bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet Femtosecond Laser Creation of Corneal Flap
Authors: Le Harzic Ronan , König Karsten , Wüllner Christian , Vogler Klaus , Donitzky Christof
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To study parameters for ocular femtosecond laser surgery in terms of process efficiency and safety aspects using ultraviolet (UV) femtosecond laser pulses.

Methods:

Studies on corneal surgery and flap processing on enucleated porcine eyes were performed using a newly developed ytterbium-doped gain media laser source. Ultraviolet femtosecond laser pulses centered at a wavelength of 345 nm and working at a repetition rate of 100 kHz were generated by the third harmonics of the 1035-nm fundamental wavelength.

Results:

Flaps with a diameter of 6 mm and a thickness of 100 µm were created in less than 2 minutes with low energy pulses. Transmissions and spectral measurements were performed during flap processing. Less than 2% UV radiation reaches the retina during corneal flap processing. A detectable transmittance towards the retina of visible light centered on 440 nm was found for UV pulses.

Conclusions:

Ultraviolet corneal refractive surgery is a novel procedure and has the potential to be an alternative to infrared refractive surgery considering safety aspects. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:383–389.]
Iris-fixated Anterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lens for Myopia Moves Posteriorly With Mydriasis
Authors: Cruysberg Lars P.J. , Doors Muriel , Berendschot Tos T.J.M. , De Brabander John , Webers Carroll A.B. , Nuijts Rudy M.M.A.
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To elucidate the physiological characteristics of eyes implanted with iris-fixated anterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs), which are increasingly being used for the correction of higher myopic and hyperopic refractive errors.

Methods:

In a case series of 20 patients (39 eyes), the position of the pIOL to the natural lens and the cornea was evaluated under photopic (135 lux) and low mesopic (<1 lux) circumstances with anterior segment optical coherence tomography.

Results:

The distance between the pIOL and the natural lens decreased, and congruently, the distance from the pIOL to the corneal endothelium increased under low mesopic circumstances.

Conclusions:

The distance between the pIOL and the corneal endothelium increases when the pupil dilates under dark circumstances, contributing to the already excellent safety data available on pIOL implantation. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:394–396.]
Calculation of Intraocular Lens Power Using Orbscan II Quantitative Area Topography After Corneal Refractive Surgery
Authors: Arce Carlos G. , Soriano Eduardo S. , Weisenthal Robert W. , Hamilton Stephen M. , Rocha Karolinne M. , Alzamora Juan B. , Maidana Eduardo J. , Vadrevu Vijayalakshmi L. , Himmel Kenneth , Schor Paulo , Campos Mauro
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To present the prospective application of the Orbscan II central 2-mm total-mean corneal power obtained by quantitative area topography in intraocular lens (IOL) calculation after refractive surgery.

Methods:

Calculated and achieved refraction and the difference between them were studied in 77 eyes of 61 patients with previous radial keratotomy (RK), RK and additional surgeries, myopic LASIK, myopic photo-refractive keratectomy (PRK), or hyperopic LASIK who underwent phacoemulsification without complications in 3 eye centers. All IOL calculations used the average from the central 2-mm Orbscan II total-mean power of maps centered on the pupil without the use of previous refractive data. Six IOL styles implanted within the bag were used.

Results:

Using the SRK-T formula, the overall calculated refraction was −0.64±0.93 diopters (D). The overall achieved spherical equivalent refraction (−0.52±0.79 D; range: −3.12 to 1.25 D; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.70/−0.34 D) was ±0.50 D in 53% of eyes, ±1.00 D in 78% of eyes, and ±2.00 D in 99% of eyes. The overall difference between the calculated and achieved refraction (0.12±0.93 D,
P
=.27; range: −2.18 to 2.62 D; 95% CI: 0.09/0.33 D) was ±0.50 D in 39% of eyes, ±1.00 D in 77% of eyes, and ±2.00 D in 96% of eyes. This difference was ±1.00 D in 77% of eyes with RK (
P
=.70), 82% of eyes with myopic LASIK (
P
=.34), and 90% of eyes with myopic PRK (
P
=.96). In eyes with RK followed by LASIK, a trend toward undercorrection was noted (
P
=.03). In eyes with hyperopic LASIK, a trend toward overcorrection was noted (
P
=.005).

Conclusions:

In eyes with previous corneal refractive surgery, IOL power calculation can be performed with reasonable accuracy using the Orbscan II central 2-mm total-mean power. This method had better outcomes in eyes with previous RK, myopic LASIK, and myopic PRK than in eyes with hyperopic LASIK or RK with LASIK.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:1061–1074.]
Anterior Segment Measurements Using Pentacam and Orbscan II 1 to 5 Years After Refractive Surgery
Authors: Kim Sun Woong , Sun Hae Jung , Chang Jee Ho , Kim Eung Kweon
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To compare anterior segment measurements between Pentacam and Orbscan II after laser surface ablation.

Methods:

Corneal thickness, anterior elevation, posterior elevation, and anterior chamber depth more than 1 year after laser refractive surgery were measured using Pentacam and Orbscan II in 51 eyes that underwent laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) and 21 eyes that underwent photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). As controls, the same comparisons were made in 52 unoperated eyes.

Results:

Mean follow-up was 28.2 months in the LASEK group and 49.9 months in the PRK group. Mean corneal thickness using Pentacam was thicker than that using Orbscan by 10.4 µm in unoperated eyes, 22.6 µm in LASEK eyes, and 11.0 µm in PRK eyes, but the two devices showed good correlation in all groups. Mean anterior elevation was highly correlated between the two devices with 2.1-µm differences in LASEK eyes, but posterior elevation showed no correlation with significant discrepancies. Mean anterior chamber depth was 0.12- to 0.14-µm thicker with Pentacam than with Orbscan, and highly correlated in all groups.

Conclusions:

Pentacam and Orbscan showed good correlations in corneal thickness, anterior elevation, and anterior chamber depth despite some differences in mean values. The two devices, however, showed no correlation in posterior elevation measurements, a difference that was greater in the postoperative groups.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:1091–1097.]
Corneal Endothelial Cell Density After Femtosecond Thin-flap LASIK and PRK for Myopia: A Contralateral Eye Study
Authors: Smith Ryan T. , Waring George O. , Durrie Daniel S. , Stahl Jason E. , Thomas Priscilla
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To compare the effect of femtosecond thin-flap LASIK and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) on postoperative endothelial cell density.

Methods:

In a prospective, randomized, contralateral, single-center clinical trial, 25 patients (mean age: 30±5 years [range: 21 to 38 years]) underwent PRK in one eye and thin-flap LASIK in the fellow eye for the correction of myopia using a wavefront-guided platform. The central corneal endothelial cell density was measured using the NIDEK Confoscan 4 preoperatively, and at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. Changes in endothelial cell density were analyzed over time between the two refractive techniques.

Results:

In PRK, the average preoperative endothelial cell density was 3011±329 cells/mm2, which decreased to 2951±327 cells/mm2at 1 month (P=.5736) and 2982±365 cells/mm2at 3 months (P=.6513). In thin-flap LASIK, the average preoperative endothelial cell density was 2995±325 cells/mm2, which decreased to 2977±358 cells/mm2at 1 month (P=.5756) and 2931±369 cells/mm2at 3 months (P=.4106). No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups at 1 (P=.7404) or 3 (P=.3208) months postoperatively.

Conclusions:

No statistically significant change was noted in endothelial cell density following either PRK or thin-flap LASIK for the treatment of myopia. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups out to 3 months postoperatively, indicating that thin-flap LASIK is as safe as PRK with regards to endothelial health.

[J Refract Surg. 2009;25:1098–1102.]
Evolutionary analysis of five bryophyte families using virtual fossils
Authors: Zander Richard H.
Published: December 2009

Traditional taxa paraphyletic or polyphyletic on a molecular phylogenetic tree may be interpreted as populations of surviving ancestors that are evolutionarily static in expressed traits though labile in DNA traits used to track genetic continuity. In those cases in which re-evolution (convergence) of such taxa is deemed improbable, such heterophyly may be used to infer evolutionary series of virtual fossils reflecting macroevolution. Descent with modification of taxa is here demonstrated by reinterpreting published cladograms of molecular studies of Dicranaceae, Pottiaceae, Grimmiaceae, Hypopterygiaceae, and Mniaceae as taxon trees. Given this argument, superimposed inferred ancestors are support for the theory of punctuated equilibrium.
USE QCM TO MEASURE SELF-ASSEMBLING MONOLAYER, PLASMA MODIFICATION, AND SURFACE GRAFT POLYMERIZATION
Authors: Chen Ko-Shao , Wu Hsin-Ming , Hung Tsui-Shan , Tsao Chia-Hui
Published: December 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency shift of the gold film electrode of a quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) made by steps of applying self-assembling monolayer (SAM), plasma treatment, and UV-induced graft polymerization on the surface. Thiol group containing 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) was employed for depositing SAM onto gold surfaces. Oxygen plasma treatment was then applied to the SAM to generate sufficient amounts of peroxides and hydroperoxides, which could further initiate UV-induced graft polymerization. Measurements of contact angle and oscillation frequency on the prepared QCM indicate that the SAM-modified gold film surface provides an effective method of making the surface hydrophilic and altering the frequency of QCM through the plasma treatment and graft copolymerization with an appropriate monomer.
WEIGHTED DATA FUSION FOR FLEXIBLE pH SENSORS ARRAY
Authors: Chou Jung-Chuan , Chen Chien-Cheng
Published: December 2009

Data fusion is a frequent statistic method that can be applied to sensor development field, such as multisensors and sensors array. In this study, the analytic data fusion methods consist of the arithmetic mean and weighted data fusion used to estimate the measured pH data of flexible pH sensors array. The main part of the flexible 2 × 4 pH sensors array was fabricated by screen printing, and the ruthenium dioxide ( RuO2 ) thin film on each sensor of the sensor array was deposited by radio frequency (RF)-sputtering method. In accordance with experiment results, the pH values estimated by weighted data fusion method are accurate than by arithmetic mean method. Furthermore, that the flexible sensors array is actually used to detect the pH value of different commercial drinks is also investigated.
NOVEL STABLE HUMIDITY LAYERS PREPARED BY SURFACE GRAFT POLYMERIZATION OF ANIONIC MONOMERS MIXING WITH PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE
Authors: Chen Ko-Shao , Wu Hsin-Ming , Lin Hong-Ru , Liao Shu-Juan , Hung Tsui-Shan , Lin Hsiu-Chia , Yu-Chia Tsao
Published: December 2009

In this study, humidity-sensitive polymer layer containing phenol-formaldehyde resin prepared by spinning coating on the comb-shape type electrode followed by UV-graft polymerization of soluble monomer was performed to improve the sensitivity. In this investigation, grafting of P-styrenesulfonic acid sodium salt (NaSS) treated with hexamethyldisilazan (HMDSZ) plasma and acrylic acid (AAc) followed by isopropanol (IPA) plasma were used as monomer for UV surface graft polymerization. Results show the first one adding different ratio of phenol-formaldehyde resin. This type of sensor has linear response with %RH, and high sensitivity (impedance from 106 to 103). The impedance of second type of sensor was linear response with %RH, impedance varies from 107 to 105.
VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT APPLIED TO MULTIELECTRODE DETECTION
Authors: Chou Jung-Chuan , Chen Wei-Chuan
Published: December 2009

The sensor is a kind of device about electrochemical science, its applications include clinical and environmental analyses, physiology, and process control; therefore, how to accurately detect the signal of the sensor is one of the most important things for analyzing the characteristics of sensor. For potentiometric device, this study relates to a multielectrode measurement system based on the programable software, LabVIEW, forming a virtual instrument (VI). This system is built as a voltage versus time (V–T) framework and a dynamic detection system. We selected two devices, a digital multimeter (HP 34401A) and a homemade VI, synchronously to measure the sources of a direct current (DC) signal and an electrode cell (EC), respectively. The maximum errors between the two devices are 0.639 mV in DC supply and 0.345 mV in EC supply, which specifies that the efficiency of design measurement system is good for detection.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SCREEN-PRINTED CALCIUM ION SENSOR
Authors: Chou Jung-Chuan , Li Ji-Hua , Lee Tsung-Sum
Published: December 2009

In this study, the ruthenium dioxide ( RuO2 ) thin film as sensing film of pH sensor was deposited on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by radio frequency sputtering. The pH-sensor based on separative extended gate field effect transistor (SEGFET) was fabricated by screen-printed technology through two different fabrication methods. And the calcium ion selective membrane was dropped on sensing window of SEGFET to perform the calcium ion sensor. In addition, the difference between the two fabrication methods was studied, and the hysteresis effect of calcium ion sensor was analyzed in this study. At present, the pH-sensor has been fabricated successfully, its sensitivity and linearity are 60.36 mV/pH and 0.999 from pH1 to pH11 at 30°C, respectively. As well as the sensitivity and linearity of calcium ion sensor are 27.71 mV/pCa and 0.987 in the range of 1 M–10-4 M CaCl2 solutions, respectively.
REALIZATION OF PLATFORM FOR ION CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENT
Authors: Chou Jung-Chuan , Lee Chang-Chi
Published: December 2009

LabVIEW has complete development and compiler environment, so the display, saved and transmission interface, etc. are compiled by LabVIEW software in this study. LabVIEW and microcontroller can be integrated for the platform of ion concentration measurement, as well as the acquisition of sensing signal can be obtained via microcontroller. Moreover, the pCl and pH value can be separated in platform of ion concentration measurement. Besides, the platform of ion concentration measurement is measured in pCl2 standard solution, the results are between pCl1.83 and pCl2.08. Hence, the platform of ion concentration measurement has been successfully realized.
STUDY ON THE POTENTIOMETRIC GLUCOSE BIOSENSOR BASED ON THE SnO2/ITO/PET
Authors: Li Sheng-Kai , Chou Jung-Chuan , Sun Tai-Ping , Hsiung Shen-Kan
Published: December 2009

A potentiometric glucose biosensor based on a SnO2/ITO/PET substrate is presented in this study. The sensing membrane of SnO2 is coated on ITO/PET substrate by utilized radio frequency (RF)-sputtering method of semiconductor fabrication. The potentiometric glucose biosensor is established on an FET-type pH sensor. Therein, the glucose oxidase (GOD) and chitosan/multi-wall carbon nano-tubes (chitosan/MWCNTs) are immobilized by 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (3-GPTS). Finally, the drift characteristic and calibration curve of the potentiometric pH sensor and potentiometric glucose biosensor is discussed in the following article. We find the nonideal effect of device reduced significantly, due to the coating of SnO2 thin film.
RECOGNITION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS UTILIZING A PORTABLE ELECTRONIC NOSE
Authors: Lin Yu-Chun , Lu Hui-Hsin , Chen I-Cherng , Yang Dongfang , Lin Chii-Wann
Published: December 2009

In this study, we proposed a portable electronic nose (e-nose) system based on a microcontroller (MSP430-FG439) combined with a tin oxide ( SnO2 ) gas sensor, which was heated by a cyclic heating method, to recognize the volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We had demonstrated that this e-nose system can classify and quantify VOCs, such as methanol and ethanol. The sensitivity of the e-nose system had good linearity in the concentration range of 10–40 ppm of these two VOCs, respectively. This portable e-nose system was implemented with a microcontroller acted as CPU, an LCD for displaying information of gases in real time, a wireless communication system, ZigBee, and a warning system.
RAPID CHARACTERIZATION AND SEPARATION OF ISOGENIC MUTANTS OF H. PYLORI BY DIELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Lin Chi-Chang , Li Sheng-Kai , Sheu Bor-Shyang , Chang Hsien-Chang
Published: December 2009

A simple, fast, real-time, and nondestructive analysis of protein expression in biological samples, such as membranes, based on dielectrophoresis is described. On the basis of the distinct differences in the dielectrophoretic properties of individual cell types, the wild-type BabA-positive Helicobacter pylori isolates and its BabA-negative isogenic mutant can be identified and separated. The herein-presented approach of using microelectrodes should be an easy-to-use, cheap, and rapid alternative to separate and distinguish the presence or absence of important outer-membrane proteins.
USING IMPEDANCE-SENSING SYSTEM TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF WOUND HEALING BEHAVIOR ON CELLS TREATED BY VITAMIN C
Authors: Lee Hsiao-Chen , Lin Chi-Chang , Yu Shun-Sheng , Chang Bin-Wha , Chang Hsien-Chang
Published: December 2009

Burn injuries could be local or systemic problems, so multiple disciplines should be considered, including nutrition. Vitamin C is a cofactor of prolyl and lysyl hydroxylation for collagen maturation and ceramide synthesis and an important water-soluble free radical scavenger. Clinically, supplement of vitamin C is part of burn care for improving the healing process and decreasing further damage. With modified interdigitated microelectrode plate (IMP), electrical burn of MDCK cells was produced with constant current for few seconds. Healing process of cells damaged by different duration of direct constant current and damaged cells treated with 100 μM vitamin C were recorded by modified IMP and impedance-sensing system. The rate of change of conductivity is fast in the group of shorter exposure time and vitamin C-treated cells. Compared with the result of MTT test, we concluded that vitamin C decreased the duration of healing through increase cell proliferation.
AN AFFINITY SENSOR IMPROVED BY EWOD ACTUATOR-BASED MICROFLUIDIC CHIP
Authors: Liu Chin-Wei , Lin Chi-Chang , Chen Li-Chia , Fan Shih-Kang , Chang Hsien-Chang
Published: December 2009

We propose an improved immunoassay method with EWOD-based microfluidic biochip. Electro-wetting on dielectric (EWOD) is based on contact angle-changed phenomenon of droplet on the channel surface. The reactant-containing droplet can be moved from reservoir to a modified electrode area, which a stir function can be provided by controlling AC electro-osmosis flow (ACEOF). The immunochemistry reaction takes place on our modified area via electro-wetting actuation, and the signal from fluorescent or electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to confirm the performance of designed element.
MESOPOROUS CARBON POWDER GAS SENSORS FOR DETECTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE
Authors: Lu Chih-Cheng , Liao Kuan-Hsun , Tsai Jeff Tsung-Hui , Liu Chueh-Yang , Leu Jih-Perng
Published: December 2009

This article reports a new class of silicon-based microgas sensors utilizing hexagonally-ordered mesoporous carbon powders (MCPs) as the sensitive film. The mesoporous carbon powders featuring high-specific surface area are replicated by the SBA-15 silica template and immobilized between Cr electrodes on a 9 × 9 cm silicon chip by using a.c. dielectrophoresis (DEP) process at room temperature. The silicon sensor platform comprises Cr microheaters embedded in a dielectric thin membrane manufactured by microelectromechanical systems back-etching techniques. It is shown that MCPs can be satisfactorily aligned along electric fields and accumulated to the electrode area. Investigations into CO detection are carried out to verify gas-sensitive characteristics of the MCP nanofilm. Our experimental results disclose the mesoporous carbon powders are successfully chemoresistive to CO , and demonstrate distinct resistance change with respect to ppm-level variation. In addition, response time, recovery time, and reproducible sensing behavior are experimentally obtained.
STRUCTURAL DAMAGE BY RHINOCYLLUS CONICUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) WITHIN THE FLOWERHEADS OF NODDING THISTLE
Authors: Shorthouse J. D. , Lalonde R. G.
Published: December 2009

The larvae of Rhinocyllus conicus Froel. feed within the flowerheads of Carduus nutans by tunneling through callus that appears near feeding sites, by forming chambers of callus beneath developing florets, or by tunneling within pith of the peduncle. The induction of callus by R. conicus is a gall-like response providing the larvae with additional nutriment and a shelter. Callus formation also reduces plant resources destined for developing additional flowerheads.
ADULT-LARVAL INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION IN AGROMYZA FRONTELLA (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE)
Authors: Quiring Daniel T. , McNeil Jeremy N.
Published: December 2009

Both adult females and larvae of Agromyza frontella (Rondani) exploit the same food source, alfalfa leaflets. In laboratory studies, larval development in leaflets with many adult nutrition holes resulted in a higher incidence of mortality than in leaflets with low levels of adult feeding. Furthermore, in heavily attacked leaflets, survivors had a slightly longer larval developmental time and lower pupal weights. In heavily attacked alfalfa fields where adult nutrition holes are numerous, the above-mentioned adult–larval interaction could play a density-dependent role in the population dynamics of A. frontella. However, in most situations adult feeding probably has an indirect effect, accentuating intraspecific larval competition by decreasing the quantity of the available limiting resource.
SAMPLING POPULATIONS OF THE IMPORTED CRUCIFER WEEVIL,BARIS LEPIDII(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN COMMERCIAL HORSERADISH
Authors: Sherrod Daniel W. , Eastman Catherine E. , Ruesink William G. , Randell Roscoe
Published: December 2009

The imported crucifer weevil,Baris lepidiiGermar, was sampled in commercial horseradish fields by pitfall traps, visual counts, baits, soil cores, and square area removal. Adult counts from soil cores taken directly over the plant crown were closely related to those from 0.25 m2samples centered around the whole plant. Numbers of adults determined by relative sampling techniques such as visual counts, pitfall traps, and baits were not closely related to the number of adults recovered in soil cores. All of the fields examined had adult weevils present at planting time as indicated by bait catches. No sampling method was an adequate predictor of the percentage of horseradish roots infested withB. lepidiiat harvest.
THE EFFECT OF SOD TYPE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) IN A PEST MANAGEMENT APPLE ORCHARD
Authors: Holliday N. J. , Hagley E. A. C.
Published: December 2009

The effects on carabids of natural, fescue, and rye sod types and of tillage were investigated in a pest management apple orchard. Carabids were sampled before and after the treatments by pitfall trapping and by two types of soil sampling. There were no significant effects of sod type on pitfall trap catches; however the abundance of all common species in soil samples was significantly affected by sod types. Usually in soil samples carabids were most abundant in natural sod and least abundant in tilled plots; numbers were intermediate in fescue and rye. Sod type did not affect structure or diversity of the carabid fauna.
MUTATIONS INDROSOPHILA MELANOGASTERAFFECTING PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSE TO MALATHION
Authors: Pluthero Fred G. , Threlkeld Stephen F. H.
Published: December 2009

Mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster(Meigen) with altered resistance to the insecticide malathion were isolated and tested for their avoidance response to the insecticide. A correlation between sensitivity to the insecticide and increased avoidance was detected. Approximate chromosome map locations were determined for the loci of the mutations.
THE WORLD RHYPAROCHROMINAE (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE) XVIII. THE GENUS SINIERUS DISTANT
Authors: Scudder G. G. E.
Published: December 2009

The genus Sinierus Distant contains three distinct species. The genus and the type-species S. capensis (Dallas) are redescribed, the latter being reported widely from Africa. Two other species are described as new, S. explanatus from tropical Africa and S. nudus from Madagascar. A key to species is also presented.
RELATING FEEDING RATES TO SEX AND SIZE IN SIX SPECIES OF GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Holmberg Robert G. , Hardman John Michael
Published: December 2009

Nymphs and adults of both sexes of six species of grasshoppers, Camnula pellucida, Dissosteira carolina, Melanoplus infantilis, M. sanguinipes, M. packardii and M. bivittatus, were fed wheat seedlings to determine daily feeding rates. The relationships between the feeding rates and five indices of body size were checked with five types of equations — power, parabolic, exponential, linear, and logarithmic. For combined data for all species, the power equation (y = axb) produced the best correlations with the feeding rate being proportional to the 1.56 power of pronotum length, 1.87 of femur length, 1.94 of body length, 0.72 of live weight, and 0.66 of dry weight. The power equation underestimated nymphal feeding and overestimated adult feeding. Better correlations were obtained when separate power equations were used for nymphs and adults. While the b parameters for the nymph equations did not differ significantly from those for the adult equations, the a parameters for nymphs were much larger, reflecting that nymphs ate more relative to their size than adults. For individual species, the parabolic equation (y = a + bx + cx2) was as good or sometimes better than the power equation. Generally, ranking the indices of body size by their coefficients of determination (r2 values) produced the following hierarchy: pronotum length (best), femur length, live weight, dry weight, and body length (worst). However, as the differences between the best and worst indices were minor (usually less than 10%) and as live weight and body length are easy to determine, we recommend the use of either of these two indices for estimating feeding rates.
REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR CONE GALL MIDGE, CONTARINIA OREGONENSIS (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Miller G. E. , Borden J. H.
Published: December 2009

The reproductive behaviour of the Douglas-fir cone gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote, was studied in the laboratory and in cages outdoors. Adult emergence began in mid-April outdoors and lasted about 2 weeks. Emergence began outdoors at 0600–0700 h Pacific Standard Time, peaked at 1100 h and continued until 1900 h; females dominated emergence early in the day. Mating occurred on or near the duff from which females emerged. Virgin females appeared to “call” males by extending their ovipositors and waving them back and forth, and this behaviour was followed by mating. Laboratory bioassay s using rinses of female abdomens gave further evidence that virgin females produce a sex pheromone. Oviposition behaviour on already infested conelets differed from that on uninfested conelets and suggested the presence of an oviposition deterrent. The mean number of eggs developed by the females was 254, 93% of which were usually laid during the life of the females.
DIFFERENCES IN THE UTILIZATION OF TREE SPECIES AS LARVAL HOSTS AND PUPATION SITES BY THE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Mauffette Yves , Lechowicz Martin J.
Published: December 2009

In the summer of 1980, gypsy moth populations were monitored in 13 sparsely infested forests in southwestern Quebec; counts of living and dead larvae and pupae were made on 1,870 trees representing 28 deciduous and one coniferous species. Contrary to our null expectations, the proportionate numbers of pupae compared with larvae on the various host species were not equal. Hosts more preferred by larvae were less preferred by pupae, and vice versa. For example, pupae were disproportionately abundant on host species like Acer pensylvanicum L., Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, and Juglans cinerea L. which are not generally favored larval hosts. Conversely, favored larval hosts like Quercus rubra L. and Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch carried lower numbers of pupae than expected from the numbers of larvae feeding on them. Such differential utilization of host trees by larvae versus pupae, which can arise either from host-dependent differences in larval mortality or from late instar migration between hosts, may contribute to maintaining the broad polyphagy of gypsy moth larvae.
PREMIERE MENTION D'AEDES IMPLICATUSET D'AEDES DIANTAEUS(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) AU NOUVEAU-BRUNSWICK
Authors: Maltais Patrick , Daigle Jean-Yves
Published: December 2009

En 1980, en faisant l'inventaire des espèces de moustiques de la péninsule de Shippagan au Nouveau-Brunswick, nous avons capturé deux espèces nouvelles pour la province; les dates et les milieux de capture sont précisés. L'identification des culicides s'est faite à l'aide de la clé de Woodet al.(1979). La Flore Laurentienne de Marie-Victorin (1964) a été utiliste pour l'identification et la nomenclature des plantes citées. Les spécimens larvaires ont été prélevés à l'aide d'un filet de type Langeron d'un diamètre de 20 cm, avec lequel une distance prédéterminée a été parcourue. Les larves ainsi prélevées furent comptées en laboratoire et les résultats exprimés en nombre de larves par m3(larves/m3).
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE CABBAGE APHID, BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AT VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA: II. DEVELOPMENT, FECUNDITY, AND LONGEVITY
Authors: Raworth D. A.
Published: December 2009

Developmental time of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) was measured in the laboratory at 8°, 13°, 18°, and 23 °C. Time from birth to adult was 126 degree-days above a threshold of 6.7 °C (°D6.7). Age-specific fecundity and longevity was measured at 13°, 18°, and 23 °C. The temperature thresholds for birth and physiological death rates were not significantly different from 6.7 °C. Fecundity averaged 40.7 nymphs/female and did not vary with temperature or frequency of removal of nymphs. Peak reproduction occurred 75°D6.7 after the molt to adult. Although the time of peak reproduction did not vary as a function of fecundity, height of the reproductive peak and length of the reproductive period did, but not in a 1:1 proportion. Age-specific fecundity was described as a polynomial function of aphid age in °D6.7 and fecundity. Longevity did not vary as a function of fecundity. All aphids survived until after the reproductive peak, so the sum of the age-specific fecundities very nearly equaled the net reproductive rate. Measurements of developmental time, fecundity, and longevity of B. brassicae in the field were 1.3, 0.66, and 1.2 times the respective laboratory value. Consecutive measurements of developmental time and fecundity showed that the former increased and the latter decreased during the season. The consequences of variable developmental time, fecundity, and age-specific reproductive pattern to the quantitative representation of population growth rates are discussed.
DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF NATIVE BEE POLLINATORS ON BERRY CROPS AND NATURAL VEGETATION IN THE LOWER FRASER VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: MacKenzie Kenna E. , Winston Mark L.
Published: December 2009

Native bee pollinators were collected and observed on cultivated blueberry, raspberry, and cranberry and on natural non-cultivated plants such as blackberry, buttercup, fireweed, thistle, and hairy cat's ear. Higher abundance and diversity of native bees were found on natural vegetation than on berry crops. Native bee populations on berry crops increased from 1981 to 1982, although diversity was similar. Native bees were not abundant enough to ensure adequate pollination of berry crops, and therefore, the use of managed honey bees is advisable. Pesticide impact, competition with managed honey bees, and habitat destruction have probably decreased native bee populations in agricultural areas of the Fraser Valley.

The use of a standard measure of native pollinator abundance, bees observed/min/m2, is recommended for future studies of this kind.
EFFECT OF TEMPORAL FACTORS ON REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION BETWEEN CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS AND C. RETINIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Liebhold Andrew M. , Volney W. Jan A.
Published: December 2009

The seasonal distributions of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and C. retiniana (Walsingham) males attracted to pheromone sources overlapped considerably at two sites in south-central Oregon. Bimodality in the seasonal distributions of trapped males of both species was associated with a period of cool weather. The daily periods of female calling, and attraction of males to female-baited traps and to chemically baited traps overlapped greatly between the two species. However, these three aspects of C. occidentalis mating behavior began 1–2 h before those of C. retiniana. Under laboratory conditions, there was also considerable overlap in the calling periods of the two species; but again, C. occidentalis females initiated calling slightly earlier than did female C. retiniana. Females of both species continued to call many hours past the cessation of male attraction to pheromones in the field. Male attraction to pheromones occurred earlier on cool evenings than on warm evenings. Laboratory studies indicated a similar effect of temperature on timing of female calling. Little intraspecific variation in calling periodicity was observed among field-collected populations of each species. However, a C. occidentalis laboratory colony appeared to have partially lost its circadian rhythm of calling.
The Interaction Between Orgilus obscurator (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Temelucha interruptor (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Parasites of the Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Arthur A. P. , Stainer J. E. R. , Turnbull A. L.
Published: December 2009

Observations by other authors showing that T. interruptor attacks more host larvae that had been previously parasitized by O. obscurator than unparasitized hosts were confirmed in the present study. Preference for buds previously visited by females of O. obscurator, as compared to unvisited buds, was demonstrated. Preliminary experiments to determine the factors involved in this preference and their implication are reported. These studies indicate that the policy of importing and releasing T. interruptor in North America to assist in the control of R. buoliana was unwise.
Macdonald College Test Kits for Testing the Susceptibility of Stored Products Insect Pests to Residual Insecticides
Authors: Kumar V. , Morrison F. O.
Published: December 2009

A standardized technique for establishing the susceptibility levels of adult stages of stored product pests to residual contact insecticides has been designed using disposable containers, standard kits and standard procedures. Filter papers are impregnated with a series of concentrations of the material being tested. Acetone is the preferred solvent for impregnation. Sufficiently non-volatile materials are supplied on the papers. Volatile materials are applied by the testers using standard solutions and papers, a ‘bed-of-nails’ and a hypodermic syringe. Paper cups with perforated lids serve as both exposure and holding cages and are then destroyed. Fittcd glass rings keep exposure areas constant and prevent insect escape. When an anaesthetic is required carbon dioxide is employed. Pre-exposure holding (i.e. starvation or other procedures), lengths of exposure periods, duration of holding or recovery period and other pertinent points are established for all common pests. Data forms are supplied to cooperators. Calculated probit-log-dosage regression lines and LD50's obtained therefrom indicate susceptibility levels and allow for comparisons between populations separated both in time and space.
Mites Parasitizing Eggs of Bark Beetles of the Genus Ips
Authors: Lindquist Evert E.
Published: December 2009

A display that exemplifies relationships between mites and insects is especially appropriate for an exhibit of acarology at the Centennial of Entomology in Canada. Mites of some 15 genera in ten families are associated with bark beetles. Those of a species group in the genus Tarsonemoides (Acarina: Tarsonemidae) are specialized as egg parasites of Ips (Scolytidae). This exhibit is based on research by Lindquist and Bedard (1961: Canad. Ent. 93: 982-999) on species of Tarsonemoides with Ips in California and is illustrated with similar material from Toronto.
Comments on Fluctuations of Animal Populations and Measures of Community Stability
Authors: Watt K. E. F.
Published: December 2009

Three questions are asked in this paper.

(1) Is the numerical stability of an insect species through time a function of the number of species of food eaten by that species?

(2) Is the information content of a genus related to the stability of species in the genus?

(3) Is the information content of an insect genus related to the number of species of food eaten by the species in that genus?

Data in the Canadian Forest Insect Survey bulletins on Forest Macrolepidoptera are used to answer all three questions; data on parasitic Hymenoptera stored in museums are used to answer the third question. There is some indication that stability decreases with number of host species, and that information content of a genus is less, the less the stability of the species it contains. The evidence from both bodies of data suggests that information content of a genus is less, the greater the average number of species of food eaten by the species in the genus.
An Effect of Static Electricity on Captures in Insect Traps
Authors: Maw M. G.
Published: December 2009

The plastics and synthetic fibre materials used in insect traps may acquire and hold an electrical charge that could affect the efficiency of the traps. This became apparent while the Belleville rotary trap (Nicholls 1960) was being used to determine the influence of weather on insect numbers.

Over a period of a few weeks my colleague, Dr. J. A. Juillet, found that one net of the trap consistently caught more parasitic Hymenoptera (sometimes twice the number) than the other. Tests with an electrometer showed that the net of the trap that caught the lesser number of insects carried a negative electrical charge that created a potential difference with respect to ground of 40 volts at one centimetre from the net. Further observation revealed chat the charged net was set slightly higher than the other and that it struck a leaf of a nearby sapling as it rotated. The repeated brief contact was apparently sufficient to cause the net to be electrified. When the leaf was removed the charge on the net gradually dissipated and the numbers of insects caught in the two nets of the trap tended to be equal.
The Male Genitalia in Gryllinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and a Tribal Revision
Authors: Randell Robert Latham
Published: December 2009

On the basis of the relative size of the spermatophore sac the subfamily Gryllinae is separated into two tribes, Gymnogryllini and Gryllini, this structure being small in the former and very large in the latter. Each tribe is further divided into two subtribes on the basis of consistent differences in the shape of the epiphallus. Six new genera are added.

The presence of styli on the epiphallus of species ofTuranogryllusTarbinski is suggested as evidence for the origin of the male genitalia from the segmental appendages. Possible homologies of the structures of the male genitalia of Grylloidea and Acridoidea are suggested.
Qualitative Changes in Populations in Unstable Environments
Authors: Wellington W. G.
Published: December 2009

Inactive moths of Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar) oviposit near their birthplaces, and most of their offspring also are inactive. More active moths can travel farther before they oviposit, and always have a higher proportion of vigorous individuals among their progeny.

Such polymorphism allows the insect to cope with environmental diversity; e.g., inactive residents exploit favourable habitats, and active migrants colonize more severe habitats, or replenish the vigour of other populations.

Because the most active moths usually export the most vigorous progeny, the population left behind becomes less vigorous during successive generations. This steadily decreasing vitality eliminates local populations that are not replenished by vigorous immigrants.

Qualitative changes in Malacosoma populations follow this basic pattern, but the rate of deterioration is affected by the habitat. Departing migrants fly too high to be stopped by small trees in farmland, bur many are stopped near their source by tall trees in forests. Deterioration therefore is slower in forests. Forests also delay return migration to nearby farmlands, and thus allow some farmland populations to deteriorate unchecked.

In a fluctuating climate, the size of the area tolerable for the species varies annually. When it begins to expand, the vigorous progeny of active moths can take immediate advantage of slight local improvements. Consequently, they are the first to exploit each marginal habitat that becomes tolerable. But while better climate persists, some less active descendants of these pioneers appear in all occupied habitats.

When the regional climate deteriorates, the tolerable area contracts, and most marginal populations are totally destroyed. Moreover, even within the contracted tolerable area, the harsher climate becomes intolerable for any deteriorated stock. In the next generation, therefore, the only regional survivors are vigorous colonies deposited in the tolerable area by some of the few migrants that escaped the widespread destruction of the preceding generation in the margins. Their descendants recolonize depopulated sections of the refuge, and so preserve the species in the region while the climate remains severe.
Biology of the Swaine Jack-Pine Sawfly in Wisconsin
Authors: Becker G. C. , Benjamin D. M.
Published: December 2009

The Swaine jack-pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd., is a serious defoliator of jack pine in Canada, and has been reported widely in the Lake States. The largest populations in Wisconsin were on plantations and windbreaks. It is host specific and feeds primarily on old foliage. Damage to new foliage is sporadic, usually being heaviest late in the season. When forced to feed on red, eastern white, or Scotch pines the sawfly develops abnormally. It is not a serious threat to these species. In southern Wisconsin, adults emerge during June; eggs are present from mid-June to mid- July; larvae feed during July and August; heaviest feeding damage occurs in late July and early August; late larval populations feed throughout September. Fecundity was 116 ± 17 eggs. Eggs are placed in new needles, and "paired eggs" are characteristic. The distribution pattern of eggs within a single cluster is characterized for long and for short shoots of new growth. Female larvae require five or six feeding instars, males five. Phenological observations are correlated with sawfly development.
Zeiraphera griseana Hübner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the European Alps. A Contribution to the Problem of Cycles
Authors: Baltensweiler W.
Published: December 2009

The grey larch budmoth, Zeiraphera griseana Hb., defoliates the extensive larch forests of the European Alps at intervals of from six to eight years. Historical records on the development of visible damage for ten gradations, together with quantitative results on the population dynamics of the last full gradation, provide the explanation of this cyclic phenomenon. Average weather conditions allowing a steady population increase, the deciduous habit of the host tree, and a high rate of increase constitute a simple ecological situation which results in regular oscillations of populations of this insect.
The Biology of Carpenter Ants in New Brunswick
Authors: Sanders C. J.
Published: December 2009

Thirty-five colonies of three species of carpenter ant were examined: 25 ofCamponotus herculeanus, 9 ofC.noveboracensis, and 1 ofC.pennsylvanicus. Workings were examined in about 150 trees. No major differences were noticed in the biology of the first two species.

All individuals were taken from two overwintering, torpid,C.herculeanuscolonies; the larger contained 6,000 workers, 550 winged forms, and 6,500 larvae. Larvae were of two sizes and it is thought that the life cycle covers two years in New Brunswick. Frequency curves of worker head widths show that there are majors and minors, the minors being more numerous, especially in small colonies.

Each colony typically occupied several trees, only one of which contained the brood; the others had less extensive workings. Entrances were underground and led to tunnels connecting the trees within each colony. Surplus wood chips were buried in the ground. Ant activity in the tunnels was continuous through the day and night; few ants were seen on the forest floor.

Woodpeckers are important enemies and had attacked one third of the brood trees.

The workings frequently assist wind breakage and damage butt logs. From the roots they extend to a height of 4-6 ft., occasionally higher. 1% of the spruce, and 2-4% of the balsam fir examined had been attacked. This may lead to loss of 10% of merchantable volume, and possibly a higher figure for eastern white cedar.
A Short Method for Making Balsam Mounts of Aphids and Scale Insects
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

An abbreviated method for making balsam mounts is described. It uses the known rapid-clearing properties of phenolic solutions and eliminates the necessity of dehydration in various strengths of alcohol.
Parasitological Data as an Aid in Aphid Classification
Authors: Mackauer Manfred
Published: December 2009

Existing theories and conclusions on the taxonomic relationships between various aphids are based on a study of those insects alone, and are often a matter of opinion.

True taxonomic relationships frequently are revealed when the host ranges of the insect parasites of aphids are considered.

Conclusions from a study of the host-relationships of aphid parasites of the family Aphidiidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea): support the division of the superfamily Aphidoidea into Phylloxerina and Aphidina; support that Chaitophoridae, Callaphididae and Aphididae (including Lachnidae) form a monophyletic group, with the Aphididae the most recent member; support the view that the Rosaceae complex of Aphididae is natural; show that the aphid host plant usually has no decisive influence on the potential host range of an aphidiid species, even in cases of a taxonomically discontinuous change in host plants; and do not support the placement of the genus Drepanosiphum with the family Callaphididae, subfamily Phyllaphidinae.