bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Defect‐Stabilized Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene
Authors: Zhou Hua , Uysal Ahmet , Anjos Daniela M. , Cai Yu , Overbury Steven H. , Neurock Matthew , McDonough John K. , Gogotsi Yury , Fenter Paul
Published: September 2015

The noncovalent functionalization of graphene by small molecule aromatic adsorbates, phenanthrenequinone (PQ), is investigated systematically by combining electrochemical characterization, high‐resolution interfacial X‐ray scattering, and ab initio density functional theory calculations. The findings in this study reveal that while PQ deposited on pristine graphene is unstable to electrochemical cycling, the prior introduction of defects and oxygen functionality (hydroxyl and epoxide groups) to the basal plane by exposure to atomic radicals (i.e., oxygen plasma) effectively stabilizes its noncovalent functionalization by PQ adsorption. The structure of adsorbed PQ molecules resembles the graphene layer stacking and is further stabilized by hydrogen bonding with terminal hydroxyl groups that form at defect sites within the graphene basal plane. The stabilized PQ/graphene interface demonstrates persistent redox activity associated with proton‐coupled‐electron‐transfer reactions. The resultant PQ adsorbed structure is essentially independent of electrochemical potentials. These results highlight a facile approach to enhance functionalities of the otherwise chemically inert graphene using noncovalent interactions.
Growth of Polyglycidol in Porous TiO2 Nanoparticle Networks via Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition: Probing Polymer Confinement Under High Nanoparticle Loading
Authors: Hsieh Chia‐Yun , Lau Kenneth K. S.
Published: September 2015

Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) enables the uniform growth of polyglycidol (PGL) within mesoporous layers of TiO2 nanoparticle networks. Through the cationic ring opening polymerization of glycidol, conformal deposition of PGL by iCVD results in up to 91% of the available pore space being filled. This yields polymer nanocomposites with high nanoparticle loading of 82 wt% and 54 vol%. The glass transition of the PGL nanocomposite is found to increase significantly by 50 °C–60 °C compared to the bulk PGL polymer. This marked temperature rise has been attributed to significant hydrogen bonding interaction of the oxygen and hydroxyl groups in the polymer with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the TiO2 nanoparticles. Such interactions under polymer confinement are only possible as a result of the tight integration of the polymer and inorganic materials afforded by the iCVD approach.
Adaptable Ultraviolet Reflecting Polymeric Multilayer Coatings of High Refractive Index Contrast
Authors: Smirnov José Raúl Castro , Ito Masateru , Calvo Mauricio Ernesto , López‐López Carmen , Jiménez‐Solano Alberto , Galisteo‐López Juan Francisco , Zavala‐Rivera Paul , Tanaka Koichiro , Sivaniah Easan , Míguez Hernán
Published: September 2015

A synthetic route is demonstrated to build purely polymeric nanostructured multilayer coatings, adaptable to arbitrary surfaces, and capable of efficiently blocking by reflection a targeted and tunable ultraviolet (UV) range. Reflection properties are determined by optical interference between UV light beams reflected at the interfaces between polystyrene layers of different porosity and hence refractive index. As no dopant absorber intervenes in the shielding effect, polymer degradation effects are prevented. Alternated porosity results from the modulation of photochemical effects at the few tens of nanometers length scale, combined with the collective osmotic shock induced during the processing of the precursor diblock copolymer film. Experimental evidence of the application of this method to coat rough surfaces with smooth and conformal UV protecting films is provided.
Peripheral Hole Acceptor Moieties on an Organic Dye Improve Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell Performance
Authors: Hao Yan , Gabrielsson Erik , Lohse Peter William , Yang Wenxing , Johansson Erik M. J. , Hagfeldt Anders , Sun Licheng , Boschloo Gerrit
Published: September 2015

Investigation of charge transfer dynamics in dye‐sensitized solar cells is of fundamental interest and the control of these dynamics is a key factor for developing more efficient solar cell devices. One possibility for attenuating losses through recombination between injected electrons and oxidized dye molecules is to move the positive charge further away from the metal oxide surface. For this purpose, a metal‐free dye named E6 is developed, in which the chromophore core is tethered to two external triphenylamine (TPA) units. After photoinduced electron injection into TiO2, the remaining hole is rapidly transferred to a peripheral TPA unit. Electron–hole recombination is slowed down by 30% compared to a reference dye without peripheral TPA units. Furthermore, it is found that the added TPA moieties improve the electron blocking effect of the dye, retarding recombination of electrons from TiO2 to the cobalt‐based electrolyte.
Autism spectrum disorder in Prader–Willi syndrome: A systematic review
Authors: Bennett Jeffrey A. , Germani Tamara , Haqq Andrea M. , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie
Published: September 2015

Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder that results from lack of expression of paternally‐derived genes on chromosome 15q11‐13; caused by a deletion (DEL), uniparental disomy (UPD), or a rare imprinting center defect. PWS is associated with a distinct behavioral phenotype that in some respects overlaps with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by restricted or repetitive behaviors (RRBs) and social‐communication impairment. The goal of this review was to (i) review published literature investigating core ASD symptoms in PWS and (ii) provide a prevalence estimate of ASD in PWS. Two independent reviewers searched Medline, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Embase, and Web of Science to find studies that answered the research questions. Individuals with PWS demonstrate significant levels of RRBs and social‐communication impairment, in some reports reaching similar levels to those of non‐PWS ASD comparison groups. Individuals with UPD had more social‐communication impairment than those with DEL. Of 786 PWS participants, 210 (26.7%) were reported as meeting criteria for ASD, either based on clinical diagnosis or by exceeding clinical cut‐points on relevant ASD symptom measures. In studies that distinguished genetic subtypes, rates of ASD were higher in individuals with PWS with UPD (67 of 190; 35.3%) than those with DEL (47 of 254; 18.5%). Published data on the association of PWS and ASD to date are limited to sample means of 8 years of age and older. Further research is needed to identify early markers of ASD in PWS children, to support earlier diagnosis and intervention for this important comorbidity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Female patient with autistic disorder, intellectual disability, and co‐morbid anxiety disorder: Expanding the phenotype associated with the recurrent 3q13.2–q13.31 microdeletion
Authors: Quintela Ines , Gomez‐Guerrero Lorena , Fernandez‐Prieto Montse , Resches Mariela , Barros Francisco , Carracedo Angel
Published: September 2015

In recent years, the advent of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays and its use as a first genetic test for the diagnosis of patients with neurodevelopmental phenotypes has allowed the identification of novel submicroscopic chromosomal abnormalities (namely, copy number variants or CNVs), imperceptible by conventional cytogenetic techniques. The 3q13.31 microdeletion syndrome (OMIM #615433) has been defined as a genomic disorder mainly characterized by developmental delay, postnatal overgrowth, hypotonia, genital abnormalities in males, and characteristic craniofacial features. Although the 3q13.31 CNVs are variable in size, a 3.4 Mb recurrently altered region at 3q13.2–q13.31 has been recently described and non‐allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) mediated by flanking human endogenous retrovirus (HERV‐H) elements has been suggested as the mechanism of deletion formation. We expand the phenotypic spectrum associated with this recurrent deletion performing the clinical description of a 9‐year‐old female patient with autistic disorder, total absence of language, intellectual disability, anxiety disorder and disruptive, and compulsive eating behaviors. The array‐based molecular karyotyping allowed the identification of a de novo recurrent 3q13.2–q13.31 deletion encompassing 25 genes. In addition, we compare her clinical phenotype with previous reports of patients with neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders and proximal 3q microdeletions. Finally, we also review the candidate genes proposed so far for these phenotypes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Med‐Arb Agreements since Thione: A Practice Update
Authors: McLean David J.
Published: September 2015

In 2008, we published an article exploring the potential for federal courts to conclude that mediation and arbitration, or med‐arb, agreements did not qualify as “arbitration” under the Federal Arbitration Act. 9 U.S.C. § 2 (2011). See David J. McLean & Sean‐Patrick Wilson, “Compelling Mediation in the Context Med‐Arb Agreements,” 63 Dispute Resolution Journal 28 (2008)(available at http://ow.ly/Q8Oob).
Take Two: Delaware Tries Again on a New State‐Facilitated Arbitration Program
Authors: McGeough Colin
Published: September 2015

Delaware has launched a new arbitration process with a long and somewhat troubled history. This article will summarize Delaware's latest attempt at a court‐annexed arbitration program via the Delaware Rapid Arbitration Act (10 Del. C. § 5801 et seq.), referred to in this article as the DRAA.
Synthese von Cyclobutanen und Cyclobutenen: katalytische enantioselektive [2+2]‐Cycloadditionen
Authors: Xu Yao , Conner Michael L. , Brown M. Kevin
Published: September 2015

Cyclobutane und Cyclobutene sind wichtige Strukturmotive, die in zahlreichen biologisch bedeutenden Verbindungen vorkommen, und nützliche Zwischenstufen in der chemischen Synthese. Entsprechend haben sich [2+2]‐Cycloadditionen zur Synthese von Cyclobutanen und Cyclobutenen als besonders nützliche Umwandlungen erwiesen. In den letzten 10 Jahren ist die Zahl der Publikationen zu katalytischen enantioselektiven [2+2]‐Cycloadditionen gestiegen. Diese Reaktionen machen eine Vielzahl zuvor nicht erhältlicher enantiomerenangereicherter chemischer Verbindungen zugänglich. In diesem Kurzaufsatz wird über die Fortschritte bei katalytischen enantioselektiven [2+2]‐Cycloadditionen für die Synthese von Cyclobutanen und Cyclobutenen berichtet.
Effiziente photochemische Verfahren für die räumlich aufgelöste Oberflächenfunktionalisierung
Authors: Delaittre Guillaume , Goldmann Anja S. , Mueller Jan O. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: September 2015

Materialgrenzflächen – mit einem Gas, einer Flüssigkeit oder einem weiteren Feststoff – sind von enormer Bedeutung für moderne Anwendungsbereiche. Wechselwirkungen an diesen Grenzflächen lassen sich außer durch die Topologie typischerweise auch durch gezieltes Einstellen der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Materialoberfläche kontrollieren. Im Hinblick auf Gebiete wie Nanowissenschaften oder Biologie ist es besonders wünschenswert, Oberflächen mit heterogen verteilten Eigenschaften zu erzeugen. Mehr noch als Mikro‐ und Nanodruckmethoden ist die Photostrukturierung insbesondere aufgrund ihrer Vielseitigkeit oft die Methode der Wahl für hochpräzise Funktionalisierungen. In letzter Zeit fand eine Reihe neuer oder wiederentdeckter photochemischer Verfahren Anwendung für die präzise Oberflächenfunktionalisierung, mit dem Ziel, die Effizienz und Auflösung zu erhöhen und zugleich die benötigte Energie zu reduzieren. In diesem Aufsatz wird eine Zusammenfassung der neuesten Methoden vorgestellt, wobei die von uns erforschten Verfahren im Mittelpunkt stehen.
Antibacterial polymer composites based on low‐density polyethylene and essential oils immobilized on various solid carriers
Authors: Urbankova Miroslava , Hrabalikova Martina , Poljansek Ida , Miskolczi Norbert , Sedlarik Vladimir
Published: September 2015

In this study, we investigated the antibacterial modification of polymers with biologically active substances in essential oils [EOs; linalool, 4‐allylanisole (ALY), andtrans‐anethole]. These compounds were thermoplastically incorporated into a low‐density polyethylene matrix via solid inert carriers [wood flour (WF) and talc and molecular sieves] with physically immobilized EOs. The concentrations of the antibacterial modifiers on the carriers and in the resulting composites were determined with three chromatographic techniques (gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, pyrolysis and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, and high‐performance liquid chromatography). The effects of such modifications to the mechanical properties of the prepared composites were studied by stress–strain analysis. Interactions on the polymer matrix carriers were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The prepared composites were also tested for antibacterial activity against both Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacterial strains. The highest efficiency of isothermal immobilization was found for systems consisting of ALY and WF. This finding was in accordance with microbiological studies. The phase of immobilizing the EOs did not influence the mechanical properties of the studied composites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42816.
Thermo‐rheological properties and miscibility of linear low‐density polyethylene‐silsesquioxane nanocomposites
Authors: Barczewski Mateusz , Sterzyński Tomasz , Dutkiewicz Michał
Published: September 2015

The influence of octakis(n‐hexadecyldimethylsiloxy)octasilsesquioxane (hdPOSS) on rheological and thermal properties of linear low‐density polyethylene was investigated. Rheological evaluations realized by two different measuring techniques (rotational and extensional rheometry) allowed to obtain a wide range of information concerning an influence of silsesquioxanes on rheological properties of polymeric matrix. The studies were complemented with Differential Scanning Calorimetry measurements. In order to evaluate the miscibility of thermoplastic matrix and hybrid organic‐inorganic nanosized filler, rheological investigations, Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy were applied. Simultaneously, based on the rheological and thermal investigations, the mechanism of interactions between polymeric matrix and silsesquioxanes was considered. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42825.
Subgrouping siblings of people with autism: Identifying the broader autism phenotype
Authors: Ruzich Emily , Allison Carrie , Smith Paula , Watson Peter , Auyeung Bonnie , Ring Howard , Baron‐Cohen Simon
Published: September 2015

We investigate the broader autism phenotype (BAP) in siblings of individuals with autism spectrum conditions (ASC). Autistic traits were measured in typical controls (n = 2,000), siblings (n = 496), and volunteers with ASC (n = 2,322) using the Autism‐Spectrum Quotient (AQ), both self‐report and parent‐report versions. Using cluster analysis of AQ subscale scores, two sibling subgroups were identified for both males and females: a cluster of low‐scorers and a cluster of high‐scorers. Results show that while siblings as a group have intermediate levels of autistic traits compared to control individuals and participants with ASC, when examined on a cluster level, the low‐scoring sibling group is more similar to typical controls while the high‐scoring group is more similar to the ASC clinical group. Further investigation into the underlying genetic and epigenetic characteristics of these two subgroups will be informative in understanding autistic traits, both within the general population and in relation to those with a clinical diagnosis.Autism Res2016, 9: 658–665. © 2015 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research
Numerische Untersuchungen zum Tragverhalten von Saugrohrgründungen unter zyklisch axialen Druckeinwirkungen
Authors: Taşan H. Ercan
Published: September 2015

Saugrohrgründungen stellen eine alternative Gründungsmöglichkeit für Offshore‐Bauwerke dar. Sie können, im Gegensatz zu den in der Regel eingesetzten Rammpfählen, weitgehend schallemissionsfrei in den Baugrund eingebracht werden. Bei der Dimensionierung von Saugrohrgründungen spielen zyklische Einwirkungen aus Wind, Wellengang und Strömung eine besondere Rolle. Diese können zur Akkumulation von bleibenden Verformungen und Porenwasserüberdrücken in wassergesättigten Böden führen und sind deshalb innerhalb der Tragfähigkeits‐ und Gebrauchstauglichkeitsnachweise zu berücksichtigen. In diesem Beitrag wird das Tragverhalten des Boden‐Saugrohr‐Systems unter zyklisch axialen Druckeinwirkungen numerisch untersucht. In den FE‐Berechnungen wird ein Zwei‐Phasen‐Modell in Verbindung mit einem hypoplastischen Stoffgesetz für den wassergesättigten Boden verwendet. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dabei den Wechselwirkungen zwischen der Struktur, dem wassergesättigten Meeresboden und dem Porenwasser gewidmet. Der Einfluss und die Relevanz einiger der wichtigsten System‐ und Einwirkungsparameter, die die Porenwasserdruckentwicklung in wassergesättigten Böden beeinflussen, werden auf der Basis von parametrischen Studien untersucht. Darin werden die Zyklenanzahl, die Frequenz der zyklischen Einwirkung, die Einbindelänge sowie der Kopfplattendurchmesser des Saugrohres variiert. Der Einfluss von Akkumulationseffekten auf das interaktive Tragverhalten des Saugrohr‐Boden‐Systems

Numerical investigations on the behaviour of suction bucket foundations under cyclic axial compressive loads

Suction buckets are an alternative foundation type for offshore structures. Due to their widely noise emission‐free installation, they can be used instead of usual offshore foundations with driven piles. Cyclic loads induced by wind, water waves and currents play a special role for the design of suction bucket foundations. These loads can lead to an accumulation of permanent soil deformations and excess pore water pressures in water saturated soils. This has to be considered in ultimate limit state and serviceability design. In this paper the interaction behavior of soil‐bucket‐systems subjected to cyclic axial compressive loads is analyzed using a finite element model. A fully coupled two‐phase model and a hypoplastic constitutive model for the water saturated soil are used in the numerical analyses. Special attention will be dedicated to interactions between the structure, the water‐saturated soil and the pore water. The influence and relevance of some of the main system and loading parameters that affect the pore water pressure development in water‐saturated soil are studied on the basis of parametric studies. In there the cyclic loading number, the frequency, the embedded length and the diameter of top plate of the bucket are varied. Based on these investigations the importance and relevance of the consideration of cyclic accumulation effects with soil‐bucket‐systems is demonstrated and the key findings are presented.
Chancen und Risiken der Vertragsgestaltung für geotechnische Leistungen
Authors: Raabe Ernst‐Werner , Wawrzyniak Christian
Published: September 2015

Zu den Anforderungen an Baugrundgutachten und die geotechnische Begleitung von Bauvorhaben besteht eine umfassende und bewährte Regelungslage, flankiert durch eine langjährige Rechtsprechung zum Thema Baugrundrisiko. Allerdings wird auch bei anspruchsvollen Tiefbauaufgaben häufig der Versuch unternommen, den Aufwand für Baugrunduntersuchungen unterhalb dieser Standards zu halten, verbunden mit einer angepassten neuen Risikoverteilung mit erheblichem Konfliktpotenzial.

Für übliche Vertragsgestaltungen werden die dabei für die Beteiligten entstehenden Risiken aufgezeigt und Hinweise zu einer nutzbringenden vertraglichen Behandlung geotechnischer Leistungen gegeben.

Opportunities and risks in contracts for geotechnical services

There are comprehensive and proven regulations regarding the standards of foundation reports and geotechnical monitoring of large construction projects supported by longtime jurisdiction on foundation risk. Nevertheless, even for demanding heavy construction projects the parties involved try to keep the effort for foundation investigation very often below those standards leading to an adapted risk sharing involving considerable potential for conflicts.

For the setting‐up of standard contracts the arising risks will be presented and recommendations for a useful consideration of geotechnical services in those contracts will be provided.
Die Beschaffenheit des Baugrundes als Rechtsproblem bei der Abwicklung von Bauverträgen
Authors: Leupertz Stefan
Published: September 2015

Der Baugrund stellt die Bauschaffenden immer wieder vor große Probleme. Seine Beschaffenheit lässt sich – wenn überhaupt – nur mit relativ großem Aufwand einigermaßen verlässlich klären; ein Restrisiko bleibt immer. Dementsprechend häufig erleben die Baubeteiligten unliebsame Überraschungen mit dem Baugrund, so etwa, wenn sich beim Aushub der Baugrube herausstellt, dass unerwartet auftretendes Grundwasser bewältigt werden muss oder wenn die Bodenbeschaffenheit eine viel aufwändigere Gründung des herzustellenden Bauwerks erzwingt, als sie geplant und vertraglich vorgesehen war. Diese mit den Bodenverhältnissen einhergehenden bautechnischen Unwägbarkeiten betreffen unweigerlich auch die rechtliche Abwicklung von Bauverträgen. Dort lauten die zentralen, immer wiederkehrenden Fragen: Wer haftet für Baumängel, die darauf zurückzuführen sind, dass die Bauausführung nicht zu der Beschaffenheit des Baugrundes passt? Und: Wer trägt die Mehrkosten, die durch eine gegenüber dem Ausgangsvertrag geänderte, an die tatsächlichen Bodenverhältnisse angepasste Bauausführung anfallen? Solche Fragen werden in Rechtsprechung und Literatur gerne durch Zuweisung des “Baugrundrisikos” beantwortet. Dieser Ansatz ist bedenklich; er führt nicht selten auf Abwege. Die folgenden Ausführungen werden zeigen, dass es eine eigenständige rechtliche Kategorie “Baugrundrisiko” nicht gibt und dass die “Zuweisung” des tatsächlichen Risikos “Baugrund” allein den rechtsgeschäftlichen Entscheidungen der Parteien vorbehalten ist. Wer das Baugrundrisiko zu tragen hat, ist im Einzelfall nach allgemeinen Grundsätzen der Rechtsgeschäftslehre zu beurteilen und in der Regel durch Auslegung des Vertrages zu ermitteln. Dementsprechend beschäftigt sich Abschn. 1 des Beitrages zunächst ausführlich mit diesen Grundsätzen und der Struktur des Bauvertrages. Unter Abschn. 2 geht es dann um deren Anwendung auf die Fälle, in denen der Baugrund nicht die Beschaffenheiten besitzt, die vorzufinden die Beteiligten erwartet haben.
The Effect of Exposure to Atrazine on Dopaminergic Development in Pubertal Male SD Rats
Authors: Li Yan‐Shu , He Xi , Ma Kun , Wu Yan‐Ping , Li Bai‐Xiang
Published: September 2015

Atrazine (ATR, 2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine) is used worldwide as a herbicide, and its presence in the environment has resulted in documented human exposure. A lack of strong evidence for genetic heritability of idiopathic Parkinson's disease has focused attention on environmental toxicants in the disease etiology, particularly agrichemicals. Parkinson's disease is associated with advanced age and is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, but it is unclear whether specific neuronal damage could result from insults during development. The juvenile period is particularly vulnerable to environmental agent, therefore, we evaluated the effects of a 28‐day exposure to ATR on the dopaminergic system in pubertal rats. Sprague–Dawley rats were treated orally with ATR at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw, daily from postnatal days 27 to 54. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that pubertal exposure to ATR would disrupt the development of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system. The content of DA and levodopa (L‐DA) were examined in striatum samples by HPLC‐FL, and the mRNA and protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, orphan nuclear hormone receptor (Nurr1), Nurr1 interacting protein (NuIP), and cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors of the Cip̲Kip family (p57kip2) were examined in samples of the nigrostriatum by use of fluorescence Real‐Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Exposure of juvenile rats to the high dose of ATR led to reduced levels of DA and L‐DA, genes expression of NuIP, Nurr1, and p57kip2 in animals
Kurt Goldstein, Der Aufbau des Organismus. Einführung in die Biologie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Erfahrungen am kranken Menschen, hrsg. von Thomas Hoffmann und Frank W. Stahnisch, (Übergänge 62) Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink 2014
Authors: Meyers Todd
Published: September 2015

XLVIII+462 S., geb., € 49,90. ISBN 978‐3‐7705‐5281‐8.
Novel Fluorescent Schiff Base Derivatives of 4‐Aminoantipyrine with Large Stokes Shifts and Dual Emission Properties: Crystal Structure, Molecular Interactions, Molecular Surfaces, Conformational and DFT Analyses
Authors: Alam Mohammad Sayed , Lee Dong‐Ung
Published: September 2015

Two novel Schiff base analogs derived from 4‐aminoantipyrine, namely, (E)‐4‐(2‐nitrobenzylideneamino)‐1,5‐dimethyl‐2‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐3(2H)‐one (3a) and (E)‐4‐(4‐nitrobenzylideneamino)‐1,5‐dimethyl‐2‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐3(2H)‐one (3b), were synthesized using a mild and efficient method and characterized by FT‐IR,
1H NMR, mass spectrometry, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. X‐ray analysis of a single crystal of 3a revealed an orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) structure, with an E‐configuration around the azomethine (C12N3) double bond. One unit cell was found to contain four molecules showing π−π and π−σ van der Waals stacking interactions. Plausible intermolecular interactions were analyzed using 3D Hirshfeld surfaces and the related 2D fingerprint plots. The optimized molecular structure, potential energy surface (PES) scan, vibrational frequencies, Mulliken charge distribution, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps, frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), and associated energies of 3a and 3b were calculated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the B3LYP method and the 6‐311G(d,p) basis set. PES scans showed that the conformational energy profiles of 3a and 3b were dissimilar around the torsion angles N3–C12–C13–C14/C18 and C12–N3–C3–C2/C1 due to substituent position effects on the benzylidene phenyl ring. Mulliken charge distribution analysis revealed that O1, N1, and N3 atoms of 3a and 3b could act as electron donors and coordinate with metals, while MEP analysis showed that O1, N3, and O2–O3 are the most suitable sites for electrophilic attack. Regarding drug–receptor interactions, molecular lipophilic potential (MLP) maps demonstrated that the benzylidene phenyl ring favors lipophilic contact and the pyrazolone ring hydrophilic contact. In addition, UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopic experiments showed that both compounds have good absorbance and fluorescent properties and large Stokes shifts. Interestingly, both compounds showed dual emission in ethanol, acetone, and diethyl ether, possibly due to conformational isomerization induced by photoexcitation.
The Electronic and Adsorption Structures of 2‐Mercaptoethanol and Thioglycolic Acid on the Ge(100) Surface
Authors: Lee Hangil
Published: September 2015

The adsorption selectivity of 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME) and thioglycolic acid (TGA) was studied on the Ge(100)‐2×1 surface using high‐resolution photoemission spectroscopy (HRPES) and the corresponding density functional theory (DFT) calculations. HRPES analysis results indicated that an OH dissociated SH dissociation bonded structure at low coverage and an O‐dative bonded structure at high coverage are the stable adsorption structures of 2‐ME on the Ge(100) surface. In addition, a SH dissociated OB
‐dative bonded structure at low coverage and a S‐dative bonded structure at high coverage are reasonable adsorption structures of TGA on the Ge(100) surface. Through work function measurements, we also confirmed that the forms of the adsorption structures of 2‐ME and TGA can be determined by n‐type (dissociation‐bonded structure) and p‐type (dative‐bonded structure) properties. Moreover, the adsorption structures of 2‐ME and TGA on the Ge(100)‐2×1 surface were determined through DFT calculations, and the respective stable adsorption structures, transition‐state energy, and reaction pathways were obtained.
Surface Characteristics of MoNx Thin Films Obtained by Reactive rf Magnetron Sputtering in UHV System
Authors: Jeong Eunkang , Park Juyun , Choi Sujin , Kang Jisoo , Kang Yong‐Cheol
Published: September 2015

Molybdenum nitride (MoN
x

) thin films were deposited on p‐type Si(1 0 0) wafer using reactive radio frequency magnetron sputtering at various nitrogen gas ratios in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) system. Two metallic phases, Mo(1 1 0) and Mo(2 1 1), were detected from the film obtained without nitrogen gas in the sputter gas. The thickness of the films measured with a surface profiler decreased from 186.0 to 21.5 nm with increasing nitrogen gas ratio in the sputter gas from 0 to 100%, respectively. From the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, Mo species were further oxidized by the addition of nitrogen gas in the sputter gas. As nitrogen gas was introduced, the portion of Mo4+ species decreased while those of Mo5+ and Mo6+ species increased. As the nitrogen gas ratio in the sputter gas increased, the formation of MoN
x

thin films was confirmed by N 1s XPS spectra. The conductivity decreased from 927.7 to 97.1 S/cm with 0 and 100% of nitrogen gas ratio, respectively.
Comparison of Drug Delivery Efficiency between Doxorubicin Intercalated in RNA Aptamer and One Encapsulated in RNA Aptamer‐Conjugated Liposome
Authors: Park Hanna , Kim Dong‐Min , Baek Si Eun , Kim Keun‐Sik , Kim Dong‐Eun
Published: September 2015

Combination of drug delivery and specific targeting has the potential for treating cancers. To achieve this goal, specific ligands targeting cancer cells and bioconjugate vehicles for drug delivery are necessary. Liposomes constitute successful drug‐delivery materials because they can reduce toxicity and enhance the stability of drugs by encapsulation. Previously, we have developed an RNA aptamer‐conjugated liposome (named as aptamosome) that specifically targeted prostate cancer cells expressing prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Using the aptamosome, the anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) was specifically and efficiently delivered to the prostate tumors. The PSMA‐specific RNA aptamer by itself has been also recognized as tumor‐specific drug delivery material by intercalating Dox. In this study, we compared two different methods for Dox delivery toward PSMA‐positive cancer cells, namely intercalation of Dox into the aptamer (Apt‐Dox), and encapsulation of Dox in the aptamosome (Apm‐Dox). We observed that the Apm‐Dox was superior to the Apt‐Dox in specificity and Dox delivery efficiency toward PSMA(+) cancer cells.
Practical Preparation of Carbon Black/Carbon Nitride Compounds and Their Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Hu Shaozheng , Wang Haoying , Wang Fei , Bai Jin , Zhang Lei , Kang Xiaoxue , Wu Guang
Published: September 2015

Here we report a carbon‐black‐modified g‐C3N4
nanocomposite prepared by a convenient method and its photocatalytic performance, which was compared with other carbon‐material‐, carbon nanotube (CNT)‐, C60‐, and graphene (GR)‐modified g‐C3N4
nanocomposites. X‐ray diffraction, N2 adsorption, UV–vis spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and photoluminescence were used to characterize the prepared composite material. The results reveal that incorporating g‐C3N4
with carbon materials decreases the bandgap and the electron–hole recombination rate of the prepared catalysts. No significant difference was observed in the structural and optical properties among these four series of carbon‐material‐modified g‐C3N4
nanocomposites. Carbon‐based materials cannot act as visible‐light sensitizers but they can facilitate the separation and transport of photogenerated carriers. These composites obey a tentative reaction mechanism similar to rhodamine B (RhB) photocatalytic degradation. Carbon‐black‐modified g‐C3N4
exhibits comparable activity and stability as those of GR‐modified g‐C3N4
, which is better than the modification by C60
and CNTs. Compared to CNTs, GR, and C60
, carbon black is a cheap and effective carbon source with excellent photocatalytic performance for the preparation of carbon material/g‐C3N4
nanocomposites.
Types of Faculty Scholars in Community Colleges
Authors: Park Toby J. , Braxton John M. , Lyken‐Segosebe Dawn
Published: September 2015

This chapter describes three empirically derived types of faculty scholars in community colleges: Immersed Scholars, Scholars of Dissemination, and Scholars of Pedagogical Knowledge. This chapter discusses these types and offers a recommendation.
Faculty Scholarship at Community Colleges: Culture, Institutional Structures, and Socialization
Authors: Morest Vanessa Smith
Published: September 2015

This chapter looks at community college faculty engagement in scholarship. Community college faculty spend the majority of their time engaged in teaching, and therefore their scholarship typically focuses on strengthening curriculum and instruction. The paper identifies some of the structural and cultural challenges and supports to scholarship at community colleges. The author concludes that mechanisms for encouraging and rewarding scholarship at community colleges remain underutilized.
Tweaking the Culture of the Community College
Authors: Braxton John M. , Doyle William R. , Lyken‐Segosebe Dawn
Published: September 2015

This chapter contends that scholarship should become a part of the mission of the community college. The authors describe actions for individual community colleges and state and federal actions that encourage and support the engagement of community college faculty members in scholarship.
Coronary artery fenestration prior to stenting in spontaneous coronary artery dissection
Authors: Alkhouli Mohamad , Cole Melissa , Ling Frederick S.
Published: September 2015

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection is associated with high rates of complications and suboptimal long‐term outcomes. Coronary artery fenestration with cutting balloon angioplasty prior to stenting can prevent the expansion of intramural hematoma and optimize PCI outcomes in this patient population. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical outcomes following target lesion revascularization for bioresorbable scaffold failure
Authors: Tanaka Akihito , Ruparelia Neil , Kawamoto Hiroyoshi , Sticchi Alessandro , Figini Filippo , Carlino Mauro , Chieffo Alaide , Montorfano Matteo , Latib Azeem , Colombo Antonio
Published: September 2015

Objectives

To investigate clinical outcomes following target lesion revascularization (TLR) for bioresorbable scaffold (BRS) failure in a real world population.

Background

BRS has become a new option in percutaneous coronary intervention, and may be potentially advantages because of the absence of a permanent metallic cage and the possibility for restoration of vasomotion and endothelial function. However, the requirement for TLR following BRS has been reported, but data on outcomes following reintervention are currently lacking.

Methods

Eighteen patients (20 lesions) who underwent TLR for BRS failure were identified at two high‐volume centers in Milan, Italy. Clinical outcomes including all cause death, myocardial infarction, and repeat TLR after TLR for BRS failure were examined.

Results

The type of scaffold failure at TLR was classified into focal pattern in 15 lesions, diffuse pattern in two lesions, restenosis at side branch ostium in one lesion and scaffold thrombosis in two lesions. TLR was treated with plain old balloon angioplasty (POBA) in two lesions, with drug‐coating balloon in three lesions, drug eluting stent implantation in 11 lesions, further BRS implantation in four lesions. During the followup (median: 345 days after TLR), one sudden death and three repeat TLRs were observed.

Conclusion

In our series, we observed an adverse event rate of 20% of during the followup period following TLR for BRS failure. The optimal treatment option for these patients remains to be determined. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A case of adolescent giant parathyroid adenoma presenting multiple osteolytic fractures and postoperative hungry bone syndrome
Authors: Ebina Kosuke , Miyoshi Yuji , Izumi Shinji , Hashimoto Jun , Naka Norifumi , Tsukamoto Yasunori , Kashii Masafumi , Kaito Takashi , Yoshikawa Hideki
Published: September 2015

Key Clinical Message

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and postoperative hungry bone syndrome are very rare conditions in adolescents, and may be frequently misdiagnosed as a metastatic bone tumor. However, delay in diagnosis may lead to a fatal preoperative hypercalcemia and postoperative hypocalcemia. PHPT is a differential diagnosis of adolescent hypercalcemia and osteolytic fractures.
Preparation of Nickel Phosphide Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts Assisted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Motos‐Pérez Blanca , Uzio Denis , Aymonier Cyril
Published: September 2015

To meet the increasing demand for clean fuels, deep hydrotreatment reactions are required, and thereby, improvement of the performance of the catalysts is highly desired. Silica‐supported nickel phosphide (Ni2P) nanoparticles have been reported to be efficient catalysts for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) reactions. We propose herein an innovative preparation method assisted by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) to produce highly active Ni2P nanoparticles combining small size and high reducibility. In addition, scCO2 promotes the formation of the Ni2P phase with respect to the less active Ni12P5 phase. Such phosphide catalysts exhibit high activity for the HDS of 4,6‐dimethyldibenzothiophene, with a rate constant up to one order of magnitude higher than that of non‐supercritical references and close to conventional alumina supported NiMoS catalyst.
Work of Full‐Time Mothers: Putting Voice to the Relational Theory of Working
Authors: Jung Ae‐Kyung , Heppner Mary J.
Published: September 2015

The purpose of this qualitative research was to explore the work experience of middle‐class, Korean full‐time mothers in their 50s. Interviews, observations, and photographs were collected from 11 Korean full‐time mothers to understand their work and career experiences. The data were analyzed by a case study qualitative method of inquiry. The themes that emerged from the data were paths to becoming full‐time mothers, multiple working roles from relationships, dialectical characteristics of work, meaning of full‐time mothering, and regrets and internalized biases for full‐time motherhood. The findings illustrate how full‐time mothers experience a sense of meaning and mattering from their work; how relationships and work are intertwined in their lives; and how gender, social class, and culture influence the work and relationships of full‐time mothers. Implications for counselors and researchers are discussed.
Gatekeeping Ourselves: Counselor Educators' Knowledge of Colleagues' Problematic Behaviors
Authors: Brown‐Rice Kathleen , Furr Susan
Published: September 2015

Counselor educators in programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (N = 335) were surveyed about their knowledge of colleagues' problems of professional competency (PPC). Findings suggest most participants are aware of colleagues with PPC. Professional behavior standards must be developed for those entrusted with counselor preparation.
Variations in cancer centers' use of cytology for the diagnosis of small cell lung carcinoma in the National Cancer Data Base
Authors: Gansler Ted , Fedewa Stacey A. , Lin Chun Chieh , Jemal Ahmedin , Ward Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

Cytology is an accurate, safe, cost‐effective, and guideline‐recommended method for the diagnosis of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), but little is known about whether its use varies by treatment facility and patient characteristics.

METHODS

Methods of diagnosis (cytology vs histology) for 86,830 patients with SCLC from 1314 facilities that contributed data to a nationwide registry and associations of diagnostic methods with patient and facility characteristics were studied in bivariate and multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

The percentages of SCLC cases diagnosed by cytology in community cancer programs, comprehensive community cancer programs, academic cancer programs, and National Cancer Institute‐designated cancer centers were 13.2%, 15.4%, 23.3%, and 31.3%, respectively (P < .0001). The corresponding prevalence ratios (and 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) of cytologic diagnosis using multivariate marginal logistic regression models and National Cancer Institute‐designated cancer centers as the referent category were 0.45 (95% CI, 0.36‐0.57), 0.52 (95% CI, 0.42‐0.64), and 0.78 95% CI, (0.62‐0.96), respectively. In contrast, the use of cytology varied little by patient demographic and clinical factors.

CONCLUSIONS

The substantial variation among different types of cancer centers in their use of cytology for the diagnosis of SCLC suggests a need for additional research to study reasons for these differences as well as quality‐improvement interventions to encourage adherence to guidelines for SCLC diagnosis. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2016;124:44–52. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Developing measuring inductance strategies on a direct current machine using a DC source with magnetic saturation
Authors: Chuang Ning , Gale Timothy J. , Langman Richard A.
Published: September 2015

This article describes a novel measuring inductance strategy on direct current (DC) machines. Measuring self‐inductance and mutual‐inductance in rotating machines is always a very challenging task over a few decades. A significant challenge in modeling electric machines is to obtain their variables and parameters as accurate as possible. The method developed in this paper using a DC source for measuring the inductance in a DC machine overcomes some problems associated with traditional methods by using an alternating current source. In particular, it enables the field winding to carry its rated DC. This approach has demonstrated the feasibility of taking measurements for inductance in a DC machine and providing its field current that is sufficient to lead magnetic saturation, such that the flux can be kept the same as the supplied flux to the running DC machine. The proposed method for measuring both self‐inductance and mutual inductance of the DC machine armature winding coils has played a main role in modeling DC machines under a wide range of operating conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between the green‐island phenotype and Wolbachia infections during the evolutionary diversification of Gracillariidae leaf‐mining moths
Authors: Gutzwiller Florence , Dedeine Franck , Kaiser Wilfried , Giron David , Lopez‐Vaamonde Carlos
Published: September 2015

Internally feeding herbivorous insects such as leaf miners have developed the ability to manipulate the physiology of their host plants in a way to best meet their metabolic needs and compensate for variation in food nutritional composition. For instance, some leaf miners can induce green‐islands on yellow leaves in autumn, which are characterized by photosynthetically active green patches in otherwise senescing leaves. It has been shown that endosymbionts, and most likely bacteria of the genus Wolbachia, play an important role in green‐island induction in the apple leaf‐mining moth Phyllonorycter blancardella. However, it is currently not known how widespread is this moth‐Wolbachia‐plant interaction. Here, we studied the co‐occurrence between Wolbachia and the green‐island phenotype in 133 moth specimens belonging to 74 species of Lepidoptera including 60 Gracillariidae leaf miners. Using a combination of molecular phylogenies and ecological data (occurrence of green‐islands), we show that the acquisitions of the green‐island phenotype and Wolbachia infections have been associated through the evolutionary diversification of Gracillariidae. We also found intraspecific variability in both green‐island formation and Wolbachia infection, with some species being able to form green‐islands without being infected by Wolbachia. In addition, Wolbachia variants belonging to both A and B supergroups were found to be associated with green‐island phenotype suggesting several independent origins of green‐island induction. This study opens new prospects and raises new questions about the ecology and evolution of the tripartite association between Wolbachia, leaf miners, and their host plants.
Synthesis of Carbon‐Encapsulated Cu–Ag Dimetallic Nanoparticles and Their Recyclable Superior Catalytic Activity towards 4‐Nitrophenol Reduction
Authors: Xu Shuling , Li Haibo , Wang Lei , Yue Qiaoli , Li Rui , Xue Qingwang , Zhang Yuanfu , Liu Jifeng
Published: September 2015

A facile one‐pot route has been developed for the synthesis of carbon‐encapsulated Cu–Ag dimetallic nanoparticles (C–CuAg NPs). The synthesis was conducted using AgNO3 and Cu(NO3)2 as metal precursors and ascorbic acid as the reduction agent and carbon source. The catalytic activities of the C–CuAg NPs for the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) with NaBH4 were tracked by UV/Vis spectroscopy, which demonstrates that the as‐prepared C–CuAg NPs exhibit significantly enhanced catalytic activity compared with carbon‐encapsulated Cu nanoparticles (C–CuNPs) and carbon‐encapsulated Ag nanoparticles (C–Ag NPs). Notably, the catalysts are stable, and there is a high conversion efficiency for at least ten successive cycles. Considering the green facile preparation procedure and high catalytic activity, the prepared C–CuAg NPs hold great promise as highly efficient, cost‐effective, and environmentally friendly catalysts for industrial applications.
A Complex Self‐Catenated Coordination Framework with a Rare (3,12)‐Connected Underlying Net Showing Selective Adsorption of CO2
Authors: Luo Feng , Meng Pan Pan , Feng Xue Feng , Dang Li Long , Zhang Xiao Jing
Published: September 2015

Herein, we report a unique self‐catenated metal‐organic framework (MOF) with an underlying (3,12)‐connected topology based on Co4 clusters. Moreover, the special dumbbell‐like pore configuration, the exact match between the pore aperture and the kinetic diameter of CO2, as well as the coexistence of acylamide and NH2 groups in the MOF enhances the selectivity of adsorption of CO2 over other gases such as CO, CH4, O2, and N2.
Reactivity of Polar Organometallic Compounds in Unconventional Reaction Media: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: García‐Álvarez Joaquin , Hevia Eva , Capriati Vito
Published: September 2015

Developing new green solvents in designing chemical products and processes or successfully employing the already existing ones is one of the key subjects in green chemistry and is especially important in organometallic chemistry, which is an interdisciplinary field. Can we advantageously also use unconventional reaction media in place of current harsh organic solvents for polar organometallic compounds? This microreview critically analyses the state of the art with regard to this topic and showcases recent developments and breakthroughs that are becoming new research directions in this field. Because metals cover a vast swath of the Periodic Table the content is organised into three sections discussing the reactivity of organometallic compounds of s‐, p‐ and d‐block elements in unconventional solvents.