bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desafios do planejamento urbano no Brasil e seus marcos legais sob a ótica da agricultura urbana
Authors: Lemos Natália Da Silva , Andrade Liza Maria Da Souza de , Medeiros Valério Augusto Soares de
Published: December 2015

Diante de um futuro incerto de mudanças climáticas, prevê-se um colapso em grandes cidades do mundo. O cenário é produto da insegurança alimentar gerada pelo distanciamento da agricultura local das áreas adjacentes ao espaço urbano, contexto já identificado em algumas civilizações no passado. Sob a perspectiva, assume-se que ações de planejamento urbano devem estar integradas a estratégias de produção de alimentos a incluir iniciativas em favor da agricultura urbana e periurbana, e de práticas da permacultura. A considerar tais premissas, o objetivo da pesquisa é demonstrar os desafios do planejamento urbano no Brasil quando analisado sob a ótica da agricultura urbana. Entende-se a necessidade de assumir novos conceitos e modelos de composição do espaço, associados à permacultura e sua prática experimental, considerando a integração dos contextos urbanos (zonas intraurbanas, periurbanas e rurais) que atualmente não apresentam claras inter-relações. Para aproximar o estudo à realidade brasileira foram analisadas, conjuntamente, as políticas sociais do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e os marcos legais das políticas urbanas, a incluir o Estatuto da Cidade (Lei 10.257/2001) e a Lei 6.766/1979. Os resultados apontam que há uma lacuna quanto às ações e práticas de agricultura urbana no âmbito legal de uso e ocupação do solo e, portanto, sugerem-se algumas diretrizes de aplicação.
Una propuesta para introducir la enseñanza de las Pruebas de Hipótesis
Authors: Sanabria Brenes Giovanni
Published: December 2015

El presente trabajo brinda una propuesta que busca enfrentar el problema de enseñanza de los conceptos asociadosa las pruebas de hipótesis. La propuesta plantea varias situaciones problema en forma de ejemplos que permitenreforzar la comprensión de ciertos conceptos asociados a las pruebas de hipótesis.
La reina Dido de Cartago y el primer problema isoperimétrico conocido
Authors: Arguedas Vernor
Published: December 2015

 Resumen. Se presenta el problema original de la Reina Dido y se hace un recuento de los intentos de solución del problema isoperimétrico a lo largo de muchos siglos.

Palabras clave: La reina Dido, el problema isoperimétrico, cálculo de variaciones

 Abstract. The Queen’s Dido original problem is discussed. It is shown some of the solutions attemps to the isoperimetric problem through many centuries.

KeyWords: Queen Dido, the isoperimetric problem , calculus of variations
LaTeX en Inkscape con TeXText
Authors: Mora F. Walter
Published: December 2015

 Resumen. Inkscape es un programa de gran utilidad cuando se trabaja con gráficos vectoriales. TeXText es una extensión para Inkscape que nos permiten usar código LATEX dentro de Inkscape para componer texto matemático para nuestras figuras y gráficos. El texto LaTeX es compilado usando nuestra distribución TEXy la extensión permite usar paquetes y comandos propios.

Palabras clave: LaTeX, Inkscape, gráficos vectoriales

 Abstract. Inkscape is a very useful program when working with vector graphics. TeXText is an extension for Inkscape that allows the use of the LaTeX code within Inkscape to compose mathematical text for our graphics and figures. The LaTeX text is compiled using our TeX distribution and the extension allows the use of our own packages and commands.

KeyWords: LaTeX, Inkscape, vectorial graphics.
Percepción estudiantil sobre una metodología asistida por computadora en las áreas cognitivas del álgebra lineal y la matemática discreta
Authors: Vílchez Q. Enrique , González S. Elizabeth
Published: December 2015

Resumen:  Se presentan los resultados de una investigación de carácter descriptivo realizada sobre una muestra de 68 estudiantes inscritos en cursos vinculados con álgebra lineal y matemáticas discretas, específicamente en dos instituciones de enseñanza superior pública en Costa Rica: la Universidad Nacional y la Universidad de Costa Rica. El estudio pretendió analizar a través de la participación de tres grupos pilotos (dos de álgebra y uno de matemática discreta) el impacto en términos de enseñanza y aprendizaje de la implementación de una metodología asistida por computadora, recurriendo al uso  del software Mathematica como principal agente mediador de experiencias de aprendizaje. En los  grupos pilotos se aplicó la experiencia docente durante el II semestre 2012 y al finalizar este período, se solicitó a la población estudiantil llenar un cuestionario de percepción. En la presente propuesta se analizan los resultados más significativos de esta experiencia, sistematizando algunas recomendaciones esenciales para replicar otras metodologías semejantes en diversos contextos.

Palabras clave:  matemática, software, metodología, discretas, álgebra.

Abstract:  we present the results of a descriptive study which sought to analyze through the participation of three pilot groups (two of algebra and one of discrete mathematics), the teaching and learning impacts resulting from the implementation of a computer-assisted methodology, using Mathematica software application as the main mediator of learning experiences. The study was conducted on a sample of 68 students enrolled in courses related to linear algebra and discrete mathematics, specifically on two public higher education institutions in Costa Rica: National University and the University of Costa Rica. The teaching experience was carried out during the second semester 2012. Afterwards, the participating students were asked to fill’out a perception questionnaire . This proposal analyzes the most significant results of this experience, systemize a number of essential steps to replicate other similar methodologies in different contexts..

KeyWords:  mathematics, software, methodology, discrete, algebra
La invención de problemas y sus ámbitos de investigación en educación matemática
Authors: Espinoza G. Johan , Lupiañez G. Jose Luis , Segovia A. Isidoro
Published: December 2015

Nos centramos en estudiar las investigaciones relacionadas con la invención de problemasmatemáticos para categorizarlas en ámbitos de investigación y educación. Así, se pretende aportarinformación relevante a investigadores y educadores en Educación Matemática, sobre los diferentesintereses de investigación de este campo y mostrar la riqueza que aporta este tipo de actividades enclases. Los resultados muestran que ha sido estudiada para desarrollar el pensamiento matemático delos estudiantes, en la mejora de las actitudes hacia la matemática, como característica de la actividadcreativa o talento excepcional, en la identificación de estudiantes con talento en matemática, en losprocesos de resolución de problemas, para observar la comprensión matemática de los estudiantes,como herramienta de evaluación, entre otros.
La polémica entre bonaventura cavalieri y Paul Guldin o jesuatos contra jesuitas sobre los indivisibles
Authors: Arguedas Vernor
Published: December 2015

Se analiza la polémica entre Cavalieri y Guldin sobre el concepto de de indivisible.
Sobre las fracciones continuas: aplicaciones y curiosidades
Authors: Murillo Tsijli Manuel
Published: December 2015

En este artículo se hará una breve introducción al tema de las fracciones continuas. Como parte de sus aplicaciones, en primer lugar se muestra su utilidad para determinar la solución de una ecuación diofántica; en segundo, para obtener algunos criterios de divisibilidad; finalmente, se hace una breve explicación de cómo fueron utilizadas a la hora de corregir el calendario para obtener el que hoy se conoce como calendario gregoriano.
Los sistemas SCADA en la automatización industrial
Authors: Pérez-López Esteban
Published: December 2015

El presente artículo se enfoca en la importancia de los sistemas de supervisión, control y adquisición de datos, conocidos como SCADA (por las siglas en inglés de Supervisory Control And Data Adquisition), como un aspecto fundamental de la automatización de los procesos de manufactura en la industria actual. 

Se destacan aspectos técnicos y funcionales de la implementación de sistemas SCADA, que le permiten al ser humano interactuar con los procesos en los diferentes tipos de industrias sin necesidad de asumir riesgos en la planta, ya que facilitan el control y toma de decisiones de manera remota desde una cabina de mando. 

Este tipo de software constituye un avance de gran impacto en la automatización industrial, ya que permite ilustrar gráficamente los procesos productivos en pantalla y crear alarmas y advertencias en tiempo real, para el manejo confiado y pleno del proceso que se desea controlar. Se presentan los ejemplos de dos industrias que han aplicado SCADA con el fin de mejorar sus procesos, obteniendo muy buenos resultados. 
Estudio de remoción de arsénico en agua potable a nivel domiciliar mediante oxidación solar y coagulación-floculación
Authors: Rojas-Chaves Paola , Vargas-Benavides María J. , Araya-Obando Andrés , Valverde-Cerdas Johnny , Romero-Esquivel Luis G.
Published: December 2015

En Costa Rica, a pesar de que se han hecho esfuerzos por abastecer de agua segura a las comunidades afectadas por la presencia de arsénico en el líquido, una parte de la población aún se encuentra expuesta, posiblemente debido a que no están conectadas a una red de acueductos. Es por ello que en este estudio se presentan dos soluciones a nivel domiciliar para eliminar el arsénico: una por oxidación solar (SORAS) y otra por un proceso de coagulación-floculación. En ambos casos, el arsénico es removido por adsorción o coprecipitación sobre los óxidos hidróxidos de hierro (III) formados. 

En el sistema SORAS se encontró que para reducir la concentración de arsénico de 200μg/L a menos de la norma (10μg/L), se necesitan entre 2h y 4h de exposición en un día soleado o nublado, respectivamente. En el sistema de coagulación-floculación, las condiciones óptimas para obtener niveles de arsénico por debajo de la norma fueron las siguientes: con floculante sintético, el pH fue 6 con 1 mg/L de FK-930-S (polímero de cloruro de polidialil-dimetilamonio) con dosis de FeCl3 12 mg/L; con floculante natural, el pH fue 6 con 250 mg/L de mozote (Triumfetta semitriloba), con dosis de FeCl3 de 14 mg/L. Un prototipo consistente en un recipiente de coagulación-fluculación y otro de filtración en arena fue capaz de tratar 15 L de agua sintética con 200μg/L As y agua natural con 10 y 50μg/L. A pesar de estos resultados, es necesario evaluar ambas técnicas en las comunidades, incluyendo aspectos de capacitación y aceptación. 
Detecting species interactions using remote cameras: effects on small mammals of predators, conspecifics, and climate
Authors: Lazenby Billie T. , Mooney Nicholas J. , Dickman Christopher R.
Published: December 2015

Effective conservation management requires an understanding of the source and direction of the many interactions that occur within ecological communities. Without this understanding, management interventions such as control or eradication of introduced species can have unexpected and undesirable outcomes. One of the challenges for wildlife managers is to garner relevant information for their site of management. In this paper we describe how images of mammals captured on remote cameras can be used to uncover behavioral interactions that can in turn help to identify and prioritize areas for more explicit research or management. Our cameras were set repeatedly at four sites over three years in Tasmania, Australia, and we used a series of generalized linear mixed models to interpret relative changes in count data of three species of small mammals: the introduced black ratRattus rattus, and the native long‐tailed mousePseudomys higginsiand swamp ratRattus lutreolus velutinus. We also included two potential predators, the introduced feral catFelis catusand the native Tasmanian devilSarcophilus harrisii. We found that counts of the two species of native small mammals were correlated positively with each other, that swamp rats had a negative effect on black rats, and that black rats had a negative effect on the long‐tailed mouse. Devils were important effects in most small mammal models. Despite their effect probably being underestimated by the remote camera survey method, feral cats were included in models for the long‐tailed mouse. On the basis of the inclusion of native and both species of introduced mammals in long‐tailed mouse models, we propose that the long‐tailed mouse is a priority for further research. This research should clarify the competitive dominance and predatory pressure exerted by the black rat and feral cat, respectively, on this species, and also the potential for management of either introduced species to increase the impact of the other. We conclude that remote cameras can help to uncover cryptic or unsuspected interactions within ecological communities, and hence provide an informed basis for developing targeted research questions to increase the effectiveness of wildlife management.
Application of the ecosystem model and Markov Chain Monte Carlo for parameter estimation and productivity prediction
Authors: Li Weizhong , Peng Changhui , Zhou Xiaolu , Sun Jianfeng , Zhu Qiuan , Wu Haibin , St-Onge Benoit
Published: December 2015

It is increasingly being recognized that global ecological research requires novel methods and strategies in which to combine process‐based ecological models and data in cohesive, systematic ways. In process‐based model applications, inherent spatial and temporal heterogeneities found within terrestrial ecosystems may lead to the uncertainties of model predictions. To reduce simulation uncertainties due to inaccurate model parameters, the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method was applied in this study to improve the estimations of four key parameters used in the process‐based ecosystem model of TRIPLEX‐FLUX. These four key parameters include a maximum photosynthetic carboxylation rate of 25°C (Vmax), an electron transport (Jmax) light‐saturated rate within the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle of leaves, a coefficient of stomatal conductance (m), and a reference respiration rate of 10°C (R10). Seven forest flux tower sites located across North America were used to investigate and facilitate understanding of the daily variation in model parameters for three deciduous forests, three evergreen temperate forests, and one evergreen boreal forest. Eddy covariance CO2 exchange measurements were assimilated to optimize the parameters in the year 2006. After parameter optimization and adjustment took place, net ecosystem production prediction significantly improved (by approximately 25%) compared to the CO2 flux measurements taken at the seven forest ecosystem sites. Results suggest that greater seasonal variability occurs in broadleaf forests in respect to the selected parameters than in needleleaf forests. This study also demonstrated that the model‐data fusion approach by incorporating MCMC method is able to better estimate parameters and improve simulation accuracy for different ecosystems located across North America.
The role of seasonality and non‐lethal carry‐over effects on density‐dependent dispersal
Authors: Betini Gustavo S. , Pardy Aaron , Griswold Cortland K. , Norris D. Ryan
Published: December 2015

Understanding dispersal is critical for predicting a wide range of ecological dynamics. Variation in intraspecific density is widely regarded as a major factor influencing dispersal rates but it is not clear why dispersal is positively related to density in some systems and negatively related to density in other systems. Using seasonal populations ofDrosophila melanogaster, we experimentally show that dispersal rates are both positively related to breeding density at the time of dispersal and negatively related to density at the beginning of the previous non‐breeding season. This suggests that flies use density at the time of dispersal as a cue for habitat quality but are also negatively influenced by the delayed, non‐lethal effects of density in the previous season. A parameterized model indicates that a carry‐over effect not only causes a decrease in the proportion of individuals that disperse, but also a decrease in population size caused by lower per capita breeding output. Our results demonstrate how density can have contrasting effects on dispersal and population size depending on when density is measured in the annual cycle and that non‐lethal effects on individuals can have important, but previously unrecognized, consequences for both the movement rates and long‐term dynamics of seasonal populations.
The Promise and Potential Perils of Big Data for Advancing Symptom Management Research in Populations at Risk for Health Disparities
Authors: Bakken Suzanne , Reame Nancy
Published: December 2015

Symptom management research is a core area of nursing science and one of the priorities for the National Institute of Nursing Research, which specifically focuses on understanding the biological and behavioral aspects of symptoms such as pain and fatigue, with the goal of developing new knowledge and new strategies for improving patient health and quality of life. The types and volume of data related to the symptom experience, symptom management strategies, and outcomes are increasingly accessible for research. Traditional data streams are now complemented by consumer-generated (i.e., quantified self) and “omic” data streams. Thus, the data available for symptom science can be considered big data. The purposes of this chapter are to (a) briefly summarize the current drivers for the use of big data in research; (b) describe the promise of big data and associated data science methods for advancing symptom management research; (c) explicate the potential perils of big data and data science from the perspective of the ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice; and (d) illustrate strategies for balancing the promise and the perils of big data through a case study of a community at high risk for health disparities. Big data and associated data science methods offer the promise of multidimensional data sources and new methods to address significant research gaps in symptom management. If nurse scientists wish to apply big data and data science methods to advance symptom management research and promote health equity, they must carefully consider both the promise and perils.
Ethical Analysis of a Qualitative Researcher's Unease in Encountering a Participant's Existential Ambivalence
Authors: Moreno-Fergusson Marìa Elisa , Grace Pamela J.
Published: December 2015

Gaining in-depth understanding of the experiences of persons who have suffered traumatic events with physical and psychological sequelae is important for building effective interventions. However, qualitative research of this kind can be emotionally difficult for the researcher whose research interests derive from practice experiences with the population studied. It may be difficult for the researcher to separate the role of inquirer from that of practitioner. We explore this issue using ethical analysis to differentiate the responsibilities of the researcher from those of the clinician. In the first part of the chapter, we provide some background on the population studied and traumatic spinal cord injury and its aftermath as context for the issues raised by the narrative. Then, we describe briefly the first author's research exploring the meaning of bodily changes and embodiment in persons who have suffered a traumatic spinal cord injury. We provide the part of Jack's story that most troubled the researcher and led her to discuss the situation with an ethics colleague. Finally, we use the tools of moral reasoning, ethical analysis, and principles of research ethics to explore the pertinent excerpt of the narrative. The resulting clarifications are laid out for the reader with the intent of assisting other qualitative researchers in determining the extent and limits of their obligations to participants of qualitative studies, especially those that explore sensitive issues.
Comparison of Policies for the Management of Care for Women and Newborns During the Third Stage of Labor Among Japanese Hospitals, Clinics, and Midwifery Birth Centers
Authors: Kataoka Yaeko , Nakayama Kaori , Yaju Yukari , Eto Hiromi , Horiuchi Shigeko
Published: December 2015

OBJECTIVE: To determine the care policies for both mothers and newborns implemented during and after the third stage of labor and to compare the rate of adoption of these care policies among hospitals, clinics, and midwifery birth centers in Japan.

METHOD: A cross-sectional survey of the care policies affecting mothers and newborns during and after the third stage of labor was conducted from October 2010 to July 2011. A postal questionnaire with follow-up was sent to all 684 maternity institutions in Tokyo metropolitan areas.

RESULTS: The overall response rate was 255 (37%). Most hospitals and clinics had a policy of early cord clamping; however, nearly 70% of the midwifery birth centers adopted the policy of waiting until the cord stopped pulsating. The policy of administering prophylactic uterotonics was adopted by 50% of the hospitals and 63% of the clinics, although midwifery birth centers did not adopt this policy. All midwifery birth centers, 50% of the hospitals, and 50% of the clinics routinely adopted the policy of early skin-to-skin contact.

CONCLUSION: Adoption of various care policies differed considerably among the hospitals, clinics, and midwifery birth centers. In addition, there were several gaps between evidence-based care and care policies.
Employment as a Price or a Prize of Equality: A Descriptive Analysis
Authors: Barth Erling , Moene Karl Ove
Published: December 2015

To put Scandinavian employment in perspective, we ask whether wage compression hampers employment rates, or not. We answer by reviewing the most important theoretical arguments and the most informative regularities across countries with different wage distributions. The pattern seems to be that countries with compressed wage distributions tend to have higher employment, and countries with higher wage inequality tend to have lower employment. This also holds when we consider the rate of labor force participation. In line with the theoretical arguments, coordination in wage bargaining seems to contribute to both employment expansion and wage compression. There is a clear positive correlation between coordination and employment even when we control for inequality, country, and year-specific effects.
Too Few Indians and Too Many Chiefs. Is This One Reason for Declining Trade Union Membership in Denmark?
Authors: Voxted Søren , Lind Jens
Published: December 2015

The decline in trade union membership in many countries since the 1970s and the consequent weakening of the trade unions is due to a number of reasons, including occupational changes, welfare state and social regulation, liberalism and individualization, and in Denmark (and Sweden and Finland) changes in unemployment insurance legislation and the institutional settings of the unemployment insurance system. All these factors are well known and have been analyzed in the literature. This article sums up all these facts and reasons for trade union decline in Denmark, but the main analysis focuses on a supplementary reason for membership decline among LO (the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions)-affiliated unions: many trade union members leave their unions to become members of unions that organize managers. When workers become managers, some prefer to join an organization expert in servicing managerial staff, while others leave their trade unions because they define themselves as managers without being formally appointed as such and without having formal managerial responsibilities. Reasons for this behavior will be discussed in the article.
Employers’ Attitudes Toward Older Workers and Obstacles and Opportunities for the Older Unemployed to Reenter Working Life
Authors: Kadefors Roland , Hanse Jan Johansson
Published: December 2015

The present study aimed at identifying the attitude-related barriers that older unemployed, jobseeking workers (50+) face when they endeavor to reenter the labor market and to investigate employers’ attitudes and perceptions of older workers. Two studies were conducted. In study 1, interviews were undertaken with 26 unemployed persons and 24 representatives of other stakeholders, including social partners and officials representing the Social Insurance Agency (FK) and the Public Employment Service (AF). In study 2, the attitudes among private sector employers were studied by carrying out a questionnaire survey (N = 147). The interview results showed that many unemployed job seekers had experienced negative age-related attitudes among employers. This observation was supported by other stakeholders. Perceived attitudes to older workers and lack of updated competence were considered crucial. The questionnaire study showed a mixed picture concerning employer attitudes. There was a statistical difference between older (>50 years) and younger employers; older employers believed that older women wanted competence development to a greater extent. There was also a significant difference between female and male employers’ opinions; female employers, in particular the older ones, assessed that older women wished competence development to a greater extent. These differences were not found with respect to views on older men. About half (52%) of the employers had the opinion that there was no difference between older and younger employees with respect to the ability to cope with changes or learning new things. However, younger female employers (but not older female employers) considered that older employees had greater difficulties with changes or learning new things. It is concluded that negative attitudes to older workers with respect to competence development tend to be most common among younger employers.
Does Age Matter in HR Decision Making? Four Types of Age Policies in Finnish Work Organizations
Authors: Pärnänen Anna
Published: December 2015

The extension of work careers is one of the key targets of social policy in the EU as well as in Finnish national policy-making. But how is this objective of lengthened work life received at the workplace level? This study examines the aim of extending working careers at an organizational level. The data comprise interviews with human resources managers, shop stewards, and employees reaching the end of their working life, conducted in ten Finnish work organizations. Four different age policy lines can be distinguished from the data. First, the age policy practices of manufacturing enterprises are very much alike in that a clear turn has occurred from favoring the unemployment pension path in the case of dismissals to extending working careers. Second, the age policy of public sector organizations encourages investment in extending the working careers of older employees, though young people are clearly preferred in recruitment. The third line can be found in private service sector enterprises that utilize age segmentation based on the age of their customers – young waiters for young customers, for example – while the fourth can be described by the words ‘situation-specific’ and ‘passive’. No input is made into extending working careers and the unemployment route is used as the means of dismissal where needed. The study reveals that the organizations’ age policies are strategic in nature: longer working careers are supported and older people are hired only if it is strategically sound. It can be said that workplaces currently determine the boundaries of who and at what age people are fit for work and of ‘working age’.
Working Conditions for Female and Immigrant Cleaners in Stockholm County – An Intersectional Approach
Authors: Abbasian Saeid , Hellgren Carina
Published: December 2015

This paper deals with the working and employment conditions of cleaners with an overview of Sweden but with main emphasis on the Stockholm region. The article is based on a review of previous research, statistics from Sweden, and interviews with cleaners and owners of cleaning firms. Results indicate that working conditions among Swedish cleaners are generally unfavorable with regard to employment contracts and the low status of the profession. Conditions seem to be worst in the Stockholm region, with its turbulent market. The cleaning industry in the Stockholm region consists of too many firms and there is an adverse business climate within this regional industry. We argue that there is a connection to the model of intersectionality, which implies that there is an interlinking of identity constructions and socially organizing principles in terms of class, gender, ethnicity/“race,” and citizenship. Cleaning or charwork constitutes one of the lowest working-class positions in society. Cleaners are at the bottom of the hierarchy, below the owners and other white-collar workers in the industry. The majority of cleaners in the region are women and/or of immigrant origin, not least men and women from non-European countries; many have low educational levels, low proficiency in the Swedish language, and deficient knowledge of laws and regulations. All these factors add up to powerlessness, something that aggravates the situation for the cleaners in the county.
One Hundred Years of Inertia: An Exposé of the Concept of the Psychosocial Work Environment in Swedish Policy and Research
Authors: Abrahamsson Lena , Johansson Jan
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this article is to describe a broader concept of the psychosocial work environment, a concept that not only is limited to the individual and her immediate environment but also takes into account a broader context that includes production technology as well as work organization and learning. Based on examples from Sweden, we discuss concepts and approaches to psychosocial work environment and how these have changed over time (e.g., how knowledge about the psychosocial work environment is used to understand and discuss health, management, and development—for individuals, groups, and organizations). The knowledge presented is not new; it has been around a long time. The title of the article—One Hundred Years of Inertia—shows some impatience on the part of its authors given that the pace of change in the work environment has not always been great.
Work Environment Dialogue in a Swedish Municipality — Strengths and Limits of the Nordic Work Environment Model
Authors: Frick Kaj
Published: December 2015

In the Nordic work environment model, health risks at work are mainly to be managed in cooperation with the employees and their representatives. The model is based on strong trade unions and is supported by the state through participatory rights and funding to produce and disseminate knowledge on risks and solutions. The model is evident in the large Swedish municipal sector with its strong unions and extensive social dialogue. However, municipal employees also face widespread risks, mainly from mental and physical overload. They led the costly wave of rising sickness absence from the late 1990s. Municipal (and other) employers therefore attempt to reduce the absence. The rural municipality of Leksand started a project Hälsosam with the broad objectives to half the absence, implement a national agreement on better dialogue, make Leksand an attractive employer, and improve employee influence and work environment. The article’s objective is to use Hälsosam’s intervention project to explore the limits of what the Nordic work environment model can achieve against risks rooted in the employers’ prerogative of organizing, resourcing, and managing the operations that create the conditions at work. Hälsosam’s practice focused on sickness absence and the forms of the new national agreement. The absence was halved by reducing cases of long-term sickness. There was also workplace health promotion and the safety reps were supported through regular meetings. However, little was done to the extensive mental and physical overload revealed in a survey. Nor was the mandatory work environment management improved, as was ordered by the municipal council. This remained delegated to first-line managers who had a limited ability to handle work risks. This limited practice implemented Leksand’s political priority to reduce the absenteeism, while other objectives had less political support. The difficulties to improve the work environment and its management were as demonstrated by other research on municipalities’ limited development capacity. Hälsosam’s narrow focus was also supported by the limited priorities of the national municipal employers. This gave a narrow perspective in the central social partners’ consultants to Leksand and other municipalities. Hälsosam thereby demonstrates both the strengths and the weaknesses of the Nordic work environment model. On the one hand, the local dialogue was even further improved. On the other, local and central trade union cooperation with the employers did not enable them to much raise the organizational problems of work overload and poor work environment management. Leksand’s municipal employees remained squeezed between limited taxes and unlimited service demands and had to “solve” this by too hard work.
Looking Neat on the Street. Aesthetic Labor in Public Parking Patrol
Authors: Dahl Dorte Boesby
Published: December 2015

Research on aesthetic labor has been confined to service encounters in private sector industries. Aesthetic labor theory is critical of the commercialism that drives management of service labor and points to the discrimination of employees on the grounds of their “looks” that this entails. Considering the common conception today of the public sector as a service provider, application of the theory of aesthetic labor is relevant to public sector service work. But the public sector has many other purposes and mechanisms than those pertaining to increased revenues that may influence the use of aesthetic labor. This paper analyzes the aesthetic labor of Danish parking attendants in an organizational ethnography. A change management process in this organization has applied the principles of aesthetic labor actively for the purposes of diversity and health and safety. The paper shows how managers apply aesthetic labor principles to promote health and safety and workforce diversity, but also that the use of aesthetics has ambivalent purposes. Aesthetic labor is not as unequivocally applied for commercial purposes as hitherto assumed.
Employees as Individually and Collectively Acting Subjects—Key Contributions from Nordic Working Life Research
Authors: Hasle Peter , Sørensen Ole Henning
Published: December 2015

The Nordic countries—Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden—are societies that share many features among themselves that also distinguish them from other industrialized countries. The paper poses the question whether the distinct character of the Nordic societies has generated working life research that is clearly distinguishable from similar research in other countries in terms of distinctness in topics, methods, empirical findings, or theoretical concepts. The aim of this paper is to answer this question by identifying, analyzing, and discussing selected key contributions from Nordic working life research to understand how they research and construe the conditions of humans at work with a special focus on the psychosocial well-being of industrial workers. The paper concludes that the key contributions to Nordic working life research have a distinctive emphasis on collective employee voice and autonomy and an extensive use of empirical and actionoriented research methods. Employees are construed not only as workers resisting exploitations from management or as workers pursuing individual careers, but also as members of collectives who share ideas and aspirations and who legitimately influence the management (and research) using cooperation and pressure.
Habituating pain: Questioning pain and physical strain as inextricable conditions in the construction industry
Authors: Ajslev Jeppe Z.N. , Lund Henrik L. , Møller Jeppe L. , Persson Roger , Andersen Lars L.
Published: December 2015

In this article, we investigate the relations between discursive practices within the Danish construction industry and the perceived pain, physical deterioration, and strain affecting the construction workers. Of central importance is the widely accepted hegemonic discourse on physical strain and pain as unavoidable conditions in construction work. Based on 32 semi-structured interviews performed in eight case studies within four different construction professions, workers’ descriptions of physical strain and its relation to the organizational and social context are analyzed through concepts of subject positioning in discursive practice and a focus on power relations. The analysis shows that workers and employers reproduce certain types of traditional working class masculinities and search for high-pace productive working rhythms, which in combination with economic incentives common within the industry reproduce physical strain and the habituation of pain as unquestioned conditions in construction work. The understanding of this mutual reinforcement of the necessity of physically straining, painful, high-paced construction work provides fruitful perspectives on the overrepresentation of musculoskeletal deterioration within construction work and also sheds light on some of the difficulties in addressing and changing occupational health and safety practices in the construction industry.
Exploring and Expanding the Category of ‘Young Workers’ According to Situated Ways of Doing Risk and Safety—a Case Study in the Retail Industry
Authors: Nielsen Mette Lykke , Dyreborg Johnny , Kines Pete , Nielsen Kent J. , Rasmussen Kurt
Published: December 2015

Young adult workers aged 18–24 years have the highest risk of accidents at work. Following the work of Bourdieu and Tannock, we demonstrate that young adult workers are a highly differentiated group. Accordingly, safety prevention among young adult workers needs to be nuanced in ways that take into consideration the different positions and conditions under which young adult workers are employed. Based on single and group interviews with 26 young adult workers from six various sized supermarkets, we categorize young adult retail workers into the following five distinct groups: ‘Skilled workers,’ ‘Apprentices,’ ‘Sabbatical year workers,’ ‘Student workers,’ and ‘School dropouts.’ We argue that exposure to accidental risk is not equally distributed among them and offer an insight into the narratives of young adult workers on the subject of risk situations at work. The categorizations are explored and expanded according to the situated ways of ‘doing’ risk and safety in the working practices of the adult workers. We suggest that the understanding of ‘young’ as an age-related biological category might explain why approaches to prevent accidents among young employees first and foremost include individual factors like advice, information, and supervision and to a lesser degree the structural and cultural environment wherein they are embedded. We conclude that age cannot stand alone as the only factor in safety prevention directed at workers aged 18–24 years; if we do so, there is a risk of overemphasizing age-related individual characteristics such as awareness and cognitive limitations before structural, relational, and hierarchical dimensions at the workplace.
Reflective Student Practitioner – an example integrating clinical experience into the curriculum
Authors: Sparrow Claire
Published: December 2015

This project began in 2004 and involves LLB students training (in year two) and then acting as Citizens Advice Bureau (‘CAB’) advisers for 120 hours (in year three). 

We have been able to incorporate this work into the existing course structure fully in third year (40 credit ‘Reflective Student Practitioner’ unit) and partially in second year (as part of a 10 credit Careers and Research Management unit), so that students undertake a substantial proportion of this work for credit. This has been possible by creating a parallel and alternative route to the existing 40 credit Legal Dissertation. Assessment in third year is by way of a 3,000 word legal essay (based on a legal topic raised in client interviews); a 3,000 word reflective analysis of their experience, a journal and three letters that they have drafted in their CAB work. This is produced through one-to-one supervision – in much the same way as one would supervise a dissertation.

Our aims in this project were to give students the opportunity to learn skills which would be of benefit in their professional lives, improve their employability and allow them to become more engaged in their local community. Portsmouth CAB was in need of more advisers and was interested in recruiting younger volunteers to establish a broader mix of advisers. The guarantee of 120 hours was a valuable commitment to them.

I propose to offer an explanation of how we manage our relationship with Portsmouth CAB and how we share responsibilities between us (for example, in training and recruitment). I also seek to evaluate what has worked well and what has been problematic in working with CAB. 
THE GLOBAL CLINICAL MOVEMENT: EDUCATING LAWYERS FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE
Authors: Mkwebu Tribe
Published: December 2015

edited by Frank S. Bloch [Oxford University Press, 2011, 400 pp., £46.80, (Hardback)]
Situating Social Problems in the Context of Law: Fostering Public Interest Lawyers in Hong Kong
Authors: Barrow Amy
Published: December 2015

Hong Kong is often perceived as a global financial centre; an international, cosmopolitan city. Though Hong Kong has prospered economically, a myriad of social problems persist which undermine equity and social justice in society and many interest groups lack political and legal representation. Consequentially, the development of public interest law provides a pedagogical opportunity to cultivate individuals with the capacity to critically engage with and respond to social problems in society. While clinical legal education programmes provide one avenue of fostering public interest lawyers, socio-legal courses also provide a valuable means of developing socially responsible lawyers. First examining the context of Hong Kong law, this article considers the development of public interest law in Hong Kong and the role of socio-legal courses in fostering the development of public interest lawyers. Specifically, the article examines The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Law’s flagship course, ‘The Individual, the Community and the Law’ to explore how socio-legal courses can foster socially responsible lawyers. 
Lawyering in a Digital Age: A Practice Report on the Design of a Virtual Law Clinic at Cumbria
Authors: Thanaraj Ann , Sales Michael
Published: December 2015

This practice paper offers a modest proposition that could make law graduates more capable of serving their clients in a modernised and efficient manner. We propose that in addition to law clinics and other forms of experiential activities, law schools could add a new type of clinical component to their curriculum that teaches students to use technology to assist in the delivery of legal services. Digital lawyering skills will help law students learn core competencies needed in an increasingly technological profession, and it may help close the gap between offering access to justice by making legal services available online in the most accessible and convenient way possible and in equipping law graduates with a modernised and digital legal education. 
Can We Assess What We Purport to Teach In Clinical Law Courses?
Authors: Stuckey Roy
Published: December 2015

"Assessment - evaluation: A judgment about something based on an understanding of the situation."

"Assess: to judge . . . the . . . quality . . . of something."

Many claims are made about the educational value of clinical education in law schools. Unfortunately, the first generation of clinical law teachers did not clearly articulate our educational goals nor did we fully explore how to assess the effectiveness of our instruction. Subsequent generations of clinical teachers adopted the practices of their predecessors and mentors. Consequently, many issues related to assessments of clinical students remain unexplored, and current practices tend to be neither valid nor reliable. While clinical teachers in the United Kingdom have made more progress than those in the United States, all clinical teachers need to work together to improve our understanding of assessments and to develop improved methods for finding out whether our students are learning what we purport to teach.

This article explains the importance and nature of assessments, illustrates some of the issues presented by current practices, and proposes some new directions to consider. It concludes that much work remains to be done to clarify the goals of clinical legal education and to develop valid and reliable assessment tools.
Safeguards for informal patients
Authors: Weereratne Aswini
Published: December 2015

In light of the plethora of new provisions safeguarding patients who might previously have been cared for and treated informally, it may be instructive to consider who may now be considered a truly informal patient, i.e. one for whom neither process nor formality is needed. When applied to an incapacitated
patient requiring treatment for mental disorder, the word “informal” may now seem oxymoronic and possibly redundant. Can such a patient ever be truly informal? Part IV of the model statute suggests that an informal patient is one who lacks capacity and does not object to proposed treatment which is in their best interests, or a patient who may be treated without the use of compulsory powers; but even such a patient must now be subject to some formality if their care or treatment is to be long term or they are to be deprived of their liberty in order to ensure proper safeguards are in place.

Currently the boundary between the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (“MCA”) and Mental Health Act 1983 (“MHA”) is essentially one determined by whether the patient objects to treatment and is defined with formidable complexity in schedule 1A to the MCA. A patient eligible for MCA deprivation of liberty (“DOL”) safeguards, who could be an elderly person in long term residential care, is now subject to formal
processes. There is little true informality for a patient lacking treatment capacity. It is questionable whether even a capacitated patient with mental disorder, who is by definition vulnerable, may be treated informally under the MHA4 if they feel suborned into consenting by the possibility of coercion. The terminology offers a slightly deceptive impression of a benign approach with concomitant levels of
autonomy, but while it is appropriate to highlight a difference from compulsory process and keep formality to a minimum for the sake of informality, it is also important not to overplay formality in the name of safeguards. The latter appears to be the vice in which the MCA and MHA is now arguably gripped.