bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Globalization, Development, and History in the Work of Edith Penrose
Authors: Pitelis Christos N.
Published: May 2011

Edith Penrose's work on the multinational enterprise and the political economy of globalization and development is assessed as it relates to her views on business history. This essay was written on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of Penrose's classic 1959 book and her 1960 prize-winning paper on Hercules Powder, which was published in theReview. Penrose came close to providing a theory of “internalization,” compared foreign direct investment to market-type contracting relations, and even discussed transaction costs–related arguments. However, she largely accepted the existence of fi rms and did not examine why firms exist vis-à-vis alternatives, such as markets. Her views on the political economy of globalization, relations between multinational enterprise and the state, and development have proved to be incisive, mostly accurate, and ahead of their time.
Economic Theory and the Rise of Big Business in America, 1870–1910
Authors: High Jack
Published: May 2011

Between 1870 and 1910, big business established itself as a prominent feature of the American economy. American economists paid close attention to its rise and confronted the difficulties of integrating large firms into economic theory. The result was a theory that emphasized the importance of entrepreneurship, that enlarged the scope of competition, that distinguished profit from other forms of income, and that was compatible with large-scale enterprise. The insights of earlier American economists have been lost to modern economic theory, which extols the virtues of small firms.
Entrepreneurial Typologies in the History of Industrial Italy: Reconsiderations
Authors: Amatori Franco
Published: May 2011

The market types that were the subject of an earlier essay in the Review are resurveyed in order to examine the changes that have occurred over the past fifty years. The entrepreneurial typologies identified then–one based on a market orientation, another that relies on state support, and a third, hybrid, approach–are still valid today. The liveliest components of the modern Italian economy, which operate as a fourth type of capitalism (mainly based on industrial districts), share features of the market typology, while, in southern Italy, the state's failure to support business is linked to the rise of organized crime. The more recent hybrid type features a new kind of actor, exemplified by Silvio Berlusconi, the central figure on the Italian political scene for almost two decades.
RICHARD PATE, THE ROYAL SUPREMACY, AND REFORMATION DIPLOMACY
Authors: SOWERBY TRACEY A.
Published: May 2011

In December 1540 one of Henry VIII's clerical diplomats defected to the papacy. As contemporaries believed that a king could be judged by the ambassadors he sent to represent him abroad, Pate's defection caused the English king considerable embarrassment. His acceptance of the bishopric of Worcester from the pope in July 1541 made Pate a figure of symbolic importance to opponents of Henry VIII's royal supremacy. This article examines Pate's diplomatic career, paying particular attention to how Pate negotiated the competing claims on his loyalty of the pope and Henry VIII. Although Pate was expected to represent Henry's church policy, his experiences in embassy also provided opportunities for conservatism, as Henry sought to maintain amicable relations with the emperor and deny charges of heresy. Pate's case raises important questions about the religious sympathies of those chosen by Henry to represent him abroad and had important consequences for the practice of diplomacy in the early English Reformation. Pate also offers important insights into the motivations of Henrician Catholic exiles, their views of the Henrician church, and their political opposition to it.
TAXPAYER OPPOSITION AND FISCAL REFORM IN PRUSSIA, c. 1766–1787
Authors: SCHUI FLORIAN
Published: May 2011

In 1787, Frederick William II of Prussia made substantial changes to the urban excise. These changes were largely the result of public pressure. Urban tax-payers had resisted the tax in different ways since Frederick II had reformed it in 1766 in order to extract more revenue from Prussia's towns. The article explores the motives that led to tax-payer criticism and resistance and the ways in which urban tax-payers opposed the state's growing fiscal appetite. The success of urban tax-payers in this political conflict with the Prussian state suggests that Prussia's burghers were important actors within the Hohenzollern polity and that they wielded considerable political power. The events described here resembled not only other contemporary conflicts over fiscal matters in the Atlantic world, but were also interconnected with debates and events outside Prussia through exchanges of individuals, arguments, and publications.
THE CONSERVATIVE GOVERNMENTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF WELSH LANGUAGE POLICY IN THE 1980s AND 1990s
Authors: EDWARDS ANDREW , TANNER DUNCAN , CARLIN PATRICK
Published: May 2011

This article focuses on the advances made to safeguard the future of the Welsh language under the Conservative governments of the 1980s and 1990s. These advancements included the establishment of a Welsh language television channel, advancements in the field of Welsh language education, the formation of a Welsh Language Board, and, finally, the implementation of a new Welsh Language Act in 1993. Challenging popular assumptions regarding the nature of Conservative governance during this period, the article examines the background and context of these developments by highlighting the limitations of ‘Thatcherite’ dogma not only in ‘second order’ areas of policy, but also in a nation where Tory roots were not deeply embedded.
ANTHROPOMETRIC, BODY COMPOSITION AND HEALTH DETERMINANTS OF ACTIVE AGEING: A GENDER APPROACH
Authors: LÓPEZ PILAR MONTERO , FERNÁNDEZ-BALLESTEROS ROCÍO , ZAMARRÓN MARÍA DOLORES , LÓPEZ SANTIAGO RODRÍGUEZ
Published: May 2011

This study applied a gender perspective to establish some of the anthropometric, body composition, health and socio-cultural determinants of active ageing. The variable ‘active ageing’ (presence/absence) was created based on cognitive and disability/illness/physical functioning, subjective health, satisfaction with life and productive activity performed, and used in predictive models to establish its relationship with anthropometric variables, physical health indicators and educational level. The sample consisted of 456 home-living individuals (169 men and 287 women; age range 54–75 years) from Madrid and Toledo in Spain. The women had a higher prevalence of obesity than the men (37.6% vs 29.0%), significantly greater fat accumulation in the abdominal area and worst perceived health (p=0.003). The frequency of active agers is higher in men than in women (38.4% vs 21.9%; p<0.001). Men and women were found to have distinctive ageing patterns. Health factors condition the presence of active ageing in women, while education factors are also relevant in men.
Hudson's Bay Company ship's logbooks: a source of far North Atlantic weather data
Authors: Ward Catharine , Wheeler Dennis
Published: May 2011

The Arctic region is widely recognised to be one of the most sensitive to climate change. Here, the consequences of current trends will be felt most keenly; ice cap melting and thinning and the consequent implications for sea level rise and loss of habitat may be profound. Yet these regions remain amongst the most poorly chronicled. Recent advances in satellite monitoring and instrumental observations now provide valuable information, but this record extends over little more than half a century. For earlier times, the record is, at best, patchy and inconsistent. This is not, however, to imply that all such data and information have been recognised and fully exploited. This is far from the case and this paper draws attention to largely overlooked documentary sources that can extend our knowledge of the far North Atlantic climate back to the late eighteenth century. These documents consist of the logbooks of sailing ships navigating those hazardous waters in the late eighteenth and early- to mid-nineteenth centuries.

This paper focuses specifically on those logbooks kept on board Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) ships on their regular annual voyages between the UK and Hudson's Bay between 1760 and 1870. The information they contain is shown to be detailed, reliable and of unique character for the period and place. The style and form of presentation of the logbooks is reviewed and particularly those aspects that deal with the daily meteorological information they contain. Attention is also drawn to the high degree of homogeneity found in the logbooks in terms of presentation and methods of preparation, rendering them directly and helpfully comparable one with another. A specific example is offered of the benefits of using these data and it is proposed that this set of logbooks, when taken collectively and, embracing as it does over a century from 1750 provides a matchless, substantial and uniformly reliable source of oceanic weather information for the far North Atlantic for what can be regarded as the ‘pre-instrumental’ period (before 1850).
Neural correlates of perception of emotional facial expressions in out-patients with mild-to-moderate depression and anxiety. A multicenter fMRI study
Authors: Demenescu L. R. , Renken R. , Kortekaas R. , van Tol M.-J. , Marsman J. B. C. , van Buchem M. A. , van der Wee N. J. A. , Veltman D. J. , den Boer J. A. , Aleman A.
Published: May 2011

Background

Depression has been associated with limbic hyperactivation and frontal hypoactivation in response to negative facial stimuli. Anxiety disorders have also been associated with increased activation of emotional structures such as the amygdala and insula. This study examined to what extent activation of brain regions involved in perception of emotional faces is specific to depression and anxiety disorders in a large community-based sample of out-patients.

Method

An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm was used including angry, fearful, sad, happy and neutral facial expressions. One hundred and eighty-two out-patients (59 depressed, 57 anxiety and 66 co-morbid depression-anxiety) and 56 healthy controls selected from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) were included in the present study. Whole-brain analyses were conducted. The temporal profile of amygdala activation was also investigated.

Results

Facial expressions activated the amygdala and fusiform gyrus in depressed patients with or without anxiety and in healthy controls, relative to scrambled faces, but this was less evident in patients with anxiety disorders. The response shape of the amygdala did not differ between groups. Depressed patients showed dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) hyperactivation in response to happy faces compared to healthy controls.

Conclusions

We suggest that stronger frontal activation to happy faces in depressed patients may reflect increased demands on effortful emotion regulation processes triggered by mood-incongruent stimuli. The lack of strong differences in neural activation to negative emotional faces, relative to healthy controls, may be characteristic of the mild-to-moderate severity of illness in this sample and may be indicative of a certain cognitive-emotional processing reserve.
Characteristics of and trends in subgroups of prisoner suicides in England and Wales
Authors: Humber N. , Piper M. , Appleby L. , Shaw J.
Published: May 2011

Background

The suicide rate is higher in prisoners compared with the general population. The aim was to describe the characteristics of and longitudinal trends in prisoner suicides in England and Wales.

Method

A case series was ascertained from the Safer Custody and Offender Policy Group at the Ministry of Justice and included a 9-year (1999–2007) national census of prisoner suicides. Questionnaires were completed by prison staff on sociodemographic, custodial, clinical and service-level characteristics of the suicides.

Results

There was a fall in the number of prison suicides and a decline in the proportion of young prisoner (18–20 years) suicides over time. Females were over-represented. Upward trends were found in prisoners with a history of violence and with previous mental health service contact. A downward trend was found in those with a primary psychiatric diagnosis of drug dependence. Drug dependence was found to be significant in explaining suicides within the first week of custody.

Conclusions

The findings provide an important insight to aid a target set in the National Suicide Prevention Strategy in England to reduce suicides in the prisoner population by 20% and highlight an important area for policy development in mental health services. Examining trends identified subgroups that may require improved mental healthcare and recognized those that appeared to be having their treatment needs more adequately met. Evidence suggests that targeted suicide prevention strategies for subgroups of prisoners are required.
Language acquisition without an acquisition device
Authors: O'Grady William
Published: May 2011

Most explanatory work on first and second language learning assumes the primacy of the acquisition phenomenon itself, and a good deal of work has been devoted to the search for an ‘acquisition device’ that is specific to humans, and perhaps even to language. I will consider the possibility that this strategy is misguided and that language acquisition is a secondary effect of processing amelioration: attempts by the processor to facilitate its own functioning by developing routines of particular sorts.
Paul Robeson's Othello at the Savoy Theatre, 1930
Authors: Morrison Michael A.
Published: May 2011

Paul Robeson's Othello, first seen in London during the season of 1929–30, stands as a high-water mark of twentieth-century Shakespearean interpretation. Robeson was the first actor of African descent to appear in an extended-run Shakespearean production at a leading West End venue (Ira Aldridge, whose last London appearance came sixty-five years earlier, had made only three brief appearances at major London theatres). Here, Michael A. Morrison examines the circumstances surrounding Robeson's London Othello in 1930 and the far-reaching influence of his achievement on future generations of performers and playgoers. Michael A. Morrison is a New York-based writer and teacher. He is the author of John Barrymore, Shakespearean Actor (Cambridge University Press, 1997) and the forthcoming Paul Robeson's Othello.
Spiritualism as Popular Performance in the 1930s: the Dark Theatre of Helen Duncan
Authors: Featherstone Simon
Published: May 2011

In this essay the social historian Simon Featherstone examines the theatre of the Scottish medium Helen Duncan and argues that her strange, illicit performances offer a way of re-reading British popular performance in the 1930s and 1940s. This critically neglected period has been characterized by the decline of the radical energies of nineteenth-century music hall and the variety theatre which displaced it. Duncan's performances, however, with their extravagant display and management of her body and deployment of a range of references to popular materials, including puppetry, melodrama, children's games, and sentimental narratives, suggest the existence of other trajectories. Like the ‘dark village’ that Eric Hobsbawm identified as the illegal shadow of nineteenth-century social practices, Duncan's ‘dark theatre’ can be seen as a shadow world of mid-century performance styles. It provided a knowing yet emotionally fulfilling theatrical experience for her audiences while at the same time posing radical questions about the limits and meanings of the representation of gender and class in the unregulated venues of the spiritualist circuit. Politically ambiguous in their mixture of entrepreneurial exploitation and willingness to offer forthright challenges to social and legal authorities, Duncan's performances indicate the persistence of complex spaces and traditions of popular theatricality in the period.
‘Travellers of the Street’: Flãnerie in Beyene Haile's Heart-to-Heart Talk
Authors: Matzke Christine
Published: May 2011

In January 2008 the Eritrean capital of Asmara witnessed a theatre production that did not sit easily with the cultural imaginary of the country. Performed by a group of university graduates rather than the well-versed artists in government employ, Beyene Haile's Weg'i Libi, or Heart-to-Heart Talk, caused a stir among the local art-loving community in that it defied common strands of Eritrean theatre arts. Difficult to understand, with no clear plot or clear-cut message, it nonetheless drew crowds during the two weeks of its performance, largely because, as Christine Matzke suggests in this article, it allowed audiences to participate in the intellectual flânerie presented on stage. Basing her article on material collected in autumn 2008 and spring 2010, the author here provides an interpretation of the play and an outline and contextualization of its production process. Christine Matzke has spent well over a decade researching Eritrean theatre arts and cultural production. Her publications include the co-edited African Theatre 8: Diasporas (2009) and Postcolonial Postmortems (2006) on transcultural crime fiction. She teaches at the University of Bayreuth.
Contemporary Circus Celebrated
Authors: Tait Peta
Published: May 2011

Report on the Fifth Festival Novog Cirkusa, Zagreb, in November 2009.
Theatre Muzzled
Authors: Ostrowska Joanna , Tyszka Juliusz
Published: May 2011

Report on the conference, ‘Art Made Tongue-Tied by Authority: Theatre Censorship Around the World’, held in Dublin from 30 September to 2 October 2010.
Cathodic amelioration of the adverse effects of oxidative stress accompanying procedures necessary for cryopreservation of embryonic axes of recalcitrant-seeded species
Authors: Berjak Patricia , Sershen  , Varghese Boby , Pammenter N.W.
Published: May 2011

Several of the procedures necessary for cryopreservation of excised zygotic embryonic axes are known to be accompanied by emission of damaging levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These have been shown to be associated with shoot apical meristem necrosis, curtailing subsequent axis development to root production only, particularly for tropical/subtropical recalcitrant-seeded species. Here we report on the application of the principles of electrochemistry in the generation of strongly reducing, high pH cathodic water, by electrolysis of a solution containing calcium and magnesium chloride. The cathodic water in whichStrychnos gerrardiiaxes were immersed for 30 min following dehydration, and importantly, after dehydration followed by cryopreservation, was shown to have strongly antioxidative properties in counteracting the damaging effects of ROS bursts and promoting shoot development. In a parallel experiment, axes ofBoophane distichaexhibited enhanced total antioxidant activity when exposed to cathodic water both immediately following excision, and after flash-drying. For both species, the efficacious effects of cathodic treatment were manifest after the axes had been in culture for 4 h, suggesting that ROS were not quenched at source, but probably counteracted by enhancement of activity of endogenous antioxidants. Cathodic water therefore affords a non-toxic means of amelioration of oxidative, stress-related damage, which, coupled with the strongly fungicidal activity of the acidic, anionic water fraction, offers significant, and apparently non-injurious, advances towards successful cryopreservation of germplasm – and probably generally improved success ofin-vitro-based procedures for plant tissues.
Dietary patterns among British adults: compatibility with dietary guidelines for salt/sodium, fat, saturated fat and sugars
Authors: Gibson Sigrid , Ashwell Margaret
Published: May 2011

Objective

To examine dietary patterns among British adults, associations with Na and macronutrient intakes, and implications for dietary advice.

Design

Principal component analysis of 7 d weighed dietary records.

Subjects

Adults aged 19–64 years (n 1724).

Setting

National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2000/2001).

Results

High Na intake was associated with more energy-dense diets, higher in fat and SFA (percentage of energy) but lower in non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES). Eight patterns (PC1 to PC8) explained 40 % of the total variance in food intakes. Three patterns – PC3 (high loadings on bread, fats and cheese), PC2 (meat products, eggs and chips) and PC7 (red meat, sauces and alcohol) – were associated with high Na intake. Of these, PC3 correlated with high Na density and Na:K ratio, while PC2 correlated with fat. By contrast, three patterns – ‘health-conscious’ (PC1; vegetables, fruit, fruit juice, fish), ‘breakfast cereals and milk’ (PC6) and ‘chicken and rice’ (PC8) – were associated with modest Na intake, lower Na density and lower fat and SFA. PC2 was positively correlated, and PC1 was negatively correlated, with adding salt to food. Other patterns were ‘tea/coffee and cakes’ (PC4; associated with high SFA and NMES) and ‘soft drinks and snacks’ (PC5; associated with high NMES but not fat or SFA). The dietary patterns of males and females differed slightly.

Conclusions

Dietary patterns PC1, PC6, PC8 (vegetables, fruit, fish, milk, breakfast cereals, poultry) were broadly compatible with guidelines for salt, fat, SFA and NMES. However, other patterns tended to be high in either salt or NMES.
Specific interfacial area: The missing state variable in two‐phase flow equations?
Authors: Joekar‐Niasar V. , Hassanizadeh S. M.
Published: May 2011

Classical Darcy's equation for multiphase flow assumes that gravity and the gradient in fluid pressure are the only driving forces and resistance to the flow is parameterized by (relative) permeability as a function of saturation. It is conceivable that, in multiphase flow, other driving forces may also exist. This would mean that such nonequilibrium effects are lumped into a permeability coefficient. Indeed, many studies have shown that the relative permeability coefficient generally depends not only on saturation but also on dynamics of the system. Through the application of rational thermodynamics, a theory of two‐phase flow had been developed in which interfacial areas were introduced as separate thermodynamic entities and their macroscale effects were explicitly included. This theory includes new driving forces whose significance needs still to be established. To study new terms in the theory, we employ a dynamic pore network model called DYPOSIT. A long pore network (several representative elementary volumes connected in series) is generated, which represents as a one‐dimensional porous medium column. This model provides pore scale distribution of local phase pressures, capillary pressure, interfacial area, saturation, and flow rate, which are averaged to obtain the macroscale distributions of these variables. Our analysis shows that there are discrepancies between the simulation results and the classical equations to describe the transient behavior, especially for the nonwetting phase transient permeability. The coefficients in the extended equations are quantified and parameterized. Although under the applied Dirichlet boundary conditions, flow varies significantly, there is a clear trend illustrating dependency of coefficients on saturation, independent of dynamic conditions. Furthermore, using the new coefficients, it is possible to explain either transient or steady state flow regimes, which is a new achievement.
Correcting the mathematical structure of a hydrological model via Bayesian data assimilation
Authors: Bulygina Nataliya , Gupta Hoshin
Published: May 2011

The goal of model identification is to improve our understanding of the structure and behavior of a system so the model can be used to make inferences about its input‐state‐output response. It is conventional to preselect some model form and evaluate its “suitability” against historical data. If deemed unsuitable, ways must be found to “correct” the model through some intuitive process. Here, we discuss a Bayesian data assimilation process by which historical observations can be used to diagnose what might be wrong with the presumed mathematical structure of the model and to provide guidance toward fixing the problem. In previous work we showed how, given a suitable conceptual model for the system, the Bayesian estimation of structure (BESt) method can estimate the stochastic form for structural equations of a model that are consistent with historical observations at the spatiotemporal scale of the data while explicitly estimating model structural contributions to prediction uncertainty. However, a prior assumption regarding the form of the equations (an existing model) is often available. Here, we extend BESt to show how the mathematical form of the prior model equations can be corrected/improved to be more consistent with available data while remaining consistent with the presumed physics of the system. Conditions under which convergence will occur are stated. The potential of the extended BESt approach is demonstrated in the context of basin‐scale hydrological modeling by correcting the equations of the HyMod model applied to the Leaf River catchment and thereby improving its representation of system input‐state‐output response.
The structure of turbulent flow in an open channel bend of strong curvature with deformed bed: Insight provided by detached eddy simulation
Authors: Constantinescu George , Koken Mete , Zeng Jie
Published: May 2011

Results of a detached eddy simulation (DES) are used to better understand the effects of the mean flow three‐dimensionality and secondary currents on turbulence and boundary shear stresses and the mechanisms through which the momentum and Reynolds stresses are redistributed in a strongly curved 193° bend with fixed deformed bed corresponding to the later stages of the erosion and sedimentation process. The ratio between the radius of curvature of the curved reach and the channel width is close to 1.3. The large channel curvature and the point bar induce flow separation near the inner bank and the formation of several strong separated shear layers (SSLs), where production by mean shear dominates. DES shows that in addition to the main cell of cross‐stream circulation developing in the deeper part of the bend, several streamwise‐oriented vortices (SOV) form at the inner bank. DES satisfactorily captures the distribution of the streamwise velocity and streamwise vorticity in relevant cross sections compared to experiment. Comparison with a Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) simulation shows that DES predicts more accurately the velocity redistribution and cross‐stream motions in the channel. This is because RANS significantly underpredicts the circulation and turbulence amplification inside the cores of the SOV vortices. DES is then used to clarify the influence of the SOV vortices and SSLs on the boundary shear stress. DES reveals the presence of several regions of large amplification of the pressure RMS fluctuations near the inner and outer banks, which can locally increase the bed erosion and affect the bank stability in the case of a bend with erodible banks. The mean flow bed shear stress distribution predicted by DES is significantly different than that predicted by RANS, while DES predictions of the mean flow are more accurate. This means that use of eddy‐resolving techniques like DES in mobile bed simulations of flow in curved alluvial channels should result in more accurate predictions of bathymetry.
What Roles Can Scientists Play in Public Discourse?
Authors: Oppenheimer Michael
Published: May 2011

What is a useful and proper role for scientists in the public arena? How can we best discriminate where the boundary lies between expert knowledge and values or political opinion, and how can we properly honor that line? What can we expect in the way of reception for our interventions, and how can we increase their efficacy? Involvement in public policy debates is a common and accepted role for scientists in many disciplines. In the sciences related to public health, it is taken for granted that experts will talk about the implications of their research for public policy, whether in regard to smoking, diet, or disease spread. There is also a remarkable track record of geoscientists taking a lead role in the public arena and actually affecting public policy—F. Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina collaborated on ozone depletion research at the Department of Chemistry at University of California, Irvine and then went on to make outstanding public contributions, as have James Hansen (at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies); Robert Watson (first at NASA, then at the University of East Anglia); and, of course, the late Stephen Schneider (first at the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research, then Stanford) on climate. Some “public” geoscientists have restricted their activities to interpreting science for the wider public, while others have endorsed specific policy initiatives (see Figure 1). I firmly believe that the quality of public discourse and the information reaching policy makers were better for their interventions.
AGU Board and Council Project Team Take Next Steps
Authors: McPhaden Mike , Finn Carol
Published: May 2011

AGU continues to actively implement its strategic plan. Both the AGU Board of Directors and the Council's Mission:Alignment Project (M:AP) team met during the last week of March at AGU headquarters in Washington, D. C. Significant progress was made at both meetings.
Research Spotlight: Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet melting accelerating
Authors: Tretkoff Ernie
Published: May 2011

The Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets are melting at an accelerating pace, a new study shows. Rignot et al. present a record of the mass balance of these polar ice sheets using two methods. One method measures ice sheet mass using gravity data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite; the other method calculates ice lost at the ice sheet perimeter using atmospheric climate model data and measurements of ice thickness and ice motion, measured with airborne radio echo sounding and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data, respectively, from several satellites. The authors reconciled the two methods and found good agreement. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL046583, 2011)
Stroke Penumbra Defined by an MRI-Based Oxygen Challenge Technique: 1. Validation using [14C]2-Deoxyglucose Autoradiography
Authors: Robertson Craig A , McCabe Christopher , Gallagher Lindsay , del Rosario Lopez-Gonzalez Maria , Holmes William M , Condon Barrie , Muir Keith W , Santosh Celestine , Macrae I Mhairi
Published: May 2011

Accurate identification of ischemic penumbra will improve stroke patient selection for reperfusion therapies and clinical trials. Current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have limitations and lack validation. Oxygen challenge T*2 MRI (T*2 OC) uses oxygen as a biotracer to detect tissue metabolism, with penumbra displaying the greatest T*2 signal change during OC. [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography was combined with T*2 OC to determine metabolic status of T*2-defined penumbra. Permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 6). Ischemic injury and perfusion deficit were determined by diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging, respectively. At 147 ± 32 minutes after stroke, T*2 signal change was measured during a 5-minute 100% OC, immediately followed by 125 μCi/kg 2-DG, intravenously. Magnetic resonance images were coregistered with the corresponding autoradiograms. Regions of interest were located within ischemic core, T*2-defined penumbra, equivalent contralateral structures, and a region of hyperglycolysis. A T*2 signal increase of 9.22% ± 3.9% (mean ± s.d.) was recorded in presumed penumbra, which displayed local cerebral glucose utilization values equivalent to contralateral cortex. T*2 signal change was negligible in ischemic core, 3.2% ± 0.78% in contralateral regions, and 1.41% ± 0.62% in hyperglycolytic tissue, located outside OC-defined penumbra and within the diffusion abnormality. The results support the utility of OC-MRI to detect viable penumbral tissue following stroke.
Stroke Penumbra Defined by an MRI-Based Oxygen Challenge Technique: 2. Validation based on the Consequences of Reperfusion
Authors: Robertson Craig A , McCabe Christopher , Gallagher Lindsay , del Rosario Lopez-Gonzalez Maria , Holmes William M , Condon Barrie , Muir Keith W , Santosh Celestine , Macrae I Mhairi
Published: May 2011

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with oxygen challenge (T*2 OC) uses oxygen as a metabolic biotracer to define penumbral tissue based on CMRO2 and oxygen extraction fraction. Penumbra displays a greater T*2 signal change during OC than surrounding tissue. Since timely restoration of cerebral blood flow (CBF) should salvage penumbra, T*2 OC was tested by examining the consequences of reperfusion on T*2 OC-defined penumbra. Transient ischemia (109 ± 20 minutes) was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 8). Penumbra was identified on T*2-weighted MRI during OC. Ischemia and ischemic injury were identified on CBF and apparent diffusion coefficient maps, respectively. Reperfusion was induced and scans repeated. T2 for final infarct and T*2 OC were run on day 7. T*2 signal increase to OC was 3.4% in contralateral cortex and caudate nucleus and was unaffected by reperfusion. In OC-defined penumbra, T*2 signal increased by 8.4% ± 4.1% during ischemia and returned to 3.25% ± 0.8% following reperfusion. Ischemic core T*2 signal increase was 0.39% ± 0.47% during ischemia and 0.84% ± 1.8% on reperfusion. Penumbral CBF increased from 41.94 ± 13 to 116.5 ± 25 mL per 100 g per minute on reperfusion. On day 7, OC-defined penumbra gave a normal OC response and was located outside the infarct. T*2 OC-defined penumbra recovered when CBF was restored, providing further validation of the utility of T*2 OC for acute stroke management.
Bilateral Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Modulates Activation-Induced Regional Blood Flow Changes during Voluntary Movement
Authors: Paquette Caroline , Sidel Michael , Radinska Basia A , Soucy Jean-Paul , Thiel Alexander
Published: May 2011

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that induces changes in cortical excitability: anodal stimulation increases while cathodal stimulation reduces excitability. Imaging studies performed after unilateral stimulation have shown conflicting results regarding the effects of tDCS on surrogate markers of neuronal activity. The aim of this study was to directly measure these effects on activation-induced changes in regional cerebral blood flow (⊿rBF) using positron emission tomography (PET) during bilateral tDCS. Nine healthy subjects underwent repeated rCBF measurements with 15O-water and PET during a simple motor task while receiving tDCS or sham stimulation over the primary motor cortex (M1). Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were also assessed before and after real and sham stimulation. During tDCS with active movement, ⊿rBF in M1 was significantly lower on the cathodal than the anodal side when compared with sham stimulation. This decrease in ⊿rBF was accompanied by a decrease in MEP amplitude on the cathodal side. No effect was observed on resting or activated rCBF relative to sham stimulation. We thus conclude that it is the interaction of cathodal tDCS with activation-induced ⊿rBF rather than the effect on resting or activated rCBF itself which constitutes the physiological imaging correlate of tDCS.
MicroRNA-27a regulates basal transcription by targeting the p44 subunit of general transcription factor IIH
Authors: Portal Maximiliano M.
Published: May 2011

General transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) is a complex RNA polymerase II basal transcription factor comprising 10 different polypeptides that display activities involved in transcription and DNA repair processes. Although biochemical studies have uncovered TFIIH importance, little is known about how the mRNAs that code for TFIIH subunits are regulated. Here it is shown that mRNAs encoding seven of the TFIIH subunits (p34, p44, p52, p62, XPB, CDK7, and p8) are regulated at the posttranscriptional level in a Dicer-dependent manner. Indeed, abolition of the miRNA pathway induces abnormal accumulation, stabilization, and translational activation of these seven mRNAs. Herein, miR-27a was identified as a key regulator of p44 mRNA. Moreover, miR-27a was shown to destabilize the p44 subunit of the TFIIH complex during the G2-M phase, thereby modulating the transcriptional shutdown observed during this transition. This work is unique in providing a demonstration of global transcriptional regulation through the action of a single miRNA.
In situ measurement of coastal ocean movements and survival of juvenile Pacific salmon
Authors: Welch David W. , Melnychuk Michael C. , Payne John C. , Rechisky Erin L. , Porter Aswea D. , Jackson George D. , Ward Bruce R. , Vincent Stephen P. , Wood Chris C. , Semmens Jayson
Published: May 2011

Many salmon populations in both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans have experienced sharply decreasing returns and high ocean mortality in the past two decades, with some populations facing extirpation if current marine survival trends continue. Our inability to monitor the movements of marine fish or to directly measure their survival precludes experimental tests of theories concerning the factors regulating fish populations, and thus limits scientific advance in many aspects of fisheries management and conservation. Here we report a large-scale synthesis of survival and movement rates of free-ranging juvenile salmon across four species, 13 river watersheds, and 44 release groups of salmon smolts (>3,500 fish tagged in total) in rivers and coastal ocean waters, including an assessment of where mortality predominantly occurs during the juvenile migration. Of particular importance, our data indicate that, over the size range of smolts tagged, (
i
) smolt survival was not strongly related to size at release, (
ii
) tag burden did not appear to strongly reduce the survival of smaller animals, and (
iii
) for at least some populations, substantial mortality occurred much later in the migration and more distant from the river of origin than generally expected. Our findings thus have implications for determining where effort should be invested to improve the accuracy of salmon forecasting, to understand the mechanisms driving salmon declines, and to predict the impact of climate change on salmon stocks.
Fukaya categories of the torus and Dehn surgery
Authors: Lekili Yankı , Perutz Timothy
Published: May 2011

This paper is a companion to the authors’ forthcoming work extending Heegaard Floer theory from closed 3-manifolds to compact 3-manifolds with two boundary components via quilted Floer cohomology. We describe the first interesting case of this theory: the invariants of 3-manifolds bounding

, regarded as modules over the Fukaya category of the punctured 2-torus. We extract a short proof of exactness of the Dehn surgery triangle in Heegaard Floer homology. We show that
A
∞
-structures on the graded algebra
A
formed by the cohomology of two basic objects in the Fukaya category of the punctured 2-torus are governed by just two parameters (
m
6
, 
m
8
), extracted from the Hochschild cohomology of
A
. For the Fukaya category itself,
m
6
  ≠ 0.
Feeling states during exercise: Influence of individual differences in perceived evaluative threat
Authors: Focht Brian C.
Published: May 2011

The present study is designed to examine the influence of individual differences in perceived evaluative threat and baseline responses on changes in feeling states experienced during acute exercise in college‐age women with high social physique anxiety. Thirty women with high social physique anxiety completed acute bouts of stationary cycling at either a self‐selected or imposed intensity in both naturalistic fitness centre and laboratory environments. Multivariate analysis of changes in feeling states during exercise yielded a significant baseline×perceived evaluative threat×intensity interaction during exercise in the naturalistic fitness centre environment. Decomposition of this interaction revealed that, within the naturalistic environment, women with the least favourable baseline feeling states who perceived the lowest amount of evaluative threat during exercise demonstrated the greatest improvements in affect during self‐selected intensity exercise. These findings suggest that, among women with high social physique anxiety, changes in feeling states reported during exercise are influenced by an interaction between baseline affective responses, the intensity of exercise, and environmentally induced perceptions of evaluative threat.
Assessing free‐living physical activity using accelerometry: Practical issues for researchers and practitioners
Authors: Ridgers Nicola D. , Fairclough Stuart
Published: May 2011

Physical activity is an integral component of a healthy lifestyle, with relationships documented between physical activity, chronic diseases, and disease risk factors. There is increasing concern that many people are not sufficiently active to benefit their health. Consequently, there is a need to determine the prevalence of physical activity engagement, identify active and inactive segments of the population, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. The aim of the present study was to identify and explain a number of methodological and decision‐making processes associated with accelerometry, which is the most commonly used objective measure of physical activity in child and adult research. Specifically, this review addresses: (a) pre‐data collection decisions, (b) data collection procedures, (c) processing of accelerometer data, and (d) outcome variables in relation to the research questions posed. An appraisal of the literature is provided to help researchers and practitioners begin field‐based research, with recommendations offered for best practice. In addition, issues that require further investigation are identified and discussed to inform researchers and practitioners of the surrounding debates. Overall, the review is intended as a starting point for field‐based physical activity research using accelerometers and as an introduction to key issues that should be considered and are likely to be encountered at this time.
Shock ignition of direct-drive double-shell targets
Authors: Canaud B. , Laffite S. , Temporal M.
Published: May 2011

Shock ignition is investigated for non-cryogenic direct-drive double-shell targets. The fuel assembly is obtained by direct laser light absorbed in the external shell. The latter implodes and impacts the inner shell. The ignition is produced by a spherically convergent shock launched by a laser spike added at the end of the main laser drive. Analyses are carried out with and without a correction for the fuel assembly laser pulse. The correction is made by lowering the assembling laser pulse in order to maintain the implosion velocity constant when the ignitor spike is added. The results indicate that a moderate thermonuclear gain (∼2 for spike power in the range 100–250 TW) can be achieved while the ignition threshold is displaced towards lower laser energies. The thermonuclear yield is tuned by the power in the spike which is a free parameter. A better gain is obtained when the main drive laser pulse is not corrected due to the dual effect of the increases in implosion velocity and in the DT ion temperature when the ignitor shock collapses.
Dynamic decoupling and multi-mode magnetic feedback for error field correction in RFX-mod
Authors: Piron L. , Grando L. , Marchiori G. , Marrelli L. , Piovesan P. , Soppelsa A. , Terranova D.
Published: May 2011

Magnetic field errors can have a significant impact on the confinement properties of magnetized fusion plasmas. In the RFX-mod reversed-field pinch (Sonato et al 2003 Fusion Eng. Des.
33 161) a significant error field is produced during the current ramp by the eddy currents induced in the 3D wall structures, such as the gaps and some large portholes, by the temporal variation of the vertical magnetic field. A set of 192 magnetic sensors and 192 active coils allowed accurate identification of the error field spatiotemporal pattern and its correction. The correction scheme combines pre-programmed current waveforms and multi-mode magnetic feedback. The pre-programmed currents were computed with the dynamic decoupling algorithm developed in Soppelsa et al (2008 Fusion Eng. Des.
83 224). This accounts for the mutual interaction between different feedback coils and magnetic sensors, which is affected by the frequency-dependent response of the 3D wall structures to external magnetic fields. At the same time, multi-mode magnetic feedback is applied to the main error field harmonics. During the current ramp, multiple tearing modes are normally phase-locked and produce a toroidally localized deformation of the plasma column that tends to grow where the error fields are larger. With error field correction, this deformation does not grow at preferred positions, thus avoiding the plasma–wall interaction being too localized there. In general, the decoupling approach used in this work may find applications in other machines.
A pseudorotation with quadratic irrational rotation number
Authors: Turpin Mark
Published: May 2011

We show, by explicit construction, that for any quadratic irrational number

α
\alpha

, there exists a pseudorotation on an indecomposable cofrontier

Λ
\Lambda

with

α
\alpha

as its rotation number. Our construction builds on a family of examples of Brechner, Guay, and Mayer. They observe that in the pseudorotations they construct, irrational numbers of constant type are not realized as rotation numbers. Circle rotations can realize any rotation number, but this is to our knowledge the first example of a pseudorotation with a quadratic irrational rotation number, and hence an irrational of constant type.
Tube structures, Hardy spaces and extension of CR distributions
Authors: Hoepfner G. , Hounie J. , Carvalho dos Santos L.
Published: May 2011

We consider rough tubes

X
+
i

R

m

⊂

C

m

X+i\mathbb {R}^m\subset \mathbb {C}^m

, where

X
⊂

R

m

X\subset \mathbb {R}^m

is a measurable set, and extend the notion of

C
R

CR

function to the space

L
∞

(
X
,

h
p

(

R

m

)
)

L^\infty (X,h^p(\mathbb {R}^m))

, where

h
p

(

R

m

)

h^p(\mathbb {R}^m)

,

0
>
p
>
∞

0>p>\infty

, is Goldberg’s semilocal Hardy space. We show that if

X
X

is the image of some connected manifold by some

C
1

C^1

map, then all such

C
R

CR

functions can be extended to the convex hull of the tube as

C
R

CR

functions
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="element-of upper L Superscript normal infinity Baseline left-parenthesis normal c normal h left-parenthesis upper X right-parenthesis comma h Superscript p Baseline left-parenthesis double-struck upper R Superscript m Baseline right-parenthesis right-parenthesis">

∈

L
∞

(

c
h

(
X
)
,

h
p

(

R

m

)
)

\in L^\infty (\mathrm {ch}(X),h^p(\mathbb {R}^m))

. This extends previous work of Boggess.
Two. A Kid Grows in Queens and Manhattan
Authors: Swayne Steve
Published: May 2011

This chapter begins by introducing Robert Schuman, Bill's younger brother. Robert was mentally retarded, and the impact of his retardation upon the family is explored. From there, the chapter looks at Schuman's love of three things: music (particularly his violin lessons as a teenager), baseball, and reading. An early composition, the Three Songs without Words for Violin and Piano, is discussed, as well as Schuman's talents as a singer. Schuman's junior high and high school careers are discussed, with an emphasis on an early literary effort, “College Chums,” on his high-spirited nature that occasionally led him into trouble, and on early signs that he would grow up to be a self-confident leader.