bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paris Theologians on War and Peace, 1521–1529
Authors: Bense Walter F.
Published: April 2006

The period from 1521 to 1529 marks the transition from the suppression of the personal Protestantism of Luther to the emergence of political Protestantism as a force to be reckoned with. Unavoidably, perhaps, this transition brought with it a change in the general attitude toward war and peace, indeed, in the self-understanding of Europe. The medieval model of a Christendom united under the cross and the papacy, ideally at peace within and at war only with the infidel, was becoming obsolete. Having entered upon its period of dominance with the simultaneous proclamation of the Peace of God and the First Crusade by Pope Urban II in 1095, it may be said to expire with the Peace of Cambrai of 1529. The modern model, of a community of independent states whose autonomy is grounded in natural law and whose bond of union is vaguely cultural rather than specifically religious, is already reflected in Luther's 1529 treatise, On War Against the Turk? The short-range effect of the transformation of 1521/29 was the desacralization of the Turkish war and the redirection of the crusading spirit against the Protestants. The long-range effect would seem to have been the rise of modern Europe—out of the throes of the Wars of Religion—as a system of more or less secular and national states.
New England Dissent, 1630–1833: A Review Article
Authors: Estep William R.
Published: April 2006

William G.McLoughlin, professor of history, Brown University, has suceeded in producing a most extensive monograph on the struggle for religious liberty in New England and his most ambititious work to date. The author’s painstaking research has been exemplary. The result is a meticulous narrative of two–hundred years of religious dissent, told in thirteen chapters consuming some thirteen–hundred pages of text in two hefty volumes with copious footnotes. At the outset, McLoughlin asserts that he undertook this study to clarify the confusion in regard to the history of separation of church and state in America.

This confusion, he holds, is the result of two basic misunderstandings regarding the formation of the concept of separation during the colonial era: The first misunderstanding is based on the theory that separation as we know it today came primarily, if not entirely, from the rationalistic spirit of the Enlightenment and that it received its essential exposition from Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in Virginia. The second misunderstanding derives from the very different assumption that separation sprang principally, if not wholly from the radical wing of the Protestant Reformation (brought to America by the Baptists and the Quakers) and that it received its essential exposition from Roger Williams in Rhode Island in the 1630's. (p. xv) McLoughlin is quite sure that the vision of full religious liberty and complete separation of church and state only gradually emerged, since “the fight for religious liberty was primarily a neighborhood affair—a series of dialogues and face to face confrontations in church, parish, and town meetings which continued over two hundred years” (p.xvii).
Church Vitality and the American Revolution: Historiographical Consensus and Thoughts Towards a New Perspective
Authors: Sweet Douglas H.
Published: April 2006

The historical literature on colonial America is extensive and wide-ranging. Those works which deal with seventeenth-century New England in particular describe a society in which the church was an institution of overwhelming importance, and religious concerns were closely integrated with all aspects of life. Even in the diversifying and more secular picture of the eighteenth century, religion continued to occupy a central position in society, and the historiography of the period reflects this reality. Many attempts to trace the origins of the American Revolution are laced with the religious dynamic, and the influence of ministerial leadership is considered significant. In Bernard Bailyn's The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, religious issues and the clergy are prominent in the unfolding political struggle.1
‘A Man of the Hour and the Time’: The Legacy of Gustav Niebuhr
Authors: Chrystal William G.
Published: April 2006

When he was confirmed in 1906 into the membership of Saint John's Church of Lincoln, Illinois, Reinhold Niebuhr, in the custom of the Evangelical Synod, recited a memory verse assigned him by his pastor: “I have loved you with an everlasting love; therefore I have continued my faithfulness to you” (Jeremiah 31:3). No doubt this verse, especially selected for the young Niebuhr, also expressed a father's love and faithfulness, since it was given to Reinhold by Pastor Gustav Niebuhr.
The Romantic Religious Revolution and the Dilemmas of Religious History
Authors: Ahlstrom Sydney E.
Published: April 2006

Members and friends of the American Society of Church History: We gather here in Atlanta for our annual meeting only a few months after President Ford inaugurated a Bicentennial Era of unspecified duration. My address tonight, however, will not treat of the Republic's founding but with the Romantic Revolution and some of its implications for the scholarly tasks of this society.1
Protestant Clergy Debate the Nation's Vocation, 1898–1899
Authors: Hudson Winthrop S.
Published: April 2006

A review in theNew York Timesobserved that “the church abandoned the Negro in the 19th century and took up Hugh Hefner in the 20th. Churchmen in America have always been followers instead of leaders.” While this wry comment is not entirely true, it has enough truth to keep clergymen from undue selfesteem. It is clear, on the other hand, that churchmen on occasion have been leaders as well as followers. An equally wry comment attributed to Lincoln Steffens provides a clue to the clergy's leadership role. Americans, Steffens remarked, never learned to do wrong knowingly. Whenever they compromised with principle, they had to find a pious justification for it. Clerical leadership was especially prominent in the period prior to World War I, since this was a time when the American public looked to the pulpit for its pious justifications.
German Pietists and Church Music in the Baroque Age
Authors: Irwin Joyce
Published: April 2006

Scholars of Pietism, the religious reform movement of the late
seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, have attempted in recent years
to increase understanding and respect for the movement among American
scholars. F. Ernest Stoeffler's The Rise of Evangelical
Pietism (1971), Dale Brown's Understanding
Pietism (1978), and Peter Erb's Pietists:
Selected Writings (1983) all begin with a plea for
open-minded recognition of Pietism's positive contributions. Our negative
interpretation of the movement, they note, has been shaped largely by those
opponents who first gave the Pietists their label.
The Female Seminary Movement and Woman's Mission in Antebellum
America
Authors: Sweet Leonard I.
Published: April 2006

The years 1820–1850 were characterized by a remarkable transition in
American education. A decisive shift occurred in the philosophy and patterns
of educating American women which would have marked social, economic, and
political ramifications in antebellum America. In the late eighteenth and
early nineteenth centuries, females were seen as weaker intellectually than
males; they were denied the right to an equal education with males; and they
were educated haphazardly, with few formal opportunities beyond a district
school education for any but the rich. Even the “advanced” education at dame
schools, boarding schools, and female academies sought only to further
domestic skills, social polish, and parlor savvy.
Charles Oliver Brown at Dubuque: A Study in the Ideals of Midwestern Congregationalists in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Wallace Dewey D.
Published: April 2006

Most of the standard books on the social gospel mention Charles Oliver Brown's Talks on the Labor Troubles, published in 1886, the year of the Haymarket riot, as one of the early clerical statements on the problem of labor in America. Several of them also allude to Brown's controversy in San Francisco with George D. Herron in 1895. But these writers on the social gospel were unaware of Brown's importance, even though Henry F. May noted that a whole issue of The Kingdom, a paper issued by Herron's supporters, was devoted to the refutation of Brown's charges against Herron.
A Woman of Rome: The Matron in Justin, 2 Apology 2.1–9
Authors: Grant Robert M.
Published: April 2006

In the sixth century Johannes Lydus revealed that the city of Rome had three names. The one related to mystic rites was Eros, while the hieratic one was Flora and the political one was Rome. The events we shall discuss took place at Rome, and under the influence of an Eros of sorts. We shall call the heroine “Flora” for reasons to be set forth later. The whole story is told by the early Christian apologist Justin.
The Emperor and the Exiles: The Clash of Religion and Politics in the Late Sixteenth Century
Authors: Raitt Jill
Published: April 2006

In his palace in Prague on 16 December 1585, the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II was plainly annoyed. The Holy League of the powerful French Roman Catholic Guise family and their puppet, King Henry III, were putting pressure on their coreligionist to deal with his vassal, Frederick, count of Montbéliard and Württemberg. In a fine hand with many impressive flourishes, Rudolph's secretary prepared the angry emperor's letter to Frederick, warning him “in a friendly way” to obey at once and to send away the French Protestant exiles seeking refuge in the county of Montbéliard. If Frederick refused, he would fall under Rudolph's displeasure and incur imperial wrath and punishment (Kaiserlichen ungnad und straff).
Critique of Southern Society and Vision of a New Order: The Fellowship of Southern Churchmen, 1934–1957
Authors: Martin Robert F.
Published: April 2006

Students of southern Protestantism seldom have interpreted regional Christianity, at least in its major denominational and sectarian expressions, as a force for positive economic or social change. Rather, they have correctly stressed its individualism, pietism, and fusion of religious and cultural values. Yet there have been a few Christians in the South who have been troubled by their region's mores and have boldly sought to change them. From the mid-1930s to the late 1950s a number of these individuals coalesced into a loosely knit interdenominational and interracial association, known after 1936 as the Fellowship of Southern Churchmen (FSC). Over the years this little cadre of Christians propounded a radical critique of twentieth-century southern civilization.
The Influence of Plymouth Colony Separatism on Salem: An Interpretation of John Cotton's Letter of 1930 to Samuel Skelton
Authors: Yarbrough Slayden
Published: April 2006

Congregational polity first appeared in New England in 1620 with the arrival of a small company of Separatists from Scrooby, England. In 1607 or 1608, after many difficulties arising from the policies of King James I, the Scrooby congregation migrated to Amsterdam in Holland. In 1609 they transferred to Leyden, where John Robinson ministered as their pastor. After a decade in Leyden, the congregation negotiated a charter or patent with the Virginia Company to go to Virginia; it was approved in September 1619. Volunteers for the voyage to the New World were sought from the Leyden congregation. Robinson planned to accompany them if a majority agreed to go. However, since only a minority chose to make the journey, he disappointedly conformed to his prior agreement and remained in Holland, where he died six years later in 1625. Traveling on the Mayflower, which sailed off course, the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony arrived on 6 December 1620 in Cape Cod harbor. At this time they were under the pastoral leadership and ecclesiological influence of Robinson, and they remained so until his death.
The Methodist Quest for an Educated Ministry
Authors: Johnson Dale A.
Published: April 2006

Recent studies of English Methodism have called attention to the importance of the doctrine of the ministry and its evolution for the understanding of the Methodist tradition. Chief among these are John C. Bowmer's Pastor and People and the first two volumes of the new History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain. Each of these studies cites the evolution of the pastoral office, from its roots in John Wesley to its culmination under Jabez Bunting, as one of the distinguishing marks of the Wesleyan tradition. But while they mention the beginnings of formal education for ministry during this period, they do not attempt to gain insight into the understanding of ministry within Wesleyan Methodism that these foundations can provide. It is my intention in this paper to explore these connections and to encourage further investigation into related matters that could prove fruitful for our understanding of this tradition.
Hildegard of Bingen on Gender and the Priesthood
Authors: Thompson O. P. Augustine
Published: April 2006

Hildegard, the twelfth-century Benedictine abbess of Bingen, is best understood not as a mystic, but as a visionary prophetess. The spectacular visions that introduce the sections of her three great works, theScivias, theLiber Vitae Meritorum, and theLiber Divinorum Operumhave dazzled modern readers, but they are not the only or even the most important expressions of her prophetic inspiration. Her prophetic insight also allowed her to understand the figures of the Scriptures and relate them to contemporary theological and political questions. Nor can her visions, however central they are to her symbolic theology, be separated from her interpretations of them, her understanding of scriptural typology, or her role as a reforming prophetess.
John Wesley's Views on Science and Christianity: An Examination of the Charge of Antiscience
Authors: Haas J. W.
Published: April 2006

Traditional nineteenth-century views of the relationship between science and Christianity have seen the two in a mortal conflict from which science emerged victorious over an obscurantist theology which sought to dominate the thinking of the new scientific class. Andrew Dickson White'sA History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom(1896) represented a high point in such battlefield historiography. Recent writers have found the relationship to be more complex and less militaristic as a result of examining more closely the context in which the alleged battles took place. This paper will examine the case of English evangelist John Wesley (1703–1791), long a scapegoat of the warfare model. Wesley was often tarred with antiintellectualism during his lifetime and, in the ensuing two centuries, this argument has focused on his attitudes toward natural science. The effect has been to cast a leading religious figure of eighteenth-century England in the antiscience mold.
The Eucharistic Procession of 1908: The Dilemma of the Liberal Government
Authors: Devlin Carol A.
Published: April 2006

In September 1908 the British Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith, offended Roman Catholics by cancelling the procession of the Blessed Sacrament, which was to have been the climax of the 1908 international Eucharistic Congress. This incident illustrates the persistence of religious extremism as a disruptive force in British politics and the muddled manner in which Asquith's government dealt with crises. As early as 1900 social and economic issues had become the dominant focus of British politics, and Great Britain had established a reputation for religious toleration. In spite of the growing trend toward secularism, militant Protestants continued to agitate against Catholicism by resurrecting archaic laws restricting Catholic rituals.
Poisonous Honey or Pure Manna: The Eucharist and the Word in the “Beehive” of Marnix of Saint Aldegonde
Authors: Beemon F. E.
Published: April 2006

With the publication of hisDen Byencorf der H. Roomische Kercke(The Beehive of the Holy Roman Church) in 1569, the Netherlandic Calvinist Marnix of Saint Aldegonde launched a satirical attack onthe clergy, polity, and sacramental practice of Catholicism. Though the fame of the book and its author have been eclipsed, they were both well known during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuriesas shown by the frequency of publication. Marnix's task, in common with other sixteenth-century religious propagandists, was to communicate a theological message to a popular audience. The success of this effort depended on reaching across the separation between systematic theology and folk religiosity. The object was not original theology, nor even doctrinal subtleties, but the creativeuse of common terms to explain divergent schemes of basic dogma. Because the subject was more religious than theological, the separation between Latin and the vernacular cultures could be bridged by the use of metaphors common to both high and popular culture. In this, Marnix's work is distinguished by his use of the metaphors of beehive, honey, and manna to explain the differences between the Catholic Eucharist and the Calvinist Lord's Supper. The use of manna is not surprising as one would expect it to be a common image; however, the metaphors of hive and honey are less expected. While the former is clearly biblical in origin, the apiary metaphors are not. Thus, Marnix relies on the common sociocultural context of the beehive to instruct a popular Dutch audience in a fundamental difference between Calvinism and Catholicism. By identifying the Catholic host with polluted honey, Marnix defends the necessary presence of the Word for the Calvinist Lord's Supper, which he portrays as pure manna. Rather than feeding on the body of Christ, Marnix argues, the true Church feeds on the Word of God, which is present in the Calvinist wafer.
Federal Theology and the ‘National Covenant’: An Elizabethan Presbyterian Case Study
Authors: Bozeman Theodore Dwight
Published: April 2006

Inquiry into puritan “federal” doctrine established decades ago the now standard distinction between the covenant of grace and the national covenant. Perry Miller provided the first extensive analysis of the gracious covenant, and apparently it was he, too, who first found—or emphasized—in puritan sources the idea that “a nation as well as an individual can be in covenant with God.” His basic proposal, that ”the ‘covenant of grace’ … refer[red] to individuals and personal salvation in the life to come, [whereas the national covenant] applied to nations and governed their temporal success in this world,” has become a virtual article of faith in puritanist scholarship, although few recent historians have shared his profound interest in the latter covenant. Indeed, relegation of communal and this-worldly themes to a separate and inevitably secondary category has narrowed dramatically the focus of inquiry. It suffices to note that the three most recent monographs on the subject in English virtually equate “federal theology” with a gracious individualized contract exclusive to the elect (and its antithesis, the “covenant of works”).
Italian Immigrant Catholic Clergy and an Exception to the Rule: The Reverend Antonio Demo, Our Lady of Pompei, Greenwich Village, 1899–1933
Authors: Brown Mary Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

Italians have long been the exception to generalizations about ethnic American Catholicism. As early as the 1880s, American bishops considered them a “problem.” In 1946, Henry J. Browne summarized the “problem”: Italians did not regularly attend mass, did not receive the sacraments, did not contribute to the support of the church, did not educate their children in their faith, did not respect the clergy, and did not appreciate that they should be doing better in all these areas. Although Browne's work has become the subject of revisionist criticism among students of Italian American Catholicism, specialists in other aspects of American Catholicism have incorporated into their work generalizations generated by the Italian-American experts.James Sanders's study of Chicago parochial schools referred to Italians as least likely to support such schools. David J. O'Brien's history of the diocese of Syracuse emphasizes the difficulties Italians faced and the troubles they created for the clergy and hierarchy. Dolan's survey of American Catholic history has a large bibliography on which to base its conclusion that “thereligion of the [southern Italian] people was not the same as the official religion of the church.
Excommunication and Territorial Politics in High Medieval Trier
Authors: Pavlac Brian A.
Published: April 2006

In medieval German history excommunication, when considered at all, is usually examined from the perspective of the conflicts between empire and papacy, such as that between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV. Like the pope, the bishops of the German Empire were armed with the power to excommunicate. Excommunication therefore figured in local, regional politics, especially in the creation of territorial principalities within the German Empire. Territorial principalities formed during the High Middle Ages when the kingship weakened, and various powerful lords, secular and spiritual, began to build states which eventually gained near-autonomous status within the empire. When a secular dynastic lord struggled to expand his dominion over land and people, he often encroached upon church lands. To defend their churches bishops could and often did excommunicate their perceived oppressors. These regional conflicts were complicated by the dual role of prince-bishops: spiritual princes of the church and secular princes of empire. In competition with the lay nobility, prince-bishops were expanding their own secular dominions.
The Essential Evangelicalism Dialectic: The Historiography of the Early Neo-Evangelical Movement and the Observer-Participant Dilemma
Authors: Sweeney Douglas A.
Published: April 2006

In the fifty years since the emergence of the neo-evangelical movement, the connotations of the word “evangelical” have changed significantly. Richard Quebedeaux charts an evolution of the movement beginning with the “neo-evangelicalism” of its founders, continuing through the “new evangelicalism” of their children, and on to the more radical evangelicalism typified by contemporary “Young Evangelicals.” Although these transitions cannot always be delineated as clearly as Quebedeaux implies, the evangelicalism of the past fifty years has certainly proved more dynamic than static and has managed to wiggle its way out of the grasp of its neo-evangelical founders.
The Revival of the Cult of Martin of Tours in the Third Republic
Authors: Brennan Brian
Published: April 2006

Statuary groups, countless illustrations, and colorful stained glass all preserve for us the most famous medieval image of the charitable soldier-saint, Martin of Tours (336–397). The young Martin is depicted seated on his horse dividing his soldier's cape to share it with Christ disguised as a freezing beggar at the gate of Amiens. After abandoning the Roman army, Martin became a monk, an ascetic “soldier of Christ,” and was chosen by the people of Tours as their bishop. Renowned in his lifetime as a wonderworker, Martin's tomb remained for centuries an important pilgrimage center. The later Carolingian kings carried a fragment of Martin's cape into battle as a victory-giving talisman, and French monarchs invoked the saint as their patron. Because of its royalist associations, Saint Martin's basilica at Tours was almost completely destroyed in the French Revolution, and subsequently houses and new municipal streets encroached on the sacred space.
The Earliest Queen-Making Rites
Authors: Smith Julie Ann
Published: April 2006

While the study of early medieval kingship and king-making rites has generated an extensive literature, scholarship on contemporary queenship has concentrated on themes of authority and power in religious and political contexts, and queen-making rites have received only passing mention. Beginning in the late ninth and early tenth centuries it became customary in England and Francia for a queen to be ritually inaugurated to her position. The rite of consecration endowed her with a new persona, entailing the attributes and virtues of queenship. Of course, sources reveal that kings' wives had been considered queens and significant members of royal households from at least the sixth century. The nature of queenship changed gradually over the period. Initially marriage to a king made a queen, and this position appears to have been quite satisfactory until the late eighth century, when Bertrada was consecrated queen in 751 or 754. Regular consecrations of queens, which included unction, began in the mid- to late eighth century.
Health Reform and Race Hygiene: Adventists and the Biomedical Vision of the Third Reich
Authors: Blaich Roland
Published: April 2006

German Seventh-day Adventists entered the Nazi era with apprehension. As a foreign sect which resembled Judaism in many respects, Adventists were particularly threatened by a society based on the principle ofvölkischracism. Yet the new state also had much to offer them, for it held the prospect of new opportunities for the church. The Nazi state banished the scourge of liberalism and godless Bolshevism, it restored conservative standards in the domestic sphere, and it took effective steps to return German society to a life in harmony with nature—a life Adventists had long championed.
Rum, Romanism, and Evangelism: Protestants and Catholics in Late-Nineteenth-Century Boston
Authors: Bendroth Margaret
Published: April 2006

On the morning of Wednesday, May 20,1885, Boston police arrested three Protestant clergymen for preaching on the Common. News of the outrage traveled quickly, and within hours the city's evangelical Protestants were in an uproar. When the preachers—A. J. Gordon, pastor of the Clarendon Street Baptist church; H. L. Hastings, editor of a locally popular evangelical periodical, the Christian; and W. H. Davis, superintendent of a mission in the North End—appeared at the Municipal Criminal Courthouse on Thursday morning, a crowd reported to be between four thousand and five thousand, “principally of the middle-class, well-dressed and well behaved,” thronged the steps of the building. “[I]t was clearly evident,” Hastings later wrote, “that something unusual was going on in the police court of the city of Boston.”
Political Authority and Ecclesiology in Melanchthon's “De Ecclesiae Autoritate”
Authors: Keen Ralph
Published: April 2006

Philip Melanchthon's 1539 treatiseOn the Authority of the Church and the Writings of the Ancient Fathers(hereafterDe ecclesiae autoritate) occupies a prominent place in the canon of his theological writings. Few texts of the Reformation period state so clearly the principles according to which the Fathers and the councils of the church may be considered authentic sources for Christian doctrine. To set the work within the canon of Melanchthon's theological work is not necessarily to say that other genres are not present in it, however. The compartmentalization of a thinker's work, while perhaps heuristically necessary, always risks distortion. The danger is all the more present with regard to an author like Melanchthon, whose intellectual interests were broad and whose historical importance is many-sided. The scope of Melanchthon's activities is broad, and so are the contexts and ramifications of his important writings. In 1960 Peter Fraenkel calledDe ecclesiae autoritateMelanchthon's “patrology”—not an inaccurate label, but an overly restrictive one.
The Battery and the Windmill: Two Models of Protestant Devotionalism in Early-Twentieth-Century America
Authors: Ostrander Richard
Published: April 2006

In 1912, Andrew Murray, an influential spokesperson for the Keswick theology prevalent in American fundamentalism, decried the sorry state of spirituality among modern Christians. How many there are, he exclaimed, who “say that they have no time and that the heart desire for prayer is lacking; they do not know how to spend half an hour with God! … Day after day, month after month passes, and there is no time to spend one hour with God.” Closing his jeremiad, Murray exclaimed, “How many there are who take only five minutes for prayer!” A few years later, Herbert Willett and Charles Clayton Morrison, editors of The Christian Century, the voice of the emerging liberal movement in American Protestantism, published a daily devotional guide entitled The Daily Altar. Its purpose was to provide Christians with “a few moments of quiet and reflection” in the midst of “short and crowded days” in order to maintain a daily prayer life. To be precise, devotions in The Daily Altar took one and a half minutes to complete.
Electrically conductive sensors for liquids based on quaternary ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/copolyamide/maleated‐EVA/polyaniline blends
Authors: Cooper H. , Segal E. , Srebnik S. , Tchoudakov R. , Narkis M. , Siegmann A.
Published: April 2006

Electrically conductive blends, containing two immiscible polymers (ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, EVA‐19, and copolyamide 6/6.9, CoPA), polyaniline (PANI), and maleated EVA compatibilizer were studied as sensing materials for a homologous series of alcohols (methanol, ethanol, and 1‐propanol). Recent results have shown that the corresponding uncompatiblized blends exhibited a preferred localization of PANI in the CoPA phase, leading to a cocontinuous morphology (i.e., both the CoPA phase and the PANI component located in it are continuous). The concept of the compatibilizer addition was to improve compatibility between the EVA‐19 and the CoPA, modifying the morphology of the PANI‐containing blend and altering its sensing properties. Extruded EVA‐19/CoPA/maleated‐EVA/PANI filaments produced by a capillary rheometer process at various shear rate levels were used for the sensing experiments. The filaments displayed high sensitivity levels upon exposure to the various alcohols as well as improved sensing stability and reproducibility at low compatibilizer contents. The sensing properties vary with compatibilizer concentration and are of inferior quality beyond a certain content. The sensing behavior of the compatibilized filaments is compared to the previously reported results for the corresponding uncompatibilized filaments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 110–117, 2006
Preparation of alginate/soy protein isolate blend fibers through a novel coagulating bath
Authors: Wang Qun , Du Yumin , Hu Xianwen , Yang Jianhong , Fan Lihong , Feng Tao
Published: April 2006

Alginate and soy protein isolate blend fibers were prepared by spinning their solution through a viscose‐type spinneret into a novel coagulating bath containing aqueous CaCl2, HCl, and ethanol. The structures and properties of the fibers were studied with the aids of infrared spectra (IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron micrograph (SEM). Mechanical properties and water‐retention properties were measured. And with the sample of AS1 fiber (soy protein isolate weight content was 10%), the effects of the composition of the novel coagulating bath were also studied. The best values of the tensile strength of AS1 were 14.1 cN/tex in the dry state and 3.46 cN/tex in the wet state, respectively. Both the dry state and wet state breaking elongation were also having the best value 20.71% and 56.7% with AS1. Mechanical properties of the AS1 enhanced with the CaCl2 content increased in the coagulating bath. When the HCl content was 1%, the mechanical property of the fiber was best. Ethanol in the coagulating bath increased the wet mechanical properties of the fiber by 41.2% (tensile strength) and 45.1% (breaking elongation) when the ethanol weight content in the coagulating bath was 50%; but it had little effect on the dry mechanical properties. And the water‐retention value (WRV) of blend fibers decreased as the amount of soy protein isolate was raised. The structure analysis indicated that there were strong interaction and a certain level of miscibility between alginate and soy protein isolate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 425–431, 2006
Effects of low molar mass additives on the molecular mobility and transport properties of polysulfone
Authors: Vidotti S. E. , Chinellato A. C. , Hu G.‐H. , Pessan L. A.
Published: April 2006

The aim of this work was to study the effects of incorporation of low molar mass additives on the molecular mobility and water vapor transport properties of the polysulfone (PSF). The additives used in this work were N‐phenyl‐2‐naphthylamine (PNA) at 10, 18, and 30 wt % concentration and 2,6‐di‐terc‐butyl p‐cresol (BHT) at 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt % concentration. The additive incorporation resulted in changes on molecular mobility and thermal properties of the polysulfone glassy matrix associated with antiplasticization phenomenon. The effects observed on the polysulfone were reduction in glass transition temperature, reduction in the magnitude of secondary loss transition peak, changes in secondary loss transition peak for higher temperatures, and increase in elastic modulus E′ as compared with those of the unmodified polymer. Changes in molecular mobility were correlated to reductions in PSF water vapor permeability. In PSF–PNA mixtures, the water vapor permeability was reduced up to 95% for 30 wt % additive incorporation and 81% for mixtures PSF–BHT with 20 wt % incorporation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 825–832, 2006
Novel water‐soluble acryloylmorpholine copolymers: Synthesis, characterization, and metal ion binding properties
Authors: Rivas Bernabé L. , Maureira Antonio , Geckeler Kurt E.
Published: April 2006

Poly(4‐acryloylmorpholine), poly(4‐acryloylmorpholine‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulfonic acid), and poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulfonic acid) were synthesized by radical polymerization. The water‐soluble polymers obtained, containing tertiary amino, amide, and sulfonic acid groups, were investigated, in view of their metal binding properties, as polychelatogens by using the liquid‐phase polymer‐based retention technique, under different experimental conditions. The metal ions investigated were Ag(I), Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), Cr(III), and Al(III). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 180–185, 2006
A new nonhydrolytic synthesis of magnetite nanocrystallites in the presence of ω‐functionalized polystyrene matrix
Authors: Jiang Liming , Kim Jungahn
Published: April 2006

This article describes the synthesis of iron oxide nanocomposites from thermal decomposition of iron(III) acetylacetonate, in organic medium, in the presence of linear ω‐functionalized polystyrenes. The nature of the magnetic particles was identified as magnetite (Fe3O4), based on X‐ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, while the morphology and particle size of the so‐prepared materials were evaluated by TEM technique. The resultant magnetic composites, with average particle sizes below 10 nm, can be easily dissolved in organic solvents, producing stable organosols. Magnetization measurements revealed that the nanocomposites exhibit superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 186–191, 2006
Synthesis and properties of conducting polypyrrole, polyalkylanilines, and composites of polypyrrole and poly(2‐ethylaniline)
Authors: Sarı Bekir , Gök Ayşegül , şahi̇n Derya
Published: April 2006

Conducting polymers of alkylanilines, pyrrole, and their conducting composites were synthesized by oxidation polymerization. The oxidants used were KIO3 and FeCl3 for the polyalkylanilines and polypyrrole (PPy), respectively. Among the polyalkylanilines synthesized with KIO3 salt, the highest conductivity was obtained with poly(2‐ethylaniline) (P2EAn) with a value of 4.10 × 10−5 S/cm. The highest yield was obtained with poly(N‐methylaniline) with a value of 87%. We prepared the conducting composites (PPy/P2EAn and P2EAn/PPy) by changing synthesis order of P2EAn and PPy. The electrically conducting polymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy. From the results, we determined that the properties of the composites were dependent on the synthesis order of the polymers. The thermal degradation temperature of PPy was observed to be higher than that of the other polymers and composites. We determined from X‐ray results that the structures of the homopolymers and composites had amorphous regions (88–95%) and crystal regions (5–12%). From the Gouy balance magnetic measurements, we found that the polymers and composites were bipolaron conducting mechanisms. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 241–249, 2006
Ethylene–octene copolymer (engage)–clay nanocomposites: Preparation and characterization
Authors: Maiti Madhuchhanda , Sadhu Susmita , Bhowmick Anil K.
Published: April 2006

In this work, preparation and properties of nanoclay modified by organic amine (octadecyl amine, a primary amine) and Engage (ethylene–octene copolymer)–clay nanocomposites are reported. The clay and rubber nanocomposites have been characterized with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The X‐ray results suggest that the intergallery spacing of pristine clay increases with the incorporation of the amine. The XRD peak observed in the range of 3–10° for the modified clay also disappears in the rubber nanocomposites at low loading. TEM photographs show exfoliation of the clays in the range of 10–30 nm in Engage. In the FTIR spectra of the nanocomposite, there are common peaks for the virgin rubber as well as those for the clay. Excellent improvement in mechanical properties, like tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus, is observed on incorporation of the nanoclay in Engage. The storage modulus increases, tan δ peak decreases, and the glass transition temperature is shifted to higher temperature. The results could be explained with the help of morphology, dispersion of the nanofiller, and its interaction with the rubber. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 603–610, 2006
Preparing polymer brushes on poly(vinylidene fluoride) films by free radical polymerization
Authors: Sun Wei , Chen Yiwang , Zhou Lang , He Xiaohui
Published: April 2006

Grafting of polymer brushes on the poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films was carried out by the surface‐initiated free radical polymerization. Surface‐initiators were immobilized on the PVDF films by surface hydroxylation and esterification of the surface‐tethered hydroxyl groups with 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanopentanoic acid) (ACP). Homopolymer brushes of methyl methacrylate (MMA) were prepared by free radical polymerization from the azofunctionalized PVDF surface. The chemical composition and topography of the graft‐functionalized PVDF surfaces were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Kinetics study revealed an exponential increase in the graft concentration of polymer brushes with the reaction time, indicating that the chain growth from the surface was consistence with a chain polymerization. Water contact angles on PVDF films were reduced by surface grafting of MMA. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 857–862, 2006
Synthesis, characterization, and application of PVP/chitosan blended polymers
Authors: Yeh Jen‐Taut , Chen Chin‐Lai , Huang K. S. , Nien Y. H. , Chen J. L. , Huang P. Z.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to research the compatibility and application of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/chitosan blended polymers. The polymers were synthesized at different weight ratios and tested using techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis to evaluate the compatibility of the blended materials. Incompatibility occurred when the quantity of chitosan exceeded 75%. The addition of PVP was beneficial for the thermal stability of chitosan, but resulted in inferior strength performance. Furthermore, the blended polymers did not show a color‐enhancement effect, but did show elevated water absorption, chlorine resistance, and colorfastness. In addition, the treated fabrics with a higher chitosan ratio in the blended polymer had antimicrobial properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 885–891, 2006
Syntheses and characterization of polystyrene‐supported 2,5‐dimercapto‐1,3,4‐thiodiazole and its sorption behavior for Pd(II), Pt(IV), and Au(III)
Authors: Qu Rongjun , Sun Changmei , Ji Chunnuan , Wang Chunhua , Xu Qiang , Lu Shulai , Li Changfeng , Xu Gang , Cheng Guoxiang
Published: April 2006

A type of chelating resin crosslinking polystyrene‐supported 2,5‐dimercapto‐1,3,4‐thiodiazole (also called bismuththiol I, BMT), containing sulfur and nitrogen atoms, was prepared. The structure of PS‐BMT was confirmed by FTIR, elemental analysis, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Adsorption of Pd(II), Pt(IV), and Au(III) was investigated. The capacity of PS‐BMT to adsorb Pd(II) and Pt(IV) was 0.190 and 0.033 mmol/g, respectively. The adsorption dynamics of Pd(II) showed that adsorption was controlled by liquid film diffusion and that the apparent activation energy,Ea, was 32.67 kJ/mol. The Langmuir model was better than the Freundlich model in describing the isothermal process of Pd(II), and the ΔG,ΔH,and ΔSvalues calculated were −0.33 kJ/mol, 26.29 kJ/mol, and 87.95 J mol−1K−1, respectively. The mechanisms of adsorption of Pd(II), Pt(IV), and Au(III) were confirmed by XPS. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 631–637, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of novel dihydrobenzoxazine resins
Authors: Shieh Jeng‐Yueh , Lin Chi‐Y. , Huang Chine‐Lin , Wang Chun‐Shan
Published: April 2006

Three dihydrobenzoxazines are synthesized from bisphenol A (BPA), 4,4′‐biphenol (BIP), and dicyclopentadiene phenol adduct (DCPD). Polydihydrobenzoxazine containing 4,4′‐biphenol (BIPDB) had the most rigid structure of the three and was found to possess the best mechanical and thermal properties. The glass transition temperature of BIPDB was 206°C, and that of BPA‐type polydihydrobenzoxazine (BPADB) and dicyclopentadiene type polydihydrobenzoxazine (DCPDDB) were 184 and 183°C, respectively. DCPDDB, with a rigid hydrophobic cycloaliphatic structure, was found to possess excellent properties such as low moisture absorption, low dielectric constant, low polarization. The resulted polymer from DCPDDB had a dielectric constant of 2.94U, which was better than that of polymers derived from BPA (3.31U), BIP (3.45U), and traditional phenolic resin (3.9–4.0U). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 342–347, 2006
Softness evaluation of keratin fibers based on single‐fiber bending test
Authors: Yu Weidong , Liu Yuqing
Published: April 2006

The evaluation of single‐fiber softness by bending is an ingenious and vital approach for the basic investigation of both the fiber bending properties and the textile softness. The bending behavior and bending modulus of wool, alpaca and silk fibers have been measured by an axial‐buckling method developed by the authors, which uses the fiber compression bending analyzer (FICBA). The bending properties of single fibers were quantified by calculating the equivalent bending modulus and the flexural rigidity by measuring the protruding length and diameter of fiber needles and the critical force, Pcr, obtained from the peak point of the force‐displacement curve. The measured data showed that the equivalent bending modulus of the alpaca fiber is higher than that of wool fiber, and even the rigidity is 10 times as high as wool, but its friction coefficient is lower than that of wool, which means that the soft handle of alpaca fabrics is mainly due to the smooth surface and low friction coefficient of alpaca fibers in contrast to that of wool fiber. For the silk fiber, despite high equivalent bending modulus, the smoother handle of silk should be mainly due to the thin fiber diameter in contrast to that of keratin fibers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 701–707, 2006
Studies on the effect of electron beam irradiation on waste polyethylene and its blends with virgin polyethylene
Authors: Satapathy S. , Chattopadhyay S. , Chakrabarty K. K. , Nag A. , Tiwari K. N. , Tikku V. K. , Nando G. B.
Published: April 2006

Waste polyethylene (WPE) was segregated from the municipality solid waste, cleaned, dried, and chopped into pieces, then processed in a Brabender Plasticorder using the melt mixing technique. Blends of WPE and virgin polyethylene were prepared in various proportions under optimized process conditions. Of the various blend proportions studied, 70/30 blend of WPE/low density polyethylene (LDPE) and 50/50 blend of WPE/high density polyethylene showed better mechanical properties and hence selected for further modification involving electron beam irradiation. Aforementioned blends were exposed to various doses of electron beam irradiation and the effect of irradiation on physicomechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural modulus, hardness, and impact resistance were studied. Thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction studies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and gel content were considered to characterize the blends. Physicomechanical properties improved to an appreciable extent on irradiation but the elongation at break reduced drastically. Blow molding of the 70/30 WPE/LDPE blend could be done successfully to make bottles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 715–726, 2006
Tin dioxide coated calcium carbonate as flame retardant for semirigid poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Xu Jianzhong , Jiao Yunhong , Zhang Bo , Qu Hongqiang , Yang Guozhong
Published: April 2006

The flame retardant and smoke suppressant properties of semirigid PVC treated with calcium carbonate (CaCO3), tin oxide (SnO2), the mixture of CaCO3/SnO2 and SnO2‐coated CaCO3 have been studied through the limiting oxygen index, char yield, and smoke density rating (SDR) methods. The thermal degradation in air of the treated semirigid PVC was studied by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) from ambient temperature to 1073 K. The morphologies of the additives and the char formation were studied through SEM. The mechanical property was also studied. The results showed that the semirigid PVC treated with SnO2‐coated CaCO3 has a higher limiting oxygen index and char yield, lower SDR and MSDR, a more compact structure of char formation than the semirigid PVC without flame retardant and the semirigid PVC with the equivalent CaCO3, or SnO2, or the mixture of CaCO3/SnO2, a similar tensile property and greatly improved impact strength compared with that of the semirigid PVC without flame retardant. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 731–738, 2006