bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of hydrosilylboronates via the monoborylation of a dihydrosilane Si–H bond and their application for the generation of dialkylhydrosilyl anions
Authors: Takeuchi Takumi , Shishido Ryosuke , Kubota Koji , Ito Hajime
Published: August 2021

Monoborylation of a dihydrosilane Si–H bond can be achieved in the presence of iridium- or nickel-based catalysts, yielding novel hydrosilylboronates that bear a hydrogen atom at the silicon center.
Peptoid-based reprogrammable template for cell-permeable inhibitors of protein–protein interactions
Authors: Fukuda Yasuhiro , Yokomine Marin , Kuroda Daisuke , Tsumoto Kouhei , Morimoto Jumpei , Sando Shinsuke
Published: August 2021

A peptoid-based modular approach using oligo(N-substituted alanine) as a reprogrammable template enables independent optimization of N-substituents and facile development of cell-permeable inhibitors of protein–protein interactions.
Broadband measurement of true transverse relaxation rates in systems with coupled protons: application to the study of conformational exchange
Authors: Kiraly Peter , Dal Poggetto Guilherme , Castañar Laura , Nilsson Mathias , Deák Andrea , Morris Gareth A.
Published: August 2021

Existing methods for measuring transverse relaxation give incorrect results in coupled spin systems. Measuring true relaxation rates extends their utility.
Estrogen receptor actions in colitis
Authors: Garcia-Villatoro Erika L. , Allred Clinton D.
Published: August 2021

In recent years, researchers have demonstrated that estrogen and its receptors, aside from their role in regulating several biological functions, contribute to the development and progression/severity of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). IBDs include both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Epidemiological data indicate a clear difference in the incidence, severity, and complications of IBDs between sexes. Men present a higher risk of developing colitis than women and a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer, a common complication of this condition. However, fluctuations of estrogen levels have yielded inconsistent data, where oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy have been associated with an increased risk of IBDs in premenopausal women but significantly reduce disease activity after menopause. Likewise, improvement of symptoms related to CD has been reported during pregnancy, but not in UC, who often experience worsening symptoms. In the colonic epithelium, estrogen receptor β (ERβ) is the predominant form of the protein expressed, and it helps maintain normal epithelial function and organization. Preclinical data suggest that ER expression and activation via estrogen confers different responses on disease severity depending on the model used to induce colitis, which may reflect what is observed in patients with IBDs. Hence, this review aims to provide an overview of estrogen and its receptors, particularly ERβ, in the pathophysiology of IBDs.
Improved composite adaptive fault‐tolerant control for dynamic positioning vehicle subject to the dead‐zone nonlinearity
Authors: Zhang Guoqing , Yao Mingqi , Zhang Wenjun , Zhang Weidong
Published: August 2021

In order to tackle the marine practical constraints, for example the actuator faults, the dead‐zone input, an improved composite adaptive neural control algorithm is proposed for dynamic positioning vehicles in presence of the unknown external disturbances. In the algorithm, the robust neural damping technique is employed to remodel the system model uncertainty and suppress the external interference. As for the dead‐zone input, the dead‐zone inverse model is constructed to derive the corresponding compensating terms. That could effectively release the constraints from the actuator faults and the dead‐zone non‐linearity. Furthermore, for merits of the composite intelligent learning method, one designs the serial‐parallel estimation model to estimate the related velocity variables. The corresponding prediction error could be applied in the design of adaptive law. That could effectively improve the accuracy of parameter estimation and facilitate the robustness of the closed‐loop system. The semi‐global uniformly ultimately bounded stability is guaranteed for all error signals in the closed‐loop system by utilizing the Lyapunov theory. Finally, the validity of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through the simulation experiments.
Multi‐objective electrical demand response policy generation considering customer response behaviour learning: An enhanced inverse reinforcement learning approach
Authors: Lin Junhao , Zhang Yan , Xu Shuangdie , Yu Haidong
Published: August 2021

Demand response (DR) is an effective load management method. To attract customers to participate, DR policies need to both satisfy customers' individual DR habits and be economically profitable. However, customers’ individual DR habits are hard to be formulated with few hypotheses when other objectives are simultaneously considered. To tackle this challenge, a novel DR behavioural learning method is proposed. We learn customers’ DR habits by an inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) method to reduce the subjectivity in DR model formulation. Meanwhile, in contrast to traditional learning‐based methods, the proposed method can adapt to multiple DR objectives more than just following customers’ DR habits, like obtaining higher economic revenues. Additionally, we consider the diversity and changes of customer DR behaviour patterns and offer an enhancement for the proposed DR behavioural learning method via building a DR pattern clustering and inference module. The proposed method can work with customer‐side energy storage systems to diversify the DR policies and make the DR behaviours more flexible. Case studies show the proposed method can reduce about 10–20% behavioural learning deviations than the compared model‐based methods, while daily charges of the proposed method can be further reduced by over 4% than the compared supervised‐learning‐based methods.
Balmer continuum enhancement detected in a mini flare observed with IRIS
Authors: Joshi Reetika , Schmieder Brigitte , Heinzel Petr , Tomin James , Chandra Ramesh , Vilmer Nicole
Published: August 2021

Context. Optical and near-UV continuum emissions in flares contribute substantially to the flare energy budget. Two mechanisms play an important role for continuum emission in flares: hydrogen recombination after sudden ionization at chromospheric layers, and transportation of the energy radiatively from the chromosphere to lower layers in the atmosphere, the so-called back-warming.

Aims. The aim of the paper is to distinguish between these two mechanisms for the excess of the Balmer continuum observed in a flare.

Methods. We combined the observations of the Balmer continuum obtained with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) (spectra and slit-jaw images (SJIs) 2832 Å) and hard X-ray (HXR) emission detected by the Fermi/Gamma Burst Monitor (GBM) during a mini flare. The calibrated Balmer continuum was compared to non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) radiative transfer flare models, and the radiated energy was estimated. Assuming thick target HXR emission, we calculated the energy of the nonthermal electrons detected by the Fermi/GBM and compared it to the radiated energy.

Results. The favorable argument of a relation between the Balmer continuum excess and the HXR emission is that there is a good time coincidence between them. In addition, the shape of the maximum brightness in the 2832 SJIs, which is mainly due to this Balmer continuum excess, is similar to that of the Fermi/GBM light curve. The electron-beam flux estimated from Fermi/GBM between 109 and 1010 erg s−1 cm−2 is consistent with the beam flux required in non-LTE radiative transfer models to obtain the excess of Balmer continuum emission observed in this IRIS spectra.

Conclusions. The low-energy input by nonthermal electrons above 20 keV is sufficient to produce the enhancement in the Balmer continuum emission. This could be explained by the topology of the reconnection site. The reconnection starts in a tiny bald-patch region, which is transformed dynamically into an X-point current sheet. The size of the interacting region would be below the spatial resolution of the instrument.
Chemical analysis of prestellar cores in Ophiuchus yields short timescales and rapid collapse
Authors: Bovino Stefano , Lupi Alessandro , Giannetti Andrea , Sabatini Giovanni , Schleicher Dominik R. G. , Wyrowski Friedrich , Menten Karl M.
Published: August 2021

Sun-like stars form from the contraction of cold and dense interstellar clouds. How the collapse proceeds and what the main physical processes are driving it, however, is still under debate and a final consensus on the timescale of the process has not been reached. If the contraction proceeds slowly, supported by strong magnetic fields and mediated by ambipolar diffusion, or is driven by fast collapse with gravity dominating the entire process is still an open question. One way to answer this question is to measure the age of prestellar cores through statistical methods based on observations or via reliable chemical chronometers, which should better reflect the physical conditions of the cores. Here we report Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment observations of ortho-H2D+ and para-D2H+ for six cores in the Ophiuchus complex, and we combined them with detailed three-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamical simulations including chemistry, providing a range of ages for the observed cores of up to 200 kyr. The outcome of our simulations and subsequent analysis provides a good matching with the observational results in terms of physical parameters (core masses and volume densities) and dynamical parameters such as the Mach number and the virial parameter. We show that models of fast collapse successfully reproduce the observed range of chemical abundance ratios since the timescales to reach the observed stages is comparable to the dynamical time of the cores (i.e. the free-fall time) and much shorter than the ambipolar diffusion time, measured from the electron fraction in the simulations. To confirm that this ratio can be used to distinguish between different star-formation scenarios, a larger (statistically relevant) sample of star-forming cores should be explored.
PSR J2222−0137
Authors: Guo Y. J. , Freire P. C. C. , Guillemot L. , Kramer M. , Zhu W. W. , Wex N. , McKee J. W. , Deller A. , Ding H. , Kaplan D. L. , Stappers B. , Cognard I. , Miao X. , Haase L. , Keith M. , Ransom S. M. , Theureau G.
Published: August 2021

Context. The PSR J2222−0137 binary system has a set of features that make it a unique laboratory for tests of gravity theories.

Aims. To fully exploit the system’s potential for these tests, we aim to improve the measurements of its physical parameters, spin and orbital orientation, and post-Keplerian parameters, which quantify the observed relativistic effects.

Methods. We describe an improved analysis of archival very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) data, which uses a coordinate convention in full agreement with that used in timing. We have also obtained much improved polarimetry of the pulsar with the Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST). We provide an improved analysis of significantly extended timing datasets taken with the Effelsberg, Nançay, and Lovell radio telescopes; this also includes previous timing data from the Green Bank Telescope.

Results. From the VLBI analysis, we have obtained a new estimate of the position angle of the ascending node, Ω = 189−18+19 deg (all uncertainties are 68% confidence limits), and a new reference position for the pulsar with an improved and more conservative uncertainty estimate. The FAST polarimetric results, and in particular the detection of an interpulse, yield much improved estimates for the spin geometry of the pulsar, in particular an inclination of the spin axis of the pulsar of ∼84 deg. From the timing, we obtain a new ∼1% test of general relativity (GR) from the agreement of the Shapiro delay parameters and the rate of advance of periastron. Assuming GR in a self-consistent analysis of all effects, we obtain much improved masses: 1.831(10) M⊙ for the pulsar and 1.319(4) M⊙ for the white dwarf companion; the total mass, 3.150(14) M⊙, confirms this as the most massive double degenerate binary known in the Galaxy. This analysis also yields the orbital orientation; in particular, the orbital inclination is 85.27(4) deg – indicating a close alignment between the spin of the pulsar and the orbital angular momentum – and Ω = 187.7(5.7) deg, which matches our new VLBI estimate. Finally, the timing also yields a precise measurement of the variation in the orbital period, Ṗb = 0.251(8) × 10−12 ss−1; this is consistent with the expected variation in the Doppler factor plus the orbital decay caused by the emission of gravitational waves predicted by GR. This agreement introduces stringent constraints on the emission of dipolar gravitational waves.
Update Vorhofflimmern – Was ist neu?
Authors: Schäffer Benjamin , Gunawardene Melanie A. , Willems Stephan
Published: August 2021

Was ist neu?

Behandlungspfad im Management von Vorhofflimmerpatient*innen Die im vergangenen Jahr neu erschienen Vorhofflimmer-Leitlinien schlagen einen Diagnose- und Therapiealgorithmus vor, der eine strukturierte und erweiterte Charakterisierung ermöglichen soll und nach umfangreicher und „ganzheitlicher“ Einschätzung in einer gezielten Therapiestrategie mündet. Zentraler Bestandteil bleibt die Prävention thromboembolischer Komplikationen.

Therapie von Begleiterkrankungen Eine konsequente Behandlung von Begleiterkrankungen, insbesondere klassischer kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktoren, wird in einem multimodalen Therapieansatz betont.

Symptomkontrolle und die Rolle der Katheterablation Symptomatische Patient*innen sollten eine rhythmuserhaltende Therapie bekommen. Vor dem Hintergrund oft limitierter medikamentöser Optionen kommt der Katheterablation eine entscheidende Rolle zu.

Prognostische Aspekte und das richtige Timing Mit der EAST-AFNET4-Studie konnte erstmals der prognostische Vorteil einer Rhythmuskontrolle bei Patient*innen mit Begleiterkrankungen gezeigt werden. Entscheidend scheint insbesondere der frühe Therapiebeginn nach Diagnosestellung. Aktuelle Studien demonstrieren die hohe Effektivität der Katheterablation auch als Erstlinienbehandlung. Bei Herzinsuffizienz geht die Katheterablation mit einer Prognoseverbesserung einher.
Persistierende Beschwerden nach akuter COVID-19-Erkrankung: „Long-COVID“?
Authors: August Dietrich , Götz Veronika , Stete Katarina
Published: August 2021

Was ist neu?

Prävalenz und Risikofaktoren Die Gesamthäufigkeit von Langzeitbeschwerden ist unklar. Als Risikofaktoren konnten bisher der Schweregrad der Akuterkrankung, weibliches Geschlecht und Grunderkrankungen identifiziert werden.

Klinik und Pathogenese Die Pathogenese ist nicht geklärt. Ebenso unbekannt ist die Prognose über den Verlauf der Beschwerden. Wichtig erscheint ein symptomgeleiteter Ausschluss von behandlungsbedürftigen Alternativdiagnosen. Für den Beschwerdekomplex gibt es bislang weder einen einheitlichen Begriff („Long-COVID“) noch eine einheitliche Definition. Häufig wird die Definition des NICE verwendet, das zwischen anhaltendem COVID-19 bei Beschwerden 4–12 Wochen bzw. einem Post-COVID-19-Syndrom mehr als 12 Wochen nach Akuterkrankung unterscheidet.

Eine verzögerte Rekonvaleszenz oder persistierende Beschwerden scheinen nach COVID-19 häufiger als nach anderen akuten Infektionskrankheiten aufzutreten und beinhalten vor allem ein Erschöpfungssyndrom mit Belastungsintoleranz, Brustschmerzen/Belastungsdyspnoe und verschiedene neurologische bzw. neuropsychiatrische Symptome.

Diagnostik und Therapie Diagnostik und Therapie sollten interdisziplinär erfolgen. Physiotherapie, psychologische/psychosomatische Anbindung und Möglichkeiten der Rehabilitation sollten erwogen werden. Insbesondere bei persistierender pulmonaler Symptomatik können Patienten von einer Rehabilitationsmaßnahme profitieren. Daten zur Effektivität einer Impfung im Sinne eine Beschwerdelinderung bei Long- COVID fehlen.
Hospitalisierungen und Behandlungskosten von Schizophreniepatienten nach Umstellung auf Depot-Antipsychotika
Authors: Wolff-Menzler Claus , Mahlich Jörg , Olbrich Kerstin , Wilk Adrian , Wimmer Antonie
Published: August 2021

Ziel der Studie Aktualisierte Untersuchung von Auswirkungen einer Initiierung von Depot-Antipsychotika-Therapie (LAI, long-acting injectable antipsychotic) auf die Hospitalisierungsraten und Therapiekosten deutscher Schizophrenie-Patienten.

Methodik Retrospektive Mirror-Image-Design-Studie der Kassendaten von 1142 deutschen Schizophrenie-Patienten, die in den Jahren 2013 bis 2016 eine Behandlung mit LAIs begonnen haben. Für die eingeschlossenen Patienten wurden die Kosten und Ressourcenverwendung 12 Monate vor dem Index-Datum (Erstinitiierung des LAI) und 12 Monate nach dem Index-Datum verglichen. Zur Bewertung von Krankenhausaufenthalten und deren Kosten wurden 2 Modelle verwendet. In Modell 1 wurde der Krankenhausaufenthalt während des Indexdatums dem Prä-Index-Zeitintervall zugeordnet, in Modell 2 weder dem Prä- noch dem Post-Index-Zeitintervall.

Ergebnisse Die Medikationskosten waren nach der Umstellung auf LAIs signifikant höher (3863,9 € vs. 777,6 €; p < 0,001). Die Anzahl und Dauer der Hospitalisierungen sowie die damit assoziierten Kosten waren nach der Umstellung auf LAIs bei Berechnung nach Modell 1 signifikant niedriger als im Zeitraum vor der Umstellung (2,4 vs. 2,6; 61,1 vs. 74,8 Tage; 5515,9 € vs. 12 502,7 €, alle p < 0,001). Dadurch waren auch die Gesamtkosten signifikant geringer (10 578,6 € vs. 12 459,4 €; p < 0,001). Die Ergebnisse nach Modell 2 zeigten einen ähnlichen Trend, jedoch war hier nur die Reduktion der assoziierten Kosten statistisch signifikant.

Schlussfolgerung In der analysierten Kohorte deutscher Schizophrenie-Patienten fanden wir Hinweise darauf, dass die Umstellung der Behandlung auf LAIs mit einer signifikant geringeren Rate an Hospitalisierungen und signifikant geringeren Gesamtkosten einhergeht.
Qualitätstransparenz im Gesundheitswesen: eine gesundheitsökonomische Modellbetrachtung
Authors: Pross Christoph , Schöner Lukas , Geissler Alexander , Busse Reinhard
Published: August 2021

Ein zentrales Anliegen für ein funktionierendes Gesundheitswesen ist die Frage, ob der Wettbewerb zwischen Leistungserbringern und dessen Regulierung bestmögliche Versorgungsqualität erbringt. Aktuell wird Qualität oft uneinheitlich und unzureichend erbracht, umfassende Ansätze für die Definition und Messung von Qualität, sowohl aus klinischer als auch Patientenperspektive, existieren nicht. Zudem gilt die Gesundheitsversorgung in der Ökonomie als Vertrauensgut und ist durch starke Informationsasymmetrien zwischen Patienten, Leistungserbringern und Kostenträgern gekennzeichnet. Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert anhand gesundheitsökonomischer Ansätze die Einflussfaktoren auf Behandlungsqualität sowohl auf Nachfrage- als auch auf Angebotsseite und beleuchtet aktuelle gesundheitspolitische Maßnahmen zur Unterstützung bestmöglicher Ergebnisqualität im Wettbewerb zwischen Leistungserbringern.
Performance Evaluation of High-Resolution Ultrasound versus Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Diagnosing Peripheral Nerve Pathologies
Authors: Nischal Neha , Gupta Saurabh , Lal Kanhaiya , Singh Jatinder Pal
Published: August 2021

Background High-resolution ultrasound (HRUS) and magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) are considered complementary to clinical and neurophysiological assessment for neuropathies.

Aims The aim of our study was to compare the accuracy of HRUS and MRN for detecting various peripheral nerve pathologies, to choose the correct investigation to facilitate prompt patient management.

Materials and Methods This prospective study was done using HRUS with 14 MHz linear-transducer and 3 or 1.5T MR in cases referred for the assessment of peripheral nerve pathologies. Image interpretation was done using a scoring system (score 0–3 confidence level) to assess for nerve continuity/discontinuity, increased nerve signal/edema, fascicular change, caliber change, and neuroma/mass lesion. We determined the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of these modalities compared with the diagnostic standard determined by surgical and/or histopathological, if not performed then clinical and/or electrodiagnostic evaluation.

Results The overall accuracy of MRN was 89.3% (specificity: 66.6%, sensitivity: 92.6%, negative predictive value [NPV]: 57.1%, positive predictive value [PPV]: 95%) and that of HRUS was 82.9% (specificity: 100%, sensitivity: 80.4%, NPV: 42.8, PPV: 100). The confidence level for detecting nerve discontinuity and change in nerve caliber was found to be higher on ultrasonography than magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (100 vs. 70% and 100 vs. 50%, respectively). Pathology of submillimeter caliber nerves was accurately detected by HRUS and these could not be well-visualized on MRI.

Conclusion HRUS is a powerful tool that may be used as the first-line imaging modality for the evaluation of peripheral nerve pathologies, and a better means of evaluation of peripheral nerves with submillimeter caliber.
Sagittal Maxillary Fracture: Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Kumar Umesh , Jain Pradeep
Published: August 2021

Background The sagittal maxillary fracture often coexists with maxillary fractures and warrants a definitive management strategy together with other maxillary fractures.

Method This study was conducted on 60 patients suffering from sagittal maxillary fracture. Palatal fractures were classified into six subgroups. During management, patients were divided into three groups. In group A, patients with type I, IV, V, and VI were managed with maxillomandibular fixation and anterior maxillary buttress stabilization. Group B patients included type II, III, and IV palatal fractures. These fractures were undisplaced and were managed with maxillomandibular fixation, anterior alveolar plating, and anterior maxillary buttress stabilization. Group C included type II and III fractures with visible gap in the palate and were managed with maxillomandibular fixation, palatal vault plating, anterior alveolar plating, and anterior maxillary buttress stabilization.

Result Sagittal maxillary fracture was more common in young males. Le Fort I and II fractures were more frequently associated with it in isolation or in combination. Parasagittal and sagittal fractures were the most common types. Sixteen patients of group A, twenty patients of group B, and twenty-four patients of group C were managed. Malocclusion (2), plate extrusion (2), and oroantral fistula (2) were the most common complications.

Conclusion Sagittal maxillary fracture can be diagnosed with clinical and radiological examination. Palatal vault plating is required in displaced palatal fractures of type II and III. Single plate fixed in posterior half of middle one-third of palate gives sufficient stability to the palatal vault.
Primary Extra-axial Glioblastoma: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Dabboucy Baraa , Younes Philippe , Rahbani Abdallah , Fahed Elie , Abadjian Gérard
Published: August 2021

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent and most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, mainly located in the cerebral hemispheres. In the literature, few cases of primary GBM have been reported to have radiographic and intraoperative features of extra-axial lesions, leading to a diagnostic dilemma. Despite the advances in imaging modalities, the diagnosis of GBM can be challenging, and it is mainly based on the histopathologic confirmation of the excised tumor. We describe the case of a 76-year-old previously healthy female patient who presented to our hospital due to speech disturbances and cognitive impairment. The diagnosis of the tumor type on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was difficult, as the findings were suggestive of a malignant meningioma due to the heterogeneous enhancement of a dural-based mass with a dural tail sign. Moreover, the intraoperative findings revealed an extra-axial mass attached to the dura. A histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of glioblastoma with arachnoid infiltration. The patient underwent adjuvant radiotherapy and concomitant temozolomide treatment, she had clinical improvement postoperatively, and was stable during the six months of follow-up. Glioblastoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of primary extra-axial mass with atypical and malignant features, especially in elderly patients.
Multiple Brain Abscesses by an Air Gun Shot: A Case Report
Authors: Jamali Mohammad , Ahrari Iman , Eghbal Keyvan , Saffarrian Arash , Rakhsha Abbas , Ghahramani Sulmaz
Published: August 2021

Introduction Low-velocity penetrating brain injury is not prevalent. In some conditions such as childhood, and with the penetration of a pellet in weak spots of skull, low-velocity penetrating brain injury is expected; however, high-velocity projectiles have also been reported as the cause of severe brain injuries. One of the complications of penetrating brain injury is infection, in which different types of microorganisms play a role. The Streptococcus genus is the leading cause of abscess formation in non-traumatic patients. Multiple brain abscesses are not common.

Case Presentation A 10-year-old boy with penetrating brain injury caused by an air gun pellet, who developed signs and symptoms of high intracranial pressure 18 days after the trauma. After the imaging scans and the detection of multiple brain abscesses and severe brain edema, prompt surgical intervention was performed for all three lesions in a single operation. The culture of a pus specimen was positive for Streptococcus species, and, with adequate antibiotic therapy, the patient was discharged from the hospital in good condition.

Conclusion Brain injury with air gun shot is not prevalent. The penetration of a low-velocity air gun pellet in weak points of the skull (such as the orbit, the squamous portion of the temporal bone, and the cranial suture), specially in children, can cause significant brain injuries.
Difficult Biliary Cannulation for Intradiverticular Papilla: Forceps Technique Revisited
Authors: Goenka Mahesh Kumar , Rodge Gajanan Ashokrao , Shah Bhavik Bharat , Afzalpurkar Shivaraj
Published: August 2021

Periampullary diverticula (PAD) have been encountered in 5.9 to 18.5% of patients during all the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Cannulation in the presence of PAD can sometimes be difficult, time consuming, and often requires a higher level of endoscopic skills.

Several techniques have been reported to facilitate and increase the chances of successful bile duct cannulation in the presence of PAD. The two-devices in one-channel method has been sparingly used. It involves the simultaneous use of a biopsy forceps and another instrument, either a cannula or sphincterotome through the same working channel. We successfully performed ERCP in three cases, where bile duct cannulation was performed in the setting of intradiverticular papilla using two-devices in one-channel method.

We feel that the two-devices in one-channel method can be very useful and positioned higher up in the algorithm for successful cannulation in patients with PAD.
Challenges during Electroconvulsive Therapy—A Review
Authors: Bansal Sonia , Surve Rohini M. , Dayananda Rajeev
Published: August 2021

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most successful treatment techniques employed in psychiatric practice. ECT is usually administered as a last resort to a patient who fails to respond to medical management or on an urgent basis as a life-saving procedure when immediate response is desired. It is performed under general anesthesia and is often associated with autonomic changes. All attempts should be made to minimize the resulting hemodynamic disturbances in all the patients using various pharmacological methods. Anesthesiologists providing anesthesia for ECT frequently encounter patients with diverse risk factors. Concurrent cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, and endocrine disorders may require modification of anesthetic technique. It is ideal to optimize patients before ECT. In this review, the authors discuss the optimization, management, and modification of anesthesia care for patients with various cardiac, neurological, respiratory, and endocrine disorders presenting for ECT to improve the safety of the procedure. It is not infrequent that an anesthesiologist also plays an important role in inducing a seizure. Proconvulsants such as caffeine, adjuvants like opioids, hyperventilation, and appropriate choice of anesthetic agent for induction such as etomidate or ketamine can help. The use of BIS monitoring to guide the timing of electric stimulation is also elaborated in this review.
Synovial Sarcoma of Ethmoidal Sinus
Authors: Dhiman Sapna , Negi Sarita , Moudgil Sandeep , Thakur Jagdeep S. , Azad Ramesh K.
Published: August 2021

Background Synovial sarcoma is an aggressive soft tissue cancer of extremities mainly and rare in head and neck region, whereas rarest in ethmoidal sinus as only three cases have been reported till date.

Case Reports We managed two cases of synovial sarcoma who presented with nasal obstruction, epistaxis, and swelling around the nasofacial region. Endoscopic nasal biopsy and immunohistochemistry markers confirmed synovial sarcoma in both the cases. While one case was managed by surgery and chemoradiation, the second patient received two cycles of ifosfamide-based chemotherapy and succumbed after 6 weeks of diagnosis.

Conclusion Head and neck sarcomas are aggressive and carry a poor prognosis. Surgical resection with postoperative radiotherapy is the standard treatment. However, they have a high risk of recurrence and hence aggressive management and close follow-up is warranted for the optimal outcome.
Relation of Computed Tomography-Based Static Axial Radioulnar Incongruence Measurements under General Anaesthesia and Dynamic, In Vivo RUI during the Walk in Canine Elbow Joints with and without Medial Coronoid Process Disease
Authors: Rohwedder Thomas , Böttcher Peter
Published: August 2021

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the correlation of static axial radioulnar incongruence (sRUI) measured under general anaesthesia with the real in vivo dynamic RUI (dRUI) during walking.

Study Design This was a prospective clinical study that included 6 sound elbows (5 dogs) and 7 medial coronoid process disease (MCPD) affected elbows (6 dogs).

Materials and Methods Static axial radioulnar incongruence was measured using the sphere fitting technique on computed tomography-based three-dimensional (3D) models of radius and ulna. The in vivo pose of radius and ulna was derived from radiostereometric analysis during the walk and transferred onto previously calculated 3D models. Dynamic RUI was measured on those adjusted models using the sphere fitting technique, providing a measurement of RUI over time during walk.

Results Mean sRUI was 0.2 mm (standard deviation [SD]: 0.30) in control and 1.4 mm (SD: 0.73) in elbow joints with MCPD; being significantly different (p = 0.0035; confidence interval [CI]: 0.4772–1.8824). Mean dRUI in controls (−0.4 mm; SD: 0.47) was significantly different (p = 0.0004; CI: 0.9918–2.5225) from dRUI in the affected elbows (1.4 mm; SD: 0.73). Comparison of sRUI and dRUI within each group showed difference in the control group (0.2 vs. −0.4 mm; p = 0.0138; CI: 0.1820–1.0014). In affected elbows, no difference between sRUI and dRUI was found (1.4 vs. 1.4 mm; p = 0.8963).

Conclusion In normal elbow joints, sRUI does not represent the in vivo condition during weight bearing. Dynamic and slightly negative RUI occurs during loading (0.2 mm positive to −0.4 mm negative RUI). In MCPD affected elbows with sRUI, no dynamic change of RUI occurs during the walk.
Method depth corrects cell images without additional measurements
Authors: Patrick Chris
Published: August 2021

Pixel intensity of secondary electron images can be used to retroactively reshape cell morphology in 3D secondary ion mass spectrometry images.
Near-perfect transmission of a low-profile resonant structure with artificial magnetic conductor metamaterials
Authors: Lu Guang , Li Xianglv , Zhao Yunpeng , Zhang Kaiyuan , Yan Fabao , Wu Zhao
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we present a low-profile selective-transmittance resonant structure developed with artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) metamaterials. A planar AMC is used for the two reflectors of the structure. The two reflectors cause no phase shift on reflection at the resonance frequency. The cavity can have zero thickness due to this in-phase reflection. The overall thickness of the structure is only 1.626 mm, which is less than 1/18 of the resonance wavelength. The electromagnetic characteristics of the resonant structure were simulated using simulation software. The simulated maximum transmittance was 0.999 at 9.72 GHz, with the electric field being localized at the interface of the two AMC layers. The measured maximum transmittance was 0.941 at 9.64 GHz. The experimental results are therefore in good agreement with the simulation results. The developed system can excite the interface mode at the resonance frequency and achieve near-perfect transmission of electromagnetic waves.
Detailed photoluminescence study of Cu2Ge(SSe)3 microcrystals
Authors: Krustok J. , Kaupmees R. , Li X. , Kauk-Kuusik M. , Grossberg M.
Published: August 2021

We present a detailed temperature and laser power dependent photoluminescence (PL) study of Cu2Ge(S0.4Se0.6)3 microcrystals. At T = 20 K, two relatively narrow PL peaks were detected at about 1.16 eV (peak No. 1) and 1.12 eV (peak No. 2) and a weak, broad PL band was detected at about 0.82 eV (peak No. 3). The temperature and laser power dependencies indicate that at T = 20 K, the properties of PL peak Nos. 1 and 2 can be explained by the distant donor–acceptor (DA) pair model where a donor defect has a depth of ED ≈ 20 meV and ED ≈ 60 meV for peak Nos. 1 and 2, respectively. The depth of acceptor defects was 57 and 76 meV for peak Nos. 1 and 2, respectively. At around T = 90 K, the DA pair recombination of peak No. 1 gradually starts to transform into the conduction band–acceptor recombination, but peak No. 2 shows a DA pair recombination even at room temperature. The estimated bandgap energy of this compound at room temperature was Eg = 1.225 eV.
Light-harvesting microconical arrays for enhancing infrared imaging devices: Proposal and demonstration
Authors: Jin Boya , Brettin Aaron , Bidney Grant W. , Limberopoulos Nicholaos I. , Duran Joshua M. , Ariyawansa Gamini , Anisimov Igor , Urbas Augustine M. , Allen Kenneth W. , Gunapala Sarath D. , Astratov Vasily N.
Published: August 2021

Light-harvesting low-index (n = 1.6) microconical arrays are proposed for increasing the sensitivity and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of mid-wave infrared (MWIR) focal plane arrays used in thermal cameras. The light is collected by the microcone's top base with diameter (Dt) and delivered to its bottom base with the wavelength-scale diameter (Db), which is coupled to the photodetector mesa. The power enhancement factor (PEF) is defined as a ratio of the powers delivered to the photodetector with and without the microcone. By using numerical modeling, it is shown that in the 3D case the geometrical limit of PEF3-D = (Dt/Db)2 cannot be reached due to optical losses, but the values of PEF3D ∼ 100 can be achieved in the MWIR range for slightly tapered (≤ 10°) microcones with narrow bottom bases (Db ≤ 4 μm) and significant height (h ≥ 120 μm). To demonstrate the light concentrating capability, the microconical arrays with Dt/Db = 60 μm/8 μm and h = 150 μm were directly fabricated in photoresist by using a nanoscribe tool on top of the front-illuminated Ni/Si Schottky-barrier short-wave infrared photodetectors with 22 μm mesas, and threefold enhancement in the photocurrent response was observed. Due to expected reduction of the thermal noise for compact photodetector mesas, the proposed approach permits an increase in the SNR and the operation temperature of the MWIR imaging devices.
Emissivity measurement based on deep learning and surface roughness
Authors: Wu Xin , Wei Xiaolong , Xu Haojun , He Weifeng , Li Yiwen , Pei Binbin , Li Caizhi , Han Xinmin
Published: August 2021

Infrared stealth is an important guarantee for weapon equipment to survive on the battlefield. Emissivity is an important index to measure the infrared stealth characteristics, and the emissivity is closely related to the surface roughness of objects. Therefore, it is an important work to study the relationship between emissivity and roughness. In this paper, the correlation between emissivity and roughness is studied, and the fitting curve and specific relationship are obtained. It is found that the correlation between the emissivity in the 8–14 µm band and roughness is stronger. The cast iron surface roughness dataset is constructed, and a new convolution neural network (CNN) is designed by the feature fusion method, which is the strengthen CNN. The network can effectively extract the detail features in the image, and the model is optimized by the Adam method. Finally, the deep learning model for measuring emissivity based on the optical image is obtained. The effects of different learning rate decay methods, such as piecewise constant decay, exponential decay, cosine annealing, and cosine annealing with warm restart, on the model optimization are studied. The results show that the cosine annealing with warm restart has the best effect, the error of the model is the smallest, and its mean square error is only 0.0014. This paper presents a new idea for the emissivity measurement, which is of great significance to emissivity measurement, infrared stealth, and infrared detection.
Droplet evaporation during dropwise condensation due to deposited volatile organic compounds
Authors: Yu Xiongjiang , Dorao Carlos Alberto , Fernandino Maria
Published: August 2021

During dropwise condensation on a hydrophobic surface, it is intuitively assumed that droplets will grow with time. However, it can be observed that some droplets follow an opposite fate and instead disappear. This happens, for example, close to hygroscopic particles as they alter the local relative humidity. Here, we show that evaporation of droplets during dropwise condensation on a smooth surface can occur due to local changes in the surface wettability. These local changes in the wettability are found to be a consequence of deposited volatile organic compounds that create nanostructures in the region where a droplet was previously condensed and evaporated. A new droplet that forms or lands on the mentioned nanostructures experiences a suspended wetting state with a higher thermal resistance. This droplet can grow up to a critical size controlled by the contact resistance of the nano-structures and will then evaporate when surrounded by neighboring colder droplets in a normal or partial wetting state.
A versatile flexure-based six-axis force/torque sensor and its application to tribology
Authors: Guibert M. , Oliver C. , Durand T. , Le Mogne T. , Le Bot A. , Dalmas D. , Scheibert J. , Fontaine J.
Published: August 2021

Six-axis force/torque sensors are increasingly needed in mechanical engineering. Here, we introduce a flexure-based design for such sensors, which solves some of the drawbacks of the existing designs. In particular, it is backlash-free, it can be wirelessly monitored, it exactly enforces 90° angles between axes, and it enables visual inspection of the monitored system, thanks to its hollow structure. We first describe the generic design, implementation, and calibration procedure. We then demonstrate its capabilities through three illustration examples relevant to the field of tribology: low friction measurements under ultra-high vacuum, multi-directional friction measurements of elastomer contacts, and force/torque-based contact position monitoring.
Molecular simulation of C2H4/CO2/N2/O2 adsorption characteristics in lignite and anthracite
Authors: Zhang Jing , Wang Jiren , Zhang Chunhua , Li Zongxiang , Lu Bing , Zhu Jinchao
Published: August 2021

As an index gas of spontaneous combustion, C2H4 has been used in several coal mines, but its adsorption on residual coal during the process from generation to sampling has an impact on evaluation. The molecular structure models of lignite and anthracite were constructed through molecular mechanics and dynamics, and the Grand Canonical Monte Carlo systems were used to simulate the adsorption of C2H4 and other common gases on lignite and anthracite at temperatures of 288.15–318.15 K. The order of adsorption capacity was CO2 > C2H4 > O2 > N2 in the lignite and anthracite molecular models within the low-pressure zone. When the pressure increases, the adsorption capacity of O2 and N2 exceeded that of C2H4. The C2H4 and CO2 have similar and concentrated adsorption sites, and it is easier to reach the limit adsorption capacity; O2 and N2 have similar adsorption sites, the number of sites is much more than that of C2H4 and CO2, and their limit adsorption capacities are larger than those of C2H4 and CO2. When C2H4 is monitored in a goaf, its concentration is not quite accurate because of the adsorption of residual coal, which is different from the detected temperature of the C2H4 concentration obtained from the experiment. This is of great significance to further experiments and more on-site data statistics to fix the problem for coal mines.
The BAW and SAW coupling analysis of patterned piezoelectric films as inter-digital transducers on diamond substrates using delta-function model
Authors: Xie B. W. , Ding F. Z. , Shang H. J. , Huang D. X. , Li T. G. , Zou Q. , Gu H. W.
Published: August 2021

Patterned piezoelectric films as inter-digital transducer (PP-IDT) structures on diamond substrates have been attracting extensive attention due to the increased working frequency, electromechanical coupling, and quality factor of piezoelectric devices. In this study, by conceiving every single patterned piezoelectric IDT bar as the longitudinal bulk acoustic wave (BAW) vibrating source, we study how the BAW excites and couples with the surface acoustic wave (SAW) on the surface of diamond substrates and resonates simultaneously. The classic delta-function model of the SAW and electric impedance theory of the film bulk acoustic resonator were innovatively combined to develop this conception. Resonating frequency and corresponding piezoelectric IDT thickness were calculated using MATLAB software based on the developed delta-function model. The resonance results coincided well with finite element method simulations, validating this conception and the developed delta-function model for PP-IDT structures.
The influence of probe spacing and probe bias in a double Langmuir probe setup
Authors: Kjølerbakken Kai Morgan , Miloch Wojciech J. , Røed Ketil
Published: August 2021

Multi-needle Langmuir probes are mounted on satellites and sounding rockets for high-frequency characterization of plasma in the ionosphere. Mounted on a spacecraft, the recorded probe current often differs from expected results. In this paper, we perform a numerical study using a particle in cell model to see how the spacing between the individual probes used in a multi-needle setup influences the measured current. We also study how the applied probe bias voltage can contribute to deviations. In our study, we use realistic electron temperatures and electron densities for the relevant part of the ionosphere. However, the results should be generally applicable and valid for other space environments as well as for laboratory Langmuir probe applications. From our study, we can see that when the distance is short, less than two Debye lengths, the current is highly affected, and we can see deviations of more than 60% compared to a single probe setup.
Empirical mode decomposition of ship hull pressure fluctuation induced by cavitating propeller
Authors: Zhang Chuanhong , Shi Zhiwei
Published: August 2021

We report for the first time a cavitation-induced pressure fluctuation decomposition developed from empirical mode decomposition (EMD) [Huang et al., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 454, 903–995 (1998)]. The idea is to decompose the nonlinear and non-stationary time series data into a finite and usually small number of “intrinsic mode functions” based on the local properties of the signal, which admit a well-behaved Fourier transform. With this transform, we can obtain frequency characteristics that give sharp identifications of imbedded structures. The cavitation evolution and excited pressure fluctuation around a cavitating propeller in the nonuniform wake are investigated using high-speed imaging and pressure sensors. By the EMD method, we separate the pressure fluctuations induced by different types of cavitation. The high frequency components of the pressure fluctuations are mainly caused by the collapse of sheet cavitation, followed by the shrinking and growth of sheet cavitation. Furthermore, the tip vortex cavitation leads to higher frequency but contributes less to pressure fluctuations. The periodical motion of the propeller contributes to the first blade frequency, and the pressure fluctuations induced by cavitation are superimposed on it.
Sleep loss drives acetylcholine- and somatostatin interneuron–mediated gating of hippocampal activity to inhibit memory consolidation
Authors: Delorme James , Wang Lijing , Kuhn Femke Roig , Kodoth Varna , Ma Jingqun , Martinez Jessy D. , Raven Frank , Toth Brandon A. , Balendran Vinodh , Vega Medina Alexis , Jiang Sha , Aton Sara J.
Published: August 2021

Significance

Sleep loss disrupts long-term storage of episodic and spatial memories that require activity in the hippocampus. We find that sleep deprivation in mice leads to selective disruption of activity-dependent phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in the hippocampus, which is normally increased in the hippocampus after learning. We used an unbiased approach to profile messenger RNAs associated with phosphorylated ribosomes and found evidence that cholinergic hippocampal inputs and somatostatin-containing hippocampal neurons are selectively activated with sleep deprivation. We find functional evidence supporting the idea that during sleep loss, activity in these two cell populations may act as an inhibitory gate, reducing the activity of dentate gyrus neurons. We find that this inhibitory gating mechanism is capable of disrupting memory consolidation.
Immunization with HMW1 and HMW2 adhesins protects against colonization by heterologous strains of nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Kadry Nadia A. , Porsch Eric A. , Shen Hao , St. Geme Joseph W.
Published: August 2021

Significance

Nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
(NTHi) is a common cause of localized respiratory tract disease and results in significant morbidity in children and adults, prompting interest in developing a vaccine to prevent NTHi disease. It has been challenging to date to develop a vaccine that has broad activity against diverse NTHi strains. In this work, we found that immunization of mice with the NTHi HMW1 and HMW2 adhesive proteins stimulates protective immunity against nasopharyngeal colonization by genetically distinct NTHi strains. This immunity includes a strain-specific antibody response and a broadly protective cell-mediated response. Our results highlight the vaccine potential of the HMW1 and HMW2 proteins.
Prociphilus oleae
. [Distribution map].
Authors: CABI  , EPPO
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Prociphilus oleae
(Leach). Hemiptera: Aphididae. Hosts: olive (
Olea europaea
), grapevine (
Vitis vinifera
). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (Turkey), Europe (Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Slovenia).