bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What can functional brain imaging teach us about remission of type 2 diabetes?
Authors: Hirani Dhruti , Alabdulkader Shahd , Miras Alexander. D. , Salem Victoria
Published: October 2023

Aims

With a paradigm shift in attitudes towards type 2 diabetes (T2D), ‘weight loss responsive’ diabetes is now thought of as a curable disease state. As a result, national programmes are being orchestrated to induce T2D remission soon after diagnosis with aggressive dietary interventions—such as very low‐calorie diets (VLCD). However, dietary interventions to achieve weight loss and diabetes remission lack the same long‐term sustainability and cardiovascular risk reduction evidence as bariatric surgery. This review aims to explore how brain imaging has contributed to our understanding of human eating behaviours and how neural correlates are affected by T2D.

Methods

We summarise functional MRI (fMRI) studies looking at human eating behaviour and obesity. We explore how these neural correlates are affected by insulin resistance and T2D itself as well as its different treatment approaches. Finally, we comment on the need for more personalised approaches to maintaining metabolic health and how fMRI studies may inform this.

Conclusion

fMRI studies have helped to fashion our understanding of the neurobiology of human appetite and obesity. Improving our understanding of the neural implications of T2D that promote disadvantageous eating behaviours will enable prevention of disease as well as mitigation against a vicious cycle of metabolic dysfunction and associated cognitive complications.
Austere futures: From hardship to hope?
Authors: MacLeavy Julie
Published: October 2023

This paper reflects on the enduring significance of austerity and its multifaceted influence on society. It emphasises the stark contrast between the promise of future prosperity, used to justify spending cuts and tax increases in the aftermath of the 2008 crash and recession, and the long‐lasting ramifications of these measures in terms of increasing poverty and growing inequality. Drawing from studies in this Themed Section of The Geographical Journal, as well as my own research on the impact of austerity on care workers, the paper elucidates how fiscal consolidation has further dismantled social safety nets and reduced the accessibility of institutions and places that have traditionally nurtured and supported emotional and physical wellbeing. This negatively affects individuals' quality of life, as well as their opportunities for growth and fulfilment. It also risks the prospects of future generations as the institutional and personal legacies of austerity intertwine with ongoing policy developments. Against this backdrop, there are, however, efforts to envision and enact alternative futures. Glimpses of hope are found in collective action and imaginative practices that challenge exclusionary systems, thereby helping to reconfigure the landscape of post‐welfare states. These glimpses of an alternative future, rooted in compassion and solidarity, foster a nuanced understanding of futurity and ignite prefigurative politics. The paper therefore discusses contrasting visions of austerity's future, building from alternative ways of organising lives and nurturing transformative imaginaries in the aftermath of austerity.
Rethinking gender diversity: Transgender and gender nonconforming people and gender as constellation
Authors: Suhomlinova Olga , O’Shea Saoirse Caitlin , Boncori Ilaria
Published: October 2023

In this article, we challenge the mainstream view of gender rooted in binary cisnormativity and suggest that the gender frameworks used to inform organizational research and practice are inadequate with respect to the range of transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) identities. We employ Hacking's “dynamic nominalism” to illustrate how evolving classifications of TGNC people operate as a discriminating factor that threatens their lived experiences. As an alternative to the binary cisnormative metaphor of gender as a spectrum, we adopt a more inclusive metaphor of a gender constellation and sketch out its potential conceptualization that promotes multidimensional, non‐hierarchical, and dynamic approaches to gender diversity.
Outside looking in: Gendered roles and the wellbeing of working student mothers studying for a part‐time PhD
Authors: Cronshaw Sue , Stokes Peter , McCulloch Alistair
Published: October 2023

This article contributes to the growing evidence based on well‐being in doctoral study. It draws on 35 qualitative, in‐depth interviews to explore how the well‐being of an understudied group—working doctoral student mothers—is affected when undertaking part‐time PhDs. While there is a growing literature on the research student experience and an increased awareness of mental health issues in doctoral study, there has been little exploration of the experiences of part‐time PhD students. Moreover, this is particularly true of mothers undertaking doctorates on a part‐time basis. The experiences of this sub‐group of research students constitute the gap to which this paper responds. It explores the consequences of having to straddle a number of competing domains and examines how the gender role conflict, marginalisation and lack of support experienced by doctoral student mothers impact their psychological, physical and social well‐being. The article concludes with a number of recommendations that institutions may wish to consider.
Pathology caused by introduced Neoergasilus japonicus (Copepoda: Ergasilidae) to the skin of indigenous Tilapia sparrmanii in South Africa and scanning electron microscopy study of wound‐inflicting structures
Authors: Avenant‐Oldewage Annemariè , Nagasawa Kazuya , Dos Santos Quinton M. , Oldewage Willie H.
Published: October 2023

Neoergasilus japonicus, a fish ectoparasite indigenous to eastern and southern Asia, has been introduced to various regions, including Europe and North and South America, where it spreads at an alarming rate. The parasite is not host‐specific. It was also collected from the Vaal‐Orange and Limpopo river systems in South Africa. This report describes the morphology of the wound‐inflecting structures in N. japonicus and relates their morphology to the pathological effect on Tilapia sparrmanii. Host tissue with parasites attached was imbedded in resin for histological sectioning and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Additional specimens were prepared for scanning electron microscopy. Adult female parasites attach by inserting the hooked tips of the antennae into the epidermis. The maxillulae are minute but have sharp tips. The maxillae have sharp tips on the endopod and brush‐like setae on the exopod. The mandibles are armed with sharp tips. These structures are used to remove the epidermis of the host and brush it into the buccal cavity. Host tissue in the intestine confirms that adult females consume host tissue leaving the dermis exposed to opportunistic diseases. The microscopic size of the parasite prevents casual observation, and its occurrence in Africa is, therefore, probably underreported.
Nutrition intervention goals from the perspectives of patients at risk of malnutrition: A qualitative study
Authors: Al‐Adili Lina , Nordgren Lena , Orrevall Ylva , McGreevy Jenny , Lövestam Elin
Published: October 2023

Background

Nutrition counselling is characterised by a collaborative approach where the patient and the dietitian establish goals that promote health and self‐management. Little is known about goal‐setting in nutrition interventions of patients at risk of malnutrition. The present study aims to describe the perspectives and needs of patients at risk of malnutrition regarding goals of nutrition interventions.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 15 patients from three primary care centres and one hospital in mid‐Sweden selected through purposive sampling. Interview transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis following the six‐phase guidelines of Braun and Clarke to identify patterns of shared meaning and themes in the data.

Results

The findings highlight that the participants rarely reflected on their personal goals of the nutrition intervention. Instead, they strived to maintain strength and energy, with the nutrition counselling being seen as supportive in managing nutrition impact symptoms. They described discrepancies between their perspectives and the dietitian's regarding weight goals and the diet prescribed to gain weight.

Conclusions

The study findings suggest that elucidating patients’ goals is key to counteracting the discrepancies between the dietitians’ clinically oriented goals and patients’ perspectives. Goal‐setting is part of the dietitian's structured working process, whereas the patient's lifeworld is complex and unstructured. To provide person‐centred nutrition care, new strategies and tools are needed to facilitate collaborative goal‐setting. These approaches will bridge the gap between clinical goals and patients’ individual needs, promoting better alignment and improved outcomes.
The Fuzzy planar cell polarity protein (FUZ), necessary for primary cilium formation, is essential for pituitary development
Authors: Lodge Emily J. , Barrell William B. , Liu Karen J. , Andoniadou Cynthia L.
Published: October 2023

The primary cilium is an essential organelle that is important for normal cell signalling during development and homeostasis but its role in pituitary development has not been reported. The primary cilium facilitates signal transduction for multiple pathways, the best‐characterised being the SHH pathway, which is known to be necessary for correct pituitary gland development. FUZ is a planar cell polarity (PCP) effector that is essential for normal ciliogenesis, where the primary cilia of Fuz−/−mutants are shorter or non‐functional. FUZ is part of a group of proteins required for recruiting retrograde intraflagellar transport proteins to the base of the organelle. Previous work has reported ciliopathy phenotypes in Fuz−/− homozygous null mouse mutants, including neural tube defects, craniofacial abnormalities, and polydactyly, alongside PCP defects including kinked/curly tails and heart defects. Interestingly, the pituitary gland was reported to be missing in Fuz−/− mutants at 14.5 dpc but the mechanisms underlying this phenotype were not investigated. Here, we have analysed the pituitary development of Fuz−/− mutants. Histological analyses reveal that Rathke's pouch (RP) is initially induced normally but is not specified and fails to express LHX3, resulting in hypoplasia and apoptosis. Characterisation of SHH signalling reveals reduced pathway activation in Fuz−/− mutant relative to control embryos, leading to deficient specification of anterior pituitary fate. Analyses of the key developmental signals FGF8 and BMP4, which are influenced by SHH, reveal abnormal patterning in the ventral diencephalon, contributing further to abnormal RP development. Taken together, our analyses suggest that primary cilia are required for normal pituitary specification through SHH signalling.
Melatonin alters the excitability of mouse cerebellar granule neurons by inhibiting voltage‐gated sodium, potassium, and calcium channels
Authors: Pissas Karolos‐Philippos , Schilling Maria , Korkmaz Ahmet , Tian Yuemin , Gründer Stefan
Published: October 2023

Besides its role in the circadian rhythm, the pineal gland hormone melatonin (MLT) also possesses antiepileptogenic, antineoplastic, and cardioprotective properties, among others. The dosages necessary to elicit beneficial effects in these diseases often far surpass physiological concentrations. Although even high doses of MLT are considered to be largely harmless to humans, the possible side effects of pharmacological concentrations are so far not well investigated. In the present study, we report that pharmacological doses of MLT (3 mM) strongly altered the electrophysiological characteristics of cultured primary mouse cerebellar granule cells (CGCs). Using whole‐cell patch clamp and ratiometric Ca2+ imaging, we observed that pharmacological concentrations of MLT inhibited several types of voltage‐gated Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channels in CGCs independently of known MLT‐receptors, altering the character and pattern of elicited action potentials (APs) significantly, quickly and reversibly. Specifically, MLT reduced AP frequency, afterhyperpolarization, and rheobase, whereas AP amplitude and threshold potential remained unchanged. The altered biophysical profile of the cells could constitute a possible mechanism underlying the proposed beneficial effects of MLT in brain‐related disorders, such as epilepsy. On the other hand, it suggests potential adverse effects of pharmacological MLT concentrations on neurons, which should be considered when using MLT as a pharmacological compound.
The holocentric chromosome microevolution: From phylogeographic patterns to genomic associations with environmental gradients
Authors: Márquez‐Corro José Ignacio , Martín‐Bravo Santiago , Blanco‐Pastor José Luis , Luceño Modesto , Escudero Marcial
Published: October 2023

Geographic isolation and chromosome evolution are two of the major drivers of diversification in eukaryotes in general, and specifically, in plants. On one hand, range shifts induced by Pleistocene glacial oscillations deeply shaped the evolutionary trajectories of species in the Northern Hemisphere. On the other hand, karyotype variability within species or species complexes may have adaptive potential as different karyotypes may represent different recombination rates and linkage groups that may be associated with locally adapted genes or supergenes. Organisms with holocentric chromosomes are ideal to study the link between local adaptation and chromosome evolution, due to their high cytogenetic variability, especially when it seems to be related to environmental variation. Here, we integrate the study of the phylogeography, chromosomal evolution and ecological requirements of a plant species complex distributed in the Western Euro‐Mediterranean region (Carex gr. laevigata, Cyperaceae). We aim to clarify the relative influence of these factors on population differentiation and ultimately on speciation. We obtained a well‐resolved RADseq phylogeny that sheds light on the phylogeographic patterns of molecular and chromosome number variation, which are compatible with south‐to‐north postglacial migration. In addition, landscape genomics analyses identified candidate loci for local adaptation, and also strong significant associations between the karyotype and the environment. We conclude that karyotype distribution in C. gr. laevigata has been constrained by both range shift dynamics and local adaptation. Our study demonstrates that chromosome evolution may be responsible, at least partially, for microevolutionary patterns of population differentiation and adaptation in Carex.
Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with reduced oral health conditions
Authors: Ciardo Antonio , Simon Marlinde M. , Eberhardt Ralf , Brock Judith Maria , Ritz Alexander , Kim Ti‐Sun
Published: October 2023

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the association of explicitly severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with oral conditions considering in‐depth shared risk factors.

Methods

A case–control study was conducted with 104 participants, 52 with severe COPD and 52 matched controls without COPD. Dental and periodontal status were clinically assessed and oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) by OHIP‐G14‐questionnaire.

Results

Between COPD‐ and control‐group, there were no statistically significant differences regarding age (66.02 ± 7.30), sex (female: 52 [50%]), smoking history (44.69 ± 23.23 pack years) and number of systemic diseases (2.60 ± 1.38). COPD patients demonstrated significantly fewer remaining teeth (12.58 ± 9.67 vs. 18.85 ± 6.24, p < 0.001) besides higher DMFT (decayed, missing and filled teeth) index (21.12 ± 5.83 vs. 19.10 ± 3.91, p = 0.036). They had significantly greater probing pocket depths (PPD: 3.24 mm ± 0.71 mm vs. 2.7 mm ± 0.37 mm, p < 0.001) and bleeding on probing (BOP: 34.52% ± 22.03% vs. 22.85% ± 17.94%, p = 0.003) compared to controls, but showed no significant difference in clinical attachment level or staging of periodontitis. The OHIP‐G14 sum score was significantly higher in COPD patients (7.40 ± 7.28 vs. 3.63 ± 4.85, p = 0.002). Common risk factors such as educational status, physical activity, dentist visit frequency, oral hygiene regimens and dietary habits were less favourable in patients with COPD.

Conclusions

COPD was significantly associated with higher tooth loss, PPD, BOP and DMFT besides lower OHRQoL.
Trauma therapies for psychosis: A state‐of‐the‐art review
Authors: Hardy Amy , Keen Nadine , van den Berg David , Varese Filippo , Longden Eleanor , Ward Thomas , Brand Rachel M
Published: October 2023

Background

Traumatic events, particularly childhood interpersonal victimisation, have been found to play a causal role in the occurrence of psychosis and shape the phenomenology of psychotic experiences. Higher rates of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma‐related mental health problems are also found in people with psychosis diagnoses compared to the general population. It is, therefore, imperative that therapists are willing and able to address trauma and its consequences when supporting recovery from distressing psychosis.

Method

This paper will support this need by providing a state‐of‐the‐art overview of the safety, acceptability and effects of trauma therapies for psychosis.

Results

We will first introduce how seminal cognitive‐behavioural models of psychosis shed light on the mechanisms by which trauma may give rise to psychotic experiences, including a putative role for trauma‐related emotions, beliefs and episodic memories. The initial application of prolonged exposure and eye movement and desensitation and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) for treating PTSD in psychosis will be described, followed by consideration of integrative approaches. These integrative approaches aim to address the impact of trauma on both post‐traumatic stress symptoms and trauma‐related psychosis. Integrative approaches include EMDR for psychosis (EMDRp) and trauma‐focused Cognitive‐Behavioural Therapy for psychosis (tf‐CBTp). Finally, emerging dialogic approaches for targeting trauma‐related voice‐hearing will be considered, demonstrating the potential value of adopting co‐produced (Talking with Voices) and digitally augmented (AVATAR) therapies.

Conclusion

We will conclude by reflecting on current issues in the area, and implications for research and clinical practice.
What factors predict anti‐Black bias in pain perception? An internal meta‐analysis across 40 experimental studies
Authors: Lin Jingrun , Drain Alexis , Goharzad Azaadeh , Mende‐Siedlecki Peter
Published: October 2023

Racial disparities in pain care affecting Black Americans are mirrored by a similar perceptual bias: perceivers see pain less readily on Black (vs. White) faces. Here, we examine the findings of the initial wave of research on this phenomenon, described herein as anti‐Black bias in pain perception. Specifically, we conducted an internal meta‐analysis across 40 studies conducted in the U.S. with primarily White samples (N = 6252) assessing the generalizability, robustness, and psychological correlates of anti‐Black bias in pain perception. We also assessed the evidence for accounts of this bias focused on intergroup processes, racialized stereotypes and prejudice, dehumanization, and contact. This meta‐analysis strongly confirms our prior findings. Moreover, anti‐Black bias in pain perception is consistently associated with bias in treatment recommendations. These effects are robust to differences in stimuli, samples, and perceiver gender and race. Notably, both Black and White perceivers demonstrate more conservative perceptual thresholds for seeing pain on Black faces, suggesting this bias is not merely a consequence of group membership. Further, increased dehumanization of and decreased intergroup contact with Black individuals predicts biased pain perception and treatment recommendations, though these effects were small. These results demonstrate the robustness of anti‐Black bias in pain perception and establish a strong foundation for future inquiry.
Investigation of the Dynamic Performance of High-Speed Railway Bridges in Cold Regions Based on Vehicle–Bridge Coupling Vibrations
Authors: Gao Qingfei , Li Qiyuan , Wang Haoran , Zhang Jiaqiang , Wang Tong
Published: October 2023

This work uses numerical simulations to systematically study the dynamic performance of high-speed railroad bridges in cold areas based on coupled vibration analyses of axles and vehicles during freeze–thaw cycles. The freezing and thawing cycles of perennial frozen soil were established with comsol software, and the changes of the soil components during freezing and thawing cycles were analyzed with an indirect solution method and reasonable hydrothermal parameters and freezing and thawing boundary conditions. With the establishment of a pile–soil interaction simulation model, the change rule for pile foundation displacement and the force characteristics of pile foundations during freeze–thaw cycles were studied. abaqus and um software were used to simulate the coupled vibrations of axles, select the indexes for evaluation of train safety and the smoothness of the high-speed railroad trains, and investigate the influence of foundation freezing and pulling displacements on the dynamic performance of high-speed trains.
Relieving Test Anxiety in College Students Through Different Psychological Intervention Programs
Authors: Du Ying , Lan Jingjing
Published: October 2023

The alleviation of test anxiety is beneficial for improving students' academic performance. This article provides a brief introduction to test anxiety and corresponding psychological interventions, followed by a study on the psychological intervention of test anxiety conducted on 200 college students from Yanching Institute of Technology. During the research process, college students were divided into four groups, each consisting of 50 students. After examination, there were no significant differences in gender and grade proportions among the groups. Psychological interventions were conducted through group counseling sessions. Group 1 received cognitive therapy, Group 2 participated in reading therapy, Group 3 combined cognitive therapy with reading therapy, and Group 4 did not include test anxiety in their counseling sessions. The test anxiety degrees of four groups were measured before and after psychological interventions. After conducting psychological interventions, subjective evaluations were obtained from students regarding their perception of counseling classes. The final results indicated that there was no significant difference in the level of test anxiety among the four groups of students before undergoing psychological intervention (P > 0.05). However, after the intervention, a significant reduction in test anxiety was observed for students in Groups 1, 2, and 3 (P < 0.05), while Group 4 showed no significant change (P > 0.05). Among those who experienced a significant change after the intervention, Group 3 using cognitive therapy combined with reading therapy exhibited the greatest decrease in test anxiety levels. Furthermore, following the psychological intervention, Group 3 provided the highest subjective evaluation of counseling classes.
On the Use of Geometric Deep Learning for the Iterative Classification and Down-Selection of Analog Electric Circuits
Authors: Sirico Anthony , Herber Daniel R.
Published: October 2023

Many complex engineering systems can be represented in a topological form, such as graphs. This paper utilizes a machine learning technique called Geometric Deep Learning (GDL) to aid designers with challenging, graph-centric design problems. The strategy presented here is to take the graph data and apply GDL to seek the best realizable performing solution effectively and efficiently with lower computational costs. This case study used here is the synthesis of analog electrical circuits that attempt to match a specific frequency response within a particular frequency range. Previous studies utilized an enumeration technique to generate 43,249 unique undirected graphs presenting valid potential circuits. Unfortunately, determining the sizing and performance of many circuits can be too expensive. To reduce computational costs with a quantified trade-off in accuracy, the fraction of the circuit graphs and their performance are used as input data to a classification-focused GDL model. Then, the GDL model can be used to predict the remainder cheaply, thus, aiding decision-makers in the search for the best graph solutions. The results discussed in this paper show that additional graph-based features are useful, favorable total set classification accuracy of 80% in using only 10% of the graphs, and iteratively built GDL models can further subdivide the graphs into targeted groups with medians significantly closer to the best and containing 88.2 of the top 100 best-performing graphs on average using 25% of the graphs.
Perspective: Machine Learning in Design for 3D/4D Printing
Authors: Sun Xiaohao , Zhou Kun , Demoly Frédéric , Zhao Ruike Renee , Qi H. Jerry
Published: October 2023

3D/4D printing offers significant flexibility in manufacturing complex structures with a diverse range of mechanical responses, while also posing critical needs in tackling challenging inverse design problems. The rapidly developing machine learning (ML) approach offers new opportunities and has attracted significant interest in the field. In this perspective paper, we highlight recent advancements in utilizing ML for designing printed structures with desired mechanical responses. First, we provide an overview of common forward and inverse problems, relevant types of structures, and design space and responses in 3D/4D printing. Second, we review recent works that have employed a variety of ML approaches for the inverse design of different mechanical responses, ranging from structural properties to active shape changes. Finally, we briefly discuss the main challenges, summarize existing and potential ML approaches, and extend the discussion to broader design problems in the field of 3D/4D printing. This paper is expected to provide foundational guides and insights into the application of ML for 3D/4D printing design.
From regulation to ruin: a rogue sigma factor causes cell death in
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Camp Amy H. , Ellermeier Craig D.
Published: October 2023

A rogue, plasmid-encoded sigma factor that kills
Bacillus subtilis
is the focus of a new study by A. T. Burton, D. Pospíšilová, P. Sudzinová, E. V. Snider, A. M. Burrage, L. Krásný, and D. B. Kearns (J Bacteriol 205:e00112-23, 2023,
https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00112-23
). The authors demonstrate that SigN is toxic in its own right, causing cell death by potently outcompeting the housekeeping sigma factor for access to RNA polymerase.
Neutralizing antibodies with neurotropic factor treatment maintain neurodevelopmental gene expression upon exposure to human cytomegalovirus
Authors: O'Brien Benjamin S. , Mokry Rebekah L. , Schumacher Megan L. , Rosas-Rogers Suzette , Terhune Scott S. , Ebert Allison D.
Published: October 2023

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a beta herpesvirus that causes severe congenital birth defects including microcephaly, vision loss, and hearing loss. Entry of HCMV into human cells is determined by the composition of glycoproteins in viral particles and influenced by the source of the virus. We have previously shown that HCMV infection of human stem cell-derived cerebral organoids causes significant downregulation of critical neurodevelopmental genes, but the mechanism of viral entry in human neural tissues is not well known. Here, we evaluated infection efficiency using virus from different sources. We observed significant increases in the number of viral genomes, viral spread and penetrance, and multinucleated syncytia in neural tissues infected with HCMV propagated in epithelial cells compared with fibroblasts. Interestingly, we found similar expression levels of cellular entry receptors on organoid-derived cells suggesting that neural cells do not exhibit a biased entry receptor expression profile. Next, we asked whether we could limit viral entry using neutralization antibodies. We found that pre-treatment with antibodies against viral glycoproteins gB and gH successfully decreased viral genome levels, viral gene expression, and virus-induced syncytia. In contrast, targeting specific cellular entry receptors failed to limit infection. Using an antibody against gB, we observed partial protection of neurodevelopmental gene expression that was further improved by the addition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). These studies indicate that the source of HCMV is a key determinant of viral entry into neuronal cells and combining gB neutralization with BDNF provides further benefit to neural gene expression during infection.

IMPORTANCE

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is the leading cause of non-heritable birth defects worldwide. HCMV readily infects the early progenitor cell population of the developing brain, and we have found that infection leads to significantly downregulated expression of key neurodevelopmental transcripts. Currently, there are no approved therapies to prevent or mitigate the effects of congenital HCMV infection. Therefore, we used human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids and neural progenitor cells to elucidate the glycoproteins and receptors used in the viral entry process and whether antibody neutralization was sufficient to block viral entry and prevent disruption of neurodevelopmental gene expression. We found that blocking viral entry alone was insufficient to maintain the expression of key neurodevelopmental genes, but neutralization combined with neurotrophic factor treatment provided robust protection. Together, these studies offer novel insight into mechanisms of HCMV infection in neural tissues, which may aid future therapeutic development.
Seafloor spreading and the delivery of sulfur and metals to Earth’s oceans
Authors: Syverson Drew D. , Awolayo Adedapo N. , Tutolo Benjamin M.
Published: October 2023

Circulating fluids within Earth’s mid-ocean ridge system cool and alter the oceanic crust, contribute distinct chemistry to the ocean, and generate economically and geologically important metal-sulfide deposits at the seafloor. Yet, we have few constraints on the characteristics of these fluids at peak subseafloor pressure and temperature conditions or how the primary variable, seafloor spreading, affects these fluids’ delivery of metals and sulfur to seawater. Here, we develop a new, robust technique for estimating the peak endowment of heat and dissolved sulfur, iron, and copper in subseafloor hydrothermal fluids and determining their fate as these superheated fluids rise to the seafloor. Calculations using this technique indicate that >20%–70% of sulfur, iron, and copper dissolved at peak subseafloor conditions are lost during upflow due to cooling and concomitant decreases in sulfide mineral solubility. The interpretation of these estimates within the geologic context of vent fields allows us to demonstrate a strong inverse relationship between seafloor spreading rate and peak pressure-temperature conditions, subseafloor heat loss, and the magnitude of subseafloor sulfide mineralization. Our results demonstrate the extent to which the secular variation of Earth’s mid-ocean ridge system over geologic time has impacted sulfide deposition rates and hydrothermal fluxes of sulfur and metals to the ocean.
Understanding the pathophysiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): a review of recent developments
Authors: Colman Blake D , Boonstra Frederique , Nguyen Minh NL , Raviskanthan Subahari , Sumithran Priya , White Owen , Hutton Elspeth J , Fielding Joanne , van der Walt Anneke
Published: October 2023

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition of significant morbidity and rising prevalence. It typically affects young people living with obesity, mostly women of reproductive age, and can present with headaches, visual abnormalities, tinnitus and cognitive dysfunction. Raised intracranial pressure without a secondary identified cause remains a key diagnostic feature of this condition, however, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that drive this increase are poorly understood. Previous theories have focused on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypersecretion or impaired reabsorption, however, the recent characterisation of the glymphatic system in many other neurological conditions necessitates a re-evaluation of these hypotheses. Further, the impact of metabolic dysfunction and hormonal dysregulation in this population group must also be considered. Given the emerging evidence, it is likely that IIH is triggered by the interaction of multiple aetiological factors that ultimately results in the disruption of CSF dynamics. This review aims to provide a comprehensive update on the current theories regarding the pathogenesis of IIH.
Unified life-cycle cost–benefit analysis framework and critical review for sustainable retrofit of Canada's existing buildings using mass timber
Authors: Malomo D. , Xie Y. , Doudak G.
Published: October 2023

This paper investigates the possibilities and challenges of using mass timber as a sustainable alternative for retrofitting existing buildings in Canada. To create the knowledge foundation on which to devise a holistic framework tailored to the specific characteristics of Canada's built environment, a detailed analysis of the types, geographical distribution, structural, and energy features of the local building stock is first presented. Then, previous strategies for enhancing and upgrading existing buildings with engineered timber are reviewed, classified, and evaluated. Finally, to explore economic and environmental implications, a detailed assessment of available life-cycle cost–benefit analysis approaches is conducted alongside their adaptation to Canada's building context. The findings of this paper can inform policymakers, builders, and designers in developing more sustainable building retrofit practices, design, and regulations, in line with Canada's efforts toward net zero emissions.
New insights on faulting in southwest New Brunswick and northeast Maine based on marine magnetic mapping of the Ministers Island dyke
Authors: Evangelatos John , Butler Karl E. , Adam Jennifer , Morris William A.
Published: October 2023

The Passamaquoddy Bay region of southwest New Brunswick and northeast Maine is known for its moderate seismicity, yet the structures responsible for these earthquakes are not well understood. To gain insight on the tectonic history of this region, marine magnetic surveys were conducted at speculated intersections of faults and the Early Jurassic Ministers Island dyke. Analysis of the vertical gradient of the magnetic field strongly suggests that the 189 ± 8 Ma Ministers Island dyke is dextrally offset 370 m by the Oak Bay Fault below the St. Croix River. This sense of motion points to a reversal of fault movement compared to that recorded in much older (Silurian) rocks nearby. The interpretation is supported by magnetic modelling, constrained by direct measurements of the magnetic susceptibility and natural remanent magnetization of the dyke. In Passamaquoddy Bay, however, farther to the east, there is no evidence that slight deviations in the trend of the dyke anomaly or its termination result from post-emplacement faulting. Furthermore, the data suggest that a sub-parallel mafic dyke on the northern shore of Passamaquoddy Bay is either a distinct dyke system or a left stepover emplacement of the Ministers Island dyke, as opposed to a faulted offset as previously speculated. This study illustrates how focused high-resolution magnetic surveys can strengthen interpretations of faulting in areas of geological ambiguity.
An Analytic Investigation of Hopf Bifurcation Location Control for the Rulkov Map Model
Authors: Salehi Yekta M. , Zamani Bahabadi A. , Sadeghi Bajestani G.
Published: October 2023

From the point of view of nonlinear dynamical systems, some neurological disorders can be indicated by bifurcations because bifurcations change the firing patterns of neurons; therefore, it is essential to control the bifurcations. We can avoid undesirable dynamical behaviors such as the behaviors of the Rulkov map model by controlling bifurcation which, then, can assist in modeling neuronal diseases. In this paper, we investigate the existence of Hopf bifurcation and analytically identify the type of bifurcation for the Rulkov map model; then, we apply a dynamic feedback controller using a washout filter to control the onset of Hopf bifurcation. Also, we can control the behaviors of the neurons, such as spiking or spiking-bursting behavior of neurons, and create the Hopf bifurcation for some parameters. The results analytically obtained in this paper can be applied to control some epileptic seizures.
Enhancing the Performance of 6LoWPAN-Based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with IEEE 802.11AH (Wi-Fi HaLow)
Authors: Astour Sira W. , Saleh Majd Badr
Published: October 2023

6LoWPAN allows IEEE 802.15.4 standard-based wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to be connected to the Internet through the Internet protocol IPv6; however, its performance decreases as the network grows in size due to complications such as the bottleneck problem; therefore this paper aims to improve the performance of 6LoWPAN-based WSNs by using the IEEE 802.11AH standard as a backbone in these networks, since this emerging new technology is suitable for IoT applications, as it can provide a coverage range up to 1,000 m and data transmission rates up to 78 Mbps. The IEEE 802.11AH standard can be used as a backbone by utilizing its characteristics to improve some of the performance parameters of the 6LoWPAN networks such as end-to-end delay, frames delivery ratio, and the network throughput. This paper proposes a heterogeneous network infrastructure consisting of 6LoWPAN and the IEEE 802.11AH standard to enable bidirectional data transmission between the network components and the Internet via the Internet protocol IPv6 with two types of gateways, the edge gateways to connect the entire network to the Internet and the intermediate gateways to connect the 6LoWPAN clusters to the edge gateways. The simulation results demonstrate that the heterogeneous network approach can provide significant improvement gains compared to the 6LoWPAN homogeneous networks, since it shows clear improvements to the packets delivery ratio, the end-to-end delay mean value and the network throughput, subsequently leading to a distinct enhancement in the network’s overall reliability.
Primary Tuberculosis of Buccal and Labial Mucosa: Literature Review and a Rare Case Report of a Public Health Menace
Authors: Sriram Shyamkumar , Hasan Shamimul , Saeed Shazina , Ahmad Syed Ansar , Panda Swagatika
Published: October 2023

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic granulomatous infectious disorder, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite the recent advancements in antitubercular therapy (ATT), it remains a global public health concern. TB is a leading infectious cause of global mortality, second only to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). TB of the oral cavity is an uncommon occurrence and may be classified as a primary and secondary form. The primary tubercular lesions are extremely rare, as the intact oral squamous epithelium resists the entry of tubercle bacilli. The commonest oral TB lesion is solitary ulceration with undermined edges, usually on the tongue, that does not exhibit healing with conservative therapies. Owing to the atypical presentation, the oral TB lesions often go unnoticed during clinical examination; hence, an oral physician should be familiar with the various oral manifestations of TB. A timely diagnosis coupled with interdisciplinary treatment is the key to combat disease dissemination. This manuscript aims to report a rare case of primary tuberculosis of the buccal and labial mucosa in a 43-year-old immunocompetent male patient. Buccal and labial mucosa are the infrequently affected sites for primary oral TB lesions. A detailed literature search carried out on the Google Scholar and PubMed search engines revealed only fifteen case reports and two case series of primary tuberculosis of the buccal mucosa and labial mucosa.
Real-World Glycemic Improvements with Hybrid Closed Loop Pumps in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Del Valle Rolón Maite E. , Brown Elizabeth A. , Wolf Risa M.
Published: October 2023

Objective. The use of hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery systems, specifically the t:slim X2 insulin pump with Control IQ (CIQ), has demonstrated improvement in glycemic control in clinical trials and real-world settings. We sought to describe changes in glycemic control with use of CIQ in minority and nonminority youth. Research Design and Methods. This was a retrospective study of youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using CIQ over a 12-month period. Medical record data, pump data, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were collected from the visit prior to starting CIQ and at each clinic visit up to 12 months after starting CIQ. Continuous glucose monitor (CGM) data and HbA1c trajectory over time were compared to baseline and between minority and nonminority youth. Results. The study included 136 patients of whom 21 were minority youth (non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic), 50% were male, with median age of 13.3y, and median diabetes duration of 4.9y. After starting CIQ, baseline median HbA1c for the nonminority group decreased from 7.8% to 7.1% (

p
<
0.001

), baseline median HbA1c for minority youth decreased from 9.8% to 7.8% (

p
=
0.03

), and the percentage of patients meeting target HbA1c <7% increased from 26% to 45%. Both nonminority and minority youth had a significant increase in time in range and decrease of average CGM glucose (

p
<
0.05

). Conclusions. HbA1c levels decreased in both minority and nonminority youth within 12 months of starting CIQ, and more patients reached the HbA1c target of less than 7%. Disparities in HbA1c between minority and nonminority youth remained and additional studies are warranted to improve this.
Diagnosis and Prevalence (1975–2010) of Sudden Death due to Atlantoaxial Subluxation in Cervical Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Literature Review
Authors: Subagio Eko Agus , Wicaksono Pandu , Faris Muhammad , Bajamal Abdul Hafid , Abdillah Diaz Syafrie
Published: October 2023

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting synovial joints and tendons, can potentially impact various organs within the body. One notable complication associated with RA is upper cervical spine instability, medically termed atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS). This condition can lead to adverse consequences, including chronic myelopathy and acute mechanical compression of the medulla oblongata, with the potential for sudden death. While AAS may often remain asymptomatic, some nonspecific symptoms, such as neck pain, have been documented. Severe atlantoaxial subluxation can trigger more distinct symptoms, including delayed occipital pain attributed to the compression of the exiting C2 nerve root. Recent studies have elucidated a spectrum of symptoms preceding sudden death, encompassing vertigo, dizziness, convulsions, dysphagia, disorientation, and seizures. Remarkably, some cases have reported sudden death occurring during sleep. Historical data reveal a fluctuating incidence of this phenomenon, with eleven cases reported between 1969 and 1975 and six cases documented between 1990 and 2010. Notably, one of the most prevalent causes of sudden mortality in individuals with RA is the acute mechanical damage inflicted upon the medulla oblongata due to atlantoaxial subluxation.
A Recurrent Nonsense Mutation in NECTIN4 Underlying Ectodermal Dysplasia-Syndactyly Syndrome with a Novel Phenotype in a Consanguineous Kashmiri Family
Authors: Ali Ghazanfar , Sadia Sadia , Ain-ul- Batool Syeda , Azeem Zahid , Awan Naheed Bashir , Kazmi Syed Akif Raza , Ur- Rehman Zia- , Anjum Zeeshan , Ur- Rehman Fazal- , Wali Abdul , Khan Kafaitullah , Zaman Nasib , Ayub Muhammad , Sajid Muhammad , Hassan Noor
Published: October 2023

EDSS1, a syndrome characterized by ectodermal dysplasia-syndactyly, is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner due to mutations in the NECTIN4/PVRL4 gene. Clinical manifestations of the syndrome include defective nail plate, sparse to absent scalp and body hair, spaced teeth with enamel hypoplasia, and bilateral cutaneous syndactyly in the fingers and toes. Here, we report a consanguineous family of Kashmiri origin presenting features of EDSS1. Using whole exome sequencing, we found a recurrent nonsense mutation (NM_030916: c.181C > T, p.(Gln61

∗

)) in the NECTIN4 gene. The variant segregated perfectly with the disorder within the family. The candidate variant was absent in 50 in-house exomes pertaining to other disorders from the same population. In addition to the previously reported clinical phenotype, an upper lip cleft was found in one of the affected members as a novel phenotype that is not reported by previous studies in EDSS1 patients. Therefore, the study presented here, which was conducted on the Kashmiri population, is the first to document a NECTIN4 mutation associated with the upper lip cleft as a novel phenotype. This finding broadens the molecular and phenotypic spectrum of EDSS1.
Constructing a Reconstructed Philosophy: A Deweyan Philosophy-Through-Design
Authors: Dixon Brian
Published: October 2023

This article works outward from John Dewey's proposals in the 1920s for a reconstruction in philosophy and considers this proposal in direct relation to recent advancements in design research practice. First, it explores the current level of design philosophy engagement and looks to Dewey's original reconstruction-in-philosophy proposals. Second, it examines the potential of positioning the methodological approach of research through design as a means by which a new design philosophy horizon may be traced. What is required, we propose, is the emergence of “designer philosophers”—those who design in relation to and with respect for philosophy.
The Power of the Wisdom Label in Dead Sea Scrolls Research and the Curious Case of 4Q419 (4QInstruction-Like Composition A)
Authors: Comerford Charles P.
Published: October 2023

This article tells the story of 4Q419, a manuscript that was once associated with a well-known Wisdom text: 4QInstruction. However, following its removal from 4QInstruction and re-categorisation as an “Unclassified Manuscript” in the 1990s (see DSSR 6 and DJD 39), 4Q419 has been largely overlooked by the scholarly community. There are two core objectives to this article. First, it encourages scholars to re-engage with a neglected manuscript that still has much to contribute to discussions of pluriformity, textual development, and the scribal background of 4QInstruction. Second, this article attempts to shed light on the ramifications of scholarly adherence to the Wisdom label and raises broader concerns about the degree to which our designated labels influence the way we read, understand, and talk about the Scrolls.
The Religious Affordance of Supernatural Horror Fiction
Authors: Johnston Sarah Iles
Published: October 2023

This article argues that some supernatural horror fiction has religious affordance – that is, provides ideas that readers can draw upon to build their own religious outlook. In this regard, supernatural horror fiction is an important but previously overlooked part of lived religion. It also demonstrates that the afforded ideas are entwined with the supernatural experiences that the stories describe and looks at rhetorical tropes that dispose readers to believe in those experiences (at least while reading the story), and by extension to entertain the credibility of the religious ideas, as well. It demonstrates the important role that ambiguity, a central feature of supernatural horror fiction since the 1830s, plays in persuading readers to believe in the supernatural experiences and the religious ideas. Two case studies are used to make these arguments: M. R. James’s “Oh, Whistle, and I’ll Come to You, My Lad” (1904) and Stephen King’s Revival (2014).