bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prefrontal EEG Correlation During Tower of Hanoi and WCST Performance: Effect of Emotional Visual Stimuli
Authors: Ruiz-Díaz Marina , Hernández-González Marisela , Guevara Miguel Angel , Amezcua Claudia , Ågmo Anders
Published: May 2012

Introduction

Emotional stimuli elicit changes in the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity of several brain structures. Prefrontal cortex is involved in the processing of emotional stimuli and executive functions. The correlation analysis of EEG provides information about the functional coupling between areas. It is reasonable to expect that emotional activation will modify prefrontal coupling during the performance of executive tasks such as Tower of Hanoi or Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST).

Aim

Determine whether the prefrontal EEG correlation during the performance of the Tower of Hanoi and WCST is affected by previous exposure to videos with sexual or aggressive content.

Main Outcome Measures

Prefrontal EEG coupling was determined by the Pearson correlation. Valence and general arousal were evaluated by the Self-Assessment Manikin Scale and sexual arousal with a Sexual Arousal Scale. Computerized versions of the Towers of Hanoi and WCST provided data on prefrontal executive functions.

Methods

EEG from the left and right prefrontal zones was recorded during the performance of the Tower of Hanoi and WCST immediately after the subjects were exposed to one of the videos (neutral, aggressive, and erotic).

Results

There was no difference between videos in the task performance parameters. Only the erotic video produced an increased prefrontal coupling in the slow bands (delta and theta) during the performance of the Tower of Hanoi, whereas a decreased coupling in the delta, theta, and alpha bands was observed during the WCST.

Conclusions

Prefrontal coupling was changed after exposure to the erotic video, and it is likely that enhanced sexual arousal was the main cause of this change. The correlation patterns obtained could be associated with particular cognitive strategies or to functional adaptations while being sexually aroused. The results of this study may contribute to an understanding of the central nervous mechanisms underlying the cognitive effects of sexual arousal.
Influence of inoculation with a Trichoderma bio‐inoculant on ectomycorrhizal colonisation of Pinus radiata seedlings
Authors: Minchin R.F. , Ridgway H.J. , Condron L. , Jones E.E.
Published: May 2012

Trichoderma species, through mechanisms such as mycoparasitism, antibiosis, induced resistance and competition, are able to suppress the growth and activity of soil microbes and therefore have the potential to influence ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal colonisation. ECM colonisation potential of Pinus radiata seedlings inoculated with the commercially available Trichoderma species bio‐inoculant, ArborGuard™, was investigated in a commercial containerised nursery setting and in a separate glasshouse experiment. Application of ArborGuard™ to P. radiata seedlings in both the containerised nursery and glasshouse experiment had no detrimental effect on the ability of the naturally occurring ECM fungi to colonise the seedlings. Thelephora terrestris was the only ECM species colonising the P. radiata root tips in the containerised system while Tomentella ellisii was the dominant species found colonising the P. radiata root tips in the glasshouse experiment. No seedling growth promotion was observed with the addition of ArborGuard™. The results show that the Trichoderma bio‐inoculant ArborGuard™ does not affect ECM colonisation of P. radiata seedlings by Th. terrestris and T. ellisii in a containerised nursery system.
Comparing global warming potential, energy use and land use of organic, conventional and integrated winter wheat production
Authors: Tuomisto H.L. , Hodge I.D. , Riordan P. , Macdonald D.W.
Published: May 2012

To ensure a sustainable food supply for the growing population, the challenge is to find agricultural systems that can meet production requirements within environmental constraints and demands. This study compares the impacts of winter wheat production on energy use, land use and 100 years Global Warming Potential (GWP100) under different arable farming systems and farming practices. Life cycle assessment was used to simulate the impacts of organic, conventional and integrated farming (IF) systems along the production chain from input production up to the farm gate. The IF system models were designed to combine the best practices from organic and conventional systems to reduce negative environmental impacts without significant yield reductions. An integrated system that used food waste digestate as a fertiliser, and utilised pesticides and no‐tillage had the lowest energy use and GWP per functional unit of 1000 kg wheat output. When the impacts of some specific practices for reducing energy use and GWP were compared, the highest energy use reductions were achieved by replacing synthetic nitrogen fertilisers with anaerobically treated food waste or nitrogen fixing crops, increasing yields through crop breeding and using no‐tillage instead of ploughing. The highest GWP reductions were achieved by using nitrification inhibitors, replacing synthetic nitrogen fertilisers and increasing yields. The major contributors to the uncertainty range of energy use were associated with machinery fuel use and the assumed crop yields. For GWP results, the main source of uncertainty related to the N2O emissions. In conclusion, farming systems that combine the best practices from organic and conventional systems have potential to reduce negative environmental impacts while maintaining yield levels.
Differences in Morphometry and Activity among Tabanid Fly Assemblages in an Andean Tropical Montane Cloud Forest: Indication of Altitudinal Migration?
Authors: Cárdenas Rafael E. , Hernández‐L Nathalia , Barragán Álvaro R. , Dangles Olivier
Published: May 2012

Evidence suggests that variations along ecological gradients shape organism traits such as behavior or morphometry. We studied the effect of altitude on the flight activity of tropical tabanid fly assemblages of one species of Stypommisa Enderlein along a 1 km altitudinal gradient on the northwestern slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes. Our objectives were as follows: (1) to test the hypothesis that highland individuals present larger flight body structures; and (2) to compare the flight activity patterns of flies’ assemblages among altitudes and correlate it with weather factors. We sampled specimens in Malaise traps at 1180, 1680 and 2180 m of altitude from 0600 to 1830 h for 20 d at each site. Seven weather variables were measured every hour and flight activity was inferred from relative tabanid fly abundances/hour in traps. We measured morphometrical parameters that included tabanid fly body size, thorax volume, wing area and wing loading. Flight activity patterns revealed a bimodal distribution at 1680 m, and two asynchronous unimodal distributions, one at 1180 and one at 2180 m. GLM analyses revealed that temperature, mist and rainfall were the best predictors of fly activity differences among altitudes. Morphometrical analyses showed that body size and thorax volume increased with increasing altitude. Synchronous groups of flies at different altitudes (those between 1180–1680(pm) m, and 1680(am)–2180 m) were morphologically similar, suggesting that flies could be capable of migrating from highlands to lowlands at defined hours of the day depending on forest weather conditions.
Influenza viral infections among the Iranian Hajj pilgrims returning to Shiraz, Fars province, Iran
Authors: Moattari Afagh , Emami Amir , Moghadami Mohsen , Honarvar Behnam
Published: May 2012

Please cite this paper as: Moattari et al. (2012) Influenza viral infections among the Iranian Hajj pilgrims returning to Shiraz, Fars province, Iran. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(601), e77–e79

Background  Annually over two million Muslims from across the world converge on Mecca to perform the Hajj pilgrimage. Overcrowding at the Hajj facilitates spread of communicable diseases, especially respiratory infections. The aim of this study was to determine the attack rate of seasonal and pandemic influenza among returning Iranian pilgrims after the 2009 Hajj.

Methods  Clinical data and throat swabs were collected at Shiraz airport from symptomatic Iranian pilgrims of Fars province who were returning from the Hajj between 15 and 21 December 2009. The specimens were tested at the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Influenza Research Center for influenza viruses by cell culture and real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTrtPCR) according to standard protocol.

Findings  Out of 3000 pilgrims from Fars province who attended the Hajj 2009, 275 symptomatic pilgrims were recruited into this study. Pilgrims had fever, cough, muscle ache and sore throat in various combinations. Twenty‐five (9·1%) pilgrims had influenza by virus culture and these were as follows: influenza B (n = 17), influenza A H3N2 (n = 8) and pandemic H1N1 (n = 5), whereas 33 (12%) had influenza by RTrtPCR: influenza B (n = 20), influenza A H3N2 (n = 8) and pandemic H1N1 (n = 5).

Interpretation  Both seasonal and pandemic influenza infections occurred among the Iranian Hajj pilgrims; seasonal viruses were more common than the pandemic viruses even though all pilgrims were vaccinated against seasonal influenza.
Flavor Comparison of Natural Cheeses Manufactured in Different Countries
Authors: Koppel Kadri , Chambers Delores H.
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  The objective of this study was to determine the main flavor components of different natural aged cheese types from various countries and determine whether a unique sensory characteristic exists within specific countries for European cheeses. The flavor of 152 cheeses from Estonia, France, Italy, Germany, Holland, Austria, England, Greece, Ireland, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Belgium, and Denmark were described during 4 independent studies. The sensory data from these studies were combined. The cheeses were sorted according to milk type and texture, and flavor characteristics of these groups were described. The main flavor characteristics of the cheeses tested were salty, sweet, sour, astringent, biting, pungent, sharp, nutty, musty/earthy, dairy fat, buttery, and dairy sweet. The cluster analysis divided the cheeses into 4 clusters: clusters 1 and 2 were sour, dairy sour, salty, astringent, biting, and varied in buttery (cluster 1) and sharp notes (cluster 2). Cluster 1 and 2 were mainly composed of French cheeses, while clusters 3 and 4 represented cheeses from various countries. Cluster 3 and 4 were sweet, with cooked milk and nutty characteristics and varied from buttery (cluster 3) to sharp notes (cluster 4). Cheeses from some countries, for example, France and Estonia, generally exhibited common sensory characteristics within the specific country, but cheeses from some other countries, such as Italy, varied widely, and seemed to have no common sensory theme. Most regional cheese standards are not specific about flavor profiles and these results suggest it may be possible to start a further characterization of cheeses in some countries.

Practical Application:  This research shows the main flavor characteristics of certain types of cheeses manufactured in various countries. The information may be useful to cheese manufacturers, product developers, food scientists, cheese connoisseurs, and government officials to better understand the flavor classification of cheeses from various countries.
Glass Transition Study in Model Food Systems Prepared with Mixtures of Fructose, Glucose, and Sucrose
Authors: Saavedra‐Leos M.Z. , Grajales‐Lagunes A. , González‐García R. , Toxqui‐Terán A. , Pérez‐García S.A. , Abud‐Archila M.A. , Ruiz‐Cabrera M.A.
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  The glass transition temperature of model food systems prepared with several glucose/fructose/sucrose mass fractions was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A distance‐based experimental design for mixtures of 3 components was used to establish the proportion of sugars of the model systems. Thus, 32 compositions including individual sugars and sugar mixtures, both binary and ternary were prepared and analyzed. Thermograms showing the complete process of heating–cooling–reheating were used to determine the precise glass transition temperature during cooling () or reheating () in amorphous sugars. The Scheffe cubic model was applied to experimental results to determine the influence of sugar composition on the glass transition temperature (P < 0.05). The final model proved to be appropriate (R2 > 0.97, CV < 9%, model significance <0.0001) to predict the Tg values of any dry mixture of amorphous fructose, glucose, and sucrose.

Practical Application:  The experimental values of Tg and the mathematical model proposed in this work may be of great use for making available Tg data that involves the mixture of more than 2 sugars and thus could be used as a tool for predicting the storage stability and quality of dehydrated products such as fruit powders.
Fabrication of Reduced Fat Products by Controlled Heteroaggregation of Oppositely Charged Lipid Droplets
Authors: Mao Yingyi , Julian McClements David
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  This study describes how the rheological properties of colloidal dispersions formed by heteroaggregation of oppositely charged protein‐coated lipid droplets depend on total particle concentration. Mixed‐particle emulsions were formed by mixing single‐particle emulsions containing either β‐lactoglobulin‐coated lipid droplets (ζ≈−42 mV, d43≈ 0.35 μm) or lactoferrin (LF)‐coated lipid droplets (ζ≈+26 mV, d43≈ 0.32 μm). A series of single‐particle and mixed‐particle emulsions with different total fat contents (5% to 40%) were prepared, and their mean particle size, apparent viscosity, and shear modulus were measured. Mixed‐particle emulsions (40% LF: 60%β‐Lg) containing relatively high fat contents (>10%) had high viscosities and paste‐like properties. These rheological characteristics were attributed to extensive particle aggregation and network formation due to electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged droplets. The viscosities of mixed‐particle emulsions were much higher than those of single‐particle emulsions with equivalent fat contents. Measurements of the color coordinates (L*, a*, b*) of mixed‐particle emulsions with low fat contents showed that they had similar appearances as single‐particle emulsions with high fat contents. This study has important implications for the creation of reduced fat foods with similar sensory qualities as higher fat foods.

Practical Application:  This study describes how novel food materials can be created by mixing together negatively charged and positively charged lipid droplets. These mixed emulsions may be suitable for the creation of reduced fat products, since they have high viscosities and paste‐like properties at relatively low fat contents.
Processed Tart Cherry Products—Comparative Phytochemical Content, in vitro Antioxidant Capacity and in vitro Anti‐inflammatory Activity
Authors: Ou Boxin , Bosak Kristen N. , Brickner Paula R. , Iezzoni Dominic G. , Seymour E. Mitchell
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Processing of fruits and vegetables affects their phytochemical and nutrient content. Tart cherries are commercially promoted to possess antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity. However, processing affects their phytochemical content and may affect their related health benefits. The current study compares the in vitro antioxidant capacity and anti‐inflammatory cyclooxygenase activity of processed tart cherry (Prunus cerasus) products—cherry juice concentrate, individually quick‐frozen cherries, canned cherries, and dried cherries. Cherry products were analyzed for total anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin content and profile. On a per serving basis, total anthocyanins were highest in frozen cherries and total proanthocyanidins were highest in juice concentrate. Total phenolics were highest in juice concentrate. Juice concentrate had the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and peroxynitrite radical averting capacity (NORAC). Dried cherries had the highest hydroxyl radical averting capacity (HORAC) and superoxide radical averting capacity (SORAC). Processed tart cherry products compared very favorably to the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture‐reported ORAC of other fresh and processed fruits. Inhibition of in vitro inflammatory COX‐1 activity was greatest in juice concentrate. In summary, all processed tart cherry products possessed antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity, but processing differentially affected phytochemical content and in vitro bioactivity. On a per serving basis, juice concentrate was superior to other tart cherry products.

Practical Application:  Processing of fruits and vegetables affects their chemical and nutrient content and perhaps their related health benefits. Comparative studies are valuable to ascertain the effects of processing on fruit and vegetable chemical content and bioactivity. Here we present tart cherries as a model for this type of detailed comparison.
Extending the Shelf Life of Edible Flowers with Controlled Release of 1‐Methylcyclopropene and Modified Atmosphere Packaging
Authors: Kou Liping , Turner Ellen R. , Luo Yaguang
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Edible flowers have great sensory appeal, but their extremely short shelf life limits their commercial usage. Postharvest 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) treatment is used to counter ethylene activity and delay senescence in fresh produce; however, its potential application in edible flowers has not been tested. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 1‐MCP treatment with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the shelf life of edible flowers. Freshly harvested carnations and snapdragons were packaged in trays with or without 0.5 μL/L of 1‐MCP, sealed with a gas permeable film, and stored at 5 °C. Package atmospheres, tissue electrolyte leakage, and flower quality were evaluated on days 0, 7, and 14. Treatment with 1‐MCP resulted in significantly slower changes in package headspace O2, CO2, and C2H4 partial pressures, maintained higher overall quality of both flower species and reduced electrolyte leakage and abscission in snapdragon. All samples prepared with MAP had significantly reduced dehydration and higher overall quality compared to flowers packaged commercially in plastic clamshell containers. Treatments with controlled release of 1‐MCP and MAP significantly extended storage life of edible carnation and snapdragon flowers.

Practical Application:  Edible flowers are currently shipped via air cargo due to their extremely short shelf life. The technology developed in our research significantly extended the storage life of edible flowers, making it possible to ship the edible flowers via ground transportation with significant cost savings.
Effect of Molecular Weight, Acid, and Plasticizer on the Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of β‐Chitosan Based Films
Authors: Chen Jeremy L. , Zhao Yanyun
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Effects of chitosan molecular weight (1815 and 366 kDa), type of acid (1% acetic, formic, and propionic acid, or 0.5% lactic acid) and plasticizer (0, 25% glycerol or sorbital w/w chitosan) on the mechanical, water barrier, and antibacterial properties of β‐chitosan films were investigated. Tensile strength (TS) of high molecular weight (Hw) films was 53% higher than that of low molecular weight (Lw) ones, acetate, and propionate films had the highest TS (43 and 40 MPa) among tested acids, and plasticizer‐reduced film TS 34%. Film elongation at break (EL) was higher in Hw films than in Lw ones, in which formate and acetate films were the highest (9% and 8%, respectively), and plasticizer increased the film EL 128%. Molecular weight of chitosan did not influence water vapor permeability (WVP) of the films. Acetate and propionate films had lower WVP than other acid types of films, and plasticizer increased film WVP about 35%. No difference was found between glycerol and sorbitol films in terms of film mechanical and water barrier properties. Lw β‐chitosan films showed significant antibacterial activity against E. coli and L. innocua. This study demonstrated that β‐chitosan films are compatible to α‐chitosan films in physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity, yet with simple sample preparation.

Practical Application:  β‐chitosan based edible films at molecular weight of about 300 kDa showed great antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. The films have similar mechanical and water barrier properties to α‐chitosan based films at the similar molecular weight, but simple sample preparation procedures and more attractive color. The release of active chitosan fragment from the film matrix acts as an antibacterial agent, making β‐chitosan films suitable as intelligent food wraps or coatings for a wide range of food products to control moisture loss and prevent surface bacterial growth.
Concentration of Antioxidant Polyphenols from Thymus capitatus extracts by Membrane Process Technology
Authors: Achour Sami , Khelifi Eltaief , Attia Yesmine , Ferjani Ezzeddine , Noureddine Hellal Ahmed
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Thymus capitatus is a Mediterranean plant characterized by its antioxidant polyphenols of which the most known are the carnosic and rosmarinic acids. In this way, this study aims to concentrate these acids by membrane processes. The thyme essential oil composition was established by capillary GC‐MS and 27 components were identified representing 98.93%± 1.97% of total oils. The antioxidant test for permeate and retentate of methanolic and aqueous extract were determined using 3 types of membranes. The results showed that the synthetic NF membrane is able to trap and concentrate phenolic compounds in the retentate much better than the NF commercial and UF synthetic membrane. The results of the total phenolic content (TPC) showed a significant value of the polyphenol content present in the aqueous extract with 175.53 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g of extract. The spectrum of the aqueous extract of Thymus capitatus showed the presence of 3 visible peaks, the 1st one at 217 nm corresponding to the carnosic acid, the 2nd one at 277 nm for essential oils, and the last one at 326 nm attributed to the rosmarinic acid. The commercial membrane NF‐DK succeeded to concentrate rosmarinic acid and can be considered as a stage towards the concentration of this product with a high added value.
Effect of Low‐Level Laser Therapy (660 nm) on Acute Inflammation Induced by Tenotomy of Achilles Tendon in Rats
Authors: Laraia Erica Martinho Salvador , Silva Iandara Schettert , Pereira Daniel Martins , dos Reis Filipe Abdalla , Albertini Regiane , de Almeida Patrícia , Leal Junior Ernesto Cesar Pinto , de Tarso Camillo de Carvalho Paulo
Published: May 2012

In this study, we aimed to analyze the effects of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT; 660 nm) on levels of protein expression of inflammatory mediators after cutting Achilles tendon of rats. Thirty Wistar male rats underwent partial incisions of the left Achilles tendon, and were divided into three groups of 10 animals according to the time of euthanasia after injury: 6, 24 and 72 h. Each group was then divided into control group and LLLT group (treated with 100 mW, 3.57 W cm−2, 0.028 cm2, 214 J cm−2, 6 J, 60 s, single point). In LLLT group, animals were treated once time per day until the time of euthanasia established for each group. The group treated with LLLT showed a significant reduction of IL‐1β compared with control groups at three time points (6 h: P = 0.0401; 24 h: P = 0.0015; 72 h: P = 0.0463). The analysis of IL‐6 showed significant reduction only in the LLLT group at 72 h compared with control group (P = 0.0179), whereas IL‐10 showed a significant increase in the treated group compared with control group at three experimental times (6 h: P = 0.0007; 24 h: P = 0.0256; 72 h: P < 0.0001). We conclude that LLLT is an important modulator of inflammatory cytokines release after injury in Achilles tendon.
Components of the Metabolic Syndrome Differ Between Young and Old Adults in the US Population
Authors: Sumner Andrew D. , Sardi Gabriel L. , Reed James F.
Published: May 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;00:00–00. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is high in the United States and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The authors examined whether the prevalence of the MetS and its components differs across age groups. Data were analyzed from 4 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys between the years 1999 and 2006. Prevalence of MetS as defined by the Third Report of the Adult Treatment Panel criteria and prevalence of associated cardiac risk factors were determined in 41,474 participants aged 18 years and older without a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD). All estimates were weighted. Prevalence of MetS among asymptomatic adults without CVD was 20.5% and remained stable for the total population during survey periods. Prevalence of MetS increased with age: 6.6% in young adults (age 18–29 years) and 34.6% in older adults (70 and older). Components of MetS differed between young and old adults. Young adults had lower levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, less glucose intolerance, and less hypertension. This study provides an estimate of MetS prevalence in asymptomatic adults in the United States during an 8‐year period revealing that MetS affects a large number of Americans. Components of MetS differ between young and old adults and may have important implications in their clinical management.
Can Access Limits on Sales Representatives to Physicians Affect Clinical Prescription Decisions? A Study of Recent Events With Diabetes and Lipid Drugs
Authors: Chressanthis George A. , Khedkar Pratap , Jain Nitin , Poddar Prashant , Seiders Michael G.
Published: May 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012; 14:435–446. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The authors explored to what extent important medical decisions by practitioners can be influenced by pharmaceutical representatives and, in particular, whether restricting such access could delay appropriate changes in clinical practice. Medical practices were divided into four categories based on the degree of sales representative access to clinicians: very low, low, medium, and high from a database compiled by ZS Associates called AccessMonitor (Evanston, IL) used extensively by many pharmaceutical companies. Clinical decisions of 58,647 to 72,114 physicians were statistically analyzed using prescription data from IMS Health (Danbury, CT) in three critical areas: an innovative drug for type 2 diabetes (sitagliptin), an older diabetes drug with a new Food and Drug Administration–required black box warning for cardiovascular safety (rosiglitazone), and a combination lipid therapy that had reported negative outcomes in a clinical trial (simvastatin+ezetimbe). For the uptake of the new diabetes agent, the authors found that physicians with very low access to representatives had the lowest adoption of this new therapy and took 1.4 and 4.6 times longer to adopt than physicians in the low‐ and medium‐access restriction categories, respectively. In responding to the black box warning for rosiglitazone, the authors found that physicians with very low access were 4.0 times slower to reduce their use of this treatment than those with low access. Likewise, there was significantly less response in terms of changing prescribing to the negative news with the lipid therapy for physicians in more access‐restricted offices. Overall, cardiologists were the most responsive to information changes relative to primary care physicians. These findings emphasize that limiting access to pharmaceutical representatives can have the unintended effect of reducing appropriate responses to negative information about drugs just as much as responses to positive information about innovative drugs.
Impact of Fetal Programming, Birth Weight, and Infant Feeding on Later Hypertension
Authors: Ingelfinger Julie R. , Nuyt Anne‐Monique
Published: May 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012; 14:365–371. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The concept of developmental origins of adult disease derives from both epidemiologic and basic sciences. This brief review considers the impact of the intrauterine milieu, intrauterine growth retardation, premature birth, and infant feeding on later hypertension and kidney disease.
Misperception of patients with type 2 diabetes about diet and physical activity, and its effects on readiness to change*
Authors: Jansink Renate , Braspenning Jozé , Keizer Ellen , Van Der Weijden Trudy , Elwyn Glyn , Grol Richard
Published: May 2012

Background:  The aim of the present study was to assess misperceptions about lifestyle among patients with type 2 diabetes and their effects on readiness to change.

Methods:  Nine hundred and forty patients, with an HbA1c >7% and a body mass index >25 kg/m2, from 57 general practices participated in a cross‐sectional survey. Misperceptions of lifestyle (fruit, vegetable, and fat consumption, as well as physical activity) and readiness to change were determined with validated questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis calculated the association of misperception with readiness to change.

Results:  The response rate was 55.4%. Misperception existed for all lifestyle behaviors (physical activity, 41.5%; consumption of fruit, 40.1%; consumption of vegetables, 69.2%; consumption of fat, 21.6%). Misperception significantly affected readiness to change the relevant lifestyle (odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] ranging from 2.67 [1.68–4.23] to 1.80 [1.16–2.79]), except in the case of fruit consumption. The degree of misperception varied greatly between the different lifestyle behaviors and was somewhat larger (1–10%) than that in the general Dutch population.

Conclusions:  Patients with type 2 diabetes misperceive their lifestyle behaviors, which hinders lifestyle changes. The variations in misperception and readiness to change show that diversity should be considered in lifestyle counseling for patients with type 2 diabetes.
Incidence of diabetic retinopathy in Bangladesh: A 15‐year follow‐up study*
Authors: Ahmed Kazi Rumana , Karim Md Nazmul , Bhowmik Bishwajit , Habib Samira Humaira , Bukht Md Sadaat , Ali Liaquat , Hussain Akhtar
Published: May 2012

Background:  The aim of the present study was to estimate the incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among type 2 diabetic (T2D) subjects in Bangladesh.

Methods:  A random sample of 977 patients with T2D was recruited retrospectively in 2008 from newly diagnosed T2D patients who had attended the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorder (BIRDEM) in 1993. Baseline information for the cohort was collected for 1993 from hospital records. The mean time until development of DR in newly diagnosed T2D patients was calculated using survival analysis. Cox’s proportional hazards model was used to assess factors affecting the time until development of DR.

Results:  The cumulative incidence of DR over the 15‐year period was 50.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 47.5%–53.8%). The incidence density (per 100 person‐years) of DR was similar in the overall cohort (4.1; 95% CI 3.7–4.5) and in men (4.2; 95% CI 3.7–4.7) and women (4.1; 95% CI 3.6–4.6) separately. The mean time (in years) until development of DR in the cohort was 9.72 (95% CI 9.38–10.06), with similar times in men (9.8; 95% CI 9.3–10.3) and women (9.6; 95% CI 9.5–10.1) analyzed separately. Age, sex, hypertension, lipid profile, HbA1c, and serum creatinine were entered into the hazards model simultaneously. However, only age (hazard ratio [HR] 0.75; 95% CI 0.61–0.92) and HbA1c (HR 0.52; 95% CI 0.33–0.82) had a significant effect on the time until development of DR.

Conclusions:  Glucose deregulation is the most important factor in the development of DR.
Inadvertent consequences of community‐based efforts to control invasive species
Authors: Kelehear Crystal , Cabrera‐Guzmán Elisa , Shine Richard
Published: May 2012

Attempts to manipulate species abundances can have unforeseen consequences. Our studies suggest that community‐group efforts to cull cane toads (Rhinella marina) invading Australia may interfere with the toad's local enemies. Abundance of the toad parasite Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala and the ant Iridomyrmex reburrus (a toad predator) may decrease when community groups spray antiseptic (Dettol) at pond edges to kill toads. Our trials show that Dettol kills parasitic larvae and repels predatory ants; thus, community‐group control efforts may reduce natural toad regulation. Conversely, volunteer “toad‐busters” traversing isolated localities to collect toads may spread parasitic larvae via muddy footwear. Our trials show that larvae can remain alive in muddy boot‐treads for at least a week, and our field data reveal changed parasite dynamics in areas where community groups are most active. Thus, the impacts of culling activities on this invasive species may be exacerbated or undermined by inadvertent interference with host–parasite and predator–prey interactions.
Three new species, four new records and an updated checklist ofHabenaria(Orchidaceae) from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Authors: Batista João A. N. , Neto Luiz Menini , Vale Aline A.
Published: May 2012

Three new species ofHabenaria(Orchidaceae) sectionNudaefrom Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, are described and illustrated:Habenaria australis, H. kleiniiandH. sobraliana. These are the first records ofH.sect.Nudaefor the state. Based on the examination of living and dried specimens, a total of 33 species and 400 collections ofHabenariawere recorded for Rio Grande do Sul. Based on this survey, an updated checklist of the genusHabenariafor Rio Grande do Sul has been compiled. Four species are known only from this state, while seven other species are restricted to southern Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay.Habenaria hieronymi, previously known only from Argentina, is recorded for the first time from Brazil, andH. brachyphyton, H. ekmanianaandH. melanopodaare new records for Rio Grande do Sul.
Laparoscopic versus open repair for strangulated groin hernias: 188 cases over 4 years
Authors: Yang GPC , Chan CTY , Lai ECH , Chan OCY , Tang CN , Li MKW
Published: May 2012

Introduction

Currently transabdominal pre‐peritoneal and totally extraperitoneal repairs are the two standard laparoscopic approaches for groin hernia repair. However, they are still largely reserved for uncomplicated elective cases. To determine whether laparoscopic groin hernia repair can achieve similar results for acute strangulated hernias as laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis, we analyzed and compared the results of emergency laparoscopic surgery and open repair for strangulated groin hernias performed by our team over the past 4 years.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. We analyzed the results of patients admitted between January 2007 and January 2011 who were diagnosed with acute strangulated groin hernia and underwent emergency open or laparoscopic hernia repair during the same admission. Patients' demographic details, mode of presentation, type of hernia, intraoperative findings, operative time, postoperative course and complications were compared.

Results

In total, 188 patients fulfilled the criteria for emergency surgical repair of strangulated groin hernias; 57 received laparoscopic and 131 received open repairs. The mean operative time was 79.82 ± 29.571 min and 80.75 ± 35.161 min, respectively. More laparotomies were performed in the open group (19 vs 0). The wound infection rate was significantly higher in the open group (12 vs 0). The mean hospital stay was shorter in the laparoscopic group (4.39 days vs 7.34 days). There was no mesh infection in either group. Recurrence occurred one case in the laparoscopic group and in three cases in the open group.

Conclusions

Emergency laparoscopic repair for strangulated groin hernias is feasible and appears to have a lower morbidity relative to open repair. Further study should be performed to evaluate its full potential.
Identifying a contact zone between two phylogeographic lineages of Clematis sibirica (Ranunculeae) in the Tianshan and Altai Mountains
Authors: ZHANG Hong‐Xiang , ZHANG Ming‐Li
Published: May 2012

Abstract  Clematis sibirica, a woody vine occurring primarily under conifer forests, is widespread in northern Eurasia. In this study, we intend to illustrate how the taxon has responded in the area of the Tianshan and Altai Mountains of Central Asia to the Pleistocene climatic fluctuations. The chloroplast intergenic spacer psbA‐trnH was sequenced for 125 individuals from 28 populations, and a total of eight chlorotypes were identified. The presence of definite phylogeographic structure was detected for the species (NST > GST, P < 0.001), and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the eight chlorotypes were clustered into two divergent lineages. They split at approximately 550–690 ka BP, according to coalescence analysis, coincident with the Pleistocene maximum glacial stage in these mountains, which suggests the restriction of these lineages to separate refugia at that time. Spatial analysis of molecular variance likewise divided the sampled populations into two associations, an Altai and eastern Tianshan group (populations 1–17), and a western Tianshan group (populations 18–28). Low levels of genetic diversity and unimodal mismatch distributions were obtained for both of these groups, suggesting postglacial range expansions. During the course of these expansions, mountain ranges surrounding the Dzungarian Basin probably served as migration corridors. In addition, a contact zone was identified in the central Tianshan and eastern Altai Mountains between the two phylogeographic lineages.
Effects of Narrative Script Advance Organizer Strategies Used to Introduce Video in the Foreign Language Classroom
Authors: Ambard Philip D. , Ambard Linda K.
Published: May 2012

The study compared participant comprehension of foreign language video content using two advance organizer (AO) strategies while exploring the benefits of AOs as proficiency increases. Participants were 50 advanced‐beginner Spanish college students in three sections. Collaborative reading condition participants read a target language narrative video script aloud in groups, watched the video of the script, and took a test. Individual reading condition participants read the same script quietly before watching the video and taking the test. Control group participants did not read the script before watching the video and taking the test. The study was conducted at the start and end of the semester. Results indicate that AOs increased video comprehension. Researchers concluded that learners benefit to similar degrees from access to AOs as proficiency increases.
Teaching L2 Spanish Stress
Authors: Saalfeld Anita K.
Published: May 2012

The present study investigated the effects of training on the perception of Spanish stress, an important feature in the Spanish verbal morphology system. Participants were two intact classes of native English speakers enrolled in a six‐week session of second‐semester Spanish, as well as native English and native Spanish control groups. During the instructional period, one class received short lessons and practice activities designed to improve their perception and production of Spanish stress; the other class received no specific instruction on Spanish stress and did not engage in any practice activities. Statistical tests revealed that both groups demonstrated significant improvement between pretest and posttest, but there were no differences between groups in terms of accuracy of response. While the evidence is inconclusive, it is possible that the lack of distracter items in the pretest promoted learner noticing or awareness, which was sufficient for both groups to improve in second language phonology.
Strength of High Performance Glass Reinforcement Fiber
Authors: Korwin-Edson Michelle L. , Hofmann Douglas A. , McGinnis Peter B.
Published: May 2012

The practical strength of glass is highly dependent on the amount and type of damage that a glass article has experienced in its lifetime and can be 50% less than its theoretical strength. Glass reinforcement fibers in the pristine state exhibit some of the highest failure strengths of any glass form. Strength degradation is a sequential process the further from the point of formation a glass travels. Individual filament strength is important in the manufacturing process as the fiber interacts with water, HVAC, sizing applicators, contact shoes, and guide eyes and ultimately this combination impacts productivity. A discussion of glass fiber strength — pristine versus usable, and the effects of temperature, humidity, and composition on glass strength follows in this manuscript. New data collected in Owens Corning's Glass Properties Laboratory on the effect of temperature and relative humidity on strength and modulus for Advantex® glass, Owens Corning's S‐glass (XStrand®S, FliteStrand®S, and ShieldStrand®S) and H‐glass (WindStrand®H) are presented. Owens Corning's understanding of the effect of composition on strength and modulus, and particularly how individual oxides contribute to these properties are shared.
Glass Fiber‐Reinforced Composites: From Formulation to Application
Authors: Stickel Joy M. , Nagarajan Mala
Published: May 2012

Glass fiber‐reinforced composite materials are attractive because their properties can be tailored to meet the specific needs of a variety of applications. The mechanical and thermal properties of a composite generally follow the rule of mixtures. As glass fiber is the major component at 70–75% by weight (50–60% by volume), selection of the correct glass product is critical. Glass fiber reinforcement is available in many forms, including continuous rovings, chopped fibers, fabrics, and nonwoven mats. In addition to form, selection of a reinforcement product involves choosing a glass type, chemistry on the glass (sizing) filament diameter, and tex. Glass formulation or type governs mechanical, thermal, and corrosion properties, whereas sizing protects the glass during handling and gives compatibility with the resin system. Filament diameter and strand tex are chosen to balance physical properties and manufacturing efficiency. A significant amount of tensile strength, up to 50%, may be lost from a pristine single filament to a multi‐filament roving. To minimize this degradation, the utmost care and consistency must be exercised in the fiber forming process. This, coupled with selection of a high‐performance glass formulation, enables use of composites in highly demanding applications, such as pressure vessels and ballistic armor.
Aortic rupture and aorto‐pulmonary fistulation in the Friesian horse: Characterisation of the clinical and grosspost mortemfindings in 24 cases
Authors: PLOEG M. , SAEY V. , de BRUIJN C. M. , GRÖNE A. , CHIERS K. , van LOON G. , DUCATELLE R. , van WEEREN P. R. , BACK W. , DELESALLE C.
Published: May 2012

Reasons for performing study:In horses, aortic sinus of Valsalva aneurysms or tears in the aortic root are well‐recognised conditions in breeding stallions, often leading to sudden death. A more uncommon form of aortic rupture, located proximal to theligamentum arteriosumhas been reported in 3 Friesian horses.

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to phenotypically characterise aortic rupture and aorto‐pulmonary fistulation in Friesian horses in terms of clinical andpost mortemdata based on 24 cases.

Methods:Friesian horses that were diagnosed with aortic rupture and aorto‐pulmonary fistulation over a period of 13 years (1997–2010) at the Department of Equine Sciences of Utrecht University (n = 15) and Wolvega Equine Hospital (n = 9), were included in this study. Case history, results of clinical examination and grosspost mortemfindings were screened and analysed.

Results:Some cases were found dead without prior symptoms, but in several cases signs such as recurrent colic, peripheral oedema and sustained tachycardia were present for several weeks prior to cardiac failure. Clinical examination during hospitalisation revealed increased rectal temperature, peripheral oedema and increased jugular pulse with a bounding arterial pulse. In the majority of horses an aortic rupture of the aortic arch near theligamentum arteriosum, concurrent with a circumferential cuff of perivascular haemorrhage and aorto‐pulmonary fistulation, was found atpost mortemexamination.

Conclusions:Aorto‐pulmonary fistulation in conjunction with aortic rupture is more common in Friesians than previously estimated. In some cases findings demonstrate a progressive pathology rather than acute cardiac failure and sudden death. An appropriate approach is necessary duringpost mortemexamination of the heart in order not to overlook the diagnosis.

Potential relevance:Equine practitioners should realise that in Friesian horses presented with a history of recurrent false colic, coughing, sustained tachycardia and/or peripheral oedema, aortic rupture and aorto‐pulmonary fistulation should be included in the differential diagnosis.
Subclinical ultrasonographic abnormalities of the suspensory ligament branch of the athletic horse: A survey of 60 Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: RAMZAN P. H. L. , PALMER L. , DALLAS R. S. , SHEPHERD M. C.
Published: May 2012

Reasons for performing study:Ultrasonographic (US) abnormalities of the suspensory ligament branch (SLB) have been poorly investigated but can have considerable impact on market value and career path when encountered in athletic horses. There is a need for determination of the prevalence and relationship to clinical injury of these US abnormalities in the Thoroughbred (TB) racehorse.

Objectives:To establish the prevalence of, and the repeatability of an US grading system for, subclinical US abnormalities of the forelimb SLB in a population of UK TB flat racehorses.

Methods:Ultrasonographic assessment of the forelimb SLBs of 60 TB racehorses free from history and clinical indication of SLB desmopathy in a single UK training yard was performed. Images were viewed independently by 2 blinded observers and graded for US abnormality. Interobserver agreement was assessed using Cohen's kappa statistic with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results:Prevalence of horses with subclinical US abnormality of the forelimb SLB of moderate severity was 6.7%. Medial branches were overrepresented. Inter observer agreement was substantial for US grade (kappa = 0.743; 95% CI 0.652–0.834) and almost perfect for appearance of sesamoid bone at ligament insertion (kappa = 0.817; 95% CI 0.66–0.98).

Conclusions:The study reveals that a proportion of TB racehorses in flat training free from history or clinical signs of SLB injury have US abnormalities that could negatively impact on market value and career path.

Potential relevance:Clinicians should be aware that US abnormalities of the SLB may not always be related to clinical desmopathy. Further longitudinal studies are required to determine whether such findings are predictive for future injury.