bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strength resistance factors for seismic design of exposed based plate connections in special steel moment resisting frames
Authors: Torres-Rodas Pablo , Fayaz Jawad , Zareian Farzin
Published: March 2020

This study presents a critical assessment of the reliability of current base plate connections in steel special moment resisting frames (SMRFs). Using a probabilistic outlook, this research evaluates the reliability of exposed column base (ECB) connections in SMRFs designed based on the current seismic design provisions; it suggests (and implements) a statistical approach to compute resistance factors for three modes of failure (concrete bearing, base plate yielding at tensile interface, and anchor bolt fracture) of ECB connections to achieve a target reliability index, β, of 4.5. Since ECB connections are limited to short buildings, therefore, this study is conducted on two-story and four-story SMRFs which are analyzed using a suite of 120 ground motions originating from strike-slip and reverse faults. ECB connections for the two-story building are designed to simulate pinned connection, while the bases of the four-story building represent moment connections. Detailed methodology for calculating the β of ECB connections is presented considering the three limit states in a moment–axial load interaction curve. Results indicate that the implementation of current seismic provisions results in β ~ 3.3 for non-moment resisting ECB connections for all tried combinations of resistance factors. For moment resisting ECB connections, however, only the designs based on a resistance factor for concrete bearing failure mode less than the current 0.65 result in an acceptable reliability factor of β > 4.5.
Structural determinants of long-term functional outcomes in young children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Turkovic Lidija , Caudri Daan , Rosenow Tim , Breuer Oded , Murray Conor , Tiddens Harm A.W.M. , Ramanauskas Fiona , Ranganathan Sarath C. , Hall Graham L. , Stick Stephen M.
Published: March 2020

Background

Accelerated lung function decline in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) starts in adolescence with respiratory complications being the most common cause of death in later life. Factors contributing to lung function decline are not well understood, in particular its relationship with structural lung disease in early childhood. Detection and management of structural lung disease could be an important step in improving outcomes in CF patients.

Methods

Annual chest computed tomography (CT) scans were available from 2005 to 2016 as a part of the AREST CF cohort for children aged 3 months to 6 years. Annual spirometry measurements were available for 89.77% of the cohort (167 children aged 5–6 years) from age 5 to 15 years through outpatient clinics at Perth Children's Hospital (Perth, Australia) and The Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne (Melbourne, Australia) (697 measurements, mean±sdage 9.3±2.1 years).

Results

Children with a total CT score above the median at age 5–6 years were more likely to have abnormal forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (adjusted hazard ratio 2.67 (1.06–6.72), p=0.037) during the next 10 years compared to those below the median chest CT score. The extent of all structural abnormalities except bronchial wall thickening were associated with lower FEV1Z-scores. Mucus plugging and trapped air were the most predictive sub-score (adjusted mean change −0.17 (−0.26 – −0.07) p<0.001 and −0.09 (−0.14 – −0.04) p<0.001, respectively).

Discussion

Chest CT identifies children at an early age who have adverse long-term outcomes. The prevention of structural lung damage should be a goal of early intervention and can be usefully assessed with chest CT. In an era of therapeutics that might alter disease trajectories, chest CT could provide an early readout of likely long-term success.
Physiological predictors of survival in patients with sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension: results from an international registry
Authors: Shlobin Oksana A. , Kouranos Vasilis , Barnett Scott D. , Alhamad Esam H. , Culver Daniel A. , Barney Joseph , Cordova Francis C. , Carmona Eva M. , Scholand Mary Beth , Wijsenbeek Marlies , Ganesh Sivagini , Lower Elyse E. , Engel Peter J. , Wort John , Price Laura , Wells Athol U. , Nathan Steven D. , Baughman Robert P.
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension (SAPH) is associated with reduced survival in single-centre studies. The international Registry for SAPH (ReSAPH) with long-term follow-up was established to enrich our knowledge of this complication of sarcoidosis. This analysis aims to elucidate factors associated with reduced transplant-free survival in SAPH patients.

Methods

ReSAPH contains prospectively collected outcomes of SAPH patients since the time of registry enrolment. Information analysed includes right heart catheterisation data, pulmonary function testing, chest radiography, Scadding stage and 6-min walk distance (6MWD), among others. Cox regression models were used to identify independent predictors of transplant-free survival.

Results

Data from 215 patients followed for a mean±sd2.5±1.9 years were available for analysis. In the 159 precapillary patients, the Kaplan–Meier-adjusted 1-, 3- and 5-year transplant-free survival was 89.2%, 71.7% and 62.0%, respectively. Kaplan–Meier-adjusted 1-, 3- and 5-year transplant-free survival in the incident group was 83.5%, 70.3% and 58.3%, respectively, and in the prevalent group was 94.7%, 72.2% and 66.3%, respectively. Patients with reduced diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (<35% predicted) and 6MWD <300 m in the precapillary cohort had significantly worse transplant-free survival. Reduced 6MWD and preserved forced expiratory volume (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio were identified as independent risk factors for reduced transplant-free survival in the precapillary cohort.

Conclusion

ReducedDLCO(<35% pred) and 6MWD (<300 m) at the time of registry enrolment were associated with reduced transplant-free survival in the overall precapillary cohort. Preserved FEV1/FVC ratio was identified as an independent risk factor for worsened outcomes.
Case report: left atrial Myxoma causing elevated C-reactive protein, fatigue and fever, with literature review
Authors: Cho Jake , Quach Steven , Reed Justin , Osian Omeni
Published: March 2020

Background

A cardiac myxoma in a young person may pose a diagnostic challenge as symptoms may be variable and the differential diagnosis is wide. The differential diagnosis can include rheumatic mitral valve disease, pulmonary hypertension, endocarditis, myocarditis and vasculitis.

Case presentation

This case report involves a 49 years old female with a 2.8 cm × 3.4 cm myxoma in the left atrium causing mitral valve obstruction. She presented with fatigue, fever of unknown origin, transient ischemic attack and shortness of breath. Prompt surgery is often recommended due to the risk of embolic complications or complete obstruction. Due to her symptoms, patient underwent successful cardiothoracic surgery to excise the myxoma within 2 weeks of confirmation by cardiac echocardiography.

Conclusion

This case also emphasizes the diagnostic challenge as symptoms may be variable, ranging from fatigue, fever and shortness of breath to transient ischemic attack and at worst, sudden cardiac death. In conclusion, if a cardiac mass is suspected, echocardiography should be performed early. Surgical resection is curative and recurrence rate is very rare in sporadic isolated myxomas, however, recurrence can be higher in genetic diseases associated with increased frequency of myxomas such as Carney complex. This subpopulation of patients may present further research opportunity to learn more about the perioperative management of patients with myxomas such as determining the optimal time to surgical intervention and decision to anticoagulate.
Biometric indicators of eyes with occult lens subluxation inducing secondary acute angle closure
Authors: Xing Xiaoli , Huang Liangyu , Tian Fang , Zhang Yan , Lv Yingjuan , Liu Wei , Liu Aihua
Published: March 2020

Background

To compare the anterior biometrics in eyes with secondary acute angle closure induced by occult lens subluxation (ASAC-LS), misdiagnosed as acute primary angle closure (APAC) at the first visit with APAC, chronic primary angle closure glaucoma (CPACG), and cataract.

Methods

This retrospective case study included 17 eyes with angel closure due to occult LS, who were misdiagnosed as APAC on their first visit, 56 APAC eyes, 54 CPACG eyes, and 56 cataract eyes. Axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), aqueous depth (AD) and lens thickness (LT) were recorded. Lens position (LP), relative lens position (RLP), corrected lens position (CLP) were calculated. Quantitative data were subject to one-way analysis of variance and correlation analysis. Categorical data were analyzed using the chi-squared test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to obtain a suitable cutoff value of ocular biometrics.

Results

The ASAC-LS patients had a longer ocular axial length than APAC and CPACG patients. Central corneal thickness of the ASAC-LS patients was not significantly different from APAC patients, but was significantly different from CPACG and cataract patients. The APAC patients had the smallest ACD, while the ASAC-LS patients had the smallest AD. The ASAC-LS patients had the largest lens thickness. According to ROC curve analysis, RLP, ACD, AD, CLP, LP had high power of discrimination.

Conclusions

This study revealed that LS secondary PAC patients had a shallower AD, thicker CCT comparing to those of APAC, CPACG and cataract patients. For patients with acute angle-closure glaucoma, it is necessary to exclude lens zonula relaxation.

Trial registration

NCT03752710, retrospectively registered.
Application of the respiratory “critical care-sub-critical care-rehabilitation integrated management model” in severe stroke associated pneumonia
Authors: Wang Xue-Lin , Ma Li-Jun , Hu Xin-Gang , Wang Kai , Cheng Jian-Jian
Published: March 2020

Background

This study aimed to explore the feasibility of applying the respiratory “critical care-sub-critical care-rehabilitation integrated management model” in severe stroke-associated pneumonia and evaluate its effect.

Methods

From January to September 2018, 24 patients with severe stroke-associated pneumonia, who were admitted to the Respiratory Intensive Care Unit of the Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Department of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, were randomly divided into two groups: integrated management group and control group. According to the admission criteria of the respiratory “critical care-sub-critical care-rehabilitation integrated model” prescribed by the above-mentioned hospital, patients were grouped. The professional respiratory therapy team participated in the whole treatment. The acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score, clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) and oxygenation index of these two groups were dynamically observed, and the average hospital stay, 28-day mortality and patient satisfaction were investigated.

Results

Patients in the integrated management group and control group were similar before treatment (P > 0.05). After treatment, the main indicators, the APACHE II score, CPIS score and oxygenation index, were significantly different between the integration group and control group (P < 0.05). The secondary indicators, the average hospitalization days and patient/family member satisfaction scores, were also significantly different between the integration group and control group (P < 0.05). However, the 28-day mortality wasn’t significantly different (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

For patients with severe stroke-associated pneumonia, it was feasible to implement the respiratory “critical care-sub-critical care-rehabilitation integrated management model”, which could significantly improve the treatment effect, shorten average hospitalization days and improve patient/family satisfaction.
Risk of postoperative complications among ulcerative colitis patients treated preoperatively with vedolizumab: a matched case-control study
Authors: Kim Jeong Yeon , Zaghiyan Karen , Lightner Amy , Fleshner Phillip
Published: March 2020

Background

Although biologic agents have revolutionized the medical management of severe ulcerative colitis (UC), there is considerable controversy regarding adverse effects of vedolizumab on surgical outcomes. We evaluated 30-day postoperative morbidity in UC patients undergoing abdominal colectomy (AC) treated with vedolizumab before surgery.

Methods

From 2007 to 2017, 285 patients were enrolled in prospectively maintained database evaluating the role of clinical, serologic markers with clinical phenotypes in UC. The patients treated with vedolizumab within 12 weeks of AC was queried, then matched 1:3:3 into 3 preoperative treatment groups based on age, gender and surgical treatment of UC; ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) with ileostomy vs total colectomy with end stoma: a) vedolizumab (n = 25); b) anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) (n = 74); and c) no biologics (n = 54). Thirty-day postoperative complications among patient groups were compared.

Results

The 3 patient groups were well-matched in other characteristics including disease duration, disease extent, medication history and preoperative serological data. There were no significant differences in the overall incidence of postoperative complications among patients treated preoperatively with vedolizumab, anti-TNFs, or no biologics (44% vs. 45% vs. 37%; p = 0.67). Although there was no significant difference between patient cohorts in infectious complications (p = 0.20), postoperative ileus (POI) was significantly more common among the vedolizumab group (n = 9; 36%) compared to anti-TNF (n = 12; 16%) or no biologics (n = 5; 9%) (p = 0.01). Multivariable analysis showed that vedolizumab treatment prior to surgery was an independent risk factor for POI (OR: 5.16, 95% CI; 1.71–15.52; p = .004).

Conclusion

Although preoperative vedolizumab exposure did not influence the rate of overall 30-day postoperative complications, vedolizumab tends to increase incidence of POI.
A cross-sectional study of obesogenic behaviours and family rules according to family structure in European children
Authors: Stahlmann Katharina , Hebestreit Antje , DeHenauw Stefaan , Hunsberger Monica , Kaprio Jaakko , Lissner Lauren , Molnár Dénes , Ayala-Marín Alelí M. , Reisch Lucia A. , Russo Paola , Tornaritis Michael , Veidebaum Toomas , Pohlabeln Hermann , Bogl Leonie H.
Published: March 2020

Background

There has been an increase in children growing up in non-traditional families, such as single-parent and blended families. Children from such families have a higher prevalence of obesity and poorer health outcomes, but research on the relationship with obesogenic behaviours is limited.

Objectives

Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether there are associations between family structures and obesogenic behaviours and related family rules in European children and adolescents.

Methods

The sample included 7664 children (mean age ± SD: 10.9 ± 2.9) from 4923 families who were participants of the multi-centre I.Family study (2013/2014) conducted in 8 European countries. Family structure was assessed by a detailed interview on kinship and household. Obesogenic behaviours (screen time, sleep duration, consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs)) and family rules (rules for computer and television, bedtime routine, availability of SSBs during meals) were determined by standardized questionnaires. Multilevel mixed-effects linear and logistic regression models were used to model the associations of family structure with obesogenic behaviours and family rules. Sex, age, parental education level, number of children and adults in the household and BMI z-score were covariates in the models. Two-parent biological families were set as the reference category.

Results

Children from single-parent families were less likely to have family rules regarding screen time (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.40–0.94,p = 0.026) with higher reported hours of screen time per week (β = 2.70 h/week, 95% CI: 1.39–4.00,p < 0.001). The frequency of weekly SSB consumption differed by family structure in a sex-specific manner: girls from single-parent (β = 3.19 frequency/week, 95% CI: 0.91–5.47,p = 0.006) and boys from blended/adoptive families (β = 3.01 frequency/week, 95% CI: 0.99–5.03,p = 0.004) consumed more SSBs. Sleep duration, bedtime routines and availability of SSBs during meals did not differ between children from these family structures. Parental education did not modify any of these associations.

Conclusions

Parents in non-traditional family structures appear to experience more difficulties in restricting screen time and the intake of SSBs in their children than parents in traditional two-parent family structures. Our findings therefore suggest that additional support and effective strategies for parents in non-traditional families may help to reduce obesogenic behaviours in children from such family types.
Evaluation of quinclorac toxicity and alleviation by salicylic acid in rice seedlings using ground-based visible/near-infrared hyperspectral imaging
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhang Chu , Shi Ying , Long Meijuan , Islam Faisal , Yang Chong , Yang Su , He Yong , Zhou Weijun
Published: March 2020

Background

To investigate potential effects of herbicide phytotoxic on crops, a major challenge is a lack of non-destructive and rapid methods to detect plant growth that could allow characterization of herbicide-resistant plants. In such a case, hyperspectral imaging can quickly obtain the spectrum for each pixel in the image and monitor status of plants harmlessly.

Method

Hyperspectral imaging covering the spectral range of 380–1030 nm was investigated to determine the herbicide toxicity in rice cultivars. Two rice cultivars, Xiushui 134 and Zhejing 88, were respectively treated with quinclorac alone and plus salicylic acid (SA) pre-treatment. After ten days of treatments, we collected hyperspectral images and physiological parameters to analyze the differences. The score images obtained were used to explore the differences among samples under diverse treatments by conducting principal component analysis on hyperspectral images. To get useful information from original data, feature extraction was also conducted by principal component analysis. In order to classify samples under diverse treatments, full-spectra-based support vector classification (SVC) models and extracted-feature-based SVC models were established. The prediction maps of samples under different treatments were constructed by applying the SVC models using extracted features on hyperspectral images, which provided direct visual information of rice growth status under herbicide stress. The physiological analysis with the changes of stress-responsive enzymes confirmed the differences of samples under different treatments.

Results

The physiological analysis showed that SA alleviated the quinclorac toxicity by stimulating enzymatic activity and reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species. The score images indicated there were spectral differences among the samples under different treatments. Full-spectra-based SVC models and extracted-feature-based SVC models obtained good results for the aboveground parts, with classification accuracy over 80% in training, validation and prediction set. The SVC models for Zhejing 88 presented better results than those for Xiushui 134, revealing the different herbicide tolerance between rice cultivars.

Conclusion

We develop a reliable and effective model using hyperspectral imaging technique which enables the evaluation and visualization of herbicide toxicity for rice. The reflectance spectra variations of rice could reveal the stress status of herbicide toxicity in rice along with the physiological parameters. The visualization of the herbicide toxicity in rice would help to provide the intuitive vision of herbicide toxicity in rice. A monitoring system for detecting herbicide toxicity and its alleviation by SA will benefit from the remarkable success of SVC models and distribution maps.
Cardiovascular progenitor cells and tissue plasticity are reduced in a myocardium affected by Becker muscular dystrophy
Authors: Pesl Martin , Jelinkova Sarka , Caluori Guido , Holicka Maria , Krejci Jan , Nemec Petr , Kohutova Aneta , Zampachova Vita , Dvorak Petr , Rotrekl Vladimir
Published: March 2020

We describe the association of Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) derived heart failure with the impairment of tissue homeostasis and remodeling capabilities of the affected heart tissue. We report that BMD heart failure is associated with a significantly decreased number of cardiovascular progenitor cells, reduced cardiac fibroblast migration, and ex vivo survival.

Background

Becker muscular dystrophy belongs to a class of genetically inherited dystrophin deficiencies. It affects male patients and results in progressive skeletal muscle degeneration and dilated cardiomyopathy leading to heart failure. It is a relatively mild form of dystrophin deficiency, which allows patients to be on a heart transplant list. In this unique situation, the explanted heart is a rare opportunity to study the degenerative process of dystrophin-deficient cardiac tissue. Heart tissue was excised, dissociated, and analyzed. The fractional content of c-kit+/CD45− cardiovascular progenitor cells (CVPCs) and cardiac fibroblast migration were compared to control samples of atrial tissue. Control tissue was obtained from the hearts of healthy organ donor’s during heart transplantation procedures.

Results

We report significantly decreased CVPCs (c-kit+/CD45−) throughout the heart tissue of a BMD patient, and reduced numbers of phase-bright cells presenting c-kit positivity in the dystrophin-deficient cultured explants. In addition, ex vivo CVPCs survival and cardiac fibroblasts migration were significantly reduced, suggesting reduced homeostatic support and irreversible tissue remodeling.

Conclusions

Our findings associate genetically derived heart failure in a dystrophin-deficient patient with decreased c-kit+/CD45− CVPCs and their resilience, possibly hinting at a lack of cardioprotective capability and/or reduced homeostatic support. This also correlates with reduced plasticity of the explanted cardiac tissue, related to the process of irreversible remodeling in the BMD patient’s heart.
Functional activities of beta-glucans in the prevention or treatment of cervical cancer
Authors: Chaichian Shahla , Moazzami Bahram , Sadoughi Fatemeh , Haddad Kashani Hamed , Zaroudi Marsa , Asemi Zatollah
Published: March 2020

Cervical cancer is the fourth-ranked cancer in the world and is associated with a large number of deaths annually. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are known as the common therapeutic approaches in the treatment of cervical cancer, but because of their side effects and toxicity, researchers are trying to discovery alternative therapies. Beta-glucans, a group of glucose polymers that are derived from the cell wall of fungi, bacteria, and etc. it has been showed that beta-glucans have some anti-cancer properties which due to their impacts on adaptive and innate immunity. Along to these impacts, these molecules could be used as drug carriers. In this regard, the application of beta-glucans is a promising therapeutic option for the cancer prevention and treatment especially for cervical cancer. Herein, we have summarized the therapeutic potential of beta-glucans alone or as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of cervical cancer. Moreover, we highlighted beta-glucans as drug carriers for preventive and therapeutic purposes.
Effect of apo-lactoferrin on leukotoxin and outer membrane vesicles of Mannheimia haemolytica A2
Authors: Avalos-Gómez Christian , Reyes-López Magda , Ramírez-Rico Gerardo , Díaz-Aparicio Efrén , Zenteno Edgar , González-Ruiz Cynthia , de la Garza Mireya
Published: March 2020

Mannheimia haemolytica serotype A2 is the principal cause of pneumonic mannheimiosis in ovine and caprine livestock; this disease is a consequence of immune suppression caused by stress and associated viruses and is responsible for significant economic losses in farm production worldwide. Gram-negative bacteria such as M. haemolytica produce outer membrane (OM)-derived spherical structures named outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that contain leukotoxin and other biologically active virulence factors. In the present study, the relationship between M. haemolytica A2 and bovine lactoferrin (BLf) was studied. BLf is an 80 kDa glycoprotein that possesses bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties and is part of the mammalian innate immune system. Apo-BLf (iron-free) showed a bactericidal effect against M. haemolytica A2, with an observed minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 µM. Sublethal doses (2–8 µM) of apo-BLf increased the release of OMVs, which were quantified by flow cytometry. Apo-BLf modified the normal structure of the OM and OMVs, as observed through transmission electron microscopy. Apo-BLf also induced lipopolysaccharide (LPS) release from bacteria, disrupting OM permeability and functionality, as measured by silver staining and SDS and polymyxin B cell permeability assays. Western blot results showed that apo-BLf increased the secretion of leukotoxin in M. haemolytica A2 culture supernatants, possibly through its iron-chelating activity. In contrast, holo-BLf (with iron) did not have this effect, possibly due to differences in the tertiary structure between these proteins. In summary, apo-BLf affected the levels of several M. haemolytica virulence factors and could be evaluated for use in animals as an adjuvant in the treatment of ovine mannheimiosis.
Global stability for a nonautonomous reaction-diffusion predator-prey model with modified Leslie–Gower Holling-II schemes and a prey refuge
Authors: Luo Yantao , Zhang Long , Teng Zhidong , Zheng Tingting
Published: March 2020

In this paper, a nonautonomous reaction-diffusion predator-prey model with modified Leslie–Gower Holling-II schemes and a prey refuge is proposed. Applying the comparison theory of differential equation, sufficient average criteria on the permanence of solutions and the existence of the positive periodic solutions are established. Moreover, the existence region of the positive periodic solutions is an invariant region dependent on t. Then, constructing a suitable Lyapunov function, we obtain sufficient conditions to guarantee the global asymptotic stability of the positive periodic solutions. Finally, we do some numerical simulations to verify our main results and investigate the effect of prey refuge on the dynamics of the system.
Linking earned income, psychological capital and social grant dependency: empirical evidence from rural KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and implications for policy
Authors: Chipfupa U. , Wale E.
Published: March 2020

Understanding the motivation that smallholders have for working and earning their livelihood is critical in enhancing the effectiveness of agricultural policies. This is especially important in a country like South Africa where social grant is an important source of unearned income. The study sought to find out what affects smallholders’ motivation to work by assessing the relationship between earned income, psychological capital and social grant dependency. We use data from 458 smallholders in four irrigation communities in rural KwaZulu-Natal and employ a complementary loglog fractional response model to analyse the data. The study revealed that endowment with positive psychological capital, gender, membership to an irrigation scheme and land ownership positively affect smallholders’ propensity to earn their livelihoods from farm and non-farm income. Social grant support and dependency ratio negatively affect the same. The findings support the thesis that, if not properly managed, social transfers can have a negative impact on smallholders’ motivation to work and earn their livelihoods, resulting in a dependency syndrome. Depending on the context, spatial differences can either positively or negatively affect farmers’ motivation to work. In conclusion, limited focus on the human and social capital development and hence psychological capital affect smallholders’ propensity to work. Small-scale irrigation schemes remain a viable option for increasing employment and incomes in the sector, whilst social and cultural norms continue to reduce women’s ability to engage in economic activities. The paper recommends the need to recognise the critical importance of psychological capital (mindset), streamline and improve targeting of social grant support, promote smallholder irrigation and invest in the infrastructure that enhances participation of women in economic activities.
A benchmark example for delamination growth predictions based on the Single Leg Bending specimen under fatigue loading
Authors: Krueger Ronald , Deobald Lyle , Gu Haozhong
Published: March 2020

Analysis benchmarking is used to evaluate new algorithms for automated VCCT-based delamination growth analysis. First, existing benchmark cases based on the Single Leg Bending (SLB) specimen for crack propagation prediction under quasi-static loading are summarized. Second, the development of new SLB-based benchmark cases to assess the static and fatigue growth prediction capabilities under mixed-mode I/II conditions is discussed in detail. Additionally, a scheme is proposed to interpolate between known fatigue delamination growth rates to obtain values for mixed-mode ratios for which data has not been defined in the input. Further, a comparison is presented, in which the benchmark cases are used to assess new analysis tools in ABAQUS/Standard FD03. These recently implemented tools yield results that are in good agreement with the benchmark examples. The ability to assess the implementation of new methods in one finite element code illustrates the value of establishing benchmark solutions.
Characterization of charcoal and firewood ash for use in African peri-urban agriculture
Authors: Neina Dora , Faust Sibylle , Joergensen Rainer Georg
Published: March 2020

Background

Ample quantities of ashes generated from domestic biomass energy combustion in Ghanaian kitchens are currently disposed of despite their potential agricultural value. This study aimed to investigate the potential agricultural value of charcoal and firewood ashes in terms of differences in the chemical and mineralogical compositions, and to identify the suitability of aqua regia, H2SO4, vinegar and distilled water to extract plant nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, Na, and P). The chemical compositions were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry after extractions with aqua regia, H2SO4, vinegar and distilled water while mineralogy was determined by X-ray powder diffraction.

Results

The charcoal ash had 0.2 units, 13 ds m−1, and 7% higher (P < 0.05) pH, EC, and CCE, respectively, than the firewood ash, whereas the latter had 6, 17, 43, and 139 µg g−1 higher (P < 0.05) As, Cu, Mg, and Zn contents, respectively, and more minerals with 86% being Mg-rich. Calcite and calcium oxide were the dominant minerals occurring in both ashes followed by calcium manganate (CaMnO3). Aqua regia and vinegar were suitable for Ca, acidic solutions for Mg, H2SO4 and aqua regia for P with Na and K being virtually soluble in all solutions. Lead, Mn, Ni, and Zn had values in the order of hundreds.

Conclusions

Although the ashes differ, they both contain trace elements whose bioavailability may differ and may not necessarily lead to plant uptake after field application. This offers an opportunity for further research into the threshold trace element contents of wood ash and their relationship with plant uptake in different soil pH and soil types.
Immunomodulation for maxillofacial reconstructive surgery
Authors: Kim Seong-Gon
Published: March 2020

Immunomodulation is a technique for the modulation of immune responses against graft material to improve surgical success rates. The main target cell for the immunomodulation is a macrophage because it is the reaction site of the graft and controls the healing process. Macrophages can be classified into M1 and M2 types. Most immunomodulation techniques focus on the rapid differentiation of M2-type macrophage. An M2 inducer, 4-hexylresorcinol, has been recently identified and is used for bone grafts and dental implant coatings.
Medico-legal evaluation and trend of the different patterns of maxillofacial fractures concomitant with closed head injury in Upper Egypt: retrospective study
Authors: El Shehaby Doaa M. , Farahat Alsayed Magdi Alsayed , Shahine Mohammed S. , Mohammed Heba M.
Published: March 2020

Background

Maxillofacial fractures are of great medico-legal implications because they are of common occurrence with other injuries, predominantly head injuries that might involve serious esthetic and functional problems, and so clinically described as consequential injuries. The aims were to assess the medico-legal aspects of maxillofacial fractured cases concomitant with closed head injury over a 6-year period (2011–2016) in the Trauma Unit of Assiut University Hospitals, Egypt, and to evaluate the demographic feature and the trend of different patterns of such fractures.

Patient and methods

A descriptive hospital-based study included all cases of maxillofacial fractures combined with closed head injury attending the Trauma Unit of Assiut University Hospitals in the period of January 2011 to December 2016.

Results

The study included 1221 cases, the percent of maxillofacial fractures with a closed head injury was 4%, the age group 18–40 years was having the highest incidence, and mean age was 25.9 ± 15.3 years with male to female ratio of 7:1. Road traffic accidents were the main etiology of injury (69.7%), followed by falls (15.1%) and violent assaults (10.2%) while firearm injuries were the last (5%). Unintentional injuries were the commonest in 83.1% followed by homicidal (16.3%); only 7 cases were due to suicidal attacks. The mandibular fracture was the commonest (49.7%) followed by fracture maxilla (19.2%), fracture zygoma (16.8%), and lastly frontal bone and nasal fracture. The trend of maxillofacial fractures over the 6-year period tended to be increased with the highest number in 2011 (21.5%) and the lowest in 2014 (13.3%).

Conclusion

Maxillofacial fracture with a closed head injury in Upper Egypt is common in the middle age with male predominance. Road traffic accident is the main etiologic factor, and accidental trauma is the commonest manner. Mandibular fractures are the commonest pattern followed by fracture maxilla. Traumatic head injuries in cases of maxillofacial fractures were mild in about half of the cases. The trend of maxillofacial fractures over the 6-year period of the study (2011–2016) tended to be increased with the highest number in 2011 and the lowest in 2014.
Metagenomic analysis suggests broad metabolic potential in extracellular symbionts of the bivalve Thyasira cf. gouldi
Authors: McCuaig Bonita , Peña-Castillo Lourdes , Dufour Suzanne C.
Published: March 2020

Background

Next-generation sequencing has opened new avenues for studying metabolic capabilities of bacteria that cannot be cultured. Here, we provide a metagenomic description of chemoautotrophic gammaproteobacterial symbionts associated with Thyasira cf. gouldi, a sediment-dwelling bivalve from the family Thyasiridae. Thyasirid symbionts differ from those of other bivalves by being extracellular, and recent work suggests that they are capable of living freely in the environment.

Results

Thyasira cf. gouldi symbionts appear to form mixed, non-clonal populations in the host, show no signs of genomic reduction and contain many genes that would only be useful outside the host, including flagellar and chemotaxis genes. The thyasirid symbionts may be capable of sulfur oxidation via both the sulfur oxidation and reverse dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathways, as observed in other bivalve symbionts. In addition, genes for hydrogen oxidation and dissimilatory nitrate reduction were found, suggesting varied metabolic capabilities under a range of redox conditions. The genes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle are also present, along with membrane bound sugar importer channels, suggesting that the bacteria may be mixotrophic.

Conclusions

In this study, we have generated the first thyasirid symbiont genomic resources. In Thyasira cf. gouldi, symbiont populations appear non-clonal and encode genes for a plethora of metabolic capabilities; future work should examine whether symbiont heterogeneity and metabolic breadth, which have been shown in some intracellular chemosymbionts, are signatures of extracellular chemosymbionts in bivalves.
Adherence to antihypertensive fixed-dose combination among Egyptian patients presenting with essential hypertension
Authors: Hassanein Mahmoud
Published: March 2020

Background

Many patients with hypertension require more than one drug to achieve blood pressure control. They are prescribed with fixed-dose combination (FDC) antihypertensive therapy rather than monotherapies. Although it is commonly admitted that the use of FDC may improve compliance to treatment, adherence rates in patients receiving FDCs have not been documented. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the adherence to treatment in patients receiving FDCs of antihypertensive medications in a real-world setting in Egypt.

Results

We conducted a multi-center cross-sectional study over a period of 1 year from Jan 2017 to Jan 2018. We included patients above 21 years old with essential hypertension who were already prescribed with an FDC of antihypertensive treatment for at least 3-month duration. We assessed the adherence to treatment by patient self-assessment using the Morisky 8-Item Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS 8).

This study enrolled 2000 hypertensive Egyptian patients. The mean age of enrolled patients was 55.8 ± 10.9 years. Male to female ratio was 1.08. The mean MMAS score was 6.5 ± 1.9. Our analysis showed that 825 (41.3%) patients reached high adherence score, 523 (26.2%) medium adherence, and 652 (32.6%) low adherence.

Furthermore, Male patients showed higher adherence rate than females (56.4% versus 43.6%, p < 0.001). Out of 746 patients with controlled blood pressure (< 140/90), 387 (51.9%) patients were highly adherent to treatment. Higher level of education was significantly associated with high adherence rate; 559 (67.8%) patients were university graduates, 232 (28.1%) had primary/secondary school education, and 34 (4.1%) were illiterate (p < 0.001).

Moreover, once daily (99.2%) fixed-dose combination was associated with higher adherence rate than twice regimen daily (0.8%), p = 0.03. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients with high level of education, employed patients, and patients with controlled blood pressure have high adherence rate to medication.

Conclusions

Higher adherence to medication is associated with high level of education and employment, and it can lead to better blood pressure control. Thus, patient education programs may increase patients’ adherence to their medication.
Accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT in monitoring therapeutic response and detection of loco-regional recurrence and metastatic deposits of colorectal cancer in comparison to CT
Authors: Hetta Waleed , Niazi Gamal , Abdelbary Mohammed H.
Published: March 2020

Background

The study shows the role of PET/CT in monitoring response to therapy in colorectal cancer as well as detection of loco-regional recurrence and metastatic deposits hence guiding the clinician to the proper management strategy. Sixty patients (41male and 19 female) were included in our study. All patients are pathologically proven colorectal cancer. They had undergone 18F-FDG PET/CT for follow up post-therapeutic (operative, and/or chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy) follow up for metastatic or recurrent colorectal cancer during the period from September 2015 to August 2017.

Results

Our study demonstrated that FDG PET/CT is highly sensitive and specific in assessing local recurrence and distant metastasis in patient with pathologically proved colorectal cancer, with sensitivity 95.45%, specificity 97.3%, and accuracy 96.7% in detection of local recurrence; and sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 100% in detection of hepatic metastasis as well as in detection of nodal metastasis.

Conclusion

FDG PET/CT is an accurate modality in the treatment plan of cancer colon in monitoring therapeutic response as well as defining their local extent and distant metastatic disease thus provides valuable information that is very helpful in the clinical decision-making process.
High-quality marine shale reservoir prediction in the lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation, Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Xu Shang , Hao Fang , Zhang Yuanyin , Gou Qiyang
Published: March 2020

For the lower Silurian Longmaxi marine shale reservoir in the Jiaoshiba area, Sichuan Basin, China, the traditional P-impedance ([Formula: see text]) is insensitive for predicting good reservoirs. As an integral indicator of borehole radioactivity that is substantially corresponding to the organic richness, the uranium curve is qualified to identify the abundance of organic matter. Therefore, to efficiently comprehend the shale distribution in the Jiaoshiba area, we have adopted a so-called pseudo-P-impedance ([Formula: see text]), which is constructed from the P-impedance and the uranium (U) log and spatially computed from impedance inversion of the zero-offset seismic. The [Formula: see text] log shows an obvious correlation with the organic richness of the shale. The thickness of the high-quality shale derived from the inverted [Formula: see text] cube shows a higher correlation with the log data compared to the traditional P-impedance cube. The distribution of predicted high-quality shale is strongly influenced by the fault systems: (1) Although the fault development zone might lead to a distorted image of the seismic and weak shale evaluation, the shale gas cannot be efficiently preserved in these places, and (2) high-quality shale reservoirs are mainly distributed in the not-faulted area and show a general northeast–southwest trend. Generally, the introduced [Formula: see text] inversion is suitable for the seismic frequency range and could be applied to other similar exploration areas.
Medicines adherence in respiratory disease
Authors: Scullion Jane
Published: March 2020

Adherence is the term currently used to describe a patient following prescribed or suggested treatment regimens. Jane Scullion looks at this concept in those with respiratory disease

In respiratory diseases, there are good pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions that can improve symptoms, health status and quality of life for many, and in some cases transform and even save lives. What is not in place is a robust method for ensuring that the therapies and interventions that are prescribed or advised can and will be taken as instructed, and we call this nonadherence. This article looks at medicines adherence, using examples from respiratory diseases and their treatments, discussing what what is meant by it, the reasons it remains problematic, and what could be done about it in respiratory prescribing.
Research Roundup
Authors: Winter George
Published: March 2020

George Winter provides an overview of recently published articles of interest to practice nurses. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided.
Precision Agriculture and Irrigation: Current U.S. Perspectives
Authors: Evett Steven R. , O’Shaughnessy Susan A. , Andrade Manuel A. , Kustas William P. , Anderson M.  C. , Schomberg H.  H. , Thompson A.
Published: March 2020

Highlights.

Precision agriculture (PA) applications in irrigation are stymied by lack of decision support systems.

Modern PA relies on sensor systems and near real-time feedback for irrigation decision support and control.

Sophisticated understanding of biophysics and biological systems now guides site-specific irrigation.

The internet of things (IOT) enables new ways to increase yield per unit of water used and nutrient use efficiency.

Keywords: Crop water productivity, Decision support system, Internet of things, Remote sensing, SCADA, Soil water content.
Perspectives on Global Water Security
Authors: Harmel R. Daren , Chaubey Indrajeet , Ale Srinivasulu , Nejadhashemi A. Pouyan , Irmak Suat , DeJonge Kendall C. , Evett Steven R. , Barnes Edward M. , Catley-Carlson Margaret , Hunt Sherry , Mani Indra
Published: March 2020

Highlights

ASABE and ISAE convened the Global Water Security Conference for Agriculture and Natural Resources in Hyderabad, India, in 2018.

Recommendations represent collective contribution of attendees and presenters in seven key priorities.

Continuation of a narrow focus on technical aspects will likely prevent the success of technical solutions.

Scientists and engineers should work together across all disciplines and boundaries to ensure global water security.

Keywords: Climate change, Crop water productivity, Food security, Irrigation efficiency, Natural resource policy, Wastewater reuse, Water resource infrastructure, Water scarcity.
El presente de la historia cultural.
Authors: Hernández Sandoica Elena
Published: March 2020

Without any claim to exhaustivity, this essay offers an overview of recent cultural history. Given that any attempt to cover the subject in its entirety would be futile, the text begins with an introductory section that raises the issue and proceeds to a second section of sector-wide assessments in which the author evaluates and weighs up the main strands in the profound transformation that has led to the rise and growing centrality of cultural history. From there, the third section concludes with a specific treatment of changes introduced by women’s history and its feminist perspectives, a crucial theoretical vector in the current construction of discourses around subjectivity
Cultura vasca y regionalismo franquista: Julio Urquijo y los estudios vascos en la posguerra.
Authors: Ugarte Muñoz Anton
Published: March 2020

Basque culture and Francoist regionalism could be expressed officially during the dictatorship as long as they did not rise to the level of a political grievance or a demand that might fuel peripheral nationalism. This paper examines the cultural continuities of Basque nationalism under Francoism, with particular emphasis on the figure of the bibliophile Julio Urquijo and his relationships with Francoist institutions and figures as well as with Basque nationalists in exile.
Risley-prism-based visual tracing method for robot guidance
Authors: Li Anhu , Li Qiao , Deng Zhaojun , Zhang Yang
Published: March 2020

A visual tracing model based on Risley prisms is proposed in this paper. Combined with the boresight adjusting technology and the visual detection technology, a new visual system is established. Placing Risley prisms in front of the camera, the field of view of the camera can be dynamically adjusted so that the imageable area of this camera is expanded greatly. Two real-time visual tracing strategies for dynamic targets are proposed, which effectively avoid the problems of target loss and tracking instability. The deviations between the reference trajectory generated by the manipulator and the actual trajectory detected by our visual system are measured. Experimental results show that the deviations are less than 1.5% in the 250 mm motion space of the manipulator. It is verified that the visual system can be used to guide robots with high precision, which provides a potential method for robot navigation.