bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Levels of expression of hRPB11, a core subassembly subunit of human RNA polymerase II, affect doxorubicin sensitivity and cellular differentiation
Authors: Bruno Tiziana , Leonetti Carlo , Aloe Simona , Iacobini Carla , Floridi Aristide , Di Tondo Ugo , Punturieri Antonello , Fanciulli Maurizio
Published: July 2002

We have previously shown that the human RNA polymerase II subunit 11 (hRPB11) is among the proteins specifically downregulated upon Doxorubicin (Dox) treatment of human cancer cell lines, and that Dox resistant clones derived upon drug selection express about 20% of the protein present in the original parental cell line. Given the prominent role that this subunit appears to have in eukaryotic cells, and the fact that its deletion causes lethality in yeast, we wanted to test the effect of the reintroduction of parental cell line levels of this subunit in Dox resistant colon cancer cells (LoVoDX). Stable transfectants of LoVoDX expressing parental (LoVoH) levels of hRPB11 showed a reduced sensitivity to the drug without changing the response of these cells to other chemotherapeutic agents, confirming a specific inverse correlation between cellular Dox sensitivity anti‐hRPB11 levels of expression. In addition we show here that the levels of expression of this same RNA polymerase II subunit directly affect cellular differentiation, reducing the rate of cell proliferation, clonogenicity and increasing the expression of E‐cadherin, a marker of epithelial cell differentiation. As expected from cells with these characteristics, upon in vivo administration of these clones in nude mice, we detected a significant reduction in the size and time of appearance of the primary tumors and overall metastatic capability. Finally, the role played by hRPB11 in regulating the transcription of specific genes is underlined by transient transfection experiments that show transactivation of the E‐cadherin promoter by this protein.
Efficacy of a novel metalloprotease inhibitor on botulinum neurotoxin B activity
Authors: Adler Michael , Nicholson James D. , Hackley Brennie E.
Published: July 2002

The novel inhibitor 7‐N‐phenylcarbamoylamino‐4‐chloro‐3‐propyloxyisocoumarin (ICD 1578) was tested for its ability to antagonize the zinc metalloprotease activity of botulinum toxin B (BoNT/B). The efficacy of this compound was tested in a cell‐free system using a 50‐mer synaptobrevin peptide as substrate. The peptide, designated as [Pya88] S 39–88, had a fluorescent amino acid analog, l‐pyrenylalanine (Pya), substituted for the normal Phe88 of synaptobrevin‐2. Cleavage by BoNT light chain yielded fragments of 38 and 11 amino acids, respectively. The smaller fragment, containing the Pya fluorophore, was readily separated and quantified by fluorescence spectroscopy at 377 nm. In the presence of 7–200 μM ICD 1578, cleavage of [Pya88] S 39–88 was progressively reduced (IC50=27.6 μM), and 100 μM ICD 1578 produced >95% inhibition. For comparison, captopril, a well‐known zinc metalloprotease inhibitor, generated less than 10% inhibition at a concentration of 5 mM. ICD 1578 is the most potent antagonist of BoNT/B light chain thus far described.
Sequence and expression pattern of the Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial porin gene: evidence of a conserved protein domain between fly and mouse
Authors: Oliva Marta , Messina Angela , Ragone Gianluca , Caggese Corrado , De Pinto Vito
Published: July 2002

We have recently cloned a cDNA encoding mitochondrial porin in Drosophila melanogaster and shown its chromosomal localization (Messina et al., FEBS Lett. (1996) 384, 9–13). Such cDNA was used as a probe for screening a genomic library. We thus cloned and sequenced a 4494‐bp genomic region which contained the whole gene for the mitochondrial porin or VDAC. It was found that this D. melanogaster porin gene contains five exons, numbered IA (115 bp), IB (123 bp), II (320 bp), III (228 bp) and IV (752 bp). The exons II, III and IV contain the protein coding sequence and the 3′ untranslated sequence (3′‐UTR). The first base in exon II precisely corresponds to the first base of the starting ATG codon. Exon IA corresponds to the 5′‐UTR sequence reported in the published cDNA sequence. Exon IB corresponds to an alternative 5′‐UTR sequence, demonstrated to be transcribed by 5′‐RACE experiments. The exon‐intron splicing borders and the length of the exon III perfectly match a homologous internal exon detected in the mouse genes. Such exon encodes a protein domain predicted by sequence transmembrane arrangement models to contain major hydrophilic loops and it is thus suspected to have a conserved distinct function. In situ hybridization experiments confirmed the localization of the genomic clone on the chromosome 2L at region 32B3‐4. Together with genomic Southern blotting at various stringencies, the same experiment did not confirm the presence of a second genetic locus on D. melanogaster chromosomes. Northern blots demonstrated that the porin gene is a housekeeping one: three messages of approx. 1.2–1.6 kbp are transcribed in every fly developmental stage that was studied. They were shown to derive by an alternative usage of different promoters and polyadenylation sites.
Thimet oligopeptidase: site‐directed mutagenesis disproves previous assumptions about the nature of the catalytic site
Authors: Chen Jinq-May , Stevens Richard A.E. , Wray Paul W. , Rawlings Neil D. , Barrett Alan J.
Published: July 2002

Zinc metallopeptidases that contain the His‐Glu‐Xaa‐Xaa‐His (HEXXH) motif generally have a third ligand of the metal ion that may be either a Glu residue (in clan MA) or a His residue (in clan MB) (Rawlings and Barrett (1995) Methods Enzymol. 248, 183–228). Thimet oligopeptidase has not yet been assigned to either clan, and both Glu and His residues have been proposed as the third ligand. We mutated candidate ligand residues in the recombinant enzyme and identified Glu, His and Asp residues that are important for catalytic activity and/or stability of the protein. However, neither of the Glu and His residues close to the HEXXH motif that have previously been suggested to be ligands is required for the binding of zinc. We conclude that thimet oligopeptidase is not a member of clan MA or clan MB and it is likely that the enzyme possesses a catalytic site and protein fold different from those identified in any metallopeptidase to date. The definitive identification of the third zinc ligand may well require the determination of the crystallographic structure of thimet oligopeptidase or one of its homologues.
DT‐diaphorase catalyzes N‐denitration and redox cycling of tetryl
Authors: Anusevičius Žilvinas , Šarlauskas Jonas , Nivinskas Henrikas , Segura-Aguilar Juan , Č≐nas Narimantas
Published: July 2002

Rat liver DT‐diaphorase (EC 1.6.99.2) catalyzed reductive N‐denitration of tetryl (2,4,6‐tri‐nitrophenyl‐N‐methylnitramine) and 2,4‐dinitrophenyl‐N‐methylnitramine, oxidizing the excess of NADPH. The reactions were accompanied by oxygen consumption and superoxide dismutase‐sensitive reduction of added cytochrome c and reductive release of Fe2+ from ferritin. Quantitatively, the reactions of DT‐diaphorase proceeded like single‐electron reductive N‐denitration of tetryl by ferredoxin:NADP+ reductase (EC 1.18.1.2) (Shah, M.M. and Spain, J.C. (1996) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 220, 563–568), which was additionally checked up in this work. Thus, although reductive N‐denitration of nitrophenyl‐N‐nitramines is a net two‐electron (hydride) transfer process, DT‐diaphorase catalyzed the reaction in a single‐electron way. These data point out the possibility of single‐electron transfer steps during obligatory two‐electron (hydride) reduction of quinones and nitroaromatics by DT‐diaphorase.
Genes encoding human caveolin‐1 and ‐2 are co‐localized to the D7S522 locus (7q31.1), a known fragile site (FRA7G) that is frequently deleted in human cancers
Authors: Engelman Jeffrey A , Zhang Xiao Lan , Lisanti Michael P
Published: July 2002

The (CA)n microsatellite repeat marker D7S522 is located on human chromosome 7q31.1 and is frequently deleted in a variety of human cancers, including squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, prostate cancers, renal cell carcinomas, ovarian adenocarcinomas, colon carcinomas, and breast cancers. In addition, D7S522 spans FRA7G, a known common fragile site on human chromosome 7. Based on these studies, it has been proposed that an as yet unidentified tumor suppressor gene (or genes) is contained within or located in close proximity to this locus. However, the identity of the candidate tumor suppressor gene at the D7S522 locus remains unknown. Here, we show that the human genes encoding caveolins 1 and 2 are contained within the same human genomic BAC clones and co‐localize to the q31.1‐q31.2 region of human chromosome 7, as seen by FISH analysis. In addition, we determined the intron‐exon boundaries of the human caveolin‐1 and ‐2 genes. The human caveolin‐1 gene contains three exons, while the human caveolin‐2 gene contains two exons. Interestingly, the boundary of the last exon of the human caveolin‐1 and caveolin‐2 genes are analogous, suggesting that they arose through gene duplication at this locus. (CA)n microsatellite repeat marker analysis of these caveolin genomic clones indicates they contain the marker D7S522 (located at 7q31.1), but not other microsatellite repeat markers tested. The close proximity of caveolins 1 and 2 to the D7S522 locus was independently confirmed by using a panel of MIT/Whitehead human STS markers that are known to map in the neighborhood of the D7S522 locus. As it has been previously shown that caveolin 1 possesses transformation suppressor activity (Koleske, A.J., Baltimore, D. and M.P. Lisanti (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 1381–1385; Engelman, J.A. et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 16374–16381), we propose that the caveolin‐1 gene may represent the candidate tumor suppressor gene at the D7S522 locus on human chromosome 7q31.1.
Enhancement of the immunogenicity of a synthetic peptide bearing a VP3 epitope of hepatitis A virus
Authors: Pintó Rosa M , González-Dankaart Juan F , Sánchez Gloria , Guix Susana , Gómara M.José , Garcı́a Mónica , Haro Isabel , Bosch Albert
Published: July 2002

The immune responses elicited in mice by different forms of the VP3(110–121) B‐epitope of the hepatitis A virus (HAV) were studied. Different forms of incorporation in liposomes were tested, encapsulation, rather than surface exposure, being the best antigenic preparation. Three larger peptides of the VP3 epitope, two of them containing a hepatitis B virus T‐epitope, and a third containing a putative T‐epitope of HAV (VP3(102–121)) were assayed. While this latter T‐epitope induced an enhancement of the response against the VP3 B‐epitope, the artificially coupled T‐epitopes failed to induce a significant increase. The administration of two multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) constructs, the first containing the VP3(110–121) and VP1(11–25) HAV sequences and the second only the VP1(11–25) sequence, also suggested the presence of a T‐epitope, since the response against the VP1 peptide was increased in the first construct.
Mechanosensitive channel functions to alleviate the cell lysis of marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, by osmotic downshock
Authors: Nakamaru Yoshinobu , Takahashi Yuuichirou , Unemoto Tsutomu , Nakamura Tatsunosuke
Published: July 2002

The mechanosensitive channel with large conductance of Escherichia coli is the first to be cloned among stretch‐activated channels. Although its activity was characterized by a patch clamp method, a physiological role of the channel has not been proved. The marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, is sensitive to osmotic stress and cell lysis occurs under osmotic downshock. We introduced an mscL gene into Vibrio alginolyticus, and the mechanosensitive channel with large conductance functions was found to alleviate cell lysis by osmotic downshock. This is the first report to show a physiological role of the mechanosensitive channel with large conductance.
Bacteriochlorin‐protein interactions in native B800‐B850, B800 deficient and B800‐Bchlap‐reconstituted complexes from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila, strain 10050
Authors: Gall Andrew , Fraser Niall J. , Bellissent-Funel Marie-Claire , Scheer Hugo , Robert Bruno , Cogdell Richard J.
Published: July 2002

Recently, a method which allows the selective release and removal of the 800 nm absorbing bacteriochlorophyll a (B800) molecules from the LH2 complex of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 10050 has been described [Fraser, N.J. (1999) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Glasgow, UK]. This procedure also allows the reconstitution of empty binding sites with the native pigment Bchla
p, esterified with phytol. We have investigated the bacteriochlorophylla‐protein interactions in native, B800 deficient (or B850) and in B800‐bacteriochlorophylla
p‐reconstituted LH2 complexes by resonance Raman spectroscopy. We present the first direct structural evidence which shows that the reconstituted pigments are correctly bound within their binding pockets.
New substrates of DNA polymerases
Authors: Victorova Lyubov , Sosunov Vasily , Skoblov Alexander , Shipytsin Alexander , Krayevsky Alexander
Published: July 2002

Bis‐(2′‐deoxynucleoside) 5′,5′‐tetraphosphates and bis‐(2′‐deoxynucleoside) 5′,5′‐triphosphates were shown to be a new type of substrate for several DNA polymerases of human, bacterial and viral origin. Their substrate properties depend both on their structure and on the nature of the enzyme. They are incorporated by both termini in correspondence with the template nucleotide program in the active center. The results obtained support the mechanism of their direct incorporation rather than prior hydrolysis to dNTP. The highest activity of these compounds was observed for HIV reverse transcriptase. The probable biological significance of the reaction is discussed.
Human hepatitis B virus mutants: significance of molecular changes
Authors: Chen Wei Ning , Oon Chong Jin
Published: July 2002

Human hepatitis B virus, the leading pathogen for hepatitis B, is a compact DNA virus with viral genes that largely overlap. An increasing number of mutations have emerged following human interventions such as vaccination and anti‐viral therapy. While vaccine escape mutants are characterized by mutations on the antigenic hepatitis B surface antigen, those carrying mutations in other viral proteins are either resistant to anti‐viral therapy or implicated in acute liver diseases. Molecular identification of these various mutants should shed new lights on the underlying mechanism of hepatitis B virus viral escape and resistance and provide helpful information on their effective eradication.
Electrometrical study of electron transfer from the terminal FA/FB iron–sulfur clusters to external acceptors in photosystem I
Authors: Mamedova Aygun A. , Mamedov Mahir D. , Gourovskaya Kira N. , Vassiliev Ilya R. , Golbeck John H. , Semenov Alexey Yu.
Published: July 2002

An electrometrical technique was used to investigate electron transfer between the terminal iron–sulfur centers FA/FB and external electron acceptors in photosystem I (PS I) complexes from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 and from spinach. The increase of the relative contribution of the slow components of the membrane potential decay kinetics in the presence of both native (ferredoxin, flavodoxin) and artificial (methyl viologen) electron acceptors indicate the effective interaction between the terminal [4Fe–4S] cluster and acceptors. The finding that FA fails to donate electrons to flavodoxin in FB‐less (HgCl2‐treated) PS I complexes suggests that FB is the direct electron donor to flavodoxin. The lack of additional electrogenicity under conditions of effective electron transfer from the FB redox center to soluble acceptors indicates that this reaction is electrically silent.
On site of action of grayanotoxin in domain 4 segment 6 of rat skeletal muscle sodium channel
Authors: Kimura Takahiro , Kinoshita Eiji , Yamaoka Kaoru , Yuki Tsunetsugu , Yakehiro Masuhide , Seyama Issei
Published: July 2002

Grayanotoxin I (GTX I) is a diterpenoid extracted from the family of Ericaceae that binds to Na+ channels and causes persistent activation. We investigated the interaction of GTX I with the amino acid residues I1575, F1579 and Y1586 in transmembrane segment D4S6 of μ1. In F1579A, GTX shifted the threshold potential about 50 mV in the hyperpolarizing direction and modified Na+ channels twice as efficiently as that in wild‐type. In contrast, these GTX‐effects were eliminated completely in the I1575A mutant and were reduced substantially in mutant Y1586A. Lysine substitution for F1579 significantly reduced and for Y1586 completely eradicated the GTX‐effect. Our data suggest that the GTX receptor site shares overlapping but non‐identical molecular determinants with BTX in D4S6 and has common molecular determinants in D1S6.
Potential role for triglycerides in signal transduction
Authors: Maury Eric , Guérineau Nathalie C. , Comminges Cécile , Mollard Patrice , Prévost Marie-Claude , Chap Hugues
Published: July 2002

We previously reported that endothelin‐1 or platelet‐derived growth factor promoted in aortic smooth muscle cells a rapid hydrolysis of 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐acyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine (alkyl‐PE) which was immediately converted into 1‐O‐alkyl‐2,3‐diacyl‐sn‐glycerol (alkyl‐TG) within 5 s or 60 s respectively [C. Comminges et al. (1996) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 220, 1008–1013 and C. Comminges et al. (1997) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1355, 69–80]. In this study, we show that this alkyl‐PE hydrolysis is triggered by a transient activation of a specific phospholipase C (PLC) regulated by pertussis toxin‐sensitive heterotrimeric G‐proteins. Moreover, this PLC can be triggered through a Ca2+ influx depending on L‐type Ca2+ channel activation, as suggested by the use of a specific ‘activator’ S(−)‐BayK 8644 and of selective inhibitors such as nimodipine. Interestingly, low concentrations (10−8–10−7M) of alkyl‐TG block the opening of L‐type Ca2+ channels, whereas identical concentrations of DG do not alter L‐type Ca2+ channels. This study thus unravels a hitherto unrecognized signaling pathway generating alkyl‐TG as a novel lipid second messenger, potentially acting as a negative feedback regulator of L‐type Ca2+ channels.
New reasons and new ways to study birth physiology
Authors: Odent M.
Published: July 2002

The age of cesarean sections on request, epidurals and drips of oxytocin is a turning point in the history of childbirth. Until recently women could not give birth without releasing a complex cocktail of ‘love hormones’. Today, in many countries, most women have babies without releasing these specific hormones. The questions must be raised in terms of civilization. This turning point occurs at the very time when several scientific disciplines suggest that the way human beings are born has long‐term consequences, particularly in terms of sociability, aggressiveness or, in other words, ‘capacity to love’. I find it relevant to combine data provided by perspectives as diverse as ethology, animal experiments, studies of the behavioral effects of hormones that fluctuate in the perinatal period, and a branch of epidemiology I call ‘Primal Health Research’. This combination of data offers new reasons to disturb the physiological processes as little as possible. We are also at a time when a physiological approach can help to rediscover the basic needs of women in labor. These women firstly need to be protected against any sort of neocortical stimulation. We must keep in mind what the main stimuli of neocortical activity are: language, bright lights, the ‘feeling of being observed’ and situations associated with a release of catecholamines.
Changing behavior to prevent STDs/AIDS
Authors: Fishbein M
Published: July 2002

There is a growing body of evidence that theory‐based behavioral interventions can effectively reduce risky behaviors that can lead to the acquisition and transmission of STDs/HIV. Despite the substantive uniqueness of any given behavior, there are only a limited number of theoretical variables that need to be considered in any attempt to produce behavior change. These variables are identified and two multi‐site studies are described to illustrate how these variables can be used to guide the development of effective behavior change interventions in both community and clinic settings.
Does the station of the fetal head during epidural analgesia affect labor and delivery?
Authors: Sheiner E , Sheiner E.K , Segal D , Mazor M , Erez O , Katz M
Published: July 2002

Objective: To assess whether the station of the fetal head when lumbar epidural analgesia is administered influences the duration or the mode of delivery in low‐risk laboring women. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 131 consecutive cases of low‐risk parturients at term who requested intrapartum epidural analgesia. Obstetric outcome of 65 parturients who underwent epidural analgesia when the fetal head was low in the birth canal was compared to 66 patients whose fetal head station was above the ischial spine. Results: Both groups were similar in their obstetric characteristics. Cervical dilatation when performing the epidural analgesia was similar in both groups. The duration of labor and mode of delivery, as well as percentage of malpositions, were not significantly different in the two groups. Conclusions: The station of the fetal head while initiating epidural analgesia does not influence the duration of labor or the mode of delivery. Therefore, there is no justification to delay epidural analgesia in labor until the presenting fetal part is engaged.
Cervical ectopy and the transformation zone measured by computerized planimetry in adolescents
Authors: Jacobson D.L. , Peralta L. , Farmer M. , Graham N.M.H. , Wright T.C. , Zenilman J.
Published: July 2002

Objective: To determine whether cervical ectopy and the transformation (T) zone were larger in adolescents using oral contraceptives (OCs) compared to depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). Method: Cervical photographs were taken on 91 adolescents in Baltimore, Maryland. Ectopy and T zone size were measured using computerized planimetry. Patients provided reproductive and sexual history. Correlates of ectopy and T zone size were identified by proportional odds and linear regression models, respectively. Result: Twenty‐five women had no ectopy. Parity was independently associated with greater ectopy (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.37–11.11). Predictors of smaller ectopy were douching (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.09–0.65), and shorter sexual history (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.05–0.74). Neither OC or DMPA were associated with ectopy. Predictors of greater T zone size were years since menarche (13.8 mm2/year, P=0.003) and OCs (54.7 mm2, P=0.05). DMPA predicted a smaller T zone (−67.0 mm2, P=0.01). Conclusion: Computerized planimetry provides standardized measurements. Douching and sexual activity may decrease ectopy through increased squamous metaplasia. Hormonal contraceptives were not associated with ectopy in adolescents. However, long‐term progestin use may decrease T zone size.
Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in Herpetomonas roitmani related to the energy metabolism
Authors: Faria‐e‐Silva Paulo M. , Attias Mareck , de Souza Wanderley
Published: July 2002

Summary— Herpetomonas roitmani, a non‐pathogenic trypanosomatid was grown in chemically defined media either containing proline or glucose as carbon source. Using transmission electron microscopy we observed that cells grown in the presence of proline present more lipid inclusions, and a larger mitochondrion with more cristae and higher activity of succinate cytochrome c reductase. On the other hand, cells grown with glucose as carbon source had more glycosomes, which were preferentially located close to the bacterium endosymbiont, and a much higher activity of hexokinase, a typical glycosome marker. Three‐dimensional reconstruction and morphometrical analysis comfirm these observations. The number of promastigotes of H. roitmani increased in the presence of proline. Taken together these results indicate that the growth conditions markedly influenced the ultrastructure and the metabolism of H. roitmani.
The osmotic sensitivity of isolated and in situ bovine articular chondrocytes
Authors: Bush Peter G. , Hall Andrew C.
Published: July 2002

Articular chondrocytes experience changes to matrix hydration during both physiological (static load) and pathophysiological (osteoarthrosis, OA) conditions. Such changes should alter chondrocytes' volume, which has been shown to modify matrix metabolism. However, the osmometric behaviour of chondrocytes is not well understood. Here, using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), we have investigated the ‘passive’ osmotic responses of fluorescent‐labelled chondrocytes within, and isolated from, the matrix. The volume‐regulatory pathways normally activated by cell shrinkage/swelling, were blocked by bumetanide/REV5901, respectively. Chondrocytes in situ were broadly grouped into superficial (SZ), mid (MZ) and deep (DZ) zones, and there was a significant increase in resting cell volume with depth into the cartilage. Variation in medium osmolarity (range 0–530 mOsm; corresponding to an extracellular osmolarity of ∼150 to ∼600 mOsm) caused a rapid and sustained change to in situ MZ chondrocytes' volume. Over the range 180–380 mOsm, the change to in situ or isolated chondrocytes' volume was similar. For MZ chondrocytes, ideal osmometric (Boyle–van't Hoff) behaviour was apparent over the extracellular osmolarity range of ∼250 to ∼600 mOsm. Chondrocytes within the SZ appeared to be more sensitive to reduced osmolarity, swelling more for a given reduction in osmolarity, than MZ or DZ chondrocytes. These data show that over wide variations in osmolarity, articular chondrocytes in situ were osmotically sensitive, and for MZ chondrocytes behaved as perfect osmometers with the extracellular matrix (ECM) not restraining cell volume changes. Changes to matrix hydration may therefore alter passive chondrocytes' volume and unless compensated by volume‐regulatory pathways, could lead to changes in cell volume, and hence matrix metabolism. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Punlished by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Suicide in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Authors: Lester D , Cantor CH , Leenaars AA
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this study was to compare epidemiological trends in suicide for the three regions of the United Kingdom (England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland) and for Ireland from 1960 to 1990. The data on suicide rates were obtained from the World Health Organization statistical base, supplemented by data from the statistical offices of the four regions. While the suicide rates in Ireland, Northern Ireland and Scotland increased during the period under study, English/Welsh suicide rates first declined and then held steady. In Ireland, both male and female suicide rates increased, whereas in the other regions only male suicide rates rose. According to age, in England and Wales, suicide rates rose for male teenagers and young males, while for the other regions male suicide rates increased in general for all age groups. Social indicators (unemployment, marriage and birth rates) were quite successful in predicting male suicide rates in all four regions and in predicting female suicide rates in England and Wales and in Ireland. The results emphasize the importance of studying several regions in epidemiological studies in order to identify which trends are general and which are unique to one nation. In the present study, the epidemiological trends for suicide in England and Wales were quite different from those in the other three regions. In particular, the steady overall suicide rate in England and Wales and the rising suicide rate for young males alone differ from the trends observed in the other regions and raise importante questions about the causes of the social suicide rate in these four regions.
Disability and quality of life in pure and comorbid social phobia – Findings from a controlled study
Authors: Wittchen HU , Fuetsch M , Sonntag H , Müller N , Liebowitz M
Published: July 2002

Social phobia is increasingly recognized as a prevalent and socially impairing mental disorder. However, little data is available regarding the general and disease-specific impairments and disabilities associated with social phobia. Furthermore, most studies have not controlled for the confounding effects of comorbid conditions.

This study investigates: (a) the generic quality of life; (b) work productivity; and, (c) various other disorder-specific social impairments in current cases with pure (n = 65), comorbid (n = 51) and subthreshold (n = 34) DSM-IIIR social phobia as compared to controls with no social phobia (subjects with a history of herpes infections).

Social phobia cases reported a mean illness duration of 22.9 years with onset in childhood or adolescence. Current quality of life, as assessed by the SF-36, was significantly reduced in all social phobia groups, particularly in the scales measuring vitality, general health, mental health, role limitations due to emotional health, and social functioning. Comorbid cases revealed more severe reductions than pure and subthreshold social phobics. Findings from the Liebowitz self-rated disability scale indicated that: (a) social phobia affects most areas of life, but in particular education, career, and romantic relationship; (b) the presence of past and current comorbid conditions increases the frequency of disease-specific impairments; and, (c) subthreshold social phobia revealed slightly lower overall impairments than comorbid social phobics. Past week work productivity of social phobics was significantly diminished as indicated by: (a) a three-fold higher rate of unemployed cases; (b) elevated rates of work hours missed due to social phobia problems; and, (c) a reduced work performance.

Overall, these findings underline that social phobia in our sample of adults, whether comorbid, subthreshold, or pure was a persisting and impairing condition, resulting in considerable subjective suffering and negative impact on work performance and social relationships. The current disabilities and impairments were usually less pronounced than in the past, presumably due to adaptive behaviors in life style of the respondents. Data also confirmed that social phobia is poorly recognized and rarely treated by the mental health system.
Market perception of efficiency in bank holding company mergers: the roles of the DEA and SFA models in capturing merger potential
Authors: Kohers Theodor , Huang Ming‐hsiang , Kohers Ninon
Published: July 2002

Using the Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA) and Data Envelope Analysis (DEA), this study examines the influence of bank efficiencies on the market assessment of bank holding company (BHC) mergers. The following two questions are addressed: (1) Is the target BHC's frontier efficiency reflected in the bidder BHC's abnormal returns? and (2) Does the difference in frontier efficiency between the bidder and/or target banks relative to their peer institutions influence the acquirer's abnormal returns? In support of the Inefficient Management Hypothesis, the findings indicate that bidder wealth effects do incorporate the target's X‐efficiency as well as the difference in bidder/target efficiencies relative to their peer institutions.
Reduction of hospital days by biventricular pacing
Authors: Braunschweig Frieder , Linde Cecilia , Gadler Fredrik , Rydén Lars
Published: July 2002

The health care costs for heart failure are substantial. Studies indicate that hospital treatment constitutes 65–75% of these. The aim of this study was to assess total and heart failure related hospital days as well as safety and efficacy of biventricular pacing in 16 patients with severe heart failure and delayed intraventricular conduction (QRS duration <150 ms). They were implanted with a biventricular pacemaker and followed by NYHA class, 6‐min walk test and quality of life for a mean of 291±76 days. Total number of hospital days and the need for hospitalisations were monitored. Thirteen responders improved by at least one functional class. After 6 months of pacing the 6‐min walk test improved from 375±83 m to 437±73 m (P<0.001) and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure quality of life score from 41±19 to 24±17 (P<0.001) compared to baseline. The need for hospital care decreased significantly after biventricular pacing. The total number of hospital days in all patients was 253 the year before compared to 45 the year after biventricular pacing (P<0.01). For heart failure related hospital days the corresponding figures were 183 and 39 days, respectively (P<0.01). Biventricular pacing improved 13/16 patients with severe heart failure and wide QRS complexes in this open study. The improvement resulted in a reduced need for hospital care.
REDUCING PERINATAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV: EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND INTERVENTIONS DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Stein Elizabeth , Handelsman Edward , Matthews Roland
Published: July 2002

This article reviews the New York State regulations regarding expedited testing of newborns for exposure to HIV. Included is a review of statistics as well as the medical and obstetric management of HIV positive pregnant women, including route of delivery. The professional responsibility of midwives, physicians, and other clinicians regarding maternal and neonatal health care is emphasized, especially in states without expedited testing.
Breastfeeding the High Risk Infant: Implications for Midwifery Management
Authors: Black Kimberly A. , Hylander Mary Ann
Published: July 2002

The mother of a high risk infant is confronted with numerous parenting challenges, not the least of which is the decision about how to nourish her vulnerable newborn. Successful breastfeeding depends on overcoming obstacles posed by infant condition, maternal health, and the neonatal intensive care environment. These obstacles include maternal separation from the nursing infant during hospitalization, delayed initiation of the expression of breast milk due to maternal illness and/or surgery, the inability to suckle her infant or feed on demand, and the lack of sufficient maternal follow‐up after discharge. This article reviews the benefits of providing breast milk to high risk infants, problems that may be encountered by mothers of high risk infants, and the interventions that may be used by the midwife to facilitate the breastfeeding process.
A Comparison Of Visits And Practices Of Nurse‐Midwives And Obstetrician‐Gynecologists In Ambulatory Care Settings
Authors: Paine Lisa L. , Johnson Timothy R. B. , Lang Janet M. , Gagnon David , Declercq Eugene R. , DeJoseph Jeanne , Scupholme Anne , Strobino Donna , Ross Alan
Published: July 2002

With more than 5 million patient visits annually, certified nurse‐midwives (CNMs) substantially contribute to women's health care in the United States. The objective of this study was to describe ambulatory visits and practices of CNMs, and compare them with those of obstetrician‐gynecologists (OB/GYNs). Sources of population‐based data used to compare characteristics of provider visits were three national surveys of CNMs and two National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys of physicians. When a subset of 4,305 visits to CNMs in 1991 and 1992 were compared to 5,473 visits to OB/GYNs in similar office‐based ambulatory care settings in 1989 and 1990, it was found that a larger proportion of CNM visits were made by women who were publicly insured and below age 25. The majority of visits to CNMs were for maternity care; the majority of visits to OB/GYNs were for gynecologic and/or family planning concerns. Face‐to‐face visit time was longer for CNMs, and involved more client education or counseling. This population‐based comparison suggests that CNMs and OB/GYNs provide ambulatory care for women with diverse demographic characteristics and differing clinical service needs. Enhancing collaborative practice could improve health care access for women, which would be especially beneficial for those who are underserved and vulnerable.
33% Giant Anomalous Hall Current Driven by Both Intrinsic and Extrinsic Contributions in Magnetic Weyl Semimetal Co3Sn2S2
Authors: Shen Jianlei , Zeng Qingqi , Zhang Shen , Sun Hongyi , Yao Qiushi , Xi Xuekui , Wang Wenhong , Wu Guangheng , Shen Baogen , Liu Qihang , Liu Enke
Published: June 2020

The anomalous Hall effect (AHE) can be induced by intrinsic mechanisms due to the band Berry phase and extrinsic one arising from the impurity scattering. The recently discovered magnetic Weyl semimetal Co3Sn2S2 exhibits a large intrinsic anomalous Hall conductivity (AHC) and a giant anomalous Hall angle (AHA). The predicted energy dependence of the AHC in this material exhibits a plateau at 1000 Ω−1 cm−1 and an energy width of 100 meV just below EF, thereby implying that the large intrinsic AHC will not significantly change against small‐scale energy disturbances such as slight p‐doping. Here, the extrinsic contribution is successfully triggered from alien‐atom scattering in addition to the intrinsic one of the pristine material by introducing a small amount of Fe dopant to substitute Co in Co3Sn2S2. The experimental results show that the AHC and AHA can be prominently enhanced up to 1850 Ω−1 cm−1 and 33%, respectively, owing to the synergistic contributions from the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms as distinguished by the TYJ model. In particular, the tuned AHA exhibits a record value among known magnetic materials in low fields. This study opens up a pathway to engineer giant AHE in magnetic Weyl semimetals, thereby potentially advancing the topological spintronics/Weyltronics.
Achieving Microparticles with Cell‐Instructive Surface Chemistry by Using Tunable Co‐Polymer Surfactants
Authors: Dundas Adam A. , Cuzzucoli Crucitti Valentina , Haas Simon , Dubern Jean‐Frédéric , Latif Arsalan , Romero Manuel , Sanni Olutoba , Ghaemmaghami Amir M. , Williams Paul , Alexander Morgan R. , Wildman Ricky , Irvine Derek J.
Published: June 2020

A flow‐focusing microfluidic device is used to produce functionalized monodisperse polymer particles with surface chemistries designed to control bacterial biofilm formation. This is achieved by using molecularly designed bespoke surfactants synthesized via catalytic chain transfer polymerization. This novel approach of using polymeric surfactants, often called surfmers, containing a biofunctional moiety contrasts with the more commonly employed emulsion methods. Typically, the surface chemistry of microparticles are dominated by unwanted surfactants that dilute/mask the desired surface response. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) analysis of particles demonstrates that the comb‐graft surfactant is located on the particle surface. Biofilm experiments show how specifically engineered surface chemistries, generated by the surfactants, successfully modulate bacterial attachment to both polymer films, and microparticles. Thus, this paper outlines how the use of designed polymeric surfactants and droplet microfluidics can exert control over both the surface chemistry and size distribution of microparticle materials, demonstrating their critical importance for controlling surface‐cell response.
Photoferroelectric Thin Films for Flexible Systems by a Three‐in‐One Solution‐Based Approach
Authors: Bretos Iñigo , Jiménez Ricardo , Ricote Jesús , Sirera Rafael , Calzada M. Lourdes
Published: June 2020

The effective incorporation of (multi)functional oxides into next‐generation flexible electronics systems requires novel fabrication technologies that enable the direct integration of crystalline oxide layers in them. Unfortunately, this is considerably challenging due to the thermal incompatibility between the crystallization temperatures of metal oxides (>600 °C) and the thermal stability of the flexible polymer substrates conventionally used (<400 °C). Here, it is shown that BiFeO3 thin films can be grown on flexible plastic by solution processing involving three different but complementary strategies to induce the crystallization of the perovskite phase at a lower temperature limit of 325 °C. This “three‐in‐one” approach is based on the synthesis of tailored metal precursors i) with a molecular structure resembling the crystalline structure of the oxide phase, which additionally allows both ii) photochemical and iii) internal combustion reactions taking place in the thin films. The flexible BiFeO3 thin films obtained from a specifically designed molecular complex with N‐methyldiethanolamine yield a large remnant polarization of 17.5 µC cm−2, also showing photovoltaic and photocatalytic effects. This result paves the way for the direct integration of an interesting class of oxides with photoferroelectric properties in flexible devices with multiple applications in information and communication technology, and energy.
3D Ion‐Conducting, Scalable, and Mechanically Reinforced Ceramic Film for High Voltage Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Kim Hyun Woo , Han Jinhyup , Lim Young Jun , Choi YunSeok , Lee Eungje , Kim Youngsik
Published: June 2020

Concerning the safety aspects of Li+ ion batteries, an epoxy‐reinforced thin ceramic film (ERTCF) is prepared by firing and sintering a slurry‐casted composite powder film. The ERTCF is composed of Li+ ion conduction channels and is made of high amounts of sintered ceramic Li1+xTi2‐xAlx(PO4)3 (LATP) and epoxy polymer with enhanced mechanical properties for solid‐state batteries. The 2D and 3D characterizations are conducted not only for showing continuous Li+ ion channels thorough LATP ceramic channels with over 10−4 S cm−1 of ionic conductivity but also to investigate small amounts of epoxy polymer with enhanced mechanical properties. Solid‐state Li+ ion cells are fabricated using the ERTCF and they show initial charge–discharge capacities of 139/133 mAh g−1. Furthermore, the scope of the ERTCF is expanded to high‐voltage (>8 V) solid‐state Li+ ion batteries through a bipolar stacked cell design. Hence, it is expected that the present investigation will significantly contribute in the preparation of the next generation reinforced thin ceramic film electrolytes for high‐voltage solid‐state batteries.
High‐Performance and Reliable Lead‐Free Layered‐Perovskite Transistors
Authors: Zhu Huihui , Liu Ao , Shim Kyu In , Hong Jisu , Han Jeong Woo , Noh Yong‐Young
Published: June 2020

Perovskites have been intensively investigated for their use in solar cells and light‐emitting diodes. However, research on their applications in thin‐film transistors (TFTs) has drawn less attention despite their high intrinsic charge carrier mobility. In this study, the universal approaches for high‐performance and reliable p‐channel lead‐free phenethylammonium tin iodide TFTs are reported. These include self‐passivation for grain boundary by excess phenethylammonium iodide, grain crystallization control by adduct, and iodide vacancy passivation through oxygen treatment. It is found that the grain boundary passivation can increase TFT reproducibility and reliability, and the grain size enlargement can hike the TFT performance, thus, enabling the first perovskite‐based complementary inverter demonstration with n‐channel indium gallium zinc oxide TFTs. The inverter exhibits a high gain over 30 with an excellent noise margin. This work aims to provide widely applicable and repeatable methods to make the gate more open for intensive efforts toward high‐performance printed perovskite TFTs.
Engineered Creation of Periodic Giant, Nonuniform Strains in MoS2 Monolayers
Authors: Blundo Elena , Di Giorgio Cinzia , Pettinari Giorgio , Yildirim Tanju , Felici Marco , Lu Yuerui , Bobba Fabrizio , Polimeni Antonio
Published: June 2020

The realization of ordered strain fields in 2D crystals is an intriguing perspective in many respects, including the instauration of novel transport regimes and enhanced device performances. However, the current straining techniques hardly allow to reach strains higher than ≈3% and in most cases there is no control over the strain distribution. In this work, a method is demonstrated to subject micrometric regions of atomically thin molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) to giant strains with the desired ordering. Selective hydrogen‐irradiation of bulk flakes allows the creation of arrays of size/position‐controlled monolayer domes containing pressurized hydrogen. However, the gas pressure is ruled by energy minimization, limiting the extent and geometry of the mechanical deformation of the 2D membrane. Here, a protocol is developed to create a mechanical constraint, that alters remarkably the morphology of the domes, otherwise subject to universal scaling laws, as demonstrated by atomic force microscopy. This enables the realization of unprecedented periodic configurations of large strain gradients—estimated by numerical simulations—with the highest strains being close to the rupture critical values (>10%). The creation of such high strains is confirmed by Raman experiments. The method proposed here represents an important step toward the strain engineering of 2D crystals.
Synthesis of Allylamine Derivatives via Intermolecular Aza‐Wacker‐Type Reaction Promoted by Palladium‐SPRIX Catalyst
Authors: Sen Abhijit , Zhu Linpeng , Takizawa Shinobu , Takenaka Kazuhiro , Sasai Hiroaki
Published: June 2020

An intermolecular aza‐Wacker‐type reaction was developed. When a readily available olefin was treated with a nitrogen nucleophile in the presence of a Pd‐SPRIX complex and potassium persulfate, allylamine derivatives were obtained with high yield and excellent regioselectivity. The mechanistic studies showed that the reaction followed first‐order dependence on the olefin as well as palladium catalyst, but zero‐order dependence on the nitrogen nucleophile.

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Is 2020 the year when primatologists should cancel fieldwork?
Authors: Reid Michael J. C.
Published: June 2020

Year 2020 has brought the greatest global pandemic to hit the world since the end of the First World War. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and the resulting disease named coronavirus disease 2019 has brought the world to its knees both financially and medically. The American Society of Primatologists has postponed their annual meetings from the end of May 2020 until the end of September 2020, while the International Primatological Society have postponed their biennial congress from August 2020 to August 2021, which has also resulted in their 2022 meetings in Malaysia being pushed back until 2023. Here, I explore the potential dangers of pursuing any primate fieldwork during this pandemic on our study species, their ecosystems, and local peoples. I believe that the risk of bringing this virus into our study ecosystems is too great and that primatologists should cancel all field research until the pandemic ends or a vaccine/reliable treatment is widely available. This is the year we all must become One Health practitioners!
Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals in Metal–Organic Framework Host: Not Merely Enhanced Stability
Authors: Zhang Congyang , Li Wanbin , Li Liang
Published: June 2020

As an emerging optical material, perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties and show great potential for various optoelectronic applications. However, the inherent inferior stability against moisture, oxygen, light and heat limit their practical application. As well, the exploration and development of perovskite NCs with novel properties and functions are new challenges. To achieve these goals, the integration and encapsulation of perovskite NCs with multifunctional metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to form perovskite NC@MOF composites, is a promising strategy for enhancing the stability and broadening the application scope. In this minireview, we summarize and discuss the synthesis strategies and functional mechanisms of perovskite NC@MOF composites, along with applications of light emitting diodes (LED), information security, photocatalysis, sensing, and detection. We further briefly point out the current challenges as well as the future opportunities for the emerged composite materials.