bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prospective study of transfusion history and thyroid cancer incidence among females in Japan
Authors: Fujino Yoshihisa , Tamakoshi Akiko , Hoshiyama Yoshiharu , Mikami Haruo , Okamoto Naoyuki , Ohno Yoshiyuki , Yoshimura Takesumi
Published: June 2004

A link between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and thyroid cancer was recently reported in a series of case‐control studies in southern Italy. A prospective study could reinforce these findings. However, cohort studies that began before 1990 rarely assessed serological HCV infection. In addition, thyroid cancer is rare and generally has a good prognosis. Therefore, incidence outcome data are required, rather than mortality data, to evaluate the risk of thyroid cancer. Blood transfusion history might be a possible substitute measure to evaluate the cancer risks associated with HCV infection because blood transfusions were the major HCV transmission route in Japan until 1992. The purpose of our study was therefore to examine the association between transfusion history and thyroid cancer. A baseline survey of members of the JACC Study was conducted from 1988 until 1990, which involved 110,792 participants from 45 areas throughout Japan. Data were collected from a total of 37,983 women with no history of cancer at the baseline (337,906 person‐years) and 79 cases of thyroid cancer were identified among this group. A history of blood transfusion marginally increased the risk of thyroid cancer [risk ratio (RR) = 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.95–3.30], and a history of transfusion and/or liver disease significantly increased the thyroid cancer risk (RR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.07–3.16). These results indirectly support an association between HCV and thyroid cancer. In addition, our data reveal an association between blood transfusion and thyroid cancer, which might be facilitated by transfusion‐associated immunomodulation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytokine‐modified Mycobacterium smegmatis as a novel anticancer immunotherapy
Authors: Young Sarah L. , Murphy Michael , Zhu Xing Wu , Harnden Patricia , O'Donnell Michael A. , James Keith , Patel Poulam M. , Selby Peter J. , Jackson Andrew M.
Published: June 2004

Intravesical administration of live M. bovis BCG organisms for carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder is the most successful immunotherapy for solid malignancy. Nevertheless BCG‐therapy is associated with significant toxicity and is ineffective in 30–40% of cases. Recently it has been proposed that cytokine‐modified mycobacteria may give greater efficacy. As any immunotherapy involving administration of live BCG organisms (wild‐type or recombinant) is likely to have associated toxicity (notably in the immunocompromised), we examined the anti‐tumour potential of the closely related nonpathogenic organism, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and a TNFα gene‐modified recombinant M. smegmatis. When wild‐type M. smegmatis were delivered to immunocompetent C57Bl/6 mice bearing the transplantable MB49 bladder tumour, efficacy comparable to live BCG was observed with 10–20% long‐term survival. However, this effect was lost in both Nude and Beige mice, lacking functional T and NK cells, respectively. Recombinant M. smegmatis secreting TNFα, however, gave a 70% durable tumour‐free survival. Lymphocytes from draining lymph‐nodes and spleens of these mice exhibited pronounced IFNγ production to mycobacterial‐antigen and tumour‐lysate, indicating a bias towards cell‐mediated immunity. This was further supported by histopathological examination of the tumour site, which revealed significantly increased numbers of CD3+ lymphocytes in animals receiving the recombinant vaccine, but not in those receiving wild‐type bacteria. Importantly, tumour rejection following M. smegmatis/TNFα was independent of T lymphocytes, as athymic Nude mice efficiently eradicated MB49 tumours. In contrast, the therapeutic efficacy of M. smegmatis/TNFα was reduced in animals deficient in NK cytolytic function, suggesting a role for NK‐cells in initial tumour destruction. Furthermore the absence of NK‐function in Beige mice did not prevent the establishment of tumour‐protective memory. No toxicity was observed with wild‐type or recombinant M. smegmatis in immunocompetent, T‐deficient or NK‐deficient models. We demonstrate for the first time that recombinant mycobacteria expressing mammalian cytokines have markedly increased anti‐tumour properties. The lack of toxicity suggests that M. smegmatis is a “safe” vehicle for use in immunocompromised patients. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anisamide‐targeted stealth liposomes: A potent carrier for targeting doxorubicin to human prostate cancer cells
Authors: Banerjee Rajkumar , Tyagi Pradeep , Li Song , Huang Leaf
Published: June 2004

Certain human malignancies including prostate cancer overexpress sigma receptor, a membrane bound protein that binds haloperidol and various other neuroleptics with high affinity. An anisamide derivatized ligand possesses high affinity for sigma receptors and we hypothesized that its incorporation into the liposomes encapsulating doxorubicin (DOX) can specifically target and deliver the drug to prostate cancer cells that overexpress sigma receptors. A polyethylene glycol phospholipid was derivatized with an anisamide ligand, which was then incorporated into the DOX‐loaded liposome. The resulting anisamide‐conjugated liposomal DOX showed significantly higher toxicity to DU‐145 cells than non‐targeted liposomal DOX, the IC50 being 1.8 μM and 14 μM respectively. The cytotoxicity of the targeted liposomal DOX, however, was significantly blocked by haloperidol, suggesting that the enhanced cytotoxicity was specifically mediated by the sigma receptors. Fluorescence imaging studies after intravenous (i.v.) administration showed that incorporation of anisamide into liposomes significantly improved their accumulation into the tumor. A weekly injection of the targeted liposomal DOX for 4 weeks at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg led to a significant growth inhibition of established DU‐145 tumor in nude mice with minimal toxicity. Free DOX was effective, but associated with significant toxicities. The present study is the first to demonstrate the use of small molecular weight ligand for mediating efficient targeting of liposomal drugs to sigma receptor expressing prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using Competencies to Connect the Workplace and Postsecondary Education
Authors: Paulson Karen
Published: June 2004

To maintain viability, postsecondary institutions must prepare their graduates to enter today’s performance‐driven labor market. This chapter examines the use of competencies in business and summarizes skill and competency resources that institutions can use to ready their students for successful entry into the workforce.
Comprehensive Research on Alumni Relationships: Four Years of Market Research at Stanford University
Authors: Pearson Jerold
Published: June 2004

A full‐time market researcher within a development office describes the methods and findings of a distinctively comprehensive, ongoing program of research on alumni.
Using Surveys of Alumni and Their Employers to Improve an Institution
Authors: Hoey J. Joseph , Gardner Denise C.
Published: June 2004

This chapter reports on linked surveys of alumni and their employers and on a survey of college and departmental administrators regarding the impact of such surveys on planning, assessment, curriculum revision, and customer satisfaction efforts.
What Makes a Difference: Evaluating the Cornell Tradition Program
Authors: Mulugetta Yuko , Nash Scott , Murphy Susan H.
Published: June 2004

A theory on college effects provides the context for evaluating a program to encourage alumni involvement with their alma mater.
Using Comparative Alumni Data for Policy Analysis and Institutional Assessment
Authors: McGuire Michael D. , Casey Jason P.
Published: June 2004

A large multi‐institutional alumni study in Pennsylvania provides an example of how comparative data can be used for public policy purposes and for institutional evaluation.
Now What Should You Do?
Authors: Pettit Joseph
Published: June 2004

One of the editors describes some lessons taken from the conference that produced this volume and identifies resources for keeping abreast of new developments in alumni research.
Integrating Information Technology Planning and Funding at the Institutional Level
Authors: Foster Susan J. , Hollowell David E.
Published: June 2004

Planning for technology on a campus requires an inclusive process that is well integrated into other areas of institutional planning.
Modeling and Managing the Cost and Quality of Information Technology Services at Indiana University: A Case Study
Authors: Peebles Christopher Spalding , Antolovic Laurie G. , Holland Norma B. , Adams Karen Hoeve , Allmayer Debby , Davidson Phyllis H.
Published: June 2004

A focus on the quality, cost, and value of technology can turn potential conflicts into a productive dialogue that leads to effective change.
Assessing the Changing Impact of Technology on Teaching and Learning at Virginia Tech: A Case Study
Authors: Taylor C. David , Eustis Joanne D.
Published: June 2004

Technology can have a powerful impact on teaching and learning that needs to be assessed carefully and thoroughly.
The Webs We Weave: The Dynamic IR Office
Authors: Schaefer Ed , Massa Tod
Published: June 2004

This chapter presents case studies from Illinois Institute of Technology and Willamette University that demonstrate how institutional researchers have harnessed new information technologies to streamline office functions. The authors also discuss the new skills needed to meet these challenges.
The Four Faces of Institutional Research
Authors: Volkwein J. Fredericks
Published: June 2004

This chapter summarizes some of the conflicts faced by institutional researchers and presents a typology of four overlapping yet distinguishable types of IR purposes and roles: to describe the institution, to analyze alternatives, to present the best case, and to supply impartial evidence.
On the Nature of Institutional Research and the Knowledge and Skills It Requires
Authors: Terenzini Patrick T.
Published: June 2004

This chapter perceives institutional research as comprising three tiers of organizational intelligence—technical/analytical intelligence, issues intelligence, and contextual intelligence. Each tier requires variable kinds of knowledge and skills that can be acquired in different ways.
A Profile of Institutional Researchers from AIR National Membership Surveys
Authors: Lindquist Sarah B.
Published: June 2004

This chapter explores characteristics of institutional researchers by reviewing national survey data and addressing these questions: Who are we? Where do we work? What do we do?
A Comparison of Findings from Regional Studies of Institutional Research Offices
Authors: Muffo John A.
Published: June 2004

Studies of institutional research offices in North America traditionally focus on their size, organizational location, professional preparation, and primary tasks. These profiles may be influenced by four emerging trends.
The Role of Institutional Research: From Improvement to Redesign
Authors: Peterson Marvin W.
Published: June 2004

The nature and role of institutional research has expanded and progressed by helping institutions adapt to new challenges and conditions. As a postsecondary knowledge industry emerges and institutions consider redesigning themselves, institutional researchers need to become knowledge industry analysts.
Conceptualizing Faculty Job Satisfaction: Components, Theories, and Outcomes
Authors: Hagedorn Linda Serra
Published: June 2004

This introductory chapter both reviews the faculty satisfaction literature and tests a general model using a national database.
Community College Faculty Satisfaction and the Faculty Union
Authors: Castro Consuelo Rey
Published: June 2004

Research studies on the role of the faculty union in higher education and in particular the satisfaction of community college faculty is very limited. This chapter reviews the literature and uses interviews with union presidents to examine the union's changing role.
The Role and Benefits of the Sabbatical Leave in Faculty Development and Satisfaction
Authors: Sima Celina M.
Published: June 2004

Although the sabbatical leave is a cherished part of academic life, it is currently being scrutinized by reform‐minded trustees and state legislators. Within the context of the tension, this chapter reviews the relationship between the sabbatical leave and the development and satisfaction of faculty.
The New Faculty Majority: Somewhat Satisfied but Not Eligible for Tenure
Authors: Gappa Judith M.
Published: June 2004

In the present postsecondary environment, where the variety and number of faculty ineligible for tenure is dramatically increasing, this chapter discusses the importance of maintaining a satisfaction threshold for nontenured faculty and examines reverberations for students, institutions, as well as those in the tenured ranks.
The Front Line: Satisfaction of Classified Employees
Authors: Bauer Karen W.
Published: June 2004

Although classified staff are the group least studied on the college campus, their importance is undeniable. This chapter examines the satisfaction and commitment of classified staff and provides useful information about this segment of the college and university workforce.
Understanding Expenditure Data
Authors: Dyke Frances L.
Published: June 2004

Consistency in definition of the content and type of expenditure is essential to any comparative cost analysis. This chapter reviews broad definitions of common expenditure categories and discusses rules governing financial reporting for different purposes.
A Guide to Measuring College Costs
Authors: Winston Gordon C.
Published: June 2004

Accurate measurement of college costs must consider new ways of looking at the factors that contribute to that cost, especially in the areas of financial aid and capital expenditures.
Three Critical Tasks America's Disadvantaged Face on Their Path to College
Authors: Cabrera Alberto F. , La Nasa Steven M.
Published: June 2004

Using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988, this chapter examines the wide disparity of college‐choice activities between socioeconomic groups. To highlight this disparity, the authors analyze three tasks that all students must complete on their path to college.
Using National Educational Longitudinal Study Data to Examine the Transition to College
Authors: Berkner Lutz
Published: June 2004

This chapter provides useful information regarding the National Educational Longitudinal Study database that was used for many of the studies in this volume. The author provides relevant background and helpful instructions so that others may use this valuable resource from the National Center for Education Statistics.
Using Student Development Theory to Inform Institutional Research
Authors: King Patricia M. , Howard‐Hamilton Mary F.
Published: June 2004

Student affairs research is informed by student development theories which help to explain how students grow and develop during college. Knowledge of student development theories can help institutional researchers to formulate research questions and interpret their results.
Best Practices in Student Affairs Research
Authors: Smith Kris M. , Mather Peter C.
Published: June 2004

Examples of successful student affairs research, evaluation, and assessment efforts are reviewed. How can the collaboration between student affairs research and institutional research be increased and improved?
Slicing the Pie: Institutional Research, Assessment, and Student Affairs Research
Authors: Pickering J. Worth , Sharpe Martha Smith
Published: June 2004

One author argues that there is a difference between traditional institutional research and the unique perspectives of student affairs research, while the other argues that both can be accomplished within the institutional research office. In this article they discuss how one can slice the pie.
Conclusion
Authors: Pickering J. Worth , Hanson Gary R.
Published: June 2004

This chapter provides a summary of the unique perspectives and contributions of student affairs research plus recommendations for collaboration between institutional researchers, student affairs staff, both researchers and practitioners, and some resources for learning more about student affairs research.
Standard Setting
Authors: Erwin T. Dary , Wise Steven L.
Published: June 2004

Higher education assessment is moving steadily toward increased accountability. Assessment practitioners, institutional researchers, and faculty must be able to set defensible standards by using systematically followed procedures. This chapter discusses two methods that practitioners can use to set standards.
An Annotated Bibliography on Competencies
Authors: Paulson Karen
Published: June 2004

This chapter surveys the published literature and Internet‐based resources on competencies. It provides a valuable touchstone for further research in this area.
Qualitative and Quantitative Research: A Complementary Balance
Authors: Borland Kenneth W.
Published: June 2004

Both of these research paradigms reflect legitimate and valuable forms of disciplined or systematic inquiry that often complement each other in the creation of knowledge.
Using Qualitative and Quantitative Methods for Complementary Purposes: A Case Study
Authors: McLaughlin Josetta S. , McLaughlin Gerald W. , Muffo John A.
Published: June 2004

The authors describe a program evaluation that uses both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to create the information needed to meet the needs of different stakeholders.
Communicating Qualitative and Quantitative Decision Support Information
Authors: Moss Marsha K.
Published: June 2004

The effective communication of decision support requires the appropriate integration of quantitative and qualitative data and information in both written and oral interactions with decision makers.
Using Qualitative and Quantitative Information in Academic Decision Making
Authors: Ferren Ann S. , Aylesworth Martin S.
Published: June 2004

The authors use specific examples to illustrate the complementary role that qualitative (contextual) and quantitative decision support can play in support of the management of academic affairs.
Looking for Bias in All the Wrong Places: A Search for Truth or a Witch Hunt in Student Ratings of Instruction?
Authors: Theall Michael , Franklin Jennifer
Published: June 2004

Through a half‐century of research on student ratings, the constant quest has been to prove or disprove the existence of biasing factors. What have we learned, and what has happened as a result? This chapter examines some of these supposed biases and presents some guidelines for improving practice.
Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Information for Effective Institutional Research
Authors: Howard Richard D. , Borland Kenneth W.
Published: June 2004

Drawing upon the preceding chapters, the authors present a conceptual model that illustrates the relationship among effective decision support, the qualitative context of quantitative data, and the proximity of the institutional researcher and the decision maker.
Improving Judgments About Teaching Effectiveness Using Teacher Rating Forms
Authors: Abrami Philip C.
Published: June 2004

This chapter critically examines five issues surrounding the use of student evaluations of teaching for summative decisions: current practices, validity concerns, improving the reporting of results, improving the decision‐making process, and incorporating validity estimates into the decision‐making process. The author proposes that we can improve judgments by improving the precision of our measures.
Improving Judgments About Teaching Effectiveness: How to Lie Without Statistics
Authors: Abrami Philip C.
Published: June 2004

In this rejoinder, Abrami organizes his comments around two themes: statistical and measurement issues and applicability and usefulness issues. He concludes that his earlier suggestions for improving judgments about teaching effectiveness can accomplish their objectives.
Competency‐Based Learning Models: A Necessary Future
Authors: Voorhees Richard A.
Published: June 2004

This chapter provides an overview of the movement toward competency‐based learning models. It is this new paradigm that will ultimately redefine the roles of faculty, institutions, and accreditors.
Working in Partnership with Faculty to Transform Undergraduate Curricula
Authors: Jones Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2004

Specific issues involved in defining and embedding competencies across courses and other learning experiences in order to enhance student performance are examined. Strategies are offered for faculty and institutional researchers who want to work together to improve student learning.
Measuring and Reporting Competencies
Authors: Bers Trudy H.
Published: June 2004

Measuring and reporting competencies requires the implementation of new and innovative processes that often conflict with existing systems of measuring and reporting learning outcomes. Examining the ways that some institutions have addressed these issues can be a useful starting point for educators as they begin planning competency‐based programs.
Inhibition of cell proliferation and the action mechanisms of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on human breast cancer cells
Authors: Chow Stephanie K.Y. , Chan Judy Y.W. , Fung K.P.
Published: June 2004

Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is one of the arsenic compounds found in nature. As2O3 has recently been used to treat patients suffering from retinoic acid receptor (AML). It is of clinical interest to investigate whether As2O3 is also effective in treating solid tumors. Here, we report that As2O3 exhibited inhibitory effects on the proliferation of human breast cancer MCF‐7 cells in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of As2O3 in inhibiting proliferation of MCF‐7 cells were 8, 1.8, and 1.2 μM upon 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐day treatment, respectively. In elucidating the underlying action mechanisms, the results of experiments concerning DNA fragmentation and externalization indicated that As2O3 exerted its action on MCF‐7 cells via apoptosis, whereas the result of flow cytometry also indicated that As2O3 could induce mitochondrial mediated cell‐cycle arrest at G1 phase. Further studies by Western blot analysis indicated that As2O3 regulated apoptosis and the expression of cell‐cycle‐related proteins as it upregulated p53 protein level and downregulated bcl‐2 protein level. Results in present study indicated that As2O3 might also be a good candidate for treating breast cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prolactin increases HO‐1 expression and induces VEGF production in human macrophages
Authors: Malaguarnera L. , Imbesi R.M. , Scuto A. , D'Amico F. , Licata F. , Messina A. , Sanfilippo S.
Published: June 2004

The pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) is a multifunctional polypeptide which exerts a role on cell proliferation and may also contribute to cell differentiation. PRL is also produced by immune cells and is regarded as a key component of the neuroendocrine–immune loop and as a local regulator of macrophage response. The involvement of PRL in regulating monocyte/macrophage functions is suggested by the presence of PRL receptors in these cells. It has been shown that PRL possess both angiogenic and antiangiogenic effects. Recently, we revealed that augmentation of HO‐1 activity enhances PRL‐mediated angiogenesis in human endothelial cells. Since macrophages are key participants in angiogenesis our objective was to investigate the effect of PRL also in human macrophages. In vitro treatment of macrophages with PRL was found to increase both heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) expression and protein synthesis in a time and dose dependent manner as quantified respectively by reverse‐transcriptase real‐time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. PRL‐treated macrophages also showed an enhanced release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as demonstrated by ELISA assay. Furthermore, to determine whether PRL‐induced HO‐1 activity was required for VEGF production by macrophages, the effect of PRL on the induction of VEGF was studied in the presence of an inducer stannic chloride (SnCl2) and of an inhibitor stannic mesoporphyrin (SnMP) of HO activity. Our observations suggest that PRL may regulate monocyte activation and influences not only immune function but also angiogenesis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation increases milt production in goldfish
Authors: Fraser E. Jane , Stacey Norm
Published: June 2004

Milt volume in goldfish is increased by female steroid and prostaglandin pheromones, by exposure to males with elevated gonadotropin levels, and by isolation from conspecifics. This study examined various aspects of the isolation effect on milt volume and serum gonadotropin II (GTH II). The latency of isolation‐induced milt increase in this study (12–24 hr) was longer than the latencies to pheromone‐induced milt increase in previous work (0.5–6.0 hr), was not affected by the time of day at which males were isolated, persisted for at least 72 hr in isolated males, and was terminated within 24 hr in males that were returned to groups. Isolated males maintained high milt production when separated from tank mates by a perforated barrier or when exposed to visual and odor cues from males in other tanks, suggesting that the unknown conspecific cues that maintain low milt production in groups operate at close range. Isolation appears to increase milt through a mechanism different from that mediating response to female pheromones because: (1) unlike female pheromones, which consistently increase serum GTH II, no isolation or regrouping treatment in this study affected male GTH II concentration; and (2) the effects of isolation and of exposure to the female pheromone 17α,20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one (17,20β‐P) are additive. Finally, males that were previously isolated or exposed to 17,20β‐P increased milt (but not GTH II) in grouped males, suggesting that the effects of isolation and pheromone exposure can indirectly stimulate male conspecifics. Although the biological function of the isolation effect is not clear, we propose that it illustrates the effect of removal from inhibitory cues normally received from male conspecifics. J. Exp. Zool. 293:511–524, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of cortisol on developmental rhythms during embryogenesis in a tropical damselfish
Authors: Mccormick Mark I. , Nechaev Igor V.
Published: June 2004

Newly‐spawned teleost eggs can vary widely in their maternal endowment of a variety of hormones, including cortisol. Field and laboratory experiments have shown that initial egg cortisol concentrations directly influence the size at hatching of the benthic spawning damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis. The present study examines the mechanism by which cortisol influences larval size at hatching by investigating the growth and developmental rhythms throughout embryogenesis. Newly spawned eggs of P. amboinensis were collected from natural benthic nests, and half of each clutch was incubated in a moderate level of cortisol (2.7×10−6 M, equivalent to a concentration of 0.79 pg/egg). Cortisol was found to have no affect on the rate of cell‐pulsations up to epiboly (18 hr post‐fertilization), with cells pulsing at a mean rate of 56–60 pulses/min. Cortisol had an affect on the relative growth rate from the start of gastrulation to knot formation. Growth in the cortisol‐supplemented embryos was pulsed, with periods of fast growth punctuated by long periods of stasis. Overall growth rates during this period were lower in the cortisol‐supplemented embryos despite their higher growth during active periods. Pulse rates of somite cells and contraction rhythms of myotomes and the heart were twice as high in cortisol‐supplemented embryos than controls. Despite this, cortisol‐supplemented eggs developed at the same rate as controls and hatched at the same time. This study suggests that the maternal endowment of cortisol to eggs plays a vital role in determining the embryonic rhythms by which embryos grow and may be directly influencing metabolism. J. Exp. Zool. 293:456–466, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relation between the reproductive status and somatolactin cell activity in the pituitary of pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis (atheriniformes)
Authors: Vissio Paula G. , Andreone Luz , Paz Dante A. , Maggese María C. , Somoza Gustavo M. , Strüssmann Carlos A.
Published: June 2004

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between somatolactin (SL) expressing cells and the reproductive status in a multiple spawning fish, the pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis. Somatolactin cells were identified in adults of both sexes by immunocytochemistry using a heterologous piscine antiserum. The area of the cells that showed immunoreactivity to SL (ir‐SL) was compared in specimens with different degrees of reproductive activity as inferred from histological examination of the gonads and calculation of the gonadosomatic index (GSI %). The results showed a significant difference between the area of ir‐SL cells of resting/regressing (62.9 ± 2.1 µm2) and sexually active/vitellogenic (76.8 ± 2.3 µm2) females and a significant positive correlation between the ir‐SL cellular area and the GSI % (P < 0.01 in both cases). In males, the correlation between the area of ir‐SL cells and the GSI % was not statistically significant. However, in those animals with the highest GSI % values, the ir‐SL cells appeared more numerous and showed an increase in the immunostained area when compared to individuals with lower GSI % values.

The present morphological observations are in accordance with biochemical data obtained from other species and support the assumption that SL might be involved in the regulation of reproduction in fish. J. Exp. Zool. 293:492–499, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“La manie d'Écrire”: Psychology, auto‐observation, and case history
Authors: Reed Matt T.
Published: June 2004

This essay examines the modern psychiatric case study as a scientific method and as a genre of writing about the self. As psychological discourse became a privileged language of selfhood at the fin de siècle, the penultimate signifier of the self came to be found in the realm of sexuality, in the particular contours of an individual's sexual desire. The investigative tool used to uncover these secrets of identity was the case history. This article concerns an influential project of sexual research based on “auto‐observations”—autobiographical patient narratives—conducted by Dr. Georges Saint‐Paul, who published under the inverted pseudonym “Laupts.” The article focuses on the central autobiography of his collection, the “roman d'un inverti,” and related sexological literature to suggest how this emphasis on patient stories in psychiatric writing engendered new narrative possibilities for doctors and patients alike. Putting patient stories at the center of psychiatric investigation created a new relationship between patient and doctor, observation and diagnosis, subject and discourse. The tools of psychological observation simultaneously placed a subject's confession more firmly at the center of the investigation and made it more open to interpretation by nonspecialists. Rather than simply confirming the authority of the trained observer, the story of Laupts's enquête suggests that the method actually authorized inquiry by others. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Propylene polymerization in liquid monomer with a Ziegler‐Natta catalyst in bench scale reactors. Kinetics and model to predict reaction yields
Authors: Hernández Vaquero J.L. , Morrón Lingl G. , Perea Gaitán J.M. , Vargas Fernández L.
Published: June 2004

The study of new catalytic systems is critical in order to develop improved and cost effective polymerization processes. One of the methods to evaluate the performance of a catalytic system is by means of bench scale reactors. Despite its difference in size with large scale industrial plants, bench scale reactors have proved to be a valuable tool to understand the behavior of the catalytic system during the polymerization. In this work, a method to estimate the kinetic parameters of propylene polymerization over a conventional Ziegler Natta catalyst is evaluated. Thus, it was possible to set up a semi‐empirical model to correlate the reaction yield with the polymerization time, the hydrogen content in the reactor and the reaction temperature. This model proves to be useful to evaluate the performance of a catalytic system within the range of normal operating conditions. A brief study on the particle size distribution of the products is also carried out.
In vitro corrosion characterization and cell proliferation on surface‐modified Ti
Authors: Rimondini L. , Rondelli G. , Quirici N.
Published: June 2004

Two types of surface treatments (Low pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition (Ti‐MOCVD) and anodized Ti) have been conducted on Ti to improve their osteointegration properties in view of dental implant application. The two typologies of surfaces have been characterized in vitro both regarding the corrosion and the in biological behaviour in comparison with the Ti machined surface. The corrosion tests showed that both the surface treatments reduced markedly the corrosion rate compared to Ti machined. The biological tests showed that all specimens are cytocompatible and significant differences among them were detected. In particular WST1 tests showed more viable osteoblasts adhering to MOCVD specimens in comparison with the other surfaces.
Cell‐to‐Cell Communication of Neurons Is Impaired by Metals
Authors: Carpenter D. O. , Hussain R. J.
Published: June 2004

Several metals are known to block voltage‐activated calcium channels at relatively high concentrations, and some also block agonist‐activated channels. However some of the actions of metals which occur at the lowest concentrations are on plastic responses of neurons, that is, responses which show prolonged changes after specific kinds of manipulation. We have investigated the effects of lead on the process of long‐term potentiation (LTP), an electrical response which is believed to be a component of learning and memory. LTP is an increased response to a stimulus after a patterned input, and LTP is reduced in aged animals and in animals with genetic backgrounds that result in a poor ability to learn. In humans there is strong evidence that children exposed to lead early in life have a reduced IQ. Therefore our hypothesis was that lead might be acting on LTP, and that this could be the basis of the IQ decrement seen in exposed children.

We exposed rats to lead using two different protocols: chronic in vivo exposure and perfusion of lead‐containing solutions over brain slices of control rats. We find similar effects in both studies. We recorded LTP in two different regions of hippocampus, in CA1 where LTP is dependent upon activation of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and in CA3 where LTP is primarily presynaptic in origin and independent of NMDA receptors. We recorded from isolated and perfused brain slices of either control or exposed animals at two ages, 30 and 60 days.

In CA1 lead did not significantly alter the synaptic responses recorded at about 30% of maximal amplitude, but reduced LTP at either age. In contrast, in CA3 lead reduced LTP in slices from 30‐day old animals after exposure to lead either with chronic in vivo exposure or with acute in vitro exposure, but increased the response in CA3 in 60‐day old animals exposed by either route. We have evidence that this action is mediated neither by blockade of voltage‐activated calcium nor NMDA channels, but is likely an action of protein kinase C, an enzyme necessary for induction of LTP at both sites.
Metals in clinical medicine: the induction of apoptosis by metal compounds
Authors: Krug H. F.
Published: June 2004

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, plays a central role in animal development and tissue homeostasis. Since its discovery interest increases in the biological as well as in medical aspects of this genetic program. On the one hand, missing or low induction of apoptosis is connected to an increased cancer risk, on the other hand, an excessive occurrence of cell death results in serious consequences for the whole organism. An early death of immune competent cells may weaken the immune defense. Additionally, the acceptance of transplanted organs or synthetic prostheses is decreased when surrounding tissues are induced to undergo apoptosis. Particularly metallic ingredients or impurities in alloys or plastic materials may interfere with cellular signal transduction pathways that induce apoptosis leading to detrimental effects. The review summarises recent publications on apoptosis induced by metals and metal compounds with the aim of providing a better understanding of the connection between the apoptotic machinery and the toxic effects of metals in medicine.
Biocompatibility of a nickel‐free austenitic steel assayed by osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells
Authors: Mölders M. , Fischer A. , Wiemann M.
Published: June 2004

The in vitro biocompatibility of the nickel‐free austenitic steel (brand name P2000) characterized by extreme strength, high ductility and superior corrosion resistance was tested. As the material appears promising for hard tissue implant development we employed osteoblastic cells (MC3T3‐E1) as test specimens. Cells growing directly on this metal were undistinguishable from control cells on cell culture tested plastic material with respect to morphology and growth parameters. P2000 can, therefore, be classified as a biocompatible material. In line with that application of bone morphogentic protein 2 (BMP‐2) increased expression of alkaline phosphatase as it does under control conditions. However, the slope of the dose response curve was diminished, indicating partially impaired BMP‐2 signaling on P2000. Since P2000 contains nitrogen and may release alkalizing amounts of NH3 we compared steady state intracellular pH (pHi) of cells on P2000 vs. controls, but were unable to find any differences. Further studies are needed to understand how P2000 can influence cellular functions of directly contacting cells.
Analysis of the power‐plane resonance using the Haar‐wavelet‐based MRTD
Authors: Cheon Jeongnam , Ju Saehoon , Kim Hyeongdong , Ko Kwangcheol
Published: June 2004

In this paper, a method is presented to model the electromagnetic structure that is smaller than an MRTD cell. As an example, the power‐plane resonance problem in a multilayered PCB is analyzed by using a Haar‐wavelet‐based MRTD. This paper demonstrates the accuracy and efficiency of the MRTD. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 6–9, 2001.
A new approach to the Orchard–Elliott pattern synthesis algorithm using LMS and pseudoinverse techniques
Authors: Shavit R. , Levy S.
Published: June 2004

A new approach to the Orchard–Elliott pattern synthesis algorithm based on the least mean‐square (LMS) technique and the pseudoinverse technique is described. The new algorithm offers better initial conditions and avoids possible divergence problems throughout the iteration process. The array current distribution obtained is optimized using a genetic algorithm. The effectiveness of the new approach is demonstrated on a linear array with a symmetric flat‐topped radiation pattern. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 12–15, 2001.
Real‐time analog holography and pattern recognition
Authors: Kransteuber Amy S. , Gregory Don A.
Published: June 2004

The combination of a high‐resolution charge‐coupled device (CCD) camera and a phase‐modulating liquid‐crystal array allows holographic fringes to be detected and redisplayed in real time, replacing traditional recording techniques. A modified Mach–Zehnder (Leith–Upatnieks) architecture supplies the small object‐to‐reference beam angle necessary to produce fringes large enough to be processed accurately by the recording system. The optical system, developed to produce holograms and display holographic reconstructions in real time, is then slightly changed to become an optical pattern‐recognition architecture. The real‐time holography system and the optical correlator modifications are described in detail, and examples of experimental results are presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 20–24, 2001.
A fast and general complex image method for evaluating the Sommerfeld integrals
Authors: Ge Yuehe , Esselle Karu P.
Published: June 2004

This paper presents an efficient technique for evaluating the Sommerfeld integrals. It has the advantages of speed and simplicity over numerical techniques, and it is more general than previous methods based on the Sommerfeld identity. Numerical examples are given and compared with those from numerical integration. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 24–26, 2001.
Dual‐frequency operation of a coplanar waveguide‐fed dual‐slot loop antenna
Authors: Chen Wen‐Shan , Wong Kin‐Lu
Published: June 2004

This paper proposes a novel dual‐frequency coplanar waveguide‐fed dual‐slot loop antenna. The two operating frequencies have the same polarization planes, and can easily be controlled by the perimeters of outer and inner rectangular‐slot loops in the proposed antenna. The two rectangular‐slot loops are both capacitively fed by a 50 Ω coplanar waveguide, and good impedance matching for the two operating frequencies with a frequency ratio ranging from about 1.33 to 1.54 can be achieved. Also, wide operating bandwidths (13.6–17.8% for the lower band and about 7% for the higher band) for the two frequencies are obtained. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 38–40, 2001.
A simple preconditioner for electric‐field integral equations
Authors: Xie Yongjun , He Jiangqi , Sullivan Anders , Carin Lawrence
Published: June 2004

A preconditioner is applied to the electric‐field integral equation, to improve the convergence of iterative integral‐equation solvers, such as the conjugate‐gradient (CG) method. The preconditioner accounts for (expansion function)–(testing function) interactions in the vicinity of a given basis function, requiring order N complexity for N unknowns. Example results are presented for microwave scattering calculations for targets in the vicinity of a half space (soil), with results computed via a multilevel fast multipole algorithm. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 51–54, 2001.
Two Views from the Jury
Authors: Gallup Jr. George , Henderson Lenneal
Published: June 2004

For fifty years, the All‐America City Award has recognized communities for outstanding civic accomplishments. During an era of profound social change, the All‐America City Award has consistently shown what citizens can do when they join together to work for the good of their communities. Two longtime members of the panel of civic experts that selects the winning communities reflect on the meaning of the award.
Regional Lessons from an All‐America City
Authors: Purdy Janis
Published: June 2004

Cleveland has won the All‐America City five times. A commitment to regional cooperation and a history of civic activism have made Cleveland an example for other communities to consider.
Resolving a Community Dispute: The Intersection of Organization Development and Mediation
Authors: Morris‐Jones Dana
Published: June 2004

Like other governing bodies, community associations are charged with achieving a balance between protecting individual interests and preserving the cohesiveness of the community as a whole. With increasing frequency, they are experiencing a degree of divisiveness that threatens to upset the balance. This article chronicles one such instance in the life of a community association and describes how a planned mediation process altered events for the better.
What Does Y2K Mean for Local Governments?
Authors: Toregas Costis
Published: June 2004

The millennium, or Y2K, bug presents a formidable challenge to the problem‐solving skills of local government officials. Lacking a cure‐all that will work for every municipality, local officials must develop their own solutions to meet their community's unique needs. At the same time, the Y2K bug provides a once‐in‐a‐millennium leadership opportunity for local officials who understand that they are the key to preparing their communities to fight this pervasive problem.
Grassroots Organizations, Local Government, and the Effort to Prepare Communities for Y2K
Authors: Zubizarreta Rosa , Atlee Tom
Published: June 2004

Although the challenges posed by the Y2K bug are great, the different social sectors are also being offered an unprecedented opportunity for renewed civic participation and for collaboration to provide for the common good. Examples of communities preparing for Y2K illustrate some of the learnings arising out of multisector efforts to promote preparedness.
Reclaiming and Remaking Public Space: Toward an Architecture for American Democracy
Authors: Mattson Kevin
Published: June 2004

Democracy requires places where citizens can gather together to discuss the issues of the day and work on solving problems. In the past, architects recognized this and built public squares where citizens could assemble. In recent years, though, public space and civic interaction have declined radically. The suburban emphasis on the automobile and the shopping mall created a landscape with a minimum of public spaces. Some architects and developers, however, have caught on to the fact that a one‐dimensional landscape dedicated to shopping alone will never satisfy the many wants and needs humans have. If we are truly concerned with the state of American democracy, we should build a landscape that symbolizes our respect for the public realm and encourages the intermingling of citizens.
Building an Infrastructure of Community Collaboration
Authors: Potapchuk William R.
Published: June 2004

Successful efforts to address community issues through collaboration are found in every part of the country, in communities of all sizes. These efforts have produced lasting change, yet many of the toughest challenges remain. The strategies that supported the growth of collaboration over the past decade appear to be necessary, but not sufficient, for these powerful challenges.
Exploring the Elements of Civic Capital
Authors: Potapchuk William R. , Crocker Jr. Jarle P.
Published: June 2004

What makes the difference between a community that turns the corner on difficult challenges and one that does not? Civic capital, the collective civic capacities of a community, is the currency supporting collaborative strategies that pursue innovative programs and forge new relationships to build a future with better results for children and families.
Collaboration, Complexity, and Chaos
Authors: Bradley Rich
Published: June 2004

Social communication and power relationships have been dramatically reorganized. New channels of information have undercut older rationalist command‐and‐control models of organizational power arrangements. Collaboration may have been both the result of these changes and a stimulus to further change.
Let's Reinvent “Mediating Institutions”
Authors: Carlson Chris
Published: June 2004

We need to reinvent the organizations that serve as mediators for new collaborative ventures in communities. With government less able to rely on formal mechanisms or old institutions for getting problems solved, many places need help in creating new mechanisms for doing the politics—addressing community issues—and at the same time building cohesive communities.
Community Problem Solving and the Challenge of American Democracy
Authors: Bourne R. Gregory
Published: June 2004

As Winston Churchill pointed out, a representative democracy is not the most efficient form of government in the world, but it is not intended to be. This process of advocacy, debate, compromise, and decision making can be time‐consuming but should lead to the fairest decision possible.
Public Participation in Federal Agencies' Decision Making in the 1990s
Authors: Creighton James L.
Published: June 2004

Federal agencies have been conducting public participation processes since the 1960s. Over the decades, our understanding of public participation has grown and the procedures for involving the public have been refined. This article provides an overview of public participation during the 1990s.