bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transparent four-channel bilateral control architecture using modified wave variable controllers under time delays
Authors: Sun Da , Naghdy Fazel , Du Haiping
Published: July 2014

Stability and transparency are two critical indices of bilateral teleoperation systems. The wave variable method is a conservative approach to robustly guarantee system passivity under arbitrary constant time delays. However, the wave-variable-based reflection is an intrinsic problem in this method because it can significantly degrade system transparency and disorient the operator's perception of the remote environment. In order to enhance both the transparency and the stability of bilateral teleoperation systems in the presence of large time delays, a new four-channel (4-CH) architecture is proposed which applies two modified wave-transformation controllers to reduce wave-based reflections. Transparency and stability of the proposed system are analyzed and the improvement in these when using this method is measured experimentally. Results clearly demonstrate that the proposed method can produce high transparency and stability even in the presence of large time delays.
Borrelia miyamotoiin host-seekingIxodes ricinusticks in England
Authors: HANSFORD K. M. , FONVILLE M. , JAHFARI S. , SPRONG H. , MEDLOCK J. M.
Published: July 2014

This paper reports the first detection ofBorrelia miyamotoiin UKIxodes ricinusticks. It also reports on the presence and infection rates ofI. ricinusfor a number of other tick-borne pathogens of public health importance. Ticks from seven regions in southern England were screened forB. miyamotoi, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato(s.l.),Anaplasma phagocytophilumandNeoehrlichia mikurensisusing qPCR. A total of 954I. ricinusticks were tested, 40 were positive forB. burgdorferi s.l., 22 positive forA. phagocytophilumand three positive forB. miyamotoi, with noN. mikurensisdetected. The three positiveB. miyamotoiticks came from three geographically distinct areas, suggesting a widespread distribution, and from two separate years, suggesting some degree of endemicity. Understanding the prevalence ofBorreliaand other tick-borne pathogens in ticks is crucial for locating high-risk areas of disease transmission.
The Ethical Imperative to Think about Thinking
Authors: STARK MEREDITH , FINS JOSEPH J.
Published: July 2014

While the medical ethics literature has well explored the harm to patients, families, and the integrity of the profession in failing to disclose medical errors once they occur, less often addressed are the moral and professional obligations to take all available steps to prevent errors and harm in the first instance. As an expanding body of scholarship further elucidates the causes of medical error, including the considerable extent to which medical errors, particularly in diagnostics, may be attributable to cognitive sources, insufficient progress in systematically evaluating and implementing suggested strategies for improving critical thinking skills and medical judgment is of mounting concern. Continued failure to address pervasive thinking errors in medical decisionmaking imperils patient safety and professionalism, as well as beneficence and nonmaleficence, fairness and justice. We maintain that self-reflective and metacognitive refinement of critical thinking should not be construed as optional but rather should be considered an integral part of medical education, a codified tenet of professionalism, and by extension, a moral and professional duty.
Should We Hold the Obese Responsible?
Authors: NIELSEN MORTEN EBBE JUUL , ANDERSEN MARTIN MARCHMAN
Published: July 2014

It is a common belief that obesity is wholly or partially a question of personal choice and personal responsibility. It is also widely assumed that when individuals are responsible for some unfortunate state of affairs, society bears no burden to compensate them. This article focuses on two conceptualizations of responsibility: backward-looking and forward-looking conceptualizations. When ascertaining responsibility in a backward-looking sense, one has to determine how that state of affairs came into being or where the agent stood in relation to it. In contrast, a forward-looking conceptualization of responsibility puts aside questions of the past and holds a person responsible by reference to some desirable future state of affairs and will typically mean that he or she is subjected to criticism, censure, or other negative appraisals or that he or she is heldcost-responsible in some form, for example, in terms of demanded compensation, loss of privileges, or similar. One example of this view is the debate as to whether the obese should be denied, wholly or partially, free and equal access to healthcare,notbecause they are somehow personally responsible in the backward-looking sense but simply because holding the obese responsible will have positive consequences. Taking these two conceptions of responsibility into account, the authors turn their analysis toward examining the relevant moral considerations to be taken into account when public policies regarding obesity rely on such a conception of responsibility.
The new mission of forensic mental health systems: managing violence as a medical syndrome in an environment that balances treatment and safety
Authors: Warburton Katherine
Published: July 2014

The association between violence and mental illness is well-studied, yet remains highly controversial. Currently, there appears to be a trend of increasing violence in state hospital settings, including both civilly and forensically committed populations. In fact, physical aggression is the primary reason for admission to many state hospitals. Given that violence is now often both a reason for admission and a barrier to discharge, there is a case to be made for psychiatric violence to be re-conceptualized dimensionally, as a primary syndrome, not as the byproduct of one. Furthermore, treatment settings need to be enhanced to address the new types of violence exhibited in inpatient environments, and this modification needs to be geared toward balancing safety with treatment.
Age of Onset as a Moderator of Cognitive Decline in Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Hosseini Banafsheh , Flora David B. , Banwell Brenda L. , Till Christine
Published: July 2014

Cognitive impairment is often reported in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (MS). Using serial cognitive data from 35 individuals with pediatric-onset MS, this study examined how age at disease-onset and proxies of cognitive reserve may impact cognitive maturation over the course of childhood and adolescence. Neuropsychological evaluations were conducted at baseline and up to four more assessments. Of the 35 participants, 7 completed only one assessment, 5 completed two assessments, 13 completed three assessments, 10 completed four or more assessments. Growth curve modeling was used to assess longitudinal trajectories on the Trail Making Test-Part B (TMT-B) and the Symbol Digit Modalities (SDMT; oral version) and to examine how age at disease onset, baseline Full Scale IQ, and social status may moderate rate of change on these measures. Mean number of evaluations completed per patient was 2.8. Younger age at disease onset was associated with a greater likelihood of cognitive decline on both the TMT-B (p=.001) and SDMT (p=.005). Baseline IQ and parental social status did not moderate any of the cognitive trajectories. Findings suggest that younger age at disease-onset increases the vulnerability for disrupted performance on measures of information processing, visual scanning, perceptual/motor speed, and working memory. Proxies of cognitive reserve did not protect against the progression of decline on these measures. Young patients with MS should be advised to seek follow-up cognitive evaluation to assess cognitive maturation and to screen for the potential late emergence of cognitive deficits. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–9)
Taymiyyan Influences in an Ottoman-Ḥanafī Milieu: The Case of Aḥmad al-Rūmī al-Āqḥiṣārī
Authors: SHEIKH MUSTAPHA
Published: July 2014

Shaykh Aḥmad al-Rūmī al-Āqḥiṣārī (d. 1041/1632) is one of the most intriguing religious personalities of seventeenth-century Ottoman Turkey: although progress towards disclosing key aspects of his thought has been made recently – such as the association of al-Āqḥiṣārī with the Ottoman puritanical movement, the Qāḍīzādelis – the intellectual world-view of al-Āqḥiṣārī and, in particular, intellectual influences on his thought, are still hazy. This paper aims to make progress in this regard by studying the intellectual spring from which al-Āqḥiṣārī takes his conceptualisation of the religio-legal term bidʿa, the central theme of his seminal work, the Majālis al-abrār. In doing so, the paper finally puts to rest the vexed question over whether Shaykh al-Islām Taqī al-Dīn b. Taymiyya's writings had any influence in Ottoman Turkey prior to the advent of the 19th century reformist movements.
Malaysia's Independence Leaders and the Legacies of State Formation under British Rule
Authors: HUTCHINSON FRANCIS E.
Published: July 2014

Albeit with some deterioration in recent years, Malaysia has a state with high levels of capacity that has achieved sustained economic growth through a commitment to macroeconomic stability and other pro-business measures. Recent comparative historical work argues that this state capacity is an institutional legacy of a specific model of British colonisation. While Malaysia is an amalgam of areas formerly under direct and indirect rule; the former – a model of colonisation characterised by the construction of a legal-rational bureaucracy with extensive geographic reach – was more prevalent. Prior to the transition to independence, the British increased the “direct” nature of their rule by creating a powerful central government that brought the various territories together. And, a concerted transition of power to a cohort of “bureaucrats-turned-politicians” ensured that the new nation's leaders inherited an intact state apparatus. However, a disproportionate number of these senior bureaucrats hailed from Johor, a state formerly under indirect rule - a colonial model associated with small, neo-patrimonial states with limited capacity. By using colonial sources to map the contours and composition of the Malayan state under British and, subsequently, Japanese rule, this article will explore the reasons for this paradox.
Quantitative Fluctuation Electron Microscopy in the STEM: Methods to Identify, Avoid, and Correct for Artifacts
Authors: Li Tian T. , Bogle Stephanie N. , Abelson John R.
Published: July 2014

Fluctuation electron microscopy can reveal the nanoscale order in amorphous materials via the statistical variance in the scattering intensity as a function of position, scattering vector, and resolution. However, several sources of experimental artifacts can seriously affect the magnitude of the variance peaks. The use of a scanning transmission electron microscope for data collection affords a convenient means to check whether artifacts are present. As nanodiffraction patterns are collected in serial, any spatial or temporal dependence of the scattering intensity across the series can easily be detected. We present examples of the major types of artifact and methods to correct the data or to avoid the problem experimentally. We also re-cast the statistical formalism used to identify sources of noise in view of the present results. The present work provides a basis on which to perform fluctuation electron microscopy with a high level of reliability and confidence in the quantitative magnitude of the data.
Probing and Analyzing Buried Interfaces of Multifunctional Oxides Using a Secondary Electron Energy Analyzer
Authors: Srinivasan Avinash , Khursheed Anjam
Published: July 2014

A contactless method of probing and analyzing multifunctional oxide interfaces using an electron energy analyzer inside a scanning electron microscope is presented. High contrast experimental secondary electron analyzer signals are used to detect changes in the interface conductivity of a LaAlO3/SrTiO3 sample. Monte Carlo simulations of the primary beam/specimen interaction are carried out and correlated with the experimental results in order to help understand the role of the primary beam energy and adjust it to enhance contrast.
SEMIABELIAN VARIETIES OVER SEPARABLY CLOSED FIELDS, MAXIMAL DIVISIBLE SUBGROUPS, AND EXACT SEQUENCES
Authors: Benoist Franck , Bouscaren Elisabeth , Pillay Anand
Published: July 2014

Given a separably closed field $K$ of characteristic $p>0$ and finite degree of imperfection, we study the $\sharp$ functor which takes a semiabelian variety $G$ over $K$ to the maximal divisible subgroup of $G(K)$. Our main result is an example where $G^{\sharp }$, as a ‘type-definable group’ in $K$, does not have ‘relative Morley rank’, yielding a counterexample to a claim in Hrushovski [J. Amer. Math. Soc. 9 (1996), 667–690]. Our methods involve studying the question of the preservation of exact sequences by the $\sharp$ functor, and relating this to issues of descent as well as model-theoretic properties of $G^{\sharp }$. We mention some characteristic 0 analogues of these ‘exactness-descent’ results, where differential algebraic methods are more prominent. We also develop the notion of an iterative D-structure on a group scheme over an iterative Hasse field, which is interesting in its own right, as well as providing a uniform treatment of the characteristic 0 and characteristic $p$ cases of ‘exactness descent’.
The Tendency to Fall for Distracting Information While Making Judgments
Authors: Jasper Fabian , Ortner Tuulia M.
Published: July 2014

Despite much research on thinking biases such as the representativeness, availability, and anchoring heuristics, a psychometrically sound measurement instrument for assessing the degree of heuristic thinking is still missing. Therefore, it was the goal of this study to develop and validate a new test to assess the degree of heuristic thinking associated with three particular thinking heuristics (i.e., the representativeness, availability, and anchoring heuristics). The resulting Objective Heuristic Thinking Test (OHTT) was evaluated with regard to its internal consistency, factor structure, construct validity, and stability in an internet sample (N = 300) and an independent laboratory sample (N = 55). Exploratory factor analyses resulted in three latent factors that represented the three OHTT subscales (i.e., representativeness, availability, and anchoring factors). Results revealed a low to sufficient internal consistency for each of the three scales. Further analyses indicated convergent correlations of the OHTT scales with related constructs such as field-independency. Furthermore, good stability of the test scores was shown. Conclusions are drawn regarding possible future applications of the OHTT as a promising tool for studying the origins of heuristic thinking processes.
The transient expression of miR-203 and its inhibiting effects on skeletal muscle cell proliferation and differentiation
Authors: Luo W , Wu H , Ye Y , Li Z , Hao S , Kong L , Zheng X , Lin S , Nie Q , Zhang X
Published: July 2014

Previous studies have shown that miR-203 is a skin-specific microRNA (miRNA) with a profound role in skin cell differentiation. However, emerging microarray and deep sequencing data revealed that miR-203 is also expressed in embryonic skeletal muscle and myoblasts. In this study, we found that miR-203 was transiently upregulated in chicken embryos on days 10 to 16 (E10–E16) and was sharply downregulated and even not expressed after E16 in chicken embryonic skeletal muscle. Histological profiles and weight variations of embryo skeletal muscle revealed that miR-203 expression is correlated with muscle development. In vitro experiments showed that miR-203 exhibited downregulated expression during myoblast differentiation into myotubes. miR-203 overexpression inhibited myoblast proliferation and differentiation, whereas its loss-of-function increased myoblast proliferation and differentiation. During myogenesis, miR-203 can target and inhibit the expression of c-JUN and MEF2C, which were important for cell proliferation and muscle development, respectively. The overexpression of c-JUN significantly promoted myoblast proliferation. Conversely, knockdown of c-JUN by siRNA suppressed myoblast proliferation. In addition, the knockdown of MEF2C by siRNA significantly inhibited myoblast differentiation. Altogether, these data not only suggested that the expression of miR-203 is transitory during chicken skeletal muscle development but also showed a novel role of miR-203 in inhibiting skeletal muscle cell proliferation and differentiation by repressing c-JUN and MEF2C, respectively.
Fluvoxamine alleviates ER stress via induction of Sigma-1 receptor
Authors: Omi T , Tanimukai H , Kanayama D , Sakagami Y , Tagami S , Okochi M , Morihara T , Sato M , Yanagida K , Kitasyoji A , Hara H , Imaizumi K , Maurice T , Chevallier N , Marchal S , Takeda M , Kudo T
Published: July 2014

We recently demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) expression through the PERK pathway, which is one of the cell’s responses to ER stress. In addition, it has been demonstrated that induction of Sig-1R can repress cell death signaling. Fluvoxamine (Flv) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with a high affinity for Sig-1R. In the present study, we show that treatment of neuroblastoma cells with Flv induces Sig-1R expression by increasing ATF4 translation directly, through its own activation, without involvement of the PERK pathway. The Flv-mediated induction of Sig-1R prevents neuronal cell death resulting from ER stress. Moreover, Flv-induced ER stress resistance reduces the infarct area in mice after focal cerebral ischemia. Thus, Flv, which is used frequently in clinical practice, can alleviate ER stress. This suggests that Flv could be a feasible therapy for cerebral diseases caused by ER stress.
Functional and molecular defects of hiPSC-derived neurons from patients with ATM deficiency
Authors: Carlessi L , Poli E Fusar , Bechi G , Mantegazza M , Pascucci B , Narciso L , Dogliotti E , Sala C , Verpelli C , Lecis D , Delia D
Published: July 2014

Loss of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, a key factor of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, causes the cancer predisposing and neurodegenerative syndrome ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). To investigate the mechanisms of neurodegeneration, we have reprogrammed fibroblasts from ATM-null A-T patients and normal controls to pluripotency (human-induced pluripotent stem cells), and derived from these neural precursor cells able to terminally differentiate into post-mitotic neurons positive to >90% for β-tubulin III+/microtubule-associated protein 2+. We show that A-T neurons display similar voltage-gated potassium and sodium currents and discharges of action potentials as control neurons, but defective expression of the maturation and synaptic markers SCG10, SYP and PSD95 (postsynaptic density protein 95). A-T neurons exhibited defective repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and repressed phosphorylation of ATM substrates (e.g., γH2AX, Smc1-S966, Kap1-S824, Chk2-T68, p53-S15), but normal repair of single-strand breaks, and normal short- and long-patch base excision repair activities. Moreover, A-T neurons were resistant to apoptosis induced by the genotoxic agents camptothecin and trabectedin, but as sensitive as controls to the oxidative agents. Most notably, A-T neurons exhibited abnormal accumulation of topoisomerase 1-DNA covalent complexes (Top1-ccs). These findings reveal that ATM deficiency impairs neuronal maturation, suppresses the response and repair of DNA DSBs, and enhances Top1-cc accumulation. Top1-cc could be a risk factor for neurodegeneration as they may interfere with transcription elongation and promote transcriptional decline.
A 3.8-V earth-abundant sodium battery electrode
Authors: Barpanda Prabeer , Oyama Gosuke , Nishimura Shin-ichi , Chung Sai-Cheong , Yamada Atsuo
Published: July 2014

Rechargeable lithium batteries have ushered the wireless revolution over last two decades and are now matured to enable green automobiles. However, the growing concern on scarcity and large-scale applications of lithium resources have steered effort to realize sustainable sodium-ion batteries, Na and Fe being abundant and low-cost charge carrier and redox centre, respectively. However, their performance is limited owing to low operating voltage and sluggish kinetics. Here we report a hitherto-unknown material with entirely new composition and structure with the first alluaudite-type sulphate framework, Na2Fe2(SO4)3, registering the highest-ever Fe3+/Fe2+ redox potential at 3.8 V (versus Na, and hence 4.1 V versus Li) along with fast rate kinetics. Rare-metal-free Na-ion rechargeable battery system compatible with the present Li-ion battery is now in realistic scope without sacrificing high energy density and high power, and paves way for discovery of new earth-abundant sustainable cathodes for large-scale batteries.
Super-resolution imaging and tracking of protein–protein interactions in sub-diffraction cellular space
Authors: Liu Zhen , Xing Dong , Su Qian Peter , Zhu Yun , Zhang Jiamei , Kong Xinyu , Xue Boxin , Wang Sheng , Sun Hao , Tao Yile , Sun Yujie
Published: July 2014

Imaging the location and dynamics of individual interacting protein pairs is essential but often difficult because of the fluorescent background from other paired and non-paired molecules, particularly in the sub-diffraction cellular space. Here we develop a new method combining bimolecular fluorescence complementation and photoactivated localization microscopy for super-resolution imaging and single-molecule tracking of specific protein–protein interactions. The method is used to study the interaction of two abundant proteins, MreB and EF-Tu, in Escherichia coli cells. The super-resolution imaging shows interesting distribution and domain sizes of interacting MreB–EF-Tu pairs as a subpopulation of total EF-Tu. The single-molecule tracking of MreB, EF-Tu and MreB–EF-Tu pairs reveals intriguing localization-dependent heterogonous dynamics and provides valuable insights to understanding the roles of MreB–EF-Tu interactions.
Simultaneous quantification of proteins in human serum via sulfur and iron using HPLC coupled to post-column isotope dilution mass spectrometry
Authors: Feng Liuxing , Zhang Dan , Wang Jun , Li Hongmei
Published: July 2014

A new simultaneous quantification method for Tf and Alb in human serumviasulfur and iron using HPLC-ID-ICP-MS.
A magnetically isolated cuprate spin-ladder system: synthesis, structures, and magnetic properties
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Nishihara Sadafumi , Nakano Yuki , Yoshida Erina , Kato Chisato , Ren Xiao-Ming , Maryunina Kseniya Yu. , Inoue Katsuya
Published: July 2014

Two magnetically isolated cuprate spin ladders have been synthesized. Their crystal structures and preliminary investigation into the magnetic properties were reported.
Vitamin E assisted polymer electrolyte fuel cells
Authors: Yao Yingfang , Liu Jianguo , Liu Wenming , Zhao Ming , Wu Bingbing , Gu Jun , Zou Zhigang
Published: July 2014

Vitamin E is an efficient antioxidant which elongates the lifetime of fuel cells and circulates itself for long-term use.
Expedient synthesis of an α-S-(1→6)-linked pentaglucosyl thiol
Authors: Wang Huali , Zhu Xiangming
Published: July 2014

An α-S-(1→6)-linked pentaglucosyl thiol (1) is synthesized via the longest linear sequence of eleven steps from an α-glucosyl thiol (7).
Polythiophenes with vinylene linked ortho, meta and para-carborane sidechains
Authors: Marshall Jonathan , Hooton Jake , Han Yang , Creamer Adam , Ashraf Raja Shahid , Porte Yoann , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Stavrinou Paul N. , McLachlan Martyn A. , Bronstein Hugo , Beavis Peter , Heeney Martin
Published: July 2014

The influence of the carborane isomer and double bond geometry on the optoelectronic properties for a series of side chain functionalised polythiophenes is reported.
Molecular topology of three ring nematogens from 13C–1H dipolar couplings
Authors: Lobo Nitin P. , Das Bibhuti B. , Narasimhaswamy T. , Ramanathan K. V.
Published: July 2014

A facile way of estimating the order parameter and the molecular orientation from 13C–1H dipolar couplings for three ring based nematogens with a terminal C–H vector.
A soft shape memory reactor with controllable catalysis characteristics
Authors: Wu Xinzhen , Hu Jie , Li Songjun , Zhao Rong , Wang Di
Published: July 2014

A kind of two-layer hydrogel with temperature responsive shape-memory performance is reported, which demonstrates a tunable catalytic activity.
Oxygen-loss in A-site deficient Sr0.85La0.10TiO3 perovskite
Authors: Akin Ipek , Li Ming , Lu Zhilun , Sinclair Derek C.
Published: July 2014

Sintering temperature induces significant changes in bulk conductivity and activation energy, Ea of A-site deficient Sr0.85La0.10TiO3 due to oxygen loss.
Benzylic-type couplings provide an important asymmetric entry to functionalized, non-racemic helicenes
Authors: Terrasson Vincent , Roy Myriam , Moutard Stéphane , Lafontaine Marie-Pier , Pèpe Gérard , Félix Guy , Gingras Marc
Published: July 2014

Benzylic-type couplings are key reactions to make non-racemic helicenes.
Synergetic proton conducting effect in acid–base composite of phosphonic acid functionalized polystyrene and triazolyl functionalized polystyrene
Authors: Zhang Yepei , Yue Baohua , Han Shuaiyuan , Yan Liuming
Published: July 2014

Three orders of magnitude improvement in proton conductivity was observed in the PS-PA/PS-Tri composite membrane.
Aerobic cross-dehydrogenative coupling of terminal alkynes and tertiary amines by a combined catalyst of Zn2+and OMS-2
Authors: Jin Xiongjie , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: July 2014

In the presence of ZnBr2and OMS-2, cross-dehydrogenative coupling of various terminal alkynes and tertiary amines to propargylamines efficiently proceeded.
Blood compatible materials: state of the art
Authors: Liu Xiaoli , Yuan Lin , Li Dan , Tang Zengchao , Wang Yanwei , Chen Gaojian , Chen Hong , Brash John L.
Published: July 2014

Approaches to thromboresistant materials are discussed including passivation; incorporation and/or release of anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, thrombolytic agents; and mimicry of the vascular endothelium.
Impact force measurement of a spherical body dropping onto a water surface
Authors: Araki R. , Takita A. , Ishima T. , Kawashima H. , Pornsuwancharoen N. , Punthawanunt S. , Carcasona E. , Fujii Y.
Published: July 2014

We propose a method for measuring the impact force of a spherical body dropping onto a water surface. The velocity of the center of gravity of a metal spherical body, in which a cube corner prism is embedded so that its optical center coincides with the center of gravity of the sphere, is accurately measured using an optical interferometer. The acceleration, displacement, and inertial force of the sphere are calculated from the velocity. The sphere is also observed using a high-speed camera. The uncertainty in measuring the instantaneous value of the impact force with a sampling interval of approximately 1 ms is estimated to be 8 mN, which corresponds to 0.8% of the maximum force of approximately 1.0 N.
Mass detection using a double-layer circular graphene-based nanomechanical resonator
Authors: Chang Win-Jin , Lee Haw-Long
Published: July 2014

In this article, we examine the potential of using a double-layered clamped-circular graphene as a nanomechanical resonator. The frequency equation of the resonator with an attached mass at an arbitrary location is derived analytically using the nonlocal elasticity theory. Then, the vibration frequency and sensitivity of the resonator can be evaluated. The results indicate that the frequency is higher as the attached mass is farther away from the center of the resonator. However, the trend of the sensitivity is reverse. The maximum sensitivity is obtained when the mass is attached at the center. The frequency and sensitivity of the double-layer graphene-based resonator decrease with an increase of aspect ratio. In addition, the sensitivity increases with an increase of nanolocal parameter. The results are helpful to design double-layered graphene-based resonators.
Superferromagnetism in chain-like Fe@SiO2 nanoparticle ensembles
Authors: Zeleňáková A. , Zeleňák V. , Mat'ko I. , Strečková M. , Hrubovčák P. , Kováč J.
Published: July 2014

One-dimensional (1D) chain-like nanocomposites, created by ensembles of nanoparticles of with diameter ∼ 13 nm, which are composed of an iron core (∼4 nm) and a silica protective layer, were prepared by a self-assembly process. Chain-like Fe@SiO2 ensembles were formed due to strong magnetic dipole–dipole interactions between individual Fe nanoparticles and the subsequent fixation of the Fe particles by the SiO2 layers. X-ray near edge absorption spectra measurements at the Fe K absorption edge confirm that the presence of a silica layer prevents the oxidation of the magnetic Fe core. Strong magnetic interactions between Fe cores lead to long-range ordering of magnetic moments, and the nanoparticle ensembles exhibit superferromagnetic characteristics demonstrated by a broad blocking Zero-field cooling (ZFC)/field-cooling distribution, nearly constant temperature dependence of ZFC magnetization, and non-zero coercivity at room temperature. Low room-temperature coercivity and the presence of electrically insulating SiO2 shells surrounding the Fe core make the studied samples suitable candidates for microelectronic applications.
Microfluidic approaches to rapid and efficient aptamer selection
Authors: Lin Hui , Zhang Weiting , Jia Shasha , Guan Zhichao , Yang Chaoyong James , Zhu Zhi
Published: July 2014

With their advantages as molecular recognition elements, aptamers have been extensively studied and used for bioanalytical and biomedical applications. However, the process of enrichment and screening of aptamers remains a bottleneck for aptamer development. Recently, microfluidic methods have been increasingly used for rapid and efficient aptamer selection, showing their remarkable advantages over conventional methods. This review briefly introduces aptamers and their advantages. The conventional process of generating aptamers is discussed, followed by the analysis of the key obstacles to efficient aptamer selection. Microfluidic methods for highly efficient enrichment and screening of aptamers are reviewed in detail.
Raman scattering analysis of electrodeposited Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells: Impact of ordered vacancy compounds on cell efficiency
Authors: Insignares-Cuello C. , Broussillou C. , Bermúdez V. , Saucedo E. , Pérez-Rodríguez A. , Izquierdo-Roca V.
Published: July 2014

This work reports the detailed Raman scattering analysis of Cu-poor Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) electrodeposited solar cells using different excitation wavelengths. The systematic assessment of cells fabricated with Cu-poor absorbers that were synthesized with different Cu contents has allowed identifying the existence of a quasi-resonant excitation of a Raman peak characteristic of an Ordered Vacancy Compound (OVC) secondary phase when using a 785 nm excitation wavelength. The enhanced sensitivity of the spectra measured with these conditions to the presence of the OVC phase provides with a suitable tool for the non destructive assessment on the occurrence of this Cu-poor secondary phase in the surface region of the CIGS absorbers from measurements performed on finished cells. The correlation between the Raman scattering data and the optoelectronic parameters of the devices shows the existence of an optimum OVC content range leading to devices with highest open circuit voltage and efficiency. These data provide with a clear experimental evidence on the impact of the OVC phases on the device efficiency.
Growth, feed intake and maternal performance of Angus heifers from high and low feed efficiency selection lines
Authors: Morris S. T. , Chan F. Y. , Lopez-Villalobos N. , Kenyon P. R. , Garrick D. J. , Blair H. T.
Published: July 2014

Feed conversion efficiency is an important factor affecting profitability for cow-calf production systems. One method of characterising feed conversion efficiency is by calculating residual feed intake (RFI), the difference between measured and expected feed intakes. A high RFI value indicates low feed efficiency while a low RFI value indicates high feed efficiency. The present experiment used 49 Angus heifers sired by Angus bulls selected for high or low RFI. The progeny were bred on commercial farms and then transferred to Massey University at weaning at ~200 days of age. The heifers were weighed at ~30-day intervals and were mated at 15 months, calved at 2 years old and reared their calf to ~160 days of age. Each heifer had recorded its own liveweight gain (from its weaning to weaning of its first calf), herbage intake at 350 and 450 days of age using the n-alkane technique and maternal performance (calf production). These records were analysed to estimate the RFI of each heifer, and to determine differences in RFI between selection lines. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in liveweight or dry matter requirements between selection lines at Day 350, but differences were significant (P < 0.05) at Day 450 such that the high feed efficiency line were 24.6 kg heavier and required an extra 0.32 kg/head.day of herbage. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between the two lines in herbage intake or RFI measured at either Days 350 or 450. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in pregnancy rates, calf birth dates or birthweights, estimated 24-h milk production or calf weaning weights between the two lines. This experiment shows that beef cattle selected for low RFI have higher growth rates and heavier liveweights than cattle selected for high RFI; both lines had similar calf production at first breeding.
Using muscle gene expression to estimate triacylglyceride deposition, and relative contributions of fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid import in intramuscular fat in cattle
Authors: Dalrymple B. P. , Guo B. , Zhou G. H. , Zhang W.
Published: July 2014

Intramuscular fat content (IMF%) in cattle influences the value of individual animals, especially for higher marbling markets. IMF is triacylglyceride (TAG) in lipid droplets in the intramuscular adipocytes. However, there are many different pathways from feed intake to the final common process of TAG synthesis and storage as IMF. To evaluate the relative importance of different pathways we compared changes in the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in the TAG and fatty acid (FA) synthesis pathways in the longissimus muscle of Piedmontese × Hereford (P×H) and Wagyu × Hereford (W×H) crosses. Based on these changes we have estimated the relative contributions of FA synthesised de novo in the intramuscular adipocyte and the uptake of circulating FA (both free and from TAG), from the diet or synthesised de novo in other tissues, to TAG deposition as IMF. We have analysed the impact of different developmental times and different diets on these processes. Increased de novo FA synthesis in intramuscular adipocytes appeared to contribute more than increased FA uptake from circulation to the additional TAG deposition in W×H compared with P×H cattle between 12 and 25 months (forage diet). Changing diet from forage to concentrate appeared to increase the importance of FA uptake from circulation relative to de novo FA synthesis for TAG synthesis in intramuscular adipocytes. These results are consistent with the literature based on analysis of lipid composition. Gene expression appears to provide a simple assay for identification of the source of FA for the deposition of IMF.
Nutritional background, sire type and dam type affect saturated and monounsaturated (oleic) fatty acid concentration of lambs reared for meat production in Australia
Authors: Ponnampalam Eric N. , Giri Khageswor , Pethick David W. , Hopkins David L.
Published: July 2014

This study investigated the effect of finishing diet, sire type and dam type on major saturated (C12:0, 14:0, 16 : 0 and 18:0) and monounsaturated (oleic; C18:1cis) fatty acid concentrations in meat from lambs grown at eight production locations across Australia. Sires were selected from Merino, maternal and terminal meat breeds; while the dams consisted of ~80% pure Merino and 20% crossbred (Border Leicester × Merino) types. Lambs were generally maintained under extensive pasture conditions, but were fed grain, hay or feedlot pellets when the pasture supply was limited. Lambs were slaughtered over 3 consecutive years (2008–10), with 28–30 slaughter days per year. At 24 h post-mortem, 20-g muscle samples (longissimus lumborum: LL) were taken for fatty acid determination. Lambs from Hamilton, Katanning and Kirby had a higher (P < 0.001) concentration of major saturated (palmitic and stearic) and oleic acids in meat that is proposed to be associated with those lambs being fed diets higher in cereal grain content. Saturated fatty acids, except lauric acid, were lower (P < 0.02) in lambs sired by Merino or terminal type than lambs sired by maternal type. The use of Merino as the sire or dam reduced (P < 0.001) the major saturated fatty acids in LL. Crossbred dam type increased (P < 0.01) the oleic acid concentration in the LL, but sire type had no effect. The results demonstrate that the finishing diet type or sire type or dam type can significantly influence the concentration of major saturated (palmitic, stearic) and/or oleic acids in meat from lambs produced under different production systems in Australia.
Enhanced receptor–clathrin interactions induced by
N
-glycan–mediated membrane micropatterning
Authors: Torreno-Pina Juan A. , Castro Bruno M. , Manzo Carlo , Buschow Sonja I. , Cambi Alessandra , Garcia-Parajo Maria F.
Published: July 2014

Significance

Glycan-based interactions can organize the plasma membrane into specialized domains that perform unique functions. One of their major roles is to regulate the turnover of receptors on the cell membrane. However, there is no clear picture on how this occurs. In this work we visualize cell membrane micropatterning mediated by glycans using a combination of superresolution imaging techniques and dual-color single-particle tracking. We find that this micropatterning corrals the receptor dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) into clathrin active regions, thereby increasing clathrin–receptor interactions, and potentially influencing clathrin-mediated endocytosis of DC-SIGN-bound ligands. We also establish that clathrin–receptor encounters do not occur in a random fashion and further substantiate the dynamic and transient behavior of clathrin interactions with their cargo before successful internalization.
Operator algebras for analytic varieties
Authors: Davidson Kenneth , Ramsey Christopher , Shalit Orr
Published: July 2014

We study the isomorphism problem for the multiplier algebras of irreducible complete Pick kernels. These are precisely the restrictions

M

V

\mathcal {M}_V

of the multiplier algebra

M

\mathcal {M}

of Drury-Arveson space to a holomorphic subvariety

V
V

of the unit ball

B

d

\mathbb {B}_d

.

We find that

M

V

\mathcal {M}_V

is completely isometrically isomorphic to

M

W

\mathcal {M}_W

if and only if

W
W

is the image of

V
V

under a biholomorphic automorphism of the ball. In this case, the isomorphism is unitarily implemented. This is then strengthened to show that when

d
>
∞

d>\infty

every isometric isomorphism is completely isometric.

The problem of characterizing when two such algebras are (algebraically) isomorphic is also studied. When

V
V

and

W
W

are each a finite union of irreducible varieties and a discrete variety, when

d
>
∞

d>\infty

, an isomorphism between

M

V

\mathcal {M}_V

and

M

W

\mathcal {M}_W

determines a biholomorphism (with multiplier coordinates) between the varieties; and the isomorphism is composition with this function. These maps are automatically weak-

∗
*

continuous.

We present a number of examples showing that the converse fails in several ways. We discuss several special cases in which the converse does hold—particularly, smooth curves and Blaschke sequences.

We also discuss the norm closed algebras associated to a variety, and point out some of the differences.
Adding a lot of Cohen reals by adding a few. I
Authors: Gitik Moti , Golshani Mohammad
Published: July 2014

In this paper we produce modelsV1⊆V2V_1\subseteq V_2of set theory such that addingκ\kappa-many Cohen reals toV2V_2addsλ\lambda-many Cohen reals toV1V_1, for someλ>κ\lambda >\kappa. We deal mainly with the case whenV1V_1andV2V_2have the same cardinals.
Functions preserving positive definiteness for sparse matrices
Authors: Guillot Dominique , Rajaratnam Bala
Published: July 2014

We consider the problem of characterizing entrywise functions that preserve the cone of positive definite matrices when applied to every off-diagonal element. Our results extend theorems of Schoenberg [Duke Math. J., 9], Rudin [Duke Math. J., 26], Christensen and Ressel [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 243], and others, where similar problems were studied when the function is applied to all elements, including the diagonal ones. It is shown that functions that are guaranteed to preserve positive definiteness cannot at the same time induce sparsity, i.e., set elements to zero. These results have important implications for the regularization of positive definite matrices, where functions are often applied to only the off-diagonal elements to obtain sparse matrices with better properties (e.g., Markov random field/graphical model structure, better condition number). As a particular case, it is shown that soft-thresholding, a commonly used operation in modern high-dimensional probability and statistics, is not guaranteed to maintain positive definiteness, even if the original matrix is sparse. This result has a deep connection to graphs, and in particular, to the class of trees. We then proceed to fully characterize functions which do preserve positive definiteness. This characterization is in terms of absolutely monotonic functions and turns out to be quite different from the case when the function is also applied to diagonal elements. We conclude by giving bounds on the condition number of a matrix which guarantee that the regularized matrix is positive definite.
Time-Dependent Predictors of Loss to Follow-Up in a Large HIV Treatment Cohort in Nigeria
Authors: Meloni Seema Thakore , Chang Charlotte , Chaplin Beth , Rawizza Holly , Jolayemi Oluwatoyin , Banigbe Bolanle , Okonkwo Prosper , Kanki Phyllis
Published: July 2014

Background.  Most evaluations of loss to follow-up (LTFU) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment programs focus on baseline predictors, prior to antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. As risk of LTFU is a continuous issue, the aim of this evaluation was to augment existing information with further examination of time-dependent predictors of loss.

Methods.  This was a retrospective evaluation of data collected between 2004 and 2012 by the Harvard School of Public Health and the AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria as part of PEPFAR-funded program in Nigeria. We used multivariate modeling methods to examine associations between CD4+ cell counts, viral load, and early adherence patterns with LTFU, defined as no refills collected for at least 2 months since the last scheduled appointment.

Results.  Of 51 953 patients initiated on ART between 2004 and 2011, 14 626 (28%) were LTFU by 2012. Factors associated with increased risk for LTFU were young age, having nonincome-generating occupations or no education, being unmarried, World Health Organization (WHO) stage, having a detectable viral load, and lower CD4+ cell counts. In a subset analysis, adherence patterns during the first 3 months of ART were associated with risk of LTFU by month 12.

Conclusions.  In settings with limited resources, early adherence patterns, as well as CD4+ cell counts and unsuppressed viral load, at any time point in treatment are predictive of loss and serve as effective markers for developing targeted interventions to reduce rates of attrition.
Rotation Curve Anomaly and Galactic Warp in M 51
Authors: Oikawa Shouta , Sofue Yoshiaki
Published: July 2014

We revisit the anomaly of rotation curve in the nearly face-on galaxy M 51 that shows an apparently faster decrease of rotation velocity than the Keplerian law in the outer disk, further showing apparent counter rotation in the outermost H i disk. We interpreted this anomaly as being due to warping of the galactic disk, and determined the warping structure of M 51's disk using the tilted-ring method, while assuming that the intrinsic rotation curve is normal. It has been shown that the disk is nearly flat in the inner disk at a constant inclination angle, but the disk suddenly bends at radius 7.5 kpc by about 27°. The inclination angle, then, decreases monotonically outward, reaching a perfect face-on ring at 18 kpc, beyond which the disk is warped in the opposite sense to the inner disk, resulting in apparent counter rotation.
Deciphering next-generation pharmacogenomics: an information technology perspective
Authors: Potamias George , Lakiotaki Kleanthi , Katsila Theodora , Lee Ming Ta Michael , Topouzis Stavros , Cooper David N. , Patrinos George P.
Published: July 2014

In the post-genomic era, the rapid evolution of high-throughput genotyping technologies and the increased pace of production of genetic research data are continually prompting the development of appropriate informatics tools, systems and databases as we attempt to cope with the flood of incoming genetic information. Alongside new technologies that serve to enhance data connectivity, emerging information systems should contribute to the creation of a powerful knowledge environment for genotype-to-phenotype information in the context of translational medicine. In the area of pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine, it has become evident that database applications providing important information on the occurrence and consequences of gene variants involved in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug efficacy and drug toxicity will become an integral tool for researchers and medical practitioners alike. At the same time, two fundamental issues are inextricably linked to current developments, namely data sharing and data protection. Here, we discuss high-throughput and next-generation sequencing technology and its impact on pharmacogenomics research. In addition, we present advances and challenges in the field of pharmacogenomics information systems which have in turn triggered the development of an integrated electronic ‘pharmacogenomics assistant’. The system is designed to provide personalized drug recommendations based on linked genotype-to-phenotype pharmacogenomics data, as well as to support biomedical researchers in the identification of pharmacogenomics-related gene variants. The provisioned services are tuned in the framework of a single-access pharmacogenomics portal.