bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raportul juridic de drept civil in materia afacerilor. Note de curs. Sinteze si aplicatii
Authors: Banulescu Viorel , Cristea Silvia Lucia
Published: January 2022

Manualul vine in intampinarea masteranzilor ce urmeaza cursuri de drept, cu predilectie celor ce vor urma cursurile Masteratului de Drept antreprenorial al Facultatii de Drept din ASE, Bucuresti, printr-o forma de redactare schematica, imbunatatita cu intrebari si grile, astfel incat acestia sa aiba atat notele de curs dar si pe cele de seminar, intr-o fuziune optima. Lucrarea contine si notiuni de dictionar, pentru o mai buna intelegere.
Medical Students’ Satisfaction with the Quality of E-learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Authors: Mohtaram Maasoumeh
Published: January 2022

Background: Universities’ sudden exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic and the need to maintain social distancing have prompted universities to reconsider their traditional roles in the teaching-learning process and to create a new organizational structure for this process. The result of this reorganization is the development of a new teaching system framework known as e-learning. Although this type of education could lay the foundation for all learners to enhance the quality of education, expand learning opportunities, and receive education conveniently and quickly, students’ satisfaction or dissatisfaction plays a key role in the current competitive and turbulent environment. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the satisfaction of medical students with the quality of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The sample population of this study included the students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in Shiraz, Iran. Via convenience sampling, 240 medical students were selected. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire to assess the students' satisfaction with the quality of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The questionnaire was distributed and collected after confirming its validity and reliability. Results: The mean satisfaction of the medical students with e-learning was moderate. The highest mean satisfaction of the students’ with the desirability of the e-learning process during the COVID-19 pandemic was observed in the dimension of satisfaction with the quality of educational facilities and equipment, followed by the dimensions of the quality of professors and teaching time, quality of professors’ lesson plan, quality of the educational atmosphere and assessment of academic achievement, and the quality of professors' teaching methods. Conclusions: Although the students’ satisfaction with the quality of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic was not very high, their moderate satisfaction and prioritizing their satisfaction based on the quality of classrooms and equipment, as well as the quality of professors and teaching time, indicated that universities should provide the required facilities to improve the quality of e-learning and take appropriate measures to enable professors to implement virtual classrooms and e-learning properly.
Telemedicine for Patients with Schizophrenia: A Systematic Literature Review on Applications and Outcomes
Authors: Keshvardoost Sareh , Shafiei Elaheh , Hajesmaeel-Gohari Sadrieh , Hosseini Golkar Mostafa , Bahaadinbeigy Kambiz
Published: January 2022

Context: Schizophrenia is one of the most severe mental disorders that affect all aspects of a patient's lives. Telemedicine can be helpful for this population. Objectives: This study aimed to review the studies for investigating the applications and outcomes of telemedicine in providing healthcare services for patients with schizophrenia. Evidence Acquisition: We searched PubMed and Scopus databases to find relevant studies in July 2020. The combination of two “Schizophrenia” AND “Telemedicine” keywords were used to search databases. Original observational and interventional studies, which have used a telemedicine service in schizophrenia disease, were included in this review. Results: Of 309 gathered studies, 26 studies were entered into this research. The synchronous modality (58%) and videoconference communication (38.5%) were used in most studies. Most studies (84.5%) have shown that telemedicine was a beneficial method. More than half of the studies (58%) had therapeutic goals. The rest of the studies were for diagnostic (19%), educational (11.5%), and both therapeutic and educational (11.5%) purposes. Only one study (4%) showed that telemedicine was not cost-effective. In nine studies (34.5%), users were satisfied with the use of telemedicine services. Conclusions: Telemedicine is a useful method for the management of patients with schizophrenia, especially to improve treatment adherence and prevent relapse. It would be better to pay more attention to the educational issues because of the positive impact on adherence to treatment and prevent relapse.
On the Relationship Between Intimate Partner Violence and Quality of Life Among Menopausal Women
Authors: Ghazanfarpour Masumeh , Dolatabadi Zari , Saeedi Masumeh , Shojania Shahin , Kiani Mohammad Ali , Mohsen Abadi Mohsen , Babakhanian Masoudeh
Published: January 2022

Background: This study aimed to assess the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and quality of life (QOL) among menopausal women. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 202 postmenopausal women admitted to different healthcare centers. The primary data collection tools were the revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) and Menopause-Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL). Results: The participants encompassed 202 postmenopausal women with the mean age of 52.14 ± 5.93 years. The analysis revealed that 70.8% of women were 45 - 55 years, 29.2% of women were 56 - 65 years, and 62.7% of the participants had more than two children. Compared to the non-smoking participants, the smoking women reported more injury violence (P = 0.008). In this study, the effect of the husband and wife’s level of education on IPV was not significant. The menopausal women or their spouses experienced more psychological (P = 0.008) and injury (P = 0.01) violence following their second marriage. The present findings suggested that three types of violence, including psychological (P < 0.001), physical (P = 0.003), and injury (P < 0.001), reported higher levels of psychological symptoms. The women experiencing psychological (P < 0.001) and sexual (P = 0.012) violence reported more severe physical problems than those with no history of violence in menopause. Conclusions: This study provided more profound insights into the relationship between menopause-related quality of life and types of violence among menopausal women. The quality of life in postmenopausal women is significantly declined under domestic violence. Healthcare providers are recommended to be trained on detecting and managing IPV and the corresponding physical and psychological problems.
Evaluation of Health Promoting Behaviors and Its Relationship with Mental Health in Elderly Military Veterans in Iran
Authors: Zareipour MoradAli , Nozad Elham , Khodavandi Somayyeh , Moharrami Fatmeh , Rostampor Fateme
Published: January 2022

Background: One of the effective factors in the healthy living of the elderly is health-promoting behaviors. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between health-promoting behaviors and mental health in elderly military veterans in Iran. Methods: Using available sampling method, this descriptive-analytical study was performed on 280 elderly military veterans over 60 years old referred to a military health center in Urmia, Iran. We used a questionnaire comprising three sections as follows: (1) elderly demographic information; (2) health promoting behaviors; and (3) mental health assessment. The collected data were entered into SPSS software v.20 and analyzed by chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: The results showed that among the health-promoting behaviors, non-consumption of alcohol, controlling blood pressure, and not smoking had the highest frequency, and the injection of influenza vaccine had the lowest frequency. The relationship between health-promoting behaviors and the level of mental health showed that smoking, stress, alcohol consumption, and not exercising had a significant relationship with anxiety and stress (P < 0.05). Also, the individuals who consumed more fruits and vegetables had less stress than those who consume lower amounts of these foods (P < 0.05). Also, people who consumed low-salt, low-fat, and dairy-based foods, controlled their blood pressure regularly and had received the flu vaccine had a better mental health. Conclusions: According to the results, a special attention should be paid to these factors in planning to teach health-promoting behaviors to improve health and counseling services in the elderly.
Měkkýši Národní přírodní rezervace Soos [Molluscs (Mollusca) of the Soos National Nature Reserve]
Authors: Horáčková Jitka
Published: January 2022

The Soos National Nature Reserve nearby Františkovy Lázně Town (Western Bohemia, Czech Republic) is a spectacular peatbog site with the occurrence of fens on numerous mineral spring effluents, emanations of pure carbon dioxide in mofettes (i.e. false mud volcanoes), parts with saltwater wetlands, and diatomite mantel in its central part. These natural conditions affect general character of all habitats, vegetation and malacocoenoses in the reserve. Altogether, 31 mollusc species were found there, but only two of them are considered as near threatened (Pisidium obtusale and Vertigo substriata). The majority of recorded assemblage was composed of common and generalist mollusc species.
President Greenwald's Man
Authors: Swanson Cory ,   After Dinner Conversation
Published: January 2022

To what degree do serious issues require serious consequences for politicians who fail to address them? Should politicians who fail to keep campaign promises have greater consequences than not being reelected? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, Brian Greenwald is running a unique presidential campaign. Not only is he a single-issue candidate for stopping global warming, but an ominous figure follows him everywhere with the promise to kill him at the end of his term if he fails to move the needle. The electorate knows this, and elects Greenwald President in a landslide. Everything he does in office is focused on the single goal of lower greenhouse gas emissions. At the end of his first term emissions have gone flat, but not down. By the end of his second term, even after exceptional efforts, global greenhouse gas emissions have failed to significantly fall. Good to his word, the ominous figure kills him for failing to deliver.
Grief
Authors: Ross Steven ,   After Dinner Conversation
Published: January 2022

What does it mean to have faith? If you have absolute proof God did not exist, would it change your moral duty to others? In this work of philosophical short story fiction God, literally, lives in a temple as a being among the people. He has guided and instructed them for centuries until, one day, he declares he has nothing more to teach, and leaves. The local clergy go into a period of grief while the cities fall into lawless chaos. The clergy/narrator, likewise, falls into a deep depression as he sees the temples and religious infrastructures quickly fall into disarray. He meets at the “first temple” with the remaining leaders who are equally distraught and lack answers. He burns his religious belongings and falls into a deep depression. His church is ransacked and later turned into an elementary school. In the end, narrator gets a job working at a museum.
The Davidson Method
Authors: Carey Brian ,   After Dinner Conversation
Published: January 2022

How do you know if what you feel is real, or is simply the natural result of a modified belief/desire? Does it even matter? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, Susan and Richard are getting a divorce, but their son is struggling to come to terms with it. They head to the clinic to learn about using the “Davidson Method” to modify their child’s brain so he will be more accepting of their divorce. Alison, the person in charge of explaining their options to them, explains that long term brain modifications in children are not permitted. However, she suggests, as adults, they could use the method to make a long-term modification so that they are happy in their marriage. They reject this idea. The next option, she suggests, is to modify them so that they don’t care that their child is unhappy about the divorce. They likewise, reject this idea. Alison explains to them the desire to make their child happy too, can be modified. The couple rejects the idea and leaves the office, determined to work harder on their marriage, rather than face the horrible prospect of programming themselves not to love their child.
Seconds Last
Authors: Streeter P. G. ,   After Dinner Conversation
Published: January 2022

What does it mean to be dead? If you were living in a perfect, but false, moment in time, would you choose to leave it? In this work of philosophical short fiction, Linus and Axel are sitting in Central Park on a perfect October day. They have lived in this same day, seemingly, forever. They know they are both dead. Linus died about ten years later than Axel. It occurs to Linus that if they are both seeing his vision of Central Park, it must be his reality. Linus theorizes that, at the moment of death, our brain activity speeds up dramatically, making it seem like our final moment in time lasts forever. However, it’s not real. Linus decides to end this moment in time and move on.
Pneumadectomy
Authors: Coverley Harris ,   After Dinner Conversation
Published: January 2022

What if there was absolute proof of the soul? Would you ever have yours removed? Would you be friends with someone who had had it removed? In this work of philosophical short fiction, science has definitively discovered that your soul resides in your appendix. Sometimes, when your appendix is having issues, it is for medical reasons. However, sometimes it is because your soul, residing in your appendix, is having issues. The solution in either case is the same, remove the organ. Rolly is a young boy, like all other young boys, who likes to play with is friends. However, his appendix was inflamed and had to be removed. Now, the other children call him “No Soul” and refuse to play with him. Feeling left out, he goes to a neighbor’s house to visit another friend Cioran. However, Cioran’s parents are far more religious and, when their child had appendix issues, they refused to have it removed as they didn’t want to remove his soul. Because his appendix was not removed Cioran, unlike Rolly, died.
The Body of Rights: The Right to the Body
Authors: Berghoffen Debra ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

This paper examines the ways that feminists have built on and transformed Mary Wollstonecraft’s Enlightenment idea that women’s rights are human rights. It argues that Wollstonecraft’s marginal attention to the issue of sexual violence reflects the mind-body dualism of her era where reason divorced from the body established our dignity as persons. Today’s feminists reject this dualism. They have adopted and retooled Wollstonecraft’s idea that women’s rights are human rights to (1) create solidarity among women of different places, races, classes, religions etc., (2) break the silence surrounding the experience and meaning of rape, and (3) create grassroots, national and international forums that expose the fact that sexual violence is one of the crucial anchors of patriarchy. Wollstonecraft believed that human rights were guaranteed by reason and God. We find that these rights are embodied and fragile. They depend on us to make them real. Addressing this responsibility, the paper ends with a question: Are we up to the task?
Shitao and the Enlightening Experience of Painting
Authors: Chai David ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

Having reached its zenith in the Song dynasty, Chinese landscape painting in the dynasties that followed became highly formulaic as artists simply copied the old masters to perfect their skills. This orthodox approach was not accepted by everyone however; some painters criticized it, arguing it was better to learn the ideas behind the techniques of the old masters than to blindly copy them. Shitao was one such critic and his Manual on Painting exemplifies his desire to disassociate himself from the classical approach to painting. This paper will investigate the three major themes of Shitao’s text—the holistic brushstroke, brush and ink, and the method of no-method—in order to show how they shaped his view of landscape painting and how said paintings subsequently embodied them. Unlike the near-scientific approach taken by his contemporaries and predecessors, Shitao paints to capture the unifying simplicity of nature, an onto-aesthetic experience that is profoundly enlightening.
Discording Enlightenment on China
Authors: Ambrogio Selusi ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

It is usually acknowledged that the core contribution of the Enlightenment is primarily twofold: the first being the introduction of reason and science as judgmental principles, and the second being the belief in the future progress of humankind as a shared destiny for humanity. This ‘modern’ reason—an exclusively human prerogative among creatures—could be applied to create a better society from the political, civil, educational, scientific, and religious points of view. What is usually less known is that for most of the Enlightenment thinkers, this philosophical and cultural step was the prerogative of European or Western-educated thinkers, which implied a gradual exclusion of extra-European civilizations from human progress as a natural phenomenon. Thus, with the exception of a few French libertines, the creation of a better society was due to reason and critical thinking absent in other civilizations, who could, at most, inherit this ‘rational power’ from Western education. This exclusion, which is usually attributed to the violence of the colonialist period, is already implied in the arguments of several Enlightenment thinkers. Our investigation will follow three steps: an exposition of the three Western historical paradigms in which Eastern civilizations were inserted between the 17th and 18th century; a comparison between the attitude toward China and Buddhism of two very distant philosophers of the Enlightenment—i.e. Pierre Bayle (1647–1706) and Johann Jacob Brucker (1696–1770)—and a brief reflection on the Enlightenment from an ‘external/exotic’ point of view that will suggest the necessity of a ‘new skeptical Enlightenment’ for inducing actual intercultural dialogue.
Passionate Enlightenment Redeeming Modernity through David Hume
Authors: Zhang Meng ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

This paper aims to redeem part of the Enlightenment project through a critical appreciation of David Hume’s practical philosophy. It argues that Hume’s practical philosophy, if interpreted correctly, is immune to two major charges leveled against the Enlightenment in critical theories and in philosophical ethics, respectively. One trend is represented by Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno, who claim that inherent to the advocacy of rationality typical of the Enlightenment is the irrational adoration of instrumental reason, which obliterates individual particularity, commodifies human relationships, and oppresses the human urge to express passionately. The other trend is represented by Alasdair McIntyre, who claims that the Enlightenment project is doomed to fail because it ventures to justify a historically and culturally conditioned morality as universal. Against the first critique, I argue that Hume’s reliance on the affective tendencies to derive a standard of moral values avoids the idolatry of rationality. Against the second critique, I argue that Hume’s characterization of virtues as qualities of personality that facilitate interpersonal relationships allows ample room for the cultural variance of values.
Do We Need a Metaphysics of Morals?
Authors: Pinzani Alessandro ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

This paper argues that Kant’s project of a metaphysics of morals represents a normative ideal grounded on the core ideas of Enlightenment. In the first section, it analyzes Kant’s concept of metaphysical principles of morals by establishing a connection between a metaphysics of morals and Kant’s concept of metaphysics in general and of metaphysics of nature in particular. It then discusses what is metaphysical in the Doctrine of Right and the Doctrine of Virtue. In its last section, it tackles the question of whether a non-metaphysical reading of Kant’s doctrines of right and of virtue is desirable if we want to remain faithful to Kant’s Enlightenment project.
Three new species of Oxyethira Eaton, 1873 (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from New Caledonia
Authors: Cavalcante Bruna Maria Silva , Johanson Kjell Arne
Published: January 2022

Oxyethira Eaton, 1873 is one of the most diverse genera of Hydroptilidae, comprising over 240 species distributed in all biogeographical regions. Here three new species of Oxyethira (Trichoglene) Neboiss, 1977 are described and illustrated from male specimens collected in New Caledonia: O. (Trichoglene) hamus sp. nov., recognized by the hook-shaped apex of the long inferior appendages in lateral view and by the posterior margin of segment IX with a trilobed appearance in ventral view; O. (Trichoglene) rectangulata sp. nov., recognized by the rectangular shape of the inferior appendages, which are totally fused and with two pairs of small setae on the inner face; and O. (Trichoglene) spiralis sp. nov., recognized by the strongly curvilinear shape of the subgenital process in dorsal and lateral views and by the long process spiralling around the ejaculatory duct at the phallus apex.
CONSTRUINDO UMA METALINGUAGEM DIDÁTICA: O GEOZINE NA PRÁTICA DOCENTE
Authors: Teixeira Viana João Paulo , Dantas Eugênia Maria
Published: January 2022

A pesquisa propõe um estudo sobre estratégias de ensino para os conteúdos geográficos escolares, tendo o Geozine como fonte para o seu desenvolvimento. O propósito central desta pesquisa é compreender o Geozine como uma linguagem transitiva que se comporta como uma estratégia didática-pedagógica para o ensino da Geografia escolar. Metodologicamente, realizou-se o aprofundamento do referencial teórico a partir da seleção de autores que abordam temas sobre a língua, linguagem e comunicação e sua interface com o ensino da geografia, os conceitos geográficos de Lugar e Paisagem e por fim, sobre o Fanzine e Geozine. A compreensão se dá a partir da exploração das noções de lugar e de paisagem, tendo, primeiramente, como foco uma oficina de construção didática denominada de “O Geozine: Construindo uma metalinguagem didática” destinada aos professores de Geografia da cidade de Taipu-RN.  Todo este percurso serviu para dar uma maior densidade à linguagem Geozine e para enfatizar como ela pode ser aplicada, transitiva e metalinguística no fazer pedagógico do professor.
Impact of COVID - 19 on sustainability of civil society organizations in the Western Balkan Region
Authors: Drobarov Romeo , Popovska Biljana , Gelev Igor
Published: January 2022

Authors of the study have tried to outline the impact of COVID 19 over the civil society sector in the Republic of North Macedonia. In this complex situation of a global pandemic they have focused on the allocation of funds. In addition, the cooperation between government institutions and citizens' associations in carrying out activities to deal with pandemic has also been examined. Content analyses have been applied to examine the regulations in which participation of the citizens' associations in the context of the pandemic is determined. In addition, comparative methods have also been applied to determine the degree of NGOs involvement in the use of budget and other donated funds. Finally, qualitative methods are also used to evaluate whether these funds have been the right choice of the associations in context of their sustainability to create opportunities to carry on with activities. When reviewing the whole paper, an impression is created that more comprehensive research with a larger number of respondents / NGOs is needed. Thus, through a case study answers will be provided to the issue of whether these NGOs are really non-profit or not. Also, whether in a certain period they fulfill certain government goals or other interests while profiting directly or indirectly on different bases. Finally, the authors in specific conclusions and recommendations determine a possible course of further action in terms of more transparent, more efficient and more comprehensive work of the NGOs.
Nature of Customary international law: All we need is practice
Authors: Hrnjaz Miloš
Published: January 2022

The main objective of this paper is to critically assess the dominant additive theory of the formation of Customary International Law by using the concept of discursive normative practice and the work of Gerald Postema. My central conclusion is that the use of this concept provides an explanation of the process of formation of Customary International Law that is superior to the additive theory which consists of two elements - practice and opinio juris. On the other hand, Postema's theory also has its own weaknesses, and this paper explores ways to improve it.
Canaries in a coal mine: Rule of law deficiencies and mutual trust
Authors: Bárd Petra
Published: January 2022

The value decline in the EU has manyfold consequences. It jeopardizes the very essence of Europe as a community of values. At the same time it endangers legal principles, such as mutual recognition, which is based on mutual trust presuming that all Member States are based on the rule of law and protect fundamental rights. Once trust is rebutted, Member States' judicial authorities will refuse to cooperate and recognise each other's judgments in order not to become complicit in individual rights violations and not to contradict the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. This paper argues that EU law must allow for such considerations and suspend mutual recognition-based laws not only on a case-by-case basis, as it happens today in practice, but in general with regard to Member States undergoing rule of law decline, in order to uphold the EU's fundamental rights culture, and EU law's equivalency with the Convention's human rights regime.
The Mill on the Floss: The critique of the concept of education in Victorian Great Britain
Authors: Ninčetović Nataša
Published: January 2022

George Eliot was not only a significant Victorian writer, but primarily an intellectual. She thought that literature had an important role in the reform of society, the moral and educational function. Eliot interwove her views on the direction in which the society should move in her works, so that the analysis of her opus cannot be separated from the social circumstances in Victorian Great Britain. The aim of this work is to imply at the fact that by means of The Mill on the Floss George Eliot indirectly criticized the official concept of education of the Victorian era. The starting point of our research is an overview of the state of society, followed up by George Eliot's attitudes towards the question of education, which can be found in her essays and letters. The Mill on the Floss is a picturesque illustration of George Eliot's beliefs that education should be reformed, as well as of the need of a different approach to this extremely important question. The implication of this novel is that education needs to be appropriate to the requisites and competences of the student, but also that education mustn't be reduced to a commodity, so that we should raise the awareness that education has a much more important and wider role than mere acquisition of a degree and means that will faciliate easier employment.
Musical discourse in the theory of musical semiotics
Authors: Mitić Marjan
Published: January 2022

Music is an abstract language that is constantly evolving, and in this connection, one of the possible approaches to the interpretation of music as a discourse concerns the issues of the relatedness of music and speech, that is, the language of music and language of speech. In this way, the relationship between musical discourse and the musical thought of the composer and speech as a product arising from the opinions of the speaker is established. In this paper, through the examination of discourses on music as a product of human activity, which are recognized in different cultures in different ways, one considers the way in which individual works, the phenomenon of music and the forms of human behaviour caused by music can be interpreted. The aim of the paper is to emphasize the importance of a generative approach to the understanding of tonality through a critical consideration of the semiological approach for understanding the language of music, and to provide an insight into the similarities between music and language.
Proportion of immediate severe postoperative pain in laparoscopic sterilization under general anaesthesia: A cross-sectional study (postoperative pain in laparoscopic sterilization)
Authors: Menon Girijanandan , George Manjit
Published: January 2022

Background: Effective control of immediate post operative abdominal pain following laparoscopic sterilization is challenging. The objective of the study was to estimate the incidence of immediate severe postoperative pain following laparoscopic sterilization under general anaesthesia by the proportion of patients with the pain assessed on a numerical rating scale. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted with the approval of institutional review board and ethics committee. Fifty seven participants with written informed consent underwent the study over a period of six months. Pain was assessed by a trained recovery nurse and data was collected and analyzed. The main outcome measure was immediate severe post operative pain on numerical rating scale (NRS). Results: Among the 57 participants, 14 (24.6%) had immediate severe post operative pain with median score of five in the inter quartile range of 0 to 5.75 and 43 (75.4%) participants had no severe pain. Conclusion: The incidence of immediate severe postoperative abdominal pain after laparoscopic sterilization under general anaesthesia is high. Therefore, the management of pain following laparoscopic sterilization requires individually based multimodal analgesia.
Urinary metabolites as indicators of human exposure to chemical carcinogens
Authors: Radosavljević Vladan
Published: January 2022

Population exposure to environmental chemical carcinogens is a growing public health problem. Carcinogenic chemicals may be classified into two groups: genotoxic and non-genotoxic. A genotoxic chemical has a potential to induce the development of cancer, either in direct interaction with DNA or with cell structures, which are responsible for the maintenance of genome integrity. A non-genotoxic chemical has a potential to induce cancer indirectly by entering the processes of cancer etiopathogenesis. Previous research studies indicate that inorganic arsenic compounds may be associated with various malign diseases (lung cancer, urinary bladder cancer, skin, kidney, liver and prostate cancer). Inorganic arsenic is mainly present in meat, dairy products and grains, while organic arsenic (arsenobetaine) is present in seafood, fruit and vegetables. Benzene metabolites are associated with different types of leukemias and lymphomas, benzidine with bladder cancer, nickel with lung cancer, chromium compounds with lung cancer, nose and nasal sinus cancer. The greatest occupational exposure to benzene is in industry (leather, electronic device, shoes, sports equipment), while people may come into contact with benzidine through consumer goods (leather products, clothes, toys). The highest concentrations of nickel were measured in the beans, walnuts and grains. Cadmium and cadmium compounds cause lung cancer, and influence the occurrence of renal and prostate cancer. The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma is significantly increased in respondents with high concentrations of urinary metabolites of aflatoxin (aflatoxin N7-gvanine adducts). Lindane isomers are present in dairy products, meat, fish, poultry, garden fruit, oils and lipids, leaf and root vegetables and sugar, and they cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma. There is a positive correlation between the consumption of Aristolochia plants and the occurrence of urothelial carcinoma. There are no screening examinations for the identification of persons who are at great risk of developing malign disease in the next 10 or 20 years. As for the prevention of malign diseases, it is necessary to put an accent on finding the adequate methods for determining the concentrations of urinary metabolites for toxic chemical carcinogens and define their risk values.
Los reinos perdidos. Arqueología del estado en el Cuerno de África
Authors: González-Ruibal Alfredo
Published: January 2022

El Cuerno de África fue la cuna de los estados más antiguos del África Subsahariana, pero son escasamente conocidos y raramente se tienen en cuenta en discusiones generales sobre el origen de las sociedades jerarquizadas y las formaciones estatales. Sin embargo, durante tres milenios, el Cuerno fue testigo de la emergencia, desarrollo y colapso de diferentes organizaciones estatales, las cuales con frecuencia contradicen nuestras concepciones de lo que es un estado. Tienen mucho en común con otros estados africanos, como sus tendencias heterárquicas o la importancia de los símbolos materiales, los mitos y el ritual. En este artículo paso revista a los diferentes modelos de estado que se pueden identificar en el Cuerno de África desde una perspectiva arqueológica. Se advierten varios rasgos generales, como el carácter fragmentario y heterogéneo de su territorio, las fronteras porosas, la persistencia de comunidades no asimiladas en el interior del estado o la tendencia a la fisión y el colapso, que se relaciona con una fricción permanente entre fuerzas centrípetas y centrífugas.
Editorial: Monográfico Creatividad, curiosidad y pensamiento innovador en Educación Comparada en relación a las nuevas normas del siglo XXI
Authors: Hayhoe Ruth , García Ruiz Mª José , Martínez Usarralde Mª Jesús
Published: January 2022

La comunidad científica apela y reivindica actitudes epistemológicas de creatividad y curiosidad, y el empleo de recursos innovadores en momentos en que, ontológicamente, se ha llegado a un estancamiento. La superación de la denunciada “parálisis” de la Educación Comparada (Carney, 2010, p. 126), reclama el empleo académico de dichas actitudes. Así ha sido formulado por académicos que proponen nuestra implicación en “un pensamiento nuevo y fresco sobre lo que estudiamos; los conceptos interpretativos, marcos y teorías que desarrollamos en nuestro trabajo, las influencias y contextos que moldean el trabajo que realizamos como comparatistas” (Larsen, 2013), además de promover “la importante tarea de crear una Educación Comparada con una problemática intelectual compleja” (Cowen, 2009).
            No obstante, los actuales momentos históricos, en el inicio de la tercera década del siglo XXI, revelan también paradojas y realidades dicotómicas de difícil consenso y coexistencia conjunta. Así, la ya extensa globalización posibilitada por las nuevas tecnologías, choca con la aún vigente ‘cultura escolar” (Viñao XXX) propia y específica de cada Estado-nación. El postmodernismo, con sus virtudes (ie. lucha contra la injusticia social) y sus defectos (estéril relativismo), se ve frenado por las posturas epistemológicas que reclaman la aún vigencia del proyecto moderno.
Oppivelvollisuuden laajentamisen toimeenpano: seurantasuunnitelma 2021–2024. Finlandia y la enseñanza obligatoria hasta los 18 años
Authors: Sianes Alicia , Sánchez Lissen Encarnación
Published: January 2022

Los cambios en el mercado laboral, los modelos tecnológicos y digitales que se imponen en la sociedad, las altas cifras de abandono escolar que hay en determinados países, así como las nuevas competencias de cualificación y de formación, hacen que muchos gobiernos se planteen –al menos como un estudio prospectivo- la conveniencia o no de ampliar la enseñanza obligatoria hasta los 18 años. No es una medida nueva para algunos países, pero sí lo es en el caso de Finlandia, cuya obligatoriedad ha dado comienzo este curso escolar, en agosto de 2021. Para ello, the Ministry of Education and Culture y the Finnish National Agency for Education han puesto en marcha el Plan 2021-2024, a partir del cual se pretende implementar esta disposición. De esta forma, Finlandia proyecta aumentar las tasas de empleo que afectan a esta población, aumentar también los indicadores de igualdad entre los jóvenes, así como el nivel formativo y de competencias. A la vuelta de unos años se podrá ver la efectividad de esta medida y la oportunidad o no de la misma. Concretamente, a final de este ciclo, en 2024, está previsto una evaluación del impacto de la reforma.
LA DINAMICIDAD DE LOS TEXTOS LITERARIOS: HACIA UNA TIPOLOGÍA DE LA TRANSREFERENCIALIDAD
Authors: BAÑOS SALDAÑA José Ángel
Published: January 2022

Este artículo integra las aportaciones de la teoría de la literatura acerca de las relaciones entre los textos en un contexto más abarcador: el de la transacción de referencias. De este modo, se contemplan las particularidades de los vínculos que fomentan las obras literarias, incluyendo aquellos que se producen con elementos no textualizados –sistemas semiológicos distintos o esquemas formales o de contenido, por ejemplo–. En consecuencia, se propone una tipología sobre los procedimientos transreferenciales, que se estructuran en tres niveles: 1) el contacto directo, 2) las modalidades, y 3) las relaciones interdiscursivas. Esta clasificación, susceptible de aplicarse a todos los géneros, se ejemplificará a lo largo del artículo con textos pertenecientes a la poesía española contemporánea.
Abstract: This paper integrates the contributions of literary theory about the relationships between texts in a wider context: that of the transaction of references. In this way, it contemplates the particularities of the links fostered by literary works, including those produced by means of non-textualised elements (different semiotic systems or formal or content schemas, for example). Consequently, a typology is proposed regarding transreferential procedures, which are structured on three levels: 1) direct contact, 2) modes, and 3) interdiscursive relations. This classification, which can be applied to all genres, will be exemplified throughout the paper with texts belonging to contemporary Spanish poetry.
SEMIÓTICA Y VERDAD: LA REALIDAD DEL SIGNO DESDE LA PSICOLOGÍA DEL DESARROLLO
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ Fernando Gabriel
Published: January 2022

La relación entre significación y verdad ha sido, para algunas tradiciones, una marca definitoria del hecho semiótico. Este planteo vale tanto para abordajes lógico-epistémicos, atentos especialmente a la noción de referencia, como para modelizaciones desde la noción de lengua saussureana, concentradas en el mecanismo sígnico (respectivamente, referencialistas y significacionistas). Junto con ello, los dos tipos de abordaje, el primero trabajando desde la proposición, el segundo desde las oposiciones del nivel significante, conciben esencialmente la semiosis desde la matriz lingüística, y ambos convergen finalmente en pensar la verdad como un problema de coherencia interna. Se analizan ambas tradiciones, mostrando sus puntos de afinidad y divergencia, y con apoyo en la psicología del desarrollo de la infancia temprana se objeta que el nexo entre procesos de semiosis y de cognición puede entenderse como originario. En consecuencia, se discute que la semiótica como disciplina deba plantearse límites en términos veritativos o epistémicos.
Abstract: The relationship between meaning and truth has been, for some traditions, a defining mark of the semiotic fact. This is valid both for logical-epistemic approaches, paying special attention to the notion of reference, and for modelizations based on Saussure's notion of langue, centered on the signification mechanism (respectively, referentialists and significationists). Together with this, the two types of approach, the first working from the proposition, the second from the oppositions of the signifying level, essentially conceive the semiosis from the linguistic matrix, and both finally converge in thinking the truth as a problem of internal coherence. Both traditions are analyzed, showing their points of affinity and divergence, and with support in the psychology of early childhood development it is objected that the nexus between semiotic processes and cognition can be understood as original. Consequently, it is discussed that semiotics as a discipline should be delimited by truth or epistemic terms.
PRELIMINARES DE UNA HISTORIA: HACIA UNA CARACTERIZACIÓN TAXONÓMICA ESPECÍFICA DE LA FANTASÍA ÉPICA
Authors: MARTÍN RODRÍGUEZ Mariano
Published: January 2022

La historiografía de la fantasía épica sufre de la vaguedad de la teoría sobre esta modalidad ficcional, ya que no se la suele distinguir de otros géneros de ficción con elementos sobrenaturales. Siguiendo las teorías de Waggoner y Trębicki, este ensayo constituye un intento de definir y caracterizar taxonómicamente la fantasía épica, distinguiéndola mediante rasgos estructurales y retóricos de otros tipos afines de fantasía en la ficción, para poder saber específicamente de que se está hablando al acometer una historia comparada de la fantasía épica.
Abstract: The historiography of high fantasy suffers from the theoretical vagueness about this kind of fiction, since it is not usually distinguished from other kinds of fiction with supernatural elements. Following the theories of Tolkien, Waggoner and Trębicki, this essay constitutes an attempt to define and describe high fantasy, distinguishing it through structural and rhetorical features from other related fantasy fiction genres in order to establish what we are specifically talking about when we undertake a comparative history of high fantasy.
AUTOBIOGRAFÍA / AUTOFICCIÓN EN EL ÁMBITO HISPÁNICO. FRONTERAS Y ESTUDIOS RECIENTES
Authors: LUQUE AMO Álvaro
Published: January 2022

En la teoría literaria sobre escritura autobiográfica y autoficcional ha predominado cierta confusión en el empleo de las etiquetas y solamente en los últimos años parece haberse generalizado una distinción definitiva entre ambos discursos narrativos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo establecer un recorrido de la evolución experimentada por la dicotomía autobiografía / autoficción. Para ello parto de los orígenes de lo autoficcional, analizo la evolución de este debate y finalmente me centro en las últimas publicaciones de relevancia. La intención es dar a conocer nuevas ideas, todavía poco discutidas en el ámbito hispánico, que desarrollan y amplían los planteamientos de autores asentados en este campo de estudio.   
Abstract: In the literary theory on autobiographical writing and autofiction, there has been a certain degree of confusion in the use of labels; only recently, a clear distinction has been drawn between them both. This article aims to establish a path of evolution for the dichotomy autobiography / autofiction. I will start from the origins of autofiction, will later analyse the evolution of the theoretical debate, and will finally focus on the latest relevant publications. Therefore, the article will make known new ideas, still little discussed in the Hispanic sphere, which develop and extend the approaches of authors based in this field of study.
LA INTERPRETACIÓN COMO PRÁCTICA TEXTUAL: ENTRE SEMIÓTICA Y PSICOANÁLISIS
Authors: GONZÁLEZ HORTIGÜELA Tecla , CANGA SOSA Manuel
Published: January 2022

Aunque Umberto Eco se ocupara de explicar la evolución experimentada por la práctica de la interpretación en el ámbito general de los estudios semióticos, distinguiendo tres modalidades de intenciones (operis, auctoris, lectoris) que agotarían cualquier posibilidad de relación con el texto, y distinguiendo también entre una interpretación semiósica (relativa al significado) y otra semiótica (relativa a las reglas que la hacen posible), creemos necesario revisar algunas cuestiones para aclarar el sentido de un término que ha generado numerosas polémicas entre los analistas de textos literarios y/o artísticos. En concreto, aquellas que afectan a los puntos de conexión entre semiótica y psicoanálisis, cuya aportación ha sido decisiva para animar los procesos de lectura y repensar la relación entre enunciado y enunciación, llevando a algunos semiólogos a reivindicar el manejo de nociones freudianas y lacanianas que otros procuran evitar, al menos en su forma de interrogar cierta clase de producciones.
Abstract: Although Umberto Eco was in charge of explaining the evolution experienced by the practice of interpretation in the general field of Semiotic studies, distinguishing three modes of intentions (operis, auctoris, lectoris) that would exhaust any possibility of relationship with the text, and also distinguishing between a Semiosic interpretation (related to meaning) and another Semiotic (related to the rules that make it possible), we believe it is necessary to review several questions to clarify the meaning of a term that has generated controversies among analysts. Specifically, those that affect the points of connection between Semiotics and Psychoanalysis, whose contribution has been decisive in animating the reading processes and rethinking the relationship between statement and enunciation, leading some semiologists to claim the handling of Freudian and Lacanian notions that others try to avoid, at least in their way of questioning certain kind of productions.