bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping the recovery stories of drinkers and drug users in Glasgow: Quality of life and its associations with measures of recovery capital
Authors: BEST DAVID , GOW JANE , KNOX TONY , TAYLOR AVRIL , GROSHKOVA TEODORA , WHITE WILLIAM
Published: May 2011

Introduction and Aims. The study investigates what ‘recovery’ means for those who describe themselves as in alcohol or drug recovery.

Design and Methods. The project used multiple methods—snowballing, recruitment through recovery groups and advertisements in local press—to recruit 205 people (107 in alcohol and 98 in heroin recovery) who reported a lifetime dependence on alcohol and/or heroin; had not used their primary substance in the last year and perceived themselves to be either recovered or in recovery. They were interviewed by researchers using a structured questionnaire reported in the current paper and a semi‐structured interview reported elsewhere.

Results. The average time dependent for heroin users was 10.8 years and for drinkers 15.7 years, but onset and desistance were earlier for heroin. Longer time since last use of alcohol or heroin was associated with better quality of life. Greater engagement in meaningful activities was associated with better functioning, and was associated with quality of life, followed by number of peers in recovery in the social network. Heroin users in abstinent recovery generally reported better functioning than those in maintained recovery.

Discussion and Conclusions. Recovery experiences vary widely, but better functioning is typically reported after longer periods and is associated with supportive peer groups and more engagement in meaningful activities, and supports models promoting the development of peer networks immersed in local communities.[Best D, Gow J, Knox T, Taylor A, Groshkova T, White W. Mapping the recovery stories of drinkers and drug users in Glasgow: Quality of life and its associations with measures of recovery capital. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:334–341]
Alcohol and tobacco co‐use in nondaily smokers: An inevitable phenomenon?
Authors: CAMPBELL MALLORY L. , BOZEC LYNDSAY J. , MCGRATH DANIEL , BARRETT SEAN P.
Published: May 2011

Introduction and Aims. Alcohol use has consistently been associated with smoking among nondaily smokers. However, this may not be an inevitable relationship that extends across all drinking sessions and/or all nondaily smokers. Recently, distinct subgroups of nondaily smokers have been identified, with one subgroup maintaining a stable pattern of nondaily smoking (long‐term occasional smokers; LOS), and others transitioning to nondaily smoking either from a non‐smoking status (early occasional smokers; EOS) or from a daily smoking status (former daily smokers; FDS). However, little is known about the extent to which these subgroups differ in their alcohol–tobacco co‐administration patterns.

Design and Methods. 183 nondaily smokers (74 LOS; 55 EOS; 54 FDS) completed face‐to‐face interviews during which they provided details about their lifetime and past‐week tobacco and alcohol administration patterns.

Results. EOS were more likely to report having used alcohol at the time of their first‐ever cigarette relative to the other subgroups (P ≤ 0.001), but there were no differences in past‐week co‐administration patterns between the subgroups. Overall, less than one‐third of all smoking sessions occurred when drinking, but these accounted for more than half of all cigarettes consumed during the previous week. Moreover, while only 42% of drinking sessions involved tobacco co‐administration, when drinking and smoking did co‐occur, significantly greater amounts of alcohol were consumed relative to drinking sessions where no tobacco was used (P < 0.01).

Discussion and Conclusions. Findings suggest that alcohol use is not invariably related to smoking in EOS, FDS or LOS, but when it is, across all subgroups co‐administration is associated with mutual dose escalation.[Campbell ML, Bozec LJ, McGrath D, Barrett SP. Alcohol and tobacco co‐use in nondaily smokers: An inevitable phenomenon? Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:447–450]
Bird dietary guild richness across latitudes, environments and biogeographic regions
Authors: Kissling W. D. , Sekercioglu Cagan H. , Jetz Walter
Published: May 2011

Aim  To integrate dietary knowledge and species distributions in order to examine the latitudinal, environmental, and biogeographical variation in the species richness of avian dietary guilds (herbivores, granivores, frugivores, nectarivores, aerial insectivores, terrestrial/arboreal insectivores, carnivores, scavengers, and omnivores).

Location  Global.

Methods  We used global breeding range maps and a comprehensive dietary database of all terrestrial bird species to calculate guild species richness for grid cells at 110 × 110 km resolution. We assessed congruence of guild species richness, quantified the steepness of latitudinal gradients and examined the covariation between species richness and climate, topography, habitat diversity and biogeographic history. We evaluated the potential of current environment and biogeographic history to explain global guild distribution and compare observed richness–environment relationships with those derived from random subsets of the global species pool.

Results  While most guilds (except herbivores and scavengers) showed strong congruence with overall bird richness, covariation in richness between guilds varied markedly. Guilds exhibited different peaks in species richness in geographical and multivariate environmental space, and observed richness–environment relationships mostly differed from random expectations. Latitudinal gradients in species richness were steepest for terrestrial/arboreal insectivores, intermediate for frugivores, granivores and carnivores, and shallower for all other guilds. Actual evapotranspiration emerged as the strongest climatic predictor for frugivores and insectivores, seasonality for nectarivores, and temperature for herbivores and scavengers (with opposite direction of temperature effect). Differences in species richness between biogeographic regions were strongest for frugivores and nectarivores and were evident for nectarivores, omnivores and scavengers when present‐day environment was statistically controlled for. Guild richness–environment relationships also varied between regions.

Main conclusions  Global associations of bird species richness with environmental and biogeographic variables show pronounced differences between guilds. Geographic patterns of bird diversity might thus result from several processes including evolutionary innovations in dietary preferences and environmental constraints on the distribution and diversification of food resources.
Insights into the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) as a discrimination measure in species distribution modelling
Authors: Jiménez‐Valverde Alberto
Published: May 2011

Aim  The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) is a widely used statistic for assessing the discriminatory capacity of species distribution models. Here, I used simulated data to examine the interdependence of the AUC and classical discrimination measures (sensitivity and specificity) derived for the application of a threshold. I shall further exemplify with simulated data the implications of using the AUC to evaluate potential versus realized distribution models.

Innovation  After applying the threshold that makes sensitivity and specificity equal, a strong relationship between the AUC and these two measures was found. This result is corroborated with real data. On the other hand, the AUC penalizes the models that estimate potential distributions (the regions where the species could survive and reproduce due to the existence of suitable environmental conditions), and favours those that estimate realized distributions (the regions where the species actually lives).

Main conclusions  Firstly, the independence of the AUC from the threshold selection may be irrelevant in practice. This result also emphasizes the fact that the AUC assumes nothing about the relative costs of errors of omission and commission. However, in most real situations this premise may not be optimal. Measures derived from a contingency table for different cost ratio scenarios, together with the ROC curve, may be more informative than reporting just a single AUC value. Secondly, the AUC is only truly informative when there are true instances of absence available and the objective is the estimation of the realized distribution. When the potential distribution is the goal of the research, the AUC is not an appropriate performance measure because the weight of commission errors is much lower than that of omission errors.
Why co‐creation experience matters? Creative experience and its impact on the quantity and quality of creative contributions
Authors: Füller Johann , Hutter Katja , Faullant Rita
Published: May 2011

This article introduces ‘virtual design competitions’ as a new means of opening up the innovation process and enriching the companies, ‘design‐ideas’ by utilizing the creativity of a multiplicity of external designers and enthused consumers all over the world. The ‘Swarovski Enlightened™jewellery design competition’, explored in this study, demonstrates the enormous potential of virtual co‐creation platforms. It further highlights the importance of the co‐creation experience and its impact on the quantity and quality of designs submitted. First, we introduce the idea of virtual co‐creation platforms and the requirements on the design of such a platform. Second, we explore the impact of the co‐creation experience on the content contributed by participants. Our study shows that co‐creation experience significantly impacts the number of contributions by consumers as well as the quality of submitted designs. Our paper contributes to a better theoretic understanding of the impact of a participant's perceived autonomous, enjoyable, and competent experience, as well as participants' perceived sense of community on their experience. From a managerial perspective, it provides guidance in designing successful idea and design competitions. While innovation managers may be interested in creative contributions, for participants, it is the experience which matters. Fully featured community platforms rather than single idea submission websites are required to attract creative users to submit their ideas and designs.
Estimation strategies for the regression coefficient parameter matrix in multivariate multiple regression
Authors: Nkurunziza Sévérien , Ejaz Ahmed S.
Published: May 2011

We consider improved estimation strategies for the parameter matrix in multivariate multiple regression under a general and natural linear constraint. In the context of two competing models where one model includes all predictors and the other restricts variable coefficients to a candidate linear subspace based on prior information, there is a need of combining two estimation techniques in an optimal way. In this scenario, we suggest some shrinkage estimators for the targeted parameter matrix. Also, we examine the relative performances of the suggested estimators in the direction of the subspace and candidate subspace restricted type estimators. We develop a large sample theory for the estimators including derivation of asymptotic bias and asymptotic distributional risk of the suggested estimators. Furthermore, we conduct Monte Carlo simulation studies to appraise the relative performance of the suggested estimators with the classical estimators. The methods are also applied on a real data set for illustrative purposes.
Cross‐cultural validation of factor structure in the Japanese Counselor Burnout Inventory
Authors: YAGI DARRYL TAKIZO , LEE JAYOUNG , PUIG ANA , LEE SANG MIN
Published: May 2011

This article describes the cross‐cultural validation of the Counselor Burnout Inventory (CBI; Lee, Baker, Cho, Heckathorn, Holland, Newgent, Ogle, Powell, Quinn, Wallace & Yu, 2007) on a sample of professional counselors and psychotherapists in Japan. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to examine the validity of the CBI with three models: a one‐factor model, a five‐factor model, and a second‐order model. The results showed that the five‐factor model was a better fit and more parsimonious than both the one‐factor model and the second‐order factor model. Additionally, the internal consistency reliability for the CBI subscale scores proved equivalent to that found for other populations (e.g. American and Korean). The results suggest that counselor burnout is not a unidimensional construct but a multidimensional construct. Implications and recommendations for future research are provided.
CHARACTERIZATION AND PROVENANCE OF LIME PLASTERS FROM THE TEMPLO MAYOR OF TENOCHTITLAN (MEXICO CITY)
Authors: MIRIELLO D. , BARCA D. , CRISCI G. M. , BARBA L. , BLANCAS J. , ORTÍZ A. , PECCI A. , LUJÁN L. LÓPEZ
Published: May 2011

In this work, we present the results of the analyses of 20 lime plaster samples taken from the Templo Mayor (Great Temple), the main pyramid of Tenochtitlan (Mexico), the ancient capital of the Mexicas. The samples were analysed to recover information on the mixtures used in the fabrication of the plasters and for the provenance of the raw materials (in particular, limestone) used to make the plasters. The characterization of the samples was done by OM, SEM/EDS, XRF and LA–ICP–MS analyses, while the identification of the provenance of raw materials was done by studying the lumps present in the samples with LA–ICP–MS. The objective of the study was to establish if there was a relationship between changes in the construction techniques employed in the pyramid over time and if there were changes in the provenance of the raw materials. Six different construction phases of this pyramid are analysed, showing the similarities and differences among them, mainly based on differences in the sieving of the aggregates and in the raw materials employed. The provenance studies of the limestone used to make the plasters demonstrated that all the limestone comes from the Tula region.
A MICRO‐RAMAN AND INTERNAL MICROSTRATIGRAPHIC STUDY OF CERAMIC SHERDS FROM THE KILNS OF THE MEDICI CASTLE AT CAFAGGIOLO*
Authors: DE SANTIS A. , MATTEI E. , MONTINI I. , PELOSI C.
Published: May 2011

Nine representative sherds from the old (14th–16th century) kilns at the Castle of Cafaggiolo in Tuscany have been analysed by means of internal microstratigraphic analyses and micro‐Raman spectroscopy and classified as follows: six engobed and glazed fragments, of which three are covered with an opaque white, decorated layer, one is marbleized, and two are engobed. The surface of the two engobed sherds, fragments of unfinished products, indicates that at least two firing processes were used. Two samples show characteristics of Byzantine pottery, and three of them can be classified as Islamic ware or maiolica, whilst the other one displays intermediate characteristics. The variety of ceramic wares indicates the presence of craftsmen with differing expertise, and suggests that part of their work was dedicated to experimentation on new ceramic production techniques.
PROVENANCING FLINT ARTEFACTS WITH ICP–MS USING REE SIGNATURES AND Pb ISOTOPES AS DISCRIMINANTS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A CASE STUDY FROM NORTHERN SWEDEN
Authors: OLOFSSON A. , RODUSHKIN I.
Published: May 2011

Archaeological flint artefacts from the late Mesolithic/early Neolithic site of Vuollerim, northern Sweden, have been geochemically investigated with ICP–SFMS and MC–ICP–MS in search for the geological/geographical origin of the non‐local flint. The Vuollerim flints were compared with reference samples from Denmark (Cretaceous/Tertiary flint) and Russia (Carboniferous flint). Elemental concentrations as well as elemental ratios for REEs and isotopic ratios for Pb and Sr are presented. Significant differences were found between different geological/geographical contexts. Two of the Vuollerim samples can be ascribed a South Scandinavian origin. Possibly also eastern flint is present, although the results are not conclusive in this case.
COMPLEX RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MITOCHONDRIAL AND NUCLEAR DNA PRESERVATION IN HISTORICAL DNA EXTRACTS*
Authors: CAMPANA M. G. , LISTER D. L. , WHITTEN C. M. , EDWARDS C. J. , STOCK F. , BARKER G. , BOWER M. A.
Published: May 2011

‘Historical’ DNA obtained from specimens preserved in natural history collections has proven useful for addressing a wide variety of questions, such as the spread of domesticated species or changes in genetic diversity. With the development of high‐throughput sequencing techniques, there is an increasing focus on acquiring genetic information encoded by single‐copy nuclear DNA from historical DNA extracts. The development of efficient techniques to determine the level of nuclear DNA preservation in candidate specimens is necessary to maximize the data obtained from these analyses. Although current evidence suggests that a sample's mitochondrial DNA preservation predicts its nuclear DNA preservation, we show that the relationships between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA preservation are complex.
DIATOMS AND CERAMIC PROVENANCE: A CAUTIONARY TALE*
Authors: KLIGMANN D. M. , CALDERARI M.
Published: May 2011

In order to answer the age‐old question of whether a given pot was manufactured locally or elsewhere, some archaeologists have turned to geoarchaeological or bioarchaeological methods such as diatom analysis to establish potential clay sources. In this paper, we highlight the complexity of diatom analysis and illustrate how diatoms potentially coming from several sources may be introduced at different stages during the ceramic manufacturing process. Finally, we proceed to evaluate the reliability of diatom analysis as an archaeometric measurement for ceramic provenance, concluding that it may have a more limited usefulness within archaeology than its current frequency of use would indicate.
MICROSTRUCTURE OF FLINT AND OTHER CHERT RAW MATERIALS*
Authors: GRAETSCH H. A. , GRÜNBERG J. M.
Published: May 2011

The crystallite size, microstrain, stacking disorder and moganite content of flint and other chert raw materials were studied by X‐ray powder diffraction profile analysis. The broadening of the X‐ray reflections of all microfibrous quartz varieties is due to both anisotropic small crystallite size and anisotropic microstrain. The microstructure varies for samples of different origin. The moganite content and the number of structural defects are higher in flint than in older chert and petrified wood. The X‐ray diffraction pattern of the cortex of flint differs from that of the core material, whereas those of the patina and the unweathered interior of the rocks do not.
IDENTIFICATION OF POST‐DEPOSITIONAL CHEMICAL ALTERATION OF CERAMICS FROM THE NORTH COAST OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA (SANDUAN PROVINCE) BY TIME‐OF‐FLIGHT–LASER ABLATION–INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA–MASS SPECTROMETRY (TOF–LA–ICP–MS)*
Authors: GOLITKO M. , DUDGEON J. V. , NEFF H. , TERRELL J. E.
Published: May 2011

The measured chemical composition of archaeological ceramics can result from a variety of geological, cultural and taphonomic factors. In the present study, we evaluate the likelihood that elevated barium concentrations in ceramics from the archaeological site of Wom/Aiser, located on the northern coast of Papua New Guinea, result from post‐depositional enrichment. Using time‐of‐flight–laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, we mapped chemical compositional profiles across cut sections of ceramic sherds from four archaeological sites, all previously chemically characterized. We identify the formation of pronounced concentration gradients in samples from Wom/Aiser relative to sherds with low barium concentrations, consistent with post‐burial uptake.
The Story of the Texas Pain Society: Formation and Function of a Regional Pain Society
Authors: Raj P. Prithvi , Hill C. Stratton , Racz Gabor , Heavner James , Grabois Martin , Neill Lynn , Willis William , Schade C. M. , Rashbaum Ralph , Calodney Aaron , Burton Allen W. , Somerville Judson
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  The idea of forming a Texas Pain Society came to the Founders in 1987 due to disparity and deficiencies in the practice of pain management in the United States and, in particular, the State of Texas. The Founders considered very carefully the implication of forming such a society. They diligently mapped out the mission and goals of the Texas Pain Society in those early formative years. This report is the history of Texas Pain Society as the activities unfolded from 1989 to 2011.

The reader may question why there is a need to tell such a story. We believe strongly that, with disparities of standards of practice in pain medicine and poor recognition of advances in pain management, this scenario is quite common in many states and countries. The practitioners of pain management in these regions certainly must have considered getting together and forming a consensus on the standards of practice in their communities. This historical report of the Texas Pain Society provides the relevant information necessary and the efforts to be made for a society’s mission to achieve its goals and have an ongoing impact in its own region. We hope that we have shed some light on a process for the formation of a regional pain society such as ours. ▪
Are All Inside Directors the Same? Evidence from the External Directorship Market
Authors: MASULIS RONALD W. , MOBBS SHAWN
Published: May 2011

Agency theory and optimal contracting theory posit opposing roles and shareholder wealth effects for corporate inside directors. We evaluate these theories using the market for outside directorships to differentiate among inside directors. Firms with inside directors holding outside directorships have better operating performance and market‐to‐book ratios, especially when monitoring is more difficult. These firms make better acquisition decisions, have greater cash holdings, and overstate earnings less often. Announcements of outside board appointments improve shareholder wealth, while departure announcements reduce it, consistent with these inside directors improving board performance and outside directorships being an important source of inside director incentives.
Explaining the Past in 2010
Authors: Arkush Elizabeth
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT  In 2010, archaeologists investigated diverse, multilinear human histories and disagreed about what forces shaped these histories most powerfully. The varied new work covered in this review is organized into three broad themes. First, research on the relationship between people and environments included topics such as domestication and anthropogenic landscapes, social responses to environmental crisis, and adaptation. Second, archaeologists studying nonstate societies discussed the basis of inequality, the dynamics of early villages, kin organization (incl. “house societies”), lineage commemoration, social memory, and monumentality. A third body of literature concerned the complex interactions within, between, and around states, including colonial powers; here, archaeologists particularly emphasized the intersection of imperial or colonial processes with local actors. In all three themes, a focal interest concerns the extent to which local and regional histories were forged by conditions or by human actions and their chains of consequences.
One Year in Biological Anthropology: Species, Integration, and Boundaries in 2010
Authors: Cowgill Libby
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT  The year 2010 in biological anthropology has been marked by continuing questions regarding temporal and geographical species boundaries and by queries into what it means to be human. The lines of evidence we use to reconstruct our biosocial past often exist in a state of dynamic tension; however, opportunities for integration do occur, and these collaborative endeavors were notable in 2010. Here I focus on boundaries and integration in four separate areas. First, I discuss recent genetic advances in our understanding of human evolution. Second, I review a virtual issue of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology that emphasized bioarchaeology in Asia. Third, I highlight several articles in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that focus on speciation, human genetics, and the evolution of unique human characteristics. Last, I address the recent controversy over the language used in the American Anthropological Association's Long‐Range Plan.
When the Wealthy Are Poor: Poverty Explanations and Local Perspectives in Southwestern Madagascar
Authors: Tucker Bram , Huff Amber , Tsiazonera  , Tombo Jaovola , Hajasoa Patricia , Nagnisaha Charlotte
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT To reduce poverty, one must understand what poverty means in local contexts. We used focus groups to elicit a “folk model” of poverty from Masikoro, Vezo, and Mikea people in rural southwestern Madagascar and then placed this model in dialogue with four social science models: economic growth, substantivism, mode of production, and livelihoods. The folk model emphasizes household continuity, production of people, and exploitative expropriation by the wealthy. Absent from the folk model is scarcity of natural and social resources, the core of economic growth and livelihoods explanations. Consistent with substantivism, poverty and wealth are states one may occupy simultaneously, not maximizable quantities. Compatible with mode of production, the root cause of poverty is the rules regarding control over property. Poverty interventions based on profit, competition, intensification, or devolution of control to traditional social institutions would likely be culturally foreign to rural Malagasy and could further the gap between rich and poor.
From Golden Frontier to Global City: Shifting Forms of Belonging, “Freedom,” and Governance among Indian Businessmen in Dubai
Authors: Vora Neha
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT In this article, I consider how the Dubai government's shift in economic focus from maritime trade networks toward large‐scale, Western‐style multinational development projects threatened the forms of belonging that Indian merchants had carved out in the emirate during and after British colonialism in the region, and before the liberalization of India's economy, even as Indian merchants were to some extent participants in the production of Dubai as a “global city.” I argue that Indian merchants were performing forms of substantive citizenship in Dubai that resemble forms of belonging among South Asian diasporas located in Western liberal democratic contexts. I explore how this was happening despite the lack of formal modes of citizenship and permanent belonging available to Indians in contemporary Dubai and in response to changes in Dubai's migration, economic, and political policies that reduced their privileged status in the country.
Operating time and blood loss during laparoscopic‐assisted vaginal hysterectomy with in situ morcellation
Authors: CHOU LI‐YUN , SHEU BOR‐CHING , CHANG DAW‐YUAN , CHEN SZU‐YU , HUANG SU‐CHENG , HSU WEN‐CHIUNG , CHANG WEN‐CHUN
Published: May 2011

Objective. To develop a regression‐based prediction equation for operative time and estimated blood loss in laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) for large uteri, as required, by combined laparoscopic in situ and vaginal morcellation. Design. Prospective study (Canadian Task Force classification II‐1). Setting. University‐affiliated hospitals. Sample. Fifty‐six patients who underwent LAVH. Methods. Evaluation of all patients who had LAVH with laparoscopic in situ morcellation and vaginal morcellation during a 2‐year period. Main outcome measures. Operative time, estimated blood loss, total uterine weight by laparoscopic or vaginal morcellation, complications and length of hospital stay. Results. Mean operative time was 133 ± 22 minutes, and mean blood loss 133 ± 101ml. Mean uterine weight was 383 ± 187g by laparoscopic and 251 ± 103g by vaginal morcellation. Greater total uterine weight and morcellation were associated with longer operative times. Blood loss correlated with uterine weight when vaginal morcellation was also used. A regression equation is presented for estimating the likely operating time and blood loss. Conclusions. An increase in the operative time and a higher blood loss can be expected as the uterine weight increases and can be predicted taking morcellation methods into account.
Breastfeeding and long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in the first 4 post‐natal months and infant cognitive development: an observational study
Authors: Keim Sarah A. , Daniels Julie L. , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria , Herring Amy H. , Dole Nancy , Scheidt Peter C.
Published: May 2011

The aim of this study was to examine infant feeding and the long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) concentration of breast milk and formulas in relation to infant development. The prospective Pregnancy, Infection and Nutrition Study (n = 358) collected data on breastfeeding, breast milk samples and the formulas fed through 4 months post‐partum. At 12 months of age, infants' development was assessed (Mullen Scales of Early Learning). Linear regression was used to examine development in relation to breastfeeding, breast milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) concentration, and DHA and AA concentration from the combination of breast milk and formula. The median breast milk DHA concentration was 0.20% of total fatty acids [interquartile range (IQR) = 0.14, 0.34]; median AA concentration was 0.52% (IQR = 0.44, 0.63). Upon adjustment for preterm birth, sex, smoking, race and ethnicity and education, breastfeeding exclusivity was unrelated to development. Among infants exclusively breastfed, breast milk LCPUFA concentration was not associated with development (Mullen composite, DHA: adjusted β = −1.3, 95% confidence interval: −10.3, 7.7). Variables combining DHA and AA concentrations from breast milk and formula, weighted by their contribution to diet, were unassociated with development. We found no evidence of enhanced infant development related to the LCPUFA content of breast milk or formula consumed during the first four post‐natal months.
Zygomatic implant‐retained fixed complete denture for an elderly patient
Authors: Baig Mirza Rustum , Rajan Gunaseelan , Yunus Norsiah
Published: May 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00433.x
 
Zygomatic implant‐retained fixed complete denture for an elderly patient

Dental rehabilitation of a completely edentulous geriatric patient has always been a challenge to the clinician, especially in treating those with higher expectations and demands. Treatment duration and the amount of residual alveolar bone available are often important considerations when planning for dental implant‐based fixed treatment for these patients. With the introduction of zygomatic implants, a graftless alternative solution has emerged for deficient maxillary bone with provision for immediate loading. This article describes the treatment of a completely edentulous elderly patient using zygomatic implants in conjunction with conventional implants. The implants were immediately loaded using a definitive acrylic resin fixed denture reinforced with a cast metal framework, to provide function and aesthetics.
Exchange of the HCC domain mediating double receptor recognition improves the pharmacodynamic properties of botulinum neurotoxin
Authors: Rummel Andreas , Mahrhold Stefan , Bigalke Hans , Binz Thomas
Published: May 2011

The four‐domain structure of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) reflects their multistep intoxication process. The high toxicity of BoNTs primarily results from specific binding and uptake into neurons mediated by their 50‐kDa cell‐binding fragment (HC). X‐ray crystallography data have revealed that the HC fragment consists of two domains of equal size, named the 25‐kDa N‐terminal half of HC (HCN) and the 25‐kDa C‐terminal half of HC (HCC). In recent years, the ganglioside‐binding sites of all seven BoNT serotypes have been allocated to the HCC domain. For BoNT/A, BoNT/B and BoNT/G, the protein receptor‐binding site has been also been localized to the HCC domain. Here, we demonstrate that the HCC serotype can modulate the affinity of the HC fragment for neuronal membranes as well as the potency of full‐length BoNT by replacing the BoNT/A HCC domain with the BoNT/B HCC, BoNT/C HCC and BoNT/E HCC domains, which exhibit higher affinity for synaptosomes. Indeed, the hybrids HCAB and HCAC display a higher affinity than wild‐type HCA. Furthermore, the potency of a BoNT/A‐based full‐length hybrid containing the HCCB domain (AAAB; letters represent the serotype origin of the four domains) was quadrupled as compared with wild‐type BoNT/A. Analogously, exchange of the HC fragment (AABB) yielded a neurotoxin with four‐fold higher potency. As BoNT/A and BoNT/B are extensively used to treat neurological disorders, thereby facing the problem of BoNT neutralizing antibody formation, a BoNT with increased potency would lower the repeatedly administered protein dosage while maintaining the clinical benefit. Such a lowered protein load will delay the onset of neurotoxin antibody formation in patients.
Effectiveness of Edible Coatings Combined with Mild Heat Shocks on Microbial Spoilage and Sensory Quality of Fresh Cut Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.)
Authors: Moreira María del R. , Ponce Alejandra , Ansorena R. , Roura Sara I.
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  The use of edible coatings and mild heat shocks is proposed as postharvest treatments to prevent microbial deterioration of refrigerated broccoli. Minimally processed broccoli was coated with either chitosan or carboxymethyl‐cellulose (CMC) combined or not with a previous application of a mild heat shock. The evolution of microbial populations (mesophilic, psycrotrophic, Enterobacteriaceae, molds and yeast, and lactic acid bacteria) was studied during 20 d of storage and fitted to Gompertz and logistic models. Results revealed that, at the end of the storage, chitosan coating significantly reduced all microbiological population counts, except lactic acid bacteria; while higher reduction was observed with chitosan coating combined with a heat shock treatment. A significant delay at the beginning of the exponential phase was observed for all the bacterial populations analyzed. On the other hand, CMC coating, with and without a previous thermal treatment, did not exert any antibacterial effect. Excellent agreement was found between experimental microbial counts and predicted values obtained from Gompertz and logistic models. Kinetic modeling was found to be valuable for prediction of microbiological shelf life of broccoli during storage. Results showed that the application of chitosan coating effectively maintained microbiological quality and extended shelf life of minimally processed broccoli. According to these results, the use of the edible chitosan coating alone or in combination with a heat mild shock appear to be a viable alternative for controlling microbiological growth and sensory attributes in minimally processed broccoli.

Practical Application:  The continuous consumer interest in high quality and food safety, combined with environmental concern has induced to the development and study of edible coatings that avoid the use of synthetic materials. The edible coatings, formed from generally recognized as safe materials, have the potential to reduce weight loss, respiration rate, and improve food appearance and integrity. It is one of the most effective methods to maintain food quality. On the other hand, heat treatments have been demonstrated to be effective as a nonchemical means of improving postharvest quality for a variety of horticultural products. The applications of mild heat shocks combined with edible coatings constitute an alternative for the natural preservation of crops for which the use of synthetic chemicals is objectionable.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Juices: Chemical Composition, Micronutrient Cations, and Antioxidant Capacity
Authors: El Kar Chiraz , Ferchichi Ali , Attia Faouzi , Bouajila Jalloul
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins of pomegranate juices, obtained from 9 Tunisian ecotypes were quantified. Phenolics and flavonoids in the variety Tounsi (TN) (3299 mg gallic acid equivalents [GAE]/L and 636 mg quercetin equivalents [QE]/L of juice, respectively) were higher than in the variety Gabsi (GB) (1570 mg GAE/L and 135 mg QE/L of juice, respectively). The highest anthocyanins quantity was found in GB 2 with 156 mg cyanidin‐3‐glucoside equivalents (CGE)/L. TN 3 ecotype showed the highest tannins quantity with 2550 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/L of juice. TN 1 presented the highest radical‐scavenging activity (2, 2′‐azinobis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonate [ABTS], IC50 [50% inhibition concentration] = 525 mg/L), as well as the highest concentration of micronutrient cations (potassium and sodium). A high correlation (R2= 0.80) between antioxidant capacity and proanthocyanin contents was found, this suggests that proanthocyanins are the principal contributor in the antioxidant capacity of pomegranate. Our data suggest also that the high concentrations of K+ and Na+ may play a role in the adaptation of pomegranate to arid environments.
Equine hospital data as a source for study of prevalence and heritability of osteochondrosis and palmar/plantar osseous fragments of Swedish Warmblood horses
Authors: JÖNSSON L. , DALIN G. , EGENVALL A. , NÄSHOLM A. , ROEPSTORFF L. , PHILIPSSON J.
Published: May 2011

Reasons for performing study:Disturbances in skeletal development, primarily osteochondrosis (OC) and palmar/plantar osseous fragments (POF), have been commonly reported as problems in young horses. However, there are few reports of such findings for epidemiological analyses or breeding purposes.

Objectives:To evaluate equine hospital data as a possible source of information for genetic evaluations by estimating prevalence and heritability of OC in the stifle, hock and fetlock joints and of POF in the fetlock.

Methods:Data on Swedish Warmblood (SWB) horses were obtained from a large equine hospital in south Sweden. Prevalences were based on radiographic examinations of 879 screened horses, mainly evaluated as part of a prepurchase examination and 3639 horses with a reported history of orthopaedic problems. For the heritability study the 2 data sources were pooled and 3199 examined horses with pedigree information were considered for the linear animal model analyses.

Results:The overall prevalence of OC was 13% (stifle 9%, hock 6% and dorsal osseous fragments in fetlock [DOF] 10%) and POF 10%. The overall heritability of OC was 0.05 on the visible binomial scale. The corresponding heritabilities for OC in the stifle were 0.03, hock 0.08, DOF 0.10 and POF 0.13. These values correspond to heritabilities of 0.09–0.38 on the underlying quantitative scale.

Conclusions and potential relevance:Obtained prevalences and heritabilities were in accordance with other studies, supporting the hypothesis that data regularly obtained from equine hospitals may be a valuable source in studies of inherited disorders such as OC and POF. There is a need for more standardised documentation of diagnoses and consistent recording of identity of examined horses using passports or breed databases. Compilation of results from major clinics is desired in order to cover most progenies of stallions used in a region or nation.
Fifty years of the British Equine Veterinary Association as a facilitator of progress in equine clinical science
Authors: SILVER I. A. , JEFFCOTT L. B. , ROSSDALE P. D.
Published: May 2011

The British Equine Veterinary Association (BEVA) was established in 1961 and launched theEquine Veterinary Journal(EVJ) in 1968. This review outlines some of the major advances in equine science and practice that have occurred in that time and the role played by the Journal in facilitating those developments.
Unpacking the hedonic paradox: A dynamic analysis of the relationships between financial capital, social capital and life satisfaction
Authors: Gleibs Ilka H. , Morton Thomas A. , Rabinovich Anna , Haslam S. Alexander , Helliwell John F.
Published: May 2011

Does money buy happiness? Or is happiness derived from looking outwards towards our social networks? Many researchers have answered these questions by exploring whether the best predictor of well‐being is either economic or social (or some fixed combination of the two). This paper argues for a dynamic perspective on the capacity for economic and social factors to predict well‐being. In two studies, we show that both money (individual income) and community (social capital) can be the basis for individual happiness. However, the relative influence of each factor depends on the context within which happiness is considered, and how this shapes the way people define the self. Study 1 primes either money or community in the laboratory and demonstrates that such priming shifts individual values (so that they are economic vs. communal) and determines the extent to which income is more (vs. less) predictive of life satisfaction than social relations. Study 2 looks at these same priming processes in the external world (with people travelling to vs. from work). Both studies show that while money can become the basis of happiness when the self is defined in economic terms, the role of community relations in predicting happiness is more stable across contexts.
Coupled Aerothermomechanical Simulation for a Turbine Disk Through a Full Transient Cycle
Authors: Sun Zixiang , Chew John W. , Hills Nicholas J. , Lewis Leo , Mabilat Christophe
Published: May 2011

Use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model the complex, 3D disk cavity flow and heat transfer in conjunction with an industrial finite element analysis (FEA) of turbine disk thermomechanical response during a full transient cycle is demonstrated. The FEA and CFD solutions were coupled using a previously proposed efficient coupling procedure. This iterates between FEA and CFD calculations at each time step of the transient solution to ensure consistency of temperature and heat flux on the appropriate component surfaces. The FEA model is a 2D representation of high pressure and intermediate pressure (IP) turbine disks with surrounding structures. The front IP disk cavity flow is calculated using 45 deg sector CFD models with up to 2.8 million mesh cells. Three CFD models were initially defined for idle, maximum take-off, and cruise conditions, and these are updated by the automatic coupling procedure through the 13,000 s full transient cycle from stand-still to idle, maximum take-off, and cruise conditions. The obtained disk temperatures and displacements are compared with an earlier standalone FEA model that used established methods for convective heat transfer modeling. It was demonstrated that the coupling could be completed using a computer cluster with 60 cores within about 2 weeks. This turn around time is considered fast enough to meet design phase requirements, and in validation, it also compares favorably to that required to hand-match a FEA model to engine test data, which is typically several months.
Optical and electrical properties of transparent conducting B-doped ZnO thin films prepared by various deposition methods
Authors: Nomoto Jun-ichi , Miyata Toshihiro , Minami Tadatsugu
Published: May 2011

B-doped ZnO (BZO) thin films were prepared with various thicknesses up to about 500 nm on glass substrates at 200 °C by dc or rf magnetron sputtering deposition, pulsed laser deposition (PLD), and vacuum arc plasma evaporation (VAPE) methods. Resistivities of 4–6 × 10−4 Ω cm were obtained in BZO thin films prepared with a B content [B/(B + Zn) atomic ratio] around 1 at. % by PLD and VAPE methods: Hall mobilities above 40 cm2/Vs and carrier concentrations on the order of 1020 cm−3. All 500-nm-thick-BZO thin films prepared with a resistivity on the order of 10−3–10−4 Ω cm exhibited an averaged transmittance above 80% in the wavelength range of 400–1100 nm. The resistivity in BZO thin films prepared with a thickness below about 500 nm was found to increase over time with exposure to various high humidity environments. In heat-resistance tests, the resistivity stability of BZO thin films was found to be nearly equal to that of Ga-doped ZnO thin films, so these films were judged suitable for use as a transparent electrode for thin-film solar cells.
Selective Attention from Voluntary Control of Neurons in Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Schafer Robert J. , Moore Tirin
Published: May 2011

The activity of neurons with both visual and motor properties in the frontal eye field can be controlled voluntarily.
Phosphorylation of the Autophagy Receptor Optineurin Restricts
Salmonella
Growth
Authors: Wild Philipp , Farhan Hesso , McEwan David G. , Wagner Sebastian , Rogov Vladimir V. , Brady Nathan R. , Richter Benjamin , Korac Jelena , Waidmann Oliver , Choudhary Chunaram , Dötsch Volker , Bumann Dirk , Dikic Ivan
Published: May 2011

Phosphorylation of an autophagy receptor restricts pathogenic cytosolic bacterial growth.
Quadratus lumborum asymmetry is not isolated to the dominant side in junior cricket fast bowlers
Authors: Kountouris Alex , Portus Marc , Cook Jill
Published: May 2011

Background and aim

Bowling-side quadratus lumborum (QL) asymmetries have been previously reported on the dominant side in junior cricket fast bowlers using MRI. The aim of this study was to investigate QL asymmetry when measuring with two different methods; first using a small number of images with clear muscle borders and second using a larger number of images with less strict inclusion criteria.

Methods

MRI was performed on 38 junior (14.9 years) cricket fast bowlers prior to the start of a cricket season. Each MR image slice was evaluated to determine whether the QL muscle contour was visible and was assigned an image-quality rating for inclusion in the study. The cross-sectional area of each included QL image was measured and compared with the corresponding image on the other side of the spine to determine side-to-side difference (asymmetries).

Results

Using the main method of including only high-quality MR images, 25% of MR images, where QL was in the field of view, met the inclusion criteria. The mean QL asymmetry was 13%, while 55% of participants had asymmetries greater than 10%. There was no significant difference in the number of participants with dominant and non-dominant side QL asymmetry. However, there was a significant difference in the magnitude of asymmetry between the dominant side (10.5%) and non-dominant (16.4%) asymmetries. The intraclass correlation coefficient for repeated measurements of QL asymmetry for randomly selected images (18%) was excellent (ICC 0.966, 95% CI 0.89 to 0.99). Using the second measurement method, with less strict inclusion criteria for MR images, similar results on the distribution of QL asymmetry were found.

Conclusion

Contrary to previous research, this study demonstrated that there was a similar distribution of QL asymmetry between the dominant and non-dominant side. The presence of only dominant side asymmetry must therefore be questioned.
The criminal justice system's considerations of so-called near-virtual autopsies: the East Midlands experience
Authors: Jeffery A , Raj V , Morgan B , West K , Rutty G N
Published: May 2011

Background

While several research groups champion the potential for postmortem CT (PMCT) to replace the invasive postmortem (PM), many questions still remain.

Aims

Perhaps the two most important questions are whether PMCT can provide the same level of information as an invasive PM, and arguably more importantly, can it meet the needs of the end users of the PM report. Through a comparative analysis of invasive post-mortem and CT findings and a questionnaire based qualitative thematic analysis, the authors have sought to answer these questions.

Results and Conclusion

Here, the authors show that PMCT is good at providing accurate causes of death and that the interpretation of cases is not significantly altered by the absence of histology. The authors show that in straightforward trauma deaths such as road traffic incidents, there exists the potential for the replacement of the invasive PM by PMCT examination. However, as yet, PMCT cannot provide all of the information that is expected by the criminal justice system in complex forensic cases.