bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supraparticles and “Janus” Particles Fabricated by Replication of Particle Monolayers at Liquid Surfaces Using a Gel Trapping Technique
Authors: Paunov V. N. , Cayre O. J.
Published: May 2004

Fabrication of composite supraparticles and “Janus” particles via a novel, generic, gel trapping technique is presented. The method is based on templating particle monolayers at air–water or oil–water interfaces, followed by lifting of the particles with poly(dimethylsiloxane) and gold deposition. Replicating ordered colloid monolayers of repulsive particles at liquid surfaces allows fabrication of microporous surfaces and composite supraparticles (see Figure).
Controlling the Surface Composition of Poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene)–Poly(styrene sulfonate) Blends by Heat Treatment
Authors: Jukes P. C. , Martin S. J. , Higgins A. M. , Geoghegan M. , Jones R. A. L. , Langridge S. , Wehrum A. , Kirchmeyer S.
Published: May 2004

Poly(3,4 ethylene dioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDT/PSS) blends are widely used in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) to enhance their performance. Using neutron reflectometry to study such blends, it is shown that substantial segregation of the blend components occurs at the surface (see Figure), a result that will have implications both for the performance and for the stability of optoelectronic devices using PEDT/PSS.
Lasing in Dye‐Doped Cholesteric Liquid Crystals: Two New Tuning Strategies
Authors: Chanishvili A. , Chilaya G. , Petriashvili G. , Barberi R. , Bartolino R. , Cipparrone G. , Mazzulla A. , Oriol L.
Published: May 2004

Tuning of a dye‐doped cholesteric liquid crystal mirrorless laser in the violet– ultraviolet wavelength range is achieved using two different strategies for controlling the periodicity of the cholesteric helical structures. Both methods are shown produce a shift of the lasing wavelength by 30–40 nm, and smooth variation of the helical pitch can be achieved (see Figure).
Cover Picture: The First Account of a Structurally Persistent Micelle (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 22/2004)
Authors: Kellermann Michael , Bauer Walter , Hirsch Andreas , Schade Boris , Ludwig Kai , Böttcher Christoph
Published: May 2004

The exceptional structure of the first reconstructed micelles is formed by the self‐assembly of amphiphilic dendrocalixarenes in aqueous solution. A. Hirsch, C. Böttcher, and co‐workers report in their Communication on page 2959 ff. that the relatively rigid T‐shaped structure of the molecule allows efficient backfolding and thus the formation of aggregates with high curvature. Structural determination of the nanocontainers permits characterization of the micellar architecture at the molecular level.
The parenting of young people: using newsletters to provide information and support
Authors: Shepherd Julie , Roker Debi
Published: May 2004

The literature shows that many parents of young people do not have enough information, advice, and support in bringing up their children. This article describes an innovative project, undertaken by the Trust for the Study of Adolescence (TSA), which evaluated the use of newsletters as a form of support for the parents of young people. Following consultation with parents and young people, four newsletters were produced in a ‘magazine’ style. The newsletters were distributed to over 4000 parents across the UK. An evaluation was undertaken, involving longitudinal interviews with 40 families and over 800 telephone interviews with parents. This showed the newsletters to be an effective form of information and support for the majority of parents. However, the results also highlighted a number of issues to be considered in using newsletters as a parenting intervention, including levels of literacy, English as an additional language, social class, and reaching fathers as well as mothers.
Cooling of Melts: Kinetic Stabilization and Polymorphic Transitions in the KInSnSe4 System.
Authors: Hwang Seong‐Ju , Iyer Ratnasabapathy G. , Trikalitis Pantelis N. , Ogden Andrew G. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thermally Stable Silicate Nanotubes.
Authors: Wang Xun , Zhuang Jing , Chen Jun , Zhou Kebin , Li Yadong
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Properties of Two New Lamellar Polymers: [NH4H3Cu2Mo2O10] and [KHFe2Mo2O10].
Authors: Wu Chuan‐De , Lu Chan‐Zhong , Lin Xiang , Lu Shao‐Fang , Zhuang Hong‐Hui , Huang Jin‐Shun
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkenes as Ketol Surrogates — A New Approach Toward Enantiopure Acyloins.
Authors: Plietker Bernd
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
α,α‐Disubstituted Boron Enolates in the Asymmetric Synthesis of Quaternary Carbon Centers.
Authors: Burke E. Diane , Gleason James L.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Improved Catalytic System for Recycling OsO4 and Chiral Ligands in the Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Olefins.
Authors: Jiang Ru , Kuang Yongqing , Sun Xiaoli , Zhang Shengyong
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ring‐Opening Reaction of Methylenecyclopropanes with LiCl, LiBr or NaI in Acetic Acid.
Authors: Huang Jin‐Wen , Shi Min
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Microwave‐Assisted One‐Pot Conversion of Carboxylic Acids into Hydrazides.
Authors: Peng Yanqing , Song Gonghua
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A General, Selective, High‐Yield N‐Demethylation Procedure for Tertiary Amines by Solid Reagents in a Convenient Column Chromatography‐Like Setup.
Authors: Rosenau Thomas , Hofinger Andreas , Potthast Antje , Kosma Paul
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective SN2‐Substitutions Using Polyfunctional Lithium Arylcuprates Prepared by an Iodine—Copper Exchange.
Authors: Calaza M. Isabel , Yang Xiaoyin , Soorukram Darunee , Knochel Paul
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Methylenation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Lebel Helene , Paquet Valerie
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Ruthenium‐Based Metathesis Catalysts Containing Electron‐Withdrawing Ligands.
Authors: Krause Jens O. , Nuyken Oskar , Wurst Klaus , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Cyclopropanes via Iodine—Magnesium Exchange Between 3‐Iodomethyl‐1‐oxacyclopentanes and Organomagnesium Reagents.
Authors: Tsuji Takashi , Nakamura Tomoaki , Yorimitsu Hideki , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Oshima Koichiro
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Steroids and Related Compounds. Part 7. 3‐Substituted and 2,3‐Disubstituted Cyclopentanones via an Asymmetric Tandem 1,4‐Addition/Dieckmann Cyclization.
Authors: Groth Ulrich , Halfbrodt Wolfgang , Kalogerakis Aris , Koehler Thomas , Kreye Paul
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Simple and Highly Efficient Catalytic System for Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Using Ligandless Palladium Chloride.
Authors: Tao Xiaochun , Zhao Yinyan , Shen Dong
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis and Binding Affinity of Novel (R)‐ and (S)‐3‐Aminomethyl‐1‐tetralones, Potential Atypical Antipsychotics.
Authors: Caro Yolanda , Torrado Maria , Masaguer Christian F. , Ravina Enrique , Padin Fernando , Brea Jose , Loza Maria I.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnesiation Employing Grignard Reagents and Catalytic Amine. Application to the Functionalization of N‐Phenylsulfonylpyrrole.
Authors: Dinsmore Andrew , Billing David G. , Mandy Karen , Michael Joseph P. , Mogano Daniel , Patil Shivaputra
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Diazocarbonyl Compounds to Alkynes Catalyzed by InCl3 in Water.
Authors: Jiang Nan , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tetrahydropyranylation of Alcohols, Thiols, Phenols and Primary Amines Catalyzed by Magnesium Halide.
Authors: Goud P. Mallikarjun , Goud P. Satish , Reddy K. Ramasubba , Ashok D.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Expedient Synthesis of Highly Substituted Fused Heterocoumarins.
Authors: Selles P. , Mueller U.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Long Chain Pyridinium Salts with a 4‐Phenyl Group as Amphiphiles for Potential Nonviral Gene Delivery.
Authors: Bogatian Mariana Viorica , Deleanu Calin , Udrea Silvia , Chiraleu Filip , Plaveti Marieta , Danila Mariana Gabriela , Bogatian Gheorghe , Balaban Teodor Silviu
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Multistep Microwave‐Assisted Solvent‐Free Organic Reactions: Synthesis of 4‐Oxo‐tetrahydro‐pyridine.
Authors: Panunzio Mauro , Lentini Maria Antonietta , Campana Eileen , Martelli Giorgio , Tamanini Emiliano , Vicennati Paola
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Remarkable Rate Acceleration of the One‐Pot Three‐Component Cyclocondensation Reaction at Room Temperature: An Expedient Synthesis of Mitotic Kinesin Eg5 Inhibitor Monastrol.
Authors: Bose D. Subhas , Kumar Racherla Kishore , Fatima Liyakat
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Synthetic Route of Aryl‐Aminopyrazine.
Authors: Kuse Masaki , Kondo Nobuhiro , Ohyabu Yuki , Isobe Minoru
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
2‐Aryl and 2‐Heteroaryl Pyrrolo[2,3‐b]quinoxalines via Copper‐Catalyzed Reaction of 1‐Alkynes with 2‐Bromo‐3‐trifluoroacetamidoquinoxaline.
Authors: Cacchi Sandro , Fabrizi Giancarlo , Parisi Luca M. , Bernini Roberta
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Strategy of Tandem Transetherification—Intramolecular Hetero Diels—Alder Reaction with (E,Z)‐Mixture of Ethyl 2‐Nitro‐3‐ethoxyacrylate and δ,ε‐Unsaturated Alcohols Leading to Functionalized trans‐Fused Bicyclic Nitronates.
Authors: Wada Eiji , Yoshinaga Masahiko
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Synthesis of Methyl 3‐Carboxy‐2‐oxohexahydroazepine‐1‐acetate.
Authors: Griera Rosa , Huguet Joan , Bosch Joan
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Arborcandins A, B, C, D, E and F, Novel 1,3‐β‐Glucan Synthase Inhibitors: Physico‐Chemical Properties and Structure Elucidation.
Authors: Ohyama Takao , Iwadate‐Kurihara Yuko , Ishikawa Tomio , Miyakoshi Shunichi , Hamano Kiyoshi , Inukai Masatoshi
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient and Regioselective Deprotection Method for Acetylated Glycosides.
Authors: Li Jubiao , Wang Yanguang
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of the Putative Structure of Eupomatilone‐6.
Authors: Gurjar Mukund K. , Cherian Joseph , Ramana C. V.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 3‐Aryloxy‐2‐iodoemodines by Oxidation of Emodin with (Diacetoxyiodo)arenes.
Authors: Daub Katja S. , Habermann Bernd , Hahn Thilo , Teich Lars , Eger Kurt
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of Novel 6‐Substituted Lavendamycin Antitumor Agents.
Authors: Seradj Hassan , Cai Wen , Erasga Noe O. , Chenault Darrell V. , Knuckles Kathryn A. , Ragains Justin R. , Behforouz Mohammad
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibition of Dihydroxy‐Cohibin A, Non‐THF Annonaceous Acetogenin Analogue.
Authors: Konno Hiroyuki , Hiura Naoki , Makabe Hidefumi , Abe Masato , Miyoshi Hideto
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Melanocins A, B and C, New Melanin Synthesis Inhibitors Produced by Eupenicillium shearii. Part 1. Taxonomy, Fermentation, Isolation and Biological Properties.
Authors: Kim Jong‐Pyung , Kim Byoung‐Kwon , Yun Bong‐Sik , Ryoo In‐Ja , Lee Choong Hwan , Lee In‐Kyoung , Kim Won‐Gon , Lee Sangku , Pyun Yu‐Ryang , Yoo Ick‐Dong
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Effect of Solvent on the Microstructures of Nanostructured Bi2Te3 Prepared by Solvothermal Synthesis.
Authors: Zhao X. B. , Ji X. H. , Zhang Y. H. , Lu B. H.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure of Oxo Metallic Clusters
Authors: Errington R. J.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Supramolecular Systems Constructed from Crownphthalocyaninates
Authors: Gorbunova Yuliya G. , Lapkina Lyudmila A. , Tsivadze Aslan Yu.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Generation and Reactivity of Sterically Hindered Iridium Carbenes. Competitive α‐ versus β‐Hydrogen Elimination in Iridium(III) Alkyls
Authors: Carmona Ernesto , Paneque Margarita , Poveda Manuel L.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
H1‐Histamines: Development, Structure and Novel Trends
Authors: Stark Holger , Schubert‐Zsilavecz Manfred
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Gas‐Phase Ion Chemistry
Authors: Munsch Tamara E. , Wenthold Paul G.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Transition Metals in Organic Synthesis. Part 2. Stoichiometric Applications
Authors: Fairlamb Ian. J. S.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Methods. Part 2. Oxidation and Reduction Methods
Authors: Armstrong Alan
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ammonium, Oxonium and Sulfonium Ylides—Generation of Ammonium Ylides from Metal Carbenoids
Authors: West Frederick G. , Clark J. Stephen
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemical Reactions under “Non‐Classical Conditions”: Microwaves and Ultrasound in the Synthesis of Vitamins
Authors: Bonrath W.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Organosilicon Compounds by New Direct Reactions
Authors: Yoo Bok Ryul , Jung Il Nam
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Optically Active and Naturally Occurring Compounds of Biological Interests — Pheromones, Hormones, and Other Bioregulators
Authors: Mori Kenji
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyclohexadienone Ketals and Quinols: Four Building Blocks Potentially Useful for Enantioselective Synthesis
Authors: Magdziak D. , Meek S. J. , Pettus T. R. R.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemistry and Biology of Terpene Trilactones from Ginkgo Biloba
Authors: Stroemgaard Kristian , Nakanishi Koji
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of Ciguatoxin CTX3C, a Causative Toxin of Ciguatera Seafood Poisoning
Authors: Inoue Masayuki , Hirama Masahiro
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Perspective of One‐Pot Pyrrole—Aldehyde Condensations as Versatile Self‐Assembly Processes
Authors: Ghosh Abhik
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
8‐Oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct‐6‐en‐3‐ones: Application to the Asymmetric Synthesis of Polyoxygenated Building Blocks
Authors: Hartung Ingo V. , Hoffmann H. Martin R.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Catalytic Aminoalkylations: New Powerful Methods for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Amino Acid Derivatives, Mannich Bases, and Homoallylic Amines
Authors: Arend Michael , Wang Xiaojing
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Ideas on the Equation of State
Authors: Rusanov Anatoly I.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
French Swimwear for Membrane Proteins
Authors: Sanders Charles R. , Hoffmann Amy Kuhn , Gray Don N. , Keyes Melvin H. , Ellis Charles D.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Inhibitors of Farnesyltransferase: A Rational Approach to Cancer Chemotherapy?
Authors: Bell Ian M.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structural and Quantitative Analytical and Separatory Methods
Authors: Ferrier R. J.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Femtosecond Time‐Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Stolow Albert , Bragg Arthur E. , Neumark Daniel M.
Published: May 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pilot study of celecoxib and infusional 5‐fluorouracil as second‐line treatment for advanced pancreatic carcinoma
Authors: Milella Michele , Gelibter Alain , Cosimo Serena Di , Bria Emilio , Ruggeri Enzo Maria , Carlini Paolo , Malaguti Paola , Pellicciotta Mario , Terzoli Edmondo , Cognetti Francesco
Published: May 2004

BACKGROUND

Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is up‐regulated frequently and may constitute a promising therapeutic target in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

METHODS

Patients with advanced PDAC who had progressive disease after gemcitabine‐based chemotherapy were eligible for this pilot study. Treatment was comprised of oral celecoxib (400 mg twice daily) and protracted intravenous (i.v.) infusion 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) (200 mg/m2 per day), both given continuously for a maximum of 9 treatment months, in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients were examined weekly for toxicity and were restaged every 6–8 weeks for tumor assessment.

RESULTS

Seventeen patients entered the study. Asymptomatic transaminase elevation was the most common toxicity and reached NCI‐CTC (version 3.0) Grade 3–4 in 4 of 133 treatment weeks. No other hematologic or nonhematologic toxicity > Grade 2 was observed. Four patients discontinued celecoxib due to upper gastrointestinal tract toxicity. Two confirmed partial responses (durations of 23 weeks and 68 weeks, respectively) and 2 patients with stable disease (durations of 10 weeks and 13 weeks, respectively) were observed for an overall response rate of 12% (95% confidence interval, 0–27%) in the intent‐to‐treat population. A significant decrease (≥ 50%) in serum CA 19.9 levels was observed in 3 of 9 evaluable patients. The median time to disease progression was 8 weeks, and the median overall survival was 15 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of oral celecoxib and 5‐FU by protracted i.v. infusion was found to be feasible and well tolerated, and was capable of inducing durable objective responses, even in patients with far advanced, gemcitabine‐resistant/refractory PDAC. Further exploration of COX‐2 inhibitor/fluropyrimidine combinations is warranted. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Design of a base station antenna with 60° beam width in the horizontal plane for cellular mobile radios
Authors: Yamaguchi Yuki , Ebine Yoshio
Published: May 2004

Since the base station antennas for mobile communications are installed on the same steel towers as the antennas of several communication systems, antenna installation space is very congested. Therefore, these antennas are often installed on the roofs of buildings. Reduction of the installation space and of the wind load is highly desirable. In order to reduce the wind load, it is necessary to make the area exposed to the wind (the antenna aperture width) smaller. In this paper, miniaturization of the base station antenna for a six‐sector wireless zone configuration is discussed. The antenna consists of two‐element dipole antennas with a planar reflector. The main reflector width is 0.5λ and the antenna aperture width is 0.62λ in the design. By making the size of the main reflector smaller, reduction of the antenna aperture width is attempted. By an appropriate configuration of the side reflector plate and the parasitic element, the increase of the beam width and the degradation of the front‐to‐back ratio are limited. Reduction of the main reflector width by 50% and of the antenna aperture width by 38% is found to be possible. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(11): 68–76, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10185
An implementation and verification of a hierarchical architecture for IP traceback
Authors: Oe Masafumi , Kadobayashi Youki
Published: May 2004

IP traceback is a technique to combat distributed denial of service attacks. This technique can specify the routers in the path of the attack flow with forged source addresses. Although several techniques have been proposed to solve this problem, a variety of problems arise when operating on the actual Internet. We proposed a hierarchical architecture for IP traceback as a solution to these problems. In this paper, we define each type of protocol, design architecture for a prototype implementation, and verify its operation. Based on the results, we found that a large‐scale simulation was needed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(11): 49–56, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10202
FDTD analysis of active integrated antenna with amplifier
Authors: Michishita Naobumi , Arai Hiroyuki
Published: May 2004

In this paper, an FDTD analysis is carried out for an active integrated antenna with an amplifier. The GaAs FET used in the amplifier is expressed in terms of TriQuint's Own Model (TOM) and the numerical results of its state equation are combined with the FDTD method by way of the voltage source method. As a result of investigation of the method for application of the bias voltage in a 8.5‐GHz low‐noise amplifier, it is found that convergence to the set voltage is obtained by applying the voltages via shorting pins after all bias circuits are modeled. Also, the analysis and experimental results of the radiation patterns of the active patch antenna are compared. It is found that the cross polarization level is increased due to the currents flowing in the drain bias line placed near the patch antenna. Finally, the radiation characteristics of the active slot antenna are investigated. It is confirmed that the cross polarization can be reduced by separating the radiating part and the circuit part on opposite sides of the substrate. The method proposed in this paper allows design of the entire antenna structure integrated with active devices, including the effect of the coupling between the circuit elements, impedance matching conditions, and radiation patterns. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(11): 21–29, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10213
Development of circular patch‐type electric field sensor for printed circuits
Authors: Kurokawa Satoru , Sato Toru
Published: May 2004

As a sensor that can measure the signals at around several gigahertz propagating on a printed circuit board, a near‐field sensor with a patch antenna configuration is conceived. The tested sensor is the first to measure the electric field component perpendicular to the transmission line dominant near the microstrip line. In the range from 1 to 10 GHz, the signals on the microstrip line can be measured with a variation level of less than 4 dB. In this paper, the effect of the physical shape of the sensor on the characteristics is verified by the FDTD numerical calculations. The effectiveness of the sensor is demonstrated by test fabrication. Since the present sensor has a configuration without a balun, it is possible to increase the operating frequency by selecting the permittivity of the material used for the sensor and by reducing the size. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(11): 57–67, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20143
Cycloaddition Behavior of Electron‐Poor 1,2‐Thiaphospholes
Authors: Dietz Jochen , Renner Jens , Bergsträßer Uwe , Binger Paul , Regitz Manfred
Published: May 2004

The acceptor‐substituted 1,2‐thiaphospholes 1 react regioselectively with the electron‐rich acetylenes 2 at −78 °C by [2+2] cycloaddition to afford the novel heterobicyclic compounds 4. As demonstrated by the examples of their reactions with nonacarbonyldiiron(0) and the pentacarbonyltungsten fragment, compounds 4 are able to function as ligands in complex compounds. In addition, the electron‐rich double bond in the bicyclic compound 4a is amenable to further reactions. Hence, treatment with mesitylenecarbonitrile oxide (7) proceeds through a chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselective [3+2] cycloaddition to afford the novel heterocyclic system 8. On the other hand, the heterocyclic compounds 1a, 1d, 1e, and 1i react with 2 equiv. of cyclooctyne (9) only at 100 °C, to afford the sulfur‐containing phosphabarrelenes 10, together with the tricyclic compounds 11. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Preferred Formation of anti‐Housane (Retention) in the Sensitized Photodenitrogenation of Cyclopentane‐Annellated DBH‐Type Azoalkanes through Long‐Range Steric Effects in the Cyclization of the Triplet Cyclopentane‐1,3‐diyl Diradicals
Authors: Adam Waldemar , Diedering Manfred , Martí Vicente
Published: May 2004

The photolysis of the cyclopentene‐ and cyclopentane‐annellated DBH‐type azoalkanes 1a and 1b affords under singlet conditions (high‐temperature direct photolysis) predominantly the inverted housanes syn‐2 in similar amounts for both derivatives 2a and 2b. Under triplet conditions (low‐temperature direct or benzophenone‐sensitized photolysis), the photolysis leads to the retained housane anti‐2 as the major diastereomer, but with a substantial difference in the syn/anti‐housane ratio for 2a (38:62) and for 2b (6:94). This significant difference in the anti stereoselectivity of the triplet pathway is mechanistically rationalized in terms of long‐range steric interactions between the annellated ring and the gem‐dimethyl‐substituted methylene bridge during the cyclization of the cyclopentane‐1,3‐diyl triplet diradical 3DR after ISC. In contrast, the denitrogenation of the intermediary diazenyl diradical 1DZ along the SH2 pathway (inversion) for the singlet process is quite insensitive to these remote steric effects. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Deletion mapping suggests that the 1p22 melanoma susceptibility gene is a tumor suppressor localized to a 9‐mb interval
Authors: Walker Graeme J. , Indsto James O. , Sood Raman , Faruque Mezbah U. , Hu Ping , Pollock Pam M. , Duray Paul , Holland Elizabeth A. , Brown Kevin , Kefford Richard F. , Trent Jeffrey M. , Mann Graham J. , Hayward Nicholas K.
Published: May 2004

Loss of the short arm of chromosome 1 is frequently observed in many tumor types, including melanoma. We recently localized a third melanoma susceptibility locus to chromosome band 1p22. Critical recombinants in linked families localized the gene to a 15‐Mb region between D1S430 and D1S2664. To map the locus more finely we have performed studies to assess allelic loss across the region in a panel of melanomas from 1p22‐linked families, sporadic melanomas, and melanoma cell lines. Eighty percent of familial melanomas exhibited loss of heterozygosity (LOH) within the region, with a smallest region of overlapping deletions (SRO) of 9 Mb between D1S207 and D1S435. This high frequency of LOH makes it very likely that the susceptibility locus is a tumor suppressor. In sporadic tumors, four SROs were defined. SRO1 and SRO2 map within the critical recombinant and familial tumor region, indicating that one or the other is likely to harbor the susceptibility gene. However, SRO3 may also be significant because it overlaps with the markers with the highest 2‐point LOD score (D1S2776), part of the linkage recombinant region, and the critical region defined in mesothelioma. The candidate genes PRKCL2 and GTF2B, within SRO2, and TGFBR3, CDC7, and EVI5, in a broad region encompassing SRO3, were screened in 1p22‐linked melanoma kindreds, but no coding mutations were detected. Allelic loss in melanoma cell lines was significantly less frequent than in fresh tumors, indicating that this gene may not be involved late in progression, such as in overriding cellular senescence, necessary for the propagation of melanoma cells in culture. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epigenetic regulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter activity during cellular differentiation
Authors: Liu Liang , Saldanha Sabita N. , Pate Mitchell S. , Andrews Lucy G. , Tollefsbol Trygve O.
Published: May 2004

The human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene is transcriptionally inactivated in most differentiated cells but is reactivated in the majority of cancer cells. To elucidate how TERT is inactivated during differentiation, we applied all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to induce the differentiation of human teratocarcinoma (HT) cells and human acute myeloid leukemia (HL60) cells. We first showed that TERT promoter activity decreased rapidly, which preceded a gradual loss of endogenous telomerase activity following ATRA induction. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the reduced TERT promoter activity during differentiation, we performed epigenetic studies on the TERT promoter and found a progressive histone hypoacetylation coupled with a gradual accumulation of methylated cytosines in the TERT promoter. We also observed that the TERT promoter was less methylated in pluripotent HT cells than in multipotent HL60 cells throughout a 12‐day differentiation process. This origin‐dependent epigenetic change was also confirmed in histone acetylation studies, indicating that the TERT promoter was more resistant to deacetylation in HT cells than in HL60 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate synergistic involvement of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation in the down‐regulation of TERT promoter activity that may be dependent on the origin of the cell types, and they add new insight into the way telomerase activity may be regulated during differentiation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel role for Bsd2 in the resistance of yeast to adriamycin
Authors: Takahashi Tsutomu , Furuchi Takemitsu , Naganuma Akira
Published: May 2004

In a search for undiscovered mechanisms of resistance to adriamycin, we screened a genomic library derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae for genes related to adriamycin resistance. To our surprise, we found that overexpression of BSD2 rendered yeast cells resistant to adriamycin. Downregulation of the metal transporters Smf1 and Smf2 is the only activity of Bsd2 reported to date, and Bsd2 deficiency increases intracellular levels of Smf1 and Smf2. SMF2‐disrupted cells exhibited significantly greater resistance to adriamycin, whereas the resistance of SMF1‐disrupted cells was only slightly improved. The sensitivity of the SMF1‐ and SMF2‐disrupted yeast cell line overexpressing BSD2 was almost the same as that of the BSD2‐overexpressing parental yeast cell. Thus the overexpression of BSD2 and the disruption of SMF1 and SMF2 might be involved in the same mechanism that confers resistance to adriamycin. Although both SMF1‐ and SMF2‐disrupted cells were very sensitive to EGTA, overexpression of BSD2 had little or no effect on sensitivity to EGTA. However, a partial decrease in the intracellular level of FLAG‐Smf2 was observed by overexpression of BSD2. Thus, the resistance to adriamycin acquired by overexpression of BSD2 might be partially explained by down‐regulation of Smf2, but in addition to Smf2, other as of yet unidentified targets of Bsd2 must also be responsible for the resistance. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance study of modified ZSM‐5 as support for bimetallic chromium–copper catalysts for VOC combustion
Authors: Abdullah Ahmad Zuhairi , Abu Bakar Mohamad Zailani , Bhatia Subhash
Published: May 2004

The catalytic performance of bimetallic chromium–copper supported over untreated ZSM‐5 (CrCu/Z), ZSM‐5 treated with silicon tetrachloride (Cr–Cu/SiCl4‐Z) and ZSM‐5 treated with steam (Cr–Cu/H2O‐Z) is reported. The activity is based on the combustion of ethyl ethanoate and benzene at a feed concentration of 2000 ppm and a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 32 000 h−1. Due to higher reactivity and larger molecular size compared with that of water molecules, SiCl4 reacted at the external surface of ZSM‐5 crystals. Cr–Cu/SiCl4‐Z and Cr–Cu/H2O‐Z both gave slightly lower conversion and carbon dioxide yield compared with Cr–Cu/Z. This was attributed to larger active metal crystallites formed in the mesopores and narrowing pore mouth and pore intersection by extraframework species. Cr–Cu/SiCl4‐Z and Cr–Cu/H2O‐Z both had reduced concentration and strength of acid sites, thus making them less susceptible to deactivation by coking. The coke accumulated by these two catalysts was relatively softer and more easily decomposed in oxygen during catalyst regeneration. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetic behaviour of the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of salicylic acid in aqueous TiO2 microsphere suspension
Authors: Li XZ , Liu H , Cheng LF , Tong HJ
Published: May 2004

A new photocatalyst, named TiO2 microspheres, prepared by a sol‐spraying‐calcination method, can freely suspend with air bubbling in its aqueous suspension and easily settle down from a water phase under gravity. The experimental results demonstrated that TiO2 microspheres had better adsorption capacity than conventional TiO2 powders, due to large surface area, large pore volume, and also a porous structure. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 microspheres in aqueous suspension was evaluated using salicylic acid (SA) as a model substrate. It was found that the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model in its integral form described the kinetics of SA photocatalytic degradation in the TiO2 microsphere suspensions better than its simplified form as a first‐order reaction model, since the significant substrate adsorption on the catalysts was not negligible. The kinetics of SA photocatalytic degradation with different initial concentrations and pH was further investigated. The experiments demonstrated that the change of pH could significantly affect the adsorption of SA in the TiO2 microsphere suspensions. The effects of substrate adsorption rate and photoreaction rate on the overall performance of photocatalytic degradation is also discussed on the basis of experimental data. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of rapid mixing on the break‐up and re‐formation of flocs
Authors: Yukselen Mehmet Ali , Gregory John
Published: May 2004

The effect of rapid mixing on floc formation, breakage and re‐formation using aluminium sulfate (‘alum’), polyaluminium chloride and a cationic polyelectrolyte were investigated using a continuous optical monitoring technique. For the aluminium‐based coagulants it was found that, with shorter times of rapid mix, larger flocs were formed, but only limited re‐growth occurred in all cases, indicating a significant irreversibility of the floc break‐up process. For cationic polyelectrolytes, the re‐growth of flocs occurred to a much greater extent and with longer rapid mix times floc breakage was almost fully reversible. Residual turbidity values before floc breakage and after re‐formation were consistent with the dynamic monitoring results. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Treatment of settled piggery waste by a down‐flow anaerobic fixed bed reactor
Authors: Sánchez Enrique , Borja Rafael , Travieso Lissette , Colmenarejo Manuel F , Chica Arturo , Martín Antonio
Published: May 2004

A study of the effect of organic volumetric loading rate (BV) on the performance of a down‐flow anaerobic fixed bed reactor (DFAFBR) treating settled piggery waste was carried out at a range of between 1.1 and 6.8 g COD dm−3 d−1. The reactor operated at good removal efficiencies and stability under the operational conditions studied. Logarithmic empirical equations described adequately the removal efficiency for different parameters studied (COD, SCOD, BOD, TS, VS, TSS, VSS and phosphorous). Although process stability was affected by the increase of BV, process failure was not observed. A logarithmic relationship was found to describe the influence of BV on the TVFA/alkalinity ratio (p). A linear correlation was found between the effluent substrate concentration and the values of p and between p and the CO2/CH4 ratio in the biogas. The effect of the hydraulic volumetric loading rate (HV) on the flow pattern of the reactor was evaluated. Dispersion number (Dn) was in the range of 0.17–0.37 for the maximum and minimum values of HV studied, respectively. The ratio between the real and theoretical HRT increased as the HV decreased. These results demonstrate that axial dispersion increased as the HV and the Reynolds number decreased. Due to the hydraulic behaviour of the reactor, the kinetic model developed by Lawrence and McCarty was used for describing the experimental results obtained. Maximum specific substrate removal rate (K), specific organic loading rate constant (KL), microbial decay coefficient (Kd), microbial yield coefficient (Y), maximum microbial growth rate (UM) and saturation constant (KS) were found to be: 3.1 (g COD g VSS−1 d−1), 3.0 (g COD g VSS−1 d−1), 0.062 (d−1), 0.15 (g VSS g COD removed−1), 0.39 (d−1) and 2.6 (g SCOD dm−3), respectively. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Isolation of a yeast, Trichosporon cutaneum, able to use low molecular weight phenolic compounds: application to olive mill waste water treatment
Authors: Chtourou Mohamed , Ammar Emna , Nasri Moncef , Medhioub Khaled
Published: May 2004

This study deals with the degradation of phenolic compounds in olive oil mill waste; a highly polluting material in olive oil‐producing countries because of its abundance and the toxicity of its phenolic compound content. This investigation confirms the ability of an isolated yeast, identified as Trichosporon cutaneum, to degrade phenolic compounds extracted from olive mill waste water (OMW). The yeast was adapted to the OMW by an enrichment culture. The results of this biotransformation were a decrease in the phenolic content and hence a reduction in the phytotoxic effects of the effluent after the yeast treatment. The kinetic growth of the isolated yeast on phenol over a range of concentrations (0.3–3.0 g dm−3) was studied. The ability of the strain to assimilate simple monomeric phenols and alkyl phenols, at a concentration of 1 g dm−3, in a synthetic liquid medium used as the sole carbon source was investigated in a batch culture. The aromatic ring cleavage pathway occurred in the yeast through catechol oxidation. Using various concentrations of ethyl acetate extract from OMW as the sole carbon source, the yeast exhibited growth on the substrate up to 7 g dm−3 equivalent of phenols. A significant reduction of COD after the treatment of the OMW extract by the yeast isolate was noticed. The removal of phenol and COD exceeded 80% of the original loading after 8 days of treatment, for extracts containing initial COD in the range 19 to 72 g dm−3. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrodialytic removal of cadmium from straw combustion fly ash
Authors: Hansen Henrik K , Ottosen Lisbeth M , Villumsen Arne
Published: May 2004

Fly ash from straw combustion contains valuable nutrients when returned to agricultural soils. In many instances, however, this fly ash may contain heavy metals, such as cadmium, at levels which often exceed the limits given by the Danish legislation. Thus before utilizing the nutrients, cadmium must be removed from these ashes. The use of an electrodialytic remediation method to remove cadmium from fly ash arising from straw combustion and containing 11.2 mg Cd kg−1 DM (dry matter) was accessed. After 36 days of remediation at a constant current density of 5.6 mA cm−2 more than 97% of the cadmium had been removed from around 150 g ash on a dry basis. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Temperature dependency of granule characteristics and kinetic behavior in UASB reactors
Authors: Chou Hsin‐Hsien , Huang Ju‐Sheng , Hong Wen‐Feng
Published: May 2004

When an inhibitory substrate, phenol, was treated under mesophilic conditions (25, 30, 35, and 40 °C), the upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors at 30 °C resulted in the greatest amount of biomass and the largest granule size, while the UASB reactors at 25 °C resulted in the smallest granule size and the greatest amount of wash‐out of sludge. The granule size tended to be negatively correlated with the amount of wash‐out of sludge. With an increase in temperature, the kinetic constant k for anaerobic phenol degradation increased and the half saturation constant (Ks) decreased. The mass fraction of methanogens (f) increased with increasing operational temperature in the UASB reactors and the activation energy (Ea) for acetate methanogenesis was larger than that for phenol acidogenesis in the batch reactors, indicating that the operational temperature imposes a more influential effect on methanogens than on acidogens. From the results of the activity of acidogens and methanogens (expressed in specific COD utilization rate), the rate‐limiting step is phenol acidogenesis. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Modulation of Rho GTPase activity alleviates chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan‐dependent inhibition of neurite extension
Authors: Jain Anjana , Brady‐Kalnay Susann M. , Bellamkonda Ravi V.
Published: May 2004

The central nervous system (CNS) fails to regenerate after injury. A glial scar forms at the injury site, contributing to regenerative failure partly resulting from the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in the glial scar. The family of Rho GTPases, which includes Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA, is involved in growth cone dynamics. Although the response of neural cells to the inactivation of Rho when contacting myelin‐related substrates, or CSPG, has been investigated, Rac1's and Cdc42's abilities to modulate CSPG‐dependent inhibition have yet to be explored. In this study, a stripe assay was utilized to examine the effects of modulating all three Rho GTPases on neurite extension across inhibitory CSPG lanes. Alternating laminin (LN) and CSPG lanes were created and NG108‐15 cells and E9 chick dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) were cultured on the lanes. By using the protein delivery agent Chariot, the neuronal response to exposure of constitutively active (CA) and dominant negative (DN) mutants of the Rho GTPases, along with the bacterial toxin C3, was determined by quantifying the percentage ratio of neurites crossing the CSPG lanes. CA‐Cdc42, CA‐Rac1, and C3 transferase significantly increased the number of neurites crossing into the CSPG lanes compared with the negative controls for both the NG108‐15 cells and the E9 chick DRGs. We also show that these mutant proteins require the delivery vehicle, Chariot, to enter the neurons and affect neurite extension. Therefore, activation of Cdc42 and Rac, as well as inhibition of Rho, helps overcome the CSPG‐dependent inhibition of neurite extension. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of calcitonin and its analogues by capillary zone electrophoresis and matrix‐assisted laser‐desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Amini Ahmad , Olofsson Ing‐Marie
Published: May 2004

Capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) separations and mass spectrometric analysis of salmon calcitonin and related analogues were performed to generate electrophoresis and mass fingerprints for quality control of the recombinant polypeptide pharmaceutical salmon calcitonin. The calcitonins and their corresponding tryptic digests were successfully separated by CZE at low pH in fused silica capillaries dynamically modified with poly‐cationic polymers. The poly‐cationic modified inner surface of the fused silica capillaries generated a strong anionic electroosmotic flow (EOF). Analytes of negative, neutral, and positive charge were all swept through the capillary toward the positive electrode. Compared to Polybrene‐coated capillaries, capillaries coated with PEI showed a markedly slower but much more stable electroosmotic flow. The migration order of the analytes was predicted by comparing approximate values of the charge to (molecular mass)2/3 ratios. The predicted migration order was confirmed by off‐line analysis of CZE fractions with matrix‐assisted laser‐desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS).
Dynamics of chelation‐supercritical fluid extraction from wood fibers
Authors: Al‐Jabari Maher
Published: May 2004

The dynamics of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of the metal content of wood fibers chelated with lithium bis(trifluoroethyl) dithiocarbamate (FDDC) by supercritical (SF) CO2 was investigated experimentally by monitoring the spectra of the eluted metal complex as a function of time. The characteristic shape of the dynamic SFE curve was determined mainly by the flow conditions in the extraction vessel, the mass transfer resistance in the SF phase, and the solubility. High extraction yields of metal content were obtained in two‐stage extraction including static (batch) and dynamic (semi‐batch) stages. Increasing the length of the static stage increased the rate of dynamic elution of metal complex until it approached the dynamics of fluid displacement for a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). In such cases, increasing the flow rate had no effect on the dynamic extraction curve when it was plotted using dimensionless time. Efficient chelation‐SFE from wood fibers was obtained at a pressure of 20.3 MPa and with a static time of 30 min.
Hexafluoroisopropanol as size exclusion chromatography mobile phase for Polyamide 6
Authors: Mendichi Raniero , Russo Saverio , Ricco Laura , Giacometti Schieroni Alberto
Published: May 2004

The present study deals with the use of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as size exclusion chromatography (SEC) mobile phase for polyamide 6 (PA6). Contradictory conclusions relating to the use of HFIP as SEC mobile phase for polyamides are found in the literature. By using a multi‐detector SEC apparatus equipped with on‐line viscometer and multi‐angle light scattering we have studied the chromatographic artifacts and the validity of the universal calibration (UC) in HFIP for different PA6 samples (hydrolytic and anionic, monofunctional or bifunctional activator). Appropriate SEC columns and optimized experimental conditions allow most of the chromatographic artifacts to be avoided, even in neat HFIP. The use of a salt in the mobile phase, namely 0.01 M tetraethylammonium nitrate (TEAN), slightly increases the elution volume for both PA6 and PMMA polymers. Under the right conditions, the UC substantially holds for PA6. The validity of the UC is not linked to the presence of TEAN in the mobile phase. With some PA6 samples, namely those anionically synthesized using a bifunctional activator, aggregation becomes a problem and the molar mass in neat HFIP is overestimated. Addition of TEAN prevents any aggregation of the above anionically synthesized PA6. In contrast, the use of a different salt, namely potassium trifluoroacetate, increases the extent of aggregation.
Polarization energies, transport gap and charge transfer states of organic molecular crystals
Authors: Soos Zoltán G. , Tsiper Eugene V.
Published: May 2004

A self‐consistent calculation of electronic polarization in organic molecular crystals and thin films is presented in terms of charge redistribution in nonoverlapping molecules in a lattice. The polarization energies P+ and P− of a molecular cation and anion are found for anthracene and perelynetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA), together with binding energies of ion pairs and transport gaps of PTCDA films on metallic substrates. The 500 meV variation of P++P− with film thickness agrees with experiment, as do calculated dielectric tensors. Comparisons are made to submolecular calculations in crystals.