bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conditions for Sublimating Water Ice to Supply Ceres' Exosphere
Authors: Landis M. E. , Byrne S. , Schörghofer N. , Schmidt B. E. , Hayne P. O. , Castillo‐Rogez J. , Sykes M. V. , Combe J.‐P. , Ermakov A. I. , Prettyman T. H. , Raymond C. A. , Russell C. T.
Published: September 2017

Observations of a water vapor exosphere around Ceres suggest that the dwarf planet may be episodically outgassing at a rate of ~6 kg s−1 from unknown sources. With data from the Dawn mission as constraints, we use a coupled thermal and vapor diffusion model to explore three different configurations of water ice (global buried pore‐filling ice, global buried excess ice, and local exposed surface ice) that could be present on Ceres. We conclude that a buried ice table cannot alone explain the vapor production rates previously measured, but newly exposed surface ice, given the right conditions, can exceed that vapor production rate. Sublimation lag deposits form that bury and darken this surface ice over a large range of timescales (from <1 year to approximately hundreds of kyr) that depend on latitude and ice regolith content. Sublimating water vapor can loft regolith particles from the surface of exposed ice, possibly prolonging the visible lifespan of those areas. We find that this process is only effective for regolith grains smaller than approximately ones of microns.
SPRINTS: A Framework for Solar‐Driven Event Forecasting and Research
Authors: Engell A. J. , Falconer D. A. , Schuh M. , Loomis J. , Bissett D.
Published: September 2017

Capabilities to predict onset and time profiles of solar‐driven events, including solar X‐ray flares; solar energetic particles (SEP); coronal mass ejections; and high‐speed streams, are critical in mitigating their potential impacts. We introduce the Space Radiation Intelligence System (SPRINTS). This NASA‐invested technology integrates preeruptive metadata and forecasts from the MAG4 system with posteruptive metadata in order to produce high fidelity and preeruptive to posteruptive transitional forecasts for solar‐driven events. To catalog start and end times of the four solar‐driven events, SPRINTS is capable of generating posteruptive forecasts based on automatic detections employed on 30+ years of GOES X‐ray and particle data as well as 20+ years of ACE and DSCOVR solar wind data. The prediction results for 1986–2016 presented here are from the SPRINTS posteruptive capability for forecasting SEPs leveraging GOES X‐ray metadata. We present onset, peak flux, and time profile SEP forecast metrics and results based on expert‐guided, statistical, and machine‐learned decision tree models. Operating on data from a 20 year period, a machine‐learned decision tree model provided the best results for predicting an S1 event (on the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center Solar Radiation Scale): 86% probability of detection and 37% false alarm rate. Five flare‐related metadata sets were leveraged in the decision tree modeling. Consistently, flare‐integrated flux, flare heliolongitude, and flare decay‐phase duration were found to be the top three forecasting parameters, while flare magnitude and flare latitude had little to no impact on the SEP forecast model. For the solar‐driven events of March 2012, we demonstrate SPRINTS abilities to forecast solar flares, SEP onset, and SEP evolution.
Halobacterium
Authors: Oren Aharon , Ventosa Antonio
Published: September 2017

Ha.lo.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. n.
hals, halos
salt; L. neut. n.
bacterium
, a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Halobacterium
salt (‐requiring) bacterium.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Halobacteriaceae / Halobacterium

The genus
Halobacterium
, classified within the family
Halobacteriaceae
, order
Halobacteriales
in the class
Halobacteria
, consists of motile rod‐shaped cells that form colonies pigmented red to pink by bacterioruberin carotenoids. Retinal pigments such as bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin may also be present. All species are extremely halophilic, and some isolates produce gas vesicles. They are aerobes, catalase positive; the oxidase reaction is variable. Some strains can grow in the absence of molecular oxygen by anaerobic respiration with nitrate or dimethylsulfoxide as the electron acceptor, and most isolates grow anaerobically by fermentation of arginine. Most species have complex growth requirements, and sugars are poorly metabolized. Polar lipids are diphytanyl diether derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol, the methyl ester of phosphatidylglycerol phosphate, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate, sulfated triglycosyl‐ and tetraglycosyl diether lipids, and other glycolipids. Currently, the genus consists of four species. Isolates have been recovered from salted fish, salted hides, marine salterns, natural salt lakes, and rock salt.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 54.3–71.2.

Type species
:
Halobacterium salinarum
.
H
alalkalicoccus
Authors: Ventosa Antonio , Sánchez‐Porro Cristina
Published: September 2017

Hal.al.ka.li.coc'cus. Gr. n.
hals, halos
salt; N.L. n.
alkali
alkali; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
berry; N.L. masc. n.
Halalkalicoccus
coccus existing in salted and alkaline environment.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Halobacteriaceae / Halalkalicoccus

The genus
Halalkalicoccus
is classified within the family
Halobacteriaceae
and the order
Halobacteriales
, in the class
Halobacteria
. The cells are cocci and stain Gram‐negative or are Gram‐variable. Colonies are pink‐, orange‐, or red‐pigmented. Strictly aerobic. They are extreme halophiles, growing in media containing 1.0–5.9 M NaCl, with optimal growth at 2.6–4.3 M NaCl and neutrophilic (optimal growth at pH 6.5–7.5) or alkaliphilic (optimal growth at pH 9.5–10.0). Cells do not lyse in distilled water. Polar lipids include phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester. Phosphatidylglycerol sulfate, sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether, and glycolipids may be present. Isoprenoid quinones are MK‐8 and MK‐8(H
2
). Currently, the genus includes three species:
Halalkalicoccus tibetensis
(type species of the genus),
Hac. jeotgali
, and
Hac. paucihalophilus
. The strains of these species were isolated from a soda lake, from shrimp jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood, and from a saline soil.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 60.4–63.2.

Type species
:
Halalkalicoccus tibetensis
Xue, Fan, Ventosa, Grant, Jones, Cowan and Ma 2005, 2504
VP
.
Mechanical Properties, Fatigue Life, and Electrical Conductivity of Cu–Cr–Hf Alloy after Equal Channel Angular Pressing
Authors: Shangina Daria V. , Terent'ev Vladimir F. , Prosvirnin Dmitry V. , Antonova Olga V. , Bochvar Natalia R. , Gorshenkov Mikhail V. , Raab Georgy I. , Dobatkin Sergey V.
Published: September 2017

Structure, mechanical, and service properties of a Cu–Cr–Hf alloy after quenching, equal‐channel angular pressing (ECAP), and subsequent aging have been studied. The positive effects of ultrafine‐grained structure formation (grain/subgrain size of ≈200 nm) during ECAP and strengthening particles precipitation upon subsequent aging at 450 °C on the mechanical and fatigue properties of the alloy are shown. Ultrafine‐grained Cu–Cr–Hf alloy after aging shows increasing in the fatigue limit on the basis of 107 cycles from 185 to 375 MPa relative to that of the initial coarse‐grained state. The alloy after ECAP and aging also exhibits sufficient elongation to failure (11.4%) and good electrical conductivity (78%IACS).
Current Status and Recent Developments in Porous Magnesium Fabrication
Authors: Kucharczyk Alicja , Naplocha Krzysztof , Kaczmar Jacek W. , Dieringa Hajo , Kainer Karl U.
Published: September 2017

A significant number of studies have been dedicated to the fabrication and properties of metallic foams. The most recent research is focused on metals with low weight and good mechanical properties, such as titanium, aluminum, and magnesium. Whereas the first two are already fairly well studied and already find application in industry, magnesium currently remains at the research stage. The present review covers the studies conducted on fabrication techniques, surface modifications, and properties of porous structures made of magnesium and its alloys.
Critical Time Intervention for Homeless People Making the Transition to Community Living: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: de Vet Renée , Beijersbergen Mariëlle D. , Jonker Irene E. , Lako Danielle A.M. , van Hemert Albert M. , Herman Daniel B. , Wolf Judith R.L.M.
Published: September 2017

Highlights

This study contributes to a European evidence base for effective interventions for homeless people.

It is the first RCT conducted in Dutch shelter services; this is uncommon outside the United States.

In this sample, recurrent homelessness was rare 9 months after moving from a shelter to housing.

Beneficial effects of CTI on mental health seem to be independent of health care system or context.
Comparison of hand use and forelimb posture during vertical climbing in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Neufuss Johanna , Robbins Martha M. , Baeumer Jana , Humle Tatyana , Kivell Tracy L.
Published: September 2017

Objectives

Studies on grasping and limb posture during arboreal locomotion in great apes in their natural environment are scarce and thus, attempts to correlate behavioral and habitat differences with variation in morphology are limited. The aim of this study is to compare hand use and forelimb posture during vertical climbing in wild, habituated mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) and semi‐free‐ranging chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to assess differences in the climbing styles that may relate to variation in hand or forelimb morphology and body size.

Materials and methods

We investigated hand use and forelimb posture during both ascent and descent vertical climbing in 15 wild mountain gorillas and eight semi‐free‐ranging chimpanzees, using video records obtained ad libitum.

Results

In both apes, forelimb posture was correlated with substrate size during both ascent and descent climbing. While climbing, both apes used power grips and diagonal power grips, including three different thumb postures. Mountain gorillas showed greater ulnar deviation of the wrist during vertical descent than chimpanzees, and the thumb played an important supportive role when gorillas vertically descended lianas.

Discussion

We found that both apes generally had the same grip preferences and used similar forelimb postures on supports of a similar size, which is consistent with their overall similarity in hard and soft tissue morphology of the hand and forelimb. However, some species‐specific differences in morphology appear to elicit slightly different grasping strategies during vertical climbing between mountain gorillas and chimpanzees.
Calypso's spell: accidental near‐fatal thiacloprid intoxication
Authors: Zuercher Patrick , Gerber Daniel , Schai Nadia , Nebiker Matthias , König Stefan , Schefold Joerg C.
Published: September 2017

Key Clinical Message

Acute life‐threatening intoxications with insecticides are rare. We report a case of accidental near‐fatal thiacloprid intoxication with mass spectrometry‐based analytical confirmation. The initial clinical presentation resembled imminent brain death and/or severe postanoxic encephalopathy. Prolonged supportive treatment resulted in full recovery underlining intoxication as an important differential diagnosis in unclear coma.
Polycystic pancreatic disease associated with pineal cyst in an adolescent: a case report and literature overview
Authors: Badran Abdul‐Monem , Fotiadou Anatoli , Kayemba Kay's Simon
Published: September 2017

Key Clinical Message

Pancreatic polycystosis is one of rare causes of recurrent abdominal pain of pancreatic origin in children frequently associated with other organ's cysts which are to be searched. Association with pineal cyst is exceptional, and link between the two locations is to be elucidated. MRI is highly valuable to characterize cysts.
The Highly Efficient Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of (Hetero)aryl Chlorides and (Hetero)arylboronic Acids Catalyzed by “Bulky‐yet‐Flexible” Palladium–PEPPSI Complexes in Air
Authors: Ouyang Jia‐Sheng , Li Yan‐Fang , Huang Fei‐Dong , Lu Dong‐Dong , Liu Feng‐Shou
Published: September 2017

A series of Pd–PEPPSI complexes were designed and synthesized. The relationship between catalyst structure and properties was systematically investigated. It was revealed that “bulky‐yet‐flexible” C3 bearing ancenaphthyl backbone was a highly efficient precatalyst and could be successfully employed in Suzuki–Miyaura reactions of (hetero)aryl chlorides with (hetero)arylboronic acids at a low palladium loading in the presence of a weak inorganic base in air.
Photoelectrochemical Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohol Derivatives on BiVO4/WO3 under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Tateno Hiroyuki , Miseki Yugo , Sayama Kazuhiro
Published: September 2017

The photo‐assisted electrochemical oxidation of benzylic alcohol derivatives was achieved with excellent yields up to 97 % at low applied potential under visible light irradiation (>420 nm) by using a BiVO4/WO3 photoelectrode in aprotic organic media. The faradaic efficiencies for the oxidation of 1‐phenylethyl alcohol was very high (>99 %) in 0.1 M Bu4NBF4/MeCN. The applied potentials for the oxidation of benzylic alcohols (approximately +0.7 V vs. SHE) were considerably lower than those of the Pt electrodes (approximately +1.9 V vs. SHE). The turnover number of moles of oxidation product per moles of BiVO4 was approximately 1200.
Circumventing Intrinsic Metal Reactivity: Radical Generation with Redox‐Active Ligands
Authors: Jacquet Jérémy , Cheaib Khaled , Ren Yufeng , Vezin Hervé , Orio Maylis , Blanchard Sébastien , Fensterbank Louis , Desage‐El Murr Marine
Published: September 2017

Nickel complexes have gained sustained attention as efficient catalysts in cross‐coupling reactions and co‐catalysts in dual systems due to their ability to react with radical species. Central to this reactivity is nickel's propensity to shuttle through several accessible redox states from Ni0 to NiIV. Here, we report the catalytic generation of trifluoromethyl radicals from a nickel complex bearing redox‐active iminosemiquinone ligands. This unprecedented reactivity is enabled through ligand‐based oxidation performing electron transfer to an electrophilic CF3+ source while the nickel oxidation state is preserved. Additionally, extension of this reactivity to a copper complex bearing a single redox equivalent is reported, thus providing a unified reactivity scheme. These results open new pathways in radical chemistry with redox‐active ligands.
Development of a Seasonal Heat Storage Based on Zeolite/Ammonia
Authors: Gerhold Ingo , Drochner Alfons , Vogel Herbert
Published: September 2017

Zur besseren Nutzung von Exzessenergien wurde ein Wärmespeichersystem entwickelt, das sich aus einem Blockheizkraftwerk (BHKW) mit einem integrierten Langzeitwärmespeicher zusammensetzt. Aus ökonomischen Gründen wird ein BHKW ganzjährig bei optimalem Wirkungsgrad betrieben. Die Folge ist, dass Wärmeenergie im Sommer sinnvollerweise gespeichert werden sollte, um sie in der Heizperiode zu nutzen. Hierbei wird als Wärmespeichersystem ein binäres System bestehend aus einem modifizierten Zeolith 5A und Ammoniak eingesetzt. Die abschließende Auslegung zeigt, dass es als Kurz‐ und Langzeitwärmespeicher eingesetzt werden kann.
Membranforschung für die Öffentlichkeit: Ein Kooperationsprojekt zwischen Fachdidaktik und Fachwissenschaft
Authors: von Hoff Elena , Milsch Nele , Ehlers Marc , Waitz Thomas , Mey Ingo
Published: September 2017

In diesem Beitrag wird ein Kooperationsprojekt zwischen Fachdidaktik und Fachwissenschaft vorgestellt, dass sich mit der Entwicklung von Science Outreach Aktivitäten in Bezug auf die Forschung des Sonderforschungsbereiches 803 befasst. In enger Zusammenarbeit werden Forschungsprojekte und Themen aus dem Bereich der Membranforschung mit alltagsnahen Kontexten sowie Fragestellungen vernetzt; dabei werden Materialien wie Experimente, Ausstellungsstücke, Videos und Adapted Primary Literature für den formalen und non‐formalen Bildungsbereich entwickelt und in einem zyklischen Prozess aus Design, Implementierung, Evaluation und Optimierung kontinuierlich weiterentwickelt. Durch Ausrichtung auf die drei Zielgruppen: Schülerinnen und Schüler, Lehrkräfte und die interessierte Allgemeinheit soll so nachhaltig die Kommunikation zwischen Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft gefördert werden.
Für Lernprozesse modelliert: Physikalisch‐chemische Prüfverfahren der Industrie an den Beispielen Klebefestigkeit, Viskosität und Waschleistung
Authors: Sommer Katrin , Krupp Ute , Toschka Christina , Schröder Thomas Philipp
Published: September 2017

Standardisierte Prüfverfahren sind essentielle Bestandteile industrieller Abläufe. So selbstverständlich diese Verfahren in der Industrie ihre Anwendung finden, so fern scheinen sie zunächst dem Chemieunterricht. Dabei stehen von Beginn des Chemieunterrichts an Fragen nach der Ermittlung von physikalischen und chemischen Stoffeigenschaften und das dafür notwendige Repertoire an Fachmethoden im Blickpunkt. Meistens können industrielle Prüfverfahren in der Schule nicht im Original zum Einsatz kommen. Durch die Entwicklung von Modellexperimenten ist es aber möglich, Zugang zu den Prüfverfahren zu bekommen. Der vorliegende Artikel schildert drei standardisierte industrielle Prüfverfahren und ihre Umsetzung in Modellexperimente für den Chemieunterricht: Testung der Klebefestigkeit mit dem Prüfverfahren der Zug‐Scherfestigkeit, Prüfung der Viskosität mit einem Kugelfallviskosimeter sowie die Ermittlung der Waschleistung durch Sichtprüfung.
Photonen und Moleküle
Authors: Meuter N. , Spinnen S. , Yurdanur Y. , Tausch M. W.
Published: September 2017

Traditionell wird die Farbigkeit von Gegenständen durch Lichtabsorption gelehrt. Allerdings gehört heute auch die Farbigkeit durch Lichtemission zu den Alltagserfahrungen eines jeden. Der Schlüssel für das Verständnis beider Phänomene liegt in der Wechselwirkung kleinster Teilchen aus Stoffen, beispielsweise Molekülen, mit den kleinsten Energiepäckchen aus dem Licht, den Photonen. Bei der experimentellen und konzeptionellen Erschließung dieser Wechselwirkung treffen sich Tradition und Innovation in der Chemiedidaktik.
Controllable Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Nanohybrids with Gold Multipod Nanoparticle Cores and ZIF‐67 Shells (GMN@ ZIF‐67)
Authors: Mai Hien Duy , Le Van Cam Thi , Pham Thu Minh Thi , Ko Jae‐Hyeon , Yoo Hyojong
Published: September 2017

Advanced hybrid nanomaterials tailored with unique morphologies and multiple functions can be synthesized by the controllable integration of two or more well‐designed components. Distinctively shaped metal cores with well‐defined coordination polymer shells can lead to synergistic structural properties in the resultant hybrid materials. Herein, we report a facile synthetic strategy for gold multipod nanoparticle (GMN) cores‐zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐67) shells (GMN@ZIF‐67) nanohybrids. Because of the structural anisotropy, which is crucial for heterogeneous seed‐induced nucleation, and uniqueness of GMNs, their combination with ZIF‐67 gives characteristic core–shell materials. The synthetic process can be readily achieved without using surfactants or capping reagents. Thus, it is potentially an environmentally friendly route to expedient nanohybrids. The material properties (i.e., surface area, size, and shape) of the resultant GMN@ZIF‐67 nanohybrids can be readily controlled by simply varying the relative amount of GMNs and ZIF‐67 precursors used.
Do therapists' subjective variables impact on psychodynamic psychotherapy outcomes? A systematic literature review
Authors: Lingiardi Vittorio , Muzi Laura , Tanzilli Annalisa , Carone Nicola
Published: September 2017

Background

Despite growing attention to the general therapist effects in a wide range of clinical settings, little is known about the individual, cross‐situational, and therapy–nonspecific variables that impact on the differential effectiveness of clinicians. The current study is a systematic review of the evidence relating to the influence of therapist's subjective characteristics on outcomes of psychodynamic psychotherapies.

Method

A multistage and systematic search of articles published between 1987 and 2017 identified 30 relevant studies, which were organized into 6 areas according to the specific therapist's variable considered.

Results

Therapists' interpersonal functioning and skills showed the strongest evidence of a direct effect on treatment outcomes. Furthermore, there were preliminary evidence that therapists' attachment styles, their interpersonal history with caregivers, and their self‐concept might affect outcomes through interaction effects with other constructs, such as technical interventions, patient's pathology, and therapeutic alliance. The high variability between studies on therapists' overall reflective or introspective abilities and personality characteristics suggested the need for more systematic research in these areas, whereas therapists' values and attitudes showed small effects on therapeutic outcome.

Conclusions

The present review clarifies how a deep examination of the contribution of therapists' subjective characteristics can help elucidate the complex association between relational and technical factors related to the outcome of psychodynamic treatments.
Urbanization reduces and homogenizes trait diversity in stream macroinvertebrate communities
Authors: Barnum Thomas R. , Weller Donald E. , Williams Meghan
Published: September 2017

More than one‐half of the world's population lives in urban areas, so quantifying the effects of urbanization on ecological communities is important for understanding whether anthropogenic stressors homogenize communities across environmental and climatic gradients. We examined the relationship of impervious surface coverage (a marker of urbanization) and the structure of stream macroinvertebrate communities across the state of Maryland and within each of Maryland's three ecoregions: Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Appalachian, which differ in stream geomorphology and community composition. We considered three levels of trait organization: individual traits, unique combinations of traits, and community metrics (functional richness, functional evenness, and functional divergence) and three levels of impervious surface coverage (low [<2.5%], medium [2.5% to 10%], and high [>10%]). The prevalence of an individual trait differed very little between low impervious surface and high impervious surface sites. The arrangement of trait combinations in community trait space for each ecoregion differed when impervious surface coverage was low, but the arrangement became more similar among ecoregions as impervious surface coverage increased. Furthermore, trait combinations that occurred only at low or medium impervious surface coverage were clustered in a subset of the community trait space, indicating that impervious surface affected the presence of only a subset of trait combinations. Functional richness declined with increasing impervious surface, providing evidence for environmental filtering. Community metrics that include abundance were also sensitive to increasing impervious surface coverage: functional divergence decreased while functional evenness increased. These changes demonstrate that increasing impervious surface coverage homogenizes the trait diversity of macroinvertebrate communities in streams, despite differences in initial community composition and stream geomorphology among ecoregions. Community metrics were also more sensitive to changes in the abundance rather than the gain or loss of trait combinations, showing the potential for trait‐based approaches to serve as early warning indicators of environmental stress for monitoring and biological assessment programs.
‘heartfailurematters.org’, an educational website for patients and carers from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology: objectives, use and future directions
Authors: Wagenaar Kim P. , Rutten Frans H. , Klompstra Leonie , Bhana Yusuf , Sieverink Floor , Ruschitzka Frank , Seferovic Petar M. , Lainscak Mitja , Piepoli Massimo F. , Broekhuizen Berna D.L. , Strömberg Anna , Jaarsma Tiny , Hoes Arno W. , Dickstein Kenneth
Published: September 2017

Aims

In 2007, the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) launched the information website
heartfailurematters.org (HFM site) with the aim of creating a practical tool through which to provide advice and guidelines for living with heart failure to patients, their carers, health care professionals and the general public worldwide. The website is managed by the ESC at the European Heart House and is currently available in nine languages. The aim of this study is to describe the background, objectives, use, lessons learned and future directions of the HFM site.

Methods and results

Data on the number of visitor sessions on the site as measured by Google Analytics were used to explore use of the HFM site from 2010 to 2015. Worldwide, the annual number of sessions increased from 416 345 in 2010 to 1 636 368 in 2015. Most users (72–75%) found the site by using a search engine. Desktops and, more recently, smartphones were used to visit the website, accounting for 50% and 38%, respectively, of visits to the site in 2015.

Conclusions

Although its use has increased, the HFM site has not yet reached its full potential: fewer than 2 million users have visited the website, whereas the number of people living with heart failure worldwide is estimated to be 23 million. Uptake and use could be further improved by a continuous process of qualitative assessment of users' preferences, and the provision of professional helpdesk facilities, comprehensive information technology, and promotional support.
Left ventricular ejection time is an independent predictor of incident heart failure in a community‐based cohort
Authors: Biering‐Sørensen Tor , Querejeta Roca Gabriela , Hegde Sheila M. , Shah Amil M. , Claggett Brian , Mosley Thomas H. , Butler Kenneth R. , Solomon Scott D.
Published: September 2017

Aims

Systolic time intervals change in the progress of cardiac dysfunction. The usefulness of left ventricular ejection time (LVET) to predict cardiovascular morbidity, however, is unknown.

Methods and results

We studied middle‐aged African‐Americans from one of four cohorts of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (Jackson cohort, n=1980) who underwent echocardiography between 1993 and 1995. Left ventricular ejection time was measured by pulsed‐wave Doppler of the left ventricular outflow tract and related to outcomes. A shorter LVET was associated with younger age, male sex, higher diastolic blood pressure, higher proportion of diabetes, higher heart rate, higher blood glucose levels and worse fractional shortening. During a median follow‐up of 17.6 years, 384 (19%) had incident heart failure (HF), 158 (8%) had a myocardial infarction, and 587 (30%) died. In univariable analysis, a lower LVET was significantly associated with increased risk of all events (P<0.05 for all). However, after multivariable adjustment for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fractional shortening and left atrial diameter, LVET remained an independent predictor only of incident HF [hazard ratio 1.07 (1.02–1.14), P=0.010 per 10 ms decrease]. In addition, LVET provided incremental prognostic information to the known risk factors included in the Framingham risk score, in regard to predicting all outcomes except for myocardial infarction.

Conclusion

Left ventricular ejection time is an independent predictor of incident HF in a community‐based cohort and provides incremental prognostic information on the risk of future HF and death when added to known risk prediction models.
Synthesis of Oxasmaragdyrin–Amino Acid Conjugates
Authors: Laxman Kandala , Ravikanth Mangalampalli
Published: September 2017

A series of covalently linked oxasmaragdyrin‐amino acid and BF2‐oxasamaragdyrin–amino acid conjugates were synthesized by treating oxasmaragdyrin or its BF2 complex that contain a benzylhydroxyl group at one of the meso positions with an appropriate fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl‐protected amino acid in CH2Cl2 in the presence of 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide·HCl/hydroxybenzotriazole under basic conditions at room temperature. The conjugates are stable, highly soluble in all organic solvents, and confirmed by HRMS. 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize the oxasmaragdyrin–amino acid conjugates. Absorption, fluorescence, and electrochemical studies of conjugates indicate that the conjugates strongly absorb and emit in visible‐NIR region with decent quantum yields, singlet state lifetimes and are stable under electrochemical conditions. Furthermore, the conjugates showed minimal change in their spectral and electrochemical properties relative to that of the unconjugated oxasmaragdyrin or its BF2 complex suggest that the characteristic features of the oxasmaragdyrin and its BF2 complex is retained in the conjugates, which will be a useful feature for Near‐IR fluorescence imaging and other applications.
Simulation analysis of rectifying microfluidic mixing with field‐effect‐tunable electrothermal induced flow
Authors: Liu Weiyu , Ren Yukun , Tao Ye , Yao Bobin , Li You
Published: September 2017

We report herein field‐effect control on in‐phase electrothermal streaming from a theoretical point of view, a phenomenon termed “alternating‐current electrothermal‐flow field effect transistor” (ACET‐FFET), in the context of a new technology for handing analytes in microfluidics. Field‐effect control through a gate terminal endows ACET‐FFET the ability to generate arbitrary symmetry breaking in the transverse vortex flow pattern, which makes it attractive for mixing microfluidic samples. A computational model is developed to study the feasibility of this new microfluidic device design for micromixing. The influence of various parameters on developing an efficient mixer is investigated, and an integrated layout of discrete electrode array is suggested for achieving high‐throughput mixing. Our physical demonstration with field‐effect electrothermal flow control using a simple electrode structure proves invaluable for designing active micromixers for modern micro total analytical system.
Early‐stage aeolian protodunes: Bedform development and sand transport dynamics
Authors: Baddock Matthew C. , Nield Joanna M. , Wiggs Giles F.S.
Published: September 2017

Early‐stage aeolian bedforms, or protodunes, are elemental in the continuum of dune development and act as essential precursors to mature dunes. Despite this, we know very little about the processes and feedback mechanisms that shape these nascent bedforms. Whilst theory and conceptual models have offered some explanation for protodune existence and development, until now, we have lacked the technical capability to measure such small bedforms in aeolian settings. Here, we employ terrestrial laser scanning to measure morphological change at the high frequency and spatial resolution required to gain new insights into protodune behaviour. On a 0.06 m high protodune, we observe vertical growth of the crest by 0.005 m in two hours. Our direct measurements of sand transport on the protodune account for such growth, with a reduction in time‐averaged sediment flux of 18% observed over the crestal region. Detailed measurements of form also establish key points of morphological change on the protodune. The position on the stoss slope where erosion switches to deposition is found at a point 0.07 m upwind of the crest. This finding supports recent models that explain vertical dune growth through an upwind shift of this switching point. Observations also show characteristic changes in the asymmetric cross‐section of the protodune. Flow‐form feedbacks result in a steepening of the lee slope and a decline in lower stoss slope steepness (by 3°), constituting a reshaping of protodune form towards more mature dune morphology. The approaches and findings applied here, (a) demonstrate an ability to quantify processes at requisite spatial and temporal scales for monitoring early‐stage dune evolution, (b) highlight the crucial role of form‐flow feedbacks in enabling early‐stage bedform growth, alluding to a fluctuation in feedbacks that require better representation in dune models, and (c) provide a new stimulus for advancing understanding of aeolian bedforms. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Land degradation and climate change: building climate resilience in agriculture
Authors: Webb Nicholas P , Marshall Nadine A , Stringer Lindsay C , Reed Mark S , Chappell Adrian , Herrick Jeffrey E
Published: September 2017

Land degradation and climate change pose enormous risks to global food security. Land degradation increases the vulnerability of agroecological systems to climate change and reduces the effectiveness of adaptation options. Yet these interactions have largely been omitted from climate impact assessments and adaptation planning. We examine how land degradation can influence climate‐change impacts and the adaptive capacity of crop and livestock producers across agroecological systems. We then present novel strategies for climate‐resilient agriculture that support opportunities to integrate responses to these challenges. Forward‐looking, climate‐resilient agriculture requires: (1) incorporation of land degradation processes, and their linkages with adaptive capacity, into adaptation planning; (2) identification of key vulnerabilities to prioritize adaptation responses; (3) improved knowledge exchange across local to global scales to support strategies for developing the adaptive capacity of producers; and (4) innovative management and policy options that provide multiple “wins” for land, climate, and biodiversity, thus enabling global development and food security goals to be achieved.
A multivariate distance‐based analytic framework for microbial interdependence association test in longitudinal study
Authors: Zhang Yilong , Han Sung Won , Cox Laura M. , Li Huilin
Published: September 2017

Human microbiome is the collection of microbes living in and on the various parts of our body. The microbes living on our body in nature do not live alone. They act as integrated microbial community with massive competing and cooperating and contribute to our human health in a very important way. Most current analyses focus on examining microbial differences at a single time point, which do not adequately capture the dynamic nature of the microbiome data. With the advent of high‐throughput sequencing and analytical tools, we are able to probe the interdependent relationship among microbial species through longitudinal study. Here, we propose a multivariate distance‐based test to evaluate the association between key phenotypic variables and microbial interdependence utilizing the repeatedly measured microbiome data. Extensive simulations were performed to evaluate the validity and efficiency of the proposed method. We also demonstrate the utility of the proposed test using a well‐designed longitudinal murine experiment and a longitudinal human study. The proposed methodology has been implemented in the freely distributed open‐source R package and Python code.
Room temperature synthesis and binding studies of solution‐processable histamine‐imprinted microspheres
Authors: Romano Edwin F. , Holdsworth Clovia I. , Quirino Joselito P. , So Regina C.
Published: September 2017

Accurate quantification of histamine levels in food and in biological samples is important for monitoring the quality of food products and for the detection of pathophysiological conditions. In this study, solution processable histamine‐imprinted microspheres were synthesized at 30°C via dilute free radical phototochemical polymerization technique using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the crosslinker and methacrylic acid (MAA) as the monomer. The processability of the resulting polymer is dictated by the monomer feed concentration (eg, 4 wt% 80:20 EGDMA:MAA formulation) and solvent (acetonitrile). Whereas, the particle size is influenced by the monomer feed concentration, the presence of template molecule, and independent of the crosslinker content. Evaluation of the binding performance of the photochemically imprinted polymers (PCP) with different crosslinker content (80 and 90 wt%) indicated that the selective binding capacity was notably higher in PCP‐80 (N= 16.0 μmol/g) compared to PCP‐90 (N= 10.1 μmol/g) when analyzed via frontal analysis capillary electrophoresis (FACE) using Freundlich isotherm. In addition, PCP‐80 microspheres are more selective toward histamine than conventional thermal polymers (CTP‐80) prepared at 60°C in the presence of structural analogs such as histidine, imidazole, and tryptamine under cross‐rebinding and competitive conditions. These results demonstrated that histamine‐selective imprinted polymers can be obtained readily using room temperature photochemical polymerization where these materials can be subsequently used as recognition element for optical‐based histamine sensing.
Coffee response to nitrogen and soil water content during the early growth stage
Authors: Salamanca-Jimenez Alveiro , Doane Timothy A. , Horwath William R.
Published: September 2017

Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is the major crop grown in highland and mountainous areas of Colombia, where the most common yield‐limiting factors are nitrogen (N) and soil water content. Since the eventual success of a plantation is determined by the performance of coffee plants during critical early stages, our goal was to better understand plant response to these limiting factors. Four different levels of N and soil water content were evaluated under greenhouse conditions for their effect on growth, water use efficiency, fertilizer‐N recovery efficiency (FNRE), and stem lignin and cellulose of coffee seedlings.

The interaction between N and moisture did not produce a significant response in coffee growth. However, by increasing N, both water use efficiency and 13C content were enhanced, while growth, recovery of urea by plants, and stem strength were decreased. Water stress due to low soil water content increased water use efficiency, 13C content, and root to shoot ratio, but decreased shoot growth.

These results demonstrate the effects of N supply and water balance and highlight the excessive amount of N typically applied to coffee seedlings as well as the importance of the acclimation process of young plants to changes in soil N and water. All of these are important considerations in improving management strategies to reduce environmental impact while sustaining optimal productivity.
Effect of roasting conditions on the composition and antioxidant properties of defatted walnut flour
Authors: Santos Joana , Alvarez‐Ortí Manuel , Sena‐Moreno Estela , Rabadán Adrián , Pardo José E , Beatriz PP Oliveira M
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

Walnut oil extraction by pressure systems produces a press cake as a by‐product, with many of the beneficial walnut properties. The objective of this work was to evaluate the composition and antioxidant properties of walnut flours submitted to different roasting protocols (50, 100 and 150 °C during 30, 60 and 120 min).

RESULTS

All walnut flours had about 42% protein and a significant amount of dietary fibre (17%), not being affected by the roasting process. Nonetheless, the fat content increased around 50% in walnuts flours subjected to longer and higher roasting temperatures (150 °C). The lipid fraction showed a good nutritional quality with a high vitamin E content (mainly γ‐tocopherol) and fatty acid profile rich in linoleic and linolenic acids. The high phenolic content also provides great antioxidant capacity to the flours.

CONCLUSION

Mild roasting of walnuts did not affect the quality of the flours that could be used as a functional ingredient in the food industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
ERAS—Anticipated outcomes and realistic goals
Authors: Manso Maria , Schmelz Jacob , Aloia Thomas
Published: September 2017

Enhanced recovery programs emphasize implementation of perioperative measures to reduce stress and restore baseline function. Complications and length of stay are greatly improved as a result, but the field is moving toward more patient centric and longer term outcomes that better reflect functional recovery. Programs demonstrating value in these domains will undoubtedly see corollary gains in traditional metrics. Thus, greater focus on patient well‐being and treatment success is key to successful implementation of enhanced recovery.
Influence of Annealing on Mechanical αc‐Relaxation of Isotactic Polypropylene: A Study from the Intermediate Phase Perspective
Authors: Chang Baobao , Schneider Konrad , Vogel Roland , Heinrich Gert
Published: September 2017

The influence of annealing on mechanical αc‐relaxation of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) is investigated. In the sample without annealing, polymer chains in the intermediate phase are constrained by crystallites with a broad size distribution, leading to one αc‐relaxation peak with activation energy (Ea) of 53.39 kJ mol−1. With an annealing temperature between 60 and 105 °C imperfect lamellae melting releases a part of the constraining force. Consequently, two αc‐relaxation peaks can be observed (αc1‐ and αc2‐relaxation in the order of increasing temperature). Both relaxation peaks shift to higher temperatures as annealing temperature increases. Ea of αc1‐relaxation decreases from 38.43 to 35.55 kJ mol−1 as the intermediate phase thickness increases from 2.0 to 2.2 nm. With an annealing temperature higher than 105 °C, a new crystalline phase is formed, which enhances the constraining force on the polymer chains. So the αc1‐relaxation peak is broadened and its position shifts to a higher temperature. Moreover, the polymer chains between the initial and the newly formed crystalline phase are strongly confined. Therefore, the αc2‐relaxation is undetectable. Ea of αc1‐relaxation decreases from 23.58 to 13.68 kJ mol−1 as the intermediate phase thickness increases from 2.3 to 3.0 nm.
Preparation of antistatic high‐density polyethylene composites based on synergistic effect of graphene nanoplatelets and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Wang Quan , Wang Tinglan , Wang Jikui , Guo Weihong , Qian Ziming , Wei Ting
Published: September 2017

Graphene nanoplatelets are promising candidates for enhancing the electrical conductivity of composites. However, because of their poor dispersion, graphene nanoplatelets must be added in large amounts to achieve the desired electrical properties, but such large amounts limit the industrial application of graphene nanoplatelets. Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes also possess high electrical conductivity accompanied by poor dispersion. Therefore, a synergistic effect was generated between graphene nanoplatelets and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes and used for the first time to prepare antistatic materials with high‐density polyethylene via 1‐step melt blending. The synergistic effect makes it possible to significantly improve the electrical properties by adding a small amount of untreated graphene nanoplatelets and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes and increases the possibility of using graphene nanoplatelets in industrial applications. When only 1 wt% graphene nanoplatelets and 0.5 wt% multi‐walled carbon nanotubes were added, the surface and volume resistivity values of the composites were much lower than those of the composites that were only added 3 wt% graphene nanoplatelets. Additionally, as a result of the synergistic effect of graphene nanoplatelets and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes, the composites met the requirements for antistatic materials.
Investigations of temperature and power effects on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin‐film formation during a 3‐stage hybrid co‐sputtering/evaporation process
Authors: Posada Jorge , Jubault Marie , Bousquet Angélique , Tomasella Eric , Lincot Daniel
Published: September 2017

This work explores a strategy to bring together the advantages of co‐evaporation and sputtering by developing a hybrid co‐sputtering/evaporation process, where copper, indium, and gallium are sputtered with the thermal evaporation of selenium. A 3‐stage hybrid co‐sputtering/evaporation process for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin films solar cells has been developed by controlling the deposition parameters (temperature, sputtering power, and evaporation). (In,Ga)2Se3 layers are deposited in the first stage, followed by Cu2 − xSe and Cu2 − xSe/(In,Ga)2Se3 layers. Material properties at different steps were studied in detail by X‐ray fluorescence, energy dispersive X‐ray, scanning electron microscopy, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Solar cells were completed leading to 9.7% efficiency.
Non‐hydrostatic effects on mountain wave breaking in directional shear flows
Authors: Guarino Maria‐Vittoria , Teixeira Miguel A. C.
Published: September 2017

Mountain waves excited by narrow 3D orography are investigated using idealized numerical simulations of atmospheric flows with directional wind shear. The stability of these waves is compared with the stability of hydrostatic mountain waves. The focus is on understanding how wave breaking is modified via gravity wave–critical level interaction, when non‐hydrostatic (dispersive) effects arise. The influence of non‐hydrostatic effects on wave breaking appears to be a function of the intensity of the background shear, increasing the stability of the flow (inhibiting wave breaking) for weak wind shear, but decreasing it instead (enhancing wave breaking) for stronger wind shear.
Parametric multistate survival models: Flexible modelling allowing transition‐specific distributions with application to estimating clinically useful measures of effect differences
Authors: Crowther Michael J. , Lambert Paul C.
Published: September 2017

Multistate models are increasingly being used to model complex disease profiles. By modelling transitions between disease states, accounting for competing events at each transition, we can gain a much richer understanding of patient trajectories and how risk factors impact over the entire disease pathway. In this article, we concentrate on parametric multistate models, both Markov and semi‐Markov, and develop a flexible framework where each transition can be specified by a variety of parametric models including exponential, Weibull, Gompertz, Royston‐Parmar proportional hazards models or log‐logistic, log‐normal, generalised gamma accelerated failure time models, possibly sharing parameters across transitions. We also extend the framework to allow time‐dependent effects. We then use an efficient and generalisable simulation method to calculate transition probabilities from any fitted multistate model, and show how it facilitates the simple calculation of clinically useful measures, such as expected length of stay in each state, and differences and ratios of proportion within each state as a function of time, for specific covariate patterns. We illustrate our methods using a dataset of patients with primary breast cancer. User‐friendly Stata software is provided.
Impediments for software test automation: A systematic literature review
Authors: Wiklund Kristian , Eldh Sigrid , Sundmark Daniel , Lundqvist Kristina
Published: September 2017

Automated software testing is a critical enabler for modern software development, where rapid feedback on the product quality is expected. To make the testing work well, it is of high importance that impediments related to test automation are prevented and removed quickly. An enabling factor for all types of improvement is to understand the nature of what is to be improved. We have performed a systematic literature review of reported impediments related to software test automation to contribute to this understanding. In this paper, we present the results from the systematic literature review: The list of identified publications, a categorization of identified impediments, and a qualitative discussion of the impediments proposing a socio‐technical system model of the use and implementation of test automation.