bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling of extrusion process for evaluation of spelt wholegrain snack expansion
Authors: Kojić Jovana , Krulj Jelena , Šimurina Olivera , Cvetković Biljana , Pezo Lato , Đermanović Branislava , Ilić Nebojša
Published: May 2021

The effect of extrusion parameters, including feed rate (15-25 kg/h), screw speed (250-750 rpm) and feed moisture (15-25%) on the expansion index of spelt wholegrain snack products was investigated. Wholegrain spelt flour was extruded using co-rotating twinscrew extruder (Bühler BTSK 30/28D, 7 sections, length/diameter ratio = 28:1, Bühler, Uzwil, Switzerland). The obtained data demonstrate that increased feed moisture leads to a decrease in the expansion of extrudates. Increasing in screw speed resulted in higher elasticity, which has resulted in the greater expansion index. The following operating conditions: screw speed (750 rpm), feed moisture (20%) and feed rate (20kg/h) provided the highest expansion index (1.93). The screw speed has the greatest positive influence on the expansion index obtained by Yoon's model.
Improvement of Sailing Yacht Performance Prediction by Including Force-Moment Equilibrium for the Calculation of Helm Angle in a Velocity Prediction Program
Authors: van Oossanen Peter
Published: May 2021

Contemporary Velocity Prediction Programs (VPP's) consider the equilibrium of forces acting on a sailing yacht in the thrust direction and in the direction of the developed side force on canoe body and appendages. In addition, force-moment equilibrium is considered in the transverse plane of the yacht. In this way a solution is found for the three main unknowns in performance prediction, viz: boat speed, leeway angle and heel angle. The impact of helm angle on performance is herein ignored.

In the velocity prediction program developed by Van Oossanen & Associates, a fourth equilibrium condition is included, viz: force-moment equilibrium in the horizontal plane for the calculation of the helm angle required for the equilibrium sailing condition. In this paper a description is given of some of the main problems that need to be solved when introducing this fourth equilibrium requirement. One of these is associated with the development of accurate mathematical expressions for the calculation of rudder side force and resistance, as influenced by heel angle and the proximity of the free surface. Model tests can be utilized for obtaining insight into the physical phenomena involved in such cases.

Model tests were carried out in the context of an optimization study for the design of a yacht according to the International Level Class 40 (ILC40) Rule, under the International Measurement System (IMS). The analysis of some of the results of these tests with respect to improving the mathematical model for rudder side force and resistance, is described in the paper. The effect of including this mathematical model in a VPP is demonstrated in the paper by providing the results of calculations which reveal that a variation in rudder angle causes significant speed differences. It is shown that the IMS VPP that is used to calculate the rating and speed potential of ILC40 and other IMS Class yachts, in not taking into account the significant variations in performance associated with different values of the equilibrium rudder angle (and the associated rudder side force and resistance), is not sufficiently accurate.
New floristic records for the province of Murcia (Spain)
Authors: Sánchez-Gómez Pedro , Cánovas José Luis , López-García David , Andrada José Antonio , Solano Pedro , Martínez-López Pedro , Jiménez Juan Francisco , Robles Jesús , Aedo Carlos
Published: May 2021

Se citan por primera vez 38 taxones de flora para la provincia de Murcia (España). Entre los más relevantes, debido a su rareza o singular distribución, destacan Astragalus guttatus o Frankenia composita. Además, se indican 7 especies alóctonas, en su mayoría, potencialmente invasoras. Se incluyen datos sobre la distribución y ecología de todos ellos, además de otros comentarios sobre conservación, carácter invasor o taxonomía.

Thirty-eight new interesting records for the flora of Murcia (Spain) are listed in this paper. Among them, Astragalus guttatus and Frankenia composita would be the most relevant cited species due to their rarity or their particular distribution areas. Moreover, seven exotic species are listed, most of them considered as potentially invasive species. For each species, chorological and ecology data are included. Furthermore, data belonging to their conservation status, plant invasiveness or taxonomy are added.
Synonymous codon usage pattern among the S, M, and L segments in crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever causing virus
Authors:   Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru - 570015, India, Beelagi Mallikarjun S
Published: May 2021

Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus is one among the major zoonosis viral diseases that use the Hyalomma ticks as their transmission vector to cause viral infection to the human and mammalian community. The fatality of infectious is high across the world especially in Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Europe. This study regarding codon usage bias of S, M, and L segments of the CCHF virus pertaining to the host Homo sapiens, reveals in-depth information about the evolutionary characteristics of CCHFV. Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU), Effective number of codons (ENC) were calculated, to determine the codon usage pattern in each segment. Correlation analysis between Codon adaptation index (CAI), GRAVY (Hydrophobicity), AROMO (Aromaticity), and nucleotide composition revealed bias in the codon usage pattern. There was no strong codon bias found among any segments of the CCHF virus, indicating both the factors i.e., natural selection and mutational pressure shapes the codon usage bias.
Comparative evaluation of nano-filled and conventional adhesives for bonding of molar tubes
Authors:   Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, JCD Dental College, Sirsa, Haryana, India, Arora Nishtha
Published: May 2021

It is of interest to compare the bonding characteristics of the two nano filled adhesives, Grandio (Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany) and Transbond Supreme LV (TSLV, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, California) with conventional bonding adhesive Transbond XT (TBXT, 3M Unitek) for bonding of molar tubes. 45 extracted human permanent molar teeth, divided into three groups of 15 each, were bonded with stainless steel molar tubes (3M Unitek, USA) using TBXT in Group 1, Grandio in Group 2, TSLV in Group 3. Remnant Index and shear bond strength was evaluated after 24 hrs. of storage with the aid of Instron Universal testing machine and Stereomicroscope respectively. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test, Post-hoc Bonferroni test and Kruskal Wallis test. The mean SBS of Group 1(TBXT) was 13.86±3.27 MPa, Group 2 (Grandio) was 9.48±2.36 MPa and Group 3 (TSLV) was 11.64±2.71 MPa. Both nano-filled adhesives had SBS well above the clinically acceptable range. Assessment of ARI scores and type of bond failure revealed that adhesive failure for TBXT and TSLV and cohesive failure for Grandio. Nano-filled adhesives can be an appropriate substitute for the conventional adhesive for bonding of molar tubes.
Recommendations for school-going students post CoVid-19 in Bangladesh
Authors:   Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Kabir Humayun
Published: May 2021

The CoVid-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has taken more lives than any other pandemic so far, with non-pharmacological interventions such as lockdown, school closures, and travel bans, especially social distance, abounding around the world. With limited resources, these interventions pose the ultimate challenge to the education system in developing countries like Bangladesh, especially in providing uninterrupted education for all children in rural areas, where a significant number of students are enrolled in this area. However, the initiative to close schools for an extended period has affected children physically, emotionally, socially, and in various ways. Noteworthy, it demands to reopen to protect the future of children. Schools have reopened in many countries around the world. It is of interest to document recommendations for school-going students post CoVid-19 in Bangladesh using evidence-based data, information, and knowledge. We document such data in the context of Bangladesh to take such policy initiatives.
Quality Characteristics of Kimchi Prepared with Dioscorea batatas
Authors: Yang Kyung-Mi , Kong Hyun-Joo , Kwon Ji-Eun , Yun In-Jeong
Published: May 2021

In this study, we produced kimchi with cooked Dioscorea batatas yam based on the its outstanding nutritional value, biological activity, and pharmacological action. Sliced kimchi cabbage, processed white radish kimchi (kkakdugi), and whole kimchi cabbage were prepared with 3% Dioscorea batatas, and the physicochemical and bioactivity characteristics were analyzed. In three kinds of Dioscorea batatas. The pH of the kimchi decreased and its acidity increased as the storage period was extended. The period of the maximum total viable cell count of the sliced cabbage and the processed white radish kimchi (kkakdugi) was 14 days, while the period for whole kimchi cabbage was 21 days. The period of maximum lactic acid bacteria count was 14 days for all three kinds. For physiological activities, polyphenol and flavonoid contents and DPPH elimination were highest immediately after production of the kimchi. Also, anthocyanin content increased as the storage period extended. The pH, acidity, total viable cell count, lactic acid bacteria count, and physiological activities were shown to be different according to the type of kimchi and the storage period.
Acute kidney disease in hospitalized acute kidney injury patients
Authors: Yan Ping , Duan Xiang-Jie , Liu Yu , Wu Xi , Zhang Ning-Ya , Yuan Fang , Tang Hao , Liu Qian , Deng Ying-Hao , Wang Hong-Shen , Wang Mei , Duan Shao-bin
Published: May 2021

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have become worldwide public health problems, but little information is known about the epidemiology of acute kidney disease (AKD)—a state in between AKI and CKD. We aimed to explore the incidence and outcomes of hospitalized patients with AKD after AKI, and investigate the prognostic value of AKD in predicting 30-day and one-year adverse outcomes.

Methods

A total of 2,556 hospitalized AKI patients were identified from three tertiary hospitals in China in 2015 and followed up for one year.AKD and AKD stage were defined according to the consensus report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative 16 workgroup. Multivariable regression analyses adjusted for confounding variables were used to examine the association of AKD with adverse outcomes.

Results

AKD occurred in 45.4% (1161/2556) of all AKI patients, 14.5% (141/971) of AKI stage 1 patients, 44.6% (308/691) of AKI stage 2 patients and 79.6% (712/894) of AKI stage 3 patients. AKD stage 1 conferred a greater risk of Major Adverse Kidney Events within 30 days (MAKE30) (odds ratio [OR], 2.36; 95% confidence interval 95% CI [1.66–3.36]) than AKD stage 0 but the association only maintained in AKI stage 3 when patients were stratified by AKI stage. However, compared with AKD stage 0, AKD stage 2–3 was associated with higher risks of both MAKE30 and one-year chronic dialysis and mortality independent of the effects of AKI stage with OR being 31.35 (95% CI [23.42–41.98]) and 2.68 (95% CI [2.07–3.48]) respectively. The association between AKD stage and adverse outcomes in 30 days and one year was not significantly changed in critically ill and non-critically ill AKI patients. The results indicated that AKD is common among hospitalized AKI patients. AKD stage 2–3 provides additional information in predicting 30-day and one-year adverse outcomes over AKI stage. Enhanced follow-up of renal function of these patients may be warranted.
The effects of genotypes and media composition on callogenesis, regeneration and cell suspension culture of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)
Authors: Ahmad Aqeel , Tahir ul Qamar Muhammad , Shoukat Almeera , Aslam Mehtab Muhammad , Tariq Mohsin , Hakiman Mansor , Joyia Faiz Ahmad
Published: May 2021

Background

Chamomile is an important herb being used widely for medicinal purposes. Its multitherapeutic, cosmetic, and nutritional values have been established through years of traditional and scientific use and research. Increased use of medicinal plants necessitates rational use as well as sustainable production of such genetic resources. Plant in vitro micro-propagation poses unique opportunities for sustainable production of medicinal herbs, their regrowth and conservation. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different explants, plant growth regulators (PGRs) combinations and media type on callogenesis, in vitro regeneration and cell suspension of six chamomile genotypes to enhance its sustainable production.

Methods

The shoot, lateral sprout, and leaf derived explants of six chamomile genotypes including Isfahan, Shiraz, Kazeron, Goral, Sharokashari and Presso were used for direct and indirect regeneration. For indirect regeneration various doses of NAA and kinetin were used to induce calli which were cultured on MS media containing PGRs for direct and indirect regeneration. Later, cell suspension was established and morphological characterization of CrO3 stained cells was carried out using microscopy.

Results and Discussion

Our findings revealed that the highest callus percentage and callus volume were observed from lateral sprouts and shoots of genotype Isfahan on MS medium containing 1 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L kinetin. The in vitro regeneration was found to be genotype dependent while 77% and 77.5% was the highest percentage for indirect and direct regeneration, respectively. Additionally, the maximum shoot number (two shoots/explant) and shoot length (2.22 cm) were also observed in Isfahan genotype. Cell suspension culture showed the highest fresh weight (18.59 g) and dry weight (1.707 g) with 0.75 g inoculum of the callus derived from lateral sprouts cultured on MS medium. Microscopy of CrO3 stained cells was carried on each 3rd day for 27 days that revealed larger and spongier cells in the early days as compared to final days when the cell number was greater but cell size was smaller.

Conclusion

The callogenesis, organogenesis, and cell suspension culture of chamomile may be genotype dependent. Hence, optimization of media ingredients and culture conditions is of utmost importance for devising tissue culture based conservation strategy of any chamomile genotype and secondary metabolite production.
Psychosocial Distress and Coping Strategies in Response to COVID-19 Adopted among Adults in South-West Nigeria
Authors: Jubril R. A. , Azeez O. A. , Kolawole O. , Adelusi K. B. , Faloye A. O. , Adodo C. T. , Oduguwa I. O. , Owoeye I. P. , Sadiku J. A. , Olapade P. A.
Published: May 2021

Pandemics such as the SARS-cov-2 are known to cause psychosocial distress posing threats to mental health especially among South-west residents who have been disproportionately hit by the virus in Nigeria

Aims: To assess the level of psychosocial distress among selected adult residents in South-west Nigeria and determine the strategies adopted by them to cope.

Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional design was used to sample 393 adults from the region. The DASS-21 scale and Brief-COPE questionnaires were used to assess levels of psychosocial distress and coping respectively.

Place and Duration of Study: Southwest Nigeria, between May 2020 and June 2020.

Methodology: Participants were recruited using Snowballing sampling technique. Data were collected using an online self-administered questionnaire. Information retrieved were coded and entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20.0). Descriptive statistics of mean, frequency, and percentages were used to summarize data and Chi-square analysis was used to test the hypotheses with an Alpha level set at P =0.05.

Results: Pathologic scores for all three psychosocial distress indicators measured in this study were recorded in 8.1% of the participants. The three leading sources of psychological distress identified included; the general uncertainty associated with the pandemic, lack of confidence in the government's ability to handle the situation, and the fear of robbery attacks that were rampant in the region during the period of lockdown. Most of the participants coped by adopting the use of humor (62.8%) and religion (53.9%). State of residence was found to influence coping strategy and there was a relationship between sex and use of religion in coping at p= 0.01.

Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic was a significant stressor in the study. Improved strategies to combat the spread of the virus to help accelerate lifting of the lockdown will be beneficial to the coping capacities of the residents.
A Video-Assisted Anal Fistula Treatment (VAAFT): A New Minimally Invasive Treatment Option for Fistula in Ano
Authors: Dal Nawaz Ali , Abro Arshad Hussain , Memon Muhammad Anwar , Memon Ahmer Akbar , Mallah Muhammad Qasim , Khoso Danish Haider , Shaikh Ubedullah
Published: May 2021

Objective: To determine the outcome of video-assisted anal fistula treatment (VAAFT): A new minimally invasive treatment option for fistula in ano.

Study Design: This is an observational study.

Setting: Study carried out at General Surgery department, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro, form January 2020 to June 2020.

Material & Method: Inclusion criteria for this study were patients aged 18-60 years visiting the outpatient department with primary/recurrent fistula having symptoms. Among these individuals having anal fistula due to secondary causes like IBD, tuberculosis or any malignancy were not included in the study. VAAFT was performed by experience general surgeon and post-operative follow up was done till 1 years.

Results: A total of 68 patients with fistula in ano were selected for video assisted anal fistula treatment (VAAFT) in our setup. It included 67.6% (n=46) males and 32.3% (n=22) females who agreed for the procedure. The mean age of patients were found to be 43+13 years. Post-operatively complete healing was observed in 75% (n=51) patients and 14.7% patients had persistent fistula after the procedure. 

Conclusion: VAAFT is a minimally invasive surgical intervention implied to treat primary and recurrent anal fistulas, having lesser rates of recurrence and few post-operative complications. It should be implied over large scales for treatment of primary and recurrent anal fistula as it  carries the lowest rate of anal incontinence.
Comparison of Postoperative Bleeding with and without Discontinuing the Antiplatelet Drugs (Aspirin, Clopidogrel) after Tooth Extraction
Authors: Qureshi Ismatullah , Shahzad Muhammad , Bashir Uzma , Jalbani Bashir Ahmed , Memon Abdul Salam , Shams Salman
Published: May 2021

Background: A significant percentage of people who see a dentist are on antiplatelet treatment, and the rest of them have stopped taking these medications for 3 to 7 days prior to dental surgical surgery to avoid unnecessary bleeding and the possibility of adverse thrombotic cases. This study was conducted to compare postoperative bleeding with and without stopping antiplatelet drugs in tooth extraction.

Materials and Methods: Patients were divided into two groups, Group A consists of extraction of tooth without discontinuation of antiplatelet and Group B consists of extraction of tooth with discontinuation of antiplatelet with the consent from treating physician/cardiologist. All patients underwent for extraction under local anesthesia. Postoperatively, the amount of blood lost during the operation was calculated, any oozing or bleeding was looked at the operated spot and occurrence or nonappearance of oozing, as well as active bleeding was measured.

Results: Mean age of group A patients was 55.08 years and mean age of group B was 52.92 years. After 1 hour assessment of bleeding status, active bleeding was 12% in group A and 6% was in group B, findings were non-significant (p=0.271). After 24 hours assessment of bleeding status, there was no bleeding in 42% patients of group A and 58% patients of group B, oozing was in 34% patients of group A and 26% patients of group B, while active bleeding was 24% in group A and 16% was in group B, findings were non-significant (p=0.271). Mean of bleeding (in grams) was higher in Group A as compared to Group B (p=0.041).

Conclusion: There was no significant effect on bleeding during tooth extraction with continuation of anticoagulant therapy
An Experimental Exploratory Study for the Mechanism of Anti-Inflammatory Action of Mecca Myrrh (Commiphora opobalsamum)
Authors: Al–Salmi Akram A. , Ahmad Mai A. Alim A. Sattar , Khan Lateef M.
Published: May 2021

Background: Our recent past studies accomplished the target to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect as well as toxicological profile of Commiphora opobalsamum (CO), with almost identical potency in comparison to the contemporary anti-inflammatory drugs. This inspired us to explore its mechanism of action to further strengthen its efficacy.

Aim: To investigate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of CO by exploration of its correlation to its antioxidant activity as well as inhibitory effect on inflammatory mediators by interaction with MDA, NO, PGE2 and TNF-α.

Methods: 10 weeks old male Swiss albino mice (30 to 40 g) were used. Carrageenan–induced paw edema method was used, pretreatment with CO alone in different doses and in combination with diclofenac was done prior to carrageenan administration, subsequently homogenate of the paw was used to quantify the levels of MDA, NO, PGE2 and TNF-α by using their specific assays. In addition, Histological examination of edema paw was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of CO extract versus diclofenac and control investigating their impact on the inflammatory cell migration and edema formation.

Results: CO extract in the dose of 500mg/kg demonstrated maximum reduction of MDA level; hence antioxidant activity of CO could be contributed to its anti-inflammatory effect. Furthermore, notable observation indicated that CO administration significantly suppress increment in NO level in response to carrageenan, unequivocally significant inhibition of PGE2 accumulation at the site of inflammation by the pretreatment of CO extract was observed in the dose of 500mg/kg (0.001). Finally in contrast, the CO extract in the dose of 500mg/kg significantly accomplished the reduction of TNF-α in the paw in comparison to the control group (p<0.05).

Conclusion: In this study we have illustrated a pioneering perspective to elucidate the mechanism of anti- inflammatory and antioxidant action of methanolic extract of CO, attributed through suppression of MDA. NO, PGE2 and TNF-α at the site of inflammation.
Effectively integrating experiments into conservation practice
Authors: Ockendon Nancy , Amano Tatsuya , Cadotte Marc , Downey Harriet , Hancock Mark H. , Thornton Ann , Tinsley‐Marshall Paul , Sutherland William J.
Published: May 2021

Making effective decisions in conservation requires a broad and robust evidence base describing the likely outcomes of potential actions to draw on. Such evidence is typically generated from experiments or trials that evaluate the effectiveness of actions, but for many actions evidence is missing or incomplete.

We discuss how evidence can be generated by incorporating experiments into conservation practice. This is likely to be most efficient if opportunities for carrying out informative, well‐designed experiments are identified at an early stage during conservation management planning.

We consider how to navigate a way between the stringent requirements of statistical textbooks and the complexities of carrying out ecological experiments in the real world by considering practical approaches to the key issues of replication, controls and randomization.

We suggest that routinely sharing the results of experiments could increase both the value for money and effectiveness of conservation practice.

We argue that with early planning and a small additional input of effort, important new learning can be gained during the implementation of many conservation actions.
The effects of rotational setup errors in total body irradiation using helical tomotherapy
Authors: Isobe Akira , Usui Keisuke , Hara Naoya , Sasai Keisuke
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Helical tomotherapy (HT) is a form of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy that is employed in total body irradiation (TBI). Because TBI targets the whole body, accurate setup positioning at the edge of the treatment volume is made difficult by the whole‐body rotational posture. The purpose of this study is to clarify the tolerance for rotational setup error (SE) in the vertical direction. In addition, we perform a retrospective analysis of actually irradiated dose distributions using previous patients’ irradiation data.

Methods

To clarify the effects of rotational SE on the dose distribution, the planned CT images of 10 patients were rotated by 1–5° in the vertical (pitch) direction to create a pseudo‐rotational SE image. Then, the effect of the magnitude of the rotational SE on the dose distribution was simulated. In addition, the irradiated dose to the patients was analyzed by obtaining recalculated dose distributions using megavoltage CT images acquired before treatment.

Results

The simulation results showed that the average value of the lung volume receiving at least 10 Gy did not exceed the allowable value when the SE value was ≤2°. When the rotational SE was ≤3°, it was possible to maintain the clinical target volume dose heterogeneity within ±10% of the prescribed dose, which is acceptable according to the guidelines. A retrospective analysis of previous patients’ irradiation data showed their daily irradiation dose distribution. The dose to the clinical target volume was reduced by up to 3.4% as a result of the residual rotational SE. Although whole‐course retrospective analyses showed a statistically significant increase in high‐dose areas, the increase was only approximately 1.0%.

Conclusions

Dose errors induced by rotational SEs of ≤2° were acceptable in this study.
Antibody‐Drug‐Conjugate Therapy for Hematological Cancers: Matching Cell Biology with Clinical Benefit
Authors: Firer Michael A. , Luboshits Galia
Published: May 2021

Progress in the development and clinical efficacy of antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs) has attracted the interests of both academic researchers and the industry. The rationale for developing ADCs is based on the inherent non‐selectivity of chemotherapy for tumor cells, leading to side effects that can be severe and life threatening. Another major consequence of chemotherapy is the development of drug resistance. For these reasons, targeted drug delivery (TDD) systems are being developed to specifically deliver the cytotoxic drug into the target cell. A variety of carriers that can deliver drugs to the surface or into cancer cells, one of which is the use of monoclonal antibodies, with to date ten ADCs having received FDA approval. This review will focus on the development and clinical application of five ADCs currently approved for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Following a short history that led to their regulatory approval, the review will focus on the important link between the biology of the ADC, the cell surface component targeted by the antibody component, and clinical efficacy and conclude by highlighting newer developments that strengthen this link, so that ADCs can provide long‐term clinical benefit to patients with hematological cancers.
Oligoethyleneimine‐Conjugated Hyaluronic Acid Modulates Inflammatory Responses and Enhances Therapeutic Efficacy for Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Nishiguchi Akihiro , Taguchi Tetsushi
Published: May 2021

Modulation of innate immune responses is a potential strategy for treating inflammatory diseases. Although biogenic polyamines are known as immunomodulatory compounds possessing anti‐inflammatory functions, their biomedical applications have been limited owing to their cytotoxicity. Here, the discovery of an anti‐inflammatory and biocompatible compound is reported, which is a relatively low‐molecular‐weight polyamine, branched oligoethyleneimine (bOEI). Among bOEI molecules, bOEI‐300 strongly suppresses the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines from stimulated primary macrophages by scavenging reactive oxygen species and inhibiting the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor kappa‐B. Moreover, its polyampholyte‐like conjugate with hyaluronic acid improves the biocompatibility of polyamines and enhanced anti‐inflammatory functions. In a murine ulcerative colitis model, the conjugates enhance therapeutic efficacy by suppressing the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. This polyamine‐conjugated biopolymer has enormous potential to treat inflammatory diseases via the modulation of inflammatory responses.
Emerging Brain‐Pathophysiology‐Mimetic Platforms for Studying Neurodegenerative Diseases: Brain Organoids and Brains‐on‐a‐Chip
Authors: Bang Seokyoung , Lee Songhyun , Choi Nakwon , Kim Hong Nam
Published: May 2021

Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of the structural and functional integrity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Millions of people suffer from degenerative brain diseases worldwide, and the mortality continues to increase every year, causing a growing demand for knowledge of the underlying mechanisms and development of therapeutic targets. Conventional 2D‐based cell culture platforms and animal models cannot fully recapitulate the pathophysiology, and this has limited the capability for estimating drug efficacy. Recently, engineered platforms, including brain organoids and brain‐on‐a‐chip, have emerged. They mimic the physiology of brain tissue and reflect the fundamental pathophysiological signatures of neurodegenerative diseases, such as the accumulation of neurotoxic proteins, structural abnormalities, and functional loss. In this paper, recent advances in brain‐mimetic platforms and their potential for modeling features of neurodegenerative diseases in vitro are reviewed. The development of a physiologically relevant model should help overcome unresolved neurodegenerative diseases.
Rationally Designed, Self‐Assembling, Multifunctional Hydrogel Depot Repairs Severe Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Ye Jingjia , Jin Shuang , Cai Wanxiong , Chen Xiangfeng , Zheng Hanyu , Zhang Tianfang , Lu Wujie , Li Xiaojian , Liang Chengzhen , Chen Qixin , Wang Yaxian , Gu Xiaosong , Yu Bin , Chen Zuobing , Wang Xuhua
Published: May 2021

Following severe spinal cord injury (SCI), dysregulated neuroinflammation causes neuronal and glial apoptosis, resulting in scar and cystic cavity formation during wound healing and ultimately the formation of an atrophic microenvironment that inhibits nerve regrowth. Because of this complex and dynamic pathophysiology, a systemic solution for scar‐ and cavity‐free wound healing with microenvironment remodeling to promote nerve regrowth has rarely been explored. A one‐step solution is proposed through a self‐assembling, multifunctional hydrogel depot that punctually releases the anti‐inflammatory drug methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) and growth factors (GFs) locally according to pathophysiology to repair severe SCI. Synergistically releasing the anti‐inflammatory drug MPSS and GFs in the hydrogel depot throughout SCI pathophysiology protects spared tissues/axons from secondary injury, promotes scar boundary‐ and cavity‐free wound healing, and results in permissive bridges for remarkable axonal regrowth. Behavioral and electrophysiological studies indicate that remnants of spared axons, not regenerating axons, mediate functional recovery, strongly suggesting that additional interventions are still required to render the rebuilt neuronal circuits functional. These findings pave the way for the development of a systemic solution to treat acute SCI.
Supra‐Binary Polarization in a Ferroelectric Nanowire
Authors: Xu Wentao , Wang Lihua , Yang David ChangMo , Hajibabaei Amir , Lee Yeongjun , Park Cheolmin , Lee Tae‐Woo , Kim Kwang S.
Published: May 2021

The prediction and observation of supra‐binary polarization in a ferroelectric nanowire (FNW) covered with a semicylindrical gate that provides an anisotropic electric field in the FNW are reported. There are gate‐voltage‐driven transitions between four polarization states in the FNW's cross‐section, dubbed vertical‐up, vertical‐down, radial‐in, and radial‐out. They are determined by the interplay between the spatial depolarization energy and the free energy induced by an anisotropic external electric field, in clear distinction from the conventional film‐based binary ferroelectricity. When the FNW is mounted on a biased graphene nanoribbon (GNR), these transitions induce exotic current–voltage hysteresis in the FNW–GNR transistor. This discovery suggests new operating mechanisms of ferroelectric devices. In particular, it enables intrinsic quaternary‐digit information manipulation in parallel to the bit manipulation employed in conventional data storage.
A Facile Way for Acquisition of a Nanoporous Pt–C Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Xie Xianxian , Khalakhan Ivan , Vorokhta Mykhailo , Yakovlev Yurii , Dinhová Thu Ngan , Nováková Jaroslava , Kúš Peter , Dopita Milan , Veltruská Kateřina , Matolínová Iva
Published: May 2021

Here, the concept of preferential leaching of cerium oxide on ternary Pt–C–CeO2 compound is demonstrated in order to develop a cost‐effective catalyst for the cathode in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The Pt–C–CeO2 thin film catalyst is prepared by simultaneous magnetron co‐sputtering of Pt, C, and CeO2. The morphology, structure, and composition of the Pt–C–CeO2 layer are characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Both half‐cell and single‐cell tests are performed to determine its activity and durability. During an activation electrochemical cycling procedure, CeO2 is leached from the compound, leaving behind a porous Pt–C matrix which exhibits almost 3 times higher electrochemically active surface area in comparison with pure Pt with identical loading before and even after accelerated degradation tests in the half‐cell. When used as the cathode in a single‐cell membrane electrode assembly, decomposed Pt–C–CeO2 also shows greater power density than pure Pt.
Family Art Therapy: A Contribution to Mental Health Treatment in an Adolescent Inpatient Setting
Authors: Nielsen Fran , Feijo Isabelle , Renshall Kate , Starling Jean
Published: May 2021

Art therapy has been increasingly used in mental health settings, particularly for children and families who experience trauma‐induced symptoms. However, there is limited literature on family art therapy in child and adolescent inpatient settings. We describe the use of family art therapy in an inpatient child and adolescent mental health services unit, including images to demonstrate effectiveness. Patient and family member artworks were photographed and used to describe three case studies. Artworks made in art therapy can reveal hidden dysfunction in the family. Recent trauma research supports capacity to access this material safely through non‐verbal visual communication. Family art therapy is a useful intervention to support the identification of an illness in the parent, to improve the attunement between the parent and the child, and for the parent to detach from their child’s symptoms by agreeing to get treatment for themselves. If the patient cannot separate from the illness in the parent their symptoms may remain.
Revising shell adze analysis in Oceania: a multifaceted approach to the study of a Solomon Islands’ collection
Authors: RADCLYFFE CHARLES JAMES TEKARAWA
Published: May 2021

Shell adzes, although one of the more common artefacts in the Pacific, have not received nearly the same attention by archaeologists as have stone adzes in the region. Large collections of the latter have been studied in detail for over a century, and researchers have developed consistent methodological approaches, terminology and classification for their analysis. This has not been the case for shell adzes. This paper provides a critical review of this issue and puts forward a multifaceted approach, including a revised set of classificatory criteria, that is applied to the descriptive analysis of two museum collections of shell adzes and other cutting implements from Solomon Islands. The analysis demonstrates that incorporating technological, functional and ecological factors in the description and classification of shell adzes can generate a more insightful understanding of the various ways these cutting implements were made and used in the past.
Finite‐time leader–follower consensus control of multiagent systems with mismatched disturbances
Authors: Gu Lixue , Zhao Zhanshan , Sun Jie , Wang Zhangang
Published: May 2021

We study the robust finite‐time leader–follower output consensus problems for second‐order multiagent systems (MASs) with mismatched disturbances. For mismatched disturbance, the mismatched disturbance observer is used for each follower to estimate the mismatched disturbance in finite time. Then a backstepping control protocol is constructed via Lyapunov finite‐time stability theorem, and we can prove that the output consensus tracking with strong robustness can be reached for the considered MAS in finite time if the communication topology includes a directed spanning tree, where the leader is the root. Finally, we use two simulation examples to illustrate the correctness of the theoretical results.
Techno‐economic analysis of tannin and briquette co‐production from bark waste: a case study quantifying symbiosis benefits in biorefinery
Authors: Wijeyekoon Suren , Suckling Ian , Fahmy Muthasim , Hall Peter , Bennett Paul
Published: May 2021

Incorporating industrial symbiosis benefits into biorefinery opportunities can reduce new investment costs and possibly improve the green credentials of processes. The existing wood‐processing cluster at Kawerau, New Zealand, with easy access to wood‐processing residues, excess on‐site geothermal energy, and on‐site use of products, could provide significant symbiotic benefits for the development of biorefinery opportunities. To quantify the potential benefits of this site symbiosis, we undertook a detailed techno‐economic and risk analysis for co‐production of bark briquettes and tannin adhesive from wood bark in greenfield and in Kawerau scenarios. Kawerau site benefits were quantified and their impacts on opportunity viability were assessed. Symbiotic use of the tannin adhesive produced on site and the use of the geothermal heat available in Kawerau reduced the utility cost by 45% and total capital investment by 56% compared with a greenfield operation. This improved the overall economics significantly, with the internal rate of return increasing from 6 to 22%. Monte Carlo simulations showed that the water : bark ratio and tannin yield have profound effects on process economics. Process improvements show a greater effect on improving the overall economics than price volatilities of input materials. The study findings confirm the significant economic benefits of incorporating industrial symbiosis at existing wood‐processing sites, and help to identify research needs for tannin process improvements. © 2021 Argonne National Laboratory. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Molecular Basis of Selectivity and Activity for the Antimicrobial Peptide Lynronne‐1 Informs Rational Design of Peptide with Improved Activity
Authors: Jayawant Eleanor S. , Hutchinson Jack , Gašparíková Dorota , Lockey Christine , Pruñonosa Lara Lidón , Guy Ciaran , Brooks Rhiannon L. , Dixon Ann M.
Published: May 2021

Antibiotic resistance is a significant threat to human health, with natural products remaining the best source for new antimicrobial compounds. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are natural products with great potential for clinical use as they are small, amenable to customization, and show broad‐spectrum activities. Lynronne‐1 is a promising AMP identified in the rumen microbiome that shows broad‐spectrum activity against pathogens such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii. Here we investigated the structure of Lynronne‐1 using solution NMR spectroscopy and identified a 13‐residue amphipathic helix containing all six cationic residues. We used biophysical approaches to observe folding, membrane partitioning and membrane lysis selective to the presence of anionic lipids. We translated our understanding of Lynronne‐1 structure to design peptides which varied in the size of their hydrophobic helical face. These peptides displayed the predicted continuum of membrane‐lysis activities in vitro and in vivo, and yielded a new AMP with 4‐fold improved activity against A. baumannii and 32‐fold improved activity against S. aureus.
Self‐report versus clinician‐ratings in the assessment of aggression in violent offenders
Authors: Berlin Johan , Tärnhäll André , Hofvander Björn , Wallinius Märta
Published: May 2021

Background

The construct of aggression is central to work with violent offenders, but it is a broad construct that can be assessed by many different methods and instruments. Its measurement may, however, have profound implications for treatment planning. We need more knowledge about how different methods for assessing aggression relate to each other.

Aims

Our aims were to investigate, first, the convergence and concordance of two methods of assessing aggression: self‐report and clinical assessment and, second, to determine the degree to which aggression can be discriminated from neighbouring constructs, such as hostility, anger and criminal behaviour.

Methods

A nationally representative Swedish cohort of 269 18–25‐year‐old incarcerated violent offenders was recruited. Data were collected through structured self‐reports of aggression, anger and hostility traits (Aggression Questionnaire‐Revised Swedish Version) and clinical assessments of lifetime prevalence of aggressive and antisocial behaviours (Life History of Aggression). Criminal records were retrieved from the Swedish National Crime Register.

Results

Self‐ratings and clinician‐ratings of aggression were highly convergent and concordant, especially regarding physical aggression. Violent offence records were weakly, if at all, correlated, while self‐reported hostility was weakly, or not at all, correlated with self‐reported or with clinician‐rated aggression. There was an inverse relationship between aggression and criminal records of sexual offences.

Conclusions and Implications

Even though a combination of self‐reports and clinician‐ratings may provide a better overview of an individual's aggressive behaviours, our results indicate that they yield such similar information that either alone would be sensitive enough. Our results do not, however, support using one of these methods as a proxy for the other since choice of measure and accepted concordance between them depend on the context within which the assessment is conducted. We reconfirmed that official records of violent offending are unlikely to be adequate measures of outcome after interventions to reduce aggressive behaviours.
Typical histological pattern of seminoma and its immunoreactivity: A diagnostic challenge
Authors: Abedin Nafisa , Dey Bishnu Pada
Published: May 2021

A 20‐year‐old man presented in the Department of Urology, with the complaint of left‐sided lower abdominal lump for past 9 months. The patient denied of having any constitutional symptoms including weight loss.
Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast in a young female‐ A rare ailment
Authors: Shrestha Suraj , Shakya Prafulla , Kharel Sanjeev , Dhakal Hari Prasad , Singh Moushami , Shrestha Aagon Krishna
Published: May 2021

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast is an extremely rare invasive breast carcinoma with rapid progression and worse prognosis. Careful assessment and diagnosis of the entity should also be considered in a rapidly progressing breast tumor.
Pitfalls and challenges in managing neuroendocrine carcinoma of gynecological origin: A case series and brief review
Authors: Farmer Lauren E. , Goradia Rutmi U. , Lakhi Nisha A.
Published: May 2021

Due to gynecologic tract (gNET) rarity, gynecologists may not have a strong index of suspicion for which to diagnose these tumors ultimately causing misdiagnoses and potential mismanagement. Gynecologists should be wary of diagnostic pitfalls.
Migration of intrauterine device caused asymptomatic acute appendicitis: A case report
Authors: Zamani Bonab Mehrangiz , Anvari Aliabad Roghayeh , Alimohammadi Shohreh
Published: May 2021

Missing of IUD is not always due to expulsion. If the patient is sure that it has not got expulsed, further investigations such as abdominal ultrasound and X‐ray should be performed to look for the device before any device‐related complications.
Oxidized MWCNTs as an Oxidizing Agent and Dopant in MWCNT@Polypyrrole Composite Formation**
Authors: Wysocka‐Żołopa Monika , Breczko Joanna , Grądzka Emilia , Basa Anna , Goclon Jakub , Dubis Alina , Winkler Krzysztof
Published: May 2021

A new approach to the formation of composites of carbon nanotubes and polypyrrole (PPy) is proposed. Oxidized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (ox‐MWCNTs) are used as oxidation agents in pyrrole polymerization. The polymeric phase is deposited both at the surface of the carbon nanotube to form a core‐shell structure and in the empty spaces of the MWCNT network. Each form of the polypyrrole phase exhibits different electrochemical properties. PPy deposited directly at the carbon nanotube surface as a uniform and dense layer is oxidized at less positive potentials, compared to the polymeric material deposited in the pores of the nanotube network. MWCNTs with anions incorporated into structural defects formed during their oxidation in a piranha solution also act as dopants of the oxidized form of PPy. The polymeric film deposited directly at the ox‐MWCNT surface is in its oxidized state. The redox processes involving this part of the PPy film are accompanied by the transport of cations of the supporting electrolyte. The charge transfer between ox‐MWCNTs and the deposited PPy film is confirmed by the results of the theoretical calculations of the energy states at the carbon nanotube and polypyrrole interface. A neutral PPy film located in layers remote from the surface of the nanotube is oxidized at more positive potentials. The oxidation of PPy located in the pores of the ox‐MWCNT network results in a broad voltammetric peak formation.
Neural network identification of water pipe blockage from smart embedded passive acoustic measurements
Authors: Baronti Luca , Castellani Marco , Hefft Daniel , Alberini Federico
Published: May 2021

This study presents a new neural network approach to identify the presence and type of obstruction in pipes from measurements of passive acoustic emissions. Inserts were used in a fluid re‐circulation loop to simulate different types of blockage at various flow rates within the turbulent regime, generating patterns of acoustic emissions. The data were pre‐processed using Fourier analysis, and two candidate sets of statistical descriptors were extracted for each measurement. The first set used average and spread of the Fourier transform amplitudes, the second used data binning to obtain a concise representation of the spectrum of amplitudes. Experimental evidence showed the second set of descriptors was the most suitable to train the neural network to recognize with accuracy the presence and type of blockage. The obtained results compare favourably with the literature, indicating that the approach provides a tool to enhance process monitoring in water supply systems, in particular early detection of upstream blockages.