bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Heart of the Matter
Authors: Iandolo Alessandro
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines a hybrid model of development for West Africa that is simultaneously non-capitalist and non-communist. Soviet policymakers, economists, and advisers worked on how to reach the ambitious targets set out for Soviet development aid and reached the conclusion to mix elements of central planning with a market system. The chapter focuses on modernization projects in infrastructure, agriculture, and light industries. It mentions how the West consistently prioritized the market as a vehicle for economic modernization. Moreover, the Soviet development assistance to West Africa represented one of the first attempts to initiate an import-substitution development strategy in a newly independent country in the postwar era.
The Santa Fe Street Bridge
Authors: Gundur R. V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter begins with a story about Joaquín Archivaldo “El Chapo” Guzmán Loera, perhaps the most storied drug lord since Pablo Escobar. Famous for his short stature and chronicled in song and folklore, Guzmán was the moral leader of the Sinaloa Federation, often considered the most powerful and among the most violent of the drug trafficking conglomerates operating in the Western Hemisphere. The chapter recounts the news of Guzmán's capture and its possible consequences in the United States and Mexico. Those people who had been keeping a close eye on drug trafficking organizations were quick to note that Guzmán's capture needed to be kept in perspective: El Chapo had not been the operational leader of his cartel for some years. The chapter then examines the period of Guzmán's escape and recapture, how the drug trade continued unimpeded, and how the media continued to spin sensational reports about the Sinaloa Federation's prowess. Ultimately, the chapter looks at how the city of Juárez held this dubious accolade for three years running: the most violent city not in an active warzone in the world. It then discusses the city's transformation starting with the refurbishment of the main drag, Avenida Juárez, and the old repurposed school buses near the Santa Fe Street Bridge.
Gangland
Authors: Gundur R. V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses Chicago's complex and intertwining histories of migration, discrimination, machine politics, and crime. It analyzes how these histories inform the drug trade in the city and the people and organizations involved in it. The chapter notes that these narratives serve as the basis upon which gangs were formed within the city during the early twentieth century and continue to affect the evolution of Chicago's gangs and criminal entrepreneurs. Understanding the development of Chicago's gangs and, to a lesser extent, organized crime, the chapter first discusses the intertwined histories of migration and discrimination that have existed in Chicago in one form or another for much of the city's existence. It looks at Chicago's continued segregation which is an important backdrop for studying competing narratives of the city's protracted struggle with violence. The chapter concludes by investigating Chicago's ongoing violence with particular racial and ethnic groups, the city's drug trade, and inequity in Chicago's policing.
Responding to the Drug Trade
Authors: Gundur R. V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter stresses that most of the people who are involved in the drug trade are regular folks who live banal lives. As the chapter highlights, these individuals, like many others, failed to see a way out of their circumstances and accepted the lure of riches that the drug trade, often falsely, promised them. The chapter also argues that the people who are part of and touched by the drug trade are, for lack of a better word, ordinary, bound together by a struggle to survive and escape the margins of society. In order to respond to the most terrible outcomes of the drug trade, the chapter underlines that we, as members of the public, must understand how the business of the drug trade works, particularly within those margins. In doing so, we can demand that policymakers take the drug trade's architecture into consideration to create solutions that positively impact society. Ultimately, the chapter presents the author's considerations to mitigate the worst outcomes of the drug trade, those that are routinely seared into the public consciousness.
The Failure to Win by War
Authors: Bertrand Jacques , Pelletier Alexandre , Thawnghmung Ardeth Maung
Published: May 2023

This chapter develops the context against which the current negotiations and implementation of the 2008 constitution have occurred. It analyzes that the novelty of the transitional period shows how the junta was able to lock in a new constitution in 2008, which is a crucial building block of the sequence to come. It also talks about how the Burmese state in its various forms has reflected, and been unable to overcome, a bias toward Bamar-majority dominance. The chapter looks at how the strategy of attempting to win by war and repression through assimilation ultimately failed. It reviews the important features of the constitution in 2088, which created the first institutional layer shaping the engagement between the state of Myanmar and ethnic minority groups in both the subsequent formal negotiation and the state institutional arenas.
Capitalism in Chaos
Authors: Rigó Máté
Published: May 2023

This book explores an often-overlooked consequence and paradox of the First World War—the prosperity of business elites and bankers in service of the war effort during the destruction of capital and wealth by belligerent armies. The book is a study of business life amid war and massive geopolitical changes which follows industrialists and policymakers in Central Europe as the region became crucially important for German and subsequently French plans of economic and geopolitical expansion in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It demonstrates that wartime destruction and the birth of “war millionaires” were two sides of the same coin. Despite the recent centenaries of the Great War and the Versailles peace treaties, knowledge of the overall impact of war and border changes on business life remains sporadic, based on scant statistics and misleading national foci. Consequently, most histories remain wedded to the viewpoint of national governments and commercial connections across national borders. This book changes the static historical perspective by presenting Europe's East as the economic engine of the continent. The book accomplishes this paradigm shift by focusing on both supranational regions—including East-Central and Western Europe—as well as the eastern and western peripheries of Central Europe, Alsace-Lorraine and Transylvania, from the 1870s until the 1920s. As a result, the book offers a concrete, lively history of economics during major world crises, with a contemporary consciousness toward inequality and disparity during a time of collapse.
Millionaires of Mitteleuropa
Authors: Rigó Máté
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at how the blockade of the Central Powers by the Allies led to an industrialization drive in East-Central Europe. It notes how Mitteleuropa's wartime integration deeply divided socialists, progressives, the nationalist Right, and industrialists more generally in both Austria and Hungary. Since the First World War ushered in a period of shortages and suffering in Austria-Hungary and Germany, industrialists learned how to react to rapidly changing political and military situations and profit from economic and political crises. The chapter tackles the economic ascent of businessmen in a new, German-dominated Europe that decisively thrived on the economic exploitation of the occupied Balkans and Ukraine while referencing the Renners' skyrocketing prosperity. It expounds on Alsace-Lorraine being left behind in the interregional and international competition for resources.
France’s East-Central European “Empire” after Versailles
Authors: Rigó Máté
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the disparate impact of French hegemony on Central Europe's industrialists in former German and Austro-Hungarian empires. French investors and the Paris government were active in Alsace-Lorraine, and East-Central Europe to replace the Russian alliance and investments in Russia with military, diplomatic, and economic ties designed to keep the borders of Germany in check. The chapter clarifies that moving borders due to the French economic expansion did not automatically destroy Austro-Hungarian and German financial networks. It notes France's agenda of economic and political expansion on the former Mitteleuropa. Moreover, the comparison of French economic expansion in Alsace-Lorraine, Transylvania, and East-Central Europe unveiled the importance of sovereignty or direct rule for its success.
Jews and the Many Faces of Antichrist in the Middle Ages
Authors: Cohen Jeremy
Published: May 2023

This chapter notes the leading figures of the Antichrist in the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, most Christian theologians after Jerome generally depicted Antichrist's Jewish connections less passionately than he did. Moreover, Augustinian eschatology invariably detracted from the prominence of any distinctive Jewish role in the drama of the end time. The chapter details the belief of eighth-century Spanish monk Beatus of Liebana, who generally understood the Jews as a typos representing Christians and evil Jews as unfaithful Christians, and French abbot Adso of Montier-en-Der, who composed the most popular Antichrist narrative of the Middle Ages. It also considers the biblical book of Daniel that nourished the apocalyptic speculation.
Puritans, Jews, and the End of Days
Authors: Cohen Jeremy
Published: May 2023

The chapter overviews the premodern beliefs on Jews. It recognizes apocalyptic thought and millennial expectation served as driving forces in Protestant Christianity and English Puritanism. The voices of Puritan preachers blend many of the distinctive, novel ideas of those medieval theologians, giving the Jews a centrally important and constructive eschatological role. Unlike medieval Catholic Scholastics, Protestant humanists focused on contemporary Europe in their apprehension of divine revelation as a dynamic temporal process. The chapter elaborates on the argument of Puritan writer Thomas Brightman, who believed that Jews would never number among the citizens in the kingdom of the Antichrist. John Cotton takes on Brightman's legacy after interpreting the Song of Songs as speaking directly to Christian communities.
Excerpt from Sagoromo’s Undersash
Authors: D'Etcheverry Charo B.
Published: May 2023

This chapter mentions that this last anthology comes from the commentary Sagoromo's Undersash. It presents the first hundred glosses from the author's text of Undersash, which start with short excerpts from the tale and collectively bring us to the night of Sagoromo's fateful concert. Despite the disruptive effect of the author's extensive notes, the chapter argues that the preface and discursive passages within the genealogical section feature a notably poetic style, flowing from topic to topic in a fashion that recalls other treatises by renga poets, as well as The Nameless Book and Myōkū's anthologies. The chapter stresses that Undersash's reference to inner truths seems bound up with author Satomura Jōha's genealogical charts, which feature historical emperors and courtiers, drawing attention to the tale's political thread just like the opening nod to sashes and, thus, the tale's conclusion—with Sagoromo on the throne, even if he cannot get what he really wants. It then recalls the enduring poetic engagement with Senji's tale, and suggests that medieval writers used Senji's work in very different ways, despite their literary and historical connections, to confront different challenges and opportunities.
Auburn Gresham, South Shore, South Chicago, and Pullman
Authors: Wiggers Raymond
Published: May 2023

This chapter tackles the neighborhood of Auburn Gresham, South Shore, South Chicago, and Pullman. St. Philip Neri Church is one of Chicago's strongest statements in stone, so it became the crowning geological gem of its South Shore neighborhood. Late nineteenth-century Chicago was the geologic equivalent of the astronomer's black hole: it exerted an immense pull on stone producers, which resulted in the Greenstone United Methodist Church being built in different rocks for its exterior and interior. The chapter acknowledges the geologic features of Pullman Stables and Pullman Market Square. It elaborates on the Drake Fountain controversy, citing how the statue provoked unrest or vandalism.
“The Grindstone on Which We Sharpen Ourselves”
Authors: Schmidli William Michael
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the US left-wing activism in opposition to the Reagan administration's intervention against the Sandinistas. It highlights the work of Witness for Peace activists in the United States to raise popular awareness of the situation in Nicaragua. The Nicaraguan revolution generated revolutionary imaginaries on the part of solidarity activists, allowing them to map disparate political agendas onto the Sandinista reality. The chapter discusses the widespread abuses of the Contras against civilian targets elicited a rising chorus of criticism from US-based human rights organizations. It then notes how US activists' efforts shaped the political debates around Central America.
“It’s a Scar, but in Your Heart”
Authors: Newsome W. Jake
Published: May 2023

This chapter traces the process of how the pink triangle became the most widespread and recognizable symbol of gay rights during the 1970s and 1980s. As in West Germany, the pink triangle in the United States pointed to a more just future in which queer people enjoyed equal rights and civil liberties in their own national context. Amid the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s, a group of artist-activists formed a collective and designed the iconic “Silence = Death” poster, which featured an upturned fuchsia triangle. When the organization AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) adopted the poster in 1987, it catapulted the pink triangle into mainstream consciousness around the globe. Moreover, it repositioned the history of the Holocaust and homophobia into contemporary discourses on health, disease, sexuality, and the relationship between governments and their citizens.
For a Mature Foreign Policy
Authors: Congdon Lee
Published: May 2023

This chapter traces the history of American foreign policy from the realism and restraint of George Washington and Alexander Hamilton to the moralizing interventionism of Woodrow Wilson and his successors. It places George Kennan squarely in the realist camp and identifies the principles that informed his teachings and guided his conduct during long years in the Foreign Service. Kennan recommended to US diplomats and to the American people a foreign policy devoid of messianic tendencies and of any belief that the United States has answers to everybody else's problems. A mature foreign policy would be restrained and cognizant of the realities of power in the relations between states. Such realities, Kennan argued in his Chicago lectures, should be accepted “without feeling the obligation of moral judgment, to take them as existing and inalterable human forces, neither good or bad, and to seek their point of maximum equilibrium rather than their reform or their repression.” Ultimately, he advocated a balance-of-power rather than a legalistic approach to international problems.
For a Revivified Society
Authors: Congdon Lee
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on George Kennan's critique of an American society, which he believed to be headed for the abyss. It begins by looking at Kennan's reflection on the issue of egalitarianism, America's ruling ideology or secular religion. What mattered to him was not whether or not the privileged were deserving, though it would be nice if they were. What mattered was the existence of civilized ways of life that set a tone, an aspiration for society. Opposition to hierarchy was, in Kennan's view, opposition to civilized life. Kennan was critical not only of the growth of the federal government, but of the burgeoning US population—both from the standpoint of the environment and of the need for privacy and personal space. In part for that reason, he favored a complete cessation of immigration. The chapter then considers Kennan's views on television, the “new media,” crime, and the drug plague.
Decline and Promise
Authors: Hadiraharjo Darsono , Ishiguro Maho A.
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the recent changes in the professional lives of contemporary Central Javanese gamelan musicians (pangrawit). It outlines a general decline in the “quality of music, opportunities to perform,” and “institutional and governmental support” that have severely impacted the livelihood of traditional pangrawit. The chapter traces profound shifts in forms of patronage, temporal ideologies, audience tastes and expectations, religious ceremony, and pedagogies. In sum, the combination of these changes has led to forms of compression—fewer and shorter pieces for shorter, predetermined ceremonial schedules—and shifts from long-term, complex forms of social patronage to short-term economic transactions mediated by cash. The chapter then reviews the overwhelming popular preference for “light” styles such as campursari, which many pangrawit hold in disdain. The irony here is that, as the chapter argues, “the number of people involved in the Javanese performing arts is higher than ever” even while the performance of the traditional, “deep” repertoire of Solonese karawitan is in severe decline.
Reformasi-Era Popular Music Studies
Authors: Wallach Jeremy
Published: May 2023

This chapter reconsiders the history of popular music studies in Indonesia. It shows a novel paradigm for the analysis of post-Reformasi-era popular music studies. Prior analyses, as the chapter suggests, were preoccupied with nationalism, democratization, totalitarianism, and identity, viewing popular music primarily (or only) as a form of political protest or resistance. Post-Reformasi analysis should, as the chapter emphasizes, consider underground music studies and forms of localization in apparently globalized styles. As a response to the dissolution of “area studies” paradigms in anthropology and social sciences, the chapter also argues for “solidarity in the face of general disciplinary fragmentation.” Indonesian societies do exhibit strong forms of cultural coherence, alongside cultural difference, plurality, and global cosmopolitanisms. The chapter underlines that such local cultural coherences can be identified and analyzed in even apparently global forms such as metal and pop in Indonesia. The chapter stresses that a narrowly political framework is not sufficient for such analyses, which would depend on “music's specific aesthetic properties.” It notes that the challenge is creating an analytical language that can access the distinctiveness.
A Radical Story of Noise Music From Indonesia
Authors: Faille Dimitri della , Fermont Cedrik
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses specifically on an outline of contemporary noise music in Indonesia, presenting some artists, organizations, and labels. The chapter underlines the commonalities between Indonesia and the rest of Southeast Asia as well as the unique characteristics of noise music in Indonesia. It elaborates on the harsh noise and the more academic or electroacoustic scenes, as we have found them to be interconnected despite differences in their aesthetics and organizational structures. As such, the chapter delves into individuals and collective actors making noise music possible rather than studying the audience or analyzing the aesthetics. The chapter recounts a partial story of contemporary noise music in Indonesia, oriented toward two strong ideas. First, it seeks to show that such art movements from Indonesia partake in the global history of art and music. It argues that because of ethnocentric storytelling, their significance is more often than not obliterated from global historical accounts of the development of arts and music. Second, it aims to emphasize the role of women in such developments. The chapter contends that when they are active, their role is downplayed or even silenced.
“Even Stronger Yet!”
Authors: Collier Bethany J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter studies the recent resurgence of children's arja theater troupes in Bali (arja anak-anak, arja remaja). It extends our analysis to encompass the pedagogical landscape of arja remaja, revealing an embodied process that is marked by both intimacy and initiative, throughout which revered female performers sculpt and prod the young voices and bodies of their aspiring student artists. The chapter then emphasizes that the embodiment of gender in these ensembles has the “potential to disrupt the...endurance of conventional gender ideals as iterated and reinforced by Indonesian national and Balinese local ideologies.” Such ideologies have traditionally sustained male authority while muting female voices in the public sphere. The chapter argues that arja's pedagogical process works against this dynamic by privileging female voices and exposing students to a wide range of “possible expressions of the feminine [while facilitating] the safe exploration of these roles.” This affords young Balinese women the opportunity to experiment with alternate relationships between voice, body, and social space.
Wanbayaning
Authors: Kenney Jessika
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at an experimental and reverential offering from the renowned singer Jessika Kenney in which she proposes a “transcultural Islamic feminist exegesis” through a sound philosophy linking Javanese and Persian sonic practices. It examines the “transdisciplinary” form of a verbal/visual score to invoke the sounding of text as a form of contemplative reading. Through this, the chapter connects spiritual musical practices to “Islamic feminism,” “sound studies,” “experimental practices,” and “creative liturgy.” Through shifting between Javanese and Persian mystical poetry and Qur'anic exegesis, the chapter outlines a powerful model for transcultural contemplative singing in which “multiple sources of knowledge and experiences do not cancel each other out in their multiple origins but rather are mutually and materially altered, resulting in surprising visions of the future.” The chapter underscores the spiritual praxis that parallels what the author hopes to contribute to the scholarly study of Indonesian music and sound more generally.
(Dis)entangling the Local, the National, and the International
Authors: Stibbe Matthew
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the global context surrounding the civilian internment in Germany and German-occupied France and Belgium. The German army established internment and deportation policies in northern France and a part of Belgium that was subjected to direct military rule. In 1914, the German motives for deportation as a weapon of war became mixed after große Politik played a role in ordering targeted reprisals against occupied French and Belgian civilians. The targeted reprisals promised immediate results, so a series of successful temporary deportation measures forced the French authorities to agree to transfer Germans held in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia to camps in metropolitan France. The chapter then covers Annette Becker's finding about how there was no fully fledged concentration camp system in the First World War, citing the notion of a dual prisoners-of-war system wherein camps were divided into the home front camp and the permanent labor force.
Alexandra Palace
Authors: Mond Assaf
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into Alexandra Palace as an internment camp in London. It argues how the camp in Alexandra Palace was a concentration camp because it constituted an act of physical violence against the bodies of civilians of enemy origin and an act of spatial violence. According to Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben, the concentration camp was defined by the spatial exclusion of the population from society into a place that is the ultimate expression of a state of exception. The chapter then references diaries of memoirs of the prisoners who lived in London prior to the Great War and became prisoners of their city. It cites how a blue plaque in the palace commemorated its role during the war while Alexandra Palace became a venue for special events.
German Propaganda and the African and Asian Theaters of the War
Authors: Murphy Mahon
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on propaganda campaigns in Germany amidst the First World War. It recognizes World War I and the subsequent experience of internment as global conflicts. After the propaganda campaigns, enemy aliens became victims of oppressive politics and populist xenophobia. The chapter details how the propaganda campaign involved the maltreatment of German colonial settlers. It also notes that the war overturned the conventional ideas of racial solidarity. Since legal norms proved to be powerless against claims of national security, international law played a role in controlling the conduct of belligerent powers in favor of a focus on the propaganda war that developed during the conflict.
Unfulfilled
Authors: Starks Tricia
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers the boost of tobacco production when Joseph Stalin took leadership. It starts with how People's Commissariat of Food Industry head Anastas Ivanovich Mikoian praised tobacco workers for fueling the Stalinist industrialization drive. Mikoian's 1931 call for increased production came on the heels of a decades-long cessation campaign. Moreover, due to Stalinism's economic emphasis, cessation works highlighted the costs of smokers as fire hazards or loafers and largely neglected individual dangers except in the case of women and children smoking. The chapter explains that the arguments against tobacco would become even less visible through the following years since its only repercussion where smoking breaks and fires instead of illnesses and death.
Prologue
Authors: Blumin Stuart M. , Altschuler Glenn C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces Brooklyn's ethnic groups, noting the familiar story of massive ethnic migrations from Manhattan's Lower East Side. It talks about Protestant dominance that extended to the politics, economy, society, and culture of the new city to the east of Manhattan. It also uses the term Protestantism to refer to the extension and power of certain religious norms beyond the church to the shaping and control of Brooklyn's secular institutions, public space, values, and discourse. The chapter analyzes Protestant cultural hegemony that was repeatedly challenged as Brooklyn grew from a small village to one of the nation's largest cities. It captures the unique and representative ways in which Brooklyn experienced the cultural, social, and political power of native-born Protestants and the eventually overwhelming challenge to that power posed by waves of immigrants who claimed no descent from Pilgrim Fathers.
Brooklyn Village
Authors: Blumin Stuart M. , Altschuler Glenn C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter traces the history of Brooklyn, which enjoyed the advantage of location over the other five European settlements on the western end of Long Island. It mentions the European expansion into former Lenape land that was considered slow, even with the significant assistance of African slaves in the clearing and cultivation of new farms. The substantial involvement in the slave trade of Manhattan-based merchants in both the Dutch and English eras made New York and its hinterland a major center of African habitation in the northern American colonies. The chapter talks about Joshua Sands and Hezekiah Beers Pierrepont, who had important effects on Brooklyn's future. Their stories gain a glimpse of the city and suburb that flourished during the coming years and the close connection between the individual entrepreneurship and the communal religiosity of Brooklyn's Yankee leaders.
Introduction
Authors: Marker Emily
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the interconnectedness of the histories of African decolonization and European integration. World War II was a turning point for education in French Africa and for the colonial administration's stance toward African youth. As the end of the war drew near, the dismal state of education in France's African colonies became a point of international embarrassment and anxiety for French leaders. Determined to restore France's global image and stave off international oversight in the education space, French colonial officials committed themselves to the expansion of African education at Charles de Gaulle's landmark Brazzaville Conference on colonial reform in early 1944. The chapter explains that the book explores how colonial education reforms and public and private programs to promote solidarity between French and African youth collided with transnational efforts to make young people in Western Europe feel more European after World War II. The book connects the vision of Europe that coalesced in postwar campaigns for European unity to crucial decisions about how much France should invest in the promotion of African youth and what African education should entail.
King Laurence
Authors: Kiernan Vincent
Published: May 2023

This chapter emphasizes that William Laurence had tried to serve multiple masters at the same time throughout his career, to advance his own interest in promoting himself and adding to his income. However, as the chapter argues, his divided loyalties were beginning to cause serious friction between him and management of the Times by the mid-1950s. It stresses that Laurence's penchant for writing for competitors to the Times, or allowing publications to leverage his fame without sharing credit with the Times, was particularly problematic. The chapter also looks at how Laurence's ego and insistence on being the leading journalistic expert on the Hiroshima bombing put him in conflict with the CBS television network when it developed a documentary on the bombing. It then elaborates on the executives' dissatisfaction with Laurence that continued into 1958. Ultimately, the chapter examines a brand-new exciting science story that showed up on the horizon: the exploration of space. It then discusses Laurence's atomic angle to the space exploration story: a proposal for developing an atomic-powered spacecraft that could bring astronauts to other planets by 1970.
Cultural Ecologies of Care
Authors: Danely Jason
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers the cultural ecologies of care. It explains how the care ecosystem extends beyond the inter-subjective and inter-corporeal dyadic engagement between the carer and the cared-for. Care ethicist Joan Tronto's definition of care establishes a way for thinking of care beyond the limits of specific care institutions and opens the possibility of care that arises out of everyday, ordinary practices. The chapter considers the differences between the narratives of English and Japanese carers while acknowledging that both stories unveiled the weight of responsibility, endurance, grief, and love. It notes that the culturally dominant mode of care in Japan was compassion, while England's dominant mode of care was charity.
Living On
Authors: Danely Jason
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the aftermath of care. Even though formal institutions of social welfare rarely acknowledged the ongoing narrative work of bereaved caregivers, bereavement and its fragility continue the process of resonant self-transformation within carers. Compared to English post-carers who perceived their relationship with the deceased as resolved, Japanese post-carers' cultural practices of memorialization kept the spirit of the deceased close and open to practices of compassion. The chapter also considers the possibility of bereavement triggering alternate resonance which arises from further self-reflection. It explores the revision to the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) social insurance system that reinforces the individuating logics of responsibility, prevention, and independence, with no support provided for older carers or post-carer.
Excursuses
Authors: Bulgakov Sergii
Published: May 2023

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Epilogue
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2023

This chapter recounts four years after the author received the summons to testify at Nuon Chea's trial, receiving an e-mail from Youk Chhang, the head of DC-Cam. Chang wrote that Nuon Chea had been hospitalized and his toes were turning black with rot, noting that Karma is justice in the mind of Cambodian people. The chapter describes a photograph of Nuon Chea that appears in the Cambodian press, showing him grimacing and emaciated on a hospital bed. It discusses Nuon Chea's death on the evening of August 4, 2019, citing headlines such as “Nuon Chea, Khmer Rouge's Infamous ‘Brother Number Two’, Dies at 93” that marked his death. The chapter highlights how the court had a broader impact on the Cambodian public in terms of holding accountable those who caused so much death and suffering and to helping to answer the question why?
The Longue Durée of Enslavement
Authors: Parvulescu Anca , Boatcă Manuela
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the correlation between Transylvania's history of land ownership and the history of labor and division of labor. The regime of landownership in Transylvania was anchored in serfdom, which belongs to a modern matrix of labor that is both colonial and inter-imperial. The chapter expounds on the history of enslavement in Moldova and Wallachia in relation to the regulation of Romani populations in Transylvania. Moreover, the history of enslavement and its aftermath interrelates with the inter-imperiality of the region. The chapter also looks into Liviu Rebreanu's novel which highlights how Romani arts belong to a political economy of differently remunerated labor.
The Inter-Imperial Dowry Plot
Authors: Parvulescu Anca , Boatcă Manuela
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the gender dynamics at work in inter-imperial nationalisms and the trans-imperial agencies of nationalist actors. The social status of Transylvanian women is a function of uneven access to citizenship. Moreover, the violence against women often sustains inter-imperial nationalisms, even as they draw on the invisible labor of women. The chapter explores Liviu Rebreanu's novel featuring a symptom of an inter-imperial predicament that sidelines projects of gender emancipation in the service of prioritizing anti-imperial struggles. It identifies the modalities of gendered silence, which include the silencing of female characters' speech and the silencing of narrative outrage over sexual violence.
The Escalation of Border Policing
Authors: Andreas Peter
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into the escalation of border policing, which involved the practice and politics of policing the flow of drugs and migrants across the US–Mexico divide. On both sides of the US–Mexico line, escalation has translated into tougher laws, the deployment of sophisticated equipment and surveillance technologies, a growing fusion between law enforcement and national security institutions, and the partial building of a border wall. Moreover, the border developments defied the Cold War assumptions that borders were becoming increasingly irrelevant in the age of globalization. The chapter highlights the significance of public perception of escalating border management. It argues how the feedback effects of state practices on the US–Mexico border helped to create the very problems for which increased policing has been promoted as the solution.
Creating the Clandestine Side of the Border Economy
Authors: Andreas Peter
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers the historical dynamics of law enforcement and law evasion across the US–Mexico border. It explains how state practices on both border sides played an essential role in establishing and transforming the underground cross-border economy. Even though the smuggling of drugs and migrants received the most media and policy attention, the clandestine activities are part of the old and diverse border smuggling economy that thrived before drugs and migrants became the pillars of cross-border smuggling. As long as unauthorized immigration remained outside of media coverage, the evasion of US border controls by unauthorized entrants would not result in becoming a political embarrassment. The chapter mentions how the clandestine nature of the labor flow benefited both employers and the state.
The Escalation of Drug Control
Authors: Andreas Peter
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the rapid escalation of US and Mexican campaigns to control the flow of smuggling drugs across the border from the late 1980s and late 1990s. In an effort to secure the smooth passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), US and Mexican leaders orchestrated a law enforcement buildup on both sides of the border that signaled a joint commitment to drug control. The resulting increased arrests, drug seizures, and bilateral initiatives helped maintain an image of cooperation and progress and obscured the failings, flaws, and negative side effects of the enforcement effort. However, the antidrug campaign's failures and subsequent consequences made managing the border and bilateral relations over the drug issue increasingly awkward and difficult in the post-NAFTA era. The chapter tackles the politics of measuring policy effectiveness, citing how the escalation of enforcement efforts helped to fend off political attacks and kept the drug issue from derailing the broader process of economic integration.
Escalation in a New Security Landscape
Authors: Andreas Peter
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the transformed border security environment in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. After the terrorist attacks, border control ideas and instruments were repackaged as new antiterrorism programs and initiatives that involved more physical barriers, new surveillance, and thickening the borders. Moreover, the issues of migration and terrorism became linked more than ever in securitizing both the debate over migration and the practice of managing migration. The chapter also considers the Mexicanization of the US–Canada border. It explains how the escalating drug war affected the difficulty of getting across the US border.
Endless Escalation? Border Policing Trajectories
Authors: Andreas Peter
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the dynamics of policing on and across the US–Mexico border. It tackles the correlation between border law enforcement and border law evasion. The escalation of policing the flow of migrants and drugs highlighted the role of policy feedback effects and the primacy of image management and symbolic politics. However, enforcement pressure has also made migrants much more reliant upon the clandestine underworld of organized smuggling. Escalation stretched and distorted the criminal justice systems on both sides of the border while simultaneously propelling a militarization of the border that extends to Mexico. The chapter also argues that the escalation of policing has been less about deterring than about image crafting.
Asylum and Extraction in the Republic of Nauru
Authors: Morris Julia Caroline
Published: May 2023

This book provides an extraordinary glimpse into the remote and difficult-to-access island of Nauru, exploring the realities of Nauru's offshore asylum arrangement and its impact on islanders, workforces, and migrant populations. The book charts the island's colonial connection to phosphate through to a new industrial sector in asylum. It explores how this extractive industry is peopled by an ever-shifting cast of refugee lawyers, social workers, clinicians, policy makers, and academics globally and how the very structures of Nauru's colonial phosphate industry and the legacy of the “phosphateer” era made it easy for a new human extractive sector to take root on the island. By detailing the making of and social life of Nauru's asylum system, the book shows the institutional fabric, discourses, and rhetoric that inform the governance of migration around the world. As similar practices of offshoring and outsourcing asylum have become popular worldwide, they are enabled by the mobile labor and expertise of transnational refugee industry workers who carry out the necessary daily operations. The book goes behind the scenes to shed light on the everyday running of the offshore asylum industry in Nauru and uncover what really happens underneath the headlines. It illuminates how refugee rights activism and ＃RefugeesWelcome-style movements are caught up in the hardening of border enforcement operations worldwide, calling for freedom of movement that goes beyond adjudicating hierarchies of suffering.
Introduction
Authors: Morris Julia Caroline
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides a unique glimpse into the remote and difficult-to-access site of the Republic of Nauru and reviews the country's everyday refugee processing and resettlement operations. It lends a new perspective to life in Nauru, reframing the offshore asylum system as part of a global industry that shares deep parallels and continuities with the island's colonial industry in phosphate extraction. It also utilizes a theoretical frame that centered on resource extraction to argue that the figure of the refugee has become entangled in extractive capitalism. The chapter entails a literal form of extracting value from migrants and encompasses sociolegal technologies of extraction. It illustrates the connections forged between Nauru and distant regions, detailing the consumptive politics that has shaped the island's landscape and peoples.
Ekamawir Omo
Authors: Morris Julia Caroline
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at some of the industry marketing campaigns that took over Nauru in an effort to unite refugee and local and consolidate the industry's mode of capital accumulation well into the future. It draws on observations from the field to examine industry cultural events designed to stimulate and sustain the refugee economy in Nauru. It also discusses how resource frictions enveloped Nauru throughout the industry's operations, reviewing cultural projects around refugee celebration and multiculturalism that were made relevant to Nauru's territory. The chapter highlights cultural practices, major events and exhibits, and artifacts endeavored that make refugees into icons of a new national island tradition that would establish Nauru as a refugee resettlement hub for Australia. It talks about events, like the Nauru Eid celebration, that looked to reconcile refugees and locals to the realities of long-term resettlement in Nauru.
Filiative Networks
Authors: Balbale Abigail Krasner
Published: May 2023

This chapter uses the lens of genealogy to explore how Ibn Mardanīsh countered Almohad claims through his own program of legitimation. It discusses Ibn Mardanīsh's lineage, which has been debated in scholarship as he is known by the distinctive, non-Arabic name of an ancestor several generations removed and was likely a descendant of an Iberian Christian. It also situates the tribal claims within the context of post Umayyad al-Andalus and turns to the names and titles that appear on objects associated with Ibn Mardanīsh and his family. The chapter highlights the changing inscriptions on Ibn Mardanīsh's coins demonstrating that he responded to Almohad claims by integrating himself increasingly closely with the norms of the Sunnī caliphate in the east. It also looks at the scholars' intellectual genealogies that made Ibn Mardanīsh's dynasty the bearer of Sunnī traditions of authority at a moment when the Almohads sought to reformulate the caliphate.
Resistance and Assimilation after the Almohad Conquest
Authors: Balbale Abigail Krasner
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the transformation of the Almohad caliphate by its conquest and incorporation of Ibn Mardanīsh's kingdom. Although Almohad chronicles present Ibn Mardanīsh's death and defeat as a victory, close attention to the material landscape the Almohads inherited and the people they incorporated into their realm shows that his ideologies and the forms that encoded them lived on. The chapter talks about the buildings, objects, and legal practices the Almohads promoted after their incorporation of Ibn Mardanīsh's territories that were quite different from those predating their conquest. Ibn Mardanīsh's sons became governors and military commanders for the Almohads, and his daughters the wives of caliphs. The chapter details how Ibn Mardanīsh's grandson al-Ma'mūn would become the Almohad caliph and renounce the central Almohad doctrine that the dynasty's founder Ibn Tūmart had been the infallible mahdī.
At War in Korea
Authors: Delury John
Published: May 2023

This chapter starts with a conflict that casts a long shadow, focusing on the failures in intelligence by the United States and China that led them to be at war in Korea. It covers the American reliance on covert paramilitary methods as conventional fighting failed to yield victory. For Mao Zedong, the so-called War to Resist America and Defend Korea created ideal conditions to launch his first nationwide mass movement. The chapter details that the Korean War incited the CIA to ramp up covert subversive warfare, and it galvanized forces of repression in the United States and China. The chapter talks about the original estimating blunder of the Korean War, which was the US failure to anticipate the North Korean invasion in June 1950 across the established line of division.
Quiet Americans
Authors: Delury John
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the vicissitudes in US–China relations during the first two years that John Downey and Richard Fecteau were held incognito, assumed dead by the CIA. It includes the Eisenhower administration's recalibration after the Korean War of support for Chiang Kai-shek and defunding of the Third Force. It also discusses the conundrum faced by the CIA's North Asia Command when the exfiltration flight failed to return from Manchuria. The timing of four Americans disappearing somewhere over Chinese territory was worse for senior US officials. The chapter mentions the Far East Division at CIA headquarters, which was certain that Beijing would make propaganda hay of captured American spies as the planes crashed without survivors.
Implausible Denial
Authors: Delury John
Published: May 2023

The chapter traces the diplomatic standoff through the mid-1950s, with China and America mired in a hostility epitomized by the American captives. It reviews the high-profile intervention by the United Nations secretary general and initiation of direct US–China talks in Geneva. It also details how Mao Zedong unleashed brutal grassroots campaigns to eliminate counterrevolutionaries and oppose rightists, even as the furies of McCarthyism subsided and the CIA shifted focus away from sponsoring subversion to technologies of surveillance. The chapter looks at Dwight Eisenhower's decision to handle the case of the American prisoners in China via the United Nations, which internationalized the underlying problem of US–China relations. The tendency toward repression slowed in the United States after the downfall of Senator Joseph McCarthy, while in China, Chairman Mao Zedong continued to swerve back and forth between harsh control and apparent loosening up.
Prisoners of the Past
Authors: Delury John
Published: May 2023

This chapter reviews the individual plane of history, looking at how private citizens resisted the US-government ban on traveling to China. It talks about journalists like William Worthy Jr. and the spy moms, including Mary Downey, who visited their imprisoned sons in 1958. It also uses the journeys of the journalists and spy moms to chart Sino-US relations into the Kennedy years. The chapter considers John Kennedy's administration as an era of public apathy and policy inertia toward China despite a second flare-up in the Taiwan Strait and uprisings across Tibet. By the early 1960s, the cultural significance of the Anglo-American secret agent was being reimagined and contested, even as John Downey and Richard Fecteau had become forgotten spies rotting in their cells.