bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
61.1: Kinematics of Visual Search by Tunnel Vision Patients with Augmented Vision See‐Through HMD
Authors: Luo Gang , Peli Eli
Published: January 2005

An augmented vision see‐through HMD, which displays a minified contour view of the real world over the residual visual field of tunnel vision patients, was evaluated in a visual search experiment. Kinematic evaluation of subjects' eye and head movements showed that tunnel vision patients could find and locate targets outside their visual fields faster and more efficiently with the device than without an aid or with an acoustic cue.
61.2: Eye Movements During Visual and Auditory Task Performance
Authors: Viirre Erik , Van Orden Karl , Wing Shawn , Chase Bradley , Pribe Christopher , Taliwal Vikas , Kwak Julie
Published: January 2005

The primary focus of this research effort was the tracking of eye movements during complex cognitive tasks. 8 volunteers performed a visual tracking task alone and a combination of the visual task and the auditory Paced Serial Addition Task (PASAT). Results showed a reduction in range on the order of 50% for eye movements and an increase in variability of vergence eye movements during the dual‐task. This change can be characterized as visual tunneling.
61.3: Invited Paper: A Virtual Display for Mobile Use
Authors: Häkkinen Jukka
Published: January 2005

Mobile devices have small displays, so a virtual display that would bring the benefits of a large computer display to users would be an interesting mobile accessory. However, sickness symptoms are a problem that should be solved before a virtual display can be successful. To explore the symptom levels induced by virtual displays, we have tested several head‐worn virtual display types in various contexts. Our results indicate that monocular and stereoscopic displays induce significant amount of adverse symptoms. On the other hand, the symptom levels induced by biocular displays are not different from the symptoms induced by direct view displays. The results suggest that a biocular display might be the best alternative as a mobile accessory.
12.1: Digital Cinema Projection with R‐LCOS Displays
Authors: Kurtz Andrew F. , Silverstein Barry D. , Cobb Joshua M.
Published: January 2005

A digital cinema projector developed by Eastman Kodak Company, utilizing three JVC QXGA liquid crystal displays (LCDs), and providing 12,000 lumens, 2,000:1 contrast, and 3 Mpixel resolution, is described. This system, which has a novel optical configuration, wire grid polarizers and polarization compensators, provides high contrast at low F#, a large color gamut, and minimal stress birefringence at high power.
17.3: High‐Performance Blue OLEDs Based on a Sterically Hindered Pyrene Host Material
Authors: Yeh Chia‐Chun , Lee Meng‐Ting , Chen Hsian‐Hung , Chen Chin H.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a highly efficient blue OLED emitter based on a sterically hindered fluorescent host material of tetra(o‐tolyl) pyrene (TOTP) which effectively suppresses the excimer emission of its EL. Doped with DSA‐Ph of matching LUMO/HOMO, the new TOTP produces blue device with luminance efficiency of 8.64 cd/A at 20 mA/cm2 and 7.1 V with a CIEx, y color coordinate of [0.15, 0.28].
19.1:Distinguished Paper:Towards A Low Cost High Quality Carbon Nanotubes Field Emission Display
Authors: Dijon Jean , Boronat Jean François , Fournier Adeline , De Monsabert Thomas Goislard , Montmayeul Brigitte , Levis Michel , Levy Francois , Sarrasin Denis , Meyer Robert , Dean Kenneth A. , Coll Bernard F. , Johnson Scott V. , Hagen Carl , Jaskie James E.
Published: January 2005

We have developed field emission display technology driven by Chemical Vapor Deposition grown carbon nanotube emitters incorporated in a simple, low cost device structure. Here we report in frit‐sealed test vehicles 3000Cd/m2brightness at 3kV, a lifetime of 7500 hours with only 40% degradation. We also demonstrate the scalability of the technology with a uniform, high brightness, 6″ QVGA cathode array showing video images with a switching voltage of ∼ 50 V.
19.2: Spray‐Coating Process for Preparing CNT‐FED Cathode
Authors: Kuo Chih‐Che , Hsiao Chun‐Yen , Li Yu‐An , Chen Shih‐Hsun , Lee Shie‐Heng , Chen Guo‐Hua , Hsu Jui‐Ting , Hsu Li‐Jen , Fang Jin‐Shou , Cheng Kevin , Chan Te‐Fong , Yu Yuan‐Hsiang
Published: January 2005

A novel process for fabricating field emission display (FED) devices with spray‐coating method is proposed. Spray‐coating method can be applied to cathode and even possible for anode fabrication process. It is a fast and low cost process that is easily scaling up for large size panel. Mixing MWNT, which is synthesized by arc‐discharge, some conductive materials, and binding with solvent makes CNT mixture for spraying. Cathode is coated with CNT film by the spray process. After sintering process, it is evaluated by electron emission. This diode type CNT‐FED with spray‐coating process possessed good electron emission properties.
23.2: Understanding the Dominant Charge Carrier in Polyfluorenes: Its Consequences for Lifetime and Efficiency
Authors: Fletcher R. , Radler M. , Wu W. , Bernius M. , O'Brien J. , Kaczan S. , Honeman T.
Published: January 2005

Single carrier devices have been made with LUMATION Light‐Emitting Polymers (LEPs) in order to gain an understanding of the majority charge carrier in the system. By changing the cathode structure, the majority carrier and charge balance in the system can be tuned. As a consequence, the lifetime of the device can be tuned and yields characteristic luminance decay. Using this information, and data from single carrier device lifetimes an understanding of mechanisms of diode device degradation can be gained.
24.3: Improvement of Luminous Efficiency in AC PDP with Nano‐porous Al2O3 as Protecting Layer
Authors: Park Sung Yun , Kim Sang Ho , Shin Bhum Jae , Cho Jin Hoon , Kim Sung Soo , Park Sung‐Jin , Lee Kyu‐Wang , Choi Kyung Cheol
Published: January 2005

Nano‐porous Al2O3 thin film prepared by electrochemical anodization was formed on the dielectric layer as protecting layer in an AC PDP. The AC PDP adopting nano‐porous Al2O3 as a protecting layer showed the reduced discharge current and the better luminance characteristics compared to the conventional AC PDP with MgO. The luminous efficiency of the AC PDP with nano‐porous Al2O3 was 1.9 times as much as that of conventional PDP with MgO. The static sustain margin of the AC PDP with nano‐porous Al2O3 was about 100 V at 600 torr and 70 V at 62.5 KHz.
25.3: Concept of a Carbon‐Nanotube FED with a Normally on Driving Under‐Gate Structure
Authors: Zhong Xuefei , Fan Zhaowen , Tang Yongming , Yin Hanchun , Tu Yan , Wang Baoping , Tong Linsu
Published: January 2005

The structure and working principle of a normally on driving under‐gate FED are presented in this paper. Different from traditional under‐gate driving scheme, field emission electrons are pulled out from cathode by anode voltage, and restrained by negative gate voltage. The electric field inside the emission region was calculated by finite element method. The emission property of the cathode was also studied by numerical calculation method. The results indicated that a uniform and large emission area could be obtained in this new under‐gate FED. The study may provide a powerful theoretic support for the feasibility of this new kind under‐gate FED. This normally on driving under‐gate FED achieves large emission area, notable emission uniformity, high luminance efficacy and high anode voltage.
27.1: MICC Poly‐Si TFTs for AMLCDs
Authors: Son Yong Duck , Kim Hyo Jun , Hur Ji Ho , Lee Jin Soo , Choi Jong Hyun , Kim Jin O. , Choo Byung Kwon , Park Kyu Chang , Choi Dong Kyu , Maghsoodi S. , Warner R. R. , Cerny G. A. , Jang Jin
Published: January 2005

A novel LTPS method called MICC (metal‐induced crystallization using a cap) is introduced. The role of cap layer on a‐Si is the control of the nickel concentration for inducing crystallization as well as the passivation of the surface during thermal process for crystallization. Circular grain growth can be seen, due to lateral grain growth from a seed. Polycrystalline silicon with large grain and smooth surface can be achieved by MICC. We fabricated a AMLCD with high aperture ratio of 80 % using silicon‐based spin‐on low‐K dielectrics as a planarization layer.
42.4: A New Synthetic Route to ZnGa2O4:Mn2+ Phosphor Utilizing Oxalic Acid for Both Facile Synthesis and in Aiding to Ensure that Mn2+ is not Oxidized During the Firing Process
Authors: Silver J. , Lipman A. L. , Fern G. R. , Withnall R.
Published: January 2005

A low voltage cathodoluminescent ZnGa2O4:Mn2+ phosphor has been prepared by a novel oxalate gel synthetic route. This phosphor has a higher brightness than ZnGa2O4:Mn2+ phosphors made by solid state reactions and its smaller, more regular particles can pack densely in high definition screens. This means that the new method has the potential not only to produce superior Zn1−xMn xGa2O4 phosphor, but because of the relatively low firing temperature (500 °C) it should in addition be a cheaper process.
Recent progress in device performance and picture quality of color plasma displays
Authors: Sato Yoichi , Amemiya Kimio , Uchidoi Masataka
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

This paper will describe the R&D history of color plasma displays (PDPs) at Pioneer. The goals of device performance for color PDPs compared to those of CRTs will be described. The device performance includes luminance, contrast ratio, resolution, gray scale, dynamic false contours, and image quality. In order to improve the device performance described above, the technologies developed by Pioneer will be described. These include T‐shaped electrode, WAFFLE rib structure, CLEAR driving method, and high‐quality video processing. Finally, the next generation of color PDPs will be described in terms of device performance and new technologies.
Photoalignment of LCoS LCDs
Authors: Seiberle H. , Muller O. , Marck G. , Schadt M.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Because the pixel area of liquid‐crystal‐on‐silicon (LCoS) microdisplays is about 100 times smaller than that of direct‐view liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs), the limitations of the conventional alignment by brushing are obvious: Scratches and particle contamination caused by brushing become visible due to the strong optical magnification required for LCoS LCDs both in front or rear projection. As an alternative, photoalignment with the linear photo‐polymerization (LPP) technology avoids the generation of defects, thus increasing production yields considerably. For application in LCoS LCDs, alignment layer materials must match the high‐voltage holding ratio (VHR) specifications of TFT‐LCDs. The VHR performance of the newly developed second‐generation LPP materials is shown to be similar to standard TFT polyimides used for conventional brushed alignment. We report investigations of pretilt‐angle generation by photoalignment on reflective CMOS substrates. UV light reflected from the CMOS surface during LPP exposure affects the resulting pretilt angle. Compared to pretilt angles on transmissive substrates, the reflected UV light can induce lower, higher, or identical pretilt angles, depending on LPP material properties. In any case, the pretilt angles are well defined, which results in perfect LCD alignment.
Influence of alkyldiacrylate side‐chains on electro‐optical properties in liquid crystal/composite films
Authors: Fujisawa T. , Nakata H. , Hayashi M. , Tani Y. , Maruyama K. , Aizawa M.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

In order to realize a paper‐like display using polymer‐network liquid‐crystal (PNLC) films, an increase in backscattering intensity is required. The morphology of the films, and the molecular interactions between the liquid crystals and polymers forming the polymer network, both play an important role in determining film electro‐optical properties such as the driving voltage and the reflectance. We have analyzed several factors related to the morphology of the films. Aiming at a reduction in the driving voltage, the effects of alkyl side‐chains in diacrylates have been investigated. Based on the results, we successfully produced a prototype paper‐like display.
UHP lamps for projection
Authors: Moench Holger , Derra Guenther , Fischer Ernst , Riederer Xaver
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

UHP lamps are now standard equipment in highly efficient projection systems. These systems are moving toward smaller displays, brighter screens, and ultra‐compactness. Consequently, a range of UHP lamps has been developed to fulfil these ever‐increasing demands. This paper describes the basic principles of UHP lamps and reviews the major achievements made over the last several years, which include reduction in arc size, arc stabilization, and ignition voltage reduction.
Flexible ferroelectric liquid‐crystal devices containing fine polymer fibers
Authors: Fujikake Hideo , Murashige Takeshi , Sato Hiroto , Iino Yoshiki , Kawakita Masahiro , Kikuchi Hiroshi
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A new flexible ferroelectric liquid‐crystal‐display device with gray‐scale capability has been created by using submicrometer‐diameter polymer fibers. The polymer fibers, which are formed by photopolymerization of aligned monomer molecules in liquid crystal, align the ferroelectric liquid crystal and mechanically support two flexible thin plastic substrates. The composite film made of liquid crystal and polymer with a thickness of 2 μm was formed between the plastic substrates by using a fabrication method consisting of coating, lamination, and ultraviolet irradiation processes without the conventional gap‐forming and injection processes. The fabricated flexible device revealed gray‐scale capability due to the change in spatial distribution of micrometer‐sized binary‐switching liquid‐crystal domains. From the polarizing microscope observation, it was found that the switching domains are generated and expanded from the areas with poor polymer density. The experimental results indicated that the polymer fibers spatially modulate the threshold voltage for molecular switching. Our device exhibits great potential for flexible large‐sized light‐weight motion‐image displays.
Ultra‐FFS TFT‐LCD with super image quality, fast response time, and strong pressure‐resistant characteristics
Authors: Lee Seung Hee , Kim Hyang Yul , Lee Seung Min , Hong Seung Ho , Kim Jin Mahn , Koh Jai Wan , Lee Jung Yeal , Park Hae Sung
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Fringe‐field‐switching (FFS) devices using liquid‐crystal (LC) with a negative dielectric anisotropy exhibit high transmittance and wide viewing angle simultaneously. Recently, we have developed an “Ultra‐FFS” thin‐film‐transistor (TFT) LCD using LC with a positive dielectric anisotropy that exhibits high transmittance, is color‐shift free, has a high‐contrast ratio in a wide range, experiences no crosstalk and has a fast response time of 25 msec. In this paper, the device concept is discussed, and, in addition, the pressure‐resistant characteristics of the devices compared with that of the twisted‐nematic (TN) LCD is discussed.
Low‐power‐consumption TFT‐LCD with dynamic memory embedded in the pixels
Authors: Tokioka H. , Agari M. , Inoue M. , Yamamoto T. , Murai H. , Nagata H.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A low‐power‐consumption thin‐film‐transistor liquid‐crystal display (TFT‐LCD) with dynamic memory cells embedded in each pixel using low‐temperature poly‐Si technology has been developed. By holding data in the memory, the operating rate of the data driver can be dramatically reduced to 4 Hz. Eight levels of gray scale with low power consumption can be achieved by using the area‐ratio gray‐scale method. This TFT‐LCD can be used for displaying fine still images, with low power consumption.
Light‐emitting polymers for full‐color display applications
Authors: Heeks S. K. , Burroughes J. H. , Towns C. , Cina S. , Baynes N. , Athanassopoulou N. , Carter J. C. , Miyashita S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

The latest developments in light‐emitting‐polymer (LEP) technology at CDT continue to show steady progress. Device performance for blue, green, and red systems as well as a high‐performance yellow system in terms of device efficiency and stability will be described. Some of the issues associated with the commercialization of LEP technology including the development of direct‐patterning techniques enabling full‐color passive‐ and active‐matrix display will be discussed.
Development of a high‐definition 32‐in. PDP
Authors: Kosaka T. , Iwase N. , Fujimoto S. , Masuda T. , Ohira K. , Amatsu M. , Namiki F. , Ishigaki M. , Ohtaka H. , Kimura Y. , Okayasu J. , Matsui N. , Umehara K. , Kishi T. , Kariya K. , Ohki H. , Irie K.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

We developed the world's smallest‐profile 32‐in. HDTV PDP. By improving the luminous efficiency, a luminance of 650 cd/m2 and power consumption (discharge and driving circuit) of 200 W or less was achieved. Moreover, incorporating an advanced color compensating (ACC) filter improved the PDP's color‐reproduction capability, better than that of CRTs.
Optimized LCD backlight for outdoor and high‐brightness applications
Authors: Blanchard Randall
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A high‐intensity backlight for use with large LCD panels has been developed. It supports the performance and environmental requirements of a display intended for outdoor applications. This backlight technology uses an inductively coupled electrodeless fluorescent lamp with a lifetime of 100,000 hours, instant starting at −40°C and a stable light output over a temperature span of 70°C. The backlight design has been optimized for luminance uniformity and efficiency within a display depth of 6 in. A 21.3‐in. LCD monitor, using this backlight technology, provides an image brightness of 2000 cd/m2 from a single 150‐W lamp.
Polymer‐based transistors used as pixel switches in active‐matrix displays
Authors: Huitema Edzer , Gelinck Gerwin , van der Putten Bas , Cantatore Eugenio , Kuijk Karel , Hart Kees , De Leeuw Dago
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A 2‐in. active‐matrix display was demonstrated, containing 4096 solution‐processed polymer‐based transistors. By using the polymer‐dispersed liquid‐crystal display (LCD) effect, this results in a reflective, low‐power display with paper‐like contrast. The influence of the transistor parameters on the display performance is analyzed by use of a model for charging and discharging of the pixel capacitors. Good agreement was obtained between the model and the experimental data. Scaling behavior allows estimation of the performance required for transistors in a quarter‐VGA display. These requirements are met by solution‐processed pentacene transistors.
High‐deflection‐sensitivity CRTs with filled yoke
Authors: Vissenberg M. C. J. M. , Tuyls P. , Harberts D. W. , van den Berg H. D.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

The trend towards slim CRTs requires deflection yokes (DYs) with an improved deflection sensitivity. We present a new method to improve the deflection sensitivity by 15–25% by filling the space between the ferrite core and deflection coils with a soft magnetic material. The effect was analyzed in terms of a simplified two‐dimensional model. These model calculations were confirmed by three‐dimensional simulations and by experiments on a DY design for the Philips 29‐in. Real Flat CRT.
A new perspective for the thermal degradation mechanism of blue BAM
Authors: Kwon Tae Hyun , Kang Min Soo , Kim Jin Pok , Kim Gyun Joog
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A new thermal degradation mechanism for blue BAM (BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+) under thermal treatment in the presence of water is proposed. The water can be originated either from the thermal treatment steps, such as organic binder baking steps, or from the atmosphere under which blue BAM is being heated. Under such thermal treatment conditions, water molecules can be easily intercalated into the conduction layers of blue BAM, resulting in not only the depreciation of luminance but also in the emission color change toward green. The intercalated water molecules in the conduction layer, where Eu2+ ions are located along with Ba2+ ions, are strongly associated with Eu2+ ions, creating different coordination environments around Eu2+ ions. In this paper, the details of changes in emission behaviors along with water content in the water intercalated blue BAMs are discussed.
A virtual pixel technique for doubling the PDP resolution of moving images
Authors: Shiga T. , Mikoshiba S. , Kariya K.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A virtual pixel technique increases the resolution of spatially discrete pixilated display devices when the eye moves relative to the screen. By using this technique, an effective PDP resolution can be doubled for moving images. For instance, 1280‐horizontal‐pixel data can be displayed on a VGA PDP having only 640 horizontal pixels. The positions and sizes of the virtual pixels are controlled by choosing light‐emission timings and durations of the actual pixels as their images move across the retina.
Tuning of electrical and optical properties of organic LEDs using combinatorial device fabrication
Authors: Beierlein T. A. , Riel H. , Ruhstaller B. , Hofmann H. , Crone B. K. , Karg S. , Riess W.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

The capabilities of combinatorial methods are presented in order to get a detailed understanding of the electrical and optical properties of organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs), to optimize their performance, and to provide reliable data for device modeling. We show results on multilayer OLEDs ranging from the conventional copper‐phthalocyanine (CuPc)/N,N′di‐(naphtalene‐1‐yl)‐N,N′‐diphenyl‐benzidine (NPB) and tris‐(8‐hydroxy‐quinolinato)aluminum (Alq) tri‐layer device to double‐doped deep‐red‐emitting OLEDs.
Active‐matrix technology for high‐efficiency OLED displays
Authors: Hack M. , Kwong R. , Weaver M. S. , Lu M. , Brown J. J.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Organic light‐emitting device (OLED) technology has recently been shown to demonstrate excellent performance and cost characteristics for use in numerous flat‐panel‐display (FPD) applications. Universal Display Corp. (UDC), together with its academic partners at Princeton University and the University of Southern California, are developing high‐efficiency electrophosphorescent OLEDs, based on triplet emission. These material systems show good lifetimes, and are well suited for the commercialization of low‐power‐consumption full‐color active‐matrix OLED displays. Their very high conversion efficiencies may even allow them to be driven by amorphous‐silicon backplanes, and in this paper we consider design guidelines for an amorphous‐silicon pixel to minimize display non‐uniformities due to threshold voltage variations.
LED backlighting for LCD HDTV
Authors: Harbers Gerard , Timmers Wim , Sillevis‐Smitt Willem
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are used today for backlighting of small displays such as PDAs and mobile phones. We show in this paper that a new LED technology can be used for high‐demanding display‐backlighting applications such as LCD HDTV. Using this new type of emitter, called a Luxeon™ Power Light Source, a brightness higher than an edge‐lit CCFL backlight can be achieved, while compared to a direct‐lit CCFL backlight the thickness is lower and the uniformity is better. With on‐going improvements in LED performance over the coming years, LED backlights will reach and even outperform the brightness performance of direct‐lit backlights while maintaining the benefits of edge‐lit solutions at even higher brightness levels.
Driving passive‐matrix LCDs with low hardware complexity and reduced supply voltage
Authors: Panikumar K. G. , Ruckmongathan T. N.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

In passive‐matrix liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs), multiplexing is achieved by using the intrinsic non‐linear characteristics of the liquid‐crystal material. If the electro‐optic characteristic is steeper than necessary for the matrix display, the selection ratio need not be maximized. Instead, the selection ratio can be reduced to match the electro‐optic characteristics of the display. This leads to a reduction in the supply voltage of the drive electronics. We have considered the possibility of using addressing techniques with low hardware complexity along with displays having steep electro‐optic characteristics. Supply voltages for these techniques are compared with that of multi‐line addressing (MLA). The supply voltages of the Hybrid Addressing Technique (HAT), Improved Hybrid Addressing Technique‐S3 (IHAT‐S3), and Improved Hybrid Addressing Technique‐S4 (IHAT‐S4) are lower than that of MLA for the lower range ofN. These hybrid addressing techniques with lower hardware complexity are a better choice for driving passive‐matrix LCDs, especially in portable equipment.
The electrode's edge effect and the theoretical upper limit of the picture‐element density for liquid‐crystal displays
Authors: Yang Guo‐Chen , Wang Cun‐Dao
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A liquid‐crystal‐display (LCD) screen is composed of many picture elements. The size of the electrodes of the picture elements is finite, and that causes edge effects in the director distribution. In order to examine the edge effects, a theoretical model of the electrode must be designed. According to this model, partial differential equations applied to the director distribution are obtained and solved by numerical method. Furthermore, the theoretical upper limit of the picture‐element density will be given.
A vision system for on‐line inspection of CRT electron‐gun grid gaps
Authors: Chang Ming , Lin Kao‐Hui , Mo Chi‐Neng
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A high‐resolution vision system for on‐line measurements of color CRT electron‐gun (E‐gun) grid gaps has been developed. The measurement principle is based on a digital image‐processing technique combined with a multi‐path imaging system. By utilizing the arrangement of multi‐path image processing, the measurements for different types of guns and for different gaps on a gun can be effectively executed with higher resolution. The purposes of on‐line inspection and statistical quality control are also easily implemented. Experiments were executed in the production line of a 15‐in. monitor, and the experimental results show that the system resolution is about 8.5–10 μm and the on‐line inspection index is about 300 pcs/hour.
An electrophoretic deposition process for screening phosphor powders for color displays
Authors: Chang David C. , Talbot Jan B. , Rao Ravi P. , Holland Chris
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A new process incorporating electrophoretic deposition and a photolithographic technique was developed for coating repeating triads of 75‐μm‐wide stripes composed of green ZnSiO4:Mn (P1), red Y2O3:Eu (P56), and blue ZnS:Ag, Cl (P11) phosphor particles. The resolution of the screens produced is 100 triads of phosphor stripes per inch of substrate. SEM micrographs show a high degree of phosphor stripe edge precision with relatively little cross‐contamination. Cathodoluminescence measurements revealed that the chromaticity of the phosphors were not altered by the coating process.
Liquid‐crystal‐material technologies for advanced display applications
Authors: Naemura Shohei
Published: January 2005

Abstract—Ions were dissolved into the liquid‐crystal (LC) materials from peripheral materials and were also generated by electric dissociation. Moreover, those ions are partly stabilized in the form of hydrated or solvated ions with polar molecules. As the ions in an LC slab of display panel deteriorate the image quality, it is essential that LC materials be free from mobile ions and be resilent to contamination by ions. Studies on the generation and behavior of ions in LC materials and their influence on display image quality were successfully applied to the development of advanced LC materials featuring high reliability and high purity, as well as low operational voltage, resulting in sophisticated LCDs with high image quality.
Liquid‐crystal alignment on rubbed polyimide films with various side chains
Authors: Kim S. I. , Shin T. J. , Ree M. , Jung J. C.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A series of polyimides containing various side chains was synthesized in order to investigate the effect of side chains on the alignment of liquid crystals on the rubbed surface. Here, the side chains include short flexible alkyl spacers and isomeric biphenyl mesogens. The pretilting of liquid‐crystal (LC) molecules was found to be very sensitive to the isomeric structure of biphenyl mesogen end groups as well as the conformation and length of flexible spacers, in addition to the rubbing process. The pretilt angle of LC molecules in the LC cell was achieved in a wide angle range of 8–27°, depending upon the rubbing density as well as the side chains. The high performance in the pretilt and alignment of LCs might be attributed mainly to a strong interaction between the biphenyl mesogen end group in the side chain and the LC molecule in addition to the microgrooves generated in the rubbing direction.
Improvement of luminance and luminous efficacy in PDPs
Authors: Oversluize G. , De Zwart S. , van Heusden S. , Dekker T.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The dependence of PDP luminance and efficacy on the input power was investigated for several Xe‐Ne gas mixtures. The input power was varied in two ways: namely, by changing the dielectric‐layer capacitance (thickness) and by changing the sustain voltage. A distinctly different behavior was found; for increasing capacitance the efficacy decreases markedly, whereas for increasing sustain voltage the efficacy increases. A design window comprising the combination of a high Xe concentration and a high sustain voltage was suggested. In this window, a high luminance and a high efficacy are concurrent. A 4‐in. test panel with 10% Xe in Ne has been realized showing a white luminance of 2040 cd/m2 and an efficacy of 2.3 lm/W for continuous sustaining at 50 kHz with a sustain voltage of 225 V.
High luminance and luminance efficiency in PDPs driven by radio‐frequency pulses
Authors: Kang J.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Conventional AC‐PDPs has a relatively low efficiency which is close to 1.5 lm/W. Only 15–20% of the supplied energy is consumed by the Xe excitation, and 60% of energy is consumed by ion heating. If the ac sustain period is replaced by a rf sustain period, due to the oscillating and low electric field, almost 60% of the supplied energy is spent in Xe excitation while only 20% is used up in ion heating. In this paper, we show a new hybrid‐type PDP; the plasma is formed by ac writing pulses, and then it can be sustained due to rf sustaining pulses. When 40‐MHz frequency pulses were applied to the panel during the rf sustain period, the luminance was 1500–2000 cd/m2 in a Ne‐Xe composition at 200–400 Torr. The luminance efficiency was around 4 lm/W.
A MgF2/MgO multiple protecting layer in ac plasma‐display panels
Authors: Lee W. T. , Lee J. W. , Im S. J. , Yu SeGi , Kim J. M. , Han J. G.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A MgF2/MgO multiple protecting layer coated on a MgO layer in ac plasma‐display panels (AC‐PDPs) was developed to obtain high brightness and low driving voltages. The material characteristics of this layer were examined by carefully changing the deposition conditions, and the display characteristics of AC‐PDPs using this protecting layer were studied. It was demonstrated that this new method is effective in lowering the firing and sustaining voltages of PDPs and enhancing the brightness of the panel as well.
Novel photoinduced alignment phenomenon of liquid crystals on aromatic polyamide films
Authors: Akiyama Eiichi , Miyama Yukihiro , Nagase Yu , Nemoto Nobukatsu , Endo Hideyuki , Nihira Takayasu , Fukuro Hiroyoshi , Kohtoh Noriaki
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

The liquid‐crystal (LC) alignment properties of polyamide films exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light were investigated. It was found that the uniform and stable alignment of LC molecules was achieved on films of aromatic polyamides exposed to linearly polarized UV light, even though these polymers contained no common photoreactive group such as cinnamoyl, coumarin, or azo chromophore. The alignment was induced in the same direction, which was perpendicular to the electric‐field vector of the linearly polarized light. The change in the UV‐visible absorption spectra before and after UV exposure suggested that the photoreaction of aromatic polyamide occurred only on the film surface, and that even such a small change in the film was enough to induce uniform alignment of the LC molecules. Furthermore, it was suggested that the photoreaction of this system was accelerated in the presence of oxygen. This paper also deals with the effect of the chemical structure of polymers on their LC photoalignment characteristics, i.e., the sensitivity of the photoinduced LC alignment. As a result, polymer materials with excellent LC photoalignment sensitivity have been determined, which could induce the uniform and unidirectional LC alignment by irradiation of 0.2–0.5 J‐cm−2 of linearly polarized 313‐nm light. In addition, the alignment of the LC cell was found to be thermally and optically stable.
Recent studies on multiplex driving of BTN‐LCDs
Authors: Nomura H. , Obikawa T. , Ozawa Y. , Tanaka T.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

The main parameters of driving waveforms for BTN‐LCDs were investigated, and the effects on the display operation and dependence on temperature were measured. Based on experimental results, we have determined the most useful driving waveforms for practical operation, and also proposed a new driving method.
Electro‐optical characteristics and optimization of vertically aligned STN‐LCDs
Authors: Iwamoto Y.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A new LCD for high‐duty passive‐matrix driving, referred to as a vertically aligned (VA) STN‐LCD, characterized by high transmittance and a high contrast ratio, has been developed. This LCD can display black‐and‐white images by using crossed polarizers without the use of a color compensator because the LCD has almost zero retardation at the initial alignment state. A fabricated black‐and‐white VA‐STN‐LCD without a black matrix shows high transmittance (>15%) and contrast (CR > 100) under 1/240‐duty direct‐multiplex driving.
Optimization of low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT‐LCDs and a large‐scale production line for large glass substrates
Authors: Yoneda Kiyoshi , Ogata Hidenori , Yuda Shinji , Suzuki Kohji , Yamaji Toshifumi , Nakanishi Shiro , Yamada Tsutomu , Morimoto Yoshihiro
Published: January 2005

Abstract— An update of the progress of inherently low‐temperature poly‐Si (LTPS) technologies, such as ELA, ion doping, and activation in conjunction with chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and photolithography will be given. We will also discuss whether LTPS LCDs will be applied to a large‐scale production line using a large motherglass substrate. It was found that a more‐powerful excimer laser as well as photolithography with higher‐resolution and a more‐precise overlaid arrangement would enable a large‐scale production line handling motherglass of 4th generation size to be constructed in the very near future with reasonable investment and productivity costs.
Plasma damage‐free SiO2 deposition for low‐temperature poly‐Si AMLCDs
Authors: Xu Ge , Kumagai Akila , Ishibashi Keiji , Nogami Hiroshi , Tanaka Masahiko , Tanabe Hiroshi , Okada Osamu
Published: January 2005

Abstract— High‐quality SiO2 films have been fabricated at a substrate temperature of 300°C by utilizing a novel deposition method refered to as radical‐shower CVD (RS‐CVD), in which the substrates and material gases are completely separated from the plasma. On this account, SiO2 deposition is achievable without plasma damage and excessive decomposition of the material gases. The electrical characteristics of RS‐CVD SiO2 films are comparable to those of thermal SiO2. Furthermore, the compact parallel‐plate structure of RS‐CVD is suitable for large‐area deposition.
Performance of high‐efficiency AMOLED displays
Authors: Hack Michael , Brown Julia J. , Mahon Janice K. , Kwong Raymond C. , Hewitt Richard
Published: January 2005

Abstract— In this paper, the performance of active‐matrix‐driven small‐molecule OLED displays incorporating high‐efficiency electrophosphorescent dopants were analyzed. These enable triplet excitons to contribute to light emission and have led to pixel efficiencies of over 40 lm/W. By considering a conventional two TFT per pixel addressing scheme, we show how this OLED design enables the fabrication of very‐low‐power‐consumption displays (lower than AMLCDs). We simulate display performance and perform a trade‐off analysis comparing the power consumption of displays driven by both amorphous‐silicon and low‐temperature poly‐Si TFTs.
Application‐specific integrated filters for color‐sequential microdisplay‐based projection applications
Authors: Smith Ron , Popovich Milan
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Application‐specific integrated filters (ASIFs), based on a unique holographic polymer‐dispersed liquid‐crystal (H‐PDLC) material system offering high efficiency, fast switching, and low switching voltage, are being developed for microdisplay‐based projection applications. The basic properties and key benefits of ASIFs in projection displays are reviewed.
Front‐projection optical‐system design for reflective LCoS technology
Authors: Bone Matthew
Published: January 2005

Abstract—Optical designs for three‐panel LCoS projection systems are reviewed. The impact of polarization aberrations in prism‐based systems is discussed and a simple model to analyze the sensitivity of contrast to thermal gradients in prisms is presented. To eliminate stress birefringence in LCoS projection systems, we have developed a projection optical system that does not require the use of polarizing prisms. An improved off‐axis design has been designed that simplifies manufacture and reduces cost. The performance of systems based on this architecture will be discussed.
Arc perturbation theory of magnetic deflection
Authors: Škorí B.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A perturbation theory is presented for deflection angles larger than 45°. Several parameters that previously had to be treated perturbatively are handled exactly. The theory can be used for a systematic study of front‐of‐screen errors in slim CRTs. First‐order results are presented and applied to a field configuration with a strongly varying dipole strength.
Dependency of PDP efficacy on gas pressure
Authors: Oversluizen G. , De Zwart S. , van Heusden S. , Dekker T.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

The dependency of the efficacy of an alternating‐current surface‐discharge plasma‐display panel (PDP) on the gas pressure was investigated for several Xe‐Ne gas mixtures. Also, the sustain voltage was varied. Monochrome 4‐in. test panels, with a design which resembles the one used in mainstream commercial products, were used. The experimental panel efficacy and emission characteristics were compared to the results of a numerical discharge model. A strong increase in the efficacy for increasing voltage was found in high‐gas‐pressure mixtures with a high Xe concentration. An increase in the electron‐heating efficiency and of the Xe‐excitation efficiency contribute, about equally, to the increase in efficacy. The increase in the Xe‐excitation efficiency is due to an increase in the excitation in the lower Xe levels induced by a lowering of the electron temperature. The contribution of the increasing Xe‐dimer radiation fraction to the efficacy improvement is relatively small. These results imply an efficient panel design comprised of the combination of a high Xe concentration, a high gas pressure, and a high sustain voltage. A high luminance and a high efficacy are concurrent for such a design. A 4‐in. test panel containing a mixture of 13.5% Xe in Ne at 800 hPa has been realized, demonstrating a white luminance of 2600 cd/m2 and an efficacy of 3.1 lm/Wfor continuous operation at 50 kHz and 230 V.
Comparison of reflective PNLCDs and reflective single‐polarizer Heilmeier guest‐host displays
Authors: Bruyneel Filip , De Smet Herbert , van Calster André , Egelhaaf Jan
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

In this paper, the applicability of a zero‐polarizer reflective display (PNLC) and a single‐polarizer reflective display (Heilmeier guest host) for direct‐view applications is analyzed. A measurement set‐up is designed to analyze the applicability of all types of reflective displays. Simulation of the different types of illumination caused by the environmental light is essential for this set‐up. The measurements indicate that the contrast ratio and reflectance greatly depend on the type of illumination. It is demonstrated that the worst‐case illumination for one display technology may be the best‐case illumination for another one and vice versa.
A novel driving method for field sequential color using an OCB TFT‐LCD
Authors: Koma Norio , Miyashita Tetsuya , Uchida Tatsuo
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

We report a new technique for the design of field‐sequential‐color liquid‐crystal displays (FS‐LCDs), which maximizes the liquid‐crystal response,tLC, by dividing the display area into as few sub‐areas,N, as possible. We obtained the following results: (1) tLC increased as N increased, although saturation tended to occur. Increasing N from 1 to 2 gave the largest increase in tLC. (2) tLC was maximized by dividing the display area unequally.
L‐2: Late‐News Paper: Pixel Level Data‐Line Multiplexing for Low Cost / High Resolution AMLCDs
Authors: Kodate Manabu , Kanzaki Eisuke , Schleupen Kai
Published: January 2005

This paper proposes a novel data‐line multiplexing technique for low cost / high resolution AMLCDs. This scheme reduces the number of data lines and driver chips required by half without enormous multiplexer circuits in peripheral. The technical feasibility of this method have been demonstrated with application prototype on 15‐inch SXGA+(1400×1050) AMLCD with a‐Si technology.
L‐3: Late‐News Paper: A 0.9″ XGA Temperature Poly‐Si TFT LCLV with Stacked Storage Capacitor
Authors: Yoshinaga Kazuhide , Sekine Hiroyuki , Onda Shinya , Satoh Tetsushi , Hirata Kazumi , Satoh Yuko , Ishikawa Ken , Okumura Hiroshi , Sera Kenji , Okumura Fujio
Published: January 2005

A 0.9” XGA liquid crystal light valve with low temperature Poly‐Si TFT has been developed by using a stacked capacitor structure. The stacked capacitor structure could reduce storage capacitor area because most of the capacitor area is located above the pixel components, such as bus‐lines and TFTs. Therefore, this structure could obtain the required storage capacitance without decreasing aperture ratio. A high aperture ratio of 65% and a high contrast ratio of over 500:1 have been achieved with the fabricated light valve.
L‐4: Late‐New Paper: Active‐Matrix Operation of Electrophoretic Devices with Inkjet‐Printed Polymer Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Kawase Takeo , Newsome Christopher , Inoue Satoshi , Saeki Takayuki , Kawai Hideyuki , Kanbe Sadao , Shimoda Tatsuya , Sirringhaus Henning , Mackenzie Devin , Burns Seamus , Friend Richard
Published: January 2005

Active‐matrix operation of an electrophoretic device has been achieved with all‐polymer thin film transistors (TFTs). The source/drain, gate electrodes and gate lines of the TFTs were fabricated by inkjet printing with a conductive polymer, polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT). Electrophoretic material was prepared from TiO2 particles suspended in dyed solution, and was microencapsulated in polymer membrane spheres. The microcapsules were sandwiched between the polymer active‐matrix array and a counter electrode. The voltage of each pixel was independently changed by switching the printed polymer TFT, and contrast in the electrophoretic material was successfully obtained.
34.1: Advanced Four‐Mask Process Architecture for the a‐Si TFT Array Manufacturing Method
Authors: Song Jean H. , Kwon D. J. , Kim S. G. , Roh N. S. , Park H. S. , Park Y. B. , Kim D. G. , Jeong C. O. , Kong H. S. , Kim C. W. , Chung K. H.
Published: January 2005

In order to simplify a‐Si TFT array manufacturing process, advanced 4 mask process of low resistant metal and new pixel electrode with improved unit process was developed. Slit photolithography with continuous dry etching process on the basis of metal dry etching cleared chronic problems of currently adopted 4 mask process and new combination of material and etchant for wet etching process made it possible to achieve stabilized wet etching and reduce total process steps. Our final version of a‐Si TFT process architecture applicable to both notebook and monitor devices, will reinforce competitive power of TFT‐LCD by improved displaying performance and ultimate process simplification.
34.3: Invited Paper: Photo‐aligned Nano‐ and Micro‐corrugated Novel Optical Thin Films for LCDs
Authors: Ibn‐Elhaj Mohammed , Schadt Martin
Published: January 2005

Novel photo‐aligned optical thin‐films, based on Rolic's monomer corrugation (MC)‐technology [1] are presented. The MC‐technology enables nano‐ and micro‐topologies on polymer thin‐films, including photo‐patterning of topologies. The new MC‐films enhance brightness, contrast and viewing cone of reflective LCDs and markedly improve anti‐reflection and glare of displays.
34.5: Thermal Lithography for Flat Panel Display Manufacturing
Authors: Elizur Eran , Gelbart Dan
Published: January 2005

Photolithography is currently the predominant patterning method in the flat‐panel‐display (FPD) industry. Thermal lithography is a novel approach offering superior process control, a completely dry process and considerable cost savings. Thermal imaging is now the dominant imaging method in computer‐to‐plate applications in the printing industry, with over 4000 installations worldwide. Two applications, in which this technology could be applied in the FPD industry, will be discussed in detail: color filters for Liquid‐Crystal‐Displays (LCDs) and barrier‐ribs for LCDs and Organic‐Light‐Emitting‐Diode (OLED) displays.
36.2: Integrator Rod with Polarization Recycling Functionality
Authors: Duelli Markus , McGettigan Tony , Pentico Clark
Published: January 2005

High intensity discharge lamps with small arc sizes facilitate the design of a new polarization recovery system that doubles as a beam homogenizer. As much as 70% of the rejected polarized light can be recovered and re‐emitted in the desired polarization state while eliminating the need for a separate integrator assembly. In this paper we discuss the design and performance of two implementations of this system.
36.3: High Sensitivity and Low Cross‐Talk Deflection Yoke for Projection Displays
Authors: Sakurai S. , Jitsukata H. , Hirota K. , Shirai S.
Published: January 2005

The deflection yoke (DY) with high sensitivity and low cross‐talk convergence yoke (CY) for Projection display has been developed. Compared to a conventional convergence yoke, the improved ones have one more convergence yoke toroidal coils on the deflection yoke core. As the result, the convergence yoke sensitivity have been improved about 16%, and the cross‐talk voltage in the convergence yoke affected by the deflection yoke has been reduced about 50% at the same time.
38.4: Effect of Ion Capturing Films on the EO Characteristics of Polymer‐Stabilized V‐FLCD
Authors: Furuichi Keiji , Xu Jun , Furuta Hirokazu , Kobayashi Shunsuke , Yoshida Nobuaki , Tounai Atsushi , Tanaka Yoshiki
Published: January 2005

Ion capturing films “TOP COAT TA606B20” (C &C, IND. CO.) are installed beneath the polyimide orientation films over the ITO electrode films in a polymer‐stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal display exhibiting V‐shaped switching. The ion capturing films are shown to play the following two roles: one is to remove zigzag‐defects owing to their planarizing function, and the other is to remove mobile ions. The latter effect gives rise to reduce operation voltage and to increase voltage holding ratio owing to the removal of the depolization field.