bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of the Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite/Sulphonated Poly Ether Ether Ketone Treated Layer for Orthopaedic and Dental Implant Application
Authors: Sharifi Roohollah , Almasi Davood , Sudin Izman Bin , Abdul Kadir Mohammed Rafiq , Jamshidy Ladan , Amiri Seyed Mojtaba , Mozaffari Hamid Reza , Sadeghi Maliheh , Roozbahani Fatemeh , Iqbal Nida
Published: August 2018

The mechanical properties of coated layers are one of the important factors for the long-term success of orthopeadic and dental implants. In this study, the mechanical properties of the porous coated layer were examined via scratch and nanoindentation tests. The effect of compression load on the porous coated layer of sulphonated poly ether ether ketone/Hydroxyapatite was studied to determine whether it changes its mechanical properties. The water contact angle and surface roughness of the compressed coated layer were also measured. The results showed a significant increase in elastic modulus, with mean values ranging from 0.464 GPa to 1.199 GPa (p<0.05). The average scratch hardness also increased significantly from 69.9 MPa to 95.7 MPa after compression, but the surface roughness and wettability decreased significantly (p<0.05). Simple compression enhanced the mechanical properties of the sulphonated poly ether ether ketone/hydroxyapatite coated layer, and the desired mechanical properties for orthopaedic and dental implant application can be achieved.
Embankment Filling Loads on an Assembled Concrete Culvert beneath High Embankment
Authors: Ma Qiang , Huang Chaogang , Xiao Henglin , Chen Zhi
Published: August 2018

A culvert with prefabricated and assembled structural components is introduced to speed up the progress of highway construction in China. In order to clear the behavior of the prefabricated and assembled slab culvert, the center line section and the shoulder section of the embankment are selected for field tests. In the tests, the distribution and the growth of the earth pressures on the top slab and the lateral walls and the displacements and the deformations of the top slab and lateral walls are investigated, thereafter, the tested earth pressures are linearly fitted, and the formulas of fitting lines are obtained. The results show that the deflections of the lateral walls and of the cover slab are very small, and the variation of distribution and growth of the earth pressures presents significantly nonlinear characters, which is totally different from the linear earth pressure theory proposed by the current Chinese code. The vertical pressure is much smaller in the middle part of the top slab than that on both ends, and it is much larger than the linear theory results. The distribution curve of the lateral earth pressures on the lateral walls is approximately “3” in shape, and the maximum earth pressure locates at the junction of the cap and the lateral wall. The formula of the fitted line obtained from the primary stage pressure can be employed to estimate the earth pressure of embankment completion. The results of the field tests can provide references for the calculations of the components and the strength in the junctions of the assembled culverts.
Isaiah 10:34 and the “Ambiguous Oracle” in Josephus, Bellum 6.312–313 (Part One)
Authors: Aus Roger David
Published: August 2018

One of the most disputed passages in Josephus is found only late in his account of the Jewish war against Rome, 66–70 CE. After relating numerous phenomena he considered portents of the destruction of Jerusalem with the Temple, he notes two oracles. The first, in Bell. 6.311, has never been traced back to a specific scriptural passage or Judaic tradition. The second, in 6.312–13, is the object of this study, in which I argue that Isa. 10:34 is the biblical verse behind the “ambiguous oracle.”
“Some Animals Die from Eating this Herb:” The Controversy between R. Yosef Caro and R. Moses di Trani Concerning the Common Giant Fennel
Authors: Shemesh Abraham Ofir
Published: August 2018

In 1552, a virulent halakhic polemic opposed R. Joseph Caro and R. Moses Terani. The case happened in a slaughterhouse in Safed where shehita of cattle had taken place. It was found that the animals’ stomachs were in a bad condition. It was argued that the cause was a plant the animals had ingested—Kelekh. The two rabbis published different halakhic decisions concerning the kashrut of these animals. Caro declared that the meat was not permitted, while Terani allowed consumption of the meat. Kelekh is common giant fennel. The two rabbis addressed three questions: Does the plant render animals ritually unfit for eating? What is the meaning of the pathological symptoms found in the stomach of the livestock? Which parts of the plant are the source of the problem? The dispute between the rabbis had various consequences for the Jewish community: economic, health-related, and social.
A Rabbinic Perspective on the Double Slit Experiment
Authors: Faur Halevy Abraham
Published: August 2018

The rabbinic approach to interpreting scriptural dicta, and the distinction between halikhot/ways and halakhot/rules, can serve to shed light on one of the great mysteries of modern science: the famous double slit experiment.
Improving Access to the Dutch Historical Censuses with Linked Open Data
Authors: Meroño-Peñuela Albert , Ashkpour Ashkan , Gilissen Valentijn , Jonker Jan , Vreugdenhil Tom , Doorn Peter
Published: August 2018

The Dutch Historical Censuses (1795–1971) contain statistics that describe almost two centuries of History in the Netherlands. These censuses were conducted once every 10 years (with some exceptions) from 1795 to 1971. Researchers have used its wealth of demographic, occupational, and housing information to answer fundamental questions in social economic history. However, accessing these data has traditionally been a time consuming and knowledge intensive task. In this paper, we describe the outcomes of the cedar project, which make access to the digitized assets of the Dutch Historical Censuses easier, faster, and more reliable. This is achieved by using the data publishing paradigm of Linked Data from the Semantic Web. We use a digitized sample of 2,288 census tables to produce a linked dataset of more than 6.8 million statistical observations. The dataset is modeled using the rdf Data Cube, Open Annotation, and prov vocabularies. The contributions of representing this dataset as Linked Data are: (1) a uniform database interface for efficient querying of census data; (2) a standardized and reproducible data harmonization workflow; and (3) an augmentation of the dataset through richer connections to related resources on the Web.
A revision of Centaurea sect. Cynaroides (Asteraceae, Cardueae—Centaureinae)
Authors: NEGARESH KAZEM , RAHIMINEJAD MOHAMMAD REZA
Published: August 2018

The taxonomic status of the taxa known to belong to Centaurea sect. Cynaroides and its close relatives was revised on the basis of herbarium specimens from the authors’ expeditions and other collections. It is established that Boissier is the correct author for C. sect. Cynaroides, and C. regia is designated as a lectotype of this section. Thirty seven species are recognised in the section. Three new species (C. kamalnejadii, C. mozaffarianii, and C. zarrei), four new subspecies (C. amadanensis subsp. ranjbarii, C. cataonica subsp. syriaca, C. gigantea subsp. rechingeri, and C. kurdica subsp. ciliata) and two varieties (C. regia var. longispinosa and C. regia var. purpurea) are described. Two subspecies are reduced to the variety rank, and two varieties are elevated to the subspecies rank. Centaurea sect. Paraphysis is reduced as a synonym of C. sect. Cynaroides. Centaurea onopordifolia is transferred from C. sect. Cynaroides to a new section, i.e. C. sect. Cardueae. Three lectotypes are designated, six lectotypes from previous lectotypifications are rejected and the author names for six species are corrected. The recognized taxa, the relevant synonyms, type details, examined specimen lists, full descriptions and a taxonomic key are provided for this section. Distribution maps are provided for each sections, species, subspecies and varieties. Images of the type specimens of all taxa and also photos of the species in its natural habitat and related fields are provided. Five chromosome counts (2n = 18) are reported for C. amadanensis subsp. amadanensis, C. amadanensis subsp. gymnoclada, C. nemecii, C. regia var. regia, and C. regia var. purpurea. Biogeographical distribution and ecology of taxa of C. sect. Cynaroides are presented and discussed. In addition, cytotaxonomy, homoploidy and evolution of C. sect. Cynaroides are illustrated and discussed. Finally, the pollination of C. sect. Cynaroides is illustrated, and also images of the pollinators of some species of the section are provided.
Integration of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences and morphology reveals unexpected diversity in the forest cobra (Naja melanoleuca) species complex in Central and West Africa (Serpentes: Elapidae)
Authors: WÜSTER WOLFGANG , CHIRIO LAURENT , TRAPE JEAN-FRANÇOIS , INEICH IVAN , JACKSON KATE , GREENBAUM ELI , BARRON CESAR , KUSAMBA CHIFUNDERA , NAGY ZOLTÁN T. , STOREY RICHARD , HALL CARA , WÜSTER CATHARINE E. , BARLOW AXEL , BROADLEY DONALD G.
Published: August 2018

Cobras are among the most widely known venomous snakes, and yet their taxonomy remains incompletely understood, particularly in Africa. Here, we use a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences and morphological data to diagnose species limits within the African forest cobra, Naja (Boulengerina) melanoleuca. Mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal deep divergences within this taxon. Congruent patterns of variation in mtDNA, nuclear genes and morphology support the recognition of five separate species, confirming the species status of N. subfulva and N. peroescobari, and revealing two previously unnamed West African species, which are described as new: Naja (Boulengerina) guineensis sp. nov. Broadley, Trape, Chirio, Ineich & Wüster, from the Upper Guinea forest of West Africa, and Naja (Boulengerina) savannula sp. nov. Broadley, Trape, Chirio & Wüster, a banded form from the savanna-forest mosaic of the Guinea and Sudanian savannas of West Africa. The discovery of cryptic diversity in this iconic group highlights our limited understanding of tropical African biodiversity, hindering our ability to conserve it effectively.
Integrative approach reveals two new species of Obama (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) from the South-Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: MARQUES ALESSANDRO , ROSSI ILANA , VALIATI VICTOR HUGO , LEAL-ZANCHET ANA MARIA
Published: August 2018

The genus Obama Carbayo et al., 2013 includes 38 species, being the most species-rich within Geoplaninae. Species of this genus show a similar anatomy regarding their copulatory apparatus, which may hinder species differentiation. In this study, we describe two new species, presenting a marbled colour pattern, found in two different phytophysionomies of the Atlantic Forest, namely Semi-deciduous Forest and Araucaria Forest. Both species can be distinguished from their congeners, as well from each other, by colour pattern and eye arrangement combined with characteristics of the pharynx, penis papilla and prostatic vesicle, confirmed by molecular analyses from cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI). Phylogenetic analyses suggest that both species herein studied are closely related to another species that occurs in areas of Araucaria Forest (O. maculipunctata). Results also indicate the need to use at least 600 bp of the gene COI in the definitions of interspecific divergences and for species delineation, at least for the genus Obama.
Synonymize Arma chinensis as Arma custos based on morphological, molecular and geographical data
Authors: ZHAO QING , WEI JIUFENG , BU WENJUN , LIU GUOQING , ZHANG HUFANG
Published: August 2018

Arma custos and A. chinensis have a very conspicuous difference in the shape of the pronotal humeral angle, but the genitalic morphological characters are ambiguous and difficult to recognize. The aim of this study was to analyze the taxonomic status of A. chinensis and A. custos based on morphological, molecular, and geographical evidence, and to determine whether DNA barcoding could be a useful additional tool for differentiating similar species. The results clearly demonstrate that A. custos and A. chinensis have not diverged into separate species. So, the following new synonym is proposed: Arma chinensis Fallou, 1881 = Arma custos (Fabricius, 1794) syn. nov.. The results also showed that DNA barcoding using the marker COI can resolve insect taxonomic problems.
A new species of Cryptoperla Needham, 1909 (Plecoptera: Peltoperlidae) from Guangxi of China, based on male, female, and larval stage
Authors: LI WEIHAI , MURÁNYI DÁVID
Published: August 2018

Cryptoperla teana sp. n. is described from male and female adults, larvae, and exuviae collected on the plateau of the Daming Mountains, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, of southern China. The present discovery represents the first record of the family Peltoperlidae in Guangxi. The distribution of its congeners is illustrated on a map.
Projected Response of Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Intensification in a Global Climate Model
Authors: Bhatia Kieran , Vecchi Gabriel , Murakami Hiroyuki , Underwood Seth , Kossin James
Published: August 2018

As one of the first global coupled climate models to simulate and predict category 4 and 5 (Saffir–Simpson scale) tropical cyclones (TCs) and their interannual variations, the High-Resolution Forecast-Oriented Low Ocean Resolution (HiFLOR) model at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) represents a novel source of insight on how the entire TC intensification distribution could be transformed because of climate change. In this study, three 70-yr HiFLOR experiments are performed to identify the effects of climate change on TC intensity and intensification. For each of the experiments, sea surface temperature (SST) is nudged to different climatological targets and atmospheric radiative forcing is specified, allowing us to explore the sensitivity of TCs to these conditions. First, a control experiment, which uses prescribed climatological ocean and radiative forcing based on observations during the years 1986–2005, is compared to two observational records and evaluated for its ability to capture the mean TC behavior during these years. The simulated intensification distributions as well as the percentage of TCs that become major hurricanes show similarities with observations. The control experiment is then compared to two twenty-first-century experiments, in which the climatological SSTs from the control experiment are perturbed by multimodel projected SST anomalies and atmospheric radiative forcing from either 2016–35 or 2081–2100 (RCP4.5 scenario). The frequency, intensity, and intensification distribution of TCs all shift to higher values as the twenty-first century progresses. HiFLOR’s unique response to climate change and fidelity in simulating the present climate lays the groundwork for future studies involving models of this type.
Which Attribute of Ceiling Color Influences Perceived Room Height?
Authors: von Castell Christoph , Hecht Heiko , Oberfeld Daniel
Published: August 2018

Objective:

We investigate effects of the hue, saturation, and luminance of ceiling color on the perceived height of interior spaces.

Background:

Previous studies have reported that the perceived height of an interior space is influenced by the luminance of the ceiling, but not by the luminance contrast between ceiling and walls: brighter ceilings appeared higher than darker ceilings, irrespective of wall and floor luminance. However, these studies used solely achromatic colors. We report an experiment in which we extend these findings to effects of chromatic ceiling colors.

Methods:

We presented stereoscopic room simulations on a head-mounted display (Oculus Rift DK2) and varied hue (red, green, blue), saturation (low, high), and luminance (bright, dark) of the ceiling independently of each other.

Results:

We found the previously reported ceiling luminance effect to apply also to chromatic colors: subjects judged brighter ceilings to be higher than darker ceilings. The remaining color dimensions merely had a very small (hue) or virtually no effect (saturation) on perceived height.

Conclusion:

In order to maximize the perceived height of an interior space, we suggest painting the ceiling in the brightest possible color. The hue and saturation of the paint are only of minor importance.

Application:

The present study improves the empirical basis for interior design guidelines regarding effects of surface color on the perceived layout of interior spaces.
Administrative Theory of Regulation: The Indian Scenario
Authors: Rajan Amitabh
Published: August 2018

The state, which regulates conduct in several ways, also regulates through the process of agencification: it creates independent regulatory authorities to set the market right, improve public service accountabilities, ensure proper alignment of incentives, encourage institutional innovation, integrate adequate domain knowledge and bring procedural fairness into the system. As a consequence, there are institutions with a unique administrative identity that are structurally situated at an arm’s length from the control of the state and therefore they are autonomous functionally. It is not only a unique situation in institutional terms but also a matter of establishing balance between autonomy and control in granting justice to the stakeholders. This article examines the realities of the precept in India and, then, reflects on the issues of reform. It keeps the comparative context on regulation in view, particularly the situation since the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and the lessons learnt by the holders of power in democracies.
Hybrid control technique for minimizing the torque ripple of brushless direct current motor
Authors: Prathibanandhi K , Ramesh R
Published: August 2018

This paper presented the brushless direct current motor torque ripple reduction based on the speed and torque control using hybrid technique. The dynamic behavior of the brushless direct current motor is analyzed in terms of the parameters such as the speed, current, back electromotive force and torque. Based on the parameters, the motor speed is controlled and minimized the torque ripples. For controlling the speed of the brushless direct current motor is utilized the fractional-order proportional–integral–derivative controller for generating the optimal control pulses. With the use of fractional-order proportional–integral–derivative controller, the optimal gain parameters are needed to reduce the torque ripples and control the speed of brushless direct current motor. By utilizing the hybrid technique, the gain parameters are utilized to analyze the optimal gain parameters of fractional-order proportional–integral–derivative controller. The hybrid technique is the combination of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system with firefly algorithm. The proposed strategy is simple in structure and robust to reduce the complexities of the mathematical computations. Initially, the nature inspired optimization algorithm of firefly algorithm is analyzed for finding the error function. In addition, the efficient adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system controller which becomes an integrated method of approach is performed to control the error functions in order to yields excellent optimized gain values. After that, the control signals are applied to the input of voltage source converter of brushless direct current motor. With this control strategy, the harmonics and torque ripples are minimized. Based on the proposed control strategy, the speed and torque performance is analyzed. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink platform and evaluates their performance. The performance analysis of the proposed method is demonstrated and contrasted with the existing techniques such as bat algorithm, particle swarm optimization algorithm and ant–lion optimizer algorithm with fractional-order proportional–integral–derivative controller techniques.
Trial and error, together: divergent thinking and collective learning in the implementation of integrated care networks
Authors: Evans Jenna M. , Grudniewicz Agnes , Tsasis Peter
Published: August 2018

Hybrid networks that link disparate professionals and organizations are a common approach to deliver integrated care to patients. Recent literature argues that successful implementation of these networks demands a socio-cognitive perspective in which stakeholder mental frames and thought processes are prioritized, investigated, and compared. The aims of this article are to identify where mindsets diverge among clinical and managerial stakeholders involved in the implementation of integrated care networks known as ‘Health Links’ (HLs) in Ontario, Canada, and to describe strategies to support stakeholders’ capacity to collectively learn and develop more convergent views. Drawing from shared mental model theory and practice-based learning theory, a secondary analysis was conducted of interview data with 55 healthcare professionals and managers involved in the implementation of HLs. We identified examples of divergences in stakeholders’ conceptualization of the HL design and approach (‘strategy mental model’) and their perceptions of each other and how they work together (‘relationship mental model’). We also identified four strategies that facilitate learning and possibly mental model convergence. The results of the study may help guide stakeholder dialogue towards collective learning and coordinated action for integrated care delivery.

Points for practitioners

The findings suggest that in the implementation of large-scale change involving multiple stakeholder groups, there are predictable areas where divergent views are likely to occur and may have a negative impact on coordinated action. An awareness of these potential divergences can guide practitioners to examine them explicitly and regularly, and to proactively develop strategies to support practice-based learning and the development of a convergent perspective.
Who owns the case record? Client access to case records in Canadian social work practice
Authors: Morgenshtern Marina , Yu Nilan
Published: August 2018

This study looked into client access to their case records routinely maintained by social workers in the course of professional practice. An online survey and semi-structured interviews were undertaken with Canadian social workers. The study found that while the majority of the participants indicated that they granted clients access to their case records, clients were not effectively granted such access in practice. Client access to their case records is a core issue in social work, and social workers need to proactively grant such access if they are to live by the core values of social work.
Clinical and Micromorphologic 29-year Results of Posterior Composite Restorations
Authors: Montag R. , Dietz W. , Nietzsche S. , Lang T. , Weich K. , Sigusch B.W. , Gaengler P.
Published: August 2018

Prospective clinical studies of composite restorations revealed their safety and longevity; however, studies did not elucidate the dynamic mechanisms of deterioration caused by fractures and secondary caries. Therefore, the aims of this 29-y controlled study were 1) to follow up on the clinical behavior of posterior composite restorations annually and 2) to compare clinical outcomes with micromorphologic scanning electron microscopy features. After ethical approval, the single-arm study commenced in 1987 with 194 class I or II primary posterior composite restorations with glass ionomer cement providing pulp protection. Each restoration was evaluated annually for 15 y and then again at 29 y per the US Public Health Service–compatible Clinical, Photographic and Micromorphologic coding index, with clinical and photographic criteria for anatomic form, color matching, surface quality, wear, marginal integrity, secondary caries, and clinical acceptability. Parallel micromorphologic criteria were applied at baseline and after 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 29 y to assess surface roughness, texture, marginal integrity, fractures, ledges, and marginal gaps with semiquantitative coding and with quantitative 3-dimensional scanning electron microscopy profilometric measurements of marginal grooves next to the enamel, grooves within the bonding zone, and ledges. Statistical analysis included the calculation of the annual failure rate and the use of Kaplan-Meier methodology and nonparametric tests. The cumulative survival rates were 91.7% (6 y), 81.6% (12 y), and 71.4% (29 y). The mean annual failure rate was 1.92%. Significant changes in the restoration-tooth interface from baseline to 5 y resulted in functional masticatory equilibrium. Clinical deterioration year by year, including micromorphologic microfractures and wear, reflected unique dynamic changes in long-term surviving restorations with very low secondary caries and fracture risks (German Network for Health Care Research VfD 29 99 003924).
Critically Compassionate Intellectualism in Teacher Education: The Contributions of Relational–Cultural Theory
Authors: Rector-Aranda Amy
Published: August 2018

Cammarota and Romero describe how they utilized a framework they call critically compassionate intellectualism (CCI)—a trilogy of critical pedagogy, authentic caring, and social justice–oriented curriculum—to lift up previously disempowered Latinx youth. CCI can also serve as an appropriate framework for emancipatory pedagogy and curriculum in teacher education and other settings, especially those committed to a mission of educational justice for our most disadvantaged students. Because the compassion element in CCI is understudied in teacher education, yet crucial to the success of the framework as a whole, in this article, I apply the tenets of relational–cultural theory (RCT) to enhance existing understandings of this component. Based on feminist theories of psychosocial and moral development, RCT expands the original framework to account for varied experiences of privilege and vulnerability when applying CCI beyond its original contexts while retaining core emphases on relationships, empathy, and associated aspects of authentic caring.
Incidence, Distribution, and Cost of Lawn-Mower Injuries in the United States, 2006-2013
Authors: Hottinger Daniel G. , Nasr Isam , Canner Joseph K. , Kattail Deepa , Koka Rahul , Schwengel Deborah
Published: August 2018

Objectives:

Characterization of the epidemiology and cost of lawn-mower injuries is potentially useful to inform injury prevention and health policy efforts. We examined the incidence, distribution, types and severity, and emergency department (ED) and hospitalization charges of lawn-mower injuries among all age groups across the United States.

Methods:

This retrospective, cross-sectional study used nationally representative, population-based (all-payer) data from the US Nationwide Emergency Department Sample for lawn-mower–related ED visits and hospitalizations from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2013. Lawn-mower injuries were identified by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code E920 (accidents caused by a powered lawn mower). We analyzed data on demographic characteristics, age, geographic distribution, type of injury, injury severity, and hospital charges.

Results:

We calculated a weighted estimate of 51 151 lawn-mower injuries during the 8-year study period. The most common types of injuries were lacerations (n = 23 907, 46.7%), fractures (n = 11 433, 22.4%), and amputations (n = 11 013, 21.5%). The most common injury locations were wrist or hand (n = 33 477, 65.4%) and foot or toe (n = 10 122, 19.8%). Mean ED charges were $2482 per patient, and mean inpatient charges were $36 987 per patient. The most common procedures performed were wound irrigation or debridement (n = 1436, 29.9%) and amputation (n = 1230, 25.6%).

Conclusions:

Lawn-mower injuries occurred at a constant rate during the study period. Changes to nationwide industry safety standards are needed to reduce the frequency and severity of these preventable injuries.
English Language Teachers’ Vision and Motivation: Possible Selves and Activity Theory Perspectives
Authors: Rahmati Teymour , Sadeghi Karim , Ghaderi Farah
Published: August 2018

Recent research has identified a direct link between language teachers’ self and motivation, and their relationship with conceptual change and professional development. A better understanding of the exact manner in which language teachers’ perceptions of self interact with their motivation, however, requires further empirical evidence from a variety of contexts employing various research methods. Drawing upon possible selves theory and Activity Theory, the present mixed-methods research explored language teacher vision and its relationship with motivation in the Iranian state sector language education context. In the first qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 teachers on their vision and motivation to teach English. In the second quantitative phase, a researcher-developed questionnaire informed by the interview data was electronically administered to in-service language teachers (N = 211). Data analysis identified a typology of English language teacher vision and a positive relationship (r = .59) between vision and motivation. A coefficient determination of around 35% showed the degree of covariance between the two constructs. Furthermore, the study indicated that some contradictions among the rules, tools, community, and division-of-labour components of language teacher motivation activity system mediated the motivational force of vision. The study implies that teacher education programmes should raise English language teachers’ awareness of the positive motivational force of vision.
A system dynamics-based model to implement the Theory of Constraints in a healthcare system
Authors: Grida Mohamed , Zeid Mahmoud
Published: August 2018

The management of costly and limited healthcare resources, such as operating rooms, doctors, nurses, and beds, is challenged by the uncertainty of arrivals and the service time of different types of patients. Therefore, healthcare units encounter unbalanced utilization of such resources and unnecessary long patient waiting times. A system dynamics model simulating a typical medium-sized hospital, where different types of patients are served using the same limited resources, is developed to implement the Theory of Constraints philosophy. The AnyLogic environment is used for execution. The model is used to identify the system bottleneck resource, then to exploit and to subordinate the system around this resource. The number of served patients (throughput) is increased by 6% without any resource elevation. Furthermore, the model is used to determine the proper capacity needed to elevate the bottleneck resource.
Characterization of a two-dimensional static wind field using Radial Basis Functions
Authors: Troub Brandon , Garrido Rockwell , Montalvo Carlos , Richardson JD
Published: August 2018

Radial Basis Functions are a modern way of creating a regression model of a multivariate function when sampled data points are not uniformly distributed in a perfect grid. Radial Basis Functions are well suited to atmospheric characterization when unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are used to sample the given space. Multiple UAVs reduce the time for the Radial Basis Functions to yield a suitable solution to the measured data while data from all aircraft are aggregated and sent to Radial Basis Functions to fit the data. The research presented here focuses on the requirements for a high correlation value between the sampled data and the actual data. It is found that the number of centers is a large driver of the goodness of fit in the Radial Basis Function routine, much like aliasing is an issue in sampling a sinusoidal function. These centers act like a sampling rate for the spatially varying wind field. If the centers are dense enough to fully capture the spatial frequency of the wind field, the Radial Basis Functions will produce a suitable fit. This also requires the number of data points to be larger than the number of centers. The ratio between the number of centers and number of sampled data points declines as the number of centers increases. The results presented here are revealed using a two-dimensional Fourier series analysis coupled to a spatially varying atmospheric wind model and a Radial Basis Function regression model.
Constructing Indigenous Autonomy in Plurinational Bolivia: Possibilities and Ambiguities
Authors: Augsburger Aaron , Haber Paul
Published: August 2018

The municipality of Charagua recently became the first autonomía indígena originaria campesina (autonomous indigenous peasant community) in Bolivia under the 2009 plurinational constitution. A coalition of indigenous leaders backed by a majority of voters embraced the change as a vehicle for bolstering local control over key decisions, thereby advancing local preferences for indigenous forms of governance, values, and control over the development model with special attention to natural resources. The possibility remains, however, that it may operate to incorporate the indigenous community into the governing apparatus, thus making it more legible to the state and open to new forms of regulation, management, and control. Examining the state as a historically contingent and socially determined relationship helps make sense of this situation.

La municipalidad de Charagua se convirtió recientemente en la primera autonomía indígena originaria campesina en Bolivia bajo la constitución plurinacional de 2009. Una coalición de líderes indígenas respaldada por la mayoría de los votantes abrazó al cambio como un vehículo para reforzar el control local sobre las decisiones clave, así promoviendo las preferencias locales por las formas indígenas de gobernanza, valores y control sobre el modelo de desarrollo con especial atención a los recursos naturales. Sin embargo, queda la posibilidad de que pueda operar para incorporar a la comunidad indígena en el aparato de gobierno, haciéndola más legible para el estado y abierta a nuevas formas de regulación, gestión y control. Examinar el estado como una relación históricamente contingente y determinada socialmente ayuda a comprender a esta situación.
Extreme Response Style: A Simulation Study Comparison of Three Multidimensional Item Response Models
Authors: Leventhal Brian C.
Published: August 2018

Several multidimensional item response models have been proposed for survey responses affected by response styles. Through simulation, this study compares three models designed to account for extreme response tendencies: the IRTree Model, the multidimensional nominal response model, and the modified generalized partial credit model. The modified generalized partial credit model results in the lowest item mean squared error (MSE) across simulation conditions of sample size (500, 1,000), survey length (10, 20), and number of response options (4, 6). The multidimensional nominal response model is equally suitable for surveys measuring one substantive trait using responses to 10 four-option, forced-choice Likert-type items. Based on data validation, comparison of item MSE, and posterior predictive model checking, the IRTree Model is hypothesized to account for additional sources of construct-irrelevant variance.
The bridge between social identity and community capital on the path to recovery and desistance
Authors: Best David , Musgrove Amy , Hall Lauren
Published: August 2018

It has long been recognised that changes in social networks (and the underpinning changes in personal and social identity) are strong predictors of both desistance from crime and recovery from substance use. Building on existing work attempting to measure and shift social networks and transitions to prosocial groups, the current study provides pilot data from prisoners and family members about a visualisation technique widely used in specialist addiction treatment (node-link mapping) to map opportunities for linkage to prosocial groups and networks. The data presented in the paper are from a small-scale feasibility pilot. This suggests both bonding and bridging capital in prisoner populations due for release and the diversity of community capital opportunities that exists in this population. The implications of this work are significant for substance users and offenders pending return to the community, and has implications around resettlement and reintegration support for probation staff in prisons and in the community. The paper emphasises the importance of mapping connectedness as a key component of planning for reintegration back into the community for those working with offenders who are aspiring to achieve desistance and recovery.
Chronic venous insufficiency: a new concept to understand pathophysiology at the microvascular level - a pilot study
Authors: Mutlak Omar , Aslam Mohammed , Standfield Nigel J.
Published: August 2018

Objectives:

The real mechanism for the development of the later stages of chronic venous insufficiency still remains unclear. Venous hypervolemia and microvascular ischemia have been reported to be the consequences of venous insufficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of induced venous hypovolemia by dorsiflexion exercise in patients with venous leg ulcers.

Methods:

Thirty-six participants, all of whom had an ankle brachial pressure index between 0.8 and 1.2 mmHg, were chosen for this study. The participants were divided into two groups: Group A, a non-exercise group and Group B which performed regular exercise in the form of dorsiflexion. The basic assessment, including the history and examination, ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI), Duplex scan and tcPO2 measurements, was performed on two occasions at the beginning of the trial and after three months.

Results:

The tcPO2 level was low in the beginning in all the subjects, but the picture was different at the end of the trial. There was a significant increase in the tcPO2 level (p<0.001) in the patients who performed exercise while there was no difference in the measurements (p>0.05) in the non-exercise group.

Conclusions:

Induced venous hypovolemia through regular evacuation of the peripheral venous system improved tissue oxygenation at skin level. Venous hypervolemia may be the main contributing factor for the development of venous hypoxia and microvascular ischemia.
The effect of aquatic high-intensity interval training on aerobic performance, strength and body composition in a non-athletic population: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Depiazzi Julie E , Forbes Rachel A , Gibson Noula , Smith Nadine L , Wilson Andrew C , Boyd Roslyn N , Hill Kylie
Published: August 2018

Objective:

In a non-athletic population, to (1) investigate the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training in an aquatic environment (A-HIIT) on aerobic performance, strength, and body composition and (2) report on safety of this approach.

Method:

A systematic search was undertaken of six databases until May 2018. Trials were eligible for inclusion if they compared the effect of A-HIIT in a non-athletic population with a control group that received no exercise training. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers and meta-analyses were undertaken using a random effects model to produce standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane’s risk of bias tool. All studies were graded using Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) and Consensus for Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) scales to determine quality of reporting.

Results:

Eight studies reported over 13 papers met study criteria ( n = 377). Compared with a control group, those who completed a program of A-HIIT demonstrated greater aerobic performance (SMD 0.69 (95% CI 0.39–0.98); I2 = 0%; n = 191) and lower limb muscle strength (SMD 0.30 (95% CI 0.04–0.56); I2 = 0%; n = 237). No differences were seen in measures of body composition or the number of adverse events. All studies were at risk of performance bias. The (mean ± SD) PEDro and CERT scores were 4.9 ± 1.5 and 15.1 ± 2.1, respectively.

Conclusion:

In a non-athletic population, A-HIIT was safe and may have improved aerobic performance and lower limb strength. The exercise interventions were well described and monitoring and reporting of exercise intensity in water was feasible.
Treatment of unstable distal clavicle fractures (Neer type II): A comparison of three internal fixation methods
Authors: Xiong Jian , Chen Jian-Hai , Dang Yu , Zhang Dian-Ying , Fu Zhong-Guo , Zhang Pei-Xun
Published: August 2018

Objective

This study was performed to compare the clinical efficacy of three internal fixation methods for distal clavicle fractures (Neer type II): clavicular hook plate (Group A), anatomical plate (Group B), and arthroscopic Endobutton (Group C).

Methods

From 2001 to 2014, 58 patients with Neer type II distal clavicle fractures were treated at our institution. The clinical results were assessed with the visual analog scale (VAS), Constant score, and Simple Shoulder Test (SST) score.

Results

All patients had anatomic reduction and bone healing at the final follow-up. Groups B and C had considerably less intraoperative blood loss than Group A. The incision was significantly shorter in Group C than in Groups A and B. The mean VAS score was significantly higher in the affected than unaffected shoulder. The Constant and SST scores were significantly higher in the unaffected than affected shoulder. The VAS, Constant, and SST scores of the affected shoulders were not significantly different among the three groups.

Conclusions

Arthroscopic Endobutton fixation has long-term clinical results similar to those of other surgical protocols for distal clavicle fractures (Neer type II). We recommend this technique because of less blood loss, shorter incision length, and less shoulder irritation than other methods.
Histological Evaluation of Early-Phase Changes in the Osteochondral Unit After Microfracture in a Full-Thickness Cartilage Defect Rat Model
Authors: Hayashi Seiju , Nakasa Tomoyuki , Ishikawa Masakazu , Nakamae Atsuo , Miyaki Shigeru , Adachi Nobuo
Published: August 2018

Background:

The microfracture (MF) technique is an established surgical treatment for cartilage injury. However, the early-phase histological changes in full-thickness cartilage defects (FTCDs) after MF and the concomitant changes in the subchondral bone are still unknown.

Purpose:

To determine the early-phase histological changes in FTCD associated with subchondral bone remodeling after MF in rat model.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Rats were subjected to FTCD, followed by MF at the trochlear groove. For histological analysis, experiment and untreated control rats were sacrificed at 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days postoperatively (n = 6 knees per time point). Cartilage healing response was evaluated with the Pineda score. Osteoclast activity was evaluated by counting and locating the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)–positive cells in the subchondral bone. MF hole diameter and bone mineral density in the subchondral bone were measured sequentially in 3 rats (n = 6 knees) by 3-dimensional μ–computed tomography.

Results:

Pineda score showed no difference in cartilage response from day 0 to day 3 but a significant improvement from day 7 to day 56. Although the MF holes were filled with blood clots in all specimens, the defect sites were not. The number of TRAP-positive cells peaked at day 3, mostly accumulating around the deeper zone of the MF holes. Over time, the number of TRAP-positive cells decreased to preoperative levels, localizing around the aperture of the MF holes where there was active remodeling of the osteochondral unit. The MF hole diameter was largest at day 14, and most holes disappeared by day 28. Bone mineral density was also highest at day 14 and decreased to preoperative levels by day 56.

Conclusion:

Histological changes in the FTCD after MF were derived from endochondral ossification within the deeper zone of the MF holes.

Clinical Relevance:

The absence of healing by blood clot in the FTCD should be noted by surgeons performing MF, and indications for MF should be carefully considered not only for maximizing the postoperative clinical outcome but also minimizing potential complications, such as formation of subchondral bone cysts or intralesional osteophytes.
Value, Chronic Critical Illness, and Choosing Wisely
Authors: Madrid Rachel A. , McGee William
Published: August 2018

Management of limited health-care resources has been of growing concern. Stewardship of health-care dollars and avoidance of low-value care is being increasingly recognized as a matter that affects all practitioners. This review aims to examine a particular pathological state with multifactorial origins: chronic critical illness (CCI). This condition exerts a large toll on society as well as individual patients and their families. Here, we offer a brief review as to the incidence/prevalence of CCI and suggestions for prevention. Emphasis should be placed on the importance of early, open communication among physicians and patients about their end-of-life decisions and advanced directives, so that decisions can be made wisely and with the patient’s best interests in mind.
From Empathy to Apathy: The Bystander Effect Revisited
Authors: Hortensius Ruud , de Gelder Beatrice
Published: August 2018

The bystander effect, the reduction in helping behavior in the presence of other people, has been explained predominantly by situational influences on decision making. Diverging from this view, we highlight recent evidence on the neural mechanisms and dispositional factors that determine apathy in bystanders. We put forward a new theoretical perspective that integrates emotional, motivational, and dispositional aspects. In the presence of other bystanders, personal distress is enhanced, and fixed action patterns of avoidance and freezing dominate. This new perspective suggests that bystander apathy results from a reflexive emotional reaction dependent on the personality of the bystander.
Employer Responses to a City-Level Minimum Wage Mandate: Early Evidence from Seattle
Authors: Romich Jennifer L. , Allard Scott W. , Obara Emmi E. , Althauser Anne K. , Buszkiewicz James H.
Published: August 2018

A growing number of cities and counties have recently raised their minimum wages. How employers respond to these mandates provides insight into the impact such policies might have on workers and local labor market. Drawing on two survey waves tracking initial responses to Seattle’s $15 Minimum Wage Ordinance by 439 employers with low-wage workers, we show how employers adjusted to higher wages. Most commonly, firms raised prices (56% reported this); smaller percentages reduced employee headcount or hours, limited internal wage progression, or took other measures. Single-site Seattle employers responded similarly to those with multiple sites. Food and accommodation sector employers were more likely to raise prices than firms in other sectors. Relative to other ownership structures, franchises disproportionately reported reducing their workforces. Very few employers reported withdrawing from Seattle. Overall, initial employer responses to this city-level minimum wage law align with predictions from the literature, findings that highlight trade-offs that policy makers must consider in future local wage regulation.