bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decoding the Large-Scale Structure of Brain Function by Classifying Mental States Across Individuals
Authors: Poldrack Russell A. , Halchenko Yaroslav O. , Hanson Stephen José
Published: October 2009

Brain-imaging research has largely focused on localizing patterns of activity related to specific mental processes, but recent work has shown that mental states can be identified from neuroimaging data using statistical classifiers. We investigated whether this approach could be extended to predict the mental state of an individual using a statistical classifier trained on other individuals, and whether the information gained in doing so could provide new insights into how mental processes are organized in the brain. Using a variety of classifier techniques, we achieved cross-validated classification accuracy of 80% across individuals (chance = 13%). Using a neural network classifier, we recovered a low-dimensional representation common to all the cognitive-perceptual tasks in our data set, and we used an ontology of cognitive processes to determine the cognitive concepts most related to each dimension. These results revealed a small organized set of large-scale networks that map cognitive processes across a highly diverse set of mental tasks, suggesting a novel way to characterize the neural basis of cognition.
Representation of Shape in Individuals From a Culture With Minimal Exposure to Regular, Simple Artifacts: Sensitivity to Nonaccidental Versus Metric Properties
Authors: Biederman Irving , Yue Xiaomin , Davidoff Jules
Published: October 2009

Many of the phenomena underlying shape recognition can be derived from the greater sensitivity to nonaccidental properties of an image (e.g., whether a contour is straight or curved), which are invariant to orientation in depth, than to the metric properties of an image (e.g., a contour's degree of curvature), which can vary with orientation. What enables this sensitivity? One explanation is that it derives from people's immersion in a manufactured world in which simple, regular shapes distinguished by nonaccidental properties abound (e.g., a can, a brick), and toddlers are encouraged to play with toy shape sorters. This report provides evidence against this explanation. The Himba, a seminomadic people living in a remote region of northwestern Namibia where there is little exposure to regular, simple artifacts, were virtually identical to Western observers in their greater sensitivity to nonaccidental properties than to metric properties of simple shapes.
Self-Affirmation Enhances Attentional Bias Toward Threatening Components of a Persuasive Message
Authors: Klein William M.P. , Harris Peter R.
Published: October 2009

We explored whether self-affirmation enhances attentional bias toward threatening elements of a persuasive message. Female alcohol consumers read an article linking alcohol to breast cancer and were then exposed supraliminally to threat and nonthreat words from the article (as well as threat and nonthreat words that did not appear in the article). Among moderately heavy drinkers who were not self-affirmed, there emerged an attentional bias away from the threatening words in the article—a result suggesting an avoidant response. However, among moderately heavy drinkers who were self-affirmed, there was a bias toward the threatening words. No attentional biases appeared for threat words not in the message, which suggested that the effect was threat specific. Moreover, no attentional biases were found among the heaviest drinkers. Self-affirmation may facilitate targeted implicit processing of threatening messages, although the effects could attenuate among individuals engaging in high levels of the behavior featured in the message.
Discovering hidden knowledge in data classification via multivariate analysis
Authors: Chen Yisong , Ip Horace H.S. , Li Sheng , Wang Guoping
Published: October 2009

Abstract: A new classification algorithm based on multivariate analysis is proposed to discover and simulate the grading policy on school transcript data sets. The framework comprises three major steps. First, factor analysis is adopted to separate the scores of several different subjects into grading‐related ones and grading‐unrelated ones. Second, multidimensional scaling is employed for dimensionality reduction to facilitate subsequent data visualization and interpretation. Finally, a support vector machine is trained to classify the filtered data into different grades. This work provides an attractive framework for intelligent data analysis and decision making. It also exhibits the advantages of high classification accuracy and supports intuitive data interpretation.
Positioning Theory and Terrorist Networks
Authors: SCHMIDLE ROBERT E.
Published: October 2009

This paper makes use of a new development in social psychology, Positioning Theory, the study of the way rights and duties are ascribed, attributed and justified to and by individuals in local social groups. It links this theory with a generally Vygotsky inspired approach to understanding the means by which people are brought into terrorist networks. Focusing on the use of the Internet as a device to bring mentor and novice together, the unique role of chat rooms and personal conversations made possible by the Internet in this psychological process is revealed. Examining Vygotsky's ideas about the influence of a collective identity on the development of individual identities by psychological symbiosis in the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) sheds new light on the positioning of terrorist recruits. Incorporating Wittgenstein's concept ofhingesinto understanding the groundings of individual positions explains how the jihadist form of life turns on the unexamined grounding of beliefs about the non‐believers.
THE FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE GUT OF THE PROSOBRANCH GASTROPOD POMACEA CANALICULATA AND OF SOME OTHER PILIDS
Authors: Andrews Elizabeth B.
Published: October 2009

The structure and functioning of the gut of Pomacea canaliculata (D'Orb.) has been investigated using living and preserved material. Anatomical studies were also carried out on preserved specimens of Pila globosa, Turbinicola saxea and Lanistes ovum bangweolicus.

The gut of pilids is specialised for a macrophagous diet, usually of aquatic angiosperms. The mid‐oesophagus is a crop for storage, and the stomach has a large triturating gizzard developed from the gastric shield area. This is the site of extra‐cellular digestion; there is no intra‐cellular digestion in any part of the gut. The ducts of the digestive gland open into a special region of the stomach, the vestibule, which is histologically similar to them. The style sac begins the compacting of the faeces, which is completed in tho intestine. There is no evidence that absorption ocrurs in the epithelium of tho stomach or intestine; soluble products of digestion are carried into the digestive gland, which is the main site of absorption. Its activity is supplemented by amoebocytes entering the lumen of the style sac and intestine. Two types of cell occur in the gland, one type producing digestive enzymes and absorbing soluble products of digestion, the other type being excretory in function. There is no sign of phagocytosis in either. The excretory activity of the kidney is further supplemented by an anal gland.
AN ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE ABDOMINAL NERVOUS AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS OF DRAGONFLY (AESHNIDAE) NYMPHS
Authors: Mill P. J.
Published: October 2009

The musculature of the fourth to eighth abdominal segments is typically composed of twenty pairs of segmental muscles associated with the body wall. In the first to third and ninth and tenth segments certain modifications to the basic plan occur in association with the abdominal‐thoracic junction, the respiratory apparatus and the anal appendages. In some segments there are also paired muscles associated with the alimentary canal. Two large transverse muscles are present in the abdomen. There are eight abdominal ganglia, the first seven of which each give rise to three pairs of lateral nerves, the eighth to five pairs. In addition there are ten median abdominal nerves. The innervation fields of the various nerves are described. The first three pairs of lateral nerves of the last ganglion are homologous with the lateral nerves of the other abdominal ganglia; the fourth pair innervates most of segment nine; and the fifth pair innervates the remainder of segment nine, segment ten and the anal appendages. Certain of the abdominal muscles are innervated by branches from two different nerve roots. In segments six and seven the anterior point of attachment of the longitudinal stretch receptors is normally different from that in the other abdominal segments. This is discussed in the light of the types of movement which involve the abdomen and it seems apparent that these receptors are affected not only by swimming and abdominal flexion, as are the other longitudinal stretch receptors, but also by respiratory movements. Two distinct types of epidermal sensilla are present on the abdomen, spines and hairs. The former are the more numerous on the body, the latter on the anal appendages.
TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF SOME HYLID FROGS OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA
Authors: Tyler Michael J.
Published: October 2009

The taxonomic status of the Hylid frogs Hyla serrata Andersson and H. nannotis Andersson of Queensland, and H. eucnemis Lönnberg and H. obsoleta Lönnberg of New Guinea has been the subject of controversy, Loveridge (1935), Copland (1957), Moore (1961).

The author has examined the type specimens of the above species and all other available material in an attempt to clarify their taxonomic status. On the basis of this investigation of morphological variation, the following changes to currently recognized generic and specific names are proposed:

Hyla obsoleta Lönnberg =Nyctimystes obsoleta (Lönnberg),

Hyla rhacophorus Van Kampen =Hyla eucnemis Lönnberg,

Hyla serrata Andersson =Hyla eucnemis Lönnberg.
REPAIR OF THE SHELL IN SPECIES OF ANODONTA
Authors: BEEDHAM G.E.
Published: October 2009

The process of shell repair in specios of Anodonta is re‐examined in the light of current views on the mantle/shell relationship in the Lamellibranchia. Experiments indicate that the epithelia of the general outer mantle surface and mantle isthmus normally responsible for the production, respectively, of the inner layer of the valves and of the ligament can regenerate material comparable with that produced by the outer fold of the mantle edge. The process, which is usually preceded by a phase in which amoebocytes are involved, consists initially of the formation of appreciable quantities of organic material (conchiolin). Much of this conchiolin is histochemically comparable with that of the periostracum and the outer layers of the valves and ligament secreted during marginal increment of the shell by the inner and outer surfaces, respectively, of the outer mantle fold. This type of conchiolin is probably rich in quinone‐tanned protein (sclerotin). Repair of the valves is completed by the calcification of this organic matrix to form an outer calcareous (prismatic) layer, followed by the desposition of inner (nacreous) layer material.

During the repair process, the form of the general outer mantle epithelium tends to vary according to the type of material being secreted. While regenerating periostracal and outer shell layer components the epithelial cells of the general outer mantle surface and mantle isthmus resemble both histologically and histochemically those of the outer fold of the mantle edge. Completion of valve repair by the deposition of nacre is accompanied by the cells reverting to the form characteristic of the general mantle surface during normal shell growth.

In Anodonta and related bivalves, therefore, the relationship which normally exists between the different shell layers and the secretory epithelial zones of the mantle does not appear to be specific and unalterable. The implications of these findings in relation to marginal growth of the mantle and shell are discussed.
THE NASAL APPARATUS IN DIPNOI, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PROTOPTERUS
Authors: THOMSON KEITH STEWART
Published: October 2009

An investigation is made of the homology of the nasal apparatus of the Dipnoi, in order to determine whether the posterior naris is homologous with the choana of tetrapods or with the posterior external naris of fishes. The ontogeny of the nasal capsule of Protopterus is described in detail. The nervous and venous systems of tho snout region of Protopterus are also duscrbed. It is found that whereas the pattern of the nervous and vascular systems is very similar in all Dipnoi, the structuro of the nasal capsule in the Lepidosiren‐Protopterus stock differs greatly from that of the Neoceratodus stock. the homology of the various components of the depnoan nasal coasule is revised and it is shown that there are no evidences of a direct relationship of the Dipnoi with the tetrapods. It is further concluded that the posterior naris of Dipnoi is homologous with the posterior external naris of fishes.
PARASITIC CRUSTACEANS OF AFRICAN FRESHWATER FISHES FROM THE NILE AND NIGER SYSTEMS
Authors: FRYER GEOFFREY
Published: October 2009

New crustaceans parasitie on African freshwater fishes of the Nile, or former Nile, and Niger systems are described. The taxonomy of a group of closely related species ofArgulusis clarified, and errors in the older literature are corrected. Additional information on distribution is presented.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE LIZARDS AGAMA CYANOGASTER AND MABUYA STRIATA STRIATA COLLECTED IN THE RUKWA VALLEY, SOUTHWEST TANGANYIKA
Authors: ROBERTSON I. A. D. , CHAPMAN B. M. , CHAPMAN R. F.
Published: October 2009

Some details are given of the biology of two species of lizard: Agama cyanogaster (Rüppell) (Agamidae) and Mabuya striata strikta (Peters) (Scincidae). They occupy different niches in the same habitat and their biology differs considerably. Agama is oviparous, laying its eggs in the rainy season so that they hatch before it becomes too dry. Mabuya is ovoviviparous with the young being born mainly in the first half of the dry season. In both species tho variety of diet was wide, but ants were most commonly eaten by Agama and beetles by Mabuya.
THE EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF TWO PSEUDOSCORPIONS NEOBISIUM CARPENTERI AND NEOBISIUM MARITIMUM
Authors: GABBUTT PETER D.
Published: October 2009

All stages of Neobisium carpenteri and N. maritimum are described and compared. Details are given of the chaetal counts, measurements, ratios and morphological characters which can be used to distinguish the species. These are compared with the corresponding stages of N. muscorum (Gabbutt & Vachon, 1965). A study of the positions of the trichobothria, on the fingers of the chelae of the three species, during successive stages, indicates the approximate place at which the increments are added at the moults. The different positioning of these growth zones results in disparities in the disposition of the trichobothria in the adult condition. The importance of the relative positions of the trichobothria, as well as the stage at which certain trichobothria first appear, are discussed briefly in relation to the systematics of this order.
THE MANTLE AND SHELL OF SOLEMYA PARKINSONI (PROTOBRANCHIA: BIVALVIA)
Authors: BEEDHAM G. E. , OWEN GARETH
Published: October 2009

The shell of Solemya exhibits considerable flexibility which is further enhanced by the marked extension of the periostracum beyond the calcareous portions of the valves. This fcature, more than any other, has made possible the habit, unique among bivalves, of burrowing deep within the substrate without direct contact with the water above. The inner calcareous layer of tho valves is restricted to a small area near the umbones while the outer calcareous layer is thin and contains a high proportion of organic material. The shell conchiolin consists mainly of protein, varying in composition, but much of it strengthcned by quinone‐tanning, and in ccrtain regions probably by the presence of appreciable quantities of chitin. The ligament, although superficially resembling an amphidetic structure, is opisthodetic, the extcnsion anterior to the umbones consisting of anterior outer layer only.

The mantle is characterized by an extension of the outer fold of the mantle margin which has effected equally both the inner and outer surfaces of this fold. The secretory epithelium and the modified pallial musculature, contraction of which results in the intucking and plaiting of the periostracum, is dcscribed. Simple tubular oil glands open at the mantlo margin and are responsible for the water‐repellent nature of the periostracum.

The form of the mantlelshell and that of the enclosed body are discussed and compared with those of other bivalves in which elongation of the mantle/shell is achieved in a different way. It is concluded that the mantlelshell of Solemya is of little value in determining its relationships, and that the greatly elongatod ligament, the edentulous hinge and the flexible shell are all adaptations to a specialized mode of life.
OBSERVATIONS ON NOCTULE BATS (NYCTALUS NOCTULA) CAPTURED WHILE FEEDING
Authors:   THE EARL OF CRANBROOK, BARRETT H. G. , YATES F.
Published: October 2009

In the summer and early autumn of 1960, 1961 and 1962, noctule bats flying low, taking house crickets as these flew from a municipal rubbish tip, were captured in mist nets, ringed, released and in many cases recaptured a number of times. The flying bats showed no fear of human beings or predatory birds and did not learn to avoid the net. In June and July of each year the majority of bats caught were adult females, the flying young of the year first appearing in August though some did not fly until September and October. Young males did not reach sexual maturity in the year of their birth, though five out of fourteen females recaptured at a year old did. There was a considerable movement of adult males in the late summer, adult bats being captured in approximately equal numbers of both sexes during August and September. In October the females seemed to disappear, the majority of the bats caught during that month being males: by November the crickets had ceased to fly and no more bats could be captured though a few wero still flying on warm nights. There was a marked difference in feeding behaviour over these three years, the bats concentrating more on crickets in 1960 than in 1961 and 1962. Though the differences are not statistically significant there were indications of an increase in body weight between July and October in the years when less cricket feeding was occurring. About 50 per cent of the females captured in each of the years 1960 and 1961 were recaptured feeding on the same site in the following year: the recovery rate of males was about 30 per cent in 1961, 60 per cent in 1962.
THE DIET OF SOME SINGAPORE ANURA (AMPHIBIA)
Authors: BERRY P. Y.
Published: October 2009

Six species of anurans were studied representing four of the five anuran families occurring in Malaya and Singapore. Food items, variation in the diet, and the relationship between predator and prey size are discussed. Singapore anurans show various degrees of selectivity for particular types of prey. In general, availability of prey in the habitat, the size of the prey animals and the size of the predators, especially the gape of the mouth, determined the diet.
THE HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF PHOSPHATASES AND ESTERASES IN AUST RALORBIS GLABRATUS
Authors: MULLER RALPH
Published: October 2009

The presence and distribution of two groups of enzymes has been determined histochemically on sections of the schistosome‐bearing snail Australorbis glabratus. By the use of specific inhibitors, attempts have been made to characterize further the enzymes occurring in the various organs and tissues.

As a result of this study it has been found that alkaline and acid phosphatase are widely distributed but have identical localizations only in the kidney and albumen gland. Both enzymes react typically to the action of the usual inhibitors.

Among the non‐specific esterases. an enzyme corresponding to the mammalian A‐type esterase (aromesterase) is present in the brain; while a B‐type esterase (aliesterase) is located in the digestive gland, intestine, and on the glandular region of the foot surface.

A “true” lipase (an esterase acting on an undissolved substrate) is found principally in the albumen gland, with an indication of its presence in the digestive gland and in portions of the digestive tract.

An enzyme with the properties of an acetylcholinesterase occurs in the radula sac, oesophagus, preputium, junction of carrefour and oviduct, and amoebocytes. A positive reaction for cholinesterase is also obtained with frozen sections of brain but, although this enzyme has been shown biochemically to hydrolyse acetylcholine and is inhibited by low concentrations of eserine. it is remarkably resistant to the action of organophosphorous compounds, and its true nature cannot he stated with certainty.
CLEFT PALATE, MICROPHTHALMIA AND OTHER MALFORMATIONS IN EMBRYOS OF LIZARDS AND SNAKES
Authors: BELLAIRS A. d'A.
Published: October 2009

Six embryos of the eyed lizard (Lacerta lepida) with malformations such as short upper jaw, microphthalmia, abnormal fore‐brain, cleft palate, absence or deficiency of the pituitary and tail defects are described. Embryos of the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) and adder (Vipera berus) with microphthalmia and cleft palate, and of a sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) showing partial Siamese twinning are also reported. The aetiology of these malformations, and the well‐known occurrence of similar conditions in birds and mammals, is discussed.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF THE ALDER FLYSIALIS LUTARIA
Authors: SELMAN B. J.
Published: October 2009

This is a comprehensive account of the circulatory system of all stages ofSialis lutariaL. The circulatory organs and pathways are described. In the larva an organ for circulating blood within the terminal segment is described. In the adult, blood vessels are described in the appendages and over the surface of the brain. Associated with these vessels are two types of accessory circulatory organs, pulsatile and valvular. The rates of heart beat, of circulation and pulsation of the scutellar organs are recorded.
NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OF POLYCHAETA FROM CEYLON
Authors: DE SILVA P. H. D. H.
Published: October 2009

A collection of polychaetes made by the author in December 1961 and April 1962 from a number of places on the coast of Ceylon was examined. Seven new species and one new subspecies are described and sixteen species are recorded new to the fauna of Ceylon. The holotypes and lectotypes have been deposited in the British Museum (Natural History).
Thrombin‐stimulated proliferation is mediated by endothelin‐1 in cultured rat gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Ohuchi Nozomi , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Iwamoto Keishi , Koike Katsuo , Kizawa Yasuo , Nukaga Michiyoshi , Kakegawa Tomohito , Murakami Hajime
Published: October 2009

Endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) appears to be involved in drug‐induced proliferation of gingival fibroblasts. Thrombin induces proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts via protease‐activated receptor 1 (PAR1). In this study, using cultured rat gingival fibroblasts, we investigated whether thrombin‐induced proliferation of gingival fibroblasts is mediated by ET‐1. Thrombin‐induced proliferation (0.05–2.5 U/mL). Proliferation was also induced by a PAR1‐specific agonist (TFLLR‐NH2,0.1–30 μm), but not by a PAR2‐specific agonist (SLIGRL‐NH2). Thrombin (2.5 U/mL) induced an increase in immunoreactive ET‐1 expression, which was inhibited by cycloheximide (10 μg/mL), and an increase in preproET‐1 mRNA expression, as assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. TFLLR‐NH2increased ET‐1 release into the culture medium in both a concentration (0.01–10 μm)‐ and time (6–24 h)‐dependent manner, as assessed by solid phase sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The thrombin (2.5 U/mL)‐induced proliferation was inhibited by a PAR1‐selective inhibitor, SCH79797 (0.1 μm) and an ETAantagonist, BQ‐123 (1 μm), but not by an ETBantagonist, BQ‐788 (1 μm). These findings suggest that thrombin, acting via PAR1, induced proliferation of cultured rat gingival fibroblasts that was mediated by ET‐1 acting via ETA.
Effect of population bottlenecks on the egg morphology of introduced birds in New Zealand
Authors: CONGDON NICOLA M. , BRISKIE JAMES V.
Published: October 2009

Hatching failure is inversely correlated with population bottleneck size among exotic birds introduced to New Zealand, but the mechanism for this is unclear. We assess whether the bottlenecks these species experienced during their introduction have affected hatching failure through deleterious changes in egg morphology. We measured egg size and shape of 13 species that passed through bottlenecks of 11–800 individuals during their establishment in the 19th century. Eggs were also measured in the source populations (‘pre‐bottleneck’) of each species to compare pre‐ and post‐bottleneck egg morphology directly. Significant changes in egg volume were found in six of 13 species, with most laying smaller eggs in New Zealand. Egg shape changed in four of 13 species but there was no directional bias; two species developed more elongated eggs and two species broader eggs. There was no relationship between bottleneck size and change in egg volume, but species passing through severe bottlenecks had greater variability in egg volume and were more likely to have eggs that deviated in shape from their source populations. There was no relationship between changes in either egg volume or shape and rates of hatching failure. Further work is needed to assess whether changes in egg morphology have negative consequences on offspring fitness and whether the observed changes are the result of differing environmental conditions in the introduced range.
Outcome of suicidal patients with schizophrenia: results from a naturalistic study
Authors: Schennach‐Wolff R. , Jäger M. , Seemüller F. , Obermeier M. , Schmauss M. , Laux G. , Pfeiffer H. , Naber D. , Schmidt L. G. , Gaebel W. , Klosterkötter J. , Heuser I. , Maier W. , Lemke M. R. , Rüther E. , Klingberg S. , Gastpar M. , Möller H.‐J. , Riedel M.
Published: October 2009

Schennach‐Wolff R, Jäger M, Seemüller F, Obermeier M, Schmauss M, Laux G, Pfeiffer H, Naber D, Schmidt LG, Gaebel W, Klosterkötter J, Heuser I, Maier W, Lemke MR, Rüther E, Klingberg S, Gastpar M, Möller H‐J, Riedel M. Outcome of suicidal patients with schizophrenia: results from a naturalistic study.

Objective:  Purpose was to assess suicidality before and at the time of admission in patients with schizophrenia and compare outcome differences.

Method:  Biweekly PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), HAMD (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) and UKU (Udvalg for Klinske Undersogelser Side Effect Rating Scale) ratings were evaluated in 339 in‐patients with schizophrenic spectrum disorders. Response was defined as an initial 20% PANSS total score reduction at discharge, remission was defined according to the proposed consensus criteria by the Remission in Schizophrenia Working Group.

Results:  Suicidal patients (22%) scored significantly higher on the PANSS negative subscore, PANSS insight item and HAMD total score at admission and at discharge. They developed significantly more side effects. No differences were found concerning response and remission between the two patient subgroups.

Conclusion:  Despite receiving significantly more antidepressants the suicidal patients suffered from significantly more depressive symptoms up to discharge, yet without differing regarding response and remission.
An algorithm for the pharmacological treatment of depression
Authors: Spijker J. , Nolen W. A.
Published: October 2009

Spijker J, Nolen WA. An algorithm for the pharmacological treatment of depression.

Objective: Non‐response to treatment with antidepressants (AD) is a clinical problem.

Method: The algorithm for pharmacological treatment of the Dutch multidisciplinary guideline for depression is compared with four other algorithms.

Results: The Dutch algorithm consists of five subsequent steps. Treatment is started with one out of many optional ADs (step 1); in case of non‐response after 4–10 weeks, best evidence is for switching to another AD (step 2); next step is augmentation with lithium as the best option (step 3); the next step is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) (step 4); and finally electroconvulsive therapy (step 5). There are major differences with other algorithms regarding timing of augmentation step, best agents for augmentation and role of MAOI.

Conclusion: Algorithms for AD treatment vary according to national and local preferences. Although the evidence for most of the treatment strategies is rather meagre, an AD algorithm appears to be an useful instrument in clinical practice.
Effects of serial anesthesia using ketamine or ketamine/medetomidine on hematology and serum biochemistry values in rhesus macaques (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Lugo‐Roman L.A. , Rico P.J. , Sturdivant R. , Burks R. , Settle T.L.
Published: October 2009

Background  This study aimed at determining the cumulative effect of daily anesthesia, using two drug regimens, over hematological and biochemical parameters.

Methods  Blood samples were obtained from rhesus monkeys 20 minutes after intramuscular administration of ketamine or ketamine/medetomidine combination for three consecutive days and results were evaluated to determine their effect on hematological and serum biochemistry values. Statistical significance of drug, day, and interaction of these two variables were evaluated.

Results  Drug effect resulted in a dramatic increase of aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase values. Day effect resulted in decreases of RBC, HCT, Hgb, and alkaline phosphatase but an increase of other biochemical parameters evaluated. The drug/day interaction effect was found to be –significant for RBC, platelets, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatine kinase values.

Conclusion  The results of our study suggest a cumulative effect of serial anesthesia and should be an important consideration when interpreting hematology and serum biochemistry in rhesus macaques.
Viral entry mechanisms: human papillomavirus and a long journey from extracellular matrix to the nucleus
Authors: Sapp Martin , Bienkowska‐Haba Malgorzata
Published: October 2009

Papillomaviruses are epitheliotropic non‐enveloped double‐stranded DNA viruses, whose replication is strictly dependent on the terminally differentiating tissue of the epidermis. They induce self‐limiting benign tumors of skin and mucosa, which may progress to malignancy (e.g. cervical carcinoma). Prior to entry into basal cells, virions attach to heparan sulfate moieties of the basement membrane. This triggers conformational changes, which affect both capsid proteins, L1 and L2, and such changes are a prerequisite for interaction with the elusive uptake receptor. These processes are very slow, resulting in an uptake half‐time of up to 14 h. This minireview summarizes recent advances in our understanding of cell surface events, internalization and the subsequent intracellular trafficking of papillomaviruses.
Viral entry mechanisms: the increasing diversity of paramyxovirus entry
Authors: Smith Everett C. , Popa Andreea , Chang Andres , Masante Cyril , Dutch Rebecca Ellis
Published: October 2009

The paramyxovirus family contains established human pathogens such as the measles virus and human respiratory syncytial virus, as well as emerging pathogens including the Hendra and Nipah viruses and the recently identified human metapneumovirus. Two major envelope glycoproteins, the attachment protein and the fusion protein, promote the processes of viral attachment and virus‐cell membrane fusion required for entry. Although common mechanisms of fusion protein proteolytic activation and the mechanism of membrane fusion promotion have been shown in recent years, considerable diversity exists in the family relating to receptor binding and the potential mechanisms of fusion triggering.
Death‐associated protein kinase (DAPK) and signal transduction: additional roles beyond cell death
Authors: Lin Yao , Hupp Ted R. , Stevens Craig
Published: October 2009

Death‐associated protein kinase (DAPK) is a stress‐regulated protein kinase that mediates a range of processes, including signal‐induced cell death and autophagy. Although the kinase domain of DAPK has a range of substrates that mediate its signalling, the additional protein interaction domains of DAPK are relatively ill defined. This review will summarize our current knowledge of the DAPK interactome, the use of peptide aptamers to define novel protein–protein interaction motifs, and how these new protein–protein interactions give insight into DAPK functions in diverse cellular processes, including growth factor signalling, the regulation of autophagy, and its emerging role in the regulation of immune responses.
Apheresis Induces Oxidative Stress in Blood Cells
Authors: Amer Johnny , Frankenburg Shoshana , Fibach Eitan
Published: October 2009

Oxidative stress mediates damage to various cells and is thought to be involved in various pathologies, including hereditary and acquired hemolytic anemias. It is induced by a multitude of physiological and environmental factors, including extracorporeal manipulation of blood. As a result, hemodialysis induces oxidative damage to red blood cells, thereby increasing their susceptibility to hemolysis and shortening their life span. We studied the effect of apheresis on the oxidative status of blood components. Using flow cytometric measurements, we showed that red blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, and polymorphonuclear cells undergo oxidative stress induced by the procedure. Their reactive oxygen species and externalization of phosphatidylserine increased, while their levels of reduced glutathione decreased. This oxidative stress, which may be caused by a direct interaction with the membranous system, may lead to cellular abnormalities with clinical consequences such as hemolysis and platelet hyperactivation.
Azathioprine and prednisone combination treatment for adult periocular and orbital xanthogranulomatous disease
Authors: Bijlsma Ward R. , van den Bosch Willem A. , van Daele Paul L. A. , Paridaens Dion
Published: October 2009

Purpose:  To report the authors’ experience with azathioprine and prednisone combination for adult periocular and orbital xanthogranulomatous disease.

Methods:  We identified 13 adults with histology‐proven periocular or orbital xanthogranuloma in two tertiary referral orbital centres from 1984 to 2008. Patient records were reviewed and data collected on orbital localization, immune dysfunction, applied treatment and outcome.

Results:  Five patients with periocular or orbital xanthogranulomatous disease were fully treated with prednisone and azathioprine combination, which resulted in stabilization in two and regression in three. Two other patients had to discontinue azathioprine because of side‐effects. Of the non‐fully treated prednisone/azathioprine patients, four out of eight progressed.

Conclusion:  In adult periocular and orbital xanthogranuloma, combined treatment with prednisone and azathioprine yields adequate immunosuppression, often for a prolonged period of time.
An Experimental Study on Externally Pressurized Supersonic Gas Thrust Bearings
Authors: Miyake Yutaka , Inaba Takehiko , Kubo Naoshige , Takeoka Jun-ichi
Published: October 2009

Externally pressurized supersonic gas thrust bearings whose generation of load capacity is substantially independent of the viscosity of working fluids, have been proposed and analyzed by the authors. This report presents the experimental results of the static characteristics of this new type of bearings. The experimental results including load capacity, stiffness, mass flow rate, and pressure distributions in the bearing clearance, generally show a good agreement with the theoretical predictions and verify the validity of this new bearing. The effect of an orifice to improve the stiffness is also examined. Some problems which should be solved to put the bearing in practical use are pointed out.
Dynamics of Rolling Element—Bearings Experimental Validation of the DREB and RAPIDREB Computer Programs
Authors: Gupta P. K. , Dill J. F. , Bandow H. E.
Published: October 2009

The general motion of the cage predicted by the computer models in an angular contact ball bearing operating up to two million DN is compared against experimental data. Both the computer predictions and experimental data indicate a certain critical shaft speed at which the cage mass center begins to whirl. The predicted and measured whirl velocities and orbit shapes are in good agreement. The axial and radial velocities of the cage mass center also agree within the tolerance band of the expected experimental error. Due to experimental difficulties the cage angular velocity could not be reliabily measured at high speeds. At low speeds, however, there is a fair agreement between the experimental data and the analytical predictions.
Boundary Conditions in a Two-Body Contact Formed by a Rectangular Polyurethane Slab Pressed Against an Araldite Plane
Authors: Progri R. , Villechaise B. , Godet M.
Published: October 2009

The variation of contact stress distribution of a rectangular slab loaded against a flat during a tangential load cycle is monitored using photoelastic techniques. Results show that different stress distributions can be found at contact for identical external loads, and that these nonunique distributions are governed by the response of the entire slab to the external loading history and not only by surface reactions.
Cavitation in Short Bearings
Authors: Rodri´guez M. , Lin˜a´n A.
Published: October 2009

In this note we obtain the boundaries of the cavitation bubbles when the Reynolds conditions are used to treat the problem of the cavitation, in short journal bearings and in mechanical face seals. A universal solution to this problem is presented in some detail, in the sense that the solution of an ordinary nonlinear first order differential equation, that is necessary to describe the downstream boundary of the cavity, only depends on the eccentricity ratio, but not on the cavitation incipience eccentricity.
Experimental Study of Stable High-Speed Oil Rings
Authors: Heshmat H. , Pinkus O.
Published: October 2009

An experimental investigation was conducted on the behavior of oil rings for bearing sizes ranging from 75 mm (3 in.) to 305 mm (12 in.) in diameter. The characteristics of rings through several regimes of operation were determined up to journal speeds at which the ring becomes unstable and oil delivery ceases. Emphasis is placed on the fact that, of the oil lifted up by the ring, only a small portion is actually delivered to the bearing clearance so that in most cases the bearings run under starved conditions. A parametric study of ring weight, size, shape, tooth depth and orientation, as well as ring material yielded an optimum ring configuration from the standpoint of maximum oil delivery to the bearing. In addition, a stabilizer in the shape of an anchored spring leaf whose free end projects into the film between ring and journal surfaces was designed and shown to contribute substantially to raising the amount of oil delivered and to extending the range of stable ring operation.
The Optimum Rayleigh Bearing in Terms of Load Capacity or Friction for Non-Newtonian Lubricants
Authors: Bourgin P. , Gay B.
Published: October 2009

Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle is used to show that the configuration of the one-dimensional slider bearing which carries the maximum load for a specified minimum film thickness, is a modified Rayleigh bearing. The lubricant may be any Generalized Newtonian Fluid. Having selected two optimization criteria (1: maximum load capacity for a given minimum film thickness—2: minimum friction force for a specified load), a numerical program allows one to determine the optimal step bearing associated with the lubricant non-Newtonian viscosity. Several examples are worked out, showing that significant gains are expected, in comparison with the results obtained for the classical (Newtonian) Rayleigh bearing.
Turbulent Lubrication of Tilting-Pad Thrust Bearings With Thermal and Elastic Deformations
Authors: Hashimoto H. , Wada S.
Published: October 2009

Pad deformations of sector-shaped, tilting-pad thrust bearings affecting turbulent lubrication are discussed theoretically. Solving the lubrication and energy equations with turbulence and centrifugal forces and the elastic and moment balance equations of a pad simultaneously, film pressure and temperature distributions, thermal and elastic deformations and inclinations of a pad are obtained. Film thicknesses at a pivot under a constant shaft speed become larger due to pad deformations, whereby pad inclinations increase and friction torque coefficients decrease outstandingly. It is important to introduce the effects of pad deformations when analysing performances of such bearings running in the turbulent conditions.
Comparison of Dynamic Behavior of Elastic Connecting-Rod Bearing in Both Petrol and Diesel Engines
Authors: Fantino Bernard , Frene Jean
Published: October 2009

The method developed in an earlier work describing the dynamic behavior of an elastic connecting-rod bearing was used to compare the performance (minimum film thickness, torque and flow rate) of two different bearings which belong respectively to a petrol and a diesel engine. Results show that of all the mechanical factors considered (load, speed, viscosity . . . ), the most significant parameter is the load diagrams, which through the elastic deformation governs the film thickness distribution.
Heat Exchanger Tube Fretting Wear: Review and Application to Design
Authors: Ko P. L.
Published: October 2009

Flow-induced vibration in steam generators and heat exchangers can cause dynamic interactions between tubes and tube supports resulting in fretting-wear. The effects on tube wear of various parameters, such as tube/support interactions, materials, and tube/support clearances have been studied. Techniques to predict the dynamic tube/support interaction and analyze the impact force at the support have been developed. The results of this work are reviewed and discussed in the context of how best they may be applied in the assessment of heat exchanger designs. A new design criterion based on support impact force is also discussed. Finally, a technique to predict long-term tube life is outlined.
White Layer Formations at Machined Surfaces and Their Relationship to White Layer Formations at Worn Surfaces
Authors: Griffiths B. J.
Published: October 2009

This paper describes the results of a deep drilling investigation in which white layers are formed at a hole surface by a combination of high temperatures, pressures, strain rates, cooling rates, and cyclic deformation. A comparison is drawn between the mechanisms involved in deep drilling and thermo-mechanical mechanisms present during rubbing. This comparison provides a clue as to how white layers are created during other machining processes, examples being given for drilling, milling, and grinding.
The Influence of Lubricants on Static Friction Characteristics Under Boundary Lubrication
Authors: Kato S. , Marui E. , Kobayashi A. , Senda S.
Published: October 2009

Based on a new boundary lubrication model, the characteristics of lubricants under boundary lubrication at low sliding speed and low contact pressure such as in machine tool slideways are investigated in relation to surface topography. It is clarified theoretically and ascertained experimentally that the property of lubricants under boundary lubrication can be estimated by the newly defined appraisal coefficient of boundary lubrication property determined by the thickness and load carrying capacity of adsorbed lubricant film and the surface topography.
Fast Numerical Calculations of EHD Sliding Traction Forces; Application to Rolling Bearings
Authors: Houpert L.
Published: October 2009

Based on analytical calculations assuming isothermal elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubrication conditions, and on curve-fitting of a thermal correction factor, a new formula is proposed to calculate the sliding traction force developed in a concentrated contact, assuming a nonlinear, viscoelastic lubricant and undirectional sliding. When sliding occurs in the rolling and transverse directions (bidimensional sliding), a simplified numerical method is outlined by which the components of the local shear stress are quickly calculated. The latter method is applied to the calculation of the shear stress and temperature distribution in the ball-raceway contacts of an angular-contact ball bearing. Because of the viscoelastic behavior of the lubricant, a nonzero lateral traction force is obtained.
The Zero Pressure Gradient Condition
Authors: Savage M. D.
Published: October 2009

Investigation is made of the zero pressure gradient condition which is used to locate the ruptured segment of a cavitation boundary in hydrodynamic lubrication. A stability argument provides rigorous justification for the use of this condition in specific circumstances. These include steady flow having a modified capillary number much less than unity thus ensuring that sufficiently large superatmospheric pressures are generated for surface tension pressures to have negligible effect. The following results are deduced; that (1) the zero pressure gradient condition is valid on part but not the whole of the cavitation boundary, (2) in order to locate the entire cavitation boundary the zero gradient condition must be used in conjunction with a flow continuity condition, (3) cavities always form in the divergent section of a lubrication geometry.
Bibliographic Databases in Tribology
Authors: Fries J. R. , Kennedy F. E.
Published: October 2009

It is important that the modern-day researcher and engineer stay abreast of technology in his field, but this task is made very difficult by the recent flood of scientific and technical information. Coping with the information explosion requires the use of computerized information systems. This paper reviews computer-based information retrieval systems in engineering and focuses specifically on databases of literature and information relevant to tribologists and lubrication engineers. These databases are listed and their characteristics are discussed. Results of a sample computer-based literature search are included. It is shown that no single database has complete coverage of all aspects of tribology and that several databases should be searched to get all available information on a subject.