bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulação do trabalho médico no Brasil: impactos na Estratégia Saúde da Família
Authors: Rodrigues Paulo Henrique de Almeida , Ney Márcia Silveira , Paiva Carlos Henrique Assunção , Souza Luciana Maria Borges da Matta
Published: February 2014

O artigo apresenta uma revisão da regulação do trabalho dos médicos de família no Brasil e em outros países, com o objetivo de discutir medidas recentes do Ministério da Saúde que flexibilizaram a carga horária de trabalho dos médicos na Estratégia Saúde da Família. A abordagem é feita a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica e da legislação brasileira sobre o tema, numa perspectiva comparada com experiências de outros países. A pesquisa revelou a existência de um padrão de baixa regulação estatal tanto do trabalho médico, quanto de sua formação no Brasil, especialmente no que diz respeito à medicina da família, quando comparada com experiências internacionais. Esta situação resulta numa baixa oferta de profissionais para a Estratégia Saúde da Família e contribuiu para a recente flexibilização da carga horária dos médicos e para a criação do Programa Mais Médicos pelo Ministério da Saúde. A opção pela flexibilização no lugar de maior regulação sobre a profissão pode afetar a integração das equipes de saúde da família, que constitui elemento central da estratégia e aparentemente contradiz a ênfase no papel prioritário da mesma reiteradamente declarada pelo ministério.
Plano Brasil sem Miséria: a frágil receita disponível dos municípios de Minas Gerais para a proposta de custeio da Atenção Básica
Authors: França José Rivaldo Melo de , Costa Nilson do Rosário
Published: February 2014

O artigo analisa a sustentabilidade econômico-financeira requerida para a cobertura da Atenção Básica (AB) nos municípios de Minas Gerais selecionados pelo Governo Federal para atuação em saúde no âmbito do Plano Brasil sem Miséria (BSM). Para desenvolver o estudo, foram pesquisadas as bases de dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Orçamentos Públicos em Saúde (Siops/MS), Sala de Apoio à Gestão Estratégica (Sage/MS) e Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Os dados pesquisados foram tratados por métodos estatísticos de forma a conduzir aos resultados. Para caracterizar o problema, foram adotados portes populacionais. Os indicadores utilizados foram criados por Pereira et al. (2006). Utilizaram-se também indicadores testados por Mendes (2010). A pesquisa foi estruturada em três dimensões: recursos originários das receitas disponíveis (RD) e das transferências do SUS; despesas municipais com saúde, respectiva alocação municipal; e transferências federais para AB, com a cobertura das linhas de atuação estruturantes. Os resultados permitem concluir que para os municípios com até 50 mil habitantes, 95,2% do total, ampliarem suas metas ou linhas de atuação nas propostas do BSM necessitarão aprimorar sua capacidade tributária ou recorrerem a recursos suplementares das demais esferas, dados a exígua margem de RD em que operam e os elevados níveis de cobertura em AB que já atingiram utilizando, principalmente, suas transferências constitucionais e legais.
Na simplicidade a complexidade de um cuidar: a atuação da benzedeira na atenção à saúde da criança
Authors: Medeiros Rafael Eduardo Gurgel de , Nascimento Ellany Gurgel Cosme do , Diniz Gabriele Maria Dantas , Alchieri João Carlos
Published: February 2014

Falar em cultura e saúde é adentrar questões como religião e espiritualidade, terapias não oficializadas que perpassam o misticismo dessas questões, e que, apesar de não possuírem a comprovação técnico-científica exigida pelo atual modelo em saúde hegemônico, são um saber que se mantém vivo durante toda a história da humanidade e que se perpetua até os dias de hoje. O trabalho objetivou analisar a percepção das benzedeiras sobre o cuidado à saúde da criança, enfocando a prática da benzeção no município de Caraúbas. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo de caráter exploratório, realizado por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, com amostra composta por 16 benzedeiras residentes no setor urbano do município de Caraúbas-RN. Evidencia-se um cuidado baseado em aspectos que envolvem a afetividade, observando-se que as benzedeiras seguem um perfil muito semelhante no tocante às crenças e na utilização do ritual de cura. As benzedeiras apresentam disposição em articular arte e ciência, visualizado pelo encaminhamento e reconhecimento da importância do sistema oficial em saúde. Configura-se um espaço para a Estratégia Saúde da Família realizar parcerias que incentivem o uso concomitante entre essa modalidade terapêutica e o sistema oficial, contribuindo assim para melhoria da assistência.
Estampas del deseo y del desear: imágenes de moda en Argentina en las primeras décadas de 1900
Authors: Kaczan Gisela Paola
Published: February 2014

El trabajo se propone indagar sobre el rol referencial de las fotografías de moda en el contexto argentino, en las primeras décadas de 1900. Estas imágenes no sólo difundían las transformaciones estéticas de un sector en avance sino que, debido a su "aparente verosimilitud" con la realidad, fueron un estímulo para los comportamientos de la época interpretándolos como ejemplares que, a la vez, se tradujeron en modelos que pusieron en tensión los valores de virtud largamente defendidos. Mujeres de la alta sociedad, maniquíes y estrellas de cine conforman el catálogo de figuras.
Júlia Lopes de Almeida em "retrato e prosa": a propósito dos diálogos entre as imagens da escritora e sua produção literária
Authors: Fanini Michele Asmar
Published: February 2014

O artigo busca analisar um conjunto seleto de registros visuais sobre a escritora carioca Júlia Lopes de Almeida (1862-1934), todos eles extraídos de seu arquivo pessoal - de que fazem parte retratos fotográficos, alguns dos quais veiculados em jornais da época, três retratos artísticos e dois desenhos - , com o fito de identificar os possíveis diálogos que tais imagens estabelecem entre si e o modo como tematizam, pictórica e visualmente (seja de modo arrevesado ou não), a vinculação da escritora ao mundo das letras. O artigo revela o apreço de Júlia Lopes pela arte, "em todas as suas organizações sensíveis", e tem seu pano de fundo marcado pelo amplo diálogo que tais imagens estabelecem com um dos mais recorrentes temas presentes em seus escritos, a saber, a profissionalização literária feminina no entresséculos (XIX-XX).
...bajo el dintel del putiadero: estado, prostitución y violencia en Colombia y Brasil
Authors: Olivar José Miguel Nieto
Published: February 2014

El presente artículo reflexiona sobre la relación violencia/prostitución en una lectura transversal de los contextos brasileño y colombiano, a partir de investigaciones de carácter antropológico realizadas desde el año 2006. Considerando la dimensión y la complejidad de esta relación, propongo un recorte concreto, etnográficamente basado en dos campos con niveles de profundidad diferentes: la relación del Estado con la idea/cosa-prostitución. La hipótesis es que para el Estado - concretamente para estos dos Estados - parece resultar interesante producir un tipo de prostitución en estrecha relación, virtual o efectiva, con diversas formas de violencia, generándose así, una prostitución como espejo invertido de la "democracia" y de la "modernidad". Esta prostitución así producida, mantiene una estrecha vinculación con la gestión social de personas, de cuerpos, de relaciones de género, de experiencias de sexualidad, de nociones de familia, de formas de trabajo específicas. Tomo como puntos de vista la zona de tolerancia del municipio de Puerto Berrio, Colombia, en 2007, y las narrativas de prostitutas históricas y militantes de derechos en la ciudad de Porto Alegre, Brasil, entre 2006 y 2009. Adicionalmente, abro el plano para mirar el "campo político de la prostitución" en orden nacional y global. En un juego de idas y vueltas, intento evidenciar conexiones, transformaciones y diferencias, tomando en cuenta las políticas nacionales así como los territorios y formas diversas de prostitución.
Posicionamento estratégico de MPE'S com base na inovação através do modelo Hélice Tríplice
Authors: Schreiber Dusan , Bessi Vânia Gisele , Puffal Daniel Pedro , Tondolo Vilmar Antônio Gonçalves
Published: February 2014

A globalização dos mercados, os avanços da ciência e da tecnologia, estimulou o surgimento de novos nichos de mercado, com consumidores mais exigentes, e, também, o aumento da competitividade entre empresas (ORTIZ, 2003). Nesse panorama, destacam-se as micro e pequenas empresas - MPE's, que se responsabilizam por parcela relevante de geração de oportunidades de emprego e de renda no país. No entanto,estudos apontam para a fragilidade técnica e produtiva das MPE'sque se reflete em índices mais elevados de encerramento de operações e de inadimplência de obrigações sociais e tributárias (SEBRAE, 2009). Esses agentes econômicos, por vezes menos preparados para competir, mas essenciais para o sistema econômico e social dos países, foram contemplados com políticas públicas, voltadas para o estímulo ao empreendedorismo, priorizando a capacitação em gestão e métodos de produção (CASSIOLATO & LASTRES, 2001). Dentre elas destacam-se a constituição de redes colaborativas de MPE's, a capacitação de seus gestores e equipes operacionais, além da disponibilização de acesso ao conhecimento técnico, com vistas a subsidiar a atividade de inovação de produtos e processos (MATTOS et al., 2009). Com o objetivo de otimizar a alocação de recursos públicos para o referido fim, os agentes governamentais optam pela adoção do modelo de Hélice Tríplice, por meio do qual o governo media a interação entre a academia e as empresas e fomenta o compartilhamento da infra-estrutura universitária, dos conhecimentos, métodos e técnicas, desde a gestão até a operação. O objetivo deste trabalho visa evidenciar as características do posicionamento estratégico de empresas de pequeno porte, que participam de duas redes de cooperação, atuantes na região sul do país, com destaque para o processo de concepção de estratégias individuais e coletivas construídas com base em programas de capacitação em inovação, de produtos e processos, na interação com a equipe de extensionistas da universidade local, visando a constituição de diferencial competitivo. Para a realização da pesquisa optou-se pelo estudo de caso múltiplo, de caráter exploratório, entrevistas em profundidade e análise de narrativas, devido ao seu alinhamento com o foco do estudo. Os resultados permitem afirmar que o desenvolvimento de competências, para inovar produtos e processos, decorrente do programa de extensão empresarial, dentro do modelo de Hélice Tríplice, contribuiu de forma efetiva para a concepção de estratégias das organizações associadas nas duas redes de cooperação pesquisadas, que priorizaram, no seu posicionamento estratégico, a inovação de produtos e de processos.
Unimed Leste Fluminense: alinhando os canais para crescer
Authors: Pires Juliana Maffazioli , Torres Alice Souto de Vasconcelos , Almeida Victor Manoel Cunha de
Published: February 2014

O caso de ensino Unimed Leste Fluminense apresenta uma situação decisória que deve ser enfrentada por Dilson Reis, diretor de mercado da organização. O caso descreve a trajetória da empresa desde a sua fundação e apresenta o momento em que o diretor, pressionado pela concorrência e pela grande regulação do setor, questiona como aumentar a sua base de clientes. No momento da decisão, o setor apresenta forte intensificação na competição, sendo a maior disputa pelos grandes clientes empresariais, tanto entre os operadores de planos de saúde quanto entre os corretores que vendiam esses planos. A preferência por clientes empresariais decorria principalmente das restrições impostas pela regulamentação da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar, aplicáveis aos clientes pessoa física. A estrutura de canais da Unimed Leste Fluminense não era bem definida, já que seus canais de venda competiam pelo atendimento de clientes pessoa física e jurídica, não havendo uma gestão coordenada de lojas, vendedores próprios, concessionárias e corretores. Nesse contexto, os possíveis conflitos de canal desgastavam a operadora, que fazia de tudo para conquistar o cliente, mas tinha pouco poder de influência sobre os parceiros de canais. O caso proporciona uma oportunidade para a discussão sobre a necessidade de alinhamento de estrutura dos canais de marketing aos objetivos de crescimento da firma. Possibilita ainda uma reflexão sobre a natureza dos conflitos multicanal e as ações requeridas para o gerenciamento de canais. Trata-se de um caso real, elaborado a partir de entrevistas em profundidade com Benito Petraglia, Dilson Reis e Jair da Costa Jr., respectivamente diretor administrativo, diretor de mercado e gerente de mercado da Unimed Leste Fluminense. Para facilitar o processo de envolvimento dos alunos, o dilema do caso foi apresentado na perspectiva de Dilson Reis. Informações secundárias foram utilizadas para triangulação dos dados e para complementação da descrição do caso. Utilizaram-se ainda dados secundários para descrever o setor de saúde suplementar, mais especificamente o segmento de planos de saúde, de forma a oferecer ao aluno a possibilidade de contextualização do caso. Recomenda-se a discussão do caso nas disciplinas de canais de distribuição ou canais de marketing em cursos de pós-graduação lato ou stricto sensu, especialmente para programas cujo método supõe a aprendizagem centrada no participante. Espera-se que o aluno assuma papel ativo na preparação individual do caso, discussão em grupo e na sessão plenária.
Perfil de casais que optam pelo parto domiciliar assistido por enfermeiras obstétricas
Authors: Feyer Iara Simoni Silveira , Monticelli Marisa , Knobel Roxana
Published: February 2014

Esta pesquisa exploratório-descritiva foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de identificar as características sociodemográficas de casais que optam pelo domicílio como local para a ocorrência do parto. Participaram 25 casais que elegeram os serviços de uma equipe de enfermeiras obstétricas que assiste a partos domiciliares, em Florianópolis-SC. As informações foram obtidas por meio dos registros em prontuários dos atendimentos prestados pelas enfermeiras e de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os casais praticantes do parto domiciliar planejado, tendo sido realizada análise descritiva do perfil obtido. Identificou-se que a maioria dos casais era de pessoas com formação superior, relacionamento estável, que residiam em casa própria e tinham estabilidade profissional. Grande parte dos participantes não era natural de Florianópolis e alguns casais vieram de outras cidades para que o parto ocorresse nesta cidade. Foi possível concluir que a opção pelo parto em casa está atrelada à revalorização do ambiente doméstico, e não a um resgate do passado.
Comparative analysis between prediction models in codes and test data for shear strength
Authors: Hirata F. P. , Andrade R. G. M. de , Della Bella J. C.
Published: February 2014

Since the beginning of twentieth century, along with academic publications of Ritter and Mörsch, several studies have been done in order to understand shear strength in reinforced concrete elements. Approximately 1,200 laboratory tests results of reinforced concrete beams under shear stresses were used in a comparative analysis among values from prediction models of codes and laboratory tests results, enabling classification of the codes according to their applicability in several tests intervals. Although the Brazilian Code NBR 6118 (2007) showed good results in usual ranges of parameters, it presented unsatisfactory results on the following cases: low and medium shear transverse reinforcement rate.
Rendering the loss of strength in dry concretes with addition of milled asphalt through microscopic analysis
Authors: Sachet T. , Balbo J.T. , Bonsembiante F.T.
Published: February 2014

Milled asphalt removed from old pavement carpets requires tenable handling easily reachable through its incorporation within other paving materials. This work deals with the effects of such incorporation to dry compacted concretes. Fine, intermediate, coarse and whole portions of milled asphalts were blended to a reference concrete. Mechanical tests disclosed remarkable losses on its strengths and modulus of elasticity; for the stereoscope and scanning microscopy pointed out impaired transition zones between the cement paste and the milled aggregates involved by thin asphalt films. Nevertheless, the mechanical results shown that the concretes with incorporated milled asphalt aggregates are suitable for use in pavement layers as bases and sub-bases even with reduced mechanical parameters.
A New Species of Atemelia (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutoidea, Praydidae) Feeding on the Ornamental Shrub Mahonia (Ranunculales: Berberidaceae) in Chile
Authors: Sohn Jae-Cheon , Alba Margarita Peralta
Published: February 2014

A new species of Praydidae, Atemelia mahonivora, sp. nov., is described from Chile based on adults, larvae, and pupae. This is the first species of Atemelia from the Neotropical region. Genitalia characters support the synonymy of Atemelia and Orinympha and the distinctiveness of Atemelia from Prays. Keys to all known species of Atemelia are provided. Atemelia mahonivora is a potential pest species of the economically important plant genus Mahonia. Berberidaceae is recorded as a host plant family of Praydidae for the first time.
Adaptations for Symbiont-Mediated External Digestion in Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)
Authors: Thompson Brian M , Bodart Jake , McEwen Crystal , Gruner Daniel S
Published: February 2014

Wood-feeding insects face a host of physical, chemical, and nutritional barriers in their food resource. Wood-boring Hymenoptera in the family Siricidae are associated with mutualistic basidiomycete wood-rot fungi, which assist colonization and provide nutrition for their insect partner, though functional properties of this symbiosis are poorly described. In this study, we document the behavioral and morphological adaptations of the globally invasive woodwasp, Sirex noctilio F., for foraging using its fungal symbiont Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fries) Boidin. Larvae concentrated foraging near the border of fungal symbiont growth in pine xylem. Foraging larvae do not ingest bulk xylem tissue, but rather use specialized asymmetric mandibles to press xylem shavings and extract liquid fractions. Fluids drain toward the oral cavity via a sulcus on the occlusal surface of the left mandible. Processed shavings are expelled from the oral cavity without ingestion and passed along the underside of the larvae via peristaltic undulation to the rear of the feeding gallery. Larval midguts lack elaborated chambers typical in insects reliant on microbial fermentation of cellulose, and no xylem tissue was recovered from gut dissections. Larval behavior and functional morphology indicate larval S. noctilio do not ingest xylem, but instead use the fungus as an external gut for digestion of recalcitrant lignocellulosic compounds.
A New Look at Adaptive Body Coloration and Color Change in “Common Green Lacewings” of the Genus Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Authors: Duelli Peter , Johnson James B , Waldburger Mario , Henry Charles S
Published: February 2014

Green lacewings in the genus Chrysoperla are not always green. They can be yellow (autosomal recessive mutant); change from whitish-yellow to green as young adults; or temporarily turn yellowish, reddish, or brown during diapause. New findings on a yellow mutant in a natural population in southern California and on species-specific diapause coloration are presented, old findings are reviewed, and the adaptive value of color variability and color change in the genus is discussed.
Comparative Morphology and Functional Significance of Setae Called Papillae on the Pedipalps of Male Camel Spiders (Arachnida: Solifugae)
Authors: Cushing Paula E , Casto Patrick , Knowlton Elizabeth D , Royer Suzanne , Laudier Damien , Gaffin Douglas D , Prendini Lorenzo , Brookhart Jack O
Published: February 2014

Some male camel spiders (Arachnida: Solifugae) in the families Eremobatidae, Karschiidae, and Solpugidae have clusters of specialized conical or acuminate setae called papillae, on the ventral surface of the metatarsus of the pedipalps. We compared the overall structure of the papillae found on representatives of the three families using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We examined the ultrastructure of these setae using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We also used extracellular electrophysiological recording techniques to examine the electrical properties of these sensory structures and test the hypotheses that they function as mechanoreceptors, olfactory receptors, and chemoreceptors.Wefound similarities in the structure of papillae among genera within a family or distinct family-level differences in structure. Thus, the papillae are phylogenetically informative; similar within family but differing between families. TEM results demonstrated the cuticular wall of a papilla is divided into three sublayers: endo-, meso-, and exocuticle. Mechanoreceptive dendrites are evident at the base of the setal shaft. Other dendrites innervate the shaft of the papilla and penetrate through the cuticular layers near the setal apex. Two SEM images show what appear to be pores on the branches of the papillae, and we found what appears to be a pore tubule extending from the distal portion of the dendrites through the exocuticular layer. Electrophysiological data support the hypothesis that the papillae function as mechanoreceptors and provide no support for chemosensory, thermoregulatory, or hygroreceptive functions. Our data suggest that the papillae function as mechanoreceptors and may also function as chemoreceptors.
Effects of Body Size, Diet, and Mating on the Fecundity and Longevity of the Goldspotted Oak Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Authors: Lopez Vanessa M , Hoddle Mark S
Published: February 2014

The goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is an invasive wood-borer that was recently introduced into southern California from southern Arizona, and has caused the rapid mortality of thousands of native oaks. Biological control of A. auroguttatus is a management strategy of high interest, but is in its early stages, which is due, in part, to a lack of information on the basic biology and life history of this beetle. To address this shortcoming, studies were conducted in quarantine on the realized lifetime fecundity of A. auroguttatus, which was determined by comparing oviposition and larval emergence rates of females subjected to different dietary and mating treatments. Longevity and body size were also recorded for male and female adults under these treatments. Mean A. auroguttatus lifetime oviposition and larval emergence were similar in females that were continuously paired with either one or two males. Virgin females laid significantly fewer eggs and no larval emergence resulted from unfertilized eggs. The number of mates did not affect mean A. auroguttatus adult longevity, but a carbohydrate-enriched diet increased both mean longevity and lifetime oviposition by as much as 46 and 250%, respectively. There was no correlation between adult body size and lifetime oviposition, days to initial oviposition, larval emergence, and adult longevity. However, hind tibia length was marginally correlated with total oviposition period. For mass rearing A. auroguttatus eggs in the laboratory, pairing females with one male and providing adults with a continuous diet of 10% honey-water and oak foliage is recommended.
Debris-Carrying in Larval Chrysopidae: Unraveling Its Evolutionary History
Authors: Tauber Catherine A , Tauber Maurice J , Albuquerque Gilberto S
Published: February 2014

Larval debris-carrying, which occurs in many insect taxa, is a remarkable behavioral trait with substantial life history significance. For the Chrysopidae, information on the topic is scattered, and the habit's diversity and evolutionary history are unassessed. Here, we compile a comprehensive, annotated catalog on chrysopid debris-carrying and its associated larval morphology, and we identify emerging systematic patterns of variation, from larval nakedness to the construction of elaborate packets. Then, we examine these patterns in the context of available phylogenies with two objectives: 1) to begin unraveling the evolutionary history of chrysopid debris-carrying and 2) to evaluate the current and potential role of larval morphology (including debris-carrying modifications) in classification and phylogeny of this family. Debris-carrying: the literature revealed that debris-carrying occurs in the chrysopoid fossil record and in all three extant chrysopid subfamilies, including those proposed as basal (Nothochrysinae, Apochrysinae). Nevertheless, the family's ancestral state remains unresolved. The habit may have evolved at least once in Nothochrysinae or been lost several times. Larvae from only one genus of Apochrysinae are known, and they are debris-carriers. Each of the four tribes of the third subfamily, Chrysopinae, has distinctive debris-carrying characteristics. In ankylopterygine larvae, debris-carrying modifications seem relatively conserved. Among the ant-associated belonopterygine genera, debris-carrying is either highly evolved or, in one case, possibly absent. Within the large chrysopine tribe, nakedness and debris-carrying appear to have evolved independently numerous times; also, some reversals may have occurred. With one possible exception, leucochrysine genera have debris-carrying larvae. Larval morphology: scrutiny of the literature showed that all chrysopid genera whose larvae are known exhibit characteristic suites of anatomical structures related to carrying debris. Moreover, larval morphology provides strong (synapomorphic) evidence for the monophyly of four of the seven suprageneric chrysopid taxa: the subfamily Nothochrysinae and three of the four tribes of Chrysopinae (Ankylopterygini, Belonopterygini, and Leucochrysini). Larval morphological and debris-carrying characteristics appear to support some, but not all, previously proposed generic relationships within the tribe Chrysopini. Given the demonstrated potential advantages for including larval characters in chrysopid phylogenetic studies, it is essential to enhance the pool of available larval data. Therefore, we propose that citizen-scientists be involved in gathering verifiable data and that systematists develop comprehensive data matrices for comparative larval studies.
Soil Quality Influences Efficacy of Melia azedarach (Sapindales: Meliaceae), Fruit Extracts Against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)
Authors: Sousa Lorena A D De , Costa Deomar P Da , Ferri Pedro H , Showler Allan T , Borges Lígia M F
Published: February 2014

Hexane extract of chinaberry, Melia azedarach L., unripe fruits obtained from different municipalities of Goiás State, Brazil, were evaluated on the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini), engorged females. Hexanic extracts were assayed in decreasing concentrations from 0.25 to 0.0156% to determine effects on egg production and hatching. Efficacy on engorged females decreased as a result of the extracts from Goiânia (100%), Professor Jamil (97.5 ± 3.0%), Pirenópolis (95.1 ± 2.4%), Morrinhos (86.8 ± 9.4%), Caturaí (41.8 ± 29.3%), and Bela Vista de Goiás (17.1 ± 0.9%) municipalities. Canonical redundancy analysis indicated that the extract bioactivity was positively correlated with soil Ca2+, Mg2+, and P and negatively correlated with silt, K+, potential acidity, and organic matter. This study demonstrates that M. azedarach hexanic extract can dramatically reduce R. (B.) microplus reproductive capacity and that efficacy is strongly influenced by differences in soil constituents between collection sites.
The influence of padeye offset on plate anchor re-embedding behaviour
Authors: Tian Y. , Cassidy M. J. , Gaudin C.
Published: February 2014

Equations that can be used to predict the trajectory of a plate anchor under pull-out load are derived from a simple combined loading yield surface assuming associated flow. They are used to directly predict the behaviour of plate anchors with different padeye offsets and under loads of varying inclinations. It is demonstrated that there is an optimal padeye offset that depends on the load inclination and causes the anchor to increase its embedment, and hence its capacity, under pull-out. The equations represent an elegant and efficient method to assist in the design of plate anchors, notably in optimising the padeye location.
Rights-based indicators regarding non-discrimination and equity in access to water and sanitation
Authors: Amjad Urooj Quezon , Kayser Georgia , Meier Benjamin Mason
Published: February 2014

The declaration of the Human Right to Water and Sanitation by the UN General Assembly in 2010 is a significant achievement. Successfully implementing, enforcing and monitoring this right in various countries, contexts and scales will be an even greater achievement. Facilitating accountability for water and sanitation as a human right, The Water Institute at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights hosted a workshop to examine the translation of public health data into human rights indicators. Experts in water and sanitation policy and human rights law discussed and debated the challenges and ways forward in developing indicators for equity and non-discrimination that would assist with meaningful practice of the Human Right to Water and Sanitation. The discussion was framed by three main questions: what should be measured, where to find this information, and what additional information is needed. The workshop was convened at The Water Institute's annual conference, Water and Health: Where Science Meets Policy on October 4, 2011.
School-based intervention: evaluating the role of water, latrines and hygiene education on trachoma and intestinal parasitic infections in Ethiopia
Authors: Gelaye Bizu , Kumie Abera , Aboset Nigusu , Berhane Yemane , Williams Michelle A.
Published: February 2014

We sought to evaluate the impact of a hygiene and sanitation intervention program among school-children to control active trachoma and intestinal parasitic infections. This longitudinal epidemiologic study was conducted among 630 students in rural Ethiopia. Baseline and follow-up surveys were conducted to evaluate the impact of a three-pronged intervention program: (i) construction of ventilated improved pit latrines; (ii) provision of clean drinking water; and (iii) hygiene education. Socio-demographic information was collected using a structured questionnaire. Presence of trachoma and intestinal parasitic infections were evaluated using standard procedures. At baseline, 15% of students had active trachoma, while 6.7% of them were found to have active trachoma post-intervention (p < 0.001). Similar improvements were noted for parasitic infections. At baseline, 7% of students were reported to have helminthic infections and 30.2% protozoa infections. However, only 4% of students had any helminthic infection and 13.4% (p < 0.001) of them were found to have any protozoa infection during follow-up surveys. Improvements were also noted in students' knowledge and attitudes towards hygiene and sanitation. In summary, the results of our study demonstrated that provision of a comprehensive and targeted sanitation intervention program was successful in reducing the burden of trachoma and intestinal parasitic infection among schoolchildren.
Viscous heating analysis of simulant feces by computational fluid dynamics and experimentation
Authors: Podichetty Jagdeep T. , Waliul Islam Md. , Van David , Foutch Gary L. , Johannes A. H.
Published: February 2014

Highly viscous substances, such as feces, produce significant heat when layer deformation occurs. We describe the use of viscous heating sufficient to destroy disease-causing microorganisms and whipworms in feces. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to evaluate preliminary design and provide initial geometric specifications for a laboratory-scale unit. The laboratory device has a rotating core separated from a fixed shell wall by a defined space. Data were obtained over a range of operating conditions with simulant materials. The CFD model was validated with the experimental results. The temperature observed with the smallest spacing was 190 °C. Alternative geometries are considered for high-volume sludge processing. Potential design modifications include enhancing efficient water evaporation and recovery.
Development of Haiti's rural water, sanitation and hygiene workforce
Authors: Hubbard Brian , Lockhart Gabriella , Gelting Richard J. , Bertrand Fabienne
Published: February 2014

In 2009 the Haitian Directorate of Potable Water and Sanitation (DINEPA) identified an inadequately trained and under-staffed rural workforce as one of their main institutional challenges. Plans to address this challenge were impacted by the devastating earthquake of January 12, 2010 and the cholera outbreak of October 2010, both of which further complicated Haiti's already poor water and sanitation conditions. Recognizing the importance of DINEPA's institutional priorities, donor and technical assistance groups provided needed support to improve the country's conditions and build the rural water and sanitation workforce. This report describes how DINEPA and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated to design and implement a training program for 264 potable water and sanitation technicians for rural areas. The paper also describes the initial field activities of the newly trained technicians and the immediate impact of their work in the rural water, sanitation and hygiene sector.
Comparison of the inspector and rating protocol uncertainty influence in the condition rating of sewers
Authors: Sousa V. , Ferreira F. M. , Meireles I. , Almeida N. , Saldanha Matos J.
Published: February 2014

Wastewater drainage systems asset management decisions, in particular regarding rehabilitation interventions, are largely dependent on close-circuit television (CCTV) inspection results. However, the results of CCTV inspections are affected by several sources of uncertainty. Within the present communication, the inspector's uncertainty is quantified by comparing periodic inspection reports from three trunk sewers of a Portuguese sewer system. The inspections were carried out by the same experienced inspector using the same equipment. Therefore, the uncertainties from the lack of experience and the difference of the inspector and equipment were ruled out. The protocol uncertainty is also quantified comparing the results obtained with the Water Research Center (WRc) and the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) protocols condition ratings. Both operational and structural condition rating were analysed, but emphasis was given to the later since it dictates the repair and replacement interventions.
Ultrasound-assisted removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution by mesoporous alumina
Authors: Li Huiyuan , Zhong Xin , Zhang Hui , Xiang Luojing , Royer Sebastien , Valange Sabine , Barrault Joel
Published: February 2014

This work describes the removal of tetracycline (TC) from aqueous solution using a mesoporous alumina (meso-Al2O3) as adsorbent in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation. Adsorption of TC was investigated under various operating conditions, including pH, adsorbent dosage, ultrasound power, and initial TC concentration. The results showed that the rate of TC sorption was enhanced with the assistance of ultrasound. The TC removal increased with the increase in sorbent dosage, pH and ultrasound power, but decreased with the increase in initial TC concentration. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted properly with the Freundlich model under ultrasonic irradiation, and the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.
Ammonium reduction from piggery wastewater using immobilized ammonium-reducing bacteria with a full-scale sequencing batch reactor on farm
Authors: Su Jung-Jeng , Chang Yuan-Chie , Huang Shun-Ming
Published: February 2014

This work aims to evaluate the efficiency of ammonium removal from piggery wastewater by an intermittent aeration (IA) sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with immobilized NH4+-reducing bacteria under mesophilic conditions. When a 20-L bench-scale SBR with 11% (v/v) of alginate beads containing NH4+-reducing bacteria was used, removal efficiency of NH4+ was 63% after 240 h. When a full-scale SBR system (available volume = 83 m3) with 0.1% (v/v) of alginate-coated light-expanded clay aggregates beads containing NH4+-reducing bacteria was used, removal efficiency of NH4+ by the full-scale intermittent aeration SBR (IA-SBR) was significantly different from both traditional intermittent aeration SBR (T-SBR) and the continuous aeration SBR with AL beads containing NH4+-reducing bacteria (P < 0.05). In summary, the IA-SBR with AL beads can significantly promote removal efficiency of NH4+ on farm.
Growth of microalgal biomass on supernatant from biosolid dewatering
Authors: Ficara E. , Uslenghi A. , Basilico D. , Mezzanotte V.
Published: February 2014

The paper reports the results of an experiment to assess the feasibility of including a photobioreactor within the design of a wastewater treatment plant, growing microalgae on the centrate from anaerobic sludge dewatering. The growth of algal biomass would take advantage of the available nitrogen and provide a substrate for biogas production by anaerobic digestion. Tests were carried out by semi-continuously feeding a photobioreactor with a centrate–effluent blend and by increasing the fraction of centrate. The experimental results show that the centrate does not induce any toxicity and, on the contrary, can be well utilized by microalgae, whose average specific growth rate (μ), on centrate as such, was between 0.04 and 0.06 d−1. The maximum biomass concentration in the photobioreactor effluent was 1.6 gSS/L at 10 days HRT (hydraulic retention time). Methane production tests led to biochemical methane production values of 335 ± 39, and 284 ± 68 mL 0°C, 1 atm CH4/g VS for the two tested samples, in agreement with literature values. Settling tests show that the settling capacity of microalgae, although satisfactory, could be effectively improved after mixing with activated sludge, confirming the potential to use the existing primary settler for microalgae thickening in order to feed microalgae for anaerobic digestion with primary/secondary sludge.
Parameter dependencies in laser hybrid arc welding by design of experiments and by a mass balance
Authors: Moradi Mahmoud , Salimi Nahid , Ghoreishi Majid , Abdollahi Hadi , Shamsborhan Mahmoud , Frostevarg Jan , Ilar Torbjörn , Kaplan Alexander F. H.
Published: February 2014

Reinforcement, undercut, and root drop-through during laser hybrid arc welding of steel were studied in dependence of gap width, welding speed, and wire feeding rate. Generalized trends were obtained through design of experiments. Most of the trends could be explained by a mass balance while some parameter impacts relied on more complex mechanisms. In particular, different levels of complexity of parameter dependencies were distinguished, ranging from monotonous behaviour to maxima and to changing signs of the trends. The findings are of high practical relevance to optimize the process with respect to the weld quality. Moreover, the potential and limits of the design of experiments method, of a mass balance, and of the matrix flow chart method are discussed.
Atomic group rotation mechanism of {1013} twinning in HCP materials
Authors: Jiang Shan , Zeng Bin , Douadji Lyes
Published: February 2014

In this paper the mechanism of {1013} twinning was studied through the application of the atomic group rotation model. The atomic displacement vectors of some selected atoms were calculated and the general formulas for calculating the displacement vectors of the twinning atoms were obtained; the atomic group rotation mechanism was then proposed. It was found that two types of alternately distributed atomic groups exist in {1013} twinning as in {1011} twinning. The atomic groups rotate by an angle of 6.3°, and a relative displacement magnitude of 0.539a is produced. The larger relative displacement magnitude produced during twinning may be the reason that {1013} twinning occurs more rarely than {1011} twinning.
Fabrication of Gasar made from Cu-24 wt.% Mn alloy
Authors: Zhang Xingming , Li Yanxiang , Liu Yuan , Zhang Huawei
Published: February 2014

Unidirectionally solidified porous Cu-24 wt.% Mn alloy is prepared by the Gasar process, using mold casting equipment under various conditions. The experimental process demonstrates the feasibility of fabricating a Gasar structure for alloys with a wide solidification temperature range, as well as a columnar dendritic structure. The effects of melt temperature, initial mold temperature, and partial gas pressures on the pore structure and microstructure of an alloy matrix were investigated. The growth and interruption of directional pores were analyzed based on the solidification mode to determine whether the fine-grained region atop directional pores stunted the growth of Gasar pores.
Research trends in microwave dielectrics and factors affecting their properties: A review
Authors: Muhammad Raz , Iqbal Yaseen , Rambo Carlos Renato , Khan Hidayatullah
Published: February 2014

Ceramists are constantly looking for materials to be used as dielectric resonators in the telecommunication industry. These applications require materials with ∊r∼ 4 – 120,Q×f0> 10 000 GHz and τf∼ 0 ppm K−1. Additionally, efforts are also underway to lower the sintering temperatures (e. g. ≤ 800 °C) to reduce processing and electrode costs. The simultaneous achievement of all the three properties mentioned above is difficult; nevertheless, some materials have been synthesized fulfilling the criteria for microwave applications. This study is an overview of various studies on materials for possible applications as microwave dielectrics and factors affecting their microwave properties. These factors include crystal structure, defects, fabrication route, and the type and concentration of substituents and additives.
Effect of post-weld heat treatment on dissimilar friction stir welded AA6063 and A319 aluminium alloys
Authors: Krishnan M. Muthu , Marimuthu K.
Published: February 2014

The effects of post-weld heat treatment at a solution temperature of 540 °C for 5 hrs 30 mins followed by ageing at 190 °C for 6 hrs on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded dissimilar aluminium alloys A319 and AA6063 have been examined. Post-weld ageing results in improved mechanical properties. The effect of ageing on the morphology of the second phase particles of silicon, copper and iron in the stir zone has been studied. The hardness of the stir zone for both as-welded and post-weld ageing was found to be lower than that of AA6063 but higher than A319 base metal. Microstructural studies reveal that the A319 dominates the stir zone.
Treatment and Prevention of Common Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Ahmed Sheikh Salahuddin , Khan Md Aminul Haque , Laila Tarafdar Runa
Published: February 2014

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem with an increasing incidence and prevalence. Outcomes of CKD include not only complications of decreased kidney function and cardiovascular disease but also kidney failure causing increased morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, CKD is often undetected and undertreated because of its insidious onset, variable progression, and length of time to overt kidney failure. Diabetes is now the leading cause of CKD requiring renal replacement therapy in many parts of the world, and its prevalence is increasing disproportionately in the developing countries. This review article outlines the current recommendations from various clinical guidelines and research studies for treatment, prevention and delaying the progression of both CKD and its common complications such as hypertension, anemia, renal osteodystrophy, electrolyte and acid-base imbalance, and hyperlipidemia. Recommendations for nutrition in CKD and measures adopted for early diabetic kidney disease to prevent further progression have also been reviewed. There is strong evidence that early detection and management of CKD can prevent or reduce disease progression, decrease complications and improve outcomes. Evidence supports that achieving optimal glucose control, blood pressure, reduction in albuminuria with a multifactorial intervention slows the progression of CKD. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-II receptor antagonists are most effective because of their unique ability to decrease proteinuria, a factor important for the progression of CKD. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v4i1.18069 J Enam Med Col 2014; 4(1): 45-55
A 50-Year-Old Woman with Marfan's Syndrome
Authors: Bhattacharjee Shekhar , Bhattacharjee Swapna
Published: February 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v4i1.18071J Enam Med Col 2014; 4(1): 60-64
Reviewers in this Issue Vol.4(1)
Authors: Editor The
Published: February 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v4i1.18074 J Enam Med Col 2014; 4(1): 68
Britain, the Cold War, and ‘the importance of influencing the young’: a comparison of Cyprus and Hong Kong
Authors: Sutton Christopher
Published: February 2014

This article reasserts the significance of colonial youth and imperial ideology in the cultural Cold War. It explores Britain's perceptions of colonial youth – both as its most dangerous potential enemy and as the subgroup of colonials which required the most protection against communist indoctrination – and how these shaped policy, by comparing two case studies, Cyprus and Hong Kong. Britain's tactics revealed its general understanding of the Cold War as a true total war – against an enemy from within and out and through high politics, military action, and culture – and how to win it. In the colonies, this centred largely on the differences between negative and positive policy (the former prohibited undesirable action usually through repressive legislation, while the latter provided a pro-democratic and pro-British alternative). Moreover, Britain's Cold War battles cannot be separated from its imperial aims. Its policies regarding colonial youth aimed also at pro-British state formation. Lastly, while positive, pro-democratic policies were considered to be ideal, this article argues that Britain's reliance on repression in the Cold War ‘Youth Race’ reflected its declining imperial power.