bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The first step to integrating the child's voice in adverse event reporting in oncology trials: A content validation study among pediatric oncology clinicians
Authors: Reeve Bryce B. , Withycombe Janice S. , Baker Justin N. , Hooke Mary C. , Lyons Jessica C. , Mowbray Catriona , Wang Jichuan , Freyer David R. , Joffe Steven , Sung Lillian , Tomlinson Deborah , Gold Stuart H. , Hinds Pamela S.
Published: January 2013

Purpose

Children with cancer experience significant toxicities while undergoing treatment. Documentation of adverse events (AEs) in clinical trials is mandated by federal agencies. Although many AEs are subjective, the current standard is clinician reporting. Our long‐term goal is to create and validate a self‐report measure of subjective AEs for children aged 7 years and older that will inform AE reporting for the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). This content validation study aimed to identify which of the AEs in the current CTCAE should be included in a pediatric self‐report measure.

Methods

We sought expert panel review and consensus among 187 pediatric clinicians from seven Children's Oncology Group institutions to determine which of the 790 AEs are amenable to child self‐report. Two survey iterations were used to identify suitable AEs, and clinician agreement estimated by the content‐validity ratio (CVR) was assessed.

Results

Response rates for surveys 1 and 2 were 72% and 67%, respectively. After the surveys, 64 CTCAE terms met the criteria of being subjective, relevant for use in pediatric cancer trials, and amenable to self‐report by a child. The most frequent reasons for removal of CTCAE terms were that they relied on laboratory or clinical measures or were not applicable to children.

Conclusion

The 64 CTCAE terms will be translated into child‐friendly terms as the basis of the child‐report toxicity measure. Ultimately, systematic collection of these data will improve care by enhancing the accuracy and completeness of treatment toxicity reports for childhood cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 1231–1236. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early negative minimal residual disease in bone marrow after immunotherapy is less predictive of late or non‐marrow relapse among patients with high‐risk stage 4 neuroblastoma
Authors: Cheung Irene Y. , Feng Yi , Cheung Nai‐Kong V.
Published: January 2013

Molecular detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) measured by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction using a four‐marker panel in the bone marrow (BM) after only two treatment cycles of anti‐GD2 immunotherapy was a strong independent outcome predictor among high‐risk patients with stage 4 neuroblastoma in first remission. While 32 of 46 MRD‐negative patients relapsed within 2 years from immunotherapy, only four had marrow relapse; in three of these four patients, MRD turned positive in the subsequent BM. We conclude that negative MRD in the post‐cycle two BM was rarely associated with BM relapse, but it did not exclude recurrences at other sites. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: E32–E34. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Personal Identity in College and the Work Context: Developmental Trajectories and Psychosocial Functioning
Authors: Luyckx Koen , Klimstra Theo A. , Schwartz Seth J. , Duriez Bart
Published: January 2013

Personal identity formation represents a core developmental challenge for adolescents and young adults. Because much of the identity literature focuses on college students, it is necessary to conduct a detailed inquiry into the ways in which specific commitment and exploration processes develop over time for college students and for employed individuals. Two samples (456 college students and 318 employed individuals) were used to identify identity status trajectories over time and to examine external correlates of these trajectories (i.e. depressive symptoms, self–esteem, identity centrality, community integration, and sense of adulthood). Similar identity trajectories emerged in both college students and employed individuals. Four of these trajectories corresponded to Marcia's identity statuses. In addition, apart from the ‘classical’ or troubled diffusion trajectory, a carefree diffusion trajectory was also obtained. Whereas individuals on an identity–achieved pathway fared best in terms of the outcome measures, individuals in the troubled diffusion trajectory fared worst in terms of self–esteem, depressive symptoms, and community integration over time. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A broad specificity nucleoside kinase from Thermoplasma acidophilum
Authors: Elkin Sarah R. , Kumar Abhinav , Price Carol W. , Columbus Linda
Published: January 2013

The crystal structure of Ta0880, determined at 1.91 Å resolution, from Thermoplasma acidophilum revealed a dimer with each monomer composed of an α/β/α sandwich domain and a smaller lid domain. The overall fold belongs to the PfkB family of carbohydrate kinases (a family member of the Ribokinase clan) which include ribokinases, 1‐phosphofructokinases, 6‐phosphofructo‐2‐kinase, inosine/guanosine kinases, fructokinases, adenosine kinases, and many more. Based on its general fold, Ta0880 had been annotated as a ribokinase‐like protein. Using a coupled pyruvate kinase/lactate dehydrogenase assay, the activity of Ta0880 was assessed against a variety of ribokinase/pfkB‐like family substrates; activity was not observed for ribose, fructose‐1‐phosphate, or fructose‐6‐phosphate. Based on structural similarity with nucleoside kinases (NK) from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (MjNK, PDB 2C49, and 2C4E) and Burkholderia thailandensis (BtNK, PDB 3B1O), nucleoside kinase activity was investigated. Ta0880 (TaNK) was confirmed to have nucleoside kinase activity with an apparent KM for guanosine of 0.21 μM and catalytic efficiency of 345,000 M−1s−1. These three NKs have significantly different substrate, phosphate donor, and cation specificities and comparisons of specificity and structure identified residues likely responsible for the nucleoside substrate selectivity. Phylogenetic analysis identified three clusters within the PfkB family and indicates that TaNK is a member of a new sub‐family with broad nucleoside specificities. Proteins 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Culture in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Textbooks: A Semiotic Approach
Authors: Weninger Csilla , Kiss Tamas
Published: January 2013

This article problematizes current, quantitative approaches to the analysis of culture in foreign language textbooks as objectifying culture, and offers an alternative, semiotic framework that examines texts, images, and tasks as merely engendering particular meanings in the act of semiosis. The authors take as a point of departure developments within the social sciences that have questioned monolithic conceptualizations of culture as well as recent arguments that stress intercultural citizenship and global cultural consciousness as key goals of (foreign) language learning. The authors argue that such transformative pedagogic agendas require a more dynamic understanding of how culture figures in teaching materials and of the processes through which learners engage with those materials. Through excerpts from two English as a foreign language textbooks written by and for Hungarians, the authors illustrate a semiotic analytic approach that underscores two key insights: (1) that learners' meaning making in the classroom tends to be heavily guided and (2) that images and texts, even those with supposed cultural meaning or focus, seem to foster mainly linguistic competence. The article makes the case that images and texts should be harnessed more explicitly to develop a critical and reflexive understanding of culture, self, and other.
Validation of the Laparoscopically Stapled Approach as a Standard Technique for Left Lateral Segment Liver Resection
Authors: Wang Xuedong , Li Jianwei , Wang Hongguang , Luo Ying , Ji Wenbin , Duan Weidong , Zhang Xuan , Guo Sen , Xu Kesen , Dong Jiahong , Zheng Shuguo
Published: January 2013

Background

Left lateral sectionectomy (LLS) is the most common type of anatomic laparoscopic liver resection performed, accounting for 20 % of all laparoscopic hepatectomies. Because there has been no standardized surgical technique for laparoscopic left lateral sectionectomy (LLLS), we offer an established operation: laparoscopically stapled left lateral sectionectomy (LSLLS). Our aim was to perform a case‐controlled study of LSLLS with traditional (without vascular staplers) laparoscopic left lateral sectionectomy (TLLLS), validating the standardization and reproducibility of LSLLS.

Methods

From February 2009 to December 2011, a total of 49 LSLLSs were performed. The results were compared with 33 cohort‐matched TLLLSs from an earlier time period. Ordered sample cluster analysis was used to determine the learning curve of LSLLS based on the operating time and blood loss.

Results

All LSLLS were performed successfully. There were no conversions to laparotomy or hand‐assisted laparoscopic resection. Two endoscopic linear staplers were used in each case. Despite a higher hospital cost ($10,892 ± $944 vs. $8,962 ± $943, p < 0.05), LSLLS compared favorably with TLLLS regarding operating time (103 ± 21 vs. 151 ± 32 min, p < 0.05) and blood loss (70.8 ± 41.6 vs. 173.3 ± 131.1 ml, p < 0.05). No specific complications related to laparoscopy were observed. Ordered sample cluster analysis demonstrated a learning curve of 18 cases for LSLLS.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the standardization and reproducibility of LSLLS. We therefore propose LSLLS as the standard technique for lesions located in the left lateral section of the liver.
Using high-performance quantitative NMR (HP-qNMR®) for certifying traceable and highly accurate purity values of organic reference materials with uncertainties <0.1 %
Authors: Weber Michael , Hellriegel Christine , Rück Alex , Sauermoser Robert , Wüthrich Jürg
Published: January 2013

Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) in combination with metrological weighing is optimised to demonstrate the power of the qNMR measurement method. It is shown that with 1H-qNMR it is possible to certify the purity of organic reference materials (expressed as mass fraction) with relative expanded uncertainties of <0.1 % for a 95 % confidence interval (k = 2). Following well-defined selection criteria, a set of twelve different chemical compounds is evaluated and certified to serve as internal references for 1H-qNMR measurements. A series of comparison measurements is made amongst a subset of the selected compounds. The purity of maleic acid is determined by six different 1H-qNMR measurement series, and all results show full consistency. All the six mean values are covered within the range of ±0.05 %. In two more measurement series, four different nuclei are analysed within the same sample against one calibrator. Even with non-optimised signal intensity ratios and varying signal pattern, a high consistency was obtained. Therefore, the validity and robustness of 1H-qNMR measurement results are demonstrated. 1H-qNMR measurement results are directly traceable to a variety of internationally accepted primary reference materials, and therefore, traceability to SI units is obtained. All experiments are performed under ISO/IEC 17025 and ISO Guide 34 accreditation.
International Migration, Sex Ratios, and the Socioeconomic Outcomes of Nonmigrant Mexican Women
Authors: Raphael Steven
Published: January 2013

This article assesses whether international migration from Mexico affects the marital, fertility, schooling, and employment outcomes of the Mexican women who remain behind by exploiting variation over time as well as across Mexican states in the demographic imbalance between men and women. I construct a gauge of the relative supply of men for women of different age groups based on state-level male and female population counts and the empirically observed propensity of men of specific ages to marry women of specific ages. Using Mexican census data from 1960 through 2000, I estimate a series of models in which the dependent variable is the intercensus change in an average outcome for Mexican women measured by state and for specific age groups, and the key explanatory variable is the change in the relative supply of men to women in that state/age group. I find that the declining relative supply of males positively and significantly affects the proportion of women who have never been married as well as the proportion of women who have never had a child. In addition, states experiencing the largest declines in the relative supply of men also experience relatively large increases in female educational attainment and female employment rates. However, I find little evidence that women who do marry match to men who are younger or less educated than themselves.
Interactome Mapping: Using Protein Microarray Technology to Reconstruct Diverse Protein Networks
Authors: Uzoma Ijeoma , Zhu Heng
Published: January 2013

A major focus of systems biology is to characterize interactions between cellular components, in order to develop an accurate picture of the intricate networks within biological systems. Over the past decade, protein microarrays have greatly contributed to advances in proteomics and are becoming an important platform for systems biology. Protein microarrays are highly flexible, ranging from large-scale proteome microarrays to smaller customizable microarrays, making the technology amenable for detection of a broad spectrum of biochemical properties of proteins. In this article, we will focus on the numerous studies that have utilized protein microarrays to reconstruct biological networks including protein–DNA interactions, posttranslational protein modifications (PTMs), lectin–glycan recognition, pathogen–host interactions and hierarchical signaling cascades. The diversity in applications allows for integration of interaction data from numerous molecular classes and cellular states, providing insight into the structure of complex biological systems. We will also discuss emerging applications and future directions of protein microarray technology in the global frontier.
Management of ileus and small‐bowel obstruction following benign gynecologic surgery
Authors: Allen Arielle M. , Antosh Danielle D. , Grimes Cara L. , Crisp Catrina C. , Smith Aimee L. , Friedman Sarah , Mcfadden Brook L. , Gutman Robert E. , Rogers Rebecca G.
Published: January 2013

Objective

To describe practice preferences for the diagnosis and management of ileus and small‐bowel obstruction (SBO) following benign gynecologic surgery.

Methods

A secondary descriptive analysis was performed on data from a multicenter case–control study of patients who underwent gynecologic surgery and subsequently developed ileus or SBO. Information was collected regarding interventions such as type of imaging ordered for diagnosis, diet alterations, antiemetic administration, and need for reoperation.

Results

In total, 144 cases were identified. Abdominal X‐ray was the most common imaging modality, occurring in 54 (37.5%) cases. Sixty‐nine (65.1%) of the 106 women who underwent imaging were given definitive radiologic diagnoses of either ileus (50 [72.5%]) or SBO (19 [27.5%]); 57.9% (n = 11) of the SBO diagnoses and 90.0% (n = 45) of the ileus diagnoses were managed conservatively. Eighteen (12.5%) patients underwent reoperation for bowel obstruction. There were no significant differences in rate of reoperation between cases involving the use of single antiemetics and those involving the use of multiple antiemetics (P = 0.18), or between diet statuses on postoperative day 1 (P = 0.08).

Conclusion

Most study centers initially performed an abdominal X‐ray for diagnostic purposes. The majority used a multimodal treatment approach. None of the management options decreased the likelihood of reoperation.
Broadening (and narrowing) the scope of brand relationships
Authors: Alba Joseph W. , Lutz Richard J.
Published: January 2013

The Attachment–Aversion Relationship Model proposed by Park, Eisingerich, and Park represents the latest in a series of attempts to expand, refine, and validate the increasingly popular concept of brand relationships. We find much value in the effort. We suggest, however, that researchers should avoid indiscriminate use of the term and focus on identifying the unique contribution that the notion of brand relationships can make to theory and practice. We also note how the present model could be expanded to achieve this objective.
Bringing Single-case Methodology into the Clinic to Enhance Evidence-based Practices
Authors: Tate Robyn L. , Aird Vanessa , Taylor Christine
Published: January 2013

There are many challenges in incorporating an evidence-based approach into clinical practice and a large literature exists on various barriers and facilitators. Within this context, we have developed a framework to advocate an empirical approach to therapeutic interventions, using our Model to Assess Treatment Effect (MATE). The MATE is designed to characterise how an intervention is delivered to an individual patient/client. It is organised hierarchically into seven levels, from low levels of capacity to demonstrate treatment effect (e.g., Level 1: treatment commenced without pre-intervention assessment) to high levels where cause–effect relationships can be established between the intervention and the behaviour being treated (e.g., Level 6: implementation of a well-designed single-case experimental design). Consequently, the MATE captures all levels of clinical intervention and can be applied readily to an individual patient, as well as an entire clinical setting. In this paper, we present a decision tree in the form of a detailed flow-chart which assists the clinician to classify treatment delivery on the MATE. We believe that the MATE has the capacity not only to document current clinical practice, but also to provide a model whereby future treatments can be planned and implemented with greater scientific rigour and hence accountability in relation to treatment outcomes.
XVI.—On a New Species of Dineuron and of Botryopteris from Pettycur, Fife
Authors: Kidston R.
Published: January 2013

Among the interesting specimens which have been yielded by the material of Calciferous Sandstone age (Culm), from Pettycur, near Burntisland, are a petiole of Dineuron and a very small species of Botryopteris. The former genus does not appear to have been previously discovered in Britain, and the present species is, as far as I am aware, only represented by a single example. The Botryopteris, in the form of fragments of petioles, is not infrequent, but its stems are of much more rare occurrence.
XII.—The Effect of changing the Daily Routine on the Diurnal Rhythm in Body Temperature
Authors: Simpson Sutherland
Published: January 2013

To determine whether the diurnal variation in body temperature is due to the combined effects of the various influences which are known to act upon it, such as muscular exercise, the ingestion of food, sleep, etc., or is present independently of these, the daily routine of the individual who is the subject of the experiment may be reversed artificially by causing him to work during the night and rest and sleep during the day, or it may be modified in another way, viz. by rapidly changing his longitude in a journey from west to east, or vice versa. If the temperature of the body is dependent on the influences mentioned, then a total reversal of the daily routine, or any modification of it, should produce a corresponding change in the diurnal temperature curve.
XIV.—The Cephalopoda of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Hoyle William Evans
Published: January 2013

The Cephalopoda collected by the Scotia may, with a few trifling exceptions, be separated geographically into three divisions, coming respectively from South Africa, South America, and the Antarctic.
XV.—On Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard, and on a new species of Limnodrilus with distinctive characters
Authors: Stephenson J.
Published: January 2013

On a recent occasion, looking into a small shallow pool near Lahore, I saw here and there on its bottom a reddish appearance, which a closer examination showed to be due to innumerable worms, implanted by one extremity in the mud, and waving their free ends in the water. These were the Limnodrilus described below. A quantity of the mud taken for further examination yielded, though in very much smaller numbers, three other Oligochætes, viz. Branchiura sowerbyi, Lahoria hortensis, and a species of Dero.
I.—The Structure of the Skin and Dermal Scales in the Tail ofAcipenser ruthenusL.
Authors: Smith Ian C.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The general relationships of the caudal scales inAdpenser sturioandAcipenser ruthenusare considered together with a detailed description of the structure of the scales and corium inA. ruthenus, and a new staining method using purpurin counterstained with aniline blue for differentiating dermal structures in sections is described. A comparison of the caudal scales of sturgeons with those of palæoniscids indicates considerable agreement in form and arrangement between them. Evidence is presented to show that the caudal scales in sturgeons and palæoniscids are distinct from the general body covering of scales, and evidence points to a similar, though reduced, squamation inLepidosteusand possibly inPolypterus. The importance of the caudal scales in protecting the internal organs in the epichordal lobe of the tail and the significance of the boundary between the body and caudal scales as a hinge for tail flexure is discussed.
X.—Intertidal Communities of the Northern and Western Coasts of Scotland
Authors: Lewis John R.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

An account is given of the distribution and zonation of the moie important plants and animals found on rocky shores. Particular attention is directed to the variation which occurs in the dominant midlittoral communities of exposed shores, and to the wide range of low-level populations found in the sheltered sea-lochs.
XXII.—The Petrology of Picritic Rocks in Minor Intrusions—a Hebridean Group
Authors: Drever H. I. , Johnston R.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The results are presented of a detailed petrological reconnaissance of a group of picritic minor intrusions in the Hebrides. A substantial amount of new factual data is subjected to a unified treatment as a basis for reference and discussion. Olivine phenocrysts are not appreciably zoned and there is no evidence that they have a reaction relation with the liquid represented by the groundmass. Variations in the size and amount of olivine in individual intrusions are examined in detail and attributed to composite intrusion of differentiated material. A distinctive non-porphyritic facies found in several sills and in one dyke is chemically analyzed. Four analyses from widely separated localities establish this facies as a remarkably invariant, eucritic rock-type. The composition of the groundmass of the picritic rocks is variable and there is no evidence whatever of the participation of basaltic magma in their formation. Although no attempt is made to explain the new data in detail, a comprehensive working hypothesis is formulated. The origin of such picritic intrusions is believed to be due to selective fusion of pre-existing ultrabasic rock. Liquid more basic than normal basalt magmas can be formed by this process. Some re-precipitation of olivine may have preceded final emplacement of a magnesia-rich liquid which contained xenocrysts, mainly of olivine, from the source rock.
XXV.—The Mineralogy and Metamorphism of the Moine Schists of the Morar and Knoydart Districts of Inverness-shire
Authors: Lambert R. St J.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

This study of the mineralogy and metamorphism of the Moine schists approaches the problem through consideration of the chemical composition of the minerals. The principal minerals of the Moine schists are studied individually, thirty-three new analyses of minerals being given, with four of schists. For all but six analyses the trace elements have been determined and are tabulated. Muscovites, biotites and garnets all show variation of composition with increasing metamorphic grade, respectively with decreasing Fe2O3and SiO2, increasing MgO and Al2O3, and decreasing CaO plus increasing MgO, these being only the principal variations. The crystal chemistry of the muscovites, biotites and garnets is briefly discussed. Some new data are presented for the relationship of plagioclase and epidote, a relationship which can only be used with extreme caution to indicate metamorphic grade. A dependence of the incidence of a sutured quartz aggregate in psammitic schists upon the microcline content is noted, and it is suggested that the incidence of the breakdown of quartz under the combined effect of temperature (the dominant cause), stress and potassio solutions, all active in the core, is responsible for the production of the core-envelope boundary. This boundary transgresses the strike; within it retrogressive changes have converted Garnet-zone schists to Biotite-zone schists, but outside it the only retrogressive change is garnet to chlorite. The retrogressive metamorphism formed a distinct episode separated from the initial regional metamorphism by an unknown time-interval; during the second metamorphism isotherms were concentric with the dome, declining outwards. The evidence of an epidiorite from the west coast of Morar suggests that during the first metamorphism the zonal state there was that of the Dalradian Biotite-zone; “almandine” garnets in the adjacent schists are extremely rich in CaO and are in equilibrium with microcline.
XXVI.—Staurastrum paradoxum Meyen and S. gracile Ralfs in the British Freshwater Plankton, and a Revision of the S. anatinum-group of Radiate Desmids
Authors: Brook A. J.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

An attempt has been made to determine the identity of two desmids commonly recorded from the plankton of British lakes, Staurastrum paradoxum and S. gracile. The original descriptions of these species were clearly inadequate and many subsequent investigators have given their own interpretation as to their identity, so that from the British plankton alone at least six well-defined taxa have been referred to as S. paradoxum and four as S. gracile. Owing to this confusion, and in the absence of type material, it is suggested that the species S. paradoxum cannot be maintained. On the other hand, type material of S. gracile exists in the British Museum and has been re-examined. The principal characters of this species are described and figured and a list of synonyms given. In addition, those Staurastrum species and varieties frequently misnamed paradoxum or gracile, have been described in detail.
XX.—An Investigation of the Seiches of Loch Earn by the Scottish Lake Survey. Part III.: Observations to Determine the Periods and Nodes.—Part IV.: Effect of Meteorological Conditions upon the Denivellation of Lakes.—Part V.: Mathematical Appendix on the Effect of Pressure Disturbances upon the Seiches in a Symmetric Parabolic Lake
Authors: Chrystal
Published: January 2013

In the first part of the present series of communications I have given a general discussion of the apparatus and methods of observation employed in the investigation of the seiches of Loch Earn, and have also mentioned some of the errors to which seiche observations are liable, and how they may be avoided or corrected. It may be useful to enumerate here certain of these errors, omitting for the most part those that arise from the construction of the instruments, and can be eliminated by proper design and by preliminary tests.
XXV.—Thermo-Electric Diagram from −200° C. to 100° C., deduced from the observations of Professors Dewar and Fleming
Authors: Dickson J. D. Hamilton
Published: January 2013

In 1895 Professors Dewar and Fleming made an extensive and careful series of observations connecting temperature and the thermo-electromotive force of some twenty metals compared with lead. The greatest care was taken in the preparation for, and in the conduct of, the experiments, and about thirty readings, at temperatures ranging over the 300° between the boiling point of oxygen and the boiling point of water, were recorded for each metal. A full description of the mode of experimenting, with the results for each metal, was published in the Philosophical Magazine, July 1895. In their discussion of the results a further examination of them was promised, but has not appeared. Professor Fleming, however, in a Friday Evening Discourse at the Royal Institution in 1896, indicated that the lines of thermo-electric power did not appear as straight lines although they were approximately so.
IV.—On the Skulls of Antarctic Seals: Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Bruce William S.
Published: January 2013

Although the osteology of Antarctic seals has been very completely discussed, notably by the late Dr J. E. Gray, Sir William Turner, and Professor Robert Thomson, yet the literature regarding the subject is somewhat scattered. I have therefore considered that it might be important from the point of view, as it were, of an index to publish a complete series of photographs of a set of the skulls of seals taken by the naturalists of the Scotia during the Antarctic voyage of 1902–1904.
VI—Caradocian Cystidea from Girvan
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: January 2013

The Scottish specimens described in this memoir are all the property of Mrs Robert Gray, and I am exceedingly indebted to her, not only for entrusting them to me for description, but for allowing them to remain in my hands for a lengthy period. None of the collections of the Geological Survey, nor those of Glasgow University, contain any cystids from Girvan. Besides her Cystidea, Mrs Gray has submitted to me her Crinoidea and several interesting specimens of Edrioasteroidea.
XXIV.—The Fresh-water and Terrestrial Mollusca of Northern Asia
Authors: Mozley Alan
Published: January 2013

The following account deals with the systematics and distribution of the fresh-water and terrestrial molluscs of Siberia and Northern Kazakstan. During the open seasons of the years 1932 and 1933 journeys were made through that country, typical areas in several of the great natural regions were examined in some detail, and extensive collections were made. The object of this expedition was to obtain fresh and accurate information regarding the constitution and distribution of the molluscan fauna. During the past one hundred years several scientific papers have appeared which refer to the molluscs of this territory, but despite this the knowledge of this group of animals in Northern Asia has remained in a very unsatisfactory state. This has been due to the collections in the past having been made incidentally in the course of other work, and little or no attempt has been made to evaluate the fauna as a whole. The most thorough investigation so far carried out in this region is that of Westerlund (1877), but his paper was published nearly sixty years ago, and the advances in the study of the mollusca since that time make it essential that some revision and extension of the work should be undertaken. The present paper is one contribution toward that end.
IV.—A Contribution to the Petrography of the South Shetland Islands, the Palmer Archipelago, and the Danco Land Coast, Graham Land, Antarctica
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: January 2013

The following work is based upon the magnificent collection of rock specimens made by Mr D. Ferguson during the expedition described in the foregoing paper. The number of these specimens is 210; and as many were collected in quadruplicate, it has been found possible to make up sets which have been presented to the British Museum (Natural History), the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, and the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. The most complete set is retained in the Hunterian Museum of the University of Glasgow.
IX.—The Geology of the Blackness District, as disclosed by recent Borings
Authors: Cadell H. M.
Published: January 2013

The central part of the West Lothian coast included in the parishes of Abercorn and Carriden, with which this paper deals, extends westwards from the Midhope Glen at Abercorn to Bridgeness, a distance of a little over four miles. As the conspicuous promontory of Blackness is situated near the middle of this strip of coastline, we may here, for the sake of brevity, describe the area in question as the Blackness district. Geologically the shore section includes the upper part of the Oil Shale Series and the Lower Marine Limestones that overlie the oil shales and extend upwards to the coal seams of the Bo'ness area.
XI.—On the Development of the Feathers of the Duck during the Incubation Period
Authors: Lamont Augusta
Published: January 2013

Much study has already been devoted to the plumage of birds and its development, and the extensive literature to which this study has given rise might at first sight make it appear that no room is left for any new contributions to a subject which has already attracted so many investigators. The special branches of the subject, however, which have attracted most attention, have been:—(1) The histology of developing feathers, to which Studer, Davies, Wohlauer, and Bornstein have contributed; (2) pigmentation, investigated by STRONG; and (3) more recently what may be called the continuity between early “down” and adult feathers, a condition which does not appear to have been clearly realised before Jones and Gadow published the results of their researches. Recently also Waterston and Geddes, working on the embryology and anatomy of the Penguin, have touched incidentally on the appearance of down-papillæ and down at successive embryonic stages in the Penguin and the Duck; but, covering a wider field of research, they have not devoted to feather development in particular that careful observation and detailed study which the interest of the subject and the deficiencies of our knowledge appear to warrant.
I.—A Study of the Vascular Supply to the Carpels in the Follicle-bearing Ranunculaceæ
Authors: Fraser Mabel S.
Published: January 2013

In 1790 Goethe (Eng. Trans., 1863) published his doctrine of metamorphosis. Before that only two authors had expressed any fundamental ideas with regard to the flower. Wolff in his Theoria Generationis (1759) said that the plant consisted of nothing but stem and leaf, the root being a modification of the former; parts of the flower were appendages, and the production of floral leaves was due to degeneration of the sap, the richest portion being used up at a lower level by the vigorous first-formed foliage leaves.

Linné (1760) expressed the same idea as Wolff, partly basing his evidence on teratological specimens, in which the various floral organs were sometimes found to be replaced by leaves. He further considered the flower to be a modified shoot, five years' growth being compressed into a single year. Believing that the different floral whorls were developed the one from the other, and observing that they encircled each other, he attributed the various floral envelopes to different tissues of the stem—e.g. the bark gave rise to the calyx, and the carpels arose from the pith.
III.—Perthshire Tectonics: Schiehallion to Glen Lyon
Authors: Bailey E. B. , McCallien W. J.
Published: January 2013

Our district (Pl. II) includes an exceptionally beautiful tract of the Highlands, stretching from the Errochty Water, half a dozen miles north-east of Kinloch Rannoch, to near Loch Tay. It reaches its greatest height in Beinn a' Chuallaich (2925 ft.), Schiehallion (3547 ft.), Carn Mairg (3419 ft.), and Carn Gorm (CG, Pl. II, 3370 ft.). These, with companion mountains that closely approach the 3000-foot contour, are remnants of the much dissected Highland plateau. There are two main eastwardly-draining valley systems: the more northerly holds Loch Rannoch and the River Tummel; the more southerly is known throughout its length as Glen Lyon. The southern limit of the district approximately follows the divide between Glen Lyon and Loch Tay, but fails to include the summit of Ben Lawers (3984 ft.) (inset, text-fig. 14). The eastern margin is really marked by the great Loch Tay fault; though, for purposes of comparison, some previously published mapping is reproduced on PL II east of this fault. The Tummel and the Lyon cross the Loch Tay fault at about 450 and 400 ft. above sea-level.
VII.—The Middle Devonian Fish Fauna of Achanarras
Authors: Forster-Cooper C.
Published: January 2013

During five seasons the writer has been investigating the fishes of the Middle Devonian flagstones in the quarry at Achanarras in Caithness. This celebrated quarry, the home ofPalœospondylus, has been long known and has been previously worked by Traquair (1890, 1894), who has described its fauna. There appeared, however, still to be room for a more detailed and intensive examination of the fauna such as could only be produced by a more extended period of work than had so far been given to it. By permission of Colonel Murray-Thriepland, the owner of the estate on which the quarry is situated, I have been able to spend the seasons of 1931–1935 in making a collection, of which a part is now to be described. To the Colonel and to his son Mr Peter Murray-Thriepland I have been indebted throughout for their unfailing interest and assistance. The main part of this account was written in 1934, but was not published owing to the discontinuance of a foreign journal for which it had been accepted. The season of 1935 produced some further material, which has now been incorporated. Meanwhile the writer has had the opportunity of discussing questions relating to the genusDipteruswith Dr Stanley Westoll, who has in preparation a work on the Devonian fishes in general, and is indebted to him for information on several points. Dr Westoll's view that the scales show an alternate deposition and resorbtion of the outer layer together with its bearing on questions of species is here fully adopted (Westoll, 1935).
XIII.—A New Cephalaspid Fish from the Downtonian of Scotland, with Notes on the Structure and Classification of Ostracoderms
Authors: Westoll T. S.
Published: January 2013

Fossils have been known to occur in the early “post-Caledonian” sediments of Cowie Harbour, Stonehaven, for more than sixty years. Dr R. Campbell (1911, 1912 a, b, 1913) gave an account of the stratigraphy and recorded a number of fossils, including plant-fragments, arthropods (subsequently discussed by Steamer, 1934, 1935), and fishes (Traquair, 1912; Kiaer and Heintz, 1932 a; Heintz, 1939). The fossinferous “Dictyocaris-band,” exposed on the tidal foreshore, has been visited repeatedly by members of this department, who have collected a considerable quantity of fragmentary remains. During the last few years interesting new forms have been obtained by Dr F. H. Stewart, by the writer, and by senior and research students. Faunal lists and a discussion of the age of the beds occur later in this paper. The Dictyocaris-band outcrops also in the Tewel Burn. A cephalaspid scale from this section (Geol. Surv. Scot., T. 2738c and T. 2739c) is described below.
XIX.—The Biology, Culture, Morphology, and Relationships of Lophodermium vagulum sp. nov.; the Cause of a Disease of Chinese Rhododendrons
Authors: Wilson Malcolm , Robertson Noel F.
Published: January 2013

A disease of Chinese Rhododendrons associated with a Lophodermium sp. was found by one of us in April 1933 (Wilson, 1937). The fungus was first noticed as apparently causing the production of large irregular spots on the leaves of the hybrid Rhododendron Souliei × R. Thomsonii. Later, fructifications were observed on the stems of this hybrid and of many other species, and were found also on the fallen leaves. In 1934 the fungus was discovered on the stems of several species growing at the Forestry Commission Estate at Benmore, Argyllshire. Plants sent to the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, from Cumberland in February 1935 were also found to bear similar fructifications on the stems. As a number of species of Lophodermium have been described on the Ericaceae and one on Rhododendron, it was desirable to ascertain the systematic relationships of the fungus especially to L. Rhododendri Ces., which has been recorded from Britain (Smith and Ramsbottom, 1914; Wilson, 1924) and which is not uncommon on R. ponticum in the vicinity of Edinburgh. It was also desirable to study the effects of the fungus upon the host plant since it is difficult in some cases to decide the degree of its pathogenicity.
XXI.—A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Vertebrates of the Karroo Beds of South Africa
Authors: Broom Robert
Published: January 2013

Since the early discoveries made by A. G. Bain a little over one hundred years ago, and which were described by Owen between 1844 and 1876, the South African Karroo beds have yielded a steady stream of new and interesting remains of Permian and Triassic amphibians and reptiles. Our fossil-bearing beds cover about 200,000 square miles. Some exposed areas are very rich, and others covered by soil and wind-blown dust are for all practical purposes quite barren. Still at any time there must be many hundreds of thousands of fossils lying exposed and waiting to be collected. Many do not last long, and weather to powder within a year if not collected; and new ones are always being exposed. In 1935, I sent Professor Camp of America to a farm where, in one day, he collected a hundred good skulls. I had been on this same farm only six months before and collected sixty skulls. One can go there every year and get a large collection. The large majority of skulls are duplicates—but new fossils may turn up at any time.
XVII.—On the Fossil Osmundaceæ
Authors: Kidston R. , Gwynne-Vaughan D.T.
Published: January 2013

The fossils dealt with in this part of our memoir should have been included in the first paper of the series had it been possible to treat the plants described in the order of the complexity of their structure. Unfortunately, however, the specimens did not reach our hands until Part I. was already published; and since we were no longer able to place them in their proper position in the sequence already embarked upon, it was decided to defer their treatment until the conclusion of the memoir.
XX.—The Phase of the Nucleus known as Synapsis
Authors: Lawson A. Anstruther
Published: January 2013

That phase of the nucleus just preceding the heterotype mitosis, and which was first called Synapsis by Moore (1895), has come to be regarded as an important and critical period in the life-cycle. It was called synapsis because of the apparent condensation and contraction of the chromatin at one side of the nuclear cavity. This discovery at first received scant support, the synaptic contraction being considered by many investigators to be nothing more than an artifact—an artificial contraction caused by imperfect fixation. In 1897, however, Moore's discovery was confirmed by Miss Sargant, who not only observed it in fixed material, but also found it in the living pollen-mother-cells of Lilium.
XXI.—Observations on the Body Temperature of the Domestic Fowl (Gallus gallus) during Incubation
Authors: Simpson Sutherland
Published: January 2013

It is held by many that the body temperature shows certain fixed diurnal and seasonal variations which cannot be accounted for by the action of the various influences, such as muscular exercise, ingestion of food, sleep, etc., which are known to affect the rate of heat production and heat loss. These variations are believed to be associated with corresponding changes in the tissue activities, and to a large extent to be independent of environmental conditions.
I. Investigation of Certain Theorems relating to the Figure of the Earth
Authors: Playfair John
Published: January 2013

The observations which have been made to determine the magnitude and figure of the earth, have not hitherto led to results completely satisfactory. They have indeed demonsrated the compression or oblateness of the terrestrial spheroid, but they have left an uncertainty as to the quantity of that compression, extending from about the one hundred and seventieth, to the three hundred and thirtieth part of the radius of the equator. Between these two quantities, the former of which is nearly double of the latter, most of the results are placed, but in such a manner that those best entitled to credit are much nearer to the least extreme than to the greatest.
IV. A Chemical Analysis of Three Species of Whinstone, and Two of Lava
Authors: Kennedy Robert
Published: January 2013

On the 5th of August last, I announced to the Society that I had discovered soda in several varieties of the whinstone of Scotland, and also in lava from Mount Ætna, but did not describe the various experiments to which these substances had been subjected in my examination of them. In the following paper, therefore, I have the honour of laying an account of these experiments before the Society.
XX.—On the Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat of Manganese-Steel
Authors: Mitchell A. Crichton
Published: January 2013

Until a few years ago it was the general opinion among metallurgists that the presence of manganese in steel exceeding the proportion of 1 per cent, is prejudicial to the value of the steel, inasmuch as a higher percentage of manganese has the effect of lowering markedly its tensile strength and toughness. But in 1884, Messrs Hadfield & Company, of the Hecla Steel Works, Sheffield, exhibited, at a meeting of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, a number of samples of steel containing upwards of 10 to 15 per cent, of manganese, and submitted the results of experiments, which showed that the samples were, in point of tensile strength and hardness, in no way inferior to steel. Again, in 1888, Mr R. A. Hadfield read to the Institute a paper on the subject, giving the details of a large number of tests, which brought to light some interesting mechanical properties of alloys of manganese and iron. Since its introduction, these alloys (and particularly that containing 10 to 15 per cent, of manganese, known as “manganese-steel”) have been studied by several physicists, and further peculiarities have been found. It appeared desirable that the thermal conductivity of so peculiar a substance should be investigated. The present paper is an account of experiments made in the Physical Laboratory, Edinburgh University, with a view to the determination of its thermal conductivity. In the reduction of such experiments a knowledge of the specific heat is necessary, hence there is also given an account of experiments whereby the specific heat was determined.
XVI.—Note on an Algal Limestone from Angola
Authors: Romanes M. F.
Published: January 2013

The specimens here described were collected by Professor J. W. Gregory in Angola, and belong to the series described in the paper by him on the geology of that country.

The horizon of the beds from which the limestone was obtained is Albian.

The specimens are of a yellowish pisolitic limestone. In hand specimens the weathered surface has a warty appearance—the diameter of each knob being about 1 cm. A fractured surface shows circular forms varying in size and having decided concentric markings. These concentric markings are, however, less evident in microscopic sections, and this is probably due to the effects of preservation. A similar case has been described by Mr H. Yabe, where the genus Metasolenopora is affected in this way. These circular forms make up the greater part of the rock, and are cemented together by a fine calcareous paste in which are fragments of shell and quartz grains, with occasional grains of other minerals, such as felspar and muscovite. The specimens of limestone examined varied to some extent in texture, some being more compact, and even slightly siliceous, but the contained organisms are present in similar amounts regardless of the texture of the rock.