bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of the Semantic Differential Technique in Research on Disaster: A Methodological Note
Authors: Piotrowski Chris
Published: September 2011

This paper suggests the utility of the semantic differential technique as one method of measurement in investigations of disasters. The technique is versatile and efficient and can be used to assess psychological factors in behavior and perceptions of groups who experience disasters. A previous study in which this measurement was used to examine the aftereffects of a natural disaster is presented.
Type A-B Behavior and Incidence of Infectious Mononucleosis in College Students
Authors: Barton Scott , Hicks Robert A.
Published: September 2011

To further test the hypothesis that Type A behavior is associated with a variety of stress-linked diseases, 280 university students responded to the Jenkins Activity Survey and the question “Have you ever had infectious mononucleosis?”. Compared to the Type B students in this group, the Type A students were 3.75 times more likely to report that they had experienced infectious mononucleosis.
Professional Black Men and Women: Attainment of Terminal Academic Degrees
Authors: Reid Pamela Trotman , Robinson W. La Vome
Published: September 2011

Family background and personality characteristics of black professionals who held doctorates were examined for possible commonalities and sex differences. 30 black men and 34 black women from a variety of professional fields participated in this mail survey which included demographic items and personality scales. The majority of the sample had educated mothers who were employed during their childhood. In addition, the professionals held traditional religious affiliations, had small numbers of children, and their spouses typically were college graduates. The professionals were highly motivated and self-oriented individuals who were tolerant of differences in moral and personal values. Women were even less conventional than men. The women were likely to be unmarried and childless; they also had parents with more education. In general, however, with respect to personality measures, few differences existed between the men and women.
Comparison of Pencil-and-Paper-Based and Computer-Based Career-Guidance with College Students
Authors: Karriker Charles S. , Miller Mark J. , Springer Thomas P. , Soper Barlow
Published: September 2011

40 undergraduate students (20 men, 20 women) were asked to rate the Discover II microcomputer career-guidance system and the self-directed search on a measure of users' satisfaction. Most preferred the Discover II system.
Concomitants of Anticipatory Nausea and Emesis in Cancer Patients in Chemotherapy
Authors: Dobkin Patricia , Zeichner Amos , Dickson-Parnell Barbara
Published: September 2011

125 cancer patients receiving chemotherapy were assessed for anticipatory nausea and anticipatory emesis, two side effects of chemotherapy for cancer. 32% and 12% of the patients reported experiencing anticipatory nausea and emesis, respectively. The prevalence and somatic concomitants of the anticipatory symptoms were assessed using the Cancer Chemotherapy Questionnaire and a standardized interview. Analysis of variance indicated that patients evidencing anticipatory nausea, emesis, and a combination of the two symptoms differed significantly from patients without these symptoms on six somatic side effects: vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, shortness of breath, muscle weakness, and fatigue. Results from the standardized interview indicated that patients with nausea or emesis had identified several cognitions and cues (visual, olfactory, but not gustatory) temporally contiguous with the anticipatory response. The possibility that this phenomenon is the result of a cognitive conditioning process was examined and the implications of such a process were discussed.
Modification of Pain through Covert Positive Reinforcement
Authors: Stevens Michael J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effectiveness of covert positive reinforcement in modifying response to cold-pressor pain and in increasing the use of prescribed adaptive imagery. 80 women were randomly assigned to covert positive reinforcement, backward conditioning, covert rehearsal, and expectancy conditions. Covert positive reinforcement did not yield either greater pain tolerance and use of adaptive imagery or less subjective discomfort than the other conditions. Modification of pain was not associated with the use of adaptive imagery but was correlated with the clarity of imagery. 64% of the subjects reported using self-generated coping strategies. The results of this study contribute to the body of evidence which does not support the operant conceptualization of covert positive reinforcement.
Management of Interethnic Conflict in an Indian Manufacturing Organization
Authors: Vaid-Raizada Vishist K.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents techniques of management of interethnic conflict used in a medium-size publicly owned manufacturing organization in India. This organization employed two major ethnic groups, one consisted mainly of farmers and peasants and was numerically dominant in this region, the other has traditionally excelled in education. Data on the relative size and status of these ethnic groups, the level of interethnic conflict and the techniques for handling such conflict used in this organization were collected in interviews with department heads.
Fact Variation: A Study of Responsibility versus Fault
Authors: Wilcox Patricia L. , Jackson Thomas T.
Published: September 2011

This study, a replication of the 1982 experiment done by Pallak and Davies, was done to distinguish between the processes underlying attribution of responsibility and assignment of fault to a victim. Undergraduate women read one of four descriptions of a rape committed by an assailant who had either followed the victim previously (assault premeditated) or had not followed the victim (assault not premeditated), against the victim who had either taken precautionary measures (precaution attempted) or had not taken such precautions (no precautions attempted). In contrast to the original study, observers assigned equal measures of fault to the manipulations of precautions attempted and precautions not attempted. In addition, there was no support for the original finding that maximum responsibility was attributed to the victim who failed to take precautions when the assailant's behavior indicated that his assault was not premeditated.
A Cross-Cultural Study of Sex Differences in Human Relationships
Authors: Ma Hing-Keung
Published: September 2011

A theoretical Hierarchy of Human Relationships was constructed in terms of altruism. It was hypothesized that the probability for an actor A to perform an altruistic act to a person B depends on the relationship between A and B, and the probability decreases consistently in the following order of relationships: close relatives, best friends, strangers who are very weak or very young or who are elite in society, common strangers, and enemies. Two hypothetical dilemmas were used to study the sex differences in human relationships. Subjects were 400 English in London and 519 Chinese in Hong Kong. The general findings supported the proposed hierarchy of human relationships but the female subjects in both the English and Chinese samples were more altruistic than the male subjects.
Personality and Somatotype of Trainee Pilots
Authors: Adams Iain C.
Published: September 2011

Personality and somatotype studies of pilots have mostly been restricted to military pilots and experienced airline crews. In this investigation the 16 PF and Heath-Carter somatotype method were utilized to study 31 male aviation majors, aged between 18 and 38 yr., who had earned their Private Pilots' Licenses and were working toward more advanced ratings. The pilots varied significantly from the male college student norm on Factors E, F, G, H, and Q3 of the 16 PF. They were also significantly less ectomorphic.
Helping Beliefs Inventory: Brief Screening Measure for Training Volunteer Applicants in Counseling
Authors: McLennan James P.
Published: September 2011

A 10-item Helping Beliefs Inventory was constructed for use as a brief screening measure for applicants for nonprofessional training programs in basic counseling skills. Scores correlated significantly with measures of Authoritarianism, Flexibility, and Psychological Mindedness. Test-retest reliability of .74 was adequate ( n = 43). The inventory discriminated between 30 experienced counselors and 230 noncounselors and between counseling trainees of high and low skill.
Psychological Impact of Sport on Disabled Athletes
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , Bezzubyk Irene , Daley Lorne , Asu Marjatta E.
Published: September 2011

Of 161 physically disabled participants, 139 were actively involved in athletic competition or were undergoing systematic training for an athletic event. The participants were classified into 4 groups: 33 amputees, 46 blind persons, 15 cerebral palsied, and 22 disabled nonathletes. Multiple discriminant analyses suggested that group membership could be predicted with 811% success for disabled athletes and 71 4% for disabled nonathletes. The results suggest that, when all variables are considered, these disabled athletes have significantly higher self-esteem, exhibit greater life satisfaction and happiness, are more externalized, and attain more education than disabled nonathletes. Psychosocial functioning of disabled individuals might be enhanced through active participation in athletic events.
Life Styles Inventory: Evidence for its Factorial Validity
Authors: Ware Mark E. , Leak Gary K. , Perry Nancy W.
Published: September 2011

The primary objective of the present study was to assess the stability and generality of the Level I: Life Styles Inventory's factor structure. The importance of the objective emerged from a discrepancy between the conceptual model and the inventory's derived factor structure. This self-report inventory was constructed to measure 12 thinking patterns or life styles and is used by business managers for organizational and individual development. Analysis of the data from 116 college students yielded a three-factor solution that was similar in communalities, percent variance accounted for, and factor pattern coefficients to those from the one previous study. The factors were People/Security, Satisfaction, and Task/Security. Those similarities existed despite differences between the studies in subjects, method of extraction, and sample size. Evidence supported a conclusion for the factor invariance and generality of the inventory.
Personality Characteristics and Self-Monitoring
Authors: Caldwell David F. , O'Reilly Charles A.
Published: September 2011

Previous research indicates that self-monitoring may be an important psychological construct. However, little evidence on the personality correlates of self-monitoring has been accumulated. This study investigated associations among self-monitoring and measures of Murray's needs assessed by the Adjective Check List. Analysis shows that there are interpretable patterns of individual needs associated with facets of self-monitoring. Implications of these findings for prior research on self-monitoring are discussed.
A Test of the “Hired Gun” Hypothesis in Psychiatric Testimony
Authors: Kennedy Daniel B. , Kelley Thomas M. , Homant Robert J.
Published: September 2011

A sample of 255 psychiatrists and psychologists responded to a questionnaire designed to elicit the extent of their experience as defense or prosecution witnesses in criminal determinations of insanity. Prior defense experience correlated .78 with prior prosecution experience, suggesting that experts cannot readily be classified as working exclusively for the defense or for the prosecution.
Use of Lisrel in Empirical Test Validation: An Illustration Using a Classroom Environment Instrument
Authors: Schibeci R. A. , Fraser Barry J.
Published: September 2011

LISREL was used to provide some widely applicable methods for testing the empirical structure of an instrument in terms of both respondents' answers to items and expert judges' categorizations of items. Whereas confirmatory maximum-likelihood factor analysis was employed to test the dimensionality of respondents' answers, latent partition analysis (involving factor analysis of a joint proportions matrix) was used to assess the structure of judges' categorizations. These general techniques were illustrated with data collected using a short form of a classroom environment instrument called the My Class Inventory. The samples were of 600 third grade students who responded to all items and a group of 85 teachers who assigned items to categories. Although analyses suggested that the five-scale conceptual structure implicit in the My Class Inventory was evident neither in the responses of students to items nor in teachers' categorizations of items, the study attests to the general usefulness and wide applicability of LISREL in testing the empirical structure of various instruments.
Children's Attitudes toward Their Pets
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Kidd Robert M.
Published: September 2011

150 boys and 150 girls between the ages of 3 and 13 yr. were individually interviewed using a series of investigator-generated open-ended questions to analyze the children's attitudes toward their pets. It was hypothesized that the cognitive elements would progress from preoperational to concrete operations at seven and to formal operations at 13, that the affective elements would progress from egocentricity to empathy and perspective-taking, and that behavioral elements would progress from dependence on situational cues to caring behavior based on realistically assessed characteristics of pets. Although the data supported the second and third hypotheses, the cognitive elements progressed only from preoperational to concrete operations. There was no evidence that the 13-yr.-olds had entered the formal operations stage. Other data indicated that 90% owned pets but 99.3% wanted pets, a significant indication of children's over-all positive attitude toward pets. Further research was suggested.
Comparisons among Methods of Scoring Androgyny Continuously Using Computer-Simulated Data
Authors: Blackman Sherry
Published: September 2011

To study the relationship between the Bem-Spence categorical method of scoring androgyny and a number of continuous methods, Bem's Masculinity and Femininity scores were simulated for 50 studies of 200 subjects each. The continuous methods relate closely to one another and leave between 64% and 71% of the variance in the categorical method unaccounted for. There is little evidence for choosing one method over another. Research is needed to compare the predictions of the median-split method with those of the continuous methods.
Life Stress in Spasmodic and Congestive Dysmenorrhea
Authors: Amos W. Edward , Khanna Prabha
Published: September 2011

145 college-aged women completed The Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire dealing with menstrual subtype (congestive or spasmodic), life stress, age, and menstrual severity. Spasmodic-typed women seemed to report significantly greater severity following recent (within one month) life stress but the expected dichotomous split between congestive and spasmodic dysmenorrhea was not noted. It appears that women scoring clearly spasmodic respond differentially to recent life stress. Psychological stress may trigger prostaglandin production in spasmodic women or stress may contribute to uterine muscular tension.
On the Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Elliott Rogers
Published: September 2011

The debate between McCloskey and Egeth and Loftus concerning the usefulness of expert psychological testimony in court serves here as the springboard for an essay-review of a significant part of its context, a retrospective evaluation of Loftus's book Eyewitness Testimony. The partisanship evident in the book provides a case study of the unusual vulnerability of psychology, in policy contexts, to overgeneralization and underqualification of small average effects.
Age-Related Changes in Children's Use of the Discounting Heuristic: Cognitive Development or Linguistic Confusion?
Authors: Fischel Janet E. , Liebert Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Dalenberg, Bierman, and Furman suggest that kindergartners' failure to employ a discounting heuristic in previous studies may be a function of inadequate understanding of the questions asked of them. Using a methodology of questioning different from previous research, Dalenberg, et al. concluded that kindergartners do use the heuristic. However, review of their 1984 data indicates little support for that conclusion. While second graders and fourth graders increasingly used the heuristic, the data provided for kindergartners more fully support prior research in which such use was weak or entirely absent. It is concluded that real and often profound changes in social cognitive processing do occur between the ages of five and ten.
Comparison of Self-Instruction and Relaxation Training in Reducing Impulsive and Inattentive Behavior of Learning Disabled Children on Cognitive Tasks
Authors: Zieffle T. H. , Romney D. M.
Published: September 2011

30 learning disabled children aged 8.0 to 12.5 yr. were assigned at random to one of three groups: a self-instruction group, a progressive muscle relaxation group, or a no-treatment group. Both treatment groups were given 10 half-hour sessions over four weeks. All three groups were assessed before and after the treatment period on cognitive tasks requiring deliberation (Porteus Mazes and Matching Familiar Figures) and concentration (Coding and Digit Span). Only the two treated groups showed a significant over-all improvement in performance on the tasks. Neither form of intervention was superior to the other when a direct comparison between the two was made.
Development of Three Scaled Adjective Lists and an Example of Their Possible Application in One Area of Measurement
Authors: Grant Claude W.
Published: September 2011

The objective of this research was to develop three lists of scaled adjectives congruent with Osgood's three dimensions of meaning, Evalutive, Potency, and Activity. A modification of Thurstone's equal-appearing interval scaling procedures was used. Three lists of adjectives, with scale values 1 to 11, were developed. Scores based on these lists were then correlated with Osgood bipolar adjective scale scores. An illustration is provided of one example for applying these scaled adjective lists to one area of measurement; identifying occupational interests.
Validation of a Holistic Living Inventory
Authors: Stoudenmire John , Batman Debra , Pavlov Michael , Temple Al
Published: September 2011

A Holistic Living Inventory which yields scores on four dimensions of holistic living, physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual functioning, is described. The inventory has 20 self-report items for each dimension. It can be used with adults and suggests optimal functioning in each area. Validation studies for each dimension are described.
A Multivariate Approach to the Measurement and Analysis of Social Identity
Authors: Hooper Michael
Published: September 2011

The application of factor and duster analysis procedures to the group and role identifications of a sample of 141 women results in a set of readily interpretable social identities. The obtained social identities are then related via dummy variable regression analysis to attitudes, with the results being interpreted in terms of reference-group theory. The paper closes with some cautions and suggestions for research.
Discerning Functionality of Children's Support Systems through Use of the Personal History Inventory for Children
Authors: Parish Thomas S. , Wigle Stanley E.
Published: September 2011

Various support systems may malfunction in children's lives. The Personal History Inventory for Children was developed to survey teachers' perceptions of the functionality of several such support systems. Reliability of the scale over 1 mo. was quite high whether the children rated were from intact families ( r = .93) or divorced families ( r = .80). Results from the first assessment of teachers were generally significantly correlated with the 156 children's evaluations of themselves and of their parents, particularly if these children were from intact families.
Relation of Sex and Age to Old and New Family Environment Scale Standard Scores of White Adolescents: Preliminary Norms
Authors: Enos Diane M. , Handal Paul J.
Published: September 2011

The relation of sex and age to Family Environment Scale scores of 966 white adolescents was investigated using both old (1974) and new (1981) standard scores. Main effects for age were found on the Independence and Moral-Religious subscales, with older adolescents scoring significantly higher than younger adolescents on the Independence subscale but significantly lower than younger adolescents on the Moral-Religious subscale. Main effects for sex were found; girls scored significantly higher than boys on Expressiveness while boys scored significantly higher on Achievement. The same pattern of results was noted for analyses of old and new standard scores. Means and standard deviations by age and sex were given for new standard scores.
Patterns of Caffeine Use and Prescribed Medications in Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Shisslak Catherine M. , Beutler Larry E. , Scheiber Stephen , Gaines John A. , Wall John La , Crago Marjorie
Published: September 2011

Two matched groups of inpatients ( N = 40) who had access only to caffeinated versus decaffeinated coffee on an acute psychiatric ward were compared using pre- and postchange measures. The two groups did not differ significantly on any of the psychological assessments or in medication use over the course of treatment, with the exception that patients given caffeinated coffee who received prescribed phenothiazines had significantly higher dosages than those in the groups given decaffeinated coffee.
On Effects of Paternal Ethanol Treatment on Fetal Outcome
Authors: Cake H. , Lenzer I.
Published: September 2011

To study the effects of paternal chronic low-dosage ethanol administration on fetal outcome, male Sprague-Dawley rats received either .6g/ kg ethanol (experimental group) or water (control group). Males were mated between the fourth and seventh weeks of treatment. Pregnancies were terminated on gestational Day 21. Cerebral weight and placental weight in offspring of the ethanol-treated males were significantly larger than those of control males. There was no effect on litter size. Experimental females (dams that became pregnant when paired with an ethanol-treated male) were significantly heavier than control dams. Since these pairings were random at every mating, the experimental males appeared to have been more successful impregnating heavier than lighter females.
An a Posteriori Investigation of Standard MMPI Validity Scales
Authors: McAnulty David P. , Rappaport Neil B. , McAnulty Richard D.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the standard MMPI validity scales alone and in combination, i.e., F—K, L+K, in discriminating subjects who deny faking good from those who report faking good. The design of the study was unique in that determination of faking was made after the test was administered. The validity scales and the F—K index in particular do not differentiate effectively between subjects who dissimulate and others. These results are interpreted in light of previous research.
Global Self-Esteem Scales: Unidimensional or Multidimensional?
Authors: O'Brien Edward J.
Published: September 2011

A critical distinction in the self-esteem literature is that between global and specific self-esteem. In this study, two widely-used self-esteem scales, purported to be unidimensional (an additively scored version of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and the Eagly revision of the Feelings of Inadequacy Scale) were factor analyzed. Subjects were 206 female undergraduates. The results supported the unidimensionality of the Rosenberg scale. However, four orthogonal factors were extracted from the Eagly Scale, two global factors and two situation-specific factors which referred to self-confidence in public speaking and novel social situations. The two global factors were more strongly correlated with the Rosenberg scale than were the situation-specific factors. Further work with men and women is needed to develop the Eagly scale as a multidimensional scale or to shorten it to include only global self-esteem items.
An Investigation of Self-Actualization, Job Satisfaction, and Job Commitment for Ontario Funeral Directors
Authors: Schell Bernadette H. , Zinger J. Terence
Published: September 2011

This study was the first of its kind to investigate the job satisfaction, job commitment, and self-actualization of funeral directors. A Canadian sample of 149 funeral directors responded to a 293-item mail questionnaire covering such areas as biographical data, self-esteem, death anxiety, career preference for the funeral directing profession, perceived productivity within the profession, job satisfaction, self-actualization satiation, and job commitment. Analyses indicated that funeral directors appear to have low levels of career preference for this occupation, perceived low productivity of members, and moderate job satisfaction and job commitment. The major reason cited for remaining in the funeral-directing profession was their perceived personal growth and social need returns relative to their personal and financial investments.
Retrospective Pretest-Posttest Analysis versus Traditional Pretest-Posttest Analysis
Authors: Nicholson Thomas , Belcastro Philip A. , Gold Robert S.
Published: September 2011

Traditional pretest-posttest comparisons of self-report data are distorted by response-shift bias. Administration of a retrospective pretest in lieu of the traditional pretest eliminates a form of response-shift bias which distorts the comparability of pretest-posttest measurements. The present study compared the sensitivity of a retrospective pretest-posttest measurement versus a traditional pretest-posttest measurement in detecting a treatment effect for a university stress counseling program. The substitution of the retrospective pretest for the traditional pretest as the covariate in the analysis of covariance yielded the same conclusion of no treatment effect.
Classical Conditioning of the Arterial Pressor Response
Authors: Braggio John T. , Dormer Kenneth J.
Published: September 2011

In this experiment the arterial pressor response in a dog was classically conditioned. Aseptic surgical procedures were used to implant electrodes chronically in the fastigial nucleus (FN) and cardiovascular instrumentation. The CS was a tone and the US was one of three different intensities of electrical stimulation. It was found that US intensity determined the magnitude of the conditioned pressor response which occurred in conditioning and extinction. These preliminary results indicate that a classical conditioning paradigm can be used to evaluate the degree to which learning can modify the fastigal nucleus-produced arterial pressor response.
Stress and Depression in High School Students
Authors: Tolor Alexander , Murphy Vincent M.
Published: September 2011

The High School Social Readjustment Scale, a measure of stressful life events, and the center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, a short self-report scale measuring depressive symptomatologies, were administered twice to 285 high school students over a 6-mo. interval. Both measures were statistically reliable. On both test administrations girls, but not boys, displayed a significant relationship between stress and depression.
Placebo-Like Effects of Education about Behavior Therapy
Authors: Leaf Russell C. , Alington Diane E. , Fox Susan P. , Herrmann Lisa
Published: September 2011

To learn about behavior therapy, undergraduate students in abnormal psychology treated self-selected personal problems, with the aid of course lectures, homework, and texts. Target behavioral problems were usually alleviated, but success did not depend on whether recommended treatment methods were used. Self-ratings of project success were related to objective measures of improvement; but they were also related to factors associated with positive expectations and to social, instructional, and help-seeking variables. Our pedagogical procedures produced placebo-like effects similar to those seen in therapeutic settings.
Modifying the Beck Depression Inventory: Reply to Vredenburg, Krames, and Flett
Authors: Steer Robert A. , Beck Aaron T.
Published: September 2011

Use of the 13-item Beck Depression Inventory for measuring intensity of depression of psychiatric patients was examined recently by Vredenburg, Krames, and Flett. The present authors concur with their conclusion that substitution of the short form for the long one should be avoided, except for gross screening purposes. However, Vredenburg, et al.'s recommendations for modifying the 21-item Beck inventory by adding questions to measure increases in weight, sleep, and appetite to make the inventory congruent with the DSM-III and Research Diagnostic Criteria are challenged. Such symptoms are indicative of atypical depressions and would lead to spurious levels of depression being reported for clinically nondepressed persons.
Locus of Control Orientations of Anglo-and Mexican-American Children
Authors: Buriel Raymond
Published: September 2011

Previous studies comparing the locus of control of Anglo-and Mexican-Americans have usually not controlled for large socioeconomic differences between these groups. Such studies have also tended to rely on single-method approaches of measuring Anglo-Mexican-American differences on this variable. The present study compared Anglo- and Mexican-American children of similar socioeconomic backgrounds on two locus of control scales. Analyses of variance indicated no significant differences in the mean scores of the two groups of children. There was no significant correlation between the two locus of control scales for both groups of children.
Categories of Implicit Interpersonal Communication: A Replication
Authors: York Michael W. , Scruggs Gina A. , Shaker Gail P.
Published: September 2011

Responses of 10 men and 10 women viewing eight videotaped segments of nonverbal behavior on Leary's scale and a semantic differential confirmed no sex differences, perception of the behavior as predicted from Leary's theory. Agreement between response measures was .86. Data replicate the earlier study.
Powerful Others, Nonwork Factors, and Organizational Stress
Authors: Jenner Jessica Reynolds
Published: September 2011

Data gathered through individual interviews and a survey questionnaire from 43 professionals in a single department indicated that variations in the reported organizational stress could be explained better by belief in powerful others than by chance or internality. Unexpectedly, the presence of stressful events in personal relationships was the strongest predictor of organizational stress.
Effects of Self-Awareness and Expectancies on Behavioral Intentions: Integrating Self-Efficacy Theory and Control Theory
Authors: Prentice-Dunn Steven , Jacobs Beth
Published: September 2011

This research investigated the contributions of variables from self-efficacy theory and control theory to behavioral change In a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, three between-subjects variables (low and high levels of self-efficacy expectancy, outcome expectancy, and self-awareness) were manipulated. Subjects were exposed to written communications that differed in descriptions of the effectiveness of a certain coping behavior (outcome expectancy) and the difficulty of learning and performing the coping behavior (self-efficacy expectancy). Self-awareness was manipulated by the absence or presence of a mirror. Analysis of intentions to adopt the coping response gave a predicted triple interaction, indicating that self-awareness may mediate the influence of expectancies on behavioral change. Results were discussed in terms of the need for integrating key concepts from self-efficacy and control theories.
Role of Self-Concept of Academic Attainment in Achievement-Related Behaviors
Authors: Midkiff Robert M. , Burke Joy Patricia , Hunt Jeanne P. , Ellison Geraldine Cain
Published: September 2011

Researchers have reported that self-concept serves both as an antecedent and consequence of behavior. Given self-concept's role in achievement-related behavior, we sought clarification of factors influencing children's self-concepts of academic attainment. We examined proposed linkages among self-concept of academic attainment, academic achievement, expectancy for success, and performance outcome within a causal model using path analysis. Subjects were 208 eighth-grade students. Initial self-concept of academic attainment and initial expectancy for success were measured. Students then were given an academic task followed by performance feedback. We subsequently measured postperformance expectancy for success and postperformance self-concept of academic attainment. Students' postperformance self-concepts of academic attainment were influenced primarily by their initial self-concepts of academic attainment and, to a lesser extent, by their academic achievement and performance on an academic task.
Psychological and Social Integration for Those Labeled Schizophrenic
Authors: Warren Jerry
Published: September 2011

The scope and etiology of schizophrenia, the negative effects of neuroleptic treatment and involuntary hospitalization, and the lack of psychosocial rehabilitation services in the United States are noted. Self-help communes for former mental patients in Denmark and Germany are briefly described as providing a communal therapy through group meetings and daily communal life that apparently leads to psychological and social integration of individuals previously labeled schizophrenic. The development of similar communes for chronic schizophrenics is proposed for the United States.
Relationship between Family Socioeconomic Status and Cognitive/Affective Responses to the Threat of Nuclear War
Authors: Hamilton Scott B. , Knox Thomas A. , Keilin William G.
Published: September 2011

The current study involved 214 families (i.e., mother, father, and a college-age child), who were divided into high and low socioeconomic status groups on the basis of parental education and income. Dependent measures included 16 Likert-type items which provided a broad assessment of nuclear war-related thoughts, feelings, and attitudes. Results indicated that families high in socioeconomic status were more worried about nuclear war, more confident in their ability to help reduce the nuclear threat, and more supportive of proposals for arms reduction. However, groups did not differ on several other important measures (e.g., over-all life impact resulting from the nuclear threat), and the absolute levels of worry and cognitive rumination were relatively low.
Selection of the Appropriate Number of Factors: A Case of Questionable Dimensions
Authors: Cyr J. J. , Atkinson L.
Published: September 2011

Based on a factor analysis of the SCL-90, Evenson, et al. in 1980 suggested that a 12-factor solution best described their data. In light of previous literature and a close examination of the Evenson, et al. data, it is suggested by the present authors that only five factors should have been interpreted. Selection of the appropriate number of factors should be based on multiple indicators prior to labeling and interpretation.
Women Still Want Marriage: Sex Differences in Lonely Hearts Advertisements
Authors: Sitton Sarah , Rippee Edward T.
Published: September 2011

Personal advertisements from a metropolitan newspaper were analyzed for content and amount of self-disclosure. Men and women disclosed information at the same rate. They also stipulated physical attractiveness, athleticism, and the desire for companionship equally often. Women, however, stipulated a desire for the partner's financial security and for marriage significantly more frequently than men.
Responses of Parkinsonian Patients to a Successive Free Word-Association Test
Authors: Pons L. , Bielecki M. , Chevalier B. Le , Schupp Ch. , Morin F.
Published: September 2011

28 Parkinsonian patients matched with 28 normal controls took a free word-association test. Three variables were measured: the commonness of the responses, their latencies, and their repetitions. Comparison of the two samples showed the same magnitudes of intercorrelations among these variables. But, if commonness and latency remained the same, repetition increased significantly for patients. These data were discussed in relation to results on the absence of cognitive slowing.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Children's Form of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study
Authors: Graybill Daniel
Published: September 2011

For 26 children in Grade 2 and 20 in Grade 4 test-retest correlations over 1 yr. were moderate to low but significant save for the category of Obstacle-dominance on the Children's Form of the Rosenzweig Picture-frustration Study.
A Model of Estrangement—Including a Theoretical Understanding of Loneliness
Authors: Andersson Lars
Published: September 2011

A model for the understanding of the concept of loneliness is presented. Loneliness is said to have three parts: emotional estrangement or the experienced lack of intimacy, social estrangement or the experienced lack of relatedness to social environment, and existential loneliness which is the inevitable consequence of the human finiteness and ultimate aloneness. In addition, the concepts of self-estrangement, structural estrangement, and meaninglessness are also included in the model.
Proposed Relation of Testosterone Levels to Male Suicides and Sudden Deaths
Authors: Roland Billy C. , Morris James L.
Published: September 2011

Samples of serum testosterone were taken from male cadavers (39 suicide and 48 sudden death). There was a significant difference in mean testosterone levels between modes of death for ages ranging from 23 to 45 yr.
Differential Effects of Counselling and Operant Conditioning Interventions upon Children's Locus of Reinforcement Control Beliefs
Authors: Charlton Tony
Published: September 2011

The differential effects were examined of counselling and operant conditioning interventions upon locus of control beliefs of 173 pupils in Grade 6, as measured by the abbreviated Children's Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale both before and after an 11-wk. intervention. Whilst both interventions effected significant increases in pupils' internal locus of control beliefs, stronger effects followed counselling.
Agoraphobia: Contributing Factors, Phobic Situations, and Exposure in Vivo
Authors: Goldberg Carlos
Published: September 2011

Contributing factors such as fear of fear, stress, and dependency needs were discussed, and it was suggested that several diagnostic groups should be compared to determine which factors might be specific to agoraphobia. A two-factor theory and preparedness hypothesis were evaluated, and it was concluded that cognitive processes must be considered for a fuller understanding of the onset of agoraphobia. It was argued that the effectiveness of exposure in vivo is based on three essential components, viz., development of self-confidence, acceptance of anxiety, and acquisition of coping skills.
Security Managers' Attitudes toward Locus of Responsibility for Crime
Authors: Kennedy Daniel B. , Homant Robert J.
Published: September 2011

A number of authors have expressed concern over the possibility that private security personnel pose a threat to citizens because work-related activities of the former are not controlled by the Bill of Rights. Samples of security employees, police officers, business people, and nurses were compared on the Locus of Responsibility for Crime scale. While police were the most conservative and nurses were the most liberal, security managers did not differ significantly from the business sample. Implications of those findings are suggested.
Locus of Control across the Adult Lifespan
Authors: Hale W. Daniel , Cochran C. D.
Published: September 2011

A relatively homogeneous sample of 655 college alumni was used to examine differences in locus of control as a function of age. The mean score on the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Locus of Control Scale was significantly higher (more external) for those 65 yr. of age and older ( M = 8.61) than for the younger adults ( M = 7.14). Possible explanations for this apparent small increase in externality with age include physical and social changes which accompany aging. The decline in internality may not reflect an actual change in the degree of control of reinforcers but rather a more accurate or realistic assessment of the extent to which adults of all ages can actually control their lives.
Psychometric Properties of a Persian Version of the Short Form of the Beck Depression Inventory for Iranian College Students
Authors: Hojat Mohammadreza , Shapurian Reza , Mehryar Amir H.
Published: September 2011

The psychometric properties of the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory were studied in two Iranian groups. The inventory was translated into Persian and 12 Iranian bilingual judges confirmed the soundness of the translation. The sample comprised two groups of Iranian college students, and data were analyzed separately for each group. Group I consisted of 232 Iranian students (156 men, 76 women) who were studying in American universities, and Group II comprised 305 Iranian students (168 men, 137 women) studying in Iranian universities. In addition to the depression inventory, measures of anxiety, neuroticism, psychoticism, loneliness, misanthropy, locus of control, self-esteem, and extroversion were obtained. The item-total score correlations were mostly in the upper fifties and sixties. The coefficient alpha estimates of reliability were .85 and .83 in Groups I and II, respectively. Descriptive statistics and test-retest reliability were reported. Significantly positive correlations between the scores of the depression inventory and measures of anxiety, neuroticism, psychoticism, loneliness, misanthropy and externality of locus of control were found. Negative correlations also were obtained between scores on the depression inventory and self-esteem, and extroversion. Comparisons of the two samples of male and female subjects supported the construct validity of the inventory. The results provided evidence which supported the validity and reliability of the depression inventory in Iranian college students.
MMPI Results Associated with Abnormal Responses to the DST and TRH Tests
Authors: Post Robin D. , Franks Ronald D. , Alford Charlotte , Petersen Janice L. , House Robert M. , Jackson Anna M. , Baker Neil J.
Published: September 2011

In the present study, it was predicted that psychiatric inpatients who obtained abnormal responses on the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) and the Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test (TRH) would obtain higher elevations on the MMPI scales associated with depressive symptomatology than inpatients with normal DST and TRH responses. Patients with abnormal DST responses obtained significantly lower scores on the F, Psychopathic Deviate, and Paranoia scales, suggesting that they present themselves on the MMPI as less socially maladjusted, and less alienated from societal values than their depressed inpatient peers who obtained normal DST results. No differences were obtained between abnormal and normal responders on either the DST or TRH with respect to the MMPI scales that are typically associated with depression.
Sex-of-Sibling Effects on Opposite- and Same-Sex Friendships
Authors: Greenfield Gerald W. , Weatherley Donald
Published: September 2011

This study did not replicate a 1981 finding by Burker, et al. that opposite-sex siblings have a positive effect on women's opposite-sex friendships and a negative effect on men's opposite-sex friendships; extrapolation of their finding to romantic relationships was also not supported. The present study also investigated effects of sex-of-sibling on same-sex friendships; data for 71 women and 49 men ( M age = 18.8 yr.) showed that effects of sex-of-sibling were not specific to friendships with members of one sex. Finally, while Burker, et al.'s results are consistent with a process of sibling deidentification, the current study, in suggesting a positive effect of sisters on same-sex friendships, is consistent with a process of sibling identification.
Clinical Application of the Children's Action Tendency Scale
Authors: Broad James , Burke John , Byford Susan Richardson , Sims Peter
Published: September 2011

The clinical usefulness of a previously validated self-report measure of children's assertiveness was examined for two white school-age samples ( ns = 18 and 17; 6 to 14 yr. old) referred for training in group social skills. Subscale scores of a clinical sample supported the norms of the validation samples but the relationship of these scores to parental and self-report measures of self-esteem appeared equivocal. Use with a hyperkinetic sample showed the scale's sensitivity to treatment, but faking good during individual testing may be a problem with such children.
Clinical Psychology and the Medical Model
Authors: Beech John R.
Published: September 2011

It is argued that several features of clinical psychology deserve comparison with clinical pharmacology; in particular, the treatment and design of experiments in the latter are more precisely controlled and have a sounder theoretical basis. Clinical psychology needs to develop efficient powerful therapies with properties analogous to the new “magic bullet” drugs. It also needs to develop instruments testing susceptibility to treatment analogous to assessing effects of metabolic rate in clinical pharmacology.
Prediction of Objective Child Motivation Test Scores from Parents' Reports of Child-Rearing Practices
Authors: Barton K. , Dielman T. E. , Cattell R. B.
Published: September 2011

The mothers and fathers of 310 junior high school children completed a child-rearing questionnaire and the children completed the School Motivation Analysis Test. The mothers' and fathers' data were factor analyzed separately and factor scores computed and employed as predictor variables in separate sets of multiple regression analyses employing the childrens' school motivation scores as criteria. Of the 40 possible full model R2s 29 were significant. The pattern of variable interrelationships is discussed, with some of the most consistent results being a significant positive relationship of the children's integrated and unintegrated assertiveness scores with the fathers' late authoritative discipline and the mothers' high family-adjustment scores. Among numerous other relationships discussed were significant positive relationships of fathers' low use of discipline and mothers' low physical punishment vs high use of reason with the childrens' integrated self-sentiment and superego.
Type A-B Behavior and the Premenstrual Syndrome
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Olsen Christine , Smith-Robison Deborah
Published: September 2011

To measure the relationship between Type A-B behavior and Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), 88 women volunteers responded to the Glass version of the Jenkins Activity Survey and the PMS Symptoms Checklist. Consistent with the hypothesis, Type A women reported that they experienced about 50% more symptoms of PMS than the Type B women.