bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SIRT5‐mediated HOXA5 desuccinylation inhibits ferroptosis to alleviate sepsis induced‐lung injury
Authors: Wang Lei , Fan Heng , Sun Min , Ye Ji‐Hui
Published: December 2024

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common and severe complication of sepsis with a high mortality rate. Ferroptosis, an iron‐dependent form of cell death, contributes to lung injury. Homeobox A5 (HOXA5) is involved in the regulation of septic acute kidney damage; however, its function on ferroptosis in septic ALI remains unclear. An in vitro model of septic lung injury was established in the pulmonary epithelial cell line (MLE‐12) via lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Cell viability, ferrous iron (Fe2+) level, and cellular lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined with Cell Counting Kit‐8 assay, iron assay kit, and BODIPY™ 665/676 molecular probe, respectively. HOXA5, ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), sirtuin 5 (SIRT5), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expressions were measured using western blotting and Real‐Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT‐qPCR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays were performed to validate HOXA5 binding to the FSP1/GPX4 promoter, and regulation of SIRT5 on HOXA5 desuccinylation was confirmed through co‐immunoprecipitation. LPS stimulation induced ferroptosis (reduced cell viability, elevated Fe2+ and lipid ROS levels, and decreased GPX4 levels) and downregulated FSP1 and HOXA5 protein levels. HOXA5 overexpression neutralized LPS‐induced ferroptosis. Moreover, LPS exposure inhibited HOXA5 binding to the FSP1 promoter, which was counteracted via HOXA5 overexpression. Furthermore, SIRT5 overexpression suppressed LPS‐induced ferroptosis. In LPS‐challenged MLE‐12 cells, SIRT5‐mediated HOXA5 desuccinylation was reduced. HOXA5 depletion neutralized the suppressive role of SIRT5 overexpression in LPS‐induced ferroptosis. SIRT5‐mediated HOXA5 desuccinylation inhibited LPS‐induced ferroptosis by upregulating FSP1, which may offer a prospective therapeutic strategy for septic lung injury.
D‐Band MUTC Photodiode Module for Ultra‐Wideband 160 Gbps Photonics‐Assisted Fiber‐THz Integrated Communication System
Authors: Tian Yuxin , Li Yaxuan , Xiong Bing , Zhang Junwen , Sun Changzheng , Hao Zhibiao , Wang Jian , Wang Lai , Han Yanjun , Li Hongtao , Gan Lin , Chi Nan , Luo Yi
Published: December 2024

Current wireless communication systems are increasingly constrained by insufficient bandwidth and limited power output, impeding the achievement of ultra‐high‐speed data transmission. The terahertz (THz) range offers greater bandwidth, but it also imposes higher requirements on broadband and high‐power devices. In this work, a modified uni‐traveling‐carrier photodiode (MUTC‐PD) module with WR‐6 waveguide output is presented for photonics‐assisted fiber‐THz integrated wireless communications. Through the optimization of the epitaxial structure and high‐impedance coplanar waveguide (CPW), the fabricated 6 µm‐diameter MUTC‐PD achieves a high output power of −0.96 dBm at 150 GHz and ultra‐flat frequency response at D‐band. The MUTC‐PD is subsequently packaged into a compact WR‐6 module, incorporating planar‐circuit‐based RF‐choke, DC‐block, and probe. The packaged PD module demonstrates high saturation power and flat frequency responses with minimal power roll‐off of only ≈2 dB over 110–170 GHz. By incorporating the PD module into a fiber‐THz integrated communication system, the high data rate of up to 160 Gbps with 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is successfully secured. The demonstration verifies the potential of the PD module for ultra‐broadband and ultra‐high‐speed THz communications, setting a foundation for future research in high‐speed data transmission.
A Strong Red‐Emitting Phosphor‐in‐BASK‐Glass through Spark Plasma Sintering: Insights into the Role of Interfacial Reaction on PL Efficiencies
Authors: Zhang Manman , Meng Mengmeng , Zhou Lingjun , Wang Panyi , Cui Yingying , Jiang Yangyang , Cai Muzhi , Tang Jintian , Hua Youjie , Calvez Laurent , Qiao Xvsheng , Zhang Xianghua , Xu Shiqing
Published: December 2024

Red‐emitting phosphor‐in‐glass (Red‐PiG) color converters are critical for high‐power light‐emitting diode or laser‐driven lighting applications, yet they remain challenging due to the degradation and interfacial reactions of red‐emitting phosphors within glass matrixes. This study investigates the efficacy of spark plasma sintering (SPS) in inhibiting these interfacial reactions across different phosphor and glass compositions. CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ and Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ phosphors, along with fluoride and borosilicate glasses, are selected to explore their interfacial behavior during SPS. By optimizing the interfacial morphology, a borosilicate‐based PiG with a luminous flux of 248 lm and a luminous efficiency of 173 lm W−1 is achieved, setting new benchmarks for Red‐PiG performance. In addition, laser‐driven white lighting based on the high‐performance Red‐PiG has a color rendering index of up to 90. The findings elucidate the mechanisms by which SPS can enhance interfacial stability and optical performance in Red‐PiG materials, offering strategic insights for advancing the synthesis of high‐quality PiG materials for optoelectronic applications.
Hybrid Thin‐Film Lithium Niobate Micro‐Ring Acousto‐Optic Modulator with Low Half‐Wave‐Voltage‐Length Product
Authors: Wan Lei , Huang Jiying , Wen Meixun , Li Huan , Zhou Wenfeng , Yang Zhiqiang , Chen Yuping , Liu Huilong , Zeng Siqing , Liu Dong , Yang Shuixian , Dai Daoxin , Li Zhaohui
Published: December 2024

Highly efficient acousto‐optic modulation plays a vital role in microwave‐to‐optical conversion. Herein, a hybrid thin‐film lithium niobate (TFLN) racetrack micro‐ring acousto‐optic modulator (AOM) implemented with a low‐loss chalcogenide (ChG) waveguide is demonstrated. By engineering the electrode configuration of the interdigital transducer, the double‐arm micro‐ring acousto‐optic modulation is experimentally confirmed in a non‐suspended ChG‐loaded TFLN waveguide platform. Varying the position of the blue‐detuned bias point, the half‐wave‐voltage‐length product V
πL of the hybrid TFLN micro‐ring AOM is as small as 9 mV cm. Accordingly, the acousto‐optic coupling strength is estimated to be 0.48 Hz s1/2 at an acoustic frequency of 0.84 GHz. By analyzing the generation of sideband photon number coupled out of the cavity, the ratio between the microwave photons and first‐order optical sideband photons is calculated to be 2.2 × 10−7% at room temperature. Highly efficient micro‐ring acousto‐optic modulation thus provides new opportunities for expanding TFLN‐ChG hybrid piezo‐optomechanical devices applied in the low‐power‐consumption quantum information transduction.
Salen‐Pd(II)‐Modified Stereoregular Polyisocyanides for Efficient Cooperative Catalysis of Suzuki Coupling Reaction
Authors: Liu Bing‐Hao , Zong Yang , Zhang Han‐Yi , Liu Na , Luo Jing , Wu Zong‐Quan
Published: December 2024

The development of high activity catalysts is crucial for improving industrial efficiency and mitigating environmental pollution. Polyisocyanides, with their pendant groups capable of forming ordered adjacent structures, offer a promising framework for designing cooperative catalysts that mimic the functionality of bimetallic centers. This unique structural arrangement is anticipated to significantly enhance catalytic activity in cooperative reactions. A novel approach to enhance the Suzuki coupling reaction using polymer‐supported catalysts is presented. In this study, stereoregular polyisocyanides with Salen‐Pd are functionalized to produce the Pd(II) metalized polyisocyanide (P1‐Pd). The rigid backbone of the polymer facilitates the parallel alignment of Salen‐Pd pendants, enabling double activation of the two substrates at an average distance of ≈1.2 nm. Catalytic efficiency is evaluated through Suzuki coupling reactions using various aryl halides. P1‐Pd demonstrates high activity, yielding the desired products with excellent conversion rates. Conversely, the irregular polymer counterpart P2‐Pd. P3‐Pd and the small molecule control C1‐Pd exhibit lower performance due to the absence of cooperative catalysis. To showcase the applicability of this strategy, Suzuki coupling is successfully conducted with outstanding yields for key drug intermediates, while also offering innovative insights for conjugated polymer synthesis.
Prediction of dynamic recrystallization behavior of SAE52100 large section bearing steel based on machine learning
Authors: Ding Peiheng , Shu Changqing , Zhang Shasha , Zhang Zhaokuan , Liu Xingshuai , Zhang Jicong , Chen Qian , Yu Shuaipeng , Zhu Xiaolin , Yao Zhengjun
Published: December 2024

This paper investigates the dynamic recrystallization characteristics of SAE52100 large section bearing steel under hot compression, focusing on both the center and surface. Using data from thermal simulation experiments the physical models were developed. Four machine learning algorithms including support vector regression, k‐nearest neighbors, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting were then employed to develop dynamic recrystallization prediction models based on the experimental data and inferred values from the physical model. The results show that the machine learning methods provide a better numerical description of the model, provided these are fed with extensive data. To enhance the scope of application, we obtained data from the dynamic recrystallization models for both the center and surface of SAE52100 steel in the as‐cast state, as well as extrapolated values from the literature regarding the hot‐rolled condition. When the SHAP method was introduced to reveal the mechanism of the influence of each input feature on the prediction results of the machine learning model, it was found that the test results of the Cr element did not match the theory, mainly because of the small scale of Cr elemental data and the strong dependence on grain size and secondary dendrite spacing.
Real‐Time Update Algorithm of Optical Fiber Distribution Network Equipment Based on Optical Imaging Technology
Authors: Shen Jian , Tong Guofeng , Yang Yang , Li Yong , Lou Peng
Published: December 2024

With the increasing digitalization of distribution network equipment (DNE), real‐time update algorithms for digital twin (DT) models have become a research focus on the digitalization of DNE. However, traditional real‐time update algorithms for DT models still have problems such as poor real‐time, accuracy, robustness, and scalability. To better promote the development of digitalization of DNE, this article aimed to study the real‐time update algorithm of DT models using the Internet of Things (IoT) and optical imaging technology, to achieve real‐time updates of DT models of DNE. The article first described the problems existing in the traditional DT model of DNE. Then, IoT sensors and optical devices were used to collect data related to DNE; the Savitzky–Golay filtering algorithm was used to denoise the data. This article combined the IoT and optical imaging technology to construct a DT model; using the recursive least squares method again, key parameters and state parameters were extracted from the constructed DT mechanism model, achieving real‐time updates of the DNE DT model. Finally, to verify the application effect of the IoT and optical imaging technology in real‐time update algorithms for DT models of DNE, this article compared them with traditional parameter sensitivity analysis and state estimation. The research results showed that in the real‐time and accuracy testing of test case 13, the algorithm used in this article had a time of 0.014 s and an accuracy of 93.2%. The parameter sensitivity analysis method had a time of 0.045 s and an accuracy of 80.4%. The state estimation method took 0.056 s and had an accuracy of 82.7%. In addition, the robustness and scalability of the real‐time update algorithm for the DNE DT model using the method proposed in this article were significantly better than the other two traditional methods. The results showed that the real‐time update algorithm of the DT model of DNE based on the IoT and optical imaging technology had better real‐time performance, higher accuracy, and better robustness and scalability. This study highlights the significant impact of the IoT and optical imaging technology on the accuracy, robustness, and real‐time performance of real‐time update algorithms for DT models. This provides more solutions for real‐time monitoring, prediction, and control of DNE.
Preparation of High‐Heat‐Resistant Silicone Hollow Particles
Authors: Nishi Hyota , Ishidate Shintaro , Amasaki Ryuta , Nakamoto Reina , Katsube Shinya , Suzuki Nozomu , Suzuki Toyoko , Minami Hideto
Published: December 2024

Single hollow particles are used in various fields, particularly in thermal insulation materials, owing to their low thermal conductivity attributed to encapsulated air properties. “The self‐assembling phase separated polymer (SaPSeP) method” is an original hollowing method that is proposed by this laboratory 25 years ago. Most hollow particles prepared by the SaPSeP method have carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen polymer shells, which lack sufficient heat resistance. In this study, hollow particles with a silicone shell, which is highly heat‐resistant, are prepared using the SaPSeP method using a trimer of 3‐methacryloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane (MPDS). The MPDS trimer (3MPDS) is synthesized through the sol–gel reaction of MPDS with a basic aqueous solution. Additionally, hollow particles are prepared using a new silicone oligomer composed of MPDS and dimethoxymethylvinylsilane (DMVS). Both hollow particles prepared from 3MPDS and from a new silicone oligomer composed of MPDS and DMVS showed high heat resistance. They maintained their hollow structure even when exposed to temperatures up to 900 °C.
Optimized MR pulse sequence for high‐resolution brain 3D‐T1ρ mapping with weighted spin‐lock acquisitions
Authors: Zibetti Marcelo V. W. , Menon Rajiv , De Moura Hector L. , Keerthivasan Mahesh B. , Regatte Ravinder R.
Published: December 2024

Purpose

To implement and evaluate the feasibility of brain spin–lattice relaxation in the rotating frame (T1ρ) mapping using a novel optimized pulse sequence that incorporates weighted spin‐lock acquisitions, enabling high‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) mapping.

Methods

The optimized variable flip‐angle framework, previously proposed for knee T1ρ mapping, was enhanced by integrating weighted spin‐lock acquisitions. This strategic combination significantly boosts signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) while reducing data acquisition time, facilitating high‐resolution 3D‐T1ρ mapping of the brain. The proposed sequence was compared with magnetization‐prepared angle‐modulated partitioned k‐space spoiled gradient‐echo sequence snapshots (MAPSS).

Results

The newly developed pulse sequence, tested for brain 3D‐T1ρ mapping for the first time, obtained maps in 4 min with quality comparable to a 20‐min MAPSS sequence. Specifically, the voxel‐wise median absolute percentage difference between these MR sequences at a resolution of 0.9 × 0.9 × 3 mm3 is 13.1%. If high resolution is desired, with a voxel size of 0.5 × 0.5 × 3 mm3, the new sequence can acquire T1ρ maps in 8 min, surpassing a 20‐min (and resolution of 0.9 × 0.9 × 3 mm3) MAPSS in SNR. The weighted spin‐lock acquisition combined with optimized variable flip angle improved the SNR over optimized variable flip angle alone by about 28%.

Conclusion

Compared with the 20‐min MAPSS sequence for brain T1ρ mapping, the proposed learned high‐resolution 3D pulse sequence simultaneously achieved a 2.3‐fold improvement in effective (3.2‐fold nominal) spatial resolution, a 1.1‐fold improvement in SNR, and a 2.5‐fold reduction in scan time.
Assessing Pakistan's Textile Exports Under Trade Agreements
Authors: Masood Amjad , Ahmed Junaid , Bakhsh Khuda
Published: December 2024

Textiles serve as the export engine of Pakistan's economy, constituting roughly 60% of its total exports. Despite this prominence, Pakistan's global share in textile exports has consistently declined. In light of this, this study explores the potential impact of free trade agreements (FTAs) on fostering textile exports. The study applied a structural gravity model with the Poisson pseudo‐maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator to analyze annual exports for the period 2002–2021. Findings exhibit a positive and statistically significant effect of FTAs on textile exports, with varied impacts compared to major competitors. Moreover, we categorized textile products at the HS four‐digit level based on their value addition. Pakistan's FTAs facilitate the export of low‐ and medium‐value‐added textile products to Malaysia and South Asian countries, while exports of high‐value‐added products benefit from FTAs with China and Sri Lanka. The Pakistan–China FTA, in particular, stands out as highly effective. Regarding the European Union’s Generalized System of Preferences (EU‐GSP+), which is designed to leverage trade benefits, findings reveal a significant impact on textile exports across various value‐added categories. Overall, the lack of policy support for high‐value‐added exports contributes to the sector being mired in a low‐value‐added export trap.
Synthesis of ABCBA‐Type Pentablock Copolymers via Sequential Ring‐Opening, Free Radical, and Photoinduced Free‐Radical‐Promoted Cationic Polymerization Methods
Authors: Degirmenci Mustafa , Arslan Ulku , Abdulrahman Sevin , Habib Rohat , Uyar Zafer
Published: December 2024

This study reports the synthesis and characterization of ABCBA‐type pentablock copolymers comprising poly(cyclohexene oxide) (PCHO) as the A block, poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) or poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) as the B block, and polystyrene (PSt) as the C block. The target pentablock copolymers, PCHO‐PCL‐PSt‐PCL‐PCHO and PCHO‐PLLA‐PSt‐PLLA‐PCHO, were synthesized through a sequential combination of ring‐opening polymerization (ROP), free radical polymerization (FRP), and, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, photoinduced free‐radical‐promoted cationic polymerization (FRPCP) in pentablock copolymer synthesis. In the initial ROP step, well‐defined Bz‐PCL and Bz‐PLLA macrophotoinitiators were synthesized with photoactive benzoin (Bz) end groups. Next, Bz‐PCL and Bz‐PLLA were converted to the macro‐azo initiators, Bz‐PCL‐NN‐PCL‐Bz and Bz‐PLLA‐NN‐PLLA‐Bz, by esterification with 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA). These macro‐azo initiators were employed as initiators in the FRP of styrene to form triblock copolymers, which were then used as prepolymers in the photoinduced FRPCP of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) to produce the pentablock structures. Structural characterization conducted via FT‐IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of each polymer segment within the pentablock architecture, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis further validated pentablock formation, showing unimodal distributions. UV–Vis and fluorescence measurements also verified the successful incorporation of the benzoin groups. This multistep synthetic strategy introduces an effective approach for constructing ABCBA‐type pentablock copolymers, which might find the potential uses in advanced material design.
Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on CuO/CNTs Nanocomposites Synthesized by Diaphragm Glow Discharge Plasma
Authors: Lu Quanfang , Ma Wenjing , Yu Jie , Ma Huihui , Fang Xiaoyun , Liang Chenxu , Wang Kai
Published: December 2024

In this work, the pine–needle like CuO/CNTs nanocomposites were fabricated by one‐step strategy via diaphragm glow discharge (DGD) plasma. A possible fabrication mechanism is proposed. CuO/CNTs as an electrode material for sensing glucose exhibits a low detection limit of 0.1 μM, high sensitivity of 900 μA mM−1 cm−2, wide linear range of 5.00 μm to 12.71 mM, fast response time of 1.0 s, and good selectivity. The glucose in human tears was determined, and the recovery is 104%–107% with a relative standard deviation of less than 4.55%. Compared with other synthesis methods, DGD is a simple, effective, and economic technique without platinum needle, alkali sources, copper salt precursors, and high temperature.
Arachidonic acid metabolism is involved in the detoxification and recognition of Phytophthora sojae to benzoxazinones
Authors: Liu Haixu , Zhang Zhuoqun , Xu Ying , Zhao Yifan , An Tai , Du Xiuming , Wen Jingzhi
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

Phytophthora sojae (Kaufmann and Gerdemann), a pathogenic oomycete, causes one of the most destructive soybean diseases, Phytophthora root and stem rot (PRR). Previous studies have shown that benzoxazines (BXs) such as 6‐methoxy‐benzoxazolin‐2‐one (MBOA) and benzoxazoline‐2‐one (BOA) in maize root exudates inhibit the chemotaxis of zoospores, as well as the mycelial growth and pathogenicity of P. sojae. However, the molecular mechanism by which BXs regulate the growth, development and pathogenicity of P. sojae is still not well understood at present.

RESULTS

By analyzing the transcriptome data, it was determined that PsPTGES2 (encoding prostaglandin E synthase 2), PsGST1 (encoding glutathione S transferase), and PsEPHX2 (encoding soluble epoxide hydrolase) in the arachidonic acid (AA) pathway were involved in the response of P. sojae to MBOA and BOA. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐mediated protoplast transformation was performed to construct silenced transformants of PsPTGES2, PsGST1, and PsEPHX2. Our data demonstrated that PsPTGES2, PsGST1, and PsEPHX2 were involved in mycelial growth, oospore formation, zoospore encystment, cyst germination in P. sojae. PsPTGES2 and PsGST1 were involved in the pathogenicity. The silencing transformants PsPTGES2 and PsGST1 reduced the metabolic ability to AA and the resistance to BOA. Moreover, the zoospores of the silencing transformants PsPTGES2, PsGST1, and PsEPHX2 decreased the chemotaxis to genistein and repellency to BOA.

CONCLUSION

AA metabolism is involved in the growth, development and pathogenicity of P. sojae and the detoxification and recognition of P. sojae to BXs. The study results provide a solid theoretical basis for developing effective strategies to control the infection and pathogenicity of P. sojae. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Oxidation Behavior of Vanadium in Annealed AlCrVY(O)N Thin Films Characterized by X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Schneider Eric , Ontrup Finn , Scholz Gordon , Savelkouls Jaqueline , Lopes Dias Nelson Filipe , Sternemann Christian , Lützenkirchen‐Hecht Dirk , Tillmann Wolfgang , Paulus Michael
Published: December 2024

Great efforts are being made to optimize tool coatings for use at elevated process temperatures. The reason for this is to enable machining with minimized lubrication quantities. During operation, temperatures between 300 and 1000 °C can occur depending on the material and tool design. Thus to enable the machining of high‐strength materials, the tool coatings must be optimized with regard to their temperature resistance, which is also significantly affected by their oxidation properties. AlCrVY(O)N thin films are potential candidates for such coating applications as the addition of V to AlCrN favors the formation of so‐called Magnéli phases at high temperatures, that is, V oxides with varying stoichiometry, to reduce friction. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy is applied to characterize the oxidation behavior of V in the thin films prepared in a combined dcMS/HiPIMS process for as‐deposited AlCrVY(O)N thin films and after thermal treatment in the ambient atmosphere. The V average oxidation state is determined by analyzing the pre‐edge feature at the V K‐edge. Systematic changes in preoxidation, a high oxidation resistance below 800 °C, and promoted V oxidation for higher preoxidized coatings above 800 °C are found.
Leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Reverse Tip Sample Configuration for Automation of Data Processing in Quantitative Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopy
Authors: Wouters Lennaert , Peters Kaylie , Lagrain Pieter , Drees Ruben , Peric Nemanja , Hantschel Thomas
Published: December 2024

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has become a vital metrology tool for characterizing nanoscale devices with exceptional spatial resolution, driving advances in various fields. However, its low overall throughput remains a major limitation. To address this, the high‐efficiency data acquisition capabilities of reverse tip sample (RTS) SPM are combined with automated data processing via artificial intelligence (AI)‐based computer vision algorithms. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through a case study of scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM). YOLO (You Only Look Once) models are trained to detect each layer in SSRM resistance maps of a calibration sample, serving as a key step in automating the quantitative SSRM data processing workflow. Models trained on mixed datasets of standard and RTS SPM images (ratio 1:4) achieve an excellent accuracy of 97.8%, while reducing the data collection time fivefold compared to using solely standard calibration datasets. Additionally, the model's strong ability to effectively recognize and exclude measurement artifacts during layer selection further enhances its suitability for real‐world applications. This work significantly accelerates the SSRM data analysis by automating the workflow and highlights the potential of RTS SPM as a high‐throughput solution for generating AI training data, facilitating faster AI model deployment in SPM applications.
A New Framework for River Restoration Planning at Catchment Scale in the UK
Authors: Robins Joshua Edward , Naura Marc , Austin Sam , Bryden Alexandra , Cullis Jo , Prady Jane , Shi Fang , Treves Richard
Published: December 2024

The main aim of catchment planning is to prioritise measures that will reverse the decline of biological communities. In recent decades, there has been an increase in methods, tools and the availability of data to aid this process. However, how we use data to make decisions is the crucial and often neglected part of catchment planning, and there is sometimes a tendency to revert to reach‐scale opportunism rather than planning at the catchment scale. Planning approaches in the UK have ranged from public sector–led plans in the 1990s to the present‐day partnership approach led by the third sector (non‐governmental charitable or not‐for‐profit organisations). We have reviewed 237 catchment plans from the UK to understand the approaches that have been taken. Our findings indicate that many plans do not clearly link evidence and data to decision‐making; problems are poorly defined using broad terms such as ‘issues’ instead of characterising pressures and impacts; catchment objectives tend to be broad and not specific; measures are often prioritised based on opportunity; and it is not always clear how measures are expected to contribute to the achievement of catchment targets. Altogether, we noted the absence of agreed, standardised frameworks for producing plans, describing how data should be analysed, problems identified and actions prioritised. We propose a new catchment planning framework that encourages evidence‐based decisions through the assessment of pressures and impacts, and ultimately the prioritisation of river restoration options (encompassing rehabilitation, renaturalisation, enhancement, re‐creation and mitigation of the hydrology, water quality and geomorphology of the river, floodplain and wider catchment) based on their contribution to the alleviation of catchment‐scale impacts, and which can be applied by nonspecialists using citizen science data.
Enhanced Antibacterial Effect of Kanamycin‐Stabilized Nanoclusters
Authors: Rezapour Kimia , Mousavizadegan Maryam , Mortazavi Seyed Mohammad Reza , Golbashy Mohammad , Hosseini Morteza
Published: December 2024

Pertaining to the imminent problem of antibiotics resistance, and in turn the urgent need for new antibiotics, it is vital to generate new compounds that are effective against resistant species. For this, we have aimed to develop enhanced antibacterial compounds by merging antibiotics with nanomaterials to strengthen their activity. Hence, kanamycin‐stabilized gold, silver, and copper nanoclusters (NCs) were synthesized and investigated for their antibacterial activity. It was seen that the gold and silver NCs had increased antibacterial activity, especially against Escherichia coli, with an average decrease in the MIC for 4:1 for the silver and 2:1 for the gold NCs. The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium was also increased, more significantly for the silver NCs. However, for the copper NCs, enhanced activity was not witnessed. Thus, it can be concluded that incorporating nanoclusters, especially gold and silver, with antibiotic ligands can enhance their antimicrobial activity.
Preparation of Jarosite‐Loaded Coal‐Based Porous Carbon and Its Performance in the Adsorption of Tetracycline
Authors: Chen Jianqiao , Peng Longgui , Cheng Huanquan , Zheng Bin , Zhang Liangqing , Ding Zhiyu
Published: December 2024

The widespread use of antibiotics and other emerging organic pollutants has caused serious environmental damage and potential human health risks, attracting great global attention. In this study, coal porous carbon (CC) and jarosite‐loaded coal‐derived porous carbon (JCC) were prepared using raw coal products and KOH as the base and activator products, respectively, for the removal of tetracycline (TC) from water. The physical properties, the specific surface area and pore size distribution of the prepared material were analyzed. The adsorption efficiencies and mechanisms of the raw coal, CC, and JCC materials for tetracycline (TC) in solutions were further investigated. The reusability characteristics of the modified adsorbent materials were also explored. The results revealed abundant mesopores and macropores on the raw coal, whereas the CC and JCC material had predominantly micropores and mesopores. The obtained TC adsorption rates were 4.08, 4.61, and 4.62 mg/g for the raw coal, CC, and JCC materials, corresponding to adsorption removal rates of 78, 88, and 88.1%, respectively. The JCC material maintained high TC removal rates (above 90%) after five cycles of adsorption‐desorption experiments, demonstrating the excellent reusability of this modified material. These findings provide valuable insights into the development of advanced materials for future environmental remediation.
The Quest for Contrast in Digital Images of Micro/Nano Structured Polymer Blends Before and After CO2 Foaming: Impact of Block Copolymer Content and Size Upon Acrylic Cellular Structures
Authors: Anguy Yannick , Haurat Margaux , Dumon Michel
Published: December 2024

This work addresses the structural quantification of multiphase materials, here nanostructured polymer solid precursors and their micro/nano sized foamed counterparts. It is based on a strategy of contrast/edge enhancement, locally adaptive to image data in digital images of materials. The method allows to binarize straightforwardly the structures (the phases) in TEM and SEM images after edge identification, edge choice, and image virtual reconstruction. A detailed insight is brought into one‐step batch supercritical CO2 foaming of acrylic amorphous PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) polymers, aided by the nanostructuration of block copolymers (BCP), here MAM (butyl acrylate center block methyl acrylate side blocks). The foaming conditions, i.e., pressure drop rate (PDR) and saturation temperature required for an actual one‐step procedure are specified and clarified, whereas previous works, dealing with “one‐step procedures”, are probably incurring in a two‐step procedure. The roles of the BCP content (and size) and saturation temperature are carefully analyzed and further clarified, more comprehensively than in previous literature. Thanks to the analysis of size distributions of foams and foam blend precursors (0.25, 0.5, 10 wt% MAM), bi modality of 10 wt% foams is for example revealed. A discussion of kinetics effects, i.e., evolutions of the effective sample temperature Tef(t), and the effective glass transition temperature Tg, ef(t). provides a new insight of “pseudo” one‐step VS “real” one‐step batch foaming.
Understanding the Curvature Effect of FeCo Nanoalloy Encapsulated by Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Jin Mengjing , Sun Guowen , Li Muxuan , Chen Ru , Song Jianqiao , Wang Jiuzhou , Zhao Jianguo , Zhou Jinyuan , Xie Erqing , Pan Xiaojun
Published: December 2024

Well‐designed structures of the electrocatalyst provide excellent catalytic activity and high structural stability during the sulfur reduction reaction of Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs). In this study, a novel and efficient structure is developed to encapsulate bimetallic FeCo nanoalloy catalysts within N‐doped carbon nanotube (NCNT) on carbon nanofibers (FeCo@NCNT/CNFs) using a combination of electrospinning and rapid‐cooling techniques. The NCNT matrix with abundant sites not only serves as a high pathway for electron transport during the reaction, but its encapsulation structure also acts as armor to protect the FeCo nanoalloy. Further, the curvature effect of the FeCo@NCNT structure facilitates greater electron transfer from the FeCo nanoalloy to the NCNT, and lowering the reaction barrier for the liquid–solid conversion process. As a result, the S/FeCo@NCNT/CNFs cathode can achieve exceptional cycle performance of 500 cycles at 5 C, with an ultra‐low capacity fade rate of 0.031% per cycle. Moreover, even under extreme temperature conditions of −20 and 80 °C, the battery still delivers a specific capacity of 827.16 and 697.46 mAh g−1 at 1 C. This work shows an effective insight into enhancing the LiPS conversion kinetics over a wide temperature range in Li–S batteries.
Drug‐phospholipid conjugate nano‐assembly for drug delivery
Authors: Zhao Ding , Zhang Yixiang , Wang Fan , Kaewmanee Rames , Cui Wenguo , Wu Tianqi , Du Yawei
Published: December 2024

Phospholipid‐based liposomes are among the most successful nanodrug delivery systems in clinical use. However, these conventional liposomes present significant challenges including low drug‐loading capacity and issues with drug leakage. Drug‐phospholipid conjugates (DPCs) and their assemblies offer a promising strategy for addressing these limitations. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the design, synthesis, and application of DPCs for drug delivery. We begin by discussing the chemical backbone structures and various design strategies such as phosphate head embedding and mono‐/bis‐embedding in the sn‐1/sn‐2 positions. Furthermore, we highlight stimulus‐responsive designs of DPCs and their applications in treating diseases such as cancer, inflammation, and malaria. Lastly, we explore future directions for DPCs development and their potential applications in drug delivery.
Microfluidic 3D printing hydrogels based on fish liver decellularized extracellular matrix for liver regeneration
Authors: Ren Haozhen , Huang Danqing , Qiu Mengdi , Xue Lingling , Zhu Shaoshi , Gan Jingjing , Chen Cheng , Chen Dayu , Wang Jinglin
Published: December 2024

Liver tissue engineering offers potential in liver transplantation, while the development of hydrogels for scalable scaffolds incorporating natural components and effective functionalities is ongoing. Here, we propose a novel microfluidic 3D printing hydrogel derived from decellularized fish liver extracellular matrix for liver regeneration. By decellularizing fish liver and combining it with gelatin methacryloyl, the hydrogel scaffold retains essential endogenous growth factors such as collagen and glycosaminoglycans. Additionally, microfluidic‐assisted 3D printing technology enables precise modulation of the composition and architecture of hydrogels to fulfill clinical requirements. Benefiting from the natural source of materials, the hydrogels exhibit excellent biocompatibility and cellular proliferation capacity for incorporating induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived hepatocytes (iPSC‐heps). Furthermore, the macroscopic architecture and biomechanical environment of hydrogels foster optimal functional expression of iPSC‐heps. Importantly, post‐transplantation, the hydrogels significantly enhance survival rates and liver function in mice with acute liver failure, promoting liver regeneration and repair. These findings suggest that microfluidic 3D printed hydrogels represent promising candidates for liver transplantation and functional recovery.
Above Room‐Temperature Reversible Phase Transition and Nonlinear Optical Material PO(CH2CH2CH2CF3)3 with Hirshfeld Surface Analyses
Authors: Yu Yanhong , Hu Zhongyu , Xiong Zhenhua
Published: December 2024

The multifunctional materials with dielectric and nonlinear optical properties have attracted the attention of many scientists with potential applications in data communication, photoelectric devices, information processing, etc. Herein, one compound PO(CH2CH2CH2CF3)3 1, which underwent an obvious reversible structural phase transition, is reported. In the single‐crystal structure data, it is shown that space group of 1 changes from R3c to R3m, from one polar space group to another polar space group, and the dielectric constant has frequency dependence. The second harmonic generation (SHG) value is 0.50 at room‐temperature phase. The SHG value changes abruptly at around 349 K. The SHG value is about 1.09 at high‐temperature phase. Hirshfeld surface analyses reveal that H···F/F···H interactions make major contribution to the total forces, and the forces of the two kinds of hydrogen bonds are different at different phases.
Medicine Packaging Legislation and Its Evolution According to Technological Innovation for Better Healthcare Support
Authors: Cazzaniga Simona
Published: December 2024

If directives, laws, and regulations play a fundamental role in constraining the pharmaceutical sector’s production, distribution and communication policies and practices, regulatory devices have also had and are also playing a role in incentivising innovation and orienting it towards socially and environmentally sustainable practices. The chapter builds a review of the principal regulations that, starting from the EU level, are raising awareness in the various countries of the community (here, the Italian case is analysed) towards the issues of the environment (e.g., reduction of the source of packaging materials and redesigning the pack by favouring the use of recyclable materials), traceability for anti-counterfeiting purposes; safety; and the ethics of medicine communication both in advertising and online. The regulatory review constitutes a starting point, deepened in other chapters, through the review of guidelines, recommendations, and soft law tools, to which those involved in design and innovation activities in the sector must refer.
Secondary Packaging of Medicines: Design Processes for the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Mariani Marcello
Published: December 2024

The chapter presents the daily practices of a company producing pharmaceutical cartons and leaflets. It focuses on the complex design processes of these products that play a significant role for pharmaceutical companies. The contribution starts from the author’s personal experience within a company that produces secondary packaging and package leaflets for pharmaceutical products. In the chapter, the different phases of the decision-making process are presented, following both the technical and relational aspects. In addition to their description, which brings out the complexity of the relationships between companies, the chapter dwells on the issues of innovation and sustainability linked to the design of secondary packaging and package leaflets, which are indispensable today to remain competitive in the market. In this context, the role of new technologies is included, foreshadowing the possible impact on secondary packaging.
Jüdische Reflexionen zu Sprachentstehung und Kulturgenese
Authors: Hütig Andreas
Published: December 2024

Seit der Aufklärung spielen Theorien über den Ursprung der Sprache in kulturphilosophischen Debatten und anthropologischen Reflexionen eine wichtige Rolle. Sprachgenese, Sprachentwicklung und die verschiedenen Sprachen selbst werden teils explizit, teils implizit mit geistigen Ordnungen kombiniert, für kulturhistorische Wertungen benutzt und zur Sinnstiftung auf universalistische oder partikulare Weise eingesetzt – auch von jüdischen Denkern. Der Beitrag diskutiert spezifische Arten des Umgangs mit dem Thema bei Mendelssohn, Bendavid, Graetz, Steinthal, Cassirer und Flusser. – Beginning in the Enlightenment, theories on the origin of language play an important role in cultural philosophy and anthropological reflections. Partly explicitly, partly implicitly, the genesis and development of language as such and of different languages are combined with intellectual order, applied to evaluate cultural history and used in the determination of meaning, be it universalistic or particularistic – also by Jewish thinkers. The article discusses specific approaches to the topic by Mendelssohn, Bendavid, Graetz, Steinthal, Cassirer, and Flusser.
Deutungen der Mehrsprachigkeit
Authors: Braese Stephan
Published: December 2024

Mehrsprachigkeit ist auch in jüdischem Sprachdenken vorwiegend als defizitärer, krisenhafter Zustand gedacht worden, der die Distanz der Menschen von der einen, immanenten, der ‚Ur-Sprache‘ bezeichnet. Tatsächlich jedoch bildete die Herausforderung der Übersetzung immer wieder einen Anlass, sowohl über den Sinn von Sprache als auch der Produktivität von Mehrsprachigkeit nachzudenken. Blicke auf die Arbeit von Mendelssohn, Benjamin, Adorno und anderen zeigen, wie der Mehrsprachigkeit zunehmend positive Aspekte abgewonnen wurden – bis zu George Steiner, der in ihr nichts Geringeres als die Existenzbedingung des Menschen zu erkennen meinte. – In Jewish reflexions on language, as in many others, multilinguality has been perceived as a deficient, problematic condition which marks the distance of human beings from a singular, immanent, from the ‘original’ language. Actually, however, the task of translation has often led to a rethinking of both the meaning of language and the productivity of multilinguality. A look at works by Mendelssohn, Benjamin, Adorno a. o. shows an increasing awareness of positive aspects connected with multilinguality; George Steiner even thought to recognize in multilinguality nothing less than the prerequisite for the existence of human beings.
Moderne Sprachphilosophie im Kontext von Judentum und Sprachmetaphysik
Authors: Berger Demian
Published: December 2024

Walter Benjamin und Ludwig Wittgenstein positionieren sich als Sprachtheoretiker unterschiedlich in der Landschaft deutschsprachig-jüdischer Sprachkulturen. Beide Ansätze richten sich gegen die traditionelle Metaphysik, erzeugen jedoch mittels sprachkritischer Verfahren eigene metaphysisch-theologische Inhalte. Ist Benjamins Sprachmetaphysik insgesamt als jüdisch konnotierte Sprachtheologie lesbar, lassen sich auch in Wittgensteins Sprachdenken, vor dem Hintergrund eines problematischen jüdischen Selbstverhältnisses, Momente eines säkularisierten Sprachmessianismus aufweisen. – As language theorists, Walter Benjamin and Ludwig Wittgenstein position themselves differently within the landscape of German-Jewish language cultures. Both approaches are directed against traditional metaphysics but generate their own metaphysical-theological content by means of language criticism. If Benjamin’s linguistic metaphysics can be understood as linguistic theology with Jewish connotations, one can show moments of secularized linguistic messianism in Wittgenstein’s linguistic thinking as well, despite his problematic Jewish ‘identity’.
Das deutschsprachige Judentum und die Czernowitzer Sprachkonferenz
Authors: Reichert Carmen
Published: December 2024

Das Engagement des deutschsprachigen Nathan Birnbaum auf der Jiddischen Sprachkonferenz in Czernowitz 1908 lässt sich als Versuch verstehen, ein grundlegendes ideologisches Problem des Kulturzionismus zu lösen: Dem von Herder und Humboldt geprägten Kulturverständnis zufolge sollte eine jüdische Nation auch über eine jüdische Literatur in jüdischer Sprache verfügen. Das Jiddische mit seiner lebendigen und vermeintlich von der Assimilation unbeeindruckten Kultur schien diese Kriterien zu erfüllen. Es galt als volksnah, besaß eine säkulare Tradition und war für Deutschsprachige leichter zugänglich als das Hebräische. Zugleich aber haftete ihm der Makel der ‚Ghettosprache‘ an. – It was the German-speaking Nathan Birnbaum who headed the Yiddish Language Conference in Czernowitz in 1908. His efforts to promote Yiddish can be recognized as an attempt to solve a fundamental ideological problem of cultural Zionism: According to its understanding of culture, which was shaped by Herder and Humboldt, a Jewish nation should be based on a decidedly Jewish literature in a Jewish language. Yiddish, with its lively culture that was supposedly unaffected by assimilation, seemed to meet these criteria. It was considered close to the people, had a secular tradition and was more accessible to German speakers than Hebrew. At the same time, however, the stigma of ‘ghetto language’ adhered to it.
Jüdische Sprachen als Gegenstand staatlich-edukativer Reglementierung im Habsburgerreich
Authors: Sadowski Dirk
Published: December 2024

Die Sprachenpolitik des österreichischen Staates gegenüber der jüdischen Bevölkerung des Habsburgerreiches zielte auf eine Verdrängung des Jiddischen als Alltags- und Umgangssprache und seine Ersetzung durch das Deutsche. Hierdurch sollte eine ‚moralische Verbesserung‘ der Juden erreicht werden. In Galizien kam dem Ausbau eines deutschen ‚Normalschulwesens‘ für jüdische Kinder eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Die damit verbundenen Eingriffe in die Lebenswelt der jüdischen Bevölkerung in Galizien und der dadurch hervorgerufene Widerstand verhinderten den staatlicherseits erwünschten Sprachenwandel. – The language policy of the Austrian state towards the Jews of the Habsburg Empire aimed to displace Yiddish as an everyday and colloquial language and to replace it with German. This was intended to bring about a ‘moral improvement’ of the Jews. In Galicia in particular, the development of a German ‘normal school system’ for Jewish children was of special importance. However, the state’s educative interference in the living environment of the Galician Jews and their resistance against the schools ultimately prevented the language change desired by the state.
Groups Whose Common Divisor Graph on p-Regular Classes has Diameter Three
Authors: Felipe M. J. , Jean-Philippe M. K. , Sotomayor V.
Published: December 2024

Let G be a finite p-separable group, for some fixed prime p. Let $$\Gamma _p(G)$$

Γ
p

(
G
)

be the common divisor graph built on the set of non-central conjugacy classes of p-regular elements of G: this is the graph whose vertices are the conjugacy classes of those non-central elements of G such that p does not divide their orders, and two distinct vertices are adjacent if and only if the greatest common divisor of their lengths is strictly greater than one. The aim of this paper is twofold: to positively answer an open question concerning the maximum possible distance in $$\Gamma _p(G)$$

Γ
p

(
G
)

between a vertex with maximal cardinality and any other vertex, and to study the p-structure of G when $$\Gamma _p(G)$$

Γ
p

(
G
)

has diameter three.