bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Music Majors' Attitudes Toward Private Lesson Teaching After Graduation
Authors: Fredrickson William E.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to survey current music students across degree programs and levels on their attitudes toward teaching private music lessons. Results showed few differences between undergraduate and graduate students. Across degrees, educators and performers were most alike on statements about wanting to teach, liking the idea of watching students learn, and looking forward to being better teachers themselves. They differed in that educators focused more on correct notes than expressive elements and were more willing to take on students who are less skilled or able, teach improvisation, and focus on music reading skills. Performers hoped for students who were self-motivated. Educators focused less on teaching for money, connecting teaching to their own playing, and saw themselves as less likely to give up teaching to do other things. These data suggest that music majors across degrees and levels see a need for training to teach.
Unraveling Natural Utopia
Authors: Stanley Sharon A.
Published: December 2008

Diderot's Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville has often been read as a Rousseauian condemnation of modern civilization judged against the standard of pure Nature. A cursory reading of the Supplement does appear to present Tahiti as a natural utopia and Europe as a civilized prison. This essay rejects such a reading by demonstrating that the Supplement actually undermines any clear opposition between virtuous nature, represented by Tahiti, and corrupt civilization, represented by Europe. Although Diderot truly does offer a stinging critique of modern Europe, he refuses to offer “nature” as a redemptive alternative. Instead, the Supplement offers an implicit critique of the politics of moralism.
Implicit Causality and Memory: Evidence for a Priming Model
Authors: Holtgraves Thomas , Raymond Scott
Published: December 2008

Previous research has demonstrated an asymmetrical bias in attributions of causality for events described by interpersonal verbs. The authors used a cued recall procedure to examine possible explanations for this implicit causality effect. Subjects in four experiments were asked to form impressions of the people described in minimal sentences containing either action verbs (e.g., help) or state verbs (e.g., hate). Later, subjects were unexpectedly asked to recall the names associated with the verbs. As expected, subjects recalled more names that occupied the agent role than the patient role (Experiments 1 and 2) and more names that occupied the stimulus role than the experiencer role (Experiments 3 and 4). These results lend support to a priming process account of the implicit causality effect.
Folk Theories about Sex and Race Differences
Authors: Martin Carol Lynn , Parker Sandra
Published: December 2008

In a study assessing the nature of folk theories about the causes of sex and race differences and correlates of these theories, 464 undergraduates completed questionnaires concerning (a) causes of sex and race differences (e.g., socialization, opportunities, and biological factors), (b) the ease of eliminating differences, (c) perceptions of variability within and between the sexes, (d) intolerance of ambiguity, and (e) values concerning research on sex differences. Folk theories are similar for sex and race: Both social and biological factors are believed to cause differences, but social factors are considered more influential. Folk theories related to how the sexes were perceived. The more biology was believed to cause sex differences, the more the sexes were seen to differ. Folk theories were weakly correlated with intolerance of ambiguity. Students' values indicated that they believe it is important to detect and report sex differences even if errors occur because nonexistent sex differences are falsely reported.
Attitudes and the Prediction of Behavior: A Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Literature
Authors: Kraus Stephen J.
Published: December 2008

The relationship between attitudes and behavior has been the topic of considerable debate. This article reports a meta-analysis of 88 attitude-behavior studies that reveals that attitudes significantly and substantially predict future behavior (mean r = .38; combined p <<. 000000000001). Relatively large and significant moderating effects were found for the attitudinal variables of attitude certainty, stability, accessibility, affective-cognitive consistency, and direct experience (mean q = .39). A smaller but significant moderating effect was found for self-monitoring (mean q = .29). Methodological factors associated with high attitude-behavior correlations included self-report measures of behavior (q =. 22), the use of nonstudents as subjects (q =. 17), and corresponding levels of specificity in the attitude and behavior measures (mean q = .47). The practical magnitude of attitude-behavior correlations is considered, as are the future directions of attitude-behavior research.
Level and Stability of Self-Esteem as Predictors of Children's Intrinsic Motivation and Reasons for Anger
Authors: Waschull Stefanie B. , Kernis Michael H.
Published: December 2008

The authors examined the extent to which level and stability of fifth-grade children's self-esteem predicted intrinsic motivation and related achievement behaviors, and reasons for anger. The findings indicated that the more unstable the children's self-esteem, the lower their scores on measures of curiosity/interest and preference for challenge. In addition, the lower the children's self-esteem, the lower their preference for challenge. Additional analyses indicated that (a) self-evaluations of scholastic competence mediated the effects of both stability and level of self-esteem and (b) day-to-day variability in self-evaluations of scholastic competence was so intertwined with stability of self-esteem that neither uniquely predicted either curiosity/interest or preference for challenge. Finally, the more unstable the children's self-esteem, the greater the likelihood that they reported that they would become angry because of the self-esteem-threatening aspects of aversive interpersonal events. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Focus Versus Flexibility Majority and Minority Influence Can Both Improve Performance
Authors: Peterson Randall S. , Nemeth Charlan J.
Published: December 2008

Charlan Nemeth argued in 1986 that exposing people to a majority point of view causes them to focus exclusively on that view (convergent thought). Exposure to a minority viewpoint stimulates people to consider an issue from multiple perspectives (divergent thought) -to go beyond what is given by either the majority or the minority. This study supports and extends that cognitive processing hypothesis by demonstrating that (a) minority influence encourages understanding an issue from multiple perspectives and encourages flexible, or integrative, thinking among those perspectives, (b) majority influence can aid performance tasks requiring convergence on one dimension of a two-dimensional task (i.e., the Stroop task), and (c) majority influence can teach multiple perspectives on a problem one at a time but does not encourage flexible thinking among those perspectives. The convergent nature of majority-influenced thought interferes with the ability to use both of the dimensions simultaneously.
Affective Consequences of Refusing to Help in Communal and Exchange Relationships
Authors: Williamson Gail M. , Clark Margaret S. , Pegalis Linda J. , Behan Aileen
Published: December 2008

Two studies illustrate the importance of a distinction between communal and exchange relationships in understanding reactions to helping and refusing to help. In Study 1, refusing to help caused declines in positive affect when a communal (but not an exchange) relationship with the help seeker was desired. In Study 2, recalling a refusal to help a communal (but not an exchange) partner caused declines in positive affect. Recalling when some-one else helped or refused to help did not produce analogous changes. Results demonstrate that there are differential reactions to refusing to help in communal and exchange relationships, differential reactions apply to naturally occurring relationships as well as desired relationships created by laboratory manipulations, and affective reactions in communal relationships are not due to merely knowing the other has (or has not) been helped. The authors suggest that they reflect the impact that helping or failing to help may have on communal relationships.
Affective Reactions to Prejudice-Related Discrepant Responses the Impact of Standard Salience
Authors: Monteith Margo J.
Published: December 2008

Affective reactions to prejudice-related discrepant responses were examined either before (standard-salient condition) or after (standard-not-salient condition) subjects' personal standards for responding were made salient. The standard-salience manipulation had little influence on discrepancy-associated discomfort. However, discrepancy-associated guilt was significantly attenuated in the standard-not-salient condition. Correlations within prejudice levels revealed that, even among low-prejudiced subjects, the relation between guilt and discrepancies was quite weak in the standard-not-salient condition. This indicates that self-regulatory processes aimed at reducing prejudice may not be initiated on a regular basis. The results also revealed that the correlation between guilt and discrepancies was significant, although modest, among moderately prejudiced and high prejudiced subjects in the standard-salient condition. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Self-Referent Versus Other-Referent Information Processing in Dysphoric, Clinically Depressed, and Remitted Depressed Subjects
Authors: Moretti M. M. , Segal Z. V. , McCann C. D. , Shaw B. F. , Miller D. T. , Vella D.
Published: December 2008

Two studies examined the processing of responses directed toward the self versus others by dysphoric, clinically depressed, and remitted depressed subjects. Study 1 showed that dysphoric subjects found positive and negative responses toward the self equally informative. Nondysphoric subjects found positive responses toward the self more informative than negative responses. When responses were directed toward others, dysphoric subjects found positive responses more informative than negative responses. In contrast, nondysphoric subjects found positive and negative responses directed toward others equally informative. Study 2 replicated these results with clinically depressed versus nondysphoric subjects. Study 2 also showed that remitted depressed subjects found positive responses more informative than negative responses, regardless of whether they were directed toward the self or toward others. Results suggest that positive and negative constructs are differentially accessible for dysphoric, clinically depressed, remitted depressed, and nondysphoric subjects when processing information directed toward the self versus others.
Personality and Social Influence Strategies in the Workplace
Authors: Caldwell David F. , Burger Jerry M.
Published: December 2008

Two studies were conducted to examine the relation between personality and the use of social influence strategies in the workplace. In Study 1, MBA students reported how often they used various influence tactics with their peers at work. They also completed measures of the Big Five personality dimensions, desire for control, and self-monitoring. Canonical correlation analyses found several significant relations between the reported use of influence strategies and personality. High scores on extra-version, self-monitoring, and desire for control predicted more and more varied use of influence strategies. In Study 2, coworkers of the Study 1 participants indicated the extent to which they believed the student used each of the influence strategies and how effective they believed that person was at influencing them. The use of rational persuasion and efforts to involve the other person were related to perceived effectiveness, whereas relying on others to influence a coworker was seen as ineffective.
Moral Reasoning about Real-Life Dilemmas: Paradox in Research Using the Defining Issues Test
Authors: Wygant Steven A.
Published: December 2008

Cognitive-structural models of moral reasoning have been criticized for ignoring contextual determinants of moral reasoning and, therefore, failing to enhance understanding of real-life moral reasoning. Three studies are reported: (a) Participants completed the Defining Issues Test (DIT; Rest, 1988) and the Personal Moral Dilemma Inventory (PMDI), created to assess real-life moral reasoning; (b) the DIT and PMDI were completed using moral role-plays; (c) participants described the response sets resulting from these role-plays. High- and low-principled reasoners' responses to real-life moral dilemmas were not significantly different. Also, it was harder to distinguish moral from immoral responses to DIT dilemmas than similar responses to real-life dilemmas. Findings support the argument that cognitive-structural models of moral reasoning fail to address everyday moral concerns.
Inadmissible Testimony, Instructions to Disregard, and the Jury: Substantive Versus Procedural Considerations
Authors: Kassin Saul M. , Sommers Samuel R.
Published: December 2008

The present study tested the hypothesis that jurors comply selectively with instructions to disregard inadmissible evidence. A total of 81 mock jurors read a murder trial summary in which a wiretap was ruled admissible, inadmissible because it was not reliable, or inadmissible because it was illegally obtained (there was also a no-wiretap control group). As predicted, participants were more likely to vote guilty and interpret subsequent evidence as more incriminating in the admissible and inadmissible/due-process conditions than in the admissible/unreliable and control groups. These results suggest that jurors are influenced not by the judge's ruling per se but by the causal basis for that ruling. Conceptual and practical implications are discussed.
Defending the Status Quo: Power and Bias in Social Conflict
Authors: Keltner Dacher , Robinson Robert J.
Published: December 2008

We hypothesized that partisans who represent power and the status quo would judge their opponents less accurately than would partisans seeking change, who would be stereotyped as extremists. We surveyed the attitudes and book preferences of traditionalist and revisionist English professors, who differed in their inclinations to preserve or change the literary status quo. Both groups overestimated the differences in their attitudes and book preferences, the extremity of their opponent's conviction, and the numerical balances of the two sides. Consistent with the status quo hypotheses, traditionalists were more prone to polarize the two sides' attitudes and underestimate the book preferences they shared with their opponents, and both sides attributed more extreme convictions to revisionists. Discussion focused on mechanisms related to power-related biases.
Self-Categorization and Leadership: Effects of Group Prototypicality and Leader Stereotypicality
Authors: Hais Sarah C. , Hogg Michael A. , Duck Julie M.
Published: December 2008

A self-categorization model of leadership is introduced (leaders have the prototypical characteristics of a psychologically salient in-group) and contrasted with leadership categorization theory (leaders have the appropriate stereotypical properties of a leader schema) in a 2 × 2 × 2 experiment. Under conditions of high or low group salience, and in anticipation of a group activity, subjects evaluated the leadership effectiveness of a randomly nominated leader who was group prototypical or nonprototypical and whose behavior was stereotypical or nonstereotypical of a leader schema. As predicted from the authors' self-categorization analysis, group protoypicality was a significant basis for leadership for subjects who identified with the group but notfor those who did not. There was a general effect, consistent with leader categorization theory, whereby stereotypical leaders were perceived to be more effective than nonstereotypical leaders. However} as predicted, this effect was weaker under high group identification.
Authoritarianism and Mental Rigidity: The Einstellung Problem Revisited
Authors: Schultz P. Wesley , Stone William F. , Christie Richard
Published: December 2008

As with many issues in psychology, after decades of research no consensus was reached regarding the relationship between authoritarianism and mental rigidity. In particular, the literature describing experiments on authoritarianism and Einstellung rigidity left the basic question unresolved. The present study, based on Christie's review of this literature, used his recommendations for improvements in experimental methodology. An experiment with 101 college undergraduates found greater rigidity among high authoritarians only under conditions designed to produce ego involvement. These results were bolstered by the finding that low humanism, as measured by Tomkins's Polarity Scale, also predicted rigidity. The second dimension of polarity theory (normativism) did not predict rigidity. The present findings suggest that the rigidity of authoritarians may result from arousal produced by ego involvement.
Predicting Relationship Commitment and Relationship Stability from Both Partners' Relationship Values: Evidence from Heterosexual Dating Couples
Authors: Kurdek Lawrence A. , Schnopp-Wyatt Daniel
Published: December 2008

This study examined how the intrinsic and extrinsic relationship values of both partners from 130 dating heterosexual couples were related to each partner's relationship commitment and to 6-month relationship stability. Male partners' own relationship commitment was related to interactions between their own and their female partners' relationship values such that their own relationship commitment was positively related to their own intrinsic values when their female partners' intrinsic values were low and negatively related to their own extrinsic values when their female partners' extrinsic values were low. Female partners' own high relationship commitment was independently predicted by their own high intrinsic values, their own low extrinsic values, and their male partners' high intrinsic values. Relation-ship stability was predicted by female partners' low extrinsic values and an interaction between both partners' intrinsic values such that one partner's high intrinsic values were linked to relationship stability especially when the other partner also had high intrinsic values.
Authoritarianism and Gender Roles: Toward a Psychological Analysis of Hegemonic Relationships
Authors: Duncan Lauren E. , Peterson Bill E. , Winter David G.
Published: December 2008

The authors examined the relationship between authoritarianism and gender-role identity, attitudes, and behaviors. Using Altemeyer's Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) Scale, they found that high scores on authoritarianism were related to traditional gender-role identity and attitudes, rating political events concerning women as less important, and rating feminists and women as having relatively more power and influence in society. Authoritarianism was also related to the expression of anti-abortion views in essays and using arguments based on conventional morality, submission to authority, and punitiveness toward women seeking abortions. Finally, high scores on authoritarianism were related to participating in pro-life rallies and not participating in pro-choice and women's issues meetings. The authors offer speculations about the connections between social structures and individual psychological mechanisms.
Scaffolding Instruction in a University-level GIS Course
Authors: Carlson Tom
Published: December 2008

This article describes action research conducted in a university geographic information systems (GIS) certificate program. This research was employed with the goal of improving students' transfer of GIS/ global positioning systems (GPS) skills to field settings, independent projects, and to future employment. This scaffolded instruction was evaluated by analyzing students' work and their perceptions of the field experience using GPS with GIS. Although GIS and GPS are increasingly used in concert by planners, little instructional research into the integration of these technologies in university urban studies or planning curricula has taken place. The evaluation of the active scaffolded learning field exercise showed that the urban studies and planning students demonstrated mastery and transfer of field-based GIS and GPS data collection and management. The evaluation supports a scaffolded instruction approach in a GIS curriculum, one that engages students and results in positive learning outcomes.
Using Online Satellite Imagery as a Research Tool
Authors: Monkkonen Paavo
Published: December 2008

Research on urbanization in developing-countries is often complicated by a lack of data. Recently available online interfaces with maps and satellite imagery provide a potential source of up-to-date, free, and easy-to-use geographic information. This article evaluates one of these interfaces, Google Earth, as a tool for collecting data, illustrating the evaluation with two methodologies developed to study urbanization in Mexico. The first, used to collect data on road paving and housing density in informal settlements in Tijuana, is deemed successful, while the second, used to generate data on recent urban expansion in several Mexican cities, is not. The problem with the second methodology and primary limitation of the online tool is that satellite image data is presented without clear dates. Thus, its usefulness is determined by the time frame of analysis - as the period of time gets shorter, the uncertainty surrounding the end date becomes increasingly problematic.
“Ground-Truthing” Representations of Social Space
Authors: Carp Jana
Published: December 2008

Planning requires accurate representation of a planning situation to formulate appropriate intervention that protects and promotes a common good. But most representations of social space are significantly limited by the distinct purposes of discipline, expertise, and policy domain, while planning is expected to be participatory and inclusive of all kinds of interrelationship. The article presents a method, based on an interpretation of Lefebvre's conceptual triad, for building a more comprehensive understanding of planning situations that involves recognizing sociospatial differences and investigating their interrelationship. Examples from the author's teaching, research, and community service in planning demonstrate ways in which the physical, conceptual, and social aspects of planning situations are at work and accessible.
Equity in Assessment: From the Perspective of New Immigrant Students
Authors: Li Anita K. F.
Published: December 2008

Current calls for educational reform pose a dichotomy between the promotion of higher academic achievement and the need for equitable treatment of all students. The article begins with a definition of the problem, followed by a discussion of equity issues in education in general, then equity issues in assessment, focusing on the needs of new immigrant students with limited English proficiency, and concludes with a suggested framework to address the issues. The proposed framework, N.I.S.-L.E.P., entails asking a series of key questions about assessment of new immigrant students with limited English proficiency.
Evaluation of Three Abbreviated Forms of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition
Authors: Kyle Janis M. , Robertson Charlene M.T.
Published: December 2008

Three abbreviated versions of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition were evaluated using 197 nonexceptional five- and six-year-old children. Evaluation was based on six criteria as suggested in the literature. Usefulness of these criteria was discussed in terms of the performance of the abbreviated composites as estimates of the full-scale composite. The abbreviated batteries provided useful estimates of full-scale composite scores for this group of Canadian children. However, the means for all three abbreviated batteries were significantly higher than the mean of the full-scale composite. The six-subtest battery provided the most accurate estimate of the full-scale composite scores. Accuracy varied significantly with ability level: above average subjetfs showed high proportions of overestimates and classification errors. The four-subtest battery composite mean was two points above the full-scale composite. Errors were larger than with the six-subtest battery but did not vary significantly according to ability classification. The two-subtest battery showed poor results on most criteria, suggesting use should be restricted to the general assessment of group ability.
A Structure for Systematic Application of Principles of Teaching to Effective Instruction: Making Clear Connections
Authors: Algozzine Bob , Ysseldyke James E.
Published: December 2008

Teachers and other school personnel are constantly challenged to demonstrate that their instruction and/or interventions are appropriate and effective. This is often difficult to do because the connections between the theory and research they learned before entering the classroom or professional practice and the day-to-day activities they engage in are not clear. A solution to this continuing problem is to develop and use a system that bridges the gap between theory and practice. Such a system is described in this article and illustrations from practice are provided that document that it works.
WISC-III and SB:FE Performance of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Saklofske D.H. , Schwean V.L. , Yackulic R.A. , Quinn D.
Published: December 2008

This study examined the relationship between the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition in a sample of children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Scales within and between the tests generally show moderate to high correlations although it is suggested that scores for individuals may vary between the tests.
Teacher Acceptance of Psychological Interventions of Varying Theoretical Orientation: A Replication
Authors: Broddy Heather L. , Schneider Barry H. , Udvari Stephen J.
Published: December 2008

Many variables influence a teacher's attitude toward interventions for atypical children. The current study explores this problem in an attenzpt to replicate findings by Schneider, Kerridge, and Katz (1992). Twenty-two regular and 16 special education teachers used the Treatment Evaluation Inventory (Kazdin, 1980a) to rate the acceptability of several types of interventions for two hypothetical cases : an aggressive boy (Craig) and a withdrawn girl (Sally). Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated that teachers evaluated the acceptability of freatments differently depending on the case to which they were exposed. Teachers felt that timeout was less acceptable than either family therapy or coaching for Craig, and that pharmacotherapy and token reinforcement were less acceptable than all other treatments.

L'attitude des enseignants envers une intervention proposée a un élève atypique est determinée par plusieurs variables. La présente étude est une replique d'une recherche menée par Schneider Kerridge et Katz (1992). Vingt-deux enseignants des classes ordinaires et 16 enseignants des classes speciales indiquèrent leurs opinions quant à l'acceptabilité de plusieurs interventions pour un garçon aggressif (Craig) et pour une fille timide. Selon les resultats de l'analyse de variance à mesures répétéees, l'evaluation de l'acceptabilité varia en fonction du cas présenté. La mise-à-l'écart fut moins acceptable que la thérapie familiale ou le counselling directifpour Craig. La pharmacothérapie et l'économie de jetons furent moins acceptables que toutes les autres interventions.
Pay Strategy: New Thinking for the New Millennium
Authors: Lawler Edward E.
Published: December 2008

Organizations, the business environment and individuals are changing at a rate that is much faster than the rate of change with respect to the way organizations design and manage pay systems. A misaligned pay system not only fails to add value, but also creates high costs and misdirected behavior. The pay systems of the future must pay for the person rather than the job, reward excellence through pay for performance plans, and individualize the pay system to meet the needs and desires of a diverse work force.
Eliminating the Hidden Costs Buried in Your Incentive Compensation Plan
Authors: Stiffler Mark A.
Published: December 2008

The hidden costs within incentive compensation plans are often unforeseen and significantly underestimated. Companies typically incur costs through failed plan design, ineffective rollout, poor implementation and communication and inefficient tracking and plan effectiveness analyses. This article identifies hidden costs and their causes and presents a program for cost-effective incentive plans.
FSAS for the Future
Authors: Connelly Brian
Published: December 2008

Employers need to use new methods to control costs while continuing to offer the quality benefits packages that attract and retain top personnel. The solution may lie in a program that already exists in many benefits programs-the flexible spending account (FSA). FSA plans allow employers to stay competitive in recruiting and retaining quality personnel while reducing benefit costs. Seeding and matching are two methods employers may use to entice employees to participate in FSAS, while helping employers control the rising costs of their overall benefits packages.
ESOPS and the Employee Ownership Culture
Authors: Shanney-Saborsky Regina
Published: December 2008

The 1990s have seen a definite increase in the use of stock based compensation programs for employees at all levels. This article illustrates how the development of an employee-ownership culture, which includes the use employee stock ownership plans, has a significant impact on the original founding shareholders and the issue of control. It also explains the effectiveness of stock based incentives in increasing motivation and productivity and in achieving other corporate goals. A variety of compensation alternatives, including stock based qualified retirement programs, direct ownership alternatives and phantom stock plans, all have advantages and disadvantages, depending on the specific business situation. The utilization of a performance based compensation alternative, however, acts as a positive force for the business and its employees.
Riding te Economic Cycles: How Growth and Recession Affect Workers' Compensation
Authors: Hartwig Robert P.
Published: December 2008

Every employer needs to understand workers' compensation costs and the opportunities for controlling these costs. This means understanding all the forces that affect costs, including economic trends at the national and state level. What happens to workers' compensation costs during recessions, and why? What is the role of state reform? Can employers expect the recent decline to continue? The economic growth and contraction cycle has a profound impact on workers' compensation costs. Employers that are aware of these effects can plan accordingly.
Integrating Employee Benefits: Giving Up the "Moat Mentality"
Authors: Molmen William P. , Parry Thomas
Published: December 2008

Recent research shows that employers can reduce disability through intensive medical treatment and focused return-to-work programs. But because group health and group disability programs commonly do not coordinate delivery, the wrong medical treatment decisions can unnecessarily extend disability and add to employers' benefit costs and loss of productivity. This article lays out theoretical bases and practical fundamentals of employee benefit integration initiatives. It highlights ground breaking research that explores the efficacy of a "sports medicine" treatment model of disability management. It also discusses the statutory and marketplace evolution of integrated benefits and explains why it is important for employers to maintain benchmark information across benefit lines and against broader aggregate experience.
Seven Dimensions of Success Reward Plans
Authors: Hale Jamie , Bailey George
Published: December 2008

Companies that achieve lasting competitive advantage will be those that succeed in aligning the goals, behaviors, and skills of their employees with their business strategy. The strategic use of pay and incentives accomplishes this goal by reinforcing corporate culture, setting the tone and focus of a change process, and supporting and improving upon company objectives. Seven methods in particular help facilitate the alignment of people and strategy: pay for performance, linkage to other organizational change levers, measurable competencies, incentives matched to corporate culture, clear and simple group incentives, widespread communication, and recognition for the work itself. Using these methods, companies can increase the return on their investment in human capital, foster employee loyalty, and reap substantial benefits for shareholders.
Do Broad-Based Stock Options Create Value?
Authors: Newman Jerry M. , Waite Melissa
Published: December 2008

Once the exclusive province of company executives, today organizations across the corporate landscape are offering stock options to employees at all levels. Identifying strategically important behaviors and linking them to the stock option plan design can create value for an organization. Options can be used to attract and retain employees, align worker and company interests, and enhance corporate performance, particularly when worker participation and ownership are actively encouraged. However, a vital component of this equation is greater knowledge acquisition: options should be accompanied by training dollars to allow employee-owners to learn about the organization's industry and competitive forces and how to read and interpret financial documents. Under these circumstances, a corporate culture steeped with ownership participation and continuous learning will flourish and ultimately enhance the organization's bottom line.
Accounting and Tax Considerations in Stock
Authors: Clements Bruce
Published: December 2008

Tax law changes favoring long-term capital gains have encouraged the use of broad-based as well as executive stock option plans in recent years. Accounting and tax provisions that apply to the two major types of stock option plans, incentive and nonqualified, are important considerations in choosing which plans will best meet the need of particular companies, business units, and individual employees.
Think Globally, Pay Locally: Finding the Right Mix
Authors: Baranski Marc
Published: December 2008

Globalization is sweeping the world, spurred on by increasingly open markets, information technology that makes it easier and more efficient to maintain global business operations, and a booming global economy that has created a host of cash-rich companies eager to go global. Thanks to this unprecedented energy and excitement surrounding globalization, companies are working to find ways to align all their structures and processes, including the pay program, to support their increasingly global enterprises. In general, companies will find that they have three compensation options for their global operations-(1) Support Locality by using a set of common worldwide principles to guide the design of pay programs, while yielding the actual design, application, and administration to local operations; (2) Emphasize Commonality by using a common set of design principles, as well as a standardized design, application and administration process for the entire the organization; (3) Balance Commonality and Locality by using a common set of principles and a common design while allowing for local application and administration. This article will help companies choose the option that is right for them while also identifying programs that are necessary to support the pay program, as well as potential problems that can derail that program.
Trends in Global Compensation
Authors: Dwyer Timothy D.
Published: December 2008

Organizations that forge ahead in cultivating exceptionally talented professionals with the desire to experience new roles in new places will shape the world's economic future. The best way to build a global workforce with the right knowl-edge and ability is to offer a good compensation program and career growth and opportunity. As the world's economy evolves into an evermore complex and interrelated system, global organi-zations are facing an increasingly complicated task in finding, motivating and retaining talent. This article examines expatriate compensation and the broader issues of global compensation planning for traditional expatriates, local nation-als and the evolving class of "global employees" who fall somewhere between the two.
Thinking about a Global Share Plan? Think Smart
Authors: Sutro Peter J.
Published: December 2008

Global share plans are increasingly popular. But a number of issues and potential obstacles must be addressed before proceeding to design and implement a workable and cost-effective plan. Companies that fail to review the diverse legal, cultural and tax issues in which their plan must operate or fail to effectively communicate the plan, risk its demise. The company needs to pro-ceed cautiously and creatively and utilize inter-nal, as well as external, expertise to successfully launch and administer such a plan. This article describes ten crucial factors to consider in creat-ing a global share plan.
Rewards in a Global Context
Authors: Thompson Michael A. , Yurkutat John
Published: December 2008

Comparisons of compensation across internation-al boundaries may not be as straightforward as they appear. Organizations with employees in multiple countries must balance local country tax-ation and social welfare structures, indigenous pay delivery mechanisms and social and cultural expectations against organizational needs for cross-country equity and fairness. This article reviews current rates of pay in several major economies, as well as trends in compensation in those countries.
The Euro's Impact on Pay and HR Policies
Authors: Shonfield David
Published: December 2008

While the introduction of the euro is bound to give new impetus to economic convergence across the European Union, different forms of unevenness-along with different tax and social security regimes-will persist for the foreseeable future. Different approaches to compensation and benefits will also persist, although there have been some signs of convergence during the past ten years. Corporate HR policies will have to con-tinue to take these differences into account, especially when a company operates both inside and outside the eurozone.
From Ivory Towers to International Business
Authors: Naidoo Vik
Published: December 2008

The main hypothesis examined in this study is that the success of export recruitment strategies of universities is partly determined by their export readiness, defined as a function of market orientation. This article seeks to fulfil both a research and a practitioner gap in the export of education field. There currently exists a lack of research and discussion concerning the business aspects of export education. Suspicion of the commercial aspects of what is essentially a public good is suggested as a possible reason for this absence of research. With the commercialisation of education growing at the phenomenal rate that it currently is, it is largely time that this research gap be addressed. This study provides an important contribution by examining the export readiness of universities, in particular pre-export market orientation, and its impact on subsequent export recruitment performance.
Conflict Management: The Essence of Leadership
Authors: Lewis Chad T. , Jobs Sarah M.
Published: December 2008

Convergent validity of "conflict management" and "leadership" constructs was qualitatively assessed. Ruble and Thomas' theory of dimensions of conflict and its management was compared to Blake and McCanse's leadership grid and Fiedler's contingency model. Noteworthy similarities were discussed and the authors concluded that "leadership" and "conflict management" constructs share much common ground. Conflict management strategies can be used to better understand leader behavior within the leadership grid. The conflict management approach of the leader in a given situation may also provide insight into why leader-situation match is a significant contributor to group performance. Although the two leadership theories analyzed appear to be incompatible, it was observed that training programs based on the theories are both directed at improving conflict management.
Selecting Leaders: Making the Most of Previous Experience
Authors: Potter Earl H. , Fiedler Fred E.
Published: December 2008

We have been doing leadership research together for 17 years. Fred Fiedler has been thinking about leadership for a lot longer than that. Earl Potter was a Coast Guard officer for over 24 years and spent much of that time putting leadership theory into practice. One of the most persistent troubles confronting both our theory and our practice has been the repeated observation that bright leaders with a record of previous successes sometimes fail in a new assignment when all the evidence suggested that they were the right ones for the job. This article will briefly summarize the research which seeks to explain why this happens and then do what we don't often get the chance to do in writing--give some pointed advice on how to avoid wasting the potential that it takes so much time to develop.
Leadership Education at the Great Divide: Crossing into the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Klenke Karin
Published: December 2008

This paper assesses the state of art of leadership education, including academic programs, leadership training offered by profit and nonprofit organizations, and leadership development programs. It presents a conceptual model of the Jepson School of Leadership Studies major, the first comprehensive program leading to a Bachelor of Arts in Leadership Studies, offered at the University of Richmond. The model maps student outcomes in the cognitive, affective, and behavioral domains and central components of the leadership studies curriculum against a developmental component of leadership effectivenss. The implications of this curriculum for twenty-first century leadership are discussed.
Graduate from Gridlock: Visionary Leadership for Business, Education Reform, Government, Family, and Self (One Synthesis Fits All)
Authors: Smith Harry C.
Published: December 2008

The author presents arguments for breaking the "gridlock" in society from both the historical perspective and his own personal experiences. Defining the "gridlock" as 'the degeneration of American mental and moral qualities,' Mr. Smith asks the reader to begin the process of change soon. This can be done by reform of our public education system and by requiring educators to have experience in both academia and the 'real world'.
Creative Leadership for Total Quality
Authors: Lester Richard I.
Published: December 2008

Leadership is necessary in the organization. Without leadership, there can be no quality because leadership is directly related to quality. Organizations wishing to implement change and to compete effectively will immediately recognize the value of leadership at every level. Once leadership begins, it must cascade throughout the organization and help to create a culture in which quality is paramount and change is recognized as a necessary part of the competitive adventure.
The Leaders Use of Informal Rewards and Reward Systems in Obtaining Organizational Goals
Authors: Nelson Robert B.
Published: December 2008

Management has long underestimated the importance of informal rewards in the achievement of organizational goals. At a time when formal reward and recognition systems are increasingly found to be ineffective, the use of informal rewards could provide just the right combination of relevance, immediacy, and individual value to warrant a fresh look at how to make them work. Considering that a reported 33 percent of managers would rather work in another organization where they could receive better recognition, the time is ripe for focused attention on this matter.
Leadership for the New Century
Authors: Bray Peter J.
Published: December 2008

The problems facing humanity seem almost overwhelming. To solve them a new way of thinking and behaving has to be found. Past understandings of leadership have been locked into the industrial paradigm with the focus on the individual and the hierarchical model. Those understandings are no longer suitable. This article considers a way of thinking about leadership that places the emphasis on the group as the locus of the leadership dynamic. Such an understanding holds out hope for a shared future where everyone has a responsibility to enter into the leadership dynamic and devise ways to change.
Thomas Jefferson and the Vision of Democratic Leadership
Authors: Genovese Michael A.
Published: December 2008

Is there a form of leadership which is compatible with the demands of strong democracy? While there is a natural and inevitable tension which exists between leadership and democracy, there are ways to develop a style of leadership which conforms to the requirements of robust democracy. Thomas Jefferson pointed the way with his view of democratic leadership, and this article attempts to highlight that view in hopes of reviving the debate on the dilemma of democratic leadership.
Leadership As An Obstacle To Democratic Problem Solving
Authors: Briand Michael K.
Published: December 2008

The predominant contemporary conception of public leadership rests on a "consumerist" model of democratic politics. Because in practice this approach to democratic decision making has shown itself to be woefully inadequate to the task of solving public problems, we would do well to question whether the conception of leadership so closely associated with it deserves to be perpetuated.

The conventional view of leadership makes effective public decision making a function of good leadership. I reverse the equation, suggesting that good leadership is a function of a healthy practice of deliberative democratic politics. I conclude that effective public leadership consists of the ability and willingness to enable and encourage one's fellow citizens to form a public perspective, deliberate together, reach a shared judgment, and make a collective choice about what to do.
Teaching Political Leadership: An Introduction
Authors: Genovese Michael A.
Published: December 2008

Each semester, I open my Political Leadership course with a confession and a celebration. The confession is that no one is qualified to teach this course: it is the hardest, most complex and demanding course I teach. The difficulty stems from the interdisciplinary nature of the field. Leadership studies is built upon a foundation of interconnectedness between disparate fields of academic inquiry, fields which are not often brought together. Thus the great difficulty.

But this confession is a prelude to celebration. Teaching about political leadership is also the most rewarding and fulfilling of all the courses I teach. It is in the challenge that the joy emerges. But how does one go about teaching political leadership?
TQM? Bah...Humbug!
Authors: Watson Frank D.
Published: December 2008

Scrooge would very likely say "bah, humbug" to a Total Quality Management (TQM) improvement program as it would seem to him to be frivolous, superficial, and filled with emotional beliefs. TQM has become a buzzword for an improvement program developed to emulate the successful management practices of Japan and others. Unfortunately, it is often implemented with platitudes and much rhetoric indicating managers and leaders have little in-depth understanding of what is really required to obtain the results desired. Most attempts have failed; where there is success, change is often superficial and improvements "either fortuitous or short-lived" (Garvin, 1993). The question, then, is why these failures and difficulties with such basic and appealing concepts?