bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Korčula sous la domination de Venise au xve siècle
Authors: Schmitt Oliver Jens
Published: July 2019

En 1420, l'île de Korčula (aujourd’hui en Croatie) passe sous la domination de Venise. Ses archives, d’une richesse exceptionnelle, permettent de dresser le tableau d’une société vivant en bordure de l’empire maritime vénitien au xve siècle : comment ce microcosme de paysans et de bergers, de pêcheurs et de marins commerçants, de patriciens et de populares a-t-il été transformé par son insertion dans l’espace contrôlé par la grande puissance méditerranéenne ?

Oliver Jens Schmitt enrichit l’approche historique classique par les détails d’une micro-histoire dans laquelle dimensions sociales, économiques et politiques se juxtaposent et se mélangent. On voit comment le doge de Venise intervient dans l’histoire tumultueuse des amours de Dragačić et de Franuša. Et, grâce aux procès-verbaux des gardes champêtres et aux registres du port, on comprend la vie quotidienne de l’île, avec ses histoires d’incendies, de contrebande et de moutons volés, à la frontière des mondes méditerranéen et adriatique. Entre la toute-puissante Venise et ce petit monde de paysans et de marins, c’est un jeu permanent de négociation du pouvoir qui règle la vie de l’île et de ses habitants.
Marketing of Greener Products
Authors: Sen Subhasis , Rajagopal Kannan , Bhattacharjee Kinkini
Published: July 2019

The objective of the chapter is to discuss different aspects of marketing of greener products with some secondary source information. The theoretical analysis and the data reveal that there have been increasing implications of different generations towards greener or ecological products. More specifically, the younger generations prefer the greener products more as compared to older population.
Major Components of Green Urbanization and Their Relative Importance
Authors: Mookherjee Subikash , Mondal Debasish
Published: July 2019

Aspirations for being urban in character are considered as a significant phenomenon of socio-economic development in developing countries. Urbanization, in economic sense only, means intensive economic activities by a large number of people in a relatively small plot of land, where secondary and tertiary sectors play a dominant role and where certain amenities are bound to be available for general citizens, though it doesn't seem complete without addressing the issue of nature. Though urbanization of an area is tried to be measured by some academicians through applying the method of indexing with available indicators and their data-driven weights, environmental issues are not incorporated there for any kind of factor analysis to identify their individual relative importance. This chapter intervenes at this juncture and focuses on construction of an urbanization index for some selected “town area units” belonging to some selected districts of West Bengal and run a factor analysis of it on some identified environmental factors. It observes negative relationship between QVSE and IGU, positive association between IGU and PR, and positive relation between IWDS and IGU.
Urbanization and Ownership of Polluting Vehicles
Authors: Pal Asish Kumar , Sengupta Atanu
Published: July 2019

Most Indian cities are experiencing rapid urbanization, and a majority of the country's population is expected to live in cities within a span of the next two decades. The rapid development in urban India has also resulted in a tremendous increase in the number of motor vehicles, and in some cities, this has doubled in the last decade. This is the main source of air pollution and poor ambient air quality impacting millions of dwellers. This chapter presents a review of the vehicular population in urban Indian cities with its pattern and determinants. The transport system is shared by two parts such as public transport as well as private transport system. To reduce the vehicular pollution, we have to emphasize on public transport system rather than private transport. In an underdeveloped country, it is very tough to use public transport. Due to lack of government fund, new technology, proper checking, etc., private cars, buses, and tracks are increased rapidly. We use these randomly for transport purposes. This causes pollution.
Energy Security and Economic Growth in South Asia
Authors: Nandy Debasish
Published: July 2019

Energy security and economic growth are interrelated. South Asia is at a critical juncture today. Development is the overriding priority for the region because of the high incidence of poverty, but energy is proving to be a critical constraint. The entire region is suffering from an acute energy crisis. Firstly, South Asian countries are confronted with the huge challenge of securing energy to sustain rapid economic growth and meeting the rising aspirations of the people. Secondly, the region is home to a huge population that lacks access to clean forms of energy. A large section of the population, particularly in rural areas lacks access to electricity and relies on the traditional use of biomass for cooking. With limited domestic energy sources, most South Asian countries are also highly dependent on energy imports, particularly crude oil, from other regions. Thirdly, on the issue of energy security SAARC, countries need to establish a platform of common interest. There are three objectives of this chapter: exploring new alternatives of energy sources of South Asian States, searching for relationship between energy security and economic growth, and re-thinking about an alternative policy options regarding energy security in South Asia.
Employing the T-Scan/BioEMG III Synchronized Technologies to Diagnose and Treat Chronic Occluso-Muscle Disorder
Authors: Kerstein, DMD Robert B.
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses chronic occluso-muscle disorder, which is a myogenous subset of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms resultant from occlusally activated muscle hyperactivity. It also describes the computer-guided occluso-muscle disorder treatment known as disclusion time reduction (DTR), that studies repeatedly show reduces many common muscular temporomandibular disorder symptoms. T-Scan-based research since 1991 has determined that a significant etiologic component of occluso-muscle disorder is prolonged (in time) occlusal surface friction shared between opposing posterior teeth during mandibular excursions, that occurs in both normal chewing function and during parafunction. This friction results in prolonged compressions of the periodontal ligament (PDL) fibers of the involved teeth, which when in excursive opposing occlusal contact, also experience pulpal flexure that leads to pulpal neural activation, which together with the periodontal ligament compressions, trigger excess muscle contractions within the masticatory muscles. It is this unique neuroanatomy that incites and perpetuates many chronic muscular TMD symptomatology, that can be readily resolved in patients that meet the diagnostic criteria for DTR candidacy, using the ICAGD coronoplasty that is performed in the maximum intercuspal position (MIP), without employing treatment splints, deprogrammers, appliances, orthotics, or mandibular repositioning. Additionally, this chapter will highlight the newest disclusion time reduction therapy (DTR) studies that support the clinical implementation of this highly effective measured occlusal treatment for occluso-muscle disorder.
Digital Occlusion in the Workflow of Implant Rehabilitations
Authors: Lerner, DMD Henriette
Published: July 2019

Contemporary implant rehabilitations are esthetically driven. Consequently, digital planning and guided surgery deliver higher esthetic predictability and precision than do analog procedures. The aim of this chapter is to show the integration of digital occlusion in the different phases of full arch implant rehabilitation with immediate implant placement and immediate loading procedures. Digital occlusal analysis raises the precision of functional occlusal adjustments, while improving the long-term predictability and stability of both case function and esthetics. This chapter will present a systematic digital workflow detailing every stage of full arch rehabilitation treatment, while showcasing digital occlusal diagnosis with the T-Scan 9 system, to install a precise implant prosthesis occlusal scheme. A full arch rehabilitation case involving immediate implant placement and immediate implant loading will be presented, with it occlusally finished with the T-Scan.
T-Scan as an Education Tool
Authors: Droter, DDS John R.
Published: July 2019

The T-Scan is an effective patient and doctor education tool for illustrating existing occlusal pathology, as it presents complex occlusal force and timing information in a visual format that is easily understood. The T-Scan applies to all stages of the teaching/learning process because its recorded data forms the framework upon which a doctor/patient discussion can begin regarding the patient's occlusal disease manifestations, the potential benefit of treatments, and the risks of not undergoing corrective treatment. When used as part of an educational strategy, the T-Scan can lead the patient to accept procedures that would benefit their long-term dental health. Chapter 19 outlines the four stages of creating optimum dental health, the steps required to perform effective teaching and learning, the differing styles of teaching and learning utilized in educational forums, and how to best employ the technique of Feature, Function, and Benefit. A few case examples illustrate how T-Scan data can educate a patient about their own occlusal problems, while describing both normal and abnormal occlusal function to a dentist.
Financial Globalization and Trade Openness in China and India
Authors: Bhattacharyya Rajib
Published: July 2019

One of the most intensely debated topics in recent day world economic scenario is benefits and costs financial integration and globalization across the globe. Some economists argue that increased openness to capital flows has, by and large, proven essential for countries aiming to upgrade from lower to middle income status, while significantly enhancing stability among industrialized countries. While the counter opinion suggests that it has been widely disastrous as increasing capital account liberalization and unfettered capital flows is a serious impediment to global financial stability. Legal restrictions on cross-border capital flows (capital controls) are the most commonly used measures of the degree of financial openness, as revealed from the earlier empirical studies. The objective of the present study is to examine the nature and extent of financial globalization in context of the global crisis in case of two Asian giants India and China. The basic objective is to establish both short and long run relationship between growth in GDP and five macroeconomic variables- trade (as percentage of GDP), real effective exchange rate, FDI net inflows (as percentage of GDP), external debt (as percentage of GNI) and net financial flows (as a ratio to GDP) in selected Asian countries (China and India). It focuses on related policy measures adopted to curb the possible adverse effects of financial and trade liberalization. It is supported by secondary time series data analysis for the period 1990 to 2014.
Empirical Investigation of Relationship Among Destination Brand Equity Dimensions
Authors: Kaushal Vikrant , Sharma Suman , Ali Nurmahmud
Published: July 2019

The concept of destination brand equity remains an intriguing area for scholars and practitioners, yet an empirical investigation of its structural composition and interrelationship among its constituent dimensions remains inadequate. This study proposes a theoretical model where in addition to assessing a model adequacy, mediation analysis has been carried out with the help of structure equation modelling. Specifically, it investigates the interplay among five crucial dimensions of destination brand equity: destination brand awareness, destination image, perceived quality, perceived value, and tourist loyalty. A structural model with mediating role of perceived value dimension has been empirically verified for an Indian tourism destination. The results indicate that perceived value is central to the realisation of impacts of destination image and perceived quality on loyalty shown by the tourists toward the destination. Drawing on the results of the analyses several implications have been put forward.
Fuzzy Sets Based Cluster Routing Protocol For Internet of Things
Authors: S.Sankar  , P.Srinivasan
Published: July 2019

Increasing the lifetime of low power and lossy networks (LLN) is a major challenge, as the nodes have low power, low memory, and low processing capacity. Clustering is a technique used to minimize the energy consumption of sensor nodes. This article proposes a fuzzy sets-based cluster routing protocol (FC-RPL) to extend the network lifetime in LLN. It has three processes: cluster formation, cluster head selection, and cluster head parent selection. It forms the clusters based on the Euclidean distance. It applies the fuzzy set over the metrics residual energy, number of neighbors and centrality, to select the cluster head in each cluster. The cluster head node chooses the best parent node in the DODAG for data transfer. The simulation is performed using COOJA simulator. The simulation result shows that FC-RPL extends the network lifetime by 15-25% and increases the packet delivery ratio by 2-6%.
An Analysis of the Value of Data Ecosystem Tools for Industry 4.0
Authors: Page Tom
Published: July 2019

Product design is a process that involves many methods and practices to be able to create “good design.” From user studies to experimentation, the designer has many tools at his disposal to understand the market and the requirements of the product they wish to produce. Big data has been a disruptor in user analysis for many organizations wishing to get the bigger picture. It has proven to have many positive implications while also being restrictive to those willing to use it. Therefore, connected open systems where all stratums are able to access similar applications have been made available. With the 4th industrial revolution underway, and the ability to utilise a plethora of sensors and electronic data provided by internet connected devices, is it in the designer's interest to adopt modern data practices? During this research, the suitability of big data practices to designers was assessed to gain an understanding of the environment that would allow designers to utilise this new platform including the practice of open data and the systems required to manage it. This article will address emerging and current technologies in the use of data within the 4th industrial revolution. Big data and open data were critically examined of their processes and downfalls compared to how the designer would use the practices.
Recognition of Odia Handwritten Digits using Gradient based Feature Extraction Method and Clonal Selection Algorithm
Authors: Pujari Puspalata , Majhi Babita
Published: July 2019

This article aims to recognize Odia handwritten digits using gradient-based feature extraction techniques and Clonal Selection Algorithm-based (CSA) multilayer artificial neural network (MANN) classifier. For the extraction of features which contribute the most towards recognition from images, are extracted using gradient-based feature extraction techniques. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used for dimensionality reduction of extracted features. A MANN is used as a classifier for classification purposes. The weights of the MANN are adjusted using the CSA to get optimized set of weights. The proposed model is applied on Odia handwritten digits taken from the Indian Statistical Institution (ISI), Calcutta, which consists of four thousand samples. The results obtained from the experiment are compared with a genetic-based multi-layer artificial neural network (GA-MANN) model. The recognition accuracy of the CSA-MANN model is found to be 90.75%.
Detection of Shotgun Surgery and Message Chain Code Smells using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Guggulothu Thirupathi , Moiz Salman Abdul
Published: July 2019

Code smell is an inherent property of software that results in design problems which makes the software hard to extend, understand, and maintain. In the literature, several tools are used to detect code smell that are informally defined or subjective in nature due to varying results of the code smell. To resolve this, machine leaning (ML) techniques are proposed and learn to distinguish the characteristics of smelly and non-smelly code elements (classes or methods). However, the dataset constructed by the ML techniques are based on the tools and manually validated code smell samples. In this article, instead of using tools and manual validation, the authors considered detection rules for identifying the smell then applied unsupervised learning for validation to construct two smell datasets. Then, applied classification algorithms are used on the datasets to detect the code smells. The researchers found that all algorithms have achieved high performance in terms of accuracy, F-measure and area under ROC, yet the tree-based classifiers are performing better than other classifiers.
Sheaf Representation of an Information System
Authors: Sagar Pyla Vamsi , Kishore M. Phani Krishna
Published: July 2019

Ever since Pawlak introduced the concepts of rough sets, it has attracted many researchers and scientists from various fields of science and technology. Particularly for algebraists as it presented a gold mine to explore the algebraic and topological connections with rough set theory. The present article deals with the connections between rough sets and sheaves. The authors studied sheaf representation of an information system in rough set framework and illustrated how it helps information retrieval.
The 3-D Finite Element Analysis on Elastic-Plastic Micromechanical Response of the Particle Volume Fraction
Authors: Guo Yong Ming , Fukae Nozomi
Published: July 2019

It is well known that the properties of materials are a function of their microstructural parameters. The FEM is a good selection for studies of three-dimensional microstructure-property relationships. In this research, the elastic-plastic micromechanical response of the particle volume fraction of two-phase materials have been calculated using a commercial software package of the FEM, some new knowledges on the microstructure-property relationships have obtained.
Green Carbon Dots for Metal Sensing
Authors: Sim Lan Ching , Khor Jia Min , Leong Kah Hon , Saravanan Pichiah
Published: July 2019

In this work, carbon quantum dots (C-dots) was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal treatment using dried leaves as green precursor for metal sensing. The performance of C-dots when detecting metal ions in water will be evaluated by testing with different types of metal stock solutions. Quenching effect of fluorescence C-dots solution was observed in the presence of different metal ions. C-dots is more selective towards Fe3+ compared to other metal ions.
Rubber Foam Processing via Bubbling Technique
Authors: Sirikulchaikij Sanit , Nooklay Benjaporn , Kokoo Rungrote , Khangkhamano Matthana
Published: July 2019

Natural rubber foams are currently produced by the two well-known processes of Dunlop and Talalay. Dunlop process, however, requires a high-speed Hobart Mixer to generate a high bubble-volume, while Talalay is complexity and expensive technique. Here, a simple and inexpensive technique for rubber foam production was introduced. The process involved air flowing with a constant flow rate through a porous diffuser, firmly connected to the bubble column containing compound latex, to generate a high bubble-volume. Microstructure of the as-produced rubber foams was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), in comparison with that of the purchased Dunlop foam. Spherical cell shape with a uniform interconnected-cell structure was gained from the bubbled foams, while fractured-cell structure was obtained from the Dunlop foam.
Comparison of patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services of postal pharmacy and community pharmacy
Authors: Govender Nishern , Suleman Fatima
Published: July 2019

Background: The growing drive in South Africa to contain medicine cost has seen the emergence of postal pharmacy as an alternative mechanism to dispense chronic medicines. Patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services has received limited attention in South Africa.Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the level of patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services between postal and community pharmacies.Setting: The research was conducted in the eThekwini Municipality, KwaZulu- Natal Province, South Africa in July and August 2014.Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study using a randomised, telephonic questionnaire survey was conducted. Selected land telephone numbers were called until a sample size of 250 community pharmacy participants and 125 postal pharmacy participants was obtained.Results: Nine hundred and five telephone calls were made to obtain a sampling frame of 375 (41.44%) respondents, 250 for community and 125 for postal. After adjusting overall satisfaction by removing financial satisfaction, there was no significant difference between satisfaction in the two groups (p = 0.471). Postal pharmacy participants reported a higher level of financial satisfaction (p = 0.001). Community pharmacy participants reported a higher level of satisfaction with counselling or explanation (p = 0.028) and less medicine wastage (p < 0.001).Conclusions: Patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services provided by either community or postal pharmacy was not significantly different. However, community pharmacies tend to address patients’ specific concerns more effectively. With the move to National Health Insurance, policymakers need to ensure that they provide high-quality pharmaceutical services and are more inclusive of community pharmacies to deliver quality care.
A total rewards framework for the attraction of Generation Y employees born 1981–2000 in South Africa
Authors: Bussin Mark H.R. , Mohamed-Padayachee Keshia , Serumaga-Zake Philip
Published: July 2019

Orientation: The workforce is changing, as employers aim to attract qualified individuals from Generation Y, born 1981–2000, but strategies for attraction require adaption, as the ‘one-size-fits-all’ model no longer works for today’s multigenerational workforce.Research purpose: Determining what changes and priorities organisations need to consider for their total rewards frameworks to attract youth employees.Motivation for the study: Companies offer employees historical benefits that they do not want or value. This is important when one considers the attraction of Generation Y to organisations, as they are increasingly becoming a formidable factor in an organisations’ success and sustainability. The motivation for this study was understanding what rewards are aligned with the aspirations of this skilled generation, to attract them.Research approach/design and method: A sequential mixed-method approach was followed, where data were collected, using quantitative and qualitative methods. A questionnaire was distributed and a response rate of 276 participants from seven of the nine provinces in South Africa achieved. Interviews were conducted where 11 participants validated the quantitative findings.Main findings: Seven reward categories were found to affect Generation Y’s attraction to organisations, (1) leadership and environment (2) benefits (3) performance incentives (4) individual development (5) safe, secure working environment (6) work–life balance and resources and (7) performance recognition.Practical/managerial implications: A different approach is required for the attraction of Generation Y.Contribution/value-add: No empirical study exists that authenticates total rewards models for Generation Y, identifying the most important reward preferences and developing a new, more effective total rewards framework.
Cyriax's Illustrated Manual of Orthopaedic Medicine
Authors: Burns Yvonne R. , MacDonald Julie
Published: July 2019

No abstract available
Occupational Therapy Interventions for Adults Living With Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Lannigan Elizabeth Griffin , Noyes Susan
Published: July 2019

Occupational therapy practitioners have education, skills, and knowledge to provide occupational therapy interventions for adults living with serious mental illness. Evidence-based interventions demonstrate that occupational therapy practitioners can enable this population to engage in meaningful occupations, participate in community living, and contribute to society. Systematic review findings for occupational therapy interventions for adults living with serious mental illness were published in the September/October 2018 issue of the American Journal of Occupational Therapy and in the Occupational Therapy Practice Guidelines for Adults Living With Serious Mental Illness. Each article in the Evidence Connection series summarizes evidence from the published reviews on a given topic and presents an application of the evidence to a related clinical case. These articles illustrate how research evidence from the reviews can be used to inform and guide clinical decision making. Through a case story, this article illustrates how current evidence is applied for effective occupational therapy intervention with an adult living with serious mental illness.
De gemeenteambtenaar als ondernemer?
Authors: Anderson Rick
Published: July 2019

Voor 2016 waren Nederlandse gemeenten niet belastingplichtig voor de Vpb, tenzij hun werkzaamheden vielen onder een limitatieve opsomming. Op uitnodiging van de Europese Commissie is hier sinds 2016 verandering in gekomen en zijn gemeenten in beginsel voor al hun activiteiten belastingplichtig voor de Vpb. Deze bijdrage zal eerst ingaan op de achtergrond en de totstandkoming van de wet Modernisering Vpb-plicht Overheidsondernemingen. Vervolgens zal bezien worden in hoeverre deze wet in fiscaal opzicht handhaafbaar is. Duidelijk zal worden, dat een adequate handhaving in de gemeentelijke praktijk vermoedelijk zeer lastig zal worden. De bijdrage sluit af met enkele conclusies en beschouwingen.
Using satellite observations of tropospheric NO2 columns to infer long-term trends in US NOx emissions: the importance of accounting for the free tropospheric NO2 background
Authors: Silvern Rachel F. , Jacob Daniel J. , Mickley Loretta J. , Sulprizio Melissa P. , Travis Katherine R. , Marais Eloise A. , Cohen Ronald C. , Laughner Joshua L. , Choi Sungyeon , Joiner Joanna , Lamsal Lok N.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The National Emission Inventory (NEI) of the US Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) reports a steady decrease in US NOx emissions
over the 2005–2017 period at a rate of 0.1 Tg N a−1 (53 % decrease
over the period), reflecting sustained efforts to improve air quality.
Tropospheric NO2 columns observed by the satellite-based Ozone
Monitoring Instrument (OMI) over the US show a steady decrease until 2009
but a flattening afterward, which has been attributed to a flattening of
NOx emissions, contradicting the NEI. We show here that the
steady 2005–2017 decrease in NOx emissions reported by the NEI is in
fact largely consistent with observed network trends of surface NO2 and
ozone concentrations. The OMI NO2 trend is instead similar to that
observed for nitrate wet deposition fluxes, which is weaker than that for
anthropogenic NOx emissions, due to a large and increasing relative
contribution of non-anthropogenic background sources of NOx (mainly
lightning and soils). This is confirmed by contrasting OMI NO2 trends
in urban winter, where the background is low and OMI NO2 shows a
2005–2017 decrease consistent with the NEI, and rural summer, where the
background is high and OMI NO2 shows no significant 2005–2017 trend. A
GEOS-Chem model simulation driven by NEI emission trends for the 2005–2017
period reproduces these different trends, except for the post-2009 flattening
of OMI NO2, which we attribute to a model underestimate of free
tropospheric NO2. Better understanding is needed of the factors
controlling free tropospheric NO2 in order to relate satellite
observations of tropospheric NO2 columns to the underlying NOx
emissions and their trends. Focusing on urban winter conditions in the
satellite data minimizes the effect of this free tropospheric background.
Persistent growth of anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions in China during 1990–2017: drivers, speciation and ozone formation potential
Authors: Li Meng , Zhang Qiang , Zheng Bo , Tong Dan , Lei Yu , Liu Fei , Hong Chaopeng , Kang Sicong , Yan Liu , Zhang Yuxuan , Bo Yu , Su Hang , Cheng Yafang , He Kebin
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) are
important ozone and secondary organic aerosol precursors and play important
roles in tropospheric chemistry. In this work, we estimated the total and
speciated NMVOC emissions from China's anthropogenic sources during
1990–2017 by using a bottom-up emission inventory framework and
investigated the main drivers behind the trends. We found that anthropogenic
NMVOC emissions in China have been increasing continuously since 1990 due to
the dramatic growth in activity rates and absence of effective control
measures. We estimated that anthropogenic NMVOC emissions in China increased
from 9.76 Tg in 1990 to 28.5 Tg in 2017, mainly driven by the persistent
growth from the industry sector and solvent use. Meanwhile, emissions
from the residential and transportation sectors declined after 2005, partly
offsetting the total emission increase. During 1990–2017, mass-based
emissions of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs)
and other species increased by 274 %, 88 %, 4 %, 387 %, 91 % and
231 %, respectively. Following the growth in total NMVOC emissions, the
corresponding ozone formation potential (OFP) increased from 38.2 Tg of O3
in 1990 to 99.7 Tg of O3 in 2017. We estimated that aromatics accounted
for the largest share (43 %) of the total OFP, followed by alkenes
(37 %) and OVOCs (10 %). Growth in China's NMVOC emissions was mainly
driven by the transportation sector before 2000, while industry and solvent
use dominated the emission growth during 2000–2010. Since 2010, although
emissions from the industry sector and solvent use kept growing, strict
control measures on transportation and fuel transition in residential stoves
have successfully slowed down the increasing trend, especially after the
implementation of China's clean air action since 2013. However, compared to
large emission decreases in other major air pollutants in China (e.g.,
SO2, NOx and primary PM) during 2013–2017, the relatively flat
trend in NMVOC emissions and OFP revealed the absence of effective control
measures, which might have contributed to the increase in ozone during the
same period. Given their high contributions to emissions and OFP, tailored
control measures for solvent use and industrial sources should be developed,
and multi-pollutant control strategies should be designed to mitigate both
PM2.5 and ozone pollution simultaneously.
Temperature effects on sulfuric acid aerosol nucleation and growth: initial results from the TANGENT study
Authors: Tiszenkel Lee , Stangl Chris , Krasnomowitz Justin , Ouyang Qi , Yu Huan , Apsokardu Michael J. , Johnston Murray V. , Lee Shan-Hu
Published: July 2019

Abstract. New particle formation (NPF) consists of two steps: nucleation and
subsequent growth. At present, chemical and physical mechanisms that govern
these two processes are not well understood. Here, we report initial results
obtained from the TANGENT (Tandem Aerosol Nucleation and Growth Environment
Tube) experiments. The TANGENT apparatus enables us to study these two
processes independently. The present study focuses on the effects of
temperature on sulfuric acid nucleation and further growth. Our results show
that lower temperatures enhance both the nucleation and growth rate.
However, under temperatures below 268 K the effects of temperature on the
nucleation rate become less significant and the nucleation rate becomes less
dependent on relative humidity, indicating that particle formation in the conditions of our
flow tube takes place via barrierless nucleation at lower temperatures. We
also examined the growth of newly formed particles under differing
temperature conditions for nucleation and further growth. Our results show
that newly nucleated clusters formed at low temperatures can indeed survive
evaporation and grow in a warmer environment in the presence of SO2 and
ozone and potentially other contaminant vapors. These results imply
that some heterogeneous reactions involving nanoparticles affect nucleation
and growth of newly formed particles.
Investigation of the global methane budget over 1980–2017 using GFDL-AM4.1
Authors: He Jian , Naik Vaishali , Horowitz Larry W. , Dlugokencky Ed , Thoning Kirk
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Changes in atmospheric methane abundance have implications for both chemistry and climate as methane is both a strong greenhouse gas and an important precursor for tropospheric ozone. A better understanding of the drivers of trends and variability in methane abundance over the recent past is therefore critical for building confidence in projections of future methane levels. In this work, the representation of methane in the atmospheric chemistry model AM4.1 is improved by optimizing total methane emissions (to an annual mean of 576 ± 32 Tg yr−1) to match surface observations over 1980–2017. The simulations with optimized global emissions are in general able to capture the observed global trend, variability, seasonal cycle, and latitudinal gradient of methane. Simulations with different emission adjustments suggest that increases in methane sources (mainly from energy and waste sectors) balanced by increases in methane sinks (mainly due to increases in OH levels) lead to methane stabilization (with an imbalance of 5 Tg yr−1) during 1999–2006, and that increases in methane sources combined with little change in sinks (despite small decreases in OH levels) during 2007–2012 lead to renewed methane growth (with an imbalance of 14 Tg yr−1 for 2007–2017). Compared to 1999–2006, both methane emissions and sinks are greater (by 31 Tg yr−1 and 22 Tg yr−1, respectively) during 2007–2017. Our results also indicate that the energy sector is more likely a major contributor to the methane renewed growth after 2006 than wetland, as increases in wetland emissions alone are not able to explain the renewed methane growth with constant anthropogenic emissions. In addition, a significant increase in wetland emissions would be required starting in 2006, if anthropogenic emissions declined, for wetland emissions to drive renewed growth in methane, which is a less likely scenario. Simulations with varying OH levels indicate that 1 % change in OH levels could lead to an annual mean of ~ 4 Tg yr−1 difference in the optimized emissions and 0.08 year difference in the estimated tropospheric methane lifetime. Continued increases in methane emissions along with decreases in tropospheric OH concentrations during 2008–2015 prolong methane lifetime and therefore amplify the response of methane concentrations to emission changes. Uncertainties still exist in the partitioning of emissions among individual sources and regions.
Effects of NO2 and C3H6 on the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 on TiO2 in the presence or absence of UV irradiation
Authors: Chu Biwu , Wang Yali , Yang Weiwei , Ma Jinzhu , Ma Qingxin , Zhang Peng , Liu Yongchun , He Hong
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The heterogeneous reactions of SO2 in the presence of NO2 and C3H6 on TiO2 were investigated with the aid of in situ DRIFTS under dark conditions or with UV irradiation. Sulfate formation with or without the coexistence of NO2 and/or C3H6 was analyzed with IC. Under dark conditions, SO2 reacting alone resulted in sulfite formation on TiO2, while the presence of ppb levels of NO2 promoted the oxidation of SO2 to sulfate. The presence of C3H6 had little effect on sulfate formation in the heterogeneous reaction of SO2 but suppressed sulfate formation in the heterogeneous reaction of SO2 and NO2. UV irradiation could significantly enhance the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 on TiO2, leading to a copious generation of sulfate, while the coexistence of NO2 and/or C3H6 significantly suppressed sulfate formation in experiments with UV lights. Step-by-step exposure experiments indicated that C3H6 mainly competes for reactive oxygen species (ROS), while NO2 competes with SO2 for both surface active sites and ROS. Meanwhile, the coexistence of NO2 with C3H6 further resulted in less sulfate formation compared to introducing either one of them separately to the SO2-TiO2 reaction system. The results of this study highlighted the complex heterogeneous reaction processes that take place due to the ubiquitous interactions between organic and inorganic species, and the requirement to consider the influence of coexisting VOCs and other inorganic gases in the heterogeneous oxidation kinetics of SO2.
On the information content in linear horizontal delay gradients estimated from space geodesy observations
Authors: Elgered Gunnar , Ning Tong , Forkman Peter , Haas Rüdiger
Published: July 2019

Abstract. We have studied linear horizontal gradients in the atmospheric propagation delay above
ground-based stations receiving signals from the Global Positioning System (GPS).
Gradients were estimated from 11 years of observations from five sites in Sweden.
Comparing these gradients with the corresponding ones from the
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses
shows that GPS gradients detect effects over different timescales caused
by the hydrostatic and the wet components.
The two stations equipped with microwave-absorbing material below the antenna,
in general, show higher correlation coefficients with the ECMWF gradients
compared to the other three stations.
We also estimated gradients using 4 years of GPS data from two co-located
antenna installations at the Onsala Space Observatory.
Correlation coefficients for the east and the north wet gradients, estimated
with a temporal resolution of 15 min from GPS data, can reach
up to 0.8 for specific months when compared to simultaneously estimated wet gradients
from microwave radiometry.
The best agreement is obtained when an elevation cut-off angle
of 3∘ is applied in the GPS data processing,
in spite of the fact that the radiometer does not observe below 20∘.
We also note a strong seasonal dependence in the correlation coefficients,
from 0.3 during months with smaller gradients to 0.8 during months with larger gradients,
typically during the warmer and more humid part of the year.
Finally, a case study using a 15 d long continuous very-long-baseline interferometry
(VLBI) campaign was carried out.
The comparison of the gradients estimated from VLBI and GPS data
indicates that a homogeneous and frequent sampling of the sky is a critical parameter.
Performance Evaluation of THz Atmospheric Limb Sounder (TALIS) of China
Authors: Wang Wenyu , Wang Zhenzhan , Duan Yongqiang
Published: July 2019

Abstract. THz Atmospheric Limb Sounder (TALIS) is a microwave limb sounder being developed for atmospheric high precision observation by the National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC, CAS). It is designed to measure the temperature and chemical species such as O3, HCl, ClO, N2O, NO, NO2, HOCl, H2O, HNO3, HCN, CO, SO2, BrO, HO2, H2CO, CH3Cl, CH3OH, and CH3CN with high vertical resolution from surface to about 100 km to improve our comprehension of atmospheric chemistry and dynamics, and to monitor the man-made pollution in the atmosphere. Four heterodyne radiometers including several FFT spectrometers of 2 GHz bandwidth with 2 MHz resolution are employed to obtain the atmospheric thermal emission in broad spectral regions centred near 118, 190, 240, and 643 GHz. A theoretical simulation is performed to estimate the retrieval precision of the main targets. Single scan measurement and averaged measurement are considered in simulation, respectively. Temperature profile can be obtained with the precision of
Terrestrial ion circulation in space
Authors: Yamauchi Masatoshi
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Observations of the terrestrial ion transport and budget in the magnetosphere are reviewed, with stress on low energy ions in the high-altitude polar region and inner magnetosphere, for which Cluster significantly improved the knowledge. Outflowing ions from the ionosphere are classified into three types in terms of energy: (1) as cold ions refilling the plasmasphere faster than Jeans escape, (2) as cold supersonic ions such as the polar wind, and (3) as suprathermal ions energized by wave-particle interaction or parallel potential acceleration. Majority of the suprathermal ions are further energized at higher altitudes becoming hot with much higher velocity than the escape velocity even for heavy ions. This makes heavy ions in this category more abundant than cold refilling or cold supersonic flow. The immediate destination of these terrestrial ions varies from the plasmasphere, the inner magnetosphere including those entering to the ionosphere in the other, the magnetotail, and the solar wind (magnetosheath and cusp/plasma mantle). Due to time variable return from the magnetotail, ions with different routes and energy meet in the inner magnetosphere, making it a zoo of different types of ions in both energy and energy distribution. This zoo is not yet completely entangled, and includes many unanswered phenomena such as mass-dependent energization although the mass-independent drift theory is well justified. Nearly half of heavy ions in this zoo also finally escape to space, mainly due to magnetopause shadowing (overshooting of ion drift beyond the magnetopause) and charge exchange near the mirror altitude where the exospheric neutral density is the highest. The amount of heavy ions mixing with the solar wind is already the same or larger than that into the magnetotail, and is large enough to directly extract the solar wind kinetic energy in the cusp/plasma mantle through the mass-loading effect and drive the cusp current system. Considering the past solar and solar wind conditions, ion escape might have even influenced the evolution of the terrestrial biosphere.
Composition and cycling of dissolved organic matter from tropical peatlands of coastal Sarawak, Borneo, revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis
Authors: Zhou Yongli , Martin Patrick , Müller Moritz
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Southeast Asian peatlands supply ∼10 %
of the global flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from land to the ocean,
but the biogeochemical cycling of this peat-derived DOC in coastal
environments is still poorly understood. Here, we use fluorescence
spectroscopy and parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis to distinguish different
fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in peat-draining rivers,
estuaries and coastal waters of Sarawak, Borneo. The terrigenous fractions
showed high concentrations at freshwater stations within the rivers, and
conservative mixing with seawater across the estuaries. The autochthonous
DOM fraction, in contrast, showed low concentrations throughout our study
area at all salinities. The DOM pool was also characterized by a high degree
of humification in all rivers and estuaries up to salinities of 25. These results
indicate a predominantly terrestrial origin of the riverine DOM pool. Only
at salinities > 25 did we observe an increase in the proportion
of autochthonous relative to terrestrial DOM. Natural sunlight exposure
experiments with river water and seawater showed high photolability of the
terrigenous DOM fractions, suggesting that photodegradation may account for
the observed changes in the DOM composition in coastal waters. Nevertheless, based on our fluorescence data, we
estimate that at least 20 %–25 % of
the DOC at even our most marine stations (salinity > 31) was
terrestrial in origin, indicating that peatlands likely play an important
role in the carbon biogeochemistry of Southeast Asian shelf seas.
Estimating surface carbon fluxes based on a local ensemble transform Kalman filter with a short assimilation window and a long observation window: an observing system simulation experiment test in GEOS-Chem 10.1
Authors: Liu Yun , Kalnay Eugenia , Zeng Ning , Asrar Ghassem , Chen Zhaohui , Jia Binghao
Published: July 2019

Abstract. We developed a carbon data assimilation system to estimate surface
carbon fluxes using the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) and
atmospheric transport model GEOS-Chem driven by the MERRA-1 reanalysis of
the meteorological field based on the Goddard Earth Observing System model,
version 5 (GEOS-5). This assimilation system is inspired by the method of
Kang et al. (2011, 2012), who estimated the surface carbon fluxes in an
observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) as evolving parameters in the
assimilation of the atmospheric CO2, using a short assimilation window
of 6 h. They included the assimilation of the standard meteorological
variables, so that the ensemble provided a measure of the uncertainty in the
CO2 transport. After introducing new techniques such as “variable
localization”, and increased observation weights near the surface, they
obtained accurate surface carbon fluxes at grid-point resolution. We
developed a new version of the local ensemble transform Kalman
filter related to the “running-in-place”
(RIP) method used to accelerate the spin-up of ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation
(Kalnay and Yang, 2010; Wang et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2012). Like RIP, the
new assimilation system uses the “no cost smoothing” algorithm for the
LETKF (Kalnay et al., 2007b), which allows shifting the Kalman
filter solution forward or backward within an assimilation window at no cost. In the
new scheme a long “observation window” (e.g., 7 d or longer) is used to
create a LETKF ensemble at 7 d. Then, the RIP smoother is used to obtain
an accurate final analysis at 1 d. This new approach has the advantage of
being based on a short assimilation window, which makes it more accurate,
and of having been exposed to the future 7 d observations, which improves
the analysis and accelerates the spin-up. The assimilation and observation
windows are then shifted forward by 1 d, and the process is repeated.
This reduces significantly the analysis error, suggesting that the newly
developed assimilation method can be used with other Earth system models,
especially in order to make greater use of observations in conjunction with
models.