bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
221 Parent Perspectives on Improving Out-of-School Activities in Low-Income Black and Latinx Communities
Authors: Charite Jaime La , Santoro Mercedes , Roldan Kate Diaz , Hurtado Alejandra , Flores Irvine Cindy , Dudovitz Irvine Rebecca
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Participating in out-of-school activities (i.e., sports) is associated with improved physical and mental health, but racial/ethnic and income disparities persist. Our goal was to describe parent perspectives to understand how to enhance family engagement in these activities, especially in low-income Black and Latinx communities. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We recruited parents through a large urban parks and recreation department located in Los Angeles County (LAC) and two community-based organizations who provide services primarily to low-income Black and Latinx residents in LAC. We conducted semi-structed English or Spanish interviews with parents of children ages 6-17 about the impact of activities on families, experiences making it difficult or easier for their child to be involved, and recommendations to meet their needs and facilitate family engagement. We coded the interviews using Dedoose and then performed thematic analysis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We completed 34 interviews (17 English, 17 Spanish). Parents shared these central ideas about out-of-school activities: (1) they support families and promote healthy child development; (2) they must create a safe environment and promote a sense of belonging for all families; and (3) service delivery changes reduced barriers, but activities often remained inaccessible. Barriers included lack of awareness about low-cost options, online enrollment, financial costs, waitlists, program timing, inaccessible parks/pools, safety, inconsistent quality, few opportunities for families to participate together, and a desire for more inclusive practices around race, culture, language, gender, children with special needs, and parent involvement. Parents offered recommendations to increase family engagement. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Involving parents in optimizing out-of-school activities may improve access, uptake, and quality of these health-promoting activities in low-income Black and Latinx communities.
223 Enhancing the Impact of a Community Feedback Session Service Through Ongoing Evaluation
Authors: Datta Nixola , Frank Simone C. , Grewe Mary E. , Yang Chloe , Lawal Khadeejatul-Kubraa , Bilheimer Alicia
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: UNC-Chapel Hill’s CTSA implemented a community feedback session (CFS) service to help researchers gather actionable, authentic, and constructive feedback on their projects from community experts. Simultaneously, we conducted an ongoing, participatory evaluation process to improve the experience for researchers and community members. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Informed by the Community Engagement Studio model (Yoosten, 2015), a CFS is a 2-hour consultative session that includes facilitated discussion with community experts around topics or questions posed by a research team. UNC-Chapel Hill’s CTSA staff conducted 7 CFSs during the pilot phase of the service and collected evaluation surveys from researchers and community experts. We held a data party – a participatory evaluation method – to analyze and interpret survey data. Resulting recommendations were used to improve CFS materials and processes. We conducted 11 CFSs after the pilot phase, then analyzed survey data again to gauge improvement and make further adjustments to the service. We also surveyed researchers three months after their last CFS to assess the impact of community experts’ feedback on their studies. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Since January 2022, 108 community experts have participated in 18 CFSs spanning 9 research projects. Data party interpretations of pilot evaluation data yielded several changes in service delivery; since those changes were instituted, all researchers have highly rated the service, unanimously recommending it to colleagues. Researchers praised well-structured sessions and productive engagement, citing direct benefits to their work and significant impact on recruitment processes 3 months post CFS. Community experts also echoed satisfaction, with 100% finding CFSs worthwhile and 95% desiring to participate again, emphasizing the sessions' supportive atmosphere. A community expert reported that the sessions 'made me feel seen and allowed for a greater understanding of what I have been dealing with.' DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The CFS model allows research teams to elicit rapid and meaningful community input, which is key to improving research relevance and impact. Ongoing participatory evaluation of the service ensures continuous improvement, yielding more meaningful interactions and studies that reflect the perspectives of people affected by the research.
241 Association of Parity and Previous Birth Outcome With Brachial Plexus Birth Injury Risk
Authors: Manske Mary Claire , Wilson Machelle D. , Wise Barton L. , James Michelle A. , Melnikow Joy , Hedriana Herman L. , Tancredi Daniel J.
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To evaluate the association of maternal delivery history with a brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) risk in subsequent deliveries, and to estimate the effect of subsequent delivery method on BPBI risk. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all livebirth deliveries occurring in California-licensed hospitals from 1996-2012. The primary outcome was recurrent BPBI in a subsequent pregnancy. The exposure was prior delivery history (parity, shoulder dystocia in a previous delivery, or previously delivering an infant with BPBI). Multiple logistic regression was used to model adjusted associations of prior delivery history with BPBI in a subsequent pregnancy. The adjusted risk (AR) and adjusted risk difference (ARD) for BPBI between vaginal and cesarean delivery in subsequent pregnancies were determined, stratified by prior delivery history, and the number of cesarean deliveries needed to prevent one BPBI was determined. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of 6,286,324 infants delivered by 4,104,825 individuals, 7,762 (0.12%) were diagnosed with a BPBI. Higher parity was associated with a 5.7% decrease in BPBI risk with each subsequent delivery (aOR 0.94, 95%CI 0.92, 0.97). Previous shoulder dystocia or BPBI were associated with 5-fold (aOR=5.39, 95%CI 4.10, 7.08) and 17-fold increases (aOR=17.22, 95%CI 13.31, 22.27) in BPBI risk, respectively. Among individuals with a history of delivering an infant with a BPBI , cesarean delivery was associated with a 73.0% decrease in BPBI risk (aOR=0.27, 95%CI 0.13, 0.55), compared with an 87.9% decrease in BPBI risk (aOR=0.12, 95%CI 0.10, 0.15) in individuals without this history. Among individuals with a previous history of BPBI, 48.1 cesarean deliveries are needed to prevent one BPBI. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Parity, previous shoulder dystocia, and previously delivering a BPBI infant are associated with future BPBI risk. These factors are identifiable prenatally and can inform discussions with pregnant individuals regarding BPBI risk and planned mode of delivery.
244 Couples' Daily Health in Breast Cancer Survivorship: Dyadic Associations in Psychological, Physical, and Relational Health
Authors: Shrout Rosie , Friedman Elliot , Miller Kathy , Tisdale James
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Breast cancer survivors who experience psychological and physical symptoms after treatment ends have an increased risk for comorbid disease development, reduced quality of life, and premature mortality. However, survivors in satisfying marriages report lower stress and better health than those in dissatisfying marriages. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Research is needed to identify how survivors’ marriages provide these health benefits across the cancer continuum. Including both survivors and their partners’ perspectives can identify key pathways connecting relationships to better health. This study examined survivors’ and their partners’ psychological, physical, and relational health. Breast cancer survivors (stage 0-III) and their partners (n=34 individuals, 17 couples) completed a baseline online survey followed by a 7-day diary study with three ecological momentary assessments across the day. Questionnaires assessed their cancer-related communication, relationship distress, and psychological and physical symptoms. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Survivors reported poorer sleep quality and greater fatigue than their partners. Survivors also reported disclosing more thoughts, feelings, and information about cancer compared to their partners. For both survivors and partners, feeling more satisfied with each other’s cancer-related discussions and reporting lower relational distress correlated with fewer physical symptoms, sleep problems, fatigue, and psychological distress. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: For both survivors and their partners, feeling more satisfied with how often they talked about survivorship and the cancer experience was associated with better psychological and physical health. This research demonstrates the health benefits and importance of open communication for both survivors and their partners across the cancer continuum.
249 Defining the Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Breast Cancer Risk of non-Hispanic Black Women
Authors: Toure Savanna A. , Stallings Melody L. , Ogony Joshua W. , Pacheco-Spann Laura M. , Sherman Mark E. , Radisky Derek C.
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The molecular basis of increased risk of triple negative breast cancer in non-Hispanic Black women represents a critical knowledge gap that this research is designed to address; successful completion of this work could lead to better prevention, earlier stage diagnoses, and possible discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for this population. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We have recently generated a living tissue cohort of 11 non-Hispanic Black and 25 non-Hispanic White women who underwent breast surgery at Mayo Clinic. Gene expression profiling of normal breast tissue from this cohort has identified a pattern of gene expression differences that have been associated with the development of basal breast cancer and are also reflective of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. We will identify protein-based biomarkers for Hedgehog signaling within normal breast tissue using immunohistochemistry methods. We will culture primary human mammary epithelial cells and further separate luminal and myoepithelial cells using flow cytometry to then decipher Hedgehog signaling. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate identifying and localizing protein-based biomarkers for Hedgehog signaling within myoepithelial cells of non-Hispanic Black women. Using our findings, we aim to create a biomarker risk model for triple negative breast cancer and validate this model within a separate and larger cohort of women to predict breast cancer risk. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: In addition to immediate benefits from improved risk prediction, the proposed work has the potential to provide new insight into the driving forces underlying basal breast carcinogenesis and the distinct biological differences that distinguish non-Hispanic Black women from non-Hispanic White women.
253 What is still needed?: Community conversations about health research
Authors: Killough Cynthia Michaela
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: While strategies for community engagement in health research and clinical trials are well documented, participation from underserved populations remains low. Our research team conducted a series of Community Engagement Studios for community members to discuss what is still needed for them to engage in health research. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In the spring of 2023, our research team conducted four community engagement studios using the Vanderbilt Community Engagement (CE) Studio model. Community members were recruited through health councils- which are a community-led collaborative, focused on health at the county level throughout the state. In the CE Studio model community members or stakeholders are referred to as experts. In total, 31 experts from 12 different health councils from around the state participated in the CE Studios via Zoom. The CE Studios centered around two main questions 1.) What do communities want to know before agreeing to participate in research? And 2.) When a study is presented as an opportunity for your community, what things need to be addressed to see if it is a good fit? RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Themed summaries for each CE Studio and one overall themed summary were developed by a designated notetaker on the research team. Of novelty were cultural considerations for each region that included recommendations such as “Foster kinship between those doing the research and the community” speaking to the shared community bond that unites people and the need for researchers to also spend time creating meaningful community bonds throughout the research process. The CE Studio overall summary revealed two main themes for researchers: 1.) Things that help with research participation, and 2.) Things that get in the way of research participation. Overall themes echoed documented best practices for community engagement efforts. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Each CE studio revealed cultural considerations that included recommendations to researchers. Overall themes echoed documented best practices for community engagement efforts implying that while strategies for researchers to engage with communities are well known, more needs to be done to continue to implement these practices.
256 Comparative Analysis of Emergency Department Visits for Breast Injuries Pre- and Post-COVID
Authors: Malhotra Simran , Coleman-Belin Janet , Levy Lior , Walsh Amanda R , Oleru Olachi , Seyidova Nargiz , Henderson Peter W
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Studies show a decrease in injury-related emergency department (ED) visitsduring COVID.There is a gap in the literature regarding the effect of the pandemic on breast injury-related ED visits. We aim to compare these visits pre- and post-COVID, and whether this subset reflects the same trends seen in overall injury-related ED visits. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A retrospective study of breast injuries was conducted between 2018 and 2022, using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. Patients were categorized into pre-COVID and post-COVID groups, for visits occurring before and after January 20, 2020. A total of 1077 breast injuries were stratified into pre-COVID (n = 444) and post-COVID (n = 633) groups. Clinical data on patient demographics, diagnosis, disposition, location, and alcohol use were collected. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Mean age was significantly different: pre-COVID mean age was 37.29; post-COVID’s was 40.40 (p = 0.0338). >90% of patients were female (p = 0.4066). White patients accounted for 36.0% of pre-COVID visits and 47.2% of post-COVID; BIPOC patients were 32.88% and 31.75% respectively. There was significant difference between race and COVID groups (p = 0.0013). No significant differences were found when considering all diagnoses (p = 0.3841) or the top three diagnoses (other, contusions/abrasions, and burns/scald) (p = 0.6176). Incident location showed a weak evidence of association (α = 0.1), when including unrecorded data (p = 0.1365) and removing those entries (p = 0.0832). Alcohol use did not reveal a significant association (p = 0.2110). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: There are more breast injuries reported post-COVID. No significant difference was identified in the types of injuries diagnosed, the location these injuries took place, and how these injuries were treated. However, the demographics (age, race) of patients seeking care were significantly different.
270 Four Pillars of Community Health and Research Engagement: The UT Southwestern CTSA Program’s Innovative Approach to Putting the Community Health Science Model into Practice
Authors: Kitzman Heather , Pennington Saundra , Patel Meera , Ruiz Emilie , Gracia Libby , Kahalnik Farra
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Goals: Engage in collaborative approaches that target health disparities, especially among communities experiencing poverty or ethnic/racial minorities. Develop and sustain effective community-academic partnerships that foster trust through bidirectional communication and shared leadership leading to improved translational research. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Community Health Science model was developed at UTSW over the past 20 years in efforts to integrate practices across 3 component areas – clinical practice, population health, and community organizations – into a single collaborative effort to improve health and reduce disparities. As part of the CTSA Program’s translational science efforts, we have extended this model to promote community engagement in research as an additional strategy needed to achieve health equity. Our Office of Community Health & Research Engagement operates 9 programs that each fit within one or more of 4 overarching conceptual pillars - Education/Resources, Collaboration/Partnership, Outreach/Service, Priorities/Perspectives - serving to bridge the community-academic divide and build strong, trusting relationships. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The implementation of our model has resulted in measurable outcomes. To date, we have hosted 23 HealthStreet community events resulting in 464 health screenings, 203 health needs assessments completed, and 123 individuals joining our Community Research Registry allowing for future contact to participate in research. Our Community Health Coalition, comprised of 32 organizations, provides a forum for co-learning between researchers and stakeholders. We have awarded 9 grants ($175,800) for community-engaged projects. Our Community Advisory Panel has participated in 8 sessions with research teams. A total of 13 projects utilized the Spanish Language Resource, for a total of 30,617 translated words. Finally, we have hosted 9 Community Engagement Grand Rounds lectures, which included a total of 559 attendees. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our model strengthens our capacity to build trust with communities and facilitate sustained community-academic partnerships. By prioritizing community engagement in research, we improve health equity by understanding community perspectives and increasing diversity in trials. We hope our model can be disseminated and scaled for greater impact.
293 The MEND Initiative: Meaningfully Empowering the NeuroDiverse
Authors: Moya Alena Teresa , Varshoueitabrizi Mouzhan , Suthakaran Abitha , Boddison Kaitlin , Ferenbok Joseph
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This project’s objective is to empower verbally-communicating autistic adults to express their mental health needs to mental health professionals, regardless of their training or experience in autism. By enhancing empowerment in this area, we aim to enhance their self-awareness and confidence in navigating and accessing mental health support. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Following the Toronto Translational Framework (TTF), our approach involves co-designing and testing an intervention directly with the autistic population through three phases. Phase I will review published literature on autism, mental health, and patient empowerment, validate our identified need through informal meetings with stakeholders, and assemble an autistic advisory committee (AAC) of 5-8 members who are able to provide informed conset without assistant, are fluent in English, and 18 years of age or older. Phase II will involve participatory design sessions with our AAC to develop a low-fidelity prototype to address the identified need. Phase III will evaluate our prototype’s effectiveness through a separate series of focus groups, which will consist of members from our target population. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We are anticipating that by the end of our research, we have successfully co-designed an intervention that effectievly empowers autistic adults in their mental health journey through increasing their self-awareness and confidence in navigating and receiving mental health support. At a larger scale, results may include the empowerment of autistic adults to seek and receive mental health care from mental health professionals, regardless of professionals’ prior autism expertise. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: By enhancing self-awareness of their mental healthcare needs and boosting self-reported confidence in communicating with mental health professionals, we aim to take the first step in creating timely, patient-centered solutions, and bridging gaps in the evolving neuro-affirmative healthcare system.
296 Investing in Community-Led Research Capacity Building: New Seed Grant Type
Authors: Brown Jen , Galeno-Sanchez Claudia , Payne Corella , Simpson Sista Yaa , Reddy Priyanka , Galeno-Sanchez Claudia , Serrano Pedro
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We will describe the community-driven development and impact of the new Community Research Capacity-Building grants from the Alliance for Research in Chicagoland Communities, Northwestern University. Communities expressed that to enter equitably into partnerships with academics they need support to build their own community research capacity. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: ARCC Seed Grants, since 2008, included Partnership Development and Research Pilots, which are both jointly submitted by a community-academic partnership. The new Community Grants are submitted only by community partners and don’t require an academic partner. These grants, $3,000 over 6 months, support the development or strengthening of organizational or community-level research capacity. This may include assessing community capacity to lead and/or collaborate on research; building research capacity of community organizations (staff, leadership, residents), developing community infrastructure (e.g. research principles; staff research responsibilities; process for assessing/ tracking researcher inquiries; template memorandum of understanding) or community research priorities, etc. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Eight ARCC Community Research Capacity-Building Seed Grants have been awarded so far as a part of three cycles of applications over 2022-23 (2 in 2022, 6 in 2023). During this time period, data has been collected during the application process, in final reports, and in informal group and individual discussions. Information about the profile of grantees (community representation, health focus, etc.), the initial impact of grants, and feedback from grantees about the positive and challenging aspects of the grants will be shared. Grantees have informally shared that the awards have helped to address concerns that many low-income communities of color have their voices are not adequately included in research and other decision-making. The poster will be co-presented by a community grant recipient. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: To ensure that research partnerships are community-driven & equitable, it is necessary to invest in community research capacity-building. More evaluation is needed to understand the grants impact, as well as other approaches to community research capacity and leadership development. Poster will be co-presented by a community grant recipient.
297 Antibiotic prescribing for inpatients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the All of Us database: Are there differences by age, sex, race, and ethnicity?
Authors: Gilmore Corbyn , Frei Christopher R
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The purpose of this work is to assess antibiotic prescribing for inpatients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the All of Us database. The goal of this research is to determine if different subgroups are more or less likely to receive anti-MRSA antibiotics. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This is a retrospective cohort study of inpatients with CABP due to MRSA from 2/1/2011 to 7/1/2022 in the All of Us database. Cases will be excluded for other treatment settings, other pathogens, and other types of pneumonia. Patients will be stratified by age, sex, race, and ethnicity. The proportion of patients who received anti-MRSA antibiotic therapy will be compared within groups with the chi-square statistic. Significant associations between patient characteristics and anti-MRSA prescribing (p < 0.05) will be assessed using multivariate logistic regression, with subgroup as the independent variable, anti-MRSA prescribing as the dependent variable, and divergent baseline characteristics as potential confounders. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) will be calculated. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Previous research by our group has demonstrated differences in guideline-concordant, empiric antibiotic prescribing, for inpatients with CABP in the All of Us database; however, guideline-concordant empiric antibiotics for CABP do not routinely cover for MRSA. Anti-MRSA antibiotics are recommended if the patient has known MRSA or risk factors for MRSA. Investigations of disparity in anti-MRSA prescribing have been limited, especially since the abandonment of the healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) categorization. Since the All of Us database contains information on CABP pathogens, we can study sub-types of CABP; therefore, we now hypothesize that the proportion of inpatients who received anti-MRSA antibiotics for CABP, due to MRSA, in the All of Us database, will differ by age, race, sex, and ethnicity. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This is one of the first studies to evaluate antibiotic prescribing for CABP due to MRSA in the All of Usdatabase. Identifying and understanding differences in care, such as possible discrepancies in anti-MRSA prescribing by age, sex, race, or ethnicity, is essential to develop targeted interventions to address disparities in health outcomes.
300 Psilocybin-induced changes in neural reactivity to alcohol and emotional cues in patients with alcohol use disorder: An fMRI pilot study
Authors: Pagni B.A. , Petridis P.D. , Podrebarac S.K. , Grinband J. , Claus E.D. , Bogenschutz M.P.
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This pilot study investigated psilocybin-induced changes in neural reactivity to alcohol and emotional cues in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Participants were recruited from a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigating psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) for the treatment of AUD (NCT02061293). Eleven adult patients completed task-based blood oxygen dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approximately 3 days before and 2 days after receiving 25 mg of psilocybin (n = 5) or 50 mg of diphenhydramine (n = 6). Visual alcohol and emotionally valanced (positive, negative, or neutral) stimuli were presented in block design. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Across both alcohol and emotional cues, psilocybin increased activity in the medial and lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and left caudate, and decreased activity in the insular, motor, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices, and cerebellum. Unique to negative cues, psilocybin increased supramarginal gyrus activity; unique to positive cues, psilocybin increased right hippocampus activity and decreased left hippocampus activity. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Greater PFC and caudate engagement and concomitant insula, motor, and cerebellar disengagement suggests enhanced goal-directed action, improved emotional regulation, and diminished craving. The robust changes in brain activity observed in this pilot study warrant larger neuroimaging studies to elucidate neural mechanisms of PAT.
306 Intraoral Spectroscopy for the Identification and Study of Molar Hypomineralization
Authors: Boyer Sarah , Jurado Ray , Cosantino Ashlee , Ahmed Azza , Joester Derk
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Molar hypomineralization (MH) is a highly prevalent dental disease that leads to rapid enamel decay even with preventative measures. While the harm is apparent, the etiology of the condition is not. Further, MH is difficult to study due to limited intact extracted teeth. Therefore, we need a method to study MH non-destructively and intraorally. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Recent work has shown excess proteins not commonly found in enamel are present in teeth with MH. This is theorized to be due to disruption and infiltration in the cells that form enamel leading to leftover protein and under mineralized enamel. We hypothesizethese proteins have specific spectroscopic signatures that can be detected using light. We further hypothesize that modern fiber optic probes can provide a method for non-destructive, pain-free, and rapid intraoral examination of MH. Initially, Micro Raman spectroscopy was used to detect specific vibrational bands associated with organics in teeth with MH followed by the collection of spectra of teeth with MH and heathy enamel using a spectrophotometer. These spectra were examined for any obvious differences. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Currently 12 teeth were collected, and micro-computed tomography reconstructions confirmed location in 3D of MH lesions. Micro Raman of a MH-affected tooth revealed clear organic associated Amide I and III vibrational bands when compared to a synthetic hydroxyapatite (mineral in enamel) powder standard. We determined the wavelength of light that can be used to detect spectral differences between healthy enamel and teeth with MH. The next steps include optimization of the protocol of the intraoral spectrometer with the determined wavelength for implementation in clinic to allow for collection of spectra without the need for tooth extraction. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We hope that this work will lead to advancements in our understanding of the mechanism of MH as well as act as a proof of concept for a MH diagnostic tool. In the long term, the goal is to ideally lead to improvements in dental health care, decrease dental costs, and improve overall quality of life for the children with this condition.
316 Machine Learning to Predict Fluid Responsiveness in Hypotensive Children
Authors: Walker Sarah B. , Honegger Kyle S. , Carroll Michael S. , Weese-Mayer Debra E. , Sanchez-Pinto L. Nelson
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Fluid boluses are administered to hypotensive, critically ill children but may not reverse hypotension, leading to delay of vasoactive infusion, end-organ damage, and mortality. We hypothesize that a machine learning-based model will predict which children will have sustained response to fluid bolus. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We will conduct a single-center retrospective observational cohort study of hypotensive critically ill children who received intravenous isotonic fluid of at least 10 ml/kg within 72 hours of pediatric intensive care unit admission between 2013 and 2023. We will extract physiologic variables from stored bedside monitors data and clinical variables from the EHR. Fluid responsive (FR) will be defined as a MAP increase by 310%. We will construct elastic net, random forest, and a long short-term memory models to predict FR. We will compare complicated course (multiple organ dysfunction on day 7 or death by day 28) between: 1) FRs and non-FRs, 2) predicted FRs and non-FRs, 3), FRs and non-FRs stratified by race/ethnicity, and 4) FRs and non-FRs stratified by sex as a biologic variable. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate approximately 800 critically ill children will receive 2,000 intravenous isotonic fluid boluses, with a 60% rate of FR. We anticipate being able to complete all three models. We hypothesize that the model with the best performance will be the long short-term memory model and the easiest to interpret will be the tree-based random forest model. We hypothesize non-FRs will have a higher complicated course than FRs and that predicted non-FRs will have a higher rate of complicated course than FRs. Based on previous adult studies, we hypothesize that there will be a higher rate of complicated course in patients of black race and/or Hispanic ethnicity when compared to non-Hispanic white patients. We also hypothesize that there will be no difference in complicated course when comparing sex as a biologic variable. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We have a critical need for easily-deployed, real-time prediction of fluid response to personalize and improve resuscitation for children in shock. We anticipate the clinical application of such a model will decrease time with hypotension for critically ill children, leading to decreased morbidity and mortality.
317 Clinical Informatics for Head and Cancer Patient Management
Authors: Savjani Ricky , Delery William , Sim Myung-Shin , Chin Robert
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The management of head and neck cancers is complicated and allows for a variety of disparate approaches from providers. However, data from several hundred or thousands of patients is necessary to decipher the optimal decisions for populations of patients. And prospective trials would take years to accrue and often are financially not possible. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Instead, we collated the entire electronic medical record for all patients at our institution treated for head and neck cancers. We employed a variety of clinical informatics and natural language processing to gather text data into large data frames. We found key conclusions in the diagnostic, treatment, and surveillance of our patients. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: First, obtaining post-operative PET/CT changes in management in over one-third of patients, highlighting the utility of optimizing diagnostic imaging. Second, using a newer silicone-based cream instead of just a moisturizer decreased the absolute risk of grade 2+ radiation dermatitis by almost 15%. Lastly, we are deploying novel autosegmentation frameworks to better understand tissue decomposition in the head and neck to identify patients in need of further nutritional support while undergoing radiation therapy. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Collectively, we showcase the value and opportunity of mining oncological data for the improvement of patient care.
318 Discovering Subgroups with Supervised Machine Learning Models for Heterogeneity of Treatment Effect Analysis
Authors: Xu Edward , Vanghelof Joseph , Raicu Daniela , Furst Jacob , Shah Raj , Tchoua Roselyne
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The goal of the study is to provide insights into the use of machine learning methods as a means to predict heterogeneity of treatment effect (HTE) in participants of randomized clinical trials. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using data from 2,441 participants enrolled in the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) randomized controlled trial of daily low-dose aspirin vs placebo in the United States, we developed multivariable risk prediction models for the composite outcome of dementia, disability, or death. We used two machine learning techniques, decision trees and random forests, to develop novel non-parametric outcomes classifiers and generate risk-based subgroups. The comparator method was an extant semi-parametric proportional hazards predictive risk model. We then assessed HTE by examining the 5-year absolute risk reduction (ARR) of aspirin vs placebo in each risk subgroup. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In the random forest classifier, the ARR at 5 years in the highest risk quintile was 13.7% (95% CI 3.1% to 24.4%). For the semi-parametric proportional hazards model, the ARR in the highest risk quintile was 15.1% (95% CI 4.0% to 26.3%). These results were comparable and provide evidence of the viability of internally developed parsimonious non-parametric machine learning models for HTE analysis. The decision tree model results (5-year ARR = 17.0%, 95% CI= -5.4% to 39.4% in the highest risk subgroup) exhibited more uncertainty in the results. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: None of the models detected significant HTE on the relative scale; there was substantial HTE on the absolute scale in three of the models. Treatment benefit on the absolute scale may be regarded as bearing greater clinical importance and may be present even in the absence of benefit on the relative scale.
325 Tyrosine kinase inhibition reduces pathological markers of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Max Stevenson  , Liu Xiaoguang , Hebron Michaeline , Moussa Charbel
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) displays numerous pathological features, including amyloid-beta deposition, extensive neuroinflammation, and vascular fibrosis. However, putative therapeutic options for alleviating these features remain limited, emphasizing the need to develop comprehensive treatments for patients with AD. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: CSF from human AD patients treated with nilotinib (n=12), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, or placebo (n=11) was collected and sequenced, and significantly altered miRNAs were identified and analyzed for alterations to disease-associated genes via gene ontology analysis. TgAPP mice were injected intraperitoneally with one of two novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors, BK40143 or BK40197, or DMSO (n=12 per group) daily for six weeks, during which memory deficits between groups were measured, before brains were harvested for analysis of amyloid-beta load via ELISA, microglial activation via Sholl analysis, and vascular collagen levels via immunohistochemistry. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: CSF obtained from AD subjects treated with nilotinib revealed significantly increased (p<0.05) levels of miRNAs regulating autophagy, neuroinflammation, and collagen production compared to placebo. These results were validated in vivoin TgAPP mice, who displayed improved recall on the novel object recognition test and Morris water maze following treatment with our drugs, correlating with decreased levels of brain amyloid-beta (30% decrease, p=0.002), decreased microglial reactivity and activation (40% decrease, p=0.01), and decreased vascular fibrosis (50% decrease, p=0.005) along small brain blood vessels compared to controls. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These data identify tyrosine kinase inhibition as a valid therapeutic strategy for alleviating various pathological features associated with AD and warrant further investigation as a treatment option for human patients as a means of slowing cognitive decline.
330 Maternal hypertension results in a decreased number of glial cells in offspring during early development
Authors: Scroggins Sabrina M. , Brummond Dan , Mikkelsen Emma , Bunton Olivia , Scroggins Douglas G.
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder in pregnancy, disrupts immune cell profiles at birth in both mice and humans. In mice, it affects offspring’s memory and behavior. This study aimed to investigate whether preeclampsia induces lasting immune cell changes after birth and its impact on astrocyte and microglia cell counts in offspring. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Preeclampsia was induced in C57BL/6 females by infusion of vasopressin (24 ng/hr) or saline throughout gestation via osmotic minipump. Parturition was allowed to occur naturally. Offspring were euthanized at various timepoints post-delivery for experimental measures. Total urine protein was determined via bicinchoninic acid assay. Single cell suspensions were prepared from thymus spleen, and brain tissue and separated via density gradient. Cell suspensions were stained with fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies for flow cytometry. Statistical significance was determined using a two-tailed Student t test or one way ANOVA multiple comparisons test. The minimal level of confidence deemed statistically significant was p<0.05. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preeclampsia resulted in lower body and heart masses in offspring. Although T cell populations in the thymus were not altered in preeclampsia offspring, total T cells, Thelper, and cytotoxic T cells were elevated. Total B and isotype-switched B cells were increased in offspring of preeclampsia. Total dendritic cell percentages were not changed in offspring of preeclampsia, however, total anti-inflammatory markers on dendritic cells were reduced. Lastly, offspring of preeclampsia had a reduction in microglia and astrocytes within the brain. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study could establish including in utero data in predicting future disease risk, addressing gaps in understanding rising rates of cardiovascular and behavioral diseases. It also uncovers the impact of preeclampsia on early immune programming and reduced glial cell populations, potentially affecting cognitive and behavioral development.
345 Fostering academic-community research teams to conduct community-engaged research in environmental justice communities: The RISE Communities R25 program
Authors: Knapke Jacqueline , Hargraves Daniel , Ryan Patrick
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Residents of environmental justice (EJ) communities experience significantly higher rates of negative health outcomes associated with poor air quality. Low-cost air sensors may supplement regulatory monitoring to better measure air pollution at local scales, but widespread application of this technology remains limited due to many challenges. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: To address these obstacles, we designed a training program to equip community and academic research partners with the skills and knowledge to successfully apply low-cost sensors in community-engaged environmental health research. The R esearch Innovations using Sensor Technology in Environmental Justice Communities (RISE Communities) program was established through an NIEHS R25 award in 2022 and has three specific aims: 1) Foster community-academic partnerships through research education, training, and team development activities, 2) Provide technical training in the application of low-cost sensors for indoor, outdoor, and personal air monitoring in EJ communities, and 3) Establish a community of practice to address air quality in communities nationwide. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We hosted our first cohort in August 2023, training five community-academic research teams in team collaboration, community-engaged research, and technical skills for collecting and analyzing data from PurpleAir sensors. Each team received 12 sensors to take to their home EJ communities to begin their projects. Community of practice development continues through interactive webinars and development of a web-based repository of training videos and discussion board posts. Evaluation data show high participant learning and satisfaction, with mean confidence scores improving on 6/8 metrics. Evaluation data also suggest several areas for improvement such as more time spent in teams for planning and additional opportunities for interaction within the cohort and with program instructors for problem-solving. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Effective training for team-based community-engaged research requires careful planning for team development and study implementation. Longitudinal training and support for the technical aspects of utilizing air sensors is also critical to team success. The RISE Communities program is actively recruiting for future training cohorts.
351 Can Exogenous Ketones Prevent the Effects of High Salt Intake on Renal Vascular Resistance During Sympathoexcitation?
Authors: Jeong Soolim , Linder Braxton A. , Culver Meral N. , Stute Nina L. , Sanchez Sofia O. , Schlader Zachary J. , Gutierrez Orlando M. , Robinson Austin T.
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Renal vascular resistance (RVR) is the opposition to blood flow by renal arteries. At the population level, dietary salt increases RVR and blood pressure (BP), which are associated with cardiovascular disease. Recent data indicate exogenous ketones may offset adverse cardiorenal effects of salt. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Our registered clinical trial (NCT05545501) is a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Participants are being randomized to three 10-day conditions: A) control; B) high salt; C) high salt and ketone supplementation. Ten participants are enrolled (target 30 participants). Renal blood velocity (RBV) in the renal and segmental arteries will be measured in the decubitus position using Doppler ultrasound during a 3-minute baseline and 3-minute cold pressor test. We will measure brachial BP with an automated oscillometric BP monitor. RVR will be calculated as mean BP divided by RBV. Statistical analyses will include ANOVA and correlations with α set at ≤ 0.05. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate attenuated RBV and increased BP during the cold pressor test, particularly following high salt loading, leading to greater RVR. We hypothesize ketone supplementation will attenuate the high salt induced increase in RVR during the cold pressor test. In addition to RVR we will examine renal vascular conductance which is the ease with which blood flows through arteries, calculated as RBV divided by mean BP. Additional hemodynamics such as heart rate and systolic and diastolic BP will be reported and correlated with primary outcomes. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Dietary salt plays a role in hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease, which are leading causes of death. Ketone supplementation may be a promising approach to counteract the detrimental effects of high dietary salt and improve cardiovascular health in adults.
355 Connecting computational models of reading to the brain in post-stroke alexia
Authors: Staples Ryan , DeMarco Andrew , Turkeltaub Peter
Published: April 2024

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Many left hemisphere stroke survivors have a reading disorder (alexia), which is experienced as decreasing well-being. Therapies produce inconsistent results, demonstrating a need for treatment response predictors. We are investigating neural correlates of reading computational models to identify biomarkers to improve therapeutic outcomes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Artificial neural network models of reading, mapping between orthography (visual word form), phonology (auditory word form), and semantics (word meaning), are trained to read single words at a healthy, adult capacity. The models are independently damaged to reflect the individual orthography-to-semantics, semantics-to-phonology, and orthography-to-phonology deficits of a sample of left hemisphere stroke survivors (n = 85). These deficits are measured with cognitive tests assessing the intactness of mappings between representations. Model damage is enacted by removing percentages of the connections between representations. For each type of deficit, the percentages of links removed are entered into a voxel-based lesion symptom mapping analysis to identify areas of cortex associated with that mapping. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate that the neural correlates of model layers will be localized to a mostly left-lateralized network. Increased damage to the links between semantics and phonology in the model will likely be related to lesions involving the left posterior superior temporal sulcus and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Damaged orthography-to-semantic links will be related to the left fusiform gyrus (FG) and IFG. Finally, damage to the orthography-to-phonology links will be related to the left FG and superior temporal gyrus. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Mapping components of language models onto the brain will improve our understanding of the neural networks supporting language processing. Identifying these neural correlates may also produce biomarkers that can be used in predicting reading impairment at the acute stage or optimizing therapy in the chronic stage of stroke.