bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classroom-Based Science Research at the Introductory Level: Changes in Career Choices and Attitude
Authors: Harrison Melinda , Dunbar David , Ratmansky Lisa , Boyd Kimberly , Lopatto David
Published: September 2011

Our study, focused on classroom-based research at the introductory level and using the Phage Genomics course as the model, shows evidence that first-year students doing research learn the process of science as well as how scientists practice science. A preliminary but notable outcome of our work, which is based on a small sample, is the change in student interest in considering different career choices such as graduate education and science in general. This is particularly notable, as previous research has described research internships as clarifying or confirming rather than changing undergraduates’ decisions to pursue graduate education. We hypothesize that our results differ from previous studies of the impact of engaging in research because the students in our study are still in the early stages of their undergraduate careers. Our work builds upon the classroom-based research movement and should be viewed as encouraging to the Vision and Change in Undergraduate Biology Education movement advocated by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the National Science Foundation, and other undergraduate education stakeholders.
Online Teaching Tool Simplifies Faculty Use of Multimedia and Improves Student Interest and Knowledge in Science
Authors: Walsh John P. , Chih-Yuan Sun Jerry , Riconscente Michelle
Published: September 2011

Digital technologies can improve student interest and knowledge in science. However, researching the vast number of websites devoted to science education and integrating them into undergraduate curricula is time-consuming. We developed an Adobe ColdFusion– and Adobe Flash–based system for simplifying the construction, use, and delivery of electronic educational materials in science. The Online Multimedia Teaching Tool (OMTT) in Neuroscience was constructed from a ColdFusion-based online interface, which reduced the need for programming skills and the time for curriculum development. The OMTT in Neuroscience was used by faculty to enhance their lectures in existing curricula. Students had unlimited online access to encourage user-centered exploration. We found the OMTT was rapidly adapted by multiple professors, and its use by undergraduate students was consistent with the interpretation that the OMTT improved performance on exams and increased interest in the field of neuroscience.
Advanced dental disease in people with severe mental illness:
systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kisely Steve , Quek Lake-Hui , Pais Joanne , Lalloo Ratilal , Johnson Newell W. , Lawrence David
Published: September 2011

Background

Psychiatric patients have increased comorbid physical illness. There is
less information concerning dental disease in this population in spite of
risk factors including diet and psychotropic side-effects (such as
xerostomia).

Aims

To compare the oral health of people with severe mental illness with that
of the general population.

Method

A systematic search for studies from the past 20 years was conducted
using Medline, PsycINFO, Embase and article bibliographies. Papers were
independently assessed. The primary outcome was total tooth loss
(edentulousness), the end-stage of both untreated caries and periodontal
disease. We also assessed dental decay through standardised measures: the
mean number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) or surfaces
(DMFS). For studies lacking a control group we used controls of similar
ages from a community survey within 10 years of the study.

Results

We identified 21 papers of which 14 had sufficient data
(n = 2784 psychiatric patients) and suitable controls
(n = 31 084) for a random effects meta-analysis.
People with severe mental illness had 3.4 times the odds of having lost
all their teeth than the general community (95% CI 1.6–7.2). They also
had significantly higher scores for DMFT (mean difference 6.2, 95% CI
0.6–11.8) and DMFS (mean difference 14.6, 95% CI 4.1–25.1). Fluoridated
water reduced the gap in oral health between psychiatric patients and the
general population.

Conclusions

Psychiatric patients have not shared in the improving oral health of the
general population. Management should include oral health assessment
using standard checklists that can be completed by non-dental personnel.
Interventions include oral hygiene and management of xerostomia.
Mitral valve prolapse and anxiety disorders
Authors: Filho Alaor S. , Maciel Benedito C. , Romano Minna M. D. , Lascala Thiago F. , Trzesniak Clarissa , Freitas-Ferrari Maria C. , Nardi Antonio E. , Martín-Santos Rocío , Zuardi Antonio W. , Crippa José A. S.
Published: September 2011

We investigated whether there is an association between anxiety disorders and mitral valve prolapse. We compared mitral valve prolapse prevalence in individuals with panic disorder (n= 41), social anxiety disorder (n= 89) and in healthy controls (n= 102) in an attempt to overcome the biases of previous studies. Our results show no associations between panic disorder or social anxiety disorder and mitral valve prolapse, regardless of the diagnostic criteria employed, and that the relationship between these conditions seems not to be clinically relevant.
Community treatment orders in England and Wales: national survey of clinicians' views and use
Authors: Manning Catherine , Molodynski Andrew , Rugkåsa Jorun , Dawson John , Burns Tom
Published: September 2011

Aims and method

To ascertain the views and experiences of psychiatrists in England and Wales regarding community treatment orders (CTOs). We mailed 1928 questionnaires to members of the Royal College of Psychiatrists.

Results

In total, 566 usable surveys were returned, providing a 29% response rate. Respondents were generally positive about the introduction of the new powers, more so than in previous UK studies. They reported that their decision-making regarding compulsion was based largely on clinical grounds.

Clinical implications

In the absence of research evidence or a professional consensus about the use of CTOs, multidisciplinary input in decision-making is essential. Further research and training are urgently needed.
The FBI and the Making of the Terrorist Threat
Authors: Greenberg Ivan
Published: September 2011

The Bush administration's so-called war on terror needs to be situated within the context of earlier efforts to demonize dissent. Since the early 1970s the FBI has increasingly linked the threat of terrorism to lawful domestic social movements to undermine their legitimacy and blur meaningful distinctions between violent and peaceful political activity. In recent years, the FBI has become the leading control agency in what scholars and popular writers term the “surveillance society.” The FBI monitors public spaces and has deployed increasingly sophisticated technological surveillance. The bureau also has developed a new “preventative paradigm,” viewing well-nigh all street protest as dangerous. Recently declassified government records are beginning to document how the FBI, using its expanded powers, played a major role in threatening the rights of free speech and of assembly after 9/11.
Speaking Memory, Building History
Authors: Levitt Linda
Published: September 2011

The family member coalition groups that formed in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks have provided more than support and community; their vocal public statements play a significant role in shaping the landscape at the World Trade Center site. In the immediate aftermath, those who lost loved ones came together to share their grief and work toward healing. As the nation tried to make sense of the events, victims' family members had the firsthand experience to articulate the emotional consequences that reverberated broadly. Their emotional authority evolved into a moral one that still complicates decision making at the site.

Victims' family members constitute an ideal profile of what makes news in the media age: they offer narratives that allow the media to craft emotional, dramatic, and personalized stories. A national audience's ready identification with victims' families gives the latter enormous persuasive power. As plans and designs for the site have changed over the years, the influence of victims' families has become undeniable. Their personal perspectives help determine what stories are told, and what stories are excluded, when history is communicated.
9/11 on the Screen
Authors: Riegler Thomas
Published: September 2011

The article explores the general theme of historization in regard to the visual representation of 9/11 in U.S. popular culture. The main thesis is that Hollywood and U.S. television were the foremost cultural apparatuses for coping with 9/11—an event that had effectively shattered the symbolic coordinates of prevailing American reality. After some initial probing in 2002 (25th Hour, The Guys), a direct exploration of 9/11 finally emerged in 2005–6, when two major feature films (United 93 and World Trade Center) and a string of TV dramas addressed its background and aftermath. In the years since, the focus has shifted further—to the war in Iraq, the progress of the global war on terror, and the role of the United States in international affairs. Yet 9/11 remains a reference, mainly on the emotional level (The Great New Wonderful, Reign over Me, Remember Me, and Dear John).
The Dan Brown Phenomenon
Authors: Schneider-Mayerson Matthew
Published: September 2011

Despite the immense and lasting success of Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code as both a novel and a broader cultural phenomenon, few scholars have attempted to explain its very popularity. Using a cultural-historical lens, this essay argues that the success of Brown's narrative should be understood as a reflection of some of the major political themes in the post-9/11 United States: the secrecy and deceptions of the George W. Bush administration and the resulting distrust of government and flowering of conspiracy theories.
9/11 and the Increase in Racism and Islamophobia
Authors: Saeed Amir
Published: September 2011

This essay attempts to give a personal reaction to the increase in anti-Muslim racism in the post-9/11 world, especially in the United Kingdom. It suggests that recent debates about multiculturalism show evidence of a neo-Orientalist backlash. This construction needs to be challenged by the creation of a common dialogue, one which can be enhanced by recognizing the roots of Islam in principles of social justice.
The presence of multiple introns is essential for ERECTA expression in Arabidopsis
Authors: Karve Rucha , Liu Wusheng , Willet Spencer G. , Torii Keiko U. , Shpak Elena D.
Published: September 2011

Gene expression in eukaryotes is often enhanced by the presence of introns. Depending on the specific gene, this enhancement can be minor or very large and occurs at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. The Arabidopsis ERECTA gene contains 27 exons encoding a receptor-like kinase that promotes cell proliferation and inhibits cell differentiation in above-ground plant organs. The expression of ERECTA very strongly depends on the presence of introns. The intronless ERECTA gene does not rescue the phenotype of erecta mutant plants and produces about 500–900 times less protein compared with the identical construct containing introns. This result is somewhat surprising as the region upstream of the ERECTA coding sequence effectively promotes the expression of extraneous genes. Here, we demonstrate that introns are essential for ERECTA mRNA accumulation and, to a lesser extent, for mRNA utilization in translation. Since mRNA produced by intronless ERECTA is degraded at the 3′ end, we speculate that introns increase mRNA accumulation through increasing its stability at least in part. No individual intron is absolutely necessary for ERECTA expression, but rather multiple introns in specific locations increase ERECTA expression in an additive manner. The ability of introns to promote ERECTA expression might be linked to the process of splicing and not to a particular intron sequence.
Transient Elevation of International Normalized Ratio During Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy in Patients Who are Taking Warfarin
Authors: Yano Ryoichi , Kurokawa Tetsuji , Tsuyoshi Hideaki , Shinagawa Akiko , Sawamura Yoko , Matsunaga Akiko , Nakamura Toshiaki , Yoshida Yoshio , Yoneda Makoto , Kotsuji Fumikazu , Masada Mikio
Published: September 2011

Objective:

To report 2 cases of a probable interaction between cisplatin and warfarin.

Case Summary:

Two cases of transient elevation of international normalized ratio (INR) during Irinotecan (60 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15) plus cisplatin (60 mg/m2 on day 1) chemotherapy with concomitant warfarin are presented. In both cases, warfarin dosages were stable at the therapeutic target range prior to initiation of chemotherapy. Granisetron hydrochloride (3 mg on days 1, 6, and 15) and dexamethasone (13.2 mg on day 1 and 6.6 mg on days 2, 3, 8, and 15) were used prior to irinotecan administration in both patients. In addition, aprepitant was administered to both patients for 3–5 days with cisplatin. One of these patients also received aprepitant with irinotecan on days 8 and 15. During chemotherapy, INR was transiently elevated almost 1.5-fold over baseline level on day 3. This variation did not occur in subsequent irinotecan cycles on days 8 and 15. The timing of these increases was similar in each of the cycles.

Discussion:

Cisplatin was the common drug in the cases presented and therefore could be related to the INR elevations. To our knowledge, these are the first reports of an Interaction between warfarin and irinotecan-cisplatin chemotherapy, but reports of a similar interaction with chemotherapy including platinum derivatives exist. Use of the Horn Drug Interaction Probability Scale indicated a probable interaction between warfarin and cisplatin.

Conclusions:

Cisplatin might affect the anticoagulation function of warfarin. Careful INR monitoring is necessary during antineoplastic chemotherapy with cisplatin in patients taking warfarin.
Essential Role for Vav Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors in Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Induced Dendritic Spine Growth and Synapse Plasticity
Authors: Hale Carly F. , Dietz Karen C. , Varela Juan A. , Wood Cody B. , Zirlin Benjamin C. , Leverich Leah S. , Greene Robert W. , Cowan Christopher W.
Published: September 2011

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its cognate receptor, TrkB, regulate a wide range of cellular processes, including dendritic spine formation and functional synapse plasticity. However, the signaling mechanisms that link BDNF-activated TrkB to F-actin remodeling enzymes and dendritic spine morphological plasticity remain poorly understood. We report here that BDNF/TrkB signaling in neurons activates the Vav family of Rac/RhoA guanine nucleotide exchange factors through a novel TrkB-dependent mechanism. We find that Vav is required for BDNF-stimulated Rac-GTP production in cortical and hippocampal neurons. Vav is partially enriched at excitatory synapses in the postnatal hippocampus but does not appear to be required for normal dendritic spine density. Rather, we observe significant reductions in both BDNF-induced, rapid, dendritic spine head growth and in CA3-CA1 theta burst-stimulated long-term potentiation in Vav-deficient mouse hippocampal slices, suggesting that Vav-dependent regulation of dendritic spine morphological plasticity facilitates normal functional synapse plasticity.
Equiluminance Cells in Visual Cortical Area V4
Authors: Bushnell Brittany N. , Harding Philip J. , Kosai Yoshito , Bair Wyeth , Pasupathy Anitha
Published: September 2011

We report a novel class of V4 neuron in the macaque monkey that responds selectively to equiluminant colored form. These “equiluminance” cells stand apart because they violate the well established trend throughout the visual system that responses are minimal at low luminance contrast and grow and saturate as contrast increases. Equiluminance cells, which compose ∼22% of V4, exhibit the opposite behavior: responses are greatest near zero contrast and decrease as contrast increases. While equiluminance cells respond preferentially to equiluminant colored stimuli, strong hue tuning is not their distinguishing feature—some equiluminance cells do exhibit strong unimodal hue tuning, but many show little or no tuning for hue. We find that equiluminance cells are color and shape selective to a degree comparable with other classes of V4 cells with more conventional contrast response functions. Those more conventional cells respond equally well to achromatic luminance and equiluminant color stimuli, analogous to color luminance cells described in V1. The existence of equiluminance cells, which have not been reported in V1 or V2, suggests that chromatically defined boundaries and shapes are given special status in V4 and raises the possibility that form at equiluminance and form at higher contrasts are processed in separate channels in V4.
Distinct Mechanisms for Size Tuning in Primate Visual Cortex
Authors: Briggs Farran , Usrey W. Martin
Published: September 2011

Most neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) are selective for stimulus size, a property with important implications for salient feature detection. Size selectivity involves dynamic interactions between neuronal circuits that establish the classical (center) and extraclassical (surround) of a neuron's receptive field. Although much is known about the tuning properties and stimulus selectivity of the center and surround subunits, relatively little is known about how these subunits interact to achieve size selectivity. To address this question, we examined the temporal dynamics of size selectivity in two classes of pyramidal neurons at similar hierarchical processing stages in V1 of alert monkeys. These two classes were comprised of neurons in cortical layer 6 with identified projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus. While both neuronal groups displayed comparable levels of size selectivity, the temporal dynamics of their tuning differed significantly. We compared the size tuning profiles of each cell type with a series of sum-of-Gaussian models and discovered that the receptive fields of neurons with fast-conducting axons contained an excitatory center and a suppressive surround with similar onset timing. In contrast, neurons with slow-conducting axons used two center components—an early wide-field component and a delayed narrow-field component that increased activity—in addition to the surround component. The early, wide-field component represents a novel mechanism for cortical neurons to integrate contextual information. These results demonstrate that size tuning in cortical neurons is established via multiple unique mechanisms, dictated by the rich circuit architecture in which neurons are embedded.
Sound Rhythms Are Encoded by Postinhibitory Rebound Spiking in the Superior Paraolivary Nucleus
Authors: Felix Richard A. , Fridberger Anders , Leijon Sara , Berrebi Albert S. , Magnusson Anna K.
Published: September 2011

The superior paraolivary nucleus (SPON) is a prominent structure in the auditory brainstem. In contrast to the principal superior olivary nuclei with identified roles in processing binaural sound localization cues, the role of the SPON in hearing is not well understood. A combinedin vitroandin vivoapproach was used to investigate the cellular properties of SPON neurons in the mouse. Patch-clamp recordings in brain slices revealed that brief and well timed postinhibitory rebound spiking, generated by the interaction of two subthreshold-activated ion currents, is a hallmark of SPON neurons. TheIhcurrent determines the timing of the rebound, whereas the T-type Ca2+current boosts the rebound to spike threshold. This precisely timed rebound spiking provides a physiological explanation for the sensitivity of SPON neurons to sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) tonesin vivo, where peaks in the sound envelope drive inhibitory inputs and SPON neurons fire action potentials during the waveform troughs. Consistent with this notion, SPON neurons display intrinsic tuning to frequency-modulated sinusoidal currents (1–15Hz)in vitroand discharge with strong synchrony to SAMs with modulation frequencies between 1 and 20 Hzin vivo. The results of this study suggest that the SPON is particularly well suited to encode rhythmic sound patterns. Such temporal periodicity information is likely important for detection of communication cues, such as the acoustic envelopes of animal vocalizations and speech signals.
Kalirin Binds the NR2B Subunit of the NMDA Receptor, Altering Its Synaptic Localization and Function
Authors: Kiraly Drew D. , Lemtiri-Chlieh Fouad , Levine Eric S. , Mains Richard E. , Eipper Betty A.
Published: September 2011

The ability of dendritic spines to change size and shape rapidly is critical in modulating synaptic strength; these morphological changes are dependent upon rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton. Kalirin-7 (Kal7), a Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor localized to the postsynaptic density (PSD), modulates dendritic spine morphologyin vitroandin vivo. Kal7 activates Rac and interacts with several PSD proteins, including PSD-95, DISC-1, AF-6, and Arf6. Mice genetically lacking Kal7 (Kal7KO) exhibit deficient hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) as well as behavioral abnormalities in models of addiction and learning. Purified PSDs from Kal7KOmice contain diminished levels of NR2B, an NMDA receptor subunit that plays a critical role in LTP induction. Here we demonstrate that Kal7KOanimals have decreased levels of NR2B-dependent NMDA receptor currents in cortical pyramidal neurons as well as a specific deficit in cell surface expression of NR2B. Additionally, we demonstrate that the genotypic differences in conditioned place preference and passive avoidance learning seen in Kal7KOmice are abrogated when animals are treated with an NR2B-specific antagonist during conditioning. Finally, we identify a stable interaction between the pleckstrin homology domain of Kal7 and the juxtamembrane region of NR2B preceding its cytosolic C-terminal domain. Binding of NR2B to a protein that modulates the actin cytoskeleton is important, as NMDA receptors require actin integrity for synaptic localization and function. These studies demonstrate a novel and functionally important interaction between the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor and Kalirin, proteins known to be essential for normal synaptic plasticity.
Historical Perspectives
Authors: Sherman Michael P.
Published: September 2011

Élie Metchnikoff is often considered the “father of innate immunity” because of his identification of phagocytosis and its primary role in fighting infection. Today, Metchnikoff is recognized for his description of lactic acid-producing bacteria in the intestine and how enteric microbes may promote or hinder intestinal health and human longevity. The work of Metchnikoff and Tissier at the Pasteur Institute that established probiotic research and provided early insights into the intestinal microbiome are summarized in this review.
Assessment of Obese Children and Adolescents: A Survey of Pediatric Obesity-Management Programs
Authors: Eisenmann Joey C. ,   for the Subcommittee on Assessment in Pediatric Obesity Management Programs, National Association of Children's Hospital and Related Institutions
Published: September 2011

This article provides descriptive information on the assessments conducted in stage 3 or 4 pediatric obesity-management programs associated with National Association of Children's Hospital and Related Institutions hospitals enrolled in FOCUS on a Fitter Future. Eighteen institutions completed a survey that considered the following assessments: patient/family medical history; physical examination; blood pressure; body size and composition; blood chemistry; aerobic fitness; resting metabolic rate; muscle strength and flexibility; gross motor function; spirometry; sedentary behavior and physical activity; dietary behavior and nutrition; and psychological assessments. Frequency distributions were determined for each question. Overall, the results indicate that most programs that participated in this survey were following 2007 Expert Committee assessment recommendations; however, a variety of measurement tools were used. The variation in assessment tools, protocols, etc is partially caused by the program diversity dictated by personnel, both in terms of number and duties. It also shows the challenges in standardizing methodologies across clinics if we hope to establish a national registry for pediatric obesity clinics. In addition to providing a better understanding of the current assessment practices in pediatric obesity-management programs, the results provided herein should assist other clinics/hospitals that are developing pediatric obesity programs.
Patient Engagement and Attrition in Pediatric Obesity Clinics and Programs: Results and Recommendations
Authors: Hampl Sarah , Paves Heather , Laubscher Katie , Eneli Ihuoma
Published: September 2011

Pediatric tertiary care institutions are well positioned to provide multidisciplinary, intensive interventions for pediatric obesity known as stage 3 treatment. One contributor to the difficulty in administering this treatment is the high rate of patient attrition. Little is known about the practices used by pediatric weight-management clinics and group-based programs to minimize attrition. Hospital members and nonmembers of FOCUS on a Fitter Future were surveyed on the methods used to engage and retain obese children in their clinics and programs. Shortly thereafter, a benchmarking activity that centered on rates of patient nonattendance at initial and follow-up clinic visits was initiated among FOCUS-group-participating hospitals. Clinic- and group-based program results were contrasted. Staff from group-based programs reported that the majority of patients did not complete even 50% of program follow-up visits. Multiple patient/family- and clinic/program-level barriers to retention were identified. Attention to successful techniques should be paid during planning for new programs and improvement of established ones.
Building Capacity for Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment in the Medical Community: Call to Action
Authors: Haemer Matthew , Cluett Susan , Hassink Sandra G. , Liu Lenna , Mangarelli Caren , Peterson Tom , Pomietto Maureen , Young Karen L. , Weill Beau
Published: September 2011

Large gaps exist in the capacity of the US medical system to participate meaningfully in childhood obesity-prevention efforts and to meet the treatment needs of obese children. Current primary care practice for the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity often varies from evidence-based recommendations. Childhood obesity specialists have partnered successfully with schools of medicine, professional societies, and other organizations to collaboratively engage with primary care providers in quality improvement for obesity prevention and treatment. This review and commentary targets 2 audiences. For childhood obesity experts and their organizational partners, methods to support change in primary practice and the evidence supporting their use are outlined. For primary care providers and non–obesity specialists, effective strategies for changing practice and the potential benefits of addressing childhood obesity systematically are discussed.
Perspectives on Obesity Programs at Children's Hospitals: Insights From Senior Program Administrators
Authors: Eneli Ihuoma , Norwood Victoria , Hampl Sarah , Ferris Michelle , Hibbeln Trillium , Patterson Kellee , Pomietto Maureen , Hassink Sandra
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE:

The obesity epidemic has resulted in an increasing number of children needing multidisciplinary obesity treatment. To meet this need, pediatric obesity programs have arisen, particularly in children's hospitals. In 2008, the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions (NACHRI) convened FOCUS on a Fitter Future, a group drawn from NACHRI member institutions, to investigate the needs, barriers, and capacity-building in these programs.

METHODS:

Senior administrators of the 47 NACHRI member hospitals that completed an application to participate in the FOCUS group were invited to complete a Web-based survey. The survey targeted 4 key areas: (1) perceived value of the obesity program; (2) funding mechanisms; (3) administrative challenges; and (4) sustainability of the programs.

RESULTS:

Nearly three-quarters of the respondents reported that their obesity programs were integrated into their hospitals' strategic plans. Obesity programs added value to their institutions because the programs met the needs of patients and families (97%), met the needs of health care providers (91%), prevented future health problems in children (85%), and increased visibility in the community (79%). Lack of reimbursement (82%) and high operating costs (71%) were the most frequently cited challenges. Respondents most frequently identified demonstration of program effectiveness (79%) as a factor that is necessary for ensuring program sustainability.

CONCLUSIONS:

Hospital administrators view tackling childhood obesity as integral to their mission to care for children. Our results serve to inform hospital clinicians and administrators as they develop and implement sustainable pediatric obesity programs.
Biology ofScolytus subscaber(Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Grand Fir in Idaho
Authors: Furniss Malcolm M , Kegley Sandra
Published: September 2011

We studied the biology of Scolytus subscaber LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in grand fir, Abies grandis (Douglas) Lindley, in northern Idaho. Presented are new Idaho distribution records, description of the mature larva and adult, biological features, characteristics of infestation and galleries, and natural control factors. The beetle has one generation per year, taking flight in July to infest live branches in the crowns of mature trees. The uniquely shaped egg gallery deeply scores the wood; its two arms curve inward like the Greek letter ε. Eggs are laid along the outer edge of the gallery; hatched larvae mine hidden in the phloem for a short distance after which they mine next to the sapwood where they overwinter. A cerambycid, Tetropium abietis Fall, occurred often in the larger diameter portion of branches infested with S. subscaber. A scolytid, Scolytus abietis Blackman, also infested branches but not those containing S. subscaber. Mortality factors included a braconid parasitoid, Ecphylus arcuatus Muesebeck, on larvae and the flooding of egg galleries with resin evidently caused by defensive response of the host tree to a staining fungus, Spicaria anomala (Corda) Harz., carried by the beetle. In addition, we point out errors and lack of documentation concerning the identity, biology, and behavior of S. subscaber in secondary published sources.
Subterranean Behavior and Other Notes for Ironoquia plattensis (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) in Nebraska
Authors: Geluso Keith , Harner Mary J , Vivian Lindsay A
Published: September 2011

Ironoquia plattensis Alexander & Whiles (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) was discovered along the Platte River in central Nebraska in the late 1990s, and basic information about its life history is not well understood. Here, we describe previously undocumented life-history traits that demonstrate strategies used by I. plattensis for surviving in fluctuating wetland environments in a landscape formally shaped by flooding. In an off-channel aquatic habitat along the Platte River, we observed 1) larvae residing in a slough that did not dry completely, 2) larvae emigrating from aquatic to terrestrial habitats 1 mo earlier than reported previously, 3) larvae moving above ground during the summer aestivation period, 4) larvae residing underground in soil during summer aestivation, and 5) mass emergence and swarming of adults after daybreak in autumn. Underground larval aestivation represents a previously undocumented behavior for this species. It is unclear whether aestivating underground represents an unreported common behavior or an infrequent response to local disturbances. At our site, insects may have been responding to a prescribed burn in April and introduction of cattle in mid-May that yielded the site unsuitable for aboveground aestivation. Additional studies on the life history for I. plattensis are warranted to help manage, locate, and protect the few sites where it occurs.
Phylogenetic Relationships of the Tribe Vatellini Based on Larval Morphology, with Description of Derovatellus lentus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae)
Authors: Michat Mariano C , Torres Patricia L M
Published: September 2011

The phylogenetic relationships and putative monophyly of the diving-beetle tribe Vatellini are explored based on a cladistic analysis of 37 taxa and 122 chaetotaxic and morphological characters from larvae. For this purpose, larvae of the genus Derovatellus Sharp are described and illustrated in detail, with particular emphasis on morphometry and chaetotaxy, with the later being unexplored until now. The results strongly support the monophyly of the Vatellini based on several unique larval characters. The terminal insertion of the primary seta UR8 on the second urogomphomere in members of Vatellini represents a reversal from the derived condition. Vatellini was recovered as the sister group of the Australian genus Antiporus Sharp (Hydroporini) based on the presence of: a spatulate nasale, pore PAe and elongate lateral spinulae on prementum. These characters, however, have a reduced value because all of them seem to have evolved several times independently within the Hydroporinae. The tribe Vatellini and its genera are diagnosed and compared with other hydroporine taxa, and interesting features are discussed. Vatellus Aubé is unique within Hydroporinae in the presence of secondary setae on the first antennomere and the first maxillary palpomere, and the one-segmented labial palpus. Derovatellus can be separated from almost every other Hydroporinae by the absence of seta LA1 on prementum and of secondary anterodorsal setae on femur.
Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Wolbachia wsp in the Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in China
Authors: Chai Huan-Na , Du Yu-Zhou
Published: September 2011

Wolbachia are a group of intracellular, inherited endosymbiotic bacteria infecting a wide range of insects that are associated with several different reproductive phenotypes in their hosts. We measured the infection status of Wolbachia in the Asiatic rice borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), from 23 locations in China by sequencing the wsp gene. Our results showed that C. suppressalis populations differed widely in their Wolbachia infection rate. Wolbachia was not detected in 13 of the geographically separate populations. In the 10 populations for which infections were detected, the highest rates were ≈40%, in the Guiyang, Xiangyin, Xuzhou, and Yangzhou populations. Phylogenetic analysis of variation in the wsp gene from the six strains of Wolbachia detected showed they belonged to either supergroup A (two populations) or supergroup B (four populations). The phylogenetic relatedness among the wsp sequences found in C. suppressalis was high, and these sequences were also closely related to wsp sequences in other species. This could be an evidence of horizontal transference.
RESPONSE INTERRUPTION AND REDIRECTION FOR VOCAL STEREOTYPY IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM: A SYSTEMATIC REPLICATION
Authors: Cassella Megan Duffy , Sidener Tina M. , Sidener David W. , Progar Patrick R.
Published: September 2011

This study systematically replicated and extended previous research on response interruption and redirection (RIRD) by assessing instructed responses of a different topography than the target behavior, percentage of session spent in treatment, generalization of behavior reduction, and social validity of the intervention. Results showed that RIRD produced substantial decreases in vocal stereotypy. Limitations of this study were that behavior reduction did not generalize to novel settings or with novel instructors and that appropriate vocalizations did not improve.
CLASSROOM APPLICATION OF A TRIAL‐BASED FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Bloom Sarah E. , Iwata Brian A. , Fritz Jennifer N. , Roscoe Eileen M. , Carreau Abbey B.
Published: September 2011

We evaluated a trial‐based approach to conducting functional analyses in classroom settings. Ten students referred for problem behavior were exposed to a series of assessment trials, which were interspersed among classroom activities throughout the day. Results of these trial‐based functional analyses were compared to those of more traditional functional analyses. Outcomes of both assessments showed correspondence in 6 of the 10 cases and partial correspondence in a 7th case. Results of the standard functional analysis suggested reasons for obtained differences in 2 cases of noncorrespondence, which were verified when portions of the trial‐based functional analyses were modified and repeated. These results indicate that a trial‐based functional analysis may be a viable assessment method when resources needed to conduct a standard functional analysis are unavailable. Implications for classroom‐based assessment methodologies and future directions for research are discussed.
PARENT‐IMPLEMENTED MAND TRAINING: ACQUISITION OF FRAMED MANDING IN A YOUNG BOY WITH PARTIAL HEMISPHERECTOMY
Authors: Ingvarsson Einar T.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of parent‐implemented mand training on the acquisition of framed manding in a 4‐year‐old boy who had undergone partial hemispherectomy. Framed manding became the predominant mand form when and only when the intervention was implemented with each preferred toy, but minimal generalization to untrained toys nevertheless occurred. A pure mand test suggested that manding was controlled by the relevant motivating operation.
SKINNER AS MISSIONARY AND PROPHET: A REVIEW OF BURRHUS F. SKINNER: SHAPER OF BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Schlinger Henry D.
Published: September 2011

Do we need another book about B. F. Skinner? According to Frederick Toates, the answer is “yes” because “there is still much to be said” (p. vii) about Skinner. In his recent biography, Burrhus F. Skinner: Shaper of Behaviour (2009), Toates attempts to integrate Skinner into the mainstream of psychology by showing areas of commonality between Skinner's radical behaviorism and subdisciplines within psychology such as cognitive, social, and biological psychology. Admirably, although in some instances understandably naively, Toates attempts to demonstrate the power of positive reinforcement to explain myriad complex behaviors, including a fairly lengthy interpretation of religious behavior. In addition, Toates credits Skinner for being ahead of his time on both social and environmental issues. Toates falters, however, in his insistence that behavior analysis still needs and can benefit from cognitive concepts. He nevertheless provides an otherwise objective and sympathetic view of Skinner the person and the behavioral science he helped to create in a book that should be informative for both behavior analysts and those outside the field.
Koss Corporation Case: Trouble in Brew City
Authors: Daugherty Brian , Neely Daniel G.
Published: September 2011

This instructional case provides auditing students an opportunity to examine an interesting real-life embezzlement and financial statement fraud occurring at a publicly traded company in the post-Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) era. The case focuses on independent auditors' and senior management's reporting responsibilities related to internal control over financial reporting involving smaller public companies (nonaccelerated filers). While all public companies are subject to external auditor and management attestation on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting following SOX, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) granted nonaccelerated filers numerous extensions for the effective date of required auditor attestation. In 2010, President Obama signed legislation to permanently exempt nonaccelerated filers from auditor attestation. The case also highlights inherent risk assessments by the independent auditor when one individual holds multiple C-level titles (Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, etc.) within the organization concurrent with membership on the board of directors, and requires students to recommend internal control policies and procedures designed to prevent or detect the embezzlement.
A Series of Revenue Recognition Research Cases Using the Codification
Authors: Alford R. Mark , DiMattia Teresa M. , Hill Nancy T. , Stevens Kevin T.
Published: September 2011

This series of four short cases is designed to help students develop the skills to research the Financial Accounting Standards Board's (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification and other authoritative literature. It also is designed to help improve students' ability to analyze and critique the complex issues that often surround the accounting for revenue recognition. The case scenarios describe transactions in which students must decide whether, when, and how much revenue to recognize. The issues analyzed involve bill-and-hold, multiple-element arrangements, gross versus net revenue reporting, and sales incentives. The cases are also designed to improve teamwork and communication skills. The sequence of cases is intended for use in an intermediate accounting class that covers revenue recognition, or in a capstone class that emphasizes critical thinking and research skills.
North Carolina State University: Implementing ERP Student Modules
Authors: Bradford Marianne
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this case is to describe the benefits and challenges of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system at a higher education institution (HEI). The case also focuses on IT risk and systems security issues inherent in an ERP system. The case begins with the implementation of financials and HR modules at North Carolina State University, a land-grant institution with 33,000 students. This background sets the stage for the main focus of the case: the implementation of the ERP Student modules, which required a major overhaul of information systems, including admissions, student financials, and registration and records. Concluding the case is a recent dilemma facing NCSU—the potential merging of ERP systems with The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Students have the opportunity to practice problem-solving skills with regards to this dilemma, as well as offer their opinions on the strengths and weaknesses of the Student implementations.
Recognition and Management of Complications During Moderate and Deep Sedation. Part 2: Cardiovascular Considerations
Authors: Becker Daniel E , Haas Daniel A
Published: September 2011

The risk for cardiovascular complications while providing any level of sedation or general anesthesia is greatest when caring for patients already medically compromised. It is reassuring that significant untoward events can generally be prevented by careful preoperative assessment, along with attentive intraoperative monitoring and support. Nevertheless, providers must be prepared to manage untoward events should they arise. This continuing education article will review cardiovascular complications and address their appropriate management.
Analysis of Oxygen Saturations Recorded During Dental Intravenous Sedations: A Retrospective Quality Assurance of 3500 Cases
Authors: Viljoen Andre , Byth Karen , Coombs Malcolm , Mahoney Greg , Stewart Douglas
Published: September 2011

The death of a patient under sedation in New South Wales, Australia, in 2002 has again raised the question of the safety of dental sedation. This study sought answers to 2 questions: Can safe oxygen saturation levels (≥94%) be consistently maintained by a single operator/sedationist? Does the additional use of propofol, in subanesthetic doses, increase the risk of exposure to hypoxemia? Three thousand five hundred cases generated between 1996 and 2006 were randomly examined and divided into 2 subcohorts: 1750 patients were sedated with midazolam and fentanyl, and 1750 patients received propofol, in subanesthetic increments, in addition to midazolam and fentanyl. Initial sedation was established using midazolam and fentanyl in both subcohorts. The second subcohort received propofol during times of noxious stimulation. Patient exposure to 2 or more oxygen desaturations below 94% was uncommon. The variables that were significantly associated with low saturations were age, gender, and weight. Neither the dose of midazolam nor the additional use of propofol was a significant risk factor. ASA classification (I or II) was not a determinant of risk. The data, within the limitations of the study, showed that a single operator/sedationist, supported by a well-trained team of nurses, can consistently maintain safe oxygen saturation levels. The additional use of propofol did not increase exposure to hypoxemia.
Nasal Foreign Body: An Unexpected Discovery
Authors: Yasny Jeffrey S , Stewart Stacy
Published: September 2011

Nasal foreign bodies may result from the abundant availability of tiny objects in our society and a curious child exploring his or her nasal cavities. An inserted object that is not witnessed or retrieved can remain relatively asymptomatic or cause local tissue damage and potentially yield more serious consequences. An unusual case of a young child who presented for dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia is described. Immediately prior to the nasotracheal intubation, an unanticipated foreign body was detected and safely removed before any injury occurred. This case report discusses the presentation and pathophysiology of nasal foreign bodies. Moreover, applicable suggestions are provided to aid in the prevention and management of the unexpected discovery of a nasal foreign body after the induction of general anesthesia.
Comparison of temporospatial and kinetic variables of walking in small and large dogs on a pressure-sensing walkway
Authors: Kim Jongmin , Kazmierczak Kris A. , Breur Gert J.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To compare temporospatial variables (TSVs) and kinetic variables (KVs) for fore-limbs and hind limbs of small and large dogs of various breeds during walking and to determine associations among body weight (BW), TSVs, and KVs in these groups.

Animals—12 adult dogs with no evidence of lameness.

Procedures—Dogs (grouped according to BW as small [< 10 kg; n = 6] or large [> 25 kg; 6]) were walked in a straight line at their preferred velocity on a wooden platform with an embedded pressure-sensing walkway. Five valid trials were analyzed for each dog; mean TSVs and KVs were determined for each group. The TSVs and KVs for forelimbs and hind limbs were compared between groups, and correlations among BW, TSVs, and KVs were determined.

Results—Small dogs had significantly smaller TSVs and KVs than did large dogs. Temporal variables of small dogs and absolute vertical force variables of small and large dogs increased as BW increased. However, normalized peak vertical force and weight distribution values among the 4 limbs were similar between groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Substantial similarities and differences were detected in gait characteristics between small and large dogs. Results indicated TSVs and KVs can be used for comparison of the walking gait between dogs or for comparison of variables between limbs in an individual dog. Use of the pressure-sensing walkway is a simple method for acquisition of TSVs and KVs for large and small dogs.