bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What is Wrong with the DSM?
Authors: Cooper Rachel
Published: April 2004

The DSM is the main classification of mental disorders used by psychiatrists in the United States and, increasingly, around the world. Although widely used, the DSM has come in for fierce criticism, with many commentators believing it to be conceptually flawed in a variety of ways. This paper assesses some of these philosophical worries. The first half of the paper asks whether the project of constructing a classification of mental disorders that ‘cuts nature at the joints’ makes sense. What is mental disorder? Are types of mental disorder natural kinds (that is, are the distinctions between them objective and of fundamental theoretical importance, as are, say, the distinctions between the chemical elements)? The second half of the paper addresses epistemic worries. Even if types of mental disorder are natural kinds there may be reason to doubt that the DSM will come to reflect their natural structure. In particular, I examine the extent to which the DSM is theory-laden, and look at how it has been shaped by social and financial factors. Ultimately, I conclude that although the DSM is of immense practical importance it is not likely to become the best possible classification of mental disorders.
Colonial Psychiatry, Magic and Religion. The Case of Mesmerism in British India
Authors: Ernst Waltraud
Published: April 2004

This article is concerned with the development of early nineteenth-century Western medicine and psychiatry in relation to religion and magic during British colonial rule in India. The case of mesmerism is taken to illustrate that ‘colonial medicine/psychiatry in India’ itself was plural in nature, being made up of a variety of different, at times competing, strands. Religious connotations and references to spiritual enlightenment increasingly posed a peculiar problem to emerging Western science-based medicine in the nineteenth century. Mesmerism was met with as much hostility by an emerging Western medical orthodoxy as indigenous medical systems. The affiliation of mesmerism with Indian magical practices and religious customs contributed to its marginalization – despite or, rather, because of its popularity among members of the Indian nobility and middle classes, Indian patients and practitioners.

The case of mesmerism also shows that awareness both of the domineering power of a gradually emerging medical ‘imagined’ mainstream and an analysis of the complex challenges faced by heterodoxy (as much as by orthodoxy) facilitate a more critical understanding of the development of colonial medicine and psychiatry in the East as well as, arguably, of medicine and psychiatry in Britain itself.
Haizmann’s Madness: the Concept of Bizarreness and the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
Authors: Otsuka Kotaro , Sakai Akio , Dening Tom
Published: April 2004

Christoph Haizmann, a seventeenth-century Bavarian painter, suffered from abnormal religious experiences. Our study considers whether Haizmann’s case fits the model of schizophrenia through the concept of ‘bizarreness’. Haizmann’s words and actions were discordant and bizarre even within the religious framework of the seventeenth century.

We propose that ‘bizarreness’ is an expression of relative deviation from the social and cultural norms of a particular epoch and that ‘bizarreness’ may be an important concept as an indicator of schizophrenia. In this sense, Haizmann was likely to have suffered from schizophrenia. Haizmann’s case may offer a good example for the investigation of schizophrenia in history through the concept of ‘bizarreness’, an approach that can indicate deviation from ordinariness and commonness even in religious models.
Fort-de-France: Pratiques Textuelles et Corporelles D’une Ville Coloniale
Authors: Loichot Valérie
Published: April 2004

Interweaving Patrick Chamoiseau and René Ménil’s representations of the city of Fort-de-France, Martinique, with notes and photographs from my personal peregrinations in the city, I show that the urban space, like a resisting text, cannot be seized, fixed, and ultimately read by the alien walker. It is precisely through the polyrhythmic movements of the urban dwellers, which Chamoiseau calls ‘djobeurs’, that the city resists and escapes the grid and other colonialist marks imposed by Metropolitan France on the cityscape. These perambulations, I argue, create an ‘oralcity’ contrasting with the city written by colonialism.

I complement Michel de Certeau and Henri Lefebvre’s theorizing of the city by Frantz Fanon and Jamaica Kincaid’s postcolonial texts, which help articulate gendered and racialized body constructions and positioning within the space of the postcolonial city.
Public Communication between Facts and Fictions: On the Construction of Genetic Risk
Authors: Görke Alexander , Ruhrmann Georg
Published: April 2004

The article aims to analyze the media’s role in the construction of genetic risk. With the help of systems theory journalism and entertainment are described as an integral part of public communication. It is argued, that both serve a synchronization function and influence the public perception of genetic risk. These comparative perspective gets adapted to current theoretical and methodological problems in the analysis of public representations of genetic engineering. It is argued, that content analysis is a promising method to compare entertaining and journalistic communication on genetic engineering, while in the long run it serves only as a starting point of a broader research program.
Scientists on the Set: Science Consultants and the Communication of Science in Visual Fiction
Authors: Kirby David A.
Published: April 2004

By exploring the relationship between the scientific community and the entertainment industry in the construction of fictional films, this paper investigates the impact that fictional representations, created with the assistance of scientists, have on the construction of scientific knowledge and the public understanding of science. I discuss the nature of science consulting on fictional films, including compensation, consultants’ role in the filmmaking process, and the scientific elements consultants can impact in the films. By questioning the nature of fictional “accuracy, ” I demonstrate that the scientific community’s focus on “scientific accuracy” in fiction is flawed. Fictional film naturalizes both “accurate” and “inaccurate” science by presenting both as “natural” via a perceptually realistic framework.
Between Brains and Breasts—Women Scientists in Fiction Film: On the Marginalization and Sexualization of Scientific Competence
Authors: Flicker Eva
Published: April 2004

The popular media, film, cinema and television, contribute to the public’s general understanding of science. This article focuses on the portrayal of female scientists and the reception of such depictions within the general understanding. The article questions: the images depicted; their relation to scientific reality; how such depictions have changed over time (1929-1997); and their significance within the broader social context.
Comments on Science in the Visual Media
Authors: Rosenstone Robert A.
Published: April 2004

Though history and science may seem to be substantially different topics, some of the lessons learned from my studies of the historical film can be suggestive for studies of the way science is treated in the visual media. For one thing, both history and science are referential, pointing to empirical realms outside the discourse. Both also come to us through the established conventions of film (and literature). This means we must be prepared to deal with, even accept, certain kinds of stereotyping and fictionalizing in the depiction of science and scientists. Part of our task is to learn to read the language of the visual media, which tends towards symbolic and metaphoric rather than literal truths.
A Vital Fluid: Risk, Controversy and the Politics of Blood Donation in the Era of “Mad Cow Disease”
Authors: O’Neill Kate
Published: April 2004

This article examines the reasons for, and likely impact of, the decision by the US and other countries to permanently defer blood donors who have spent time in Britain or Europe, for fear they may transmit new variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD), the human form of “mad cow disease.” It begins by discussing how vCJD and blood transfusion are linked, and how these have been translated into policy. First, maintaining a safe and stable supply of blood entails not only maintaining the trust of recipients in the system, but also that of donors, who need to be assured that their blood will be welcomed and used. Often, the balance, once upset, is regained by sacrificing donors, but accompanying costs might also be high. Second, the article highlights the impact of various forms of globalization—of commerce, disease and travel, and immigration—on blood policies and public and policy attitudes. Third, it assesses the decision by the US to restrict blood donations from Europeans and travelers to combat such a pervasive risk. The conclusion discusses how donor deferral policies may be interpreted by the public in the light of earlier discussions, and raises issues for future research.
Beyond Public Perceptions of Gene Technology: Community Participation in Public Policy in Australia
Authors: Dietrich Heather , Schibeci Renato
Published: April 2004

Public policy assumptions, which view “the public” as passive consumers, are deeply flawed. “The public” are, in fact, active citizens, who constitute the innovation end of the seamless web of relationships, running from research and development laboratory to shop, hospital or farm, or local neighborhood. “The public” do not receive the impact of technology; they are the impact, in that they determine with gene technology (GT) developers and sellers what happens to the technology in our society. In doing so, they, or more rightly we, exercise particular, contextual knowledges and actions. We suggest that it is the ignorance of this aspect of innovation in policy processes that produces the distrust and resentment that we found in our interviews with “publics” interested in gene technology. This is consistent with Beck’s description of the deep structural states of risk and fear in modern advanced societies with respect to new technologies, such as gene technology. Only policy processes that recognize the particular, local, and contextual knowledges of “the public,” which co-construct innovation, can achieve deep, social structural consideration of gene technology. And only such a deep consideration can avoid the polarized attitudes and deep suspicions that we have seen arise in places such as Britain. Such consideration needs the type of processes that involve active consultation and inclusion of “the public” in government and commercial innovation, the so-called deliberative and inclusionary processes (DIPs), such as consensus conferences and citizen juries. We suggest some measures that could be tried in Australia, which would take us further down the path of participation toward technological citizenship.
Science in National Cultures: The Message of Postage Stamps
Authors: Jones Robert A.
Published: April 2004

Scientists in Britain believe that their work does not receive the recognition that it deserves from the national culture in comparison with continental Europe. Not an easy proposition to test, but possible through a comparison of how the achievements of science have been celebrated through representation on stamps. Postage stamps are official government products, and they are used to transmit and define the official view of the national culture. In this paper I give three examples of the sorts of comparisons that can be made. First, a geographical comparision (Britain, West Germany and France) during the period 1951–1990. Second, a consideration of how the different scientific disciplines have been treated in the three countries. Third, an analysis of the effect of the political system on the way that science is celebrated by comparing the stamps of West and East Germany.
Assessment of Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Complications in Children With Cancer
Authors: Chen Chia-Feng , Wang Ru-Hwa , Cheng Shin-Nan , Chang Yue-Cune
Published: April 2004

Objective: To assess children with cancer for oral complications using the oral assessment guide (OAG) and ascertain the efficacy of an oral hygiene care regimen in children undergoing chemotherapy and at 1 to 2 weeks postchemotherapy administration.Methods: Thirty pediatric cancer patients with either leukemia or lymphoma were randomly selected from 3 medical centers. A quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate the difference between pre- and post-oral hygiene care. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to analyze the data. The interrater agreement between the nurse and the dentist was calculated using a Kappa score. A paired t test was to examine the difference between preand post-oral hygiene care regimen.Results: The OAG scores ranged from 8 to 24. The higher the score, the more severe the oral complications. Ninety-six percent of the participants had a score [. greaterequal] 9, on the pre-test, 26. 7% had an OAG score [. greaterequal] 12. Oral complications included ulcerated mucous membranes, dry lips, deeper or raspy voice, and oral debris. No scores were [. greaterequal] 12 on the OAG following the posttest. The oral hygiene care regimen significantly improved oral assessment among patients (P <. 05).Conclusions: The authors postulate that the OAG and oral hygiene care regimen may be clinically useful in improving oral assessment and hygiene in children with cancer during and after chemotherapy, thus decreasing associated infection and enhancing patient comfort.
Central Line Placement for the Pediatric Oncology Patient: A Model of Advanced Practice Nurse Collaboration
Authors: Callahan Colleen , De La Cruz Hope
Published: April 2004

Central lines are commonly placed in pediatric oncology patients during their therapy. Advanced practice nurses (APNs) play an important role in the coordination and facilitation of line placements so that they may be inserted in an expeditious manner. Collaboration between the Divisions of Oncology and Surgery is often key to attaining this goal. At the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, the APNs in Oncology and Surgery have developed a collaborative approach to the placement of central lines in oncology patients. Many positive changes ensued between these divisions after collaboration occurred and a system for line placements was put into place. A well-defined process for central line placement is currently being utilized that meets the needs of the patients. Central lines are being placed in a timelier manner, procedures are coordinated, and treatment is started earlier, which has increased the satisfaction of patients, families, and health care providers. Finally, this collaboration led to an improved relationship and better communication between the Divisions of Oncology and Surgery.
Stressors Associated with Pacific Islands Children Diagnosed with Cancer Andsevere Blood Disorders
Authors: Untalan Faye F. , Woodruff Kelley , Liao Mira , Hardy Charles
Published: April 2004

Pediatric cancer patients from the US-associated Pacific Islands have the option of referral to the United States for diagnosis and treatment through historical governmental agreements. These patients and their families travel thousands of miles, relocating for extended periods of time, to complete treatment. The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of Pacific Islands children referred for treatment to a pediatric oncology clinic in Hawaii, the support services they utilized, and the difficulties they experienced during their relocation. The medical records of 100 children referred from the Pacific Islands to Kapiolani Women’s and Children’s Hospital in Honolulu, Hawaii, between 1981 and 2002 were abstracted to gather data on treatment and service utilization. Interviews were conducted with 17 of these families for a more qualitative description of their experiences. The study found that families face considerable financial, emotional, and cultural stressors when relocating from the Pacific Islands to Honolulu for pediatric cancer treatment. The support systems currently in place can only partly address the needs of this population.
Childhood Brain Tumors: Parental Concerns and Stressors by Phase of Illness
Authors: Freeman Katherine , O’Dell Christine , Meola Carol
Published: April 2004

The objective of this study is to identify common problems and helpful resources important to parents of children with brain tumors by illness phase and to determine associations with stress. Parents with a child diagnosed within the past 10 years were surveyed regarding healthcare provider interactions, medical information/education, health care utilization and psychosocial concerns. Survey items were rated as problems or helpful, and for importance at each phase of illness. Stress was recorded from 0 to 10 for each phase; associations with demographic characteristics and items were tested statistically. A total of 139 parents from 87 families responded, with 45 mother-father pairs. Half reported unmet informational needs as most important during diagnosis (etiology), recurrence (complementary therapy), end of life (dying process), and remission (long-term effects). Mothers experienced greater stress than fathers during adjuvant treatment (p = .009). Stress increased (p < .05) during diagnosis and hospitalization/surgery with being married, at hospital discharge because of changes in child’s personality/moods, during adjuvant treatment with unmet informational needs regarding stopping treatment, during recurrence regarding employment concerns, and during remission with unmet informational needs regarding life-time expectations. Stressors changed across phases of illness. Married respondents appeared at increased risk for stress. Further work is needed to tailor and evaluate interventions to decrease stress during illness phases.
Levels of Total Fungus and Aspergillus on a Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Unit
Authors: Hensley Mary Elizabeth , Ke Weiming , Hayden Randall T. , Handgretinger Rupert , McCullers Jonathan A.
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this descriptive study was to determine the levels of total fungus (TF) and Aspergillus in a pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) unit. One hundred twenty air samples and 120 floor samples were collected from the same locations in 10 patient rooms and bathrooms for 4 consecutive days. The count in colony-forming units of TF and Aspergillus from each of the samples was measured by the institution’s mycology laboratory. Means, standard deviations, minimum values, and maximum values were determined for levels of TF and Aspergillus from different locations and on different days in the air and on the floor. Determination of a mean value of TF and Aspergillus for each room allowed for analysis of mean values of TF and Aspergillus for sample category, room side, room type, and room status. After visual examination of the mean values for the air samples collected, it was determined that the TF and Aspergillus in the air were less than the institution’s acceptable air baseline standard. t tests and analysis of variance were used to verify the findings.
Childhood and Adolescent Cancer Survivors’ Knowledge of their Disease and Effects of Treatment
Authors: Bashore Lisa
Published: April 2004

Most children diagnosed with cancer will become survivors of their disease. However, a large number of these children may be at risk for the development of late complications. It is not clear whether these survivors and their families are aware of their treatment history including diagnosis, treatment, and the late complications of their treatment. The purpose of this needs assessment was to ascertain survivors’ knowledge of their disease, the various treatment modalities, and whether they were aware of their individual risks for developing late complications of their treatment. A brief six-item questionnaire was developed to determine survivors’ knowledge of their cancer treatment and to be completed just before at their survivor visit. A total of 141 survivors completed this questionnaire. The mean age at diagnosis was 6.8 years, and the median age at the time of this assessment was 16 years. Although all of the subjects stated they knew their disease, only 84% (n = 118) listed their diagnosis. The majority of the survivors knew they received chemotherapy, but only 50% were able to list one or more specific drugs they received. Further lack of knowledge was also evident for survivors who received radiotherapy. The results of this assessment represent a lack of knowledge especially of the survivors’ individual risk for developing late complications of their therapy. Education about late complications of therapy should be introduced early and often such as at diagnosis, within months of the completion of therapy, and during every survivor clinic visit. A complete treatment summary should be provided to all survivors. This summary should include the survivors’individual risks for developing late complications and how their own health behaviors may influence the development of these late complications.
Symptom Management Research in Children With Cancer
Authors: Hockenberry Marilyn
Published: April 2004

A review of the clinical research studies published within the past 5 years revealed that efforts to manage symptoms of cancer and its treatments have not kept pace with new advances in the cure for cancer. Children with cancer continue to experience distressing physical symptoms caused by the disease and treatment. The purpose of this article is to provide a concise overview of the most common symptoms experienced by children with cancer. These symptoms include pain, nausea and vomiting, nutritional concerns, mucositis, and fatigue experienced by the child with cancer. Recommendations for future research are addressed.
Research Priorities for Family Assessment and Intervention in Pediatric Oncology
Authors: Kazak Anne E.
Published: April 2004

Four broad areas of research priority related to family assessment and intervention in pediatric oncology are outlined. The importance of a contextual, systemic approach is highlighted along with the value of systematic empirical assessment of psychosocial risk at diagnosis. Research to advance the development and application of standards of care during treatment is also advocated. The chapter concludes with opportunities for family-oriented research related to survivorship and end-of-life care.
Integrating the Child into Home and Community Following the Completion of Cancer Treatment
Authors: Labay Larissa E. , Mayans Sherri , Harris Michael B.
Published: April 2004

The present article examines the period of time immediately following the completion of treatment for childhood cancer. The unique concerns experienced by families at this stage of the cancer treatment are examined, and the specific challenges that children face as they renegotiate roles and relationships that are necessary for successful reintegration into family, school, and community settings are discussed. Obstacles to successful reintegration that are frequently encountered by patients and families are reviewed, as well as variables that may promote optimal adjustment during this transitional period. The need for continued research in this area is highlighted, and specific research questions are identified. An emphasis is placed on applying a socioecological framework to research and clinical work with pediatric oncology patients at this stage of the cancer experience.
Delivery of Culturally Competent Care to Children With Cancer and Their Families—The Latino Experience
Authors: Munet-Vilaró Frances
Published: April 2004

This article discusses selected cultural factors such as language and interpretation services, beliefs, health care practices, and communication styles of Latino families that can increase and enhance the ability of nurses to work with a child with cancer and his or her family. Suggestions for research and clinical intervention are presented.
Pediatric Cancer Research From Past Successes Through Collaboration to Future Transdisciplinary Research
Authors: Reaman Gregory H.
Published: April 2004

Multidisciplinary collaboration in therapeutic research in childhood cancer has been responsible for enormous improvements in outcomes. Many of the improvements have resulted from large clinical trials carried out in multisite settings through the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) and its predecessors, the Children’s Cancer Group, the Pediatric Oncology Group, the National Wilms’ Tumor Study, and Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Groups. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia models the past success of 35 years of randomized clinical trials that resulted in survival rates of around 80%. However, more can be done to improve both survival rates and the quality of survival. Areas that can benefit from a transdisciplinary model of research are discussed, as well as challenges to this form of collaboration.
Collaborative Metamodeling: Coordinating Simulation-based Product Design
Authors: Husslage Bart , van Dam Edwin , den Hertog Dick , Stehouwer Peter , Stinstra Erwin
Published: April 2004

High-tech products, like automobiles and aircrafts, consist of many components. To evaluate component designs, simulation tools are frequently used. However, component complexity often results in very large simulation times, so the number of evaluated designs is limited. Further, relations among components make the design of the final product a very hard task that can only be accomplished by a proper coordination of all the simulation tools. The first part of this paper gives a framework to deal with simulation-based product design for cases where there are multiple coupled simulation tools and large simulation times. We call our approach Collaborative Metamodeling (CMM). The CMM approach focuses on the construction of metamodels for components, in order to gain insight in the behavior of components and the final product. This knowledge is used in finding an optimal and robust product design. The second part of this paper deals with the coordination of simulation tools. Therefore, we define three coordination methods: Parallel simulation, Sequential simulation, and Sequential modeling. To compare these three methods, we focus on five aspects: use of precedent information, coordination complexity, simulated product designs, flexibility, and throughput time. For the throughput time aspect we derive mathematical formulas and give relations between the throughput times of the three coordination methods. At the end of this part we summarize the results and give recommendations on the choice of a suitable coordination method. The third part of this paper contains a case-study, in which the CMM approach is applied to the design process of a color picture tube.
A Dynamic Fuzzy Decision Support Scheme for Concurrent Design Planning
Authors: Khoo Li Pheng , Chen Chun-Hsien , Jiao Limin
Published: April 2004

Product design in concurrent engineering is a process that involves all the downstream product development activities. The interaction of these activities increases the complexity, the level of difficulty and the amount of iterations of product design. This work proposes a dynamic fuzzy decision support scheme that is able to provide a reasonable plan for an inherent iterative, complex product design. The plan serves as a guide for design tasks scheduling and can be adjusted dynamically according to the occurrence of some unexpected events. The proposed dynamic fuzzy decision support scheme is realized in a real-time manner. A heuristic priority algorithm based on the Fuzzy-AHP is embodied in it so as to deduce the priorities of design tasks to be executed under limited resources. Assigning design tasks to appropriate designers is based on the designer-job records stored in a database. The iteration inherently existing in product design is handled using a so-called iterative design analyzer developed by the authors. Besides, the dynamic fuzzy decision support scheme is capable of promptly capturing unexpected events or exceptions that are not uncommon in the process of new product design, as well as reacting to them with replanning. A case study on a burn-in system of a manufacturing company was used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed dynamic fuzzy decision support scheme.
A Fractal-Based Approach for Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Ostrosi E , Ferney M , Garro O
Published: April 2004

The successful application of concurrent engineering in industry should be based on the effective organization of different activities, from design to marketing. However the dynamics of the environment has raised the following question: what model can be applied for concurrent engineering? This paper presents three models for concurrent engineering organizations. The models are based on the concept of autonomous design units, which are formed using the fractals characteristics: self-similarity, self-organization, and dynamic. These models allow one to reorganize the design process and to understand the dynamics of the concurrent engineering organization. The application taken from the French automotive industry shows the characteristics of these models.
Control and Monitoring of Concurrent Design Tasks in a Dynamic Environment
Authors: Lee S. G. , Ong K. L. , Khoo L. P.
Published: April 2004

In product development, it is common for concurrent design tasks to be coupled, and, because of complex information flows, to iterate several times before the entire product development process is completed, leading to delays in product launches and cost overruns. Furthermore, unexpected disturbances may destabilize the entire product development process. A generalized homogeneous and non-homogeneous state-space concept is proposed to model concurrent, coupled design tasks and to analyze and control the stability and convergence rate of the design tasks. The homogeneous analysis predicts the number of design iterations before the design tasks are completed and identifies those tasks that consume a disproportionate amount of resources and time to complete. The non-homogeneous analysis precisely monitors and controls the stability and the convergence rate of the concurrent design tasks through state feedback control. A case study of a camera design is discussed to illustrate how the convergence rate of the tasks can be improved and initial instability of tasks is managed. The proposed methodology can facilitate workload distribution and resource allocation in design task planning and management in the face of unexpected disturbances.
Manipulating Geometry in a STEP DB from Commercial CAD Systems
Authors: Kim Junhwan , Han Soonhung
Published: April 2004

It is difficult to access and share design data among heterogeneous CAD systems. Usually different CAD systems exchange design data using a neutral format such as IGES or STEP. A prototype STEP database has been implemented. The prototype system uses the OpenCascade geometric kernel and the commercial object-oriented database ObjectStore. STEP provides the database schema. The STEP database has been accessed and manipulated from commercial CAD systems of SolidWorks and Unigraphics. The data access module of the commercial CAD system has been developed by using the CAD system’s native API, ObjectStore API, and ActiveX.
Women and Depression: A Phytotherapist’s Approach
Authors: Romm Aviva
Published: April 2004

Depression, anxiety, and similar disorders are the most commonly encountered women’s health problems in Western countries with women experiencing higher rates of depression than men. Alternative and conventional medical practitioners are consulted for the treatment of mild to moderate and even severe depression perhaps more than any other mood and affective disorder, mood disorders being the primary emotional imbalance encountered in clinical herbal practice. The medical definition of depression provides a narrow parameter against which a wide range of human sadness and grief is measured and categorized. This unfortunately may lead to the inappropriate labeling, medicating, and potential stigmatization of many who appear to fit the diagnosis of depression and the marginalization and exclusion from diagnosis of those who do not necessarily fit neatly into this category, yet who truly suffer from this malady of emotion. The causes of depression are multifactorial. A truly comprehensive holistic approach must consider physical pathologicetiologies (e. g., endocrinologicdysregulation) as well as social, emotional, and psychological factors ranging from availability of support networks to issues of selfesteem, gender issues faced by women in contemporary times, socioeconomic factors, as well as diet, nutrition, and exercise levels. This article addresses many of these multifactorial issues, providing the reader with both evidence-based and traditional information on the use of complementary and herbal the rapeutic approaches to depression in women.
Beyond Bootstraps: A Rural, Midwestern Health Care Organization’s Response to Employee Depression
Authors: Putnam Kelly , McKibbin Laura , Lancaster Stacie , Schwade Jessica
Published: April 2004

Depression is one of the most prevalent and costly employee health issues in American business and industry. Despite the high costs—both human and economic—associated with depression and the availability of prompt and efficacious treatment options, most employers remain unresponsive due to either a lack of concern or awareness regarding the significant impact of depression on the workplace.
Cancer CAM™: Web-Based Continuing Education for Health Professionals
Authors: Brink Susan G. , McFarren Ann E. , Lincoln Jane M. , Birney Amelia J.
Published: April 2004

Nurses and health educators who work with cancer patients are often asked about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies. “CAM and the Prostate Cancer Patient” is the prototype module for an online continuing education series on CAM. More than 60 nurses and health educators tested the product online. Outcome data indicate that such a program can increase learners’ CAM knowledge and perceived self-efficacy in addressing patient questions about CAM. Qualitative responses from testers indicate an appreciation for a balanced approach to the material. Testers found the combination of academic information with professional and patient tips to be useful.
Distribution, Concentration, and Health Care Implications of Naturopathic Physicians in the United States
Authors: Albert Donald Patrick , Butar Ferry Butar
Published: April 2004

Naturopathic physicians receive rigorous instruction through an accredited naturopathic school. Studies examining naturopaths from a geographic perspective are rare; therefore, it is important to acquire, process, and analyze data on the availability of and accessibility to naturopathic physicians (NDs) in the United States. What factors influence the locations of naturopaths? Multiple regression techniques indicated that population density and distance from naturopathic school explained more than 69% of the distribution. These same factors are also known to describe the locations of medical doctors (MDs). The implication is that the current distribution of NDs does not dramatically improve patients’ access to primary health care providers.
The Experience of Complementary Alternative Medicine Use among People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Hussain-Gambles Mahvash , Tovey Philip
Published: April 2004

People with multiple sclerosis (MS) are increasingly using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for symptom management, despite the absence of an evidence base. This exploratory qualitative study ( n = 10) examined the experiences of CAM use among people with MS. Results suggest disillusionment with current medical treatments and a desperate search for something to relieve symptoms. Participants had an open attitude toward various approaches to health care, liked to be actively involved in their care, and viewed CAM as a “healthier” choice. Further research is needed to develop the preliminary findings, using more heterogeneous samples embracing the complexities of gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine at the NIH
Authors: Goldner Melinda
Published: April 2004

This article summarizes the summer issue of the Complementary and Alternative Medicine at the NIH Newsletter (Volume 8, Number 3), which describes the activities of the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). This article describes studies examining mind-body therapies, announces plans for research on auto-immune diseases, provides updates on dietary supplements, the Atkins diet, and SARS, and introduces an electronic news bulletin and new fact sheets.
Case Study: MR Treatment for Calcific Tendinitis
Authors: Darrow Marc , Mevorak Barak
Published: April 2004

Therapies for calcific tendinitis are often invasive. This report describes a case of calcific tendinitis treated with noninvasive magnetic resonance (MR) therapy. Ten-minute MR treatments were administered once daily, 5 days a week for 2 weeks. The transmission area was approximately 1 cm × 1 cm. Exercises included passive range of motion twice daily and Codman’s exercises 3 times daily. Ibuprofen 800 mg was administered t.i.d. for 4 days with tapering doses thereafter. After 1 week, the patient showed a marked improvement in all symptoms. The lesion was reduced, the shoulder had full range of motion, with only mild tenderness demonstrable on palpation. The patient was not taking any analgesics. After 2 weeks, the calcification was no longer evident. The patient reported no pain and returned to his normal activities. MR treatment proved effective in reducing the size of calcification and alleviating the pain associated with calcific tendinitis.
Research in Family and Consumer Sciences Education, 1985–2000
Authors: Couch Sue , Felstehausen Ginny
Published: April 2004

This review addresses significant events that have influenced research in family and consumer sciences education, major publication outlets, leading researchers, problems studied, methodologies used, and a summary of thesis and dissertation research completed from 1985 to 1999. Nearly three fourths of the 237 research articles reviewed were published in the Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences Education. Research topics focused primarily on professional roles and characteristics of family and consumer sciences educators, program evaluation, and priority issues including the need for family and consumer sciences teachers. Collaborative research efforts, focus on critical issues in family and consumer sciences education, use of interpretive frameworks and qualitative methods, and progress in using theory are cited as strengths. Challenges for future research include avoiding overreliance on empirical and survey methods, strengthening interaction between research and theory, increasing the number of individuals engaged in research on a continuing basis, and strengthening graduate student research.
Evaluation of Adequacy of Reading Level and Readability of Psychotropic Medication Handouts
Authors: Myers Rachel E. , Shepard-White Felisha
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND:Patient education is an essential element to quality health care, both in the physical health andmental health care arenas. Providers use written materials as tools to educate, but benefits are dependent on learners’ reading and comprehension abilities. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this descriptive study was to evaluate adequacy of reading level and readability of psychotropic medication patient handouts. STUDYDESIGN: Reading level and readability of 15 psychotropic medication patient handouts were evaluated using the SMOG formula and the Readability Assessment Instrument, respectively. RESULTS: All 15 handouts were written at inadequate reading levels and readability. Reading levels were above 12th grade, with amean of 13.5 (± 1.5 grades), and overall readability was below the acceptable score of 80% (M = 6%). CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate reading skills and comprehension may impede patients’ learning and their ability to understand their illness and follow provider instructions. Providersmust ensure education materials are written at adequate reading and readability levels to optimize learning and maximize desired outcomes related to treatment.
English Business Communication Needs of Mexican Executives in a Distance-Learning Class
Authors: Grosse Christine Uber
Published: April 2004

Many firms within and outside the United States operate in multilingual environments that require executives to do business in English as well as in other languages. Executives for whom English is a second language often face special challenges communicating in such settings. This study examines how 115 executives in a distance-learning business communication class in Mexico used English to conduct business and their perceived strengths and weaknesses in the language. Although most executives used English regularly at work and in their classes, many continued to have language problems. They cited vocabulary, writing, and grammar as critical areas to improve, followed by pronunciation and speaking. Their audiences consisted of native and nonnative speakers of English who faced their own language challenges. E-mail and phone were the most commonly used channels for English communication. The study results have implications for teaching international students in U.S. MBA and international executive programs. They give insight into the English language use and into the needs of managers overseas. Instructors can use a needs assessment to identify and target language challenges, develop class activities to address problems, and provide remediation in language need areas.
A Comparison of Korean Cellulose Insulation with Cellulose Insulation Manufactured in the United States of America
Authors: Kwon Y. C. , Yarbrough D. W.
Published: April 2004

Thermal resistivity data are reported for loose-fill cellulose manufactured in Korea and the United States over the temperature range 40 to 100 F. A representative thickness of 1.1 in. for thermal test specimens was determined for cellulose insulation in the density range that was studied. Measurements for insulations with known amounts of fire retardant chemical showed a negligible effect of the fire retardant on the thermal resistivity of the insulation. The test data show that the U.S.-made loose-fill cellulose that was studied had a 5% greater thermal resistivity than the Korean-made product. This difference in thermal resistivity could be due to differences in the re-cycled paper being used in the two countries to produce cellulose insulation
A Comparison of Different Techniques to Quantify Moisture Content Profiles in Porous Building Materials
Authors: Roels Staf , Carmeliet Jan , Hens Hugo , Adan Olaf , Brocken Harold , Cerny Robert , Pavlik Zbysek , Ellis Armin T. , Hall Christopher , Kumaran Kumar , Pel Leo , Plagge Rudolf
Published: April 2004

Several advanced non-destructive techniques are available to measure the evolution of content profiles with time, allowing the analysis of unsaturated flow and the determination of the moisture diffusivity of porous building materials. The reliability of six different techniques is investigated: the NMR-technique, the MRItechnique, the γ-ray attenuation technique, the capacitance method, the X-ray projection method and the TDR-technique. All of them were applied to measure the moisture content evolution during free uptake experiments on two building materials. Considering the limitations of some of the techniques, a good overall agreement is obtained. The work presented is an outcome of the EU-initiated HAMSTAD-project.
Interlaboratory Comparison of Hygric Properties of Porous Building Materials
Authors: Roels Staf , Carmeliet Jan , Hens Hugo , Adan Olaf , Brocken Harold , Cerny Robert , Pavlik Zbysek , Hall Christopher , Kumaran Kumar , Pel Leo , Plagge Rudolf
Published: April 2004

The precision of methods used for the determination of hygric properties of porous building materials was investigated. The study was performed in the framework of the EU-initiated HAMSTAD-project. Six laboratories measured the selected hygric properties of three porous building materials. While the most measured properties show acceptable agreement, yet, it was found that some of the existing standards or commonly accepted measurement methods need improvement. Most striking were large variations in the results of the vapour transmission tests performed in accordance to the existing European Standard.
Noisy Girls
Authors: Nielsen Harriet Bjerrum
Published: April 2004

Young women have taken up new subject positions in a historical period when the subject of modernity has been declared dead. Subject positions have been far from selfevident either in the cultural context, or in the young women themselves, a fact that may, paradoxically, have helped them produce modern reflexive subjectivities with greater ease. It has been more necessary for contemporary girls than for boys to ask who they are and who they want to become. By gradually changing the norms for how gender, body or sexuality can be represented in public space, by reframing sexuality and morality in public as well as private, young women over the last three generations have simultaneously carved spaces for new subjectivities for women that are not reducible to gender.Thus, the ‘work of culture’ has also been a ‘work of subjectivity’. General claims of what the processes of modernization entail need specification, not only in relation to gender and other particular identities, but also in relation to societal contexts and to lived life. The new subjectivities are contextualized as ‘made in Scandinavia’ as well as discussed in an ethical perspective as a new form for ‘relational individualism’.
Youth Relationships and Ethnicity
Authors: Singla Rashmi
Published: April 2004

This article presents some results from an empirical investigation of youth at different functional levels, directing attention to the young people’s double challenge of being a young person and belonging to an ethnic minority, especially their experiences of and coping with race discrimination. There is also some material on the minority and majority young people’s impressions of the ‘others’. Positive management of the ethnic challenge entails acceptance of ethnic belonging and amalgamated cultural forms, along with an active constructive response to racially discriminatory experiences. In the empirical investigation these experiences and strategies are illustrated in the young people’s narratives. Finally, views of the roles of family and society are delineated for young people who take on the double challenge positively.
A Method to Assess the Energy Performance of Existing Commercial Complexes
Authors: Lee W. L. , Yik F. W. H. , Burnett J.
Published: April 2004

Of the building environmental assessment methods currently in use, none are able to assess the energy performance of existing commercial buildings that comprise a mix of premises with differing energy use characteristics. This paper proposes a method that takes into account the inter-related energy use characteristics of the landlord and the tenants, which aims to provide for a more comprehensive and fairer assessment. The key features of the proposed method includes a tenants/landlord co-operative scheme, and the fact that it is based on total measured energy consumption for the whole complex. This includes consumption by tenants and that of the centralised services systems. The assessment criteria have been established using the surveyed data from an energy end-use database, together with a method to determine the shares of energy consumption by the central services systems amongst the various premises in the building complex. Obtaining full participation by the tenants encourages efficient and effective use of equipment that is part of the cooling load, which can benefit both the landlord and the tenants.