bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whatever happened to the Pacific Century?
Authors: FOOT ROSEMARY , WALTER ANDREW
Published: July 2002

Typical of the opposing trends that have been a part of the decade 1989 to 1999, many of the states in the Asia-Pacific in these ten years have shifted from ‘miracle’ status to crisis. From being the political and economic model for other countries in both the developing and the developed world, they now signal how best to avoid the less savoury pitfalls of rapid development. The miracle status, deriving from two decades or more of impressive growth rates on the basis of a presumed distinctive politico-economic model, was supposed to herald a Pacific Century. The key characteristics of this new era were a newfound regional coherence and a related transfer of economic and above all political power from the Atlantic community towards Asia-Pacific. The crisis, in turn, is seen as marking the end of that shift in the economic and political centres of gravity.
The Montreal International Jazz Festival
Authors: Deschênes Bruno
Published: July 2002

The Festival International de Jazz de Montréal (Montreal International Jazz Festival), which celebrated its twentieth anniversary in 1999, has become one of the most popular music festivals in the world, attracting in just twelve days more than a million and a half people. Most visitors are Canadians and Americans, but Europeans are attending in greater numbers each year.

The first Festival, held in the summer of 1979, lasted less than a week. Since then, it has progressively expanded and has moved from one site to another several times to accommodate the growing number of visitors. At its current site in downtown Montreal, in the neighbourhood of the Place des Arts, it now lasts a full twelve days. In 1998, thirty-six concert series and two film series were offered for a total of 411 events. Of these, 103 were paying concerts, and 298 were free concerts held for the most part out of doors. Jazz presented in more than twelve bars all over the city also forms part of the event.

From noon to 6 pm, a free outdoor concert is held every hour. From 6 pm to midnight, two more free concerts are performed simultaneously. During the day, street bands give strollers a taste of a wide range of musical styles. For more than twelve hours the public can hear music nonstop by moving from one venue to the other. The downtown site is big enough to avoid the overlapping of music from simultaneous performances. At the end of the afternoon and in the evening, Festival-goers can enjoy the indoor paying concerts.
Understanding Rock: Essays in Musical Analysis. Edited by John Covach and Graeme M. Boone. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Expression in Pop-Rock Music: A Collection of Critical and Analytical Essays. Edited by Walter Everett. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 2000.
Authors: Brackett David
Published: July 2002

In the intense disciplinary upheavals of the last fifteen years or so within music
scholarship, music analysis has been one of the most contentious areas of debate
The sense of conflict arises from a confluence of factors: all music scholars who
wish to describe the details of musical style must employ some form of music
analysis, yet the very strengths of music-analytical practice Ð its ability to describe
musical events with precision, its ability to explain details of musical style and
demonstrate structural interrelationships Ð are couched in a technical meta-language
that seems resistant to socio-cultural analysis, an area of particular interest
for those involved in the self-critique of the field. Concurrent with the apearance
of what are probably the best-known denouncements of analysis as formalist and
tautological by Joseph Kerman in the early to mid-1980s, musicologists who were
sympathetic to aspects of KermanÕs critique explored ways to harmonise the
description and analysis of musical details with methods of analysis derived from
different aspects of cultural theory. Many of the scholars seeking new applications
for music analysis also pursued the related project of understanding the socio-historical
context for music analysis itself and of unpacking the aesthetic values
couched within the apparently neutral practice of analysis.
LL(1) descriptions for robots
Authors: Hoogewijs Albert
Published: July 2002

Syntax-directed development is a software development method in which, the syntax of the input of the application plays a central role. The syntax description forms a frame on which semantic actions, attributes, local and global information can be attached. Much research has been done to develop theories and algorithms needed for robots to process information and interact with the environment. This paper describes how LL(1) descriptions can be used to produce automatically motion control software, object recognizers and human-computer interfaces.
Contact Point identification in robot assembly strategies under uncertainty
Authors: Tsaprounis C. J. , Aspragathos N.
Published: July 2002

In this paper a method for the reduction of the uncertainties in robotised assembly process is presented. The generated assembly strategies are based on the determination of the contact points. The assembly task is divided in two main subtasks, the initial and the main. To reduce the uncertainty of the process a deliberate misalignment of the peg is
used.

This paper is focused on the determination of the position and the forces at the contact points between the peg and hole under uncertainty. The available data are the force
signal retrieved from the force sensor, the geometry of the assembly parts and the geometry of the robot. The analysis presented in this paper is a part of a knowledge-based
system, which generates assembly strategies under the presence of uncertainties.
Development of a robot arm controlled by force sensors as a walking aid for elderly
Authors: Suzuki Makoto , Masamune Ken , Ji Lin-Jong , Dohi Takeyoshi , Yano Hideo
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a prototype development of a robot arm to assist walking of elderly people. For effective use in Japanese houses, a robot arm mounted on a rail was designed. Force sensors were used to provide an easy-to-use interface. Thresholds of forces were determined to detect the user's intention to walk as well as for safety considerations. Applying a step by step motion, the arm could follow the rhythmical walking of the subject. We examined an interface method using force sensors and concluded that it can detect the user's motion at the beginning of a walk.
Influence of external forces on the behaviour of redundant manipulators
Authors: Žlajpah Leon
Published: July 2002

The paper considers
the influence of external forces on the behaviour of a
redundant manipulator. It is assumed that the forces can act
anywhere on the body of the manipulator. First, the equivalent
generalized forces in the task space and the null space
are defined and several special manipulator configurations regarding the equivalent
forces and torques are identified. Next, two measures for the
quantification of the influence of external forces on the task
space are proposed. These measures are then used in the
control algorithm to minimize the influence of external forces on
the task space position accuracy. The control is based on
the redundancy resolution at the acceleration level and the gradient
projection technique. Improvement of the position accuracy is illustrated using
the simulation of a four link planar manipulator.
Robust segmentation of visual data using ranked unbiased scale estimate
Authors: Bab-Hadiashar Alireza , Suter David
Published: July 2002

A method of data segmentation, based upon robust least K-th order statistical model fitting (LKS), is proposed and applied to image motion and range data segmentation. The
estimation method differs from other approaches using versions of LKS in a number of important ways. Firstly, the value of K is not determined by a complex optimization routine. Secondly, having chosen a fit, the estimation of scale of the noise is not based upon the K-th order statistic of the residuals. Other aspects of the full segmentation scheme include
the use of segment contiguity to: (a) reduce the number of random sample fits used in the LKS stage, and (b) to “fill-in” holes caused by isolated miss-classified data.
Designing a robotic gripper for harvesting horticulture products
Authors: Ceccarelli Marco , Figliolini Giorgio , Ottaviano Erika , Mata Antonio Simon , Criado Emilio Jimenez
Published: July 2002

This paper approaches the design problem of suitable grippers for a robotic arm to pick up horticulture products. General considerations have been pointed out and main concepts and mechanical designs have been discussed and proposed by sketches and drawings for an easy understanding of “on-field” problems and feasible solutions. Pneumatic actuation has been proposed with suitable grasp force control by using commercial components. Specific attention has been focused on tomato horticulture for a practical design and prototyping of a device for laboratory experiments.
Review: Dissecting Newspeak
Authors: Gibbs Donna
Published: July 2002

A review of David Crystal's book, Language and the Internet, Cambridge University Press, 2001, hardback, ISBN 0 521 802121, pp.272, £13.95
FORECASTING ECONOMIC TIME SERIES
Authors: Schorfheide Frank
Published: July 2002

The prediction of future events and developments is an
exciting and perhaps mysterious task, often associated
with the aura of prophets and seers instead of probabilistic
models and computer screens. The reality of macroeconomic
forecasting, however, is quite mundane. Predictions of
macroeconomic aggregates play an important role in the
decision making of private enterprises, central banks,
and governments. In general, forecasts become less popular
if they turn out to be inaccurate ex post, and the postwar
history of macroeconomic forecasting has had its share
of disappointments. For instance, in the early 1980's,
economists tested inflation forecasts taken over the previous
20 years and found that the forecasts were poor, partly
as a result of the oil price shocks in the 1970's.
A recent study (Croushore, 1998) with data up to 1996 provides
a more favorable assessment of the quality of inflation
forecasts.
Britannic social histories – continuity
and change
Authors: BIAGINI EUGENIO F.
Published: July 2002

F. M. L. Thompson (ed.), The Cambridge social
history of Britain, 1750–1950, Vol. I: Regions and communities; Vol. II: People and their environment; Vol. III: Social agencies and institutions. (Paperback edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.) Pages xv+588; xv+373; xiii+492.

M. J. Daunton, Progress and poverty: an economic and social history of Britain 1700–1850. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.) Pages xvi+620.

Cormac Ó Gráda, Ireland: a new economic history, 1780–1939. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.) Pages xv+536.

What is social history and how should it be written? What are its ‘limits and divisions’ in the context of the ‘Britannic’ isles? F. M. L. Thompson, M. J. Daunton and Cormac Ó Gráda have provided important contributions, which will long survive the debate
and reactions generated by their publications. These books are, in some respects, very different works, though they share a similar epistemological outlook based on ontological realism and empiricism. Together they offer a powerful and convincing alternative to the various versions of the ‘linguistic turn’ which has featured so prominently in the debate on social history in
recent years.

The Cambridge social history (hereafter CSH) is a work of consolidation, a collective effort whose aim is ‘to communicate the fruits of…research…to the wider audience of students who are curious to know what the specialists have been doing and how their work fits into a general picture of the whole process of social change
and development’. By contrast, Daunton and Ó Gráda have single-handedly produced inspiring analyses of crucial aspects of modern British and Irish history respectively. Daunton offers a nuanced discussion of the first industrial revolution. And, from a ‘new economic’ point of view, Ó Gráda reassesses the turning points in the making of contemporary Ireland, between the age of the American Revolution and the outbreak of
World War II.
On the intersection of AI and OR
Authors: GOMES CARLA P.
Published: July 2002

This is the second of two special issues focusing on the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and operations research (OR) techniques for solving hard computational problems, with an emphasis on planning and scheduling. Both the AI and the OR community have developed sophisticated techniques to tackle such challenging problems. OR has relied heavily on mathematical programming formulations such as integer and linear programming, while AI has developed constraint-based search techniques and inference methods. Recently, we have seen a convergence of ideas, drawing on the individual strengths of these paradigms.
READING IN A SECOND LANGUAGE: PROCESS, PRODUCT AND
PRACTICE. Sandy Urquhart and Cyril Weir. New York: Longman, 1998. Pp.
xvi + 346. £15.99 paper.
Authors: Mori Yoshiko
Published: July 2002

This book addresses issues of major concern among researchers and practitioners of second
language (L2) reading, including theory of reading, testing of reading comprehension, L2 reading
instruction, and methodological issues in L2 reading research. The book not only critically
examines reading theories, previous studies, and conventional practice in teaching and testing,
but also provides valuable insights into new forms of testing and teaching materials for L2
readers.
TENSE AND ASPECT IN INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES: THEORY,
TYPOLOGY, DIACHRONY.John Hewson and Vit Bubenik. Amsterdam:
Benjamins, 1997. Pp. xii + 403. $89.00 cloth.
Authors: Reindl Donald F.
Published: July 2002

Tense and aspect is grounded in Gustave Guillaume's notion of
“chronogenesis,” the staged development of a complex time image. Within this
framework, the historical development of the tense and aspect systems of all branches of
Indo-European is analyzed with clarity, demonstrating their divergence from a common model.
The approach is based on the notions of Descending (moving-world) versus Ascending
(moving-ego) Time, with ω-moments as memory and α-moments as imagination. The
position of consciousness in relation to these moments is essential for characterizing aspect.
COLLABORATIVE NEGOTIATION OF MEANING: A LONGITUDINAL
APPROACH.Kristi Jauregi Ondarra. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1997. Pp. 492.
$100.00 paper.
Authors: Deen Jeanine
Published: July 2002

This book is a longitudinal study of negotiation of meaning in interactions among foreign
language learners (FLLs) of Spanish at a Dutch university, and interactions between those
students and native speakers (NSs) of Spanish.
CHILD LANGUAGE, CREOLIZATION, AND HISTORICAL CHANGE: SPANISH
IN CONTACT WITH PORTUGUESE.Eduardo D. Faingold. Tübingen:
Narr, 1996. Pp. ix + 206. DM 78.00 paper.
Authors: Corne Chris
Published: July 2002

This study deals with the simultaneous acquisition of Portuguese, Spanish, and Hebrew by
two children and compares this with the historical development of Iberian-based contact-induced
vernaculars (“creole,” koine, and fusion languages).
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES: PSYCHOLINGUISTIC AND
SOCIOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVES.Gabriele Kasper and Eric Kellerman
(Eds.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1997. Pp. xi + 408. $22.07 paper.
Authors: LoCastro Virginia
Published: July 2002

Communication Strategies: Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic Perspectives is
not simply an update of the 1983 Strategies in Interlanguage Communication
(Færch & Kasper). This volume goes beyond the earlier concerns of definition,
identification, and classification of communication strategies to considerations of different
theoretical and analytical perspectives, research methodologies, and the role of cultural and
linguistic backgrounds.
Rethinking innateness
Authors: RISPOLI MATTHEW
Published: July 2002

Review essay on: ELMAN, J., BATES, E.,
JOHNSON, M., KARMILOFF-SMITH,
A., PARISI, D. & PLUNKETT, K. Rethinking innateness: a connectionist
perspective on development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (1996). Pp. 447.

I believe that the field of developmental psycholinguistics suffers
from two
major weaknesses. The first is its impressionistic and inexact formulations.

The second is its divisive polarizations. One can see the reasons for the
first
weakness. Developmental psycholinguistics is only about 30 years old
(ignoring diary studies which preceded the linguistic and cognitive surge
of
the sixties). But speculation and hypothesizing on the basis of relatively
little
data and passing acquaintance with phenomena has reached the level of
customary ‘business as usual’. We are skilful at hypothesis
construction, yet
we are regretfully delinquent at formulating clear tests of our hypotheses.
We
are fond of conjecture about causal relationships, but our empirical tests

progress no further than weak forms of correlation.

With regard to our second major weakness, our knack for polarizing
opinion regarding chimerical questions such as the innateness of language

can also be understood. After all, are we not following the classical dialectic

model of thesis, antithesis and eventual synthesis? I think this is an
idealized
view of ourselves. In fact, we are driven by hunch and bias far more often

than we would like to admit. Following hunches may be a real sign of
creativity and vitality in our thinking. However, polarization driven by
biases
is ultimately detrimental. At some point we must disentangle ourselves
from
customary dialogue and transcend our deeply rutted patterns of thought.

When I began Rethinking innateness, I had hoped that the book
might help
us overcome these two weaknesses. I believe that it contributes positively
to
the goal of increasing the precision of our hypotheses and their empirical

substantiation. At the same time, I am afraid that it will have a negative

impact by aggravating the degree of polarization in our field.
Rethinking learning: comments on Rethinking innateness
Authors: VALIAN VIRGINIA
Published: July 2002

In his review of Rethinking innateness (Elman, Bates,
Johnson, Karmiloff-Smith, Parisi & Plunkett, 1996; henceforth, RI), Rispoli (this volume)

comments favourably on the dynamical change models presented in RI's

Chapter 4. I think a more critical stance is warranted. In particular,
I will
argue that dynamical change models cannot in principle make reference to

mental representation, that the models are stipulative, and that they fail
as
descriptions of behaviour. (For more extensive discussion, see Valian,
in
press.) The relation between dynamical change models and connectionist

networks is not spelled out in RI, so it is not clear which of the criticisms
that
I direct at dynamical change models also hold for connectionist models.
Different rates of pronoun case error: comments on
Rispoli (1998)
Authors: SCHÜTZE CARSON T.
Published: July 2002

Rispoli (1998) presents data to motivate a model of pronoun case
errors in child English. His data consist of relative rates of occurrence
of errors involving particular forms in the study of twenty-seven English
children between the ages of 2;6 and 4;0. I show that his claim that
overextensions of he and him are antagonistic cannot be maintained. I
argue that his explanation for why her subjects are more frequent than
other errors is insufficient, and suggest an account in terms of relative
input frequencies. Finally, I demonstrate that the fundamental assumption
underlying Rispoli's model is untenable, and that his findings
are not counterevidence for developmental syntax models such as that of
Schütze (1997).
Determination of a convex body from the average of projections and
stability results
Authors: SPRIESTERSBACH K. K.
Published: July 2002

Analysis of projections of a convex body is a familiar topic in
tomography. However,
instead of considering standard projection bodies, this work investigates

a convex body introduced by Schneider [8] which is
a Minkowski average of projections.
The question addressed here is similar to that posed by Goodey and
Weil [4] with
respect to Minkowski averages of sections, as opposed to projections, that
is, can
the shape of a convex body be determined from random sections? Their main
result
shows that a body K is determined by the average of its two-dimensional
sections,
but not by the average of its one-dimensional sections. The goal of this
study is
to uncover the extent to which a convex body is determined by the average
of its
projections.
Wayang Listrik: Dalang Larry Reed's Shadow Bridge Between Bali and San Francisco
Authors: Diamond Catherine
Published: July 2002

Building on the early European experiments with animated shadow figures, American dalang Larry Reed – narrator and puppet manipulator – has enlarged Balinese shadow puppetry to cinema-sized dimensions and combined it with live actors and dancers. In conjunction with Balinese puppet masters, Reed has created several pieces which explore the interaction between puppets and human shadow figures as well as performers in front of the screen. Moreover, Reed's productions are bilingual and bi-cultural, mixing Balinese and American humour and mythology so that the hybrid creations find favour with audiences in both locations. As his technique increasingly becomes refined in the process, each new production expands more subtly on the theme of melding shadow with flesh and the blurring of illusion and reality.
Drift of Sea Ice Ridges in the Pechora Sea
Authors: Johannessen Kenneth , Gudmestad Ove Tobias , Løset Sveinung
Published: July 2002

The drift of sea ice ridges and hits on an offshore structure with dimensions 200 m by 200 m
have been studied for the Dolginskoye oil field in the Pechora Sea. The calculations were
made with the computer program ICEBERG. The mean drift speed of the ice ridges was
found to be 0·21 m/s with a maximum speed of 0·89 m/s. The expected number of hits per
year was calculated to be 737. It was assumed that a total number of 133000 sea ice ridges
would be produced in (or have entered) the Pechora Sea per year. Under the same
assumption, the expected number of ridges entering a safety zone around a platform of
1852 m by 1852 m was found to be 5649. However, due to uncertainties concerning the
population of ridges, their shapes, sizes, drag coefficients and tidal action, the results should
be used with care and only considered as indicative. The ridge drift pattern was
predominantly to the northeast in the winter months. A structure located at Dolginskoye will
most probably be exposed to sea ice ridges that are formed in the area around Khodovarihka.
A Non-Precision Instrument Approach Procedure with Vertical Guidance (IPV) for Aircraft Landing Using GPS
Authors: Rao G. Sasi Bhushana , Sarma A. D. , Rao V. Venkata , Ramalingam K.
Published: July 2002

In the near future, Spaced-Based Augmentation Systems (such as the Wide Area
Augmentation System in North America) will become operational, permitting the use of GPS
as a primary system for all phases of flight. Recently the International Civil Aviation
Organisation (ICAO) has recommended the use of un-augmented GPS as a supplemental
navigation system for all phases of flight including non-precision approaches. In this paper,
the salient features of the Air Traffic Control (ATC) system in India, and the use of
conventional navigational aids are described. A new landing procedure is proposed using un-augmented
GPS known as ‘a non-precision instrument approach procedure with vertical
guidance (IPV)’ for Hyderabad Airport, Runway 27. This procedure, if implemented, would
be cost-effective and reliable for many airports in India. An algorithm has also been
developed for determining the range and bearing between the departure and the arrival
waypoints of an aircraft using the IPV.
Collision Regulations – Discussion
Authors: Kemp John
Published: July 2002

It is good to see the COLREGS reappearing in Forum as a subject for discussion.
R. W. Cooper (2001) is right to point out the problem inherent in rule 10(j) that one
of the vessels in an encounter to which the rule applies cannot be sure whether the
length criterion is met or not. Clearly some amendment is desirable.
Calculation of Distance Off by Two Horizontal Angles
Authors: Kos Sergio
Published: July 2002

In coastal navigation, if two horizontal angles between three
fixed objects above the sea surface can be determined from a point of
observation, two circular position lines are determined that cut at two points. One
point of intersection is located in the central object and the other in the observation
point itself. The coordinates of the observation point can be determined in various
ways; for example, by calculating the radius of the circle – position line, or by
graphical construction etc. All of these mehods are sufficiently elaborated in nautical
literature.
A Graphic Synthesis for Space Manoeuvring
Authors: Iannuzzi Carla , Lucarelli Giancarlo
Published: July 2002

The complex and far-from-intuitive issue of establishing how and
when to act when
manoeuvres are to be performed in space is discussed here in a simple graphical
way. An
analysis was made of the effects on the parameters of an orbit of low thrusts
in three
directions: tangential to the orbit; normal to it in the orbit plane; and
normal to the orbit
plane. An outcome is that, in order to obtain a desired effect, and at
the same time minimize
the undesired ones, it is better to use only a tangential thrust or only
a normal one rather
than a combination of simultaneous tangential and normal thrusts. Thus
it is not necessary
to investigate any alternative orientation of the thrusters. A manoeuvre
can be accomplished
by thrusts given either only once along the orbit path, or in more than
one orbital point.
Diagrams are produced which give a quick insight into the manoeuvre philosophy
for both
kinds of action.
Finite Difference Vehicular Path Planning
Authors: Wharington John , Herszberg Israel
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a novel approach to computing minimum-time paths based on a
technique originally developed for use in geophysics. The technique is based on a finite
difference scheme and is quite efficient in terms of both computing effort and storage. A
particular strength of the technique is that it provides optimal paths to all locations in the
field, thus being useful in situations where the goal is not known at the outset of the search.
Details are presented on the basic technique and extensions are derived to include the
integrations of resources (such as fuel store), and to provide flexibility in the objective. Two
examples are given: minimum-time planning for vehicles under the influence of drift, and
planning to minimise the risk of detection for a stealthy vehicle in the presence of threats.
Basing Non-Linear Displays on Vector Map Formats
Authors: Mountjoy Daniel N. , Ntuen Celestine A. , Converse Sharolyn A. , Marshak William P.
Published: July 2002

One approach to increasing the area coverage of small-screen map displays is to exploit the
‘elasticity’ of the electronic display through use of non-linear scaling. Although resolution is
necessarily lost in areas of smaller scale, bitmap images lose important information when re-
scaled. This can render features unrecognisable and text unreadable. Vector maps are more
tolerant to non-linear scaling because critical position information found in vertices of lines
is distorted without being lost. Examples of non-linear scaling are presented to demonstrate
the effect on bitmap and vector images. Ongoing research examining the user performance
benefits of non-linear displays is also described.
A Fix by Total Solar Eclipse
Authors: Sadler D. H.
Published: July 2002

In anticipation of the TOTAL Solar Eclipse on 11 August 1999 (see the January/February
issue of Navigation News), it seemed very appropriate to repeat this short article by one of
the Institute's most respected Fellows. It was first published in Vol. VII, October 1954.

A TOTAL eclipse of the Sun provides an opportunity, rare though it may be, of obtaining an
instantaneous fix from the Sun alone. Eclipses vary greatly in character, in position on the
Earth, in the width of the path of totality, in the duration, and also in the direction of the path.
However, the shadow of the Moon cast by the Sun is always a right circular cone which, in the
case of a total eclipse, intersects the Earth's surface at some point before its vertex. Owing to
the motion of the Moon in its orbit round the Earth, the shadow moves at a speed of about
2000 m.p.h. from west to east (it varies considerably according to the distance of the Moon
from the Earth). The intersection of this cone with the Earth's surface is an ellipse, which moves
over the surface at speeds which are very high when the cone is nearly tangential (i.e. when the
Sun's altitude is low) and at speeds as low as about 1000 m.p.h., when the eclipse is central over
the equator at noon and the Earth's rotation has its maximum effect. The speed of the shadow
is generally low enough to give a position line of considerable accuracy from the observed time
of either second or third contacts, that is the beginning or ending of the total phase. An error
of 1 second corresponds, in the most favourable case, to about one-third of a mile. The position
line is, of course, the portion of the elliptic shadow corresponding to the observed phase and
time; these can be precomputed.
Reply to Lindbert and McCool: 'A critique of environmental carrying capacity as a means of managing the effects of tourism development'
Authors: BROWN KATRINA , TURNER KERRY , HAMEED HALA , BATEMAN IAN
Published: July 2002

The Comment by Lindberg and McCool (1998) makes a useful contribution to the debate on
carrying capacity and reaffirms the observations and conclusions of our original paper, which include
the fact that carrying capacity may be conceptually controversial, is problematic in its
application and is of limited use in devising policy guidelines (Brown et al. 1997).
Special Section: Topological representation and reasoning
in design and manufacturing
Authors: BRAHA DAN
Published: July 2002

The word “topology” is derived from the
Greek word “τοπος,”
which means “position” or “location.”
A simplified and thus partial definition has often been
used (Croom, 1989, page 2): “topology deals with
geometric properties which are dependent only upon the
relative positions of the components of figures and not
upon such concepts as length, size, and magnitude.”
Topology deals with those properties of an object that
remain invariant under continuous transformations (specifically
bending, stretching, and squeezing, but not breaking or
tearing). Topological notions and methods have illuminated
and clarified basic structural concepts in diverse branches
of modern mathematics. However, the influence of topology
extends to almost every other discipline that formerly
was not considered amenable to mathematical handling. For
example, topology supports design and representation of
mechanical devices, communication and transportation networks,
topographic maps, and planning and controlling of complex
activities. In addition, aspects of topology are closely
related to symbolic logic, which forms the foundation of
artificial intelligence. In the same way that the Euclidean
plane satisfies certain axioms or postulates, it can be
shown that certain abstract spaces—where the relations
of points to sets and continuity of functions are important—have
definite properties that can be analyzed without examining
these spaces individually. By approaching engineering design
from this abstract point of view, it is possible to use
topological methods to study collections of geometric objects
or collections of entities that are of concern in design
analysis or synthesis. These collections of objects and
or entities can be treated as spaces, and the elements in them as points.
Precision machine design assistant: A constraint-based tool
for the design and evaluation of precision machine tool
concepts
Authors: HOMANN BRADLEY S. , THORNTON ANNA C.
Published: July 2002

Precision machines are necessary to manufacture
parts and subassemblies that require tight tolerances.
During the design of precision machines, like any design,
it is critical that the best concept is chosen in the early
stages of the design process because 80% of the final cost
and quality of a product are designed in at this phase.
In addition, changes and optimization late in the design
process have limited impact on cost and quality. Typically,
during the design of precision machines, engineers and
skilled machinists develop several machine concepts and
down select based on heuristics and past design experience
rather than quantitative measures. This paper describes
a computation tool, Precision Machine Design Assistant
(PMDA), which automates basic machine error simulation
and concept evaluation. The tool uses a combination of
machine error motion modelling and constraint-based design
methods. By combining these methods in a computational
environment, multiple machine concepts may be rapidly modeled,
analyzed, and compared. The goal of the program is to assist
the designer in the selection of a superior concept for
detail design. The PMDA methods and implementation are
demonstrated in an example.
Rotavirus, astrovirus and adenovirus associated with an

outbreak of gastroenteritis in a South African child care centre
Authors: TAYLOR M. B. , MARX F. E. , GRABOW W. O. K.
Published: July 2002

An outbreak of gastroenteritis in the infant–toddler unit

of a child care centre (CCC) in

Pretoria, South Africa, was investigated for possible viral enteropathogens.

Rotavirus was

found in association with seven (70%) diarrhoeal episodes. Co-infection

with rotavirus and

human astrovirus (HAstV) was demonstrated in two of these episodes, and

rotavirus, HAstV

and enteric adenovirus (EAd) co-infection in another. Rotavirus occurred

alone in four of the

diarrhoeal episodes, while HAstV and EAd were each detected alone in one

episode. Two

HAstV and one rotavirus asymptomatic infection episodes also occurred.

Overall, 8 of 10

children had rotavirus infections, of which 7 were symptomatic, 6 of

10 children had HAstV

infections (4 symptomatic), and 2 of 10 children had EAd infection, both

symptomatic. These

results highlight the diversity of viral enteropathogens that may be

associated with a diarrhoeal

outbreak in a CCC and emphasize the need to investigate the possibility
that multiple

enteropathogens may simultaneously cause a single outbreak of diarrhoea.
PCR detection of Chlamydia psittaci in faecal samples from

passerine birds in Sweden
Authors: OLSEN B. , PERSSON K. , BROHOLM K.-A.
Published: July 2002

To investigate to what extent wild passerine birds are carriers
of
Chlamydia psittaci, 312 faecal
samples from 18 bird species were collected. Using the PCR technique and
subsequent DNA
sequencing, C. psittaci DNA was demonstrated in faecal samples
from 9
(2·9%) birds of 6
different species. Sera from 65 bird-ringers, highly exposed to wild birds,
were tested by
microimmunofluorescence assay for the occurrence of IgG and
IgM antibodies to C. psittaci.
No such antibodies were found. This results indicate that a significant
proportion of wild
passerine birds are carriers of C. psittaci, but rarely infectious
to humans.
A comparison of Escherichia coli O157 isolates from cattle in Japan and the USA by molecular biological methods
Authors: AKIBA M. , RICE D. H. , DAVIS M. A. , MASUDA T. , SAMESHIMA T. , NAKAZAWA M. , HANCOCK D. D.
Published: July 2002

Escherichia coli O157 isolates from cattle in Japan (n = 91)
and in the USA (n = 415) were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of endonuclease-cleaved genomic DNA,
location of the stx genes and bacteriophage typing. Three isolates from cattle in Japan with high
similarity to isolates from cattle in the USA were found. Isolates from cattle farms in Japan
and the USA may share a common source.
The role of invertebrates in the diet, growth and survival of red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) chicks
Authors: Park K. J. , Robertson P. A. , Campbell S. T. , Foster R. , Russell Z. M. , Newborn D. , Hudson P. J.
Published: July 2002

The role of diet on the growth, survival and movement of red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus chicks was examined. We compared two areas of moorland in Scotland: a dry heath with a low density of red grouse and poor chick survival; and a wetter heath/bog with relatively higher red grouse numbers and higher rates of chick survival. There were no differences in clutch size or the proportion of eggs hatching between the two moors but brood survival was significantly lower on the dry heath. Radio‐tagged hens with broods were monitored during the first 12 days following hatching; the chicks were captured, weighed and faecal samples collected. Invertebrate samples were collected within brood feeding ranges. Analysis of chick faeces was used to identify dietary components. Heather comprised the major dietary component on both moors. Invertebrates formed a higher component of diet on the wet moor, and this was positively correlated with growth rates, which in turn were positively correlated with chick survival. We present data from an experiment carried out in 1982, in which chicks showed higher growth rates with increasing insect availability. We also show that broods in which all the chicks survived (4–10 days) had smaller home‐range areas than broods in which some of the chicks died during this period. We suggest that the differences in chick survival between the two populations were the result of variations in the abundance of invertebrates, particularly tipulids. The protein provided by a high invertebrate component in the diet is, therefore, an important determinant of the growth and survival of young red grouse chicks in some areas.
Factors influencing food collection behaviour of Brants' whistling rat (Parotomys brantsii): a central place forager
Authors: Jackson T. P.
Published: July 2002

The hypothesis that Brants' whistling rat Parotomys brantsii is a central place forager, whose foraging decisions are modified by (a) predation risk, (b) time of day, and (c) food choice, was tested. Field observations showed that whistling rats followed central place foraging rules for a single‐prey loader and much of their food material was brought back to burrow entrances to feed on, with larger food items being carried back greater distances than small ones. Small food items were consumed in situ more often than large ones, suggesting that predation risk may also play a role in their foraging behaviour. Larger food items were preferentially stored at burrow entrances or carried underground, whilst smaller items tended to be consumed immediately. Individuals foraged more actively in the afternoon than in the morning and, although there was no tendency for individuals to eat more food at this time, far more food was stored or taken underground during the afternoon. Different foraging strategies were used for different plant species with some species preferentially eaten, and others stored or taken below ground more frequently. This study shows that the foraging behaviour of Brants' whistling rats is complex, and whilst they may follow simple central place foraging strategies, other factors such as the time of day and food plant species also influence their foraging behaviour.
Effect of manipulated wing characteristics and basking posture on thermal properties of the butterfly Pararge aegeria (L.)
Authors: Berwaerts K. , Van Dyck H. , Vints E. , Matthysen E.
Published: July 2002

We studied the effect of morphological variation and basking posture on thermal characteristics in the speckled wood butterfly Pararge aegeria (L.). The process of heating and cooling in relation to wing type (descaled, darkened and original wing colour) and size was examined using dummies (i.e. dried butterflies). Size (measured as wing length) and ambient temperature have a joint influence on body temperature: large butterflies heat up more slowly than small ones, but with increasing ambient temperature the difference with size became smaller and even changed since large individuals heated up faster under warm ambient conditions. Surprisingly, darkening wings had no overall effect on thermal characteristics, but this may be an artefact of the manipulation as supported by the results of the absorption measurements. Normal butterflies reached a higher equilibrium thoracic temperature than descaled butterflies probably because wings without scales absorb less radiation. Finally, butterflies with fully spread wings reached higher thoracic temperature and had faster cooling rates compared to butterflies with half‐opened wings. Implications of the results for the relation between morphology and behaviour of speckled wood butterflies in their natural habitat are discussed.
A sociohistorical basis of grammatical simplification: The
absolute construction in nineteenth-century Tejano
narrative discourse
Authors: Martínez Glenn A.
Published: July 2002

This article examines the reduction of syntactic options
in South Texas Spanish narrative discourse during the nineteenth
century. I argue that nineteenth-century Texas Spanish
made ample use of the absolute construction as an orientation
strategy in narrative discourse. In the beginning of the
century the absolute construction appeared quite frequently
in the narratives analyzed, but by the turn of the century
the construction had become virtually unknown. I argue
that the loss was actualized through a series of reductive
changes that were played out in the internal and external
syntax of the construction. These reductive changes, I
suggest, not only cut across stylistic boundaries, but
also corresponded with social changes under way with the
incorporation of the region into the United States. The
notion of “historical generation,” as it has
emerged in social theory, is invoked as a significant social
variable in relation to the linguistic variation and change
observed.
George Ernest Hasemann
Authors: Dixon Boyd
Published: July 2002

George Hasemann, Head of the Archaeology Section of the
Instituto Hondureno de Antropología e Historia (IHAH),
passed away in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, on October 8, 1998, at
the age of 54, after a five-year struggle with cancer. He is
survived by his wife and colleague Gloria Lara Pinto de Hasemann
and children Ana Eugenia, Jose Enrique, Diana, and Dawn.
Models of void electromigration
Authors: CUMMINGS L. J. , RICHARDSON G. , BEN AMAR M.
Published: July 2002

We study the motion of voids in conductors subject to intense electrical current densities. We
use a free-boundary model in which the flow of current around the insulating void is coupled
to a law of motion (kinematic condition) for the void boundary. In the first part of the paper,
we apply a new complex variable formulation of the model to an infinite domain and use this
to (i) consider the stability of circular and flat front travelling waves, (ii) show that, in the
unbounded metal domain, the only travelling waves of finite void area are circular, and (iii)
consider possible static solutions. In the second part of the paper, we look at a conducting
strip (which can be used to model interconnects in electronic devices) and use asymptotic
methods to investigate the motion of long wavelength voids on the conductor boundary. In
this case we derive a nonlinear parabolic PDE describing the evolution of the free boundary
and, using this simpler model, are able to make some predictions about the evolution of the
void over long times.
Asymptotic solution of the conserved phase field
system in the fast relaxation case
Authors: OMEL'YANOV G. A. , DANILOV V. G. , RADKEVICH E. V.
Published: July 2002

The conserved phase field system with a small parameter in the

n-dimensional case (n[les ]3) is
considered. An asymptotic solution, describing the free interface dynamics,
is constructed and
justified. As the small parameter tends to zero, the limiting
solution satisfies the modified Stefan
problem with corrected Gibbs–Thomson law.
Structured Operational Semantics of a fragment of the language Scheme
Authors: HONSELL FURIO , PRAVATO ALBERTO , DELLA ROCCA SIMONA RONCHI
Published: July 2002

In this paper we give a big-step Structured Operational Semantics
(SOS), in the style of
Plotkin, Kahn and Milner, of a significant fragment of the functional programming
language
Scheme, including quote, eval, quasiquote and unquote. The SOS
formalism allows us to
discuss incrementally the various features of the language and to keep
a low mathematical
overhead, thus producing a rigorous account of the semantics of a ‘real’
programming
language, which nonetheless has a pedagogical value. More specifically,
we formalize four
strictly increasing fragments of Scheme, using a number of formal systems
which express the
evaluation of expressions, the display of output results, and the handling
of errors.
A FEW NOTES ON [Hdotu]UNAYN'S TRANSLATION AND IBN AL-NAFĪS' COMMENTARY ON THE FIRST BOOK OF THE APHORISMS
Authors: Aly Amal Abou
Published: July 2002

The Hippocratic Aphorisms is a well-known treatise which was very popular
throughout the ages. This paper studies the Arabic translation of [Hdotu]unayn
ibn Ishaq, the renowned Arab translator, of the first book of the Aphorisms
as well as the commentary of Ibn al-Nafīs, the thirteenth-century Arab doctor,
on the same book. This study highlights the difficulties that occasionally
confronted the Arab commentator while commenting. The obscurity of a few
Hippocratic sentences as well as [Hdotu]unayn's interpretation and alteration in
meaning were probable sources for those difficulties. Ibn al-Nafīs, however,
was unaware of the role played by [Hdotu]unayn in shaping the Arabic text. Ibn al-Nafīs
reflected a deep trust in the Arabic text to the degree of commenting
on every single word. He used both his intellect and his knowledge of other
commentaries to solve those problematic phrases. He did not exhibit an
interest in philological matters to help explain the text. His commentaries
reflect his respect and appreciation for both Hippocrates and Galen, the latter
of whom exercised some influence on [Hdotu]unayn and Ibn al-Nafīs in their
understanding of the work. Nonetheless both [Hdotu]unayn and Ibn al-Nafīs
showed traces of independence from Galen's influence.
Anorexia of aging as a risk factor for weight loss in older humans
Authors: Sinclair Alan J.
Published: July 2002

Editorial

Even a decade ago, there was compelling evidence that, as older individuals age, a decline in caloric intake is observed, with as many as one in five subjects aged 60 years and over consuming less than 1000 calories per day. Those from ethnic minority backgrounds or nursing homes were particularly at risk of malnutrition. In many cases, this decline can be confidently attributed to the presence of disease and co-morbidities such as chronic illness (for example, chronic pulmonary lung disease) with results in weight loss. Other factors such as decreased resting metabolic rate, reduced physical activity, threshold alterations in taste-bud activity or lowering of smell acuity, provide background inhibitory influences on nutritional intake.
Cerebral multi-infarct states
Authors: Ramsay Scott G. , Stott David J.
Published: July 2002

Cerebral multi-infarct states (MIS) have a very variable clinical presentation (Table 1). Dementia is often stressed as the primary feature, however, many patients have relative preservation of cognitive abilities and personality, although their mobility may be severely affected, with a small-stepped shuffling gait, poor balance and frequent falls associated with bilateral (often asymmetrical) pyramidal tract signs. Urinary incontinence is common, dysphagia and dysarthria may occur, and some patients develop emotionalism and/or depression. In the later stages, patients may become immobile, requiring 24-hour nursing care.