bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations on some of the Recent Tin-ore Discoveries in New England, New South Wales
Authors: Ulrich G. H. F.
Published: October 2009

The discovery of tin-ore (cassiterite) in the province of New England, New South Wales, was brought under the Society's notice by a letter from Mr. G. Milner Stephen, F.G.S., of Sydney, read at the December meeting, 1871; and finding from the discussion thereon, that the subject is not without interest to the Society, I beg to offer the following further observations made during a recent visit to that stanniferous country.

The district to which these remarks refer forms, as as it were, a hilly high plateau of the Australian Alps, of which Mount Ben Lomond represents here the highest point, with an elevation of nearly 4000 ft. above the sea-level. According to my observation, the predominant rocks are granite and basalt, enclosing subordinate areas composed of metamorphic slate and sandstone, which latter show in places intrusions of greenstone of very limited extent. The basalt has mostly broken through the highest crests and points of the ranges and spread in extensive streams, the surface of which is now more or less decomposed, over the country at the foot. Thus we see fine valleys, with fertile basaltic soils several feet in depth, bounded by well-wooded granite ranges, not perhaps exceeding 300 ft. in height, a beautiful park-like country, well watered by extensive creeks and small rivers, and with a climate similar to that of Central Europe; for the summer temperature rarely exceeds 80° F. in the shade, whilst during the winter months, June and July, there is frequently snow and ice.

Perhaps
On an extensive Landslip at Glenorchy, Tasmania
Authors: Wintle S. H.
Published: October 2009

On the 4th of June last this colony was visited by a very heavy rainfall, which continued without intermission for twenty-four hours, when one-half inches of rain fell, causing most disastrous floods in many parts of the island. While the citizens of Hobart Town were actively employed in trying to save life and property from the raging torrent that rushed through the heart of the city, news arrived of a most extensive landslip having occurred during the night at Glenorchy, five miles distant from Hobart Town, which had entirely altered the physical features of a considerable portion of that district, besides causing loss of life and wide-spread desolation.

Upon the cessation of the storm, I at once started for the scene of the catastrophe; and, upon arriving at O'Brien's Bridge, I found that rumour had not in this instance travelled on the wings of exaggeration. From this point, distant five miles from Mount Wellington, it could be seen that a large portion of the northern face of that mountain had given way, and, descending to a depth of nearly 2000 feet into the bed of the rivulet which takes its rise at that point, had carried destruction and desolation on either hand. This mountain-torrent, after pursuing a very tortuous course, and having a mean descent of 9° for about six miles from its source, empties itself into the river Derwent, about one mile from the township of Glenorchy.

The scene which presented itself at this locality was one that could
On the Tremadoc Rocks in the neighbourhood of St. David's, South Wales, and their Fossil Contents
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: October 2009

The occurrence near St. David's, in South Wales, of rocks supposed to be of the age of the Tremadoc Slates of North Wales, was mentioned in a Report by the late Mr. Salter and myself to the British Association in 1866; and a list of the fossils which had up to that time been discovered in them was also given. Several new forms, however, have since been found in these rocks, and some of them very recently, during researches made at Ramsey Island by Messrs. Homfray, Lightbody, Hopkinson, and Kirshaw, in conjunction with myself. The Brachiopoda were figured by Mr. Davidson in his paper “On the Earliest British Brachiopoda,” in the Geological Magazine for July 1868; and a supposed land-plant was named by me
Eophyton explanatum
in the same publication for Dec. 1869; but with the exception of these, the whole of the fossils, comprising a rich and exceedingly interesting fauna, are as yet undescribed.

In the present paper I propose to describe all these new forms, and also to give some account of the lithological characters of the strata in which they occur, their relation to the other formations, and their geographical distribution in the neighbourhood of St. David's.

On the map (fig.1) it will be seen that there are three distinct patches of these rocks shown, viz.:—at Ramsey Island, on the eastern coast; at the north end of Whitesand Bay, and extending for some distance in a N.E. direction; and in a district about five miles east of
On the Ventriculitæ of the Cambridge Upper Greensand
Authors: Sollas W. Johnson
Published: October 2009

Of the sponges found in the Upper Greensand of Cambridge, certain forms,
Scyphia, Porospongia
, and various hitherto unnamed species, are shown by this investigation to belong to the genus
Ventriculites
. The character which is stated by Toulmin Smith to be absolutely diagnostic of the Ventriculidæ is the cubic arrangement of the fibres supported at the angles by octahedral stays; and on making sections of the above sponges this structure may at once be distinguished under the microscope. It appears in the most favourable sections as a square or rectangular reticulation, composed of a number of crosses, the arms of which represent four of the six rays of the hexradiate elements of which, on the modern view of Ventriculite-structure, the skeleton is considered to be composed. On examining one of the above crosses, it is seen that its radii start from their common centre as very fine filaments indeed; but after pursuing their course for a quarter of their entire length, they undergo a sudden enlargement in diameter, and continue uniformly of this increased size to their terminal anastomosis. At the point of rather abrupt change in the diameter of the radius two other fibres are given off, one on each side, which pass backwards at an angle of about 45°, to join similar fibres similarly passing from the other arms of the cross; in this manner, about the centre of the cross under consideration, is formed a rough square, which represents the octahedral stays in section (fig. 1). This description
The Secondary Rocks of Scotland
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: October 2009

General Introduction

The Highlands of Scotland have long been recognized as an unrivalled field of study for the physical geologist; but to the stratigraphical geologist and the palæontologist, who seek for evidence to aid them in reconstructing the geographical features and determining the biological characteristics of successive geological periods, they have, till of late years, been regarded as comparatively barren of interest. An exception to this general statement must be made, however, in favour of the Old Red Sandstone of the district, which has yielded such admirable results to the studies of Murchison, Sedgwick, Malcolmson, Hugh Miller, Agassiz, and others.

Charles Peach's discovery in 1854 of Silurian fossils in Sutherland has already borne the most important fruit, and, in the hands of Murchison, Ramsay, Geikie, Harkness, and Jamieson, has afforded the necessary clue for determining the age of the great
Primary
masses of the Highlands.

Similarly the discovery by the Duke of Argyll of Miocene vegetation in beds intercalated with the basalts of Mull has been the starting-point in elucidating the history of the
Tertiary
period in the Highlands. Professor Geikie has already laid before this Society the first of a series of papers in which he proposes to treat this interesting subject.

The
Secondary
strata of the same area were, at so early a period as 1826, made the object of an admirable general survey by the late Sir Roderick Murchison; but the progress of geological science since that date appears to create a demand, and at the same
Note on some Brachiopoda collected by Mr. Judd from the Jurassic Deposits of the East Coast of Scotland
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: October 2009

Among the Brachiopoda collected by Mr. Judd from the Jurassic deposits of the north of Scotland we find four species particularly worthy of notice. Two are, as far as I am aware,
quite new, and two new to Great Britain. Three of the four have likewise been obtained from the Upper Oolite or equivalent of the Kimmeridge Clay; and this is the more remarkable
since the species of Brachiopoda recorded from that formation are comparatively few.

Rhynchonella Sutherlandi
, n. sp. P1. VIII. figs. 1, 2.

Shell transversely oval, wider than long, greatest breadth about the middle. Ventral valve convex; sinus wide, moderately deep; foramen rather small, placed under the incurved,
extremity of the beak, surrounded and slightly separated from the hinge-line by a deltidium of small dimensions. Dorsal valve deeper and more convex than the opposite one, sometimes
very gibbous, and divided into three portions, the central one being formed by a wide mesial fold. Surface of each valve marked with from sixteen to thirty large angular ribs, of which
from six to twelve occupy the fold, five to thirteen the sinus. Proportions very variable. A large specimen measured two and two-eighths inches in length by two and six-eighths inches in breadth

Obs
. This is one of the largest species of the genus with which I am acquainted, having been exceeded in size, as far as I am aware, only by the
R. multicarinata
, Lam.,=
Terebratula peregrina
, v. Buch, and the
R. inconstans speciosa
of Münster. In external shape and character is most nearly
On the Jurassic Rocks of Skye and Raasay
Authors: Bryce James
Published: October 2009

Introduction.—The portion of Skye which is the subject of the present paper has received only a few passing notices since 1819, when Dr. Macculloch's ‘Account of the Western Islands,’ was pubblished. Raasay, as being much less accessible, has been even more casually noticed; and Dr. Macculloch's account of its geological structure is the only one which we possess. This distinguished geologist, who did so much admirable work in Scotland, was the first to show that the fossiliferous strata of Skye, Raasay, and the islands adjoining were of the age of the English Lies and Oolites. In 1827 Sir R. Murchison determined, from the existence in them of three or four critical fossils, that the Lower and Middle Oolite were represented by beds to the north of rortree harbour, and that the beds about the mouth of Loeh Sligachan and at Broadford were the lowest of the fossiliferous series. In 1851 Prof. Edward Forbes ascertained that certain strata at Loch Staffin, supposed by Sir R. Murchison, from the examination of a few imperfect fossils, to be of the age of the Wealdcn, really belonged to the upper part of the Middle Oolite. No addition worthy of record was made to our knowledge of these beds in Skye till 1858, when a paper appeared from the pen of Prof. Geikie (Qualm. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 1), on the Lias basin south of the Red Mountains in Skye, and crossing the peninsula from Broadford Bay and Lussay to Loch Slapin. He
Observations on the more remarkable Boulders of the Northwest of England and the Welsh Borders
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: October 2009

It is presumed that, at a time when so much is said about the conservation of Boulders, a number of personal observations on these interesting objects may not prove unacceptable to the Geological Society.

Westmoreland
.—The Shapfell boulders first claim our attention on account of their size, the very distinct character of their parent rock, and the fact of their having found their way into Yorkshire over a part of the Pcnnine Chain, 1500 feet above the sea-level. There is a kind of granite now quarried at Dalbeattie, on the west side of Criffell, which may occasionally be found in drift a great distance to the S.S.E. This granite contains large oblong brown crystals of felspar, and might easily be mistaken for Shapfelt granite by one not familiar with the latter; but in Westmoreland and Yorkshire there would be little chance of such a mistake occurring. The base and sides of Wasdale Crag (from which the granite boulders radiated) are more or less covered with very compact
pinnel
packed full of rounded and glaciated boulders of granite and dark metamorphic felstone. These boulders, however, are seldom very large. On the surface of the pinnel, and more or less associated with a thin covering of red loam and angular débris,there are many very large angular or subangular blocks. On walking from Shap to the Shap-summit Granite Works, I saw a block about 12 feet in average diameter, and was credibly informed that there was a block high up on the side of
Note in vindication of
Leptophlœum rhombicum
and
Lepidodendron gaspianum
.
Authors: Dawson
Published: October 2009

The author forwarded to the Society photographs illustrating his species
Leptophlœum rhombicum
and
Lepidodendron gaspianum
, with the view of showing that they are specifically and generically distinct, and also distinct from the plant identified with them by Mr. Carruthers, and from
Lepidodendron nothum
of Unger, to which species Mr. Carruthers referred the whole series of specimens, both from Australia and Eastern North America.

Dr. Dawson states that, though he has not seen Unger's specimens, he has carefully studied that author's figures and descriptions of
Lepidodendron nothum
; and in the original description of
L. gaspianum
he indicated that it is allied to
L. nothum
, although he regarded it as specifically distinct. He considers that
L. nothum
is not at all near to his
Leptophlœum rhombicum
, and that a comparison of Unger's figure or Mr. Carruthers's figure of Mr. Daintree's plant with the photographs of
L. rhombicum
will show that there is not even a generic connexion between them.

To show the want of identity between
Leptophlæum rhombicum
and Lepidodendron gaspianum, Dr. Dawson sums up their characters as follows

The author reasserts his original opinion of the structure of the leaves and fruit of his
Leptophlœum rhombicum
, which Mr. Carruthers supposed him to have given up from its not appearing in more recent papers.

With respect to the
Sternbergia
-pith of
Leptophlæum
Dr. Dawson states that he has complete and decorticated specimens of the brtmches and specimens showing the
Sternbergia
-pith quite exposed. The vascular scars are in the middle of the arcoles in
Synopsis of the Younger Formations of New Zealand
Authors: Hutton F. W.
Published: October 2009

The following synopsis is based on an examination of the Tertiary and Upper Secondary marine fossils in the Colonial Museum at Wellington; but to make it more complete I have added the freshwater coal and lignite formations in the positions I believe them to occupy; this, however, is founded on stratigraphical, and not on palæontological evidence, as also are the remarks on the volcanic rocks.

A short account of the older formations of New Zealand will be found in my report on the Southland District (Geol. Survey of N.Z., Reports of Geological Explorations, 1871–72, p. 96).

Of Tertiary fossils I have been able to determine 375 species of Mollusca, 12 of Brachiopoda, and 18 of Echinodermata, the descriptions of which will, I hope, be published as soon as the plates are prepared. The numbers of the species determined for each formation refer to the Gasteropoda and Lamellibranchiata only.

It must not be inferred from the remarks made in this synopsis that the Tertiary fossils of New Zealand are more nearly related to those of South America than to those of Australia; for as no descriptions of Australian Tertiary fossils have as yet been published, I have not been able to compare them with the New-Zealand fossils.

I am aware that much may be said against employing the European terminology in classifying rocks so far distant as those of New Zealand; but I believe that much more may be said against introducing new names, which are only supposed even to have
Lakes of the North-eastern Alps, and their bearing on the Glacier-erosion theory
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: October 2009

The lakes in many mountain-districts have been attributed to the excavating effect of ice in a period when glaciers extended far beyond their present limits; and this theory has been applied by its author, Professor Ramsay, to several of the best-known lakes of the Western and Central Alps in a very interesting and suggestive paper communicated to the Society, March 5, 1862. Notwithstanding the skill with which this theory has been advocated by its author, and the support which it has received from many competent judges at home and abroad, I have always felt, in common with not a few who have made Alpine physiography their special study, that it did not satisfactorily explain all the phenomena; and each visit that I have paid to the Alps has strengthened this opinion.

Professor Ramsay applied his theory chiefly to the lakes of the Western and Central Alps. The following paper attempts to examine those of the North-eastern Alps, especially of the Salzkammergut, the great lake-region of the Eastern district, in order to ascertain whether they also can be attributed to the excavating power of glaciers.

As the general circumstances of climate and orography are fairly similar throughout the great Alpine chain, it may reasonably be expected that any explanation suggested for the lake-basins of one district should apply also to another; and from this we may conclude that, if any explanation which seems possible for one district fail when tested in another, it cannot be the correct one for either. I
On the Permian Breccias and Boulder-beds of Armagh
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: October 2009

The strata of Permian age hitherto recognized in the north of Ireland have been referred, doubtless correctly, by the authors who have described them, to the upper division of that formation, or the Magnesian-Limestone series (
Zechstein
). The localities where these beds occur are three in number, Cultra on the south side of Belfast Lough, Tullyconnell Hill near Artrea, and Templereagh in Co. Tyrone. The strata are for the most part dolomitic; and the fossils they contain are representative of the Magnesian Limestones of the north of England, or of Lancashire.

The beds which I have now to bring before the notice of the Society are considered to be referable, both on stratigraphical and physical grounds, to that Lower Permian series represented by the breccias of Worcestershire and Salop, and by the “brockram” of Cumberland, considered by Professor Ramsay to be an “old Boulder-clay” of Permian age. In this view I entirely concur, and I may add that the Permian beds of Armagh are not less truly a boulder-formation than those in the English localities above named.

The Permian breccias of Armagh must have been frequently seen by observers, as they are well displayed in quarries; but their true significance has been strangely overlooked. My attention was first called to them in March 1872, by F. Egan, the Officer of the Geological Survey on duty in that district; and I was immediately struck by their resemblance to my old friends in Worcestershire and Shropshire, especially the beds at Enville and Alberbury.
On
Platysiagum sclerocephalum
, Egerton, and
Palæospinax priscus
, Egerton
Authors: Egerton Philip Grey
Published: October 2009

In the 13th Decade of the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, published in 1872, I described the above-named fossil fishes from the Lias formation of Lyme Regis. Since the issue of that publication I have obtained specimens elucidating parts which were defective in the former examples, and which I consider of sufficient importance to warrant description. On referring to the figure of the former (
Platysiagum
), given on plate 6 of the Decade, it will be seen that the dorsal and anal fins are wanting. This also happens with the several specimens described in the text but not figured. These desiderata are furnished by a fine specimen recently obtained. The two extremities are wanting; the remainder of the fish measures
15 1/2
inches in length. It corresponds very closely in size with the larger of the two specimens described in the Decade. The total length of the fish, if restored, would probably be about 22 inches. The vertical diameter of the trunk is very uniform between the occiput and the dorsal fin, and measures 4 inches. This is a singular character in a Sauroid fish, in which family the body is generally fusiform, tapering gradually from the thoracic arch to the commencement of the caudal fin. The dorsal fin which is here preserved is very singular both in position and structure. It is situated
9 1/2
inches behind the occiput, and occupies a position vertically opposed to the interval between the ventral and anal fins, and extends thence nearly
The Glaciation of the Northern part of the Lake-district
Authors: Ward J. Clifton
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The district to which the following paper relates, belongs to the northern half of the English Lake-country. The observations now laid before the Society, with the leave of the Director-General of the Geological Survey, have been collected during the past three years while engaged in the official examination of the geology of the district. The area (map), P1. XV.) is for the most part included within the one-inch Ordnance map 101 S.E. It contains four largo valleys immediately north of the main watershed of the country, three of which, the vales of Thirlmere, of Borrowdale, and of Buttermere and Lorton, drain northward; the fourth, the vale of Ennerdale, drains westwards. Another, the vale of Keswiek, drains westward also, including under this head the country between Moll Fell on the east, and Bassenthwaite Lake on the west. The western side of the Ullswater Valley, draining north-eastward, comes in at the south-east corner. All geologists admit the fact of the glaciation of the district in question; and many notices of the same have been published. It has been my privilege to collect details upon the subject, an
outline
of which I have now the honour of submitting to the Society *.

II.
Leading Questions Suggested

The fact of the glaciation being granted, several questions at once suggest themselves.

1.

1. Did the glaciating agent work from north to south ?

2.

2. Did it come from within or without the district ?

3.

3. Was this agent floating ice, a system of
On the Nature and Probable Origin of the Superficial Deposits in the Valleys and Deserts of Central Persia
Authors: Blanford W. T.
Published: October 2009

Large Area covered by Superficial Deposits
.—Deposits of large and small pebbles, gravel, clay, and sand, of geologically recent origin, and very often of thickness sufficient to conceal all older formations, cover an enormous area in Persia*; probably more than one half of the surface of the country is occupied by them, whilst both their nature and their extent are rendered conspicuous by the general want of vegetation. This abundance of what, for want of a better term, I call superficial deposits, appears at first sight more remarkable, because of the general absence of rivers in Persia, and the small rainfall. So far as I can judge from description, the greater part of Central Asia much resembles Persia in its physical characters; and throughout Turkestan, Afghanistan, and Tibet there is the same aridity, small rainfall, absence or scarcity of rivers, and paucity of cultivated land, combined with the same recurrence of broad desert plains surrounded by barren mountains.

Physical Geography and Rainfall of Persia
.—But an imperfect idea of the physical geography of Persia can be obtained from maps. The country consists of a great plateau from 1200 to 3000 feet above the sea, or rather of a series of plains of that height, separated by smaller ranges from each other, and divided from the lowlands of Turkestán and the Caspian provinces to the north, the Tigris and Euphrates valleys to the west, Laristán and Balúchistán to the south, and India to the east, by a broad belt of mountainous country, containing
On
Caryophyllia Bredai
, Milne-Edwards & Jules Haime, from the Red Crag of Woodbridge
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: October 2009

A specimen of a simple coral has recently been discovered by E. Charlesworth, Esq., F.G.S., in the Red Crag of the Woodbridge district of Suffolk. The form is interesting from its mineral constitution as well as from its adding another species to the coral-fauna of the Crag.

MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime described one of the
Caryophylliæ
of the Maestricht Upper Chalk in their ‘Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires,’ vol. ii. page 18, as follows:—The corallum is elongate and much curved; the wall is almost smooth, and is marked with some horizontal ridges; the columella is slightly developed, and sometimes is reduced to a solitary process. There are

four complete cycles of septa, in six systems. The septa of the last cycle are very small; the primaries are thick at their inner end, are larger than the secondaries; and the tertiaries are thin. All are covered with large and projecting granulations. The pali are situated before the secondary septa, and are narrow as well as flexuous.

The newly discovered form appears to be a variety of this Upper Cretaceous species. It differs from the type in being curved at the base and then subturbinate. Moreover the pali are irregularly placed, although the septal number is complete; they are in one row, and are to be seen before the tertiary and some of the secondary and primary septa.

The specimen is coloured light red; the outside is smooth; and the calice is admirably preserved.

It is probably a
remanié
fossil from the
On
Cetarthrosaurus Walkeri
(Seeley), an Ichthyosaurian from the Cambridge Upper Greensand
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: October 2009

The specimen now described was discovered several years since by J. F. Walker, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., among some fossils gathered at a coprolite-washing in the Upper Greensand, from near the railway-bridge at Ditton, N.E. of Cambridge. Mr. Walker recognized the specific importance of his fossil; and, from a cast, I made a brief note, enrolling the species in the Cambridge Greensand fauna as
Ichthyosaurus Walkeri
. No other bone presumably referable to the same species is known to have been found; and, as with many of the associated fossils, abrasion has done its work upon this femur in a way to suggest that, like many disfigured recent bones to be picked up on our own shores, these Greensand exuviæ were rolled on a pebbly beach before deposition in the bed of phosphatic nodules at the base of the deposit.

The bones of the extremities of Ichthyosaurians, as was pointed out by Mr. Hawkins, afford excellent characters by which species may be defined; but in this ordinal group no sufficient description of the skeleton has been made to assist comparison of specimens with a type, perhaps because the varieties of structure in the different genera confounded under the name of
Ichthyosaurus
are such as to make a comprehensive diagnosis of the several bones a task of difficulty.

“ The femur of
Ichthyosaurus
is a strong short bone, with a small compressed distal end, having its greatest extension at right angles with the greatest width of the head. The distal end shows two
On the Glacial Phenomena of the Long Island or Outer Hebrides
Authors: Geikie James
Published: October 2009

I.
Introduction

The detailed observations of the Geological Survey having led my colleagues and myself to conclude that the great
mer de glace
which enveloped the south of Scotland during the intensest cold of the Glacial Epoch was so extensive as entirely to fill up the basin of the Clyde, and all the sea between Ailsa Craig and the mainland, I became curious to ascertain what the islands of the Outer Hebrides had to tell us in regard to the extension of the old ice-sheet in that direction. My brother had in 1865 shown that the island of Bute was glaciated from end to end by the ice that streamed outwards from the mountain-glens of Argyllshire; and subsequent observations by myself in Ayrshire had proved that the rocky coasts between Lendalfoot and Glen App were striated in a direction parallel to the shore-line by glacier masses which flowed southwest upon what is now the bed of the sea. My colleague, Mr. D. R. Irvine, had also found that ice from the southern uplands had swept across the Rinns of Galloway from the interior of the country —the whole coast between Portpatrick and Corsill Point exhibiting numerous rock-striations and glaciated surfaces, whose prevailing direction is towards south-west. Thus it would appear that an immense mass of glacier ice, derived partly from the Highlands and partly from the Southern Uplands, set towards the north coast of Ireland. Moreover the position of the striæ and the whole character of the glaciation of that
On the Older Tertiary Formations of the West-Indian Islands
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: October 2009

In 1867 I believed that I had concluded the examination of all the collections of fossil corals from the West-Indian Islands which were available, and I was not aware that any others were likely to be formed. Therefore in a communication to this Society, which was published in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxiv. p. 9, after having been read Dec. 4, 1867, I summarized the results of some years' labour on the subject.

In the winter of 1868–1869, Mr. P. T. Cleve, a Swedish mineralogist and geologist, undertook a geological investigation of the Northeastern West-Indian archipelago. He visited the Virgin Islands, St. Bartholomew, Anguilla, St. Martin, Saba, St. Eustatius, and St. Kitts, and spent a short time in Puerto Rico. After making collections of minerals and fossils, he returned home, and communicated a paper on the geology of the North-eastern West-Indian Islands to the Royal Swedish Academy on November 23, 1870.

This communication consists of the descriptive geology and mineralogy of the islands, with a few notices of the fossil forms. The palæontology of the more important islands remained untouched; and early in the year 1873 Mr. Cleve asked me to help him in the matter.

Some weeks since I received a great number of fossil corals, which had been collected with care, and which belong to the University of Upsala and to the collector.

A cursory examination of the great collection was sufficient to prove its importance; for it contained abundant evidence of the former existence of
The Glacial Phenomena of the Eden Valley and the Western Part of the Yorkshire-Dale District
Authors: Goodchild J. G.
Published: October 2009

I
n
the following paper it is proposed to take up the investigation of the North-Anglian glacial phenomena in the district north of that treated of by Mr. Tiddeman in his paper on the Evidence for the Ice Sheet in North Lancashire, &c.*, to carry on the observations northward among the Carboniferous dales on the eastern side of the Lake district, and to endeavour as far as possible to throw some light upon the glacial phenomena of the Eden valley.

Most of the facts were obtained in the course of the Geological Survey of the district by Professor Hughes and the writer, and are given here with the permission of the Director–General. Those relating to much of the Eden valley, properly so called, were collected by the writer in his holiday rambles in 1873–4, and are introduced here to supplement the more detailed observations that have been made on the part of the district hitherto mapped by the Survey.

The Ice Sheet, and Boulder–transportal.
The physical features of the district need not be described in detail, as the accompanying map (Plate II.) will give a better idea of them than could be gathered from many pages of description. There are, however, a few points to which it is desirable that attention should be called, in order that the following remarks may be the better understood.

Generally speaking, we may say that the greater part of the high ground of which Ingleborough, Whernside, and Gragreth form parts lies to the E.S.E. of
An Account of a Well-section in the Chalk at the North End of Driffield, East Yorkshire
Authors: Mortimer R.
Published: October 2009

T
his
well was dug in the spring of 1873. The site is on ground at at an elevation of
120 feet above the level of the sea, and slopes gently towards the south. The first
7½ feet of the section was through the feather-edge of a bed
of clay of late glacial age, in which, at a depth of 6 feet, lay a large and irregularly formed
boulder of trap-rock, with angles but slightly worn; there were portions of several other rocks.
Under this clay is chalk in a very rubbly and broken-up state, to a depth of from 3 to 4 feet,
after which it gradually loses the broken-up appearance, and assumes the horizontal laminated
form. The chinks and fissures in the upper portion of the chalk were stained to a depth of
8½ feet with argillaceous matter from the percolation of rain-water
through the overlying clay; but beneath this depth there was no colouring-matter visible from
above.

The portion of the section which passed through chalk was 47 feet in depth. A careful
examination showed that horizontal laminæ existed from top to bottom, and varied in
thickness from one-sixteenth of an inch to 16 inches. From a depth of 20 feet to the bottom, the
sides of the well exposed many nearly vertical partings, or faces, in the chalk, where horizontal
striæ were beautifully shown, covering several square feet together. One large
buttress-formed piece exhibited two sides of a square elaborately filled with horizontal
striæ. At a
On the Femur of
Cryptosaurus eumerus
, Seeley, a Dinosaur from the Oxford Clay of Great Grandshen
Authors: Seeley Harry Govier
Published: October 2009

T
his
femur, presented to the Woodwardian Museum in 1869 by L. Ewbank, Esq., M.A., Clare College, Cambridge, still remains, so far as I have seen, the only example of a Dinosaurian genus from the Oxford Clay which has a general affinity with
Iguanodon
. As in all the Dinosaurs collected from the great Pelolithic period extending from the Oxford to the Kimmeridge Clays, the articular extremities of the bone show in their pitted surfaces evidence of having had terminal cartilages, though these do not appear to have been so thick as to have modified materially the forms of the articular ends. Thus the bone is devoid of epiphyses. And since epiphysial growths among the lower vertebrates have a definite relation to the activity of the animal type in which they are found, as is shown by their occurrence in Anura and Lacertilia, it would seem likely, since Dinosaurs are to a large extent Reptilian in their osteology, that this condition of the articular surfaces bespeaks animals of sluggish habits, and therefore, it may be, of cold blood, notwithstanding that a not dissimilar condition marks the articular ends of bones in the larger Cetacea.

This femur is 1 foot and ¼ inch long, with a slight antero-posterior flexure forward in
the lower third of the shaft (P1. VI. fig. 1). The bone is stouter and has its articular ends
more expanded, and pertained to a stouter type of limb than the femur of
Hadrosaurus
or any of the figured American Cretaceous Dinosaurs
On the Bone-Caves in the Neighbourhood of Castleton, Derbyshire
Authors: Pennington Rooke
Published: October 2009

H
aving
expended some leisure time since 1869 on the exploration of the prehistoric
tumuli in the northern part of the Peak of Derbyshire, I have lately turned my attention to a few
of the numerous caves and fissures existing in the Mountain-limestone district of that tract of
country.

The results, together with a notice of a Staffordshire fissure (really in the same range), are
contained in the following essay.

I. Prehistoric Caves.
Cave-Dale Cave
.—In the romantic glen of Cave
Dale, close to Castleton and just underneath the keep of the Peveril Castle, is a small cave
(fig. 1). When first I knew it, it presented the appearance of a low opening, about 1½ foot
in height and 6 feet in length, so that we had to lie down flat in order to wriggle into it, and
it extended about 11 feet inwards.

On our first visit we found inside, in the surface soil, a shilling of the time of Elizabeth.
On examination of the surface of the floor, several bones were turned up, and we accordingly
resolved to dig it out. This we did, with the following results.

Before we commenced work, the height from roof to floor varied from 1 foot to
4½ feet; when dug out the height from rock to rock varied from 2 feet
to 6½ feet; and the depth of the deposit varied from 1 foot to
4½ feet. The cave extended right and left from the entrance, its breadth (as contrasted with
its length
The Mammalia found at Windy Knoll
Authors: Dawkins W. Boyd
Published: October 2009

§ 1.
Introduction
.—The caves and fissures of the Mountain-limestone district of Southern Derbyshire and North Staffordshire have long been known to contain the remains of the Pleistocene mammalia; and the discovery of a tusk of Mammoth in a fissure at Doveholes, near Buxton, showed that they ranged also into Northern Derbyshire. The exploration of the caverns in the neighbourhood of Castleton extends their range into the basin of the Upper Derwent; and that of Windy Knoll in particular has yielded the greatest number of mammalian skeletons which have, so far as I know, ever been found in so small an area. The number of bones of the limbs which I have determined in Mr. Pennington’s collection amounts to no less than 1183, exclusive of small fragments and splinters; while the teeth and jaws amount to 429. The number of vertebræ was too great to be classified in the limited time at my disposal; they are to be counted by the hundred. All these were found in a space which, so far as we could estimate it, did not exceed 22 cubic feet. They belong to the following species

§ 2.
Bison
.—The first intimation which I had of the presence of fossil mammalia in this locality was in October 1870, when Mr. Pennington brought me a portion of a tibia and some other bones which from their size I considered to belong to the Urus (
Bos primigenius
). Viewing them now by the light of the great variations in size and form
On the Relations of the Cambridge Gault and Greensand
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: October 2009

I
ntroduction
.— I cannot do better than preface the following observations with a few words from the pen of Mr. Davidson in the ‘ Geological Magazine ’ for 1869*. These are :—

“Some considerable difference of opinion has been expressed, not only at home, but also on the Continent, as to the real value or position of the well-known Cambridge Greensand or Phosphate-bed. Some consider it to constitute a portion of the Upper Greensand, while others would refer it to the upper portion of the Gault; and, abroad, some geologists constitute a distinct stage, for which the term,
Vraconnien
is proposed..... It is a point of great importance to determine the exact age of this Cambridge bed; and in making a palæontological comparison there are several points in the case which will call for especial caution; and, as suggested by Mr. Judd, we must in the first place determine whether there are any derived fossils in the bed (so often met with in beds of phosphate nodules).”

In accordance with the above

1. To determine the true position of the Cambridge bed in the Cretaceous series. 2. To trace the extent of country along which the formation may be followed. 3. To investigate the origin and age of its organic contents.

Before, however, the above-quoted paragraphs had come under my notice, the Cambridge nodule-bed had been for three or four years my especial study, which a residence in Cambridge gave me great opportunities of prosecuting. I wish therefore in the first
The Rocks of the Mining-districts of Cornwall, and their Relation to Metalliferous Deposits
Authors: Phillips J. Arthur
Published: October 2009

T
he
more striking geological features of the mining districts of Cornwall are so generally known as scarcely to require description. The most commonly occurring rock is “killas,” or clay-slate, through which four large and several smaller protrusions of granite have taken place*.

The cleavage-planes of the slates almost invariably dip from the intruding masses of granite, but usually at a less angle than the line of contact of the two rocks. Near the point of junction the granite often becomes fine-grained, and not unfrequently sends off veins into the adjoining slates. Masses of granite are also sometimes found imbedded in slate; and fragments of slate enclosed in granite are occasionally met with. At Herland, in the Crowan district, at a considerable distance from any known body of granite, isolated masses of this rock have been found at a depth of 110 fathoms†; and somewhat similar disconnected granitic blocks are said to occur, 49 fathoms deep, at Huel Buller, near Redruth‡.

The granite constituting the larger areas is usually divided into floors resembling beds, which form sheets in the central portions of the several masses, while the edges bend beneath the surrounding sedimentary rocks, and approximate in conformation to the surface of junction between the two. The granites of Cornwall and of Dartmoor probably belong to the same geological age; and there is evidence that the great upheaval of the granite of the latter locality occurred in Post-Carboniferous times.

The slates in the vicinity of granite are usually of a green,
On the Murchisonite Beds of the Estuary of the Ex, and an attempt to classify the Beds of the Trias thereby
Authors: Ormerod G. Wareing
Published: October 2009

I
n
a paper by myself “On the Waterstone Beds of the Keuper in Somerset and Devon”* a sketch was given of the chief geological features of the coast from Culverhole Point to Littleham Bay, to the west of the Budleigh-Salterton pebble-beds. Since writing that paper I have found pseudomorphous crystals of salt a short distance to the west of Sidmouth, at Windygate, but have not found them to the west of Littleham Bay. The following pages contain an outline of the geology between that Bay and Maidencombe, or Minnicombe, near Torquay.

The chief characteristic features are the beds in which Murchisonite occurs in the higher part, and the conglomerate beds with limestone in the lower part of the series. The last-named beds are specially noticed in Conybeare and Phillips's ‘Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales’ (page 293). It is there stated that the fragments in the breccia between Dawlish and Teignmouth consist of granitic and porphyritic rocks in many varieties, greywacke, or compact sandstone, and Lydian stone, and calcareous rocks with and without organic remains. These fragments, it is stated, may be regarded as being derived from the adjacent rocks at Babbicombe, Chudleigh, Ashburton, and Dartmoor. In the list of granitic and porphyritic fragments those of felspar are mentioned, and these both in the rocks of which felspar is a component part, and in detached crystals; these for the most part are the opalescent crystals known as Murchisonite. Murchisonite possesses a third cleavage in addition to the two
On
Stagonolepis Robertsoni
, and on the Evolution of the Crocodilia
Authors: Huxley Thomas H.
Published: October 2009

N
early
seventeen years ago I had the honour of laying before the Geological Society* an account of such remains of a remarkable reptile (
Stagonolepis Robertsoni
) as, up to that time, had been found in the sandstones of the neighbourhood of Elgin, and the conclusion at which I had arrived, “that
Stagonolepis
is, in the main, a Crocodilian reptile.”

These remains, however, like all the other fossils from the same district which have come under my notice, were not in a condition very favourable to their interpretation. With the exception of a few dermal scutes, I do not think that a single entire bone, or cast of a bone, has come into my hands; and the most instructive specimens have not been the bones themselves, the osseous matter being always soft, friable, and injured, but their casts in the sandstone. The evidence afforded by the remains of vertebræ and scutes was sufficiently decisive to warrant my conclusion as to the general nature of the animal; but, in respect of the other parts of the skeleton, the surmises which I made in 1858 needed confirmation, or the reverse, by the study of additional materials.

Such materials have from time to time been obtained by the exertions of my friend the Rev. Dr. Gordon, of Birnie, near Elgin, who, aided by a grant from the Donation Fund of the Royal Society, has undertaken the exploration of the fossiliferous beds whenever the operations of the quarrymen laid them bare, and has from time to
On the Remains of a Fossil Forest in the Coal-measures at Wadsley, near Sheffield
Authors: Sorby H. C.
Published: October 2009

I
n
order to make the ground at the back of the South-Yorkshire County Lunatic Asylum more level, a considerable amount of coal-measure sandstone and shale was excavated in the autumn of 1873; and this exposed to view a number of the stumps of large fossil trees. My attention was called to them by my friend, Mr. W. P. Milner, one of the visiting magistrates; and soon afterwards I attended a meeting of the Visitors at the asylum, and pointed out on the spot the desirability of preserving some of the larger and better specimens
in situ
, so that their position and relation to the strata might always be seen. It was then at once resolved that two small sheds should be erected to protect the trees from the weather; and I am glad to say that this has been carried out in a most satisfactory manner. They have been made of wood, with felt roofs; and they have a number of glazed windows, so that the fossils can be easily seen, even from the outside, or more completely examined by procuring the keys at the Asylum. We may thus hope that these interesting remains will be preserved in a satisfactory state for many years to come.

The manner in which they occur is so similar to what has been described by Bowman*, Binney†, Beckett‡, and others, that I need not occupy the space of our Journal in repeating what has been already published, but may say that the facts bear
Remarks upon Mr. Mallet’s Theory of Volcanic Energy
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: October 2009

T
he
theory of Mr. Mallet, F.R.S., contained in his now celebrated paper which was read before the Royal Society in 1872, has already been much discussed; but there seems to be still room for the following remarks, which I hope I shall not be thought presumptuous in laying before you.

The treatise is of such considerable dimensions that the simplest plan will be to take the sections of it in order as they occur, passing over those which approve themselves, and discussing only those which appear to be open to question.

There is nothing contained in the first eleven sections but what entirely commends itself to my judgment. Indeed some of the remarks of the distinguished author were anticipated in a paper of mine read at Cambridge in 1868, of which Mr. Mallet had no knowledge at the time when his theory was given to the world.

In § 12 the opinion that the crust of the earth rests on a liquid nucleus is mentioned, but not with favour. Whatever its condition may be at a very great depth, the view which at present seems probable to me is, that there is, at any rate, a substratum in a state of igneous fusion beneath the crust.

In § 15 Mr. Hopkins’s investigation upon precession, according to which he believed himself to have shown that the crust of the earth is at present from 800 to 1000 miles thick, is referred to, but not with approval.

General Barnard, of the United-States