bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variations in the anatomic origin of the nutrient artery of the canine femur
Authors: Cuthbertson Elizabeth M. , Gilfillan Rutherford S.
Published: February 2005

In the literature the nutrient artery to the diaphysis of the canine femur has been described as arising from the medial circumflex femoral artery which is a branch of the deep femoral artery. However in 19% to 100 canine hind extremities dissected after injection with colored media, the femoral nutrient artery arose from a large muscular branch (the proximal posterior femoral) of the superficial femoral artery. In 17% of 42 dogs one femur only was supplied by this variant. In three additional femurs other variations occurred.
Suprapleural membrane and suprapleural bands
Authors: Gaughran George R. L.
Published: February 2005

The pleural cupola is covered by a distinct dome‐shaped suprapleural membrane (Sibson's fascia) formed by a condensation of endothoracic fascia and continuous at its periphery with the more diffuse, loose endothoracic connective tissue lying between the ribs and the parietal pleura. This does not agree with the classic description of Sibson's fascia. It forms a discreet cervicothoracic cloison which can be readily separated from the pleura and adjacent mediastinal structures. Attaching to the membrane are the vertebromembranous, transversomembranous, and costomembranous bands which are formed by prevertebral fascia. In addition, the last two suprapleural bands receive contributions from the fibrous remains of the scalenus minimus muscle. The muscle was found to be present on one or both sides in 30 out of 64 bodies (46.8%). The suprapleural membrane and bands can become hypertrophied and fibrous as a result of pathology in this cupola area of the lung. The bands have been implicated in certain clinical syndromes.
Studies on growth in organ culture of testicular tissue from rats of various ages
Authors: Steinberger E. , Steinberger A. , Perloff W. H.
Published: February 2005

Testicular fragments from newborn, 4, 14, 24, 37‐day old and mature rats were cultured using a modification of Trowell's method. Eagle's medium supplemented with amino acids, Na‐pyruvate and 10% calf serum was employed. Tissue fragments were fixed at time intervals for histologic study. In cultures of fragments from newborn and four‐day rats, gonocytes persisted and showed mitotic activity. In fragments from older but still immature animals, gonocyte‐like cells occasionally undergoing mitosis, appeared in the germinal epithelium after the fourth day in culture. Spermatocytes survived for approximately four weeks. More rapid degeneration of the germinal elements beyond spermatogonia was observed in cultures of mature testes. During the first six days in culture, cells resembling gonocytes, some in mitosis, appeared in the tubules. The studies have shown that under the conditions employed, Sertoli cells and gonocyte‐like could be maintained for at least four months in cultured fragments of testes from animals of various ages. In fragments from older animals, gonocyte‐like cells appeared shortly after initiation of culture while the more mature germinal elements ultimately degenerated.
Ovarian follicular development in the pregnant hamster
Authors: Greenwald Gilbert S.
Published: February 2005

Follicular activity in the ovary of the pregnant hamster is divided into two periods. During the first eight days (corresponding to the duration of pseudopregnancy) an average of 11 follicles per ovary from 277 to 553 μ are present. From day 10 to 16 of pregnancy, the ovary contains 22 follicles ranging from 277 to 600 μ and larger. The day after parturition, atresia destroys all large multilayered and vesicular follicles.

Hamsters injected with human chorionic gonadotropin on day 4 of pregnancy ovulated ten ova, whereas similary treated day 12 animals ovulated 35 eggs. No cyclic follicular activity corresponding to the length of the estrous cycle occurred during gestation. On the contrary, a constant increment of small follicles took place throughout pregnancy.
H3‐thymidine autoradiographic studies on cytokinetic responses to x‐ray irradiation and to thio‐TEPA in the neural tube of mouse embryos
Authors: Fujita Setsuya , Horii Masakiyo , Tanimura Takashi , Nishimura Hideo
Published: February 2005

First, using the methods of H3‐thymidine autoradiography and counting mitotic index, cytokinetics of the matrix cells were studied in the telencephalon of normal mouse embryos at ten‐days‐postconcetpion, and various kinetic constants of the matrix cells were determined: Generation time, five hours 20 minutes; mitotic duration, 24 minutes; presynthetic resting time, two hours 36 minutes–one hour 36 minutes; DNA synthetic time, one hour 20 minutes; and post synthetic resting time, one‐two hours. Based on this information, effects of two teratogenetic agents, x‐rays and thio‐TEPA, on the cellular proliferation were analyzed. By x‐ray irradiation (200 r) only proliferating matrix cells are damaged in the neural tube, but not neuroblasts. The radiation induces a temporary block of the flow of the matrix cells through the cell cycle at the latet2period so that the mitotic and DNA synthetic cells subsequently decrease in number. Some of the matrix cells that are captured att2period fail to tolerate the block, degenerate and are eliminated from the matrix layer. On the other hand, thio‐TEPA, which was proved non teratogenetic to the C. N. S. in this experimental condition, causes a slight prologation oft2duration, but does not significantly influence the proliferative process in the neural tube.
A light and electron microscopic study correlating the chromaffin reaction and granule ultrastructure in the adrenal medulla of the Syrian hamster
Authors: Yates Robert Doyle
Published: February 2005

The medullae from the right adrenal glands of hamsters given one or three injections of reserpine were prepared for electron microscopy by fixation in buffered osmic acid while the contralateral left glands were fixed in formol‐dichromate for light microscopic determinations of the chromaffin reaction. The adreno‐medullary cells of these animals were compared with cells of untreated hamsters in order to determine if catecholamine loss was accompanied by changes in the electron opaque cytoplasmic granules.

Ten and 15 hours following one reserpine injection (1 mg/kg) the chromaffin reaction was positive, whereas after 20 hours the reaction was negative, reflecting a catecholamine reduction. The negative chromaffin reaction was accompanied by alterations in granule ultrastructure. The dense central core of the granules was less electron opaque compared with those of control medullary cells. The decreased density likely reflected a catecholamine loss since the opaque appearance of the granules is attributed to the presence of the amines. Following three injections (1 mg/kg daily; three days) the chromaffin reaction was negative and most granules had disappeared from the cytoplasm. The results give evidence that, after limited reserpine injections (1 mg/kg; one injection), catecholamines can be released from the medullary cells without granule disappearance.
The effect of relaxin on parathyroid histology in the mouse
Authors: Chase Elizabeth Brown , Shanmugasundaram D.
Published: February 2005

In the normal parathyroid gland of the mouse there is only one type of cell which is small with a large nucleus and small amount of cytoplasm. In order to investigate the effect of relaxin on parathyroid histology, mice were injected with relaxin, the degree of pubic separation was measured by the x‐ray technique, and the parathyroid glands were studied histologically. After one day of relaxin injection, the pubic symphysis showed a distinct separation and in part of the parathyroid gland the cells were larger and stained lighter and pinker than the normal cells with hematoxylin, eosin, and azur II. After four days of relaxin treatment, the whole gland had changed so that all the cells were of the second type. Glands of pregnant mice near term also were composed of cells of this type. These results indicate a relationship between relaxin and the parathyroid gland.
The microscopic anatomy of the hymen
Authors: Mahran Maher , Saleh A. M.
Published: February 2005

The hymen at different stages of life from birth to menopause was examined under the microscope. Each section was stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Van Gieson, Best's carmine, Orcein, PAS, Mallory's and modified Wilder technique. The modified Bodian's technique was used to stain the nerve fibers and the nerve cells.

The main bulk of the hymen is formed of fibrous connective tissue, partly elastic and partly collagenous fibers. Both surfaces are covered by stratified squamous epithelium which lacks any evidence of cornification. The epithelium is thicker at the attached edge. Glycogen granules are equally present on the vaginal and on the vulvar surface.

The connective tissue papillae are more numerous and more branching at the free edge and on the vaginal surface. There is no trace of glandular or muscle element.

The hymen is not richly supplied with nerve fibers. No nerve cells and fibers are present at the free edge of the hymen. Nerve cells are bipolar, small in size, oval, spindle or kidney shaped. The terminal nerve fibers penetrate the epithelium in between the connective tissue papillae.

In the newborn the hymen is vascular and the epithelium is thick. During pregnancy the epithelium is very thick and very rich in glycogen. At menopause the epithelium is thin and certain areas are cornified.
The growth promoting effects of damage in the damaged and contralateral kidneys of the mouse
Authors: Argyris Thomas S. , Trimble Mary Ellen
Published: February 2005

Damage produced by the multiple insertion of a needle into a mouse kidney results, in two days, in the stimulation of mitotic activity around the damaged areas, and in the cortex of the contralateral kidney. The mitotic activity in the contralateral kidney cortex approximates that seen after unilateral nephrectomy.

Evidence is presented which suggests that the loss of kidney mass associated with the damage is not the cause of the increased mitotic activity in the damaged or contralateral kidneys. The release of stimulatingsubstances from the wound is probably required. This is in contrast to growth produced by unilateral nephrectomy where the loss of kidney mass is the initiating factor.
A study of the uterine cervix of the mouse
Authors: Leppi T. John
Published: February 2005

The two uterine horns in the adult are joined caudally to form an externally undivided segment consisting of a cranial and a caudal part. The cranial part becomes wide and swollen at its junction with the horns. It contains two lumina separated by a midline septum and is designated as the uterine body or corpus. The narrow and slightly tapered caudal part projects into the cranial portion of the vagina. It contains a single lumen or canal and is designated as the uterine neck or cervix. The wall of the cranial two‐thirds of the adult cervix contains a relatively large amount of circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers. In contrast, its caudal one‐third consists chiefly of a network of collagen fibers. During cervical development argyrophilic fibers first appear in sections of cervical wall from mice sacrificed at birth. Collagen and smooth muscle fibers are first stainable with the Mallory method in cervical wall sections from mice one week old. During pregnancy and after combined treatment with estradiol, progesterone and relaxin the collagenous fiber bundles of the cervix become looser and more widely separated. This is associated with an increased dilatability of the cervical canal and increased stainability of the ground substance. The muccopolysaccharide(s) demonstrable histochemically in the cervix of the mouse was digestible with testicular hyaluronidase.
A simple, infrahyoid, parapharyngeal method of hypophysectomy in the rabbit
Authors: Rennie P. , Davies J. , Friedrich E.
Published: February 2005

An infrahyoid, parapharyngeal method of hypophysectomy in the rabbit has been developed. This method is easily learned and the operation can be performed in less than an hour. Complete removal is verified by examination of the sellar contents either with a dissecting microscope or histologically by fixation, embedding and serial sectioning. The operative mortality is about 10%. No hormonal supplements are required postoperatively.
Studies on the fate of lymphocytes III. The migration and metamorphosis of in situ labeled thymic lymphocytes
Authors: Murray Raymond G. , Woods Phyllis A.
Published: February 2005

The in situ thymus of the guinea pig was labeled locally with H3‐thymidine and sections of various tissues analyzed by radioautography for the location of labeled cells which might have left the thymus from 30 minutes to three days after labeling. Labeled lymphocytes were located especially in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen, giving direct evidence for the migration of thymocytes under near‐physiological conditions. Only a few cells were found in the bone marrow, and none in the liver. The identified cells were not seen to be undergoing subsequent proliferation, but about one‐fourth of them were transforming to other cell types ‐ plasma cells, heterophil granulocytes, reticular cells, and macrophages. The fate of another portion of the cells seemed to be loss to the gut lumen through the mucosa. These data suggest that a normal function of the thymus of the adult guinea pig is the proliferation of a population of pluripotential stem cells which, after migration to other tissues, may further differentiate under appropriate stimulus. Possible applications of the local labeling technique are indicated.
A reliable and easily sectioned epoxy embedding medium
Authors: Lockwood W. R. , Langston L. L.
Published: February 2005

Sections for electron and light microscopy were easily prepared from mixtures of Dow Epoxy Resins 332 and 732 (D.E.R. 332 and D.E.R. 732) cured with dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA) and DMP‐30. The most useful formula contained 46.7% D.E.R. 332, 20% D.E.R. 732, and 33.3% DDSA, plus 2% DMP‐30. Stronger sections were derived from a preparation containing 31.6% D.E.R. 332, 15.8% D.E.R. 732, and 52.6% DDSA, plus 2% DMP‐30. Harder resins were made by reducing the amount of D.E.R. 732 incorporated in the mixtures. When prolonged infiltration was required polymerization was slowed by substituting DMP‐10 in place of the more reactive DMP‐30. Compressed sections were easily restored to their proper size by the vapors of chloroform, dichloroethylene or xylene. The sections were strong enough to withstand intense electron beams on bare 150 mesh copper grids. The inherent contrast was good without staining, but additional contrast was obtained by brief treatment with aqueous solutions of lead or uranyl salts. Sections for light microscopy could be stained by water soluble basic dyes.
Histochemical studies on phosphorylase and uridinediphosphoglucose‐glycogen transferase in decidual cells of the rat
Authors: Bo Walter J. , Smith Mavis S. , Colborn Gene
Published: February 2005

Adult virgin females were made pseudopregnant by cervical stimulation and four days after stimulation the uteri were traumatized with a thread. The animals were autopsied 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after trauma. Frozen sections of the deciduomata were sectioned on the cryostat. For the identification of phosphorylase the sections were placed in the substrate containing 50 mg glucose‐1‐phosphate (G‐1‐P), 10 mg muscle adenylic acid, 15 ml distilled water, 10 ml 0.2 M acetate buffer (pH 5.8), 25 units of insulin and 5 mg of glycogen. To demonstrate uridinediphosphoglucose (UDPG)‐glycogen transferase sections were placed in the substrate containing 50 mg UDPG, 10 mg glycogen, 20 mg Versene, 10 mg G‐6‐P, 14 ml distilled water, 10 ml 0.2 M tris buffer (pH 7.4) and 1 ml absolute alcohol. Following incubation for one hour at 37° the sections were treated with either Lugol's or Gram's solution until the color developed. A positive response for phosphorylase was a blue‐black color while a red‐purple color indicated UDPG‐glycogen transferase. The periodic‐leucofuchsin technique was used to identify glycogen and hemotoxylin and eosin sections were studied for general morphology.

Glycogen and phosphorylase were observed in the decidual cells. However, the enzymatic activity was not as intense or as extensive as the polysaccharide. UDPG‐glycogen transferase activity was observed in only two of the 50 deciduomata studied. On the basis of the present observations it may be suggested that the important pathway for glycogen synthesis in the decidual cells is from G‐1‐P by the action of phosphorylase and not from UDPG by the action of UDPG‐glycogen transferase.
Regeneration and growth of quantitatively transplanted mammary glands of normal female mice
Authors: Hoshino Kazumasa
Published: February 2005

One hundred twenty‐two of 225 accurately located and measured mammary segments were transplanted successfully into the isologous female mice, and intact or castrated male host mice treated with estrogen and progesterone pellets. Five of 42 segments that had ligatures placed to determine the orientation of the segment were also recovered. Fewer grafts were recovered from intact male hosts than from castrated male or intact female hosts. The lengths of transplants ranged from less than 0.2 mm to 3.0 mm. Transplants that were 0.6 mm long grew most frequently. Transplants obtained from different portions of any one mammary gland or from any mammary glands were recovered at comparable rates. The fourth mammary gland‐free fat pads, the pararenal fat pads, the mesometrial fat layers and subcutaneous areas were used as transplantation sites. The ultimate size of the regenerated transplants was determined by the amount of adipose tissue in the transplantation site and the hormonal environment, but not by the original size of the transplant. Mammary transplants obtained from all portions of ducts, even from quiescent glands of a 734‐day‐old mouse, or grafts which had been ligated with silk or hair, showed equal capability of regeneration. All successful transplants responded to either endogenous or exogenous hormones in a manner comparable to the hosts' own mammary glands, and lactated at parturition.
Transmission of pressures across the elbow joint
Authors: Halls Albert A. , Travill Anthony
Published: February 2005

To ascertain the pathway (s) along which forces are conducted from the hand to the humerus in the human cadaver specially designed pressure sensitive transducers were introduced into the radio‐capitular and ulnar‐trochlear components of the elbow joint. A constant force was applied to the hand, and changes in electrical resistance and hence pressure across the elbow joint where recorded. It was observed that 57% of the force applied crossed the radio‐capitular joint while 43% crossed the ulnar‐trochlear joint. The pathway of this force transmission is discussed with particular reference to the involvement of the interosseous membrane.
Absence of both common iliac arteries. A case report
Authors: Mansfield Averil O. , Howard John M.
Published: February 2005

An anomaly of the termination of the aorta is described which is apparently unique. The aorta divided directly into two internal iliac arteries and two external iliac arteries.
Comparative anatomical and neurohistological observations on the tongues of pigmy and common marmosets
Authors: Kubota Kinziro , Hayama Sugio
Published: February 2005

Macroscopic and neurohistological observations of the tongues of the pigmy and common marmosets are described. On the dorsum, there are three circumvallate papillae arranged in an inverted V‐shape. Through the magnifying glass the foliate papillae with a few clefts are found anterior to the attachment of the glossopalatine fold. The fungiform papillae can be seen with a lens. The vallate papillae are supplied with abundant nerves. The taste buds are located only in the lateral non‐cornified wall of the papilla, closely associated with the subgemmal nerve plexus. The lingual glands of the serous type are present deep in the muscle of this region. The ganglion cells composing the ganglion are located inside and below the papilla. The foliate papillae consist of a few furrows with many taste buds and are supplied with abundant nerves and a few ganglion cells. The serous glands are not plentiful. Infiltration of the lymphoid cells in the foliate papilla region should be regarded as the lingual follicle of the primitive type. The fungiform papillae are supplied with abundant nerve fibers which terminate free and are furnished with many taste buds having an embryonic appearance. The papillae are comparable to those of the human fetal or newborn tongue. The “sublingua” is a rudimentary structure having neither sensory nerves nor taste buds. The ganglion cells lying on the nerve fiber bundles in the apical region probably are cells migrating from the submandibular ganglion. No apical glands of Nuhn are present.
Early effects of somatotrophin on the fine structure of articular cartilage
Authors: Silberberg Martin , Silberberg Ruth , Hasler Mary
Published: February 2005

The early effects of somatotrophin on the fine structure of the cartilage of the hip joint were studied in growing mice given a single injection of STH, and examined one‐half, one, two, four, eight or 24 hours after injection. The first changes, observed as early as one hour after treatment with the hormone, consisted of swelling of the ground plasma and of the pericellular matrix. With increasing interval from the time of injection, acceleration and intensification of organellar development associated with hypertrophy of the cytoplasm were noted: There was increase in the number of RNA granules, of ER lamellae, of multivesicular bodies and of mitochondria as well as hypertrophy of the Golgi apparatus. The mitochondria were swollen, vacuolated or distorted. The appearance of glycogen was hastened. The changes were most marked in superficial and upper midzonal cells, and were still conspicuous 24 hours after the injection. The response of the Golgi apparatus was retarded as compared to that of other organelles. The significance of the findings in relation to cell function is discussed.
A rapid method of dissecting the middle ear
Authors: Laurenson R. D.
Published: February 2005

By means of two sawcuts the middle ear can be exposed quickly. The first cut in a coronal plane through the suprameatal triangle usually bissects the tympanic antrum. After removal of the tegmen tympani and the incus, the second sawcut is made in an antero posterior direction; the blade of the saw descends into the gap left by the removal of the incus. Thus the middle ear is split with the tympanic membrane on one fragment and the medial wall of the middle ear on the other. This method has proved to be rapid and effective and superior to the traditional method of nibbling bone to expose the antrum and middle ear.
An electron microscope study of developing bile canaliculi in the rat,
Authors: Wood Richard L.
Published: February 2005

The development of bile canaliculi and the sequence of appearacne of iculi appear on about the thirteenth embryonic day in close association with linear attachment zones between adjacent hepatic cells. These canaliculi are formed by only two apposed cell surfaces and the configuration of a central biliary lumen bounded by 4– contiguous cells described classically as typical for developing mammalian liver is not apparent until day 16 or 17. The enlarged biliary spaces apparently arise as separate vesicles or saccules which subsequently elongate into tubules and interconnect. Evidence obtained in this study supports the concept that terminal bile ductules develop by direct transformation of tubular channels lined by hepatic cells under the influence of periportal connective tissue. Pericanalicular bodies develop in association with an hypertrophied Golgi zone. The sequence of appearance is: multivesicular bodies, microbodies, typical lysosomes. There is no evidence from this study that microbodies are related to differentiating mitochondria but the chronology of appearance suggests a close relationship to lysosomes.
Microradiography of pulmonary arterioles, capillaries, and venules of the rabbit
Authors: Reeves John T. , Leathers James E. , Quigley Mervyn B.
Published: February 2005

Pulmonary vessels of excised rabbit lungs were injected with a suspension of barium sulfate in gelatin. Slices 50 μ thick were radiographed at 5 kv and 2 ma using high resolution spectroscopic plates. When these plates were viewed through a microscope, pulmonary arterioles, venules and capillaries were identified. Arterioles show relatively regular branching at right angles. The capillary bed fills from short (10–20 μ long), thin (10–15 μ diameter) precapillaries arising at right angles from arterioles. The alveolar capillary network freely communicates with networks of adjacent alveoli. Several capillaries draining alveolar nets usually join forming a vessel which is broader at its origin than its insertion into a venule. These vessels, designated collecting venules join the venule at acute angler Clear differentiation of small venous vessels from adjacent small arterial vessels is possible. The capillary network between an arteriole and venule appears to span at least two alveoli.
A study of anterior femoral curvature in man
Authors: Walensky Norman Aaron
Published: February 2005

A study of anterior femoral curvature was carried out on a total of 874 White, Negro, Eskimo, and American Indian femora. Variations in race, sex, and side, as well as ontogenetic changes, have been investigated. The results indicate that distinct differences in the amount and location of femoral curvature exist. Sex and side differences were generally found to be small, race differences however, in both sexes, are striking. When used with other established criteria, these data on femora will be of value in identifying skeletons of certain racial groups.

It seems likely that inherent racial differences provide the substrate, as well as set the developmental limitations, for any modifications which may be imposed by function. The basic curvature may be modified or maintained by variations in the inherited physical properties of the femur. The response of these physical properties to the demands of differing extrinsic influences must also be of importance in determining the amount and location of femoral curvature.
Electron microscopy of the stratified epithelium lining the excretory canal of the dogfish rectal gland
Authors: Bulger Ruth E.
Published: February 2005

In spite of a renewed interest in the rectal (salt‐secreting) gland of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, the morphology of the stratified epithelium lining the central lumen and large ducts of this gland has been mentioned only briefly. The fluid removed from the duct of the rectal gland has been shown by Burger and Hess ('60a, b) and Burger ('62) to be a concentrated sodium chloride solution. The function of the stratified epithelium in the elaboration of this fluid is unknown. It is of interest to know if the stratified epithelium has morphological specializations which might suggest its function.

The stratified epithelium of the central canal consists of surface cells, intermediate cells, and basal cells. Four types of surface cells can be distinguished: granular cells, mucous cells, flask‐shaped cells, and cells with large mitochondria. The intermediate cells form a loose network. In the large extracellular spaces between the intermediate cells, free cells presumably of blood origin, can be seen. The basal cells lie on a basement membrane. There is a structural resemblance of the epithelium to that of the toad bladder.
Caudal myeloschisis (lumbo‐sacral spina bifida cystica) in a five millimeter (Horizon XIV) human embryo
Authors: Lemire Ronald J. , Shepard Thomas H. , Alvord Ellsworth C.
Published: February 2005

A descriptive study of a 5.5 mm, Horizon XIV human embryo with myeloschisis was made. It is the smallest specimen ever recorded with this anomaly which is considered the embryonic forerunner of the common lumbo‐sacral meningomyelocele. The lesion extended from the twenty‐fifth existing somite caudally for 1 mm and was characterized by an everted neural plate, a loss of cellular polarity, asymmetry with a spread of neural tissue to the left and possibly a defective external limiting membrane of the neural tube. These findings indicate the lesion occurred before closure of the neural tube and are consistent with the observations of Patten ('53). They definitely do not support Gardner's ('60) hypothesis that rupture of a closed neural tube causes these lesions.
Spontaneous and dietary‐induced cardiovascular lesions in DBA mice
Authors: Ball Carroll R. , Williams W. Lane
Published: February 2005

In DBA mice, 12–16 months of age, receiving an adequate commercial diet the incidence of ventricular myocardial necrosis and calcification was 48% and that of pericardial calcification was 12%. Atrial thrombosis did not occur. Young adult mice of the same strain were fed a high‐fat (28% lard), low‐protein (8% casein) diet, with and without lipotropic supplement of betaine, for 48 weeks. The incidence of ventricular myocardial necrosis and calcification increased significantly over the spontaneous level with the greatest frequency (95%) occurring in the betaine‐supplemented group. Pericardial calcification also increased with the highest incidence (100%) in the non‐supplemented animals. Dietary induced atrial thrombosis reached lethal dimensions (80%) for most animals in the betaine‐supplemented group within 12 weeks. The non‐supplemented animals had less atrial thrombosis (50%) and greater longevity. Frequency and types of lesions observed were similar to those which occur in other strains of mice fed the same diet. The genetic susceptibility to spontaneous cardiac lesions did not appear to predispose the DBA mice to a greater sensitivity to dietary induced lesions, but may have contributed to the calcification which characterized the lesions. Dietary betaine seemed to influence significantly the production of a higher incidence of cardiac damage.
Innervation of the cortical and medullary portions of the adrenal gland of the rat during postnatal life
Authors: Mikhail Youssef , Mahran Zaghloul
Published: February 2005

The adrenal glands of four rats from each of the following age groups, newly born and one‐, two‐, three‐, five‐, seven‐, nine‐weeks‐old were used. Sections 15 μ in thickness were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Holmes, Bodian and Bielschowsky methods to show nerve fibers and cells in the gland. At birth the nerve fibers extended from beneath the capsule to the central part of the gland where collections of various neurons were found. After one week, nerve cells (which probably belonged to parasympathetic) were found in the inner part of the fasciculata while the adrenal medulla contained nerve cells which belonged to the two sets of autonomic nervous system. By the end of two weeks a fine plexus of nerve cells and fibers was found in inner fasciculata. In the three‐week‐old rat adrenal the plexus of nerve cells and fibers extended to the zona reticularis. By the age of five weeks the plexus was present in the inner fasciculata as well as in the reticularis. The clusters of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglion cells were a constant feature of the medulla. By the end of seven and nine weeks the intrinsic adrenal plexus was a principal feature of the zona reticularis. The functional significance of the profuse intrinsic nerve supply of both the cortical and medullary portions of the gland is discussed.
The granular reticular cells of the thymus in the AKR/JAX mouse
Authors: Pansky Ben , House E. L.
Published: February 2005

The authors have previously described a hypoglycemia with age in the female AKR/JAX mouse which they attributed to the thymus gland. Using our own modification of Gomori's Aldehyde‐fuchsin stain, cells of the thymus were found to contain purple‐blue granules in degrees and gradations of numbers, sizes and form. It seems likely that these cells have the ability to produce and store a factor or hormone which could directly or indirectly affect the blood sugar. By their histology, these cells have been classified as reticular cells of the thymus in contrast to mast cells or lymphocytes. In their staining ability, appearance and occasional tendency to group themselves in “islets”, these cells do seem to closely resemble the Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. From an embryological point of view, the thymus and pancreas, both of entodermal origin, are related and it is suggested that this may also be case physiologically.
Unusual patterns of growth in the frontal and parietal bones
Authors: Roche A. F. , Manuel K. , Seward F. S.
Published: February 2005

Measurements of the straight line distances nasion‐bregma and bregma‐lambda and the curvature of the frontal and parietal bones have been made on serial lateral cephalometric radiographs of children. There was a very wide range of increments in nasion‐bregma and in bregma‐lambda. In one girl, there was no increase in bregma‐lambda and there was no change in the curvature of the parietal bone between the ages of three and ten years. Although the mean curvature of the parietal bones decreased with age, there were increases in the curvature of these bones in some children during the age range studied. Similar increases were noted, but much less commonly, in the frontal bones.
Development of mouse pubic joint in vivo following initial differentiation in vitro
Authors: Crelin E. S. , Koch W. E.
Published: February 2005

Typical immature pubic joints developed when undifferentiated mesenchyme from the pelvic region of 13‐day‐old embryos was grown in vitro on a Millipore filter. After five days the joints were transplanted to 5‐day‐old postnatal female mice whose pubic joints were excised prior to transplantation. The transplanted joints developed to adult‐type symphyses and replaced the excised joints of the recipients. Typical bone resorption and cartilage transformation to ligamentous tissue occurred in transplanted joints in pregnant recipients.
Electron microscopic observations on lysosomes and related cytoplasmic components of normal and pathological cardiac muscle
Authors: Hibbs Richard G. , Ferrans Victor J. , Walsh John J. , Burch George E.
Published: February 2005

An electron microscopic investigation was made on lysosomes and morphologically related structures found in cardiac muscle. The tissues used in this investigation were obtained from normal and functionally altered rat hearts and human hearts from patients with cardiomyopathy.

Structures morphologically similar to lysosomes were encountered in all hearts, but were especially numerous in the damaged hearts, both human and rat. These structures were extremely variable in size, the smaller ones being located in the Golgi region where they appeared to originate.

Lipofuscin granules were especially numerous in pathological hearts, and have several morphological features in common with lysosomes.

Other bodies were also frequently encountered in these cells which in many ways resembled lysosomes, but contained mitochondria, fragments of mitochondria and myelin figures.

The structural similarities between lysosomes and these other elements lead us to consider the possibility that the latter structures may be modified, degenerate, or simply functional stages of lysosomes.
Blood constituents of normal newborn rats and those exposed to low oxygen tension during gestation; weight of newborn and litter size also considered
Authors: Johnson Duane , Roofe Paul Gibbons
Published: February 2005

Blood removed from the heart of newborn rats from mothers exposed during gestation to 18,000 feet altitude showed significantly marked increases in red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit as compared to newborn rats held at ground level, 750 feet elevation. The peripheral blood from newborn rats similarly treated was found to have greater significant increases in white blood cells, red blood cells, amount of hemoglobin and higher hematocrit readings than the heart blood. Percentagewise the white blood cells from the periphery increased far more than the other blood constituents. Under these experimental conditions the number of live births, litter size and weight of the newborn were greatly reduced.
Renal changes associated with acclimatization to high altitude
Authors: Roofe Paul Gibbons , Garrett Gerald F.
Published: February 2005

White rats were exposed to atmospheric pressures equivalent to 18,000 feet altitude for approximately 24 hours a day for as long as four months. Ratio between glomeruli and non‐glomerular cortical tissue was determined using the Chalkley technique. Mean cross‐sectional glomerular area was determined using a delineascope projection method. Conclusions reached as a result of this study are: (a) A decrease in kidney weight per 100 gm body weight is observed in altitude acclimatized rats compared to ground level control animals. Kidneys of rats at high altitudes weighed 15% ± 2.9% less than controls. (b) A decrease in the amount of non‐glomerular tissue per glomerulus is noted in animals at high altitude. (c) A decrease in mean glomerular area was observed in animals at high altitudes.

Since no gross change in volume of renal cortex is observed during acclimatization, the conclusion is drawn from this information that during altitude acclimatization an increase in the total number of functioning nephrons occurs.
Comparative anatomical and neurohistological observations on the tongue of Japanese pika (Ochotona hyperborea yezoensis, kishida)
Authors: Kubota Kinziro
Published: February 2005

The tongue of the Japanese pika was investigated using the silver impregnation method. On the dorsum, three vallate papillae, arranged in a row transversely, and foliate papillae with 12–13 clefts were observed. The papillae are both covered with an upper thickened epithelium. The abundant nerve fibers are widely distributed in the subpapillary layer of the lamina propria to form the subpapillary nerve plexus, which is composed of non‐myelinated and thick myelinated fibers, and ganglion cells. The taste buds, of an embryonic type with an indefinite border, are located as a mass in both walls of the papillae symmetrically, closely associated with a small number of the fine fibers from the subpapillary plexus. They are large in size and penetrate into the subgemmal connective tissue. Their aspect suggests a peculiar receptive apparatus surrounding the orifice of the serous gland‐ducts. In the papilla regions the serous glands are plentiful deep in the muscles and their ducts open into the bottom of the trench and furrow. The dorsum is densely packed only with the filiform papillae which are covered with highly cornified, thickened stratified squamous epithelium and poor in nerve supply, but the smooth inferior surface is well supplied with sensory nerves ending free and is furnished with many taste buds. No apical glands are present. The tongue contains many ganglion cells alongside the nerve fiber bundles running toward the apex.
The eruption pattern of deciduous teeth in miniature swine
Authors: Weaver M. E. , Jump E. B. , McKean Cynthia F.
Published: February 2005

Since “miniature swine” are being used extensively as a research animal and since the literature concerning tooth eruption is not very precise, it has seemed advisable to observe and record tooth eruption in the “miniature swine” being used and to make comparisons with existing literature of domestic swine.

A total of 55 pigs of the Pitman‐Moore strain were observed weekly from birth until their dentition was complete at about 26 weeks. Lateral x‐ray head plates and study models of both arches were made weekly for two members of the group. The study models and x‐rays served for orientation and positive identification of teeth; and with the weekly observations constitute the data.

Analysis of the data indicated there was no significant difference in the eruption time for any tooth due to the sex of the individual. A mean sequence of eruption for each arch was established for the group based on coefficients of concordance. There was no significant difference in sequence of eruption due to sex or litter.

The eruption time and sequence noted for Pitman‐Moore swine differed slightly from that recorded for domestic swine. The differences observed were slight and could be explained by the probably infrequent observations of domestic swine or small sample size.
Studies of the rings of henle associated with collagenous bundles in human and calf skin
Authors: Felsher Zachary
Published: February 2005

The nature of Henle's rings, which are the highly refractile constricting fibers seen around chemically swollen collagen, has long been in dispute. Several theories can be found in the literature to account for this phenomenon. Henle's rings were abundant in oxhide and calfskin, but were rarely seen in human skin. They did not stain with any of the common elastic tissue stains. Reactions of Henle's rings, collagen fibers, and elastic fibers in purified hexosamine‐free collagen of oxhide, fresh calfskin, fresh human abdominal skin, and ligamentum nuchae were compared using microscopic heat reactions both before and after chemical enzymatic treatment. Solutions used were 50% glycerin, glacial formic acid, 1 N NaOH, 0.1 N acetic acid, 3 N acetic acid, elastase, collagenase, pepsin, and hyaluronidase. The conclusions reached were that Henle's rings are not elastin, mucoid, or protoplasmic in nature but closely resemble a nonswelling collagen, probably reticulin. Henle's rings are very rare in human skin, but after digestion with elastase or treatment with NaOH, long, curving, poorly swelling fibers are seen which react like collagen in other respects. Henle's rings in oxhide varied in diameter from 24 μ up to several hundred microns. They seemed to be made up of fine fibrillae as seen with the phase‐contrast microscope. The fluorescent colors of Henle's rings with various filters differed from the fluorescent colors of elastic fibers. Attempts to stain them with silver were not successful.
Comparative anatomical and neurohistological observations on the tongue of Japanese dormouse (Glirus japonicus)
Authors: Kubota Kinziro , Togawa Shigeru
Published: February 2005

On the dorsum of the Japanese dormose tongue three circumvallate papillae are arranged in an inverted V‐shape. Foliate, fungiform and filiform papillae are also observed. The vallate papillae and the outer wall of the trench are covered with highly cornified stratified squamous epithelium. The taste buds in six rows are located only in the lateral wall of the papilla, having a long taste canal. Ganglion cells lie on the nerve bundles extending into the papilla. Serous glands are plentiful deep in the muscles and their ducts open into the bottom and on the outer wall of the trench. The foliate papillae consist of six to seven folds furnished with taste buds. The serous glands are developed also in this region. The lamina propria of the dorsum is richly supplied with abundant nerves ending free. The fungiform papillae are also supplied with abundant nerves and furnished with taste buds penetrating into the connective tissue. The inferior surface is poor in nerve supply and has neither taste buds nor papillae. The muscle spindle, the thin‐sheathed sensory corpuscle and a peculiar wavy‐coursed end‐apparatus within the nerve bundle are found in the apical region. The dormouse tongue contains many ganglion cells along the nerve bundles.
The fine structure of marginal band microtubules
Authors: Maser Morton D , Philpott Charles W.
Published: February 2005

Fixation of Fundulus erythrocytes by silver acetate‐osmium tetroxide solutions preserves marginal band microtubules while extracting the obscuring hemoglobin background. High magnification electron micrographs of thin sections show the microtubules to be composed of globular subunits. Cross‐sectional profiles of the microtubules contain six or seven subunits. The discussion includes comments as to the general stability of microtubular structures, and to the similarities between microtubules and tobacco mosaic virus protein.
The fine structure of mucosal epithelial cells of a pathological human gall bladder
Authors: Chapman George B. , Chiarodo Andrew J. , Coffey Robert J. , Wieneke Karl
Published: February 2005

This communication presents the first electron micrographs known to us of human gall bladder mucosal epithelium. These cells are typical of epithelial cells in general. They possess microvilli, terminal bars, desmosomes, membrane interdigitations, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum, and a nucleus limited by an envelope interrupted by pores and containing one to several nucleoli. Of particular interest are the three types of granular inclusions found in the cytoplasm.

These granules are discussed in the light of their possible significance, in particular their possible relation to the functioning of this epithelium in a gall bladder exhibiting cholelithiasis.
Recovery of rat incisor dentin from abnormal mineralization produced by strontium and fluoride
Authors: Yaeger James A.
Published: February 2005

Rats were injected with 5 mg NaF/100 g or 125 mg SrCl2/100 g. Animals injected once were killed at intervals of 4, 6, 12 and 24 days after injection. Other animals received pairs of injections, separated by intervals of four or nine days. One maxillary incisor from each animal was embedded in methacrylate, sectioned transversely, and microradiographs prepared. The other incisor was demineralized, sectioned, and the sections stained with histochemical methods for polysac‐charide‐protein complexes.

In the microradiographs, the abnormally mineralized layers of dentin produced by the injections became less distinct as they aged. This recovery was detectable in all animals within two weeks after injection. The histochemical changes were less marked, but the weakly stained (hypomineralized) layers of matrix became more nearly normal as recovery occurred. Apparently, fluoride accelerates the maturation (secondary mineralization) of a thin layer of dentin, while both fluoride and strontium inhibit primary mineralization of predentin. In time, mineralization in the hypomineralized layers overtakes the normally mineralized dentin, and the normally mineralized dentin overtakes the hypermineralized layers.
Acetylcholinesterase‐acetylcholine, an enzyme system essential to rhythmicity in the preneural embryonic chick heart
Authors: Paff George Hugo , Boucek Robert Joseph , Glander Thorne Parsons
Published: February 2005

The problem was to prove that without acetylcholine or acetylcholinesterase it is impossible for the heart to originate an impulse. Fifty to sixty‐five‐hour old embryonic chick hearts were chosen for study because this age range antedates the period when nerve fibers reach the heart. Electrocardiograms were taken on hearts in lying drops before, during and after changes of media. The diluent in all cases was Tyrode solution of pH 7.4, and the temperature was 31 to 32°C.

Hearts react to acetylcholinesterase as follows: the PR interval increases; AV block and complete stoppage of the ventricle occur; finally the sinu‐atrium stops and the heart is completely quiescent. The process can be reversed and normal activity restored by adding acetylcholine, proof that acetylcholine is necessary for rhythmicity.

Hearts react to eserine, an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase as follows: the amplitude of the P wave and QRS complex is reduced; the PR interval is eliminated; a single wave, the “cardiac wave” emerges even though visibly both atrium and ventricle are beating; the heart finally stops. The hearts can be returned to complete normality by washing out the eserine with Tyrode solution. From this we conclude that acetylcholinesterase is also necessary for rhythmicity.