bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classificação de Alto Nível Baseada em Entropia da Rede
Authors: Zhao Liang , Neto Filipe
Published: February 2021

Técnicas tradicionais de classificação que baseiam-se apenas em características físicas dos dados são chamadas de classificação de baixo nível. Se consideram, além dos atributos físicos, o padrão de formação, são denominadas técnicas de classificação de alto nível. Apresenta-se aqui o projeto de iniciação científica que propõe o desenvolvimento de uma nova técnica de classificação de alto nível baseada na medição das entropias da rede antes e depois da inserção de um item a ser classificado. Este item é classificado como pertencente à classe que resultar o maior aumento nas medições. O método pode classificar os dados por sua similaridade e padrão de formação. Em resumo, esta técnica calcula a importância do dado para cada uma das classes.
Um Sistema para Monitoramento de Metadados para Aplicações Ubíquas
Authors: Batista Thais , Alves Gustavo
Published: February 2021

Aplicações ubíquas utilizam diversos provedores de serviço e informações de contexto para realização das suas tarefas e operam em um ambiente dinâmico e heterogêneo. Nesse cenário, é essencial monitorar os metadados relacionados a Qualidade de Serviço (QoS) e Qualidade de Contexto (QoC) para se garantir que a aplicação está usando serviços e informações de contexto com níveis de QoS e QoC que satisfaçam seus requisitos. Nesse trabalho é apresentado o QoMonitor, um sistema de monitoramento que realiza aferição e monitoramento de metadados de QoS e QoC, opera de forma síncrona e assíncrona, e adota uma ontologia para representação dos conceitos de forma não ambígua. O QoMonitor foi integrado com o OpenCOPI, uma plataforma que facilita o desenvolvimento e execução de aplicações ubíquas. Este trabalho também ilustra o uso do monitor em uma aplicação ubíqua para monitoramento de poços de petróleo. Os resultados da avaliação de desempenho mostraram que o uso do QoMonitor pelo OpenCOPI não gerou um impacto considerável e possibilitou ao OpenCOPI trabalhar com valores reais de QoS e QoC.
A Case Report of a Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor of the Paravertebral Region
Authors: Miri-Aliabad Ghasem , Dahmardeh Hamid , Soleimanzadeh Mousavi Seyed Hosein
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a type of connective tissue cancer, which may also have genetic backgrounds. More than half of patients have neurofibromatosis. The treatment of this tumor is a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. As usual, the tumor may be present anywhere with several manifestations. Case Presentation: A 4-year old boy presented with sweating and pain in the right forearm that was diagnosed with MPNST developed in the paravertebral region after laboratory and radiographic evaluation. Conclusions: The patient was treated successfully and followed up for one year without any complications.
The Role of Psychological Factors in Non-suicidal Self-injury of Female Adolescents
Authors: Abbasian Mahboubeh , Pourshahbaz Abbas , Taremian Farhad , Poursharifi Hamid
Published: February 2021

Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as inflicting damage to one’s own body. It begins in adolescence and tends to become chronic. Objectives: Considering the high prevalence and chronicity of NSSI among girls, the present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the prevalence of NSSI in female adolescents from their perspective. Methods: The participants consisted of 604 female high-school students in Saveh, aged 14 - 17 years (14.29 ± 1.11), who were selected via random cluster sampling from November 2018 to January 2019. They answered six questionnaires, including the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS), Ways of Coping questionnaire (WCQ), Child Abuse Self-report scale (CASRS), Family Emotional Involvement and Criticism scale (FEICS), Emotion Reactivity scale (ERS), and Aggression questionnaire (AQ). Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results: The predictor variables of child abuse, emotion reactivity, perceived parental criticism, family emotional involvement, and problem- and emotion-focused coping styles could successfully distinguish NSSI individuals from those without NSSI (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between minor and moderate groups. Conclusions: Family emotional support is a protective factor, while criticism, child abuse, and emotion-focused coping style are risk factors for NSSI.
Evaluating the Neuroprotective Effect of Melatonin on Patients with Hemorrhagic Stroke Using Serum S100B Protein as a Prognostic Marker
Authors: Sharifnia Hamidreza , Mojtahedzadeh Mojtaba , Dianatkhah Mehrnoush , Najafi Atabak , Ahmadi Arezoo , Najmeddin Farhad , Dianatkhah Minoo , Alizadeh Nafiseh , Jafari Atefeh , Izadpanah Mandana , Parvin Shahram , Daei Maryam
Published: February 2021

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the most debilitating kinds of stroke. Recent evidence shows that the proper initiation of neuroprotective agents might save at risk neurons and improve the outcome. Objectives: The focus of this study is to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of melatonin on patients with hemorrhagic stroke. Methods: Forty adult patients with confirmed nontraumatic ICH, who were admitted to the ICU within 24 hours of the stroke onset were enrolled in this study. Subjects in the melatonin group received 30 mg of melatonin every night for 5 consecutive nights. In order to evaluate the intensity of the neuronal injury, S100B was assessed once on day 1 and, day 5 post ICU admission. Additionally, the length of ICU stay, mortality, and the duration of mechanical ventilation were also recorded. Results: Forty patients completed the study. In both groups the plasma concentrations of S100B decreased after 5 days compared with their baseline values. However, this reduction was more significant in the melatonin compared to the control group (P-value < 0.05). The duration of mechanical ventilation and length of ICU stay was shorter in the melatonin group, and this difference was statistically significant for the length of ICU stay (P-value < 0.05), and marginally significant for the duration of mechanical ventilation (P-value = 0.065). The in-ICU mortality rate of the melatonin group was 15%, almost half of that of the control group (30%). However, this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: In conclusion, melatonin can be considered as a harmless and effective nueroprotective agent with some unique features which has made it an appropriate adjunctive medicine for critically ill intubated patients.
Molecular Detection of Common Plasmodium Species in Malaria Vectors in Villages of Chabahar and Konarak, Iran
Authors: Mirahmadi Hadi , Rahmati-Balaghaleh Mansour , Etemadi Soodabeh , AbdolahiKhabisi Samaneh , Tabatabaei Seyed Mehdi , Mehravaran Ahmad , Shahraki Mahdi
Published: February 2021

Background: Malaria is one of the most serious parasitic diseases and the major health issue in tropical and subtropical countries. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the type of infection of female Anopheles mosquitoes to sporozoites of Plasmodium species (Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum), using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in southeastern Iran. Methods: To determine the infections and Plasmodium species using the nested PCR in Sistan and Baluchestan Province (southeastern Iran), 360 female Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from the control villages of Chabahar and Konarak counties and examined by entomology check stations affiliated with Zahedan University of Medical Sciences in the second half of 2018. The mosquitos were caught manually from indoor places (humans and animals) as well as natural and artificial sites, i.e., pit-shelters. After DNA extraction, the molecular analysis was performed by nested PCR. Results: Of 200 species collected from Daregas, Owraki, and Bahu Kalat in Chabahar, four Anopheles stephensi (2%) were infected with P. vivax, and of 160 samples collected from the rural districts of Konarak, including Zarabad, Heyan, Islamabad, and Joholu, two An. stephensi (1.25%) were infected with P. falciparum. In this study, no mixed infection of Plasmodiumvivax and Plasmodium falciparum were observed. Conclusions: The present study showed that the only species infected with Plasmodium in the aforementioned regions was An. stephensi, which was the most frequent species of Anopheles among other species as well. The nested PCR could be the most suitable method for detecting Plasmodium parasites in malaria vectors, among other diagnostic methods.
A Review of Hydrodynamic Design Methods for Seaplanes
Authors: Morabito Michael G.
Published: February 2021

The design of successful water-based aircraft requires a close collaboration between the aeronautical engineers and naval architects, who perform high-speed towing tests, stability calculations, or computational fluid dynamics in support of the design. This article presents the fundamental design considerations of waterborne aircraft, which are outside of the typical educational scope of most naval architects, but which they are sometimes asked to address. These include 1) the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic problems associated with seaplane design, 2) early-stage methods for sizing the hull, 3) prediction techniques using archival data, and 4) hydrodynamic model testing procedures. Although a new design will often require substantial iteration to achieve the desired outcome, the information in this article will assist in developing a reasonable starting point for the design spiral and provides sufficient details for a hydrodynamic model testing facility to perform a successful series of model tests on the design. Although much of the work in this field dates from the 1940s, it is important to review this material in light of the current practices being used at hydrodynamic research facilities today. A detailed description of the model testing apparatus and procedure, used in a recent study at the U.S. Naval Academy, is presented to demonstrate the current applicability of these methods and some pitfalls that can be expected in testing.

Introduction

Today, there is a renewed interest in seaplane designs for both civilian and governmental applications worldwide. According to the Seaplane Pilots Association, there are approximately thirty-five thousand seaplane-rated pilots in the United States and between five and ten thousand operational seaplanes. Worldwide, larger seaplanes are used for firefighting, search and rescue applications, and cargo transportation.
Inovação no Semiárido Brasileiro: um estudo bibliométrico
Authors: Rego Filho Francisco Souza , Fernandes Antonia Rafaela Pamola Mota , Menezes Edivaldo Rabelo de
Published: February 2021

O Semiárido brasileiro sempre se mostrou uma realidade particular do restante do país, seja por suas condições únicas em termos físicos e naturais, que por si só já impõem dificuldades para a sua convivência, seja pelo descaso das políticas brasileiras com a região ao longo da maior parte de sua história. Nessa perspectiva, estudos voltados para a inovação social e a utilização de tecnologias em seus vieses apropriados e sociais, se apresentam como os mecanismos de geração de inovação capazes de colaborar para a diminuição de problemas socioambientais e econômicos que uma determinada região ou comunidade pode enfrentar. Nessa perspectiva, o presente estudo objetivou mapear a produção científica sobre inovação no Semiárido brasileiro. Partindo de um estudo documental que se utilizou da bibliometria, aplicada na base dados da Web of Science, em sua versão 5.34, e com dados coletados em julho de 2020, o estudo captou 64 produções científicas, as quais foram refinadas para artigos, chegando à um total de 60 artigos publicados. Na análise dos dados se evidenciou a grande concentração de estudos a partir de 2007, com a presença de pesquisadores brasileiros em sua totalidade, sendo a maioria financiada pelo CNPq e realizados por instituições de estado do Nordeste, onde a região Semiárida está em sua quase totalidade. Evidenciou-se ainda, uma concentração de estudos na área da agronomia, e os artigos mais citados sobre a temática voltados para a melhoria nos processos de cultivo de determinadas espécies de plantas ou criação de tipos específicos de animais, principais atividades da região. Por fim, o estudou evidenciou a pertinência do conceito de inovação para o convívio com o Semiárido, e sugere-se estudos futuros utilizando outros termos.
Adaptações fisiológicas de arraias Potamotrygon Rex (Potamotrygonidae) frente às variações sazonais no ambiente
Authors: Santos Juliane Monteiro dos , Ribeiro Neto Derval Gomes , Marques Elineide Eugênio , Seibert Carla Simone
Published: February 2021

As espécies de arraias de água doce (família Potamotrygonidae) têm sua história evolutiva intrinsecamente conectada à história geológica das bacias hidrográficas neotropicais. Os representantes desse grupo acumulam uma série de adaptações fisiológicas que possibilitam a manutenção de suas populações em condições ambientais variáveis, sendo a maioria dessas ainda desconhecidas. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar as respostas fisiológicas das arraias Potamotrygon rex, frente às variações do ambiente, ocorridas durante o ciclo hidrológico (períodos chuvoso/estiagem) na região do Alto/Médio rio Tocantins. O ambiente foi verificado na tomada de amostras da água durante sete semanas consecutivas, no período chuvoso e de estiagem, na mesma região onde foram coletadas as arraias. Os espécimes foram coletados na área de transição do reservatório do Lajeado, no rio Tocantins, dos quais foram registrados os dados biométricos e coletadas amostras de sangue para verificação dos indicadores fisiológicos (hematócrito, hemoglobina e glicose plasmática). Foi calculado o fator de condição relativo das arraias (Kn), e a relação ente os dados biométricos e as variáveis fisiológicas foi avaliada pela correlação de Pearson. Como resultado, verificou-se as alterações ambientais que ocorrem sazonalmente, durante o ciclo hidrológico (períodos chuvoso e estiagem). No período chuvoso (de outubro a abril), a temperatura da água (°C), o oxigênio dissolvido na água (mg/L) e a turbidez apresentaram valores mais elevados do que no período de estiagem (de maio a setembro), com exceção da condutividade elétrica. Para os espécimes coletados na estiagem verificou-se o aumento do peso, do Kn, do hematócrito, hemoglobina e glicose plasmática. Contudo, não houve correlação significativa entre os dados biométricos e fisiológicos. Dessa forma, as mudanças ocorridas na fisiologia de Potamotrygon rex sugerem plasticidade da espécie para suportar as variações sazonais da região.
Extração sequencial para avaliação de Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, Ni, Cr E Pb em solos com aplicação de dejetos de animais
Authors: Barros Yara Jurema , Bissani Carlos Alberto , Camargo Flavio Anastácio de Oliveira , Spagnollo Evandro
Published: February 2021

A disposição de dejetos animais resulta no incremento de alguns elementos-traço (ET) no solo, sendo que fatores como tempo e dose de aplicação podem ocasionar impactos ambientais. Assim sendo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a distribuição de ETs entre frações químicas de diferentes graus de solubilidade em amostras de solos com longo histórico de aplicação de dejetos de animais. Utilizaram-se amostras de solo (0-10 cm) de duas áreas experimentais de campo, localizados no Oeste de Santa Catarina, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Na área experimental 1, foram avaliados os tratamentos controle (C) com adubação mineral sem adição de fontes de nitrogênio; esterco líquido de suínos (ELS) e adubação mineral (AM). Na área experimental 2, foram avaliados os tratamentos testemunha (T), tratamento sem a adição de adubação; composto de esterco suíno (CES) e composto de esterco de aves (CEA). Foi utilizado o método proposto por Tessier et al. (1979) com adaptações. Em ambas as áreas, os ETs com teores mais expressivos foram Mn, Cu e Zn. Foi evidenciado incremento de Zn, principalmente, considerando-se a quantidade pseudo total em relação aos teores tidos como naturais. Entretanto, o solo foi capaz de desempenhar sua função de reter os ETs na fase sólida, uma vez que o fracionamento químico indicou teores pouco expressivos destes nas frações solúvel e trocável, que representam as formas mais biodisponíveis, o que indicam que, até o momento, os solos estão cumprindo satisfatoriamente sua função de dreno e de imobilização dos ETs.
Shifting the Dimensionality of Language: Evidence from Bilingual Bajau Sama Kota Belud in Malaysia
Authors: Renddan Berawati , Yasran Abdul Aziz Adi , Aina Dani Noor
Published: February 2021

The language shift phenomenon in the Bajau Sama Kota Belud in Sabah is definite. The researchers surveyed the phenomenon in Kampung Taun Gusi 1, Kota Belud, Sabah. Based on the age cross-sectional method, 300 participants of 20-29 years (G20s), 30-39 years (G30s), 40-49 years (G40s), and 50-59 years (G50s) respectively were selected by stratified sampling. The objective of this study is to formulate the dimensionality of language shift. The researchers found that speakers shifted from using the mother tongue to the Malay language after entering school. The Bajau Sama language spoken as the mother tongue has declined from one generation to another. For a better understanding of the Bajau Sama lexical, G20s meet Fishman’s (1991) implication scale negatively. The group achievement of nouns has decreased to 26.9%, verbs (33.9%), and adjectives (32%). Meanwhile, the attitude overtness towards the Bajau Sama language is most evident among G50s with a statistical min of 83.00, declining by 48.20 in G30s and 41.80 in G40s, which eventually and significantly decreased by 23.20 in G20s. In the family domain, G20s prefer using the Malay language over Bajau Sama. In the neighbourhood domain, G20s and G30s use the Malay language frequently. All the groups choose to speak the Malay language in the shop outlet domain. This study’s implications demonstrate G20s and G30s have shifted to use the Malay language in family and neighbourhood domains. This shifting justifies the low vocabulary knowledge in Bajau Sama compared to G40s and G50s. Overall, the language shift from the mother tongue to the Malay language in the Bajau Sama Kota Belud community occurred due to bilingualism, the level of status, and unequal power between the two languages, the impact of political, economic, and social situations on one language group. In conclusion, we suggested that the Bajau Sama standard language curriculum be introduced in primary schools to sustain its vitality as a revitalization program.
An Investigation of the Communicative Purposes of Road Signs: How Signs Do Things
Authors: Ewald Jennifer D.
Published: February 2021

This study explores the important communicative roles carried out by road signs both directly and indirectly. The qualitative analysis is based on a corpus of 150 road signs collected from signage on state and local highways and roadways in seven U.S. states. Road signs were identified as either full, grammatical sentences or as block language. They were further analyzed as speech acts and their performativity was briefly explored in three areas: agency, lexis, and emplacement. Road sign ambiguity in regard to punctuation and syntactic ambiguity was also identified. The findings pointed to several areas for future research including drivers’ behavioral reactions, road safety and wayfinding potential.
Parenting behavior and growth of child conduct problems: Moderation by callous‐unemotional traits
Authors: Falk Avital E. , Stiles Kelsey , Krein Isabel N. , Lee Steve S.
Published: February 2021

Although positive parenting behavior is central to efficacious interventions for child conduct problems (CP), studies of youth CP have focused mostly on negative parenting behavior. That is, few studies have examined dimensions of positive parenting behavior (e.g., positive reinforcement, involvement) as independent predictors of CP and even fewer have investigated their potential moderation by callous‐unemotional (CU) traits. A sample of 184 6–9 year‐old children with and without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was followed prospectively for two years. Controlling for baseline ADHD diagnostic status, initial CP, and negative parenting (i.e., corporal punishment), we examined CU traits, positive reinforcement and involvement, and their interactions as predictors of two‐year change in CP. Positive reinforcement and CU traits independently predicted increased rule breaking behavior whereas parental involvement inversely predicted aggressive behavior. A significant positive reinforcement x CU traits interaction suggested that positive reinforcement predicted a decrease in aggressive behavior, but only in children with low CU traits; conversely, positively reinforcement marginally predicted increased aggressive behavior among children with high CU traits. No other significant parenting x CU traits interaction was observed. We consider these findings within a developmental psychopathology framework where interactive exchanges underlie the development of CP.
Pore Tuning of Metal‐Organic Framework Membrane Anchored on Graphene‐Oxide Nanoribbon
Authors: Choi Eunji , Hong Sung Jun , Kim Yong‐Jae , Choi Seung Eun , Choi Yunkyu , Kim Ji Hoon , Kang Junhyeok , Kwon Ohchan , Eum Kiwon , Han Byungchan , Kim Dae Woo
Published: February 2021

Although the pore structures and gas transport properties of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have been tuned mainly by modifying the framework building blocks, a pore‐tuned zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)‐8 layer is directly grown on graphene oxide nanoribbons (GONR)‐treated polymer substrate. Oxygen‐containing functional groups and GONR dangling‐carbon bonds facilitated the spontaneous growth of ZIF‐8 oriented to the (100) grain on the GONR surface and also enhanced the rigidity by strongly anchoring the ZIF‐8 layer by metal‐carbon chemisorption. Gas permeation and molecular simulation results confirmed that the effective aperture size of ZIF‐8 is adjusted to 3.6 Å. As a result, ultrafast H2 permeance of 7.6 × 10−7 mol m−2 Pa s is achieved while blocking large hydrocarbon molecules. In particular, the membrane showed exceptionally enhanced hydrogen selectivity for the mixture separation than ideal selectivity, owing to the competitive transport between H2 and large hydrocarbon molecules, and the separation performance surpassed those of ZIF membranes previously fabricated on polymeric supports.
Ultrahigh‐Sensitive Compression‐Stress Sensor Using Integrated Stimuli‐Responsive Materials
Authors: Nakamitsu Minami , Oyama Keigo , Imai Hiroaki , Fujii Syuji , Oaki Yuya
Published: February 2021

Measurement of mechanical stresses, such as compression, shear, and tensile stresses, contributes toward achieving a safer and healthier life. In particular, the detection of weak compression stresses is required for healthcare monitoring and biomedical applications. Compression stresses in the order of 106–1010 Pa have been visualized and/or quantified using mechano‐responsive materials in previous works. However, in general, it is not easy to detect compression stresses weaker than 103 Pa using conventional mechano‐responsive materials because the dynamic motion of the rigid mechano‐responsive molecules is not induced by such a weak stress. In the present work, weak compression stresses in the order of 100–103 Pa are visualized and measured via the integration of stimuli‐responsive materials, such as layered polydiacetylene (PDA) and dry liquid (DL), through response cascades. DLs consisting of liquid droplets covered by solid particles release the interior liquid and collapse with application of a weak compression stress. The color of the layered PDA is changed by the spilled liquid as a chemical stress. A variety of weak compression stresses, such as expiratory pressure, are visualized and colorimetrically measured using the paper‐based device of the integrated stimuli‐responsive materials. Diverse mechano‐sensing devices can be designed via the integration of stimuli‐responsive materials.
Formation of Flat‐on Lamellar Crystals in Absence of Nanoconfinement
Authors: Chu Liangyong , Grouve Wouter J. B. , van Drongelen Martin , de Vries Erik G. , Akkerman Remko , de Rooij Matthijn B.
Published: February 2021

Flat‐on lamellar crystals are crucial for gas‐barrier polymer films. The formation of this lamellar crystalline structure with chains perpendicular to the substrate is currently understood as the result of confined crystallization, e.g., in block copolymers and ultrathin polymer films. In this paper, it is demonstrated that these flat‐on lamellar crystals of various thermoplastic polymers may form on stainless steel and silicon wafer surfaces without the presence of confined crystallization. Atomic force microscopy, high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy, and polarized light hot‐stage microscopy are used to characterize the formation of the lamellar crystals. Further results show that the surface physicochemical properties of the substrates strongly influence the formation of these lamellar crystals. A hypothesis, based on the heterogeneous crystallization theory, is proposed to explain the formation of such flat‐on lamellar crystals. These results are crucial for a fundamental understanding of the formation of lamellar crystals and may provide a new approach to fabricate such structures.
Selective Liquid Crystal Driving Mode Achieved by Controlling the Pretilt Angle via a Nanopatterned Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Thin Film
Authors: Song In Ho , Jeong Hae‐Chang , Lee Ju Hwan , Won Jonghoon , Kim Dong Hyun , Lee DongWook , Oh Jin Young , Jang Jong In , Liu Yang , Seo Dae‐Shik
Published: February 2021

Behavior of liquid crystal (LC) is a result of interaction between the geometrical shape restrictions of the adjacent surface and molecular forces among LCs or adjacent surface. For years, continuous efforts have been made to control LC orientation and anchoring with pretilt angle for modulating the electro‐optical characteristics. For now, diverse driving modes have been developed including twisted nematic, optically compensated bend, electrically controlled birefringence, and vertical alignment. However, it has the limitation that different fabrication process should be adopted in different driving mode such as materials of alignment layer and techniques for aligning the LCs. Herein, selective LC modes are achieved by controlling the LC pretilt angle using nanopatterned organic/inorganic hybrid thin films composed of polyimide (PI) and tin oxide (SnO). It is possible to control the surface wettability according to the composition ratio between PI and SnO, thereby adjusting the pretilt angle of the LCs. Fabrication of SnO combined with PI applied via embossing allows for the large‐scale replication for LC alignment and based on consumer demand, devices can be manufactured in various modes through simple configuration changes. Therefore, an inorganic compound combined with an organic one permits designing addressable LC driving modes.
Solar‐Driven Soft Robots
Authors: Mirvakili Seyed M. , Leroy Arny , Sim Douglas , Wang Evelyn N.
Published: February 2021

Stimuli‐responsive materials have been lately employed in soft robotics enabling new classes of robots that can emulate biological systems. The untethered operation of soft materials with high power light, magnetic field, and electric field has been previously demonstrated. While electric and magnetic fields can be stimulants for untethered actuation, their rapid decay as a function of distance limits their efficacy for long‐range operations. In contrast, light—in the form of sunlight or collimated from an artificial source (e.g., laser, Xenon lamps)—does not decay rapidly, making it suitable for long‐range excitation of untethered soft robots. In this work, an approach to harnessing sunlight for the untethered operation of soft robots is presented. By employing a selective solar absorber film and a low‐boiling point (34 °C) fluid, light‐operated soft robotic grippers are demonstrated, grasping and lifting objects almost 25 times the mass of the fluid in a controllable fashion. The method addresses one of the salient challenges in the field of untethered soft robotics. It precludes the use of bulky peripheral components (e.g., compressors, valves, or pressurized gas tank) and enables the untethered long‐range operation of soft robots.
Nitrogen losses from hard red spring wheat fields in the northern plains
Authors: Chatterjee Amitava , Veverka Donald , Carlson Melissa
Published: February 2021

Nitrogen dynamics varies spatially in response to complex interactions among weather, soil, and management practices. Twenty‐six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields were studied for N losses, nitrous oxide (N2O) flux and ammonia (NH3) volatilization, grain yield and protein concentration in farmers fields in Minnesota and North Dakota of the Red River Valley during 2018– 2020 growing seasons. Spring wheat grain yield ranged from 2.8 to 9.7 Mg ha–1 with protein concentration ranging between 106 and 180 g kg–1. Average cumulative N2O and NH3 losses were 415 g N2O‐N ha–1 and 1.43 kg NH3 ha–1, respectively (n = 26). Spring wheat grain yield (r = .53, p = .01) had positive association with May rainfall. Grain protein concentration declined with delay in planting (r = –0.55, p = .01). Linear regression indicates a close association of daily N2O flux with soil moisture (r2 = .23, p < .01), soil inorganic N concentration (r2 = .02, p = .04), and days after planting (r2 = .20, p < .01). Soil inorganic N concentration (just after planting) had a positive association with cumulative N2O flux (r = .41, p = .03). This study showed rainfall, soil moisture, and inorganic N concentration play a dominant role in N dynamics across the region.
X‐linked frontometaphyseal dysplasia with severe scoliosis and spinal cord compromise in an Indian boy
Authors: Gangadaran Prabakaran , Chaudhry Chakshu , Panigrahi Inusha , Kumari Anu , Kaur Anupriya
Published: February 2021

Frontometaphyseal dysplasia (FMD) is a rare genetic disorder with morphological abnormalities of the skeletal and extra skeletal tissues. It belongs to the group of otopalatodigital spectrum disorders. Here we report a 12‐year‐old boy from India with features of frontometaphyseal dysplasia who had severe scoliosis with neurological complications due to spinal cord compromise. Clinical examination of his mother also revealed mild features of FMD. The manuscript highlights the clinical presentation of the disorder and discusses the clinical heterogeneity of the otopalatodigital spectrum disorders.
New Aldehyde‐Functional Methacrylic Water‐Soluble Polymers
Authors: Brotherton Emma E. , Jesson Craig P. , Warren Nicholas J. , Smallridge Mark J. , Armes Steven P.
Published: February 2021

Aldehyde groups enable facile conjugation to proteins, enzymes, oligonucleotides or fluorescent dyes, yet there are no literature examples of water‐soluble aldehyde‐functional vinyl monomers. We report the synthesis of a new hydrophilic cis‐diol‐based methacrylic monomer (GEO5MA) by transesterification of isopropylideneglycerol penta(ethylene glycol) using methyl methacrylate followed by acetone deprotection via acid hydrolysis. The corresponding water‐soluble aldehyde monomer, AGEO5MA, is prepared by aqueous periodate oxidation of GEO5MA at 22 °C. RAFT polymerization of GEO5MA yields the water‐soluble homopolymer, PGEO5MA. Aqueous periodate oxidation of the terminal cis‐diol units on PGEO5MA at 22 °C affords a water‐soluble aldehyde‐functional homopolymer (PAGEO5MA). Moreover, a library of hydrophilic statistical copolymers bearing cis‐diol and aldehyde groups was prepared using sub‐stoichiometric periodate/cis‐diol molar ratios. The aldehyde groups on PAGEO5MA homopolymer were reacted in turn with three amino acids to demonstrate synthetic utility.
Enhanced Live‐Cell Delivery of Synthetic Proteins Assisted by Cell‐Penetrating Peptides Fused to DABCYL
Authors: Mandal Shaswati , Mann Guy , Satish Gandhesiri , Brik Ashraf
Published: February 2021

Live‐cell delivery of a fully synthetic protein having selectivity towards a particular target is a promising approach with potential applications for basic research and therapeutics. Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) allow the cellular delivery of proteins but mostly result in endosomal entrapment, leading to lack of bioavailability. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a CPP fused to 4‐((4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl)azo)benzoic acid (DABCYL) to enhance cellular uptake of fluorescently labelled synthetic protein analogues in low micromolar concentration. The attachment of cyclic deca‐arginine (cR10) modified with a single lysine linked to DABCYL to synthetic ubiquitin (Ub) and small ubiquitin‐like modifier‐2 (SUMO‐2) scaffolds resulted in a threefold higher uptake efficacy in live cells compared to the unmodified cR10. We could also achieve cR10DABCYL‐assisted delivery of Ub and a Ub variant (Ubv) based activity‐based probes for functional studies of deubiquitinases in live cells.
Effective Encapsulation of C60 by Metal–Organic Frameworks with Polyamide Macrocyclic Linkers
Authors: Saura‐Sanmartin Adrian , Martinez‐Cuezva Alberto , Marin‐Luna Marta , Bautista Delia , Berna Jose
Published: February 2021

A flexible benzylic amide macrocycle, functionalized with two carboxylic acid groups, was employed as the organic ligand for the preparation of robust copper(II)‐ and zinc(II)‐based metal–organic frameworks. These polymers crystallized in the C2/m space group of the monoclinic crystal system, creating non‐interpenetrated channels in one direction with an extraordinary solvent‐accessible volume of 46 %. Unlike metal–organic rotaxane frameworks having benzylic amide macrocycles as linkers, the absence of the thread in these novel reticular materials causes a decrease of dimensionality and an improvement of pore size and dynamic guest adaptability. We studied the incorporation of fullerene C60 inside the adjustable pocket generated between two macrocycles connected to the same dinuclear clusters, occupying a remarkable 98 % of the cavities inside the network. The use of these materials as hosts for the selective recognition of different fullerenes was evaluated, mainly encapsulating the smaller size fullerene derivative in several mixtures of C60 and C70.
Circularly Polarized Luminescence Liquids Based on Siloxybinaphthyls: Best Binaphthyl Dihedral Angle in the Excited State
Authors: Takaishi Kazuto , Matsumoto Tomoki , Kawataka Miyu , Ema Tadashi
Published: February 2021

A series of axially chiral 1,1′‐binaphthyls with trialkylsiloxy (OSiR3) groups were synthesized. Among them,1 a–cpossessing OSiR3groups at the 7,7′‐positions and methyl groups at the 2,2′‐positions were liquids at room temperature, and the neat liquids showed circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) (R=Bu;Φfl,liquid=0.21, |glum,liquid|=1.6×10−3). The |glum,liquid| value is the highest of pure liquids. These compounds remained liquid over a broad range of temperatures, down to −50 °C. Time‐dependent DFT calculations indicated that in the excited state, the binaphthyls adopt atransoidconformation with a small angle between the electric and magnetic transition dipole moments (θμ,m=77°), which is a key factor in their CPL activity. The best binaphthyl dihedral angle in the excited state is approximately 110°.
Effects of Sequence and Base Composition on the CD and TDS Profiles of i‐DNA
Authors: Iaccarino Nunzia , Cheng Mingpan , Qiu Dehui , Pagano Bruno , Amato Jussara , Di Porzio Anna , Zhou Jun , Randazzo Antonio , Mergny Jean‐Louis
Published: February 2021

The i‐motif DNA, also known as i‐DNA, is a non‐canonical DNA secondary structure formed by cytosine‐rich sequences, consisting of two intercalated parallel‐stranded duplexes held together by hemi‐protonated cytosine–cytosine+ (C:C+) base pairs. The growing interest in the i‐DNA structure as a target in anticancer therapy increases the need for tools for a rapid and meaningful interpretation of the spectroscopic data of i‐DNA samples. Herein, we analyzed the circular dichroism (CD) and thermal difference UV‐absorbance spectra (TDS) of 255 DNA sequences by means of multivariate data analysis, aiming at unveiling peculiar spectral regions that could be used as diagnostic features during the analysis of i‐DNA‐forming sequences.
Synthesis, characterization, and cell viability of bifunctional medical‐grade polyurethane nanofiber: Functionalization by bone inducing and bacteria ablating materials
Authors: Ashraf Roqia , Maqbool Tariq , Beigh Mushtaq A. , Jadhav Arvind H. , Sofi Hasham S. , Sheikh Faheem A.
Published: February 2021

There is an extensive possibility of improving characteristics of fibers used in hard tissue engineering, being hydrophobic and less osteoconductive, resulting in the dynamic growth of new tissues. The current work focuses on the fabrication of nanofibers incorporated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) ''as osteoconductive'' and silver (Ag) ''as self‐healing'' nanoparticles (NPs). The incorporation of AgNO3 by in situ method not only helped to impart the antibacterial activity but also changed the contact angle from 81 ± 03° in the case of pristine nanofibers to 74 ± 03°, 61 ± 03°, 50 ± 08°, and 39 ± 1.1°, in the composite scaffolds containing 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07 M of Ag salts. The incubation in simulated body fluid at 37°C to induce mineralization on nanofiber scaffolds indicated Ca and P crystals' formation. The antibacterial activity showed significantly more toxicity toward E. coli (8.3 ± 0.9 mm) than S. aureus (1.2 ± 0.1 mm). Biocompatibility studies using MTT assay on the pre‐osteoblasts showed that both TiO2 and Ag NPs present in the nanofibers are non‐toxic to the bone‐like cells. However, results show that a higher concentration of Ag NPs (i.e., 0.07 M) is toxic to cells growing. Finally, all the results suggest that the nanofiber scaffolds have considerable scope for future bone tissue engineering materials.
Photoassisted degradation of rhodamine B using poly(ε‐caprolactone) based nanocomposites: Mechanistic and kinetic features
Authors: Elias Eldho , Sarathchandran C. , Joseph Saju , Zachariah Ajesh K. , Thomas Jince , Devadasan Dineep , G. Souza Fernando , Thomas Sabu
Published: February 2021

The efficiency of poly (ε‐caprolactone)‐cloisite 10A nanocomposite membrane in removing/degrading of an amphoteric dye (rhodamine B) from aqueous samples under visible light is investigated in detail. Nanocomposite membranes were prepared by electrospinning technique using acetone‐chloroform mixture as solvent. The synthesized nanocomposites were used to degrade rhodamine B from aqueous samples under visible light conditions using a 50 W light‐emitting diode lamb. Samples were withdrawn at definite intervals of 30 min and analyzed using UV–vis spectroscopy, LC‐Q‐ToF/MS‐MS, and antibacterial studies. Detailed chemistry of the rhodamine B degradation is reported by interpreting experimental results and using first‐principles density functional theory calculations. Cytotoxicity tests confirm the eco‐friendly nature of end product obtained. Nanocomposite with 9 wt% of cloisite 10A, effectively converts rhodamine B to eco‐friendly products within almost 3 h. To the best of our knowledge, no work has been reported on the use of poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐cloisite 10A nanocomposites for dye removal from water samples.
A New Potent Antimicrobial Metalloporphyrin
Authors: Jiang Lu , Chee Pei Lin , Gao Jian , Gan Ching Ruey Raymond , Owh Cally , Lakshminarayanan Rajamani , Jiang Shan , Hor T. S. Andy , Loh Xian Jun
Published: February 2021

A series ofbis‐acryl functionalized porphyrins and their corresponding metalloporphyrins (M=Co, Mn) were synthesized and investigated for their antimicrobial properties through MIC screening and bacteria time‐kill kinetic studies. The Mn(III) 4‐(bis)methylphenyl‐substituted‐porphyrins showed superior batericidal activities even in the dark with low hemotoxicity and good cytotoxicity profile.
An improved Hopfield Lagrange network with application on motor efficiency optimization
Authors: Yan Jiapeng , Kong Huifang , Man Zhihong
Published: February 2021

In this paper, an improved Hopfield Lagrange network (IHLN) is proposed and applied to solve motor efficiency optimization in an electric vehicle (EV) with a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). In contrast to the Hopfield Lagrange network (HLN) incorporating deterministic gradient descent, a stochastic searching method, simulated annealing (SA), is introduced in IHLN to prevent the network from falling into local minima and improve the optimality. Some important issues regarding the performance of the IHLN are thoroughly investigated such as whether the optimization problem is nonconvex with local minima, the stability of the network's equilibria, and the convergence condition of the SA. Simulations are conducted to validate the effectiveness of IHLN, and results demonstrate the improvement brought by IHLN concerning different indices.
Impact of simulated wildfire on disinfection byproduct formation potential
Authors: Wilkerson Paul J. , Rosario‐Ortiz Fernando L.
Published: February 2021

Wildfires are complex phenomena that have served a vital role in ecosystem function for millennia. However, thermal alterations to dissolved organic matter's (DOM) solubility and chemical features can change disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation dynamics. Physicochemical changes to DOM are influenced by several factors, the most prominent being heating temperature. In this study, mineral soil samples were collected from fire‐prone areas, artificially heated in a muffle furnace to simulate wildfire heating, and leached. As heating temperature increased, chloroform and dichloroacetic acid yields decreased and increased, respectively. Of particular interest was the stimulation of dichloroacetonitrile, a highly toxic and unregulated DBP, at moderate heating temperatures. To demonstrate further insight into the chemical attributes of wildfire‐impacted DOM, optical properties were used as proxy measurements. This work provides water utilities with information on how wildfires can alter DBP formation potential, and a means to investigate correlations between intrinsic optical measurements and DBP yields.
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and beneficial action of luteolin
Authors: Delgado Alejandro , Cholevas Christos , Theoharides Theoharis C.
Published: February 2021

Alzheimer's disease (AD), already the world's most common form of dementia, is projected to continue increasing in prevalence over the next several decades. The current lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of AD has hampered the development of effective treatments. Historically, AD research has been predicated on the amyloid cascade hypothesis (ACH), which attributes disease progression to the build‐up of amyloid protein. However, multiple clinical studies of drugs interfering with ACH have failed to show any benefit demonstrating that AD etiology is more complex than previously thought. Here we review the current literature on the emerging key role of neuroinflammation, especially activation of microglia, in AD pathogenesis. Moreover, we provide compelling evidence that certain flavonoids, especially luteolin formulated in olive pomace oil together with hydroxytyrosol, offers a reasonable prophylactic treatment approach due to its many beneficial actions.
Formation of Various Polymeric Films via Surface‐Initiated ARGET ATRP on Silicon Substrates
Authors: Kim Su Youn , Seo Hyun Ji , Kim Sunhee , Cho Woo Kyung
Published: February 2021

The growth of various polymeric films such as neutral, zwitterionic, and anionic ones was investigated over time from the initiator‐immobilized silicon substrates. The polymerization reactions were carried out under ambient conditions via activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) without any predeoxygenating process. Each of the examined polymeric films showed linear/exponential growth over reaction times according to the measurement of ellipsometric film thickness. The successful formation of various polymeric films was further proved by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle goniometry, and measurement of surface free energies. We think that this study can provide a basis for other researches that require to graft polymers with the adjustable film thickness for modulating chemical/physical properties at interfaces.
Distributed wind power virtual simulation experiment system for cultivating the ability to solve complex engineering problems
Authors: Hu Mengying , Ji Junpeng , Duan Jiandong , Wang Qian
Published: February 2021

This paper presents a distributed wind power virtual simulation experiment system for cultivating students' ability to solve complex engineering problems. The experiment system was designed with complex engineering problems of real wind farms, both in a steady state and transient process. On the basis of the system, comprehensive practical contents were developed. According to engineering education certification, the virtual simulation practical contents provide support for improving students' ability to solve complex engineering problems. The system has been applied to a comprehensive practical course of renewable energy. From the designed assessment, the experiment system helped students to master the advanced technologies applied to real wind farms visually and enhanced their ability to solve complex engineering problems. After practical learning on the system, students' performance has been improved in graduation projects. It is proved that the virtual simulation experiment system is effective in cultivating students’ ability to solve complex engineering problems.
Educational graphic tool for teaching fundamentals of digital image representation
Authors: Fresnedo Óscar , Laport Francisco , Castro Paula M. , Dapena Adriana
Published: February 2021

In the last few decades, different teaching methodologies have been proposed to promote more active learning of students. However, it is still essential to understand the practical implications of the theoretical concepts incorporating additional methodologies, for example, problem‐based learning. This methodology could include practises focused on students' programming or on using appropriate software tools. For more meaningful learning, the use of a graphic tool instead of programming provides more insight into those concepts throughout a simple and practical resource. Taking this into account, a software tool has been developed in addition to theoretical sessions in the context of a subject of the Degree in Computer Science, where the learning objectives are related to the representation and compression of multimedia content. In addition, this tool allows to configure useful exercises for these practical sessions, such that students can experiment and analyse the results from a visual perspective. The results of the surveys show a high degree of satisfaction of students, who highlight that the tool has helped them to better understand the curriculum content. In addition, there are signs of improvement in the academic results corresponding to the evaluation of performance with such software.
Severe hemolysis and vaso‐occlusive crisis due to COVID‐19 infection in a sickle cell disease patient improved after red blood cell exchange
Authors: Okar Lina , Rezek Mohamad , Gameil Amna , Mulikandayhil Yahya , Yassin Mohamed A.
Published: February 2021

Even though most data suggest favorable outcome in patients with SCD and COVID‐19 infection, close monitoring remains essential as acute complication may develop unexpectedly. Offering RBC exchange early in the course of infection might improve prognosis.
Combination of convalescent plasma therapy and repurposed drugs to treat severe COVID‐19 patient with multimorbidity
Authors: Das Santa Kumar , Ranabhat Kamal , Bhattarai Suraj , Karki Khem Bahadur , Gyanwali Pradip , Paneru Hem Raj , Nepal Bipin , Dumre Shyam Prakash , Acharya Subhash Prasad
Published: February 2021

Combination of convalescent plasma therapy and repurposed drugs such as dexamethasone and remdesivir could be beneficial for severe COVID‐19 patients with obesity and chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension.