bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photo‐ and Cobalt‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Heterocycles via Cycloisomerization of Unactivated Olefins
Authors: Lindner Henry , Amberg Willi M. , Martini Tristano , Fischer David M. , Moore Eléonore , Carreira Erick M.
Published: February 2024

We report a general, intramolecular cycloisomerization of unactivated olefins with pendant nucleophiles. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and tolerates ethers, esters, protected amines, acetals, pyrazoles, carbamates, and arenes. It is amenable to N‐, O‐, as well as C‐nucleophiles, yielding a number of different heterocycles including, but not limited to, pyrrolidines, piperidines, oxazolidinones, and lactones. Use of both a benzothiazinoquinoxaline as organophotocatalyst and a Co‐salen catalyst obviates the need for stoichiometric oxidant or reductant. We showcase the utility of the protocol in late‐stage drug diversification and synthesis of several small natural products.
Membrane‐assisted capacitive deionization: Effect of Poly(vinyl alcohol) cross‐linking on the properties of ion exchange membranes
Authors: Bakola Veroniki , Kotrotsiou Olympia , Kiparissides Costas
Published: February 2024

Novel composite electrodes were developed for application in membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). Activated carbon (AC) was dispersed in a solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) mixed with polyacrylic acid (PAA) or poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (PDMDAAC), and cast onto the surface of an AC‐based modified graphite electrode, prepared by phase inversion, to form a composite membrane further cross‐linked with glutaraldehyde (GA). The effect of the cross‐linking on the chemical structure of the PVA‐based membranes was determined by attenuated total reflectance Fourier‐transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry was conducted to examine the specific capacitance of the composite electrodes. Desalination experiments were then performed with MCDI unit cells to study the effect of cross‐linking on the desalination efficiency. It was proved that after optimization, the synthesized composite electrodes exhibited one and a half times higher NaCl removal capacity and three times higher adsorption rate as compared to that of a conventional CDI cell using commercial ion exchange membranes (IEMs) with almost the same energy consumption. The enhanced desalination performance was attributed to the optimized properties of the selected polymers and the improved adhesion of IEMs to the electrodes. This research paves the way for the application of new materials in MCDI processes for improved water desalination.
Bio‐enhanced oil recovery (BEOR) methods: All‐important review of the occasions and challenges
Authors: Maleki Mehdi , Kazemzadeh Yousef , Dehghan Monfared Abolfazl , Hasan‐Zadeh Atefeh , Abbasi Sina
Published: February 2024

Bio‐enhanced oil recovery (BEOR) is an advanced and innovative approach in the oil industry that could be a potential solution to increase oil production from existing reservoirs using technologies based on biological methods. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of comprehensive reviews that elucidate the various aspects and potential of different BEOR methods and processes. This review summarizes the recent progress of various methods employed in BEOR, exploring their applications and highlighting their distinct advantages. BEOR employs different techniques, including microorganisms and biomicrobes microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR), enzymes, biopolymers, bionanomaterials, alkaline, and biosurfactants to increase oil recovery. Microorganisms contribute significantly to BEOR through metabolic processes that result in the production of gases and acids. The role of enzymes is to enhance the fluid flow and thereby facilitate oil production. Biosurfactants reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water and mobilize the trapped oil. Biopolymers are obtained from biological sources such as plants, microorganisms, and algae. Biopolymers can interact with oil, which is well‐used in the process of EOR. Bionano processes represent a fusion of biology and nanotechnology, integrate the advantages of both microorganisms and nanoparticles, and provide a synergic effect for EOR. The BEOR revealed an attractive potential to be an effective approach to maximizing the oil recovery considering environmental, economic productivity, and sustainability issues. Also, this review encourages further studies and development in this field for fully exploiting BEOR's capacity and meeting the ever‐increasing needs of energy resources with a sustainable viewpoint.
Calculation and regulation of mutual inductance of wireless charging coils with metal shielding materials based on multiple intelligent optimization algorithms
Authors: Wang Jia hui , Lin Ling yan , Zhang Wen jie , Kang Ai liang , Xu Chun yu , Tian Jia chen
Published: February 2024

In wireless charging systems for electric vehicles, fluctuations in coil mutual inductance can affect both system output power and efficiency. This paper introduces a coil mutual inductance model that accounts for metal shielding material. The formula for coil mutual inductance is derived using Maxwell's equations and boundary conditions. Additionally, the paper presents a tactic for adapting the mutual inductance with the aid of an intelligent optimization algorithm, which is utilized for steadying the mutual inductance of the transmission coil. Lastly, a model of the transmission coil is developed to authenticate the practicality of the mutual inductance equation and the adaptation scheme. Measurement and calculation results indicate that the difference between the calculated value of the mutual inductance formula and the actual mutual inductance value of the coil, following deflection and offset, is below 5%. Moreover, the algorithm, along with the employed adaptation strategy, consistently demonstrates effectiveness in maintaining the mutual inductance value within a predefined range. The temporal efficiency of the algorithm, as measured by the time taken to determine this coordinate position, is consistently under 1 s. This ensures that the algorithm exhibits a rapid response time, a crucial attribute in ensuring its practical utility.
Moral inferences from androgynous faces are beyond categorical uncertainty: Evidence of a positive bias towards androgynous targets
Authors: Ansani Alessandro , Olivera‐La Rosa Antonio
Published: February 2024

Postulating a negative bias towards social ambiguity, we conducted cross‐cultural online research to assess whether categorical discrepancies in the perception of androgynous faces were associated with the uncanny feeling and inferences of different morality. Across four studies, we found that androgynous faces were harder to classify into a binary sex category than sex‐typical faces, but this difficulty did not influence social judgements of androgynous targets in a negative fashion. In Study 1 (Spanish‐speaking sample, N = 76), we found that androgynous faces were rated as more trustworthy, less creepy, and less morally different than sex‐typical faces. Study 2 replicated most of the findings from Study 1 in an Italian sample (N = 45). Positive bias towards androgyny was not replicated with a different set of stimuli featuring faces of diverse ethnic backgrounds (Study 3, Spanish‐speaking sample, N = 140). However, results revealed a main effect of ethnicity in participants’ responses. When controlling for the effect of morphing procedures in stimuli selection, an overall positive bias towards androgynous targets arose, especially when compared to masculine targets (Study 4, Spanish‐speaking sample, N = 85). These findings suggest that, at least in certain conditions, a positive social bias towards androgynous faces may emerge that does not depend on categorical uncertainty and facial attractiveness.
Educating primary care physicians about eating disorders: Pilot data from a microlearning programme
Authors: Aouad Phillip , Janssen Anna , Corry Sally , Spielman Karen , Gonzalez‐Arce Veronica , Bryant Emma , Simeone Rachel , Shaw Tim , Maguire Sarah
Published: February 2024

Background

Over two‐thirds of people present to their primary care physician (or general practitioner; GP) as a first point of contact for mental health concerns. However, eating disorders (EDs) are often not identified in a primary care setting. A significant barrier to early detection and intervention is lack of primary care physician training in EDs; compounded by the significant time commitments required for training by already time‐poor general practitioners. The aim of the current study was to pilot and evaluate a microlearning programme that can be delivered to general practitioners with high workloads to help support patients with, or at risk of, developing an ED.

Methods

Fifty‐one Australian general practitioners aged between 25‐to‐60 years old were recruited. Participants completed a baseline questionnaire to ascertain their experience working in general practice and with EDs. Participants then completed an online programme consisting of a series of 10 case studies (vignettes) delivered over a 6–10 week period related to various facets of ED care. Following conclusion of the programme, participants were asked to complete an evaluative questionnaire related to the content of the programme; perceived knowledge, confidence, willingness‐to‐treat, skill change; and their overall experience of microlearning.

Results

All 51 GPs completed the programme and reached completion criteria for all vignettes, 40 of whom completed the programme evaluation. Participants indicated improved skill, confidence, willingness‐to‐treat, and knowledge following the completion of the pilot programme. Almost all (97.5%; n = 39) found microlearning to be an effective method to learn about EDs; with 87.5% (n = 35) of participants reporting they felt able to apply what was learnt in practice. Qualitative feedback highlighted the benefit of microlearning's flexibility to train general practitioners to work with complex health presentations, specifically EDs.

Conclusions

Findings from the current study lend support to the use of microlearning in medical health professional training; notably around complex mental health concerns. Microlearning appears to be an acceptable and effective training method for GPs to learn about EDs. Given the significant time demands on GPs and the resulting challenges in designing appropriate training for this part of the workforce, this training method has promise. The pre‐existing interest in EDs in the current study sample was high; future studies should sample more broadly to ensure that microlearning can be applied at scale.
Media coverage and pandemic behavior: Evidence from Sweden
Authors: Garz Marcel , Zhuang Maiting
Published: February 2024

We study the effect of media coverage on individual behavior during a public health crisis. For this purpose, we collect a unique dataset of 200,000 newspaper articles about the Covid‐19 pandemic from Sweden—one of the few countries that did not impose lockdowns or curfews. We show that mentions of Covid‐19 significantly lowered the number of visits to workplaces and retail and recreation areas, while increasing the duration of stays in residential locations. Using two different identification strategies, we show that these effects are causal. The impacts are largest when Covid‐19 news stories are more locally relevant, more visible and more factual. We find larger behavioral effects for articles that reference crisis managers (as opposed to medical experts) and contain explicit public health advice. These results have wider implications for the design of public communications and the value of the local media.
Unveiling the impact of harvest time on Dioscorea opposita Thunb. cv. Tiegun maturity by NMR‐based metabolomics and LC–MS/MS analysis
Authors: An Li , Liu Hao , Li Meng , Ma Jingwei , Zheng Lufei , Zhou Juan , Zhang Junfeng , Yuan Yongliang , Wu Xujin
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND

Dioscorea opposita Thunb. cv. Tiegun maturity (DM) is an important factor influencing its quality. However, there are few studies on the impact of harvest time on its maturation. In the present study, a NMR‐based metabolomics approach was applied to investigate the dynamic metabolic changes of D. opposita Thunb. cv. Tiegun at six different harvest stages: stage 1 (S1), stage 2 (S2), Stage 3 (S3), stage 4 (S4), stage 5 (S5) and stage 6 (S6).

RESULTS

Principal component analysis showed distinct segregation of samples obtained from S1, S2 and S3 compared to those derived from S4, S5 and S6. Interestingly, these samples from the two periods were obtained before and after frost, indicating that frost descent might be important for DM. Eight differential metabolites responsible for good separation of different groups were identified by the principal component analysis loading plot and partial least squares‐discriminant analysis. In addition, quantitative analysis of these metabolites using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry determined the effects of harvest time on these metabolite contents, two of which, sucrose and allantoin, were considered as potential biomarkers to determine DM.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrated that NMR‐based metabolomics approach could serve as a powerful tool to identify differential metabolites during harvesting processes, also offering a fresh insight into understanding the DM and the potential mechanism of quality formation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Reshaping antibiotic delivery: Chitosan‐based polymeric hydrogel for transdermal treatment of drug resistant bacteria
Authors: Tariq Abeer , Kazim Tasbiha , Khan Muhammad Farhan Ali , Usman Muhammad , Khan Ahmad
Published: February 2024

The aim of the present study was to formulate and assess the antibacterial efficacy of a transdermal chitosan based polymeric hydrogel for transdermal treatment of bacterial resistance strains. Utilizing the micro‐emulsion method and the Box–Behnken design model, imipenem‐cilastatin (IMI‐CIL) loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were fabricated and optimized, employing Compritol 888 ATO as the lipid core and Tween 80 as the stabilizer. The optimized nanoformulation underwent a comprehensive evaluation encompassing parameters such as particle diameter, zeta potential, surface morphology, entrapment efficiency, crystallinity, and molecular interaction. The optimized nanoparticles displayed a mean particle size of 129 nm, a zeta potential of −19.8 mV, and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.286. Detailed investigations into crystallinity and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis did not reveal any indications of molecular interaction. Both the IMI‐CIL loaded NLCs and the hydrogel exhibited sustained in‐vitro drug release. Moreover, the hydrogel, enriched with permeation enhancers, demonstrated a remarkable 15.77‐fold increase in drug permeation. Furthermore, the IMI‐CIL loaded NLCs exhibited significantly elevated antibacterial activity when juxtaposed with IMI‐CIL solution, which demonstrated minimal activity against non‐resistant bacterial species and lacked activity against resistant isolates. In summary, the IMI‐CIL loaded NLCs hydrogel formulation assumes a pivotal role in bestowing sustained drug release and augmenting the antibacterial efficacy of carbapenem antibiotics. This holds promise as a potential solution to combat drug‐resistant bacterial infections.
No‐till cover crop effects on the hydro‐physical properties of a silt loam
Authors: Lieskamp De'Anna R. , Moseley Abigail M. , Legrain Isabelle M. R. , Kelly Cheyenne , Haque Md Ariful , Ku Seockmo , Haruna Samuel I.
Published: February 2024

Soil hydraulic and physical properties can be influenced by various land management practices, and they determine water movement and storage within the vadose zone, with both agronomic and environmental effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two such practices (no‐till [NT] and cover crops [CCs]) on soil hydraulic (e.g., saturated hydraulic conductivity [Ksat], and water retention) and physical (e.g., bulk density [BD], pore size distribution, air‐filled pore spaces [AFPSs], and water‐filled pore spaces [WFPSs]) properties. The CCs used included crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), winter peas (Lathyrus hirsutus L.), oats (Avena sativa), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.), flax (Linum usitassimum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Soil samples were collected and analyzed during 2021 and 2022 right before CC termination at 0‐ to 10‐cm, 10‐ to 20‐cm, and 20‐ to 30‐cm depths. Results showed that, during 2021 and 2022, BD was 18% and 14% higher, respectively, under NC compared with CC management, while Ksat was 2.2 and 1.9 times higher, respectively, under CC compared with NC management. Further, the non‐capillary pores were significantly (p ≥ 0.05) higher under CC compared with NC management during both years of study. As a result, the majority of the total pores under CCs were filled with air, while the majority of total pores under NC management were filled with water. Therefore, this CC mix may be useful in lengthening the growing period during wet seasons by increasing air‐filled pore spaces.
Labour market resilience will be tested in the near term
Authors: Tobin Steven
Published: February 2024

This chapter presents the state of the world's labour markets. On account of stronger than expected GDP growth, unemployment continued to fall in line with rising employment and labour force participation. Mounting fragilities, such as slowing growth and rising sovereign debt will take a toll on unemployment and the jobs gap in 2024, both of which are set to slightly deteriorate through 2025. Moreover, persistent working poverty and informality continue to present major challenges for social justice that are unlikely to improve over the medium term.
WD‐XRF technique for speciation of iron and quantification of its oxidation states in geological samples using L‐series of iron X‐ray spectrum
Authors: Maurya Ashok Kumar , Deb Barman Piyali
Published: February 2024

Wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WD‐XRF) spectrometry is a fast and widely used technique for elemental analysis of geological samples from Na to U. However, it has seldom been applied for quantitative determination of oxidation states of elements in complex matrices. In this study, we present a method to determine the oxidation states of iron in geological samples by WD‐XRF. We used the FeLα1,2 fluorescence line as a tool for iron speciation and Fe(II)/Fetotal ratio determination. We found that the normalized intensity (peak height) of FeLα1,2 fluorescence line was linearly correlated with the spin multiplicity (2S + 1) of ferrous and ferric content in the samples. To account for the matrix effects of chemical environment (matrix and chemical bonding) on FeLα1,2 fluorescence line, we introduced a chemical index factor (μ) that enabled accurate determination of Fe(II)/Fetotal ratio in different types of geological samples. The method was validated using international certified reference materials and their mixtures and obtained promising results, with only 6 out of 55 determinations showing relative error more than 5% of the certified values.
Enhancing automatic inspection and characterization of carbon fiber composites through hyperspectral diffuse reflection analysis and k-means clustering
Authors: Mahmoud Alaaeldin , Kassem Mohammed , Elrewainy Ahmed , El-Sharkawy Yasser H.
Published: February 2024

Numerous industries utilize carbon fiber composites (CFC) for their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and stiffness. However, inherent manufacturing defects such as voids and delamination can undermine the material’s structural integrity and performance. This study introduces an advanced imaging technique employing hyperspectral imaging (HSI) to effectively detect and characterize flaws within CFC materials. HSI provides high-resolution spectral data, enabling precise analysis of material properties. Initial observations indicate a distinctive peak variability in dispersed reflectance spanning 440 nm to 600 nm for both pristine surfaces and defective regions of CFC sheets. The proposed methodology entails the automated characterization of CFC through a combination of HSI and an advanced clustering technique, k-means clustering (k-mc). The application of k-mc facilitates rapid and accurate categorization of defect locations. Statistical analysis reveals mean and standard deviation (SD) values of 0.34 and 0.33, respectively, for normal CFC surfaces, compared to 0.43 and 0.29 for cracked CFC sections. These discernible variations enable precise differentiation between defect-free and defective CFC specimens. By employing spectral signatures at 445 nm, 546 nm, and 585 nm as optical markers, the study accurately measures fracture penetration depths. Implementation of this approach generates 3D-resolved images, offering a comprehensive visualization of CFC imperfections. The proposed methodology presents a more automated and objective strategy for defect identification and categorization. This unique approach holds significant potential for industrial applications, particularly in scenarios necessitating efficient and precise evaluation of numerous CFC components.
Conditional survival analysis and dynamic survival prediction for intracranial solitary-fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma
Authors: Song Dagang , Yang Zhihao , Cai Linqiang , Huang Hua , Gu Zhiwei
Published: February 2024

Background

As the form of World Health Organization Central Nervous System (WHO CNS) tumor classifications is updated, there is a lack of research on outcomes for intracranial combined solitary-fibrous tumor and hemangiopericytoma (SFT/HPC). This study aimed to explore conditional survival (CS) pattern and develop a survival prediction tool for intracranial SFT/HPC patients.

Methods

Data of intracranial SFT/HPC patients was gathered from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute. The patients were split into training and validation groups at a 7:3 ratio for our analysis. CS is defined as the likelihood of surviving for a specified period of time (y years), given that the patient has survived x years after initial diagnosis. Then, we used this definition of CS to analyze the intracranial SFT/HPC patients. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and best subset regression (BSR) were employed to identify predictive factors. The Multivariate Cox regression analysis was applied to establish a novel CS-based nomogram, and a risk stratification system was developed using this model.

Results

From the SEER database, 401 patients who were diagnosed with intracranial SFT/HPC between 2000 and 2019 were identified. Among them, 280 were included in the training group and 121 were included in the internal validation group for analysis. Our study revealed that in intracranial SFT/HPC, 5-year survival rates saw significant improvement ranging from 78% at initial diagnosis to rates of 83%, 87%, 90%, and 95% with each successive year after surviving for 1–4 years. The LASSO regression and BSR identified patient age, tumor behavior, surgery and radiotherapy as predictors of CS-based nomogram development. A risk stratification system was also successfully constructed to facilitate the identification of high-risk patients.

Conclusion

The CS pattern of intracranial SFT/HPC patients was outlined, revealing a notable improvement in 5-year survival rates after an added period of survival. Our newly-established CS-based nomogram and risk stratification system can provide a real-time dynamic survival estimation and facilitate the identification of high-risk patients, allowing clinicians to better guide treatment decision for these patients.
Sustained Physiological Stretch Induces Abdominal Skin Growth in Pregnancy
Authors: Sachs David , Jakob Raphael , Thumm Bettina , Bajka Michael , Ehret Alexander E. , Mazza Edoardo
Published: February 2024

Supraphysiological stretches are exploited in skin expanders to induce tissue growth for autologous implants. As pregnancy is associated with large levels of sustained stretch, we investigated whether skin growth occurs in pregnancy. Therefore, we combined a mechanical model of skin and the observations from suction experiments on several body locations of five pregnant women at different gestational ages. The measurements show a continuous increase in stiffness, with the largest change observed during the last trimester. A comparison with numerical simulations indicates that the measured increase in skin stiffness is far below the level expected for the corresponding deformation of abdominal skin. A new set of simulations accounting for growth could rationalize all observations. The predicted amount of tissue growth corresponds to approximately 40% area increase before delivery. The results of the simulations also offered the opportunity to investigate the biophysical cues present in abdominal skin along gestation and to compare them with those arising in skin expanders. Alterations of the skin mechanome were quantified, including tissue stiffness, hydrostatic and osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid, its flow velocity and electrical potential. The comparison between pregnancy and skin expansion highlights similarities as well as differences possibly influencing growth and remodeling.
Fatigue Failure in Polymeric Materials: Insights from Experimental Testing
Authors: Naga Soheir A. R. , El-Sayed T. A.
Published: February 2024

The investigation of fatigue failure in polymeric materials subjected to cyclic loading holds significant importance across diverse engineering applications. Numerous variables influence material behavior, encompassing material-related factors such as composition, molecular weight, orientation, and additives, as well as external factors like applied stress magnitude (stress amplitude, dynamic stress frequency and mean stress), and operating temperature. This paper presents an experimental exploration into the impact of loading parameters—mean stress, stress amplitude, and dynamic stress frequency—on the failure modes of two thermoplastic materials: high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The study begins with an assessment of the mechanical and physical properties of the materials, followed by the design and manufacturing of a specialized uniaxial fatigue test rig. Tensile–tensile fatigue tests incorporating positive mean stress are conducted, evaluating the influence of altering stress amplitude and frequency on fatigue life and failure mode. The outcomes reveal that HDPE primarily experiences thermal and creep failure modes, with a lack of observed fatigue failure. Conversely, PVC specimens manifest three distinct failure modes: ductile, creep, and fatigue, with the type of failure contingent upon loading parameters. These findings offer significant insights into the various fatigue failure modes and contribute to an enhanced comprehension of the intricate interplay between loading dynamics and failure modes in polymeric materials.
Assessing the effectiveness of Interleukin-2 therapy in experimental type 1 diabetes
Authors: Luo Zhengkang , Mejia-Cordova Mariela , Hamze Nour , Berggren Elin , Chopra Saloni , Safi Bilal , Blixt Martin , Sandler Stellan , Singh Kailash
Published: February 2024

Aim

Much focus of immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been devoted on selectively boosting regulatory T (Treg) cells using low dose IL-2 due to their constitutive expression of IL-2Rα, CD25. However, several clinical trials using a low dose of IL-2 only showed a limited improvement of metabolic control. It can therefore be hypothesized that further decreasing IL-2 dosage may increase the selective responsiveness of Treg cells.

Methods

We induced experimental T1D using multiple low dose streptozotocin (STZ) injections and treated the mice with an ultra-low dose IL-2 (uIL-2, approximately 7-fold lower than low dose). Immune response was studied using multicolor flow cytometry.

Results

We found that uIL-2 did not protect STZ mice from developing hyperglycemia. It did neither increase Treg cell proportions, nor did it correct the phenotypic shift of Treg cells seen in T1D. It only partially decreased the proportion of IFN-γ+ T cells. Likewise, uIL-2 also did not protect the dysfunction of regulatory B (Breg) cells. Strikingly, when administered in combination with an anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-35, uIL-2 abrogated IL-35’s protective effect. Low dose IL-2, on the other hand, protected half of the STZ mice from developing hyperglycemia. No difference was found in the Treg and Breg response, and it only tended to decrease CD80 expression in macrophages and dendritic cells.

Conclusion

In conclusion, further decreasing IL-2 dosage may not be a suitable approach for T1D therapy, and the limited success suggests that an alternative low dose IL-2 therapy strategy or other immunotherapies should be considered.
The Exclusion of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Planning Open Spaces in Namibia: The Case of Havana, Windhoek
Authors: Billawer Wilson Hungiree , Nel Verna
Published: February 2024

The lack of accessible and valuable public open spaces for socio-cultural activities is a concern in low-income urban areas. Through an indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) lens, we explored indigenous cultural open spaces (the olupale and omuvanda) of two communities in Namibia and their relevance to urban areas. This qualitative study included interviews, informal discussions, sharing circles (focus groups) storytelling, and participatory observation with the two rural communities. In the Havana low-income area in Windhoek, observations, semi-formal interviews and discussions were used. The study found, on the one hand, that planning practices excluded marginalised urban communities due to reliance on a single modernist rational problem-solving process. On the other hand, and through an indigenous knowledge paradigm, aspects such as community respect, well-being, cooperation, environmental respect, and care being taught, lived, and experienced at cultural open spaces, were mostly excluded. Planning in Windhoek overlooked these vital well-being components, to the detriment of the communities. Existing spatial IKS could help planning in addressing the well-being of low-income residential areas and their residents. This paper is therefore foregrounding IKS in planning and argues that such IKS integration will facilitate the improvement of diverse forms of living spaces, including poor and low-income spaces in urban areas.
Effetti dei nuovi farmaci incretinici sulla salute dell’osso
Authors: Sorice Gian Pio , Caporusso Mariangela , Di Gioia Ludovico , Laviola Luigi , Giorgino Francesco
Published: February 2024

Sommario

Il diabete mellito è una malattia cronica le cui complicanze correlate (specifiche e non) concorrono a ridurre la qualità e l’aspettativa di vita delle persone affette da diabete. Considerando la maggiore aspettativa di vita dei soggetti con diabete e le opzioni terapeutiche a disposizione (o disponibili nell’immediato futuro), la perdita di massa ossea e la fragilità ossea rappresentano uno degli aspetti più importanti tra le comorbidità diabete-correlate. Infatti, il diabete è una condizione fortemente predisponente lo sviluppo e il peggioramento dell’osteoporosi, interessando sia la popolazione giovane che adulta. Sia il diabete tipo 1 che quello di tipo 2, infatti, sono associati ad anomalie della massa ossea e ad aumentato rischio di fratture. Tra le recenti acquisizioni nel panorama farmacologico del trattamento del diabete mellito di tipo 2 (DM2), gli agonisti recettoriali del GLP1 (GLP1-RA) rappresentano ormai una delle opzioni maggiormente efficaci, in quanto in grado, tra gli altri effetti, di stimolare la secrezione di insulina in modo glucosio-dipendente, proteggere la funzione delle cellule $\beta $
β
e sopprimere la secrezione di glucagone. Sebbene fosse atteso un impatto negativo a carico della massa ossea (per il calo ponderale in un lasso temporale relativamente ristretto), tra gli effetti extra-glicemici è stato riportato che i GLP-1RA possono aumentare la densità minerale ossea (BMD), migliorare la qualità ossea e prevenire le fratture nelle persone con diabete, agendo favorevolmente nei quadri di osteoporosi post-menopausale, glucocorticoide-indotta e senile. Considerando l’avvento dei doppi e dei tripli agonisti, sarebbe auspicabile una declinazione delle terapie antidiabetiche annoverando, tra le diverse caratteristiche (prevenzione CV, safety renale, effetto sul peso, rischio di ipoglicemie, per esempio), il potenziale impatto sulla salute dell’osso dei nuovi farmaci incretinici.
Enhancing the durability and antibacterial activity of glass ionomer restorative material enriched by l-arginine and nano-titanium for pit and fissure sealing
Authors: Elgamily Hanaa Mahmoud , Aboalazm Emad , Safwat Engie M. , Youssef Ahmed M.
Published: February 2024

Background

Sealing teeth’ pits and fissures is of prime importance in preventing caries. Despite the evidenced bioactivity of glass-ionomer cements (GICs), they still fail to totally inhibit caries. This partially might be due to their insufficient antibacterial and strength properties. l-arginine (Arg) has superior caries-preventive potential thanks to its prebiotic-based biofilm-modulating effect. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) on the other hand, has well-known antibacterial characteristics, and being in nano size is supposed to improve strength. Therefore, this study aims to improve the antibacterial efficiency and the mechanical properties of conventional GICs using 1% Arg and 3% TiO2 nanoparticles for pit and fissure sealing.

Methods

Etched enamel surfaces of 100 extracted human third molars were randomly divided into two groups; a control group, where teeth were restored using glass ionomer Ionofil Plus, and an experiment group, where teeth were restored using glass ionomer Ionofil Plus incorporating Arg–TiO2. Specimens of both groups were tested for microleakage, enamel shear bond strength, and fluoride ion release using a stereo microscope, universal testing machine, and ion chromatography ICs 5000+ SP respectively. Surface analysis was conducted through scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM–EDX) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Furthermore, specimens of both groups were incubated with Streptococcus mutans, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, and Actinomyces viscous for quantitative antibacterial evaluation, compared to a specimen-free control using adherent/planktonic bacterial count test.

Results

The experimental group had statistically lower microleakage percentage, higher shear bond strength, and constant fluoride release compared to the control group at P = 0.01, 0.002, and < 0.001 respectively. SEM of the experimental group revealed hybrid particles of the Arg–TiO2 incorporating GIC with clusters of uniformly distributed TiO2 nanoparticles. AFM showed lower surface roughness for the experimental group indicating its homogeneity. The adherent probiotic L. rhamnosus bacterial count had the highest count in Arg–TiO2 (IP) GIC group (P < 0.001) with lack of adherent pathogenic S. mutans bacterial count compared to planktonic/adherent S. mutans bacterial count in the control group and (IP) GIC group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Incorporating 3% TiO2 nanoparticles and 1% Arg in GICs can enhance their mechanical properties, fluoride release, and antimicrobial efficiency.
Ecological and sustainable implications of phosphorous-solubilizing microorganisms in soil
Authors: Iftikhar Anwaar , Farooq Rida , Akhtar Mubeen , Khalid Haleema , Hussain Nazim , Ali Qurban , Malook Saif ul , Ali Daoud
Published: February 2024

Phosphorus (P) is a macronutrient that plants need to grow. However, most of the soil’s phosphorus is still insoluble, making it difficult for plants to absorb. This creates a barrier to ecologically responsible farming methods and calls for innovative approaches to phosphorus solubilization. Solublizing microorganisms improve the availability of phosphorous in soil. The term “phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms” (PSMs) describes various fungi or bacteria that divide the phosphorus into more soluble forms. It shows how PSMs interact with plants and their processes to solubilize phosphorus. Soil pH, temperature, and nutrient availability are only a few parameters affecting its activity. PSMs are investigated for their potential to increase plant phosphorus absorption and use, thereby boosting agricultural yield and nutrient usage efficiency. The use of PSMs and their effects on the environment are also evaluated. By using PSMs, farmers may use less chemical phosphorus fertilizers that contribute to runoff and eutrophication in waterways. Furthermore, PSMs may improve soil structure, decrease nutrient losses, and increase nutrient cycling, all of which contribute to soil health and the long-term viability of agricultural systems. Phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms have enormous promise in environmentally responsible farming and land management. Better phosphorus availability, greater agricultural output, less pollution, and better soil health are all possible outcomes of using PSMs. However, further study is required to determine the best application strategies, formulations, and choices of PSMs for various soil and plant systems. Incorporating PSMs into agricultural operations can potentially improve environmental sustainability and resilience. This article will explore the potential of PSMs in addressing critical environmental challenges, including soil erosion, nutrient runoff, sustainable farming practices, and resource conservation.

Graphical Abstract
Multi-parameters approach to assessment of soil liquefaction vulnerability in wetland areas of Lagos, Southwestern, Nigeria
Authors: Oladunjoye H. T. , Ishola K. S. , Oyedele K. F. , Adeoti L.
Published: February 2024

With respect to geology, most coastal terrains are underlain by problematic soils, some of which are liquefiable in nature and may cause sudden failure of engineering infrastructures. Against this background, this study was carried out to investigate the subsurface geology of some Lagos coastal areas and their engineering implications using geophysical and geotechnical methods. To achieve this purpose, the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves, Cone Penetration Test, and Standard Penetration Test were deployed. Surface waves measurements were collected using a 24-channel seismograph to which 4.5 Hz twenty-four vertical geophones were connected via the takeouts of the two cable reels. CPT soundings were carried out with a 10-tons motorized cone penetrometer and boring with SPT were carried out as well. The results of the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves measurements showed that the shear waves velocity (Vs) ranges from 160 to 470 m/s. The very loose to loose sand delineated have Vs in the range from 170 to 250 m/s. The tip resistance and sleeve resistance values spanned between 4.0 and 72.0 kg/cm2 and 6.0–94 kg/cm2 respectively. The thickness of the liquefiable sands in the study area varied between 2.5 and 18.0 m. At Ikoyi site, owing to the prevalence of loose silty sand, corroborated by the available borehole data and the Liquefaction Potential Index, it is classified as having a high-risk liquefaction and could be responsible for the periodic damages to structural infrastructures such as roads and buildings. The sediments mapped at Okun-Ajah and Badore sites are mainly saturated loose sands with high likelihood to liquefaction with very-high to high risk severity. The study concludes that the presence of these sediments and other factors that could induce ground motion making the study sites potentially susceptible to liquefaction. Hence, an urgent attention must be given to early monitoring measures to address the trend.
In vitro α-amylase/α-glucosidase, cytotoxicity and radical scavenging potential of Hypoxis hemerocallidea synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Mahlo Selokela Joseph , More Garland Kgosi , Oladipo Adewale Odunayo , Lebelo Sogolo Lucky
Published: February 2024

The prevalence of diabetes has continued to increase over the past decade. Medicinal extract-synthesized nanoformulations incorporating trace elements found in the body have emerged as alternative therapeutic technology for the treatment of diabetes. In this study, magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were prepared using Hypoxishemerocallidea (HH) and investigated for their cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antidiabetic potentials. MgO NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and zeta-potential techniques. TEM analysis confirmed the 2D nanosheet-like morphology of the nanoparticles with particle size (diameter; 300 nm and length of about 1 µm) while the FTIR spectra showed functional groups correlating to the bioactive compounds of HH in the MgO NPs. Moderate antioxidant activity of MgO NPs was observed against DPPH (IC50 = 57.35 ± 0.28 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 52.08 ± 0.24 µg/mL). The nanoparticles were shown to be less toxic to normal embryonic (HEK293) and human liver (HEPG2) cell lines, with IC50 of 48.63 ± 0.73 and 32.39 ± 0.95 µg/mL, respectively compared to a known cytotoxic drug, doxorubicin which exhibited IC50 of 2.70 ± 0.32 and 8.62 ± 0.57 µg/mL respectively. Besides, the anti-hyperglycemic potential of the MgO NPs as demonstrated by α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities were significantly high with IC50 values of 33.03 ± 1.43 and 52.38 ± 3.06 µg/mL, respectively. These results were compared with an FDA-approved antidiabetic reference standard Acarbose, which exhibited IC50 values of 24.54 ± 1.55 and 6.54 ± 0.27 µg/mL. The results indicated that the HH bioinspired MgO NPs are capable of inhibiting meditators of diabetes and oxidative stress. This study further suggests that the MgO NPs synthesized using HH could be a good candidate for the management of diabetes and other inflammatory diseases due to their strong enzyme inhibition, efficient antioxidant properties, and biocompatibility.
A two-step passenger flow anomaly detection scheme based on machine learning methods
Authors: Shuai Chunyan , Ruan Lujie , Ouyang Xin , Wang WenCong
Published: February 2024

Subway is an important transportation means for residents due to its large volume, punctuality and environmental friendliness. However, weather factors, sports events, concerts and some unexpected events can lead to a surge or abnormality in passenger flow, which brings enormous pressure to the management of stations and passenger flow guidance. Inspired by this, this paper formulates the abnormal passenger flows into different categories in terms of the characteristics and periodical trends, and proposes a two-step abnormal detection scheme to identify the anomalies and their type, and locate abnormal positions. First, two abnormal passenger flows recognition methods based on Jensen–Shannon divergence, dynamic time warping, and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise are established to identify the station-level abnormal passenger flow. Then, a triple standard deviation algorithm based on sliding window is further proposed to identify the abnormal type and position. Real-world smart card data of the Beijing subway in China, and the manual mutation data of the real data are employed to evaluate effectiveness of our framework. The results show that our two-step scheme is superior to the state-of-the-art algorithms, which can detect out and locate abnormal passenger flows with various characteristics. On more mutation data, this paper discusses the performances on various anomalies of different types of stations in depth, which further indicates our framework is robust and effective in practice.
Environmental impact assessment of steel reinforcing bar manufacturing process from scrap materials using life cycle assessment method: a case study on the Ethiopian metal industries
Authors: Fente Teferea Eniyew , Tsegaw Assefa Asmare
Published: February 2024

A clear understanding of the major environmental impacts of steelmaking from scraps, as well as potential solutions involving a circular economy paradigm, is essential. This study is conducted to pave the way for using life cycle assessment (LCA) to have sustainable development and effective resource management by evaluating the environmental impacts of the steel rebar manufacturing process using secondary resources. It is a cradle-to-gate LCA that includes scrap collection and sorting, transportation, melting, continuous casting, billet reheating, and reinforcing bar rolling. Inventory data were acquired as primary data from the factory and secondary data from ecoinvent v3.8, 2021 version integrated with SimaPro 9.4.0.2 faculty version. All of the analyses in this LCA were conducted using the Recipe 2016 Midpoint (H)V1.00 and Endpoint (I)V1.00 impact assessment techniques taking one-ton reinforcing bar production as reference flow. This LCA study shows that using renewable energy and bulk transport systems has a significant advantage in reducing the environmental impact created during steel production processes. Because of this, the global warming potential created during the rebar manufacturing process is 467 kgCO2 eq as taken from the environmental impact calculation report. By charging hot billet from the continuous casting machine (CCM) to the rolling mill and using an efficient transportation system, the environmental impact of GWP can be reduced by 50%.
Explainable and interpretable artificial intelligence in medicine: a systematic bibliometric review
Authors: Frasca Maria , La Torre Davide , Pravettoni Gabriella , Cutica Ilaria
Published: February 2024

This review aims to explore the growing impact of machine learning and deep learning algorithms in the medical field, with a specific focus on the critical issues of explainability and interpretability associated with black-box algorithms. While machine learning algorithms are increasingly employed for medical analysis and diagnosis, their complexity underscores the importance of understanding how these algorithms explain and interpret data to take informed decisions. This review comprehensively analyzes challenges and solutions presented in the literature, offering an overview of the most recent techniques utilized in this field. It also provides precise definitions of interpretability and explainability, aiming to clarify the distinctions between these concepts and their implications for the decision-making process. Our analysis, based on 448 articles and addressing seven research questions, reveals an exponential growth in this field over the last decade. The psychological dimensions of public perception underscore the necessity for effective communication regarding the capabilities and limitations of artificial intelligence. Researchers are actively developing techniques to enhance interpretability, employing visualization methods and reducing model complexity. However, the persistent challenge lies in finding the delicate balance between achieving high performance and maintaining interpretability. Acknowledging the growing significance of artificial intelligence in aiding medical diagnosis and therapy, and the creation of interpretable artificial intelligence models is considered essential. In this dynamic context, an unwavering commitment to transparency, ethical considerations, and interdisciplinary collaboration is imperative to ensure the responsible use of artificial intelligence. This collective commitment is vital for establishing enduring trust between clinicians and patients, addressing emerging challenges, and facilitating the informed adoption of these advanced technologies in medicine.