bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Piezoelectric Properties of P(VDF-TrFE) Thin Films at Low Temperatures and Their Application to Ultrasonic Transducers for Scanning Acoustic Microscopy Operating in a Wide Temperature Range
Authors: Ohigashi Hiroji , Koyama Kiyohito , Takahashi Sadayuki , Ishizaki Akira , Maida Yuichi
Published: March 2014

the piezoelectric properties of poled film of P(VDF-TrFE) (copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene) are studied in a wide temperature range from 430 K down to 18 K. The electromechanical coupling factor k
t is essentially independent of temperature and is about 0.3 in the range below 300 K. Based on this result, concave transducers for use in scanning acoustic microscopy at low temperatures are fabricated using thin film of P(VDF-TrFE) and their performance is estimated. The transducers operate effectively with cryogenic coupling liquids in the several hundred MHz region.
Forward Scattered Sound Field by Parallel Cylinders
Authors: Matsuda Kazuhisa , Kikuchi Toshiaki , Takahashi Sumio , Nakanishi Toshiyuki
Published: March 2014

The sound fields scattered in the forward direction by a line row of parallel cylinders are measured in a water tank and calculated theoretically. The effects of diameter, spacing, and materials on the sound fields are investigated. The fields are calculated using a multiple scattering formula. Theoretical and experimental studies have confirmed that the sound shielding effects are large in cylinders with a pressure release wall with a small spacing. This result appears to be useful for the design of sound shielding walls in water.
Measurement of the Liquid Surface Level Using a Leaky Lamb Wave Transducer
Authors: Toda Kohji , Urabe Heijiro
Published: March 2014

A technique for liquid surface level measuring is described by using a leaky Lamb wave device. An interdigital transducer on a piezoelectric thin plate operating in a liquid excites a leaky Lamb wave along the liquid-solid interface. The wave is mode-converted to a longitudinal wave into the liquid. Near the critical value of the product of the frequency and the plate thickness, an ultrasonic beam is radiated in the direction normal to the plate surface. The frequency is 3.4 times higher than that of the thickness mode vibration. This is essential for high resolution in the liquid level measurement system. The average error of the measured level is 200 µm for a depth of 100 mm and the deviation is within 0.1% for a temperature change of 30°C.
Preparation of Ferroelectric Thin Films by RF Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Ogawa Toshio , Senda Atsuo , Kasanami Tohru
Published: March 2014

PbTiO3 films were prepared by rf magnetron sputtering at various sputtering conditions. It was found that the composition of deposited films is strongly dependent on the sputtering gas pressure and the gas ratio of Ar/O2, and that the crystal orientation of the film is decided by the substrate, the substrate temperature and the target composition. A-axis oriented PbTiO3 film was fabricated on the substrate of the quartz glass where tensile stress occurred against the film. During the sputtering, plasma spectra of PbTiO3 were measured by optical emission spectroscopy. Pb vaporization from the substrate could be observed by this method, and consequently the formation mechanism of PbTiO3 film was investigated.
Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Composite Ceramics of the Multilayer Type by Tape Casting
Authors: Komiya Hiroki , Naito Yuichi , Takenaka Tadashi , Sakata Koichiro
Published: March 2014

PbZr
x
Ti1-x
O3 system in the vicinity of morphotropic phase boundary is very important as the piezoelectric material. On the other hand, PbZrO3-based material, xPbZrO3-yPb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-zPbTiO3 system is excellent for the pyroelectric material because the phase transition between two ferroelectric rhombohedral phase FR(LT) and FR(HT) occurs at near the room temperature. We have a great interest in the temperature dependences of piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties due to the applications. The composite piezoelectric and pyroelectric ceramics are prepared by the tape casting method to improve the properties. Temperature dependence of the frequency constant N
p of composite PZT ceramics is stabilized and pyroelectric figure of merit of PbZrO3-based composite ceramics is enhanced.
Alignment of Liquid Crystals on a Ferroelectric Transparent Ceramic Plate
Authors: Seki Hidehiro , Uchida Tatsuo , Masuda Yoichiro
Published: March 2014

An alignment technique of liquid crystal on a ferroelectric substrate is described. Electric interactions between liquid crystals and a ferroelectric ceramic substrate are thought to affect alignment of liquid-crystal molecules. A ferroelectric PLZT 8/65/35 ceramic plate and liquid-crystal material are used for this experiment. The fact shows that liquid-crystal molecules orient perpendicular to the poling direction of the poled PLZT plate. The result shows that the liquid-crystal alignment could be controlled by the effect of the poling of the substrate.
One-Dimensional Model of Polarization Reversal in TGS
Authors: Nakatani Noriyuki
Published: March 2014

Ferroelectric domain structure of TGS at various stage of polarization reversal was examined by the carbon decoration method. The growing domains take the shape of cylinder extend right through the crystal along the b-axis. The area of lenticular cross-section increases in proportion to the time. Therefore the polarization reversal process of TGS is substantially one-dimensional, though geometrically two-dimensional. The shape of switching transient by rectangular pulse field was calculated for simple one-, two- and three-dimensional models of polarization reversal. The shape of experimental transient comes under the case of one-dimensional in accordance with the domain examination.
Preparation of PbTiO3 Thin Films by Sputter Assisted Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
Authors: Mochizuki Shoichi , Kimura Saburo , Makabe Ryoji
Published: March 2014

Lead titanate thin films were prepared by sputter assisted plasma chemical vapor deposition method. Metallic lead as a sputtering target and titanium tetrachloride carried by hydrogen gas were used as lead and titanium sources, respectively. Without post thermal annealing, ferroelectric perovskite phase were obtained at substrate temperature of 550°C on platinum coated glass substrate with the deposition rate of about 70 nm/min. Surface of the film was smoother than the one prepared by post thermal annealing.
Electrooptical Properties of the Ferroelectric Ceramics of the Solid Solution Sr(La1/2Nb1/2)O3–PbZrO3–PbTiO3
Authors: Yokosuka Masaru , Ochiai Tutomu , Marutake Masakazu
Published: March 2014

Investigations were made regarding the optical and electrooptical properties for some compositions of the system Sr(La1/2Nb1/2)O3–PbZrO3–PbTiO3. Birefringences and half-wave voltages were measured as a function of temperature and biasing electric field. A figure of merit was determined and light modulation characteristics were, also, briefly examined. Results were compared with those of electrooptical crystals, such as KH2PO4, BNN and SBN.
Optical Deflector with Tandem Electrodes Using PLZT Ceramics
Authors: Utsunomiya Toshio
Published: March 2014

Optical deflectors utilizing the electro-optic effect have simple construction, while the deflection angle is small. Aiming at larger deflection angle, we propose a new type deflector, which consists of a PLZT rectangular solid plate and tandem triangular electrodes on its top and bottom surfaces. This deflector has larger deflection angle than the deflector with twin triangular electrodes we have already reported. It is considered that this deflector is promising for the practical use.
All-Optical Control Devices Utilizing Bulk Photovoltaic Effect
Authors: Tanimura Michio , Uchino Kenji , Hikita Kazuyasu
Published: March 2014

Some ferroelectrics such as PLZT with impurity dopants induce a high voltage under near-ultraviolet radiation. It was found that donor-type dopants situated onto the B-site of the perovskite structure enhance this photovoltaic response in PLZT ceramics. Using a donor-doped photovoltaic PLZT(3/52/48) plate with a transparent electrooptic PLZT(9/65/35) chip mounted, all optical control devices, modulators and deflectors, have been trial constructed.
Automated Piezoelectric Measurement System and Its Application to BLSF Ceramics
Authors: Yamazaki Shinichi , Sugizaki Goro , Takenaka Tadashi , Sakata Koichiro
Published: March 2014

An automated system for measuring the temperature dependences of piezoelectric properties is developed to facilitate routine measurements. It is especially useful for the measurements of high-T
c piezoelectric ceramics such as bismuth layer-structured ferroelectric (BLSF) ceramics.
The temperature dependences of piezoelectric properties are studied on both the ordinarily fired and the hot-forged BLSF, (NaBi)0.475Ca0.05Bi4Ti4O15+MnCO3 (0.2 wt%) (NCBT5+Mn0.2) ceramics.
The NCBT5+Mn0.2 ceramics have the low temperature coefficients of frequency constants, N
1, N
p and N
33. All of these values are less than -100 [ppm/°C] which are much smaller than those of nonmodified conventional PZT ceramics.
Properties of Porous PZT Ceramics for Hydorophone Applications
Authors: Ayusawa Kazutoshi , Arai Toru , Sato Housaku , Kawamura Kazutami , Miyata Tetsuji , Kobayashi Keiichi
Published: March 2014

Porous PZT ceramics were produced by lamination of green sheet mixed PZT ceramics and spherical carbon, and firing. The relationship between its porosity and piezoelectric properties or hydrophone sensitivity were investigated.
At the porosity 50%, the piezoelectric voltage coefficient (g
h) of the porous ceramics increased by one order or more when compared to the value at the porosity 0%, and the hydrophone sensitivity was improved more than 10 dB.
Theoretical Equations for Dielectric, Piezoelectric and Elastic Properties of a 0–3 Composite Based on Modified Cubes Model–A General Solution–
Authors: Banno Hisao
Published: March 2014

Theoretical equations for dielectric (ε, tan
δ), piezoelectric (d) and elastic (s, σ and tan
δ
m
) constants of a 0–3 composite are derived as a general solution based on modified cubes model using the equations from series and parallel models.
Low Temperature Properties of Microwave Dielectrics
Authors: Tamura Hiroshi , Matsumoto Hiroyuki , Wakino Kikuo
Published: March 2014

Temperature dependences of resonant frequency and dielectric loss tangent were measured at the temperature range from 20 to 300 K for three kinds of microwave dielectrics, (Zr, Sn)TiO4, Ba(Zr, Zn, Ta)O3, and Ba(Sn, Mg, Ta)O3.
The deviations of resonant frequencies from 20 to 300 K for these materials were less than 1200 ppm, which is equivalent to 4.3 ppm/°C of the temperature coefficient. The dielectric loss tangents of (Zr, Sn)TiO4 materials showed a remarkable difference when they were made of the raw materials of different purities. These low temperature characteristics are discussed in connection with the anharmonic terms in the crystal's Hamiltonian.
Microwave Dielectric Powder Prepared by Alkoxide Coating Method
Authors: Okamura Hiromichi , Nagai Akira , Ueda Hitoshi , Tsuboi Takashi
Published: March 2014

Dielectric material composed of MgTiO3–1/2ZnO, CaTiO3, La2O3–2TiO2, Nd(Mg1/2Ti1/2)O3 and PbTiO3 has been prepared by the alkoxide coating method using Ti-alkoxide. Powder sinterability and microstructure of the sintered specimen, dielectric characteristics were compared with those of the oxide method powder, and it was found that the powder prepared by the alkoxide coating method can be sintered at relatively lower temperatures and that the obtained sintered specimens show better dielectric properties as a microwave resonator.
Effects of Specific Surface Area of Starting Pre-Calcined Dielectric Powders on Sintering Behavior and Dielectric Properties of Relaxor/Modified-BaTiO3 Composite
Authors: Kanai Hideyuki , Yamashita Yohachi , Furukawa Osamu , Harata Mitsuo
Published: March 2014

Sintering behavior and dielectric properties of relaxor/Zr-modified BaTiO3 (BTZ) dielectric composite have been investigated as functions of specific surface area (SSA) of starting pre-calcined dielectric powders, as well as firing temperature. Relative dielectric constant of the dielectric composite increased with the SSA of relaxor. However, this was not in the case with the BTZ powder. The relative dielectric constant decreased either when the SSA of BTZ was 2.0[m2/g] or when firing temperature was 1210°C. Optimization of the SSAs of relaxor and BTZ powders, as well as firing temperature made it possible to produce Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCs) which meet X7R specifications in the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) standard.
Fabrication of PZT Ceramics from Zr0.53Ti0.47O2 Solid Solution
Authors: Tashiro Shinjiro , Kotani Yoshiharu , Fukai Kiyoshi , Igarashi Hideji
Published: March 2014

PZT-53/47 ceramics were fabricated from PbO and Zr0.53Ti0.47O2 solid solution synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Mixed powders constituted a perfect perovskite structure at 650°C. Calcined powders were ground to submicronmeter by planetary ball milling with PSZ balls 1 mm in diameter. Densification characteristic and grain growth were examined as a function of firing temperature. Dense ceramics were obtained at a low firing temperature of 800°C, and it was clear that (ZrTi)O2 solid solution was suitable for fabrication of the dense PZT with small grains. The piezoelectric coupling factor of the ceramics sintered at 850°C was 0.6. Based on the experimental results, microstructural parameters influencing on piezoelectricity are discussed.
An Analysis of Scattering Characteristics of a Beam Wave from Pits with Arbitrary Shapes on Optical Disks
Authors: Miyazaki Yasumitsu , Manabe Katsuya
Published: March 2014

Numerical solutions of electromagnetic fields are presented for the scattering by pits and guide grooves on optical disks. The boundary element method can be applied to pit scattering of various pit forms under different conditions of the incident beam. Scattering characteristics from concave or convex pits with a section of trapezoid shapes are calculated as functions of the width or the depth (height) of pits.
Disk Structure for High Performance Overwritable Phase-Change Optical Disks
Authors: Maeda Yoshihito , Minemura Hiroyuki , Nagai Masaichi , Ikuta Isao , Andoh Hisashi
Published: March 2014

Disk structure for high performance overwrite using an InSbTe recording film was examined and the results were analyzed by a computer calculation. It was confirmed that dielectric films and reflective films have great influences on the sensitivities of melting and amorphization of the recording film. It was suggested that the thermal contact between the dielectric film and the reflective film is important for stable overwrite repetition.
Improvement in Thermal Properties of a Multi-Beam Laser Diode Array
Authors: Murata Setsuko , Nishimura Kazutoshi
Published: March 2014

Improvement in thermal performance of a high-density laser diode array including mutual thermal interactions is examined. Three-dimensional thermal analysis of a 50-µm-spaced 5-beam junction-down mounted laser diode array is performed on a practically scaled model, using the Boundary Element Method. The thermally dominant components are the chip and submount. The dominant heat flow route is also shown. A new structure is proposed that combines a high thermal conductive submount, a thin cap layer, and a heat-pass-wire, which acts as a bypass. This structure can almost halve the overall thermal resistance of conventionally structured laser arrays for 5-beam operations.
Advances in Photochromic Materials for Optical Data Storage Media
Authors: Irie Masahiro
Published: March 2014

Recent progress of organic photochromic compounds for optical data storage media is described. Indispensable characteristics required for the compounds are the thermal stability of two chemical isomers, which are formed reversibly by photoirradiation, and fatigue resistant property. The requirements were achieved by the synthesis of a new type of photochromic compounds, diarylethenes with heterocyclic rings, which were designed according to the guiding principle based on the molecular orbital calculation of state correlation diagrams. The compounds were found to keep on storing the optical memory for more than 3 months at 80°C, and write/erase cycles of the compounds can be repeated more than 104.
Analysis of Magnetic Grating Recording Process on Magneto-Optical Media
Authors: Nonaka Koutarou , Nishida Yasuhide , Koshimoto Yasuhiro
Published: March 2014

Magnetization distribution in a magnetic grating recording process is newly analyzed. The grating is assumed to be generated in magneto-optical (MO) media by irradiating pulsed interference fringes. The magnetization distributions are determined by the force balance equation, that is, domain wall pressure is equals to frictional force. The analysis considers the total magnetic energy which is the sum of magneto-static, Zeeman, and wall energies. The calculated domain width of magnetic grating is different from result of the conventional analysis. The difference increases as thermal modulation depth decreases. The analysis also shows that the maximum diffraction efficiency can be obtained for a wide range of the thermal modulation depths at optimum light intensity. These theoretical results agree well with observed recorded domains and measured diffraction efficiencies.
Reversible Alignment Change of Liquid Crystals Induced by Photochromic Molecular Films
Authors: Ichimura Kunihiro , Suzuki Yasuzou , Seki Takahiro , Kawanishi Yuji , Tamaki Takashi , Aoki Koso
Published: March 2014

The alignment relaxation of nematic liquid crystals regulated by the photochromic reaction of azobenzene (Az) monolayer on substrates was measured upon excitation with an excimer laser. The time of the relaxation between the homeotropic and the parallel alignments resided in the range of 50 and 300 ms, depending on the cell conditions, which values were identical with the electro-optical decay time reported.
A Magneto-Optical Recording Method of Magnetic Field Modulation with Pulsed Laser Irradiation
Authors: Fujita Goro , Kawashima Tetsuji , Watanabe Tetsu , Aoki Yoshio
Published: March 2014

A new magneto-optical recording method of magnetic field modulation with pulsed laser irradiation has been developed. In this paper, we report the theory of the recording process and the characteristics of the method. This method is appropriate for high power-efficiency and high density edge-recording.
A New Method of Direct Overwrite on a TbFeCo Film with Fixed Bias Magnetic Field
Authors: Suzuki Yoshio , Ohta Norio
Published: March 2014

The thermomagnetic recording and overwrite process on Tb24Fe65Co11 films with fixed bias magnetic field was investigated using a static recording system. It was found that when a large laser pulse is applied, the recorded domain size decreases with increasing the light pulse width. Furthermore, at certain conditions domains written with a laser pulse can be annihilated by application of a longer pulse. Based on this observation a new method of direct overwrite with fixed bias magnetic field is proposed in which domains are formed by irradiation of a short light pulse, and annihilated with a longer pulse.
Holographic Optical Element with Analyzer Function for Magneto-Optical Disk Head
Authors: Ohba Akitomo , Kimura Yasuo , Sugama Seijin , Urino Yutaka , Ono Yuzo
Published: March 2014

A new holographic optical element, made of a birefringent LiNbO3 substrate, has been developed for magneto-optical, disk heads. The element includes the analyzer function required for magneto-optical signal detection, in addition to focusing and tracking error signal detection functions. The analyzer function was realized by introducing a birefringent grating structure, using proton exchange method. More than 15dB extinction ratios were obtained for the fabricated element.
Detection of Magneto-Optic Signals Using a Ring Cavity Laser Diode
Authors: Sawaki Ippei , Miura Kazunori
Published: March 2014

We have proposed an external cavity laser diode for a magneto-optic signal detection. However, the signal is not stable enough for optical head application. In this paper, we describe the mechanism of beat signal instability in the external cavity laser diode and propose a new ring cavity configuration. The magneto-optic signal stability is greatly improved over that of the conventional linear cavity.
Photochemical Hole Burning of the Quinone Derivatives in Polymer Matrices
Authors: Nishimura Tetsuya , Yoshimura Motomu , Tsukada Noriaki
Published: March 2014

We have investigated the PHB reactions of a series of the quinone derivatives dispersed in the acrylic polymers. In this report, we will show the results about the guest concentration effect and the substituent effect of the guest and host molecules on the PHB quantum efficiency and the temperature feature of the hole in the each guest-host system.
Study of Thermal Interaction for High-Density Magneto-Optical Disk Using Pit-Edge Recording
Authors: Fuchigami Yasuko , Makino Masami , Sumi Satoshi , Torazawa Kenji
Published: March 2014

For high density recording on magneto-optical disks, we have studied the relationship between the thermal interaction of magnetic domain and a disk structure, in light-power modulated recording, and simulated the temperature distribution. An adiabatic disk is more stable in low linear velocity for little thermal interaction.
Euler potentials for two current sheets of nonzero thickness along ambient uniform magnetic field
Authors: Vandas M. I. , Romashets E. P.
Published: March 2014

Euler potentials of two current sheets of nonzero thickness parallel or antiparallel to each other and aligned with a uniform ambient magnetic field are constructed analytically. The results generalize ones obtained earlier for systems of two line currents and of two current sheets with zero thickness. Conditions for particle mirroring in this field structure are investigated. The results can be applied to Birkeland currents.
Effect of water‐absorbing nanospheres on antistatic property of isotactic polypropylene fibers
Authors: Liu Hongxing , Tang Jianguo , Wang Yao , Huang Linjun , Wang Yanxin , Jiao Jiqing , Liu Jixian , Xin Zhichao , Belfiore Laurence A.
Published: March 2014

In this article, novel antistatic isotactic polypropylene (iPP) fibers were prepared through adding ternary polymer water‐absorbing nanospheres (TPWANs) into iPP melt in melt spinning process. The TPWANs were synthesized through emulsion copolymerization of styrene (St), butyl acrylate (BA), and sodium allylsulfonate (SAS). The characterization results of Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT‐IR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) confirmed the ternary components in this copolymer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images indicated the nanospherical shape of TPWANs with the characteristics of 80–90 nm size range of diameter and good dispersion in iPP fibers. The volume resistance of iPP fibers decreased by three orders from 1012 to 109 Ω cm when the 6 wt % TPWANs was added into iPP fibers, indicating that the blend fibers have good antistatic property. Most importantly, the nanospherical structure of TPWANs imparts both the compatibility and antistatic property into the blend iPP fibers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40568.
Effect of chicken‐feather protein‐based flame retardant on flame retarding performance of cotton fabric
Authors: Wang Xueyan , Lu Changqin , Chen Chenxiao
Published: March 2014

A new kind of eco‐friendly chicken‐feather protein‐based phosphorus–nitrogen‐containing flame retardant was synthesized successfully with chicken‐feather protein, melamine, sodium pyrophosphate, and glyoxal. And its structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the thermogravimetry of the agent was analyzed. Then the flame retarding performances of the chicken‐feather protein‐based flame retardant and in combination with the borax and boric acid in application to a woven cotton fabric were investigated by the vertical flammability test and limited oxygen index test. In addition, the surface morphologies of the treated and untreated fabrics were conducted by the scanning electron micrographs (SEM), and the thermogravimetric analyses of the treated and untreated cotton were explored, and the surface morphologies of char areas of the treated and untreated fabrics after burnt were tested by the SEM. The results showed that the flame retardancy of the cotton fabric treated by the chicken‐feather protein‐based flame retardant in combination with borax and boric acid was improved further, and the combination of the chicken‐feather protein‐based flame retardant and borax and boric acid could facilitate to form a homogenous and compact intumescing char layer, and the combination of them plays a good synergistic effect in the improvement of the flame retardancy of the treated cotton fabric. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40584.
Assessment of inhibited alveolar‐capillary membrane structural development and function in bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Ahlfeld Shawn K. , Conway Simon J.
Published: March 2014

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease of extreme prematurity and is defined clinically by dependence on supplemental oxygen due to impaired gas exchange. Optimal gas exchange is dependent on the development of a sufficient surface area for diffusion. In the mammalian lung, rapid acquisition of distal lung surface area is accomplished in neonatal and early adult life by means of vascularization and secondary septation of distal lung airspaces. Extreme preterm birth interrupts secondary septation and pulmonary capillary development and ultimately reduces the efficiency of the alveolar‐capillary membrane. Although pulmonary health in BPD infants rapidly improves over the first few years, persistent alveolar‐capillary membrane dysfunction continues into adolescence and adulthood. Preventative therapies have been largely ineffective, and therapies aimed at promoting normal development of the air‐blood barrier in infants with established BPD remain largely unexplored. The purpose of this review will be: (1) to summarize the histological evidence of aberrant alveolar‐capillary membrane development associated with extreme preterm birth and BPD, (2) to review the clinical evidence assessing the long‐term impact of BPD on alveolar‐capillary membrane function, and (3) to discuss the need to develop and incorporate direct measurements of functional gas exchange into clinically relevant animal models of inhibited alveolar development. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:168–179, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An online guided e‐journal exercise in pre‐clerkship years: Oxidative phosphorylation in brown adipose tissue
Authors: Abali Emine Ercikan , Phadtare Sangita , Galt Jim , Brodsky Barbara
Published: March 2014

The rationale for this mandatory, guided online e‐journal exercise is to foster the ability of students to independently read medical and scientific literature in a critical manner and to integrate journal reading with their basic science knowledge. After a lecture on oxidative phosphorylation, students were assigned to read an article on brown adipose tissue published in New England Journal of Medicine and were guided to analyze the article by answering online questions. After two iterations, student surveys about the project, its key pedagogical features, and ways to improve it suggest that the students perceived these exercises as active learning, which is clinically relevant and built on their course material. Furthermore, students agreed that the e‐journal project was useful for learning how to read an article, for reviewing the material learned in class, and for promoting evidence‐based medicine. This online e‐journal exercise models some aspects students will experience as future physicians, where it is essential to keep up with literature and extract relevant information on a tight physician's schedule. This study demonstrated the usefulness of guided e‐journal exercises as a simple effective active teaching tool for preclinical medical students, which can also be used for prehealth undergraduate programs. © 2014 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(3):XXXXX–XXXXX, 2014.
Problem‐solving test: The mechanism of poliovirus‐induced block of host protein synthesis in human cells
Authors: Szeberényi József
Published: March 2014

Terms to be familiar with before you start to solve the test: translation/protein synthesis, 5'‐cap, internal ribosome entry site, initiation of translation, [35S]methionine, SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, autoradiography, Western blotting, proteases. © 2014 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(3):XXXXX–XXXXX, 2014.
Coulomb Explosion Imaged Cryptochiral (R,R)‐2,3‐Dideuterooxirane: Unambiguous Access to the Absolute Configuration of (+)‐Glyceraldehyde
Authors: Zawatzky Kerstin , Herwig Philipp , Grieser Manfred , Heber Oded , Jordon‐Thaden Brandon , Krantz Claude , Novotný Oldřich , Repnow Roland , Schurig Volker , Schwalm Dirk , Vager Zeev , Wolf Andreas , Kreckel Holger , Trapp Oliver
Published: March 2014

The absolute configuration of (R,R)‐2,3‐dideuterooxirane, which has been independently determined using Coulomb explosion imaging, has been unambiguously chemically correlated with the stereochemical key reference (+)‐glyceraldehyde. This puts the absolute configuration of D(+)‐glyceraldehyde on firm experimental grounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Single Crystal Structure of Sodium Octahydrotriborate, NaB3H8.
Authors: Dunbar Andrew C. , Macor Joseph A. , Girolami Gregory S.
Published: March 2014

The title compound is prepared by a modified synthesis involving the reduction of BH3·THF with Na dispersed on silica gel (‐10 °C), removal of THF, and extraction by Et2O.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unusual Metallic Oxygen Cluster Consisting of a {AlMo12O40(MoO2)2}.
Authors: Han Zhan‐Gang , Chang Xiao‐Qing , Yan Jin‐Shuang , Gong Kai‐Ning , Zhao Chuan , Zhai Xue‐Liang
Published: March 2014

The novel MoVIO2‐bicapped α‐Keggin‐type {AlMo12O40} cluster compound (III) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ with Z = 2 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Fluorinating Agent Through Topochemical Fluorination of Co—Fe Layered Double Hydroxides.
Authors: Louvain Nicolas , Peyroux Jeremy , Dubois Marc , Simond Wikenson , Leroux Fabrice
Published: March 2014

Co0.60Fe0.40F3, solid solutions are obtained through topochemical reactions of Co2FeCl(OH)6 layered double hydroxide with F2 (F‐passivated Ni boats in Ni reactor, 400 °C, 15 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal and Electronic Structure of the Lithium‐Rich Silver Silicide Li12Ag1‐xSi4 (x = 0.15).
Authors: Slabon Adam , Budnyk Serhiy , Cuervo‐Reyes Eduardo , Woerle Michael , Verel Rene , Nesper Reinhard
Published: March 2014

The new Zintl phase of title is synthesized from the elements (Nb crucible, 650 °C, 8 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chiral β‐Aryl‐α,β‐unsaturated Amino Alcohols via a Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Amination
Authors: Quan Mao , Butt Nicholas , Shen Jiefeng , Shen Kaiji , Liu Delong , Zhang Wanbin
Published: March 2014

using 1,2‐disubstituted planar‐chiral ferrocena‐based phosphino‐oxazoline ligands
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Cyanotrifluoromethylation of Styrenes Using the Togni Reagent.
Authors: Ilchenko Nadia O. , Janson Paer G. , Szabo Kalman J.
Published: March 2014

Treatment of styrenes (I) with Togni reagent (I) and CuCN in the presence of PCy3 as catalyst leads to desired trifluoromethyl nitriles (IV) in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorinated Malonamides and Use in L/L Extraction of f‐Elements.
Authors: Dul Marie‐Claire , Bourgeois Damien , Maynadie Jerome , Meyer Daniel
Published: March 2014

Alkylation of malondiamides with alkyl iodides gives only low yields of the corresponding alkylated derivatives, especially for the fluoroalkyl derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploiting Pseudo C2‐Symmetry for an Efficient Synthesis of the F‐Ring of the Spongistatins.
Authors: Tanis Paul S. , Infantine Joshua R. , Leighton James L.
Published: March 2014

A cross‐metathesis and Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation reaction gives an easy access to compound (IV), which can be further converted to the title F‐Ring (V) in five steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Aldehyde‐Selective Wacker‐Type Oxidation of Unbiased Alkenes Enabled by a Nitrite Co‐Catalyst.
Authors: Wickens Zachary K. , Morandi Bill , Grubbs Robert H.
Published: March 2014

A Wacker‐type oxidation of unbiased alkenes (I) affords the anti‐Markovnikov aldehyde products (II) as major products.
ChemInform Abstract: A Stereoselective Approach to Functionalized Cyclohexenones.
Authors: Meister Anne C. , Sauter Paul E. , Braese Stefan
Published: March 2014

Short pathways towards the synthesis of highly enantio‐enriched 4‐hydroxy‐6‐methylcyclohex‐2‐enone (IV) are developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Oxidative C(CO)—C(Methyl) Bond Cleavage of Methyl Ketones to Aldehydes Catalyzed by CuI with Molecular Oxygen.
Authors: Zhang Lin , Bi Xihe , Guan Xiaoxue , Li Xingqi , Liu Qun , Barry Badru‐Deen , Liao Peiqiu
Published: March 2014

A wide range of aromatic methyl ketones as well as aliphatic methyl ketones are subjected to the copper‐catalyzed oxidative cleavage of the C(CO)‐C(CH3) bond to yield the corresponding aldehydes.The oxidation terminates at the aldehyde stage and can be considered as an unprecedented dehydrogenation of saturated aliphatics.
ChemInform Abstract: nBu4NI‐Catalyzed Oxidative Amidation of Aldehydes with Tertiary Amines.
Authors: Wang Shan , Wang Jian , Guo Rui , Wang Gao , Chen Shan‐Yong , Yu Xiao‐Qi
Published: March 2014

A novel oxidative amidation reaction of aldehydes with different tertiary amines in the presence of excess tBuOOH and Bu4NI as catalyst is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu‐Catalyzed Esterification Reaction via Aerobic Oxygenation and C—C Bond Cleavage: An Approach to α‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Zhang Chun , Feng Peng , Jiao Ning
Published: March 2014

The use of oxygen as oxidant and reactant makes the transformation green and practical.
ChemInform Abstract: A Straightforward Synthesis of 2(3),6,6‐Trimethyl‐6,7‐dihydrobenzofuran‐4(5H)‐ones.
Authors: Yusifov Niftali N. , Ismayilov Valeh M. , Sadigova Nurlana D. , Kopylovich Maximilian N. , Mahmudov Kamran T.
Published: March 2014

Depending on the reaction temperature, alkylation products (III) and (IV) or the corresponding cyclization products (V) and (VI) are formed when dimedone (I) is reacted with trihalopropanes (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Beneficial Effect of Carboxylic Acid Additives on the Pd‐Catalyzed Intramolecular N‐Arylation of 2‐Amino‐3‐(2‐chlorophenylsulfonyl)pyrroles.
Authors: Moon Perounsack X. , Stephens Chad E.
Published: March 2014

The effect of carboxylic acids as additives for the Pd‐catalyzed cyclization of 2‐aminopyrroles (I) to thiazine derivatives (II) is investigated and phenylacetic acid shows the optimal efficiency with respect to reaction times and yields.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐Carboxy‐pyrazolinalanine as a New Scaffold for Developing Potent and Selective NMDA Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Tamborini Lucia , Pinto Andrea , Mastronardi Federica , Iannuzzi Maria C. , Cullia Gregorio , Nielsen Birgitte , De Micheli Carlo , Conti Paola
Published: March 2014

A synthetic method is presented for the preparation of title compounds (II) and (III) which may serve as starting material for new N‐substituted derivatives such as (VI) or (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Efficient Synthesis of Trisubstituted Imidazoles.
Authors: Kolos N. N. , Chechina N. V. , Zamigailo L. L. , Vashchenko E. V.
Published: March 2014

Title compounds containing a 1,3‐dimethylbarbituric acid residue are synthesized through one‐pot three‐component condensation of barbituric acid (I), glyoxal hydrates (II), and guanidine (III) or isothiuronium (V) salts under microwave conditions or with imidazoles (VII) under conventional heating.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Mansonone E Derivatives Prepared via CuAAC Click Chemistry as Topoisomerase II Inhibitors.
Authors: Huang Shi‐Liang , et al. et al.
Published: March 2014

28 Title compounds of type (V) are prepared by using the copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition click reaction as the key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyranoxanthones: Synthesis, Growth Inhibitory Activity on Human Tumor Cell Lines and Determination of Their Lipophilicity in Two Membrane Models.
Authors: Afonso Carlos M. M. , et al. et al.
Published: March 2014

Fourteen new pyranoxanthones, including three angular pyranoxanthone types (I), (II), and (III) are synthesized and evaluated for their cell growth inhibitory activity in four human tumor cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclocondensation of 3(5)‐Aminopyrazoles with Arylglyoxals and Cyclohexane‐1,3‐diones.
Authors: Petrova O. N. , Zamigailo L. L. , Shirobokova M. G. , Shishkina S. V. , Shishkin O. V. , Musatov V. I. , Lipson V. V.
Published: March 2014

The title three‐component cyclocondensation reactions lead regioselectivity to partly hydrogenated 4‐aroyl‐substituted pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinolin‐5‐ones or 5‐aroyl‐substituted pyrazolo[1,5‐a]quinazolin‐6‐ones.
ChemInform Abstract: RhIII‐Catalyzed C—H Activation: A Versatile Route Towards Various Polycyclic Pyridinium Salts.
Authors: Luo Ching‐Zong , Gandeepan Parthasarathy , Jayakumar Jayachandran , Parthasarathy Kanniyappan , Chang Yu‐Wei , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: March 2014

A convenient, mild, and efficient method for the synthesis of a broad range of substituted isoquinolinium salts from pyridines and alkynes is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Potassium Carbonate Mediated Unusual Transformation of 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolinone via Cascade Reaction.
Authors: Sharma Moni , Mahar Rohit , Shukla Sanjeev K. , Kant Ruchir , Chauhan Prem M. S.
Published: March 2014

An unusual highly regioselective cascade process is discovered resulting in the conversion of 3‐(2‐bromophenyl)‐2‐isopropyl‐2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐one to a series of 3‐substituted derivatives under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Synthesis of Pyrido[4,3‐d]pyrimidin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Fesenko A. A. , Shutalev A. D.
Published: March 2014

Title compounds [(V) and (VIII)] are synthesized using the Staudinger—aza—Wittig reaction of dihydropyrimidinone derivatives (IV) or (VII), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Amino‐ and Hydroxymethylation of Hydride Adducts of 2‐Hydroxy‐3,5‐dinitropyridine.
Authors: Ivanova E. V. , Fedyanin I. V. , Surova I. I. , Blokhin I. V. , Atroshchenko Yu. M. , Shahkeldyan I. V.
Published: March 2014

The Mannich condensation of the hydride adduct of 2‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dinitropyridine with formaldehyde and primary amines leads to 1,5‐dinitro‐3,3‐diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐one derivatives (IV) or (V), depending on the reaction temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction of 7‐R Derivatives of 7H‐Tris[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4‐b:3′,4′‐d:3′′,4′′‐f]azepine 1‐Oxide with Furoxan Ring Opening. Preparation of 4‐R‐4H‐Bis[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4‐b:3′,4′‐f]azepine‐8,9‐diamines.
Authors: Stepanov A. I. , Dashko D. V. , Astrat'ev A. A.
Published: March 2014

Pd‐catalyzed reduction of the title trisoxadiazoloazepine‐1‐oxides by hydrogen or hydrazine hydrate is accompanied by opening of one furoxan ring to furnish bisoxadiazoloazepine‐8,9‐diamines such as (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Boron Functionalization of BODIPY by Various Alcohols and Phenols
Authors: Brizet Bertrand , Bernhard Claire , Volkova Yulia , Rousselin Yoann , Harvey Pierre D. , Goze Christine , Denat Franck
Published: March 2014

preparation and photophysical study of novel BODIPY derivatives (I) (10 examples)
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Phosphine Imide Bearing a Hydrosilane Moiety, and Its Water‐Driven Reduction to a Phosphine.
Authors: Kano Naokazu , Yanaizumi Kazuhide , Meng Xiangtai , Havare Nizam , Kawashima Takayuki
Published: March 2014

Three novel phosphine imides (III) and (V) are synthesized by lithiation of imide (I) followed by treatment with corresponding chlorosilane.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Free CuI‐Catalyzed Selective C—N Coupling of Aliphatic Amino Group of α‐Amino Acid Amides with ortho‐Dihaloarenes.
Authors: Wang Yan , Tu Xingzhao , Lv Xirui , Zhou Lihong , Zeng Qingle
Published: March 2014

The reaction proceeds without obvious racemization.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycosides from the Aerial Parts of Patrinia villosa
Authors: Lee Joo Young , Kim Ju Sun , Kim Yeong Shik , Kang Sam Sik
Published: March 2014

isolation and structure elucidation of two new flavonoid glycosides, patrivilosides 1 (Ia), 2 (Ib), patrinovalerosidate (II), and two new saponins, patrinovilosides A and B
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Type Glycosidic Bond Formation by Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Allylation.
Authors: Xiang Shaohua , Lu Zhiqiang , He Jingxi , Hoang Kim Le Mai , Zeng Jing , Liu Xue‐Wei
Published: March 2014

A broad range of aromatic and aliphatic O‐ and S‐glycosides is accessible from easily prepared protected glycals by employing the described procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Multiferroics and Magnetoelectrics: A Comparison Between Some Chromites and Cobaltites
Authors: Meher K. R. S. Preethi , Martin C. , Caignaert V. , Damay F. , Maignan A.
Published: March 2014

Review: 64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diamondoids: Functionalization and Subsequent Applications of Perfectly Defined Molecular Cage Hydrocarbons
Authors: Gunawan Maria A. , Hierso Jean‐Cyrille , Poinsot Didier , Fokin Andrey A. , Fokina Natalie A. , Tkachenko Boryslav A. , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: March 2014

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diversity‐Oriented Approaches to Unusual α‐Amino Acids and Peptides: Step Economy, Atom Economy, Redox Economy, and Beyond
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Goyal Deepti , Chavan Arjun S.
Published: March 2014

Review: 137 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Four Decades, Four Places and Four Concepts
Authors: Mutter Manfred
Published: March 2014

Review: in peptide chemistry
ChemInform Abstract: Platinum Carbonyl Clusters Chemistry: Four Decades of Challenging Nanoscience
Authors: Ciabatti Iacopo , Femoni Cristina , Iapalucci Maria Carmela , Longoni Giuliano , Zacchini Stefano
Published: March 2014

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: When C—H Bond Functionalization Meets Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Xie Jin , Jin Hongming , Xu Pan , Zhu Chengjian
Published: March 2014

Review: 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heathcock‐Inspired Strategies for the Synthesis of Fawcettimine‐Type Lycopodium Alkaloids
Authors: Murphy Rebecca A. , Sarpong Richmond
Published: March 2014

Review: 34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review and Perspective of Recent Bio‐Oil Hydrotreating Research
Authors: Zacher Alan H. , Olarte Mariefel V. , Santosa Daniel M. , Elliott Douglas C. , Jones Susanne B.
Published: March 2014

Review: 107 refs.
Cytopathology of pediatric malignancies: Where are we today with fine‐needle aspiration biopsies in pediatric oncology?
Authors: Monaco Sara E. , Teot Lisa A.
Published: March 2014

Pediatric malignancies are uncommon and many have overlapping morphologic features, which together present diagnostic challenges. Cytopathology is recognized as an accurate and cost‐effective modality for the diagnosis of pediatric malignancies in resource‐limited countries, but is underused for this purpose in the United States. This review focuses on the cytopathology of pediatric malignancies with the goal of demystifying cytologic diagnoses of these entities. Differences between malignancies in young patients and adults are discussed, and key epidemiological features of childhood malignancies are highlighted. In addition, the use of cytopathology in different geographical settings is contrasted to illustrate the impact of variable usage on the incidence of malignancy and the types of tumors observed in cytologic specimens. A review of the pattern‐based approach to differential diagnosis is also incorporated, including the cytomorphologic features and ancillary studies that help to distinguish between various malignancies within each pattern. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:322–336. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
An interleaved high step‐up DC‐DC converter with double boost paths
Authors: Chen Yie‐Tone , Lin Wei‐Cheng , Liang Ruey‐Hsun
Published: March 2014

This paper proposed a novel high step‐up converter with double boost paths. The circuit uses two switches and one double‐path voltage multiplier cell to own the double boost and interleaved effects simultaneously. The voltage gain ratio of the proposed DC‐DC converter can be three times the ratio of the conventional boost converter such that the voltage stress of the switch can be lower. The high step‐up performance is in accordance with only one double‐path voltage multiplier cell. Therefore, the number of diodes and capacitors in the proposed converter can be reduced. Furthermore, the interleaved property of the proposed circuit can reduce the losses in the rectifier diode and capacitor. The prototype circuit with 24‐V input voltage, 250‐V output voltage, and 150‐W output power is experimentally realized to verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of stensen's duct: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Nunez Amberly L. , Elgin John N. , Fatima Huma
Published: March 2014

The cytologic features of an alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma arising within Stensen's duct of the parotid gland are described. These malignancies and sarcomas in general are not usually included in the differential diagnosis of a parotid lesion as they rarely present as primary parotid malignancies. In addition, these neoplasms are even rarer outside of the pediatric and adolescent populations. Due to the difficulty of this diagnosis, we present this case to increase awareness of the diagnosis in the salivary glands and to highlight the cytomorphologic features that can aid in the correct diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:1069–1074. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HINTW, a W‐chromosome HINT gene in chick, is expressed ubiquitously and is a robust female cell marker applicable in intraspecific chimera studies
Authors: Nagai Hiroki , Sezaki Maiko , Bertocchini Federica , Fukuda Kimiko , Sheng Guojun
Published: March 2014

Grafting and transplantation experiments in embryology require proper distinction between host and donor tissues. For the avian model this has traditionally been achieved by using two closely related species (e.g., chick and quail) followed by species‐specific antibody staining. Here, we show that an in situ hybridization probe against the HINTW gene is a robust and reliable marker for female‐derived chicken cells. At all pre‐circulation stages tested, all cells in female embryos, independently confirmed by PCR analysis, were strongly positive for HINTW, whereas all male embryos were negative. This probe is broadly applicable in intra‐specific chick/chick chimera studies, and as a proof of principle, we utilized this probe to detect female cells in three experimental settings: (1) to mark female donor cells in a node transplantation assay; (2) to distinguish female cells in male/female twins generated by the Cornish pasty culture; and (3) to detect female half of the embryo in artificially generated bilateral gynandromorphs. A rapid, PCR based pre‐screening step increases the efficiency of obtaining desired donor/host sex combination from 25% to 100%. For most avian chimera studies, this female‐specific in situ probe is a low cost alternative to the commonly used QCPN antibody and to ubiquitous‐GFP chicken strains which are not widely available to the research community. genesis 52:424–430, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facile Synthesis of a 20‐Membered Macrocyclic Magnesium Sulfide Complex
Authors: Leung Wing‐Por , Chan Yuk‐Chi , Mak Thomas C. W.
Published: March 2014

Deprotonation of 2,3‐pyrazyl‐linked bis(thiophosphorano)methane {CH2(iPr2P=S)}2(C4H2N2‐2,3) (2) with one equivalent of nBu2Mg in THF afforded a 20‐membered macrocyclic magnesium complex [Mg{CH(iPr2P–S)}2(C4H2N2‐2,3)]4 (4a). The structure of 4a has been characterized by X‐ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy.