bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN HIGH PRESSURE AND RUNOFF VARIABILITY IN THE DONNELLY RIVER CATCHMENT IN SOUTHWEST WESTERN AUSTRALIA: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Rehman S. U. , Iqbal M. J.
Published: January 2025

This paper investigates the relationship between changes in the Indian Ocean High Pressure and the runoff variability in Donnelly river catchment of Southwest Western Australia (SWWA). Significant outcomes suggests that the intensity as well as the Zonal movement of Indian ocean high pressure significantly influence on winter stream flow. When Indian ocean high pressure shifted towards West, stream flow in Donnelly river increases, and vice versa. The multiple correlation between stream flow and Indian Ocean High Pressure (IOHP & IOHLN) is 0.48, while correlation between Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is 0.40. Centers of Action (COA) indices explains 21% stream flow variability while Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) explains only 15% stream flow variability.
METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOR THE DETERMINATION OF GAMMA EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES IN MOSS-SOIL (IAEA-447) AND STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE PROFICIENCY TEST RESULTS SUBMITTED TO THE IAEA
Authors: Iqbal S. , Wasim M. , Arif M. , Anwar Y.
Published: January 2025

The gamma spectrometry laboratory, Chemistry Division, PINSTECH, participated in the world-wide proficiency test organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for the determination of radionuclides in moss-soil (IAEA447). The analysis methodology involved five standards IAEA-RGU-1, IAEA-RGTh-1, 9803SO, 9903SO and 0003SO for the quantification of 228Ac, 214Bi, 137Cs, 40K, 212Pb, 214Pb and 234Th. Although, all of our results were declared acceptable by the IAEA performance evaluation criteria even then we suggest the use of z-score, sum of rescaled z-score and sum of square of z-score as useful indicators
ACTIVATED CARBONS EMPLOYED TO REMOVE IONIC LIQUIDS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Authors: Hassan Safia , Ahmad M. A. , Irfan N. , Tufail M. , Farooq A. , Duclaux L.
Published: January 2025

Imidazolium and pyridinium based ionic liquids (ILs) have been separated from aqueous solutions by adsorption using a raw Chinese activated carbon (CAC), a bleached Chinese activated carbon (BAC) and an acid treated Chinese activated carbon (AAC) as adsorbent. Adsorption isotherms data of ionic liquids on activated carbons has been obtained. The influence of both cations and anions was analyzed by studying three different ILs. The role of surface chemistry of the adsorbent was also examined using activated carbons modified by oxidative treatments. The BET surface area of activated carbons was measured by nitrogen adsorption. The results of this work indicate that activated carbon is an attractive adsorbent to remove ionic liquids from water streams. It has also been demonstrated that the adsorption of hydrophilic ionic liquids can be improved by modifying the amount and nature of oxygen groups on the activated carbon surface specially by increasing basic groups. The adsorption data for isotherms was studied at acidic, neutral and basic pH values.
SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMAN RETINAL OPTIC DISK LOCALIZATION IN VARIOUS RETINAL EYE DISEASES
Authors: Basit A.
Published: January 2025

Optic Disk is one of the prominent features in human fundus images. Automatic localization and segmentation of optic disk can help in early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathies and preventing vision loss. In this paper robust method for optic disk detection and extraction of optic disk boundary is proposed based on morphological operations, smoothing filters and markers controlled watershed transform. This method has shown significant improvements in terms of detection and boundaries extraction of optic disk. This method used two types of markers: internal marker and external marker. These markers first modified the gradient magnitude image and then watershed transformation is applied on this modified gradient magnitude image for boundary extraction. The proposed method has optic disk detection success rate of 100% for Shifa and 87.6% for DIARETDB1 databases. Proposed method achieved average overlap of 51.19% for DIARETDB1 database and 73.98% for Shifa database which is higher than currents methods. Experimental results clearly demonstrate an efficient performance of the proposed algorithm.
THE IMPACT OF SINTERING PROMOTER OXIDES ON MAGNESIA-DOPED ZIRCONIA CRYSTALS SYNTHESIZED BY SOL SPRAY PYROLYSIS PROCESS
Authors: Durrani S. K. , Hussain S. Z. , Arif M. , Rehman S. , Qazi F. , Ahmad N. , Mohammad B.
Published: January 2025

Homogeneous crystalline 11mol.%magnesia doped partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ) and ZrO2 ceramics with and without addition of sintering promoter oxides such as CuO, MnO2 and CuO-MnO2 were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of zirconium and magnesium salts using sol spray process. The spray dried ZrO2 and Mg-PSZ powders were calcined at 900o C and sintered upto 1200o C for 4 h. The relative density (~93% of theoretical) was achieved at 1100o C. The impact of sintering promoter oxides like 0.5mol % CuO, 0.5mol%MnO2 and 0.5mol%CuO-MnO2 on phase, microstructure development, texture properties (porosity, surface area, particle size distribution) and on the densification behavior of dense Mg-PSZ ceramic were examined. Sinterability of Mg-PSZ ceramic powder was found to depend upon the stoichiometric concentration of mixed salt solutions, flow rate of carrier gas and sintering promoter oxides. It was observed that both the Cu and Mn oxides are very effective as sintering aids. The small addition of sintering aid oxides, 0.5mol%CuO and 0.5mol%MnO2 reduced sintering temperature (by 150-200o C) and promoted densification rate of Mg-PSZ with respect to the mixed CuO-MnO2 addition. Addition of CuO enhanced the relative density and MnO2 decreased the relative densities. However, the addition of mixed CuO-MnO2 has an insignificant effect on the sintered density. The cubic structure Mg0.2Zr0.8O1.8 was detected by X-ray diffraction. The scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that sintering aid oxides CuO and MnO2 distorted surface morphology of MgPSZ nanocrystals rounded into dumb-belled shape with diameter of > 500nm.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND ENERGY CONSERVATION IN BUILDINGS IN PAKISTAN: ROLE OF ARCHITECTURAL INTERVENTION
Authors: Arif S. , Khan A. , Alamgir K.
Published: January 2025

Energy shortage and environmental catastrophe is the severe problem globally and particularly important for the developing countries like Pakistan. There is a serious need to solve the problem for a sustainable building environment as the building sector has become a major consumer of energy. An attempt has been made for the building professionals and building users for adherence into their design and construction the energy conservation measures to reduce environmental problems more easily after the thorough review of the famous authorsâ€™ research work and findings in this field. The ultimate aim is the establishment of awareness for the building professionals for delivering sustainable buildings in Pakistan. Through the implementation of design measures to mitigate the urban heat island, the general public can decrease their demand for energy and effectively cool the urban landscape. In addition to the economic benefits, energy conservation leads to reductions in CO2 emissions.
COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF SOME INSECTICIDES AGAINST COTTON WHITEFLY, BEMISIA TABACI (GENNADIUS) (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) UNDER NATURAL FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: Hasnain M. , Nadeem M. K. , Ahmed S. , Ashfaq M. , Nadeem S.
Published: January 2025

Comparative efficacy of five commonly used insecticides viz., acetamiprid, buprofezin, diafenthiuron, imidacloprid and endosulfan against nymph and adult population of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) under natural field conditions has been studied. Results showed that buprofezin was the most effective insecticide against nymph population of whitefly among the tested insecticides where nymphal population of B. tabaci was 0.2/leaf after 24h spray as compared to 1.9/leaf in control. Acetamiprid was the most effective against adult population of whitefly (0.3 to 1.3/leaf post 72 h spray, as compared to control with 6.9 to 8.2/leaf) followed by diafenthiuron and imidaclopirid. whereas, endosulfan was found to be the least effective on both populations as adult and nymph of whitefly. From the tested insecticides, acetamaprid gave effective control of both nymph and adult population of B. tabaci.
COMPARATIVE FIELD EVALUATION OF SOME NEWER VERSUS CONVENTIONAL INSECTICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON OILSEED RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS L.)
Authors: Sarwar M. , Ahmad N. , Bux Moula , Nasrullah M. , Tofique M.
Published: January 2025

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of new insecticides like, Imidacloprid (Confidor 200 EC), Thiomethoxam (Actara 25 WG) and Acetamiprid (Megamos 20 SL) belonging to Nitroguanidine group alongwith conventional insecticides such as, Chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 40 EC) and Dimethoate (Systoate 40 EC) belonging to Organophosphate group against aphidsâ€™ population on oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). A perusal of data, based on the overall performance of the test compounds, reflected that newer insecticides were superior in reducing the population of aphids and yield enhancement as compared to conventional insecticides. The best results were achieved with the application of Imidacloprid by recording the lowest number of aphids (2.2 per plant) than obtained with Thiomethoxam and Acetamiprid (3.22 and 4.66, respectively). Other insecticides, viz., Chlorpyrifos and Dimethoate were also found to be effective in maintaining the aphidsâ€™ population at lower levels per plant (16.2 and 17.5, respectively) over untreated control (227.7). Imidacloprid was responsible for increasing the grain yield to 3722.85 Kg per Hectare, approached by Thiomethoxam, Acetamiprid, Chlorpyrifos and Dimethoate as against unsprayed control (2980.0, 2542.85, 1542.85, 540.0 and 604.85 Kg per Hectare, respectively). Study indicated that selective use of newer insecticides would seem a reasonable strategy in aphids controlling and integration of such chemicals in insectsâ€™ management package could help to reduce pest densities.
EFFICACY OF SOME NATURAL HOSTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA (STEPHENS) (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) - A LABORATORY INVESTIGATION
Authors: Sarwar M. , Ahmad N. , Tofique M. , Aslam A.
Published: January 2025

Biology and feeding potential of the predator, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) were studied on different hosts with particular reference to cotton crop. Various hosts viz., aphids (nymphs/ adults) and the eggs of cotton bollworms were used for the rearing of C. carnea and compared with the factitious host, Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella) eggs on which the culture of the predator is maintained for the last many generations at the laboratory. The studies indicated that larval and pupal durations of the predator were significantly affected by the change of the hosts and the total developmental period was significantly shorter when the predator was offered with aphids for feeding. The fecundity, fertility, pupation, hatchability and longevity of the predator were also higher on aphids followed by pink bollworm, spotted bollworm, Angoumois grain moth and American bollworm eggs. However, the sex ratio was not affected due to change in the type of hosts. An identical trend in all the observed parameters was recorded in parental and first filial generations on all the tested hosts. Based on the studies, aphids appeared to be the most promising host for mass rearing of the predator. Further, successful predation on the cotton bollworm eggs manifested the potential of C. carnea for the management of cotton bollworms in the field.
INVESTIGATION OF AGEING EFFECTS ON THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYANILINE / GOLD NANOCOMPOSITES
Authors: Afzal Asma B. , Akhtar M. J.
Published: January 2025

PANI/Au nanocomposites, synthesized by incorporation of separately prepared gold nanoparticles in NMP solution of PANI have been aged at accelerated temperature of 120 Â°C to simulate a storage period of 2 years at 25 Â°C. The impedance spectroscopic studies of NMP plasticized aged nanocomposite films suggest microphase separation into reduced and oxidized repeat units. There is crosslinking of the PANI films during ageing thereby hindering the charge transfer between PANI chains and gold nanoparticles, as a result, resistivity is increased.
THE ORDER PARAMETERS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN MATERIALS MODELING PROBLEMS
Authors: Hasan B. A. , Tariq N. H. , N. Shahid H. R. , Ali F.
Published: January 2025

The order/disorder phenomenon is important in many branches of science especially metallurgy and solid state physics because the transformation is accompanied by changes in many physical properties. In the last several decades many mathematical models of Order-Parameters have been proposed by the scientific community that could better describe the phenomenon. However, due to the subtle but important differences in the definition of an â€˜Order Parameterâ€™, as adopted by physicists, metallurgists, chemists, thermo-dynamists, and computer scientists an odd-complexity and abstraction has unintentionally crept in. A brief review is hereby presented of the several prevailing definitions of â€˜Order Parametersâ€™ to highlight the use of this term as it is used in materials modeling. The work of the authors is presented that is related with predicting the pair correlations for qausi-chemical treatment of binary alloy systems. The mathematical models chosen cover the range from random to ordered solid solution.
SYNTHESIS OF NANO HYDROXYAPATITE CERAMIC POWDERS USING DIFFERENT SURFACTANT TEMPLATES AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: Amin S. , Anjum A. D. , Siddique T. , Shah S. S. , Mujahid M.
Published: January 2025

In the present study synthesis of nano hydroxyapatite; HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 using different surfactants as templates are exploited. Three surfactants such as Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide; CTAB (cationic), Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate; SDS (anionic) and Polyoxyethylene sorbitane monolaurate; Tween 20 (nonionic) surfactants have been used as nano reactors for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite ceramic powders. Precipitation route has been used for synthesis with same calcium and phosphate precursors. The effect of different templates on the synthesis, morphology and particle size has been investigated. Considerable influence of templates on the morphology and particle size of the synthesized HA is observed. The samples are characterized using XRD, FTIR and SEM to evaluate the quality, morphology and particle size. The chemical and structural compositions of the products are examined by FTIR. SEM micrographs reveal a rod like structure of HA; possessing various thickness and length in nano range; vary in contrast of each template while the XRD spectra show some other minor phases alongwith HA.
HIGH CURIE TEMPERATURE xBiScO3-(1-x)PbTiO3 CERAMICS
Authors: Shahzad K. , Khan M. N. , Bashir J.
Published: January 2025

Perovskite solid solution of xBiScO3- (1-x)PbTiO3 (BSPT) nano-sized powders were successfully synthesized via solgel process and investigated as possible candidates for high temperature piezoelectric applications engines for pressure, force and vibration sensors. The structure and morphology of the powders was investigated with x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The Curie temperature (Tc) observed to be 478Â° C is higher than any previous reported value.
STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CdTe THIN FILMS SYNTHESIZED BY LASER ABLATION ON SODA LIME GLASS SUBSTRATE
Authors: Mahmood N. , Ilyas Bushra , J. Akhtar S. M. , Khan M. N. , Bashir J.
Published: January 2025

Cadmium Telluride thin films with thicknesses 46 nm were deposited on soda lime glass substrates at room temperature by pulsed laser ablation technique. These films were then annealed in air at different temperatures. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the as grown films are amorphous transforming to crystalline structure with annealing. Crystalline films with good quality were obtained when annealed at 200 - 300 o C. The results are in confirmation to the optical and atomic force microscopic studies on these films. The crystalline films possess cubic zinc blende structure. The growth occurred preferentially in the (111) direction. Annealing at higher temperatures >300 o C revealed that, the films reacts with glass substrate resulting in the deterioration of films crystallinity. The crystalline film showed a transmission of more than 80%. The optical parameters determined by the ellipsometry measurements showed values in close proximity to the bulk CdTe demonstrating its potential for photovoltaic device application.
INFLUENCE OF GRAIN REFINEMENT ON ANISOTROPY IN MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN WROUGHT MAGNESIUM ALLOY AZ80
Authors: Shahzad M. , Qureshi A. H. , Hussain N. , Ali L.
Published: January 2025

A direct-chill (DC) cast magnesium alloys AZ80 has been forward-extruded in a single pass with total degree of deformation (Ï† = 2.5) at two temperatures 200 Â°C and 350 Â°C. The as-extruded round profiles have been analyzed for microstructural changes i.e. degree of recrystallization and recrystallized grain size, using optical microscopy. The crystallographic texture has been measured from X-ray diffraction using Co KÎ± radiation. The results show that the extent of grain refinement increases with the lowering extrusion temperature. The crystallographic texture in both conditions consists of a predominant < 1010 > component accompanied by a relatively weaker < 1120 > component in the extrusion direction. Although, the crystallographic texture at both extrusion temperatures remains fairly similar, a fine grain size achieved at lower extrusion temperature reduces the degree of anisotropy in yield stress. A fine grain size inhibits the nucleation of tensile twins under compressive loading and gives a higher compressive yield stress, thereby lowering the anisotropy in yield stress.
GROWTH OF OPTICAL GRADE GERMANIUM CRYSTALS
Authors: Waris M. , J. Akhtar S. M. , Mehmood N. , Ashraf M. , Siddique M.
Published: January 2025

A novel design of Czochralski( CZ ) growth station in a low frequency induction furnace is described and growth of optical grade Ge crystal as a test material is performed achieving a flat solid â€“liquid interface shape. Grown Ge crystals are annealed in air at 450 -500 Â°C for 4 hrs and then characterized by determination of crystallographic orientation by Laue (back-reflection of X-rays) method, dislocation density studies by etch-pits formation, measuring electrical resistivity by 4-probe technique, conductivity type determination by hot probe method, measurement of hardness on Mohâ€™s scale and optical transmission measurement in IR region. The results obtained are compared to those reported in the literature. The use of this growth station for other materials is suggested.
EFFECT OF MINOR ALLOYING ADDITION ON PROPERTIES OF Zr-BASED BULK METALLIC GLASS
Authors: Iqbal M. , Akhtar J. I.
Published: January 2025

An alloy with composition Zr64Ni17Al11.5Cu7.5 was designed using the criterion of valence electron-atom ratio (1.38) and average atomic size Ra (0.1498 nm). Addition of 2 at. % Ti, V and Pd was carried out in the base alloy. All the alloys were synthesized by Cu mold casting and characterized by SEM, EDS, FESEM, DSC and XRD techniques. Effect of additives on mechanical and thermal properties was studied. The alloys showed good mechanical properties. All the alloys have high fracture strength. Improvement in ductility was achieved with the elemental addition of Ti and V which produced intersecting shear bands in the alloy during compression tests. The calculated thermal parameters indicate good glass-forming ability (GFA) and high thermal stability. Nucleation of liquid droplets within the vein patterns verifies the adiabatic heating theory of BMGs
A PROCESSOR BASED IMPLEMENTATION OF LAPPED BIORTHOGONAL TRANSFORM FOR JPEG XR COMPRESSION ON FPGA
Authors: Rehman M. R. , Raja G.
Published: January 2025

This paper describes a new methodology for implementation of Lapped Biorthogonal Transform (LBT) used in JPEG XR Image compression. Due to sequential nature of LBT, we present a processor based design that executes the instructions of LBT at higher speed. This design can be used in low cost battery operated imaging devices and supports easy up-gradation. We have tested the design on Xilinx Virtex-II Pro FPGA that includes built in PowerPC 405 core which is a 32-bit implementation of RISC PowerPC embedded-environment architecture.
ON CAPACITY TRADEOFFS IN SECURE DS-CDMA PACKET COMMUNICATIONS WITH QOS CONSTRAINTS
Authors: Sattar F. , Mufti M.
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a mathematical framework for analysis of effect of counter mode (CTR) encryption on the traffic capacity of packet communication systems based on direct-sequence, code-division, multiple-access (DS-CDMA). We specify QoS constraints in terms of minimum acceptable mean opinion score (MOS) of voice payload, maximum permissible resource utilization for CTR-mode re-keying and DS-CDMA processing gain. We quantify the trade-offs in system capacity as a function of these constraints. Results show that application of CTR encryption causes error expansion and respecting the QoS constraints while satisfying the desired encryption parameters results in reduction of traffic capacity
THUNDERSTORM AND RAINFALL ACTIVITY OVER KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA (KPK), PAKISTAN
Authors: Sadiq N.
Published: January 2025

Fifty years (1961â€“2010) of thunderstorm (TS) and rainfall (RF) occurrence days for 11 available meteorological observatories of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (KPK) spread over the province were used to obtain their monthly, overall seasonal and station wise seasonal percentages from all KPK totals. The monthly study has revealed two marked peaks of TS and RF while rainfall activity in end of winter and start of premonsoon is greater than in peak monsoonal months. Overall seasonal analyses of these two parameters suggest that rainfall yield associated with post-monsoon season, TS seems to be higher than the premonsoon season. Station wise seasonal analyses of winter indicate that all stations acquire much more RF accompanied with very little TS activity. The situation is altogether different during premonsoon and monsoon while in post-monsoon, the situation is rather complex. The present study will promote various components of TS and RF activity over KPK and will help the weather forecasters, aircraft pilots, agriculturists and planners in this respect.
THE EFFECT OF RELATIVE CONCENTRATION OF NO AND O2 IN A THREE COMPONENT NO-CO-O2 REACTION FOR THE ELEY-RIDEAL MECHANISM
Authors: Qaisrani A. U. , Khalid M. , Akhtar B. Y.
Published: January 2025

Monte Carlo simulations have been used to explore the effect of the Eley-Rideal (ER) mechanism for three component CO-NO-O2 heterogeneous catalytic reaction on hexagonal lattice. The system is studied for CO and XO; where XO is NO and O2 with ratio NO:O2. The effect of ratio NO:O2 on the catalytic reduction of NO into N and O and oxidation of CO to CO2 are introduced into the model. Many observations are recorded in this three component reaction. It is observed that with the inclusion of ER mechanism with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) mechanism, a second order phase transition is eliminated and production of CO2 and N2 starts as soon as the CO partial pressure departs from zero. The phase diagrams of the surface coverage with CO, N, O and the steady state production of CO2 and N2 are shown as a function of partial pressure of CO in the gas phase.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ORTHOTROPIC ELASTIC CONSTANT OF NOMEX HONEY COMB CORE
Authors: Pasha R. A. , Ahmed T.
Published: January 2025

In this research work, the modulus of elasticity was determined by analytical and numerical means and correlated with experimental results for Nomex paper hexagonal honeycombs. The analytical methods included continuum formulations and models based on strength of materials including a variety of beam theories. The numerical method is used for determination of orthotropic mechanical properties of honeycomb core using Isotropic material properties of Nomex paper by FEA simulations using ANSYS as a tool, and the experimental testing consisted of mechanical characterization of the honeycombs under both in-plane and out-of-plane loading by using tensile testing. The results obtained are very useful and have close agreement.
A PROBABILISTIC APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING RETURN PERIODS OF EXTREME ANNUAL RAINFALL IN DIFFERENT CITIES OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA (KPK), PAKISTAN
Authors: Ali M. , Iqbal M. J.
Published: January 2025

Northern part of Pakistan had experienced heavy rainfall in 2010 which caused flooding in Pakistan. Statistical distributions are employed to analyze extremes of annual rainfall of different cities of KPK. Gumbel maximum and GEV distribution are used to calculate return period of extreme rainfall in different cities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). The analysis shows that different cities of KPK have 20-years return period for receiving more than 100 mm daily rainfall. While they have 50-years return period for receiving more than 120 mm daily rainfall.
TRANSPARENT COMPRESSION SCHEME FOR LINUX FILE SYSTEM
Authors: Basir M. A. , Yousaf M. H.
Published: January 2025

Data footprint in data centers is growing day by day. Servers being used in research institutions, commercial web hosting companies and other enterprise server environment are now dealing with more and more bytes. Most of these servers have Linux operating systems and Ext2/3 comes as default file system in latest Linux kernel. A high-end compression system could be introduced in Ext2/3. It will be helpful in reducing data footprint in Linux based server environment. With slight modifications and using the sparse block feature of Ext2/3 file system transparent compression could be achieved. The reduced data footprint will result in reduced power consumption due to lesser disk reads and writes, and of course less data traffic on NAS(Network Attached Storage) and SAN(Storage Area Network). The reduced hardware might result in less management cost and of course less space for hardware.
FORMAL METHODS ADAPTATION IN PAKISTANâ€™S SOFTWARE INDUSTRY
Authors: Osama S. , Iqbal S. , Ahsan A.
Published: January 2025

This study has been done to understand the current usage pattern of formal methods in the software industry of Pakistan. The objectives of the study was to ascertain if organizations are using formal methods, what kinds of organizations are using them and what are the challenges associated with their usage. The study is exploratory as very limited literature on formal methods in Pakistan is available. The study employs literature reviews to understand the global trends in formal methods. As per the primary research, there is currently no organizations or projects utilizing formal methods in Pakistan. Key inhibitors in the adaptation of formal methods are also explored and highlighted through the study. As a conclusion to the study, a set of recommendations are delivered for promoting the use of formal methods in Pakistan focusing on regulatory support, academic development and methods to promote the usage in public and private sector
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF H.264/AVC DEBLOCKING FILTER
Authors: Raja G.
Published: January 2025

The latest video coding standard, H.264/AVC uses in-loop deblocking filter for suppression of blocking artifacts at low bit rates. The deblocking filter can effectively suppress the blocking artifacts due to low bit rate video coding, however it is highly computationally complex. This paper describes statistical analysis of H.264/AVC deblocking filter for various QCIF sequences. The deblocking filtering phenomenon can be divided into two steps: decision to apply filter (no filter/strong filter/normal filter) and application of filter. Number of operations: additions, shifts and comparisons spent in deblocking filter are measured. Moreover, frequency of usage of strong and normal filter for various video sequences is computed. It has been found that 88.49% of average number of operations is spent to take decision about type of filter (no filter/normal filter/strong filter) whereas11.51% of average number of operations is spent for filtering of samples for various QCIF video sequences.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND RADIOLOGICAL POLLUTION IN CREEK SEDIMENT AND WATER FROM DUHOK, IRAQ
Authors: S. Abdullah K. M. , Ahmed M. T.
Published: January 2025

The activity concentrations of terrestrial ( 226Ra, 232Th and 40K) and anthropogenic gamma emitting radionuclides (137Cs) have been measured in 28 creek water and sediment samples randomly selected in different locations of Duhok governorate. The governorate is located in the northwest Kurdistan region of Iraq. Determination of the human health risk from the three exposure pathways (External radiation, Inhalation and Ingestion) was carried out. In addition, the chemical analysis was performed for the 13 surface water samples for reliability of physical results. Gamma spectroscopy system with a shielded well type NaI(TI) detector used for 40000 sec per sample. The data analysis included elemental concentrations, air absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose rate and external hazard index (radium equivalent activity). The average of 49.81Â±1.69 nGyh-1 in sediment and 21.19Â±1.32 nGyh-1 in water samples were below the world average value of 57nGyh-1. The corresponding annual effective dose rates outdoor estimated for sediment and surface water were 61.13Â±2.1ÂµSvy-1 and 26.01Â±1.62 ÂµSvy-1 respectively. The calculated external hazard indexes (Hex) 0.29+0.01 for sediment and 0.112+0.007 surface water samples. These values showed that all samples were well below the hazard limit of unity. The RESRAD-6.5 computer code was used to analyze the dose per unit release of a specified radionuclide and the health risk from the three exposure pathways. RESRAD code showed over estimation of the results of annual effective dose rates, even though the results were within the background level. The average value of activity concentrations of the radionuclides of sediment samples by the code was 0.108 mSvy-1 compared to our calculations. The probability of human cancer risk lifetime of a hypothetical contamination consisted of the highest value of the activity concentrations of terrestrial radionuclides and 137Cs is 17 people from 10000. The chemical analysis of the surface water samples showed compatibility with radiological results in terms of the solubility of isotopes. The radiological impact due to exposure pathways, as analyzed by RESRAD software and from other results indicated that the environment of the governorate was clean and suitable for living.
APPRAISAL OF DIFFERENT PLANT PRODUCTS AGAINST TROGODERMA GRANARIUM EVERTS TO PROTECT STORED WHEATA LABORATORY COMPARISON
Authors: Sarwar M. , Sattar M.
Published: January 2025

Laboratory study was initiated to analyze various locally available botanical materials such as Chenopodium album L. (White goosefoot), Cichorum intybus L. (Chicory) and Meliolotus parviflora L. (Honey clover) applied at the rate of 2 percent into wheat grain for the control of Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). After data computation on the basis of fixed parameters, it was observed that all natural protectants used had shown potentiality in controlling T. granarium as these proved very effective compared to no pesticide application treatment. It is worthwhile to mention that among various products tested, C. intybus powder showed the best results to control pest, approached by C. album and M. parviflora treatments as compared to untreated kernels. The results of this findings show that natural protectants used in the study could be useful and desirable tools in stored wheat pest management plan.
OCORRÊNCIAS EM OBSTETRÍCIA ATENDIDAS PELO SERVIÇO PRÉ HOSPITALAR MÓVEL: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Authors: Xavier Oliveira Silva Heloisa , Sampaio da Costa Simone , Regina Xavier de Oliveira Andrade Helen , Peixoto Rodrigues Tatyanni
Published: January 2025

A gestação é um processo fisiológico do ciclo da vida de uma mulher saudável em que os hormônios naturais do período a deixam mais sensível e com a sensação de vulnerabilidade. Porém, nessa fase, ela pode desenvolver algumas patologias, e as relacionadas ao sistema circulatório são as mais evidenciadas, como a hipertensão arterial, seguida da diabetes gestacional. Outras podem apresentar descolamento prematuro de placenta e ainda roturas uterinas. Diante de tais situações, existe a necessidade do atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel. Este estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar as principais emergências obstétricas atendidas pelo serviço pré-hospitalar móvel segundo a literatura. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de revisão de literatura, com abordagem descritiva, quantitativa. Foi realizada uma busca por artigos concernentes ao tema no período de 2010 a 2020, de procedência nacional, em idioma português. Excluíram-se os materiais bibliográficos repetidos que já tenham sido citados em outra base de dados e aqueles sem data de publicação. Para os resultados e discussão, foram encontrados 14 artigos. Evidenciou-se que, mesmo havendo patologias associadas à gestação, não foi esse o motivo essencial pelo qual o serviço pré-hospitalar móvel foi acionado. A vulnerabilidade, a falta de informação e as condições sociais somadas à idade dessas gestantes foram fatores determinantes para que o serviço fosse chamado a fim de atender a trabalhos de parto. Observou-se que, em outras condições, as patologias relacionadas às síndromes hemorrágicas e hipertensão foram subsequentemente atendidas. A dificuldade de encontrar trabalhos que contemplem esse assunto desvelou que existe uma lacuna, que pode ser reflexo da necessidade de garantias da implementação de políticas públicas voltadas a instruir as gestantes quanto ao processo de gestar e nascer, que contemplem as urgências e emergências entre os temas abordados. Dessa forma, o conhecimento e a informação serão aliados a essas mulheres e ao serviço pré-hospitalar móvel.
أثر تمرينات الرؤية الواسعة في بعض االداءات المهارية لالعبي كرة القدم الشباب بأعمار (19-17)
Authors: كريم قرار عبداالله
Published: January 2025

انبثقت مشكلة البحث من عدة محاور منها ضعف في االداء المهاري اثناء االداء وهذا الضعفناتج عن عدم استخدام تمرينات الرؤية الواسعة والتي تساعد الالعبين على رؤية ميدان اللعب بصورة شاملة وسريعة وما یدور به من تحركات مستمرة للزمالء والمنافسين، اما المحور االخر فهو عدم اهتمام الكثير من المدربين باستخدام تمرينات الرؤية الواسعة ضمن الوحدات التدريبية بالمقارنة بالجوانب البدنية والمهارية والخططية، وعدم ادراك الالعبين ألهمية هذە التمرينات كمعرفتهم للتمرينات االخرى، باإلضافة الى الجدلالفكري من قبل الباحثين والكتاب بخصوص تمرينات الرؤية الواسعة، ولغرض تطوير االداء بكرة القدملالعبين الشباب عمد الباحثون لتطبيق تمرينات الرؤية الواسعة على نادي الخي ارت الرياضي المسحوببطريقة عشوائية (القرعة) من مجتمع اندية كربالء حيث قسم النادي الى مجموعتين (ضابطة وتجريبية) لكل مجموعة (10) العبين، وكان الهدف هو تطوير االداء المهاري وبعد اج ارء االختبا ارت القبلية وتطبيقالتمرينات المعدة من الباحثون لفترة (9) اسابيع وبوقع (3) وحدات اسبوعية ومن ثم اجراء االختبارات البعدية والحصول على النتائج ثبت تأثير تمرينات الرؤية الواسعة في تطوير االداء المهاري لعينة البحث.
تأثير تمرينات وفق ستراتيجية التعلم من اجل التمکن بمساعدة الحاسة البصرية في تعلم بعض المهارات الحرکية لمرحلة الخامس االبتدائي بکرة القدم
Authors: محمد نادية نوري
Published: January 2025

تناول البحث اسلوب التعلم الستراتيجي أثر تمرينات خاصة ألجل التمکن بمساعدة التعلم من اجل التمکن، حيث تناول تعلم الحرکات والمهارات الخاصة بکرة القدم. ومن ذلك عالج البحث اسلوب الستراتيجي لتعلم تلك المهارات والوصول إلی االتقان بالمساعدة البعدية مقارنة باألساليب التقليدية کون التعلم أحد عناصر التعلم لهذه القدرات بالفعالية وتناول البحث الصعوبات التي تواجه عملية التعلم وفق االساليب القديمة التقليدية أثناء أداء المهارات في االلعاب عامة وکرة القدم بصورة خاصة لما لها من امتياز لمهاراتها الفنية أثناء المباريات، لذلك عالج البحث هذه المشکلة باستخدام استراتيجية التعلم من أجل التمکن بالمساعدة الحاسة البصرية لتعلم تلك المهارات، کما استنتج البحث التباين ونسبة التطور بين المجموعتين التجريبية التي استخدمت البرامج التقليدية والبرامج الستراتيجية قيد البحث ألفراد العينة، کما أوصی الباحث من إدخال الستراتيجيات بمساعدة الحاسة البصرية لتعلم المها ارت وأيضاً اقت ارح د ارسات مشابهة للتعلم لمها ارت أخرى والعاب أخرى في تناول اساليب تدريسية في تعلم المهارات االساسية اللعاب مغايرة
االتجاهات النفسية لطالبات جامعة جده من غير االختصاص نحو ممارسة النشاط البدني
Authors: الشمراني وفاء فهد , الشعتاني سناء
Published: January 2025

تهدف هذه الدراسة الی توضيح االتجاهات النفسية لدى طالبات جامعة جدة من غير االختصاص نحو ممارسة النشاط البدني والتعرف علی مختلف الفروقات وقياس التغير في مستوى االتجاهات نحو ممارسة النشاط البدني بجامعة جدة تبعاً ية: مستوى ممارسة النشاط البدني، التخصص األکاديمي، السنة للمتغي ارت التال الدراسية، استخدمت الباحثتان المنهج الوصفي بالطريقة المسحية لمالئمته لطبيعة المشکلة المراد حلها، ويمثل  مجتمع البحث طالبات جامعة جدة بکلياتها وأقسامها اإلنسانية والعلمية والصحية (من غير االختصاص) في العلوم الرياضية خالل الفصل الدراسي الثاني من عام (2020). وتکونت عينت الدراسة من (210) طالبة تم اختيارهم بالطريقة العشوائية من بين مجتمع الدراسة. لجمع بيانات الدراسة استخدمت الباحثة استبانة لقياس االتجاهات نحو النشاط البدني والمستخدمة في دراسة (الجفري، 2013) بعد اجراء بعض التعديالت التي اقترحها المحکمين ولمالئمتها مع واقع الدراسة الحالية. وفي ضوء ما توصلت اليه الدراسة من نتائج أمکن للباحثة  التوصل إلی وجود اتجاه ايجابي نحو ممارسة طالبات جامعة جدة للنشاط البدني، إذ جاءت اتجاهات الطالبات ايجابية علی مجاالت االستبيان ککل، کما أن اتجاهات طالبات جامعة جده من غير االختصاص نحو ممارسة النشاط البدني بصفة خاصة من حيث الممارسين للنشاط البدني والغير ممارسين إذ نجد أنا اعتالل المجال النفسي في المرتبة االولی في کل الجانبين أن هناك قبول لطالبات جامعة جده نحو ممارسة االنشطة البدنية ، وهذا يعني إن العينة بشکل عام کانت باالتجاهات االيجابية نحو النشاط البدني ، ولم تؤثر المتغيرات (التخصص األکاديمي، و السنة الدراسية) علی اتجاهات طالبات جامعة جدة من غير االختصاص نحو ممارسة األنشطة، وأوصت الباحثة بضرورة العمل علی زيادة الفرص للممارسة النشاط البدني من أجل الصحة واالشتراك في االنشطة الرياضية لکافة الطلبات تبعا لقدراتهم ومستوياتهم البدنية، علی الصعيد الجامعي والصعيد االسري، وزيادة الوعي االجتماعي لممارسة النشاط البدني عن طريق عمل الندوات واالنشطة الرياضية المناسبة لجميع  ٕعطائ فئات الطالبات وا هن الفرصة لممارسة النشاط الرياضي ، واصدار کتيبات توعوية تنشر داخل الجامعة
عالقة متغيري السرعة وزاوية االنطالق لألداة في الوزن والطول الکلي وانجاز رمي الرمح للناشئين بإعمار 16-15 سنة
Authors: جاسم أمجد نصيف
Published: January 2025

تضمن البحث دراسة المستوى لألرقام في رياضة رمي الرمح وعالقة المتغيرات لسرعة انطالق األداة وزاوية انطالق األداة ولالستهداف المتغيرات الجسمية للطول والوزن المثالي وانجاز رمي الرمح للموهوبين حيث تطرق كمساعدة المختصين ًفي اختبار األنموذج المثالي لمتغيرات البحث في اختبار مواهب رماة الرمح وأيضاتطرق إلى معالجة المشكلة إليجاد العالقة بين متغيرات البحث وعالقتها باإلنجاز للعينة تطرق إلى أهداف البحث لمعرفة المتغيرات من سرعة وزاوية انطالق األداةًوأيضاوعالقتها بالمتغيرات الجسمية لطول ووزن الرياضي المثالي واالنجاز ومعرفة العالقة بفروض البحث من سرعة وانطالق وزاوية انطالق وعالقتها بالمتغيرات الطول والوزن للموهوبين واالنجاز إلفراد العينة، حيث أوجد أن الفروق المعنوية لالختبارات لصالح أفراد العينة من حيث متغيرات البحث وأستنتج الباحث ضرورة االختبار األمثل أوصى بأجراء اختبارات مقللمواهب وفق المتغيرات واالنجاز وأيضا ننة الختبار ًالمواهب في رياضات أخرى وعينات أخرى ألخذ دورها في الوصول باإلنجازالرياضي إلى النجومية وتحقيق الهدف من التدريب.
تمرينات القدرة الالهوائية في تطوير سرعة االستجابة الحرکية ودقة مهارة التصويب القريب من القفز لألعلى في کرة اليد للموهوبين بإعمار 16-15 سنة
Authors: جاسم أزهار محمد
Published: January 2025

تطرق البحث الی التطور الحاصل في المجال الرياضي والتأکيد علی استخدام التمرينات للجهد البدني الالهوائي في تطور سرعة االستجابة الحرکية ومدى تأثيرها في دقة التصويب القريب من القفز لألعلی في لعبة کرة اليد، إذ تطرق البحث باستخدام هذه التمرينات علی وفق ومعرفة االستجابة الحرکية لهذه التمرينات في الدقة والعالقة لمهارات کرة اليد وخاصة مهارة التهديف فيها واساليب تطورها، إذ هدف البحث الی تأثير التمرينات الجهد البدني الالهوائية الخاصة في تطوير سرعة االستجابة ودقة التصويب القريب من يد للموهوبين، وايضاً القفز لألعلی في فعالية کرة ال فرض البحث ان هناك عالمة ذات داللة احصائية معنوية لالختبارات القبلية والبعدية لمتغيرات البحث نتيجة استخدام التمرينات الجهد البدني الالهوائية في سرعة االستجابة الحرکية ودقة التصويب القريب من القفز لألعلی في کرة اليد إلفراد العينة، کما استنتجت ان التمرينات للقدرة الالهوائية وفق هذه التمرينات الخاصة اثرت بشکل فعال ومؤثر في التصويب القريب من القفز لألعلی في التهديف بکرة اليد وايضا تناول التوصيات باستخدام تمرينات اخرى لقدرات اخرى لتطوير المهارة في العاب مغايرة
أثر التغذية الراجعة البايوميکانيکية بواسطة الهاتف المحمول وبرامح التحليل الحرکي في تعليم مهارة الوقوف على اليدين في الجمناستك
Authors: أمين مؤيد محمد
Published: January 2025

ان التغذية الراجعة واحدة من اکثر المتغيرات أهمية في مجال التعلم الحرکي والتي َر في عملية التعلم، إذ تعددت وسائل وطرق نقل المعلومات وط أر عليها تؤثر تأثيرا فعاالَ ومباش اتقدم کبير نتيجة لتطور المفاهيم الحديثة للعملية التعليمية وارتباطها بالقدرات العقلية والمعرفية للمتعلم، التعرف علی تأثير التغذية الراجعة البايوميکانيکية بواسطة الهاتف الذکي وبرنامج التحليل الحرکي في تعليم مهارة الوقوف علی اليدين علی بساط الحرکات االرضية، استخدم الباحث المنهج التجريبي. واجريت الدراسة علی عينة من طالب قسم التربية الرياضية/کلية التربية االساسية/جامعة کرميان إذ بلغ مجموع عينة البحث من (20) طالب تم توزيعهم بشکل عشوائي الی مجموعتين ضابطة وتجريبية، وبعد اجراء االختبار القبلي تلقت المجموعة التجريبية التغذية الراجعة البايوميکانيکية بواسطة جهاز المبايل وبرنامج التحليل الحرکي (Express Dartfish(، وبعد معالجة البيانات احصائيا، أظهرت نتائج الدراسة وجود فروق ذات داللة إحصائية معنوية بين القياسين القبلي والبعدي ولصالح البعدي لکال المجموعتين ولکن بوجود تفاوت ما بين البرنامجين إذ ادى الی تحسن ملحوظ في مستوى االداء، کذلك أظهرت النتائج وجود فروق ذات داللة احصائية معنوية في االختبار البعدي بين المجموعة الضابطة والتجريبية ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية، واستنتج الباحث فاعلية التغذية الراجعة البايوميکانيکية بأستخدام جهاز المبايل وبرنامج التحليل الحرکي علی تعليم وتطوير االداء الحرکي لمهارة الوقوف علی اليدين علی بساط الحر کات االرضية.
KRVNE ĆELIJE I DIFERENCIJALNA KRVNA SLIKA BUFO BUFO SA NEKIH LOKALITETA TUZLANSKOG KANTONA
Authors: Delalić Lejla , Bajrić Alen , Hajdarević Edina , Skenderović Isat , Adrović Avdul
Published: January 2025

Hematologija klase Amphibia nedovoljno je istražena na području Bosne i Hercegovine. O hematologiji nižih taksona ove klase, a pogotovo nespecifične i „nezanimljive” vrste kao što je Bufo bufo (obična krastača), koja nije ugrožena ili posebno privlačna naučnicima ali i široj javnosti, ne zna se skoro ništa. U radu je predstavljena morfologija krvnih ćelija, ali i diferencijalna krvna slika dvije populacije obične krastače sa područja Tuzlanskog kantona. Utvrđeni su svi tipovi krvnih ćelija, a diferencijalna krvna slika pokazala je da postoje određene razlike u zastupljenosti pojedinih formi leukocita kod posmatranih populacija, te prisustvo određenih parazita u krvi istraživane vrste. Ovaj rad naglašava važnost postojanja što opširnijeg, pristupačnog registra podataka o biologiji svih vrsta koje nas okružuju, pa tako i vrste Bufo bufo, te pruža pregled dostupnih informacija o biologiji i specifičnoj hematologiji pomenute vrste.
THE BLOOD CELLS AND DIFFERENTIAL BLOOD COUNT OF BUFO BUFO FROM SEVERAL LOCALITIES OF TUZLA CANTON
Authors: Delalić Lejla , Bajrić Alen , Hajdarević Edina , Skenderović Isat , Adrović Avdul
Published: January 2025

The hematology of the class Amphibia is insufficiently researched in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There is almost no data about the hematology of the lower taxa of this class, especially non-specific and "uninteresting" species such as Bufo bufo (common toad), which is not endangered or particularly attractive to scientists and the general public. The paper presents the morphology of blood cells as well as the differential blood count of two populations of the common toad from the area of the Tuzla Canton. All types of blood cells were determined, and the differential blood count showed that there are certain differences in the representation of certain forms of leukocytes in the observed populations, and the presence of certain parasites in the blood of the investigated species. This paper emphasizes the importance of having a comprehensive, accessible register of data on the biology of all species that surround us, including Bufo bufo, and provides an overview of the available information on the biology and specific hematology of the mentioned species.
TREATISE ON ASSESSMENT OF RISK ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM OF THE RIVER JADAR OWING TO EXPLOITATION OF BORON AND LITHIUM IN THE PROJECT „JADAR“
Authors: Simonović Predrag , Dekić Radoslav , Nikolić Vera
Published: January 2025

Risk assessment of the aquatic ecosystem of the River Jadar is based on the composition and amount of wastewater that is to be processed and released into the stream. This study aimed to assess the effects of untreated wastewater on aquatic ecosystem components, presumably fishes, by simulating the accident. Methodology relied exclusively on the published documents that investors, “Rio Tinto'' and “Rio Sava Exploration” d.o.o., issued about the boron and lithium mine in the Jadar region of Serbia as the only source of the publicly available data about concentration of mineral contents in underground water. Results revealed that concentrations of boron in a range of 3.43-12058.83 mg l-1 and those of lithium in a range of 0.70-2452.50 mg l-1 in a stream water of the River Jadar would pose a great risk to aquatic ecosystem in any lapse in proper processing of wastewater at either average low-, medium-, or high-water levels. Such high contents would inevitably cause toxic, genotoxic and other pathological effects on aquatic organisms. Records published on the relevant in vitro models reveal that if the concentration of boron and lithium in the stream water would exceed safe concentrations, the ecosystem would be seriously harmed, especially for the fish that are most sensitive to metal pollution. Due to a lack of actual referent in-field data, it is difficult to predict either the extent of harmful effects on downstream sections, or the period the ecosystem would need to recover from high levels of pollution.
KIBERNETIČKA SIGURNOST U BANKARSTVU: ANALIZA IZAZOVA I STRATEGIJA ZA ZAŠTITU FINANCIJSKIH INSTITUCIJA
Authors: Boban Marija , Uroš Vedran , Jurić Ćivro Tomislav
Published: January 2025

Ovaj rad govori o značaju kibernetičke sigurnosti u bankarskom sektoru. Kao rezultat osjetljivih podataka kojima banke rukuju i prirode njihovog poslovanja, bankarska industrija vrlo je ranjiva na kibernetičke napade. U radu su opisane različite vrste kibernetičkih prijetnji na koje su banke osjetljive te se pojašnjava potencijalni utjecaj takvih prijetnji na bankovni sustav. Naglašava se potreba za uvođenjem i primjenom snažnih mjera kibernetičke sigurnosti u cilju sprječavanja neovlaštenog pristupa, povrede podataka i financijskih gubitaka. Dodatno, ističe se važnost obuke i svijesti zaposlenika u smanjenju rizika od kibernetičkih napada. U radu se prolazi i kroz razloge zašto bi kibernetička sigurnost trebala biti jedan od glavnih prioriteta u bankarskom sektoru, kako bi se održao kredibilitet banaka i očuvalo povjerenje njihovih klijenata. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati pregled onoga što podrazumijevamo pod pojmom kibernetike te njezin utjecaj na bankarski sektor, isto tako pojasniti temeljne principe kibernetike i identificirati izazove s kojima se banke susreću pri implementaciji ovog oblika sigurnosti. Osim toga, u ovom radu se raspravlja o strategijama koje banke koriste kako bi osigurale uspješnu implementaciju kibernetike i zaštitile vlastite operacije te osjetljive podatke svojih klijenata.