bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The life cycle of the Central Molecular Zone – II. Distribution of atomic and molecular gas tracers
Authors: Armillotta Lucia , Krumholz Mark R , Di Teodoro Enrico M
Published: February 2020

We use the hydrodynamical simulation of our inner Galaxy presented in Armillotta et al. to study the gas distribution and kinematics within the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ). We use a resolution high enough to capture the gas emitting in dense molecular tracers such as NH3 and HCN, and simulate a time window of 50 Myr, long enough to capture phases during which the CMZ experiences both quiescent and intense star formation. We then post-process the simulated CMZ to calculate its spatially dependent chemical and thermal state, producing synthetic emission data cubes and maps of both H i and the molecular gas tracers CO, NH3, and HCN. We show that, as viewed from Earth, gas in the CMZ is distributed mainly in two parallel and elongated features extending from positive longitudes and velocities to negative longitudes and velocities. The molecular gas emission within these two streams is not uniform, and it is mostly associated with the region where gas flowing towards the Galactic Centre through the dust lanes collides with gas orbiting within the ring. Our simulated data cubes reproduce a number of features found in the observed CMZ. However, some discrepancies emerge when we use our results to interpret the position of individual molecular clouds. Finally, we show that, when the CMZ is near a period of intense star formation, the ring is mostly fragmented as a consequence of supernova feedback, and the bulk of the emission comes from star-forming molecular clouds. This correlation between morphology and star formation rate should be detectable in observations of extragalactic CMZs.
Time-delay cosmographic forecasts with strong lensing and JWST stellar kinematics
Authors: Yıldırım Akın , Suyu Sherry H , Halkola Aleksi
Published: February 2020

We present a joint strong lensing and stellar dynamical framework for future time-delay cosmography purposes. Based on a pixelated source reconstruction and the axisymmetric Jeans equations, we are capable of constraining cosmological distances and hence the current expansion rate of the Universe (H0) to the few per cent level per lens, when high signal-to-noise integral field unit (IFU) observations from the next generation of telescopes become available. For illustrating the power of this method, we mock up IFU stellar kinematic data of the prominent lens system RXJ1131−1231, given the specifications of the James Webb Space Telescope. Our analysis shows that the time-delay distance (DΔt) can be constrained with 3.1 per cent uncertainty at best, if future IFU stellar kinematics are included in the fit and if the set of candidate model parametrizations contains the true lens potential. These constraints would translate to a 3.2 per cent precision measurement on H0 in flat ΛCDM cosmology from the single lens RXJ1131−1231, and can be expected to yield an H0 measure with ≤2.0 per cent uncertainty, if similar gains in precision can be reached for two additional lens systems. Moreover, the angular diameter distance (Dd) to RXJ1131−1231 can be constrained with 2.4 per cent precision, providing two distance measurements from a single lens system, which is extremely powerful to further constrain the matter density (Ωm). The measurement accuracy of Dd, however, is highly sensitive to any systematics in the measurement of the stellar kinematics. For both distance measurements, we strongly advise to probe a large set of physically motivated lens potentials in the future, to minimize the systematic errors associated with the lens mass parametrization.
Rapid early coeval star formation and assembly of the most-massive galaxies in the Universe
Authors: Rennehan Douglas , Babul Arif , Hayward Christopher C , Bottrell Connor , Hani Maan H , Chapman Scott C
Published: February 2020

The current consensus on the formation and evolution of the brightest cluster galaxies is that their stellar mass forms early ($z$ ≳ 4) in separate galaxies that then eventually assemble the main structure at late times ($z$ ≲ 1). However, advances in observational techniques have led to the discovery of protoclusters out to $z$ ∼ 7. If these protoclusters assemble rapidly in the early Universe, they should form the brightest cluster galaxies much earlier than suspected by the late-assembly picture. Using a combination of observationally constrained hydrodynamical and dark-matter-only simulations, we show that the stellar assembly time of a sub-set of brightest cluster galaxies occurs at high redshifts ( $z$ > 3) rather than at low redshifts ($z$ < 1), as is commonly thought. We find, using isolated non-cosmological hydrodynamical simulations, that highly overdense protoclusters assemble their stellar mass into brightest cluster galaxies within ∼1 Gyr of evolution – producing massive blue elliptical galaxies at high redshifts ($z$ ≳ 1.5). We argue that there is a downsizing effect on the cluster scale wherein some of the brightest cluster galaxies in the cores of the most-massive clusters assemble earlier than those in lower mass clusters. In those clusters with $z$ = 0 virial mass ≥ 5 × 1014 M⊙, we find that $9.8{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ have their cores assembly early, and a higher fraction of $16.4{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ in those clusters above 1015 M⊙. The James Webb Space Telescope will be able to detect and confirm our prediction in the near future, and we discuss the implications to constraining the value of σ8.
Towards studying hierarchical assembly in real time: a Milky Way progenitor galaxy at z = 2.36 under the microscope
Authors: Zick Tom O , Weisz Daniel R , Ribeiro Bruno , Kriek Mariska T , Johnson Benjamin D , Ma Xiangcheng , Bouwens Rychard
Published: February 2020

We use Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging and near-infrared spectroscopy from Keck/Multi-Object Spectrometer For Infra-Red Exploration (MOSFIRE) to study the substructure around the progenitor of a Milky Way-mass galaxy in the Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF). Specifically, we study an $r_\mathrm{ e} = 40^{+70}_{-30}$ pc, $M_{\star } \sim 10^{8.2} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ rest-frame ultraviolet luminous ‘clump’ at a projected distance of ∼100 pc from a M⋆ ∼ 109.8 M⊙ galaxy at z = 2.36 with a magnification μ = 5.21. We measure the star formation history of the clump and galaxy by jointly modelling the broad-band spectral energy distribution from HST photometry and Hα from MOSFIRE spectroscopy. Given our inferred properties (e.g. mass, metallicity, dust) of the clump and galaxy, we explore scenarios in which the clump formed in situ (e.g. a star-forming complex) or ex situ (e.g. a dwarf galaxy being accreted). If it formed in situ, we conclude that the clump is likely a single entity as opposed to a aggregation of smaller star clusters, making it one of the most dense star clusters catalogued. If it formed ex situ, then we are witnessing an accretion event with a 1:40 stellar mass ratio. However, our data alone are not informative enough to distinguish between in situ and ex situ scenarios to a high level of significance. We posit that the addition of high-fidelity metallicity information, such as [O iii] 4363 Å, which can be detected at modest signal-to-noise ratio with only a few hours of James Webb Space Telescope(JWST)/Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) time, may be a powerful discriminant. We suggest that studying larger samples of moderately lensed substructures across cosmic time can provide unique insight into the hierarchical formation of galaxies like the Milky Way.
Discovery of a pre-cataclysmic binary with unusual chromaticity of the eclipsed white dwarf by the GPX survey
Authors: Krushinsky Vadim , Benni Paul , Burdanov Artem , Antokhin Igor , Antokhina Eleonora , Jehin Emmanuël , Barkaoui Khalid , Fitzsimmons Alan , Gibson Christopher , Gillon Michaël , Popov Alexander , Baştürk Özgür , Benkhaldoun Zouhair , Marchini Alessandro , Papini Riccardo , Salvaggio Fabio , Brazhko Varvara
Published: February 2020

We report the discovery of a relatively bright eclipsing binary system, which consists of a white dwarf (WD) and a main-sequence K7 star with clear signs of chromospheric and spot activity. The light curve of this system shows ∼0.2 mag ellipsoidal variability with a period of 0.297549 d and a short total eclipse of the WD. Based on our analysis of the spectral and photometric data, we estimated the parameters of the system. The K7V star is tidally deformed but does not fill its Roche lobe (the filling factor is about 0.86). The orbital inclination is i = $73{_{.}^{\circ}}1 \pm 0{_{.}^{\circ}}2$, and the mass ratio is q = M2/M1 ≈ 0.88. The parameters of the K7V star are M2 ≈ 0.64 M⊙, R2 = 0.645 ± 0.012R⊙, and T2 ≈ 4070 K. The parameters of the WD are M1 ≈ 0.72 M⊙, R1 = 0.013 ± 0.003R⊙, and T1 = 8700 ± 1100 K. Photometric observations in different bands revealed that the maximum depth of the eclipse is in the SDSS r filter, which is unusual for a system of a WD and a late main-sequence star. We suspect that this system is a product of the evolution of a common-envelope binary star, and that the WD accretes the stellar wind from the secondary star (the so-called low-accretion-rate polar, hereafter LARP).
Radio morphology–accretion mode link in Fanaroff–Riley type II low-excitation radio galaxies
Authors: Macconi D , Torresi E , Grandi P , Boccardi B , Vignali C
Published: February 2020

Fanaroff–Riley type II (FR II) low-excitation radio galaxies (LERGs) are characterized by weak nuclear excitation on parsec-scales and properties typical of powerful FR IIs (defined as high-excitation radio galaxies, hereafter HERGs/BLRGs) on kiloparsec-scales. Since a link between the accretion properties and the power of the produced jets is expected both from theory and observations, their nature is still debated. In this work, we investigate the X-ray properties of a complete sample of 19 FR II-LERGs belonging to the 3CR catalogue, exploiting Chandra and XMM–Newton archival data. We also analyse 32 FR II-HERGs/BLRGs with Chandra data as a control sample. We compared FR II-LERG and FR II-HERG/BLRG X-ray properties and optical data available in literature to obtain a wide outlook of their behaviour. The low accretion rate estimates for FR II-LERGs, from both X-ray and optical bands, allow us to firmly reject the hypothesis as they are the highly obscured counterpart of powerful FR II-HERGs/BLRGs. Therefore, at least two hypothesis can be invoked to explain the FR II-LERG nature: (i) they are evolving from classical FR IIs because of the depletion of accreting cold gas in the nuclear region, while the extended radio emission is the heritage of a past efficiently accreting activity; and (ii) they are an intrinsically distinct class of objects with respect to classical FR Is/FR IIs. Surprisingly, in this direction, a correlation between accretion rates and environmental richness is found in our sample. The richer the environment is, the more inefficient is the accretion. In this framework, the FR II-LERGs are intermediate between FR Is and FR II-HERGs/BLRGs both in terms of accretion rate and environment.
Finding binaries from phase modulation of pulsating stars with Kepler – VI. Orbits for 10 new binaries with mischaracterized primaries
Authors: Murphy Simon J , Barbara Nicholas H , Hey Daniel , Bedding Timothy R , Fulcher Ben D
Published: February 2020

Measuring phase modulation in pulsating stars has proven to be a highly successful way of finding binary systems. The class of pulsating main-sequence A and F variables, known as δ Scuti stars consists of particularly good targets for this, and the Kepler sample of these has been almost fully exploited. However, some Keplerδ Scuti stars have incorrect temperatures in stellar properties catalogues, and were missed in previous analyses. We used an automated pulsation classification algorithm to find 93 new δ Scuti pulsators among tens of thousands of F-type stars, which we then searched for phase modulation attributable to binarity. We discovered 10 new binary systems and calculated their orbital parameters, which we compared with those of binaries previously discovered in the same way. The results suggest that some of the new companions may be white dwarfs.
Constraining cosmology with big data statistics of cosmological graphs
Authors: Hong Sungryong , Jeong Donghui , Hwang Ho Seong , Kim Juhan , Hong Sungwook E , Park Changbom , Dey Arjun , Milosavljevic Milos , Gebhardt Karl , Lee Kyoung-Soo
Published: February 2020

By utilizing large-scale graph analytic tools implemented in the modern big data platform, apache spark, we investigate the topological structure of gravitational clustering in five different universes produced by cosmological N-body simulations with varying parameters: (1) a WMAP 5-yr compatible ΛCDM cosmology, (2) two different dark energy equation of state variants, and (3) two different cosmic matter density variants. For the big data calculations, we use a custom build of standalone Spark/Hadoop cluster at Korea Institute for Advanced Study and Dataproc Compute Engine in Google Cloud Platform with sample sizes ranging from 7 to 200 million. We find that among the many possible graph-topological measures, three simple ones: (1) the average of number of neighbours (the so-called average vertex degree) α, (2) closed-to-connected triple fraction (the so-called transitivity) $\tau _\Delta$, and (3) the cumulative number density ns ≥ 5 of subgraphs with connected component size s ≥ 5, can effectively discriminate among the five model universes. Since these graph-topological measures are directly related with the usual n-points correlation functions of the cosmic density field, graph-topological statistics powered by big data computational infrastructure opens a new, intuitive, and computationally efficient window into the dark Universe.
Fingerprints of giant planets in the composition of solar twins
Authors: Booth Richard A , Owen James E
Published: February 2020

The Sun shows a ∼10 per cent depletion in refractory elements relative to nearby solar twins. It has been suggested that this depletion is a signpost of planet formation. The exoplanet statistics are now good enough to show that the origin of this depletion does not arise from the sequestration of refractory material inside the planets themselves. This conclusion arises because most sun-like stars host close-in planetary systems that are on average more massive than the Sun’s. Using evolutionary models for the protoplanetary discs that surrounded the young Sun and solar twins, we demonstrate that the origin of the depletion likely arises due to the trapping of dust exterior to the orbit of a forming giant planet. In this scenario, a forming giant planet opens a gap in the gas disc, creating a pressure trap. If the planet forms early enough, while the disc is still massive, the planet can trap ≳100 M⊕ of dust exterior to its orbit, preventing the dust from accreting on to the star in contrast to the gas. Forming giant planets can create refractory depletions of $\sim 5{-}15{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, with the larger values occurring for initial conditions that favour giant planet formation (e.g. more massive discs that live longer). The incidence of solar twins that show refractory depletion matches both the occurrence of giant planets discovered in exoplanet surveys and ‘transition’ discs that show similar depletion patterns in the material that is accreting on to the star.
Magneto-gravity wave packet dynamics in strongly magnetized cores of evolved stars
Authors: Loi Shyeh Tjing
Published: February 2020

Magnetic fields are believed to be generated in the cores of massive main-sequence stars, and these may survive on to later stages of evolution. Observations of depressed dipole modes in red giant stars have been touted as evidence for these fields, but the predictions of existing magnetic theories have difficulty accommodating several aspects, including the need to return a fraction of wave energy from the core to the envelope, and the persistent gravity-like character of affected modes. In this work, we perform a Hamiltonian ray-tracing study investigating the dynamics of magneto-gravity waves in full spherical geometry, using realistic stellar models and magnetic field configurations. This technique applies in the limit where wavelengths are much shorter than scales of background variation. We conduct a comprehensive exploration of parameter space, examining the roles of wave frequency, spherical harmonic degree, wavevector polarization, incoming latitude, field strength, field radius, and evolutionary state. We demonstrate that even in the presence of a strong field, there exist trajectories where waves remain predominantly gravity-like in character, and these are able to undergo reflection out of the core, much like pure gravity waves. The remaining trajectories are ones where waves acquire significant Alfvén character, becoming trapped and eventually dissipated. Orientation effects, i.e. wavevector polarization and incoming latitude, are found to be crucial factors in determining the outcome (trapped versus reflected) of individual wave packets. The allowance for partial energy return from the core offers a solution to the conundrum faced by the magnetic hypothesis.
First discovery of an ultra-cool white dwarf benchmark in common proper motion with an M dwarf
Authors: Lam M C , Hambly N C , Lodieu N , Blouin S , Harvey E J , Smith R J , Gálvez-Ortiz M C , Zhang Z H
Published: February 2020

Ultra-cool white dwarfs are among the oldest stellar remnants in the Universe. Their efficient gravitational settling and low effective temperatures are responsible for the smooth spectra they exhibit. For that reason, it is not possible to derive their radial velocities or to find the chemistry of the progenitors. The best that can be done is to infer such properties from associated sources, which are coeval. The simplest form of such a system is a common proper motion pair where one star is an evolved degenerate and the other a main-sequence star. In this work, we present the discovery of the first of such a system, the M dwarf LHS 6328 and the ultra-cool white dwarf PSO J1801+625, from the Pan-STARRS 1 3π survey and the Gaia Data Release 2. Follow-up spectra were collected covering a usable wavelength range of 3750–24 500 Å. Their spectra show that the white dwarf has an effective temperature of 3550 K and surface gravity of log g = 7.45 ± 0.13 or log g = 7.49 ± 0.13 for a CO or He core, respectively, when compared against synthetic spectra of ultra-cool white dwarf atmosphere models. The system has slightly subsolar metallicity with −0.25 < [Fe/H] < 0.0, and a spatial velocity of (U, V, W) = (−114.26 ± 0.24, 222.94 ± 0.60, 10.25 ± 0.34) km s−1, the first radial velocity and metallicity measurements of an ultra-cool white dwarf. This makes it the first and only benchmark of its kind to date.
YBEY is an essential biogenesis factor for mitochondrial ribosomes
Authors: Summer Sabrina , Smirnova Anna , Gabriele Alessandro , Toth Ursula , Fasemore Akinyemi Mandela , Förstner Konrad U , Kuhn Lauriane , Chicher Johana , Hammann Philippe , Mitulović Goran , Entelis Nina , Tarassov Ivan , Rossmanith Walter , Smirnov Alexandre
Published: February 2020

Ribosome biogenesis requires numerous trans-acting factors, some of which are deeply conserved. In Bacteria, the endoribonuclease YbeY is believed to be involved in 16S rRNA 3′-end processing and its loss was associated with ribosomal abnormalities. In Eukarya, YBEY appears to generally localize to mitochondria (or chloroplasts). Here we show that the deletion of human YBEY results in a severe respiratory deficiency and morphologically abnormal mitochondria as an apparent consequence of impaired mitochondrial translation. Reduced stability of 12S rRNA and the deficiency of several proteins of the small ribosomal subunit in YBEY knockout cells pointed towards a defect in mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis. The specific interaction of mitoribosomal protein uS11m with YBEY suggests that the latter helps to properly incorporate uS11m into the nascent small subunit in its late assembly stage. This scenario shows similarities with final stages of cytosolic ribosome biogenesis, and may represent a late checkpoint before the mitoribosome engages in translation.
Possible New Symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal III: Reduced Positive Affect—A Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Klemperer Elias M , Hughes John R , Peasley-Miklus Catherine E , Callas Peter W , Cook Jessica W , Streck Joanna M , Morley Nicolas E
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Most descriptions of tobacco withdrawal have not changed in >30 years despite new research. This meta-analysis tested whether abstinence leads to decreased positive affect (PA) because abstinence-induced symptom changes are a core feature of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome. In addition, we examined whether reduced PA was due to withdrawal (ie, temporary decrease in a “U-shaped” curve) or offset (ie, return to baseline) effect.

Methods

Our main inclusion criterion was a prospective within-participant test of change in PA during abstinence conditions among people who smoke cigarettes daily who were not using a cessation medication. Our search of PubMed, PsycINFO, and personal libraries yielded a total of 32 tests with 2054 participants.

Results

There was a medium effect size indicating an overall decrease in PA following abstinence from cigarettes (Cohen’s d = −0.40, 95% CI = −0.30 to −0.49). There was large heterogeneity (I2 = 70.7%). Most (79%) of the 24 trials that conducted significance tests reported that reduction in PA was significant. Seven tests were adequately designed to detect a withdrawal versus offset effect. Over half (57%) displayed a U-shaped curve for abstinence-induced change in PA indicative of a withdrawal symptom rather than offset effect.

Conclusions

Abstinence from cigarettes is associated with a decrease in PA. Whether low PA should be added to withdrawal measures and diagnostic criteria requires replication of the time-course of change in PA and tests of whether abstinence-induced changes in PA and negative affect occur independently.

Implications

Though there was substantial heterogeneity among trials, our findings suggest that (1) abstinence from cigarettes decreases positive affect and (2) this decrease may represent a withdrawal effect (vs. an offset effect). However, it is unclear whether abstinence-induced losses in positive affect are independent from increased negative affect.
Philosophy of Neuroscience
Authors: Bickle John , Piccinini Gualtiero
Published: February 2020

Contemporary neuroscience is transforming how we know and understand ourselves in the world. Neuroscientists scan human brains to infer what individual persons, and interacting groups of people, are thinking and feeling. They use laser light and designer gene technologies to turn on and off specific circuits in behaving animals. Neuroengineers develop prostheses that can replace damaged neural structures. Philosophers have been taking notice of these developments and sometimes contributing to them. The philosophy of neuroscience investigates foundational questions across this interdisciplinary field and explores their relevance to long-standing philosophical disputes. Such questions cover norms of experimental methods, the nature of neuroscientific explanation, the nature of and relations among levels of theory, phenomena, and mechanisms, whether mind reduces to brain, whether neural states are representations, whether neural processes are computations, and the neural basis of consciousness. The philosophy of neuroscience overlaps so-called neurophilosophy, which is the appeal to neuroscientific results to address traditionally philosophical questions. By most accounts, the topics in this bibliography may be classified as either philosophy of neuroscience or neurophilosophy, depending on terminological preferences. According to Google Ngram Viewer, usage of the term “neurophilosophy” peaked in 2001 and then declined in favor of the term “philosophy of neuroscience.”
Cybercrime Investigations and Prosecutions
Authors: Maimon David , Hunt Donald E.
Published: February 2020

Official crime statistics from around the globe suggest that violent and property crime rates have steadily decreased since the early 1990s. At the same time, it seems that the volume of cybercrime incidents against individuals and organizations, both public and private, has dramatically increased according to the FBI in 2018. In an effort to mitigate online users’ potential victimization to cybercrime, government, private, and public organizations have embraced a wide range of policies aimed at regulating users’ behaviors in cyberspace. Simultaneously, to deter offenders from initiating online crimes, government authorities and law enforcement agencies revised existing criminal laws and enacted specific cybercrime laws. These new laws clearly define online users’ illegitimate behaviors with computers and computer networks, the potential penalties for initiating such behaviors, and the legal procedures that govern official investigations and prosecutions of online crimes. Still, due to the unique nature of cybercrime, investigating cybercrime incidents and prosecuting cybercriminals pose significant challenges to law enforcement agencies. Those challenges manifest themselves in new types of investigation practices, types of evidence, and legal responsibilities, and require law enforcement agencies to adapt better to the online dimension of crime. This reference list provides a guide to the key themes and sources within the topic of cybercrime investigations and prosecutions, which are performed under the realm of criminal procedural law.
Sciatic, Femoral, and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Singh Harmandeep , Gargya Akshat , Lin Tiffany , Gulati Amitabh
Published: February 2020

Objective

With advances in peripheral nerve stimulation technology, there has been an emergence of new minimally invasive techniques to provide neurostimulation therapies for chronic pain. This technical note describes the utilization of ultrasonography for percutaneous placement of peripheral nerve stimulation leads at the sciatic, femoral, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves.

Methods

Ultrasound can be utilized to localize a specific nerve, view neighboring soft tissue anatomy, and plan a needle trajectory. Various ultrasound techniques and transducer orientations allow for multiple options for lead placement relative to the targeted nerve.

Conclusions

The option of ultrasound-guided percutaneous technique for neurostimulation lead placement allows this treatment modality to be made available to more patients with chronic pain in specific nerve distributions.
How Do Physical Therapists Measure Treatment Outcomes in Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain? A Systematic Review
Authors: Pires Diogo , Cruz Eduardo Brazete , Gomes Luís A , Nunes Carla
Published: February 2020

Background

There is an increasing recognition of the importance of using a conceptual framework covering the full range of relevant health domains and outcome measures addressed by physical therapy modalities in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). However, little is known about what outcome domains have been measured and through what measures in physical therapy research.

Objective

The purpose of this review was to synthesize outcome domains, instruments, and cutoff values reported in published randomized controlled trials and their compliance with the original Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) framework.

Data sources

Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database electronic databases were systematically searched from January 2008 to April 2019.

Study selection

Randomized controlled trials that compared physical therapy with any other intervention for adults with CLBP were included.

Data extraction

Study characteristics, outcome domains, instruments, and cutoff values were extracted by 2 reviewers. The PROMIS framework was used for domain categorization.

Data synthesis

One hundred ninety-five studies were included, with 52 outcome domains and 45 cutoff values identified from 182 instruments reported. Only 14 of 195 studies assessed all PROMIS health core areas, whereas the PROMIS physical health core area was assessed in all included studies. Pain intensity and disability were the most frequently used domains.

Limitations

Only studies for which full texts were available in English were included.

Conclusions

This review identified a poor overlap between the PROMIS framework and outcome domains used to define the effectiveness of physical therapy in adults with CLBP. This finding suggests that other potential benefits resulting from physical therapy modalities are not being measured. Furthermore, a large diversity in the outcome domains and instruments was found.
Financial Market Risk Perceptions and the Macroeconomy*
Authors: Pflueger Carolin , Siriwardane Emil , Sunderam Adi
Published: February 2020

We provide evidence that financial market risk perceptions are important drivers of economic fluctuations. We introduce a novel measure of risk perceptions: the price of volatile stocks (PVSt), defined as the book-to-market ratio of low-volatility stocks minus the book-to-market ratio of high-volatility stocks. PVSt is high when perceived risk directly measured from surveys and option prices is low. Using our measure, we show that high perceived risk is associated with low risk-free interest rates, a high cost of capital for risky firms, and future declines in output and real investment. Perceived risk as measured by PVSt falls after positive macroeconomic news. These declines are predictably followed by upward revisions in perceived risk, indicating that fluctuations in investor risk perceptions are not fully rational.
Medically explained symptoms: a mixed methods study of diagnostic, symptom and support experiences of patients with lupus and related systemic autoimmune diseases
Authors: Sloan Melanie , Harwood Rupert , Sutton Stephen , D’Cruz David , Howard Paul , Wincup Chris , Brimicombe James , Gordon Caroline
Published: February 2020

Objectives

The aim was to explore patient experiences and views of their symptoms, delays in diagnosis, misdiagnoses and medical support, to identify common experiences, preferences and unmet needs.

Methods

Following a review of LUPUS UK’s online forum, a questionnaire was posted online during December 2018. This was an exploratory mixed methods study, with qualitative data analysed thematically and combined with descriptive and statistically analysed quantitative data.

Results

There were 233 eligible respondents. The mean time to diagnosis from first experiencing symptoms was 6 years 11 months. Seventy-six per cent reported at least one misdiagnosis for symptoms subsequently attributed to their systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease. Mental health/non-organic misdiagnoses constituted 47% of reported misdiagnoses and were indicated to have reduced trust in physicians and to have changed future health-care-seeking behaviour. Perceptions of physician knowledge and listening skills were highly correlated with patient ratings of trust. The symptom burden was high. Fatigue had the greatest impact on activities of daily living, yet the majority reported receiving no support or poor support in managing it. Assessing and treating patients holistically and with empathy was strongly felt to increase diagnostic accuracy and improve medical relationships.

Conclusion

Patient responses indicated that timely diagnosis could be facilitated if physicians had greater knowledge of lupus/related systemic autoimmune diseases and were more amenable to listening to and believing patient reports of their symptoms. Patient priorities included physicians viewing them holistically, with more emotional support and assistance in improving quality of life, especially in relation to fatigue.
Effect of cognitive load and emotional valence of distractors on performance during sleep extension and subsequent sleep deprivation
Authors: Alger Sara E , Brager Allison J , Balkin Thomas J , Capaldi Vincent F , Simonelli Guido
Published: February 2020

Study Objectives

The purpose of the present study was to assess the extent to which sleep extension followed by sleep deprivation impacts performance on an attentional task with varying cognitive and attentional demands that influence decisions.

Methods

Task performance was assessed at baseline, after 1 week of sleep extension, and after 40 h of total sleep deprivation.

Results

One week of sleep extension resulted in improved performance, particularly for high cognitive load decisions regardless of the emotional salience of attentional distractors. Those who extended sleep the most relative to their habitual sleep duration showed the greatest improvement in general performance during sleep extension. However, a higher percentage of time spent in slow-wave sleep (SWS) on the last night of the sleep extension phase was negatively correlated with performance on more difficult high cognitive load items, possibly reflecting a relatively higher level of residual sleep need. Sleep deprivation generally resulted in impaired performance, with a nonsignificant trend toward greater performance decrements in the presence of emotionally salient distractors. Performance overall, but specifically for high cognitive load decisions, during total sleep deprivation was negatively correlated with longer sleep and higher SWS percentage during subsequent recovery sleep.

Conclusions

The present findings suggest two possibilities: those who performed relatively poorly during sleep deprivation were more vulnerable because (1) they utilized mental resources (i.e. accrued sleep debt) at a relatively faster rate during wakefulness, and/or (2) they failed to “pay down” pre-study sleep debt to the same extent as better-performing participants during the preceding sleep extension phase.
Quantitative Transcriptional Biomarkers of Xenobiotic Receptor Activation in Rat Liver for the Early Assessment of Drug Safety Liabilities
Authors: Podtelezhnikov Alexei A , Monroe James J , Aslamkhan Amy G , Pearson Kara , Qin Chunhua , Tamburino Alex M , Loboda Andrey P , Glaab Warren E , Sistare Frank D , Tanis Keith Q
Published: February 2020

The robust transcriptional plasticity of liver mediated through xenobiotic receptors underlies its ability to respond rapidly and effectively to diverse chemical stressors. Thus, drug-induced gene expression changes in liver serve not only as biomarkers of liver injury, but also as mechanistic sentinels of adaptation in metabolism, detoxification, and tissue protection from chemicals. Modern RNA sequencing methods offer an unmatched opportunity to quantitatively monitor these processes in parallel and to contextualize the spectrum of dose-dependent stress, adaptation, protection, and injury responses induced in liver by drug treatments. Using this approach, we profiled the transcriptional changes in rat liver following daily oral administration of 120 different compounds, many of which are known to be associated with clinical risk for drug-induced liver injury by diverse mechanisms. Clustering, correlation, and linear modeling analyses were used to identify and optimize coexpressed gene signatures modulated by drug treatment. Here, we specifically focused on prioritizing 9 key signatures for their pragmatic utility for routine monitoring in initial rat tolerability studies just prior to entering drug development. These signatures are associated with 5 canonical xenobiotic nuclear receptors (AHR, CAR, PXR, PPARα, ER), 3 mediators of reactive metabolite-mediated stress responses (NRF2, NRF1, P53), and 1 liver response following activation of the innate immune response. Comparing paradigm chemical inducers of each receptor to the other compounds surveyed enabled us to identify sets of optimized gene expression panels and associated scoring algorithms proposed as quantitative mechanistic biomarkers with high sensitivity, specificity, and quantitative accuracy. These findings were further qualified using public datasets, Open TG-GATEs and DrugMatrix, and internal development compounds. With broader collaboration and additional qualification, the quantitative toxicogenomic framework described here could inform candidate selection prior to committing to drug development, as well as complement and provide a deeper understanding of the conventional toxicology study endpoints used later in drug development.
IPA-1 a Putative Chromatin Remodeler/Helicase-Related Protein of Trichoderma virens Plays Important Roles in Antibiosis Against Rhizoctonia solani and Induction of Arabidopsis Systemic Disease Resistance
Authors: Estrada-Rivera Magnolia , Hernández-Oñate Miguel Ángel , Dautt-Castro Mitzuko , Gallardo-Negrete José de Jesús , Rebolledo-Prudencio Oscar Guillermo , Uresti-Rivera Edith Elena , Arenas-Huertero Catalina , Herrera-Estrella Alfredo , Casas-Flores Sergio
Published: February 2020

Trichoderma spp. are filamentous fungi that colonize plant roots conferring beneficial effects to plants, either indirectly through the induction of their defense systems or directly through the suppression of phytopathogens in the rhizosphere. Transcriptomic analyses of Trichoderma spp. emerged as a powerful method for identifying the molecular events underlying the establishment of this beneficial relationship. Here, we focus on the transcriptomic response of Trichoderma virens during its interaction with Arabidopsis seedlings. The main response of T. virens to cocultivation with Arabidopsis was the repression of gene expression. The biological processes of transport and metabolism of carbohydrates were downregulated, including a set of cell wall–degrading enzymes putatively relevant for root colonization. Repression of such genes reached their basal levels at later times in the interaction, when genes belonging to the biological process of copper ion transport were induced, a necessary process providing copper as a cofactor for cell wall–degrading enzymes with the auxiliary activities class. RNA-Seq analyses showed the induction of a member of the SNF2 family of chromatin remodelers/helicase-related proteins, which was named IPA-1 (increased protection of Arabidopsis-1). Sequence analyses of IPA-1 showed its closest relatives to be members of the Rad5/Rad16 and SNF2 subfamilies; however, it grouped into a different clade. Although deletion of IPA-1 in T. virens did not affect its growth, the antibiotic activity of Δipa-1 culture filtrates against Rhizoctonia solani diminished but it remained unaltered against Botrytis cinerea. Triggering of the plant defense genes in plants treated with Δipa-1 was higher, showing enhanced resistance against Pseudomonas syringae but not against B. cinerea as compared with the wild type.
Valuing Disease Prevention in a Vegetatively Propagated Annual Crop: Benefits From the Montana Seed Potato Certification Program
Authors: Fuller Kate Binzen , McIntosh Christopher , Zidack Nina
Published: February 2020

We examine the economic costs of potato virus Y (PVY) and benefits to commercial potato growers from using screened seed. To do so, we use a quantile regression model to explore disease spread. We use this model to predict disease prevalence and corresponding losses in commercial potato operations with and without a screening and certification program in place. Our analysis suggests that this screening is very important; the amount of PVY in seed in the summer test is the strongest predictor of PVY in the winter test of the variables in our model. The amount of PVY in the seed can have major effects on commercial potato grower revenues and profitability. Using data and models from Idaho, a major purchaser of Montana seed, we estimate the annual benefit from Montana’s program to Idaho to average $205 per acre or $22 million for the state.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Identification of Stripe Rust Resistance Loci in U.S. Spring Wheat Cultivars and Breeding Lines Using Genome-Wide Association Mapping and Yr Gene Markers
Authors: Liu Lu , Wang Meinan , Zhang Zhiwu , See Deven R. , Chen Xianming
Published: February 2020

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), poses a major threat to wheat production worldwide, especially in the United States. To identify loci for effective stripe rust resistance in U.S. wheat, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using a panel of 616 spring wheat cultivars and breeding lines. The accessions in this panel were phenotyped for stripe rust response in the greenhouse at seedling stage with five predominant and highly virulent races of Pst and in different field environments at adult-plant stage in 2017 and 2018. In total, 2,029 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers that cover the whole genome were generated with genotyping by multiplexed sequencing and used in GWAS. In addition, 23 markers of previously reported resistance genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were used to genotype the population. This spring panel was grouped into three subpopulations based on principal component analysis. A total of 37 genes or QTLs including 10 potentially new QTLs for resistance to stripe rust were detected by GWAS and linked marker tests. The frequencies of the resistance genes or QTLs in various nurseries were determined, indicating different intensities of these genes or QTLs used in breeding programs of different regions. These resistance loci and the information on their markers, effectiveness, and distributions should be useful for improving stripe rust resistance in wheat cultivars.
Critical Realism and Realist Inquiry in Medical Education
Authors: Ellaway Rachel H. , Kehoe Amelia , Illing Jan
Published: February 2020

Understanding complex interventions, such as in medical education, requires a philosophy of science that can explain how and why things work, or fail to work, in different contexts. Critical realism and its operationalization in the form of realist inquiry provides this explanatory power. Ontologically, critical realism posits that the social world is real, that it exists independent of our knowledge of it, and that it is driven by causal mechanisms. However, unlike postpositivism, a realist epistemological position is that our understanding of the mechanisms that underlay social reality is limited and subjective. Critical realism is focused on understanding the mechanisms that drive social reality even when they are not directly observable. One of the most commonly used methodologies in the critical realist paradigm is realist inquiry, which focuses on the relationships between context, mechanisms, and outcomes. At its core, realist inquiry is concerned with “What works for whom, under what circumstances, how, and why?” To that end, realist inquiry explores the mechanisms that drive social systems and the ways in which these mechanisms work to develop explanatory theories of the phenomena under consideration. Although, compared with other approaches, realist inquiry is relatively new in medical education, the value of realist inquiry is in its ability to model how complex interventions function differently across multiple contexts, explaining what works, how it works, for whom, and in what contexts.
Individualized Positive End-expiratory Pressure and Regional Gas Exchange in Porcine Lung Injury
Authors: Muders Thomas , Luepschen Henning , Meier Torsten , Reske Andreas Wolfgang , Zinserling Jörg , Kreyer Stefan , Pikkemaat Robert , Maripu Enn , Leonhardt Steffen , Hedenstierna Göran , Putensen Christian , Wrigge Hermann
Published: February 2020

Background

In acute respiratory failure elevated intraabdominal pressure aggravates lung collapse, tidal recruitment, and ventilation inhomogeneity. Low positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may promote lung collapse and intrapulmonary shunting, whereas high PEEP may increase dead space by inspiratory overdistension. The authors hypothesized that an electrical impedance tomography–guided PEEP approach minimizing tidal recruitment improves regional ventilation and perfusion matching when compared to a table-based low PEEP/no recruitment and an oxygenation-guided high PEEP/full recruitment strategy in a hybrid model of lung injury and elevated intraabdominal pressure.

Methods

In 15 pigs with oleic acid–induced lung injury intraabdominal pressure was increased by intraabdominal saline infusion. PEEP was set in randomized order: (1) guided by a PEEP/inspired oxygen fraction table, without recruitment maneuver; (2) minimizing tidal recruitment guided by electrical impedance tomography after a recruitment maneuver; and (3) maximizing oxygenation after a recruitment maneuver. Single photon emission computed tomography was used to analyze regional ventilation, perfusion, and aeration. Primary outcome measures were differences in PEEP levels and regional ventilation/perfusion matching.

Results

Resulting PEEP levels were different (mean ± SD) with (1) table PEEP: 11 ± 3 cm H2O; (2) minimal tidal recruitment PEEP: 22 ± 3 cm H2O; and (3) maximal oxygenation PEEP: 25 ± 4 cm H2O; P < 0.001. Table PEEP without recruitment maneuver caused highest lung collapse (28 ± 11% vs. 5 ± 5% vs. 4 ± 4%; P < 0.001), shunt perfusion (3.2 ± 0.8 l/min vs. 1.0 ± 0.8 l/min vs. 0.7 ± 0.6 l/min; P < 0.001) and dead space ventilation (2.9 ± 1.0 l/min vs. 1.5 ± 0.7 l/min vs. 1.7 ± 0.8 l/min; P < 0.001). Although resulting in different PEEP levels, minimal tidal recruitment and maximal oxygenation PEEP, both following a recruitment maneuver, had similar effects on regional ventilation/perfusion matching.

Conclusions

When compared to table PEEP without a recruitment maneuver, both minimal tidal recruitment PEEP and maximal oxygenation PEEP following a recruitment maneuver decreased shunting and dead space ventilation, and the effects of minimal tidal recruitment PEEP and maximal oxygenation PEEP were comparable.

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