bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of IOTA ADNEX model in evaluating adnexal masses in a gynecological oncology center in China
Authors: Chen H. , Qian L. , Jiang M. , Du Q. , Yuan F. , Feng W.
Published: June 2019

Objective

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) Assessment of Different NEoplasias in the adneXa (ADNEX) model in the preoperative diagnosis of adnexal masses using data from a gynecological oncology center in China.

Methods

This was a single‐center, retrospective diagnostic accuracy study based on ultrasound data collected prospectively, between May and December 2017, from 278 patients with at least one adnexal (ovarian, paraovarian or tubal) mass. Clinical and pathologic information, serum CA 125 level and ultrasonographic findings were collected. All patients underwent surgery and the histopathological diagnosis was used as reference standard. The final diagnosis was classified into five tumor types according to the ADNEX model: benign ovarian tumor, borderline ovarian tumor (BOT), Stage‐I ovarian cancer (OC), Stages‐II–IV OC and ovarian metastasis. Receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the ADNEX model, with and without inclusion of CA 125 level in the model.

Results

Of the 278 women included, 203 (73.0%) had a benign ovarian tumor and 75 (27.0%) had a malignant ovarian tumor, including 18 (6.5%) with BOT, 17 (6.1%) with Stage‐I OC, 32 (11.5%) with Stages‐II–IV OC and eight (2.9%) with ovarian metastasis. The performance of the IOTA ADNEX model was good for discriminating between benign and malignant tumors, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.94 (95% CI, 0.91–0.97) when CA 125 was included in the model and AUC of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.90–0.96) without CA 125. The AUC values of the model including CA 125 ranged between 0.61 and 0.99 for distinguishing between the different types of tumor, and it showed excellent performance in discriminating between a benign ovarian tumor and Stages‐II–IV OC, with an AUC of 0.99 (95% CI, 0.97–1.00). The performance of the model was less effective at distinguishing between BOT and Stage‐I OC and between Stages‐II–IV OC and ovarian metastasis, with AUC values of 0.61 (95% CI, 0.43–0.77) and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.62–0.90), respectively. Although inclusion of CA 125 did not alter the performance of the ADNEX model in discriminating between benign and malignant lesions (AUC of 0.94 and 0.93 with and without CA 125 level, respectively; P = 0.54), the inclusion of CA 125 in the model improved its performance in discriminating between Stage‐I OC and Stages‐II–IV OC (AUC increased from 0.81 to 0.92; P = 0.04) and between Stages‐II–IV OC and metastatic cancer (AUC increased from 0.58 to 0.78; P = 0.01).

Conclusions

The IOTA ADNEX model showed good to excellent performance in distinguishing between benign and malignant adnexal masses and between the different types of ovarian tumor in a Chinese setting. Based on our findings, the ADNEX model has high value in clinical practice and can aid in the preoperative diagnosis of patients with an adnexal mass. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Fusion of ultrasound and 3D single‐photon‐emission computed tomography/computed tomography to identify sentinel lymph nodes in vulvar cancer: feasibility study
Authors: Garganese G. , Bove S. , Zagaria L. , Moro F. , Fragomeni S. M. , Ieria F. P. , Gentileschi S. , Romeo P. , Di Giorgio D. , Giordano A. , Scambia G. , Testa A. C.
Published: June 2019

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility of fusion of ultrasound imaging and three‐dimensional (3D) single‐photon‐emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) in detecting sentinel lymph nodes in women with vulvar cancer.

Methods

This was a prospective pilot single‐center study. Patients with vulvar cancer who were candidates for sentinel lymph‐node biopsy were enrolled between December 2018 and February 2019. Fusion imaging virtual navigation using 3D SPECT/CT and ultrasound was performed to investigate the tumor‐draining lymph node. All clinical, imaging, surgical and histological information was collected prospectively and entered into a dedicated Excel file. Feasibility and success of fusion imaging virtual navigation and time needed to perform the three steps of fusion imaging were evaluated.

Results

Ten lymph‐node sites were evaluated in five consecutive women with a histological diagnosis of vulvar cancer. Fusion imaging virtual navigation was feasible and completed successfully for all (10/10) draining sites. Median overall time to perform fusion imaging was 32 (range, 25–40) min and the time decreased from the first to the last examination.

Conclusions

The present study demonstrated that fusion imaging virtual navigation using 3D SPECT/CT and ultrasound is feasible and able to detect sentinel lymph nodes in women with vulvar carcinoma. Fusion imaging using ultrasound for detection of sentinel lymph nodes opens up multiple diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities in gynecological oncology. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Pharmaceutical wastewater treatment using UV‐enhanced electro‐Fenton process: Comparative study
Authors: Behfar Rezvan , Davarnejad Reza
Published: June 2019

In this research, treatment of a pharmaceutical wastewater (PhW) obtained from a factory by electro‐Fenton (EF) and photoelectro‐Fenton (PEF) processes was investigated. The effects of several parameters involving pH, current density, H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio, volume ratio of H2O2/PhW, UVA light, and time were studied. The experiments were designed by Design Expert software, and response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to determine the optimum conditions for the highest COD removal. According to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), time was the most significant parameter on the process response (COD removal) followed by current density. The optimal conditions for 86.85% of COD removal through the EF process were at pH of 2.96, current density of 42.90 mA/cm2, H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio of 3.78, volume ratio of H2O2/PhW of 1.37 ml/L, and reaction time of 58.49 min, while the optimal conditions for 93.00% of COD removal through PEF process were at pH of 2.91, current density of 43.71 mA/cm2, H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio of 4.29, volume ratio of H2O2/PhW of 1.67 ml/L, UVA light of 6 W, and reaction time of 54.24 min. It was concluded that UVA light can increase the COD removal through PEF process around 7% more than that of the EF process at optimum conditions.

Practitioner points

Treatment of a pharmaceutical wastewater by EF and PEF processes was investigated.

Effects of several parameters were entirely studied on both the processes.

RSM was applied to determine optimum conditions for the highest COD removal for both the processes.

UVA light increased COD removal through PEF process (around 7%) at the optimum conditions.
1,4‐Dioxane‐contaminated groundwater remediation in the anode chamber of a microbial fuel cell
Authors: Aryal Ramesh , Xia Chunjie , Liu Jia
Published: June 2019

A two‐chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) was used for the first time for the remediation of an emerging contaminant—1,4‐dioxane in its anode chamber. Groundwater historically detected 1,4‐dioxane contamination was sampled from a Superfund site. Comparative study was carried out between metabolic (i.e., 1,4‐dioxane as sole carbon source) and cometabolic (i.e., 1,4‐dioxane and methanol as carbon sources) anodic degradations. It was found that cometabolic degradation increased 1,4‐dioxane removal by 10%–52% after 7 days and increased maximum power production of the MFC by 18% to 88.9 mW/m3. Oxalic acid was detected as a main metabolic degradation product. Beside oxalic acid, acetic acid and isopropanol were also detected as main products for cometabolic degradation. The presence of a biofilm for 1,4‐dioxane anodic degradation was observed by a scanning electron microscopy. Phyla of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, as well as a variety of species, were identified for the first time—especially Rikenella sp. and Solitalea canadensis, whose relative abundances were the highest of 18.8% and 24.0% for metabolic and cometabolic degradation, respectively. This study provided an innovative and sustainable approach for 1,4‐dioxane anodic biodegradation, which would be potentially utilized for remediation of groundwater contaminated by 1,4‐dioxane.

Practitioner points

Groundwater contaminated with 1,4‐dioxane was remediated in the anode chamber of a two‐chambered microbial fuel cell.

Cometabolic pathway increased 1,4‐dioxane removal and power production of the MFC compared to metabolic pathway.

The presence of a biofilm for 1,4‐dioxane anodic degradation was observed, and oxalic acid was a main degradation product.

This study would be potentially utilized for 1,4‐dioxane‐contaminated groundwater remediation with simultaneous energy production.

External voltage supply for bioelectrochemical remediation of groundwater would potentially be reduced when treating chlorinated hydrocarbons co‐occurred with 1,4‐dioxane.
Charm production in charged current deep inelastic scattering at HERA
Authors:   The ZEUS collaboration, Abt I. , Adamczyk L. , Aggarwal R. , Aushev V. , Behnke O. , Behrens U. , Bertolin A. , Bloch I. , Brock I. , Brook N. H. , Brugnera R. , Bruni A. , Bussey P. J. , Caldwell A. , Capua M. , Catterall C. D. , Chwastowski J. , Ciborowski J. , Ciesielski R. , Cooper-Sarkar A. M. , Corradi M. , Dementiev R. K. , Dusini S. , Ferrando J. , Foster B. , Gallo E. , Gangadharan D. , Garfagnini A. , Geiser A. , Gladilin L. K. , Golubkov Yu. A. , Grzelak G. , Gwenlan C. , Hochman D. , Jomhari N. Z. , Kadenko I. , Kananov S. , Karshon U. , Kaur P. , Klanner R. , Klein U. , Korzhavina I. A. , Kovalchuk N. , Kowalski H. , Kuprash O. , Kuze M. , Levchenko B. B. , Levy A. , Löhr B. , Lohrmann E. , Longhin A. , Lukina O. Yu. , Makarenko I. , Malka J. , Masciocchi S. , Nagano K. , Nam J. D. , Onderwaater J. , Onishchuk Yu. , Paul E. , Pidhurskyi I. , Polini A. , Przybycien M. , Quintero A. , Ruspa M. , Saxon D. H. , Schneekloth U. , Schörner-Sadenius T. , Selyuzhenkov I. , Shchedrolosiev M. , Shcheglova L. M. , Shkola O. , Skillicorn I. O. , Slominski W. , Solano A. , Stanco L. , Stefaniuk N. , Stopa P. , Surrow B. , Sztuk-Dambietz J. , Tassi E. , Tokushuku K. , Turcato M. , Turkot O. , Tymieniecka T. , Verbytskyi A. , Wan Abdullah W. A. T. , Wichmann K. , Wing M. , Yamada S. , Yamazaki Y. , Żarnecki A. F. , Zawiejski L. , Zenaiev O.
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Charm production in charged current deep inelastic scattering has been measured for the first time in e
±
p collisions, using data collected with the ZEUS detector at HERA, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 358 pb−1. Results are presented separately for e
+
p and e
−
p scattering at a centre-of-mass energy of

$$ \sqrt{s} $$

s

= 318 GeV within a kinematic phase-space region of 200 GeV2 < Q
2 < 60000 GeV2 and y < 0.9, where Q
2 is the squared four-momentum transfer and y is the inelasticity. The measured cross sections of electroweak charm production are consistent with expectations from the Standard Model within the large statistical uncertainties.
The Logic of Fast and Slow Thinking
Authors: Solaki Anthia , Berto Francesco , Smets Sonja
Published: June 2019

We present a framework for epistemic logic, modeling the logical aspects of System 1 (“fast”) and System 2 (“slow”) cognitive processes, as per dual process theories of reasoning. The framework combines non-normal worlds semantics with the techniques of Dynamic Epistemic Logic. It models non-logically-omniscient, but moderately rational agents: their System 1 makes fast sense of incoming information by integrating it on the basis of their background knowledge and beliefs. Their System 2 allows them to slowly, step-wise unpack some of the logical consequences of such knowledge and beliefs, by paying a cognitive cost . The framework is applied to three instances of limited rationality, widely discussed in cognitive psychology: Stereotypical Thinking, the Framing Effect, and the Anchoring Effect.
Motoric cognitive risk syndrome and predictors of transition to dementia: A multicenter study
Authors: Verghese Joe , Wang Cuiling , Bennett David A. , Lipton Richard B. , Katz Mindy J. , Ayers Emmeline
Published: June 2019

Introduction

To report clinical predictors of transition to dementia in motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR), a predementia syndrome characterized by cognitive complaints and slow gait.

Methods

We examined if cognitive or motoric impairments predicted transition to dementia in 610 older adults with MCR from three cohorts. Association of cognitive (logical memory, clinical dementia rating, cognitive complaint severity, and Mini–Mental State Examination) and motoric factors (gait velocity) with dementia risk was computed using Cox models.

Results

There were 156 incident dementias (134 Alzheimer's disease). In the pooled sample, logical memory (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.91), cognitive complaint severity (aHR 1.53), and Mini–Mental State Examination (aHR 0.75) predicted transition of MCR to dementia. Clinical dementia rating score ≥0.5 predicted dementia (aHR 3.18) in one cohort. Gait velocity did not predict dementia.

Discussion

While MCR is a motoric‐based predementia syndrome, severity of cognitive but not motoric impairments predicts conversion to dementia.
Optimization Concepts and Applications in Engineering
Authors: Belegundu Ashok D. , Chandrupatla Tirupathi R.
Published: June 2019

Organizations and businesses strive toward excellence, and solutions to problems are based mostly on judgment and experience. However, increased competition and consumer demands require that the solutions be optimum and not just feasible. Theory leads to algorithms. Algorithms need to be translated into computer codes. Engineering problems need to be modeled. Optimum solutions are obtained using theory and computers, and then interpreted. Revised and expanded in its third edition, this textbook integrates theory, modeling, development of numerical methods, and problem solving, thus preparing students to apply optimization to real-world problems. This text covers a broad variety of optimization problems using: unconstrained, constrained, gradient, and non-gradient techniques; duality concepts; multi-objective optimization; linear, integer, geometric, and dynamic programming with applications; and finite element-based optimization. It is ideal for advanced undergraduate or graduate courses in optimization design and for practicing engineers.
A Calculation Method for Circulation Control by Tangential Blowing Around a Bluff Trailing Edge
Authors: Kind R. J.
Published: June 2019

The flow near the trailing edge of a circulation-controlled aerofoil is studied. The circulation is controlled by tangential blowing around the bluff trailing edge of the aerofoil.

Velocity profiles in the blowing jet on the trailing edge of a circulation-controlled aerofoil have been measured and a calculation method has been developed for this type of circulation control. The development of the blowing jet is calculated by means of a velocity-profile equation, an angular-momentum integral equation, and an entrainment equation. Improved criteria are suggested for establishing the starting conditions for the development calculation. A realistic method is presented for taking into account the effects of the boundary layer which develops upstream of the blowing slot. A separation criterion for turbulent wall jets and a curvature correction for the entrainment rate are proposed. The calculated blowing-jet developments are found to be in good agreement with experiment. There is fair agreement between the calculated and measured blowing rates required to produce given lift coefficients on the aerofoil.
The Shear Stiffness of Flat-sided Corrugated Webs
Authors: Rothwell A.
Published: June 2019

A method of analysis is presented for the shear stiffness of a flat-sided corrugated web, attached at a series of discrete points to flanges either on one side or on both sides of the web. Simple expressions are obtained for the shear stiffness of both types of web, and it is shown that there may be a considerable loss of stiffness due to the method of attachment. A comparison is made with experimental results for corrugated webs with both types of attachment.
Evaluation of the Separation Properties of Laminar Boundary Layers
Authors: Liu C. Y. , Sandborn V. A.
Published: June 2019

Detailed evaluation of the laminar boundary layer parameters and velocity distribution at separation is given. The analysis takes into account the definite variation in separation profiles observed both theoretically and experimentally. The strong dependency of the shape of the separation profile on the previous history of the boundary development is demonstrated.
The Cascade Subjected to Inlet Distortions
Authors: Fujii S.
Published: June 2019

This paper presents a method for evaluating the effects of shear flow on the performance of a two-dimensional cascade in an incompressible fluid. The method of distributing the singularities along the chord is modified to meet the requirement that the sum of the distorted and perturbed velocities should produce a flow around the aerofoil; therefore an actuator-disc or flat-plate type approximation is not used. Attention is confined to a single row of arbitrary aerofoils subjected to pure harmonic distortions, no attempt being made to include time-dependent terms. Hence it is probable that this paper offers the first stage of a time-independent solution for assessing the effects of upstream struts or blade rows. The agreement between this method and the exact solution for an isolated flat-plate aerofoil is fairly good.

Numerical examples are presented and discussed with reference to the changes of lift, deviation angle and surface velocity which distortion over the cascade would produce. It is found, for the limited number of examples calculated, that a positively-staggered cascade readily responds to the variation of geometrical parameters chosen.
Stability Functions for the Local Buckling of Thin Flat-Walled Structures with the Walls in Combined Shear and Compression
Authors: Wittrick W. H. , Curzon P. L. V.
Published: June 2019

This paper is concerned with the local buckling of long thin flat-walled structures, such as integrally stiffened panels or corrugated core sandwich panels, loaded in such a way that the individual flats are in combined uniform longitudinal compression and shear. When buckling occurs the line junctions between adjoining flats remain straight, and the flats are subjected on their long edges to sinusoidally varying edge moments. These produce sinusoidally varying edge rotations which, when shear is present, are in general out of phase with each other and with the moments. Relations between the edge moments and rotations are obtained in terms of two stability functions, one of which is real and the other complex, to take account of phase differences. Explicit expressions are derived for these stability functions and tables are included, giving their values for the case of pure shear.
On a Specialised Case of the Routh-Hurwitz Stability Criteria
Authors: Nissim E.
Published: June 2019

The well-known Routh-Hurwitz stability criteria apply to polynomial characteristic equations with real coefficients. Lesser known criteria were devised by Hurwitz for the case of polynomials with complex coefficients. However, when polynomials with real coefficients and even powers only are directly subjected to the first-mentioned criteria, all the test determinants obtained vanish identically and thus fail to indicate the state of stability. In the present paper, the stability test functions for such characteristic polynomials are derived.
Displacement Effects on the Laminar Mixing of Two Parallel Streams
Authors: Casarella M. J. , Choo Y.
Published: June 2019

An analytical study is made of the laminar mixing of two semi-infinite streams that are initially parallel. The equations governing the mixing process and the boundary conditions are derived by application of the perturbation technique. The “missing” correct third boundary condition is shown to be the condition that the pressures of the inviscid upper and lower streams due to the displacement thicknesses be balanced across the mixing layer. A general procedure for solution of the mixing problems is established by means of a transformation of the mixing-layer equations and two boundary conditions.

As an example, the laminar mixing of two parallel uniform streams of both incompressible and compressible fluids is solved. It is shown that the profiles of v are entirely different from those based on the approximate third boundary condition. The improved profiles are in excellent agreement with the experimental data.
An Initial Value Method for the Solution of MHD Boundary-Layer Equations
Authors: Na T. Y.
Published: June 2019

An initial value method is introduced in this paper for the solution of the two-point non-linear ordinary differential equations resulting from an analysis of the MHD boundary-layer flow originally treated by Greenspan and Carrier. By using this method, the iteration process is eliminated. The method is seen to be applicable to the solution of similar two-point boundary value problems where certain physical parameters appear either in the differential equation or in the boundary conditions and solutions for a range of the parameter are sought.
Linear Orthotropic Stability of Shallow-Stiffened Cylinders: An Assessment
Authors: Lakshmikantham C. , Gerard G. , Milligan R.
Published: June 2019

The historical development and current status of compressive orthotropic stability is reviewed and a concise development of the linear theory for the compressive case is presented. Available test data on orthotropically stiffened cylinders are synthesised and correlated in terms of this theory. The correlation has been used to establish regions in which linear orthotropic theory appears to be valid in terms of currently available test data.
Boundary Conditions and Initial Value Lines for Unsteady Homentropic Flow Calculations
Authors: Woods W. A. , Daneshyar H.
Published: June 2019

A detailed discussion on the difference between an initial value line and a line characterised by a boundary condition has been presented. Two types of boundaries are described and illustrated. To examine each boundary, several different calculations have been performed for a straight pipe. The results of the numerical calculations are compared with an analytical solution. It is shown that known pressure and velocity at the pipe ends give the most accurate results. Comparisons are also made between several practical types of calculations which give similar findings. The use of time-dependent boundaries can lead to errors as large as 40 per cent in derived results. It is shown that good accuracy can be restored by converting the boundaries into initial value lines. It is concluded that in general no more than one time-dependent boundary should be used in any calculation. Finally it is demonstrated that errors are not revealed by means of pressure diagrams alone.
Postposed main phrases: an English rule for the Romance subjunctive
Authors: Bolinger Dwight
Published: June 2019

Coincidences between languages are not always obvious on the plane of expression. Sometimes they arise on the plane of content and find their way onto that of expression quite deviously, so that one is scarcely aware that speakers of one language are making the same semantic distinction as speakers of another. An example is the rule of adjective position in Spanish and Italian which English lacks, and which is illustrated by such Spanish examples as

1. Tenía ricos ornamentos; Tenía ornamentos ricos: It had rich ornaments.

2. Le dio un dulce beso; Le dio un beso dulce: He gave her a sweet kiss.

3. Noté un barato perfume; Noté un perfume barato: I noticed a cheap perfume.
A bibliography of the Haida language
Authors: Kess Joseph F.
Published: June 2019

Haida was originally spoken in the Queen Charlotte Islands, a group of some 200 islands situated off the western coast of British Columbia. The islands are separated from the mainland by a channel varying from 30 to 60 miles in width, known as the Hecate Straits.

A smaller group of Haida settlements was located to the immediate northeast of the Queen Charlottes, across Dixon’s Entrance. These were situated principally on Dall Island and in the southern portions of Prince of Wales Island in what is now Alaska. Apparently, a small band of several hundred Haidas had migrated from the northwestern portion of the Queen Charlotte group, possibly from Langara Island. The move was relatively recent, having taken place some 250 years ago, before the first European contacts. Several villages were established, but these were largely abandoned in favor of the newly laid-out Hydaburg after 1912.
The Identification of Ex Nihilo with Emanation in Gregory of Nyssa
Authors: Wolfson Harry A.
Published: June 2019

From the fourth century on, whenever Church Fathers stressingly point to the distinction between the Word and the world as a distinction between that which was generated from God and that which was created from nothing, they aim, we may assume, not only at the Arian contention that the Word was created from nothing but also at the Plotinian view that the world was generated, that is, emanated, from God. It is this double target that is aimed at by Athanasius in a passage where he contrasts the Word with the world. The Word, he says, is a “generated being” (γέννημα) or a “son” and, as such, he is “the proper offspring (γέννημα) of the essence,” “not subject to will,” and hence is one who “must always be.”
Calvin and Trent: Calvin's Reaction to the Council of Trent in the Context of his Conciliar Thought
Authors: Casteel Theodore W.
Published: June 2019

It is self-evident from a survey of the Calvin Corpus that the Reformer's polemic with the Roman Catholic Church was one of the most important and essential aspects of his labors. However, it is distressing to note that this area of Calvin's thought, which finds its fullest expression in the many tracts which he penned in the 1540's, has been all but neglected in recent Calvin scholarship. The purpose of this brief essay is to outline one aspect of Calvin's attack on Rome: his reactions to the Council of Trent. Nowhere in Reformation literature are the essential theological and ecclesiastical issues which divided Rome and the Reformers more lucidly delineated.
Religion and Society in the Light of a Political Theology
Authors: Metz John B.
Published: June 2019

The object of this paper of itself demands to be unfolded in two considerations: one, reflecting on the meaning and the task of “political theology” (I), the other, investigating the relations between religion and society in the light of this “political theology” (II).
Referent-Models of Loving: A Philosophical and Theological analysis of Love in Ethical Theory and Moral Practice
Authors: Dyck Arthur J.
Published: June 2019

Love as a moral norm has a very prominent place within the discussions of contemporary Christian ethics. There are three definite trends especially evident in the most popular of these discussions of love. In the first instance, there is a tendency to make love serve as the sole norm in ethics. There is a second tendency to equate love with beneficence. This means, among other things, that love tends to be put into a utilitarian type of calculus and that specific norms such as the Ten Commandments are either played down or dropped entirely. Both of these views of love, by themselves or held in concert, collapse the traditional distinction between love and justice. There is yet a third ten-1 dency to drop any distinction between love for God and love for/the neighbor. Love for God is simply to be understood as love for the neighbor and, as such, it is not something to pursue or cultivate for its own sake. That all three of these tendencies are significantly related to one another should become evident from our further discussion of them.
Virgines Subintroductae in Celtic Christianity
Authors: Reynolds Roger E.
Published: June 2019

Several years before his death the Irish novelist and playwright, George Moore, wrote his “one joyous book,” A Story Teller's Holiday Combining “oddments of folklore” and the “rich Anglo-Irish idiom,” Moore traced in Boccaccian fashion the ancient Christian practice of syneisactism in early Celtic Christianity. In his work Moore was admittedly stimulated by the great Celticist, Kuno Meyer, and by the then burgeoning translations of ancient Irish manuscripts describing syneisactism.
The Assessment and Distribution of Profits from Life Business
Authors: Skerman R. S.
Published: June 2019

There has been some discussion in recent years of how best to distribute to with-profit policyholders the benefits which have been derived from investment in equity shares. Normally the practical problem which confronts an office is how to adapt its existing bonus system to distribute these benefits fairly and most of the discussion has been on this problem (as, for example, in the paper by Benz, ‘Some Notes on Bonus Distributions by Life Offices,’ J.I.A. 86, 1).
A Theory of Mortality
Authors: Barnett H. A. R.
Published: June 2019

In the author's 1955 paper an attempt was made to divide mortality into six component parts, one being the rate of senescent deaths, the others the respective rates of different types of anticipated deaths, the distinction between senescent and anticipated deaths having previously been drawn by Clarke in his centenary paper. At the same time the author advocated an investigation into the mortality of assured lives by cause of death, one of the uses of such investigation being the continuous availability of a comparison between assured lives' mortality at different durations and national mortality. The Joint Mortality Investigation Committee is indeed now conducting such an investigation, starting with the year of experience 1964 and, though no report on this investigation has yet been published, it is reasonable to presume that the Committee's first such report will become available in the fairly near future.
Actuarial Assessment of Damages
Authors: Prevett J. H.
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this paper is to provide an opportunity for discussion within our profession of ‘the use of an actuarial approach and actuarial evidence’ in the assessment of damages arising out of personal injury and fatal accident litigation. The need for such a paper was intimated in the pages of our Journal by William Phillips in his Review of Principles of the Law of Damages by Professor Harry Street. Since the publication of what Phillips described as ‘from the actuarial point of view…the most important legal textbook which has been published in the last 50 years’ the employment of actuaries in this field has been widely discussed within the legal profession. The most important recent development has been the inclusion of personal injury litigation as Item VI of the first programme of the Law Commission set up by the Law Commission Act, 1965. The words quoted in the first sentence above are taken from the list of ‘Questions for Examination’ under (b) of Item VI, ‘Assessment of Damages’. The current examination being conducted by the Law Commission makes this a particularly appropriate time for a sessional meeting on this subject. The writer has had the advantage of a sight of a preliminary Working Paper prepared by the Law Commission and will be quoting certain extracts from that paper below. It must however be stressed that the Working Paper is a preliminary one which attempts to do no more than canvass views: it in no way sets out the conclusions of the Law Commission on the matters discussed.
A Reply to David A. Kay’s “Note”
Authors: Keohane Robert O.
Published: June 2019

To be criticized for not laboring the obvious should perhaps be regarded as a compliment. As careful readers of my article will undoubtedly be aware, I do not assume that governments enter into the United Nations political process “only as objects or implementors of United Nations action after the outputs have been determined by the Organization.” (Kay, p. 952.) My point is quite different: that outcomes in international organizations such as the General Assembly depend not only on governmental interaction but also on the context within which such interaction takes place. Organizational variables help to define that context. Since so many writers have ignored organizational variables in analyzing international organizations, I have attempted, as I said, to “redress the balance”—”without denying the less-onesided formulations of realist theory.” (Keohane, footnote 3.)
External Events and Internal Appraisals: A Note on the Proposed Nordic Common Market
Authors: Haskel Barbara G.
Published: June 2019

Stanley Hoffmann, Joseph Nye, and Karl Kaiser have all stressed the significance of the external environment in determining the attractiveness of a regional plan; Ernst Haas has acknowledged that he neglected this in his earlier model of the integrative process. I shall argue here 1) that a particular element in the external environment has been the key incentive for Sweden’s position in current negotiations for a Nordic customs union and connected economic package and 2) that an evaluation of this same external factor will be crucial for Norway’s and Denmark’s decision.
Gladstone and Ireland
Authors: Steele E. D.
Published: June 2019

‘ . . . I am as fast bound to Ireland as Ulysses was to his mast’: so Gladstone wrote near the close of his long career to the marquess of Ripon, one of the few liberal peers of high rank and great wealth who remained faithful to him when the party split over home rule in 1886. The remark, and the type of politician to whom it was addressed, are both significant. [Gladstone’s obsession, as many writers have termed it, with the Irish question came increasingly to dominate his political life during its latter, and much more important, half. The statement is often made that this ‘obsession’ held up the reform of British institutions for a generation or more, and in particular the social reforms of which an industrial and urban nation by then stood in grave need. This paper seeks to question the validity of that historical commonplace, for the following reasons.
The Theft of Use and the Element of “Intention to Deprive Permanently’ in Larceny
Authors: Bein D.
Published: June 2019

The task of the legislator is indeed difficult when he has to consider and decide how far to extend the area to which the criminal law applies. The difficulty is most apparent in those forms of conduct which are seemingly directed towards some individual to whom civil law remedies are available, for then it must be asked whether these remedies are sufficient or if there is good reason for the addition of criminal sanctions.

The usual considerations in this respect are many and various—has the normal victim of the harmful conduct the ways and means himself of resisting it without the assistance of the authorities; does the normal perpetrator of certain kinds of harmful conduct possess sufficient means which enable him to restore the status quo if civilly sued; is conduct of this kind highly frequent; does certain behaviour have a special temptation, which can only be fought by the deterrent force of a criminal sanction; and especially, does the public conscience regard this form of behaviour a serious infringement of public values that justifies and demands public punitive reaction, irrespective of the wishes of the injured person.
Can the Knesset Adopt a Constitution which will be the “Supreme Law of the Land”?
Authors: Likhovski Eliahu
Published: June 2019

In an article published in an earlier issue of this Review, the question was raised whether the courts of Israel have finally reached a conclusion on the question of their own power of judicial review of legislative measures passed by the Knesset. It was submitted that the question should be solved by a political rather than a judicial decision.

In the present article it is intended to examine a hypothetical constitutional question, namely, can the Knesset, acting within the framework of the existing legal system, adopt or develop a written, rigid Constitution which would become the “supreme law of the land” and which would be effectively protected by the courts?
Foreign Merchants at Ugarit
Authors: Yaron Reuven
Published: June 2019

Cuneiform sources, of different periods and places, contain a wealth of information concerning the activities of the merchant (tamkarum). Especially noteworthy is the Old-Babylonian material, which has recently been the subject of a detailed monograph. No less important is the Old-Assyrian material from the trading centre of Kaniš, discovered in ever-growing quantities in the course of excavations which continue up to the present. All these are private documents, both legal and non-legal, giving a varied and detailed picture.

When one turns to the various collections of legal rules, the results are rather disappointing. The only significant block of provisions is that in the Code of Hammurabi, commencing in the damaged part of the stele (sections U and V), and continuing in sections 100–107. They all concern, one way or another, trading operations; they purport to regulate the relations between a person who supplies capital or goods (the tamkarum), and his agent, acting on his behalf, going abroad to buy and to sell. One characteristic feature stands out at once: as a rule, though not necessarily always, the law merchant concerns itself with activities abroad, beyond the borders of the city-state. This general impression is confirmed also by such provisions as that of CH 32 (merchant ransoming prisoner of war), and CH 281/282 (purchase abroad of slave).
The Sources and Nature of Jewish Law and its Application in the State of Israel, Part IV
Authors: Elon Menachem
Published: June 2019

To answer the question whether the Israel legal system is based on Jewish Law foundations we must examine the two main operative factors which affect and control the nature of that system, that is, the legislative activity of the Knesset and the judicial activity of the courts. The fact that Israel law recognizes, though to a limited extent, the principle of binding precedent renders the courts active participants in the law-making process. This freedom of activity is restricted and operates only within the framework of the provisions of existing positive law, but this framework is quite flexible, as we shall later have occasion to note. Such restriction does not exist at all with regard to the Knesset's legislative activity. The Knesset is the sovereign legislature, unfettered even by a Constitution, and is free to make such law as it deems fit. The question, therefore, is on what assumptions do the various elements—the Ministry of Justice, the Government and the Knesset—engaged in the legislative process, function generally with regard to the subserving sources and more particularly with regard to the manner in which the law of the State is to rest upon Jewish Law.

It is difficult from an examination even of a representative sample of enactments passed by the Knesset to affirm that a clear and consistent policy indeed exists in this important regard, but from time to time expression has been given by those concerned to some of these underlying assumptions and it is proper that we should glance at these.
Factors Determining the Amount of Damages
Authors: Livneh Ernst
Published: June 2019

Two seemingly contradictory objections are raised against the traditional rules of liability for damage; on the one hand the requirement of fault appears to preclude just compensation of many persons who have suffered loss or injury, particularly such as is caused by modern dangers—motor traffic, the use, storage or transportation of high explosives, or the release of atomic energy. On the other hand damage caused by even the slightest degree of negligence may exceed by far what can justly be demanded from the person responsible.

In Dunne v. North Western Gas Board no less that 46 coal gas explosions occurred simultaneously in the streets of Liverpool. The people injured were unable to recover because it turned out that the defect in the gas mains had developed without the fault of any person. In Fowler v. Lanning the plaintiff suffered injuries from pellets discharged from the defendant's gun. He pleaded this fact as a sufficient cause of action, leaving it to the defendant to explain the accident. That seems indeed to have once been the law. Today, however, the plaintiff has at least to allege negligence (if not intention) or to set out facts which “shout negligence”; only then does the rule res ipsa loquitur relieve him of the burden of proof, and then only of that burden alone. Ought not a hunter to be responsible for his gun, a gas board for its pipes?
Extinction of Cause of Action by Release or Covenant not to Sue
Authors: Ben-Porath Miriam
Published: June 2019

A release has been defined as the “giving up or abandoning of the claim or right to the person against whom the claim exists. A release is itself a discharge of the claim or obligation.”

Strictly speaking both releases and covenants not to sue are instruments under seal. A simple agreement, if supported by valuable consideration, has in equity the same effect as a release. Therefore the terms “release” and “covenant not to sue” are now often applied to such agreements, and in the present article they will be used in this extended sense.

The purpose of this article is to discuss the rule as to release, to analyze the reasons underlying it and to make some suggestions for reform.
Co-operative Housing in Israel
Authors: Elman Peter
Published: June 2019

The law governing co-operative housing in Israel is an explicit example of legislative response to social and economic pressures, and psychological needs. In this regard it is, however, not unique, since similar pressures and needs with similar solutions are found in other countries. Here, as elsewhere, the same motivating forces have operated—the desire to possess a home of one's own for reasons of personal dignity and assurance, encouraged by calculated need to hedge against inflation; the increase in population leading to larger demands for housing accommodation, which remained for long generally unsatisfied because of pegged rentals under tenant protection legislation; the high cost of land and building, which called for the optimum utilization of land and raw materials; and the preference for apartment dwelling due partly to the closer social life that it affords, and to which the population was from previous experience accustomed, and partly to the widespread employment of women, which put a premium upon living quarters that required less time and effort for housekeeping. Of these forces, the population pressure, due to natural increase but far more to immigration after the establishment of the State in 1948, and the continuous rise in land prices were particularly significant in Israel.
The Influence of Insurance on the Award of Damages
Authors: Livneh Ernst
Published: June 2019

Sec. 55(1)(b) of the Civil Wrongs Ordinance, 1944, which deals with compensation for the tortious death of a person, prescribes:

“Provided that, in assessing such compensation—(i) any sum paid or payable on the death of the deceased under any contract of assurance or insurance, …shall not be taken into account.”

This provision is taken from sec. 52(1)(b) of the Cyprus Civil Wrongs Law, 1932(s. 53(1)(b) of the 1950 edition of the Laws of Cyprus) and goes back to sec. 1 of the English Fatal Accident (Damages) Act, 1908 (now sec. 2 of the Fatal Accident Act, 1959).

There is a more general provision in sec. 65 of the local Ordinance (sec. 86 of the New Version):

“In assessing any compensation payable by reason of any civil wrong any sum paid or payable under any contract of assurance or insurance in connection with such civil wrong shall not be taken into account.”

This section reproduces sec. 62 (sec. 63) of the Cyprus Law, and an explanation given of that provision states that “this incorporates the general principle of English Law”.
The Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes
Authors: Lerner Natan
Published: June 2019

On 26 November 1968 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession a Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity. The purpose of this paper is to explain the origin of the Convention, to summarize its principal provisions and to comment briefly upon them, particularly in the light of the discussions that preceded its adoption. We shall not deal in depth with the general principles of law involved in such discussions nor with the historical and political matters closely connected with the reasons that made it “necessary and timely”—to use the wording of the Preamble of the Convention—to affirm that international law does not recognize any period of limitation for some major crimes. Of course, the informative nature of this paper will not preclude some criticism, when pertinent.
The Application of Presumptions to the Derivative forms of an Offence
Authors: Feller S. Z.
Published: June 2019

Both the facts of The State of Israel v. Siman Tov, and the solution adopted in that case by the Supreme Court, raise, it is felt, a number of legal problems which warrant particular attention.

The respondent, Siman Tov, owner of a grocer's shop, sold goods worth IL. 6,000 on credit to someone called Pressman. When Siman Tov requested payment from Pressman, the latter offered him U.S. $4,000 which Siman Tov was to deposit with a third party of his own choice in return for a loan of IL. 12,000, on the understanding that Siman Tov would deduct the money owing to him from this last sum and hand over the balance of IL. 6,000 to Pressman. Siman Tov accepted the offer and received from Pressman a package containing 4,000 ostensibly genuine dollar banknotes. He then approached a neighbour, Binat, who agreed to accept the dollars as security for a loan of the equivalent sum in Israeli pounds. On examining the package and finding that the dollars were counterfeit, Binat returned them to Siman Tov and refused to go on with the transaction. Siman Tov for his part had believed the notes to be genuine until Binat's disclosure.
Size change in development and evolution
Authors: Bonner John Tyler
Published: June 2019

Phylogeny is a succession of ontogenies, and the two have been compared by considering them in terms of rates of size change. In development, the larger the organism, the slower its rate of size increase. In evolution, the rates of size change can be put into three distinct categories: fast, medium, and slow. The fast changes occur over short periods of time (1–10 thousand years) and are as likely to show size decrease as increase. The medium changes occur over longer time spans (5–20 million years) and are predominantly or entirely instances of size increase. The slow changes occur over the entire span of organic evolution and represent the maximum size attained in various phyla, which again show an over-all increase.

For ontogeny, a decrease in rate of size change is correlated with an increase in complexity, an increase in the number of gene actions. For evolution, it is correlated with an increase in the number of genetic changes required of the genome by natural selection in fluctuating environments.