bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE FRACTIONATION OF TURNER VALLEY CRUDE OILS USING STEDMAN COLUMNS
Authors: Donald R. M.
Published: April 2011

A sample of Turner Valley crude oil was distilled using a fractionating column 5 ft. high, and it is shown that a number of the compounds present may be isolated in high concentration.At temperatures much above 100 °C. the separations are naturally not as complete, but, judging by the absorption spectra of the higher boiling fractions, each compound is still concentrated in a very narrow boiling range.A very large number of the possible aliphatic and naphthenic compounds are shown to be present, and it is also shown that the aromatic content of the oil is extremely complex.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XXVI. CORYDALIS CLAVICULATA (L.) DC.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Corydalis claviculata (L.) DC. was found to contain protopine, partly racemized l-stylopine and cularine, together with a phenolic base or mixture of bases, alkaloid F52, which on methylation yields cularine. Attention is drawn to the fact that the alkaloid constituents do not point to as close a relationship with C. lutea and C. ochroleuca as suggested by taxonomists.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XXVII. A NEW ALKALOID, CHEILANTHIFOLINE, AND ITS CONSTITUTION
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Cheilanthifoline is the name now given to alkaloid F13. On methylation it has yielded sinactine and on ethylation it has yielded an O-ethyl ether (m.p. 144 °C.), which on oxidation gave rise to 6-methoxy-7-ethoxy-1-keto-1:2:3:4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline. Cheilanthifoline is therefore 2-O-desmethyl-sinactine. Further evidence has been adduced to show that alkaloid F36 is in fact a partly racemic sinactine.
VAPOUR PRESSURES AND BOILING POINTS OF BINARY MIXTURES OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND WATER
Authors: Giguère P. A. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The total vapour pressures of binary mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and water have been measured by means of the static method at 30, 45, and 60 °C. over the entire range of concentration. The vapour-pressure–composition curves have been found to exhibit large negative deviations from Raoult's law, but no minimum. A special apparatus and experimental technique were devised that enabled the composition of the vapour to be determined in each case. These data were used to obtain the partial pressures of both components. The values thus found are in good agreement with those calculated from the total vapour pressures by means of the Duhem Margules equation. The activities of water and hydrogen peroxide in their solutions have been calculated and interpreted on the basis of the polarity of the two pure liquids.The normal boiling point and latent heat of vaporization of the solutions were obtained by extrapolation of the vapour pressure data. The results are important in connection with the distillation of aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide.
THE ALLOYS OF ALUMINIUM AND LEAD
Authors: Campbell A. N. , Ashley R. W.
Published: April 2011

The equilibrium diagram of the system aluminium–lead exhibits two invariant points, the eutectic at 326.8° ± 0.1 °C., corresponding to 0.021% aluminium, and the equilibrium—two liquid layers–solid aluminium at 658.5° ± 0.1 °C.—the freezing points of pure lead and of aluminium being taken as 327.3° and 660.0 °C. respectively. The composition of the aluminium rich liquid at this point is 98.9% aluminium.The mutual solubility of liquid lead and aluminium is small below 800 °C. In the solid state, lead and aluminium are mutually insoluble. Liquid aluminium can take up as much as 10% lead in the form of an emulsion or colloidal suspension.The effect of the addition of lead on the hardness of aluminium has been investigated.
PLATINIZED GLASS AS A LABORATORY SUBSTITUTE FOR MASSIVE PLATINUM
Authors: Coffin C. C.
Published: April 2011

A method for sealing platinum through Pyrex glass and the use of platinized glass in the construction of various laboratory devices are described.
STUDIES ON HOMOGENEOUS FIRST ORDER GAS REACTIONS: XII. THE DECOMPOSITION OF GLYOXAL TETRA-ACETATE
Authors: Arnell J. C. , Dacey J. R. , Coffin C. C.
Published: April 2011

The decomposition of gaseous glyoxal tetra-acetate to acetic anhydride and glyoxal is homogeneous and unimolecular. Both the activation energy and the temperature independent factor of the first order rate constant are substantially larger than in the case of the diacetate esters. The decomposition velocity is given by the equation k = 1.8 × 1012e−39200/RT.
STUDIES IN TREE PHYSIOLOGY: II. SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE FOOD RESERVES OF FIELD BIRCH (BETULA POPULIFOLIA MARSH.)
Authors: Gibbs R. Darnley
Published: April 2011

During the period January 1936 to July 1938, the upper parts of Betula populifolia Marsh, were analysed for water, reducing sugars, sucrose, total soluble sugars, ether-soluble material, polysaccharide hydrolysable by taka-diastase, and residual polysaccharides extracted by dilute acid. From 38 to 63% of the taka-diastase hydrolysate from the wood is non-fermentable, presumably pentose. The residual acid extract is from 69 to 100% non-fermentable. Hexosan is low in winter, rises to a maximum just before leaf-opening, decreases sharply during spring growth and accumulates in summer. Ether-soluble material is not stored in winter. Sucrose and to a lesser extent reducing sugars are high in winter. There is a significant correlation between reducing sugars and water content of the twigs. Food reserves of the cortex behave much as do those of wood.
VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: VIII. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES AND MALT EXTRACT, MALTING LOSS, AND STEEPING TIME
Authors: Sallans Henry R. , Anderson J. Ansel
Published: April 2011

Significant negative inter-varietal correlation coefficients between steeping time and barley saccharifying (− 0.706), malt saccharifying (− 0.814), starch-liquefying (− 0.954), autolytic diastatic (−0.937), and proteolytic (−0.822) activities are shown to be dependent on the same fundamental barley properties as similar positive coefficients between these activities and salt-soluble barley nitrogen. Barley and malt saccharifying and proteolytic activities are equally associated with both salt-soluble nitrogen and steeping time, but starch-liquefying and autolytic diastatic activities are more closely associated with the latter property. Significant inter-varietal correlation coefficients were obtained between liquefying, autolytic, and proteolytic activities and malt extract and malting loss. Partial correlation studies indicate that only the simple coefficient between malting loss and proteolytic activity (0.915) represents a real relation independent of salt-soluble nitrogen and steeping time.With the exception of autolytic diastatic activity, highly significant intravarietal correlation coefficients were obtained between malt extract and enzymatic activities. Partial coefficients, independent of total nitrogen, show that proteolytic, liquefying, and autolytic activities are associated with malt extract. Simple intra-varietal correlations of malting loss with barley saccharifying (0.671), malt saccharifying (0.702), and proteolytic (0.701) activities reflect mainly the effects of total nitrogen. Enzymatic activities are negatively correlated with steeping time within as well as between varieties, and partial correlation coefficients suggest a real relation between liquefying activity and steeping time.
PHYSIOLOGIC RACES OF USTILAGO HORDEI (PERS.) K. AND S. IN ALBERTA
Authors: Semeniuk Wm.
Published: April 2011

The pathogenicity of four collections of U. hordei on four varieties of barley was determined in 1935, 1937, and 1938. Investigations conducted in 1935, involving 12 collections, indicated that the four used in the present investigation represented distinct physiologic races. The distinctions between these races appeared to be substantiated in 1937, but the 1938 results were conflicting. One race (B) is clearly distinct from the other three (F, H, and L), but the cause of the erratic behaviour of F, H, and L from year to year is obscure.
STUDIES ON THE INK-SPOT DISEASE OF POPLAR
Authors: Pomerleau Rene
Published: April 2011

A foliage disease of poplar caused by Sclerotinia bifrons (E. & E.) Whetzel has been studied during an important outbreak in the years 1935–1937. The perfect stage of this fungus has been correctly named by Whetzel. The fungus hibernates on the ground in the sclerotial condition, and during the spring apothecia are produced on sclerotia. Inoculation of the leaves is induced by ascospores ejected from apothecia. After two or three weeks of incubation, reddish areas appear on leaves; new sclerotia are formed in the lesions in June and are ready to fall about July 15. The epiphytotic development of the disease is favoured by the following set of conditions: presence of a fairly large number of sclerotia on the ground, occurrence of a dense stand of young poplars, low temperature and high humidity before and at the time of foliation. Quite a number of trees at the sapling stage are killed and others are affected by an intense defoliation, during an outbreak. These effects are noticeable only in thickets of pure population of Aspen, which represent usually the first stage of natural reforestation under Quebec conditions.
PRUNUS IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Groh Herbert , Senn Harold A.
Published: April 2011

The distribution of Prunus species in Eastern Canada is of definite economic significance since these species serve as secondary hosts for leaf hoppers and aphids, which are vectors of important virus diseases.A key is presented for the determination of the following native and naturalized species: Prunus spinosa, insititia, domestica, americana, nigra, Persica, pumila, avium, Cerasus, mahaleb, pennsylvanica, serotina, Padus, and virginiana. The detailed distribution of these species is outlined through the citation of herbarium specimens and Canadian Weed Survey records, the ranges of the more important species being mapped.Cultivated and naturalized species are considered to be of little significance in disease transmittal. In potato-growing regions the choke cherry (P. virginiana) which frequents fence-rows is probably the most important species, although the bird cherry (P. pennsylvanica) may also be important on light sandy soils.
THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT AND CERTAIN OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE MATURE-PLANT RESISTANCE OF HOPE WHEAT TO STEM RUST
Authors: Johnson T. , Newton Margaret
Published: April 2011

Experiments have been conducted to determine the degree to which the mature-plant reaction of Hope wheat to race 21 of P. graminis Tritici Erikss. and Henn. is affected by variation in light intensity, length of daily light period, temperature, soil moisture, and supply of mineral nutrients. All these factors gave evidence of influencing rust reaction. A 60% reduction in light intensity during the whole growing period of the plants tended to influence their rust reaction in the direction of increased susceptibility and caused a modification in the morphology of the plants in that they were softer, less rigid, and higher in moisture content than plants grown in full daylight. The shift towards susceptibility was, however, not very marked, and in only one experiment did the reaction of the plants approach complete susceptibility. Reduction in length of daily light period also influenced the rust reaction of the plants towards susceptibility. Plants receiving six hours of light daily were less resistant than plants receiving ten hours of light and these, in turn, were slightly less resistant than plants receiving full daylight for the period of the experiment (February to June). Experiments on the effect of temperature on the reaction of Hope wheat have shown that constant high temperature (75° to 80° F.) is capable of causing a partial or even complete breakdown of mature-plant resistance. Some evidence was secured that abundance of soil moisture and of mineral nutrients diminished rust resistance.
WINTER GROWTH IN THE VEGETATIVE BUDS OF THE WAGENER APPLE
Authors: Bell Hugh P.
Published: April 2011

Vegetative buds of the apple were collected from September 26, 1938, to March 18, 1939. The median longitudinal section of each bud was measured. The data collected suggested that a slow but continuous growth in length within the bud proceeds throughout the winter months. The figures were subjected to statistical analysis and found to be significant.
REPTANT DECAPOD CRUSTACEA OF THE WEST COASTS OF VANCOUVER AND QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Hart Josephine F. L.
Published: April 2011

The range, size, local distribution, and notes on 44 species of reptant decapod crustaceans taken in British Columbia coastal waters are presented. A summary of records from the literature has been compiled, and the distribution of the species as a result of the peculiar configuration of the coast line is illustrated from these data.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XI. EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON NITRITE CONTENT
Authors: White W. H. , Cook W. H. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

Small cuts of matured Wiltshire bacon were held at temperatures of 20, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 °C. for periods of 5, 10, 20, and 40 hours. When the nitrite content after treatment was plotted against the temperature, the results showed that the highest nitrite contents were obtained at 40 °C., the nitrite content decreased logarithmically between 40 and 80 °C., and the slope of these curves increased with increasing periods of treatment. The curves representing the different periods of treatment intersect in the region of 55 °C., where the nitrite content was approximately normal. It appears, therefore, that an increase in nitrite content above the normal level occurred at temperatures below 55 °C. and a decrease at higher temperatures. This decrease in nitrite nitrogen above 55 °C. may be attributed to direct loss, oxidation, or reaction with the constituents of the meat. The increase in nitrite observed at temperatures below 55 °C. suggests that time and temperature were not alone responsible for the observed changes, since comparable increases in nitrite were not observed in commercial cuts. It may be that the proportionately greater surface exposed to the air in these small samples may have had some effect, such as an enhanced aerobic bacterial action.
A NEW TREMATODE, FIBRICOLA LARUEI, FROM THE RACOON IN CANADA
Authors: Miller M. J.
Published: April 2011

A new trematode, Fibricola laruei, is described from the racoon in Canada.
STUDIES ON THE BIONOMICS AND CONTROL OF THE BURSATE NEMATODES OF HORSES AND SHEEP: VIII. COMPARISONS OF THE LETHAL EFFECTS OF SOME CHEMICALS CONTAINING SULPHUR ON THE FREE-LIVING STAGES OF SCLEROSTOMES
Authors: Parnell I. W.
Published: April 2011

The effect on the free-living stages of sclerostomes of 14 common chemicals containing sulphur is discussed. Potassium xanthogenate in weak solution will sterilize about 160 times its weight of fresh faeces; in a strong solution, less than a quarter of the weight. Carbon disulphide will sterilize only about 32 times its weight under the conditions imposed by this technique. In solutions of medium strength the sulphates of zinc will sterilize 32 times, and those of iron (ferrous), copper, and manganese, 13 times their weight; lesser quantities, however, might be effective in practice, because the larvae from cultures so treated die comparatively rapidly after reaching the third stage. Dry ferric sulphate will sterilize 20 times its weight. Sodium sulphide, sodium sulphite, and sodium sulphate are all so ineffective that only when applied dry or as strong solutions are they lethal; they sterilized from eight to five times their weight. Magnesium sulphate will sterilize only four times and zinc sulphide twice its weight of fresh faeces. Ferrous sulphide and flowers of sulphur do not appear to have any lethal value, but the latter may, by controlling antagonistic factors, increase the chances of survival of the larvae.
STUDIES ON ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY: I. ESTIMATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN STABILIZING VITAMIN A IN OILS
Authors: Parker W. E. , Neish A. C. , McFarlane W. D.
Published: April 2011

The efficiency of wheat-germ oil in stabilizing vitamin A against the destructive action of ultra-violet radiations was investigated. A rapid and convenient method of estimating antioxidant potency is described which is based on ultraviolet irradiation of mixtures of halibut liver oil and antioxidant in chloroform solution and estimation of vitamin A by the direct application of the antimony trichloride reaction employing photoelectric colorimetry.
THERMAL STUDIES ON ASBESTOS: I. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND TIME OF HEATING ON LOSS IN WEIGHT AND RESORPTION OF MOISTURE
Authors: Wolochow D. , White W. Harold
Published: April 2011

Heating a chrysotile asbestos mill fibre has shown that in the approximate temperature range of 500 to 700 °C. the loss in weight depends on both the time and temperature. At other temperatures the loss is practically independent of the time.Prolonged heating at about 490 °C. expelled about 25%, and at 510 °C. about 50%, of the combined water. Complete dehydration occurred on prolonged heating at about 580 °C., but only above 700 °C. was the loss in weight rapid.On the basis of the data obtained on the resorption of moisture it is suggested that heating for half an hour at 215 °C. would be a more accurate and rapid method for determining free moisture than that commonly employed.
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC STUDIES IN THE THIOPHENE SERIES: I. THE SYNTHESIS OF 2-SULPHANILAMIDO-THIOPHENE
Authors: Seemann C. von , Lucas C. C.
Published: April 2011

A method is described for the synthesis of (1-acetylaminobenzene-4-sulphonamido)-2-thiophene and of (1-aminobenzene-4-sulphonamido)-2-thiophene, also called 2-sulphanilamido-thiophene. The acute toxicity of the above compounds has been determined and an evaluation made of their chemotherapeutic activity in experimental infections of white mice with Pneumococcus Type I; 2-sulphanilamido-thiophene shows no chemotherapeutic activity.
STUDIES ON BACTERIOPHAGE IN RELATION TO CHEDDAR CHEESEMAKING
Authors: Johns C. K. , Katznelson H.
Published: April 2011

The sudden stoppage of acid development in several experimental vats of Cheddar cheese was shown to be due to the activity of a polyvalent streptococcal phage. Although the starter used consisted of a mixture of organisms, the stoppage was as abrupt as that in cases in which single strain starters are employed. Experimental infection of a vat of milk duplicated the original findings and resulted in the production of a cheese of poor body and texture, with a decidedly "fruity" flavour.The presence of phage in the starter itself could not be demonstrated. Tests made on the milk of 18 cows, composite herd samples, stable and laboratory air, and rennet extract failed to indicate specifically the origin of the lytic agent.
STUDIES ON FILM-FORMING YEASTS: I. MEDIA AND METHODS
Authors: Graham V. E. , Hastings E. G.
Published: April 2011

The methods used for the isolation and study of film-forming yeasts are described. Two of these methods are of special interest, viz., the observation of the structure of pseudomycelium on "cross-hatched" plates and the preparation of gypsum cultures in test tubes.
AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY: SEASONAL INCIDENCE OF RAINLESS AND RAINY PERIODS AT WINNIPEG, SWIFT CURRENT, AND EDMONTON
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

The frequency of sequences of consecutive days without rain and with rain at each of the above-named meteorological stations has been determined from their records of daily precipitation for the months April to September of the years 1916 to 1937. It is inferred from these frequencies that rainy or rainless days do not in general occur entirely at random, but that the same kind of weather tends to persist over successive days. The statistics have also been used to estimate the expectation of rainless periods. At all three stations, this is least in mid-summer (June and July) and greatest in spring and autumn.
A PHYTOPHTHORA TOMATO DISEASE NEW TO ONTARIO
Authors: Richardson Lloyd T.
Published: April 2011

In recent years a destructive disease has affected tomato plants in certain greenhouses in central Ontario. This disease is characterized by a damping-off of seedlings and a rot of stems, fruits, leaves, and roots. The causal organism has been identified as Phytophthora parasitica Dast. The effects of various nutrient media, of temperature, of atmospheric humidity, and of the acidity of the medium on the growth of the fungus in culture have been studied.An extensive investigation has been made of certain factors affecting the parasitic activity of this soil-borne pathogen. Disease is favoured by high atmospheric temperature and high relative humidity. Disease incidence also varies directly with the moisture content of the soil and is maximum at soil temperatures near 22 °C. The ability of the pathogen to establish itself in soils depends upon the type of soil, upon the other micro-organisms present, and upon the substrate available for saprophytic development. The rates of invasion of non-infested soils were determined and found to be retarded by the competitive factor and accelerated by the presence of living roots of tomato seedlings. The activity of the pathogen is suppressed by the addition of soybean residue to infested soil.The potential host range of this isolant of P. parasitica has been partially determined by means of artificial inoculations.Several methods for the control of the disease were tried, and their value is discussed.
THE ORIGIN AND HISTOLOGY OF BORDEAUX SPRAY RUSSETING ON THE APPLE
Authors: Bell Hugh P.
Published: April 2011

Apple trees of the McIntosh Red variety were sprayed at about the time of full bloom in 1939 and 1940. The origin and structure of the resultant russet tissue is described. The first apparent injury is a browning of the epidermal cells at the base of the hairs. The growth of these browned cells is inhibited and, owing to this, cracks occur as the fruit enlarges. Adjacent hypodermal and cortical tissue is exposed and killed. Cork cambiums and cork are formed in the cortex. This cork is different in origin from normal russet cork, which originates in the epidermis. The further enlargement of the fruit causes the cracks to multiply, extend tangentially, and deepen. All tissues external to the innermost point of fissure penetration become killed. The final scurf-like patches of scar tissue are a mixture of dead epidermis, hypodermis, cortex, cork, and cork cambiums. This scar tissue is not true cork.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XIV. SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND COLOUR STABILITY
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Cook W. H. , Rooke E. A. , Chadderton A. E.
Published: April 2011

Measurements of the colour and colour stability of Wiltshire bacon, cured in a factory known to produce a generally satisfactory product, showed that there were small but significant differences in these properties from time to time, but there was no definite evidence to indicate that these differences could be attributed to systematic seasonal effects.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XV. QUANTITATIVE BACTERIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN TANK PICKLE AND ON BACON DURING CURE AND MATURATION
Authors: Gibbons N. E. , White W. Harold
Published: April 2011

Little or no change due to time or depth was found in the bacterial content of Wiltshire tank pickle during cure. A decided increase in the number of bacteria occurred on the surface of the sides. Settling of bacteria from the pickle was not responsible for this increase. Of the normal commercial practices of salting the sides prior to cure, and washing and wiping after cure, wiping was the most important in reducing the bacterial population of the surface of the meat.The concentration of sodium chloride, nitrate, and nitrite in the curing pickle decreased most rapidly during the first 12 or 24 hr. of cure. Over the remainder of the curing period, the chloride content decreased at a relatively uniform rate and the nitrite content remained constant within the sampling error. Changes in nitrate were generally less than the sampling error. Although stratification of the salts in the tank was evident even after three hours from the beginning of cure, the actual magnitude of the differences was small and would have little detrimental effect on the bacon. There was no apparent relation between bacterial and chemical changes in the pickle during cure.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XVI. COLOUR AND COLOUR STABILITY OF PORK AFTER FROZEN STORAGE AND CONVERSION TO BACON
Authors: Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

Temperatures below −17.7 °C. (0° F.) and moisture resistant, preferably impermeable, wrappings are desirable for the retention of colour of pork during storage. Although pork thawed in air or water was lighter in colour than that thawed in brine or pickle, the difference was markedly reduced after curing and maturation. Nevertheless, the colour of the final product was significantly correlated with that of the pork after thawing. Samples stored under conditions that retain the original colour, or subsequently thawed by procedures that produce light colours, are the least stable after defrosting. On the average there was comparatively little difference between the colour of exposed and internal samples, although the former were more variable. Pale-drying yielded samples with a lighter internal colour than did the usual smoking procedure.
THE THEORY OF SOME A-C. COMMUTATOR MOTORS WITH SERIES CHARACTERISTICS: I. THE REPULSION MOTOR
Authors: Cullwick E. G.
Published: April 2011

A general method, using "full reactances", is applied for developing the theory of the simple repulsion motor, the compensated repulsion motor, and the three-phase series motor. The effect of the currents induced in the armature turns short-circuited by the brushes is included, and is shown to affect profoundly the operation of the motors. Graphical constructions for the current loci are given, together with methods of measuring the various reactances, and of accounting for the effect of saturation. Experimental results for a three-phase series motor are included and compared with calculated values.Part I, published below, deals with the simple repulsion motor. Neglecting the effects of the coils short-circuited by the brushes, the usual well known results are obtained, and the position of the brushes for maximum starting torque is studied. The currents circulating in the coils short-circuited by the brushes are then found to have the following effects:(a) The performance of the motor, for a given current, is improved at speeds below synchronism, and is impaired at speeds above synchronism.(b) The maximum power factor is found to occur at some finite speed, whereas, if the effect of the short-circuited coils is neglected the power factor is a maximum at infinite speed.(c) The no-load speed is considerably lower than that usually associated with series motors.The rise and fall of the currents in the coils short-circuited by the brushes is studied in the Appendix.
THE THEORY OF SOME A-C. COMMUTATOR MOTORS WITH SERIES CHARACTERISTICS: III. THE THREE-PHASE SERIES MOTOR
Authors: Cullwick E. G.
Published: April 2011

The method previously used in a study of repulsion motors is now applied to the case of the three-phase series motor. This machine, although little used as yet on this continent, has many points of interest. It runs at a high power factor, and its operating characteristics are readily modified by shifting the brushes. As before, the effect of the coils short-circuited by the brushes is studied. Experimental and theoretical results are then compared, and in computing the theoretical performance the effects of short-circuited coils and of saturation are taken into account.
LATERAL SUPPORT OF STEEL COLUMNS AND STRUTS
Authors: Young C. R. , Dunbar W. B.
Published: April 2011

Experimental investigation of 19 full-size steel columns was undertaken to disclose (a) the merit of a lateral stay member that does not fix the direction of the column at the point of support, (b) the effectiveness of a stay member that connects to one edge only of the column width, (c) the effect on the required lateral support of initial column curvature or eccentricity, and (d) the maximum stress for which a stay member should be proportioned.The results obtained appear to warrant the following conclusions:(1) The percentage increase in the ultimate capacity of columns due to the introduction of lateral support is greatest for columns with high slenderness ratios and least for those with low slenderness ratios.(2) For a column hinged at both ends, and having end eccentricity of loading up to one-eighth of the column width in the direction of bending, the introduction of lateral support at mid-height, without rotational fixing at this point, raises the strength to from 2. 70 to 4.87 times the theoretical strength of the full-length column as computed by the secant formula.(3) The necessary lateral supporting force of an eccentrically loaded, deflected column, where the lateral force is applied at the middle of the width of the section, is given with sufficient exactness by Equation (22),[Formula: see text](4) The relation between the necessary lateral supporting force applied at the edge of the section and that applied at the middle of the section width for a given deflection of the flange under consideration is given satisfactorily by Equation (23). For the test columns, which had widths of section normal to the plane of bending varying from 6 in. to [Formula: see text] in. and were subjected to loads up to 2.5 times the Euler load for a laterally unsupported column, the lateral supporting force when applied to the edge of a flange was in no case more than 15% greater than that which would have been necessary if applied to the middle of the web at the same flange deflection.
NOTE ON THE PYROLYSIS OF METHYL AND ETHYL CYANIDES
Authors: Rabinovitch B. S. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

The products of pyrolysis of methyl and ethyl cyanides at 865° and 675 °C. respectively have been determined at each of two flow rates. From methyl cyanide were obtained hydrogen, methane, hydrogen cyanide, and carbon. Small amounts of "C2" hydrocarbons and high boiling materials were also formed. The results indicate that hydrogen cyanide is a primary product.Ethyl cyanide yielded hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, hydrogen cyanide, methyl cyanide, acrylonitrile, and carbon, together with small amounts of succinonitrile and higher boiling materials. The reaction is obviously complicated by secondary changes.
THE ALKALOIDS OF LYCOPODIUM SPECIES: I. LYCOPODIUM COMPLANATUM L.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

Lycopodium complanatum L. has yielded a total of eight alkaloids, six of which appear to be new. They are complanatine (L1) (C18H31ON); alkaloid L2 (C18H29O2N); alkaloid L3 (C18H31O2N); alkaloid L4 (C16H27N); alkaloid L5 (C18H28O2N2); obscurine (L6) (C18H28ON2); the known lycopodine (C16H25ON); and nicotine. It is pointed out that this is the first recorded occurrence of nicotine in a pteridophyte. The isolation of nicotine from Equisetum arvense L. is also recorded.
TASTE DIFFERENCES IN COMPOUNDS HAVING THE NCS LINKAGE
Authors: Hopkins C. Y.
Published: April 2011

A group of compounds consisting of thion-thiazolidines, thion-oxazolidines, and a thion-thiazoline were found to be tasteless to some persons and very bitter to others. The three oxo-thiazolines that were examined did not exhibit this difference, being tasteless to all the subjects. A number of these compounds have been prepared for the first time, and their synthesis is described.Taste tests were conducted on other sulphur compounds and it is concluded that the "dual taste reaction" accompanies the [Formula: see text] grouping.
BIOLOGICAL DECOMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL LIGNIN: I. SULPHITE WASTE LIQUOR
Authors: Adams G. A. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: April 2011

The wood staining fungus Endoconidiophora adiposa was found to be capable of decomposing approximately 10% of the lignin fraction of sulphite waste liquor media as measured by the β-naphthylamine precipitation method. It was also capable of utilizing 10 to 15% more of the reducing sugars than yeast. In the preparation of a suitable culture medium a number of different neutralizing agents were tested but, provided the proper pH adjustment was attained, there was little difference in their effect. Phosphate and nitrogen compounds were the only supplementary nutrients required and, for the fungus tested, organic and ammonia nitrogen was more satisfactory than inorganic nitrates.
BIOLOGICAL DECOMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL LIGNIN: II. STUDIES ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CALCIUM LIGNOSULPHONATE BY WOOD DESTROYING AND SOIL FUNGI
Authors: Ledingham G. A. , Adams G. A.
Published: April 2011

The growth and lignin decomposing properties of 106 cultures of wood destroying and soil fungi have been studied on a synthetic calcium lignosulphonate medium. Certain species of Fusarium and Alternaria, decomposing a maximum of 12 and 18% lignin, respectively, were the most effective in utilizing the lignosulphonate. Although a few species of wood destroyers were equally effective, in general this group of fungi showed great variation and was more difficult to cultivate on the medium employed. A slight positive correlation was found between the Bavendamm tannic acid reaction for identifying lignin decomposing fungi and the lignosulphonate breakdown after 60 days' growth.
HYBRIDIZATION OF TRITICUM AND AGROPYRON: VII. NEW FERTILE AMPHIDIPLOIDS
Authors: Peto F. H. , Young G. A.
Published: April 2011

Fertility was induced by means of colchicine treatments in sterile intergeneric hybrids of the following wheat varieties crossed with Agropyron glaucum:T. vulgare var. Mosida, Ruby, Milturum, and KharkovT. durum var. Mindum and Black PersianT. turgidumT. dicoccum var. VernalT. pyramidaleThree methods of applying colchicine were compared and the "capsule" method was found to be the most economical and effective.
STUDIES ON THE GROWTH IN SOIL AND THE PARASITIC ACTION OF CERTAIN RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI ISOLATES FROM WHEAT
Authors: Blair I. D.
Published: April 2011

An adaptation of the Rossi and Cholodny glass slide technique was found to be an effective means of measuring the growth of Rhizoctonia Solani in soil. After a 6 day and a 12 day period, the extent of growth of 11 isolates of this fungus was, for each growth period, less in a vertical than in a radial direction. Certain isolates grew faster than others. A comparison of the radial growth of a faster and of a slower growing isolate at soil depth of 2, 4, and 6 in. showed that the extent of growth decreased with depth, being significantly greater for both isolates at the 2 in. than at the 6 in. level.In pathogenicity tests on wheat with 10 of these isolates, the disease rating for each isolate was greater in natural than in steam sterilized soil, and in soil with a proportion of inoculum to soil of one to six than of one to three. The addition of cellulosic organic material, grass- or straw-meal, to unsterilized soil was effective in reducing the parasitic action of all isolates. Two distinct types of injury were observed: the one, a severe form of root injury, resulting in reduced plant growth; the other, a girdling of the coleoptile or lower stem tissue, usually unaccompanied by adverse effects on plant growth. The first type was produced by two slow growing isolates of English origin, the second by faster growing isolates of Canadian origin. On the basis of these differences, it is suggested that the root injuring isolates be regarded as a variety of R. Solani Kühn.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: XII. EFFECTS OF MEDIA, TIME OF COLLECTION, AND INDOLYLACETIC ACID TREATMENT ON THE ROOTING OF WHITE PINE AND WHITE SPRUCE CUTTINGS
Authors: Farrar J. L. , Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Semimonthly collections of white pine and white spruce cuttings were taken from July to October, 1939, and propagated in several media. Collections of both species were taken in late October to examine the effect of type of cutting and of planting in media involving different proportions of two sands and two different peats. Cuttings were dusted with a series of concentrations of indolylacetic acid in talc. The season of collection and the medium used for propagation were the factors of main importance. Phytohormone treatment failed to demonstrate appreciable effect, no difference in rooting response could be attributed to the kind of sand used, but there were indications that response increased with the amount of sedge peat in the medium.Rooting of white pine cuttings collected in late August and propagated in a sedge peat medium was 62%, earlier and later collections gave substantially less rooting. Sand only and the sphagnum peat media were generally inferior to the sedge type of peat. At the optimum season of collection the sphagnum peat effected 50% rooting.The late July collection of white spruce cuttings effected rooting of 90% of the plain cuttings when propagation occurred in a sedge peat medium. Low percentages rooted in sand or sphagnum peat media. Cuttings with a heel of old wood tended to be superior to plain cuttings in respect to survival and rooting.Preliminary experiments with spring and early summer collections of both species resulted in slight rooting. Likewise, greenhouse propagations of dormant material gave very poor results.
POLARIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF STARCH IN CEREAL PRODUCTS: I. RAPID DETERMINATION OF STARCH IN CRUDE GLUTEN
Authors: Clendenning K. A.
Published: April 2011

Neither the original Mannich–Lenz procedure nor its recently proposed revisions proved suitable for the polarimetric determination of starch in gluten. The principal defect lay in the means of removing or correcting for proteins dissolved along with the starch and there also was a need for improvements in technique of starch dispersion.In the present method, the starch of the gluten sample is dispersed by 15 min. boiling in a calcium chloride solution having a specific gravity of 1.30 and a pH of approximately 2.5. Frothing is controlled by the addition of one or two drops of n-octyl alcohol, constant volume being maintained during boiling by the addition of water. The proteins dissolved by this treatment are precipitated with 20% stannic chloride prior to filtration and polarization. This rapid procedure underestimates the starch content but the application of a factor to correct for the constant ratio of underestimation allows the real starch content to be determined with an accuracy of ±0.5%.
A STAINING TECHNIQUE FOR EVALUATING THE TOXICITY OF AN ANTIBIOTIC SUBSTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGICAL ORIGIN
Authors: Katznelson H.
Published: April 2011

A method is described in which the absorption of neutral red by dead cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe is used as an index of the toxicity of an antibiotic agent produced by a bacillus.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE CRITICAL OXYGEN PRESSURE FOR HEART-BEAT FREQUENCY IN EMBRYOS OF ATLANTIC SALMON AND SPECKLED TROUT
Authors: Fisher Kenneth C.
Published: April 2011

Intact embryos of speckled trout and Atlantic salmon were exposed to solutions of oxygen and nitrogen in distilled water. It was observed that as the partial pressure of oxygen was reduced a pressure was found below which the frequency of the heart-beat was not maintained at the normal level characteristic of higher partial pressures of oxygen. A "critical" partial pressure of oxygen for heart-beat frequency can therefore be said to exist. Data have been obtained from which its value at five different temperatures can be determined. The critical pressures for the two organisms are similar, rising from approximately 3 to 5 mm. of mercury at 1.5 °C. to 40 to 50 mm. of mercury at 20 °C. Possible mechanisms leading to the establishment of a critical oxygen partial pressure are discussed. It seems likely that diffusion is not the limiting factor in these preparations so that the critical pressure, and its temperature coefficient, must be the property of the intracellular respiratory systems concerned. The finding that the logarithm of the critical partial pressure can be represented as a linear function of the reciprocal of the absolute temperature is consistent with this view. Temperature exercises a more pronounced effect on the critical oxygen pressure of the pacemaking process, than it does on the over-all velocity of that process as indicated by the normal frequency of the heart. It is concluded that the critical pressure is a characteristic of the chemical systems in the pace-making cells of the heart.
PHYSICAL CHANGES IN THE CONSTITUENT PARTS OF DEVELOPING SALMON EGGS
Authors: Hayes F. R. , Armstrong F. H.
Published: April 2011

Wet weight and dry weight determinations were made on salmon eggs, egg capsules, detached embryos, and yolk sacs from fertilization to the end of yolk absorption. One capsule weighs 5.0 mg. wet and 2.3 mg. dry. No significant change could be found during development. Water hardening of the eggs, which occurs on transfer from coelomic fluid to water, is independent of fertilization. Increased tension of the capsule (resistance to breakage) becomes noticeable two hours after transfer to water and proceeds at a maximum rate for 30 hr. By contrast the uptake of water begins immediately on transfer from coelomic fluid and is virtually completed within an hour. It is concluded that the stoppage of water uptake is not due to the hardening of the capsule. The theory is presented that (a) all the water taken up becomes perivitelline fluid, (b) there is no loss of salt or gain of water by the yolk, (c) the transfer of water through the capsule is not due to osmosis but to imbibition by protein liberated into the perivitelline space by the yolk. The mortality rate for eggs reaches a maximum 14 days after fertilization (i.e., 36 days before hatching). The water content of the yolk decreases steadily during development, from 63.5 to 55.5%. Embryos from small eggs tend to compensate by growing more rapidly than those from large eggs, through the mechanism of extra water uptake. As to efficiency, which proved independent of egg size, the embryo wastes 30% of the yolk in turning the other 70% into living tissue.
PRESERVATION OF EGGS: II. SURFACE CONTAMINATION ON EGG-SHELL IN RELATION TO SPOILAGE
Authors: Rosser F. T.
Published: April 2011

The method devised to measure surface contamination on shell eggs was to wash eggs with water in a "Waring blendor" and make bacteriological and mould counts on the wash water. To determine the degree of internal contamination, a small electric hand drill was used to cut holes in the shell in order to remove the egg contents under sterile conditions. The egg meats were mixed in the blendor before plating.External mould growth, after storage for six weeks, under adverse conditions of both temperature and humidity, did not bear any close relation to the amount of mould contamination initially present on the shell. Both oil dipping and handling stimulated the growth of external moulds.Internal spoilage, as determined by candling at the end of the storage period, was greatest for eggs having a high initial shell count and least for those with a low initial count. Oiling, or disinfecting with hydrogen peroxide followed by an oil dip, did not reduce spoilage. Storage life was increased by strict observance of recognized sanitary practices.
SOME RECENT BIRD RECORDS FROM CANADA'S EASTERN ARCTIC
Authors: Shortt T. M. , Peters H. S.
Published: April 2011

The list includes 82 species of birds from Canada's eastern Arctic. Opportunity for field observation was afforded the authors, separately, during two voyages of the Nascopie (1938 and 1939). Annotations concern numbers, dates of occurrences, habits, and distribution. Notable range extensions are recorded. Taxonomic notes are based on comparisons of a collection secured in 1938 and on additional unreported material recently acquired from the region by the Division of Birds, Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology.
THEORY OF ALPHA-RAY COUNTING FROM SOLID SOURCES
Authors: Keevil N. B. , Grasham W. E.
Published: April 2011

The theory of alpha-ray counting from thin sources of atomic dimensions, from layers whose equivalent thickness is less than the range of the particle, and from thick sources is developed, assuming uniform collection over the surface such as obtained in parallel-plate collection chambers, with and without absorbers. For alpha-ray counting from rocks which normally contain 25 alpha-ray emitters, resultant equations and curves are given which can be used directly in computing actual emission from observed count. A test of the theory by experimental results on granite is given.
USE OF THE HARING CELL FOR MEASURING ADDITION AGENT CONCENTRATION IN ELECTROLYTIC BATHS
Authors: Gauvin W. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

Cathode polarization measurements during electrodeposition from acid copper sulphate solutions were made with a Haring cell, using a method previously developed (4). Measurements made at 2°, 24.8°, and 50.1 °C. show that the polarization decreases as temperature increases, this decrease being larger for a temperature change from 2° to 24.8 °C. than for a change from 24.8 to 50.1 °C. An increase in acidity has little effect on the polarization (except for low acidities) at apparent current densities below 2 amp. per dm.2, while it results in an increase in polarization above that value. The increase in polarization caused by various concentrations of gelatin was studied at −4.2°, 2°, 24.8°, and 50.1 °C. For a given gelatin concentration, the increase in polarization is greater the lower the temperature, while for a given temperature, the relative increase in cathode polarization is greater at smaller gelatin concentration. It is concluded that control of the gelatin or glue concentration of an electrolyte with a Haring cell may be considerably improved by making the measurements at low temperatures and in dilute solutions.
THE ALKALOIDS OF LYCOPODIUM SPECIES: III. LYCOPODIUM ANNOTINUM L.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

Eight alkaloids have been isolated from Lycopodium annotinum L. Two of these, lycopodine and obscurine, had been described previously. The remaining six bases appear to be new. They are annotinine (L7) (C16H21O3N), alkaloid L8 (C16H25O2N), alkaloid L9 (C16H25O2N), alkaloid L10 (C16H27ON), alkaloid L11 (C16H21O3N), and alkaloid L12 (C18H25O3N).
ON THE SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE β-PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS
Authors: Baer Erich , Cushing Ira B. , Fischer Hermann O. L.
Published: April 2011

A method is outlined for the synthesis of one series of optically active β-phosphatidic acids from d(+)acetone glycerol. The syntheses of the following new compounds are described: l(−)α-benzoyl glycerol, α′-trityl l-α-benzoyl glycerol, potassium α′-trityl-α-benzoyl β-glycerophosphate (active and racemic), and potassium α-benzoyl β-glycerophosphate (racemic).
CATHODE SURFACE CHANGES IN THE PRESENCE OF GELATIN DURING ELECTRODEPOSITION OF COPPER
Authors: Gauvin W. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

Measurements of the cathode polarization during electrodeposition of copper from acid copper sulphate solutions indicate that introduction of gelatin into the electrolyte decreases the area of the cathode available for deposition, or active area, owing to adsorption of gelatin on the active centres. This decrease in area causes an increase in the true current density, with a resulting increase in cathode polarization, the former being assumed the main factor in causing an increase in the rate of nuclear formation and decrease in grain size.