bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Within-host adaptation alters priority effects within the phyllosphere microbiome
Authors: Debray Reena , Conover Asa , Zhang Xuening , Dewald-Wang Emily A. , Koskella Britt
Published: August 2022

To predict microbiome composition and function over time, it is essential to understand how evolution alters priority effects between resident and invading species. In an experimental evolution study on tomato plants, an early-colonizing bacterial species rapidly evolved to invade a new niche, altering its ecological interactions with other members of the plant microbiome, as well as its effect on the host. Prevailing models have assumed that adaptation primarily improves the efficiency of resident species within their existing niches, yet we conclude that host habitats can offer alternative evolutionary opportunities, complicating the application of existing theory to the community ecology of microbiomes.
Molecular evolution and inheritance pattern of Sox gene family among Bovidae
Authors: Akinyemi Mabel O. , Adegbaju Muyiwa S. , Grytsay Anastasia , Osaiyuwu Osamede H , Finucan Jessica , Ogunade Ibukun M. , Peters Sunday O. , Thomas Bolaji N. , Morenikeji Olanrewaju B.
Published: August 2022

Sox gene is an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors that play important roles in cellular differentiation and numerous complex developmental processes. In vertebrates, Sox proteins are required for cell fate decision, morphogenesis, and control self-renewal in embryonic and adult stem cells. Sox gene family has been well studied in multiple species including humans but scanty or no study in Bovidae. In this study, we conducted a detailed evolutionary analysis of this gene family in Bovidae, including their physicochemical properties, biological functions, and patterns of inheritance. We performed a genome-wide cataloguing to explore the Sox gene family using multiple bioinformatics tools. Our analysis revealed conserved motifs that are crucial to the ability of Sox genes to interact with the regulatory regions of target genes and orchestrate multiple developmental and physiological processes. Importantly, we report a unique motif being EFDQYL/ELDQYL found in SoxE and SoxF groups. Further analysis revealed that this motif sequence accounts for the binding and transactivation potential of Sox proteins. Protein-protein interaction showed significant interaction among Sox genes and related genes implicated in embryonic development and the regulation of cell differentiation. We conclude that Sox gene family uniquely evolved among Bovidae with a few exhibiting important motifs that drives several developmental and physiological processes.
Transport of Antibody into the Skin is Only Partially Dependent Upon the Neonatal Fc-Receptor
Authors: Nasir Gibran , Sinnis Photini
Published: August 2022

The dermis is the portal of entry for most vector-transmitted pathogens, making the host’s immune response at this site critical in mitigating the magnitude of infection. For malaria, antibody-mediated neutralization ofPlasmodiumparasites in the dermis was recently demonstrated. However, surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms that govern antibody transport into the skin. Since the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has been shown to transcytose IgG into various tissues, we sought to understand its contribution to IgG transport and antibody-mediated inhibition ofPlasmodiumparasites following mosquito bite inoculation. Using confocal imaging, we show that the transport of an anti-Langerin mAb into the skin is only partially reduced in mice lacking FcRn. To understand the relevance of FcRn in the context of malaria infection, we use the rodent parasitePlasmodium bergheiand show that the protective efficacy of a passively-administered anti-malarial antibody is reduced in the skin in FcRn deficient mice, but not to the same extent that we have previously observed in wildtype mice. Overall, our data suggest that FcRn plays a role in the transport of IgG into the skin but is not the major driver of IgG transport into this tissue. These findings have implications for the rational design of antibody-based therapeutics for malaria as well as other vector-transmitted pathogens.
Genetic associations with resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii in guava (Psidium sp.) using cross-genera SNPs and comparative genomics to Eucalyptus highlight evolutionary conservation across the Myrtaceae
Authors: Fernandes Santos Carlos Antonio , Rodrigues da Costa Soniane , Silva Boiteux Leonardo , Grattapaglia Dario , Silva-Junior Orzenil B.
Published: August 2022

Tropical fruit tree species constitute a yet untapped supply of outstanding diversity of taste and nutritional value, barely developed from the genetics standpoint, with scarce or no genomic resources to tackle the challenges arising in modern breeding practice. We generated a de novo genome assembly of the Psidium guajava, the super fruit “apple of the tropics”, and successfully transferred 14,268 SNP probesets from Eucalyptus to Psidium at the nucleotide level, to detect genomic loci linked to resistance to the root knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne enterolobii derived from the wild relative P. guineense. Significantly associated loci with resistance across alternative analytical frameworks, were detected at two SNPs on chromosome 3 in a pseudo-assembly of Psidium guajava genome built using a syntenic path approach with the Eucalyptus grandis genome to determine the order and orientation of the contigs. The P. guineense-derived resistance response to RKN and disease onset is conceivably triggered by mineral nutrients and phytohormone homeostasis or signaling with the involvement of the miRNA pathway. Hotspots of mapped resistance quantitative trait loci and functional annotation in the same genomic region of Eucalyptus provide further indirect support to our results, highlighting the evolutionary conservation of genomes across genera of Myrtaceae in the adaptation to pathogens. Marker assisted introgression of the resistance loci mapped should accelerate the development of improved guava cultivars and hybrid rootstocks.
Commensal Neisseria species share immune suppressive mechanisms with Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Zhu Weiyan , Cardenas-Alvarez Maria X. , Tomberg Joshua , Little Marguerite , Duncan Joseph A. , Nicholas Robert A.
Published: August 2022

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a highly adapted human sexually transmitted pathogen that can cause symptomatic infections associated with localized inflammation as well as asymptomatic and subclinical infections, particularly in females. Gonococcal infection in humans does not generate an effective immune response in most cases, which contributes to both transmission of the pathogen and reinfection after treatment. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is known to evade and suppress human immune responses through a variety of mechanisms. Commensal Neisseria species that are closely related to N. gonorrhoeae, such as N. cinerea, N. lactamica, N. elongata, and N. mucosa, rarely cause disease and instead asymptomatically colonize mucosal sites for prolonged periods of time without evoking clearing immunologic responses. We have shown previously that N. gonorrhoeae inhibits the capacity of antigen-pulsed dendritic cells to induce CD4+ T cell proliferation in vitro. Much of the suppressive effects of N. gonorrhoeae on dendritic cells can be recapitulated either by outer-membrane vesicles released from the bacteria or by purified PorB, the most abundant outer-membrane protein in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. We show here that three commensal Neisseria species, N. cinerea, N. lactamica and N. mucosa, show a comparable capacity to suppress dendritic cell-induced T cell proliferation through mechanisms similar to those demonstrated previously for N. gonorrhoeae, including inhibition by purified PorB. Our findings suggest that some immune-evasive properties of pathogenic N. gonorrhoeae are shared with commensal Neisseria species and may contribute to the ability of both pathogens and commensals to cause prolonged mucosal colonization in humans.
Diversity, composition, altitude, and seasonality of high-altitude windborne migrating mosquitoes in the Sahel: Implications for disease transmission
Authors: Yaro AS , Linton Y-M , Dao A , Diallo M , Sanogo ZL , Samake D , Ousman Y , Kouam C , Krajacich BJ , Faiman R , Bamou R , Woo J , Chapman JW , Reynolds DR , Lehmann T
Published: August 2022

Recent studies have reported Anopheles mosquitoes captured at high-altitude (40–290 m above ground) in the Sahel. Here, we describe this migration modality across genera and species of African Culicidae and examine its implications for disease transmission and control. As well as Anopheles, six other genera—Culex, Aedes, Mansonia, Mimomyia, Lutzia, and Eretmapodites comprised 90% of the 2,340 mosquitoes captured at altitude. Of the 50 molecularly confirmed species (N=2,107), 33 species represented by multiple specimens were conservatively considered high-altitude windborne migrants, suggesting it is a common migration modality in mosquitoes (31–47% of the known species in Mali), and especially in Culex (45–59%). Overall species abundance varied between 2 and 710 specimens/species (in Ae. vittatus and Cx. perexiguus, respectively). At altitude, females outnumbered males 6:1, and 93% of the females have taken at least one blood meal on a vertebrate host prior to their departure. Most taxa were more common at higher sampling altitudes, indicating that total abundance and diversity are underestimated. High-altitude flight activity was concentrated between June and November coinciding with availability of surface waters and peak disease transmission by mosquitoes. These hallmarks of windborne mosquito migration bolster their role as carriers of mosquito-borne pathogens (MBPs). Screening 921 mosquitoes using pan-Plasmodium assays revealed that thoracic infection rate in these high-altitude migrants was 2.4%, providing a proof of concept that vertebrate pathogens are transported by windborne mosquitoes at altitude. Fourteen of the 33 windborne mosquito species had been reported as vectors to 25 MBPs in West Africa, which represent 32% of the MBPs known in that region and include those that inflict the heaviest burden on human and animal health, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and Rift Valley fever. We highlight five arboviruses that are most likely affected by windborne mosquitoes in West Africa: Rift Valley fever, O’nyong’nyong, Ngari, Pangola, and Ndumu. We conclude that the study of windborne spread of diseases by migrating insects and the development of surveillance to map the sources, routes, and destinations of vectors and pathogens is key to understand, predict, and mitigate existing and new threats of public health.
Discovery, Structure, and Function of Filamentous 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA Carboxylase
Authors: Hu Jason J. , Lee Jane K.J. , Liu Yun-Tao , Yu Clinton , Huang Lan , Aphasizheva Inna , Aphasizhev Ruslan , Zhou Z. Hong
Published: August 2022

3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC) is a biotin-dependent enzyme necessary for leucine catabolism in most organisms. While the crystal structure of recombinant bacterial MCC has been characterized, the structure and potential polymerization of native MCC remain elusive. Here, we discovered that native MCC fromLeishmania tarentolae(LtMCC) forms filaments and determined its structure at near-atomic resolution using cryoEM. α6β6LtMCC dodecamers assemble in a twisted-stacks architecture, manifesting as supramolecular rods extending up to approximately 400 nanometers. LtMCCs in filaments bind biotin but are not covalently biotinylated and lack coenzyme A. Filaments elongate by stacking α6β6LtMCCs onto the exterior α-trimer of the terminal α6β6dodecamer. This stacking immobilizes the biotin carboxylase domains, sequestering the enzyme in an inactive state within the mitochondrial matrix. Our results support a new model for LtMCC catalysis, termed the dual-swinging-domains model, and cast new light on the functional significance of polymerization in the carboxylase superfamily and beyond.
Function and structure of FlaK, a master regulator of the polar flagellar genes in marine Vibrio
Authors: Homma Michio , Kobayakawa Tomoya , Hao Yuxi , Nishikino Tatsuro , Kojima Seiji
Published: August 2022

Vibrio alginolyticus has a flagellum at the cell pole, and the fla genes, involved in its formation, are hierarchically regulated in several classes. FlaK (also called FlrA) is an ortholog of Pseudomonas aeruginosa FleQ, an AAA+ ATPase that functions as a master regulator for all later fla genes. In this study, we conducted mutational analysis of FlaK to examine its ATPase activity, ability to form a multimeric structure, and function in flagellation. We cloned flaK and confirmed that its deletion caused a non-flagellated phenotype. We substituted amino acids at the ATP binding/hydrolysis site and performed putative subunit interfaces in a multimeric structure. Mutations in the aforementioned sites abolished both ATPase activity and the ability of FlaK to induce downstream flagellar gene expression. The L371E mutation, at the putative subunit interface, abolished flagellar gene expression but retained ATPase activity, suggesting that ATP hydrolysis is not sufficient for flagellar gene expression. We also found that FlhG, a negative flagellar biogenesis regulator, suppressed the ATPase activity of FlaK. The 20 FlhG C-terminal residues are critical for reducing FlaK ATPase activity. Chemical crosslinking and size exclusion chromatography revealed that FlaK mostly exists as a dimer in solution and can form multimers, independent of ATP. However, ATP induced the interaction between FlhG and FlaK to form a large complex. The in vivo effects of FlhG on FlaK, such as multimer formation and/or DNA binding, are important for gene regulation.

IMPORTANCE

FlaK is an NtrC-type activator of the AAA+ ATPase subfamily of σ54-dependent promoters of flagellar genes. FlhG, a MinD-like ATPase, negatively regulates the polar flagellar number by collaborating with FlhF, an FtsY-like GTPase. We found that FlaK and FlhG interact in the presence of ATP, to form a large complex. Mutational analysis revealed the importance of FlaK ATPase activity in flagellar gene expression and provided a model of the Vibrio molecular mechanism that regulates the flagellar number.
Partial EMT and associated changes in cellular plasticity in oncovirus-positive samples
Authors: Sehgal Manas , Ray Ritoja , Vaz Joel Markus , Kanikar Shrihar , Somarelli Jason A. , Jolly Mohit Kumar
Published: August 2022

Oncoviruses exploit diverse host mechanisms to survive and proliferate. These adaptive strategies overlap with mechanisms employed by malignant cells during their adaptation to dynamic micro-environments and for evasion of immune attack. While the role of individual oncoviruses in mediating cancer progression has been extensively characterized, little is known about the common gene regulatory features of oncovirus-induced cancers. Here, we focus on defining the interplay between several cancer hallmarks, including Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), metabolic alterations, and immune evasion across major oncoviruses by examining publicly available transcriptomics data sets containing both oncovirus-positive and oncovirus-negative samples. We observe that oncovirus-positive samples display varying degrees of EMT and metabolic reprogramming. While the progression of EMT generally associated with an enriched glycolytic metabolic program and suppressed fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), partial EMT correlated well with glycolysis. Furthermore, oncovirus-positive samples had higher activity and/or expression levels of immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-L1, which was associated with a partial EMT program. These analyses thus decode common pathways in oncovirus-positive samples that may be used in pinpointing new therapeutic vulnerabilities for oncovirus-associated cancer cell plasticity.
The Drosophila AWP1 ortholog Doctor No regulates JAK/STAT signaling for left-right asymmetry in the gut by promoting receptor endocytosis
Authors: Lai Yi-Ting , Takeshi Sasamura , Kuroda Junpei , Maeda Reo , Nakamura Mitsutoshi , Hatori Ryo , Ishibashi Tomoki , Taniguchi Kiichiro , Ooike Masashi , Taguchi Tomohiro , Nakazawa Naotaka , Hozumi Shunya , Okumura Takashi , Aigaki Toshiro , Inaki Mikiko , Matsuno Kenji
Published: August 2022

Many internal Drosophila organs show stereotypical left-right (LR) asymmetry, for which the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we identified an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin-binding protein, AWP1/Doctor no (Drn), as a novel factor required for the LR asymmetry of the embryonic anterior gut in Drosophila. We showed that drn is essential in the circular visceral muscle cells of the midgut for JAK/STAT signaling, which contributes to the first known cue for anterior gut lateralization via LR-asymmetric nuclear rearrangement. Embryos homozygous for drn and lacking its maternal contribution showed phenotypes similar to that of depleted JAK/STAT signaling, suggesting that Drn is a general component of JAK/STAT signaling. The absence of Drn resulted in the specific accumulation of Domeless (Dome), the receptor of JAK/STAT signaling, in intracellular compartments. Thus, Drn is required for the endocytic trafficking of Dome, which is subsequently degraded in lysosomes. Our results suggest that the endocytosis of Dome is a critical step in activating JAK/STAT signaling. The roles of AWP1/Drn in activating JAK/STAT signaling and in LR-asymmetric development may be conserved in various organisms.

Summary Statement

Dr. No, a Drosophila ortholog of AWP1, activates JAK/STAT signaling via Dome receptor endocytosis in a crucial step for left-right asymmetry in the developing gut.
Extracellular vesicle-mediated promotion of myogenic differentiation is dependent on dose, collection media composition, and isolation method
Authors: Hanson Britt , Conceição Mariana , Lomonsova Yulia , Mäger Imre , Puri Pier Lorenzo , Andaloussi Samir EL , Wood Matthew J.A. , Roberts Thomas C.
Published: August 2022

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated in the regulation of myogenic differentiation. We observed that treatment of C2C12 murine myoblasts with either GW4869 (to inhibit exosome biogenesis) or heparin (to inhibit EV uptake) reduced myogenic differentiation. Conversely, conditioned media collected from differentiated C2C12 myotubes enhanced myogenic differentiation. Ultrafiltration-size exclusion liquid chromatography (UF-SEC) was used to isolate pure EV preparations and extracellular protein from C2C12 myoblast- and myotube-conditioned media in parallel. UF-SEC purified EVs promoted myogenic differentiation at low doses (≤2×108 particles/ml), had no effect at 2×1010 particles/ml, and inhibited myo<genic differentiation at the highest dose tested (2×1011 particles/ml). Similar effects were observed with both myoblast- and myotube-derived EVs. Given that muscle-enriched miRNAs (myomiRs) are largely absent in myoblast cultures, these findings are indicative of a myomiR-independent mechanism underlying the observed pro-myogenic effects. Indeed, individual myomiRs were found to be scarce in EVs (e.g. the most abundant myomiR, miR-133a-3p, was present at 1 copy per 195 EVs). UF-SEC-purified extracellular protein had no effect on myogenic differentiation when collected in serum-free DMEM. However, a potent pro-myogenic effect was observed when Opti-MEM was used as EV harvest media. Opti-MEM contains insulin, which was sufficient to recapitulate the pro-myogenic effect. Similarly, when EVs were isolated by polymer-based precipitation, a pro-myogenic effect was observed, but only when Opti-MEM was used as a collection media. These findings highlight Opti-MEM as a potential confounding factor, and provide further evidence that polymer-based precipitation techniques should be avoided in EV research.
Murine cytomegalovirus downregulates ERAAP & induces an unconventional T cell response to self
Authors: Geiger Kristina M. , Manoharan Michael , Coombs Rachel , Park Chan-su , Lee Angus Y. , Shastri Nilabh , Robey Ellen A. , Coscoy Laurent
Published: August 2022

The endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase associated with antigen presentation (ERAAP) plays a crucial role in shaping the peptide-MHC I repertoire and maintaining immune surveillance. While murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has multiple strategies for manipulating the antigen processing pathway to evade immune responses, the host has also developed ways to counter viral immune evasion. In this study, we found that MCMV modulates ERAAP and induces an IFN-γ producing CD8+T cell effector response that targets uninfected ERAAP deficient cells. We also observed that ERAAP downregulation during infection led to presentation of the self-peptide FL9 on non-classical Qa-1b, thereby eliciting Qa-1b restricted QFL T cells to proliferate in the liver and spleen of infected mice. QFL T cells upregulated effector markers upon MCMV infection and were sufficient to reduce viral load after transfer to immunodeficient mice. Our study highlights the consequences of ERAAP dysfunction during viral infection and provides potential targets for antiviral therapies.
The four Rs and crystal structure analysis: reliability, reproducibility, replicability and reusability
Authors: Helliwell John R. , Massera Chiara
Published: August 2022

Within science, of which crystallography is a key part, there are questions posed to all fields that challenge the trust in results. The US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine published a thorough report in 2019 on the Reproducibility and Replicability of Science: replicability being where a totally new study attempts to confirm if a phenomenon can be seen independently of another study. Data reuse is a key term in the FAIR data accord [Wilkinson et al. (2016). Sci. Data, 3, 160018], where the acronym FAIR means findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable. In the social sciences, the acronym FACT (namely fairness, accuracy, confidentiality and transparency) has emerged, the idea being that data should be FACTual to ensure trust [van der Aalst et al. (2017). Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng.
59, 311–313]. A distinction also must be made between accuracy and precision; indeed, the authors' lectures at the European Crystallography School ECS6 independently emphasized the need for use of other methods as well as crystal structure analysis to establish accuracy in biological and chemical/material functional contexts. The efforts by disparate science communities to introduce new terms to ensure trust have merit for discussion in crystallographic teaching commissions and possible adoption by crystallographers too.
COVID-19 pandemic, global advisories and the imperatives of strengthening the public healthcare system: Nigeria in context
Authors: Shodunke Aliu Oladimeji , Oladipupo Sodiq Abiodun , Tayo-Ladega Oluwadamisi Toluwalase , Alowolodu Adebusayo Joel , Adebayo Yusuf Olalekan
Published: August 2022

Purpose

Given the efficacy of a robust public healthcare system in handling public health emergencies, the rapid rate of COVID-19 pandemic infection in early-hit (advanced) countries with competent healthcare system is intriguing. The popular public health argument supports the strengthening of the healthcare system as a significant response strategy to minimize infection. Hence, this paper examines the catalysts that exacerbated the pandemic’s rapid spread in these countries despite the sound state of their healthcare system. Also, it assesses the condition of Nigerian public healthcare system in the lights of the novel COVID-19 pandemic and suggests the need for improvement and effective functioning.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses a documentary approach to establish the authors’ opinion on the subject matter under investigation.

Findings

Factors such as climate, temperature, and humidity levels played a key role in infection in the winter of 2020. These factors facilitated for the pandemic’s rapid spread in advanced countries. In peripheral countries like Nigeria, the public healthcare system is burdened by a lack of funding, an insufficiency in welfare and training for healthcare staff and facilities and other operational challenges. Hence, the effective management of COVID-19 outbreak in Nigeria relative to advanced countries was hindered by the inadequacies mentioned above.

Originality/value

This paper provides an understanding on the condition of public healthcare system in peripheral nations in relation to the healthcare system advisories from the World Health Organization (WHO) in the context of handling the pandemic outbreak. Also, it explains the catalysts that heightened the pandemic’s rapid spread in advanced countries despite the higher capacity of their healthcare system to manage health emergencies.
Genetic variation of chigger mites in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Lee Hyeon Seung , Choi Kwang Shik
Published: August 2022

The chigger mite is a known vector for the zoonotic disease, Tsutsugamushi, which affects more than 4,000 patients each year in the Republic of Korea (ROK) since 2004. However, molecular data is only available for a few species of chigger mite, compared to the numbers of known species. This study focused on securing molecular data for six species (Leptotrombidium pallidum, Leptotrombidium scutellare, Leptotrombidium palpale, Leptotrombidium orientale, Neotrombicula gardellai, and Euschoengastia koreaensis) of chigger mites in the ROK from cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). In the results, there were each two genotypes in L. pallidum and L. palpale, and three genotypes in L. scutellae in the COI, whereas the ITS2 sequence was identical within the species. The other three species were identical from COI and ITS2. This study first revealed the genetic variation in the COI sequences of chigger mites in the ROK. Further studies could determine how this variation is related to ecological behavior and disease transmission.
Pilot study of toxicological safety evaluation in acute and 28‐day studies of selenium nanoparticles decorated by polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme in Kunming mice
Authors: Zhao Hongying , Liu Changjun , Song Jiaxin , Fan Xiaodan
Published: August 2022

The monodisperse and nearly spherical selenium nanoparticles decorated by polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme (SFPS‐SeNPs) were prepared, characterized, and evaluated in acute and 28‐day toxicological safety studies. In the acute toxicity study, mice underwent oral administration of 26.94, 40.28, 60.21, 90.11, and 134.70 mg Se/kg of SFPS‐SeNPs for 14 days. In the 28‐day study, mice underwent a daily oral administration of 17.75, 8.87, and 4.43 mg Se/kg/day of SFPS‐SeNPs, 4.43 mg Se/kg/day of Na2SeO3, and normal saline for 28 days. The animals’ general behavior, body weight, biochemical and hematologic parameters, organ coefficients, pathological morphology, Se content, and accumulation rate of Se in vital organs were determined. Results showed that the median lethal dose was 88.76 Se mg/kg and no observed adverse effect level was 4.43 mg Se/kg/day for 28 days. Compared with Na2SeO3, SFPS‐SeNPs may lead to slightly higher toxicological effects, and it probably accumulates in the liver in the oral dose of 4.43 mg Se/kg/day in Kunming mice. SFPS and nanotechnology can reduce the toxicity of selenium, and SFPS‐SeNPs or SeNPs‐polysaccharides can be potential candidates for drug delivery and food supplement.

Practical Application

Selenium nanoparticles decorated by polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme can improve the stability and reduce the toxicity of selenium nanoparticles. These results of the toxicological safety evaluation can lay the foundation for the safe utilization of selenium nanoparticles decorated by polysaccharides and expand their application in the field of food and medicine.
Metabolomics‐based analysis of flavonoid metabolites in Chinese jujube and sour jujube fruits from different harvest periods
Authors: Xue Xiaofang , Zhao Ailing , Wang Yongkang , Ren Haiyan , Li Yi , Li Dengke , Du Junjie
Published: August 2022

Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) and sour jujube (Ziziphus spinosa Hu.) fruits have health benefits because they contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids. However, differences in the flavonoid metabolites of these two fruits remain unclear. We determined the flavonoids present in Z. jujuba cv. Hupingzao (HPZ) and Z. spinosa cv. Taigusuanzao (TGSZ) from two different harvest periods fruits: HPZ white period (HW) and HPZ red period (HR) as well as TGSZ white period (SW) and TGSZ red period (SR). We identified 123 flavonoid metabolites: 40 flavonols, 37 flavones, 12 anthocyanins, 9 dihydroflavones, 8 flavanols, 7 flavonoid carbonosides, 5 dihydroflavonols, 3 isoflavones, and 2 chalcones. The total flavonoid content of both HPZ and TGSZ decreased with fruit development and was significantly higher in TGSZ than in HPZ fruits. Moreover, we detected 63, 81, 56, and 63 differential flavonoid metabolites (DFMs) between HW and HR (two upregulated and 61 downregulated), SW and SR (four upregulated and 77 downregulated), HW and SW (54 upregulated and two downregulated), and HR and SR (62 upregulated and one downregulated), respectively. KEGG pathway annotation and enrichment analysis showed that 22 DFMs were annotated seven relevant metabolic pathways, among which flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and secondary metabolites biosynthesis pathway were the main pathways, and flavanols were the primary metabolites that influenced the difference in flavonoid accumulation between the fruits. To our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal the differences in flavonoid metabolism between Chinese jujube and sour jujube. Our findings may facilitate the comprehensive use of functional flavonoids.

Practical Application

Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) and sour jujube (Ziziphus spinosa Hu.) fruits have health benefits because they contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids. However, differences in the flavonoid metabolites of these two fruits remain unclear. We determined the flavonoids present in Z. jujuba cv. Hupingzao (HPZ) and Z. spinosa cv. Taigusuanzao (TGSZ) from two different harvest periods. Our findings may facilitate the comprehensive use and product research of functional flavonoids of jujube.
Physicochemical and morphological characteristics of potato pectin with in‐situ acid‐induced gelation
Authors: Hu Qiang , Shi Bingyan , Dong Nan , Yu Xiaoyan , Xiao Chunhua , Lei Zunguo , Li Fei , Ren Tingyuan , Liu Jia
Published: August 2022

Pectin in the potato cell wall plays an important role in strengthening connections of intercellular junctions during thermal processing through in‐situ acid‐induced gelation (in‐situ acid‐induced gelation [AIG]). Thus, the variation in the physicochemical and structural characteristics of potato pectin with in‐situ AIG was focused in this study. The intra‐ and intermolecular hydrogen bonding among (d‐galacturonic acid) GalA units around 3400 cm–1 (absorbance intensity was increased from 50.9 to 70.7) in Fourier transform infrared spectra were enhanced in the pectin with in‐situ AIG. The crystallinity of pectin with in‐situ AIG increased from 4.02% to 36.63%. Atomic force microscopy revealed that pectin with in‐situ AIG was made up of wide linear strands with the length from 0.5 to 4.6 µm. Thermogravimetric and rheological analysis showed that the structure of potato pectin was more stable and resistant to heat processing after in‐situ AIG. These observations proved that the complex structure of potato pectin with in‐situ AIG linked with its thermal stability.

Practical Application

In‐situ gelated pectin in the intercellular space caused a helpful structure modification of vegetable to maintain its hardness with heat process. This study will provide novel insights into the physicochemical properties of in‐situ gelated pectin in the potato cell and useful knowledge on the behavior of pectin during the preparation of potato products.
Evaluation of cultivars diversity and lipid composition properties of Idesia polycarpa var. vestita Diels
Authors: Wen Leyan , Xiang Xuwen , Wang Zhirong , Yang Qingqing , Guo Zehang , Huang Pimiao , Mao Jianmei , An Xiaofeng , Kan Jianquan
Published: August 2022

Idesia polycarpa var. vestita Diels is a perennial deciduous tree widely distributed throughout China. Four I. polycarpa fruit of different cultivars with different fruit issues during the growth process were compared, which were on the basis of morphological characteristics and chemical compositions. The influencing factors of oil accumulation in I. polycarpa fruit and the correlation between different components were investigated, and the results revealed a negative correlation between oil content and total sugar (r = −0.930), ash (r = −0.606), and crude fiber (r = −0.952). Except for oil, none of the chemical components changed substantially during the growing phase, and most cultivars showed higher oil content in the pulp portion (14.14–43.99 g/100 g). Linoleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in I. polycarpa oil (IPO), with values ranging from 52.18% to 66.65% (fruit), 55.44% to 65.15% (pulp), and 68.99% to 78.76% (seed). Principal component analysis revealed that Hubei varieties are more advantageous. Besides, the lipid composition of IPO was identified by ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization Q‐Exactive Focus mass spectrometry. The glyceride components of IPO were mostly composed of 22 triacylglycerols, 30 diacylglycerols, and 8 monoacyglycerols. Meanwhile, linoleic acid was mainly distributed in sn‐2 and sn‐3 positions.

Practical Application

Morphologic characteristics, chemical compositions, oil fatty acid profiles, and oil correlation factors of I. polycarpa were analyzed. The comprehensive score of oil quality by PCA in Hb fruit was the highest. The glyceride components of I. polycarpa oil were mainly composed of 22 triacylglycerols, 30 diacylglycerols, and eight monoacyglycerols.
Stakeholder Engagement to Guide Decision‐Relevant Water Data Delivery
Authors: Restrepo‐Osorio Diana L. , Stoltz Amanda D. , Herman‐Mercer Nicole M.
Published: August 2022

Water resources management and policy making require access to reliable scientific data. However, water managers may need to overcome various obstacles to accessing data. For example, insufficient technological infrastructures, low data literacy, and data format complexities often inhibit data user access. Thus, it is imperative to include stakeholders in the design of data delivery systems. The United States Geological Survey's Water Resources Mission Area is currently developing Integrated Water Availability Assessments (IWAAs) — multi‐extent, stakeholder driven, near real‐time water availability census and prediction for human and ecological uses. To provide appropriate user accessibility to data delivery systems developed for IWAAs, a user‐centered design process including stakeholder focus groups was used to determine potential water data user needs and preferences. Focus groups identified five types of potential users: Public sector water resources managers, Public sector water resources manager data analysts, Industry and private companies, Tribal Nations, and Nonprofit organizations. Different water data user types depended on diverse spatial and temporal scale data. Public sector water resources managers benefitted most from data synthesized into user‐friendly platforms and Public sector water resources data analysts preferred easy access to raw data. These findings can support the development of a water data delivery platform that meets a variety of user needs.
Supranormal arterial oxygen tension only during the first six hours after cardiac arrest is associated with unfavourable outcomes
Authors: Lee Hyoung Youn , Jung Yong Hun , Jeung Kyung Woon , Noh Eul , Lee Jiho , Kim Jung Chul , Lee Byung Kook , Heo Tag , Min Yong Il
Published: August 2022

Background

Multiple studies have investigated the association between hyperoxaemia following cardiac arrest (CA) and unfavourable outcomes; however, they have yielded inconsistent results. Most previous studies quantified oxygen exposure without considering its timing or duration. We investigated the relationship between unfavourable outcomes and supranormal arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), commonly defined as PaO2 > 100 mmHg, at specific time intervals within 24 h following CA.

Methods

This retrospective observational study included 838 adult non‐traumatic patients with CA. The first 24 h following CA were divided into four 6‐h time intervals, and the first 6‐h period was further divided into three 2‐h segments. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess associations of the highest PaO2 and time‐weighted average PaO2 (TWA‐PaO2) values at each time interval with unfavourable outcomes at hospital discharge (cerebral performance categories 3–5).

Results

The highest PaO2 (p = .028) and TWA‐PaO2 (p = .022) values during the 0–6‐h time interval were significantly associated with unfavourable outcomes, whereas those at time intervals beyond 6 h were not. The association was the strongest at supranormal PaO2 values within the 0–2‐h time interval, becoming significant at PaO2 values ≥ 150 mmHg. During the first 6 h, longer time spent at ≥150 mmHg of PaO2 was associated with an increased risk of unfavourable outcomes (p = .038). The results were consistent across several sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion

Supranormal PaO2 during but not after the first 6 h following cardiac arrest was independently associated with unfavourable outcomes.
Morphology of lingual papillae in the Javan mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy
Authors: Kusuma Isna Fitranuansa , Damia Ulfah , Megawati Emilia Ika , Saputra Felix Chahya Eka , Karnati Srikanth , Kusindarta Dwi Liliek , Wihadmadyatami Hevi
Published: August 2022

There are variations in the tongue papillae among species, including the size, number and type of papillae. There have been no studies describing the detailed tongue morphology of Javan mongoose (Herpestes javanicus). Therefore, we analysed the tongue and lingual structures of Javan mongoose (H. javanicus), using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The tongue was covered by papillae and rough in appearance. We divided the tongue into three regions: the apex, corpus and radix of the tongue. The medioventral section of the tongue was characterized by the presence of a frenulum. We identified four types of papillae: filiform, fungiform, conical and vallate papillae. There were two subtypes of filiform papillae: leaf‐like and conical. Both were seen on the apex, although leaf‐like filiform papillae also extended to the corpus. Fungiform papillae had taste buds on their dorsal surfaces and were observed from the apex to the radix. Vallate papillae, three in numbers only occurred on the radix. Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining showed minor lingual glands on the textus muscularis striatus syncytialis of the corpus and lateral radix, which we identified as Weber glands; we also observed von Ebner glands on this layer of the tongue. These anatomical features of the Javan mongoose tongue are broadly similar to those seen in other carnivores, with some specific differences, such as the number of vallate papillae.
The graviportal spine: Epaxial muscles of the African savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana)
Authors: Birgfellner Caroline Maria Victoria , Soley John Thomson , Polsterer Eva , Forstenpointner Gerhard , Weissengruber Gerald Erwin
Published: August 2022

In this study, we present not only a new and detailed anatomical description of the epaxial muscles and adjacent ligamentous and fascial structures in the African savanna elephant but also a structural and functional comparison with other Afrotherian mammals and some domestic quadrupeds. All structures were examined by means of standard anatomical techniques. The back of the largest land mammal is a crucial part of trunk construction according to the bow and string concept, which is applied also in other quadrupedal animals. The epaxial muscles of the African savanna elephant play an important role in the biomechanical properties of the entire back and in supporting and moving the heavy head. Situated in the short cervical region of the African savanna elephant is a large mass comprised of numerous muscle individuals together with a well‐developed ligamentum nuchae. Parts of the mm. interansversarii ventralis cervicis form a strong muscle belly, which was named the m. intertransversarius longus. Whereas the head is held in a high or extended position most of the time during locomotion, the head and neck are highly mobile while the animal is foraging or socially interacting. Movements between the elements of the thoracic and lumbar spine are likely to be very limited due to the obvious rigidity of the bony vertebral column. Aponeuroses surrounding long epaxial muscles could contribute to an energy‐saving mechanism, which is active during both stance and locomotion. The well‐developed m. serratus dorsalis cranialis helps in facilitating effective breathing in an animal, which is equipped with an unusual pleural structure.
Highlighting adalimumab as a treatment option for systemic treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis: A case series from a tertiary specialised burns centre
Authors: Kherlopian Ashod , Mewton Erin , Fong Gloria , Fischer Gayle
Published: August 2022

Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens‐Johnson Syndrome describe a spectrum of severe cutaneous skin reactions constituting a medical emergency, and no formal treatment guidelines exist to direct systemic immunosuppressive therapy although referral to a burns unit and wound management remains a mainstay of treatment. We performed a retrospective chart review on all patients at a single centre with TEN between 2017 to 2021 to compare clinical characteristics and outcomes of those treated with the tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) inhibitor adalimumab against non‐TNF‐α immunosuppressants such as glucocorticoids, intravenous immunoglobulin and cyclosporine. All patients treated with adalimumab had successful resolution of their TEN, resulting in a mean duration of hospital admission of 22.5 days compared to 33 days for patients treated with non‐TNF‐α inhibitors. We highlight adalimumab as a promising systemic immunomodulator in the treatment of TEN with efficacy comparable to other immunosuppressive agents and associated with a shorter duration of hospital admission.
Myopia progression after cessation of low‐dose atropine eyedrops treatment: A two‐year randomized, double‐masked, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over trial
Authors: Wei Shifei , Li Shi‐Ming , An Wenzai , Du Jialing , Liang Xintong , Sun Yunyun , Gan Jiahe , Bai Weiling , Tian Jiaxin , Cai Zhining , Yin Lei , Wang Ningli
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to evaluate myopia progression and axial elongation after stopping 0.01% atropine eye drops through a 2‐year cross‐over study.

Methods

This study was a randomized, double‐masked, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over trial in mainland China. 220 children aged 6–12 years with spherical equivalent range of −1.00 D to −6.00 D in both eyes were enrolled in Phase 1 for 1 year. Children who had completed the first year's follow‐up continued in the second phase. In Phase 2, the placebo group was crossed over to the 0.01% atropine group (referred to as the ‘placebo‐atropine group’), and the 0.01% atropine group was crossed over to the placebo group (referred to as the ‘atropine‐placebo group’). All children underwent the examination of cycloplegic refraction and axial length at a 6‐month interval. Only data from right eyes were included in analysis.

Results

One hundred thirty‐three subjects completed 2 years of follow‐up. In the first year, the mean myopia progression in atropine‐placebo group was 0.21 ± 0.08 D slower than that in placebo‐atropine group. After cross‐over treatment, the mean myopia progression in atropine‐placebo group was 0.22 ± 0.07D faster than that in placebo‐atropine group in the second year. Over 2 years, the mean myopia progression was −1.26 ± 0.66D and −1.25 ± 0.70D in the atropine‐placebo and placebo‐atropine groups (p = 0.954).

Conclusions

The difference in myopia progression between atropine‐placebo group and placebo‐atropine group in Phase 1 was similar to Phase 2 during the cross‐over treatment. Through our cross‐over trial, the results suggest that there is no rebound effect after using 0.01% atropine eye drops to prevent progression of myopia.
STK11 mutation affects the killing effect of NK cells to promote the progression of lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Huang Yun , Zhang Hui , Feng Juan , Tang Bo
Published: August 2022

STK11 is a frequently mutated tumor suppressor in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). STK11 mutations also lead to dramatic changes in the tumor microenvironment. Studies have shown that strengthening the killing effect of NK cells is vital for effective cancer treatment. Nonetheless, the mechanism of STK11 mutation in modulating the killing effect of NK cells on LUAD cells remains unclear. The expression of STK11, Ki67, and IFN‐γ in tumor tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The contents of T cells, NK cells, and macrophages were analyzed by immunofluorescence assay. The expression of IL2, IL6, and IFN‐γ was detected by ELISA. STK11 expression in LUAD cell line was evaluated by qRT‐PCR. CCK‐8 and colony formation assay were used to measure proliferative ability of LUAD cells and the viability of NK cells. Flow cytometry was utilized to analyze cell apoptosis and NK cell content. Transwell assay was utilized to measure the chemotactic capability of NK cells. In vivo experiments validated the effect of abnormal expression of STK11 on tumor growth. LUAD patients with STK11 mutation had a high tumor proliferative ability. Forced expression of STK11 could substantially constrain the proliferation of LUAD cells and induce cell apoptosis. In addition, STK11 deletion significantly reduced the infiltration level of NK cells and inhibited the viability and chemotactic ability of NK cells as well as their killing effect on LUAD cells. In vivo animal experiment results demonstrated that STK11 deletion significantly reduced NK cell infiltration and promoted LUAD tumor growth. This study revealed the mechanism of STK11 mutation regulating NK cytotoxicity and promoting tumor development, providing scientific basis for the exploration of STK11‐related LUAD therapeutic targets and theoretical reference for developing new NK cell‐based immunotherapy.
Sex dimorphism and evidence of sexually selected traits: A case study on the killifish Aphaniops stoliczkanus (Day, 1872)
Authors: Herbert Mainero Andrea , Al‐Jufaili Saud M. , Jawad Laith , Reichenbacher Bettina
Published: August 2022

Sex dimorphism is found in many organisms and is an important source of intraspecific variation. Among freshwater fishes, all members of the Aphaniidae (killifishes, Cyprinodontiformes) are known for their pronounced sex dimorphism, and it has been proposed that sexual selection has played a role in their diversification. However, few studies have assessed their sex dimorphism in detail. Here, we use Aphaniops stoliczkanus (Day, 1872) to analyse morphological variability within and between sexes and within the total sample using statistical analyses of body morphometry, meristic traits and otolith data. We found that sex dimorphism (i) is significant in many body morphometric variables, but (almost) absent in meristic traits and otolith morphometry, (ii) is most marked in anal‐ and dorsal‐fin lengths (larger in males), and in anal‐ and dorsal‐fin positions (more anteriorly positioned in males) and (iii) does not alter the overall variance of the population unless the character concerned is highly divergent. Our data also suggest that anal‐ and dorsal‐fin lengths in males of A. stoliczkanus are sexually selected traits. Together with literature data, this reinforces the idea that sexual selection plays a role in the diversification of aphaniid species. Our results are also relevant to work on fossils, in which morphological variability is often difficult to interpret.