bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Evaluation of a Stable Oil-in-Water Emulsion with High Ostrich Oil Concentration for Skincare Applications
Authors: Ponphaiboon Juthaporn , Limmatvapirat Sontaya , Limmatvapirat Chutima
Published: February 2024

This study investigates the development of an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion enriched with a high concentration of ostrich oil, recognized for its abundant content of oleic acid (34.60 ± 0.01%), tailored for skincare applications. Using Span and Tween emulsifiers, we formulated an optimized emulsion with 20% w/w ostrich oil and a 15% w/w blend of Span 20 and Tween 80. This formulation, achieved via homogenization at 3800 rpm for 5 min, yielded the smallest droplet size (5.01 ± 0.43 μm) alongside an appropriate zeta potential (−32.22 mV). Our investigation into the influence of Span and Tween concentrations, types, and ratios on the stability of 20% w/w ostrich oil emulsions, maintaining a hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) of 5.5, consistently demonstrated the superior stability of the optimized emulsion across various formulations. Cytotoxicity assessments on human dermal fibroblasts affirmed the safety of the emulsion. Notably, the emulsion exhibited a 52.20 ± 2.01% inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation, surpassing the 44.70 ± 1.94% inhibition observed for ostrich oil alone. Moreover, it demonstrated a superior inhibitory zone against Staphylococcus aureus (12.32 ± 0.19 mm), compared to the 6.12 ± 0.15 mm observed for ostrich oil alone, highlighting its enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial properties and strengthening its potential for skincare applications. The optimized emulsion also demonstrates the release of 78.16 ± 1.22% of oleic acid across the cellulose acetate membrane after 180 min of study time. This successful release of oleic acid further enhances the overall efficacy and versatility of the optimized emulsion. Stability assessments, conducted over 6 months at different temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, 45 °C), confirmed the emulsion’s sustained physicochemical and microbial stability, supporting its promise for topical applications. Despite minor fluctuations in acid values (AV) and peroxide values (PV), the results remained within the acceptable limits. This research elucidates the crucial role of emulsification in optimizing the efficacy and stability of ostrich oil in skincare formulations, providing valuable insights for practical applications where stability is paramount.
Human Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine Pharmacokinetics after Single and Multiple Daily Doses of Oral Encapsulated Dried Kratom Leaf Powder
Authors: Huestis Marilyn A. , Brett Martin A. , Bothmer John , Atallah Ramsey
Published: February 2024

Kratom leaves, consumed by millions worldwide as tea or ground leaf powder, contain multiple alkaloids, with mitragynine being the most abundant and responsible for most effects. Mitragynine is a partial µ-opioid receptor agonist and competitive antagonist at κ- and δ-opioid receptors; however, unlike morphine, it does not activate the β-arrestin-2 respiratory depression pathway. Due to few human mitragynine data, the largest randomized, between-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study of 500–4000 mg dried kratom leaf powder (6.65–53.2 mg mitragynine) was conducted. LC-MS/MS mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine plasma concentrations were obtained after single and 15 daily doses. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine Cmax increased dose proportionally, and AUC was slightly more than dose proportional. The median mitragynine Tmax was 1.0–1.3 h after single and 1.0–1.7 h after multiple doses; for 7-hydroxymitragynine Tmax, it was 1.2–1.8 h and 1.3–2.0 h. Steady-state mitragynine concentrations were reached in 8–9 days and 7-hydroxymitragynine within 7 days. The highest mean mitragynine T1/2 was 43.4 h after one and 67.9 h after multiple doses, and, for 7-hydroxymitragynine, it was 4.7 and 24.7 h. The mean 7-hydroxy-mitragynine/mitragynine concentration ratios were 0.20–0.31 after a single dose and decreased (0.15–0.21) after multiple doses. These mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine data provide guidance for future clinical kratom dosing studies and an interpretation of clinical and forensic mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine concentrations.
Defects and Defect Engineering of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (2D TMDC) Materials
Authors: Hossen Moha Feroz , Shendokar Sachin , Aravamudhan Shyam
Published: February 2024

As layered materials, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are promising two-dimensional (2D) materials. Interestingly, the characteristics of these materials are transformed from bulk to monolayer. The atomically thin TMDC materials can be a good alternative to group III–V and graphene because of their emerging tunable electrical, optical, and magnetic properties. Although 2D monolayers from natural TMDC materials exhibit the purest form, they have intrinsic defects that limit their application. However, the synthesis of TMDC materials using the existing fabrication tools and techniques is also not immune to defects. Additionally, it is difficult to synthesize wafer-scale TMDC materials for a multitude of factors influencing grain growth mechanisms. While defect engineering techniques may reduce the percentage of defects, the available methods have constraints for healing defects at the desired level. Thus, this holistic review of 2D TMDC materials encapsulates the fundamental structure of TMDC materials, including different types of defects, named zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), and two-dimensional (2D). Moreover, the existing defect engineering methods that relate to both formation of and reduction in defects have been discussed. Finally, an attempt has been made to correlate the impact of defects and the properties of these TMDC materials.
Adolescents with a Favorable Mediterranean-Style-Based Pattern Show Higher Cognitive and Academic Achievement: A Cluster Analysis—The Cogni-Action Project
Authors: Peña-Jorquera Humberto , Martínez-Flores Ricardo , Espinoza-Puelles Juan Pablo , López-Gil José Francisco , Ferrari Gerson , Zapata-Lamana Rafael , Lofrano-Prado Mara Cristina , Landaeta-Díaz Leslie , Cigarroa Igor , Durán-Agüero Samuel , Cristi-Montero Carlos
Published: February 2024

A Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has emerged as a crucial dietary choice, not only in attenuating various adolescents’ metabolic health issues but it has also been associated with improved cognitive and academic achievement. However, few studies have established patterns of food consumption linked to both cognitive and academic achievement in adolescents living in a developing country with non-Mediterranean-based food. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1296 Chilean adolescents (50% girls) aged 10–14 years. The MedDiet Quality Index was used to assess adherence to the MedDiet in children and adolescents. Through cluster analysis, four distinct dietary patterns were identified: Western diet (WD = 4.3%); low fruit and vegetables, high-sugar diet (LFV-HSD = 28.2%); low fruit and vegetables, low-sugar diet (LFV-LSD = 42.2%); and the MedDiet (25.3%). A mixed-model analysis was conducted to compare these clusters and their relationships with cognitive and academic achievements. Principal component analysis was performed to identify four primary cognitive domains: working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and fluid reasoning. Academic achievement was determined with five school subjects (Language, English, Mathematics, Science, and History) and included the Academic-PISA score derived from the mean scores in Language, Mathematics, and Science. Results: A marked difference was observed between the four clusters, which was mainly related to the consumption of sugar, ultra-processed foods, fruits, and vegetables. According to cognitive performance, the MedDiet group showed higher performance across all domains than the LFV-HSD, LFV-LSD, and WD groups. Regarding academic achievement, the WD underperformed in all analyses compared to the other groups, while the MedDiet was the unique profile that achieved a positive difference in all academic subjects compared to the WD and LFV-HSD groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that higher adherence to Mediterranean-style-based patterns and better food quality choices are associated with improved cognitive and academic achievements.
Effect of Low-Dose Alcohol Consumption on Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Andaloro Silvia , Mancuso Fabrizio , Miele Luca , Addolorato Giovanni , Gasbarrini Antonio , Ponziani Francesca Romana
Published: February 2024

Although alcohol is one of the most important etiologic agents in the development of chronic liver disease worldwide, also recognized as a promoter of carcinogenesis, several studies have shown a beneficial effect of moderate consumption in terms of reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Whether this benefit is also present in patients with liver disease due to other causes (viral, metabolic, and others) is still debated. Although there is no clear evidence emerging from guidelines and scientific literature, total abstention from drinking is usually prescribed in clinical practice. In this review, we highlight the results of the most recent evidence on this controversial topic, in order to understand the effect of mild alcohol use in this category of individuals. The quantification of alcohol intake, the composition of the tested populations, and the discrepancy between different works in relation to the outcomes represent important limitations emerging from the scientific literature. In patients with NAFLD, a beneficial effect is demonstrated only in a few works. Even if there is limited evidence in patients affected by chronic viral hepatitis, a clear deleterious effect of drinking in determining disease progression in a dose-dependent manner emerges. Poor data are available about more uncommon pathologies such as hemochromatosis. Overall, based on available data, it is not possible to establish a safe threshold for alcohol intake in patients with liver disease.
Chronodisruption and Gut Microbiota: Triggering Glycemic Imbalance in People with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Moreno-Cortés María Luisa , Meza-Alvarado José Enrique , García-Mena Jaime , Hernández-Rodríguez Azucena
Published: February 2024

The desynchronization of physiological and behavioral mechanisms influences the gut microbiota and eating behavior in mammals, as shown in both rodents and humans, leading to the development of pathologies such as Type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Recent studies propose resynchronization as a key input controlling metabolic cycles and contributing to reducing the risk of suffering some chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, or metabolic syndrome. In this analytical review, we present an overview of how desynchronization and its implications for the gut microbiome make people vulnerable to intestinal dysbiosis and consequent chronic diseases. In particular, we explore the eubiosis–dysbiosis phenomenon and, finally, propose some topics aimed at addressing chronotherapy as a key strategy in the prevention of chronic diseases.
Food to Prevent Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Moldovan Diana , Rusu Crina , Potra Alina , Tirinescu Dacian , Ticala Maria , Kacso Ina
Published: February 2024

Vascular calcification (VC) is a consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is of paramount importance regarding the survival of CKD patients. VC is far from being controlled with actual medication; as a result, in recent years, diet modulation has become more compelling. The concept of medical nutritional therapy points out the idea that food may prevent or treat diseases. The aim of this review was to evaluate the influence of food habits and nutritional intervention in the occurrence and progression of VC in CKD. Evidence reports the harmfulness of ultra-processed food, food additives, and animal-based proteins due to the increased intake of high absorbable phosphorus, the scarcity of fibers, and the increased production of uremic toxins. Available data are more supportive of a plant-dominant diet, especially for the impact on gut microbiota composition, which varies significantly depending on VC presence. Magnesium has been shown to prevent VC but only in experimental and small clinical studies. Vitamin K has drawn considerable attention due to its activation of VC inhibitors. There are positive studies; unfortunately, recent trials failed to prove its efficacy in preventing VC. Future research is needed and should aim to transform food into a medical intervention to eliminate VC danger in CKD.
Metabolic Effects of Selected Conventional and Alternative Sweeteners: A Narrative Review
Authors: Teysseire Fabienne , Bordier Valentine , Beglinger Christoph , Wölnerhanssen Bettina K. , Meyer-Gerspach Anne Christin
Published: February 2024

Sugar consumption is known to be associated with a whole range of adverse health effects, including overweight status and type II diabetes mellitus. In 2015, the World Health Organization issued a guideline recommending the reduction of sugar intake. In this context, alternative sweeteners have gained interest as sugar substitutes to achieve this goal without loss of the sweet taste. This review aims to provide an overview of the scientific literature and establish a reference tool for selected conventional sweeteners (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and alternative sweeteners (sucralose, xylitol, erythritol, and D-allulose), specifically focusing on their important metabolic effects. The results show that alternative sweeteners constitute a diverse group, and each substance exhibits one or more metabolic effects. Therefore, no sweetener can be considered to be inert. Additionally, xylitol, erythritol, and D-allulose seem promising as alternative sweeteners due to favorable metabolic outcomes. These alternative sweeteners replicate the benefits of sugars (e.g., sweetness and gastrointestinal hormone release) while circumventing the detrimental effects of these substances on human health.
Evaluation of Enamel Volume Loss after Exposure to Energy Drinks
Authors: Schulze Karen A. , Santucci Noëlle M. , Surti Bina , Habelitz Stefan , Bhattacharyya Mouchumi , Noble Warden
Published: February 2024

Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the erosive potential of various commercial energy drinks (EDs), sports drinks (SDs), and sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) and to correlate quantitative changes in tooth enamel volume loss based on the pH and titratable acidity of the drinks. Methods: A flat plane on the facial surface of 36 human incisor teeth was created and embedded in sample holders using resin. After pre-scanning with a profilometer (Proscan 2000, Scantron, Ind Products Ltd., Taunton, UK), the six samples per group were immersed for 4 h into either Monster Energy™ (ED), Rockstar™ (ED), Red Bull™ (ED), or 5-h Energy™ (ED) and, for comparison with a sports drink, Gatorade™ (SD) and a sugar sweetened beverage, Coca-Cola® (SSB). After immersion and post-scanning, the quantitative volume loss of the tooth enamel of the 36 samples was calculated (Proscan 3D software V2.1.1.15B), and the pH and titratable acidity (TA) of each drink was determined. Results: All drinks tested caused enamel volume loss. The actual amount varied among the different drinks, from 0.39 mm3 for Red Bull™, up to 1.01 mm3 for Gatorade™. The pH measurements differed for each drink, ranging from 2.6 to 3.7. There was a small reverse correlation of 0.326 between the pH of all drinks and volume loss. Among the energy drinks, titratable acidity was similar and there was only a weak correlation between TA and volume loss (0.319 at p = 0.53). Conclusions: Energy drinks, sugar sweetened beverages, and sport drinks all have the potential to cause enamel tooth surface loss resulting in demineralization. Therefore, the pH of a drink cannot be the sole determinant for choosing a less harmful commercial beverage.
In Situ versus Systemic Immune Response in the Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Carvalho Augusto M. , Costa Rúbia S. , Lago Alexsandro , Bacellar Olívia , Beiting Daniel P. , Scott Phillip , Carvalho Lucas P. , Carvalho Edgar M.
Published: February 2024

The role of the immune response in the pathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is predominantly carried out via blood cells. Here, we evaluate whether cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) reflects what has been documented at the lesion site. The participants included 22 CL patients diagnosed with a positive PCR. PBMCs were stimulated for 72 h with a soluble leishmania antigen (SLA). Biopsies obtained from the edge of the ulcers were incubated for the same period. Cytokines in supernatants were assessed via ELISA. TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and granzyme B (GzmB) were higher in the supernatants of biopsies than in PBMCs, but IFN-γ was higher in the supernatants of PBMCs than in biopsies. There was a positive correlation between IFN-γ and TNF in PBMCs, and an inverse correlation between TNF and IL-10 in the cells from the lesion site. A strong correlation between IL-1β, IL-17, and GzmB was observed in the biopsies, and a positive correlation was detected between these cytokines and the lesion size. Our results indicate that the immune response in L. braziliensis lesions is different from that observed in peripheral blood, and our data suggest that in addition to IL-1β and GzmB, IL-17 participates in the pathology of CL.
Opioid Prescribing for Noncancer Patients—Issues of Drug Therapy Safety: Results from a German Study Based on Routine Data
Authors: Lappe Veronika , Grandt Daniel , Marschall Ursula , Schubert Ingrid
Published: February 2024

Opioids are highly effective drugs but need close monitoring to avoid harm to patients. The aim of this study was to analyze how guideline recommendations are met for (i) the avoidance of the concomitant use of anxiolytics, hypnotics, or sedatives; (ii) the prescribing of laxatives in long-term opioid treatment; (iii) the co-prescribing of drugs to control the emetic effect of opioids; (iv) pretreatment with non-opioids; and (v) screening for depression when initiating opioids. The results are based on a routine data analysis of a large German health insurance fund. Different study populations of noncancer patients (18+ years old) treated with opioids were analyzed: 10.4% of the opioid recipients in 2021 received at least one concomitant prescription with anxiolytics, hypnotics, or sedatives; 69.3% of those with long-term opioid treatment received at least one laxative prescription. Of those with first-time opioid prescriptions, 4.8% received an antiemetic drug; 47.3% of those with a newly initiated opioid therapy received a non-opioid prescription within three months before the start of the opioid therapy; and 22.0% of patients with incident opioid prescription had at least one documentation of a depression diagnosis within three months of the first prescription. There is an urgent need to improve opioid prescribing to avoid risky combinations and adverse effects.
A Segmented Hybrid Algorithm for Beam Shaping Combining Iterative and Simulated Annealing Approaches
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyu , Zhang Qi , Chen Genxiang
Published: February 2024

In recent years, laser technology has made significant advancements, yet there are specific requirements for the energy concentration and uniformity of lasers in various fields, such as optical communication, laser processing, 3D printing, etc. Beam shaping technology enables the transformation of ordinary Gaussian-distributed laser beams into square or circular flat-top uniform beams. Currently, LCOS-based beam shaping algorithms do not adequately meet these requirements, and most of these algorithms do not simultaneously consider the impact of phase quantization and zero-padding, leading to a decrease in the practicality of phase holograms. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel segmented beam shaping algorithm that combines iterative and simulated annealing approaches. This paper validated the reliability of the proposed algorithm through numerical simulations. Compared to other algorithms, the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the root mean square error by an average of nearly 37% and decrease the uniformity error by almost 39% without a significant decrease in diffraction efficiency.
Dielectric Waveguide-Based Sensors with Enhanced Evanescent Field: Unveiling the Dynamic Interaction with the Ambient Medium for Biosensing and Gas-Sensing Applications—A Review
Authors: Butt Muhammad A.
Published: February 2024

Photonic sensors utilize light–matter interaction to detect physical parameters accurately and efficiently. They exploit the interaction between photons and matter, with light propagating through an optical waveguide, creating an evanescent field beyond its surface. This field interacts with the surrounding medium, enabling the sensitive detection of changes in the refractive index or nearby substances. By modulating light properties like intensity, wavelength, or phase, these sensors detect target substances or environmental changes. Advancements in this technology enhance sensitivity, selectivity, and miniaturization, making photonic sensors invaluable across industries. Their ability to facilitate sensitive, non-intrusive, and remote monitoring fosters the development of smart, connected systems. This overview delves into the material platforms and waveguide structures crucial for developing highly sensitive photonic devices tailored for gas and biosensing applications. It is emphasized that both the material platform and waveguide geometry significantly impact the sensitivity of these devices. For instance, utilizing a slot waveguide geometry on silicon-on-insulator substrates not only enhances sensitivity but also reduces the device’s footprint. This configuration proves particularly promising for applications in biosensing and gas sensing due to its superior performance characteristics.
Detection of Water Surface Acoustic Waves Using Sinusoidal Phase Modulation Interferometer and Prenormalized PGC-Arctan Algorithm
Authors: Zhang Lieshan , Fang Wenjun , Yang Liang , Chen Jiayi , Li Xueyan
Published: February 2024

A sinusoidal phase modulation laser interferometer is proposed to detect water surface acoustic waves excited by underwater acoustic radiation, and an improved PGC-Arctan demodulation algorithm that combines prenormalization and Lissajous ellipse fitting is proposed to demodulate detection signals. In this paper, the effects of phase modulation depth, carrier phase delay, and interference signal visibility on the Lissajous figure formed by quadrature interference components are analyzed. The demodulation algorithm first uses the amplitudes of multiple Fourier spectral components of an interference signal to calculate the phase modulation depth C, and calculation of the carrier phase delay Vc is achieved through the introduction of a quadrature carrier signal. Then, certain coefficients regarding C and Vc are constructed for prenormalization of the two quadrature interference signal components to eliminate the local nonuniform widening phenomenon of Lissajous ellipse. Next, the outer and the inner contours are extracted from a uniformly widened Lissajous ellipse resulting from light intensity disturbance, and the axial ratio of the ellipse is obtained, which is used to correct the ratio of the quadrature interference signal to eliminate the effect of filter gain coefficients. At last, through the combination of an Arctan algorithm and a phase-unwrapping algorithm, high-precision demodulation of the interference signal is realized. A sinusoidal phase modulation interferometer was set up to detect water surface acoustic waves, and a series of detection experiments were carried out. The experiment results show that the detection method and demodulation algorithm described in this paper can accurately realize the measurement of weak water surface acoustic waves. The proposed algorithm shows less distortion in demodulation results, and its signal-to-noise distortion ratio is less than 20 dB at 500 Hz, which is significantly better than traditional algorithms. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of water surface acoustic wave detection using sinusoidal phase modulation interferometer.
Effect of Molecular Architecture of Surface-Active Organosilicon Macromers on Their Colloidal Properties in Relation to Heterophasic Radical Polymerization of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate
Authors: Gostenin Valeriy Borisovich , Shulgin Anton Mikhailovich , Shikhovtseva Irina Sergeevna , Kalinina Alexandra Alexandrovna , Gritskova Inessa Alexandrovna , Zubov Vitaliy Pavlovich
Published: February 2024

The effects of the molecular architecture of water-insoluble organosilicon polymerizable surfactant macromers (SAMs) on their colloidal-chemical characteristics and on their efficiency in heterophase radical polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate were studied. It was shown that despite considerable differences in the structure of three synthesized oligomers (linear α,ω-dipropylmethacrylatepolydimethylsiloxane with a number of repeated siloxane units n = 20—l-SAM; branched γ-methacryloxypropyl containing dimethylsiloxane oligomer—b-SAM; and “spherical” oligo-(γ-methacryloxypropyl)silsesquioxane—s-SAM), the colloidal-chemical characteristics (interfacial tension, layer thickness, adsorption, etc.) were rather similar. In particular, they all form “thick” multimolecular adsorption layers on the toluene–water interphase. All three SAMs were shown to act as effective colloidal stabilizers in heterophase radical polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate, which resulted in one-step preparation of large (0.5–1.5 µm) polymer particles with narrow particle size distribution. The obtained results are consistent with the published data on the use of water-insoluble polymerizable oligomers of various chemical structures on the heterophase radical polymerization. The use of these colloidal stabilizers may be considered as an effective way to obtain stable suspensions with large particles and narrow particle size distribution.
Analyzing the Influence of Conservation Tillage and Manure on Soil Parameter Modulations in Croplands
Authors: Dugan Ivan , Pereira Paulo , Kisic Ivica , Matisic Manuel , Bogunovic Igor
Published: February 2024

Nowadays, when the human impact on the environment becomes prominent daily, specific steps are needed to mitigate or halt those changes. By far, agricultural land is most affected by the degradation process, leading to soil erosion and decreased soil quality. Sustainable measures are needed to find a solution to that problem. This study, located in an agricultural area in northwestern Croatia, gives an insight into how different tillage systems (conventional and conservation) with the addition of manure will affect soil physicochemical properties, hydrology response, and overall yield. To assess hydrological response, a rainfall simulator was used; meanwhile, soil samples were taken to determine bulk density, soil water content, water-stable aggregates, and soil organic matter. Soil water content did not show significant differences, whereas bulk density and penetration resistance yielded significantly higher values at 15–30 cm depth compared to 0–15 cm depth. Also, the conservation manure recorded lower bulk density and penetration resistance values than conventional tilled treatments. Water-stable aggregates and soil organic matter were severely affected by manure addition and yielded an increase after harvest. Hydrological response was delayed for the treatments with manure addition. Crop yield was also significantly higher for the conventional treatment with manure addition, whereas the control plots had lower yields. The results of this study show the positive aspects of conservation tillage, especially with manure addition, where soil quality is preserved or even increased.
Mechanical and Thermal Analysis of Duroplastic Matrix Composites over a Range of Temperatures
Authors: Krzak Anna , Nowak Agnieszka J. , Heljak Marcin , Antonowicz Jerzy , Garg Tushar , Sumption Michael
Published: February 2024

It is commonly acknowledged that polymer composites in service are often subjected to not only intricate mechanical loads but also harsh environmental conditions. The mechanical and thermal properties of five particular composites are explored here. The composites are composed of laminates of glass cloth type “E” sheet infilled with a duroplastic matrix. This is a thermoset polymer—epoxy resin with different molecular weights. The composites were fabricated by IZOERG company, which is based in Poland. The final articles were 1.5 mm thick by 60 cm long and 30 cm wide, with the glass layers arranged parallel to the thickness. Young’s modulus and tensile strength were measured at room temperature. Using the thermal analysis of dynamic mechanical properties (DMTA), the values of the storage modulus and the loss modulus were determined, and the damping factor was used to determine the glass transition temperature (Tg). It was revealed that the nature of changes in the storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping factor of composite materials depends on the type of epoxy resin used. Thermal expansion is a crucial parameter when choosing a material for application in cryogenic conditions. Thanks to the TMA method, thermal expansion coefficients for composite materials were determined. The results show that the highest value of the coefficient of thermal expansion leads the laminate EP_4_2 based on brominated epoxy resin cured with novolac P. Duroplastic composites were characterized at cryogenic temperatures, and the results are interesting for developing cryogenic applications, including electric motors, generators, magnets, and other devices.
Tuning the Topography of Dynamic 3D Scaffolds through Functional Protein Wrinkled Coatings
Authors: Oguntade Elizabeth , Fougnier Daniel , Meyer Sadie , O’Grady Kerrin , Kudlack Autumn , Henderson James H.
Published: February 2024

Surface wrinkling provides an approach to fabricate micron and sub-micron-level biomaterial topographies that can mimic features of the dynamic, in vivo cell environment and guide cell adhesion, alignment, and differentiation. Most wrinkling research to date has used planar, two-dimensional (2D) substrates, and wrinkling work on three-dimensional (3D) structures has been limited. To enable wrinkle formation on architecturally complex, biomimetic 3D structures, here, we report a simple, low-cost experimental wrinkling approach that combines natural silk fibroin films with a recently developed advanced manufacturing technique for programming strain in complex 3D shape–memory polymer (SMP) scaffolds. By systematically investigating the influence of SMP programmed strain magnitude, silk film thickness, and aqueous media on wrinkle morphology and stability, we reveal how to generate and tune silk wrinkles on the micron and sub-micron scale. We find that increasing SMP programmed strain magnitude increases wavelength and decreases amplitudes of silk wrinkled topographies, while increasing silk film thickness increases wavelength and amplitude. Silk wrinkles persist after 24 h in cell culture medium. Wrinkled topographies demonstrate high cell viability and attachment. These findings suggest the potential for fabricating biomimetic cellular microenvironments that can advance understanding and control of cell–material interactions in engineering tissue constructs.
Optimization of Exergy Efficiency in a Walking Beam Reheating Furnace Based on Numerical Simulation and Entropy Generation Analysis
Authors: Wang Dijie , Zhang Xinru , Zhu Youxin , Jiang Zeyi
Published: February 2024

An analysis of entropy generation and exergy efficiency can effectively explore the energy-saving potential of reheating furnaces. This paper simulated the combustion, flow, and heat transfer in a walking beam reheating furnace by establishing a half-furnace model. The entropy generation rate distribution of different thermal processes was numerically calculated. The effect of slab residence time and fuel distribution in the furnace was studied to optimize exergy efficiency. The results indicated that combustion and radiative heat transfer are the primary sources of entropy generation. Irreversible losses accounted for 26.39% of the total input exergy, in which the combustion process accounted for 16.43%, and radiative heat transfer accounted for 8.47%. Reducing the residence time by 60 min decreased irreversible exergy loss by about 2.5% but increased heat dissipation and exhaust exergy loss by 5.8%. Energy saving can only be achieved when the heat exchanger’s exergy recovery efficiency exceeds 36% under different fuel supplies. Keeping the total fuel supply unchanged, increasing the fuel mass flow rate in heating-I zone while decreasing it in heating-II zone resulted in a 1.5% decrease in exergy efficiency. This study provides new insights into the energy-saving potential of reheating furnaces.
Determining Optimal Assembly Condition for Lens Module Production by Combining Genetic Algorithm and C-BLSTM
Authors: Min Hyegeun , Son Yeonbin , Choi Yerim
Published: February 2024

Mobile camera modules are manufactured by aligning and assembling multiple differently shaped part lenses. Therefore, selecting the part lenses to assemble from candidates (called cavities) and determining the directional angle of each part lens for assembly have been important issues to maximize production yield. Currently, this process is manually conducted by experts at the manufacturing site, and the manual assembly condition optimization carries the risk of reduced production yield and increased failure cost as it largely depends on one’s expertise. Herein, we propose an AI framework that determines the optimal assembly condition including the combination of part lens cavities and the directional angles of part lenses. To achieve this, we combine the genetic algorithm with convolutional bidirectional long-term short-term memory (C-BLSTM). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on lens module production finding the optimal combination of part lens cavities and directional angles at the same time using machine learning methods. Based on experimental results using real-world datasets collected by lens module manufacturers, the proposed framework outperformed existing algorithms with an F1 score of 0.89. Moreover, the proposed method (S2S-AE) for predicting the directional angles exhibited the best performance compared to existing algorithms with an accuracy of 78.19%.
Study on the Wetting Mechanisms of Different Coal Ranks Based on Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Zhang Chen , Zhang Songhang , Tang Shuheng , Zhang Shouren , Li Jianxin
Published: February 2024

The exploration of coal wettability is not only of paramount significance in the mitigation of coal dust and the development of coalbed methane, but it also provides crucial technical support for realizing the geological storage of CO2 within the ‘dual-carbon’ background. Molecular simulation serves as an effective means by which to investigate coal wettability at the microscopic level. This study employed a molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the wettability of coal across 13 distinct coal ranks. Through the analysis of trajectory files, and the incorporation of experimental data during the modeling process, the mechanisms governing the evolution of wettability were revealed. The results demonstrated that the contact angle on the surface of coal increases with the elevation of coal rank. The molecule relative concentration analysis revealed that, with increasing coal rank, the overlap range between water droplets and the coal slab decreases, the height increases, and the diffusion degree of water molecules decreases, which are outcomes consistent with the results of the contact angle measurement. The contact angle was strongly correlated with the number of hydrogen bonds and secondarily correlated with the numbers of carbonyls, hydroxyls, and ether oxygens. The formation of hydrogen bonds was notably correlated with the number of hydroxyls, followed by that of ether oxygens, while its correlations with carbonyls and carboxyls were comparatively weaker. The contact angle exhibited positive correlations with vitrinite reflectance and carbon content, while showing negative correlations with oxygen content, H/C, and O/C. Additionally, it demonstrated positive associations with total sp2 carbon (fa), aromatic carbon (fa′), and non-protonated aromatic carbon (faN), and negative associations with aliphatic carbon (fal) and methylene carbon (falH). Understanding the variations in wettability among different coal ranks can provide a foundational model and theoretical basis for further exploration of the complex interactions among coal, gas, and water across various coal ranks.
Do Mixed Religions Make Families More Generous? An Empirical Analysis Based on a Large-Scale Survey of Chinese Families
Authors: Zeng Sheng , Zhou Rui
Published: February 2024

This study focuses on the relationship between mixed religions and family donations in China as the object of analysis, where individual donations are primarily in the form of family contributions. Although there is considerable research on the relationship between religion and individual donations, the academic community has yet to clarify the connection between mixed religions and family donations. Based on the large-scale survey data from the 2020 China Family Panel Studies, this study employs econometric models such as probit and tobit models to examine the relationship. To mitigate endogeneity and enhance the robustness of the conclusions, this research also conducts instrumental variable analysis and robustness analysis. The study finds that the influence of mixed religions on family donations is greater than that of non-mixed religions, but this influence is more pronounced in families with higher donation levels. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that mixed religions have a greater impact on donations in families headed by individuals aged 41–59, females, those with no religious affiliation, residents of urban areas, and families in the western and northeastern regions. Furthermore, the impact of mixed religions on family donations is higher only when there is a combination of one or three religions. Additional analysis indicates that households with lower educational attainment, non-Party members, individuals suffering from illnesses, and unmarried females are more likely to choose mixed religions.
Aggressive Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis in a Young Woman with a Past Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Luciani Filippo , Caroleo Maria Cristina , Zanolini Alfredo , Taranto Lucio , Pasqua Pino , Petrone Alfredo , Colosimo Manuela , Cannataro Roberto , Cione Erika
Published: February 2024

Vaccine- induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT) is a rare adverse event occurring after immunization with adenoviral vector-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. This life-threatening condition is characterized by thrombocytopenia, systemic activation of coagulation, and anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies, often resulting in extensive venous thrombosis. Arterial thrombosis is less common and mainly affects the aorta, peripheral arteries, heart, and brain. Several cases of ischemic stroke have been reported in VITT patients, frequently being associated with large vessel occlusion (LVO). Here, we present a case of aggressive VITT in a 46-year-old woman with a past mild SARS-CoV-2 infection, who was admitted with a left-middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory stroke and thrombocytopenia eight days after her first dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. The patient developed a diffuse arterial thrombosis with concomitant thrombotic events in the intrahepatic portal branches. The patient’s clinical condition worsened rapidly due to a significant enlargement of the ischemic cerebral lesion in the left hemisphere, cerebral herniation, and incipient hydrocephalus requiring decompressive neurosurgery with an unfavorable outcome. Our observations may be indicative of a stroke variant in VITT and highlight the diverse clinical manifestations of the syndrome.
Evaluation of Precision Ingredient Inclusion on Production Efficiency Responses in Finishing Beef Cattle
Authors: Hanson Santana R. , DeHaan Erin. R. , Francis Forest L. , Rusche Warren C. , Smith Zachary K.
Published: February 2024

Two randomized complete block design experiments evaluated the influence that varying degrees of ingredient inclusion accuracy in a finishing diet have on growth performance and carcass traits. Treatments included (1) normal inclusion tolerance with a 0.454 kg tolerance for all ingredients (CON) or (2) variable inclusion tolerance where each ingredient was randomly increased or decreased but the targeted as-fed quantity for the daily delivery was met (VAR). In Experiment. 1, black Angus heifers (n = 60; initial shrunk BW = 460 ± 26.2 kg) were used in a 112 d experiment. Ten pens in total (5 pens/treatment, 6 heifers/pen) were used. The targeted diet (DM basis) consisted of high-moisture ear corn (75%), dried distiller’s grains (20%), and a liquid supplement (5%). As-fed inclusion rates for DDGS and LS varied from formulated targets by −20, −15, −10, −5, 0, +5, +10, +15 or +20%. The HMEC inclusion was adjusted so that the targeted as-fed amount of the diet was delivered daily. Treatment did not alter ADG, DMI, G:F, HCW, dressing percentage, rib-eye area, rib fat, USDA marbling score, KPH, yield grade, retail yield, empty body fat, or body weight at 28% estimated EBF, nor liver abscess prevalence or severity (p ≥ 0.15). In Exp. 2, Charolais–Angus cross steers (n = 128; initial shrunk BW = 505 ± 32.1 kg) were used in a 94 d experiment. Steers were assigned to pens (8 pens/treatment; 8 steers/pen) and one of the two management strategies used in Exp. 1 was employed. Ractopamine HCl was fed (300 mg per head daily) during the final 28 d. Diets consisted of (DM basis) dry-rolled corn (63%), dried distiller’s grains plus solubles (15%), liquid supplement (5%), grass hay (7%), and corn silage (10%). Ingredient inclusions were randomized in the same manner as Exp. 1, except LS inclusion was held constant. Corn silage inclusion was adjusted so that the targeted as-fed amount of the diet was delivered each day. Steers from VAR had increased (p = 0.01) DMI, but similar (p = 0.75) ADG resulting in reduced (p ≤ 0.02) G:F and growth-performance-predicted Net Energy for maintenance and gain. Treatment did not influence (p ≥ 0.38) HCW, dressing percentage, rib-eye area, rib fat, KPH, yield grade, retail yield, empty body fat, or body weight at 28% estimated EBF. A tendency for an increased USDA marbling score (p = 0.08) was noted in VAR. Under the conditions of this experiment, randomly altering ingredient proportions can impact growth performance and efficiency measures depending upon the type of finishing diet fed.
An Intermodulation Radar for Non-Linear Target and Transceiver Detection
Authors: Pisa Stefano , Trifiletti Alessandro , Tommasino Pasquale , Monsurrò Pietro , Tognolatti Piero , Leuzzi Giorgio , Di Carlofelice Alessandro , Di Giampaolo Emidio
Published: February 2024

The design and the characterization of a non-linear target to test an intermodulation radar was performed using the AWR design environment Version 22 by Cadence software. Two experimental setups for intermodulation measurements were realized in order to characterize connectorized or antenna-equipped devices. Both setups were modeled using the VSS software available inside AWR Version 22. The comparison between measurements and simulations on the designed target showed a very good agreement. Intermodulation measurements were performed on connectorized devices present inside electronic systems and on various transceiver available on the market. This experimental study evidenced that the non-linearities of devices such as amplifiers and mixers are visible at their access ports even when the device is switched off. Moreover, this study highlights the ability of an intermodulation radar to remotely detect the presence of a particular transceiver, even when the latter is switched off, thanks to the specific frequency response of its intermodulation products.
Exploring the Beam Squint Effects on Reflectarray Performance: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Specular and Scattered Reflection of the Unit Cell
Authors: Elahi Manzoor , Altaf Amir , Koziel Slawomir , Pietrenko-Dabrowska Anna
Published: February 2024

In this article, the phenomena of beam deviation in reflectarray is discussed. The radiation pattern of the unit cell, which plays a vital role in shaping the beam of the reflectarray, is analyzed by considering undesired specular and scattered reflections. These unwanted reflections adversely affect the pattern of the single unit cell, thereby reducing the overall performance of the reflectarray. To conduct our investigations, three cases of reflectarray—i.e., (i) a center-fed with broadside beam (Case-I), (ii) a center-fed with the beam at 30° (Case-II), and (iii) off-center-fed with the beam at 30° reciprocal to feed position with reference to the broadside direction (Case-III)—are simulated. Different degrees of beam deviation are analyzed in each reflectarray by assessing the radiation pattern of a single element. The simulation results shows that maximum of 0°, 3.4°, and 0.54° beam squint across the bandwidth found in Case-I, Case-II, and Case-III, respectively; this leads to aperture efficiencies of 31.2%, 11.9%, and 31.2%, respectively. The significance of specular reflections is further confirmed by half (left half and right half) aperture analysis of Case-II. This involves simulating the half-plane aperture illuminated by horn antenna, resulting in a distinct beam angle at the same frequency. However, deviations of −4.71 to +4.1 for the left half aperture and −1.82 to +1.1 for the right half aperture are noticed. Although the analysis specifically focuses on the three cases of the reflectarray, the proposed methodology is applicable to any type of reflectarray. The study presented in this work provides an important insight into the practical aspects of reflectarray operation, particularly in terms of quantifying undesirable effects that are normally overlooked in the design of this class of arrays. To achieve a good performance, a new design of the dielectric loaded horn feed is proposed. This design approach is both simple and applicable to any reflectarray, with the added benefit of maintaining a low profile for the RA. Moreover, this work holds significant potential for remote sensing satellite systems as beam deviation can adversely impact data collection accuracy and compromise observation precision, resulting in distorted images, reduced data quality, and overall hindrance to the system’s performance in capturing reliable information.