bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coronas, reaction rims, symplectites and emplacement depth of the Rymmen gabbro, Transscandinavian Igneous Belt, southern Sweden
Authors: Claeson D. T.
Published: July 2002

Reactions between olivine and plagioclase form kelyphytic corona textures in the Rymmen gabbro, southern Sweden. The coronas surround olivine and consist of enstatite ± amphibole and phlogopite, combined with an outer rim of symplectic intergrowth of green spinel and amphibole. Corona reactions took place in fractures within olivine prior to the formation of chlorite, serpentine, and magnetite in the fractures at cooler conditions. Disequilibrium between olivine and plagioclase has been put forward as an explanation for the corona formation. However, inclusions of plagioclase in olivine show that there is no reaction between these minerals, since no new minerals formed between them. The conclusion drawn is that the most important factor for development of kelyphytic structures in the Rymmen gabbro is contact with a late deuteric fluid in an environment where olivine and plagioclase are close to each other. Temperature estimates for the formation of the kelyphytic coronas in the Rymmen gabbro yield consistent temperatures of around 800 ± 30°C and pressures 6–8 kbar, which indicate emplacement at a depth of 20–30 km in the crust. Late deuteric fluids caused olivine replacement by intergrown orthopyroxene and magnetite, in Fe-Ti oxide-rich rocks only. In these, plagioclase is replaced by symplectite when in contact with ilmenite and magnetite. It is noted that the symplectite minerals have low Ti contents. This suggests that the Fe-Ti oxide was a catalyst for the reaction between plagioclase and late-stage aqueous fluids rather than being a reactant, alternatively that the magnetite/ilmenite was a reactant and Ti was retained in the oxide.
BCL-6 protein is expressed in precursor T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma and in prenatal and postnatal thymus
Authors: Hyjek Elizabeth , Chadburn Amy , Liu Yi Fang , Cesarman Ethel , Knowles Daniel M.
Published: July 2002

The organization and expression of the BCL-6 gene in normal and neoplastic thymic T cells has not been fully determined. We examined 8 precursor T-cell lymphoblastic lymphomas (T-LBLs) and found significant BCL-6 expression in 4 cases. Three of the BCL-6+ cases expressed a common thymocyte phenotype (CD4+, CD8+), and one expressed a precursor thymocyte phenotype (CD4−, CD8−). In 6 cases evaluated, including those expressing BCL-6, molecular analyses demonstrated a germline configuration of the BCL-6 gene and a wild-type BCL-6 gene first exon-intron boundary region. We also evaluated 12 normal prenatal and postnatal thymuses for BCL-6 protein. BCL-6 was expressed by most cortical thymocytes and by scattered medullary thymocytes. BCL-6+ cortical and medullary thymocytes also expressed CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, or CD8. We further analyzed the pattern of BCL-2 and BCL-XL expression and their coexpression with BCL-6 in normal thymus and T-LBL and compared it to that of follicle centers of reactive lymph nodes and follicular lymphoma. BCL-6+ cortical thymocytes coexpressed BCL-XLbut not BCL-2. All 4 BCL-6+ T-LBLs and 4 BCL-6− T-LBLs coexpressed BCL-2 and BCL-XL. Conceivably, T-LBLs may arise through clonal expansion of cortical thymocytes normally expressing the BCL-6 protein. The pattern of BCL-6, BCL-2, and BCL-XL expression in cortical thymocytes is highly reminiscent of germinal centers, and the abnormal coexpression of BCL-2, BCL-XL, and BCL-6 in T-LBL is analogous to coexpression in follicle center cell lymphomas, suggesting that coexpression of these anti-apoptotic genes may contribute to the pathogenesis of T-LBL.
Cytokine-induced inside-out activation of FcαR (CD89) is mediated by a single serine residue (S263) in the intracellular domain of the receptor
Authors: Bracke Madelon , Lammers Jan-Willem J. , Coffer Paul J. , Koenderman Leo
Published: July 2002

Fc receptors play an important role in leukocyte activation and the modulation of ligand binding (“activation”) is a critical point of regulation. Previous studies demonstrated that the Fc receptor for IgA (FcαRI/CD89) is regulated by cytokine stimulation, switching it to a high-binding state. To investigate the mechanism by which cytokine-induced signal transduction pathways result in FcαRI activation, cell lines expressing various receptor mutants were generated. Binding studies indicated that truncation of the C-terminus of the FcαRI resulted in constitutive IgA binding, removing the need for cytokine stimulation. Furthermore, mutagenesis of a single C-terminal serine residue (S263) to alanine (S>A) (single-letter amino acid codes) also resulted in constitutive IgA binding, whereas a serine to aspartate (S>D) mutation was no longer functional. The role of S263 might be in regulating the interaction with the cytoskeleton, because disruption of the cytoskeleton results in reduced IgA binding to both FcαRwt and FcαR_S>A. In addition, overexpression of a membrane-targeted intracellular domain of FcαR, and the introduction of cell-permeable CD89 fusion proteins blocked IgA binding, implying a competition for endogenous proteins. The proposal is made that Fc receptors are activated by cytokines via an inside-out mechanism converging at the cytoplasmic tail of these receptors.
p53 abnormalities in splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes
Authors: Gruszka-Westwood Alicja M. , Hamoudi Rifat A. , Matutes Estella , Tuset Esperanza , Catovsky Daniel
Published: July 2002

The incidence and role of p53 abnormalities have not been reported in splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes (SLVL), the leukemic counterpart of splenic marginal zone lymphoma. Because p53 abnormalities correlate with progressive and refractory disease in cancer and isochromosome 17q has been described in SLVL, a low-grade lymphoma that behaves aggressively in a minority of patients, this study investigated p53 changes by molecular and immunophenotypic methods in samples from 59 patients. The p53 deletion was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and p53 protein expression was assessed by immunocytochemistry in 35 of 59 cases and by flow cytometry in 20 of 35 patients. Ten patients (17%) had a monoallelic p53 loss, 3 (9%) of 35 nuclear protein expression by immunocytochemistry, and 2 (10%) of 20 by flow cytometry. Two patients had both deletion and protein expression. Direct sequencing of all p53 exons was used to delineate mutations in 9 of 11 patients with an identified abnormality. Mutations, both compromising p53 DNA binding, were identified in the 2 patients with deletion and protein accumulation. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significantly worse survival for patients with p53 abnormalities. Although p53 abnormalities are infrequent in SLVL, they underlie a more aggressive disease course and poor prognosis.
Development of human lymphohematopoietic stem and progenitor cells defined by expression of CD34 and CD81
Authors: Ma Feng , Wada Mika , Yoshino Hiroshi , Ebihara Yasuhiro , Ishii Takefumi , Manabe Atsushi , Tanaka Ryuhei , Maekawa Taira , Ito Mamoru , Mugishima Hideo , Asano Shigetaka , Nakahata Tatsutoshi , Tsuji Kohichiro
Published: July 2002

In this study, cord blood CD34+ cells expressed CD81, a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, and were classified into 3 subpopulations on the basis of their expression levels: CD34+CD81+, CD34lowCD81+, and CD34+CD81high. The lymphohematopoietic activity of each subpopulation was then examined by using suspension and clonogenic cultures for hematopoietic potential, coculture with MS-5 cells for B-cell potential, organ cultures of thymus lobes from nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency disease (NOD/SCID) fetal mice, coculture with stromal cells derived from NOD/SCID fetal-mouse liver tissue for natural killer (NK) cell and mast cell potentials, and xenotransplantation into NOD/SCID mice for long-term repopulating (LTR) ability. CD34+CD81+ cells represented a heterogeneous population that had all the lymphohematopoietic activities, including NOD/SCID mouse-repopulating ability. CD34lowCD81+ cells were enriched in erythroid, megakaryocytic, and NK lineage potentials but had lost T-cell and B-cell potentials and LTR ability. The CD34+CD81high fraction was depleted of most lymphohematopoietic potentials except NK cell and mast cell potentials. Thus, along the differentiation cascade from CD34+CD81+ lymphohematopoietic stem cells, an up-regulation of CD81 or a down-regulation of CD34 results in a change in lymphohematopoietic properties. CD81 may serve as a marker for defining developmental stages of lymphohematopoietic stem cells.
Human CD34+ stem cells express the hiwigene, a human homologue of the Drosophila genepiwi
Authors: Sharma Arun K. , Nelson Mary C. , Brandt John E. , Wessman Maija , Mahmud Nadim , Weller Kevin P. , Hoffman Ronald
Published: July 2002

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are characterized by their dual abilities to undergo differentiation into multiple hematopoietic cell lineages or to undergo self-renewal. The molecular basis of these properties remains poorly understood. Recently the piwigene was found in the embryonic germline stem cells (GSCs) ofDrosophila melanogaster and has been shown to be important in GSC self-renewal. This study demonstrated that hiwi, a novel human homologue of piwi, is also present in human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells but not in more differentiated cell populations. Placing CD34+ cells into culture conditions that supported differentiation and rapid exit from the stem cell compartment resulted in a loss of hiwiexpression by day 5 of a 14-day culture period. Expression of thehiwi gene was detected in many developing fetal and adult tissues. By means of 5′ RACE cloning methodology, a novel putative full-length hiwi complementary DNA was cloned from human CD34+ marrow cells. At the amino acid level, the human HIWI protein was 52% homologous to the Drosophilaprotein. The transient expression of hiwi in the human leukemia cell line KG1 resulted in a dramatic reduction in cellular proliferation. Overexpression of hiwi led to programmed cell death of KG1 cells as demonstrated by the Annexin V assay system. These studies suggest that hiwi maybe an important negative developmental regulator, which, in part, underlies the unique biologic properties associated with hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
Lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin disease is characterized by recurrent genomic imbalances
Authors: Franke Sabine , Wlodarska Iwona , Maes Brigitte , Vandenberghe Peter , Delabie Jan , Hagemeijer Anne , De Wolf-Peeters Chris
Published: July 2002

Single-cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used as a tool to demonstrate clonality and B-cell origin of Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells in Hodgkin disease (HD). An analogous approach was used to investigate genomic imbalances in a (cyto)genetically poorly characterized subentity: lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin disease (LPHD). Nineteen cases of LPHD were selected for a comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) study. CGH was performed with degenerate oligonucleotide primed–PCR (DOP-PCR)–amplified DNA from 4-5 microdissected CD20+ malignant cells. All analyzed cases revealed a high number of genomic imbalances (average 10.8 per case), involving all chromosomes but the excluded 19, 22, and Y, indicating a high complexity of LPHD. The majority of detected aberrations were recurrent. Gain of 1, 2q, 3, 4q, 5q, 6, 8q, 11q, 12q, and X, and loss of chromosome 17 were identified in 36.8% to 68.4% of the analyzed cases. Some of them have also been found in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and possibly represent secondary changes associated with disease progression. Gain of 2q, 4q, 5q, 6, 11q, however, are much more rarely observed in NHL and could be more specifically associated with LPHD. Particularly interesting is a frequent overrepresentation of chromosome arm 6q, a region usually deleted in NHL. Rearrangement of theBCL6 gene (3q27) demonstrated by cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization in 2 cases in this study suggests its contribution in pathogenesis of LPHD. In conclusion, the data show a consistent occurrence of genomic alterations in LPHD and highlight genomic regions that might be relevant for development and/or progression of this lymphoma entity.
Serum osteoprotegerin levels are reduced in patients with multiple myeloma with lytic bone disease
Authors: Seidel Carina , Hjertner Øyvind , Abildgaard Niels , Heickendorff Lene , Hjorth Martin , Westin Jan , Nielsen Johan Lanng , Hjorth-Hansen Henrik , Waage Anders , Sundan Anders , Børset Magne
Published: July 2002

Osteoprotegerin (OPG), the neutralizing decoy receptor for the osteoclast activator RANK ligand, was measured in serum taken from patients with multiple myeloma at the time of diagnosis. Median OPG was lower in the patients with myeloma (7.4 ng/mL; range, 2.6-80; n = 225) than in healthy age- and sex-matched controls (9.0 ng/mL; range 5.1-130; n = 40; P = .02). Importantly, OPG levels were associated with degree of radiographically assessed skeletal destruction (P = .01). The median OPG level in patients lacking osteolytic lesions was 9.1 ng/mL, as compared with 7.6 ng/mL and 7.0 ng/mL, respectively, in patients with minor or advanced osteolytic disease. Furthermore, OPG levels were associated with World Health Organization performance status (P = .003) and correlated to serum levels of carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP; P < .001) but not with clinical stage or survival. These findings suggest impaired OPG function in myeloma and give a rationale for OPG as a therapeutic agent against myeloma bone disease.
Neoplastic T cells in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma express CD10
Authors: Attygalle Ayoma , Al-Jehani Rajai , Diss Tim C. , Munson Phillipa , Liu Hongxiang , Du Ming-Qing , Isaacson Peter G. , Dogan Ahmet
Published: July 2002

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is a systemic disease involving lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow. Although the histologic features have been well described, the diagnosis is often challenging, as there are no specific phenotypic or molecular markers available. This study shows that the neoplastic cells of AITL can be identified by aberrant CD10 expression. Archival material from 30 cases of AITL, 10 cases of peripheral T-cell lymphoma unspecified (PTL), and 10 cases of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia were reviewed. Single and double immunostaining for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD21, CD10, BCL6, Ki67, and LMP-1 in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr early region and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for T-cell receptor gamma chain gene and immunoglobulin heavy chain gene were performed. Three overlapping histologic patterns with hyperplastic follicles, depleted follicles, or without follicles were identified in AITL. Of the 30 cases of AITL, 27 contained CD10+ T cells. No CD10+ T cells were present in the cases of PTL or reactive hyperplasia. PCR confirmed a monoclonal or oligoclonal T-cell population in 29 of 30 cases of AITL and a monoclonal B-cell population in 6 cases. Analysis of microdissected CD10+ single cells showed that they belonged to the neoplastic clone. In conclusion CD10 is a phenotypic marker that specifically identifies the tumor cells in 90% of AITL, including the early cases. The presence of these cells distinguishes AITL from other PTLs. This finding provides an objective criterion for accurate and early diagnosis of AITL.
The Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) induces cellular interleukin 6 expression: role of the KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen and the AP1 response element
Authors: An Jiabin , Lichtenstein Alan K. , Brent Gregory , Rettig Matthew B.
Published: July 2002

Cellular interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an important growth factor for Kaposi sarcoma– associated herpesvirus (KSHV)–associated neoplasms, which include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–related and -unrelated cases of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). Increased IL-6 levels are found in tissues affected with these diseases, and KSHV exists in a latent state in the majority of virally infected cells. In addition, acute infection with KSHV up-regulates IL-6 expression in endothelial cells. Thus, the hypothesis was considered that a latent KSHV gene product up-regulates IL-6 expression. To evaluate this hypothesis, the KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) was expressed in human embryonal kidney 293 cells and a bone marrow stromal cell line. LANA up-regulates IL-6 expression by inducing transcription from the IL-6 promoter, and the AP1 response element within the IL-6 promoter is necessary for and mediates IL-6 up-regulation by LANA. Thus, LANA may play a key pathophysiologic role in KSHV-associated neoplasms by functioning to up-regulate expression of IL-6.
Lipid rafts mediate biosynthetic transport to the T lymphocyte uropod subdomain and are necessary for uropod integrity and function
Authors: Millán Jaime , Montoya Marı́a C. , Sancho David , Sánchez-Madrid Francisco , Alonso Miguel A.
Published: July 2002

Polarized migrating T cells possess 2 poles, the uropod protrusion at the rear and the leading edge at the front, with specific protein composition and function. The influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) is a prototypical molecule that uses lipid rafts for biosynthetic transport to the apical surface in polarized epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. In this study, HA was used as a tool to investigate the role of lipid rafts in vectorial protein traffic in polarized T lymphocytes. Results show that newly synthesized HA becomes selectively targeted to the uropod subdomain in polarized T lymphoblasts. HA incorporates into rafts soon after biosynthesis, suggesting that delivery of HA to the uropod occurs through a pathway of transport reminiscent of that used for its specific targeting to the apical surface. HA and the adhesion molecules, intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3), CD44, and CD43, 3 endogenous uropod markers, were detected in surface rafts of T lymphoblasts. Cholesterol, a major component of lipid rafts, was predominantly located in the uropod. Disruption of lipid raft integrity by cholesterol sequestration produced unclustering of ICAM-3 and the loss of uropodia and severely impaired processes that require a polarized phenotype such as intercellular aggregation and cell migration. Collectively, these results indicate that lipid rafts constitute a route for selective targeting of proteins to the uropod and that the rafts are essential for the generation, maintenance, and functionality of T-cell anteroposterior polarity.
HPA-1a phenotype–genotype discrepancy reveals a naturally occurring Arg93Gln substitution in the platelet β3 integrin that disrupts the HPA-1a epitope
Authors: Watkins Nicholas A. , Schaffner-Reckinger Elisabeth , Allen David L. , Howkins Graham J. , Brons Nicolaas H. C. , Smith Graham A. , Metcalfe Paul , Murphy Michael F. , Kieffer Nelly , Ouwehand Willem H.
Published: July 2002

A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position 196 in the β3 integrin causes a Leu33Pro substitution in the mature protein. Alloimmunization against the β3Leu33 form (human platelet antigen [HPA]-1a, PlA1, Zwa) in patients who are β3Pro33 homozygous (HPA-1b1b, PlA2A2, Zwbb) causes neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, posttransfusion purpura, or refractoriness to platelet transfusion. Studies with recombinant proteins have demonstrated that amino acids 1 to 66 and 288 to 490 of the β3 integrin contribute to HPA-1a epitope formation. In determining the HPA-1a status of more than 6000 donors, we identified a donor with an HPA-1aweak phenotype and an HPA-1a1b genotype. The platelets from this donor had normal levels of surface αIIbβ3 but reacted only weakly with monoclonal and polyclonal anti–HPA-1a by whole blood enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, and sandwich ELISA. We reasoned that an alteration in the primary nucleotide sequence of the β3Leu33 allele of this donor was disrupting the HPA-1a epitope. In agreement with this hypothesis, sequencing platelet RNA-derived αIIb and β3 cDNA identified a novel G/A SNP at position 376 of the β3 integrin that encodes for an Arg93Gln replacement in the β3Leu33 allele. Coexpression of the β3Leu33Gln93 encoding cDNA in Chinese hamster ovary cells with human αIIb cDNA showed that the surface-expressed αIIbβ3 reacted normally with β3 integrin–specific monoclonal antibodies but only weakly with monoclonal anti-HPA-1a. Our results show that an Arg93Gln mutation in the β3Leu33 encoding allele disrupts the HPA-1a epitope, suggesting that Arg93 contributes to the formation of the HPA-1a B-cell epitope.
Screening for Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy
Authors: Jin Jill
Published: August 2024

This JAMA Patient Page discusses the pros and cons of screening for iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy.
Semi‐global output regulation of continuous‐time linear systems subject to input saturation via output feedback: A model‐free method
Authors: Fu Zhuofan , Zhao Zhiyun
Published: August 2024

This article considers the output regulation problem of continuous‐time linear systems subject to input saturation in the scenario that the system dynamics are unknown. Based on the low‐gain technique and the output feedback technique, we construct an output feedback control law to solve the output regulation problem with input saturation. Since the system dynamics are unknown, we estimate the feedback and feedforward terms in the control law with a two‐step data‐driven method. An output feedback adaptive dynamic programming algorithm is proposed to estimate the feedback term. An online updating algorithm based on output tracking error is proposed to estimate the feedforward term directly without solving the output regulation equations. Both algorithms don't rely on the measurement of the internal states of the exosystem and the original system. We show that the input saturation caused by the iterative feedforward gain matrix in the online updating algorithm doesn't affect the convergence of the algorithm. With these two data‐driven algorithms, the control law doesn't rely on the dynamics anymore. The low‐gain control law obtained by the model‐free method prevents input saturation from occurring and hence solves the output regulation problem. Finally, a numerical example is provided to validate the theoretical results.
Giant Tunneling Electro‐Resistance in Ultrathin Ferroelectric Tunnel Junctions: The Interface Barrier Gain Mechanism
Authors: Yu Xing , Zhang Xiwen , Ma Liang , Wang Jinlan
Published: August 2024

Ultrathin ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs) hold considerable promise for next‐generation, high‐speed, low‐power, and high‐density nonvolatile memory applications. Achieving a substantial tunneling electro‐resistance (TER) remains a challenge as the ferroelectric layer is thinned to nanoscale dimensions, often resulting in a diminished or lost polarization. An innovative interface barrier gain mechanism is introduced, employing interface electronic state modulation to precisely control the size of an additional interface barrier. This strategy lessens the dependency of the tunneling barrier on ferroelectric polarization strength, facilitating a remarkable TER even at ferroelectric thicknesses as minimal as ≈1 nm. The focus is on composite FTJs using In2Se3/MTe2 (M = Mo, W), where the inclusion of an MTe2 monolayer disrupts the asymmetric electrode configuration. The weak ferroelectric polarization reversal of the In2Se3 monolayer effectively modulates the electronic state coupling at the In2Se3/MTe2 interface. This modulation leads to variations in the width and height of the Schottky barrier at the heterojunction‐electrode interface corresponding with the ferroelectric polarization reversal, establishing a beneficial Ohmic contact in the “on” state and resulting in an exponential TER increase up to 5.4 × 106%. This work introduces a universal mechanism to overcome the thickness limitations traditionally associated with enhancing TER, marking a significant advancement in the development of ultrathin ferroelectric nonvolatile devices.
Decoupled Temperature–Pressure Sensing System for Deep Learning Assisted Human–Machine Interaction
Authors: Chen Zhaoyang , Liu Shun , Kang Pengyuan , Wang Yalong , Liu Hu , Liu Chuntai , Shen Changyu
Published: August 2024

With the rapid development of intelligent wearable technology, multimodal tactile sensors capable of data acquisition, decoupling of intermixed signals, and information processing have attracted increasing attention. Herein, a decoupled temperature–pressure dual‐mode sensor is developed based on single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) decorated porous melamine foam (MF), integrating with a deep learning algorithm to obtain a multimodal input terminal. Importantly, the synergistic effect of PEDOT:PSS and SWCNT facilitates the sensor with ideal decoupling capability and sensitivity toward both temperature (38.2 µV K−1) and pressure (10.8% kPa−1) based on the thermoelectric and piezoresistive effects, respectively. Besides, the low thermal conductivity and excellent compressibility of MF also endow it with the merits of a low‐temperature detection limit (0.03 K), fast pressure response (120 ms), and long‐term stability. Benefiting from the outstanding sensing characteristics, the assembled sensor array showcases good capacity for identifying spatial distribution of temperature and pressure signals. With the assistance of a deep learning algorithm, it displays high recognition accuracy of 99% and 98% corresponding to “touch” and “press” actions, respectively, and realizes the encrypted transmission of information and accurate identification of random input sequences, providing a promising strategy for the design of high‐accuracy multimodal sensing platform in human–machine interaction.
Feasibility and Structural Transformation of Electrodeposited Copper Foils for Graphene Synthesis by Plasma‐Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition: Implications for High‐Frequency Applications
Authors: Lu Chen‐Hsuan , Shang Kuang‐Ming , Lee Shi‐Ri , Li Jheng‐Ying , Lee Patricia T.C. , Leu Chyi‐Ming , Tai Yu‐Chong , Yeh Nai‐Chang
Published: August 2024

Large‐area graphene is typically synthesized on rolled‐annealed copper foils, which require transferring to other substrates for applications. This study examines large‐area graphene growth on electrodeposited (ED) copper foils—used in lithium‐ion batteries and printed circuit boards—via plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). It reveals that, for a set plasma power, a minimum growth time ensures full graphene coverage, leading to monolayer and then multilayer graphene, showing PECVD growth on ED copper is not self‐limited. The process also beneficially modifies the ED copper substrate, like removing the surface zinc layer and changing copper grain size and orientation, thus improving graphene growth. Additionally, the study includes high‐frequency scattering parameter (S‐parameter) measurements in a coplanar waveguide (CPW) system. This involves graphene on a sapphire substrate with a silver electrode. The S‐parameter data indicate that the CPW with graphene shows reduced insertion losses in high‐frequency circuits compared to those without graphene. This underscores graphene's role in reducing insertion losses between metallic and dielectric layers in high‐frequency settings, offering valuable insights for industrial and technological applications.
Wearable Perovskite Films for On‐Line Monitoring of Radiotracers in Nuclear Medicine
Authors: Basiricò Laura , Verdi Matteo , Ciavatti Andrea , Piergallini Lorenzo , Grassi Elisa , Fioroni Federica , Margotti Lorenzo , Tosi Nicolò , Cicero Valentina , Montanari Alessandro , Iori Mauro , Fraboni Beatrice
Published: August 2024

On‐line in situ monitoring of radiation emitted by radiotracers during intravenous injection is of crucial importance for the safety of patients and personnel involved in nuclear medicine treatments and analysis. The aim of this work is to assess wearable perovskite ionizing radiation detectors for such application. With this purpose pixelated direct detector based on thin films of 2D layered perovskite PEA2PbBr4 are tested for the monitoring of gamma‐rays emitted by 18F radiopharmaceutical under different experimental conditions. The wearable detector is here demonstrated being able to detect in real‐time the gamma‐rays emitted by annihilation of 18F radiotracer. Its reliability is assessed by 18F half‐life measurement with a maximum accuracy deviation within 8%. The detector also successes in its validation for the foreseen application, demonstrating able to monitor in real‐time the whole injection process and extravasation event.
Essential updates 2022–2023: Surgical and adjuvant therapies for locally advanced colorectal cancer
Authors: Kajiwara Yoshiki , Ueno Hideki
Published: August 2024

Pivotal articles that had been published between 2022 and 2023 on surgical and perioperative adjuvant treatments for locally advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) were reviewed. This review focuses on new evidence in the following areas: optimization of surgical procedures for colon cancer, including the optimal length of bowel resection and use of the no‐touch isolation technique; minimally invasive surgery for rectal cancer, such as laparoscopic transanal total mesorectal excision and robotic surgery; neoadjuvant treatments for rectal cancer, including total neoadjuvant therapy; neoadjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer; and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for Stage II and III colon cancer. Although the current understanding may not enable perfect decision‐making for patients and medical professionals, ongoing advancements are expected to result in more effective personalized treatment plans, ultimately improving the prognosis and quality of life of patients.
All tangled up: Unraveling phylogenetics and reticulate evolution in the vining ferns, Lygodium (Schizaeales)
Authors: Pelosi Jessie A. , Zumwalde Bethany A. , Testo Weston L. , Kim Emily H. , Burleigh J. Gordon , Sessa Emily B.
Published: August 2024

Premise

Reticulate evolution, often accompanied by polyploidy, is prevalent in plants, and particularly in the ferns. Resolving the resulting non‐bifurcating histories remains a major challenge for plant phylogenetics. Here, we present a phylogenomic investigation into the complex evolutionary history of the vining ferns, Lygodium (Lygodiaceae, Schizaeales).

Methods

Using a targeted enrichment approach with the GoFlag 408 flagellate land plant probe set, we generated large nuclear and plastid sequence datasets for nearly all taxa in the genus and constructed the most comprehensive phylogeny of the family to date using concatenated maximum likelihood and coalescence approaches. We integrated this phylogeny with cytological and spore data to explore karyotype evolution and generate hypotheses about the origins of putative polyploids and hybrids.

Results

Our data and analyses support the origins of several putative allopolyploids (e.g., L. cubense, L. heterodoxum) and hybrids (e.g., L. ×fayae) and also highlight the potential prevalence of autopolyploidy in this clade (e.g., L. articulatum, L. flexuosum, and L. longifolium).

Conclusions

Our robust phylogenetic framework provides valuable insights into dynamic reticulate evolution in this clade and demonstrates the utility of target‐capture data for resolving these complex relationships.
Role of induction chemotherapy in advanced‐stage olfactory neuroblastoma
Authors: Cho Sung‐Woo , Keam Bhumsuk , Lee Keun‐Wook , Kim Ji‐Won , Han Doo Hee , Kim Hyun Jik , Kim Jeong‐Whun , Kim Dong‐Young , Rhee Chae‐Seo , Bae Yun Jung , Kim Ji‐Hoon , Eom Keun‐Yong , Wu Hong‐Gyun , Kim Yong Hwy , Kim Chae‐Yong , Paek Sun Ha , Kim Hyojin , Won Tae‐Bin
Published: August 2024

Objectives

To evaluate the treatment outcomes in patients with advanced‐stage olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) who received induction chemotherapy (IC).

Materials and methods

The clinical data of 38 patients with advanced‐stage ONB who received initial IC were retrospectively analyzed. The response was defined using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. Patients with complete remission or partial remission were defined as responders.

Results

Seventeen (44.7%) patients responded to IC. The response rate was higher in patients with high Hyams grade tumor (III/IV) compared to those with low‐grade tumors (I/II) (60% vs. 22.2%, p = 0.038). Overall, the 5‐year cancer‐specific survival (CSS) rate was 76.0%. Among nonresponders to IC, a significant difference in 5‐year CSS rates was observed between surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) (100%) versus definitive RT or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) (68.6%) (log‐rank p = 0.006). However, for responders, there was no significant difference in 5‐year CSS rates between surgery with adjuvant therapy (75%) and definitive RT or CRT (51.1%) (log‐rank p = 0.536). When only high‐grade tumors were considered among responders, the 5‐year CSS rate was significantly higher in patients who received RT or CRT (51.4%) compared to those who underwent surgery with adjuvant therapy (0%) (log‐rank p = 0.008).

Conclusion

In advanced‐stage ONB, RT or CRT may be preferable for high‐grade tumor responding to IC. Higher response rate and a potential role for induction IC in determining the optimal definitive treatment modality suggest a positive role for advanced‐stage high‐grade ONB.
Stimuli‐Mediated Structural Interchange Between Pd6 and Pd12 Architectures: Selective Recognition of E‐Stilbene by the Pd6 Architecture and its Photoprotection
Authors: Aggarwal Medha , Banerjee Ranit , Hickey Neal , Mukherjee Partha Sarathi
Published: August 2024

The dynamic behaviour of metal‐ligand bonding cultivates stimuli‐mediated structural transformations in self‐assembled molecular architectures. The propensity of synthetically designed self‐assembled systems to interchange between higher‐order architectures is increased multi‐fold when the building blocks have higher conformational degrees of freedom. Herein, we report a new ligand, (2,7‐bis(di(pyridin‐4‐yl)amino)‐9H‐fluoren‐9‐one) (L), which, upon self‐assembly with a cis‐[(ethylene‐1,2‐diamine)Pd(NO3)2] acceptor (M), resulted in the formation of a M6L3 trifacial barrel (C1) in water. Interestingly, during crystallization, a rare M12L6 triangular orthobicupola architecture (C2) was generated along with C1. C2 could also be generated in solution via the application of several stimuli. C1 in aqueous media could stabilize one trans‐stilbene (tS) or cis‐stilbene (cS) molecule in its cavity, with a selectivity for the former from their mixture. Moreover, C1 acted as an effective host to prevent the otherwise facile photoisomerization of tS to cS inside its hydrophobic cavity under UV irradiation. Conversely, the visible‐light‐induced reverse isomerization of encapsulated cS to encapsulated tS could be achieved readily due to the better stabilization of tS within the cavity of C1 and its transparency to visible light. A multi‐functional system was therefore designed, which at the same time is stimuli‐responsive, shows isomer selectivity, and photo‐protects trans‐stilbene.
Six‐Membered Ring Directed Assembly of a Zirconium Zeolitic Metal–Organic Framework for Efficient Separation of Hexane Isomers
Authors: Gan Lei , Sun Beibei , Xue Chaozhuang , Fang Zhi , Xiao Zongjing , Deng Suyun , Li Pengfei , Huang Hongliang , Yang Huajun
Published: August 2024

The synthesis of zirconium MOFs with zeolite net is quite challenging due to the high connectivity of Zr6 clusters, which is far from tetrahedral connection, a requisite for zeolite net. In this work, we demonstrate a six‐membered ring (6MR) strategy through mimicking of mineral zeolites with mixed ditopic and tritopic carboxylate linkers. With this strategy, the ditopic linker cross‐links Zr6 clusters to form 4‐connected zeolite‐like nets, while the tritopic one is used to direct the formation of 6MR and simultaneously consumes extra coordination sites on the cluster. The feasibility of this strategy is shown by one zeolitic metal–organic framework (NNM‐5) and this strategy has also led to the synthesis of the other dia‐type zirconium MOF (NNM‐6). Interestingly, as the tritopic linker not only directs the formation of 6MR but also partitions 6MR into small segments, NNM‐5 with SOD topology shows a structural feature of small aperture and big cage, which has led to efficient separation of hexane isomers. With both exceptionally high n‐hexane uptake (65.9 cm3 g−1) and size‐exclusion selectivity, an exceptional separation capability is verified by breakthrough experiments. Calculation results demonstrate that the large difference of diffusion energy barrier due to the small aperture accounts for the underlying separation mechanism.
Cyclic Multi‐Site Chelation for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: He Jiandong , Yang Shuai , Luo Chao , Li Fengzhu , Jiang Xin , Liu Zhe , Feng Yishun , Wu Ruihan , Lan Zhong‐Rui , Tao Mingquan , Niu Guosheng , Yang Kaiyi , Yuan Yu , Wang Yili , Deng Xiao , Chen Yongjie , Zeng Siyuan , Zhao Yao , Wang Fuyi , Zhong Yu‐Wu , Zhang Weifeng , Zhao Qing , Liu Feng , Yu Gui , Wang Jizheng
Published: August 2024

Trap‐assisted non‐radiative recombination losses and moisture‐induced degradation significantly impede the development of highly efficient and stable inverted (p–i–n) perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which require high‐quality perovskite bulk. In this research, we mitigate these challenges by integrating thermally stable perovskite layers with Lewis base covalent organic frameworks (COFs). The ordered pore structure and surface binding groups of COFs facilitate cyclic, multi‐site chelation with undercoordinated lead ions, enhancing the perovskite quality across both its bulk and grain boundaries. This process not only reduces defects but also promotes improved energy alignment through n‐type doping at the surface. The inclusion of COF dopants in p–i–n devices achieves power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 25.64 % (certified 24.94 %) for a 0.0748‐cm2 device and 23.49 % for a 1‐cm2 device. Remarkably, these devices retain 81 % of their initial PCE after 978 hours of accelerated aging at 85°C, demonstrating remarkable durability. Additionally, COF‐doped devices demonstrate excellent stability under illumination and in moist conditions, even without encapsulation.
Brush‐Like Polymeric Gels Enabled Photonic Crystals toward Ultrasensitive Cosolvent Chromism
Authors: Wu Yue , Shen Ying , Han Junyi , Théato Patrick , Le Xiaoxia , Chen Tao
Published: August 2024

Responsive photonic crystals (RPCs) exhibit dynamic chromism upon trigger by various solvents, showing potential applications in qualitative identification and quantitative analysis of multicomponent solvents. However, distinguishing similar solvents, especially traces of cosolvents, remains challenging due to the limited sensitivity of RPCs. To address this, we herein introduce brush‐like polymeric gels inside photonic crystals, forming a brush‐like polymeric photonic gel (BPPG) that can trace tiny component changes. In this BPPG system, the acrylate backbones and polyethylene glycol (PEG) side‐chains stretch incrementally due to the cosolvency of ethanol‐water mixtures, resulting in highly sensitive chromatic responses within ethanol‐rich concentrations. With water content varying slightly from 0 to 1 vol %, the reflection wavelength of BPPG can sharply redshift over 30 nm, leading to very noticeable changes in structural color. This enhanced sensitivity makes BPPG suitable for real‐time, in situ purity monitoring of absolute ethanol during storage, transportation, and other applications.
Carbon Dot Synthesis and Purification: Trends, Challenges and Recommendations
Authors: Hu Yalei , Seivert Océane , Tang Yue , Karahan Hüseyin Enis , Bianco Alberto
Published: August 2024

Carbon dots (CDs) have rapidly emerged as a new family of carbon‐based nanomaterials since their initial discovery two decades ago. Numerous appealing properties, such as precursor and synthesis process flexibility, tunable photoluminescence, and good biocompatibility, have enabled their widespread applications in sensing, catalysis, energy, and biomedical fields. As the field expands, notable efforts have recently focused on mechanistically elucidating the structural formation and optical behavior of CDs. However, the absence of “clean” CDs presents a major obstacle to achieving a solid understanding of these aspects. Often, the claimed CDs are, in fact, a mixture of small molecules, oligomers, nano‐sized aggregates, or even microparticles. Such coexistence of impurities markedly impacts the physicochemical properties of resulting CD‐based mixtures, hampering the resolution of key mechanistic questions. Here, we aim to address this fundamental shortcoming of the field, going beyond the customary focus of the existing reviews that predominantly cover synthesis, optical performance, and application prospects. We begin with an overview of CD synthesis and then thoroughly examine the purification methods, including filtration, dialysis, electrophoresis, and chromatography. The insights provided here will guide the researchers towards obtaining high‐quality CDs, employing proper combinations of available tools, and ultimately paving the way for more demanding applications.
Exploring the Microbial Inhibition Ability of Newly Synthesized Diorganotin(IV) Complexes of Hydrazone Ligands: Structural Elucidation, Crystal Structure, and DFT Studies
Authors: Poonia Shikha , Asija Sonika , Deswal Yogesh , Kirar Jagat Singh
Published: August 2024

In our work, we have successfully synthesized twelve diorganotin(IV) complexes (4–15) from different hydrazone ligands and diorganotin(IV) dichlorides. The complexes have a general formula [R2SnL1–3], where R = Et, Me, Bu, and Ph groups. The hydrazone ligands (1–3) were synthesized through a condensation reaction involving 3‐ethoxysalicylaldehyde with different benzhydrazide derivatives. All the synthesized hydrazone ligands and their complexes underwent screening by employing numerous spectroscopic and physicochemical techniques, such as molar conductance measurements, mass spectrometry, (1H, 119Sn, and 13C) NMR, SEM‐EDAX, and FT‐IR. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that the hydrazone ligands were attached to tin atoms in a tridentate fashion via ONO donor atoms, suggesting a pentacoordinated geometry for the complexes. Furthermore, the X‐ray crystallography analysis for Complex 6 revealed the distorted square pyramidal geometry around the tin atom. Moreover, a DFT study was also carried out for Ligand 3 and its complexes (12–15) by employing B3LYP/LanL2DZ theory level (Gaussian 9 software package) to obtain the optimized geometry and global reactivity descriptors, structural behavior, and their efficacy against different microbes. To assess the biological efficacy of synthesized compounds, an in vitro antimicrobial assay was conducted against different fungal (Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans) and bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) strains. The results of the antimicrobial assay demonstrated that Complexes 7, 11, and 15 depicted better results against E. coli strain and C. albicans strain, implying that the higher lipophilic character of these complexes facilitates their easy passage through the cell membrane of microbes. Furthermore, an ADMET study was carried out to evaluate the toxicity score of synthesized compounds.
ZnO‐doped kaolin nanoclay immobilized agar biopolymer for 2,4‐dinitrophenol photocatalytic degradation
Authors: Hasan Imran , Bassi Akshara , Kalakonda Parvathalu , Kanungo Kushal
Published: August 2024

This study focuses on enhancing the properties of kaolin (Kao) clay by incorporating Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and further functionalizing with agar biopolymer, resulting in the formation of Agar/Kao@ZnO nanocomposite (NC). The synthesized material underwent comprehensive composition, structure, surface, and optical properties analysis to confirm the formation. The material was evaluated as a photocatalyst for the degradation of 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP) under visible light irradiation. The optimized conditions for the photocatalytic degradation of DNP were determined as irradiation time 50 minutes, pH 4, catalyst dose 20 mg, and DNP concentration of 25 mg L−1, resulting in degradation efficiency of 99.63%. Trapping experiment validated the significant role of hydroxyl (•OH) radicals as reactive oxidant species (ROS) in the degradation of DNP in the presence of visible light. Through four consecutive cycles of reusability experiments, it was confirmed that the synthesized material is highly stable and efficient for DNP degradation.
Building culturally meaningful chronologies: negotiating Indigenous and Western temporalities in Oceania
Authors: Urwin Chris , Russell Lynette , Skelly Robert
Published: August 2024

This paper examines some of the ways in which Indigenous and Western archaeological chronologies are being negotiated and entwined in Oceania. Indigenous pasts are often known through oral traditions, genealogies and ancestral landscapes; these are vital pasts populated by the ancestors. The archaeological past is often interpreted through taphonomy, stratigraphy and direct dating techniques. There are tensions and intersections between these perspectives, and research partnerships between archaeologists and Indigenous communities must negotiate how to build chronologies and narrate the past. Drawing on case studies from our research in Australia and Papua New Guinea, we discuss how these seemingly different ways of knowing the past can be brought into productive conversation and how these understandings are transforming today. We argue that incorporating diverse temporalities for ancestral places can generate richer historical narratives of value to communities and researchers.
Attention to carbon footprints in food choices and the crowding out effect of attention‐leading nudges
Authors: Lemken Dominic , Asioli Daniele , Schoppa Frederick
Published: August 2024

Consumer attention to carbon footprint labels may trigger efforts to adjust the agri‐food sector toward more sustainable production. To assess attention levels, we used milk and bread products in an information display matrix (IDM), allowing consumers to direct attention or ignore various food product attributes. Our method improved upon previous IDM applications by introducing real‐world complexity, featuring 25 attributes per product and multiple trade‐offs. A randomizer ensured fairness by determining the order of attribute display. Results show that carbon footprints are not the primarily attended attributes. A salience nudge favoring carbon footprints directs attention to it but halves the attention paid to more holistic environmental footprints. We discuss strategies to promote environmental dimensions jointly and provide implications and recommendations for future labeling policies and marketing strategies.