bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Can Primary Concerns of School District Superintendents Guide School Health Efforts?
Authors: Winnail Scott D. , Bartee R. Todd
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: School‐based research and health promotion interventions typically require upper administration support and acceptance to succeed. This paper focuses on a recently completed Delphi survey of the majority of school district superintendents in a frontier state. The survey examined superintendent district‐level concerns at the elementary, middle/junior high, and high school levels. Primary concerns revolved around school funding, classroom education and student achievement, and teacher‐centered issues. Implications for this research are discussed as are the importance of these data to those interested in working with schools to improve student health. The importance of this information for implementation of coordinated school health programs also is discussed.
Violent Behavior Among Urban Youth Attending Alternative Schools
Authors: Escobar‐Chaves S. Liliana , Tortolero Susan R. , Markham Christine , Kelder Steve H. , Kapadia Asha
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study described violent behavior and aggression among youth attending alternative schools, and examined sociode‐mographic factors associated with such violence. The study involved 494 students attending 10 alternative schools in Houston, Texas. Data were collected between November 2000 and February 2001 by audio‐enabled laptop computers equipped with headphones. Students self‐reported an average of 11.8 aggressive acts during the week prior to the survey. Students reported a 30‐day weapon carrying prevalence of 22.7%; 30‐day gun carrying prevalence of 11.1%; 30‐day knife or club prevalence of 17.2%; 12‐month fighting prevalence of 50.6%; and 12‐month prevalence of injuries due to fighting of 6.5%. Association between demographic variables, self‐reported aggressive behavior, and other forms of aggression was examined using multivariate logistic regression. Students were divided into four mutually exclusive violence‐related categories: no fighting and no weapon (referent), fighting only, carrying weapon only, fighting and weapon carrying. Student aggression was significantly associated with fighting and weapon carrying, with incremental increases at each level (OR 1.1 per unit of increase, 95% CI 1.1–1.2) and in presence of the covariates. Among Houston's alternative school students, the prevalence of violent behavior (weapon carrying, gun carrying, knife or club carrying, fighting, and treatment by a doctor or nurse for injuries) is higher compared to regular high school students. Aggression related strongly to weapon carrying and fighting in the sample. Data indicate alternative school youth urgently need prevention and treatment programs to help them live in safer environments.
Residential Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment: Recommendations for Collaboration Between School Health and Substance Abuse Treatment Personnel
Authors: Wood Ralph J. , Drolet Judy C. , Fetro Joyce V. , Synovitz Linda B. , Wood Angela R.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Thousands of youth participate in residential substance abuse treatment each year. After completing treatment, many of these youth return to school. This study analyzed the process of substance abuse treatment at the Generations Youth Program, and identified opportunities for collaboration with school health personnel. A qualitative case study design was employed. Analysis of the treatment process revealed the primary goal of treatment was to assist youth in developing a belief in their ability to remain sober. This goal was achieved through a peer support network, development of self‐control, and acquisition of treatment knowledge. Youth who develop these skills are successfully discharged from treatment and return to home and school. Opportunities exist for collaboration between school health and substance abuse treatment personnel to enable discharged youth to remain drug free.
The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System: Updating Policy and Program Applications
Authors: Sussman Michele P. , Jones Sherry Everett , Wilson Todd W. , Kann Laura
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: To monitor behaviors that place adolescents at increased risk for premature morbidity and mortality, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). This system measures six categories of behaviors, including behaviors that contribute to violence and unintentional injuries; tobacco use; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV infection; unhealthy dietary behaviors; and inadequate physical activity. This article summarizes how some education and health agencies and nongovernmental organizations, in collaboration with community agencies, school boards, parents, and youth, use YRBSS data to describe risk behaviors, create awareness, supplement staff development, set and monitor program goals, develop health education programs, support health‐related legislation, and seek funding. Ways in which YRBSS data are distributed electronically also are summarized. (J Sch Health. 2002;72(1):13‐17)
The Activated Health Education Model: Refinement and Implications for School Health Education
Authors: Dennison Darwin , Golaszewski Thomas
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A behaviorally based, health education instructional model was developed from a review of successful health education interventions. The analysis identified three principles common to improvement of health behavior among program participants: 1) active involvement in the intervention process, 2) awareness of the positive and negative influences of the behavior on health, and 3) personal responsibility for managing health behavior. These principles and several theoretical premises then were organized into a structural framework for the model. Next, studies were conducted to validate applications of these conditions and refine strategic components. The model then was formatted into a curricular design to achieve optimum behavior and provide ease of replication. Research related to developing and field testing the model are included. The model's limitations and strengths, implications for school health education, and plans for the future are presented. (J Sch Health. 2002;72(1):23‐26)
Hearing Conservation Education Programs for Children: A Review
Authors: Folmer Robert L. , Griest Susan E. , Martin William Hal
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Prevalence of noise‐induced hearing loss (NIHL) among children is increasing. Experts have recommended implementation of hearing conservation education programs in schools. Despite these recommendations made over the past three decades, basic hearing conservation information that could prevent countless cases of NIHL remains absent from most school curricula. This paper reviews existing hearing conservation education programs and materials designed for children or that could be adapted for classroom use. This information will be useful as a resource for educators and school administrators and should encourage further development, implementation, and dissemination of hearing conservation curricula. The overall, and admittedly ambitious, goal of this review is to facilitate implementation of hearing conservation curricula into all US schools on a continuing basis. Ultimately, implementation of such programs should reduce the prevalence of noise‐induced hearing loss among children and adults. (J Sch Health 2002;72(2):51‐57)
Fifth Through Eighth Grade Longitudinal Predictors of Tobacco Use Among a Racially Diverse Cohort: CATCH
Authors: Johnson Carolyn C. , Li Donglin , Perry Cheryl L. , Elder John P. , Feldman Henry A. , Kelder Steve H. , Stone Elaine J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: CATCH provides multiethnic cohort data from third to eighth grades from four US geographic regions. This study examined smoking behaviors and predictors from fifth and eighth grades by ethnicity, gender, and geographic location through self‐report data obtained from the cohort (N = 3,654). Overall, eighth grade prevalence for ever smoked was about 44%, 30‐day prevalence was about 20%, 7‐day prevalence 13.3%, and daily prevalence 7.4%. Prevalence was similar for Caucasians (21.5%) and Latinos (21.6%) and lowest for African Americans (13.1%). The 30‐day prevalence for smokeless tobacco was higher for boys than for girls (9.8% vs 5.1%). Tobacco use by parents, siblings, and friends, and easy accessibility in the home in fifth grade, were significant predictors for smoking in eighth grade. Results did not differ by race, gender, or geographic location. The strongest correlate of smoking in eighth grade was having a best friend who smoked. Intention not to smoke in fifth grade predicted nonsmoking in eighth grade. Predictor strength across ethnic groups in different geographic regions was impressive. The social environment of young people continues to be an important instigator of smoking onset. The connection between intention and behavior over time suggests students' intentions not to smoke reflect decision‐making at an early age.
Programs‐That‐Work: CDC's Guide to Effective Programs That Reduce Health‐Risk Behavior of Youth
Authors: Collins Janet , Robin Leah , Wooley Susan , Fenley Dean , Hunt Peter , Taylor Julie , Haber Deborah , Kolbe Lloyd
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: In response to requests from educators for effective programs that reduce health‐risk behavior among youth, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention initiated “Programs‐That‐Work” (PTW) in 1992 to identify health education programs with credible evidence of effectiveness, CDC identified as PTW two programs to reduce tobacco use and eight programs to reduce sexual risk behaviors. Eligible programs undergo a two‐step external review to examine quality of the research evidence and the extent to which the programs are practical for use by health educators. If CDC identifies a program as a PTW on the basis of external review, the program is packaged and made available for dissemination to education and youth agencies. Communities ultimately make the decision about adopting a program, and CDC does not require their use. Thousands of educators have sought information about PTW through the CDC web site, informational brochures, and training. (J Sch Health, 2002;72(3):93–99)
Comparing Frequent and Average Users of Elementary School‐Based Health Centers in the Bronx, New York City
Authors: Baquiran Raymundo S. , Webber Mayris P. , Appel David K.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study analyzed health care utilization at three school‐based health centers (SBHCs) in the Bronx, New York City, and compared characteristics of “frequent” and “average” service users. Encounter form data for visits by 2,795 students who received services at least once between September 7, 1998, and June 30, 1999, were reviewed. Demographic comparisons between clinic users and the total school population, and between “frequent” (five or more visits/year) and “average” (one to four visits/year) users were made. The two groups also were compared after primary diagnoses were classified into five general categories. Some 96% (3,469/3,614) of students were registered in the SBHCs, of whom 81% (2,795/3,469) used clinic services at least once during the school year. Clinic users did not differ from the general school population by gender, but were younger (p < 0.01). “Frequent” users were more likely than “average” users to be older (p < 0.01), but they did not differ by gender, race/ethnicity, or insurance status. “Frequent” users comprised 28% of the clinic‐using population, but accounted for 72.5% of all visits. Similarly, “average” users comprised 72.4% of the clinic‐using population, but accounted for 27.5% of all visits. “Frequent” users generated most visits for mental health and chronic medical conditions, while “average” users generated most visits for preventive care, acute medical care, and injuries/emergencies (p < 0.01 for all). Important challenges for elementary SBHCs include developing new approaches that meet children's needs while protecting clinic resources, like scheduling group interventions for those with on‐going health care needs who require frequent use of school health services.
Evaluation of the North Carolina “Baby Think It Over” Project
Authors: Tingle Lynne R.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The North Carolina “Baby Think It Over” (BTIO) evaluation was conducted during spring semester 2000. Data were collected from participating teachers, students, and parents. Twenty‐five teachers were selected randomly from different counties in North Carolina. Each randomly selected teacher coordinated the evaluation in conjunction with the intervention. Student surveys determined whether using the BTIO doll changed perceptions and attitudes toward teen parenting. Information also was collected on the veracity of each student's participation based on data provided from the computer in the baby. Surveys were sent home to the parents of participating students so information on communication, disruption of the household, and parenting perceptions could be obtained. Each teacher completed a survey that sought information on topics discussed throughout the intervention, hours of the program, and perceptions of program effectiveness. Parents and teachers were offered participation incentives. Overall, support existed for the BTIO intervention by parents and teachers. Most teachers and parents felt the program was effective at increasing communication about parenting and changing teen's attitudes in a desired direction. Most teachers reported that the intervention was not disruptive to their classes. However, results from student surveys did not reveal the same support. Student changes in attitudes and beliefs about parenting after the intervention were minimal. (J Sch Health. 2002;72(5): 178–183)
Urban Elementary School Student's Perceptions of Fighting Behavior and Concerns for Personal Safety
Authors: Price James H. , Telljohann Susan K. , Dake Joseph A. , Marsico Laura , Zyla Christine
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study assessed urban elementary school student's experience with weapon carrying and violence, concerns for personal safety, and perceptions of passive and direct interventions in resolving fights. The survey was completed by 1,912 urban students in the fourth and fifth grades. This cross‐sectional study found that one in 12 students reported weapon carrying one or more times during the past month. One‐third indicated that they would hit peers back if struck by them. One‐quarter of students did not feel safe going to or from school, and 23%‐43% worried about being physically attacked in or around school. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using logistic regression. Significant associations were found between the independent variables of age, race, gender, and academic success (grades) and the dependent variables of weapon carrying, hitting a peer back, concerns of safety, and passive solutions or direct interventions for peer fighting. (J Sch Health. 2002;72(5):184–191)
Evaluation of an Upper Elementary School Program to Prevent Body Image, Eating, and Weight Concerns
Authors: Kater Kathy J. , Rohwer John , Londre Karen
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Preparing young students to resist the sociocultural pressures that contribute to body image and eating problems in American culture poses a monumental challenge. This project determined if the 11‐lesson “Healthy Body Image: Teaching Kids to Eat and Love Their Bodies Too!” curriculum would have a positive effect when presented to upper elementary school children. A controlled study with 415 students measured changes from pretest to posttest related to: 1) body image; 2) knowledge about the biology of size, shape, and restricted hunger or dieting; 3) body size prejudice; 4) media awareness; 5) self‐image; and 6) lifestyle behavior. Boys and girls who completed the curriculum showed significant or notable improvement compared to a control group not exposed to the curriculum. Results suggest it is possible to provide children with a knowledge base to use as they face increasing pressures about appearance, weight, and eating in the critical middle school years. (I Sch Health. 2002;72(5):199–204)
Factors in the School Cafeteria Influencing Food Choices by High School Students
Authors: Shannon Christine , Story Mary , Fulkerson Jayne A. , French Simone A.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study set three objectives: I) to examine the perceived influence of health concerns, labeling and nutrition information, taste, cost, availability, and peers on adolescents' food choices, particularly in the school cafeteria; 2) to determine whether these factors vary by gender, grade level, or adolescents' health and weight concerns; and 3) to provide recommendations regarding promotion of low‐fat foods in the school cafeteria based on factors associated with food choices. Data were collected from a school survey that assessed key influences on adolescents' food choices, including low‐fat foods. Some 289 students in grades 10–12 from a senior high school in a metropolitan area served as subjects. Descriptive statistics, chi‐square, and general linear models were used for analysis. Results indicated that, when choosing foods from the school cafeteria, taste and getting a lot for their money were important to most students (93.7% and 71.7%, respectively). Females, and students who thought about their health and weight more frequently when deciding what to eat, were more likely to report greater interest in labeling and nutrition information and availability of low‐fat foods in the school cafeteria. Findings suggest that efforts to promote low‐fat foods to adolescents need to address the taste of low‐fat foods, availability of low‐fat options, and point‐of‐purchase labeling of low‐fat foods. Focusing on the value and cost of low‐fat foods may offer a key strategy for promoting low‐fat foods to males.
Participant Satisfaction with a School Telehealth Education Program Using Interactive Compressed Video Delivery Methods in Rural Arkansas
Authors: Bynum Ann B. , Cranford Charles O. , Irwin Cathy A. , Denny George S.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Socioeconomic and demographic factors can affect the impact of telehealth education programs that use interactive compressed video technology. This study assessed program satisfaction among participants in the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences' School Telehealth Education Program delivered by interactive compressed video. Variables in the one‐group posttest study were age, gender, ethnicity, education, community size, and program topics for years 1997–1999. The convenience sample included 3,319 participants in junior high and high schools. The School Telehealth Education Program provided information about health risks, disease prevention, health promotion, personal growth, and health sciences. Adolescents reported medium to high levels of satisfaction regarding program interest and quality. Significantly higher satisfaction was expressed for programs on muscular dystrophy, anatomy of the heart, and tobacco addiction (p < 0.001 to p = 0.003). Females, African Americans, and junior high school students reported significantly greater satisfaction (p < 0.001 to p = 0.005). High school students reported significantly greater satisfaction than junior high school students regarding the interactive video equipment (p = 0.011). White females (p = 0.025) and African American males (p = 0.004) in smaller, rural communities reported higher satisfaction than White males. The School Telehealth Education Program, delivered by interactive compressed video, promoted program satisfaction among rural and minority populations and among junior high and high school students. Effective program methods included an emphasis on participants' learning needs, increasing access in rural areas among ethnic groups, speaker communication, and clarity of the program presentation.
Relationships Among Adolescent Subjective Well‐Being, Health Behavior, and School Satisfaction
Authors: Katja Rask , Päivi Åstedt‐Kurki , Marja‐Terttu Tarkka , Pekka Laippala
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study examined the relationship among subjective well‐being (SWB), school satisfaction, and health behavior of Finnish secondary school students (N = 245). Pupils (51.0% female) in seventh and ninth grades from 13 secondary schools completed an anonymous questionnaire. Adolescent subjective well‐being was measured using the Berne questionnaire of subjective well‐being, and two subscales from an original Finnish questionnaire of values and subjective well‐being. Results indicated that school satisfaction, body satisfaction, and self‐rated good health explained 50% of the variance in global satisfaction among female respondents. For males, most significant predictors for global satisfaction included, in addition to those observed among girls, low‐intensity drinking which explained 31% of the variance. The most significant associations for global ill‐being for females were school dissatisfaction, high‐intensity drinking, and self‐rated moderate health, explaining 34% of the variance. In global ill‐being, the variables of body dissatisfaction and regular drinking explained only 14% of the variance for boys. The results support the need to enhance adolescent positive attitudes toward life and school, self‐perception, and adolescent coping with negative emotions.
Differences in Physical Activity Between Black and White Girls Living in Rural and Urban Areas
Authors: Felton Gwen M. , Dowda Marsha , Ward Dianne S. , Dishman Rod K. , Trost Stewart G. , Saunders Ruth , Pate Russell R.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study examined the relationship of race and rural/urban setting to physical, behavioral, psychosocial, and environmental factors associated with physical activity. Subjects included 1,668 eighth‐grade girls from 31 middle schools: 933 from urban settings, and 735 from rural settings. Forty‐six percent of urban girls and 59% of rural girls were Black. One‐way and two‐way ANOVAs with school as a covariate were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that most differences were associated with race rather than setting. Black girls were less active than White girls, reporting significantly fewer 30‐minute blocks of both vigorous and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity. Black girls also spent more time watching television, and had higher BMIs and greater prevalence of overweight than White girls. However, enjoyment of physical education and family involvement in physical activity were greater among Black girls than White girls. Rural White girls and urban Black girls had more favorable attitudes toward physical activity. Access to sports equipment, perceived safety of neighborhood, and physical activity self‐efficacy were higher in White girls than Black girls.
Asthma Management Practices and Education Needs of Head Start Directors and Staff
Authors: Huss Karen , Winkelstein Marilyn , Calabrese Barbara , Butz Arlene , Reshef Shoshana , Rand Cynthia , Gilpin Adele
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Limited information exists regarding asthma management practices and education needs of Head Start directors and staff. This paper describes asthma management practices and education needs of Head Start directors and staff in 15 Baltimore Md Head Start programs. From February to December 2000, all Head Start staff and directors were asked to complete a survey. Data from 268 Head Start staff and 12 Head Start directors were analyzed. Results revealed discrepancies between Head Start staff and directors regarding location of asthma medications and presence of asthma action plans in programs. Both Head Start staff and directors stated they had no curriculum to teach Head Start children how to manage asthma. This finding provides evidence that asthma education is needed in Head Start programs. Findings also indicate a need for improved communication between Head Start directors and staff.
Food‐Related Beliefs, Eating Behavior, and Classroom Food Practices of Middle School Teachers
Authors: Kubik Martha Y. , Lytle Leslie A. , Hannan Peter J. , Story Mary , Perry Cheryl L.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT:This study examined classroom food practices and eating behavior of middle school teachers from 16 schools in a metropolitan area, located in the upper Midwest. In winter 1999–2000, teachers in sixth, seventh, and eighth grade were surveyed (response rate = 70%; n = 490/701). Questions addressed teachers' classroom food practices, eating behavior while at school, personal health, and attitudes about the school food environment. Use of food as an incentive/reward for students was a common classroom practice in middle schools, and most foods did not support development of healthy eating patterns by young adolescents. Candy was the most frequently used food item, reported by 73% of teachers, followed by cookies/doughnuts (37%), sweetened drinks (35%), and pizza (28%). Many middle school teachers did not role model healthy eating behavior at school. Prevalent use of vending was a particular concern, with beverage and snack vending use reported by 62% and 35% of teachers, respectively. Most vending items purchased were sweetened drinks (57%) and high‐fat or high‐sugar snacks (85%). Low perceived personal health, high‐fat scores, and low support for the school food environment were some of the significant correlates of teachers' eating behavior. School and health professionals should continue to advocate for schoolwide policies and programs that support students and teachers if the goal of an integrated healthy school food environment is to be realized.
Understanding High School Students' Risk Behaviors to Help Reduce the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: Taylor M. , Dlamini S.B. , Kagoro H. , Jinabhai C.C. , De Vries H.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Of 901 rural learners (X age 16.1, SD = 2.4) at 10 randomly selected high schools in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, those living with a parent were less likely to drink alcohol (P < 0.0001) or use drugs (P = 0.006). Thirty percent (95% Cl 26.9, 33.1) were sexually active, and 53.1% used a condom in the past 30 days. The odds of males being sexually active was 7.27 the likelihood of females (95% Cl 5.2, 10.1). Only one‐third of male respondents always used condoms. Of sexually active respondents, 46.5% had experienced coercive sex. More males (14.1%) than females (3.6%) smoked cigarettes (P < 0.0001). The odds of males drinking alcohol was 4.5 times that of females (P < 0.0001). Smoking, (OR 2.42, 95% Cl 1.32, 4.44) and drinking, (OR 2.67, 95% Cl 1.71,4.19) among learners increased the likelihood of sexual activity. With youth at increasing risk of HIV/AIDS in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, interventions to reduce learners' risk behaviors are required.
A Survey of Health Promotion at International Schools
Authors: Curless Melanie , Burns Sharyn
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study investigated health promotion efforts at international schools serving the education needs of expatriate communities abroad. Factors supporting the implementation of whole‐school approaches to health promotion also were examined. Self‐completed questionnaires were distributed by a combination of electronic and conventional mail. International school staff in 93 countries (n = 205) completed an adapted version of an instrument used for evaluating the Western Australian School Health Project (WASHP). This survey demonstrated usefulness of the WASHP instrument cross‐culturally in a variety of school settings. The level of whole‐school approaches to health promotion in the participating international schools varied but tended to be low. Demographic characteristics of schools were not associated with differences in the level of health promotion, with the exception school size. School organizational factors support implementation of health promotion programs.
Elementary School Secretaries' Experiences and Perceptions of Administering Prescription Medication
Authors: Price James H. , Dake Joseph A. , Murnan Judy , Telljohann Susan K.
Published: October 2009

This study assessed elementary school secretaries' (n = 385) experiences and perceptions with student prescription medication. Sixty‐nine percent (n = 246) reported dispensing student medication, and this group represents the focus of this study. One in four secretaries reported not receiving any training regarding administration of student medication. Of those who were trained, 28% received training of less than one hour, and 24% received training of one to two hours duration. Secretaries generally disliked the responsibility of dispensing medication to students, but felt prepared to do so. Most (63%) administered student medication five days per week. The most commonly administered categories included attention deficit/hyperactivity medication (92%), asthma medication (87%), and antibiotics (68%). Most (85%) reported they had made no medication errors during the past year.
Using Counterfactual Exercises to Enhance Decision‐Making in Sexual Health
Authors: Duryea Elias J.
Published: October 2009

In 1996, in a large metropolitan city in the Southwest, a 14‐year‐old girl went to a party. After the party, around midnight, she agreed to go for a ride with two 18‐year‐old boys she met. Sitting between the boys in the front of the driver's truck, she was pressured to engage in sex. She strongly resisted. The boys threw her out of the truck and drove away, leaving her on a deserted city street around two in the morning. Clearly the young woman's decision to go with the boys was a poor one.
Evaluation of the Florida Coordinated School Health Program Pilot Schools Project
Authors: Weiler Robert M. , Pigg R. Morgan , McDermott Robert J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The Florida Department of Education, with CDC funding, designed the Florida Coordinated School Health Program Pilot Schools Project (PSP) to encourage innovative approaches to promote coordinated school health programs (CSHP) in Florida schools. Each of eight pilot schools received $15,000 in project funding, three years of technical assistance including on‐site and off‐site assistance, a project office resource center, mailings of resource materials, needs assessment and evaluation assistance, and three PSP Summer Institutes. Project evaluators created a context evaluation, approaching each school independently as a “case study” to measure the school's progress in meeting goals established at baseline. Data were collected using the How Healthy is Your School? needs assessment instrument, a School Health Portfolio constructed by each school team, a Pilot Schools Project Team Member Survey instrument, midcourse team interviews, final team interviews, and performance indicator data obtained from pilot and control schools. The PSP posed two fundamental questions: “Can financial resources, professional training, and technical assistance enable individual schools to create and sustain a coordinated school health program?” and “What outcomes reasonably can one expect from a coordinated school health program, assuming programs receive adequate support over time?” First, activities at the eight schools confirmed that a coordinated school health programs can be established and sustained. Program strength and sustainability depend on long‐term resources, qualified personnel, and administrative support. Second, though coordinated school health programs may improve school performance indicators, the PSP yielded insufficient evidence to support that belief. Future projects should include robust measurement and evaluation designs, thereby producing conclusive evidence about the influence of a coordinated school health program on such outcomes.
The Adolescent Health Review: Test of a Computerized Screening Tool in School‐Based Clinics
Authors: Harrison Patricia A. , Beebe Timothy J. , Park Eunkyung , Rancone Jeanne
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study tested the viability of a stand‐alone screening process in school‐based health centers, and gauged its acceptance by patients and providers. The study also examined the prevalence of a variety of health risks disclosed in response to a new screening instrument and the relationship between these health risks and the stated purpose for the clinic visit. Seven school‐based clinics located in six high schools and one alternative school in an urban school district participated in the study; 692 patients (83% female, 67% minority) completed the Adolescent Health Review (AHR), a multidimensional screening instrument that addressed 14 risk domains. The AHR was computerized for administration, scoring, and report generation. Females reported risk in significantly more domains than males (4.2 vs. 3.2; t = 4.5, p < .0001), including higher risk in family interaction problems, a history of physical or sexual abuse, emotional distress, suicidal behavior, marijuana use, and sexual activity. Significantly more males than females reported violent behavior. Risk rates were high regardless of stated purpose for the clinic visit. According to clinic staff, use of the AHR increased routine screening and the process was well accepted by patients and providers. Providers benefited from the opportunity to discuss risks with patients by using the printed reports to facilitate conversation and develop health care plans.
Reliability and Validity of the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2000 Questionnaires
Authors: Brener Nancy D. , Kann Laura , Smith Timothy K.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: To help assess the quality of the questionnaires developed for the School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS) 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted a data quality substudy in conjunction with SHPPS 2000. The substudy assessed validity of the state‐ and district‐level questionnaires through telephone interviews with a subsample of the original state‐ and district‐level respondents, and the test‐retest reliability of the school‐ and classroom‐level questionnaires through computer‐assisted repeat interviews with a subsample of the school‐ and classroom‐level respondents. Results indicated that although a few threats to the validity of responses to the state‐ and district‐level questionnaires were identified, the questionnaires generally produced valid data. Among the school‐ and classroom‐level questionnaires, some questions demonstrated poor reliability, but most exhibited moderate or substantial reliability, and some exhibited almost perfect reliability. CDC will use these results to revise the SHPPS 2000 questionnaires and will consider alternative methods of data collection to improve the quality of data collected in future versions of SHPPS.
California School Board Members' Perceptions of Factors Influencing School Nutrition Policy
Authors: Brown Kelli McCormack , Akintobi Tabia Henry , Pitt Seraphine , Berends Victoria , McDermott Robert , Agron Peggy , Purcell Amanda
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Enactment and enforcement of school nutrition policies represent key components in adolescent overweight and obesity prevention. This study determined: 1) California school board members' attitudes, perceptions, and motivations related to enactment of policies that support healthy eating in schools; and 2) barriers to adopting school policies that support healthy eating. To understand board members' decision‐making process, key informant interviews were conducted and a survey was administered to 404 school board members. Though school board members care about the well‐being of pupils, competing priorities limit the extent to which nutrition issues get addressed at board meetings. Members' decisions center primarily around academic achievement issues, yet they are interested in nutrition's overall impact on children's health and academic achievement.
Fee‐for‐Service Revenue for School Mental Health Through a Partnership with an Outpatient Mental Health Center
Authors: Lever Nancy A. , Stephan Sharon Hoover , Axelrod Jennifer , Weist Mark D.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: School mental health programs are increasingly prominent in the United States and in other countries, but funding remains tentative. This article describes a partnership between a school mental health program and an outpatient mental health center, and considers the larger goal of promoting sustainability and increasing revenue. Issues related to using fee‐ for‐service revenue to support school mental health are explored, and strategies for promoting effective partnerships are discussed. Recommendations for programs facing the challenge ofincorporating fee‐for‐service activities into their current model of service provision are provided.
Does the School Nurse‐to‐Student Ratio Make a Difference?
Authors: Guttu Martha , Engelke Martha Keehner , Swanson Melvin
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Public schools must provide an appropriate education for students with complex health needs. Chronic illnesses such as asthma and diabetes, social morbidities, injuries, and conditions that limit learning such as poor vision commonly affect school‐aged children. School nurses often assume a leadership role in providing services for these children. However, although a national standard for school nurse/student ratio has been proposed, little research has examined the relationship between different school nurse‐to‐student ratios, level of health services provided in schools, and student outcomes. This study examined data in a 21‐county region in eastern North Carolina served by a regional school nurse consultant. The school nurse‐to‐student ratio in these counties ranged from 1:451 to 1:7,440 based on full‐time equivalencies. Two systems offered no school nursing services.*** Data from school years ending in 2000–2002 were considered in the analysis. A significant correlation was found between the increased presence of school nurses and services provided to children with diabetes (r = −.52, p = .000) and asthma (r = −.43, p = .002). Schools with better ratios provided more counseling services to children for social conditions such as depression and unintended pregnancy (r = −.38, p = .006), and more follow‐up for school‐related injuries (r = −.43, p = .003), and a higher percentage of children with vision problems received follow‐up care (r = −.37, p = .007). A case analysis of one school district that experienced a significant improvement in nurse/student ratio over the study period provides further evidence that school nurses make a difference.
Ethnic Variation in Drinking, Drug Use, and Sexual Behavior Among Adolescents in Hawaii
Authors: Ramisetty‐Mikler Suhasini , Caetano Raul , Goebert Deborah , Nishimura Stephanie
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study examined ethnic differences in substance use and sexual behavior and whether drinking and drug use constitute risk factors for unsafe sexual practices among Native Hawaiian (NH), Caucasian, and Asian/Pacific Islander (API) high school students in Hawaii. A secondary data analysis of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (1997 and 1999) using a representative sample of 2,657 students in 9–12 grades was performed. Chi‐square tests for bivariate associations and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors. NHs were more sexually active, initiated sex earlier, and tended to have multiple partners. Alcohol lifetime use was higher in NH, Caucasians, and males. NHs were more likely to initiate drinking by age 12 and engage more in episodic drinking. Non‐episodic or episodic drinkers and students who use drugs were at risk to engage in sexual activity, have multiple partners, and use alcohol/drugs during sex. Risk was two times higher for substance use during sex if drinking was initiated at age 10 or younger compared to 15 years or older. Compared to abstainers, the risk doubled for lifetime multiple partners if drinking was initiated at ages 13–14. Overall, females were more sexually active. Because drinking was associated with sexual initiation and risky behavior, adverse effects of alcohol must be addressed in programs targeting underage drinking, thus helping youth delay or minimize sexual activity and prevent other associated problems. Intervention efforts should enhance life skills that endorse abstinence from alcohol and drug use.
Long‐Term Impact of the Gatehouse Project on Cannabis Use of 16‐Year‐Olds in Australia
Authors: Bond Lyndal , Thomas Lyndal , Coffey Carolyn , Glover Sara , Butler Helen , Carlin John B. , Patton George
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study examined the impact of a school‐based preventive intervention on cannabis use in adolescence, using a cluster‐randomized trial of a multilevel intervention aimed at improving social relationships within schools by promoting change in school environment. Four waves of data were collected at baseline (1997, Year 8: mean age 13 years) and six, 18, and 30 months later (1999, Year 10: mean age 16 years). Self‐reported substance use, school engagement, and sociodemographic data were collected using computer‐administered questionnaires. Some 2,678 (74%) Year 8 students participated (wave 1) with minimal attrition (10% by wave 4). Adjusting for baseline use, weak evidence existed for an intervention effect on the prevalence of any use at Year 10 (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.54, 1.05) and incident weekly use (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.39, 1.33). These effects were reduced after adjusting for confounders. Moderate evidence suggested an interaction effect between intervention group and tobacco use (p = 0.04), suggesting the intervention was more effective for non‐smokers at baseline (Adj. OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.26, 0.98). This study indicates that a multi‐level school‐based program may provide an innovative direction for sustainable school interventions with the potential to reduce substance use.
The Relationship Between School Health Councils and School Health Policies and Programs in US Schools
Authors: Brener Nancy D. , Kann Laura , McManus Tim , Stevenson Beth , Wooley Susan F.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study analyzed data from the School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS) 2000 to examine the relationship between school health councils and selected school health policies and programs. SHPPS 2000 collected data from faculty and staff in a nationally representative sample of schools. About two‐thirds (65.7%) of US schools have school health councils. Schools with councils were significantly more likely than schools without councils to report policies and programs related to health services. mental health and social services; faculty and staff health promotion, and family and community involvement. Schools with councils were as likely as schools without councils to report policies and programs related to health education, physical education, and food service. Although school health councils are associated with the presence of some key school health policies and programs, a council does not guarantee a school will have all important school health policies and programs in place.
A Contest to Create Media Messages Aimed at Recruiting Adolescents for Stop Smoking Programs
Authors: Croghan Ivana T. , Campbell Heather M. , Patten Christi A. , Croghan Gary A. , Schroeder Darrell R. , Novotny Paul J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This project engaged adolescents in a contest to create advertising messages aimed at recruiting teens for stop smoking programs. Middle school students were invited to design a media message for television, radio, Web, or print (newspaper or billboard). Of 4,289 students in eight middle schools of Rochester, Minn., 265 (6.2%) developed 172 stop smoking messages. The quality of their work confirmed that teens can design media messages to encourage their smoking adolescent peers to enroll in a program to stop smoking.
Impact of School Nurse Case Management on Students with Asthma
Authors: Taras Howard , Wright Sandra , Brennan Jesse , Campana Jack , Lofgren RoseMarie
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This project determined asthma prevalence in a large school district, absentee rates, and potential effects of school nurse case management for student asthma over three years. Data were derived from an asthma tracking tool used by nurses in one school district for every student reported as having asthma by their parent. School nurses began collecting data in their schools in 1999–2000 when an asthma‐management protocol was first developed. Nurses documented perceived asthma severity for each student, presence of medication and peak flow meters in school, and case management activities provided. This data base was cross matched with percentage of days students were absent for any illness. Prevalence of asthma, based on school nurse records of parent report, was between 5.1% to 6.2% during the three years. Between 13.5% and 15% were moderate or severe. Students with asthma were absent between one‐half to one and one‐quarter days more often than those without asthma. In year three, 39% of students with asthma had medication at school, and 12% had a peak flow meter. Contacting a parent was the nurse case management activity provided for the largest number of students (27% of students with asthma), followed by asthma education (16.5%), contact with physician (6%), and home visits (1%). Students who received at least one school nurse case management intervention were more likely the next year to have an asthma medication at school, to use a peak flow meter at school, and to have a change in asthma severity. School nurse case management activity had no association with student absences. Availability of medication and peak flow meters at school was low, suggesting standards of care for asthma were not followed. School nurse case management, when performed outside a project or intervention, offers a promising strategy to improve asthma management.
Using Achievement Goal Theory to Assess an Elementary Physical Education Running Program
Authors: Xiang Ping , Bruene April , McBride Ron E.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Using Achievement Goal Theory as a theoretical framework, this study examined an elementary physical education running program called Roadrunners and assessed relationships among achievement goals, perceived motivational climate, and student achievement behavior. Roadrunners promotes cardiovascular health, physical active lifestyles, and mastery behaviors such as persistence and effort. Students were required to run/walk once a week during the school year in their regularly scheduled physical education classes. Participants included 116 fourth graders (67 boys, 49 girls), who participated in Roadrunners since kindergarten. Near the end of spring semester, students completed a 36‐item questionnaire assessing achievement goals and perceived motivational climate of Roadrunners. Student persistence/effort was assessed by the number of run/walk laps over the year‐long program. Performance was measured by a timed, one‐mile run. Results revealed the mastery goal related positively to student persistence/effort for Roadrunners and to their one‐mile run performance. Interaction between the mastery goal and perception of a mastery‐focused climate emerged as a positive predictor of student one‐mile run performance. Results provided additional empirical support for mastery goals and perceptions of a mastery‐focused climate as beneficial to student motivation and learning.