bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An unusual case of brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism associated with ectopic parathyroid adenoma
Authors: Mohan Mathan , Neelakandan Ravana Sundaram , Siddharth D. , Sharma Ravi
Published: October 2013

Brown tumor is a giant cell lesion associated with hyperparathyroidism. It is a non-neoplastic condition and represents terminal stage of the remodeling process in hyperparathyroid state. We report a case of brown tumor with multiple lesions in craniofacial region associated with ectopic parathyroid adenoma revealed after acute L-thyroxine poisoning. This case report emphasizes on the need for routine biochemical investigations along with serum calcium, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone levels in patients on thyroxine therapy.
The total occlusal convergence of the abutment of a partial fixed dental prosthesis: A definition and a clinical technique for its assessment
Authors: Mamoun John S.
Published: October 2013

The abutment(s) of a partial fixed dental prosthesis (PFDP) should have a minimal total occlusal convergence (TOC), also called a taper, in order to ensure adequate retention of a PFDP that will be made for the abutment(s), given the height of the abutment(s). This article reviews the concept of PFDP abutment TOC and presents an alternative definition of what TOC is, defining it as the extent to which the shape of an abutment differs from an ideal cylinder shape of an abutment. This article also reviews experimental results concerning what is the ideal TOC in degrees and explores clinical techniques of estimating the TOC of a crown abutment. The author suggests that Dentists use high magnification loupes (×6-8 magnification or greater) or a surgical operating microscope when preparing crown abutments, to facilitate creating a minimum abutment TOC.
Insights into and relative effect of chitosan-H, chitosan-H-propolis, chitosan-H-propolis-nystatin and chitosan-H-nystatin on dentine bond strength
Authors: Perchyonok Victoria Tamara , Zhang Shengmiao , Grobler Sias R. , Oberholzer Theunis G.
Published: October 2013

Objective: The purpose of the study was to design and evaluate novel functional chitosan hydrogels (chitosan-H-propolis, chitosan-H-propolis-nystatin and chitosan-H-nystatin) by using the chitosan-H polymer as "dual function restorative materials." Materials and Methods: The nystatin/antioxidant carrier gel was prepared by dispersion of the corresponding component in glycerol and 3% acetic acid with 5% chitosan gelling agent was then added to the dispersion with continuous mixing. The natural bio-adhesive functionalized chitosan hydrogels were combined with built in drug delivery system and bio-actives such as propolis in order to increase the dentin bond strength capacity and maintain therapeutic properties of the alternative drug delivery system. The surface morphology, release behaviors (physiological pH and also in acidic conditions), stability of nystatin:antioxidant:chitosan and the effect of the hydrogels on the shear bond strength of dentin were also evaluated.Statistical Analysis Used: Non-parametric ANOVA test was used to asses significance of higher shear bond values than dentine treated or not treated with phosphoric acid. Results: The release of both nystatin and propolis confer the added benefit of dual action of a functional therapeutic delivery when comparing the newly designed chitosan-based hydrogel restorative materials to commercially available nystatin alone. Neither the release of nystatin nor the antioxidant stability was affected by storage. Chitosan-H, chitosan-propolis, chitosan-nystatin and chitosan-nystatin-propolis treated dentine gives significantly (P < 0.05) higher shear bond values (P < 0.05) than dentine treated or not treated with phosphoric acid.Conclusion: The added benefits of their unique functionality involve increased dentin adhesive bond strengths (after 24 h and after 6 months) and positive influence on the nystatin release. Nystatin was a model therapeutic agent, evaluating the concept of using functional materials as carriers for pro-drugs as well as displaying a certain degree of defence mechanism for free radical damage of the novel functional drug delivery. Overall, there was an insignificant relapse in the shear bond strength after 6 months.
A finite element analysis for a comparative evaluation of stress with two commonly used esthetic posts
Authors: Shetty Prajna P. , Meshramkar Roseline , Patil Konark N. , Nadiger Ramesh K.
Published: October 2013

Objectives:The objective of this study was to evaluate stress distribution in the dentin and alveolar bone created by load application on simulated endodontically treated teeth with two different esthetic posts. Materials and Methods: A finite element model was made and elastic moduli and poissons ratio of all the materials fed to the software. For both the models, a 100N force was applied on the lingual surface of the tooth at an angle of 45°. Stress concentration and distribution were evaluated and noted down for both the posts. Results: Finite element method revealed that Glass fibre post had homogenous distribution of stress whereas in zirconia post the stress was concentrated in the post.Conclusion :The present findings suggest that glass fibre post should be used in well-conserved radicular tooth structure and Zirconia post is indicated in weakened and grossly destructed tooth structure.
Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of dentinal tubule penetration of Epiphany in severely curved root canals
Authors: Rouhani Armita , Ghoddusi Jamileh , Naghavi Neda , Al-Lawati Ghadir
Published: October 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the depth of dentinal tubule sealer penetration in the apical thirds of severely curved root canals obturated with Resilon/Epiphany self-etch (SE) or gutta-percha/AH Plus using scanning electron microscopy. Materials and Methods: A total of 34 extracted human mandibular molars with 25-40° curvature of the mesial root canal were selected for this study. After preparation, the mesiobuccal canals were randomly obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer or Resilon and Epiphany SE sealer. Sealer penetration was evaluated in 2 mm sections of the apical thirds of roots using scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test, with significance set at P < 0.05. Results: Mean tubular penetration depth did not differ significantly between Resilon SE (172.22 μm) and AH Plus (122.18 μm; P > 0.05). The density of sealer tags in the apical thirds of root canals was also equivalent (P > 0.05).Conclusion:Average penetration into dentinal tubules in the apical thirds of severely curved roots did not differ significantly between Epiphany SE and AH Plus.
A clinical efficacy of 30% ethenolic extract of Indian propolis and Recaldent TM in management of dentinal hypersensitivity: A comparative randomized clinical trial
Authors: Torwane Nilesh Arjun , Hongal Sudhir , Goel Pankaj , Chandrashekar B. R. , Jain Manish , Saxena Eshani
Published: October 2013

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of 30% ethenolic extract of Indian propolis compared with Recaldent TM (casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate) in reduction of dentinals hypersensitivity, a randomized, double-blind, split mouth, controlled clinical trial was conducted among the patients residing in Central Jail. Materials and Methods: A sample of 73 teeth from 13 patients having at least three teeth with dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) were randomly allocated into three treatment groups: Group A: 30% ethenolic extract of Indian propolis, Group B: Recaldent TM , Group C: Sterile water. Verbal rating scale was used to record the degree of hypersensitivity based on patient′s response to tactile and air blast stimuli. The baseline scores were obtained. Each intervention group received applications of their respective agents consecutively on 1 st , 7 th , 14 th , and 21 st day. After each application the scores were recorded. Results: Both the 30% Indian propolis and Recaldent TM showed significant reduction in DH. Conclusions: Recaldent TM was found to be significantly better in reducing the DH compared to propolis and sterile water (P < 0.01).
Comparing the shear bond strength of direct and indirect composite inlays in relation to different surface conditioning and curing techniques
Authors: Zorba Yahya Orcun , Ilday Nurcan Ozakar , Bayındır Yusuf Ziya , Demirbuga Sezer
Published: October 2013

Objective: The aim of this study was to test the null hypothesis that different surface conditioning (etch and rinse and self-etch) and curing techniques (light cure/dual cure) had no effect on the shear bond strength of direct and indirect composite inlays. Materials and Methods: A total of 112 extracted human molar teeth were horizontally sectioned and randomly divided into two groups according to restoration technique (direct and indirect restorations). Each group was further subdivided into seven subgroups (n = 8) according to bonding agent (etch and rinse adhesives Scotchbond multi-purpose plus, All-Bond 3, Adper Single Bond and Prime Bond NT; and self-etch adhesives Clearfil Liner Bond, Futurabond DC and G bond). Indirect composites were cemented to dentin surfaces using dual-curing luting cement. Shear bond strength of specimens was tested using a Universal Testing Machine. Two samples from each subgroup were evaluated under Scanning electron microscopy to see the failing modes. Data was analyzed using independent sample t-tests and Tukey′s tests. Results: Surface conditioning and curing of bonding agents were all found to have significant effects on shear bond strength (P < 0.05) of both direct and indirect composite inlays. With direct restoration, etch and rinse systems and dual-cured bonding agents yielded higher bond strengths than indirect restoration, self-etch systems and light-cured bonding agents. Conclusions: The results of the present study indicated that direct restoration to be a more reliable method than indirect restoration. Although etch and rinse bonding systems showed higher shear bond strength to dentin than self-etch systems, both systems can be safely used for the adhesion of direct as well as indirect restorations.
The effect of different root canal medicaments on the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis ex vivo
Authors: Dammaschke Till , Jung Nina , Harks Inga , Schafer Edgar
Published: October 2013

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine gel (CHX-G) 2%, chlorhexidine powder (CHX-P) 1%, povidone-iodine (PVP-I), polyhexanide and camphorated-and-mentholated chlorophenol (ChKM) ex vivo. Materials and Methods: For every medicament group 10 root segments (15 mm long) of extracted human teeth were prepared to ISO-size 45 and sterilized (n = 50). The root segments were then inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and aerobically incubated at 37°C. After 1 week, ten root canals were filled with one of the medicaments, respectively and aerobically incubated at 37°C for another week. Ten teeth served as positive controls and were filled with sterile saline solution. After 7 days, the medicaments were inactivated and all root canals were instrumented to ISO-size 50. The obtained dentin samples were dispersed in Ringer solution followed by the preparation of serial dilutions. 10 ΅l per sample were applied to an agar plate and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. The colony forming units were counted and the reduction factors (RFs) were calculated and statistically analyzed. Results: Compared with the positive controls all medicaments exhibited an antibacterial effect against E. faecalis. The RFs for CHX-G, CHX-P and ChKM were significantly higher compared to PVP-I and polyhexanide (P < 0.05). In contrast to PVP-I and polyhexanide, CHX-G, CHX-P and ChKM were able to eliminate E. faecalis from all dentin samples. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this ex vivo investigation, 2% CHX-G and CHX-P were as effective as ChKM against E. faecalis. Thus, when choosing a root canal medicament the better biocompatibility of CHX compared with ChKM should be taken in consideration.
Prevalence of elongated styloid process in Saudi population of Aseer region
Authors: Shaik Mohammed Asif , Kaleem Sultan Mohammed , Wahab Abdul , Hameed Shahul ,   Naheeda
Published: October 2013

Objective: The study was performed to investigate the prevalence, morphology and calcification pattern of elongated styloid process in Saudi population of Aseer (Southern) region and its relation to gender and sub-age groups. Materials and Methods: This study was analyzed digital panoramic radiographs of 1,162 adults. Any radiograph with questionable styloid process was excluded from the study. The apparent length of the styloid process was measured by a single experienced dental and maxillofacial Radiologist. The elongated styloid process was classified with the radiographic appearance based on the morphology and calcification pattern. The data were analyzed by using Student′s t-test and Chi-square test with P value less than 0.05. Results: A total of 1,085 Digital panoramic radiographs showed elongated styloid process of which 686 (63.2%) were noticed in males and 399 (36.8%) were noticed in female patients. There was a statistical significant difference noticed in the mean difference of elongated styloid process between 20-29, 50-59 and 60 years and above sub-age groups. The elongated styloid process was more prevalent in elderly aged male patients (P < 0.05). Type I morphology with calcified out line (a) was the most frequent pattern of calcification noticed in the present study.Conclusion: The panoramic radiographs are economical, easily accessible and useful diagnostic tool for early detection of elongated styloid process with or without symptoms. However, studies with larger sample size would further help to assess the prevalence of this elongated styloid process in Saudi population of various other regions.
Intraocular Tuberculosis
Authors: Gupta Amod , Parchand Swapnil , Sharma Aman , Gupta Vishali
Published: October 2013

Intraocular tuberculosis remains a major diagnostic challenge and it is extremely important to establish the diagnosis as the specific treatment helps in reducing the recurrences, thus reducing ocular morbidity. The present review aims to describe the global epidemiology and pathogenesis of intraocular tuberculosis with clinical spectrum and different presentations. The challenges in establishing the diagnosis with role of conventional tests like PPD skin test as well as current diagnostic tests including interferon gamma release assay and molecular diagnostic tests are discussed. The treatment requires anti-tuberculosis therapy with the use of concomitant corticosteroids and carries good prognosis provided the treatment is started in the early stage.

How to cite this article

Parchand S, Gupta V, Gupta A, Sharma A. Intraocular Tuberculosis. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(4):193-201.
Proton affinities of candidates for positively charged ambient ions in boreal forests
Authors: Ruusuvuori K. , Kurtén T. , Ortega I. K. , Faust J. , Vehkamäki H.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The optimized structures and proton affinities of a total of 81 nitrogen-containing bases, chosen based on field measurements of ambient positive ions, were studied using the CBS-QB3 quantum chemical method. The results were compared to values given in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Chemistry WebBook in cases where a value was listed. The computed values show good agreement with the values listed in NIST. Grouping the molecules based on their molecular formula, the largest calculated proton affinities for each group were also compared with experimentally observed ambient cation concentrations in a boreal forest. This comparison allows us to draw qualitative conclusions about the relative ambient concentrations of different nitrogen-containing organic base molecules.
Surveillance of Arc2f Polyethylene after 15 Years of Implantation
Authors: Macheras George A. , Koutsostathis Stefanos D. , Galanakos Spyridon , Kateros Konstantinos , Papadakis Stamatios A.
Published: October 2013

Background

To investigate the behavior of Arc2f polyethylene (PE) component after a minimum of 15 years post implantation and its possible reasons for failure.

Methods

Between January 1988 and March 1995, 557 cementless total hip arthroplasties were performed in 578 patients. A total of 435 patients (450 hips) were followed up for 18.6 years (range 15-22).

Results

At 10 years follow-up no cup needed revision surgery. After 15 years of implantation, we observed massive PE wear in 140 cups (31%) with large osteolytic lesions. A revision procedure was performed in all cases. Exchange only of the PE liner was sufficient in 78 cases, whilst in 59 the cup was also revised. PE insert thickness and the type of prosthetic head were found to be related to PE wear.

Conclusions

We postulate that the massive failure seen is attributed to the manufacturing of the PE insert. We advocate following all patients that have an implant lasting a decade after implantation for routine monitoring to identify those at risk for accelerated PE wear.
Winnicott hoy día: Consideraciones psicoanalíticas acerca de las nuevas Bases Técnicas del Sename sobre adopción
Authors: Medeiros Ruiz Leonardo
Published: October 2013

Se discuten las nuevas Bases Técnicas del Servicio Nacional de Menores (Sename) sobre políticas de adopción en la infancia, desde el pensamiento del psicoanalista Donald Winnicott. Se plantea que la teoría y clínica winnicottianas no se comprenden bien si no se tiene en cuenta su ética, que subraya el deseo e historia del niño y sus padres.Las consecuencias de esta posición son relevantes como instrumento de análisis crítico en tanto permite desentrañar la noción de infancia que fundamenta tales bases técnicas. Adicionalmente, este trabajo revitaliza las concepciones del psicoanalista inglés, al mostrar que su lectura aún puede iluminar nuestra manera de pensar las problemáticas de la infancia, incluso si estas se circunscriben a la realidad chilena actual.
Actualidad de las piezas de museo: Freud y la ecuación etiológica ampliada
Authors: Cabrera Pérez Pablo
Published: October 2013

El texto trata sobre una reconsideración de las claves freudianas para comprender los malestares subjetivos de nuestra época. Incorpora, en las tesis clásicas de Freud sobre las vías de formación de síntoma en relación a lo inconsciente, aquellos descubrimientos posteriores a 1920, relacionados con la herencia y la transmisión, lo originario y lo traumático, lo que hemos llamado ecuación etiológica ampliada. Se argumenta que esta consideración sobre otras claves freudianas permite discutir de manera compleja las nuevas enfermedades del alma, o en otros términos, los malestares de la actualidad.
Influencia de una intervención grupal para madres en el cambio psicoterapéutico de sus hijos/as víctimas de agresiones sexuales
Authors: Álvarez Zavala Paulina , Socorro Analía , Capella Sepúlveda Claudia
Published: October 2013

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la influencia de una intervención psicoeducativa grupal para madres de niños/as víctimas de agresión sexual en el cambio psicoterapéutico de sus hijos/as. Con este fin se implementó una intervención en un centro especializado, conformándose un grupo control y uno experimental.Se realizó una evaluación antes/después a partir de la aplicación del Inventario de Problemas Conductuales de Achenbach (IPCDS) y de una pauta de evaluación para terapeutas. A partir de los resultados se aprecia la existencia de cambio psicoterapéutico posterior a la intervención en el grupo experimental, no así en el grupo control, indicando que esta tendría influencia en el cambio psicoterapéutico de los niños/as, no obstante no se aprecian diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la comparación de ambos grupos.
Modelling Tourism Employment in China
Authors: Wei Xiang , Qu Hailin , Ma Emily
Published: October 2013

This study develops and tests a tourism employment model with 17-year time series data in China. The model reveals that tourism employment does not always grow in accordance with the tourism economy. The results indicate that tourism employment in China is driven mainly by the development of tourism-related industries. The results also show that technological progress has a slight negative effect on tourism employment in China.
Klein–Gordon Solutions for a Yukawa-like Potential
Authors: Ikhdair Sameer M. , Hamzavi Majid
Published: October 2013

The Klein-Gordon equation for a recently proposed Yukawa-type potential is solved with any orbital quantum number l. In the equally mixed scalar-vector potential fields S(r) = ±V(r), the approximate energy eigenvalues and their wave functions for a particle and anti-particle are obtained by means of the parametric Nikiforov-Uvarov method. The non-relativistic solutions are also investigated. It is found that the present analytical results are in exact agreement with the previous ones.
Group-Theoretic Approach to Boundary Layer Equations of an Oldroy-B Fluid
Authors: Pakdemirli Mehmet , Hayat Tasawar , Aksoy Yiğit
Published: October 2013

Boundary layer equations are derived for the first time for an Oldroy-B fluid. The symmetry analysis of the equations is performed using Lie Group theory and the partial differential system is transferred to an ordinary differential system via symmetries. Resulting equations are numerically solved for the case of the stretching sheet problem. Effects of non-Newtonian parameters on the solutions are discussed.
Darboux Transformation and Exact Solutions of the Continuous Heisenberg Spin Chain Equation
Authors: Chen Ai-Hua , Wang Fan-Fan
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we give the N-fold Darboux transformation (DT) for the continuous Heisenberg spin chain which describes the motion of the isotropic ferromagnets in the complex case. By using this DT, we get N-soliton solutions and a new exact solution of the spin chain from a trivial seed solution and a plane wave seed solution, respectively.
A Retrospective Population-Based Comparison of HER2 Immunohistochemistry and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Breast Carcinomas: Impact of 2007 American Society of Clinical Oncology/ College of American Pathologists Criteria
Authors: Schalper Kurt A. , Kumar Sudha , Hui Pei , Rimm David L. , Gershkovich Peter
Published: October 2013

Context.—In 2007 the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists made new recommendations for HER2 testing and redefined HER2 positivity.

Objective.—To analyze results from simultaneous HER2 testing with immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 2590 invasive breast carcinomas between 2002 and 2010, using 2 scoring systems.

Design.—Cases from between 2002 and 2006 were scored by using original US Food and Drug Administration criteria (N = 1138) and those from between 2007 and 2010 were evaluated according to American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists criteria (N = 1452). Concordance between testing methods and clinicopathologic associations were determined.

Results.—Overall concordance between immunohistochemistry/FISH in the 9-year period was 96.2% (κ = 0.82), and positive concordance was lower. After 2007, the proportion of HER2/neu-positive and HER2/neu-negative cases was not significantly changed when using immunohistochemistry (10.5% versus 8.9%, P = .22 and 69.4% versus 63%, P = .13, respectively), but the number of equivocal cases was higher (19.9% versus 28%, P < .001). While the proportion of negative cases by FISH remained unchanged after 2007 (86.5% versus 88.2%, P = .76), the number of positive cases was lower (13.4% versus 9.2%, P < .001). In addition, 38 cases (2.6%) were FISH equivocal, 16 of which were also equivocal by immunohistochemistry. Overall, immunohistochemistry/FISH concordance was 95.9% between 2002 and 2006 (κ = 0.82) and 96.4% after 2007 (κ = 0.82). However, an approximately 13% lower positive assay concordance was noted in the last period.

Conclusions.—Application of American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists recommendations is associated with comparable overall immunohistochemistry/FISH concordance, reduced positive concordance, and increased equivocal results.
Botulinum Neurotoxin: Advances in Diagnostics and Healthcare Applications
Authors: Sandeep Kumar Vashist  , Gregory B. Stevens  , Thomas van Oordt
Published: October 2013

Editorial
Overview of systemic and localized amyloidosis
Authors: Girnius Saulius
Published: October 2013

Amyloidosis is a family of protein misfolding disorders, in which insoluble fibrillar proteins deposit extracellularly and cause end organ damage. Depending on the precursor protein, clinical manifestations in amyloidosis vary significantly. In systemic amyloidosis, the heart, kidneys, and nerves are most commonly affected, resulting in congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, nephrotic syndrome, renal failure, and peripheral and autonomic neuropathies. In localized amyloidosis, amyloid deposits at the site of production, so only one organ is disrupted. Once amyloidosis is confirmed histologically, the precursor subtype must be identified using immunohistochemistry, immunofixation, electron microscopy, or laser microdissection and mass spectrometry. Treatment should not be initiated prior to the identification of the type of amyloidosis. Currently, treatment focuses on the suppression of the precursor protein: in AL amyloidosis, chemotherapy or autologous stem cell transplants suppress production of immunoglobulin light chains; in AA amyloidosis, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory agents suppress amyloid A production; and in AF amyloidosis, a liver transplantation removes the source of mutant transthyretin protein production. Newer drugs are being developed to target amyloidosis at an epigenetic level or stabilize folding intermediates, but there are currently in development.
Dietary and lifestyle modification in metabolic syndrome: a review of randomized control trials in different population groups
Authors: Kataria Ishu , Chadha Ravinder , Pathak Renuka
Published: October 2013

The emergence of modernization coupled with sedentary lifestyle has resulted in the shift from the prevalence of diseases only due to under nutrition, to those caused by over nutrition. The augmentation of non-communicable diseases, thus, imposes double burden of disease, impeding the health of a nation. This upsurge has led to increase in prevalence and incidence of Metabolic syndrome which is a cluster of inter-related factors characterized by high fasting blood glucose, increased level of triglycerides, low levels of high density cholesterol, elevated blood pressure and abdominal obesity. The best way to combat this syndrome is to reduce the atherosclerotic risk, which can be carried out by modification in the diet and lifestyle – the first line of treatment of the syndrome. Thus, the present review was undertaken to understand the already existing as well as the current scenario specifically regarding the dietary and lifestyle interventions being carried out to overcome Metabolic syndrome. Of the randomized control trials reviewed, all except one reported improvement in Metabolic syndrome following intervention in diet and/or lifestyle modification either in certain components or overall syndrome within a period of 2 weeks–1 year. These interventions to alter diet and lifestyle focus on weight reduction, promotion of regular physical activity, reduction of substance abuse, effectiveness of specific food items along with regulation of genes and various inflammatory markers. They have the potential to succeed only if they are executed early, and thus, offer enough evidence to develop appropriate public policies. However, the issue that is of utmost significance is of sustainability and compliance, which eventually decides the long-term success or failure of an intervention.
Aerobic Exercise in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Swank Chad , Thompson Mary , Medley Ann
Published: October 2013

The aims of this study were to explore the feasibility of structured aerobic exercise followed by a period of unstructured physical activity and determine the impact of such exercise on cognition, mood, and quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). A convenience sample of 9 individuals with relapsing-remitting MS performed 30 minutes of aerobic exercise (upper- and lower-extremity ergometry and treadmill ambulation) twice weekly for 8 weeks, followed by 3 months of unstructured physical activity. Eight participants completed the intervention and posttest; 6 returned for the 3-month follow-up. Cardiovascular fitness, cognition, mood (measured with the Beck Depression Inventory–II; BDI-II), and quality of life (measured with the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life–54; MSQOL-54) were assessed. Participants completed 27.9 minutes of exercise per session, with an 85.1% attendance rate. Evaluation using the Wilcoxon signed rank test revealed no deleterious effects and improved results on the BDI-II and MSQOL-54 mental subscale. Analysis of change scores using the one-sample t test revealed that the BDI-II and MSQOL-54 were changed from zero after structured exercise, but only the BDI-II maintained improvement after unstructured physical activity. Further analysis of BDI-II subscales revealed that improvement occurred only in the Somato-Affective subscale. In this study, program feasibility was demonstrated in several ways. There were no declines in cognitive function over the 5-month period. Despite unchanged cognitive function, participants may value the improved mood enough to continue both the structured and unstructured physical activity. The role of unstructured physical activity in concert with periodic structured exercise programs merits further investigation.
Changes in Fatigue and Cognition in Patients with Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Natalizumab
Authors: Wilken Jeffrey , Kane Robert L. , Sullivan Cynthia L. , Gudesblatt Mark , Lucas Sylvia , Fallis Robert , You Xiaojun , Foulds Pam
Published: October 2013

Fatigue and cognitive impairment are debilitating features of multiple sclerosis (MS). ENER-G was a 12-month, open-label, multicenter, single-arm observational study designed to evaluate changes in fatigue and cognition in MS patients treated with natalizumab. Adults with relapsing MS and initiating natalizumab were enrolled. The primary endpoint was change in Visual Analog Scale for Fatigue (VAS-F) score over 12 weeks. Changes in Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) score, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) score, and cognitive performance, using Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM), were also assessed. Patients (N = 89) had a mean age of 41 years and a median Expanded Disability Status Scale score of 3.0, and 83% had used at least two prior MS therapies. Significant improvements were observed and maintained at 12 weeks in VAS-F (mean ± SD baseline score, 77.7 ± 10.2; mean ± SD change, −14.9 ± 17.1; P < .0001), MFIS (mean baseline score, 59.1 ± 12.2; mean change, −7.4 ± 11.8; P < .0001), and FSS (median baseline score, 6.3 [range, 3.9–7.0]; median change, −0.4 [range, −2.9–1.4]; P < .0001). Cognitive performance remained stable or improved (depending on the ANAM measure). Thus significant improvements in fatigue were maintained over time, and cognitive performance improved or remained stable up to 48 weeks after initiation of natalizumab in MS patients with some degree of fatigue.
Natural History of Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms
Authors: Kister Ilya , Bacon Tamar E. , Chamot Eric , Salter Amber R. , Cutter Gary R. , Kalina Jennifer T. , Herbert Joseph
Published: October 2013

The North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) Registry is a database that contains information from over 35,000 patient volunteers on symptom severity in 11 domains commonly affected in multiple sclerosis (MS): mobility, hand function, vision, fatigue, cognition, bowel/bladder function, sensory, spasticity, pain, depression, and tremor/coordination. The Registry affords a unique opportunity to study the frequency and severity of domain-specific impairment in a contemporary, mostly treated MS cohort over the course of the disease. The objective of this work was to calculate symptom prevalence in each of the 11 domains for years 0 to 30 from symptom onset. The resulting “symptom prevalence tables” demonstrate that a majority of participants perceive at least some degree of impairment in most domains as early as the first year of disease. The severity of impairment increases with disease duration across all domains, but the patterns of disability accumulation differ. The symptom prevalence tables illustrate the magnitude of perceived impact of the disease and highlight the extent of unmet need in symptomatic management. The tables are easy to use and allow MS patients and their clinicians to compare an individual's own impairment in any of the 11 domains to that of NARCOMS participants with the same disease duration.
Effects of tree morphometry on net snow cover radiation on forest floor for varying vegetation densities
Authors: Seyednasrollah Bijan , Kumar Mukesh
Published: October 2013

Using a forest radiation model, this paper explores the effects of tree morphometric parameters and shape on net snow cover radiation on the forest floor. Results show that tree shape, height and crown size and density have significant effects on the amount of radiation on forest floor and its variation with vegetation density. In clear sky conditions, where net radiation frequently shows a nonmonotonic decreasing then increasing trend with increasing vegetation density, a smaller radiation minimum is obtained for taller trees, larger and denser crowns, and cylindrical‐shaped crowns. The obtained radiation minimum is also expressed at a smaller vegetation density for these tree configurations. In contrast, trees with smaller crown dimensions show propensity for a monotonically decreasing trend in net radiation with increasing vegetation density. The sensitivity to tree morphometric parameters, especially tree height and crown width and density, on forest floor radiation are however relatively modest for interspersed cloudy conditions. The results will facilitate identification of forest management strategies to minimize or maximize net radiation in snow‐dominated forested watersheds and will allow intercomparison of snowmelt rates between forests with different vegetation densities and morphological characteristics.
Two‐component model of topside ionosphere electron density profiles retrieved from Global Navigation Satellite Systems radio occultations
Authors: González‐Casado Guillermo , Juan J. Miguel , Hernández‐Pajares Manuel , Sanz Jaume
Published: October 2013

A simple model for the topside ionosphere region is introduced and applied to fit radio‐occultation‐retrieved electron density profiles for altitudes above the F2 peak. The model considers two isothermal components representing the population of the O+ (ionosphere component) and the H+(protonosphere component) ions. The purpose of the model is to achieve an accurate fit of the observed profiles in the topside ionosphere region while, at the same time, allowing a direct and simple derivation of two important ionospheric parameters, namely the O+vertical scale height and the upper transition height. Covering a time period of 1 year, the fits with the two‐component model function are compared with those achieved with one‐component functions commonly used in the literature and it is shown that the former provides significantly better fits than the later, with more than a factor of two improvement. The model predictions concerning: the correlation between the O+vertical scale height and the upper transition height, the altitude dependence of the vertical scale height of the electron density, and the quantitative contribution of the protonosphere to the total electron content are examined and shown to be consistent with the observations and with previous studies. It is concluded that the model provides a realistic description of the vertical distribution of the two main ion constituents of the topside ionosphere.
Gyrokinetic particle simulation of nonlinear evolution of mirror instability
Authors: Porazik Peter , Johnson Jay R.
Published: October 2013

A gyrokinetic simulation model for nonlinear studies of the mirror instability is described. The model is set in a uniform, periodic slab with anisotropic ions and cold electrons. Particle‐in‐cell simulations with a noise reducing δfalgorithm show agreement with the linear theory of the mirror instability. Results of nonlinear simulations near marginal stability are presented. Single‐mode simulations show saturation due to trapping. Simulations with a spectrum of unstable modes show that the negative magnetic perturbations saturate at a lower amplitude and earlier than the positive magnetic perturbations, which results in the development of peaked saturated structures. The saturation amplitude of negative magnetic perturbations is in agreement with the trapped particle theory, while the saturation amplitude of the positive magnetic perturbations is determined by the local change in the β⟂ (ratio of perpendicular plasma pressure to magnetic pressure) parameter.
Whistler propagation in ionospheric density ducts: Simulations and DEMETER observations
Authors: Woodroffe J. R. , Streltsov A. V. , Vartanyan A. , Milikh G. M.
Published: October 2013

On 16 October 2009, the Detection of Electromagnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER) satellite observed VLF whistler wave activity coincident with an ionospheric heating experiment conducted at HAARP. At the same time, density measurements by DEMETER indicate the presence of multiple field‐aligned enhancements. Using an electron MHD model, we show that the distribution of VLF power observed by DEMETER is consistent with the propagation of whistlers from the heating region inside the observed density enhancements. We also discuss other interesting features of this event, including coupling of the lower hybrid and whistler modes, whistler trapping in artificial density ducts, and the interference of whistlers waves from two adjacent ducts.
Quantifying the contribution of inflow on surface ozone over California during summer 2008
Authors: Pfister Gabriele G. , Walters Stacy , Emmons Louisa K. , Edwards David P. , Avise Jeremy
Published: October 2013

Transported pollution has been recognized as making a potentially strong impact on air quality in the western U.S., but large uncertainties remain in quantifying its contribution. Assessing the role of pollution transport in relation to local emissions and meteorology is especially important in light of possibly lower ozone standards and projected increases in transpacific pollution transport. We apply the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry model to analyze the role of upwind pollution (“inflow”) to surface ozone over California during the Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites campaign in June–July 2008 over California. Comparisons of the model to surface and aircraft observations, ozonesondes, and satellite retrievals show an overall good agreement; a low bias (~5 ppb) in free tropospheric ozone is attributed to low ozone at the boundaries and likely places our estimated inflow contribution on the lower side. Most other studies applied sensitivity analyses, while we use a synthetic ozone tracer, which provides a quantitative estimate of the budget. We estimate that on average 10 ± 9 ppb of surface afternoon ozone over California is attributed to ozone and ozone precursors entering the region from outside. This contribution features a significant spatial and temporal variability. While in most high ozone events, transported pollution plays a small role compared to local influences, for some instances, the impact can be substantial. Omitting data impacted by wildfires, we estimate the 90th percentile of the relative contribution of O3INFLOW to 8 h ozone >75 ppb as 10%. Our results also indicate that inflow might have a stronger impact on surface ozone in less polluted compared to polluted areas.
A dynamical‐statistical forecast model for the annual frequency of western Pacific tropical cyclones based on the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2
Authors: Li Xun , Yang Song , Wang Hui , Jia Xiaolong , Kumar Arun
Published: October 2013

A dynamical‐statistical forecast model for the annual tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific is developed based on the empirical relationship between the actual annual number of tropical cyclones (ANTCs) and the dynamical predictions of large‐scale variables by the Climate Forecast System version 2 of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). On interannual time scales, the ANTCs are significantly and negatively correlated with the July–October tropical North Atlantic sea surface temperature, tropical western Pacific vertical zonal wind shear (WPVZWS), and subtropical Pacific geopotential height at 500 hPa (HGT500). They are also positively correlated with the zonal wind at 850 hPa over the tropical Pacific Ocean. Skillful forecasts of the above four potential predictors are made with the 24‐member ensemble predictions by the NCEP model. The two‐predictor model with the HGT500 and the WPVZWS shows the most skillful hindcasts at 0–2 month leads assessed by the leave‐one‐out cross validation for the ANTCs over the 31 year record between 1982 and 2012. The corresponding correlation coefficients and the root‐mean‐square errors (RMSEs) between the observed and hindcast ANTCs are in the ranges from 0.73 to 0.79 and from 3.11 to 2.75, respectively. Observed ANTCs during El Niño–Southern Oscillation events are generally well captured with RMSEs ranging from 3.12 to 3.04 during El Niño years and from 3.62 to 2.44 during La Niña years. The forecast skill of the model for the past 10 years (2003–2012) is competitive with the current forecast schemes. The forecast model initialized in March, May, and June 2013 suggests an inactive season for 2013, with about 22 tropical cyclones.
Micrometeorite flux on Earth during the last ~50,000 years
Authors: Prasad M. Shyam , Rudraswami N. G. , Panda Dipak K.
Published: October 2013

Flux of micrometeorites is estimated by using cosmic spherule counts from a seafloor area of 2.50 m2 from the Indian Ocean. The spherules are recovered from sediment samples in close‐spaced locations from the Indian Ocean after sieving 293 kg of sediment. The terrestrial age of the spherules has a range of 0–~50,000 years. The spherules have a size range of 57–750 µm (average size 265 ± 92 µm). The diameter of the spherules increases from scoriaceous‐barred‐cryptocrystalline‐glassy types. The time‐averaged flux of the spherules is 160 t/yr, a sizeable mass (>60%) resides in the >300 µm fraction; the slope of distribution is similar to that of Deep‐Sea Spherules but significantly different from other collections which have lower average diameters. It is observed here, a significant population of cosmic dust resides in the larger sizes which can be recovered by sampling large areas in time and space. The spherule textures are similar to that of unbiased collections from the polar regions, indicating that the textural types of cosmic dust that have been raining on the Earth during the last 50 kyr have been constant regardless of size. Major element chemistry of a majority of the spherules show elemental ratios that are close to a CM or CI chondritic parent body; a single spherule (0.2% of the population) suggests an achondritic parent body. Unbiased collections spanning large areas temporally and spatially enlarge the inventory of the Earth‐crossing meteoroid complex and provide valuable inputs for models on cosmic dust accretion.
Spatial variability in the ionosphere measured with GNSS networks
Authors: Emardson Ragne , Jarlemark Per , Johansson Jan , Schäfer Sebastian
Published: October 2013

Traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) appear as medium‐scale TIDs at midlatitudes and as polar cap patches at high latitudes. Both can have a negative impact on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) measurements, although the amplitude is of tenths of a total electron content unit (TECU), 1 TECU = 1016 el m−2. Due to their spatial extension, they affect GNSS measurements using receivers separated with distances up to ~1000 km. We present statistical measures of the ionospheric spatial variability as functions of time in solar cycle, annual season, and time of day for different geographical locations in Europe. In order to perform this spatial characterization of the ionosphere, we have used archived GPS data from a 13 year period, 1999–2011, covering a complete solar cycle. We find that the ionospheric spatial variability is larger for the northern areas than for the southern areas. This is especially pronounced at solar maximum. For the more northern areas, the ionospheric variability is greater during nighttime than during daytime, while for central Europe, the variability is larger during daytime. At solar maximum, the variability is larger during the months October and November and smaller in June and July.
Lunar weather measurements at three Apollo sites 1969–1976
Authors: Hollick Monique , O'Brien Brian J.
Published: October 2013

The first lunar weather stations, matchbox‐sized, 270 g Apollo Dust Detector Experiments about 100 cm above the surface of the Moon near Apollo 12, 14, and 15 landing sites, measured dust accretion, charged particle radiation, and temperature changes—three environmental factors proved during Apollo to affect technical systems deployed on the Moon. Degradation of seven horizontal solar cells was measured every lunar daytime from 1969 to 1976. The anomalously intense August 1972 solar particle event (SPE) degraded three covered cells by less than 1%, while two cells desensitized by intense preirradiation showed no measurable effects. Although independent studies estimated the long‐term fluence bombarding the cells was less than half that of the August SPE, long‐term gradual degradation of five covered cells (normalized to 2000 days) was an order of magnitude greater, between 4% and 10%. If the long‐term effects were totally caused by dust, with articulated caveats including simulated (maria) Minnesota Lunar Simulant‐1 dust particles with diameters 20 to 38 µm, this provides the first direct measured long‐term net accretion of dust with an upper limit of order 100 µg cm−2 yr−1, equivalent to a layer 1 mm thick in 1000 years, but it may be significantly less. Two bare cells were abruptly degraded by 7% during the August SPE, however long‐term they measured additional damage of 29% and 24%, indicating a long‐neglected suite of low‐energy radiation, posing risks for bare materials exposed on the surface of the Moon.