bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local rigidity of Teichmuoller spaces
Authors: Fletcher A , Markovic V
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, we saw that a surjective linear isometry between the Bergman spaces of two Riemann surfaces implies that the two Riemann surfaces are conformally equivalent. In this chapter, we will show that when two Riemann surfaces M and N have infinite dimensional Teichmuoller spaces, their Bergman spaces will always be isomorphic. This then implies, via the Bers embedding, that their Teichmuoller spaces will be locally bi-Lipschitz equivalent. We follow the presentation in [20].
Spatial models for the distribution of extremes
Authors: Gilleland Eric , Nychka Douglas , Schneider Uli
Published: November 2023

Statistical models for the occurrence of extreme or rare events has been applied in a variety of areas, but little work has been done in extending these ideas to spatial data sets. Here, a brief introduction to the theory of extreme-value statistics is given, and a hierarchical Bayesian framework is used to incorporate a spatial component into the model. Two examples are used to motivate the applications of statistics for extremes: high values of ozone pollution and high rates of daily rainfall.
Slitherings and Other Foliations
Authors: Calegari Danny
Published: November 2023

The construction of transverse laminations from a universal circle in the previous chapter relied fundamentally on the structure of the branching of L. But for many important special classes of taut foliations, L does not branch, or branches in only one direction. In this case one can trade topology for geometry, and construct transverse laminations which detect not the branching of the leaf space, but the bending of individual leaves.
Law, evolution and the brain: applications and open questions
Authors: Jones Owen D
Published: November 2023

The odds seem stacked against the Saharan desert ant Cataglyphis. It must forage alone in scorching temperatures. It must travel vast distances. It must loop and zigzag in constant pursuit of the heat-stressed prey that it must somehow locate, overcome, and then carry. Perhaps most dauntingly, with prey or without, each ant must make its way back to a small and far-distant nest entrance, out there—somewhere—in a numbingly monotonous landscape.
A cognitive neurobiological account of deception: evidence from functional neuroimaging
Authors: Spence Sean A , Hunter Mike D , Farrow Tom F D , Green Russell D , Leung David H , Hughes Catherine J , Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
Published: November 2023

An organism may use misinformation, knowingly (through deception) or unknowingly (as in the case of camouflage), to gain advantage in a competitive environment. From an evolutionary perspective, greater tactical deception occurs among primates closer to humans, with larger neocortices. In humans, the onset of deceptive behaviours in childhood exhibits a developmental trajectory, which may be regarded as ‘normal’ in the majority and deficient among a minority with certain neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism). In the human adult, deception and lying exhibit features consistent with their use of ‘higher’ or ‘executive’ brain systems. Accurate detection of deception in humans may be of particular importance in forensic practice, while an understanding of its cognitive neurobiology may have implications for models of ‘theory of mind’ and social cognition, and societal notions of responsibility, guilt and mitigation.
Grazing on sediment shores
Authors: Reise Karsten
Published: November 2023

In intertidal mud and sand, diatoms are the dominant microalgae, with about 10 cells cm-2 andanannual net production of roughly 100 g C m-2. One-third may be consumed by the zoobenthos. Large deposit feeders ingest microalgae together with sediment particles. Smaller ones scrape algal cells from sand grains or capture mobile diatoms. These are either ingested intact or are punctured and sucked out. Bulk measurements on primary production and on consumption provide little insight into plant-animal interactions in shallow sediments. Analyses should differentiate between type of algae and mode of feeding. Large epipelic diatoms are occasionally subject to overgrazing, while the small epipsammic diatoms are utilized to a lesser extent. At moderate density some grazers stimulate algal growth. Gardening is achieved by excretion of ammonia and secretion of mucus. The extracellular mucopolysaccharides produced by diatoms increase the surface stability of sediments and enhance the accretion of organic deposits. This is beneficial to deposit feeders. Heavy grazing on mud-flats reduces diatom density, and the habitat may become more sandy because of interference with the accretion of mud. In sand, bioturbating macrofauna depresses microalgal growth by frequent burial. Large burrowers occasionally anchor strings of green macroalgae, which subsequently grow into coherent algal mats, changing the entire habitat profoundly.
Interaction of low-level combined static and extremely low-frequency magnetic fields with calcium ion transport in normal and transformed human lymphocytes and rat thymic cells
Authors: Persson Bertil R R , Lindvall Magnus , Malmgren, Lars , Salford Leif G
Published: November 2023

The alteration of release of calcium ions from biological tissue by electromagnetic stimulation has been reported by several authors (Kaczmarec and Adey 1974; Bawin etal. 1975, 1978; Bawin and Adey 1976; Blackman etal. 1979, 1980a,b; Joines and Blackman 1980, 1981; Joines etal. 1980). Bawin et al. (1975) reported that 147 MHz radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation altered the release of calcium ions from chicken brains in vitro only at specific modulation frequencies between 6 and 20 Hz, with a peak at 16 Hz. Similar findings have also been reported for human and other neuroblastoma cells (Dutta et al. 1984, 1989). Further examination of this phenomenon demonstrated the presence of power-density windows at different carrier frequencies (Blackman et al. 1979, 1980a, l 985a,b; Sheppard et al. 1979).
Regulation of leaf mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity by reversible phosphorylation
Authors: Randall D D , Miernyk J A , David N R , Gemel J , Luethy M H
Published: November 2023

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes (PDCs) are large multi-enzyme complexes which catalyse the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to yield acetyl-CoA, CO, and NADH. Component enzymes of all PDCs are pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH, El), dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2), and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3). Plants are unique in having discrete PDCs in two organelles, mitochondria and plastids (Randall et al. 1989). Most mitochondrial complexes are regulated by reversible phosphorylation and also have two associated regulatory enzymes, PDH kinase and PDH-P phosphatase (Reed 1981). The regulatory enzymes are not associated with yeast mitochondrial PDCs (mtPDCs) or with the higher plant plastid form of PDC. The primary function of plant mtPDC is to provide acetylCoA for the Krebs cycle and NADH for oxidative phosphorylation, while the plastid PDC is a primary source of acetyl-CoA and NADH for fatty acid and isoprenoid biosynthesis. Our investigations of the mtPDC in plants are centred on establishing the regulatory mechanisms that control its activity, particularly during photosynthesis and photorespiration. These efforts have provided the first proof that activity of a plant enzyme could be regulated by reversible phosphorylation (Randall and Rubin 1977; Randall et al. 1981; Rao and Randall 1980). Phosphorylation inactivates mtPDC, which can then be reactivated by dephosphorylation (Randall et al. 1989). Thus, reversible phosphorylation is an off-on switch for the plant mtPDC as it is in most higher eukaryotes.
An abundance of cheap eggs, fish, and meat: The consequences
Authors: Lacey Richard
Published: November 2023

The populations of the developed world have become accustomed to a plentiful supply of meat and eggs, and also often fish. The real cost of these foods to the consumer has fallen typically by two-to fourfold over the last three decades. Despite the continued migration of people from rural communities to the cities, the availability of these foods, either whole or processed, has been maintained through bulk transport, now often refrigerated, and large holding stores and supermarkets on the periphery of towns and cities.
The elements of relativistic mechanics
Authors: d’Invemo Ray
Published: November 2023

Before discussing relativistic mechanics, we shall review some basic ideas of Newtonian theory. We have met Newton’s first law in §2.4, and it states that a body not acted upon by a force moves in a straight line with uniform velocity. The second law describes what happens if an object changes its velocity. In this case, something is causing it to change its velocity and this something is called a force. For the moment, let us think of a force as something tangible like a push or a pull. Now, we know from experience that it is more difficult to push a more massive body and get it moving than it is to push a less massive body. This resistance of a body to motion, or rather change in motion, is called its inertia. To every body, we can ascribe, at least at one particular time, a number measuring its inertia, which (again for the moment) we shall call its mass m.If a body is moving with velocity v,we define its linear momentum pto be the product of its mass and velocity. Then Newton’s second law (N2) states that the force acting on a body is equal to the rate of change oflinear momentum. The third law (N3) is less general and talks about a restricted class of forces called internal forces, namely, forces acting on a body due to the influence of other bodies in a system. The third law states that the force acting on a body due to the influence of the other bodies, the so-called action, is equal and opposite to the force acting on these other bodies due to the influence of the first body, the so-called reaction. We state the two laws below.
Maximal extension and conformal compactification
Authors: d’Invemo Ray
Published: November 2023

We need to make this question more precise, which we do by introducing a couple of definitions. A manifold endowed with an affine or metric geometry is said to be maximal if every geodesic emanating from an arbitrary point of the manifold either can be extended to infinite values of the affine parameter along the geodesic in both directions or terminates on an intrinsic singularity. If, in particular, all geodesics emanating from any point can be extended to infinite values of the affine parameters in both directions, the manifold is said to be geodesically complete. Clearly, a geodesically complete manifold is maximal, but the converse is not true in general. Minkowski space-time provides a trivial example of a geodesically complete manifold. Neither the Schwarzschild nor the Eddington-Finkelstein advanced or retarded extensions is in fact maximal. However, Kruskal has found the maximal analytic extension of the Schwarzschild solution and, moreover, this extension is unique. The Kruskal solution, although maximal, is again not complete because of the existence of intrinsic singularities. The Kruskal solution can be obtained by simultaneously straightening out both incoming and outgoing radial null geodesics. We shall sketch the original procedure of Kruskal in the next section.
Relativistic cosmology
Authors: d’Invemo Ray
Published: November 2023

Cosmology is the study of the dynamical structure of the universe as a whole. As in most modelling exercises, we shall start by trying to find a very simple model of the universe. This is done by smoothing out all the irregularities in space and in time and concentrating simply on the gross features of the universe. So, to start with, we ignore all details such as the solar system, our own galaxy (the Milky Way), the local cluster of galaxies and so on; the consideration of these details can then hopefully be introduced at a later stage to yield a more complete or better theory. We shall be concerning ourselves only with the very basics of cosmology, that is, the overall dynamics of the system. We shall see in this chapter that this is governed by a first-order ordinary differential equation called Friedmann’s equation. The resulting solutions are the standard solutions of relativistic cosmology and are called the Friedmann models. We shall investigate some of these in the next chapter.
Waves
Authors: Acheson D J
Published: November 2023

When a group of waves moves across the surface of a pond, each particular wavecrest travels faster than the group as a whole, and eventually passes through it. Thus new crests are continually being created at the back of the group while old crests are continually disappearing at the front. Suppose, for instance, that a snapshot of the wavetrain reveals ten crests, as in Fig. 3.1. A stationary observer at some fixed x will count substantially more than ten crests as the whole wavetrain passes by.
Classical aerofoil theory
Authors: Acheson D J
Published: November 2023

Let us begin by noting some of the key events in the early days of aerodynamics.

1894 F. W. Lanchester presents a paper, ‘The soaring of birds and the possibilities of mechanical flight’, to a meeting of the Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society. It contains the elements of the circulation theory of lift, but not in conventional terms.
Rank, non-unique solution of equations, and applications
Authors: Barnett Stephen
Published: November 2023

Apart from an informal discussion in Section 3.1 for the case of two equations and unknowns, we have until now assumed that in the equations A is square and the solution is unique. However, in many practical applications A may be rectangular-for example, in linear programming problems (Chapter 1) there are usually fewer equations than unknowns. In this chapter we develop the theory necessary to deal with the situation where the solution of (5.1) is not unique, including the case when A is rectangular. There are two problems-first, to determine whether the equations do indeed have a solution (i.e. whether they are consistent); and then, if so, to calculate this solution in its most general form. These problems will be solved completely in Section 5.4.
Quadratic and hermitian forms
Authors: Barnett Stephen
Published: November 2023

where a, b, c are real constants, is called a quadratic form in the two variables x1 and x2, since each term has total degree two in the x’s. We can write (7.1) as The 2 x 2 matrix A in (7.2) is called the matrix of the form q; notice that it is symmetric.
Canonical forms
Authors: Barnett Stephen
Published: November 2023

A canonical form is a standard form to which a certain class of matrices can be reduced by a defined set of operations. We have already encountered some simple canonical forms in earlier chapters, and it is useful to recall these: In Section 5.3.3 we noted that any m x n matrix A having rank r can be reduced by elementary row and column operations to the normal form N, where N is the m x n matrix having l’s in positions (1, 1), (2, 2), ... , (r, r) and zeros elsewhere. This is the canonical form of A under an equivalence transformation, as in (5.12).
Patterned matrices
Authors: Barnett Stephen
Published: November 2023

Matrices in which the elements exhibit a recognizable pattern are legion, and we have already encountered quite a few in this book. The simplest of all such special forms is the diagonal matrix, first defined in (2.36); next came the bidiagonal and tridiagonal forms, introduced in Problem 3.2; and upper and lower triangular matrices, used in Sections 3.3 and 8.3. We dealt extensively with symmetric and hermitian matrices in Chapter 7, these having been defined together with their skew counterparts in Section 2.3.2. Other special forms which we have introduced include circulants (Problem 6.24), companion matrices (Sections 6.3.4, 11.2.1), Jordan forms (Section 8.1), Heisenberg forms (Section 8.4), striped matrices (see (11.5)), the Sylvester matrix (Section 11.2.2) and the Vandermonde matrix (Problem 4.16).
Invertible and irreducible elements
Authors: Pretzel Oliver
Published: November 2023

There are two special classes of elements in a Euclidean domain D that are in a sense diametrical opposites. The first class consists of those elements that have inverses in D. These elements, called invertible, are too nice for division with remainder to be of any use. They also have a way of slipping in and out of expressions involving products, because if a is invertible and ab = I, then for any elements x and y, xy = (xa)(by). For this reason highest common factors and prime factorization are unique only up to multiplication by invertible elements.
BCH error correction: (1) the fundamental equation
Authors: Pretzel Oliver
Published: November 2023

We now come to the major problem that has to be solved before BCH codes can be used in practice, namely that of error processing. In this chapter we shall analyse the problem and produce the ‘fundamental equation’ that has to be solved in order to find the error pattern of a received word. In the next chapter we shall then show how to solve this equation by an efficient method.
Classical Goppa codes: error processing
Authors: Pretzel Oliver
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall describe how the error-processing algorithm of Part 3 can be adapted to classical Goppa codes. We shall define error locator and evaluator polynomials in the same way as we did for BCH codes, though the definitions have to be slightly modified to take account of the fact that the places corresponding to the entries of a code word need not be consecutive powers of a primitive element, and indeed can include the zero element. At the end of the chapter we shall prove that classical Goppa codes are a theoretically good family.
Arp1 (centractin)
Authors: Holleran Elizabeth A , Holzbaur Erika L F
Published: November 2023

Vertebrate members of the Arp1 class have been named centractin4 and actin-RPV.5 The Saccahromyces cerevisiae Arp1 polypeptide was originally identified both as Act5p, and as Act3p; however, a distinct actin-related protein in yeast was also named Act3p by another CJ group. Arp1 genes have been identified in Drosophila melanogaster as Arp87C, and in Neurospora crassa as ro-4.1
Arps, divergent members
Authors: Frankel Stewart
Published: November 2023

I Nomenclature

The actin-related proteins, also known as the actin-like proteins, are subdivided into different classes defined by their degree of sequence similarity to actin. A hallmark of the Arp classes is a high level of phylogenetic conservation, making the classification process straightforward when there are candidate sequences from diverse species (see Fig. 1). For the distantly related Arps this ‘vertical’ approach, involving comparisons between species, is not yet possible. The alternative is a ‘horizontal’ approach, involving the comparison of Arps from the same species.
Cortexillins
Authors: Faix Jan
Published: November 2023

The cortexillins show the highest overall sequence relationships (50 per cent identity) to putative actin-binding protein, ABP46, deduced from a cDNA sequence of Physarum polycephalum.

The two isoforms, cortexillin I and cortexillin II, that are present in Dictyostefium discoideum are derived from two different genes. Both genes encode polypeptides with a calculated molecular mass of 50.5 kDa. The sequences of these polypetides show 73 per cent identity in their N-terminal halves and 60 per cent overall identity. The subunits of the dimeric molecules are assembled in a parallel orientation. When visualized in the electron microscope, the cortexillin I dimer, with its two globular heads and an elongated rod domain, resembles a small double-headed myosin molecule (Fig. 1).
Dematin
Authors: Branton Daniel , Chishti Athar H
Published: November 2023

Dematin is a trimeric actin bundling protein originally identified in the human erythrocyte membrane skeleton as band 4.9, but now known to be expressed in many mammalian tissues. In solution, erythroid dematin exists as a trimer of 48 kDa and 52 kDa isoform subunits. Both isoforms contain two actin-binding sites. One of these sites is in a carboxyl-terminal domain that is.homologous to villin’s ‘head piece’; the other site lies closer to the amino terminus of the protein. In vitro, dematin’s actin bundling activity can be regulated by phosphorylation; in vivo, dematin’s function is unknown, although its widespread expression in various tissues suggests that it may perform a vii/in-like role by regulating actin organization.
Drosophila 205K MAP
Authors: Pereira Andrea , Goldstein Lawrence S B
Published: November 2023

Mammalian MAP4 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mhp1p. Although these proteins share no sequence similarity with 205K MAP, they may be functional homologues since they are immunologically related to the 205K MAP.
Tubulin tyrosine ligase and tubulin carboxypeptidase
Authors: Wehland Jurgen , Rudiger Manfred
Published: November 2023

TTL activity has been found in extracts of various vertebrate tissues and cells, in several invertebrates, and in protozoa.
Yeast spindle pole body proteins
Authors: Kilmartin John V
Published: November 2023

Spindle pole body proteins are a diverse set of low abundance proteins. A large fraction including two of the main structural components, Spc11 Op and Spc42p, have coiled coil regions, Kart p has a transmembrane domain, and Cdc31 p is a calcium-binding calmodulin-like protein.
Can science explain everything? Can science explain anything?
Authors: Weinberg Steven
Published: November 2023

One evening a few years ago I was with some other faculty members at the University of Texas, telling a group of undergraduates about work in our respective disciplines. I outlined the great progress we physicists had made in explaining what was known experimentally about elementary particles and fields – how when I was a student I had to learn a large variety of miscellaneous facts about particles, forces, and symmetries; how in the decade from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s all these odds and ends were explained in what is now called the Standard Model of elementary particles; how we learned that these miscellaneous facts about particles could be deduced mathematically from a few fairly simple principles; and how a great collective Aha! then went out from the community of physicists. After my remarks, a faculty colleague (not a particle physicist) commented ‘Well, of course, you know science does not really explain things – it just describes them.’
Institutionalizing and Managing Intermediation in the EU
Authors: Richardson Jeremy , Coen David
Published: November 2023

In the concluding chapter to their 1993 volume Lobbying in the European Community, Sonia Mazey and Jeremy Richardson quoted Heisler and Kvavik’s seminal work on the nature of the policy process in Western Europe. Describing what they termed the ‘European Polity’ model, Heisler and Kvavik argued that Western Europe had developed ‘a decision-making structure characterized by continuous, regularized access for economically, politically, ethnically and/ or sub-culturally based groups to the highest levels of the political system i.e. the decision making sub-system’ (Heisler and Kvavik 1974: 48). Crucially, Heisler and Kvavik saw access to policy-makers as regularized and structured, a pattern of co-optation noticed in Europe as early as the mid-1800s in Norway, for example. Mazey and Richardson saw this ‘European model’ as likely to be transposed to the level of the European Community (EC) and suggested that there were ‘strong tendencies for co-optation of some kind.
Computational anatomy: Euler–Poincaré image matching
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P
Published: November 2023

Pattern matching is an important component of imaging science, and is fundamental in computational anatomy (computerized anatomical analysis of medical images). When comparing images, the purpose is to find an optimal deformation that aligns the images and matches their photometric properties. Diffeomorphic pattern matching methods have been developed to achieve both this objective and the additional goal of defining a (Riemannian) metric structure on spaces of deformable objects [DGM98, Tro98].
Statistical Inference—Bayesian and Other Approaches
Authors: Krzanowski Wojtek J
Published: November 2023

Most of the basic structure of frequentist inference, as outlined in the previous chapter, was formulated in the period between the two world wars. Although it rapidly became established as the framework for general statistical analysis, and although theoreticians continued to produce important advances within this framework throughout the 1940s and 1950s, many statisticians were unhappy with it and many researchers either misunderstood or misinterpreted the techniques they were using.
Association between Variables
Authors: Krzanowski Wojtek J
Published: November 2023

Many scientific and social investigations are exploratory, at least in their early stages. The investigator may well have an overall objective or hypothesis in mind, but may not be entirely sure as to the nature of the samples to be collected or which variables should be measured on these samples. So a frequent approach is to measure as many variables as possible while the investigation is under way, and then to rely on statistical analysis to sift through the wealth of information that has been collected.
Integral Priors for the One Way Random Effects Model*
Authors: Cano Juan A , Kessler Mathieu , Salmerón Diego
Published: November 2023

The one way random effects model is analyzed from the Bayesian model selection perspective. From this point of view Bayes factors are the key tool to choose between two models. In order to produce objective Bayes factors objective priors should be assigned to each model. However, these priors are usually improper provoking a calibration problem which precludes the comparison of the models. To solve this problem several derivations of automatically calibrated objective priors have been proposed among which we quote the intrinsic priors introduced in Berger and Pericchi (1996) and the integral priors introduced in Cano et al. (2007). Here, we focus on the use of integral priors which take advantage of MCMC techniques to produce most of the times unique Bayes factors. Some illustrations are provided.
Geographically Assisted Elicitation of Expert Opinion for Regression Models*
Authors: Denham Robert J , Mengersen Kerrie
Published: November 2023

One of the perceived strengths of Bayesian modelling is the ability to include prior information. Although objective or noninformative priors might be preferred in some situations, in many other applications the Bayesian framework offers a real opportunity to formally combine data with information available from experts. The question addressed in this paper is how to elicit this information in a form suitable for prior modelling. Particular attention is paid to geographic data for which maps might be used to assist in the elicitation. A case study is described in which the method was used to elicit information for the prediction of the distribution of the brush tailed rock wallaby (Petrogale penicillata). This paper provides a synopsis of an approach described by Denham and Mengersen (2007).
Hierarchical Multiresolution Hazard Model for Breast Cancer Recurrence*
Authors: Dukić Vanja , Dignam James
Published: November 2023

The Bayesian multiresolution hazard estimator (MRH) has been recently adapted for estimation of hazard functions (Bouman et al., 2007). In this paper, we extend the previously proposed MRH methods into the hierarchical multiresolution hazard setting (HMRH), to accommodate separate hazard functions within each of several patient strata and some common covariate effects across all strata, while accounting for within-stratum correlation. We apply this method to examine patterns of recurrence after treatment for early stage breast cancer, using data from two large-scale randomized clinical trials.
Bayesian Regression of Piecewise Constant Functions*
Authors: Hutter Marcus
Published: November 2023

We derive an exact and efficient Bayesian regression algorithm for piecewise constant functions of unknown segment number, boundary location, and levels. It works for any noise and segment level prior, e.g. Cauchy which can handle outliers. We derive simple but good estimates for the in-segment variance. We also propose a Bayesian regression curve as a better way of smoothing data without blurring boundaries. The Bayesian approach also allows straightforward determination of the evidence, break probabilities and error estimates, useful for model selection and significance and robustness studies. We briefly mention the performance on synthetic and real-world examples. The full version of the paper contains detailed derivations, more motivation and discussion, the complete algorithm, the experiments, and various extensions.
The Exceptional Holonomy Groups
Authors: Joyce Dominic D
Published: November 2023

We now discuss the exceptional holonomy groups G  2 in 7 dimensions, and Spin(7) in 8 dimensions. Metrics with these holonomy groups are Ricci-flat, and on compact manifolds come in smooth moduli spaces of known dimension. Sections 11.1–11.3 define G  2, study the topology of compact Riemannian 7-manifolds ( M, g) with holonomy G  2, and describe constructions of such manifolds. Sections 11.4–11.6 give a similar treatment of Spin(7). Section 11.7 gives a reading list on exceptional holonomy. For much more detail on compact manifolds with exceptional holonomy and many examples, see the author ‘s monograph [188, Chs 10–15].
Management of invasive aquatic plants
Authors: Coetzee Julie A , Hill Martin P
Published: November 2023

Aquatic ecosystems throughout the world are continually threatened by the presence of invasive aquatic plants, both floating and submerged (Table 10.1), which cost governments vast sums of money every year to control. These invasive plants are predominantly anthropogenically spread, and their presence is usually a symptom of the enrichment of waters through pollution, as a result of increasing urbanization, industry, and agriculture. These plants have significant ecological impacts on the environment, and associated cascading socioeconomic effects.
Going with the Flow
Authors: Higgins Peter M
Published: November 2023

The two topics in the title of this section may sound a world apart but it transpires that the network problems involved are intimately connected. As is always the case, mathematics is indifferent to the applications we may have in mind and so serves to provide unexpected links between matters that would seem to be unrelated.

The first application is the very practical real-world problem of determining the maximum capacity of a given network. By contrast the second is that of finding out if it is possible or not to match up a group of girls with a given group of boys so that each of the girls is married off. The constraint that applies to this problem is that all marriages be by mutual consent, so a solution is not necessarily so easy to find.
Stochastic Integrals And Itô ‘S Formula
Authors: Xiong Jie
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we define stochastic integrals and introduce some stochastic analysis results that are essential in the later chapters. This chapter is organized as follows: In Section 3.1, we define predictable processes. Intuitively, the set of predictable processes is the “closure “ of the set of left-continuous processes. In Section 3.2, we give the definition of the stochastic integral with respect to a square-integrable martingale. Meyer ‘s process, defined in Chapter 2, plays a key role. We prove Itô ‘s formula in Section 3.3. This formula is very important in stochastic analysis, just like the chain rule in the ordinary analysis. In Section 3.4, we show that the Brownian motion is uniquely characterized by its Meyer process. We also give some representation theorems for square-integrable martingales in terms of Brownian motions.
Linear Filtering
Authors: Xiong Jie
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we consider a very special filtering model. Namely, the signal is a Gaussian process and the observation function is linear. The corresponding filtering theory is called Kalman–Bucy filtering. We will derive the Kalman–Bucy filter as a special case of the non-linear filter introduced in the previous chapters. After the filtering equations are established and the discrete-time approximation is studied, we will investigate the long time stability of the linear filter in Sections 9.4 and 9.5. The results in the last two sections can be regarded as a standard to compare with when we study the stability for the non-linear filter in Chapter 10. The material in Section 9.4 is very technical and can be skipped in the first reading.
Stops
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

1.PLAIN There is just one series for the labial stops (π, β, and cp), conventionally written p-; one series for the velar stops (κ, γ, χ), written k-; while the signs for apical stops differentiate between voiced and voiceless series (d-/t-, §10.5). 2.LABIOVELARA single series (transcribed q-) shows that the IE labiovelars had not yet merged with the dental and labial stops, as in later Greek. Their phonetic value can only be guessed, though it is generally assumed to be κ, γ, χ (§10.6).
Mycenaean Dialect
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

The Linear B archives are written in a standard form of Greek (some- times called a chancellery language). This official language used by the scribes obscures the fact that a number of different dialects must already have existed within Greek. In the alphabetic period (first millennium BC) the Greek dialects can be divided into West Greek, comprising Doric and North-west Greek, and East Greek, comprising Attic-Ionic and Arcado-Cypriot (§15 below). The Aeolic dialects do not fit easily into this scheme (see §33 below). We can see in Mycenaean Greek that in verbal endings the third person ti(inherited from IE) has already become si(thus e-ko- si =  lχσ); and we can also see from alphabetic inscriptions of the first millennium that while the eastern dialects have siin this position, the dialects of western Greece retain original ti(thus West Greek lχτ= Attic-Ionic lχσ< lχσ). In this and other respects Mycenaean seems to be part of the eastern grouping: for example, Myc. o-te‘when’ represents τε, which is characteristic of eastern Greek (western Greek has κα); and i-je-re-u‘priest’ recalls eastern ερ- (rather than western αρ-). This indicates that the divergence between western and eastern Greek had already taken place in Mycenaean times, and that dialects of the western type must have existed somewhere in the Greek-speaking world (this in turn raises the question of where the Dorians were in the Bronze Age, and whether the Greek belief that they did not enter the Peloponnese until after the Trojan War should be given any credence).
Comparative adjective
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

The comparative was formed by adding the suffix *-yos-to the stem. Outside the nom. sing. this suffix was affected by the change *-s-> -h-(§10.4).
Adjectives in *-went-
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

Greek inherited an adj. suffix *-Fετ> -(F)εmeaning ‘[endowed] with x’ (IE *-went-, Sihler §346): pe-ne-we-ta1 (a) and χαρ{Fεττα12 2. The fem. is built on *-wnt-ya, but Myc. -we-saand class. -(F)εσσαshow an εanalogical on the masc. (for *CnCin Gk. see §10.3). The suffix is added directly to the root in Myc.(in later Gk. a linking -o- vowel was generally inserted between root and suffix).
Verbs
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

There are relatively few verbal forms in the Mycenaean tablets, owing to their inventory format. 1.Personal endings: 3 sing. (med.-pass.) In alphabetic Greek the 3rd person endings -τα/-ταare found in all dialects except Arc.-Cyp., which has -τ/-τ. Myc. e-u-ke-to[euketoi], ‘declares’ indicates that Arc.-Cyp. has retained the inherited ending, while the other dialects have innovated (extending the a-vocalism from the 1st person). 2.Augment The augment is mostly absent in Mycenaean (one reasonably certain case: a-pe-do-ke, which is also found in the unaugmented form a-pu- do-ke). This means that unaugmented forms in Homer cannot be regarded as a mere literary device: but the history and early function of the augment in Greek remain obscure.
Spread of Ionic script
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

The local (or epichoric) alphabets were in use until the V cent., when they were gradually usurped by the Ionic alphabet. Each had its idiosyncrasies, both in the use of the letters and in the letter shapes: this may be partly due to accidents of transmission and selection, and partly to a conscious desire on the part of each polisto have a distinctive script2. The Ionians, whose dialects were psilotic (§23.10), reused the aspirate sign for long e (eta): then they created a sign for the corresponding long o by opening up o to make â„¦. Neither F nor Î’ was used: F because the sound [w] disappeared early in Ionic, and Î’ because it was functionally irrelevant (the difference between front and back velars in Greek is not phonemic). Ionia standardized the alphabet (and an ‘official’ epigraphic dialect) at an early stage, and to this extent was atypical. The Ionic alphabet seems to have enjoyed great prestige in the Greek world, perhaps because of its association with the archaic literature and culture of the region (including epic and scientific prose). Most high literature in Athens seems to have been written in the Ionic alphabet in the V cent., and an increasing number of private inscriptions3. Official inscriptions (paid for by the state) continued to be written in the Attic alphabet until the official adoption of Ionic script in 403/2.
Cypriot syllabary
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

While the rest of the Greek world without exception adopted some form of the alphabet, the Cypriots continued to use a syllabic system to write Greek until the III cent. BC. The earliest texts are dated to the VIII cent. (one inscription is perhaps as early as the XI cent.). This script was adapted from an earlier syllabary used in Cyprus known as Cypro-Minoan, since it is clearly related to Cretan Linear A. Cypro- Minoan is attested (in slightly different forms) from the XVI to the XII centuries BC, and may have been used to record more than one language (but probably not Greek).
The Beginning and the End of the Koiné
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

The koiné is essentially an expanded, international variety of Attic, heavily influenced by Ionic. Its roots go back to Athens in the period following the Persian wars (§48), as the city became the dominant cultural and political force in the Aegean. Both the ‘high’ (literary) and the ‘low’ (vernacular) strands of Hellenistic Greek (§50) can be traced to this period. On the one hand, high literature and culture in Athens came under increasing Ionian influence: literary prose and poetry used Ionic words and inflections, and the educated elite started to adopt some Ionic idioms in speech. On the other, the Athenian empire made Athens a hub of trade and military activity, with a high degree of interaction between Athenians and their Ionian allies; there is no doubt that the cosmopolitan character of the city (which the ‘Old Oligarch’ complains about in a famous passage) left its mark on the language of the working urban population (many of whom will have been θήτες, the lowest naval class).
Introduction: Mental processes in the human brain
Authors: Driver Jon , Haggard, Patrick , Shallice Tim
Published: November 2023

For centuries, the relation of the human mind to the brain has been debated. How can seemingly immaterial entities such as thoughts and memories arise from biological material? Advances in neuroscience have now led to wide acceptance in science and medicine that all aspects of our mental life—our perceptions, thoughts, memories, actions, plans, language, understanding of others and so on—in fact depend upon brain function.
From cognitive to neural models of working memory
Authors: D’Esposito Mark
Published: November 2023

Working memory refers to the temporary retention of information that was just experienced or just retrieved from long-term memory but no longer exists in the external environment. These internal representations are short-lived, but can be stored for longer periods of time through active maintenance or rehearsal strategies, and can be subjected to various operations that manipulate the information in such a way that makes it useful for goal-directed behaviour. Empirical studies of working memory using neuroscientific techniques, such as neuronal recordings in monkeys or functional neuroimaging in humans, have advanced our knowledge of the underlying neural mechanisms of working memory.
Should I stay or should I go? How the human brain manages the trade-off between exploitation and exploration
Authors: Cohen Jonathan D , McClure, Samuel M , Yu Angela J
Published: November 2023

Many large and small decisions we make in our daily lives—which ice cream to choose, what research projects to pursue, which partner to marry—require an exploration of alternatives before committing to and exploiting the benefits of a particular choice. Furthermore, many decisions require re-evaluation, and further exploration of alternatives, in the face of changing needs or circumstances. That is, often our decisions depend on a higher level choice: whether to exploit well known but possibly suboptimal alternatives or to explore risky but potentially more profitable ones.
Global Governance and Social Change
Authors: Moulaert Frank
Published: November 2023

If capitalism is to be restrained, it must be by a power of a magnitude and scope to match that of the capitalist engine itself. It must be on a global scale. The slogan ‘think globally, act locally’ is no longer appropriate. Local action within an unchanged global order of production and governance rapidly reaches its limits. It is necessary today not only to think about the global consequences of local action, but to act to change the global context of local action (Low and Gleeson 1999: 190).
The Difficult Task of Opposing Europe: The Finnish Party Politics of Euroscepticism
Authors: Raunio Tapio
Published: November 2023

Considering the divisive nature of the European Union (EU) membership referendum held in 1994, the traditionally state-centric political culture, and low public support for European integration, Finland would seem to have all the key preconditions for Eurosceptical parties. Yet, the situation is very much the opposite. Finnish parties have been remarkably solid in their support for integration. The main parties are in broad agreement about how to develop integration and no party represented in the parliament has since the start of membership demanded that Finland should leave the EU.
Twentieth-Century Crime Fiction
Authors: Horsley Lee
Published: November 2023

Twentieth-Century Crime Fiction aims to enhance understanding of one of the most popular forms of genre fiction by examining a wide variety of the detective and crime fiction produced in Britain and America during the twentieth century. It will be of interest to anyone who enjoys reading crime fiction but is specifically designed with the needs of students in mind. It introduces different theoretical approaches to crime fiction (e.g., formalist, historicist, psychoanalytic, postcolonial, feminist) and will be a useful supplement to a range of crime fiction courses, whether they focus on historical contexts, ideological shifts, the emergence of sub-genres, or the application of critical theories. Forty-seven widely available stories and novels are chosen for detailed discussion. In seeking to illuminate the relationship between different phases of generic development Lee Horsley employs an overlapping historical framework, with sections doubling back chronologically in order to explore the extent to which successive transformations have their roots within the earlier phases of crime writing, as well as responding in complex ways to the preoccupations and anxieties of their own eras. The first part of the study considers the nature and evolution of the main sub-genres of crime fiction: the classic and hard-boiled strands of detective fiction, the non-investigative crime novel (centred on transgressors or victims), and the 'mixed' form of the police procedural. The second half of the study examines the ways in which writers have used crime fiction as a vehicle for socio-political critique. These chapters consider the evolution of committed, oppositional strategies, tracing the development of politicized detective and crime fiction, from Depression-era protests against economic injustice to more recent decades which have seen writers launching protests against ecological crimes, rampant consumerism, Reaganomics, racism, and sexism.
Dalston Lane Becomes a Downland Track
Authors: Wright Patrick
Published: November 2023

The local government reorganization of 1974 is still hotly contested in rural Lincolnshire. Two of the county’s Conservative MPs, Mr Edward Leigh of Gainsborough & Horncastle and Sir Peter Tapsell of East Lindsey, have recently joined forces to demand that the south bank of the Humber be brought back into Lincolnshire where it has always belonged. As Mr Leigh remarked in the House of Commons, ‘In a balanced scale of history, tradition and local sentiment far outweigh the convenience of leaving in place the recent bureaucratic structure that is Humberside—ugly in name and cumbersome by nature.’
The Vandalized Telephone Box
Authors: Wright Patrick
Published: November 2023

Even the people at the Hackney Gazette recognized that they were only dealing with a minor story when, in October 1966, vandals destroyed a telephone box outside the railway station at Dalston Junction by setting fire to rubbish heaped up inside it. The perspectives had changed by the time Gavin Stamp passed through Dalston Lane in 1986. Taking his life into his hands, the Chairman of the Thirties Society ventured out into the middle of the road and pointed his camera towards the derelict vicarage of St Bartholomew’s. Buddleia sprouted from the disintegrating brickwork overhead and the tinned-up windows were plastered over with posters advertising Tom Robinson and other since forgotten bands.
The Park that Lost its Name
Authors: Wright Patrick
Published: November 2023

Hackney was once a place of pastures and market gardens. Samuel Pepys practised archery here. Even today there is a public park in the borough known as London Fields. It is a place of modest attractions: some fine old plane trees, a new community centre, an open-air lido that, were it not for local objectors, the council would already have demolished. In the early morning, before the dogs come out, it is often full of seagulls.
Excellence: From Fifth Avenue to Hackney Town Hall
Authors: Wright Patrick
Published: November 2023

In 1989, the actor Bob Hoskins visited the Dalston Rio to publicize the London launch of his film Who Framed Roger Rabbit?. In the course of this visit to the cinema he used to attend as a boy, Hoskins explained for the benefit of an interested enquirer that ‘New York is like Dalston, only bigger.’ A similar proposition had formed in my mind a couple of years previously when I took a walk up Fifth Avenue one Sunday just before Christmas.
Refounding the City with Prince Charles
Authors: Wright Patrick
Published: November 2023

Prince Charles may never have travelled along Dalston Lane but he became known, during the Eighties, for his fleeting visits to east London. One fabled day in March 1986, he boarded a battered orange minibus hired from a left-wing community group in Tower Hamlets, and journeyed through the city in a company that included geographer, Alice Coleman, architects, John Thompson and Richard McCormac and Nicholas Falk, the urban planner and environmentalist who had organized the expedition.