bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How to design perforated polymeric films for modified atmosphere packs (MAP)
Authors: Zanderighi Luciano
Published: August 2002

Increasing proportions of fresh produce are being sold in modified atmosphere packs (MAP) with the aim of preserving product quality longer and reducing freight costs. A rigorous theoretical analysis was made of the transport phenomena across packaging film (composite, perforated, etc.) in order to find out whether polymeric film will permit a stationary modified atmosphere (MA) inside the pack, and if so when, and to investigate the effect of the size and shape of the holes in the perforated film. The continuity equations of the pack, for all diffusing species, were written and solved for stationary conditions, with the boundary conditions that species not involved in metabolic processes do not diffuse across polymeric film. After a detailed analysis of the transport phenomena across both continuous and perforated film, and of the metabolic rate processes, it transpires that no stationary conditions compatible with any MA can be found for continuous film, owing to the permeation characteristics of the film and the rate of the metabolic processes. With perforated film it is possible to find, at least for certain metabolic process rates, a stationary state where a constant MA is maintained inside the pack. A proposal is given, provided the rate of the metabolic process is known, for the design of a pack in terms of polymeric materials and of the pinhole size. Two case studies, strawberry and cabbage, are presented and discussed, along with the optimization of the polymeric film and the size and length of the pinholes of the packs. Another point raised deals with the advantages of using perforated film and/or of making holes or openings along the edges where the polymeric film is welded. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences in clinical trial conduct in US and EU investigational sites
Authors: Mackintosh Douglas R. , Molloy Vernette
Published: August 2002

Observations by clinical auditors about good clinical practice (GCP) compliance in US and EU investigational sites are described. Specific differences between the two regions are noted for institutional review boards (IRBs) and ethics committees; subject recruiting and consenting; investigator/study coordinator qualifications and functions; organization and recording of source data; health care delivery; quality of monitoring; and filing of regulatory documents. Neither region of the world demonstrated GCP superiority in the conduct of its clinical trials. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Good Clinical Practice (GCP) standards for clinical laboratories
Authors: Nickols Pamela
Published: August 2002

The European Clinical Trial Directive [4] requires European (EU) Member States to assess compliance with good clinical practice (GCP) at sites concerned with any clinical trial conducted. It then lists the particular types of sites that should be considered and includes in the list any laboratory used for analyses in the clinical trial. This article in the Questions and Answers series addresses a few of the questions frequently raised when discussing the standards that we should expect from clinical laboratories. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Standard operating procedures for clinical research personnel – part 8
Authors: Bohaychuk Wendy , Ball Graham
Published: August 2002

This is the eighth in a series of articles containing proposals for wording and content of standard operating procedures (SOPs) for clinical research activities conducted by sponsors and Contract Research Organisations (CROs). The procedures include those required by the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), many other guidelines and regulations, and ‘best practice’ observed by the authors. The model forms require modification for actual use. In this article, SOPs are presented for the management of case report forms (CRFs) including preparation (SOP 310), review, approval and amendment (SOP 311) and printing and distribution (SOP 312). SOPs are also presented for compilation of documents for submission to regulatory authorities (SOP 313) and documentation of review and approval by regulatory authorities. (The full text of all 101 SOPs is available from the authors.) Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substituent effects on inversion motion of 4‐silatriafulvene derivatives: An ab initio MO study
Authors: Takahashi Masae , Sakamoto Kenkichi , Kira Mitsuo
Published: August 2002

The structure and spectroscopic characteristics of various 4‐silamethylenecyclopropene (4‐silatriafulvene) derivatives were investigated using ab initio MO calculations. The minimum energy geometries of all of the derivatives studied here were trans‐bent around the SiC double bond, and the planar structures were found to be the transition states for the inversion motion between the two equivalent bent structures. The barriers were very low to allow facile inversion at room temperature. It was found that silyl substitution at the unsaturated silicon lowered the barrier height of the inversion motion. Significant differences were found in the calculated absorption maxima and 29Si NMR chemical shifts between the planar and trans‐bent 4‐silatriafulvene derivatives, which suggested significant temperature dependence in the spectra. All of these features were in good agreement with the experimental results for a 4‐silatriafulvene derivative, 1,2‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4,4‐bis(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐4‐silamethylenecyclopropene, that we recently isolated. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 84: 198–207, 2001
Preliminary study of the analysis of oligogalacturonic acids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhu Liang , Lee Hian Kee
Published: August 2002

During systematic studies of the behavior of oligogalacturonic acids (OGAs) under different conditions using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), cation adduction, fragmentation and non‐covalent binding were found to be the three major problems that compromised the analysis of OGAs by ESI‐MS. By adjusting solution components, capillary temperature and capillary voltage in the ESI source, an optimized condition was found that gave a clean and clear spectrum of trigalacturonic acid. A direct injection ESI‐MS technique based on the use of aqueous acetonitrile and acetic acid and triethylamine (TEA) as modifiers has been applied to analyze a mixture including mono‐, di‐ and trigalacturonic acids, which will facilitate further applications of ESI‐MS in the analysis of mixtures of OGAs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas chromatography/negative‐ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of morphine in human plasma using pentafluorobenzyl carbonate derivatives
Authors: Leis H. J. , Windischhofer W. , Fauler G.
Published: August 2002

A sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of morphine in human plasma is presented. Morphine was extracted from plasma by solid phase extraction on C18 and converted to its pentafluorobenzyl carbonate trimethylsilyl derivative. The derivatives were analysed without further purification. Using gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, a useful diagnostic fragment ion at m/z 356 is obtained at high relative abundance. Deuterated morphine was used as internal standard. Calibration graphs were linear within the range 1.25 to 320 nmol/L. Intra‐day precision was 3.82% (15 nmol/L), 2.85% (75 nmol/L) and 4.13% (225 nmol/L), inter‐day variability was found to be 1.77% (15 nmol/L), 4.95% (75 nmol/L) and 9.88% (225 nmol/L). Inter‐day accuracy showed deviations of 2.18% (15 nmol/L), −0.72% (75 nmol/L) and −0.13% (225 nmol/L). The method is rugged and robust and has been applied to the batch analysis of morphine during pharmacokinetic profiling of the drug. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HIV integrase as a target for antiviral chemotherapy
Authors: Nair Vasu
Published: August 2002

One of the three key enzymes encoded by the pol gene of HIV is a Mr 32 000 protein called HIV integrase. This viral enzyme is involved in the integration of HIV DNA into host chromosomal DNA. There appears to be no functional equivalent of the enzyme in human cells. The biochemical mechanism of integration of HIV DNA into the host cell genome involves a carefully defined sequence of DNA tailoring (3′‐processing) and coupling (joining or integration) reactions. In spite of some effort in this area targeted at the discovery of therapeutically useful inhibitors of this viral enzyme, there are no drugs for HIV/AIDS in clinical use where the mechanism of action is inhibition of HIV integrase. Thus, new knowledge on inhibitors of this enzyme is of critical importance in the anti‐HIV drug discovery area. The focus of this review will be on several classes of compounds, including nucleotides, dinucleotides, oligonucleotides and miscellaneous small molecules such as heterocyclic systems, natural products, diketo acids and sulfones, that have been discovered as inhibitors of HIV integrase. Special emphasis in the review will be placed on discoveries from my laboratory on HIV integrase inhibitors that are non‐natural, nuclease‐resistant dinucleotides. Comments on future directions and the prospects for developing integrase inhibitors as therapeutic antiviral agents are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An application of dynamic positioning control using wave feed forward
Authors: Aalbers A. B. , Tap R. F. , Pinkster J. A.
Published: August 2002

The paper presents the results of model tests for a large tanker in which wave drift force feed forward was applied in the dynamic positioning control system. The estimation method of the nonlinear (second order) wave drift forces from the measurement of relative water motions at the side of a ship hull is presented. The estimated wave drift forces are used in the DP control system, to enhance the filter process of the extended Kalman filter, and in the required thruster set‐points. The EKF uses the nonlinear equations of low‐frequency ship motions on the horizontal plane, which are also presented.

The results of the model tests show that the use of wave drift force feed forward significantly improves the positioning accuracy in sea states with 3.5 m significant wave height or higher. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust trajectory control in the workspace of a class of flexible robots
Authors: Bigras Pascal , Saad Maarouf , O'Shea Jules
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a robust indirect adaptive controller for a class of robots which have a flexible beam as last link. Since the relation between the joint space and the workspace depends on both the kinematics and the dynamics, a virtual joint space is defined so as to be related kinematically to the workspace. In fact, the transformation is defined from the virtual joint space to the joint and deformation spaces. Since the robot is a non‐minimum‐phase system in the virtual joint space, the transformation is obtained, in‐line by the iterative use of the causal–anticausal approach. Based on that transformation, a robust adaptive controller can be designed to ensure robust and fast convergence of the tracking error in the joint, deformation and virtual joint spaces. The controller thus obtained is simulated for a manipulator having one rigid and one flexible link. The simulation results demonstrate the good performances and the robustness of the system. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Rabin's irreducibility test for polynomials over finite fields
Authors: Panario Daniel , Pittel Boris , Richmond Bruce , Viola Alfredo
Published: August 2002

We give a precise average‐case analysis of Rabin's algorithm for testing the irreducibility of polynomials over finite fields. The main technical contribution of the article is the study of the probability that a random polynomial of degree n contains an irreducible factor of degree dividing several maximal divisors of the degree n. We then study the expected value and the variance of the number of operations performed by the algorithm. We present an exact analysis when n=p1 and n=p1p2 for p1, p2 prime numbers, and an asymptotic analysis for the general case. Our method generalizes to other algorithms that deal with similar divisor conditions. In particular, we analyze the average‐case number of operations for two variants of Rabin's algorithm, and determine the ordering of prime divisors of n that minimizes the leading factor. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 19: 525–551, 2001
Complex instructional analogies and theoretical concept acquisition in college genetics
Authors: Baker William P. , Lawson Anton E.
Published: August 2002

This study investigated the role of complex instructional analogies on concept acquisition in an introductory college genetics course. The question of whether concept acquisition can be facilitated by use of complex instructional analogies was addressed using an experimental treatment and control group design. The experimental and control group students were administered a pretest of scientific reasoning and genetics knowledge to be used as covariates. The role of complex analogies on student attitude was also evaluated. Experimental treatment included complex instructional analogies. The control group received expository instruction alone. Achievement was assessed by use of eight weekly quizzes. Significant differences in student achievement were found in favor of the experimental group. However, the analogies did not appear to overcome the need for higher‐order reasoning skills as the more skilled experimental group students performed significantly better than their less skilled peers. The attitude survey indicated that the majority of experimental group students believed that analogy‐based instruction was beneficial. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 85:665–683, 2001.
A family of projection learnings
Authors: Hirabayashi Akira , Ogawa Hidemitsu
Published: August 2002

This paper discusses the learning problem of obtaining good generalization capability from a given set of training examples when the space to which a target function belongs is known. One of the present authors, H. Ogawa, proposed the concepts of projection learning (PL), partial projection learning (PTPL), and averaged projection learning (APL). He also devised the concept of a family of projection learnings consisting of infinitely many kinds of learnings including PL, PTPL, and APL. It provides a framework to discuss infinite kinds of learnings in a unified way. Although a couple of definitions were given for the family of projection learnings, they are still unsatisfactory for further development of the theory. In this paper, we propose a more natural definition of the family of projection learnings and consolidate a foundation of the theory of a family of projection learnings. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(5): 21–35, 2001
Genetic relaxed iterative Fourier transform algorithm for image reconstruction from Fourier transform magnitude
Authors: Yoshimori Susumu , Terauchi Atsushi , Takashima Yoshinao , Omatu Shigeru
Published: August 2002

This paper proposes an algorithm for image reconstruction from the Fourier transform magnitude by means of a genetic algorithm. Since the iterative Fourier transform algorithm involves repetitive application of constraints in the image domain and Fourier domain, correct image reconstruction is not necessarily achieved, and incorrect images may be obtained at certain initial settings (stagnation phenomenon). This study offers a solution to this stagnation problem, specifically, the genetic relaxed iterative Fourier transform algorithm. In it, genetic operations (selection, crossover, and mutation) are employed to avoid stagnation. Computer simulations show that the proposed algorithm is free of stagnation: that is, correct image reconstruction is obtained irrespective of the initial settings. In addition, the proposed algorithm proves faster than the conventional iterative Fourier transform algorithm, and the initial settings are easy to choose because the parameters do not depend on the image features. In this study, binary images are considered. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(5): 55–63, 2001
Structural freehand pattern identification based on drawing manner identification
Authors: Tsujii Shinya , Tanaka Naozumi , Saga Sato
Published: August 2002

This paper proposes a structural freehand pattern identification method for the handwritten input interface of a CAD system. In this method, a handwritten curve is described as a fuzzy symbol by recognizing it as a geometrical curve primitive, then structural matching is applied to the symbol. The system consists of two parts: the fuzzy spline curve identification (FSCI) method and the fuzzy attribute graph (FAG) method. The system uses a hierarchical approach which aims at the construction of a general‐purpose kind of freehand pattern identification. This paper includes the results of experiments on the basic performance of the method. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(6): 45–54, 2001
One‐dimensional resolution improvement of images in time series by genetic algorithm
Authors: Mori Kunihiko , Minamimoto Jun‐ichi , Fuchida Takayasu , Murashima Sadayuki
Published: August 2002

Several frame images in a time series that can be taken by a TV camera system under specified conditions can be given improved one‐dimensional resolution by solving a recurrence formula or by an inverse‐filtering method. It appears that one‐dimensional resolution improvement is the same as the problem of optimum search satisfying given conditions for the images in a time series. It is known that genetic algorithms are extremely effective in optimum search problems. In this paper, a genetic algorithm is investigated for one‐dimensional improvement of the resolution of images in a time series. Some experimental results are presented. Also, it is shown that the proposed method is effective for improvement of the resolution of images in time series with noise. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(7): 12–19, 2001
Crystal orientation effects on sputtering and depth resolution in GDOES
Authors: Chen L. , Simmonds M. C. , Habesch S. , Rodenburg J. M.
Published: August 2002

We investigate crystal orientation effects in the sputtering rate of pure iron in glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical profilometry and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) are used to investigate details of the surface structure and to correlate the depth of burn—and hence sputtering rate—with the crystallography of the sample. The microstructure of the sputtered crater bottom is classified into three types: ‘rough’, ‘concaved’ and ‘smooth’. It was found that there is a correlation between the crystal orientation normal to the surface, the resulting surface texture and the sputtering rate: ‘rough’ texture results from a crystallographic pole of [111] normal to the surface; ‘concaved’ texture is close to [001]; and ‘smooth’ tends to be between [111] and [001]. It was found that the average sputtered depth of the micro‐areas close to [001] pole is deeper than that of those close to [111]. Implications for the depth resolution in GDOES are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ToF‐SIMS analysis of friction surfaces tested with mixtures of a phosphite and a friction modifier
Authors: Murase Atsushi , Ohmori Toshihide
Published: August 2002

The adsorption behaviour of a mixture of lubricant additives onto ferrous materials has been investigated by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). Six mixtures were made by mixing one of two types of phosphites and one of three types of friction modifiers for subjecting to lubrication tests. By ToF‐SIMS analysis of the friction surfaces tested with these mixtures, the following conclusions were obtained. Adsorption of palmitic acid and glycerol monooleate was inhibited in the presence of phosphites, but the adsorption of oleyl amine was not inhibited by the phosphites. On the other hand, the reaction of tri‐n‐butylphosphite was inhibited in the presence of oleyl amine, but for other mixed systems no inhibition of the reaction of phosphites by a friction modifier was observed. Except for oleyl amine mixed systems, the amount of reaction product of the phosphites was found to be correlated to the lubrication properties for all of the other mixture systems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple procedure to compute the sample size needed to compare two independent groups when the population variances are unequal
Authors: Singer Júlia
Published: August 2002

The usual methods of sample size determination which assume the homogeneity of within‐group variances are not sufficiently robust against the violation of this assumption. A method using Satterthwaite's correction for unequal variances is given. It is shown that in the case of unequal variances the minimum total sample size is attained when the allocation ratio is equal to the proportion of the standard deviations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Displaying clinical data relationships using scaled rectangle diagrams
Authors: Marshall Roger J.
Published: August 2002

A method is presented to draw rectangles to represent categorical data relationships. The idea is an adaptation of a scaled Venn diagram. Rectangles are drawn with area proportional to the frequency of categories and the rectangles are positioned to overlap each other so that the areas of overlap are in proportion to the joint frequencies of the characteristics. The diagrams are especially useful to illustrate symptom co‐occurrence. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Job stress, work satisfaction and physician militancy
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2002

The introduction of a national health care system in Canada has resulted in regular and increasing conflict between the medical profession, government and other political actors. The present study utilizes as stressor–strain framework to understand physician militancy in Canada. Data were collected from 2087 male and female physicians using questionnaires completed anonymously. A research model was developed and tested using LISREL. Work experiences and gender served as exogenous variables, professional stress and work satisfaction served as endogenous variables, and support for withdrawal of non‐emergency services and for reconstitution as labour unions served as outcome measures. The data provided a good fit to the research model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
JGAP: a Java‐based graph algorithms platform
Authors: Chen Ding‐Yi , Chuang Tyng‐Ruey , Tsai Shi‐Chun
Published: August 2002

We describe JGAP, a web‐based platform for designing and implementing Java‐coded graph algorithms. The platform contains a library of common data structures for implementing graph algorithms, features a ‘plug‐and‐play’ modular design for adding new algorithm modules, and includes a performance meter to measure the execution time of implemented algorithms. JGAP is also equipped with a graph editor to generate and modify graphs to have specific properties. JGAP's graphic user interface further allows users to compose, in a functional way, computation sequences from existing algorithm modules so that output from an algorithm is used as input for another algorithm. Hence, JGAP can be viewed as a visual graph calculator for helping experiment with and teach graph algorithm design. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some perils of performance prediction: a case study on pattern matching
Authors: Fenwick Peter
Published: August 2002

Recent experience with string searching or pattern matching algorithms revealed wide discrepancies between predicted and observed performance. Further observations on a variety of computers revealed even greater variations between those algorithms on different computers. These observations are collected here as an example of problems in real‐world comparison of algorithms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general purpose font module for multilingual application programs
Authors: Kakugawa H. , Nishikimi M. , Takahashi N. , Tomura S. , Handa K.
Published: August 2002

Multilingual information processing technology has enabled us to handle the text of many languages and scripts. Technical difficulties, however, still remain in the field of displaying and printing text. Windowing systems and printers often lack support for scripts that are not widely used and there has been no simple and flexible remedy for this problem.

In this paper, we describe the general font module VFlib for multilingual text. VFlib knows how fonts are represented in different font formats and obtains glyphs as bitmap images from various font files. As VFlib provides a unified interface for font access, application programs can employ many font types without handling their details.

We have also implemented previewers and printer drivers that use VFlib as the font retrieval module. These application programs include a program named ps‐multi that prints multi‐script text created with the multilingual text editor Emacs version 20 or later. From our experiences of implementing these application programs, we believe that VFlib is a simple and powerful solution for multi‐script text printing and displaying. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pursuing coherence in software process assessment and improvement
Authors: Cattaneo F. , Fuggetta A. , Sciuto D.
Published: August 2002

The improvement of software development processes is certainly one of the top priorities of the IT industry. Software has become the most critical component in any modern product and service. All sectors of our society have been affected and influenced by the introduction of software and software‐based features. To support the improvement of software development processes, a number of process assessment and improvement techniques have been proposed and applied in a significant number of cases. However, the evaluation of the effects produced by the introduction of assessment and improvement methods and models is raising much controversy among researchers and practitioners. In particular, it is extremely difficult to evaluate if, under what circumstances, and to what extent an assessment approach (and the consequent improvement plan) has had a direct, significant and positive impact on the company performance. This paper reports our experiences in conducting process assessment/improvement initiatives in three companies. The assessments have been based on SEI's Capability Maturity Model for software (Software CMM). The main finding of this study is that effective process assessment (and consequently improvement) models/methods must necessarily pursue the coherent improvement of all the aspects of a company and not just of the engineering factors. In the paper we provide a detailed discussion of the case studies and of the motivations that justify our position. Also, as a synthesis of our experiences, we outline a strategy to software process assessment and improvement that takes into account the concerns and requirements we have identified in our work. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Findings from Phase 2 of the SPICE trials
Authors: Jung Ho‐Won , Hunter Robin , Goldenson Dennis R. , El‐Emam Khaled
Published: August 2002

The international SPICE (Software Process Improvement and Capability dEtermination) project was set up to support the development of the ISO/IEC 15504 standard for software process assessment (SPA). The project mounted a set of trials to validate the emerging standard against the goals and requirements defined at the start of the SPICE project and to verify the consistency and usability of its component parts. A considerable number of empirical evaluation studies have been conducted during the Phase 2 SPICE Trials based on ISO/IEC PDTR 15504 (between September 1996 and June 1998). Such an exercise is unprecedented in the software engineering standards community and it provides a unique opportunity for empirical validation. The purpose of this paper is to present major parts of the findings of the empirical studies conducted as part of the SPICE Project during Phase 2 of the SPICE Trials. The topics covered in this paper include (i) investigation into reasons for performing SPAs, (ii) evaluation of the internal consistency of the capability dimension, (iii) use of interrater agreement as a measure of the reliability of assessments, (iv) evaluation of the predictive validity of process capability, (v) evaluation of an exemplar model (Part 5), (vi) identification of factors influencing assessor effort, and (vii) empirical comparison between ISO/IEC PDTR 15504 and ISO 9001. Major lessons learned as well as future research directions are summarized on the strengths and weaknesses of ISO/IEC 15505. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New regional community creation, medical and educational applications through video‐based information networks
Authors: Kodama Mitsuru
Published: August 2002

Against the backdrop of recent developments in multimedia and information technology (IT), video‐based information networks being constructed on a platform chiefly composed of the two core technologies of video terminals and integrated services digital network (ISDN) are gaining worldwide recognition through the deployment of videophones, videoconferencing systems and digital network ISDN technology. New forms of virtual community based on interactive, virtual communication continue to be fashioned, particularly in relation to the promotion of IT in regions of Japan. The paper will point out that in the future video‐based information networks will be an important multimedia communication platform for creating new regional‐level virtual communities to further regional invigoration, and also point out that video IT will be able to create new virtual multimedia applications in medical and educational fields. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Turing's carnal error: some guidelines for a contextual inquiry into the embodied mind
Authors: Neuman Yair
Published: August 2002

Mainstream cognitive science has usually adopted a disembodied conception of the mind, according to which we have a faculty of reason separate from our faculties of perception and bodily movement. In this paper, I present Lakoff and Johnson's elaborated theory of embodiment and criticize it for ignoring the cultural aspects as well as the recursive nature of the human mind. Finally, I present some guidelines for a contextual inquiry into the embodied mind by leaning on ideas from cybernetics and socio‐cultural psychology. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impaired preprodynorphin, but not preproenkephalin, mRNA induction in the striatum of mGluR1 mutant mice in response to acute administration of the full dopamine D1 agonist SKF‐82958
Authors: Mao Limin , Conquet François , Wang John Q.
Published: August 2002

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) is highly expressed in striatonigral projection neurons of rat striatum. To define the role of mGluR1 in the regulation of striatal gene expression, the responsiveness of the three neuropeptide gene expression to a single injection of the dopamine D1 agonist SKF‐82958 was compared between mGluR1 mutant and wild‐type control mice. We found that acute injection of SKF‐82958 increased preprodynorphin (PPD), substance P (SP), and preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNAs in the dorsal and ventral striatum of mutant and wild‐type mice in a dose‐dependent manner (0.125, 0.5, and 2 mg/kg, i.p.) as revealed by quantitative in situ hybridization. However, the induction of PPD mRNA in both the dorsal and ventral striatum of mGluR1 −/− mice was significantly less than that of wild‐type +/+ mice in response to the two higher doses of SKF‐82958. In contrast to PPD, SP and PPE in the dorsal and ventral striatum of mGluR1 mutant mice were elevated to a similar level as that of wild‐type mice. There were no differences in basal levels and distribution patterns of all three mRNAs between the two genotypes of mice treated with saline. These results indicate that mGluR1 selectively participates in striatonigral PPD induction in response to D1 receptor stimulation. Synapse 44:86–93, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The SEI transition partner program for CMMISM
Authors: Vernick Judy A. , Jackson Purvis M. , Thomas William R.
Published: August 2002

The Software Engineering Institute's Transition Partner Program encourages the rapid adoption of software engineering innovations, while maintaining a consistent approach to instruction and ensuring high‐quality results. This article describes how the program works for Capability Maturity Model®IntegrationSM(CMMISM), including the reasons that organizations seek to become SEI‐authorized transition partners for CMMISM and the criteria and steps for becoming partners. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 5: 27–31, 2002; DOI 10.1002/sys.10010
Computer‐aided plant enterprise safety management system (CAPE‐SAFE)—design framework
Authors: Gabbar Hossam A. , Chung P.W.H. , Shimada Yukiyasu , Suzuki Kazuhiko
Published: August 2002

Recent researches in the area of safety engineering highlighted the role of automated (computer‐aided) tools in managing plant enterprise safety activities. This research has been carried out as collaboration with industry to design a computer‐aided plant enterprise safety management system called CAPE‐SAFE. The solution has been proposed to fulfill the need for standard and integrated safety management system that covers all aspects of plant enterprise safety. The proposed solution is integrated with other systems and components within plant enterprise engineering environment (PEEE) to enable exchanging and sharing lifecycle information and knowledge. The information system structure of the proposed solution has been presented as well as the design framework of the system components and modules. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) continuous plant is used as a case study to illustrate the mechanism of CAPE‐SAFE and to describe the interaction with other components within PEEE. The proposed solution will help in reducing the overall operating cost as well as the risk associated with plant operation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5: 109–122, 2002
Elastic analysis of asymmetric tall building structures
Authors: Hoenderkamp J. C. D.
Published: August 2002

A simplified elastic hand method for estimating forces in asymmetric multi‐bent structures subjected to horizontal loading is presented. The structures may consist of combinations of coupled walls, rigid frames, braced frames and wall‐frames with shear walls. Results for structures that are uniform in height compare closely with results from stiffness matrix analysis. The method is developed from coupled‐wall deflection theory, which is expressed in nondimensional structural parameters. It accounts for bending deformations in all individual members as well as for axial deformations in the vertical members and is, therefore, more accurate for very tall structures. A closed solution of coupled differential equations for deflection and rotation gives the deflected shape along the height of the building. The proposed method of analysis offers a relatively simple and rapid means of comparing the shear forces and bending moments of different stability systems for a proposed tall building. The derivation of equations for analysis shown in this paper are for unisymmetric stability systems only, but the method is also applicable to general asymmetric structures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sister chromatid exchange induced by several types of coffees in Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Santa‐Maria A. , López A. , Díaz M.M. , Ortíz A.I. , Caballo C.
Published: August 2002

Different brands of commercial caffeinated and decaffeinated coffees (roasted, high roast, blend ground, and instant coffees) were studied. These coffees were tested for their ability to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in CHO‐K1 cells. Tests were performed in the presence and in the absence of a metabolic activation system (S‐9 mix). Results were compared to the roasting procedure because genotoxic products could be formed from these processes. Our results indicate that caffeinated instant coffees showed higher genotoxic activity than decaffeinated coffees. Non‐significant genotoxic activity was detected with the green coffee (unroasted). The highest increase of the frequency of SCE occurred when the caffeinated instant coffee was tested in the absence of metabolic activation system. The repeatability of the test was checked through three assays with the same sample. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:207–211, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the mutational specificity of DNA cross‐linking mutagens by the Lac+ reversion assay with Escherichia coli
Authors: Ohta Toshihiro , Ohmae Satoru , Yamaya Kaori , Kanemichi Yukari , Tokishita Shin‐ichi , Yamagata Hideo
Published: August 2002

The mutational specificities of DNA cross‐linking compounds such as cisplatin, transplatin, carboplatin, mitomycin C, psoralen, and 8‐methoxypsoralen were investigated in lacZ reversion assay systems of Escherichia coli. Tester strains were constructed by introducing the six kinds of F′ plasmids (lacI–, lacZ461, and proAB+), each of which carries a different base‐substitution mutation within the lacZ gene. Each of the six possible base‐substitution mutations was assayed by Lac+ reversion. Cisplatin induced G·C→A·T transitions and G·C→T·A transversions, with the former predominating. Transplatin induced A·T→G·C transitions in addition to G·C→A·T transitions and G·C→T·A. Carboplatin weakly induced G·C→A·T transitions. On the other hand, mitomycin C induced only G·C→T·A transversions, while psoralen and 8‐methoxypsoralen reactivated with near‐UV irradiation induced A·T→G·C transitions preferentially. The Lac+ reversion system was very convenient for rapidly determining mutational spectra. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:275–282, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure‐disease continuum for 2‐chloro‐2′‐deoxyadenosine (2‐CdA), a prototype teratogen: Induction of lumbar hernia in the rat and species comparison for the teratogenic responses
Authors: Lau Christopher , Narotsky Michael G. , Lui Doris , Best Deborah , Setzer R. Woodrow , Mann Peter C. , Wubah Judith A. , Knudsen Thomas B.
Published: August 2002

Background

The purine analog 2‐chloro‐2′‐deoxyadenosine (2‐CdA) caused ocular and limb defects in the mouse and rabbit. The current study examined the teratogenic potential of this drug in the rat and compared the adverse developmental outcomes with the other species.

Methods

Timed‐pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection of various doses of 2‐CdA ranging from 5–60 mg/kg, at gestational day (GD) 9.5 and GD 14. 2‐CdA concentrations in maternal serum and embryos were measured by HPLC and termed fetuses were prepared for teratological examination.

Results

Full‐litter resorption was seen in dams receiving 50 mg/kg of 2‐CdA at GD 9.5, whereas post‐implantation loss was significantly increased and fetal weights significantly reduced at 40 mg/kg. Gross examination of the surviving fetuses revealed microphthalmia, a shortened body trunk and lumbar hernia, manifested by a soft mass protrusion at the lumbar region on one or both sides of the spine. Incidence of these defects increased in a dose‐dependent fashion. Histological examination indicated that the hernia was associated with hypoplasia of the body wall, poorly developed skeletal muscle bundles surrounding the vertebral column in the lumbar region, and an absence of the lateral muscle groups that allowed protrusion of the abdominal viscera. The lumbar hernia was generally accompanied by spina bifida, deformed ribs and a wide spectrum of soft tissue‐abnormalities that included kidney, genitourinary and heart defects. At GD 14, exposure to 2‐CdA at 60 mg/kg produced oligodactyly in one of six litters.

Conclusions

2‐CdA produced similar ocular defects in the rat and mouse, although the incidence was much lower in the former species. In contrast, the drug‐induced lumbar hernia was only seen in the rat. These apparent disparities were not readily explained by species differences in pharmacokinetic parameters. the similarities between the teratological features of 2‐CdA‐induced lumbar hernia in the rat and the clinical description of lumbocostovertebral syndrome, however, may provide a key to unlock the etiology of this rare birth defect in humans. Teratology 66:6–18, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transplacental exposure to methylene blue initiates teratogenesis in the mouse: Preliminary evidence for a mechanistic implication of cyclic GMP pathway disruption
Authors: Tiboni Gian Mario , Lamonaca Debora
Published: August 2002

Background

The vital dye methylene blue (MB) has been shown to be teratogenic when injected into the amnion in the second trimester. On the other hand, the teratogenic potential of transplacental exposure to MB has not been determined.

Methods

MB was administered subcutaneously to ICR (CD‐1) mice at 0, 35, 50, 60, or 70 mg/kg on gestation day 8 (plug day = day 0). Teratological assessments were carried out at term gestation, on gestation day 18. Since MB inhibits soluble guanylate cyclase enzyme activity, zaprinast (ZPN), a selective cGMP‐phosphodiesterase type V inhibitor, was administered to prevent developmental disorders initiated by MB at 50 mg/kg.

Results

There was a dose‐dependent increment of embryolethality. MB treatment also produced axial skeleton and neural tube defects. Coadministration of ZPN (20 mg/kg per three times) abolished completely MB‐induced neural tube defects and reduced by one‐half the incidence of fetuses exhibiting axial skeletal defects. ZPN did not provide protection against the embryocidal effects of MB.

Conclusions

This study showed that transplacental exposure to MB is teratogenic in the mouse. Coadministration of ZPN prevented partly MB‐induced teratogenesis, which supports the hypothesis that imbalance of cGMP pathway accounts, in part, for the teratogenicity of MB. Teratology 64:213–220, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dysmorphology in the bible and the talmud
Authors: Wyszynski Diego F.
Published: August 2002

This article enumerates the congenital anomalies mentioned in the Bible and the Talmud, the two holiest and oldest texts in Judaism. Most of these conditions were described to regulate attributes that would disqualify a Priest from performing religious rituals in the Temple in Jerusalem. However, the cultural atmosphere in Biblical and Talmudical times was one in which physical deformity did not necessarily evoke a negative aesthetic reaction, an assumption of ill health, or the expectation of economic dependence. Teratology 64:221–225, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of VLA‐4 antagonists in rat whole embryo culture
Authors: Spence Stan , Vetter Christine , Hagmann William K. , Van Riper Gail , Williams Hollis , Mumford Richard A. , Lanza Thomas J. , Lin Linus S. , Schmidt John A.
Published: August 2002

Background

Pharmacological antagonism of VLA‐4 (Very Late Antigen 4, α4β1 integrin) has become an attractive target for the treatment of predominantly eosinophil mediated disease states such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease. Gene knockouts of the α4‐integrin subunit of VLA‐4 or its cell surface ligand, VCAM‐1, however, have been shown to result in embryo‐lethality in homozygous null mice due to defects in chorio‐allantoic or epi‐myocardial fusion. Although gene knockout phenotypes are not always manifested by pharmacological antagonism, those studies suggested that VLA‐4 antagonists might cause embryo‐lethality or drug‐induced malformations.

Methods

To test these concepts, early neurulating rat embryos were cultured by the methods of New ('78) after intra‐coelomic microinjection of a VLA‐4 blocking antibody or in the presence of small molecule VLA‐4 antagonists.

Results

Defects in chorio‐allantoic fusion were induced after microinjection of VLA4 blocking antibody and after continuous exposure to small molecule antagonists. In a minority of affected embryos chorio‐allantoic fusion was completely blocked whereas the majority of affected embryos had only superficial chorio‐allantoic fusion and the allantois was enlarged and edematous. Although the allantoic mesoderm covered the trophoblasts of the chorionic plate and contained blood vessels there was only minimal invasion of the trophoblasts by the allantoic mesoderm. The lowest observed effect level generally correlated with the IC∼95, as determined in 90% plasma.

Discussion

Based on these data, VLA‐4 antagonism might represent a significant risk to the developing embryo/fetus. In vitro exposure, however, is “constant” and does not take into account the elimination phase of these xenobiotics in vivo. Given the high concentrations required to elicit an effect, therapeutic blood levels in vivo may be several fold lower than those that affect the conceptus, depending on the tissue penetration of the compound and the route of administration. VLA‐4 also exists in a range of conformations and activation states in vivo and the gene KOs and present studies do not define whether these developmental processes are dependent upon a particular activation state of VLA‐4. Therefore, state‐selective antagonists may have an improved embryonic safety profile. Additional studies will be required to determine potential effects of VLA‐4 antagonists on embryo/fetal development in vivo. Teratology 65:26–37, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Useful Properties of Exchange Rate Forecasts for Risk Management and Derivative Pricing
Authors: Benrud Erik
Published: August 2002

We examine three useful properties of the yen/dollar exchange‐rate forecasts that are published in January and July in the Wall Street Journal. Those properties are the level of explanatory power, whether some forecasters are consistently better than others, and whether the dispersion of forecasts can predict the volatility of the exchange rates. The results show that the relative accuracy of the individual forecasts has not been random each period, and the evidence suggests that some forecasters are consistently better than others. The forecasts from the best forecasters explain about half of the variability in the semiannual exchange‐rate series. Finally, the dispersion of all the forecasts each period, as measured by the standard deviation, has predictive power with respect to the daily volatility of the forecasts for the three months following the survey. This final property has implications for the pricing and use of currency options. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the Practical Application of the Real Options Theory
Authors: Botteron Pascal
Published: August 2002

This article aims to present and explain the potential of the real options theory. This theory can help solve many corporate problems in the field of investment strategies. It incorporates a wide range of internal and external factors that are playing a potential role in strategy outcome. The real options tool has already been applied in many industries and many divisions of their business. The main advantage of this methodology is that management is forced to develop a more structured thinking pad due to the fact that real options is based on a clear and accurate procedure. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.