bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Jarnagin William R. , Weber Sharon , Tickoo Satish K. , Koea Jonathan B. , Obiekwe Sam , Fong Yuman , DeMatteo Ronald P. , Blumgart Leslie H. , Klimstra David
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Tumors with combined hepatocellular and cholangiocellular features are well known histopathologically but their clinical behavior is poorly understood. The objectives of the current study were to define the demographic profile of the patients in whom these uncommon tumors occur and to evaluate treatment outcome in comparison with that in patients with either hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or peripheral cholangiocarcinoma (CC) alone.

METHODS

Twenty‐seven patients with combined tumors were identified from a prospective database. Pathologic specimens were analyzed to confirm the diagnosis. Demographics, clinical data, and survival were analyzed. Outcome after resection was compared with that of patients with CC and with a matched group of patients with HCC.

RESULTS

The gender distribution of the combined tumors (52% men and 48% women) was intermediate between HCC (67% men and 33% women) and CC (30% men and 70% women) (P = 0.03). The incidence of positive hepatitis B or C serology and cirrhosis was similar in patients with combined tumors and those with CC (15% and 0% vs. 13% and 4%, respectively); similarly, patients of Asian heritage constituted 7% and 9%, respectively, of the patients with these tumors. By contrast, cirrhosis (41%) and positive hepatitis serology (56%) were far more common in patients with HCC, and 19% of these patients were of Asian heritage. Twenty‐one of 27 patients with combined tumors (78%) underwent resection. All 6 patients with combined tumors that were not amenable to resection died of disease within 18 months. After resection, the 5‐year survival was lowest in patients with combined tumors (24%) but was not significantly different from that in patients with CC (33%) or HCC (37%). The liver was the most common site of recurrence in all three groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The demographic and clinical features of patients with combined tumors were most similar to those of patients with CC. Most important, combined tumors were not found to be associated with chronic liver disease; consequently, the resectability rate was higher for these tumors than typically is reported for HCC. Resection was associated with long‐term survival in some patients, but recurrent hepatic disease was common. The presence of cholangiocellular differentiation appeared to worsen the prognosis when compared with pure HCC, although this difference did not reach statistical significance. Cancer 2002;94:2040–6. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10392
Prospective study of cancer detection in black and white men with normal digital rectal examination but prostate specific antigen equal or greater than 4.0 ng/mL
Authors: Fowler Jackson E. , Bigler Steven A. , Farabaugh Paul B.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentration with no clinical evidence of prostate carcinoma is higher and more variable in black than in white American men. The influence of this phenomenon on relations between race, PSA, and cancer detection in men with a PSA greater than or equal to 4.0 ng/mL has not been investigated.

METHODS

Between January 1992 and December 2000, 451 black and 480 white men with a normal digital rectal examination and a PSA greater than or equal to 4.0 ng/mL had an initial prostate biopsy at one medical center. The histology of the biopsy specimens and the Gleason score of malignant specimens was determined by one uropathologist.

RESULTS

Cancer was detected in 207 (46%) black and 167 (35%) white men (P = 0.0006). When adjusted for PSA, cancer detection was also greater in the black than the white men, but the difference did not achieve statistical significance (relative risk, 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99–1.71; P = 0.06). Gleason score 7–10 cancer was detected in 88 (20%) black and 45 (9%) white men (P = 0.0001), and the difference remained significant when adjusted for PSA (relative risk, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.16–2.61; P = 0.0008). In the intermediate PSA range of 4.0–9.9 ng/mL, cancer detection and Gleason score 7–10 cancer detection was greater in black than in white men younger than 60, 60–69, and 70 years of age or older, but the difference was significant only for Gleason score 7–10 cancer detection among men 60–69 years of age (P = 0.006).

CONCLUSIONS

There is a direct correlation between Gleason score and cause specific survival with local stage prostate carcinoma. The authors' study indicates that prostate carcinomas with established malignant potential are more likely to be identified in black than in white men with PSA elevation as the only indication of malignancy and raises the possibility that a PSA threshold less than 4.0 ng/mL in black men younger than 70 years of age may reduce racial disparities in prostate carcinoma morbidity and mortality. Cancer 2002;94:1661–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10446
A Phase II trial of intra‐cerebrospinal fluid alpha interferon in the treatment of neoplastic meningitis
Authors: Chamberlain Marc C.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Neoplastic meningitis (NM), a metastatic complication of both primary central nervous system and systemic cancer, occurs in 1‐5% of patients with known cancer. Currently available treatment options are limited and provide only modest benefit. The current study was performed to determine the toxicity and response rate of intra‐cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) alpha interferon (α‐IFN) in the treatment of patients with NM.

METHODS

Twenty two patients (median age, 56 years) with clinical and cytologically documented NM received intra‐CSF α‐IFN. Tumor histologies included: lung (five patients); brain (five patients); non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (three patients); breast (three patients); melanoma (two patients); chronic myelogenous leukemia (two patients); colon (one patient); and prostate (one patient). Concurrent involved‐field radiotherapy (12 out of 22 patients) or systemic chemotherapy (11 out of 22) was administered based on clinical indications. ‐α‐IFN was administered at a fixed dose (1 × 106 IU every other day given three times per week for four weeks by induction). Patients were evaluated by CSF cytology and neurologic examination at the conclusion of induction therapy. Responding patients continued to receive α‐IFN with monthly evaluations.

RESULTS

Ten out of 22 patients (45%) treated with α‐IFN had a cytologic response and either stable or improved neurologic status at the conclusion of induction. Duration of response ranged from 8 to 40 weeks (median, 16 weeks). Toxicity was manifested as transient chemical arachnoiditis (16 out of 22 patients; 60% of all treatment cycles) and chronic fatigue (20 out of 22 patients). No treatment‐related hospitalizations or deaths were seen.

CONCLUSIONS

α‐IFN has modest activity against NM. However, it is associated with considerable toxicity at the dose and schedule used in the current study and, as a result, may prove difficult to administer. Cancer 2002;94:2675–80. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10547
Cognitive functioning and quality of life in long‐term adult survivors of bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Harder Helena , Cornelissen Jan J. , Van Gool Arthur R. , Duivenvoorden Hugo J. , Eijkenboom Wil M. H. , van den Bent Martin J.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The late neurotoxic effects of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) on cognitive functioning and quality of life (QOL) were investigated in a consecutively treated cohort of long‐term adult survivors.

METHODS

Progression‐free patients treated with BMT or peripheral stem cell grafts for a hematologic malignancy at least 2 years before study participation were examined with a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests and questionnaires for QOL and mood states. The results of the neuropsychological tests were compared with healthy population norms.

RESULTS

Forty patients were included, 87.5% of whom had undergone an allogeneic transplantation. All received total body irradiation up to 12 Gy (in two fractions). Assessment took place 22–82 months after BMT. Mild to moderate cognitive impairment was found in 24 patients (60%). Compared with healthy population norms, selective attention and executive function, information processing speed, verbal learning, and verbal and visual memory were most likely to be affected. The mean score for the total patient group revealed that these patients scored significantly lower on the information processing speed task compared with expected scores obtained from the normal population. The main predictors for poor neuropsychological performance were fatigue, global health, and educational level. Other correlations with moderate to severe cognitive impairment were subjective cognitive complaints, physical functioning, social functioning, overall mood states, and employment status.

CONCLUSIONS

These data indicate that BMT may lead to cognitive complaints and late cognitive deficits in long‐term adult survivors. Cognitive functioning should therefore be used as an outcome parameter in BMT studies. Cancer 2002;95:183–92. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10627
Loss of basal forebrain P75NTR immunoreactivity in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Mufson Elliott J. , Ma Shuang Y. , Dills John , Cochran Elizabeth J. , Leurgans Sue , Wuu Joanne , Bennett David A. , Jaffar Syed , Gilmor Michelle L. , Levey Alan I. , Kordower Jeffrey H.
Published: August 2002

The long‐held belief that degeneration of the cholinergic basal forebrain was central to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and occurred early in the disease process has been questioned recently. In this regard, changes in some cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) markers (e.g. the high affinity trkA receptor) but not others (e.g., cortical choline acetyltransferase [ChAT] activity, the number of ChAT and vesicular acetylcholine transporter‐immunoreactive neurons) suggest specific phenotypic changes, but not frank neuronal degeneration, early in the disease process. The present study examined the expression of the low affinity p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), an excellent marker of CBF neurons, in postmortem tissue derived from clinically well‐characterized individuals who have been classified as having no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and mild AD. Relative to NCI individuals, a significant and similar reduction in the number of nucleus basalis p75NTR‐immunoreactive neurons was seen in individuals with MCI (38%) and mild AD (43%). The number of p75NTR‐immunoreactive nucleus basalis neurons was significantly correlated with performance on the Mini‐Mental State Exam, a Global Cognitive Test score, as well as some individual tests of working memory and attention. These data, together with previous reports, support the concept that phenotypic changes, but not frank neuronal degeneration, occur early in cognitive decline. Although there was no difference in p75NTR CBF cell reduction between MCI and AD, it remains to be determined whether these findings lend support to the hypothesis that MCI is a prodromal stage of AD. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:136–153, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microglia activation and cell death in response to diethyl‐dithiocarbamate acute administration
Authors: Zucconi Gigliola Grassi , Laurenzi Maria Assunta , Semprevivo Massimo , Torni Federica , Lindgren Jan Ake , Marinucci Eva
Published: August 2002

An increasing body of evidence suggests a role for activated microglia in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, it would be useful to have a better understanding of the significance of microglial activation for neuronal damage. Unfortunately, most models of microglial activation use invasive or long‐lasting insults, which make it difficult to evaluate the role played by microglia. We have instead developed a model for microglial activation by using brief exposure to the widely available neurotoxin diethyl‐dithiocarbamate (DDTC). Despite evidence for the neurotoxic nature of this substance, microglia involvement has not been hitherto investigated. After acute i.p. administration of DDTC at two different doses, microglia were already activated in selected areas of the rat brain (hippocampal dentate gyrus, entorhinal‐pyriform cortex and hypothalamus) after 1 hour, reaching a peak at 3–6 hours and subsided within 6–48 hours, depending on the brain region. Microglia activation was associated with interleukin‐1 beta immunopositivity between 3 and 6 hours and with up‐regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II expression between 24 and 48 hours. No significant changes in astrocyte immunostaining were detected between 6 hours and 6 days. The TUNEL procedure revealed the death of a limited number of cells in the above‐mentioned structures that peaked at 6h and then declined rapidly. Cell death was detected in sites with major, minor, or no microglial activation, indicating that these two events can occur concomitantly or independently. The study shows that the administration of DDTC provides a useful model for studying the implications of region‐specific reactivity of microglia and its differential interaction with neuronal damage. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:135–150, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity in the brain of a caecilian amphibian, Dermophis mexicanus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)
Authors: González Agustín , López Jesús M. , Sánchez‐Camacho Cristina , Marín Oscar
Published: August 2002

The organization of the cholinergic system in the brain of anuran and urodele amphibians was recently studied, and significant differences were noted between both amphibian orders. However, comparable data are not available for the third order of amphibians, the limbless gymnophionans (caecilians). To further assess general and derived features of the cholinergic system in amphibians, we have investigated the distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive (ChAT‐ir) cell bodies and fibers in the brain of the gymnophionan Dermophis mexicanus. This distribution showed particular features of gymnophionans such as the existence of a particularly large cholinergic population in the striatum, the presence of ChAT‐ir cells in the mesencephalic tectum, and the organization of the cranial nerve motor nuclei. These peculiarities probably reflect major adaptations of gymnophionans to a fossorial habit. Comparison of our results with those in other vertebrates, including a segmental approach to correlate cell populations across species, shows that the general pattern of organization of cholinergic systems in vertebrates can be modified in certain species in response to adaptative processes that lead to morphological and behavioral modifications of members of a given class of vertebrates, as shown for gymnophionans. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:249–267, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zinc co‐localizes with GABA and glycine in synapses in the lamprey spinal cord
Authors: Birinyi András , Parker David , Antal Miklós , Shupliakov Oleg
Published: August 2002

The presence of zinc in synaptic terminals in the lamprey spinal cord was examined utilizing a modification of the Timm′s sulfide silver method and with the fluorescent marker 6‐methoxy‐8‐quinolyl‐p‐toluenesulfonamide (TSQ). Axons labeled with a Timm′s staining method were predominantly located in the lateral region of the dorsal column. This correlated with a maximum of TSQ fluorescence in this region of the spinal cord. Single labeled terminals accumulating Timm reaction product were also found throughout the gray matter and fiber tracts. At the ultrastructural level, zinc was located in a population of synaptic terminals that co‐localized γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine. Possible effects of Zn2+ on neuronal activity were examined. In spinobulbar interneurons, which receive GABAergic input in the dorsal column, zinc potentiated responses to GABA application, but it did not affect responses to GABA in motoneurons. Responses in motoneurons to pressure application of glycine were also not affected by Zn2+. Zinc, however, potentiated monosynaptic glycinergic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) evoked in motoneurons by inhibitory locomotor network interneurons and increased frequency, but not amplitude of spontaneous miniature IPSPs recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), suggesting presynaptic effects. Glutamate responses and the amplitude of monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in motoneurons were reduced by zinc. These effects appeared to be mediated largely postsynaptically through an effect on the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) component of the glutamatergic input. Our results thus show that free zinc is present in inhibitory synaptic terminals in the lamprey spinal cord, and that it may function as a modulator of inhibitory synaptic transmission. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:208–221, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABA and glycine‐like immunoreactivity at axoaxonic synapses on 1a muscle afferent terminals in the spinal cord of the rat
Authors: Watson Alan H.D. , Bazzaz Ayoub A.
Published: August 2002

The object of this study was to analyze the synaptic interactions of identified muscle spindle afferent axon terminals in the spinal cord of the rat. Group 1a muscle afferents supplying the gastrocnemius muscle were impaled with microelectrodes in the dorsal white matter of the spinal cord and stained by intracellular injection with Neurobiotin. Postembedding immunogold techniques were used to reveal GABA‐ and glycine‐like immunoreactivity in boutons presynaptic to afferent terminals in the ventral horn and the deep layers of the dorsal horn. Serial‐section reconstruction was used to reveal the distribution of synaptic contacts of different types on the afferent terminals. The majority of afferent boutons received axoaxonic and made axodendritic or axosomatic synaptic contacts. In the ventral horn, 91% of boutons presynaptic to the afferent terminals were immunoreactive for GABA alone and 9% were immunoreactive for both GABA and glycine. The mean number of axo‐axonic contacts received per terminal was 2.7, and the mean number of synaptic contacts at which the terminal was the presynaptic element was 1.4. In the deep layers of the dorsal horn, 58% of boutons presynaptic to afferent terminals were immunoreactive for GABA alone, 31% were immunoreactive for GABA and glycine, and 11% for glycine alone. The mean number of axoaxonic contacts received per afferent terminal in this region was 1.6 and the mean number of synaptic contacts at which the terminal was the presynaptic element was 0.86. This clearly establishes the principle that activity in 1a afferents is modulated by several neurochemically distinct populations of presynaptic neuron. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:335–348, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preproenkephalin mRNA is expressed by C1 and non‐C1 barosensitive bulbospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of the rat
Authors: Stornetta Ruth L. , Schreihofer Ann M. , Pelaez Nicole M. , Sevigny Charles P. , Guyenet Patrice G.
Published: August 2002

The autonomic regions of the thoracolumbar spinal cord receive a dense enkephalinergic (ENK) innervation from supraspinal sources, including the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). In the present study, we sought to determine whether the barosensitive bulbospinal (BSBS) neurons of the RVLM express preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA. After injection of Fluoro‐Gold (FG) into the upper thoracic spinal cord, neurons with PPE mRNA (PPE+ neurons) were retrogradely labeled throughout the ventrolateral medulla. At the most rostral RVLM level, 29% of bulbospinal PPE+ cells were tyrosine hydroxylase–immunoreactive (TH‐ir) and the latter constituted 19.4% of the bulbospinal TH‐ir cells. We determined whether the bulbospinal PPE+ RVLM neurons are barosensitive in two ways. First, we examined Fos production by FG‐labeled RVLM neurons after 2 hours of hydralazine‐induced hypotension (to 73 ± 2 mm Hg) in conscious rats. Hydralazine (10 mg/kg i.v.) increased the number of Fos‐ir neurons by two‐ to eightfold at all levels of the ventrolateral medulla examined. In the RVLM, 54% of bulbospinal PPE+ neurons were Fos‐ir, whereas such cells were more rarely found at caudal ventrolateral medullary levels. Second, we recorded individual BSBS RVLM units extracellularly in anesthetized rats and filled them juxtacellularly with biotinamide. Most biotinamide‐filled neurons were PPE+ (10 of 17), and the PPE+ BSBS cells had a faster axonal conduction velocity than those without PPE mRNA (4.2 vs. 0.67 m/sec). Four of the 10 PPE+ BSBS RVLM neurons were TH‐ir. In summary, PPE mRNA is predominantly expressed by RVLM BSBS neurons with lightly myelinated spinal axons. PPE mRNA is present in most noncatecholaminergic BSBS neurons and also in approximately 20% of the bulbospinal C1 neurons. BSBS RVLM neurons most likely provide a major ENK input to sympathetic preganglionic neurons and PPE mRNA is the first identified positive phenotype of the non‐C1 BSBS RVLM neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:111–126, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation between electrophysiology and morphology of three groups of neuron in the dorsal commissural nucleus of lumbosacral spinal cord of mature rats studied in vitro
Authors: Lu Yan , Inokuchi Hiroe , McLachlan Elspeth M. , Li Ji‐Shuo , Higashi Hideho
Published: August 2002

The dorsal commissural nucleus (DCN) in the lumbosacral spinal cord receives afferent inputs from the pelvic organs via pudendal and pelvic nerves. Electrophysiological and morphological properties of neurons in the DCN of L6‐S1 were examined using whole‐cell recordings with biocytin‐filled electrodes in transverse slices of mature rat spinal cord. Neurons were categorized into three groups according to their discharge in response to suprathreshold depolarizing pulses; neurons with tonic (19/42) and phasic (13/42) firing patterns, and neurons (10/42) that fired in bursts arising from a Ca2+‐dependent hump. The predominantly fusiform somata of neurons labeled during recording (n = 31) had on average 3.1 primary dendrites, 7.5 terminating dendritic branches, 3.1 axon collaterals, and 14.2 axon terminations per neuron. The groups were morphologically distinct on the basis of their dendritic branching patterns. Phasic neurons (n = 10) had the most elaborate dendritic branching and the largest numbers of axon collaterals. All tonic neurons (n = 11) had axons/collaterals projecting to the intermediolateral area but none to the funiculi, suggesting that they function as interneurons in local autonomic reflexes. Many axons/collaterals of all phasic neurons lay within the DCN, suggesting that they integrate segmental and descending inputs. Seven of 10 neurons with Ca2+‐dependent humps had axons/collaterals extending into one of the funiculi, suggesting that they project intersegmentally or to the brain. Ca2+ hump neurons also had more axons/collaterals within the DCN and fewer in the intermediolateral area than tonic neurons. This correlation between firing pattern and morphology is an important step toward defining the cellular pathways regulating pelvic function. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:156–169, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling of addition of filler material in large deformation analysis of multipass welding
Authors: Lindgren Lars‐Erik , Hedblom Erika
Published: August 2002

Modelling of multipass welding by defining the complete computational model at the start of the analysis requires special procedures for activation of elements at the times when the corresponding parts of the welds are made. The developed logic for handling this is applicable in any situation where elements are defined in an initial geometry which has been changed at the time when the elements are activated as in a large deformation analysis. The current implementation is for two‐dimensional models but can be extended to three‐dimensional cases as well. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Splitting elastic modulus finite element method and its application
Authors: Faning Dang , Tingyu Rong , Xunfang Sun
Published: August 2002

To establish the best precision FEM, the proportion of potential and complementary energy in the functional of the variational principles must be changeable. A new kind of variational principle in linear theory of solid mechanics, called the splitting elastic modulus variational principle, is introduced. Its distinctive feature is that the functional contains one arbitrary additional parameter, called splitting factor; the proportion of potential and complementary energy in the functional can be changed by the splitting factor. Finite element method, which is based on the new principle, is established. It is called splitting modulus FEM, its stiffness can be adjusted by properly selecting the splitting factors, some ill‐conditioned problem can be conquered by it. The methods to choose the splitting factors, reduce the condition number of stiffness matrix and improve the precision of solutions are also discussed. The reason why the new method can transform the ill‐conditioned problems into well‐conditioned ones is analysed finally. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric colour matching: Memory matching versus simultaneous matching
Authors: de Fez M. D. , Capilla P. , Luque M. J. , Pérez‐Carpinell J. , del Pozo J. C.
Published: August 2002

We have compared corresponding pairs obtained by simultaneous matching (haploscopic matching) and by memory matching (after 10 min) using 34 reference tests selected from the Munsell Atlas (glossy), belonging to the four main hues 5Y, 5G, 5PB, and 5RP. These colours lie very close to the F1 and F2 axes in the SVF space, where we have analyzed our results. Illuminants D65 and A were used as reference and matching illuminants, respectively. Our results show for both kinds of matching a tendency to select more colourful colours than the original ones, with significant differences between matching and test colours, whereas hue does not seem to follow a definite pattern. This behavior is similar to that found in colour‐matching experiments without illuminant changes. The analogy does not hold for lightness, which in the present experiment does not seem to follow a clear pattern. The best matching colours lie along the red‐green axis and the worst matching colours along the blue‐yellow axis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 458–468, 2001
A real time algorithm for the location search of discontinuous conductivities with one measurement
Authors: Kwon Ohin , Seo Jin Keun , Yoon Jeong‐Rock
Published: August 2002

We consider an inverse problem for finding the anomaly of discontinuous electrical conductivity by one current‐voltage observation. We develop a real time algorithm for determining the location of the anomaly. This new idea is based on the observation of the pattern of a simple weighted combination of the input current and the output voltage. Combined with the size estimation result, this algorithm gives a good initial guess for Newton‐type schemes. We give the rigorous proof for the location search algorithm. Both the mathematical analysis and its numerical implementation indicate our location search algorithm is very fast, stable and efficient. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stokes‐Fourier and acoustic limits for the Boltzmann equation: Convergence proofs
Authors: Golse François , Levermore C. David
Published: August 2002

We establish a Stokes‐Fourier limit for the Boltzmann equation considered over any periodic spatial domain of dimension two or more. Appropriately scaled families of DiPerna‐Lions renormalized solutions are shown to have fluctuations that globally in time converge weakly to a unique limit governed by a solution of Stokes‐Fourier motion and heat equations provided that the fluid moments of their initial fluctuations converge to appropriate L2 initial data of the Stokes‐Fourier equations. Both the motion and heat equations are both recovered in the limit by controlling the fluxes and the local conservation defects of the DiPerna‐Lions solutions with dissipation rate estimates. The scaling of the fluctuations with respect to Knudsen number is essentially optimal. The assumptions on the collision kernel are little more than those required for the DiPerna‐Lions theory and that the viscosity and heat conduction are finite. For the acoustic limit, these techniques also remove restrictions to bounded collision kernels and improve the scaling of the fluctuations. Both weak limits become strong when the initial fluctuations converge entropically to appropriate L2 initial data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sharp estimates for solutions of multi‐bubbles in compact Riemann surfaces
Authors: Chen Chiun‐Chuan , Lin Chang‐Shou
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we consider a sequence of multibubble solutions uk of the equation

where h is a C2,β positive function in a compact Riemann surface M, and ρk is a constant satisfying limk→+∞ ρk = 8mπ for some positive integer m ≥ 1. We prove among other things that

where pk,j are centers of the bubbles of uk and λk,j are the local maxima of uk after adding a constant. This yields a uniform bound of solutions as ρk converges to 8mπ from below provided that $$\Delta_0 \log h (p_{k,j}) + 8m\pi -2K (p_{k,j}) > 0$$. It generalizes a previous result, due to Ding, Jost, Li, and Wang [18] and Nolasco and Tarantello [31], hich says that any sequence of minimizers uk is uniformly bounded if ρk > 8π and h satisfies

for any maximum point p of the sum of 2 log h and the regular part of the Green function, where K is the Gaussian curvature of M. The analytic work of this paper is the first step toward computing the topological degree of (0.1), which was initiated by Li [24]. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using solution‐focused therapy during a psychotic crisis: a case study
Authors: Rhodes John , Jakes Simon
Published: August 2002

During an assessment for therapy, one patient on an acute psychiatric ward proved to be extremely difficult to interview. He believed that demons were about to visit him, and this made conversation on the topic near impossible at first. Investigation of his beliefs resulted in him getting angry. At a later date, however, he requested meeting the first author. It was then decided to try out solution‐focused therapy. Given this new start, it was then possible to begin systematic assessment of beliefs and emotional state. Over 6 months a fluctuating pattern of change emerged. Follow‐up over 2 years suggested maintenance and considerable re‐engagement with everyday activities. Beliefs were modified yet he retained notions of possible judgement by demonic forces. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for analysing the transient and the steady‐state oscillations in third‐order oscillators with shifting bias
Authors: Buonomo A. , Lo Schiavo A.
Published: August 2002

We provide an asymptotic method for systematically analysing the transient and the steady‐state oscillations in third‐order oscillators with shifting bias. The method allows us to construct the general solution of the weakly non‐linear differential equation describing these oscillators through an iteration procedure of successive approximations typical of perturbation methods. The approximation to first order is obtained solving a system of two first‐order non‐linear differential equations in the leading terms of solution (dc component and fundamental harmonic), whereby the dominant dynamics, the stationary states and their stability can be easily analysed. Unlike existing approaches, our method also enables us to determine the higher harmonics as well as the frequency shift from the system's natural frequency in the exact solution through analytical formulae. In addition, formulae for higher‐order approximations of the above quantities are determined. The proposed method is applied to a practical circuit to show its usefulness in both analysis and design problems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of the plant pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris in seed extracts of Brassica sp. Applying fluorescent antibodies and flow cytometry
Authors: Chitarra L.G. , Langerak C.J. , Bergervoet J.H.W. , van den Bulk R.W.
Published: August 2002

Background

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a seed‐transmitted plant pathogenic bacterium that causes black rot of crucifers. Seed lots and plants are screened for contamination with this pathogen using plating or serological assays. These methods, however, are time consuming and not very sensitive, respectively. Therefore, flow cytometry (FCM) was evaluated as a tool for the rapid detection and quantification of Xcc cells labeled with a mixture of specific fluorescein isothicyanate (FITC)‐monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in pure culture, in mixed cultures of Xcc with either the common saprophyte Pseudomonas fluorescens (Psf) or a nonpathogenic X. campestris isolate (Xc), and in crude seed extracts.

Methods

The mAb 18G12, conjugated with FITC, was tested at dilutions of 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, and 1:400. For mixed suspensions of Xcc and Psf, mAb 18G12 was used at a dilution of 1:100. The combination of mAbs 18G12, 2F4, and 20H6, all conjugated with FITC, was used at a dilution of 1:100 for the detection and quantification of Xcc cells in mixed suspensions containing Xcc and Xc and in crude seed extracts. The analyses were performed with a Coulter EPICS XL‐MCL flow cytometer, at low flow rate during 2 min.

Results

Using FCM, Xcc cells labeled with FITC‐conjugated mAbs (18G12, 2F4, and 20H6) were detected and quantified rapidly at low numbers, i.e., 103 colony‐forming units per milliliter in pure and in mixed cultures with Psf. The presence of the nonpathogenic Xc in the seed extracts did not interfere with the FCM results. Xcc cells were distinguished from the cells of other organisms and from small particles present in the seed extract based on the high‐intensity fluorescence of the labeled cells.

Conclusion

The application of FCM in combination with FITC‐conjugated mAbs appears to be a promising technique for the detection and quantification of Xcc cells in seed extracts of crucifers. Cytometry 47:118–126, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of virtual microscopy in clinical cytopathology
Authors: Steinberg David M. , Ali Syed Z.
Published: August 2002

Virtual microscopy (VM) refers to the use of an automated microscope and digital imaging technology to scan, store, and view glass slides. VM systems allow the user to view a scanned image of the entire slide at multiple magnifications on a computer screen. We tested VM to evaluate its possible utility in diagnostic cytopathology. Ten cervical‐vaginal monolayered preparations (AutoCyte™ preparation) were scanned using a BLISS™ (Bacus Laboratories Inc. Slide Scanner) system. Approximately 20–30% of the cellular area of each slide was imaged. The cases were randomly chosen to include examples ranging from benign cellular changes (BCC) to high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). The computer performed image tiling and fusing of multiple JPEG images to create a high‐quality VM slide. Six examiners (two each of cytopathologists, senior residents, and cytotechnologists) blindly evaluated the VM slides using an image server program (WebSlide Browser™ thin client software). The cytopathologic diagnoses made on the VM slide were then compared to the original glass slide diagnoses. BLISS™ took 36–100 min (avg. 58.4 min) to scan the selected fields in a glass slide with file sizes ranging from 23.1–83.6 MB. Time taken by the examiners to render a diagnosis ranged from 1–15 min (avg. 4.1 min) per case. The combined diagnostic accuracy was 98.3%. Only one case of LSIL was missed by one examiner. VM is a promising new tool, which gives a user the feel and simulated experience of an actual microscopic examination and provides a useful alternative to a glass slide in diagnostic cytopathology. Possible applications include: 1) second opinion consultation without transporting the glass slide, 2) education, 3) VM proficiency tests / board exams, and 4) telepathology. Shortcomings include 1) expensive initial setup, 2) inability to maintain an adequate focus in a thick smear with multiple levels, 3) large storage size of the VM slide, and 4) relatively long time needed to scan a slide. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:389–396, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Invasive squamous‐cell carcinoma in ThinPrep® specimens: Diagnostic clues in the cellular pattern
Authors: Clark Sarah B. , Dawson Andrea E.
Published: August 2002

Despite the increasing utilization of the ThinPrep® Pap Test (TP), limited data exist regarding the cytomorphologic features and patterns of invasive squamous‐cell carcinoma in TP specimens. We analyzed a series of TP specimens from patients with histologically confirmed invasive squamous carcinomas of the cervix. Patients with biopsy‐proven invasive squamous‐cell carcinoma of the cervix with a TP cervical cytologic specimen within the previous 2 mo were identified. The TP slides were analyzed for overall cellularity (percent circle coverage by epithelial cells), tumor cellularity, tumor diathesis, inflammation, coexistent dysplasia, and keratinization. Tumor cellularity was defined as <5%, 5–50%, and >50% of slide cellularity. In all 13 cases that were identified, a cytologic diagnosis of either invasive squamous‐cell carcinoma or suspicious for invasive squamous‐cell carcinoma was made. In 7/13 cases (54%), epithelial cells covered <40% of the slide circle. Epithelial cells covered >40% of the slide circle in 6/13 cases (46%). Tumor cellularity covered <5% of the slide circle in 4/13 cases (31%), 5–50% in 7/13 cases (54%), and >50% in 2/13 cases (15%). A tumor diathesis was present in 12/13 cases (92%). Inflammation was absent in 1/13 cases (8%), mild in 8/13 cases (62%), moderate in 2/13 cases (15%), and severe in 1/13 cases (8%). Coexistent dysplasia was identified in 12/13 cases (92%). Keratinization was identified in 9/13 specimens (69%). In the vast majority of patients, a diagnosis of squamous‐cell carcinoma was rendered on the TP cervical specimen, despite a pattern of decreased cell coverage. It could be hypothesized that tumor diathesis and inflammation may be the etiology for decreased cellularity by blocking filter coverage by epithelial cells. This cellular pattern with diathesis in the ThinPrep® smear may be a useful clue to look carefully for diagnostic cells of squamous‐cell carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:1–4. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytologic features of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions involving endocervical glands on ThinPrep® cytology
Authors: Selvaggi Suzanne M.
Published: August 2002

Usage of liquid‐based cytology has resulted in better cellular preservation with enhancement of nuclear features. The purpose of this retrospective 2‐yr study (January 1999 through December 2000) was to evaluate the cellular features of endocervical gland involvement by a high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) vs. endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) on cell samples processed by the ThinPrep® method as compared to conventional smears. Of the 97 cases of CIN III diagnosed on cytology, 52 (54%) showed surface endocervical gland involvement by CIN III and form the basis of this study. There were also six cases of endocervical AIS diagnosed on histology with prior cytology. The architectural features of HSIL involving endocervical glands and AIS were similar to those previously reported on conventional smears. A consistent finding of HSIL involving endocervical glands was the loss of central cell polarity and piling within cell groups, a finding not present in AIS. Central cell polarity was maintained in cellular groupings of AIS. In addition to the cellular feature present on conventional smears, micronucleoli were clearly visualized in cells of HSIL involving endocervical glands and prominent nucleoli were present in AIS. Apoptosis and mitoses were clearly visualized in both entities. Endocervical gland involvement by HSIL has characteristic cell patterns and features on liquid‐based/thin‐layer cytology that permit their distinction from AIS. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:181–185; DOI 10.1002/dc.10061 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Utility and outcomes of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy in Hodgkin's disease
Authors: Moreland Wendy S. , Geisinger Kim R.
Published: August 2002

We present our 10‐year experience, including clinical utilization and outcomes, with fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in Hodgkin's disease (HD). Eighty‐six cases from 68 patients with HD that were evaluated by FNAB were identified over a 10‐year period. Medical records of these 68 patients were reviewed. Thirty‐seven patients with primary HD underwent 41 aspirates. A diagnosis of HD was yielded in 12 and suggested in 13 cases (sensitivity 86.2%, false‐positive 0%). Nine were diagnosed as atypical lymphoid cells, four as hyperplasia/other, and three as unsatisfactory. With these diagnoses, six patients began treatment without tissue exam. Thirty‐five patients with suspected recurrent HD underwent 45 FNABs. Recurrent HD was confirmed in 15 and suggested in 12 aspirates (sensitivity 81.3%, false‐suspicious 14.3%). With these diagnoses, 22 patients began treatment for recurrence without tissue exam. FNAB is useful both for establishing a primary diagnosis and confirming recurrence in HD and thus has a high utilization at our institution. In many instances, patients can begin therapy, negating the need for formal tissue exam. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:278–282. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of immunocytochemistry and DNA flow cytometry in the fine‐needle aspiration diagnosis of malignant small round‐cell tumors
Authors: Brahmi Urmil , Rajwanshi Arvind , Joshi Kusum , Ganguly Nirmal Kumar , Vohra Harpreet , Gupta Subhash Kumari , Dey Pranab
Published: August 2002

In the present study, DNA flow cytometry (FCM) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) with a selected panel of antibodies were performed on 51 cases of malignant tumors which were referred for fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) to our Department of Cytology for the last 2 yr. Twelve cases were diagnosed as neuroblastoma, 16 as Ewing's sarcoma, 2 as retinoblastoma, 5 as non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), 5 as rhabdomyosarcoma, 2 as peripheral neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), and 8 as Wilms' tumor.

Eleven of 12 neuroblastomas were diploid by FCM, and 1 was aneuploid, with an S‐phase fraction (SPF) of 8.3%. Neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) was negative in 3 and positive in 8 cases of neuroblastoma, whereas neuroblastoma marker was positive in 3/11. Sixteen of 17 Ewing's sarcomas were diploid, and 1 showed tetraploid aneuploidy, with an SPF of 10.06%. Eight of 13 Ewing's sarcomas were positive for Mic‐2 gene product (Ewing's marker). All 5 NHL were positive for leukocyte‐common antigen (LCA). Three of 5 rhabdomyosarcomas were diploid, and 2 cases showed aneuploidy. Rhabdomyosarcoma showed muscle‐specific actin positivity in 4 and desmin positivity in 3 cases. All 3 cases of PNET were diploid and positive for the Mic‐2 gene product, whereas NSE and vimentin were positive in 2 cases. Both cases of retinoblastoma were diploid. Immunostaining was noncontributory in 1 case, and the other showed positivity for the retinoblastoma gene product, NSE, and chromogranin. Seven of 8 Wilms' tumors were diploid, and 1 showed aneuploid, with an SPF of 11.13%. Seven of 8 Wilms' tumors were positive for cytokeratin (CK), 5 were positive for NSE, 6 were positive for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and 5 were positive for vimentin.

FNAB diagnosis of malignant round‐cell tumors is difficult only by light microscopy. Due to the availability of specific markers for subgrouping tumors, ICC has proved to be more useful these days, while DNA FCM has little diagnostic value, as most of them are diploid. Further ancillary studies, e.g., electron microscopy, image analysis, and other molecular investigations, are required to further categorize these tumors more precisely for better clinical management of these cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:233–239, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PNET‐like features of synovial sarcoma of the lung: A pitfall in the cytologic diagnosis of soft‐tissue tumors
Authors: Hummel Pascale , Yang Grace C.H. , Kumar Ashok , Cohen Jean Marc , Winkler Barbara , Melamed Jonathan , Scholes John V. , Jagirdar Jaishree
Published: August 2002

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of soft‐tissue tumors is evolving. As more experience is gained, we are becoming aware of potential pitfalls. We describe 2 cases of synovial sarcoma of the lung, primary and metastatic, in patients who had FNA biopsy performed on a lung mass. The cytologic smears showed extremely cellular groups of malignant small round cells, intersected by small blood vessels, with numerous loose single cells, in a background of macrophages and mature lymphocytes. The tumors displayed monomorphic cells forming rosettes and displaying occasional mitoses. A diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumor/primitive neuroepithelial tumor (PNET) was suspected. Furthermore, this suspicion was supported by immunohistochemical stains, which showed positivity for a neuroendocrine marker, Leu 7 (case 1), and for a neural marker, CD 99 (O 13 or HBA 71) (both cases); and negativity for cytokeratins (case 1). The resection specimen of case 1 had mostly tightly packed small round cells, with occasional rosettes, similar to the FNA biopsy, and focal areas composed of spindle cells, organized in a focal fibrosarcoma‐like and hemangiopericytoma‐like pattern. A balanced translocation between chromosomes X and 18, demonstrated by both karyotyping and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), enabled us to make a diagnosis of synovial sarcoma, which was histologically classified as poorly differentiated. Case 2 was a metastatic biphasic synovial sarcoma of the arm, with a prominent epithelial component. Synovial sarcoma, when composed mainly of small round cells on cytologic smears, is a great mimicker of neuroendocrine/PNET tumors, with light microscopic and immunohistochemical overlap. Awareness of this potential pitfall may aid in preventing a misdiagnosis. Its recognition is of major concern, especially for the poorly differentiated variant, because it is associated with a worse prognosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:283–288, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasmacytoma of the larynx diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology: A case report
Authors: Saad Reda , Raab Stephen , Liu Yulin , Pollice Philip , Silverman Jan F.
Published: August 2002

Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare lesion. The use of fine‐needle aspiration for diagnosis of plasmacytoma has been described in a few sporadic reports. To the best of our knowledge, none of these reports described the cytologic findings from plasmacytoma of the larynx. We report on a case of laryngeal plasmacytoma in a 79‐yr‐old man diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology. The patient had a history of a plasmacytoma involving the sixth thoracic vertebra diagnosed in 1996, which progressed to multiple myeloma in 1997. He received treatment in the form of local radiation to the skeletal vertebrae and chemotherapy. Two years later, the patient presented with a large neck mass. Computed tomography (CT) was done at an outside facility, and the radiologic impression was of a large right glottic carcinoma with invasion into the right thyroid cartilage. Because of the history of multiple myeloma, a fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy was performed of the laryngeal mass. Cytologic examination demonstrated atypical plasma cells arranged in a dissociative fashion, consistent with a plasmacytoma. Although there are previous surgical pathology reports of laryngeal plasmacytoma, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of plasmacytoma of the larynx diagnosed by FNA cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:408–411, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.