bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Streamlined Sample Preparation Method for Mass Spectrometric Analysis
Authors: Xiong Yun , Zhang Ying , Yao Jun , Yan Guoquan , Lu Haojie
Published: April 2018

Mass spectrometry‐based proteomic technology experienced remarkable advancement in the past decades. However, their application was still hampered by the complexity of sample preparation. Conventional strategies for sample preparation incorporate multiple time‐consuming steps, including cell lysis, protein extraction, protease cleavage, and desalting. Thus, we explored a simplified method (the cell‐absorb method) during which living cells were absorbed into vacuum‐dried polyacrylamide gel and directly digested in gel into peptides for subsequent LC‐MS/MS analysis. As a consequence, both of the steps for cell lysis and protein extraction involved in traditional protocol were skipped. In addition to the decrease in time, more proteins were identified. Indeed, 3022 proteins were identified by the cell‐absorb method. Meanwhile, only 2642 and 2420 proteins were identified by the classical SDS‐PAGE based method and the reported gel absorption‐based method, respectively. The cell‐absorb method exhibited apparent advantage in terms of the depth of proteome coverage. Furthermore, the number of proteins identified show excellent reproducibility with a CV (coefficient of variation) of 0.03 among three replicates using the cell‐absorb method. These advantages suggest that cell‐absorb method is a promising choice for mapping the whole proteome of cells. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Sandwich Assay: A Method for Subcellular Visualization of Paracellular Macromolecule Passage in Epithelial Sheets
Authors: Reiche Juliane , Schumann Michael , Richter Jan F.
Published: April 2018

To date, the permeability of epithelia to larger solutes (greater than ∼4 Å in diameter) has been analyzed by flux measurements using various tracers that cannot spatially resolve the permeation sites. This unit describes a method for localizing such sites of passage in epithelial sheets with subcellular resolution. The method makes use of avidin as a basolateral capture probe in epithelial monolayers or mucosae to unmask the passage of biotinylated and fluorophore‐labeled tracer molecules as they go through the junctional barrier. Once bound to avidin, the tracers are immobilized at the site of a barrier leak. The localization, the distribution, and the extent of passage are eventually evaluated by imaging. The assay detects single leaks and is hence able to spatially resolve rarely occurring changes. It is also modular and flexible to use with various macromolecular tracers, and its sensitivity is adjustable. If designed as a chase experiment, the method allows for analysis of temporal barrier openings. If performed at low temperatures, this assay will block transcellular passage and, combined with global flux measurement, unambiguously determine paracellular passage. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preparation and Application of Enzyme‐Nucleotide Conjugates
Authors: Welter Moritz , Marx Andreas
Published: April 2018

In this unit the preparation and application of enzyme‐nucleotide conjugates is depicted. First, a modified nucleoside triphosphate is synthesized bearing a long and flexible linker equipped with a thiol group. The nucleotide is then reacted with maleimide‐activated horseradish peroxidase to yield an enzyme‐nucleotide conjugate, which due to the long linker, can be used as a substrate by DNA polymerases in primer extension reactions. Finally, an assay based on these findings is described that provides a fast and easy nucleic acid detection and genotyping platform. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Estimating evapotranspiration change due to forest treatment and fire at the basin scale in the Sierra Nevada, California
Authors: Roche James W. , Goulden Michael L. , Bales Roger C.
Published: April 2018

We investigated the potential magnitude and duration of forest evapotranspiration (ET) decreases resulting from forest‐thinning treatments and wildfire in west‐slope watersheds of the Sierra Nevada range in California, USA, using a robust empirical relation between Landsat‐derived mean‐annual normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and ET measured at flux towers. Among forest treatments, the minimum observed NDVI change required to produce a significant departure from control plots with NDVI of about 0.70 was −0.09 units, corresponding to a basal‐area reduction of 29.1 m2/ha (45% reduction) and equivalent to an estimated ET reduction of 153 mm/year (21% change; approximate mean annual precipitation = 1,000 mm). Intensive thinning in highly productive forests that approached prefire‐exclusion densities reduced basal area by 40–50%, generating estimated ET reductions of 153–218 mm/year (21–27% change) over 5 years following treatment. Low‐intensity underburn treatments resulted in no significant change in ET. Examining the cumulative impact of wildfires on ET between 1990 and 2008, we found that the lower and wetter American River basin (5,310 km2) generated more than twice the ET reduction per unit area than those in the higher and drier Kings River basin (4,790 km2), corresponding to greater water and energy limitations in the latter and greater fire severity in the former. A rough extrapolation of these results to the entire American River watershed suggests that ET reductions due to forest thinning by wildfire could approach 10% of full natural flows for dry years and 5% over all years.
Synthetic Diversity and Luminescence Properties of ArN(PPh2)2‐Based Copper(I) Complexes
Authors: Kathewad Neha , Pal Shiv , Kumawat Rameshwar L. , Ehesan Ali Md. , Khan Shabana
Published: April 2018

The dinuclear copper(I) complexes 1 and 2 were prepared by reacting PNP ligands ArN(PPh2)2, (Ar = 2,6‐Me2C6H3; L1) with CuCl and CuBr. By altering the position of the methyl substituents from ortho to meta (Ar = 3,5‐Me2C6H3; L2), trinuclear copper(I) complexes 3 and 4 were obtained, while the methyl substituent at the para position (Ar = 4‐MeC6H4; L3) led to the tetranuclear copper(I) complexes 5 and 6. Single crystal X‐ray studies show the different Cu···Cu interactions in complexes 1–6 ranging from 2.650 to 2.935 Å. The copper(I) complexes 3–6 were found to exhibit mechanochromic as well as thermochromic luminescent behavior presumably stemming from a decrease in their Cu···Cu distances.
Toxicological and chemical studies of wastewater from hydraulic fracture and conventional shale gas wells
Authors: Crosby L.M. , Tatu Calin A. , Varonka Matthew , Charles Kaylene M. , Orem William H.
Published: April 2018

New technology has enabled recovery of inaccessible natural gas shale deposits; however, the potential impacts to human health from the migration of brines into drinking water or surface spills are unknown. To provide information that can inform these potential impacts, chemical characterization and in vitro toxicologic testing were conducted using pre- and postinjection waters from conventional and unconventional oil and gas wells. Wastewater concentrations may be diluted or reduced by fate and transport processes when released into the environment by unknown amounts, and laboratory studies only imply potential effects. In acute cytotoxicity and wound healing assays, there was dose-dependent toxicity in human and rat cells with growth promotion at low concentrations. Lethality was measured in time studies up to 10 d postinjection. Produced water samples from both well types were equally toxic to human cells and were corrosive at high concentrations. Measurement of protein and gene expression identified metabolic pathways responding to both well types as NADPH quinone oxidoreductase oxidative stress-responsive enzyme and tight junction protein genes. A KCl sample of matched ionic strength showed a different toxicity profile from produced waters, indicating that salts alone were not the cause of toxicity. Organic chemicals and branched alkanes were present in hydraulic fracture wells, and mainly branched alkanes were present in conventional wells. One organic substance was still present after 240 d. The known properties of these chemicals include potential toxicity to multiple human organs, sensitization, irritation, developmental effects, and tumor promotion, depending on the concentrations and synergistic effects of chemicals during exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2098–2111. © 2018 SETAC
MicroRNA‐326 and microRNA‐200c: Two novel biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Ghodousi Elaheh S. , Rahgozar Soheila
Published: April 2018

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is considered as the major obstacle for treating pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non coding RNAs which may potentially regulate response to chemotherapy. In this study, total RNA was isolated from bone marrow samples of 46 children with de novo ALL and 16 controls. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the expression profile of the predicted miRNAs; miR‐326 and miR‐200c, and their predicted targets ABCA2, and ABCA3 transporters. The presence of minimal residual disease was studied using PCR‐SSCP (single‐strand conformation polymorphism) 1 year after treatment. The association between the miRNA expression and drug resistance was analyzed statistically. Results showed a significant down‐regulation of both miR‐326 and miR‐200c expressions in ALL patients compared with non‐cancer controls (P = 0.0002, AUC = 0.813 and P = 0.035, AUC = 0.79, respectively). A considerable negative association between miR‐326 expression and MDR was identified which could raise the risk of chemoresistance by 4.8‐ fold. The expression profiles of miR‐326 and ABCA2 transporter were inversely correlated. Data revealed, a novel diagnostic role for miR‐326 and miR‐200c as potential biomarkers of pediatric ALL. Down‐regulation of miR‐326 was introduced, for the first time, as a prognostic factor for drug resistance in childhood ALL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that ABCA2 transporter is proposed as a target gene for miR‐326, through which it can exert its impact on drug resistance. These data may provide novel approaches to new therapeutics and diagnostics.
Latent risk assessment tool for health care leaders
Authors: Paine Lori A. , Holzmueller Christine G. , Elliott Robert , Kasda Eileen , Pronovost Peter J. , Weaver Sallie J. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M. , Mathews Simon C.
Published: April 2018

Efforts to improve quality of care and patient safety have concentrated on provider practice and frontline care processes. Little attention has focused on understanding the role that leadership decisions play in creating risk within a health care system. The framework and tool described in this article builds on Reason's construct of latent organizational failure, by assessing the latent risks of leadership decisions, and identifying appropriate mitigation strategies before the implementation of a change. Stakeholders who will be involved in or impacted by the change are engaged in the assessment to more thoroughly explore both technical and cultural risks.
Comparison Between the Pouch‐Perineum Distance in Neonates With a Low‐Type Anorectal Malformation With and Without an Opened Fistula: Pitfall of Measuring the Pouch‐Perineum Distance on Sonography
Authors: Hosokawa Takahiro , Takahashi Hiroaki , Tanami Yutaka , Sato Yumiko , Tanaka Yujiro , Kawashima Hiroshi , Hosokawa Mayumi , Oguma Eiji , Yamada Yoshitake
Published: April 2018

Objective

An anorectal malformation (ARM) in neonates requires urgent surgery, with the type of surgery being dependent on the type of malformation (low, intermediate, or high). Distal rectal pouch and perineum (pouch‐perineum) distance is reported to be useful for differentiating the type of ARM; however, the impact of an opened fistula on pouch‐perineum distance is not well known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference in pouch‐perineum distance between neonates with a low‐type ARM with and without an opened fistula.

Methods

We included 24 neonates with low‐type ARM who underwent sonography before surgery. Eight neonates already had an opened fistula before sonography, and 16 did not. The pouch‐perineum distance was measured using the perineal approach. Mann‐Whitney U and Spearman's correlation coefficient tests were used for statistical analysis.

Results

The mean pouch‐perineum distance in all neonates with a low‐type ARM was 8.3 ± 2.9 mm. The pouch‐perineum distance was substantially longer for an ARM with than without an opened fistula (10.6 ± 3.4 mm vs. 7.1 ± 1.7 mm; P = .02). No appreciable correlation was identified between the pouch‐perineum distance and the postnatal day of examination (ρ = −.23, P = .26) or birth weight (ρ = .15, P = .47).

Conclusion

The pouch‐perineum distance is substantially longer in neonates with an ARM with an opened fistula than in those without an opened fistula. Caution should be exercised by the sonographic examiner in evaluating pouch‐perineum distance in neonates with an opened fistula to prevent an incorrect surgical procedure based on misdiagnosis of the type of ARM.
Solute transfer during consolidation based on a solid‐fluid‐solute coupling model
Authors: Nomura Shun , Kawai Katsuyuki , Tachibana Shinya , Iizuka Atsushi
Published: April 2018

The migration of contaminant through soil is usually modeled using the advection‐dispersion equation and assumes that the porous media is stationary without introducing a constitutive equation to represent soil structure. Consequently, time‐dependent deformation induced by soil consolidation or physical remediation is not considered, despite the need to consider these variables during planning for the remediation of contaminated ground, the prediction of contaminated groundwater movement, and the design of engineered landfills. This study focuses on the numerical modeling of solute transfer during consolidation as a first step to resolve some of these issues. We combine a coupling theory‐based mass conservation law for soil‐fluid‐solute phases with finite element modeling to simulate solute transfer during deformation and groundwater convection. We also assessed the sensitivity of solute transfer to the initial boundary conditions. The modeling shows the migration of solute toward the ground surface as a result of ground settlement and the dissipation of excess pore water pressure. The form of solute transport is dependent on the ground conditions, including factors such as the loading schedule, contamination depth, and water content. The results indicate that an understanding of the interaction between coupling phases is essential in predicting solute transfer in ground deformation and could provide an appropriate approach to ground management for soil remediation.
Proton therapy for central nervous system tumors in children
Authors: Ladra Matthew M. , MacDonald Shannon M. , Terezakis Stephanie A.
Published: April 2018

Proton therapy is a form of particle therapy with physical properties that provide a superior dose distribution compared to photons. The ability to spare healthy, developing tissues from low dose radiation with proton therapy is well known. The capability to decrease radiation exposure for children has been lauded as an important advance in pediatric cancer care, particularly for central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Favorable clinical outcomes have been reported and justify the increased cost and burden of this therapy. In this review, we summarize the current literature for proton therapy for pediatric CNS malignancies, with a focus on clinical outcomes to date.
Histiocytic sarcoma in a child—successful management and long‐term survival with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy
Authors: Sandler Gideon , Franklin Anna , Hayes‐Jordan Andrea
Published: April 2018

Histiocytic sarcoma is an extremely rare tumor in children. It may occur sporadically or in association with other hematological malignancies. It arises most commonly in the lymph nodes but may occur anywhere in the body and clinical presentation is usually with advanced disease. Following tissue diagnosis and staging, management is with chemotherapy though there are no standard regimes. Surgery has been used successfully for local control. This is the first description of the use of peritonectomy and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy to treat histiocytic sarcoma. The 4‐year‐old patient has been disease free for 6 years.
Outcome of renal tumors registered in Japan Wilms Tumor Study‐2 (JWiTS‐2): A report from the Japan Children's Cancer Group (JCCG)
Authors: Koshinaga Tsugumichi , Takimoto Tetsuya , Oue Takaharu , Okita Hajime , Tanaka Yukichi , Nozaki Miwako , Tsuchiya Kunihiko , Inoue Eisuke , Haruta Masayuki , Kaneko Yasuhiko , Fukuzawa Masahiro
Published: April 2018

Background

Japan Wilms Tumor Study‐2 (JWiTS‐2) mandated central pathology review for all case registrations. The study aimed to compare the outcomes of patients with unilateral Wilms tumor enrolled on the JWiTS‐1 and JWiTS‐2 trials.

Procedure

The JWiTS‐2 trial (2006–2014), a prospective, single‐arm study, required compulsory submission of histologic slides to central pathology, while in the JWiTS‐1 trial, such submission was not compulsory. Relapse‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) versus cases in the JWiTS‐1 trial (1996–2005) were statistically evaluated.

Results

Of 277 enrolled patients with primary renal tumors diagnosed by the central pathology review system, 225 patients with unilateral renal tumors were followed up over 9 years. The RFS and OS of Wilms tumor (n = 178) were 90.4% (P = 0.0003) and 96.8% (P = 0.054), respectively, as compared to 74.9% and 89.4% in JWiTS‐1. RFS rates of stages I–III Wilms tumor in JWiTS‐2 were more than 90%, although the outcome of stage IV Wilms tumor was significantly poorer (RFS: 66.2%) (P = 0.0094). RFS and OS of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK; n = 31) were 82.4% (P = 0.30) and 91.3% (P = 0.42), respectively, as compared to 68.8% and 81.3% in JWiTS‐1, and those of rhabdoid tumor of the kidney (RTK; n = 16) were 18.8% (P = 0.88) and 25.0% (P = 0.80), respectively, as compared to 23.5% and 23.5% in JWiTS‐1.

Conclusions

RFS and OS for stages I–III Wilms tumor were improved in JWiTS‐2 compared to JWiTS‐1, whereas outcomes for stage IV Wilms tumor, CCSK, and RTK did not improve.
Pivotal role of intramolecular catalysis in the selective acetylation of alkyl amines
Authors: Nishida Elvis N. , Vitto Ramon , Peixoto Rômulo C.R. , Nome Faruk , Souza Bruno S.
Published: April 2018

Preparation of amides by the use of esters as the “acyl donor” is less explored because they are less reactive and usually more steric demanding than conventional acid halides and anhydrides. Here, we report that 3‐acetoxy‐2‐naphthoic acid, an aspirin analogue, can be used as a mild amine acetylating agent in ethanol at 25°C. The reaction is sensitive to steric and polar effects of the attacking amine, and the rate constants can be appropriately fitted by the Pavelich‐Taft correlation. Density functional theory calculations used to study all reaction steps indicate that the o‐carboxy group plays a pivotal role, guiding the attacking amine and accelerating the reaction. The reaction can be conveniently used for the acylation of a variety of primary and secondary amines.
A Dy2 Dimer Embedded in One Salen‐type Ligand with Different Local Symmetries Behaves as Zero‐field Single‐Molecule Magnet
Authors: Yang Jing‐Wei , Yang Zhao‐Fu , Chen Peng , Tian Yong‐Mei , Sun Wen‐Bin
Published: April 2018

A salen‐type Dy2 complex [Dy2(L)(MeOH)2(CH3COO)4]·2(MeOH) was isolated and magnetically characterized, in which one hexadentate ligand H2L [H2L = N,N‐bis(2‐oxy‐3‐methoxybenzylidene)‐1,2‐phenylenediamine] chelated two DyIII ions, one is located on the apical position of the inner N2O2 site, leaving the outer O2O2 cavity for another DyIII ion. There are two distinct local coordination environments presented as square antiprism (D4d) for Dy1 and biaugmented trigonal prism (C2v) for Dy2. Magnetic measurements reveal that the ferromagnetic interaction between two DyIII ions occurred within low temperature range and accompanied with significant slow magnetic relaxation behavior with energy barriers to the reversal of magnetization Ueff/KB = 40 K under zero dc field.
Management and Outcome of Liver Abscesses After Liver Transplantation
Authors: Justo Iago , Jiménez‐Romero Carlos , Manrique Alejandro , Caso Oscar , Calvo Jorge , Cambra Felix , Marcacuzco Alberto
Published: April 2018

Background

Liver abscess after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is a rare, life‐threatening complication. The aim of this study is to analyze the incidence, risk factors, clinical manifestations, treatment and outcomes of liver abscesses after OLT.

Methods

We perform a retrospective review of the patients who developed one or more liver abscesses among a series of 984 patients who underwent OLT between January 2000 and December 2016.

Results

Fourteen patients (1.5%) developed 18 episodes of liver abscesses, and the median time from OLT to the diagnosis of liver abscess was 39.7 months. Major predisposing factors were biliary strictures in 11 patients, hepatic artery thrombosis in 8, re‐OLT in 3, choledochojejunostomy in 2, living donor OLT in 2, donor after cardiac death in 1, split liver in 1, and liver biopsy in 1. All patients were managed by intravenous antibiotics; percutaneous drainage was performed in 10 patients, while 2 patients underwent re‐OLT. The mortality rate related to liver abscesses was 21.4%. The mean hospital stay was 30 ± 19 days, and during a mean follow‐up of 93 ± 78 months, three other patients died.

Conclusions

Liver abscesses must be managed with antibiotic therapy and percutaneous drainage, but when these conservative measures fail (persistent abscess and sepsis), a re‐OLT must be performed in order to prevent the high mortality associated with this severe complication.
Contingent Valuation Studies in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Health Economic Review
Authors: Nwachukwu Benedict U. , Eliasberg Claire D. , Hamid Kamran S. , Fu Michael C. , Bach Bernard R. , Allen Answorth A. , Albert Todd J.
Published: April 2018

Background

A greater emphasis on providing high-value orthopaedic interventions has resulted in increased health economic reporting. The contingent-valuation method (CVM) is used to determine consumer valuation of the benefits provided by healthcare interventions. CVM is an important value-based health economic tool that is underutilized in orthopaedic surgery.

Questions/Purposes

The purpose of this study was to (1) identify previously published CVM studies in the orthopaedic literature, (2) assess the methodologies used for CVM research, and (3) understand how CVM has been used in the orthopaedic cost–benefit analysis framework.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature using the MEDLINE database was performed to compile CVM studies. Search terms incorporated the phrase willingness to pay (WTP) or willingness to accept (WTA) in combination with orthopaedic clinical key terms. Study methodology was appraised using previously defined empirical and conceptual criteria for CVM studies.

Results

Of the 160 studies retrieved, 22 (13.8%) met our inclusion criteria. The economics of joint arthroplasty ( n = 6, 27.3%) and non-operative osteoarthritis care ( n = 4, 18.2%) were the most common topics. Most studies used CVM for pricing and/or demand forecasting ( n = 16, 72.7%); very few studies used CVM for program evaluation ( n = 6). WTP was used in all included studies, and one study used both WTP and WTA. Otherwise, there was little consistency among included studies in terms of CVM methodology. Open-ended questioning was used by only ten studies (45.5%), a significant number of studies did not perform a sensitivity analysis ( n = 9, 40.9%), and none of the studies accounted for the risk preference of subjects. Only two of the included studies applied CVM within a cost–benefit analysis framework.

Conclusion

CVM is not commonly reported in orthopaedic surgery and is seldom used in the context of cost–benefit analysis. There is wide variability in the methods used to perform CVM. We propose that CVM is an appropriate and underappreciated method for understanding the value of orthopaedic interventions. Increased attention should be paid to consumer valuations for orthopaedic interventions.
Modified DHTT Equipment for Crystallization Studies of Mold Slags
Authors: Kölbl Nathalie , Harmuth Harald , Marschall Irmtraud
Published: April 2018

The double hot thermocouple technique (DHTT) enables simulations of the temperature gradient at near-service conditions during continuous casting of steel. With the equipment applied so far, a rectangular slag film of even thickness often cannot be achieved. Further, the minimum temperature frequently lies within the slag film. Modified equipment can avoid these disadvantages via the following design features. The entire furnace chamber is heated to the selected temperature of the cold wire, and the minimum temperature is not located within the slag film. Furthermore, the shape of the heating wire is improved, which enables mounting of a thin, rectangular slag film between four platinum wires. This modification allows for investigations on transparent and translucent slags. So far, the results from DHTT investigations were represented via snapshots of the samples at certain experimental times. Therefore, appropriate methods for the graphical representation of the results were suggested: the maximum crystallinity, the time related to certain crystallinities with a dependence on the position within the slag film, and the crystal growth rate. The CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 slag investigated with this equipment was mineralogically examined additionally, and based on thermodynamic calculations, the allocation of temperatures to certain positions within the crystallized slag film was possible.
GIS Coop: networks of silvicultural trials for supporting forest management under changing environment
Authors: Seynave Ingrid , Bailly Alain , Balandier Philippe , Bontemps Jean-Daniel , Cailly Priscilla , Cordonnier Thomas , Deleuze Christine , Dhôte Jean-François , Ginisty Christian , Lebourgeois François , Merzeau Dominique , Paillassa Eric , Perret Sandrine , Richter Claudine , Meredieu Céline
Published: April 2018

Key message

The diversity of forest management systems and the contrasted competition level treatments applied make the experimental networks of the GIS Coop, a nationwide testing program in the field of emerging forestry topics within the framework of the ongoing global changes.

Context

To understand the dynamics of forest management systems and build adapted growth models for new forestry practices, long-term experiment networks remain more crucial than ever.

Aims

Two principles are at the basis of the experimental design of the networks of the Scientific Interest Group Cooperative for data on forest tree and stand growth (GIS Coop): contrasted and extreme silvicultural treatments in diverse pedoclimatic contexts.

Methods

Various forest management systems are under study: regular and even-aged stands of Douglas fir, sessile and pedunculate oaks, Maritime and Laricio pines, mixed stands of sessile oak, European silver fir, and Douglas fir combined with other species. Highly contrasted stand density regimes, from open growth to self-thinning, are formalized quantitatively.

Results

One hundred and eighty-five sites representing a total of 1206 plots have been set up in the last 20 years, where trees are measured regularly (every 3 to 10 years). The major outputs of these networks for research and management are the calibration/validation of growth and yield models and the drawing up of forest management guides.

Conclusion

The GIS Coop adapts its networks so that they can contribute to develop growth models that explicitly integrate pedoclimatic factors and thus also contribute to research on the sustainability of ecosystems under environmental and socio-economic changes.
Unraveling the mechanical strength of biomaterials used as a bone scaffold in oral and maxillofacial defects
Authors: Prasadh Somasundaram , Wong Raymond Chung Wen
Published: April 2018

Three‐dimensional printed natural and synthetic biomaterials have evolved as gold standards for tissue engineering scaffolds in recent trends owing to their superior role in hard tissue regeneration. The major drawback of these scaffolds is their relatively poor mechanical strength. Another key consideration in the design of the scaffolds is the difficulty in replicating the complex structural composition of hard tissues such as bones, and its structure cannot be reproduced with a single material that provides a limited range of properties. Sufficient mechanical strength is provided by the structure required for the replacement tissue. The mechanical properties of the scaffold play an important role in many applications of tissue engineering. Therefore, is it sufficient to withstand the force with only a single material used for the scaffold? There are many materials such as natural resin, synthetic resin, and polymers. They are used in combination to fulfill the function and to act as a kingpin by solving their drawbacks. The added material is not only superior in mechanical strength but also compatible with the tissues surrounding the implant, promoting cell adhesion and gradually degrading rather than intoxicating the patient. This review focuses on the various biomaterials used as scaffolds for critical size defects and the aftermath in their mechanical properties.
WARFARE, COMPETITION, AND THE DURABILITY OF ‘POLITICAL SMALLNESS’ IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY BUSOGA
Authors: FITZSIMONS WILLIAM
Published: April 2018

Most scholarship on the military history of precolonial Africa focuses on state-level conflict, drawing on examples such as the Asante, Buganda, Zulu, and Kongo kingdoms. The current article instead examines connections between warfare and political history in the politically fragmented setting of nineteenth-century Busoga, Uganda, where a small geographical region hosted more than fifty micro-kingdoms competing as peer polities. Using sources that include a rich corpus of oral traditions and early archival documents, this article offers a reconstruction of military practices and ideologies alongside political histories of important Busoga kingdoms during the long nineteenth century. The article argues that routine political destabilization caused by competition between royal leaders, combined with shifting interests of commoner soldiers, continuously reconstituted a multi-polar power structure throughout the region. This approach moves beyond assessing the role of warfare in state formation to ask how military conflict could be a creative force in small-scale politics as well.
The Response of the Venusian Plasma Environment to the Passage of an ICME: Hybrid Simulation Results and Venus Express Observations
Authors: Dimmock A. P. , Alho M. , Kallio E. , Pope S. A. , Zhang T. L. , Kilpua E. , Pulkkinen T. I. , Futaana Y. , Coates A. J.
Published: April 2018

Owing to the heritage of previous missions such as the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Venus Express, the typical global plasma environment of Venus is relatively well understood. On the other hand, this is not true for more extreme driving conditions such as during passages of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). One of the outstanding questions is how do ICMEs, either the ejecta or sheath portions, impact (1) the Venusian magnetic topology and (2) escape rates of planetary ions? One of the main issues encountered when addressing these problems is the difficulty of inferring global dynamics from single spacecraft obits; this is where the benefits of simulations become apparent. In the present study, we present a detailed case study of an ICME interaction with Venus on 5 November 2011 in which the magnetic barrier reached over 250 nT. We use both Venus Express observations and hybrid simulation runs to study the impact on the field draping pattern and the escape rates of planetary O+ ions. The simulation showed that the magnetic field line draping pattern around Venus during the ICME is similar to that during typical solar wind conditions and that O+ ion escape rates are increased by approximately 30% due to the ICME. Moreover, the atypically large magnetic barrier appears to manifest from a number of factors such as the flux pileup, dayside compression, and the driving time from the ICME ejecta.
Effect of Small‐Scale Gravity Waves on Polar Mesospheric Clouds Observed From CIPS/AIM
Authors: Gao Haiyang , Li Licheng , Bu Lingbing , Zhang Qilin , Tang Yuanhe , Wang Zhen
Published: April 2018

Data from the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size experiment on the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite are employed to study the impact of small‐scale gravity wave (GW) on albedo, ice water content (IWC), and particle radius (PR) of polar mesospheric clouds. Overall, 23,987 eligible GW events, with a horizontal wavelength of 20–150 km are eventually extracted from Cloud Imaging and Particle Size level 2 orbit albedo maps during 2007–2011. The overall statistical results show that when small‐scale GWs travel horizontally in polar mesospheric clouds, they can amplify the albedo and IWC by a rate of 10.0–22.6%, while reducing the PR by as much as −7.01%. Owing to the strong temporal and spatial dependences, the albedo and IWC variations are larger on an average during the core of the season, while they decrease during the initial and final periods of the season. The obvious zonal asymmetries are also found. The albedo variations show a positive linear relation with the GW amplitudes in albedo, as opposed to a negative linear relation with GW horizontal wavelengths. In most of the GW events, the periodic variation in the trend of albedo exhibits an anticorrelation with that of PR. Combining previous research studies with our results, we deduce that the rapid change in particle concentration and the upward movement of water vapor by GWs may be very important aspects for explaining the influence mechanism.
Interaction of Waves with Idealized High‐Relief Bottom Roughness
Authors: Yu Xiao , Rosman Johanna H. , Hench James L.
Published: April 2018

Considerable uncertainty exists about how to represent wave bottom friction in coastal systems like reefs where orbital excursions are similar to roughness element size. Here, interactions between waves and large bottom roughness were investigated using Large Eddy Simulations of oscillatory flow over infinite hemisphere arrays. Wave amplitude, period, and hemisphere spacing were varied to investigate the dependence of kinematics and dynamics on dimensionless parameters. The net effect of topography on the oscillatory flow was assessed using a spatially and phase‐averaged Navier‐Stokes framework. Dynamics depended strongly on Keulegan‐Carpenter number (KC), the ratio of wave orbital excursion to roughness element size. For
, flow separation was weak, form drag was small, stress gradients were negligible, and the main effect of topography on the flow was the inertial force associated with acceleration around roughness elements. For
, strong flow separation occurred, and both drag and inertial forces were important. Phase‐dependent dispersive stresses were the main mechanism for vertical momentum transfer between the canopy layer and the overlying water column. Friction factors based on the drag force increased with KC for
, different from previously proposed empirical curves, but approached these curves for high KC. Friction factors based on the total force decreased with increasing KC and were consistent with previously proposed curves. These results highlight the importance of distinguishing the total force on the bottom, the drag force that removes energy from the flow, and the shear stress above the canopy layer, which were very different for the parameter range in this study.
Spatial and Temporal Structure of the Tertiary Ozone Maximum in the Polar Winter Mesosphere
Authors: Smith Anne K. , Espy Patrick J. , López‐Puertas Manuel , Tweedy Olga V.
Published: April 2018

Observations from satellites and a ground‐based station are combined to construct a global data set for investigating the tertiary ozone maximum in the winter mesosphere for the period August 2004 to June 2017. These give a comprehensive picture of this ozone maximum in latitude, pressure, and time. The location of the tertiary ozone maximum shifts in latitude and pressure with the evolving season; the ozone peak occurs at lower latitude and higher pressure around the winter solstice. Highest average nighttime ozone concentrations and greatest degree of interannual variability are seen in late winter in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). The hemispheric differences and interannual variability in nighttime ozone are related to variations of temperature, H2O, and OH associated with dynamical activity. Elevated stratopause events in the NH winter are associated with transport of air that is depleted in H2O and enhanced in OH; photochemistry then leads to downward displacement of the altitude of maximum ozone and enhancement in the ozone amount. Transport by planetary waves in the NH extends the region of high ozone further from the pole and leads to longitudinal variations. The analysis shows that while the tertiary ozone maximum responds to a particular radiative situation as shown in previous studies, it is also the result of very dry air found in the winter polar mesosphere.
Improved Rainfall‐Runoff Calibration for Drying Climate: Choice of Objective Function
Authors: Fowler Keirnan , Peel Murray , Western Andrew , Zhang Lu
Published: April 2018

It has been widely shown that rainfall‐runoff models often provide poor and biased simulations after a change in climate, but evidence suggests existing models may be capable of better simulations if calibration strategies are improved. Common practice is to use “least squares”‐type objective functions, which focus on hydrological behavior during high flows. However, simulation of a drying climate may require a more balanced consideration of other parts of the flow regime, including mid‐low flows and drier years in the calibration period, as a closer analogue of future conditions. Here we systematically test eight objective functions over 86 catchments and five conceptual model structures in southern and eastern Australia. We focus on performance when evaluated over multiyear droughts. The results show significant improvements are possible compared to least squares calibration. In particular, the Refined Index of Agreement (based on sum of absolute error, not sum of squared error) and a new objective function called the Split KGE (which gives equal weight to each year in the calibration series) give significantly better split‐sample results than least squares approaches. This improvement held for all five model structures, regardless of basin characteristics such as slope, vegetation, and across a range of climatic conditions (e.g., mean precipitation between 500 and 1,500 mm/yr). We recommend future studies to avoid least squares approaches (e.g., optimizing NSE or KGE with no prior transformation on streamflow) and adopt these alternative methods, wherever simulations in a drying climate are required.
Understanding the Global Variability in Thermospheric Nitric Oxide Flux Using Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs)
Authors: Flynn Sierra , Knipp Delores J. , Matsuo Tomoko , Mlynczak Martin , Hunt Linda
Published: April 2018

We present the first‐ever global assessment of thermospheric nitric oxide infrared radiative flux (NOF) variability. NOF (W/m2) from 100‐ to 250‐km altitude is extracted from 13.7 years of data from the TIMED satellite, Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument, and decomposed into four empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) and their amplitudes. We determine the strongest modes of NOF variability in the data set and develop a compact model of NOF. The first four EOFs account for 83% of the variability in the data. We illustrate the NOF model and discuss the geophysical associations of the EOFs. The first EOF represents 69% of the total variance and correlates strongly with Kp and solar shortwave flux, suggesting that geomagnetic activity and solar weather account for a large portion of NOF variability. EOF 2 shows annual and seasonal variations, possibly due to annual and seasonal thermospheric composition and temperature changes and may represent the chemical breathing mode of NOF. EOF 3 shows annual variations and correlates with solar energetic particle events and X‐flares. EOF 3 may represent winter time solar energetic particle event‐enhanced diurnal tide effects. EOF 4 suggests a meridional transport mechanism at the predawn and postdusk equator after strong storms. The EOF uncertainty is verified using cross‐validation analysis. Quantifying the spatial and temporal variabilities of NOF using eigenmodes will increase the understanding of how upper atmospheric nitric oxide cooling behaves and could increase the accuracy of future space weather and climate models.
Navigating Your Social Media Presence: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Tutelman Perri R. , Dol Justine , Tougas Michelle E. , Chambers Christine T.
Published: April 2018

Social media use is on the rise. With a 10-fold increase in use over the last decade, it is estimated that over 69% of adults now use social media on a regular basis. Social media has been identified as a key resource for health professionals, including psychologists, to learn new knowledge, interact with others, keep up-to-date on the latest research, and get tips on how to integrate evidence-based information into their clinical practice. The objectives of this article are to (a) summarize professional opportunities in the area of social media and outline the various ways that pediatric psychologists can use social media in their research, practice, and advocacy; and (b) provide practical suggestions for pediatric psychologists on creating, sharing and interacting over social media. Recommendations for participating in activities such as live tweeting, video streaming, and social media evaluation are discussed. Common barriers, potential pitfalls, and ethical issues associated with use of social media by pediatric psychologists are also addressed.

Implications for Impact Statement

This article offers an overview of social media applications for pediatric psychologists engaged in research and clinical practice. Suggestions for using social media, including ethical and practical considerations, are also reviewed.
Crystal chemistry and thermoelectric transport of layered AM2X2compounds
Authors: Peng Wanyue , Chanakian Sevan , Zevalkink Alexandra
Published: April 2018

This review highlights the chemical diversity and transport properties of AM2X2Zintl compounds and strategies to achieve a high thermoelectric figure of merit.
Surface modified titanium dioxide using transition metals: nickel as a winning transition metal for solar light photocatalysis
Authors: Šuligoj Andraž , Arčon Iztok , Mazaj Matjaž , Dražić Goran , Arčon Denis , Cool Pegie , Štangar Urška Lavrenčič , Tušar Nataša Novak
Published: April 2018

Ni and Zn show a winning combination of redox potential and band positions of TiO2 supported metal-oxo-nanoclusters for enhanced solar-light activity. However, Ni is the only metal which has a positive effect on solar photoactivity in both oxidation and reduction reactions.
Inflammatory activation of human serum albumin- or ovalbumin-modified chitosan particles to macrophages and their immune response in human whole blood
Authors: Zhang Yixian , Du Wang , Smuda Kathrin , Georgieva Radostina , Bäumler Hans , Gao Changyou
Published: April 2018

Chitosan particles modified with different albumins cause immune response in human whole blood via platelet activation and phagocytosis.
Structure elucidation and quantification of the reduction products of anticancer Pt(iv) prodrugs by electrochemistry/mass spectrometry (EC-MS)
Authors: Frensemeier L. M. , Mayr J. , Koellensperger G. , Keppler B. K. , Kowol C. R. , Karst U.
Published: April 2018

A novel analytical approach for the identification/quantification of the reduction products of platinum(iv) complexes is presented.
Highly sensitive and specific electrochemical biosensor for microRNA-21 detection by coupling catalytic hairpin assembly with rolling circle amplification
Authors: Li Qing , Zeng Fanpeng , Lyu Nan , Liang Jun
Published: April 2018

We combine catalytic hairpin assembly and rolling circle amplification for the detection of microRNA in an electrochemical biosensor with a linear range of 0.5–12 500 pmol and a LOD of 290 fmol.
Combining photoredox and silver catalysis for azidotrifluoromethoxylation of styrenes
Authors: Cong Fei , Wei Yongliang , Tang Pingping
Published: April 2018

An intermolecular azidotrifluoromethoxylation of styrenes by synergistic visible-light-mediated photoredox and silver catalysis has been reported for the first time.
Real-time monitoring of the dissolution kinetics of silver nanoparticles and nanowires in aquatic environments using an aggregation-induced emission fluorogen
Authors: Yan Neng , Xie Sheng , Tang Ben Zhong , Wang Wen-Xiong
Published: April 2018

We employed a fluorogenic Ag+ sensor, tetrazole-functionalized tetraphenylethylene derivative 1 (TEZ-TPE-1), to investigate the dissolution kinetics of AgNPs and AgNWs in aquatic environments.
Pressure-induced anomalies and structural instability in compressed β-Sb2O3
Authors: Zou Yongtao , Zhang Wei , Li Xuefei , Ma Maining , Li Xing’ao , Wang Chun-Hai , He Bin , Wang Shanmin , Chen Zhiqiang , Zhao Yusheng , Li Baosheng
Published: April 2018

Here, we have discovered a new high-pressure phase of Sb2O3, and reported pressure-induced anomalies in orthorhombic β-Sb2O3 (valentinite) by the combination of synchrotron in situ X-ray diffraction and first-principles theoretical calculations up to 40.5 GPa.
Lanthanide hybrids of covalently-coordination cooperative post-functionalized metal–organic frameworks for luminescence tuning and highly-selectively sensing of tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Zheng Hao-Yang , Lian Xiao , Qin Si-jia , Yan Bing
Published: April 2018

Lanthanide based MOFs are synthesized through covalently-coordination cooperative post-functionalization, and exhibit multi-color luminescence and highly-selectively sensing of THF.
Loading sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots onto g-C3N4 nanosheets for an efficient photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol
Authors: Chang Qing , Yang Shanshan , Li Liuqing , Xue Chaorui , Li Ying , Wang Yanzhong , Hu Shengliang , Yang Jinlong , Zhang Feng
Published: April 2018

A favorable interface for hybrid photocatalysts makes an important contribution in enhancing photocatalytic reactions.
Link between dissolved organic matter transformation and process performance in a membrane bioreactor for urinary nitrogen stabilization
Authors: Jacquin Céline , Monnot Mathias , Hamza Razina , Kouadio Yahaut , Zaviska François , Merle Tony , Lesage Geoffroy , Héran Marc
Published: April 2018

MBR instabilities during urinary nitrogen stabilization could be identified and explained using 3DEEM.
Resveratrol reverses the adverse effects of a diet-induced obese murine model on oocyte quality and zona pellucida softening
Authors: Jia Zhenzhen , Feng Zeyang , Wang Lining , Li Hao , Wang Hongyu , Xu Dingqi , Zhao Xin , Feng Daofu , Feng Xizeng
Published: April 2018

Resveratrol exerts protective effects on ovarian injury, decreased oocyte quality and zona pellucida softening due to obesity.
Three-dimensional strain engineering in epitaxial vertically aligned nanocomposite thin films with tunable magnetotransport properties
Authors: Sun Xing , Huang Jijie , Jian Jie , Fan Meng , Wang Han , Li Qiang , Mac Manus-Driscoll Judith L. , Lu Ping , Zhang Xinghang , Wang Haiyan
Published: April 2018

A novel three-dimensional (3D) framework with integrated lateral and vertical interfaces, enables the power of 3D strain tuning and improves its electrical transport properties.
A 2D transition-metal dichalcogenide MoS2 based novel nanocomposite and nanocarrier for multiplex miRNA detection
Authors: Chand Rohit , Ramalingam Saipriya , Neethirajan Suresh
Published: April 2018

Nanoscale MoS2 has attracted extensive attention for sensing due to its superior properties.