bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protecting Business Secrets in National and International Commerce
Authors: BURR SHERRI L.
Published: March 2007

This article argues for elevating trade secrets from stepchild to full member of the intellectual property family. The case for doing so rests on sound social policy, empirical evidence, case law, and anecdotal stories that have attained a great deal of media attention. The article describes how the changing U.S. domestic legal environment for protecting trade secrets is influencing practices within a distinct community of business concerns that owns trade secrets. The author surveyed New Mexico manufacturers and asked them whether they owned trade secrets, how they protect their trade secrets, and whether their trade secrets have ever been stolen. The survey revealed that manufacturers doing business in multiple jurisdictions are more likely to own trade secrets, to protect their trade secrets by having employees sign secrecy agreements and covenants not to compete, and to have had their trade secrets stolen. Nevertheless, these manufacturers rarely resort to the legal system to redress trade secret theft. Further, the article examines the many changes in international treaties that protect trade secrets and suggests that domestic and international economics will profit from increased trade secret protection because protecting undisclosed information increases the need for independent scientific investigation and thus augments the number of choices available to consumers.
Relocation of the Elderly
Authors: Castle Nicholas G.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author reviews 78 studies addressing the relocation of the elderly. He begins by defining the four major forms of relocation and describing the trends in the current health care marketplace precipitating relocation events. Next, he reviews the major findings of studies assessing the potential negative and positive outcomes of relocation. These outcomes include changes in mortality rates, morbidity, and psychological or social changes. In addition, factors associated with successful relocation are presented. Finally, the primary contribution of this article is that the author assesses the strengths and limitations of this prior literature and combines the research he reviews in an analytic model. This model helps show some opportunities for future research in the relocation of the elderly.
Medicare Fees and Small Area Variations in Breast-Conserving Surgery among Elderly Women
Authors: Hadley Jack , Mitchell Jean M. , Mandelblatt Jeanne
Published: March 2007

This study used data from Medicare files, the American Hospital Association’s Annual Survey of Hospitals, and the 1990 census to investigate whether Medicare fees for breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and mastectomy (MST) affected the rate of BCS across 799 3digit ZIP code areas in 1994. The full model, which was based on the conceptual framework of the supply of and demand for different treatments, explained 51 percent of the variation in BCS rates. Medicare fees were statistically significant and had the hypothesized effects: a 10 percent higher BCS fee was associated witha7to10percent higher BCS rate, while a 10 percent higher MST fee was associated with a 2 to 3 percent lower proportion receiving BCS. Other significant economic variables were proximity to a radiation therapy hospital, a teaching hospital or a cancer center, and the percentage of elderly women with incomes below the poverty rate, which were negatively related to the BCS rate. Variations in age, race, and metropolitan populations had small or insignificant effects. The single most important variable was the percentage of cases with one or more comorbidities.
Incentive Effects of Workers' Compensation Benefits: A Literature Synthesis
Authors: Loeser John D. , Henderlite Stephen E. , Conrad Douglas A.
Published: March 2007

Increasingly, the health care community and public policymakers are recognizing the role of economic and psychosocial factors in disability in addition to their traditional attention to environmental, physical, and somatic influences on health and illness. In particular, current discussions of health rorm include serious consideration of the integration of workers' compensation and health plan benefits. This article synthesizes what is known regarding one important aspect of health policy: the effects on disability behavior of changes in workers' compensation benefits. The best available literature reveals that an increase of 10 percent in workers' compensation benefits is related to a I to 11 percent increase in the frequency of workers' compensation claims and a 2 to 11 percent increase in duration per claim. The article examines the sensitivity of these parameter estimates to differences in research design and proposes an idealized study methodology that, the authors hope, would improve the precision of estimates of the incentive effects of workers' compensation payments.
Design and Feasibility of a National Medicaid Access Survey with State-Specific Estimates
Authors: Gold Marsha , Hadley Jack , Eisenhower Donna , Hall John , Metcalf Charles , Nelson Lyle , Chu Karyen , Strouse Richard , Colby David
Published: March 2007

This article presents the results ofa study to design and assess the feasibility of conducting a national Medicaid Access Survey to generate timely, state-specific estimates of access to care for Medicaid enrollees. State-specific data on Medicaid access is especially relevant because state programs and environments vary considerably and are changing rapidly in ways that could influence access. We analyze (1) basic survey design parameters and instrument content, (2) alternative sampling approaches and their feasibility, (3) pilot test results, (4) the feasibility of using existing national surveys to generate comparison estimates for state-based surveys, and (5) estimates of the required sample size and costs for such a national Medicaid Access Survey. We conclude that a survey generating timely, state-speafic estimates of Medicaid access is both feasible and affordable if attention is paid to key design challenges while keeping objectives and design simple.
The Use of Hospital Emergency Departments for Nonurgent Health Problems: A National Perspective
Authors: Cunningham Peter J. , Clancy Carolyn M. , Cohen Joel W. , Wilets Melissa
Published: March 2007

The use of the hospital emergency department (ED) for nonurgent health problems has been a subject of considerable controversy, in part because there is no widely accepted definition of "nonurgent." Elimination or substantial reduction in nonurgent ED use is frequently offered as a strategyfor reducing health expenditures. Previous studies, often limited to individual hospitals or communities, have limited generalizability and do not permit examination of multiple factors likely to influence nonurgent ED utilization or examination of ED use for nonurgent problems in the context of overall outpatient utilization. This analysis of the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES) provides a nationally representative examination of nonurgent ED utilization that describes the frequency of ED use for nonurgent problems, characteristics of individuals that are associated with an increased likelihood of nonurgent ED use, the use of other outpatient physician services, and expenditures associated with nonurgent ED visits.
Economies of Scale in Physician Practice
Authors: Pope Gregory C. , Burge Russel T.
Published: March 2007

A potentially important source of productivity gains in physician practices is larger practice size. We investigate economies of scale in physician practices using a large nationwide survey of self-employed physicians. When output is measured by practice revenues, we estimate significantly increasing returns to scale for single-specialty practices, implying that forming larger practices lowers costs. The lowest-cost practice size is estimated to be 5.2 physicians compared to a sample average size of 2.4 physicians. On average, scale inefficiency is estimated at 9%. Measuring output by physician office visits, we find that group physicians provide 17% more office visits than solo practitioners, controlling for practice inputs, and physician and practice characteristics. Physicians practicing in mid-sized groups of three to four are the most productive, providing 21% more visits than solo, Physicians. If all physicians practiced in the most productive group size, average office visit productivity would rise by 13%.
Programmatic, Economic, and Demographic Forces Underlying Medicaid Enrollment Trends
Authors: Cromwell Jerry , Adamache Killard W , Khandker Rezaul K. , Ammering Carol
Published: March 2007

This article examines the enrollment effects of congressionally mandated Medicaid coverage during the late 1980s. Child-related mandates were found to increase noncash enrollments 37% in states without a medically needy program, while the 1990 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts legislation added another 27%—mostly elderly poor. The evidence suggests states responded to the mandates, in part, by shifting cash welfare children and their families to Medicaid-only status. Without continued mandates, the shift to unrestricted Medicaid block grants will likely raise the number of uninsured (mostly children) 30% or more in nonmedically needy states versus 10% to 20% in other states. Federal Medicaid matching was found to be an inadequate incentive for states to extend health insurance coverage to all of their poor. Cyclic variation in state economies is also found to put the poor at risk of disenrollment given state laws requiring balanced budgets.
A Comparison of Physician and Hospital Use among the Nonelderly Covered by HMOs and Indemnity Insurance
Authors: Fama Teresa , Bernstein Amy
Published: March 2007

This article uses data from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey to compare medical services use between chronically ill nonelderly people with health maintenance organization (HMO) or indemnity insurance. The authors estimated regressions for two subgroups of privately insured individuals: those with 1 or more of 15 chronic conditions and those who reported their health as being fair or poor. For the subgroup with chronic conditions, HMO members were more likely to have a physician visit, controlling for other factors, than their indemnity counterparts. The authors found no differences in the likelihood of having a hospital stay or in the number of hospital days for those with at least one stay. Finally, for the subgroup who reported their health as being fair or poor, the authors found no differences in service use between HMO members and similar people in indemnity plans.
A Follow-Up Study of Factors that Mediate the Development of Psychological Symptomatology in Sexually Abused Girls
Authors: Mannarino Anthony P. , Cohen Judith A.
Published: March 2007

This study was a follow-up investigation of several child and family factors and their impact on the development of psychological symptomatology in sexually abused girls. Sixty abused girls aged 8 to 13 were compared with 85 normal controls at 6- and 12-month follow-up assessments. The mediating variables examined included abuse-related attributions and perceptions, general attributions, locus of control, parental support, the parent's emotional reaction to the abuse, and family cohesion and adaptability. At both follow-ups, abuse-related attributions and perceptions, as measured by the Children's Attributions and Perceptions Scale, were significantly correlated with and predictive of self-reported symptoms in the abused group. Also, at the 12-month follow-up, locus of control and the parent's emotional reaction to the abuse emerged as significant predictor variables of symptom development in abused subjects. Mediating factors from the 6- to 12-month follow-up in the abused group did not change. Locus of control at the 6-month follow-up correlated significantly with trait anxiety at the 12-month follow-up. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed in the context of the evolving literature on those factors that ameliorate or exacerbate the psychological impact of child sexual abuse.
Self- and Other-Directed Destructive Behaviors: Assessment and Relationship to Type of Abuse
Authors: Taussig Heather N. , Litrownik Alan J.
Published: March 2007

An accumulation of empirical evidence suggests that abused children are more likely to engage in destructive behaviors than are their nonmaltreated peers. This study explored whether type of abuse experienced (i.e., sexual vs. physical) was related to the type of destructive behavior displayed by children who had been placed in foster care. Results indicated that physically abused youth reported engaging in more other-directed destructive behaviors than did sexually abused youth. Sexually abused children reported engaging in more self-than other-directed destructive behaviors. Although non-significant, this same pattern of findings was observed in parental reports. When examining these relationships within gender, similar results were obtained. The results suggest that the type of destructive behavior is differentially related to the type of abuse experienced. Further study is needed to clarify the relationship between the type of abuse and the type of destructive behaviors.
Parenting Stress and Abuse Potential in Mothers of Children with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Rodriguez Christina M. , Murphy Laura E.
Published: March 2007

Most research on parenting stress and abuse factors in parents of children with developmental disabilities has relied almost exclusively on Caucasian, middle-income, intact families. The current study investigated the generalizability of previous findings, examining the relations among parenting stress, abuse potential, and child's intellectual/adaptive functioning in a sample of low-income African American mothers of children with developmental delays. Thirty-three maternal caregivers completed the Child Abuse Potential Inventory and the Parenting Stress Index. Results indicated significant parenting stress, particularly aspects related to the child, as well as considerable physical abuse potential. Parenting stress was strongly correlated with abuse potential, particularly stress related to parental attributes. Neither parenting stress nor abuse potential were significantly correlated with the child's intellectual or adaptive functioning. Concerns regarding the appropriateness of these measures with this population and the need for controlled studies are discussed.
A Twelve-Year Follow-Up Study of Maltreated and At-Risk Children who Received early Therapeutic Child Care
Authors: Moore Elizabeth , Armsden Gay , Gogerty Patrick L.
Published: March 2007

Early intervention programs for abused or neglected children have yet to provide long-term follow-up evaluations. This study is a 12-year follow-up investigation of a randomized controlled clinical trial of a therapeutic child care program for maltreated or at-risk infants and toddlers. The initial sample was randomly assigned to an ecological-model therapeutic child care program (TX) or to standard community services (CX). A representative sample of 35 of the original children were evaluated in early adolescence. Data were obtained from the youths, caregivers and teachers, home observation, and school and court records. CX youths displayed significantly more behavior problems according to caregivers, earlier arrest and more frequent violent delinquency, and increasing school disciplinary problems. TX families demonstrated significantly more positive home environments and caregiver-child relationships. No significant differences were found between the groups in self-perception or other school-related measures. The findings attest to the long-term value of early intervention for maltreated children.
In the Best Interests of Battered Women: Reconceptualizing Allegations of Failure to Protect
Authors: Magen Randy H.
Published: March 2007

There is substantial evidence that domestic violence and child maltreatment coexist in some families. It is essential for child maltreatment professionals to understand child neglect as it occurs in the context of domestic violence. A common but mistaken approach is to allege in a child maltreatment petition that the battered woman failed to protect her child or children. The article explores the conceptual and practical difficulties with the concept of failure to protect. Two erroneous assumptions that lead to a finding of failure to protect are that witnessing domestic violence is inherently child maltreatment and believing that the battered woman and her children must leave to be safe. The behavior of battered women toward their children likely falls along a continuum from nonabusive to abusive. Child maltreatment professionals should move beyond labels and examine the complexity of the situation confronting a battered woman and her children. Suggestions for training, legislation, research, and practice are offered.
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with a Family at High Risk for Physical Abuse
Authors: Borrego Joaquin , Urquiza Anthony J. , Rasmussen Rebecca A. , Zebell Nancy
Published: March 2007

The use of empirically validated treatments with physically abusive and at-risk families continues to be an issue requiring further clinical and research attention. This single-case study discusses the effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) with a mother-child dyad considered to be at high risk for physical abuse. Although PCIT is effective with different populations and in different settings, no study to date has demonstrated the effectiveness of PCIT with physically abusive families or families at risk for physical abuse. Data are presented from behavioral observations and standardized measures. Results suggest that PCIT was effective in reducing the child's behavior problems and the mother's stress, and increasing the number of positive parent-child interactions. Finally, implications for future clinical and research work on physically abusive and at-risk families are discussed.
Linking Consumer Debt and Consumer Expenditures: Do Borrowers Spend Money Differently?
Authors: Fan Jessie X.
Published: March 2007

This study uses data from 5,174 households in the 1994–1995 Consumer Expenditure Surveys to investigate differences in expenditure patterns between households who borrow money and households who do not borrow money. Findings show that, holding total expenditure constant, compared with otherwise similar nonborrowers, borrowers spend less money on necessities such as shelter, food at home, and utilities, but more money on some luxury commodities that have the potential for social display, such as car purchases, household furnishings and equipment, and entertainment. Furthermore, borrowers are found to be almost unitarily income elastic with respect to apparel, medical services, alcoholic beverages, and food away from home, whereas these commodities are luxuries for nonborrowers. Borrowers are also found to spend more money on health insurance and prescription drugs and medical equipment, possibly due to poor health. Theoretical and empirical implications of this research are discussed in this study.
Dration Models to Analyze Dating Relationships: The Controversial Role of Gift Giving
Authors: Huang Ming‐Hui , Yu Shihti
Published: March 2007

Gifts are proclaimed to play a vital role in making dating relationships last. In this article, however, the authors look at not only the beneficial but also the detrimental effects of gift giving in relationships. To explore the double‐edged effects of gifts, this study conceptualizes gift giving in dating relationships as including three aspects: self‐gift, interpersonal gift exchange, and jointgift possession. Econometric duration models are used to suggest implications for individuals. It is found that using gifts to enhance the self, express love, and announce relationships—at the proper level of frequency—helps to ensure that a relationship will be successful and lasting. When used too frequently or too rarely, gifts can result in self‐depreciation, create anxiety, and spoil relationships. Individuals are advised not to consume gifts indiscriminately and thereby induce negative effects.
Social Competence and Marital Adjustment
Authors: Filsinger Erik E.
Published: March 2007

The argument is made that social competence would be related to marital adjustment. Data were collected on a community sample of 44 men and 39 women. Marital adjustment was related to the individual's self‐perceived social competence. In general, a manipulative inter personal orientation was negatively related to marital adjustment for females, but need for dominance was positively related to dyadic cohesion for males. The results are discussed in terms of their conceptual significance and their implications for home economists.
Division of Household Labor in the Family
Authors: Wheeler Carol L. , Arvey Richard D.
Published: March 2007

Factors identified from normative interaction, resource theory, and family development theory were related to female, shared, and male household task responsibilities of wives and husbands. The sample consisted of 68 couples in a Southeastern city. A questionnaire was used to obtain information from both wives and husbands. Findings tended to support all three frameworks. Liking of household tasks was significantly related to female, shared, and male task responsibility for wives and husbands. The husbands' educational levels and atti tudes toward women were significantly related to responsibility of husbands for non‐ traditional tasks. Attitudes toward women and educational levels of each of the spouses were related to responsibility for non‐traditional tasks of the other spouses. Employed wives tended to reduce their reponsibility for female household tasks with little or no change in the responsibility of the husband. Implications and recommendations are discussed.
Output‐Related Evaluations Of Unpaid Household Work: A Challenge for Time Use Studies
Authors: Goldschmidt‐Clermont Luisella
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews monetary evaluations of unpaid household work, taking as a starting point the output of household productive activity. Possibilities for further developments are outlined, and desirable characteristics of such evaluations are advanced. A question is asked: Can time use research provide the necessary data? From an examination of data already collected in time use surveys, the reply appears to be in the affirmative.
Mother's Time on Meal Preparation, Expenditures for Meals Away from Home, and Shared Meals: Effects of Mother's Employment And Age of Younger Child
Authors: Goebel Karen P. , Hennon Charles B.
Published: March 2007

Family role theory is the framework used to guide this study of how mother's employment and age of younger child affects mother's time in meal preparation and cleanup, expenditures for meals away from home, and meals shared by the family both at home and away. Eleven null hypotheses are generated and tested using data from the 11 state urban/rural comparison of families' time use. Analysis of covariance (with total family income controlled) is the primary statistical tech nique employed. Results indicated that the time spent by mothers in meal prep aration/dishwashing varied by their employment, and age of the younger child. Expenditures for meals purchased away from home did not differ by the mother's employment status or age of the younger child. Meals eaten together as a family were not related to the mother's employment status in urban areas, but were related in rural areas. Where meals were eaten together varied by employment status of the mother and age of the younger child. Implications for home econ omists and suggestions for future research are presented.
Cookery Methods for Vegetables: Influence on Sensory Quality, Nutrient Retention, and Energy Consumption
Authors: Warthesen Joseph J. , Vickers Zata M. , Whitney‐West Stella , Wolf Isabel D.
Published: March 2007

Ten different fresh vegetables were prepared by four cooking methods: boiling, steaming, pressure cooking and microwaving. Vegetables prepared by the dif ferent techniques were evaluated by descriptive sensory analysis using a small, trained group of judges. Ascorbic acid retention and electrical energy consump tion were also measured for each cooking method. No single cooking method consistently produced the product that was judged to be most like the sensory ideal. Vegetables prepared by pressure cooking, steaming, and microwaving typ ically did not differ in ascorbic acid retention. Boiled vegetables generally re tained less ascorbic acid than vegetables prepared by the other methods. The microwave oven and the electric pressure cooker generally used the least amount of energy to cook the foods.
A Systems Perspective of Individual Development and Family Functioning
Authors: Sawyers Janet K. , Moran James D.
Published: March 2007

Systems concepts in the family area have generally been applied almost exclu sively to dysfunctional families, whereas it is normal functioning and develop ment of the individual that have been described from a systems perspective. Nonetheless, the value of a systems approach lies in its applicability to all forms of development and behavior. The purpose of this article is to advance under standing of the individual and family from a systems perspective and to facilitate interdisciplinary communication among individual and family theorists. This ar ticle, therefore, outlines the systems concepts in human development and family theories to show that, although the areas often remain isolated, the groundwork for unification is already present.
Approaches To The Statistical Analysis Of Family Data
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Barnes Howard L. , Bollman Stephan R. , Jurich Anthony P. , Milliken George A.
Published: March 2007

Family scholars are now becoming more and more concerned about the extent to which data collected from only one family member can accurately describe what is happening in the family. Little systematic guidance, however, has been available to researchers on how to analyze data collected from more than one family member. This paper presents several alternatives for the statistical analysis of family data. In general, it appears that multivariate multiple regression, typo logical analysis, and repeated measures designs are among the more useful tech niques for studying family data.
Interior Design Research: A Human Ecosystem Model
Authors: Guerin Denise A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a human ecosystem integrative model for use as a research framework for interior design. The model is an adaptation of models developed by Morrison (1974), Doxiadis (1975), and Bubolz, Eicher, and Sontag (1979). The model is shown using two different examples, interior lighting and household energy consumption change, as the constructs of interest related to interior design. Discussion of application to interior design is included.
Subjective Well‐Being of Rural Adults 75 Years of Age or Older: A Longitudinal Evaluation
Authors: Scott Jean Pearson , Butler Mark H.
Published: March 2007

This study examined a combination offactors that influence subjective well‐beingofrural adults in late old age and compared factors influencing subjective well‐being across time. A 12‐year follow‐up study revealed a small, but highly reliable drop in morale for the sample as a whole. Personal competencyfactors, health, and perceived economic adequacy were most important to explaining morale at both Time 1 and Time 2. Social interaction emerged as relatively more important to subjective well‐being at Time 2. Individual change in morale was highlighted by identifying variables that distinguished persons who declined on morale versus those whose morale was stable or improved. Persons who remained married at Time 2 were more likely to have declined on morale. This finding was possibly due to reduced social interaction and caregiving.
Affective, Cognitive, and Behavioral Responses to Economic Stress
Authors: Rettig Kathryn D. , Danes Sharon M. , Leichtentritt Ronit D.
Published: March 2007

The purposes of the study were to test the hypotheses of stress and management theories concerning responses to an economic stressor and to identify differences between farm men and women in responses to the same event. The study verified by path analysis that the behavioral economic adjustment strategies activated by 298 women and 294 men were influenced by the affective responses of perceiving emotional stress and the cognitive deciding processes. The analysisfailed to support the hypotheses that perceiving emotional stress would motivate respondents to initiate cognitive deciding processes. There were gender differences in the importance of age and education in explaining the variance of cognitive deciding processes and behavioral economic adjustment strategies in the household.
Writing-Stories: Co-authoring "The Sea Monster," a Writing-Story
Authors: Richardson Laurel
Published: March 2007

This text shows what it announces: two research problems. First, how are readings of texts affected by knowledge of their construction? Second, how do the specific circum stances in which we write affect what and how we write? The text shows what it talks about through a reprint of "The Sea Monster" followed by a "writing-story" about its co-authorship. The author proposes that, at this particular time, we valorize writing-sto ries, or stories of how we constructed our texts. Doing so would extend reflexivity into our writing practices, demystify writing, confirm our kinship to the humanities, and deepen and expand our writing/reading strategies.
Separate But Simultaneous Interviewing of Husbands and Wives: Making Sense of Their Stories
Authors: Hertz Rosanna
Published: March 2007

This article argues that separate interviews with spouses can provide valuable insights on marital decision making. The notion that one partner can speak for both needs to be abandoned. However, in the process of including unrepresented family voices, making sense of multiple accounts becomes problematic. Multiple accounts of marriage are told when a researcher interviews husbands and wives on the process of decision making. Some differences in spouses' accounts arise from their division of labor, where one spouse knows more than the other. Other differences in accounts result from a division of labor in storytelling where the partners support each other in joint and individual perfor mances of telling. However, some differences in accounts render the researcher's analytic tasks far more complex when two stories, not one, are told. Finally, the account that ultimately becomes the written version needs to be better understood as a shifting construct of separate interviews with both spouses and how the researcher both interacts with respondents during the interview and analyzes the interview text.
The Spiritual Warfare of Exodus: A Postpositivist Research Adventure
Authors: Ponticelli Christy M.
Published: March 2007

In this article, I argue that a radical empirical and postpositivist approach offers new ways of understanding the other in sociological research. By ignoring mainstream sociological expectations that call for distance between the observer and observed and focusing on the interplay between them, field researchers may better understand the commonalities and differences between themselves and the observed. Through a self-reflexive, testimonial narrative depicting my covert research experiences at a conference of fundamentalist Christian ex-gays, I explore the realities of self-risk and self-change that occur when investigating the other through the self.
That Rare Feeling: Re-presenting Research Through Poetic Transcription
Authors: Glesne Corrine
Published: March 2007

This article explores an experimental form of writing that I'm terming poetic transcription. Inspired by Laurel Richardson (1992, 1994a, 1994b), I define poetic transcription as the creation of poemlike compositions from the words of interviewees. In this article, I present six poetic transcriptions of Dona Juana, an elderly Puerto Rican researcher and educator; describe my poetic transcription process; and examine issues that experimental writing—specifically, poetic transcription—raises for research re-presentation.
Re-Placing Theory in Ethnography: A Postmodern View
Authors: Daly Kerry
Published: March 2007

Does the postmodern climate mark the certain death of theory in ethnographic work? In this article, the author argues that postmodernity does mark the death of traditional forms of theory but it need not mark the end of theorizing activity in ethnography. What is required to keep theory in play is a rearticulation of what theory is in the postmodern view. To this end, the author examines how theory has been treated in the interpretive tradition and then discusses what theory is or can be in postmodern ethnography. Specifically, the author focuses on the relationship between theory and the theory teller, the characteristics of postmodern ethnographic theory, and the textual form of ethnographic theory. Throughout this discussion, the self is problematized in the theory endeavor.
Images of Sex and Rape
Authors: BUFKIN JANA , ESCHHOLZ SARAH
Published: March 2007

Americans are spending increasingly greater portions of their leisure time consuming audiovisual forms of media, such as movies and television. Given the regularity of media consumption and the assumption of its influence on the perceptions of viewers, it is important to study the content of media programming. In this study, we conduct a content analysis of the 50 top-grossing films in 1996 to measure the prevalence and nature of sex and rape depictions. We find that movies present a rather patriarchal vision of sex and rape. Rapes in the movies are committed by sadistic, disturbed, lower-class individuals who prey on children and the vulnerable. This unidimensional movie picture of rape may help to perpetuate the real problem of rape and sexual abuse in our society by ignoring the reality of most real life rapes.
Enhancing the Quality of Survey Data on Woman Abuse
Authors: DeKESEREDY WALTER S.
Published: March 2007

The primary objective of DeKeseredy and Kelly's national Canadian survey on woman abuse in university/college courtship was to elicit reliable data on the extent, patterns, and sources of male-to-female psychological, sexual, and physical victimization in postsecondary school dating. In this article, I describe these researchers' attempts to avoid or minimize the methodological shortcomings of previous North American surveys on this sensitive topic and conclude with two suggestions for further survey research.
Fear of Rape
Authors: SOFTAS-NALL BASILIA , BARDOS ACHILLES , FAKINOS MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

This study examines the magnitude and prevalence of fear of crime as a function of seriousness and probability of occurrence among Greek university students aged 17 to 29. The findings show that fear of rape is the greatest fear of almost all young Greek women, greater than the fear of other serious offenses such as murder. This finding is interpreted in light of rape's reported likelihood in conjunction with its reported seriousness. Further, the precautionary measures show an avoidance pattern in Greek women toward crimes requiring them to physically defend themselves. The study's findings are similar to those reported in other countries and in line with the feminist claim regarding the universality of the fear of rape in the daily life of young women. Discussion includes explanations of high fear in terms of physical and social vulnerability and as a possible reflection of hidden violence against Greek women.
Knowing Pornography
Authors: JENSEN ROBERT
Published: March 2007

This essay draws on my personal experience with pornography to explore how sexually explicit material helps construct men's sexuality in contemporary U.S. culture. From this personal narrative, I show how pornography was an important means of sex education in my life; constructed women as objects, which encouraged me to see women in real life that way; created or reinforced desires for specific acts; shaped and constrained my sexual imagination with its standardized scripts; reinforced racist stereotypes; and eroticized violence for me in a way that not only affected my sex life, but also gave me a sense of control over women.
Violence Against Indigenous Women
Authors: LUCASHENKO MELISSA
Published: March 2007

Violence, both overt and covert, is central to the lives of many Aboriginal women. The reality of this violence has been masked until now, first, by open intimidation of Black Australian women by the men in their communities who bash and rape and, second, by a more subtle use of racial solidarity arguments that have succeeded in alienating Black women from feminist resources in the wider community. The violence and oppression faced by Black men in Australia have been privileged in a gender-free public debate on race. This privilege has been at the cost of silencing Black women's voices and making invisible their experiences of rape, incest, bashings, and murders, which mean the Black home is a haven for most men but is an unsafe place, even a prison at times, for Black women and children.
Tensions in Providing Services to South Asian Victims of Wife Abuse in Toronto
Authors: AGNEW VIJAY
Published: March 2007

South Asian community-based organizations provide services to non-English speaking women from their communities. Because they depend on the state to fund their programs, they have had to modify their agendas and restrain their criticisms of patriarchal society. Community-based groups have to weigh the immediate goals of the women they serve against their long-term feminist goals of reducing violence by men and destabilizing the patriarchal state. Consequently, they give priority to ensuring access to social services for non-English speaking, working-class, immigrant women. But helping women with their problems does not expose the systemic power relations underlying wife abuse and, although some political and social change does occur, it is slow and moderate.
Predictors of Tolerance of Sexual Harassment Among Male U.S. Army Soldiers
Authors: ROSEN LEORA N. , MARTIN LEE
Published: March 2007

Tolerance of sexual harassment in the Army was examined in relation to three variables indicative of negative attitudes toward women among male soldiers. The first was a personality variable, negative masculinity, associated with narcissistic and aggressive characteristics; the second was a variable measuring hostility toward women; the third was a measure of acceptance of women as men's equals in the Army. In a MANOVA analysis, all three variables were significant predictors of tolerance of sexual harassment in the Army. Hostility toward women was the strongest predictor, followed by negative masculinity, and acceptance of women, which was negatively correlated with the other variables.
Beliefs About Wife Beating Among Palestinian Women
Authors: HAJ-YAHIA MUHAMMAD M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine Palestinian women's beliefs about wife beating and the extent to which these beliefs are influenced by their patriarchal ideology. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by a systematic random sample of 425 women from the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The results indicate that although one third of the women believed there is no excuse for a man to beat his wife, a substantial percentage still justified wife beating under several conditions (e.g., when a wife is perceived as sexually unfaithful or as challenging her husband's manhood). Furthermore, although most of the participants tended to hold violent husbands responsible for their behavior, a substantial proportion indicated that they understand the violent husbands and do not consider them solely responsible for their behavior. The study shows that adherence to patriarchal ideology significantly explains the variance in participants' beliefs about wife beating. The implications of these results are discussed.
Black Perceptions of the Mayor An Empirical Test
Authors: Foster Lorn S.
Published: March 2007

In the past ten years blacks have played a much greater role in the urban political process than they had previously. In a few urban areas-Gary, Detroit, Newark, and East St. Louis-blacks constitute an electoral majority, and there are also black mayors in these communities. In this paper two explanations, i.e., social deprivation and political reality, were tested to determine their applicability in a community with a black mayor. It was found that in a community with a black mayor, black youth were more supportive of him than were black youth in a community with a white mayor or white youth in a community with a white mayor.
The Social Ecology of Tel-Aviv
Authors: Borukhov Eli , Ginsberg Yona , Werczberger Elia
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the urban ecology of the Tel Aviv metropolitan area using data from the 1972 census. The method used is factor analysis. The following factors are identified: (a) socioeconomic status: distributed along radial sectors; (b) life cycle stage: differentiated according to concentric zonal pattern; (c) religious orthodoxy: mostly concentrated in one of the suburban towns. A fourth factor whose interpretation is not clear appears to be associated with crowded housing conditions.
The Everyday Versus the Disaster Role of Local Officials
Authors: Wolensky Robert P. , Miller Edward J.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the definitions of active citizens and local government officials regarding the everyday and disaster roles of local government. The principal finding is that citizens and officials agreed on the everyday but not the disaster role. Citizens expected a custodial orientation in the everyday situation, but an "active" one in disaster. Officials defined the everyday role as custodial and did the same for the disaster. The definitional incongruity in the disaster environment had consequences for at least two alterations in the postdisaster community structure: group emergence and political reorganization.
Housing Credit Lending and Housing Markets
Authors: Margulis Harry L.
Published: March 2007

In this article, factor analyses are used to identify homogeneous neighborhoods, and canonical analyses are used to examine the relationships between neighborhoods and credit lending in the Cleveland, Ohio, area. The results reveal that variations in the supply and demand for loans are best explained by declining employment opportunities and demographic changes. The canonical analyses strongly indicate that the supply and demand for loans vacillate as a consequence of job insecurities, the decline in earnings capacity of less skilled workers, and long-term population and household declines. Further, the recessions and boom period of the 1980s differentially affected suburban mortgage submarkets.
Location Theory, a Growth Coalition, and a Regime in the Development of a Medium-Sized City
Authors: Rosentraub Mark S. , Helmke Paul
Published: March 2007

Two perspectives define the debate over a general theory of urban political economy: Location theorists suggest needed social institutions develop around the nexus of cost efficiencies; proponents of regime theory and growth coalitions look to elite coordination to explain growth and the distribution of resources. The authors contend that coalitions do develop but occur in response to favorable cost factors and other geographically and technologically defined networks. Further, an evolutionary process is involved. Growth coalitions strive to and become regimes only to de-evolve into loosely coupled coalitions that respond to crises and opportunities but do not direct economic development.
Culture Wars and City Politics
Authors: Sharp Elaine B.
Published: March 2007

The author focuses on morals-based controversies, or culture wars, that have engulfed U.S. cities over issues such as gay rights, pornography, the operation of abortion clinics, hate-group activity, and judicial handling of sexual assault. Explanation of the importance of such social controversies to urban scholarship and reasons for neglect of the topic to date are offered. Drawing upon a variety of case studies of culture-war controversy, the author develops a typology of local government's roles in such controversies. That typology includes relatively familiar concepts such as responsiveness, evasion, and entrepreneurial instigation and less known or neglected concepts such as hyperactive responsiveness, repression, and unintentional instigation.
The Minority Enterprise Small Business Investment Company Program
Authors: Bates Timothy
Published: March 2007

Specialized small business investment companies (SSBICs) are privately owned companies that are funded by the U.S. Small Business Administration to finance minority-owned businesses. Most SSBICs began operations as nonviable companies, inherently limited in their ability to serve the range of capital needs of small firms in their targeted markets. Most of the SSBICs chartered over the last 26 years are out of business today. In the midst of this generally dismal industry, some SSBICs are growing substantially and operating profitably from their returns on minority business investments. This article differentiates the successful SSBICs from the failures.
The Business of Psychiatric Nursing: Cents and Sensibility
Authors: Moller Mary D. , Murphy Millene Freeman
Published: March 2007

Successful independent practice requires that services fill an unmet need within a com munity. The art and science of advanced practice psychiatric nursing provides a struc ture within which to frame clinical interventions that are distinctive and inimitable by providers other than advanced practice psychiatric nurses. The focus of this article is the nurse-developed Three Rs Psychiatric Rehabilitation Treatment Program: Relapse, Recovery, and Rehabilitation-A Wellness Approach to the Management of Psychiatric Disabilities. The program and all component pieces are described, including an example of a wellness-based treatment plan. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [1999]. 5, 122-131)
PBS Ain't So Different
Authors: Kerbel Matthew R. , Apee Sumaiya , Ross Marc Howard
Published: March 2007

Critics often complain that network television election coverage is too short, too superficial, and too focused on “horse race” and strategy. As a result, television news viewers are believed to have an inadequate basis for making intelligent democratic electoral choices. Short, fast-moving, episodic stories and dramatic images convey news frames that fail to inform and empower citizens wishing to make the sort of thoughtful, issue-based choices valued by democratic theorists. Many of these critics laud Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) coverage for its greater story length, use of knowledgeable experts, focus on substantive issues, and lack of dramatic imagery. However, our research shows that despite many differences in the structure of PBS stories, its election news frames are surprisingly similar to those of the oft-criticized commercial networks. Our analysis of ten story frames appearing in PBS and ABC evening news coverage of the 1996 presidential election reveals that public and commercial stories were dominated by horse-race and strategy frames to the exclusion of frames that focus on the prospective and retrospective consequences of candidates' actions and proposals. Our analysis shows that PBS coverage is more comparable to network news coverage than is widely believed, and we suggest that, like network television, PBS frames election news in terms that are disempowering to democratic processes.