bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Model-Based Study of the Effectiveness of Reporting Lists of Small Feature Sets Using RNA-Seq Data
Authors: Kim Eunji , Ivanov Ivan , Hua Jianping , Lampe Johanna W , Hullar Meredith AJ , Chapkin Robert S , Dougherty Edward R
Published: June 2017

Ranking feature sets for phenotype classification based on gene expression is a challenging issue in cancer bioinformatics. When the number of samples is small, all feature selection algorithms are known to be unreliable, producing significant error, and error estimators suffer from different degrees of imprecision. The problem is compounded by the fact that the accuracy of classification depends on the manner in which the phenomena are transformed into data by the measurement technology. Because next-generation sequencing technologies amount to a nonlinear transformation of the actual gene or RNA concentrations, they can potentially produce less discriminative data relative to the actual gene expression levels. In this study, we compare the performance of ranking feature sets derived from a model of RNA-Seq data with that of a multivariate normal model of gene concentrations using 3 measures: (1) ranking power, (2) length of extensions, and (3) Bayes features. This is the model-based study to examine the effectiveness of reporting lists of small feature sets using RNA-Seq data and the effects of different model parameters and error estimators. The results demonstrate that the general trends of the parameter effects on the ranking power of the underlying gene concentrations are preserved in the RNA-Seq data, whereas the power of finding a good feature set becomes weaker when gene concentrations are transformed by the sequencing machine.
Subacromial Anesthetics Increase Proprioceptive Deficit in the Shoulder and Elbow in Patients With Subacromial Impingement Syndrome
Authors: Ettinger Lucas R , Shapiro Matthew , Karduna Andrew
Published: June 2017

Shoulder proprioception gives information regarding arm joint position and movement direction. Several studies have investigated shoulder proprioceptive acuity in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS); however, differences in protocols and between-subjects designs have limited scientific inferences regarding proprioception and SIS. We aimed to determine within-subject differences in shoulder and elbow proprioceptive acuity in 17 patients with stage 2 SIS following treatment of a local anesthetic injection. In addition, we used 17 healthy, age-, sex-, and arm dominance–matched controls to determine the magnitude of differences after treatment. Joint position sense (JPS) was measured before and after treatment in both groups in the sagittal plane for the shoulder and elbow. Our results indicate that patients with SIS have less sensitivity to angular position and tended to overshoot their targets with greater variability during angle-matching tasks for the shoulder (1.8° difference, P = .042) and elbow (5.6° difference, P = .001) than controls. The disparities in JPS found in patients with SIS were not resolved following subacromial injection; in fact, the magnitude of the errors increased after treatment where postinjection errors were significantly greater ( P = .046) than controls, with an average difference of 2.4°. These findings suggest that patients with SIS have decrements in either the signaling or processing of proprioceptive information and may use pain to reduce these inequalities.
Optical Coherence Tomography Technology and Quality Improvement Methods for Optical Coherence Tomography Images of Skin: A Short Review
Authors: Adabi Saba , Turani Zahra , Fatemizadeh Emad , Clayton Anne , Nasiriavanaki Mohammadreza
Published: June 2017

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) delivers 3-dimensional images of tissue microstructures. Although OCT imaging offers a promising high-resolution method, OCT images experience some artifacts that lead to misapprehension of tissue structures. Speckle, intensity decay, and blurring are 3 major artifacts in OCT images. Speckle is due to the low coherent light source used in the configuration of OCT. Intensity decay is a deterioration of light with respect to depth, and blurring is the consequence of deficiencies of optical components. In this short review, we summarize some of the image enhancement algorithms for OCT images which address the abovementioned artifacts.
Analytical probabilistic model for shear strength prediction of reinforced concrete beams without shear reinforcement
Authors: Ning Chao-Lie , Li Bing
Published: June 2017

To account for the prevailing uncertainty in shear strength prediction of reinforced concrete beams without shear reinforcement, an analytical probabilistic model in terms of a mean prediction model and a standard deviation prediction model was developed. Specifically, a function form giving the probabilistic representation was first derived with the well-known relationship between the shear forces and the rate of change of bending moments along the beam to reflect the combination of beam action and arch action. Then, two unknown model parameters involved in the developed function form are defined carefully with clear physical meanings as two basic random variables to represent the prevailing uncertainty. After that, the prior distribution ranges of the two unknown model parameters were updated with a constructed experimental database and the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation method. Moreover, to facilitate the application in engineering practice, the closed-form expression of the developed probabilistic model was derived with the stochastic analysis method to provide a prediction band of shear strength in terms of the mean plus or minus several times standard deviation for each specimen. Performance evaluation demonstrates its advantage, where the measured data and the shear strength predicted by the deterministic models were covered and performed as a quantile of the normal probability density function. Therefore, based on the developed analytical probabilistic model, not only can the reinforced concrete beams without shear reinforcement be designed in confidence but also the prediction accuracy of those deterministic shear strength models can be evaluated in probability for each specimen.
Combination of Chimneys and Fenestrated Endografts in the Treatment of Complex Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Caradu Caroline , Morin Julien , Midy Dominique , Lepidi Sandro , Ducasse Eric
Published: June 2017

Purpose: To present early results of fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR) combined with chimney grafts in a high-volume center. Methods: From July 2011 to July 2016, 45 patients (mean age 73.0±8.8 years; 39 men) with complex aneurysms who were poor candidates for open repair and anatomically ineligible for standard or custom-made FEVAR were treated with chimney FEVAR (chFEVAR). Eight (18%) cases were treated in emergency. In all, 130 target vessels (2.9/patient) were addressed using 21 scallops, 42 open/18 covered chimneys, and 27 custom-made/22 homemade fenestrations. Results: Successful aneurysm exclusion, successful reconstruction, and technical success rates were 97.8% (44/45), 98.2% (107/109 vessels excluding the scallops), and 93.3% (42/45). Six (13.3%) patients died within 30 days (5 in hospital). Estimated overall survival, freedom from aneurysm-related death, and freedom from aneurysm-related reintervention were 85.9%, 88.5%, and 59.2%, respectively, at 12 months. The target vessel patency rate was 96.0%. At latest follow-up, 1 type Ia and 3 type II endoleaks were present. Sac shrinkage occurred in 18 (54%) patients. Conclusion: Combined chFEVAR showed good technical feasibility and could be an effective approach in emergent settings and highly selective cases when FEVAR is not feasible. Thirty-day mortality, target vessel patency, and type Ia endoleak rates were acceptable.
Clinical and Prognostic Significance of Lupus Anticoagulant Measurement in Patients With Lung Cancer
Authors: Fei Xianming , Wang Huan , Jiang Lei , Zhao Tongwei , Cheng Maoliang , Yuan Wufeng
Published: June 2017

Lupus anticoagulants is related to both recurrent thrombosis and cancer. Thrombotic complications occur more frequently in patients with lung cancer. The aim of this study is to investigate the association of lupus anticoagulants with hypercoagulability and thrombotic complications, as well as prognostic significance of lupus anticoagulants for patients with lung cancer. The study comprised 205 patients with non–small cell lung cancer. Plasma normalized LAC ratio, D-dimer, fibrinogen, activities of antithrombin, and FVIII before treatment were analyzed by coagulation analyzer, and routine hematologic and biochemical parameters were also evaluated. In patients, normalized LAC ratio, D-dimer, fibrinogen, and procoagulant activity of coagulating factor VIII levels significantly increased, whereas antithrombin activity significantly decreased compared with healthy controls ( P < .001). Normalized LAC ratio was positively correlated with D-dimer, fibrinogen, and procoagulant activity of coagulating factor VIII, and negatively correlated with antithrombin activity, respectively ( P < .01). D-dimer, procoagulant activity of coagulating factor VIII, and antithrombin levels revealed statistical difference in non–deep venous thrombosis patients with elevated or normal normalized LA ratio ( P < .05). The incidence of deep venous thrombosis and tumor metastasis was higher, and 1-year survival rate was lower in elevated normalized LAC ratio patients than in normal ones, respectively ( P < .01). There was higher normalized LAC ratio level in patients with deep venous thrombosis and/or metastasis ( P < .05). In 1-year deceased patients, normalized LAC ratio level and the incidence of deep venous thrombosis and metastasis were higher than those in survivors, respectively ( P < .05). Hazard regression analysis demonstrated normalized LAC ratio was independently associated with short survival time in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (hazard regression: 2.871, 95%confidence interval: 1.704-4.835; χ2: 19.130; P < .01). Our study suggests that lupus anticoagulants is a useful marker to predict thrombotic complications and prognosis in patient with lung cancer.
Assessment of Students With Sensory Disabilities: Evidence-Based Practices
Authors: Bruce Susan M. , Luckner John L. , Ferrell Kay A.
Published: June 2017

This article presents an overview of recommended practices for assessing students who are deaf/hard of hearing, visually impaired, or deafblind. These recommendations were originally derived from a systematic review of research studies, policy documents, and professional literature on assessment (1990–2013) for the Collaboration for Effective Educator Development, Accountability, and Reform (CEEDAR) Center. This review was then updated through 2016 on select topics identified in the original review with the addition of research on assessment accommodations, dynamic assessment, and curriculum-based assessment. The authors applied the CEEDAR Center rubric criteria for evaluating the strength of evidence for each identified practice. Across the disability groups, evidence was at the emerging to moderate levels, with the highest level of evidence for assessment accommodations specific to each disability.
Abnormal EEG Responses to TMS During the Cortical Silent Period Are Associated With Hand Function in Chronic Stroke
Authors: Gray Whitney A. , Palmer Jacqueline A. , Wolf Steven L. , Borich Michael R.
Published: June 2017

Background. Abnormal brain excitability influences recovery after stroke at which time a prolonged transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)–induced electromyographic silent period is thought to reflect abnormal inhibitory interneuron excitability. Cortical excitability can be probed directly during the silent period using concurrent electroencephalography (EEG) of TMS-evoked responses. Objective. The primary study objectives were to characterize TMS-evoked cortical potentials (TEPs) using EEG and to investigate associations with persistent hand and arm motor dysfunction in individuals with chronic stroke. Methods. Thirteen participants with chronic stroke-related mild-moderate arm motor impairment and 12 matched controls completed a single TMS-EEG cortical excitability assessment. TEPs recorded from the vertex during cortical silent period (CSP) assessment and while at rest were used to evaluate differences in cortical excitability between stroke and control participants. Associations between TEPs and CSP duration with measures of upper extremity motor behavior were investigated. Results. Significantly increased TEP component peak amplitudes and delayed latencies were observed for stroke participants compared with controls during CSP assessment and while at rest. Delayed early TEP component (P30) peak latencies during CSP assessment were associated with less manual dexterity. CSP duration was prolonged in stroke participants, and correlated with P30 peak latency and paretic arm dysfunction. Conclusions. Abnormal cortical excitability directly measured by early TMS-evoked EEG responses during CSP assessment suggests abnormal cortical inhibition is associated with hand dysfunction in chronic stroke. Further investigation of abnormal cortical inhibition in specific brain networks is necessary to characterize the salient neurophysiologic mechanisms contributing to persistent motor dysfunction after stroke.
Cognitive Efficiency in Human–Machine Systems: Metrics of Display Effectiveness for Supporting Multitask Performance
Authors: Yang Shiyan , Ferris Thomas K.
Published: June 2017

In this study, we define a metric for quantifying the cognitive efficiency (CE) of displays in human–machine systems and examine correlations between the metric and multitasking performance in a driving simulation. The CE metric uses existing theory and methods to quantify both display informativeness (increasing CE when displays convey more useful information to human operators) and required mental resources (increasing CE when fewer human mental resources must be allocated to the display). A divided-attention task set involved processing different visual displays to inform route selection while concurrently avoiding obstacles in a simulated driving study. Measures of multitasking performance as well as informativeness and resources required were collected while participants processed each display. These measures were combined in different ways to construct several CE metrics, which were then evaluated with correlation analyses to determine which combinations were most predictive of multitask performance. Generally, CE constructs involving measures of subjective workload correlated with performance indices more strongly than did physiological indicators. Importantly, some CE metrics showed higher correlations with performance indices than did constituent component measures, illustrating the value of the combined construct. This work describes a simple yet powerful way to quantify the efficiency of displays for human–machine systems in demanding multitask environments.
A Difference That Makes a Difference? Reflexivity and Researcher Effects in an All-Foreign Prison
Authors: Damsa Dorina , Ugelvik Thomas
Published: June 2017

Today, researchers are expected to spend considerable energy describing and discussing their own social positions and personas in the field for at least two reasons: First, researchers always observe the field from a specific point of view. Their perspective is structured by their own social position and biography and is thus unique. Second, the people in the field react differently to the presence of different researchers. The field persona of the researcher is expected to impact the data she or he is able to produce. For these reasons, critically discussing one’s own field experiences is seen as an important part of the qualitative research process. This article will discuss the second part of this argument. Based on the experiences of two different researchers in the same field site, we ask whether it is true that different researchers necessarily produce different data. We conclude that in this case, at least, the differences between the two researchers did not seem to make much of a difference.
Shifting identities
Authors: Armstrong Denise , Mitchell Coral
Published: June 2017

This qualitative study used a critical intersectional lens to examine how two black female Canadian principals negotiated their professional identities in administrative contexts. Both principals encountered gender and race-related pressures to fit normative expectations of administrators as white males. Navigating their intersecting identities was described as a precarious balance of accommodating and asserting: this involved authoring and effacing identity, and standing up and standing tall for personal and professional values. These negotiations affected how these principals constructed their professional identities, performed their administrative roles, and achieved equity goals. Implications and recommendations for inclusive administrative theory and practice that acknowledge and value diverse professional identities are discussed.
Potentiation of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission at the parabrachial-central amygdala synapses by CGRP in mice
Authors: Okutsu Yuya , Takahashi Yukari , Nagase Masashi , Shinohara Kei , Ikeda Ryo , Kato Fusao
Published: June 2017

The capsular part of the central amygdala (CeC) is called the “nociceptive amygdala,” as it receives nociceptive information from various pathways, including monosynaptic input from the lateral part of the parabrachial nucleus (LPB), a major target of ascending neurons in the spinal and medullary dorsal horn. LPB-CeC synaptic transmission is mediated by glutamate but the fibers from the LPB also contain calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and the CeC is rich in CGRP-binding sites. CGRP might be released in response to strong nociception and activate these CGRP receptors. Though it has been shown that CGRP affects the excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) amplitude at this synapse in a manner sensitive to NMDA receptor (NMDA-R) blockers, the effect of CGRP on postsynaptic NMDA-R-mediated current recorded in isolation has never been directly examined. Thus, we evaluated the effects of CGRP on NMDA-R-mediated EPSCs that were pharmacologically isolated in brain slices from naïve mice. CGRP significantly increased the amplitude of EPSCs mediated by NMDA-Rs in a manner dependent on protein kinase A activation, but not that mediated by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors, in concentration-dependent and antagonist-sensitive manners. This CGRP-induced potentiation of synaptic NMDA-R function would have a potent impact on the strengthening of the nociception-emotion link in persistent pain.
Slack KNa channels influence dorsal horn synapses and nociceptive behavior
Authors: Evely Katherine M , Pryce Kerri D , Bausch Anne , Lukowski Robert , Ruth Peter , Haj-Dahmane Samir , Bhattacharjee Arin
Published: June 2017

The sodium-activated potassium channel Slack (Kcnt1, Slo2.2) is highly expressed in dorsal root ganglion neurons where it regulates neuronal firing. Several studies have implicated the Slack channel in pain processing, but the precise mechanism or the levels within the sensory pathway where channels are involved remain unclear. Here, we furthered the behavioral characterization of Slack channel knockout mice and for the first time examined the role of Slack channels in the superficial, pain-processing lamina of the dorsal horn. We performed whole-cell recordings from spinal cord slices to examine the intrinsic and synaptic properties of putative inhibitory and excitatory lamina II interneurons. Slack channel deletion altered intrinsic properties and synaptic drive to favor an overall enhanced excitatory tone. We measured the amplitudes and paired pulse ratio of paired excitatory post-synaptic currents at primary afferent synapses evoked by electrical stimulation of the dorsal root entry zone. We found a substantial decrease in the paired pulse ratio at synapses in Slack deleted neurons compared to wildtype, indicating increased presynaptic release from primary afferents. Corroborating these data, plantar test showed Slack knockout mice have an enhanced nociceptive responsiveness to localized thermal stimuli compared to wildtype mice. Our findings suggest that Slack channels regulate synaptic transmission within the spinal cord dorsal horn and by doing so establishes the threshold for thermal nociception.
Treatment of congenital clasped thumb in arthrogryposis
Authors: Abdel-Ghani H. , Mahmoud M. , Shaheen A. , Abdel-Wahed M.
Published: June 2017

We report the result of treatment of 69 complex clasped thumbs in 39 patients with distal arthrogryposis. The mean age at surgery was 30 months. Surgical reconstruction included skin augmentation of the first web using modified dorsal rotation advancement flap (Abdel-Ghani flap), a la Carte release of tight structures of the first web, and chondrodesis of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint. The mean follow-up was 4 years. We prefer chondrodesis because of the presence of global instability, abnormal joint structure, abnormal articular surfaces, and inefficient muscles for transfer. Also, chondrodesis shortens the thumb and may alleviate the need for release of deficient palmar skin and lengthening of a short flexor pollicis longus. The Abdel-Ghani flap provides ample skin that gives a wide rounded web. It is a simple procedure with minimal donor site morbidity. Surgical reconstruction significantly improved the cosmetic appearance and function of the thumb.

Level of evidence: IV
Evaluating a heart rate regulation system for human–electric hybrid vehicles
Authors: Meyer Daniel , Senner Veit
Published: June 2017

Heart rate regulation systems for human–electric hybrid vehicles (such as electric bicycles) might help to promote physical activity and prevent overexertion. To date, there has not been a thorough evaluation that shows the benefits and limitations of such a system compared to a conventional assistance. In this article, the authors evaluated a control system that adjusts the motor torque of a four-wheeled human–electric hybrid vehicle prototype (QuadRad) to maintain the heart rate of the cyclist within user-specified limits. A randomized block design was used to validate the system. A total of 42 persons performed a 70-min test cycle with the QuadRad on a stationary test rig. Participants were equally divided into 14 blocks based on an estimate of their fitness level. Within each block, participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups. The three groups compared the following: (1) regulation of subjectively perceived exertion using standard assistance, (2) regulation of heart rate using standard assistance and (3) regulation of heart rate using control system. A non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test showed significant differences between the three groups for mean absolute deviation of the heart rate from the reference heart rate [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]. Post hoc comparison showed that [Formula: see text] was significantly lower for groups 2 [Formula: see text] and 3 [Formula: see text] compared to group 1 and similar between groups 2 and 3 [Formula: see text]. Time out of the heart rate zone [Formula: see text] was significantly different between all groups [Formula: see text]. Post hoc analysis showed that [Formula: see text] was lower for groups 2 [Formula: see text] and 3 [Formula: see text] compared to group 1 and similar between groups 2 and 3 [Formula: see text]. The results indicated that cyclists can use the system to maintain their heart rate within self-chosen limits without having to monitor their heart rate or manually change the assistance mode.
Factors affecting the organizational performance of manufacturing firms
Authors: Al-Tit Ahmad Adnan
Published: June 2017

Numerous studies have been conducted to explore the individual effects of organizational culture (OC) and supply chain management (SCM) practices on organizational performance (OP) in different settings. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of OC and SCM on OP. The sample of the study consisted of 93 manufacturing firms in Jordan. Data were collected from employees and managers from different divisions using a reliable and valid measurement instrument. The findings confirm that both OC and SCM practices significantly predict OP. The current study is significant in reliably testing the relationship between SCM practices and OP; however, it is necessary to consider cultural assumptions, values and beliefs as the impact of OC on OP is greater than the impact of SCM practices. Based on the results, future studies should consider the moderating and mediating role of OC on the relationship between SCM practices and OP.
Numerical simulations of shaped charge jet penetration into concrete-like targets
Authors: Hu Feng , Wu Hao , Fang Qin , Liu Jinchun
Published: June 2017

Shaped charge jet has been widely applied in the military and energy sources’ extraction fields; while the related investigations on the shaped charge jet penetration into concrete-like target are still limited, a series of numerical simulation works are conducted in this article. Holmquist–Johnson–Cook and Johnson–Cook models are used to describe the concrete-like targets and metal liner/casing of the shaped charge, respectively. The whole process including the formation, elongation in the air, and penetration into concrete-like target of shaped charge jet is reproduced using the multi-material arbitrary Lagrange–Euler algorithm and fluid–structure interaction method implemented in LS-DYNA. Simultaneously, the striking velocities of the jet (both tip and tail) and the damage of target (diameter and depth of penetration borehole) are derived. The above constitutive models, the corresponding material parameters, and the finite element algorithms are validated by comparing with the available tests’ data. The analyses of parametric influences are further performed. It indicates that for the unfragmented shaped charge jet, the penetration depth increases and the average penetration borehole diameter decreases with the standoff distance increasing, respectively; the compressive strength of concrete target has slight influence on the penetration depth of shaped charge jet; the diameter of shaped charge jet penetration borehole with aluminum liner is larger, while that with copper liner has a deeper penetration depth. It can also be found that the influence of explosive type on the penetration performance of shaped charge jet is negligible at small standoff distance, while the explosive LX-14 performs better than explosives Octol, B, and 8701 at larger standoff distance.
Kaposi Sarcoma Mimicking Acute Flare of Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Kumar Vivek , Soni Parita , Garg Mohit , Abduraimova Madina , Harris Jonathan
Published: June 2017

Besides an AIDS-defining illness, Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is also seen in individuals on long-term immunosuppressant therapy. We report KS in a 70-year-old immunocompetent man, which initially mimicked acute flare of ulcerative colitis (UC). He was hospitalized multiple times for complaints of watery diarrhea and tenesmus. Despite treatment with mesalamine, short courses of methylprednisolone, and one dose of infliximab, his symptoms improved only partially. He underwent colonoscopy, which revealed mild active colitis and a mass in the ascending colon. After treatment of acute flare with methylprednisone and mesalamine, he underwent total colectomy with end ileostomy. The histopathology confirmed stage I adenocarcinoma of colon. He continued to experience watery diarrhea, which was attributed to intractable UC, and he underwent protectomy several weeks later. The histopathology of rectum revealed KS. After surgery, watery diarrhea resolved completely. Review of literature suggests KS has been rarely reported in immunocompetent individuals with inflammatory bowel disease.
End of Life Care and Do Not Resuscitate Orders: How Much Does Age Influence Decision Making? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Cook Ifor , Kirkup Aimee L. , Langham Lauren J. , Malik Muminah A. , Marlow Gabriella , Sammy Ian
Published: June 2017

With population aging, “do not resuscitate” (DNAR) decisions, pertaining to the appropriateness of attempting resuscitation following a cardiac arrest, are becoming commoner. It is unclear from the literature whether using age to make these decisions represents “ageism.” We undertook a systematic review of the literature using CINAHL, Medline, and the Cochrane database to investigate the relationship between age and DNAR. All 10 studies fulfilling our inclusion criteria found that “do not attempt resuscitation” orders were more prevalent in older patients; eight demonstrated that this was independent of other mediating factors such as illness severity and likely outcome. In studies comparing age groups, the adjusted odds of having a DNAR order were greater in patients aged 75 to 84 and ≥85 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.25, 2.33] and 2.96, 95% CI = [2.34, 3.74], respectively), compared with those <65 years. In studies treating age as a continuous variable, there was no significant increase in the use of DNAR with age (AOR 0.98, 95% CI = [0.84, 1.15]). In conclusion, age increases the use of “do not resuscitate” orders, but more research is needed to determine whether this represents “ageism.”
Devising a Composite Index to Analyze and Model Loneliness and Related Health Risks in the United Kingdom
Authors: Lucy Laetitia , Burns Luke
Published: June 2017

Objective:This research presents a framework through which a spatial composite index is devised to determine areas of potential loneliness and associated health risks. The research is evidenced on the London borough of Southwark in the United Kingdom but is designed such that it could be applied more widely. Method: The work adopts a quantitative approach through the combination of census and accessibility variables at a small area level. The output is a scoring system whereby each area is assigned a value indicating the likely presence of loneliness and potentially corresponding health risks. Results: Findings imply that loneliness is quantifiable and that this correlates with socioeconomic and accessibility measures. A strong clustering is evident in Southwark. Discussion: This research builds on previous attempts to locate and quantify loneliness with favorable results. The outcome provides a replicable solution to assist the public service with the targeting of areas deemed most at risk from loneliness and resultant mental and physical health conditions at a time when such issues are high on the political agenda.
Secular Democracies, Governance and Politics of Religion in South Asia
Authors: Upadhyay Surya Prakash
Published: June 2017

South Asian countries have a lot of commonalities exhibited through socio-political and economic situations. The cultural as well as political dynamics within the countries form more or less a similar pattern. These are closely related to colonial pasts, post-colonial histories, polyethnic population, political leadership and governance. These commonalities are also related to political instability, ethnic violence and a greater role of religion in the formation of secular democracies. Scholars have observed that in the post-colonial period, religion has played an important role in political formations in South Asian countries. This article looks at political situations, since the early 1950s, and traces the trajectory of religions’ association in formation of secular democracies in these countries. The article looks at available literature on South Asia and discusses two key ideas: how and why religion and politics are intertwined in South Asian countries, and ramifications of such association in the expansion of secular democracy. The article argues that religion has always been a potent force in South Asian countries and secularisation, in the Western sense, has never been achieved. Therefore, formations of secular democracy take different trajectories in South Asia.
Demand for Rental Housing: Evidence from Slum Settlements in Delhi
Authors: Gupta Manish , Gupta Ruchita
Published: June 2017

Government policies have largely focussed on ownership-based models while addressing the challenge of low-income housing in urban India. Possibilities of rental housing, which is an important form of housing for the urban poor, have not been explored meaningfully. This article estimates the demand for rental housing and its attributes in Delhi’s slums using primary survey data of tenant households. Estimates of demand for rental housing attributes reveal rent to be higher for dwellings that have a separate kitchen, bathroom, reasonably good access to water and wide approach roads. The results further show the demand for rental housing to be inelastic with respect to price (i.e., rent) and income. However, rent has a greater influence on housing consumption than income. Households prefer living closer to their workplace and value security of tenure. Policies aimed at moderating rents are likely to be more effective in enhancing housing consumption. The policy focus should be on improving infrastructure in the slums, their in situ redevelopment and ensuring security of tenure.
Efficient motion blurred shadows using a temporal shadow map
Authors: Hong MinhPhuoc , Oh Kyoungsu
Published: June 2017

In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm that renders motion blurred shadows efficiently on GPUs using a temporal shadow map. Each triangle moves during a frame and for each pixel, it is visible to the light in a range of time. The main idea of our algorithm is to find such visible ranges and store in the temporal shadow map. For each sample which is visible to the camera at a certain time, we can determine whether it is shadowed or lit using visible ranges in the temporal shadow map. Thus, our algorithm solves a time-mismatch problem in the time-dependent shadow mapping algorithm. Furthermore, we use a coverage map to reduce memory footprint used for the temporal shadow map.
The impact of Syrian refugees on natives’ labor market outcomes in Turkey: evidence from a quasi-experimental design
Authors: Ceritoglu Evren , Yunculer H. Burcu Gurcihan , Torun Huzeyfe , Tumen Semih
Published: June 2017

Civil conflict in Syria, started in March 2011, led to a massive wave of forced immigration from Northern Syria to the Southeastern regions of Turkey, which later had serious economic/political repercussions on the MENA region and most of Europe. This paper exploits this natural experiment to estimate the impact of Syrian refugees on the labor market outcomes of natives in Turkey. Using a difference-in-differences strategy, we find that immigration has considerably affected the employment outcomes of natives, while its impact on wage outcomes has been negligible. We document notable employment losses among informal workers as a consequence of refugee inflows. Formal employment increased slightly potentially due to increased social services in the region. The majority of those who lost their informal jobs have either left the labor force or remained unemployed. Formal employment and unemployment rates have increased, while labor force participation, informal employment, and job finding rates have declined among natives. Disadvantaged groups, i.e., women, younger workers, and less-educated workers, have been affected the worst. The prevalence of informal employment in the Turkish labor markets has amplified the negative impact of Syrian refugee inflows on natives’ labor market outcomes. Overall, the impact of Syrian refugee inflows on the Turkish labor markets has been limited, which suggests that the potential costs on the European and other affected labor markets might also be limited.
Direct cost comparison of minimally invasive punch technique versus traditional approaches for percutaneous bone anchored hearing devices
Authors: Sardiwalla Yaeesh , Jufas Nicholas , Morris David P.
Published: June 2017

Background

Minimally Invasive Ponto Surgery (MIPS) was recently described as a new technique to facilitate the placement of percutaneous bone anchored hearing devices. The procedure has resulted in a simplification of the surgical steps and a dramatic reduction in surgical time while maintaining excellent patient outcomes. Given these developments, our group sought to move the procedure from the main operating suite where they have traditionally been performed. This study aims to test the null hypothesis that MIPS and open approaches have the same direct costs for the implantation of percutaneous bone anchored hearing devices in a Canadian public hospital setting.

Methods

A retrospective direct cost comparison of MIPS and open approaches for the implantation of bone conduction implants was conducted. Indirect and future costs were not included in the fiscal analysis. A simple cost comparison of the two approaches was made considering time, staff and equipment needs. All 12 operations were performed on adult patients from 2013 to 2016 by the same surgeon at a single hospital site.

Results

MIPS has a total mean reduction in cost of CAD․456.83 per operation from the hospital perspective when compared to open approaches. The average duration of the MIPS operation was 7 min, which is on average 61 min shorter compared with open approaches.

Conclusion

The MIPS technique was more cost effective than traditional open approaches. This primarily reflects a direct consequence of a reduction in surgical time, with further contributions from reduced staffing and equipment costs. This simple, quick intervention proved to be feasible when performed outside the main operating room. A blister pack of required equipment could prove convenient and further reduce costs.
Towards global management on flight and migration? A comparison of refugee politics in Europe and Asia
Authors: Biedermann Reinhard
Published: June 2017

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and leading Western and East Asian politicians demand coherent global management of migration and flight. This article wants to explore whether global management on refugees is feasible. It attempts to make these very different regions and regional mechanisms comparable aiming to contribute to a better intraregional understanding to raise common awareness. It compares the data on refugees and migration of the recent years to or within both regions, looking for interconnections. Then, it compares the structure, namely the legal framework in Europe and in Asia. This analysis will be followed by an agency analysis, under consideration of identity politics and discourse. The politicization of identity politics in both regions frames, and is framed by, decision makers towards global management options.

This paper concludes that global management of flight and migration has become more probable in recent years since the awareness has risen in both regions about this issue. The legal foundations in many Asian states are strengthened and orientate towards the UN refugee conventions, while the restrictive rich East Asian economies have begun to realise their responsibilities.
Recent advances in congenital heart disease genomics
Authors: Wilsdon Anna , Sifrim Alejandro , Hitz Marc-Phillip , Hurles Matthew , Brook J. David
Published: June 2017

Congenital heart disease is the most common congenital abnormality, and advances in medical care mean that this population of individuals is surviving for longer than ever before. It represents a significant healthcare challenge, as many patients require life-long care and individuals may ask about the likelihood of their children being affected. Whilst a number of genes have been identified previously from investigation of families with Mendelian inheritance patterns, sequencing the DNA from large cohorts of individuals with congenital heart disease is now providing fresh insights into the genetics of these conditions. This research has enabled novel gene discovery and uncovered the different genetic mechanisms underlying both isolated congenital heart disease and that which occurs in association with other medical problems. This article discusses the most recent advances in this field and the implications for patient care. In addition, we consider the challenges facing researchers in this field and emphasise the need for close working relationships between clinicians and researchers.
Human papillomavirus vaccination: the population impact
Authors: Lee Lai-yang , Garland Suzanne M.
Published: June 2017

We currently have the knowledge and experience to prevent much of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related disease burden globally. In many countries where prophylactic HPV vaccination programs have been adopted as highly effective public health programs with good vaccine coverage, we are already seeing, in real-world settings, reduction of vaccine-related HPV-type infections, genital warts and cervical pre-cancers with potential reductions in vulvar, vaginal and anal pre-cancers. Moreover, we are seeing a change in cervical screening paradigms, as HPV-based screening programs now have strong evidence to support their use as more sensitive ways to detect underlying cervical abnormalities, as compared with conventional cervical cytology. This article describes the impact of prophylactic vaccination on these outcomes and in settings where these vaccines have been implemented in national immunisation programs. Given the successes seen to date and the availability of essential tools, there has been a global push to ensure that every woman has access to effective cervical screening and every girl has the opportunity for primary prevention through vaccination. A gender-neutral approach by offering vaccination to young boys has also been adopted by some countries and is worthy of consideration given that HPV-related cancers also affect males. Furthermore, vaccination of young boys has the advantage of reducing the risk of HPV transmission to sexual partners, lowering the infectious pool of HPV in the general population and ultimately HPV-related diseases for both genders. Therefore, it is appropriate that all countries consider and promote national guidelines and programs to prevent HPV-related diseases.
Case Report: Nicolau syndrome due to etofenamate injection
Authors: Ozlu Emin , Baykan Aysegul , Ertas Ragıp , Ulas Yılmaz , Ozyurt Kemal , Avcı Atıl , Baykan Halit
Published: June 2017

Nicolau syndrome, also known as embolia cutis medicomentosa, is a rare complication characterized by tissue necrosis that occurs after injection of drugs. The exact pathogenesis is uncertain, but there are several hypotheses, including direct damage to the end artery and cytotoxic effects of the drug. Severe pain in the immediate postinjection period and purplish discoloration of the skin with reticulate pigmentary pattern is characteristic of this syndrome. Diagnosis is mainly clinical and there is no standard treatment for the disease. Etofenamate is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Cutaneous adverse findings caused by etofenamate are uncommon. Herein, we present a case with diagnosis of Nicolau syndrome due to etofenamate injection, which is a rare occurrence.
Clues to finding correlates of risk/protection for HIV-1 vaccines
Authors: Laderoute Marian P.
Published: June 2017

Almost a decade later, we still do not understand why in the STEP trial (2008), males with pre-existing antibodies to the Ad5 vector were associated with initial increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition. Similarly, we have little conclusive evidence of why in the RV144 trial (2009),  vaccination with the ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAX B/E was associated initially with almost a 60% vaccine efficacy at year one, which waned over 42 months to 31.2%, and where females were more protected than males. Based on the literature and trial outcomes, it was deduced that the elusive correlate of risk/protection may pertain to a novel, potent, innate protector mechanism launched by alternatively activated macrophages, which is probably induced by viruses and female steroid hormones. It was also suggested this mechanism was not likely amenable to discovery using standard or traditional approaches.   A plausible, candidate mechanism was identified with these characteristics, namely the production of human endogenous retrovirus–K102 (HERV-K102) particles, which occurs in, and generates, foamy macrophages in vitro.  Accumulating clinical, biological and phylogenetic evidence supports its role in the antagonism of HIV-1 replication and/or in the prevention of HIV-1 acquisition.  Thus, it will be important to examine HERV-K102 particle production, increased integration and envelop antibody production as candidate correlates of protection in HIV-1 vaccine trials, as well as in HIV-1 highly exposed seronegative cohorts and elite controllers.  The results of such efforts may have important ramifications for the HIV-1 cure in addition to vaccines.
Preliminary assessment of soil contamination by trace metals in peri-urban municipal landfills in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Oyegbile Benjamin , Oyegbile Brian
Published: June 2017

Background: Soil contamination by trace metals as a result of improper waste management and disposal in Ibadan, Nigeria has been evaluated in this study. Several studies have shown the link between trace metal soil contamination and improper solid waste disposal.

Methods: Soil samples were taken from two major landfills in Ibadan, in the south-west of Nigeria, and subjected to laboratory analysis using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) as part of a wider study to evaluate the waste management practices in the city.

Results: The results of this investigation, without taking into account the background values of the trace metals at both landfill sites, showed that the quantified levels of lead at both sites exceeded threshold levels. The quantified values of zinc and copper metals exceeded the threshold levels specified in the Finnish government decree on the assessment of soil contamination and remediation needs, at 1098 mg/kg and 233.20 mg/kg in the Aba-Eku landfill site, and 1205 mg/kg and 476.55 mg/kg in the Lapite landfill site, respectively. This calls for a comprehensive risk assessment.

Conclusions: It is hoped that the results of this study will serve as a basis for a wider risk assessment of all landfill sites within the city.