bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Amebo‐flagellates, I. The General Morphology and Mastigonts of Trimastigamoeba philippinensis Whitmore 1911*
Authors: BOVEE EUGENE C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trimastigamoeba philippinensis Whitmore 1911 from Florida was cultured in the laboratory at 22 to 25° C. on a modified Bunting's agar medium overlaid or not with Neff's ameba‐saline. Studies of its general morphology, transition from ameboid to flagellate phase and vice versa, encystment, and excystment were made. In general, Whitmore's observations are confirmed, except for his conclusions concerning the number of flagella and whether or not there is a rhizoplast. The flagellate phase has two mastigonts, each composed of a pair of flagella attached to a basal granule (blepharoplast). Intermediate stages in the development of the mastigonts may have caused Whitmore to decide that a tri‐flagellar phase was the usual condition. The two mastigonts are not at any time attached to one another, nor to the nucleus, nor is there any evidence of a rhizoplast or rhizostyle. In the flagellate phase the bases of the mastigonts are closely surrounded by an anterior, gullet‐like invagination, posterior to which the blepharoplasts rest adjacent to the nucleus. The four flagella extend 20 to 25 μ beyond the anterior limit of the pocket. Detailed descriptions of the morphologies of the ameboid and flagellate phases are given to supplement the morphology described by Whitmore. Possible affinities to other amebo‐flagellates are discussed. It is concluded that the organism is generically and specifically distinct; and while its name is erroneously descriptive of its flagellate phase, it is taxonomically valid.
Requirement of Trichomonads for Unidentified Growth Factors, Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids*
Authors: SHORB MARY S. , LUND PAULINE G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In a synthetic medium containing 57 compounds, including cholesterol, Trichomonas gallinae and T. gallinarum require 3 factors for growth and acid fermentation of maltose: (1) factor R, found in the protein contaminating some samples of ribonucleic acid, and in other isolated proteins such as conalbumin, γ‐globulin, and bovine albumin fraction V; (2) factor T, found in Trypticase and in the same isolated proteins, but with activity at 4 times the dose required for factor‐R activity, may be a large peptide containing proline; (3) factor S, found in serum, was replaceable by a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid, each inactive alone. Only C14 through C18 saturated fatty acids were active over a range of 0.058 to 2.34 μm per tube in the presence of oleic acid, while C18 through C22 unsaturated fatty acids were active in the same range with palmitic acid as the supplement. The unsaturated fatty acids were toxic at the largest dose. All fatty acids were not equally active. Surface‐active agents containing mixtures of fatty acids also replaced serum. A 4th factor, found in serum, stimulates the rate of growth as shown by cell counts at 3 days of incubation. T. gallinarum, T. foetus, and a trichomonad from a pig's nose responded to the same supplements when grown on another synthetic medium.
Further Nutritional Requirements of Paramecium aurelia
Authors: TARANTOLA V. A. , van WAGTENDONK W. J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An acetone‐insoluble yeast fraction required for axenic growth of P. aurelia, stock 51, variety 4, sensitive, after fractionation contained at least 3 essential components: (1) one soluble in perchloric acid and completely replaceable by a mixture of ribosides or ribotides; (2) one inactivated after digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin or papain. Proteose‐Peptone restored activity to this preparation, which suggests a peptide requirement; and (3) one not yet characterized.

As for the purine and pyrimidines, these combinations, in decreasing order of activity, supported growth: guanosine + cytidine, guanosine + uridine, guanylic acid + cytidylic acid, and guanylic acid + uridylic acid. Each combination was maximally effective when the molar purine: pyrimidine ratio was ∼ 0.4. On a molar basis, the minimal riboside combinations were ∼ 1.3 × more active than the ribotides.

Sparing of the purine and pyrimidine requirement was also investigated. In the presence of limiting amounts of guanylic acid, the following compounds, in decreasing order of activity, had sparing activity: deoxyguanosine, inosine, xanthosine, adenylic acid, and guanine. Adenine, adenosine, and deoxyadenosine were inhibitory under the test conditions. The requirement for cytidylic acid was spared by deoxycytidine, uridine, uridylic acid, deoxyuridine, thymidine, thymine, and uracil, in descending order.
Immobilizing Antigens of Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: MARGOLIN PAUL , LOEFER JOHN B. , OWEN R. D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Studies cf 3 conjugating strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis grown in a bacterized medium indicated the presence of a system of alternative immobilizing surface antigens. Each strain was found to have the potential for the expression of 3 serologically unrelated antigens. These consisted of a “high temperature” antigen (expressed in the range of 20–35d̀C), a “low temperature” antigen (exhibited in cultures at 10d̀), and an antigen induced by growth in the presence of the above‐mentioned “high temperature” antiserum. Normally, by the immobilization reaction, only one of these antigens could be detected as present on any one organism at any given time. The “high temperature” antigens of two of the strains were serclogically related while that of the 3rd strain did not cross‐react with antisera to the other two. The “low temperature” antigens of the 3 strains were serologically related as were the antigens induced by growth in antiserum.

Studies of inbred hybrids of two of the strains indicated a potential for still more alternative antigens as well as for the spontaneous expression of the antigen which in the parental strains could only be induced to appear by the presence of the specific antiserum.

Study of the 3 strains in axenic medium indicated the existence of a more complex system and the possibility that two or more immobilizing antigens may be present simultaneously.
Comparative Morphology of Four Genera of Trypanosomatidae*
Authors: CLARK T. B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The morphology of 4 genera of the family Trypanosomatidae has been studied with particular reference to the contractile vacuole, reservoir, flagellum, undulating membrane, kinetoplast, and nucleus. Both the contractile vacuole and reservoir have been found in all species examined. Four morphological types of culture forms are described with special reference to these structures: (1), the Crithidia fasciculata type which is short and membraneless with a rounded posterior end, truncate anterior end and a well developed reservoir; (2) the Herpetomonas muscarum type with no undulating membrane, a truncate posterior end, a rounded anterior end and a reservoir which varies in length from about 1/6 of the length of the body to the full length of the body; (3) the Leishmania type with no undulating membrane, a pointed posterior end, an asymmetrical anterior end and a short reservoir which remains constant in size; and (4), the short‐membraned type exemplified by Trypanosoma cruzi, with a pointed posterior end, a short reservoir near the middle of the body and the flagellum attached to the body along a portion of its length. This last form is derived from the blood stream morphology as exemplified by Trypanosoma lewisi in the rat by a shifting of the kinetoplast, flagellum, reservoir and contractile vacuole along the surface of the body from a position posterior to a position anterior to the nucleus.
Sexual Isolation in Pandorina morum*
Authors: COLEMAN ANNETTE WILBOIS
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The morphology of the vegetative phase and the sexual process in Pandorina morum have been studied in detail under controlled laboratory conditions. A number of strains from various areas of the United States, all essentially indistinguishable on morphological grounds, were analyzed for sexual compatibility. Forty‐seven heterothallic clones were found to represent 15 separate pairs of mating types, or a minimum of 15 syngens (sensu Sonneborn, 1957). Two clones proved to be homothallic. Nine additional clones, which were not observed to mate with any strain, can be classified only after further collecting. The separate heterothallic pairs of mating types are sexually isolated by factors acting at the stage of gamete production; incompatible mating types produce no gametes when they are mixed together. The geographical distribution of the sets of mating types is very incompletely defined as yet, but they are not strictly endemic forms. Thirty heterothallic strains, representing each of the 15 sexually isolated sets of mating types of Pandorina morum, have been deposited with the Culture Collection of Algae maintained at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.A.
New Colorless Eugleninae
Authors: CHRISTEN H. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Ten new species of colorless Eugleninae are described. One of them is the type of a new genus (Calycimonas physaloides nov. gen. nov. sp.). Especially remarkable forms are: Astasia acus, a species related to the green Euglena acus but without chromatophores and stigma and considerably smaller; Astasia edax, a species with animal‐like nutrition and peculiar ecological adaptations; Petalomonas striata, a form which is not spirally but transversely striated; and finally Hyalophacus caecus, which was observed already by Klebs and Pochmann but was not sufficiently described. The new genus Calycimonas (ex fam. Peranemacearum) is related to Tropidoscyphus on the one hand (nearly the same shape as e.g. Tr. octocostatus, but possessing only a single flagellum) and to Petalomonas on the other hand (mode of nutrition and of swimming, formation of the reservoir, rigidity: however in transverse section not flattened).

The Astasiae with zootrophic nutrition are collected in a new subgenus Astasiae devorantes or Phytophaga which comprises besides A. edax three species already described by Skuja.
Cytology of an Indian Race of Blepharisma undulans (Stein)
Authors: BHANDARY A. VASANTHI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The Indian race of Blepharisma undulans described in this paper measures 150 μ in length. The macronucleus consists of 5–7 nodes, all of equal size. During binary fission, condensation of macronucleus is followed by its elongation and a thinning of the middle region which breaks with the division of the animal. It later attains the typical vegetative form.

During conjugation 7 or 8 micronuclei pass through the first pregamic division, 5 to 7 through the second pregamic division and one product of the second division takes part in the third division. The rest degenerate. At the same time, the macronucleus also starts degenerating. After the synkaryon has divided twice, the conjugating pairs separate. Of the 4 products, 3 become macronuclear anlagen and one, micronuclear anlage.

The micronuclei divide asynchronously both during binary fission and during conjugation. There is apparently considerable diversity in the structure and behaviour of the macronucleus and micronuclei in the different races of Blepharisma undulans.
The Cultivation of Some Trypanosomes from Urodeles*
Authors: LEHMANN DONALD L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Identical cultural forms of Trypanosoma granulosae occur in NNN agar, Diamonds SNB‐9 agar and Proteosepeptone blood agar. The inclusion of penicillin G sulfate and streptomycin had no effect upon the cultures. The first cultural forms to appear (24 hours) were long, slender crithidia which divided to produce short slender crithidia. The latter were the only forms encountered until the 18th day when rosettes, composed of 3–10 short, slender crithidia were found. Following the production of metacyclic trypanosomes (24th day) the culture rapidly died. Transfer of metacyclic trypanosomes and rosettes did not extend the length of culture life.

T. diemyctyli is also unaffected by antibiotics and shows similar growth in all media used. Division in this species begins 50–96 hours after inoculation with the production, from the blood stream form, of two unequal, plump crithidia. These divide twice to form slender crithidia; the latter rapidly divide, but do not separate, and yield rosettes with a maximum number of 60 individuals. As the slender crithidia leave the rosette each either remains in the same form or transforms to a plump, pear shaped individual. Secondary rosettes are then formed from the latter. Metacyclic trypanosomes appear, in small numbers, after the 14th day.
Studies in Marine Biology. IV. On the Role of Algal Cells in the Tissues of Marine Invertebrates*
Authors: ZAHL PAUL A. , McLAUGHLIN JOHN J. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Zooxanthellae in pure culture, exposed to continuous light, release free O2 in amounts varying with time and cell number. Zooxanthellae exposed to alternate light and dark produce essentially as much O2 as in continuous light. Those in continuous dark do not yield free O2; rather, they draw from the medium's residual O2.

Both the anemone Condylactis and the scyphozoan Cassiopeia are markedly phototactic. Kept in total darkness, both species show a dramatic numerical diminution in zooxanthellae. During 24 days of darkness, the mean total number of zooxanthellae in the individual Condylactis body was reduced from 26 million to ∼ 1 million. Specimens so bleached lost phototaxis.

It is suggested that each species of zooxanthella host animal has its own specific light needs, which it caters to in various ways: (a) early selection of position, as with planulae or other freely motile larval forms; (b) gross body movement or posturing, as with anemones, medusae, and worms; (c) possession of light‐filtering pigments, as with colored corals and molluscs; (d) possession of light‐concentrating devices, as with tridacnids; (e) possession of highly contractile and differentially light‐absorbing tissues, as with most coelenterates and some molluscs.

Susceptibility of marine invertebrates to zooxanthellae infection may be related to the known paucity of nitrates and phosphates in tropical seas, a situation possibly inducing the free‐swimming gymnodinioid forms to enter animal tissues where catabolic products are available to them. Zooxanthellae are reported from sessile marine invertebrates taken at depths of 100–116 fathoms.
The Polymorphic Life History of Tetrahymena patula*
Authors: WILLIAMS NORMAN E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Dimorphic populations of Tetrahymena patula L‐FF result when this organism is grown axenically in Loefer's medium supplemented with aqueous lettuce extract. The two different cell types in these cultures are identified as “macrostomes”and “microstomes.” Isolation of microstomes and macrostomes from the dimorphic cultures has shown that both cell types reproduce by binary fission in this medium, and further that each cell type will occasionally give rise to the other under these conditions. Isolation experiments have also shown that both microstomes and macrostomes from the dimorphic cultures are capable of giving rise to the reproductive cyst. The cells which are liberated from the cyst have small mouths but are best referred to as “tomites,” in order to distinguish them from the self‐perpetuating microstomes described above. The relatively small, rapidly swimming tomites will either transform into macrostomes or reproduce as microstomes. The life histoy of T. patula thus consists of three cell types as follows, each capable of giving rise to the other two: a macrostome, a microstome, and a tomite. Silver preparations of the dimorphic cultures have shown that oral replacement takes place. This consists of resorption of the oral apparatus and its replacement by differentiation of new mouth parts from an anarchic field of kinetosomes which arises immediately posterior to the old oral apparatus. It is suggested that this process is involved in the macrostome‐microstome interconversions.

Growth curves were determined for T. patula feeding on a variety of substrates. These data indicate that this species is extremely well adapted as a carnivore. It grows very poorly on bacteria, but will grow well in axenic culture if aqueous lettuce extract is provided. The lettuce extract greatly reduces the generation time and increases the maximum cell density.

Loss of the micronucleus in stain L‐FF is reported and discussed. The loss may be an indication that this strain has entered the senile phase of the Maupasian life cycle.
Nosema lepiduri n. sp., a New Microsporidian Parasite in Lepidurus apus L.
Authors: VAVRA JIRI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Nosema lepiduri n. sp. parasitic in Lepidurus apus L. is described. The microsporidian invades the connective tissue cells of carapace, head and legs of the host crustacean. The developmental cycle and cytology of the organism were studied. The spores stained by McManus method show a small polar cap located at the more attenuated pole, a structure not hitherto reported. It is different from the polar granule which is commonly present in microsporidian spores. The polar cap stainable by McManus method is probably present in the spores of all Microsporidia, though its chemical nature is unknown.
Morphological Studies on Holotrichous Ciliates of the Family Hysterocinetidae I. Hysterocineta eiseniae Beers and Ptychostomum campelomae sp. nov.
Authors: KOZLOFF EUGENE N.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Hysterocineta eiseniae, from the oligochaete Ei‐senia lonnbergi, and Ptychostomum campelomae sp. nov., from the fresh‐water prosobranch snail Campeloma geniculum, have been studied primarily with a view to arriving at a better understanding; of the adoral and buccal ciliature of hystero‐cinetid ciliates. In both of these species (as well as in representatives of two undescribed genera), the arrangement of adoral and buccal ciliary organelles is fundamentally the same. There are three adoral rows of cilia extending transversely across the posterior end of the body, toward the buccal cavity. The row nearest the superior surface consists of cilia which are fused into a hyaline and relatively inactive membrane. This row enters the buccal cavity on its left side and extends inward to the cytostome. The other two rows, inferior to the membrane, are close together and consist of active and coherent cilia which collectively form a brush‐like complex. Oi these rows, the one nearer to the membrane enters the buccal cavity on its right side. The other row ends at the right side of the buccal overture, and near the point where it terminates, but on the opposite side of the continuous row, a similar series of cilia originates and closely parallels the continuous row to the cytostome.

The diagnosis of the family Hysterocinetidae is emended on the basis of this characteristic arrangement of the adoral and buccal ciliature. The hysterocinetids appear to be rather closely related to ciliates of the family Hemispeiridae, and are therefore tentatively referred to the order Thigmotrichida.
Studies of Feeding Behavior of Amebas. I. Ingestion of Thecate Rhizopods and Flagellates by Verrucosid Amebas, particularly Thecamoeba sphacronucleolüs.*
Authors: BOVEE EUGENE C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Thecamoeba sphaeronucleolus, and other verrucosid amebas with thick, pellicular ectoplasm, which live in moist soil, can identify the presence of testate rhizopodal prey at distances of 20 to 30 μ, possibly chemotactically or rheotacti‐caliy. Prey is seized by extension of a pseudopod towards it, and adhesion of the pellicular pseudopodal tip to the prey upon contact. Ingestion is accomplished by conversion of the pellicular coat of the pseudopod into an ingestive tube via digestion of the pellicular tip and the withdrawal of the endoplasm within, causing suction. The prey is drawn into the tube and enclosed therein; and is then drawn down the pseudopodal tube and into a food cup, which closes around the prey to form a food vacuole. Flagellate prey is identified by its movements nearby, and is seized by adhesion of the extended pseadopod to a flagellum. The flagellum is drawn through a tiny hole digested by the ameba through the pellicle of its psendopod. is seized by and drawn into the granular endoplasm. The body of the flagellate is drawn after it into a food vscuoie in the endoplasm. Suction applied to the flagellum appears to exert the necessary force to draw the flagellate in. The movements involved are related to, but not synonymous with, those of locomotion and appear to be complex biochemical and biophysical interactions not explainable by present theories of protoplasmic movements.
The Genetic Control of Two Lethal Traits in Variety 1, Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: ORIAS EDUARDO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

A breeding analysis of a wild strain (Indian Lake 12) of variety 1, Tetrahymena pyriformis, discloses recessive lethal alleles at two independently assorting loci. Conclusions concerning the cytogenetic behavior of this species have been verified through the scoring of a large number of offspring segregating the lethals. In particular, cytogamy does not occur in these strains with a frequency higher than 2%. if indeed it occurs at all. The finding of lethal heterozygosity in a wild strain suggests that close inbreeding usually does not take place in nature and supports the conclusion that variety 1 of T. pyriformis is an outbreeding species.
Sodium and Potassium in Normal and Paralyzed Chlamydomonas
Authors: RONKIN R. R. , BURETZ KARL M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Rates of penetration of sodium (Na24) and potassium (K/12) into several strains of Chlamydomonas, a flagellated unicellular alga, were studied. Sodium was taken up to a negligible extent by normal, motile cells. Potassium was taken up readily by normal cells and by mutant strains with impaired locomotion. Normal cells tended, during the first hour, to reach equilibrium most rapidly, involving the exchange of TS‐of the cellular K. Flagella‐less cells approached equilibrium more slowly, involving the exchange of 79′yc of the K. Paralyzed cells gave intermediate values. These results suggest that motile cells may immobilize larger amounts of K than do those with impaired motility.
Two New Species of Eimeria from the Common Newt, Notopthalmus viridescens*
Authors: BARROW JAMES H. , HOY JAMES B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Two new species of Eimeria, E. megaresidua and E. longaspora, are described from the common American newt, Notopthalmus viridescens. The hosts were from the vicinity of Douglas Lake in Northern Michigan. Observations of timeof sporulation of the oocyst relative to host defecation and possible significance of the seasonal distribution of the parasites are discussed.
Ecdysone Induced Modifications in the Sexual Cycles of the Protozoa of Cryptocercus*
Authors: CLEVELAND L. R. , BURKE ARTHUR W. , KARLSON PETER
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

When exogenous ecdysone is injected into a host (adult or intermolt nymph) which has no ecdysone of its own, gametogenesis is induced in the protozoa of such a host, although the host itself never undergoes ecdysis. The time required to induce this sexual process varies in different genera and with the dosage of hormone administered; but it is never possible, regardless of the amount of hormone given, to induce gametogenesis in all the genera at the same time; some still begin a day or two later than others, but never 40‐45 days later as occurs in untreated roaches.

Likewise, when exogenous ecdysone is administered to a nymphal host in the molting period, the sexual cycles of its protozoa are greatly accelerated, and the host undergoes ecdy‐sis much sooner than would otherwise have been the case. Both sexuality in the protozoa and the molting process in the host are accelerated. Only when large doses of ecdysone are administered are the sexual cycles of the protozoa modified in any way except a decided acceleration. Quite large amounts of ecdysone present special problems for the protozoa, problems they never encounter in nature. The growth and differentiation hormone ecdysone causes the protozoa to grow and differentiate so rapidly that many of them cannot keep pace; as a result, degeneration begins, and death follows. But this over‐acceleration effect of ecdysone and death of the protozoa occurs only in those genera which have not undergone gametogenesis when the large amount of hormone is administered; those which have completed gametogenesis are not affected at all. The results of acceleration have been observed in most genera, but have been studied more intensively in Tricho‐nympha, where they are usually seen to be considerably more pronounced on the nuclei and chromosomes than on the cytoplasm. As a result, this genus, which invariably in nature undergoes only fertilization, is sometimes made to undergo either autogamy or endomitosis. The pronuclei, for example, differentiate and are ready to (and do) fuse before the cytoplasm of the gametocyte divides to form gametes. In the case of endomitosis, precocious differentiation of chromosomes seems to produce, or at least goes along with, premature degeneration of one centriole, the one that would ordinarily degenerate following fusion of gametes. Thus, nuclear division is made impossible.

In some genera of the protozoa, the ecdysone titer must drop greatly before meiosis can begin. If the titer, after ecdysis. when it normally drops precipitously, is kept high with injections, meiosis does not begin; it is retarded for as long as the ecdysone titer is kept high.
Modifications Induced in the sexual Cycles of the Protozoa of Cryptocercus by Chabge of Host*
Authors: CLEVELAND L. R. , BURKE ARTHUR W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

The following types of transfauntions were made: from nymphs is an early stage of their molting period to nymphs 1‐50 days before ecdysis and vice versa; from recently molted nymphs to nymphs in all stages of the molting period and vicve versa. In such transfaunated half or more of the protozoa in a donor host were transferred to a recipient host. The recipient hosts wee defaunated with oxygen by subjecting them to 60 psi for 2 hours, twice the minimum time necessary to kill all their protozoa. Transfaunations were made 24 hours after defaunation.

The sexual cycles, as a result of these transfaunation experiments, in addition to being prevented altogether in several genera, were modified principally in two ways: they were shortened to less than half the time required under natural conditions; they were lengthened, in some genera, from two days to over two months. Whether shorteing or lengthening occurs depends on the type of host used in the experiment. And the factor in the host that is responsible for the modifications is the ecdysone titer; transfaunation from a lower to higher to a lower titer, in general, serves to lengthen it.
Nutrition of Paramecium: A Fatty Acid Requirement*
Authors: MILLER CHARLES A. , JOHNSON WILLIS H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Paramecia, in a nearly defined axenic medium, require a specific fatty acid and a “protein” factor for growth and survival. The fatty acid requirement was readily satisfied by stearic acid or oleic acid. The saturated acids, arachidic (C20) and one preparation of palmitic (C16), had lower growth activity than did stearic acid. The unsaturated fatty acids palmitoleic (C16Δ9), linoleic (C18Δ9,12), linolenic (C18Δ9,12,15), and arachidonir (C20Δ5,8,11,14) and the saturated fatty acids of C14 through C6. myristic, lauric, capric, caprylic and caproic, were inactive. A few other fatty acid‐containing compounds. i.e., esters, were also tested for growth‐promoting activity, with concordant results.

The “protein” factor has not been completely characterized; a nondialyzable protein‐containing fraction from yeast or crystalline ovalbumin provided it. Hydrolysis products of these substances were inactive. A possible role of the ovalbumin as a carrier for fatty acids is discussed.
Tetrahymena pyriformis, Strain HS: Micronucleate or Amicronucleate?
Authors: WELLS CAROLYN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Some cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain HS, are amicronucleate; other cultures bearing the same designation are micronucleate. Investigation in cooperation with several workers indicates that the amicronucleate HS cultures are the same as the original. To avoid further confusion, we suggest that micronucleate HS cultures be designated “HSM” in the future.
Hypotrichomonas acosta (Moskowitz) from Reptiles. 11. Physiology.*
Authors: LEE JOHN J. , PIERCE STANLEY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Three strains of Hypotrichomonas acosta were isolated in axenic culture. Attempts to develop a defined medium directly from a defined medium suitable for Tetrahymena pyriformis were unsuccessful. Development of partly defined media by substitution for undefined materials in Diamond's medium were more successful. Horse serum was replaced by 1 mg. % TEM‐4T (a diacetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglycerides from tallow) and 0.5 mg.% cholesterol. Yeast extract was replaced by a mixture of ribonucleotides. Inclusion of several additional components permitted reducing the Trypticase concentration from 2% to 0.25%.
The Pigment (hemozoin) and Proteins of the Avian Malaria Parasite Plasmodium lophurae.*
Authors: SHERMAN IRWIN W. , HULL ROBERT W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

The use of saponin hemolysis, buffer washings and deoxyribonuclease yields quantities of erythrocyte‐free plasmodia sufficiently pure for physico‐chemical studies. The pigment produced by Plasmodium lophurae, unlike the pigments of the simian and human malarias, is of such low solubility in buffer solutions that urea is necessary as an additive to the buffer for adequate solubilization. On the basis of spectral and electrophoretic qualities, the pigment is a protein‐porphyrin complex closely resembling methemoglobin but clearly distinct from hematin. Extraction of the pigment in solvents which degrade hemoglobin, e.g. phenol, 0.1 N NaOH, cannot be used to ascertain the properties of hemozoin, for the pigment in such solvents shows a spectrum identical to hemoglobin.

The soluble parasite proteins which constitute approximately 55% of the totaI volume of the parasite as revealed by electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal analysis appear to be homogeneous. They show a marked similarity to the host hemoglobin, but differ sufficiently to verify their integrity and individuality.
Electron Microscopy of Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Events during Division in Tetrahymena pyriformis Strains W and HAM 3*
Authors: ROTH L. E. , MINICK O. T.
Published: May 2007

Amicronucleate (strain W) and micronucleate (strain HAM 3) Tetrahymena pyriformis have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Numerous interphase and individually‐sectioned organisms in division stages have been examined. In macronuclei of the amicronucleate organisms (strain W) the time of division is characterized by a rather marked chromatin condensation, by morphological changes in nucleoli, and by the presence of dense granules. In macro‐nuclei of the micronucleus‐possessing organisms (strain HAM 3) little alteration of the interphase morphology is observed at division. Mitochondrial changes and an increase in the amount and complexity of the endoplasmic reticulum are observed in division in the amicronucleate strain. These results show that macronuclear division is more complex than a simple “pinching‐in‐two” and that loss of the micronucleus may alter the mitotic events of the macronucleus.
Chemotaxis and Sexual Behavior in Chlamydomonas*
Authors: TSUBO YOSHIHIRO
Published: May 2007

Intraspecific chemotaxis between gametes was demonstrated in Chlamydomonas moewusii Gerloff var. rotunda nov. var. which was previously used as C. sp. 24 (Tsubo Y. 1957). a heterothallic isogamous species from Japan. The reaction is unidirectional; the “+” gametes are attracted by the “—” gametes or cell‐free supernatant of medium in which the :“‐” gametes were suspended. In a study with 4 other isogamous heterothallic Chlamydomonas — C. moewusii Gerloff, C. eugametos Moewus, C. reinhardi Dangeard, and C. morewusii Gerloff var. tenuichloris nov. var. — none of them revealed any intraspecific chemotactic behavior. However, as with the “—” gametes of C. moewusii var. rotunda, both mating types of C. moewusii, C. eugametos, and C. moewusii var. tenuichloris were interspecifically attracted by the supernatant of the “—” culture of C. moewusii var. rotunda. Only C. rein‐ hardi showed no chemotactic behavior in intra‐ or interspecific combinations.

Although chemotaxis occurred in the above‐mentioaed combinations, neither agglutination nor pairing ner zygete formation followed at all in the same combinations. The“;–” cells of C. moewusii var. rotunda killed by osmium vaper and then washed no longer produced the chemotactic agent, but did agglutinate with living “+” cells. Therefore, evidently, chemo‐taxis is a separate step from agglutination and zygote‐for‐mation yet does not seem necessary in the mating of isoga‐mous Chlamydomonas. Nonetheless, since this activity appears not in the vegetative but in the gametic stage, it seems to concern the sexual activity of the cells. In preliminary studies the chemotactic agent produced by C. moewusii var. rotunda was shown to be volatile.
Gymnodinium chukwanii n. sp. and Other Marine Dinoflagellates Collected in the Vicinity of Zanzibar
Authors: BALLANTINE DOROTHY
Published: May 2007

Thirty‐five species of marine dinoflagellates are described and figured, including one new species, Gymnodinium chukwanii. These were collected by the author during the period February ‐ March 1956. G. chukwanii has affinities to G. splendens and G. nelsoni and their group. The remainder of the paper is concerned with described species.
Radiophryoides puytoraci sp. nov.: Astomatous Ciliate Parasite from a Fresh‐Water Oligochaete
Authors: NAIDU K. VANAMALA
Published: May 2007

A new astomatous holotrichous ciliate, Radiophryoides puytoraci, parasitic in the gut of the Indian freshwater oligochaete is described. This is the second finding of the astomatous ciliate parasite from the microdrili from Asia. Key to all the known and valid species of Radiophryoides is given.
Duration and Reversibility of Sulfonamide‐Resistance in Chilomonas Paramecium
Authors: HALL R. P.
Published: May 2007

Resistance to sulfanilamide has persisted in a strain of Chilomonas Paramecium for 255 transfers (63 months) in a drug‐free medium. In attempts to modify resistance, stocks derived from sulfonamide‐resistant and normal strains have been acclimatized to and then maintained in media containing p‐aminobenzoic acid at 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0 mgJ100 ml. Each PABA‐acclimatized strain was more susceptible to sulfanilamide than its parent stock. In other words, sulfanil‐amide‐resistant strains lost their resistance and normal strains became hypersensitive. One strain, adapted first to sulfanilamide, subsequently to PABA (15 mgJ100 ml) and again to sulfanilamide, showed a loss of and finally a restoration of sui‐fonamide‐resistance (but to a degree somewhat lower than the original level).
Chilomastix equi n.sp., from the Intestine of the Indian Horse
Authors: ABRAHAM RAJENDER
Published: May 2007

Chilomastix equi n.sp., from the intestine of the Indian horse is described. The normal shape of the body is pyriform, posteriorly drawn out into a spike. The spiral groove is U‐shaped and runs from one lateral side to the other. The nucleus is either ovoidal or spheroidal with an eccentric endo‐some. Four blepharoplasts are present from which arise the anterior flagella, the cytostomal flagellum and the cytostomal fibrils. The arrangement of the four blepharoplasts differs markedly from the other known species, three being on the anterior border located in one row and the fourth adjacent to the nucleus. The three anterior flagella, arising from the first three anterior blepharoplasts, run backwards. The cytostomal flagellum arises from the fourth blepharoplast and rarely protrudes beyond the broad cytostome. The cytostome has a peculiar shape which distinguishes it from other species. The dimensions of the new species range (in microns) 15.7 to 31.5 in total length, 8.5 to 16.5 in body length proper, 6.0 to 15.5 in breadth and 4.0 to 17.0 in the length of the spike.
Hexamastix dobelli n.sp., a New Trichomonad Parasitic in the Starred Tortoise
Authors: JANAKIDEVI K.
Published: May 2007

Hexamastix dobelli n. sp. (Trichomonadidae) is described from the large intestine of the starred tortoise, Testu‐do elegans Schoepff. This is the first species of Hexamastix to be reported from a chelonian. The organism is pyriform, oval, or round in shape. There are five anterior flagella, of which two are long and three short and a single recurrent flagellum, which equals the short anterior flagella in length. The axostyle is very slender and projects for some distance outside the body. The nucleus contains three to six granules and has no endosome. The pelta is crescent‐shaped and the parabasal body is rod‐like. Perinuclear granules are present in the anterior half of the body. The parasite is 6.0 to 16.5 μ long, 2.0 to 10.3 μ wide and the diameter of nucleus is 2.5 μ.
Hepatozoon procyonis, n. sp., from the Raccoon
Authors: RICHARDS CHARLES S.
Published: May 2007

Hepatozoon procyonis, n. sp., is described from the raccoon Procyon lotor from southwestern Georgia. Mature gametocytes in monocytes in blood smears and schizocysts and developing gametocytes in sections of heart tissue were observed and described. A Hepatozoon was also found in the fox squirrel Sciurus niger.
The Intra‐erythrocytic Development of Babesiosoma stableri n. sp. in Rana pipiens pipiens*
Authors: SCHMITTNER STELLA M. , McGHEE R. BARCLAY
Published: May 2007

The occurrence of Babesiosoma stableri n. sp. in the erythrocytes of Rana pipiens pipiens extends the host range of babesiosomids to the Salientia. The proposed sequence of developmental stages includes the following events: (1) two successive nuclear divisions of the uninucleate trophozoite produce a tetranucleate organism, (2) cytoplasmic cleavage initiated at each pole of the tetranucleate parasite results in four daughter individuals arranged in a cross‐form, (3) the four merozoites originating from the cruciform schizont separate without the formation of a residual mass of cytoplasm, (4) gametocytes which presumably arise from differentiated merozoites do not exhibit dimorphism. The morphology and characteristics of the parasite's development were not altered when B. stableri was experimentally transferred to: R. p. sphenocephala, Rana catesbeiana, Bufo americanus, Bufo woodhousei fowleri, and Bufo terrestris. Experimental infections, with few exceptions, exhibited a peak parasitemia followed by a decline in the number of babesiosomids. Infections persisted at a low level or disappeared during the period of study.
Characterization and Distribution of “H” Serotypes in 25°C Cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis, Variety 1.
Authors: LOEFER JOHN B. , OWEN RAY D.
Published: May 2007

A survey of antigenic types, as revealed by immobilization reactions, among 78 strains of variety 1 of T. pyriformis grown in monoxenic cultures at 25°C discloses a minimum of six distinct classes. These are called the H serotypes, and are designated as types Ha, Hb, Hc, Hd, He and Hf. The terminal members of highly inbred series (Families A, A1, B, D, etc.) are of a single immunological class, but different inbred series show different serotypes. Early representatives of the inbred series show in contrast considerable serotypic variation. The distribution of serotypes is generally consistent with the genetic hypothesis developed in a parallel study, but new serotypes arise occasionally through some mechanism not yet adequately studied.
Biochemistry of Sporulation in Oocysts of Eimeria acervulina*
Authors: WILSON P. A. G. , FAIRBAIRNZ DONALD
Published: May 2007

Oocysts of Eimeria acervulina Tyzzer, 1929 were collected at the time of their first massive discharge into the chick intestine, and isolated in the cold by means of continuous centrifugal flotation in high‐density media. Maximum numbers (90%) of sporoblastic oocysts were obtained by incubating at 30°C for 10 hr and sporulation was considered complete within 20 hr. The initial Qo2 (dry‐weight basis) of 9.5 decreased linearly to < i/3 this value in 20 hr, and more slowly thereafter to very low levels. The QCO2 was higher than Qo2 only during the first 10 hr. A 15% decrease in dry weight in 15 hr was due chiefly to disappearance of alkali‐stable carbohydrate, probably identical with glycogen. In the later stages carbohydrate was resynthesized. Lipids were not oxidized during sporoblast formation, but disappeared rapidly betweem 10 and 30 hr. Total nitrogen remained constant, indirect evidence suggesting that protein was not used to supply oxidative energy The change‐over from carbohydrate to fat metabolism corresponded with observed changes in the respiratory quotient, and also with near‐completion of sporulation. Apparently carbohydrate provided the energy needed for the earlier stages of sporulation, whereas oxidation of lipids supported the teal stages as well as the metabolism during dormancy.
Studies of Chloroplast Development in Euglena. 4. Electron and Fluorescence Microscopy of the Proplastid and its Development into a Mature Chloroplast.*
Authors: EPSTEIN H. T. , SCHIFF JEROME A.
Published: May 2007

Electron and fluorescence microscopy reveal a proplastid about 1 μ in diameter in dark‐grown Euglena gracilis quite like those in higher plants. After the cells are placed in the light these structures lengthen, probably in part by coalescence of several proplastids. Full size is reached in some cells after about one day in light. Lamellae, growing as blebs off the inner proplastid membrane, develop in a roughly linear fashion with time, art average of one new lamella appearing after each 6 hours in the light. The maturation of the proplastid thus appears to differ appreciably from that in higher plants since the latter presumably create several lamellae simultaneously, and these appear able to replicate themselves in a geometrically parallel fashion. The question is raised whether the apparent differences in development may not be due to lesser discrimination in observing the sequence in the higher plants, for there are no observations necessarily inconsistent with the sequence found in Euglena.
Variation in the Cellular Slime Mold Acrasis rosea*
Authors: OLIVE L. S. , DUTTA S. K. , STOIANOVITCH CARMEN
Published: May 2007

A number of isolates of the cellular slime mold, Acrasis rosea, differed from each other in the range of microorganisms on which they could grow and fruit. In a test for the possible occurrence of sexual reproduction and genetic recombination, two of the most widely divergent of these physiological races were studied further. Mixed colonies were obtained in agar plate cultures of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, a yeast utilized by both. When spores from mature fruiting bodies or amoebae migrating out from the mixed colonies were isolated singly, regrown on Rhodotorula, and tested on a critical spectrum of food microorganisms, about 3‐4% proved to be distinct from the original two strains. Although some of these new types remained stable for several transfers, they eventually reverted to one or both of the parental types. The possibilities of explaining the neotypes on the basis of diploidy, heterokaryosis, or mixed cytoplasmic effects are discussed. The occurrence of cell anastomoses and occasional binucleate cells favors the latter two possibilities.
Effect of Illumination on Ichthyotoxin in an Axenic Culture of Prymnesium parvum Carter
Authors: REICH K. , PARNAS I.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cultures of Prymnesium parvum subjected to constant illumination failed to produce ichthyotoxin. On the other hand cultures subjected to alternate periods of light and darkness showed a gradually rising ichthyotoxic activity during the dark period reaching a maximum after about 7 hours.
A Comparison of Synchronized Cell Division in Protozoa*
Authors: SCHERBAUM OTTO H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. From an equation derived for measuring synchrony in microbial systems, a synchronization index (SI) may be computed, which depends on 3 parameters: (1) fraction of the population undergoing synchronous division; (2) time during which this synchrony of division occurs, and (3) generation time during normal exponential multiplication.

Synchronization indices were computed and tabulated for 14 microbial cultures in which cell division was synchronized by different methods. The SI's range from 0.20 to 0.80. In the ideal situation—instantaneous doubling of the cell number in the mass culture—the SI is 1.00.
The Agar Layer Method for Determining the Activity of Diverse Materials against Selected Protozoa*†
Authors: WEST ROBERT A. , BARBERA PETER W. , KOLAR JOSEPH R. , MURRELL CASTELLA B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An agar overlay technique developed to investigate the effect of various substances on growth of a selected group of protozoa is described. Test systems employing Crithidia fasciculata (culex), Ochromonas malhamensis, Tetrahymena pyriformis W and Trichomonas foetus were devised to evaluate the effect of known compounds and to assay the activity of antibiotic fermentation beers. This disc‐plate method can be summarized as follows: preparation of a foundation layer; overlaying of a mixture of agar, nutrients, protective antibiotics, and inoculum; placing of paper discs with the test material on the overlay followed by incubation and subsequent observation of the plates for zones of inhibition of growth. The concentration of agar in the overlay sufficient to restrict movement of the protozoa without inhibiting their growth, nutrients required for adequate growth and continued viability of the inoculum, and the concentration of penicillin and streptomycin which will not inhibit the assay protozoa but beeffective against the microorganisms in the fermentation beers are discussed. This technique offers a method not only for primary screening for cytotoxic substances but also one which may be adaptable to other studies of protozoa.
On the Metabolism of Astasia longa (Jahn).*†
Authors: HUNTER F. R. , LEE J. WARREN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Most tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates are oxidized by intact cells of the apochlorotic flagellate Astasia longa (Jahn). Use of these substrates depends on the pH of the medium. The acetate‐stimulated respiration is much more sensitive to metabolic inhibitors than is cell motility. The following glyoxylate cycle and/or tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes have been demonstrated in cell‐free extracts: acetic‐thiokinase, condensing‐enzyme, aconitase, TPN‐isocitric dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, fumarase, and malic dehydrogenase.
A Cytochemical Investigation of the Nuclear Changes in the Cyst Cycle of the Ciliate Telotrochidium henneguyi.*
Authors: DODD EVERETT E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In a cytochemical study of nuclear changes during encystment and excystment of Telotrochidium henneguyi, the micronucleus was not observed to undergo alterations to correspond with the cyst cycle. The macronucleus maintained its gross structural integrity but showed internal reorganization of its nucleic acids coinciding with encystment and excystment of the ciliate. Nucleoli forming in the macronucleus of early precyst trophozoites first appeared as Feulgen‐ or methyl greenpositive clumps. These increased in size, became homogeneous, accumulated nucleolar substances, and assumed a Feulgennegative or pyroninophilic character. As the nucleoli developed, the remaining macronuclear constituents imparted a variegated pattern to the macronucleus. After excystment the nucleoli disappeared and the variegated pattern in the macronucleus was lost. Nucleoli were lacking in the macronucleus of trophozoites taken from the logarithmic phase of the growth curve.