bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Soil Mulching and Cobalt on Growth and Yield of (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Under Protected Conditions
Authors: Hatamman Faez Drfeel , Abdullah Abdullah A.A
Published: November 2021

The study was conducted during the winter season 2021 at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture, University of Basra. In order to study the effect of soil Mulching and the addition of cobalt on the growth and green yield of green bean plants grown under greenhouses conditions, the experiment included 12 factorial treatments, which consist of the four types of plastic coverings (black, white, transparent and without Mulching ) and three concentrations of cobalt as a cobalt sulfate (zero, 5 and 10) ml g L-1, as the Mulching with white plastic achieved the best results in most of study parameters. The addition of cobalt at concentrations 5 and 10 ml.g L-1 recorded the best values in plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and number of root nodes, and white and black caps also outperformed in pod weight, yield of plant green pods, total yield of green pods and pod length. The white cover achieved the best value in the percentage of protein of seeds, while the transparent cover was recorded best value in the percentage of dry matter in the seeds. Foliar cobalt application of concentrations 5 and 10 mlg L-1 recorded best value in pod weight and per the yield of pods. Plant -1 yield., pod diameter and the percent of dry matter in the seeds, and the concentration of 5 mlg L-1 achieved the highest value in the number of pods and protein content in the seeds.
Some Genetic Parameters and Path Coefficient of Three-Way Crosses in Maize
Authors: Hadi Banan Hassan , Hassan Wajeeha Abed , Hamdalla Majid S.H.
Published: November 2021

Correlation and path coefficient analysis were worked out for ten morphological traits in 30 three-way crosses of maize. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation analysis indicated that ear length; row numbers per ear, grain numbers per row, leaf area and leaves numbers had a positive significant correlation with grain yield per plant. Further partitioning of correlation coefficients into direct and indirect effects showed that traits days to silking, row numbers per row and leaves numbers had a positive direct effect on grain yield per plant. The traits ear length, grain numbers per row and leaf area had a maximum total effect on grain yield. Furthermore, PCA analysis has gave interested results and it supported the results of correlation and path analysis. The correlation and path analysis obviously indicated that direct selection based on these attributes may be useful in raising grain yield in maize.
Morphological and Molecular Identification of Fungi Causing Canker Disease on Melia Azidarch Trees in Some Regions of Mosul Provinces, Iraq
Authors: Alkhero Anwer Noori , Rassem Zainab Waadallah
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study was to identify the fungi associated with canker disease on Melia azidarch trees inside Mosul University campus and the presidential palaces regions in Mosul Province, Iraq. Results of isolation showed the presenting of the fungi (Nattrassia mangiferae, Neoscylitidium dimidiatum Penz., Fusarium graminearium Schw., Alternaria brassicicola Schw., Aspergillus sp. and Penecillium sp.), which accompanied with the samples displayed cankering symptoms during the period from April to December/2020, the maximum of dominance was 85% for the fungus Neoscylitidium dimidiatum in August, while the lowest was 49% in April for the same year, followed by Fusarium graminearium with 38% in December, while the lowest percentage was 4% in October, then Alternaria brassicicola Schw. was 25% in April and the lowest value was 0% in August, followed by Aspergillus sp. and Penecillium sp. with low isolation percentages the maximum of which 25% and the lowest is 0% in August. When studying the pathogenicity of the isolated fungi, the results showed a high pathogenic effect in terms the length, diameter and the area of cankers symptom. Based on the results of the molecular diagnosis, the morphological identification was confirmed and it was clear that Fusarium austroamericanum, detection is considered the first record of this fungus in Iraq Melia azidarch trees.
Time Series Analysis Using Digital Classification of Data on Land Use and Land Cover in Dohuk Governorate
Authors: Salim Mohammed Younis , Ibrahim Narmin Abduljaleel
Published: November 2021

This study deals with the analysis and detection of changes in land cover patterns and land uses, especially forests in Amadiya district in Dohuk Governorate. It carred out in northern of Iraq by area is (2775.21) km2 and the district is located astronomically between longitudes (01/04 ° 43), (17/08 ° 44), it extends between two circles of latitude, which are (16/50 ° 36) and ('30.'21 ° 37) north, during the periods (1999-2006-2013-2019). Application of the Supervised Classification and the detection of change over time in a comparative manner and by relying on the satellite images of the Land sat ETM satellite were used. The Landsat OLI satellite with a distinctive capacity of 30 meters in the Arc map 10.6.1 program, and one of the indicators of environmental degradation in the land cover patterns, which is the NDVI index for all study periods, was used to reveal the role of natural and human factors that lead to changes in the land cover patterns in the study area. The classification revealed the existence of five types of common land cover, which included dense forests, open forests, urban areas, bare soil and water, which showed clear changes in these land coverings during the period from 1999 to 2019, which were represented by a decrease in forests, bare soil and water by a percentage of (54.76601%), (5.212329%), (2.149469%) respectively, while the Dense and urban areas by (16.35919%) and (21.51301%) in 2019, respectively. The classification accuracy of the Spatial indication was estimated based on the error matrix from there we found that the accuracy was (93.29%) this indicates that the classification accuracy is very good It is acceptable and can relied upon and recommended for classification.
Land Cover Classification Using Remote Sensing in Amadiyah Province
Authors: Younis Muzahim Saeed , Mustafa Saifaldeen Maadh
Published: November 2021

This study was conducted on the vegetative and non-vegetative land cover spread in the Amadiya District of Dohuk Governorate, northern Iraq, located between longitudes (43 ° 25'24.309 "- 43 ° 11'6.839") to the east and latitudes (37 ° 12'36.359 "- 37 7'25.484") north. They rely on a spatial indication of accuracy (10 m) and are reduced to (5 m) from Sentinel -2. Using unsupervised classifications, to form a general perception of the items in the studied area. As the number of varieties and the number of spectral bands used were determined, then the Supervised Classification to classify the spatial indication at the site to determine the plant and non-plant ground targets. These two classifications resulted, using the (Arc GIS) program, we obtained 12 types when classifying the space declaration for the Amadiyah district. We noticed that the area occupied by the terrestrial targets of the site are (water, medium-density forests (sloping lands), medium-density forests (flatlands), low-density forests (sloping lands), low-density forests (flatlands), limestone rocky areas, dense forests. (Sloping lands), limestone and paved roads, barren lands, residential areas, pastures, dense forests (flatlands) and their areas respectively are (283.9 - 408.6 - 556.2 - 829.2 - 983.6 - 1022.8 - 1066.4 - 1138.8 - 1148.5 - 1172.2 - 1218.4. - 1272.4) km2. The classification accuracy of the spatial indication was estimated based on the error matrix and the Kappa test. From there we found that the accuracy was (84.6%) for the error matrix and (83.34%) for the Kappa test, and this indicates that the classification accuracy is very good It is acceptable and can be relied upon and recommended for classification.
Determining and Mapping of Forest Species Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Amadiyah Province
Authors: Younis Muzahim Saeed , Mustafa Saifaldeen Maadh
Published: November 2021

The location indication was classified as a directed classification for all 44 species of trees present at the study site based on the projection of the tree coordinates on the false-color satellite images, which were taken from the location of these trees and their reflectivity measured in the laboratory. Where the satellite image was classified, based on the points taken for trees as field training areas, the visual output image classified by the directed classification method included 23 classes and represents the distribution of trees and shrubs at the site. The classification accuracy of vegetation and non-vegetation covers was also assessed by taking (334) ground control points for the various land targets and vegetation covers to determine this accuracy. Thus, we obtained a total accuracy of the classified statement (82.1%). This indicates that the accuracy of the overall classification is good, acceptable, and reliable. The percentage was high for all varieties, reaching (93%) for the frothy mug, weeping willow, and wild amethyst, and the lowest (75%) for olives, grassy slopes, and flat barren soils, and this was also acceptable. Through this accuracy, we can determine the extent to which the classification matches these goals and covers, and the possibility of relying on the prepared map for its future use. The number of each tree type was estimated by determining the coverage area for each tree type and the total area to cover the total type in the area using the proportional method. From this, it was found that the different types of trees differ in their presence on the site and the reason is attributed to the difference in height, direction and the different organic matter in which these types were grown and the environmental conditions appropriate to the species and that these factors have an effective role in the distribution of species and their densities in the different sites of the study area. We also noticed that the highest presence in terms of number was of edible oaks, followed by tannins oak in second place, at a rate ranging from (29.84%, 6.35%).
The Effect of The Dates of Application of Biohealth Fertilizer and Levels of Mineral Fertilization on The Yield and Components of The Legume Crop (Vicia Faba L.)
Authors: Rebeh Wissam Abood , Al-Zubaidy Safaa Abd AL-hassan , Al-Maliki Riyadh Jabbar Mansoor
Published: November 2021

A field experiment was conducted during the winter semester 2020-2021 in Wasit Governorate - University of Wasit - College of Agriculture, Iraq. In loamy sandy soils to study the effect of dates application for Biohealth biological fertilizer in (growth stage, elongation stage and growth and elongation stage) + with (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) from the mineral fertilizer recommendation for some plant traits in Broad bean (Vicia Faba L.). The experiment was Indicated according to a split-plots system using a randomized complete block design by three replications. A results of the study showed significant superiority in adding biological fertilizer in growth and elongation stage with highest mean of the yield and its components, Amount to (plant pods number 15.45 pod plant-1 and the number of seeds per pods 5.02 seed pod-1 and 100 seed weights 119.17 g and green pods yield 14.29 t ha-1 and seed yield 4.45 t ha-1 and biological yield 11.00 t ha-1). It also significantly outpered the addition of biological fertilizer + with 75% of the recommendation for mineral fertilizer with highest mean of yield and its components, Amount to (plant pods number17.75 pod plant-1 and number of seeds per pods 5.71 seed pod-1 and 100 seed weights 122.72 g and green pods yield 16.21 t ha-1 and seed yield 4.72 t ha-1 and biological yield 11.57 t ha-1). The interactions showed a significant effect on yield characteristics and its studied components, as the interaction treatment exceeded date of adding biological fertilizer + with 75% of fertilizer recommendation at growth and elongation stage highest mean of studied characteristics.
Effect of Paisen, Populuseuphratica Bud Extract and Copper Sulfate on Some Traits of Vegetative Growth and Yield of Aswad Diyala Cultivars
Authors: Al-Jubouri Hadi Kadhim Hussein
Published: November 2021

This study was conducted in a private orchard in Al-Kifl District/Babylon province for the season 2020, 54 fig trees of the Aswad Diyala cultivar, aged 8 years, were selected, homogeneous in size and growing strength as much as possible and planted on dimensions (5 x 5 m). Trees are irrigated as a tourist and fertilized with nitrogen and compound fertilizers in two batches in the third and fifth months annually at an average of 1 kg/tree-1, as well as fertilized with decomposed organic fertilizer every two years depending on a source for fertilizer recommendations. The study included 18 treatments, and each treatment was replicated three times (each tree was considered an experimental unit). The randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) ‘Research design: The experiment is implemented by following the Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) as a factorial experiment (3 x 3 x 2) of Paisen were (0, 100, 200) mg/L-1 (Paisen is a natural cytokinin extracted from the roots of grape vines) and Populuseuphratica bud extract (0, 20, 30) g/L-1 and copper sulfate (0, 2.5) g/L-1 spraying on the vegetative growth in three periods. And the highest results obtained were for) Paisen 200 mg/L-1 + extract 30 g/L-1 + copper sulfate 2.5 g/L-1 ( (yield quantity - fruit weight - fruit size - chlorophyll content of leaves and leaf area) and were recorded (27.12 kg – 38.05 g – 33.97cm3 – 115.93 mg/kg fresh weight – 174.19 cm2 ) respectively) when using the highest concentrations of each of the study factors combined compared to the lowest results when the control treatment and reached ( 21.03 kg – 30.68 g – 25.07 cm3 – 111.77 mg/kg fresh weight – 152.26 cm2) respectively.
Roadmap on multimode light shaping
Authors: Piccardo Marco , Ginis Vincent , Forbes Andrew , Mahler Simon , Friesem Asher A , Davidson Nir , Ren Haoran , Dorrah Ahmed H , Capasso Federico , Dullo Firehun T , Ahluwalia Balpreet S , Ambrosio Antonio , Gigan Sylvain , Treps Nicolas , Hiekkamäki Markus , Fickler Robert , Kues Michael , Moss David , Morandotti Roberto , Riemensberger Johann , Kippenberg Tobias J , Faist Jérôme , Scalari Giacomo , Picqué Nathalie , Hänsch Theodor W , Cerullo Giulio , Manzoni Cristian , Lugiato Luigi A , Brambilla Massimo , Columbo Lorenzo , Gatti Alessandra , Prati Franco , Shiri Abbas , Abouraddy Ayman F , Alù Andrea , Galiffi Emanuele , Pendry J B , Huidobro Paloma A
Published: November 2021

Our ability to generate new distributions of light has been remarkably enhanced in recent years. At the most fundamental level, these light patterns are obtained by ingeniously combining different electromagnetic modes. Interestingly, the modal superposition occurs in the spatial, temporal as well as spatio-temporal domain. This generalized concept of structured light is being applied across the entire spectrum of optics: generating classical and quantum states of light, harnessing linear and nonlinear light-matter interactions, and advancing applications in microscopy, spectroscopy, holography, communication, and synchronization. This Roadmap highlights the common roots of these different techniques and thus establishes links between research areas that complement each other seamlessly. We provide an overview of all these areas, their backgrounds, current research, and future developments. We highlight the power of multimodal light manipulation and want to inspire new eclectic approaches in this vibrant research community.
Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms and Incident Diabetes: A Prospective Study
Authors: Burns Rachel J , Briner Esther , Schmitz Norbert
Published: November 2021

Background

Elevated depressive symptoms are associated with an increased risk for diabetes. Depression is a heterogeneous and chronic condition in which symptoms may remit, emerge, lessen, or intensify over time.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine if trajectories of depressive symptoms measured at five time points over 8 years predicted incident diabetes over an 8-year follow-up in middle-aged and older adults. A secondary aim was to determine if trajectories of depressive symptoms predict incident diabetes, above and beyond depressive symptoms measured at a single time point.

Methods

Data came from the Health and Retirement Study (n = 9,233). Depressive symptoms were measured biennially from 1998 to 2006. Self-reported incident diabetes was measured during an 8-year follow-up.

Results

Five trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified (no depressive symptoms, low depressive symptoms, low-moderate depressive symptoms, moderate depressive symptoms, elevated and increasing depressive symptoms). Compared to the no depressive symptoms trajectory group (referent), all other trajectory groups were at higher risk of developing diabetes after adjusting for covariates. In most cases, trajectory group membership was associated with incident diabetes after controlling for depressive symptoms at a single time point.

Conclusions

Patterns of depressive symptoms over time were associated with incident diabetes. Patterns of depressive symptoms may be more predictive of diabetes incidence than depressive symptoms measured at a single time point.
The American Bar Association Looks to England, 1924 and 1957
Authors: Rowe Christopher J
Published: November 2021

This article’s overarching claim is that the leading elites of the American Bar consciously defined the legal profession in terms of its relationship to English law and practice during the first half of the twentieth century, although the manner in which they did so evolved over time. The two annual American Bar Association meetings in London in 1924 and 1957, hitherto passed over in the historiography, provide the main evidentiary basis for this contention. In detailing the profession’s conscious, anglophilic self-identification, this article makes five historiographical contributions: first, it underscores a genuine concern among American legal elites regarding procedural inefficiencies at the turn of the twentieth century and qualifies historiographical assumptions that the Association was largely ineffective before 1929. Second, it draws attention to a further preoccupation of the Bar, apparent at both meetings, concerning the rise of the administrative state and builds upon recent work in this area. Third, it highlights a transition in American legal thought vis-à-vis its common law heritage in the decades between the two wars, moving from a Burkean nostalgia in 1924 to a narrower appeal to Magna Carta as the ultimate bulwark against communism three decades later. Fourth, it underscores the growing role of lawyers as international peacemakers and the entanglement of law and politics, especially by 1957. Drawing together all of the aforementioned conclusions, this article’s fifth contribution is to underscore the extent to which legal elites were preoccupied with their status. In holding up the American legal profession to the standards of the English profession, leading American jurists were seeking the equivalent prestige enjoyed by their English brethren. Undoubtedly, this process was symbiotic, with their hosts happy to serve as exemplars at a time when British supremacy, especially in the light of the Suez Crisis, was quickly waning.
Avril Hart and the discovery of solar supergranulation
Authors: Cliver Edward W , Knipp Delores J
Published: November 2021

Edward W Cliver and Delores J Knipp chart the emergence of solar astonomer Avril Hart (1928–2011) and her unexpected discovery of a “noisy” velocity field.
Extrafloral nectar production induced by simulated herbivory does not improve ant bodyguard attendance and ultimately plant defence
Authors: Chinarelli Henrique D , Nogueira Anselmo , Leal Laura C
Published: November 2021

Highly competitive and aggressive ant species are efficient bodyguards that monopolize the more attractive plants bearing extrafloral nectaries. Given that herbivory often increases the quality of extrafloral nectar, we hypothesized that plants damaged by herbivory would be more prone to interact with high-quality ant bodyguards and be better defended against herbivores. We performed an experiment with Chamaecrista nictitans plants. We induced anti-herbivore responses by applying jasmonic acid to a group of plants while keeping another group unmanaged. We measured extrafloral nectar production, censused ants visiting extrafloral nectaries and, subsequently, added herbivore mimics to measure the efficiency of ant anti-herbivore defence in both conditions. Induction increased the volume of extrafloral nectar and the mass of sugar per nectary without affecting the sugar concentration or the patterns of plant attendance and defence by ants. Thus, we found no evidence that defence-induced C. nictitans plants are more prone to interact with high-quality bodyguards or to receive better anti-herbivore defence. These findings highlight that increases in extrafloral nectar production are not always rewarded with increases in the biotic defences; instead, these rewards might be dependent on the traits of the nectar induced by herbivory events and/or on the ecological context in which the interaction is embedded. Consequently, herbivory might increase the costs of this induced biotic defence to plants bearing extrafloral nectaries when the induced defence does not increase the attractiveness of the plants to ants.
Long non-coding RNA NRSN2-AS1 facilitates tumorigenesis and progression of ovarian cancer via miR-744-5p/PRKX axis
Authors: Chen Qian , Xie Jia , Yang Yisi
Published: November 2021

Newly discovered lncRNA neurensin-2 antisense RNA 1 (NRSN2-AS1) has not been well explored in cancers. Ovarian cancer (OV) is a primary gynecologic cancer worldwide and has the highest mortality rate among gynecologic cancers. Hence, the role and underlying mechanisms of NRSN2-AS1 in OV were worth investigating. According to the results of qantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, NRSN2-AS1 displayed the remarkably high expression in OV cells, in contrast to human ovarian epithelial cells. Based on online database, the expression level of NRSN2-AS1 was significantly higher in OV tissues than that in normal ovarian tissues. The data from functional experiments indicated that NRSN2-AS1 knockdown inhibited OV cell malignant behaviors in vitro and OV tumor growth in vivo. Moreover, mechanism analysis unveiled that NRSN2-AS1 functioned as a miR-744-5p sponge to regulate PRKX expression in OV cells. The results of TOP/FOP flash and western blot assays suggested that NRSN2-AS1/miR-744-5p/PRKX axis modulated the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In summary, we validated NRSN2-AS1 functioned as a novel oncogenic lncRNA in OV and elucidated its specific molecular mechanism. This work might advance our understanding of OV and provide evidence for supporting NRSN2-AS1 as a potential biomarker for OV treatment.
Delayed cerebral atrophy after cerebellar stroke: topographical relation and clinical impact
Authors: van Niftrik Christiaan H B , Visser Thomas F , Sebök Martina , Muscas Giovanni , El Amki Mohamad , Serra Carlo , Regli Luca , Wegener Susanne , Fierstra Jorn
Published: November 2021

Remote dysconnectivity following cerebellar ischaemic stroke may have a negative impact on supratentorial brain tissue. Since the cerebellum is connected to the individual cerebral lobes via contralateral tracts, cerebellar lesion topography might determine the distribution of contralateral supratentorial brain tissue changes. We investigated (i) the occurrence of delayed cerebral atrophy after cerebellar ischaemic stroke and its relationship to infarct volume; (ii) whether cerebellar stroke topography determines supratentorial atrophy location; and (iii) how cortical atrophy after cerebellar stroke impacts clinical outcome. We performed longitudinal volumetric MRI analysis of patients with isolated cerebellar stroke from the Swiss Stroke Registry database. Stroke location and volume were determined at baseline MRI. Delayed cerebral atrophy was measured as supratentorial cortical volumetric change at follow-up, in contralateral target as compared to ipsilateral reference-areas. In patients with bilateral stroke, both hemispheres were analysed separately. We obtained maps of how cerebellar lesion topography, determines the probability of delayed atrophy per distinct cerebral lobe. Clinical performance was measured with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin Scale. In 29 patients (age 58 ± 18; 9 females; median follow-up: 6.2 months), with 36 datasets (7 patients with bilateral cerebellar stroke), delayed cerebral atrophy occurred in 28 (78%) datasets. A multivariable generalized linear model for a Poisson distribution showed that infarct volume (milliliter) in bilateral stroke patients was positively associated with the number of atrophic target areas (Rate ratio = 1.08; P = 0.01). Lobe-specific cerebral atrophy related to distinct topographical cerebellar stroke patterns. By ordinal logistic regression (shift analysis), more atrophic areas predicted higher 3-month mRS scores in patients with low baseline scores (baseline score 3–5: Odds ratio = 1.34; P = 0.02; baseline score 0–2: OR = 0.71; P = 0.19). Our results indicate that (i) isolated cerebellar ischaemic stroke commonly results in delayed cerebral atrophy and stroke volume determines the severity of cerebral atrophy in patients with bilateral stroke; (ii) cerebellar stroke topography affects the location of delayed cerebral atrophy; and (iii) delayed cerebral atrophy negatively impacts clinical outcome.
Modular community structure of the face network supports face recognition
Authors: Levakov Gidon , Sporns Olaf , Avidan Galia
Published: November 2021

Face recognition is dependent on computations conducted in specialized brain regions and the communication among them, giving rise to the face-processing network. We examined whether modularity of this network may underlie the vast individual differences found in human face recognition abilities. Modular networks, characterized by strong within and weaker between-network connectivity, were previously suggested to promote efficacy and reduce interference among cognitive systems and also correlated with better cognitive abilities. The study was conducted in a large sample (n = 409) with diffusion-weighted imaging, resting-state fMRI, and a behavioral face recognition measure. We defined a network of face-selective regions and derived a novel measure of communication along with structural and functional connectivity among them. The modularity of this network was positively correlated with recognition abilities even when controlled for age. Furthermore, the results were specific to the face network when compared with the place network or to spatially permuted null networks. The relation to behavior was also preserved at the individual-edge level such that a larger correlation to behavior was found within hemispheres and particularly within the right hemisphere. This study provides the first evidence of modularity–behavior relationships in the domain of face processing and more generally in visual perception.
Predictors of long-term mortality among perioperative survivors of Fontan operation
Authors: Inai Kei , Inuzuka Ryo , Ono Hiroshi , Nii Masaki , Ohtsuki Shinichi , Kurita Yoshihiko , Takeda Atsuhito , Hirono Keiichi , Takei Kohta , Yasukouchi Satoshi , Yoshikawa Tadahiro , Furutani Yoshiyuki , Shimada Eriko , Shinohara Tokuko , Shinozaki Tomohiro , Matsuyama Yutaka , Senzaki Hideaki , Nakanishi Toshio
Published: November 2021

Aims

The criteria for ‘good’ Fontan haemodynamics have been poorly defined in relation to long-term outcomes. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for mortality among haemodynamic parameters obtained early after the Fontan operation.

Methods and results

Clinical data of all perioperative survivors of the Fontan operation performed before 2011, from nine institutions, were collected through a retrospective chart review. In total, 1260 patients were included. The median age at the time of Fontan operation was 3.6 years. Post-operative cardiac catheterization was conducted in 1117 patients at a median period of 1.0 years after the operation. During the median follow-up period of 10.2 years, 107 patients died. The mortality rates at 10, 20, and 25 years after the operation were 5%, 12%, and 22%, respectively. On multivariable analysis, older age at the time of the operation {≥15 years, hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 3.2 (1.7–5.9)} and haemodynamic parameters obtained at post-operative catheterization, such as low ejection fraction [<30%, HR (95% CI): 7.5 (3.2–18)], low systemic oxygen saturation [<80%, HR (95% CI): 3.8 (1.6–9.1)], high central venous pressure [≥16 mmHg, HR (95% CI): 2.3 (1.3–3.9)], and low mean systemic arterial pressure [<60 mmHg, HR (95% CI): 3.0 (1.4–6.2)] were identified as independent predictors of mortality. The predictive model based on these parameters had a c-index of 0.75 at 10 years.

Conclusions

Haemodynamic parameters obtained at a median period of 1.0 years, post-operatively, can accurately identify patients with a high mortality risk, who may need intensive management to improve long-term outcomes.
Telehealth is here to stay but not without challenges: a consultation of cardiac rehabilitation clinicians during COVID-19 in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Cartledge Susie , Rawstorn Jonathan C , Tran Mark , Ryan Pauline , Howden Erin J , Jackson Alun
Published: November 2021

Aims

Delivery of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) was challenged during the pandemic caused by the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), due to government stay-at-home directives which restricted in-person programmes. The Australian state of Victoria experienced the longest and most severe COVID-19 restrictions and was in lockdown for ∼6 months of 2020. We aimed to explore (i) clinicians’ experiences and perceptions and (ii) identify barriers and enablers, for delivering CR during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods and results

Victorian members of the Australian Cardiovascular Health and Rehabilitation Association (ACRA) were invited to attend an exploratory qualitative online consultation in November 2020. An inductive thematic analysis was undertaken, before deductively applying the Non-adoption, Abandonment, Scale-up, Spread, and Sustainability (NASSS) framework to identify barriers and enablers for technology adoption in CR. Thirty members participated in a 106-min consultation. Seventeen members who provided demographics represented multiple disciplines (nursing n = 13, exercise physiology n = 3, and physiotherapy n = 1) and geographical settings (metropolitan n = 10, regional n = 4, and rural n = 3). Four main themes were inductively identified: consequences of change; use of technology; capacity; and the way forward. The deductive NASSS analysis demonstrated the main challenges of continuing remotely delivered CR lie with adopters (staff, patients, and carers) and with organizations.

Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic expedited significant changes to CR delivery models. While clinicians are eager to retain technology-enabled delivery in addition to resuming in-person CR, it is now timely to review remote models of care, tools used and plan how they will be integrated with traditional in-person programmes.
Clinical outcomes and cardiac rehabilitation in underrepresented groups after percutaneous coronary intervention: an observational study
Authors: Gonzalez-Jaramillo Nathalia , Marcin Thimo , Matter Sophia , Eser Prisca , Berlin Claudia , Bano Arjola , Heg Dik , Franco Oscar H , Windecker Stephan , Räber Lorenz , Wilhelm Matthias
Published: November 2021

Aims

Underrepresentation of migrants, women, and older adults in cardiovascular disease (CVD) trials may contribute to disparate care and survival. Among patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), we aimed to investigate the associations of (i) underrepresented groups with major adverse cardiac events (MACE), CVD mortality, and non-CVD mortality, (ii) underrepresented groups with cardiac rehabilitation (CR) uptake, and (iii) CR uptake with outcomes.

Methods and results

We included 15 211 consecutive patients from the CARDIOBASE Bern PCI registry (2009–18). In multi-state models comparing transition probabilities of events, sex was not associated with increased risk of any event. For each year increase in age, the increased risk of non-CVD and CVD mortality was 8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 6–9%]. Being migrant was associated with a lower risk of non-CVD mortality [hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) 0.49 (0.27–0.90)] but not with CVD mortality. In logistic regression analysis, CR uptake was lower among women [odds ratio (95% CI) = 0.72 (0.57–0.86)] and older adults [0.32 (0.27–0.38)], but not among migrants. In cox regression, CR was independently associated with lower all-cause [HR (95% CI) = 0.12 (0.03–0.37)] and CVD mortality [0.1 (0.02–0.7)], but not with MACE [1.08 (0.8–1.4)].

Conclusion

Among underrepresented groups undergoing PCI, age, but not migration status nor sex, contributed to disparities in mortality. Migrant status did not result in lower attendance of CR. Considering the protective associations of CR on CVD mortality independent of age, sex, and migration status, the lower uptake in women and older adults is noteworthy.
Assessing the effectiveness of oxathiapiprolin towardPhytophthora agathidicida, the causal agent of kauri dieback disease
Authors: Lacey Randy F , Fairhurst Michael J , Daley Kaitlyn J , Ngata-Aerengamate Te Amohaere , Patterson Haileigh R , Patrick Wayne M , Gerth Monica L
Published: November 2021

Phytophthora species cause disease and devastation of plants in ecological and horticultural settings worldwide. A recently identified species, Phytophthoraagathidicida, infects and ultimately kills the treasured kauri trees (Agathis australis) that are endemic to New Zealand. Currently, there are few options for managing kauri dieback disease. In this study, we sought to assess the efficacy of the oomycide oxathiapiprolin against several life cycle stages of two geographically distinct P. agathidicida isolates. The effective concentration to inhibit 50% of mycelial growth (EC50) was determined to be ∼0.1 ng/ml, indicating that P. agathidicida mycelia are more sensitive to oxathiapiprolin than those from most other Phytophthora species that have been studied. Oxathiapiprolin was also highly effective at inhibiting the germination of zoospores (EC50 = 2–9 ng/ml for the two isolates) and oospores (complete inhibition at 100 ng/ml). In addition, oxathiapiprolin delayed the onset of detached kauri leaf infection in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, the results presented here highlight the significant potential of oxathiapiprolin as a tool to aid in the control of kauri dieback disease.
Eucalyptus grandis Response to Calcium Fertilization in Colombia
Authors: Grover Zach S , Cook Rachel L , Zapata Marcela , Byron Urrego J , Albaugh Timothy J , Zelaya Ariel , Ozyhar Tomasz , Rubilar Rafael , Carter David R , Campoe Otávio C
Published: November 2021

Calcium (Ca) is a critical plant nutrient typically applied at the time of planting in intensive Eucalyptus plantations in South America. At two sites in Colombia, we examined (1) calcium source by comparing growth after application of 100 kg ha−1 elemental Ca as lime or as pelletized highly reactive calcium fertilizer (HRCF) compared to a no application control, and (2) Ca rate by applying 0, 100, 200, and 400 kg ha−1 elemental Ca as HRCF with the addition of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and boron (NPKSB). We assessed height, diameter, and volume after 12 and 24 months. There were no growth differences from Ca source at the 100 kg ha−1 rate. We found increased volume after 24 months at the “Popayan” site with 200 and 400 kg ha−1 Ca HRCF+NPKSB treatments (112 and 113 m3 ha−1, respectively) compared to control (92 m3 ha−1), a 22% increase. In contrast, volume did not differ after 24 months at the “Darien” site, ranging from 114 m3 ha−1 in the 0 kg ha−1 Ca HRCF+NPKSB treatment to 98 m3 ha−1 in the control. Differences in response are likely due to soil characteristics, such as organic matter, emphasizing the importance of identifying site-specific nutrient deficiencies.
Modelling Maximum Stem Basal Area Growth Rates of Individual Trees ofEucalyptus pilularisSmith
Authors: West P W
Published: November 2021

The growth rate of a tree at any time relates to its size and the level of competition exerted by its neighbors for the resources it needs for growth. This work describes the development of a model to predict the maximum growth rate in stem basal area of Eucalyptus pilularis Smith trees in native and plantation forests of subtropical eastern Australia. It shows maximum growth rates increasing with size until the tree reaches a stem diameter at breast height of 27 cm. Thereafter, maximum growth rates decline progressively as the tree grows larger. Physiological reasons that might describe this growth pattern are discussed. The maxima are shown to be independent of tree age, stand stocking density or average tree size, and the productive capacity of the site on which the forest is growing.
Hunter Concerns and Intention to Hunt in Forested Areas Affected by Wildlife Disease
Authors: Meeks Abigail , Poudyal Neelam C , Muller Lisa I , Yoest Chuck
Published: November 2021

Deer hunting is a major forest-based recreation activity in the US South. However, the recent discovery of chronic wasting disease (CWD) threatens deer hunting in the region. Stakeholders are interested in understanding how hunters perceive the risk and change their hunting behavior. This study found a significant change in hunters’ concerns after the first deer season since the discovery of CWD in Tennessee, USA. Results also showed that hunters’ short- and long-term intentions to hunt deer in the region were positively related to previous experience of hunting in CWD-affected areas, beliefs in the effectiveness of herd reduction to control CWD, concerns regarding potential decline in deer quality and changes in hunting regulations due to CWD, and trust in wildlife agency action. Hunters who hunt on public land and were concerned with deer and human health risk were less likely to hunt in the CWD region. These results are useful in understanding hunter behavior in response to wildlife disease and identifying variables that may help project immediate as well as long-term change in hunting demand in affected regions.
Perceptions of Log Truck Weight Regulations Among Loggers and Forest Industry in Georgia, USA
Authors: Conrad Joseph L
Published: November 2021

Georgia and other southern states have far lower gross vehicle weight (GVW) limits for log trucks than other US regions and other countries. Low GVW limits result in high hauling costs and truck traffic. In 2020, including tolerances, five-axle log tractor-trailers were allowed 38,102 kg (84,000 lb) GVW in Georgia. Telephone surveys of 30 loggers and 32 forest industry representatives from the state of Georgia were conducted to measure perceptions of weight regulations and assess support for alternative weights and configurations. The four alternatives included five axles, 39,916 kg (88,000 lb); six axles, 41,277 kg (91,000 lb); six axles, 45,359 kg (100,000 lb); and seven axles, 45,359 kg (100,000 lb) GVW. The majority of loggers and forest industry representatives stated that GVW limits for log trucks were too low. The average preferred GVW limits were 39,621 kg (87,350 lb) and 40,545 kg (89,387 lb) for loggers and forest industry, respectively. Loggers and forest industry supported the five-axle 39,916 kg (88,000 lb) configuration whereas many loggers opposed both 45,359 kg (100,000 lb) configurations. Loggers, forest industry, and policymakers should work to modernize weight laws to reduce hauling costs, maintain or improve safety, and protect public infrastructure.
Application of RNA subcellular fraction estimation method to explore RNA localization regulation
Authors: Dai Xiaomin , Li Yangmengjie , Liu Weizhen , Pan Xiuqi , Guo Chenyue , Zhao Xiaojing , Lv Jingwen , Lei Haixin , Zhang Liye
Published: November 2021

RNA localization is involved in multiple biological processes. Recent advances in subcellular fractionation-based sequencing approaches uncovered localization pattern on a global scale. Most of existing methods adopt relative localization ratios (such as ratios of separately normalized transcripts per millions of different subcellular fractions without considering the difference in total RNA abundances in different fractions), however, absolute ratios may yield different results on the preference to different cellular compartment. Experimentally, adding external Spike-in RNAs to different fractionation can be used to obtain absolute ratios. In addition, a spike-in independent computational approach based on multiple linear regression model can also be used. However, currently, no custom tool is available. To solve this problem, we developed a method called subcellular fraction abundance estimator to correctly estimate relative RNA abundances of different subcellular fractionations. The ratios estimated by our method were consistent with existing reports. By applying the estimated ratios for different fractions, we explored the RNA localization pattern in cell lines and also predicted RBP motifs that were associated with different localization patterns. In addition, we showed that different isoforms of same genes could exhibit distinct localization patterns. To conclude, we believed our tool will facilitate future subcellular fractionation-related sequencing study to explore the function of RNA localization in various biological problems.
Sexual dimorphism and the effect of wild introgressions on recombination in cassava (Manihot esculentaCrantz) breeding germplasm
Authors: Chan Ariel W , Villwock Seren S , Williams Amy L , Jannink Jean-Luc
Published: November 2021

Recombination has essential functions in meiosis, evolution, and breeding. The frequency and distribution of crossovers dictate the generation of new allele combinations and can vary across species and between sexes. Here, we examine recombination landscapes across the 18 chromosomes of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with respect to male and female meioses and known introgressions from the wild relative Manihot glaziovii. We used SHAPEIT2 and duoHMM to infer crossovers from genotyping-by-sequencing data and a validated multigenerational pedigree from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture cassava breeding germplasm consisting of 7020 informative meioses. We then constructed new genetic maps and compared them to an existing map previously constructed by the International Cassava Genetic Map Consortium. We observed higher recombination rates in females compared to males, and lower recombination rates in M. glaziovii introgression segments on chromosomes 1 and 4, with suppressed recombination along the entire length of the chromosome in the case of the chromosome 4 introgression. Finally, we discuss hypothesized mechanisms underlying our observations of heterochiasmy and crossover suppression and discuss the broader implications for plant breeding.
The expression of Drosophila melanogaster Hox gene Ultrabithorax is not overtly regulated by the intronic long noncoding RNA lncRNA:PS4 in a wild-type genetic background
Authors: Hermann Anita , Kosman Dave , McGinnis William , Tour Ella
Published: November 2021

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in a variety of processes in development, differentiation, and disease. In Drosophila melanogaster, the bithorax Hox cluster contains three Hox genes [Ultrabithorax (Ubx), abdominal-A, and Abdominal-B], along with a number of lncRNAs, most with unknown functions. Here, we investigated the function of a lncRNA, lncRNA:PS4 that originates in the second intron of Ubx and is transcribed in the antisense orientation to Ubx. The expression pattern of lncRNA:PS4 is complementary to Ubx in the thoracic primordia, and the lncRNA:PS4 coding region overlaps the location of the large insertion that causes the dominant homeotic mutation Contrabithorax-1 (UbxCbx-1), which partially transforms Drosophila wings into halteres via ectopic activation of Ubx. This led us to investigate the potential role of this lncRNA in regulation of Ubx expression. The UbxCbx-1 mutation dramatically changes the pattern of lncRNA:PS4, eliminating the expression of most lncRNA:PS4 sequences from parasegment 4 (where Ubx protein is normally absent) and ectopically activating lncRNA:PS4 at high levels in the abdomen (where Ubx is normally expressed). These changes, however, did not lead to changes in the Ubx embryonic transcription pattern. Targeted deletion of the two promoters of lncRNA:PS4 did not result in the change of Ubx expression in the embryos. In the genetic background of a UbxCbx-1 mutation, the lncRNA:PS4 mutation does slightly enhance the ectopic activation of Ubx protein expression in wing discs and also slightly enhances the wing phenotype seen in UbxCbx-1 heterozygotes.
Chromosome-level assembly reveals a putative Y-autosomal fusion in the sex determination system of the Greenland Halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides)
Authors: Ferchaud Anne-Laure , Mérot Claire , Normandeau Eric , Ragoussis Jiannis , Babin Charles , Djambazian Haig , Bérubé Pierre , Audet Céline , Treble Margaret , Walkusz Wojciech , Bernatchez Louis
Published: November 2021

Despite the commercial importance of Greenland Halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), important gaps still persist in our knowledge of this species, including its reproductive biology and sex determination mechanism. Here, we combined single-molecule sequencing of long reads (Pacific Sciences) with chromatin conformation capture sequencing (Hi-C) data to assemble the first chromosome-level reference genome for this species. The high-quality assembly encompassed more than 598 Megabases (Mb) assigned to 1594 scaffolds (scaffold N50 = 25 Mb) with 96% of its total length distributed among 24 chromosomes. Investigation of the syntenic relationship with other economically important flatfish species revealed a high conservation of synteny blocks among members of this phylogenetic clade. Sex determination analysis revealed that similar to other teleost fishes, flatfishes also exhibit a high level of plasticity and turnover in sex determination mechanisms. A low-coverage whole-genome sequence analysis of 198 individuals revealed that Greenland Halibut possesses a male heterogametic XY system and several putative candidate genes implied in the sex determination of this species. Our study also suggests for the first time in flatfishes that a putative Y-autosomal fusion could be associated with a reduction of recombination typical of the early steps of sex chromosome evolution.