bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing Ambulance Response Times Using Geospatial–Time Analysis of Ambulance Deployment
Authors: Ong Marcus Eng Hock , Chiam Tut Fu , Ng Faith Suan Peng , Sultana Papia , Lim Swee Han , Leong Benjamin Sieu‐Hon , Ong Victor Yeok Kein , Ching Tan Elaine Ching , Tham Lai Peng , Yap Susan , Anantharaman V. ,   on behalf of the Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation Epidemiology (CARE) Study Group
Published: September 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:951–957 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  This study aimed to determine if a deployment strategy based on geospatial–time analysis is able to reduce ambulance response times for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests (OOHCA) in an urban emergency medical services (EMS) system.

Methods:  An observational prospective study examining geographic locations of all OOHCA in Singapore was conducted. Locations of cardiac arrests were spot‐mapped using a geographic information system (GIS). A progressive strategy of satellite ambulance deployment was implemented, increasing ambulance bases from 17 to 32 locations. Variation in ambulance deployment according to demand, based on time of day, was also implemented. The total number of ambulances and crews remained constant over the study period. The main outcome measure was ambulance response times.

Results:  From October 1, 2001, to October 14, 2004, a total of 2,428 OOHCA patients were enrolled into the study. Mean ± SD age for arrests was 60.6 ± 19.3 years with 68.0% male. The overall return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) rate was 17.2% and survival to discharge rate was 1.6%. Response time decreased significantly as the number of fire stations/fire posts increased (Pearson χ2 = 108.70, df = 48, p < 0.001). Response times for OOHCA decreased from a monthly median of 10.1 minutes at the beginning to 7.1 minutes at the end of the study. Similarly, the proportion of cases with response times < 8 minutes increased from 22.3% to 47.3% and < 11 minutes from 57.6% to 77.5% at the end of the study.

Conclusions:  A simple, relatively low‐cost ambulance deployment strategy was associated with significantly reduced response times for OOHCA. Geospatial–time analysis can be a useful tool for EMS providers.
A Virtual Reality Simulation Curriculum for Intravenous Cannulation Training
Authors: Loukas Constantinos , Nikiteas Nikolaos , Kanakis Meletios , Moutsatsos Argyris , Leandros Emmanuel , Georgiou Evangelos
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  Although virtual reality (VR) simulators play an important role in modern medical training, their efficacy is not often evaluated using learning curves. In this study, the learning curves of novice and intermediate users were elicited during a VR simulation–based curriculum for intravenous (IV) cannulation.

Methods:  This was a prospective observational study of subjects undergoing training using a VR model of IV cannulation. Participants were divided into two groups: novices (third‐year medical students with no prior practical experience in IV catheterization) and intermediates (recent graduates with limited experience). Performance was measured with two endpoints: time to completion and errors committed. Errors were categorized as critical or noncritical. Learning curves (error score and time completion vs. session number) were analyzed using the Friedman’s test. Performance before and after training was compared using the Kruskal‐Wallis test. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rs) was used to determine the correlation between time completion and error score estimates. The number of attempts required to complete the training phase was also measured and compared between the two groups.

Results:  Thirty subjects were enrolled: 17 in the novice group and 13 in the intermediate group. Learning curve plateaus of intermediates were reached in the sixth case scenario (session), whereas novices reached a plateau in the eighth session. Performance comparison of time to completion and errors showed significant improvement for both groups. Less time and fewer attempts were required by all trainees to complete a scenario while progressing through the curriculum. The overall number of IV cannulation attempts of novices was significantly higher than that of the intermediates throughout the course.

Conclusions:  Significant learning curves for novice and intermediate students were demonstrated after following the VR simulation–based curriculum. Competencies acquired during this educational course may provide an important advantage for training prior to actual clinical practice.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1142–1145 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Stigma and Client Satisfaction in Mental Health Services
Authors: Verhaeghe Mieke , Bracke Piet , Christiaens Wendy
Published: September 2010

Numerous studies have revealed that stigmatization of persons with mental health problems has a large array of negative consequences. One outcome that has been largely neglected is client satisfaction. In this empirical study, the link between 3 types of stigma experiences and client satisfaction is explored in a sample of clients (N = 741) of professional mental health services in Belgium. This relationship is compared with the link between stigma and general life satisfaction; and the role of the self‐concept in these relationships is explored. The results reveal that the association depends on the dimension of stigma under study. The findings stress the importance of studying multiple dimensions of stigma experiences, in addition to multiple outcomes.
Natural Rewards Self‐Management, Personality, and Achievement Outcomes
Authors: Lee Felissa K. , Turban Daniel B.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this paper is to test and examine a model of personality and self‐regulation that specifies a possible self‐regulatory route to increased performance in achievement contexts—the use of natural rewards self‐management strategies, which allow people to create motivating situations by modifying tasks through perceptual or physical means. This model is hierarchically organized with global personality traits (extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness) predicting use of natural rewards, and natural rewards influencing attention and effort, which are positively related to performance. Participants were undergraduate students at 3 large state universities, and data were collected at 4 points during the semester. Results from structural equation modeling provided support for the model. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
A survey of undergraduate education in dental implantology in UK dental schools
Authors: Blum I. R. , O’Sullivan D. J. , Jagger D. C.
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to ascertain knowledge on current teaching of implant dentistry in the undergraduate curriculum of Dental Schools in the UK. Information on the teaching modalities, including year of introduction of implant dentistry into undergraduate curriculum, departments involved in teaching, format of teaching, use of adjunctive teaching aids, and types of implant systems used in undergraduate teaching was collected by means of a questionnaire, which was sent to all undergraduate dental schools in the UK. Based on a 100% response rate, the findings indicate that all dental schools in the UK reported that they included dental implantology in their undergraduate curriculum; however there were marked variations in the content and delivery of the teaching.
Dental nursing education and the introduction of technology‐assisted learning
Authors: Sheridan C. , Gorman T. , Claffey N.
Published: September 2010

The aim of this paper is to explore the profile of dental nursing students in the National Dental Nurse Training Programme of Ireland and their adjustment to a technology‐assisted learning environment. Evaluation by students of the course and their reactions to the course were analysed. Dental nurses must possess the skills and knowledge to proficiently function in the modern day dental surgery. The implementation of a dental nurse programme that is heavily reliant on technology has started to create a group of dental nurses equipped with basic skills to access and retrieve information over a lifetime. However, the transition to a technology‐assisted learning environment including online learning activities requires adaptation and expertise by educators and students alike. Careful evaluation and stakeholder feedback is imperative in the creation and maintaining of a quality programme. In conclusion, the students in this study responded well to the transition to a technology‐based learning environment. Furthermore, the findings of this study suggest that the use of an online environment is an effective and stimulating learning environment for the students of a dental nurse programme; however, familiarity skills and knowledge of information technology is a prerequisite for success.
A dental undergraduate course for the management of medical emergencies in dental practice
Authors: Balmer M. C.
Published: September 2010

There is a specific requirement for undergraduate dental students to be trained in the management of medical emergencies that may arise in dental practice. This paper describes a practical skills course that has been developed specifically to fulfil this requirement. The rationale, course structure, methodology of delivery and assessment methods are discussed in detail.
Effect of fluoride and non‐fluoride salts of copper, silver and tin on the acidogenicity of dental plaque in vivo
Authors: OPPERMANN RUI VICENTE , JOHANSEN JAN ROLF
Published: September 2010

Abstract –

The aim of the present study was to assess the relative importance of the metal and fluoride components in the inhibiting effect on the acidogenicity of plaque exhibited by silver fluoride and copper fluoride. The effect of these salts was therefore compared with that of silver nitrate and copper sulfate. Four subjects with a 3‐day‐old .sucrose induced plaque received topical applications of the test agents. Plaque pH‐measurements, in the presence of sucrose, were performed prior to and at given time intervals after this application. No significant differences were observed in the inhibitory effect of 5 mm solutions of the copper and silver salts These salts were all more effective than stannous fluoride in the first 4 h following application. Sodium fluoride was the least effective. All metals tested were found to be retained in plaque. The inhibitory activity appears to be carried by the cations. Other properties than retention alone may explain the higher effectiveness observed for silver and copper.
Eugenol: liberation from dental materials and effect on human diploid fibroblast cells
Authors: LINDQVIST LENNART , OTTESKOG PER
Published: September 2010

Abstract –

The amount of eugenol (4‐allyl‐2‐methoxyphenol) released from four different dental materials immersed in phosphate buffer was measured by gas liquid chromatography. Maximal release of eugenol from zinc oxide‐eugenol cement (ZOE) and IRM® was attained within 5 h and corresponded to 5% and 4%, respectively, of the total amount of eugenol in each material. Both the rates and total amounts of eugenol released from Nobetec® and Opotow® were lower than for ZOE and IRM. Eugenol (0.67 mm) applied to growing cultures of human diploid fibroblasts reduced the number of cells recovered to a value which was 4%. of that found for control cultures which grew to form, monolayers. Confluent monolayers of 3H‐uridine labeled cell cultures which were incubated for 1 h in the presence of 4 mm eugenol lost approximately 100% of this cytoplasmic label, indicating total cell death.
Influence of testosterone on gene expression in the ovariectomized mouse submandibular gland
Authors: Treister Nathaniel S. , Richards Stephen M. , Rowley Patricia , Jensen Roderick V. , Sullivan David A.
Published: September 2010

Androgens exert significant effects on the murine submandibular gland. Our objective in this study was to determine the nature and extent of testosterone regulation of gene expression in the female submandibular gland, and to explore the degree to which this control is the same as in male glands. Ovariectomized female BALB/c mice were treated with placebo‐ or testosterone‐containing hormone pellets for 14 d. Glands were collected and total RNA was isolated. Samples were analyzed for differential expression of mRNA using CodeLink microarrays, and the data were evaluated using genesifter. Testosterone significantly influenced the expression of over 500 genes, and while many (n = 214) of the genes were similarly differentially expressed in androgen‐treated males, there were also many that were unique. These findings support our hypotheses that testosterone extensively influences gene expression in the female submandibular gland, and that the nature of this influence is variable between sexes.
Insulin‐like growth factor system components in the periodontium during tooth root resorption and early repair processes in the rat
Authors: Götz Werner , Kunert Dominique , Zhang Dongliang , Kawarizadeh Afshar , Lossdörfer Stefan , Jäger Andreas
Published: September 2010

There is evidence that growth factors, such as the insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs), are involved in biological and pathological processes in oro‐dento‐facial tissues. To investigate their roles in tooth movement, root resorption, and repair, the occurrence of components of the IGF system, including the ligands IGF‐I and ‐II, the IGF receptor 1 (IGF1R) and six IGF‐binding proteins (IGFBP‐1 to ‐6), was investigated by immunohistochemistry on sections from rat maxillae where the first molar had been moved mesially by means of an orthodontic appliance for 9 d to induce root resorption. After force deactivation on day 0, early repair was studied after a further 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, and 17 d. The immunostaining pattern in the periodontal ligament, cementum, and bone of control animals showed similarities known from studies in human teeth. Increased immunostaining for nearly all components in pressure sides and resorption lacunae indicated an involvement in resorption processes and clastic activities. During early stages of repair, the occurrence of several components (e.g. IGF‐II, IGFBP‐5 or ‐6) within lacunae and in cementoblasts showed an involvement in the resorption‐repair sequence, which is considered to be a coupling process as known from bone.
Spectroscopic investigation of the function of aqueous 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate/glutaraldehyde solution as a dentin desensitizer
Authors: Qin Chuangye , Xu Jingwei , Zhang Yujie
Published: September 2010

Fourier‐transform (FT)‐Raman and ‐infrared (IR) spectroscopy were employed to investigate the function of the aqueous 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate/glutaraldehyde solution (Gluma) as a desensitizer. 2‐Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA), glutaraldehyde (GA), and the mixture of HEMA/GA (i.e. Gluma) were used to interact with dentin, collagen, hydroxyapatite (HAP), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) individually. All the interactions were monitored by an FT‐Raman spectrometer. FT‐IR spectroscopy was also used in this study. The results show that HEMA could be absorbed by dentin and collagen; GA could cross‐link collagen and BSA; and when BSA was added to Gluma, polymerization of HEMA occurred. The results suggest that Gluma acts as a desensitizer whereby, first, GA reacts with part of the serum albumin in dentinal fluid, which induces a precipitation of serum albumin, then, second, a reaction of GA with serum albumin induces polymerization of HEMA. The function of Gluma as a desensitizer to block dentinal tubules occurs via these two reactions.
What are people afraid of during dental treatment? Anxiety‐provoking capacity of 67 stimuli characteristic of the dental setting
Authors: Oosterink Floor M.D. , De Jongh Ad , Aartman Irene H.A.
Published: September 2010

Relatively little is known about the anxiety‐provoking capacity of the various objects and situations characteristic of the dental setting. The aims of the current study were to establish a hierarchy of anxiety‐provoking capacities of a large set of dental stimuli and to determine the differences in relation to gender, age, ethnicity, and level of dental trait anxiety. An additional aim was to derive an estimate of the number of stimuli to be presented to anxious patients in order to obtain full coverage of their dental fears. A questionnaire describing 67 potentially anxiety‐provoking stimuli was constructed and presented to 960 adults. The results indicated that invasive stimuli (e.g. surgical procedures) were rated as the most anxiety provoking and that non‐invasive stimuli (e.g. the dentist as a person) were the least anxiety provoking. The fear‐evoking capacity of the dental stimuli varied with gender, age, ethnicity, and level of dental trait anxiety, whereas the rank order of these stimuli appeared to be independent of these factors. Furthermore, it appeared that the top 25 most anxiety‐provoking objects and situations found in the current study contained only eight (28%) stimuli, which had been taken into account in previous research. The present findings support the need for assessment procedures using a broad spectrum of potentially anxiety‐provoking stimuli.
Variability in permanent tooth emergence sequences in Flemish children
Authors: Leroy Roos , Cecere Silvia , Lesaffre Emmanuel , Declerck Dominique
Published: September 2010

The aim of the present study was to investigate the variability in permanent tooth emergence sequences in Flemish children. Data were obtained in the Signal‐Tandmobiel project, a 6‐yr prospective longitudinal oral health screening survey in Belgium. Bayesian statistical analyses, taking into account the interval‐censored character of the data, were performed. The analyses indicated that no sequence was common in a quadrant to more than 19% of the sample. When only those emergence sequences are considered with a prevalence of 1% or more, 21 variations can be expected in the maxilla and 15–22 variations in the mandible. These variations ‘cover’ 84–88% of all sequences. The presentation of emergence sequences solely based on means or medians should thus be regarded as misleading.
Changes in oral health over a 10‐yr period in Switzerland
Authors: Zitzmann Nicola U. , Staehelin Katharina , Walls Angus W. G. , Menghini Giorgio , Weiger Roland , Zemp Stutz Elisabeth
Published: September 2010

The Swiss Health Surveys are conducted every 5 yr, and alternate surveys contain information on oral health. Worldwide the population is ageing and oral health is improving. The aim of this study was to identify if these trends are continuing in a relatively affluent society with low levels of edentulousness. Participants in the 1992 and 2002 surveys completed a written questionnaire including items on oral health (response rates 75% and 86% respectively). Data were weighted and bivariate analyses were performed to calculate the average number of missing teeth and the prevalence of different prosthetic dental restorations for each cohort. Over the 10‐yr period the proportion of subjects retaining all natural teeth increased, and the mean number of teeth increased, on average, by 1.3. Among those who required prosthetic dental restorations, fixed restorations increased and complete denture use was reduced. Strikingly, 4.4% of this sample reported having oral implants in 2002. Greater numbers of missing teeth and a higher prevalence of use of removable prostheses were still seen in women, in those who had only completed compulsory education, in subjects from families with low income, in those who smoke, and in those who were overweight, in 2002.
Aspects of disordered eating continuum in elite high‐intensity sports
Authors: Sundgot‐Borgen J. , Torstveit M. K.
Published: September 2010

Dieting is an important risk factor for disordered eating and eating disorders. Disordered eating occurs on a continuum from dieting and restrictive eating, abnormal eating behavior, and finally clinical eating disorders. The prevalence of eating disorders is increased in elite athletes and for this group the cause of starting to diet is related to (a) perception of the paradigm of appearance in the specific sport, (b) perceived performance improvements, and (c) sociocultural pressures for thinness or an “ideal” body. Athletes most at risk for disordered eating are those involved in sports emphasizing a thin body size/shape, a high power‐to‐weight ratio, and/or sports utilizing weight categories, such as in some high‐intensity sports. In addition to dieting, personality factors, pressure to lose weight, frequent weight cycling, early start of sport‐specific training, overtraining, injuries, and unfortunate coaching behavior, are important risk factors. To prevent disordered eating and eating disorders, the athletes have to practice healthy eating, and the medical staff of teams and parents must be able to recognize symptoms indicating risk for eating disorders. Coaches and leaders must accept that disordered eating can be a problem in the athletic community and that openness regarding this challenge is important.
Preventing overtraining in athletes in high‐intensity sports and stress/recovery monitoring
Authors: Kellmann M.
Published: September 2010

In sports, the importance of optimizing the recovery–stress state is critical. Effective recovery from intense training loads often faced by elite athletes can often determine sporting success or failure. In recent decades, athletes, coaches, and sport scientists have been keen to find creative, new methods for improving the quality and quantity of training for athletes. These efforts have consistently faced barriers, including overtraining, fatigue, injury, illness, and burnout. Physiological and psychological limits dictate a need for research that addresses the avoidance of overtraining, maximizes recovery, and successfully negotiates the fine line between high and excessive training loads. Monitoring instruments like the Recovery–Stress Questionnaire for Athletes can assist with this research by providing a tool to assess their perceived state of recovery. This article will highlight the importance of recovery for elite athletes and provide an overview of monitoring instruments.
Speed endurance training is a powerful stimulus for physiological adaptations and performance improvements of athletes
Authors: Iaia F. M. , Bangsbo J.
Published: September 2010

The present article reviews the physiological and performance effects of speed endurance training consisting of exercise bouts at near maximal intensities in already trained subjects. Despite a reduction in training volume, speed endurance training of endurance‐trained athletes can maintain the oxidative capacity and improve intense short‐duration/repeated high‐intensity exercise performance lasting 30 s to 4 min, as it occurs in a number of sports. When combined with a basic volume of training including some aerobic high‐intensity sessions, speed endurance training is also useful in enhancing performance during longer events, e.g. 40 K cycling and 10 K running. Athletes in team sports involving intense exercise actions and endurance aspects can also benefit from performing speed endurance training. These improvements don't appear to depend on changes in maximum oxygen uptake (), muscle substrate levels, glycolytic and oxidative enzymes activity, and membrane transport proteins involved in pH regulation. Instead they appear to be related to a reduced energy expenditure during submaximal exercise and a higher expression of muscle Na+,K+ pump α‐subunits, which via a higher Na+,K+ pump activity during exercise may delay fatigue development during intense exercise. In conclusion, athletes from disciplines involving periods of intense exercise can benefit from the inclusion of speed endurance sessions in their training programs.
Traumatic dental injuries and related factors among sixth grade schoolchildren in four Palestinian towns
Authors: Livny Alon , Sgan‐Cohen Harold D. , Junadi Samer , Marcenes Wagner
Published: September 2010

Abstract –  Background: Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) are recognized as an important dental public health issue among children. The West Bank, a part of the Palestinian Authority, is in immediate neighborhood to Israel. There are inadequate epidemiologic data among the Palestinian people, on dental health issues. Aim: To determine the occurrence of TDI to permanent teeth among sixth grade Palestinian schoolchildren living in four large towns of the West Bank and to investigate associations with anatomic and demographic factors. Material and Methods: Eight hundred and four children were sampled and examined in Ramallah, Bethlehem, Hebron and Jericho. Data collection included clinical examinations in schools and questionnaires for demographic and socio‐economic background. Results: The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries was 17.7%. Enamel fractures and injuries involving dentine accounted for 41% and 42.5% of all injuries, respectively. The most affected teeth (89%) were upper central incisors. Only 5% of the injured teeth were treated. Results of multiple logistic regression confirmed that TDI were significantly (P < 0.001) more prevalent among boys, children presenting incisal overjet larger than 5 mm, and incompetent lip coverage. Conclusions: The relative high prevalence and very low levels of treated TDI identified in this study suggested that both prevention and treatment of TDI in the West Bank were inadequate.
Eight‐year mortality associated with dental occlusion and denture use in community‐dwelling elderly persons
Authors: Yoshida Mitsuyoshi , Morikawa Hidehiko , Yoshikawa Mineka , Tsuga Kazuhiro , Akagawa Yasumasa
Published: September 2010

Objective:  To evaluate the influence of dental occlusion, with or without the use of dentures, on mortality in community‐dwelling elderly persons.

Subjects:  A total of 1030 randomly selected healthy independent elderly aged 65 and over were surveyed in 1995. For the study reported here, subjects were classified into three groups according to the presence or absence of maxillo‐mandibular tooth contacts. Subjects with no maxillo‐mandibular tooth contacts were further subdivided into those with and without dentures.

Methods:  Data on mortality were obtained from Kure City Council in September 2003. Cox regression models were used in analysing the risk for death with gender and age as covariates.

Results:  Individuals whose teeth had contact in at least the bilateral premolar regions at baseline had 0.78 times (95% CI: 0.60–0.99) smaller risk for death during the succeeding 8 years than those who had no occlusion. Among those who had no occlusion with their own teeth, the risk for mortality among denture non‐users was 1.52 times (95% CI: 1.25–1.83) higher than the risk for denture users.

Conclusion:  These results may support the view that, in the elderly, poor dental occlusion is associated with an increased risk for mortality and that, in the edentulous, the use of dentures is associated with a decreased risk for mortality.
A study of occlusion in elderly Japanese over 80 years with at least 20 teeth
Authors: Miyazaki Haruyo , Motegi Etsuko , Yatabe Kenichi , Yamaguchi Hideharu , Maki Yoshinobu
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  The purpose of this study was to identify the occlusal status of elderly Japanese over 80 years with at least 20 teeth.

Materials and methods:  The study enrolled 76 elderly Japanese (44 male, 32 female) with a mean age of 82 years and an average of 25.7 remaining teeth. The study consisted of intra‐oral examination, intra‐oral and facial photographs, radiographs and impressions for study casts.

Results:  No gender difference was observed in age or number of remaining teeth. Anteroposterior occlusal relationship was characterised by maxillary protrusion in 67.6%, acceptable overjet in 31.0%, and anterior crossbite in 1.4%. Vertically, deep bite was noted in 33.8%, acceptable overbite in 64.8%, and open bite in 1.4%. Most of the subjects had either Angle class I (68.4%) or class II (25.7%) canine relationship. Only 3.9% of the subjects had upper anterior crowding. Lower anterior crowding was observed in 23.7%, but tended not to be severe.

Conclusion:  These results indicate that Japanese who attained the goal of ‘8020’ have a relatively good occlusion.
Tooth loss, the wearing of dentures and associated factors in Sri Lankan older individuals
Authors: Pallegedara C. , Ekanayake L.
Published: September 2010

Objective:  To determine tooth loss, wearing of dentures and associated factors in older individuals from Sri Lanka.

Design:  A cross‐sectional survey where the data were collected by means of an oral examination and an interviewer administered questionnaire.

Setting:  Negambo within the Gampaha district of Sri Lanka.

Subjects:  A total of 630 subjects who were aged 60 years and above.

Results:  Only 11 subjects had all 32 teeth and 17% were edentulous. Age, gender and level of income were significantly associated with the number of missing teeth. Of those with missing teeth, 22% wore dentures. Only 16% of the non‐denture wearers perceived a need for dentures. Among the non‐denture wearers who perceived a need for dentures, a majority had cited ‘cost’ as the main barrier for obtaining dentures. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age, gender, levels of income and education and missing teeth were significant predictors of wearing of dentures.

Conclusions:  Knowledge of factors that influence tooth loss and wearing of dentures may have implications for oral health care planners in the provision and delivery of oral health services to the older individuals.
Transforming the Master's Degree in Human Development and Family Science*
Authors: Benson Mark J. , Allen Katherine R. , Few April L. , Roberto Karen A. , Blieszner Rosemary , Meszaros Peggy S. , Henderson Tammy L.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This study chronicles the transformation of a master's program from a traditional degree format to a more integrated, flexible, efficient, and relevant approach. The transformative strategies involve cohort learning, creative concentrations, portfolio documentation, and outreach presentation. Through integrating resources and goals, the new program efficiently promotes student success and excellence. Ongoing assessments include interviews with prospective employers, marketing questionnaires with prospective students, and evaluation data from students and alumni. Relative to the traditional program, the new program doubled applications, expanded enrollment, and reduced time to completion. Overall, graduates reported substantial satisfaction with the program and secured relevant positions in the field. The findings from the assessments and process of transformation suggest programmatic implications for navigating curriculum change in the 21st century.
Teaching the Classics in Family Studies: E. Franklin Frazier's The Negro Family in the United States
Authors: Hunter Andrea G.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This paper (a) reintroduces E. Franklin Frazier's 1939 book, The Negro Family in the United States, to family scholars and graduate students and highlights its importance as a groundbreaking and classic text, (b) provides both an introduction to the major thesis of this monograph and a reading of the text, and (c) discusses the challenges of reading classic works and suggests strategies that can be used to guide graduate students in a critical reading of classic works.
Parental Deployment and Youth in Military Families: Exploring Uncertainty and Ambiguous Loss*
Authors: Huebner Angela J. , Mancini Jay A. , Wilcox Ryan M. , Grass Saralyn R. , Grass Gabriel A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Parental deployment has substantial effects on the family system, among them ambiguity and uncertainty. Youth in military families are especially affected by parental deployment because their coping repertoire is only just developing; the requirements of deployment become additive to normal adolescent developmental demands. Focus groups were used to inquire about uncertainty, loss, resilience, and adjustment among youth aged 12–18 that had a parent deployed, most often to a war zone. The nature of uncertainty and ambiguous loss was explored. Response themes included overall perceptions of uncertainty and loss, boundary ambiguity, changes in mental health, and relationship conflict. These accounts suggest that ambiguous loss is a useful concept for understanding the experiences of these youth and for structuring prevention and intervention efforts.
Dimensions of Ambiguous Loss in Couples Coping With Mild Cognitive Impairment*
Authors: Blieszner Rosemary , Roberto Karen A. , Wilcox Karen L. , Barham Elizabeth J. , Winston Brianne L.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: We applied the theory of ambiguous loss to couples with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), an age‐related decline in memory and other cognitive processes assumed not to interfere with daily activities or the maintenance of personal relationships. Face‐to‐face interviews with 67 older married couples revealed that lack of understanding about the behavioral manifestations of MCI resulted in much ambiguity in their lives. Fluctuations in the elders’ functioning required spouses to alter their daily activities and responsibilities. As a result, couples often experienced distress that affected their emotional involvement with one another. Findings advance theoretical implications of ambiguous loss and provide educators and practitioners with suggestions for working with couples experiencing mild memory loss.
Incarcerated Mothers and Fathers: A Comparison of Risks for Children and Families
Authors: Dallaire Danielle H.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The current study investigates differences between inmate mothers’ and fathers’ reported rates of incarceration for family members, adult children, predictors of adult children’s incarceration, and living situations of minor children. Participants included 6,146 inmates who participated in the U.S. Department of Justice Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities. Mothers were 2.5 times more likely to report that their adult children were incarcerated than fathers; mothers’ regular drug use predicted adult child incarceration. Incarcerated mothers reported greater familial incarceration and their minor children were more likely to be in foster and other nonfamilial care situations than incarcerated fathers. As risk factors accumulated, there were greater rates of adult child incarceration, with a more obvious relationship for mothers.
Beyond Parenting Practices: Family Context and the Treatment of Pediatric Obesity*
Authors: Kitzmann Katherine M. , Dalton William T. , Buscemi Joanna
Published: September 2010

Abstract:Many family‐based treatments for pediatric obesity teach specific parenting practices related to weight management. Although youth in these programs show increases in positive health behaviors and reductions in the extent to which they are overweight, most remain overweight after treatment. A recent trend is to create tailored programs for subgroups of families. We examine the possibility of tailoring based onfamily context, highlighting 3 aspects of family context that have been studied in relation to pediatric obesity: parenting style, family stress, and family emotional climate. We argue that family context may moderate treatment outcomes by altering the effectiveness of health‐related parenting practices and discuss the implications of this argument for designing and evaluating tailored programs.
Social Support for Divorced Fathers’ Parenting: Testing a Stress‐Buffering Model*
Authors: DeGarmo David S. , Patras Joshua , Eap Sopagna
Published: September 2010

Abstract:A stress‐buffering hypothesis for parenting was tested in a county‐representative sample of 218 divorced fathers. Social support for parenting (emergency and nonemergency child care, practical support, financial support) was hypothesized to moderate effects of stress (role overload, coparental conflict, and daily hassles) on fathers’ quality parenting. No custody fathers relied more on relatives compared with custodial fathers, who relied more on new partners for parenting support. No differences by custody status were found on levels of support or parenting over time. Parenting support buffered effects of change in role overload and coparenting conflict on coercive parenting and buffered effects of change in daily hassles on prosocial parenting. Buffer effects were more predictive over time. Implications for practice and preventive intervention strategies are discussed.
Finding Home: Challenges Faced by Geographically Mobile Families*
Authors: Allen Sarah
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This qualitative study explores the dialectical dimensions of home as experienced by geographically mobile couples. Informants (N= 48) defined home as having multiple meanings and locations, with 4 dialectical tensions embedded within their experience. Home was situated between (a) geographic spaces that were here and there, (b) geographic spaces that were temporary and permanent, (c) temporal spaces in the past and future, and (d) child and adult identities. Two key strategies emerged in navigating these tensions: (a) resolving ambivalence and (b) maintaining ambivalence. Implications and applications of the findings are discussed.
Signal peptide peptidase and its homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana– plant tissue‐specific expression and distinct subcellular localization
Authors: Tamura Tomoko , Asakura Tomiko , Uemura Tomohiro , Ueda Takashi , Terauchi Kaede , Misaka Takumi , Abe Keiko
Published: September 2010

Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) is an aspartic proteinase that hydrolyses its substrate within the plane of the cellular membrane. In vertebrates, it plays crucial roles in life processes such as differentiation, embryogenesis, cell signaling and immunological response. We first found SPP in plants. An ortholog of human SPP (AtSPP), and its five AtSPP homologs (AtSPPL1–AtSPPL5), were searched for in the Arabidopsis database. These clones were grouped into three different clusters: AtSPP was grouped with human SPP (HsSPP) orthologs, AtSPPL1 with the HsSPPL3 family, and AtSPPL2–AtSPPL5 with the group of SPP‐like proteins of plant origin. AtSPP, AtSPPL1 and AtSPPL2 were examined for their expression profiles by in situ hybridization. AtSPP was strongly expressed in both the shoot meristem of germinating seeds and the inflorescence meristem at the reproductive stage. On the other hand, AtSPPL1 and AtSPPL2 were expressed in the shoot meristem of germinating seeds, but at very low levels in the shoot apex at the reproductive stage. The subcellular localization of AtSPP, AtSPPL1 and AtSPPL2 was investigated using green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins in cultured ‘Deep’ cells. GFP–AtSPP localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and GFP–AtSPPL1 and GFP–AtSPPL2 to the endosomes. These results suggest that AtSPP mediates the cleavage of signal peptide in the ER membrane as well as HsSPP does, and also that AtSPPL1 and AtSPPL2 located in the endosomes have distinct roles in cells.
Effects of the G376E and G157D mutations on the stability of yeast enolase – a model for human muscle enolase deficiency
Authors: Zhao Songping , Choy Bonny S. F. , Kornblatt Mary J.
Published: September 2010

The first known human enolase deficiency was reported in 2001 [Comi GP, Fortunato F, Lucchiari S, Bordoni A, Prelle A, Jann S, Keller A, Ciscato P, Galbiati S, Chiveri Let al.(2001)Ann Neurol50,202–207]. The subject had inherited two mutated genes for β‐enolase. These mutations changed glycine 156 to aspartate and glycine 374 to glutamate. In order to study the effects of these changes on the structure and stability of enolase, we have introduced the corresponding changes (G157D and G376E) into yeast enolase. The two variants are correctly folded. They are less stable than wild‐type enolase with respect to thermal denaturation, and both have increasedKdvalues for subunit dissociation. At 37 °C, in the presence of salt, both are partially dissociated and are extensively cleaved by trypsin. Under the same conditions, wild‐type enolase is fully dimeric and is only slightly cleaved by trypsin. However, wild‐type enolase is also extensively cleaved if it is partially dissociated. The identification of the cleavage sites and spectral studies of enolase have revealed some of the structural differences between the dimeric and monomeric forms of this enzyme.
Effects of replacing active site residues in a cold‐active alkaline phosphatase with those found in its mesophilic counterpart fromEscherichia coli
Authors: Gudjónsdóttir Katrín , Ásgeirsson Bjarni
Published: September 2010

Alkaline phosphatase (AP) from a North Atlantic marineVibriobacterium was previously characterized as being kinetically cold‐adapted. It is still unknown whether its characteristics originate locally in the active site or are linked to more general structural factors. There are three metal‐binding sites in the active site of APs, and all three metal ions participate in catalysis. The amino acid residues that bind the two zinc ions most commonly present are conserved in all known APs. In contrast, two of the residues that bind the third metal ion (numbered 153 and 328 inEscherichia coliAP) are different in various APs. This may explain their different catalytic efficiencies, as the Mg2+most often present there is important for both structural stability and the reaction mechanism. We have mutated these key residues to the corresponding residues inE. coliAP to obtain the double mutant Asp116/Lys274, and both single mutants. All these mutants displayed reduced substrate affinity and lower overall reaction rates. The Lys274 and Asp116/Lys274 mutants also displayed an increase in global heat stability, which may be due to the formation of a stabilizing salt bridge. Overall, the results show that a single amino acid substitution in the active site is sufficient to alter the structural stability of the cold‐activeVibrioAP both locally and globally, and this influences kinetic properties.
Identification of rice TUBBY‐like genes and their evolution
Authors: Liu Qingpo
Published: September 2010

The identification of TUBBY‐like genes in organisms ranging from single‐celled to multicellular eukaryotes has allowed the phylogenetic history of this gene family to be traced back to the early evolutionary stages of eukaryote development. Rice TUBBY‐like genes were located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11 and 12 without any obvious clustering. On a genomic scale, it was revealed that the rice TUBBY‐like gene family probably evolved mainly through segmental duplication produced by polyploidy. The altered selective constraints (or site‐specific rate changes), related to functional divergence during protein evolution between plant and animal TUBBY‐like genes, were statistically significant. Based on posterior probability analysis, five amino acid sites (103, 312, 315, 317 and 319) are thought to be responsible for functional divergence.
Ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase‐L1 (Uch‐L1) correlates with gonadal transformation in the rice field eel
Authors: Sun Jinhua , Shang Xuan , Tian Yihao , Zhao Wei , He Yan , Chen Ke , Cheng Hanhua , Zhou Rongjia
Published: September 2010

The ubiquitin–proteasome pathway is crucial for a variety of biological processes, including spermatogenesis. Ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase‐L1 (Uch‐L1) is thought to associate with monoubiquitin to control ubiquitin levels. Here, we report the identification of Uch‐L1 cDNA from the testis of the rice field eel, a natural sex reversal vertebrate, by using cDNA microarray analysis. Uch‐L1 encodes a protein of 220 amino acids that shows high homology to Uch‐L1 of vertebrates, especially fish species. Both mRNA and protein are mainly expressed in testis, ovotestis and ovary, as well as in the brain. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed differential expression of Uch‐L1 in three kinds of gonads. In the ovary, expression of Uch‐L1 was observed mainly in the developing ovary and slightly in the mature ovary. In ovotestis during the intersex stage, Uch‐L1 was expressed in the male gonad epithelium and degraded ovary. In testis, expression was observed in developing germ cells, including spermatogonia and spermatocytes. Furthermore, Uch‐L1 was upregulated during gonadal transformation, especially from the beginning of the intersex stage onwards. Native‐PAGE showed that Uch‐L1 underwent dimerization and oligomerization in gonads, and that the relative level of dimerization/oligomerization decreased during gonadal transformation. Simultaneously, ubiquitin polypeptide expression was upregulated during this process. These results suggest that Uch‐L1, via the ubiquitin–proteasome system, may play an important role not only in gametogenesis, but also in the gonadal transformation process in the rice field eel.
Trehalose and anhydrobiosis in tardigrades – evidence for divergence in responses to dehydration
Authors: Hengherr Steffen , Heyer Arnd G. , Köhler Heinz‐R. , Schill Ralph O.
Published: September 2010

To withstand desiccation, many invertebrates such as rotifers, nematodes and tardigrades enter a state known as anhydrobiosis, which is thought to require accumulation of compatible osmolytes, such as the non‐reducing disaccharide trehalose to protect against dehydration damage. The trehalose levels of eight tardigrade species comprising Heterotardigrada and Eutardigrada were observed in five different states of hydration and dehydration. Although many species accumulate trehalose during dehydration, the data revealed significant differences between the species. Although trehalose accumulation was found in species of the order Parachela (Eutardigrada), it was not possible to detect any trehalose in the species Milnesium tardigradum and no change in the trehalose level has been observed in any species of Heterotardigrada so far investigated. These results expand our current understanding of anhydrobiosis in tardigrades and, for the first time, demonstrate the accumulation of trehalose in developing tardigrade embryos, which have been shown to have a high level of desiccation tolerance.
Dual P2Y12 receptor signaling in thrombin‐stimulated platelets – involvement of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase β but not γ isoform in Ca2+ mobilization and procoagulant activity
Authors: van der Meijden Paola E. J. , Schoenwaelder Simone M. , Feijge Marion A. H. , Cosemans Judith M. E. M. , Munnix Imke C. A. , Wetzker Reinhard , Heller Regine , Jackson Shaun P. , Heemskerk Johan W. M.
Published: September 2010

During thrombus formation, thrombin, which is abundantly present at sites of vascular injury, activates platelets in part via autocrine‐produced ADP. We investigated the signaling pathways by which thrombin and ADP in synergy induced platelet Ca2+ elevation and procoagulant activity, and we monitored the consequences for the coagulation process. Even at high thrombin concentration, autocrine and added ADP enhanced and prolonged Ca2+ depletion from internal stores via stimulation of the P2Y12 receptors. This P2Y12‐dependent effect was mediated via two distinct signaling pathways. The first is enhanced Ca2+ mobilization by the inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptors due to inhibition of protein kinase A. The second pathway concerns prolonged activation of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3‐K) and phospholipase C. Experiments with phosphoinositide 3‐kinase isoform‐selective inhibitors and p110γ deficient platelets demonstrated that the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase β and not the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase γ isoform is responsible for the prolonged Ca2+ response and for the subsequent increases in procoagulant activity and coagulation. Taken together, these results demonstrate a dual P2Y12‐dependent signaling mechanism, which increases the platelet‐activating effect of thrombin by prolongation of Ca2+ elevation, thereby facilitating the coagulation process.