bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Properties of Al-δ Layered Sodium Disilicate with High Framework Stability
Authors: Dong J.-X. , Li L.-P. , Xu H. , Deng F. , Liu L. , Ai X.
Published: December 2013

Al-δ layered sodium disilicate with high framework stability in hot water (60–80°C) has been successfully synthesized from the system of Na2O–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O. It was shown that the presence of aluminum can improve the purity of δ phase. After marinated in hot distilled water for 60minutes, Al-δ layered sodium disilicate still kept δ phase and had better Ca2+binding capacity and calcium binding rate. This property of Al-δ layered sodium disilicate may extend its application field. The samples were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, MAS NMR, Ca2+binding capacity and rate, The data of27Al MAS NMR and29Si MAS NMR showed that aluminum was incorporated essentially in tetrahedral framework position, and substitute for SiO4tetrahedron in sheet of δ layered sodium disilicate.
Biodegradation of Two Nonionic Surfactants Used for In Situ Flushing of Oil-Contaminated Soils
Authors: Torres L. G. , Orantes J. L. , Iturbe R.
Published: December 2013

Surfactants used for soil in situ flushing are often synthetic monomers of nonionic type. Both ethoxylated sorbitan monoleate and nonyl-phenol have been widely reported because of their washing potential. It is necessary to investigate their aerobic biodegradability at high concentrations found after a soil in situ flushing process. The aim of this work is to show the two nonionic surfactants' biodegradation, when present in water solutions at high concentrations (400 and 800mg/l), using an aerobic consortium obtained from a conventional activated sludge system for treatment of municipal wastewater. It was demonstrated that both TW80 and Surfacpol surfactants were biodegraded (and even partially mineralised) at high concentrations, i.e., 400 and 800mg/l. It is noteworthy that Surfacpol could be biodegraded to a higher extent (about 96%) than TW80 (about 45%) in a period of 168hours. Regarding the mineralization rates, Surfacpol reached mineralization values of about 83%, whereas TW80 reached only a value of about 23%.
Mixed Micellar Systems of n-Alkyl-β-D Glucopyranosides with Hexadecyl Cationic Surfactants
Authors: Rodgers C. , Moulins J. , Palepu R.
Published: December 2013

Critical micelle concentrations (cmc) were obtained from tensiometric method on binary mixtures of decyl and dodecyl glucopyranoside nonionic surfactants with hexadecyl-triphenyl and tributyl phosphonium bromide and trimethylammonium bromide surfactants in aqueous media. The cmc data have been analysed in the context of pseudophase separation model. The interaction parameter (b) determined by using the regular solution theory (RST) was found to be negative and composition dependent. The values of interaction parameters were found to be more negative for C10 glucopyranoside mixtures. Employing Maeda's Theory, the chain/chain contribution parameter B1 was obtained and related to the Gibbs free energy of mixed micelle formation. Thermodynamics of adsorption, surface excess and minimum area occupied by surfactant molecules were also evaluated.
Preparation of some Ethoxylated Alkyl Sulfosuccinate Surfactants and Investigate their Mixed Solutions
Authors: Al-Sabagh A. M. , Azzam E. M. S. , Mahmoud S. A. , Saleh N. E. A.
Published: December 2013

A series of ethoxylated sodium monoalkyl sulfosuccinate (ESMASS) ester surfactants were prepared by reaction of polyethylene glycol (M. wt. 600) with sodium mono alkyl sulfosuccinate (SMASS). The esters were prepared by reaction of octyl, lauryl or cetyl alcohol with sodium sulfosuccinate (SSS) to prepare E(14)SMOSS, E(14)SMLSS and E(14)SMCSS. The chemical structures of the prepared surfactants were confirmed by FTIR and 1HNMR spectroscopy. The surface tension of the synthesized surfactants was measured at 25°C individually or mixing at different molar fraction with the sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate. The surface active properties were calculated and micellization process of the mixture was investigated. The molar ratio of anionic (SDOSS) and anionic-nonionic surfactants moiety [E(14)SMOSS, E(14)SMLSS and E(14)SMCSS] in the mixed aggregates were deduced using the regular solution approximation equations. Depending on the critical micelle concentration values for each surfactant individually and mixed systems, the minimum surface tension was exhibited at mixture of [0.6 SDOSS and 0.4 E(14)SMCSS]. The micellar composition of the mixed aggregates were explained and discussed based on the effect of their chemical structures. Activity coefficient (f1, f2), interaction parameter (b) and ideality of anionic-nonionic mixed aggregates were evaluated.
Structure – Property Relationships of “Gemini” Surfactants and Synergism with Hydrotropes
Authors: Wattebled L. , Note C. , Laschewsky A.
Published: December 2013

Two series of cationic dimeric ((gemini)) surfactants are presented with respect to key surfactant properties, such as surface activity and micellization. The influence of the dimerization and of the spacer group are examined, in order to establish structure-property relationships. Importantly, the addition of organic anions strongly modifies the solution properties and aggregate morphology. The surface tension and critical micellar concentration can be markedly reduced compared to the dimeric surfactants in the pure state. Moreover, dimeric surfactants with an appropriate spacer group can produce viscoelastic solutions after addition of certain organic anions even when bearing only dodecyl chains, whereas no effect is observed for such mixtures involving the analogous (monomeric) surfactant. Also, first results on the use of polymerizable counterions and their polymerization in such mixtures are presented.
On Plate Analysis of Surfactants by High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography: Simultaneous Identification and Separation of Polyoxyethylene p-t-Octyl Phenol, Dodecyltrimethylammonium Bromide and Polyoxyethylene(20) Stearyl Ether
Authors: Mohammad A. , Shahab H.
Published: December 2013

Thin – layer chromatography of fifteen surfactants (cationic, anionic and non – ionic) has been performed on silica HPTLC plates using chromogenic reagents methylene blue (MB), bromocresol green (BCG), and bromophenol blue (BPB) in the presence of aqueous formic acid plus acetone. Mobile phase system comprising acetone + 10−4 M bromophenol blue in 1 M aqueous formic acid is found most favourable for the separation of coexisting, polyoxyethylene p-t-octylphenol (TX-100), polyoxyethylene(20) stearyl ether (Bj-78), and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTABr). Effects of sample pH, presence of impurities in the analyte sample, nature of adsorbent and the composition of mobile phase have been investigated on the separation of TX-100, Bj-78, and DTABr from their mixtures. The limits of detection of poly oxyethylene p-t-octylphenol, polyoxyethylene(20) stearyl ether and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide have been determined.
Synthesis of 1,3-Bis-[(Dodecanoyl Oxypropyl Dimethylammonium) Propane] Dibromide Ester-Quat Surfactant: Micellar, Thermodynamic and Corrosion-Inhibiting Properties
Authors: Alehyen S. , Benssejjay F. , EL Achouri M. , Infante M. R. , Perez L. , Benssouda Y.
Published: December 2013

Ester – quat surfactant: 1,3-bis-[(dodecanoyl oxypropyl dimethylammonium) propane] dibromide referred as 12-3-3-3-12 was synthesized, purified and characterized by Elemental Analysis,1H-NMR,13C-NMR, IR and Mass Spectra. The thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of this ester-quat were investigated using Electrical Conductivity and Surface Tension measurements. The corresponding parameters of micellisation were determined for each technique. Otherwise the inhibitive action of the ester-quat (12-3-3-3-12) on the corrosion behaviour of iron was investigated in HCl and H2SO4medium by means Electrochemical Resistance and Polarisation methods. The ester-quat 12-3-3-3-12 acts as a cathodic-type inhibitor. The maximum inhibition efficiency was reached around the critical micellar concentration. The ester-quat appears to be adsorbed in the metal/liquid interface through the general mode following the Frumkin adsorption model.
The Long-term Stability of Sodium Percarbonate in Presence of Zeolite as Measured by Heat Flow Calorimetry
Authors: Johansson C. , Pekonen P. , Forsström D.
Published: December 2013

Heat flow calorimetry has been evaluated as an alternative technique to conventional stability testing of sodium percarbonate [15630-89-4] (SPC) based on analysis of the hydrogen peroxide content. Stability tests were performed with different SPC samples as well as under various experimental conditions. In general, stable samples exhibiting high concentration of hydrogen peroxide were accompanied by low heat flow values. It was found that the results obtained by heat flow calorimetry and conventional stability testing were in agreement. It was also demonstrated that the long-term stability could be predicted from heat flow data obtained during the initial stage of decomposition. Furthermore, different manufacturing and experimental conditions were manifested as a change of the heat flow curve. The results indicate that the rate of heat production is closely associated with the stability of sodium percarbonate, i. e. the rate of decomposition of sodium percarbonate. In presence of zeolite the stability of sodium percarbonate was reduced, particularly under humid conditions.
A Novel Method for the Synthesis of Mesoporous TiO2 at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Tai X.-M. , Du Z.-P. , Wang W. X. , Zhang J. F.
Published: December 2013

Using anionic surfactant sodium alkyl epoxy ethylene carboxylate as structure-oriented agent mesoporous titanium dioxide was direct prepared at ambient temperature via hydrolysis precipitation. The synthesized products were characterized by XRD and N2-adsorption. XRD analysis indicates that the TiO2 exhibits anatase phase and its pore disappears at 550 °C calcinations temperature. N2-adsorption results shows that high surface area of 324 m2/g, pore volume of 0.211 cm3/g and pore size of 3.5 nm were obtained in no heat-treated sample.
Visible Light Photo-catalysts Based on Titanium Dioxide and their Potential Applications – an Introduction
Authors: Blöß S. P.
Published: December 2013

Titanium dioxide is a well-known UV-absorber but it can also be used for initiating chemical reactions by ultra-violet radiation. By doping this semiconductor with carbon, interstate energy levels between the energy bands are formed. This offers the possibility not only to use ultra-violet light, but also visible light to activate the catalyst. In a cyclic photo-catalytic process inorganic radicals are generated from the surrounding atmospheric water and oxygen. These radicals then oxidize organic compounds e. g. aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons or inorganic molecules e. g. nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide, respectively, to carbon dioxide, nitrates and water as end-products, which can readily be assimilated by vegetation. Potential applications are found in self-cleaning surfaces and the reduction of air and water pollution, where its superhydrophilicy and high specific surface areas can be utilized.
Preparation and Performance Properties of a Series of Novel Anionic Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Shukla D. , Tyagi V. K.
Published: December 2013

Anionic Gemini surfactants having two phosphate head groups and two decyl head groups were prepared in good yield. These surfactants were prepared by two step process. (i) Preparation of decyl phosphate from pyrophosphoric acid and decanol. (ii) Preparation of bis-phosphoric acid from decyl phosphate, (CH3)4NOH and different spacers by using acetonitrile as solvent. The synthesized surfactants structures were verified by FT IR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The physical and performance properties like surface tension and interfacial tension, foaming, wetting and emulsion stability of disodium salts of bis-phosphoric acids were also evaluated. The effects of the spacers on the properties were analyzed. It was found that properties were significantly influenced by slight variation of spacers.
Effect of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide on the Oxidation of β-Alanine by N-Bromophthalimide in Acidic Medium
Authors: Katre Y. R. , Joshi G. K. , Singh A. K.
Published: December 2013

The kinetics of the oxidation of β-alanine (Ala) by N-bromophthalimide (NBP) has been studied in the presence of cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at 313 K. The oxidation kinetics exhibits first order kinetics with respect to [Oxidant], fractional order of [Ala] and inverse fractional order of [H+] on the rate of reaction. The rate of reaction decreases with decreasing dielectric constant of the medium. The rate constant increases with increasing CTAB and then constant. Increasing [Hg(OAc)2] and inorganic salts i.e. [Cl−] and [Br−] increased the rate of reaction, whereas a change in ionic strength of the medium had no effect on oxidation velocity. Methyl Cyanide as the main oxidation product has been identified. Thermodynamic and activation parameters have been evaluated. The rate constants, binding constants with surfactant (CTAB) and the index of cooperativity have also been evaluated.
Dye Fading in Laundry Washing Comparison of Washing Machine and Linitest Results
Authors: Rohwer H. , Phillips D. A. S. , Krijnen E. S. , Glüsen B. , Lodewick R. , Reinhardt G. , Gordon J. W. , Spadoni L.
Published: December 2013

Linitest and washing machine results have been compared for the assessment of dye damage/colour fading. 14 dyes of the AISE Monitor Dye Set for bleach induced dye fading were applied in several multi-cycle washes in both devices. It has been shown that dye fading in both applications correlated well with bleach containing detergents, although often the absolute level of fading was higher in a washing machine. Both systems identified the same dyes as being either problematic or safe. On the other hand experiments without a bleach system revealed that dye fading in a washing machine could be different from that generated in a Linitest.
On Plate Resolution and Identification of Three-Component Mixture of Nonionic Surfactants
Authors: Mohammad A. , Bhawani A.
Published: December 2013

Silica gel 60 F254 plates were used with mixed aqueous-organic solvent systems consisting of dioxan and lithium chloride for the chromatography of three nonionic surfactants. The resolution of coexisting Triton X-100, Brij-57 and Brij-78 was achieved with the solvent system 1,4-dioxan:1% aqueous LiCl (40:60, v/v). The effect of concentration of Li+ ions in the solvent system on the mobility of the three surfactants was studied. The interference on the resolution of the mixture of Triton X-100, Brij-57 and Brij-78, due to the presence of metal cations as impurities, is also examined. The limits of detection of Triton X-100, Brij-57 and Brij-78 estimated were 0.075, 0.150 and 0.20 μg/zone respectively. The practical applicability of proposed method was tested for the identification of three coexisting nonionic surfactants after their separation from the spiked aqueous systems.
Polycarboxylates – Essential and Multifunctional
Authors: Ettl R. , Schwendemann V. , Schmidt K.
Published: December 2013

Starting from a variety of monomers as building blocks, a whole range of synthetic homopolymers and random copolymers can be easily synthesized in the laboratory and many of these polymers are commercially available. Acrylic acid in particular is a convenient and versatile starting point leading to a huge range of different polymer structures generally known as polycarboxylates. A great deal of work has been published on the effects polycarboxylates provide in laundry detergents. They have a pronounced dispersing capacity for particulate soil and sparingly soluble salts such as calcium carbonate and thus they are able to counteract incrustation and redeposition of soil onto fabrics. The incorporation of side chains of different lengths and chemistry opened the field of highly efficient rheology modifiers. This synthetic development has been aided by an increased understanding of the mode of action on a molecular level. Knowledge about the interaction of water-soluble polymers with nonionic and ionic surfactants and with particles has grown significantly and is still an area of great interest. Further, recent studies have shed more light on the dynamics of crystal growth of calcium carbonate in various environments and the role of polycarboxylates and other polymers in this process.
Macroscopic Pipe Flow of Micellar Solutions Investigated by Ultrasound Doppler Velocimetry
Authors: Fischer Peter , Ouriev Boris , Windhab J.
Published: December 2013

Macroscopic flow properties of viscoelastic surfactant solution are investigated in pressure driven pipe flow condition. We focus on an equimolar aqueous solution of cetylpyridinium chloride – sodium salicylate, which in simple shear flow exhibits a shear thinning, and at higher shear rates, a pronounced shear-thickening behavior associated with the formation of shear bands [1–6]. An ultrasound Doppler velocimetry method is used to detect these shear bands in pipe flow. The emitted ultrasonic beam is scattered by the moving sample and the time delay between emitted pulse and received echoes as well as the frequency shift is determined. This Doppler shift is related to the speed and the direction of the moving scatters and with this information, the velocity profile across the pipe is calculated [7]. The shape of the obtained velocity profile is used to determine the flow properties of the sample and the formation of shear bands at the tube's wall or within the bulk phase. For the investigated solution we do not observe shear band phenomena. This is contrary to previous investigations [5, 6, 8] where shear bands in the order of few tenth of a millimeter were found. Our results suggesting that the banded region is not detectable by the utilized UVP technique.
Phase Behavior of Microemulsions Prepared from Surfactant-like Ionic Liquids
Authors: Liu J. , Li Y. , Chai J.-L. , Qin C.-K. , Yu X.-Y. , Xia Y.
Published: December 2013

The phase behavior and the influencing factors of middle phase microemulsions prepared from surfactant-like ionic liquid 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (C12mimBr, C14mimBr and C16mimBr) were studied systematically with Winsor-type phase diagrams. The minimum alcohol content needed to form the middle phase microemulsion, the alcohol width (the range of the alcohol concentrations from forming to disappearing of the middle-phase microemulsion) and the percent volume of the optimal middle phase at the midpoint of the middle phase region were obtained from the phase diagrams. It was found that with the increase in the carbon chain length of CnmimBr molecules, the minimum alcohol content and the alcohol width decrease, and the solubilization ability (the percent volume of the middle phase microemulsion) increases. With the increase in CnmimBr content, the minimum alcohol content increases, and the alcohol width increases at first and then decreases, and the solubilization ability of the microemulsion systems increases. The minimum alcohol content, the alcohol width and the solubilization ability are also influenced by alcohols, oils and brine. The minimum alcohol content and the alcohol width decrease, and the solubilization ability increases, with the increase in the carbon chain length of the alcohols, the decrease in the carbon chain length of the oils, and the increase in NaCl contents.
Aqueous Solution Properties, Biodegradability, and Antimicrobial Activity of some Alkylpolyglycosides Surfactants
Authors: El-Sukkary M. M. A. , Syed N. A. , Aiad Ismail , Helmy S. M. , El-Azab W. I. M.
Published: December 2013

In the present investigation, a series of alkyl polyglycosides with alkyl chain length of C 8, 9, 10, 12 and 14 were synthesized using transacetalization method. Purity of the products was investigated using high performance liquid chromatography. Surface parameters particularly Effectiveness πcmc, Efficiency Pc20, maximum surface excess Γmax, minimum surface area Amin and HLB values are investigated, in addition to thermodynamic parameters (ΔGads and ΔGmic). Resistance to hydrolysis for the prepared compounds was investigated. The synthesized compounds were tested for their biodegradability in Nile river water according to Die-away test method and their antimicrobial activity against different strains of bacteria, yeast and fungi was investigated.
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients of Surfactants: Slow Stirring/Surface Tension Method
Authors: Miller D. J. , McWilliams P.
Published: December 2013

A slow stirring method to measure log P values of water-soluble surfactants is described. Aqueous surfactant solution is equilibrated with octanol. A surface tension technique is used to determine the decrease in concentration in the aqueous phase. Interference from octanol, which is surface active, is prevented by evaporation and redissolution of the sample. For industrial surfactants this method gives a log P value that is effectively weighted according to the surface activity of the components. The test can be used to screen surfactants for a possible risk of bioaccumulation as it is generally accepted that substances with log P < 3 are unlikely to bioaccumulate. The apparent log P of an alkane sulfonate was 1.5 when a 1 g/L aqueous solution was equilibrated with an equal volume of octanol. Due to ion pair formation in the octanol phase the apparent log P decreased with concentration. As a result, the tendency to partition into octanol is likely to be less at environmentally relevant concentrations.
5-(3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-7H-indolo[1,2-a]quinolinium Perchlorate as a New Indicator for Anionic Surface Active Agents Determination
Authors: Wróblewska E. K. , Gąsiorowska M. , Soroka J. A.
Published: December 2013

5-(3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-7H-indolo[1,2-a]quinolinium perchlorate (Ia) was used as an indicator for anionic surface active agents determination in the manual direct two-phase titration according to the International Standard [ISO 2271:1989] Surface active agents. The solvatochromic dye (Ia) can successfully replace the recommended mixed indicator consisting of a mixture of Acid Blue I and carcinogenic dimidium bromide. The detection of the titration endpoint with use of this dye turned out much easier than with the use of the mixed indicator. The procedure was also modified replacing carcinogenic and mutagenic chloroform with less toxic dichloromethane. The concentrations of the anionic surface – active substances in few commercially available products were determined using modified two-phase titration method.
Nonionic Surfactants: An Overview
Authors: Bajpai D. , Tyagi V. K.
Published: December 2013

Nonionic surfactants do not produce ions in aqueous solution. As a consequence, they are compatible with other types of surfactants and are excellent candidates to enter complex mixtures, as found in many commercial products. Nonionic surfactants are found today in a large variety of domestic and industrial products, such as powdered or liquid formulations. This review paper describes the history, properties, types and uses of nonionic surfactants.
Synthesis and Properties of Di-n-hexadecyl-α,ω-Alkyl Bisphosphate Surfactants
Authors: Tyagi P. , Tyagi R.
Published: December 2013

Amphipatic compounds with connecting group between two lipophilic groups were prepared by phosphorylating a long chain alcohol (hexadecanol) with pyrophosphoric acid to prepare hexadecyl phosphate. Then the resulting hexadecyl phosphate was used to prepare bisphosphate surfactants with terminal dibromo alkanes viz. 1,4-dibromo butane or 1,6-dibromo hexane or 1,8-dibromo octane using acetonitrile as solvent. The structure of synthesized products were verified by modern analytical techniques viz. FT-IR, and 1H-NMR. The disodium salts of bisphosphate surfactants were obtained by neutralization of free acid with sodium hydroxide. The performance properties viz. foaming, wetting, emulsifying ability and anionic content of synthesized surfactants were also evaluated. The synthesized bisphosphate surfactant with 1,6-dibromo hexane possessed maximum anionic content and showed good water solubility, foaming, wetting, and emulsifying ability compared to conventional analogs.
Study of Glycerol and Sweet Water as a Carbon Source for Production of Rhamnolipids by Naturally Occurring Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145 and ATCC 9027)
Authors: Wadekar S. , Patil S. , Kale S. , Lali A. M. , Bhowmick D. N. , Pratap A. P.
Published: December 2013

The interest in biosurfactant has increased considerably due to their large potential for industrial applications. Rhamnolipid is a simplest class of biosurfactants with well defined structure. The main obstacle in commercialization of biosurfactant especially rhamnolipids is the higher cost of the production. Glycerol is readily available from commercial fat-splitting process in the form of sweet water (up to 20% w/v) at very low cost. Two natural strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145 and ATCC 9027) were compared for rhamnolipid production. The neotype strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145) was found to produce more amounts of rhamnolipids than Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) on glucose and glycerol as carbon source. The microbial growth (0.94 g/L) and formation of rhamnolipids (2.75 g/L) was maximum at 5% (w/v) glycerol concentration by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145). The fermentation was monitored for 8 days on shake flask and magnetically stirred batch culture. In magnetically stirred batch culture, microbial growth was 0.69 g/L and 2.73 g/L of rhamnolipid was formed. Sweet water was also used as a source of glycerol.
Study on the Synthesis and Surface Activities of Novel Alkyl Sulfonate Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Li X. , Zhao S. , Hu Z. , Zhu H. , Cao D.
Published: December 2013

Three novel dialkyl disulfonate gemini surfactants (Cn-6-Cn, n = 6, 8, 12; n is carbon number of hydrophobic chain) were synthesized from cyanuric chloride, aliphatic amine and taurine. The chemical structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR spectra and ESI-MS. Their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) in the aqueous solutions at 25°C were determined by surface-tension method. With the increasing length of the hydrophobic carbon chain, the values of their CMC decreased. The surface tension measurements of Cn-6-Cn give low CMC, great efficiency in lowering the surface tension, and strong adsorption at air–water interface. In addition, adsorption and micellization behavior of Cn-6-Cn were estimated by the parameter of pC20, the minimum average area per surfactant molecule (Amin).
Micellization and Interfacial Behaviour of Amitriptyline-Nonionic Surfactant Systems in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Kabir-ud-Din  , Naqvi A. Z. , Khan A. B.
Published: December 2013

By means of surface tension measurement (ring detachment method) mixed micellization and mixed adsorbed film formation were studied between an amphiphilic drug (amitriptyline hydrochloride – AMT) and nonionic surfactants (Tritons and Tweens) at different mole fractions. From the equilibrium surface tension measurements critical micelle concentration (CMC), maximum surface excess (Γmax) and minimum area per surfactant molecule at the air/solution interface (Amin) were obtained. The theories of Rosen, Rubingh and Maeda were applied to analyse the results. Different thermodynamic parameters, viz. free energy of micellization (ΔGo
m), standard Gibbs energy of adsorption (ΔGo
ads), and minimum energy of surface (Gmin) were evaluated. In the mixed micelles, presence of nonionic surfactants between the head groups of drug molecules decreases the repulsion among head groups. As a result, the CMC and Amin decrease while Γmax increases. Interaction parameters of micelles (βm) and monolayer (βs) indicate that the drug surfactant systems show better interaction at the interface than in micelles.
Pronounced Catalytic Effect of Micellar Solution of Surfactants for Regioselective Alkylation of 4,5-Di- and 3,4,5-Triphenylimidazoles-2-thione
Authors: Rezki N. , Sidhoum M. Ait , Aouad M. R. , Ilikti H. , Benabdallah T.
Published: December 2013

An environmentally benign aqueous alkylation protocol for the regioselective synthesis of thioalkylated imidazoles using cationic, anionic and neutral surfactants has been achieved. The efficiency of the coupling reaction depends strongly on the nature and the concentration of the surfactant. The highest yield (up to 94%) was obtained in the presence of an anionic surfactant, while neutral or cationic surfactants gave poorer results with no change in regioselectivity.
Influence of Surfactants on the Performance of Calcium Phosphate Scale Inhibitors
Authors: Amjad Z.
Published: December 2013

The pH-stat technique was used to study the influence of various types of surfactants on the performance of polymers used as inhibitors for preventing the precipitation of calcium phosphate in industrial water systems. Four types of surfactants were evaluated: 1) anionic, 2) non-ionic, 3) amphoteric, and 4) cationic. The polymeric inhibitors studied include homo-, co-, and terpolymers containing different functional groups such as carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, ester, and amide. It has been found that polymer dosage and polymer architecture play important roles in inhibiting calcium phosphate precipitation. The results on the evaluation of surfactants reveal that all surfactants are ineffective calcium phosphate inhibitors. Comparative inhibition data collected for various calcium phosphate inhibiting polymers in the presence surfactants containing different ionic charges are presented. Results are also discussed on the influence of cationic polymeric flocculant in preventing the precipitation of calcium phosphate by anionic polymeric inhibitors.
An Efficient and Mild Procedure for the Preparation of Aldonic Acids via Oxidation of D-Sucrose by Employing N-Bromophthalimide Oxidant and Micellar System
Authors: Katre Y. , Singh M. , Singh A. K.
Published: December 2013

The oxidation reactions of D-sucrose have been carried out with N-bromophthalimide in the presence of micellar aggregates at 45°C. The kinetics revealed first order dependence on N-bromophthalimide (NBP) and fractional order dependence on D-sucrose. Variation of mercuric acetate concentration has an insignificant effect on reaction rate. The stoichiometric ratio of NBP:D-sucrose was 1:2 and the oxidation product was aldonic acid confirmed by FeCl3–HCl test. The influence of salts on the reaction rate has also been studied. Phthalimide (NHP) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) inhibit the rate. Thermodynamic and activation parameters have been evaluated and a mechanism consistent with the kinetic data has been proposed. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and TritonX-100 (TX-100) catalyze the reaction, while sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) inhibits the rate of reaction. The applicability of Berezin's model was tested to explain the observed micellar effects. The rate constants (kM) and binding constants (KS + KO) have been evaluated.
Synthesis and Properties of Some N-Acylethylenediamine Triacetic Acid Chelating Surfactants
Authors: EL-Sukkary M. M. A. , Soliman E. A. , Ismail D. A. , Rayes S. M. El , Saad M. A.
Published: December 2013

A new kind of surfactants with chelating properties named N-acylethylenediamine triacetate (N-acyl ED3A) of different hydrocarbon chain lengths were synthesized from anhydrous ethylene diamine, fatty acid chlorides (Capryloyl, lauroyl, myristoyl, palmitoyl, stearoyl or oleoyl chloride) and chloroacetic acid. The chemical structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed using different spectroscopic techniques, primarily Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. The surface properties including surface and interfacial tension, foaming height, emulsification power, calcium ion stability, stability to hydrolysis and critical micelle concentration (CMC) were determined. The trisodium N-acylethylenediamine triacetates have been found to combine the properties of strong surfactancy, extreme mildness with a high tolerance to water hardness, and ability to chelate metal ions, which indicates a promising application prospect in many fields.
5-(3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-7H-indolo[1,2-a]quinolinium Perchlorate as a New Indicator for Anionic Surface Active Agents Determination
Authors: Wróblewska E. K. , Gąsiorowska M.
Published: December 2013

The work refers to the already published modification of widely used method for anionic active agents determination which concerns the replacement of the mixed indicator, consisting of Acid Blue 1 and carcinogenic Dimidium Bromide, applied in the International Standard ISO 2271:1989 with solvatochromic dye i.e. 5-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-7H-indolo[1,2-a]quinolinium perchlorate (1). The value of pKa for examined dye (1) amounts to 6.59 thus the influence of different pH values of the probes on the analysis results was studied i.e. precision of determination of titration endpoint and the same the result of the quantitative analysis. The change of pH for aqueous and apparent pH for organic phase were determined during the titration process. It was shown that there is no effect of the pH change in its range varying from 3.5 to 5 on the results. The modification of the method for the probes which pH do not fit to the range mentioned above is presented.
Impact of Surfactants on the Efficacy of Iron Oxide Dispersants
Authors: Amjad Z.
Published: December 2013

Surfactants form a unique class of compounds that are used in a variety of applications including laundry detergents, dish washing liquids, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, petroleum processing, mineral ores, personal care, floor cleaners, paints, coatings, fuel additives, and photographic films. In the present work a variety of surfactants containing different functional groups (i.e., anionic, non-ionic, amphoteric, cationic) has been used to study their influence on the performance of polymeric iron oxide dispersants. Effects of dispersant dosage, time, and polymer architecture have been investigated. The polymers tested include homopolymers of acrylic acid, maleic acid, methacrylic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic, 2-ethyloxazoline, and acrylic acid, maleic acid based copolymers containing different functional groups. It has been found that polymer performance as dispersant depends on dosage and polymer architecture. Results on the evaluation of surfactants suggest that compared to polymers, surfactants are ineffective iron oxide dispersants. Results on the impact of cationic surfactant (e.g., cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, CTAC) suggest that CTAC exhibits an antagonistic effect on the performance of polymers. It has also been found that cationic polymer (e.g., polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) shows much stronger antagonistic effect than CTAC on the efficacy of polymers used as iron oxide dispersants in industrial water systems. The antagonistic behavior shown by cationic surfactant and cationic polymer on the performance of polymers has been explained in terms of cationic – anionic interactions.
Preparations of Novel Flocculants and its Applications in the Paper-making Wastewater
Authors: Zhao F. , He J. L.
Published: December 2013

Functional monomer [N-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)acrylamide] was synthesized and characterized by MS and NMR. A series of high molecular weight cationic polyacrylamides were prepared with N-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)acrylamide, acrylamide and methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride by copolymerization using complex initiation systems as catalysts in aqueous solution. Then they used as flocculants to treat the paper-making wastewater. The removal of the colour and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the treated waste water samples were determined. Results showed that flocculants could efficiently remove the color and the COD. The overall color and COD removal efficiencies reached as high as 80% and 85%, respectively.
Aquatic Risk Assessment of Alcohol Ethoxylates, Alcohol Ethoxysulphates and Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate used in Household Detergents
Authors: Rasmussen D. , Slothuus T. , Petersen G. I. , Madsen T.
Published: December 2013

Exposure and effect assessments including risk characterisation of the surfactants alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxysulphates and linear alkylbenzene sulphonates used in household detergents were conducted. Predicted environmental concentrations were calculated by use of traditional methods and detailed transport and fate modelling. Predicted no effect concentrations were derived from the available information on the acute and chronic aquatic toxicity. Risk characterisation ratios were defined as the ratio of the predicted environmental concentration to the predicted no effect concentration. Risk characterisation ratios were calculated for fresh water and marine water and were below 1. This indicates that based on the methods employed in this study the use of alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxysulphates and linear alkylbenzene sulphonate in household detergents does not appear to present a risk to the aquatic environment.
Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous Alumina-Zirconia as Catalyst Support for Suzuki Coupling Reaction
Authors: Ji J. , Zhang K. , Qin Y. , Kong Y. , Li S. , Wang Y.
Published: December 2013

One pot facile synthesis of ordered mesoporous alumina-supported zirconia with high thermal stability and large pore sizes by evaporation-induced method was systematically investigated. The strategy based on a sol-gel process associated with nonionic triblock copolymers PPO-PEO-PPO as templates in ethanolic solution. Small-angle XRD, TEM, and nitrogen adsorption and desorption results showed that these composites possessed an ordered 2D hexagonal mesostructure, resisted to high temperature up to 1000 °C, and had large surface areas and narrow pore-size distributions. Loaded with palladium, the mesoporous alumina-zirconia composite exhibited high catalytic activity in Suzuki coupling of 2-bromotoluene with phenylboronic acid.
Minimum Protocol for Comparative Detergent Performance Testing Detergent Testing) A.I.S.E. Working Group
Authors: Lodewick R. , Krijnen E. S. , Chevalier O. , Schambil F. , Nickel D. , Crestana A. , Spadoni L.
Published: December 2013

In this paper a new protocol to support comparative testing of European laundry detergents is described. This protocol has been developed by A.I.S.E., the International Association for Soaps, Detergents and Maintenance products, to assess the primary (i. e., stain removal) and key secondary performance (whiteness, colour safety and colour transfer) of Household Laundry Detergents and Laundry Additives.

The main purpose of designing and supporting a minimum test protocol across A.I.S.E. members and external stakeholders has been to improve the available comparative testing methodologies, while it is not intended to become a standard methodology in the detergent industry.

This was carried out by setting minimum requirements for a reliable comparison of detergent quality which is particularly important for test institutes and consumer organisations running comparative performance tests.
Removal of Lead from Aqueous Solution by an Efficient Low Cost Biosorbent
Authors: Alam Sultan , Khan Mashooq , Sadiq Mohammad , Hussain Zahid , Amin Noorul
Published: December 2013

Removal of Pb(II) ion from aqueous solution on modified sawdust obtained from Morus alba was investigated. The sample was characterized by BET surface area, EDX, FTIR and Zeta potential technique. The surface contains carbonyl and hydroxyl functional groups which act as binding sites for Pb(II) ion. Adsorption kinetics of Pb(II) on sawdust was tested by pseudo first order, Elovich and parabolic diffusion kinetic equations. The adsorption data were found to fit to Freundlich, Langmuir and Tempkin isotherms. The rate of adsorption was high at high temperature. Thermodynamic parameters like ΔH, ΔS and ΔG were calculated from the kinetic data. The positive values of ΔS reflect some structural exchange among the active site of the adsorbent and metal ion. The negative values of Gibbs free energy (ΔG) show the spontaneous nature of the process.
Biodegradable Polyoxyethylenated Pentaerythritol Quaternary Esters as Oil Spill Dispersants
Authors: Abdel-Raouf Manar El-Sayed
Published: December 2013

Four polyoxyethylenated pentaerythritol (PE) ester surfactants have been synthesized. The molecular weights of these surfactants were calculated and evaluated experimentally by GPC and confirmed by calculations based on 1H-NMR. Also, their HLB values were calculated by Griffin formula. The surface tension and thermodynamic properties of the surfactants were obtained from surface tension measurements at different temperatures (298 – 318 K). It was found that the minimum area/surfactant molecule (Amin) for the investigated surfactants increased with increasing the molecular weight of the incorporated ethylene oxide. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization (ΔGmic, ΔHmic and ΔSmic) and that for adsorption (ΔGad, ΔHad and ΔSad) were also calculated. The more negative Gibbs free energy of adsorption values than those of micellization suggest that these surfactants favor adsorption than micellization. This finding is utilized for monitoring their dispersancy power. It was found that the water solubility of the prepared surfactants is correlated to their HLB values. Furthermore, the biodegradability of the prepared compounds was studied at different conditions in order to investigate their usability as oil spill dispersants. The data revealed that PE200-C12 had maximum dispersion efficiency and it was completely biodegraded after 8 days.
Biosurfactants as Antimicrobial Ingredients for Cleaning Products and Cosmetics
Authors: Bockmühl Dirk
Published: December 2013

A considerable number of biosurfactants have been investigated for their antibacterial, antifungal or antiviral activity that is mostly based on the ability to destroy microbial cell membranes. In addition, some of them are also able to inhibit the adhesion of microorganisms to surfaces and tissues. Although these antimicrobial properties can be generally explained by a strong detergency effect, there are further mechanisms, such as the interaction with membrane phospholipids or the alteration of the electrical conductance of membranes, resulting in the damage of microbial cells. Typically, antimicrobially active biosurfactants are glycolipids (e.g. rhamnolipids) or cyclic lipopeptides (e.g. Polymyxin). Since most of these substances were not available in larger quantities in the past, their potential applications in cleaners and cosmetics was not studied intensely, however, their versatility and the possibility of combining different properties, such as cleaning and antimicrobial effects, suggest a further consideration of biosurfactants even for mass-market products.
Scientific Results and Economic Effects from the Centre for Surfactants Based on Natural Products (SNAP)
Authors: Kjellin Mikael
Published: December 2013

This review article will give a broad overview of the synthesized and characterised surfactants within the competence centre SNAP (Centre for Surfactants Based on Natural Products). The surfactants differ within their hydrophilic groups, hydrophobic groups as well as the linkage between these groups. The main focus was put on sugar-based surfactants and surfactants containing polyhydroxyl groups so this part will be the most extensive in the review. Interactions between surfactants and polymers have also been investigated and will be described in the final part of the review. SNAP resulted in the publication of 239 scientific articles and 22 PhD degrees.
Acrylic Acid-Allylpolyethoxy Carboxylate Copolymer Dispersant for Calcium Carbonate and Iron(III) Hydroxide Scales in Cooling Water Systems
Authors: Liu Guangqing , Huang Jingyi , Zhou Yuming , Yao Qingzhao , Ling Lei , Zhang Peixin , Fu Change , Wu Wendao , Sun Wei , Hu Zhengjun
Published: December 2013

A novel environmentally friendly type of calcium carbonate and iron(III) scale inhibitor (ALn) was synthesized. The anti-scale property of the Acrylic acid-allylpolyethoxy carboxylate copolymer (AA-APELn or ALn) towards CaCO3 and iron(III) in the artificial cooling water was studied through static scale inhibition tests. The observation shows that both calcium carbonate and iron(III) inhibition increase with increasing the degree of polymerization of ALn from 5 to 15, and the dosage of ALn plays an important role on calcium carbonate and iron(III)-inhibition. The effect on formation of CaCO3 was investigated with a combination of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, respectively. The results showed that the ALn copolymer not only influences calcium carbonate crystal morphology and crystal size but also the crystallinity. The crystallization of CaCO3 in the absence of inhibitor was rhombohedral calcite crystal, whereas a mixture of calcite with vaterite crystals was found in the presence of the ALn copolymer. Inhibition mechanism is proposed that the interactions between calcium or iron ions and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are the fundamental impetus to restrain the formation of the scale in cooling water systems.
Synthesis of Quaternary Derivatives of Ortho-Coco Di-Amido Toluene and Investigation of these Compounds as Cationic Bitumen Emulsifier
Authors: Hassanzadeh Masoumeh , Tayebi Leila , Dezfouli Hedieh , Kambarani Masoud , Avval Parviz Ahmadi
Published: December 2013

Bitumen emulsions are preferred over conventional pavement systems due to their biologically and environmentally acceptable formulation, safety, low viscosity, storage stability, and cost effectiveness. The present investigation deals with the systematic study to synthesize ortho-cocodi-amido toluene and four quaternary derivatives by amidation of coconut oil and ortho toluene diamine (OTD), followed by quaternization with formaldehyde, formic acid mixture, and acrylonitrile, resulted in a new quaternary compound useful as cationic emulsifier in bitumen emulsions. The roles of temperature and reaction time in determining optimum conditions were investigated as well. Emulsifying behavior of these quaternary compounds was studied by sieve residue test, settlement and storage stability test of emulsified asphalt, and water solubility. The results show that the acrylonitrile imidazolinium derivative of o-cocodi-amido toluene (VI) can be used as a rapid-medium setting emulsifier.
Influence of Silica-Compatibilizer-Polypropylene Interactions on Mechanical Behaviour of Their Composite
Authors: El-Midany Ayman A. , Ibrahim Suzan S.
Published: December 2013

The minerals application in polymer industry is one of the solutions towards the modification of polymer properties. In this study, the micronized silica was used as filler into the polypropylene (PP) matrix to enhance its mechanical properties. Two compatibilizers; namely: styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS) triblock copolymer and its grafted maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) were used and evaluated using statistical design of experiments. The results showed that the addition of silica to the PP matrix substantially improves the mechanical properties of the composite with a drop in strain measures. On the other hand, the addition of the compatibilizer enhances the interfacial bonding and smoothen the stresses transfer between filler particles and the polymeric matrix. Consequently, a remarkable improvement in impact strength and strain was noticed. The statistical analysis showed that the interaction between silica and compatibilizer plays a crucial role in determining the mechanical properties of the final composite.