bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing clinical reasoning in the classroom – analysis of the 4C/ID‐model
Authors: Postma T. C. , White J. G.
Published: May 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical rationale for the implementation of the four‐component instructional design model for complex learning (4C/ID‐model) at the University of Pretoria with the aim of systematically developing the clinical reasoning of undergraduate dental students in a classroom setting.

Methods

Recent literature provides a rationale for the use of the 4C/ID‐model to teach clinical reasoning in terms of four strategic teaching and learning needs: (i) the need for authenticity in the learning process; (ii) the need to manage cognitive load during the learning process; (iii) the need for repeated practice; (iv) a need for valid assessment, feedback and reflection.

Results and discussion

The literature review indicated that the 4C/ID‐model makes provision for teaching and learning in an authentic context and proposes systematically structured methods that could be practically applied to manage cognitive load during repetitive exercises. The model also makes provision for cognitive feedback following assessment in order to eliminate misconceptions about content and to develop the cognitive strategies of the learner.

Conclusions

On the basis of the literature review above, it is recommended that the 4C/ID‐model be considered as a basis for classroom teaching and learning to develop competence in clinical reasoning in undergraduate dental students, even at pre‐clinical level. The model may also have an application in medical education.
Ecosystem stability in space: α, β and γ variability
Authors: Wang Shaopeng , Loreau Michel
Published: May 2014

The past two decades have seen great progress in understanding the mechanisms of ecosystem stability in local ecological systems. There is, however, an urgent need to extend existing knowledge to larger spatial scales to match the scale of management and conservation. Here, we develop a general theoretical framework to study the stability and variability of ecosystems at multiple scales. Analogously to the partitioning of biodiversity, we propose the concepts of alpha, beta and gamma variability. Gamma variability at regional (metacommunity) scale can be partitioned into local alpha variability and spatial beta variability, either multiplicatively or additively. On average, variability decreases from local to regional scales, which creates a negative variability–area relationship. Our partitioning framework suggests that mechanisms of regional ecosystem stability can be understood by investigating the influence of ecological factors on alpha and beta variability. Diversity can provide insurance effects at the various levels of variability, thus generating alpha, beta and gamma diversity–stability relationships. As a consequence, the loss of biodiversity and habitat impairs ecosystem stability at the regional scale. Overall, our framework enables a synthetic understanding of ecosystem stability at multiple scales and has practical implications for landscape management.
Missed opportunities in crystallography
Authors: Dauter Zbigniew , Jaskolski Mariusz
Published: May 2014

Scrutinized from the perspective of time, the giants in the history of crystallography more than once missed a nearly obvious chance to make another great discovery, or went in the wrong direction. This review analyzes such missed opportunities focusing on macromolecular crystallographers (using Perutz, Pauling, Franklin as examples), although cases of particular historical (Kepler), methodological (Laue, Patterson) or structural (Pauling, Ramachandran) relevance are also described. Linus Pauling, in particular, is presented several times in different circumstances, as a man of vision, oversight, or even blindness. His example underscores the simple truth that also in science incessant creativity is inevitably connected with some probability of fault.
Long‐term mark‐and‐recapture study of a freshwater mussel reveals patterns of habitat use and an association between survival and river discharge
Authors: Inoue Kentaro , Levine Todd D. , Lang Brian K. , Berg David J.
Published: May 2014

Climate change and human population growth threaten the supply of fresh water for human use and freshwater biodiversity. Long‐term studies are necessary to identify the effects of such temporal trends on biological and ecological phenomena; however, the collection of long‐term data can be costly and time‐consuming.

We investigated the effect of hydrological variation over time on population dynamics in a perennial river of the northern Chihuahuan Desert, using an imperilled freshwater mussel (Popenaias popeii) as a model. We conducted a 15‐year mark‐and‐recapture study, and distance sampling, to estimate demographic parameters while accounting for habitat heterogeneity and changes in river discharge.

Recapture probability varied between microhabitats, and survival was positively correlated with river discharge. Survival and the finite rate of population growth were relatively stable over time. Over 60% of individuals were found at relatively high density in riffle habitats, which compose c. 16% of the total study area.

Mean monthly temperature in the region increased over the past 100 years, and mean monthly discharge of the Black River declined over the past 65 years. With no significant trends in total monthly precipitation, declines in discharge suggest that reduction of stream flow is likely due to lowering of the water table and decreased groundwater recharge.

Significant changes in climate and hydrological regimes, and increases in anthropogenic threats (increased water demand, degraded water quality) in the region, may induce significant declines in population size of this imperilled mussel. We demonstrated the importance of considering habitat heterogeneity and hydrological cycles over time to examine population dynamics. Survival of benthic invertebrates in desert streams is sensitive to hydrological cycles, which are expected to be altered via climate change and extensive water use. Species recovery plans need to incorporate knowledge of spatial distributions when designing strategies for habitat assessment and making conservation decisions.
Predicting smoking cessation and its relapse inHIV‐infected patients: theSwissHIV CohortStudy
Authors: Schäfer J , Young J , Bernasconi E , Ledergerber B , Nicca D , Calmy A , Cavassini M , Furrer H , Battegay M , Bucher HC ,   Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Published: May 2014

Objectives

The aim of the study was to assess whether prospective follow‐up data within theSwissHIV CohortStudy can be used to predict patients who stop smoking; or among smokers who stop, those who start smoking again.

Methods

We built prediction models first using clinical reasoning (‘clinical models’) and then by selecting from numerous candidate predictors using advanced statistical methods (‘statistical models’). Our clinical models were based on literature that suggests that motivation drives smoking cessation, while dependence drives relapse in those attempting to stop. Our statistical models were based on automatic variable selection using additive logistic regression with component‐wise gradient boosting.

Results

Of 4833 smokers, 26% stopped smoking, at least temporarily; because among those who stopped, 48% started smoking again. The predictive performance of our clinical and statistical models was modest. A basic clinical model for cessation, with patients classified into three motivational groups, was nearly as discriminatory as a constrained statistical model with just the most important predictors (the ratio of nonsmoking visits to total visits, alcohol or drug dependence, psychiatric comorbidities, recent hospitalization and age). A basic clinical model for relapse, based on the maximum number of cigarettes per day prior to stopping, was not as discriminatory as a constrained statistical model with just the ratio of nonsmoking visits to total visits.

Conclusions

Predicting smoking cessation and relapse is difficult, so that simple models are nearly as discriminatory as complex ones. Patients with a history of attempting to stop and those known to have stopped recently are the best candidates for an intervention.
Cultural Industries: Product–Market Characteristics, Management Challenges and Industry Dynamics
Authors: Peltoniemi Mirva
Published: May 2014

During the last decade, cultural industries have grown in economic importance, and research interest in them has increased. Despite prolific research, there is a lack of a comprehensive view on the subject. The purpose of the present paper is to offer a reconceptualization of cultural industries by tracing their boundaries, their features and the dynamics that follow from these features. This is achieved through a review of 314 cultural industries studies, whereby a classification system of three main and six sub‐categories is constructed. On the basis of the review, a framework for future research is presented. Most importantly, future research should examine selection criteria and selection performance, and explore the relationships between tastes, sales, diversity and quality. In this way, researchers might be able to create some order in the extreme uncertainty that cultural industries managers face.
Posttraumatic stress symptoms seen in children within the 3‐month period after the Van earthquake in Turkey
Authors: Küçükoğlu Sibel , Yıldırım Naci , Dursun Onur Burak
Published: May 2014

The research was conducted to determine the posttraumatic stress symptoms seen in children within the 3 month period after the Van earthquake in Turkey. The research was conducted between December 2011 and January 2012 with the earthquake survivor children in the 7–12 age group living in the tent city built in the central area of Van. The research data were collected by the researcher using the Childhood Post‐Traumatic Stress Reaction Index (CPTS‐RI) and a questionnaire prepared by the researchers that contained questions on some information about the earthquake and on sociodemographic characteristics.It was found out that 8.6% (26) of the children had mild symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 19.7% (60) of the children had moderate symptoms of PTSD, 47.7% (145) of the children had severe symptoms of PTSD and 24.0% (73) of the children had very severe symptoms of PTSD. Furthermore, a significant difference (P < 0.001) was found between mean CPTS‐RI scores and the economic losses experienced in the families of the children. In the study, PTSD was identified in the majority of children in the 7–12 age group who experienced the Van earthquake.
Multiparous mothers: Breastfeeding support provided by nurses
Authors: Demirtas Basak
Published: May 2014

The study aimed to identify the informational, practical and emotional support that multiparous mothers had received from nurses in the early postpartum period.This is a descriptive and cross‐sectional study on 278 multiparous mothers who took part in the research prior to their discharge from a maternity hospital in Ankara, Turkey. The instrument used was a 38‐item questionnaire. Experiencing breastfeeding problems was the only statistically significant predictor of in‐hospital supplementation (P < 0.01, OR 0.028, 95% CI 0.005–0.159). There were no statistically significant association between some predictor variables with regard to breastfeeding support and breastfeeding outcomes including in‐hospital formula supplementation and breastfeeding problems. No significant associations are indicative for the need of more effective implementation of informational, practical and emotional breastfeeding support for multiparous mothers in easing their adjustment to breastfeeding. Nurses can encourage multiparous mothers to maintain breastfeeding through individual teaching, giving mothers a sense of security, providing understanding care and telling about what to do with regard to breastfeeding problems. Antenatal education and support could be more likely to make a difference.
Connecting Cultures: Balinese Character and the Computer
Authors: Hagaman Dianne DiPaola
Published: May 2014

Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead intended to use a combination of text, still photographs, and motion picture film in the report of their study of character development in Bali, but found this technically impossible. Multimedia computational devices have now made it possible to do what they could not do, making the three media (in Latour's terms) ‘combinable on a flat surface.’

We were compelled to economize on motion-picture film, and disregarding the future difficulties of exposition, we assumed that the still photography and the motion-picture film together would constitute our record of behavior. (Notes to the Photographs, in Bateson and Mead, 1942 (italics Bateson's))

If inventions are made that transform numbers, images and texts from all over the world into the same binary code inside computers, then indeed the handling, the combination, the mobility, the conservation and the display of the traces will all be fantastically facilitated. When you hear someone say that he or she ‘masters’ a question better, meaning that his or her mind had enlarged, look first for inventions bearing on the mobility, immutability or versatility of the traces; and it is only later, if by some extraordinary chance, something is still unaccounted for, that you may turn towards the mind. (Latour, 1986 (italics Latour's)).
Information Systems Strategy, a Cultural Borderland, Some Monstrous Behaviour
Authors: Hales Mike
Published: May 2014

Does it help to think ‘culture’ when addressing multinational practices of information systems strategy? This paper says it depends on where you stand yourself, what you're attempting to articulate, and whether you can address topographies and systematic violations as well as meanings and situated actions. Discussing an actual case of organization-development consultancy, and seriously mixing its metaphors, the argument uses: a (materialist) distinction between meanings and powers, to suggest that the culture disciplines may not give sufficient help in producing actual change; ‘terrain’, to voice the possibility that computer systems strategy work may be done monstrously; and ‘theatre’, to invoke the construction of research-and-development borderlands which have as their harvest not only meanings but also (unacademic) powers.

Antoine Artaud wrote tracts describing … another theatre … working like the plague, by intoxication, by infection, by analogy, by magic; a theatre in which the play, the event itself, stands in place of a text. (Brook, 1990:54).

[Artaud] was always speaking of a complete way of life, of a theatre in which the activity of the actor and the activity of the spectator were driven by the same desperate need… . [I]t is easier to apply the rules to the work of a handful of dedicated actors than to the lives of the unknown spectators who happen by chance to come through the theatre door. (Brook, 1990:60–61).
Museums and Globalization
Authors: Prosier Martin
Published: May 2014

The chapter explores the diffusion of museums around the globe. It draws upon world systems and globalization theory to argue that we can understand this as the diffusion of an institutionalized form which seeks to realize the world in its organization. This is explored particularly in relation to cosmological models of order in early museums and the role of museums in the process of nation building; and the argument is illustrated through contemporary examples from the National Museum of Sri Lanka.
Ontological Politics. A Word and Some Questions
Authors: Mol Annemarie
Published: May 2014

This is a chapter that asks questions about where we are with politics now that actor network theory and its semiotic relatives have reshaped ontology. They have reshaped it by underlining that the reality we live with is one performed in a variety of practices. The radical consequence of this is that reality itself is multiple. An implication of this might be that there are options between the various versions of an object: which one to perform? But if this were the case then we would need to ask where such options might be situated and what was at stake when a decision between alternative performances was made. We would also need to ask to what extent are there options between different versions of reality if these are not exclusive, but, if they clash in some places, depend on each other elsewhere. The notion of choice also presupposes an actor who actively chooses, while potential actors may be inextricably linked up with how they are enacted. These various questions are not answered, but illustrated with the example of anaemia, a common deviance that comes in (at least) clinical, statistical and pathophysiological forms.
A Sociology of Attachment: Music Amateurs, Drug Users
Authors: Gomart Emilie , Hennion Antoine
Published: May 2014

After describing objects as networks, we attempt to describe ‘subject-networks’. Instead of focusing on capacities inherent in a subject, we attend instead to the tactics and techniques which make possible the emergence of a subject as it enters a ‘dispositif’. Opting for an optimistic analysis of Foucault, we consider ‘dispositifs’ and their constraints to be generative: they do not simply reduce but also reveal and multiply. The generative power of ‘dispositifs’ depends upon their capacity to create and make use of new capacities in the persons who pass through them. Drawing upon a diverse body of literature and upon fieldwork among drug addicts and music amateurs, we show how this point of entry into the question of the subject immediately and irredeemably undoes traditional dichotomies of sociology. It becomes impossible to continue to set up oppositions like those of agent/structure, subject/object, active/passive, free/determined. We also have to look beyond studies of ‘action’ and describe ‘events’. Through the words and trials of the music and drug lovers, it becomes clear that the subject can emerge as she actively submits herself to a collection of constraints. These actors describe necessary yet tentative techniques of preparation to produce this ‘active passion’, this form of ‘attachment’ which we attempt to describe as that which allows the subject to emerge—never alone, never a pristine individual, but rather always entangled with and generously gifted by a collective, by objects, techniques, constraints.
Emotions and Economics
Authors: Pixley Jocelyn
Published: May 2014

This chapter examines approaches to emotions in orthodox and various Keynesian-influenced economics, with regard to ‘interest’ and expectations, and compares it to sociological emotions research. First it shows how economics ignores ‘passions’ like greed or avarice by transmuting them to the allegedly more predictable, less emotional and completely ‘rational’ motives of interests. Interest, in contemporary orthodox accounts, is said basically to account for expectations but the accounts are derived from the Renaissance view that ‘interest will not lie’. In contrast, the less orthodox economic view argues that expectations are merely imagination and hope, however much data, expertise and information are used, and are thus far from predictable. The chapter then compares Keynesian concepts of emotions such as ‘animal spirits’ with sociological understandings of them. The contribution that emotions research can make to emotions in economic decision-making is then considered. Financial organizations, in particular, are obsessed with the future, hence the future-oriented emotions of confidence, optimism, pessimism, fear and trust are unavoidable, but this is an endlessly unlearned and regenerative process. Finally, the chapter touches on the policy implications of an alternative understanding of the typical emotions deployed in decision-making by financial organizations.
Science and Emotions
Authors: Barbalet Jack
Published: May 2014

Science can proceed only when emotions are excluded. This conventional view is widely held but false; indeed, practically meaningless. On the contrary: the issues must be: Which emotions?, and how do they specifically relate to the activities at hand? The chapter considers the changing fortunes of emotions in the discourse of science. In doing so it demonstrates that emotions can be seriously considered in the sociology of science, even though it is hardly ever acknowledged that they have been. By focussing on the role of emotions in core scientific processes, our understanding of science is broadened and our account of emotions enriched.
Effect of photoperiod on incubation period in a wild passerine, Sylvia atricapilla
Authors: Austin Suzanne H. , Hau Michaela , Robinson W. Douglas
Published: May 2014

Time required for avian embryos to develop is influenced by incubation temperature and the amount of time adults incubate eggs. Experiments on poultry indicate that photoacceleration, the light‐induced stimulation of embryonic development, decreases the length of the incubation period as embryos receive more light. We hypothesized that eggs of wild birds exposed to longer periods of light should also have shorter incubation periods. We tested whether photoacceleration would occur in a species of open‐cup nesting passerine, the blackcap Sylvia atricapilla. We artificially incubated blackcap eggs under four different photoperiods, four hours of light (4L) and 20 h of dark (20D), 12L:12D, 20L:4D, and a skeleton photoperiod (1 h light, 2 times per day) that framed a 20 h day. While incubation periods were accelerated with increasing photoperiod length, the differences among photoperiods of 4, 12 and 20L were weak. Embryos exposed to skeleton photoperiods developed as fast as those exposed to 20L and significantly faster than those exposed to 4L and 12L treatments. Skeleton photoperiods may most closely approximate natural patterns of light exposure that embryos experience during dawn and dusk incubation recesses typically associated with adult foraging. If our results from this species also occur in other wild birds, exposure to different day lengths may help explain some of the variation in the observed seasonal and latitudinal trends in avian incubation period.
Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Reliability of Water and Hydropower Supply from a Multipurpose Dam in South Korea
Authors: Park Jong Y. , Kim Seong J.
Published: May 2014

Future climate change is a source of growing concerns for the supply of energy and resources, and it may have significant impacts on industry and the economy. Major effects are likely to arise from changes to the freshwater resources system, due to the connection of energy generation to these water systems. Using future climate data downscaled by a stochastic weather generator, this study investigates the potential impacts of climate change on long‐term reservoir operations at the Chungju multipurpose dam in South Korea, specifically considering the reliability of the supply of water and hydropower. A reservoir model, Hydrologic Engineering Center‐Reservoir System Simulation (HEC‐ResSim), was used to simulate the ability of the dam to supply water and hydropower under different conditions. The hydrologic model Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to determine the HEC‐ResSim boundary conditions, including daily dam inflow from the 6,642 km2 watershed into the 2.75 Gm3 capacity reservoir. Projections of the future climate indicate that temperature and precipitation during 2070‐2099 (2080s) show an increase of +4.1°C and 19.4%, respectively, based on the baseline (1990‐2009). The results from the models suggest that, in the 2080s, the average annual water supply and hydropower production would change by +19.8 to +56.5% and by +33.9 to 92.3%, respectively. Model simulations suggest that under the new climatic conditions, the reliability of water and hydropower supply would be generally improved, as a consequence of increased dam inflow.
Daily Bank Erosion Rates in the Lower Yellow River Before and After Dam Construction
Authors: Xia Junqiang , Li Tao , Li Xiaojuan , Zhang Xiaolei , Zong Quanli
Published: May 2014

During the period of water impoundment and sediment detention of the Sanmenxia Reservoir, riverbank erosion processes played a key role in the channel evolution of the Lower Yellow River (LYR). However, research into bank erosion rates of the LYR has been neglected due to the lack of direct field monitoring. In this study, an indirect method is proposed to determine bank erosion rates at daily time scales by outlining a detailed calculation procedure using measured hydrological data. A total of 810 data points of daily bank erosion rates before and after the construction of Sanmenxia Dam was calculated at seven hydrometric sections along the LYR, with the corresponding values of the bank stability coefficient and the width‐to‐depth ratio also being calculated. Empirical relations were then developed to estimate the daily bank erosion rates, using these parameters at the sections. Temporal and spatial variability in daily bank erosion rates in the LYR before and after dam construction were also investigated, revealing that: (1) the bank erosion rates had a mean value of 16.7‐29.1 m/day in the braided reach, with a maximum value of 290.0 m/day, while they were relatively low in the meandering reach, with a mean value of 2.5 m/day; (2) the erosion rates before dam construction were slightly greater than those after dam construction, with the difference reaching 5‐10 m/day in the braided reach, decreasing in the transitional reach gradually, and being slight in the meandering reach.
The effect of interventions to prevent and treat malnutrition in patients admitted for rehabilitation: a systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Collins J. , Porter J.
Published: May 2014

Background

Malnutrition occurs frequently among patients in rehabilitation, leading to poorer outcomes. Evidence of the effects of interventions to prevent or treat malnutrition is required to guide clinical practice in this setting. This systematic review aimed to determine the effect of oral nutrition interventions implemented in rehabilitation on nutritional and functional outcomes.

Methods

Five databases were searched to identify relevant publications; intervention trials of oral nutrition interventions (such as oral nutrition supplements, foodservice interventions, clinical care processes, enhanced eating environments) conducted with patients admitted for rehabilitation, reporting dietary intake, anthropometric, biochemical or functional outcomes. The reviewers determined study eligibility and assessed the included studies for risk of bias. Outcome data were combined narratively and by meta‐analyses.

Results

From 1765 publications, 10 studies trialling oral nutrition supplements, foodservice interventions and clinical care processes (of neutral or positive quality) were identified. Compared to meals alone, oral nutritional supplements significantly improved energy and protein intake, with some evidence for improvements in anthropometry and length of stay. There was little evidence that speciality supplements were beneficial compared to standard versions. Meta‐analyses demonstrated significantly greater energy [weighted mean difference (WMD) = 324 kcal, 212–436 kcal 95% confidence interval (CI)] and protein (WMD = 9.1 g, 0.2–17.9 g 95% CI) intake with energy dense meals. Opposing results were reported in studies investigating enhanced clinical care processes.

Conclusions

The provision of oral nutrition supplements and energy dense meals improved energy and protein intake and therefore may comprise effective strategies for addressing malnutrition in rehabilitation. The effect of these strategies on other nutritional and functional outcomes should be explored further.
Neuronal influences are necessary to produce mitochondrial co‐localization with glutamate transporters in astrocytes
Authors: Ugbode Christopher I. , Hirst Warren D. , Rattray Marcus
Published: May 2014

Recent evidence suggests that the predominant astrocyte glutamate transporter, GLT‐1/ Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 (EAAT2) is associated with mitochondria. We used primary cultures of mouse astrocytes to assess co‐localization of GLT‐1 with mitochondria, and tested whether the interaction was dependent on neurons, actin polymerization or the kinesin adaptor, TRAK2. Mouse primary astrocytes were transfected with constructs expressing V5‐tagged GLT‐1, pDsRed1‐Mito with and without dominant negative TRAK2. Astrocytes were visualized using confocal microscopy and co‐localization was quantified using Volocity software. Image analysis of confocal z‐stacks revealed no co‐localization between mitochondria and GLT‐1 in pure astrocyte cultures. Co‐culture of astrocytes with primary mouse cortical neurons revealed more mitochondria in processes and a positive correlation between mitochondria and GLT‐1. This co‐localization was not further enhanced after neuronal depolarization induced by 1 h treatment with 15 mM K+. In pure astrocytes, a rho kinase inhibitor, Y27632 caused the distribution of mitochondria to astrocyte processes without enhancing GLT‐1/mitochondrial co‐localization, however, in co‐cultures, Y27632 abolished mitochondrial:GLT‐1 co‐localization. Disrupting potential mitochondrial: kinesin interactions using dominant negative TRAK2 did not alter GLT‐1 distribution or GLT‐1: mitochondrial co‐localization. We conclude that the association between GLT‐1 and mitochondria is modest, is driven by synaptic activity and dependent on polymerized actin filaments.

image

Mitochondria have limited co‐localization with the glutamate transporter GLT‐1 in primary astrocytes in culture. Few mitochondria are in the fine processes where GLT‐1 is abundant. It is necessary to culture astrocytes with neurones to drive a significant level of co‐localization, but co‐localization is not further altered by depolarization, manipulating sodium ion gradients or Na/K ATPase activity.
Impacts of UVB provision and dietary calcium content on serum vitamin D3, growth rates, skeletal structure and coloration in captive oriental fire‐bellied toads (Bombina orientalis)
Authors: Michaels C. J. , Antwis R. E. , Preziosi R. F.
Published: May 2014

Many amphibian species are dependent on ex situ conservation interventions for their long‐term persistence. However, projects have been jeopardised by husbandry issues involving poor calcium metabolism and nutritional metabolic bone disease (NMBD). Healthy calcium metabolism requires appropriate dietary calcium content and access to vitamin D3. In many animals, vitamin D3 can be photobiosynthesised in skin exposed to UVB radiation, as well as extracted from the diet, but the extent of vitamin D3 photobiosynthesis in amphibians is poorly known. Additionally, prey insects for captive amphibians are deficient in calcium and calcium content must be artificially increased, but the effects of different levels of augmentation and their interaction with UVB exposure are also little understood. We fed captive fire‐bellied toads (Bombina orientalis) with crickets augmented to contain 5% and 10% calcium and housed them with and without UVB exposure. Despite additional dietary vitamin D3 supplementation, we found that toads exposed to UVB radiation exhibited significantly higher serum vitamin D3 levels, indicating that this species may partly rely on photobiosynthesis sources of vitamin D3. These data are the first to show a direct link between UVB exposure and serum vitamin D3 in an amphibian. We found significant positive effects of UVB exposure and 10% dietary calcium content on skeletal structure, as well as complex interactions between treatments. We also found UVB radiation exposure resulted in more rapid natural coloration acquisition. Together, this indicates that standard calcium plus vitamin D3 supplementation methods may not fully substitute for UVB exposure and for increased feeder insect calcium content. This may have implications for the success of ex situ amphibian conservation, as well as for the welfare of captive amphibians in general. Our data lend support for the provision of UVB radiation for captive, basking amphibians.
Phylogenetic relationships in the Neotropical tribe Hamelieae (Rubiaceae, Cinchonoideae) and comments on its generic limits
Authors: STRANCZINGER Szilvia , GALAMBOS Aniko , SZENASY Dalma , SZALONTAI Balint
Published: May 2014

Our molecular phylogenetic analyses shed some light on the evolutionary relationships within the Hamelieae tribe. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on Internal Transcribed Spacer and trnL‐F sequence data revealed the presence of three distinct evolutionary lineages. The first clade includes Hamelia and Syringantha, the second clade includes Deppea s.l. (including Bellizinca, Csapodya, and Edithea), and the third clade includes Pinarophyllon, Deppeopsis, Hoffmannia, Pseudomiltemia, Plocaniophyllon, Omiltemia, and Renistipula. The phylogenetic analysis re‐evaluated some taxonomical combinations. The transfer of Deppeopsis taxa from Deppea s.l. is supported, but however, the monophyly of the genus is not. The transfer of Renistipula from Rondeletieae is also highly supported. Both Csapodya and Edithea species form a well‐defined group among Deppea s.l. with high posterior probabilities, allowing to reconsider the exclusion or integration of these taxa to Deppea.
Prognostic Value of Early Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Dogs after Traumatic Brain Injury: 50 Cases
Authors: Beltran E. , Platt S.R. , McConnell J.F. , Dennis R. , Keys D.A. , De Risio L.
Published: May 2014

Background

The prognostic value of early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in dogs after traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains unclear.

Objectives

Determine whether MRI findings are associated with prognosis after TBI in dogs.

Animals

Fifty client‐owned dogs.

Methods

Retrospective study of dogs with TBI that underwent 1.5T MRI within 14 days after head trauma. MRI evaluators were blinded to the clinical presentation, and all images were scored based on an MRI grading system (Grade I [normal brain parenchyma] to Grade VI [bilateral lesions affecting the brainstem with or without any lesions of lesser grade]). Skull fractures, percentage of intraparenchymal lesions, degree of midline shift, and type of brain herniation were evaluated. MGCS was assessed at presentation. The presence of seizures was recorded. Outcome was assessed at 48 h (alive or dead) and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after TBI.

Results

Sixty‐six percent of the dogs had abnormal MRI findings. MRI grade was negatively correlated (P < .001) with MGCS. A significant negative correlation of MRI grade, degree of midline shift, and percentage of intraparenchymal lesions with follow‐up scores was identified. The MGCS was lower in dogs with brain herniation (P = .0191). Follow‐up scores were significantly lower in dogs that had brain herniation or skull fractures. The possibility of having seizures was associated with higher percentage of intraparenchymal lesions (P = 0.0054) and 10% developed PTE.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Significant associations exist between MRI findings and prognosis in dogs with TBI. MRI can help to predict prognosis in dogs with TBI.
Conservation implications of the evolutionary history and genetic diversity hotspots of the snowshoe hare
Authors: Cheng Ellen , Hodges Karen E. , Melo‐Ferreira José , Alves Paulo C. , Mills L. Scott
Published: May 2014

With climate warming, the ranges of many boreal species are expected to shift northward and to fragment in southern peripheral ranges. To understand the conservation implications of losing southern populations, we examined range‐wide genetic diversity of the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), an important prey species that drives boreal ecosystem dynamics. We analysed microsatellite (8 loci) and mitochondrial DNA sequence (cytochrome b and control region) variation in almost 1000 snowshoe hares. A hierarchical structure analysis of the microsatellite data suggests initial subdivision in two groups, Boreal and southwestern. The southwestern group further splits into Greater Pacific Northwest and U.S. Rockies. The genealogical information retrieved from mtDNA is congruent with the three highly differentiated and divergent groups of snowshoe hares. These groups can correspond with evolutionarily significant units that might have evolved in separate refugia south and east of the Pleistocene ice sheets. Genetic diversity was highest at mid‐latitudes of the species' range, and genetic uniqueness was greatest in southern populations, consistent with substructuring inferred from both mtDNA and microsatellite analyses at finer levels of analysis. Surprisingly, snowshoe hares in the Greater Pacific Northwest mtDNA lineage were more closely related to black‐tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) than to other snowshoe hares, which may result from secondary introgression or shared ancestral polymorphism. Given the genetic distinctiveness of southern populations and minimal gene flow with their northern neighbours, fragmentation and loss of southern boreal habitats could mean loss of many unique alleles and reduced evolutionary potential.
Ask and Ye Shall Receive? How Gender and Status Moderate Negotiation Success
Authors: Amanatullah Emily T. , Tinsley Catherine H.
Published: May 2014

The backlash effect is a well‐documented negative social reaction toward women who are seen as violating gender norms because they engage in counterstereotypical (noncommunal, agentic) behaviors during the performance of their jobs. This social disincentive has been shown to account for women's diminished likelihood to initiate negotiations relative to men. But we question whether women who ignored this disincentive and initiated negotiations would even receive the resources they requested. We extend past research by showing women also incur financial penalties for initiating negotiations. This financial penalty can be explained by women's lower ascribed status relative to men's status and fortunately can be attenuated if women have achieved status. In two studies, we find consistent evidence that women who ask do not receive unless they have externally conferred status.
Power and Status in Conflict and Negotiation Research: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Greer Lindred , Bendersky Corinne
Published: May 2014

Power and status are central influences in conflict and negotiation: Power structures determine negotiator behavior and conflict dynamics, and status differences can give rise to competition and conflicts between individuals and groups. In the last 50 years, much research attention has been devoted to the study of power and status in the conflict setting. In this introduction to the special issue, we highlight some of the key areas of research in the field thus far, highlighting key debates and dialogues. We then present the four articles in this special issue, explaining how each of these articles contributes to a unique debate in this area. Finally, we close with a discussion of the many exciting future research directions that are opening up around the topics of power and status in negotiation and conflict management research.
Women in Negotiation: Effects of Gender and Power on Negotiation Behavior
Authors: Hong Alain P. C. I. , van der Wijst Per J.
Published: May 2014

Research on gender and negotiation has shown that women are often left worse off at the negotiation table and tend to negotiate less favorable outcomes than men. These findings may be, in part, due to the socialization of men and women, which has resulted in a greater negotiation advantage for men than for women. It is, however, hypothesized that power affects men's and women's negotiation behavior in such a way that it positively influences women's negotiation behavior while men remain unaffected by it. In an experimental setting using a face‐to‐face distributive bargaining situation, participants were primed with the experience of having power and were subsequently asked to negotiate with an opponent about the asking price of a house. The results of this study show that women who were primed with the experience of having power made better first offers and negotiated better outcomes than women who were not. Men's first offers and negotiation outcomes turned out not to be affected by power. Moreover, results also show that power significantly reduced differences in negotiation outcomes between men and women. All in all, this study shows that power influences men's and women's behavior in negotiation differently.
Psychological distress, depression, anxiety, stress, and exercise in Australian and New Zealand mothers: A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Lovell Geoff P. , Huntsman Angela , Hedley‐Ward Jodie
Published: May 2014

Postnatal psychological well‐being is a complex issue characterized by major changes in physical, social, and emotional health. In response to addressing limitations of previous research this study aimed to: (i) quantify psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and stress in a large sample of Australian and New Zealand mothers and to compare to Australian norm data; and (ii) identify any significant differences in psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and stress of the mothers when grouped according to their self‐reported exercise incidence. Self‐reported short‐form version Depression Anxiety Stress Scale data were collected from 3601 Australia and New Zealand mothers with at least one child under the age of 5 years. Results demonstrated that this sample of mothers had significantly poorer psychological well‐being than the general Australian population. Furthermore, with the exception of anxiety, psychological well‐being of mothers who reported exercising three to four times per week was significantly and meaningfully more positive compared to those mothers that reported not to exercise.
Effects of expiratory ribcage compression before endotracheal suctioning on arterial blood gases in patients receiving mechanical ventilation
Authors: Kohan Mahmoud , Rezaei‐Adaryani Morteza , Najaf‐Yarandi Akram , Hoseini Fatemeh , Mohammad‐Taheri Nahid
Published: May 2014

Aim and objectives

To investigate the effects of expiratory ribcage compression (ERCC) before endotracheal suctioning on the arterial blood gases (ABG) in patients receiving mechanical ventilation.

Background

Endotracheal suctioning is one of the most frequently used methods for airway clearance in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest physiotherapy techniques such as ERCC before endotracheal suctioning can be used as a means to facilitate mobilizing and removing airway secretions and improving alveolar ventilation.

Design

A prospective, randomized, controlled cross‐over design.

Methods

A randomized controlled cross‐over trial with a convenience sample of 70 mechanically ventilated patients was conducted from 2006 to 2007. The patients received endotracheal suctioning with (experiment‐period) or without (control‐period) an antecedent 5‐min expiratory ribcage. All the patients experienced both periods with at least a 3‐h washed‐out interval between the two periods. ABG were measured 5 min before and 25 min after endotracheal suctioning.

Results

The statistical tests showed that the levels of partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) in the experimental period at 25 min after the intervention were significantly different from the control period. The tests also revealed that the levels of these variables at 25 min after suctioning were also significantly different from baseline values. However, these differences were clinically significant only for PaO2/FiO2.

Conclusion

By improving the levels of PaO2/FiO2, ERCC can reduce the patients' need for oxygen and hence it can at least reduce the side effects of oxygen therapy.

Relevance to clinical practice

Improving PaO2/FiO2 levels means less need for oxygen therapy. Hence, by applying ERCC we can at least minimize the side effects of oxygen therapy.
Safety of low‐ to medium‐dose glucocorticoid treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: myths and reality over the years
Authors: Santiago Tânia , da Silva José António P.
Published: May 2014

Low‐ to medium‐dose glucocorticoids have been shown to have not only anti‐inflammatory but also disease‐modifying properties in rheumatoid arthritis. The evidence for the benefit of its early use in combination with disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs underlines the need for a close evaluation of their risk–benefit ratio. Over time, numerous myths and fears about glucocorticoid toxicity in rheumatoid arthritis have arisen from observational studies, and many concerns have been unduly extrapolated from observations with higher‐dose treatment. Furthermore, we cannot exclude the possibility of a powerful effect of bias by indication in these studies. Low‐ to medium‐dose glucocorticoid regimens continued to be evaluated in randomized clinical trials, particularly in early disease, but these studies also have relevant methodological limitations in assessing safety, particularly due to small size and/or short duration. At present, the evidence on which to support clear recommendations about glucocorticoid toxicity remains remarkably weak. A large prospective pragmatic trial dedicated to the toxicity of low‐dose glucocorticoids is dearly needed. Meanwhile, adherence to recommendations on standardized methodologies for registration and report of glucocorticoid adverse events is essential for improving our knowledge and competence in the best management of these important medications.
Prolonged perioperative infusion of low‐dose ketamine does not alter opioid use after pediatric scoliosis surgery
Authors: Pestieau Sophie R. , Finkel Julia C. , Junqueira Mariana M. , Cheng Yao , Lovejoy John F. , Wang Jichuan , Quezado Zenaide
Published: May 2014

Background

Opioid consumption after posterior spinal fusion is known to be high and often exceeds those reported in other major surgical procedures. A number of clinical trials provide evidence that the perioperative use of subanesthetic doses of ketamine reduces pain and opioid requirements in some surgical procedures, but the effect of prolonged perioperative low‐dose ketamine infusion in patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion for pediatric scoliosis surgery is unknown.

Objective

To test the hypothesis that a 72‐h perioperative low‐dose ketamine infusion would decrease opioid use in pediatric patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion.

Methods

In a double‐blind prospective controlled trial, patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion for scoliosis were randomized to receive perioperative low‐dose ketamine or placebo control. Patients received general anesthesia, intraoperative remifentanil, and morphine patient‐controlled analgesia postoperatively. Daily opioid consumption, self‐reported pain scores, and sedation scores were measured.

Results

Fifty‐four patients were enrolled and 50 completed the study. Contrary to our hypothesis, ketamine– and control‐treated patients had similar postoperative opioid use, pain scores, and sedation scores measurements. In contrast, ketamine‐treated patients required less intraoperative remifentanil compared with control (mean 2.9 mg vs. 4 mg, P = 0.0415). Number of vertebrae instrumented, time between end‐of‐surgery and 24 h assessment, or remifentanil doses did not impact on postoperative opioid use. Over 96‐h postoperatively, morphine‐equivalent consumption was lower (−0.40, P = 0.006) and sedation score was higher (0.47, P = 0.0211) in male patients, compared with female patients.

Conclusions

These findings do not support the use of perioperative low‐dose ketamine to decrease opioid use in children with scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion.