bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Policy Romanticism
Authors: Epstein William M.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 2 sets policy romanticism within the context of American policy making and describes its core concepts of extreme individualism, gnostic thinking, and a sense of chosenness. The chapter argues that the core of these preferences defining social reality is more emotional, superstitious, and traditional than rational or even reasonable. In spite of recurrent bouts of progressive reform, democratic populism dominates both public and private policy.
Communities in Schools
Authors: Epstein William M.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 6 describes, evaluates, and reinterprets the private sector social service program Communities in Schools as a ceremony of social values rather than as a successful response to a social problem. The program claims to be the principle private sector social welfare program aimed at preventing school dropouts. Its claims of success are based on an evaluation that it initiated. The chapter critiques the evaluation as superficial and inadequate, offering no credible evidence that Year Up succeeds at its mission. It fails to demonstrate that it has achieved either its educational or social goals. Communities in Schools realizes only the pervasive assumption that the coordination and redirection of existing services and resources, rather than massive new resources, is at least an important and possibly even a necessary step toward addressing the dropout problem.
The Intelligence of Emotions
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony
Published: February 2018

In recent decades, there has been a remarkable amount of controversy within the disciplines of philosophy and psychology (among others) about how we ought to understand the cognitive and the bodily aspects of human emotions. Although numerous philosophers and psychologists have accepted a conception of emotions as cognitive phenomena, which are elicited and differentiated according to what information they take in about the person-environment relationship, others have identified emotions as bodily feelings. Yet we should not assume that the distinctly somatic element in our experience of such emotions as fear, awe, and grief is unrelated to the potentially truth-revealing function of affective experience. Nor does affective cognition need to prove its epistemic worth by being measured against the standard of some other mode of rationality—such as dispassionate judgment.
Feeling Apprehensive
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony
Published: February 2018

Our bodily states can affect our susceptibility toward emotional arousal; empirical research suggests that discrete patterns of somatic upheaval can be identified, at least for some emotions. Such findings correspond with the observation that there is something it’s like to feel a particular emotion: that the experience of emotion has a distinct subjective character. Rather than bodily feelings that are nothing but physical disturbances devoid of intentionality, they can be feelings about our surroundings, which have intentionality and are therefore capable of conveying significant information. The somatic agitation we feel when we are trembling with fear is not a mere sensation but a felt apprehension of danger. When we are afraid, we are not convinced that the object of our fear is harmless—contrary to what others have argued. It would be false to claim that emotions are divorced from cognition, or to identify them simply with intellectual judgments.
Introduction
Authors: Crescenzi Mark J.C.
Published: February 2018

This chapter introduces the puzzle of whether reputation matters in world politics. It then provides a preview of the theoretical argument developed by the author to illustrate and capture the complex nature of relational dynamics. The Introduction also offers an overview of the role of reputation in throughout global and international history, emphasizing its role, for example, in the negotiation of treaties and the escalation of conflicts into war. The history of reputation as an academic area of study is traced, noting the varying levels of importance afforded to it. The chapter concludes with a discussion designed to prepare the reader for the rest of the book, which lays out the plan and scope of the book and its arguments.
The Foliate Frieze as Architectonic Framing Device
Authors: Doquang Mailan S.
Published: February 2018

This chapter addresses frame-field relations by presenting the foliate friezes articulating the churches of France as integral parts of the consecrated architectural envelope with ties to the unconsecrated natural environment. It provides an overview of the large corpus of French foliate friezes, focusing on three main types: interior friezes, exterior friezes, and portal friezes. The prevalence of such friezes from the twelfth century through the late Middle Ages attests to their versatility. The chapter concludes with an account of the origins of the foliate frieze phenomenon in the sacred architecture of France, identifying the influential church at Cluny as key to its inception and spread.
The Garden
Authors: Doquang Mailan S.
Published: February 2018

This section addresses the use of real plants in medieval churches from the Early Christian period to the Late Middle Ages. It demonstrates that living vegetation was a key aspect of the church experience, notably during the consecration rite, the Easter liturgy, and on other special occasions, such as baptisms, weddings, and the feast days of certain saints. Late medieval documents from the church of Saint-Mary-at-Hill in London reveal that live plants were a consistent expense for clerical communities. Alongside sculpted flora, real plants heightened the presence of the organic in sacred architectural contexts, while also engaging different sensory modalities.
Analyses
Authors: Temperley David
Published: February 2018

This chapter tries to show how analysis—in-depth exploration of a song in all of its aspects—can be informed and enriched by the theoretical framework presented in previous chapters, allowing us to appreciate more fully how a song follows or departs from stylistic norms. The chapter presents analyses of six songs: Marvin Gaye, “I Heard It through the Grapevine”; Elton John, “Philadelphia Freedom”; Fleetwood Mac, “Landslide”; U2, “Sunday Bloody Sunday”; Alanis Morissette, “You Oughta Know”; and Destiny’s Child, “Jumpin’ Jumpin’.”
Scales and Units
Authors: de Luna Kathryn M.
Published: February 2018

This chapter uses two case studies to explore how historians study language movement and change through comparative historical linguistics. The first case study stands as a short chapter in the larger history of the expansion of Bantu languages across eastern, central, and southern Africa. It focuses on the expansion of proto-Kafue, ca. 950–1250, from a linguistic homeland in the middle Kafue River region to lands beyond the Lukanga swamps to the north and the Zambezi River to the south. This expansion was made possible by a dramatic reconfiguration of ties of kinship. The second case study explores linguistic evidence for ridicule along the Lozi-Botatwe frontier in the mid- to late 19th century. Significantly, the units and scales of language movement and change in precolonial periods rendered visible through comparative historical linguistics bring to our attention alternative approaches to language change and movement in contemporary Africa.
Localizing the Global
Authors: Gordon David M.
Published: February 2018

By the late 19th century, a caravan trade extended from the Indian and Atlantic littorals through the hinterlands of south central Africa. Industrial commodities—guns, cloths, iron, and beads—were exchanged for ivory, slaves, beeswax, and rubber. Along the trade routes and in trading centers, words spread to describe new commodities, new peoples, new trading customs, and new forms of political power. These Wanderwörter originated in the languages of the coastal traders, in particular in Portuguese and Kiswahili. When the diverse vernaculars of the south central African interior were transcribed by colonial-era missionaries into “tribal” languages, such wandering words were incorporated into these languages, often disguised by distinctive orthographies. Other words were left out of dictionaries and political vocabularies, replaced by supposedly more authentic and archaic words. Examining these wandering words provides a window into linguistic dynamism and political-economic change prior to European conquest.
Introduction
Authors: Ackerly Brooke A.
Published: February 2018

In the introduction, the Bangladesh Center for Worker Solidarity (BCWS) provides a background for conceptualizing problems of global injustice (injustice itself), the methodology needed to theorize about how to take responsibility for injustice itself politically (grounded normative theory), and the key features and importance of a human rights approach to a political theory of responsibility. BCWS successfully cultivated arrangements with a Bangladeshi factory, RL Denim, to improve conditions there, with Metro Group to keep production in that garment factory, with workers to develop their understanding of their legal rights and strategies for self-advocacy, and with Clean Clothes Campaign (a worker advocacy network) and BSCI (a factory auditing firm) to support the workers’ desire to keep their jobs under improved factory conditions. The remainder of the chapter clarifies the political perspective of the approach.
Feminist Grounded Normative Methods for Just Responsibility
Authors: Ackerly Brooke A.
Published: February 2018

One of the core challenges of grounded normative theory is to deploy a methodology for theorizing that guides us to seek insight from lived experience even though our knowledge of that experience can be only partial, incomplete, even flawed. Grounded normative theory is a broad methodological approach that requires specific methods for developing the empirical basis appropriate to each normative inquiry. Chapter 5 describes the specific methods I used to develop the theory of just responsibility. It provides an argument for drawing on the strategic initiatives of human rights activists and describes the research–activist partnership from which the normative theory presented here derives.
Accomplishments in Cancer Epidemiology
Authors: Macmahon Brian
Published: February 2018

In his chapter “Accomplishments in Cancer Epidemiology,” Dr. MacMahon summarizes the history of the discipline, particularly the epidemiologic evidence on cigarette smoking, ionizing radiation, occupation, the physical and microbiologic environments, the reproductive experience of women, alcohol, and iatrogenic exposures as their bear on cancer risk in humans. Ionizing radiation as a cause of leukemia and cancer of the skin, breast, lung, and thyroid is discussed in detail, as well as liver cancer and myelogenous leukemia following exposure to the X-ray contrast medium thorotrast. Important occupational carcinogens include arsenic (lung cancer, bladder cancer), asbestos (lung cancer and mesothelioma), benzene (acute myeloid leukemia), chemical dyes (bladder cancer), chromium (lung cancer), nickel (nasal cancer), and vinyl chloride (angiosarcoma in the liver). The chapter ends with a broader overview of the other environmental causes of cancers that are reviewed in detail in the site-specific chapters.
Biomarkers in Cancer Epidemiology
Authors: Boffetta Paolo , Mucci Lorelei
Published: February 2018

Biomarkers have played an important role in cancer epidemiology since the 1980s. Their integration may be used in several ways, including to measure exposures or exposure dose, to assess intermediate effects of risk factors, to understand biological mechanisms of exposures, and to assess cancer subtypes. This chapter describes some of the key methodologic issues and considerations in the use of biological markers in cancer epidemiology. Specifically, issues related to the characterization and variability of biomarkers are considered. In addition, it evaluates the contribution of biomarkers to identifying exposures as carcinogens. Throughout the chapter, methodologic concepts relevant to biomarker research are illustrated with specific examples.
Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Abnet Christian C. , Nyrén Olof , Adami Hans-Olov
Published: February 2018

Esophageal cancer shows distinct geographic distributions, changing incidence rates, and primary risk factors when examined separately as squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma remains the dominant histologic type in many low- and middle-income countries and occurs frequently, while adenocarcinoma is classified as rare but predominates in Western countries. Tobacco and alcohol are the dominant risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma in Western countries, but not in high-incidence Asian populations, where hot beverages and specific nutritional deficiencies may be important. For adenocarcinoma, tobacco use is causal while alcoholic beverages are not. Rather, obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease are the other dominant identified risk factors. Genetic predisposing factors and somatic mutations are also cell type specific. The differences in esophageal cancer incidence within and between countries, by sex and race, and in known risk factors suggest major strides in understanding the etiology of esophageal cancer is within reach.
Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Benetou Vassiliki , Ekbom Anders , Mucci Lorelei
Published: February 2018

In 2012, more than 337,000 pancreatic cancer cases were diagnosed globally, ranking twelfth in cancer incidence. Pancreatic cancer has one of the highest fatality rates of any cancer, and as such ranks higher in cancer mortality, including in the United States, where it is the third most common cause of cancer death. There are concerning increases in incidence rates in the United States, although the reason for this is not known. Smoking is the strongest established risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Risk decreases after smoking cessation, and is similar to that of nonsmokers within 15 years of smoking cessation. Early epidemiological studies had suggested a positive association between coffee intake and pancreatic cancer risk, but subsequently the association was found to be due to bias. Obesity has emerged as a consistent risk factor for pancreatic cancer risk. Finally, conditions such as hereditary pancreatitis are strongly associated with cancer risk.
Leukemias
Authors: Roman Eve , Smith Alexandra , Mucci Lorelei
Published: February 2018

Leukemias are a diverse group of acute and chronic haematological malignancies, that account for 2% to 3% of cancers globally. Recent advances in molecular biology and therapy have transformed the landscape for several leukemia subtypes changing some, but by no means all, from rapidly fatal diseases to treatable conditions with a good prognosis. In general, however, this progress has not been matched by new aetiological insights. Albeit accounting for a relatively small proportion, genetic predisposition syndromes such as neurofibromatosis, Li-Fraumeni and Trisomy 21, have the biggest impact in children and young adults. At older ages, established chemical, physical and biological risk factors, which explain only a small proportion of the total disease burden, include chemotherapy for a preceding cancer, ionizing radiation, and the viral infections human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) which causes the rare adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which is associated with an increased risk of acute lymphoid leukaemias. Workplace exposures to potential carcinogens such as benzene, butadiene, and styrene have also been linked to increased risk of leukemia.
Irish vs. Yankees
Authors: Sanders James W.
Published: February 2018

As a social historian, James W. Sanders takes a new look at a critical period in the development of Boston schools. Focusing on the burgeoning Irish Catholic population and framing the discussion around Catholic hierarchy, Sanders considers the interplay of social forces in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that led to Irish Catholics’ emerging with political control of the city and its public schools. The latter reduced the need for parochial schools; by at least the 1920s, the public and parochial schools had taken giant steps toward one another in theory and practice under the leadership of the Catholics who presided over both systems. The public schools taught the same morality as the Catholic ones, and, in the generous use of Catholic saints and heroes as moral exemplars, they came dangerously close to breaching the wall of separation between religion and the public school. As a result, despite the large Irish Catholic population, Boston’s parochial school system looked very different from parochial schools in other American cities, and did not match them in size or influence. The book begins in 1822 when Boston officially became a city and ends with the Irish Catholic takeover of the Boston public school system before the Second World War.
Peace at Almost Any Price, 1846–1866
Authors: Sanders James W.
Published: February 2018

John Fitzpatrick was the third Roman Catholic bishop of Boston. A Boston native and the son of Irish immigrants, he attended public schools, including the prestigious Boston Latin School. He enjoyed acceptance by the best of Boston society but seemed to fear causing offense to the Yankees while serving his struggling Irish immigrant flock, many of whom came to America in the wake of the Potato Famine. Although he privately supported efforts by others in the diocese, such as Father McElroy and the Sisters of Notre Dame, to open parochial schools, he took no action himself to establish a system of parochial schools as an alternative to the Protestant-run public schools. As such, the development of Catholic schooling was neglected in Boston during these years.
Religion over All: 1866–1907
Authors: Sanders James W.
Published: February 2018

The Boston-born son of Irish immigrants, Bishop John Williams concentrated his energies on building up the purely religious as well as the charitable activities of the Boston diocese during his forty-year reign. Despite his proclivity for Roman Catholic separateness, he never became an active advocate of parochial schools. His stance on the school question may have been determined by his failure to grasp the profound social changes that had taken place in his lifetime and his belief that Catholic families could remedy any deficiencies of the Protestant public schools. At the same time, a small network of local “schoolmen” pastors developed a nucleus of parochial schools. Ambitious Irishmen began emerging from the local wards as powerful Democratic Party politicians, even winning seats on the powerful School Committee and the mayoralty.
Conclusion
Authors: Franklin Christopher Evan
Published: February 2018

This chapter aims to isolate the philosophical upshots of the main arguments of the book and the central areas where further philosophical work is required. It explains that there is something potentially right and something definitely wrong about the common thought that libertarians are required to accept a nonreductionist model of agency. What is definitely wrong about this thought is that, assuming agency reductionism, minimal event-causal libertarianism affords all the needed resources to successfully defend libertarianism. What is potentially right is that it is unclear that we should assume agency reductionism. However, if the reason that libertarians must accept nonreductionism about agency is because agency reductionism is false, then it follows that all theories of free will, compatibilist and libertarian alike, must embrace nonreductionism.
The Lessons of Plessy
Authors: Golub Mark
Published: February 2018

This chapter traces the language of color-blind constitutionalism to its origins in Justice Harlan’s dissenting opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and to the legal briefs of Homer Plessy’s attorney, Albion Tourgée. Rejecting common interpretations of Harlan’s phrase “Our Constitution is color-blind,” the chapter emphasizes Plessy’s concern with racial indeterminacy and the race-making power of law rather than its textual authority in debates between antisubordination and antidiscrimination theories of equal protection.
Past
Authors: Kellerman Barbara
Published: February 2018

The chapter focuses on how leadership was taught in the distant and recent past. The first section is on five of the greatest leadership teachers ever—Lao-tzu, Confucius, Plato, Plutarch, and Machiavelli—who shared a deep belief in the idea that leadership could be taught and left legacies that included timeless and transcendent literary masterworks. The second section explores how leadership went from being conceived of as a practice reserved only for a select few to one that could be exercised by the many. The ideas of the Enlightenment changed our conception of leadership. Since then, the leadership literature has urged people without power and authority, that is, followers, to understand that they too could be agents of change. The third section turns to leadership and management in business. It was precisely the twentieth-century failure of business schools to make management a profession that gave rise to the twenty-first-century leadership industry.
Future
Authors: Kellerman Barbara
Published: February 2018

The chapter moves from where learning to lead was and is, to where it could go. It explores three domains to which attention must be paid. First is meaning-making—specifically the meaning we make of becoming a leader. Second is developing—specifically changing and growing during adulthood. Third is learning—specifically learning to lead lifelong, notably, again, during adulthood. The focus is on three different terms that, for no good reason, are used interchangeably: leadership education, leadership training, and leadership development. Finally, the discussion homes in on leadership development, which, not incidentally, is related to adult development. Why? Because limiting leadership learning to a limited period limits leadership learning, period. We can agree that it generally takes years or even decades to develop a first-rate professional cook, say, or a first-rate professional pianist. Time to apply the same standard to becoming a leader—a first-rate professional leader.
Occupation
Authors: Kellerman Barbara
Published: February 2018

Given that leadership remains an occupation, the chapter explores the nature of occupations. It asks what it is about the exercise of leadership that makes us think it can be learned quickly and easily—and taught superficially and haphazardly to many people in many different situations. Part of the problem is leadership theory, which is inconsistent, almost incoherent. Again, leadership is compared to medicine and law, each of which benefits from having a coherent body of knowledge that students in professional schools are expected to master. In contrast, two experts describe leadership as a “vast and sprawling field with no clear contours or boundaries, which has been pursued in fits and starts across different disciplines and intellectual traditions.” No surprise that leadership pedagogies are similarly disparate, unregulated, and undisciplined. Small wonder that leadership has stayed stuck—an occupation not evolved even to a vocation, not to speak of a profession.
Conclusion
Authors: Tir Jaroslav , Karreth Johannes
Published: February 2018

After summarizing the theoretical arguments and findings of this book, we discuss key lessons learned from our study. The international environment has a significant influence on civil war development and prevention. Amplifying their conflict-preventing influence on member-states, highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) often coordinate their activities, especially in the area of political violence and state fragility. We then identify a number of tangible, economic incentives as the main pathways of this influence. Overall, this book suggests that the economic benefits of peace provide a potent temptation—for both governments and rebels—to settle low-level armed conflict before it can escalate to full-scale civil war. With these lessons learned, we also identify suggestions for both the research into and practice of conflict management. The chapter closes by pointing to opportunities for making use of our findings to further capitalize on the role of highly structured IGOs in civil war prevention.
Marketcraft American Style
Authors: Vogel Steven K.
Published: February 2018

The United States not only regulates markets, like other countries, but the very market-like features of its liberal market model are themselves products of laws, practices, and norms. In fact, the United States, the “freest” of market economies, is arguably the most governed. This chapter first establishes that the US economy relies on a massive infrastructure of market governance by surveying the core features of the postwar model. It then illustrates how market reform (“deregulation”) is less a process of removing constraints than one of enhancing market governance by reviewing reforms since 1980 in specific substantive realms. And finally, it concludes with two case studies of American-style market governance with global impact, the information revolution and the financial crisis, one that spurred innovation and growth and another that destroyed value and undermined growth.
The Logic of American Nuclear Strategy
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: February 2018

What kind of nuclear strategy and posture does the United States need to defend itself and its allies? According to conventional wisdom, the answer to this question is straightforward: the United States needs the ability to absorb an enemy nuclear attack and respond with a devastating nuclear counterattack. These arguments are logical and persuasive, but, when compared to the empirical record, they raise an important puzzle. Empirically, we see that the United States has consistently maintained a nuclear posture that is much more robust than a mere second-strike capability. How do we make sense of this contradiction? Scholarly deterrence theory, including Robert Jervis’s seminal book, The Illogic of American Nuclear Strategy, argues that the explanation is simple—policymakers are wrong. This book takes a different approach. Rather than dismiss it as illogical, it explains the logic of American nuclear strategy. It argues that military nuclear advantages above and beyond a secure, second-strike capability can contribute to a state’s national security goals. This is primarily because nuclear advantages reduce a state’s expected cost of nuclear war, increasing its resolve, providing it with coercive bargaining leverage, and enhancing nuclear deterrence. This book provides the first theoretical explanation for why military nuclear advantages translate into geopolitical advantages. In so doing, it resolves one of the most intractable puzzles in international security studies. The book also explains why, in a world of growing dangers, the United States must possess, as President Donald J. Trump declared, a nuclear arsenal “at the top of the pack.”
Toward a New Theory of Nuclear Deterrence
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: February 2018

This chapter develops a new theory of nuclear deterrence, the superiority-brinkmanship synthesis theory. The theory brings together traditional arguments in the nuclear strategy literature about the advantages of nuclear superiority and combines them with nuclear brinkmanship theory to provide the first coherent theoretical explanation for why nuclear superiority provides states with geopolitical advantages. It argues that military nuclear advantages reduce a state’s expected cost of nuclear war, increasing its effective resolve, and enhancing its bargaining position. On the other hand, states in an inferior strategic position face a relatively higher cost of nuclear war, are less willing to run risks in a crisis, and are more likely to back down early in a dispute. This chapter serves, therefore, as the theoretical and conceptual core for the first half of the book
Nuclear Nonproliferation
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: February 2018

This chapter challenges the notion that US nuclear posture has a significant bearing on the proliferation behavior of other states. Many believe that a robust US nuclear arsenal is an important determinant of proliferation decisions in other states and that the United States can dissuade proliferation elsewhere by reducing the size of its own nuclear arsenal. This chapter argues that state decisions on nonproliferation issues are driven by a range of other factors and, once these considerations are taken into account, there is little remaining variance to be explained by US nuclear posture. This argument is supported with a case study of the Iranian nuclear program and a statistical analysis using a data set on US nuclear arsenal size from 1945 to 2011. It finds no evidence of a relationship between the size of the US nuclear arsenal and a variety of nuclear nonproliferation outcomes.
Conclusion
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: February 2018

This chapter concludes the book. It reviews the book’s central argument and findings. It explains that the book found considerable support for the superiority-brinkmanship synthesis theory and that other theories found less support. It then discusses the implications of the book’s findings for international relations scholarship and for US nuclear policy. The primary theoretical contribution of this book was to resolve one of the most important and long-standing puzzles in the field of security studies: if nuclear superiority does not matter, then why do policymakers often act as if it does? For those interested in bridging the gap between international relations scholarship and US foreign policymaking, it sought to demonstrate that rigorous social science research can be policy-relevant. Finally, it examined the future of US nuclear posture and strategy and the nature of an ideal nuclear balance of power between the United States and its adversaries.
Women, Power, and Policy in Brazil
Authors: Araújo Clara , Calasanti Anna , Htun Mala
Published: February 2018

Clara Araújo, Anna Calasanti, and Mala Htun explore the obstacles to women’s political representation in Brazil. They argue that the reasons for women’s low numbers in elected office derive from aspects of the country’s political institutions. These include candidate-centered electoral rules, the fragmentation of the party system, and decentralized nomination procedures within political parties. The high cost of political campaigns, and the interaction of incumbency and access to television time for candidates, augment these barriers. Despite their low numbers, women in elected office have worked together through a women’s caucus in Congress (bancada feminina) to promote legislation on women’s rights issues.
Female Representation in Colombia
Authors: Pachón Mónica , Lacouture Santiago E.
Published: February 2018

Mónica Pachón and Santiago E. Lacouture examine the case of Colombia and show that women’s representation has been low and remains low in most arenas of representation and across national and subnational levels of government. The authors identify institutions and the highly personalized Colombian political context as the primary reasons for this. Despite the fact that Colombia was an electoral democracy through almost all of the twentieth century, it was one of the last countries in the region to grant women political rights. Still, even given women’s small numbers, they do bring women’s issues to the political arena. Pachón and Lacoutre show that women are more likely to sponsor bills on women-focused topics, which may ultimately lead to greater substantive representation of women in Colombia.
What Good Is Commitment?
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire
Published: February 2018

This chapter critically evaluates the commonplace idea that people not only will, but ought to, make commitments, and that it is good for the individual to do so. The chapter briefly raises doubts about the defensibility of the normative pressure to commit, and then suggests that commitment may be only one style of managing one’s diachronic existence. Then, the author examines how making commitments differs from merely intending and provisionally planning. There follows a detailed critique of the principal philosophical defenses of the value of commitment, including both pragmatic and better-life arguments. The chapter concludes with an explanation of what makes commitment attractive for many persons, if not universally so.
On Being Content with Imperfection
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire
Published: February 2018

Our present situations are typically imperfect. We can imagine how those imperfect situations could have better had events unfolded differently, and thus we are vulnerable to discontent. Setting aside experiences of contentment with a perfect condition, the author explores the possibility of contentment with imperfect conditions and, further, argues that a disposition to contentment with imperfection is a virtue. The first half of the chapter lays out an analysis of what contentment and discontentment are. Contentment depends on our envisioning how our present circumstances could have been worse and on judging that those circumstances are good enough with respect to a particular expectation frame. The second half argues that a disposition to contentment, understood as a disposition to appreciate the goods in one’s present condition and to use expectation frames that enable such appreciation, is a virtue. The chapter concludes with responses to a set of skeptical concerns about recommending a disposition to contentment.
Conclusion
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire
Published: February 2018

This brief conclusion reviews central themes of the book. One central theme is living meaningfully. The book defends the view that meaningful living consists in spending your life’s time on ends that you take yourself, in your best judgment, to have reason to value and thus to use yourself up on. Meaningful living depends not only on what characterizes one’s whole life, but also on one’s actual time expenditures. The book argues that locking in the future by making commitments is not essential to meaningful living; it also explores the connections between meaningful living and boredom. A second theme of the book concerns the difficulties in living life as a temporal evaluator: the vulnerabilities to demoralization, estrangement, boredom, loss of practical hope and basal hopefulness, discontentment, and meaninglessness at the temporally local level. A third theme is the way our lives as evaluators are shaped in important ways by the personal, the nonrational, and optional styles.
Power Plays from the Fringe
Authors: Li Yu-wai Vic
Published: February 2018

Implementation of global derivatives reforms and the extraterritorial application of US and EU regulations in East Asia have generated political interplays unfolded at inter-state and domestic levels. Leading jurisdictions such as Japan, Singapore, and Hong Kong have exercised “power-as-autonomy” in an attempt to push back and delay the reform agendas spearheaded by global standard-setting bodies and the leading powers. Through leveraging the influence of Asian-based foreign dealers and exploiting the transatlantic disagreements, the Asian authorities have gained some rule-making autonomy in introducing derivatives reforms in local markets. This, however, was also driven by a competitive dynamic between individual Asian jurisdictions to promote the growth of domestic derivatives markets, which experienced dramatic growth in the post-crisis years. This resulted in market rules that do not reconcile and are somewhat inconsistent with each other, making the Asian regulatory landscape more uneven and fragmented along jurisdictional lines.
Conclusion
Authors: Delaney Douglas E.
Published: February 2018

This work concludes that the War Office had a consistent vision of what they wanted from the armies of the empire, a vision embodied in an imperial army project. The aim of the project was to create a system that would allow combinations of military forces from across the empire in time of war. It endured four-plus decades and two global wars because the conditions that compelled it endured. The population of Great Britain was always small relative to most other great powers and there were always more actual or potential military commitments than the British Army could meet. Neither the dominions nor India could be told what to do, but, because their armies were organized and equipped on British lines, they were useful and effective when their governments decided to join in imperial war efforts, as they did so massively during the two world wars.
Graphics for physicists
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

While the visualization of data is critical for many scientific applications, the development of programs to render geometrical forms in real time, providing interactive control over viewpoint and angle, animation, and/or user interaction, can be complicated for a scientist. The need to master unfamiliar technology such as graphics engines, windowing software, and graphical user interfaces constitute major challenges. An introduction to the graphical display of data using the Coin3d toolkit for object modeling and rendering is given. The Qt library for graphical user interfacing and the SoQt package, which serves as “glue” between Qt and Coin3d are also presented. Applications to visualizing fractal geometries, three-dimensional objects, and random data are presented.
The European Court of Justice as a Political Actor
Authors: Schmidt Susanne K.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 2 summarizes research in political science on the ECJ as a political actor. Discussions about the Court have for a long time focused on the question of ‘judicial activism’ versus member-state control of the Court. The support of the EU’s legal community, the Commission, the litigation of private actors, and member-state courts has been important for the Court’s development of case law. It is argued that current analyses have overlooked the importance of ‘over-constitutionalization’, in light of the Treaty’s detailed policy aims. Case law shares the Treaty’s constitutional status. Its detailed policy prescriptions cannot be overruled. In addition, a Court that pays attention to member states’ preferences will have a significant impact on policy if its rulings establish policy requirements derived from the constitution.
Case-Law Development between Path Dependence and Legal Uncertainty
Authors: Schmidt Susanne K.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 3 turns to the analysis of case-law development. The overlapping nature of EU and domestic legal orders, coupled with the great material detail in the EU Treaty, leads to a state of legal uncertainty concerning the reach of EU law. Some private actors benefit from drawing on this supranational, alternative legal setting. The interpretation of the four freedoms and citizenship shows that legal uncertainty about the Treaty’s ever-broader scope is embedded in a path-dependent interpretation of rights. Principles established in one area are transferred to other areas, as most private actors perceive there to be benefits from such a transfer and legitimize their claims through established principles. Legal uncertainty and path dependence appear contradictory, but they are helpful concepts for understanding how the Court can further the stability and predictability of European law while giving new incentives for further integration.
Conclusion
Authors: Schmidt Susanne K.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 8 concludes with a summary of the book’s findings on whether the ECJ is activist. The impact of the ECJ does not require permanent activism, but rather the Court’s significance is tied to the constitutional nature of its case law. Incremental developments of a constitution have huge implications—those rulings that are deferential to member states cannot offset this importance. Because of the different time perspectives of judicial and political actors, the impact of case law is generally overlooked, as a result of its incremental nature. From a normative perspective, the ECJ’s impact on policy not only leads to further negative integration, but it also withdraws options from majoritarian decision-making. What can be learnt that can be applied to the study of international courts? The chapter closes with a few remarks on where European integration research should go from here.
Sexual Patriotism
Authors: Webster Wendy
Published: February 2018

This chapter focuses on what I call ‘sexual patriotism’, to describe what much popular opinion demanded of British women—the avoidance of sexual relationships with all men who were not native-born Britons. These rules were generally female-only—British men’s relationships with non-British women attracted little attention. Women’s responses to the demands that they should be sexually patriotic were varied—many flouted the rules that popular opinion laid down for them. Within diverse popular attitudes, interracial mixing—including mixing between white British women and black men—was not only accepted but also championed by a significant strand of popular opinion. British people thought of themselves as tolerant, in contrast to the intolerance of white Americans. But on interracial sex and marriage and the birth of mixed-race children, the views of the American authorities, the British government, and much of British public opinion converged—they were beyond the pale.
Stairway to Heaven
Authors: Luraghi Nino
Published: February 2018

This chapter argues that the idea of Athens as the ‘School of Hellas’, the origin of the Classicist intellectual tradition, was ultimately a product of the Athenians themselves, particularly of their attempts in the fourth and early third centuries BCE to fashion a self-image of their history and culture. More specifically, the chapter investigates how the Athenians, in the context of their political struggles between 323 and 269 BCE, reflected on their past (and particularly on the Persian Wars), and how the past was a part of their living horizon of this period. The investigation concentrates on the intertexts, and the wider political context, of the decree of Chremonides, of the decree of the demagogues that started the Lamian War (as reported by Diodorus), and of the honours for Demosthenes proposed by Demochares.
Introduction
Authors: Storrie Stefan
Published: February 2018

This chapter considers developments in estimation of the philosophical value of the Three Dialogues over the last 100 years. It examines the view, presented in the early and mid-twentieth century, that the Three Dialogues is nothing more than a popular recasting of the Principles of Human Knowledge. It is argued that the stylistic and philosophically substantial reasons for holding such a view are highly questionable and that the emerging view, that the Three Dialogues is a more mature work where Berkeley develops his views after three years of additional exposure to criticism and further contemplation on his philosophical position, is a more accurate description of the work. It ends with a summary of the structure of the Three Dialogues and how the papers in this volume address the issues raised in that work.
Some Issues in Berkeley’s Account of Sense Perception
Authors: Stoneham Tom
Published: February 2018

This paper engages with the debate of how Berkeley reconciles restricting the objects of sense perception to what is immediately perceived with allowing that ordinary physical objects are amongst the objects of perception. Pitcher’s (1986) argument that Berkeley did not take the claim that we perceive ordinary physical objects to be ‘strictly true’ is rejected before we move to the debate between Pappas (2000) and Dicker (2006) about whether Berkeley equivocates about the definition of ‘immediate perception’ in a way which undermines his position. They agree that Hylas must accept indirect realism, but disagree about how this affects the cogency of his argument. However, Stoneham (2002) gave a different account of the dialectic in the First Dialogue that shows both Pappas and Dicker to be mistaken. This allows us to resolve Berkeley’s problem by appeal to the ordinary idea that we can perceive an object by perceiving part of it.
Berkeley’s Argument for the Existence of God in the Three Dialogues
Authors: Rickless Samuel C.
Published: February 2018

This chapter reconstructs Berkeley’s argument for God’s existence in Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, and compares this argument with Berkeley’s argument for the same conclusion in A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. It claims that both arguments are partly deductive and partly abductive, that they rely on some of the same premises (such as that all sensible things are ideas, that all ideas must have a cause, and that the perfect order of the sensible world testifies to the uniqueness of the cause) and some of the same reasoning, but that the argument of the Dialogues differs from the argument of the Principles in that the former, but not the latter, relies on (i) the denial of blind agency and (ii) the observed stability of the sensible world.
Berkeley on Continuous Creation
Authors: Lee Sukjae
Published: February 2018

This paper argues that Berkeley restricts his endorsement of the continuous creation thesis to the domain of physical bodies. Such a restricted application of the thesis reveals the distinctive nature of Berkeley’s occasionalism, an occasionalism ‘contained’. In contrast to the ‘top-down’ approach of Malebranche, where foundational theological principles dictate the nature of divine and creaturely causality, resulting in a type of global occasionalism, in the case of Berkeley, the approach is better characterized as one that is ‘bottom up’, an occasionalism that finds its place after the basic setup of the metaphysical makeup of the world is in place. Consistent with this reading is the suggestion that Berkeley’s occasionalism thus restricted is motivated by the explanatory advantages of occasionalism rather than the theological claim that conservation is continuous creation.
Matter, God, and Nonsense
Authors: Pearce Kenneth L.
Published: February 2018

In the Preface to the Three Dialogues, Berkeley says that one of his main aims is to refute the freethinkers. Puzzlingly, however, we are then treated to a dialogue between two Christians in which the freethinkers never reappear. This is related to a second, more general puzzle about Berkeley’s religious polemics: although Berkeley says he is defending orthodox conclusions, he also reminds himself in his Notebooks, “To use the utmost Caution not to give the least Handle of offence to the Church or Church-men.” Both of these puzzles are solved by the recognition that the argument against matter in the Three Dialogues is patterned after an argument for atheism that Berkeley attributed to Anthony Collins. Berkeley’s aim is thus to use the freethinkers’ own premises and arguments against them. In doing this, however, he rejects doctrines many churchmen held dear—most notably, the doctrine of divine analogy.
Hey, What’s the Big Idea?
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: February 2018

Berkeley and Hume share a commitment to the existence of extended ideas or perceptions. This essay first examines how Berkeley and Hume differ from such predecessors as Descartes and Locke in this respect and then focuses on the nature and consequences of one problem that their distinctive shared view raises: namely, how one mind can include both extended and unextended beings. Hume does not ultimately solve this problem to his own satisfaction. Berkeley’s original and distinctive theory of immaterial substantial souls addresses the problem in a way that Hume might well have rejected upon examination but never, it seems, directly addressed.