bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tibetan Buddhism
Authors: Lopez Donald S
Published: October 2023

The influence of Buddhism on Tibet since its introduction in the seventh century has been profound, serving as a catalyst for developments in almost every facet of the Tibetan world: in art, with the development of the Tibetan painted scroll; in architecture, with the design of temples, monasteries, and stupas; in politics, with the institution of the Dalai Lama; in social structure, with a large segment of the male population becoming celibate monks; in language, with the creation of the Tibetan script for the purpose of translating Buddhist scriptures; in literature, with the composition of thousands of Buddhist texts in a vast variety of genres; and, of course, in religion. In this essay I will briefly outline the history of Buddhism in Tibet, before going on to discuss some of the fundamental doctrines of Tibetan Buddhism, doctrines reflected so vividly in the Jacques Marchais collections.It is important to understand at the outset that the majority of Tibetan Buddhist beliefs and doctrines are shared by Buddhists throughout Asia. Buddhism has both changed the cultures it has encountered and been changed by them, so that we speak of Indian Buddhism, Chinese Buddhism, Japanese Buddhism, and so on. Tibetan Buddhism is one of the major forms of Buddhism in Asia, with its influence extending far beyond the borders of Tibet, to the Kalmyk region of Russia near the Caspian Sea in the west, to Siberia in the north, to Mongolia, China, and Manchuria in the east, and to the Sherpa regions of Nepal in the south. This religious tradition is properly referred to as Tibetan Buddhism, rather than Lamaism, an anachronistic and pejorative term that mistakenly suggests that the religion of Tibet is not Buddhism. It is, therefore, perfectly acceptable to refer to the Mongols, for example, as Tibetan Buddhists, much as one might say that the Spanish are Roman Catholics.Buddhist thought, practice, and institutions were imported into Tibet beginning in the seventh century, most importantly from India. From that point, Buddhism in Tibet developed rapidly, with the early centuries marked by contacts with influential Buddhist
Introduction to Tibetan Art
Authors: Lipton Barbara
Published: October 2023

Most Tibetan art is religious art. The phrase “Tibetan art” encompasses not only art made in Tibet but also the art associated with Tibetan Buddhism. Indeed, some of the finest examples of Tibetan art come from Nepal, Kashmir, China, and Mongolia. The subjects of Tibetan art are typically buddhas, lamas, historic figures, and deities; mandalas, representing the dwelling place of the deities; stupas or reliquary monuments; and ritual and decorative objects for use in shrines or temples.Many Tibetans believe that the first paintings and statues of the Buddha were made during Shakyamuni Buddha’s lifetime in the sixth century B.C.E. in India. The Buddha himself was supposed to have blessed and consecrated those objects. One of these early statues, known as Jobo Rinpoche, said to represent Shakyamuni at the age of twelve, is presently in the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa and is considered the holiest image in Tibet. Another of the early statues, an Akshobhya Buddha the size of Shakyamuni at the age of eight, is now in the Ramoche Temple in Lhasa.
Catalogue Entries
Authors: Lipton Barbara , Ragnubs Nima Dorjee
Published: October 2023

Shakyamuni Buddha is sitting cross-legged on a lotus base with his right hand in the earth-touching position and his left hand in the meditation position holding a begging bowl. Three signs of his Buddhahood are prominent: the urna, or tuft of hair between his eyes; the ushnisha, or crown protrusion; and the elongated earlobes. His half-opened eyes are looking down in meditation. His neck has three folds, commonly seen as a sign of beauty in Chinese art. His waist is slim and his body perfectly proportioned. His monk’s robe covers both shoulders, is pleated above the waist, and falls in stiff folds. The borders have an intricate chased floral design. The eleven double lotus petals do not continue all around the base, and there is a graceful raised scroll design in the back. The base is closed.The following brief account of Shakyamuni’s life is a mixture of history and myth. According to the sutras, Tibetans count twelve main events in the life of Shakyamuni Buddha: (1) descending from Tushita Heaven; (2) entering his mother’s womb; (3) taking birth;The small prince was given the name of Siddhartha, “the one who fulfills [his father’s] wishes.” Astrological predictions were made that the boy would become either a great king or a great spiritual person who would renounce the world. The king desired that his son inherit the kingdom.
James Joyce Reframing The Political
Authors: Whittier-Ferguson John
Published: October 2023

Although never so famous a promoter of self and projects as Pound or Eliot, James Joyce worked, sometimes openly, often deviously, throughout his career to establish contexts for the reading of his books and for the assessment of his life. He pursued his framings with increasing conviction and effect as he aged and as the shape and significance of his oeuvre came under what, by the end of the 1930s, must already have begun to seem endless scrutiny. His efforts at elaborating the ways in which he and his books were to be understood have been variously addressed but never sufficiently considered in the aggregate as parts of a lifelong attempt to summon a fit audience, to teach that audience how to read, and to place his art in precise relation to the surrounding and complexly included world. These efforts, which I collect under the commodious terms “apparatus” and “gloss,” manifest themselves in a wide range of forms. There are, for example, the carefully circulated schemata to Ulysses and analogous, though less fully systematized, cribs to the Wake. There are the guidebooks to Joyce’s work by, among others, Herbert Gorman (1924), Stuart Gilbert (1930), Frank Budgen (1934), and the fourteen contributors to Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress (1929), each of which bears witness to the attentions of its most interested reader. There is Herbert Gorman’s biography, James Joyce (1939), not simply authorized but in part actually authored by its subject.
Germany, the Latecomer
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P
Published: October 2023

In World War II I had occasion to study German industry from the view­ point of military bombing target selection, and after the war found myself caught up briefly in German economic reconstruction. German economic history, however, I first studied with any intensity in several months at the Institute for World Economy in Kiel in the autumn of 1971, which, following some seminars at the University of Edinburgh in January 1974, resulted in a two-part paper on “Germany’s Overtaking England, 1806- 1914” (1975 [1978]). Since those days my exposure to German historiography, apart from European financial history in general, has been limited. Hence I am conscious that what follows in this chapter misses out on the discoveries and controversies in German economic history of recent decades, and on that account, should be read with caution.
The Redeemer Race and the Angry Saxon: Race, Gender, and White People in Antebellum Black Ethnology
Authors: Bay Mia
Published: October 2023

By the 1830s, Jefferson’s tentative suspicion that black people might be inferior to white people was emerging as one of America’s governing fictions-one of the “make believes” of government that Edmund Morgan talks about. Ironically, the fiction at the heart of the caste sys tem that emerged in this new nation’s industrializing democracy was nothing modern but an old “Phoenician thing,” described in Plato’s Republic more than two thousand years earlier. In a dialogue with his disciple Glaucon on how to create a great republic, the great philosopher Socrates argues that the creation of an ideal society might re quire an “audacious fiction.”
“What Shall We Do with the White People?” Whites in Post bellum Black Thought
Authors: Bay Mia
Published: October 2023

In the winter of 1860,just as the debate over the place of black people in American society was reaching new heights among a divided white electorate, a black correspondent for the Anglo-African Magazine considered the question from the other side: “What shall we do with the white people?” asked William]. Wilson, a Brooklyn schoolteacher and civic leader who wrote under the pseudonym “Ethiop.” This “grave question” required consideration, Ethiop maintained, for white people in America were a “failure” of grand proportions. “Discontent and disaffection have marked [their] every footstep,” and not even their possession of almost the entire North American continent could bring them peace.
Reasoning and Legal Reasoning
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

Does law have special forms of logic? Does it offer a distinctive form of reasoning? To both questions, the simplest answer is no. The forms of logic and reasoning in law are entirely familiar—the same forms as else-where.

But the simplest answer is too simple. Participants in law do reason with their own conventions, and they do create and face special constraints. Participants in law have their own vocabularies and their own tools. They are concerned above all with issues of legitimate authority; they attempt to allocate power to the right people. And because of the particular social roles that lawyers and judges occupy, they think, in a sense, in their own ways. It is for this reason that legal thinking is not economics, or politics, or philosophy.
lncompletely Theorized Agreements
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

Incompletely theorized agreements play a pervasive role in law and society. It is quite rare for a person or group completely to theorize any subject, that is, to accept both a general theory and a series of steps connecting that theory to concrete conclusions. Thus we often have in law an incompletely theorized agreement on a general principle—incompletely theorized in the sense that people who accept the principle need not agree on what it entails in particular cases.
Understanding (and Misunderstanding) the Rule of Law
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

Thus far we have seen that legal systems try to resolve cases rather than choose between abstractions, and that for this reason participants in law try for low-level or mid-level justifications on which broad agreement is possible. In this light analogical reasoning is well-suited to the goals of the legal system in a pluralistic society. Analogical thinking also helps show how legal systems might make space for a process of thinking in which we do not have clear, general rules laid down in advance. This point complicates some familiar understandings of the rule of law.
Television: The Prize
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: October 2023

The annual May Day parade had always been an opportunity for the power elite to be displayed, ranged along the balcony of Lenin’s mausoleum to review the parade of Soviet citizens pledging loyalty to the Communist Party and its leader. Since the advent of television the Moscow parade had been relayed to all locales, with small windows in the coverage to bring in remote sites. State television hosts introduced their colleagues across the country, showing slices of look-alike parades from other major cities. Parades were public displays, a visual statement of massed political purpose and bonding, and, as in all Soviet rituals, public discourse was tightly controlled. In provincial towns, where the obligation to parade was accepted as a low-energy stroll in return for a day off, the exercise was lackluster and limp; but in Moscow, the country’s camera lens, the procession was crisper and more muscular. It was expected that, although the form might change with the times, respectful fealty to the reviewing stand would remain unchanged.
Soviet Television Rulers and Their Empire
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: October 2023

Monday, June 12, 1995, was Russian Independence Day, a day at the dacha or for tending to personal chores or watching television. There were no big parades or pageants; those had been done the month before when Russia celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the end of the war with Germany. On state television’s Channel One that evening a television program hosted by the bicontinental, bilingual Vladimir Pozner came on. Like the old shows he used to do in the Soviet Union and with Phil Donahue in the United States, Pozner chatted with people in the studio.
Viewers and Voters: The First Competitive Elections and the Rise of Alternative News
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: October 2023

For most of its history, the Soviet Union produced theatrical elections; the “electorate” performed its role of active supporter of the system and the leadership staged elaborate rituals with mandatory voting. Party activists roused the sick and truculent to go to the polls, and massive media attention was turned on the nominations, platforms, and near 100 percent turnout all across the country.
Television and Crisis: The End of Soviet Rule
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: October 2023

Almost from the beginning, Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms had been put o the test by the Baltic republics, for whom the goal of independence ad been submerged, but never effaced, by Soviet rule. A central component of sovereignty in the age of television is the capacity to convey one’s messages in one’s own words,1 and bureaucratically, the television of the Baltic republics, as all republic-level television, operated under the direction and control of Moscow. But as the tempo of separatism picked up, local television began to dislodge itself from its bonds.
The Design Of A Political Freedom Index
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

There has been considerable controversy over whether political freedom is an integral part of human development. At a conceptual level, there should be no hesitation. The purpose of human development is to enlarge the range of people’s choices-and the most basic choice is the freedom to make a choice, rather than have someone else make it. As Paul Streeten points out in his thoughtful foreword: “Life expectancy and literacy could be quite high in a well-managed prison. Basic physical needs are well met in a zoo. ” Thus, freedom cannot be separated from human development. First, it is suggested that freedom is difficult to measure-and that freedom is so valuable that it should not be reduced to a number, as the very act of measurement will diminish it. Rather weak, this argument can apply to any measure-to the HDI or even to GNP. But professional enquiry must go on. Literature, beauty and art are judged and ranked. Why not freedom? Besides, most of the components of political freedom-multiparty systems, fair elections, freedom of the press, rule of law, instances of discrimination, arbitrary arrests or disappearances, violations of specific human rights-can be, and have been, documented through professional analysis and investigation.
A Framework For Sustainable Development
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

The call for sustainable development is not simply a call for environmental protection. Instead, it implies a new concept of economic growth-one that provides fairness and opportunity for all the world’s people, not just a privileged few, without further destroying the world’s finite natural resources and carrying capacity.Sustainable development is a process in which economic, fiscal, trade, energy, agricultural, industrial and all other policies are designed to bring about development that is economically, socially and ecologically sustainable. This means that current consumption cannot be financed for long by incurring economic debts that others must repay. It also means that enough must be invested in the education and health of today’s generations to avoid creating a social debt for future generations. And it means that natural resources must be used in ways that do not create ecological debts by overexploiting the earth’s carrying and productive capacity. All postponed debts-whether economic, social or ecological-mortgage sustainability. Sustainable development is concerned with replicable models of material consumption, models that recognize the limitations of the environment. They do not treat the ecosphere as a free good, to be plundered at will by any nation or individual. They put a price on this space, reflecting its relative scarcity today and tomorrow. And concerned with sensible asset management, they treat ecological space as any other scarce asset.
A New Framework Of Development Cooperation
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

The end of the cold war opens up new opportunities for reallocating aid to improve its quality and effectiveness. In fact, a major improvement in the quality of aid could argue most powerlully for an increase in its quantity.
Bretton Woods Institutions In Global Governance
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

The birth of the Bretton Woods institutions in the 1940s was a direct response to the dismal experience of the 1920s and 1930s. Many of those surveying the wreckage of the global economic system in the dreary days of the Second World War-among them, John Maynard Keynes, the dominant economic thinker of that time-came to a simple conclusion. The world’s economic system needed honest referees. It could not be left to the mercy of unilateral action by governments or to the unregulated workings of international markets. It needed multilateral institutions of economic governance to lay down some mutually agreed rules for all nations on the conduct of their affairs. Thus emerged the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, or the World Bank) and, later, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
A New Global Vision
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

It is only appropriate to conclude this book with the global vision o often repeated by Barbara Ward. In 1966, in her book Spaceship Earth, Barbara wrote: “Our physical unity has gone far ahead of our moral unity.” That is one of those seminal statements characteristic of Barbara, who could summarize the dilemmas of an entire age in one simple, pithy sentence. It also is a theme that dominated her world of ideas and that was at the heart of her constant search for social equity, for human justice, for reduced gaps between the rich and the poor, for a planetary bargain for our planetary survival.
From Turning Point to Peace Memorial: A Cultural Legacy
Authors: Kinsel Amy J
Published: October 2023

“The great battle of the war has been fought and thanks be to God the Army of the Potomac has been victorious at last.” Elisha Hunt Rhodes of the Second Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry wrote those words in Middletown, Maryland, on July 8, 1863. His regiment, part of the Union Sixth Corps, had witnessed the climactic third day of fighting at Gettysburg from a reserve position on Cemetery Ridge. Rhodes, noting that his brigade had come under artillery fire during the two-hour barrage that preceded the Confederate army’s final infantry assault, described in his diary what he had observed: We could not see the enemy, and we could only cover ourselves the best we could behind the rocks and trees.
Introduction
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

We are in the midst of a period of mounting enthusiasm for free markets. This is of course true in many of the former Communist nations. It is true for much of the West as well, prominently including England and the United States.

Free markets are often defended as an engine of economic productivity, and properly so. But they are also said to be required for social justice, and here things become far more complex. Certainly there are connections between free markets and social justice. A system aspiring to social justice aspires to liberty, and a system of free markets seems to promise liberty, because it allows people to trade goods and services as they wish. In fact, a system of free markets seems to promise not merely liberty but equality of an important sort as well, since everyone in a free market is given an equal right to transact and participate in market arrangements. This form of equality should not be trivialized or disparaged. For example, race and sex discrimination has often consisted of exclusions of certain classes of people from the market domain. In both South Africa and the United States, discriminatory practices frequently took the form of incursions on free markets in employment.
Incommensurability and Valuation in Law
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

In this chapter I make two claims and discuss their implications for law. The first claim is that human values are plural and diverse. By this I mean that we value things, events, and relationships in ways that are not reducible to some larger and more encompassing value. The second claim is that human goods are not commensurable. By this I mean that such goods are not assessed along a single metric. For reasons to be explored, the two claims, though related, are importantly different.
Paradoxes of the Regulatory State
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

By “paradoxes of the regulatory state,” I mean self-defeating regulatory strategies—strategies that achieve an end precisely opposite to the one intended, or to the only public-regarding justification that can be brought forward in their support. An example of a regulatory paradox would be a Clean Air Act that actually made the air dirtier, or a civil rights law that increased the incidence of racial discrimination. This definition excludes a number of pathologies of the regulatory state that are clearly related to the phenomenon of regulatory paradoxes, such as strategies whose costs exceed their benefits, or that have unintended adverse consequences. I am interested only in self-defeating regulatory strategies here.
Making Capitalism in China
Authors: Hsing You-tien
Published: October 2023

Even as relations between Taiwan and the People’s Republic of China continue to be strained, investment by Taiwanese businesses in China is growing every year. Between 1978 and 1994, Taiwan businesses invested $10 billion in China, 10% of the total foreign investment during that period. This study describes the magnitude and importance of this investment. Hsing demonstrates the role of a shared cultural heritage and language and the role of Chinese local government in building networks of firms in the two countries.
Autonomy in Local China
Authors: Hsing You-tien
Published: October 2023

Southern China, with its outward-oriented economy and the abundant sup­ ply of labor with diversified qualifications, has been attractive to investors from abroad. However, this recipe would not have brought the rapid and concentrated growth without the help of a pool of active business-minded people in the region. In southern China, such people are the local government officials, especially those at subprovincial levels. Local Chinese officials were directly or indirectly involved in accumulation, acting as entrepreneurs. They have also been the main channel for overseas investors to establish link­ ages with local economies. The emergence of these bureaucratic entrepreneurs would not have taken place without an accommodating institutional environment. Since the early 1980s, China’s economic structure has been decentralized. The increasing economic autonomy of local authorities has provided the institutional seedbed for the synergy of rapid economic growth in China, especially in the coastal south.
Black, White, And Yeller
Authors: Reid-Pharr Robert
Published: October 2023

I would like to pause for a moment in order to make explicit some of the concerns that have helped frame the rhetorical strategies and theoretical practices of this study. Specifically, I want to acknowledge the fact that my readings of corporeality and domesticity within the production of antebellum Black American fiction have been produced in response to long-established critical practices that emphasize the influence of sentimental and abolitionist fiction in the production of Black American literature. It is widely assumed, for example, that early Black American writers owe a great debt to Harriet Beecher Stowe and the army of “scribbling women,” many of them abolitionists, of whom she was the exemplar.
Conjugal Union
Authors: Reid-Pharr Robert
Published: October 2023

In each of the readings I have offered thus far I have tried to be sensitive to the manner in which the American modes of corporeality and domesticity with which I have been concerned are themselves tied to projects of bourgeois political, economic, and social hegemony. Still, I have not attempted to suggest that what we see represented in antebellum Black American literature is simply an attempt on the part of Black American writers to construct themselves and their literature as bourgeois. As Wallerstein reminds us, the bourgeois is an essentially disembodied subject, the quintessence of the modern world’s mythologies. It is, in fact, just this reality that makes practices of bourgeois figuration problematic for projects of black subject formation.
A Map of Writing in Terms of Audience and Response
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

There are many good ways to map the universe of writing: by genres (e.g., poetry, fiction, nonfiction); by modes (e.g., narration, description, argument); by elements in the writing process (e.g., generating, revising, copy-editing); by parts of rhetoric (e.g., invention, arrangement, style); by purposes (e.g., persuading, informing, entertaining); or even by topics or themes (e.g., science writing, religious writing, technical writing). Whatever the map, the same simple useful moral emerges: writing is not just one thing or activity or experience. Writing poetry does not feel like writing nonfiction prose—nor free writing like revising, nor science writing like diary writing.
The Uses of Binary Thinking
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

There is an ancient tradition of binary or dichotomous thinking—of framing issues in terms of opposites such as sun/moon or reason/passion. G. E. R. Lloyd speaks of “the remarkable prevalence of theories based on opposition in so many societies at different stages of technological development.” He goes on to give these reasons:
Fragments
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

As I was working on Writing Without Teachers, I felt an accusation forming in the minds of intellectuals and academics who might read it:

In your book, you are jettisoning the very foundations of learning and knowing. You invite the student to get along without any teacher—without anyone who can bring to bear greater training, knowledge, wisdom, or authority. In the place of a teacher, you propose nothing but other students. You do propose a process too, but it is a process devoid of critical thinking, logic, debate, criticism, or doubting. It is a flabby, unintellectual process: trying to listen, to appreciate, to understand, and to experience—and sometimes merely to tell the writer about that experience.
Freewriting and the Problem of Wheat and Tares
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

Many people think that freewriting is only for young or unskilled writers: a babyish artificial exercise that would never benefit professionals. Freewriting is an artificial exercise—and it seems too easy—but I’ve found it continues to be of enormous help to me and to other professionals and skilled writers.

But first, what is freewriting? It is simply private, nonstop writing. Free- writing is what you get when you remove most of the constraints involved in writing.
Fragments
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

Once after I led a series of workshops here at UMass, a faculty participant told me sheepishly that some of them had taken to calling me “Write-it-wrong Elbow.” He feared I might be insulted, but I wasn’t. Let me explore some riches in wrongness.
Fragments
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

It’s hard not to talk about writing as though it were speech: in discussing silent texts we talk about the “voice” or “tone of voice”; also about the “speaker” and about what we “hear” a piece of writing “saying.” Diverse critics even refer to a writer as having “found her voice.”
The War Between Reading and Writing — and How to End It
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

We tend to assume that reading and writing fit naturally together: love and marriage, horse and carriage. It is a commonplace that the very best thing for writing is to read a great deal—and it seems as though those students who write best are readers. But when we see things in binary pairs, one side usually ends up on top—privileged or dominant: love and marriage, man and woman. I will argue that this is true here too and that reading has dominance over writing in the academic or school culture. But my main point in this essay is that the imbalance is unnecessary. Reading and writing can work productively together as equals to benefit each other and the profession. Both parties can be on top. We can create a better balance and relationship between reading and writing. To do so we will need to give more emphasis to writing in our teaching and our curricular structures and use writing in more imaginative ways. When we achieve this productive balance, even reading will benefit.
Fragments
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

What is the work of academic discourse? A simple answer is serviceable: academic discourse makes arguments, solves problems, analyzes texts and issues, tries to answer hard questions—and usually refers to and builds on academic discourse. So why can’t these jobs be done with personal and expressive writing?
Breathing Life into the Text
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: October 2023

For a long time after college, I thought that “holding a discussion” was the most noble and useful way to deal with a literary text. I got this attitude, I think, from attending an “excellent,” high-toned college, Williams College, where discussions were taken with enormous seriousness. They were powerfully conducted, led, induced, orchestrated by dedicated and often brilliant teachers. These teachers usually had a plan for their discussions, but they didn’t bulldoze; they worked with subtle finesse so that these discussions often led to lively eruptions of energy and interesting, surprising insights. (One other thing: I’ve been left with a kind of subliminal sense that a good discussion always starts with a particular word, intoned either with gravity or irony: “Gentlemen,…”)
Prelude: The Dark Angel
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: October 2023

T.S. Eliot inherited the dark angel that tormented Lionel Johnson’s spiritual life. Its visitations began early in Eliot’s manhood, and it stayed long to terrorize a creative sensibility rich in sensual and spiritual antinornies. The outwardly happy Harvard undergraduate, who loved philosophy and art, poetry and drama, minstrel shows and melodramas, college songs and bawdy ballads, gradually gained a malicious companion. Hovering and whispering, Eliot’s dark angel descended as an agent of temptation and messenger of damnation. Under the shadow of its wings, the poet’s spiritual impulses were desecrated by sexual fantasies, while his sexual desires were short-circuited by the chatter of madness or chuckle of death. Turning desire itself into a psychological mechanism of spiritual terror and bodily disgust, the dark angel dislocated the poet’s consciousness from ordinary reality, took him to the edge of the abyss, and led him to phantasmal planes. Under its louring presence, the suffering poet conceived of himself as Arnaut, his lustful soul wrapped in purgatorial flames; as Sebastian, his spiritual love wracked by bodily arrows; as Hamlet, his rational will locked in spiritual paralysis; as Faust, his self-inverted rnind on the brink of dissolution. The dark angel would appear again in the consciousness of the London bridegroom and banker who loved teaching and reviewing, music halls and the Russian ballet, ragtime and jazz, the Chicken Strut and the Grizzly Bear. Eliot’s dark angel was at once his fury and his muse, causing and conducting the internal drama of shadows and voices that inhabit his acutely personal poems and plays.
The Horrific Moment
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: October 2023

Recollections?” mused Pound in his brief eulogy to Eliot, “let some thesis writer have the satisfaction of’ discovering’ whether it was in 1920 or ‘21 that I went from Excideuil to meet a rucksacked Eliot. Days of walking-conversation? . . . Who is there now for me to share a joke with?” How curious that their brief walking tour of southern France should surface as Pound’s choice recollection after fifty years of friendship. Did he know that the trip was no joking matter, that Eliot had undergone a horrifying emotional experience that triggered the composition of The Waste Land? It was Eliot’s first holiday from London since the previous summer at Marlow, where he drafted “Whispers of Immortality,” and the thesis-writers have now discovered that the two set foot from Excideuil on their tour of the Dordogne on 15 August 1919. In Canto 29 Pound recalls their visit to the castle ruins in Excideuil, where Eliot (“Arnaut”), observing “the wave pattern cut in the stone” of the spire of St.Thomas, deliberately “shocked” Pound by exclaiming, “I am afraid of the life after death.’’ The next day Eliot sent a postcard to Lytton Strachey, writing that though London was extraordinarily difficult, in his wandering of the Correze he was happy-it provided “a complete relief from London” (LJ 327). Shortly thereafter they wandered into the town of Perigueux to visit the famous Basilique Saint-Front.
First-Rate Blasphemy
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: October 2023

When T. S. Eliot first discovered Baudelaire and the Symbolists in 1907-8, he found assurance that in French symbolist poetry there existed a truly “modern” poetic language and that there were similar unexplored possibilities of language and imagery in English poetry. The aesthetic presence of Baudelaire is evident throughout Eliot’s early poetry, but when he returned to a fuller study of Baudelaire’s poetry and prose in 1919 his interest had clearly shifted to the moral and spiritual plane. Underlying the Baudelairean imagery and allusions in The waste Land is Eliot’s deeper and more pervasive interest in Baudelaire as a wasteland “saint,” as the first desert father of the reaction against romanticism, and in the early 1920s Baudelaire succeeded even Dante as the central figure through whom Eliot defined the spiritual difficulties and moral responsibilities of the modern poet.
The Ignatian Interlude
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: October 2023

Eliot and Ignatius? Most students of Eliot would be at a loss to describe any familiar relationship. Though Eliot found his way to Ignatius through John Donne, there is no mention of Ignatius in Eliot’s prose before he wrote his Clark Lectures on metaphysical poetry in 1925-26. He knew from Isaak Walton’s Life that Donne was brought up an English Catholic under Jesuit influence (two uncles were eminent Jesuits)) and that his mother was a recusant until her death. “I had my first breeding and conversation,” wrote Donne, “with men of a suppressed and affiicted religion, accustomed to the despite of death and hungry of an imagined martyrdom.” Though Eliot began studying Donne in 1906, and writing on him in 1917, he seems not to have explored Donne’s Jesuit background or picked up a copy of Ignatius’s Spiritual Exercises (1548) until he began preparing his Clark Lectures. Eliot knew, of course, that after Donne passed from the Roman to the Anglican church, he attacked the Jesuits generally in PseudoMartyr (16ro) and satirized Ignatius particularly in Ignatius His Conclave (16rr). In his lectures Eliot was himself a severe critic of Ignatius and the Spiritual Exercises, but when a Jesuit in the audience reproved him for his incautious remarks, Eliot was embarrassed into a serious study of the Exercises. It was one of the most unsettling checkings in his intellectual life: over the next seven years he would work through a cycle of visions and revisions of Ignatius as a mystic, and he would become absorbed in working out the effect of Ignatius’s method on seventeenthcentury mysticism, particularly on Donne.
“If I Think, Again, Of This Place” The Way to Little Gidding
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: October 2023

Eliot did not just happen upon Little Gidding; it was a symbolic place of mind long before his pilgrimage to the chapel in 1936, well before he began to write the poem in 1941. Even as he wrote the renunciatory fragments of Ash-Wednesday in the aftermath of his conversion, his mind was fixed on the Anglican example of Nicholas Ferrar, whose stark renunciation of worldly preferments and whose friendships with George Herbert and Richard Crashaw had struck Eliot’s imagination. Early in the 1920s he was familiar with Walton’s portrayal of the devotional community in his Life ef Herbert.When he read Mario Praz’s account in Secentismoe Marinismo in Inghilterra (1925) of Crashaw’s relation to Ferrar and his remarkable niece Mary Collett, he was moved to write: “The section of Signor Praz’s book which deals with . . . Crashaw’s connexion with the retreat of Little Gidding and with the misfortunes of Peterhouse makes extremely good reading.” If he was not as yet familiar with J. H. Shorthouse’s detailed description of religious life at Little Gidding in john Inglesant (1881), he was soon to be so, for he added the 1927 edition to his library. By the time of his baptism and confirmation in that year, Eliot already saw Little Gidding as a distant paradigm of the contemplative life, founded as it was on a mystical devotional spirit that he would embrace with increasing intensity. During the next decade, as he prepared for his fated visit, he did indeed think again and again of “this place” and its people.
Ziguinchor, Senegal
Authors: Tinker Irene
Published: October 2023

Much recent economic development, controlled by a centralized administration, has largely bypassed Ziguinchor, which is isolated from Dakar by the tiny state of Gambia. The resultant feeling of neglect and a prolonged drought that severely affected the rice production in this semitropical region has led to sporadic civil unrest. The EPOC study was carried out in a quiescent period, as the urbanized sections of the town were expanding into the still-cultivated fields enclosed within the municipal boundaries. The seasonality of agriculture was matched in the street food sector, as many women who perform most of the agricultural labor sold peanuts and other crops on the street. As in Nigeria, separate budgets mean that women must contribute food or money to the household. Household surveys reveal the differential spending patterns of women and men in their predominantly polygynous living arrangements. Ethnic differences in women’s work and in products sold on the street document the importance of culture in everyday life. As we are unable to revisit Ziguinchor, the focus on current trends examines street foods in Dakar, where many people from Ziguinchor have migrated; their remittances are essential to maintaining families at home.
Afterword Putting It All Together
Authors: Tinker Irene
Published: October 2023

Weaving together the individual reports of these seven diverse cities, each using the basic design of the Street Foods Project to produce distinct patterns, has been a daunting task. Each study expanded into new areas propelled by the demands of the local situation and the curiosity of its staff. The focus and success of interventions to improve the trade in both its economic and food service aspects varied even more, dependent on the local political as well as cultural climate.
Intoduction
Authors: Zook Kristal Brent
Published: October 2023

I began this project ten years ago. It was a time when most anyone with a bit of melanin (and some without) found themselves caught up in a rising tide of neonationalism-the era of early Spike Lee films, Public Enemy’s “Fight the Power,” and other such revolutionary expressive forms. It seemed that everyone wanted to be black-at least in theory, if not in practice .Just as an Afro had defined “downness” in the social parlance of the 1960s and 70s, so too did a red, black, and green Africa medallion or a “40 Acres and a Mule” T-shirt now signify racial authenticity.1
Boricna Power in the Boogie-Down Bronx: Puerto Rican Nationalism on New York Undercover
Authors: Zook Kristal Brent
Published: October 2023

New York Undercover was the number one show among African Americans from 1994 to 1996.1 Why? Or perhaps a better question is: What happened from 1996 to 1998? Why did it change? In its first season, mainstream television critics pointed to the macho good looks of actors Malik Yoba and Michael DeLorenzo as the key to Undercover’s success. Some noted that the funky beats inspired by former producer and music executive Andre Harrell also played a part in attracting young viewers. These factors, while important, provided only a superficial analysis of the show’s appeal. It was, in fact, the dynamic interplay of drama, collective autobiography, improvisation, and aesthetics that made this show a hit. New York Undercover was the first prime-time dramatic series to star both an African American and a Latino as lead characters. If we consider it a “black” drama, it was also the first ever to succeed past season one. The show has its origins in the research of African American writer-producer Kevin Arcadie, who modeled Undercover’s twenty-something detectives, J. C. Williams (Yoba) and Eduardo Torres (DeLorenzo) after three real-life rapping cops from Chicago known as the “Slick Boys.”
The Test of Strength June 1950–January 1951
Authors: Mastny Vojtech
Published: October 2023

The outbreak of hostilities in Korea injected a measure of unpredictability into the Cold War that had not been there before. The surprise attack was to make the war short; its prolongation required improvisation from both sides, for which neither had been adequately prepared. The waxing and waning of military fortunes amid fast-moving developments and abrupt changes on the battlefield added to the difficulty of predicting what was going to happen next. Assessing the likely course of the war, and adapting the policies accordingly, was a major Soviet preoccupation from its beginning.

The initial Soviet response to the North Korean attack on June 25 was dilatory and noncommittal. For thirty-six hours, Moscow offered no public support to the announcement on the Pyongyang radio that had tried to justify the aggression by accusing the victim of starting the war. Even after it endorsed the fiction, factual reporting by the Soviet media remained notable for its scarcity. No responsible official could be found in Moscow to act on Washington’s frantic attempts to contact the Soviet government in hopes of persuading it to intercede to stop the fighting. Letting events take their course, Vyshinskii absented himself from his office while his deputy Gromyko evaded a meeting urgently requested by the U.S. ambassador on June 27.
A Fundamental Right
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: October 2023

To believe in natural rights is to believe in nonsense, according to Jeremy Bentham. Belief in human rights “is one with belief in witches and unicorns,” according to Alasdair Maclntyre. Yet each in his own way is an egalitarian, Bentham as a utilitarian and MacIntyre as a professed “Augustinian Christian.”2 Can they have it both ways? Can they maintain that every person is in some sense morally equal to every other yet deny that people have natural or human rights?
Things of the Future!
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

It was the first time that the two had gone to Morro do Castelo hill. They began the ascent from the Rua do Carmo. There are many people of the city of Rio de Janeiro who have never been there, indeed many will die and many more will be born and die who will never set foot there. Not everyone can claim to know an entire city. An old Englishman, who in fact roamed the world, confided to me many years ago in London, that of London he only knew his club well, and that was enough for him of both the metropolis and the world.
Neither Boy and Girl, nor a General
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Neither boy and girl, nor a general. On April 7, 1870, twin boys came into being, so identical that each seemed to be the shadow of the other, if it was not simply the optical illusion of the eye seeing double.
A Unique Case!
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Santos believed in the sanctity of vows. For this reason, he resisted, but finally he gave his promise. Nevertheless, the thought of the intrauterine battle of the two boys never left him. He wanted to forget it. He played whist that night, as usual. The next night he went to the theater. On the next he paid a visit. Then went back to his usual card game of whist, while the fight stayed with him. It was a mystery.
Paternalism
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

After a little while, Santos took his wife’s hand, who let him hold it, limply, without returning his grasp. Both gazed at the boys, forgetting their anger to be just parents.
An Obscure Point
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

I know there is an obscure point in the previous chapter. I write this one to clarify it. When his wife inquired about the antecedents and circumstances of the dispatch, Santos gave the requested explanations. Not all of them would be strictly true; time is a gnawing rat that diminishes or alters things by giving them another appearance. What’s more, the subject lent itself so well to rejoicing that it would easily confuse the memory. There are, in the gravest events, many details that are lost, others that imagination invents to supplant the losses, and not for this does history die.
Now a Leap
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

That the twins shared in the aristocratic honeymoon of their parents is not something I need to write about. Their love of them is enough to explain it, but I would add that, because the title had produced two opposing sentiments in other boys, esteem and envy, Pedro and Paulo concluded that they had received a very special honor. When later Paulo adopted the republican opinion, he never included that family distinction in his criticism of institutions. The states of mind born of this are sufficient material for a special chapter, if l did not prefer at this point to leap to the year 1886. It’s a big leap, but time is an invisible fabric upon which one can embroider everything: a flower, a bird, a lady, a castle, a tomb. One can also embroider nothing. Nothing, on top of the invisible; that is the most subtle work of this world, and for that matter, of the other.
When You Have a Beard
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

That year, on an August evening, there were guests at the Botafogo house, and it happened that one of them, I don’t piebald because there was no one to dye it in the charity hospital. Ora, bene, as my friar would say, why did he and the vagabond go from gray to black? My reader should guess, if she can: I’ll give you twenty chapters to figure it out. Perhaps I, by that time, can work up an explanation, but for now I do not know and I will not venture anything. Let malicious tongues attribute some worldly passion to the friar. Even so, one does not understand why he would reveal it in that fashion. As for the beggar, what ladies would he wish to attract, to the point of exchanging bread for dye? That one or the other would want to give in to the desire to hold on to their fleeting youth is plausible. The friar, learned in the Scriptures, knowing that Israel wept for the onions of Egypt, might have also cried, and his tears fallen black on his cheeks.
Dom Miguel
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

“Be that as it may,” thought the old man. “I won’t sell this if I roll it up and put it away. I’ll have it framed. A few old sticks here 𠈆 “