bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for analysis and quality control of compound Danshen preparations
Authors: Cao Jun , Qi Lian‐Wen , Chen Jun , Yi Ling , Li Ping , Ren Mei‐Ting , Li Yan‐Jing
Published: October 2008

A liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐TOF‐MS) method has been developed to evaluate the quality of three formulas of compound Danshen preparations (CDPs), through a simultaneous determination of 22 marker constituents (nine major phenolic acids, eight major saponins and five major diterpenoids). Optimum separations were obtained with a Zorbax C18 column, using a gradient elution with 0.1% aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile. Limits of detection and quantification were in ranges of 1.58–10.10 and 4.85–28.56 ng/mL. All calibration curves showed good linear regression (r2 >p;0.9900) within the test range, and the recoveries were between 78.4 and 103.1% for all analytes. The assay was successfully utilized to analyze the 22 marker components in 26 samples. The overall results demonstrated that this method is sensitive, accurate and reliable for the quality control of CDPs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypnotizability and temporal dynamics of attention: a study on the Attentional Blink effect
Authors: Castellani Eleonora , D'Alessandro Luigi , Sebastiani Laura
Published: October 2008

This study was designed to seek hypnotizability‐related differences in attention temporal dynamics. For this purpose, an iconic version of the Attentional Blink Task (AB) was performed on 18 highly (Highs, score 9–12, SHSS form C) and 18 low susceptible individuals (Lows, score 0–3). The procedure consisted of two tasks in which two animal shapes (a coloured animal, Target, and a black butterfly, Probe) appeared in close temporal proximity within a rapid stream of distractors (black animals). In the Single task only Probe detection was required; in the Conditional task, Target identification was also requested. In this case, competition between Target and Probe for limited attentional resources decreases Probe visibility as a function of the time lag from Target (AB effect). A similar AB effect occurred in the two groups; nonetheless, Probe detection scores at the shorter lags were frequently higher in Highs than in Lows. This suggests that time constraints could affect the performance of Highs less than Lows, but also that the two groups could differ in attention capturing mechanisms, i.e. automatic capture by colour at the shorter lag. Moreover, Highs scores on Target identification were lower than Lows' ones indicating an impairment of Highs when engaged in dual tasks.
Synthesis and Antibiofilm Activity of a Second‐Generation Reverse‐Amide Oroidin Library: A Structure–Activity Relationship Study
Authors: Ballard T. Eric , Richards Justin J. , Wolfe Amanda L. , Melander Christian
Published: October 2008

A second‐generation library of 2‐aminoimidazole‐based derivatives incorporating a “reversed amide” (RA) motif in comparison to the marine natural product oroidin were synthesized and subsequently assayed for antibiofilm activity against the medically relevant Gram‐negative proteobacteria P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. Most notably, an in‐depth activity profile is reported for the most active subclass of derivatives that bear linear aliphatic chains off the amide bond. Additionally, further structural modifications of the core template, such as removal of the amide bond or substitution with a triazole isostere, resulted in the discovery of analogues with antibiofilm activities that varied with respect to their inhibition and dispersal properties of P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii biofilms.
Shape‐Persistent Macrocycles Functionalised with Coumarin Dyes: Acid‐Controlled Energy‐ and Electron‐Transfer Processes
Authors: Giansante Carlo , Ceroni Paola , Venturi Margherita , Balzani Vincenzo , Sakamoto Junji , Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: October 2008

We have investigated the spectroscopic properties (absorption spectra, emission spectra, emission lifetimes) of three triads in CH2Cl2: C2‐M‐C2, C343‐M‐C343, and C2‐M‐C343, in which M is a shape‐persistent macrocyclic hexagonal backbone composed of two 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) units embedded in opposing sides, and C2 and C343 are coumarin 2 and coumarin 343, respectively. All the components are strongly fluorescent species (Φ=0.90, 0.79, and 0.93 for M, C2, and C343, respectively, as established by investigating suitable model compounds). In each triad excitation of M leads to almost quantitative energy transfer to the lowest coumarin‐localised excited state. Upon addition of acid, the two bpy units of the M component undergo independent protonation leading to monoprotonated (e.g., C2‐M⋅H+‐C2) and diprotonated (e.g., C2‐M⋅2 H+‐C2) species. Further addition of acid leads to protonation of the coumarin component so that each triad is involved in four protonation equilibria. Protonation causes strong (and reversible, upon addition of base) changes in the absorption and fluorescence properties of the triads because of inversion of the excited‐state order and/or the occurrence of electron‐transfer quenching processes.
Synthesis and structural study of variously oxidized diastereomeric 5′‐dimethoxytrityl‐thymidine‐3′‐O‐[O‐(2‐cyanoethyl)‐N,N‐diisopropyl]‐phosphoramidite derivatives. Comparison of the effects of the PO, PS, and PSe functions on the NMR spectral and chromatographic properties
Authors: Gács‐Baitz Eszter , Sipos Ferenc , Egyed Orsolya , Sági Gyula
Published: October 2008

RP‐ and SP‐ diastereomers of 5′‐dimethoxytrityl‐thymidine‐3′‐O‐[O‐(2‐cyanoethyl)‐N,N‐diisopropyl]‐phosphoramidite (T‐CED) were separated by silica gel chromatography. Oxidation of both isomers with H2O2, elemental sulfur and selenium, respectively, resulted in the corresponding oxidized analogues in nearly quantitative yields. All reactions were found to proceed with retention of P‐configuration. This was confirmed by thorough NMR analysis which, in addition, aimed to study the spectral properties of the diastereomers with special respect to differences in the heteroatom effect of the O, S and Se atoms, double‐bonded to the phosphorus, on the vicinal carbon–phosphorus couplings. It was found that the changes in the ΔJ (=3J(P,C4′) − 3J(P,C2′)) values were basically induced by the electronegativity of the heteroatoms, rather than differences in the rotational preferences about the C3′‐O3′ bond. The impact of the benzene solvent on the above couplings is also discussed. The effect of these heteroatoms on the chromatographic (normal and reverse phase HPLC) behavior of the compounds was also investigated and the reverse phase HPLC profiles showed an unambiguous correlation between the electronegativity of the heteroatoms and the chromatographic mobility of the analogues. Chirality, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectral color reproduction minimizing spectral and perceptual color differences
Authors: Gerhardt Jérémie , Hardeberg Jon Y.
Published: October 2008

In this article, we are combining minimization criteria in the colorant separation process for spectral color reproduction. The colorant separation is performed by inverting a spectral printer model: the spectral Yule‐Nielsen modified Neugebauer model. The inversion of the spectral printer model is an optimization operation in which a criterion is minimized at each iteration. The approach we proposed minimizes a criterion defined by the weighted sum of a spectral difference and a perceptual color difference. The weights can be tuned with a parameter α ∞ [0, 1]. Our goal is to decrease the spectral difference between the original data and its reproduction and also to consider perceptual color difference under different illuminant conditions. In order to find the best α value, we initially compare a pure colorimetric criterion and a pure spectral criterion for the reproduction, then we combine them. We perform four colorant separations: the first separation will minimize the 1976 CIELAB color difference where four illuminants are tested, the second separation will minimize an equally weighted summation of 1976 CIELAB color difference with the four illuminants tested independently, the third colorant separation will minimize a spectral difference, and the fourth colorant separation will combine a weighted sum of a spectral difference and one of the two first colorimetric differences previously introduced. This last colorant separation can be tuned with a parameter in order to emphasize on spectral or colorimetric difference. We use a six colorants printer with artificial inks for our experiments. The prints are simulated by the spectral Yule‐Nielsen modified Neugebauer model. Two groups of data are used for our experiments. The first group describes the data printed by our printing system, which is represented by a regular grid in colorant space of the printer and the second group describes the data which is not originally produced by our printing system but mapped to the spectral printer gamut. The Esser test chart and the Macbeth Color Checker test chart have been selected for the second group. Spectral gamut mapping of this data is carried out before performing colorant separation. Our results show improvement for the colorant separations combining a sum of 1976 CIELAB color difference for a set of illuminants and for the colorant separation combining a sum of 1976 CIELAB color difference and spectral difference, especially in the case of spectral data originally produced by the printer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 494–504, 2008
Neural mechanisms of chromatic and achromatic vision
Authors: Valberg Arne , Seim Thorstein
Published: October 2008

Building upon electrophysiological recordings from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the macaque monkey, we describe a model for neural processing of color and brightness/lightness information that starts in the cone receptors and continues in the opponent cells of the retina, LGN, and visual cortex. The excitation of the three cone types to direct stimulation by light is modified in accordance with a hyperbolic response function before providing inputs to retinal ganglion cells. Using weighted differences of such cone outputs, we simulate the responses of common types of opponent ganglion and geniculate cells to light modulation along the chromatic and luminance dimensions. Extrapolating the results of the simulation, we suggest a way in which the brain might combine inputs from the geniculate to obtain correlates of chromatic and achromatic color vision and of brightness/lightness perception. In particular, we demonstrate for the first time how combinations of “L–M” and “M–L” parvocellular ON‐ and OFF‐opponent‐cells may lead to a quantitative account of brightness and blackness scaling. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 433–443, 2008
The PLVC display color characterization model revisited
Authors: Thomas Jean‐Baptiste , Hardeberg Jon Y. , Foucherot Irène , Gouton Pierre
Published: October 2008

This work proposes a study of the Piecewise Linear assuming Variation in Chromaticity (PLVC) display color characterization model. This model has not been widely used as the improved accuracy compared with the more common PLCC (Piecewise Linear assuming Chromaticity Constancy) model is not significant for CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) display technology, and it requires more computing power than this model. With today's computers, computational complexity is less of a problem, and today's display technologies show a different colorimetric behavior than CRTs. The main contribution of this work is to generalize the PLVC model to multiprimary displays and to provide extensive experimental results and analysis for today's display technologies. We confirm and extend the results found in the literature and compare this model with classical PLCC and Gain‐Offset‐Gamma‐Offset models. We show that using this model is highly beneficial for Liquid Crystal Displays, reducing the average error about a third for the two tested LCD projectors compared with a black corrected PLCC model, from 3.93 and 1.78 to respectively 1.41 and 0.54 ΔE units. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 449–460, 2008
Experimental object color unique hue data for the mean observer for color appearance modeling
Authors: Kuehni Rolf , Hinks David , Shamey Renzo
Published: October 2008

Color appearance models, among other things, predict the hue of a stimulus when compared with defined stimuli that represent the four unique hues. Recent studies have indicated that the stimuli representing with high reliability unique hue (UH) percepts vary widely for different color‐normal observers. The average yellow and blue UH stimuli for 102 observers, as determined in a recent experiment at medium chroma, differ considerably from the CIECAM02 defined unique hues, based on the Swedish NCS. Wide inter‐observer variability precludes color appearance models from accurately predicting, for individual observers, all four unique hue stimuli. However, models should predict accurately those of a well‐defined average observer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 505–506, 2008
Psychometric characteristics of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and Metacognitions Questionnaire‐30 and metacognitive predictors of worry and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in a Turkish sample
Authors: Yılmaz A. Esin , Gençöz Tülin , Wells Adrian
Published: October 2008

The purpose of the present study was twofold. First, to examine the psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and the Metacognitions Questionnaire‐30 (MCQ‐30) in a Turkish sample. Second, to investigate metacognitive predictors of pathological worry and obsessive–compulsive (o–c) symptoms in this group. The sample included 561 non‐clinical participants. Consistent with non‐English versions, the Turkish version of the PSWQ was found to have a two‐factor structure. The MCQ‐30 was shown to be composed of five factors similar to the English version. Reliability analyses indicated that both the PSWQ and MCQ‐30 possessed high internal consistency, split‐half reliability and test–retest coefficients. As expected, both scales positively correlated with measures of o–c symptoms, trait anxiety, and anxiety and depression, as well as with each other. Negative and positive metacognitive beliefs about worry were significant predictors of both pathological worry and o–c symptoms. Cognitive confidence emerged as a specific predictor of worry, while beliefs about the need to control thoughts emerged as a unique predictor of o–c symptoms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel synthetic alkali‐yttrium silicates with a new microporous mixed framework topology: (Rb,Cs)9Y7Si24O63 and isotypic Rb9Y7Si24O63
Authors: Wierzbicka‐Wieczorek M. , Kolitsch U. , Tillmanns E.
Published: October 2008

Prismatic colourless crystals of the two novel, isotypic title compounds were obtained by the flux growth technique. The crystal structures have been determined from single‐crystal intensity data in space group R 3 with a = 28.819(4) / 28.799(4), c = 13.916(3) / 13.864(3) Å, V = 10009(3) / 9958(3) Å3, Z = 6, R (F) = 4.99 / 6.44%, respectively. They represent a novel structure type with microporous character. The framework is built from six‐membered silicate rings (approximate UDUDUD orientation) containing isolated YO6 octahedra and compressed “six‐membered rings”, which in fact build a spiral of corner‐sharing SiO4 tetrahedra. Approximately parallel to [111] run two different irregular channels hosting the Rb/Cs and Rb atoms. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal “order‐disorder” behaviour in (Na1‐xKx)4B8O14 solid solutions investigated by X‐ray powder diffraction
Authors: Georgievskaya M. , Albert B. , Bubnova R. , Cordier G. , Bähtz C. , Filatov S.
Published: October 2008

In the potassium‐rich part of the binary system Na4B8O14‐K4B8O14 solid solutions have been found that can be described with the formula (Na1‐xKx)4B8O14 with 0.45 ≤ x < 1.0. The crystal structures of (Na0.25K0.75)4B8O14 and (Na0.45K0.55)4B8O14 were refined at room temperature by the Rietveld method. The solid solutions crystallize like K4B8O14 in the triclinic crystal system, space group P ‐1, with K partially substituted for Na. An ordered distribution of the alkali atoms over the four cation sites at room temperature has been discovered. The structure of (Na0.25K0.75)4B8O14 was also refined for data collected at 300 and 500 °C. The refinements show that sodium and potassium atoms are less ordered at higher temperatures. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Infrared and Raman spectroscopy of mullite‐type Bi2Ga4O9
Authors: Beran A. , Libowitzky E. , Burianek M. , Mühlberg M. , Pecharromán C. , Schneider H.
Published: October 2008

Mullite‐type Bi2Ga4O9 single‐crystals were grown by the top‐seeded solution growth (TSSG) method and investigated by vibrational spectroscopy. Polarised IR specular reflectance and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra, as well as polarised micro‐Raman spectra were acquired at room temperature. Powder IR spectra of sol‐gel‐derived samples were also recorded. Using model calculations and comparison to other mullite‐type compounds, bands at ∼ 850 – 400 cm‐1 could be assigned to stretching and bending vibrations of the structural GaO4 and GaO6 units. Low‐energetic modes were attributed to motions involving Bi atoms. The IR spectra of Bi2Ga4O9 display close similarities to those of the mullite‐type alkali gallates (9Ga2O3 · Rb2O), while their differences to those of mullite sensu stricto (3Al2O3 · 2SiO2 and 2Al2O3 · SiO2, repectively) are assigned to Si‐O stretching vibrations of the corresponding tetrahedral units. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Recovery of Enlarged Olefin Metathesis Catalysts by Nanofiltration in an Eco‐Friendly Solvent
Authors: Keraani Adel , Renouard Thierry , Fischmeister Cédric , Bruneau Christian , Rabiller‐Baudry Murielle
Published: October 2008

This study was aimed at integrating a green separation process without phase change, namely nanofiltration, with olefin metathesis to recover the homogeneous catalyst. As the commercially available Hoveyda II catalyst was not sufficiently retained by the membrane, a set of homogeneous ruthenium‐based catalysts were prepared to enhance the recovery of the catalyst by solvent‐resistant commercial membranes made of polyimide (Starmem 228). The molecular weights of the catalysts were gradually increased from 627 to 2195 g mol−1, and recovery was found to increase from around 70 % to 90 % both in toluene and dimethyl carbonate. The most retained catalyst was then engaged in a series of model ring‐closing metathesis reactions associated to a final nanofiltration step to recover and recycle the catalyst. Up to five cycles could be performed before a deterioration in the performance of the process was observed.
Chirality in Polyoxometalate Chemistry
Authors: Hasenknopf Bernold , Micoine Kévin , Lacôte Emmanuel , Thorimbert Serge , Malacria Max , Thouvenot René
Published: October 2008

The increasing use of polyoxometalates in the fields of material sciences, catalysis, and biology has raised the interest in chirality of such systems. This review provides a summary of the different strategies followed: i) chirality in solid‐state arrangements, ii) chiral polyoxometalate frameworks, and iii) chiral polyoxometalate–organic hybrids. Through the discussion of selected examples, an outline for future work is drawn. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Detection of Arsenic(III) at Gold Nanoparticle‐Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes Prepared by Electrodeposition in the Presence of Various Additives
Authors: Hossain Md. Motahar , Islam Md. Mominul , Ferdousi Sara , Okajima Takeyoshi , Ohsaka Takeo
Published: October 2008

The simple, fast and highly sensitive anodic stripping voltammetric detection of As(III) at a gold (Au) nanoparticle‐modified glassy carbon (GC) (nano‐Au/GC) electrode in HCl solution was extensively studied. The Au nanoparticles were electrodeposited onto GC electrode using chronocoulometric technique via a potential step from 1.1 to 0 V vs. Ag|AgCl|NaCl (sat.) in 0.5 M H2SO4 containing Na[AuCl4] in the presence of KI, KBr, Na2S and cysteine additives. Surfaces of the resulting nano‐Au/GC electrodes were characterized with cyclic voltammetry. The performances of the nano‐Au/GC electrodes, which were prepared using different concentrations of Na[AuCl4] (0.05–0.5 mM) and KI additive (0.01–1.0 mM) at various deposition times (10–30 s), for the voltammetric detection of As(III) were examined. After the optimization, a high sensitivity of 0.32 mA cm−2 μM−1 and detection limit of 0.024 μM (1.8 ppb) were obtained using linear sweep voltammetry.
4‐Aminothiophenol Self‐Assembled Monolayer for the Development of a DNA Biosensor Aiming the Detection of Cylindrospermopsin Producing Cyanobacteria
Authors: Valério Elisabete , Abrantes Luisa M. , Viana Ana S.
Published: October 2008

The development of a DNA biosensor for the detection of cylindrospermopsin, based on self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 4‐aminothiophenol, is investigated. SAMs were characterized by electrochemical reductive desorption. Detection of probe immobilization and hybridization has been achieved by cyclic and square‐wave voltammetry (SWV), using methylene blue (MB) as electroactive indicator. The SWV data obtained in phosphate buffer, with and without NaCl, after MB accumulation, revealed an increase of the redox indicator current peaks after the hybridization step. This behavior is consistent with MB intercalation into DNA, for high ionic strength media and attributed to electrostatic interactions in the absence of salt. Evidence for surface modification is also provided by atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Metolazone at a Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Pontinha A. Dora R. , Oliveira S. Carlos B. , Oliveira‐Brett Ana Maria
Published: October 2008

Metolazone is a diuretic agent used in patients with edematous states and/or hypertension. The electrochemical behavior of metolazone on a glassy carbon electrode was investigated using cyclic, differential pulse, and square‐wave voltammetry at different pHs. The pH dependent oxidation of metolazone occurs in two consecutive steps in a diffusion‐controlled mechanism and involves the formation of a main oxidation product. The first oxidation process is reversible, and involves two electrons and two protons corresponding to the oxidation of nitrogen in the sulfonamide moiety. The second oxidation process is irreversible, also occurs in the sulfonamide moiety, involves a one electron‐transfer, and is followed by deprotonation to produce a cation radical, which reacts with water and yields a hydroxylated product. The diffusion coefficient of metolazone was calculated to be 3.43×10−6 cm2 s−1 in pH 7.0 0.1 M phosphate buffer.
Generation of directional EOF by interactive oscillatory zeta potential
Authors: Kuo Chih‐Yu , Wang Chang‐Yi , Chang Chien‐Cheng
Published: October 2008

A steady directional EOF due to a nonlinear interaction between oscillatory axial electrical fields and oscillatory wall potentials (zeta potentials) is presented. This is a new mechanism to produce such a mean flow. It is found that the flow velocity depends not on the external driving frequency but on the phase angle difference between the electric fields and the zeta potentials. The formulation can also be reduced to the static EOF straightforwardly. For the purpose of theoretical demonstration, we use the Debye–Huckel approximation for the zeta potential. Results of planar and cylindrical capillaries are given.
Multiplex detection and identification of proteins on a PVDF membrane blocked with a synthetic polymer‐based reagent
Authors: Kawasaki Hiroshi , Okayama Akiko , Iwafune Yuko , Yahagi Shota , Arakawa Noriaki , Hirano Hisashi
Published: October 2008

2‐DE is one of the most powerful methods for analyzing proteins expressed in cells and tissues. Immunodetection of proteins blotted on a polymer membrane is the method of choice for detecting specific proteins in 2‐D gels. To precisely locate spots of immunoreactive proteins in 2‐D gels, both dye staining and immunodetection were performed on the same PVDF membrane. Prior to immunodetection, nonspecific adsorption of the antibodies to the membrane was blocked with a synthetic polymer‐based reagent (N‐102) after protein transfer. The protein was then stained with colloidal gold or CBB followed by protein spot identification by LC‐MS. Described herein is a method for multiplex analysis of proteins transferred to a PVDF membrane. Proteins that were phosphorylated at tyrosine in the phosphoproteome of rice callus or human ovarian cancer cells were detected by immunoblotting and subsequently identified with high precision.
An evaluation of European air pollution regulations for particulate matter monitored from a heterogeneous network
Authors: Sahu Sujit K. , Nicolis Orietta
Published: October 2008

Statistical methods are needed for evaluating many aspects of air pollution regulations increasingly adopted by many different governments in the European Union. The atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is an important air pollutant for which regulations have been issued recently. A challenging task here is to evaluate the regulations based on data monitored on a heterogeneous network where PM has been observed at a number of sites and a surrogate has been observed at some other sites. This paper develops a hierarchical Bayesian joint space–time model for the PM measurements and its surrogate between which the exact relationship is unknown, and applies the methods to analyse spatio‐temporal data obtained from a number of sites in Northern Italy. The model is implemented using MCMC techniques and methods are developed to meet the regulatory demands. These enablefull inference with regard to process unknowns, calibration, validation, predictions in time and space and evaluation of regulatory standards. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐cultural differences in the macronutrient intakes of women with anorexia nervosa in Australia and Singapore
Authors: Soh Nerissa Li‐Wey , Touyz Stephen , Dobbins Timothy , Surgenor Lois , Clarke Simon , Kohn Michael , Lee Ee Lian , Leow Vincent , Rieger Elizabeth , Ung Ken Eng Khean , Walter Garry
Published: October 2008

Aim

To compare the macronutrient intakes of women with and without anorexia nervosa (AN) across cultures.

Method

Participants were women with AN (n = 39) and without AN (n = 89) of North European and East Asian backgrounds recruited in Australia and Singapore. Energy and the percentage energy contributed by protein (%protein), fat (%fat) and carbohydrate (%CHO) were assessed from participant's diet histories and analysed in terms of cultural group, acculturation, socio‐economic status (SES) and education level.

Results

AN status was associated with lower energy and higher %CHO. Greater %protein was associated with greater acculturation to Western culture and lower SES, but not AN. Greater %fat was associated with lower SES and lower acculturation in women with AN, but with higher acculturation in controls. Greater %CHO was also associated with higher SES.

Conclusion

The findings may represent Western diets' higher protein and fat contents, ‘Western’ knowledge of weight‐loss diets, and affordability of low fat foods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Analysis of the volatile constituents of cooked petai beans (Parkia speciosa) using high‐resolution GC/ToF–MS
Authors: Frérot Eric , Velluz Alain , Bagnoud Alain , Delort Estelle
Published: October 2008

The volatile compounds from cooked petai beans (Parkia speciosa) were isolated by hydrodistillation under reduced pressure followed by solvent extraction. The organic extract was analyzed by classical single quadrupole GC/MS and by high resolution GC/ToF‐MS. Cyclic polysulphides were the major components of petai. New sulphur minor compounds were also identified and some of them were synthesised. 1,3‐Dithiabutane was found for the first time in a natural product whereas 2,4‐dithiapentane, 2,3,5‐trithiahexane and 2,4,6‐trithiaheptane for the first time in Parkia speciosa. GC/O analyses showed that these linear polysulphides have an important contribution to the flavour of cooked petai beans. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
White‐coat effect among older patients with suspected cognitive impairment: prevalence and clinical implications
Authors: Mario Bo , Massimiliano Massaia , Chiara Merlo , Alessandro Sona , Antonella Canadè , Gianfranco Fonte
Published: October 2008

Objectives

To evaluate the prevalence of white‐coat effect (WCE), and its association with individual anxiety and insight of disease, among older patients evaluated for suspected cognitive impairment.

Methods

This prospective cohort study, conducted in an Alzheimer Evaluation Unit, involved patients aged 55 years or older with suspected cognitive impairment. WCE was defined as a difference of at least 20 mmHg in systolic or 10 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure (BP) measured either by a physician during the visit or by a nurse (before and after the visit), compared with home self‐blood pressure measurement (SBPM). Severity of cognitive impairment was evaluated through the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE); the Clinical Insight Rating Scale (CIR) and the Guidelines for the Rating for Awareness Deficits (GRAD) were used to evaluate the subject's insight; anxiety disorder was evaluated using the seven‐question Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD‐7).

Results

Among 273 subjects, prevalence of WCE was 52%, 32.6% and 30.4%, according to physician and nurse BP measurements, respectively (p = 0.000). Prevalence of WCE did not differ between patients diagnosed with and without dementia, but was higher among patients with than in those without anxiety disorder (70.7% vs 38.2%, p = 0.000). Positive relations were observed between severity of anxiety and insight of disease, which were both inversely related with severity of coginitive impairment.

Conclusions

WCE is extremely common and is correlated to individual anxiety and insight of disease among older outpatients with suspected cognitive impairment; overestimation of hypertension severity might lead to unnecessary drug treatment and greater health costs in this setting. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contagious yawning and the frontal lobe: An fMRI study
Authors: Nahab Fatta B. , Hattori Noriaki , Saad Ziad S. , Hallett Mark
Published: October 2008

We conducted a slow event‐related fMRI experiment with naïve subjects' passively viewing yawn and various other control videos along with correlative behavioral testing. Specifically associated with the viewing of the contagious yawn was an area of activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest a role for the prefrontal cortex in the processing of contagious yawning, while demonstrating a unique automaticity in the processing of contagious motor programs which take place independently of mirror neuron networks. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Superoxide produced by Kupffer cells is an essential effector in concanavalin A–induced hepatitis in mice
Authors: Nakashima Hiroyuki , Kinoshita Manabu , Nakashima Masahiro , Habu Yoshiko , Shono Satoshi , Uchida Takefumi , Shinomiya Nariyoshi , Seki Shuhji
Published: October 2008

Although concanavalin A (Con-A)-induced experimental hepatitis is thought to be induced by activated T cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, and cytokines, precise mechanisms are still unknown. In the current study, we investigated the roles of Kupffer cells, NKT cells, FasL, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and superoxide in Con-A hepatitis in C57BL/6 mice. Removal of Kupffer cells using gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) from the liver completely inhibited Con-A hepatitis, whereas increased serum TNF and IFN-γ levels were not inhibited at all. Unexpectedly, anti-FasL antibody pretreatment did not inhibit Con-A hepatitis, whereas it inhibited hepatic injury induced by a synthetic ligand of NKT cells, α-galactosylceramide. Furthermore, GdCl3 pretreatment changed neither the activation-induced down-regulation of NK1.1 antigens as well as T cell receptors of NKT cells nor the increased expression of the CD69 activation antigen of hepatic T cells. CD68+ Kupffer cells greatly increased in proportion in the early phase after Con-A injection; this increase was abrogated by GdCl3 pretreatment. Anti-TNF antibody (Ab) pretreatment did not inhibit the increase of Kupffer cells, but it effectively suppressed superoxide/reactive oxygen production from Kupffer cells and the resulting hepatic injury. Conversely, depletion of NKT cells in mice by NK1.1 Ab pretreatment did suppress both the increase of CD68+ Kupffer cells and Con-A hepatitis. Consistently, the diminution of oxygen radicals produced by Kupffer cells by use of free radical scavengers greatly inhibited Con-A hepatitis without suppressing cytokine production. However, adoptive transfer experiments also indicate that a close interaction/cooperation of Kupffer cells with NKT cells is essential for Con-A hepatitis.Conclusion:Superoxide produced by Kupffer cells may be the essential effector in Con-A hepatitis, and TNF and NKT cells support their activation and superoxide production. (Hepatology 2008;48:1979-1988.)
Heat transfer enhancement of round impinging jet by orifice nozzle (Effects of contraction area ratio)
Authors: Kito Mizuki , Shakouchi Toshihiko , Sakamoto Tatsuji , Tsujimoto Koichi , Ando Toshitake
Published: October 2008

The effects of the nozzle contraction ratio on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of an orifice impinging jet were investigated in this experiment. The nozzle diameter was do=10.0 mm=const., and the contraction area ratio CR=(do/di)2, where di is the inner pipe diameter was varied from CR=1.00 to 0.11 and the nozzle‐plate distance was varied from H/do=2.0 to 5.0. The nozzle Reynolds number was Re=1.5×104=const. The flow characteristics were clarified by measuring the pressure and velocity distributions on the plate and flow visualization. The Nusselt number obtained from measuring the temperature distribution on the plate of an orifice impinging jet with a CR of 0.11 and 0.69 were respectively larger by 19% and 9% than those of a pipe impinging jet (CR=1.00), because the centerline velocity of the orifice jet was larger than that of the pipe jet. Under the same operation power, an orifice impinging jet has improved heat transfer characteristics. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20225
Scaling properties of Canadian flood flows
Authors: Yue Sheng , Gan Thian Yew
Published: October 2008

This study investigated the spatial scaling properties of Canadian flood flows, namely, annual maximum mean 1‐, 5‐ and 7‐day flows using both the product moments (PMs) and probability weighted moments (PWMs). Both approaches demonstrate that flood flows in climatic regions 1 (Pacific), 2 (South British Columbia mountains), 3 (Yukon and northern British Columbia), 6 (Northeastern forest), 7 (Great Lakes and St. Lawrence rivers), 8 (Atlantic), and 10 (Arctic tundra) exhibit simple scaling with scaling exponent θ/H close to 0·90, while flood flows in regions 4 (Prairie provinces), 5 (Northwestern forest), and 9 (Mackenzie) does not with scaling exponent θ/H close to 0·50. The plots of coefficient of variations of flood flows versus drainage area indicate that Cv remains almost constant in regions 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 10, while it decreases as drainage area increases in regions 4, 5, and 9. These results demonstrate that the index flood method is applicable in climatic regions 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 10, while it is not in climatic regions 4, 5, and 9. The physical backgroud of the simple scaling of flood flows in most Canadian climatic regions is that snowmelt or rain‐on‐snow runoff is a dominant flood‐generating mechanism across the country. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is norepinephrine an etiological factor in some types of cancer?
Authors: Fitzgerald Paul J.
Published: October 2008

I examine evidence that the signaling molecule norepinephrine (NE) is an etiological factor in some types of cancer. In support of this hypothesis, I cite the following 7 lines of evidence: (i) rodent studies of tumorigenesis in the context of NE manipulation; (ii) human studies of tricyclic antidepressant use and cancer rate; (iii) existence of pheochromocytoma, a cancer of the adrenal glands; (iv) cancer rate in families with individuals who have bipolar disorder; (v) hypertension and cancer risk; (vi) excessive body weight and cancer risk; and (vii) psychological stressors and cancer risk. Three aspects of the body's NE system are consistent with it playing an etiological role in various types of cancer: (i) NE circulates in the blood and can thereby access organ systems throughout the body, in addition to direct peripheral release by the sympathetic nervous system and being released within the brain; (ii) many of the body's organs possess NE receptors on the outer surface of at least some of their cells; (iii) by binding to its extracellular receptors, NE affects intracellular second messenger systems that could influence carcinogenesis. Most importantly, use of existing pharmaceutical drugs that either lower the level of NE (such as clonidine) or block NE receptors may lower the probability of an individual developing cancer, and this hypothesis could be tested immediately by an epidemiologist through examination of existing medical records. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor resistance to apoptosis
Authors: Fulda Simone
Published: October 2008

One of the hallmarks of human cancers is the intrinsic or acquired resistance to apoptosis. Evasion of apoptosis may contribute to carcinogenesis, tumor progression and also to treatment resistance, since most current anticancer therapies including chemotherapy, radio‐ and immunotherapy primarily act by activating cell death pathways including apoptosis in cancer cells. Hence, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor resistance to apoptotic cell death is expected to provide the basis for a rational approach to develop molecular targeted therapies. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metronomic scheduling of imatinib abrogates clonogenicity of neuroblastoma cells and enhances their susceptibility to selected chemotherapeutic drugs in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Palmberg Ebba , Johnsen John Inge , Paulsson Janna , Gleissman Helena , Wickström Malin , Edgren Margareta , Östman Arne , Kogner Per , Lindskog Magnus
Published: October 2008

Imatinib is currently in early clinical trials as targeted therapy for relapsed neuroblastomas and other childhood solid tumors expressing platelet‐derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) or c‐Kit. Short‐term treatment with imatinib in clinically achievable concentrations is ineffective in neuroblastoma in vitro. However, clinically, imatinib is administered daily over long time periods. The effects of combining imatinib with chemotherapy in neuroblastoma are unknown. Here, a panel of neuroblastoma cell lines (n = 5) were studied, representing tumors with different biological (MYCN‐amplification +/−) and clinical (drug resistance) features. Using a protracted low‐dose treatment schedule (1–3 weeks; 0.5–5μM) imatinib dose‐dependently inhibited proliferation and clonogenic survival for all tested cell lines with IC50 <2.5μM. In contrast, short‐term treatment (<96 hrs) was ineffective. Low‐dose imatinib was synergistic in combination with doxorubicin and caused increased G2/M‐ and S‐phase arrest and apoptosis as evidenced by enhanced caspase‐3 activation and sub‐G1 DNA accumulation. A significant but less pronounced effect was observed when imatinib was combined with etoposide or vincristine, as opposed to cisplatin, melphalan, or irinotecan. All cell lines expressed PDGFRβ, whereas no protein expression of PDGFRα was detected in MYCN amplified cell lines. PDGF‐BB caused PDGFRβ phosphorylation and partially rescued neuroblastoma cells from doxorubicin‐induced apoptosis, in an imatinib‐sensitive manner. In vivo, treatment with imatinib in combination with doxorubicin induced a significant growth inhibition of established neuroblastoma xenografts. These findings suggest clinical testing of imatinib in combination with selected chemotherapeutic drugs, in particular doxorubicin, in children with high‐risk neuroblastoma. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EXPRESSION OF CONCERN: Antitumor effects of a novel sulfur‐containing hydroxamate histone deacetylase inhibitor H40
Authors: Long Juan , Zhao Jinyan , Yan Zheng , Liu Ziliang , Wang Nan
Published: October 2008

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are among the most promising targeted anticancer agents and are potent inducers of growth arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptotic cell death of transformed cells. In this study, antitumor effects of a novel sulfur‐containing hydroxamate HDAC inhibitor, H40, were observed and compared with a typical HDAC inhibitor SAHA. In biochemical HDAC assay, H40 showed a potent HDAC inhibition. It induced histone H3 hyperacetylation, correlating with inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, induction of cell differentiation and cell cycle blockage. A broad cytotoxicity was observed across cell lines from different tumor entities. The autophagy rather than apoptosis inducing activity for both H40 and SAHA was observed in prostate cancer PC‐3M cells. HDAC inhibitor‐induced p21CIP/WAF1 expression was evident in PC‐3M and HL‐60 cell lines. The in vivo efficacy of H40 against a murine prostate carcinoma TRAMP‐C2 was compared with that of SAHA, which showed that H40 exerted a favorable antitumor action when only administered twice a week. We conclude that H40 might have clinical value in cancer chemotherapy and warrants further investigation in this regard. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Different outcome of invasive cervical cancer associated with high‐risk versus intermediate‐risk HPV genotype
Authors: de Cremoux Patricia , de la Rochefordière Anne , Savignoni Alexia , Kirova Youlia , Alran Séverine , Fourchotte Virginie , Plancher Corine , Thioux Martine , Salmon Rémy J. , Cottu Paul , Mignot Laurent , Sastre‐Garau Xavier
Published: October 2008

Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA sequences are associated with the large majority of invasive cervical carcinoma but the role of specific genotype(s) in the outcome of the disease is still debated. To determine the viral epidemiology in the French population of patients and the prognostic value of HPV genotypes in cervical cancer, we performed a retrospective study in 515 patients treated in our Institution from 1985 to 2005. Ninety‐six percent of the cases were found associated with HPV DNA whereas 4% remained HPV negative. High‐risk HPV 16/18 genotypes were found in 70% of the cases. HPV 18 was more frequently associated with adenocarcinoma (40.6%) than HPV 16 (10.4%) and found in tumours developed in younger women (mean age, 45.8 years) than HPV 16 (48.3 years) or other HPV types (53.6 years). In multivariate analysis, node involvement (p < 0.0001), parametria invasion (p = 0.009), tumour size (p = 0.01) and HPV status (p = 0.02) were associated with disease‐free survival (median follow‐up 95 months). Disease outcome was better in tumours associated with intermediate risk HPV types (HPV 31, 33, 35, 39, 52, 53, 58, 59, 73) than in tumours with high oncogenic types (HPV 16, 18, 45) (p = 0.03). Node status and tumour size remained prognostic factor for overall survival. Our data show that HPV genotype is one of the biological factors associated with the outcome of cervical cancer. One third of invasive carcinoma were not associated with HPV 16/18, indicating that the screening for cervical neoplasia should be maintained after prophylactic vaccination against these HPV genotypes. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transketolase‐like protein 1 (TKTL1) is required for rapid cell growth and full viability of human tumor cells
Authors: Xu Xiaojun , zur Hausen Axel , Coy Johannes F. , Löchelt Martin
Published: October 2008

Cancer cells display high rates of aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. Lactate and pyruvate, the end products of glycolysis, are overproduced by cancer cells even in the presence of oxygen. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) allows glucose conversion to ribose for nucleic acid synthesis, glucose degradation to lactate, and regeneration of redox equivalents. The nonoxidative part of the PPP is controlled by transketolase (TKT) enzymes. One TKT isoform, the transketolase‐like protein 1 (TKTL1) is specifically upregulated in different human cancers and its overexpression predicts a poor patient's survival. This finding implicates that an increased TKTL1 expression may activate the PPP leading to enhanced cancer cell growth and survival. To analyze the functional role of TKTL1 in malignant progression, we inhibited TKTL1 by RNAi technologies in human HCT116 colon carcinoma cells. TKTL1 suppression resulted in a significantly slowed cell growth, glucose consumption and lactate production. In TKTL1 knockdown‐cells, the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels were not significantly increased, whereas the sensitivity towards oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis was clearly enhanced. These data provide new clues on the importance of TKTL1 dys‐regulation in tumor cells and indicate that TKTL1 overexpression may be considered not only as a new tumor marker but also as a good target for anticancer therapy. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loss of EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase reduces Apcmin/+ tumorigenesis
Authors: Bogan Christina , Chen Jin , O'Sullivan M. Gerard , Cormier Robert T.
Published: October 2008

The Eph receptor A2 (EphA2) is overexpressed in a range of human epithelial cancers, a phenotype that is associated with cancer cell proliferation, progression and angiogenesis. Mouse models of mammary neoplasia have confirmed the role of EphA2 as mice carrying a knockout allele of EphA2 were resistant to breast cancer, a phenotype that was associated with interactions between EphA2 and ErbB2. We investigated in vivo the role of EphA2 in GI cancer. To determine whether EphA2 influences intestinal tumorigenesis, we used qRT‐PCR to examine the mRNA expression levels of EphA2 in tumors from the small intestine and colon of ApcMin/+ mice. We found that EphA2 was significantly up‐regulated in tumors from both regions when compared with normal control tissues. We then evaluated the spatial expression patterns of EphA2 protein using immunohistochemistry in both the small intestine and colon and found that in normal tissues EphA2 was robustly expressed in highly differentiated cells, such as cells of the villi, but that EphA2 expression was largely absent from the stem cell niche and proliferative zones of intestinal crypts. In contrast, in tumors EphA2 was broadly expressed. Finally, we created a strain of ApcMin/+ mice carrying a genetic knockout of the EphA2 gene. These mice developed significantly fewer and smaller tumors in both the small and large intestine. Overall, our results indicate that EphA2 plays an oncogenic role in the mammalian intestine suggesting that strategies to target EphA2 activity may offer new therapeutic modalities for colorectal cancer. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.