bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Curvature-mediated rapid extravasation and penetration of nanoparticles against interstitial fluid pressure for improved drug delivery
Authors: Jiang Xiaohe , Xu Sai , Miao Yunqiu , Huang Kang , Wang Bingqi , Ding Bingwen , Zhang Zhuan , Zhao Zitong , Zhang Xinxin , Shi Xinghua , Yu Miaorong , Tian Falin , Gan Yong
Published: May 2024

Elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) within pathological tissues (e.g., tumors, obstructed kidneys, and cirrhotic livers) creates a significant hindrance to the transport of nanomedicine, ultimately impairing the therapeutic efficiency. Among these tissues, solid tumors present the most challenging scenario. While several strategies through reducing tumor IFP have been devised to enhance nanoparticle delivery, few approaches focus on modulating the intrinsic properties of nanoparticles to effectively counteract IFP during extravasation and penetration, which are precisely the stages obstructed by elevated IFP. Herein, we propose an innovative solution by engineering nanoparticles with a fusiform shape of high curvature, enabling efficient surmounting of IFP barriers during extravasation and penetration within tumor tissues. Through experimental and theoretical analyses, we demonstrate that the elongated nanoparticles with the highest mean curvature outperform spherical and rod-shaped counterparts against elevated IFP, leading to superior intratumoral accumulation and antitumor efficacy. Super-resolution microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations uncover the underlying mechanisms in which the high curvature contributes to diminished drag force in surmounting high-pressure differentials during extravasation. Simultaneously, the facilitated rotational movement augments the hopping frequency during penetration. This study effectively addresses the limitations posed by high-pressure impediments, uncovers the mutual interactions between the physical properties of NPs and their environment, and presents a promising avenue for advancing cancer treatment through nanomedicine.
Adopting electric school buses in the United States: Health and climate benefits
Authors: Choma Ernani F. , Robinson Lisa A. , Nadeau Kari C.
Published: May 2024

Electric school buses have been proposed as an alternative to reduce the health and climate impacts of the current U.S. school bus fleet, of which a substantial share are highly polluting old diesel vehicles. However, the climate and health benefits of electric school buses are not well known. As they are substantially more costly than diesel buses, assessing their benefits is needed to inform policy decisions. We assess the health benefits of electric school buses in the United States from reduced adult mortality and childhood asthma onset risks due to exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM
2.5
). We also evaluate climate benefits from reduced greenhouse-gas emissions. We find that replacing the average diesel bus in the U.S. fleet in 2017 with an electric bus yields $84,200 in total benefits. Climate benefits amount to $40,400/bus, whereas health benefits amount to $43,800/bus due to 4.42*10
−3
fewer PM
2.5
-attributable deaths ($40,000 of total) and 7.42*10
−3
fewer PM
2.5
-attributable new childhood asthma cases ($3,700 of total). However, health benefits of electric buses vary substantially by driving location and model year (MY) of the diesel buses they replace. Replacing old, MY 2005 diesel buses in large cities yields $207,200/bus in health benefits and is likely cost-beneficial, although other policies that accelerate fleet turnover in these areas deserve consideration. Electric school buses driven in rural areas achieve small health benefits from reduced exposure to ambient PM
2.5
. Further research assessing benefits of reduced exposure to in-cabin air pollution among children riding buses would be valuable to inform policy decisions.
Ultraviolet electroluminescence with electrically tunable colour from epitaxial n-(0001)ZnO/p-(0001)GaN light-emitting diodes
Authors: Arora Simran , Sikdar Subhrajit , Dhar Subhabrata
Published: May 2024

Pulsed laser deposition technique is used to grow unintentionally n-type (0001)ZnO layers with high crystalline and morphological qualities on p-type (0001)GaN/sapphire templates. Electroluminescent devices are fabricated on these p–n heterojunctions. Oxygen pressure during growth has been found to influence strongly the crystalline and defect properties of the grown layers, which affect not only the current–voltage characteristics but also the emission properties of the electroluminescent devices. It has been observed that the electroluminescence (EL) spectra have both defects related visible and band-edge related ultraviolet (UV) transition features stemming from both GaN and ZnO sides. The study reveals that UV to visible EL intensity ratio maximizes at an optimum oxygen pressure. The relative contribution of EL originating from ZnO and GaN sides can be tuned by the applied bias, as the bias can control the depletion width and hence the carrier interdiffusion across the junction. This finding thus offers a scope to electrically tune the colour of the emitted light in these devices.
Comprehensive empirical modeling of ScAlN/AlGaN/GaN ferroelectric HEMT
Authors: Pyngrope Dariskhem , Chaturvedi Nidhi , Dasgupta Sudeb , Hospodkov Alice , Majumdar Shubhankar
Published: May 2024

This correspondence introduces a concise depiction of a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) utilizing a model that incorporates the effect of ferroelectric (FE) polarization on the empirical expression for drain current. This is accomplished by modifying the basic Shockley equation (S.E) for MESFET. The model employed in this investigation is particularly geared towards investigating the impact of the counterclockwise hysteresis effect due to the use of dielectric ScAlN on the transfer characteristics (

I
d

−

V
gs

), which is mainly attributed to trapping and de-trapping of charge carriers at the dielectric/semiconductor interface. Modifying the S.E. made it possible to replicate the behavior observed in experimental HEMT accurately. We reported the modified drain current empirical expressions for the ScAlN/AlGaN/GaN HEMT that considers the FE polarization. The results of this study showed good agreement between the

I
d

−

V
gs

characteristics obtained from the analytical and experimental data, with a root mean square deviation (RMSD) error of 0.97% and a mean squared error error of 0.94%. This analytical drain current model, presented herein for the first time, incorporates a limited number of fitting parameters. Therefore, enhancing the computational efficiency to assess the performance of FE GaN HEMTs for usage in wide-area electronics.
Material characterization of iron-based shape memory alloys for use in self-centering columns
Authors: Hong Huanpeng , Gencturk Bora , Saiidi M Saiid
Published: May 2024

Iron-based shape memory alloys (FeSMAs) are emerging as a promising material for use in post-tensioning concrete structures to provide self-centering capabilities during a seismic event. Past experimental studies on FeSMA focused on strengthening or repairing existing structural components under gravity loading. In addition to the structural rehabilitation, FeSMA also have potential for use in self-centering columns subjected to seismic loads. However, the basic material properties, such as strength, ductility, recovery strain, actuation stress (i.e. prestress) stability, low-cycle fatigue resistance, and temperature dependence of FeSMA related to self-centering column applications have not been studied extensively to-date. To fill this knowledge gap and determine the feasibility of using FeSMA in self-centering columns, this study performed a comprehensive characterization and analysis of FeSMA both before and after actuation (i.e. thermal stimulation). The strength, ductility, energy dissipation, and recovery strain of FeSMA before actuation were tested at different temperatures from −40 °C to 50 °C. After actuation, the actuation stress, low-cycle fatigue resistance, and strain capacity of FeSMA were tested at different temperatures from −40 °C to 50 °C and prestrain levels from 4% to 30%, and under low-cycle fatigue loading with strain amplitudes from 0.5% to 1.0%. The results from this study demonstrated that FeSMA exhibit high ductility, cyclic actuation stress stability, and low-cycle fatigue resistance at temperatures from −40 °C to 50 °C. Furthermore, it was found that increasing the prestrain level can effectively increase the post-actuation strain amplitude at which the actuation stress reduces to zero. A prestrain level between 15% and 20% is recommended for application of FeSMA in self-centering columns. The research findings from this study demonstrated the feasibility of using FeSMA in self-centering columns subject to seismic loading.
Interconnectivity disrupted by fading globalization: a network approach to recent international trade developments
Authors: Silva Thiago C , Wilhelm Paulo V B , Amancio Diego R
Published: May 2024

The post-World War II decades experienced rapid growth in international trade, but a trend of weakening globalization has been consolidating recently. We construct the international trade network (ITN) using bilateral trade (2010–2022) to assess how interconnectedness has evolved in the face of recent developments. Our analysis reveals that, while network connectivity initially improved, there has been a shift towards a negative trend since 2018, coinciding with an increasingly unfavorable environment for international trade. We also document significant changes in the roles of countries within the ITN. While the USA remains the primary hub and China solidifies its second position, key countries like Germany, France, Great Britain, and Japan have notably lost relevance, whereas nations like India and the Republic of Korea are gaining prominence. Finally, employing an econometric model, we show that countries with large economies, significant manufacturing sectors, lower inward foreign direct investment stock, and economic and geopolitical stability tend to occupy more central positions in the ITN.
Distant Dinosaurs and the Aesthetics of Remote Art
Authors: Xhignesse Michel-Antoine
Published: May 2024

Francis Sparshott introduced the term ‘remote art’ in his 1982 presidential address to the American Society for Aesthetics. The concept has not drawn much notice since—although individual remote arts, such as palaeolithic art and the artistic practices of subaltern cultures, have enjoyed their fair share of attention from aestheticians. This paper explores what unites some artistic practices under the banner of remote art, arguing that remoteness is primarily a matter of some audience’s epistemic distance from a work’s context of creation. I introduce palaeoart—the depiction of extinct prehistoric fauna and flora, especially from the Mesozoic—as a paradigmatic case of remote art, showing that its remoteness is secured both by the deceptively rich cognitive load required for its creation and appreciation, and by its existence at the margins of the institutional artworld, which ensures that this cognitive loading is largely obscured. Too often, remote art is not just inscrutable, it is invisible to us.
Estimating occupational disease burden: a way forward
Authors: Cherrie John W , van Tongeren Martie , Kromhout Hans
Published: May 2024

Estimates of occupational disease burden provide important information on which effective policy and regulations can be developed. However, there is no direct way that these data can be obtained, and most burden estimates are derived by merging different data from diverse sources to synthesize estimates of the number of people made ill or who have died from workplace exposures. In recent years, several research groups have published estimates of occupational health burden at national or global scales; these are not always consistent. The World Health Organisation and the International Labour Organisation have taken on the task of producing occupational disease burden estimates for several workplace agents, which we assume are to be seen as the definitive global, regional, and national data. In this commentary, we critique the WHO/ILO approach for their estimates of the non-melanoma skin cancer burden from solar ultraviolet radiation and some of their results for hazardous particulates. We provide recommendations for researchers undertaking occupational burden estimates that they should report along with their data.
Tracking the maximum power point of solar panels through direct estimation of optimum voltage with temperature
Authors: Ghribi Mohammed El Bachir , Garcia-Gutierrez Luis , Ternifi Zine Eddine Touhami , Zheng Zhixue , Bachir Ghalem , Aillerie Michel
Published: May 2024

Electricity production from photovoltaic (PV) panels is maximized when the operating point is located at the maximum power point thanks to dedicated controllers. These controllers are driven to track the maximum power by using various algorithms within distributed or centralized architectures accounting for factors such as partial irradiation and temperature changes. The effect of irradiance on the optimal panel voltage is weak or even negligible, while it is strong and quasi-linear-dependent on temperature. Based on this observation, this article introduces a straightforward method for tracking the maximum power of a PV panel by using an optimizer, focusing solely on its temperature response as an input variable. The proposed approach hinges on linearizing the relationship between panel temperature and operating voltage. This relationship enables the estimation of the maximum power point through temperature measurement alone. Thus, after determination of the linear temperature coefficient of the voltage requiring only the knowledge of two optimal voltages at different temperatures, for example from the datasheet of the panel, the power tracking involves only one temperature sensor placed on the panel alongside a voltage sensor for regulation. The principle, modelling, and validation post-panel ageing of the method are detailed in this paper. Simulation, conducted using real experimental irradiation and temperature data, attests to the effectiveness of the control. Results indicate an average effectiveness of the method of >99.1% in tracking the maximum power, with the panel generating 2.33 kWh out of a possible 2.35 kWh. This performance is comparable to that of tracking devices employing more complex algorithms. The simplicity and efficiency of the method make it a promising option for maximizing the power production at low cost from PV systems in small or residential, on- or off-grid connected applications.
The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in outpatient dermatology clinics: a systematic review
Authors: Saade Namir , Chedraoui Celine , Mitri Marie Therese , Salameh Pascale , Said Yana , El Khoury Jinane
Published: May 2024

Background

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric condition involving a preoccupation with physical appearance disproportionate to physical findings, which are often absent altogether. Previously published data have estimated its prevalence at approximately 11.3–11.9%, across various medical specialties. No recent systematic reviews strictly related to dermatology clinics and the prevalence of BDD have been published to the best of our knowledge.

Objectives

To gather a pooled prevalence for BDD in outpatient dermatology clinics around the world.

Methods

A literature review was completed as per PRISMA guidelines. Studies had to meet the following inclusion criteria: (i) observational studies (either prospective, cross-sectional or case-controlled), (ii) include patients aged ≥ 13 years of age; (iii) undertaken in dermatology clinics (medical, cosmetic or specialty clinics); (iv) use validated, or translations of validated screening tools, used for BDD [such as the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ), the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5, BDDQ-Dermatology Version (DV), the Yale–Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder]; (v) report a point prevalence for BDD; and (vi) be written in either English, French or Arabic, the three languages fluently spoken by the Lebanese researchers.

Results

Twenty-one articles tackling BDD in outpatient cosmetic and general dermatology clinics were selected. Studies were graded based on the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and a mean for the pooled prevalence was calculated, yielding a weighted mean prevalence of 12.5% among general dermatology patients (n = 1082) and 25.0% among cosmetic dermatology patients (n = 218). The mean prevalence of BDD among general dermatology patients is similar to previously reported numbers. For cosmetic dermatology patients, the findings are markedly higher than previously reported, which we postulate could be owing to dermatologists being at the forefront of noninvasive cosmetic procedures.

Conclusions

Given the high prevalence of BDD among dermatology patients, we highlight the importance of having a high index of suspicion for BDD and identifying it in the clinical setting and also emphasize the importance of psychiatric treatment for these patients to improve outcomes, all while avoiding unnecessary interventions.
Longitudinal comparison of dyssynchrony correction and ‘strain’ improvement by conduction system pacing: LEVEL-AT trial secondary findings
Authors: Pujol-López Margarida , Jiménez-Arjona Rafael , Garcia-Ribas Cora , Borràs Roger , Guasch Eduard , Regany-Closa Mariona , Graterol Freddy R , Niebla Mireia , Carro Esther , Roca-Luque Ivo , Guichard J Baptiste , Castel M Ángeles , Arbelo Elena , Porta-Sánchez Andreu , Brugada Josep , Sitges Marta , Tolosana José M , Doltra Adelina , Mont Lluís
Published: May 2024

Aims

Longitudinal dyssynchrony correction and ‘strain’ improvement by comparable cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) techniques is unreported. Our purpose was to compare echocardiographic dyssynchrony correction and ‘strain’ improvement by conduction system pacing (CSP) vs. biventricular pacing (BiVP) as a marker of contractility improvement during 1-year follow-up.

Methods and results

A treatment-received analysis was performed in patients included in the LEVEL-AT trial (NCT04054895), randomized to CSP or BiVP, and evaluated at baseline (ON and OFF programming) and at 6 and 12 months (n = 69, 32% women). Analysis included intraventricular (septal flash), interventricular (difference between left and right ventricular outflow times), and atrioventricular (diastolic filling time) dyssynchrony and ‘strain’ parameters [septal rebound, global longitudinal ‘strain’ (GLS), LBBB pattern, and mechanical dispersion). Baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 27.5 ± 7%, and LV end-systolic volume (LVESV) was 138 ± 77 mL, without differences between groups. Longitudinal analysis showed LVEF and LVESV improvement (P < 0.001), without between-group differences. At 12-month follow-up, adjusted mean LVEF was 46% with CSP (95% CI 42.2 and 49.3%) vs. 43% with BiVP (95% CI 39.6 and 45.8%), (P = 0.31), and LVESV was 80 mL (95% CI 55.3 and 104.5 mL) vs. 100 mL (95% CI 78.7 and 121.6 mL), respectively (P = 0.66). Longitudinal analysis showed a significant improvement of all dyssynchrony parameters and GLS over time (P < 0.001), without differences between groups. Baseline GLS significantly correlated with LVEF and LVESV at 12-month follow-up.

Conclusion

CSP and BiVP provided similar dyssynchrony and ‘strain’ correction over time. Baseline global longitudinal ‘strain’ predicted ventricular remodelling at 12-month follow-up.
Global longitudinal active strain energy density (GLASED): a powerful prognostic marker in a community-based cohort
Authors: Aung Nay , MacIver David H , Zhang Henggui , Chadalavada Sucharitha , Petersen Steffen E
Published: May 2024

Aims

Identifying the imaging method that best predicts all-cause mortality, cardiovascular adverse events, and heart failure risk is crucial for tailoring optimal management. Potential prognostic markers include left ventricular (LV) myocardial mass, ejection fraction, myocardial strain, stroke work, contraction fraction, pressure–strain product, and a new measurement called global longitudinal active strain density (GLASED). This study sought to compare the utility of 23 potential LV prognostic markers of structure and contractile function in a community-based cohort.

Methods and results

The impact of cardiovascular magnetic resonance image–derived markers extracted by machine learning algorithms was compared with the future risk of adverse events in a group of 44 957 UK Biobank participants. Most markers, including the LV ejection fraction, have limited prognostic value. GLASED was significantly associated with all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events, with the largest hazard ratio, highest ranking, and differentiated risk in all three tertiles (P ≤ 0.0003).

Conclusion

GLASED predicted all-cause mortality and major cardiovascular adverse events better than conventional markers of risk and is recommended for assessing patient prognosis.
Evaluating User Experience and DNA Yield from Self-Collection Devices
Authors: Blommel Joseph H , Roforth Matthew M , Jerde Calvin R , Karsten Carley A , Bridgeman Amber R , Voss Jesse S , Boccuto Luigi , Ivankovic Diana S , Sarasua Sara M , Kipp Benjamin R , Murphy Stephen J
Published: May 2024

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic emphasized an urgent need for devices used in the self-collection of biospecimens in an evolving patient care system. The mailing of biospecimen self-collection kits to patients, with samples returned via mail, provides a more convenient testing regimen, but could also impart patient sampling variabilities. User compliance with device directions is central to downstream testing of collected biospecimens and clear instructions are central to this goal.

Methods

Here, we performed an evaluation of 10 oral DNA collection devices involving either swab or saliva self-collection and analyzed ease of use and comfort level with a device, as well as DNA recovery quantity/quality and sample stability.

Results

We show that while these DNA quality/quantity metrics are comparable between devices, users prefer direct saliva collection over swab-based devices.

Conclusions

This information is useful in guiding future experiments including their use in human RNA, microbial, or viral sample collection/recovery and their use in clinical testing.
Over-the-counter medications encountered in the postmortem pediatric population from 2010–2020
Authors: Swatek Jennifer L , Marco Stephanie M , Midthun Kari M
Published: May 2024

In forensic toxicology, the pediatric population requires special focus when evaluating positive findings because of the many toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic differences (e.g., metabolic capabilities, body size, etc.) between the pediatric and adult populations. In particular, the administration of over-the-counter (OTC) medications needs careful consideration, as dosages given to the pediatric population (0 days–18 years), particularly those given to individuals <5 years of age, tend to be lower than those given to individuals closer to adulthood. Postmortem pediatric data from 11 years (2010–2020) was compiled. A total of 1413 positive cases contained one or more of the following common OTC medications: antihistamines (brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine and pheniramine), pain relievers (acetaminophen, naproxen, ibuprofen and salicylates), cold/flu medications (dextro/levomethorphan, guaifenesin, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine), gastrointestinal aids (dicyclomine and loperamide) and/or sleep aids (melatonin). Antihistamines, cold/flu medications and pain relievers are the most common classes of drugs encountered in the postmortem pediatric population. To evaluate trends, three main age groups were created: ≤5 years old (5 U, birth-5 years old), middle childhood (MC, 6–11 years old), and early adolescence (EA, 12–18 years old). When considering the data, it must be noted that many of these drugs may be co-administered in single and/or multi-drug formulations. In addition, some drugs may have a variety of uses, e.g. antihistamines may also be used as sleep aids. Of note, the prevalence of cases involving those aged 6–11 years old was far less than their younger and older pediatric counterparts. With the widespread availability of OTC medications, unintentional overdoses, recreational misuse and suicidal overdoses can occur in the vulnerable, pediatric population.
Chlorophyll-α forecasting using LSTM, bidirectional LSTM and GRU networks in El Mar Menor (Spain)
Authors: González-Enrique Javier , RodrÍguez-GarcÍa María Inmaculada , Ruiz-Aguilar Juan Jesús , Carrasco-GarcÍa MarÍa Gema , Enguix Ivan Felis , Turias Ignacio J
Published: May 2024

The objective of this research is to develop accurate forecasting models for chlorophyll-α concentrations at various depths in El Mar Menor, Spain. Chlorophyll-α plays a crucial role in assessing eutrophication in this vulnerable ecosystem. To achieve this objective, various deep learning forecasting techniques, including long short-term memory, bidirectional long short-term memory and gated recurrent uni networks, were utilized. The models were designed to forecast the chlorophyll-α levels with a 2-week prediction horizon. To enhance the models’ accuracy, a sliding window method combined with a blocked cross-validation procedure for time series was also applied to these techniques. Two input strategies were also tested in this approach: using only chlorophyll-α time series and incorporating exogenous variables. The proposed approach significantly improved the accuracy of the predictive models, no matter the forecasting technique employed. Results were remarkable, with $\overline{\sigma}$ values reaching approximately 0.90 for the 0.5-m depth level and 0.80 for deeper levels. The proposed forecasting models and methodologies have great potential for predicting eutrophication episodes and acting as decision-making tools for environmental agencies. Accurate prediction of eutrophication episodes through these models could allow for proactive measures to be implemented, resulting in improved environmental management and the preservation of the ecosystem.
Protocol for a prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of texture and color enhancement imaging (TXI) observation in the detection of colorectal lesions (deTXIon study)
Authors: Saito Yutaka , Toyoshima Naoya , Mizuguchi Yasuhiko , Sakamoto Taku , Uraoka Toshio , Ikematsu Hiroaki , Tamai Naoto , Matsuda Takahisa , Misawa Masashi , Hotta Kinichi , Shibata Taro
Published: May 2024

Colonoscopy is the gold standard for detecting and resecting adenomas or early stage cancers to reduce the incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer. In a recent observational study, texture and color enhancement imaging (TXI) was reported to improve polyp detection during colonoscopy. This randomized controlled trial involving six Japanese institutions aims to confirm the superiority of TXI over standard white-light imaging (WLI) in detecting colorectal lesions during colonoscopy. During the 1-year study period, 960 patients will be enrolled, with 480 patients in the TXI and WLI groups. The primary endpoint is the mean number of adenomas detected per procedure. The secondary endpoints include adenoma detection rate, advanced adenoma detection rate, polyp detection rate, flat polyp detection rate, depressed lesion detection rate, mean polyps detected per procedure, sessile serrated lesion (SSL) detection rate, mean SSLs detected per procedure and adverse events.
Early prediction of growth patterns after pediatric kidney transplantation based on height-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms
Authors: Feng Yi , Feng Yonghua , Hu Mingyao , Xu Hongen , Wang Zhigang , Xu Shicheng , Yan Yongchuang , Feng Chenghao , Li Zhou , Feng Guiwen , Shang Wenjun
Published: May 2024

Background:

Growth retardation is a common complication of chronic kidney disease in children, which can be partially relieved after renal transplantation. This study aimed to develop and validate a predictive model for growth patterns of children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) after kidney transplantation using machine learning algorithms based on genomic and clinical variables.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort of 110 children who received kidney transplants between May 2013 and September 2021 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were recruited for whole-exome sequencing (WES), and another 39 children who underwent transplant from October 2021 to March 2022 were enrolled for external validation. Based on previous studies, we comprehensively collected 729 height-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in exon regions. Seven machine learning algorithms and 10-fold cross-validation analysis were employed for model construction.

Results:

The 110 children were divided into two groups according to change in height-for-age Z-score. After univariate analysis, age and 19 SNPs were incorporated into the model and validated. The random forest model showed the best prediction efficacy with an accuracy of 0.8125 and an area under curve (AUC) of 0.924, and also performed well in the external validation cohort (accuracy, 0.7949; AUC, 0.796).

Conclusions:

A model with good performance for predicting post-transplant growth patterns in children based on SNPs and clinical variables was constructed and validated using machine learning algorithms. The model is expected to guide clinicians in the management of children after renal transplantation, including the use of growth hormone, glucocorticoid withdrawal, and nutritional supplementation, to alleviate growth retardation in children with ESRD.
CLINICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AQUEOUS AND VITREOUS RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN 3 CONCENTRATIONS IN RELATION TO DIABETIC RETINOPATHY SEVERITY, RETINAL STRUCTURES, AND SYSTEMIC COMPLICATIONS
Authors: Fickweiler Ward , Chokshi Tanvi , Jangolla Surya , Mitzner Margalit , Wu I-Hsien , Park Hyunseok , Park Kyoungmin , Aiello Lloyd Paul , Sun Jennifer , King George L.
Published: May 2024

Purpose:

To evaluate Retinol-Binding Protein 3 (RBP3) from photoreceptors in aqueous and its association with vitreous concentrations, diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity, retinal layer thickness, and clinical characteristics in people with diabetes.

Methods:

RBP3 concentration was measured by custom-developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in aqueous and correlated with vitreous concentrations in patients from the 50-Year Medalist study and Beetham Eye Institute at Joslin Diabetes Center.

Results:

Aqueous RBP3 concentration (N = 131) was elevated in eyes with no to mild DR (mean ± SD 0.7 nM ± 0.2) and decreased in eyes with moderate to severe DR (0.65 nM ± 0.3) and proliferative DR (0.5 nM ± 0.2, P < 0.001) compared to eyes without diabetes. Aqueous and vitreous RBP3 concentrations correlated with each other (r = 0.34, P = 0.001) and between fellow eyes (P < 0.0001). History of retinal surgery did not affect aqueous RBP3 concentrations, but cataract surgery affected both vitreous and aqueous levels. Elevated aqueous RBP3 concentration associated with increased thickness of the outer nuclear layer (P = 0.004) and correlated with hemoglobin A1c, whereas vitreous RBP3 concentrations correlated with diabetic systemic complications.

Conclusion:

These findings suggest that aqueous RBP3 concentration may be an important endogenous clinical retinal protective factor, a biomarker for DR severity, and a promising VEGF-independent clinical intervention target in DR.
Comparison of Different Intraocular Lens Power Calculation Formulas in Eyes With Primary Angle Closure
Authors: Liu Jinkun , Wang Yuhong , Huang Weiyi , Wang Fei , Xu Yazhang , Xue Yingying , Zhao Zhimin , Huang Luping , Gao Ruxin
Published: May 2024

Study Design:

Prospective case series.

Précis:

This prospective study determines which formulas can best predict the refractive outcome in patients with primary angle closure disease (PACD) after cataract surgery.

Objective:

To compare the accuracy of 6 intraocular lens power calculation formulas, Barrett Universal II (BU II), Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay I, Kane and SRK/T, in eyes with PACD.

Patients and Methods:

Patients diagnosed with PACD and cataracts and who met the indication for cataract surgery were enrolled in the study. Six intraocular lens power calculation formulas were used to calculate the refractive diopter. The percentage of eyes with prediction error (PE) within ±0.50 D and the median absolute PE were compared to determine the accuracy of different formulas in patients with PACD. Subgroup analysis was performed according to axial length (AL). The accuracy of BU II was compared between patients with PACD and patients with age-related cataracts.

Results:

One hundred five patients (105 eyes) with PACD and 35 patients (35 eyes) with age-related cataracts were enrolled in the study. Haigis, Kane, and BU II formula achieved a comparable outcome and outperformed over the other 3 formulas in patients with PACD. Subgroup analysis showed that the group with long AL has lower values of median absolute PE. PE was significantly positively correlated with AL and negatively correlated with relative lens position when calculated using BU II and Kane.

Conclusions:

Haigis, Kane, and BU II formula achieved a comparable outcome and outperformed over the other 3 formulas in patients with PACD.
Impact of Peripheral Anterior Synechiae on the Outcome of Combined Phacoemulsification, Goniosynechialysis, and Goniotomy for Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma and Cataract: A Multicenter Observational Study
Authors: Lin Fengbin , Zhang Yingzhe , Zhu Xiaomin , Yu Ping , Fan Sujie , Lv Aiguo , Li Xiaoyan , Tang Li , Zhang Yao , Tang Guangxian , Yan Xiaowei , Lu Lan , Xiao Meichun , Yuan Huiping , Song Wulian , Zhou Minwen , Zhao Xiaohuan , Nie Xin , Liao Mengfei , Song Yunhe , Wang Zhenyu , Chen Weirong , Barton Keith , Park Ki Ho , Aung Tin , Lam Dennis S.C. , Weinreb Robert N. , Tham Clement C. , Zeng Liuzhi , Xie Lin , Wang Ningli , Zhang Xiulan ,   for the PVP study group
Published: May 2024

Précis:

The combination of phacoemulsification, goniosynechialysis and goniotomy is an effective treatment for primary angle closure glaucoma patients with cataract, and this is not linked to the extent of preoperative peripheral anterior synechiae.

Purpose:

To evaluate the impact of the extent of peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) on the effectiveness and safety of combined phacoemulsification (PEI), goniosynechialysis (GSL), and goniotomy (GT) in eyes with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) and cataract.

Patients and Methods:

This study included patients diagnosed with PACG and cataracts who underwent combined PEI and 120 degrees GSL plus GT (PEI+GSL+GT) between April 2020 and October 2022 at 10 ophthalmic institutes. Eligible patients were divided into 3 groups based on the extent of PAS: 180°≤PAS<270°, 270°≤PAS<360°, and PAS=360°. Data on intraocular pressure (IOP), the number of ocular hypotensive medications, and complications were collected and compared. The study defined complete success as postoperative IOP within the 6–18 mm Hg range and a 20% reduction from baseline without the use of topical medications. Qualified success was defined in the same way as complete success, but it allowed for the use of ocular hypotensive medications.

Results:

Three hundred four eyes of 283 patients were included. The mean follow-up was 12.50±1.24 months. All groups experienced a significant reduction in IOP after the surgery (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in final IOP, number of medications, and cumulative complete and qualified success rates among the 3 groups (P>0.05). The groups with 270°≤PAS<360°had a higher frequency of hyphema compared with 180°≤PAS<270° (P = 0.044).

Conclusions:

PEI+GSL+GT has proven to be an effective treatment for PACG with cataracts over a 1 year period. However, the outcome was not correlated with the preoperative extent of PAS.
Advancing Standardization in Fat Graft Survival Studies
Authors: Cinar Fatih , Okyay Mehmet Fatih
Published: May 2024

Background

There is currently no standardization in the field of research on fat grafts in rats, which is one of the most popular topics in plastic surgery. The aim of our study was to demonstrate the effects of selecting paraepididymal fat grafts as the donor area on enhancing the reliability of fat graft studies.

Methods

In this study, 12 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to obtain adipose grafts from both inguinal and paraepididymal regions. After measuring the graft weights, they were subjected to histological examination using hematoxylin-eosin staining, as well as immunohistochemical staining with antiperilipin antibody. Purity of the samples, viability of adipose cells, and the presence of lymph nodes within the grafts were analyzed.

Results

The purity of adipose cells in graft samples obtained from the paraepididymal region was found to be 98.1% compared with the total sample. In contrast, the purity of adipose cells in graft samples obtained from the inguinal region was 58.37%. Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed significantly higher adipocyte viability and vascularity in the paraepididymal region compared with the inguinal region (P = 0.0134). Conversely, lymphatic tissue content in samples obtained from the inguinal region was significantly higher compared with paraepididymal adipose tissue samples (P < 0.0001). Immunohistochemical staining with antiperilipin antibody showed a denser and more uniform staining pattern in paraepididymal adipose grafts (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Using paraepididymal fat, devoid of lymphatic tissue, naturally eliminates 2 critical biases (estrogen and lymphatic tissue), enhancing the standardization and reliability of fat graft survival studies.
Sex differences in the impact of social relationships on individual vocal signatures in grey mouse lemurs (
Microcebus murinus
)
Authors: Langehennig-Peristenidou Alexandra , Scheumann Marina
Published: May 2024

Vocalizations coordinate social interactions between conspecifics by conveying information concerning the individual or group identity of the sender. Social accommodation is a form of vocal learning where social affinity is signalled by converging or diverging vocalizations with those of conspecifics. To investigate whether social accommodation is linked to the social lifestyle of the sender, we investigated sex-specific differences in social accommodation in a dispersed living primate, the grey mouse lemur (
Microcebus murinus
), where females form stable sleeping groups whereas males live solitarily. We used 482 trill calls of 36 individuals from our captive breeding colony to compare acoustic dissimilarity between individuals with genetic relatedness, social contact time and body weight. Our results showed that female trills become more similar the more time females spend with each other, independent of genetic relationship, suggesting vocal convergence. In contrast, male trills were affected more by genetic than social factors. However, focusing only on socialized males, increasing time as cage partners caused greater divergence in males’ trills. Thus, grey mouse lemurs show the capacity for social accommodation, with females converging their trills to signal social closeness to sleeping group partners, whereas males do not adapt or diverge their trills to signal individual distinctiveness.

This article is part of the theme issue 'The power of sound: unravelling how acoustic communication shapes group dynamics'.
Yanghanlia caeni gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel taxon within the family Alcaligenaceae isolated from sludge of a pesticide-manufacturing factory
Authors: Ruan Luyao , Wang Enyi , Jiang Xueting , Mao Dongmei , Cheng Dan , He Jian , Jiang Jiandong , Shen Qirong
Published: May 2024

A Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated LG-2T, was isolated from sludge collected at a pesticide-manufacturing factory in Jiangsu Province, PR China. Cells of strain LG-2T were strictly aerobic, non-motile and spherical. Growth was observed at 15–42 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and 0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1.0 %). LG–2T showed 95.5–96.9 % 16S rRNA sequence similarity to type strains in the genera Pusillimonas, Bordetella, Parapusillimonas, Candidimonas and Paracandidimonas of the family Alcaligenaceae. The phylogenomic tree indicated that strain LG-2T was clustered in the family Alcaligenaceae and formed a clade with Paracandidimonas soli IMT-305T, while the phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain LG-2T formed a distinct clade within the family Alcaligenaceae. The average nucleotide identity, digital DNA–DNA hybridization and average amino acid identity values between LG-2T and its closely related type strains in the genera Pusillimonas, Bordetella, Parapusillimonas, Candidimonas and Paracandidimonas were 70.8–75.3, 18.9–23.7 and 59.6 %–69.3 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C17 : 0 cyclo, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c) and summed feature 2 (C12 : 0 aldehyde and/or unknown 10.928). The predominant menaquinone was Q-8. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two aminophospholipids, three aminolipids and nine unknown polar lipids. The genome size of strain LG-2T was 3.2 Mb and the DNA G+C content was 63.4 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic results from this study, strain LG-2T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Alcaligenaceae, for which the name Yanghanlia caeni gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with strain LG-2T (=KCTC 8084T= CCTCC AB 2023123T) as the type strain.
Feeding Rates in Sessile versus Motile Ciliates are Hydrodynamically Equivalent
Authors: Liu Jingyi , Man Yi , Costello John H. , Kanso Eva
Published: May 2024

Motility endows microorganisms with the ability to swim to nutrient-rich environments, but many species are sessile. Existing hydrodynamic arguments in support of either strategy, to swim or to attach and generate feeding currents, are often built on a limited set of experimental or modeling assumptions. Here, to assess the hydrodynamics of these “swim” or “stay” strategies, we propose a comprehensive methodology that combines mechanistic modeling with a survey of published shape and flow data in ciliates. Model predictions and empirical observations show small variations in feeding rates in favor of either motile or sessile cells. Case-specific variations notwithstanding, our overarching analysis shows that flow physics imposes no constraint on the feeding rates that are achievable by the swimming versus sessile strategies – they can both be equally competitive in transporting nutrients and wastes to and from the cell surface within flow regimes typically experienced by ciliates. Our findings help resolve a long-standing dilemma of which strategy is hydrodynamically optimal and explain patterns occurring in natural communities that alternate between free swimming and temporary attachments. Importantly, our findings indicate that the evolutionary pressures that shaped these strategies acted in concert with, not against, flow physics.
The ancient evolution of far-red light photoacclimation in cyanobacteria
Authors: Antonaru Laura A. , Rad-Menéndez Cecilia , Mbedi Susan , Sparmann Sarah , Pope Matthew , Oliver Thomas , Wu Shujie , Green David , Gugger Muriel , Nürnberg Dennis J.
Published: May 2024

Cyanobacteria oxygenated the atmosphere of early Earth and continue to be key players in global carbon and nitrogen cycles. A phylogenetically diverse subset of extant cyanobacteria can perform photosynthesis with far-red light through a process called far-red light photoacclimation, or FaRLiP. This phenotype is enabled by a cluster of ∼20 genes, and involves the synthesis of red-shifted chlorophyllsfandd, together with paralogues of the ubiquitous photosynthetic machinery used in visible light. The FaRLiP gene cluster is present in diverse, environmentally important cyanobacterial groups but its origin, evolutionary history, and connection to early biotic environments have remained unclear. This study takes advantage of the recent increase in (meta)genomic data to clarify this issue; sequence data mining, metagenomic assembly, and phylogenetic tree networks were used to recover more than 600 new FaRLiP gene sequences, corresponding to 52 new gene clusters. These data enable high-resolution phylogenetics and - by relying on multiple gene trees, together with gene arrangement conservation - support FaRLiP appearing early in cyanobacterial evolution. Sampling information shows that considerable FaRLiP diversity can be observed in microbialites to the present day, and the process may have been associated with microbial mats and stromatolite formation in the early Paleoproterozoic. The ancestral FaRLiP cluster was reconstructed, revealing a conserved intergenic regulatory sequence that has been maintained for billions of years. Taken together, our results indicate that oxygenic photosynthesis using far-red light may have played a significant role in Earth’s early history.
Antigen-driven expansion of public clonal T cell populations in inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Pesesky Mitchell , Bharanikumar Ramit , Le Bourhis Lionel , ElAbd Hesham , Rosati Elisa , Carty Cara L. , Singh Namita , Bokemeyer Bernd , Schreiber Stefan , Görg Siegfried , Noceda Marco Garcia , Chapfuwa Paidamoyo , Gittelman Rachel M. , May Damon , Dines Jennifer N. , Zhou Wenyu , Kaplan Ian M. , Snyder Thomas M. , Zahid H. Jabran , Greissl Julia , Chen-Harris Haiyin , Howie Bryan , Franke Andre , Robins Harlan S. , Allez Matthieu
Published: May 2024

Background

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are known to involve shifts in the T-cell repertoires of affected individuals. These include a reduction in regulatory T cells in both diseases, increase in TNFα production in CD, expansion of an unconventional T-cell population in CD, and clonal expansion of abundant T-cell populations in CD mucosal tissue. There are also differential HLA risk and protective alleles between CD and UC, implying CD- and UC-specific repertoire changes that have not yet been identified.

Methods

We performed ImmunoSequencing on blood samples from 3,853 CD cases, 1,803 UC cases, and 5,596 healthy controls. For each sample we imputed HLA type and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection status based on public T-cell receptor β (TCRB) usage and identified public TCRBs enriched in CD or UC cases.

Findings

We determine that there is more expansion across clonotypes in CD, but not UC, compared with healthy controls. We also identify novel interactive effects of HLA-DQ heterodimers with CD and UC risk. Strikingly, from blood we identify public TCRBs specifically expanded in CD or UC. These sequences are more abundant in intestinal mucosal samples, form groups of similar CDR3 sequences, and can be associated to specific HLA alleles. Although the prevalence of these sequences is higher in ileal and ileocolonic CD than colonic CD or UC, the TCRB sequences themselves are shared across CD and not between CD and UC.

Interpretation

There are peptide antigens that commonly evoke immune reactions in IBD cases and rarely in non-IBD controls. These antigens differ between CD and UC. CD, particularly ileal CD, also seems to involve more substantial changes in clonal population structure than UC, compared to healthy controls.