bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of soil water repellency change with wetting and drying: the influence of cracks, roots and drainage conditions
Authors: Urbanek Emilia , Walsh Rory P. D. , Shakesby Richard A.
Published: November 2014

Laboratory experiments were used to investigate the influence of simulated cracks and roots on soil water repellency (SWR) dynamics with and without basal drainage impedance in wetting–drying cycles. Observations and measurements were taken following water application equivalent to 9.2‐mm rainfall and then periodically during 80 h of drying. In total, 180 experiments were carried out using 60 samples of three homogeneous, reconstituted soils with different organic matter contents and textures, but of similar initial severity of SWR [18% molarity of an ethanol droplet (MED)]. Water flowing down the cracks and roots left the soil matrix largely dry and water repellent except for vertical zones adjacent to them and a shallow surface layer. A hydrophilic shallow basal layer was produced in experiments where basal drainage was impeded. During drying, changes in SWR were largely confined to the zones that had been wetted. Soil that had remained dry retained the initial severity of SWR, while wetted soil re‐established either the same or slightly lower severity of SWR. In organic‐rich soil, the scale of recovery to pre‐wetting MED levels was much higher, perhaps associated with temporarily raised levels (up to 36% MED) of SWR recorded during drying of these soils. With all three soils, the re‐establishment of the original SWR level was less widespread for surface than subsurface soil and with impeded than unimpeded basal drainage.

Key findings are that as follows: (1) with unimpeded basal drainage, the soils remained at pre‐wetting repellency levels except for a wettable thin surface layer and zones close to roots and cracks, (2) basal drainage impedance produced hydrophilic basal and surface layers, (3) thorough wetting delayed a return to water‐repellent conditions on drying, and (4) temporarily enhanced SWR occurred in organic‐rich soils at intermediate moisture levels during drying. Hydrological implications are discussed, and the roles of cracks and roots are placed into context with other influences on preferential flow and SWR under field conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating tectonic uplift of the Cape Fear Arch (south‐eastern United States) using reconstructions of Holocene relative sea level
Authors: VAN DE PLASSCHE ORSON , WRIGHT ALEX J. , HORTON BENJAMIN P. , ENGELHART SIMON E. , KEMP ANDREW C. , MALLINSON DAVID , KOPP ROBERT E.
Published: November 2014

We use relative sea‐level (RSL) reconstructions and a spatiotemporal statistical model to estimate the rate of uplift of the Cape Fear Arch, a Mesozoic structural high, during the last ∼4000 years. We reconstructed RSL using 12 radiocarbon‐dated samples of basal salt‐marsh sediment preserved at Elizabeth Creek Marsh on the Cape Fear River. The new data show that RSL rose by ∼3 m during the past ∼4.6 ka at an average rate of 0.67 ± 0.12 mm a−1. RSL reconstructions from other sites in southern North Carolina (which have rates of 0.91 ± 0.10 to 0.84 ± 0.24 mm a−1) probably show (P > 0.9) higher rates of regional RSL rise for the same period, while sites from northern South Carolina (which have rates of 0.72 ± 0.17 to 0.80 ± 0.21 mm a−1) probably (P > 0.67) show the same. We attribute the differences between Elizabeth Creek Marsh and neighboring regions to uplift of the Cape Fear Arch, which we estimate to be 0.24 ± 0.15 mm a−1. Uplift of the arch may be responsible for lower rates of 20th century RSL rise recorded by the Wilmington tide gauge relative to rates measured elsewhere along the US mid‐Atlantic coast.
Presence of cave bears in western Austria before the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum: new radiocarbon dates and palaeoclimatic considerations
Authors: SPÖTL CHRISTOPH , REIMER PAULA J. , RABEDER GERNOT , SCHOLZ DENIS
Published: November 2014

Tischoferhöhle and Pendling‐Bärenhöhle near Kufstein, Tyrol, are among the only locations where remains of cave bear, Ursus spelaeus‐group, were found in the western part of Austria. One sample from each site was radiocarbon‐dated four decades ago to ca. 28 14C ka BP. Here we report that attempts to date additional samples from Pendling‐Bärenhöhle have failed due to the lack of collagen, casting doubts on the validity of the original measurement. We also unsuccessfully tried to date flowstone clasts embedded in the bone‐bearing sediment to provide maximum constraints on the age of this sediment. Ten cave bear bones from Tischoferhöhle showing good collagen preservation were radiocarbon‐dated to 31.1–39.9 14C ka BP, again pointing towards an age underestimation by the original radiocarbon‐dated sample from this site. These new dates from Tischoferhöhle are therefore currently the only reliable cave bear dates in western Austria and constrain the interval of cave occupation to 44.3–33.5 cal ka BP. We re‐calibrate and re‐evaluate dates of alpine cave bear samples in the context of available palaeoclimate information from the greater alpine region covering the transition into the Last Glacial Maximum, eventually leading to the demise of this megafauna.
Dose‐dependent effects of isoflavone exposure during early lifetime on the rat mammary gland: Studies on estrogen sensitivity, isoflavone metabolism, and DNA methylation
Authors: Blei Tina , Soukup Sebastian T. , Schmalbach Katja , Pudenz Maria , Möller Frank Josef , Egert Björn , Wörtz Nadine , Kurrat Anne , Müller Dennis , Vollmer Günter , Gerhäuser Clarissa , Lehmann Leane , Kulling Sabine E. , Diel Patrick
Published: November 2014

Scope

Isoflavone (ISO) exposure during adolescence modulates 17β‐estradiol (E2) sensitivity of the adult mammary gland. The present study investigated the dose dependency of these effects focusing on proliferation, estrogen receptor dependent and independent gene expression, as well as DNA methylation and ISO metabolism.

Methods and results

Female Wistar rats were lifelong exposed to an ISO‐depleted diet or to diets enriched with a soy ISO extract (ISO‐rich diet (IRD)) causing plasma concentrations as observed minimally (IRDlow) and maximally (IRDhigh) in Asian women. The extract was characterized by both phytochemical analysis and E‐Screen. Rats were ovariectomized at postnatal day (PND) 80 and treated with E2 from PND94 to 97. In contrast to uterine response, body weight and visceral fat mass were affected by ISO. In the mammary gland, both E2‐induced proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining) and estrogen receptor activation (progesterone receptor staining) were significantly reduced by IRDhigh but not by IRDlow, which however attenuated Gdf15 mRNA expression. DNA methylation analysis revealed significant differences in the promoter regions of Aldhl1, Extl1, and WAP between IRDhigh and ISO‐depleted diet.

Conclusion

Lifelong exposure to ISO results in dose‐dependent differential effects on proliferation, gene expression, and DNA methylation in rat mammary glands. Yet, a decrease in estrogen responsiveness was only achieved by IRDhigh.
The role of GSH in microcystin‐induced apoptosis in rat liver: Involvement of oxidative stress and NF‐κB
Authors: Chen Liang , Li Shangchun , Guo Xiaochun , Xie Ping , Chen Jun
Published: November 2014

Microcystins (MCs) are potent and specific hepatotoxins produced by cyanobacteria in eutrophic waters, representing a health hazard to animals and humans. The objectives of this study are to determine the relationship between oxidative stress and NF‐κB activity in MC‐induced apoptosis in rat liver and the role of glutathione (GSH). Sprague‐Dawley rats were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with microcystin‐LR (MC‐LR) at 0.25 and 0.5 LD50 with or without pretreatment of buthionine‐(S,R)‐sulfoximine (BSO), a specific GSH synthesis inhibitor. MC‐LR induced time‐dependent alterations of GSH levels in rat liver. Increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and significant changes of antioxidant enzymes including GSH peroxidase (GPX) and GSH reductase (GR) were also observed, particularly at 24 h post‐exposure. The results indicated that acute exposure to MC‐LR induced oxidative stress, and GSH depletion (BSO pretreatment) enhanced the level of oxidative stress. Furthermore, the modulation of pro‐apoptotic gene p53 and Bax and anti‐apoptotic gene Bcl‐2 was observed in 0.5 LD50 group at 24 h, and the alteration was more pronounced by BSO injection before MC‐LR treatment, suggesting that GSH played a protective role against MC‐induced toxicity. Additionally, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that NF‐κB was induced at 0.25 LD50 but inhibited at 0.5 LD50. The above results indicated that the possible crosstalk of oxidative stress and NF‐κB activity was associated with MC‐LR‐induced hepatocytes apoptosis in vivo. Our data will provide a new perspective for understanding the mechanisms of MC‐induced liver injury. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 552–560, 2016.
miR‐25 alleviates polyQ‐mediated cytotoxicity by silencing ATXN3
Authors: Huang Fengzhen , Zhang Li , Long Zhe , Chen Zhao , Hou Xuan , Wang Chunrong , Peng Huirong , Wang Junling , Li Jiada , Duan Ranhui , Xia Kun , Chuang De-Maw , Tang Beisha , Jiang Hong
Published: November 2014

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to play significant roles in the pathogenesis of various polyQ diseases. This study aims to investigate the regulation of ATXN3 gene expression by miRNA. We found that miR‐25 reduced both wild‐type and polyQ‐expanded mutant ataxin‐3 protein levels by interacting with the 3′UTR of ATXN3 mRNA. miR‐25 also increased cell viability, decreased early apoptosis, and downregulated the accumulation of mutant ataxin‐3 protein aggregates in SCA3/MJD cells. These novel results shed light on the potential role of miR‐25 in the pathogenesis of SCA3/MJD, and provide a possible therapeutic intervention for this disorder.
Lexical categories and conceptualization of olfaction in Amis
Authors: LEE AMY PEI-JUNG
Published: November 2014

abstract

As one of the Austronesian languages spoken in Taiwan, Amis exhibits abundant lexical items for describing odors. This paper investigates the lexical representations of olfaction across the Amis dialects, showing that Amis possesses more than a dozen abstract odor terms, and uses the proclitic hala=/hali=/ha= plus reduplication of a noun as the source-oriented construction for manifesting olfactory perception. This study also incorporates controlled elicitation by using the booklet of ‘The Smell Identification Test™’ to elicit spontaneous descriptions for the perceived odors. The methodology provides further information to shed light on the categories of verbal responses for odors and the degree of perceptual consistency based on culturally dependent experiences.
Smallest graphs with distinct singleton centers
Authors: BRANDES ULRIK , HILDENBRAND JAN
Published: November 2014

An incredible number of centrality indices has been proposed to date (Todeschini & Consonni, 2009). Four of them, however, can be considered prototypical because they operationalize distinct concepts of centrality and together cover the bulk of analyses and empirical uses: degree, closeness, betweenness, and eigenvector centrality.
Can Humankind Deliberate on a Global Scale?Alfarabi and the Politics of the Inhabited World
Authors: ORWIN ALEXANDER I.
Published: November 2014

Alfarabi treats the question of global governance more thoroughly than any of his Greek predecessors. The key to understanding his view of the matter lies with his highly selective use of the term “inhabited world” across several works. Citing the inhabited world's enormous size, immeasurable diversity, and frequently inhospitable terrain, Alfarabi rejects the possibility that its entirety will ever be governed politically. Furthermore, Alfarabi omits the term “inhabited world” from his most important accounts of deliberation and legislation. The implication is that in Alfarabi's view no statesman or prophet can ever deliberate about, or legislate for, the whole of the inhabited world. The scope and multiplicity of the political accidents occurring within this vast domain are too great for any deliberator or group of deliberators to adequately grasp. The consequence is that any given political action or piece of legislation concerns at most several nations. Alfarabi's discussion helps to reveal the limited scope of most political decisions today, which often appear to be global but in fact do not involve more than several nations.
THE CONCEPT OFMIMĒSISIN THE HIPPOCRATICDE VICTU
Authors: Bartoš Hynek
Published: November 2014

The concept ofmimēsiswas ‘shared by most authors, philosophers and educated audiences in the classical period, in antiquity as a whole, and even later’, although it has probably never been developed into a well-articulated theory. As far as we can judge from the extant evidence, the meaning of the expressions μίμησις and μιμέομαι differs from author to author and sometimes even from passage to passage. Ancient Greek views onmimēsishave often been discussed in modern scholarship, mainly within the field of history of art, and it has been demonstrated repeatedly that the traditional English translation ‘imitation’ is not always appropriate for the ancient texts and that in many contexts it is rather misleading. In the following study I aim to focus on this concept as it was employed in the oldest Greek cosmological and philosophical theories. As a rule, the study of these theories is complicated by their fragmentary state of preservation and by their distortion through the specifically Platonic views that were dominant among the later doxographers. I shall suggest that the Platonizing tendency still prevalent today, which tends to translate and interpretmimēsisas ‘imitation’ or ‘copy’, should be carefully revised in the light of the Hippocratic evidence and specifically in view ofDe victu, probably the oldest authentic, non-fragmentary, and non-Platonic document attesting the concept ofmimēsis.
THE DIVINITY OF THE PHARAOH IN GREEK SOURCES
Authors: Collins Andrew
Published: November 2014

It has long been known that the Egyptian pharaoh was regarded as divine in Egyptian culture. He was the son of Re and the mediator between the gods and humankind. During the royal coronation, he was transformed into a manifestation of the god Horus. He could be referred to as antr(‘divine being’, ‘god’), and was regularly described in inscriptions as ‘the good god’ or ‘perfect god’ (ntr nfr). By the New Kingdom period, the king's divinity was believed to be imbued by his possession of a divine manifestation of the god Amun-Re called the ‘living royalka’, which came upon him at his coronation, and which was also renewed during the yearlyopetfestival held in the Luxor temple in Thebes. As late as the period of Persian domination over Egypt in the fifth centuryb.c., Egyptian temple texts continued to describe their foreign king Darius I as a divine being, owing to the ‘living royalka’. This hieroglyphic formula proclaiming the king's divinity continues for Alexander the Great and even in Ptolemaic temple reliefs.
CAUSING DOUBTS: DIODORUS CRONUS AND HEROPHILUS OF CHALCEDON ON CAUSALITY
Authors: Leith David
Published: November 2014

The physician Herophilus of Chalcedon, who lived and worked in Alexandria in the early third centuryb.c., is best known and justly celebrated for his numerous and ground-breaking anatomical discoveries and advances in such areas as pulse theory. His systematic investigations into the human body led to some of the highest achievements of Hellenistic science, among which the best known is probably his discovery and detailed description of the nervous system and its functions. Yet certain aspects of his thought have seemed difficult to harmonize with the aims and methods of his medical research. One such is his attitude to causality. According to Galen, Herophilus had accepted the existence of causes merely on a hypothetical basis, and indeed had made the striking claim that ‘by nature it is not discoverable whether causes do or do not exist’. Galen associates these views directly with a number of arguments designed to prove that there are no such things as causes, but we are otherwise left with little in the way of context, and different interpretations have unsurprisingly suggested themselves.
QVAE SAGA, QVIS MAGVS: ON THE VOCABULARY OF THE ROMAN WITCH
Authors: Paule Maxwell Teitel
Published: November 2014

The Latin language is uncharacteristically rich when it comes to describing witches. A witch may be called acantatrixorpraecantrix, asacerdosorvates. She may bedocta,divina,saga, andmaga, avenefica,malefica,lamia,lupula,strix, orstriga. She may be simplyquaedam anus. The available terms are copious and diverse, and the presence of such an abundant differential vocabulary might suggest (incorrectly, I shall argue) that Latin made clear linguistic distinctions between various witch types. It would seem a reasonable expectation thatpraecantrices, a word evocative of those who sing of events before they happen (prae + cantare), would be concerned with divinatory practices, whileveneficae, given the term's close relationship to the word for poison (venenum), would deal in potions or philtres, leaving thelamiae(a Latinization of the Greek demon Lamia) orstriges(personifications of the rapacious screech owl) to function as quasi-demonic bogeys posing threats to the lives of small children. However, this expectation of semantic and morphological concordance remains unfulfilled following any concerted attempt to correlate a witch's title with her function. Because of this disjuncture, this paper proposes to demonstrate not only the inaccuracy of the Latin vocabulary in articulating the functional differences between various witches, but also to assert the essential uniformity of witch characters in so far as each witch is, in essence, a blank canvas onto which a myriad of fears and anxieties may be mapped.
FISH SIMILES AND CONVERGING STORY LINES IN THEODYSSEY
Authors: Sluiter Ineke
Published: November 2014

It has long been noted that there are links between the Homeric portrayals of Odysseus' companions and the suitors. These two largely anonymous groups of Ithacans are connected not only by their ἀτασθαλίαι (‘reckless deeds’) but also by the fact that by the end of theOdysseyboth groups will be dead. Clearly, these fatalities are – in their different ways – crucial to the story. Nagler regards the death of the suitors as a ‘grim inversion’ of the death of Odysseus' crew. Odysseus himself is depicted both by the primary narrator and in his own narrative inOd.9–12 as making every effort to save his crew, all in vain. By contrast, he is the prime and highly effective instigator of the death of the suitors.
Whither Southeast Asia in the Anthropocene?
Authors: Ammarell Gene
Published: November 2014

For the authors of these papers, as is true for many of us, there is a special urgency associated with the acceleration of environmental degradation and its negative impact on individual human lives to which we bear witness in Asia and elsewhere. While truly “natural” disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis are strikingly devastating, it is the destruction of environments from anthropogenic sources that are often the most frustrating. That is, we believe that because human beings caused the problems, we should be able to fix them, and, indeed, as humanists it is axiomatic that we are committed to improving the human condition. Over the past few decades, however, there has been a growing awareness that human interaction with the natural environment may be creating a world, for the most part, unfit for human habitation. It is out of this awareness that the term “Anthropocene” has emerged, describing that epoch during which human activity has reached such a level of intensity that it has had a discernable impact on the earth itself. Thus, as these writers suggest, it is imperative for us as regional specialists to engage in conversations across disciplines and geographic areas that provide opportunities to increase our understanding of the Anthropocene in Asia in all of its local and global dimensions.
Crossing the Bridge between Specialized Knowledge and Breadth of Vision in Regard to Climate Change and Asia
Authors: Hilton Isabel
Published: November 2014

It is remarkable how few commentators or analysts raised the alarm before the great financial crash of 2008. One who did was a journalist for the Financial Times called Gillian Tett. It may be germane to the understanding of why Gillian Tett perceived dangers in the reckless behavior of bankers that her colleagues did not, that she was educated not as an economist, but as a social anthropologist. In the course of earning her PhD in social anthropology, Tett spent a year milking goats in Tajikistan, an experience she insists helped her to understand the behavior of the bankers and other financial actors, and to predict the crisis, to widespread derision and hostility from bankers and treasury officials, two years before it happened.
National Restoration, Regional Prestige: The Southeast Asian Games in Myanmar, 2013
Authors: Creak Simon
Published: November 2014

“Myanmar is telling Asia ‘we are coming back!’ This is the time. Watch out! We are coming back. After the SEA Games, we will host ASEAN [Association of Southeast Asian Nations]. Big things are happening in our country.” “Kyaw,” an amiable rig coordinator in his early thirties, was relaxing on the ground drinking beer with his wife, passing the time prior to Myanmar's opening men's football match of the 2013 Southeast Asian or SEA Games. Fifteen days later—after a glorious opening ceremony, a slew of gold medals, and a celebratory closing ceremony—his assessment seemed prescient. The government newspaper,The New Light of Myanmar, boasted: “With the honor of hosting the Games that returned to the country after a 44-year long wait, Myanmar successfully hosted the biggest regional sporting event.” Thailand'sNationconcurred: “The country failed to overhaul Thailand as overall winners, but its symbolic triumph as host was far more important.” “Myanmar has basked in its host status and a rare moment in the international limelight after years in isolation under military rule,” declared Agence France-Presse in a widely syndicated article. “Some local and international observers thought Myanmar could not host the SEA Games. They were wrong,” boasted triumphant presidential spokesman U Ye Htut.
Foreshocks: Local Origins of Nanjing's Qingming Demonstrations of 1976
Authors: Guoqiang Dong , Walder Andrew G.
Published: November 2014

The Nanjing Incident of late March 1976 was a precursor of, and according to some analysts a trigger for, the more famous Tiananmen Square demonstrations of 4–5 April. The two protests have widely been interpreted as spontaneous outpourings of dissent from Cultural Revolution radicalism, expressed through mourning for the recently deceased premier, Zhou Enlai. A closer look at the background to these demonstrations in Nanjing reveals that the protests there occurred in the midst of, and in response to, a vigorous public offensive by former leaders of rebel factions to overthrow civilian cadres for reversing Cultural Revolution policies. The outpouring of respect for Zhou – and criticism of Politburo radicals – mobilized enormous numbers of ordinary citizens onto the city streets, far larger numbers than the rebel leaders were able to muster. This demonstrated the disappearance of the popular support rebel leaders had briefly enjoyed a decade before. While the Nanjing protests were unanticipated by either the rebel leaders or the Party officials they sought to overthrow, they were only the latest in a series of local political confrontations.
Seasonal variation of acute toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy in the United States
Authors: CONTOPOULOS-IOANNIDIS D. , TALUCOD J. , MALDONADO Y. , MONTOYA J. G.
Published: November 2014

We describe the seasonal variation of acute toxoplasmosis in the United States. Acute toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy (ATL) can be a surrogate of acute toxoplasmosis in patients in whom the date of onset of lymphadenopathy matches the window of acute infection predicted by serological tests performed at a reference laboratory. We used the electronic database of the Palo Alto Medical Foundation Toxoplasma Serology Laboratory (PAMF-TSL) (1997–2011) to identify cases of ATL. We tested the uniformity of distribution of ATL cases per month, across the 12 calendar months, using circular statistics uniformity tests. We identified 112 consecutive cases of ATL. The distribution of cases was not uniform across the 12 calendar months. We observed the highest peak of cases in December and a second highest peak in September. Similar months were identified in patients with acute toxoplasmosis in rural areas in France. The results were similar when we performed weighted analyses, weighting for the total number of Toxoplasma gondii IgG tests performed per month in the PAMF-TSL laboratory. This is the largest study to date of the seasonal variation of ATL in the United States. Physicians should advise high-risk individuals to avoid risk factors associated with T. gondii infections especially around those months.
Containers, monads and induction recursion
Authors: GHANI NEIL , HANCOCK PETER
Published: November 2014

Induction recursion offers the possibility of a clean, simple and yet powerful meta-language for the type system of a dependently typed programming language. At its crux, induction recursion allows us to define a universe, that is a setUofcodesand a decoding functionT : U → Dwhich assigns to every codeu : U, a valueT, uof some typeD, e.g.the large type Set of small types or sets. The name induction recursion refers to the build-up of codes inUusing inductive clauses, simultaneously with the definition of the functionT, by structural recursion on codes.

Our contribution is to (i) bring out explicitly algebraic structure which is less visible in the original type-theoretic presentation – in particular showing how containers and monads play a pivotal role within induction recursion; and (ii) use these structures to present a clean and high level definition of induction recursion suitable for use in functional programming.
An Evaluation of Trauma Outcomes Related to Insurance Status in Patients Requiring Prehospital Helicopter Transport
Authors: Gurien Lori A. , Chesire David J. , Koonce Stephanie L. , Burns J. Bracken
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Disparities in access to medical care and outcomes of medical treatment related to insurance status are documented. However, little attention has been given to the effect of health care funding status on outcomes in trauma patients.

Hypothesis/Problem

This study evaluated if adult trauma patients who arrived by air transport to a trauma center had different clinical outcomes based on their health insurance status.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed of all adult trauma patients arriving by prehospital flight services to a Level I Trauma Center over a 5-year period. Patients were classified as unfunded or funded based on health insurance status. Injury severity scores (ISS) were compared, while the end points evaluated in the study included duration of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), duration of hospitalization, and mortality.

Results

A total of 1,877 adult patients met inclusion criteria for the study, with 14% (n = 259) classified as unfunded and 86% (n = 1,618) classified as funded. Unfunded patients compared to funded patients had a significantly lower average ISS (12.82 vs 15.56; P < .001) but a significantly higher mortality rate (16.6% vs 10.7%; P < .01) and a 1.54 relative risk of death (95% CI, 1.136-2.098). Neither mean ICU stay (3.44 days vs 4.98 days; P = .264) nor duration of hospitalization (11.18 days vs 13.34 days; P = .382) was significantly different when controlling for ISS.

Conclusion

Unfunded health insurance status is associated with worse outcomes following less significant injury. Further investigation of baseline health disparities for identification and early intervention may improve outcomes. Additionally, these findings may have implications for the health systems of other countries that lack universal health care coverage.

GurienLA, ChesireDJ, KoonceSL, BurnsJBJr. An evaluation of trauma outcomes related to insurance status in patients requiring prehospital helicopter transport. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(6):1-4.
Predictive Validity of Knowledge Tests for Pilot Training Outcome
Authors: Zierke Oliver
Published: November 2014

Tests of subject-specific knowledge (mathematics, physics, and English as a foreign language for non-English-speaking countries) are commonly used in test batteries for the selection of ab initio pilots – for example, the Air Force Officer Qualifying Test (AFOQT) or the German Aerospace Center (DLR) assessment. However, in validity research, knowledge tests are often underrepresented. This study evaluated the predictive validity of knowledge tests compared with cognitive ability tests and school grades. The validity criterion was the outcome of pilot training (pass/fail) of a preselected group of applicants (N = 402) who completed a 2-year flight training program. The predictive validity of the entire test battery was r = .55. Cognitive ability tests, knowledge tests, and school grades emerged as comparably valid predictors. These findings are discussed in the framework of Cattell’s theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence, suggesting that knowledge tests are predictively valid because they are indicators of motivation and of being a good learner.
Activation of volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying chloride channel by ROS contributes to ER stress and cardiac contractile dysfunction: involvement of CHOP through Wnt
Authors: Shen M , Wang L , Wang B , Wang T , Yang G , Shen L , Wang T , Guo X , Liu Y , Xia Y , Jia L , Wang X
Published: November 2014

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurring in stringent conditions is critically involved in cardiomyocytes apoptosis and cardiac contractile dysfunction (CCD). However, the molecular machinery that mediates cardiac ER stress and subsequent cell death remains to be fully deciphered, which will hopefully provide novel therapeutic targets for these disorders. Here, we establish tunicamycin-induced model of cardiomyocyte ER stress, which effectively mimicks pathological stimuli to trigger CCD. Tunicamycin activates volume-sensitive outward rectifying Cl− currents. Blockade of the volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying (VSOR) Cl− channel by 4,4'-diisothiocya-natostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), a non-selective Cl− channel blocker, and 4-(2-butyl-6,7-dichlor-2-cyclopentyl-indan-1-on-5-yl) oxybutyric acid (DCPIB), a selective VSOR Cl− channel blocker, improves cardiac contractility, which correlates with suppressed ER stress through inhibiting the canonical GRP78/eIF2α/ATF4 and XBP1 pathways, and promotes survival of cardiomyocytes by inverting tunicamycin-induced decrease of Wnt through the CHOP pathway. VSOR activation of tunicamycin-treated cardiomyocytes is attributed to increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our study demonstrates a pivotal role of ROS/VSOR in mediating ER stress and functional impairment of cardiomyocytes via the CHOP-Wnt pathway, and suggests the therapeutic values of VSOR Cl− channel blockers against ER stress-associated cardiac anomalies.
Transcriptome-wide Variability in Single Embryonic Development Cells
Authors: Piras Vincent , Tomita Masaru , Selvarajoo Kumar
Published: November 2014

Molecular heterogeneity of individual molecules within single cells has been recently shown to be crucial for cell fate diversifications. However, on a global scale, the effect of molecular variability for embryonic developmental stages is largely underexplored. Here, to understand the origins of transcriptome-wide variability of oocytes to blastocysts in human and mouse, we examined RNA-Seq datasets. Evaluating Pearson correlation, Shannon entropy and noise patterns (η2vs.μ), our investigations reveal a phase transition from low to saturating levels of diversity and variability of transcriptome-wide expressions through the development stages. To probe the observed behaviour further, we utilised a stochastic transcriptional model to simulate the global gene expressions pattern for each development stage. From the model, we concur that transcriptome-wide regulation initially begins from 2-cell stage and becomes strikingly variable from 8-cell stage due to amplification and quantal transcriptional activity.
A new chromo-fluorogenic probe based on BODIPY for NO2 detection in air
Authors: Juárez L. Alberto , Costero Ana M. , Parra Margarita , Gil Salvador , Sancenón Félix , Martínez-Máñez Ramón
Published: November 2014

A new fluorescent chemodosimeter for detecting NO2 has been synthesized. The sensing mechanism is based on the regeneration of the carbonyl group induced by the target molecule. This reaction gives rise to both colorimetric and fluorescent changes. A LOD of 0.1 ppm has been determined.
A high-temperature dielectric process as a probe of large-scale silica filler structure in simplified industrial nanocomposites
Authors: Baeza Guilhem P. , Oberdisse Julian , Alegria Angel , Couty Marc , Genix Anne-Caroline
Published: November 2014

The existence of two independent filler-dependent high-temperature Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars dielectric processes is demonstrated and characterized in detail in simplified silica-filled styrene–butadiene industrial nanocomposites using Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy.
Oxidation of refractory sulfur-containing compounds with molecular oxygen catalyzed by vanadoperiodate
Authors: Tang Nanfang , Jiang Zongxuan , Li Can
Published: November 2014

[C8H17N(CH3)3]3HIV9O28 has been first synthesized by a simple, one-pot stoichiometric reaction, which shows high catalytic activity in oxidation of refractory sulfur-containing compounds to their corresponding sulfones using molecular oxygen under mild reaction conditions.
On the performance of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of minor and trace elements in glass
Authors: Negre Erwan , Motto-Ros Vincent , Pelascini Frederic , Lauper Sandrine , Denis Danielle , Yu Jin
Published: November 2014

The analytical figures of merit of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for elemental analysis of glass have been evaluated using a laboratory prototype of the LIBS instrument for the quantification of 4 elements, Ti, Cr, Ca and Ba.
Insight into factors affecting the presence, degree, and temporal stability of fluorescence intensification on ZnO nanorod ends
Authors: Singh Manpreet , Jiang Ruibin , Coia Heidi , Choi Daniel S. , Alabanza Anginelle , Chang Jae Young , Wang Jianfang , Hahm Jong-in
Published: November 2014

We have carried out a combined experimental and simulation study identifying the key physical and optical parameters affecting the biomolecular fluorescence signal enhancement measured on ZnO NRs.
Anomalous electrical properties of poly vinyl alcohol films with Tb3+ ions and copper nanoparticles in different solvents
Authors: Kumar Brijesh , Kaur Gagandeep , Singh Prabhakar , Rai S. B.
Published: November 2014

Laser ablation was used to fabricate copper nanoparticles (NPs) in different solvents viz. sodium lauryl sulphate, acetone and ethanol by applying 1064 nm radiation from a Nd:YAG laser.
ZnO/poly(N-vinylcarbazole) coaxial nanocables for white-light emissions
Authors: Lo Shih-Shou , Yang Li , Chiu Chi-Pin
Published: November 2014

A new type of light emitting nanorod that emits white light is reported.
A light-emitting mechanism for organic light-emitting diodes: molecular design for inverted singlet–triplet structure and symmetry-controlled thermally activated delayed fluorescence
Authors: Sato Tohru , Uejima Motoyuki , Tanaka Kazuyoshi , Kaji Hironori , Adachi Chihaya
Published: November 2014

The concepts of symmetry-controlled thermally activated delayed fluorescence (SC-TADF) and inverted singlet–triplet (iST) structure are proposed. SC-TADF or iST molecules can be used as a light-emitting material.
Semantic–Syntactic Partial Word Knowledge Growth Through Reading
Authors: Wagovich Stacy A. , Hill Margaret S. , Petroski Gregory F.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Incidental reading provides a powerful opportunity for partial word knowledge growth in the school-age years. The extent to which children of differing language abilities can use reading experiences to glean partial knowledge of words is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to compare semantic–syntactic partial word knowledge growth of children with higher language skills (HL group; overall language standard scores of 85 or higher) to that of children with relatively lower language skills (LL group; overall receptive or expressive standard score below 85).

Method

Thirty-two children, 16 per group, silently read stories containing unfamiliar nouns and verbs 3 times over a 1-week period. Semantic–syntactic partial word knowledge growth was assessed after each reading and 2–3 days later to assess retention.

Results

Over time, both groups showed significant partial word knowledge growth, with the HL group showing significantly more growth. In addition, both groups retained knowledge several days later.

Conclusion

Regardless of language skill level, children benefit from multiple exposures to unfamiliar words in reading in their development and retention of semantic–syntactic partial word knowledge growth.
Temporal variability in rill erodibility for two types of grasslands
Authors: Zhang Guang-hui , Tang Ke-ming , Sun Zhen-ling , Zhang X. C.
Published: November 2014

The temporal variability in rill erodibility (Kr) and its influencing factors are not fully quantified in grasslands. This study was conducted to detect temporal variation and quantify the potential factors causing changes in rill erodibility by using natural, undisturbed soil samples collected from two grasslands and one bare soil near Beijing, China. Sampling was at ~20-day intervals from April to October 2011. Soil detachment capacity by concentrated flow was measured in a hydraulic flume with the fixed bed under six different flow shear stresses to determine rill erodibility. Root mass density was measured to analyse potential effects on temporal variability in rill erodibility. Mean rill erodibility of bare soil was 13.2 and 19.6 times greater than under switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis). The temporal variability in rill erodibility under grasslands differed significantly from that of bare soil. Distinctive temporal variation patterns were found throughout the growing season. Rill erodibility declined as root density increased, and the rill erodibility of grassland could be well estimated from the measured erodibility of bare soil and root density (R2 ≥ 0.92). The results of this study aid understanding of soil erosion mechanisms and development of process-based erosion models to simulate the seasonal variation in soil detachment by concentrated flow for grassland.
α
2A
adrenergic receptor promotes amyloidogenesis through disrupting APP-SorLA interaction
Authors: Chen Yunjia , Peng Yin , Che Pulin , Gannon Mary , Liu Yin , Li Ling , Bu Guojun , van Groen Thomas , Jiao Kai , Wang Qin
Published: November 2014

Significance

Endocytic sorting of amyloid precursor protein (APP) governed by the vacuolar protein sorting (Vps10) family of receptors plays a decisive role in controlling the outcome of APP proteolytic processing and the generation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides, the key pathogenic factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study provides the first evidence to our knowledge that a G protein-coupled receptor, namely, the α
2A
adrenergic receptor, modulates APP endocytic sorting and promotes Aβ generation through disrupting APP interaction with a Vps10 family protein, sorting-related receptor with A repeat. Significantly, blockade of α
2A
AR by a clinical antagonist reduces AD-related pathology and ameliorates cognitive deficits in an AD transgenic model, suggesting repurposing clinical α
2
AR antagonists as a new direction for AD treatment.
U.S. Response to a Report of Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus in Western North America
Authors: Amos Kevin H , Gustafson Lori , Warg Janet , Whaley Janet , Purcell Maureen , Rolland Jill , Winton James , Snekvik Kevin , Meyers Theodore , Stewart Bruce , Kerwin John , Blair Marilyn , Bader Joel , Evered Joy
Published: November 2014

Federal, state, and tribal fishery managers, as well as the general public and their elected representatives in the United States, were concerned when infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) was suspected for the first time in free-ranging Pacific Salmon collected from the coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada. This article documents how national and regional fishery managers and fish health specialists of the U.S. worked together and planned and implemented actions in response to the reported finding of ISAV in British Columbia. To date, the reports by Simon Fraser University remain unconfirmed and preliminary results from collaborative U.S. surveillance indicate that there is no evidence of ISAV in U.S. populations of free-ranging or marine-farmed salmonids on the west coast of North America.

RESUMEN

Los manejadores de pesquerías a nivel federal, estatal y tribal así como también el público en general y sus representantes electos en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (EE.UU.) manifestaron su preocupación ante la sospecha de la presencia del virus de anemia infecciosa (VAIS) cuando por primera vez se detectó en salmones del Pacífico colectados en su rango natural de distribución en áreas de la Columbia Británica (CB) en Canadá. En este artículo se documenta cómo administradores de pesquerías a nivel nacional y regional y especialistas en salud acuícola de los EE.UU. trabajaron, planearon e implementaron juntos acciones en respuesta a los hallazgos de VAIS en la CB. Hasta ahora, los reportes de la Universidad Simon Fraser permanecen sin confirmación y los resultados preliminares por parte de agencias de inspección y vigilancia en los EE.UU. indican que no existe evidencia del VAIS en poblaciones de salmón marino cultivado en sus rangos naturales de distribución dentro la costa noroeste de los EE.UU.
Fish In, Fish Out: Perception of Sustainability and Contribution to Public Health
Authors: Byelashov Oleksandr A , Griffin Mark E
Published: November 2014

This article contributes to the ongoing debate regarding the sustainability of fishmeal and fish oil in aquaculture diets. It demonstrates why the “Fish In, Fish Out” metric, which is frequently used to show how many units of wild fish is needed to produce one unit of farmed fish, is not a valid tool for measuring the sustainability or efficiency of aquaculture production. Additionally, the metric diverts attention away from the human health implications of how we raise fish. It substitutes the mass of seafood for the arguably more important value-added dimension – the long chain omega-3 content per unit mass, which is low in fish raised on diets low in marine ingredients. Fishmeal and fish oil produced by sustainable fisheries remain some of the most ecologically efficient ingredients that contribute to the overall gain of seafood biomass. Because many aspects of our health and wellbeing depend on wild fisheries, we must insist on well-managed fish harvest for the health of the world's population

RESUMEN

El presente artículo es una contribución al debate actual sobre la sustentabilidad y el aceite de pescado utilizado para elaborar dietas en acuacultura. Se demuestra cómo la métrica llamada “pez entra, pez sale”, la cual es frecuentemente utilizada para calcular cuántas unidades de pescado extraído del medio natural se necesitan para producir una unidad de pescado cultivado, no es una herramienta válida para dimensionar la sustentabilidad o eficiencia de la producción acuícola. Adicionalmente, esta métrica desvía la atención de las implicaciones que tiene en la salud humana, la forma en la que se crían los peces. Se sustituye la masa de alimentos de origen marino con la supuestamente más importante dimensión con valor agregado –contenido del aceite omega 3 por unidad de masa– cuya concentración es poca en peces criados a base de dietas pobres en ingredientes marinos. La carne y el aceite de pescado producidos por pesquerías sustentables siguen siendo uno de los ingredientes ecológicamente más sustentables que contribuyen a la ganancia de biomasa marina. Ya que muchos aspectos de nuestra salud y bienestar dependen de las pesquerías, debemos insistir en promover una captura bien manejada en pos de la salud de la población mundial.
Multicopy integration and expression of heterologous genes in the oleaginous yeast, Lipomyces starkeyi
Authors: Oguro Yoshifumi , Yamazaki Harutake , Shida Yosuke , Ogasawara Wataru , Takagi Masamichi , Takaku Hiroaki
Published: November 2014

The oleaginous yeast, Lipomyces starkeyi, is an excellent lipid producer with great industrial potential. However, methods for molecular breeding have not been established for L. starkeyi. We describe the development of a system for targeted rDNA integration of multiple copies of a gene into L. starkeyi genome by spheroplast–polyethylene glycol transformation.
The Past, Present, and Future of Economic Growth
Authors: Rodrik Dani
Published: November 2014

Economic growth is a precondition for the improvement of living standards and lifetime possibilities for the “average” citizen of the developing world. Can recent performance be sustained into the future, decisively reversing the “great divergence” that has split the world into rich and poor countries since the nineteenth century? Developing countries will face stronger headwinds in the decades ahead, both because the global economy is likely to be significantly less buoyant than in recent decades and because technological changes are rendering manufacturing more capital- and skill-intensive. Desirable policies will continue to share features that have served successful countries well in the past, but growth strategies will differ in their emphasis. Ultimately, growth will depend primarily on what happens at home. The challenge is therefore to design an architecture that respects the domestic priorities of individual countries while ensuring that major cross-border spillovers and global public goods are addressed.
Blackstone’s Criminal Law
Authors: Stern Simon
Published: November 2014

This chapter discusses the fourth volume of Blackstone’s Commentaries (1769), asking what contribution this volume makes to English criminal law. Issues addressed include the general structure of Blackstone’s discussion, the relation between Blackstone’s treatment and those of his precursors (especially Sir Matthew Hale and William Hawkins), the historical and literary range of Blackstone’s references, the nature of his legal reform agenda, and his conception of the book’s audience. The discussion begins by considering how criminal law figured in Blackstone’s effort to provide an integrated account of the legal system. Next, the chapter addresses questions of intention, will, and capacity, to highlight some differences between Blackstone’s aims and the expectations that a modern reader might bring to a general overview of criminal law. The final two sections deal with Beccaria’s influence on Blackstone’s recommendations for criminal law reform, and Blackstone’s preference for legislative change rather than reform of the common law.
The Radical Orthodoxy of Hart’s Punishment and Responsibility
Authors: Thorburn Malcolm
Published: November 2014

Despite its considerable fame and influence, Hart’s Punishment and Responsibility is not an especially innovative work. Still, it played a crucial role in the development of criminal law theory by integrating the received wisdom of the bien pensant utilitarian intelligentsia of mid-century Oxford into a coherent framework for future work. For several decades, much of criminal law theory worked in the shadow of Hart’s influence. But in recent years, a revival of retributivism and legal moralism has eclipsed Hart’s account. And even more recently, criminal law theory is starting to move even further away from Hart’s position, turning to questions of political theory and constitutional theory at the foundations of the state’s legitimate role as guardian of criminal justice.