bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paul the Apostle
Authors: Wasserman Emma
Published: November 2021

The authentic letters of Paul are our earliest and best evidence for the movement, or set of movements, that would later become known as Christianity. His claims about passions, flesh, sin, faith, and grace influence much later theology, especially the thought of Aurelius Augustine, Martin Luther, and later Protestant thinkers. The canonical book of Acts presents Paul as the great universalizer of the movement, but this reflects early Christian mythmaking about its culture heroes. Considered historically, Paul's letters address Christ‐following gentiles within a Jewish religious movement. Paul's cosmology conforms to a traditional 
scala naturae,
 but he argues that a new relationship between gods and humans is now possible. His thought about this new way of life appropriates philosophical thought, especially Platonic discourse about self‐mastery and Stoic ethics.
Plato and Neoplatonism
Authors: Hengstermann Christian
Published: November 2021

In a first system of Western idealism, Plato posits intelligible ideas and principles as the true causes of the world which he views as a visible image of an invisible divine archetype. The manifold empirical reality emerges from a higher realm of ideas which, in turn, are caused by the two principles of the One or Good and the many. Based on Plato's metaphysics, Plotinus's
Enneads
expound a religious philosophy of divine freedom and transcendence in which both nature and man are conceived of as teleological motion. Nature is unconscious contemplation bodying forth its transcendent intelligible principles. Man, likewise, realizes the image of a divine archetype embodying the whole of intelligible reality.
Prayer
Authors: Davison Scott A.
Published: November 2021

Prayer is an attempt to communicate or interact with something beyond the ordinary world, a sacred or transcendent reality. This entry considers the most interesting philosophical puzzles that stem from the idea of prayer to the God of traditional theism, including puzzles concerning gratitude and puzzles concerning petitionary prayer, especially as they relate to various divine attributes.
Providence
Authors: Davison Scott A.
Published: November 2021

Providence involves exercising control for a good purpose. The most interesting philosophical puzzles concerning providence arise in connection with the traditional theistic God, whom theists hold to possess the highest possible degree of power, knowledge, and goodness. This entry surveys those puzzles and describes how various thinkers have responded to them.
Ricoeur, Paul
Authors: Rosengarten Richard A.
Published: November 2021

Paul Ricoeur's (1913–2005) thought engaged the twentieth century's major philosophical questions in ways that limn a necessary complementarity of philosophy and religion. Taking its bearings from philosophical debates, his hermeneutical system has signal import for the major questions of modern religious thought and practice: the authority of scripture, the relation of myth to history, the concept of otherness, the qualities of a just society.
Śaṅkara
Authors: Raambachan Anantanand
Published: November 2021

Śaṅkara (c. 788–820) is one of the most influential teachers in the history of the Indian traditions. A prolific commentator on the Upaniṣads, theBrahmasūtra, and theBhagavadgītā, he interpreted these authoritative texts to teach that the infinite (brahman), the source of the universe, constitutes the single ontological truth of all that exists.Brahmanis identical with the self (ātman) and the knowledge of this ever‐existing unity constitutes liberation (mokṣa), the ultimate goal of human life. Śaṅkara's interpretation is referred to asadvaita(lit. not‐two). Liberation (mokṣa), attainable here and now, is synonymous with the overcoming of ignorance (avidyā), and the birth of a radically new understanding ofbrahman, world, and self. In a liberative understanding, the world does not cease to exist, but its ontological unity and inseparable existence frombrahmanis recognized and affirmed.
Sautrāntika
Authors: Gold Jonathan C.
Published: November 2021

Sautrāntika is a tradition in Buddhist thought that arose from, and in opposition to, Sarvāstivāda, an Abhidharma school of thought that represented the dominant form of Buddhist scholasticism in north India from the early centuries after the Buddha's passing through most of the first millenniumce. This tradition is taken to have been founded either by Kumāralāta (first centuryce?) or Vasubandhu (fourth centuryce). Following the works of the latter, the term “Sautrāntika” was associated primarily with a denial of the authority of treatises taken as canonical by the Sarvāstivāda school, and also with the rejection of Sarvāstivāda views of causality in favor of a “seed‐to‐sprout” metaphor. Sautrāntika is further associated with the claim that all elements (dharmas) are momentary, as against the Sarvāstivāda view of the reality of past and future (as well as unconditioned)dharmas. Also characteristic is the claim that perception affords access not to momentary objects themselves, but only to temporally subsequent representations thereof. As a tradition of Abhidharma thought, Sautrāntika is a non‐Mahāyāna philosophical system with no independent monastic rule. The school – preeminently associated with Vasubandhu, but also associated with teachers like Śrīlāta, Dignāga, and Dharmakīrti – is sometimes equated with traditions named Dārṣṭāntika, Saṃkrāntivāda, or Uttarīya.
Scheler, Max
Authors: Davis Zachary
Published: November 2021

Max Scheler (1874–1928) was a pivotal figure in the early development of the phenomenological movement and the first phenomenologist to develop a philosophy of religion. His work on the philosophy of religion not only demonstrated that phenomenology could investigate religious experiences such as revelation and faith, but also that these experiences exhibit their own unique a priori structure and distinctive modes of evidence. Scheler had no interest in proving God's existence. A phenomenology of religion is committed to the description of the religious experience and how this experience provides penetrating insights into the meaning of the human being.
Self and Not‐self in Indian Philosophy
Authors: Watson Alex
Published: November 2021

The main traditions of classical Indian philosophy could be divided into four groups according to the answer they give to the following metaphysical question: What is the (essential/ultimate) nature of sentient beings such as persons? The first group held that a person is just a body and the powers or properties thereof. They thus denied the possibility of the continuation of life after death. All other traditions claimed that persons include a nonphysical constituent, which is their core identity and which survives the death of the body. Do these immaterial entities remain permanently separate from each other or do they – at the time of liberation – lose their separate identities and merge into a greater whole? The latter answer was given by those in the second group: Advaita Vedāntins, nondualistic Śaivas, and certain Pāñcarātrika Vaiṣṇavas. For them, individual souls/selves are either identical to, or parts/contractions of, an Oversoul or Absolute Self, named by the respective traditions as Brahman, Śiva, and Nārāyaṇa. The two remaining groups agree that the nonphysical parts of persons remain forever distinct from each other; they disagree over whether the nonphysical parts should be characterized as souls/selves or not. For the Buddhists they should not; for those in the final fourth group – e.g. Nyāya, Vaiśeṣika, Mīmāṃsā, Sāṃkhya, Śaiva Siddhānta, Jainism – they should. This entry focuses on debates between the last two groups – i.e. between, on the one hand, the Buddhists, and on the other those traditions that posited individual selves that remain permanently numerically distinct, there being no sense in which these selves are ultimately one.
Extrusion‐Printed CNT–Graphene Sensor Array with Embedded MXene/PEDOT:PSS Heater for Enhanced NO2 Sensing at Low Temperature
Authors: Hassan Kamrul , Stanley Nathan , Tung Tran Thanh , Yap Pei Lay , Rastin Hadi , Yu Le , Losic Dusan
Published: November 2021

Wearable sensors are currently one of the top emerging areas with enormous growth potential. Low‐cost fabrication techniques using simple and scalable printing technologies are making a significant impact on their development. Recent advances in high‐performance gas/vapor sensors based on carbon nanomaterials have shown potential applications ranging from disease diagnostics to environmental monitoring and defences. Herein, a hybrid sensing material of 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and 2D graphene is developed, and a conductive ink is formulated, which is applied for fabricating a nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas sensor array within a compact design utilizing extrusion printing. To improve NO2‐sensing performance and optimal operating temperature, a reverse‐side layer is designed, which combines MXene and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐doped poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and functions as a Joule heater. The printed CNT–graphene‐based sensor with an embedded MXene/PEDOT:PSS heater is capable of detecting trace amounts of NO2 gas (1 ppm) at 65 °C. The sensor is able to distinguish between various gases/volatile organic compounds and target NO2 gas based on their chemical affinities. The printed CNT–graphene sensor array also demonstrates a high‐level of recoverability, satisfied stability, durability, and reproducibility, which render this sensor a suitable candidate for practical applications.
Genetic structure and population connection of two Bouyei populations in northern Vietnam based on short tandem repeat analysis
Authors: Tran Linh Huyen , Chu Phuong Thi Minh , Nguyen Trang Hong , La Hong Viet , Nguyen Hanh Thi Hong , Tran Hoai Thu , Nguyen Hung Mau , Hoang Ha , Chu Hoang Ha
Published: November 2021

Objectives

Genetic characteristics were investigated based on short tandem repeat (STR) data to assess the relationship between two Vietnamese Bouyei populations in Vietnam.

Methods

We collected hair and buccal swab samples from two separate Bouyei populations in the mountainous region of Northern Vietnam, which are the Bo Y in Ha Giang Province and the Tu Di in Lao Cai Province. The study included data of 23 autosomal and 27 Y‐chromosome STRs loci of 96 unrelated participants from a total Vietnamese Bouyei population of under 3300 individuals.

Results

The results showed that these STR markers are valuable for differentiation of individuals and human genetic studies in Vietnamese Bouyei populations. Genetic analysis indicated that Tu Di and Bo Y people were from the same Bouyei population in China.

Conclusions

The results supported the official historical records of the region and the classification of the Vietnamese government. Furthermore, the genetic data provided in this study will be helpful in investigating the genetic genealogy evolution and settlement or migration patterns of the Bouyei populations in Vietnam.
Urine Proteomics and Renal Single‐Cell Transcriptomics Implicate Interleukin‐16 in Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Fava Andrea , Rao Deepak A. , Mohan Chandra , Zhang Ting , Rosenberg Avi , Fenaroli Paride , Belmont H. Michael , Izmirly Peter , Clancy Robert , Trujillo Jose Monroy , Fine Derek , Arazi Arnon , Berthier Celine C. , Davidson Anne , James Judith A. , Diamond Betty , Hacohen Nir , Wofsy David , Raychaudhuri Soumya , Apruzzese William ,   the Accelerating Medicines Partnership in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Network, Buyon Jill , Petri Michelle
Published: November 2021

Objective

Current lupus nephritis (LN) treatments are effective in only 30% of patients, emphasizing the need for novel therapeutic strategies. We undertook this study to develop mechanistic hypotheses and explore novel biomarkers by analyzing the longitudinal urinary proteomic profiles in LN patients undergoing treatment.

Methods

We quantified 1,000 urinary proteins in 30 patients with LN at the time of the diagnostic renal biopsy and after 3, 6, and 12 months. The proteins and molecular pathways detected in the urine proteome were then analyzed with respect to baseline clinical features and longitudinal trajectories. The intrarenal expression of candidate biomarkers was evaluated using single‐cell transcriptomics of renal biopsy sections from LN patients.

Results

Our analysis revealed multiple biologic pathways, including chemotaxis, neutrophil activation, platelet degranulation, and extracellular matrix organization, which could be noninvasively quantified and monitored in the urine. We identified 237 urinary biomarkers associated with LN, as compared to controls without systemic lupus erythematosus. Interleukin‐16 (IL‐16), CD163, and transforming growth factor β mirrored intrarenal nephritis activity. Response to treatment was paralleled by a reduction in urinary IL‐16, a CD4 ligand with proinflammatory and chemotactic properties. Single‐cell RNA sequencing independently demonstrated that IL16 is the second most expressed cytokine by most infiltrating immune cells in LN kidneys. IL‐16–producing cells were found at key sites of kidney injury.

Conclusion

Urine proteomics may profoundly change the diagnosis and management of LN by noninvasively monitoring active intrarenal biologic pathways. These findings implicate IL‐16 in LN pathogenesis, designating it as a potentially treatable target and biomarker.
Effects of degree of milling on phenolics and antioxidant activity of cooked rice during in vitro digestion
Authors: Liu Yanxiaoxue , Liu Yuqian , Zhang Jinli , Hou Hanxue
Published: November 2021

Background and objectives

The degree of milling (DOM) can affect the phenolics and antioxidant activity of brown rice, but rice as food needs to be cooked and plays its role when passing through the digestive system. Yet, digestion has a significant impact on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of DOM on the phenolics and antioxidant activity of cooked rice during in vitro digestion and how these phenolics and antioxidant activities are affected by in vitro digestion.

Findings

After in vitro digestion, as the DOM increased from 0% to 12.31%, the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH•, and ABTS•+ scavenging activities decreased by 26.8%, 68.5%, 48.8%, and 29.9%, respectively. The maximum release amount of phenolics occurred at the intestinal digestion phase for all cooked rice samples. The increased proportions of DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activities at every stage were not consistent with those of TPC and TFC. Compared with control samples, the TPC and TFC, DPPH•, and ABTS•+ scavenging activities significantly increased in most digested samples.

Conclusions

The increased DOM resulted in loss of phenolics including flavonoids and phenolic acids in digestion samples as well as in DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activities of cooked rice. The release of phenolics and the improvement of antioxidant activity of cooked rice during in vitro digestion were mainly due to the digestive enzymes.

Significance and novelty

Compared with traditional organic solvent extraction combined with alkaline hydrolysis, the in vitro digestion model simulated the digestive process of food in the human body, making the evaluation of rice with different DOMs more practical.
Identification of p.Met215Ile mutation of the MC4R gene in a Moroccan woman with obesity
Authors: El Fessikh Meriem , Belghiti Hakim , Elkarhat Zouhair , Guerinech Hassania , Dakka Nadia , El Baghdadi Jamila
Published: November 2021

Screening the MC4R gene showed one rare mutation p.Met215Ile in a Moroccan patient with morbid obesity, which leads to a change in the protein structure. The analysis of MC4R variants may be useful for future therapeutic approaches.
ZIF‐67 Derived Hollow Co9S8 as an Efficient Polysulfides Prohibitor for High Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Jin Lina , Huang Bingbing , Qian Xinye
Published: November 2021

Lithium‐sulfur batteries (LSBs) have received great attention due to their large energy density and specific capacity. Unfortunately, the poor cycle stability due to the shuttle effect of soluble polysulfides seriously impedes the application of LSBs. In order to solve this problem, we report the synthesis of ZIF‐67 derived hollow Co9S8 which is coated on the commercial separator for LSBs through a self‐template strategy. The hollow structure Co9S8 can capture a large amount of polysulfides during cycling, and the polar Co9S8 can chemically adsorb and catalyze the reaction intermediate, greatly reducing the migration of polysulfides. As a result, the hollow Co9S8 modified separator exhibits good rate performance and remains a capacity of 540.5 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 0.5 C as the sulfur area density of 3.0 mg cm−2. Even when the sulfur area density is increased to 5.0 mg cm−2, the battery using hollow Co9S8 modified separator still exhibits good cycle property.
Effectiveness of mobile health interventions to improve nasal corticosteroid adherence in allergic rhinitis: A systematic review
Authors: Baxter Mats Stage , Tibble Holly , Bush Andrew , Sheikh Aziz , Schwarze Jürgen
Published: November 2021

Background

Mobile health interventions (MHI) offer the potential to help improve nasal corticosteroid (NCS) adherence in allergic rhinitis (AR). The aim of this systematic review was to summarise the current evidence on the effectiveness of MHI for improving NCS adherence in AR.

Methods

We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Central register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) for randomised controlled trials filtered for publication dates between 2010 and 2021. We evaluated the effects of MHI aiming to improve NCS adherence on self‐management outcomes in AR and comorbid conditions. Two reviewers independently screened potential studies, extracted study characteristics and outcomes from eligible papers and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2.0. High heterogeneity precluded meta‐analysis. Data were descriptively and narratively synthesised.

Results

Our searches identified 776 individual studies of which 4 met the inclusion criteria. These studies were heterogeneous with respect to participant, intervention and outcome characteristics. We considered all outcome‐specific overall risk of bias assessments to be of high risk of bias except for two studies examining NCS adherence which received ‘some concern’ grades. The three studies which reported on NCS adherence found that MHI were associated with improvement in NCS adherence. Significant MHI‐associated improvement in symptoms or disease‐specific quality of life was found in one study each, whilst no study reported significant differences in nasal patency.

Conclusions

Whilst MHI showed potential to improve NCS adherence, their effect on clinical outcomes varied. Furthermore, robust studies with longer intervention durations are needed to adequately assess effects of MHI and their individual features on NCS adherence and clinical outcomes.
Molecular analysis of 10 pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas reveals potential prognostic markers and druggable targets
Authors: Chelsky Zachary L. , Paulson Vera A. , Chen Eleanor Y.
Published: November 2021

Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma (PRMS) is a rare and aggressive adult sarcoma with a median overall survival of less than 2 years. Most PRMS do not respond to conventional chemotherapy and/or radiation, and targeted therapies are nonexistent as few PRMS have undergone the molecular characterization necessary to identify therapeutic options. To date, complex structural and few recurrent regional copy alterations have been reported in the PRMS cases evaluated by cytogenetic and comparative genomic hybridization. Thus, there remains an urgent need for more comprehensive molecular profiling to both understand disease pathogenesis and to identify potentially actionable targets. Ten PRMS resection cases were retrieved from institutional archives and clinicopathologic demographics were recorded. All tumors were subjected to DNA‐based targeted next‐generation sequencing (NGS) of 340 cancer‐related genes while a subset (six cases) underwent gene‐expression profiling of 770 genes. Alterations identified by NGS included genes involved in cell cycle regulation (90%), the RAS/MAPK and AKT pathways (80%), telomere maintenance (40%), chromatin remodeling (40%), and DNA repair (20%), as well as the cAMP‐signaling pathway (10%). Microsatellite instability was absent in all cases, and tumor mutational burden was predominantly low. Gene expression profiling revealed up‐regulation of many of the same pathways, including the RTK/MAPK, AKT/PIK3CA/mTOR, Wnt, Hedgehog and JAK/STAT pathways. Survival analysis demonstrated patients with concurrent biallelic inactivation of CDKN2A and TP53 showed significantly shorter overall survival (median: 2 vs. 50 months). Our integrated molecular characterization identified not only potentially targetable alterations, but also prognostic markers for stratification of PRMS patients.
Left parietal involvement in motion sickness susceptibility revealed by multimodal magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Sakai Hiroyuki , Harada Takumi , Larroque Stephen K. , Demertzi Athena , Sugawara Tomoko , Ito Taeko , Wada Yoshiro , Fukunaga Masaki , Sadato Norihiro , Laureys Steven
Published: November 2021

Susceptibility to motion sickness varies greatly across individuals. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this susceptibility remain largely unclear. To address this gap, the current study aimed to identify the neural correlates of motion sickness susceptibility using multimodal MRI. First, we compared resting‐state functional connectivity between healthy individuals who were highly susceptible to motion sickness (N = 36) and age/sex‐matched controls who showed low susceptibility (N = 36). Seed‐based analysis revealed between‐group differences in functional connectivity of core vestibular regions in the left posterior Sylvian fissure. A data‐driven approach using intrinsic connectivity contrast found greater network centrality of the left intraparietal sulcus in high‐ rather than in low‐susceptible individuals. Moreover, exploratory structural connectivity analysis uncovered an association between motion sickness susceptibility and white matter integrity in the left inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus. Taken together, our data indicate left parietal involvement in motion sickness susceptibility.
Predicting Liver‐Related Outcomes in People With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Prognostic Value of Noninvasive Fibrosis Tests
Authors: Johnson Amy L. , Hayward Kelly L. , Patel Preya , Horsfall Leigh U. , Cheah Alvin Ee Zhiun , Irvine Katharine M. , Russell Anthony W. , Stuart Katherine A. , Williams Sue , Hartel Gunter , Valery Patricia C. , Powell Elizabeth E.
Published: November 2021

It remains unclear whether screening for advanced fibrosis in the community can identify the subgroup of people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) at higher risk for development of liver‐related complications. We aimed to determine the prognostic value of baseline noninvasive fibrosis tests for predicting liver‐related outcomes and mortality in patients with NAFLD from type 2 diabetes (T2D) clinics or primary care. Patients (n = 243) who were screened for NAFLD with advanced fibrosis by using NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), fibrosis 4 score (FIB‐4), enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) test, and liver stiffness measurements (LSMs) were followed up for clinical outcomes by review of electronic medical records. During a median follow‐up of 50 months, decompensated liver disease or primary liver cancer occurred in 6 of 35 (17.1%) patients with baseline LSM > 13 kPa, 1 of 17 (5.9%) patients with LSM 9.5‐13 kPa, and in no patients with LSM < 9.5 kPa. No patient with low‐risk NFS developed liver decompensation or liver‐related mortality. Following repeat NFSs at the end of follow‐up, all patients with a liver‐related complication were in the high‐risk NFS category. Patients who developed liver‐related complications were also more likely to have baseline high‐risk FIB‐4 scores or ELF test ≥9.8 compared to patients who did not develop liver outcomes. Conclusion: Liver fibrosis risk stratification in non‐hepatology settings can identify the subset of patients at risk of liver‐related complications. Although the rate of development of a decompensation event or hepatocellular carcinoma was low (2.1% per year) in our patients with compensated cirrhosis (LSM > 13 kPa), these events are projected to lead to a substantial increase in NAFLD‐related disease burden over the next decade due to the high prevalence of NAFLD in people with obesity and T2D.
A terrifying sound stress inhibits hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult male mice
Authors: Li Zhaoxin , Zhao Zixuan , Nan Zhuhui , Duan Jingwen , Zhang Siyuan , Zhang Zhichao , Huang Chen
Published: November 2021

Stress impairs hippocampal neurogenesis. The traditional animal model of stress contains a mixture of physical and psychological stress factors. This leads to difficulty in the evaluation of the effect of pure psychological stress on neurogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effect of pure psychological stress on hippocampal neurogenesis. The pure psychological stress model and the mixed stress model were carried out by terrifying sound and restraint, respectively. The open field test showed that restraint treatment improved the general locomotor activity levels, while terrifying sound treatment had opposite effects. Compared with a normal condition, both terrifying sound stimulation and restraint treatment significantly decreased the number of BrdU and Ki‐67 and reduced the positive rate of SOX2/GFAP in the hippocampus. These phenomena indicated that pure psychological stress could decrease the number of neural stem cells and inhibit cell proliferation in the hippocampus of a mouse. Furthermore, compared with the restraint treatment, the neurotransmitters including norepinephrine (NE), 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) had not been affected drastically by terrifying sound stimulation. Our results suggest that the terrifying sound stimulation can be considered as a novel and effective pure psychological stress animal model for the further research on the hippocampus.
Connecting soil characteristics to edge‐of‐field water quality in Ohio
Authors: Osterholz William R. , Schwab Elizabeth R. , Duncan Emily W. , Smith Douglas R. , King Kevin W.
Published: November 2021

Soil health and water quality improvement are major goals of sustainable agricultural management systems, yet the connections between soil health and water quality impacts remain unclear. In this study we conducted an initial exploratory assessment of the relationships between soil chemical, physical, and biological properties and edge‐of‐field water quality across a network of 40 fields in Ohio, USA. Discharge, dissolved reactive P (DRP), total P (TP), and nitrate (NO3) losses associated with precipitation events via surface runoff and tile drainage were monitored. Agronomic soil tests and a suite of soil health indicators were measured, then predictive relationships between the field average soil properties and tile drainage and surface runoff discharge and DRP, TP, and nitrate loads were explored with random forest and multiple linear regression approaches. Among the soil health indicators, water extractable C and N were consistently found to be positively related to tile nitrate loads, but other soil health indicators had little or inconsistent importance for water quality impacts. Several other soil properties were important predictors, particularly soil P pools for surface and tile DRP and TP losses as well as Mehlich‐3 (M3) extractable Fe and Al for surface and tile discharge. Thus, we did not observe strong evidence that soil health was associated with improved edge‐of‐field water quality across the edge‐of‐field monitoring network. However, additional studies are needed to definitively test the relationships between a broader array of soil health metrics and water quality outcomes.
International expert consensus on precision anatomy for minimally invasive pancreatoduodenectomy: PAM‐HBP surgery project
Authors: Nagakawa Yuichi , Nakata Kohei , Nishino Hitoe , Ohtsuka Takao , Ban Daisuke , Asbun Horacio J. , Boggi Ugo , He Jin , Kendrick Michael L. , Palanivelu Chinnusamy , Liu Rong , Wang Shin‐E , Tang Chung‐Ngai , Takaori Kyoichi , Abu Hilal Mohammed , Goh Brian K. P. , Honda Goro , Jang Jin‐Young , Kang Chang Moo , Kooby David A. , Nakamura Yoshiharu , Shrikhande Shailesh V. , Wolfgang Christopher L. , Yiengpruksawan Anusak , Yoon Yoo‐Seok , Watanabe Yusuke , Kozono Shingo , Ciria Ruben , Berardi Giammauro , Garbarino Giovanni Maria , Higuchi Ryota , Ikenaga Naoki , Ishikawa Yoshiya , Maekawa Aya , Murase Yoshiki , Zimmitti Giuseppe , Kunzler Filipe , Wang Zi‐Zheng , Sakuma Leon , Takishita Chie , Osakabe Hiroaki , Endo Itaru , Tanaka Masao , Yamaue Hiroki , Tanabe Minoru , Wakabayashi Go , Tsuchida Akihiko , Nakamura Masafumi
Published: November 2021

Background

The anatomical structure around the pancreatic head is very complex and it is important to understand its precise anatomy and corresponding anatomical approach to safely perform minimally invasive pancreatoduodenectomy (MIPD). This consensus statement aimed to develop recommendations for elucidating the anatomy and surgical approaches to MIPD.

Methods

Studies identified via a comprehensive literature search were classified using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network method. Delphi voting was conducted after experts had drafted recommendations, with a goal of obtaining >75% consensus. Experts discussed the revised recommendations with the validation committee and an international audience of 384 attendees. Finalized recommendations were made after a second round of online Delphi voting.

Results

Three clinical questions were addressed, providing six recommendations. All recommendations reached at least a consensus of 75%. Preoperatively evaluating the presence of anatomical variations and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and superior mesenteric vein (SMV) branching patterns was recommended. Moreover, it was recommended to fully understand the anatomical approach to SMA and intraoperatively confirm the SMA course based on each anatomical landmark before initiating dissection.

Conclusions

MIPD experts suggest that surgical trainees perform resection based on precise anatomical landmarks for safe and reliable MIPD.
Effects of COVID‐19 on a CMOS fabrication course: An integrated design experience
Authors: Paik Seung‐Joon , Frazier A. Bruno
Published: November 2021

In the CMOS fabrication course described herein, the lecture component provides the theoretical background for semiconductor materials and integrated circuit fabrication processes. The laboratory component provides the hands‐on experience required to fabricate and electrically characterize CMOS circuits in a one‐semester format. A strong semiconductor device process design thread is achieved in the course by integrating the laboratory experience and process simulation/modeling and theoretical calculations. The risks associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic have forced significant course modifications. The lecture is switched to a remote learning format, including pre‐recorded content and weekly advanced Q&A sessions. The laboratory provides both in‐person and remote sessions. Approved social distancing and cleaning protocols are practiced in the facility for in‐person learning. Complementary remote learning resources are made available to all the students such as pre‐recorded laboratory instructions, live video‐based laboratory sessions, and web‐based supplementary information. Compared to pre‐pandemic semesters, the average students' GPA of the pandemic period has increased, attributed to larger and archived volumes of instructional material. Overall student comments related to course changes necessitated by the pandemic are mixed with both positive and negative feedback.
Winner‐pay contests with a no‐winner possibility
Authors: Minchuk Yizhaq
Published: November 2021

We study winner‐pay Tullock contests with a no‐win parameter that reflects the likelihood that nobody will win the contest, in a symmetric model with complete information. We show that in contradiction to standard Tullock contests with a no‐win parameter, the increase in the no‐win parameter results in higher efforts. Additionally, a no‐win parameter will result in lower revenues for the contest designer and lower contestants profits than standard winner‐pay contests. We additionally extended our work to the asymmetric case and equivalent contests.
Cell transplantation and secretome based approaches in spinal cord injury regenerative medicine
Authors: Assunção Silva Rita C. , Pinto Luísa , Salgado António J.
Published: November 2021

The axonal growth‐restrictive character of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) makes finding a therapeutic strategy a very demanding task, due to the postinjury events impeditive to spontaneous axonal outgrowth and regeneration. Considering SCI pathophysiology complexity, it has been suggested that an effective therapy should tackle all the SCI‐related aspects and provide sensory and motor improvement to SCI patients. Thus, the current aim of any therapeutic approach for SCI relies in providing neuroprotection and support neuroregeneration. Acknowledging the current SCI treatment paradigm, cell transplantation is one of the most explored approaches for SCI with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) being in the forefront of many of these. Studies showing the beneficial effects of MSC transplantation after SCI have been proposing a paracrine action of these cells on the injured tissues, through the secretion of protective and trophic factors, rather than attributing it to the action of cells itself. This manuscript provides detailed information on the most recent data regarding the neuroregenerative effect of the secretome of MSCs as a cell‐free based therapy for SCI. The main challenge of any strategy proposed for SCI treatment relies in obtaining robust preclinical evidence from in vitro and in vivo models, before moving to the clinics, so we have specifically focused on the available vertebrate and mammal models of SCI currently used in research and how can SCI field benefit from them.
A concurrent X and Kdual‐bandlow noise amplifier for a radar detection system
Authors: Park Jeong‐Hun , Lee Moon‐Que
Published: November 2021

This article presents a concurrent X‐ and K‐bands low noise amplifier (LNA) for a radar detection system. A dual‐band matching and direct current bias circuitry were configured using surface‐mount device lumped capacitors and distributed transmission lines for the compact size. The designed LNA has dual‐pass band operation and a notch between the X‐ and K‐bands. The proposed LNA was implemented in hybrid integrated circuit technique on the microwave substrate. The measurement has showed the gains of 18.6 and 22.4 dB and noise figures of 3.29 and 1.67 dB at 10.525 and 24.1 GHz, respectively.
Assessment of attractancy and safeness of (E)‐coniferyl alcohol for management of female adults of Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)
Authors: Liu Huan , Wang Dan‐Dan , Wan Lin , Hu Zhao‐Yang , He Ting‐Ting , Wang Jun‐Bo , Deng Shu‐Zhen , Wang Xin‐Shuai
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Bactrocera dorsalis is a devastating pest on fruits and vegetables because the adult female is the key factor that determines the population density of offspring and the degree of host damage. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of effective female attractants for behavioral control. Males of B. dorsalis fed on methyl eugenol (ME) were shown to be more sexually attracted to females and, therefore, were more successful in mating over ME‐deprived males.

RESULTS

In the current study, we demonstrated that (E)‐coniferyl alcohol (E‐CF), one of the ME metabolites in males, was highly attractive to sexually‐mature females in laboratory bioassays. During the dusk courtship period, mature females showed the highest response to E‐CF. However, there were no significant differences in olfactory responses to E‐CF between virgin and mated mature females. Moreover, no obvious signs and symptoms of toxicity or death were observed in mice during a 14‐day acute oral toxicity test. Toxicologically, no significant changes were observed in body weight, water intake, food consumption and absolute and relative organ weights between control and treated groups of healthy‐looking mice, implying that E‐CF could be regarded as non‐toxic. Furthermore, cytotoxicity assessment revealed that E‐CF was non‐toxic against human fetal lung fibroblast 1 (HFL1), human breast cancer (MDA‐MB‐231), mouse embryonic hepatocytes (BNL‐CL.2) and Spodoptera frugiperda ovary (SF‐9) cell lines.

CONCLUSIONS

E‐CF proved to be an effective, promising and eco‐friendly lure to B. dorsalis females. Therefore, this study may facilitate the development of novel control strategies against B. dorsalis in the field.
Substance misuse prescribing challenges during the pandemic
Authors: McAuley D. Michael
Published: November 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has necessitated a paradigm shift in the way substance misuse services are delivered, with a move from face‐to‐face to remote consultations. This article discusses the challenges substance misuse healthcare providers have faced adapting to these changes and how technological innovations have helped ensure treatments are prescribed or supplied as safely as possible.
Diverse forests are cool: Promoting diverse forests to mitigate carbon emissions and climate change
Authors: Beugnon Rémy , Ladouceur Emma , Sünnemann Marie , Cesarz Simone , Eisenhauer Nico
Published: November 2021

Climate change is one of the most pressing threats to humanity, inducing a global increase in temperatures and more frequent extreme climatic events. Considering this, global reforestation initiatives are proposed to capture carbon and mitigate climate change. Global restoration and reforestation programs and their targets have inspired both unparalleled enthusiasm worldwide and intense scientific criticism and debate regarding their feasibility and implementation. We agree that global reforestation forecasting and efforts require a nuanced discussion and approach. In that vein, we would like to emphasize the potential of increasing existing forest diversity to enhance climate change mitigation by increasing aboveground and belowground carbon storage. Moreover, we argue that focusing on planting diverse forests in reforestation efforts can help to reduce climate change effects on ecosystems: first, by increasing resistance and resilience to extreme climatic events, and second, by buffering microclimatic conditions in natural and urban areas. Diversifying forests plantations and reforestation projects may not always be feasible and cannot solve the climate crisis by itself. However, we highlight that a focus on diverse forests could maximize the benefits of reforestation programs by promoting sustainable land management.
Stigma, Social Appearance Anxiety and Coping in Men and Women Living with Skin Conditions: A Mixed Methods Analysis
Authors: Hughes O. , Hutchings P. B. , Phelps C.
Published: November 2021

Background

The psychological impact of living with a skin condition can have a profound impact on quality of life and could cause appearance-related social anxiety. Existing research suggests ambiguous findings in relation to whether the impact of living with a skin condition differs between males and females.

Objectives

The present study aimed to explore the association between stigma, coping styles and social appearance anxiety in men and women living with a skin condition in the United Kingdom.

Methods

231 participants (n = 199 females, n = 30 males, n = 2 non-binary) completed a cross-sectional online questionnaire, capturing quantitative data with the social appearance anxiety scale (SAAS), the shortened version of the coping inventory for stressful situations (CISS-21), and qualitative data from free-text comments and thematic content analysis. Respondents were also asked to provide additional free text comments in relation to the challenges faced and how these were managed.

Results

Content analysis revealed that males and females faced daily practical, social and emotional challenges and coped with them in several ways; with higher levels of social appearance anxiety associated with both higher perceived severity of skin condition and younger age. Males and females appeared equally as emotionally affected by living with a skin condition, with the only significant gender difference being females as significantly more likely to engage in avoidant coping behaviours than males.

Conclusions

Living with a skin condition presents daily practical, social, and psychological challenges for males and females that have the potential to impact on quality of life. Findings highlight the need for dermatological care to routinely address these issues, and psychosocial interventions must be made available to promote healthy coping with skin conditions.
Chemical Reaction: Understanding the Key to the Formation of Carbonaceous Materials from Sucralose
Authors: de Tarso Ferreira Sales Paulo , de Souza Katia Maria , Bezerra Alyne Gonçalves , Ojala Satu Anneli , de Oliveira Sérgio Botelho , dos Santos Pierre Alexandre , Freitas Bara Maria Teresa
Published: November 2021

An interesting way to understand carbonaceous materials structure and their properties is to evaluate the chemical reactions involved in their production. However, there are only a few published works describing the main reactions. Here, we report how chemical reactions can help understand the degradation of sucralose in hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), and the formation of hydrochar. To this end, sucralose is treated for 3.0 h, and Raman and mass spectrum data of hydrochar and liquid samples are analyzed, as well quantum chemistry calculations (QCC). The results show that ionization of sucralose is the most important step in the degradation process, and the use of FeCl2 can speed up the degradation process. However, pH leads to ionization, dehydration and dechlorination, but glycosidic bond cleavage is a common subsequent reaction. Raman analysis present hydrochar samples with oxygen‐containing groups and aromatic/heterocyclic ring bands which are important in functionalized materials. Morphologically, the samples generated at initial pH=10.00, and in the presence of MnCl2 presented the smallest microspheres and this phenomenon may be related to the amount of degradation products. Finally, the evaluation of Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data using principal components analysis is useful to suggest the degradation pathways and hydrochar formation processes.
Catalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol to Efficiently Synthesize Amide by (−CF3) Substituted Copper Phthalocyanine Based Composite Catalyst
Authors: Wang Luying , Zheng Xudong , Zhang Yuzhe , Zhou Man , Liang Qiang , Xu Song , Li Zhongyu
Published: November 2021

Using a type of tetra‐substituted metal phthalocyanine carbon nanotubes composite material [4 a (OPh‐p‐CF3)CuPc]‐MWCNTs as a catalyst, a method to synthesize benzamides through the oxidative amidation of benzyl alcohol was developed. Synthesize copper phthalocyanine by simple DBU liquid phase catalytic method, and then load phthalocyanine on carbon nanotubes by ultrasound to form four‐substituted metal phthalocyanine carbon nanotubes composite material [4 a (OPh‐p‐CF3)CuPc]‐MWCNTs. The composite materials were detected by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV‐Vis), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). To achieve high‐efficiency and optional catalyze, studied solvent type, oxidant type and dosage, catalyst dosage, time and temperature. In the screening experiment, [4 a (OPh‐p‐CF3)CuPc]‐MWCNTs composite material has high catalytic ability in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol. At the greatest of times, the highest conversion ratio of benzyl alcohol (100 %), selectivity of benzamide (89 %) was obtained. The oxidant was TBHP and the amount was 3 mL, 60 °C for 24 h in DMF. Different kinds of amides were set up by various substituted benzyl alcohols, and good results were obtained.
σ‐Hole Interactions of Tetrahedral Group IV–VIII Lewis Acid Centers with Lewis Bases: A Comparative Study
Authors: Ibrahim Mahmoud A. A. , Mohamed Yasmeen A. M. , Abuelliel Hassan A. A. , Rady Al‐shimaa S. M. , Soliman Mahmoud E. S. , Ahmed Muhammad Naeem , Mohamed Lamiaa A. , Moussa Nayra A. M.
Published: November 2021

In the current study, σ‐hole interactions of group IV–VIII element‐containing molecules in tetrahedral geometry with Lewis bases were comparatively scrutinized. The FSiF3, OPF3, NSF3, FClO3, and OArO3 molecules were devoted as Lewis acid centers to interact with NH3 and NCH Lewis bases. According to the results, the most significant σ‐hole interactions were ascribed to the FSiF3⋅⋅⋅ and FClO3⋅⋅⋅Lewis base complexes with interaction energy up to –29.74 kcal mol−1 in the case of the FSiF3⋅⋅⋅NH3 complex. Symmetry‐adapted perturbation theory‐based energy decomposition analysis (SAPT‐EDA) demonstrated that the electrostatic energy (Eelst) was the most prevalent force dominating the explored interactions, while the exchange energies exhibited unfavorable contribution. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and noncovalent interaction (NCI) results emphasized the closed‐shell nature for all the investigated complexes except FSiF3⋅⋅⋅NH3 complex that demonstrated a covalent nature. Crucially, the utilization of the positively‐ and negatively‐directed external electric field (EEF) led to amelioration and debilitation of the strength of the studied interactions, respectively. The present findings provide knowledge essential to further expanded applications in the fields pertinent to materials science and crystal engineering.
Homogeneous Ni(I)tetra Sulfonated Phthalocyanine Electrocatalyst Generated at Low Overpotential Clubbed with a Wet‐Scrubbing Column for High Efficiency NO Reduction to NH3
Authors: Muthuraman G. , Silambarasan P. , Moon I.‐S.
Published: November 2021

Although the degradation of NO gas to a less toxic form is a promising strategy to help solve atmospheric health and ozone depletion problems, conversion to a useful gas is a recent strategy. The generation of NH3 from NO with high efficiency per catalyst area or weight is in the early stages. In this investigation, a tetra sulfonated phthalocyanine with a Ni(II) (Ni(II)TSPc) complex was used to produce a low valent homogenous electrocatalyst Ni(I)TSPc in an alkaline medium at a lower overpotential. Ni(I)TSPc formation at a lower overpotential was demonstrated by the initial change in oxidation/reduction potential from 25 mV to −360 mV during electrolysis, peak potential change in cyclic voltammetry, and UV‐Vis spectral analysis. A potentiometric titration method used to quantify the electrogenerated Ni(I)TSPc revealed 90 % efficiency in 1 h. The decrease of Ni(I)TSPc concentration when contacting NO gas at the wet scrubber column showed that the NO removal process followed a Ni(I)TSPc (Ni(I)) mediation or mediated electrocatalytic reduction (MER) process. The NO removal efficiency reached almost 100 % at a 0.2 L/min gas flow rate of 20 ppm. The selective formation of NH3 with a maximum of 1492 μmol/g Ni(I) was achieved for the first time in the homogeneous electrocatalytic reduction process. The developed process generated NH3 from NO gas and has the potential for scale‐up.