bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure and use of the medium term projection model in the National Bank of Serbia
Authors: Djukic Mirko , Momcilovic Jelena , Trajcev Ljubica
Published: April 2011

Medium-term projections are an important element of the decision making
process in the inflation-targeting regime that the National Bank of Serbia
has been implementing for the past several years. The main goal of
medium-term projections is to project the policy rate path that will ensure
that inflation in the coming period moves close to the targeted inflation
rate. The most important tool for medium term projections is a new Keynesian
macroeconomic model, which is a set of equations aiming to describe the price
formation mechanism in Serbia and the transmission channel of monetary policy
to prices. The model is comprised of four main behavioral equations for
inflation, exchange rate, output gap, and policy rate, and of a number of
side behavioral equations and identities. The model in the current form has
been used since the end of 2008 and is subject to regular adjustments and
improvements.
Single object auctions with interdependent values
Authors: Trifunovic Dejan
Published: April 2011

This paper reviews single object auctions when bidders? values of the object
are interdependent. We will see how the auction forms could be ranked in
terms of expected revenue when signals that bidders have about the value of
the object are affiliated. In the discussion that follows we will deal with
reserve prices and entry fees. Furthermore we will examine the conditions
that have to be met for English auction with asymmetric bidders to allocate
the object efficiently. Finally, common value auctions will be considered
when all bidders have the same value for the object.
Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in the water and sediments of the River Sava
Authors: Vukovic Zivorad , Radenkovic Mirjana , Stankovic Srboljub , Vukovic Dubravka
Published: April 2011

The distribution and accumulation of assorted heavy metals and a long-lived
radionuclide (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, U, Th and 137Cs) in the water and sediment of
the River Sava (in Serbia) were investigated at three locations in the
vicinity of industrial and urban settlements (Sabac, Obrenovac, Belgrade).
The concentrations of heavy metals in the sediment were found to be in the
ranges: 29.6-145.1 mg kg-1 for Cu, 53.2-253.6 mg kg-1 for Zn, 14.2- 78.6 mg
kg-1 for Pb, 0.3-24.6 mg kg-1 for Cd and 4.0-12.5 Bq l-1 for 137Cs. These
values correlate to the concentrations in the river water if expressed by
equilibrium distribution coefficients Kd (dm3 g-1) between the solid and
liquid phases. The degrees of accumulation and enrichment of tracer metals
were determined.
A comparison of sample extraction procedures for the determination of inorganic anions in soil by ion chromatography
Authors: Stanisic Svetlana , Ignjatovic Ljubisa , Stevic Milica , Djordjevic Aleksandar
Published: April 2011

Three different extraction techniques were used for aqueous extraction of
anions from soil of the type Ranker that was sampled from a serpentine site.
The first technique involved the use of a rotary mixer (Rotary Mixer
Assisted Extraction), the second, a microwave digestion system (Microwave
Assisted Extraction), with different extraction temperatures for every cycle
during the procedure as follows: 50, 100 and 150 ?C. An ultrasonic bath
(Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction) was used for the last technique in which
the durations of the extraction process were: 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min. The
concentrations of inorganic anions in the soil extracts after filtration
were determined by ion chromatography. The results showed that the
microwave-assisted extraction was highly efficient, giving, at a temperature
of 150 ?C, several times higher amounts of extracted anions in water than
the other two techniques. Moreover, the extracted amounts of anions obtained
by means of an ultrasonic bath with an extraction time ranging from 10 to 50
minutes were similar to those obtained by means of the rotary mixer with an
extraction time of 22 h. However, extraction using the rotary mixer was more
reliable, since the extracted amounts of anions obtained by means of an
ultrasonic bath do not correlate with prolongation of the extraction time.
Solution of the two-phase Stefan problem by using the Picard's iterative method
Authors: Witula Roman , Hetmaniok Edyta , Slota Damian , Zielonka Adam
Published: April 2011

In this paper, an application of the Picard's iterative method for finding
the solution of two phase Stefan problem is presented. In the proposed method
an iterative connection is formulated, which allows to determine the
temperature distribution in considered domain. Another unknown function,
describing position of the moving interface, is approximated with the aid of
linear combination of some base functions. Coefficients of this combination
are determined by minimizing a properly constructed functional.
Study on temperature distribution due to freezing and thawing at the Fengman concrete gravity dam
Authors: Yu He , Li Shouju , Liu Yingxi , Chen Changlin
Published: April 2011

Freezing and thawing damage is one of the major problems of the Fengman
concrete dam. Based on the temperature records of the dam, appropriate heat
transfer boundary conditions in the dam body are suggested. A
three-dimensional finite element model is used to determine annual variation
of temperature field of the dam as a case study. The deterioration problem
of concrete dam owing to freezing and thawing effect is investigated.
A novel optimized energy-saving extraction process on coffee
Authors: Wang Cheng-Chi , Sheu Shane-Rong , Chou Ya-Yen , Jang Ming-Jyi , Yang Li-Chen
Published: April 2011

In this paper, Taguchi method is applied to optimize ultrasound thermal
process for extracting caffeine and flavor from coffee. The use of
ultrasound can abridge experiments in cost, energy loss and time; the
different operating conditions for extraction experiments are executed and
the results are also compared. The results show that the best design factors
for caffeine are 95? of extraction temperature, 28 kHz of operating
frequency and 30 s of extraction time. The proposed optimized extraction
method is efficient and energy-saving compared with the general process for
making coffee
Effect of temperature-dependency of surface emissivity on heat transfer using the parameterized perturbation method
Authors: Jalaal Maziar , Ghasemi Esmaiil , Ganji Domiri , Bararnia Hasan , Soleimani Soheil , Nejad Geraili , Esmaeilpour Mehdi
Published: April 2011

Knowledge of the temperature dependence of the physical properties such
surface emissivity, which controls the radiative problem, is fundamental for
determining the thermal balance of many scientific and industrial processes.
The current work studies the ability of a strong analytical method called
parameterized perturbation method (PPM), which unlike classic perturbation
method do not need small parameter, for nonlinear heat transfer equations.
The results are compared with the numerical Runge-Kutta method showed good
Agreement.
A thermo-electro-hydrodynamic model for vibration-electrospinning process
Authors: Xu Lan , Wang Liang , Faraz Naeem
Published: April 2011

In this paper, a thermo-electro-hydrodynamic model of the vibration-
electrospinning process is first established. The model can offer in-depth
insight into physical understanding of many complex phenomena which can not
be fully explained experimentally. It is a powerful tool to controlling over
physical characters.
A new fractal derivation
Authors: He Ji-Huan
Published: April 2011

A new fractal derive is defined, which is very easy for engineering
applications to discontinuous problems, two simple examples are given to
elucidate to establish governing equations with fractal derive and how to
solve such equations, respectively.
Estimation of the length constant of a long cooling fin by an ancient Chinese algorithm
Authors: Xu Lan
Published: April 2011

In this paper, an ancient Chinese algorithm is used to estimate the length
constant of a long cooling fin, and an approximate solution formulation is
obtained. The obtained results show that this method is a simple but
promising method without any requirement for advanced calculus.
Double trials method for nonlinear problems arising in heat transfer
Authors: He Chun-Hui , He Ji-Huan
Published: April 2011

According to an ancient Chinese algorithm, the Ying Buzu Shu, in about second
century BC, known as the rule of double false position in West after 1202 AD,
two trial roots are assumed to solve algebraic equations. The solution
procedure can be extended to solve nonlinear differential equations by
constructing an approximate solution with an unknown parameter, and the
unknown parameter can be easily determined using the Ying Buzu Shu. An
example in heat transfer is given to elucidate the solution procedure.
Thermal Properties and Electrical Conductivity of Graft Copolymers from Polystyrene and Polyvinyl Propionate with Polyaniline
Authors: Hosseini S. H. , Musavi S. M.
Published: April 2011

A synthesized graft copolymer from polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl propionate (PVPr) with polyaniline (PANi) with suitable electrical properties, thermal resistance, solubility and processability was optimized. Samples were prepared in the form of smooth and thin films. Four-point probe method was adapted to examine electrical DC conductivity. It was found that the electrical conductivity and thermal stability of copolymers were increased, but their processability and solubility decreased when PANi increased. Thermal stability of copolymers was investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetrical Analysis (TGA). The prepared copolymers were much more thermally stable, soluble, flexible and ability to form a film than polyaniline, polystyrene and polyvinyl propionate. An irreversible exothermic transition was observed by DSC, which is believed to be an indication of cross-linking. Percentage of grafted PANi electrical conductivities of PS-g-PANi and PVPr-g-PANi have been examined and produced conductivities, 3.3 × 10−2 and 4.6 × 10−2 S/cm respectively.
Opto-thermo-mechanical Characterization for Polyester and Polyamide Surgical Sutures
Authors: EL-Farahaty K. A. , Seisa E. A. , El-Sheikh S. G.
Published: April 2011

This work studies the opto-thermo-mechanical properties of two different surgical sutures using interferometry. The polarizing Pluta interference microscope combined with opto-thermo-mechanical (OTM) device were used to study the effect of drawing on monofilament polyester (PET) and polyamide (PA) surgical sutures at room temperature. The variation of the refractive indices and the birefringence of both PET and PA sutures with different draw ratios were determined. The resulting data was used to calculate the optical orientation function and the average work per chain. The stress–strain curve was studied to estimate some mechanical parameters; yield stress, yield strain, Young's modulus and strain optical coefficient. The variations of the refractive the index profile were calculated for different draw ratios. In addition we studied the effect of temperature, during the drawing process, on monofilament PET suture. The obtained results provide important data for better characterization of suture materials.
Investigation of the Moldability Parameters of PEG Based Steatite Feedstocks by Powder Injection Molding
Authors: Erguney S. , Karatas C. , Unal H. I. , Saritas S.
Published: April 2011

In powder injection molding (PIM) barrel temperature, injection pressure and injection rate are important parameters for the molding of powder-binder mixtures. Improperly selected parameters lead to undesired problems such as separation of the powder-binder mixture and formation of collapses and cracks on the structure of the molded parts. In this study, steatite feedstocks based on PEG (polyethylene glycol) binders were injection molded into rectangular shape, ordered thickness with steps and zig-zag shaped mold cavities. The effects of the temperature and pressure of injection, rate of filling, temperature of the mold wall and geometry of the mold cavities were investigated. The optimum molding parameters of the feedstocks for the zig-zag shaped mold were determined to be an injection pressure of 80 to 140 MPa, a barrel temperature of 190 to 230°C, an injection rate of 5–25 · 10−6 m3 s−1 and a mold wall temperature of 32°C.
Melting in a Single Screw Extruder: Experiments and 3D Finite Element Simulations
Authors: Altınkaynak A. , Gupta M. , Spalding M. A. , Crabtree S. L.
Published: April 2011

The melting of an ABS resin was simulated using a three-dimensional finite element simulation of the two-phase flow in the compression section of a single-screw extruder. Screw freezing experiments were also conducted to compare the numerical predictions with the corresponding experimental data. Numerical simulations as well as experiments exhibited the Maddock melting mechanism and numerical predictions were in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data. The sensitivity of the melting profile to various material properties and processing conditions was numerically analyzed. With a constant flow rate enforced at the entrance of the screw channel, the screw and barrel temperature were found to have a minor effect on the melting profile. However, these parameters were found to have a significant effect on the predicted pressure profile along the screw channel. When the zero-traction boundary condition was imposed at the entrance of the screw channel, a change in the screw or barrel temperature affected the flow rate in the screw channel, which resulted in a significant change in the solid fraction at the same cross-section.
Poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-(styrene-ran-maleic anhydride)2 Compatibilizers via Nitroxide Mediated Radical Polymerization
Authors: Lessard B. , Aumand-Bourque C. , Chaudury R. , Gomez D. , Haroon A. , Ibrahimian N. , Mackay S. , Noel M.-C. , Patel R. , Sitaram S. , Valla S. , White B. , Maric M.
Published: April 2011

Telechelic poly(ethylene-ran-butylene) initiator terminated with [tert-butyl[1-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl]amino] nitroxide groups (PEB-(SG1)2) was used to initiate the controlled radical copolymerization of maleic anhydride (MA) and styrene (ST). The ST/MA copolymerizations were performed in 1,4-dioxane at 110°C and resulted in PEB-b-P(ST-ran-MA)2 triblock copolymers with relatively narrow molecular weight distributions

(

M
¯

m

/

M
¯

n

≈
1.5

)

. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) indicated that the initiator used was ≈93% efficient. The resulting copolymers were then blended as 20 wt.% dispersions in nylon 6 (PA6) at 230°C. With as little as 10 mol.% of MA in the feed to make the PEB-b-P(ST-ran-MA)2, blends were deemed dynamically compatibilized based on the reduced particle size. All of the PEB-b-P(ST-ran-MA)2/PA6 blends resulted in a minor phase particle size

D
¯

vs

=
0.1

μm while the PEB-b-P(ST)/PA6 blend had

D
¯

vs

=
1.15

μm (i.e. no MA in the copolymer). Tensile testing revealed yield stresses and strains decreased steadily from pure PA6 to non-reactive PEB-b-P(ST)2/PA6 to PEB-b-P(ST-ran-MA)2/PA6. However, no difference in tensile properties was observed between PEB-b-P(ST-ran-MA)2/PA6 samples made from PEB-b-P(ST-ran-MA)2 copolymer of varying MA content.
Formation and Biodegradation of Polyethylene-based Electret Films
Authors: Goldade V. A. , Pinchuk L. S. , Ermolovich O. A. , Goncharova E. P. , Sytsko V. E.
Published: April 2011

Intensive development of packing industry in response to the needs of modern society has aggravated the global situation with recovery of polymer wastes. One of the trends that may alleviate this problem is manufacture of ecologically friendly biodegradable polymeric films. Such films undergo accelerated destruction after burial under the action of soil microorganisms. The factor that speeds up biodestruction of the films in soil is the electric field of their own. The available experimental data have proved that the kinetics of biodestruction of polyethylene films, including starch-filled and inorganic salt-filled ones, alters significantly after such film transfer to electret state.
Aristocratic Politics and the Crisis of Scottish Kingship, 1286–96
Authors: Brown Michael
Published: April 2011

In the ten years from 1286 Scotland experienced a crisis of royal succession and sovereignty which by 1296 seemed to have left it a conquered land in the hands of the English king. The activities of Scotland's leading magnates and prelates in this period have been analysed in terms of the divisive effects of a disputed royal succession and of the defence of collective liberties as a self-conscious community of the realm. However, as with political crises in other medieval realms, the leaders of this community also acted as individual lords with concerns of land, lordship and office. Such concerns were normal features of political life but between 1286 and 1296 had to be resolved in exceptional circumstances of interregnum and the loss of sovereignty. Events which derived from the interplay of aristocratic politics included the murder of Duncan, earl of Fife, the legal dispute over the lands of Macduff and rivalries between leading Hebridean lords. Issues like these fed into and shaped the issues confronting the Scottish guardians and King John and were significant elements in the crisis which engulfed the realm.
Is Gravity an Entropic Force?
Authors: Gao Shan
Published: April 2011

The remarkable connections between gravity and thermodynamics seem to imply that gravity is not fundamental but emergent, and in particular, as Verlinde suggested, gravity is probably an entropic force. In this paper, we will argue that the idea of gravity as an entropic force is debatable. It is shown that there is no convincing analogy between gravity and entropic force in Verlinde’s example. Neither holographic screen nor test particle satisfies all requirements for the existence of entropic force in a thermodynamics system. Furthermore, we show that the entropy increase of the screen is not caused by its statistical tendency to increase entropy as required by the existence of entropic force, but in fact caused by gravity. Therefore, Verlinde’s argument for the entropic origin of gravity is problematic. In addition, we argue that the existence of a minimum size of spacetime, together with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in quantum theory, may imply the fundamental existence of gravity as a geometric property of spacetime. This may provide a further support for the conclusion that gravity is not an entropic force.
Microwave-Assisted One-Step Synthesis of Fenamic Acid Hydrazides from the Corresponding Acids
Authors: Aboul-Fadl Tarek , Abdel-Aziz Hatem A. , Kadi Adnan , Bari Ahmed , Ahmad Pervez , Al-Samani Tilal , Ng Seik Weng
Published: April 2011

A facile and efficient method for synthesis of fenamic acid hydrazides from their acids in one-step reaction under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions was developed. Compared with the two-step conventional heating method, the process was simple, the reaction time was very short and the yields were almost quantitative.
Diterpene Glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana
Authors: Prakash Chaturvedula Venkata Sai , Upreti Mani , Prakash Indra
Published: April 2011

Three novel diterpene glycosides were isolated for the first time from the commercial extract of the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, along with several known steviol glycosides, namely stevioside, rebaudiosides A-F, rubusoside and dulcoside A. The new compounds were identified as 13-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-15-en-19-oic acid (1), 13-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-16β-hydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (2) and 13-methyl-16-oxo-17-nor-ent-kauran-19-oic acid-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (3) on the basis of extensive 2D NMR and MS spectroscopic data as well as chemical studies.
Reduction of Nitroarenes to Azoxybenzenes by Potassium Borohydride in Water
Authors: Liu Yufang , Liu Bo , Guo Ailing , Dong Zhenming , Jin Shuo , Lu Yun
Published: April 2011

The synthesis of the azoxybenzenes by the reduction of nitroarenes with reducing agent potassium borohydride in water was reported for the first time. PEG-400 was used as a phase transfer catalyst and could effectively catalyze the reduction. The electronic effects of substituent groups play an important role in determining the reduction efficiencies. Electron-withdrawing substituents promote the formation of the azoxybenzene products, while electron-releasing groups retard the reductions to various degrees depending on the extent of their electron-donating ability.
Chromium (VI) Ion Adsorption Features of Chitosan Film and Its Chitosan/Zeolite Conjugate 13X Film
Authors: Batista Anabelle C. L. , Villanueva Emílio R. , Amorim Rosa Valéria S. , Tavares Maria Teresa , Campos-Takaki Galba M.
Published: April 2011

This research evaluated the importance of the adsorption properties of chitosan a chitosan/zeolite conjugate film for the removal of Cr(VI) ions from solutions in the 5–260 mg/L concentration range, when the pH was adjusted to 4.0 and 6.0. The uptake capacities of the films formed by chitosan and by the chitosan/zeolite conjugate were calculated by mass balance. The equilibrium isotherms were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson models. The chitosan film seems to be a good sorbent for Cr(VI) at pH 4, but its physical instability suggests the need for a more resilient support. Due to this fact zeolite was added to the chitosan matrix in solution and a chitosan/zeolite (CS/Zeo) film was thus formed. The solubility of the film and the characterization of the different matrices by FTIR, TGA and X-Ray showed that a cross-linked structure was formed between the chitosan and zeolite and the solubility of the film increased. In this study, the low manufacturing cost of the CS/Zeo matrix, the good uptake of Cr(VI) at acidic pH (17.28 mg/g) and the non desorption of Cr(VI) from the film in water suggests this combination should be tested in industrial environment.
Molecular Docking of Aromatase Inhibitors
Authors: Suvannang Naravut , Nantasenamat Chanin , Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya Chartchalerm , Prachayasittikul Virapong
Published: April 2011

Aromatase is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the development of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. As aromatase catalyzes the aromatization of androstenedione to estrone, a naturally occurring estrogen, it is a promising drug target for therapeutic management. The undesirable effects found in aromatase inhibitors (AIs) that are in clinical use necessitate the discovery of novel AIs with higher selectivity, less toxicity and improving potency. In this study, we elucidate the binding mode of all three generations of AI drugs to the crystal structure of aromatase by means of molecular docking. It was demonstrated that the docking protocol could reliably reproduce the interaction of aromatase with its substrate with an RMSD of 1.350 Å. The docking study revealed that polar (D309, T310, S478 and M374), aromatic (F134, F221 and W224) and non-polar (A306, A307, V370, L372 and L477) residues were important for interacting with the AIs. The insights gained from the study herein have great potential for the design of novel AIs.
Fluorescent β-Blockers as Tools to Study Presynaptic Mechanisms of Neurosecretion
Authors: Beltran Beatriz , Carrillo Romen , Martin Tomas , Martin Victor S. , Machado Jose D. , Borges Ricardo
Published: April 2011

Several, if not all adrenergic β-blockers (β-Bs), accumulate progressively inside secretory vesicles in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, and could be considered to be false neurotransmitters. This transmitter effect is most likely unrelated to their ability to block adrenergic receptors, but it could explain the delay in lowering arterial pressure in hypertensive patients. We have developed a new drug to monitor the accumulation of β-Bs inside living cells, RCTM-3, which fluoresces in the visible spectrum. Here we describe the procedure to synthesize this new compound, as well as its fluorescent properties, pharmacological profile and its accumulation inside the secretory vesicles of PC12 cells.
Potentiometric Electronic Tongues for Foodstuff and Biosample Recognition—An Overview
Authors: Ciosek Patrycja , Wróblewski Wojciech
Published: April 2011

Potentiometric sensors are attractive tools for the fabrication of various electronic tongues that can be used in wide area of applications, ranging from foodstuff recognition to environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics. Their main advantages are the ability to modify their selectivity (including cross-sensitivity effects) and the possibility of miniaturization using appropriate construction methods for the transducer part (e.g., with the use of solid-state technology). In this overview various examples of the design, performance, and applications of potentiometric electronic tongues are presented. The results summarize recent research in the field conducted in the Department of Microbioanalytics, Warsaw University of Technology (WUT).
Traduction et ethos royal dans les textes alphonsins
Authors: Mencé-Caster Corinne
Published: April 2011

Esta comunicación se propone reflexionar sobre las relaciones que pueden establecerse entre traducción y ethos. Por eso, se analiza la traducción como un instrumento al servicio del proyecto político alfonsí, que le permite a Alfonso X plasmar una nueva imagen de sí, o mejor dicho, un nuevo ethos más positivo. Así se intenta mostrar que se ha de percibir la traducción como un espacio de reinterpretación de la imagen propia, como un lugar de fijación de nuevos valores y nuevas realidades sociales, políticas y culturales.
Réécriture et traduction dans le discours d’Alphonse X
Authors: Lacomba Marta
Published: April 2011

Traducción y reescritura son dos de los pilares de la creación medieval, sea cual sea el ámbito abordado. En el caso de Alfonso X, estos campos cubren esferas tan dispares como la ciencia, el derecho o la historia. En este trabajo, se intenta estudiar no ya el proceso de composición de las obras a partir de estas prácticas, sino el discurso que producen los textos, y más precisamente los prólogos, sobre qué es reescribir y traducir. El análisis queda más particularmente centrado en torno a los prólogos de las obras científi cas, pues al ser traducciones de árabe deben elaborar de forma explícita estrategias de legitimación de la traducción. Estrategias que en última instancia lo que verdaderamente reivindican es una concepción de la escritura –y del poder– de inspiración claramente aristotélica, basada en las nociones de autor como causa efi ciente y de efi cacia de la acción.
Traducción e idelogía en el ámbito de las «figuras de poder» en la Quinta parte de la General Estoria
Authors: Almeida Cabrejas Belen
Published: April 2011

Dans cet article, nous montrons comment les traducteurs en langue romane et les compilateurs alphonsins modifient différents aspects de leurs sources classiques pour divers motifs, entre autres pour des raisons idéologiques. Prenant essentiellement comme base la traduction vernaculaire de la Pharsale de Lucain (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus), reprise en entier dans la Cinquième partie de la Générale Estoire, nous présentons des exemples de modifi cations, en général de faible importance, que les traducteurs en langue romane introduisent dans le texte latin. La fréquence de ces petits changements suggère qu’ils ne sont dus ni au hasard ni à l’erreur, mais qu’ils sont une part du travail d’adaptation à l’horizon idéologique médiéval, castillan et même alphonsin de quelques contenus créés dans un milieu culturel très différent. Les aspects sur lesquels se centre notre étude sont les changements subis par des passages qui traitent du pouvoir et de la monarchie, ainsi que des caractéristiques de la figure du roi ou de l’homme de pouvoir.
Figures auctoriales et figures du pouvoir : Valera et Rodríguez del Padrón à la cour de Bourgogne
Authors: Serrano Florence
Published: April 2011

Este estudio propone un análisis del funcionamiento de la difusión de dos tratados que se encuentran entre las primeras traducciones francesas de obras castellanas: el Triumphe des dames, traducción de Fernando de Lucena del Triunfo de las donas de Juan Rodríguez del Padrón, y el Espejo de verdadera nobleza de Diego de Valera, traducido con el título de Traité de noblesse por Gonzalo de Vargas. Ambas se llevaron a cabo durante el mismo período, la corte de Felipe el Bueno. El concepto de poder alumbra tanto las razones de la difusión como las dimensiones históricas y políticas de los textos, poniendo de realce el vínculo entre los artesanos, pero también las dinámicas que las figuras autoriales vertieron en la obra. La traducción está a veces investida de una nueva misión que se superpone a la que el autor original quiso transmitirle, como en el caso del Triumphe des dames, y esto, a diferencia del Traité de noblesse.
As politícas culturais de tradução na corte portuguesa no século XV
Authors: Gomes Saul Antonio
Published: April 2011

Dans cette étude, l’auteur examine le contexte de l’émergence de la production de textes en langue vernaculaire au Portugal durant le Moyen Âge. Plus spécifiquement, il analyse les politiques culturelles mises en oeuvre par les membres de la dynastie des Avis, fondée en 1383-1385 par D. João I, à propos de la promotion des traductions de textes littéraires latins en portugais et du soutien à ces traductions. En effet, le XVe siècle a été, au Portugal, une période particulièrement brillante culturellement au sein de laquelle certaines figures de la dynastie royale, telles que les souverains D. João I et D. Durarte ou l’Infant D. Pedro, ont joué un rôle majeur. L’auteur étudie ainsi spécifi quement l’oeuvre intitulée O Leal Conseilheiro dans laquelle le roi D. Duarte expose l’une des premières théorisations des principes devant guider toute traduction de son texte.
La Crónica particular de San Fernando: sobre los orígenes de la crónica real castellana, II. Los contenidos
Authors: Fernández Gallardo Luis
Published: April 2011

La CPSF, escrita a inicios del siglo XIV, en el entorno molinista, posible emulación de la Vie de Saint Louis de Joinville, es la primera crónica real castellana. Frente a la Estoria de España, limita su objeto al rey, héroe que accede a la santidad por sus virtudes guerreras, que eluden el ideal de cruzada. Fuente primaria de la conquista de Sevilla, la narra como sucesión de anécdotas, con un estilo animado por abundantes diálogos, indicio de memoria nobiliaria oral. Tienen gran protagonismo los caballeros Lorenzo Suárez y Vargas Machuca. Destaca el elogio de Sevilla, expresión de conciencia urbana.
The arene–alkene photocycloaddition
Authors: Streit Ursula , Bochet Christian G
Published: April 2011

In the presence of an alkene, three different modes of photocycloaddition with benzene derivatives can occur; the [2 + 2] or ortho, the [3 + 2] or meta, and the [4 + 2] or para photocycloaddition. This short review aims to demonstrate the synthetic power of these photocycloadditions.
OSTEOGENESIS OF ADIPOSE-DERIVED STEM CELLS ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL, MACROPOROUS GELATIN–HYALURONIC ACID CRYOGELS
Authors: Tsung Liao Han , Chang Kun-Hung , Chen Jyh Ping
Published: April 2011

Aim. Macroporous sponge-like gelatin–hyaluronic acid (Gl–HA) scaffolds cross-linked by EDC were produced using cryogelation technology, which allows for the preparation of highly porous scaffolds without compromising their mechanical properties, and is a more cost-efficient process than freeze drying. The aim of this study is to evaluate the osteogenic potential of porcine adipose-derived stem cells (PADSCs) in GI–HA cryogel.

Method. The character of the GI–HA cryogel was evaluated. The pore size and the microstructure were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The swelling ratio was measured. The PADSCs were harvested and isolated from pig inguinal area. Then, the GI–HA cryogel was seeded with PADSCs. The cryogel/ASCs mixture was cultured in osteogenic medium for 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. The cell proliferation was measured by MTS. The RT-PCR of specific osteogenic gene expression such as osteocalcin (OC), RUNX2 was used to assess the osteogenic ability. The SEM was used to observe the interaction between scaffold and cells. Energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) was used to analyze the mineralization around cells.

Results. The pore size was variable between 200 and 369 μm. The swelling ratio was around 8.67 ± 1.669%. The cell proliferation was increasing along with the increase of induction periods. The expression of early gene of RUNX2 and late gene of OC mean that the PADSCs were differentiated well into osteoblasts within the cryogels. The SEM detailed that the PADSCs cell can proliferate well in the pore of GI–HA scaffold. The EDS also demonstrated the mineralization of PADSCs in GI–HA scaffold after induction.

Conclusions. To conclude, the PADSCs can proliferate and differentiate well into osteoblasts in the three-dimensional, porous, GI–HA cryogel.
IN VITRO OSTEO-INDUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF NANO-GRADE PEARL POWDERS
Authors: Hou Mei-Ju , Shih Chi-Jen
Published: April 2011

The main objective of this study is to characterize the in vitro osteo inductive behavior of pearl nano crystallites. The results obtained from X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and inductively coupled plasma mass (ICP-MS) analysis demonstrate that the pearls can induce the formation of a hydroxyl apatite (HA) layer on their surface in simulated body fluid (SBF), even after only short soaking periods. Further, MC3T3-E1 cells can easily attach and spread on the pearl powders after 1 h of cultivation.
SILICONE HYDROGELS WITH INTERPENETRATING NETWORK STRUCTURE PREPARED BY SIMULTANEOUS FREE-RADICAL/CATIONIC HYBRID POLYMERIZATIONS
Authors: Li Xinsong , Wang Jingjing , Chen Yao
Published: April 2011

Silicone hydrogels with interpenetrating network (IPN) structure were prepared by ultraviolet (UV)-initiated simultaneous free-radical/cationic polymerizations in order to develop contact lens with high performances. The polymerization mechanism was investigated by gel fraction method using polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and 4-hydroxybutyl vinyl ether (HBVE) as a model. The results showed that HEMA and crosslinker ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) polymerized by free-radical mechanism, while HBVE and crosslinker triethylene glycol divinyl ether (DVE-3) polymerized by cationic mechanism. The IPN silicone hydrogels were then prepared by UV-initiated hybrid photopolymerization of monomers including HEMA and bitelechelic polydimethylsiloxane bearing vinyl ethers end-groups (VS) in the presence of free-radical and cationic photoinitiators. Physiochemical properties such as optical properties, ion permeability, contact angle, and mechanical properties of the silicone hydrogels were characterized by UV spectroscopy, ionoflux technique, and tensile tester. The results revealed that the water content, surface wettability, and ion permeability of the hydrogels increased, but the tensile strength and Young's modulus decreased with the increase of the HEMA content.
Priming of Eosinophils by GM-CSF Is Mediated by Protein Kinase CβII-Phosphorylated L-Plastin
Authors: Pazdrak Konrad , Young Travis W. , Straub Christof , Stafford Susan , Kurosky Alexander
Published: April 2011

The priming of eosinophils by cytokines leading to augmented response to chemoattractants and degranulating stimuli is a characteristic feature of eosinophils in the course of allergic inflammation and asthma. Actin reorganization and integrin activation are implicated in eosinophil priming by GM-CSF, but their molecular mechanism of action is unknown. In this regard, we investigated the role of L-plastin, an eosinophil phosphoprotein that we identified from eosinophil proteome analysis. Phosphoproteomic analysis demonstrated the upregulation of phosphorylated L-plastin after eosinophil stimulation with GM-CSF. Additionally, coimmunoprecipitation studies demonstrated a complex formation of phosphorylated L-plastin with protein kinase CβII (PKCβII), GM-CSF receptor α-chain, and two actin-associated proteins, paxilin and cofilin. Inhibition of PKCβII with 4,5-bis(4-fluoroanilino)phtalimide or PKCβII-specific small interfering RNA blocked GM-CSF–induced phosphorylation of L-plastin. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis also showed an upregulation of αMβ2 integrin, which was sensitive to PKCβII inhibition. In chemotaxis assay, GM-CSF treatment allowed eosinophils to respond to lower concentrations of eotaxin, which was abrogated by the above-mentioned PKCβII inhibitors. Similarly, inhibition of PKCβII blocked GM-CSF induced priming for degranulation as assessed by release of eosinophil cationic protein and eosinophil peroxidase in response to eotaxin. Importantly, eosinophil stimulation with a synthetic L-plastin peptide (residues 2–19) phosphorylated on Ser5 upregulated αMβ2 integrin expression and increased eosinophil migration in response to eotaxin independent of GM-CSF stimulation. Our results establish a causative role for PKCβII and L-plastin in linking GM-CSF–induced eosinophil priming for chemotaxis and degranulation to signaling events associated with integrin activation via induction of PKCβII-mediated L-plastin phosphorylation.
Microparticles (Ectosomes) Shed by Stored Human Platelets Downregulate Macrophages and Modify the Development of Dendritic Cells
Authors: Sadallah Salima , Eken Ceylan , Martin Perrine J. , Schifferli Jürg A.
Published: April 2011

Microparticles (MP) shed by platelets (PLT) during storage have procoagulant activities, but little is known about their properties to modify inflammation or immunity. In this study, we studied the capacity of MP present in PLT concentrates to alter the function of macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). The size of the purified MP was between 100 and 1000 nm, and they expressed phosphatidylserine; surface proteins of PLT (CD61, CD36, CD47), including complement inhibitors (CD55, CD59), but not CD63; and proteins acquired from plasma (C1q, C3 fragments, factor H). These characteristics suggest that the MP shed by PLT are formed by budding from the cell surface, corresponding to ectosomes. The purified PLT ectosomes (PLT-Ect) reduced the release of TNF-α and IL-10 by macrophages activated with LPS or zymosan A. In addition, PLT-Ect induced the immediate release of TGF-β from macrophages, a release that was not modified by LPS or zymosan A. Macrophages had a reduced TNF-α release even 24 h after their exposure to PLT-Ect, suggesting that PLT-Ect induced a modification of the differentiation of macrophages. Similarly, the conventional 6-d differentiation of monocytes to immature DC by IL-4 and GM-CSF was modified by the presence of PLT-Ect during the first 2 d. Immature DC expressed less HLA-DP DQ DR and CD80 and lost part of their phagocytic activity, and their LPS-induced maturation was downmodulated when exposed to PLT-Ect. These data indicate that PLT-Ect shed by stored PLT have intrinsic properties that modify macrophage and DC differentiation toward less reactive states.
Staphylococcus aureusBiofilms Prevent Macrophage Phagocytosis and Attenuate Inflammation In Vivo
Authors: Thurlow Lance R. , Hanke Mark L. , Fritz Teresa , Angle Amanda , Aldrich Amy , Williams Stetson H. , Engebretsen Ian L. , Bayles Kenneth W. , Horswill Alexander R. , Kielian Tammy
Published: April 2011

Biofilms are complex communities of bacteria encased in a matrix composed primarily of polysaccharides, extracellular DNA, and protein. Staphylococcus aureus can form biofilm infections, which are often debilitating due to their chronicity and recalcitrance to antibiotic therapy. Currently, the immune mechanisms elicited during biofilm growth and their impact on bacterial clearance remain to be defined. We used a mouse model of catheter-associated biofilm infection to assess the functional importance of TLR2 and TLR9 in the host immune response during biofilm formation, because ligands for both receptors are present within the biofilm. Interestingly, neither TLR2 nor TLR9 impacted bacterial density or inflammatory mediator secretion during biofilm growth in vivo, suggesting that S. aureus biofilms circumvent these traditional bacterial recognition pathways. Several potential mechanisms were identified to account for biofilm evasion of innate immunity, including significant reductions in IL-1β, TNF-α, CXCL2, and CCL2 expression during biofilm infection compared with the wound healing response elicited by sterile catheters, limited macrophage invasion into biofilms in vivo, and a skewing of the immune response away from a microbicidal phenotype as evidenced by decreases in inducible NO synthase expression concomitant with robust arginase-1 induction. Coculture studies of macrophages with S. aureus biofilms in vitro revealed that macrophages successful at biofilm invasion displayed limited phagocytosis and gene expression patterns reminiscent of alternatively activated M2 macrophages. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that S. aureus biofilms are capable of attenuating traditional host proinflammatory responses, which may explain why biofilm infections persist in an immunocompetent host.
The Pleckstrin Homology Domain in the SKAP55 Adapter Protein Defines the Ability of the Adapter Protein ADAP To Regulate Integrin Function and NF-κB Activation
Authors: Burbach Brandon J. , Srivastava Rupa , Ingram Melissa A. , Mitchell Jason S. , Shimizu Yoji
Published: April 2011

Adhesion and degranulation promoting adapter protein (ADAP) is a multifunctional hematopoietic adapter protein that regulates TCR-dependent increases in both integrin function and activation of the NF-κB transcription factor. Activation of integrin function requires both ADAP and the ADAP-associated adapter Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein of 55 kDa (SKAP55). In contrast, ADAP-mediated regulation of NF-κB involves distinct binding sites in ADAP that promote the inducible association of ADAP, but not SKAP55, with the CARMA1 adapter and the TAK1 kinase. This suggests that the presence or absence of associated SKAP55 defines functionally distinct pools of ADAP. To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel SKAP–ADAP chimeric fusion protein and demonstrated that physical association of ADAP with SKAP55 is both sufficient and necessary for the rescue of integrin function in ADAP-deficient T cells. Similar to wild-type ADAP, the SKAP–ADAP chimera associated with the LFA-1 integrin after TCR stimulation. Although the SKAP–ADAP chimera contains the CARMA1 and TAK1 binding sequences from ADAP, expression of the chimera does not restore NF-κB signaling in ADAP−/− T cells. A single point mutation in the pleckstrin homology domain of SKAP55 (R131M) blocks the ability of the SKAP–ADAP chimera to restore integrin function and to associate with LFA-1. However, the R131M mutant was now able to restore NF-κB signaling in ADAP-deficient T cells. We conclude that integrin regulation by ADAP involves the recruitment of ADAP to LFA-1 integrin complexes by the pleckstrin homology domain of SKAP55, and this recruitment restricts the ability of ADAP to interact with the NF-κB signalosome and regulate NF-κB activation.
DNAM-1 Mediates Epithelial Cell-Specific Cytotoxicity of Aberrant Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Lines from Refractory Celiac Disease Type II Patients
Authors: Tjon Jennifer M.-L. , Kooy-Winkelaar Yvonne M. C. , Tack Greetje J. , Mommaas A. Mieke , Schreurs Marco W. J. , Schilham Marco W. , Mulder Chris J. , van Bergen Jeroen , Koning Frits
Published: April 2011

In refractory celiac disease (RCD), intestinal epithelial damage persists despite a gluten-free diet. Characteristic for RCD type II (RCD II) is the presence of aberrant surface TCR-CD3− intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) that can progressively replace normal IELs and eventually give rise to overt lymphoma. Therefore, RCD II is considered a malignant condition that forms an intermediate stage between celiac disease (CD) and overt lymphoma. We demonstrate in this study that surface TCR-CD3− IEL lines isolated from three RCD II patients preferentially lyse epithelial cell lines. FACS analysis revealed that DNAM-1 was strongly expressed on the three RCD cell lines, whereas other activating NK cell receptors were not expressed on all three RCD cell lines. Consistent with this finding, cytotoxicity of the RCD cell lines was mediated mainly by DNAM-1 with only a minor role for other activating NK cell receptors. Furthermore, enterocytes isolated from duodenal biopsies expressed DNAM-1 ligands and were lysed by the RCD cell lines ex vivo. Although DNAM-1 on CD8+ T cells and NK cells is known to mediate lysis of tumor cells, this study provides, to our knowledge, the first evidence that (pre)malignant cells themselves can acquire the ability to lyse epithelial cells via DNAM-1. This study confirms previous work on epithelial lysis by RCD cell lines and identifies a novel mechanism that potentially contributes to the gluten-independent tissue damage in RCD II and RCD-associated lymphoma.
Programmed Death 1 Regulates Development of Central Memory CD8 T Cells after Acute Viral Infection
Authors: Allie S. Rameeza , Zhang Weijun , Fuse Shinchiro , Usherwood Edward J.
Published: April 2011

The T cell response possesses a number of inhibitory receptors to regulate the extent of the antiviral response and prevent immune pathology. These receptors are generally transiently upregulated during an effector response and then downregulated during memory. Some inhibitory receptors, such as programmed death 1 (PD-1) and LAG-3, were shown to be aberrantly upregulated during memory to chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, limiting functional capabilities. However, little is known about the impact of inhibitory receptors on memory development during a normal CD8 T cell response to acute virus infection. Our previous data showed that PD-1 is aberrantly upregulated during a secondary response by memory CD8 T cells that were generated without CD4 T cell help. Therefore, we examined the role of PD-1 in memory differentiation during acute vaccinia virus infection in intact mice. In the absence of PD-1, the primary and memory CD8 T cell responses were enhanced. Moreover, there were distinct phenotypic and functional changes in the memory PD-1−/− CD8 T cells. Higher levels of CD62L, CD27, and CCR7 were detected; cells produced more IL-2 and made an enhanced secondary response. These changes indicate a skewing of the memory population toward the central memory phenotype in the absence of PD-1 signaling.
Somatically Diversified and Proliferating Transitional B Cells: Implications for Peripheral B Cell Homeostasis
Authors: Yeramilli Venkata A. , Knight Katherine L.
Published: April 2011

The peripheral B cell compartment in mice and humans is maintained by continuous production of transitional B cells in the bone marrow. In other species, however, including rabbits, B lymphopoiesis in the bone marrow abates early in life, and it is unclear how the peripheral B cell compartment is maintained. We identified transitional B cells in rabbits and classified them into T1 (CD24highCD21low) and T2 (CD24highCD21+) B cell subsets. By neutralizing B cell-activating factor in vivo, we found an arrest in peripheral B cell development at the T1 B cell stage. Surprisingly, T1 B cells were present in GALT, blood, and spleen of adult rabbits, long after B lymphopoiesis was arrested. T1 B cells were distinct from their counterparts in other species because they are proliferating and the Ig genes are somatically diversified. We designate these newly described cells as T1d B cells and propose a model in which they develop in GALT, self renew, continuously differentiate into mature B cells, and thereby maintain peripheral B cell homeostasis in adults in the absence of B lymphopoiesis.