bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating Analysis and Communication Skills into the Decision Science Curriculum*
Authors: Franz Lori S.
Published: June 2007

The teaching of decision sciences presupposes that careful attention is directed toward improving students' critical thinking and analytical skills. This paper presents an approach to teaching quantitative methods classes that focuses on developing student skills in the areas of analytical and critical thinking through written and oral communication. The approach requires very little additional instructor preparation time and does not require the instructor to make major changes in either the content or organization of the course. While the instructor's investment is minimal, the benefits to the students appear to be substantial.
Efficient Heuristics for MRP Lot Sizing with Variable Production/Purchasing Costs*
Authors: Prentis Eric L. , Khumawala Basheer M.
Published: June 2007

Two heuristics based on branch and bound (B&B) are developed to solve closed‐loop material requirements planning (MRP) lot‐sizing problems that have general product structures and variable costs. A “look ahead method'’(LAM) heuristic allows for variable production/purchasing costs and uses a single‐level B&B procedure to rapidly improve lower bound values; thus, LAM efficiently uses computer‐storage capacity and allows solution of larger problems. The “total average modification'’(TAM) heuristic uses B&B, applied level by level, and modified setup and carrying costs to solve the variable production/purchasing costs MRP lot‐sizing problem. LAM and TAM are tested on problems and compared to heuristics in the literature. TAM may be used to solve large MRP lot‐sizing problems encountered in practice.
Inventory Control and Scheduling of Multiple Products in a Common Facility*
Authors: Sundararaghavan P. S. , Ahmed Mesbah U.
Published: June 2007

Consider a set of chemical products to be produced in a single facility. Each product has its own unique reaction time (which is assumed to be independent of its batch size), as well as other cost and demand values. In this paper, we address the problem of determining the optimal number of batches, batch sizes, and an accompanying production schedule for these products in the single facility that will minimize the total cost. Two different algorithms have been developed for this problem, the performances of which are contrasted with classical cyclic production schedules. Finally, some guidelines for the application of these methods to real‐life problems are outlined.
System Development Project Effectiveness: Problem‐Solving Competence as a Moderator Variable*
Authors: Weitzel John R. , Graen George B.
Published: June 2007

In spite of end‐user programming, for the foreseeable future users and information systems (IS) specialists will build systems together. A better understanding of this partnership (which has a troubled history) will help IS managers and users improve their management skills. This study investigates the relative contributions to project effectiveness of problem‐solving competence, the quality of the working relationship, and the quality of the development process. Seventy‐five medium‐sized projects in 16 organizations were investigated using individual, one hour, structured interviews with the IS project leader and with the primary user. Results suggest that more complex models should be used to study system development. Moreover, problem‐solving competence demonstrated a complex effect on project effectiveness.
Optimal Offer Strategies in Mergers and Acquisitions*
Authors: Roy Asim
Published: June 2007

This paper models the corporate takeover process as a bargaining game under certainty. During the takeover process, an acquirer is generally uncertain about the minimum price the target shareholders will accept. Normally, a takeover is concluded after a sequence of offers have been made. This paper derives optimal offer strategies for the buyer at each stage of this bargaining game under uncertainty. Uncertainty about the target's minimum acceptable price is represented by a probability distribution. Optimal offer strategies depend on the probability distribution of the minimum acceptable price, which can change during the offer process.
Application of the Net Present Value Criterion in Random and Flow Shop Scheduling*
Authors: Scudder Gary D. , Smith‐Daniels Dwight E.
Published: June 2007

While the majority of the literature on shop scheduling has emphasized time‐based performance criteria such as mean flow time, lateness, and tardiness, the primary goal of management should be the maximization of shop profitability. In this research the net present value (NPV) criterion is introduced to measure shop profitability. This measure combines aspects of job flow time and inventory holding costs into a single measure. A simulation model of a job shop is used to examine the performance of a variety of time‐ and value‐based scheduling rules. These rules are evaluated with respect to the NPV criterion in both random and flow shop environments. The results suggest that priority rules that utilize monetary information about jobs yield a higher NPV than many time‐based rules in most situations, with little sacrifice in job tardiness. A well‐researched time‐based rule, critical ratio, also provides excellent performance when the shop is heavily loaded.
Combined malignant melanoma and basal cell carcinoma tumor of the intermingled type
Authors: Braun‐Falco Markus
Published: June 2007

Background:  The combination of malignant melanoma (MM) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) within a single tumor is an unusual finding.

Case report:  An 84‐year‐old white man with a pigmented tumor on the back showing a combination of MM and BCC.

Results:  A 1.5 × 1.5‐cm irregular brown lesion on the back was clinically suggestive of MM. Histopathologically, the lesions turned out to be a combined tumor consisting of a superficial BCC and a regressive MM with a tumor thickness of 1.25 mm. The conglomerates of the BCC lay within the MM and were admixed with a high number of Melan‐A‐positive melanocytic cells.

Conclusion:  By reviewing the low number of published cases, we found that a combined MM‐BCC tumor exists in two variants: a collision type in which components of each cell type are clearly demarcated and an intermingled type in which both cell types grow intimately together. Although both types occur as a mere incidence, in particular, the intermingled type may be diagnostically challenging and the evaluation of its dignity may be questionable.
Aether der Fröhlichkeit Zur Frage nach einer dichteritchen Ironie aus Anlass elnes Buches von Beda Allemann
Authors: Steiner Jacob
Published: June 2007

Zu den grossartigsten Dokumenten deutschen kritischen Geistes gehört die Rezension von Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahren, die Friedrich Schlegel 1798 im zweiten Stuck des ersten Bandes seines Athenaeum veröffentlicht hat. Sie úberragt bei weitem den bekannten Horen‐Brief Körners, der das ganze Romangefüge von den Charakteren der Personen, vorab Wilhelms eigenem, her begreift, aber auch Humboldts Gegenbrief dazu vom 24. November 1796, der gegenúber dem positiven Charakter, welchen Körner dem Helden zuschreibt, das Gefässhafte von Wilhelms Persönlichkeit betont; und sie ist wohl nur mit Schillers Briefen zu vergleichen, die freilich aus der begünstigten Lage des laufend am Entstehen Beteiligten geschrieben worden sind, sich aber auch in der Einsicht, dass es dem Vortrefflichen gegenüber keine Freiheit gibt als die Liebe, dieser Beteiligung als würdig erweisen und zu mitschöpferischer Kraft verdichten.
Descriptive Technique in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Authors: Renoir Alain
Published: June 2007

Literary scholars and critics are agreed that Sir Gawain and the Green Knight deserves a place of honor among the great works of mediaeval literature. Some seventy years ago, Gaston Paris labelled it “the jewel of English literature during the Middle Ages”; George Lyman Kittredge has called it “a very distinguished piece of work”; and Fernand Mossé has praised it as nothing less than “the masterpiece of alliterative poetry.” The opinion of our age is perhaps best summed up by Albert C. Baugh when he simply refers to the poem as “the finest Arthurian romance in English.” In general, modern critics agree with Bernhard ten Brink that its author “knows well how to hold our attention.”
Decadence in Villiers de I'Isle‐Adam and His Followers
Authors: Rose Marilyn Gaddis
Published: June 2007

Continental Decadence not only had an identifiable international literary rhetoric. Its rhetoric, without being self‐reflective or self‐referential, was its raison d'être also. A quintessential example is “Conte d'Amour” from Contes cruds by Villiers de l'Isle‐Adam (1838–89). Here rhetorical excess, both as redundancy and crypticism, conveys the typical Decadent gestus: morbid, gross and over‐refined, solipsistic. Such a rhetoric must be the medium for the label Decadent to be completely justified. As we follow the wake of Villiers' influence first outside French with Arthur Symons and Stefan George and next outside France (but in French) with Maurice Maeterlinck, Charles Van Lerberghe, and Georges Rodenbach, we find that each admirer selects features which reinforce his own bent. Symons follows Villiers most closely, using language to disguise and divert reality. George uses language to intensify reality. Maeterlinck, Van Lerberghe, and Rodenbach use language to reinterpret reality and, especially in the case of Rodenbach, to discredit rhetoric when divorced from reality. By the end of the 19th century, in prose the Naturalist verso of Decadence has pierced through the face; in poetry Decadence has modulated into Symbolism. But the full expression, found in Villiers, seems historically to have been necessary. There had to be cryptic statement and overstatement before there could be enduring statement.
Die literarische Umwelt zu Gustav Freytags Soll und Haben und die Realismustheorie der Grenzboten
Authors: Gelber Mark H.
Published: June 2007

In dieser Arbeit versuche ich zu zeigen, dass Gustav Freytags Soll und Haben (1855) ein sehr weit ausgedehntes literarisches Feld in Anspruch nimmt, das einerseits explizit vom Autor polemisch verwendet wird; andrerseits besteht die literarische Umwelt des Romans aus verschiedenen Textsorten, die der Literaturkritik unbekannt sind. Ein Verständis der Verhältnisse dieser Texte zum Roman hilft, die literarisch‐aesthetischen sowie ideologischpolitischen Bedeutungen des Romans zu bestimmen.
The Poet in the Gymnasium: Baudelaire and Gustave Le Vavasseur
Authors: Lloyd Rosemary
Published: June 2007

Baudelaire's review of the poet Le Vavasseur allowed him to explore his image of the ideal artist, one who is an intellectual gymnast, aware that poetry demands a firm effort of mind and will, and constant manipulation of language and of verse forms. In presenting the poet as saltimbank, moreover, Baudelaire not only draws on a topos favoured by nineteenth‐century writers in general and himself in particular, but he also points to the role of the audience as a debasing devourer of artistic talent. He also establishes various parallels between himself and Le Vavasseur, using the latter's work as a basis less for conventional criticism than for a prose poem conveying the essence of the poet's skill.

Cabrioles et culbutes Etaient mes jeux favoris, Et j'aimais toutes les luttes, Jusqu'à celles des esprits.
Le détective défaillant ou l'instance du policier dans les Chroniques italiennes
Authors: Schuerewegen Franc
Published: June 2007

Le caractère insaisissable des Chroniques italiennes semble provenir surtout de ce que ces textes ne parviennent pas à décider euxmêmes de leur propre statut. Cette indécision générique nous a permis de leur appliquer une grille de lecture dont l'efficacité n'est pas évidente: peut‐on lire les Chroniques comme des récits policiers avant la lettre?

Dans un premier temps, le recueil stendhalien se laisse intégrer facilement à la structure générique que nous lui confrontons. L'instance du policier dans les Chroniques ne se limite pas à la sémiologie policière qui s'esquisse dans certains textes (Suora Scolastica, les Cenci); en superposant à la chronique la narration watsonienne, modèle canonique de la fiction policière, on peut dégager un certain nombre d'analogies entre les deux types de récits. Narration à deux voix, le traducteur‐préfacier donnant la parole au chroniqueur italien, la chronique s'organise comme un récit watsonien. Point de rencontre entre le rationalisme des Lumières et le lyrisme romantique, elle mobilise également les deux séries thématiques sous‐tendant les aventures de Holmes.

On ne peut conclure pourtant à l'identité structurelle des deux types narratifs: la dynamique linéaire de la chronique, déterminant son rythme narratif, s'oppose à la structure temporelle de la narration watsonienne. Reconstituant le récit du crime à rebours, le docteur pose la fin du récit comme son origine. Le chroniqueur, utilisant un système d'anticipations quasi sibyllin, peut difficilement différer la révélation des mystères. Une analyse plus détaillée de la chronique Trop de faveur tue nous permet en outre de mesurer l'écart entre la position de l'enquêteur médiéval et celle du détective anglais. A la différence de son collègue, lecteur de l'univers diégétique qui le met en scène, l'investigateur italien se rapproche du narrateur stendhalien. Incapable de maîtriser le désordre, il reprend en abîme les indécisions de la voix narratrice, inapte à limiter le développement hypertrophique de la narration. Paradoxalement, là où la chronique s'éloigne le plus de la structure policière, elle en est le plus proche. Au prix d'un saut dans l'extradiégétique, on peut voir apparaître un lecteur‐détective, s'introduisant dans la fiction pour en devenir le principe organisateur et en assumer à lui seul la lisibilité.

Dans un deuxième temps, il s'avère donc que la chronique, au statut ambigu, ne se laisse intégrer qu'ambigument à la structure de detection – n'empêche qu'elle en prefigure ainsi les avatars plus modernes et plus inquiétants.

Le détective lui‐même, ou l'un des enquêteurs officiels, ne devrait en aucun cas s'avérer être le malfaiteur.

S. S. Van Dine, Twenty Rules for Writing Detective Stories
The Rhetoric of Lament: A Reassessment of Nikolaus Lenau
Authors: Dove Richard
Published: June 2007

Lenau is generally taken at his word as a sincere romantic Weltschmerzler. This article reveals the extent to which he, in fact, still operated within the old rhetorical tradition. It is shown how coldly and deliberately he set out to “affect” his audience, for instance, and how knowingly he exploited the eighteenth‐century convention of Erhabenheit to his own ends. The rhetorical interpretations of letters, lyric poems and epics uncover a new common denominator in Lenau's oeuvre and provide a new critical approach to supplement biographical, Marxist and Existentialist readings of the poet.
Myth and Anti‐Myth in the First Tetralogy
Authors: MacKenzie Clayton G.
Published: June 2007

The plays of the First Tetralogy are experimental in so far as Shakespeare manipulates, with varying success, a wide range of mythically propertied material. These plays, from a mythological point of view, do not stand as remarkable achievements of coherence or vision, but they do reveal a double potential. Firstly, the meaning of some of Shakespeare's imagery and allusion hinges on a mechanism of “two‐way” significance in which a single figure assumes competing connotations. Secondly, these differing interpretations appear to fall into two well‐defined, though not unrelated, mythological schemes. The English myth conceives cf a paradisial England, free of civil war and committed to foreign conquest; the anti‐myth describes an England torn asunder by internal strife and lacking in the heroic qualities of the English mythology.
Erkenntnis und Genuss in Goethes«Faust»
Authors: Frandsen‐Roeger Irene
Published: June 2007

Bei der Lektüre von Goethes«Faust»fällt auf, daß«Erkenntnis»und«Genuß»als Wertbegriffe für den Protagonisten sehr bedeutsam sind und an mehreren gewichtigen Stellen des Dramas auftauchen. Aus den Analysen dieser Textpassagen lassen sich Schlußfolgerungen über sowohl den differenzierten Inhalt des einzelnen Wortes wie auch den Zusammenhang beider Begriffe ziehen. Insbesondere die Relation zwischen dem Erkennen und Genießen verdient mehr Beachtung, als ihr die Forschung bisher geschenkt hat. Zugleich zeigen diese überlegungen und Ergebnisse auf, daß sich die Faustfigur Goethes deutlich von der vorangegangenen Fausttradition abhebt, in der Erkenntnis und Genuß zwar ebenso eine wesentliche rolle spielten, aber auf eine grundsätzlich andere Art und Weise.
Creating an Alternative to Naturalism: Ola Hansson's Assimilation of Nietzche
Authors: Brantly Susan
Published: June 2007

In a series of articles published in Germany between 1889 and 1892, Ola Hansson attempted to create a theoretical basis for an alternative to naturalism. Hansson's reading of Nietzsche provided his chief source of inspiration. Although, for a short time, Ola Hansson and Hermann Bahr lead the revolt against naturalism from beneath the same banner, Hansson eventually came to reject Bahr's Seelenstände as a naturalism of the nerves. Through invoking Nietzsche's critique of realistic artists, Hansson sought to reveal the dishonesty inherent in the naturalist pretention of depicting unmediated reality. Instead, Hansson recommends the honesty of self‐conscious subjectivity and a departure from the restrictions of plausibility. Hansson petitions for an admission of the imaginative and the symbolic into literature. Both Hugo von Hofmannsthal and August Strindberg seem to have benefitted directly from Hansson's recommendations.
Brecht and Carl Sandburg: Kindred Poets
Authors: Grimm Reinhold
Published: June 2007

Carl Sandburg (1879–1967) seems to have been and remained totally unaware of Bertolt Brecht while the latter got to know at least some of the former's poems, if only rather belatedly. Nevertheless, there obtains a certain kinship between the two poets, extending from their political stance ‐ Brecht's socialism and Sandburg's populism ‐ right down to the specific, almost unique, mode of musical performance they shared. This similarity manifests itself both thematically and in terms of form and composition; most strikingly, it comes to the fore in what has been labeled their “mid‐poem shift,” i.e. a sudden dramatic turning point which is structural as well as emotional and even ideological (as witness, for example, Sandburg's famous “Chicago” and Brecht's “Verschollener Ruhm der Riesenstadt New York”).
Life and Fiction in D. H. Lawrence's Mr Noon and the Novel's Place within the Lawrence Canon
Authors: Einersen Dorrit
Published: June 2007

D. H. Lawrence's posthumous novel Mr Noon, published in 1984, was written in 1921 but never finished.

Part Two of Mr Noon is to a large extent autobiographical, describing Lawrence's first year with Frieda, 1912, in a slightly fictionalized form. A comparison between Mr Noon, Frieda Lawrence's Not I But the Wind, Lawrence's poems Look We Have Come Through and his letters brings out the close connection between life and fiction as well as some significant divergencies which tend to idyllize reality.

The relation between Mr Noon and Lawrence's main novels and some of his poems is discussed and analysed. Mr Noon shares themes and ideas with primarily The Rainbow and Women in Love, but its tone is fundamentally different. In Mr Noon Lawrence employs an irreverent, ironic narrator who, from a vantage‐point, looks back at the lost paradise of his youth and simultaneously relives and recreates spontaneously experienced moments of happiness.

The reason why Lawrence did not finish Mr Noon, which was originally planned as a trilogy, appears to be his increasing disillusion and misanthropy in the course of the year 1921. Instead of Mr Noon Lawrence finished Aaron's Rod, which fitted his bitter mood at the time.
Das Glück der Kindheit im frühen Werk Thomas Manns
Authors: Adolphs Dieter W.
Published: June 2007

Das Motiv vom Glück der Kindheit im Werk Thomas Manns ist bislang von der Literaturwissenschaft als nebensächlich verkannt und in seinem künstlerischen Stellenwert unterschätzt worden. Gerade die Glücksthematik zieht sich jedoch durch das gesamte Werk dieses Autors: von der Erzählung«Der Wille zum Glück»(1896) bis zum Roman«Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull»(1954). Erst im Zusammenhang mit dem Motiv der Kindheit lassen sich aber klare Konturen bei der Gestaltung dieses Gegenstandes erkennen.

Die vor dem Roman«Buddenbrooks»entstandenen Erzählungen sind Ausdruck der Dichotomie zwischen romantischen Lebenszielen und einer grausamen, erfolgsorientierten Umwelt. Die vom Leben enttäuschten Helden sehen in den wenigen glücklichen Kindheitserlebnissen, an die sie sich nur vage erinnern, den Ausgangspunkt ihrer Entfremdung von den anderen. Sie laufen Gefahr, sich in ihrer Verzweiflung wiederum kindlich zu verhalten und hierdurch als naiv ‘entlarvt’ zu werden.

Die Verbindung von kindlichem Glück und Lächerlichkeit findet sich auch in den späteren Werken Thomas Manns, zumeist aber nur als Urteil einzelner Gestalten wie Sesemi Weichbrodt in den«Buddenbrooks». Ihr stehen nun jedoch andere Realisationsformen des Motivs gegenüber. Dies wird möglich, weil der Roman die Dichotomie von Glück und Leben als den Endpunkt eines historischen Entfremdungsprozesses erscheinen Iäßt. So wird dann auch in den folgenden Werken der Versuch unternommen, dem gefährdeten Glück immer wieder neuen Ausdruck zu verschaffen.
Reality and the Novel, or The Meaning of Fiction
Authors: Nordhjem Bent
Published: June 2007

Kathryn Hume: Fantasy and Mimesis. Responses to Reality in Western Literature. Methuen, New York and London, 1984.

Patricia Waugh: Metafiction. The Theory and Practice of Self‐Conscious Fiction. Methuen, New York and London, 1984.

David Porush: The Soft Machine. Cybernetic Fiction. Methuen, New York and London, 1985.
Autorität der Zeichen versus Zeichen der Autorität. Statussymbol und Repräsentationsproblematik in König Lear
Authors: Weimann Robert
Published: June 2007

Die zunehmende Ambivalenz von Autorität und deren Repräsentation im Herrschaftszeremoniell, das Auseinandertreten von Macht, Ansehen, Amt, Gesetz und den sie legitimierenden Voraussetzungen wie Weisheit, Erfahrung und Gerechtigkeit, die Aufspaltung also von Zeichen und Sinn wird im König Lear und Shakespeare‐Stücken der näheren zeitlichen Umgebung (u.a. Heinrich V. und Maß für Maß) als konstitutiv für den dramatischen Vorgang erkannt. Der am konsequentesten im Lear gestaltete Konflikt erwächst aus der Autoritätskrise der nachreformatorischen Zeit in ihrer Spannung zwischen feudaler Repräsentanz und protestantischer Innerlichkeit, die, nicht ohne die implizierten sozialen Konsequenzen, den Bliek auf eine höhere Menschlichkeit freigibt. Der Umstand, daß die zeichenhafte Repräsentation der Autorität in der Ständegesellschaft auf dem Theater als Zeichen des Zeichens erscheint, ermöglicht und verdeutlicht diesen neuen Realismus der Weltbetrachtung.
Langemarck—historisch und symbolisch
Authors: Lehnert Herbert
Published: June 2007

Das Bild von stürmenden Freiwilligen, die 1914 bei Langemarck das Deutschlandlied singen und sich opfern, wurde in deutschen literarischen Werken und in politischen Reden zu einem Symbol, das Selbstopfer in einem nationalen Krieg als moralische Pflicht hinstellte. Diese Pflicht zum Selbstopfer wurde von dem national‐sozialistischen Regime in Deutschland mißbraucht. Der Aufsatz untersucht die Entstehung der Autorität literarischer Symbole im Kontext der deutschen literarischen und bildungsbürgerlichen Tradition und unter dem Einfluß der ersatzreligiösen Tendenzen in der Literatur, die Entstehung des Bildsymbols “Langemarck” aus den historischen Ereignissen und einem täuschenden Heeresbericht, einige literarische Ausprägungen dieses Symbols, sowie die Kriegsszene in Thomas Manns Der Zauberberg, in der die moralische Bedeutung des Symbols schon bezweifelt wird. Literarische Sprache verläßt den Bereich ihrer Gültigkeit, wenn sie den Spielcharakter der Literatur aufgibt. Dann darf und muß sie moralischen Beurteilungen ausgesetzt werden.
Familiarisierung des Glaubens. Zur Verwendung patriarchalistischer Motivik in den Liedern Martin Luthers und Paul Gerhardts
Authors: Arndal Steffen
Published: June 2007

Ein Vergleich zwischen den Liedern Martin Luthers und Paul Gerhardts in bezug auf die Verwendung des Vaternamens Gottes zeigt den auffallenden Unterschied, daß bei Luther der Vatername nur im Zusammenhang mit den göttlichen Eigenschaften der All‐macht und der Liebe verwendet wird, während bei Gerhardt auch der Zorn Gottes in die patriarchalistische Motivik einbezogen wird, wodurch Gott als ein gleichzeitig strenger und liebevoller Vater und Erzieher erscheint. Diese Familiarisierung des Glaubens entspricht einer neustoischen Umdeutung der protestantischen Frömmigkeit und scheint wesentliche Züge der Verwendung patriarchalistischer Motivik in der Dichtung des 18. Jahrhunderts vorwegzunehmen.
Das Virginia‐Motiv in Lessings Emilia Galotti. Anmerkungen zum Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit
Authors: Müller Klaus‐Detlef
Published: June 2007

Der politische Gehalt von Lessings Emilia Galotti ergibt sich aus dem Spannungsfeld von privatem und öffentlichem Handeln im höfischen Bereich und aus der Orientierung auf eine sich ausbilden‐de öfientliche Meinung. Diese Momente bestimmen die Struktur des Dramas.
Familienverhältnisse in Goethes Faust
Authors: Banuls André
Published: June 2007

Im Gegensatz zu gewissen Tendenzen des bürgerlichen Trauerspiels und des Sturm‐und‐Drangs gibt es in Goethes Faust (einer überwiegend individualistisch philosophischen«Tragödie»also) keinen eigentlichen«père de famille» Bis 1808 ist Faust (überhaupt, wie sein Schöpfer, ehescheu und familiären Vorstellungen wenig offen) – vaterlos; und absolut mutterlos bleibt er sein Leben lang. In Gretchens sozialer und individueller Tragédie symbolisiert die Mutter (man erfährt nicht einmal den Namen der Familie) nur eine entfernt bedrohliche gesellschaftlich‐moralische Unerbittlichkeit. Eigene Fälle sind Valentin, Frau Marthe Schwerdtlein und Mephistopheles …
Aufklärung, Goethe‐Zeit und katholische Tradition: Motivationen der österreichischen Literatur im frühen 19. Jahrhundert ‐ eine literarhistorische Skizze
Authors: Zeman Herbert
Published: June 2007

Die Erforschung der österreichischen Literatur des 19. Jahrhunderts hat so viele faszinierende Teilergebnisse erbracht, daß eine synthetische literarhistorische Darstellung ein Desideratum ersten Ranges ist. Die vorliegende Skizze ist ein Beitrag dazu und versucht, eine moglichst objektive Balance der Darstellung zu erreichen, so daß der literatursoziologische Hintergrund, die künstlerische Eigenart der unbedeutenderen und die Kunst der großen Autoren in einer einigermaßen ausgewogenen Skizze erscheinen.
Leid, Sprache und Utopie. Ingeborg Bachmanns Frankfurter Vorlesungen
Authors: Sauerland Karol
Published: June 2007

Der Aufsatz thematisiert Ingeborg Bachmanns Auffassung vom Verhältnis zwischen Sprache und Wirklichkeit. Der Dichter als Schaffender hat keinen direkten Zugang zur Welt und ist gleichzeitig gezwungen,«die ganze Welt zu der seinen zu machen» Dabei gewinnt die Sprache eine spezifische Funktion für den Dichter, dem es aufgetragen ist, eine neue Sprache zu schaffen, in der das Leid der Welt in seiner Einmaligkeit, die Kritik am Seienden und eine utopische Zukunftsdimension zum Ausdruck kommen. Trotz scheinbarer Nähe unterscheidet sich Ingeborg Bachmanns Sprachund Dichtungskonzeption von traditionellen Auffassungen und von verwandten Gedankengängen bei Bloch, Lukács und Benjamin.
THE EFFECTS OF FROZEN STORAGE ON THE RETAIL ACCEPTABILITY OF PORK LOIN CHOPS AND SHOULDER ROASTS
Authors: JEREMIAH L. E.
Published: June 2007

Uncured shoulder roasts and loin chops were utilized to evaluate the effects of frozen storage for different intervals (0, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168 and 196 days) in different protective storage wraps (oxygen–permeable retail wrap, polyethylene bags, aluminum foil, and freezer paper) upon factors contributing to their retail acceptability after thawing and 24 h of subsequent display. The composite results of this study indicate that uncured pork cuts can be successfully frozen and stored for at least 196 days at −30° C in still air, in the dark, in any of the protective storage wraps evaluated, and be thawed for 24 h at 2° C prior to being retailed and generally be as acceptable as their fresh counterparts during 24 h of retail display.
Cell Metabolism of Acyclovir Phosphonate Derivatives and Antiherpesvirus Activity of their Combinations with α2‐Interferon
Authors: Skoblov Yuri S. , Karpenko Inna L. , Jasko Maxim V. , Kukhanova Marina K. , Andronova Valery L. , Galegov Georgy A. , Sidorov Georgy V. , Myasoedov Nicolai F.
Published: June 2007

The combinational use of acyclovir (ACV) phosphonate esters and α2‐interferon was shown to produce a synergistic effect on inhibition of HSV‐1 replication in Vero cell cultures. Unlike other acyclovir phosphonate derivatives studied earlier, ACV H‐phosphonate is not an ACV prodrug. On penetrating into the cells, it may be directly converted into ACV monophosphate escaping dephosphonylation–phosphorylation steps.
A HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE MAP FOR THE STATE OF GEORGIA1
Authors: Hewlett John D.
Published: June 2007

Hydrologic response, defined as the ratio annual direct runoff divided by the annual precipitation, was calculated from 178 years of record on 55 watersheds less than 200 mi2 in the State of Georgia. Direct runoff was determined from Geological Survey records by a universal method of hydrograph separation. Regression analysis showed that the effect of area and the deviation of actual from normal annual precipitation can be removed from the response ratio, revealing the average capacity of watershed source areas for releasing or detaining potential flood waters. A map of Georgia reveals a four‐fold range in the response ratio between major provinces, and another map of a small mountain watershed shows an eight‐fold range over a distance of three miles. The response ratio is proposed as a new mapping unit and its use in watershed planning and education is discussed.
RESEARCH METHODS IN LAND‐USE HYDROLOGY
Authors: Boughton Walter C.
Published: June 2007

Land use changes which affect the hydrological cycle encompass a broad field of agricultural, forestry, and engineering activity. A variety of research methods, ranging from the very simple to the very complex, have been used in attempting to evaluate the effects of such changes. Because of the complexity of the hydrological process, it is difficult to distinguish the effects of changes in land use from natural variations in quality, quantity, peak rates, and other characteristics of runoff. The use of plots, experimental catchments, barometer watersheds, representative basins, benchmark and vigil networks, and other methods for the collection of data, and methods of data analysis ranging from simple graphical correlations to multivariate analysis and mathematical catchment models are reviewed and classified. Current methods of research are mainly of an ad hoc nature and the major deficiency is in the study of fundamental physical processes.
WATER TRANSFER AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Gopalakrishan Chennat
Published: June 2007

An aspect of water resource development that has currently generated a good deal of interest among economists relates to the ‘economics of water transfer.’ Some recent investigations in this connection have studied the impact of transferring water from conventional uses (mainly agricultural) to newly emerging uses (e.g., pollution abatement, recreational, and industrial). The results of these studies indicate that water transfer contributes to economic growth, both directly and indirectly.
USE OF DYE TRACERS TO COLLECT HYDROLOGIC DATA IN OREGON1
Authors: Harris D. D. , Sanderson R. B.
Published: June 2007

Dye tracers have been used in Oregon in the Collection of hydrologic data on 2,350 miles of stream channels in the Long Tom, Umpqua, Willmette, and John Day River basins, and in the Carmen‐Smith power tunnel. These investigations demonstrated the usefulness, of dye tracers for determining: (1) estimates of traveltimes and travel rates of water, (2) discharge where standard methods of measuring are not applicable, and (3) dispersion characteristics of streams. Illustrations are used to present the results of time‐of‐travel studies in simple, concise, and readily interpreted form.
CHEMICAL MEASUREMENT OF MEAN TEMPERATURE
Authors: Lee Richard , Jones E. Bruce
Published: June 2007

Mean temperature is employed universally as an index to the energy status of the environment, and to indicate probable reaction rates of physical and biological processes in nature. A versatile chemical method of temperature integration, based on the temperature dependence of sucrose hydrolysis, has been tested in central Pennsylvania. The chemical technique (after Pallmann) permits economical mass sampling of air, water, and soil temperatures in situations where conventional methods are too expensive or otherwise unsatisfactory. Short‐wave radiation effects are negligible since the sensing elements are transparent. Repeatability is excellent: in field tests duplicate sensors yield the same mean temperature ± 0.02°C. Non‐linearity of sensor response has been resolved, and the data can be related directly to measurements obtained in standard climatological networks. The technique can be used to good advantage in a variety of hydrological investigations, including evaporation, consumptive‐use, and them pollution studies.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR TRANSIENT FREE SURFACE FLOW IN NONHOMOGENEOUS OR ANISOTROPIC POROUS MEDIA
Authors: Szabo B. A. , McCaig I. W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A mathematical model was developed to solve a steady free surface flow problem and a rapid drawdown problem in a two‐dimensional porous medium. The same problem was also solved by an analogue device and excellent agreement was found to exist between the two solutions. This paper contains the formulation of the numerical problem from first principles and a discussion of measures that had to be taken in order to assure numerical stability and proper convergence of the solution.

Although the scope of this study was limited to a two‐dimensional flow case, the elements of simulation discussed are general in nature and applicable to three‐dimensional problems. It was demonstrated that numerical solution can be obtained for the position of the free surface at given time intervals, for the piezometric head distribution within the flow field and for flow quantities across given boundaries. In addition, the mathematical model will permit consideration of nonhomogeneous or anisotropic characteristics of the porous medium, without difficulty.

It is concluded that mathematical models, incorporating some or all of the techniques discussed in this paper, in conjunction with some analogue control device, can be very efficient and reliable tools for solving complex porous flow problems, including those which, so far, have eluded comprehensive analysis, due to physical and/or cost limitation.
MANAGEMENT OF A FOREIGN WATER‐RESOURCES RESEARCH PROJECT
Authors: Patchick Paul F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The United Nations Food & Agricultural Organization in cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture of the Government of El Salvador, Central America, recently completed a 3‐year groundwater exploration, research and evaluation project in the lower basin of the Rio Grande de San Miguel.

As no comprehensive water resources study had previously been conducted in El Salvador, this project served as a pilot example of a balanced, integrated, scientific approach to a regional evaluation. It combined surface and groundwater hydrology with surface geology, hydro‐meteorology, and sub‐surface exploration by means of drilling and geophysical techniques.

This paper describes how the project was planned, financed, organized, implemented, conducted, and managed. It further describes inter‐relationships between the geological and engineering phases carried out from 1961 to 1964, and the results of the field and laboratory research. Finally, this paper presents a summary of recommended groundwater and valley development programs, and discusses briefly post‐project development programs resulting from the basic research.
THE ENGINEER'S ROLE IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Silberman Edward
Published: June 2007

Engineers have traditionally led the planning effort in water resources developments. The engineer's leadership role in water resources, as well as in many other planning activities, has been challenged by technical and scientific people as well as by the general public for insensitivity to social, aesthetic, ecological, and political problems created by planning. The paper draws attention to the fact that the engineer cannot continue to expect the role of leadership to fall to him unless he prepares himself properly for that role. However, it is brought out that the engineer, by his education and training, is still the best qualified among all the representatives of the various disciplines associated with water resources planning to lead the planning effort if he prepares himself for the task. The requirements for preparation for leading water resources planning are outlined.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL TO EVALUATE HYDROLOGIC RISK IN A WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM1
Authors: Bathke William L. , Freund R. J.
Published: June 2007

A technique is described for analyzing a water resource system whose inflow is highly variable. The use of this technique requires not only that a mathematical model be developed of the physical, hydrological, and economic characteristics of the water resource system under study, but also that the economic benefits of the system, including full and partial water deliveries for irrigation development, be evaluated. Although developed independently of and simultaneously with the recently in this article includes some significant departures, such as the development of a complex revenue‐loss function and water‐shortage statistical characteristics for various reservoir sizes.
AN APPLICATION OF SURFACE GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES TO THE STUDY OF WATERSHED HYDROLOGY1
Authors: Shields Ronald R. , Sopper William E.
Published: June 2007

The applicability of geophysical methods to experimental watershed research is demonstrated by a study of a 106‐acre forested watershed in central Pennsylvania. Data from a shallow seismic refraction study and an electrical resistivity study of the watershed were used to determine the depth of soils, their volumes, depth to bedrock, configuration of the bedrock surface and delineation of the bedrock surface and delineation of the water table. With this information on the subsurface conditions, the hydrologic properties of the watershed were described in greater detail. This information will be of value in explaining the watershed's response to various watershed treatment practices that eventually will be used.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Data from a study using the shallow seismic refraction method and electrical resistivity method were used on an experimental watershed to determine the depth, volume, and water‐storage characteristics of the soil mantle and its relationship to the water table and underlying bedrock. The seismic survey grid system, which covered the entire 106‐acre watershed, established 154 geophone locations for depth measurements. Results were used to plot vertical and horizontal profiles depicting the subsurface conditions of the watershed. Water‐storage capacities were calculated for each major soil type and also for the entire soil mantle of the watershed.
AN OBJECTIVE METHOD OF THUNDERSTORM FORECASTING FOR WASHINGTON NATIONAL AIRPORT, WASHINGTON, D.C.1
Authors: Dudley Bowman II Harold , Shulman Mark D. , Romboski Lawrence D. , Chilko Daniel M.
Published: June 2007

The literature was reviewed in order to determine the variables likely to be important in forecasting thunderstorms. A stepwise discriminant analysis was performed on these variables to determine those significantly related to thunderstorm occurrence. Eight variables were selected. These were then used to produce a forecasting equation by means of the linear discriminant analysis technique. This equation was then tested against the Showalter and Total Totals indexes for forecasting skill, and was found to have higher skill.
PROPOSAL FOR A U.S. NATIONAL WATER ATLAS1
Authors: Heindl L. A.
Published: June 2007

The U.S. National Committee for the International Hydrological Decade is proposing a National Water Atlas as a contribution to the improvement of the quality of information available for this Nation's large‐scale planning and management studies. The atlas would provide hydrological maps of the United States and its principal basins and of its territories. The nationwide maps would be at a scale of 1:5,000,000 and the 17 principal basins at 1:2,500,000. The principal basins will be those delineated by the Water Resources Council. Wherever feasible and appropriate, the data will be presented with a common standard period of record, preferably 1941–70, as a base. Map subjects would include station networks, radiation, precipitation, snow and ice, evaporation, atmospheric vapor fluxes, surface‐water discharge, ground‐water storage and discharge, chemical quality, sediment discharge, water temperatures, and soil moisture. The list of maps subjects and types of data shown within each subject are flexible and open‐ended so that additional maps could be added to the atlas as information is available or as new needs arise.
LAND TREATMENT IN WATERSHED PROGRAM AREAS1
Authors: Gambell Ernest L.
Published: June 2007

Several types of watershed program areas, principally but not solely those operated under authority of the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act, are greatly altering the American landscape for good. While structural measures tend to be the most spectacular feature of these watersheds, land treatment measures (soil, water, woodland, and wildlife conservation practices) actually are basic to the long term stability and maximum contributions of these watershed programs.
WATER AS A COMMODITY IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE1
Authors: Whetstone George A.
Published: June 2007

International trade in water has been pioneered by coastal or island city‐states, by areas subject to boundary revision after a water supply system had been established, by informal accommodations among good neighbors, and by co‐riparians agreeing to negotiate on compensation as an element in water allocation. Specific examples are described.

Formulations of criteria for an equitable agreement for possible transfers of Canadian water to the United States have been published by Laycock and by Kuiper. Many other Canadians have expressed serious concern over the long‐range implications of water export and have frequently proposed restrictions which they believe that Canada should insist upon in any negotiations. Explicitly or implicitly in nearly all Canadian discussion of water export is the conviction that international transfer, should it be permitted at all, should occur at some mutually satisfactory point or points on the border with all questions or sources and routes within Canada being left to the agencies within Canada selected by the Canadians for the task.
THE LOCAL‐STATE‐FEDERAL TEAM APPROACH TO FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Weathers John W.
Published: June 2007

Results of the establishment of a Local Flood Relations program in 1953 by TVA are discussed. In 16 years TVA has produced local floodplain information reports for 126 communities. As of September 1, 1969, 66 valley communities had adopted floodplain provisions in their zoning ordinances or subdivision regulations, or both. The local‐state‐Federal team approach to floodplain management is viable and any other appears to be doomed to failure.

A floodplain management program can be expected to succeed as a collaborative effort at all levels of government, each playing the part and assuming the responsibilities best fitted to it. Most of us now accept that our flood problems will not be solved by engineering works alone or even in combination with upstream land management. The solution requires a linking of broad community planning with traditional engineering works. This means that the local, state, and Federal objectives and policies must be effectively coordinated. This method has been developed and satisfactorily applied in the Tennessee Valley during the past decade.

The need for more effective means for coping with mounting local flood losses was recognized by the Tennessee Valley Authority and led to the establishment of its Local Flood Relations program in 1953. Since a working relationship with the people of the Valley and their state and local institutions had been carefully nurtured by TVA for over twenty years, it was only natural that the new program would also be a cooperative one.
WATER FOR HOUSTON1
Authors: Allen H. Cecil
Published: June 2007

Houston, the Nation's sixth largest city, is taking appropriate steps to assure an adequate water supply for its industrial and population needs for the year 2000.

Houston's situation is unusual in that it now relies on groundwater sources for 80 percent of its domestic water supply but must convert this system to depend on surface water for 60 percent of its total supply source.

Problems concerning the conversion are not only varied but complex. Surface water is more costly. Reservoirs that meet the plans and standards of state and federal water authorities as well as conveyance and treatment facilities must be developed. In the case of Houston, the total groundwater withdrawal rate must be increased but at the same time shifted from one area to another because of subsidence problems. Solutions to these problems require careful engineering study as well as economic and sociological planning.
A DESIGN FOR LOW FLOW CONTROLS1
Authors: Blanchard Bruce J. , DeCoursey Donn G.
Published: June 2007

The determination of the total flow of an alluvial stream by rating a gaging station with a current meter may not be sufficiently accurate for a water yield study. If a large part of the total water yield consists of low flow, a means for accurate measurement must be employed. A technique for the design of a low flow control is described in this paper. Eight low flow controls have been designed on streams of the Southern Plains Watershed Research Center, Chickasha, Oklahoma. Field calibration measurements from these installations have been used to verify the design technique.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF GULF COAST ESTUARIES1
Authors: Hann Roy W.
Published: June 2007

The environmental pollution problems prevalent in gulf coast estuaries are a cause of great concern to those in water quality management. This paper outlines the dominant characteristics which affect the properties of these estuaries including geography, tide and current effects, wind effects, salinity and density regime, nature and level of waste discharge, low inflow levels, dredging effects and present quality levels.

Two basic levels of analytical modeling which are useful in water quality management are presented. The first is a relatively crude completely mixed estuarine model which permits economical evaluation of varying parameters. The second is a very general steady state model which permits analysis of stratified systems. The ESTPOL computer language designed to simplify the use of the steady state model is described.

The practical use of the analytical models as management tools for the solution of Texas Estuarine quality problems is demonstrated.