bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual Assaults During Hostage Takings and Forcible Confinements: Implications for Practice
Authors: Mailloux Donna L. , Serin Ralph C.
Published: February 2008

Hostage takings and forcible confinements are rare phenomena within our Canadian institutions. However, when they occur they cause enormous psychological and/or physical harm. A review of the literature revealed that no previous research on hostage takings or forcible confinements in a prison setting has been published. This investigation reviewed 33 hostage-takings/forcible-confinetnents spanning 11 years. The incidents were classified as follows: 20 hostage takings (3 with sexual assault) and 13 forcible confinements (7 with sexual assault). Sexual assaults were always against women and 36.6% of the women were sexually assaulted. This is a violent group of offenders with a prior history of sexual and nonsexual violence as well as escapes. While a quarter of the perpetrators had a forcible confinement or hostage taking in their current conviction, half had a prior history of such incidents. Rapists were overwhelmingly implicated in incidents that resulted in a sexual assault. Most perpetrators were below the age of 30 and serving sentences of less than 10 years in medium- or maximum-security institutions. The perpetrators of these incidents are not necessarily different from the general population of offenders in terms of their dynamic needs. Although this research is primarily descriptive in nature, it offers a unique contribution to the field by providing the first comprehensive description of this group of perpetrators. These findings are discussed in terms of their relevance to policy, operational practices, and the development of screening instruments.
Hypersexual Desire in Males: Are Males With Paraphilias Different From Males With Paraphilia-Related Disorders?
Authors: Kafka Martin P. , Hennen John
Published: February 2008

The assessment of current sexual behavior (fantasies, urges, and activities) and sexual preoccupation (measured in minlday) associated with both conventional (i.e., adult relationship-associated) or unconventional (paraphilia and paraphilia-related) sexual behavior were ascertained from a sample of 120 consecutively evaluated males with paraphilias (PA; n = 88, including sex offender paraphiliacs ; n = 60) and paraphilia-related disorders (PRD; n = 32). In addition, an assessment of hypersexual desire, defined as the highest sustained period (at least 6 months minimum duration) ofpersistently enacted sexual behavior (total sexual outlet/week [TSO] after age 15) was assessed. In almost all measures, the PA and PRD groups were not statistically significantly different. The average PA or PRD reported a mean hypersexual TSO of 11.7 ± 7.3, a mean age of 21.6 ± 7.1 years at onset of peak hypersexual behavior, and a mean duration of 6.2 ± 7.6 years of hypersexual TSO. When the sample was stratified into three subgroups on the basis of the lifetime number of PAs+PRDs as a proxy measure of the severity of sexual impulsivity, the "high" group, with at least 5 lifetime PAs and PRDs, consisted of all paraphilic males, predominantly sex offenders, who self-reported the highest hypersexual desire (14.3 ± 7.9), the highest current TSO/week (9.9 ± 8.1), the most current sexual preoccupation (2-4 hr/day), and the highest likelihood of incarceration secondary to paraphilic sex-offending behavior. Although hypersexual desire, a quantitative measure of enacted sexual behaviors, may be a meaningful construct for clinically derived samples, the incidence and prevalence of hypersexual desire in community samples of males with paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders is unknown.
The Importance of Offense Characteristics, Victimization History, Hostility, and Social Desirability in Assessing Empathy of Male Adolescent Sex Offenders
Authors: Curwen Tracey
Published: February 2008

Empathy has been a focus of work with sex offenders; however, there are a limited number of studies supporting this as a deficit. The study investigated the reliability and validity of 3 scales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI)—Empathic Concern [EC], Perspective-Taking [PT], and Personal Distress [PD]—within a clinical sample. These scales were also used to examine the differences in empathy among groups of sex offenders. One hundred and twenty-three male adolescent sex offenders (ages 12-19) completed a battery of psychometric measures that included the IRI during a sex- offender-specific assessment. Moderate internal consistency and convergent validity was established for IRI scales. Age and social desirability were related to IRI scores. Victim empathy was not related to IRI scores. Justifications and acceptance of sexual and interpersonal violence were negatively correlated to EC and positively correlated to PD. Those who committed violent offenses reported more EC and PT; however, a generally hostile temperament was negatively related to these scales. Group differences were not found when contrasted with respect to a history of sexual or physical victimization or denial. Researchers using the IRI with male adolescent sex offenders should be cautious of the influence of age and socially desirable responding.
Stability of the Interpretative Risk Percentages for the RRASOR and Static-99
Authors: Doren Dennis M.
Published: February 2008

Current procedures to estimate sex offender recidivism risk typically involve actuarial instruments, either alone or in combination with adjustments based on other considerations. Two of the most commonly employed actuarial instruments for the assessment of sexual recidivism risk are the Rapid Risk Assessment for Sex Offender Recidivism (RRASOR; R. K. Hanson, 1997) and the Static-99 (R. K. Hanson & D. Thornton, 2000). Although multiple studies of the interrater reliability and predictive validity of these instruments have been completed, with very supportive results, there have to date not been any studies of the degree to which the specific risk percentages attached to each instrument's score replicate and remain stable despite changes in underlying samples' recidivism base rates. This study, using data from multiple sources, investigated this issue. The findings indicated that the 5-year risk percentages for the RRASOR were replicated and were remarkably stable despite changes in the sample's underlying recidivism base rate. The Static-99 5-year risk percentages were mostly replicated and were stable across varying base rates, but to a lesser degree than was found for the RRASOR. Implications of these results are discussed.
Approach Versus Avoidance Goals in Relapse Prevention With Sexual Offenders
Authors: Mann Ruth E. , Webster Stephen D. , Schofield Caroline , Marshall William L.
Published: February 2008

Relapse prevention (RP) plays a major role in the vast number of treatment programs for sexual offenders. However, despite its widespread application, questions have been raised regarding the uncritical adoption of the approach (R. K. Hanson, 1996). More specifically, the way in which it is presented to sexual offenders has been criticized for being unhelpfully negative in focus (Mann, 2000) and it has been suggested that treatment should adopt a broader focus on improving quality of life (T. Ward and C. A. Stewart, 2003), with the expectation that recidivism would reduce as a side-effect. The current study evaluated two orientations to relapse prevention, comparing a deliberately positively-focused orientation, focusing on creating a "good life," to the more traditional approach that focuses on avoiding and controlling risk factors. Twenty-four participants completed an approach-focused RP intervention and 23 completed an avoidance-focused RP intervention. Results indicated that participants who completed the approach-focused intervention had a greater engagement in treatment as measured by homework compliance and willingness to disclose lapses. Furthermore, participants within the approach-focused intervention were rated by therapist to be more genuinely motivated to live life without offending by the end of treatment. However, differences between the groups in terms of self-esteem change following treatment were not very marked. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for treatment delivery.
Mapping Child Molester Treatment Progress With the FoSOD: Denial and Explanations of Accountability
Authors: Wright Robert C. , Schneider Sandra L.
Published: February 2008

A continuing challenge in the treatment of sexual offenders involves the identifica tion of measurement instruments that can be used to monitor treatment progress. This paper provides evidence that the Facets of Sexual Offender Denial (FoSOD ; pronounced "façade" ) Scale maps critical aspects of treatment progress, yet avoids problems typically associated with self-report measures. Fifty-three child molesters completed the FoSOD twice with an 18-month interval between administrations. The Time 1 and Time 2 FoSOD scores were analyzed as a function of advancement through a court-sanctioned sexual offender treatment program. Results demonstrated not only that advancement in treatment corresponded with predictable changes in FoSOD scores, but also that FoSOD component scores, representing denial associated with refutation, minimization and depersonalization of the offense, revealed critical patterns indicative of the issues with which offenders contend at various points within treatment. These results are discussed within a conceptual framework that recognizes the relationships between denial in its various forms and the explanations that offenders develop to limit their accountability for alleged offenses, associated thoughts or behaviors, and deviant predispositions.
Psychiatric Disorders and Recidivism in Sexual Offenders
Authors: LÅngström Niklas , Sjöstedt Gabrielle , Grann Martin
Published: February 2008

Research on psychiatric morbidity in sexual offenders (SOs) has mostly been based on small, selected samples. We studied psychiatric disorders and their relationship with criminal recidivism in a nationwide, representative cohort of SOs. Data on ICD-9 and -10 psychiatric and neurologic morbidity diagnosed during hospital admissions 1987-1997, but prior to sexual offending, were retrieved for all adult male SOs released from Swedish prisons 1993-1997 (N = 1215). Preoffending disorder prevalence and associations between morbidity and criminal reconvictions during a 5-year postdetainment follow-up were explored. Alcohol use disorder was the most frequent diagnosis, followed by drug use disorder, personality disorder, and psychosis. Morbidity requiring admission to hospital was more common in rapists as compared to child molesters. Alcohol use disorder, drug use disorder, personality disorder, and psychosis all increased the risk for sexual recidivism whereas alcohol use disorder and personality disorder predicted violent nonsexual recidivism. Controlling for sociodemographic confounds changed the risk estimates only marginally. Because disorders were identified among only those who had been admitted to psychiatric hospitals as inpatients, underestimation of true prevalence rates was inevitable. However, our findings support psychiatric consultation for improved assessment and management of mental health needs and recidivism risk in SOs.
An Exploration of Developmental Factors Related to Deviant Sexual Preferences Among Adult Rapists
Authors: Beauregard Eric , Lussier Patrick , Proulx Jean
Published: February 2008

The aim of this study was to investigate developmental factors related to deviant sexual preferences in a sample of 118 sexual aggressors against women. For each subject, developmental factors were collected through a semistructured interview, whereas sexual preferences were assessed phallometrically using French translations of audiotaped stimuli developed by G. G. Abel, E. B. Blanchard, J. V Becker, and A. Djenderedjian (1978). Using multiple regression analyses, our results showed that a sexually inappropriate family environment, use of pornography during childhood and adolescence, and deviant sexual fantasies during childhood and adolescence are related to the development of deviant sexual preferences. These results are in agreement with Knight and Sims-Knight's model of sexual aggression (R. A. Knight & J. E. Sims-Knight, in press).
A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Sexual Recidivism Among Adolescent Sex Offenders
Authors: Nisbet Ian A. , Wilson Peter H. , Smallbonel Stephen W.
Published: February 2008

This paper reports on a follow-up of a sample of 303 adolescent male sex of fenders from New South Wales, Australia. Adult rearrest and reconviction data were obtained for 292 of these individuals. The mean observation period between their adjudication as adolescents and their follow-up as adults was 7.3 years. Seventy-five (25%) received further convictions for sexual offenses prior to their 18th birthday. As adults, 25 (9%) came to the attention of police for further alleged sexual offenses, including 14 (5%) who received convictions for these offenses. Of these, 11 (79%) also received new convictions for nonsexual offenses. Overall, 61.3% of subjects received convictions for nonsexual offenses as adults. Results suggest considerable diversity and persistence in delinquent and criminal behavior, and challenge assumptions about high transition rates from adolescent to adult sexual offending.
Onset, Persistence, and Versatility of Offending Among Adult Males Convicted of Sexual Offenses Against Children
Authors: Smallbone Stephen W. , Wortley Richard K.
Published: February 2008

Official sexual and nonsexual offense histories and confidential self report data on sexual offending were obtained on 207 adult males serving sentences for sexual offenses against children (98 intrafamilial, 72 extrafamilial, and 37 mixed-type offenders). The mean self reported age when offenders first had sexual contact with a child was 32.2 years (median = 31 years; range = 10-63 years). The mean age at first conviction for any offense was 30.5 years (median = 27 years; range = 12-66 years), and the mean age at first conviction for a sexual offense was 37.3 years (median = 37 years; range = 15-76 years). Sixty-nine percent (n = 143) of the combined sample had at least one previous conviction, and 80% of these (n = 114) had first been convicted for a nonsexual offense. ANCOVA revealed a systematic pattern of onset with first convictions for any offense preceding first sexual contact with a child. Taken together, results indicate that, in general, adult child molesters (a) begin sexual offending in their 30s, (b) have already become involved in nonsexual crime by the time they first have sexual contact with a child, (c) are criminally versatile, and (d) vary considerably in their persistence with respect to both sexual and nonsexual offending.
Reflexivity, Reflection, and the Change Process in Offender Work
Authors: Frost Andrew , Connolly Marie
Published: February 2008

This study explores the therapeutic engagement experiences of men who have sexually offended against children and who are involved in a prototypical prison-based group treatment programme. The study examined factors relating to the therapeutic engagement of the offender in treatment, and in particular, the impact of the "out-of-group" time between sessions. The findings, although tentative, suggest that between formal therapy sessions, clients of the programme make significant movement either toward or away from engagement in the therapy. The implications of these processes with respect to clinical practice and the development of offender services are discussed.
Sex Offenders With an Intellectual Disability
Authors: Lambrick Frank , Glaser William
Published: February 2008

It is only in recent years that the myth of the incorrigible and untreatable sex offender with an intellectual disability has been seriously questioned. Current assessment and treatment approaches in this area assume that such offenders are accountable for their actions and treatable with appropriately modified techniques. Even though they may be initially hard to engage in the assessment and treatment process, the use of simplified approaches that support the day-to-day reinforcement of treatment concepts is proving to be effective with this population.
Comparing Personality Characteristics of Juvenile Sex Offenders and Non-Sex Offending Delinquent Peers: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Freeman Kurt A. , Dexter-Mazza Elizabeth T. , Hoffmanl Kerry C.
Published: February 2008

There exists a paucity of research on psychopathology among Juvenile Sex Offenders (JSOs) as measured by standardized instruments, particularly as compared to nonclinical and other clinical populations. The current investigation involved a comparison of scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent Version (MMPI-A) between a group of JSOs and non-sex offending delinquent peers. Thirty-six youth from a staff-secure residential facilitate participated, 18 JSOs and 18 non-sex offending delinquent peers. Results revealed that the mean score on clinical Scale 4 (Psychopathic Deviant) was in the clinically significant range for non-sex offending peers and not for JSOs, although the difference between the mean scores was not statistically significant. Chi-square analysis indicated that a significantly greater number of non-sex offending delinquents had scores in the clinical range on this scale as compared to JSOs. Results are discussed in the context of current research on psychopathology among JSOs.
Recovering Memories of the Offense in "Amnesic" Sexual Offenders
Authors: Marshall W.L. , Serran G. , Marshall L.E. , Fernandez Y.M.
Published: February 2008

This paper describes a technique designed to assist sexual offenders to recover memories of their offense. We have consistently observed that some sexual offenders present as having no recall of their offense although they are able to remember other events of the day of the offense. This failure to recall offense details prevents the offenders from making an appropriate disclosure which, in turn, blocks attempts to identify their offense pathways and develop relapse prevention plans. The memory recovery technique we describe is based on experimental literature on memory and we outline its use with 22 clients, 20 of whom showed satisfactory recovery of their memories.
Constructions of Therapist-Client Sex: A Comparative Analysis of Retrospective Victim Reports
Authors: Somer Eli , Nachmani Irit
Published: February 2008

Former patients' (n = 24) accounts of their experience during a sexual liaison with their psychotherapist (Therapist-Client Sex, TCS) could be classified as ei ther romantic (TCS-Romance) or as an abusive encounter (TCS-Abuse). During TCS, individuals in the TCS-Romance group reported having experienced overall better emotional states and more favorable perceptions of both the perpetrating therapists and the treatments they provided. Pre-TCS assessments showed that initially TCS-Romance subjects may have had a relatively higher regad for their perpetrators and the quality of their treatments than TCS-Abuse subjects, but these between-group differences disappeared when the same variables were assessed for two post-TCS periods. These periods were marked in both groups by deteriorated indices of psychological well-being. These findings suggest that a romantic nar rative of TCS could have a shielding, albeit temporary, impact on the subjective experience of what is otherwise considered an abusive relationship.
Therapist Style in Sexual Offender Treatment: Influence on Indices of Change
Authors: Marshall W.L.
Published: February 2008

This paper describes the results of our review of the broad process literature as well as summarizing two studies examining the influence of the therapist in generating changes in treatment targets among sexual offenders. We conclude that displays of empathy and warmth by the therapist as well as the provision of rewards for progress and some degree of directive ness, maximize the benefits derived fiom the procedures employed in treating sexual offenders. We also suggest the need for flexibility and encourage program designers not to so overly detail their treatment manuals that the influence of the therapist is minimized.
What Happens in Therapy with Sexual Offenders? A Model of Process Research
Authors: Pfäfflin Friedemann , Böhmer Mechthild , Cornehl Stephanie , Mergenthaler Erhard
Published: February 2008

This paper presents two studies (one single case and one comparative study) examining change processes within individual therapy sessions as well as during the course of treatment. The Therapeutic Cycle Model (TCM), developed for general psychotherapy to objectify change events in the course of psychotherapies, is applied to transcribed tape recordings of therapy sessions with sexual offenders. The TCM focuses on emotional experience and cognitive mastery and uses computer assisted text analysis. In addition to the TCM approach clinical ratings are used as independent criteria. The predicted relationship between the phases of the TCM and scores on the respective scales of the clinical ratings were supported.
The Utility of the Trans-Theoretical Model of Behavior Change in the Treatment of Sex Offenders
Authors: Tierney David W. , McCabe Marita P.
Published: February 2008

This paper discusses the use of the Trans-theoretical Model of Behavior Change in the treatment of sex offenders. Constructs within this theory are the Stages of Change, Processes of Change and Decisional Balance. The first section of this paper provides a brief description of these constructs. The second section provides a brief review of research related to these constructs and discusses the implications of this research in relation to the treatment of sex offenders. The third section of this paper provides a practical description of the use of the constructs of the Trans-theoretical Model of Behaviour Change in the treatment of sex offenders. Although the validity of this model among sex offenders requires further investigation, the Trans-theoretical Model of Behavior Change appears to have considerable utility as an overarching theoretical model to conceptualize and facilitate behavior change among sex offenders.
Do Child Molesters Deliberately Fake Good on Cognitive Distortion Questionnaires? An Information Processing-Based Investigation
Authors: Gannon Theresa A. , Polaschek Devon L. L.
Published: February 2008

Researchers and clinicians hypothesize that child molesters hold offence-supportive beliefs or cognitive distortions that require restructuring for successful rehabilitation. However, there is little empirical evidence to support this hypothesis. Current questionnaire measures of both untreated and treated child molesters' cognitive distortions show that these men typically disagree with cognitive distortions. Such findings, especially prior to treatment, are often interpreted to mean that child molesters are faking good. In this study we drew on personality-related research showing that when participants intentionally respond in a socially desir able way on questionnaires, they make faster item responses than when answering honestly. Untreated child molesters, treated child molesters, and two types of controls (nonsexual offenders and nonoffenders) were administered a computerized cognitive distortion questionnaire and their responses and response times were recorded. Consistent with previous research, all groups tended to disagree with the cognitive distortions. However, response time data were surprising; only the treated child molesters displayed the fake-good pattern of responding significantly faster in rejecting cognitive distortions. We speculate about the implications of these results for the cognitive distortion hypothesis, and for understanding how current treatment programs effect cognitive distortion change.
Police Posing as Juveniles Online to Catch Sex Offenders: Is It Working?
Authors: Mitchell Kimberly J. , Wolak Janis , Finkelhor David
Published: February 2008

This paper explores the extent and effectiveness of proactive investigations in which investigators pose as minors on the Internet to catch potential sex offenders. It utilizes a subsample of cases from the National Juvenile Online Victimization Survey, which concerned persons arrested for Internet sex crimes against minors in the year beginning July 1, 2000. Results suggest proactive investigations represented a significant proportion (25%) of all arrests for Internet sex crimes against minors. Such investigations were being conducted at all levels of law enforcement. The online personas assumed by investigators paralleled the ages and genders of real youth victimized in sex crimes that started as online encounters. These proactive investigations accessed an offender group that appeared somewhat less deviant in terms of adult sexual behavior and arrest history but equally deviant as other online offenders in terms of possession of child pornography. Prosecution of these cases produced high rates of guilty pleas and low rates of dismissed or dropped cases. The entrapment, fantasy or role-playing, and factual impossibility defenses were used but not successfully. Findings suggest that the Internet sometimes allows law enforcement to interdict before a youth is victimized, gather solid evidence of offenses, and find and track some offenders.
Youth with Problematic Sexualized Behaviors in the Child Welfare System: A One-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Friedrich William N. , Bakery Amy J. L. , Parker Rob , Schneiderman Mel , Gries Len , Archer Marc
Published: February 2008

This study assessed continuity of problematic sexualized behaviors (PSB) over a 1-year period. Ninety-seven 10-12-year-olds in either foster boarding homes or a residential treatment center participated at Time 1. Twelve months later, 78 youth were available for a second data collection assessment. At both data collection phases, researchers interviewed foster parents or primary therapists about the youths' sexual behavior. Findings revealed significant continuity in PSB over time, with children who at Time 1 exhibited PSB significantly more likely to exhibit PSB at Time 2. The reverse was also true in that the absence of PSB at Time 1 was associated with the absence of PSB at Time 2. In addition, a subset of specific PSB behaviors was noted to be most stable, although this varied across the groups. Youth with PSB exhibited several patterns of persistence in specific behaviors over time, including continuity, a mix of continuity and change, and complete discontinuity. The persistence of PSB over time was most true for the children living in a residential treatment center, the more disturbed group studied. We conclude that the persistence of PSB is more likely when the child has other problematic behaviors.
Phallometric Comparison of Pedophilic Interest in Nonadmitting Sexual Offenders Against Stepdaughters, Biological Daughters, Other Biologically Related Girls, and Unrelated Girls
Authors: Blanchard Ray , Kuban Michael E. , Blak Thomas , Cantor James M. , Klassen Philip , Dickey Robert
Published: February 2008

This study compared the mean levels of sexual response to children produced by four groups of men with sexual offences against prepubescent girls and two comparison groups with other offences or no offences. All groups (N = 291) consisted of patients referred for clinical assessment of their sexual behavior or interests. Group assignment was determined by the victim's age and her relation to the patient: biological daughter; stepdaughter; other biologically related girl (e.g., sister, niece, granddaughter); unrelated girl; adult woman; and no known victim. The men with sexual offences had precisely one known victim each. The patients with offences may or may not have denied the act of which they were accused, but all patients denied an erotic preference for children. Sexual response to children was assessed by means of phallometric testing, a psychophysiological technique in which the individual's penile blood volume is monitored while he is presented with a standardized set of laboratory stimuli depicting male and female children and adults. The results indicated that the mean level of pedophilic response in men with offences against daughters or stepdaughters is intermediate between that in men with offences against otherwise-related or unrelated girls and that in men with no offences against girls at all.
The Factor Structure of Static Actuarial Items: Its Relation to Prediction
Authors: Barbaree Howard E. , Langton Calvin M. , Peacock Edward J.
Published: February 2008

Principal components analysis was conducted on items contained in actuarial instruments used with adult sex offenders, including: the Rapid Assessment of Sex Offender Risk for Recidivism (RASORR), the Static-99, the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG), the Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG), and the Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool-Revised (MnSOST-R). In a data set that included child molesters and rapists (N = 311), six interpretable components were identified: Antisocial Behavior, Child Sexual Abuse, Persistence, Detached Predatory Behavior, Young and Single, and Male Victim(s). The RRASOR was highly correlated with Persistence, and the VRAG and SORAG were highly correlated with Antisocial Behavior. Antisocial Behavior was a significant predictor of violent recidivism, while Persistence and Child Sexual Abuse were significant predictors of sexual recidivism.
The Validity of Phallometric Assessment With Rapists: Comments on Looman & Marshall (2005)
Authors: Lalumière Martin L. , Rice Marnie E.
Published: February 2008

In a recent article Looman and Marshall (2005) questioned the validity of phallometric assessment of rapists based on the results of a study of incarcerated rapists and child molesters. In this commentary we offer (1) a critique of the methods used and conclusions reached by Looman and Marshall and (2) a discussion of important methodological issues relevant to phallometry. We conclude that the correct inference from Looman and Marshall's study is that rapists, as a group, show a pattern of sexual arousal to audiotaped scenarios of coercive and non-coercive sex that significantly differs from the pattern of groups of non-sex offenders, in agreement with the general literature on this question.
The Construction and Preliminary Validation of the Internet Behaviours and Attitudes Questionnaire (IBAQ)
Authors: O'Brien Matt D. , Webster Stephen D.
Published: February 2008

This study describes the construction and preliminary validation of a measure of the attitudes and behaviours of convicted men whose offences are related to Internet child 'pornography' (abusive images). An initial measure was constructed through the generation of items with reference to the emerging literature on these offenders. Phase 1 involved piloting this first version of the measure with 40 Internet sexual offenders incarcerated in Her Majesty's Prison Service. Phase 2 involved the validation of an improved version of the IBAQ with 123 Internet sexual offenders both incarcerated in Her Majesty's Prison Service and subject to community dispositions. The measure had excellent internal consistency. Following factor analysis a two factor solution, 'distorted thinking', and 'self-management' emerged from the attitudinal items. The attitude measure was not influenced by social desirability, and was able to discriminate participants who disclosed the greater number of 'offending behaviours'. These results are discussed in terms of their clinical implications.
Methodological Issues Concerning Evaluation of Treatment for Sexual Offenders: Randomization, Treatment Dropouts, Untreated Controls, and Within-Treatment Studies
Authors: McConaghy Nathaniel
Published: February 2008

The value of randomized controlled trials in evaluation of sexual offender treatment has been questioned. Concern was expressed that randomization fails to produce equivalent samples, without apparent appreciation this is inevitable when variables are distributed by chance; lack of equivalence is controlled by use of tests of significance. A further uncriticized and inappropriate procedure in treatment evaluation is separation of the results of subjects who did not complete treatment from those who did, when the outcome of the former group was known. Despite an APA Task Force recommendation, no attention has been given to the consistent finding that no treatment is less effective than placebo psychological therapies. The significance of Type II errors is discussed and the recommendation criticized that within-treatment research be encouraged as an alternative to outcome research. Demonstrating a within-treatment response when that response is associated with a better outcome does not necessarily mean that the treatment was effective. Subjects with a good prognosis could be more able to demonstrate a within-treatment response to the treatment. Nonrandomized matched samples do not adequately control all sample differences. The post hoc statistical reversal of a reported trend for sexual offenders treated with relapse prevention to show a worse outcome than untreated offenders, in order to correct lack of equivalence of the two groups, is considered inappropriate. That relapse prevention was found less effective than no treatment raises the possibility that it has a negative effect. To continue the use of relapse prevention other than in randomly controlled evaluative studies would appear to be unethical.
Harm Reduction or Harm Facilitation? A Reply to Maletzky1
Authors: Laws D.R.
Published: February 2008

The concept of harm reduction applied to sexual offending is very upsetting to some clinicians. This paper attempts to anchor harm reduction within the larger framework of relapse prevention. It is argued that reducing harm more accurately represents what clinicians do with sexual offenders rather than preventing or eliminating relapses. There are numerous common misconceptions about harm reduction with sexual offenders and explanations are provided for each of these. Finally, it is argued that harm reduction acknowledges that sexual abuse and all forms of interpersonal violence are actually public health issues. Adoption of this viewpoint, however, requires acceptance of a more humanistic perspective rather than a medical, psychological, legal, or political solution to a grievous social problem.
Preventing Sexual Abuse and Assault
Authors: Becker Judith V. , Reilly Daniel W.
Published: February 2008

This article reviews prevention of sexual abuse and assault from a public health approach. The public health approach identifies three levels of prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Several programs are reviewed in the area of primary prevention. The article discusses the efficacy of different approaches. Information from offenders and victims is reviewed to gain insight into primary prevention approaches. Review of innovative approaches to secondary prevention are introduced. This section focuses on changing the behavior of potential offenders rather than changing the behavior of potential victims. Special consideration is given to the role of alcohol in abuse and possible prevention strategies to reduce abuse risk by reducing high-risk alcohol use. Discussion of intervention strategies and offender characteristics are reviewed to address tertiary prevention.
The Dynamics Underlying Service Firm—Customer Relationships
Authors: Harris Lloyd C. , Ogbonna Emmanuel
Published: February 2008

Researchers have argued that consumers frequently view marketing efforts as intrusive and that they fail to exhibit either trust or commitment. However, studies have found that some customers develop strong emotional relationships with firms, often independently of firm-driven relationship-building efforts. These confusing findings indicate that there is a need for additional research to explore the dynamics underlying service firm—customer relationships. The aim of this study is to elucidate customers' conception and manifestation of their relationships with service firms. Therefore, the objectives are to uncover the extent to which various types of customers exhibit relational links with service firms and to generate insights into the manner in which such identification is manifested. After a review of recent studies into relationship marketing, the authors present and explain the research design and method. Then, the authors present the findings that emerged during the focus groups and in-depth interviews with soccer supporters.
Resources Within Reason
Authors: Catlett Camille , Winton Pam , Santos Amy
Published: February 2008

Each issue will review resources that cost $50 or less on a different aspect of early intervention. This issue features materials that support culturally and linguistically diverse families.
The Sound Path
Authors: Kern Petra , Wolery Mark
Published: February 2008

David is a three-year-old boy with congenital blindness. He attends a full-day child care program and receives special education and related services through a contract with the local school system. His class spends large blocks of time on the playground daily. The playground, however, appeared to be a scary place for David. Unlike his classmates without disabilities, David did not have fun on the playground, and he appeared lost in this large space. He held a teacher's hand or was held by a teacher much of the time and did not play on the available equipment unless directed by a teacher. Sometimes he pushed a toy shopping cart on a concrete track for riding tricycles. Yet when David bumped into the fence, he did not back up and change directions; rather, he stopped and cried. He engaged in frequent head shaking and body rocking. There were few contacts with peers, unless they initiated to him, but those initiations were infrequent.
Family-Guided Routines for Early Intervention Services
Authors: Cripe Juliann Woods , Venn Marta L.
Published: February 2008

Sarah, 20 months, and Chris, three-years old, open the door for Tammy, the early interventionist/home visitor, to let her into the house. Chris grins and says, "Hi," while Sarah greets Tammy by patting her cheeks, gaining eye contact, and smiling. Ann, Sarah's mom, baby-sits Chris during the day. Sarah and Chris are playmates. Ann joins in by welcoming Tammy into her home and suggesting they meet in the kitchen where Sarah's breakfast is ready. Tammy and Ann wait for Sarah to gesture "come on" before following her and Chris into the kitchen.
Assessing Young Children for Whom English is a Second Language
Authors: McLean Mary
Published: February 2008

The population of children and families in the United States who receive early childhood education or early childhood special education services is becoming increasingly diverse (Children's Defense Fund, 1989). It has been estimated that by the year 2000, there will be 5.2 million preschoolers from other than English speaking homes (Kagan & Garcia, 1991). The evaluation and assessment of young children who are culturally and linguistically diverse presents significant challenges to early childhood professionals. When the outcome of assessment is determination of eligibility for special education services, the cost of error is greatly increased. The fact that the number of children in special education who are culturally and linguistically diverse is higher than expected may be reflective of the potential for error in the assessment process (Yansen & Shulman, 1996). It is also possible, however, for children who need early intervention services to go unserved because of the difficulty of distinguishing between cultural and linguistic differences and the presence of a disability. Screening and assessment practices must be carefully evaluated in terms of cultural or language biases that could cause either over- or underrepresentation of children from various cultural and linguistic groups.
The Child Who Stutters
Authors: Williams Dale F.
Published: February 2008

Suttering is a speech fluency disorder affecting 5% of children at some point during language development (Guitar, 1998), usually beginning between the ages of two and five (Andrews et al., 1983). As a result, it is a condition confronted by prekindergarten, kindergarten, and early elementary teachers, some of whom are unsure how to help (Williams, 1998). For example, wondering whether to call on the child who stutters and how to handle the teasing he* receives are but two areas of uncertainty for the teacher. No easy answers exist, in part because stuttering is such a highly individualized disorder (Bloodstein, 1981; Starkweather, 1987). Still, there is general advice that can help both teachers and children who stutter.
Resources Within Reason
Authors: Catlett Camille , Winton Pam , Garland Corinne , Frank Adrienne , Knapp-Philo Joanne
Published: February 2008

Each issue will review resources that cost $50 or less on a different aspect of early intervention. This issue features materials that support teams in providing effective services.
Resources Within Reason
Authors: Catlett Camille , Winton Pam
Published: February 2008

Each issue will review resources that cost $50 or less on a different aspect of early intervention. This issue features materials that promote effective community-based teamwork et collaboration.
Understanding Causes of War and Peace
Authors: Ohlson Thomas
Published: February 2008

There is a conceptual gap between causes-of-war research and conflict resolution research. This article introduces a macro-level conceptual framework to facilitate analysis of the outbreak, conduct and resolution of armed conflict within states. Three arguments are advanced, linked to the three questions Why do people start fighting?, Why do people stop fighting? and How can peace be made durable? The first argument is that people take to arms because they have Reasons in the form of grievances and goals, Resources in the form of capabilities and opportunities, and Resolve because they see no alternative to violence in order to address grievances and attain goals. Second, the Triple-R concepts also explain the `outbreak of peace', that is, war termination and peace-building. Third, variations in the dependent variable — different degrees of peace; here termed Triple-M (Mutually Hurting Stalemate, Mutually Enticing Opportunities and Mutually Obtained Rewards) — are explained by changes within those three clusters of explanatory factors.
Epidemiological findings of pervasive developmental disorders in a Venezuelan study
Authors: Montiel-Nava Cecilia , Peña Joaquín A.
Published: February 2008

The study aims to determine the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) for children receiving services in Maracaibo County, Venezuela. Children aged 3—9 with diagnosis of any ASD were recruited. We ascertained area, referral process, and definitions of ASD for each patient. A total of 430 children were identified, and 76.5 percent were boys. Prevalences were 1.7 per 1000 for all ASD, 1.1 per 1000 for autism, and 0.6 per 1000 for PDD-NOS and Asperger syndrome combined. These prevalences are lower than current reports in the literature. Differences in case-finding methods, diagnostic criteria, and lack of awareness in the general population may have influenced the number of cases identified. An ASD prevalence of 1.7 per 1000 should alert the health and education authorities to the need to reassess the services available for children with these disorders and their families.
International Organizations and Social Insurance in Mexico
Authors: Dion Michelle
Published: February 2008

AB STRACT How do international organizations (IOs) influence domestic social policy? This article answers this question using a comparison of IO participation in the social insurance policy making process in Mexico in the 1940s and 1990s. There are similarities and differences between the periods. During both periods, IOs contributed technical expertise to the policy design process. The principal IO participating in policy discussions and the means of influence differed in the 1990s from the 1940s. The comparison suggests that IOs use both hard and soft power resources to influence domestic social policy.
`Misunderestimating' Chronic Poverty?
Authors: Nandy Shailen
Published: February 2008

This article examines the issue of chronic (i.e. long-term) poverty in developing countries. It presents a method for estimating chronic poverty using cross-sectional data and suggests that researchers need not rely solely on longitudinal or panel data. As such data are unavailable for most developing countries, the method outlined here provides an opportunity to expand our understanding of the distribution and pattern of chronic poverty in many more countries. The article also shows how the methods used to estimate the number of chronically poor in developing countries in the 2005 Chronic Poverty Report contain errors that render them serious underestimates. The problem of chronic poverty is therefore considerably more pressing and more widespread than is currently thought.
An Inter-View on Motherhood: Racial Politics and Motherhood in Late Capitalist Sport
Authors: Metz Jennifer L.
Published: February 2008

This article explores Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) player, Jackie Moore's experience as a celebrity sport mother and my experience interviewing her. I use reflexive auto-ethnographic (Denzin, 1997, 2003; Tierney, 2002) and performance ethnographic (Denzin, 2003; Denzin & Lincoln, 2000) practices to provide an active dramaturgical interrogation of both the contextual moment for women's professional basketball and motherhood and the personal experience of interviewing. By using a reflexive auto-ethnographic lens to gain an "Inter View (Kvale,1996) of my own positionality during the interviewing process and using performance ethnography to explore the emotions, the cultural positioning and experiences of Jackie Moore as an athlete and a mother this article intends to provide an alternative and Inter View of the personal interview as a research practice.
The Performance of Knowledge: Pointing and Knowledge in Powerpoint Presentations
Authors: Knoblauch Hubert
Published: February 2008

Powerpoint and similar technologies have contributed to a profound transformation of lecturing and presenting information. In focusing on pointing in powerpoint presentations, the article addresses aspects of this transformation of speech into `presentations'. As opposed to popular attacks against powerpoint, the analysis of a large number of audio-visually recorded presentations (mainly in German) demonstrates the creativity of these `performances', based on the interplay of slides (and other aspects of this technology), speech, pointing and body formations. Pointing seems to be a particular feature of this kind of presentation, allowing knowledge to be located in space. Considering powerpoint as one of the typical technologies of so-called `knowledge societies', this aspect provides some indication as to the social understanding of knowledge. Instead of `representing' reality, knowledge is defined by the circularity of speaking and showing, thus becoming presented knowledge rather than representing knowledge.
Memory and Sacrifice: An Embodied Theory of Martyrdom
Authors: DeSoucey Michaela , Pozner Jo-Ellen , Fields Corey , Dobransky Kerry , Fine Gary Alan
Published: February 2008

We use a reputational approach to create a theory of martyrdom that synthesizes scholarship on the body politic, cultural symbols, and collective memory. The making of a martyr, a contested social process, depends on both the resources of the martyr's supporters and the cultural context into which the martyr's image is introduced. Our approach is well suited to analyzing how martyrs are used `on the ground' and given cultural and material utility. We highlight the attention paid to the conception and reception of the martyr's corporeal body, in particular, as a source of identity and meaning, giving emotional weight to social ideas about death and sacrifice. Control over martyrs' bodies derives from the cultural and political intricacies of reputational entrepreneurship, thus employing the body as a medium of culture. To examine this concept of embodied martyrdom, we examine the cases of Joan of Arc, John Brown, and Che Guevara.