bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asociación entre la fuerza de las piernas y el área de sección muscular transversal del músculo cuádriceps femoral y el grado de actividad física en octogenarios
Authors: Latorre-Román Pedro Á. , Arévalo-Arévalo Juan Manuel , García-Pinillos Felipe
Published: June 2016

Introducción. El envejecimiento es un proceso fisiológico complejo cuya principal característica es la progresiva pérdida de funcionalidad, lo que es posible retardar o atenuar mejorando el estado físico.
Objetivo. Analizar la asociación entre la fuerza de las piernas y el área de sección muscular transversal del músculo cuádriceps femoral, así como el nivel de actividad física en octogenarios.
Materiales y métodos. Participaron 32 personas mayores de 80 años (hombres: 82,80±2,09 años; mujeres: 83,77±4,09 años) funcionalmente autónomas. Para su evaluación se emplearon el índice de Barthel, el Yale Physical Activity Survey y la prueba de sentarse y levantarse.
Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre sexos en la variable de área muscular (p<0,001), en la prueba de sentarse y levantarse (p=0,028) y el índice de paseo (p=0,029), con valores superiores en los varones. El área muscular y la prueba de sentarse y levantarse se correlacionaron de manera significativa con el índice de paseo (r=0,445, p<0,005 y r=0,522, p<0,001, respectivamente), y con el índice de actividad total semanal (r=0,430, p<0,005 y r=0,519, p<0,001, respectivamente). En el modelo de regresión lineal múltiple de este último índice, el área muscular y la prueba de sentarse y levantarse, solo esta última se comportó como variable predictora.
Conclusiones. La fuerza muscular y la masa muscular del músculo cuádriceps mostraron una asociación significativa con el grado de actividad física en personas mayores. La fuerza muscular de las piernas fue un indicador útil para revelar la masa muscular y el grado de actividad física en estas personas, lo cual tiene relevancia en la práctica clínica.
A Philosophical Reflection about Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Silveira Ronie Alexsandro Teles , Costa Francisco José , Muzzio Henrique
Published: June 2016

This article discusses the philosophical foundations of business ethics and corporate social responsibility, from a critical conception of the approaches commonly used, their assumptions and their justifications. The paper presents a theoretical and philosophical reflection, developed in order to question and appoint alternative solutions to the weaknesses of the most common justifications of corporate social responsibility. These discussions, according to the argumentative construction of this article, culminates in the proposition of four elements to be considered in a stronger debate about the theme: the ethical personality of organizations; ethics community; the liberty; and the identity between ethics and interest. These elements bring in themselves a different agenda for the debate on responsible business, corporate responsibility, business ethics and social ethics. By considering the ideas proposed in this article, management professionals and students, as well as researchers from the general areas of management will have differentiated and complementary references to the pre-existing ones to a understanding better a more consistent and well justified definition of an ethical and socially responsible company, going beyond current and sometimes fragile justifications which  are, sometimes, social and academically discredited, as is the case with justification of the strategies of social responsibility from the argument that it generates profits for companies.
Análise cariotípica em Ancistrus sp. (LORICARIIDAE: ANCISTRINI) utilizando bandeamento C, Ag-RONs e CMA3. DOI: 10.7902/ecb.v2i1.21
Authors: Reis Dinaíza Abadia Rocha , Brandão Karina De Oliveira , Almeida Toledo Lurdes Foresti de , Pazza Rubens , Kavalco Karine Frehner
Published: June 2016

O gênero Ancistrus é considerado o mais diversificado dentro da tribo Ancistrini (Loricariidae) e a análise de suas características cromossômicas constitui o objetivo deste trabalho. Os nove exemplares – cinco machos e quatro fêmeas – apresentaram número diplóide 2n=52 cromossomos para ambos os sexos e fórmula cariotípica 6M+5SM+15ST/A. O bandeamento C evidenciou dois pares de cromossomos com blocos heterocromáticos na região subtelomérica e cinco pares com região pericentromérica marcada. As Ag-RONs foram evidenciadas na mesma região que as regiões ricas em G-C. Apesar da pouca informação citogenética a cerca da tribo Ancistrini, os cromossomos são considerados pouco conservados em relação à estrutura cariotípica. O número de estudos cariotípicos está aumentando, mas ainda não são suficientes para compreender a diversidade do grupo, bem como o padrão de relacionamento entre os membros deste grupo.
Avaliação da transferibilidade de lócus de microssatélites em oito espécies de “Astyanax”. DOI: 10.7902/ecb.v2i1.33
Authors: Silva Sabrina Alves da , Penteado Pierre Rafael , Pazza Rubens , Kavalco Karine Frehner
Published: June 2016

Os peixes do gênero Astyanax são popularmente conhecidos como lambaris ou piabas e são uns dos mais especiosos da região neotropical. Os microssatélites são um tipo de marcador molecular formado por arranjos de repetições em tandem de dois a seis nucleotídeos. São extremamente utilizados para identificação de indivíduos e no rastreamento da história biológica de populações, uma vez que normalmente geram padrões espécie-específicos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a amplificação cruzada utilizando seis pares de primers para lócus de microssatélites desenvolvidos a partir da espécie Astyanax mexicanus em outras espécies de Astyanax. Foram testadas quanto a transferibilidade de lócus oito espécies do gênero Astyanax. Para definir a melhor temperatura de anelamento de cada primer testes de amplificação foram realizados utilizando termociclador com gradiente de temperatura. Quatro primers amplificaram em pelo menos algumas espécies. Quatro espécies mostram padrão de amplificação positivo para um dos primers, apresentando um padrão bastante polimórfico.
Peixes do trecho superior do rio Paranaíba durante a estação chuvosa. 10.7902/ecb.v3i1.1
Authors: Silva Willian Lopes , Penteado Pierre Rafael , Kavalco Karine Frehner , Pazza Rubens
Published: June 2016

A ictiofauna da Bacia do Rio Paranaíba é muito rica, com registros de 114 espécies, distribuídas em nove ordens. Por outro lado, ainda é pouco estudada, principalmente em seu trecho superior. Este trabalho trata-se de um levantamento parcial que tem como objetivo caracterizar a diversidade ictiofaunística do primeiro trecho da bacia do alto Paranaíba durante a estação chuvosa. Este primeiro trecho do rio Paranaíba é caracterizado pela forte presença agrícola. Três pontos de coleta foram amostrados desde região próxima à nascente no município de Rio Paranaíba, até o município de Patos de Minas. Foram utilizadas amostragens direta e aleatória. Em amostragem direta, foi utilizado um conjunto de 10 redes de espera por cerca de 10h e no método de amostragem aleatório utilizaram-se tarrafas, redes de arrasto e peneiras. Foram capturados 78 espécimes distribuídos em oito famílias, 10 gêneros e 12 espécies. As famílias com maior número de espécies foram Characidae (Characiformes) e Heptapteridae (Siluriformes).
Abelhas encontradas no sudoeste do Mato Grosso, Brasil. DOI: 10.7902/ecb.v3i2.11
Authors: Fernandes Anderson , Sampaio Wagner Martins Santana , Barth Adriane , Rocha Marla Piumbini
Published: June 2016

Este é um inventário de abelhas sem ferrão foi realizado no Planalto do Parecis, no município de Tangará da Serra, Estado de Mato Grosso, centro-oeste do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado entre julho de 2004 a julho de 2006. Amostras das seguintes localidades foram obtidos: Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso campus (UNEMAT), reserva florestal de Antônio Conselheiro (AAC), cidade de Tangará da Serra (TGA) e zona rural de Tangará da Serra (RZTGA). Cento e vinte e oito amostras de abelhas sem ferrão foram coletadas. A identificação distribuiu-os entre 27 espécies e 14 gêneros. As espécies mais abundantes foram Tetragonisca fiebrigi, Tetragonisca angustula, abelhas e do Friseomelitta e Trigona. Os resultados podem ser um indicativo de que as reservas florestais manter um grande nível de importância para a preservação da biodiversidade. No entanto, deve ser enfatizado o importante papel dos fragmentos florestais como habitat natural para estas espécies.
Um terceiro citótipo de Astyanax aff. fasciatus (TELEOSTEI, CHARACIDAE) da bacia do rio São Francisco
Authors: Penteado Pierre Rafael , Kavalco Karine Frehner , Pazza Rubens
Published: June 2016

Astyanax é um dos gêneros mais amplamente distribuídos ao longo da região Neotropical, devido a sua estrutura e densidade populacional. Essas características fazem o gênero ser extremamente especioso, contando com mais de cem espécies descritas atualmente. O objetivo do presente trabalho é auxiliar no levantamento da diversidade genética no gênero, analisando uma população Astyanax aff. fasciatus, encontrada na Bacia do Rio São Francisco. As análises citogenéticas constituem cariotipagem convencional, detecção de heterocromatina constitutiva e localização de genes ribossômicos 5S e 18. Foram observados 2n=48 (8M+22SM+12ST+6A) e heterocromatina distribuída em regiões pericentroméricas de poucos cromossomos. A FISH evidenciou sítios de rDNA 5S intersticiais em um par de cromossomos metacêntricos e na região pericentromérica de um par de cromossomos acrocêntricos.  A situação taxonômica do complexo de espécies é discutida.

 

DOI: 10.7902/ecb.v4i1.42
Avaliações morfológicas e micromorfométricas de folhas de sol e de sombra Lithraea molleoides (VELL.) ENGL. (ANACARDIACEAE)
Authors: Pereira Jaqueline Dias , Medri Moacir Eurypedes , Moreira Renata Stolf
Published: June 2016

Alterações morfoanatômicas e fisiológicas nas folhas são comumente encontradas como resposta adaptativa das plantas às diferentes condições de luminosidade. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, comparar a morfoanatomia de folhas expandidas de sol e de sombra de Lithraea molleoides fornecendo subsídios que justifiquem a seleção desta espécie para estudos em programas de revegetação. O estudo ocorreu no Parque Ecológico da Klabin, Telêmaco Borba-Pr. Nas avaliações macroscópicas e microscópicas, as amostras foram processadas segundo metodologia usual. As folhas da porção superior periférica, denominadas folhas de sol, apresentaram características mais xéricas, ao contrário das folhas da porção inferior interna, denominadas folhas de sombra.  As folhas de sol apresentam adaptações que indicam maior dificuldade na perda de água nos períodos desfavoráveis aumentando a eficiência no uso da água. As folhas de sombra apresentaram maior área aproveitando mais a energia luminosa. As diferenças observadas neste estudo indicam considerável capacidade adaptativa para se manterem ativas a diferentes condições de luminosidade.

 

DOI: 10.7902/ecb.v4i1.47
Estudos cromossômicos em populações de Leptodactylus chaquensis (Anura, Leptodactylidae) e Hypsiboas raniceps (Anura, Hylidae) do cerrado mato-grossense
Authors: Barth Adriane , De Carvalho Fabricia Kohler , Campos Vitor Azarias , Fernandes Anderson
Published: June 2016

O Cerrado brasileiro é considerado um hotspots de biodiversidade e apresenta um ritmo acelerado de perda de hábitat. Este trabalho objetivou realizar análises citogenéticas em duas espécies do Cerrado mato-grossense Leptodactylus chaquensis e Hypsiboas raniceps. Para L chaquensis foi encontrado número cromossômico de 2n=22 com morfologia 2K=16M+4SM+2ST. A NOR foi observada no par cromossômico oito. Para H. raniceps foi observado número cromossômico de 2n=24 com morfologia 2K=12M+8SM+4ST. A NOR esteve localizada no braço longo do par 11. Foi observado uma variação interpopulacional na posição de uma terceira NOR, localizada na região terminal de um dos homólogos do par cromossômico 4 (população A) e próxima ao centrômero do braço longo de um dos homólogos do par cromossômico 1 (população C). Os dados aqui observados diferem dos encontrados na literatura para estas duas espécies, demonstrando a importância de se realizar análises citogenéticas com a fauna da região.
INDUÇÃO A REPRODUÇÃO ARTIFICIAL E CARACTERIZAÇÃO ESPERMÁTICA DA PIRACANJUBA Brycon orbignyanus (BRYCONIDAE, CHARACIFORMES), ESPÉCIE EM PERIGO DE EXTINÇÃO.
Authors: Oliveira Daniela José de , Ashikaga Fernando Yuldi , Foresti Fausto , Senhorini José Augusto
Published: June 2016

A piracanjuba Brycon orbignyanus é uma espécie de peixe de médio porte, realiza migrações tróficas e reprodutivas e é muito sensível às mudanças ambientais, como por exemplo, aquelas causadas pelo homem. Atualmente, está categorizada como em perigo de extinção pelo “Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção”, devido principalmente à sobrepesca, desmatamento, poluição, mudança no regime hidrobiológico, introdução de espécies exóticas e fragmentação ambiental pela construção de barragens hidroelétricas, as quais interrompem rotas migratórias. Este estudo descritivo tem como objetivo avaliar a qualidade espermática e fertilização artificial da piracanjuba B. orbignyanus mantidos em cativeiro, como forma de aprimoramento da técnica de reprodução artificial com potencial uso em programas de conservação das espécies, que visem o processo de estocagem. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Peixes Continentais – CEPTA – ICMBio. Os exemplares de B. orbignyanus destinados ao banco genético responderam ao processo reprodutivo, possuindo gametas viáveis permitindo a produção de juvenis. Os resultados contribuem positivamente para estudos de conservação da espécie.
The kinematic and microphysical control of lightning rate, extent, and NOX production
Authors: Carey Lawrence D. , Koshak William , Peterson Harold , Mecikalski Retha M.
Published: June 2016

This study investigates the kinematic and microphysical control of lightning properties, particularly those that may govern the production of nitrogen oxides (NOX = NO + NO2) via lightning (LNOX), such as flash rate, type, and extent. The NASA Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Model (LNOM) is applied to lightning observations following multicell thunderstorms through their lifecycle in a Lagrangian sense over Northern Alabama on 21 May 2012 during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) experiment. LNOM provides estimates of flash rate, type, channel length distributions, channel segment altitude distributions (SADs), and LNOX production profiles. The LNOM‐derived lightning characteristics and LNOX production are compared to the evolution of radar‐inferred updraft and precipitation properties. Intercloud, intracloud (IC) flash SAD comprises a significant fraction of the total (IC + cloud‐to‐ground [CG]) SAD, while increased CG flash SAD at altitudes >6 km occurs after the simultaneous peaks in several thunderstorm properties (i.e., total [IC + CG] and IC flash rate, graupel volume/mass, convective updraft volume, and maximum updraft speed). At heights <6 km, the CG LNOX production dominates the column‐integrated total LNOX production. Unlike the SAD, total LNOX production consists of a more equal contribution from IC and CG flashes for heights >6 km. Graupel volume/mass, updraft volume, and maximum updraft speed are all well correlated to the total flash rate (correlation coefficient, ρ ≥ 0.8) but are less correlated to total flash extent (ρ ≥ 0.6) and total LNOX production (ρ ≥ 0.5). Although LNOM transforms lightning observations into LNOX production values, these values are estimates and are subject to further independent validation.
Volcano deformation survey over the Northern and Central Andes with ALOS InSAR time series
Authors: Morales Rivera Anieri M. , Amelung Falk , Mothes Patricia
Published: June 2016

We use ALOS‐1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar data spanning the period of 2007–2011 to obtain time‐dependent ground deformation data over all of the volcanoes in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. We detect deformation on or near the proximity of Galeras, Reventador, Tungurahua, Guagua Pichincha, Sangay, and Cerro Auquihuato volcanoes, uncovering previously undocumented deformation in the latter three. Deformation is attributed to changes in pressurization of the volcanic systems (Galeras, Tungurahua, Guagua Pichincha, and Cerro Auquihuato), subsidence associated with flow deposits (Reventador), and flank creep (Sangay). Our models suggest that the pressure sources are located at depths of ∼1–6 km from the surface, indicating that the measurable deformation within our data is restricted to shallow magma chambers and hydrothermal systems.
Vertical fluxes of nitrate in the seasonal nitracline of the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Randelhoff Achim , Fer Ilker , Sundfjord Arild , Tremblay Jean‐Éric , Reigstad Marit
Published: June 2016

This study compiles colocated oceanic observations of high‐resolution vertical profiles of nitrate concentration and turbulent microstructure around the Svalbard shelf slope, covering both the permanently ice‐free Fram Strait and the pack ice north of Svalbard. The authors present an overview over the seasonal evolution of the distribution of nitrate and its relation to upper ocean stratification. The average upward turbulent diffusive nitrate flux across the seasonal nitracline during the Arctic summer season is derived, with average values of 0.3 and 0.7 mmol m−2 d−1 for stations with and without ice cover, respectively. The increase under ice‐free conditions is attributed to different patterns of stratification under sea ice versus open water. The nitrate flux obtained from microstructure measurements lacked a seasonal signal. However, bottle incubations indicate that August nitrate uptake was reduced by more than an order of magnitude relative to the May values. It remains inconclusive whether the new production was limited by an unidentified factor other than
supply in late summer, or the uptake was underestimated by the incubation method.
Advances in Deposition of Main‐Group Metal Oxides and Rare‐Earth Oxides from Metal Enolates
Authors: Lang Heinrich , Adner David , Georgi Colin
Published: June 2016

This chapter is an update of a review published by our group elsewhere in Patai's Series; in addition, in this volume, chapters present the recent advances in the deposition of metals and transition‐metal oxides, all derived from metal enolates.

Materials featuring group 3 ‐ 12 elements have attracted great technological and scientific attention during the last decades because of their outstanding chemical and physical properties. They are widely used in industry, including a variety of catalyst supports, coatings, as dielectrics for semiconducting devices, and as sensors.
Engineering Iron Oxide Hollow Nanospheres to Enhance Antimicrobial Property: Understanding the Cytotoxic Origin in Organic Rich Environment
Authors: Nor Yusilawati Ahmad , Zhou Liang , Meka Anand Kumar , Xu Chun , Niu Yuting , Zhang Hongwei , Mitter Neena , Mahony Donna , Yu Chengzhong
Published: June 2016

Engineered magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with surprisingly high antimicrobial activity and excellent safety profiles to mammalian cell lines have been developed. Hematite hollow nanospheres (HNSs) are prepared by a facile hard templating method; reduction of hematite HNSs by H2 leads to magnetite HNSs. The antimicrobial activity of magnetite HNSs towards Gram negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis) bacteria is evaluated against hematite HNSs and conventional magnetite (C‐magnetite; diameter <50 nm). Superior antibacterial performance is observed for magnetite HNSs towards both E. coli and S. epidermidis over hematite HNSs and C‐magnetite. The origin of the antimicrobial activity of magnetite HNSs is the high leaching of iron ions in the presence of microorganisms, which leads to high generation of reactive oxygen species. Magnetite HNSs allow multiple‐fold increase in the generation of soluble iron ions over hematite HNSs and C‐magnetite, showing that control over both the composition and nanostructure is crucial to tune the antimicrobial activity of iron oxides. Based on the current findings, magnetic HNSs show promising potential antimicrobial applications.
Enhanced Thermoelectric Properties of Cu2SnSe3 by (Ag,In)‐Co‐Doping
Authors: Li Yuyang , Liu Guanghua , Cao Tengfei , Liu LiMin , Li Jiangtao , Chen Kexin , Li Laifeng , Han Yemao , Zhou Min
Published: June 2016

Dense bulk samples of (Ag,In)‐co‐doped Cu2SnSe3 have been prepared by a fast and one‐step method of combustion synthesis, and their thermoelectric properties have been investigated from 323 to 823 K. The experimental results show that Ag‐doping at Cu site remarkably enhances the Seebeck coefficient, reduces both electrical and thermal conductivities, and finally increases the figure of merit (ZT) value. The ZT of the Cu1.85Ag0.15SnSe3 sample reaches 0.80 at 773 K, which is improved by about 70% compared with the unadulterated sample (ZT = 0.46 at 773 K). First principle calculation indicates that Ag‐doping changes the electronic structure of Cu2SnSe3 and results in larger effective mass of carriers, thus enhancing the Seebeck coefficient and reducing the electrical conductivity. The low electrical conductivity caused by Ag‐doping can be repaired by accompanying In‐doping at Sn site, and by (Ag,In)‐co‐doping the thermoelectric properties are further promoted. The (Ag,In)‐co‐doped sample of Cu1.85Ag0.15Sn0.9In0.1Se3 shows the maximum ZT of 1.42 at 823 K, which is likely the best result for Cu2SnSe3‐based materials up to now. This work indicates that co‐doping may provide an effective solution to optimize the conflicting material properties for increasing ZT.
Human Skin Constructs with Spatially Controlled Vasculature Using Primary and iPSC‐Derived Endothelial Cells
Authors: Abaci Hasan E. , Guo Zongyou , Coffman Abigail , Gillette Brian , Lee Wen‐han , Sia Samuel K. , Christiano Angela M.
Published: June 2016

Vascularization of engineered human skin constructs is crucial for recapitulation of systemic drug delivery and for their long‐term survival, functionality, and viable engraftment. In this study, the latest microfabrication techniques are used and a novel bioengineering approach is established to micropattern spatially controlled and perfusable vascular networks in 3D human skin equivalents using both primary and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived endothelial cells. Using 3D printing technology makes it possible to control the geometry of the micropatterned vascular networks. It is verified that vascularized human skin equivalents (vHSEs) can form a robust epidermis and establish an endothelial barrier function, which allows for the recapitulation of both topical and systemic delivery of drugs. In addition, the therapeutic potential of vHSEs for cutaneous wounds on immunodeficient mice is examined and it is demonstrated that vHSEs can both promote and guide neovascularization during wound healing. Overall, this innovative bioengineering approach can enable in vitro evaluation of topical and systemic drug delivery as well as improve the potential of engineered skin constructs to be used as a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of cutaneous wounds.
Quenching of Charge and Spin Degrees of Freedom in Condensed Matter
Authors: Kagawa Fumitaka , Oike Hiroshi
Published: June 2016

Electrons in condensed matter have internal degrees of freedom, such as charge, spin, and orbital, leading to various forms of ordered states through phase transitions. However, in individual materials, a charge/spin/orbital ordered state of the lowest temperature is normally uniquely determined in terms of the lowest‐energy state, i.e., the ground state. Here, recent results are summarized showing that under rapid cooling, this principle does not necessarily hold, and thus, the cooling rate is a control parameter of the lowest‐temperature state beyond the framework of the thermoequilibrium phase diagram. Although the cooling rate utilized in low‐temperature experiments is typically 2 × 10−3 to 4 × 10−1 K s−1, the use of optical/electronic pulses facilitates rapid cooling, such as 102–103 K s−1. Such an unconventionally high cooling rate allows some systems to kinetically avoid a first‐order phase transition, resulting in a quenched charge/spin state that differs from the ground state. It is also demonstrated that quenched states can be exploited as a non‐volatile state variable when designing phase‐change memory functions. The present findings suggest that rapid cooling is useful for exploring and controlling the metastable electronic/magnetic state, which is potentially hidden behind the ground state.
Diffusion at Interfaces in OLEDs Containing a Doped Phosphorescent Emissive Layer
Authors: McEwan Jake A. , Clulow Andrew J. , Shaw Paul E. , Nelson Andrew , Darwish Tamim A. , Burn Paul L. , Gentle Ian R.
Published: June 2016

A common feature of organic light‐emitting diodes is their stacked multilayer structure, which is critical for efficient charge injection and transport, and light emission. In this study, it is found that a blended layer of the hole‐transport material tris(4‐carbazol‐9‐ylphenyl)amine with 6 wt% fac‐tris(2‐phenylpyridyl)iridium(III) [Ir(ppy)3] readily undergoes interdiffusion with adjacent layers of typical charge transport materials: bathocuproine; 1,3,5‐tris(N‐phenylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)benzene; N,N′‐bis(3‐methylphenyl)‐N,N′‐diphenylbenzidine; and N,N′‐bis(naphthalen‐1‐yl)‐N,N′‐diphenylbenzidine. This process is followed using combined neutron reflectometry and in situ photoluminescence measurements. The temperature at which diffusion occurred is found to correlate with the glass transition temperature of the materials. Importantly, the layer of the material with the lowest Tg is the material that acts as a diffusive host for the adjacent layer, which has a higher Tg. That is, a high Tg material does not necessarily act as a blocking layer for diffusion. Furthermore, the results show that the order of structural change within a film can be predicted on the basis of the thermal properties of the materials. These results confirm the necessity of using materials with high glass transition temperatures throughout the device to minimize performance degradation by layer interdiffusion.
Photonic Janus Films with Highly Tunable Janus Balance
Authors: Zhu Wei , Yang Haowei , Lan Yue , Yin Xianpeng , Wang Shiqiang , Wang Chen , Gao Ning , Li Guangtao
Published: June 2016

Asymmetric Janus materials are of wide‐spread interest due to their unique anisotropic and directional features. In our work, through a simple combination of nanosphere lithography at the solution interface and dopamine chemistry, a new approach for the facile synthesis of large, asymmetric, free‐standing, 2D photonic Janus films with a highly tunable Janus balance and multiple functionalities is developed. Herein we rationally exploit the unique properties (reducibility, self‐adhesive nature, and post‐modification ability) of the polydopamine (PDA) layer and the good deformation and dissolution ability of polystyrene (PS). The precisely controllable chemical compositions on the PDA layer and the multi‐variable morphologies from the PS part offer us a great chance to tune the Janus balance of the film in different dimensions. As a demonstration of the resultant Janus films for potential applications, femtoliter cup arrays are achieved after the removal of PS, which are used for confined crystallization. Good surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement of the Ag‐metallic Janus film is shown, which confirms this excellent platform for creating new functional materials. Our study not only bridges dopamine chemistry with 2D photonic crystals but also opens up new avenues for artificially designed Janus nanoarchitectures with multi­ple functions.
Superhydrophilic and Superaerophobic Copper Phosphide Microsheets for Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Hao Jinhui , Yang Wenshu , Huang Zhipeng , Zhang Chi
Published: June 2016

Bifunctional, binder‐free, and non‐precious‐metal electrocatalysts with superwetting properties are of great significance for high‐performance oxygen evolution reactions (OER) and hydrogen evolution reactions (HER). Herein, the fabrication of copper phosphide (Cu3P) microsheets through the phosphidation of CuCl microsheets deposited onto nickel foam, and the effective catalytic activity of the Cu3P microsheets in the HER and OER is demonstrated. Due to their hierarchical structure, the Cu3P microsheets are superhydrophilic and superaerophobic. A well‐defined superhydrophilic surface enhances the electrolyte–electrode contact, and a superaerophobic surface facilitates bubbles extraction and efficiently minimizes the dead area of the electrode induced by bubble coverage. These two features are beneficial for the high activity and stability of the electrocatalysts during the OER and HER. The superhydrophilic and superaerophobic Cu3P microsheets prepared at 450 °C afford a current density of 10 mA cm–2 at an overpotential of 290 mV for the OER and 130 mV for the HER. This work highlights a simple, low‐cost approach that can be easily scaled‐up to construct high‐performance electrocatalysts for the OER and HER.
Establishment of olfactory diagnosis for the traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test
Authors: Jiang Rong‐San , Liang Kai‐Li
Published: June 2016

Background

This study attempted to establish an olfactory diagnosis for the traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT‐TC).

Methods

Volunteers were enrolled to receive a phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) threshold test. Their olfactory function was divided into normal (threshold ≤ −6), mildly impaired (−6 < threshold ≤ −4), moderately impaired (−4 < threshold ≤ −2), and poor odor detection (threshold > −2). Subjects were also grouped by age: 20 to 29 years; 30 to 39 years; 40 to 49 years; 50 to 59 years; 60 to 69 years; and 70 to 79 years. They then received the UPSIT‐TC to examine their smell identification function. The cutoff scores of UPSIT‐TC among the different groups of olfactory function were determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

A total of 1440 subjects were enrolled. The score of UPSIT‐TC significantly decreased in both men and women after the age of 60 years. The cutoff scores were 29.5 between the normal and mildly impaired odor detection groups, 26.5 between the mildly and moderately impaired odor detection groups, and 16.5 between the moderately impaired and poor odor detection groups for males aged 20 to 59 years; the cutoff scores for these detection groups for males aged 60 to 79 years were 23.5. 20.5, and 13.5, respectively, and the cutoff scores for these detection groups for females aged 20 to 59 years were 30.5, 27.5, and 16.5, respectively. However, we did not find adequate cutoff scores for elderly females.

Conclusion

This study established an olfactory diagnosis of UPSIT‐TC for adult subjects. However, further investigation is needed for elderly subjects.
Solution‐Processed Two‐Dimensional MoS2 Nanosheets: Preparation, Hybridization, and Applications
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Lai Zhuangchai , Tan Chaoliang , Zhang Hua
Published: June 2016

As one member of the emerging class of ultrathin two‐dimensional (2D) transition‐metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanomaterials, the ultra‐thin MoS2 nanosheet has attracted increasing research interest as a result of its unique structure and fascinating properties. Solution‐phase methods are promising for the scalable production, functionalization, hybridization of MoS2 nanosheets, thus enabling the widespread exploration of MoS2‐based nanomaterials for various promising applications. In this Review, an overview of the recent progress of solution‐processed MoS2 nanosheets is presented, with the emphasis on their synthetic strategies, functionalization, hybridization, properties, and applications. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in this research area will be proposed.
The flame retardancy and mechanical properties of jute/polypropylene composites enhanced by ammonium polyphosphate/polypropylene powder
Authors: Dou Yanli , Guo Boyuan , Guan Dongbo , Shi Lin , Yao Weiguo , Zhang Wanxi
Published: June 2016

Surface flame retarded jute/polypropylene composites (J/P/A) were prepared via a modified strategy: the mixture of PP and APP powder was spread over the surface of jute/PP nonwoven felts, and then transformed into the flame retarded layer by the hot pressing process. The flame retardancy and thermal properties of composites were analyzed by limit oxygen index (LOI), horizontal burning rate (HBR), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We demonstrated that the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of composites was significantly improved compared with those obtained by presoaking the nonwoven fiber felts in flame retardant (FR) solvent before hot pressing. The mechanism of thermal degradation of jute fiber and flame‐retardant mechanism of composites were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43889.
Quinazolinones, Quinazolinthiones, and Quinazolinimines as Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors: Synthetic Study and Biological Evaluation
Authors: Camacho M. Encarnación , Chayah Mariem , García M. Esther , Fernández‐Sáez Nerea , Arias Fabio , Gallo Miguel A. , Carrión M. Dora
Published: June 2016

The synthesis of different compounds with a quinazolinone, quinazolinthione, or quinazolinimine skeleton and their in vitro biological evaluation as inhibitors of inducible and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (iNOS and nNOS) isoforms are described. These derivatives were obtained from substituted 2‐aminobenzylamines, using diverse cyclization procedures. Furthermore, the diamines were synthesized by two routes: A conventional pathway and an efficient one‐pot synthesis in a continuous‐flow hydrogenator. The structures of these heterocycles were confirmed by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and high‐resolution mass spectroscopy data. The structure–activity relationships of the target molecules are discussed in terms of the effects of both the R radical and the X heteroatom in the 2‐position. In general, the assayed compounds behave as better iNOS than nNOS inhibitors, with the quinazolinone 11e being the most active inhibitor of all tested compounds and the most iNOS/nNOS selective one.
Dysbiosis Contributes to Arthritis Development via Activation of Autoreactive T Cells in the Intestine
Authors: Maeda Yuichi , Kurakawa Takashi , Umemoto Eiji , Motooka Daisuke , Ito Yoshinaga , Gotoh Kazuyoshi , Hirota Keiji , Matsushita Masato , Furuta Yoki , Narazaki Masashi , Sakaguchi Noriko , Kayama Hisako , Nakamura Shota , Iida Tetsuya , Saeki Yukihiko , Kumanogoh Atsushi , Sakaguchi Shimon , Takeda Kiyoshi
Published: June 2016

Objective

The intestinal microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis. Altered microbiota composition has been demonstrated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, it remains unclear how dysbiosis contributes to the development of arthritis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether altered composition of human intestinal microbiota in RA patients contributes to the development of arthritis.

Methods

We analyzed the fecal microbiota of patients with early RA and healthy controls, using 16S ribosomal RNA−based deep sequencing. We inoculated fecal samples from RA patients and healthy controls into germ‐free arthritis‐prone SKG mice and evaluated the immune responses. We also analyzed whether the lymphocytes of SKG mice harboring microbiota from RA patients react with the arthritis‐related autoantigen 60S ribosomal protein L23a (RPL23A).

Results

A subpopulation of patients with early RA harbored intestinal microbiota dominated by Prevotella copri; SKG mice harboring microbiota from RA patients had an increased number of intestinal Th17 cells and developed severe arthritis when treated with zymosan. Lymphocytes in regional lymph nodes and the colon, but not the spleen, of these mice showed enhanced interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) responses to RPL23A. Naive SKG mouse T cells cocultured with P copri−stimulated dendritic cells produced IL‐17 in response to RPL23A and rapidly induced arthritis.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that dysbiosis increases sensitivity to arthritis via activation of autoreactive T cells in the intestine. Autoreactive SKG mouse T cells are activated by dysbiotic microbiota in the intestine, causing joint inflammation. Dysbiosis is an environmental factor that triggers arthritis development in genetically susceptible mice.
Photoexcitation Dynamics of Thymine in Acetonitrile and an Ionic Liquid Probed by Time‐resolved Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Manna Arpan , Park Seongchul , Lee Taegon , Lim Manho
Published: June 2016

Femtosecond transientIRabsorption spectroscopy was used to probe the decay mechanism of electronically excited thymine (a naturally occurring pyrimidine base inDNA) dissolved in an ionic liquid ([Bmim][BF4]) orCD3CNafter the absorption ofUVlight (267 nm). In both solvents, an absorption band grew on a picosecond timescale, along with decaying bleach and evolving red‐shifted absorption signals. A population analysis of the observed kinetic data suggested that most of the photoexcited thymine underwent a sub‐picosecond non‐radiative relaxation to the vibrationally hot ground electronic state. About 4% (16%) of the excited thymine in the ionic liquid (CD3CN) relaxed to an intermediate electronic state, which relaxed into a low‐lying triplet state by intersystem crossing (ISC) (ISCdid not relax to the ground electronic state within the experimental period (1 ns)). The lowISCyield for thymine in an ionic liquid was correlated with molecular properties of the solvent. This observation is significant because theISCto triplet state transition for excited thymine has been considered as a precursor to cyclobutane–pyrimidine dimer formation, which led to functional damage of the base afterUVabsorption. This finding may shed light on the photostability ofDNAin ionic liquids.
Effects of the Charge Ions Strength on the Swelling of Organic–Inorganic Nanogels
Authors: Yu Qin , Lu Xiangguo , Wang Jing , Guo Qi , Niu Liwei
Published: June 2016

The swelling behavior and swelling mechanism of hydrogels can be greatly affected by the charge strength of ions in them. To investigate such effects, we prepared two gels: a carboxylic acid gel (CAG) and a poly(2‐acrylamide–methyl propane sulfonic acid) gel (SAG) based on starchy polyacrylamide (PAM) nanocomposite gels, both with montmorillonite, which underwent in situ intercalation, and used them as probes in swelling experiments. The equilibrium swelling rates (ESRs) of the hydrogels in both salt water and acidic water strongly depended on the charge strength of the ions in the chains. SAG had a higher ESR than CAG at the same mole ratio of polymer/water, which is attributed to the greater electrostatic repulsion between the strong electrolyte ions of SAG. Both water salinity and hydrogen ion contact of the hydrogels weakened ESR with the enhancement of charge ionic strength. The downward trend of ESR with increasing concentration of salt or hydrogen ions became weaker in SAG compared to CAG, which is attributed to the shielding and deprotonation effects of the strong electrolyte ions. Regarding the swelling mechanism, the chain relaxation occurred in neutral and acidic solutions for SAG and in neutral and weak acidic solutions for CAG, but water diffusion dominated in strong acidic solutions for CAG, leading to different swelling behaviors.
Between sessions: The crucial role of parent engagement in treatment
Authors: Laptook Rebecca
Published: June 2016

When treating psychological disorders in childhood, it is good practice to extend the assessment of the child to the broader family context, as a child does not exist alone but rather functions as part of his or her family. In understanding the nature of the concerns for which a parent has brought a child in for treatment, therapists may explore parent‐child dynamics and sibling relationships, parenting behaviors and practices, and the role of parental psychopathology in addition to school and social dynamics. In short, to conceptualize psychological concerns, it is helpful to have a better understanding of a child's environment and how that child functions within different systems.
Stable coronary artery disease. Is it really stable? Lesion morphology interpretation by Grayscale and VH‐IVUS in patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Brugaletta S. , Giacchi G. , Ortega‐Paz L. , Garcia‐Garcia H. M. , Sabaté M.
Published: June 2016

Despite the wide knowledge on the pathological features of an unstable plaque, it is hard to differentiate in vivo a stable from an unstable plaque. The possibility to differentiate these plaques is mainly based on coronary angiography, which depicts artery as a planar silhouette of the contrast‐filled lumen without any information on the vessel wall. Conversely, intracoronary imaging techniques, such as IVUS and IVUS virtual histology, are the established gold standard for in vivo qualitatively (e.g. visually) identification of plaque morphology and coronary plaque tissue components, helping understanding of plaque stability degree. We herein describe these imaging technologies and its clinical and research applications.

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Identifying stable coronary plaques with OCT technology
Authors: Regar E. , van Ditzhuijzen N. , van der Sijde J. , Ligthart J. , Witberg K. , van Soest G. , Karanasos A.
Published: June 2016

This article discusses the current value of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for the assessment of stable coronary lesions. OCT generates intracoronary images with unprecedented image resolution, namely a 10‐fold higher image resolution compared to conventional intravascular ultrasound. OCT is able to visualize a variety of atherosclerotic plaques features that have been associated with rapid lesion progression and clinical events. There is broad agreement that the detailed, easy accessible, and interpretable information of OCT on the presence of atherosclerosis, its extent, lumen narrowing, as well as on the result of any interventional measure can be of clinical value, at least in individual patients and in specific clinical scenarios. Preliminary data indicate that OCT can change the operator's intention‐to‐treat and modify the overall revascularization strategy, potentially avoiding unnecessary interventional procedures. OCT might be efficient in complex interventions including treatment of long lesions, diffuse disease, bifurcations, as well as in all cases of angiographically ambiguous lesions. As such, OCT might emerge, next to its undisputed position in research, as tool of choice in all clinical scenarios where angiography is limited by its nature as two‐dimensional luminogram.

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Wolves in Sheep's Clothing: μ‐Oxo‐Diiron Corroles Revisited
Authors: Ganguly Sumit , Vazquez‐Lima Hugo , Ghosh Abhik
Published: June 2016

For well over 20 years, μ‐oxo‐diiron corroles, first reported by Vogel and co‐workers in the form of μ‐oxo‐bis[(octaethylcorrolato)iron] (Mössbauer δ 0.02 mm s−1, ΔEQ 2.35 mm s−1), have been thought of as comprising a pair antiferromagnetically coupled low‐spin FeIV centers. The remarkable stability of these complexes, which can be handled at room temperature and crystallographically analyzed, present a sharp contrast to the fleeting nature of enzymatic, iron(IV)‐oxo intermediates. An array of experimental and theoretical methods have now shown that the iron centers in these complexes are not FeIV but intermediate‐spin FeIII coupled to a corrole.2−. The intramolecular spin couplings in {Fe[TPC]}2(μ‐O) were analyzed via DFT(B3LYP) calculations in terms of the Heisenberg–Dirac–van Vleck spin Hamiltonian H=JFe–corrole(SFe⋅Scorrole)+JFe–Fe′(SFe⋅SFe′)+JFe′–corrole(SFe′⋅Scorrole′), which yielded JFe–corrole=JFe′–corrole′=0.355 eV (2860 cm−1) and JFe–Fe′=0.068 eV (548 cm−1). The unexpected stability of μ‐oxo‐diiron corroles thus appears to be attributable to charge delocalization via ligand noninnocence.
Tunable Aryl Alkyl Ionic Liquids with Weakly Coordinating Tetrakis((1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropan‐2‐yl)oxy)borate [B(hfip)4] Anions
Authors: Kaliner Maria , Rupp Alexander , Krossing Ingo , Strassner Thomas
Published: June 2016

Weakly coordinating borate or aluminate anions have recently been shown to yield interesting properties of the resulting ionic liquids (ILs). The same is true for large phenyl‐substituted imidazolium cations, which can be tuned by the choice, position, or number of substituents on the aromatic ring. We were therefore interested to combine these aryl alkyl imidazolium cations with the weakly coordinating tetrakis((1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropan‐2‐yl)oxy)borate [B(hfip)4]− anions to study the physical properties and viscosities of these ionic liquids. Despite the large size and high molecular weight of these readily available ILs, they are liquid at room temperature and show remarkably low glass transition points and relatively high decomposition temperatures.
Optimizing Optoelectronic Properties of Pyrimidine‐Based TADF Emitters by Changing the Substituent for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with External Quantum Efficiency Close to 25 % and Slow Efficiency Roll‐Off
Authors: Wu Kailong , Zhang Tao , Zhan Lisi , Zhong Cheng , Gong Shaolong , Jiang Nan , Lu Zheng‐Hong , Yang Chuluo
Published: June 2016

A series of green butterfly‐shaped thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, namely PXZPM, PXZMePM, and PXZPhPM, are developed by integrating an electron‐donor (D) phenoxazine unit and electron‐acceptor (A) 2‐substituted pyrimidine moiety into one molecule via a phenyl‐bridge π linkage to form a D–π–A–π–D configuration. Changing the substituent at pyrimidine unit in these emitters can finely tune their emissive characteristics, thermal properties, and energy gaps between the singlet and triplet states while maintaining frontier molecular orbital levels, and thereby optimizing their optoelectronic properties. Employing these TADF emitters results in a green fluorescent organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) that exhibits a peak forward‐viewing external quantum efficiency (EQE) close to 25 % and a slow efficiency roll‐off characteristic at high luminance.
Adult brainstem gliomas
Authors: Eisele Sylvia C. , Reardon David A.
Published: June 2016

Brainstem gliomas in adults are a rare and heterogeneous group of brain tumors that vary with regard to underlying pathology, radiographic appearance, clinical course and prognosis. Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas represent the most common subtype. Although still considered aggressive and most often lethal, these brain tumors are associated with a more insidious clinical course and more favorable prognosis compared to the highly aggressive form in children. Treatment options for patients with brainstem gliomas still are limited and insufficiently studied. A better understanding of the pathobiology of these tumors will be crucial for the development of more specific and effective therapies. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2016;122:2799–2809. © 2016 American Cancer Society