bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coenzyme Q10 in combination with steroid therapy for treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a controlled prospective study
Authors: Ahn J.H. , Yoo M.H. , Lee H.J. , Chung J.W. , Yoon T.H.
Published: September 2010

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2010, 35, 486–489

Objective:  To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of coenzyme Q10 added to systemic steroid in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Design:  A controlled prospective study.

Setting:  Asan medical center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine.

Participants:  Between August 2007 and October 2008, the first 60 patients diagnosed with sudden sensorineural hearing loss were managed with systemic steroid treatment for 2 weeks including 5‐day hospitalisation. And the second 60 patients were managed with coenzyme Q10 for 2 weeks added to previous management.

Main outcome measures:  We evaluated auditory function by pure tone audiometry and speech discrimination score. Auditory evaluations were performed before and 3 months after treatment using Siegel’s criteria. The degree of improvement in four‐tone average hearing and speech discrimination score was calculated from the results before and after treatment.

Results:  The total hearing improvement rate after the treatment was 75.0% (90/120 patients) in this study. Although 47 patients (78.3%) of coenzyme Q10 group showed better hearing improvement than 43 patients (71.7%) of control group, there was no significant difference. However, the coenzyme Q10 group showed significantly higher improvement in speech discrimination score.

Conclusion:  From this study, we suggest that coenzyme Q10 may have beneficial effects in the treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
Collaborative Issues in Language Variation Documentaries
Authors: Wolfram Walt
Published: September 2010

Documentaries about language variation create a unique opportunity for linguists to collaborate with communities and producers in the representation of community language. At the same time, they present a series of challenges that extend from the selection of speakers who represent the community to the final editing decisions that ultimately reflect the producer’s interpretation of the subject matter. Productive collaboration involves input from the community in the conceptualization, the collection of footage, and the editing process. At the same time, producers, linguists, and community members may bring to the project different perspectives on language, different goals for the documentary, and different areas of knowledge and expertise that need to be accommodated. Linguists, producers, and the community can enable the collaborative base through adopting a set of strategies that include the selection of different community voices, restricted narration, limited use of outside experts, transparency in representing the recording process, and positive cultural framing of the community.
Unsustainable Urbanism? Cities, Climate Change and Resource Depletion: A Liverpool Case Study
Authors: North Peter
Published: September 2010

This paper brings together geographical debates about how responses to climate change and to the depletion of ecosystem resources can be balanced with the need to ensure that our cities are vibrant, inclusive and economically successful places. The paper uses Liverpool, UK as prism through which to review changing conceptualisations about how to make vibrant cities, bringing together a review of the city’s recent past with a discussion of contemporary discussions about how the city could move to a low carbon future under which CO2‐equivalent emissions are 80% lower than today by 2050. A key issue is to explore the unsustainability of current accepted paradigms for local economic development, and, in this context, to examine how behaviour and practices at one time seen as normal might be seen as pathological by future generations as conceptions of what is seen as ‘acceptable’ and ‘humane’ change.
China’s South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project: Is it Needed?
Authors: He Chansheng , He Xiaoying , Fu Li
Published: September 2010

China has started the construction of the South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP; its magnitude is even greater than the Three Gorges Dam Project), to deliver about 45 billion m3 of water from the Yangtze River to the water starving North China Plain. Is the project needed given the multiple socioeconomic, engineering, and environmental challenges and controversies it is facing and the effects of demand management programs China has been implementing in recent years? This article, through the analysis of the water shortage problems in the North China Plain and the Yellow River basin, demonstrates that considering China’s current economic base, technological capacity, and income levels, the SNWTP, while facing multiple challenges, is still needed to relieve the water deficit problems in the North China Plain. However, the SNWTP is only a partial solution to North China’s chronic water shortage problem. China should continue to actively implement and enforce its demand management programs nationwide to ensure that its limited fresh water resources are used to meet the multiple needs of human societies and ecosystems in a socially responsible, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable way.
Small‐Scale Remotely Piloted Vehicles in Environmental Research
Authors: Hardin Perry J. , Hardin Thomas J.
Published: September 2010

Small‐scale remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs) have been experimentally used in environmental fieldwork. They have found employment in range management, forestry, wildlife studies, crop monitoring, marine investigations, and aerobiological sampling. The advantages of small‐scale RPVs include pilot safety, fast data turnaround time, low capital and per‐flight costs, ease in flight planning, quick response for targets of opportunity, and the potential to gather ultrahigh resolution pictures in situations where in situ data gathering is impossible. Significant limitations of small‐scale RPVs include their low stability as photographic platforms; short flight times, airframe fragility, the paucity of sensor packages available, and the difficulties involved integrating pilot‐assist flight navigation systems. Further development is required before small‐scale RPVs will be accepted as mainstream tools for environmental monitoring. Besides discovering and validating environmental applications of the technology, this work includes the design of inexpensive lightweight sensor packages for environmental tasks and the improvement of image processing algorithms to interpret, rectify, and manage RPV imagery.
Trapping sheep blowflies using bait‐bins
Authors: Anderson JME , Mcleod LJ , Shipp E. , Swan A. , Kennedy JP
Published: September 2010

A bait‐bin designed to attract and kill sheep blowflies is described. It is composed of a garbage bin plus lid, attractant and insecticide‐treated offal. Fly entry holes are covered with differentiator wire to increase selectivity of kill. Placing bait‐bins in preferred habitats of blowflies to optimise kill is outlined and temporal insecticide strategies to increase effectiveness of kill and reduce blowfly resistance are suggested.

Preliminary data supporting the effectiveness of bait‐bins in reducing blowfly numbers and flystrike in combination with good management practices to reduce sheep susceptibility to flystrike in the arid zone of New South Wales are presented and cost‐effectiveness of bait‐bins is analysed.
Coaction of Sub‐band and Doped Nitrogen on Visible Light Photoactivity of N‐Doped TiO2
Authors: Feng Caixia , Jin Zhensheng , Zhang Jingwei , Wu Zhishen , Zhang Zhijun
Published: September 2010

We found in our previous work that the high photoactivity of N‐doped TiO2 for the oxidation of propylene under visible light was attributed to the photoactive center Vo•‐NO‐Ti and the formation of sub‐band originated from a large amount of single‐electron‐trapped oxygen vacancies (denoted as Vo•; C. X. Feng, Y. Wang, Z. S. Jin, J. W. Zhang, S. L. Zhang, Z. S. Wu, Z. J. Zhang [2008], New J. Chem. 32, 1038). In the present study, the structure of the sub‐band within Eg of a representative sample N‐NTA‐400 was investigated by means of photoluminescence (PL) spectrometry and ultraviolet‐visible light‐near infrared diffuse reflectance spectra. The coaction of the sub‐band and doped nitrogen on visible light photocatalytic activity of N‐doped TiO2 was also investigated. The electron spin resonance spectra measured under laser irradiation (λ = 532 nm) indicate that the doped nitrogen may contribute to stabilize the trapping electron center, i.e. surface oxygen vacancy (Vo••), and hence suppress the PL, enhancing the photocatalytic activity.
The DSM‐IV version of schizophrenia may be harmful to patients' health
Authors: McGlashan Thomas H.
Published: September 2010

The DSM‐III, III‐R and DSM‐IV diagnostic systems required deterioration (functional loss) and duration (6 months) in the diagnosis of schizophrenia. These criteria made schizophrenia exceptional to an otherwise phenomenologically‐based nosology, but their inclusion represented an effort to disentangle the diagnosis of schizophrenia from considerable historical baggage. Newer findings about the efforts of early detection and intervention in schizophrenia, however, are now calling into question the validity, utility and even the safety of these decisions. This communication will review the original reasons for including deterioration and duration as criteria. It will then argue that these reasons are now obsolete and potentially anti‐therapeutic, and that a revised set of cross‐sectional phenomenologic criteria for schizophrenia need to be utilized as soon as possible.
Magnetic resonance imaging brain activation in first‐episode bipolar mania during a response inhibition task
Authors: Strakowski Stephen M. , Adler Caleb M. , Cerullo Michael A. , Eliassen James C. , Lamy Martine , Fleck David E. , Lee Jing‐Huei , DelBello Melissa P.
Published: September 2010

Aims: Impulsivity is common in bipolar disorder, especially during mania. Understanding the functional neuroanatomy of response inhibition, one component of impulsivity, might clarify the neural substrate of bipolar disorder.

Methods: Sixteen DSM‐IV first‐episode, manic bipolar patients and 16 matched healthy subjects were examined during a first manic episode using functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a response inhibition task. All subjects were studied using a 4.0 Tesla Varian Unity INOVA Whole Body MRI/MRS system. The response inhibition task was presented using non‐ferromagnetic goggles, and task performance was recorded during scan acquisition. Imaging data were analysed using analysis of functional neuroimages. Group contrasts were made for the specific response inhibition measure.

Results: The groups performed the task similarly, although both demonstrated relatively poor rates of target response, but high rates of successful ‘stops’. Despite similar behavioural results, the groups showed significantly different patterns of functional magnetic resonance imaging brain activation. Specifically, during response inhibition, the healthy subjects exhibited significantly greater activation in anterior and posterior cingulate, medial dorsal thalamus, middle temporal gyrus, and precuneus. The bipolar patients exhibited prefrontal activation (BA 10) that was not observed in healthy subjects.

Conclusions: Bipolar and healthy subjects exhibit different patterns of brain activation to response inhibition; these differences may reflect different functional neuroanatomic approaches to response inhibition between the two groups.
Suicidality prior to presentation in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Foley Sharon , Jackson Deirdre , McWilliams Stephen , Renwick Laoise , Sutton Marie , Turner Niall , Kinsella Anthony , O'Callaghan Eadbhard
Published: September 2010

Introduction: Suicide and attempted suicide contribute significantly to the increased mortality and morbidity associated with psychotic illness. The period of highest risk is reportedly in the early years of illness. While the literature concentrates on completed suicide in chronic psychosis, less is understood about attempted suicide in first‐episode psychosis (FEP).

Aim: We aimed to examine rates and correlates of suicide attempts in individuals with FEP.

Method: Individuals in this study were all those, both in‐ and outpatients, diagnosed with FEP over a 2‐year period, from a defined catchment area. Assessment included Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV, Schedule for Assessment of Positive Symptoms, Schedule for Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Calgary Scale, Beiser Scale and Birchwood Insight Scale.

Results: Of 107 patients with FEP, 50 (47%) individuals reported suicidal ideation: 41 (38%) in the month prior to first presentation. Ten individuals (9%) made a suicide attempt. The only factor significantly associated with previous suicide attempt was higher insight scores at first presentation (P = 0.04).

Conclusion: Individuals with a history of suicide attempt tend to have higher insight into having a mental illness at first presentation.
Mental health literacy among Internet users
Authors: Lawlor Elizabeth , Breslin John G. , Renwick Laoise , Foley Sharon , Mulkerrin Una , Kinsella Anthony , Turner Niall , O'Callaghan Eadbhard
Published: September 2010

Background: Intervening early in the course of psychotic illness may improve the long‐term outcome. Early intervention requires early recognition, and one factor that influences early recognition is the level of mental health literacy (MHL) in the population.

Aim: To investigate the level of MHL regarding depression and psychosis in an Irish population.

Method: We invited the registered users of Ireland's most popular community website (http://www.boards.ie) to participate in an online survey. Two standardized vignettes depicting depression and psychosis were presented, and respondents were asked about what they thought the conditions were and who might be best placed to help the person. Participants were asked a series of knowledge‐based questions about psychosis.

Results: Nine hundred and ninety‐eight (770 males, 228 females) people participated. Using a case vignette model, 78% and 93% of respondents correctly identified depression and psychosis/schizophrenia, respectively. However, half of the participants described schizophrenia as a ‘split personality disorder’. Neither age nor urbanicity influenced the probability of correctly identifying the diagnosis, but females and university students were more likely to correctly identify the diagnosis. More than 90% believed intervening early in psychosis is likely to improve outcome.

Conclusion: The Internet users in this survey have high levels of MHL, identify appropriate pathways to care, and their views on management are consistent with evidence‐based treatments.
Comparable family burden in families of clinical high‐risk and recent‐onset psychosis patients
Authors: Wong Celine , Davidson Larry , McGlashan Thomas , Gerson Ruth , Malaspina Dolores , Corcoran Cheryl
Published: September 2010

Aim: Family burden is prevalent in psychotic disorders, but little is known about burden experienced by families of patients in early illness. In this exploratory study, we examined the extent of burden reported by families of patients during a putative prodromal period and in the aftermath of psychosis onset.

Methods: Family burden was assessed in 23 family members of patients with emerging or early psychosis. The Family Experiences Interview Schedule was used to assess both objective and subjective burden. Objective burden is comprised of increased resource demands and disruption of routine. Subjective burden includes worry, anger/displeasure and resentment at objective burden.

Results: Family burden was comparable for the clinical high‐risk and recent‐onset psychosis patients. Worry was as high as previously reported for more chronic patients. By contrast, there was a relative absence of displeasure/anger. Family members endorsed assisting patients in activities of daily living, although not ‘minding’ doing so, and reported little need to supervise or control patients' behaviour.

Conclusions: Early in emerging psychotic illness, families report helping patients and worrying about them, but their lives are not yet disrupted and they do not have much anger or resentment. This may be an ideal time then for intervention with families, as worry may motivate help‐seeking by families.
Prospective outcome of early intervention for individuals at ultra‐high‐risk for psychosis
Authors: Shim GeumSook , Kang Do‐Hyung , Choi Jung‐Seok , Jung Myung Hun , Kwon Soo Jin , Jang Go Eun , Kwon Jun Soo
Published: September 2010

Aim: Based on previous reports of second‐generation antipsychotic agents having a beneficial effect on prodromal symptoms, we investigated the effectiveness and tolerability of atypical antipsychotic therapies in individuals at high risk for developing psychosis.

Methods: We examined prodromal symptoms and functioning in individuals at ultra‐high‐risk for psychosis using an uncontrolled prospective design with pre‐ and post‐treatment measures.

Results: Of the 27 subjects taking antipsychotics during the study period, 15 took part in at least one follow‐up assessment. Overall Com prehensive Assessment of At‐Risk Mental States scores significantly improved at the last evaluation point, with a medium‐size effect of Cohen's d = 0.54 (95% confidence interval, −0.02 to 1.08) (mean follow‐up period = 8.8; SD = 8.3 months). Depression and anxiety symptoms were markedly reduced, and global and social functioning also significantly improved. Of the 27 subjects, two (7.4%) converted to psychosis and 16 (59.3%) experienced at least one treatment‐emergent adverse event, but no subjects exhibited serious adverse events.

Conclusions: The results of this study support treating high‐risk individuals with antipsychotics to reduce prodromal symptoms with adequate safety.
DRUG FOCUS: S 18986: A Positive Allosteric Modulator of AMPA‐Type Glutamate Receptors Pharmacological Profile of a Novel Cognitive Enhancer
Authors: Bernard Katy , Danober Laurence , Thomas Jean‐Yves , Lebrun Cécile , Muñoz Carmen , Cordi Alex , Desos Patrice , Lestage Pierre , Morain Philippe
Published: September 2010

Alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole‐propionic acid (AMPA) type glutamate receptors are critical for synaptic plasticity and induction of long‐term potentiation (LTP), considered as one of the synaptic mechanisms underlying learning and memory. Positive allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors could provide a therapeutic approach to the treatment of cognitive disorders resulting from aging and/or neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease (AD). Several AMPA potentiators have been described in the last decade, but for the moment their clinical efficacy has not been demonstrated due to the complexity of the target, AMPA receptors, and the difficulty in studying cognition in animals and humans. A better understanding of the mechanism of action of this type of drug remains an important issue, if knowledge of these compounds is to be increased and if this novel therapeutic approach is to be an interesting research area. Among the AMPA potentiators, S 18986 is emerging as a new selective positive allosteric modulator of AMPA‐type glutamate receptors. S 18986, as with other positive AMPA receptor modulators, increased induction and maintenance of LTP in the hippocampus as well as the expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) bothin vitroandin vivo. Its cognitive‐enhancing properties have been demonstrated in various behavioral models (procedural, spatial, “episodic,” working, and relational/declarative memory) in young‐adult and aged rodents. It is interesting to note that memory‐enhancing effects appeared more robust in middle‐aged animals compared with aged ones and in “episodic” and spatial memory tasks. From these results, S 18986 is expected to treat memory deficits associated with early cerebral aging and neurological diseases in elderly people.
The Discovery of Phlogopite Exsolution Lamellae in Garnets of Eclogite Inclusions, Liaoning Province
Authors: Xiuzhong Zhou
Published: September 2010

In No. 50 kimberlite pipe of Fuxian County, Liaoning Province, an eclogite inclusion (nodule), which is extremely rare in kimberlites, was discovered and phlogopite exsolution lamellae were found in garnets of the inclusion. Microscopic, TEM and energy spectral observations and studies confirmed that these lamellae are phlogopite. They are colourless and acicular in section, generally 0.5–5 μm in width and 10–100 μm in length. Nevertheless, fine lamellae, 0.05–0.1 μm wide and 1–2 μm long, are also well developed. Along [111] of the garnet, three sets of phlogopite lamellae show oriented arrangement approximately at angles of 60° −70°, indicating that these lamellae might be the product of exsolution from garnet as a result of pressure–release when eclogite ascended from the relatively deep level to the relatively shallow level of the mantle. Tiny acicular exsolution minerals (or inclusions) are commonly found in garnet and pyroxene in eclogite inclusions of kimberlites all over the world and it has been reported that the identified exsolution minerals include pyroxene and rutile. This is the first time that phlogopite exsolution lamillae were found in eclogite inclusions in the world.
Mineralization during Collisional Orogenesis and Its Control of the Distribution of Gold and Other Deposits in the Junggar Orogen, Xinjiang, China
Authors: Yanjing Chen
Published: September 2010

The Junggar orogen, Xinjiang, China, is an important part of the Ural–Mongolian orogen. The collisional orogenesis in this region occurred primarily in the Carboniferous and Permian with an evolutional process of early compression and late extension. Mineralization of gold and other metals in the Junggar orogen occurred mainly in the Permian and in a few cases in the Late Carboniferous. The deposits are largely distributed in areas where collisional orogenesis was intensive and formed in a transitional stage from compression to extension. Therefore, gold mineralization in the Junggar orogen is fully consistent with the collisional orogenesis in time, space and geodynamic setting. This indicates that the mineral deposit model of collisional orogenesis is applicable to prospecting and study of ore deposits in the Junggar orogen. Furthermore, the factual distribution of gold and other deposits in this region is just the same as the collisional orogenic model presents.
Lake Sequence Stratigraphy of the Shahejie Formation in the Zhanhua Hollow, Shandong Province
Authors: Liuqi Wang , Zaixing Jiang , Yingchang Cao , Wentao Han , Jing Wu
Published: September 2010

Two sequences can be identified in the sedimentary strata of the lower Tertiary Shahejie Formation in the Zhanhua hollow. The lowstand, lake–transgressive and highstand systems tracts were formed under the control of ancient structure, palaeotopography, palaeoclimate, sediment supply, marine–transgression, and so on. In the paper the authors present a composite sequence stratigraphical section of the Shahejie Formation in this area, and expound the boundaries of parasequences, parasequences set and systems tracts and evolutions of lake sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology and discuss various factors controlling the lake level fluctuation. The differences between lake and marine sequence stratigraphy are also indicated in the paper. The lake sequence stratigraphical study should be based on a synthetic analysis of structural evolution, palaeomagnetism, palaeoclimatic changes, geological well logs, seismic and logging data, palaeontological data, global sea level changes, and so on. The sequence stratigraphical evolution is closely related to the formation, development and elimination of the whole basin and the sedimentary process.
Tectonic Evolution of the Himalayan Collision Belt
Authors: Junwen Cui
Published: September 2010

This paper discusses the tectonic divisions of the Himalayan collision belt and deals with the tectonic evolution of the collision belt in the context of crustal accretion in the front of the collision belt, deep diapirism and thermal–uplift extension and deep material flowing of the lithosphere — backflowing. Finally it proposes a model of the tectonic evolution progressive intracontinental deformation model — of the Himalayan belt.
REE Geochemistry of VMS and SEDEX Ores in China
Authors: Xuexin Song , Qingsheng Xu , Yuemin Guo , Xueying Mao , Hong Ouyang
Published: September 2010

REE ratios and patterns for massive pyrite ore and massive cuprous pyrite ore of the Baiyinchang orefield are quite similar to those for quartz keratophyritic tuff and quartz albitophyre of the same orefield. However, massive cuprous pyrite ore of the Ashele Cu–Zn deposit is similar to basalt–diabase of the same district in REE geochemistry. Comparison of the Chinese VMS ores with those from Rio Tinto, Spain and Que River, Australia, in REE geochemistry has been made. REE ratios and patterns of bedded–massive and massive ores of the Changba–Lijiagou Zn–Pb deposit, the second largest SEDEX deposit in China are similar to those of their host rocks, the Qinling shales of Devonian age and the Changba adamellite. The three types of ore and their host rocks of the Dongshengmiao pyrite (pyrrhotite)–Zn–Pb deposit have parallel REE ratios and patterns.
Isotope Tracing and Prospecting Assessment of Gold–Silver Deposits in Zhejiang Province
Authors: Haoshou Chen , Butai Xu
Published: September 2010

Three different types of gold and silver deposits in Zhejiang Province (Huangshan gold deposit, Zhilingtou gold–silver deposit and Haoshi silver deposit) show marked differences in lead and strontium isotopic composition, suggesting three different sources and geneses of these deposits. The Huangshan gold deposit features low initial Sr isotope ratios and low μ values or low content of radiogenic Pb and its ore–forming materials came primarily from the upper mantle; the Zhilingtou gold–silver deposit shows high initial Sr isotope ratios and high μ values or high content of radiogenic Pb and the ore–forming materials were derived mainly from the upper crust; and the Haoshi silver deposit has its Pb and Sr isotope ratios between the above two cases with the ore—forming materials stemming from both the mantle and the crust. The characteristic Pb isotopic composition may serve as an indicator for prospecting for different types of ore deposits.
Important Events and Chronological Framework of the Early Precambrian Granulite Terrain, Northwestern Hebei Province
Authors: Yuansheng Geng , Dunyi Liu , Biao Song
Published: September 2010

Based on the chronological data and relevant geological evidence, the chronological framework of the major geological events of the granulite terrain in northwestern Hebei Province and its adjacent areas has been established. Basic lava eruption occurred in the span of 2868–2932 Ma, resulting in the formation of the early crust. The TTG magma emplacement took place c.2761 Ma ago. Subsequently basic magma intruded into the supracrustal rocks at 2650 Ma, resulting in crustal thickening. The thickening was enhanced at 2561–2503 Ma by the widespread intrusions of granodioritic magma. In the period of 2477–2461 Ma charnockite intruded, accompanied by regional granulite facies metamorphism. The second stage of granulite facies metamorphism occurred c. 2300 Ma ago, and finally pink granite intrusions at 2144–2087 Ma resulted in the formation of a granite zone.
Yixunite and Damiaoite—A Twin of New Native Alloys of Indium and Platinum from the Yanshan Mountains
Authors: Zuxiang Yu
Published: September 2010

Yixunite and damiaoite were found in a cobalt‐ and copper–bearing platinum ore vein of a contact metasomatic deposit. The chief ore minerals are bornite, chalcopyrite, magnetite and carrollite. The platinum minerals include moncheite, sperrylite, daomanite, cobalt malanite and cooperite. Yixunite and damiaoite occur as immiscible globules, 1.0 to 2.0 mm in diameter. Yixunite is always in the central part of a globule. It is opaque with metallic lustre, bright white colour and black streak. HM=5.8; VHN50 = 634 kg/mm2 (573–681 kg/mm2); insoluble in HCl, HNO3, HF or H3PO4; no cleavage; no magnetism. Density is hard to measure because of small grain size. Calculated density = 18.21 g/cm3. Reflective colour is bright white with a yellowish tint. Isotropic. The mean analytical results (ranges) (%) are: Pt 82.8 (81.8–83.6), In 16.4(15.6–17.1) and total 99.2. The empirical formula (based on 4 atoms) is Pt2.993 In1.007. The five strongest lines of X–ray diffraction (hki, d, I) are 111, 2.30 (100); 200, 1.99(60); 202, 1.411 (40); 311, 1.203 (80); 222, 1.151(40). Space group: Pm3m with a = 0.3988(3) nm and Z= 1. Damiaoite occurs as single globules or was exsolved from yixunite. Opaque with metallic lustre; bright white colour with black streak; HM = 5.3; VHN50 = 485 kg/mm2 (434–529 kg/mm2); insoluble in HCl, HNO3, HF or H3PO4; cleavage: no; magnetism: no. Density: hard to measure because of small grain size. Calculated density = 10.95 g/cm3. Reflective colour is bright white with a yellowish tint. Isotropic. The mean analytical results (ranges) (%) are Pt 45.6 (45.4–46.0), In 53.5 (52.4–53.9), total 99.1. The empirical formula (based on 3 atoms) is P1.002 In1.998. The six strongest lines of X–ray diffraction (hkl. d. I) are 220,2.25 (100); 311,1.92 (60); 400,1.59 (60); 422,1.299 (80); 440,1.125 (60); 620,1.006 (70). Space group: Fm3m with a = 0.6364 (3) nm and Z = 4.
Rheological Properties of Mantle Peridotites at Yushigou in the North Qilian Mountains and Their Implications for Plate Dynamics
Authors: Shuguang SONG , Li SU
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This paper discusses in detail the deformation textures, glide system, petrofabrics and olivine dislocation microstructures of mantle peridotites at Yushigou in the North Qilian Mountains, northwestern China. The peridotites have undergone high‐pressure, high‐temperature and low‐strain rate plastic flow deformation. According to the dynamic recrystallized‐grain size of olivine and the average spacing between the dislocation walls as well as the chemical composition of enstatite, the authors calculated the rheological parameters of the ancient upper mantle in the study area as follows: temperatures 1025–1093°C; pressures 3043–4278 MPa; depths 95–132 km; deviatoric stress 28–32 MPa; strain rates 0.2×10−14‐2.13×10−14s−1 and equivalent viscosities 0.45×1020‐4.65×1020 Pa • s. These parameters suggest that the position where plastic flow took place was correspondent to the lowvelocity zone beneath the oceanic lithosphere and that oceanization characterized by middle‐velocity (1–3 cm/a) sea‐floor spreading took place in the North Qilian Mountains during the Early Palaeozoic.
Types of Organic Facies and Source Rock Assessment of the Coal‐Measure Mudstone in the Turpan‐Hami Basin
Authors: Changyi ZHAO , Meili DU , Longyi SHAO , Jianping CHEN , Keming CHENG , Zhonghua HE
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This paper discusses the enviromental characteristics of carbonaceous mudstone and mudstone (coal‐measure mudstone in short) of the Early and Middle Jurassic in the Turpan‐Hami basin, which were formed in swamps. Through the organic facies study of the coal‐measure mudstone in this area, the authors clarify that the flowing‐water swamp is the most advanced organic facies belt. Furthermore, according to the practical materials of coal‐measure mudstone in the area and with the evaluation criteria of lacustrine mudstone in the past, the authors have established the integrated symbol systems from the abundance of organic matter and the type of organic matter, which can be used in the source rock evaluation of the coal‐measure mudstone.
Fractal Simulation and Classification of Folds
Authors: Guiting HOU
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The method of fractal simulation and classification of folds is firstly studied here to describe various types of complex fold patterns in quantitative analysis. Based on the characteristics of natural folds with a fractal pattern, the fold patterns are simulated to describe various types of folds quantitatively by means of fractal interpolation. The major factors affecting the fold pattern are elucidated in fractal simulation of folds, i.e. positions of interpolation points (x, y) and the disturbance coefficient d of folds (‐1<d<1). The bigger the value d for a fold simulation is, the more complex or disturbed the folds are and the better developed the relative secondary folds are. If d>0, folds are upconvex. IF d<0, they are down‐convex. |d|=0, |d|=0.25 and |d|=0.5 represent three conspicuous turning states. If |d|=0, the points will be joined by a straight line. If |d|=0.25, the points will be joined smoothly. If |d|<0.25, there will be complex secondary folds between the points. If |d| >0.5, there will be more complex secondary folds between the points. The complex degrees of the fold pattern, therefore, can be classified by the disturbance coefficient d and by the discongruent degree Δ d. In nature, most folds are self‐affine fractal folds.
Geochronological Study of Caledonian Granulite and High—Pressure Gneiss in the Dabie Mountains
Authors: Weiran YANG , Ping JIAN
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Using the single—zircon evaporation technique and U—Pb method, the authors have conducted an isotope geochonological study of the Huilanshan granulite and Shima garnet‐bearing plagioclase gneiss (“country rocks” of the Shima eclogite) in the Dabie Mountains. The study shows that these rocks have peak metamorphic ages of 443–455 Ma, which are essentially consistent with that of the Caledonian high—ultrahigh pressure eclogites. This indicates the existence of the Caledonian collisional orogeny in the Dabie Mountains.
Regional Environmental Differentiation in China Since the Mid—Pleistocene Inferred from Lake Records and Its Relation with East Asian Monsoons
Authors: Sumin Wang , Bin Xue
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Comparative study of long lake records in different regions in China can provide some significant information about the regional differentiation of the environment and Asian monsoon activities. However, intensively studied lacustrine cores with a span of a few hundred thousand years are very rare in China. The available examples are only three long cores from the Zoigê basin in the eastern Qinghai‐Tibet plateau, the Qaidam basin in the northern Qinghai‐Tibet plateau and the Dianchi basin in the Yunnan plateau respectively. The results show that the regional environmental differentiation since the Mid‐Pleistocene involved three stages, i.e. 780–480, 480–160, 160–0 ka B.P. In each of the three stages different regions of China had their own distinctive environmental characteristics, indicating that the uplift of the Qinghai‐Tibet plateau played a major role in the environmental differentiation process.
Accelerated Exhumation During the Cenozoic in the Dabie Mountains: Evidence from Fission—Track Ages
Authors: Guocan WANG , Weiran YANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Zircon and apatite fission‐track dating indicates that the exhumation of the Dabie Mountains tended to be accelerated in the Cenozoic and that the exhumation of the eastern Dabie Mountains was more and more intense from south to north, which is in accordance with the more and more intense dissection from south to north, as is reflected by the modern geomorphologic features of the Dabie Mountains. The accelerated exhumation during the Cenozoic was related to the high elevation of the Dabie Mountains resulting from Late Cretaceous‐Palaeogene detachment faulting and subsequent fault‐block uplift and subsidence. The average elevation at that time was at least about 660 m higher than that at the present. The intense exhumation lagged behind intense uplift.
The Younger Dryas Event and Holocene Climate Fluctuations Recorded in a Stalagmite from the Panlong Cave of Guilin
Authors: Bin LI , Daoxian YUAN , LAURITZEN Stein‐Erik , Jiaming QIN , Yushi LIN
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Comprehensive studies on a stalagmite from the Panlong cave, Guilin, have shown that the isotopic records and sedimentary characteristics can reflect the changes of both palaeotemperatures and palaeorainfall, that is to say, it is possible to get some information about the changes in climate of the area from the speleothem. The results suggest that: (1) the Younger Dryas event might have persisted in the area from 11 300 to 10 800 a B.P.; (2) from 9000 to 7000 a B.P., the climate got warmer and wetter, and the summer monsoon was gradually enhanced; (3) from 7000 to 4500 a B.P., the climate was warm and wet, and the summer monsoon prevailed; and (4) from 4500 a B.P. on, the summer monsoon was weakened and the modern climate pattern appeared, but there were several cold and dry periods, namely, from 4000 to 2500 a B.P., ca. 2400 a B.P. and < 1000 a B.P.
Meso‐Cenozoic Mineralization Pattern in the Continent of China
Authors: Yuchuan CHEN , Jue XU , Denghong WANG , Jianmin YANG , Chunji XUE , Shenhao YAN
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Based on the complex structure and material resources, the complex geological setting of the Mesozoic‐Cenozoic continent of China controlled four kinds of dynamic mechanisms of the continental tectonic‐mineralization pattern, i.e. the dynamic mechanisms related to (1) underthrusting or collision, (2) activation of old tectonic belts or activity of new tectonic belts, (3) upwelling of mantle material and heat, and (4) interaction between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere. The four dynamic factors are related to and interact with each other; and the mantle‐crust interaction leads to the regular time‐space zonation of endogenetic deposits on a regional scale. The Meso‐Cenozoic mineralization pattern in China can be outlined as the network tectono‐metallogenic pattern constructed by NNE‐ and E‐W‐trending tectonics in eastern China, and multi‐layer ring tectono‐metallogenic pattern in the Qinghai‐Tibet plateau and its northern and eastern neighbouring areas.
Ore‐bearing Formations and Mineral Resource Prospects of the Peripheral Areas of the Tarim Block
Authors: Jurui HE , Xinjian RUI , Kunyi GUO , Quanhuai WU , Hongying LIU , Futong WANG , Chuanmin SUN
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The tectonic development of the Tarim block has experienced four stages, i. e. Earth's core accretion and block formation in the Precambrian, margin splitting, opening‐closing and piecing up in the Early Palaeozoic, rift formation and plate unification in the Late Palaeozoic, and basin‐mountain coupling and landform shaping in the Meso‐Cenozoic, forming six ore‐bearing formations and ore deposits of various genetic types in the Tianshan Mountains, Kunlun Mountains and Altun Mountains. In the peripheral areas of Tarim there are four giant intercontinental metallogenic belts passing through, the Central Tianshan and southwestern Tianshan belts in the former USSR and the Qinling‐Qilian‐Kunlun and Palaeo‐Tethys belts in China. According to the macro‐analysis on the nearly one thousand known deposits (occurrences) and geophysical‐geochemical anomalies, and the information from reconnaissance in some areas, the region has very good prospects for mineral resources. Some of the metallogenic belts may well become the reserve bases for exploration of mineral resources in China.
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Au and Pb‐Zn Mineralization: Phenomenon, Mechanism and Implication
Authors: Dongbo WANG , Shicai SHAO , Yong XU , Guoping LIU
Published: September 2010

Abstract  In the 1990s, some median‐large gold deposits have been discovered in several lead‐zinc metallogenetic belts (e.g. the Qinling lead‐zinc metallogenetic belt, Shanxi Province and Gansu Province and the Qingchengzi lead‐zinc ore field, Liaoning Province) in China. Gold deposits and lead‐zinc deposits spatially co‐exist in the same tectonic setting; lead‐zinc orebodies are commonly located below gold ore bodies. The host rocks of lead‐zinc ore‐bodies are conformably overlain by those of gold ore bodies. The age of gold mineralization is obviously younger than that of lead‐zinc mineralization. Preliminary geochemical research has demonstrated the following: lead‐zinc mineralization took place in a marine sedimentary‐exhalative system, which had the characteristics of a high fluid/rock ratio, a high salinity and a high halide activity; meanwhile, most of gold was transported into the low‐temperature hydrothermal plume and primarily enriched in sediments. During later (magmatism‐) metamorphism‐ tectonism, gold was remobilized and transported into the metamorphic fluid which had the characteristics of medium‐ high temperatures, a low fluid/rock ratio and a low activity of halide, and precipitated at a favourable structural site. Therefore, the co‐existence of gold and lead‐zinc deposits and the separation of gold from lead‐zinc result from the differences of chemical composition and circulation of ore fluids in the same tectonic unit. This phenomenon can be used as an important criterion in exploration.
Geochemistry of Subvolcanic‐Type Copper‐Silver Deposits in Eastern China
Authors: Wenhui GENG , Jinyan YAO
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The metallogenesis of subvolcanic deposits is controlled by subvolcanic activities. The copper polymetallic deposits are genetically related to intermediate‐acid rocks, and the silver polymetallic deposits are more closely related to acid rocks. The abundance of Cu is relatively high in the intermediate‐acid rocks and subvolcanic rocks, whereas the abundances of Pb, An and Ag are high in acid rocks, indicating rich ore‐forming elements in original magmas. The study of REEs shows that the magmatic type related to copper deposits is the syntectic type, and that related to silver polymetallic deposits is mainly the re‐melting type. The deposits were formed under medium‐low temperatures and low salinity. The metallogenic times were the late stage of the early Yanshanian or the late Yanshanian, dating 78–147 Ma.
Helium, Argon, and Xenon Isotopic Compositions of Ore‐forming Fluids in Jinding‐Baiyangping Polymetallic Deposits, Yunnan, Southwest China
Authors: Chunji XUE , Denghong WANG , Yuchuan CHEN , Jianmin YANG , Weiguang YANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The Jinding superlarge lead and zinc deposit has attracted the attention of geologists of the world and its metallogenesis has long been in dispute. This paper takes the Jinding deposit and the Baiyangping Cu‐Ag‐Co deposit which was recently found at about 30 km north of Jinding as one ore belt, and, based on researches on the helium, argon, and xenon isotopic compositions of primary inclusions in ore‐forming solutions of the main stage, the authors have found that the 3He/4He ratio of the ore‐forming fluid is 2.7×10−6 (varying from 0.19 to 1.97 Ra), the 4He/40Ar ratio (0.24–3.12) is close to the mantle characteristic ratio, and the xenon isotopic composition and evolution show characters of the mantle xenon. The above results reveal the characteristics of mantle source and crust‐mantle fluid mixing (mantle helium reaching 32%) and the metallogenic contributions of the deep processes in the Jinding‐Baiyangping ore belt.
Geology, Genetic Types and Metallogeny of Gold Deposits in the Eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang
Authors: Jianzhong FENG , Yishan ZENG , Shuixing FU
Published: September 2010

Abstract  As a typical Palaeozoic island arc system, the eastern Tianshan area, Xinjiang, is different from eastern China but similar to the Meso‐Cenozoic island arc metallogenic provinces along the coast of the Pacific Ocean in metallogenic environment, geology and geochemistry. Three types of gold deposits, ductile shear zone‐hosted gold deposits (Kanggur'), magmatic hydrothermal gold deposits (Jinwozi) and volcanic‐ or subvolcanic‐hosted gold deposits (Xitan and Mazhuangshan), have been identified in this area. Regionally, gold deposits are structurally controlled by the Kanggur Tag ductile shear zone, Shaquanzi fault, Hongliuhe fault and Yamansu fault. Generally, gold mineralization occurs in the transition zones from volcanic rocks to sedimentary rocks. The horizon bearing well‐developed jasper is an important indicator for gold mineralization. Each of the three types of gold deposits has its distinctive metallogenic background and geological‐geochemical characteristics.
A Geochemical Study of an REE‐rich Carbonatite Dyke at Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, Northern China
Authors: Xueming YANG , Yongfei ZHENG , Xiaoyong YANG , Peishan ZHANG , BAS M.J. LE
Published: September 2010

Abstract  An REE‐rich carbonatite dyke was found in Dulahala, close to the Bayan Obo superlarge REE‐Nb‐Fe mineral deposit in Inner Mongolia, northern China. The REE content in the dyke varies greatly, from 1% up to 20% (wt), which might constitute rich REE ores. Light REEs in the carbonatite are enriched and highly fractionated relative to heavy REEs and there is no Eu anomaly. The REE and trace element distribution patterns of the carbonatite are identical to those of fine‐grained dolomite marble which is the host rock of the Bayan Obo REE‐Nb‐Fe superlarge mineral deposit. This indicates a petrogenetic linkage between the REE‐rich carbonatite and the mineralizations in this region.
On Biochemical Formation of Salt Deposits
Authors: Dongyan WEI , Xiaolin DENG , Zhenmin LIU , Gengsheng YANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract  A water/salt system in an evaporative environment is both a physicochemical region and a biological one. All the parameters of the system, such as the salinity, temperature and CO2 partial pressure, are affected by halophilic bacteria. The system controls salt deposition but is modified by an accompanying ecological system; therefore it should be called a water/salt/biological system. Salt minerals result from accumulation of the remains of bacteria/algae, namely, bacteria/algae formation; whereas biological, biophysical and biochemical processes provide full evidence for organic involvement. Consequently, salt deposits should not be called purely chemical but biological/chemical ones. This new argument supplements and develops the traditional idea and helps perfect the mineralization theory of salts and even general deposits, thus giving guidance to prospecting for salt deposits.
Minerogenic System of Magnesian Nonmetallic Deposits in Early Proterozoic Mg‐rich Carbonate Formations in Eastern Liaoning Province
Authors: Congxi CHEN , Keqin CAI
Published: September 2010

Abstract In the early Proterozoic the Li'eryu Formation and Dashiqiao Formation of eastern Liaoning province, China, there are distributed Mg‐rich carbonate rock formations, in which large to superlarge deposits of boron, magnesite, talc, Xiuyan jade etc. occur. The formation of these magnesian nonmetallic deposits was related to early Proterozoic evaporates; then these deposits underwent reworking of regional metamorphism and hydrothermal metasomatism during the Lüliang orogeny and tectono‐magmatism during the Indosinian‐Yanshanian. Among other things, the Mg‐rich carbonates formations, minerogenetic structures and ore‐forming fluids played a controlling role in the formation of the mineral deposits. Therefore, it can be concluded that the mineral deposits are products of combined processes of the coupling of ore source field, fluid field, thermal field (energy field) and stress field under certain time‐space conditions in the early Proterozoic and the late‐stage superimposed reworking of tectono‐magmatism.
Structures of the Bohai Petroliferous Area, Bohai Bay Basin
Authors: Dongsheng CAI , Yuhui LUO , Changhua YAO , Jiankun HE , Shengbiao HU , Huafu LU , Liangshu WANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract  This paper, for the first time, deals with a more systematic study of the structures in the Bohai petroliferous area that covers nearly one third of the Bohai Bay basin. The study mainly involves the effects of preexisting basement faults on the basin formation, the characteristics of basin geometry and kinetics, the modelling of the tectonic‐thermal history, the polycyclicity and heterogeneity in the structural evolution and the natural seismic tomographic images of the crust and upper mantle. The authors analyze the features of the dynamic evolution of the basin in the paper and point out that the basin in the Bohai petroliferous area is an extensional pull‐apart basin.