bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Muscle Toxicity of Drugs: When Drugs Turn Physiology into Pathophysiology
Authors: Janssen Lando , Allard Neeltje A. E. , Saris Christiaan G. J. , Keijer Jaap , Hopman Maria T. E. , Timmers Silvie
Published: November 2019

Drugs are prescribed to manage or prevent symptoms and diseases, but may sometimes cause unexpected toxicity to muscles. The symptomatology and clinical manifestations of the myotoxic reaction can vary significantly between drugs and between patients on the same drug. This poses a challenge on how to recognize and prevent the occurrence of drug-induced muscle toxicity. The key to appropriate management of myotoxicity is prompt recognition that symptoms of patients may be drug related and to be aware that inter-individual differences in susceptibility to drug-induced toxicity exist. The most prevalent and well-documented drug class with unintended myotoxicity are the statins, but even today new classes of drugs with unintended myotoxicity are being discovered. This review will start off by explaining the principles of drug-induced myotoxicity and the different terminologies used to distinguish between grades of toxicity. The main part of the review will focus on the most important pathogenic mechanisms by which drugs can cause muscle toxicity, which will be exemplified by drugs with high risk of muscle toxicity. This will be done by providing information on key clinical and laboratory aspects, muscle electromyography patterns and biopsy results, and pathological mechanism and management for a specific drug from each pathogenic classification. In addition, rather new classes of drugs with unintended myotoxicity will be highlighted. Furthermore, we will explain why it is so difficult to diagnose drug-induced myotoxicity, and which tests can be used as a diagnostic aid. Lastly, a brief description will be given of how to manage and treat drug-induced myotoxicity.
Solitary Pulmonary Nodule: A Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Masuta Pardeep , Amzuta Ioana
Published: November 2019

This case describes a woman with a history of tobacco abuse who presented with a dry cough and was found to have an enlarging, 4 cm right upper lobe nodule without lymphadenopathy on CT imaging of the chest. Initial biopsies of the nodule suggested follicular lymphoma, but after obtaining more tissue, the pathology was negative for malignancy and instead showed necrotizing pneumonia. She proceeded to have negative infectious serology and cultures. She had negative rheumatological testing including MPO ANCA, PR-3 ANCA, and rheumatoid factor. She did not have renal failure, hemoptysis, weight loss, arthralgia, or upper airway inflammation. She ultimately underwent a right upper lobectomy, as the nodule was enlarging on repeat imaging. The pathology of the lung showed necrotizing granulomas with giant cells and fibrosis, but lacked active vasculitis or palisading histiocytes, further obscuring the diagnosis. She was conservatively managed with intranasal steroids, cough suppressants and antihistamines given her lack of severe symptoms. The diagnosis was most consistent with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) presenting as a solitary pulmonary nodule with pathology reflecting a mild degree of disease activity. The patient may manifest further signs of the disease while being monitored clinically.
Chinese Herbal Medicine Ameliorated the Development of Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C: A Retrospective Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Chang Che-Pin , Su Yuan-Chih , Lin Mei-Chen , Huang Sheng-Teng
Published: November 2019

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious complication affecting patients with chronic hepatitis. The effectiveness of CHM for the prevention of CKD in hepatitis patients remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate the effectiveness of CHM in preventing the development of CKD in hepatitis patients. From a subdataset of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), we included 19,409 patients newly diagnosed with hepatitis B and hepatitis C between the years 2000 and 2010. After exclusion criteria and 1 : 1 propensity score matching process, we compared demographic factors, comorbidities, and correlated drugs between the CHM and non-CHM cohorts. Statistical analysis was applied to evaluate the differences in characteristic distributions and to compare the cumulative incidence of CKD between the CHM and non-CHM cohorts. This study showed that the patients suffering from hepatitis C with CHM treatment more than 90 days as an adjuvant therapy combined with western medical treatment modalities exhibited a decreased risk of developing CKD (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.21–0.76, p value <0.01). The Kaplan–Meier curve revealed a lower cumulative incidence rate of CKD (p value = 0.004) for the CHM cohort. For further reference, we herein offer the ten most frequently prescribed single herbs and herbal formulas; as such, Salviae miltiorrhizae and Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San were the most commonly prescribed single herb and formula, respectively. This nationwide retrospective cohort study provides evidence that CHM is an effective adjuvant treatment to decrease the risk of developing CKD in hepatitis C patients.
Adaptive Backstepping Attitude Control Law with L2-Gain Performance for Flexible Spacecraft
Authors: Dong Rui-Qi , Wu Yu-Yao , Zhang Ying , Wu Ai-Guo
Published: November 2019

In this paper, an observer-based adaptive backstepping attitude maneuver controller (briefly, OBABC) for flexible spacecraft is presented. First, an observer is constructed to estimate the flexible modal variables. Based on the proposed observer, a backstepping control law is presented for the case where the inertia matrix is known. Further, an adaptive law is developed to estimate the unknown parameters of the inertia matrix of the flexible spacecraft. By utilizing Lyapunov theory, the proposed OBABC law can guarantee the asymptotical convergence of the closed-loop system in the presence of the external disturbance, incorporating with the L2-gain performance criterion constraint. Simulation results show that the attitude maneuver can be achieved by the proposed observer-based adaptive backstepping attitude control law.
A New Technique of Oophoropexy: Folding and Fixating of Utero-Ovarian Ligament to Round Ligament in a Patient with Reccurrent Ovarian Torsion
Authors: Obut Mehmet , Değer Uğur
Published: November 2019

Introduction. Most cases of ovarian torsion occur in the reproductive age and many are related to ovarian and paraovarian masses. If it occurs without any subtle anatomic etiology or ovarian and paraovarian masses, recurrence of ovarian torsion is more likely. Recurrent left ovarian torsion is much less common than recurrent right ovarian torsion. The authors describe a rare case with their new ovarian fixation technique. Case and Method. A 21-year-old female patient with polycystic ovarian syndrome had a 7th recurrence of left ovarian torsion. Although ovarian fixation was performed in addition to detorsion at the 5th and the 6th laparoscopic surgeries, it had failed. Due to recurrence ovarian torsion after ovarian fixation, the authors performed a different technique:folding the utero-ovarian ligament which folded on itself. The distal part of the utero-ovarian ligament with the ovary was both fixed to the proximal part of the round ligament which was adjacent to the uterus. Conclusion. Although a wide range of oophoropexy methods have been described in the literature, the best method remains a matter for debate. This technique can be performed even when the ovarian tissue is necrotic. Because of this, we think that this technique is useful and effective technique.
Image Object Recognition via Deep Feature-Based Adaptive Joint Sparse Representation
Authors: Wei Wang , Can Tang , Xin Wang , Yanhong Luo , Yongle Hu , Ji Li
Published: November 2019

An image object recognition approach based on deep features and adaptive weighted joint sparse representation (D-AJSR) is proposed in this paper. D-AJSR is a data-lightweight classification framework, which can classify and recognize objects well with few training samples. In D-AJSR, the convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to extract the deep features of the training samples and test samples. Then, we use the adaptive weighted joint sparse representation to identify the objects, in which the eigenvectors are reconstructed by calculating the contribution weights of each eigenvector. Aiming at the high-dimensional problem of deep features, we use the principal component analysis (PCA) method to reduce the dimensions. Lastly, combined with the joint sparse model, the public features and private features of images are extracted from the training sample feature set so as to construct the joint feature dictionary. Based on the joint feature dictionary, sparse representation-based classifier (SRC) is used to recognize the objects. Experiments on face images and remote sensing images show that D-AJSR is superior to the traditional SRC method and some other advanced methods.
Genetic Variants on SCN5A, KCNQ1, and KCNH2 in Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias during Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Chinese Population
Authors: Wang Feng , Liu Yang , Liao Hongtao , Xue Yumei , Zhan Xianzhang , Fang Xianhong , Liang Yuanhong , Wei Wei , Rao Fang , Zhang Qianhuan , Deng Hai , Lin Yubi , Liu Fangzhou , Lin Weidong , Zhang Bin , Wu Shulin
Published: November 2019

Objective: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. About half of sudden deaths from AMI are mainly because of malignant ventricular arrhythmias (VA) after AMI. The sodium channel gene SCN5A and potassium channel genes KCNQ1 and KCNH2 have been widely reported to be genetic risk factors for arrhythmia including Brugada syndrome and long QT syndrome (LQTS). A few studies reported the association of SCN5A variant with ventricular tachycardia (VT)/ventricular fibrillation (VF) complicating AMI. However, little is known about the role of KCNQ1 and KCNH2 in AMI with VA (AMI_VA). This study focuses on investigating the potential variants on SCN5A, KCNQ1, and KCNH2 contributing to AMI with VA in a Chinese population. Materials and Methods: In total, 139 patients with AMI_VA, and 337 patients with AMI only, were included. Thirty exonic sites were selected to be screened. Sanger sequencing was used to detect variants. A subsequent association study was also performed between AMI_VA and AMI. Results: Twelve variants [5 on KCNH2(NM_000238.3), 3 on KCNQ1(NM_000218.2), and 4 on SCN5A(NM_198056.2)] were identified in AMI_VA patients. Only 5 (KCNH2: c.2690A>C; KCNQ1: c.1927G>A, c.1343delC; SCN5A: c.1673A>G, c.3578G>A) of them are missense variants. Two (KCNQ1: c.1343delC and SCN5A: c.3578G>A) of the missense variants were predicted to be clinically pathogenic. All these variants were further genotyped in an AMI without VA group. The association study identified a statistically significant difference in genotype frequency of KCNH2: c.1539C>T and KCNH2: c.1467C>T between the AMI and AMI_VA groups. Moreover, 2 rare variants (KCNQ1: c.1944C>T and SCN5A: c.3621C>T) showed an elevated allelic frequency (more than 1.5-fold) in the AMI_VA group when compared to the AMI group. Conclusion: Twelve variants (predicting from benign/VUS to pathogenic) were identified on KCNH2, KCNQ1, and SCN5A in patients with AMI_VA. Genotype frequency comparison between AMI_VA and AMI identified 2 significant common variants on KCNH2. Meanwhile, the allelic frequency of 2 rare variants on KCNQ1 and SCN5A, respectively, were identified to be enriched in AMI_VA, although there was no statistical significance. The present study suggests that the ion-channel genes KCNH2, KCNQ1, and SCN5A may contribute to the pathogenesis of VA during AMI.
The Natural Course of Immediate-Type Cow’s Milk and Egg Allergies in Children
Authors: Kim Minji , Lee Ji Young , Yang Hea-kyoung , Won Ho Jeong , Kim Kyunga , Kim Jihyun , Ahn Kangmo
Published: November 2019

Background: Most of children with cow’s milk (CM) and hen’s egg allergies are known to outgrow their diseases with time, but recent studies have demonstrated that children tend to continue to have allergic symptoms in adolescence and adulthood. The aim of this study was to investigate the natural course of CM and egg allergies in Korean children and analyze prognostic factors. Methods: In this retrospective study, we reviewed data of children with CM allergy and with egg allergy using medical records and parental telephone interviews. Diagnosis of CM or egg allergy was based on positive oral food challenge test or convincing history of allergic symptoms in combination with positive allergen-specific IgE. Acquisition of tolerance was defined by the absence of allergic symptoms after reintroduction of the offending foods. Results: Half of the children outgrew CM allergy at a median age of 8.7 years. CM-specific IgE level at the first reaction was a significant prognostic factor for oral tolerance in CM allergy (p < 0.05). The median age to acquire oral tolerance in 50% of patients with egg allergy was 5.6 years. Egg-specific IgE level at the first reaction and family history of allergic diseases significantly affected the prognosis in children with egg allergy (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Half of Korean children with CM and egg allergies had symptom resolution at 8.7 and 5.6 years of age, respectively. Our results also suggest that CM- and egg-specific IgE levels at the first reaction are the most significant prognostic factors in predicting acquisition of oral tolerance.
Micropercutaneous versus Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery for the Management of Moderately Sized Kidney Stones: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhang Baochao , Hu Yonghui , Gao Jie , Zhuo Dong
Published: November 2019

Introduction: To compare the effect of micropercutaneous surgery (microperc) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) in the management of moderately size kidney stones. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in March 2019 using PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Medline to identify relevant studies. A subgroup analysis was performed to compare microperc with RIRS in patients with lower-pole stones (LPS) and non-LPS (NLPS), respectively. Results: Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 4 non-RCTs were analyzed. Microperc provided a significantly lower rate of double-J stent insertion (p < 0.00001) but a larger decrease in hemoglobin levels (p = 0.0002). In contrast, RIRS led to a shorter hospital stay (p = 0.01) and a lower stone-free rate (SFR) (p = 0.03). IN the subgroup analysis, RIRS provided a significantly lower drop in hemoglobin drop than microperc in patients with LPSs (p = 0.0003). Microperc showed a longer operative time (p = 0.03), longer hospital stay (p = 0.04), and greater drop in hemoglobin (p = 0.04) in patients with NLPS. Conclusions: Microperc is associated with fewer double-J stent insertions and higher SFR at the expense of a greater drop in hemoglobin and longer hospital stay. Given the differences between the procedures, urologists should synthesize the individual characteristics of patients and unique advantages of these therapies so as to choose the optimal treatment for individual patients.
Intracranial Hemorrhage Secondary to a Delayed Cerebral Pseudoaneurysm Rupture 18 Years after Cranial Trauma
Authors: Terceño Mikel , Remollo Sebastià , Silva Yolanda , Bashir Saima , Castaño Carlos , Serena Joaquín
Published: November 2019

We report the case of a 38-year-old male with a previous history of severe cranial trauma and subsequent large subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhage on whom an emergent hematoma evacuation was performed with a good outcome and follow-up. Despite a good clinical evolution, the patient experienced a further intracranial hematoma 18 years after the trauma, with severe aphasia and mild right hemiparesis. After complete etiological study, two cranial pseudoaneurysms were observed in the cerebral angiography. Endovascular treatment was successfully completed, achieving full embolization without complications. No rebleeding was detected during follow-up. The patient had a good clinical outcome at 3 months and achieved complete recovery. Cranial pseudoaneurysm rupture is a rare cause of intracerebral hemorrhage, especially if the trauma occurs years before the bleeding.
Validity of Intermittent Infusion Hemodiafiltration
Authors: Mineshima Michio , Eguchi Kei
Published: November 2019

Background: Intermittent infusion hemodiafiltration (I-HDF) has been developed to prevent a rapid drop in blood pressure during a dialysis session and to improve peripheral circulation. In Japan, >10,000 dialysis patients underwent treatment with I-HDF in 2017, and the number of dialysis patients is increasing year by year. I-HDF involves the intermittent infusion of ultrapure dialysis fluid or sterile nonpyrogenic substitution fluid, for example, at a volume of 200 mL and a rate of 150 mL/min by backfiltration every 30 min during treatment. The total infusion volume can therefore be estimated at 200 (mL) × 7 (infusions) or 1.4 L/session. I-HDF may be regarded as online HDF with a very small replacement volume. Summary: Several clinical trials of I-HDF have been conducted in Japan. (1) In a 2007 study, despite there being no differences noted in the volume of water removal between hemodialysis (HD) and I-HDF, a significantly lower rate of reduction in the time-averaged blood volume was seen in I-HDF than in HD, so the plasma refilling rate was greater during I-HDF. (2) In a 2015 study, at 13 weeks after a switch from HD, I-HDF was found to be significantly superior to HD in terms of the incidence of events needing intervention by medical staff. However, significantly lower blood β2-microglobulin (MG) and α1-MG levels were observed in the predilution online HDF (pre-HDF) group than in the I-HDF group, and the amount of albumin leak was lower in the I-HDF group than in the pre-HDF group. (3) In a 2017 study, compared with HD, I-HDF was associated with a reduced number of interventions for intradialytic hypotension and less severe tachycardia, suggesting less sympathetic stimulation during I-HDF. Key messages: I-HDF is a valid treatment option because it is associated with an increased plasma refilling rate and fewer interventions needed by medical staff.
Gastrodin Alleviates Vascular Dementia in a 2-VO-Vascular Dementia Rat Model by Altering Amyloid and Tau Levels
Authors: Shi Rui , Zheng Chang-bo , Wang Hongyan , Rao Qiang , Du Tingyan , Bai Chunyun , Xiao Chuang , Dai Zelan , Zhang Changhong , Chen Chen , Li Xian , Tian Menghua , Yu Xianlun , Ji Baixi , Weng Zhiying , Yang Weimin
Published: November 2019

Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia and has become a major public health challenge as the global population ages. VaD is caused by cerebrovascular disease, and most patients with VaD have been reported to also have Alzheimer’s pathologies, which is the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques that are mainly composed of hyperphosphorylated Tau and amyloid β (Aβ) respectively. However, the mechanisms of VaD are not completely understood, and very few drugs are available to treat this condition. Gastrodin (Gas) is the main bioactive component of the traditional Chinese herbal plant named Tian Ma (Gastrodia elata), and it has been used to treat neurasthenia in the clinical practice of Chinese Medicine for many years. Here, we hypothesize that Gas alleviates VaD in a rat model of permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2-VO)-induced VaD. Based on the results of the Morris water maze test and attention set shift test, either 22.5 or 90 mg/kg/day Gas improved the executive dysfunction and memory impairment of 2-VO rats following an intragastric administration for 4 weeks. Both 22.5 and 90 mg/kg/day Gas reduced Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 plaques in plasma and hippocampus of 2-VO rats. Mechanistically, in 2-VO rats, treatment with Gas (90 mg/kg/day) suppressed Aβ plaque deposition by decreasing the hippocampus levels of phosphorylated Tau. Thus, Gas ameliorated the cognitive deficits of 2-VO rats by inhibiting the abnormal phosphorylation of Aβ and Tau.
Anatomical Specializations Related to Foraging in the Visual System of a Nocturnal Insectivorous Bird, the Band-Winged Nightjar (Aves: Caprimulgiformes)
Authors: Salazar Juan Esteban , Severin Daniel , Vega-Zuniga Tomas , Fernández-Aburto Pedro , Deichler Alfonso , Sallaberry A. Michel , Mpodozis Jorge
Published: November 2019

Nocturnal animals that rely on their visual system for foraging, mating, and navigation usually exhibit specific traits associated with living in scotopic conditions. Most nocturnal birds have several visual specializations, such as enlarged eyes and an increased orbital convergence. However, the actual role of binocular vision in nocturnal foraging is still debated. Nightjars (Aves: Caprimulgidae) are predators that actively pursue and capture flying insects in crepuscular and nocturnal environments, mainly using a conspicuous “sit-and-wait” tactic on which pursuit begins with an insect flying over the bird that sits on the ground. In this study, we describe the visual system of the band-winged nightjar (Systellura longirostris), with emphasis on anatomical features previously described as relevant for nocturnal birds. Orbit convergence, determined by 3D scanning of the skull, was 73.28°. The visual field, determined by ophthalmoscopic reflex, exhibits an area of maximum binocular overlap of 42°, and it is dorsally oriented. The eyes showed a nocturnal-like normalized corneal aperture/axial length index. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were relatively scant, and distributed in an unusual oblique-band pattern, with higher concentrations in the ventrotemporal quadrant. Together, these results indicate that the band-winged nightjar exhibits a retinal specialization associated with the binocular area of their dorsal visual field, a relevant area for pursuit triggering and prey attacks. The RGC distribution observed is unusual among birds, but similar to that of some visually dependent insectivorous bats, suggesting that those features might be convergent in relation to feeding strategies.
A Case of Spontaneous Acute Subdural Hemorrhage Caused by a Dural Arteriovenous Fistula on the Convexity without Cortical Venous Reflux
Authors: Yamauchi Keita , Takenaka Shunsuke , Iida Tomohiro , Sakai Hideki
Published: November 2019

Bleeding from a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) typically occurs in the form of an intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Here, we report a rare case of a DAVF with an acute subdural hematoma (ASDH). A 29-year-old male presented to the emergency department with a complaint of progressing headache and nausea, with no reported episode of head trauma. Non-contrast CT revealed a left ASDH with a moderate midline shift. Digital subtraction angiography revealed a DAVF on the left parietal convexity. The DAVF was fed by the middle meningeal artery and drained into the superior sagittal sinus and the sphenoparietal sinus via the diploic vein without cortical venous reflux. The DAVF was treated with transarterial embolization using 25% diluted n-butyl cyanoacrylate prior to hematoma removal. The bleeding point was confirmed on the inner surface of the dura mater. The patient recovered well without any neurological deficits.
Developmental Dynamics: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Witherington David C. , Boom Jan
Published: November 2019

At the end of the 20th century, as new tools and techniques from the interdisciplinary field of nonlinear dynamics began enjoying increased application to the study of development, interest in dynamics flourished in the developmental sciences. In the eyes of many prominent dynamics thinkers of the time, these new dynamics approaches – by virtue of their grounding in time and variability – not only established a thoroughgoing process orientation to development but also stood in marked opposition to the structural, or organizational, focus that had marked classic organicist and systems treatments of development from earlier in the century. Treatments of developmental dynamics today, however, are embarking on exciting new ways to integrate the organizational focus of classic systems accounts with modern principles of nonlinear dynamics. As a consequence, today’s dynamics orientations are taking seriously the explanatory significance of phenomena like purposiveness, end-directedness, normativity, and subjectivity that characterize organisms as unique levels of process organization. Many challenges lie ahead for fully realizing such an integration, and we highlight two noteworthy conceptual issues that today’s treatments need to confront: (1) the notion of abilities or powers as potentials for action and what it means for “potential” to explain action; and (2) the notions of real time change, developmental time change, and what it means for these different timescales to interrelate.
Vascular White Matter Lesions in Young Adults: A Neurology Outpatient Clinic Registry
Authors: Viana-Baptista Miguel , Cruz-e-Silva Vera , Caetano André , Marto João Pedro , Azevedo Elsa , Ferreira Carla , Pinho-e-Melo Teresa , Silva Fernando , Ros Forteza Francisco Javier , Inácio Nuno , Veiga Andreia , Rodrigues Miguel , Martins João , Nogueira Pinto Ana Amélia , Carmona Cátia , Soares Pedro ,   on behalf of the PORTYWHITE investigators
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Although frequently assumed to be age-related changes, vascular white matter lesions (WML) are sometimes found in young adults. Etiology is usually attributed to sporadic small vessel disease; nevertheless, genetic disorders may also be implicated. We aimed to characterize the population of young adults with vascular WML in Neurology outpatient clinics. Methods: Neurologists from 12 Portuguese hospitals were invited to include patients aged 18–55 years evaluated in consultation, with vascular WML on MRI, scoring II or III in the Fazekas scale. Central imaging validation was performed by 2 independent, blinded, Neuroradiologists. Demographic and clinical data were collected as well as results of investigations performed. Results: During 2 years, 77 patients were included (mean age 47.7 years). Vascular risk factors were present in 88.3% patients (hypertension in 53.2%) and previous history of stroke in 36.4%. Patients without history of stroke were younger (46.6 ± 7.2 vs. 49.6 ± 3.9 years, p = 0.045) and had fewer vascular risk factors (p < 0.001). They were more frequently females (87.8 vs. 46.4%, p < 0.001), and headache (30.6 vs. 3.6%, p = 0.007), contrary to focal symptoms (16.3 vs. 53.6%, p = 0.001), was the most frequent reason of referral. Etiological investigations performed differed between Neurologists. A genetic disorder was identified in 6 out of 58 patients (CADASIL n = 5; COL4A1 n = 1). Conclusion: Young adults with vascular WML evaluated in Neurology outpatient clinics concentrate in the oldest age groups. Vascular risk factors should be screened carefully in this population. Among patients without history of stroke, females largely outweigh males. Diagnostic investigations performed do not follow a standardized protocol.
The Relationship between Blood Circulation and Exercise Headache before and after the Publication of De Motu Cordis (1628): Comparison between the Scientific Thought of Girolamo Mercuriale (1530–1606) and Bernardino Ramazzini (1633–1714)
Authors: Armocida Emanuele
Published: November 2019

The relationship between physical activity, sports and headache is a topic of growing interest as testified by a variety of recently published papers. This correlation dates back to the Classical Age. The aim of this study is to understand how the concept of headache of vascular origin has evolved after the publication of the book De motu cordis by William Harvey (1578–1657). We analyzed and compared the books De arte gymnastica written by Girolamo Mercuriale (1601 edition) and De Morbis Artificum Diatriba written by Bernardino Ramazzini (1713 edition) focusing our attention on headache in the sportsman. By studying the De morbis artificum diatriba, it is clear that its description of the etiopathogenesis of exercise headache of cardiovascular origin is much more complete and precise than the one provided in De arte gymnastica. The limits of scientific knowledge of his time put Mercuriale at disadvantage, since cardiovascular physiology was not elucidated until 1628 with the publication of De motu cordis.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BILIGENIC FUNCTION OF LIVER IN RESPONSE TO CRANIO-SKELETAL TRAUMA COMPLICATED BY HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: Zaiets T. A. , Boiko T. V. , Dzyha S. V. , Habor H. H.
Published: November 2019

The aim of the work. To find out the dynamics of indicators of biligenic function of the liver in response to cranial skeletal trauma associated with haemorrhage. Materials and Methods. Experiments were performed on 54 outbred white male rats, weighing 180–200 g. Animals were divided into three groups: a control one and two experimental. Closed cranio-skeletal injury according to the established technique in our own modification was mo­delled under thiopental-sodium anaesthesia. A single hit on each hip that caused a closed fracture of femoral bones, was performed by means of an individually designed device. The striking force was 0.375 J, which corresponded to a moderate injury. Results and Discussion. It has been first established that the complication of cranio-skeletal trauma with additional blood loss exa­cerbates and accelerates liver dysfunction. The content in bile of total bile acids, cholesterol, the degree of conjugation of bilirubin, the rate of biliary excretion and excretion of the main components of bile, as well as absorption-excretory and glycogen synthesizing functions are impaired already on the first day of the post-traumatic period and in all times of the follow-up period they significantly differ from the similar indices of the injured animals with no blood loss. Conclusions. In the presence of experimental cranio-skeletal trauma, the rates of liver biligenic function change up to a maximum declination in 7 days of post-traumatic period. Additional haemorrhage intensifies the revealed abnormalities: the content of total bile acids and cholesterol in bile, as well as the amount of direct bilirubin and the degree of its conjugation in post-traumatic period are significantly lower during the whole period of observation.
ТЕОРІЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ ТА ЇЇ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ В МЕДИЧНІЙ РЕАБІЛІТАЦІЇ
Authors: Kуlivnуk V. S. , Smirnova V. L. , Panchyshyn N. Ya.
Published: November 2019

Мета роботи. Вивчити та узагальнити результати інформаціологічних досліджень ефективності медичної реабілітації на біохімічному та біофізичному рівнях.

Матеріали і методи. Використано інформаціологічний метод та математичний апарат теорії інформації.

Результати й обговорення. Зменшення надлишковості створює для біологічної системи небезпеку легкої інформаційної поломки та зриву. При збільшенні передачі інформації надлишковості відбувається зниження швидкості передачі інформації. Надмірне зростання надлишковості веде до того, що канали перевантажуються надмірною передачею повідомлень, що зменшує кількість нової інформації, яку отримує приймач за одиницю часу по даному каналу зв’язку, тому при дуже великій надлишковості система інформації втрачає свою ефективність, лабільність і стає більш інертною.

Висновки. Інформаційні характеристики можна використовувати в якості кількісних критеріїв оцінки ефективності лікування та вибору найоптимальніших методів. Досвід клінічного застосування гальванізації та лікарського електрофорезу свідчить про ефективність використання гальванічного струму щільністю 0,03–0,05 мА/см2. Наведені матеріали свідчать про перспективність використання прикладної теорії інформації в медико-біологічних дослідженнях. Теорію інформації можна застосовувати для визначення чутливості біохімічних систем до фізичних факторів, встановлення оптимального діапазону їх дії та оцінки ефективності медичної реабілітації при різних захворюваннях.
Resenha do livro Os Quartetos de Cordas de Villa-Lobos: Forma e Função
Authors: Ripke Juliana
Published: November 2019

SALLES, Paulo de Tarso. Os quartetos de cordas de Villa-Lobos: Forma e Função. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 2018.
Música a partir do barulho; silêncio a partir da música.
Authors: Pucci Mariama Palhares , Camargo Danilo Ferreira de
Published: November 2019

O artigo apresenta um relato de experiência de um projeto de música para crianças de três e quatro anos de idade, realizado em um Centro de Educação Infantil da Prefeitura de São Paulo. Em uma sala permeada por ruídos e dispersões surge um trabalho regado de protagonismo infantil, de escuta e de pesquisa sonora, feito de maneira “brincante”e divertida.
Cirandinhas nº 9 de Heitor Villa-Lobos
Authors: Brietzke Marta Macedo
Published: November 2019

Este trabalho descreve uma experiência pedagógica/musical realizada em Porto Alegre/RS (Brasil), no ano de 2016, que consistiu na adaptação das Cirandinhas nº 9 de Heitor Villa-Lobos, original para piano, para orquestra formativa de violoncelos. Estruturou-se tendo como base as considerações de Quinteiro (2002), Shimabuco (2012), Pilger (2013) e Machado (2015). Levou em consideração elementos idiomáticos do violoncelo, abordagens relativas às texturas musicais utilizadas pelo compositor, tecendo uma relação com a arte e com o “estado de infância”.
Heitor Villa-Lobos, a formação musical da criança e do jovem entre o estético e o ideológico
Authors: Baseio Maria Auxiliadora Fontana , Cunha Maria Zilda da , Sergl Marcos Julio
Published: November 2019

É inegável que toda obra de arte reinventa a realidade a partir de um ponto de vista, o artista recria a partir de categorias de representação reveladoras de uma cosmovisão, amparada por seu imaginário individual, bem como o do seu tempo. Heitor Villa-Lobos foi importante compositor, maestro, violoncelista, pianista, violinista brasileiro do século XX, mundialmente conhecido, embora nunca tenha se enquadrado definitivamente em nenhum movimento cultural específico. Falar desse artista implica investigar duas motivações: a estética e a ideológica. O objetivo deste artigo, realizado por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, consiste em discutir a produção artística de Villa-Lobos e sua relação com a formação musical da criança e do jovem.
Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Taking Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Oral Anticoagulants in the ARISTOTLE Trial
Authors: Dalgaard Frederik , Mulder Hillary , Wojdyla Daniel M. , Lopes Renato D. , Held Claes , Alexander John H. , De Caterina Raffaele , Washam Jeffrey B. , Hylek Elaine M. , Garcia David A. , Gersh Bernard J. , Wallentin Lars , Granger Christopher B. , Al-Khatib Sana M.
Published: November 2019

Background:

The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with oral anticoagulants has been associated with an increased risk of bleeding. We investigated the risk of bleeding and major cardiovascular outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation taking NSAIDs and apixaban or warfarin.

Methods:

The ARISTOTLE trial (Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation; n=18 201) compared apixaban with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation at an increased risk of stroke. Patients in ARISTOTLE without severe renal (creatine clearance ≤30 mL/min) or liver disease were included in this analysis (n=17 423). NSAID use at baseline, NSAID use during the trial (incident NSAID use), and never users were described. The primary outcome was major bleeding. Secondary outcomes included clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, heart failure hospitalization, stroke or systemic embolism, and all-cause mortality. NSAID use during the trial, and the interaction between randomized treatment, was analyzed using time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models.

Results:

Those with baseline NSAID use (n=832 [4.8%]), incident NSAID use (n=2185 [13.2%]), and never users were similar in median age (age [25th, 75th]; 70 [64, 77] versus 70 [63, 75] versus 70 [62, 76]). Those with NSAID use at baseline and incident NSAID use were more likely to have a history of bleeding than never users (24.5% versus 21.0% versus 15.6%, respectively). During a median follow-up (25th, 75th) of 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) years and when excluding those taking NSAID at baseline, we found that incident NSAID use was associated with an increased risk of major bleeding (hazard ratio [HR], 1.61 [95% CI, 1.11–2.33]) and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding (HR, 1.70 [95% CI, 1.16–2.48]), but not gastrointestinal bleeding. No significant interaction was observed between NSAID use and randomized treatment for any outcome.

Conclusions:

A substantial number of patients in the ARISTOTLE trial took NSAIDs. Incident NSAID use was associated with major and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding, but not with gastrointestinal bleeding. The safety and efficacy of apixaban versus warfarin appeared not significantly to be altered by NSAID use. This study warrants more investigation of the effect of NSAIDs on the outcomes of patients treated with apixaban.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00412984.
Leveling the Field for a Fairer Race between Going and Stopping: Neural Evidence for the Race Model of Motor Inhibition from a New Version of the Stop Signal Task
Authors: Dykstra Tobin , Waller Darcy A. , Hazeltine Eliot , Wessel Jan R.
Published: November 2019

The stop signal task (SST) is the gold standard experimental model of inhibitory control. However, neither SST condition–contrast (stop vs. go, successful vs. failed stop) purely operationalizes inhibition. Because stop trials include a second, infrequent signal, the stop versus go contrast confounds inhibition with attentional and stimulus processing demands. While this confound is controlled for in the successful versus failed stop contrast, the go process is systematically faster on failed stop trials, contaminating the contrast with a different noninhibitory confound. Here, we present an SST variant to address both confounds and evaluate putative neural indices of inhibition with these influences removed. In our variant, stop signals occurred on every trial, equating the noninhibitory demands of the stop versus go contrast. To entice participants to respond despite the impending stop signals, responses produced before stop signals were rewarded. This also reversed the go process bias that typically affects the successful versus failed stop contrast. We recorded scalp electroencephalography in this new version of the task (as well as a standard version of the SST with infrequent stop signal) and found that, even under these conditions, the properties of the frontocentral stop signal P3 ERP remained consistent with the race model. Specifically, in both tasks, the amplitude of the P3 was increased on stop versus go trials. Moreover, the onset of this P3 occurred earlier for successful compared with failed stop trials in both tasks, consistent with the proposal of the race model that an earlier start of the inhibition process will increase stopping success. Therefore, the frontocentral stop signal P3 represents a neural process whose properties are in line with the predictions of the race model of motor inhibition, even when the SST's confounds are controlled.
Conversational Code Switching
Authors: Carstens Sharon , Ang Lay Hoon
Published: November 2019

The mixing of three or more languages in casual conversations, a hallmark of Chinese Malaysian informal speech, expresses a range of sociological and ideological meanings in the ongoing construction of Chinese Malaysian heteroglossic identities. While code-switching patterns sometimes mark different speaker positions, they also express broader language identities and ideologies that transcend individual conversations. This is especially clear when analysing the relative frequency and semantic domains of single lexeme mixing, where English is mostly used for consumer culture, Malay for place names and personal names, and Chinese topolects for expressing emotion. Detailed analysis of 12 adult conversations recorded in natural settings in diverse regions of Malaysia is corroborated by language attitudes expressed in focus groups, Facebook posts, and informal conversations and interviews, revealing the diverse and sometimes contending language ideologies linked to specific languages in the Chinese Malaysian setting.
Representation of Gender in the Secondary School Sindhi Textbooks of Pakistan
Authors: Syed Ghazal Kazim , Agha Nadia
Published: November 2019

Following a pictorial analysis of Sindhi primary textbooks used in Sindh province of Pakistan (Agha et al., 2018), we are interested in analysing the text and pictures used in secondary textbooks of Sindhi. The present study uses the previous study as a pilot and aims at exploring the representation of gender and citizenship in textbooks of Sindhi language used at the secondary level. This study uses Kabira and Masinjila’s (1997) framework of gender analysis. Data was taken from four textbooks and analysed through the thematic coding technique adopted from Braun and Clarke (2006). Findings of this study depict that women are represented much less in terms of being the main actors, involved in productive actions in society, or present in the public sphere. We argue that the textbooks are restrengthening the patriarchal norms of Pakistani society and treating women as secondary citizens who are incapable of being leaders of any kind.
Addressing the ‘Dressing Down’: Introducing Summonses as Source Material in North-East Asia
Authors: Bang Jiun
Published: November 2019

As a ‘banal’ everyday practice of state conduct, diplomatic summonses — colloquially known as a ‘dressing down’ — are a rich yet untapped source for research. To that end, this article’s objectives are to: 1) introduce this practice of reprimand between states, along with a sample dataset of summonses in North-East Asia from 2000 to 2016; and 2) then extract valuable contributions that summonses could make to a variety of ongoing discourses. Specifically, the article highlights a summons’ ability to reveal the foreign policy priorities of a state, as well as emphasise the need to think about dyadic relations as a set of two separate relations that might not exhibit the kind of reciprocity or symmetry that scholars have come to associate with inter-state relations. Along the way, the article also suggests ramifications for the ongoing literature on ‘emotions’, given the nature of summonses and its aspect of ‘insult’ or ‘shaming’.
Diplomatic Representation in the Public Sphere: Performing Accreditation
Authors: Neumann Iver B.
Published: November 2019

Part of diplomatic work is public, so a diplomat must be presentable — that is, clean, smart or decent enough to be seen in public. This article starts by recognising the recent spate of work on aesthetics and representation in social sciences and diplomacy studies, and questions why it occurred so late when representation has always been constitutive of diplomacy, perhaps because of Enlightenment distrust of visuals and reaction against Nazi aestheticising of politics. Part two sets out what it takes to stage a successful visual performance and points to three factors: the agent’s own preparations; audience assessment; and mediatisation to a broader public. Part three analyses two successful performances of accreditation, highlighting how they succeeded because they were deemed particularly presentable by being remarkably smart and decent, respectively. In conclusion, I argue that smartness trumps decency. This offers female diplomats more options than males, but also incurs greater risks.
Unconditional Surrender and the American Case Against the Modification of a Controversial Policy (1943–1945)
Authors: Majerus Joe
Published: November 2019

The decision to employ nuclear weapons at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 is arguably one of the most thoroughly investigated subjects in American history. Notably revisionist historians have repeatedly faulted the Truman administration for too easily discarding alternative options, arguing that a simple guarantee to retain the Japanese Emperor would have sufficed to make the Japanese government lay down arms almost immediately. In contrast to that position, the present article, however, maintains that American authorities did indeed have legitimate grounds not to expect that such concessions would in any way lead to a swift conclusion of the Pacific War, particularly since regardless of the Emperor issue there still remained the question of the appropriate moment and manner in which to exact a full surrender from the Imperial Army itself by decisively breaking its considerable military and political clout.
The diaconiae of Early Medieval Rome: From “Greek” to “Roman”, from “Private” to “Papal”?
Authors: Winterhager Philipp
Published: November 2019

Traditionally, scholarship has seen the history of the diaconiae, charitable foundations in the city of Rome, in line with the alleged general trends in Roman history in the early Middle Ages, i.e. the gradual “Romanization” of formerly “Greek” elements of Byzantine origin, and the “papalization” of secular (state and private) initiatives, both taking place primarily in the mid-8th century. Although the diaconiae had come under papal control as late as the 9th and eventually the 10th centuries, this paper argues that this development took place not as an abandonment of private forms of endowments prominent in Byzantine Rome, but namely through the appropriation of “post-Byzantine” aristocratic endowment practice by the popes around the turn of the 9th century.
A checklist of names in Alona Baird 1843 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Chydoridae) and their current status: an analysis of the taxonomy of a lump genus
Authors: VAN DAMME KAY , KOTOV ALEXEY A. , DUMONT HENRI J.
Published: November 2019

We discuss current progress with the revision of Alona Baird, 1843 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Chydoridae), the largest cladoceran lump genus. We present the first inventory of these Aloninae since the 1970’s and include an updated checklist of names, with comments on the current status and position of each taxon. We discuss validity, affinities and synonymy of ca. 240 names, including subspecies and varieties. Recent taxonomic shifts have lead to a better delineation of natural groups in the Aloninae but the Alona puzzle remains incomplete. The majority of taxa are grouped into species-complexes or separate genera. We count 14 Aloninae genera, now considered valid, that were split from Alona. The status of a significant portion remains unclear, due to poor original descriptions and/or loss of type material. Even with detailed morphological descriptions, the phylogenetic position of many Aloninae remains unsettled. Analysis of Alona taxonomy based on the checklist shows historical trends and long periods of instability in the systematics of these micro-crustaceans.