bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of γ″ and δ Phase Precipitation on the Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting: An In Situ Neutron Diffraction and Acoustic Emission Study
Authors: Čapek Jan , Polatidis Efthymios , Knapek Michal , Lyphout Christophe , Casati Nicola , Pederson Robert , Strobl Markus
Published: November 2020

The deformation behavior of additively manufactured Alloy 718 in as-built condition and after annealing was studied in situ under tensile loading along the build direction. Pre-characterization by synchrotron X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy revealed a significant amount ofγ″ precipitates in the as-built samples, whereas theγ″ phase was entirely consumed and needle-likeδprecipitates appeared in the annealed sample. In situ neutron diffraction (ND) and acoustic emission (AE) enabled indirect observation of the role of the precipitates on the mechanical behavior. ND provided information on the load accommodation in the matrix, while AE detected a strong signal from the interaction of dislocations with theδ-phase precipitates during deformation of the annealed samples. The results imply that in the annealed samples the matrix sheds the load to the precipitates, while in the as-built material the matrix bares a significant load.
Recent Insights on the Role of PPAR-β/δ in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, and Its Potential Target for Therapy
Authors: Strosznajder Anna K. , Wójtowicz Sylwia , Jeżyna Mieszko J. , Sun Grace Y. , Strosznajder Joanna B.
Published: November 2020

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ belongs to the family of hormone and lipid-activated nuclear receptors, which are involved in metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, cholesterol, and sphingolipids. Similar to PPAR-α and PPAR-γ, PPAR-β/δ also acts as a transcription factor activated by dietary lipids and endogenous ligands, such as long-chain saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and selected lipid metabolic products, such as eicosanoids, leukotrienes, lipoxins, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. Together with other PPARs, PPAR-β/δ displays transcriptional activity through interaction with retinoid X receptor (RXR). In general, PPARs have been shown to regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, and development and significantly modulate glucose, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and biogenesis. PPAR-β/δ appears to play a special role in inflammatory processes and due to its proangiogenic and anti-/pro-carcinogenic properties, this receptor has been considered as a therapeutic target for treating metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, carcinogenesis, and diabetes. Until now, most studies were carried out in the peripheral organs, and despite of its presence in brain cells and in different brain regions, its role in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation remains poorly understood. This review is intended to describe recent insights on the impact of PPAR-β/δ and its novel agonists on neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, Huntington’s diseases, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and traumatic injury. An important goal is to obtain new insights to better understand the dietary and pharmacological regulations of PPAR-β/δ and to find promising therapeutic strategies that could mitigate these neurological disorders.
Direct oral anticoagulants for the treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: current evidence
Authors:   Cancer and Thrombosis Section of the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM), García-Escobar I. , Brozos-Vázquez E. , Gutierrez Abad D. , Martínez-Marín V. , Pachón V. , Muñoz Martín A. J.
Published: November 2020

Venous thromboembolic disease (VTED) is a common and clinically important complication in patients with cancer, contributing to its mortality and morbidity. Direct oral anticoagulant agents (DOACs), including direct thrombin inhibitors and direct factor Xa inhibitors, are as effective as vitamin K antagonists for the treatment of VTED and are associated with less frequent and severe bleeding. They have advantages over low-molecular-weight heparin, but comparative long-term efficacy and safety data are lacking for these compounds. Recent randomized clinical trials suggest a role for DOACs in the treatment of VTED in patients with cancer. This review will discuss the existing evidence and future perspectives on the role of DOACs in the treatment of VTE based on the current evidence about their overall efficacy and safety and the limited information in patients with cancer; in addition, we will briefly review their pharmacokinetic properties with special reference to potential interactions.
From #RelationshipGoals to #Heartbreak – We use Instagram differently in various romantic relationship statuses
Authors: Fejes-Vékássy L. , Ujhelyi A. , Faragó L.
Published: November 2020

Nowadays Social Media plays a key role in the formation, maintenance and breaking up of romantic relationships. Instagram, one of the most popular platforms among young adults, was examined by many researchers from the viewpoints of e.g. relationship goals, satisfaction and conflicts. These studies concentrate on the impact of online activities on relationships. With this current research our aim is to widen this perspective: we attempt to investigate how relational factors influence the use of the popular social network site. In Study 1 a qualitative approach was introduced (N = 18), in Study 2 participants (N = 238) reported in an online survey about their Instagram activity in various relationship statuses as well as relationship satisfaction and jealousy. We found that changes in the relationship status can be detected through the modification of Instagram usage. The characteristics of Instagram activity are significantly different at the beginning and at the end of a relationship. Furthermore, using cluster analysis we found that jealousy and relationship satisfaction are core predictors of post frequency, the amount of time spent with browsing and the importance of Instagram. In sum, the patterns of Instagram activity are strongly influenced by romantic relationship status.
Gastric carcinogenesis: a comprehensive review of the angiogenic pathways
Authors: Forma Alicja , Tyczyńska Magdalena , Kędzierawski Paweł , Gietka Klaudyna , Sitarz Monika
Published: November 2020

Gastric cancer (GC) is undoubtedly one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. Since GC is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths with nearly one million new diagnoses reported every year, there is a need for the development of new, effective treatment strategies of GC. Gastric carcinogenesis is a complex process that is induced by numerous factors and further stimulated by many pro-oncogenic pathways. Angiogenesis is the process of the new blood vessels formation from the already existing ones and it significantly contributes to the progression of gastric tumorigenesis and the growth of the cancerous tissues. The newly formed vessels provide cancer cells with proper nutrition, growth factors, and oxygen supply that are crucial for tumor growth and progression. Tumor-associated vessels differ from the physiological ones both morphologically and functionally. They are usually inefficient and unevenly distributed due to structural transformations. Thus, the development of the angiogenesis inhibitors that possess therapeutic effects has been the main focus of recent studies. Angiogenesis inhibitors mostly affect the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway since it is a major factor that stimulates the pro-angiogenic pathways. The aim of this review was to describe and summarize other promising molecular pathways that might be crucial in further improvements in GC therapies. This article provides an overview of how a meaningful role in tumor progression the angiogenetic process has. Furthermore, this review includes a description of the most important angiogenic factors as well as pathways and their involvement in gastric carcinogenesis.
Chronic MPTP in Mice Damage-specific Neuronal Phenotypes within Dorsal Laminae of the Spinal Cord
Authors: Biagioni Francesca , Vivacqua Giorgio , Lazzeri Gloria , Ferese Rosangela , Iannacone Simone , Onori Paolo , Morini Sergio , D’Este Loredana , Fornai Francesco
Published: November 2020

The neurotoxin 1-methyl, 4-phenyl, 1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropiridine (MPTP) is widely used to produce experimental parkinsonism. Such a disease is characterized by neuronal damage in multiple regions beyond the nigrostriatal pathway including the spinal cord. The neurotoxin MPTP damages spinal motor neurons. So far, in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients alpha-synuclein aggregates are described in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Nonetheless, no experimental investigation was carried out to document whether MPTP affects the sensory compartment of the spinal cord. Thus, in the present study, we investigated whether chronic exposure to small doses of MPTP (5 mg/kg/X2, daily, for 21 days) produces any pathological effect within dorsal spinal cord. This mild neurotoxic protocol produces a damage only to nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) axon terminals with no decrease in DA nigral neurons assessed by quantitative stereology. In these experimental conditions we documented a decrease in enkephalin-, calretinin-, calbindin D28K-, and parvalbumin-positive neurons within lamina I and II and the outer lamina III. Met-Enkephalin and substance P positive fibers are reduced in laminae I and II of chronically MPTP-treated mice. In contrast, as reported in PD patients, alpha-synuclein is markedly increased within spared neurons and fibers of lamina I and II after MPTP exposure. This is the first evidence that experimental parkinsonism produces the loss of specific neurons of the dorsal spinal cord, which are likely to be involved in sensory transmission and in pain modulation providing an experimental correlate for sensory and pain alterations in PD.
Reservoir quality evaluation of the Farewell sandstone by integrating sedimentological and well log analysis in the Kupe South Field, Taranaki Basin-New Zealand
Authors: Qadri S. M. Talha , Islam Md Aminul , Shalaby Mohamed Ragab , El-Aal Ahmed K. Abd
Published: November 2020

The study used the sedimentological and well log-based petrophysical analysis to evaluate the Farewell sandstone, the reservoir formation within the Kupe South Field. The sedimentological analysis was based on the data sets from Kupe South-1 to 5 wells, comprising the grain size, permeability, porosity, the total cement concentrations, and imprints of diagenetic processes on the reservoir formation. Moreover, well log analysis was carried on the four wells namely Kupe South 1, 2, 5 and 7 wells for evaluating the parameters e.g., shale volume, total and effective porosity, water wetness and hydrocarbon saturation, which influence the reservoir quality. The results from the sedimentological analysis demonstrated that the Farewell sandstone is compositionally varying from feldspathic arenite to lithic arenite. The analysis also showed the presence of significant total porosity and permeability fluctuating between 10.2 and 26.2% and 0.43–1376 mD, respectively. The diagenetic processes revealed the presence of authigenic clay and carbonate obstructing the pore spaces along with the occurrence of well-connected secondary and hybrid pores which eventually improved the reservoir quality of the Farewell sandstone. The well log analysis showed the presence of low shale volume between 10.9 and 29%, very good total and effective porosity values ranging from 19 to 32.3% as well as from 17 to 27%, respectively. The water saturation ranged from 22.3 to 44.9% and a significant hydrocarbon saturation fluctuating from 55.1 to 77.7% was also observed. The well log analysis also indicated the existence of nine hydrocarbon-bearing zones. The integrated findings from sedimentological and well log analyses verified the Farewell sandstone as a good reservoir formation.
Prediction of vitrinite reflectance values using machine learning techniques: a new approach
Authors: Sadeghtabaghi Zahra , Talebkeikhah Mohsen , Rabbani Ahmad Reza
Published: November 2020

Vitrinite reflectance (VR) is considered the most used maturity indicator of source rocks. Although vitrinite reflectance is an acceptable parameter for maturity and is widely used, it is sometimes difficult to measure. Furthermore, Rock-Eval pyrolysis is a current technique for geochemical investigations and evaluating source rock by their quality and quantity of organic matter, which provide low cost, quick, and valid information. Predicting vitrinite reflectance by using a quick and straightforward method like Rock-Eval pyrolysis results in determining accurate and reliable values of VR with consuming low cost and time. Previous studies used empirical equations for vitrinite reflectance prediction by theTmaxdata, which was accompanied by poor results. Therefore, finding a way for precise vitrinite reflectance prediction by Rock-Eval data seems useful. For this aim, vitrinite reflectance values are predicted by 15 distinct machine learning models of the decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, group method of data handling, radial basis function, multilayer perceptron, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, and multilayer perceptron and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, which are coupled with evolutionary optimization methods such as grasshopper optimization algorithm, bat algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and genetic algorithm, with four inputs of Rock-Eval pyrolysis parameters ofTmax, S1/TOC, HI, and depth for the first time. Statistical evaluations indicate that the decision tree is the most precise model for VR prediction, which can estimate vitrinite reflectance precisely. The comparison between the decision tree and previous proposed empirical equations indicates that the machine learning method performs much more accurately.
Improvement of the lubrication properties of grease with Mn3O4/graphene (Mn3O4#G) nanocomposite additive
Authors: Jin Bao , Chen Guangyan , Zhao Jun , He Yongyong , Huang Yiyao , Luo Jianbin
Published: November 2020

Although grease can effectively lubricate machines, lubrication failure may occur under high speed and heavy load conditions. In this study, Mn3O4/graphene nanocomposites (Mn3O4#G) were synthetized using a hydrothermal method as lubricant additives. The lubrication properties of compound grease with Mn3O4#G nanocomposite additive under heavy contact loads of 600–900 N (3.95–4.59 GPa) were investigated. First, the nanocomposites were dispersed into L-XBCEA 0 lithium grease via successive electromagnetic stirring, ultrasound vibration, and three-roll milling. Compound grease with additives of commercial graphene (Com#G) was also investigated for comparison. Tribological test results revealed that the trace amounts of Mn3O4#G (as low as 0.02 wt%) could reduce the coefficient of friction (COF) of grease significantly. When the concentration of Mn3O4#G was 0.1 wt%, the COF and wear depth were 43.5% and 86.1%, lower than those of pure graphene, respectively. In addition, under the effect of friction, the microstructure of graphene in Mn3O4#G nanocomposites tends to be ordered and normalized. Furthermore, most of the Mn3O4 transformed into Mn2O3 owing to the high temperature generated from friction. Using the Ar gas cluster ion beam sputtering method, the thickness of the tribofilm was estimated to be 25–34 nm. Finally, the improvement of the lubrication properties was attributed to the synergistic effect of the adsorbed tribofilm, i.e., the graphene island effect and the filling effect of Mn3O4#G.
Spillover Effects in the Presence of Unobserved Networks
Authors: Egami Naoki
Published: November 2020

When experimental subjects can interact with each other, the outcome of one individual may be affected by the treatment status of others. In many social science experiments, such spillover effects may occur through multiple networks, for example, through both online and offline face-to-face networks in a Twitter experiment. Thus, to understand how people use different networks, it is essential to estimate the spillover effect in each specific network separately. However, the unbiased estimation of thesenetwork-specific spillover effectsrequires an often-violated assumption that researchers observe all relevant networks. We show that, unlike conventional omitted variable bias, bias due to unobserved networks remains even when treatment assignment is randomized and when unobserved networks and a network of interest are independently generated. We then develop parametric and nonparametric sensitivity analysis methods, with which researchers can assess the potential influence of unobserved networks on causal findings. We illustrate the proposed methods with a simulation study based on a real-world Twitter network and an empirical application based on a network field experiment in China.
THE CHARACTER GRAPH OF A FINITE GROUP IS PERFECT
Authors: EBRAHIMI MAHDI
Published: November 2020

For a finite group G, let

$\Delta (G)$
denote the character graph built on the set of degrees of the irreducible complex characters of G. A perfect graph is a graph

$\Gamma $
in which the chromatic number of every induced subgraph

$\Delta $
of

$\Gamma $
equals the clique number of

$\Delta $
. We show that the character graph

$\Delta (G)$
of a finite group G is always a perfect graph. We also prove that the chromatic number of the complement of

$\Delta (G)$
is at most three.
Innovation in a crisis: rethinking conferences and scholarship in a pandemic and climate emergency
Authors: ROBINSON SAM , BAUMHAMMER MEGAN , BEIERMANN LEA , BELTEKI DANIEL , CHAMBERS AMY C. , GIBBONS KELCEY , GUIMONT EDWARD , HEFFNER KATHRYN , HILL EMMA-LOUISE , HOUGHTON JEMMA , MCCAHEY DANIELLA , QIDWAI SARAH , SLEIGH CHARLOTTE , SUGDEN NICOLA , SUMNER JAMES
Published: November 2020

It is a cliché of self-help advice that there are no problems, only opportunities. The rationale and actions of the BSHS in creating its Global Digital History of Science Festival may be a rare genuine confirmation of this mantra. The global COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 meant that the society's usual annual conference – like everyone else's – had to be cancelled. Once the society decided to go digital, we had a hundred days to organize and deliver our first online festival. In the hope that this will help, inspire and warn colleagues around the world who are also trying to move online, we here detail the considerations, conversations and thinking behind the organizing team's decisions.
Surveillance, Security, and Liberal Democracy in the Post-COVID World
Authors: Greitens Sheena Chestnut
Published: November 2020

To what extent has the COVID-19 outbreak, and the augmented use of health surveillance technology that has resulted from it, altered international conceptions of civil liberties, privacy, and democracy? This article examines how global patterns of liberal democracy have been and could be affected by the pandemic. In China, the outbreak has strengthened a pre-existing techno-authoritarian project aimed at prevention and control of threats to both public health and public order. Certain features of the international system such as China's major power status, its global economic role, and its leadership in international organizations suggest that China's model of illiberal pandemic response could diffuse worldwide. Other factors, however—such as the incomparability of China's political system to many other countries in the contemporary international system—suggest more limited diffusion potential. To date, the pandemic has largely augmented existing trends, meaning that autocracies have been likely to respond in ways that infringe upon citizen rights, and weak democracies have exhibited some risk of democratic erosion and pandemic-associated autocratization. In these cases, however, factors other than surveillance have been central to processes of democratic decay. Conversely, a large number of consolidated democracies have employed surveillance, but have managed to navigate the initial stages of crisis without significantly compromising democratic standards. In these cases, surveillance technology has been fenced in by democratic institutions and rule of law, and norms, institutions, and public opinion have worked together to facilitate pandemic responses that are (on balance) proportional, limited in time and scope, and subject to democratic oversight. This suggests that international relations may need to separate the pandemic's effects on democracy from its effects on liberalism, and that care must be taken to identify the precise mechanisms that link pandemic response to various components of liberal democracy.
Prioritizing critical-care resources in response to COVID-19: lessons from the development of Thailand's Triage protocol
Authors: Archer Rachel A. , Marshall Aniqa I. , Sirison Kanchanok , Witthayapipopsakul Woranan , Sriakkpokin Pisit , Chotchoungchatchai Somtanuek , Srisookwatana Orapan , Teerawattananon Yot , Tangcharoensathien Viroj
Published: November 2020

As COVID-19 ravages the world, many countries are faced with the grim reality of not having enough critical-care resources to go around. Knowing what could be in store, the Thai Ministry of Public Health called for the creation of an explicit protocol to determine how these resources are to be rationed in the situation of demand exceeding supply. This paper shares the experience of developing triage criteria and a mechanism for prioritizing intensive care unit resources in a middle-income country with the potential to be applied to other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) faced with a similar (if not more of a) challenge when responding to the global pandemic. To the best of our knowledge, this locally developed guideline would be among the first of its kind from an LMIC setting. In summary, the experience from the Thai protocol development highlights three important lessons. First, stakeholder consultation and public engagement are crucial steps to ensure the protocol reflects the priorities of society and to maintain public trust in the health system. Second, all bodies and actions proposed in the protocol must not conflict with existing laws to ensure smooth implementation and adherence by professionals. Last, all components of the protocol must be compatible with the local context including medical culture, physician–patient relationship, and religious and societal norms.
Morphological variation and development in a Northern Norwegian role play register
Authors: Strand Bror-Magnus S.
Published: November 2020

This paper investigates the variation in and development of a set of morphological variables in a register known to be used by Norwegian children when engaging in role play. In this register they code-switch to something resembling the standard or Oslo variety for their in-character role utterances. The variation across variables, subjects, and age is demonstrated and discussed, and although most variables are used in the standard variants, their rates vary. A fitted binomial generalised mixed effect analysis on the most frequent variables shows that the rate of standard variants increases significantly as an effect of age.
Profiles of bilingualism in early childhood: A person-centred Latent Profile Transition Approach
Authors: Francot Ryanne , Blom Elma , Broekhuizen Martine , Leseman Paul
Published: November 2020

Bilingualism as it occurs in current societies is a complex, multidimensional and dynamic phenomenon, calling for new approaches to capture this concept. This study shows the feasibility of a person-centred approach by combining measures of the use of and proficiency in the first and second language from 110 young Turkish–Dutch children at two measurement waves, using two existing datasets. Latent Profile Analysis revealed four profiles, equivalent at age four and six: 1) Dominant L1 use, relatively low L1 and L2 proficiency, 2) Dual L1 and L2 use, around average L1 and L2 proficiency, 3) Dominant L1 use, relatively high L1 and L2 proficiency and 4) Dominant L2 use, relatively high L2 proficiency. Latent Transition Analysis indicated that children changed in profiles over time. Regression analyses showed that profiles were differently related to the family's socioeconomic status and children's nonverbal intelligence at age four. No relations were found at age six.
Kurapaty: Belarus’ Continuing Debates
Authors: Marples David R. , Laputska Veranika
Published: November 2020

The paper investigates past and current research on the executions at Kurapaty, in the northern suburbs of Minsk, Belarus, in 1937–41, covering the period from the discovery of mass graves in the 1970s to the establishment of an official monument in late 2018. It deals with several issues: archaeological excavations of the site in the 1980s and 1990s; the numbers, ethnic origin, and identities of the victims; the continuing debates between the authorities, scholars, and the nationalist opposition; the protection of the site from various incursions; and the role of Kurapaty as an alternative national symbol to the Great Patriotic War victory. It also looks at Kurapaty victims in the context of the Stalin Purges in the USSR as a whole. The authors conclude that while the number of deaths and the scale of repressions did not differ significantly from the Soviet average, the impact on the modern state has been largely concealed because of the politicization of the event, and the tardiness and unwillingness of the post-independence government to peruse the harsher aspects of the Stalin era.
The Bestseller, or The Cultural Logic of Postsocialism
Authors: Gorski Bradley A.
Published: November 2020

When the word “bestseller” entered post-Soviet Russia, it was invested with transformational power to remake postsocialist culture according to capitalist models of exchange. From its appearance in the early 1990s to its apotheosis as the name of a new literary prize in 2001, the bestseller demonstrated the active power of cultural categories. It built a data-gathering apparatus around itself, shifted the ways that authors, publishers, and audiences interacted with each other, and even generated new modes of collective creativity specific to capitalist markets for culture. Applying insights from actor-network theory and object-oriented ontology, this article focuses on the bestseller, decentering authors and other human agents. The bestseller is shown to be more than a mediator between market forces and other literary actors; it is an active force (a “real object,” in the terms of object-oriented ontology) that plays a central role in the postsocialist formation of “cultural capitalism,” or the system of cultural production and consumption based on market value, fungibility, and exchange.
Vicarious Dissonance
Authors: Jaubert Sara , Girandola Fabien , Souchet Lionel
Published: November 2020

Abstract. This paper proposes to make an inventory of knowledge on the process of vicarious dissonance, describing the possibility of individuals experiencing cognitive dissonance vicariously when they observe a member of their group acting inconsistently with their own attitudes ( Cooper & Hogg, 2007 ). After identifying different factors necessary for or conducive to the development of vicarious dissonance, and after reviewing the nature of vicarious dissonance, this article will explore the reasons why an individual may be compelled to change their attitude under conditions of vicarious dissonance. We will conclude our argument by presenting new findings on this phenomenon in line with several theories. According to the cognitive dissonance theory, the reduction is linked to a decrease in arousal which leads to a decrease in inconsistency. While the social identity theory ( Tajfel & Turner, 1979 ) and self-categorization ( Turner et al., 1987 ) allows us to think of cognitive dissonance as a vicarious process, the uncertainty theory ( Hogg, 2000 , 2007 ) proposes brand new interpretations for answering the question “what are the functions of vicarious dissonance reduction?”, at both individual- and group-level.
On the Interpersonal Function of Metaphor Use
Authors: Fetterman Adam K. , Evans Nicholas D. , Covarrubias Jonathan J.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Empathy and perspective taking play important roles in interpersonal functioning. As prior research has linked metaphor use to emotional understanding, it is likely that metaphor use is also involved in empathy and perspective taking. In two daily diary studies ( N = 225; Obs. = 1,849), we predicted that on days in which empathy and perspective taking were high, participants would also report higher metaphor use. In Study 1, we found support for our hypotheses, such that daily metaphor use was positively associated with daily empathy and perspective taking. In Study 2, we replicated these results. We place this work within the current literature and discuss the promise of an interpersonal function of metaphor use.
Characterizing the Complexity Assembly of Pore Structure in a Coal Matrix: Principle, Methodology, and Modeling Application
Authors: Zhao Mengyu , Jin Yi , Liu Xianhe , Zheng Junling , Liu Shunxi
Published: November 2020

The pore structure in a coal matrix is a dual‐porosity system where fractures and pores coexist and feature scale‐invariance properties, which would affect the occurrence and migration of coalbed methane (CBM) significantly. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance to well define complexity types and effectively characterize their assembly mechanism of pore structure in a coal matrix. Here we identify the pore structure in a coal matrix as a dual‐complexity system consisting of original complexity and behavioral complexity independent to each other, where the former determines the scaling types of single‐ or dual‐porosity structure, while the latter dominates the scale‐invariance properties of self‐similarity, self‐affinity, and multifractality. Next we clarify the essentials of scale‐invariance properties and unify the definition of behavioral complexity. By employing Voronoi diagrams, we develop a dual‐porosity coupling algorithm to describe the original complexity and set up a mathematical framework to characterize the complexity assembly in fractal dual‐porosity media. For modeling demonstration, we select some typical coal samples from different reservoirs in China, extract the scale‐invariance parameters, and establish fractal topography based on mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and N2 adsorption data. Using experimental tests, mathematical derivation, and numerical simulations in combination, we reveal the principle and methodology for the characterization of the complexity assembly in a coal matrix.
Multifrequency Inversion of Ps and Sp Receiver Functions: Methodology and Application to USArray Data
Authors: Bissig Felix , Khan Amir , Tauzin Benoit , Sossi Paolo A. , Munch Federico D. , Giardini Domenico
Published: November 2020

We image the thermochemical structure of crust and mantle underneath the North American continent by inverting recordings of P‐to‐s (Ps) and S‐to‐p (Sp) converted seismic body waves (receiver functions [RFs]). Through careful data selection and processing, we construct a multifrequency Ps (5‐, 8‐, and 10 ‐s) and Sp (10‐ and 15‐ s) RF data set from USArray recordings. The inversion is interfaced with petrological phase equilibria computations to build self‐consistent radial seismic velocity and density models for RF waveform simulations. Inverted models are combined through back‐projection along converted raypaths and interpolation to tomographic images of crust and mantle structure. Through clustering analysis we identify three major tectonic regions based on mantle thermochemical and seismic structure: the tectonically active West (TAW), the central transition region (CTR), and the cratonic‐orogenic East (COE). TAW is chemically more fertile with a Mg# ∼ 0.90 (molar Mg# = Mg/(Mg + Fe)) and characterized by an elevated mantle potential temperature of 1490 ± 27°C relative to COE, which is chemically more depleted (Mg# ∼ 0.91) and colder (1419 ± 27°C). CTR is intermediate to TAW and COE. We find significant thermochemically induced topography associated with the base of the lithosphere (±90 km), while the mantle transition zone is mostly influenced by thermally induced topography on the 410‐km discontinuity (±15 km). In contrast, the 660‐km discontinuity, where variations are only ±5 km, reflects a more complex thermochemical interplay. To place the results in a tectonic context, thermobarometric estimates from basaltic rocks across the western United States are integrated with the seismic inversions to produce a thermal model of the underlying mantle.
GISS Model E2.2: A Climate Model Optimized for the Middle Atmosphere—2. Validation of Large‐Scale Transport and Evaluation of Climate Response
Authors: Orbe Clara , Rind David , Jonas Jeffrey , Nazarenko Larissa , Faluvegi Greg , Murray Lee T. , Shindell Drew T. , Tsigaridis Kostas , Zhou Tiehan , Kelley Maxwell , Schmidt Gavin A.
Published: November 2020

Here we examine the large‐scale transport characteristics of the new “Middle Atmosphere” NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) climate model (E2.2). First, we evaluate the stratospheric transport circulation in historical atmosphere‐only simulations integrated with interactive trace gas and aerosol chemistry. Compared to lower vertical resolution model versions, E2.2 exhibits improved tropical ascent and older stratospheric mean ages that are more consistent with observed values. In the troposphere, poleward transport to the Arctic and interhemispheric mean ages in E2.2 are comparable to models participating in the Chemistry Climate Modeling Initiative. In addition to validating E2.2, we also assess its “transport sensitivity” using the coupled atmosphere‐ocean abrupt 4xCO2 and transient 1%CO2 simulations submitted to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6, along with a 2xCO2 simulation used to evaluate the linearity of the transport circulation's response to increased CO2. We show that decreases (increases) in a stratospheric mean age (idealized surface loss) tracer scale linearly with increased lower stratospheric upwelling, which also increases linearly with warming tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Abrupt 2xCO2 and 4xCO2 experiments constrained with (fixed) pre‐industrial SSTs are also used to quantify the relative importance of rapid adjustments versus SST feedbacks to the transport circulation responses in the model. Finally, sensitivity experiments are presented to illustrate the impact of changes in the convective parameterization on stratospheric transport.
Arctic Influence on the Eastern Asian Cold Surge Forecast: A Case Study of January 2016
Authors: Dai Guokun , Mu Mu
Published: November 2020

An extreme cold surge during 21–25 January 2016 resulted in extensive damage to eastern Asian countries. Synoptic diagnoses show that the southward movement of the north Siberian anomalous anticyclone to the midlatitudes was the key process for the cold surge. Operational forecasts from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts show that this event could be captured in the control forecast started on 12 January. Further diagnosis shows that the control forecast started on 11 January missed it, possibly due to uncertainties in the Arctic because the north Siberian anomalous anticyclone is not strong enough due to the erroneous eddy vorticity forcing (EVF) induced by the Arctic initial conditions uncertainty. Therefore, the north Siberian anomalous anticyclone cannot move southward to midlatitude when another anomalous anticyclone comes from the Caspian Sea. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted with the Open Integrated Forecasting System model to verify the role of the Arctic initial conditions. Numerical results show that integration with the ERA5 initial conditions could capture the cold surge in the forecast starting on 12 January, while integration with the ERA‐Interim initial conditions could not. Sensitivity experiments with modified Arctic initial conditions show an improved cold surge forecast skill. This improvement may be due to the north Siberian anomalous anticyclone, which is sufficiently strong to move southward when the anomalous anticyclone comes from the Caspian Sea, with accurate EVF induced by the improved initial conditions in the Arctic. This result highlights the importance of the Arctic initial conditions in this eastern Asian cold surge forecast.
On a Possible Mechanism of Reactivation of Decayed Branches of Negative Stepped Leaders
Authors: Ding Z. , Rakov V. A. , Zhu Y. , Tran M. D.
Published: November 2020

Using visible‐range and infrared (3–5 μm) high‐speed video cameras, we observed luminosity transients that reilluminated decayed branches of two close (2 to 4 km) negative stepped leaders in Florida. Leader branches were energized via stepping at their tips and, as a result, were most heated near their lower ends, with the hotter sections being connected via cooler sections to the trunk. In the modeling of lightning leaders, usually a single tip is considered. In contrast, in the present study, many (up to 30 per major branch) tips were active at the same time, forming a network‐like structure with a descending multitip “ionization front” whose transverse dimensions were of the order of hundreds of meters. The front exhibited alternating stepping, with each step necessarily generating a positive charge wave traveling from the leader tip up along the channel, like a mini return stroke. We inferred that the step‐related waves can cause luminosity transients in the remnants of decayed negative branches at higher altitudes. Such reactivated branches, in turn, may facilitate further leader stepping at lower altitudes, as first reported by Stolzenburg et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022933). The reactivation process is likely to involve multiple steps, as evidenced by a large number of active tips (some tens per 50‐μs frame) and corresponding electric field pulses occurring at time intervals of 2 μs or less. Additionally, our observations suggest that a transient in one decayed branch can trigger (or assist with triggering of) a transient in another branch.
Seasonal Trends of Atmospheric Ice Nucleating Particles Over Tokyo
Authors: Tobo Yutaka , Uetake Jun , Matsui Hitoshi , Moteki Nobuhiro , Uji Yasushi , Iwamoto Yoko , Miura Kazuhiko , Misumi Ryohei
Published: November 2020

Ice nucleating particles (INPs) originating from Asia are expected to have large impacts on aerosol‐cloud‐precipitation interactions on local, regional, and global scales. However, their seasonal variability is poorly understood. Here, we present a year‐round record of atmospheric INPs measured on Tokyo Skytree, which is the world's tallest broadcasting tower located in the Tokyo Metropolitan area. The INP number concentrations showed relatively small variations in the temperature regime below −20°C, whereas the values were episodically enhanced by long‐range transported Asian dusts. On the other hand, the INP spectra in the temperature regime warmer than −20°C exhibited measurable seasonal variations. Notably, the INP number concentrations in the temperature regime between −15°C and −10°C tended to indicate higher values in warm/wet seasons and lower values in cold/dry seasons. Our results suggest that Asian dust events and seasonal variations in certain particles of biological origin linked to local/regional meteorology might influence the seasonal trends of the INP spectra over the Tokyo Metropolitan area.
Spring Planetary Boundary Layer Structure and Corresponding Cloud Characteristics Under Different Prevailing Wind Directions Over the Kuroshio Sea Surface Temperature Front in the East China Sea
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Li Yunying
Published: November 2020

The planetary boundary layer (PBL) structure and corresponding stratocumulus (Sc) clouds under different prevailing wind directions over the East China Sea were studied using CloudSat and sounding observations from March–April 2007–2017. The dominant factors affecting the PBL structure and atmospheric response mechanism associated with the Kuroshio sea surface temperature front (SSTF) differed under the three prevailing wind directions. When northeasterly (NE) wind prevails, the opposite spatially high‐pass‐filtered meteorological parameters between the warm tongue and cold pool indicate that the PBL structure is predominantly determined by the SSTF via the sea level pressure adjustment mechanism. However, when northwesterly (NW) and southeasterly (SE) winds prevail, a downward kinetic energy tongue extends from the free atmosphere to the sea surface, indicating that the dynamic PBL structure is predominantly controlled by atmospheric circulation. The (minor) difference in relative humidity between the cold and warm sides indicates that the thermodynamic PBL structure is dominated by the SSTF through the vertical mixing mechanism (by atmospheric circulation) under NW (SE) prevailing wind. Completely different PBL structures lead to different temperature inversion (TI) and Sc cloud characteristics under the three prevailing wind directions. TI mainly occurs as low tropospheric inversion over the warm tongue, while the frequency of near‐surface inversion is large over the cold pool under NE and SE prevailing wind directions. The Sc cloud fraction over the warm tongue is two times larger than that over the cold pool under NE prevailing wind and is the largest (smallest) when NW (SE) wind prevails.
An Unprecedented Set of High‐Resolution Earth System Simulations for Understanding Multiscale Interactions in Climate Variability and Change
Authors: Chang Ping , Zhang Shaoqing , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Yeager Stephen G. , Fu Haohuan , Wang Hong , Castruccio Frederic S. , Chen Yuhu , Edwards James , Fu Dan , Jia Yinglai , Laurindo Lucas C. , Liu Xue , Rosenbloom Nan , Small R. Justin , Xu Gaopeng , Zeng Yunhui , Zhang Qiuying , Bacmeister Julio , Bailey David A. , Duan Xiaohui , DuVivier Alice K. , Li Dapeng , Li Yuxuan , Neale Richard , Stössel Achim , Wang Li , Zhuang Yuan , Baker Allison , Bates Susan , Dennis John , Diao Xiliang , Gan Bolan , Gopal Abishek , Jia Dongning , Jing Zhao , Ma Xiaohui , Saravanan R. , Strand Warren G. , Tao Jian , Yang Haiyuan , Wang Xiaoqi , Wei Zhiqiang , Wu Lixin
Published: November 2020

We present an unprecedented set of high‐resolution climate simulations, consisting of a 500‐year pre‐industrial control simulation and a 250‐year historical and future climate simulation from 1850 to 2100. A high‐resolution configuration of the Community Earth System Model version 1.3 (CESM1.3) is used for the simulations with a nominal horizontal resolution of 0.25° for the atmosphere and land models and 0.1° for the ocean and sea‐ice models. At these resolutions, the model permits tropical cyclones and ocean mesoscale eddies, allowing interactions between these synoptic and mesoscale phenomena with large‐scale circulations. An overview of the results from these simulations is provided with a focus on model drift, mean climate, internal modes of variability, representation of the historical and future climates, and extreme events. Comparisons are made to solutions from an identical set of simulations using the standard resolution (nominal 1°) CESM1.3 and to available observations for the historical period to address some key scientific questions concerning the impact and benefit of increasing model horizontal resolution in climate simulations. An emerging prominent feature of the high‐resolution pre‐industrial simulation is the intermittent occurrence of polynyas in the Weddell Sea and its interaction with an Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. Overall, high‐resolution simulations show significant improvements in representing global mean temperature changes, seasonal cycle of sea‐surface temperature and mixed layer depth, extreme events and in relationships between extreme events and climate modes.
Elevated CO2 and nitrate levels increase wheat root-associated bacterial abundance and impact rhizosphere microbial community composition and function
Authors: Usyskin-Tonne Alla , Hadar Yitzhak , Yermiyahu Uri , Minz Dror
Published: November 2020

Elevated CO2 stimulates plant growth and affects quantity and composition of root exudates, followed by response of its microbiome. Three scenarios representing nitrate fertilization regimes: limited (30 ppm), moderate (70 ppm) and excess nitrate (100 ppm) were compared under ambient and elevated CO2 (eCO2, 850 ppm) to elucidate their combined effects on root-surface-associated bacterial community abundance, structure and function. Wheat root-surface-associated microbiome structure and function, as well as soil and plant properties, were highly influenced by interactions between CO2 and nitrate levels. Relative abundance of total bacteria per plant increased at eCO2 under excess nitrate. Elevated CO2 significantly influenced the abundance of genes encoding enzymes, transporters and secretion systems. Proteobacteria, the largest taxonomic group in wheat roots (~ 75%), is the most influenced group by eCO2 under all nitrate levels. Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales and Pseudomonadales are responsible for most of these functional changes. A correlation was observed among the five gene-groups whose abundance was significantly changed (secretion systems, particularly type VI secretion system, biofilm formation, pyruvate, fructose and mannose metabolism). These changes in bacterial abundance and gene functions may be the result of alteration in root exudation at eCO2, leading to changes in bacteria colonization patterns and influencing their fitness and proliferation.
Deep learning in cancer pathology: a new generation of clinical biomarkers
Authors: Echle Amelie , Rindtorff Niklas Timon , Brinker Titus Josef , Luedde Tom , Pearson Alexander Thomas , Kather Jakob Nikolas
Published: November 2020

Clinical workflows in oncology rely on predictive and prognostic molecular biomarkers. However, the growing number of these complex biomarkers tends to increase the cost and time for decision-making in routine daily oncology practice; furthermore, biomarkers often require tumour tissue on top of routine diagnostic material. Nevertheless, routinely available tumour tissue contains an abundance of clinically relevant information that is currently not fully exploited. Advances in deep learning (DL), an artificial intelligence (AI) technology, have enabled the extraction of previously hidden information directly from routine histology images of cancer, providing potentially clinically useful information. Here, we outline emerging concepts of how DL can extract biomarkers directly from histology images and summarise studies of basic and advanced image analysis for cancer histology. Basic image analysis tasks include detection, grading and subtyping of tumour tissue in histology images; they are aimed at automating pathology workflows and consequently do not immediately translate into clinical decisions. Exceeding such basic approaches, DL has also been used for advanced image analysis tasks, which have the potential of directly affecting clinical decision-making processes. These advanced approaches include inference of molecular features, prediction of survival and end-to-end prediction of therapy response. Predictions made by such DL systems could simplify and enrich clinical decision-making, but require rigorous external validation in clinical settings.