bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probing the mass effect of heavy quark jets in high-energy nuclear collisions
Authors: Wang Sa , Li Shuang , Li Yao , Zhang Ben-Wei 张本威 , Wang Enke
Published: February 2025

The production of heavy quark (HQ) jets provides a new arena to address the mass effect of jet quenching in heavy-ion physics. This paper presents a theoretical study of HQ jet yield suppression in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC and focuses on the energy loss of HQ jets produced by different mechanisms. The p+p baseline is carried out by the SHERPA generator, and the jet-medium interactions are described by the SHELL transport model, which considers the elastic and inelastic partonic energy loss in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). In p+p collisions, our numerical results indicate that the HQ jets from gluon splitting ($g \rightarrow Q$-jet) give the dominant contribution at high $p_T$, and it shows more dispersive structures than the HQ-initiated one ($Q \rightarrow Q$-jet). In nucleus-nucleus collisions, our calculations are consistent the inclusive and b-jet $R_{AA}$ recently measured by the ATLAS collaboration, which suggests a remarkable manifestation of the mass effect of jet energy loss. As a result of the dispersive substructure, the $g \rightarrow Q$-jet will lose more energy than the $Q \rightarrow Q$-jet in the QGP. Due to the significant contribution of $g \rightarrow c$-jet, the $R_{AA}$ of c-jet will be comparable or even smaller than that of inclusive jet. To experimentally distinguish the $g \rightarrow Q$-jet and $Q \rightarrow Q$-jet, we propose the event selection strategies based on their topological features and test the performances. By isolating the $c \rightarrow c$-jet and $b \rightarrow b$-jet, the jets initiated by heavy quarks, we predict that the order of their $R_{AA}$ are in line with the mass hierarchy of energy loss. Future measurements on the $R_{AA}$ of $Q \rightarrow Q$-jet and $g \rightarrow Q$-jet will provide a unique chance to test the flavour/mass dependence of energy loss at the jet level. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd
Improved Microstructures and Performance of Public Filler Aggregate and Recycled Mortar with Additional Tannic Acid
Authors: Cheng Chen , Chiang Kingsley , Wang Xinxin , Zhang Wenjie , Zhu Yazhi , Luo Hui
Published: February 2025

The enhancement method of modifying public filler (PF) with tannic acid (TA) for the preparation of modified fully recycled aggregate mortar (FRAM) was introduced in this research, aiming to improve its strength and durability and further enhance its application in construction. The improvement effect of TA on the microstructure and physical properties of public fine aggregate (PFA) at different concentrations and immersion times was analyzed. Besides, the physical properties and durability of FRAM were investigated and the strengthening mechanism of TA on FRAM was analyzed by micro-technical methods. The results revealed that the loose cement mortar on the surface of PFA could be removed after TA modification. TA could react with calcium hydroxide and calcite to generate nanoparticles in situ which promote cement hydration to improve the mechanical strength and durability of FRAM. Compared with the unmodified PFA, the compressive strength was increased by 24.62% at 28 d, and the capillary water absorption and electrical flux were reduced by 54.12% and 16.56%, respectively. Microscopic analysis further indicated that TA could improve the interfacial bonding effect of PFA, and enhance the cohesion of the hardened cementitious material, as well as that TA adsorbed on the surface of PFA could be dispersed to the freshly mixed cement mortar to improve the internal structure. The above results indicated that TA can significantly improve the performance of PFA, which has a positive effect on improving the mechanical strength and durability of FRAM and is conducive to saving natural aggregates (NA) and recycling construction resources.
Structural Diagnostic Study of Electrode Materials for Power and Energy Storage Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Lu , Liang Jianquan , Dai Changsong , Wang Lei , Zhang Jian , Zhang Hang , Zhang Kexin , Wang Yue , Li Zhongyuan
Published: February 2025

As technology advances, the demand for electric vehicles and energy storage continues to expand, and the production of lithium-ion batteries has grown rapidly in recent years. When the battery enters the end-of-life stage, the recycling of its rare metals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese can also alleviate the crisis of rare mineral resources and create huge economic value. The current recycling process for used batteries is based on destructive methods, which are costly and harmful to the environment. Therefore, in recent years, research has focused more on the short-range recovery of active substances in an attempt to repair the compositional and structural defects of the substance particles. This paper carries out research on lithium iron phosphate and ternary cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries with different cycle lifetimes, establishes the correspondence law between the cycle life of the battery and lithium loss, and explores the influence of lithium loss on the structure of the material, the electronic and ionic conductivity, and the structural stability of the law. The results show that the increase in the number of cycles of lithium loss aggravated, which in turn led to the deterioration of the structural stability of the material, which is the main reason for the decay of the crystal structure and performance of lithium iron phosphate and ternary materials decay, to realize the short-range and effective recycling and reuse of electrode materials to provide technical support.
Research on the Pavement Performance of Rubber Powder /Anti-Rutting Agent Composite Modified Asphalt Mixture
Authors: Liu Xue , Jiang Shaowei , Zhang Shoukun
Published: February 2025

Rutting is a prevalent issue in road engineering that adversely impacts driving safety and comfort. To improve the rutting resistance of pavement, this study formulated two groups of modified asphalt mixtures by incorporating varying amounts of rubber powder and anti-rutting agents as environmentally friendly modifiers. The performance of these mixtures was assessed using Rutting tests, Marshall stability tests, and low-temperature Three-point bending beam tests. The findings demonstrate that the two composite modified asphalt mixtures, 11% rubber powder + 0.25% anti-rutting agent (MA-A) and 15% rubber powder + 0.3% anti-rutting agent (MA-B), exhibited outstanding performance in terms of high and low-temperature resistance as well as water damage resistance. Notably, MA-B delivered superior overall performance. Compared to SBS-modified and base asphalt mixtures, the composite mixtures with anti-rutting agents significantly enhanced high-temperature resistance, surpassing that of SBS-modified asphalt. Although the low-temperature performance was markedly better than that of the base asphalt mixture, it was slightly inferior to that of SBS-modified asphalt. The water damage resistance of the composite modified mixtures was comparable to that of SBS-modified asphalt. In summary, the multi-phase composite modified asphalt mixtures significantly improved high-temperature, low-temperature, and water stability in comparison to both base and SBS-modified asphalt.
Research on the Performance of PTFE Gasket Materials under High-Temperature and High-Pressure Environments
Authors: Bao Mingyu , He Yan , Liu Chang , Ma Qian , Zhang Xiaoyan , Wang Shuliang
Published: February 2025

To study the performance changes of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) under high temperature and high-pressure environment, PTFE gasket material was selected to soak in the high-temperature and high-pressure reactor (6 MPa) at different temperatures (60, 90°C) for different times (4, 8, 12, 16 days) for aging failure test. The microstructure, hardness, functional group, and phase structure of the material were measured and analyzed by scanning electron microscope, hardness meter, infrared spectrometer, and X-ray diffractometer respectively. The results showed that with the extension of soaking time, defects and cracks appeared on the surface, and the mechanical properties of the PTFE gasket material were weakened. After soaking at 6 MPa and 90°C for 16 days, no reaction occurred in the PTFE gasket material, but the spiral twisted chain structure of the molecule was destroyed, which affected the performance of the material. Therefore, PTFE is suitable for long-term use in environments below 6 MPa and 60°C, but not suitable for long-term use in environments above 6 MPa and 90°C.
Research on the Improvement and Application of State Estimation Algorithm for Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries in Low-Temperature Environments
Authors: Wang Qiwen , Sheng Qiang , Liu Wei
Published: February 2025

Accurately predicting the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of lithium iron phosphate batteries is crucial for the safe operation of electric vehicle battery systems. However, the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) algorithm, commonly used for battery state estimation, exhibits significant errors under low-temperature conditions due to changes in ion mobility and increased internal resistance. To address this, a UKF algorithm incorporating a temperature compensation model is proposed. First, a SOC-OCV functional relationship is established through analysis of experimental data, achieving a high fitting degree of 0.999. Then, a temperature compensation model is integrated to refine the UKF estimation by accounting for the increased electrolyte viscosity and reduced reaction kinetics at low temperatures. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed UKF with temperature compensation exhibits lower mean squared errors in SOC and SOH estimation, ensuring robust and accurate performance, even as ambient temperatures decrease.
Thermodynamics Analysis of CrMnFeCoNi High-Entropy Alloys with Weak Local Segregation
Authors: Wang Daohang , Yi Lanjia , Lv Siyu , Yu Xida , Wang Yi , Wang Yudong
Published: February 2025

To study CrMnFeCoNi High-Entropy Alloys with Weak Local Segregation, here we mixed Back Scattered Electron (BSE) and Second Electron (SE) images (BSE+SE) to find the weak local segregations, which commonly exist in CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) as-cast ingots, but the contrast of the segregations is too low to draw attention before. These segregations are located mostly in the grain interiors, indicative of homogeneous nucleation. Microstructure is investigated using Scan Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy too. Further, the thermodynamic analysis is performed around the melting point by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was observed that the melting point did not vary significantly with changes in the specimen mass and heating rate except for whether weak local segregation exists or not. The melting points of CrMnFeCoNi HEA without segregation was 1409.45±4.15°Cwhich was around 74°C higher than that with segregation, and the melting enthalpy (ΔHM) of CrMnFeCoNi HEA without segregation was 17.84±2.09 kJ/mol.
Research Progress on Surface Modification of Biomedical Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Song Jie , Chen Yongbiao , Wang Kexin
Published: February 2025

Biomedical magnesium alloys have good biocompatibility, degradability, and mechanical properties, which have become an important medical implant material. However, the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys is poor, and their degradation rate in vivo is very fast, making it a difficult point for their clinical application. The surface treatment technology of magnesium alloys was studied in this paper, and the current research status of commonly used surface treatment technologies for magnesium alloys was discussed. The development trends of surface treatment technologies for magnesium alloys were explored, and prospects for their future research and development directions were also put forward.
Wrinkle Assessment Method of Space Membrane Structures Based on Strength Factor
Authors: Yang Zhibo , Ji Haoran , Nie Yunqing , Wang Bing , Huo Da
Published: February 2025

The membrane structure is characterized by its small loading volume and high storage ratio, offering vast potential for applications in constructing large-scale spatial structures. However, membranes exhibit low bending stiffness, which makes them prone to wrinkling, thus affecting the surface accuracy of the structure and potentially leading to functional failure of the spatial structure. This paper employs a wrinkling prediction method based on the strength factor (i.e., the pseudo strain energy of wrinkles) as an indicator parameter to characterize the degree of wrinkling deformation in spatial membrane structures. Based on this method, the study predicts wrinkling deformation in a large solar sail structure, focusing on the impact of cable tension, edge reinforcement, and connecting elements on the degree of wrinkling deformation. Simulation results indicate that reducing cable tension can significantly decrease the degree of wrinkling deformation, but deviation of the cable direction from the membrane’s centroid can drastically increase the degree of wrinkling deformation. Adding reinforcement bands and connecting elements at the membrane’s edges can improve wrinkling deformation to some extent; however, the number of connecting elements on the support rods needs to be chosen rationally to achieve optimal wrinkle elimination. The wrinkling prediction method and analysis conclusions presented in this paper can provide references for design schemes and system improvements of spatial membrane structures.
Research on Carbon Reduction Potential of the SMA Asphalt Mixture in Life Cycle
Authors: Qian Zhihuo , Tian Miaomiao , Fang Tao , Huang Zheng , Zhang Haifeng , Zheng Kun
Published: February 2025

To research the carbon emissions of SMA asphalt mixture, SMA-13 and AC-13 asphalt mixtures were selected for comparative analysis, and the carbon emission amounts during the construction period and operation maintenance period were calculated. The research results indicated that the carbon emissions of SMA-13 during the construction period increased by 20.63% compared to AC-13; however, due to the improved performance, SMA-13 could reduce one preventive maintenance and one repair maintenance project compared to AC-13 within the design life. Therefore, the carbon emissions during the operation and maintenance period of SMA-13 could be reduced by 21.26% compared to AC-13, meanwhile with better performance. Based on the life cycle theory, SMA-13 could reduce comprehensive carbon emissions by 11.40% compared to AC-13. Therefore, SMA has better long-term carbon reduction capabilities and is an ideal durable green low-carbon technology for roads. It should be widely promoted and applied in national roads construction.
Research on the Vehicle Carbon Emission Inventory in Qinghai Province
Authors: Zhang Yi , Zhou Ran , Peng Shitao , Qi Zhaoyu , Tong Hui
Published: February 2025

This study focused on the vehicle carbon emission control needs in Qinghai Province, which was characterized by high altitude and a fragile ecological environment. A bottom-up method was adopted to obtain data on the vehicular activity level in the province through extensive field research. Local comprehensive carbon emission factors for vehicles were obtained through “basic data + actual testing + environmental correction”, and then coupled to generate the 2023 provincial vehicle carbon emission inventory, which could provide useful reference and guidance for the carbon emission control of vehicles in Qinghai Province and other high-altitude areas.
Intelligent Dust Control Technology Path for the Entire Area of Dry Bulk Cargo Terminal
Authors: Zhang Yi , Zhou Ran , Peng Shitao , Hong Ningning , Ye Yin
Published: February 2025

In the current macro context of tightening national and local atmospheric environment control policies, accelerating the construction of world-class green and smart ports, and increasing social attention, the requirements for dust pollution control at bulk cargo terminals are also increasing. Overall, the understanding of dust generation mechanisms from wind erosion in bulk cargo yards and during loading and unloading operations in the domestic port industry and academic community was still not comprehensive enough; the technical means of comprehensive dust intelligent monitoring in the yard area were still lacking; and the application of intelligent and refined control for the entire process still needed further improvement and promotion. Based on the requirements for the construction of smart and green ports in the new era, and an in-depth analysis of the key links, technical means, and weaknesses of dust pollution in bulk cargo terminals, this paper proposed intelligent control technology countermeasures and suggestions for dust pollution from three aspects: accurate characterization of dust under different operating conditions, intelligent three-dimensional monitoring of point surface integration, and intelligent decision-making system for the entire field and operation process.
Experimental Study of Leakage Simulation in Gas Extraction Boreholes
Authors: Qin Ruxiang , Qin Xiaoxin , Yu Mingyang
Published: February 2025

The main issues with gas extraction via drilling are the reduction in gas concentration, decreased extraction efficiency, and prolonged time to meet extraction standards caused by drill hole leakage. To determine the location of leaks in gas extraction drill holes, this paper establishes a simulation system, substituting CO2 for gas, to study the characteristics of gas concentration and pressure distribution within the drill holes under various leakage scenarios, thereby inferring the leakage points. Results indicate that during drill hole leakage, the CO2 concentration sharply decreases from the borehole entrance to the leakage point, while the concentration from the leakage point to the bottom of the hole remains high. The difference between the internal pressure of the hole and the entrance pressure is denoted by ΔH. A stable ΔH value indicates effective sealing of the drill hole; a decrease in ΔH at any point within the hole suggests a leakage, with a reduction of up to 3 Pa observed in the experiments. Based on similar experiments, we propose a gas extraction drill hole leakage criteria and apply it in the detection of interlayer drill hole leakage at the Pingdingshan 15-17-33190 working face. The leakage is located in the sealed section. After improving the sealing parameters, the gas concentration at the borehole mouth increases from 10% to 45%.
Property and Leaching Toxicity Changes of Fly Ash under Thermal Treatment and the Underlying Mechanism
Authors: Zheng Jiayi , Li Shuijiang , Su Jian , Gao Wuyou , Liu Weizhen
Published: February 2025

Thermal treatment can achieve the solidification of heavy metals by changing the physical properties and mineral phases of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash. Taking the fly ash from an MSWI power plant in southern China as an example, this work used X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and energy calculation to study the property and leaching toxicity changes of fly ash under thermal treatment. The results showed that the leaching concentrations of Pb and Cd in fly ash exceed the standard. After thermal treatment at 200-1100°C, the leaching concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn first increased and then decreased, while the leaching concentrations of Cr and Cr (VI) constantly increased. Calcium compounds in fly ash gradually decomposed and formed new calcium salts. However, due to the low silicon content, fly ash cannot form an obvious glass body. NaCl and KCl converted heavy metal oxides into chlorides, increasing their solubility while also causing their evaporation at high temperatures. Cr(III) reacted with alkaline substances and was oxidized, resulting in an increasing leaching concentration. This work enhances the understanding of the underlying mechanism of MSWI fly ash thermal treatment and guides the innocuous and beneficial disposal of fly ash.
Synthesis of La2(WO4)3/g-C3N4 and Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline
Authors: Xie Yuqi , Zhang Sini , Liang Wenjing , Long Jinqiao , Cui Liansheng
Published: February 2025

The overuse of tetracycline antibiotics has brought serious threats to human health and ecological environment. Therefore, it is imperative to find efficient methods to degrade tetracycline. In this paper, La2(WO4)3/g-C3N4 was synthesized to investigate its photocatalytic degradation effect for tetracythe. The melamine was used as raw material and g-C3N4(CN) blue phosphor was synthesized by pyrolysis technology. La2(WO4)3 (LWO) was synthesized by high temperature solid phase method, and a composite photocatalyst La2(WO4)3-7%CN(LWO-CN) was prepared by precipitation adsorption reaction. The composition, structure and band gap of the phosphor were tested by X-ray diffraction, SEM, TEM and ultraviolet diffuse reflection. Using tetracycline as the degradation target, the catalytic degradation activity of (LWO-CN) under ultraviolet irradiation was studied. The results show that the catalytic activity of LWO-CN is superior to that of LWO. When the amount of composite catalyst is 10 mg, the ultraviolet irradiation time is 90 min, and the concentration of tetracycline hydrochloride is 5 mg/L, the degradation efficiency of tetracycline by LWO-CN is 89.49%, which has a good application prospect.
Arctic Glacial Lake Area Changes and Its Influencing Factors Under Climate Change: A Case Study of Southwest Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Wang Hui , Chen Xiang , Chen Jue , Yi Min
Published: February 2025

Glacial lakes are an important component of ice sheet response to climate change. To understand the effect of climate change on glacial lakes, we studied the change characteristics of the glacial lake area, the spatial distribution of glacial lakes, the inter-annual variation of temperature and precipitation and their relationship with the glacial lake pattern in the Greenland ice sheet. The results showed that the area of glacial lakes in the southwest of the Greenland ice sheet increased from 2000 to 2019. The proportion of glacial lake area was relatively small in the low altitude area near the coast, while the proportion of glacial lake area was gradually increasing in the high altitude area of the ice sheet. During this period, the temperature in the study area showed an overall upward trend, but the regional precipitation fluctuated greatly. From 2000-2019, glacial lakes in the southwest of the Greenland ice sheet had a strong response to temperature, but a weak response to regional precipitation. In this study, the interannual variation of the glacial lake area and the influencing factors are more accurately studied by the remote sensing method, which can provide the scientific basis for understanding global climate change and its potential impact on glacial lakes.
A novel theoretical model framework for the 3D CdZnTe drift strip detector
Authors: Istatiadis E. , Kuvvetli I. , Owe S.R.H. , Cherlin A. , Budtz-Jørgensen C.
Published: February 2025

Advances in data analysis and model prediction offer new potential for enhancing radiation measurement technologies, particularly in detector characterization and real-time signal analysis. A key challenge is creating realistic detector models that accurately describe the complex physical processes of photon-matter interaction, signal formation including material characteristics, and measurement to enhance design optimization and detector physics understanding. This research study introduces the development of an Advanced Theoretical Detector Model (ATDM) framework to evaluate the physical effects of charge diffusion, repulsion, and trapping, enabling the generation of realistic detector-specific signals through model prediction. Using physics simulations, the ATDM geometry, material properties, electric fields, and electrode weighting potentials are modeled for the DTU Space large-area (16 cm2) 3D CZT drift strip detectors. The simulations are based on the adjoint equations method, which when applied to the charge continuity equation allows deriving a description of underlying Charge Induction Efficiency (CIE) in the model. This allows for precise 3D mapping of induced charge at any time or interaction position. Additionally, Monte Carlo simulations generate recoiled photo-electron trajectories in CZT, which, combined with simulations of their propagation and secondary scattering processes yield a realistic charge cloud distribution. Model verification is achieved through experiments using narrow slit-beam illumination from a 137Cs source, measuring pulse shapes in the 40×40×5 mm3 detector modules with 69 readout channels. The ATDM framework, applicable to various detector types, successfully captures experimental data, offering insights into the pulse shape formation, timing, and intrinsic detector parameters that could guide future electrode configuration optimization and on the fly photon-by-photon measurements. The results also suggest a potential for electron tracking capability in 3D CZT drift strip electrodes, an exciting development that could significantly advance polarimetry and Compton imaging instruments for the future high-energy missions.
CPG-based neural control of peristaltic planar locomotion in an earthworm-like robot: evaluation of nonlinear oscillators
Authors: Zhou Qinyan , Jia Peisen , Fang Hongbin
Published: February 2025

Earthworm-like robots have excellent locomotion capability in confined environments. Central pattern generator (CPG) based controllers utilize the dynamics of coupled nonlinear oscillators to spontaneously generate actuation signals for all segments, which offer significant merits over conventional locomotion control strategies. There are a number of oscillators that can be exploited for CPG control, while their performance in controlling peristaltic locomotion has not been systematically evaluated. To advance the state of the art, this study comprehensively evaluates the performance of four widely used nonlinear oscillators—Hopf, Van der Pol (VDP), Matsuoka, and Kuramoto—in controlling the planar locomotion of metameric earthworm-like robots. Specifically, the amplitude and phase characteristics of the continuous control signals used by the robot for achieving rectilinear, sidewinding, and arcuate locomotion are first summarized. On this basis, the sufficient parametric conditions for the four oscillator networks to generate the corresponding control signals are derived. Using a six-segment earthworm-like robot prototype as a platform, experiments confirm that the signals output by these oscillator networks can effectively control the robot to achieve the specified planar motion. Furthermore, the effects of the output signal waveforms of different oscillator networks on locomotion trajectories and performance metrics, as well as the effects of transient dynamics on the smoothness of gait transitions when the parameters are varied, are analyzed. The results demonstrate that their applicability varies in terms of locomotion efficiency, trajectory modulation, and smooth gait transitions. The Matsuoka oscillator lacks explicit rules for parameter modulation, the VDP oscillator is advantageous in enhancing the average speed and turning efficiency, and the Hopf and Kuramoto oscillators are advantageous in terms of smooth gait transition. These findings provide valuable insights into the selection of appropriate oscillators in CPG-based controllers and lay the foundation for future CPG-based adaptive control of earthworm-like robots in complex environments.
ζ-function for a model with spectral dependent boundary conditions
Authors: Falomir Horacio , Loewe Marcelo , Muñoz Enrique , Cristóbal Rojas Juan
Published: February 2025

We explore the meromorphic structure of the ζ-function associated with the boundary eigenvalue problem of a modified Sturm–Liouville operator subject to spectral-dependent boundary conditions at one end of a segment of length l. We find that it presents isolated simple poles that follow the general rule valid for second-order differential operator subject to standard local boundary conditions. We employ our results to evaluate the determinant of the operator and the Casimir energy of the system it describes, and study its dependence on l for both the massive and the massless cases.
Distribution of sukun (Artocarpus Communis Forst) in conjunction with altitude and type of edaphic in North Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Utomo Budi , Lerina Maesy , Kartadinata Emmy Harso , Fauzia Lily
Published: February 2025

The annual decrease in paddy fields causes Indonesia’s dependence on rice imports from other countries to continue to increase. Likewise, dependence on Indonesian wheat commodities continues to increase as a result of the increasing population. Therefore, it is necessary to find alternative carbohydrates to replace rice and wheat. One of the producers of carbohydrates from woody trees is breadfruit (Artocarpus communis Forst) therefore, to see the suitability of its growth at various altitudes, research is needed. The study was conducted in 30 villages in 10 districts in North Sumatra Province to gather information about the growth of breadfruit in the region and its possibility to be cultivated as a greening plant in the forests of North Sumatra. The study was conducted using a descriptive method, namely determining the location based on the difference in altitude between 0-1,100 metres above sea level in areas that represent the edaphic and climatic conditions in this province. Data were taken in the form of primary data and secondary data through questionnaires and literature studies. The sampling method was carried out using a purposive sampling technique. The results of the study showed that in North Sumatra, breadfruit was found in agricultural land or yards. Breadfruit was not found in forest areas or used as fruit plantations specifically. Breadfruit spreads and grows well from lowlands with an altitude of 5 m above sea level to an altitude of 1,100 m above sea level. There is no difference in growth quality across all heights of breadfruit trees. However, breadfruit is not found growing on peatlands.
Simulation of subgrade layer model at laboratory modified compaction works in determining CBR value on stabilized expansive soil
Authors: Maha Agung Putera Agung , Sutikno  , Rouf Hasan Muhammad Fathur , Nurfitria Aida , Sedayu Agung , Salim Zaindra Fakhri , Susilo Adi
Published: February 2025

There are many problems regarding expansive soils, including some influences such as swelling and/or shrinkage, fluctuation of water content, etc., to California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value during a compaction process. The research aims to stabilize expansive soil using a sand layer insulated by geotextile (G) or ordinary plastic (OP) to reduce the swelling potential on the predicted CBR value. The simulation compaction process using a modified compaction test (ASTM D 1557-07) at the laboratory was carried out layer by layer as a basis for implementing the highway subgrade. Laboratory simulation used two model layers, these are: firstly, 3 (three) layers type: expansive soil + sand + expansive soil; secondly, 5 (five) layers type: sand + expansive soil + sand + expansive soil + sand. G1/OP1 to G4/OP4 indicated the number of geotextile and/or ordinary plastic installed for both models, where G1/OP1 meant 1 (one) layer of geotextile (G) or ordinary plastic (OP), and so on. Laboratory test results show that average value of CBR of the original soil was 7.91%, with swelling potential closing to 14.42%, and could be classified as high swelling potential. All values of swelling potential from laboratory simulation using 5 (five) layers were better than 3 (three) layers. Generally, combining additional sand-geotextile or ordinary plastic material can help stabilize expansive soil. Laboratory simulation of 5 layers with additional geotextile or ordinary plastic is not only in increasing the CBR value on formation G2/OP1 but also in reducing of swelling potential on formation G2/OP4.
Analysis of redesigning 3 axis motor control using arduino mega on a CNC milling machine unit
Authors: Nasution Ahmad Yunus , Syah Muhammad Ibrahim , Sabri Muhammad , Sitorus Tulus Burhanuddin , Cholis Nur
Published: February 2025

Technology is a key component of planned development. The fast-paced advancements in technology today have inevitably spurred significant growth in the manufacturing sector. Among the manufacturing industries experiencing rapid growth is the CNC milling machine sector, which is designed for cutting and drilling materials. This study aims to design a 3 Axis motor control on a CNC Milling machine using Arduino Mega. This Arduino Mega technology contributes to lightening human work because it saves movement from the machine so that it becomes efficient. On this machine, a 3 Axis motor control will be designed using a circuit board called Arduino Mega. The circuit board material used comes from environmentally friendly materials and can be recycled so that it does not produce waste that can pollute the environment.
Estimation of biomass and carbon storage of Pinus merkusii for ecological sustainability at the Sipinsur Geosite Ecotourism
Authors: Latifah Siti , Fachrudin Khaira Amalia , Fadhilla Suri , Nurrochmat Dodik Ridho , Simanjuntak Anggiat
Published: February 2025

The Pinus merkusii trees that dominate the Sipinsur Geosite Ecotourism Area, apart from absorbing carbon for their natural growth, are thought to have the ability to reduce CO2, heat energy, and other pollutants released into the air. The total carbon captured by pine trees can be estimated quantitatively in the form of biomass. This research aims to calculate the biomass and carbon storage of P. merkusii trees in the Sipinsur Geosite Tourism area covering an area of 4.23 ha. The research was carried out by census of P. merkusii individuals using non-destructive methods. Data was analyzed using the selected Allometric Equation B = 0.1900 x D2.2730 which was developed to calculate Pine biomass storage. The research results show that from 1,293 pine trees, the estimated total standing biomass storage is 994.82 tons and carbon reserves are 467.57 tons. This implies that pine trees can be planted in areas that release a lot of pollutants to reduce CO2 levels, heat energy, and other pollutant storage. The existence of merkusii pine stands functions as a natural sustainability. Apart from its natural beauty as a tourist attraction, this tourist area also plays a role in reducing the impact of global warming through the presence of forest vegetation.
Natural dyes of Purun crafts materials and their effect on fibre dimension and derivative dimensions
Authors: Batubara Ridwanti , Chery Shafira Chairunnisa , Nuryawan Arif , Amalasari Nisa Inayah , Risnasari Iwan , Manurung Harisyah , Basyuni Mohammad , Affandi Oding , Hakim Luthfi , Winarni Ina
Published: February 2025

Purun is is commonly used in crafts like mats, hats, and tissue boxes, but synthetic dyes used in these products have negative environmental impacts. This research aims to study the use of natural dyes in purun fibre Natural dyes were extracted using distilled water and 96% ethanol from purple sweet potato, turmeric, and mango leaves. Purun was treated with 2% natural dyes and dyes mixed with 5% vinegar acid, then dried to observe color changes and assess the effect on fiber dimensions. Extraction yields ranged from 10% to 16%, with no significant differences between dyes with or without vinegar acid. However, vinegar acid increased color intensity. Results showed that natural dyes significantly affected fiber length, diameter, and wall thickness. Dyed purun fibers retained good potential for use in crafts, demonstrating that natural dyes offer an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic options.
Productivity of Aren (Arenga longipes Mogea) in Rumah Sumbul Village, Sibolangit District, Deli Serdang Regency
Authors: Manurung Harisyah , Batubara Ridwanti , Purba Romaulina Br
Published: February 2025

Aren (Arenga longipes Mogea) is a Non-Timber Forest Product utilized by the community in Rumah Sumbul Village, Sibolangit District, Deli Serdang Regency. This village produces a lot of sap and tuak. The aim of this study was to identify aren palm species, economic value of aren palm utilization and productivity of aren palm sap in Rumah Sumbul Village. Morphological identification of plants was used to confirm the type of aren palm species. Multi-benefits were identified based on interviews through questionnaires. The type of aren palm developed by the community is A. longipes. Sap productivity was calculated based on daily production correlated with palm morphology. The community utilized aren palm plants in the form of household scale uses are: roots as traditional massage oil, trunks as construction, kolang-kaling used in Eid al-Fitr and New Year, leaves as animal feed and broom sticks, palm fiber as a water filtration system, palm fiber brooms and roofs of traditional Karo houses and sap processed into sap drinks, tuak and sugar. The utilization of aren palm with economic value in the form of products includes: sap (Rp 7,000-Rp 15,000), printed sugar (Rp 5,000), aren palm ant sugar (Rp 30,000) and tuak (Rp 7,000).
Antifungal activity of Cinnamomum iners bark extract against Schizophyllum commune
Authors: Arif Astuti , Bachtiar Jusniar , Syahidah
Published: February 2025

Plants contain various bioactive compounds that benefit humans and the environment, such as antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, cytotoxic, amylase inhibitor, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, biopesticide, and antifungal. This study aims to analyze the antifungal activity of teja lawang (Cinnamomum iners) bark extract against the wood-decaying fungi Schizophyllum commune. The bark powder samples with a 40-60 mesh size came from three trees with a diameter of approximately 30 cm growing at the Forest Education of Hasanuddin University. The powder was extracted with methanol and acetone, followed by successive fractionation with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The effectiveness of antifungal activity was determined based on the Antifungal Activity (AFA) value, with testing patterned in a completely randomized design for six treatments at two concentrations, namely 50 ppm and 100 ppm. The results showed that acetone and methanol extract yields were 6.39% and 3.52%, respectively. Adding extract and its fractions to PDA media can inhibit the growth of S. commune with an AFA index ranging from 64% to 100%, categorized as strong to very strong. The C. iners bark extract has significant potential as a biocontrol agent for the fungus S. commune.
Histosol soil respiration rate study: measurement and implications in Humbang Hasundutan Regency
Authors: Manalu Sarah Patumona , Sari Yasmine Anggia , Nadhira Ade Citra
Published: February 2025

Histosol soil is a type of marginal soil that has low plant productivity characteristics and can occur due to low soil fertility levels. The level of soil fertility is affected by the activity of microorganisms, organic matter, and nutrient content in the soil. The soil respiration rate can be seen through the activity of microorganisms which release CO2 content into the atmosphere. This study aims to analyze the soil respiration content of histosol in Lintong Nihuta District, Dolok Sanggul District, Pollung District, Humbang Hasundutan Regency, North Sumatra Province. The soil respiration content was tested in the Laboratory of Soil Chemistry and Biology, Agrotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara. The results of this study showed that the soil respiration content in histosol soil samples from Lintong Nihuta1, Lintong Nihuta2, Dolok Sanggul Location 11, Dolok Sanggul Location 12, Dolok Sanggul Location 21, Dolok Sanggul Location 22, Pollung1, and Pollung2 respectively 1.371 mgCO2/day, 2.057 mgCO2/day, 8.571 mgCO2/day, 8.228 mgCO2/day, 7.542 mgCO2/day, 7.200 mgCO2/day, 6.857 mgCO2/day, 8.228 mgCO2/day.
Extraction of tannin from guava leaves (Psidium Guajava L) by soxhletation method and application as iron corrosion inhibitor in sea water medium
Authors: Manurung Renita , Simanungkalit Y , Amelia F
Published: February 2025

Research on inhibitors is currently focused on organic types, as they are environmentally friendly and abundant in nature. One organic compound that plays a role in corrosion prevention is tannin. The ability of tannins to prevent corrosion naturally has been known for a long time, but systematic research has only been carried out in recent decades. Guava leaf (Psidium Guava L.) is one of the sources of tannins that are available in nature. This study aims to determine the ability of guava leaves as a corrosion inhibitor in the form of concentrated extracts, and tannins. The extraction of tannin compounds in guava leaves was carried out using the succulent method and using a sample-to-solvent ratio of 1:25 g/mL, 1:30 g/mL, 1:35 g/mL, and 1:40 g/mL. The powder size used as an inhibitor is 50 mesh. The concentration of inhibitor used was 1% with a variation of soaking time of 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, and 4 days. Tannin content was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The parameters measured in the corrosion test were corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency. The method of measuring corrosion rate is iron weight reduction. The results showed that the highest tannin content was obtained at 1.253% in the extraction variation of 1:25 g/mL. In the corrosion testing of the three types of inhibitors, the lowest corrosion rate was obtained for the tannin inhibitor with an extraction variation of 1:25 g/mL with a rate of 41.723 mpy, as well as the highest efficiency occurred with the same inhibitor with an efficiency value of 76.328%.
Urban digitalization through clean energy: policies and communication of Medan City government towards “Medan Smart City”
Authors: Purba Arief Marizki , Dirbawanto Nana Dyki , Dalimunthe Maulana Andinata
Published: February 2025

This article examines the process of urban digitalization through clean energy in Medan City as part of the effort to realize Medan Smart City. The urgency of this research lies in the increasing need for smart and sustainable city infrastructure, especially in addressing air pollution and public service efficiency. The main problem identified is the need for more awareness and participation of the community in supporting clean energy and digitalization initiatives. The research methodology used a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews as the main data collection technique. Primary data were obtained from government officials, renewable energy experts, and information technology practitioners, while secondary data were obtained from official reports and related literature. Data analysis was conducted through triangulation techniques to ensure data validity and reliability. Data validity testing involved cross-checking information from various sources and validation by experts in related fields. The results show that the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in public services in Medan has improved operational efficiency and service accessibility. The use of renewable energy, such as solar panels and wind power generation, has contributed to the reduction of carbon emissions and operational costs. However, challenges such as lack of public awareness and technical barriers still exist. The Medan City Government has established regulations to support the implementation of clean energy and digitalization policies, including incentives for renewable energy use and ICT infrastructure development. Cross-sector collaboration and effective public communication are considered essential to increase community participation and the success of this initiative.
Identification of fungi in Avicennia marina leaf litter decomposition in the estuary of the Deli River, Belawan District
Authors: Yunasfi  , Purba Jhon Ganda , Sembiring Sephia , Sihotang Vinacia Mia S. , Sitepu Gloury Arizona , Lubis Sri Rusmayanti
Published: February 2025

Through decomposition, mangrove litter contributes organic material to the ecosystem of mangroves. This decomposition creates a nutrient cycle in the ecosystem. This study’s goal was to ascertain the rate of decomposition of A. marina litter, identify the species fungus discovered in the leaf litter of A. marina that being decomposed, and determine the levels of carbohydrates and proteins detected in the leaf litter of A. marinaduring the process of decomposition. The findings indicated that five different species of fungi were discovered during the decomposition of A. marina leaf litter, including Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus sp.1, Aspergillus sp.2, and Rhizopus sp. The average value of fungal diversity in the decomposition of A. marina leaf litter was included in the medium category, namely 1.52. The decomposition rate value obtained Leaf litter from A. marina is 10.81/year. Measurement of carbohydrate and protein levels in A. marinaleaf litter showed a decrease in carbohydrate and protein along with the increase in litter decomposition time.
Reproductive biology of Silver Whiting fish (Sillago sihama) landed at the Bagan Deli Fish Landed Site (TPI) Belawan North Sumatra Province
Authors: Hasibuan Julia Syahrani , Nasution Aisyah Canda , Manurung Vindy Rilani , Desrita
Published: February 2025

Silver Whiting Fish (Sillago sihama) is one of the demersal fish which is included in the main catch of fishermen in the waters of the Malacca Strait. This research aims to determine the reproductive biology of silver whiting fish (S. sihama) which was landed at TPI Bagan Deli Belawan, North Sumatra. This research was carried out in Oktober–Desember 2023. The number of fish samples during the research was 207 with a total length between 112-196 and a total weight between 13-56 grams. The growth pattern of silver whiting fish is negative allometric with a less flat condition factor value in the range of 0.58–1.45. Silver Whiting Fish reproduction shows an unbalanced sex ratio of 1:2, but the stock in these waters is still considered ideal. The level of fish gonad maturity is at GML I-IV with the GSI value as the GML increases. Egg fecundity ranges from 18,642-45,276 with classified as a partial spawner.
Diversity of waterbird species in the Sicanang Belawan mangrove ecotourism area
Authors: Abdillah Nasution Ahmad Luthfi , Jumilawaty Erni , Wahyuningsih Hesti
Published: February 2025

Waterbirds are a group of birds highly dependent on wetlands, aquaculture ponds, mudflats, mangroves, and coastal areas. The Sicanang Mangrove Ecotourism Area serves as one of the habitats for these waterbirds. However, currently the condition of the mangroves in the Sicanang Mangrove Ecotourism Area has declined, affecting the wildlife inhabiting the area, including waterbirds. Waterbird surveys were conducted at two distinct locations: Bird Island and the industrial area, which differ in landscape characteristics. The Block Method and Point Count techniques were employed to collect data, followed by the calculation of the diversity index (H’) and evenness index (EH
). The waterbird species found at Bird Island consisted of 6 species with a total of 824 individuals, while in the industrial area, 4 species were recorded with a total of 48 individuals, the most commonly found species was the Great Egret (Egretta alba). The diversity index values at Bird Island and the industrial area were 1.48 and 1.25, respectively, indicating moderate species diversity. Evenness index values for the two sites were 0.82 and 0.9, respectively, reflecting high species evenness. The waterbird diversity index in the Sicanang Mangrove Ecotourism area is moderate, indicating the need for habitat conservation to protect the wildlife that live in and depend on this habitat.