bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY IN THE RAT: AN HORMONAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE MECHANISM OF PARTURITION. EFFECT ON THE FEMALE RAT OF THE ANTE‐NATAL ADMINISTRATION OF ŒSTRIN TO THE MOTHER
Authors: Hain A. M.
Published: December 2014

1. “Delayed” abortion (i.e. 36–72 hours after the last injection) following multiple injections of iestrin was less frequent in rats than in mice; very large amounts of cestrin were required; there was no “immediate” abortion (i.e. within 1–6 hours of the last injection). The gestation period was sometimes prolonged by 3–5 days after the injection of large quantities of oestrin.

2. The subsequent injection of an extract of anterior pituitary or of an oestrin‐free extract of human pregnancy urine did not cause a significant increase in the percentage of “delayed” abortions which occurred when oestrin alone was injected There was an increase in the number of prolonged pregnancies.

3. The synergism between œstrin and oxytocin demonstrated in the mouse does not, apparently, exist in the rat.

4. The administration to pregnant rats of placentæ, hypophyses, uterus, and blood of parturient rats did not cause abortion.

5. The process of parturition in the normal pregnant rat is described.

6. A modification of the corpus urethrae involving a displacement of the urethra occurred in all surviving female foetuses born to rats injected with large quantities of cestrin late in pregnancy. The subsequent injection of oxytocin failed to cause abortion in animals in which this modification of the fcetal genitalia was induced.
DIFFUSION OF IODIDE INTO AND OUT OF THE VOLUNTARY MUSCLES OF THE FROG
Authors: Ghaffar Abdul
Published: December 2014

1. Observations on the diffusion of iodide into the muscle when immersed in a Ringer's solution containing sodium iodide shows that in the case of fresh muscle only about one‐third of its muscle water seems to be involved in the diffusion process, the rest appearing to be shut off by membranes impermeable to iodide. In muscle in heat rigor, however, iodide can diffuse through nearly the whole of its muscle water.

2. The diffusion constants of iodide through (a) fresh muscle of frog previously soaked in Ringer solution containing sodium iodide, and (b) muscle in heat rigor similarly treated, are determined and found to be 1·2 x 10−4 and 8·5 x 10−4 respectively. These values indicate that the surface through which diffusion occurs in the case of muscle in rigor is rather less than three times the surface through which iodide can diffuse in fresh muscle. These results support the direct estimations mentioned above.

3. Diffusion constant of iodide through an agar jelly was found to be about 9 x 10−4.

I am obliged to Dr. P. Eggleton for his continual help and advice in the conduct of this work.

The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Endowment Fund.
THE ELECTROMYOGRAM OF THE STRYCHNINE TETANUS IN THE GASTROCNEMIUS OF THE FROG
Authors: Smyth D. H.
Published: December 2014

An electrical recording system for biological work is described, consisting of a valve amplifier and an oscillograph of the Blondell movingiron type.

The electromyogram of the strychnine tetanus in the gastrocnemius of the frog is described. It consists of groups of oscillations, the frequency of the groups depending on the temperature of the spinal cord, and the frequency of the oscillations depending on the temperature of the leg.

No evidence has been obtained of a rhythm which could be regarded as the rhythm of each discharge from the cord.

The end of each tetanus appears to be brought about by central rather than by peripheral fatigue.

I am indebted to Professor T. H. Milroy for his advice and criticism during this work.
THE POTENTIATION OF HISTAMINE AND TYRAMINE EFFECTS BY THE COMBINED ACTION OF ERGOTOXINE AND COCAINE
Authors: de Burgh Daly I. , Foggie P. , von Ludány G.
Published: December 2014

In isolated perfused lungs—

1. Cocaine enhances to a small extent the pressor action of adrenaline, but has no constant action on the pressor action of tyramine.

2. Adrenaline steadily infused into the circulation for half an hour is sometimes effective in potentiating the pressor action of tyramine.

3. The pressor response to tyramine may be present at a time when quantitatively similar doses of adrenaline are ineffective.

4. Ergotoxine reverses or suppresses the pressor action of adrenaline, but has no significant effect on that of tyramine.

5. In ergotoxinised preparations cocaine has no action on the adrenaline depressor response, but produces a marked potentiation of the tyramine pressor response.

6. The histamine pressor response is not potentiated by cocaine in ergotoxinised preparations.

7. Reasons are given for the opinion that tyramine exerts its action directly on the muscle of the pulmonary vascular bed.

In the ergotoxinised non‐pregnant guinea‐pig uterus, cocaine enhances the contractions produced by tyramine or by histamine. No such enhancement takes place in the ergotoxinised guinea‐pig intestine or ergotoxinised cat's nictitating membrane.

The expenses of this research have been defrayed in part by a grant to one of us (I. de B. D.) from the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society, to whom we express our thanks.
THE METABOLISM OF THE ISOLATED MAMMALIAN HEART UNDER PARTIAL ANOXIA
Authors: Bogue J. Yule , Chang I. , Gregory R. A.
Published: December 2014

1. In gradually increasing anaerobiosis the heart continues to use glucose and lactate. Failure occurs when the oxygen tension has fallen to between 15 and 30 mm. Hg. The onset of failure is sudden.

2. There is evidence of a production of lactic acid in the terminal stages of asphyxia.

3. The survival time of the heart is prolonged by increased glucose concentration in the blood. The presence of lactate does not appear materially to affect the survival time.

4. Glycogen depletion is prevented by moderate concentrations of glucose and lactate. High lactate alone prevents the depletion of glycogen. But with low lactate and normal glucose some glycogen breakdown can occur.

5. The heart is able to immobilise I.A.A., since the addition of I.A.A. to the circulating blood in the heart‐oxygenator preparation does not inhibit glycolysis.

6. Glycolysis is inhibited by the addition of I.A.A. to blood which is not afterwards circulated through the heart.

7. Concentrations of I.A.A. up to 1 : 10,000 have no apparent effect on the usage of glucose and lactate by the heart in aerobic conditions.

8. The time of survival in anaerobiosis is shortened by the presence of I.A.A. The presence of lactate appears to prolong the survival time, while the presence of glucose tends to shorten this time. But glucose prevents the depletion of glycogen under these conditions.

9. The heart, when poisoned with I.A.A. and asphyxiated, continues to utilise glucose and lactic acid, and glycogen if the blood glucose and lactate is low.

The authors wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to Professor C. Lovatt Evans for the excellent facilities, helpful criticism, and advice throughout the course of this work.

The costs of this investigation were in part defrayed out of a grant from the Thomas Smythe Hughes and Beaverbrook Funds by the University of London to R.A.G., and of a grant from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society to J.Y.B.
KINETICS OF CHOLINE ESTERASE
Authors: Clark A. J. , Raventós J. , Stedman E. , Stedman Ellen
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of hydrolysis of Ac.Ch. by esterase has been measured by chemical and by biological methods and the results obtained show a good agreement.

2. With high concentrations of Ac.Ch. (more than 0·01 per cent.) the amount hydrolysed per sec. is constant.

3. With low concentrations of Ac.Ch. (less than 0·001 per cent. or 5 x 10−5 molar) the amount of Ac.Ch. hydrolysed per sec. varies as (conc. Ac.Ch.)0·83.

4. The amount of Ac.Ch. hydrolysed per sec. is approximately proportional to the esterase concentration.

5. These results indicate that with the undiluted stock esterase solution the time for half hydrolysis of low concentrations of Ac.Ch. (1 in 10 million) is about 0·2 sec.

The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Fund of the University of Edinburgh, for which the authors desire to tender their thanks.
INCREASE OF RESISTANCE TO OXYGEN WANT IN ANIMALS ON CERTAIN DIETS
Authors: Campbell Argyll
Published: December 2014

1. Compared with the normal diet, a pure carrot diet gives definite protection against acute oxygen want, in the case of the animals tested (rats, mice).

2. A synthetic non‐protein diet with almost no fat and containing rice‐starch 70•5 per cent., yeast 3 per cent., salts 1•5 per cent., and 25 per cent. of cellulose gives some similar protection. If the cellulose is replaced by a similar percentage of kaolin or agar no protection is gained. The cellulose action therefore does not appear to be mechanical or merely adsorptive.

3. Proteins enhance the effects of oxygen want, opposing the action of carrots. Specific dynamic action or toxic unoxidised by‐products may be concerned.

4. The protection given by carrots is not due entirely to their low protein, low fat, and cellulose content, since carrots give much better protection than parsnips which also have similar low percentages of protein and fat. Also the cellulose content of the parsnips consumed is similar in absolute quantity to that in the carrot consumed.

5. Carrots must either contain an extra substance which opposes the effects of oxygen want or they must lack some factor or factors which enhance oxygen want. Boiling for 15 minutes does not lower the protective power of the carrots. Similar diets with adequate carbohydrate, salts, and vitamins might be given a trial for patients with oxygen want. Body‐weight and vigour seem to be fairly well maintained on such a diet for at least a week in rats.

6. It is possible that a detoxicating action in the intestine or elsewhere may play some part in the protection, and the anærobic fermentation of cellulose may also be indirectly concerned.

I am indebted to Sir Robert Davis for facilities at Messrs. Siebe Gorman's premises, S.E.1; also to my colleagues, Dr. C. Rimington, Mr. T. A. Webster, and Mr. H. P. Marks, for some co‐operation, information re diet, and the estimations of liver glycogen respectively. Dr. O. Guggenheim of Basle kindly provided the sample of lactoflavin.
THE CHOLINE ESTERASE CONTENT OF THE MUSCLE OF MYASTHENIA GRAVIS AND OF THE SERUM OF FOUR OTHER GROUPS OF CLINICAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Jones Maxwell S. , Stadie William C.
Published: December 2014

1. In one case of myasthenia gravis, the choline esterase content of affected muscle was found essentially the same as that of two specimens normal human muscle. Our findings are opposed to the hypothesis that myasthenia gravis is due to an excess of choline esterase in the muscle.

2. The mean choline esterase content of the serum of 76 miscellaneous psychotic states was found to be slightly lower than the normal value.

3. In 37 advanced phthisical patients the mean esterase value was markedly lower than normal.

4. In 9 cases of advanced carcinoma there was also a marked lowering of the choline esterase of the serum.
BRONCHO‐AND VASO‐MOTOR RESPONSES OF GUINEA‐PIG LUNGS
Authors: Petrovskaia B.
Published: December 2014

In isolated perfused lungs of the guinea‐pig perfused with recirculating Ringer‐Locke solution:

1. Acetylcholine raises the intrapulmonary pressure and diminishes the venous outflow, both effects being abolished by atropine.

2. Adrenaline frequently produces a fall in intrapulmonary pressure together with an increase in venous outflow. When no change in intrapulmonary pressure occurs a fall in venous outflow takes place. These results confirm those of Dale and Narayana. In addition it has been found that adrenaline may cause under certain conditions a slight but definite rise in intrapulmonary pressure; the latter phenome‐non may possibly depend upon the retention in the circulating perfusate of substances diffusing out from the lung tissues. It was found that ergotoxine converts this adrenaline intrapulmonary rise to a fall.

3. Stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut cervical vagosympathetic nerves usually causes a rise in intrapulmonary pressure associated with a diminution or no change in outflow.

4. Stimulation of the peripheral ends of the cut cervical sympathetic nerves produced a rise in intrapulmonary pressure without any associated change in the venous outflow in one experiment. In three experiments on ergotoxinised animals a fall in intrapulmonary pressure took place, again without any significant venous outflow change.

5. Stimulation of the peripheral ends of the cervical vagi leads to a rise in intrapulmonary pressure together with a diminution or no change in the venous outflow.

6. Ergotoxine reverses the bronchoconstriction produced by stimulation of the cervical vagi or cervical vagosympathetic nerves.

7. Examination of variations in the venous outflow and intra‐pulmonary pressure, whether spontaneous or due to nerve stimulations or drug administrations, shows that the venous outflow alterations are not always dependent upon bronchomotor effects.

The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Endowment Committee, for which I wish to express my thanks.
ŒSTROGENIC AND ANDROGENIC SUBSTANCES IN ADVANCED PREGNANCY
Authors: Hain A. M.
Published: December 2014

1. A study of the hormone concentration in the urine of 45 women in advanced pregnancy shows that marked differences exist between individuals, and cases should be considered individually.

2. The averages show a marked rise in excretion of the various forms of cestrin during the 10th month preceded by a relatively low level.

3. By far the greater portion of the cestrogenic substance excreted in pregnancy is found in a form which is separated with the cestriol fraction.

4. There is no indication that very high values of cestrin are necesarily associated with the onset of labour either in the combined or “free” form.

5. There is less androgen excreted by the pregnant than by the non‐pregnant woman.

6. The androgens do not bear any quantitative relationship to the œstrogens.

7. Certain facts suggest that, although the androgenic substance in urine of pregnancy has no cestrogenic action, it may augment the cestrogenic effect of the cestrogens. The expenses of this investigation were defrayed entirely by grants from the Medical Research Council.

The author wishes to acknowledge her indebtedness to Dr. Parkes for helpful criticism, and also to Dr. Callow. Without the valuable co‐operation of the Matrons of the Haig Ferguson Memorial Home and Bonnington Bank Home, the investigation could not have been made. Thanks are also due to Professor R. W.
Johnstone and Dr. Edwin Robertson for access to the case records.
THE REACTION OF FEMALE MONKEYS TO VARIOUS TYPES OF GONADOTROPIC EXTRACTS
Authors: De Fremery P.
Published: December 2014

1. Gonadotropic substances of pituitary origin, extracted from hog's pituitary, human pituitary, and human menopausal urine, produce growth of the ovarian follicles, but no ovulation or luteinisation, in immature Macaca irus or Macaca mulatta.

2. Gonadotropic substances of chorionic origin, extracted from human placenta and human pregnancy urine, are inactive in all these respects.

3. No luteinisation occurs in follicles when, after previous stimulation by a pituitary preparation, a preparation of human pregnancy urine is administered.

4. It is impossible to augment the activity of a pituitary preparation in immature female monkeys by the synergistic or the Maxwell technique.

5. The pituitary glands of the experimental monkeys induced follicle ripening and luteinisation when implanted into the immature female rat.

6. The serum of untreated immature animals contains no antiactivity against gonadotropic hormones of chorionic origin.

7. It is possible to inhibit the activity of the gonadotropic hormones present in the human pituitary, by the simultaneous administration of serum of a goat treated for several months with gonadotropic preparations of human pregnancy urine. This serum does not inhibit the activity of hog pituitary extract.
DIET AND RESISTANCE TO OXYGEN WANT
Authors: Campbell J. Argyll
Published: December 2014

1. The factors underlying the beneficial effect of a pure carrot diet in oxygen deficiency are somewhat complex, and include (a) low protein content (1 per cent.), (b) presence of fibre, (c) presence of glutamine, (d) some unknown factor. Fibre may act as an adsorbent, since good results have now been obtained also with charcoal, paper pulp, and kaolin, fed in synthetic diets for 6 days.

2. Diets of parsnips, beetroot, apples, and bananas also give good protection, and probably for reasons similar to (1).

3. Zein (obtained from Glaxo Laboratories) is the only protein so far tested which may constitute 50 per cent. of the diet and give protection against oxygen want, somewhat similar in extent to that of the carrot diet. Zein may contain some special factor or unknown amino‐acid. Gelatin gives less but some favourable effect and gluten is not altogether unfavourable, but casein and meat are bad proteins for a diet during oxygen want.

4. In oxygen deficiency the unfavourable amino‐acids are histidine, which gives rise to histamine, and arginine, which gives origin to guanidine. Rats do not like diets containing much histidine or arginine. Collapse is a symptom of histamine poisoning and also of severe oxygen want. Cystine (keratin) is also unfavourable.

5. Amino‐acids which appear to aid protection in some degree against oxygen want include tryptophane, tyrosine, lysine, and glutamic acid; alanine and leucine are neither unfavourable nor do they give any extra help. The zein effect is, however, not fully explained by these results.

6. On the above evidence, suitable articles of diet for subjects exposed to the effects of oxygen want due either to disease or to high altitude are zein (but not whole maize), carrots, parsnips, beetroot, apples, bananas, starch, glucose, fat (lard), vitamins, and salts. Gelatin and gluten (flour) might be used also in very moderate quantity and milk in small quantity.

I am indebted to Sir Robert Davis for facilities at Messrs. Siebe Gorman's premises; also to my colleague, Dr. H. King, for providing some of the amino‐acids; to Dr. C. Rimington for some co‐operation; and to my assistant, Mr. C. Pergande, for much help throughout this research.
THE CONTROL OF THE BLOOD‐FLOW THROUGH THE INTESTINE AS STUDIED BY THE EFFECT OF ADRENALINE
Authors: Goetz Robert H.
Published: December 2014

The response of the intestinal volume to adrenaline was registered with a new method simultaneously with the blood‐pressure, the blood‐flow through the skin, and the respiratory rate. The method is considered to give more accurate results than those previously described, and is described in detail.

Neither the traditional view based on experiments by Oliver and Schäfer [1895], which credits adrenaline for having a more powerful constrictor action upon the intestinal vessels than anywhere else, nor the more recent opinion of Orahovats and Gotsev [1935] and of Gotsev [1937], that adrenaline constricts the intestinal volume in only 35 per cent. of all experiments, could be confirmed. The effect of adrenaline upon the intestinal vessels depends upon the applied dose. The smallest doses increase the volume only; after larger doses a feeble and transient early decrease takes place, followed by a prolonged dilatation. Contrary to the general accepted opinion, this dilatation was found throughout to dominate the picture obtained. No relation, however, could be detected between the effect of adrenaline on the intestinal vessels and the course of the blood‐pressure response. The results support the view that adrenaline acts as a blood distributor and not blood‐pressure augmentor hormone.

Results communicated in a previous paper [1939] upon the effect of adrenaline on the skin vessels could be confirmed.
SUGAR, WATER, AND CREATININE EXCRETION IN NORMAL AND IN B‐AVITAMINOTIC DOGS
Authors: Hamar N.
Published: December 2014

1. In dogs in normal, in the prodromal, as well as in fully developed B‐avitaminotic stages, the blood and urine sugar concentrations were determined after intravenous glucose injection. At the same time the rate of glomerular ultrafiltration was determined by the use of the creatinine clearance test.

2. It was found that the sugar content of the blood decreases morea slowly in the prodromal and fully developed stages' of B‐avitaminosis.

3. The rate of ultrafiltration in the whole kidney of the normal animal shows a gradual decrease tending to reach an asymptotic minimum at the 50th minute. In both the prodromal and the fully developed stages of B‐avitaminosis, the rate of glomerular ultrafiltration is not gradually decreasing towards an asymptotic minimum, but shows great variations. There is a big fall in the rate of ultrafiltration during the 10‐20‐minute period, and this is followed by an increase. During the experimental period there is no asymptotic minimum.

4. The sugar excretion in the whole kidney in prodromal and in fully developed B‐avitaminosis is increased as compared with the normal.

5. The increased sugar excretion is due to two causes: an extrarenal and an intrarenal cause. The extrarenal cause is the greater sugar concentration in the glomerular ultrafiltrate‐due to the slower sugar uptake of the body‐cells; the intrarenal is a decrease in the efficiency of the tubular epithelium to absorb sugar from the ultrafiltrate.
THE CHEMICAL EXCITABILITY OF THE ISOLATED RABBIT SMALL INTESTINE
Authors: Chang Pei‐Yen , Hsu Fong‐Yen
Published: December 2014

1. The motility of the isolated rabbit intestine was registered in Tyrode solution. One, two, or three segments sampled from different levels of the intestine were used at a time and their response to various chemical stimulants and depressants compared.

2. Segments taken from upper levels of the intestine are generally more sensitive to acetylcholine, while those from lower levels are more senstitive to adrenaline.

3. This gradient of chemical excitability is easily upset by shock and asphyxia of the animal during the preparation of the intestine.

4. The stimulating action of barium, eserine, histamine, pilocarpine, and choline, and the depressing action of atropine, potassium, and magnesium are about equal in all the segments.

5. The difference in excitability of the intestinal muscle to the neuro‐hormones is probably an innate property of the muscle fibres of the intestine which is closely related to the gradient of rhythmicity of the muscle. The possible physiological significance of the phenomenon is discussed.
ACTION OF INTRATHECALLY INJECTED PROSTIGMINE, ACETYLCHOLINE, AND ESERINE ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN MAN
Authors: Kremer Michael
Published: December 2014

1. Prostigmine was injected in doses of 0·1‐1·5 mg. intrathecally 73 times in 37 patients (with evidence of pyramidal tract involvement) and in 3 subjects with normal central nervous system. In all cases it produced depression of muscle tone and reflexes by a direct action on the spinal cord. The distal part of the cord was involved first and the depression gradually ascended to involve the centres controlling the arms. The face was involved rarely. Changes in blood‐pressure, pulse‐rate and respiration were small and irregular. Nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness commonly occurred when large doses were employed. Voluntary movement was impaired. Bladder emptying was temporarily abolished. No changes in sensation were ever noted. Observations were made in patients with spinal block. Injection of prostigmine intrathecally below the level of the block produced depression of the spinal cord limited strictly to the cord below the level of the block. No general disturbances such as nausea or drowsiness developed. In such cases flexor tone, flexor spasms, and flexor reflexes were abolished at the same rate and to the same degree as extensor reflexes. All the above actions of prostigmine are unaffected by subcutaneous injections of atropine. They contrast markedly with the results of injection of prostigmine intramuscularly or intravenously.

2. Intrathecally injected acetylcholine in doses of 2‐500 mg. had no effects on the spinal cord or elsewhere. 10 mg. of acetylcholine injected together with 0·1 mg. of prostigmine produced effects on the spinal cord in every way similar to those of larger doses of prostigmine.

3. Eserine sulphate in doses of 0‐25‐1 mg. injected intrathecally produces an initial transient depression of spinal reflexes followed by a rapid return to a level exceeding that noted prior to the injection. Experiments in a case of spinal block show that both the initial depression and the secondary excitation are due to a direct action on the spinal cord—the effects being limited to the cord region distal to the block. In this case too the excitatory phase of the response was particularly striking, involving both flexor and extensor reflexes. Unlike prostigmine, eserine produces striking sensory changes including facilitation of sensory transmission. Suggestions are made to explain the difference in central action of prostigmine and eserine.

This work was interrupted by the outbreak of the War. I gratefully express my thanks to Professor Francis Fraser in whose department the research was carried out, to Professor Samson Wright for his help in the preparation of the paper, and to the Medical Officer of Health, London County Council, for permission to include the notes on the patients.
SUBCUTANEOUS TEMPERATURES IN MODERATE TEMPERATURE BURNS
Authors: Mendelssohn K. , Rossiter R. J.
Published: December 2014

1. For a corresponding degree of narcosis, nembutal caused a lesser fall in the body temperature of guinea‐pigs than ether.

2. The horizontal distribution of subcutaneous temperature under the previously described burning iron has been plotted.

3. For temperatures of the burning iron ranging from 45° to 70°C., observations have been made of the final equilibrium subcutaneous temperature; similar observations have also been made on subcutaneous temperature reached after a 1‐minute application of the iron.

4. The temperatures, at which the changes produced by burning occur, have been defined with greater accuracy.

The authors wish to thank Professor R. A. Peters, F.R.S., for his continued interest and Dr. David Evans and Dr. M. C. Manifold for their help with the planning of this investigation. One of us (K. M.) is indebted to the Medical Research Council for a personal grant and the other (R. J. R.) to the Carnegie Trustees. The Medical Research Council has also contributed towards the cost of this research.
INTERCELLULAR PLASMA IN THE CENTRIFUGED ERYTHROCYTES OF NORMAL HUMAN BLOOD
Authors: Maizels Montague
Published: December 2014

If blood is centrifuged in tubes of 7 mm. bore, the intercellular plasma amounts to 2·7 per cent. of packed cells if the buffy coat is retained and to about 2·25 per cent. if the buffy coat is removed. In narrower tubes the values are slightly less. This intercellular plasma accounts for the difference observed between the true cell volume and the volume observed on centrifuging. The difference is so small that it may be neglected for practical purposes.
THE FATE OF ARSENIC IN THE BODY FOLLOWING TREATMENT OF RABBITS WITH CERTAIN ORGANIC ARSENICALS
Authors: Chance Averil C. , Crawford T. B. B. , Levvy G. A.
Published: December 2014

1. The effect of changing the valency of the arsenic and of introducing substituents into the benzene ring on the distribution in the body and excretion of an aromatic arsenical has been studied, using phenylarsenoxide, phenylarsonic acid, m‐amino‐p‐hydroxyphenylarsen‐oxide (mapharsen), and m‐amino‐p‐hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, injected intravenously into rabbits.

2. A high arsenic content was found in liver and kidney in all cases, and also in lung in the case of phenylarsenoxide.

3. The ratio between the total amounts of arsenic excreted in the urine and in the feces varied widely with the different compounds, but the urinary output predominated in all experiments. The arsonic acids were cleared from the body more rapidly than the corresponding arsenoxides. Of the latter, unsubstituted phenylarsenoxide was the more slowly excreted.

4. The slow rate of clearance of phenylarsenoxide may explain its high toxicity as compared with the other arsenicals studied. It is thought that the slow excretion and high toxicity of phenylarsenoxide, as compared with mapharsen, may be due to slower oxidation to the corresponding arsonic acid.
CONGESTIVE ATELECTASIS IN LUNGS OF RABBITS AND OTHER ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO THE ACTION OF LOW BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
Authors: Fegler J. , Banister Jean
Published: December 2014

1. In rabbits, guinea‐pigs, rats, cats, and a dog subjected to the action of low barometric pressure, congestive lung atelectasis, of varying extent, has been found at post‐mortem examination.

2. Experiments on rabbits exposed to decreased partial pressures of oxygen at different barometric pressures have shown that there is no relation between the incidence of congestive atelectasis and partial pressure of oxygen. The animals dying of anoxia at ground level or at barometric pressures between 500 and 300 mm. Hg showed all the usual lung changes but no congestive atelectasis.

3. The animals decompressed from 3 or 5 atmospheres pressure to ground level also did not exhibit this lung change. There was no relation between the rate of decompression from the normal to low barometric pressures and the incidence or extent of congestive atelectasis.

4. A direct relation between the level of decompression (300‐100 mm. Hg) and the incidence and extent of atelectasis was found, and it was concluded that the absolute rarefaction of air was the prime cause of congestive atelectasis formation.

5. An increase of intra‐pulmonary pressure maintained in animals at low barometric pressures prevented lung atelectasis formation.

6. The results of experiments of Hanson and Sjöstrand on the formation of lung atelectasis under the influence of different factors decreasing lung capacity at ground level are confirmed.

7. The possible mechanism responsible for the lung atelectasis formation under the influence of low barometric pressure is discussed.

We are very grateful to Professor I. de Burgh Daly for providing laboratory facilities and for his constant interest and advice. Our thanks are also due to Dr. Catherine Hebb and Dr. W. Missiuro for their help in carrying out some of the experiments. The expenses of this work were partially covered by a grant from the Polish Air Medical Council to J. Fegler.
THE EFFECT OF BAL ON THE EXCRETION OF ARSEN‐OXIDES
Authors: Chance Averil C. , Levvy G. A.
Published: December 2014

Administration of BAL (British Anti‐Lewisite) bastenied the excretion of arsenic in the urine of rabbits injected with phenylarsenoxide or mapharsen, except in one experiment in which only 10 per cent. of the arsenic remained in the body at the time of treatment.

Permission from the Director‐General of Scientific Research (Defence). Ministry of Supply, to publish this work is gratefully acknowledged.
A GAS‐ANALYSIS APPARATUS FOR 200 c.mm. SAMPLES
Authors: Dirken M. N. J. , Heemstra H.
Published: December 2014

A volumetric apparatus is described for the analysis of 200 c.mm. of gas. Simple construction, easy cleaning and handling, and great reliability are the points stressed. The various corrections to be applied in analysis of this kind are fully discussed.

The apparatus handles directly samples containing from zero to 100 per cent. absorbable gases. The standard deviation amounts to 0·05‐0·08 vol. per cent. A complete analysis of CO2 and O2 requires about 10 min.

A method is described for drawing alveolar samples in rabbits.
THE ACTION OF SOME HUMORAL AGENTS ON THE HORSE INTESTINE
Authors: Alexander Frank
Published: December 2014

The actions of adrenaline, acetyl choline, histamine and posterior pituitary extract on the intestine of the horse have been investigated. The Magnus preparation and a perfusion technique were used. The perfusion method is described in detail.

Propulsive movements of the horse ileum were only produced when the perfusion fluid contained red blood cells. The cat ileum performed propelling movements when perfused with Tyrode's solution.

In the horse ileum both oral and aboral propulsion occurred, aboral propulsion predominating. The small colon did not propel its contents even when perfused with blood.

Excepting adrenaline, the various humoral agents gave similar effects on the Magnus preparation and on the perfused bowel. Adrenaline produced a rise in tone with little change in the rhythmic contractions in isolated strips of ileum, Tyrode‐perfused ileum and isolated strips of the circular muscle of the large intestine; whereas it inhibited the movements of the blood‐perfused ileum and small colon. Acetyl choline and histamine caused a rise in tone and usually increased the rate of rhythmic contractions. Posterior pituitary extract produced little effect on the various preparations of intestine.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF COLD AND BURNS ON PROTEIN METABOLISM IN RATS
Authors: Lathe G. H. , Peters R. A.
Published: December 2014

1. The comparative effects on nitrogen excretion of cold and burns have been investigated in preliminary experiments by a study of nitrogen excretion in rats receiving a constant calorie and protein intake on a high fat diet administered by tube.

2. Under these conditions, as is to be expected, cold and burns produce an increase in nitrogen excretion within 24 or 48 hours.

3. In two experiments the effects of cold and of burning on nitrogen excretion were not additive; in one at a colder temperature N loss was increased by burning.

4. A methionine supplement does not reduce the excess nitrogen excretion due to cold, or the excess nitrogen excretion due to burning in the cold.

We are grateful to R. W. Wakelin and Miss J. Jenkins for technical assistance in experiment 1, and to Miss C. Stayte for assistance in experiments 2, 3 and 4, and to T. F. Clarke for help with animals. We are also grateful for financial help from the Medical Research Council, and to the Ministry of Supply for methionine.
INITIAL RESPIRATORY RESPONSES TO THE INTRA‐TRACHEAL INHALATION OF PHOSGENE OR AMMONIA
Authors: Banister Jean , Fegler G. , Hebb Catherine
Published: December 2014

1. The reflex responses to inhaled phosgene or ammonia vapour have been observed in tracheotomised dogs, cats and rabbits, and the most important findings are:

(a) Ammonia and phosgene in high concentrations produce similar initial reactions, which are characteristic of each species and are mainly mediated by the vagi.

(b) The dog appears to possess an extra‐vagal afferent system sensitive to such irritants, this system either being absent or much less sensitive in the cat and rabbit.

(c) Bronchoconstriction is apparently induced by both gases in the absence of the central connexions of the vagus.

2. From studies on the isolated blood‐perfused lungs of dogs, it is found that

(a) Bronchoconstriction is produced by inhalation of either phosgene or ammonia.

(b) The bronchoconstrictor action of ammonia is specifically potentiated by eserine, an effect which can be reversed by atropine.

(c) The stimulating action of greater‐than‐threshold doses of ammonia in non‐eserinized lungs is not affected by atropine, nicotine or anthisan.

3. From the evidence obtained in the second group of experiments, it is suggested that ammonia may have a direct stimulating action on the bronchial smooth muscle in addition to any action mediated by peripheral nervous structures and the release of acetylcholine.
NOTE UPON THE STABILITY OF THE RATE OF PARAAMINO HIPPURATE FORMATION OF RAT LIVER AND KIDNEY SLICES AND OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN VITRO AFTER BURNING
Authors: van Bekkum D. W. , Peters R. A. , Lathe G. H.
Published: December 2014

1. No significant difference in rate of formation of PAH, and in Qo2 of liver and kidney slices from rats, has been found between unburned and burned animals at the height of the nitrogen loss in the urine.

2. Para‐amino benzoic acid with and without added glycine significantly depresses the Qo2 of liver slices from both burned and unburned animals.

3. Glucose reduces the Qo2 of liver slices from unburned animals, and lactate significantly increases it in burned animals, but no significant difference is found between burned and unburned animals.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MOTILITY OF THE PERFUSED HORSE INTESTINE
Authors: Alexander Frank
Published: December 2014

1. The magnitude of the rhythmic contractions of the perfused ileum varied with the supply of oxygen.

2. Isotonic sodium chloride solution was as good as Tyrode's solution for suspension of the red cells in the perfusion fluid.

3. Variation of the potassium and calcium content of the perfusion fluid had little effect on motility. Sodium ions had a specific function in maintaining motility.

4. The chloride ions in the perfusion fluid were replaced by bromide, phosphate and sulphate ions without affecting motility. Iodide ions were toxic.

5. The ileum perfused with a suspension of blood cells propelled light balloons at rates of 1‐4 cm./sec. in an aboral direction.
THE DIFFUSION OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES THROUGH FATS AND OILS
Authors: Davidson Dorothy , Eggleton Philip , Foggie Patricia
Published: December 2014

1. An apparatus is described for measurement of both the solubility and the diffusion constant of a gas in a liquid solvent.

2. Attention is drawn to the possibility of supersaturation of a gas in a solvent when "equilibration" is hastened by shaking.

3. The solubilities and diffusion constants of H2 and 02 in olive oil and tetrahydronaphthalene are recorded, also the solubility and diffusion constant of N2 in olive oil, tetralin, oleic acid, and liquid ethyl palmitate.

4. The behaviour of the gases N2, H2, and 02 in lard has been studied.

5. It is shown that H2 can dissolve in, and diffuse through, stearic acid crystals at 25° C. though not in crystals of o‐chloro‐nitro‐benzene.

6. Crystalline ethyl stearate and palmitate can dissolve CO2 but not nitrogen.

7. The bearing of some of these results on the movement of dissolved nitrogen in the body is discussed.
PULMONARY VASOMOTOR NERVE ACTIVITY
Authors: de Burgh Daly I. , Duke Helen N. , Linzell J. L. , Weatherall Josephine
Published: December 2014

In perfused animal preparations of the dog, in which the pulmonary vascular bed is perfused at constant pressure inflow, stimulation of the upper thoracic sympathetic outflow may reduce the lung blood flow by as much as 30 per cent. Reasons are given in support of the view that the vessels constricted belong to the pulmonary vascular bed proper.
Release of calcitonin gene‐related peptide from nerve terminals in rat skeletal muscle.
Authors: Sakaguchi M , Inaishi Y , Kashihara Y , Kuno M
Published: December 2014

1. The amount of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) released from the isolated rat soleus muscle was measured by enzyme immunoassay. 2. When the soleus muscle was exposed to a solution containing high K+ (20‐100 mM) in the presence of tetrodotoxin, the amount of CGRP released into the bathing medium increased with an increase in the K+ concentration. 3. The exposure to 100 mM‐K+ did not increase CGRP release from chronically denervated soleus muscles or from pieces of the soleus nerve separated from the muscle. 4. The amount of CGRP released from the isolated muscle by 100 mM‐K+ depended on the external Ca2+ concentration. The slope of the relation between the amount of CGRP release and the Ca2+ concentration was less than one on double logarithmic co‐ordinates. 5. Following chronic section of the lumbar ventral roots, the mean amount of CGRP released from the soleus muscle by 100 mM‐K+ was reduced by 28%, compared with that observed in normal muscle. 6. Antidromic stimulation of the lumbar dorsal roots at an intensity three times the threshold for most excitable sensory fibres failed to induce CGRP release from the soleus muscle, whereas stimulation at intensities 50‐100 times the threshold increased significantly the amount of CGRP release from the muscle. 7. Stimulation of the muscle nerve at an intensity sufficient to activate the alpha‐motor fibres did not release CGRP from the soleus muscle or from the diaphragm. 8. It is concluded that the major source of CGRP released from skeletal muscle is A delta‐ and/or C sensory terminals and that the Ca2+ dependence of CGRP release is less steep than that reported for acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions.
Two transient potassium currents in layer V pyramidal neurones from cat sensorimotor cortex.
Authors: Spain W J , Schwindt P C , Crill W E
Published: December 2014

1. Two transient outward currents were identified in large pyramidal neurones from layer V of cat sensorimotor cortex (‘Betz cells’) using an in vitro brain slice preparation and single‐microelectrode voltage clamp. Properties of the currents deduced from voltage‐clamp measurements were reflected in neuronal responses during constant current stimulation. 2. Both transient outward currents rose rapidly after a step depolarization, but their subsequent time course differed greatly. The fast‐transient current decayed within 20 ms, while the slow‐transient current took greater than 10 s to decay. Raised extracellular potassium reduced current amplitude. Both currents were present in cadmium‐containing or calcium‐free perfusate. 3. Tetraethylammonium had little effect on the slow‐transient current at a concentration of 1 mM, but the fast‐transient current was reduced by 60%. 4‐Aminopyridine had little effect on the fast‐transient current over the range 20 microM‐2 mM, but these concentrations reduced the slow‐transient current and altered its time course. 4. Both transient currents were evoked by depolarizations below action potential threshold. The fast‐transient current was evoked by a 7 mV smaller depolarization than the slow‐transient current, but its chord conductance increased less steeply with depolarization. 5. Voltage‐dependent inactivation of the fast‐transient was steeper than that of the slow‐transient current (4 vs. 7 mV per e‐fold change), and half‐inactivation occurred at a less negative potential (‐59 vs. ‐65 mV). The activation and inactivation characteristics of each current overlapped, however, implying the existence of a steady ‘window current’ extending over a range of approximately 14 mV beginning negative to action potential threshold. 6. The fast‐transient current displayed a clear voltage dependence of both its activation and inactivation kinetics, whereas the slow‐transient current did not. Recovery of either current from inactivation took about 1 s near ‐70 mV. The recovery of the slow‐transient current became faster with hyperpolarization. 7. The contribution of each transient current to repolarization of the action potential was assessed from pharmacological responses. Blockade of calcium influx had little or no effect on the rate of action potential repolarization, whereas the selective reduction of either transient current caused significant slowing of repolarization. 8. We conclude that Betz cells possess at least two transient potassium currents, each a member of the rapidly expanding family of voltage‐gated potassium currents that have been identified in various cell types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Depolarization‐mediated intracellular calcium transients in isolated smooth muscle cells of guinea‐pig urinary bladder.
Authors: Ganitkevich V Y a , Isenberg G
Published: December 2014

1. Free intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was recorded in single smooth muscle cells of the guinea‐pig urinary bladder held under voltage clamp at 36 degrees C and 3.6 mM‐extracellular Ca2+. The Ca2+ indicator Indo‐1 was loaded into the cells through patch electrodes. To separate Ca2+ currents (ICa), superimposed K+ currents were suppressed with a Cs(+)‐containing electrode solution. 2. At a holding potential of ‐60 mV, resting [Ca2+]i was 114 +/‐ 22 nM (mean +/‐ S.D.). During 160 ms depolarization steps to 0 mV, [Ca2+]i rose to 885 +/‐ 140 nM. With steps of varied duration, peak [Ca2+]i increased with the time of depolarization up to about 1 s. Upon repolarization [Ca2+]i recovered to resting levels with a half‐decay time of about 1 s; recovery was not significantly changed with repolarization potentials between ‐50 and ‐100 mV. 3. The potential dependence of the above peak [Ca2+]i transients was bell shaped, with a threshold around ‐40 mV and a maximum at 0 mV. During depolarization steps to potentials more positive than +80 mV [Ca2+]i did not significantly rise. 4. During step depolarizations to 0 mV lasting 10 s or longer, [Ca2+]i peaked within 814 +/‐ 18 ms and then decayed to a sustained level of 250 +/‐ 60 nM. The amplitude of the [Ca2+]i peak as well as the time course of the transient depended on the amplitude of ICa. The depolarizations increased [Ca2+]i to a sustained level with no clearly defined peak when ICa was reduced by partial inactivation or during steps close to the threshold of ICa (‐40 mV). 5. The sustained level of [Ca2+]i with longer depolarizations of several seconds showed a bell‐shaped voltage dependence with a maximum close to 0 mV. A bell‐shaped voltage dependence for [Ca2+]i was also found during ramp‐like depolarizations. However, when the rate of depolarization was low (7.5 mV s‐1), the peak [Ca2+]i was found at more negative potentials (‐15 mV). 6. The results are compatible with the idea that Ca2+ influx through voltage‐operated Ca2+ channels is the key event in depolarization‐mediated changes in [Ca2+]i in smooth muscle cells from urinary bladder.
Electrogenic uptake of glutamate and aspartate into glial cells isolated from the salamander (Ambystoma) retina.
Authors: Barbour B , Brew H , Attwell D
Published: December 2014

The effects of excitatory amino acids on the membrane current of isolated retinal glial cells (Müller cells) were investigated using whole‐cell patch clamping. 2. L‐Glutamate evoked an inward current at membrane potentials between ‐140 and +50 mV. The current was larger at more negative potentials. 3. The glutamate‐evoked current was activated by external cations with relative efficacies: Na+ much greater than Li+ greater than K+ greater than Cs+, choline. It was activated by internal cations with relative efficacies K+ greater than Rb+ greater than Cs+ much greater than choline. Chloride and divalent cations did not affect the glutamate‐evoked current. 4. Raising the intracellular sodium or glutamate concentrations, or raising the extracellular potassium concentration, reduced the current evoked by external glutamate. The suppressive effect of internal glutamate was larger when the internal sodium concentration was high. 5. Some analogues of glutamate also evoked an inward current. Responses to L‐aspartate resembled those to glutamate, but for aspartate the apparent affinity was higher and the voltage dependence of the current was steeper. In the physiological potential range the current evoked by a saturating dose of aspartate was less than that evoked by a saturating dose of glutamate. 6. The uptake blocker threo‐3‐hydroxy‐DL‐aspartate (30 microM) reduced the glutamate‐evoked current, but also generated a current itself. Dihydrokainate (510 microMs) weakly inhibited the glutamate‐evoked current without generating a current itself. 7. The commonly used blockers of glutamate‐gated ion channels, 2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovalerate (APV; 100 microMs), 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (CNQX; 20 microMs), and kynurenate (1mM) had no effect on the glutamate‐evoked current. 8. The voltage dependence, cation dependence and pharmacological profile of the current evoked by excitatory amino acids indicate that it is caused by activation of the high‐affinity glutamate uptake carrier. This carrier appears to transport one glutamate anion into the cell, one K+ ion out of the cell, and two or more Na+ ions into the cell, on each carrier cycle. At the inner membrane surface some or all of the transported Na+ dissociates from the carrier after the transported glutamate has dissociated. 9. In addition to glutamate, the uptake carrier can also transport aspartate and threo‐3‐hydroxy‐DL‐aspartate, but not dihydrokainate.