bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Characterization of Ca-Containing Anodic Alumina
Authors: He Li Ping , Chen Zong Zhang , Mai Yiu Wing
Published: March 2009

Ca-containing anodic alumina (CAA) has been successfully prepared by anodizing Al
film in an alkali solution at a constant voltage and subsequently electro-depositing calcium salts
on and into anodic alumina. This paper investigated the anodic behavior of Al, deposition
behavior of calcium salt, and microstructure of CAA. The results show that the anodic behavior of
Al in Na3PO4 electrolyte can be described as three continuous stages as of initial growth of the
compact barrier layer, formation of porous alumina and further development of its pores and
columnar holes. It is also found that cell voltage of electro-deposition process plays an important
role at the deposition behavior of calcium slat and the microstructure of Ca-containing anodic
alumina (CAA). The higher the cell voltage is, the faster the deposition rate, and the more calcium
being deposited at the surface of anodic alumina and into the columnar holes or at the walls of the
holes of anodic alumina. It is expected that Ca-containing anodic alumina films are promising
substrates for fabricating functional bio-coatings for prosthetic applications.
Contact Pressure of Porous Al2O3 Probed by Nanoindentations
Authors: Ling Zhong , Hao Sheng Wang
Published: March 2009

Contact pressure of porous Al2O3 probed by nanoindentation was investigated by
dimensional analysis with special attention paid to scaling effects in the mechanical behavior. It was
found that, for sample containing small grains and interconnected pores, the contact pressure is
manifest dominated by bonding strength of the porous alumina. Whereas the samples with coarse
grain and various porous structures exhibit higher contact pressures and smaller residual deformations,
which can be attributed to the mechanical response of the solid-phase under current limited peak
loads.
Study of Altered Mechanical Properties of Articular Cartilage in Relation to the Collagen Network
Authors: Wu J.P. , Kirk T.B.
Published: March 2009

Articular cartilage is a semitransparent elastic material that covers on the two articulating
bones in synovial joints. It acts as a cushion between the bones that transfers loads from one to
another while attenuating dynamic stresses and providing almost frictionless contact surfaces for
normal use of synovial joints without pains. Osteoarthritis causes a chronic joint pain and it is
mainly due to malfunction of articular cartilage. The mechanical function of articular cartilage is
derived from its unique microstructure. Therefore, study of the relationship between the mechanical
function and microstructure of articular cartilage comprehends the aetiology and pathology of
osteoarthritis. Confocal microscopy permits studying the internal microstructure of buck biological
tissues without tissue sectioning and dehydration. This provides a way to study the relationship
between the mechanical function and microstructure of articular cartilage. Using a fibre optic laser
scanning confocal microscope, this study examines the pathological status of articular cartilage in
relation to the mechanical function and 3D collagen network of articular cartilage. The results show
that the 3D collagen structure and the mechanical function are different between normal and
arthritic cartilage. Loss of the integrity of the 3D collagen network is closely related to cartilage
softening.
The Influence of Loading Rate on the Ultimate Properties and Fracture Mechanism of Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomers
Authors: Zeng Qiu Mei , Leggoe Jeremy W.
Published: March 2009

The influence of loading rate on the tensile fracture of polystyrene-polyisoprenepolystyrene
(SIS) and polystyrene-poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-polystyrene (SEBS) has been
investigated. The tensile strength of SIS initially increased with increasing strain rate, eventually
reaching a plateau at elevated strain rates. In contrast, the tensile strength of SEBS was relatively
unaffected by strain rate. The fracture surfaces of the tensile test specimens were examined by
scanning electron microscopy. The fracture surface morphologies indicated that fracture initiated
via cavitation, followed subsequently by void coalescence and catastrophic fracture. For both
materials there was no qualitatively obvious change in fracture surface morphology with increasing
strain rate. The results indicate that the ultimate strength of styrenic thermoplastic elastomers is
governed by the nature of the dominant failure mechanism at the molecular scale; when chain
scission dominates, the tensile strength is independent of the strain rate, but when chain pull-out
dominates, the tensile strength increases with increasing strain rate.
Fatigue Resistance of Heat Treated Aluminium High Pressure Die-Castings
Authors: Lumley Roger N. , Griffiths J.R.
Published: March 2009

High pressure die-casting (HPDC) is widely used as a cost-effective way to massproduce
metal components that are required to have close dimensional tolerances and smooth
surface finishes. Approximately 50%, by mass, of the aluminium castings produced worldwide are
made by this manufacturing route. However, HPDC components are relatively porous compared
with other types of castings and so cannot usually be conventionally heat treated to improve
mechanical properties. This follows because during solution treatment (e.g. at 540°C for 8h), the
pores expand, resulting in unacceptable surface blisters, distortion and poor mechanical properties.
Recent work within the CSIRO Light Metals Flagship has revealed a heat treatment procedure by
which the problems of blistering and distortion can be avoided [1]. As a result, large improvements
in strength have been achieved, as compared with the as-cast condition. One uncertainty is the
behaviour of heat treated HPDCs under cyclic stress and this paper investigates the fatigue
properties of a common high pressure die-casting alloy, A380 (Al-8.5Si-3.5Cu). Comparisons are
made between as-cast, T4 and T6 conditions. Fatigue strength is highest for the alloy aged to a T6
temper and ratios of fatigue strength to tensile strength for the as-cast, T4 and T6 conditions are
constant at a value of approximately 0.6, which is particularly high for aluminium alloys.
Knowledge-Based Modeling of Manufacturing Aspects in Structural Optimization Problems
Authors: Huber Martin , Petersson Ö. , Baier H.
Published: March 2009

In this paper we present a method for the multidisciplinary optimization of structures
including qualitative expert knowledge. In addition to multi objective and discrete tasks, which are
solved with a genetic algorithm, mainly expert knowledge and experience is available for certain
influences in early design stages. Fuzzy Rule Based Systems (FRBS) provide a powerful tool to
model such influences via qualitative human knowledge. Based on this idea, a method for building
qualitative, knowledge based models has been developed at the institute and enhanced. As an
example, structural components constructed from composite aluminum profiles with embedded
continuous reinforcing elements have been optimized.
An Approach to Accuracy Improvements in the Flexible Machining of Curved Profiles
Authors: Lanza G. , Fleischer Jürgen , Ruch Daniel
Published: March 2009

This article describes a clamping concept for the flexible machining of spatially curved
profiles developed at the wbk Institute of Production Science of the Universität Karlsruhe (TH).
Simple geometrical considerations form the basis of the prototypically implemented clamping
system design. The approach presented in this article allows for accuracy improvements regarding
the positioning of the profile in the clamping system on the basis of markings applied onto the
surface of the profile. Besides, the preliminary test rig set up and first results on the detection of the
markings by means of digital image processing are presented.
Accuracy Improvement of a Machine Kinematics for the Product Flexible Machining of Curved Extrusion Profiles
Authors: Fleischer Jürgen , Schmidt-Ewig Jan Philipp
Published: March 2009

Within traffic engineering, the importance of lightweight space frame structures continuously
grows. The space frame design offers many advantages for light weight construction but also brings
challenges for the production technology. For example, the important requests concerning product
flexibility and reconfiguration can only be achieved with a high technical effort, if current machine
technology is used. For this reason, the collaborative research center SFB/TR10 investigates the
scientific fundamentals of a process chain for the product flexible and automated production of
space frame structures.
An important component in space frame structures are curved extrusion profiles. Within the
investigated process chain, the extrusions must be machined mechanically in order to apply holes
and to prepare the extrusion ends for the following welding operation.The machining is currently
done by clamping the profile into a fixture and processing it within a machining center. This
procedure has two disadvantages due to the complex geometry and the partially high length of the
extrusion profiles: On the one hand, a complex fixture is needed for clamping the work piece [1].
On the other hand, a machining center with a large workspace and five machine axes is required [2].
Due to this, the product flexible machining with current technology is only possible with high
technical and economical effort. For this reason, a new machine concept for the product flexible
machining of three dimensionally curved extrusion profiles was developed at the University of
Karlsruhe. In this paper, the function of the machine is explained and a prototype is presented. In
addition, investigation results of the machining accuracy are shown and possibilities for improving
the precision are discussed.
Documentation of the Corrosion of Composite-Extruded Aluminium Matrix Extrusions Using the Push-Out Test
Authors: Merzkirch Matthias , Weidenmann Kay André , Kerscher Eberhard , Löhe Detlef
Published: March 2009

A possibility to increase both stiffness and strength of aluminium-based structures for the
application in lightweight profiles for vehicle space frames is the use of composite extrusions in
which high-strength metallic reinforcements are incorporated. Within the scope of the present
investigations, composite-extruded profiles with wire-reinforcements made of austenitic spring steel
1.4310 (X10CrNi18-8), in an aluminium matrix AA6060 (AlMgSi0.5), which were exposed to
different corrosive media for different times, were characterised in terms of the debonding shear
strength using the push-out-technique. The formation of a galvanic couple could be conceived
mathematically in regard of terms describing the formation of a shear-impeding layer and the
corrosive attack. Thereby the parameters for the different media could be determined.
Machining of Lightweight Frame Components
Authors: Biermann Dirk , Weinert Klaus , Zabel Andreas , Engbert T. , Rautenberg Jens
Published: March 2009

Lightweight frame components made of aluminum and load optimized connecting
elements allow the reduction of weight and energy consumption as well as the increase of payload.
Complex frame structures which nowadays can be designed and optimized with the help of modern
simulation technologies require the use of adapted manufacturing technologies. Especially the
flexible machining of single or limited products on the basis of common machining strategies is still
inefficient and economically unacceptable. This article describes the development of adequate
strategies for a high quality machining using simultaneous five-axis milling. Consequently, the
machining of composite extruded aluminum profiles with continuously embedded steel-wire
elements and the preparation of joining areas on nodes and commonly extruded profiles for
innovative joining by forming processes have been analyzed.
Reliability Analysis of Corrosion Fatigue Crack Growth for 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Ge Sen , Li Zhong , Zhang J.G. , Xiao Y.C. , Liu G.Q. , Bao B.S.
Published: March 2009

Fatigue crack growth rate experiments of center-cracked tension (CCT) specimens of the
2024-T3 aluminum alloy under constant-amplitude load in corrosive environment are carried out with
3 kinds of loading frequency. The fatigue crack growth rates in 3.5% NaCl solution are obtained by
using seven-point incremental polynomial method. A probabilistic approach is presented for fatigue
crack growth rate in corrosive environment with log-normal random variable model. The reliability
analysis of crack propagation is conducted based on the experimental data. The crack exceedance
probability at given service time and the distribution of the service time at given crack size are
obtained by using the reliability analysis approach. The effect of loading frequency on crack
propagation is studied. It is shown that the fatigue crack growth rate is increasing with loading
frequency decreasing in corrosive environment. The predicted results by the presented method match
the experimental results very well.
Modeling of Fatigue Crack Growth Based on Two Cyclic Plasticity Models
Authors: Tu Wen Feng , Wang Xiao Gui , Gao Zeng Liang
Published: March 2009

Based on two different cyclic plasticity models, fatigue crack growth for 16MnR steel
specimens is simulated by using the same multi-axial fatigue damage criterion. The first plasticity
model is the Jiang and Sehitoglu model and the second plasticity model is the simple nonlinear
kinematic hardening model. The elastic-plastic stress-strain field near the crack tip is obtained
respectively by using the two plasticity models. According to the same fatigue criterion, different
fatigue damage near the crack tip is determined on the basis of stress-strain responses. The first
plasticity model can accurately capture cyclic plasticity deformation behavior and predictions of
fatigue crack growth rate are in agreement with the experimental results. However, lots of material
constants in the model need to be fitted and more experimental tests should be conducted. The second
plasticity model is very simple. The parameters of the model can be acquired easily by uniaxial fatigue
tests. Compared with experimental data, the prediction results of fatigue crack growth rate lead to
some errors by adopting the second plasticity model.
Fatigue Fracture Behavior of Bearing Steel GCr15 in Very High Cycle Regime
Authors: Zhang Ji Wang , Shiozawa Kazuaki , Lu Lian Tao , Li W. , Zhang Wei Hua
Published: March 2009

In order to investigate the fatigue behaviors in very high cycle fatigue regime of bearing
steel GCr15 (Chinese standard), cantilever-type rotary bending fatigue test was carried out, by using
an hourglass-shaped specimen. As a result, the S-N data were classified into surface grinding flaw
or inclusion induced fracture mode, subsurface inclusion without ‘granular-bright-facet’ (GBF) area
induced fracture mode and subsurface inclusion with GBF area induced fracture mode. Formation
of a GBF area was clearly observed in the vicinity of subsurface inclusion on the fracture surface
ruptured at high- cycle fatigue regime. The cause of the S-N curves of GCr15 obtained by this
experiment continuously decreased, which is different from the common ‘duplex S-N’ curve.
Experiments on fracture surface was carried out based on the ‘dispersive decohesion of spherical
carbide’ model aimed to clarify the mechanism of the formation of GBF area.
Dynamic Characteristics of the Coupled System of the High Pressure Rotor and the Radial Driveshaft of a Turbofan Engine
Authors: Fan Ye Sen , Wang San Min , Yang Zhen
Published: March 2009

In a turbofan engine, the high pressure rotor and the radial driveshaft, which transmit the
power from the internal gear-box to the external gear-box, are geared by a spiral bevel gear pair. In
this paper, a reasonably simplified dynamic model of the coupled rotors system is established, and
then, the coupled stiffness matrix and coupled damping matrix of the spiral bevel gear pair are
deduced. A shaft element method is proposed to investigate the lateral-torsional coupled vibration
equations of the gear-rotor system. Furthermore, the mode shapes and unbalance responses of this
two rotors coupled system are simulated. The results indicate that the system derives many new
modes and the exciting forces on a rotor of the system would be passed to the other rotor for the gears
meshing. When the rotor dynamics of a turbofan engine is being analyzed, the high pressure rotor and
the radial drive shaft must be viewed as a whole. The dynamic balance precision of the rotors should
be qualified properly, in order to improve the dynamic quality of the turbofan engine.
Research on System of Quality Assessing and Defects' Information Managing of Strip Steel Surface
Authors: Zhao Xin Jun , Luo Sheng Yong
Published: March 2009

Under the demand of steel enterprise’s production and consumer’s usage, by way of
making up and improving continuous function of steel strip surface defects inspection system
on-line, the system of grade assessing of surface quality and defects’ information of strip steel has
been set up based on quality statistical method. The system of steel strip surface quality grade
assessing standards has been analyzed by many steel enterprises in different countries and gotten the
limitations of some of the standards. According to the rules of the National Hardwood Lumber
Association of America and the feature of Chinese steel enterprise production, the grade assessing
standards of steel strip surface quality has been established. Based on character of steel strip surface
defects’ information, through the analysis of the requirement, aim and function, system of grade
assessing of surface quality and defects’ information managed of strip steel has been developed to
fit the demand of the enterprises and consumers.
All Set Theory in the Fuzzy-Random Heat Conduction Structure
Authors: Liu Chang Hong , Xuan Fu Zhen
Published: March 2009

According to the all set theory, a fuzzy-random heat conduction model is presented. To
deal with the function, the following steps are taken. Firstly equations of the mean values and
variances of the random thermal function are transformed. Secondly when the heat conduct
parameters are the fuzzy numbers and the temperature boundary conditions are the random numbers,
interval equations of the heat conduction are presented. Thirdly comparing the interval result in
interval analysis with the one in confidence interval, the result in the interval analysis is larger than
that in the confidence interval. Then the error expecting equation is presented. Finally, the interval
analysis to deal with the stability heat conduction is given.
The Influence of HAZ on Fatigue Life of 16Mn Steel
Authors: Chen Gang , Luo Xue Mei , Chen Xu , Zhang Wei Hua
Published: March 2009

In order to understand the influence of Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) on fatigue properties of
16Mn steel, a series of cyclic torsional tests were conducted on 16Mn weld metal, the base metal, and
the HAZ metal. The specimens of 2mm diameter were uniformly-spaced taken from a bulk 16Mn
plate, which included a V-style welded joint in the center, and the space for each specimen was 4mm.
From cyclic fatigue tests performed on specimens at different positions, one can observe that the
fatigue damage evolution in the HAZ is faster than those in the weld and the base metal, i.e., HAZ has
a significant effect on fatigue life of 16Mn. In addition, the peak stress decline curves of HAZ
specimens in different rows are considerably diversified, but the damage evolution and fatigue
properties of HAZ metal are similar in spite of their locations.
Integration of Axiomatic Design and Design Structure Matrix for Product Design
Authors: Tang Dun Bing , Zhang G.J. , Dai S.
Published: March 2009

Axiomatic design and design structure matrix (DSM) are two popular design methods at
the moment, while most related researches only apply the basic ideas of axiomatic design or DSM to
some cases. This paper first analyses the disadvantages of both axiomatic design and DSM. After
deep investigations, the paper then puts forward that there are strong complementarities between
axiomatic design and DSM. Based on the complementarities between axiomatic design and DSM, it
is proposed that axiomatic design’s design matrix (DM) can be transformed into corresponding DSM
for structural evaluation. In this way, axiomatic design and DSM can benefit from each other. The
logic of integration between axiomatic design and DSM is interpreted in this paper. A computer aided
conceptual design system has been developed to enable the integration of axiomatic design and DSM.
Functional Evolution Process Modeling and Management for Conceptual Product Design
Authors: Tang Dun Bing , Xu M.J. , Wan M.
Published: March 2009

Function modeling and evolution is a key stage in conceptual product design. To enable
the efficient functional evolution, the functional evolution process needs to be modeled and managed
in a systematic way. Current PDM systems can effectively manage the ‘final’ product data and
information, but can not deal with documentation about the function design and related evolution
process. Therefore, a functional evolution process modeling management mechanism has been
proposed and a related computer aided system has been developed. Firstly, in an attempt to achieve a
shared understanding of the functional evolution activities, a set of consistent and coherent definitions
of the functional evolution activities are deliberated and presented. Four basic pairs of function
evolution directions have been presented to describe what each specific function evolution design
activity entails, and the function structuring is circumscribed with defined causal function relations
and structural function relations. Then, a function evolution process model is introduced, aiming to
give a support for obtaining an appropriate representation of information about (1) function version
which can reflect the phases of function evolution process, and (2) function evolution activities which
compose the whole function evolution process. A framework for functional evolution process
management has been established, which can not only capture evolution of function objects, but also
record the designer’s functional design intent systematically.
Development of Assistive Medical Device Based on Reverse Engineering and Biomechanics
Authors: Shang G.Q. , Sun C.H. , Chen X.F.
Published: March 2009

The paper presents an innovative process of designing elastic braces to protect injured
joints. Based on the included box of 3D scanned data from the injured joint, a smallish tentative
elastic brace is designed. The strain energy is derived from the strain energy density function, which is
the function of the dimension of the brace, elastic material’s parameters and the motion of the joint.
The stiffness is then confirmed by the derivative of the strain energy. Compared to the stiffness
prescribed by the physician, the modification of these parameters is done until it meets the
requirement. For effective calculation, mesh simplification and parameterization techniques are
applied, which have been widely investigated in computer graphics field. The proposed approach to
strain energy and stiffness calculation makes it available to design a custom-made elastic brace for
injured joints. The simulation results prove it work quite well for designing medical assistive devices.
The research is useful for developing medical devices and intelligent robots.
Robust Optimization Design of Compensative Pulley Block of Luffing Mechanism Using the Compromise Decision Support Problem
Authors: Cheng Xian Fu
Published: March 2009

Robust optimization design essentially has multiple objectives. The compromise Decision
Support Problem (DSP) is a multi-objective mathematical programming formulation that is used to
model engineering decisions involving multiple tradeoffs. In this paper, the compromise DSP is
introduced to robust optimization design, and mathematic model of a compromise DSP for robust
optimization design is presented. In this framework, the tradeoff between the mean and deviation of
performance is made by solving the bi-objective robust design problem. To demonstrate the
feasibility of this approach, a case study involving the design of the compensative pulley block of
luffing mechanism is considered.
A Port-Based Approach to Configuration Design of Mechanical Products
Authors: Cao Dong Xing , Zhang Xiao Jun , Jia Q.L. , Nan L.X.
Published: March 2009

Configuration design lies in the later stage of the conceptual design. It affects the
downstream of design process and decides product structure. Therefore, it is necessary to pursue an
approach to support such design stage activities. Port, as the location of intended interaction, plays an
important role in the configuration design, which abstractly represents the intended exchange of
signals, energy or material in a convenient way. Ontology is an unambiguous and flexible semantic
specification corresponding entities, and it can effectively describe the function of port. In this paper,
we firstly give port concept and port functional description, and their semantic synthesis is used to
describe port ontology. Second, we build an ontology repository which contains the assorted primitive
concepts and primitive knowledge to map the component connections and interactions. Meanwhile
we provide a model of port-based multi-views which contains functional view, behavior view and
configuration view, and gives the attributes and taxonomy of ports. Next, a port-based ontology
language (PBOL) is described to represent the process of port ontology refinement, and a port-based
FBS modeling framework is presented to describe system configuration. Finally, a revised tape case is
given to show the application of the port-based ontology.
Theoretical Research on Inheriting Degree in Appearance Design of Brand Products
Authors: Gao Zhu , Ji Xiao Min , Zhang Chun Qiang
Published: March 2009

In the appearance design of a product, the designer should combine his/her creative
thinking with the industrial design approaches and skills to carry out the creative design from the
aspects of product’s shape, color and texture, etc. However, from the viewpoint of the brand, a
company or a product should have its own unique style of appearance. How to balance the creativity
of designer and the original style is often a contradiction in product design. Based on this
consideration, this paper presented a concept of Inheriting Degree (ID) in product appearance design.
The visual characteristics of the product appearance were analyzed first and the hierarchical system
for ID in product appearance design was established. The idiographic indexes of ID were given for a
product’s appearance in shapes, colors and textures, respectively. By introducing set theory, the
mathematical models were established and calculation formulae for each kind of ID were proposed.
The results of this paper would provide a theoretical foundation for designer to generate design
concepts in brand products. It also would provide a guideline for the development of computer aided
design and evaluation system for the appearance design of brand products.
Function-Oriented Designing and Generating Technology for the Point-Contact Tooth Surfaces of Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gears
Authors: Wu Xun Cheng , Li Cong , Zhang Ruo Ping , Zhang Hai Bo
Published: March 2009

A function-oriented designing and generating technology for the point-contact tooth
surfaces of spiral bevel and hypoid gears is introduced. The tooth surface parameters are determined
directly with the designing variables of the instantaneous transmission function, the locus of tooth
contact points and the tooth contact ellipse dimension to design the point-contact tooth surfaces with
the expected performances. The formulae for designing are provided. The designed tooth surfaces are
generated with the free-form bevel gear machine, and the basic equations and formulae for the
four-axis generating of the tooth surfaces are presented. The generating motions are expressed as the
functions of the work gear rotary angle, which is taken as a motion parameter. The methods to
determine the motion functions and the other machine setting parameters are explained through an
example.
Reliability Analysis of Uncertain Nonlinear System Subject to Correlated Failure
Authors: Zhang X.F. , Zhang Yi Min , Huang Xian Zhen
Published: March 2009

On the basis of the Bouc-Wen hysteretic model, a numerical method for the reliability
analysis of stochastic multi-degree-of-freedom hysteretic system with correlated failure modes is
presented. Under the first passage model, considering the random caused by hysteretic loop itself,
the theory of incomplete probability information and the fourth-moment technique and Gram
Charlier series are employed to develop a numerical reliability analysis method systematically. The
numerical example reveals that in most of cases, though system is characterized by a set of
independent random parameters, the responses are strongly correlated, and correlation coefficient
between the responses is fluctuated with time. The system reliability with correlated failure modes
is evaluated with proposed method, and the result obtained by this method is compared well with
the Monte-Carlo simulations.
The Quantitative Assessment of Domino Effects Based on Stochastic Petri Nets
Authors: Bao Shi Yi , Zhu Jian Xin , Wang Li J. , Jiang Ning , Gao Zeng Liang
Published: March 2009

The quantitative analysis of “domino” effects is one of the main aspects of hazard
assessment in chemical industrial park. This paper demonstrates the application of heterogeneous
stochastic Petri net modeling techniques to the quantitative assessment of the probabilities of domino
effects of major accidents in chemical industrial park. First, five events are included in the domino
effect models of major accidents: pool fire, explosion, boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion
(BLEVE) giving rise to a fragment, jet fire and delayed explosion of a vapour cloud. Then, the
domino effect models are converted into Generalized Stochastic Petri net (GSPN) in which the
probability of the domino effect is calculated automatically. The Stochastic Petri nets’ models, which
are state-space based ones, increase the modeling flexibility but create the state-space explosion
problems. Finally, in order to alleviate the state-space explosion problems of GSPN models, this
paper employs Stochastic Wellformed Net (SWN), a particular class of High-Level (colored) SPN. To
conduct a case study on a chemical industrial park, the probability of domino effects of major
accidents is calculated by using the GSPN model and SWN model in this paper.
Fuzzy Reliability-Based Optimal Design for the Primary Cylinder of Giant Hydraulic Forging Press
Authors: Deng Ying Jian , Liu Z.W.
Published: March 2009

300MN forging hydraulic press is the essential equipment in our country national defense
and the infrastructure, and the primary work cylinder is one important part of the hydraulic press. In
view of the judgment on the Working States of the primary work cylinder whether safe existence
fuzziness, which has carried on the fuzzy reliability analysis and computation to the primary work
cylinder probability law design result and the method of safety coefficient design result, the computed
result indicated that, the design result with traditional safety coefficient is conservative, but based on
probability design result is not safe enough. At the same time, under the condition that don’t reduce
the fuzzy reliability, which has carried on the optimal design based on the finite element software to
the thickness of the primary work cylinder.
Reliability Analysis of Damaged Piezoelectric Structure
Authors: Zhang Dan , An Wei Guang , Lu Xin Shui
Published: March 2009

According to the piezoelectric material damage theory and the fracture criterion based on
damage theory, which has been established by Yang et al, reliability analysis of a damaged
piezoelectric truss is carried out. The expression of safety margins of the piezoelectric beam has been
proposed, with the mechanical damage extension force, electric damage extension force, Inertia
Moment of cross-section and nodal loads as stochastic variables. Then the truss is dealt with
randomly, and the corresponding reliability index is got according to the Taylor stochastic finite
element. The result indicates that the reliability of the system is influenced greatly when the positive
and negative electric fields have been applied on the structure, which provides the basis to control the
reliability of structural system. Finally, through a calculation example, the quantification results of the
reliability index are compared under the conditions of positive electric field, negative electric field or
no electric field.
Research on Product Model Based on Object-Oriented Method
Authors: Qian Xiao Ming , Tang Dun Bing
Published: March 2009

A product structure model for Rapid Product Design (RPD) is discussed. It is composed of
Assembly Topology Tree (ATT) that describes the assembly relation between parts and the Part
Topology Tree (PTT) that describe the geometry relation in a part, and it explains the constraint
relations and the selection conditions between the components and parts. Product model class and its
subclasses are built by Object-Oriented method to describe the structure and relation of a product and
its components. At last an instance of the product structure model is introduced.
Identification of the Optimal Design and its Production Process for One-of-a-Kind Production
Authors: Hong G. , Dean P. , Yang W. , Tu Y.L. , Xue D.
Published: March 2009

One-of-a-kind production (OKP) is a new manufacturing paradigm to produce customized
products based on requirements of individual customers while maintaining the quality and efficiency
of mass production. In this research, a computer-aided optimal product design and process planning
approach is developed to support OKP product design and manufacture to satisfy individual customer
requirements with near to mass production efficiency. In this work, a hybrid AND-OR graph is
developed to model the variations of design configurations/parameters and manufacturing
processes/parameters in generic product family. Since different design configurations and
parameters can be created from the same customer requirements, and each design can be further
achieved through alternative manufacturing processes and parameters, co-evolutionary genetic
programming and numerical optimization are employed to identify the optimal product design
configuration/parameters and manufacturing process/parameters. A case study to identify the
optimal design configuration/parameters and manufacturing process/parameters of custom window
products in an industrial company is introduced to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed
method.
The User Research in New Product Development
Authors: Huang Zhao Hui , Su W.
Published: March 2009

Today, people have gradually realized that when we use new technology to create more
comfortable life, it has paid a heavy environmental price. Therefore, we began to estimate our social
development and design innovations with sustainable development thought. This paper seeks to find
the source of the product life cycle, based on user needs as the research object, from the point of view
as politics, economy, culture, lifestyle and many other aspects. Innovative product design
characteristics of sustainable development are exlplored in depth, so that the products we designed, in
a globalized competition environment, can live in harmony with the society and environment, meet
people's needs, and at the same time, compete in the market with unique charm.
A Primary Research and Exploration on Choosing Green Material in Product Design
Authors: Li Liang Jun , Huang Zhao Hui , Xiong Qi Lin
Published: March 2009

A great idea always needs a certain shape to express itself. Meanwhile, a nice product
design conveys its own connotation through a certain kind of material and manufacturing. As for all
kinds of materials today, how to choose the most appropriate material through its own physical
characteristics, which accords with our design idea and will not jeopardize our environment in the
using process in its whole life span, is the emphasis of this paper.
Fatigue Scatter Factor of Whole Life and Reliability of Aircraft Structure Service Life
Authors: Yan Chu Liang , Liu K.G.
Published: March 2009

The prediction of aircraft structure service life is of great importance to safety of aircraft
structure and human beings. The relation between aircraft structure service life and reliability can
be found by utilizing the fatigue scatter factor of whole life. Only when the service life satisfies the
requirements of reliability, can the safety of airplane be ensured. The fatigue scatter factors of the
service life accords with lognormal distribution and Weibull distribution were studied to provide
important reference for predicting the safe service life of aircraft structure.
Probabilistic Critical Safety Wheel Wear Sizes of Chinese Railway Freight Cars
Authors: Zhao Yong Xiang , Yang Bing , Feng Ming Fei , Li Y. , Liu M.J. , Song Guo Xiang
Published: March 2009

Critical safety wheel wear size is investigated through considering the fatigue safety effect
on RD2 type axle of China railway freight cars. The wheel wear size increase results in a rise of the
wheel-rail contact forces, which increase the fatigue stress history of the axle in service. Therefore,
the size must be controlled to maintain the axle safety in service before the next overhaul inspection.
A field investigation was firstly made on the wear size change regularity. Then, the size related
wheel-rail impact forces are solved by a non-linear Hertzian contact theory with a vehicle multi-body
dynamic model. In addition, a statistical method is further developed for incorporating the impact
forces into the wheelset service load history. Finally, a wear size related critical state equation is
established for ensuring the axle safety in service. A stationary solution is statistically obtained for
the critical wear sizes with respect to the axle circumferential crack and semi-elliptical crack. It is
concluded that the critical safety wear size should be controlled in the range of 100 mm at the
statistical level of survival probability 0.99 and confidence 95%.
Damage Constitutive Model and Failure Mechanism of Lead-Free Solder in CBGA Package
Authors: Hao Wei Na , Chai Guo Zhong , Zhou J.
Published: March 2009

A viscoplastic constitutive model with void damage is developed to analyze the
macroscopic mechanical response and damage mechanism of lead-free solder alloy in CBGA
packaging under cyclic thermal loading. The constitutive model is implemented into ABAQUS
through its user defined material subroutine. Two-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis of a
ceramic ball grid array(CBGA) package is conducted to simulate the viscoplastic deformation and
damage failure process of the lead-free solder joint under cyclic thermal loading. The damage model
is helpful for optimization and reliability of electronic package.
Study on Service Life of Last Stage Blade with Damped Structure in Large Power Steam Turbine
Authors: Zhang Di , Xie Yong Hui
Published: March 2009

Blade which transfers thermal energy of steam into power, is a basic component in steam
turbine. The reliability of blade is heavily influenced by the operating environment. The rotating blade
experiences large inertial load and the wake of nozzle flow impose large variations of aerodynamic
load on blade, in addition, the last stage blade is also affected by corrosion, so accidents of blade
happen from time to time. Preventing blade failure has become one of the major objectives of turbine
design and in-service maintenance. It is said that the reason for most of blade failure is fatigue
fracture. In this study, a synthetical numerical model has been developed to evaluate service life of
blade. At first, a numerical model to analyze the excitation force, dynamic frequency and dynamic
stress of steam turbine blade has been developed, based on the results of dynamic stress analysis, a
model to evaluate the service life of turbine blade has been developed. Many factors such as
manufacturing technology of blade and erosion operating environment are considered to get more
accurate results for service life of blade. At last, a last stage blade group of a large power steam turbine
is analyzed in detail. It is shown clearly that the numerical model can give some rational quantitative
results, and it is suitable for its engineering application to the improvement of the blade reliability.
Analysis and Study of Ergonomics on Virtual Maintenance of Civil Airplane Based on DELMIA
Authors: Wang Wei , Sun You Chao , Kong F.F.
Published: March 2009

By virtual reality technology and ergonomics theory, a basic method of ergonomic
analysis on virtual maintenance of civil airplane is herein presented based on DELMIA modeling
tool. The method is characterized by two steps: (1) establish the appraisal indexes of ergonomics on
virtual maintenance of civil airplane; (2) give a quite complete ergonomic analysis and confirmation
system flow chart. By defining maintenance cases and simulating the virtual maintenance process
under the DELMIA platform, it is possible to accomplish the ergonomic analysis and evaluation
with respect to the ergonomics indexes. The strengths of this method are in its ability to provide the
available data and experience for further ergonomic design research and in its broadly applicable
3-D digital human model well suited for computer simulation. Furthermore, because the ergonomic
analysis problem in maintainability design is indeed a simulation and confirmation process, the use
of simulation techniques and confirmation techniques in this work lends itself to maintainability
concurrent design of civil airplane. The ergonomic analysis method is demonstrated using vision
analysis as an example.
Study on Reliability of Chaotic System of Nonlinear Grid Coupling Based on Adaptive Control
Authors: Yin Yu Feng , Wang Song Lei , Hang Gang
Published: March 2009

As a high-performance flexibility coupling, nonlinear grid coupling has been used widely
in many fields, such as aerospace, aviation, metallurgy for instance compressor system and so on.
Over a long period of fatigue operation, its structure parameters will change a lot. The system is apt to
go chaos, which results in the whole system instability. According to reliability theory and adaptive
control theory, an adaptive control model of nonlinear grid coupling is built in this paper, and a novel
parametric adaptive algorithm is presented. In addition, combining with an instance some numerical
simulation analyses are performed. The reliability of chaotic system of nonlinear grid coupling is
calculated, and some comparisons with the reliability that in normal state are provided. Calculation
and analysis results show that the parametric adaptive control method possesses strong capability of
stability in control, and the working state can be adjusted to normal timely. Consequently, the
reliability of controlled system increases remarkably compared with the reliability of chaotic system.
The method opens up a new way for reliability design of mechanical system, and provides a way to
monitor the security of the whole system dynamically.
On Deformation of the Injection Mold Core
Authors: Jia J.J. , Ge Zheng Hao , Li Y.
Published: March 2009

For injection mold with core, during the injection molding process, the pressure on the core
is usually uneven and will cause the core to deform. In this paper, on the basis of some predigestions
and assumptions of the model, formulas for forecasting the deformation of the circular cross-section
and the rectangular cross-section cores under three different injection ways are analyzed. The
theoretical analysis results of a core with special section are validated through finite element software.
At the end, some suggestions are given to minish the core deformation when the calculation value is
too large.
Damage Equivalent Method of Fatigue Reliability Analysis of Load-Sharing Parallel System
Authors: Hao Guang Bo , Xie Li Yang
Published: March 2009

As for load-sharing parallel system like multi-engine system and wire cable,
dependence-failure must occur due to load redistributing, so the component life distributions
changed. After the analysis of the disadvantage of failure probability equivalent principle and the
transformation of equivalent working time of different life distribution based on damage equivalent
principle, the parallel system reliability model applying full probability formula is established. The
established reliability model provides a new method for reliability analysis of load-sharing parallel
system whose component life follows any distribution.
Reliability-Based Sensitivity Design of Mechanical Components with Arbitrary Distribution Parameters
Authors: Yang Zhou , Zhang Yi Min , Zhu Li Sha
Published: March 2009

In the reliability-based analysis of mechanical joints, as each factor has different effect on
the failure of mechanical joints, the effects of design parameters on reliability of the mechanical
joints are determined with the reliability-based sensitivity analysis method. Furthermore, the
reliability of mechanical joints can be effectively designed. As a matter of fact, if a change of a
certain random parameter has great effect on the reliability of mechanical joints, the parameter must
be strictly controlled in the course of design and manufacture to ensure reliability. Whereas if a
change of a certain random parameter has unobvious effect on the reliability of mechanical joints, it
can be treated as a deterministic value to reduce the complexity of the analysis. In this paper, based
on the reliability design theory, the sensitivity analysis method and the fourth moment technique,
the reliability sensitivity of the mechanical joints with arbitrary distribution parameters is
extensively discussed and a numerical method for reliability sensitivity design is presented. The
variation regularities of reliability sensitivity are obtained and the effects of design parameters on
reliability of the mechanical joints are studied. The method presented in this paper provides
reasonable and necessary reliability basis for the design, manufacture, use and evaluation of the
mechanical joints.