bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of freeze‐dried blueberries on cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Newman Emily , Basu Arpita , Du Mei , Leyva Misti J , Aston Chris , Wu Mingyuan , Lyons Timothy J
Published: June 2021

Blueberries are a good source of polyphenolic flavonoids and are known to be antioxidants and anti‐inflammatory agents. We tested the hypothesis that freeze‐dried blueberry supplementation may lower lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and other features of the metabolic syndrome (MeS). Thirty‐seven subjects with MeS (NCEP, ATP III) were randomized to receive either two cups of blueberry beverage daily or an equal amount of water, as control, for 8 weeks. Each cup of blueberry beverage contained 25g freeze‐dried blueberries blended with 1.5 cups water, 0.5 cup ice and 1 teaspoon vanilla essence. Blood draws, blood pressure and anthropometrics were performed at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, blueberry supplementation significantly decreased systolic blood pressure (blueberry: 130.1±3.3 to 122.3±2.6 mm Hg, p<0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (blueberry: 84.0±1.8 to 81.2±1.6 mm Hg, p<0.05). Blueberry supplementation was also associated with significant decreases in plasma oxidized‐LDL (blueberry: 106.3±3.3 U/l at baseline, 76.6±4.4 U/l at 8 weeks, p<0.05; control: 103.8±10.6 U/l at baseline, 96.4±7.6 U/l at 8 weeks, NS) and the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (blueberry: 1.17±0.02 μM at baseline, 1.02±0.03 μM at 8 weeks, p<0.05; control: 1.14±0.02 μM at baseline, 1.1±0.01 μM at 8 weeks, NS). No effects were noted on body weight, waist circumference, glucose, lipid profiles and biomarkers of inflammation. Thus, blueberries may be included as part of a healthy diet in lowering selected CVD risk factors. Supported by US Highbush Blueberry Council
Effects of dark chocolate on lipid profile in rats with lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation
Authors: Hong Mee Young , Nemoseck Tricia , Marsh Tanya
Published: June 2021

Inflammation is one of the major causes of various chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the number one cause of death in the United States. An increasing body of epidemiologic evidence supports the concept that diets rich in antioxidants promote health and attenuate the onset of CVD. Cocoa and chocolate products can likely provide protection against inflammation by means of their contents of phenolic compounds, which help maintain the antioxidant status. We have previously shown that dark chocolate increased serum antioxidant capacity. In this study, we determined the effects of regular and slightly bloomed dark chocolates on lipid profiles in rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 mg/kg body weight)‐induced inflammation. LPS administration induced serum C‐reactive protein levels (CRP) (P=0.05) but there was no change of CRP among diets. Control (no chocolate) group enlarged spleen size with LPS injection (P=0.0054). Dark chocolates, regular or bloomed, decreased triglyceride (P=0.0095) and total cholesterol levels (P=0.0362) compared to control with LPS treatment. These results suggest that slightly bloomed chocolate still contains the beneficial properties of chocolate in regard to lipid profiles. In conclusion, dark chocolate may lower the risk of CVD by improving lipid profile even in active inflammation status. This study was supported by CHNR08‐810 and SDSU NUTR 302L class.
Hypolipidemic effect of onion skin in ob/ob mice
Authors: Kang Minjung , Kim Jungin , Choi Haneul , Kang Younghee
Published: June 2021

Obesity is often accompanied by hyperlipidemia. Onion skin has pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity and may regulate hepatic lipid accumulation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate effect of onion skin on body weight, blood lipid profile and hepatic lipid accumulation in ob/ob mouse. Six week‐old ob/ob mice (C57BL/6J, n=14) were fed AIN‐93G diet or diet containing 1% fermented alcohol extract of onion skin for 8 weeks. Body weight and food intake of onion skin group were not significantly different from those of the control group. Extraction of lipids from liver was performed using the method of Folch et al. Serum glucose, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels and hepatic triglyceride levels were measured by enzymatic methods. Serum glucose, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels of onion skin group were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). Consumption of onion skin extract significantly reduced total lipid content and triglyceride level of liver compared with the control group. Thus we concluded that onion skin could be beneficial on hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid accumulation in ob/ob mouse. This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF).
Feeding of aged garlic extract improves glucose intolerance and fatty liver in spontaneous diabetic mice
Authors: Mizuno Ikuko , Maeda Toshio , Ide Nagatoshi , Oka Takami
Published: June 2021

Garlic, a common herb, is widely used as medicinal plant, but its usefulness in the treatment of diabetes has not been established. Aged garlic extract (AGE) that contains unique compounds such as S‐allyl cysteine were produced as a result of aging processes. We studied the effect of AGE using two models of spontaneous diabetic animals, TSOD and ddY‐H, developed by Dr. W. Suzuki (Tsumura & Co., Japan) and Dr. T. Maeda (Univ. of Shizuoka, Japan), respectively. These mice showed various phenotypes of type 2 diabetes, including high blood glucose, glucose intolerance, high circulating level of insulin and fatty liver. TSOD mice fed diet containing 4% (w/w) AGE for 6 months, had a lower level of blood glucose compared to control, although their body weight was still high and AGE treatment had no adverse effects. In addition, glucose intolerance was ameliorated in AGE‐fed TSOD mice. Furthermore, triglyceride accumulation in the liver of these mice was reduced compared to that in control. Moreover, the level of SREBP1c, PPAR‐gamma and GLUT2 mRNAs was lower in the liver of AGE‐fed TSOD mice. Similar results were obtained by experiments using another diabetic model, ddY‐H mice. In conclusion, our data indicated that AGE prevents occurrence of glucose intolerance and fatty liver in diabetic mice, suggesting that AGE is useful for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.
EFFECTS OF NUTRACEUTICAL SUPPLEMENTATION ON RESPIRATORY FUNCTION IN HEALTHY HEAVY SMOKERS
Authors: Bamonti Fabrizia , Pellegatta Marco , Novembrino Cristina , De Giuseppe Rachele , de Liso Federica , Gregori Dario , Vigna Luisella
Published: June 2021

It's well established that cigarette smoking is associated with reduced pulmonary function. The effects of two different encapsulated formulas, consisting primarily of mixed juice powder concentrate (Juice Plus+®) were evaluated in a randomized, placebo controlled, double‐blind study; spirometry indexes (in particular, Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s, FEV1; Forced Expiratory Flow at 25% of forced vital capacity, FEF 25; CO Diffusion Lung per unit Alveolar Volume, DLCO/VA) were measured, at baseline and after 3 months’ supplementation, in 101 healthy heavy smokers (>20 cigarettes/d, duration ≥10y, median age 47; 41–57 y, 63 M, mean capsule compliance 85.2%) randomized into three groups: A‐placebo; B‐fruit/vegetable; and, C‐fruit/vegetable/berry.

Statistical analysis was performed by t‐test for paired data.

Our results showed a significant improvement in FEF 25 (p<0.05, adjusted by smoking duration) in group C compared to group A. Group A showed a worsening respiratory function, probably due to seasonal factors (bronchitis, allergies); however, selecting subjects on the basis of compliance >95% and 79%<FEV1<105% (range of normal value), our study highlighted a slight improvement in DLCO/VA in group C (mean delta values ± standard deviation=5.1±4.96) and in FEV1 in group B (0.41±4.66). These data show improvements with both experimental formulas compared to placebo.

Support: NSA, Collierville, TN
In vitro effects of β‐glucan from Coriolus versicoloar on macrophage functions in young and aged mice.: the involvement of Dectin‐1 signaling
Authors: Kang Nam‐Sung , Kang Se‐Chan , Pyo Suhkneung , Sohn Eun‐Hwa
Published: June 2021

The immune system may play an important role in aging and the immune status could be modulated by treatment of various immune‐modulators. In the present study, the effects of β‐glucan from Coriolus versicoloar on macrophage functions were compared between young (8 weeks) and aged (82 weeks) C57BL/6 male mice in vitro. The β‐glucan successfully increased the tumoricidal‐, the phagocytotic activities as well as the NO production in macrophages of young mice, whereas β‐glucan had no significant effects on macrophage functions in aged mice. Interestingly, the effects of β‐glucan on the tumoricidal activity and the NO production in microglia were not different between two groups. We postulated that these different effects of β‐glucan on macrophage functions could be one of the results from a loss of expression of β‐glucan receptor, dectin‐1, in the thymus with aging. The RT‐PCR results showed that the mRNA level of dectin‐1 in the young mice is higher than in the aged mice. It is suggesting a possibility of the involvement of dectin‐1 in difference of macrophage functions with aging. Overall, our results suggest that immune‐modulators might have differential effects on the immune functions in young and aged mice, and that aging status should be considered for the proper application of immune‐modulators.
In vivo effects of quercetin on innate immune function
Authors: Heinz Serena Ann , Henson Dru A , Nieman David C , Austin Melanie D , Jin Fuxia
Published: June 2021

Quercetin, a flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables, is an antioxidant with anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immune‐modulating properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of quercetin supplementation on innate immune function and inflammation in humans. Female subjects (N=120, ages 30–79 y) were randomized to one of three groups, with supplements administered for 12 wk using double‐blinded procedures: Q‐500 (500 mg/d quercetin, N=38), Q‐1000 (1000 mg/d quercetin, N=40), or placebo (N=42). Fasting blood samples were obtained pre‐ and post‐study and were analyzed for plasma quercetin, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and leukocyte subsets. Natural killer cell activity (NKCA) and lymphocyte subsets were assessed on 74 subjects. Granulocyte oxidative burst activity (GOBA) and phagocytosis were assessed on 64 subjects. Quercetin supplementation at two doses compared to placebo increased plasma quercetin (P<0.001) but had no significant influence on leukocyte subsets, IL‐6, TNF‐α, NKCA, GOBA, or phagocytosis. In summary, results from this double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, randomized trial indicated that quercetin supplementation at 500 and 1000 mg/d for 12 wk increased plasma quercetin levels but had no influence on measures of innate immune function or inflammation in healthy adult females. This work was supported by grants from Coca‐Cola and Quercegen Pharma.
Leptin treatment alters the response of respiratory epithelial cells to influenza infection
Authors: Milner J Justin , Karlsson Erik A , Beck Melinda
Published: June 2021

Previous work in our laboratory has demonstrated that diet‐induced obese mice have greater mortality and morbidity when infected with influenza virus. Respiratory epithelial cells are the primary target of influenza virus, and these cells act as the first line of defense. Infection of the respiratory epithelium leads to activation of an intracellular signaling cascade resulting in expression of antiviral cytokines. Regulation of this cascade is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism initiated by proteins from the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family. Interestingly, leptin signaling also upregulates SOCS protein expression, and overproduction of leptin is a hallmark of obesity. To determine if leptin exposure affects the response to infection of respiratory cells, A549 human alveolar epithelial cells were treated with 0, 10 and 100 ng/mL of recombinant human leptin in culture for 24 hours. Cells were then inoculated with influenza, and samples were collected at various times post infection. Exposure to increased levels of leptin led to an increase in viral titers. In addition, increased leptin levels also resulted in increased IL‐6 and SOCS‐3 expression. Given the public health significance of both influenza infection and obesity, the results of this study suggest that elevated leptin levels found in the obese state may contribute to increased influenza susceptibility.

Grant Funding Source: NIH DK56350
Amino acid use due to activation of chicken lymphocyte subsets
Authors: Arias Vanessa J. , Klasing Kirk C.
Published: June 2021

Previous research has shown that an appropriate balance of amino acids is required for cell proliferation and secretion of effector molecules by lymphocytes. However, quantitative changes in the requirements of lymphocytes for amino acids due to activation and differences between lymphocyte subsets are not known. Thus we conducted a series of experiments to identify the changes in protein and amino acid levels in resting and activated lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from adult male chickens were isolated from peripheral blood using a slow speed centrifugation followed by magnetic bead separation of subsets. Lymphocyte subsets were cultured in RPMI 1640 media supplemented with 0.1% chicken serum and stimulated with 15 μg/ml pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or no mitogen. After 72 hrs, cells were collected and total protein and amino acid levels were determined. Cell proliferation was confirmed by BrdU incorporation after 24 hrs. Results showed a significant increase in total protein per cell in stimulated CD4 cells compared to non‐stimulated cells (P<0.05). In addition, nonessential and essential amino acid levels were significantly increased in stimulated CD4 cells compared to non‐stimulated cells (P<0.05). However, Bu‐1 cells showed no significant difference in total protein per cell or levels due to stimulation. These data indicate amino acid use changes upon lymphocyte activation and is subset dependent. Supported by USDA Regional Research project 1013.
EFFECT OF RESVERATROL ON IMMUNE STATUS IN MICE
Authors: Jung Jihye , Park Sujin , Jin Heemin , Lee Bora , Kim Hyun‐Sook
Published: June 2021

Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol, shows health beneficial effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resveratrol on the immune status and anti‐oxidant activity in mice. In the in vivo study, mice were randomly assigned to a control diet or a resveratrol diet. Resveratrol (25 mg/kg b.w. or 500 mg/kg b.w.) was orally administered every day throughout the experiment period. The splenocyte proliferation, leukocyte percentage, cytokine production, percent of CD4+ & CD8+ were measured after 14 days and percent of H2O2, nitrite oxide (NO) were evaluated every 3 other days. The levels of body weight were significantly increased in 25 mg/kg b.w. of resveratrol administration group. The percent of monocyte, eosinophil, basophil were also significantly increased in same concentration resveratrol group. On the other hand, there was no significance among the other parameters; cytokine production, percent of CD4+ & CD8+, and anti‐oxidant activity. In this study, we try to examine the anti‐oxidant activity and immunity of resveratrol on healthy mice. Considering the whole experimental period was limited to 14 days, the period may not be long enough to see the significant change in other immune index.
Docosahexaenoic acid disrupts lipid raft clustering and enhances proliferation and survival of EL4 lymphomas
Authors: Rockett Benjamin Drew , Carraway Kristen , Shaikh Saame Raza
Published: June 2021

An emerging molecular mechanism by which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) acyl chains modify cellular function is through changes in lipid raft organization. Biophysical studies in liposomes show that DHA does not directly modify rafts; instead, it incorporates into non‐rafts to modify the lateral organization of proteins such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I. Here we tested predictions of the model at a cellular level by incorporating DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) into the membranes of EL4 lymphomas. Quantification of fluorescence microscopy images showed that DHA, but not EPA, diminished lipid raft clustering by incorporating into rafts and changed MHC I lateral organization by increasing the fraction of the non‐raft protein into rafts. We next addressed the functional consequences of treating EL4 cells given changes in raft organization are associated with suppression of cellular proliferation. Both EPA and DHA enhanced the proliferation and survival of EL4 cells relative to controls. Taken together, our findings are not in agreement with biophysical studies; therefore, we propose a new model, which reconciles contradictory viewpoints from biophysical and cellular studies, to explain how DHA‐containing phospholipids modify rafts. Furthermore, our data highlight the notion that n‐3 PUFAs exert differential functional effects depending on the cell type.
Quercetin supplementation does not enhance antibody responses to influenza vaccination
Authors: Henson Dru A , Kohut Marian L , Nieman David C , Heinz Serena A , Yin Fuxia
Published: June 2021

Although vaccination is an effective strategy for prevention of influenza, its efficacy is limited, especially in older adults. A search for novel adjuvant strategies to increase vaccine efficacy is ongoing. Quercetin (Q), a plant flavonoid is attributed with numerous health benefits due to its anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. The effects of 8‐wks Q supplementation on the antibody (AB) response to influenza immunization was studied in 82 subjects (ages 41–83 y) randomized to Q‐500 (500 mg/d Q, N=32), Q‐1000 (1000 mg/d Q, N=25) or placebo (N=25) groups. Subjects ingested supplements for 4‐wks, provided blood samples, were vaccinated with the 2008–09 trivalent influenza Afluria® vaccine containing A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1), A/Brisbane/10/2007(H3N2) and B/Florida/4/2006, and provided blood samples after 4 additional wks of supplementation. Q supplementation at two doses compared to placebo increased plasma Q (P<0.001), however no group differences were found for hemagglutination inhibition AB titers or seroconversion rates for any viral strain. Compared to placebo, Q‐1000 attenuated post‐vaccination increases in IgG for H1N1 and B (but not H3N2) and significantly reduced post‐vaccination IgG to all viruses combined by 83% (P=0.025). In conclusion, Q supplementation does not improve the AB response to influenza vaccination.

Supported by grants from Coca‐Cola and Quercegen Pharma.
Lipid‐Induced Alterations in Lung Epithelial Cells Result in Increased Influenza Virus Replication
Authors: Paich Heather , Beck Melinda
Published: June 2021

Recent reports suggest that obesity may be an independent risk factor for influenza A virus (IAV) H1N1 infection. Obese mice are also more susceptible to IAV infection. While many studies focus on the host immune response to IAV infection, few focus specifically on the response of lung epithelial cells, one of the primary targets for IAV infection. In an obese state, lung epithelial cells are exposed to serum containing high amounts of lipids, including fatty acids (FAs). A459 lung epithelial cells were used to test the hypothesis that lipid‐induced modifications would alter cellular responses to IAV infection. Cells were incubated for 24 hours with media containing a combination of the FAs palmitate, palmitoleate, stearate, and oleate, complexed to albumin, or control media without FAs, followed by infection with IAV. Cells incubated with FAs were found to have higher influenza viral titers compared with control cells. Concomitant with the higher titers, FA‐treated cells expressed higher levels of mRNA for the antiviral cytokines interferon (IFN)‐α and IFN‐β, and the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin‐6, likely in response to the higher viral load. These data suggest that lung epithelial cells in obese individuals may be more susceptible to viral infection due to exposure to FA‐rich serum and provide a novel mechanism for increased susceptibility to influenza infection due to obesity.
Oleic acid prevents stearic acid‐induced inhibition of cell growth and pro‐inflammatory responses in human aortic endothelial cells
Authors: Banan Ali , Harvey Kevin A , Whitley Philip , Xu Zhidong , Walker Candace , Pavlina Thomas M , Zaloga Gary P , Siddiqui Rafat A
Published: June 2021

Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) have been linked to cardiovascular disease complications. However, SFAs represent significant components of both enteral/parenteral nutritional formulations, which may further contribute to existing disease pathologies. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether oleic acid (C18:1) reduces the growth inhibitory and pro‐inflammatory effects of stearic acid (C18:0) in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Growth and cytotoxicity assays were quantified by a WST‐1 assay. Adhesion molecule (ICAM‐1) expression and apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry. NF‐κB activation was assayed by western blot. A lower concentration of stearic acid treatment inhibited cell proliferation, whereas a higher concentration induced cellular toxicity through an apoptotic mechanism. Stearic acid‐induced effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis were reduced by oleic acid in a dose dependent manner (0–25 μM). Stearic acid treatment also increased ICAM‐1 expression, which was also reduced by levels of oleic acid as low as 5 μM. Further, stearic acid activated NF‐κB a pro‐inflammatory mediator, in a dose dependent manner. However, when combined with oleic acid, this activation was reduced. Our data suggests that oleic acid has the ability to reduce the growth inhibitory and pro‐inflammatory effects of long‐chain saturated fatty acids, specifically stearic acid, on HAECs.
Use of the sucrose breath test to assess methotrexate‐induced mucositis following zinc supplementation
Authors: Tran Cuong D , Howarth Gordon S , Butler Ross N
Published: June 2021

This study investigated the efficacy of zinc (Zn) supplementation to ameliorate methotrexate (MTX)‐induced intestinal mucositis in mice. MT‐I&‐II null (MT−/−) and wild‐type (MT+/+) mice were fed either a 10 (control) or 400 mg Zn/kg diet (high Zn) for 7 days at which time intestinal mucositis was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of MTX (500 mg/kg). Mice were sacrificed at 24 and 72 h post MTX injection while continuing their respective diets. The sucrose breath test (SBT) was used to assess small intestinal integrity and was performed prior to feeding the Zn diets, 5 days after and 24 and 72 h post MTX injection. MT+/+ mice (4.5 (1–8); median (ranges)) had significantly (p<0.05) lower histological severity scores compared to MT−/− mice (8.8 (4–13)), irrespective of Zn intake. Small bowel MTX‐induced damage, as assessed by the SBT, was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in MT+/+ (16.1 ± 1.2 cumulative % dose recovered at 90 min; mean±SEM) compared to MT−/− mice (12.4 ± 1.2), irrespective of time and diet. This was most prominent at 72 h post MTX administration (MT+/+; 11.9 ± 2.0 vs MT−/−; 7.3 ± 2.5). Dietary Zn did not ameliorate MTX‐induced gut damage in either MT+/+ or MT−/− mice as assessed by the SBT or histologically. Zn supplementation did not ameliorate MTX‐induced gut damage. The presence of MT was protective against small intestinal damaged induced by MTX, assessed by the SBT.
Effect of trans fatty acids from ruminants and industrial sources on plasma adhesion molecule concentrations in healthy men
Authors: Lacroix Emilie , Couillard Charles , Paquin Paul , Chouinard Yvan , Lemieux Simone , Couture Patrick , Lamarche Benoît
Published: June 2021

Objective

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of ruminant trans fatty acids (rTFA) and industrial trans fatty acids (iTFA) on plasma adhesion molecule concentrations (VCAM, ICAM and E‐selectin) in healthy male subjects.

Design

In a double‐blind, randomized crossover controlled study, 38 healthy men were each fed 4 experimental isoenergetic diets lasting 4 weeks each. The 4 diets were : 1‐ iTFA (10.2 g/2500 kcal), 2‐ high rTFA (10.2 g/2500 kcal), 3‐ moderate rTFA (4.2 g/2500 kcal), and 4‐ control diet low in TFA from any source (2.2 g/2500 kcal).

Results

Plasma ICAM concentrations were reduced significantly after the moderate rTFA diet (3.9% reduction, p=0.042) and the iTFA diet (4% reduction, p=0.036) when compared to the control diet. No significant change in plasma concentrations of VCAM and E‐selectin were observed after any of the TFA diets compared to the control diet.

Conclusions

Data from this controlled feeding study suggest that 1) consumption of TFA from any source appear to have minimal impact on markers of endothelial dysfunction such as VCAM and E‐selectin, and 2‐ that high dietary intakes of TFA from industrial and ruminant sources may have different effects on plasma ICAM concentrations. The clinical implications of these findings have yet to be established. Funding: Dairy Farmers of Canada, Novalait Inc, NSERC.
Nutritional and inflammatory markers in gastroenterological surgical patients. Influence on postoperative complications
Authors: Zago Liliana , Danguise Eduardo , Infantino Carlos González , Río María Esther , Callegari Mariana
Published: June 2021

The relevant importance of nutrition and inflammation on the outcome of the surgical patient is well recognized. In order to evaluate their influence on appearance of complications, 50 patients from programmed gastroenterological surgeries were studied. BMI, vitamin A and C, Zn, albumin (Alb), transtiretin (TTR), RBP, α1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP) and PCR were determine in fasting samples taken before surgical procedure. After follow up, 43 patients with complete information were analyzed. Complications appeared in 17 patients (39.5%). Patients with complications (C) presented lower values of vitamin A (36.9±14.5 vs 49.7±20.6 μg/dl; 18% vs 4% <25 μg/dl), vitamin C (0.60±0.39 vs 0.70±0.44; 41% vs 24% < 0.4 mg/dl) and Zn (78.4±25.8 vs 87.8±25.7; 35% vs 11% < 70 μg/dl), and higher values of AGP (100.1±50.9 vs 79.1±36.7 mg/dl) and PCR (1.67±1.99 vs 1.15±1.78 mg/dl); only significant mean difference of vitamin A was founded (P=0.0318), because of high dispersion of data. No difference was observed in Alb (4.1±0.7 vs 4.2±0.5g/dl), TTR (22.5±10.1 vs 24.7±7.5 mg/dl) and RBP (3.6±1.3 vs 4.2±1.9 mg/dl), but a higher % of patients with low values was observed in C patients (29% vs 12% for Alb, 47% vs 27% for TTR and 47% vs 29% for RBP). We conclude that combination of higher nutritional impairment and inflammation may influence appearance of complications. Plasma vitamin A, C and Zn are the most promissory risk markers. Supported by UBACyT B090.
Dirlotapide improves body condition and insulin sensitivity in obese insulin resistant dogs
Authors: Leray Veronique , Serisier Samuel , Freuchet Benjamin , Le Bloc'h Jerome , Nguyen Patrick
Published: June 2021

The aim of our study was to assess the effects of dirlotapide on metabolic disorders in obese insulin resistant dogs. Dirlotapide is a MTP inhibitor that should promote weight loss by lowering fat absorption.

Obese dogs were treated with placebo or dirlotapide for 21 wk. Food intake and body weight (BW) were recorded. Prior to and at the end of the treatment period, body condition score (BCS), insulin sensitivity (IS), plasma leptin and ghréline, and adiponectin mRNA expression were measured.

BW and BCS did not change in placebo‐treated dogs, whereas they were lower in dirlotapide‐treated dogs. During the treatment period, food intake was higher (+4 %) than previously in placebo‐treated dogs, whereas it was lower in dirlotapide‐treated dogs. Basal insulinemia did not change in either group. Basal glycemia increased in placebo‐treated dogs, while it was not affected by the dirlotapide treatment. IS did not change in placebo‐treated dogs, whereas it increased in dirlotapide‐treated animals. Plasma leptin and ghrelin levels were lower at the end of the dirlotapide treatment period. Adiponectin mRNA levels were higher at the end of the dirlotapide treatment.

The lower BW and BCS at the end of the dirlotapide treatment period are consistent with lower leptin level, and higher adiponectin expression. That could have resulted from the lower food intake, and could account for the improvement in insulin sensitivity.
Efficacy of STEADFAST® EQUINE joint supplement in a chemically‐induced osteoarthritis rat model
Authors: Wedekind Karen J. , Middelbos Ingomar , Evans Joe , Atwell Cindy , Lunnemann Jenea
Published: June 2021

The efficacy of STEADFAST® EQUINE joint supplement (SFE) was evaluated in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)‐induced osteoarthritis (OA) rat model. SFE is a proprietary blend of natural eggshell membrane, chelated trace minerals and antioxidant vitamins. Seventy‐two male Wistar rats were fed either: 1) rat AIN‐93M diet, 2) As 1+ 1% SFE, or 3) As 1+ 2% SFE (n=24/trt). Rats were fed for 28 d prior to MIA injection, and treatments continued until tissue collection. Injections of MIA (0.6 mg) were administered in the right knee joints at d 0. Changes in hind paw weight distribution (HPWD) and inflammation between the arthritic and contra‐lateral control limb were used to assess joint discomfort at d 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 post‐MIA injection. Serum biomarkers (PIIANP & CTX‐II) were collected d 7, 14, 28 and 56 post‐injection. Relative to the other treatments, rats fed 2% SFE were able to bear significantly more weight on their arthritic limb on d 14 post ‐MIA injection (P <0.05). Inflammation and HPWD were numerically lower than control at all but one time point. C‐teleopeptide crosslinks type II cartilage (CTXII), a marker of cartilage degradation, was decreased in rats fed 2% SFE at d 7, 14 and 28 (P<0.05) & decreased in rats fed 1% SFE d 28 (P<0.05) relative to control. Thus, our study suggests SFE may reduce pain and decrease cartilage loss in a rat model of OA. STEADFAST® is a trademark of Novus Nutrition Brands, LLC.
LDL and free fatty acids increase proliferation and migration of estrogen receptor negative (ER−) MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells: involvement of ACAT1 and MAPK signaling
Authors: Antalis Caryl J , Buhman Kimberly K
Published: June 2021

Cancer cells have a constant need for lipids for membrane construction. This need may be met by de novo biosynthesis or by increased uptake of exogenous lipids. Because biosynthesis requires energy, cells that are able to take up more lipids from the environment may have an advantage. We found that ER− MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells have decreased proliferation and migration when grown in media that has been stripped of lipoproteins. Adding back either LDL or free fatty acids increased both proliferation and migration. Both of these functions were dependent on the ability to form cholesteryl esters (CE) by the enzyme acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1), as demonstrated by the fact that inhibition of ACAT1 reduced LDL‐ and fatty acid‐induced proliferation and migration. MDA‐MB‐231 cells expressed high levels of ACAT1 as compared to ER+ MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. MDA‐MB‐231 cells had higher CE concentrations, more cytoplasmic lipid droplets, higher ACAT activity and greater ability to take up LDL compared to ER+ MCF‐7 cells. Inhibition of constitutively activated ERK1/2 by U0126 decreased LDL‐ and fatty acid‐induced proliferation and migration of MDA‐MB‐231 cells, indicating that ACAT1 may be a downstream effector of MAPK signaling in this cell line. These findings may have implications for the effects of dietary fat, obesity or metabolic syndrome in the progression of ER− breast cancer.
Soy Isoflavone Genistein Attenuates WNT Signaling By Up‐regulating WNT Antagonist sFRP2 In Human Colon Cell Line DLD‐1
Authors: Zhang Yukun , Chen Hong
Published: June 2021

Aberrant WNT signaling has been observed in colon cancer, with nuclear accumulation of β‐catenin, and activation of target gene expression. Secreted frizzled related proteins (sFRPs) inhibit WNT signaling through competing with frizzled receptors. Decreased sFRP2 is associated with dysregulated WNT. According to our previous observation, genistein inhibited colon cancer cell proliferation. In this study, we hypothesized that intake of genistein contributes to up‐regulation of sFRP2, which results in decreased nuclear β‐catenin and attenuation of WNT signaling. Human cancer cell line DLD‐1 cells were harvested after being treated with 75μM genistein for four days. Western blot showed decreased β‐catenin accumulation in nuclear extract, along with increased phospho‐ β‐catenin, indicated that moderated the WNT signaling has been modulated. Increased sFRP2 mRNA level was detected by real time RT‐PCR. Methylation‐sensitive restriction enzyme PCR and methylation selective PCR showed decreased DNA methylation at the CpG islands in sFRP2's promoter. Furthermore, we tested out that genistein inhibited the DNA methyltransferase DNMT1 but had no effect on DNMT3a. In conclusion, genistein treatment inhibits WNT pathway by increasing sFRP2 expression through DNA demethylation at the promoter of sFRP2.

Grant Funding Source: NIH
Effect of dietary selenium on cigarette smoke‐induced lung cancer in mice
Authors: Martin Joshua Blake , Li Jun , Tharappel Job , Gillespie Harold , Cantor Austin , Gairola Gary , Glauert Howard P.
Published: June 2021

The goal of the study was to determine if dietary selenium inhibited the induction of lung cancer by cigarette smoke in A/J mice. Purified diets containing 0.15, 0.5, or 2.0 mg/kg selenium in the form of sodium selenite were fed to female A/J mice. Half of the mice in each dietary group were exposed to cigarette smoke six hours a day for five months followed by a four month recovery period in ambient air, while the other half were used as controls. After the recovery period, the mice were euthanized, and their lungs and livers were removed for further analysis. The lung tissue was analyzed for tumor incidence, multiplicity, and selenium level while glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity was quantified in liver tissue. Mice exposed to smoke had a higher tumor incidence. Mice fed 2.0 ppm Se had a slightly lower tumor incidence than mice fed 0.5 ppm Se. The mice exposed to smoke had a higher tumor multiplicity; however, selenium had no effect. An increase in the concentration of selenium led to increased levels of the selenium in the lung as well as in the GPX activity of the liver. In conclusion, these data confirm the carcinogenic activity of cigarette smoke in mice and indicate that high levels of dietary selenium may be inhibitory. (Supported by NIH CA125788, the China Scholarship Council, and the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station)
Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases present in schoolchildren from Sinaloa, Mexico
Authors: Arias‐Gastélum Mayra , Castro‐Acosta Monica , Castro‐Urquizo Grizel , Magaña‐Gomez Javier , Martín‐Alarcón León , Sánchez‐Medina Edgar , Vergara‐Jimenez Marcela
Published: June 2021

Obesity have increased significantly in the last decades imparing biochemical parameters and increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in adults and children. However, anthropometrics and biochemical parameters analyses are necessary to know alterations in early ages. The objective of this study was to determine overweight (OW) and obesity (OB) and their relationship with metabolic alterations in biochemical parameters such as the lipid profile. A random sample of 314 schoolchildren aged 6–12 y old from the urban area of Sinaloa was studied. OW and OB were determined using body mass index (BMI) based on the standards from CDC. Serum biochemical parameters like fasting glucose, triacylglycerides, total‐cholesterol and HDL‐cholesterol were determined using an enzymatic colorimetric method. The results showed 29.6% and 19.4% of schoolchildren with OW and OB respectively. Hypercholesterolemia was observed in 13.4% of children and hyperglycemia in11.4%, with no difference according to BMI. Hypertriglyceridemia was observed in 18.3%, 29.03%, y 13.3% in OW, OB and normal BMI respectively (p<0.05). Metabolic syndrome was present in 3.18% of the schoolchildren, all of them were OW or OB. This study evidence the differences concerning to the higher BMI, the presence of alterations in serum lipids and the higher risk to develop chronic diseases since childhood. Research supported by CONACyT (Proj. No. 69739).
Changes in selected food intake behaviors of 4th–6th grade students after the 2007–08 USDA Fresh Fruit and Vegetable program (FFVP)
Authors: Lin Yi‐Chun , Foland Elizabeth B , Graves Lisa M , Shertzer Julie A , Liu Yibin , Shepherd Catherine E , Fly Alyce D
Published: June 2021

To determine the impact of the 2007–08 FFVP on food intake, volunteer students from 4th–6th grade in 21 treatment and 2 control schools completed anonymous questionnaires at start and month 8 of the school year. Responses to 18 items were grouped into total fruits (TF), vegetables (TV), low nutrient foods (TLNF). Data were processed for missing values, univariate and multivariate outliers, and subjected to 4‐way MANOVA (2 gender × 3 grades × 2 treatment × 2 time) to examine TF, TV, and TLNF intake. Controls ate more TLNF at month 8 (p<0.01) while treatment students did not (p=0.94). The treatment × time interaction was not significant for TF or TV intake (p=0.18, p=0.10). To further examine intake, 4‐way ANOVA was used to analyze the 18 items independently. When time × treatment interactions were significant, simple main effects were tested for the difference between time for each treatment group. Fresh, canned and frozen fruit intake increased in treatment (p<0.01) but not controls (p=0.41). Control but not treatment students ate more frozen desserts (p=0.02, p=0.18). Intake of vegetables varied, e.g., potato (not fried) decreased in treatment with no change in controls (p=0.04, p=0.17), bean decreased in treatment but increased in controls (p<0.01, p<0.01) and mixed vegetable did not change in treatment but increased in controls (p=0.67, p=0.02) Thus, FFVP improved some but not all food behaviors.
A school wellness program combined with repeated taste exposures increased preferences for fruits and vegetables in fourth and fifth grade children
Authors: Lakkakula Anantha , Zanovec Michael , Pierce Sarah , Murphy Ellen , Tuuri Georgianna
Published: June 2021

Children's food preferences are major determinants of their consumption. The present study aimed to increase children's preferences for fruits and vegetables (FV) through a school wellness program combined with cafeteria vegetable tasting. A total of 250 fourth and fifth grade students (41% boys; 63% fourth graders) attending low‐income, public elementary schools in southeastern Louisiana participated. The 15‐week intervention included a classroom curriculum that emphasized benefits and consumption of FV and a cafeteria‐based vegetable tasting program (four vegetables). After participating in the intervention, children's knowledge of the benefits of eating FV increased (p < .01). Nutrition knowledge was greater among fifth graders as compared to fourth graders (p < .01) and girls compared to boys (p < .01). Children's preferences for baked potatoes, greens, and green beans increased (p < .01) and fourth graders had higher preferences for apples, oranges, pineapple, strawberries, and tangerines than fifth graders (p = .02). For broccoli, carrots, celery, cabbage, corn, lettuce, and spinach fifth grader's preferences were increased while fourth grader's preferences dropped following the intervention (p = .03). This school wellness program increased children's nutrition knowledge and preferences for a variety of FV. Funding: Baton Rouge Area and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundations

Grant Funding Source: Baton Rouge Area and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundations
Assessment of body composition in children by bioelectrical impedance and skinfold anthropometry
Authors: Vidueiros Silvina Mariela , Tarducci Gabriel , Morea Guillermo , Bardach Ariel , Paganini Amalia , Dimarco Gabriela , Aquino Bernando , Pallaro Anabel
Published: June 2021

This study is part of an intervention program related to overweight and obesity in children. Skinfold anthropometry (SKF) and Bioelectrical impedance (BIA) were used to know the initial body fat mass (BF).

Aim

to determine the level of agreement for BF measurement by BIA and SKF, using Bland and Altman method.

Subjects and methods

BF was calculated using Deurenberg for SKF and 7 different algorithms (Deurenberg A y B, Schaeffer, Rush y Schoeller A, B y C) for BIA in 145 children of both sex aged between 6–9 years.

Results

BF % (SKF): 23.3 ± 4.6 and average BF % (BIA): 21.89 ± 2.63. Concordance analysis revealed that the average difference between SKF‐BIA was variable (−5.5% to 0.2 %), and the standard deviation too wide (6.3 to 17.3). The algorithm Deurenberg A had the minor average difference of 0,21 % ± 7,88.

Conclusion

Measurements of BF determined by these algorithms for BIA gave poor agreement with SKF, thus the results suggest the need to develop validated equations for BIA using reference methodology as deuterium dilution method. This study is going on at present.

Supported by UBACyT B098 and ARCAL RLA/6/059
Knowledge and barriers related to whole grain pasta in schools
Authors: Rosen Renee A , Hauge Denise A , Arndt Elizabeth , Veal Mike , Marquart Len , McCurry Steve
Published: June 2021

A recent Institute of Medicine (IOM) report entitled School Meals: Building Blocks for Healthy Children reinforces that school menus should adopt standards for menu planning that increase the amounts of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. In addition the IOM recommends that the Food and Drug Administration should take action to require labeling for the whole grain content of food products. The primary objective was to elicit input from School Foodservice Directors (SFD) regarding their experiences in purchasing, preparing, and serving whole grain pasta in the school environment. Individual interviews (n = 8) with SFD, focus groups (n = 40) with managers from Minnesota; and focus groups (n = 32) with SFD at the School Nutrition Association's Annual Conference were conducted to assess knowledge and practices regarding whole grain pasta. Qualitative data analysis procedures were used to generate common themes. Results indicated that few schools use whole grain pasta due to availability, cost, taste, quality and relevant application to the school food service environment. Additionally, standardized alternative methods for identification need to be developed to recognize whole wheat and whole grain pasta. Collaborative efforts involving the various sectors and disciplines would allow for standard product development and identification to minimize barriers by SFDs to successfully purchase, prepare and serve whole grain pasta in a school environment.

Support: ConAgra Foods, Inc. and Grains for Health
High dietary calcium does not mediate the effects of dairy to attenuate weight gain and improve glucose tolerance in mice with pre‐existing obesity
Authors: Dunn Tamara N. , Thomas Anthony P. , Drayton Josephine B. , Adams Sean H.
Published: June 2021

Previous research in animal models suggests increased dietary Ca and dairy reduces weight gain and obesity‐associated inflammation. Effects of these dietary factors on obese phenotypes when introduced in the context of pre‐existing obesity are less clear. We investigated the effects of introducing high calcium (HC) and HC with non‐fat dry milk (NFDM) in adult male C57BL/6J mice pre‐fattened with an obesigenic, pro‐inflammatory high fat diet (45% kcal; HFD) for 12 wks. Mice were then assigned (n=30/group) to one of three macronutrient‐matched HF diets for an additional 8 wks: control (0.5%; CON), HC (1.5% Ca), or HC with NFDM. Surprisingly, HC mice gained more wt (10.1 + 0.5 g vs. 5.3 + 0.4 g; P<0.001) with a significantly higher feed efficiency (12.8 + 0.5 mg wt gain/kcal intake) and decreased glucose tolerance (GT) compared to CON. NFDM mice gained the least wt (2.2 + 0.6g; P<0.001) with a lower feed efficiency (3.0 + 0.6 vs. 7.8 + 0.4 mg wt gain/kcal intake) and improved GT vs. CON. Obesity‐related inflammatory markers are currently being analyzed. We conclude that effects of dairy to reduce weight gain and improve glucose tolerance in mice with pre‐existing obesity and fed a HFD is not mediated by dietary Ca, and likely results from other factors specific to the NFDM diet.

Grant Funding Source: National Dairy Council and ARS Project 5306–51530–016–00D
Association between Dietary intake and Obesity among Hypertensive Elderly Patients Visiting an Education Information Center
Authors: Yoon Jin‐Sook , Seo KyungHee
Published: June 2021

Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in Korea. Therefore, we assessed the association between dietary pattern and obesity in hypertensive patients to formulate health promotion strategies for the older population. Dietary information for two non‐consecutive days was collected from hypertensive patients by using 24 hour recall method. The 2005 DRIs for Koreans was used to evaluate the dietary adequacy. When subjects were categorized by body mass index (BMI) as normal, overweight and obese, no significant difference in energy intake was found among groups. Dietary intakes of folate, and vitamin C in obese hypertensive patients were significantly lower than in normal weight patients (p<.05). When we compare the nutritional status by waist circumferences, dietary intakes of zinc, vitamin A, thiamin, vitamin C and folate were significantly lower in the obese group. However, intakes of carbohydrate and cholesterol were significantly higher in obese hypertensive patients (p<.05). Obese hypertensive patients had a higher risk of nutritional inadequacy compared to normal weight patients. These results underscore the need for developing interventions that encourage greater consumption of vegetables while cutting down staple foods, for obese hypertensive patients on Korean‐style diet.
Whey protein preserves lean tissue mass better than gelatin protein during weight loss in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Comerford Kevin , Karakas Sidika
Published: June 2021

Research in humans has shown that whey protein (WP) helps preserve lean tissue mass (LTM) better than carbohydrates during weight loss, but it is not determined if other protein sources are as effective. WP is rich in essential amino acids, especially leucine, which has been shown to promote muscle protein synthesis via mTOR signaling. We compared the effects of WP and gelatin protein (GP), which is a poor source of essential amino acids, on weight loss in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. Subjects consumed 20g daily of Prolibra™, a partially hydrolyzed WP rich in calcium and bioactive peptides, or a partially hydrolyzed GP during prescribed caloric restriction to induce weight loss. Both WP and GP groups lost a significant amount of weight over 3 months (18.8 + 6.7 lbs and 24.6 + 7.8 lbs, respectively). Although the GP group lost more weight, there was no significant difference in fat loss between WP and GP groups (14.8 + 6.6 lbs vs. 16 + 3.2 lbs). The GP group lost nearly twice as much LTM compared to the WP group (8.26 + 2.3 lbs vs. 4.4 + 1.6 lbs). Dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry, metabolic cart and blood marker data are currently being analyzed. We conclude that WP preserves LTM better than GP during weight loss. Preservation of LTM during weight loss may be important in maintaining weight loss and reducing risk of obesity related morbidities.

Grant Funding Source: The California Dairy Research Foundation