bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
League Champions in Mid Table: On the Major Changes in Dutch Prison Policy
Authors: Pakes Francis J.
Published: March 2003

The Netherlands has traditionally been known for having perhaps the mildest prison policy of the Western world in terms of prisoner numbers and prisoner treatment. However, over the last 15 to 20 years a dramatic change has taken place. The number of detention years has steadily increased since 1985; subsequently an extensive prison building scheme was launched, which resulted in more than double the number of prison cells. The landmark change in prison policy is probably completed by the coming into force of the Penitentiary Principles Act 1999 [ Penitentiare Benginselenwet] (Ministry of Justice 1997b), that became law on 1 January 1999. The new legislation re‐prioritises Dutch prison policy, by emphasising security and sobriety. This article examines causes and effects of these developments.
Caring for Drug Users? The Experiences of Women Prisoners
Authors: Malloch Margaret S.
Published: March 2003

The Prison Services of Scotland, England and Wales are required to hold in custody those individuals sentenced to a period of imprisonment by the courts. They are also required to ‘look after them with humanity’ and provide a standard of care which will meet this objective. This article, based on extensive primary research in five women's prisons in England and Scotland, examines the experiences of women prisoners and the impact of policy initiatives designed to respond to the ever‐growing problems presented by the presence and use of illicit drugs in prisons.
A History of the Use of Groups in Probation Work: Part One – From ‘Clubbing the Unclubbables’ to Therapeutic Intervention
Authors: Vanstone Maurice
Published: March 2003

In recent times, groupwork with people supervised by probation staff has become a central part of the government driven effective practice strategy: it has not always been so. For most of the history of the probation service, groupwork, with some notable exceptions, has been a peripheral activity sustained mainly by the energy and commitment of enthusiastic practitioners. Moreover, it has been a relatively neglected part of the story of probation. This, then, is the first of two articles that set out to tell that story. This first part describes the development of groupwork from the late mission period (characterised by moral exhortation) to the era of professionalisation (characterised by casework treatment). In so doing, it seeks to emphasise the importance of groupwork's contribution to the epistemological history of the supervision of offenders in the community.
Why Strikes Occur: Evidence from the Capital Markets
Authors: Kramer Jonathan K. , Hyclak Thomas
Published: March 2003

New and existing empirical evidence regarding the stock market reaction to strikes is used to test the validity of three strike theories. A review of the existing capital market evidence reveals the need for information regarding the intraindustry announcement effects of strikes against manufacturing firms. This need is filled by applying event‐study methodology, in a manner consistent with earlier studies, to a sample of strikes during the period 1982–1999. This new evidence, combined with that of previous studies, consistently supports the validity of Hick’s theory that strikes are the result of bargaining errors, misperceptions of bargaining goals, or discrepancies between the expectations of union leaders and the rank and file.
Managerial Bargaining Power in the Determination of Compensation Contracts and Corporate Investment
Authors: Stoughton Neal M. , Talmor Eli
Published: March 2003

This paper considers the design of managerial compensation contracts and their impact on corporate investment decisions and the managerial effort decision. The model relates the compensation scheme to outside share ownership and managerial bargaining position. Using the methods of mechanism design under asymmetric information, a shift in favor of effort is documented in the case where managerial bargaining strength is weak, while a shift toward more use of capital investment results from strong managerial bargaining power. The model distinguishes managerial equity holdings from contingent compensation contracts. Our results are related to the empirical literature on pay‐performance sensitivities.
The Dynamics of Technological Unemployment*
Authors: Postel‐Vinay Fabien
Published: March 2003

This article compares the short‐ and long‐run effects of technological progress on employment. It presents a simple model of frictional unemployment capturing the negative creative destruction effects of technological change on employment. In the long run, faster technological change accelerates job obsolescence, which reduces the equilibrium level of employment. But it is also shown to have short‐run positive and potentially important effects on employment. This tends to partially reconcile the ‘‘Schumpeterian'’ view of the effects of technological change on labor markets with facts such as the response of most OECD unemployment rates to the 1970s productivity slowdown.
A Dynamic Analysis of Licensing: The ‘‘Boomerang'’ Effect and Grant‐Back Clauses*
Authors: Choi Jay Pil
Published: March 2003

This article develops an incomplete contract model of the licensing relationship to analyze thedynamiceffects of licensing on R&D competition in theinnovationmarket and to examine the rationale for often observed ‘‘grant‐back'’ clauses. Of particular concern are how the consideration of future competition distorts the licensing relationship and how the grant‐back clause can mitigate this distortion. I also evaluate the validity of the casual antitrust argument that grant‐back clauses may adversely affect competition because they reduce the licensee's incentive to engage in R&D and thereby limit rivalry in innovation markets.
A restricted‐domain multilateral test approach to the theory of international comparisons*
Authors: Armstrong Keir G.
Published: March 2003

This article develops a novel multilateral test approach to the problem of international comparisons. Many of the associated tests are justified as “reasonable” using the fact that they are direct analogues to properties of the cost‐of‐living index. Further support is bestowed upon the new approach by showing that it is equivalent to an extended version of Diewert's (1986) multilateral test approach. Finally, a number of alternative multilateral comparison formulas are evaluated and the relative superiority of two of them is established.
Personal Liabilities and Bankruptcy Reform: An International Perspective
Authors: Alexopoulos Michelle , Domowitz Ian
Published: March 2003

We document international changes in bankruptcy law pertaining to personal liabilities. Implications are investigated within a theoretical model, focusing on interest rates, employment, and bankruptcy incidence. Small‐firm employment rises as bankruptcy law becomes more stringent, but interest rates may increase. A tightening of bankruptcy law may not decrease bankruptcy probabilities, except in the stark case of no debt discharge. Strict rules pertaining to debt repayment are desirable, as opposed to court or pre‐court discretion. Pending international agreements with respect to cross‐border insolvency may lower interest rates, but do not necessarily imply a decrease in bankruptcy incidence.
The Asian Crisis in Context
Authors: Bosworth Barry
Published: March 2003

The crises in Asia have served to highlight the dangers inherent in the current expansion of the international financial system. In the aftermath of the Mexican crisis, many economists pointed to its unique characteristics in arguing that it did not represent a systemic threat. That argument seems wrong today. Allowing the free flow of financial capital across national borders exposes countries to the inevitable risks of runs against their currencies, just as individual banks are threatened with runs domestically. Yet the international community does not appear willing to provide the magnitude of funds required to support an effective lender‐of‐last‐resort on a global basis. Developing countries need to manage the risks of capital market opening with an understanding that they will be forced to rely primarily on their own resources in the event of a crisis.
The Asian Crisis: Lessons for Crisis Management and Prevention
Authors: Brealey Richard
Published: March 2003

The succession of financial crises that swept through Asia, Russia and Latin America in 1997 and 1998 led to considerable debate about both the role of the IMF and possible actions to limit further crises. Some have argued that international financial markets do not function well and are subject to periodic contagious panics that can be stemmed by an international lender of last resort. This paper argues that the IMF has neither the resources nor the superior information needed to fulfil such a role. However, there may be a need for an international financial institution that can use its leverage to secure policy changes in the affected countries. The paper also takes issue with the view that the IMF is simply bailing out imprudent international banks and that measures are needed to bail them back in again. The source of the Asian crisis lay in the real economy, but the effect of the crisis was greatly exacerbated by the financial structure of the affected countries. In particular, much of the risk was borne by domestic banks which borrowed dollars in the short‐term interbank market and made longer‐term loans in the local currency. Public policy needs to be directed to ensuring that the risks in emerging markets are distributed efficiently across both foreign and domestic investors. That involves greater use of equity finance and structured debt.
Sollbruchstelle: Deep Uncertainty and the Design of Monetary Institutions
Authors: Lohmann Susanne
Published: March 2003

Sollbruchstelle: this German engineering term translates as ‘part that is supposed to break down’. It stands for that part of a machine that is deliberately designed to be weaker, and less costly, than other parts of the machine so that it, rather than the more expensive parts, takes the hit when the machine comes under stress. A breakdown thus comes with little collateral damage and is fixed quickly and at low cost.

??This paper applies the idea of Sollbruchstelle to the design of fiat monetary institutions. Well‐designed institutions are credibly committed to follow a sound monetary policy. But they are also flexible in the face of deep uncertainty. They respond to novel economic and social developments as well as shifting understandings of the way the macroeconomy works. When necessary, they accommodate political pressures, renege on promises, and change their institutional stripes. As they become obsolete, they go gently into that good night – and if they must break down, they do so forgivingly.
The meaning of empowerment: the interdisciplinary etymology of a new management concept
Authors: Lincoln Nicola Denham , Travers Cheryl , Ackers Peter , Wilkinson Adrian
Published: March 2003

Empowerment has become a widely used management term in the last decade or so, though, in practical terms, it shares the ambiguity of its predecessors in the HRM tradition. This paper sets out to unravel the web of meaning surrounding empowerment to show what a contested concept it is, and hence why its application in organizational settings is fraught with misunderstanding and tension. It does so by taking an approach that contributes to the examination of HRM discourse and management rhetoric. To demonstrate the ambiguity of empowerment as a concept, the paper reviews the various ways in which the term has been used across non‐management disciplines (women, minority groups, education, community care, politics), culminating with a review of the use of empowerment in contemporary management theory. The paper concludes that organizations and managers have chosen to coin a phrase which is open to different, sometimes contradictory, meanings and which, when applied, evokes both subjective attitudes and objective behaviour, means different things in varying contexts, and is affected fundamentally by individual differences in perception and experience. Unless organizations offer clear operational definitions when using empowerment, instead of purely acquiescing to a vague and seductive version of the concept, they are abdicating responsibility for the unpredictable consequences that result.
Group Differences on US Air Force Pilot Selection Tests
Authors: Carretta Thomas R.
Published: March 2003

Sex and ethnic group differences were examined on the operational composites and tests used to select applicants for US Air Force officer commissioning programmes and for pilot training. Results showed that large mean score differences in applicant samples were substantially reduced among the pilot trainees. Despite differences in test performance, there was no evidence of differential validity for groups. When group differences in predicted pilot training completion rate were observed, performance was overestimated for the minority group relative to the majority group. When regression equations were adjusted for unreliability of the predictors, the observed differences in intercepts were reduced or eliminated. No prediction bias was observed against the minority groups.
On the Dimensionality of Jones' (1986) Measures of Organizational Socialization Tactics
Authors: Ashforth Blake E. , Saks Alan M. , Lee Raymond T.
Published: March 2003

One of the most theoretically developed models of organizational socialization is Van Maanen and Schein's (1979) typology of six tactics. Jones' (1986) operationalization of these tactics has been used in most survey studies of the Van Maanen and Schein model. However, questions remain concerning the dimensionality of the operationalization. Self‐report data from business school graduates after 4 months (n = 295) and 10 months (n = 222) on the job indicate that: (1) a 6‐factor model better approximates the covariance matrix of the socialization items than do competing 1‐ and 3‐factor models, (2) the 6‐factor model better predicts certain work adjustment variables than the 3‐factor model, and the 3‐factor model better predicts certain variables than the 1‐factor model, and (3) the collective, formal, sequential, fixed, serial, and investiture tactics are positively interrelated, suggesting a structured program of early work experience.
Predictors of Participation in Performance Appraisal: A Voluntary System in a Blue‐Collar Work Environment
Authors: Langan‐Fox Janice , Waycott Jennifer , Morizzi Maree , Mcdonald Louise
Published: March 2003

Organisations have long acknowledged the value of performance appraisal in both administration decisions and in motivating employees. However, it would appear that most empirical research has focused on compulsory systems designed for use with executives and managers (Bannister and Balkin 1990; Ilgen, Fisher and Taylor 1979; Klein 1989). The reluctance to implement appraisal systems with lower level and base‐grade employees may be due to several factors, including employee and union resistance to compulsory systems of appraisal (Nankervis 1990). Faced with this problem, appraisal can be viewed by appraisees and appraisers as an `innovation'. In a climate with growing emphasis on participative management styles, self‐regulated or voluntary systems of performance appraisal may become increasingly prevalent and important. Thus, 476 base‐grade (shop floor) employees of an Australian government business enterprise completed a survey regarding issues such as attitude to performance appraisal, source credibility, system satisfaction, anticipated feedback, perceived consequences of participation and intention to enter the system. Roger's (1983) innovation‐decision model was utilised in the structure and analysis of the data and provided useful insights regarding the factors which are related to participation in a voluntary system of performance appraisal. Findings indicated that attitude towards, and support of, performance appraisal in general, perception of consequences of performance appraisal, satisfaction with the supervisor, anticipated feedback, and awareness and knowledge of the system in place in the organisation, were important in predicting the decision to adopt or reject the performance appraisal scheme.
Interviewer Agreement in the Judgement of Empathy in Selection Interviews
Authors: Cliffordson Christina
Published: March 2003

The aim of this study was to examine the judgement of empathy based on real selection interviews. Sixteen interviewers conducted panel interviews of 123 applicants. The definition of empathy was based on the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), which is comprised of four sub–scales (empathic concern, perspective taking, fantasy and personal distress). The interviewers made ratings of the interviewee by responding to four items, one for each of the IRI sub–scales. The inter–rater reliability was .47. The main coefficient over pairs was .67 for more experienced interviewers, and .40 for less experienced interviewers. In accordance with previous findings, the results showed that personal distress appeared to be ambiguous. The results support the conclusion that selection interviews can provide a user–friendly and reliable selection method in requirement and admission processes.
Public perceptions of social workers and social work in the Republic of Croatia
Authors: Knežević Mladen , Butler Lauren
Published: March 2003

Throughout the war and the post‐war period, the field of social work in Croatia has developed at an accelerated rate. The involvement and assistance from international agencies and individuals created numerous fora for exchange, collaboration and mutual learning among all the helping professions. The research process represented a collaborative effort of faculty, lecturers and students in the Study Center for Social Work in the University of Zagreb's Faculty of Law. The sample was convenient, composed mainly of the urban population of Croatia. The instrument consists of two main parts, one regarding the content of a social worker's work, and the other regarding the attitudes toward that profession. We believe that the results of our study demonstrate that social work, as a profession, is relatively well known among the citizens of Croatia. Those markers pertaining to the attitude towards social work profession, which are negative in nature, are ranked by our participants as lowest in importance on the scale.
Family policy and social order – comparing the dynamics of family policy‐making in Scandinavia and Confucian Asia
Authors: Lin Ka , Rantalaiho Minna
Published: March 2003

This article compares family policies in two Scandinavian and three Confucian Asian countries. Through a general survey on schemes of child allowance and parental leave, it seeks explaining factors for cross‐regime diversity of the welfare systems. In focus are the agents affecting the family policy‐making process, including social classes, the state, women and families. In order to assess the roles these agents have played, this study retraces the preconditions of family policy development and its associated socio‐cultural backgrounds. Results from such an examination will illustrate how the social order determines the patterns of family policy, which offers a new path to travel to these different cultural ‘worlds’. Taking the Confucian Asian states into its frame of reference, the study will take a fresh look at Scandinavian welfare systems, which still have some general implications for the study of the dynamics, model and outcome of family policy in an international context.
Talk about Money. Studying the Interaction between Social Worker and Client
Authors: Hydén L‐C.
Published: March 2003

During the last two decades there has been an increase in the number of studies, especially in the Nordic countries, of the talk between social worker and client. This paper presents an overview of these studies. The focus of many of the studies has been the transformation of a private citizen with a personal financial problem into a client with an institutionally legitimate financial problem. This transformation process is mainly effected in the conversation between social worker and client.
Individual rights and collective obligation. Compulsory intervention towards substance abusers in Norwegian social law
Authors: Nilssen E. , Lien R. S.
Published: March 2003

This article focuses on an important duality in the modern welfare state: the will to help our fellow citizens through institutionalized welfare policies, and the danger of violating individual liberty and integrity. Individual rights of self‐determination and integrity are important values of the liberal constitutional government (the Rechtstaat). Our collective ethical obligation to help those in need is an important value of the welfare state. With respect to compulsory intervention towards adult and under‐age substance abusers, the possible tensions between these values are particularly visible. The legal foundation for such efforts in Norwegian social law is discussed with regard to different ethical and moral principles. The main questions are how compulsory interventions are justified and how different principles are weighted in positive law. The ethical principles of collective obligation and the moral principle of individual rights are differently balanced in the Child Care Service Act and the Social Service Act. Both acts, however, expose the problematic combination of solving social problems by the use of force and securing individual autonomy and integrity.
Economic Policy and Social Policy: Policy‐linkages in an Era of Globalisation
Authors: Shin Dong‐Myeon
Published: March 2003

This article argues that changes in the role of the state in economic affairs will affect the process of social policy. Growing economic integration caused by globalisation now places a greater constraint upon the discretion of the nation state, bringing about a transformation into a more competitive state. States are increasingly having to compete against each other in order to promote competitiveness and attract foreign direct investment (FDI) from international capital markets. This competition influences in turn the social policy formation requiring the redesigning of social policy. Thus, welfare states may need to reform their social policy towards a “business‐friendly social policy”. The analysis of social policy inputs and outputs presented here suggests that there are common trends in most welfare states towards: a market‐conforming policy on business taxation, a reduction of the share of employer's contributions in social protection revenues, more limited income security programmes, an increased allocation of resources for active labour market programmes and less state intervention in the labour market. All these reforming trends in social policy can be understood as a response of welfare states to the evolving needs of business caused by structural change, notably globalisation.
Combining professional work with family responsibilities – a burden or a blessing?
Authors: Härenstam Annika , Bejerot Eva
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates job‐related distress and satisfaction with the work‐‐family interface in various combinations of professional work and family responsibilities in Sweden. The study is based on the self‐reports of 1,764 male and female university graduates in paid employment and with children at home. For both women and men, conditions at work seem to be most important. However, the division of responsibilities between partners was also found to have an impact, but in different ways for women and men. Only in families where both partners are gainfully employed and share the domestic work and financial responsibilities, was the psychological well‐being and the work‐‐family interface satisfactory for both women and men. In other families, negative effects for either women or men are noticed. The conclusion is that multiple roles and shared responsibilities and demands in the private sphere promote health among both women and men.
Applying Total Quality Management to Education and Training: a US Case Study
Authors: Gallagher Jo D. , Smith Douglas H.
Published: March 2003

An organisation implementing quality improvement processes should incorporate these concepts and principles in the design and delivery of its training products and services. Here the authors describe an approach to achieving this incorporation. Four pillars of quality were rendered operational through ten instructional components implemented in two university courses. Outcomes of the application of these components include: a highly experiential and interactive course, a focus on performance outcomes, and a course customised to the needs of learners.
An Evaluative Framework for Selecting Multimedia
Authors: Palmer T.M. , Rhodes D.M.
Published: March 2003

This article presents a framework for evaluating the design of multi‐media programmes intended for use in training. The evaluative frame‐work incorporates principles of adult learning theory, motivation theory, and task analysis as applied to training. Multimedia design features that will realise these principles are enumerated. The issue of systematic professional review of commercial materials is also addressed.
Training Reform in the Australian Automotive Industry
Authors: Cooney Richard
Published: March 2003

The past decade of training reform in the Australian automotive industry has been driven by Government and enterprise plans for the restructure of the industry. These plans have emphasised changes to manufacturing practices and work practices, as the way to revitalise the manufacturing sectors of the industry. The provision of workplace training has been a significant factor in the implementation of these plans and development of a training system with distinctive industry features has been one outcome of this programme of industry restructuring.
Modification of Transferred Training Programmes for Multinational Chain Hotels in Korea
Authors: Lim Doo H. , Wentling Rose Mary
Published: March 2003

Transfer of training programmes between countries has created a circumstance that enhances the knowledge and skills of human resources in developing or underdeveloped countries along with the influence of globalisation in recent decades. The purpose of the study was to explore the hotels in Korea. The study was based on both qualitative and quantitative methods. A questionnaire was sent to training managers of all the multinational chain hotels in Korea. In addition, telephone interviews were conducted with the training managers of these hotels. The cross‐case analysis revealed that the transfer of training programmes had certain patterns of modification shaped by the interacting factors in a three‐level hierarchy: cultural and technical, organisational, and modifiers’ personal level. Each level also was found to have a subset of factors influencing the modification patterns. Future research is recommended to investigate the framework of the study in other countries and industries.
Managers as developers: some reflections on the contribution of empowerment in Britain
Authors: Hyman Jeff , Cunningham Ian
Published: March 2003

Britain’s record for training and developing managers and employees was subject to severe scrutiny in the 1980s. Subsequently, a range of employer initiatives were launched with the avowed intention of enhancing the human capital of both managers and their subordinates. A major initiative has taken place under the umbrella title of ‘empowerment’, which purports to offer greater autonomy and discretion to employees and to provide the means to bring about this transformation through training and supportive management styles. The present study examines a number of organisations which have introduced empowering initiatives. It finds that whilst individual line managers in empowering organisations consider themselves better equipped to deal with their subordinates than those in non‐ empowering organisations, deeper analysis reveals substantial problems in transforming these managers into developers of subordinates. Managers appear to be undertrained and often not motivated to develop their staff. Discretion to employees was generally very narrowly defined and tightly bounded by both formal and informal controls. Empowerment for many employees was indistinguishable from work intensification. The conclusion is that the empowerment programmes under study were unlikely to stimulate line managers to develop their employees.
Organisational context of structured on‐the‐job training
Authors: Versloot Bert M. , Jong Jan A. , Thijssen Jo G.L.
Published: March 2003

Seven cases, all Dutch organisations, are analysed on the relation between organisation characteristics and types of training on the job on the basis of contingency theory. Effectiveness and efficiency, dictated by a competitive environment, influence decisions regarding internal structure, including the form of the HRD function. Contingency theory predicts that the internal structure, resulting from differentiation of components, mediates between such pressures of the environment and the pressure of the operating core, which tries to perform productively according to norms of rationality. The actions of differentiated components of the internal structure must be coordinated. The tendency to differentiate a separate training function off the job can be at odds with the tendency to bind training activities on the job strictly to the priorities of productive work. However, in this article we propose that this opposition can be overcome when the chosen type of on‐the‐job training ‘matches’ the type of organisation and that matching types as a rule are more effective.
Industrial and regional restructuring and changing form of state intervention: the development of partnerships in postwar Japan
Authors: Kitajima Seiko
Published: March 2003

This paper looks into the question of the cooperative form between the public and private sectors, which has become notable recently in contemporary capitalist societies as a new device of state intervention. It examines the development of partnerships in postwar Japan, by tracing how the structure and characteristics of partnerships have evolved in accordance with the changing mode of state intervention over the past four decades, and assesses the spatial outcomes of partnership activities. Since the early 1970s, partnerships have manifested attributes identified as the signs of a changing regime and have encouraged a deeper division of the country’s spatial structure. The argument is thus made that partnerships have served to carry out industrial restructuring, whereby the spatial structure of the country has been further incorporated into the global economy. The paper concludes with the theoretical implication that the current partnership was designed as an apparatus to incorporate non‐market segments into commodity relations, thereby providing a new path of capital accumulation.
The long‐term unemployed, informal economic activity and the ‘underclass’ in Belfast: rejecting or reinstating the work ethic
Authors: Leonard Madeleine
Published: March 2003

The notion of an ‘underclass’ existing outside the realm of mainstream society continues to hold sway among journalists and policy‐makers. While there are many new contenders for inclusion among the underclass, one of the most enduring group of participants is the long‐term unemployed. Work‐shy individuals, seemingly content to live on welfare benefits, are regarded as placing themselves outside the boundaries of mainstream economic and social life and passing a host of negative characteristics on to their children. The possibility that some of this group might defraud the welfare benefit system through working while claiming benefits adds further weight to negative images about the characteristics of ‘underclass’ members. The aim of this paper is to challenge some of these common assumptions by examining the ways in which unemployed people in an economically depressed locality in West Belfast relied on informal economic activity to help meet their material needs. Such activity has implications for the underclass debate because, rather than demonstrating commitment to some alternative set of values, informal economic activity drew participants into the wider economy and demonstrated adherence to mainstream values. Moreover, often the debate on social security abuse focuses on the supply side of the issue and is remarkably silent about the demand side of the equation. ‘Doing‐the‐double’ (working while claiming benefits) was not simply an individual response to unemployment and inadequate welfare benefits but was linked to changes in the labour needs of employers in the wider economy.
Migration transition or migration transformation in the Asian dragon economies?
Authors: Findlay Allan M. , Jones Huw , M. Davidson Gillian M.
Published: March 2003

There has been a marked tendency to interpret the recent transformation of international migration systems in Eastern Asia in terms of a ‘migration transition’ model. The transition in these countries from net emigration to net immigration, with major inflows from poorer adjacent countries, is seen as being driven by an intricate regional pattern of uneven development but growing economic integration. This paper challenges this view through an examination of the trade, investment and migration linkages of the region’s four dragon economies (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan). It argues that the key influences on their international migration streams reflect, above all, the functions of these states as second‐order, global city regions. Their place in the global capitalist system creates a shared demand for very particular types of both highly skilled and unskilled labour, but the migration policies of the four states are independently, and therefore distinctively, socially constructed.

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Il y a une tendance à utiliser un modèle de ‘transition de migration’ pour interpréter les transformations récentes des systèmes de migration internationaux en Asie de l’est. La transition de l’émigration nette à l’immigration nette dans ces pays, avec des arrivées massives des pays adjacents plus pauvres, est supposée être due à un modèle régional complexe de développement inégal mais d’intégration économique croissante. Cet article questionne ce modèle et examine les liens entre le commerce, l’investissement, et la migration dans les quatre économies dragons de la région (Hong Kong, Singapour, la Corée du sud et Taïıwan). Il soutient que les influences majeures sur leur flux de migration internationale reflète avant tout les fonctions de ces états en tant que régions urbaines globales de deuxième ordre. Leur place dans le système capitaliste global crée une demande pour un type très particulier de travailleurs qualifiés et non qualifiés, mais les politiques de migration des quatre états sont indépendemment, et donc distinctement, socialement construites.
Street Children and Street Life in Urban Tanzania: The Culture of Surviving and its Implications for Children’s Health
Authors: Lugalla Joe L. P. , Mbwambo Jesse Kazeni
Published: March 2003

This paper presents data from an in‐depth study conducted among street children in an urban setting in Tanzania. It examines the reasons ‘children of the street’ leave their homes, how they survive and meet their daily needs, what problems they encounter whilst on the streets and how they surmount them. The paper also examines the implications of street life for children’s health. The findings show that general poverty lies at the center of the increasing number of street children in Tanzania. Street life makes the children vulnerable to a variety of problems including ill health. Policies in Tanzania have so far failed to solve this problem, particularly because social policies have been dealing with symptoms rather than essential causes. The paper ends by outlining short‐ and long‐term policy solutions and also suggests directions for future research and early intervention.

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Cet article présente les données d’une étude en profondeur conduite parmi les enfants des rues dans un cadre urbain en Tanzanie. Il explore les raisons pour lesquelles ‘les enfants des rues’ partent de chez eux, comment ils survivent et surviennent à leurs besoins quotidiens, les problèmes qu’ils rencontrent dans les rues et comment ils les surmontent. Cet article examine aussi les implications de la vie dans la rue pour la santé des enfants. Les résultats montrent que la pauvreté générale est la raison centrale du nombre croissant d’enfants dans les rues en Tanzanie. La vie dans les rues rend les enfants susceptibles à de nombreux problèmes, y compris la mauvaise santé. La politique de la Tanzanie n’a pas encore réussi à résoudre ce problème, en particulier parce que la politique sociale a adressé les symptômes plutôt que les causes essentielles. Cet article propose des solutions politiques à court et à long terme et suggère également des options pour les recherches futures et pour des interventions précoces.
Migration as a Business: The Case of Trafficking
Authors: Salt John , Stein Jeremy
Published: March 2003

A case is made for treating international migration as a global business which has both legitimate and illegitimate sides. The migration business is conceived as a system of institutionalized networks with complex profit and loss accounts, including a set of institutions, agents and individuals each of which stands to make a commercial gain. The article focuses on migrant trafficking, the core of the illegitimate business.

Migrant trafficking, a subject of growing political concern, is recognized by migration experts and policy makers to be undermining international collaborative efforts to produce ordered migration flows. Trafficking, widely condemned for its inhuman practices and links to international organized crime, is also believed to be increasing in scale and sophistication.

Our model conceives of trafficking as an intermediary part of the global migration business facilitating movement of people between origin and destination countries. The model is divided into three stages: the mobilization and recruitment of migrants; their movement en route; and their insertion and integration into labour markets and host societies of destination countries. At each stage of the model we describe the trafficking business, its systematic organization and its methods of operation: its inputs and outputs; its use of a set of common geographical routes; its methods of smuggling migrants; its systems of planning and information‐gathering; and its division into a set of technical and organizational tasks. This division of roles is seen as critical for trafficking’s survival.

The model also suggests how through the existence of common routes and networks of contacts, traffickers increasingly channel migrants, thus determining the geography of movement. We also demonstrate the model with available evidence on trafficking mainly in and across Europe and attempt thereby to show how trafficking operates both theoretically and in practice.

Our conceptualization of trafficking as a business has important implications for the study of migration and for policy makers. For the former, trafficking blurs meaningful conceptual distinctions between legal and illegal migration. For the latter, trafficking presents new challenges in the management and control of migration flows across borders. In particular it suggests the need to look at immigration controls in new ways, placing sharper focus on the institutions and vested interests involved rather than on the migrants themselves.
Characteristics and Assimilation of Chinese Immigrants in the US Labour Market
Authors: Chen Shyh‐Jer
Published: March 2003

Using US Public Use Samples, this article examines differences in the quality and assimilation rate of different Chinese immigrant groups (immigrants from Hong Kong, Taiwan and Mainland China) in the US labour market.

The descriptive statistics show great differences among Chinese immigrants from the three areas in their ages, wage rates, years of schooling and industrial and occupational distributions.

This article also finds that the three Chinese immigrant groups have much more dispersed wage distributions than US‐born workers have. The three Chinese immigrant groups also experienced substantial assimilation into the US labour market during the 1980s.
Do Migrants Worsen the Current Account?
Authors: Taslim M.A.
Published: March 2003

There is some concern in Australia that immigration contributes to a widening of its current account deficit. Several cross‐section studies have found that migrant households have a lower saving rate than the local born households. In conjunction with a well‐known national income identity that the current account deficit is equal to the excess of investment over saving, such findings have been interpreted by many to mean that the migrants contribute to increasing the level of foreign liabilities at a rate greater than that by the local‐born.

However, it should be realized that immigration impacts on the economy in a complex way through various demand and supply side channels. Its direct and chain effects on such variables as the current account are spread over both the short and the long term. These effects are neither unidirectional nor always easy to isolate. The final outcome, which is the sum total of all the effects, is uncertain, and cannot be fully understood from a knowledge of cross‐sectional saving performance alone.

This article utilizes aggregate time series data to investigate the relationship between the current account and immigration. It finds that although an increase in net migration tends to raise the current account deficit, the longer term effect of immigration on the current account is negligible.
Self‐Employment and Earnings Among Migrants in Australia
Authors: Lee Anh T.
Published: March 2003

This article contributes to the small Australian literature on the earnings of immigrants in the self‐employment sector. Earnings functions for both the foreign‐born and Australian‐born are estimated, and the results show that compared with native‐born workers, foreign‐born workers have higher earnings in the wage/salary sector but lower earnings in the self‐employment sector.

Among the foreign‐born, the results suggest that self‐employed immigrants are less skilled compared with those who are wage/salary employed. Thus, low‐skilled immigrants may be forced into self‐employment.

There is no evidence of immigrant “catch‐up” in the self‐employment sector. Among wage/salary workers, however, immigrant wages are characterized by a “catch‐up” effect.
Macroeconomic Determinants of Migration: The Case of Germany 1964‐1988
Authors: Karras Georgios , Chiswick Carmel U.
Published: March 2003

Macroeconomic determinants of immigration are analysed with pooled cross‐country and time series data on net immigration to Germany from European countries during 1964‐1988.

Results demonstrate clearly that both high and low frequency determinants have been important. Long run trends are determined by the degree and speed of per capita income convergence between the sending and receiving countries, while year‐to‐year changes in net immigration flows are dominated by cyclical economic conditions.
Chipping Away at the Fortress: Unions, Immigration and the Transnational Labour Market
Authors: Avci Gamze , McDonald Christopher
Published: March 2003

Conventional wisdom holds that in liberal industrialized countries, times of economic recession and high unemployment create pressures for restrictive immigration legislation, proposals which will be supported by trade unions as a means of safeguarding their interests. Drawing on a case study of British trade union opposition to the 1996 Asylum and Immigration Act, this article argues that trade unions, which traditional interpretation suggests support such protectionist measures, are actually at the forefront of opposition to them. We suggest that the increased transnationalization of labour markets, combined with the particular nature of the legislative response, had led unions to adopt this apparently paradoxical position.
Profiles of Refugee and Non‐Refugee Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza
Authors: Al‐Qudsi Sulayman S.
Published: March 2003

Relying on demographic and labour surveys which the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics collected in 1995, this article investigates the profile of West Bank and Gaza refugees. Refugees are better educated and have higher fertility than non‐refugee Palestinians, but the difference is small. However, they have a significantly lower participation rate, a higher unemployment rate and a higher incidence of arrests and work stoppage than the corresponding rates among non‐refugee Palestinians. A smaller proportion of Palestinians commute to work into the Israeli labour market and refugees earn lower wages than non‐refugees. Returns to investment in education are small for both groups. High fertility among refugees imposes a future challenge for policy makers in terms of resources required for the provision of appropriate education and health facilities. Employing future labour market entrants is another serious policy challenge.
Skilled Immigrants in Rome
Authors: Brandi M. Carolina
Published: March 2003

Skilled migration, taking the forms of brain drain, movements of professionals and job transfers, has become an important component of contemporary migration flows. However, it does not necessarily follow that incoming flows of highly qualified immigrants automatically translate into an effective supply of skilled labour, since immigrants are often prepared to accept underemployment and working conditions that nationals from the local market have refused.

This study aims to verify whether the phenomenon of brain waste exists in Rome. We analysed the data of 147,587 foreigners recorded in the City Register Office as being residents on 31 August 1999. Of these, 68,539 indicated their educational level and 73,746 their occupation.

The data also revealed that the more stable segment of immigrants to Rome, i.e. those who have taken up residency, is composed mainly of qualified, or highly qualified, persons. Many foreign residents possess university degrees and are employed in managerial and/or intellectual professions. Alongside this important datum, however, we observe that the majority of foreign residents are employed in unqualified jobs, a considerable percentage of whom possess much higher qualifications than those required for the job they do.

Analysing the temporal evolution of these data on the qualifications and professions of foreign residents leads us to believe that the phenomenon of underemployment is decidedly on the upturn.

In order to understand the cause of this phenomenon, qualitative data from case study interviews have also been analysed. The most common reason why immigrants take on under‐skilled jobs is lack of job offers appropriate to their academic or professional qualifications due to the peculiar situation of the Roman labour market. Other problems, such as the lack of protocols concerning the recognition of the academic qualifications of non‐EU citizens and the language barrier, also play a role.
Security Markets versus Bank Finance: Legal Enforcement and Investors' Protection
Authors: Modigliani Franco , Perotti Enrico
Published: March 2003

When minority investors’ rights are poorly protected, the ability of firms to raise equity capital is impaired, leading to less finance for new ventures. Fewer firms will be financed with outside equity, resulting in a low market capitalization relative to GNP. External funding requires easily enforceable claims such as debt or requires long‐term relationships with institutions. Provision of funding shifts from risk capital to debt, and to a predominance of intermediated over market finance. We report supporting evidence for a few countries. To measure investor protection, we use a price measure, the premium on voting stock, related to the control premium. In countries where the voting premium is large, corporate financing is dominated by bank lending and equity markets are much smaller.