bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On‐line sample concentration techniques in capillary electrophoresis: Velocity gradient techniques and sample concentration techniques for biomolecules
Authors: Lin Cheng‐Huang , Kaneta Takashi
Published: December 2004

Methods with a high sensitivity and high separation efficiency are goals in analytical separation techniques. On‐line sample concentration techniques in capillary electrophoresis (CE) separations have rapidly grown in popularity over the past few years because they achieve this goal. This review describes the methodology and theory associated with a number of different techniques, including electrokinetic and chromatographic methods. For small molecules, several on‐line concentration methods based on velocity gradient techniques are described, in which the electrophoretic velocities of the analyte molecules are manipulated by field amplification, sweeping, and isotachophoretic migration, resulting in the on‐line concentration of the analyte zones. In addition, the on‐line concentration methods for macromolecules are described, since the techniques used for macromolecules (DNAs and proteins), are different from those for small molecules, with respect to either mechanism or methodology. Recent studies relating to this topic are also discussed, including electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques on capillary or microchip.
Towards retrieval of forest cover density over snow from the Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR)
Authors: Nolin Anne W.
Published: December 2004

Vegetation structure and density affect the dynamics of snow accumulation and ablation. Vegetation also affects our ability to estimate snow‐covered area accurately from satellite‐based sensors. The objective of this case study is to demonstrate how the angular pattern of reflectance from vegetation over snow can provide information on forest cover density. Imagery from the Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer was acquired over north‐central Colorado on 15 February 2002. Angular reflectance data were extracted from a variety of image locations and were analysed in conjunction with a digital elevation model and maps of forest cover density and forest cover type. The Rahman–Pinty–Verstraete semi‐empirical parametric model was successfully used to simulate the angular patterns of reflectance. The model's k parameter, a measure of reflectance anisotropy, was used to characterize the angular signatures of selected pixels. Results show distinct patterns of anisotropic reflectance that depend on density and cover type. Non‐forested areas exhibit a bowl‐shaped pattern (k < 1·0) of reflectance versus viewing angle. Low‐density deciduous forests also have this bowl‐shaped reflectance pattern, but this changes as the density increases. Other forest cover types show transitional patterns between bowl and bell shapes and distinct bell‐shaped patterns (k > 1·0) for higher densities. However, the relationship between k and density does not hold for forest cover densities that approach 100%. For a density of 99%, the fir–spruce forest cover type has a distinct bowl shape and a k value of only 0·69. This is in agreement with previous work indicating that sub‐pixel homogeneity (whether because of sparse vegetation cover or extremely dense vegetation cover) will result in k < 1·0. This preliminary study indicates from a qualitative standpoint that multi‐angle reflectance data captures sub‐pixel‐scale information on forest cover density. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a recombinant nucleocapsid protein‐based assay for Anti‐SARS‐CoV IgG detection
Authors: Chan Paul K.S. , Liu Esther Y.M. , Leung Danny T.M. , Cheung Jo L.K. , Ma C.H. , Tam Frankie C.H. , Hui Mamie , Tam John S. , Lim Pak Leong
Published: December 2004

A high throughput accurate assay for anti‐SARS‐CoV IgG detection is needed for large‐scale epidemiological studies. The evaluation of a commercial recombinant nucleocapsid protein‐based microtitre plate enzyme immunoassay, ELISARS™ is described. The results on 150 sera from SARS patients and 450 sera from non‐SARS controls showed that this assay had a high level of sensitivity (96.2% for late serum samples) and specificity (97.8%). The performance and setup of this assay fulfills the requirement as a screening test for large‐scale studies. A vast majority of SARS patients developed antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein. In some patients (10/45), a high level of anti‐nucleocapsid antibody appeared very early in the course of the illness. In contrast, a minority (4 of 105 patients) never developed these antibodies. The implication of differences in antibody response to the nucleocapsid protein deserves further investigation. J. Med. Virol. 75:181–184, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative detection of hepatitis B surface antigen by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay during lamivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus carriers
Authors: Kohmoto Madoka , Enomoto Masaru , Tamori Akihiro , Habu Daiki , Takeda Tadashi , Kawada Norifumi , Sakaguchi Hiroki , Seki Shuichi , Shiomi Susumu , Nishiguchi Shuhei
Published: December 2004

The usefulness of fully automated chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (Architect HBsAg QT) for monitoring serum levels of hepatitis B virus (HBV) during antiviral therapy remains unclear. Using this assay, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was measured in 20 patients with chronic hepatitis B before and during lamivudine treatment. At the start of therapy, 12 patients had detectable hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and 8 did not. The median serum HBV DNA level and HBsAg concentration (25th–75th centile) were 7.2 (6.1–7.8) log genome equivalents/ml and 3,932 (1,585–12,330) IU/ml, respectively. The HBsAg concentration was significantly higher in HBeAg positive than in HBeAg negative patients (P = 0.031). There was a significant correlation between the HBsAg concentration and HBV DNA level (r = 0.490, P = 0.027). The HBsAg concentration negatively correlated with patient age (r = −0.395, P = 0.085). After the start of lamivudine therapy, HBV DNA levels fell rapidly in all patients. Serum HBsAg concentrations also fell in most patients, but to a lesser extent. When drug‐resistant variants emerged, serum HBsAg usually increased before biochemical breakthrough. Although HBV DNA was elevated persistently after the emergence of drug‐resistant variants, the increase in HBsAg was transient. In some patients, the increase in HBsAg preceded the increase in HBV DNA. Monitoring of serum HBsAg concentrations with the use of Architect HBsAg QT, in addition to measurement of HBV DNA levels, is helpful for evaluating the response to lamivudine treatment and for the early detection of drug‐resistant strains. J. Med. Virol. 75:235–239, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple and accurate formulas for the physical dimensions of rectangular microstrip antennas with thin and thick substrates
Authors: Guney K.
Published: December 2004

New, very simple closed‐form formulas for calculating the patch length and width of electrically thin and thick rectangular microstrip antennas (MSAs) are presented. They are obtained by means of a curve‐fitting technique, and are useful for the computer‐aided design of microstrip antennas. The theoretical results obtained by using these new patch length and width formulas are in very good agreement with the experimental results available in the literature. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 257–259, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20603
Investigation of high‐speed boundary‐layer transition by DNS
Authors: Stemmer Christian , Adams Nikolaus A.
Published: December 2004

An investigation of hypersonic boundary‐layer flow along a flat plate is being presented. The high Mach number investigated calls for the consideration of the chemical reactions and the change in thermodynamical properties for temperatures up to T = 6000 K. For the current investigation a test case at M = 20 and the atmospheric conditions at an altitude of H = 50 Km is chosen. The differences to the ideal‐gas result is demonstrated. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulation of flow and electrokinetic transport in a micro‐analysis‐system
Authors: Barz Dominik P. J. , Ehrhard Peter
Published: December 2004

The aim of this work is the investigation of the flow and electrokinetic transport in a micro‐analysis‐system. A mathematical model for electroosmotic and electrophoretic phenomena is introduced in order to perform two‐dimensional, time‐dependent Finite Element simulations for an existing device. The model includes the feature of the flow field, the mass transfer, the external applied electric field and the involved chemistry. The results of the simulation are validated against experimental data and show good agreement. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zur Wärmeübertragung in Scheinwerfern
Authors: Senin Stepan , Karcher Christian
Published: December 2004

Die gekoppelte konvektive und radiative Wärmeübertragung in einem Scheinwerfermodell werden numerisch und experimentell untersucht. In einem vereinfachten Modellexperiment wird das Strömungsfeld mithilfe eines PIV‐Messverfahrens bestimmt. Bei den numerischen Untersuchungen wird das Modellexperiment mit dem kommerziellen Programm STAR‐CD dreidimensional simuliert. Es wird eine gute qualitative und quantitative Übereinstimmung zwischen Messergebnissen und der Vorhersagen der CFD‐Simulationen gefunden. Dadurch wird eine gesicherte Basis geschaffen, die für die Berechnung des Wärmetransports in der komplexen Geometrie eines modernen Automobilscheinwerfers herangezogen werden kann. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Forces acting on particles in separated wall‐bounded shear flow
Authors: Kubik A. , Kleiser L.
Published: December 2004

Trajectories of solid particles in laminar and turbulent flow over a backward‐facing step (BFS) were numerically computed by integrating the equation of motion for particles. The various forces acting on the particles [5],[6] were calculated for a variety of flow Reynolds numbers and for different particle characteristics such as the Stokes number and the particle‐to‐fluid density ratio. The investigation was conducted for the distinct flow regimes of the BFS flow separately. Generally, the drag and gravitation were found to be the most significant forces. The lift and history force were the next most important, mostly two orders of magnitude smaller, but in some cases closing up to the other two in importance. The pressure and virtual mass effects were very small for the majority of cases. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonstationary fluid‐structure interaction vibrations in a parallelepipedtank
Authors: Gavrilova Elena
Published: December 2004

A rigid rectangular parallelepiped tank is filled with a compressible and inviscid fluid as a part of one of its walls is a thin linearly elastic rectangular plate. The problem about the determination of the nonstationary vibrations of the received fluidstructure interaction system is considered. The Laplace transforms, the method of Bubnov‐Galerkin and the method of the crossed strips of G. Warburton are amalgamated to create some fast convergent method to investigate the dynamic behavior of the fluid‐structure interaction system under consideration in the cases of arbitrary supporting conditions of the plate. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new simulation method for turbines in wake—applied to extreme response during operation
Authors: Thomsen Kenneth , Madsen Helge Aagaard
Published: December 2004

The work focuses on prediction of load response for wind turbines operating in wind farms using a newly developed aeroelastic simulation method. The traditionally used concept is to adjust the free flow turbulence intensity to account for increased loads in wind farms—a methodology that might be suitable for fatigue load simulation. For extreme response during operation the success of this simplified approach depends significantly on the physical mechanism causing the extremes. If the physical mechanism creating increased loads in wake operation is different from an increased turbulence intensity, the resulting extremes might be erroneous. For blade loads the traditionally used simplified approach works better than for integrated rotor loads—where the instantaneous load gradient across the rotor disc is causing the extreme loads. In the article the new wake simulation approach is illustrated with flapwise blade loads and yaw loads as examples. In this method it is assumed that the wind speed deficit moves transversally depending on the free turbulence transversal components, and it is used as inflow for the actual turbine. It is shown that the new method simultaneously predicts power reduction and load response characteristics for these loads in wake conditions in good agreement with measurements. The results are compared with the traditionally used simplified method, and this approach seems conservative for some loads, e.g. the extreme blade moments, and non‐conservative for others, e.g. the extreme yaw moments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and characterization of coiled body‐like structures in pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Long Hong , Sun Haijing , Zeng Xianlu , Hao Shui , Jiao Mingda
Published: December 2004

Coiled bodies (CBs) are nuclear organelles which were considered as “universal” nuclear structures in eukaryotic cells, but the formation and function of CBs, especially in plant cells, remained unclear. In this article we reported that CBs in meristematic cells of pea are oval to round obstacles in nucleus and in adjacent to nucleolus, often have the same electron density with nucleolus. We found that CBs could be stained by the rRNP preference staining method, but no rDNA was detected in the structure. Furthermore, our results of immunoelectron microscopy showed that several processing factors, include fibrillarin, U3 snoRNA and ITS1, were present in CB. It seems probable that CBs is derived structurally from nucleolus and act as transport, storage and processing subnucleolar organelles.
Clinical trials update from the Heart Failure Society of America: EMOTE, HERB‐CHF, BEST genetic sub‐study and RHYTHM‐ICD
Authors: Lalukota Krishna , Cleland John G.F. , Ingle Lee , Clark Andrew L. , Coletta Alison P.
Published: December 2004

This article summarises key presentations relevant to the pathophysiology, prevention or treatment of heart failure, from the Heart Failure Society of America annual meeting held in Toronto, Canada. Data from the EnoxiMone in intravenous inOTropE‐dependent subjects (EMOTE) study suggest that the oral PDE‐3 inhibitor enoximone may be effective for weaning severe heart failure patients from intravenous inotropic therapy. Hawthorn Extract Randomised Blinded Trial in CHF (HERB‐CHF) failed to show a benefit of hawthorn extract added to conventional heart failure therapy. A genetic sub‐group analysis of the Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST) study showed that bucindolol reduced mortality and hospitalisations in patients who were homozygous for the Arg389 variant of the β1 adrenoceptor. In the Resynchronisation Hemodynamic Treatment for Heart Failure Management (RHYTHM‐ICD) study, patients randomised to cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) showed an improvement in symptoms and functional capacity compared to the control group.
Baicalein 5,6,7‐trimethyl ether, a flavonoid derivative, stimulates fatty acid β‐oxidation in skin fibroblasts of X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy
Authors: Morita Masashi , Takahashi Ikuko , Kanai Mariko , Okafuji Fumito , Iwashima Makoto , Hayashi Toshimitsu , Watanabe Shiro , Hamazaki Tomohito , Shimozawa Nobuyuki , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Furuya Hirokazu , Yamada Takeshi , Imanaka Tsuneo
Published: December 2004

The purpose of the present study is to identify bioactive compounds with potential for X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD) pharmacological therapy. Various plant natural products including flavonoids were tested for their ability to ameliorate the abnormality of very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) metabolism in cultured skin‐fibroblasts from X‐ALD patients. Of the compounds tested, baicalein 5,6,7‐trimethyl ether (baicalein‐tri‐Me) was found to significantly stimulate the VLCFA β‐oxidation activity. Furthermore, the incorporation of [1‐14C]lignoceric acid into cholesteryl esters was markedly reduced towards the normal level and the VLCFA (C24:0 and C26:0) content was decreased. These results make baicalein‐tri‐Me a candidate for the therapeutic compound for X‐ALD.
Structure–function analysis of a novel member of the LIV‐1 subfamily of zinc transporters, ZIP14
Authors: Taylor K.M. , Morgan H.E. , Johnson A. , Nicholson R.I.
Published: December 2004

Here, we report the first investigation of a novel member of the LZT (LIV‐1 subfamily of ZIP zinc Transporters) subfamily of zinc influx transporters. LZT subfamily sequences all contain a unique and highly conserved metalloprotease motif (HEXPHEXGD) in transmembrane domain V with both histidine residues essential for zinc transport by ZIP (Zrt‐, Irt‐like Proteins) transporters. We investigate here whether ZIP14 (SLC39A14), lacking the initial histidine in this motif, is still able to transport zinc. We demonstrate that this plasma membrane located glycosylated protein functions as a zinc influx transporter in a temperature‐dependant manner.
Provision of catch advice taking account of non-stationarity in productivity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Chaput G. , Legault C.M. , Reddin D.G. , Caron F. , Amiro P.G.
Published: December 2004

The paper presents the data, the models, and the approach for the provision of management advice for a high seas mixed stock fishery on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The approach incorporates observation errors, model uncertainty, and considers a possible shift in the productivity of Atlantic salmon. The risk analysis framework further incorporates uncertainty in the fishery harvest characteristics and presents the catch advice as probabilities of meeting or exceeding the conservation objectives relative to catch options. There is very strong evidence from the analyses that there has been a phase shift in productivity of Atlantic salmon of North American origin in the Northwest Atlantic. The change in productivity likely resulted from a change in marine survival which occurred in the early 1990s and has persisted to date. When the uncertainties in the input data are considered, the most parsimonious models suggest that there has been a shift in absolute abundance independent of variations in the spawner index contributing to the recruitment. There continues to be a large amount of uncertainty in the measures of abundance and population dynamics of Atlantic salmon. Uncertainty in the understanding of population dynamics does not necessarily equate to uncertainty in management advice. If model results suggest that spawning objectives are unattainable even when harvest rates are zero, then any harvest level will either accelerate the rate of decline if the model prediction is correct or diminish the probability of recovery if the model prediction is wrong.
Continuous supply of the neurotrophins BDNF and NT‐3 improve chick motor neuron survival in vivo
Authors: Gibbons Andrew , Wreford Nigel , Pankhurst Jacinta , Bailey Karen
Published: December 2004

Following neurogenesis, motor neurons undergo a phase of large‐scale neuronal loss. During this period, the motor neurons are responsive to specific trophic factors for their survival. Several neurotrophic factors, including the neurotrophins BDNF and NT‐3, have survival effects although no single factor has been shown to support the survival of all motor neurons. It is unclear whether this is due to factor deprivation during the study or whether there are distinct neuronal subpopulations dependent on different factor requirements. In this study, we have used an expression system to supply a continuous source of BDNF and/or NT‐3 to the developing motor neurons in the chick. Continuous supply of BDNF resulted in the survival of 40% of the motor neurons normally lost between embryonic day 6 and embryonic day 10, whereas NT‐3 supported 36% of the motor neurons normally lost. In combination, BDNF and NT‐3 supported 62% of the motor neurons normally lost indicating that there is some redundancy in neurotrophin requirements. Our results show that a continuous supply of neurotrophins is more effective in promoting motor neuron survival than intermittent administration, particularly for NT‐3. However, even with continuous administration of both factors in combination we are unable to support all motor neurons that would normally undergo neuronal degeneration.
Cervical priming with sublingual misoprostol vs. 15‐methyl‐prostaglandin F2α prior to surgical abortion
Authors: Vimala N. , Mittal S. , Dadhwal V.
Published: December 2004

Objective

To compare the efficacy and tolerability of sublingual misoprostol with those of intramuscular 15‐methyl‐prostaglandin F2α (15‐M‐PG F2α) for cervical dilation prior to vacuum aspiration (VA) in first‐trimester pregnancy termination.

Methods

Sixty pregnant women requesting pregnancy termination between the 9th and 12th week were randomized to receive 400 μg of sublingual misoprostol or an intramuscular injection of 125 μg of 15‐M‐PG F2α 2 h prior to vacuum aspiration. Baseline cervical dilation prior to vacuum aspiration was measured using Hegar's dilators. Other variables assessed included procedure duration, intraoperative blood loss, and associated adverse effects. Patient acceptability was assessed by questionnaires completed at the time of discharge from the hospital.

Results

Mean cervical dilation at vacuum aspiration was significantly greater in the misoprostol group than in the 15‐M‐PG F2α group (8.8 vs. 7.6 mm; P<0.01), and preoperative adverse effects were significantly less frequent in the sublingual misoprostol group (P<0.05). However, procedure duration and intraoperative blood loss were similar in both groups. The acceptability rates were 93.3% in the sublingual misoprostol group and 76.6% in the 15‐M‐PG F2α group, respectively; however, 6.6% patients in the sublingual misoprostol group thought that the tablets had an unpleasant taste.

Conclusion

Sublingual misoprostol appears to be an effective alternative to intramuscular 15‐M‐PG F2α for cervical dilation prior to vacuum aspiration in first trimester pregnancy. In addition, misoprostol is inexpensive and convenient to use and has higher patient acceptability rates.
Towards responsive vehicle supply: a simulation‐based investigation into automotive scheduling systems
Authors: Holweg Matthias , Disney Stephen M. , Hines Peter , Naim Mohamed M.
Published: December 2004

Vehicle supply has traditionally been based on forecast‐driven production, and a large fraction of cars has been sold from stock—a practice which incurs considerable cost in terms of stock holding and sales incentives. Derived from successes in other industries, the benefits of responsive supply systems capable of providing customized vehicles in short lead‐times have been pointed out. While the theoretical discussion of such ‘build‐to‐order’ (BTO) strategies is well advanced, the dynamic feasibility of implementing these concepts is far from understood. Using a simulation of a multi‐tier supply chain‐system, this paper investigates the impact of altering key aspects of the scheduling activities with the objective of determining the scope for potential improvements in responsiveness of the supply chain. The simulation results show that current vehicle supply systems are not capable of supporting BTO due to insufficient feedback between supply and demand, as well as due to the strong reliance on forecasting in the scheduling process. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations on how to improve current scheduling systems towards increasing the content of vehicles built to customer order.
An eddy viscosity formulation for oscillatory flow over vortex ripples
Authors: Malarkey J. , Davies A. G.
Published: December 2004

In two‐dimensional oscillatory flow above steep ripples, momentum transfer in the near‐bed layer is dominated by the process of vortex formation and shedding. Here results from a cloud‐in‐cell (CIC) discrete‐vortex model representing this phenomenon are horizontally averaged and then used to infer the behavior of a one‐dimensional vertical (1DV) “convective eddy viscosity.” For symmetric waves, this eddy viscosity has a mean value that is consistent with empirically derived formulae based on laboratory measurements, and a second harmonic that decreases in amplitude from 3 times that of the mean value down to the size of the mean, as the ratio of orbital excursion amplitude to ripple wavelength increases. The peak value of this strongly time‐varying eddy viscosity occurs at about the time of flow reversal in the free‐stream, revealing the qualitatively different nature of the momentum transfer above rippled and flat beds. The general behavior of the eddy viscosity is explored, for ripples of different shape and steepness, through the vortex parameter range, and rules are proposed that allow the behavior of the new eddy viscosity to be extrapolated beyond this range toward the classical flat rough‐bed limit. The simple, 1DV, convective eddy viscosity derived here may be used to represent the vortex‐shedding process in large‐scale practical formulations, and should lead to an improved representation of sediment transport in the rippled‐bed regime.
A mechanism for enhanced upwelling off central Chile: Eddy advection
Authors: Leth Ole , Middleton John F.
Published: December 2004

A regional numerical model is developed for the mid‐Chile shelf and ocean circulation (30°S to 43°S). The model is forced with mean summertime wind stress and transports from a global model. Over the first 10 days, deep (250–300 m) Peru Undercurrent (PUC) water is upwelled to depths of 170–270 m. After this time, upwelling by the steady winds is largely shut down and a 55‐km‐diameter cyclonic eddy is found to grow in deep water off Punta Lavapie. The mechanism for eddy growth is identified to be baroclinic instability of an initial offshore meander of the equatorward Chile Coastal Current (CCC). Over a period of more than 100 days, the onshore arm of the deep‐water eddy upwells PUC water to depths of 150 m toward the shelf. A shallow headland eddy then sweeps this PUC water to depths of less than 50 m and into the Gulf of Arauco. The net upwelling of 200 m is the largest found for the region. Observational evidence is cited for the existence of the deep‐water cyclonic eddy over a period of 4 months. A spatially intermittent PUC is also found to lie below the CCC. In agreement with observational studies, the model also predicts the existence of an offshore branch of the CCC that is directed to the northwest.
Differing methods of accounting ocean carbon sequestration efficiency
Authors: Mueller Kevin , Cao Long , Caldeira Ken , Jain Atul
Published: December 2004

Presently, much of CO2 fossil‐fuel emissions are removed from the atmosphere through natural ocean uptake of CO2. Many schemes have now been proposed by which the accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere could be slowed with intentional further storage of CO2 in the ocean. Our review of the literature indicates inconsistency in whether ambient ocean carbon uptake is included when accounting for the effectiveness of such schemes. This inconsistency is a consequence of differing choices of atmospheric boundary condition. In the case of one particular form of ocean sequestration, namely direct injection of liquefied CO2 emissions into the ocean interior, this choice is the determination of whether the atmospheric CO2 concentration responsively increases due to leakage of injected carbon from the ocean or retains a specified value. We first show how results of simulations using these two different boundary conditions can be related with the convolution of an atmosphere pulse release. We then use a numerical model to present a more complete analysis of the role of these boundary conditions. Finally, we suggest that a responsive atmospheric CO2 boundary condition is appropriate for predicting future carbon concentrations, but a specified atmospheric CO2 boundary condition is appropriate for evaluating how much CO2 storage should be attributed to an ocean storage project.
GPS monitoring of the tropospheric water vapor distribution and variation during the 9 September 2002 torrential precipitation episode in the Cévennes (southern France)
Authors: Champollion C. , Masson F. , Van Baelen J. , Walpersdorf A. , Chéry J. , Doerflinger E.
Published: December 2004

On 8–9 September 2002, torrential rainfall and flooding hit the Gard region in southern France causing extensive damages and casualties. This is an exceptional example of a so‐called Cévenol episode with 24 hour cumulative rainfall up to about 600 mm at some places and more than 200 mm over a large area (5500 km2). In this work we have used GPS data to determine integrated water vapor (IWV) as well as horizontal wet gradients and residuals. Using the IWV, we have monitored the evolution of the convective system associated with the rainfall from the water vapor accumulation stage through the stagnation of the convective cell and finally to the breakup of the system. Our interpretation of the GPS meteorological parameters is supported by synoptic maps, numerical weather analyses, and rain images from meteorological radars. We have evidenced from GPS data that this heavy precipitation is associated with ongoing accumulation of water vapor, even through the raining period, but that rain stopped as soon as the weather circulation pattern changed. The evolution of this event is typical in the context of the Cévenol meteorology. Furthermore, we have shown that the horizontal wet gradients help describe the heterogeneity of the water vapor field and holds information concerning the passage of the convective system. Finally, we have noticed that the residuals, which in theory should be proportional to water vapor heterogeneity, were also highly perturbed by the precipitation itself. In our conclusions we discuss the interest of a regional GPS network for monitoring and for future studies on water vapor tomography.
Preoperative Electrocardiographic Risk Assessment of Atrial Fibrillation After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: GANG YI , HNATKOVA KATERINA , MANDAL KAUSHIK , GHURAN AZAD , MALIK MAREK
Published: December 2004

Introduction: This study evaluated the role of surface ECG in assessment of risk of new‐onset atrial fibrillation (AF) after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG).

Methods and Results: One hundred fifty‐one patients (126 men and 25 women; age 65 ± 10 years) without a history of AF undergoing primary elective and isolated CABG were studied. Standard 12‐lead ECGs and P wave signal‐averaged ECG (PSAE) were recorded 24 hours before CABG using a MAC VU ECG recorder. In addition to routine ECG measurements, two P wave (P wave complexity ratio [pCR]; P wave morphology dispersion [PMD]) and six T wave morphology descriptors (total cosine R to T [TCRT]; T wave morphology dispersion of ascending and descending part of the T wave [aTMD and dTMD], and others), and three PSAE indices (filtered P wave duration [PD]; root mean square voltage of terminal 20 msec of averaged P wave [RMS20]; and integral of P wave [Pi]) were investigated. During a mean hospital stay of 7.3 ± 6.2 days after CABG, 40 (26%) patients developed AF (AF group) and 111 remained AF‐free (no AF group). AF patients were older (69 ± 9 years vs 64 ± 10 years, P = 0.005). PD (135 ± 9 msec vs 133 ± 12 msec, P = NS) and RMS20 (4.5 ± 1.7 μV vs 4.0 ± 1.6 μV, P = NS) in AF were similar to that in no AF, whereas Pi was significantly increased in AF (757 ± 230 μVmsec vs 659 ± 206 μVmsec, P = 0.007). Both pCR (32 ± 11 vs 27 ± 10) and PMD (31.5 ± 14.0 vs 26.4 ± 12.3) were significantly greater in AF (P = 0.012 and 0.048, respectively). TCRT (0.028 ± 0.596 vs 0.310 ± 0.542, P = 0.009) and dTMD (0.63 ± 0.03 vs 0.64 ± 0.02, P = 0.004) were significantly reduced in AF compared with no AF. Measurements of aTMD and three other T wave descriptors were similar in AF and no AF. Significant variables by univariate analysis, including advanced age (P = 0.014), impaired left ventricular function (P = 0.02), greater Pi (P = 0.012), and lower TCRT (P = 0.007) or dTMD, were entered into multiple logistic regression models. Increased Pi (P = 0.038), reduced TCRT (P = 0.040), and lower dTMD (P = 0.014) predicted AF after CABG independently. In patients <70 years, a linear combination of increased pCR and lower TCRT separated AF and no AF with a sensitivity of 74% and specificity of 62% (P = 0.005).

Conclusion: ECG assessment identifies patients vulnerable to AF after CABG. Combination of ECG parameters assessed preoperatively may play an important role in predicting new‐onset AF after CABG.
Biventricular Pacing and Left Ventricular Pacing in Heart Failure:
Authors: BORDACHAR PIERRE , LAFITTE STEPHANE , REUTER SYLVAIN , GARRIGUE STEPHANE , SANDERS PRASHANTHAN , ROUDAUT RAYMOND , JAÏS PIERRE , HAÏSSAGUERRE MICHEL , CLEMENTY JACQUES
Published: December 2004

Introduction: We conducted an acute echocardiographic study comparing hemodynamic and ventricular dyssynchrony parameters during left ventricular pacing (LVP) and biventricular pacing (BVP). We sought to clarify the mechanisms responsible for similar hemodynamic improvement despite differences in electrical activation.

Methods and Results: Thirty‐three patients underwent echocardiography prior to implantation with a multisite pacing device (spontaneous rhythm [SR]) and 2 days after implantation (BVP and LVP). Interventricular dyssynchrony (pulsed‐wave Doppler), extent of myocardium displaying delayed longitudinal contraction (%DLC; tissue tracking), and index of LV dyssynchrony (pulsed‐wave tissue Doppler imaging) were assessed. Compared to SR, BVP and LVP caused similar significant improvement of cardiac output (LVP: 3.2 ± 0.5, BVP: 3.1 ± 0.7, SR: 2.3 ± 0.6 L/min; P < 0.01) and mitral regurgitation (LVP: 25.1 ± 10, BVP: 24.7 ± 11, baseline: 37.9 ± 14% jet area/left atria area; P < 0.01). LVP resulted in a smaller index of LV dyssynchrony than BVP (29 ± 10 vs 34 ± 14; P < 0.05). However, LVP exhibited a longer aortic preejection delay (220 ± 34 vs 186 ± 28 msec; P < 0.01), longer LV electromechanical delays (244.5 ± 39 vs 209.5 ± 47 msec; P < 0.05), greater interventricular dyssynchrony (56.6 ± 18 vs 31.4 ± 18; P < 0.01), and higher%DLC (40.1 ± 08 vs 30.3 ± 09; P < 0.05), leading to shorter LV filling time (387 ± 54 vs 348 ± 44 msec; P < 0.05) compared to BVP.

Conclusion: Although LVP and BVP provide similar hemodynamic improvement, LVP results in more homogeneous but substantially delayed LV contraction, leading to shortened filling time and less reduction in postsystolic contraction. These data may influence the choice of individual optimal pacing configuration.
Effects of the Na+ Channel Blocker Pilsicainide on the Electrophysiologic Properties of Pulmonary Veins in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: KUMAGAI KOICHIRO , TOJO HIDEAKI , NOGUCHI HIROO , YASUDA TOMOO , OGAWA MASAHIRO , NAKASHIMA HIDEKO , ZHANG BO , SAKU KEIJIRO
Published: December 2004

Introduction: Na+ channel blockers are used to treat atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the effects of Na+ channel blockers on the electrophysiologic properties of pulmonary veins (PVs) are not well characterized. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the pure Na+ channel blocker pilsicainide on the PVs.

Methods and Results: PV mapping using a basket catheter was performed in 28 patients with paroxysmal AF. Twenty‐eight PVs, including 20 left superior and 8 right superior PVs, were studied. Programmed stimulation was performed in the distal PV and PV‐left atrial (LA) junction before and after infusion of pilsicainide (1 mg/kg). Pilsicainide significantly prolonged the effective refractory period (ERP) of the distal PV from 163 ± 44 msec to 192 ± 53 msec (P < 0.001), PV‐LA junction from 227 ± 48 msec to 235 ± 52 msec (P < 0.05), and LA appendage from 225 ± 55 msec to 245 ± 48 msec (P < 0.05). Pilsicainide significantly prolonged the conduction time from the distal PV to PV‐LA junction from 45 ± 14 msec to 70 ± 26 msec (P < 0.0001). In 3 of 5 patients who experienced AF termination with pilsicainide, PV‐LA conduction block was observed just before AF termination.

Conclusions: Pilsicainide can modify ERP heterogeneity and conduction properties in the PV and at the PV‐LA junction. Because the PV and PV‐LA junction have important roles as substrates for AF maintenance, pilsicainide may terminate AF by pharmacologic PV isolation.
Effect of sample age and season of collection on the reliability of microsatellite genotyping of faecal DNA
Authors: Piggott Maxine P.
Published: December 2004

Individual identification of animals from DNA in field-collected faecal samples is becoming an increasingly important tool in wildlife population monitoring. A major issue relevant to the application of this technique is the reliability of the genotypes obtained. I investigated the effect of sample age and season of collection on amplification rates and reliability of microsatellite genotypes amplified from faecal DNA of a marsupial herbivore, the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) and a eutherian carnivore, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Comparison of DNA profiles from 1 day to 6 months for both species suggests that as the age of the faeces increases there is less good-quality DNA present on the surface of the faeces, resulting in significantly decreasing amplification rates and increasing genotyping error rates over time. No microsatellite PCR products were obtained from samples older than 3 months from any faecal DNA extract in either season. For both species, faeces collected during the summer trial yielded high-quality DNA for up to one week. Faeces collected in winter had significantly lower amplification rates and higher genotyping errors than the summer-collected samples. Computer simulations were used to estimate the probability of obtaining false genotypes when genotyping faecal samples of various ages. These revealed that three replicates is sufficient to prevent identification of false individuals for P. penicillata from faeces up to one week old in both summer and winter but more replicates may be required for older samples, particularly in winter. In contrast, up to eight replicates may be required for fox faeces collected in winter, particularly if more than one week old. These results also suggest that it is difficult to visually identify faecal age for V. vulpes, and any study using fox faeces would need to account for the likely inclusion of older faeces in a field collection. For P. penicillata, faecal age could be accurately assessed, particularly when less than one week old and targeting faeces that match the two most reliable appearance classes described here would be an efficient sampling strategy. It is recommended that the appropriate PCR replication protocol for any given study should be tailored to the error rates expected for the oldest samples likely to be collected. This study is the first to thoroughly investigate the effects of sample age and season of collection on microsatellite genotyping from faecal samples and provides guidelines for sampling and PCR repetition strategies for field-based non-invasive DNA studies.
Complete comparative genomic analysis of two field isolates of Mamestra configurata nucleopolyhedrovirus-A
Authors: Li Lulin , Li Qianjun , Willis Leslie G. , Erlandson Martin , Theilmann David A. , Donly Cam
Published: December 2004

A second genotype of Mamestra configurata nucleopolyhedrovirus-A (MacoNPV-A), variant 90/4 (v90/4), was identified due to its altered restriction endonuclease profile and reduced virulence for the host insect, M. configurata, relative to the archetypal genotype, MacoNPV-A variant 90/2 (v90/2). To investigate the genetic differences between these two variants, the genome of v90/4 was sequenced completely. The MacoNPV-A v90/4 genome is 153 656 bp in size, 1404 bp smaller than the v90/2 genome. Sequence alignment showed that there was 99·5 % nucleotide sequence identity between the genomes of v90/4 and v90/2. However, the v90/4 genome has 521 point mutations and numerous deletions and insertions when compared to the genome of v90/2. Gene content and organization in the genome of v90/4 is identical to that in v90/2, except for an additional bro gene that is found in the v90/2 genome. The region between hr1 and orf31 shows the greatest divergence between the two genomes. This region contains three bro genes, which are among the most variable baculovirus genes. These results, together with other published data, suggest that bro genes may influence baculovirus genome diversity and may be involved in recombination between baculovirus genomes. Many ambiguous residues found in the v90/4 sequence also reveal the presence of 214 sequence polymorphisms. Sequence analysis of cloned HindIII fragments of the original MacoNPV field isolate that the 90/4 variant was derived from indicates that v90/4 is an authentic variant and may represent approximately 25 % of the genotypes in the field isolate. These results provide evidence of extensive sequence variation among the individual genomes comprising a natural baculovirus outbreak in a continuous host population.
A study on urogenital complaints of postmenopausal women aged 50 and over
Authors: Oskay Umran Yesiltepe , Beji Nezihe Kizilkaya , Yalcin Onay
Published: December 2004

Objective.  The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of urogenital complaints in postmenopausal women aged 50 and over.

Methods.  The study was carried out in the city of Istanbul on women within the age range of 50 and over. The statistical figures for these women were obtained from the latest national census. The number of sampling was determined to be 500, each representing a population of 10 000 women. Thus, the sampling consisted of 500 postmenopausal women who had applied to various health centers either to seek remedy for their health problems other than urinary incontinence (UI) or to accompany inpatients. Women in the surgical stage of menopause were excluded from the study group. A specifically designed questionnaire was used to gather data on urogenital complaints. The data obtained by this means was analyzed according to Thomas criteria, which classifies incontinence as rare, regularly and serious. UI was defined according to the International Continence Society (ICS) classification.

Results.  Of the interviewees 68.8% reported UI, 28.8% of whom had serious UI requires continuously the use of ped. It was determined that 37.2% of the women with UI had stress incontinence symptoms, 32.3% urge incontinence symptoms, and 30.5% mixed incontinence. Of the women 46.5% had UI problems for 5 years or longer, and 75% reported that their complaints had started after menopause; 18.2% of the women suffered from vaginal discharge and pruritus, while 23% experienced vaginal dryness; 51.2% of the women were sexually active. However, 83.6% of this group of women reported a decrease in sexual desire and frequency of intercourse. Likewise, 78.1% experienced a decline in sexual satisfaction, 77.7% difficulty in having orgasm, and 45.3% dyspareunia. Logistic regression analysis showed that existence of a chronic illness, frequent urethral infections, a high value of body mass index and chronic constipation increased the prevalence of UI.

Conclusions.  Urinary incontinence and sexual problems, particularly decline in sexual desire, are widespread among postmenopausal women. Frequent urinary tract infections, obesity, chronic constipation and other chronic illnesses seem to be the predictors of UI.
Comparative analysis of morphometric characters of juvenile sterlet Acipenser ruthenus L. from natural population and aquaculture
Authors: Lenhardt M. , Prokes M. , Jaric I. Z. , Barus V. , Kolarevic J. , Krupka I. , Cvijanovic G. , Cakic P. , Gacic Z.
Published: December 2004

A comparative analysis was performed on sixteen morphometric characters, in three different juvenile sterlet Acipenser ruthenus L. populations. Specimens were collected from a wild population in the Serbian part of the Danube River (n = 46), from aquaculture stocks in the Czech Republic originating from Russia (n = 40), and aquaculture stocks in the Slovak Republic originating from Slovakian part of the Danube River (n = 28). Average values for total length were 29·9 ± 3·9 cm, 29·1 ± 3·7 cm and 27·3 ± 7·7 cm for Serbia, Czech Republic and Slovak Republic, respectively. Populations were compared using t‐test and sequential Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was applied in order to determine significant differences between them. Results of analysis showed that all three populations differed in prebarbel length, interocular distance and maximum head width. Although all these characters are head‐related, head length itself was very uniform among all populations. The natural population from the Serbian part of the Danube River differed from the populations reared in aquaculture in seven morphometric characters. The two populations reared in aquaculture consistently showed lower morphological variability than the wild population, even though they had different genetic backgrounds (Russia and Slovakia). Future genetic studies will show if this tendency is caused by a reduction in genetic variability.
Expansionary Fiscal Contractions? Evidence from Panel Data
Authors: Hogan Vincent
Published: December 2004

We examine the ability of the expansionary fiscal contraction (EFC) hypothesis to explain the performance of OECD economies during fiscal crises. We find some limited evidence in its favour: if public consumption is reduced in response to a fiscal crisis (as defined by a high level of debt), private consumption does seem to increase. However, the size of the effect is smaller than that typically found in other studies. Furthermore, the increase in private consumption is usually not sufficient to offset the direct effect of a reduction in public consumption on output—fiscal contractions are not literally expansionary.
Teams, Teamwork and Absence*
Authors: Heywood John S. , Jirjahn Uwe
Published: December 2004

We argue that firms with interdependent worker productivity, team production, have a higher cost of absence and, as a consequence, spend additional resources on monitoring absence. As a result, firms with team production should have lower absence rates. We estimate the determinants of absence for blue‐collar workers using a sample of German manufacturing establishments. Workplace teams are used as a proxy for team production. The estimates reveal that firms with teams have lower absence rates, as do smaller establishments. The size effect, however, is unique to establishments with teams, which fits prior theoretical work that has not been previously tested.