bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Durability of slag-based alkali-activated materials: A critical review
Authors: Gökçe H. S.
Published: April 2024

As the world becomes increasingly aware of the devastating effects of climate change, the need for sustainable building materials that are both durable and environmentally friendly increases. Geopolymer and alkali-activated materials formed by a chemical reaction between an alkaline activator solution and an aluminosilicate source have gained popularity in recent years. The alkaline activator solution dissolves the aluminosilicate source, which then undergoes a polycondensation reaction to form a three-dimensional geopolymeric gel network. The development of this network ensures the strength and durability of the material. Today, this phenomenon of durability has been studied in detail to enable the development of superior construction materials, taking into account degradation mechanisms such as carbonation, leaching, shrinkage, fire, freezing and thawing, and exposure to aggressive environments (chlorides, acids, and sulphates). Although there are many unsolved problems in their engineering applications, slag-based alkali-activated materials appear to be more advantageous and are promising as alternative materials to ordinary Portland cement. First of all, it should not be ignored that the cure sensitivity is high in these systems due to compressive strength losses of up to 69%. Loss of strength of alkali-activated materials is considered an important indicator of degradation. In binary precursors, the presence of fly ash in slag can result in an improvement of over 10% in compressive strength of the binary-based alkali-activated materials after undergoing carbonation. The binary systems can provide superior resistance to many degradation mechanisms, especially exposure to high-temperature. The partial presence of class F fly ash in the slag-based precursor can overcome the poor ability of alkali-activated materials to withstand high temperatures. Due to the desired pore structure, alkali-activated materials may not be damaged even after 300 freeze–thaw cycles. Their superior permeability compared to cementitious counterparts can extend service life against chloride corrosion by more than 20 times. While traditional (ordinary Portland cement-based) concrete remains the most widely used material in construction, geopolymer concrete’s superior performance makes it an increasingly emerging option for sustainable and long-lasting infrastructure.
Changing Settlement Organization in the Late Pleistocene of the Wadi al-Hasa, West-Central Jordan
Authors: Neeley Michael P. , Clark Geoffrey A.
Published: April 2024

Since the 1980s, surveys in Jordan’s Wadi al-Hasa document dozens of Late Pleistocene hunter–gatherer sites, some of them tested or partly excavated. To track landscape-scale forager mobility and settlement patterns over time, we examine 26 levels from 13 sites dated to the Middle, Upper, and Epipaleolithic using aspects of Barton’s whole assemblage behavioral indicators research protocol, a collection of methods designed to extract patterns from archeological palimpsests. Because forager ethnographies document adaptive strategies that do not map onto the discrete site types employed by archeologists, we evaluate the utility of the latter so far as behavioral inferences are concerned. We show that discrete bimodal contrasts like “curated” and “expedient” and their archeological correlates fail to capture the much more complex reality. Only by using these methods in conjunction with these analytical contrasts can a realistic picture of forager mobility and land use approximating that known from ethnography be attained.
Biochar impacts on soil water dynamics: knowns, unknowns, and research directions
Authors: Acharya Bharat Sharma , Dodla Syam , Wang Jim J. , Pavuluri Kiran , Darapuneni Murali , Dattamudi Sanku , Maharjan Bijesh , Kharel Gehendra
Published: April 2024

Amidst intensifying global agricultural water demand, optimizing management practices and understanding the role of soil amendments, particularly biochar (BC), in modulating soil water dynamics are critical. Here, we review the potential impacts of BC on soil water dynamics, elucidate mechanistic underpinnings, and identify critical research gaps and prospective avenues. In general, BC modifies soil structure, hydraulic properties, surface albedo, and heat fluxes, which influence soil water storage, energy balance, and irrigation paradigms. Depending on soil texture and BC properties, BC demonstrates a greater reduction in bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity in coarse-textured soils compared to fine-textured soils. BC application generally increases water holding capacity (WHC) while exhibiting no consistent impact on soil water infiltration. Increased WHC of soils results from increased porosity, surface area, and soil aggregation. Increased porosity arises from a confluence of factors, encompassing new pores formation, reorganization of pores, increased soil aggregation, dilution effects of BC, reduced soil compaction, and biotic interactions, including increased population of burrowing invertebrates. BC tends to increase plant-available water in coarser soils, attributed to its hydrophilic nature, augmented specific surface area, and enhanced overall porosity. However, BC may induce soil water repellency, contingent upon variables such as feedstock composition, pyrolysis temperature, and specific soil attributes. While BC exhibits transformative potential in enhancing soil hydraulic properties, scalability concerns and economic viability pose challenges to its widespread agricultural application. Overall, BC offers promising avenues for sustainable water management. However, it is imperative to explore large-scale applications and conduct long-term field studies across different management, climate, and soil types to fully understand how different types of BC impact soil water dynamics.

Graphical Abstract
Synthesis of invasive plant biochar catalyst with carbon nitride structure for peroxymonosulfate activation toward efficient ciprofloxacin degradation
Authors: Lu Yu-Wei , Fan Yu-Han , Chen Ming
Published: April 2024

In this work, an invasive plant (Aster subulatus Michx) mesopore laminar biochar loaded with transition metal Co (CoS@MLBC) was synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal carbonization way for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to remove antibiotics in water. We characterized the structure and morphology of CoS@MLBC and tested its performance. The results showed that the carbon nitride structure was formed on CoS@MLBC, which improved its adsorption capacity for antibiotics and PMS. In addition, Co-doping significantly enhanced the PMS activity and efficiently degraded ciprofloxacin (CIP) over a wide pH range. It was identified that radical and non-radical synergistic action had a critical effect on the CIP degradation process. Furthermore, CoS@MLBC could completely remove CIP within 10 min and had a high removal efficiency (98%) after four cycles. Three possible pathways of the CIP degradation process with 12 intermediates were proposed and their ecotoxicity was analyzed. This work provides a new perspective for preparing biochar from invasive plants for the degradation of antibiotics in water, realizing the concept of “treating the wastes with wastes”.

Graphical Abstract
Consumer transparency in the production chain for plant varieties produced using new genomic techniques
Authors: Lukasiewicz J. M. , van de Wiel C. C. M. , Lotz L. A. P. , Smulders M. J. M.
Published: April 2024

Plants edited with new genomic techniques (NGTs) currently fall under the Genetically Modified Organisms Directive (2001/18/EC) in the European Union. In the proposal of the European Commission, NGT plants are partially exempted from the regulations of this directive. The proposal makes a distinction between two categories of NGT plants: NGT-1 and NGT-2. NGT-1 category plants are considered equal to plants obtained through conventional breeding methods. These plants will not be labelled for the consumer, although they will be labelled as seeds. NGT-2 category plants may be labelled with additional information as a positive incentive. Labelling of seeds of varieties made with gene editing, but not the products, would mean that most steps in the production chain are transparent, but not the last step towards consumers. The “right to know” and increasing knowledge of gene-edited food is a common theme in food labelling towards consumers. Here, we describe current labelling regimes and registers and how these may be applied to provide transparency on gene-edited products to consumers. Furthermore, we also look into consumer studies, which indicate a greater acceptance of gene-edited food among consumers, especially when additional benefits such as sustainability are mentioned.
Mathematical Pluralism
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: March 2024

Mathematical pluralism is the view that there is an irreducible plurality of pure mathematical structures, each with their own internal logics; and that qua pure mathematical structures they are all equally legitimate. Mathematical pluralism is a relatively new position on the philosophical landscape. This Element provides an introduction to the position.
A Monte Carlo approach for capacity and delay analyses of multiple interacting airports in Istanbul metroplex
Authors: Kaplan Z. , Çetek C.
Published: April 2024

The Istanbul metroplex airspace, home to Atatürk (LTBA), Sabiha Gökçen (LTFJ), and Istanbul (LTFM) international airports, is a critical hub for international travel, trade and commerce between Europe and Asia. The high air traffic volume and the proximity of multiple airports make air traffic management (ATM) a significant challenge. To better manage this complex air traffic, it is necessary to conduct detailed analyses of the capacities of these airports and surrounding airspace. In this study, Monte Carlo simulation is used to determine the ultimate and practical capacities of the airport and surrounding airspace and compare them to identify any differences or limitations. The traffic mix, runway occupancy time and traffic distribution at airspace entry points are randomised variables that directly impact airport and airspace capacities and delays. The study aims to determine the current capacities of the runways and routes in the metroplex airspace and project the future capacities with the addition of new facilities. The results demonstrated that the actual bottleneck could be experienced in airspace, rather than runways, which was the focus of the previous literature. Thus, this study will provide valuable insights for stakeholders in the aviation industry to effectively manage air traffic in the metroplex airspace and meet the growing demand.
Analyzing the relationship between socioeconomic deprivation and outpatient Medicare Part D fluoroquinolone claim rates in Texas
Authors: Al Mohajer Mayar , Samarasundera Edgar , Gonçalves Judite , Heath Alicia
Published: April 2024

Introduction:

Only a few studies have assessed the relationship between deprivation and excessive antibiotic use. In Texas, antimicrobial prescription rates are particularly high compared with the rest of the US. This study analyzed the association between local area socioeconomic deprivation and providers’ fluoroquinolone claim rates among beneficiaries 65 years and older in Texas.

Methods:

This ecological study utilized provider- and area-level data from Medicare Part D Prescribers and the Social Deprivation Index (SDI) repositories. Negative binomial regression models were employed to evaluate the relationship between provider- and area-level characteristics (prescriber’s gender, specialty, rural-urban community area, beneficiaries’ demographics, area-level population, and SDI) and fluoroquinolone claim rates per 1,000 beneficiaries.

Results:

A total of 11,996 providers were included. SDI (IRR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97–0.99) and male providers (IRR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94–0.99) were inversely associated with claim rates. In contrast, several factors were associated with higher claim rates, including non-metropolitan areas (1.04, 95% CI 1.00–1.09), and practices with a high proportion of male (IRR 1.12, 95% CI 1.10–1.14), Black (IRR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03–1.07), or Medicaid beneficiaries (IRR 1.15, 95% CI 1.12–1.17). Effect modification was observed between SDI and rurality, with higher SDI in non-metropolitan areas associated with higher claim rates, whereas SDI in metropolitan areas was inversely related to claim rates.

Conclusion:

Lower fluoroquinolone claim rates were observed among Texas Medicare providers in metropolitan areas with higher SDI. Conversely, higher rates were observed in rural areas with higher SDI. More studies are needed to understand the underlying causes of this variation and develop effective stewardship interventions.
Social determinants of health-based strategies to address vaccination disparities through a university-public health partnership
Authors: Crowe Susie , Kimiecik Carlyn , Adeoye-Olatunde Omolola A. , Conklin Megan , Smith Jordan , Pastakia Sonak D. , Dinkeldein Alicia , Dubinin Mary , Zubler Peter , Gonzalvo Jasmine D.
Published: April 2024

A decline in routine vaccinations, attributed to vaccine hesitancy, undermines preventative healthcare, impacting health and exacerbating vaccine disparities. University-public health partnerships can improve vaccination services. This study describes and evaluates a university-public health use case employing social determinants of health (SDoH)-based strategies to address vaccination disparities. Guided by the Translational Science Benefits Logic Model, the partnership offered no-cost preventative vaccines at community-based organization (CBO) sites, collected CBO clientele’s vaccination interest, hesitancy, and demographic data, and conducted descriptive analyses. One hundred seven vaccination events were held, administering 3,021 vaccines. This partnership enhanced health outcomes by addressing disparities through co-located vaccination and SDoH services.
Numerical study on the mechanism of drag modulation by dispersed drops in two-phase Taylor–Couette turbulence
Authors: Su Jinghong , Yi Lei , Zhao Bidan , Wang Cheng , Xu Fan , Wang Junwu , Sun Chao
Published: April 2024

The presence of a dispersed phase can significantly modulate the drag in turbulent systems. We derived a conserved quantity that characterizes the radial transport of azimuthal momentum in the fluid–fluid two-phase Taylor–Couette turbulence. This quantity consists of contributions from advection, diffusion and two-phase interface, which are closely related to density, viscosity and interfacial tension, respectively. We found from interface-resolved direct numerical simulations that the presence of the two-phase interface consistently produces a positive contribution to the momentum transport and leads to drag enhancement, while decreasing the density and viscosity ratios of the dispersed phase to the continuous phase reduces the contribution of local advection and diffusion terms to the momentum transport, respectively, resulting in drag reduction. Therefore, we concluded that the decreased density ratio and the decreased viscosity ratio work together to compete with the presence of a two-phase interface for achieving drag modulation in fluid–fluid two-phase turbulence.
A canonical Hamiltonian formulation of the Navier–Stokes problem
Authors: Sanders John W. , DeVoria A.C. , Washuta Nathan J. , Elamin Gafar A. , Skenes Kevin L. , Berlinghieri Joel C.
Published: April 2024

This paper presents a novel Hamiltonian formulation of the isotropic Navier–Stokes problem based on a minimum-action principle derived from the principle of least squares. This formulation uses the velocities

$u_{i}(x_{j},t)$

and pressure

$p(x_{j},t)$

as the field quantities to be varied, along with canonically conjugate momenta deduced from the analysis. From these, a conserved Hamiltonian functional

$H^{*}$

satisfying Hamilton's canonical equations is constructed, and the associated Hamilton–Jacobi equation is formulated for both compressible and incompressible flows. This Hamilton–Jacobi equation reduces the problem of finding four separate field quantities (

$u_{i}$

,

$p$

) to that of finding a single scalar functional in those fields – Hamilton's principal functional

${S}^{*}[u_{i},p,t]$

. Moreover, the transformation theory of Hamilton and Jacobi now provides a prescribed recipe for solving the Navier–Stokes problem: find

${S}^{*}$

. If an analytical expression for

${S}^{*}$

can be obtained, it will lead via canonical transformation to a new set of fields which are simply equal to their initial values, giving analytical expressions for the original velocity and pressure fields. Failing that, if one can only show that a complete solution to this Hamilton–Jacobi equation does or does not exist, that will also resolve the question of existence of solutions. The method employed here is not specific to the Navier–Stokes problem or even to classical mechanics, and can be applied to any traditionally non-Hamiltonian problem.
Beyond the masculinity of kingship: The making of a modern queen in early second millennium Sri Lanka
Authors: Shirley Bruno M.
Published: April 2024

Modern historians have repeatedly cast Sri Lanka’s historical female monarchs as ‘queens’, without critically reflecting on the conceptual limits and nuances of that term. Through a close examination of sources from the early second millennium, and their reception by scholars from the colonial period onwards, I demonstrate that Sri Lanka’s female monarchs—particularly Līlāvatī of Poḷonnaruva (r. 1197–1200, 1209, and 1210)—engaged in a more creative and subversive performance of gender than modern ‘queenship’ allows. In particular, I argue, a discourse of kingship’s inherent masculinity, advanced in literary and didactic texts written primarily by male monastics, was too-willingly accepted by colonial-period scholars. Closer attention to the material evidence of Līlāvatī’s reign, however, challenges this discourse and further suggests a politics of gender beyond the binary.
Understanding age-related changes: exploring the interplay of protein intake, physical activity and appetite in the ageing population
Authors: Dericioglu Dilara , Methven Lisa , Clegg Miriam E.
Published: April 2024

Globally, we are currently facing a rapid demographic shift leading to an increase in the proportion of older adults within the population. This raises concerns about the potential increase in age-related diseases and their impact on our ability to provide adequate health and end-of-life care. To apply appropriate interventions, understanding the changes that happen with ageing becomes essential. Ageing is often accompanied by a decrease in appetite and physical activity, which may lead to malnutrition, resulting in decreased muscle mass, physical capabilities and independence. To preserve muscle mass, older adults are advised to increase protein intake and physical activity. However, protein’s high satiating effect may cause reduced energy intake. Physical activity is also advised to maintain or enhance older adult’s appetite. This review paper aims to discuss appetite-related changes that occur with ageing and their consequences. In particular, it will focus on investigating the relationship between protein intake and physical activity and their impact on appetite and energy intake in the ageing population. Recent studies suggest that physical activity might contribute to maintaining or enhancing appetite in older adults. Nevertheless, establishing a definitive consensus on the satiating effect of protein in ageing remains a work in progress, despite some promising results in the existing literature.
TIME-VARYING PARAMETER REGRESSIONS WITH STATIONARY PERSISTENT DATA
Authors: HU ZHISHUI , KASPARIS IOANNIS , WANG QIYING
Published: April 2024

We consider local level and local linear estimators for estimation and inference in time-varying parameter (TVP) regressions with general stationary covariates. The latter estimator also yields estimates for parameter derivatives that are utilized for the development of time invariance tests for the regression coefficients. Our theoretical framework is general enough to allow for a wide range of stationary regressors, including stationary long memory. We demonstrate that neglecting time variation in the regression parameters has a range of adverse effects in inference, in particular, when regressors exhibit long-range dependence. For instance, parametric tests diverge under the null hypothesis when the memory order is strictly positive. The finite sample performance of the methods developed is investigated with the aid of a simulation experiment. The proposed methods are employed for exploring the predictability of SP500 returns by realized variance. We find evidence of time variability in the intercept as well as episodic predictability when realized variance is utilized as a predictor in TVP specifications.
Prosecuting theft in Old Regime France, c.1540–c.1700
Authors: Hamilton Tom
Published: April 2024

This article analyses a significant sample of theft cases tried in the appellate courts of the parlements of Paris and Toulouse from the mid-sixteenth century to the end of the seventeenth century. Despite some historians’ claims that theft was typically overlooked or settled informally, and that property crime only became a major social problem because of the rise of industrial capitalism in the eighteenth century, this article argues that French subjects did take theft seriously in this period, even if that meant subjecting it to ridicule in cultural productions such as Molière’s celebrated play The Miser.
A comparison of lab- and web-based elicited imitation: Insights from explicit-implicit L2 grammar knowledge and L2 proficiency
Authors: Kim Kathy Minhye , Liu Xiaoyi , Isbell Daniel R. , Chen Xiaobin
Published: April 2024

Elicited imitation (EI) tasks are a practical tool for measuring second language (L2) knowledge and skills. In this study, we implemented a web-based EI task that measures English morphosyntactic knowledge and compared its measurement properties to a traditional laboratory-based EI. A cohort of 149 L2 English learners engaged in the web-based EI task, and 151 participants completed a traditional lab-based EI counterpart. Correlation analyses revealed a significant, comparable relationship between English proficiency and the two EI versions, with the ungrammatical items showing less consistency that neither improved nor harmed the overall EI effectiveness. Factor analyses corroborated the validity of web-programmed EI, with both EI versions relating similarly to time-pressured, implicit knowledge and untimed, explicit knowledge measures. Our results suggest the potential for utilizing web-based EI to substitute lab-based tasks, enabling larger-scale, more diverse sampling. We end with implications for future web-based EI task users and include a coding guideline for customized web-based EI use.
Real-time evaluation of a multi-agency TB-screening event for persons experiencing homelessness in a town with a low incidence of TB in England
Authors: Dave Mona , Thakrar Shivan , Bagnall Helen , Kumbang Jharna
Published: April 2024

Real-time evaluation (RTE) supports populations (e.g., persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) to engage in evaluation of health interventions who may otherwise be overlooked. The aim of this RTE was to explore the understanding of TB amongst PEH, identify barriers/facilitators to attending screening for PEH alongside suggestions for improving TB-screening events targeting PEH, who have high and complex health needs. This RTE composed of free-text structured one-to-one interviews performed immediately after screening at a single tuberculosis (TB) screening event. Handwritten forms were transcribed for thematic analysis, with codes ascribed to answers that were developed into core themes. All RTE participants (n=15) learned about the screening event on the day it was held. Key concerns amongst screening attendees included: stigma around drug use, not understanding the purpose of TB screening, lack of trusted individuals/services present, too many partner organizations involved, and language barriers. Facilitators to screening included a positive welcome to the event, a satisfactory explanation of screening tests, and sharing of results. A need for improved event promotion alongside communication of the purpose of TB screening amongst PEH was also identified. A lack of trust identified by some participants suggests the range of services present should be reconsidered for future screening events.
Short‐Term Effects of Extreme Meteorological Factors on Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Infection During 2010–2017 in Jiangsu, China: A Distributed Lag Non‐Linear Analysis
Authors: Yang Xu , Wang Junshu , Zhang Guoming , Yu Zhaoyuan
Published: April 2024

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is an infectious disease that primarily affects young children. In densely populated Jiangsu Province in China, the impact of extreme meteorological factors on HFMD is a concern. We aimed to examine the association between extreme meteorological variables and HFMD infection risk using daily HFMD infections and meteorological data from 2010 to 2017 in Jiangsu Province. We used distributed lag non‐linear model (DLNM) to analyze the data, which can effectively capture the nuanced non‐linear dynamics and lag effects in the relationship between HFMD and extreme meteorological factors. Comparing the 10th and 90th percentiles of meteorological variables with their respective median values, our results showed that extremely low temperatures and high humidity were significantly associated with increased HFMD infection risk. The greatest effect of extremely low temperatures was observed at a lag of 1–2 days, elevating the risk by 18 ∼ 33% (RR = 1.18 ∼ 1.33). Extremely high humidity was found to increase the risk of infection, starting at a lag of 4 days. In contrast, extremely high temperatures, low humidity, and high wind speed were associated with reduced risk of infection at lag of 0–12 days, with the range of RR values being 0.60–0.98 for extremely high temperatures, 0.69–0.89 for extremely low humidity, and 0.84–0.98 for extremely high wind speed respectively. Our findings suggest that extreme meteorological factors can significantly impact the incidence of HFMD in Jiangsu Province, and highlight the need for effective public health protection measures during the periods of extreme meteorological condition, particularly for vulnerable populations.
Detection and Attribution of Human‐Perceived Warming Over China
Authors: Zhang Jintao , Ren Guoyu , You Qinglong
Published: April 2024

While previous studies have largely focused on anthropogenic warming characterized by surface air temperature, little is known about the behaviors of human‐perceived temperature (HPT), which describe the “feels‐like” equivalent temperature by considering the joint effects of temperature, humidity and/or wind speed. Here we adopted an optimal ﬁngerprinting method to compare seasonal mean HPTs in China with those from simulations conducted with multiple climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6. We found clear anthropogenic signals in the observational records of changes in both summer and winter HPTs over the period 1971–2020. Moreover, the anthropogenic greenhouse gas inﬂuence was robustly detected, with clear separation from natural and anthropogenic aerosol forcings. The anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing plays the dominant role (>90%) of human‐perceived warming. Urbanization effects contribute slightly and moderately to the estimated trends in summer and winter HPTs, respectively, in addition to the effects of external forcing.
Factors Contributing to Historical and Future Trends in Arctic Precipitation
Authors: Yukimoto S. , Oshima N. , Kawai H. , Deushi M. , Aizawa T.
Published: April 2024

The Arctic is notable as a region where the greatest rate of increase in precipitation associated with global warming is anticipated. The Arctic precipitation simulated by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 models showed a strong increasing trend since the 1980s. We found that the forcing factor of the trend is a combination of the continued strengthening of greenhouse gas forcing and the leveling off of aerosol forcing dominated in earlier periods. From an energetic perspective, we found that the increased atmospheric radiative cooling and reduced sensible heat transport from lower latitudes contributed equally to the recent increase in Arctic precipitation. The combination of these two energetic factors suggests a doubling of the Arctic amplification factor for precipitation relative to that for temperature. Future Arctic precipitation will change in proportion to the temperature change, and the fractional contributions of the energetic factors will remain stable across various scenarios.
Deterministic Forecasting and Probabilistic Post‐Processing of Short‐Term Wind Speed Using Statistical Methods
Authors: Sun Lei , Lan Yufeng , Sun Xian , Liang Xiuji , Wang Jing , Su Yekang , He Yunping , Xia Dong
Published: April 2024

There is a great need for an accurate short‐term wind speed forecast, and statistical forecasts have gained increased popularity for their computational efficiency and satisfactory skill. However, there has been no systematic research to fully explore the capabilities of statistical approaches and evaluate the applicability of probabilistic information from statistical ensemble. This study first compares the skills of different statistical methods, based on linear regression, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL), using three strategies (i.e., direct, recursive, and multi‐output) against the three operational numerical models and their bias‐corrections, for short‐term wind speed forecast over Pearl River Estuary during 2018–2021. Inter‐comparison between statistical forecasts reveals the dominant superiority of direct strategy. On this basis, Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) perform best compared to other statistical forecasts and bias correction of numerical forecasts throughout 48 hr lead time, while the performance of methods with simplified (linear) or more complex (DL) model structures degrades significantly. Moreover, the top 10 forecasts are utilized to account for forecast uncertainties but present a substantial under‐dispersed prediction. Two traditional methods and three modern methods are implemented to perform probabilistic post‐processing. Modern methods based on ML or DL present worse skills, while traditional methods, particularly for ensemble model output statistics, show added value in discriminating binary events due to limited enhancements in calibration. Overall, RF and SVM using direct strategy are highly recommended for short‐term wind speed forecasts, and efforts are ongoing to address the issues of strong wind prediction and ensemble calibration.
4D Imaging of Two‐Phase Flow in Porous Media Using Laboratory‐Based Micro‐Computed Tomography
Authors: Tekseth K. R. , Breiby D. W.
Published: April 2024

Dynamic three‐dimensional computed tomography (CT) imaging of liquid transport in porous media has primarily been conducted at high brilliance synchrotrons thus allowing fast, sometimes sub‐second, temporal resolution to be obtained. University laboratory CT instruments lack the photon flux available at synchrotrons, limiting the obtainable spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we discuss our experiences with instrumentation and software methods to conduct time‐resolved micro‐computed tomography (4D‐CT) experiments of flow in porous media, based on a conventional CT instrument operated with a highly undersampled number of projections. An experimental stage outfitted with syringe pumps placed on a slip ring allowed two‐phase flow experiments to be carried out with continuous unidirectional rotation and without obstruction of the liquid supply lines. An iterative reconstruction algorithm based on a priori information was used to provide high image quality and ∼30 s time resolution despite the few and low‐exposed projections compared to standard protocols. The experimental technique was demonstrated with imbibition and drainage in glass bead‐pack and Bentheimer sandstone samples with sub‐minute temporal resolution, allowing the liquid configurations just before and after fast dynamic phenomena such as cooperative pore‐filling events and Haines jumps to be captured. Power law scaling exponents for burst volumes associated with imbibition and drainage were estimated and compared with the literature. That 4D‐CT experiments can be carried out using conventional CT instruments to challenge contemporary permeability models is of high importance for many geo‐, bio‐ and environmental physics challenges.
Transcriptome-based deep learning analysis identifies drug candidates targeting protein synthesis and autophagy for the treatment of muscle wasting disorder
Authors: Lee Min Hak , Lee Bada , Park Se Eun , Yang Ga Eul , Cheon Seungwoo , Lee Dae Hoon , Kang Sukyeong , Sun Ye Ji , Kim Yongjin , Jung Dong-sub , Kim Wonwoo , Kang Jihoon , Kim Yi Rang , Choi Jin Woo
Published: April 2024

Sarcopenia, the progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, is observed in various conditions, including cancer and aging. The complex molecular biology of sarcopenia has posed challenges for the development of FDA-approved medications, which have mainly focused on dietary supplementation. Targeting a single gene may not be sufficient to address the broad range of processes involved in muscle loss. This study analyzed the gene expression signatures associated with cancer formation and 5-FU chemotherapy-induced muscle wasting. Our findings suggest that dimenhydrinate, a combination of 8-chlorotheophylline and diphenhydramine, is a potential therapeutic for sarcopenia. In vitro experiments demonstrated that dimenhydrinate promotes muscle progenitor cell proliferation through the phosphorylation of Nrf2 by 8-chlorotheophylline and promotes myotube formation through diphenhydramine-induced autophagy. Furthermore, in various in vivo sarcopenia models, dimenhydrinate induced rapid muscle tissue regeneration. It improved muscle regeneration in animals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and facilitated muscle and fat recovery in animals with chemotherapy-induced sarcopenia. As an FDA-approved drug, dimenhydrinate could be applied for sarcopenia treatment after a relatively short development period, providing hope for individuals suffering from this debilitating condition.
Age-dependent loss of Crls1 causes myopathy and skeletal muscle regeneration failure
Authors: Yoo Youngbum , Yeon MyeongHoon , Kim Won-Kyung , Shin Hyeon-Bin , Lee Seung-Min , Yoon Mee-Sup , Ro Hyunju , Seo Young-Kyo
Published: April 2024

Skeletal muscle aging results in the gradual suppression of myogenesis, leading to muscle mass loss. However, the specific role of cardiolipin in myogenesis has not been determined. This study investigated the crucial role of mitochondrial cardiolipin and cardiolipin synthase 1 (Crls1) in age-related muscle deterioration and myogenesis. Our findings demonstrated that cardiolipin and Crls1 are downregulated in aged skeletal muscle. Moreover, the knockdown of Crls1 in myoblasts reduced mitochondrial mass, activity, and OXPHOS complex IV expression and disrupted the structure of the mitochondrial cristae. AAV9-shCrls1-mediated downregulation of Crls1 impaired muscle regeneration in a mouse model of cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced muscle damage, whereas AAV9-mCrls1-mediated Crls1 overexpression improved regeneration. Overall, our results highlight that the age-dependent decrease in CRLS1 expression contributes to muscle loss by diminishing mitochondrial quality in skeletal muscle myoblasts. Hence, modulating CRLS1 expression is a promising therapeutic strategy for mitigating muscle deterioration associated with aging, suggesting potential avenues for developing interventions to improve overall muscle health and quality of life in elderly individuals.
Genetic contribution to disease-course severity and progression in the SUPER-Finland study, a cohort of 10,403 individuals with psychotic disorders
Authors: Kämpe Anders , Suvisaari Jaana , Lähteenvuo Markku , Singh Tarjinder , Ahola-Olli Ari , Urpa Lea , Haaki Willehard , Hietala Jarmo , Isometsä Erkki , Jukuri Tuomas , Kampman Olli , Kieseppä Tuula , Lahdensuo Kaisla , Lönnqvist Jouko , Männynsalo Teemu , Paunio Tiina , Niemi-Pynttäri Jussi , Suokas Kimmo , Tuulio-Henriksson Annamari , Veijola Juha , Wegelius Asko ,   SUPERFinland-Researchers, Kyttälä Aija , Ahola-Olli Ari , Toivola Auli , Neale Benjamin , Shen Huei-yi , Västrik Imre , Tiihonen Jari , Hietala Jarmo , Lönnqvist Jouko , Veijola Juha , Lahdensuo Kaisla , Häkkinen Katja , Daly Mark , Holm Minna , Ristiluoma Noora , Kajanne Risto , Hyman Steven E. , Singh Tarjinder , Daly Mark , Taylor Jacob , Kendler Kenneth S. , Palotie Aarno , Pietiläinen Olli
Published: April 2024

Genetic factors contribute to the susceptibility of psychotic disorders, but less is known how they affect psychotic disease-course development. Utilizing polygenic scores (PGSs) in combination with longitudinal healthcare data with decades of follow-up we investigated the contributing genetics to psychotic disease-course severity and diagnostic shifts in the SUPER-Finland study, encompassing 10 403 genotyped individuals with a psychotic disorder. To longitudinally track the study participants’ past disease-course severity, we created a psychiatric hospitalization burden metric using the full-coverage and nation-wide Finnish in-hospital registry (data from 1969 and onwards). Using a hierarchical model, ranking the psychotic diagnoses according to clinical severity, we show that high schizophrenia PGS (SZ-PGS) was associated with progression from lower ranked psychotic disorders to schizophrenia (OR = 1.32 [1.23–1.43], p = 1.26e-12). This development manifested already at psychotic illness onset as a higher psychiatric hospitalization burden, the proxy for disease-course severity. In schizophrenia (n = 5 479), both a high SZ-PGS and a low educational attainment PGS (EA-PGS) were associated with increased psychiatric hospitalization burden (p = 1.00e-04 and p = 4.53e-10). The SZ-PGS and the EA-PGS associated with distinct patterns of hospital usage. In individuals with high SZ-PGS, the increased hospitalization burden was composed of longer individual hospital stays, while low EA-PGS associated with shorter but more frequent hospital visits. The negative effect of a low EA-PGS was found to be partly mediated via substance use disorder, a major risk factor for hospitalizations. In conclusion, we show that high SZ-PGS and low EA-PGS both impacted psychotic disease-course development negatively but resulted in different disease-course trajectories.
Effects of genetically predicted posttraumatic stress disorder on autoimmune phenotypes
Authors: Maihofer Adam X. , Ratanatharathorn Andrew , Hemmings Sian M. J. , Costenbader Karen H. , Michopoulos Vasiliki , Polimanti Renato , Rothbaum Alex O. , Seedat Soraya , Mikita Elizabeth A. ,   CHARGE Inflammation Working Group,   Psychiatric Genomics Consortium PTSD Working Group, Smith Alicia K. , Salem Rany M. , Shaffer Richard A. , Wu Tianying , Sebat Jonathan , Ressler Kerry J. , Stein Murray B. , Koenen Karestan C. , Wolf Erika J. , Sumner Jennifer A. , Nievergelt Caroline M.
Published: April 2024

Observational studies suggest that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increases risk for various autoimmune diseases. Insights into shared biology and causal relationships between these diseases may inform intervention approaches to PTSD and co-morbid autoimmune conditions. We investigated the shared genetic contributions and causal relationships between PTSD, 18 autoimmune diseases, and 3 immune/inflammatory biomarkers. Univariate MiXeR was used to contrast the genetic architectures of phenotypes. Genetic correlations were estimated using linkage disequilibrium score regression. Bi-directional, two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed using independent, genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms; inverse variance weighted and weighted median MR estimates were evaluated. Sensitivity analyses for uncorrelated (MR PRESSO) and correlated horizontal pleiotropy (CAUSE) were also performed. PTSD was considerably more polygenic (10,863 influential variants) than autoimmune diseases (median 255 influential variants). However, PTSD evidenced significant genetic correlation with nine autoimmune diseases and three inflammatory biomarkers. PTSD had putative causal effects on autoimmune thyroid disease (p = 0.00009) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 4.3 × 10−7). Inferences were not substantially altered by sensitivity analyses. Additionally, the PTSD-autoimmune thyroid disease association remained significant in multivariable MR analysis adjusted for genetically predicted inflammatory biomarkers as potential mechanistic pathway variables. No autoimmune disease had a significant causal effect on PTSD (all p values > 0.05). Although causal effect models were supported for associations of PTSD with CRP, shared pleiotropy was adequate to explain a putative causal effect of CRP on PTSD (p = 0.18). In summary, our results suggest a significant genetic overlap between PTSD, autoimmune diseases, and biomarkers of inflammation. PTSD has a putative causal effect on autoimmune thyroid disease, consistent with existing epidemiologic evidence. A previously reported causal effect of CRP on PTSD is potentially confounded by shared genetics. Together, results highlight the nuanced links between PTSD, autoimmune disorders, and associated inflammatory signatures, and suggest the importance of targeting related pathways to protect against disease and disability.
Dynamic switching from coherent perfect absorption to parametric amplification in a nonlinear spoof plasmonic waveguide
Authors: Cui Wen Yi , Zhang Jingjing , Luo Yu , Gao Xinxin , Cui Tie Jun
Published: April 2024

Coherent perfect absorption (CPA) and amplification of electromagnetic waves are converse phenomena, where incoming radiations are coherently dissipated or amplified by structured incidences. Realizing such two phenomena simultaneously in a single device may benefit various applications such as biological sensing, photo detection, radar stealth, solar-thermal energy sharing, and wireless communications. However, previous experimental realizations of CPA and amplification generally require precise controls to the loss and gain of a system, making dynamic switching between the absorption and amplification states a challenge. To this end, we propose a nonlinear approach to realize CPA and parametric amplification (PA) simultaneously at the same frequency and demonstrate experimentally dynamic switch from the CPA to PA states in a judiciously designed nonlinear spoof plasmonic waveguide. The measured output signal gain can be continuously tuned from −33 dB to 22 dB in a propagation length of 9.2 wavelengths. Compared to the traditional linear CPA, our approach relaxes the stringent requirements on device dimensions and material losses, opening a new route to actively modulate the electromagnetic waves with giant amplification-to-absorption contrast in a compact platform. The proposed nonlinear plasmonic platform has potential applications in on-chip systems and wireless communications.
Memristive tonotopic mapping with volatile resistive switching memory devices
Authors: Milozzi Alessandro , Ricci Saverio , Ielmini Daniele
Published: April 2024

To reach the energy efficiency and the computing capability of biological neural networks, novel hardware systems and paradigms are required where the information needs to be processed in both spatial and temporal domains. Resistive switching memory (RRAM) devices appear as key enablers for the implementation of large-scale neuromorphic computing systems with high energy efficiency and extended scalability. Demonstrating a full set of spatiotemporal primitives with RRAM-based circuits remains an open challenge. By taking inspiration from the neurobiological processes in the human auditory systems, we develop neuromorphic circuits for memristive tonotopic mapping via volatile RRAM devices. Based on a generalized stochastic device-level approach, we demonstrate the main features of signal processing of cochlea, namely logarithmic integration and tonotopic mapping of signals. We also show that our tonotopic classification is suitable for speech recognition. These results support memristive devices for physical processing of temporal signals, thus paving the way for energy efficient, high density neuromorphic systems.
The impact of substrate stiffness on morphological, transcriptional and functional aspects in RPE
Authors: Wolfram Lasse , Gimpel Clara , Schwämmle Melanie , Clark Simon J. , Böhringer Daniel , Schlunck Günther
Published: March 2024

Alterations in the structure and composition of Bruch’s membrane (BrM) and loss of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are associated with various ocular diseases, notably age-related macular degeneration (AMD) as well as several inherited retinal diseases (IRDs). We explored the influence of stiffness as a major BrM characteristic on the RPE transcriptome and morphology. ARPE-19 cells were plated on soft ($$E={30}\,\hbox {kPa}$$

E
=
30

kPa

) or stiff ($$E={80}\,\hbox {kPa}$$

E
=
80

kPa

) polyacrylamide gels (PA gels) or standard tissue culture plastic (TCP). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) data on differentially expressed small RNAs (sRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were validated by qPCR, immunofluorescence or western blotting. The microRNA (miRNA) fraction of sRNAs grew with substrate stiffness and distinct miRNAs such as miR-204 or miR-222 were differentially expressed. mRNA targets of differentially expressed miRNAs were stably expressed, suggesting a homeostatic effect of miRNAs. mRNA transcription patterns were substrate stiffness-dependent, including components of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor (MITF) and Dicer. These findings highlight the relevance of mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in cell culture experiments, especially those focusing on ECM-related diseases, such as AMD.
Safety and efficacy of proactive versus reactive administration of desmopressin in severe symptomatic hyponatremia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Pakchotanon Kamolwan , Kanjanasuphak Nichanone , Chuasuwan Anan , Gojaseni Pongsathorn , Chittinandana Anutra
Published: March 2024

This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of proactive versus reactive desmopressin (DDAVP) strategies in treating severe symptomatic hyponatremia. Conducted from June 20, 2022, to February 20, 2023, it involved 49 patients with serum sodium levels below 125 mmol/L. Patients were assigned to either the proactive group, receiving DDAVP immediately upon diagnosis, or the reactive group, receiving DDAVP only if the serum sodium level tended to be overcorrected. The primary outcome was the incidence of overcorrection. The study revealed no significant difference in the overcorrection incidence between the proactive (16.7%) and reactive (28%) groups (p = 0.54). The change in serum sodium levels at 1, 6, 12, and 24 h were not different, however, at 48 h, the proactive group exhibited a higher but still safe change in serum sodium levels compared to the reactive group (10.3 ± 3.6 mmol/L vs. 7.7 ± 3.6 mmol/L, p = 0.013). Other parameters including time to symptom improvement, total intravenous fluid administered, DDAVP dose, urine volume, hospital stay duration, osmotic demyelination syndrome incidence, and 28-day mortality did not significantly differ between the groups. In conclusion, our findings suggest that there was no significant disparity in overcorrection rates between proactive and reactive DDAVP strategies for treating severe symptomatic hyponatremia. However, further large-scale studies are warranted to validate these results.