bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges to link climate change data provision and user needs: Perspective from the COST‐action VALUE
Authors: Rössler O. , Fischer A. M. , Huebener H. , Maraun D. , Benestad R. E. , Christodoulides P. , Soares P. M. M. , Cardoso R. M. , Pagé C. , Kanamaru H. , Kreienkamp F. , Vlachogiannis D.
Published: April 2017

The application of climate change impact assessment (CCIA) studies in general and especially the linkages between different actor groups typically involved is often not trivial and subject to many limitations and uncertainties. Disciplinary issues like competing downscaling approaches, imperfect climate and impact model data and uncertainty propagation as well as the selection of appropriate data sets are only one part of the story. Interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary challenges add to these, as climate data and impact model data provision and their usage require at least a minimum of common work and shared understanding among actors. Here, we provide the VALUE perspective on current disciplinary challenges and limitations at the downscaling interface and elaborate transdisciplinary issues that hamper a proper working downscaling interface. The perspective is partly based on a survey on user needs of downscaled data that was distributed among 62 participants across Europe involving 22 sectors. Partly, it is based on the exchanges and experiences gained during the lifetime of VALUE that brought together different actor groups of different disciplines: climate modellers, impact modellers, statisticians and stakeholders. We outline a sketch that summarizes the linkages between the main identified actor groups: climate model data providers, impact modellers and societal users. We summarize review and structure current actors groups, needs and issues. We argue that this structuring enables involved actors to tackle these issues in a more organized and hence effective way. A key solution to several difficulties at the downscaling interface is to our understanding the development of guidelines based on benchmark tests like the VALUE framework. In addition, fostering communication between actor groups—and financing this communication—is essential to obtain the best possible CCIA as a prerequisite for robust adaptation.
An efficient process for obtaining prebiotic oligosaccharides derived from lactulose using isomerized and purified whey permeate
Authors: Sabater Carlos , Olano Agustín , Prodanov Marin , Montilla Antonia , Corzo Nieves
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

One of the most promising uses of whey permeate (WP) is the synthesis of prebiotic oligosaccharides. Herein, commercial WP was submitted to chemical isomerization catalysed by sodium borate at an alkaline pH and subsequent purification using anion‐exchange resins to remove boron. Subsequently, purified mixtures were used to synthesize prebiotic oligosaccharides using β‐galactosidase from Bacillus circulans.

RESULTS

Isomerization of concentrated WP (200 g L−1 lactose) gave rise to levels of lactulose up to 155.5 g L−1 after 30 min of reaction (molar ratio of boron/lactose, 1/1; pH 12; 70 °C). Boron was removed from the isomerized WP (IWP) using the combination of a strong acid (IR‐120, H+) and a weak base (IRA‐743) anion‐exchange resins, reducing its level to <1 ppm, without loss of lactulose. During the transglycosylation reaction of purified IWP (lactose/lactulose ratio, 1/2.4) maximum content of prebiotic compounds was achieved, i.e. 690 g kg−1 WP after 3 h of reaction.

CONCLUSION

This study shows that combined chemical–enzymatic reactions together with the purification of IWP results in an efficient synthesis of prebiotic oligosaccharides. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Identifying a subset of patients with DCIS who have a low likelihood of residual disease at surgical excision following a core needle biopsy
Authors: Murphy Brittany L. , Gonzalez Alexandra B. , Conners Amy L. , Henrichsen Tara L. , Keeney Michael G. , Chen Beiyun , Nguyen Toan T. , Harmsen William S. , Habermann Elizabeth B. , Shah Harsh N. , Jakub James W.
Published: April 2017

Background and Objectives

Current randomized controlled trials are investigating the outcomes of non‐surgical treatment for patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We sought to evaluate pre‐operative factors associated with no residual disease at definitive resection following a core needle biopsy (CNB) diagnosis of DCIS.

Methods

Eight hundred and thirty‐four operations for DCIS were performed at our institution between January 2004 and October 2014. We evaluated patient and biopsy tumor characteristics to determine pre‐operative factors associated with no residual disease at surgical resection using uni‐ and multivariable analyses.

Results

Sixty‐nine patients (8%) had no residual disease on final pathology. On multivariable analysis, low‐ or intermediate‐grade lesions, <1 cm in size on mammography, and lesions where ≥90% of calcifications were removed correlated with finding no residual disease on final pathology, c‐statistic 0.84. Of the 14 patients with all three low‐risk factors, 36% had no residual disease on final pathology.

Conclusions

Although our multivariable analysis performed well, its clinical utility would be limited as we were unable to identify a subset of patients with DCIS in whom the probability of finding no residual disease is low enough to consider routine use of non‐surgical management.
A Dendritic Amphiphile for Efficient Control of Biomimetic Calcium Phosphate Mineralization
Authors: Hentrich Doreen , Taabache Soraya , Brezesinski Gerald , Lange Nele , Unger Wolfgang , Kübel Christian , Bertin Annabelle , Taubert Andreas
Published: April 2017

The phase behavior of a dendritic amphiphile containing a Newkome‐type dendron as the hydrophilic moiety and a cholesterol unit as the hydrophobic segment is investigated at the air–liquid interface. The amphiphile forms stable monomolecular films at the air–liquid interface on different subphases. Furthermore, the mineralization of calcium phosphate beneath the monolayer at different calcium and phosphate concentrations versus mineralization time shows that at low calcium and phosphate concentrations needles form, whereas flakes and spheres dominate at higher concentrations. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron diffraction confirm the formation of calcium phosphate. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction confirm the predominant formation of octacalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite. The data also indicate that the final products form via a complex multistep reaction, including an association step, where nano‐needles aggregate into larger flake‐like objects.

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Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1‐alpha does not regulate osteoclastogenesis but enhances bone resorption activity via prolyl‐4‐hydroxylase 2
Authors: Hulley Philippa A , Bishop Tammie , Vernet Aude , Schneider Jurgen E , Edwards James R , Athanasou Nick A , Knowles Helen J
Published: April 2017

Osteogenic–angiogenic coupling is promoted by the hypoxia‐inducible factor 1‐alpha (HIF‐1α) transcription factor, provoking interest in HIF activation as a therapeutic strategy to improve osteoblast mineralization and treat pathological osteolysis. However, HIF also enhances the bone‐resorbing activity of mature osteoclasts. It is therefore essential to determine the full effect(s) of HIF on both the formation and the bone‐resorbing function of osteoclasts in order to understand how they might respond to such a strategy. Expression of HIF‐1α mRNA and protein increased during osteoclast differentiation from CD14+ monocytic precursors, additionally inducing expression of the HIF‐regulated glycolytic enzymes. However, HIF‐1α siRNA only moderately affected osteoclast differentiation, accelerating fusion of precursor cells. HIF induction by inhibition of the regulatory prolyl‐4‐hydroxylase (PHD) enzymes reduced osteoclastogenesis, but was confirmed to enhance bone resorption by mature osteoclasts. Phd2+/− murine osteoclasts also exhibited enhanced bone resorption, associated with increased expression of resorption‐associated Acp5, in comparison with wild‐type cells from littermate controls. Phd3−/− bone marrow precursors displayed accelerated early fusion, mirroring results with HIF‐1α siRNA. In vivo, Phd2+/− and Phd3−/− mice exhibited reduced trabecular bone mass, associated with reduced mineralization by Phd2+/− osteoblasts. These data indicate that HIF predominantly functions as a regulator of osteoclast‐mediated bone resorption, with little effect on osteoclast differentiation. Inhibition of HIF might therefore represent an alternative strategy to treat diseases characterized by pathological levels of osteolysis. © 2017 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Evaluation of the James Initiation Criterion in the 21 mm and 50 mm PMMA Gap Test
Authors: Wurster Sebastian
Published: April 2017

The gap test has been used for several decades as a measure for the shock sensitivity of high explosives. Normally the axial pressure in the gap is used as the necessary initiation pressure of a high explosive for a shock to detonation transition. But it has been shown in the past that the pressure in the gap is not a suitable measure for shock sensitivity and other criteria like the James criterion in terms of critical energy fluence and critical specific kinetic energy should be used. To evaluate the James criterion in the 21 mm and 50 mm polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) gap test numerical simulations are conducted. To validate the simulations a 21 mm water gap test is simulated and compared to experimental results, where the axial pressure calibration can be reproduced with high accuracy. With the results from the simulation of the 21 mm and 50 mm gap test it is shown that at the same maximum axial pressure the energy fluence is higher in the 50 mm gap test. This explains to some extent the higher initiation pressures observed in smaller gap tests. The James criterion is derived and it is shown that the two gap tests probe very different regions in the energy fluence vs. specific kinetic energy plane. The results can be used as a calibration for the gap tests and are intended to improve the comparability of gap test results among each other and with different initiation experiments like flyer or heavy fragment impact testing.
Empyema associated with Campylobacter curvus infection
Authors: Horio Yukihiro , Shiraishi Yoshiki , Watanabe Nobuo , Inoue Shigeaki , Imanishi Tadashi , Asano Koichiro
Published: April 2017

We report the first case of thoracic empyema associated with Campylobacter curvus infection. A 65‐year‐old woman with a history of bronchiectasis presented with acute cough and phlegm. The patient reported dyspnoea and left chest pain accompanied by left pleural effusion, despite treatment with sitafloxacin. Curved Gram‐negative rods, eventually identified as C. curvus using 16S ribosomal RNA‐ and
atpA
‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing, were cultured in anaerobic condition of pleural effusion together with Peptostreptococci. The patient recovered after thoracic drainage and treatment with ampicillin/sulbactam and clindamycin. C. curvus, an anaerobe present in human oral cavity, can be associated with extra‐oral infections such as empyema.
Stability of multigroup‐coupled models by stochastic perturbations
Authors: Zhang Chaolong , Deng Feiqi , Zhao Xueyan , Ren Hongwei
Published: April 2017

This paper focuses on stability of multigroup‐coupled models by stochastic perturbation. Based on combining graph theory with stochastic differential equation, new methods are obtained, and sufficient conditions onpth moment exponentially stable and almost surely exponentially stable for the multigroup‐coupled models with stochastic perturbations are provided. These results are use for examining the stability of multigroup‐coupled models by stochastic perturbations. The results show that the random part plays an important role in the stability of the multigroup‐coupled models. It can be designed more easily in practice. At last, an example is worked out to demonstrate the effectiveness and advantage of the theoretical results. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
C‐H Bond Activation Induced by Group 4 Metal Nitrogen Bond to Form Acetimidamide Metal Complexes
Authors: Bhattacharjee Jayeeta , Panda Tarun K.
Published: April 2017

A group 4 metal nitrogen bond is inserted into the carbon‐nitrogen double bond of N,N’ di‐tert‐butylcarbodiimide to afford dimeric metal complexes of molecular formula [κ2‐{Me3C‐NC(=NCMe3)CH2NMe}M(NMe2)2]2 [M=Zr (1); and Hf (2)] supported by the N,N′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐(methylamino)acetimidamide ligand. Metal‐nitrogen mediated C‐H bond activation α in the nitrogen atom leads to the formation of acetimidamide complexes. An analogous reaction with zirconium and hafnium tetrakis(amide) with di‐tert‐butylcarbodiimides under hydrous conditions leads to insertion of the [M(NMe2)2O]2 moiety into complexes 1 and 2 to form another class of complexes formulated as [κ2‐{Me3CNC(=NCMe3)CH2N−Me}M(NMe2)2{M(μ‐O)NMe2}2]2 (M=Zr (3), Hf (4). The molecular structures of complexes 1, 3, and 4 in their solid states are reported here.
With a little help from my child: A dyad approach to immigrant mothers' and adolescents' socio‐cultural adaptation
Authors: Titzmann Peter F. , Gniewosz Burkhard
Published: April 2017

Intergenerational adjustment theories suggest that immigrant adolescents may be particularly influential in their families, as they take on family obligations and serve as language brokers. Empirical research in this regard is, however, scarce. One aim of this study was to test whether adolescents' linguistic competence in German adds to the explanation of maternal socio‐cultural adaptation difficulties in Germany. Another aim was to investigate whether the association between adolescents' linguistic competence and maternal socio‐cultural adaptation difficulties differs depending on adolescents' involvement in family obligations. The sample comprised 185 ethnic German immigrant mother‐adolescent dyads from the former Soviet Union (15.7 years old; 60% female). Results of Actor‐Partner Interdependence Models, which were developed for dyad data analysis, indicated that mothers of adolescents with a good command of German indeed report fewer socio‐cultural adaptation difficulties. The transmission effect from adolescent to mother was particularly pronounced when the adolescent was heavily involved in family obligations.
Transnational Mobility, the International Law of Aliens, and the
Origins of Global Migration Law
Authors: Mégret Frédéric
Published: April 2017

To speak of a “global migration law” is challenging, perhaps even
quite provocative, in an era in which walls are being continuously erected at
borders and seas transformed into mass graves. The ambition of international law
often seems to be to rescue what can still be saved: the refugee regime for
example, or minimally decent treatment of migrants once under the jurisdiction
of a third country. A global law of migration, then, might be as much if not
more the law of obstacles to human mobility than a body of law premised on a
more fundamental commitment to freedom of movement.
Walther Schücking
Authors: James Brown Scott
Published: April 2017

Walther Schücking's career is a reassurance in our day that right in the long run—in his case in his lifetime—makes right, and that a martyr in his native country is a model to the outside world,—and in his case in his own country as well.
Qualified Neutrality
Authors: Baty Thomas
Published: April 2017

It is interesting to know that a hundred years before the well-known attempt of Great Britain to stop corn on its way to the French, on the ground ridiculed by Woolsey, that the republic had incorporated its whole laboring class in its army, a similar attempt was made under Queen Anne, though not on the same ground, but rather as an appeal ad misericordiam. Henry Boyle, Secretary of State, wrote on April 12,1709, to Daniel Pulteney, then British Minister in Denmark (see Record Office, Foreign Entry Book, 4) as follows.
War in the Scheme of National and International Life
Authors: Rodgers William L.
Published: April 2017

At the recent annual dinner of the American Society of International Law I listened with much interest to the eloquent and impassioned address of Judge Florence E. Allen, of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals, asserting that the conservation of peace has not hitherto been, and should be made, the principal objective in the development of international law. I think that her views might be summarized not unfairly in the form of a syllogism. Undeniable is its major premise that war is cruel, costly in life and resources, full of horror—a terrible infliction on those who resort to it. The minor premise is that means exist and others may be discovered whereby disputes may always be settled and peace enforced without recourse to war. And so comes the conclusion that all these means should be sought for, discovered and used, after which war will be unnecessary and will disappear from the world, leaving us under the rule of perpetual physical peace, no matter what may be the mental and emotional differences between nations.
Research Fellowships in Legal Aspects of Space Activity
Authors: E. H. F.
Published: April 2017

Under the study programs financed by the Ford Foundation grant, noted above, the American Society of International Law is offering a small number of research fellowships for studies of the legal aspects of space activities.
Collective Security Distinguished from Intervention
Authors: Murdock James Oliver
Published: April 2017

In an era of propaganda warfare it is dangerous to condone the misuse of words. Words with a well-defined legal meaning, such as “intervention,” should not be loosely used in a non-technical sense outside the context in which they have been developed.
De Jure Naturae et Gentium
Authors: Rubin Alfred P.
Published: April 2017

The doctrinal approach of international lawyers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been viewed by some as rigid.
The Decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Communities
Authors: Riesenfeld Stefan A.
Published: April 2017

This note is meant to take the place of a review of the first six volumes of the Reports of the Decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Communities which are published in the four official languages of the European economic communities and contain the decisions rendered during the years 1954–1960.
Third Hispano-Luso-American Congress of International Law
Authors: Kunz Josef L.
Published: April 2017

In 1951 the first Hispano-Luso-American Congress took place at Madrid. There was also created the Hispano-Luso-American Institute of International Law.
Prizes Instituted by James Brown Scott in Memory of His Mother and his Sister Jeannette Scott
Authors: E. H. F.
Published: April 2017

The Institute of International Law has announced the subject for the Samuel Pufendorf Prize (1200 Swiss francs) to be awarded in 1960. The subject chosen is: ’The Position of Third States with Regard to the European Coal and Steel Community.”
World Peace Through Law Conferences
Authors: Rhyne Charles S.
Published: April 2017

Four Continental Conferences sponsored by the American Bar Association recently brought together within a period of ten months lawyers from more than 100 nations to consider ways in which lawyers could work together globally to strengthen international law and legal institutions to make them more of a factor in achieving and maintaining world peace.
The Hague Academy of International Law—1963 Sessions
Authors: E.H.F.
Published: April 2017

Two sessions of lectures at the Hague Academy of International Law will take place in 1963. The first session, from July 8 to 26, 1963, will consist of the following courses: The Function of Arbitration Today, by Professor Louis B. Sohn (United States).
International Legal Materials—Current Documents
Authors: E.H.F.
Published: April 2017

The Society has made available to members and subscribers to the Journal, and others, a compilation in mimeographed form of current official documents entitled “International Legal Materials.”
Contributions to the Society’s Library
Authors: E.H.F.
Published: April 2017

Attention is invited to the policy of the Society’s library to acquire briefs of international law interest submitted to courts and arbitral tribunals in the United States and abroad.
Claims Against Turkey
Authors: Lutz E. Russell
Published: April 2017

In connection with the war conditions which existed in Turkey from 1914 to 1922, a number of international claims arose against the Government of Turkey, including a large number on behalf of citizens of the United States. Negotiations with respect to these latter claims were undertaken by American and Turkish representatives, and on December 24, 1923, the American High Commissioner at Constantinople (Rear Admiral Mark L. Bristol), and the delegate of the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Dr. Adnan Bey), entered into a claims agreement by an exchange of notes which provided.
Self-Determination and Independence: The Case of Puerto Rico
Authors: Martinez Ruben Berrios
Published: April 2017

One of the fundamental objectives that has guided international society during the last twenty to twenty-five years has been the quest for self-determination for all peoples. For many former colonies, the principle of self-determination has already been fulfilled through the acquisition of national independence. For others, self-determination has been delayed, due in large part, to the balance of conflicting forces that have prevailed within international society during this same period of time. But the present interaction of these political and economic forces and their juridical effects at the international level have brought to the surface new expectations for those who still struggle to free themselves from colonialism.
Comecon and the Unification of International Trade Law
Authors: Hoya Thomas W.
Published: April 2017

Comecon has achieved a goal long sought by the West: putting into effect a broad unification of international trade law. In 1958 each Comecon country adopted the Comecon General Conditions for the Delivery of Goods. Since then the General Conditions have regulated with the force of law every contract for the sale of goods between the Comecon countries. These General Conditions are a broad unification of both substantive law and conflict of laws rules.
Toward Legal Restraints on International Terrorism
Authors: Moore John Norton
Published: April 2017

On September 8 of last year Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim requested tlie inclusion in the agenda of the 27th session of the General Assembly of an item on “Measures to prevent terrorism and other forms of violence which endangers or takes innocent human lives or jeopardizes fundamental freedoms.” The Secretary-General’s request was triggered by the kidnaping and killing of eleven Israeli athletes participating in the Olympiad—a time for the brotherhood of man radier than the inhumanity of man. In a larger sense, however, the Secretary-General’s request was a response to an alarming worldwide increase in attacks against civil aviation, internationally protected persons, and the transportation and communication ties which bind us togedier.
Unconventional Violence and International Politics
Authors: Abu-Lughod Ibrahim
Published: April 2017

I find myself in agreement with Professor Dugard’s dissent concerning the title given us for discussion, namely the question of “terrorism.” I have titled my discussion instead “unconventional violence and international politics.”

Violence has constituted an important aspect of international relations for as long as recorded history. Despite all honest and important efforts, legal or otherwise, to control, regulate, and contain the kind of violence, legitimate or illegitimate, that can be utilized by states there is every likelihood that international relations will continue to be governed by the capacities of states to resort to violence in the pursuit of their real or imagined interests.
Comments by Nicholas N. Kittrie
Authors: Kittrie Nicholas N.
Published: April 2017

By way of introduction, I have certain preliminary comments which may be enlightening and provide for a sharper focus on the issues here. I wish to confess that I am an expolitical criminal, and I have not been rehabilitated. I have not been rehabilitated because I have never been caught, so the system never got a chance to rehabilitate me. As a youngster I plastered prohibited posters on the walls of the ancient cities of the Middle East. In my later youth I smuggled prohibited literature into socialist countries. And later yet I saw what I was not supposed to see, and talked to people I was not supposed to talk to, in fascist countries. So consequently I do have a special interest and a feeling for this business of political crime and terror.
Comments by Hussein A. Hassouna
Authors: Hassouna Hussein A.
Published: April 2017

Mr. Ghai has put the problem of expulsion of the British nationals of Asian origin from Uganda in its right perspective: It must be looked at not as a sui generis but as an example of the policy of Africanization being carried out in the whole of Africa. That policy is in conformity with the many UN resolutions adopted by the General Assembly since 1962, on the right of states to permanent sovereignty over all their natural resources.
Comments by Sidney Liskofsky
Authors: Liskofsky Sidney
Published: April 2017

The proposals of Mr. Chalidze and Mr. Chen are intriguing, but I would characterize their innovations as on the “frontier” at this time. Mr. Chalidze proposed the option of exile, in effect, as an alternate form of punishment for both political and common crimes—though, he considered, in practical terms the option would be available only to persons convicted for political acts. Many questions come to mind regarding this proposal, such as the uncertainty of the distinction between political and common crimes, and whether governments might not use the option to impose increasingly severe penalties so as to drive political dissenters into exile. However, I think it more urgent for the present discussion to concentrate on the right to leave as it applies to the ordinary citizen who has not been prosecuted or convicted for illegal acts, political or other, but who wishes to begin his life anew in another country for whatever reason.
Closing Remarks by Mr. Chen: Mr. Chalidze
Authors: Chen  , Chalidze  , Silverstein Arthur
Published: April 2017

Dr. Hassouna questioned the appropriateness of my inclusion of the claims of Jews to return to Israel on the ground that they want to settle there, not to return. This question illustrates the complexity of the group claims for return and the need for clarification. Return implies a certain subjectivity and identification on the part of claimants in relation to the area to which they wish to go. Many Jews outside Israel do believe they have significant ties with Israel and identify it as their homeland. In this sense, claims of Jews to return to Israel were included in the examples of group claims. It was meant to be descriptive, not preferential.
Remarks by Jordan Paust
Authors: Paust Jordan
Published: April 2017

I have been asked to comment on the use of weapons in time of war or armed violence and to present some of the military viewpoints on the need for a continuation of the present efforts to regulate the use of weapons through general guiding principles rather than through a ban on specific weapons or a list theory. Why, it has been asked, is there some military opposition to the ban of specific weapons? I would like to make it clear that questions of weapons use are handled in a different manner than questions of weapons banishment and it is postulated that this is a key to the military viewpoint. I would also like to make it clear that the following views are my own and not necessarily those of the military profession or the U.S. Government.
Remarks by Carl Jacobsen
Authors: Jacobsen Carl
Published: April 2017

With respect to my subject, Soviet perspectives on European Security, the first point to be made concerns the Soviet concept of strategy. It is far more explicitly comprehensive than most Western conceptions. It stresses the interrelations and interdependencies of military, economic, ideological, cultural and other factors, and sees politics as the umbrella composite of these factors. Furthermore, the composite is not only comprehensive in nature it is equally comprehensive in extent. Thus the Soviet view does not allow for any isolated consideration of, for example, Central Europe, whatever the character of the concern at hand. The topic of local military assymetry, which is related to the discussions on multiple and balanced forced reductions (MBFR), may serve as an example. The USSR stresses not only the more complex nature of the problem in Central Europe, but also insists that it must be viewed in a wider continental, and even global, context. Europe is not seen in isolation.
Remarks by David Calleo
Authors: Calleo David
Published: April 2017

Recent years have been witnessing a complex series of negotiations to reach that European political settlement which eluded the victors after World War II, the absence of which prompted the Cold War that followed. More important than the particular negotiations themselves, certain forces have started in motion which are likely to alter considerably the postwar political landscape. No one can say with great assurance what sort of world these trends will lead to. None is free from ambiguity; all have aroused strong countertrends which may well reverse them. Nevertheless, taken together, they do furnish at least a working model for considering Europe’s likely shape in the future.
Remarks by Rauer Meyer
Authors: Meyer Rauer
Published: April 2017

I shall address myself to controls on exports. And here, when the program talks about the “Legal Framework of East-West Trade,” it might more properly be called a “thicket” rather than a “framework.” At least ten pieces of legislation govern exports, but I shall focus on controls exercised by the Department of Commerce, since they affect the vast proportion of commodities in commercial transactions with the Communist countries. I shall not distinguish between the situation with regard to the People’s Republic of China and the Eastern European countries, because our published regulations make no such distinction.
Remarks by Graham Metson
Authors: Metson Graham
Published: April 2017

Most people view our current relations with China as a sudden development but actually they were carefully planned and were one of the first orders of business when the Nixon Administration took office. The Administration considered various ways of establishing some mode for direct political contacts which would be more satisfactory than the Warsaw Talks. Those talks had been very productive; they were high-level negotiations. Although we had no diplomatic relations in a legal sense, we had more talks with the Chinese leadership over this ten-year period than did any other country. However, the talks had become stagnant and so we sought new modalities. Many small steps were taken in an effort to convince the Chinese that we were interested in establishing contacts with them, for example, allowing U.S. tourists to bring in more Chinese goods. At the time, only small steps were possible for during the crisis of the Cultural Revolution, with its attacks on foreign embassies, the Chinese were neither willing nor able to expand their foreign contacts. We have now reached the stage of establishing Liaison Offices in Washington and Peking, a step which would have been impossible four years ago.
Remarks by Robert H. Frick
Authors: Frick Robert H.
Published: April 2017

It is impossible in a reasonable space of time to cover the changes that have occurred in relationships between host countries and oil companies since the first concession agreements in the early 1900’s. It is difficult to cover even the developments of the past three years. Oil producing countries have, of course, always wanted a greater share of the profits from producing operations within their borders and to exercise a greater control over such operations. With the use of hindsight it is possible to say that the degree to which these twin goals have been achieved over the past few years is not remarkable. I believe it is true, however, that five or even three years ago very few, if any, in the petroleum industry would have forecast the success which the producing countries have achieved.
Remarks by M. Sean McMillan
Authors: McMillan M. Sean , Poole William M.
Published: April 2017

Like Mr. Stevens, I am engaged in the practice of international corporate law. I would like to outline briefly my view of the role of the practising U.S. attorney whose clients are involved in international transactions—the “transnational lawyer.” These lawyers should be competent to give advice on the laws of more than one country and must be able to evaluate the relative legal advantages of particular business decisions as they are affected by the laws of one country or another. Typically, the transnational lawyer will represent a business enterprise in its operations abroad, or he may represent a foreign enterprise in connection with its operations in the United States. In the latter capacity, his considerations are generally no different than those of his fellow “domestic” corporate lawyer. Although the decisions of the foreign business enterprise may be affected by the laws of its domicile, the legal considerations for the U.S. attorney are usually those of any transaction occurring domestically.
Polymorphism in male genitalia ofAedes(Ochlerotatus)scapularisRondani, 1848
Authors: Petersen V. , Virginio F. , Suesdek L.
Published: April 2017

Morphology of male genitalia of culicids is generally species-specific and often used as a taxonomic marker. However, some characters of the male genitalia vary intraspecifically and are not taxonomically diagnostic. This might be the case ofAedes scapularis, a Neotropical culicid with vector competence for arboviruses and filarial worms. Males of this species may or not present a retrorse process (RP) in the genitalic claspette filaments, which led authors to suspect that this variance might be indicative of population divergence or incipient speciation process. This suspicion has not been investigated hitherto and it is not known if there are variable patterns of RPs. We hypothesized that the presence of the RP varies intraspecifically inAe. scapularisand then we statistically evaluated the variability of this character in a single population. To this study the genitalia of 73 males ofAe. scapulariswere prepared, and their RPs were meristically quantified and categorized according to the phenotypes observed. We noted that the presence or RPs is a polymorphic character because it varied inter and intra-individually. The presence of a single RP on each claspette filament was the predominant pattern (77%), but absent or multiple RPs in each filament were also found either in bilateral symmetry or asymmetry. Thus, we conclude that the presence of RPs owing to its high variability is not indicative of populational divergence or diagnostic of species complex withinAe. scapularis.
‘Unwanted Scraps’ or ‘An Alert, Resolute, Resentful People’? Chinese Railroad Workers in French Congo
Authors: Martínez Julia
Published: April 2017

In the late 1920s, the colonial government of French Equatorial Africa decided to employ Chinese workers to complete their railway line. The employment of Chinese indentured labor had already become the subject of considerable international criticism. The Chinese government was concerned that the French could not guarantee worker health and safety and denied their application. However, the recruitment went ahead with the help of the government of French Indochina. This article explores the nature of Chinese worker protest during their time in Africa and their struggle against French notions of what constituted appropriate treatment of so-called “coolie” labor.
The First Precariat?
Authors: Fink Leon
Published: April 2017

The transformation of global capitalism, labor, and class relations in our own day is having a marked effect on how we study those subjects historically. Yet, as happens repeatedly in our historical discipline, insights gained from the juxtaposition and recognition of deep structural affinities between the present and the past also carry the risk of a distorted mirror effect. What questions we carry to the past and what lessons we, in turn, extract from it must be handled with care. As couriers between worlds of time as well as space, our work as historians inevitably reflects the ignorance as well as intelligence attending the message (as well as the messenger) of the given moment. With these caveats in mind, I want to explore the link between today's global crisis in worker welfare—perhaps most commonly summoned up by the twinned terms “neoliberalism” and the “precariat”—and a new historical preoccupation with coerced laborers of the past. With due deference to the aims of this collection, I will concentrate on the connection between the coolie question, as it developed in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with the plight (and possible strategies) of low-wage global workers today.
Asian Indentured Labor in the Age of African American Emancipation
Authors: Sell Zach
Published: April 2017

This article examines transnational connections between African American emancipation in the United States and Chinese and Indian indenture within the British Empire. In an era of social upheaval and capitalist crisis, planters and colonial officials envisioned coolies as a source of uninterrupted plantation labor. This vision was often bound to the conditions of African American emancipation. In British Honduras, colonial officials sought to bring emancipated African Americans to the colony as labor for sugar plantations. When this project failed, interest turned toward indentured Chinese labor managed by white planters from the U.S. South. In India’s North-Western Provinces, the outbreak of famine came to be seen as a “kindred distress” to the crisis in Lancashire’s textile industry. Unemployed English factory workers were seen as suffering from famine due to the scarcity of slave-produced cotton, just as colonial subjects suffered from scarcity of food. While some weavers in the North-Western Provinces were taken into the coolie trade, the emigration of unemployed Lancashire weavers was looked to as a possible alternative to indenture. Drawing upon archives in Australia, Belize, Britain, India, and the United States, this article explores connections between seemingly disparate histories. By focusing upon their interrelation, this article locates the formation of crisis not in raw materials, but rather within a transnational struggle over racialized labor exploitation, or what W.E.B. Du Bois called the “dark and vast sea of human labor.”
Sovereignty and Territory: Stakes and Perspectives
Authors: Barreyre Nicolas , Verdo Geneviève
Published: April 2017

Over the course of the last twenty years, two historiographical movements have challenged the notion of sovereignty, particularly that of the “natural” anchoring of an absolute, statal form of sovereignty in a uniform territory as its perfected model. On the one hand, the experience of globalization that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall—and which fed talk of the “end of nation-states”—led to a new examination of the political organization of the contemporary world, which in part “deterritorialized” the issue of political control. On the other hand, the extraordinary rise in studies of colonial empires has established that sovereignty, far from being the homogeneous block of the jurist’s refined concept, could be exercised in varying degrees and even be conceived as multiple and “layered.”
Toward a Political History of Capital?
Authors: Delalande Nicolas
Published: April 2017

The interaction between economic analysis and political action is one of the major issues raised by Capital in the Twenty-First Century and by any work of political economy. However, the way this interaction works and changes over time is not always clear in Thomas Piketty’s book. This critical review, informed by history and political science, aims to open up three areas of discussion. Are redistributive tax policies a mere accident, produced by the chaotic history of the twentieth century, and, if so, what might their future be? On what grounds could capitalism’s tendency to create inequality be regulated in the absence of any alternative system? Finally, can deliberative democracy offer any solution, or has it already been profoundly weakened by the very economic processes that Piketty’s brings to the fore in his book? A political history of capital seems more essential than ever.
Servitude and Work at the Dawn of the Early Modern Era The Devaluation of Salaried Workers and the “Undeserving Poor”
Authors: Todeschini Giacomo
Published: April 2017

Thomas Piketty’s analysis of the way that neoliberal economists use false meritocracy to justify growing economic inequality invites historians to reconsider the representation of workers in the economic thought and administrative politics of preindustrial Western Europe. This renewed focus on those termed mercenarii in theological, economic, and legal texts, namely salaried workers, shows that since the thirteenth century the literate elites of Christian Europe have interpreted manual labor as the sign of a competence that was useful but also socially and politically devalorizing. The ancient Roman conception of wages as auctoramentum servitutis, or evidence of servitude, reemerges at the end of Middle Ages in the guise of a complex theological, legal, and governmental discourse about the intellectual incompetence and necessary political marginality of salaried workers as manual laborers. At the dawn of the early modern era, the representation of salaried labor as a social condition corresponding to a state of servitude and lack of intellect characterizes both literary works and the economic rationality embodied by the first “scientific” economists.
From the Present to the Past The Historical Dynamics of Wealth in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Béguin Katia
Published: April 2017

Historians generally account for the dynamics of asset accumulation and the concentration of wealth in early modern societies by invoking systems of inheritance, matrimonial strategies, political distribution, and market transfers of property. Thomas Piketty emphasizes a more significant factor: higher returns on inherited capital. This article considers the ways in which early modern history might make use of such a hypothesis.
Thomas Piketty in America
Authors: Barreyre Nicolas
Published: April 2017

This essay proposes a reading of Capital in the Twenty-First Century from a perspective rooted in the nineteenth-century United States. It explores some of the ways that Piketty’s book and its American reception could lead to a reconceptualization of US history. In a feedback loop, this exploration in turn suggests elements that extend and qualify some of Piketty’s conclusions, especially regarding the role of politics in the processes responsible for the growth of inequality under modern capitalism.
History and Geography in the Classroom Constructing Knowledge through Savoir-Faire
Authors: Barbier Virginie
Published: April 2017

This article seeks to link the teaching of history and geography to issues affecting research in the two disciplines. It invites the reader to reflect on the relationship between the knowledge that a teacher passes on to his or her pupils and the acquisition of a research method as a savoir-faire or know-how, even as a way of being. After offering an insight into current teacher training, the author, a secondary-school teacher, uses concrete teaching situations to explain the necessity of making pupils active participants in their own learning process and helping them develop sound research methods.
Establish a Scientific Integrity Advisory Board, Says New Report
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: April 2017

Such an advisory board could help scientific institutions and their sponsors uphold legal and ethical standards in scientific research.
Correction: Corrigendum: The OncoPPi network of cancer-focused protein–protein interactions to inform biological insights and therapeutic strategies
Authors: Li Zenggang , Ivanov Andrei A. , Su Rina , Gonzalez-Pecchi Valentina , Qi Qi , Liu Songlin , Webber Philip , McMillan Elizabeth , Rusnak Lauren , Pham Cau , Chen Xiaoqian , Mo Xiulei , Revennaugh Brian , Zhou Wei , Marcus Adam , Harati Sahar , Chen Xiang , Johns Margaret A. , White Michael A. , Moreno Carlos S. , Cooper Lee A. D. , Du Yuhong , Khuri Fadlo R. , Fu Haian
Published: April 2017

Nature Communications 8: Article number: 14356 (2017); Published: 16 February 2017; Updated: 18 April 2017 The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Carlos S. Moreno, which was incorrectly given as Carlos Moreno. This has now been corrected in both the PDFand HTML versions of the Article.
Widespread patterns of sexually dimorphic gene expression in an avian hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis
Authors: MacManes Matthew D. , Austin Suzanne H. , Lang Andrew S. , Booth April , Farrar Victoria , Calisi Rebecca M.
Published: April 2017

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is a key biological system required for reproduction and associated sexual behaviors to occur. In the avian reproductive model of the rock dove (Columba livia), we characterized the transcript community of each tissue of the HPG axis in both sexes, thereby significantly expanding our mechanistic insight into HPG activity. We report greater sex-biased differential expression in the pituitary as compared to the hypothalamus, with multiple genes more highly expressed in the male pituitary being related to secretory function, and multiple genes more highly expressed in the female pituitary being related to reproduction, growth, and development. We report tissue-specific and sex-biased expression in genes commonly investigated when studying reproduction, highlighting the need for sex parity in future studies. In addition, we uncover new targets of investigation in both sexes, which could potentially change our understanding of HPG function.
The Cac2 subunit is essential for productive histone binding and nucleosome assembly in CAF-1
Authors: Mattiroli Francesca , Gu Yajie , Balsbaugh Jeremy L. , Ahn Natalie G. , Luger Karolin
Published: April 2017

Nucleosome assembly following DNA replication controls epigenome maintenance and genome integrity. Chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) is the histone chaperone responsible for histone (H3-H4)2 deposition following DNA synthesis. Structural and functional details for this chaperone complex and its interaction with histones are slowly emerging. Using hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry, combined with in vitro and in vivo mutagenesis studies, we identified the regions involved in the direct interaction between the yeast CAF-1 subunits, and mapped the CAF-1 domains responsible for H3-H4 binding. The large subunit, Cac1 organizes the assembly of CAF-1. Strikingly, H3-H4 binding is mediated by a composite interface, shaped by Cac1-bound Cac2 and the Cac1 acidic region. Cac2 is indispensable for productive histone binding, while deletion of Cac3 has only moderate effects on H3-H4 binding and nucleosome assembly. These results define direct structural roles for yeast CAF-1 subunits and uncover a previously unknown critical function of the middle subunit in CAF-1.
Antifouling and antibacterial behavior of polyethersulfone membrane incorporating polyaniline@silver nanocomposites
Authors: Zhao Song , Huang Lichuan , Tong Tiezheng , Zhang Wen , Wang Zhi , Wang Jixiao , Wang Shichang
Published: April 2017

Nanocomposites with antibacterial properties were synthesized throughin situreduction of silver ammonia aqueous solution (Ag(NH3)2OH) on polydopamine coated polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers.