bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acculturation Orientations
Authors: Ben-Shalom Uzi , Horenczyk Gabriel
Published: April 2003

This study applies facet theory to validate Berry's bidimensional conceptualization and measurement of acculturation attitudes and its extension by Horenczyk to include acculturation expectations. Three components of facet theory (mapping sentence, confirmatory SSA [smallest space analysis], and SSA with external variables) are proposed as valuable tools for the purpose of cross-cultural validation and theory building. In total, 526 Israeli immigrants from the former Soviet Union completed questionnaires assessing own and "perceived expected" acculturation attitudes, as well as a questionnaire measuring the strength of their cultural identities. The bidimensional "radex" configuration of acculturation attitudes confirms expected distinctions (a) between integration, separation, assimilation, and marginalization types of acculturation attitudes and (b) between similarly structured own immigrants' attitudes and the expectations attributed to hosts. Moreover, the distinct placement of group identifications and sociodemographic characteristics as external variables in the bidimensional space corroborates the concurrent and discriminant validity of the acculturation model and measurement.
Comparing Typological Structures Across Cultures By Multigroup Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Eid Michael , Langeheine Rolf , Diener Ed
Published: April 2003

The advantages of latent class analysis for cross-cultural research in psychology are discussed. The basic principles of multigroup latent class analysis are described and illustrated by an empirical study comparing satisfaction-with-life-domain profiles across two nations (China, United States). In particular, it is shown how various assumptions of measurement invariance across cultures can be tested statistically in the latent class framework.
An Investigation Of Ethnic Differences In The Motivation And Strategies For Learning Of Students In Desegregated South African Schools
Authors: Watkins David , McInerney Dennis , Akande Adebowale , Lee Clement
Published: April 2003

No significant ethnic group differences were found in the academic motivation or learning strategies of more than 200 White and 200 Black South African students from two recently integrated secondary schools. Both groups considered working hard and having interest in school tasks to be more important than competition or affiliation. The former items tended to be the best predictors in both groups of the use of deep learning strategies, which are known to be prerequisites for high-quality learning outcomes. The motivation scales tended to be better predictors of learning strategies for the Black students.
Living With Death: The Meaning Of Acceptance
Authors: Connelly Robert
Published: April 2003

The emerging debate about what is a "good death" and whether individuals have a responsibility to die well usually calls attention to the evils attendant upon either participating or not in active forms of killing. In this article the author argues that we should avoid another kind of evil, that of an excessive reliance on medical concepts and values to define the dying process and the resultant image of death as the enemy. The author discusses a possible foundation for an obligation to accept death and develops related constructs: readiness to die, knowing when it is time to die, and the will to die. The last section argues for a shift from a commitment to prolonging life to an affirmation of dying, a more balanced view that values confronting the experience of and making choices in the face of finitude and death.
Daoistic Humanism In Ancient China: Broadening Personality And Counseling Theories In The 21st Century
Authors: Lee Yueh-Ting
Published: April 2003

American psychology, including humanistic psychology, tends to focus on Western cultures and European/American-centric theories while neglecting Eastern or other cultures. Examining Laozi's Daoism (previously called Taoism), the article expounds the following humanistic issues from the perspective of ancient Chinese philosophy: (a) the principle of wei wu-wei (or following the noninterference or nonaction) or spontaneity and natural way; (b) openness and tolerance; (c) water personality; (d) high regard for females and mothers; (e) moderation and avoidance of extremes; (f) the welfare of others and the world; and (g) opposition to war and love of peace. Connections between early humanistic counseling and Chinese Daoism are also discussed.
Institutional Instability and the Credibility of Audience Costs: Political Participation and Interstate Crisis Bargaining, 1816-1992
Authors: PRINS BRANDON C.
Published: April 2003

While considerable empirical evidence shows democratic dyads to be less prone to violence than other types of regime pairs, disagreement still exists on the causal factors inhibiting conflict among democratic states. Some scholars have concluded that increased attention needs to be given to identifying specific characteristics of democratic states that might mitigate or incite coercive foreign policy actions. This article begins to pull apart the Polity IIId regime index by assessing the role of political participation in crisis bargaining. If the ability of opposition groups to challenge government policies enables state leaders to communicate credibly their intentions and thus avoid conflict, increased attention needs to be given to the permanence of such structural features of the domestic political environment. What may facilitate efficient signaling is not only competitive political participation, but also the enduring nature of such participation. Regimes that oscillate between severe restrictions on political participation and regulated competition engage in more escalatory behavior because they fail to signal their preferences effectively. The results indicate that while democracy has little effect on MID reciprocation, factionalism among domestic political groups tends to be strongly associated with such a dispute response. Contiguity, military balance, and years at peace also appear to influence dispute reciprocation.
Examining the Goals of US Foreign Assistance in the Post-cold War Period, 1991-96
Authors: LAI BRIAN
Published: April 2003

The current literature examining US foreign assistance goals in the post-Cold War period has found that security is declining in importance and that the USA is aiding democracies while also supporting abusers of human rights. This article examines a previously untested neorealist hypothesis about the changing nature of US security goals following the end of the Cold War. Security for the USA, according to neorealists, is changing as the distribution of power changes. This paper also tests hypotheses about different liberal goals the USA might pursue. Finally, this article uses more appropriate and novel methods to test these models, including analysis of what determines when a state initially gets aid and what their initial aid allocation is. Unlike previous studies, security is found to still be important but changing as the balance of power changes after the end of the Cold War. Also, human rights abusers are likely to receive less aid. Finally, this article demonstrates that the econometric methods used to analyze foreign aid data play a large role in discerning what factors actually affect aid decisions.
Linking Local Labor Market Opportunity To Violent Adolescent Delinquency
Authors: Bellair Paul E. , Roscigno Vincent J. , Mcnulty Thomas L.
Published: April 2003

Most criminological theory is cast at either the macro or micro level. Developmental and integrated theories are an exception as they combine community characteristics such as neighborhood poverty with micro-level processes. What remains lacking, however, is attention to labor market conditions. The authors address this gap by testing a contextual model that links local labor market structure, adolescent attachments, and violent delinquency. Analyses draw from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Our findings suggest that low-wage, service sector employment opportunity directly increases the likelihood of violent delinquency. A small proportion of this effect is mediated by school achievement and attachment. The low-wage service sector effect uncovered remains when important micro-level processes including prior violence are controlled. The authors conclude by discussing the persistent low-wage service sector effect, the intervening processes we do uncover, and implications for future theoretical development and research on local labor markets.
Reexamining The Field Experiences Of Preservice Teachers
Authors: Moore Rita
Published: April 2003

The following study spans three consecutive semesters of investigation into the teaching and learning responses of 77 preservice teachers enrolled in a 3-week language arts field practicum just prior to student-teaching. Despite consistent efforts by university professors to help preservice teachers examine theory into practice during their practica, the data indicated that procedural concerns of time management, teaching expected lessons and content, and classroom management most often focused the practicum experience for the preservice teachers.
Coteaching In A Science Methods Course
Authors: Eick Charles J. , Ware Frank N. , Williams Penelope G.
Published: April 2003

A situated learning model of coteaching was implemented in the weekly field component of a secondary science methods course. Students cotaught by observing and assisting their teacher for one period followed by taking the lead in teaching the same lesson with their teachers' assistance during the following period. Students were peripheral participants, reflecting on both their teacher's practice and their own practice. Data supported four positive outcomes of this model for the methods students: (a) comfort in learning to teach, (b) critical reflection in modeling the teacher's lesson, (c) development of confidence in teaching and managing students, and (d) positive effect of seeing and doing inquiry in practice. All participants supported the continued practice of teaching from the classroom teachers' existing lesson plans. Future research is suggested on how real-time teacher assistance during this model could help the methods students acquire the teaching strategies and habits of their teacher.
Faculty Supply And Demand In Education
Authors: Castle Sharon , Arends Richard I.
Published: April 2003

To obtain a snapshot of current faculty supply and demand in education, a survey was distributed to the 752 American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education institutions; 408 were returned. The survey asked for vacancies, applicants, failed searches, minority hires, and reasons for shortages for 1997 to 1998 and 1998 to 1999. Vacancies averaged 4.0 per institution; applicants, 14.2 per opening. Openings increased by 34%; applicants decreased by 19%. Failed searches averaged 25%. Minority hires totaled 21.1%. Areas of need included early childhood, elementary, library, mathematics, reading, and special education. Reasons for shortages included other educational institutions attracting candidates (73%) and higher salaries in K-12 (72%). No significant differences were found for institutional size, type, or sponsor. Conclusions include: (a) demand is greater than supply; (b) shortages are more critical in some areas; (c) minority hires may be increasing; and (d) other educational institutions and K-12 salaries are drawing applicants.
The UK Economy
Authors: Barrell Ray , Kirby Simon , Riley Rebecca , Weale Martin
Published: April 2003

The underlying pattern of growth over the course of last summer has proven difficult to interpret from the national accounts data. What at first appears to be a recovery, from the low rate of growth seen at the beginning of last year, gaining momentum over the summer, is instead likely to be an initial bounce back in the second quarter followed by further weakness in growth. The Office for National Statistics estimates that without the disruption associated with the Jubilee holiday, quarterly GDP growth would have decelerated from 0.8–1.3 per cent in the second quarter to 0.2–0.5 per cent in the third quarter last year. This is in contrast with the acceleration in growth from 0.6 to 0.9 per cent per quarter over the same period suggested by the national accounts, portraying a rather different picture of the economic recovery. Preliminary estimates of GDP suggest that the economy expanded by 0.4 per cent in the fourth quarter of last year. This is as we anticipated when preparing the forecast, which was completed before the fourth quarter estimates of GDP were released. Taken together, the figures for the fourth quarter and the estimates of growth in the absence of the disruption associated with the Jubilee holiday suggests that the recovery has been slow to gather pace in the second half of the year. In the year as a whole, GDP grew by an estimated 1.7 per cent.
De-Development in Post-Socialism: Conceptual and Measurement Issues
Authors: Meurs Mieke , Ranasinghe Rasika
Published: April 2003

In former socialist countries, neoliberal reform promised to replace stagnation with growth and development. Many places, however, experienced a decade of economic decline, accompanied by rising poverty. Although even the worst performing economies managed positive growth rates by 1999-2000, this growth starts from levels as low as 36 percent of 1989 levels. Less recognized than the problem of rising poverty is the erosion of development gains in countries once characterized by high human development. This article distinguishes de-development from the widely recognized issue of poverty. The authors find that transition outcomes are mixed but that de-development can be seen in parts of Central and Eastern Europe and most of the former Soviet Union. One important question is how to use renewed growth to prevent further erosion of development and to recapture lost gains.
Effectiveness of Community based Correctional Programs: A Case Study
Authors: Marion Nancy
Published: April 2003

Community-based alternatives to prison claim to be more effective in reducing recidivism than are traditional prisons, to be cheaper than prisons, and to reduce overcrowding in prisons and jails. This study uses a case study approach of a community based program in the Midwest United States to determine if those community corrections alternatives achieve those results. The findings from this case study show that the recidivism rates of community corrections are lower than those of the prison inmates only in some cases and that the costs are cheaper only in some cases. It also shows that community corrections serve as a true alternative to prison in some instances but more often only widens the net and increases the state's control over criminal offenders.
The Web Of Steel And The Heart Of The Eagle: The Contextual Interface Of American Corrections And Native Americans
Authors: Archambeault William G.
Published: April 2003

This article introduces this special edition of The Prison Journal, entitled American Corrections and Native Americans. Examined first is the historic web of steel that creates the context of interface between correctional control and American Indian Peoples. The web of steel is a metaphor for the policies and actions of European and American governments that enslave the eagle spirit of Indian Peoples to be free. Strands of this web include, but are not limited to, slavery, ethnic cleansing, confinement and starvation on reservations, Indian boarding schools, continuing theft of Indian lands and natural resources, correctional control and institutionalized discrimination, crime victimization, correctional control, and the benign neglect of academic criminology and criminal justice. For Indian Peoples, being under some form of correctional control is a continuation of ancestral experiences. The second major part of this article introduces the contributing authors to this special edition and their respective articles.
Somali Women and Daily Islam in the Diaspora
Authors: TIILIKAINEN Marja
Published: April 2003

Somali asylum seekers started migrating to Finland in 1990. Today, the number of Somalis, Finland's largest Muslim group, is around 7000. The author examines immigrant Somali women as religious agents, who in an active way follow Islam in their daily life and construct their identities as Muslims. Islam features as a practical and moral guideline, which helps Somalis to manage in a new religious and cultural environment, but which may also heal the sufferings of the civil war. In the diaspora, Somali women have started to actively redefine the essence of their religion. As is shown in what follows, possession cults known in Somalia are often rejected as non-Islamic. The article is based on ethnography carried out around metropolitan Helsinki.
Trouble In Paradise
Authors: Gunn John H. , King M. Bruce
Published: April 2003

In this article, the authors recount and explore critical dilemmas in the development of a secondary-level interdisciplinary teaching team. Reaching consensus on significant pedagogical issues represents one of the promises of teaming: the strengthening of teachers' work by breaking down isolation and collectively struggling with substantive questions of teaching and learning. But this analysis reveals the complex and often contradictory work of teacher teams. Even within ostensibly democratic structures, hierarchies emerged, individualistic tendencies persisted, genuine agreement was elusive, and members were silenced. The authors discuss three phases in the development of the team, defined as consolidated, laissez faire, and shared power. They conclude with several lessons drawn from the experiences of the team.
"Let's Do This!"
Authors: Dixson Adrienne D.
Published: April 2003

Historically, African American teachers have been actively involved in political movements that sought to improve the material conditions of African Americans. More contemporary examinations of African American teachers' pedagogy and, in particular, African American women's pedagogy, have found that these teachers have a decidedly political mission to their teaching. Some researchers have described these teachers' pedagogy as culturally relevant. Notwithstanding, there is a growing body of research that seeks to highlight how Black women, in various contexts, have participated in political activities and how their participation is part of a Black feminist activist tradition. This article examines how contemporary African American women teachers continue the tradition of political involvement and situates their activities in a Black feminist activist tradition. The data are taken from a qualitative study of two African American women elementary school teachers. The findings reveal that among other things, the teachers' pedagogy was inherently political.
An Integrated Theory Of The Adolescent Peak In Offending
Authors: Agnew Robert
Published: April 2003

Crime rates peak during the adolescent years and decline rapidly thereafter in modern, industrialized societies. This article draws on the leading crime theories and the literature on adolescence developed to offer an integrated theory for the adolescent peak in offending. The peak is said to stem from the essential feature of adolescence in such societies: that adolescents are extended some, but not all, of the privileges and responsibilities of adults. This fact has several effects that increase offending: a reduction in supervision; an increase in social and academic demands; participation in a larger, more diverse, peer-oriented social world; an increased desire for adult privileges; and a reduced ability to cope in a legitimate manner and increased disposition to cope in a criminal manner. These effects increase offending for reasons related to all of the major crime theories and, further, influence and interact with one another to influence crime, thereby dramatically increasing their effect on offending.
Gender and Differences in Travel Life Cycles
Authors: Collins Darrian , Tisdell Clem
Published: April 2003

This study examines life cycle travel patterns of outbound Australian travelers according to both gender and the purpose of travel. It finds that gender is a major influence on travel demand. Life cycle travel patterns for men and women vary considerably according to the purpose of travel. All age-related travel functions were unimodal (one mode or peak), except for travel for holiday purposes, which had two peaks. It was found that men tended to travel more often than women for business and work-related travel, but women traveled more often for leisure purposes, including travel to visit friends and relatives. Gender differences in the peak age for travel only existed in business and work-related travel, with travel for women tending to peak earlier than travel for men. Therefore, the purpose of travel and gender are important factors that need to be considered when predicting the long-term demand for travel.
The Determination of Shopping Satisfaction of Japanese Tourists Visiting Hawaii and the Gold Coast Compared
Authors: Reisinger Yvette , Turner Lindsay W.
Published: April 2003

The objective of this study is to test the relationship between different dimensions of product categories, product attributes, and satisfaction with product attributes for Japanese tourists visiting Hawaii and the Gold Coast region of Australia. A survey of Japanese tourists arriving in Hawaii and the Gold Coast and Japanese tourists departing Hawaii and the Gold Coast was conducted in 1998. In the arrival survey, the importance of 15 product categories was determined along with the importance of 15 product attributes. In the departure survey, 17 elements of shopping satisfaction were collected. Factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to test the relationship that the importance of product purchased determines the importance of product attributes, and the importance of product attributes, in turn, determines satisfaction with product attributes. The conclusions are important for determining the best focus for retail tourism marketing aimed at increasing tourist shopping satisfaction.
A Distorted Destination Image? The Case of Turkey
Authors: Sönmez Sevil , Sirakaya Ercan
Published: April 2003

Despite its Mediterranean location, Turkey has been unable to consistently achieve its tourism goals, as evidenced by fluctuating numbers in tourism earnings and a small share of the international tourism market. This discrepancy might be attributed to Turkey’s image in the minds of world travelers. The main purpose of this study was to examine the role of destination image and traveler perceptions along with other behavioral variables in destination choice decisions of potential travelers. A self-administered survey was used to collect data from 552 respondents (58.6% response rate). The findings indicate that perceptions of Turkey’s overall appeal, its safe and hospitable environment, general mood and vacation atmosphere, travel experience, relaxing effect, local attractions and hospitality, authenticity of experience, social and personal communication channels, comfort/safety, and tourist facilitation are significant predictors of the likelihood of travel to Turkey. Some destination marketing strategies are suggested.
Exploring the Usefulness of an Ecotourism Interest Scale
Authors: Juric Biljana , Cornwell T. Bettina , Mather Damien
Published: April 2003

The majority of previous studies on ecotourism have used a behavioral approach to the identification of ecotourists. While these studies provide a number of useful ecotourist profiles, they do not provide a general scale useful in identifying ecotourists across a wide array of contexts. Therefore, this exploratory study develops an Ecotourism Interest scale and tests the value of the scale in predicting travelers’ participation in selected tourist activities. Logistic regression models are used to test hypotheses regarding the influence of Ecotourism Interest on choice of vacation activity. Empirical results show that the Ecotourism Interest scale is useful in identifying if tourists will select eco-friendly activities (e.g., walking in the bush, tramping, and whale watching). Also, different additional factors such as age, travel party, and travel mode were found to influence tourists’ decisions to participate in any one particular activity.
Jazz Festival Visitors and Their Expenditures: Linking Spending Patterns to Musical Interest
Authors: Thrane Christer
Published: April 2003

This research focused on the relationship between visitors’ interest in jazz music as a motive for attending a jazz music festival and their subsequent personal expenditures during the festival. In addition, the study examined how a number of other factors influenced the spending behavior at the festival. The results show that people who are more interested in jazz music spend more money during the festival than those who are less interested. The tentative explanation suggested for this relationship is that those very interested in jazz music spend more money on concerts and other arrangements. The results also reveal that, among other things, length of stay, respondents’ geographical location, household income, and household size affect the amount of personal expenditures during the festival. Finally, some outlines for future research are suggested, and the results’ implications for festival managers are briefly discussed.
Destination Country Portfolio Analysis: The Evaluation of National Tourism Destination Marketing Programs Revisited
Authors: Smeral Egon , Witt Stephen F.
Published: April 2003

The analysis of destination country portfolios is essential for evaluating the overall competitive position of tourist destinations. An evaluation scheme based on indices of market share and change in market share is developed for 24 destination countries and 21 origin countries. It is clear that there are marked differences in performance among the various tourist destinations. The driving force with regard to market share increases appears to be the percentage of tourism demand being generated from markets with above-average income elasticities.
Severity versus Frequency of Acts of Terrorism: Which Has a Larger Impact on Tourism Demand?
Authors: Pizam Abraham , Fleischer Aliza
Published: April 2003

The results of a study conducted on the impact of acts of terrorism on tourism demand in Israel during the period of May 1991 to May 2001 confirmed the hypothesis that the frequency of acts of terrorism had caused a larger decline in international tourist arrivals than the severity of these acts. The implications of this study are that in cases similar to Israel, tourist destinations can recover from even severe acts of terrorism, as long as the terrorist acts are not repeated. However, when acts of terrorism—whether of high or low severity—occur at high frequency and regular intervals, tourism demand will constantly decrease, and eventually the destination’s tourism industry will come to a standstill.
Understanding Vacationing Motorist Niche Markets
Authors: MacKay Kelly J. , Andereck Kathleen L. , Vogt Christine A.
Published: April 2003

This article builds on the travel market segmentation research by examining outdoor recreation, sightseeing, and cultural activities as tourism niche markets. Unique to this research is the replication analyses using Manitoba and Arizona as the cases. Results suggest that the nature of a vacation appears to be different across generally accepted niche markets in two distinct vacation destinations.
Cultural Differences between Asian Tourist Markets and Australian Hosts: Part 2
Authors: Reisinger Yvette , Turner Lindsay W.
Published: April 2003

This article presents the results of a structural equation modeling analysis used to determine which cultural differences between Asian tourists and Australian hosts are predictors of their social interaction and satisfaction. Five cultural models for Indonesian-, Japanese-, Korean-, Mandarin-, and Thai-speaking groups are developed. The findings show that marketers cannot directly rely on perceptions of service to generate Asian tourist satisfaction but must also consider cultural values and rules of social behavior. The implications of the results for tourism industry managers and marketers are presented. Part 1 of this study appeared in the February 2002 issue.
Providing Safety for Tourists: A Study of a Selected Sample of Tourist Destinations in the United States and Brazil
Authors: Tarlow Peter E. , Santana Gui
Published: April 2003

Scholars and practitioners alike have assumed that tourism security professionals play a key role in the success of the tourism industry. This article seeks to compare three U.S. tourism cities with three Brazilian cities to determine what role culture plays in the way that police departments work with the tourism industry. Through the use of comparative taxonomies, the authors introduce the notion of a safety continuum. They argue that the classical notion held by safety experts that tourists seek a secure environment may be only one side of a business continuum. Another possibility is that tourism and law enforcement seek to deny any problems of violence. This article builds on a previous study published in the Journal of Travel Research by Pizam, Tarlow, and Bloom.
Perishability, Yield Management, and Cross-Product Elasticity: A Case Study of Deep Discount Season Passes in the Colorado Ski Industry
Authors: Perdue Richard R.
Published: April 2003

In September 1998, selected ski resorts in Colorado initiated a deeply discounted season pass program, offering a 75% discount from the previous year’s prices to Front-Range skiers (Colorado residents). The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of this discount program on skier behavior. Specifically, the influence of the discount programs on skier behavior, cross-product elasticity, and market alienation was assessed, comparing the 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 seasons. While the results are somewhat confounded by the poor snow conditions of the 1998-1999 season, the discount programs appear to have significantly influenced skier loyalty to the respective resorts. Finally, while declines in destination skier satisfaction with the levels of lift line and slope crowding were also identified, the discounted pass programs do not appear to have directly influenced the destination skiers’ overall satisfaction.
Cultural Tourism at the Cowichan Native Village, British Columbia
Authors: Zeppel Heather
Published: April 2003

This study examines visitor responses to cultural presentations at the Cowichan Native Village on Vancouver Island, Canada. A self-completed survey was used to collect information from 496 Canadian and international visitors at the Native Village. The results provide a cultural profile of visitor experiences and satisfaction with a native-owned tourist attraction. Descriptive statistical analysis found that two key factors providing a genuine visitor experience of native culture were learning about Cowichan history and contact with Cowichan staff. The study provides additional information on visitors at indigenous cultural theme parks and enhances understanding of the cultural tourism market in Canada.
If It Rained Knowledge
Authors: Hardin Russell
Published: April 2003

The author applies an economic theory of ordinary knowledge—street-level epistemology—to the popular understanding of science. Street-level theory is essentially economic and pragmatic. If it is very costly to learn something, you are less likely to learn it. If you need to know it, you are more likely to find out about it (although what you find out might be wrong). For most of what you know, you essentially rely on others as sources (some of these others might be “experts,” but many are not). In general, the ordinary person does not need to know modern physics and cannot be expected to. But most of us generally need medical knowledge on occasion, and we can be expected to go in quest of it. Our primary task in seeking medical knowledge, however, is to settle on whom we count as relevant experts.
Is Durkheim the Enemy of Evolutionary Psychology?
Authors: Schmaus Warren
Published: April 2003

Evolutionary psychologists cite Durkheim's sociology as an exemplar of an approach that takes the human mind to be largely the product of social and cultural factors with negligible contributions from biology. The author argues that on the contrary, his sociological theory of the categories is compatible with the possibility of innate cognitive capacities, taking causal cognition as his example. Whether and to what extent there are such innate capacities is a question for research in the cognitive neurosciences. The extent to which these innate capacities can then be explained by natural selection remains an open question for empirical investigation.
Review Essay: The Reception of the Sokal Affair in France—“Pomo” Hunting or Intellectual McCarthyism?
Authors: Bouilloud Jean-Philippe
Published: April 2003

The Sokal Affair created a huge debate in France in past years, about the social sciences, scientificity, and postmodernism. It was initiated with a “hoax article,” a false postmodern article published by Allan Sokal in the U.S. review Social Text, and a book copublished with Jean Bricmont, where the authors denounce the abusive borrowings of words and concepts from physics or biology by famous intellectuals such as Derrida, Kristeva, Virilio, Debray, and Latour. The debate presented a wide span of positions, from methodological disagreement to approval. Finally, it poses important questions about the structure and the behavior of the scientific field.
Endocrine Disruptors: A New Scientific Role for Clinical Pharmacologists? Impact on Human Health, Wildlife, and the Environment
Authors: Lathers Claire M.
Published: April 2003

It is important for the clinical pharmacologist to understand the potential human health implications of exposure to environmental chemicals that may act as hormonally active agents. It is necessary to have an understanding of how pharmaceutical and personal care products and other chemicals affect the ecosystem of planet Earth and to understand how they may negatively contribute to human disease. Clinical pharmacologists must understand the various definitions of endocrine disruptors and be able to “decipher” these terms for their patients. Understanding the need for the EPA endocrine disruptor screening program and possessing knowledge of the screening assays used to assess endocrine activity potential are two essential components relevant to the topic of endocrine disruptors. Clinical pharmacologists have an opportunity to play an important role in resolving the question of what role endocrine disruptors play in initiating human disease since some scientists argue that the present evidence is not compelling. Clinical pharmacologists can also play an important role in the evaluation of the risk assessment and use of risk management and risk communication tools required to address public health concerns related to actions of endocrine disruptors. It is important that clinical pharmacologists work with veterinary clinical pharmacologists, toxicologists, industrial chemists, regulators, the scientific community, the general public, and environmental groups to understand the impact of endocrine disruptors on human health, wildlife, and the environment with an ultimate goal to minimize and/or alleviate the unwanted, detrimental effects of the endocrine disruptors.
Bioavailability Study of a 1200 mg Miconazole Nitrate Vaginal Ovule in Healthy Female Adults
Authors: Stevens Ruth E. , Konsil Julraht , Verrill Sonya S. , Roy Partha , Desai Pankaj B. , Upmalis David H. , Cone Frederick L.
Published: April 2003

This study was undertaken to determine the bioavailability of a 1200 mg miconazole nitrate vaginal ovule in 20 healthy premenopausal females following a single application (Day 1, Group 1) and two applications, 48 hours apart (Day 1 and Day 3, Group 2). In Dose Group 1 (n = 10), the mean Cmax of 10.7 ng/ml occurred at 18.4 hours. The average plasma miconazole concentration was calculated to be 5.7 ng/ml during the 4‐ to 96‐hour time interval. In Dose Group 2 (n = 10), mean Cmax values were 10.8 ng/ml and 12.0 ng/ml and occurred at 18.4 hours (Day 1) and 16.0 hours (Day 3), respectively. Comparing AUC0 48 on Days 1 and 3 (338 vs. 408 ng ·h/ml) indicated small accumulation of plasma miconazole, while AUC048 obtained from Dose Group 2, Day 1 was similar to that of Dose Group 1 (338 vs. 329 ng·h/ml, respectively). Plasma miconazole profiles were best described by a monoexponential equation with zero‐order input. Pharmacokinetic simulations performed on the pooled data from two dose groups (n = 20) suggest a steady‐state accumulation after five doses administered daily or three doses taken once every other day. Drug exposure was similar to that of the marketed formulation (MONISTAT® 7 vaginal cream), applied once daily for 7 days and more than 100‐fold less than that reported when given intravenously or orally.
Pharmacoepidemiologic Investigation of Clonazepam Relative Clearance by Mixed‐Effect Modeling Using Routine Clinical Pharmacokinetic Data in Japanese Patients
Authors: Yukawa Eiji , Satou Masayasu , Nonaka Toshiharu , Yukawa Miho , Ohdo Shigehiro , Higuchi Shun , Kuroda Takeshi , Goto Yoshinobu
Published: April 2003

The effects of drug‐drug interactions on clonazepam clearance were examined through a retrospective analysis of serum concentration data from pediatric and adult epileptic patients. Patients received clonazepam as monotherapy or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs. A total of259 serum clonazepam concentrations gathered from 137 patients were used in a population analysis of drug‐drug interactions on clonazepam clearance. Data were analyzed using a nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling (NONMEM) technique. The final model describing clonazepam clearance was CL = 152 · TBW−0.181 · DIF, where CL is clearance (ml/kg/h), TBWis total body weight (kg), and DIF (drug interaction factor) is a scaling factor for concomitant medication with a value of 1 for patients on clonazepam monotherapy, 1.18 for those patients receiving concomitant administration of clonazepam and one antiepileptic drug (carbamazepine or valproic acid), and 2.12 · TBW−0119 for those patients receiving concomitant administration of clonazepam and more than two antiepileptic drugs. Clonazepam clearance decreased in a weight‐related fashion in children, with minimal changes observed in adults. Concomitant administration of clonazepam and carbamazepine resulted in a 22% increase in clonazepam clearance. Concomitant administration of clonazepam and valproic acid resulted in a 12% increase in clonazepam clearance. Concomitant administration of clonazepam with two or more antiepileptic drugs resulted in a 23% to 75% increase in clonazepam clearance.
Integrated Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model of XV459, a Potent and Specific GPIIb/IIIa Inhibitor, in Healthy Male Volunteers
Authors: Fossler Michael J. , Ebling William F. , Ma Su , Kornhauser David , Mondick John , Barrett Jeffrey S. , Garner Dennis , Quon Check Y. , Pieniaszek Henry J.
Published: April 2003

Roxifiban is an oral prodrug of XV459, a potent and specific inhibitor of the glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor previously under investigation for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease and acute coronary care syndrome. The objective of the present analysis was to develop a pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model that would be used to guide dose selection in Phase 2. This was a randomized, sequential, rising multiple‐dose study in 41 healthy male volunteers given doses of 0.5 to 1.25 mg daily for 7 to 10 days. Total XV459 was measured inplasma by a sensitiveand specific LC/MS/MS method. The percent inhibition of platelet aggregation (%IPA) was evaluated in citrated plasma in response to 10 μM ADP using the initial slope of the response. The resulting PK data were fit to a two‐compartment model with first‐order absorption and saturable oral absorption. The pharmacodynamics was modeled using a direct sigmoidalEmax model. Modeling was performed using NONMEM V Intersubject variability was moderate in both PK and PD (15.3%‐18.5%), except for V2/F (64.8%). Residual variability was low at 11.8%. Platelet count influenced both CL/F and EC50. Age and weight did not explain any additional variability in either PK or PD. The model was shown to produce realistic data when used for simulation. Overall, the results suggest that XV459 concentrations in the range of 10 to 20 ng/ml will yield %IPA values in the range of 40% to 80% inhibition. Because of the pharmacodynamically mediated PK of XV459 (due to platelet binding), the EC50 and CL/F are negatively correlated, limiting the utility of plasma concentration monitoring.
Effect of Dietary Fat Content in Meals on Pharmacokinetics of Quazepam
Authors: Yasui‐Furukori Norio , Kondo Tsuyoshi , Takahata Takenori , Mihara Kazuo , Ono Shingo , Kaneko Sunao , Tateishi Tomonori
Published: April 2003

Dietary fat content in meals has been reported to increase the absorption of several drugs proportionately. However, there is no information about the effects of dietary fat in meals on the sedative hypnotic agent quazepam, although limited data suggest that food intake alters quazepam absorption. Therefore, the authors measured and compared pharmacokinetic parameters of quazepam taken in a fasted state and taken 30 minutes after consuming meals containing different amounts of dietary fat. A three‐arm randomized crossover study was conducted. Nine healthy male volunteers took a single oral 20‐mg dose of quazepam under the following conditions: (1) after fasting overnight for at least 12 hours, (2) 30 minutes after consuming a low‐fat meal (two slices of bread and 200 ml of apple juice), or (3) 30 minutes after consuming high‐fat meal (two slices of bread with 30 gm of butter and 200 ml of apple juice). Plasma concentrations of quazepam and its metabolite, 2‐oxoquazepam, were monitored up to 48 hours after the dosing. In comparison with corresponding plasma values for quazepam taken in a fasting state, the peak concentrations (Cmax) of quazepam taken 30 minutes after consuming a low‐fat meal and high‐fat meal were 243% (90% confidence interval [CI] = 161%‐325%) and 272% (90% CI= 190%‐355%), respectively. Area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from 0 to 8 hours (AUC0–8) and 0 to 48 hours (AUC0–48) of quazepam was increased with the low‐fat meal by 2‐fold (90% CI= 1.5‐to 2.7‐fold) and 1.4‐fold (90% CI = 1.0‐ to 1.7‐fold), respectively, and with the high‐fat meal by 2.2‐fold (90% CI= 1.3‐to 3‐fold) and 1.5‐fold (90% CI= 0.7‐to 2.4‐fold), respectively. The pharmacokinetic change in 2‐oxoquazepam to the parent compound was similar. Quazepam was well tolerated, with no significant difference in the Stanford Sleepiness Scale between fasted and fed conditions. These findings show that food intake has an evident effect on quazepam absorption, but further studies are needed toclarifya determinant factor of this alternation (2.5‐ fold for Cmax and 2.1‐fold for AUC0–8, on average). It might not be necessary to do dose adjustment with meal content because quazepam is well tolerated.
Pharmacokinetic and Safety Assessments of Galantamine and Risperidone after the Two Drugs Are Administered Alone and Together
Authors: Huang Fenglei , Lasseter Kenneth C. , Janssens Luc , Verhaeghe Tom , Lau Henry , Zhao Qinying
Published: April 2003

To explore the steady‐state pharmacokinetic profile after coadministration of galantamine and risperidone, an open‐label, randomized, single‐center, two‐way crossover drug‐drug interaction study was conducted in 16 healthy elderly subjects, ages 60 years and older. The results showed that risperidone, when administered with galantamine, did not change the bioavailability of galantamine at steady state. In addition, systemic exposure of risperidone active moiety (risperidone plus 9‐hydroxyrisperidone), the most clinically relevant component of risperidone treatment, was not affected by galantamine coadministration, while systemic exposure was increased by approximately 10% for risperidone and decreased by about 10% for 9‐hydroxyrisperidone (active metabolite of risperidone). Galantamine and risperidone were both safe and well tolerated administered either alone or together. Thus, no dose adjustment for either risperidone or galantamine is necessary when these two drugs are administered together in the dose range evaluated.
No Effect of Rosuvastatin on the Pharmacokinetics of Digoxin in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Martin Paul D. , Kemp John , Dane Aaron L. , Warwick Mike J. , Schneck Dennis W.
Published: April 2003

The effect of rosuvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin was assessed in 18 healthy male volunteers in this double‐blind, randomized, two‐way crossover trial. Volunteers were dosed with rosuvastatin (40 mg once daily) or placebo to steady state before being given a single dose of digoxin 0.5 mg. Blood and urine samples for the measurement of serum and urine digoxin concentrations were collected up to 96 hours following dosing. The effect of rosuvastatin was assessed by constructing 90% confidence intervals (CIs) around the treatment ratios (rosuvastatin + digoxin/placebo + digoxin) for digoxin exposure. The geometric least square mean AUC0‐t and Cmax of digoxin were only 4% higher when the drug was coadministered with rosuvastatin compared to placebo. The 90% CIs for both treatment ratios (AUC0‐t = 0.88‐1.24; Cmax = 0.89‐1.22) fell within the prespecified margin of 0.74 to 1.35; therefore, no significant pharmacokinetic interaction occurred between rosuvastatin and digoxin. The geometric mean amount of digoxin excreted into the urine and its renal clearance were similar with rosuvastatin and placebo. These results demonstrate that rosuvastatin has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Coadministration of rosuvastatin and digoxin was well tolerated.
Pioglitazone: Effect on CYP3A4 Activity
Authors: Nowak Sandra N. , Edwards David J. , Clarke Anthony , Anderson Gail D. , Jaber Linda A.
Published: April 2003

Clinical studies demonstrate CYP3A4 enzyme induction with troglitazone, a thiazolidinedione derivative structurally related to pioglitazone. The objective of this prospective, open‐label study conducted in healthy volunteers was to evaluate the influence of multiple‐dose pioglitazone therapy on the urinary excretion ratio of 6‐β‐hydroxycortisol to cortisol, an endogenous marker of CYP3A4 activity. Twelve subjects were given pioglitazone hydrochloride 45 mg daily for 14 days. Urine was collected over a 24‐hour period before pioglitazone and after administration of the last tablet. Baseline and posttreatment CYP3A4 activity was assessed with the urinary 6‐β‐hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio. The mean ± SD 6‐β hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratios before and after treatment were 8.3 ± 4.4 and 9.4 ± 4.0, respectively (p = 0.29). The mean change from baseline was a nonsignificant 20.2%. Nine subjects had a small increase and 3 subjects had a reduction in the ratio. Using the ratio as a marker of CYP3A4 activity, the data support a lack of inductive effect on CYP3A4 by multiple‐dose pioglitazone therapy. Thus, administration of pioglitazone should not result in clinically significant effects on the pharmacokinetics of other CYP3A4 substrates.