bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential Equations
Authors: King A. C. , Billingham J. , Otto S. R.
Published: July 2010

Finding and interpreting the solutions of differential equations is a central and essential part of applied mathematics. This book aims to enable the reader to develop the required skills needed for a thorough understanding of the subject. The authors focus on the business of constructing solutions analytically, and interpreting their meaning, using rigorous analysis where needed. MATLAB is used extensively to illustrate the material. There are many worked examples based on interesting and unusual real world problems. A large selection of exercises is provided, including several lengthier projects, some of which involve the use of MATLAB. The coverage is broad, ranging from basic second-order ODEs and PDEs, through to techniques for nonlinear differential equations, chaos, asymptotics and control theory. This broad coverage, the authors' clear presentation and the fact that the book has been thoroughly class-tested will increase its attraction to undergraduates at each stage of their studies.
Introduction to Surface and Thin Film Processes
Authors: Venables John A.
Published: July 2010

This book covers the experimental and theoretical understanding of surface and thin film processes. It presents a unique description of surface processes in adsorption and crystal growth, including bonding in metals and semiconductors. Emphasis is placed on the strong link between science and technology in the description of, and research for, new devices based on thin film and surface science. Practical experimental design, sample preparation and analytical techniques are covered, including detailed discussions of Auger electron spectroscopy and microscopy. Thermodynamic and kinetic models of structure are emphasised throughout. The book provides extensive leads into practical and research literature, as well as resources on the World Wide Web (see http://venables.asu.edu/book). Each chapter contains problems which aim to develop awareness of the subject and the methods used. Aimed as a graduate textbook, this book will also be useful as a sourcebook for graduate students, researchers and practitioners in physics, chemistry, materials science and engineering.
War and Social Change in Modern Europe
Authors: Halperin Sandra
Published: July 2010

Halperin traces the persistence of traditional class structures during the development of industrial capitalism in Europe, and the way in which these structures shaped states and state behavior and generated conflict. She documents European conflicts between 1789 and 1914, including small and medium scale conflicts often ignored by researchers and links these conflicts to structures characteristic of industrial capitalist development in Europe before 1945. This book revisits the historical terrain of Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation (1944), however, it argues that Polanyi's analysis is, in important ways, inaccurate and misleading. Ultimately, the book shows how and why the conflicts both culminated in the world wars and brought about a 'great transformation' in Europe. Its account of this period challenges not only Polanyi's analysis, but a variety of influential perspectives on nationalism, development, conflict, international systems change, and globalization.
Radical Democracy in the Andes
Authors: Van Cott Donna Lee
Published: July 2010

After a decade in local office, are indigenous peoples' governments in the Andes fulfilling their promise to provide a more participatory, accountable, and deliberative form of democracy? Using current debates in democratic theory as a framework, Donna Lee Van Cott examines 10 examples of institutional innovation by indigenous party-controlled municipalities in Bolivia and Ecuador. In contrast to studies emphasizing the role of individuals and civil society, the findings underscore the contributions of leadership and political parties to promoting participation and deliberation - even at the local level. Democratic quality is more likely to improve where local actors initiate and design institutions. Van Cott concludes that indigenous parties' innovations have improved democratic quality in some respects, but that authoritarian tendencies endemic to Andean cultures and political organizations have limited their positive impact.
Liberal Beginnings
Authors: Kalyvas Andreas , Katznelson Ira
Published: July 2010

The book examines the origins and development of the modern liberal tradition and explores the relationship between republicanism and liberalism between 1750 and 1830. The authors consider the diverse settings of Scotland, the American colonies, the new United States, and France and examine the writings of six leading thinkers of this period: Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson, James Madison, Thomas Paine, Germaine de Staël, and Benjamin Constant. The book traces the process by which these thinkers transformed and advanced the republican project, both from within and by introducing new elements from without. Without compromising civic principles or abandoning republican language, they came to see that unrevised, the republican tradition could not grapple successfully with the political problems of their time. By investing new meanings, arguments, and justifications into existing republican ideas and political forms, these innovators fashioned a doctrine for a modern republic, the core of which was surprisingly liberal.
French
Authors: Fagyal Zsuzsanna , Kibbee Douglas , Jenkins Frederic
Published: July 2010

French is used on every continent, spoken not only in France but also in Belgium, Switzerland, North America, the Caribbean, Polynesia and Africa. This is a comprehensive and accessible guide to the structure of French, suitable for those with little prior knowledge of linguistics or of the French Language. It clearly introduces the language's history, phonetics (pronunciation), phonology (sound system), morpho-syntax (how words and sentences are formed), pragmatics (how speakers express meaning), and lexicology (the study of word composition and derivation) - with each chapter showing how these aspects are subject to regional and social variation. English translations are provided for all examples, and the book contains an extensive bilingual glossary of linguistic terms, and numerous exercises and essay questions in every chapter. French: A Linguistic Introduction will be welcomed by advanced language learners, and by linguists studying the structure of this important language.
Analysis of the relationships between climate variability and grapevine phenology in the Nobile di Montepulciano wine production area
Authors: MARTA A. DALLA , GRIFONI D. , MANCINI M. , STORCHI P. , ZIPOLI G. , ORLANDINI S.
Published: July 2010

Climate represents one of the main inputs necessary for plants to complete their vegetative–productive cycle, having a direct effect on the onset and duration of phenological stages and development of crops. Equally important are its indirect effects, affecting field operations such as the application of fertilizer, pruning and crop protection, finally determining the yield.

In the present study, phenological stages of the Sangiovese grapevine for the production of Nobile di Montepulciano wine were analysed and related to historical series of meteorological information (since 1970 in Tuscany, Italy). Weather conditions were described through large-scale meteorological information; in particular geopotential height at the 500 hPa level (500 hPa GPH) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index were considered. All data were provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (NOAA-CIRES) Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, Colorado, USA, available from the NOAA-CIRES website (http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/) and processed by the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis Project. Conventional meteorological data, such as air temperature and cumulated rainfall, from ground weather stations were also used.

The effects of meteorological parameters on crop phenology (bud-break, flowering and harvest time) were investigated by means of regression analysis, while teleconnections between phenological data and large-scale meteo-climatological data were analysed through correlation maps created using the interactive plotting and analysis link from the NOAA-CIRES website (http://www.cdc.noaa.gov). All correlations were calculated on a monthly to a multi-monthly basis, and also in relation to the different physiological stages of the crop, from 1970 to 2006.

The climate change and variability impact on the crop was investigated by trend analysis of meteorological information and its effect on the onset of grapevine phenological stages.

The results demonstrated that large-scale meteorological information has a significant effect on the onset of the phenological stages of grapevine. In particular, winter NAO was negatively correlated with bud-break and flowering dates, while GPH of February–March, March–May and May–September were negatively correlated with bud-break, flowering and harvest dates, respectively. The trend analysis demonstrated that the change and variability of climate, due to global warming, directly affects the development of grapevine leading to an anticipation of all considered phenophases.
Drinking pattern and socio-cultural aspects on immune response: an overview
Authors: Romeo Javier , Wärnberg Julia , Marcos Ascensión
Published: July 2010

Social acceptance of drinking involves social and cultural roles and has important implications for public health. Since extensive evidence indicates that alcohol possesses immunomodulatory properties, scientists have recently debated the influence of alcohol consumption on the immune response, particularly in countries where drinking in a social setting is a part of cultural identity. Experimental and clinical data support the conclusion that alcohol is a potent immunomodulator. While high alcohol consumption suppresses a wide range of immune responses, leading to an increased incidence of a number of infectious diseases, moderate alcohol consumption may have a beneficial impact on the immune system, compared to alcohol abuse or abstinence, most likely due to the multiple components of polyphenol-rich alcoholic contributing to the protective effect seen for moderate alcohol consumption on CVD and the immune system. Despite this, the scientific literature appears to be concerned about the diseases associated with excessive drinking in some societies and cultures. Thus, the present review recognizes the importance to consider social and cultural aspects of drinking when examining the whole dimension of alcohol consumption (amount, beverage type, frequency and variability), in order to estimate global risk of consequences on host defence to better understand alcohol-related harm or benefit.
Physical activity, exercise and low-grade systemic inflammation
Authors: Wärnberg Julia , Cunningham Karen , Romeo Javier , Marcos Ascension
Published: July 2010

Prospective studies have shown that chronic low-grade inflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis of the most common chronic diseases and in particular CVD. Obesity has repeatedly been associated with moderately raised levels of inflammation, and this observation has led to the view that obesity is characterised by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. There is now great interest in elucidating how physical activity and exercise modulate inflammation. This review summarises the current research addressing the influence of physical activity and exercise in mitigating the risks of obesity and diseases such as type-II diabetes and CVD, through its action on the low-grade inflammatory state. Most research on this topic hypothesised that the association between physical activity and inflammatory markers is independent of fatness, but very few studies have proven this. Given that physical activity and obesity are often inversely related, it is not clear as to whether the anti-inflammatory health benefits of a physically active lifestyle are due to exerciseper seor result from favourable changes in the body composition.
Institutional Racism and Ethnic Inequalities: An Expanded Multilevel Framework
Authors: PHILLIPS CORETTA
Published: July 2010

The concept of institutional racism re-emerged in political discourse in the late 1990s after a long hiatus. Despite it initially seeming pivotal to New Labour's reform of policing and the antecedent of a new race equality agenda, it has remained a contested concept that has been critiqued by multiple constituencies. This paper notes the ambiguities and contradictions of the concept and considers its validity as an explanatory concept for long-observed ethnic inequalities in educational attainment and stop and search. In so doing, it argues for its retention, but only within a multilevel framework that incorporates racialisations operating at the micro, meso and macro levels.
Prevalence of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infections in HIV-positive Chinese patients
Authors: YAN Y. X. , GAO Y. Q. , SUN X. , WANG W. , HUANG X. J. , ZHANG T. , LI M. , ZANG C. P. , LI Z. C. , WU H.
Published: July 2010

To evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in HIV-infected patients in China, an epidemiological serosurvey was conducted from May 2007 to September 2008 using a random cluster sampling design of infectious disease hospitals in seven high HIV-prevalent provinces (municipalities). Univariate analysis and logistic regression were used to study the determinants of HIV and HBV and/or HCV co-infection. The overall prevalence was 41·83% (95% CI 40·36–43·30) for anti-HCV and 12·49% (95% CI 11·50–13·48) for HBsAg, respectively. The prevalence of anti-HCV and HBsAg varied according to the route of HIV transmission. Compared to those with sexually acquired HIV infection, intravenous drug users and blood donors/recipients had the greatest risk of carrying anti-HCV. Needle sharing and unprotected sexual exposures are important modes of transmission for HBV. Further interventions including health education and harm reduction strategies should be implemented in high-risk populations.
Skin and soft-tissue infection caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria in Taiwan, 1997–2008
Authors: CHEN H.-Y. , CHEN C.-Y. , HUANG C.-T. , RUAN S.-Y. , CHOU C. H. , LAI C. C. , LIAO C. H. , TAN C. K. , HUANG Y. T. , YU C.-J. , HSUEH P. R.
Published: July 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical, microbiological, and pathological characteristics and the outcomes of skin and soft-tissue infection (SSTI) caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Medical records of 50 patients with SSTI caused by NTM identified from 2005 to 2008 and 63 patients previously reported in a medical centre from 1997 to 2004 were reviewed. The annual incidence (per 100 000 outpatients and in-patients) ranged from 0·57 in 2005, 0·38 in 2007, to 1·1 in 2008, with an average of 0·62/100 000. From 1997 to 2008, the average incidence was 1·39/100 000 patients. The average annual incidence of SSTI caused by NTM was 0·62/100 000 outpatients and in-patients during 2005 and 2008. Of the total of 113 patients identified during the 12-year period, patients infected withMycobacterium fortuitumandM. marinumwere younger than those infected withM. avium-intracellularecomplex (MAC) (36 and 44 yearsvs. 55 years,P=0·004 andP=0·056, respectively), and were more likely to have previous invasive procedures than those infected with MAC andM. abscessus(81·8% and 72·0%vs. 27·8% and 54·8%,P=0·007), and less likely to have associated immunosuppression (9·1% and 24%vs. 66·7% and 45·2%,P=0·006). Granuloma was more often observed in immunocompetent patients (60·1%vs. 40%,P=0·019), and inM. marinum-infected specimens (78·3%). There were significant differences in the demographic and clinical features of patients with NTM SSTI, including immunosuppression, trauma experience, and depth of tissue infections.
Realisability semantics of parametric polymorphism, general references and recursive types
Authors: BIRKEDAL LARS , STØVRING KRISTIAN , THAMSBORG JACOB
Published: July 2010

We present a realisability model for a call-by-value, higher-order programming language with parametric polymorphism, general first-class references, and recursive types. The main novelty is a relational interpretation of open types that include general reference types. The interpretation uses a new approach to modelling references.

The universe of semantic types consists of world-indexed families of logical relations over a universal predomain. In order to model general reference types, worlds are finite maps from locations to semantic types: this introduces a circularity between semantic types and worlds that precludes a direct definition of either. Our solution is to solve a recursive equation in an appropriate category of metric spaces. In effect, types are interpreted using a Kripke logical relation over a recursively defined set of worlds.

We illustrate how the model can be used to prove simple equivalences between different implementations of imperative abstract data types.
Zernike Phase Contrast Electron Microscopy with a Spherically Corrected Foil Lens
Authors: Typke Dieter
Published: July 2010

A lens system is proposed that not only provides spherical correction of the objective lens by charges that are induced on a thin foil, in the way proposed in a paper by Otto Scherzer [Optik56(2), 133–147, 1980], but also provides Zernike phase contrast by means of an appropriate phase shift of the scattered electrons within the foil. This system has the potential to provide strong phase contrast from very low spatial frequencies to frequencies above 1/(100 pm).
Information Transfer in a TEM Corrected for Spherical and Chromatic Aberration
Authors: Haider M. , Hartel P. , Müller H. , Uhlemann S. , Zach J.
Published: July 2010

For the transmission electron aberration-corrected microscope (TEAM) initiative of five U.S. Department of Energy laboratories in the United States, a correction system for the simultaneous compensation of the primary axial aberrations, the spherical aberration Cs, and the chromatic aberration Cc has been developed and successfully installed. The performance of the resulting Cc /Cs-corrected TEAM instrument has been investigated thoroughly. A significant improvement of the linear contrast transfer can be demonstrated. The information about the instrument one obtains using Young's fringe method is compared for uncorrected, Cs-corrected, and Cc /Cs-corrected instruments. The experimental results agree well with simulations. The conclusions might be useful to others in understanding the process of image formation in a Cc /Cs-corrected transmission electron microscope.
Japanese Conservatism and the Integration of Foreign Residents
Authors: STRAUSZ MICHAEL
Published: July 2010

Granting foreign permanent residents the right to vote in local elections in Japan was one of the Clean Government Party (CGP)'s major policy priorities during its 11 years governing in coalition with the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). While the CGP proposed several bills that would have done this, none of those bills came close to passing. Why not? Conventional wisdom about Japanese conservatism suggests that the LDP would not support such a bill because the party is uniformly committed to the idea that Japan is a one-ethnicity country, and thus the party is hostile to proposals that would grant those without Japanese ethnicity a role in Japanese society. However, I argue that Japanese conservatives in general, and LDP politicians in particular, have major disagreements about the appropriate role of foreign residents in Japanese society. Moreover, I argue that LDP politicians did not support the CGP's proposal to grant foreign permanent residents the right to vote in local elections in Japan because this proposal did not appeal to politicians from either of the dominant conservative schools of thought about foreign residents in Japan.
Verantwortung für die Gesundheit von anderen?
Authors: Matthies Ellen , Selge Sebastian , Klöckner Christian A.
Published: July 2010

Zusammenfassung. Zur Erklärung von nichtraucherschützendem Verhalten wurde ein erweitertes Normaktivationsmodell angewendet und an einer Stichprobe von 131 rauchenden Studierenden als Strukturgleichungsmodell geprüft. Die Modellgütekriterien zeigen, dass das Modell die empirischen Daten befriedigend beschreibt. Neben den wahrgenommenen Fähigkeiten zum Nichtraucherschutz sind für die Erklärung von selbstberichtetem rücksichtsvollem Rauchverhalten auch persönliche Normen signifikante Prädiktoren. Persönliche Normen werden hauptsächlich durch Problemwahrnehmung und Bewusstheit von Handlungskonsequenzen sowie die wahrgenommenen Verhaltenskosten beeinflusst. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf Interventionen diskutiert.
Selbstwirksamkeit und sozialer Abwärtsvergleich bei Darmkrebspatienten
Authors: Möschl Katja , Schwerdtfeger Andreas , Körber Jürgen , Murken Sebastian
Published: July 2010

Zusammenfassung. Persönliche Ressourcen und Copingstile spielen in der Bewältigung von lebensbedrohlichen Erkrankungen eine wichtige Rolle. In der vorliegenden längsschnittlich angelegten Studie wurde an 160 Darmkrebspatienten untersucht, welchen Einfluss generelle Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung (SWE) und sozialer Abwärtsvergleich (SA) auf das subjektive Wohlbefinden von Krebspatienten haben. Die Daten wurden während der onkologischen Reha (t1) und 6 Monate später (t2) über Fragebögen schriftlich erfasst. Zusätzlich wurde an einer Kontrollgruppe von 160 Personen erfasst, ob es einen Unterschied in der SWE zu den Darmkrebspatienten gibt. Im Gegensatz zur Kontrollgruppe zeigte die Patientengruppe einen signifikanten Anstieg in der SWE von t1 zu t2. SWE zu t1 war negativ mit Angst und Depressivität sowie positiv mit Wohlbefinden assoziiert. Für SA fanden sich keine signifikanten Zusammenhänge, lediglich SWE und SA waren in der Patientengruppe zu t1 schwach positiv miteinander assoziiert. In einer Cross-lagged Panel Analyse zeigte sich, dass das Wohlbefinden (vor allem das soziale Wohlbefinden) der Patienten zu t1 einen Einfluss auf die SWE zu t2 hatte.
Probabilistic analysis of the effects of climate change on groundwater recharge
Authors: Ng Gene‐Hua Crystal , McLaughlin Dennis , Entekhabi Dara , Scanlon Bridget R.
Published: July 2010

Groundwater recharge is likely to be affected by climate change. In semiarid regions where groundwater resources are often critical, annual recharge rates are typically small and most recharge occurs episodically. Such episodic recharge is uncertain and difficult to predict. This paper analyzes the impacts of different climate predictions on diffuse episodic recharge at a low‐relief semiarid rain‐fed agricultural area. The analysis relies on a probabilistic approach that explicitly accounts for uncertainties in meteorological forcing and in soil and vegetation properties. An ensemble of recharge forecasts is generated from Monte Carlo simulations of a study site in the southern High Plains, United States. Soil and vegetation parameter realizations are conditioned on soil moisture and soil water chloride observations (Ng et al., 2009). A stochastic weather generator provides realizations of meteorological time series for climate alternatives from different general circulation models. For most climate alternatives, predicted changes in average recharge (spanning −75% to +35%) are larger than the corresponding changes in average precipitation (spanning −25% to +20%). This suggests that amplification of climate change impacts may occur in groundwater systems. Predictions also include varying changes in the frequency and magnitude of recharge events. The temporal distribution of precipitation change (over seasons and rain events) explains most of the variability in predictions of recharge totals and episodic occurrence. The ensemble recharge analysis presented in this study offers a systematic approach to investigating interactions between uncertainty and nonlinearities in episodic recharge.
Distribution of Roseobacter RCA and SAR11 lineages in the North Sea and characteristics of an abundant RCA isolate
Authors: Giebel Helge-Ansgar , Kalhoefer Daniela , Lemke Andreas , Thole Sebastian , Gahl-Janssen Renate , Simon Meinhard , Brinkhoff Thorsten
Published: July 2010

The Roseobacter group and SAR11 clade constitute high proportions of the marine bacterioplankton, but only scarce information exists on the abundance of distinct populations of either lineage. Therefore, we quantified the abundance of the largest cluster of the Roseobacter group, the RCA (Roseobacter clade affiliated) cluster together with the SAR11 clade by quantitative PCR in the southern and eastern North Sea. The RCA cluster constituted up to 15 and 21% of total bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes in September 2005 and May 2006, respectively. At a few stations, the RCA cluster exceeded the SAR11 clade, whereas at most stations, SAR11 constituted higher fractions with maxima of 37%. In most samples, only one RCA ribotype was detected. RCA abundance was positively correlated with phaeopigments, chlorophyll, dissolved and particulate organic carbon (POC), turnover rates of dissolved free amino acids (DFAAs), temperature, and negatively correlated with salinity. The SAR11 clade was only correlated with POC (negatively, May) and with DFAA turnover rates (positively, September). An abundant RCA strain, ‘Candidatus Planktomarina temperata’, was isolated from the southern North Sea. This strain has an identical 16S rRNA gene sequence to the dominant RCA ribotype. Detection of the pufM gene, coding for a subunit of the reaction center of bacteriochlorophyll a, indicates the potential of the isolate for aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis. Our study shows that a distinct population of the RCA cluster constitutes an abundant bacterioplankton group in a neritic sea of the temperate zone and indicates that this population has an important role during decaying phytoplankton blooms.
Effects of a Conversation Intervention on the Expressive Vocabulary Development of Prekindergarten Children
Authors: Ruston Hilary P. , Schwanenflugel Paula J.
Published: July 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a conversation intervention including 500 min of linguistically and cognitively complex talk on the expressive vocabulary growth of prekindergarten children.

Method

Children (N= 73) were randomly assigned to control or a 10-week experimental intervention condition. Twice weekly, children in the intervention condition received 25 min of intensive conversation with an adult emphasizing use of rare words, linguistic recasts, and open-ended questions. Expressive vocabulary was measured using the Expressive Vocabulary Test (EVT; Williams, 1997) and lexical diversity obtained through a language sample.

Results

Children in the intervention group showed greater growth on the EVT than controls. Children in the intervention group with low vocabulary at pretest also showed greater growth in lexical diversity than controls.

Clinical Implications

Findings suggest that relatively small amounts of linguistically and cognitively complex conversation with a trained adult can be a useful strategy for improving the expressive vocabulary skills of children with low vocabularies.
Pharmacotherapy and Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Tutorial for Speech-Language Pathologists
Authors: Self Trisha L. , Hale LaDonna S. , Crumrine Daiquirie
Published: July 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this tutorial is to provide speech-language pathologists (SLPs) with general information regarding the most commonly prescribed medications for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; e.g., central nervous system stimulants, noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors, alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines) in regard to their mechanism of action, behaviors treated, and potential side effects.

Method

This clinical resource was compiled to support SLPs who need to understand the functions and effects of medications that have been prescribed to a child with ASD to whom they have or will be providing assessment and intervention services.

Conclusions

SLPs play an important role in the education, assessment, and treatment of children with ASD. Although there is no definitive cure for ASD, up to 70% of children with ASD are prescribed psychoactive medications to ameliorate disruptive behaviors associated with ASD such as hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity, aggression, irritability, self-injury, obsessive compulsiveness, anxiety, and mood disorders. The entire health care team, including SLPs, should be involved in monitoring children with ASD for efficacy, tolerability, and potential side effects when medications are prescribed.
Ion-sculpting of nanopores in amorphous metals, semiconductors, and insulators
Authors: George H. Bola , Hoogerheide David P. , Madi Charbel S. , Bell David C. , Golovchenko Jene A. , Aziz Michael J.
Published: July 2010

We report the closure of nanopores to single-digit nanometer dimensions by ion sculpting in a range of amorphous materials including insulators (SiO2 and SiN), semiconductors (a-Si), and metallic glasses (Pd80Si20)—the building blocks of a single-digit nanometer electronic device. Ion irradiation of nanopores in crystalline materials (Pt and Ag) does not cause nanopore closure. Ion irradiation of c-Si pores below 100 °C and above 600 °C, straddling the amorphous-crystalline dynamic transition temperature, yields closure at the lower temperature but no mass transport at the higher temperature. Ion beam nanosculpting appears to be restricted to materials that either are or become amorphous during ion irradiation.
The geometric measure of multipartite entanglement and the singular values of a hypermatrix
Authors: Hilling Joseph J. , Sudbery Anthony
Published: July 2010

It is shown that the geometric measure of entanglement of a pure multipartite state satisfies a polynomial equation, generalizing the singular-value equation of the matrix of coefficients of a bipartite state. The equation is solved for a class of three-qubit states.
Comprehensive description of NMR cross-correlated relaxation under anisotropic molecular tumbling and correlated local dynamics on all time scales
Authors: Vögeli Beat
Published: July 2010

A simple general expression for the NMR cross-correlated relaxation rate under anisotropic molecular tumbling is presented for globular proteins. The derivation includes effects of fast and slow motion of the interaction tensors and correlation between them. Expressions suitable for practical analysis are tailored in dependence of standard order parameters of the individual interactions. It is shown that these order parameters must be sensitive to slow motion (slower than molecular tumbling) for detection of slow correlated motion. Such order parameters are those obtained from residual dipolar couplings but not those obtained from T1, T2, and heteronuclear Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement measurements.
A simple air system for temperature stabilization in the range −10 to +80 °C for use in NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Anisimov A. V. , Dautova N. R.
Published: July 2010

This paper proposes a design for a system of temperature stabilization within the range from −10 to +80±0.5 °C for NMR spectrometers which is simple and affordable to fabricate in a laboratory. The design utilizes a closed system of circulation of an air heat carrier, twofold flow around the thermostabilized system, cooling element on Peltier thermal modules, and a proportional-integral-derivative regulator.
Carrier recombination process and magneto-photoluminescence in Zn1−xCoxO layers
Authors: Xiao Zhiyan , Matsui Hiroaki , Katayama Kouichi , Miyajima Kensuke , Itoh Tadashi , Tabata Hitoshi
Published: July 2010

High-quality Zn1−xCoxO layers were obtained with isolated Co ions in the host (x no more than 0.008). The photoluminescence properties of excitonic and Co-related emissions in the Zn1−xCoxO (x=0.0015) layer were mainly investigated in both zero and up to 7 T magnetic fields in order to clear the energy transfer process from excitonic states to Co centers. It was found that Co emissions originated from 3d intraemissions in the Zn1−xCoxO (x=0.0015) layer were remarkably enhanced with the suppression of excitonic emissions, indicating the presence of efficient energy transfer to the Co centers. Assignment of absorption and magnetoluminescence spectra revealed that the energy transfer to the Co centers was not derived from the excitonic states but from charge transfer (CT) states formed on the Co centers after a band-to-band excitation. Finally, we consider that the primary role for the energy transfer process of Zn1−xCoxO (x=0.0015) layer is related to the phenomenon of impurity Auger recombination acting as a nonradiative energy transfer from the CT states to Co centers.
Radiation efficiency of heavily doped bulk n-InP semiconductor
Authors: Semyonov Oleg , Subashiev Arsen , Chen Zhichao , Luryi Serge
Published: July 2010

Recombination of minority carriers in heavily doped n-InP wafers has been investigated using spectral and time-resolved photoluminescence at different temperatures. Studies of the transmitted luminescence were enabled by the partial transparency of the samples due to the Moss–Burstein effect. Temporal evolution of the transmitted luminescence shows virtually no effect of surface recombination but is strongly influenced by photon recycling. Temperature dependence of the decay time suggests Auger recombination as the dominant nonradiative process at room temperature. Radiative quantum efficiency has been evaluated at different doping levels and at 2×1018 cm−3 it is found to be as high as 97%, which makes n-InP suitable for scintillator application.
Mechanical behavior of twinned SiC nanowires under combined tension-torsion and compression-torsion strain
Authors: Li Zhijie , Wang Shenjie , Wang Zhiguo , Zu Xiaotao , Gao Fei , Weber William J.
Published: July 2010

The mechanical behavior of twinned silicon carbide (SiC) nanowires under combined tension-torsion and compression-torsion is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations with an empirical potential. The simulation results show that both the tensile failure stress and buckling stress decrease under combined tension-torsional and combined compression-torsional strain, and they decrease with increasing torsional rate under combined loading. The torsion rate has no effect on the elastic properties of the twinned SiC nanowires. The collapse of the twinned nanowires takes place in a twin stacking fault of the nanowires.
Time-varying electric field induced transmembrane potential of a core-shell model of biological cells
Authors: Mezeme M. Essone , Brosseau C.
Published: July 2010

A numerical method is introduced to discuss the modulus and phase of the electric field induced transmembrane potential (EFITP) of a core-shell model of biological cells as a function of surface charge density, composition, morphology, polarization, and frequency of the oscillatory electric field. For computational ease, we consider a continuum model of two space dimensions modeling field simulation that describe the continuity and conservation of electric flux corresponding to the response of infinite cylinders in three space dimensions. Most of the potential drop occurs across the membrane at frequencies below the β relaxation frequency of the cell. We also discuss the relevance of these numerical calculations to many aspects of the ubiquitously observed cellular transformation. Having constructed a family of Cassinian curves modeling the geometry of the cell model, we proceed to test the validity of this approach based on numerical calculations of the EFITP. The EFITP phase, previously not considered in the literature, reveals essential information on the morphological changes in cell transformations. In particular, the shape and charge in the proximity of the membrane are important factors for the cell response to electromagnetic radiation.
Effect of substrate roughness on the apparent surface free energy of sputter deposited superhydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene coatings: A comparison of experimental data with different theoretical models
Authors: Selvakumar N. , Barshilia Harish C. , Rajam K. S.
Published: July 2010

We have studied the effect of substrate roughness on the wettability and the apparent surface free energy (SFE) of sputter deposited polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coatings deposited on untreated glass (average roughness, Ra=2.0 nm), plasma etched glass (Ra=7.4 nm), and sandblasted glass (Ra=4500 nm) substrates. The wettability of the PTFE coatings deposited on substrates with varying roughnesses was evaluated by measuring the apparent contact angle (CA) using a series of probe liquids from nonpolar aprotic to polar protic. The wettability measurements indicate that an apparent water CA of 152° with a sliding angle of 8° was achieved for PTFE coatings deposited on a substrate with Ra=4500 nm. The superhydrophobicity observed in these coatings is attributed to the presence of dual scale roughness, densely packed microstructure and the presence of CF3 groups. Unlike the bulk PTFE which is mainly dispersive, the sputter deposited PTFE coatings are expected to have some degree of polar component due to the plasma treatment. In order to calculate the dispersive SFE of PTFE coatings, we have used the Girifalco–Good–Fowkes (GGF) method and validated it with the Zisman model. Furthermore, the Owens–Wendt model has been used to calculate the dispersive and the polar components of the apparent SFE of the PTFE coatings. These results are further corroborated using the Fowkes method. Finally, an “equation of state” theory proposed by Neumann has been used to calculate the apparent SFE values of the PTFE coatings. The results indicate that the apparent SFE values of the PTFE coatings obtained from the Owens–Wendt and the Fowkes methods are comparable to those obtained from the Neumann’s method. The analyses further demonstrate that the GGF and the Zisman methods underestimate the apparent SFE values of the sputter deposited PTFE coatings.
Geiger-mode operation of ultraviolet avalanche photodiodes grown on sapphire and free-standing GaN substrates
Authors: Cicek E. , Vashaei Z. , McClintock R. , Bayram C. , Razeghi M.
Published: July 2010

GaN avalanche photodiodes (APDs) were grown on both conventional sapphire and low dislocation density free-standing (FS) c-plane GaN substrates. Leakage current, gain, and single photon detection efficiency (SPDE) of these APDs were compared. At a reverse-bias of 70 V, APDs grown on sapphire substrates exhibited a dark current density of 2.7×10−4 A/cm2 whereas APDs grown on FS-GaN substrates had a significantly lower dark current density of 2.1×10−6 A/cm2. Under linear-mode operation, APDs grown on FS-GaN achieved avalanche gain as high as 14 000. Geiger-mode operation conditions were studied for enhanced SPDE. Under front-illumination the 625-μm2-area APD yielded a SPDE of ∼13% when grown on sapphire substrates compared to more than 24% when grown on FS-GaN. The SPDE of the same APD on sapphire substrate increased to ∼30% under back-illumination—the FS-GaN APDs were only tested under front illumination due to the thick absorbing GaN substrate.
Comparison on the electroluminescence of Si-rich SiNx and SiOx based light-emitting diodes
Authors: Lin Gong-Ru , Pai Yi-Hao , Lin Cheng-Tao , Chen Chun-Chieh
Published: July 2010

Electroluminescence (EL) of the metal-insulator-semiconductor light-emitting diodes (MISLEDs) made by Si-rich SiNx and SiOx films with buried Si nanocrystals are compared. The SiNx facilitates carrier transport and EL from MISLED with turn-on current and voltage of 4 μA and 12 V by reducing barrier heights at indium tin oxide /SiNx and SiNx/Si-nc interfaces. The SiNx MISLED exhibits larger charge loss rate of 12% within 200 s and shorter delay time of 3.86×10−4 sec than SiOx one, which limit its external EL quantum efficiency by strong carrier escaping effect due to the insufficient carrier confinement in Si nanocrystals with low interfacial barriers.
Wheat cultivars can be screened for NaCl salinity tolerance by measuring leaf chlorophyll content and shoot sap potassium
Authors: Cuin Tracey Ann , Parsons David , Shabala Sergey
Published: July 2010

An efficient screening procedure is essential for breeding for salinity-tolerant crops, but there is no consensus regarding the best approach. While some authors argue that the selection of tolerant genotypes should be undertaken under field conditions, others believe that field-based trials for salinity tolerance is problematic due to confounding environmental factors. Also, the choice of specific physiological trait(s) used is often subjective, frequently depending on the ‘personal philosophy’ of the researcher. In this work, we undertook an unbiased assessment of a multitude of physiological and agronomical parameters in an attempt to find a combination that would satisfy two main criteria: (1) be relatively easy and quick to measure; and (2) possess a high predictive power. Fourteen physiological and agronomical traits were measured and analysed using various statistical methods (multiple regression, cluster analysis, principal component analysis). Our results indicate that measuring just two parameters; changes in the chlorophyll content in the 5th leaf after 6 weeks of NaCl treatment, and shoot sap K+ content in control plants, measured at the same time, satisfied these requirements and could be used as efficient screening tools in wheat breeding programs. Interestingly, salt tolerance was associated with lower but not higher K+ content in control plants. The physiological mechanisms involved are discussed.
Soil processes affecting crop production in salt-affected soils
Authors: Rengasamy Pichu
Published: July 2010

Salts can be deposited in the soil from wind and rain, as well as through the weathering of rocks. These processes, combined with the influence of climatic and landscape features and the effects of human activities, determine where salt accumulates in the landscape. When the accumulated salt in soil layers is above a level that adversely affects crop production, choosing salt-tolerant crops and managing soil salinity are important strategies to boost agricultural economy. Worldwide, more than 800 million hectares of soils are salt-affected, with a range of soils defined as saline, acidic–saline, alkaline–saline, acidic saline–sodic, saline–sodic, alkaline saline–sodic, sodic, acidic–sodic and alkaline–sodic. The types of salinity based on soil and groundwater processes are groundwater-associated salinity (dryland salinity), transient salinity (dry saline land) and irrigation salinity. This short review deals with the soil processes in the field that determine the interactions between root-zone environments and plant responses to increased osmotic pressure or specific ion concentrations. Soil water dynamics, soil structural stability, solubility of compounds in relation to pH and pE and nutrient and water movement all play vital roles in the selection and development of plants tolerant to salinity.
Evolution of halophytes: multiple origins of salt tolerance in land plants
Authors: Flowers Timothy J. , Galal Hanaa K. , Bromham Lindell
Published: July 2010

The evolution of salt tolerance is interesting for several reasons. First, since salt-tolerant plants (halophytes) employ several different mechanisms to deal with salt, the evolution of salt tolerance represents a fascinating case study in the evolution of a complex trait. Second, the diversity of mechanisms employed by halophytes, based on processes common to all plants, sheds light on the way that a plant’s physiology can become adapted to deal with extreme conditions. Third, as the amount of salt-affected land increases around the globe, understanding the origins of the diversity of halophytes should provide a basis for the use of novel species in bioremediation and conservation. In this review we pose the question, how many times has salt tolerance evolved since the emergence of the land plants some 450–470 million years ago? We summarise the physiological mechanisms underlying salt-tolerance and provide an overview of the number and diversity of salt-tolerant terrestrial angiosperms (defined as plants that survive to complete their life cycle in at least 200 mM salt). We consider the evolution of halophytes using information from fossils and phylogenies. Finally, we discuss the potential for halophytes to contribute to agriculture and land management and ask why, when there are naturally occurring halophytes, it is proving to be difficult to breed salt-tolerant crops.
Correct biological timing inArabidopsisrequires multiple light-signaling pathways
Authors: Dalchau Neil , Hubbard Katharine E. , Robertson Fiona C. , Hotta Carlos T. , Briggs Helen M. , Stan Guy-Bart , Gonçalves Jorge M. , Webb Alex A. R.
Published: July 2010

Circadian oscillators provide rhythmic temporal cues for a range of biological processes in plants and animals, enabling anticipation of the day/night cycle and enhancing fitness-associated traits. We have used engineering models to understand the control principles of a plant’s response to seasonal variation. We show that the seasonal changes in the timing of circadian outputs require light regulation via feed-forward loops, combining rapid light-signaling pathways with entrained circadian oscillators. Linear time-invariant models of circadian rhythms were computed for 3,503 circadian-regulated genes and for the concentration of cytosolic-free calcium to quantify the magnitude and timing of regulation by circadian oscillators and light-signaling pathways. Bioinformatic and experimental analysis show that rapid light-induced regulation of circadian outputs is associated with seasonal rephasing of the output rhythm. We identify that external coincidence is required for rephasing of multiple output rhythms, and is therefore important in general phase control in addition to specific photoperiod-dependent processes such as flowering and hypocotyl elongation. Our findings uncover a fundamental design principle of circadian regulation, and identify the importance of rapid light-signaling pathways in temporal control.
Identification of a cellulose synthase-associated protein required for cellulose biosynthesis
Authors: Gu Ying , Kaplinsky Nick , Bringmann Martin , Cobb Alex , Carroll Andrew , Sampathkumar Arun , Baskin Tobias I. , Persson Staffan , Somerville Chris R.
Published: July 2010

Cellulose synthase-interactive protein 1 (CSI1) was identified in a two-hybrid screen for proteins that interact with cellulose synthase (CESA) isoforms involved in primary plant cell wall synthesis. CSI1 encodes a 2,150-amino acid protein that contains 10 predicted Armadillo repeats and a C2 domain. Mutations in
CSI1
cause defective cell elongation in hypocotyls and roots and reduce cellulose content. CSI1 is associated with CESA complexes, and
csi1
mutants affect the distribution and movement of CESA complexes in the plasma membrane.