bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Greville Memoirs
Authors: Greville Charles Cavendish Fulke
Published: October 2011

Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville (1794–1865) was one of the most important English political and social diarists. Clerk to the Privy Council for over forty years, he mixed with all the great political names of the day, including Wellington, Melbourne, Palmerston and Peel. Greville was fascinated by people, and a great collector of information, believing that 'there is always something to be learned from everybody if you touch them on the points they know'. Greville always intended his diaries to be published after his death. They appeared in eight volumes between 1874 and 1887, and form an important historical source for the first half of the nineteenth century. Volume 6 covers the period December 1846 to September 1852. It includes the Irish famine, revolutions in Europe and Chartist demonstrations at home. It ends with anti-Catholic feelings and the death of the Duke of Wellington.
The Greville Memoirs
Authors: Greville Charles Cavendish Fulke
Published: October 2011

Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville (1794–1865) was one of the most important English political and social diarists. Clerk to the Privy Council for over forty years, he mixed with all the great political names of the day, including Wellington, Melbourne, Palmerston and Peel. Greville was fascinated by people, and a great collector of information, believing that 'there is always something to be learned from everybody if you touch them on the points they know'. Greville always intended his diaries to be published after his death. They appeared in eight volumes between 1874 and 1887, and form an important historical source for the first half of the nineteenth century. Volume 7 covers the four years from Wellington's funeral in 1852 to the end of 1855, during which time Britain, as part of an international alliance, was at war with Russia in the Crimea.
Wanderings in West Africa from Liverpool to Fernando Po
Authors: Burton Richard Francis
Published: October 2011

Sir Richard Francis Burton (1821–1890) was a British explorer, writer and ethnologist best known for his travels in Asia and Africa in the nineteenth century. This is his account, originally published in 1863, of his mission to investigate mortality in West Africa. In Volume 2 he continues to recount his explorations, from Cape Palmas through to Cape Coast, the Gold Coast, Accra, Lagos and finally Fernando Po. Through his vivid and sometimes grim recollections, Burton reveals West Africa's culture, traditions, and living and working environments, showing how slaves were exploited in the gold trade, dwellings were overcrowded and unclean, and poverty and starvation were rife, in the midst of enduring inequality between Europeans and native Africans. Providing a broad historical, political and cultural background to his findings, Burton lends a unique insight into nineteenth-century Africa, which remains of great relevance to anthropologists, historians and geographers today.
Eton and King's
Authors: James M. R.
Published: October 2011

M. R. James (1862–1936), best remembered today for his ghost stories, was Provost of King's College, Cambridge (1905–1918) and of Eton College (1918–1936). In these memoirs, he tells the story of the times he spent at the two prestigious institutions, providing a vibrant account of the people and experiences that characterised them. Beginning with his first impressions of Eton as a boy, he lends a unique insight into the school, moving on to recount with affection his scholarly and teaching careers in both these 'royal and religious foundations'. Ghosts and games, choirs and Christmases, and dramas and dons are all recalled in vivid detail, creating a colourful picture of academic life during the early twentieth century and the First World War. Anecdotal, touching and often humorous, James' recollections reveal his role in both intellectual and social life at these famous institutions, and his dedication and allegiance to them.
Narrative of a Voyage to the Pacific and Beering's Strait
Authors: Beechey Frederick William
Published: October 2011

Frederick William Beechey (1796–1856), naval officer and hydrographer, was born into a family of artists, joined the Navy at a young age and went on to travel the world to survey coastlines and oceans. He published several accounts of his expeditions to destinations including the Arctic and Africa. This two-volume work, first published in 1831, describes his voyage as commander of the Blossom in 1825–1828. The ship's mission was to support the exploration of the North-West Passage by travelling eastwards via the Bering Strait to meet the explorers Sir John Franklin and Sir Edward Parry who were travelling west from the North Atlantic. Volume 2 follows the expedition from California, where it had overwintered, via Hawai'i and China, back to the Bering Strait for a second summer. It includes a vocabulary of Eskimo words, notes on harbours and navigation, and a vivid description of the northern lights.
Travels in Central Africa, and Explorations of the Western Nile Tributaries
Authors: Petherick John , Petherick Katherine Harriet
Published: October 2011

In 1861, Welsh explorer and British consul for the Sudan John Petherick (1813–82) departed for Central Africa on a mission for the Royal Geographical Society, with his wife Katherine (1827–77). First published in 1869, this two-volume account is based on notes and letters mostly written by Katherine, and describes their journey to Gondokoro, bringing boats and supplies for Captains Speke and Grant. Her descriptions provide valuable insights into African customs and traditions, particularly with regards to the condition of women, as well as information on flora and fauna observed. The work also gives an account of the controversy in which Petherick was falsely accused of taking part in the slave trade. Volume 1 focuses on the first part of the Pethericks' trip, up to their meeting with Speke and Grant.
An Introduction to Galois Cohomology and its Applications
Authors: Berhuy Grégory
Published: October 2011

This is the first elementary introduction to Galois cohomology and its applications. The first part is self-contained and provides the basic results of the theory, including a detailed construction of the Galois cohomology functor, as well as an exposition of the general theory of Galois descent. The author illustrates the theory using the example of the descent problem of conjugacy classes of matrices. The second part of the book gives an insight into how Galois cohomology may be used to solve algebraic problems in several active research topics, such as inverse Galois theory, rationality questions or the essential dimension of algebraic groups. Assuming only a minimal background in algebra, the main purpose of this book is to prepare graduate students and researchers for more advanced study.
Particle dynamics in the channel flow of a turbulent particle–gas suspension at high Stokes number. Part 1. DNS and fluctuating force model
Authors: Goswami Partha S. , Kumaran V.
Published: October 2011

The fluctuating force model is developed and applied to the turbulent flow of a gas–particle suspension in a channel in the limit of high Stokes number, where the particle relaxation time is large compared to the fluid correlation time, and low particle Reynolds number where the Stokes drag law can be used to describe the interaction between the particles and fluid. In contrast to the Couette flow, the fluid velocity variances in the different directions in the channel are highly non-homogeneous, and they exhibit significant variation across the channel. First, we analyse the fluctuating particle velocity and acceleration distributions at different locations across the channel. The distributions are found to be non-Gaussian near the centre of the channel, and they exhibit significant skewness and flatness. However, acceleration distributions are closer to Gaussian at locations away from the channel centre, especially in regions where the variances of the fluid velocity fluctuations are at a maximum. The time correlations for the fluid velocity fluctuations and particle acceleration fluctuations are evaluated, and it is found that the time correlation of the particle acceleration fluctuations is close to the time correlations of the fluid velocity in a ‘moving Eulerian’ reference, moving with the mean fluid velocity. The variances of the fluctuating force distributions in the Langevin simulations are determined from the time correlations of the fluid velocity fluctuations and the results are compared with direct numerical simulations. Quantitative agreement between the two simulations are obtained provided the particle viscous relaxation time is at least five times larger than the fluid integral time.
The Liuyuan complex in the Beishan, NW China: a Carboniferous–Permian ophiolitic fore-arc sliver in the southern Altaids
Authors: MAO QIGUI , XIAO WENJIAO , WINDLEY BRIAN F. , HAN CHUNMING , QU JUNFENG , AO SONGJIAN , ZHANG JI'EN , GUO QIANQIAN
Published: October 2011

The tectonic history and time of closure of the Palaeo-Asian ocean of the Altaids are issues of lively current debate. To address these issues, this paper presents detailed geological, petrological and geochemical data of the Liuyuan complex (LC) in the Beishan region in NW China, located in the southernmost Altaids, in order to constrain its age, origin and tectonic setting. The LC mainly comprises massive basalts, pillow basalts, basaltic breccias, gabbros and ultramafic rocks together with cherts and tuffs. Most prominent are gabbros and large volumes of basaltic lavas. These mafic rocks have high TiO2 contents, flat rare earth element (REE) patterns and show high-field-strength elements (HFSEs) similar to those of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). The mafic rocks exhibit positive εNd(t) (6.6–9.0) values, representing magmas derived from the mantle. But these basic rocks are also enriched in Th relative to REEs, and are systematically depleted in Nb–Ta–(Ti) relative to REEs. There is also a large range in initial 87Sr/86Sr (0.7037–0.7093). All these variables indicate that mantle-derived magma was contaminated by fluids and/or melts from a subducting lithospheric slab, and formed in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) setting. A gabbro intruded in the complex was dated by LA-ICP-MS on 20 zircons that yielded a 206Pb–238U weighted average age of 286 ± 2 Ma. Considering the fact that all these basalts are imbricated against Permian tuffaceous sediments and limestone, we propose that the LC formed as an ophiolite in a fore-arc in Carboniferous–Permian time. This indicates that the Palaeo-Asian ocean still existed at 286 ± 2 Ma in early Permian time, and thus the time of closure of the Palaeo-Asian ocean was in or after the late Permian.
Diversity and dynamics of rare and of resident bacterial populations in coastal sands
Authors: Gobet Angélique , Böer Simone I , Huse Susan M , van Beusekom Justus E E , Quince Christopher , Sogin Mitchell L , Boetius Antje , Ramette Alban
Published: October 2011

Coastal sands filter and accumulate organic and inorganic materials from the terrestrial and marine environment, and thus provide a high diversity of microbial niches. Sands of temperate climate zones represent a temporally and spatially highly dynamic marine environment characterized by strong physical mixing and seasonal variation. Yet little is known about the temporal fluctuations of resident and rare members of bacterial communities in this environment. By combining community fingerprinting via pyrosequencing of ribosomal genes with the characterization of multiple environmental parameters, we disentangled the effects of seasonality, environmental heterogeneity, sediment depth and biogeochemical gradients on the fluctuations of bacterial communities of marine sands. Surprisingly, only 3–5% of all bacterial types of a given depth zone were present at all times, but 50–80% of them belonged to the most abundant types in the data set. About 60–70% of the bacterial types consisted of tag sequences occurring only once over a period of 1 year. Most members of the rare biosphere did not become abundant at any time or at any sediment depth, but varied significantly with environmental parameters associated with nutritional stress. Despite the large proportion and turnover of rare organisms, the overall community patterns were driven by deterministic relationships associated with seasonal fluctuations in key biogeochemical parameters related to primary productivity. The maintenance of major biogeochemical functions throughout the observation period suggests that the small proportion of resident bacterial types in sands perform the key biogeochemical processes, with minimal effects from the rare fraction of the communities.
Prospective Associations Between Measures of Adiposity and Periodontal Disease
Authors: Jimenez Monik , Hu Frank B. , Marino Miguel , Li Yi , Joshipura Kaumudi J.
Published: October 2011

Obesity induced inflammation may promote periodontal tissue destruction and bone resorption inducing tooth loss. We examined the association between measures of adiposity and self‐reported periodontal disease, using data from 36,910 healthy male participants of the Health Professionals Follow‐Up Study (HPFS) who were free of periodontal disease at baseline and followed for ≤20 years (1986–2006). Self‐reported height, weight, and periodontal disease data were collected at baseline, weight and periodontal disease were additionally collected on biennial follow‐up questionnaires and waist and hip circumference were self‐reported in 1987. These self‐reported measures have been previously validated. The multivariable adjusted associations between BMI (kg/m2), waist circumference (WC), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), and first report of periodontal disease diagnosis were evaluated using time‐varying Cox models. We observed 2,979 new periodontal disease diagnoses during 596,561 person‐years of follow‐up. Significant associations and trends were observed between all measures of adiposity and periodontal disease after adjusting for age, smoking, race, dental profession, physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, and diabetes status at baseline. BMI ≥30 kg/m2 compared to BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 was significantly associated with greater risk of periodontal disease (hazard ratios (HR) = 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17–1.45). Elevated WC and WHR were significantly associated with a greater risk of periodontal disease (HR for extreme quintiles: WC = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.11–1.46; WHR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.17–1.54). The associations of BMI and WC were significant even among nondiabetics and never smokers. Given the high prevalence of overweight, obesity, and periodontal disease this association may be of substantial public health importance.
Experimental observation of an enhanced anisotropic magnetoresistance in non-local configuration
Authors: Rüffer D. , Czeschka F. D. , Gross R. , Goennenwein S. T. B.
Published: October 2011

We compare non-local magnetoresistance measurements in multi-terminal Ni nanostructures with corresponding local experiments. In both configurations, the measured voltages show the characteristic features of anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR). However, the magnitude of the non-local AMR signal is up to one order of magnitude larger than its local counterpart. Moreover, the non-local AMR increases with increasing degree of non-locality, i.e., with the separation between the region of the main current flow and the voltage measurement region. All experimental observations can be consistently modeled in terms of current spreading in a non-isotropic conductor. Our results show that current spreading can significantly enhance the magnetoresistance signal in non-local experiments.
On the transition between distributed and isolated surface roughness and its effect on the stability of channel flow
Authors: Floryan J. M. , Asai M.
Published: October 2011

The question of whether a system of roughness elements has to be viewed either as a distributed roughness or a set of individual, hydrodynamically independent roughness elements has been considered. The answer has been given in the context of definition of hydraulic smoothness proposed by Floryan [Eur. J. Mech. B/Fluids 26, 305 (2007)] where a roughness system that cannot destabilize the flow is viewed as hydraulically inactive. Linear stability characteristics have been traced from the distributed to the isolated roughness limits. It has been shown that an increase of distance between roughness elements very quickly stabilizes disturbances in the form of streamwise vortices; however, roughness elements placed quite far apart are able to affect evolution of disturbances in the form of traveling waves. Transition from the distributed to the isolated roughness limit is achieved much faster in the case of roughness elements in the form of “trenches” forming depressions below the reference surface than in the case of roughness elements in the form of “ridges” protruding above the reference surface.
Strain hardening and microstructure evolution during uniaxial compression of ultrafine grained zirconium at temperatures of 4.2–300 K
Authors: Podolskiy A. V. , Smirnov S. N. , Tabachnikova E. D. , Bengus V. Z. , Velikodny A. N. , Tikhonovsky M. A. , Bonarski B. , Mangler C. , Zehetbauer M. J.
Published: October 2011

The mechanical properties of ultrafine grained (UFG) zirconium (grain size 200 nm) obtained by a combination of extrusion, drawing, and annealing, are studied experimentally under uniaxial compression at temperatures of 4.2–300 K and compared with the mechanical properties of coarse grained (CG) Zr. The evolution of the texture and microstructure of Zr during strain is studied by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The volume fractions of twinned material are determined for UFG and CG Zr. It is found that at room temperature and below, twinning activity is lower in coarse grained zirconium, but at the very lowest temperatures (4.2 K) the opposite effect is observed, i.e., increased twinning activity with decreasing grain size. The influence of internal thermal anisotropy stresses on twinning in CG and UFG zirconium is discussed. The effect of twinning on the mechanical properties of UFG Zr is analyzed.
Temperature and excitation intensity dependence of photoluminescence in AlGaN quantum wells with mixed two-dimensional and three-dimensional morphology
Authors: Rajanna G. , Feng W. , Sohal S. , Kuryatkov V. V. , Nikishin S. A. , Bernussi A. A. , Holtz M.
Published: October 2011

The temperature dependences of the time-integrated and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) properties for AlGaN multiple quantum wells are examined. The wells are grown so that a range of mixed two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) morphology is obtained, ranging from primarily 2D to primarily 3D. The temperature dependence of the band edge is studied using absorption spectroscopy and found to be described by electron-phonon interactions. The temperature dependence of the PL emission intensities and lifetimes are described by a model incorporating the effects of thermal activation and hopping, both of which compete with the radiative process. These factors are smaller than the observed Stokes shift between absorption and emission, and attributed to intra-well electron transfer that varies according to 2D and 3D character. High excitation intensity reveals two PL bands in the sample with intermediate 2D/3D well morphology. The intensity dependence is described based on screening and bandgap renormalization.
Tricritical behavior of the R
I–R
V rotator phase transition in a mixture of alkanes with nanoparticles
Authors: Mukherjee Prabir K.
Published: October 2011

A phenomenological theory is presented, which describes the tricritical behavior of the RI–RV rotator phase transition in the mixture of alkanes with nanoparticles. The influence of the nanoparticles on the RI–RV transition in alkanes is discussed by varying the coupling between the order parameters of the rotator phases and nanoparticle. When nanoparticle solutes are added to pure alkanes, the RI–RV transition temperature is increased. It was observed from the theoretical calculations that for a particular value of the concentration of the nanoparticles, the first order RI–RV transition becomes second order at a tricritical point. Calculations based on this model agree qualitatively with experiment.
Strong suppression of internal electric field in GaN/AlGaN multi-layer quantum dots in nanowires
Authors: Songmuang R. , Kalita D. , Sinha P. , den Hertog M. , André R. , Ben T. , González D. , Mariette H. , Monroy E.
Published: October 2011

Photoluminescence (PL) studies of GaN/AlxGa1−xN quantum dots (QDs) in nanowires demonstrate an efficient carrier confinement, resulting in thermally stable decay times up to 300 K. The evolution of the PL transition energy as a function of both the QD height and the Al mole fraction in the barriers, as well as the evolution of the decay time as a function of the QD height, point out that a built-in electric field is significantly smaller than the value expected from the spontaneous polarization discontinuity. This is explained by the uniaxial compressive strain resulting from the spontaneously formed Al-rich shell that envelops the QD stack.
How much room for BiGa heteroantisites in GaAs1−xBix?
Authors: Ciatto G. , Alippi P. , Amore Bonapasta A. , Tiedje T.
Published: October 2011

We addressed the issue of bismuth heteroantisite defects (BiGa) in GaAs1−xBix/GaAs epilayers by coupling x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the bismuth edge with density functional theory calculations of the defect structure. Calculations predict a large relaxation of the Bi-As interatomic distances when Bi atoms substitute Ga, however we found no experimental evidence of it. Quantitative analysis of the x-ray absorption spectra allows us to establish a maximum concentration limit for BiGa, which corresponds to about 5% of the total Bi atoms. BiGa do not account for the modifications in the spectra previously attributed to short range ordering.
Automatic argumentative analysis for interaction mining
Authors: Pallotta Vincenzo , Delmonte Rodolfo
Published: October 2011

Interaction mining is about discovering and extracting insightful information from digital conversations, namely those human–human information exchanges mediated by digital network technology. We present in this article a computational model of natural arguments and its implementation for the automatic argumentative analysis of digital conversations, which allows us to produce relevant information to build interaction business analytics applications overcoming the limitations of standard text mining and information retrieval technology. Applications include advanced visualisations and abstractive summaries.
Arl13b regulates ciliogenesis and the dynamic localization of Shh signaling proteins
Authors: Larkins Christine E. , Aviles Gladys D. Gonzalez , East Michael P. , Kahn Richard A. , Caspary Tamara
Published: October 2011

Arl13b, a ciliary protein within the ADP-ribosylation factor family and Ras superfamily of GTPases, is required for ciliary structure but has poorly defined ciliary functions. In this paper, we further characterize the role of Arl13b in cilia by examining mutant cilia in vitro and determining the localization and dynamics of Arl13b within the cilium. Previously, we showed that mice lacking Arl13b have abnormal Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling; in this study, we show the dynamics of Shh signaling component localization to the cilium are disrupted in the absence of Arl13b. Significantly, we found Smoothened (Smo) is enriched in Arl13b-null cilia regardless of Shh pathway stimulation, indicating Arl13b regulates the ciliary entry of Smo. Furthermore, our analysis defines a role for Arl13b in regulating the distribution of Smo within the cilium. These results suggest that abnormal Shh signaling in Arl13b mutant embryos may result from defects in protein localization and distribution within the cilium.
Deficiencies in lamin B1 and lamin B2 cause neurodevelopmental defects and distinct nuclear shape abnormalities in neurons
Authors: Coffinier Catherine , Jung Hea-Jin , Nobumori Chika , Chang Sandy , Tu Yiping , Barnes Richard H. , Yoshinaga Yuko , de Jong Pieter J. , Vergnes Laurent , Reue Karen , Fong Loren G. , Young Stephen G.
Published: October 2011

Neuronal migration is essential for the development of the mammalian brain. Here, we document severe defects in neuronal migration and reduced numbers of neurons in lamin B1–deficient mice. Lamin B1 deficiency resulted in striking abnormalities in the nuclear shape of cortical neurons; many neurons contained a solitary nuclear bleb and exhibited an asymmetric distribution of lamin B2. In contrast, lamin B2 deficiency led to increased numbers of neurons with elongated nuclei. We used conditional alleles for Lmnb1 and Lmnb2 to create forebrain-specific knockout mice. The forebrain-specific Lmnb1- and Lmnb2-knockout models had a small forebrain with disorganized layering of neurons and nuclear shape abnormalities, similar to abnormalities identified in the conventional knockout mice. A more severe phenotype, complete atrophy of the cortex, was observed in forebrain-specific Lmnb1/Lmnb2 double-knockout mice. This study demonstrates that both lamin B1 and lamin B2 are essential for brain development, with lamin B1 being required for the integrity of the nuclear lamina, and lamin B2 being important for resistance to nuclear elongation in neurons.
R-loop-mediated genomic instability is caused by impairment of replication fork progression
Authors: Gan Wenjian , Guan Zhishuang , Liu Jie , Gui Ting , Shen Keng , Manley James L. , Li Xialu
Published: October 2011

Transcriptional R loops are anomalous RNA:DNA hybrids that have been detected in organisms from bacteria to humans. These structures have been shown in eukaryotes to result in DNA damage and rearrangements; however, the mechanisms underlying these effects have remained largely unknown. To investigate this, we first show that R-loop formation induces chromosomal DNA rearrangements and recombination in Escherichia coli, just as it does in eukaryotes. More importantly, we then show that R-loop formation causes DNA replication fork stalling, and that this in fact underlies the effects of R loops on genomic stability. Strikingly, we found that attenuation of replication strongly suppresses R-loop-mediated DNA rearrangements in both E. coli and HeLa cells. Our findings thus provide a direct demonstration that R-loop formation impairs DNA replication and that this is responsible for the deleterious effects of R loops on genome stability from bacteria to humans.
The Presequence of Arabidopsis Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase SHM2 Selectively Prevents Import into Mesophyll Mitochondria
Authors: Engel Nadja , Ewald Ralph , Gupta Kapuganti J. , Zrenner Rita , Hagemann Martin , Bauwe Hermann
Published: October 2011

Serine hydroxymethyltransferases (SHMs) are important enzymes of cellular one-carbon metabolism and are essential for the photorespiratory glycine-into-serine conversion in leaf mesophyll mitochondria. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), SHM1 has been identified as the photorespiratory isozyme, but little is known about the very similar SHM2. Although the mitochondrial location of SHM2 can be predicted, some data suggest that this particular isozyme could be inactive or not targeted into mitochondria. We report that SHM2 is a functional mitochondrial SHM. In leaves, the presequence of SHM2 selectively hinders targeting of the enzyme into mesophyll mitochondria. For this reason, the enzyme is confined to the vascular tissue of wild-type Arabidopsis, likely the protoxylem and/or adjacent cells, where it occurs together with SHM1. The resulting exclusion of SHM2 from the photorespiratory environment of mesophyll mitochondria explains why this enzyme cannot substitute for SHM1 in photorespiratory metabolism. Unlike the individual shm1 and shm2 null mutants, which require CO2-enriched air to inhibit photorespiration (shm1) or do not show any visible impairment (shm2), double-null mutants cannot survive in CO2-enriched air. It seems that SHM1 and SHM2 operate in a redundant manner in one-carbon metabolism of nonphotorespiring cells with a high demand of one-carbon units; for example, during lignification of vascular cells. We hypothesize that yet unknown kinetic properties of SHM2 might render this enzyme unsuitable for the high-folate conditions of photorespiring mesophyll mitochondria.
Evaluation of Spermiation Indices with Multiple Sperm Collections in Endangered Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus)
Authors: Shaliutina A , Dzyuba B , Hulak M , Boryshpolets S , Li P , Linhart O
Published: October 2011

Contents

This study investigated the effects of multiple collections of sperm on endangered sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) sperm functional parameters [spermatozoa motility and curvilinear velocity (VCL)] as well as on protein concentration and osmolality of seminal plasma. The average sperm volume and mean spermatozoa concentration per male were significantly altered with multiple collections. On the other hand, no significant effect of multiple collections on protein concentration of seminal plasma was observed. In all experimental groups, moderate impact of sequential collection on osmolality (p < 0.05) of seminal plasma was observed. Ninety to 100% of motile spermatozoa were observed at 15 s after activation, with an average VCL of 181.12 ± 19.10 μm/s. After 90 s, average VCL decreased to 130 ± 26 μm/s. Motility was maintained for up to 4 min. The maximum percentage of motile spermatozoa was observed after the third collection of sperm. The spermatozoa VCL increased significantly with subsequent collections. The results of this study provide new data on the effects of multiple collections on quantitative and qualitative parameters of sperm in sterlet. The data confirmed that the sequential stripping has no negative effect on the percentage of motility and spermatozoa velocity. This should be beneficial for the development of sterlet aquaculture programs.
Poor numeracy skills are associated with glycaemic control in Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Marden S. , Thomas P. W. , Sheppard Z. A. , Knott J. , Lueddeke J. , Kerr D.
Published: October 2011

Diabet. Med. 29, 662–669 (2012)

Aims  To assess the numeracy and literacy skills of individuals with Type 1 diabetes and determine if there is a relationship with achieved glycaemic control independent of their duration of diabetes, diabetes education, demographic and socio‐economic factors.

Methods  One hundred and twelve patients completed the study (mean current age 43.8 ± 12.5 years, 47% male, mean duration of diabetes 22.0 ± 13.2 years) out of 650 randomly selected patients from the Bournemouth Diabetes and Endocrine Centre’s diabetes register. The Skills for Life Initial Assessments were used to measure numeracy and literacy. These indicate skills levels up to level 2, equivalent to the national General Certificate of Secondary Education grades A*–C. HbA1c was also measured. Pearson’s correlation was used to measure the correlation of numeracy and literacy scores with HbA1c. To compare mean HbA1c between those with or without level 2 skills, t‐tests were used, and multiple linear regression was used to investigate whether any differences were independent of duration of diabetes, diabetes education, demographic and socio‐economic factors.

Results  Literacy was not associated with achieved HbA1c. In contrast, participants with numeracy skills at level 2 or above achieved an HbA1c lower than those with numeracy skills below level 2 (P = 0.027). Although higher socio‐economic status was associated with lower mean HbA1c, the relationship between numeracy and HbA1c appeared to be independent of socio‐economic factors.

Conclusions  Low numeracy skills were adversely associated with diabetes control. Assessment of numeracy skills may be relevant to the structure of diabetes education programmes.
The nursing hypothesis: An evolutionary account of emotional modulation of the postauricular reflex
Authors: Johnson Gabriella M. , Valle‐Inclán Fernando , Geary David C. , Hackley Steven A.
Published: October 2011

The postauricular reflex (PAR) is anomalous because it seems to be potentiated during positive emotions and inhibited during negative states, unlike eyeblink and other components of the startle reflex. Two evolutionary explanations based on simian facial emotion expressions were tested. Reflexes were elicited while 47 young adult volunteers made lip pursing or grimacing poses and viewed neutral, intimidating, or appetitive photos. The PAR was enhanced during appetitive slides, but only as subjects carried out the lip‐pursing maneuver. These results support the nursing hypothesis, which assumes that infant mammals instinctively retract their pinnae while nursing in order to comfortably position the head. Appetitive emotions prime the ear‐retraction musculature, even in higher primates whose postauricular muscles are vestigial.
The Importance of Considering Undocumented Immigration from Multiple Perspectives in the Context of Social Justice
Authors: Negy Charles
Published: October 2011

Undocumented immigration is a contested topic in the United States and elsewhere. Currently, it is estimated that close to 12 million people reside in the United States without legal authorization (Pew Hispanic Center, 2009). Few issues are as polemic and contentious as the issue of undocumented immigration. Although much can be said and written about this issue, I will limit my discussion of this topic to aspects of this debate that I consider to be neglected. Specifically, when people advocate for the rights of undocumented immigrants to reside in the United States in the name of social justice, whose social justice do they have in mind?
Population Intervention Causal Effects Based on Stochastic Interventions
Authors: Muñoz Iván Díaz , van der Laan Mark
Published: October 2011

Summary Estimating the causal effect of an intervention on a population typically involves defining parameters in a nonparametric structural equation model (Pearl, 2000, Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference) in which the treatment or exposure is deterministically assigned in a static or dynamic way. We define a new causal parameter that takes into account the fact that intervention policies can result in stochastically assigned exposures. The statistical parameter that identifies the causal parameter of interest is established. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW), augmented IPTW (A‐IPTW), and targeted maximum likelihood estimators (TMLE) are developed. A simulation study is performed to demonstrate the properties of these estimators, which include the double robustness of the A‐IPTW and the TMLE. An application example using physical activity data is presented.
The ‘gating’ residues Ile199 and Tyr326 in human monoamine oxidase B function in substrate and inhibitor recognition
Authors: Milczek Erika M. , Binda Claudia , Rovida Stefano , Mattevi Andrea , Edmondson Dale E.
Published: October 2011

The major structural difference between human monoamine oxidases A (MAO A) and B (MAO B) is that MAO A has a monopartite substrate cavity of ∼ 550 Å3 volume and MAO B contains a dipartite cavity structure with volumes of ∼ 290 Å3 (entrance cavity) and ∼ 400 Å3 (substrate cavity). Ile199 and Tyr326 side chains separate these two cavities in MAO B. To probe the function of these gating residues, Ile199Ala and Ile199Ala‐Tyr326Ala mutant forms of MAO B were investigated. Structural data on the Ile199Ala MAO B mutant show no alterations in active site geometries compared with wild‐type enzyme while the Ile199Ala‐Tyr326Ala MAO B mutant exhibits alterations in residues 100–103 which are part of the loop gating the entrance to the active site. Both mutant enzymes exhibit catalytic properties with increased amine KM but unaltered kcat values. The altered KM values on mutation are attributed to the influence of the cavity structure in the binding and subsequent deprotonation of the amine substrate. Both mutant enzymes exhibit weaker binding affinities relative to wild‐type enzyme for small reversible inhibitors. Ile199Ala MAO B exhibits an increase in binding affinity for reversible MAO B specific inhibitors which bridge both cavities. The Ile199Ala‐Tyr326Ala double mutant exhibits inhibitor binding properties more similar to those of MAO A than to MAO B. These results demonstrate that the bipartite cavity structure in MAO B plays an important role in substrate and inhibitor recognition to distinguish its specificities from those of MAO A and provide insights into specific reversible inhibitor design for these membrane‐bound enzymes.

Database

The atomic coordinates and structural factors of the structure of human MAO B Ile199Ala‐Tyr326Ala double mutant have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under the accession number 3zyx.
“The Enchanted Palace” at Kensington
Authors: Kim Alexandra
Published: October 2011

Abstract Kensington Palace, London, has been home to kings and queens, dukes and princesses for 300 years. It was the focus for the tremendous public outpouring of grief following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997. Recently, the historic building was transformed into “The Enchanted Palace at Kensington,” which sent visitors on a quest through the sumptuous rooms to find seven of the palace’s princesses. On their journey, visitors discovered fantastical, fairy‐tale‐like installations, some of them by the best British fashion designers, and inspired by Kensington Palace’s incredible history.
London Re‐cut: Reclaiming History through the Co‐curated Remixing of Film
Authors: Chitty Andrew
Published: October 2011

Abstract Film archives offer unique opportunities for co‐curation between collections‐based institutions and members of the public. By making available source materials and the tools to manipulate them, institutions can work with the public to develop new interpretations of their collections as well as to tap into the remixing and sharing cultures of social and digital media. Digital co‐curation projects can develop relationships with audiences that many institutions find difficult to engage, developing alternative narratives and reclaimed histories. This paper describes the evolution of an approach to co‐curation and the tools and strategies needed to engage users. It focuses on London Re‐Cut, a project to remix London’s film history, drawing on material from 11 film archives across the city. Projects such as London Recut suggest that audiences have both the enthusiasm and the skills to open up this radical “remix” approach to interpretation.
A Walk in the Museum with Michel de Certeau: A Conceptual Helping Hand for Museum Practitioners
Authors: Boon Tim
Published: October 2011

Abstract  A decade ago, as I consolidated my reflections on the London Science Museum’s Making the Modern World gallery (MMW), on which I was Deputy Project Director, I was introduced to Michel de Certeau’s The Practice of Everyday Life, which seemed to me to articulate many of the intuitions that I had developed up to that point about audience engagement with exhibitions. In 2011, de Certeau is still not that widely cited in museum studies. For the sake of the insights that derive from applying his work to the museum context, I present his work in this article.
Contact Pressure and Residual Strain in 3D Elasto-Plastic Rolling Contact for a Circular or Elliptical Point Contact
Authors: Chaise Thibaut , Nélias Daniel
Published: October 2011

What is often referred to as a Hertzian contact can undergo plasticity either at the macroscale, due to an accidental overload, or at an asperity scale, due to the presence of surface defects and/or roughness. An elastic solution does not explicitly consider the surface velocity or loading history, but it is also apparent that a moving (rolling) load will not yield the same residual stress and strain distribution as a purely vertical loading/unloading. Three-dimensional (3D) analysis is also more complex than the two-dimensional (2D) problem because it implies a change in the surface conformity. This paper presents the results of a numerical investigation of frictionless elastic-plastic elliptical point contacts with a moving load, as compared to a purely vertical (indentation) load. In the present analysis, both bodies may behave in an elastic-plastic mode. Both kinematic and isotropic hardening are considered to account for repeated rolling contacts. The contact pressure and the plastic strain are found to be reduced when the two bodies are elastic-plastic, as compared to the case in which one of the bodies remains elastic. Numerical results also indicate that at a given load intensity, the maximum contact pressure and equivalent plastic strain are affected by the contact geometry (circular and elliptical point contacts) and differ significantly when the load is moving as compared to purely vertical indentation. Although the maximum elastic contact pressure (Hertz solution) is often used as a control parameter for rolling contact fatigue analysis, whatever the geometry of the contact (point, elliptical, or line contact), the results presented here show that the effective contact pressure and subsequent residual strains are strongly dependent on the contact geometry in the elastic-plastic regime.
A Map of Local Adaptation in
Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Fournier-Level A. , Korte A. , Cooper M. D. , Nordborg M. , Schmitt J. , Wilczek A. M.
Published: October 2011

Field experiments identify loci associated with fitness and local adaptation in
Arabidopsis.
Galactomannan Antigenemia after Infusion of Gluconate-Containing Plasma-Lyte
Authors: Petraitiene Ruta , Petraitis Vidmantas , Witt John R. , Durkin Michelle M. , Bacher John D. , Wheat L. Joseph , Walsh Thomas J.
Published: October 2011

We demonstrated that sodium gluconate was the factor causing false-positive galactomannan (GM) antigenemia of Plasma-Lyte hydration solution. Infusion of sodium gluconate-containing solution but not gluconate-free Plasma-Lyte resulted in positive serum GM antigenemia. Serum GM concentrations also correlated with the volume and
in vitro
concentrations of GM within gluconate-containing solutions of infused Plasma-Lyte.
Multiplex PCR Method for Detection of Clostridium difficile tcdA,
tcdB
,
cdtA
, and
cdtB
and Internal In-Frame Deletion of
tcdC
Authors: Persson Søren , Jensen Joan N. , Olsen Katharina E. P.
Published: October 2011

A multiplex PCR method was developed for the detection of
Clostridium difficile
toxin genes
tcdA
,
tcdB
,
ctdA
, and
cdtB
and the major in-frame deletion types (18, 39, and 54 bp) of
tcdC
. The method has high specificity for PCR ribotype 027 and may identify other
C
.
difficile
strains of clinical and epidemiological importance.
Genomic Analysis of the Vaccinia Virus Strain Variants Found in Dryvax Vaccine
Authors: Qin Li , Upton Chris , Hazes Bart , Evans David H.
Published: October 2011

Smallpox was eradicated using variant forms of vaccinia virus-based vaccines. One of these was Dryvax, a calf lymph vaccine derived from the New York City Board of Health strain. We used genome-sequencing technology to examine the genetic diversity of the population of viruses present in a sample of Dryvax. These studies show that the conserved cores of these viruses exhibit a lower level of sequence variation than do the telomeres. However, even though the ends of orthopoxviruses are more genetically plastic than the cores, there are still many telomeric genes that are conserved as intact open reading frames in the 11 genomes that we, and 4 genomes that others, have sequenced. Most of these genes likely modulate inflammation. Our sequencing also detected an evolving pattern of mutation, with some genes being highly fragmented by randomly assorting mutations (e.g., M1L), while other genes are intact in most viruses but have been disrupted in individual strains (e.g., I4L in strain DPP17). Over 85% of insertion and deletion mutations are associated with repeats, and a rare new isolate bearing a large deletion in the right telomere was identified. All of these strains cluster in dendrograms consistent with their origin but which also surprisingly incorporate horsepox virus. However, these viruses also exhibit a “patchy” pattern of polymorphic sites characteristic of recombinants. There is more genetic diversity detected within a vial of Dryvax than between variola virus major and minor strains, and our study highlights how propagation methods affect the genetics of orthopoxvirus populations.
Absolute amounts and diffusibility of HSP72, HSP25, and αB-crystallin in fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers of rat
Authors: Larkins Noni T. , Murphy Robyn M. , Lamb Graham D.
Published: October 2011

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are essential for normal cellular stress responses. Absolute amounts of HSP72, HSP25, and αB-crystallin in rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) muscle were ascertained by quantitative Western blotting to better understand their respective capabilities and limitations. HSP72 content of EDL and SOL muscle was only ∼1.1 and 4.6 μmol/kg wet wt, respectively, and HSP25 content approximately twofold greater (∼3.4 and ∼8.9 μmol/kg, respectively). αB-crystallin content of EDL muscle was ∼4.9 μmol/kg but in SOL muscle was ∼30-fold higher (∼140 μmol/kg). To examine fiber heterogeneity, HSP content was also assessed in individual fiber segments; every EDL type II fiber had less of each HSP than any SOL type I fiber, whereas the two SOL type II fibers examined were indistinguishable from the EDL type II fibers. Sarcolemma removal (fiber skinning) demonstrated that 10–20% of HSP25 and αB-crystallin was sarcolemma-associated in SOL fibers. HSP diffusibility was assessed from the extent and rate of diffusion out of skinned fiber segments. In unstressed SOL fibers, 70–90% of each HSP was readily diffusible, whereas ∼95% remained tightly bound in fibers from SOL muscles heated to 45°C. Membrane disruption with Triton X-100 allowed dispersion of HSP72 and sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase pumps but did not alter binding of HSP25 or αB-crystallin. The amount of HSP72 in unstressed EDL muscle is much less than the number of its putative binding sites, whereas SOL type I fibers contain large amounts of αB-crystallin, suggesting its importance in normal cellular function without upregulation.