bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seagrass meadows as a globally significant carbonate reservoir
Authors: Mazarrasa I. , Marbà N. , Lovelock C. E. , Serrano O. , Lavery P. S. , Fourqurean J. W. , Kennedy H. , Mateo M. A. , Krause-Jensen D. , Steven A. D. L. , Duarte C. M.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. There has been growing interest in quantifying the capacity of seagrass ecosystems to act as carbon sinks as a natural way of offsetting anthropogenic carbon emissions to the atmosphere. However, most of the efforts have focused on the particulate organic carbon (POC) stocks and accumulation rates and ignored the particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) fraction, despite important carbonate pools associated with calcifying organisms inhabiting the meadows, such as epiphytes and benthic invertebrates, and despite the relevance that carbonate precipitation and dissolution processes have in the global carbon cycle. This study offers the first assessment of the global PIC stocks in seagrass sediments using a synthesis of published and unpublished data on sediment carbonate concentration from 403 vegetated and 34 adjacent un-vegetated sites. PIC stocks in the top 1 m of sediment ranged between 3 and 1660 Mg PIC ha−1, with an average of 654 ± 24 Mg PIC ha−1, exceeding those of POC reported in previous studies by about a factor of 5. Sedimentary carbonate stocks varied across seagrass communities, with meadows dominated by Halodule, Thalassia or Cymodocea supporting the highest PIC stocks, and tended to decrease polewards at a rate of −8 ± 2 Mg PIC ha−1 per degree of latitude (general linear model, GLM; p < 0.0003). Using PIC concentrations and estimates of sediment accretion in seagrass meadows, the mean PIC accumulation rate in seagrass sediments is found to be 126.3 ± 31.05 g PIC m−2 yr−1. Based on the global extent of seagrass meadows (177 000 to 600 000 km2), these ecosystems globally store between 11 and 39 Pg of PIC in the top metre of sediment and accumulate between 22 and 75 Tg PIC yr−1, representing a significant contribution to the carbonate dynamics of coastal areas. Despite the fact that these high rates of carbonate accumulation imply CO2 emissions from precipitation, seagrass meadows are still strong CO2 sinks as demonstrated by the comparison of carbon (PIC and POC) stocks between vegetated and adjacent un-vegetated sediments.
The GRENE-TEA Model Intercomparison Project (GTMIP) stage 1 forcing dataset
Authors: Sueyoshi T. , Saito K. , Miyazaki S. , Mori J. , Ise T. , Arakida H. , Suzuki R. , Sato A. , Iijima Y. , Yabuki H. , Ikawa H. , Ohta T. , Kotani A. , Hajima T. , Sato H. , Yamazaki T. , Sugimoto A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Here, the authors describe the construction of a forcing dataset for Land Surface Models (including both physical and biogeochemical models; LSMs) with eight meteorological variables for the 35 year period from 1979 to 2013. The dataset is intended for use in a model intercomparison (MIP) study, called GTMIP, which is a part of the Japanese-funded Arctic Climate Change research project. In order to prepare a set of site-fitted forcing data for LSMs with realistic yet continuous entries (i.e. without missing data), four observational sites across the pan-Arctic region (Fairbanks, Tiksi, Yakutsk, and Kevo) were selected to construct a blended dataset using both global reanalysis and observational data. Marked improvements were found in the diurnal cycles of surface air temperature and humidity, wind speed, and precipitation. The datasets and participation in GTMIP are open to the scientific community (https://ads.nipr.ac.jp/gtmip/gtmip.html).
MEMLS3&a: Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpacks adapted to include backscattering
Authors: Proksch M. , Mätzler C. , Wiesmann A. , Lemmetyinen J. , Schwank M. , Löwe H. , Schneebeli M.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpacks (MEMLS) was originally developed for microwave emissions of snowpacks in the frequency range 5–100 GHz. It is based on six-flux theory to describe radiative transfer in snow including absorption, multiple volume scattering, radiation trapping due to internal reflection and a combination of coherent and incoherent superposition of reflections between horizontal layer interfaces. Here we introduce MEMLS3&a, an extension of MEMLS, which includes a backscatter model for active microwave remote sensing of snow. The reflectivity is decomposed into diffuse and specular components. Slight undulations of the snow surface are taken into account. The treatment of like- and cross-polarization is accomplished by an empirical splitting parameter q. MEMLS3&a (as well as MEMLS) is set up in a way that snow input parameters can be derived by objective measurement methods which avoid fitting procedures of the scattering efficiency of snow, required by several other models. For the validation of the model we have used a combination of active and passive measurements from the NoSREx (Nordic Snow Radar Experiment) campaign in Sodankylä, Finland. We find a reasonable agreement between the measurements and simulations, subject to uncertainties in hitherto unmeasured input parameters of the backscatter model. The model is written in Matlab and the code is publicly available for download through the following website: http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/research/projects/snowtools/memls.html.
Methods for automatized detection of rapid changes in lateral boundary condition fields for NWP limited area models
Authors: Tudor M.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Three-hourly temporal resolution of lateral boundary data for limited area models (LAMs) can be too infrequent to resolve rapidly moving storms. This problem is expected to be worse with increasing horizontal resolution. In order to detect intensive disturbances in surface pressure moving rapidly through the model domain, a filtered surface pressure field (MCUF) is computed operationally in the ARPEGE global model of Météo France. The field is distributed in the coupling files along with conventional meteorological fields used for lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) for the operational forecast using limited area model ALADIN (Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement InterNational) in the Meteorological and Hydrological Service of Croatia (DHMZ). Here an analysis is performed of the MCUF field for the LACE coupling domain for the period from 23 January 2006, when it became available, until 15 November 2014. The MCUF field is a good indicator of rapidly moving pressure disturbances (RMPDs). Its spatial and temporal distribution can be associated with the usual cyclone tracks and areas known to be supporting cyclogenesis. An alternative set of coupling files from the IFS operational run in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is also available operationally in DHMZ with 3-hourly temporal resolution, but the MCUF field is not available. Here, several methods are tested that detect RMPDs in surface pressure a posteriori from the IFS model fields provided in the coupling files. MCUF is computed by running ALADIN on the coupling files from IFS. The error function is computed using one-time-step integration of ALADIN on the coupling files without initialization, initialized with digital filter initialization (DFI) or scale-selective DFI (SSDFI). Finally, the amplitude of changes in the mean sea level pressure is computed from the fields in the coupling files. The results are compared to the MCUF field of ARPEGE and the results of same methods applied to the coupling files from ARPEGE. Most methods give a signal for the RMPDs, but DFI reduces the storms too much to be detected. The error functions without filtering and amplitude have more noise, but the signal of a RMPD is also stronger. The methods are tested for NWP LAM ALADIN, but could be applied to other LAMs and benefit the performance of climate LAMs.
Isolating the impacts of land use and climate change on streamflow
Authors: Chawla I. , Mujumdar P. P.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Quantifying the isolated and integrated impacts of land use (LU) and climate change on streamflow is challenging as well as crucial to optimally manage water resources in river basins. This paper presents a simple hydrologic modeling-based approach to segregate the impacts of land use and climate change on the streamflow of a river basin. The upper Ganga basin (UGB) in India is selected as the case study to carry out the analysis. Streamflow in the river basin is modeled using a calibrated variable infiltration capacity (VIC) hydrologic model. The approach involves development of three scenarios to understand the influence of land use and climate on streamflow. The first scenario assesses the sensitivity of streamflow to land use changes under invariant climate. The second scenario determines the change in streamflow due to change in climate assuming constant land use. The third scenario estimates the combined effect of changing land use and climate over the streamflow of the basin. Based on the results obtained from the three scenarios, quantification of isolated impacts of land use and climate change on streamflow is addressed. Future projections of climate are obtained from dynamically downscaled simulations of six general circulation models (GCMs) available from the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) project. Uncertainties associated with the GCMs and emission scenarios are quantified in the analysis. Results for the case study indicate that streamflow is highly sensitive to change in urban areas and moderately sensitive to change in cropland areas. However, variations in streamflow generally reproduce the variations in precipitation. The combined effect of land use and climate on streamflow is observed to be more pronounced compared to their individual impacts in the basin. It is observed from the isolated effects of land use and climate change that climate has a more dominant impact on streamflow in the region. The approach proposed in this paper is applicable to any river basin to isolate the impacts of land use change and climate change on the streamflow.
The use of semi-structured interviews for the characterisation of farmer irrigation practices
Authors: O'Keeffe J. , Buytaert W. , Mijic A. , Brozovic N. , Sinha R.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Generating information on the behaviours, characteristics and drivers of users, as well on the resource itself, is vital in developing sustainable and realistic water security options. In this paper we present a methodology for collecting qualitative and quantitative data on water use practices through semi-structured interviews. This approach facilitates the collection of detailed information on actors' decisions in a convenient and cost-effective manner. The interview is organised around a topic guide, which helps lead the conversation in a standardised way while allowing sufficient opportunity to identify relevant issues previously unknown to the researcher. In addition, semi-structured interviews can be used to obtain certain types of quantitative data. While not as accurate as direct measurements, it can provide useful information on local practices and farmers' insights. We present an application of the methodology on two districts in the State of Uttar Pradesh in North India. By means of 100 farmer interviews, information was collected on various aspects of irrigation practices, including irrigation water volumes, irrigation cost, water source and their spatial variability. A statistical analysis of the information, along with some data visualisation is also presented, which highlights a significant variation in irrigation practices both within and between the districts. Our application shows that semi-structured interviews are an effective and efficient method of collecting both qualitative and quantitative information for the assessment of drivers, behaviours and their outcomes in a data scarce region. The collection of this type of data could significantly improve insight on water resources, leading to more realistic management options and increased water security in the future.
Halogen-based reconstruction of Russian Arctic sea ice area from the Akademii Nauk ice core (Severnaya Zemlya)
Authors: Spolaor A. , Opel T. , McConnell J. R. , Maselli O. J. , Spreen G. , Varin C. , Kirchgeorg T. , Fritzsche D. , Vallelonga P.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The role of sea ice in the Earth climate system is still under debate, although it is known to influence albedo, ocean circulation, and atmosphere-ocean heat and gas exchange. Here we present a reconstruction of AD 1950 to 1998 sea ice in the Laptev Sea based on the Akademii Nauk ice core (Severnaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic). The halogens bromine (Br) and iodine (I) are strongly influenced by sea ice processes. Bromine reacts with the sea ice surface in auto-catalyzing "Bromine explosion" events causing an enrichment of the Br / Na ratio and the bromine excess (Brexc) in snow compared to that in seawater. Iodine is emitted from algal communities growing under sea ice. The results suggest a connection between Brexc and spring sea ice area, as well as a connection between iodine concentration and summer sea ice area. These two halogens are therefore good candidates for extended reconstructions of past sea ice changes in the Arctic.
Identity theory as a theoretical framework to understand attrition for university students in transition
Authors: Whannell Robert , Whannell Patricia
Published: August 2015

There has been extensive research done with a view to explaining the processes of transition into tertiary study and the factors that may be associated with student attrition.  This paper consolidates the authors’ research in relation to the transition of students into adult and tertiary bridging programs and undergraduate university study and presents an alternative approach to the use of objective conditions such as financial challenges and first-in-family status in explaining the attrition phenomenon.  Identity theory is used as the basis to develop a theoretical framework that will assist educators working in these areas to engage more fully with and assist students to develop the academic and scholarly identity necessary to sustain appropriate and effective academic behaviours during the transition into tertiary education.
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
Authors: Viniou N. A. , Diamantopoulos P. , Barbetseas J. , Sanidas E. A.
Published: August 2015

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a prothrombotic syndrome initiated by platelet-activating auto-antibodies with potentially devastating complications. Once the diagnosis of HIT is suspected, discontinuation of heparin and treatment with an alternative anticoagulant are mandatory. While established drugs for HIT are no longer available, parenteral factor Xa inhibitors, thrombin inhibitors and perhaps the direct oral anticoagulants provide additional treatment options. The aim of this review was to highlight the current clinical aspects regarding HIT focusing on the role of novel medications.
Perotrochus caledonicus (Gastropoda: Pleurotomariidae) revisited: descriptions of new species from the South-West Pacific
Authors: Anseeuw Patrick , Puillandre Nicolas , Utge José , Bouchet Philippe
Published: August 2015

Morphological (shell) and molecular examination of a large suite of specimens of pleurotomariids from around New Caledonia and the Coral Sea reveals the existence of four species in the complex of Perotrochus caledonicus: Perotrochus deforgesi Métivier, 1990 and P. pseudogranulosus sp. nov. live allopatrically on the plateaus and guyots of the Coral Sea; Perotrochus caledonicus Bouchet & Métivier, 1982 and Perotrochus wareni sp. nov. live sympatrically - but essentially not syntopically - on the slopes of New Caledonia, Norfolk Ridge and the Loyalty Ridge. All species live in the 300–500 m interval, and together form a significant component of the mollusc fauna living on hard bottoms in the SW Pacific, with individual dredge hauls containing up to 25 specimens of Perotrochus.
Mining and Analyzing Circulation and ILL Data for Informed Collection Development
Authors: Link Forrest E. , Tosaka Yuji , Weng Cathy
Published: August 2015

The authors investigated quantitative methods of collection use analysis employing library data that are available in ILS and ILL systems to better understand library collection use and user needs. For the purpose of the study, the authors extracted circulation and ILL records from the library’s systems using data-mining techniques. By comparing these data to records of books acquired in a four-year period, the study reveals generally good collection use as well as some unmet collection needs. The study also offers a method of compiling and sharing these multiple types of usage data among work groups to create feedback mechanisms to inform the work of selectors and suggest modifications to collection development practices.
Getting More Value from the LibQUAL+® Survey: The Merits of Qualitative Analysis and Importance-Satisfaction Matrices in Assessing Library Patron Comments
Authors: Detlor Brian , Ball Kathryn
Published: August 2015

This paper examines the merit of conducting a qualitative analysis of LibQUAL+® survey comments as a means of leveraging quantitative LibQUAL+ results, and using importance-satisfaction matrices to present and assess qualitative findings. Comments collected from the authors’ institution’s LibQUAL+ survey were analyzed using a codebook based on theoretical insights of customer satisfaction with library features. Qualitative findings extended the quantitative results and yielded key recommendations that were new or unclear from the quantitative results alone. Importance-satisfaction matrices were beneficial in pinpointing primary and secondary opportunities for improvement, areas to place continued emphasis, and areas where expectations were exceeded.
Combination of transient elastography with serum-based non-invasive tests improves prediction of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Zykus Romanas , Jonaitis Laimas , Petrenkienė Vitalija , Gudinavičienė Inga , Kupčinskas Limas
Published: August 2015

The work was carried out at the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Hospital Kaunas Clinics.
Background. To date, there is not enough data to conclude whether the combination of different non-invasive liver fibrosis tests could improve the accuracy in prediction of liver fibrosis. The aim of this study was to assess correlation between transient elastography (TE), aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI), fibrosis 4 score (FIB4) and histological stage of fibrosis (F).
Materials and methods. In this prospective study the correlation of TE, APRI and FIB4 with the stage of fibrosis was assessed in 140 patients with chronic HCV hepatitis. TE, APRI and FIB4 were measured the same day before biopsy. Fibrosis was evaluated using the METAVIR score. Cut-off values were established by applying the ROC curve analysis. All non-invasive tests were combined into pairs in order to evaluate the accuracy of fibrosis prediction.
Results. The stage of fibrosis correlated with TE (R-0.74), FIB4 (R-0.67) and APRI (R-0.58). To detect F4 TE cut-off value 12.1 kPa had 93.8% sensitivity and 85% specificity; APRI cut-off value 1.42 (84.4/81.1) and FIB4 cutoff value 2.89 (84.4/84.0) were established. To determine F ≥ 3 – 10.3 kPa (91.1/83.9), 1.28 (77.8/78.5), 2.28 (84.4/81.7); F ≥ 2 8.5 kPa (80.9/74.3), 1.12 (72.1/78.6), 1.63 (82.4/75.7); F  ≥  1 5.35  kPa (85.4/100), 0.45 (89.2/87.5), 0.89 (87.7/75). Significant increase of accuracy was observed in TE/APRI (p – 0.008) and FIB4/APRI (p – 0.02) groups to predict F ≥ 1, and TE/FIB4 to predict F ≥ 2 (p – 0.04) and F ≥ 1 (p – 0.04).
Conclusions. Combined use of TE/APRI, FIB4/APRI increased the accuracy to predict F ≥ 1, and TE/FIB4 combination increased the accuracy to predict F ≥ 2 and F ≥ 1.
Structural basis of pathogen recognition by an integrated HMA domain in a plant NLR immune receptor
Authors: Maqbool A , Saitoh H , Franceschetti M , Stevenson CEM , Uemura A , Kanzaki H , Kamoun S , Terauchi R , Banfield MJ
Published: August 2015

Plants have evolved intracellular immune receptors to detect pathogen proteins known as effectors. How these immune receptors detect effectors remains poorly understood. Here we describe the structural basis for direct recognition of AVR-Pik, an effector from the rice blast pathogen, by the rice intracellular NLR immune receptor Pik. AVR-PikD binds a dimer of the Pikp-1 HMA integrated domain with nanomolar affinity. The crystal structure of the Pikp-HMA/AVR-PikD complex enabled design of mutations to alter protein interaction in yeast and in vitro, and perturb effector-mediated response both in a rice cultivar containing Pikp and upon expression of AVR-PikD and Pikp in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. These data reveal the molecular details of a recognition event, mediated by a novel integrated domain in an NLR, which initiates a plant immune response and resistance to rice blast disease. Such studies underpin novel opportunities for engineering disease resistance to plant pathogens in staple food crops.
Does Control Privatisation Affect Corporate Tax Aggressiveness?
Authors: Wang Liangliang , Wang Yuetang
Published: August 2015

The extant literature has shown that “control privatisation” (CP) can improve corporate performance. There is little evidence, however, on how CP affects corporate performance. This paper investigates this issue from the perspective of tax planning. Using a difference-in-differences (DID) model with paired samples as a control group, we examine whether corporate tax aggressiveness changes after CP. The results suggest that after CP, corporations exhibit increased tax aggressiveness compared with the paired sample. Further, compared with the paired sample, the tax aggressiveness of central government owned corporations does not change after privatisation, while local government owned corporations become more tax aggressive after privatisation. Our results hold constant under a series of robustness tests. This paper not only enriches the literature on tax planning but also provides new evidence concerning the effect of CP on corporate performance.
A unified framework for stability of channel bifurcations in gravel and sand fluvial systems
Authors: Bolla Pittaluga Michele , Coco Giovanni , Kleinhans Maarten G.
Published: August 2015

Bifurcating rivers shape natural landscapes by distributing water and sediments on fluvial plains and in deltas. Symmetrical bifurcations were often found to be unstable so that one branch downstream of the bifurcation enlarged while the other dwindled. A unified theory able to predict bifurcation stability in both gravel bed and sand bed rivers is still lacking. Here we develop a new theory for the stability of bifurcations for the entire range of gravel bed to sand bed rivers. The theory indicates opposite behavior of gravel bed and sand bed rivers: we predict that symmetrical bifurcations are inherently stable for intermediate Shields stresses but are inherently unstable for the low and high Shields stresses found in the majority of rivers on Earth. In the latter conditions asymmetrical bifurcations are stable. These predictions are corroborated by observations and have ramifications for many environmental problems in fluviodeltaic settings.
On the confinement of lunar induced magnetic fields
Authors: Fatemi S. , Fuqua H. A. , Poppe A. R. , Delory G. T. , Halekas J. S. , Farrell W. M. , Holmström M.
Published: August 2015

We examine the confinement of induced magnetic fields on the lunar dayside and nightside, when the Moon is in the solar wind. We use a three‐dimensional hybrid model of plasma and place a dipole magnetic field at the center of the Moon to mimic the induced magnetic field, which is the response of the lunar interior to the time‐varying interplanetary magnetic field. Consistent with previous observations and theoretical predictions, we show that the induced magnetic fields on the dayside are confined within the lunar surface through a dayside current sheet. In contrast to previous work, we show that the induced magnetic fields are not confined in the lunar wake, and they leak out, sometimes even appearing as lunar limb compressions. Finally, we identify favorable places to observe induced magnetic fields by electromagnetic sounding techniques, which will help to better constrain the lunar electrical conductivity profile, and interior structure.
Ionospheric vertical plasma drift and electron density response during total solar eclipses at equatorial/low latitude
Authors: Adekoya B. J. , Chukwuma V. U. , Reinisch B. W.
Published: August 2015

The response of the vertical plasma drift (Vz) and the electron density (NmF2) during different solar eclipses was investigated. The diurnal values of the direct scaled measurement ofF2peak height and the one derived fromM(3000)F2data, acquired over an equatorial/low‐latitude stations, have been used to determine the vertical plasma drift. The ionosphere during a solar eclipse is significantly affected by theE × Bvertical drift; the large depletion of electron density at low altitudes can be transported to high altitudes through the plasma vertical drift. The loss in ionization density during the eclipse phase decreases the electron density, which was accompanied by rapid increase inhmF2. This deviation in theNmF2during eclipse compared to control days can be related to the increase in the loss rate due to recombination, as a result of reduction in thermal energy. However, the maximum reduction inNmF2is not synchronous with the time of maximum totality but some minutes later. The differences in the solar epochs may contribute to the observed relative changes in the ionosphericF2region behavior during the eclipse window. Lastly, it is very difficult to separate the influence of magnetic disturbances from solar eclipse. The deviation inNmF2is higher during magnetic disturbed days than the quiet day. The reverse is the case forhmF2observation. However, theNmF2variation increases with an increase in solar activity.
Hinge‐migrated fold‐scarp model based on an analysis of bed geometry: A study from the Mingyaole anticline, southern foreland of Chinese Tian Shan
Authors: Li Tao , Chen Jie , Thompson Jessica A. , Burbank Douglas W. , Yang Huili
Published: August 2015

Fold scarps, a type of geomorphic scarp formed by folding mechanisms of hinge migration or limb rotation, serve to delineate both fault‐bend characteristics and folding histories, which can, in turn, illuminate tectonic processes and seismic hazards associated with thrust systems. Because the subsurface geometry of folds is commonly difficult to determine, existing fold‐scarp models, which rely on both the fold type and its causative fault geometries, remain uncertain with respect to the kinematic evolution of a given fold. In this paper, we develop a model to illustrate that, irrespective of specific fold type and subsurface geometries, fold‐scarp growth in the mechanism of hinge migration can be successfully reconstructed based on analyses of bed geometry. This model reveals that the underlying bed dips and the ratio of hinge migration distance/hinge width control the fold‐scarp shape and slope. During initial growth (ratio < 1), the scarp slope increases gradually with migration of the hinge. When the hinge totally exits from its original position (ratio > 1), the slope reaches a maximum, which solely depends on underlying bed dips. The scarp height, however, is independent of the hinge width and can be used to quantify folding magnitude. Application of our model to fold scarps in the Mingyaole anticline in the southern foreland of Chinese Tian Shan indicates that the modeled fold‐scarp geometry can roughly match with field observations. The Mingyaole shortening rate is estimated to be ≥5.0 mm/a since ~15 ka, such that this single fold has accommodated about half of the regional convergence during the Holocene.
High‐resolution local magnetic field models for the Martian South Pole from Mars Global Surveyor data
Authors: Plattner A. , Simons F. J.
Published: August 2015

We present two high‐resolution local models for the crustal magnetic field of the Martian south polar region. Models SP130 and SP130M were derived from three‐component measurements made by Mars Global Surveyor at nighttime and at low altitude (<200 km). The availability area for these data covers the annulus between latitudes −76° and −87° and contains a strongly magnetized region (southern parts of Terra Sirenum) adjacent to weakly magnetized terrains (such as Prometheus Planum). Our localized field inversions take into account the region of data availability, a finite spectral bandlimit (spherical harmonic degree L = 130), and the varying satellite altitude at each observation point. We downward continue the local field solutions to a sphere of Martian polar radius 3376 km. While weakly magnetized areas in model SP130 contain inversion artifacts caused by strongly magnetized crust nearby, these artifacts are largely avoided in model SP130M, a mosaic of inversion results obtained by independently solving for the fields over individual subregions. Robust features of both models are magnetic stripes of alternating polarity in southern Terra Sirenum that end abruptly at the rim of Prometheus Planum, an impact crater with a weak or undetectable magnetic field. From a prominent and isolated dipole‐like magnetic feature close to Australe Montes, we estimate a paleopole with a best fit location at longitude 207° and latitude 48°. From the abruptly ending magnetic field stripes, we estimate average magnetization values of up to 15 A/m.
Young women's experiences of intrusive behavior in 12 countries
Authors: Sheridan Lorraine , Scott Adrian J. , Roberts Karl
Published: August 2015

The present study provides international comparisons of young women's (N = 1,734) self‐reported experiences of intrusive activities enacted by men. Undergraduate psychology students from 12 countries (Armenia, Australia, England, Egypt, Finland, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Scotland, and Trinidad) indicated which of 47 intrusive activities they had personally experienced. Intrusive behavior was not uncommon overall, although large differences were apparent between countries when women's personal experiences of specific intrusive activities were compared. Correlations were carried out between self‐reported intrusive experiences, the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), and Hofstede's dimensions of national cultures. The primary associations were between women's experiences of intrusive behavior and the level of power they are afforded within the 12 countries. Women from countries with higher GEM scores reported experiencing more intrusive activities relating to courtship and requests for sex, while the experiences of women from countries with lower GEM scores related more to monitoring and ownership. Intrusive activities, many of them constituent of harassment and stalking, would appear to be widespread and universal, and their incidence and particular form reflect national level gender inequalities. Aggr. Behav. 42:41–53, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Examining explanations for the link between bullying perpetration and physical dating violence perpetration: Do they vary by bullying victimization?
Authors: Foshee Vangie A. , Benefield Thad S. , McNaughton Reyes Heath Luz , Eastman Meridith , Vivolo‐Kantor Alana M. , Basile Kathleen C. , Ennett Susan T. , Faris Robert
Published: August 2015

This short‐term longitudinal study examined whether the association between bullying perpetration and later physical dating violence perpetration and mediators of that association (via anger, depression, anxiety, and social status), varied depending on level of bullying victimization. Differences have been noted between those who bully but are not victims of bullying, and those who are both bullies and victims. These differences may influence dating violence risk and the explanations for why bullying leads to dating violence. Data were from dating adolescents in three rural counties who completed self‐administered questionnaires in the fall semester of grades 8–10 and again in the spring semester. The sample (N = 2,414) was 44.08% male and 61.31% white. Bullying perpetration in the fall semester predicted physical dating violence perpetration in the spring semester when there was no bullying victimization, but not when there was any bullying victimization. Bullying perpetration was positively associated with anger at all levels of bullying victimization and with social status when there was no or low amounts of victimization; it was negatively associated with social status at high levels of victimization. Bullying victimization was positively associated with anger, depression, and anxiety at all levels of bullying perpetration. Anger mediated the association between bullying perpetration and dating violence, regardless of level of victimization; depression, anxiety, and social status did not mediate the association at any level of bullying victimization. The findings have implications for dating violence prevention efforts and for future research on the link between bullying and dating violence. Aggr. Behav. 42:66–81, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Superamphiphobic Coatings with High Transmittance: Structure, Fabrication, and Perspective
Authors: Geng Zhi , He Junhui
Published: August 2015

In recent years, superamphiphobic coatings have attracted world‐wide interest. In particular, those with high transmittance are of great interest as they significantly expand the range of applications of superamphiphobic coatings. This article reviews the recent development in the design and fabrication of superamphiphobic coatings with high transmittance, and clarifies technological challenges facing their practical applications. Finally, an outlook is made toward their future prospects.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Glycosylated Macrolactam Analogues of the Macrolide Antibiotic YC‐17
Authors: Shinde Pramod B. , Oh Hong‐Se , Choi Hyemin , Rathwell Kris , Ban Yeon Hee , Kim Eun Ji , Yang Inho , Lee Dong Gun , Sherman David H. , Kang Han‐Young , Yoon Yeo Joon
Published: August 2015

YC‐17 is a 12‐membered ring macrolide antibiotic produced from Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 15439 and is composed of the polyketide macrolactone 10‐deoxymethynolide appended with D‐desosamine. In order to develop structurally diverse macrolactam analogues of YC‐17 with improved therapeutic potential, a combined approach involving chemical synthesis and engineered cell‐based biotransformation was employed. Eight new antibacterial macrolactam analogues of YC‐17 were generated by supplying a novel chemically synthesized macrolactam aglycone to S. venezuelae mutants harboring plasmids capable of synthesizing several unnatural sugars for subsequent glycosylation. Some YC‐17 macrolactam analogues were active against erythromycin‐resistant bacterial pathogens and displayed improved metabolic stability in vitro. The enhanced therapeutic potential demonstrated by these glycosylated macrolactam analogues reveals the unique potential of chemoenzymatic synthesis in antibiotic drug discovery and development.

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A Facile Chemical Solution‐Based Method for Epitaxial Growth of Thick Ferrite Films
Authors: Hong Xiaoliang , Yang Yang , Xiao Wen , Yang Yong , Chen Jingsheng , Ding Jun
Published: August 2015

Thick ferrite films are promising for various applications, including miniaturized energy harvesters, inductor‐on‐chip applications, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and microwave devices. Here, a wet‐chemical (thermal decomposition method) for high‐quality and epitaxial thick ferrite is successfully developed. A silicon‐technology compatible process is developed, by which highly textured Fe3O4 can be grown on a Si substrate with a MgO seed layer and patterned structures can be relatively easily realized. As‐prepared Fe3O4 thick films demonstrate their potential applications for microwave and MEMS supercapacitors. Different ferrite compounds are successfully fabricated, including Co‐ferrite with high coercivity and perpendicular anisotropy, and Ni‐ferrite with high resistivity and enhanced magnetization. The method is demonstrated to also be suitable for the deposition of thick ZnO films. High conductivity is obtained in Al‐doped ZnO thick films.
A HfO2‐Based Complementary Switching Crossbar Adder
Authors: Breuer Thomas , Siemon Anne , Linn Eike , Menzel Stephan , Waser Rainer , Rana Vikas
Published: August 2015

Rapid growth of future information technology depends on energy‐efficient computation and ultra‐high density data storage. Non‐volatile redox‐based resistive switching memory (ReRAM) devices offer logic‐in‐memory capabilities and can redefine the von Neumann computer architecture. Especially complementary resistive switches (CRSs) enable the integration of highly dense passive nano‐crossbar arrays in 4F2 structure (F is the minimum feature size) without the need of selector devices. To reduce fabrication complexity further, single ReRAM device in complementary switching (CS) mode is a viable option. Here, the implementation of in‐memory‐adders using Pt|HfO2|Hf|Pt‐based CS devices, which are integrated into 1 × n passive crossbar arrays, is reported. First, the feasibility of all CRS‐logic functions with these CS devices is shown, which offer high‐endurance (109 cycles) under pulse conditions. Afterward, two multi‐bit crossbar adders, the Toggle‐Cell Adder and the Pre‐Calculation Adder, are experimentally demonstrated under pulse conditions realizing addition and subtraction operations. These results prove the functional efficiency of the crossbar adder approach, paving the path for highly advanced ReRAM‐based computing‐in‐memory architectures.
Charge‐induced electromagnetic resonances in nanoparticles
Authors: Kocifaj Miroslav , Klačka Jozef , Kundracik František , Videen Gorden
Published: August 2015

Electromagnetic theories have reproduced the scattering properties of differently shaped particles and successfully been used to characterize numerous systems. However, certain anomalous features remain unexplained that include enhanced extinction when particles are much smaller than the wavelength. Here we explain these features exploiting recent research in electromagnetic scattering theories that suggests incorporating the effect of particle charge results in new physical outcomes that deviate appreciably from what is predicted by electromagnetic interaction from uncharged systems. For electrically charged particles, the resonant excitation of surface modes is governed by excess charges deposited on the particle surface. Charge effects become large when particles are small compared to the incident wavelength, and we show that the electrostatic approximation is not valid for modelling the electromagnetic interaction from such particles. Charge‐induced resonances appear in such systems that can reproduce previously unexplained phenomena, for instance, amplified microwave attenuation observed in sandstorms.

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Carbon dioxide adsorption by modified carbon nanotubes
Authors: Omidfar Narges , Mohamadalizadeh Ali , Mousavi Seyed Hamed
Published: August 2015

In this study the CO2 adsorption of three different diameters of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) was investigated for a mixture of CO2/Ar at a temperature of 70 °C and atmospheric pressure. The largest diameter of MWCNT showed the highest CO2 uptake of 65.2 mg CO2 adsorbed per g adsorbent. One of the MWCNTs were modified with urea (CH4N2O) under two different loading durations with the aim of improving adsorption capacity. After such a functionalization, the CO2 uptake increased from 53.9 to 64.1 mg CO2 adsorbed per g adsorbent after 4 h loading duration. These findings indicate considerable potential of functionalized carbon nanotubes in comparison with other silica and carbon adsorbents. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specific cationic photoinitiators for near UV and visible LEDs: Iodonium versus ferrocenium structures
Authors: Mokbel Haifaa , Toufaily Joumana , Hamieh Tayssir , Dumur Frederic , Campolo Damien , Gigmes Didier , Pierre Fouassier Jean , Ortyl Joanna , Lalevée Jacques
Published: August 2015

Two iodonium salts based on a coumarin chromophore are investigated for polymerization upon light emitting diode irradiations (LEDs). They work as one‐component photoinitiators. They initiate the cationic polymerization of epoxides (under air) and vinylethers (laminate) upon exposure to violet LEDs (385 and 405 nm). Excellent polymerization profiles are recorded. Their efficiency is quite similar to that of a ferrocenium salt. Interpenetrating polymer networks can also be obtained through a concomitant cationic/radical photopolymerization of an epoxy/acrylate blend monomer. The light absorption properties of these new salts as well as the involved photochemical mechanisms are investigated for the first time through electron spin resonance, laser flash photolysis, steady state photolysis experiments. Molecular orbital calculations are also used to shed some light on the initiation mechanisms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42759.
Preparation of halloysite nanotubes coated with Eudragit for a controlled release of thyme essential oil
Authors: Lee Min Hyeock , Park Hyun Jin
Published: August 2015

Active food packaging that releases active agents can extend the shelf‐life and improve the quality and safety of food products. Essential oils have been used as natural food preservatives due to their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti‐insect properties. However, one of the limitations of using essential oils as active agents is their high volatility. In this study, thyme essential oil, an active antioxidant agent, was encapsulated into halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) using a vacuum process to sustain the release rate and to solidify the thyme oil (TO) from a liquid state. Moreover, the TO‐loaded HNT capsules (TO/HNT capsules) were coated with Eudragit EPO polymer to avoid burst release and to prolong the release time. The morphology of the prepared samples was characterized using SEM, TEM, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis by BET method. Zeta potential and FTIR analysis were used to verify the encapsulation of the TO and the Eudragit EPO polymer coating of TO/HNT capsules. After Eudragit EPO polymer coating of TO/HNT capsules, the surface charge of the samples was converted from −17.5 ± 0.2 mV to +19.4 ± 1.5 mV. The amount of encapsulated TO was determined using a GC‐FID. Encapsulation efficiency and payload of TO/HNT capsules prepared using 26.7% (w/v) TO solution were 14.94% and 14.58%, respectively. The encapsulated TO was released in a sustained manner for 96 h. In addition, antioxidant activity of the samples was evaluated using a DPPH assay and a reducing power assay. In both two assays, the antioxidant activity of the TO/HNT capsules was increased along with the increasing concentration of TO/HNT capsules. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42771.
Synthesis and characterization of alternating copolymers containing bipyridine and phenylene vinylene for fluorescent chemosensors
Authors: Yu Chin‐Yang , Chen Pin‐Ying , Lin Yi‐Hao , Ciou Pei‐Jia
Published: August 2015

Alternating copolymers containing bipyridine and phenylene vinylene were synthesized through a Wittig condensation reaction of their corresponding diphosphonium salts and dialdehydes. The molecular weights of the resulting polymers were relatively low because of the low solubility in the reaction solvents. The optical properties of the polymers were substantially affected by the repeating units of phenylene vinylene. The absorption spectra of the copolymers in the solid state exhibited a bathochromic shift compared to those carried out in solution. The effective conjugation length could be extended with the addition of Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ ions into the polymer solutions in a 1 : 1 ratio of the bipyridine to the phenylene vinylene units. All of the polymer solutions behaved as a turn‐off fluorescent chemosensor upon the addition of a variety of the metal ions. The sensing behavior to various metal ions revealed that the polymers were highly sensitive to the Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ ions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42795.
Learning style versus time spent studying and career choice: Which is associated with success in a combined undergraduate anatomy and physiology course?
Authors: Farkas Gary J. , Mazurek Ewa , Marone Jane R.
Published: August 2015

The VARK learning style is a pedagogical focus in health care education. This study examines relationships of course performance vs. VARK learning preference, study time, and career plan among students enrolled in an undergraduate anatomy and physiology course at a large urban university. Students (n = 492) from the fall semester course completed a survey consisting of the VARK questionnaire, gender, academic year, career plans, and estimated hours spent per week in combined classroom and study time. Seventy‐eight percent of students reported spending 15 or fewer hours per week studying. Study time and overall course score correlated significantly for the class as a whole (r = 0.111, P = 0.013), which was mainly due to lecture (r = 0.118, P = 0.009) performance. No significant differences were found among students grouped by learning styles. When corrected for academic year, overall course scores (mean ± SEM) for students planning to enter dentistry, medicine, optometry or pharmacy (79.89 ± 0.88%) were significantly higher than those of students planning to enter physical or occupational therapies (74.53 ± 1.15%; P = 0.033), as well as nurse/physician assistant programs (73.60 ± 1.3%; P = 0.040). Time spent studying was not significantly associated with either learning style or career choice. Our findings suggest that specific career goals and study time, not learning preferences, are associated with better performance among a diverse group of students in an undergraduate anatomy and physiology course. However, the extent to which prior academic preparation, cultural norms, and socioeconomic factors influenced these results requires further investigation. Anat Sci Educ 9: 121–131. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists.
Kidney function changes with aging in adults: comparison between cross‐sectional and longitudinal data analyses in renal function assessment
Authors: Chung Sang M. , Lee David J. , Hand Austin , Young Philip , Vaidyanathan Jayabharathi , Sahajwalla Chandrahas
Published: August 2015

The study evaluated whether the renal function decline rate per year with age in adults varies based on two primary statistical analyses: cross‐section (CS), using one observation per subject, and longitudinal (LT), using multiple observations per subject over time. A total of 16628 records (3946 subjects; age range 30–92 years) of creatinine clearance and relevant demographic data were used. On average, four samples per subject were collected for up to 2364 days (mean: 793 days). A simple linear regression and random coefficient models were selected for CS and LT analyses, respectively. The renal function decline rates per year were 1.33 and 0.95 ml/min/year for CS and LT analyses, respectively, and were slower when the repeated individual measurements were considered. The study confirms that rates are different based on statistical analyses, and that a statistically robust longitudinal model with a proper sampling design provides reliable individual as well as population estimates of the renal function decline rates per year with age in adults. In conclusion, our findings indicated that one should be cautious in interpreting the renal function decline rate with aging information because its estimation was highly dependent on the statistical analyses. From our analyses, a population longitudinal analysis (e.g. random coefficient model) is recommended if individualization is critical, such as a dose adjustment based on renal function during a chronic therapy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.