bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A business case for risk-informed bridge monitoring using the value of information
Authors: Sasidharan Manu , Parlikad Ajith Kumar , Schooling Jennifer
Published: October 2021

While the benefits of monitoring bridges are fairly understood, securing the resources necessary for their development and installation is often difficult. The premise of the article is that infrastructure owners will take action to provide those resources when they can see value accruing to them; therefore narratives around value generation and business cases are required to motivate and support that action. This paper explores the application of the value of information methodology to the challenge of developing a business case for bridge monitoring using an illustrative case study on a simulacrum of a road bridge in the UK. To this end, this paper presents a systematic approach for setting risk-informed bridge monitoring strategies while considering the reliability and accuracy of data capture offered by different monitoring techniques and the gains to be made downstream if it contributes to setting timely maintenance strategies.
Temperature distribution in different bridges types based on data from SHM systems
Authors: Biliszczuk Jan , Hildebrand Maciej , Teichgraeber Marco , Onysyk Hanna
Published: October 2021

Monitoring systems have given the possibility of varied and long-term observation of bridge structures. The paper prestents the analysis of temperature impact on various bridge elements. The data comes from three different large bridges in Poland, equipped with extensive monitoring systems, namely from an arch bridge in Puławy (built in 2008), cable-stayed bridge in Płock (built in 2005) and the cable-stayed bridge in Wrocław (built in 2011). After few years of observation an enormous and valuable database of measured parameters was stored. The analysis shows how temperature changes between individual bridge components (e.g. between decks, pylon and stay cables) affect the structure mechanical behaviour and whether the influence fulfil the standards’ recommendations. Due to various static schemes and materials used in the described bridges, individual and non-typical impact of thermal loads is expected.
Slip coefficient of 90-year-old riveted joint surface with red lead paint for corrosion
Authors: Chen Yu , Yamaguchi Takashi , Yamauchi Motoshi , Ueno Keita
Published: October 2021

Before 1950, steel bridges were basically connected by rivets. Most of the steel bridge has been replaced due to aging or corrosion. However, many rivet bridges are still being in service; some of the rivets might be corroded and loosen due to the paint coating's deterioration. The riveted bridge has to repair by replacing the corroded rivets with high-strength bolts for friction connection. However, the slip coefficient of riveted joint surfaces with red lead treatment is not specified. In this study, specimens cut out from a 90-year-old riveted bridge's joint section and evaluated the riveted joint surface's aging condition by microscope observation and elemental analysis. The slip and pressure distribution tests are also conducted to investigate the slip coefficient and pressure distribution of riveted joints' surface. It is found that the joint surface is not flat, the average slip coefficient is 0.274, and the −2𝜎 is calculated to 0.169.
Framework for facility management of bridge structures using digital twins
Authors: de Freitas Bello Vanessa Saback , Popescu Cosmin , Blanksvärd Thomas , Täljsten Björn
Published: October 2021

The maturity of Digital Twin (DT) models has evolved in the aerospace and manufacturing industries; however, the construction industry still lags behind. DT technology can be applied to achieve smart management through the entire life cycle of structures. Particularly for bridge structures, which play an essential role in any transportation system and can have high maintenance demands throughout their long life spans. In this study, a literature review on DTs was performed, from the origins of the concept until current best practice focused on bridges. Especially concerning structural analysis and facility management, few studies that employ DT for bridges were encountered. The main challenges identified are related to treatment of the large amount of data involved in the process, mostly gathered from different platforms. Finally, a framework for smart facility management of bridges using DTs was proposed to tackle potential solutions.
A prediction method for cable forces of cable-stayed bridges using fuzzy processing and Bayes estimation
Authors: Dong Li , Xie Bin , Sun Dongli , Zhang Yizhuo
Published: October 2021

Cable forces are primary factors influencing the design of a cable-stayed bridge. A fast and practical method for cable force estimation is proposed in this paper. For this purpose, five input parameters representing the main characteristics of a cable-stayed bridge and two output parameters representing the cable forces in two key construction stages are defined. Twenty different representative cable-stayed bridges are selected for further prediction. The cable forces are carefully optimized through finite element analysis. Then, discrete and fuzzy processing is applied in data processing to improve their reliability and practicality. Finally, based on the input parameters of a target bridge, the maximum possible output parameters are calculated by Bayes estimation based on the processed data. The calculation results show that the average prediction error of this method is less than 1% for the twenty bridges themselves, which provide the primary data and less than 3% for an under-construction bridge.
Lateral torsional buckling of plate girder composite bridges – general method
Authors: Ivanov Stoyan
Published: October 2021

According to Eurocode 4-2, lateral torsional buckling check should be performed for any steel flange in compression that is not laterally restrained. In common steel-concrete composite bridges, with slab on top of the main girders and no additional horizontal bracing, this applies for the bottom flanges over internal supports of a continuous beams. The check is also relevant for the bottom flanges at the abutments of integral composite bridges.

Eurocode 4-2 gives recommendations for the use of three verification methods for LT buckling: Inverted U-frame method, General method, and Simplified method. In this paper the three methods are discussed. Their restrictions for practical application are commented. Application of the General and Simplified methods over a single span integral composite bridge is illustrated. Comparison of the results between the General method and the Simplified method is presented.
Design of a funicular concrete bridge with knitted formwork
Authors: Bouten Sam , Popescu Mariana , Ranaudo Francesco , Van Mele Tom , Block Philippe , Mengeot Pierre , Wyns Kenneth
Published: October 2021

This paper presents the design, engineering and digital fabrication strategies for a circular pedestrian bridge to be built as part of “De Groene Boog” development of the A16 highway north of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The bridge is designed as a lightweight funicular unreinforced concrete gridshell with openings based on the principle of a three-hinged arch extrapolated to 3D geometry. In its realisation, it demonstrates a model of circular construction using recent material developments (such as recycled concrete) and an efficient flexible formwork system using knitted textiles. The presented design and fabrication process is developed collaboratively by the Block Research Group at ETH Zurich and De Groene Boog. The structure is commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management (Rijkswaterstaat).
The modernisation of the Albert Canal and its bridges
Authors: Dumortier Alain , de Ville de Goyet Vincent
Published: October 2021

The 130 km long Albert canal linking Liège with Antwerp in Belgium was built in the years 1930. The growing size of the inland vessels led to the start of a modernisation of the canal. The widening began in the years 1970. Since the years 1980, most of the bridges are being jacked up, or replaced. In the beginning, each new bridge was separately designed, which led to a variety of bridge types and forms. To accelerate the replacement of the bridges, a generic tied-arch bridge has been designed, good for one third of the total number of bridges. This article presents the general overview of the works on the bridges due to the widening of the canal, and the focusses specific on the design of tied-arch bridges, with a special attention of this generic bridge.
Automated structural design for 3D printed circular composite bridges
Authors: Van der Gaag Bart-Jan , Tromp Liesbeth , Kardas Maurice , van IJselmuijden‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ Kees , Leen Pieter
Published: October 2021

The construction industry is in transition. Recyclable materials will become more common to minimise the negative impact of materials. Additive manufacturing with circular composite material is introduced to infrastructure, requiring new design solutions. A thorough understanding of the material behaviour during and after the 3D printing process is needed. It is a misunderstanding that large 3D printing is an upscale of the commonly known small desktop 3D printing. The geometric layout for large print is highly dependent on the window of operation, dominated by the thermal material characteristics. Besides material orthotropy because of fiber orientation, the printed structure is geometrically orthotropic. Different print strategies result in different structural behaviour of the printed part. This paper aims to explain the important factors to consider for the design and engineering of 3D printed load bearing structures, such as bridges, with circular composites, as well as the associated disruption of the value chain.
Out-of-plane buckling of arches with rectangular cross-sections and curved webs
Authors: Van Staen Gilles , Van Bogaert Philippe , De Backer Hans
Published: October 2021

Contemporary arch bridges are mostly designed as slender structures. Due to the presence of mainly compressive forces in the arches, the bridge may become prone to out-of-plane buckling. The main purpose of this research is to examine the influence of the geometric properties of a cross-section of the arch on this behaviour. To this end, a detailed FEM model of an arch bridge is built and validated by the results of a measurement programme. Thereafter, the critical buckling load is examined by numerical and analytical analyses. Furthermore, the influence of the plate thickness and the introduction of a cross-sectional curvature in the web on the buckling behaviour is evaluated. From that, it can be concluded that the relationship between the critical load and moment of inertia around the weak axis of the arch is linear, and in addition independent of the shape of the cross-section. Nevertheless, a cross-sectional curvature in the web shows the most potential in terms of structural efficiency.
Numerical analyses on flexural performance of prefabricated UHPC link slab
Authors: Briseghella Bruno , Xu Wei , Xue Jun-Qing , Lin Jian-hui , Nuti Camillo
Published: October 2021

The expansion joints in the multi-span simply supported bridge can be eliminated by using the link slab. The ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) with high tensile strength and crack resistance is an effective material for the link slab. However, the cast-in-situ UHPC link slab need to be cured with steam curing. Therefore, the construction processes are complicated and the construction quality is difficult to guarantee. In this paper, the prefabricated UHPC link slab which can be assembled on site to simply the construction process, accelerate the construction speed and reduce the labor cost was proposed. Finite element models of the prefabricated and cast-in-situ UHPC link slabs under bending were built by using ABAQUS. The ultimate bearing capacity of the prefabricated link slab was nearly the same of the cast in situ and the crack resistance slightly lower. Finally, the influence of the bolt (used to connect the prefabricated link slab) number and the distance from the bolt to the edge of the link slab on the crack resistance and ultimate bearing capacity of the prefabricated link slab were obtained.
Nonlinear structural analysis of a masonry wall
Authors: Du Guangli , Cornelius Thomas , Nielsen Joergen , Hansen Lars Zenke
Published: October 2021

Structural modelling of a masonry wall is challenging due to material properties, eccentricity of the vertical load, slenderness ratio etc. In recent theoretical developments for design of masonry walls, a new “Phi” method to determine the eccentricity is adopted in Eurocode 6. However, the comparisons between this method and the conventional “Ritter” method shows that for certain prerequisites it would result in substantial different load-bearing capacity. Hence, in order to investigate how support conditions influence the load bearing capacity of the wall, this study performs a nonlinear numerical analysis of a wall for several load cases in ABAQUS and the result is verified with an independently developed calculation tool using MATLAB. The results show that the top rotation plays a significant role for the load bearing capacity of the masonry wall supported by slabs at both ends. It is difficult to estimate the eccentricities without a rigorous calculation.
Experimental performance of optimized trusses
Authors: Schultz Joshua A. , Geist Phillip , Whitsell Brooke , Dorr Rachel
Published: October 2021

A series of six 3D printed discretely optimized truss specimens and two warren truss specimens were experimentally loaded until failure. The results were compared to the theoretical failure loads and stresses determined using Maxwell’s Method. Each set of truss specimens were loaded in a simple span condition, with a point load applied at the center of the span. Each truss specimen was configured into pairs in order to prevent lateral torsional buckling (LTB) while testing. Strain, load, and displacement data was gathered for each truss specimen tested. These results were compared to the predicted results calculated by Maxwell’s theorem. Of the 6 specimens tested, all of the trusses failed within 1% - 20% of the analytical vales. The trends in the experimental results support efficacy of previously developed theories of optimized truss topology in order to increase strength and efficiency of lateral systems in high rise structures.
Anchorage/lap strength of bars in RC structures in case of low concrete cover thickness
Authors: Palmisano Fabrizio , Cairns John , Menga Antonia
Published: October 2021

In recent years the assessment of existing structures has become a topic of huge interest all over the world due to environmental, economic and socio-political assets. However, the approach to the assessment of existing structures is in many aspects different from that used for the design of a new structure. This is why there is a necessity to develop new formulations for old materials and products that are consistent with the requirements and the reliability-based approach of current codes of practice. In this scenario, this article analyses a topic very common in existing RC structures, namely the effect of low concrete cover thickness on the anchorage/lap strength of bars. The main aim of the article is to give practical formulations that can be included in future codes of practice. To this aim a novel formulation recently proposed is firstly analysed and then validated against a database of tests taken from the literature.
A methodology for resiliency assessment of existing bridges – a study on a bridge from 1930
Authors: Larose Guy L. , Dallaire Pierre-Olivier , Erskine Theresa , Pozzuoli Chiara , Mattiello Emanuele
Published: October 2021

This paper introduces the methodology RWDI has developed, tested and consolidated over the years working in close collaboration with bridge designers, owners and operators, for the multi-hazard assessment of existing bridges and the ad hoc development of a structural health monitoring programme leading to enhanced resiliency. The work is highlighted through the presentation of a case study for a 2,725 m long cantilever bridge built in 1930. The dynamics of the structure in its current state were characterised and its capacity to today and future wind loading was assessed fully following the proposed methodology prior to the initiation of a structural rehabilitation program to extend the design life of the bridge beyond its 150th anniversary.
An interdisciplinary approach to landslide damage assessment in urban areas
Authors: Palmisano Fabrizio , Vitone Claudia , Cotecchia Federica , Santaloia Francesca , Peduto Dario , Nicodemo Gianfranco , Ferlisi Settimio
Published: October 2021

This paper presents some results of a multidisciplinary research about the assessment of damages to ordinary buildings at the urban scale in landslide areas. The methodology represents part of a multi-level approach for landslide vulnerability assessment that has been recently developed. It is based on rapid visual inspections of the buildings, the application of ‘simple models’ to interpret the structural response, the geological and geotechnical knowledge of the site. The end-product is the landslide damage geotechnical chart, including: i) the damage grade of the buildings, ii) the geomorphological and geotechnical map of the area, iii) the direction of the settlements causing damages. The application of the methodology to an historical site in southern Italy is also outlined. Finally, the contribution of innovative non-invasive spaceborne remote sensing techniques to monitor landslide-affected urban areas is highlighted.
Updating of the corrosion degree based on visual data combined with strain or modal data
Authors: Vereecken Eline , Botte Wouter , Caspeele Robby , Lombaert Geert
Published: October 2021

Many existing bridges are reaching the end of their technical service life. To estimate the remaining lifetime of reinforced concrete structures, it is important to assess the parameters of the corrosion process (i.e. parameters governing the corrosion propagation, but also parameters of the chloride or carbonation ingress). The level of corrosion and its spatial distribution can be inferred from strain data under static loading or modal data. In addition, information from visual inspections is often available as well, although not often used to quantify the level of corrosion. In this work, it is investigated how visual inspections can supplement the strain and/or modal data and provide information on corrosion parameters. The developed framework is applied to a simply supported beam subjected to corrosion.
The hyperion tower, an audacious demonstration of the use of materials
Authors: Datry Jean-Bernard , Zonco Audrey , Combescure Etienne , Kertaoui Zakaria , Le Dem Clement , Masse David
Published: October 2021

With a total height of 55m, the Hyperion residential Tower is located near the Saint Jean train Station in Bordeaux France and was designed by the engineering firm Terrell in association with the architectural practice Jean-Paul Viguier & Associates. The structure is braced with a reinforced concrete core, made of cross laminated timber floors, laminated timber beams along the periphery of the building, wood frame walls on the façades, and prefabricated steel balconies placed in situ with cranes. Detailed design of the composite tower was carried out by engineering firm Setec Tpi, through a large use of BIM software’s (Revit and Tekla) from which shop drawings were generated. The main contractor Eiffage had to face many challenges during construction to erect what is now the tallest wooden tower in France.
A deployable tensegrity footbridge: static design and optimization
Authors: Feron Jonas , Mengeot Pierre , Vandenbergh Thomas , Latteur Pierre
Published: October 2021

Tensegrity describes systems in which bars in compression seem to float inside cables in tension. This concept has inspired artists and designers for more than 60 years, however nowadays very few civil structures are built across the world. Although tensegrity structures seem visually light, there still remains a lack of rigorous and quantitative proofs about their structural efficiency in particular in terms of self-weight and stiffness. This article presents a 60m span tensegrity footbridge in steel composed of adapted simplex modules that contain one more cable than the classic simplex modules. The influence of this choice on the structural performances of the footbridge are here detailed. Eventually, the tensegrity footbridge is heavier and less stiff than traditional trusses but it is an aesthetic solution which offers the remarkable ability to deploy.
Combined solution: the structures of the A120 Little Hadham bypass and flood alleviation scheme
Authors: Jackson C. , Ledsham-James G. , Aparicio-Baneres F.
Published: October 2021

The village of Little Hadham in the UK has suffered from heavy traffic, air pollution and flooding over many years. The village also creates a major bottleneck to traffic flows on the main A120 road through the region, a major east west route crucial for the prosperity of the East of England.

These multiple issues are being resolved though the construction of a combined bypass and flood alleviation scheme. By combining the resources and requirements of the highway and environmental authorities the scheme provides a sustainable and cost-effective solution to these issues with highway embankments and bridges also acting as flood alleviation dams and spillway structures. These combined benefits ensured the commercial viability of the scheme.

This paper gives an overview of the structures and design challenges faced and how the requirements of the two functions have been combined into a single solution that ensures the future of Little Hadham and promotes growth in the region as a whole.
Time history analysis of an existing structure in accordance with Turkish and European standards
Authors: Tola Sinem , Tinoco Joaquim , Matos José C. , Piroğlu Elişan Filiz
Published: October 2021

Turkey is located on active seismic fault lines. Having this major issue makes the seismic performance analysis a critical step to decide the safety or whether demolishing or reinforcing is more efficient. In this study, a seismic analysis comparison is performed on an existing steel structure via SAP2000 software. The seismic analysis method is Linear Time History Analysis. A comparison of results attained from dynamic analysis is obtained for an existing steel structure serving as a garage in Istanbul, Turkey. The results are demonstrated using graphics where base shear forces as well as lateral displacements obtained for two models are plotted for comparison.
Evaluation of a low-cost seismic energy dissipation device for buildings
Authors: Guerrero Héctor , Gomez Roberto , Escobar J. Alberto
Published: October 2021

Safety during earthquakes should be a human right and shall be accessible not only to those who can pay for proprietary high-tech devices but to everyone. Based on that, this paper presents a low- cost, low-tech seismic energy dissipation device. Its experimental behaviour under seismic loading is assessed. The device is classified as buckling-restrained brace (BRB) and, according to its characteristics, it is suitable for new and existing, medium- to low-rise structures. First, the device composing parts are presented. Then, its structural response, in terms of hysteretic behaviour, ductility, and dissipated energy – as obtained from experimental tests – is shown. Experimental results show an excellent behaviour. As a result, it can be said that the device is reliable and its use is recommended for new and existing structures. Design recommendations are also provided.
Influence of Mullins and hardening effects of seismic isolation rubber bearings on the seismic response
Authors: Shimmyo Hiroshi , Onal Tolga , Nakamura Shozo , Tokunaga Kazuya
Published: October 2021

In the current Specifications for Highway Bridges of the Japan Road Association, a bilinear force- displacement relationship is recommended as the hysteresis loops of the seismic isolation rubber bearings for the dynamic structural analysis of seismically isolated bridges. However, it has been confirmed that the restoring force characteristics of the actual devices are different from the bilinear model due to the Mullins effect and the hardening phenomenon of the rubber under large shear strains. In this study, the effect of these two factors on the seismic response of a bridge is investigated through the dynamic analysis with the tri-linear double target model considering the factors. The parameters of the model are obtained from product test results of lead-plugged laminated rubber bearings and high-damping laminated rubber bearings.
Numerical analysis of the fatigue behaviour of friction stir welded joints in aluminum bridge decks
Authors: Trimech Mahmoud , Annan Charles-Darwin , Walbridge Scott , Amira Sofiene
Published: October 2021

Friction stir welding (FSW), a relatively new welding technique, has been widely used in the aero- space and manufacturing industries, showing superior mechanical and durability properties. How- ever, its application in civil engineering is very limited due to the absence of appropriate standards and quality control guidelines. FSW appears to be a promising welding solution for the fabrication of vehicular bridge decks made from aluminum extrusions, with a potential to reduce distortions and improve fatigue properties. The fatigue behaviour of common FSW joint types such as the butt FSW has extensively been investigated and documented in literature. However, certain practical configurations such as the butt-lap joint used in the fabrication of extruded aluminum bridge decks have rarely been studied, especially in the area of fatigue performance. In this context, the present research provides first an overview on the welding process of typical aluminum friction stir welded bridge deck extrusions presenting the butt-lap configuration. Then, the fatigue behaviour of butt- lap FSW joints is assessed using the effective notch stress (ENS) approach. The effect of geometrical features on the fatigue behaviour of butt-lap FSW joints is numerically investigated also by the ENS approach.
Vibration serviceability performance of prefabricated cross-laminated timber steel rib composite floors
Authors: Bottaro Sara , Owolabi David , Loss Cristiano
Published: October 2021

Timber-based composite floors are gaining ascendancy as potential competitors with mainstream steel-concrete composites due to the increasing emphasis on sustainability in the construction industry. This paper investigates the vibration serviceability performance of an innovative prefabricated timber-steel composite floor module. The floor features a cross-laminated timber (CLT) panel joined to cold-formed steel beams using self-tapping screws as shear connectors. The vibration response of the floor module is simulated through the finite element method considering both modal and transient analyses, and its structural performance is evaluated using criteria specified in international design codes and standards. The results provide insight into the vibration behaviour of steel-timber composite floors in residential applications.
Vibration of structurally connected high-rise buildings under wind force
Authors: Köhserli Mehmet , Várkonyi Péter L.
Published: October 2021

Cities are organized around various underlying networks but building structures do not follow this trend. The isolation of structural systems causes difficulties in the case of tall structures. We investigate the possibility of improving structural behaviour by organizing buildings into urban-scale structural networks, with focus on vortex-induced vibration. We review our recent work, in which randomly generated collections of high-rise buildings were examined by numerical simulation using a conceptual model of the network composed of springs and point masses. Here we examine the behaviour of a realistic collection of buildings, generated by considering the existing building stock and urban fabric of Midtown Manhattan. The new simulation results suggest that connections among the buildings would enable the application of significantly softer bracing systems. This finding suggests that urban-scale structural networks is a promising direction of urban development.
Railway bridge dynamics: development of a new high-speed train load model for dynamic analyses of train crossing
Authors: Reiterer Michael , Firus Andrei , Vorwagner Alois , Lombaert Geert , Schneider Jens , Kohl Antonia M.
Published: October 2021

In 2019, the German Federal Railway Authority commissioned the consortium TU Darmstadt, KU Leuven, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology and REVOTEC to develop a new dynamic load model for high-speed railway bridges. It aims to cover the envelopes of the dynamic train signatures and acceleration responses for all currently operating trains and the current HSLM (high-speed load model), given in the Eurocode. In addition, the development of the new load model should also include possible configurations of fast freight trains and future train configurations. An overview of the planned content of the research project and selected results of the current work will be presented.
Conservation of historical buildings – concepts and details
Authors: Traykova Marina , Traykov Alexander
Published: October 2021

Conservation engineering is a relatively new and exciting field. Engineers are still educated today mainly oriented to new construction, but the modern understanding is to preserve the heritage and to plan the appropriate interventions on historic structures. Finding the potential for future use of heritage buildings is an act of sustainable development. Extending their service life leads to an appreciation of the art of structural engineering. The paper aims to present the basic concepts of the contemporary methodology for conservation of historical buildings/structures, how to understand the behavior of the structure through some basic details, how to proceed in case of modern adaptation for the contemporary conditions and how to make better appraisal of its potential for the future. Examples of analysis of structural systems and details and the possibilities for restoration and reinforcement of historical structures for vertical and seismic actions are considered.
Advancements in shear strengthening of prestressed concrete I-girders using fiber reinforced polymers
Authors: Yaqub Muhammad Arslan , Matthys Stijn , Czaderski Christoph
Published: October 2021

A number of attempts were made by different researchers in the last couple of decades to strengthen prestressed concrete (PC) I-girders in shear using externally bonded FRP (fibre reinforced polymer) reinforcement. The unanimous observation reported in the literature is the early debonding of FRP shear reinforcement around the internal angles of the I-section. Because of this undesirable phenomenon, the strength of the FRP is utilized inefficiently. This paper gives an overview of the techniques utilized in the past and their relative performance in order to develop a rational solution to the debonding problem, particularly for I-sections. The anchoring techniques used in the past includes different types of FRP anchors as well as mechanical anchors to protect FRP shear reinforcement from debonding on the I-section. It can be concluded that the definite solution to the debonding problem on I-sections has not been obtained yet. This is because of the complex failure modes of FRP shear reinforcement and PC I-girders.
Numerical study on rehabilitation of the U-rib butt weld fatigue crack in orthotropic steel deck using carbon fiber reinforced polymer strip
Authors: Zhou Mukai , Xu Jiang , Lv Zhilin , Qiang Xuhong
Published: October 2021

The U-rib butt weld fatigue crack is a typical crack form in orthotropic steel bridge decks. However, there is no completely mature rehabilitation method so far. In this paper, the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strip is used to reduce the stress concentration at the crack tip. Finite element model of U-rib segment was established and parameter analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of the CFRP strip design parameters on the rehabilitation effect. The results indicate that the influence of the three parameters on the reduction of stress concentration is: CFRP layer number > paste width > paste area. Specifically, it is recommended that number of CFRP layers does not exceed 3. For paste width and area, it is only required that the CFRP strip can cover the cracked area.
Investigation of the load-bearing behavior of composite joints in cross-section supplements for concrete structures
Authors: Knorrek Christian , Bosbach Sven , Hegger Josef
Published: October 2021

The strengthening with cross-sectional supplements made of reinforced concrete is already of great importance in building, bridge, and industrial constructions and will be further developed in the future because of the increasing demands on existing structures [1]- [3].

As part of an ongoing research project at the Institute of Structural Concrete at RWTH Aachen University, funded by the German Federation of Industrial Research Associations (AiF), a correlation between the method of surface treatment of the old concrete, the measured roughness, the type of concrete supplementation, and the load-bearing capacity of the composite joint has to be derived by means of new systematic test series. As a result, a database, and a possible practical guide on the load-bearing capacity of different combinations of old concretes, surface treatments, supplementary concrete layers, and bonding conditions will be developed. This paper will present the initial findings from this research project.
Slussen – the lock of Stockholm
Authors: Svensson Dan , Vestman Victor , Collin Peter
Published: October 2021

Slussen is situated in the inner city of Stockholm just south of the world heritage site Gamla Stan and the royal castle. This historical site and also second biggest traffic and transportation hub in Stockholm is at the moment undergoing a complete refurbishment due to new demands and requirements and due to the fact that the former traffic plant was in a very bad shape with severe settlements and outworn concrete structures. The old traffic structure from the 1930´s is replaced by a modern urban space and transportation node designed by Foster + Partner and Berg arkitekter, adopted to demands and requirements of the future i.e. increased capacity for pedestrians and cyclists, heavily increased discharge capacity for Lake Mälaren, attractive areas for the public close to the water and several restaurants and cafés.

This mega project (€ 1.4 Billion) cannot be described completely in a single paper so therefore two objects of special technical interest have been chosen and are described below: the water regulation system as well as the unique 3.400 Tons steel bridge, transported in one piece from China.
Automated framework for optimized path-planning for pile foundation drilling machines based on 4D BIM modelling
Authors: Mellenthin Filardo Martina , Akula Rohith , Walther Tino , Bargstädt Hans-Joachim
Published: October 2021

While the Building Information Modeling (BIM) method allows accurate information modelling and thus more robust predictions, it often needs to be combined with tasks beyond the model or modelling phase, especially if the goal is a model-based construction phase. This study proposes an optimization workflow for the construction of pile foundations, since they are part of a varying range of building and infrastructure projects. Pile foundation drilling is an extensive construction process, which can be optimized significantly by reducing the execution length through an effective drilling path plan and automated data transfer. This was achieved through the combination of optimization algorithms, which were linked to the 3D BIM model and selected the shortest distance between piles using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm, based on the Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP). Subsequently the script created separate security distance-compliant tours for drilling machines, calculated construction times and converted the resulting paths into schedules, which in turn could be updated to the 3D BIM model to generate a 4D animation of the construction process. The developed optimization framework and script were tested with a construction company focused on special foundations based in Germany.
Design of the A1-M1 link road extradosed bridge in Mauritius
Authors: Durand Paul-Emile , Mauris Georges , Ramirez Sergio , Shamsan Sanad , Wise Lucas
Published: October 2021

The A1-M1 Link Road is a 1 km highway project, currently under construction in Mauritius. The project will cross the Grand River North West Valley, a 90 m deep gorge, with a 3-span extradosed bridge.

The island of Mauritius is subject to major cyclonic winds and the gorge being crossed needed to be adequately accounted for when assessing the wind effect on the bridge. A detailed wind climate study of the project site was conducted to derive wind buffeting loads for the design of the bridge.

In addition, particular geotechnical stability issues encountered at the cliffs on either side of the gorge, dictated a non-optimum span distribution which required a complex arrangement of temporary stay cables.

When complete, the bridge will be a key component of the A1-M1 Link Road Project and will link the existing A1 Road and M1 Motorway, improving connectivity on the West Coast of the Island.
Lannion downstream bridge over the Léguer River
Authors: Chioccariello Ambra , Chaabouni Mohamed , Lavigne Thomas
Published: October 2021

With a total length of about 210 m, the new Lannion downstream bridge will cross the river with an “S” shape path. Deck will be made up of a steel and concrete composite box girder. To reduce impacts on the river flow, only a pier will be placed in the riverbed. It consists of a steel tetrapod formed by four legs, embedded on the bottom plate of the box and designed as extensions of box’s webs. Crutches meet on a metal base resting on a reinforced concrete pier. The architectural design consists of a light structure characterized by natural and maritime shapes: an homage to the site’s history and landscape.
PENGEMBANGAN PENILAIAN MATERIAL MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, DAN PLUMBING RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
Authors: Setiawan Deni , Marbun Michael Kristianto
Published: October 2021

Implementation of "Green Building" in construction is the responsibility of all parties involved in the construction project. The Office of the Federal Environment Executive (OFEE) defines green buildings or green buildings as “the practice of increasing the efficiency by which buildings and their sites use energy, air, and materials, and reducing the impact of buildings on health and the environment, through better siting, design work. construction, operation and removal - maintenance of the complete building life cycle. (Kubba, 2017). At the planning and implementation stage of a construction project the selection of building materials or materials must be precise but also efficient. The concept of eco-efficiency was introduced in 1991 by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development - WBCSD and includes “the development of competitively priced products and services that meet the needs of the quality of human life, while progressively reducing impact on the environment and consumption of raw materials throughout the life cycle accordingly. with the capacity that is on planet earth. "This concept means producing more products with less resources and less waste, and therefore this concept has less impact on the environment. Then it is necessary to assess all the environmental impacts caused by the extraction of raw materials from the start of the material being given (cradle) to the end of its service life (tomb). The research objective is to develop environmentally friendly materials for problem solving materials, electricity and plumbing. The results of the analysis show that the mechanical, electrical, and piping materials used in the Maranatha Sport Center project have not met the 7 overall environmentally friendly criteria for the material-life-span stage, however, each material used has the main green criteria that have been self-declared by each. -Each material manufacturer.
PENGGUNAAN SISTEM STRUKTUR RANGKA ATAP TIPE PELENGKUNG 3 SENDI
Authors: Ndouk Frederikus Dianpratama , Naikofi Mauritius IR , Bela Krisantos Ria , Da Costa Don Gaspar Noesaku
Published: October 2021

So far, the system of the roof structure of residential and office buildings is dominated by conventional frame types. The use of a 3-joint arch structure system is only familiar to warehouse buildings and the like. The purpose of this study is to identify the feasibility of using type 3 joint arches on the roof of a residential building. The research scenario is focused on calculations using SNI 7973-2013, namely Design Specifications for Wooden Construction and Specific Static Structural Analysis Methods for 3 Joint Arch Structures based on the length of the truss span model, which is 9 m. The calculation result indicates that 1). The 3-joint curve type is worth using as it proves stable and safe 2). The distance between the truss of the roof truss affects the dimensions of the truss. The implication is that the construction of the roof of a residential house can use a 3-joint arch structure system while the basic material for modeling uses Code E20 wood material with Quality B, depending on the length of the span and the slope of the roof.
Cover Vol 17 No 2 (2021)
Authors: Universitas Kristen Maranatha Jurnal Teknik Sipil
Published: October 2021

Cover Vol 17 No 2 (2021)
SIGNIFICANT LEVELS OF STEEL SLAG CONCRETE PRODUCED WITH VARYING WATER CEMENT RATIOS
Authors: IDOWU ADEDOKUN SOLOMON , ABIOLA ANIFOWOSE MUKAILA , OLALEKAN ODEYEMI SAMSON , ROTIMI OLUREMI JOHNSON
Published: October 2021

This study investigated the significance of steel slag concrete created with varying water cement ratios. Steel slag from Prism Nigeria Limited was used to replace granite (at 0, 40, 50 and 60 %) in concrete. Properties of this modified concrete were examined and its results were exposed to measurable test utilizing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The outcome indicated that the compressive and flexural qualities of the concrete increased with increased in slag content but consistently decreased as the water-cement ratios increased. The p-values of the ANOVA test for the models term are significant because they are less than 0.05.
THE EFFECT OF PACKAGING TYPE AND STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON THE SHORT TERM STABILITY OF ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTIVITY REFERENCE MATERIALS
Authors: HINDAYANI AYU , ZUAS OMAN , HAMIM NURYATINI
Published: October 2021

In this work, monitoring the effect of packaging type and storage temperature on the short term stability of calibration standard solution KCl 1 M were conducted. The KCl 1M were packaged in two types of packaging i.e., high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and glass bottle. The effects of packaging type and storage temperature were monitored for four weeks at 25 °C and 40 °C. The conductivity values of KCl 1 M in the HDPE and glass bottle were 111.61 mS/cm and 111.62 mS/cm, respectively. The results indicated that the KCl 1M solution at 25 °C in both HDPE and glass bottle were found to be good in short term stability and there was no significant different between the two packaging types. At temperature of 40 °C, however, short term stability of the KCl 1 M in a glass bottle was better than the HDPE bottle.
INTELLIGENT LIQUID LEVEL CONTROL OF A COUPLED NONLINEAR THREE TANK SYSTEM SUBJECTED TO VARIABLE FLOW PARAMETERS
Authors: JIBRIL MUSTEFA , TADESSE MESAY , HASSEN NURYE
Published: October 2021

In this paper, an intelligent control system technique is proposed to model and control of a nonlinear coupled three tank system. Two pumps fed the tank 1 and tank 2 and a fractional flow of these two pumps fed tank 3. The main aim of this paper is to make a set point tracking experiments of the tanks level using a nonlinear autoregressive moving average L-2 (NARMA L-2) and neural network predictive controllers. The proposed controllers are designed with the same neural network architecture and algorithm. Comparison of the system with the proposed controllers for tracking a step and random level set points for a fixed and variable flow parameter and some good results have been obtained.
DAYLIGHT INVESTIGATION IN CAMPUS LECTURE THEATERS. CASE STUDY: SOUTH WEST COAST UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
Authors: OLAYINKA OYELEYE , TOLULOPE MAKANJU
Published: October 2021

Appropriate day lighting design saves lighting power energy (LPE) and reduces LPE cost. This research investigates daylight contribution of in selected north campus lecture theaters in a South West Coast University of Nigeria. TES 1332A lux meter was used for lux level determination. The window area to wall area (AWD to AW) ratio was determined using reliable algorithms. In the three studied buildings, the daylight contribution varies from 12 lux to 3803 lux; AWD to AW varies from 14 % to 22 % to 37 %; 22 % AWD to AW is considered moderate while 37 % AWD to AW is considered more suitable in the studied buildings.
MICROWAVE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS FOAM BY COMBINED USE OF GRAPHITE AND CALCIUM CARBONATE AS FOAMING AGENTS
Authors: PAUNESCU LUCIAN , AXINTE SORIN MIRCEA , DRAGOESCU MARIUS FLORIN , PAUNESCU BOGDAN VALENTIN , COSMULESCU FELICIA
Published: October 2021

The paper presents experimental results obtained in the manufacturing process of high-strength glass foam by combined use of two solid foaming agents (calcium carbonate and graphite) in variable weight ratios. The originality of the work is applying the unconventional microwave heating method, unlike the conventional techniques currently used in similar industrial processes. The optimal experimental variant, composed of 89.1 % glass waste, 0.9% calcium carbonate, 1 % graphite and other additives, was sintered at 828 ºC with a very low energy consumption (0.73 kWh/kg). The main characteristics of the optimal product were apparent density of 0.39 g/cm3, thermal conductivity of 0.088 W/m·K and compressive strength of 3.6 MPa, being usable in fields that requires resistance to mechanical stress and relatively difficult environmental conditions.
Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesinin Rüzgâr ve Sıcaklık Etkilerinin Nümerik Olarak İncelenmesi
Authors: CAN Ömer Faruk
Published: October 2021

Bu çalışmada Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesinin rüzgâr ve sıcaklık etkileri nümerik olarak incelenmiştir. Çalışma 4 durumda ele alınmıştır. Sırasıyla rüzgârın güneydoğu (ön kısım), kuzeybatı (arka kısım), kuzeydoğu (sağ kısım) ve güney batı (sol kısım)’dan esmesi durumunda bina üzerindeki rüzgâr ve akış özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiği uygulamalarında sıklıkla kullanılan ANSYS CFX yazılım programı yardımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Giriş kısmında rüzgâr hızı 40 m/s olarak alınmıştır. Giriş rüzgâr sıcaklığı 35 oC olarak verilmiştir. Rüzgâr yönlerinin tespit edilmesi için Google haritalar uygulaması yardımıyla binanın uydu görüntüleri alınmıştır. Bina yüzey sıcaklığı 25 oC olarak belirlemiştir. Bina boyutları için gerçek ölçüler kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonunda 4 durum için hız konturları ve akım çizgileri elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca binanın orta noktasından geçen bir çizgi boyunca ortalama hız ve sıcaklık grafikleri verilmiştir.