bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic dissociation constants of risedronate using spectrophotometric and potentiometric pH-titration
Authors: Meloun Milan , Ferenčíková Zuzana , Málková Hana , Pekárek Tomáš
Published: January 2012

Risedronate inhibits bone resorption in diseases like osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, tumor bone diseases or the malfunction of phosphocalcium metabolism. The acid-base properties of risedronate in an aqueous solution have been studied in a pH range from 2 to 12 and can be described in terms of four dissociation steps: pK a,2, pK a,4, pK a,5 (related to the dissociation of POH groups) and pK a,3 related to the dissociation of protonated amino group NH3+. The mixed dissociation constants were determined at different ionic strengths I = 0.02 to 0.20 mol dm−3 KCl and of 25°C and 37°C using pH-spectrophotometric and pH-potentiometric titration methods. Determination of group parameters L 0, H T might lead to false estimates of common parameters p K a;therefore, the computational strategy employed is important. A comparison between the two programs ESAB and HYPERQUAD demonstrated that the ESAB program provides a better fit of potentiometric titration curve. The thermodynamic dissociation constants pK aT were estimated by a nonlinear regression of (pK a, I) data and a Debye-Hückel equation at 25°C and 37°C, pK a,2T = 2.37(1) and 2.44(1), pK a,3T = 6.29(3) and 6.26(1), pK a,4T = 7.48(1) and 7.46(2) and pK a,5T = 9.31(7) and 8.70(3) at 25°C and 37°C using pH-spectroscopic data and pK a,2T = 2.48(3) and 2.43(1), pK a,3T= 6.12(2) and 6.10(2), pK a,4T = 7.25(2) and 7.23(1) and pK a,5T = 12.04(5) and 11.81(2) at 25°C and 37°C. The ascertained estimates of three dissociation constants pK a,3, pK a,4, pK a,5 are in agreement with the predicted values obtained using PALLAS
New 1H-1-alkyl-6-methyl-3-phenyl-7-phenylazo-pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazoles through regioselective alkylation of 1H-6-methyl-3-phenyl-7-phenylazopyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazoles
Authors: Bercean Vasile-Nicolae , Badea Valentin , Deleanu Călin , Nicolescu Alina
Published: January 2012

1H-1-Alkyl-6-methyl-3-phenyl-7-phenylazopyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazoles (2aa-ad) were obtained by regioselective alkylation of 1H-6-methyl-3-phenyl-7-phenylazopyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazoles (2a). 1H-1-Alkyl-6-methyl-3-phenyl-7-phenylazopyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazoles 2aa and 2ab were also prepared by coupling phenyldiazonium chloride with 1H-1-alkyl-6-methyl-3-phenyl-pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazoles 1aa and 1ab. The new compounds were characterized by IR, UV-VIS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and 15N-NMR spectroscopy and their structures and actual tautomeric forms were established unequivocally.
Mung bean response during immobilization of exchangeable aluminum in acidic soil
Authors: Skwira Monika , Jakóbik-Kolon Agata , Ciba Jerzy
Published: January 2012

A soil incubation and shot-term plant growth experiment was conducted to study the effect of ferruginous mineral application on exchangeable Al immobilization. The mineral containing mainly siderite was mixed at various rates with A-horizon soil and incubated at 80% humidity for 45 days. Following the incubation, a short-term plant growth test was carried out using mung beans. The ferruginous mineral application into tested soil resulted in a reduction of the exchangeable aluminum concentration and soil acidity. An increase in root growth and stalk length, as well as a general improvement of plant condition was observed in the case of ferruginous mineral application. This observation was confirmed by chemical analysis of roots and stalks. The greatest amount of essential elements: calcium and magnesium and the lowest amount of aluminum were determined in green part of mung beans sown in the soil with addition of 2% ferruginous mineral.
A review on the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by solution route
Authors: Gupta Shipra , Tripathi Manoj
Published: January 2012

TiO2 can be prepared in the form of powder, crystals, or thin films. Liquid-phase processing is one of the most convenient and utilized methods of synthesis. It has the advantage of allowing control over the stoichiometry, production of homogeneous materials, formation of complex shapes, and preparation of composite materials. However, there may be some disadvantages such as expensive precursors, long processing times, and the presence of carbon as an impurity. In comparison, the physical production techniques, although environment friendly, are limited by the size of the produced samples which is not sufficient for a large-scale production. The most commonly used solution routes in the synthesis of TiO2 are reviewed.
Synthesis of dibromo ketones by the reaction of the environmentally benign H2O2-HBr system with oximes
Authors: Terent’ev Alexander , Krylov Igor , Vil’ Vera , Pastukhova Zhanna , Fastov Sergey , Nikishin Gennady
Published: January 2012

It was found that oximes undergo deoximation in the presence of the H2O2aq-HBraq system to form ketones and bromo ketones. This reaction provided the basis for the synthesis of dibromo ketones in yields varying from 40% to 94%. This method is environmentally friendly, sustainable, and easy to perform. The results of this investigation extend the potential of the use of oximes for the protection of carbonyl group, thus offering the ability to perform not only conventional deoximation but also the subsequent bromination of ketones. The reaction is easily scaled up and dibromo ketones can be prepared in gram amounts.
Mathematical approach to investigation of synthesis processes at high temperatures
Authors: Mackevičius Mažvydas , Ivanauskas Feliksas , Kareiva Aivaras
Published: January 2012

In our work, we present a method for estimation of the diffusion and reaction rates of synthesis at high temperatures using limited information from laboratory experiments, such as synthesis time and dimensions of reactants. Synthesis by sol-gel and solid-state reactions is considered. The inverse modeling problem is solved for one- and two-dimensional models. Explicit formulas for the diffusion coefficient and reaction rate as functions of temperature are obtained. The activation energies are calculated, and the lower bounds of diffusion and reaction rates are estimated, thus obtaining conditions for occurrence of synthesis.
Theoretical investigation of the Anti-Parkinson drug rasagiline and its salts: conformations and infrared spectra
Authors: Başköse U. , Bayarı Sevgi , Sağlam Semran , Özışık Hacı
Published: January 2012

The conformational analysis of rasagiline [N-propargyl-1(R)-aminoindan] was performed by the density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP method using the 6–31++G (d,p) basis set. A single point energy calculations based on the B3LYP optimized geometries were also performed at MP2/6-31++G (d, p) level. The vibrational frequencies of the most stable conformer of rasagiline was calculated at the B3LYP level and vibrational assignments were made for normal modes on the basis of scaled quantum mechanical force field (SQM) method. The influence of mesylate and ethanedisulfonate salts on the geometry of rasagiline free base and its normal modes are also discussed.
Synthesis of novel 3-deoxy-3-C-triazolylmethyl-allose derivatives and evaluation of their biological activity
Authors: Rjabova Jekaterina , Rjabovs Vitālijs , Moreno Vargas Antonio , Clavijo Elena , Turks Māris
Published: January 2012

Recently, monosaccharide-triazole conjugates have proved to possess a large variety of useful biological activities. This paper describes synthesis of a new series of 3-deoxy-3-C-triazolylmethyl-allose derivatives. These new compounds are obtained from acetonide-protected 3-deoxy-3-azidomethyl allose and commercial alkynes via Cu(I) catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The obtained molecular scaffolds differ from those described earlier by the presence of a methylene linker (-CH2-) between the C(3) of allose and the triazole moiety. It was demonstrated that acetonide-protected monosaccharide, 3-deoxy-3-C-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-d-allofuranose, inhibited α-L-fucosidase for 26% at 0.1 mM concentration, but a deprotected analog, 3-deoxy-3-C-(4-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl-β-d-allofuranose, showed 15% inhibition of β-glucosidase at 1 mM concentration.
Using the Integer Decorrelation Procedure to Increase of the Efficiency of the Mafa Method
Authors: Cellmer S.
Published: January 2012

Using the Integer Decorrelation Procedure to Increase of the Efficiency of the Mafa Method

The Modified Ambiguity Function Approach (MAFA) is a method of GNSS carrier phase processing. In this method, the functional model of the adjustment problem contains the conditions ensuring the "integerness" of the ambiguities. These conditions are expressed in the form of differentiable function. A prerequisite for obtaining the correct solution is a mechanism ensuring not only the "integerness" of the ambiguity but also appropriate localization of the search space in the place where the ambiguities have correct values. One of such mechanisms is cascade adjustment, applying the linear combinations of the signals L1 and L2 with the integer coefficients and various wavelengths. This paper presents another, independent from the previous, approach to increase the efficiency of the MAFA method. It is based on the application of the integer decorrelation matrix to transform observation equations into equivalent, but better conditioned, observation equations. The transformation matrix is obtained in the well-known ambiguity variance-covariance matrix integer decorrelation process.
The Humanitarian Relief Chain
Authors: İlhan Ali
Published: January 2012

The Humanitarian Relief Chain

Supply Chain Management is a concept that originated and flourished in the manufacturing industry and has been subsequently adapted to many different areas. At present Disaster Management is one of those areas to which it has been adapted. Disaster Management is the set of rules for the coordination of activities at the disaster area and the rational usage of resources. During a disaster several logistics decisions should be made. The unpredictability of global emergencies (e.g., volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods) and the stakes of the adequate and timely delivery of the goods/services and challenge of managing material flow in the relief operations, which hold as their ultimate objective the delivery of the appropriate level of resources to locations worldwide in order to minimize human suffering and loss of life.
Insurance and Management of Political Risk Exposure in Developed Economies and Serbia
Authors: Ostojić Siniša , Unković Željka
Published: January 2012

Insurance and Management of Political Risk Exposure in Developed Economies and Serbia

The paper explores the risks, associated with government actions, which reduce the value of the company, in other words, a political risk. The purpose of this research is to determine the theoretical, institutional, regulatory management and implemented activities of political risks in different countries (the USA, the UK, France, Japan and Germany). The aim of this paper is the analysis of the characteristics of political risks, the analysis and the characteristics of the risk of the insurance policy from the standpoint of global, regional and state agencies and private insurers as well, determining the interdependence of political risks and country risks. The analysis begins by reviewing different ways of entering foreign markets (exports, foreign direct investment, contractual agreements and establishment of subsidiaries), all of which imply exposure to political risk. After that, political risk and exposure of its basic elements are defined, as well as methods that are applied in the assessment and the management of political risks. This paper concludes with an overview of political risk insurance coverage and sums insured in selected countries, and how political risk is underwritten and priced.
Technical Efficiency in the Small Scale Industrial Sectors of Punjab and Haryana - A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Kumar Satinder , Singh Parminder
Published: January 2012

Technical Efficiency in the Small Scale Industrial Sectors of Punjab and Haryana - A Comparative Analysis

The present study deals with the inter-temporal variations of technical efficiency in the small scale industrial sector of Punjab and Haryana and compares the performance of both states with the small scale industrial sector of India. Data spanning over the period 1972-73 to 2006-07 has been utilized to estimate technical efficiency with the help of data envelopment analysis (DEA) based upon efficiency scores. The empirical analysis confirms that there exists 0.176 percent and 0.470 percent technical inefficiency in the small scale industrial sectors of Punjab and Haryana, respectively. However, at the aggregated All-India level, the technical inefficiency score is 0.449. Thus, the small scale industrial sector of Punjab is comparatively more efficient than that of Haryana and All-India. Moreover, the reform process has adversely affected both the managerial and scale efficiencies of Haryana, whereas an improvement in managerial efficiency has been observed in the small scale industrial sectors of Punjab and All-India. The empirical analysis showed that in the post-reform period both at the All-India level and in Haryana technical inefficiency scores are increasing, whereas in Punjab it is decreasing. Thus, it can be inferred that scale efficiency is an important determinant of technical efficiency in explaining the performance of the small scale industrial sectors of Punjab and Haryana.
Comparison of remove-compute-restore and least squares modification of Stokes' formula techniques to quasi-geoid determination over the Auvergne test area
Authors: Yildiz H. , Forsberg R. , Ågren J. , Tscherning C. , Sjöberg L.
Published: January 2012

Comparison of remove-compute-restore and least squares modification of Stokes' formula techniques to quasi-geoid determination over the Auvergne test area

The remove-compute-restore (RCR) technique for regional geoid determination implies that both topography and low-degree global geopotential model signals are removed before computation and restored after Stokes' integration or Least Squares Collocation (LSC) solution. The Least Squares Modification of Stokes' Formula (LSMS) technique not requiring gravity reductions is implemented here with a Residual Terrain Modelling based interpolation of gravity data. The 2-D Spherical Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the LSC methods applying the RCR technique and the LSMS method are tested over the Auvergne test area. All methods showed a reasonable agreement with GPS-levelling data, in the order of a 3-3.5 cm in the central region having relatively smooth topography, which is consistent with the accuracies of GPS and levelling. When a 1-parameter fit is used, the FFT method using kernel modification performs best with 3.0 cm r.m.s difference with GPS-levelling while the LSMS method gives the best agreement with GPS-levelling with 2.4 cm r.m.s after a 4-parameter fit is used. However, the quasi-geoid models derived using two techniques differed from each other up to 33 cm in the high mountains near the Alps. Comparison of quasi-geoid models with EGM2008 showed that the LSMS method agreed best in term of r.m.s.
Regular design equations for the continuous reduced-order Kalman filter
Authors: Hippe Peter
Published: January 2012

Regular design equations for the continuous reduced-order Kalman filter

Reduced-order Kalman filters yield an optimal state estimate for linear dynamical systems, where parts of the output are not corrupted by noise. The design of such filters can either be carried out in the time domain or in the frequency domain. Different from the full-order case where all measurements are noisy, the design equations of the reduced-order filter are not regular. This is due to the rank deficient measurement covariance matrix and it can cause problems when using standard software for the solution of the Riccati equations in the time domain. In the frequency domain the spectral factorization of the non-regular polynomial matrix equation does not cause problems. However, the known proof of optimality of the factorization result also requires a regular measurement covariance matrix. This paper presents regular (reduced-order) design equations for reduced-order Kalman filters in the time and in the frequency domains for linear continuous-time systems. They allow to use standard software for the design of the filter, to formulate the conditions for the stability of the filter and they also prove that the existing frequency domain solutions obtained by spectral factorization of a non-regular polynomial matrix equation are indeed optimal.
Optimal control problem for infinite variables hyperbolic systems with time lags
Authors: Bahaa Gaber , Tharwat Mohamed
Published: January 2012

Optimal control problem for infinite variables hyperbolic systems with time lags

In this paper, by using the theorems of [Lions (1971) and Lions & Magenes (1972)], the optimal control problem for distributed hyperbolic systems, involving second order operator with an infinite number of variables, in which constant lags appear both in the state equations and in the boundary conditions is considered. The optimality conditions for Neumann boundary conditions are obtained and the set of inequalities that characterize these conditions is formulated. Also, several mathematical examples for derived optimality conditions are presented. Finally, we consider an optimal distributed control problem for (nxn)-infinite variables hyperbolic systems.
Comparison between two approaches to modeling microsatellite DNA repeats: infinite dimensional model and its n-dimensional approximation
Authors: Białka Małgorzata
Published: January 2012

Comparison between two approaches to modeling microsatellite DNA repeats: infinite dimensional model and itsn-dimensional approximation

Two approaches to modeling microsatellite DNA repeats are considered. The former is an infinite dimensional system based on the theory of branching random walks which dynamic properties are characterized using Laplace transforms and Laplace asymptotic techniques. The latter is ann-dimensional approximation where microsatellite DNA repeats model is the example of a chain system. Both models were the subject of many numerical calculations using the MATLAB software. The results allow us to evaluate the asymptotic behavior and determine the effect of the system parameters on the run of the solution and the state variables.
FPGA implementation of DPWM utility/DG interfaced solar (PV) power converter for green home power supply
Authors: Singh Shiva , Mishra Snehlata
Published: January 2012

FPGA implementation of DPWM utility/DG interfaced solar (PV) power converter for green home power supply

In this paper, utility/DG interfaced DPWM solar (PV) power converter (SPC) has been proposed and developed to meet the growing green energy demand of household applications in a developing country like India. The use of new software based direct PWM strategy (DPWM) in the inverter circuit has resulted in to produce a very near sine-wave, most suitable for various home loads. Simulated results of proposed PWM output wave form and computation of its harmonics content in terms of THD value (upto 5% or even less) using MATLAB software has been reflected in the proposed scheme. The features like an intelligent control action to prevent battery from overcharge or undercharge, higher efficiency (> 90%), generation of grid quality green electricity, sustainability of solar renewable energy sources, cost effective hardware realization with FPGA based VLSI embedded system, shows the superiority of the proposed scheme over conventional power supply systems.
Two-dimensional CFD modeling of the heat and mass transfer process during sewage sludge drying in a solar dryer
Authors: Krawczyk Piotr , Badyda Krzysztof
Published: January 2012

Two-dimensional CFD modeling of the heat and mass transfer process during sewage sludge drying in a solar dryer

The paper presents key assumptions of the mathematical model which describes heat and mass transfer phenomena in a solar sewage drying process, as well as techniques used for solving this model with the Fluent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. Special attention was paid to implementation of boundary conditions on the sludge surface, which is a physical boundary between the gaseous phase - air, and solid phase - dried matter. Those conditions allow to model heat and mass transfer between the media during first and second drying stages. Selection of the computational geometry is also discussed - it is a fragment of the entire drying facility. Selected modelling results are presented in the final part of the paper.
Inverse heat transfer problem in digital temperature control in plate fin and tube heat exchangers
Authors: Taler Dawid , Sury Adam
Published: January 2012

Inverse heat transfer problem in digital temperature control in plate fin and tube heat exchangers

The aim of the paper is a steady-state inverse heat transfer problem for plate-fin and tube heat exchangers. The objective of the process control is to adjust the number of fan revolutions per minute so that the water temperature at the heat exchanger outlet is equal to a preset value. Two control techniques were developed. The first is based on the presented mathematical model of the heat exchanger while the second is a digital proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. The first procedure is very stable. The digital PID controller becomes unstable if the water volumetric flow rate changes significantly. The developed techniques were implemented in digital control system of the water exit temperature in a plate fin and tube heat exchanger. The measured exit temperature of the water was very close to the set value of the temperature if the first method was used. The experiments showed that the PID controller works also well but becomes frequently unstable.
Study on the possibility of use of photovoltaic cells for the supply of electrolysers
Authors: Węcel Daniel , Ogulewicz Włodzimierz
Published: January 2012

Study on the possibility of use of photovoltaic cells for the supply of electrolysers

Photovoltaic cells have been used for a long time to supply the electrical devices of small power in areas without access to the electricity networks (or other sources of electric energy). The ecological aspect of the use of the renewable energy sources, together with the technology development and increasingly lower costs of production the photovoltaic cells, cause the increase of their application. The solar power plants are built in several places in the world, not necessarily in the areas of high light intensity. Nowadays, such developments mostly depend on the wealth of a particular country. The largest photovoltaic power stations have power of a several dozen of MW. The major disadvantage of the photovoltaic cells is that the energy production is possible only during the day. This causes a necessity of energy accumulation in large photovoltaic systems. One possibility of storing large amounts of energy gives a hydrogen fuel, generated in the electrolysers powered directly from photovoltaic cells. Hydrogen, stored in pressure tanks or in tanks with synthetic porous materials, can be again used to produce electricity in fuel cells. This paper introduces selected issues and test results associated with the use of photovoltaic cells to power the hydrogen generators. The possible connections of photovoltaic modules integrated with electrolysers were analyzed. In this article the results of the electricity daily production by polycrystalline photovoltaic cells, collected in the course of the entire year were also presented.
Reduction of dynamic error in measurements of transient fluid temperature
Authors: Jaremkiewicz Magdalena
Published: January 2012

Reduction of dynamic error in measurements of transient fluid temperature

Under steady-state conditions when fluid temperature is constant, temperature measurement can be accomplished with high degree of accuracy owing to the absence of damping and time lag. However, when fluid temperature varies rapidly, for example, during start-up, appreciable differences occur between the actual and measured fluid temperature. These differences occur because it takes time for heat to transfer through the heavy thermometer pocket to the thermocouple. In this paper, a method for determinig transient fluid temperature based on the first-order thermometer model is presented. Fluid temperature is determined using a thermometer, which is suddenly immersed into boiling water. Next, the time constant is defined as a function of fluid velocity for four sheated thermocouples with different diameters. To demonstrate the applicability of the presented method to actual data where air velocity varies, the temperature of air is estimated based on measurements carried out by three thermocouples with different outer diameters. Lastly, the time constant is presented as a function of fluid velocity and outer diameter of thermocouple.
Thermodynamic consequences of hydrogen combustion within a containment of pressurized water reactor
Authors: Bury Tomasz
Published: January 2012

Thermodynamic consequences of hydrogen combustion within a containment of pressurized water reactor

Gaseous hydrogen may be generated in a nuclear reactor system as an effect of the core overheating. This creates a risk of its uncontrolled combustion which may have a destructive consequences, as it could be observed during the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident. Favorable conditions for hydrogen production occur during heavy loss-of-coolant accidents. The author used an own computer code, called HEPCAL, of the lumped parameter type to realize a set of simulations of a large scale loss-of-coolant accidents scenarios within containment of second generation pressurized water reactor. Some simulations resulted in high pressure peaks, seemed to be irrational. A more detailed analysis and comparison with Three Mile Island and Fukushima accidents consequences allowed for withdrawing interesting conclusions.
Numerical method for determining the allowable medium temperature during transient operation of a thick-walled boiler element in power plant
Authors: Rząsa Dariusz , Duda Piotr
Published: January 2012

Numerical method for determining the allowable medium temperature during transient operation of a thick-walled boiler element in power plant

Secure and cost-effective power generation has become very important nowdays. Care must be taken while designing and operating modern steam power plants. There are regulations such as German boiler regulations (Technische Regeln für Dampfkessel 301) or European Standards that guide the user how to operate the steam power plants. However, those regulations are based on the quasi-steady state assumption and one dimensional temperature distribution in the entire element. This simplifications may not guarantee that the heating and cooling operations are conducted in the most efficient way. Thus, it was important to find an improved method that can allow to establish optimum parameters for heating and cooling operations. The optimum parameters should guarantee that the maximum total stresses in the construction element are in the allowable limits and the entire process is conducted in the shortest time. This paper summarizes mathematical descriptions how to optimize shut down process of power block devices. The optimization formulation is based on the assumption that the maximum total stresses in the whole construction element should be kept within allowable limits during cooling operation. Additionally, the operation should be processed in the shortest time possible.
Energy evaluation of steam-water cycle operation with mathematical modelling application
Authors: Rusinowski Henryk , Szapajko Grzegorz
Published: January 2012

Energy evaluation of steam-water cycle operation with mathematical modelling application

In recent years, we can observe the development of the thermal diagnosis and operating control systems based on measuring techniques and mathematical modelling of processes improvement. Evaluation of the actual operating state is insufficient to make an optimal operating decisions. Thus, information about the influence of the operating parameters' deviations from the reference state on indicators describing energy consumption of the process (for example specific heat consumption or specific energy consumption) is also necessary. The paper presents methods for generation the information about the influence of the steam-water cycle operating parameters on specific heat consumption in a turbine's cycle. A mathematical model of steam-water cycle for a CHP (Cogeneration - also Combined Heat and Power) unit is being worked out. Methods for calculation of operating deviations with the application of correction curves and a mathematical model are described. Exemplary calculation results are presented.
Blazing with Artifice: Light from the Northrop Frye Notebooks
Authors: Dolzani Michael
Published: January 2012

The notion that Frye's criticism has no historical dimension is commonest among those who know only Anatomy of Criticism. Frye is indeed a structural thinker, yet he is equally a theorist of historical process, and these twin sides of his imagination are Blakean contraries, without which is no progression. The historical side of Frye is minimized in Anatomy, but emerges from a huge mass of unpublished work now edited as part of the Collected Works of Northrop Frye project. This previously unpublished material is capable of revolutionizing our view of Frye, who becomes a more interesting, possibly a more relevant, thinker once we see that his structural side is in creative tension with an equally important opposite. Of the many new paths in Frye studies opened up by access to the notebooks, student essays, diaries, letters, etc., the exploration of Frye's historical side seems most promising.
Northrop Frye and Theories of Human Nature
Authors: Donald Merlin
Published: January 2012

Northrop Frye sought out the laws governing the rise and fall of cultural ideas, bringing the attitude of a system-builder to his research. As he pointed out on many occasions, psychologists and anthropologists, such as Jung and Frazer, were addressing some of the same questions, albeit with a different set of tools. However, their ultimate goal – gaining a wider view of how cultures and creative minds intermeshed – was the same as his. I was greatly moved by Frye's grand vision, which influenced my choice of the word ‘mimesis’ as a label for the ancient cognitive adaptation that defined the underlying logic of the human mind. Mimesis established the cognitive foundation upon which the evolution of language and symbolic thought became possible. The analogue logic of mimetic representation is still the underlying currency of symbolic exchange, as it seamlessly connects gesture and ritual with everyday speech, narrative, and text.
Northrop Frye and the Book as Metaphor and Material Artefact
Authors: Decook Travis
Published: January 2012

Few strains of literary study seem further from Northrop Frye's critical project than the history of the book. In light of this distance, this essay is inspired by two primary objectives. The first is to cast light on Frye's treatment of the book as a material artefact, a theme that has received relatively little attention. The second is to draw attention to the important role of the material book as metaphor in Frye's writings, and consider its implications for the practice of book history. Working against prevailing stereotypes of both Frye's visionary humanism and book history, this essay attempts to bridge the two by considering how books as physical artefacts participate in the work of the imagination. I argue that Frye's attentiveness to the socially symbolic power of the book, and his various explorations of the metaphorical possibilities of this artefact, provide powerful instances of how cultural meanings of media of inscription signify alongside their verbal contents.
Paradox and Provocation in the Writing and Teaching of Northrop Frye
Authors: Balfour Ian
Published: January 2012

This article focuses on the place of paradox in Northrop Frye's writing and teaching, principally by way of several key examples. Paradox tends to counter, at least superficially, popular opinion and common sense, though in the interest of common enlightenment. The figure of paradox is linked by Frye to metaphor as a kind of logical contradiction that can nonetheless be a vehicle of truth, foremost in literature and religion. Such paradoxes are both a topic for Frye's elucidations of literary and scriptural texts but also a mode enlisted in the very performance of Frye's critical writing and teaching.
Interview: Elephants Are Not Giraffes: A Conversation with Margaret Atwood, More or Less about Northrop Frye
Authors: Mount Nick
Published: January 2012

In the late 1950s, Margaret Atwood became a student of Northrop Frye at Victoria College in the University of Toronto. Although it's doubtful that anyone noticed at the time, Atwood's decision to attend Vic (and Frye's decision to stay there) put what would become two of Canada's most well-known public intellectuals at the geographic and historic start of the CanLit Boom of the 1960s, the largest single increase in literary publishing in Canadian history. This conversation explores Atwood's thoughts on her teacher and Canada's thinker: the ideas they shared (and didn't share), his influence on herself and others, his legacy today.
Remedial Metaphor: Pedagogical Frye
Authors: Wilson Jean
Published: January 2012

In his ongoing inquiry into the social value of literary study, Frye not only critiques perceptions of the humanities as ornamental rather than functional, but also complicates common notions of relevance and practicality. He resists, moreover, conventional distinctions between the arts and the sciences, and recognizes that a wide range of disciplines, from ‘philology’ to ‘physics,’ constitute the liberal arts. As he articulates it, what unites the scientist and the humanist is social, a matter of ‘the practical intelligence,’ which derives its authority from an informing vision of society. Frye's writings suggest that such capacity can be developed through pedagogical approaches that enable freedom from ready-made language and thought and access to ‘the real world of human constructive power.’ His literary and educational theory offers a perspective from which we might confront the challenges both of teaching literature in the twenty-first century and of fashioning forward-thinking liberal arts programs and interdisciplinary projects.
Northrop Frye's Musical Dimensions
Authors: Saint-Cyr Yves
Published: January 2012

Northrop Frye felt that literary critics should envy music critics because the latter deal more in structures and relationships, which is what literary critics like Frye would like to do, rather than getting bogged down in style and content. To appreciate fully the inseparability of literature and music in Frye's life, one must start at the beginning – with the experiences that shaped his taste in and understanding of music, both as a listener and as a musician himself. The evolution of Frye's relationship with music, from his early childhood to his later career, describes an arc that passes through all of his major fields of study: from literature to religion, to visual arts and culture, to pedagogy and educational psychology.
Cosmopolitan and National Culture in Northrop Frye
Authors: Carter Adam
Published: January 2012

The essay explores a double trajectory in Frye's writings between a universalist, cosmopolitan, understanding of culture that transcends locality, and an understanding of culture that traces its connections to the specificities of geography and history and, to some extent, embraces the idea of national and regional cultures. I argue that the two concepts in Frye are joined by the common idea of culture as the achievement of a realm of freedom from nature. I defend this oscillating movement in Frye's thought by viewing it as a suggestively open-ended dialectic, one which does not seek to impose a static unity or synthesis upon its opposing terms. The dialectic between cosmos and locus allows Frye's thought to grapple productively with what Pheng Cheah has called ‘the aporias of given culture’ – the various material, natural, and social givens that constitute culture even as they trouble its promised freedom for humanity.
Visiting Theory: The Northrop Frye Visiting Professorship at the University of Toronto
Authors: Allan Jonathan A.
Published: January 2012

One of the most enduring testaments to the legacy of Northrop Frye at the University of Toronto is the program in Comparative Literature and more particularly its commitment to Literary Theory. This paper provides a history of the Northrop Frye Visiting Professorship in Literary Theory, which has allowed for some of the most important theorists of literature and culture to hold the chair and introduce their ideas to members of the Centre for Comparative Literature and the University as a whole.
The Social Vision of Frye's Criticism: The Scandal of Undiscriminating Catholicity
Authors: Arac Jonathan
Published: January 2012

This essay explores Frye's highly debated views concerning the role of criticism. Frye does not grant value-judgement any place within criticism, rejects hierarchy, and states that negative criticism is futile. His works Anatomy of Criticism and The Critical Path illuminate his faith in the importance of positive literary theory, freedom from the shortcomings of class-bound conceptions, the conversion of pejorative critical terms into tools of analytical criticism, and ‘undiscriminating catholicity’ as openness to all products of human imagination. Critics from Samuel Taylor Coleridge to Walter Benjamin and Erich Auerbach are examined in their relation to Frye's arguments. The article defends Frye's vision, specifically his theorization of historical, ethical, and archetypal criticism and the autonomy of literature, as well as his advocacy of an escape from negative evaluation as a way for criticism to achieve new capacities.
Analysis of Crash Rates and Surrogate Events
Authors: Gordon Tim J. , Kostyniuk Lidia P. , Green Paul E. , Barnes Michelle A. , Blower Daniel , Blankespoor Adam D. , Bogard Scott E.
Published: January 2012

A preliminary study was done into the use and validation of crash surrogates, which are obtained from naturalistic driving studies for the detailed analysis of risk factors. The approach is based on a unified statistical analysis of crash data and surrogate events that uses a spatial referencing system and a common measure of exposure. Statistical methods based on a bivariate response and Bayesian update models were adapted to the joint analysis of crashes and surrogates. The study specifically addresses road-departure crashes involving a single vehicle. It is proposed that suitable surrogates be based on underlying continuous measures of disturbance in the driver's lateral control of the vehicle. Naturalistic driving data from a field operational test conducted in southeastern Michigan were spatially joined with highway data and crash data from the same area, and a set of candidate crash surrogates was tested. Analysis results indicated that simple lateral lane position did not provide a satisfactory surrogate, whereas estimated time to road departure was found to show the correct statistical dependencies, consistent with the crash data. The approach developed in the study provided a way to assess crash risk in a common framework and also to validate or invalidate candidate surrogates. When applied to data from the future SHRP 2 naturalistic driving study, the increased statistical power resulting from the much larger data set will provide more definitive conclusions about surrogate validity and factors influencing overall crash risk.
Methodologies for Aggregating Indicators of Traffic Conflict
Authors: Ismail Karim , Sayed Tarek , Saunier Nicolas
Published: January 2012

Various indicators of objective conflict have been proposed in the literature to measure the severity of traffic events. Objective conflict indicators measure various spatial and temporal aspects of proximity on the premise that proximity is a surrogate for severity. These aspects of severity may be partially overlapping and in some cases independent. Two sets of conflict indicators were used in a study conducted to demonstrate that integration of the severity cues provided by each conflict indicator could be performed to reflect better the true, yet unobservable, severity of traffic events. The first set of conflict indicators required the presence of a collision course common to the interacting road users. The second set measured severity in mere temporal proximity between road users. The study proposes a methodology with which to aggregate the event-level measurements of conflict indicators into a safety index. First, individual conflict indicator measurements are mapped into severity intervals [0, 1]. Second, these severity indices are aggregated to a safety index that includes both individual severities and exposure. The methodology is applied on individual measurements of pedestrian–vehicle conflicts.
Improved Time-to-Collision Definition for Simulating Traffic Conflicts on Truck-Only Infrastructure
Authors: Bachmann Chris , Roorda Matthew J. , Abdulhai Baher
Published: January 2012

Transportation agencies have traditionally relied on historical crash records as the primary measure to evaluate the safety of roadways. The infrequent and sporadic occurrence of accidents and the long period required to collect accident data have led to the use of surrogate safety measures. The use of microsimulation modeling for conflict analysis has been popularized for evaluating experimental changes to existing road networks. Previous freeway studies have used a simplified time-to-collision definition, which produces unrealistic conflict situations. The definition included situations with no collision path, such as when two vehicles were traveling at the same speed or when the leading vehicle was speeding away from the following vehicle. A revised conflict definition is developed to address these issues and is then contrasted with the simplified definition used in earlier studies. An investigation of acceleration rates demonstrates that the revised approach retains the meaningful conflicts produced by the previous definition but eliminates the situations that are unlikely to be conflicts. This revised conflict definition is used to investigate the evaluation of a truck-only highway in the greater Toronto, Ontario, Canada, area to observe the effects on traffic conflicts. In general, it was found that although providing a separate highway for trucks did reduce truck-related conflicts, car lane-change conflicts increased because of the cars' increased maneuverability and presence on the truck-free highway.
Mining Microscopic Data of Vehicle Conflicts and Collisions to Investigate Collision Factors
Authors: Saunier Nicolas , Mourji Nadia , Agard Bruno
Published: January 2012

Road collisions lead to great human and financial costs for society. Although some progress has been made, this worldwide issue needs more attention, as the costs increase. Proactive methods for road safety analysis that do not depend on collision occurrences are needed. Collection and analysis of microscopic data (road user trajectories) about all traffic events with and without a collision are the only ways to gain insight into collision factors and processes; that is, the chains of events that lead to collisions. The first phase of the project reported in this paper used microscopic data extracted from video sensors and data mining techniques to identify patterns in the traffic event database. Decision trees, the k-means algorithm, and the hierarchical agglomerative clustering method were used to analyze the relationship between interaction attributes and outcome (collision or not) and identify groups of interactions with similar attributes. This approach was demonstrated on a data set collected in Kentucky of 295 traffic events and contained 213 conflicts and 82 collisions. The decision tree confirmed the importance of evasive action in the interaction outcome. Three clusters were found from speed indicators extracted from road users' trajectories: the cluster containing the fewest collisions had the lowest speeds of the three. This result hints at the existence of conflicts that are dissimilar from most collisions and may therefore not be suitable for surrogate safety analysis.
Effect of Arterial Signal Coordination on Safety
Authors: Li Wei , Tarko Andrew P.
Published: January 2012

Traffic signals are coordinated to improve traffic mobility, but the impact of coordination, particularly specific coordination solutions, on safety is not well known. Engineers who set coordinated signals can use several tools to improve traffic mobility but have no tool with which to account for safety. A study was done on the impact of arterial signal coordination on the frequency and severity of rear-end and right-angle collisions—the two types of crashes that are both prevalent at signalized intersections and likely affected by signal coordination. Multinomial logit models were developed to estimate crash likelihood in short time intervals on arterial intersection approaches, as well as the severity of crash outcome. The obtained models were used to investigate the safety impact of signal coordination and other road and traffic variables. The following results were determined: (a) signal coordination can significantly affect crash likelihood and severity; the concentration of vehicle arrivals in the second half of a green phase is associated with significantly lower crash likelihood and severity; (b) certain components of the traffic flow are most susceptible to crashes; (c) short distances between intersections and short cycle lengths are associated with a lower risk of crash; and (d) the presence of a right-turn bay is associated with a considerable improvement in safety manifested by a lower risk of rear-end and right-angle collisions. The developed models can be used as a tool for evaluating alternative signal coordination plans for safety.
Estimation of Real-Time Crash Risk
Authors: Pande Anurag , Das Abhishek , Abdel-Aty Mohamed , Hassan Hany
Published: January 2012

In-ground loop detectors have recently been used by many researchers to investigate the links with real-time crash risk and the traffic data. An issue that has been raised, but not explicitly addressed in these studies, is how the results from one freeway might transfer to another. A study was done to examine the relationship between crash risk and real-time traffic variables from a freeway corridor (eastbound I-4 in Orlando, Florida) and then to apply the models to three other freeway corridors (westbound I-4 and northbound and southbound I-95). Traffic data used in the study were collected with loop detectors as well as radar detectors already installed on these freeways. The traffic information was collected for crash as well as random noncrash cases so that a binary classification approach could be adopted. The random forest–based models provided a list of significant variables based on the average reduction in the Gini indices to the overall forest classification. The periods between 5 and 10 min before and between 10 and 15 min before the crash were taken into consideration so that these models could provide the crash risk in advance. Average occupancy of upstream station and average speed and coefficient of variation of volume for downstream stations were found to have a significant effect on crash risk. Application of multilayer perceptron neural network models showed that although the model developed for the I-4 corridor works reasonably well for the westbound I-4 corridor, the performance was not as good for the I-95 sections. This observation indicates that the same model for crash risk identification may work only for corridors with very similar traffic patterns.