bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical Parties: How Parties Evaluate the Performance of Democracies
Authors: Rohrschneider Robert , Whitefield Stephen
Published: February 2017

While the ‘critical citizens’ literature shows that publics often evaluate democracies negatively, much less is known about ‘critical parties’, especially mainstream ones. This article develops a model to explain empirical variation in parties’ evaluations of democratic institutions, based on two mechanisms: first, that parties’regime accessaffects their regime support, which, secondly, is moderated by over-timehabituationto democracy. Using expert surveys of all electorally significant parties in twenty-four European countries in 2008 and 2013, the results show that parties evaluate institutions positively when they have regular access to a regime, regardless of their ideology and the regime’s duration. Moreover, regime duration affects stances indirectly by providing democracies with a buffer against an incumbent’s electoral defeat in the most recent election. The findings point to heightened possibilities for parties to negatively evaluate democracies given the increased volatility in party systems in Europe.
PERTURBATIONS FROM INDEFINITE SYMMETRIC ELLIPTIC BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
Authors: ZHANG LIANG , TANG XIANHUA
Published: February 2017

In this paper, we study the multiplicity of solutions for the following problem:
$$\begin{equation*}
\begin{cases}
-\Delta u-\Delta(|u|^{\alpha})|u|^{\alpha-2}u=g(x,u)+\theta h(x,u), \ \ x\in \Omega,\\
u=0, \ \ x\in \partial\Omega,
\end{cases}
\end{equation*}$$
where α ≥ 2, Ω is a smooth bounded domain in ${\mathbb{R}}$N, θ is a parameter and g, h ∈ C($\bar{\Omega}$ × ${\mathbb{R}}$). Under the assumptions that g(x, u) is odd and locally superlinear at infinity in u, we prove that for any j ∈ $\mathbb{N}$ there exists ϵj > 0 such that if |θ| ≤ ϵj, the above problem possesses at least j distinct solutions. Our results generalize some known results in the literature and are new even in the symmetric situation.
EMPIRE AND THE HAJJ: PILGRIMS, PLAGUES, AND PAN-ISLAM UNDER BRITISH SURVEILLANCE, 1865–1908
Authors: Low Michael Christopher
Published: February 2017

During the late 19th century, British supremacy in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean basin increasingly brought the hajj under the surveillance and regulation of non-Muslim powers. With the development of steamship travel and the opening of the Suez Canal came rapid growth in the number of oceangoing pilgrims. Colonial authorities eventually identified the steamship-era hajj as both a conduit for the spread of epidemic diseases, such as cholera and plague, and a critical outlet for the growth of Pan-Islamic networks being forged among Indian dissidents, pilgrims, and the Ottoman Empire. As a result, the British and Ottoman empires engaged in a contestation of sacred space in which the stakes ranged from suzerainty over the Hijaz and the administration of the hajj to even larger questions of hegemony in the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and even dār al-Islām as a whole
State intervention and provincial health care: the county infirmary system in late eighteenth-century Ulster
Authors: Sneddon Andrew
Published: February 2017

The eighteenth century, a period when pain, suffering and illness was an ‘omnipresent threat’, saw medicine became more institutionally-based, increasingly state-funded, and wedded to a more scientific and analytical approach to disease. Voluntary hospitals, county infirmaries, medical supply dispensaries for the poor, the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, and various medical guilds, schools and societies, were established or grew in importance. Collectively these institutions did much to influence how Ireland's main medical practitioners (physicians, surgeons, apothecaries) were educated, trained and organised, as well as the way the sick were cared for. While university-trained Irish physicians catered mostly for wealthy elites, the sick, rural poor usually only possessed the means or opportunity to engage the services of apothecaries or, occasionally, surgeons. Along with commercial, patent medicines, domestic remedies and self-medication, the sick had at their disposal an array of untrained, unregulated empirics, quacks, mountebanks, druggists, oculists, and faith and magical healers.
Institutional power and the Irish borstal boy, 1906–21
Authors: Reidy Conor
Published: February 2017

This article will examine the unique power structure that governed the lives of inmates of Ireland's borstal institution from its foundation in 1906 until the end of British rule in 1921. The borstal system was developed at the close of the nineteenth century at a time when penal administrators were searching for new and more enlightened modes of detention. Reform became something of a catchphrase and the borstal was one of two approaches, the other being the inebriate reformatory system that captured the imagination of Home Office officials. During this time there was a transition of leadership in the British penal system as those who subscribed to the more outdated idea of imprisonment without reform were replaced with more enlightened idealists. Borstal offenders in Ireland and Britain were subjected to an authoritarian structure unlike that experienced by prisoners within mainstream institutions of the penal systems in both countries. The division of power involved a three-way process in Clonmel borstal between 1906 and 1921. Three different but inextricably linked bodies, the General Prisons Board (G.P.B.), the institutional management, and the aftercare body, the Borstal Association of Ireland (B.A.I.), cooperated in a type of alliance with the aim of bringing about the reform of the juvenile-adult offender. Ultimate power rested in the hands of G.P.B. administrators but it is clear that governors, warders and aftercare officials had considerable influence in the decision-making process.
Keeping disloyalty within bounds? British media control in Ireland, 1914–19
Authors: Ó Drisceoil Donal
Published: February 2017

Control over the media is a key lever of state power. During the First World War and immediate post-war period, British officials in Ireland exercised this power as they attempted to curtail radical Irish nationalism. While state control over the media can be wielded in direct form (usually through suppression), it frequently manifests itself more subtly and indirectly, through moderate censorship for example, especially when the state in question has a democratic dimension and liberal traditions or pretensions. In Ireland in the period covered by this article state interference with the media was both direct and indirect, partially mirroring the dual policy of coercion and conciliation that marked the final years of British governance over the whole island. Neither strategy succeeded in hobbling republican political advance, however, and censorship and suppression came to be regarded by radicals as irritants and obstacles that could be overcome.
New Nationalism? The S.D.L.P. and the creation of a socialist and labour party in Northern Ireland, 1969–75
Authors: Campbell Sarah
Published: February 2017

‘Since our foundation, the S.D.L.P. has been proudly nationalist and is 100 per cent for a United Ireland.’ This description, from the website of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (S.D.L.P.), advances a claim which might be thought not to sit easy with the party's founding ideals which claimed it as a ‘radical socialist party’ and insisted that, while a united Ireland was one of the party's main aims, it would prioritise the socio-economic above the constitutional question. This article will argue that while the S.D.L.P. was widely recognised as a major advance in nationalist politics in Northern Ireland when it was formed in August 1970, it had lost its avant-garde approach to the constitutional question and become a more organised form of the old Nationalist Party by 1975. Although initially the S.D.L.P. combined socialist rhetoric with a discourse that linked social justice with the reunification of the island – its ideal was a ‘completely new constitution for the whole of Ireland, a constitution which will provide the framework for the emergence of a just, egalitarian and secular society’ – there existed an uneasy tension between nationalist and socialist aims within the party, with the former taking precedence by the time of the powersharing Executive of 1974.
Villain, victim or prophet?: William Gregory and the Great Famine
Authors: Walker Brian M.
Published: February 2017

The name of Sir William Gregory features in most modern accounts of Ireland in the nineteenth century. It is fair to say, however, that usually he is regarded as a ‘villain’. Gregory is very widely known as the author of a piece of legislation introduced as part of relief measures during the Famine which sought to limit aid to those with a quarter acre or under of land and which became known as the Gregory clause or the quarter acre clause. An article in the New York Times on 16 July 2002 about the dedication of an Irish famine memorial in New York described the 5 million-dollar monument as follows: ‘The quarter-acre size of the monument adheres to the infamous Gregory clause passed by the British parliament in 1847, which decreed that cottiers whose plots exceeded that size would not be eligible for relief. The cottage is roofless because many farmers tore the thatches off their homes to prove destitution and qualify for relief.’ Most modern academic accounts of the Famine have been very critical of Gregory. It is widely accepted that the purpose of the Gregory clause was to assist landlords to clear their estates of pauperised smallholders who were paying little or no rent. This measure has been seen by some as leading to mass evictions and causing the clearance of many small farmers and labourers throughout Ireland.
Spiritual imperialism and the mission of the Irish race: the Catholic Church and emigration from nineteenth-century Ireland
Authors: Roddy Sarah
Published: February 2017

The idea of an ‘Irish empire’ has had enduring appeal. It was a rare source of pride promoted by politicians and churchmen during depressed periods in independent Ireland, particularly the 1950s, and the phrase provided an evocative title for at least one popular – and notably sanguine – version of the Irish diaspora's story as late as the turn of this century. In such contexts ‘Irish empire’ can appear simply a wry play on a far more commonly used and, if recent scholarship is to be taken into account, by no means unrelated term, ‘British empire’. Yet as many historians of the Irish abroad, the Irish Catholic Church, and Irish culture more generally have noted, the existence of a peculiarly Irish ‘spiritual empire’ was widely spoken of even as the island's ports were daily choked with emigrants. Nevertheless, the pervasiveness and persistence of the concept, invariably involving the perception of a special, God-given emigrants' ‘mission’ to spread the Catholic religion in whatever part of the world they settled, warrant a more searching analysis than historians in the above-mentioned categories have hitherto devoted to it.
The mendicant orders and vernacular Irish learning in the late medieval period
Authors: Bhreathnach Edel
Published: February 2017

The significant contribution of the mendicant orders, and especially the Franciscans, to medieval European and English literature has for long been a subject of much detailed examination by scholars. It has been argued that the spiritual ethos and style of communication to society of the Franciscans, articulated by St Francis himself, brought about a greater use of vernacular languages throughout Europe in lyrical poetry and preaching and in catechetical and devotional texts. While earlier religious communities had fostered certain types of texts, such as exegetical works and saints’ lives, the new orders of friars had a greater impact on a wider section of society.
The political career of Michael Tierney, 1920–44
Authors: Martin Peter
Published: February 2017

Although Michael Tierney became famous as a controversial, reforming president of U.C.D., he had been a ubiquitous figure in Irish national politics for over twenty years before. A radical member of Cumann na nGaedheal and a key intellectual influence on the early Fine Gael party, he reinvented himself as a political independent, and campaigned for a vocational model of government in Ireland in line with papal teaching. He was that rarity in Irish politics – a political conservative who was also a public intellectual, and who tried to build a political career based on the quality of his ideas rather than tribal loyalties.
Directions in historiography: History and Irish nationalism
Authors: English| Richard
Published: February 2017

Nationalism remains arguably the most important framework within which to explore, explain and understand modern Irish history. The object of this article is, first, to reflect on some impressive recent scholarship on the Irish nationalist past and, second, to propose a related set of suggestions intended to deepen and enrich our approach to the subject. It therefore offers both a respectful assessment of how we have thought about history and Irish nationalism, and also an agenda-conscious programme regarding how we should do so in future.
The Dublin Evening Mail and pro-landlord conservatism in the age of Gladstone and Parnell
Authors: Patrick Maume
Published: February 2017

The historiography of nineteenth-century Irish newspapers centres on the development of a nationalist press nationally and locally, with expansion of readership and titles connected to the great waves of politicisation under O’Connell and Parnell. Studies of unionist newspapers tend to focus on Ulster or the Irish Times, whose institutional continuity maintains interest in its earlier incarnations, and whose relatively liberal nineteenth-century unionism was directed at the Dublin Protestant middle classes. There was, however, another type of nineteenth-century Southern unionist newspaper addressing a conservative audience of landlords, professionals and Church of Ireland clerics. Such diehard newspapers often clung to older business models involving limited readership, and underpinned their activities by second jobs and patronage from local elites, though the Dublin Tory press developed a somewhat wider audience.
Directions in historiography: Our island story? Towards a transnational history of late modern Ireland
Authors: Delaney Enda
Published: February 2017

The besetting sin of all historical writing is myopia. Large as well as small nations suffer equally from the disheartening insularity of rarely looking beyond the borders of the nation state as geographical borders mutate into mental, cultural and historiographical ones. Myopia's close relative is the unshakeable doctrine of exceptionalism: the assumption that each nation's history is, by definition,sui generis. National histories written in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries fostered notions of a shared identity and created the sense of an embryonic nation. A critical element in this process was stressing the exceptional characteristics, such as the tradition of liberal governance in Britain, American liberty or the revolutionary origins of the French state. That this history of nations was presented for popular consumption as a story is understandable – story-telling is the most effective method of communicating a narrative to a wide audience.
Full circle: the Manning–Gladstone correspondence
Authors: Wright Owain
Published: February 2017

In his famous portrayal of the eminent Victorian Henry Manning, Lytton Strachey commented thus: ‘It was as if the Fates had laid a wager that they would daunt him; and in the end they lost their bet.’ As one of the high-profile British converts to Roman Catholicism (1851), archbishop of Westminster (1865), cardinal (1875) and candidate for the papacy (1878), Manning was one of the most formidable and influential churchmen of his day. Throughout his adult life, he shared an intellectual, respectful and fractious friendship with William Gladstone who, as Liberal party leader and four-time British prime minister (1868–74, 1880–5, 1886, 1892–4), was the most successful and prolific politician of his generation. The relationship between Manning and Gladstone is significant because in his political career the latter paid great attention to the former. Throughout, Gladstone was fascinated by religious polemics, while his views on constitutional government were shaped very much by his own religious convictions.
Limits on Constitutional Rights: The Marginal Role of Proportionality Analysis
Authors: Moon Richard
Published: February 2017

Canada is often cited as one of the principal sources of proportionality analysis – an approach to the determination of limits on constitutional rights that has been adopted in many jurisdictions. The two-step structure of constitutional rights adjudication is built on the idea that these rights are the basic conditions of individual autonomy or liberty that must be protected from the demands of collective welfare. At the first stage of the adjudication the court determines whether the restricted activity falls within the scope of the right. At the second stage the court balances the right against the competing interest advanced by the restrictive law to determine whether the restriction is justified. Yet few of these rights fit this individual liberty model and are better understood as social or relational in character, protecting different aspects of the individual's interaction or connection with others in the community. If we recognise that most constitutional rights do not simply protect individual autonomy but instead protect different aspects of human flourishing or dignity within community then two conclusions may follow. First, there can be no single generic test for limits on rights. The form or character of ‘limitations’ on these rights may differ in significant ways. Second, the two steps of adjudication may often be difficult to separate, or the separation may seem quite artificial. Many of the issues addressed by the courts will not fit easily into the two-step structure of analysis because the ‘competing’ interests are really different dimensions of a social relationship.
On fractional linear bounds for probability generating functions
Authors: Lefevre Claude , Hallin Marc , Narayan Prakash
Published: February 2017

The best upper and lower bounds for any probability generating function with mean m and finite variance are derived within the family of fractional linear functions with mean m. These are often intractable and simpler bounds, more useful for practical purposes, are then constructed. Direct applications in branching and epidemic theories are briefly presented; a slight improvement of the bounds is obtained for infinitely divisible distributions.
A Preliminary Assessment of the Potential Application of Glaciochemical Investigations on Heard Island South Indian Ocean
Authors: Spencer Mary Jo , Mayewski Paul A. , Berry Lyons Wm. , Hendy Martin R.
Published: February 2017

Analyses of fluoride, chloride, sodium, sulfate, bromide, nitrate, and iron from a 3 m snow pit on Heard Island, collected at an elevation of 2450, m are used to assess the potential of glaciochemical studies on. Heard Island glaciers. Sources for the chemical species are identified and, in particular, chloride, sodium, and sulfate are found to be useful seasonal indicators. The total record measured is believed to be less than one mass-balance year.
A Correction Factor for Rogh's Stability Ingerx of Slab Avalanche Release
Authors: Sommerfeld R. A. , King R. M. , Budding F.
Published: February 2017

Roch (1966) proposed that the ratio of the strength of a bed layer to the load on it could be used to predict slab avalanche release. However, both he and Perla (unpublished) found that the mean strength was approximately twice the mean stress for snow layers known to have failed. A strength-size relationship is proposed to explain this discrepancy.
Revision and redescription of some Lower Mississippian trilobites from the Chouteau Formation (Kinderhookian) of central Missouri
Authors: Brezinski David K.
Published: February 2017

Recent recovery of specimens of new and previously poorly known Lower Mississippian trilobite species from the Chouteau Formation of central Missouri has prompted their comparison with contemporaries of Eurasia. Two new genera,DixiphopygeandComptonaspis, are proposed utilizingBrachymetopus armatusVogdes andProetus swallowiShumard, respectively, as type species. Two species are assigned toBrachymetopusandNamuropyge, genera previously unknown from Chouteau strata. The first complete dorsal exoskeletons of the genusProetidesWinchell are described and illustrated. Indeterminate species ofBreviphillipsiaandPiltoniaare described and illustrated.
New species of Unuchinia (Mammalia: Insectivora) from the middle Paleocene of North America
Authors: Gunnell Gregg F.
Published: February 2017

A new species of Unuchinia, U. diaphanes, is described from the Torrejonian Land Mammal Age, middle Paleocene, of North America. This species extends the temporal range of Unuchinia, previously documented only from the late Paleocene Tiffanian Land Mammal Age of North America. This species provides new dental evidence to support the placement of Unuchinia in a separate subfamily, Unuchiniinae, distinct from that of other apatemyids. Unuchiniinae differ from other Apatemyidae by the retention of two enlarged anterior teeth instead of one. Additionally, these teeth are implanted more vertically and are less procumbent than is the single enlarged anterior tooth typical of other apatemyids.
Calcareous foraminifers from the Bashkirian stratotype (Middle Carboniferous, south Urals) and their significance for intercontinental correlations and the evolution of the Fusulinidae
Authors: Groves John R.
Published: February 2017

The stratotype for the Bashkirian Stage of the Soviet Middle Carboniferous is located on the Askyn River in Gornaya Bashkiria (western slope of south Urals). Twenty-four rock samples, mostly from the lower part of the section, yielded abundant and diverse assemblages of calcareous foraminifers which are systematically described and illustrated here for the first time.

The foraminiferal assemblage from the Siuransky Horizon at the base of the Bashkirian is essentially identical to that from the top of the underlying Lower Carboniferous Serpukhovian Stage. Thus, foraminifers do not provide a basis for identifying the Soviet Lower–Middle Carboniferous boundary. This notwithstanding, the presence of the foraminiferGlobivalvulina bulloides(Brady) (=G. moderataReitlinger) and the conodontIdiognathodus parvus(Dunn) in both the upper Serpukhovian and Bashkirian indicates that the base of the Bashkirian can be no older than medial to late Morrowan of the North American succession. The primitive fusulinidPseudostaffella(Pseudostaffella) appears at the bases of the lower Bashkirian Akavassky Horizon and the North American Atokan Series. The base of the Akavassky is interpreted to be somewhat older than early Atokan, however, becausePs.(Pseudostaffella) appeared in the Urals in phylogenetic continuity with its immediate ancestor, whereas in most of North America it was an immigrant.

The type Bashkirian succession contains a seemingly complete phylogeny from advanced eostaffellids to primitive fusulinids.Plectostaffella jakhensis, immediate ancestor to the fusulinids, arose from a member of theEostaffella postmosquensisplexus in the late Serpukhovian.Plectostaffella jakhensis, in turn, gave rise toPs.(Semistaffella)variabilisin the early Bashkirian (late Siuransky), from which evolvedPs.(Ps.)antiquashortly thereafter (earliest Akavassky). An as yet unidentified but advanced species ofPs.(Pseudostaffella) is the most likely ancestor to late BashkirianNeostaffella ivanovi. The evolutionary series leading from theE. postmosquensisplexus to primitiveNeostaffellaapparently developed exclusively in the Eurasian–Arctic faunal realm, asPl. jakhensis, Ps.(Semistaffella)variabilis, andPs.(Ps.)antiquaare unknown in the Midcontinent–Andean region. DiversePs.(Pseudostaffella) spp. appeared in the latter area pursuant to an adaptive radiation aided by periodic interchange between faunal realms.
Stromatoporoids from the Famennian (Devonian) Wabamun Formation, Normandville oilfield, north–central Alberta, Canada
Authors: Stearn Colin W.
Published: February 2017

Stromatoporoids are the principal framebuilding organisms in the patch reef that is part of the reservoir of the Normandville field. The reef is 10 m thick and 1.5 km2 in area and demonstrates that stromatoporoids retained their ability to build reefal edifices into Famennian time despite the biotic crisis at the close of Frasnian time. The fauna is dominated by labechiids but includes three non-labechiid species. The most abundant species is Stylostroma sinense (Dong) but Labechia palliseri Stearn is also common. Both these species are highly variable and are described in terms of multiple phases that occur in a single skeleton. The other species described are Clathrostroma cf. C. jukkense Yavorsky, Gerronostroma sp. (a columnar species), and Stromatopora sp. The fauna belongs in Famennian/Strunian assemblage 2 as defined by Stearn et al. (1988).
Triassic sponges (Sphinctozoa) from Hells Canyon, Oregon
Authors: Senowbari-Daryan Baba , Stanley George D.
Published: February 2017

Two Upper Triassic sphinctozoan sponges of the family Sebargasiidae were recovered from silicified residues collected in Hells Canyon, Oregon. These sponges are Amblysiphonella cf. A. steinmanni (Haas), known from the Tethys region, and Colospongia whaleni n. sp., an endemic species. The latter sponge was placed in the superfamily Porata by Seilacher (1962). The presence of well-preserved cribrate plates in this sponge, in addition to pores of the chamber walls, is a unique condition never before reported in any porate sphinctozoans. Aporate counterparts known primarily from the Triassic Alps have similar cribrate plates but lack the pores in the chamber walls. The sponges from Hells Canyon are associated with abundant bivalves and corals of marked Tethyan affinities and come from a displaced terrane known as the Wallowa Terrane. It was a tropical island arc, suspected to have paleogeographic relationships with Wrangellia; however, these sponges have not yet been found in any other Cordilleran terrane.
Dentalium (Antalis) acumen (Koninck) in China: correction
Authors: Hui-Ji Wang
Published: February 2017

Recently Ellis L. Yochelson visited the Shanghai Museum of Natural History and saw the illustrated specimen of Dentalium (A.) acumen from the lower Carboniferous of Guizhou Province, China. He pointed out that the straight shell of Dentalium (Antalis) acumen (Koninck) which was described by Wang (1987) is an orthoconic cephalopod. The anterior part of the shell is crushed, as is common on the living chamber of those orthocones which preserve it. Examination of the early part of the shell showed that it was broken along a curved surface; that is, it broke along a septal wall. By wetting this area, it was possible to see the outline of a central siphuncle at this septum. Thus, it remains true that until now, no scaphopod has been recorded in Chinese Paleozoic beds.
A new technique for preparing quantitative nannofossil slides
Authors: Wei Wuchang
Published: February 2017

With the quest for more detailed and precise micropaleontologic data has come a stronger emphasis for quantitative studies of microfossils. Many workers have realized, however, that slide preparation and counting can contribute large errors in quantitative studies (Battarbee, 1973; Moore, 1973; Hattner and Wise, 1980; Laws, 1983).
Impact of deep brain stimulation of the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule on cognition in depression
Authors: Bergfeld I. O. , Mantione M. , Hoogendoorn M. L. C. , Ruhé H. G. , Horst F. , Notten P. , van Laarhoven J. , van den Munckhof P. , Beute G. , Schuurman P. R. , Denys D.
Published: February 2017

Background

Preliminary studies report no negative and a possible positive impact of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on cognition of patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, these studies neither controlled for practice effects nor compared active with sham stimulation.

Method

To address these limitations, we compared 25 TRD patients, who underwent DBS of the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule (vALIC), with 21 healthy controls (HCs) matched on gender, age and education level. Both groups did subtests of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery assessing verbal and visuospatial memory, attention, cognitive flexibility, psychomotor functioning, planning and object naming. TRD patients were tested 3 weeks prior to DBS surgery (baseline), 3 weeks following surgery (T1) and following 52 weeks of DBS optimization (T2). HCs were tested at baseline, 6 weeks following baseline (T1) and 20–24 weeks following baseline (T2). Subsequently, TRD patients entered a randomized, double-blind crossover phase, in which they were tested in an active and a sham stimulation phase.

Results

TRD patients did not improve on a test of immediate verbal recognition from baseline to T1, whereas HCs did (group x time: p = 0.001). Both TRD patients and HCs improved over sessions on tests measuring delayed verbal recall, visuospatial memory, planning and object naming (all p < 0.01). Active and sham stimulation did not have an impact on any of the tests differentially.

Conclusions

vALIC DBS neither has a lasting positive nor negative impact on cognition in TRD patients. DBS surgery might have a temporary negative effect on verbal memory.
Originary Song, Poetic Composition, and Transgression: A Reading of Horace, Odes 1.3 and 1.22
Authors: Pucci Joseph
Published: February 2017

This paper argues for a combined reading ofOdes1.3, thepropempticonfor Virgil, andOdes1.22, theLalageode. The arrangement of the first book ofOdesplaces 1.3 in structural relation to 1.22; and the appearance ofscelus, ‘sin’, in the penultimate verse of 1.3 and the initial line of 1.22 activates a thematic affiliation that has gone unexamined in the scholarship. I take the poet's use ofscelusas my starting point, analysing in what follows the ways in which Virgil and Horace are both positioned in the drama of 1.3 as practitioners ofscelusof a kind that associates them with Prometheus, Daedalus and Hercules. Then I press the question of how such a depiction makes sense, given the ways in which these mythological exemplars are shown to be transgressors of natural boundaries. I then turn to 1.22 for an answer otherwise not forthcoming in 1.3, wherescelusreappears in a poem about the power of song. I argue that the transgression Virgil and Horace practise in 1.3 is poetic composition itself—a sin Horace himself commits in the very odes that dramatise it, but whose staging extols the purity and integrity of a kind of singing that is prior to the concatenation of word, metre and music that go into the composing of any poetry. I see in these odes, then, a meditation on the ways in which poets cross back and forth between a boundary that separates originary song from the polished songs of poetry that it initiates—surely a topic that interested, and vexed, Horace for all of his career, and about which these odes have something fundamental to tell.
Colluthus' ‘Homeric’ Epyllion
Authors: Magnelli Enrico
Published: February 2017

Poetaster, plagiarist, parrot, and so on. During the last two centuries, Colluthus has been widely reputed an utterly bad poet by both amateur readers and professional scholars: his reputation is not much better than that once enjoyed by, say, Eudocia or Dioscorus of Aphrodito. It is therefore unsurprising that the literary features of his poem have won very little attention from the res publica philologorum. Efforts have been made to emend its (very badly transmitted) text, and much ingenuity has been devoted to the study of its sources and its diction; but few scholars have tried to analyse the Rape of Helen as a literary work. The present paper hopes to be a first step towards such a goal. Let me say from the very beginning that I am not concerned at all with Colluthus' inspiration, skill or the quality of his poetry. This is not what I mean by speaking of a ‘revaluation’ of our poem. Nor am I trying to follow in the steps of Giangrande, who once made a sustained effort to demonstrate that Colluthus was fond of learned allusion in an almost Alexandrian way—Giangrande rightly pointed to Colluthus' irony, but his interpretations of single passages and phrases were for the most part ill-founded, and it was quite easy for Livrea, in a spirited reply to Giangrande, to dispose of them. My concern is a simple one: what was the aim of the Rape of Helen? Are there any ‘signs of life’ in those 394 hexameters—to put it in other words: are we sure that Colluthus aimed at a slavish rewriting of the story of Paris and Helen with the bare addition of some Nonnian flavour, or rather may we suppose that his poetical project was slightly more ambitious?
Literariness and Levels of Style in Epigraphical Poetry of Late Antiquity
Authors: Agosti Gianfranco
Published: February 2017

Nowadays, scholars usually speak of a ‘renaissance’ of poetry in the Greek literature of late antiquity, underlining at the same time the new relevance of poetic communication in late antique society and the renewal of our interest in this not so well-known production of late Greek literature. Renaissance and related terms are, of course, effective ways to describe the flowering of Greek poetry from the fourth to sixth centuries CE, so long as this does not undervalue the importance of continuity (which is not the same as tradition). Even the most significant innovation in late antique Greek poetry, namely the so-called ‘Nonnian manner’ or ‘modern style’, stems from a longtime sedimentation and perfectioning of linguistic and stylistic features which can be traced back to the Hellenistic age. Albert Wifstrand, in his seminal book of 1933, already pointed to this major fact, which Mary Whitby has systematically dealt with in an important article of 1994. Moreover, recent studies demonstrate that for a proper understanding of late antique poetry one must take into account Christian poetic production as well, which stands four-square within the traditions of Greek literature (in spite of the fact that classical = pagan is an equation which dies hard for some classicists). In the present paper both pagan and Christian epigrams will be considered to equally represent the aesthetics of late antiquity (or estetica antico-bizantina, to use Averincev's terminology).
Glaciological Investigations Using the Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging System
Authors: Bindschadler R.A. , Jezek K.C. , Crawford J.
Published: February 2017

Numerous examples of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery of ice sheets are shown and prominent features of glaciological importance which appear in the images are discussed. Features which can be identified include surface undulations, ice-flow lines, crevasses, icebergs, lakes, and streams (even lakes and streams which are inactive or covered by snow), and possibly, the extent of the ablation and wet snow zones. SAR images presented here include both L-band data from the Seasat satellite and X-band data from an airborne radar. These two data sets overlap at a part of eastern Greenland where a direct comparison can be made between two images. Comparison is also made between SAR and Landsat images in western Greenland. It is concluded that SAR and Landsat are highly complementary instruments; Landsat images contain minimal distortion while SAR’s all-weather, day/night capability plus its ability to penetrate snow provide glaciologists with an additional and very powerful tool for research.
Evolution of the Illecillewaet Glacier, Glacier National Park, B.C., Using Historical Data, Aerial Photography and Satellite Image Analysis
Authors: Champoux André , Ommanney C.S.L.
Published: February 2017

The Illecillewaet Glacier (British Columbia) has been surveyed in a variety of ways since the end of the 19th century. A summary of the different information - archive photographs, field surveys, photo-interpretation, and remote sensing - reveals that between 1887 and 1962, the glacier had retreated more than one kilometre. However, since 1972, it has advanced about 100 m. The techniques used and the results are discussed.
Radio-Echo Investigations of Ronne Ice Shelf
Authors: Crabtree R.D. , Doake C.S.M.
Published: February 2017

Since 1981, the British Antarctic Survey has flown 27 000 line kilometres over Ronne Ice Shelf, during which radio-echo ice thicknesses were recorded. An earlier map of ice thickness was compiled from about 5000 km of flight lines flown by three different organisations over a period of 12 years A new, detailed map of the thickness of Ronne Ice Shelf has been produced, which agrees with the earlier version, but shows more structure in the north-western part. In particular, major ice streams maintain their idenity from sources such as Evans and Rutford ice streams all the way to the ice front. Regions where the ice shelf is locally grounded over Kershaw Ice Rumples and over more extensive ice rumples between Korff and Henry ice rises play a significant role in controlling the dynamics of the ice shelf. There is a possibility of extensive freezing-on of sea water under the thin, central section of Ronne Ice Shelf, although the radio-echo evidence for a thick layer of saline ice is ambiguous.
Analysis and Simulation of Altimeter Performance for the Production of Ice Sheet Topographic Maps
Authors: Partington K.C. , Rapley C.G.
Published: February 2017

Satellite-borne, radar altimeters have already demonstrated an ability to produce high-precision, topographic maps of the ice sheets. Seasat operated in a tracking mode, designed for use over oceans, but successfully tracked much of the flatter regions of the ice sheet to ± 72° latitude. ERS-1 will extend coverage to ± 82° latitude and will be equipped with an ocean mode similar to that of Seasat and an ice mode designed to permit tracking of the steeper, peripheral regions. The ocean mode will be used over the flatter regions, because of its greater precision.

Altimeter performance over the ice sheets has been investigated through a study of Seasat tracking behaviour and the use of an altimeter performance simulator, with a view to assessing the likely performance of ERS-1 and the design of improved tracking systems. Analysis of Seasat data shows that lock was frequently lost, as a result of possessing a non-linear height error signal over the width of the range window. Having lost lock, the tracker frequently failed to transfer rapidly and effectively to track mode. Use of the altimeter performance simulator confirms many of the findings from Seasat data and it is being used to facilitate data interpretation and mapping, through the modelling of waveform sequence.
Physical and Structural Characteristics of Antarctic Sea Ice
Authors: Gow A.J. , Ackley S.F. , Weeks W.F. , Govoni J.W.
Published: February 2017

Observations during February and March 1980 of structures in 66 separate floes in Weddell Sea pack ice show widespread occurrence of frazil ice in amounts not previously reported in sea ice of comparable age and thickness in the Arctic. It is estimated that as much as 50% of the total ice production in the Weddell Sea is generated as frazil. Average floe salinities also appear higher than those of their Arctic counterparts. Comparative studies of fast ice at 28 locations in McMurdo Sound show this ice to be composed almost entirely of congelation ice that exhibits crystalline textures and orientations that are similar to those observed in Arctic fast ice. However, average fast-ice salinities in McMurdo Sound are higher than those reported for Arctic fast ice of comparable age and thickness.
Acidity Levels in Ice Sheets from Radio Echo-Sounding
Authors: Millar D. H. M.
Published: February 2017

It has been suggested (Hammer 1977, Gudmandsen and Overgaard 1978, Millar 1981) that layers of acidic ice, formed after large volcanic eruptions, are a cause of radio echo layering. The power reflection coefficient (PRO of these reflecting layers may be related to their acid content and thickness. The present paper makes estimates of ice acidity from radio echo-sounding (RES) and compares them with measured values along Greenland ice cores. Dated Antarctic PRC/depth profiles are also presented, and acidity estimates made which give a crude indication of past volcanic activity in the southern hemisphere to ~150 ka BP.
Snow Stratigraphic Studies At Dome C, East Antarctica: An Investigation Of Depositional and Diagenetic Processes
Authors: Palais J. M. , Whillans I. M. , Bull C.
Published: February 2017

The increased interest in past climatic changes, as revealed by studies of long ice cores from polar ice sheets, has stressed the need for a better understanding of the development of the stratigraphic record preserved in these cores. This paper presents some results of surface investigations at Dome C (74°30'S, 123°10'E), East Antarctica, carried out in austral summers 1978-79 and 1979-80. An explanation is presented of the snow stratigraphy, in terms of depositional and post-depositional processes, that is supported by detailed accumulation measurements at stakes and by snow-pit studies. Temporal and areal variability of snow accumulation are investigated to determine how representative the results interpreted from a single core might be for the Dome C region. Finally, the reliability of several stratigraphic methods for defining annual layers is assessed.

Snow-pit studies show that major depositional features are preserved with depth. Visible annual strata at Dome C are composed of thin, hard crusts overlying thicker layers of soft to medium-hard snow. Low density depth-hoar layers, when they occur, are usually found below the thin, hard crusts. Depth profiles of gross 8-radioactivity and of microparticles concentration exhibit annual cyclicity which, together with the detailed visible stratigraphy, can be used to assign dates to the layers.
Radio Echo-Sounding Of Shirase Glacier And The Yamato Mountains Area
Authors: Wada Makoto , Yamanouchi Takashi , Mae Shinji
Published: February 2017

In 1979, the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) developed a 179 MHz airborne radio echo-sounder (NIPR-A), and installed it in a Pilatus Porter PC-6 aircraft. The peak power of the sounder is about lkW and the pulse width is 0.3 ys. Soundings were carried out in Antarctica on Shirase Glacier and the Yamato Mountains in January 1980. The total flight distance over the Shirase Glacier was about 500 km in six flights, while, on the Yamato Mountains area, about 80 km long, two north-south flights and three eastwest flights were carried out.

In spite of poor wave penetration, the presence of many sub-glacial uplands (1 000 to 2 000 m a.s.l.) near the Yamato Mountains area was revealed. Discussion is concentrated on the bedrock and surface topography of the bare ice area near Motoi Nunatak in the southeast Yamato Mountains, because the previous traverse party covered this area and many meteorites have been discovered here.

A high sub-ice ridge with three peaks extends east of Motoi Nunatak, and from 22 to 28 km east of Motoi Nunatak there is a short ridge with two peaks. From 12 to 20 km up-glacier from Motoi Nunatak, a long but comparatively low ridge surrounds Motoi Nunatak ridge like an arc. Finally, the sub-ice flow lines near Motoi Nunatak are deduced from new and earlier data.
Absolute Movements, Mass Balance, and Snow Temperatures of the Riiser-Larsenisen (Abstract only)
Authors: Gjessing Yngvar , Wold Bjørn
Published: February 2017

During the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expeditions 1967–77 and 1978–79 a land party worked on Riiser-Larsenisen, an ice shelf 120 km wide on the coast of Dronning Maud Land (15° to 20°W). In February 1977 three patterns of six stakes each were laid out over areas of about 4 km2 as part of a combined investigation into absolute movements and strain-rates. Eight stakes for absolute movement were also laid out. The stakes were also used for determination of mean snow accumulation together with a stake line across the ice shelf. The positions of the stakes were determined by theodolite observations from the stake points and from trigonometric stations located on land and on an ice rise near the ice front.

In February 1979 all these measurements were repeated, and absolute movement, deformation, and mean accumulation were calculated. The absolute velocity of the ice shelf varied from 30 m a−1 near the grounding line to 130 m a−1 near the ice front. The mean annual accumulation was 510 mm water equivalent on the outer part of the ice shelf and 580 mm at the grounding line. Based on these measurements, together with snow-density measurements down to 16 m and measurements of the height of the ice shelf, the mass balance of the ice shelf was studied.

The stake pattern across the grounding line showed considerable expansion. This is interpreted as a result of water freezing in bottom crevasses made by the tides.

In 1979 snow temperatures were measured in eight bore holes down to 10 m depth. The snow temperatures at 10 m depth were used as a measure of the annual mean air temperature. The annual mean air temperature ranged from -16.8°C near the ice front to -19.2°C at the grounding line. Snow temperatures in bore holes on the slope of the ice rise and inland indicate a mean atmospheric temperature inversion of 0.28°C 100 m−1 for a 440 m layer near the grounding line, and 0.30°C 100 m−1 for a 160 m layer near the ice front. Here a mean inversion of 2.8°C 100 m−1 was found for the lowest 40 m layer of the atmosphere.
A Time-Dependent Model of an Ice Dome-Ice Stream-Ice Shelf System: Preliminary Results (Abstract only)
Authors: Bindschadler Robert , Gore Robert
Published: February 2017

This model is designed to simulate the temporal response of an ice sheet along a flow line by accounting properly for the division of the driving stress Into basal-stress and longitudinal-stress gradient components. A vertical section along a central flow line is divided into both horizontal and vertical grid points. A self-consistent solution of stress and velocity is found for any specified geometry. The sliding velocity is determined from a relationship which includes the base stress and a prescribed sub glacial water pressure. In these experiments, the ice is assumed to be isothermal. For any given set of initial conditions and a specified mass-balance distribution, the model follows the temporal behavior of the flow line to a steady state. In later work, the water pressure will be calculated from the equilibrium pressure within RothHsberger conduits for the specific geometry and determined rate of meltwater production. The time-varying temperature field due to conductive and advectlve processes will be included in later versions of the model.