bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emergency contraception: Profiles of women using Plan B in a small Midwestern U.S. community
Authors: Ahonen Kathleen A. , Buchman Debra
Published: August 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe (a) a population of emergency contraceptive (EC) users, (b) frequency of use of EC in a calendar year, and (c) frequency of follow‐up visits to establish routine contraception.

Data sources: Retrospective chart review of 436 women aged 12–50 years visiting a Midwestern family planning clinic for EC services during 2004–2005.

Conclusions: Users were primarily Caucasian (94.2%), single or single with a significant other (95.1%), young (68.1% aged 19 and under), and nulligravidas (89.4%). Few (10.4%) returned for repeat use of EC within the same calendar year. One third returned for a follow‐up visit to establish routine contraceptive use. No significant differences in the occurrence of a follow‐up visit were found among age, income, or education groups.

Implications for practice: The youth of the sample underscores the need for providers to discuss EC with adolescents, who continue to need a prescription to access EC. The low repeat use of EC is consistent with international data and supports the use of EC as a back‐up method for routine, ongoing contraceptive users. It is important for nurse practitioners to provide accurate information and access to EC, proactively, as part of ongoing health and wellness education to all reproductive‐aged women.
Planning, surveillance, and reporting for pandemic influenza: A briefing for advanced practice nurses
Authors: Hoffman Danielle F. , Nannini Angela
Published: August 2010

Purpose: To provide advanced practice nurses (APNs) with information necessary to participate in pandemic influenza planning and response. Key epidemiological terms and pandemic alert designations are reviewed. Influenza surveillance activities at the local, state, and national levels are summarized. Responsibilities of the APN are discussed, and resources are provided.

Data sources: Review of the published literature, epidemiology text books, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) Pandemic Influenza Plan, state pandemic influenza plans, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization, and USDHHS Internet resources.

Conclusions: Recent public health emergencies have brought to light the need for APNs to become educated regarding emergency planning and response. APNs should be familiar with terminology, current activities, and potential responsibilities.

Implications for practice: Resources presented in this article will help prepare APNs to participate in planning and response activities for pandemic influenza.
Original Article: Molecular and demographic analysis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in patients admitted to King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thailand, 2007
Authors: Boonyasuppayakorn Siwaporn , Kowitdamrong Ekasit , Bhattarakosol Parvapan
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Boonyasuppayakorn et al. (2010) Molecular and demographic analysis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital admitted patients, Thailand, 2007. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(5), 313–323.

Objectives:  To preliminary preview the molecular character and its possible clinical correlation of RSV subgroups in Thailand.

Design:  Cross‐sectional analytic design.

Setting:  Admitted acute lower respiratory tract infection patients of King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, during Jun–Dec, 2007 were recruited.

Sample:  Nasopharyngeal aspirations were collected.

Main outcome measures:  All samples were analyzed for the presence of RSV glycoprotein G gene by reverse transcription PCR. Molecular character of each subgroup was determined by sequencing. Admission records were also analyzed for clinical correlations.

Results:  Equal infectivity and severity of both RSV subgroups to the patients was shown. Mixed infection was shown to be as common as each single infection, higher than previously reported. GA2 of subgroup A and BA‐IV of subgroup B were the most widespread genotypes and showed their monophyletic origins. From admission records, either type of infection did not show significantly preference in demographic record or clinical severity. Comorbidity, however, was statistically significant that more congenital heart disease was found in negative RSV cases, while more chronic pulmonary disease was in positive cases. Nevertheless, the clinical severity was insignificantly different suggesting that only patients with chronic pulmonary underlying were prone to be infected with RSV.

Conclusions:  This preliminary RSV study showed prevalence of subgroups, types of infection, and common genotypes in an epidemic, uncorrelated to demography or clinical severity.
Original Article: A composite epidemic curve for seasonal influenza in Canada with an international comparison
Authors: Schanzer Dena L. , Langley Joanne M. , Dummer Trevor , Viboud Cecile , Tam Theresa W. S.
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as:Schanzeret al.(2010) A composite epidemic curve for seasonal influenza in Canada with an international comparison. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(5), 295–306.

Background Empirical data on laboratory‐confirmed seasonal influenza is limited by very low and possibly non‐systematic case ascertainment as well as geographical variation.

Objective To provide a visual representation of an influenza epidemic at the community and regional level using empirical data and to describe the epidemic characteristics.

Methods Weekly influenza A confirmations were obtained from the Canadian FluWatch program and American FluView program for the 1997/1998–2006/2007 seasons; 1‐ year data were also available for Europe (FluNet, WHO). For seasons where at least 80% of the influenza A strains were antigenically similar, a composite epidemic curve was created by centring the local epidemics relative to their epidemic midpoint.

Results The range in timing of the regional peaks varied from 5 to 13 weeks. Once the epidemic curves were centred relative to their peak, the composite epidemic curves were similar for Canada, the United States and Europe, and the epidemic growth rates were similar for most subgroups (city size; regions; H1N1 versus H3N2 seasons). During the exponential growth period, the number of cases increased by a factor of 1·5–2·0 per week, averaging 1·8. Exponential growth was evident approximately 10 weeks before the peak. Evidence of sustained transmission occurred from mid‐September to early June.

Discussion The shape of the composite curve created in this study clearly demonstrates a consistency in the epidemic pattern across geographically disparate locales. Laboratory confirmation will likely play an increasing role in the development of better methods for early detection and summary measures of influenza activity.
Post‐communist extremism in Eastern Europe: The nature of the phenomenon
Authors: Anastasakis Othon
Published: August 2010

The recent electoral gains of extreme right parties in many countries of Europe have made European citizens realise that the extreme right is not to be regarded exclusively as a fringe phenomenon but as a force that can penetrate mainstream democratic politics. The resilience and occasional rise of the radical right poses a serious challenge for social scientists and policy makers. Social scientists are called upon to examine the nature of the phenomenon, the factors conducive to the existence and resilience of the forces of extremism and the impact of far right political mobilisation within national societies and Europe, at large. Governments and policy makers for their part explore ways to marginalise these forces in order to sustain, in Western Europe‐ and consolidate, in Eastern Europe, democracy in the continent. But while there is ample analysis of the West European experience, there is an inadequate understanding of the conditions and circumstances that breed extreme right forces in Eastern Europe. In what follows, the paper will attempt to address the academic debate on the causes and nature of the contemporary East European extreme right. It will assess the relevance of a western oriented approach in the East European context. The article mostly refers to extremism in countries like Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Romania. These countries are, by and large, functioning democracies, where extreme right parties compete in elections and in some of them are quite influential. All of these countries are applying to become members of the European Union, and this membership is subject to strict political criteria, requiring democratic principles, the rule of law and respect for human rights.
A Comparative Perspective on The Origins of Turkish Nationalism
Authors: Jacoby Tim
Published: August 2010

This paper seeks to explore the social basis of Turkish nationalism in the late Ottoman empire. By highlighting elements of Michael Mann's macro‐historical account of European development, set out the first section, it aims to offer a comparative consideration of the considerable changes apparent within the empire at the end of the nineteenth century and in the years leading up to the First World War. In the second section, the narrative focuses on the new discursive literacy networks1 which emerged within late Ottoman ‘modernist’ circles. It is argued, however, that, unlike in Europe, these did not gradually usurp theocratic tradition, but were institutionalized alongside clerical organisational structures. In the third section, it is suggested that the limited size of the nascent Muslim bourgeoisie could not offer ‘modernism’ a support base comparable to the theocratic power of the ulema. The increasingly ethnocentric direction of this ideological movement is then compared to Mann's account of the emergence of ‘commercial statist’ protonationalism in Western Europe with the aim of highlighting some of the key areas of continuity and difference between the two patterns of political development.
The Szlonzokian Ethnolect in the Context of German and Polish Nationalisms1
Authors: Kamusella Tomasz
Published: August 2010

This article analyzes the emergence of the Szlonzokian ethnic group or proto‐nation in the context of the use of language as an instrument of nationalism in Central Europe. When language was legislated into the statistical measure of nationality in the second half of the nineteenth century, Berlin pressured the Slavophone Catholic peasant‐cum‐worker population of Upper Silesia to become ‘proper Germans’. Polish ennationalizing pressure was added after the division of Upper Silesia between Poland and Germany in 1922. Ennationalizing policies changed in 1939 when the entire region was reincorporated into wartime Germany and, again, in 1945 following Poland's annexation of Upper Silesia. Frequent border changes, ennationalizing pressures and communism solidified the Szlonzoks into a cohesive group through alienating them vis‐à‐vis Polishdom and Germandom. Since 1989 those Szlonzoks who have obtained German passports without leaving Poland declare themselves Germans, whereas the majority who have not and who feel to have been abused by the Polish state, declare themselves Szlonzoks. The latter increasingly express their identity in national terms.
Why Orthodoxy? Religion and Nationalism in Greek Political Culture
Authors: Chrysoloras Nikos
Published: August 2010

This paper is a contribution to the analysis of Helleno‐Christian nationalism in Greece. It seeks to investigate the reasons for the politicization of religion and the Church, to account for the production, development and propagation of religious nationalism and the sacralisation of politics in this country, and explain the paradoxical way in which the Greek Church was constructed as a nationalist political and cultural institution, while its canonical tradition, the Gospel, and its Byzantine past were inherently ecumenical in character. The aim of the article is to offer a coherent and convincing narrative about the political processes whereby the Helleno‐Christian ideology attained a hegemonic status in Greek political culture, and account for the present eminence of this prominent type of Greek nationalism, by ‘blending’ the theoretical frameworks of ethno‐symbolism and discourse theory.
Fixing the Frontiers? Ethnography, Power Politics and the Delimitation of Albania, 1912 to 1914
Authors: Guy Nicola C.
Published: August 2010

The London Conference (1912–1913) of the ambassadors of the six European great powers, the Triple Entente of France, Russia and Britain, and the Triple Alliance (or Triplice) of Germany, Austria and Italy, was initially convened in an attempt to impose a settlement on the belligerents of the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913 to prevent the Balkan conflict from escalating into a general European war. As part of this effort, the ambassadors had responsibility for delimitating Albanian+ boundaries. They decided to do this on the basis of ethnography, which for them meant language, specifically the mother tongue of the population or the language spoken within the family. However, the great powers were not entirely committed to these ethnic objectives and compromised them according to their own political interests, espousing ethnographical arguments only when they supported or reinforced their own strategic ones. This paper studies the socalled ‘fixing’ of Albanian frontiers during the Conference and subsequent boundary commissions. It examines the interests involved, arguments used and the problems faced. Furthermore, it discusses the reasons for the settlements. It evaluates the ethnographical basis of the frontiers established, and considers the resumption of Albanian frontier discussions during the First World War (1914–918) and at the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920). The paper argues that the ‘fixing of Albanian frontiers’ promoted the objectives of the six European powers, as opposed to the ethnographic dimensions as professed.
The Clash of Identities: An Analysis of the Causes of Salafi Jihadi Terrorism with Reference to Jemaah Islamiyah
Authors: Staunton Dirk
Published: August 2010

Globalisation is affecting communities of people in sometimes surprising ways. One such impact of globalisation has been on the Islamic identity of salafi jihadi groups. Globalisation is driving a decontextualised and deculturalised conception of Islam within salafi jihadi organisations and this fuels identity conflicts with other Muslim groups based on competition between cultural and ‘anticultural’ forces. This identity conflict culminates in terrorism as a rational and political attempt to ‘securitise’ group identities that are under attack. This paper seeks to shed light on what is animating salafi jihadi terrorism and examines the Indonesian organisation Jemaah Islamiyah as a case study. The paper concludes that globalisation is leaving a ‘footprint’ on societies, influencing political and religious movements and inflaming identity conflicts, and that this leads to terrorism. It is thus important that theorists develop detailed proposals to offset the negative impacts of globalisation on global security.
Sovereign Dignity, Nationalism and the Health of a Nation: A Study of China's Response in Combat of Epidemics
Authors: Yoon Sung‐Won
Published: August 2010

This paper seeks to understand the role of nationalism in China's policy towards the combat of emerging infectious diseases. By locating nationalism as a factor which facilitates or impedes global governance and international collaboration, this paper explores how nationalism influences China's political decision‐making. Given her historical experience, China has in its national psyche an impulse never to become ‘the sick man of the East’ again. Today, China's willingness to co‐operate with international bodies emanates out of reputational concerns rather than technical‐medical considerations. This was clearly manifested in her handling of two epidemics in recent years: the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and HIV/AIDS episodes. This paper concludes that China's nationalism plays an inhibiting role in China's attempts to further incorporate herself into the architecture of global health governance in the long run.
Why Is It so Difficult to Teach Language as Culture?
Authors: Byram Katra , Kramsch Claire
Published: August 2010

A recent report from the Modern Language Association enjoins foreign language educators to “systematically reflect on the differences in meaning, mentality, and worldview as expressed in American English and in the target language.” This means teaching not just language and culture, but language as culture. This paper explores why many teachers find it difficult to teach language as culture and makes suggestions based on the teaching of second‐year German at the college level.
Expression and Adorno's Avant‐Garde: The Composer in Doktor Faustus
Authors: Kraus Justice
Published: August 2010

Scholars have demonstrated a renewed interest in the relation between Thomas Mann's Doktor Faustus and Theodor W Adorno's philosophical writings. However, the question of expression, dominant both in Mann's novel and Adorno's philosophy of music, remains unexplored. This article argues that Mann's text articulates a different theory of expression than Adorno espouses. Despite Mann's appropriation of many of Adorno's modern ideas about the aesthetics of music, he maintains a traditional stance. While Adorno denies that composers make any meaningful subjective contributions to compositions, the two protagonists of Doktor Faustus emphasize this creative force. This basic disagreement about artistic expression is most conspicuous with regard to Schönberg's method of twelve‐tone composition. Referring to Schönberg's theoretical works, I show that the theory of expression formulated in Doktor Faustus has more in common with Schönberg's ideas than with Adorno's.
Faith and Reason: Schiller's “Die Sendung Moses”
Authors: Mathäs Alexander
Published: August 2010

In Schiller's re‐interpretation of Moses' life, Moses becomes the archetypical poet/writer who, like Schiller himself, was committed to converting his audience to “truth” by appealing to their base instincts and ingrained habits. In “Die Sendung Moses” Schiller uses a widely known biblical source to reinterpret the beginnings of monotheist religion in a way that supports his Enlightenment anthropology. The question is whether Schiller's elevation of reason to the status of a Vernunftreligion prepares the path for the tyranny of reason, and whether the concomitant devaluation of “bare life” (Agamben) paves the way for a political theology that justifies human sacrifice in the name of ethical ideals, thus creating a fertile ground for nineteenth‐century imperialist and, even worse, racist fantasies. My reading of “Die Sendung Moses” suggests that while Schiller seems to favor an abstract universal truth over and against the particular rights of individuals, the text shows also the price that this favoring exacts from the individual and thus points to Schiller's own struggle with the Enlightenment's coercive potential.
“Haushalten”: The Economy of the Phrase in Peter Handke's Wunschloses Unglück
Authors: Norberg Jakob
Published: August 2010

Peter Handke's Wunschloses Unglück examines the stereotypical speech patterns that help socialize individuals into stifling roles, but the narrator is gradually forced to recognize his inability to distance himself from this linguistic corpus. This article enquires into the mechanisms behind his linguistic complicity by reconstructing the novella's discourse on the practice of domestic economy. The critique of language present in Handke's texts elucidates how the deployment of fixed phrases reduces mental effort. Since he defines his writing as an expenditure of labor, however, the narrator of Wunschloses Unglück points to his own use of phrases as a form of cautious management of resources in the production of a text. He does not necessarily fail to criticize the language of a repressive social world, but he must simultaneously match his critical ambitions with the limited means at his disposal. The result is a textual strategy of quotation that appears both critical and collusive.
Painting Sand: Nelly Sachs and the Grabschrift
Authors: Hoyer Jennifer M.
Published: August 2010

In the poem cycle Grabschriften in die Luft geschrieben (1947), Nelly Sachs (1891‐1970) probes the poet's taskof and form for memorializing thedead. The poems do not conform to the traditional elements of the epitaph; rather, Sachs engages and even rejects the epitaph's task of identifying and immortalizing the dead by obscuring individual identity, then proceeding to implicate the poet, traditionally the immortalizer of the fallen, in the obliteration of the dead. Appearing at a time in which identifying and memorializing victims of the Holocaust attains critical importance, the cycle makes a significant statement regarding literature in the postwar era: poetic form can no longer function as it once did, and the role and task of the poet must be reexamined. In its refusal to identify individuals, but insistence on making that absence palpable, the cycle also complicates the ritual of memorial for the reader in a post‐Holocaust setting.
The Poet and the Warrior: The Symbolist Context of Myth in Stefan George's Early Verse
Authors: Grigorian Natasha
Published: August 2010

The article is the first study of its kind to analyze the mythical strata in the early verse of Stefan George (1868–1933) in the context of French and international Symbolism. Parallels are drawn primarily with the work of Moréas and Heredia, whose inspiration was vital for George in his pioneering adaptation of the French Symbolist credo to German poetry. A close comparison of George's verse with that of the two French poets is further illuminated by references to the painting of Moreau and Böcklin. The article innovatively employs such conceptual tools as syncretism and mytheme to shed light on the inner workings of George's poetic procedure, uncovering a dialectical struggle between chaos and harmony that underlies his verse and shapes his Symbolist method. In a broader context, the article helps to understand the ways in which George's work re‐defined German poetry at the dawn of the twentieth century.
“Amerika gibt es nicht”: On the Semiotics of Literary America in the Twentieth Century1
Authors: Simons Oliver
Published: August 2010

From Alexis de Tocqueville's arrival in Manhattan and his amazement at the artificial façades of houses on the East River, we can observe a specific semiotic model in depictions of America: America does not exist, which is to say, the referent often becomes questionable in these texts. All the more frequently descriptions of America hew to a metonymic mode of writing; they deal with signs which refer to other signs, with accounts reporting mostly what has been read elsewhere. With Franz Kafka and Wolfgang Koeppen this essay shows how America has become the setting of poetological self‐determination; America is a textual construct in which the significatory nature of language is itself negotiated. Under these conditions, how can another America novel be written at the end of the 20th‐century? In the concluding passages, this essay discusses how contemporary authors Thomas Meinecke and Michael Roes succeed in resurrecting America's narrative possibilities.
Subjects and Agents of Empire: German Jews in Post‐Colonial Perspective
Authors: Riegert Leo W.
Published: August 2010

Scholars of German‐Jewish Studies have built on Suzanne Zantop's groundbreaking work on German colonial fantasies by encouraging us to consider more fully the role of Jews and of antisemitism in German colonialism's contradictory evolution. I briefly outline some of this scholarship along with the ways post‐colonial theory has and, more to the point, hasnot beenemployed as a theoretical framework in these studies. Even as we pay attention to colonial fantasiesaboutJews, I argue that colonial fantasies (and actions)byJews deserve more explicit consideration. In the remainder of my discussion, I examine the colonialist motivations of the late nineteenth century Austrian‐Jewish writer, Karl Emil Franzos (1847–1904), and of his ethnographic writings about Habsburg Eastern Europe. Always keeping in mind the ways in which German Jews were subjects of internal colonization, by paying attention to Jews as colonial agents as well, we may increase our understanding of the possible roles for Jews in the development of German national and colonial discourses prior to World War II.
The Jewish Self‐Hatred Octopus
Authors: Reitter Paul
Published: August 2010

This article points to an imbalance in studies of Jewish, and particularly German‐Jewish, self‐hatred, namely, they have focused on answering the question of what Jewish self‐hatred is, while devoting relatively little attention to the question of how to identify instances of it. After offering some suggestions as to why that has been so, the article examines the effects of the imbalance; more precisely, it seeks to show how those effects amount to a serious problem in the study of Jewish self‐hatred.
Who Measures the World? Alexander von Humboldt's Chimborazo Climb in the Literary Imagination
Authors: Schaumann Caroline
Published: August 2010

Looking at three imagined depictions of Humboldt's Chimborazo climb—Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's drawing “Höhen der alten und neuen Welt bildlich verglichen” (1807), Rainer Simon's DEFA filmDie Besteigung des Chimborazo(1989), and Daniel Kehlmann's bestsellerDie Vermessung der Welt(2005)—my essay compares these fictional representations with Humboldt's own narratives to examine the imaginative and ideological bent of each interpretation. While Goethe depicts Humboldt reconnoitering a new world that is a mirror image of the old, Simon portrays him as a passionate educator and revolutionary. This image clashes with Kehlmann's representation of an emotionless Prussian who merely measures the world with tedious determination. Kehlmann's novel formulates, structures, and gives closure to an event that Humboldt intentionally left open to the imagination. While Humboldt gave only cryptic descriptions of the climb, it is Kehlmann who “measures the world” in the sense that his text provides an accessible narrative of the Chimborazo climb.
Josef K.'s (A + x) Problem: Kafka on the Moment of Awakening1
Authors: Morris Joel
Published: August 2010

This article argues that moments of awakening in Die Verwandlung and Der Proceß provide spatial and temporal indices in which Kafka's protagonists attempt to re‐orient themselves in a world where previous empirical grounding has been undermined. In particular, I explore a deleted passage from the manuscript of Der Proceß, in which Josef K. explains his lack of surprise at his arrest by giving a short lecture on the psychology of awakening. K. relates how awakening, the “riskiest moment of the day,” is a decisive epistemological event, requiring a great amount of cognitive composure to keep the world from slipping into incoherence. These comments also offer a unique instance of Kafka's engagement with a contemporary work of psychological theory. They resemble a passage from Max Brod and Felix Weltsch's 1913 book on perception, Anschauung und Begriff, in which the authors explain the difficulty of perceptual orientation upon awakening through their concept of the “memory‐image,” expressed in the formula (A + x). K. intimates that this is one way he might be able to understand his arrest: by locating it, at the moment of waking up, as a problem of (A + x).
Staging Shi'ites in Silesia: Andreas Gryphius's Catharina von Georgien
Authors: Wiggin Bethany
Published: August 2010

This essay slices through the thicket of confessional politics which has long informed scholarship on Gryphius's famous baroque Trauerspiel, Catharina von Georgien. Taking its cue from a late Gryphian sonnet, it instead explores the implications of Gryphius's citation of his own Shah Abbas, the Georgian queen Catharina's tormenter, to document his thunderous erudition. Expanding the geography of our critical gaze, the article argues, enables us to see Gryphius's highly strategic citations from his extensive source material. Studded with a wealth of material culled from the most recent and well‐informed travel narratives of his day, Gryphius quite consciously effaces differences between Shi'ite Persia and the Sunni Ottoman Empire. Drawing on representations of “the Turk” soaked in imperial envy, this collapse simultaneously enables more local confessional differences to be blurred. Against a monolithic East, Gryphius projects a Christianity made whole.
Marie Nathusius' Elisabeth and Fontane's Effi Briest: Mental Illness and Marital Discord in the “Century of Nerves”
Authors: Thesz Nicole
Published: August 2010

This comparative analysis of Marie Nathusius' Elisabeth (1856/57) and Theodor Fontane's Effi Briest (1895) reveals striking similarities. Both novels depict child brides whose disappointment in marriage leads to nervous ailments. The Kur that both heroines undergo represents one of several contrasts between domesticity and the outside world. Illness, in Nathusius's portrayal, is an opportunity to negotiate difficulties in marital relationships. While Elisabeth upholds traditional models of femininity, it also shows the husband's nervous reactions to discord. Like Effi Briest, there are implications of social pressures, but ultimately healing Elisabeth involves her free will to choose religious faith, and thus health or “das Heil”. Fontane, in contrast, places the etiology of illness firmly within the vicissitudes of patriarchal society, which crushes the individual beneath its hypocritical norms. The Kur thus offers Effi no respite, and instead transports her toward isolation and untimely death.
Symbol Interdependency in Symbolic and Embodied Cognition
Authors: Louwerse Max M.
Published: August 2010

Whether computational algorithms such as latent semantic analysis (LSA) can both extract meaning from language and advance theories of human cognition has become a topic of debate in cognitive science, whereby accounts of symbolic cognition and embodied cognition are often contrasted. Albeit for different reasons, in both accounts the importance of statistical regularities in linguistic surface structure tends to be underestimated. The current article gives an overview of the symbolic and embodied cognition accounts and shows how meaning induction attributed to a specific statistical process or to activation of embodied representations should be attributed to language itself. Specifically, the performance of LSA can be attributed to the linguistic surface structure, more than special characteristics of the algorithm, and embodiment findings attributed to perceptual simulations can be explained by distributional linguistic information.
The Construction of Meaning
Authors: Kintsch Walter , Mangalath Praful
Published: August 2010

We argue that word meanings are not stored in a mental lexicon but are generated in the context of working memory from long‐term memory traces that record our experience with words. Current statistical models of semantics, such as latent semantic analysis and the Topic model, describe what is stored in long‐term memory. The CI‐2 model describes how this information is used to construct sentence meanings. This model is a dual‐memory model, in that it distinguishes between a gist level and an explicit level. It also incorporates syntactic information about how words are used, derived from dependency grammar. The construction of meaning is conceptualized as feature sampling from the explicit memory traces, with the constraint that the sampling must be contextually relevant both semantically and syntactically. Semantic relevance is achieved by sampling topically relevant features; local syntactic constraints as expressed by dependency relations ensure syntactic relevance.
Comparing Methods for Single Paragraph Similarity Analysis
Authors: Stone Benjamin , Dennis Simon , Kwantes Peter J.
Published: August 2010

The focus of this paper is two‐fold. First, similarities generated from six semantic models were compared to human ratings of paragraph similarity on two datasets—23 World Entertainment News Network paragraphs and 50 ABC newswire paragraphs. Contrary to findings on smaller textual units such as word associations (Griffiths, Tenenbaum, & Steyvers, 2007), our results suggest that when single paragraphs are compared, simple nonreductive models (word overlap and vector space) can provide better similarity estimates than more complex models (LSA, Topic Model, SpNMF, and CSM). Second, various methods of corpus creation were explored to facilitate the semantic models’ similarity estimates. Removing numeric and single characters, and also truncating document length improved performance. Automated construction of smaller Wikipedia‐based corpora proved to be very effective, even improving upon the performance of corpora that had been chosen for the domain. Model performance was further improved by augmenting corpora with dataset paragraphs.
CERTAIN HEMATOLOGIC AND BLOOD CHEMICAL VALUES IN JUVENILE RHESUS MONKEYS (MACACA MULATTA)
Authors: Vondruska James F. , Greco Ronald A.
Published: August 2010

Certain hematologic and clinical chemistry values of 148 rhesus monkeys were determined. Mean values, standard deviations and minimal‐maximal values were determined for hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume; total erythrocyte, total leukocyte and differential leukocyte count; cellular indices; prothrombin time; serum concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid, bilirubin, creatinine, sodium, potassium and chloride, and serum enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase. Calculations were made separately for males and females and the data were compared to published values for the species.
The relative importance of latitude matching and propagule pressure in the colonization success of an invasive forb
Authors: L. Maron John
Published: August 2010

Factors that influence the early stages of invasion can be critical to invasion success, yet are seldom studied. In particular, broad pre‐adaptation to recipient climate may importantly influence early colonization success, yet few studies have explicitly examined this. I performed an experiment to determine how similarity between seed source and transplant site latitude, as a general indicator of pre‐adaptation to climate, interacts with propagule pressure (100, 200 and 400 seeds/pot) to influence early colonization success of the widespread North American weed, St. John's wort Hypericum perforatum. Seeds originating from seven native European source populations were sown in pots buried in the ground in a field in western Montana. Seed source populations were either similar or divergent in latitude to the recipient transplant site. Across seed density treatments, the match between seed source and recipient latitude did not affect the proportion of pots colonized or the number of individual colonists per pot. In contrast, propagule pressure had a significant and positive effect on colonization. These results suggest that propagules from many climatically divergent source populations can be viable invaders.
Rectal atresia in a newborn donkey
Authors: Teixeira L. G. , Spasiani J. P. , Meirelles A. E. W. B. , Garrido E. , Nogueira A. F. S. , Alessi A. C. , Marques J. A. , Canola J. C.
Published: August 2010

A case of atype Irectal atresia (also known as membranous rectal atresia) in a newborn donkey is reported. Clinical examination, survey radiographs and barium enema radiographs suggested rectal atresia. An exploratory laparotomy was performed; however, surgical correction of the defect was not possible due to the narrow pelvic cavity. Euthanasia was performed. At necropsy, it was possible to observe a fibrous cord connecting the small colon to a residual rectal ampulla, which opened to a normal anus. The radiographic and anatomical characteristics enabled the classification of the defect astype Irectal atresia, which is a rare congenital anomaly that is difficult to correct through surgery. This report contributes to the study of rectal atresia in newborn equids, alerts for the occurrence in donkeys and is, to our knowledge, the first to be reported in this species in Brazil.
Pulmonary function, airway cytology and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid drug concentration after aerosol administration of cefquinome to horses
Authors: Art T. , Ramery E. , Fraipont A. , Lekeux P.
Published: August 2010

The administration of antibiotics by aerosol to horses suffering from respiratory infections may partially circumvent the limitations of antimicrobial therapy, e.g. large injection volumes, low bioavailability and risk of diarrhoea. Only injectable formulations are available currently and usually contain other substances that could irritate the mucosa and induce coughing and bronchospasm. In addition, the quality of the aerosol, particularly in terms of the delivery of antibiotics to the deep parts of the lung, is unknown. Although used under field conditions, cefquinome delivered by aerosol has never been studied in horses.

This study examined the safety of cefquinome injectable solution, administered by aerosol at a dose of 225 mg/inhalation to 7 healthy horses, by assessing (1) pulmonary function before and 15 min after a single inhalation, at the first day (Day 1) and the fifth day (Day 5) of a 5 day period treatment; and (2) the inflammatory status of the lung, i.e. percentage neutrophils and myeloperoxidase concentration, based on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at D1 and D5. In addition, cefquinome concentrations were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after aerosol, intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administrations.

A single aerosol of cefquinome injectable solution did not induce any immediate nor delayed pulmonary side effects in healthy horses and produced cefquinome concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) within 30 min that were higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration of the main equine respiratory pathogens. These results should stimulate further studies, especially in horses suffering from bronchial hyper‐reactivity. Aerosol delivery of antibiotics may well have a role in equine therapeutics.
Effect of Free-Stream Turbulence on Flat-Plate Heat Flux Signals: Spectra and Eddy Transport Velocities
Authors: Moss R. W. , Oldfield M. L. G.
Published: August 2010

An experimental study of the eddy structure in a flat-plate turbulent boundary layer with significant levels of free-stream turbulence is presented. This is relevant to the enhancement of turbomachinery heat transfer by turbulence and should lead to more realistic CFD modeling. Previous measurements showed that Nusselt numbers may be increased by up to 35 percent, and that this increase depended on turbulence integral length scale as well as intensity. The new results described here provide an insight into the mechanism responsible. Thin film gages and hot wires were used to take simultaneous high-frequency measurements of fluctuating heat transfer rates to the flat plate and the fluctuating flow velocity in the free stream and boundary layer. Spectra and correlation analysis shows that the turbulent eddy structure of the boundary layer is dominated by the free-stream turbulence at intensities of 3 percent and above. Eddies in the boundary layer mimicked those in the free stream and convected at the free-stream velocity U, rather than the ∼0.8U characteristic of boundary layers. The main heat transfer enhancing mechanism is due to the penetration of free-stream turbulent eddies deep into the boundary layer, rather than enhancement of existing boundary layer turbulence.
The Aerodynamic Mixing Effect of Discrete Cooling Jets With Mainstream Flow on a Highly Loaded Turbine Blade
Authors: Wilfert G. , Fottner L.
Published: August 2010

For the application of film cooling to turbine blades, experimental investigations were performed on the mixing processes in the near-hole region with a row of holes on the suction suction side of a turbine cascade. Data were obtained using pneumatic probes, pressure tappings, and a three-dimensional subminiature hot-wire probe, as well as surface flow visualization techniques. It was found that at low blowing rates, a cooling jet behaves very much like a normal obstacle and the mixing mainly takes place in the boundary layer. With increasing blowing rates, the jet penetrates deeper into the mainstream. The variation of the turbulence level at the inlet of the turbine cascade and the Reynolds number showed a strong influence on the mixing behavior. The kidney-shaped vortex and as an important achievement the individual horseshoe vortex of each single jet were detected and their exact positions were obtained. This way it was found that the position of the horseshoe vortex is strongly dependent on the blowing rate and this influences the aerodynamic mixing mechanisms. A two-dimensional code for the calculation of boundary layer flows called GRAFTUS was used; however, the comparison with the measurements showed only limited agreement for cascade flow with blowing due to the strong three-dimensional flow pattern.
Aerodynamic Performance of a Transonic Turbine Guide Vane With Trailing Edge Coolant Ejection: Part I—Experimental Approach
Authors: Kapteijn C. , Amecke J. , Michelassi V.
Published: August 2010

Inlet guide vanes (IGV) of high-temperature gas turbines require an effective trailing edge cooling. But this cooling significantly influences the aerodynamic performance caused by the unavoidable thickening of the trailing edge and the interference of the cooling flow with the main flow. As part of a comprehensive research program, an inlet guide vane was designed and manufactured with two different trailing edge shapes. The results from the cascade tests show that the flow behavior upstream of the trailing edge remains unchanged. The homogeneous values downstream show higher turning and higher losses for the cut-back blade, especially in the supersonic range. Additional tests were conducted with carbon dioxide ejection, in order to analyze the mixing process downstream of the cascade.
Experimental and Numerical Study of Three-Dimensional Flows in a Mixed-Flow Pump Stage
Authors: Takemura T. , Goto A.
Published: August 2010

Internal flows of a low-specific-speed pump stage, having a mixed-flow impeller and a vaned bowl diffuser combination, have been investigated experimentally and numerically. Air was used as the test fluid, and the internal flows were measured at various locations and under various capacities. Flow calculations were made, for both the isolated impeller case and the complete stage case, using Denton viscous codes LOSS3D and MULTSTAGE14, by which the three-dimensional steady flow through multiple blade rows can be calculated using the interrow mixing process. Experimental results showed the effects of the interaction between the impeller and the reverse flow, originating in the downstream diffuser, even at the design point capacity. While an impeller exit reverse flow occurred at the shroud side in the isolated impeller calculation, it was observed at the hub side in the complete stage case, showing good agreement with the experimental results. Although the flow in the diffuser was highly distorted due to a strong swirl flow, patterns of total pressure distribution could be predicted well by the complete stage calculation.
Are Herbal Medicines Ripe for the Cancer Clinic?
Authors: Eng Cathy
Published: August 2010

A Chinese herbal supplement reduces chemotherapy-induced intestinal toxicity in a mouse model of colon cancer, but it remains unclear whether such treatments can quell these side effects in patients.
Science Translational Medicine
Podcast: 18 August 2010
Authors: Cheng Yung-Chi , VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: August 2010

A conversation with Yung-Chi Cheng about the effectiveness of a Chinese herbal medicine for treating the gastrointestinal side effects of chemotherapy.
Reexamining the DNA target selectivity of Scalloped
Authors: Garg A. , Bell J.
Published: August 2010

Selector proteins are transcription factors that coordinate the formation and identity of organs and appendages. The proper formation of these tissues requires the selector proteins to regulate the expression of a large set of genes. Many selector proteins are involved in regulating multiple developmental processes, yet it is not completely clear how they are able to activate different sets of genes in a tissue-specific manner. An association with cofactors is thought to be one method by which enhancer selectivity is achieved. During wing development the selector protein Scalloped (SD) interacts with the cofactor Vestigial (VG). This interaction leads to the activation of a specific set of downstream wing genes. Herein, data are presented indicating that the switch in binding selectivity is likely achieved by VG altering the general affinity that the SD protein has for DNA. The decreased affinity for DNA is compensated for by the fact that the VG protein forms a complex containing two SD proteins. These two properties ensure that the SD–VG complex is able to bind only to enhancers that have two consecutive binding sites. Furthermore, data are presented that indicate that the function of the two terminal domains of the VG protein is not restricted to activating transcription and promoting the recruitment of two SD proteins.
The history and disposition of transposable elements in polyploidGossypium
Authors: Hu Guanjing , Hawkins Jennifer S. , Grover Corrinne E. , Wendel Jonathan F.
Published: August 2010

Transposable elements (TEs) are a major component of plant genomes. It is of particular interest to explore the potential activation of TE proliferation, especially in hybrids and polyploids, which often are associated with rapid genomic and epigenetic restructuring. Here we explore the consequences of genomic merger and doubling on copia and gypsy-like Gorge3 long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons as well as on non-LTR long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) in allotetraploid cotton, Gossypium hirsutum. Using phylogenetic and quantitative methods, we describe the composition and genomic origin of TEs in polyploid Gossypium. In addition, we present information on ancient and recent transposition activities of the three TE types and demonstrate the absence of an impressive proliferation of TEs following polyploidization in Gossypium. Further, we provide evidence for present-day transcription of LINEs, a relatively minor component of Gossypium genomes, whereas the more abundant LTR retrotransposons display limited expression and only under stressed conditions.