting (p = 0.03), with 28 mm + 8 mm femoral heads showing greater total fretting scores than all other head lengths. The central zone of the femoral head bore taper was subject to increased fretting damage (p = 0.01), regardless of head length or stem offset. High-offset femoral stems were associated with greater total fretting of the bore taper (p = 0.04).

Increased fretting damage is seen with longer head lengths and high-offset femoral stems, and occurs within a central concentric zone of the femoral head bore taper. Further investigation is required to determine the effect of increased head size, and variations in head–neck taper design.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015; 97-B:911–16.
Calcaneal fractures: selection bias is key
Authors: Pearce C. J. , Wong K. L. , Calder J. D. F.
Published: June 2015

In this paper, we critically appraise the recent publication of the United Kingdom Heel Fracture Trial, which concluded that when patients with an absolute indication for surgery were excluded, there was no advantage of surgical over non-surgical treatment in the management of calcaneal fractures.

We believe that selection bias in that study did not permit the authors to reach a firm conclusion that surgery was not justified for most intra-articular calcaneal fractures.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:880–2.
Potential distribution of Monotropa uniflora as a surrogate for range of Monotropoideae (Ericaceae) in South Asia
Authors: PRADHAN PRAKASH
Published: June 2015

Pradhan P. 2015. Potential distribution of Monotropa uniflora as a surrogate for range of Monotropoideae (Ericaceae) in South Asia. Biodiversitas 16: 109-115. Monotropoideae is a mycoheterotrophic subfamily of Ericaceae. Its members are highly specific to a particular fungal family, which has attributed to the rarity and limited distribution of Monotropoideae. In the past two decades, there are considerable developments in understanding their biology and biogeography, among which,the distribution of Monotropa uniflora L. and M. hypopitys L. has been extensively studied. In this contribution, Ecological Niche Modeling of M. uniflora has been conducted to test its earlier proposed distribution in South Asia, to test the spatial scale of the said proposal, to test its potential distribution as a surrogate for range of Monotropoideae in South Asia and to prioritize conservation areas for M. uniflora in the region. The model was built with five occurrence details of the rare plant M. uniflora in Western and Eastern Himalaya, in relation to 19 bioclimatic explanatory variables, performed in MaxEnt. The results show the good performance of the model with the training AUC of 0.994. 1,50,316 square Km. of suitable areas have been predicted for the growth of M. uniflora (IHS â‰¥0.5) in South Asia, many areas of which is in line with earlier distributional reports. The bioclimatic variables are able to predict and suitably justify the spatial distribution of M. uniflora. The predicted range of the species could be established for potential distribution of other Asian Monotropoids like Monotropastrum and Cheilotheca.

Key words: Ecological Niche Modeling, Himalaya, MaxEnt, Mycoheterotrophy, Russulaceae
A new record of plant parasitic green algae, Cephaleuros diffusus (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta), on Acacia auriculiformis hosts in Thailand
Authors: SUNPAPAO ANURAG , PITALOKA MUTIARA K
Published: June 2015

Sunpapao A, Pitaloka MK. 2015. A new record of plant parasitic green algae, Cephaleuros diffusus (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta), on Acacia auriculiformis hosts in Thailand. Biodiversitas 16: 116-120. Cephaleuros diffusus algae were found to cause leaf spot disease of the host Acacia auriculiformis. The identification was based on morphological and molecular properties. The observed morphology identified the algae as C. diffusus. Transverse sections of the host leaves were used to quantify the disease severity of the host in terms of a four-point necrosis index. The hostâ€™s lesions were subcuticular and subepidermal on the upper leaf surfaces. The identification of the algae was confirmed from molecular analysis, and a phylogenetic tree distinguished our samples from other Cephaleuros species. This is the first report of C. diffusus on Acacia auriculiformis in Thailand.

Key words: Cephaleuros, disease severity, morphology, necrosis, phylogenetic analysis
Genetic diversity of patchouli cultivated in Bali as detected using ISSR and RAPD markers
Authors: PHARMAWATI MADE , CANDRA I PUTU
Published: June 2015

Pharmawati M, Candra IP. 2015. Genetic diversity of patchouli cultivated in Bali as detected using ISSR and RAPD markers. Biodiversitas 16: 132-138. Patchouli is a bushy herb that has strong scent. Patchouli's oil is extracted from patchouli leaves and used asperfumes, incense and traditional medicines. Centre of patchouli cultivation in Bali is in Badung District, however it is also grown inother area such as Buleleng District. The patchouli plant from Aceh ((Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth) is considered as a better plantspecies due to its high quality oil. Java patchouli (Pogostemon heyneanus) has lower quality. Molecular marker was used to detectdiversity of patchouli grown in Bali. Leave samples of patchouli from 12 areas in Badung and Buleleng District were collected. Theareas included Lemukih, Wanagiri, Pupuan, Belok, Mekarsari, Nungnung, Plaga, Sidan, Mengwi, Lukluk, Abiansemal and Jegu.Patchouli samples of Lhokseumawe, Tapak Tuan, Sidikalang and Java were obtained from Research Institute of Spices and MedicinalPlants, Bogor, Indonesia. DNA was extracted using CTAB buffer. Seven ISSR primers and five RAPD primers produced scorable bandsand used for diversity and cluster analyses. The dendrogram showed that patchoulis grown in Bali are group together, separated fromJava patchouli. This support observation based on leaf morphology, that they belong to Aceh patchouli. The patchouli grown in Balishowed low genetic diversity with Nei and Liâ€™s similarity in the range of 0.857 to 0.989.

Keywords: Bali, genetic diversity, ISSR, patchouli, RAPD
The ‘Scottish approach’ to policy and policymaking: what issues are territorial and what are universal?
Authors: Cairney Paul , Russell Siabhainn , St Denny Emily
Published: June 2015

The ‘Scottish approach’ refers to its distinctive way to make and implement policy. Its reputation suggests that it is relatively comfortable with local discretion and variations in policy outcomes. Yet, policymakers are subject to ‘universal’ processes – limited knowledge, attention and coordinative capacity, and high levels of ambiguity, discretion and complexity in policy processes – which already undermine central control and produce variation. If policy is a mix of deliberate and unintended outcomes, a focus on policy styles may exaggerate a government’s ability to do things differently. We demonstrate these issues in two ‘cross cutting’ policies: ‘prevention’ and ‘transition’.