bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sulfonated Mesoporous Silica-Carbon Composite Derived from a Silicate-Polyethylene Glycol Gel and Its Application as Solid Acid Catalysts
Authors: Julaika Shofiyya , Fadli Agus Farid , Widiyastuti Widiyastuti , Setyawan Heru
Published: October 2021

Solid acid catalyst is a promising alternative to the counterpart homogeneous acid for esterification reaction from the viewpoint of reusability and environmental concerns. This work aims to develop sulfonated mesoporous silica-carbon composite as solid acid catalyst for the esterification. The catalyst was synthesized from sodium silicate as the silica precursor and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as both carbon precursor and template via a sol-gel route in an aqueous system. Then, it was carbonized to produce mesoporous silica-carbon composite. Using the proposed method, the surface area of the silica-carbon composite could reach as high as 1074.21 m2/g. Although the surface area decreased to 614.02 m²/g when it was functionalized with sulfonate groups, the composite had a high ionic capacity of 5.3 mEq/g and exhibited high catalytic activity for esterification reaction of acetic acid with ethanol. At a reaction temperature of 80 °C, the acetic acid conversion reached 76.55% in 4 h. In addition, the catalyst had good reusability, which can be comparable with the commercial catalyst Foltrol F-007. It appears that the sulfonated silica-carbon composite prepared from sodium silicate using PEG as the carbon source a promising candidate as catalyst for esterification and the related area. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Which traits are necessary to quickly select suitable plant species for ecological restoration?
Authors: Wang Chen , Liu Hui , Zhu Liwei , Ren Hai , Yan Junhua , Li Zhian , Zhang Hui
Published: October 2021

Traditionally, restoration ecologists and land managers have used the trial‐and‐error method to select candidate restoration species. This method, however, is time consuming (usually more than 3 years) and has a relatively low success rate. Recently, Wang et al. (2020) developed a trait‐based species selection framework which can quickly (within 1 month) and successfully select many appropriate species for ecological restoration. They used 28 traits that are associated with tolerance to harsh environmental conditions to select candidate restoration species for a tropical coral island in Hainan Province, China. However, it is likely that some of the 28 traits used in this study may not be very important for species selection, providing the potential use of fewer overall traits. This is important since in many situations land managers will have limited data and resources on species traits.

In this study, we used Wang et al. (2020)’s trait data to test which traits are necessary to achieve a similar success rate when screening species for restoration applications. We performed principal component analysis (PCA) to compute each trait's relative contribution. Then, we used the backward stepwise approach where the trait that had the least contribution among all remaining traits was removed one at a time, and the screening model was then run again using the smaller set of traits. Species which are proven very appropriate for ecological restoration in Wang et al. (2020) were the standard to quantify how many and which traits should be used to acquire similar screening results. We also classified all 28 traits into four types of functional traits to test if a small set of traits can mimic Wang et al. (2020)’s selection results.

Our results indicate that it is hard to simultaneously reduce trait numbers and maintain the right screening results; especially for tree species. Likewise, vine species and herbaceous species still required most of the original traits used by Wang et al. (2020). Our results also indicate that multiple trait types are required, rather than one single group of functional traits.

Our results reject the possibility of using fewer and more targeted traits for species screening. Although investigations in other ecosystems are needed to test the generality of the conclusion, our results suggest that multiple functional traits are still required to be measured to select appropriate plant species for the restoration of tropical coral islands.
Light‐Addressable Nanocomposite Hydrogels Allow Plasmonic Actuation and In Situ Temperature Monitoring in 3D Cell Matrices
Authors: Yu Wei , Deschaume Olivier , Dedroog Lens , Garcia Abrego Christian Jose , Zhang Pengfei , Wellens Jolan , de Coene Yovan , Jooken Stijn , Clays Koen , Thielemans Wim , Glorieux Christ , Bartic Carmen
Published: October 2021

This paper reports a multifunctional platform based on a nanocomposite hydrogel combining poly(ethylene glycol), with rhodamine B‐containing silica nanoparticles (RhB@SiO2), as temperature sensors, and gold nanorods (AuNRs) as plasmonic heaters. This composite material acts as a light‐addressable cellular matrix able to induce 3D temperature gradients locally and dynamically using the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of AuNRs under near‐infrared (NIR) laser illumination. At the same time, the temperature changes are probed locally by monitoring changes of the RhB@SiO2 NPs fluorescence. As a result of plasmonic heating, and, depending on the preparation protocol, the light‐addressable hydrogel also deforms controllably and reversibly, allowing mechanical and thermal cellular stimulation in a 3D matrix. The hydrogel deformation is quantified by means of inline holographic microscopy. This approach makes it possible to accurately and locally control and simultaneously measure temperature gradients and deformation in soft, 3D deformable materials and will enable novel platforms for studying cellular thermo‐ and mechanobiology.
On the Durability of Iridium‐Based Electrocatalysts toward the Oxygen Evolution Reaction under Acid Environment
Authors: She Liaona , Zhao Guoqiang , Ma Tianyi , Chen Jian , Sun Wenping , Pan Hongge
Published: October 2021

Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) driven by renewable electricity provide a facile path toward green hydrogen production, which is critical for establishing a sustainable hydrogen society. The high working potential and the corrosive environment pose severe challenges for developing highly active and durable electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). To date, iridium (Ir)‐based materials, largely metallic Ir and Ir‐based oxides, are the most suitable OER electrocatalysts for PEMWEs due to their balanced activity and durability. Tremendous efforts have been devoted to improving the specific activity of Ir species to reduce the cost; however, advances in enhancing the durability of Ir‐based electrocatalysts are rather limited. In this review, the recent research progress on tackling the stability issues of Ir‐based OER electrocatalysts in acid media is summarized, aiming to provide inspiration for designing highly active and stable Ir‐based electrocatalysts. The OER mechanism and the associated failure modes of active Ir species are summarized. Then, mechanistic studies on the dissolution behavior of Ir species and experimental attempts on enhancing the durability of Ir‐based electrocatalysts are discussed. The personal perspectives for future studies on Ir‐based OER electrocatalysts are also provided.
Breaking of Thermopower–Conductivity Trade‐Off in LaTiO3 Film around Mott Insulator to Metal Transition
Authors: Katase Takayoshi , He Xinyi , Tadano Terumasa , Tomczak Jan M. , Onozato Takaki , Ide Keisuke , Feng Bin , Tohei Tetsuya , Hiramatsu Hidenori , Ohta Hiromichi , Ikuhara Yuichi , Hosono Hideo , Kamiya Toshio
Published: October 2021

Introducing artificial strain in epitaxial thin films is an effective strategy to alter electronic structures of transition metal oxides (TMOs) and to induce novel phenomena and functionalities not realized in bulk crystals. This study reports a breaking of the conventional trade‐off relation in thermopower (S)–conductivity (σ) and demonstrates a 2 orders of magnitude enhancement of power factor (PF) in compressively strained LaTiO3 (LTO) films. By varying substrates and reducing film thickness down to 4 nm, the out‐of‐plane to the in‐plane lattice parameter ratio is controlled from 0.992 (tensile strain) to 1.034 (compressive strain). This tuning induces the electronic structure change from a Mott insulator to a metal and leads to a 103‐fold increase in σ up to 2920 S cm−1. Concomitantly, the sign of S inverts from positive to negative, and both σ and S increase and break the trade‐off relation between them in the n‐type region. As a result, the PF (=S2σ) is significantly enhanced to 300 µW m−1K−2, which is 102 times larger than that of bulk LTO. Present results propose epitaxial strain as a means to finely tune strongly correlated TMOs close to their Mott transition, and thus to harness the hidden large thermoelectric PF.
Cancer Patient Tissueoid with Self‐Homing Nano‐Targeting of Metabolic Inhibitor
Authors: Yoon Hyo‐Jin , Chung Young Shin , Lee Yong Jae , Yu Seung Eun , Baek Sewoom , Kim Hye‐Seon , Kim Sang Wun , Lee Jung‐Yun , Kim Sunghoon , Sung Hak‐Joon
Published: October 2021

The current paradigm of cancer medicine focuses on patient‐ and/or cancer‐specific treatments, which has led to continuous progress in the development of patient representatives (e.g., organoids) and cancer‐targeting carriers for drug screening. As breakthrough concepts, i) living cancer tissues convey intact profiles of patient‐specific microenvironmental signatures. ii) The growth mechanisms of cancer mass with intense cell‐cell interactions can be harnessed to develop self‐homing nano‐targeting by using cancer cell‐derived nanovesicles (CaNVs). Hence, a tissueoid model of ovarian cancer (OC) is developed by culturing OC patient tissues in a 3D gel chip, whose microchannel networks enable perfusion to maintain tissue viability. A novel model of systemic cancer responses is approached by xenografting OC tissueoids into ischaemic hindlimbs in nude mice. CaNVs are produced to carry general chemotherapeutics or new drugs under pre/clinical studies that target the BRCA mutation or energy metabolism, thereby increasing the test scope. This pioneer study cross‐validates drug responses from the OC clinic, tissueoid, and animal model by demonstrating the alignment of results in drug type‐specific efficiency, BRCA mutation‐dependent drug efficiency, and metabolism inhibition‐based anti‐cancer effects. Hence, this study provides a directional foundation to accelerate the discovery of patient‐specific drugs with CaNV application towards future precision medicine.
A Sequential Dual‐Model Strategy Based on Photoactivatable Metallopolymer for On‐Demand Release of Photosensitizers and Anticancer Drugs
Authors: He Maomao , He Guangli , Wang Peiyuan , Jiang Suhua , Jiao Ziyue , Xi Dongmei , Miao Pengcheng , Leng Xuefei , Wei Zhiyong , Li Yang , Yang Yanjun , Wang Ran , Du Jianjun , Fan Jiangli , Sun Wen , Peng Xiaojun
Published: October 2021

The synergistic combination of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy has attracted considerable attention for its enhanced antitumoral effects; however, it remains challenging to successfully delivery photosensitizers and anticancer drugs while minimizing drug leakage at off‐target sites. A red‐light‐activatable metallopolymer, Poly(Ru/PTX), is synthesized for combined chemo‐photodynamic therapy. The polymer has a biodegradable backbone that contains a photosensitizer Ru complex and the anticancer drug paclitaxel (PTX) via a singlet oxygen (1O2) cleavable linker. The polymer self‐assembles into nanoparticles, which can efficiently accumulate at the tumor sites during blood circulation. The distribution of the therapeutic agents is synchronized because the Ru complex and PTX are covalently conjugate to the polymer, and off‐target toxicity during circulation is also mostly avoided. Red light irradiation at the tumor directly cleaves the Ru complex and produces 1O2 for photodynamic therapy. Sequentially, the generated 1O2 triggers the breakage of the linker to release the PTX for chemotherapy. Therefore, this novel sequential dual‐model release strategy creates a synergistic chemo‐photodynamic therapy while minimizing drug leakage. This study offers a new platform to develop smart delivery systems for the on‐demand release of therapeutic agents in vivo.
New digital braincase endocasts of two species of Desmatosuchus and neurocranial diversity within Aetosauria (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia)
Authors: von Baczko M. Belén , Desojo Julia. B. , Gower David J. , Ridgely Ryan , Bona Paula , Witmer Lawrence M.
Published: October 2021

In the present contribution we revise, figure, and redescribe several isolated braincases of the iconic aetosaur Desmatosuchus from the Placerias Quarry locality, Chinle Formation, Arizona, United States. The detailed study of the isolated braincases from the UCMP collection allowed us to assign them at the species‐level and recognize two species of Desmatosuchus for the Placerias Quarry: D. spurensis and D. smalli. The former can be distinguished from the latter by the presence of a transverse sulcus on the parietals, deep median pharyngeal recess on the basisphenoid, almost no gap between the basal tubera and the basipterygoid processes, and the exoccipitals meeting at the midline. The presence of D. smalli at the Placerias Quarry has not been previously reported. Based on the braincases UCMP 27408, 27410, 27407, three new brain endocasts were developed through CT scan images, reconstructing the most complete endocranial casts known for an aetosaur, including the encephalon, cranial nerves, inner ear, and endocranial vasculature. The cranial endocasts also exhibited some differences between both species of Desmatosuchus, with D. spurensis having a distinguishable dural expansion and markedly asymmetric anterior and posterior semicircular canals of the labyrinth. Additionally, the combination of osteological features and the endocranial casts allowed us to identify and discuss the presence of an ossified orbitosphenoid on the anteriormost region of the braincase among aetosaurs. Furthermore, we were able to reinterpret some of the observations made by previous authors on the endocast of the holotype of Desmatosuchus spurensis (UMMP VP 7476) and provide some insight into their neurosensory capabilities.
Information behavior patterns: A new theoretical perspective from an empirical study of naturalistic information acquisition
Authors: Lee Lo , Ocepek Melissa G. , Makri Stephann
Published: October 2021

This empirical study offers a new theoretical perspective in information behavior research by identifying interrelationships between certain information behaviors. While previous work recognizes the iterative nature of information acquisition, information behavior research has so far been dominated by the identification and conceptual elaboration of discrete behaviors. We introduce the theoretical concept of “information behavior patterns” to characterize the intricate connectedness of information interaction in an arts and crafts context. A qualitative study comprising naturalistic observation and semi‐structured interviews with 20 arts and crafts hobbyists was conducted in two “browse‐first” information environments that support various forms of active and passive information acquisition: Pinterest and a brick‐and‐mortar crafts store. Findings revealed a variety of information behavior patterns across both environments. We illustrate several of these through in‐depth discussions of two specific information acquisition sessions. We visualize observed patterns from these sessions to illustrate the interweaving of active, passive acquisition, and personal goals. Our findings demonstrate the complex interconnectedness of human information behavior, highlighting the importance of going beyond compartmentalizing behaviors into “buckets” when trying to understand the complex, dynamic, and evolving nature of information interaction.
Method development of phenolic acid profiling analysis as tert‐butyldimethylsilyl derivative by gas chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Kim Youngbae , Seo Chan , Lee Hyeon‐Seong , Ji Moongi , Oh Songjin , Choi Byeong‐Chan , Kim Doo‐Young , Park Kyung‐Wuk , Park Junseong , Paik Man‐Jeong
Published: October 2021

An efficient gas chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry‐based method using tert‐butyldimethylsilyl derivative was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 10 phenolic acids. Under optimal conditions, linearity in the range of 2–100 ng/ml exhibited correlation coefficient (r) of ≥0.999. Repeatability showed low relative standard deviation of <16.7%, and accuracy (% relative error) varied from −9.8 to 3.4. New mass spectra data sets of 10 phenolic acids were constructed in multiple reaction monitoring mode. When applied to Orostachys japonica (Maxim.) A. Berger, the 10 phenolic acids of salicylic, 4‐hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, m‐coumaric, syringic, p‐coumaric, protocatechuic, ferulic, gallic, and caffeic acids were positively identified. We believe that the devised method will be found useful for profiling phenolic acids in various plant samples.
Haploidentical donor transplant is associated with secondary poor graft function after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: A single‐center retrospective study
Authors: Lv Wei‐Ran , Zhou Ya , Xu Jun , Fan Zhi‐Ping , Huang Fen , Xu Na , Xuan Li , Shi Peng‐Cheng , Liu Hui , Wang Zhi‐Xiang , Sun Jing , Liu Qi‐Fa
Published: October 2021

Background

Secondary poor graft function (sPGF) is a serious complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) related to poor outcome. We aimed to retrospectively evaluate the morbidity and hazard elements of sPGF after allo‐HSCT.

Methods

Eight hundred and sixty‐three patients who achieved initial engraftment of both neutrophils and platelets were retrospectively reviewed in this study.

Results

Fifty‐two patients developed sPGF within 180 days post‐transplants, with the median onset time was 62 days (range, 34–121 days) post‐transplants. The overall cumulative incidence of sPGF within 180 days post‐transplantation was 6.0%, with 3.4%, 3.4%, and 10.1%, respectively, in matched sibling donor (MSD), matched unrelated donor (MUD), and haploidentical donor (HID) transplant (p < 0.0001). Multivariable analysis showed that HID (HID vs. MSD: hazard ratio [HR] 2.525, p = 0.004; HID vs. MUD: [HR] 3.531, p = 0.017), acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) within +30 days ([HR] 2.323, p = 0.003), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation ([HR] 8.915, p < 0.0001) within +30 days post‐transplants were hazard elements of sPGF. The patients with sPGF had poorer survival than good graft function (51.7±8.1% vs. 62.9±1.9%, p < 0.0001). Our results also showed that only CMV reactivation was the hazard element for the development of PGF in HID transplant ([HR] 12.521 p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

HID transplant is also an independent hazard element of sPGF except for aGVHD and CMV reactivation.
Fe2O3/NiMoO4 Heterostructured Microspheres as an Anode Material for Long‐Life and High‐Performance Lithium Storage
Authors: Li Haifeng , Yang Zhenglong , Jiang Wei , Wang Zhenhao , Fu Zhenyu , Xu Yanbin , Meng Yanfeng , Wang Mengyu , Sun Wenjuan , Zhao Deyang , Wang Feng , Jiang Ziqiao
Published: October 2021

Fe2O3/NiMoO4 heterostructured microspheres were prepared by a two‐step hydrothermal method followed by calcination. The Fe2O3 component in the composite is evolved from FeMoO4, which inherits the advantage of high capacity of FeMoO4. The heterogeneous structure of the microspheres can enlarge the contact area between the active material and electrolyte so as to reduce the charge transfer resistance. When applied to the anode of lithium‐ion battery, the material shows distinguished lithium storage performance and mechanical robustness, benefiting from the high capacity of Fe2O3 and good stability of NiMoO4. Moreover, the voids on the surface of the material effectively buffer the volume effect during the repeated cycling. The specific capacity of the composite can reach 1063 mA h g−1 and 584 mA h g−1 after 460 and 420 cycles at 300 mA g−1 and 2 A g−1, respectively. The improvement of the electrochemical performance is attributed to the unique structural characteristics and synergistic effect of its heterogeneous phases.
Altmarktgarten – Verwaltungsgebäude mit integriertem Dachgewächshaus, Oberhausen
Authors: Haas Friedhelm
Published: October 2021

Auf dem fünfgeschossigen Jobcenter der Stadt Oberhausen bildet ein öffentliches Forschungsgewächshaus den Dachabschluss. Diese Glassatteldächer, mitten im Zentrum am Altmarkt, werden für die Stadt Oberhausen ein neues politisches, technisches wie architektonisches Statement in der aktuellen Debatte. Das Dachgewächshaus ist durch ein begrüntes Stahlgerüst, welches vom Altmarkt aus angebunden ist, öffentlich zugänglich. Die drei Bereiche Verwaltungsbau, Gewächshaus und vertikaler Garten sind in ihrer Gliederung aufeinander bezogen. Die vertikale Struktur der Gewächshausfassade wird im Rankgerüst des vertikalen Gartens fortgesetzt und findet sich auch in den Fenstern des Verwaltungsbaus wieder.

Altmarktgarten – administration building with integrated roof greenhouse, Oberhausen. A research greenhouse has been built on top of the five‐storied administrative building in Oberhausen. It is accessible to the public from the greened steel scaffolding (the vertical garden) that connects the rooftop greenhouse with the Altmarkt square on ground level. The administrative building, its rooftop greenhouse and the vertical garden are linked in their structure. The vertical structure of the facade of the greenhouse expands into the vertical garden and can also be found in the window partition of the administrative building.
Bauen mit Glas – Tageslicht effizient nutzen
Authors: Elstner Michael , Pauk Daniel
Published: October 2021

Bauen mit Glas bedeutet Bauen mit Licht. In diesem Aufsatz sollen die Grundlagen zu Strahlung, zu Tageslicht sowie zur melanopischen Lichtwirkung auf den Menschen und deren quantitative Bewertung in seinen Ausgangspunkten beschrieben werden. Es werden darüber hinaus die wesentlichen strahlungsphysikalischen sowie lichttechnischen Kennwerte zum Baustoff Glas erläutert. Ebenso beschrieben werden die grundsätzlichen Funktionen von Glasbeschichtungen sowie deren Auswirkung auf die Qualität von Licht. Neben diesen Grundlagen wird die Verfügbarkeit von Tageslicht in Gebäuden beschrieben sowie ein Einblick in die neue europäische Tageslichtnorm DIN EN 17037 gegeben.

Building with glass – using daylight efficiently. Building with glass means building with light. This paper aims to describe the principles of radiation, of daylight and of melanopic light effects – the biological effect of light on human beings – and their quantitative evaluation. Furthermore, the essential solar and luminous characteristics of glass as a building material are explained. The paper also describes the basic functions of glass coatings and their effect on the quality of light. In addition to these principles, a description is given of the availability of daylight inside buildings as well as a preview of and insight into the new European daylight standard DIN EN 17037.
Festigkeit 3D‐gedruckter Fassadenelemente
Authors: Heyder Frank , Paulu Franziska
Published: October 2021

Durch additive Fertigungsverfahren rücken technische Kunststoffe jetzt wieder ins Blickfeld von Architekten und Ingenieuren. 3D‐gedruckte transluzente Elemente aus Kunststoff versprechen neue gestalterische Möglichkeiten für den Fassadenbau. Durch individuell gestaltete Oberflächen und die Möglichkeit, das Innere des Fassadenelementes mit luftgefüllten wabenartigen Strukturen auszubilden, ergeben sich neue bauphysikalische Eigenschaften und Lösungsansätze für die Gebäudehülle. Bisher gibt es dafür keine statischen Bemessungsansätze. Der Beitrag beschreibt einen Weg, ein auf Bauteilversuchen gestütztes Bemessungsmodell für 3D‐gedruckte Kunststoffbauteile aufzustellen. Damit ist es möglich, frei geformte, im 3D‐Druck hergestellte Fassadenbauteile aus technischen Kunststoffen für Wind‐ und Schneelasten nachzuweisen.

Structural design of 3D printed facade elements. With the upcoming additive manufacturing, architects and engineers draw attention again towards technical plastics. 3D printed translucent plastic elements promise new possibilities for facade design. Individual shapes and the insulating honeycomb structure typical for 3D printed parts allow new approaches for the building envelope. Up to now, structural design guidelines do not exist. This article describes, how to set up a structural design model for 3D printed parts based on material tests, in order to design and calculate freely shaped 3D printed facade parts for wind and snow loads.
Untersuchungen zu Dünnglas‐Polycarbonat‐Verbundtafeln als Sandwichelement
Authors: Weimar Thorsten , López Sebastián Andrés
Published: October 2021

Der architektonische Wunsch nach optischer Transparenz in der Gebäudehülle führt zu einem hohen Anteil an Verglasungselementen. Dabei müssen auch im Bauwesen steigende Sicherheitsanforderungen in einer unsichereren Welt zusätzlich berücksichtigt werden und sind insbesondere bei großformatigen Verglasungen nicht zu vernachlässigen. Ein neuartiges Verbundsicherheitsglas aus Dünnglas und Polycarbonat bietet die Möglichkeit zur Reduzierung der Eigenlast bei gleichzeitigem Erreichen der höchsten Widerstandsklasse P8B gegen manuellen Angriff. Zwei äußere Dünnglastafeln und eine oder mehrere innenliegende Polycarbonattafeln, laminiert mit einer thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht, definieren eine Dünnglas‐Polycarbonat‐Verbundtafel. Analytische Berechnungsmethoden betrachten dabei das Tragverhalten für statische Lasten. Die Studie beschreibt den Einsatz von chemisch vorgespanntem sowie nicht vorgespanntem Dünnglas in Kombination mit Polycarbonat. Die mit dem Vierpunkt‐Biegeversuch ermittelten Verformungen der Verbundtafeln werden mit berechneten Ergebnissen aus der Sandwichtheorie verglichen.

Research on thin glass‐polycarbonate composite panels as sandwich element. The architectural desire for optical transparency in the building envelope leads to a high percentage of glazing. However, increasing safety demands in an uncertain world have also to be taken into account in the building sector. Therefore, also large‐sized glazing cannot neglect actual security requirements. An innovative laminate made of thin glass and polycarbonate offers the possibility of reducing the dead load while simultaneously achieving the highest resistance class P8B against manual attack. Two outer thin glass panes and one or more inner polycarbonate sheet laminated by a thermoplastic interlayer define the thin glass‐polycarbonate composite panel. Analytical methods analyse the structural behaviour for static loads. This study focuses on the application of chemically pre‐stressed thin glass and annealed thin glass in combination with polycarbonate. The tested deformation of the composite panel with the four‐point bending test are compared with the analytical calculated results of the sandwich theory.
Anwendung faseroptischer Dehnungsmessung für die experimentelle Untersuchung von Verbundglas
Authors: Weimar Thorsten , Hammer Christian
Published: October 2021

Die faseroptische Dehnungsmessung ermöglicht auf Grundlage der Rayleigh‐Signalanalyse die Verformungszustände von Verbundglas im Bauteilversuch für die Modellierung des Tragverhaltens abzubilden. Mit verteilt messenden Glasfasersensoren, die einen Durchmesser von 0,16 mm aufweisen, lassen sich Dehnungsverläufe an der Glasoberfläche sowie in der Zwischenschicht ermitteln. Die im Zug‐ und Biegeversuch an Mono‐ und Verbundglas eingesetzten Sensoren ergänzen die mit Dehnungsmesstreifen und induktiven Wegaufnehmern gemessenen Verformungsgrößen.

Application of fiber optic strain measurement for the experimental investigation of laminated glass. The method of fiber‐optic strain measurement based on the Rayleigh signal analysis provides the detection of the structural behavior and following modelling of glass laminates. With continual measuring fiber optic sensors, with a diameter of 0.16 mm, it is possible to determine strain patterns on the glass surface and in the interlayer. The sensors used in tensile and bending test on monolithic and laminated glass supplement strain gauges and inductive strain gauges.
Micro/Nano‐Scaled Covalent Organic Frameworks: Polymerization, Crystallization and Self‐Assembly
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Zhang Lu , Wang Xiangnan , Wang Tianping , Cheng Chong , Liu Xikui
Published: October 2021

In the past decade, considerable efforts have been extended on covalent organic frameworks (COFs), however, the basic research about the nucleation and crystal growth of COF materials has been greatly ignored. This review aims at providing an overview over the theoretical foundation and experimental observation of the multi‐scale structural engineering of COF materials, which includes complex polymerization, crystallization and self‐assembly processes. In this perspective, we first highlighted the latest advances on basic knowledge about the nucleation and growth of COFs, including classical and non‐classical crystallization mechanism as well as the synthesis of COF single crystals. Subsequently, we surveyed the effects of synthesis conditions, such as catalysts, monomer adding modes, heating methods, modulator and supramolecular interaction on the formation of COF materials. In the last, the research on the synthesis of COF nanoparticles, nanofibers and nanosheets based on the knowledge of crystal growth are reviewed in detail. The understanding related to the polymerization, crystallization and self‐assembly process during COF formation will surely make it easier to realize COFs with designed hierarchical architectures for targeted applications.
Microindentation Technique to Create Localized Cartilage Microfractures
Authors: Chawla Dipul , Han Guebum , Eriten Melih , Henak Corinne R.
Published: October 2021

Articular cartilage is a multiphasic, anisotropic, and heterogeneous material. Although cartilage possesses excellent mechanical and biological properties, it can undergo mechanical damage, resulting in osteoarthritis. Thus, it is important to understand the microscale failure behavior of cartilage in both basic science and clinical contexts. Determining cartilage failure behavior and mechanisms provides insight for improving treatment strategies to delay osteoarthritis initiation or progression and can also enhance the value of cartilage as bioinspiration for material fabrication. To investigate microscale failure behavior, we developed a protocol to initiate fractures by applying a microindentation technique using a well‐defined tip geometry that creates localized cracks across a range of loading rates. The protocol includes extracting the tissue from the joint, preparing samples, and microfracture. Various aspects of the experiment, such as loading profile and solvent, can be adjusted to mimic physiological or pathological conditions and thereby further clarify phenomena underlying articular cartilage failure. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Harvesting and dissection of the joint surfaces

Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of samples for microindentation and fatigue testing

Basic Protocol 3: Microfracture using microindentation

Basic Protocol 4: Crack propagation under cyclic loading
Mother–child mutually responsive orientation and real‐time physiological coordination
Authors: Hu Yannan , McElwain Nancy L. , Berry Daniel
Published: October 2021

From a biobehavioral framework, mother–child physiological and behavioral coordination are interdependent processes that contribute to children's socioemotional development. Little is known, however, about the temporal pattern of real‐time physiological coordination or its associations with global levels of mother–child behavioral coordination. We addressed these gaps using data from 110 mothers and their preschool‐aged children (56 girls, Mage = 53.63 months, SD = 7.74) across two play tasks (i.e., puzzle, pretend play). Using indices of maternal and child parasympathetic response (i.e., changes in respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]) across 15‐s epochs, we tested the extent to which within‐dyad physiological coordination was contingent on mutually responsive orientation (MRO; a global composite of behavioral coordination and shared positive affect assessed via observer ratings across each play task). Results from a series of two‐level coupled autoregressive models indicated that MRO moderated mother–lead RSA coordination, and this pattern emerged across both play tasks. Controlling for stability of within‐person RSA changes, increases in maternal RSA at time t – 1 predicted increases in children's RSA at time t, but only for dyads averaging higher MRO during play. No interactions of MRO emerged for child–lead RSA coordination. Findings highlight the importance of dyadic behavioral processes for mother–child physiological coordination.
Consistency in the flight and visual orientation distances of habituated chacma baboons after an observed leopard predation. Do flight initiation distance methods always measure perceived predation risk?
Authors: Allan Andrew T. L. , Bailey Annie L. , Hill Russell A.
Published: October 2021

Flight initiation distance (FID) procedures are used to assess the risk perception animals have for threats (e.g., natural predators, hunters), but it is unclear whether these assessments remain meaningful if animals have habituated to certain human stimuli (e.g., researchers, tourists). Our previous work showed that habituated baboons displayed individually distinct and consistent responses to human approaches, a tolerance trait, but it is unknown if the trait is resilient to life‐threatening scenarios. If it were consistent, it would imply FIDs might measure specific human threat perception only and not generalize to other threats such as predators when animals have experienced habituation processes. We used FID procedures to compare baseline responses to the visual orientation distance, FID, and individual tolerance estimates assessed after a leopard predation on an adult male baboon (group member). All variables were consistent despite the predation event, suggesting tolerance to observers was largely unaffected by the predation and FID procedures are unlikely to be generalizable to other threats when habituation has occurred. FID approaches could be an important tool for assessing how humans influence animal behavior across a range of contexts, but careful planning is required to understand the type of stimuli presented.
Riparian vegetation and geomorphological interactions in anabranching rivers: A global review
Authors: Henriques Marcelo , McVicar Tim R. , Holland Kate L. , Daly Edoardo
Published: October 2021

Anabranching rivers are characterized by multiple active channels. Vegetation, flow regime and sediment retention are critical components for the formation, evolution and stability of these rivers; however, the connections relating river dynamics with riparian vegetation development and distribution are still not well known. This review discusses the relationship between anabranching rivers and riparian vegetation, showing examples of how vegetation affects anabranching rivers and how it is also affected by river dynamics. Consequences of poor management and human activities that can disrupt river–vegetation systems are also explored, presenting some examples of modifications to the stability and longevity of anabranching rivers. Challenges to design and implement appropriate policy and management practices in anabranching rivers are most frequently driven by poor experimental evidence due to difficulties in collecting data in these often remote and large river systems. Remote sensing technologies that account for key interactions between riparian vegetation, river flow and morphology changes can provide means to overcome these challenges.
Study on the flame morphological characteristics of dual fire sources in tunnel under longitudinal ventilation
Authors: Zhang Yuchun , Chen Roujun , Li Xiaosong , Chen Longfei , Xing Shaoshuai , Li Tao
Published: October 2021

In this article, a small‐scale experiment (1:10) is used to study the flame morphology of the dual fire sources in the tunnel under longitudinal ventilation. The experimental results show that: (1) The flame height increases with the heat release rate of the fire source. When there is no wind, the flame height will increase as the fire source spacing increases. Under the effect of longitudinal ventilation, the flame height decreases first and then increases as the fire source spacing increases. (2) The flame inclination angle increases as the heat release rate of the fire source increases. When there is no wind, the flame inclination angle decreases with the increase of the fire source spacing. Under the effect of longitudinal ventilation, as the fire source spacing increases, the flame inclination angle decreases first and then increases, which is consistent with the variation law of the flame height with the fire source spacing. For the experimental conditions of smaller heat release rate of fire source and larger fire source spacing, the flame merged phenomenon gradually decreases.
Re‐exploring the early relationship between teenage cigarette and e‐cigarette use using price and tax changes
Authors: Pesko Michael F. , Warman Casey
Published: October 2021

In 2016, the Surgeon General used longitudinal cohort studies to conclude that youth e‐cigarette use is strongly associated with cigarette use. We re‐evaluate data from the period of time before the writing of the Surgeon General report, using quasi‐experimental methods, and reach the opposite conclusion. We study contemporaneous and intertemporal effects of e‐cigarette and cigarette price and tax changes. Our price variation comes from 35,000 retailers participating in the Nielsen Retail Scanner data system. We match price and tax variation to survey data on current use of e‐cigarettes and cigarettes for over 94,000 students between grades 6 and 12 in the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) for years 2011–2015. We find evidence that e‐cigarettes and cigarettes are same‐period economic substitutes. Coefficient estimates (while imprecisely estimated) also suggest potentially large positive effects of past e‐cigarette prices on current cigarette use, indicating intertemporal economic substitution. Our findings raise doubts about the conclusion of government‐sponsored reports that e‐cigarettes and cigarettes are strongly positively associated. We recommend revisiting and possibly amending this conclusion.
Combining Cognitive Mapping and indigenous knowledge to improve food environments in regional New Zealand
Authors: McKelvie‐Sebileau Pippa , Rees David , Swinburn Boyd , Gerritsen Sarah , D’Souza Erica , Tipene‐Leach David
Published: October 2021

Issue addressed

Hawke's Bay has one of the highest rates of childhood obesity in New Zealand. While several initiatives exist aiming to decrease obesity through physical activity, there are few nutritional interventions. This study adopted a systems science and mātauranga Māori approach to identify and target underlying drivers of rising childhood obesity and engage the community to improve the food environment.

Methods

Cognitive mapping interviews (CM) with local stakeholders (school principals, Iwi and district health board representatives, education managers and local councillors) were conducted. The aim was to map participants’ mental models of the causes of rising childhood obesity and to identify key principles for engaging with the local community in a meaningful, impactful and culturally appropriate way for future action.

Results

Eleven interviews were conducted face‐to‐face and cognitive maps were constructed. Follow‐up interviews were carried out online, due to COVID restrictions, to present the maps and for interviewees to make any adjustments. Four composite themes emerged through centrality and cluster analysis of the resulting cognitive maps: the importance of building in mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge and ways of being), the “hauora” of children, working with the community and integrating existing initiatives. Two contextual factors are also considered: the growing need for food security in our communities and the opportunity to start interventions in the school setting.

Conclusion

Cognitive mapping can produce useful insights in the early stages of community engagement. The six “pou” (pillars) underscore the importance of incorporating indigenous knowledge when embarking on public health interventions, particularly around obesity and in regional communities.

So what?

When designing a public health initiative with a community with a high indigenous population, indigenous knowledge should be promoted to focus on holistic health, working with the community and creating opportunities for cohesion. These founding principles will be used to structure future community actions to improve children's food environments in regional New Zealand.
The road taken and the path forward for HR devolution research: An evolutionary review
Authors: Kurdi‐Nakra Hussein , Kou Xuan , Pak Jongwook
Published: October 2021

Devolving HR responsibilities to the line is a distinguishable feature in modern human resource management (HRM). Given its considerable influence on the modus operandi of adopted HRM systems, scholars have delved into barriers to and facilitating conditions of line managers' fulfilling their HR duties and its subsequent outcomes over the past several decades. To deepen our understanding of the current state of the HR devolution literature, we adopt an evolutionary approach that moves beyond a conventional theme‐centric review. Exploring the extant literature from a chronological stance offers a unique perspective since such an approach allows us to track and evaluate the development trajectory from its inception. Indeed, our evolutionary review reveals that critical observations on HR devolution practices documented by early studies (e.g., conflicts between line managers and HR professionals) have not been as articulated as they should be in recent endeavors (e.g., focus on line managers' competency and motivation). Through this review, we shed new light on the HR devolution literature and call for revisiting important yet unresolved issues that still resonate today. In addition, we contemplate the future of HR devolution practices amid a changing business landscape and suggest promising research avenues accordingly. By looking back at the road taken and paving the path forward, the current review will offer a guidepost benefiting both aspiring researchers and seasoned scholars in the field.
Numerical solution of the Jeffery–Hamel flow through the wavelet technique
Authors: Kumbinarasaiah S. , Raghunatha K. R.
Published: October 2021

The theory of viscous fluid flow through convergent and divergent channels has many applications in chemical, aerospace, civil, biomechanical, mechanical, and environmental engineering. It also plays a role in sympathetic rivers and canals and in human anatomy, in how capillaries and arteries are linked. In this study, we developed a new operational matrix of integration with the Hermite wavelet. We proposed a new method called the Hermite wavelet method (HWM) to solve the highly nonlinear Jeffery–Hamel flow problem. The proposed technique is beneficial and appropriate for solving nonlinear differential equations. Furthermore, the outcomes are compared with other techniques such as differential transformation method, homotopy perturbation method, variational iteration method, and Runge–Kutta method in the literature, revealing that the current method's solution is better than those of other methods. The obtained results show that HWM is more satisfactory and precise than the other known techniques in the literature. Also, the property of Reynolds number, convergent, and divergent replica of the channel on applications of the Jeffery–Hamel flow is discussed.
Target‐based drug repurposing against Candida albicans—A computational modeling, docking, and molecular dynamic simulations study
Authors: Verma Rashi , Pradhan Dibyabhaba , Nayek Arnab , Singh Harpreet , Jain Arun Kumar , Khan Luqman Ahmad
Published: October 2021

The emergence of multidrug‐resistant strains of Candida albicans has become a global threat mostly due to co‐infection with immune‐compromised patients leading to invasive candidiasis. The life‐threatening form of the disease can be managed quickly and effectively by drug repurposing. Thus, the study used in silico approaches to evaluate Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs against three drug targets—TRR1, TOM40, and YHB1. The tertiary structures of three drug targets were modeled, refined, and evaluated for their structural integrity based on PROCHECK, ERRAT, and PROSA. High‐throughput virtual screening of FDA‐approved drugs (8815), interaction analysis, and energy profiles had revealed that DB01102 (Arbutamine), DB01611 (Hydroxychloroquine), and DB09319 (Carindacillin) exhibited better binding affinity with TRR1, TOM40, and YHB1, respectively. Notably, the molecular dynamic simulation explored that Gln45, Thr119, and Asp288 of TRR1; Thr107 and Ser121 of TOM40; Arg193, Glu213, and Ser228 of YHB1 are crucial residues for stable drug‐target interaction. Additionally, it also prioritized Arbutamine‐TRR1 as the best drug‐target complex based on MM‐PBSA (−52.72 kcal/mol), RMSD (2.43 Å), and radius of gyration (−21.49 Å) analysis. In‐depth, PCA results supported the findings of molecular dynamic simulations. Interestingly, the conserved region (>70%) among the TRR1 sequences from pathogenic Candida species indicated the effectiveness of Arbutamine against multiple species of Candida as well. Thus, the study dispenses new insight and enriches the understanding of developing an advanced technique to consider potential antifungals against C. albicans. Nonetheless, a detailed experimental validation is needed to investigate the efficacy of Arbutamin against life‐threatening candidiasis.
Role of autophagy in follicular development and maintenance of primordial follicular pool in the ovary
Authors: Bhardwaj Jitender K. , Paliwal Aakansha , Saraf Priyanka , Sachdeva Som N.
Published: October 2021

The reproductive life span of the organism mainly depends on follicular development that maintains the primordial follicle pool in the cohort of follicles within the ovary. The total count of primordial follicles decreases with age due to ovulation and follicular atresia. Follicular atresia, a process of ovarian follicles degradation, mainly occurs via apoptosis, but recent studies also favor autophagy existence. Autophagy is a cellular and energy homeostatic response that helps to maintain the number of healthy primordial follicles, germ cell survival, and removal of corpus luteum remnants. But the excessive autophagic cell death changes both the quality and quantity of oocytes that ultimately affect female reproductive health. Autophagy regulation occurs by various autophagy‐regulated genes like BECN1 and LC3‐II (autophagy marker genes). Their abnormal regulation or mutation highly influences follicular development by alteration of primordial follicles formation, the decline in oocytes count, and germ cell loss. Various classical signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK/ERK1/2, AMPK, and IRE1 are involved in granulosa and oocytes autophagy, while mTOR signaling is the primary mechanism. Along with basal level autophagy, chemical/hormone/stress‐mediated autophagy also affects follicular development and female reproduction. In this review, we have primarily focused on granulosa cell and oocytes' autophagy, mechanism, and the role of autophagy determining marker genes in follicular development.