bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low‐Temperature TiO2 Electron Transporting Layer for Planar Hole Transport Material‐Free Carbon Electrode‐CsFA‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Passatorntaschakorn Woraprom , Khampa Warunee , Musikpan Wongsathon , Ngamjarurojana Athipong , Gardchareon Atcharawon , Ruankham Pipat , Bhoomanee Chawalit , Wongratanaphisan Duangmanee
Published: July 2024

Carbon electrode‐based perovskite solar cells (C‐PSCs) without a hole transport material (HTM) are cost‐effective and exhibit impressive long‐term stability. The electron transporting layer (ETL) plays a crucial role in planar CsFA‐based HTM‐free C‐PSCs, serving as both an electron transporter and a hole barrier. Herein, the role of low‐TiO2 morphology and thickness on the performance of CsFA‐based HTM‐free C‐PSCs are addressed. Herein, the devices are fabricated with a simple structure fluorine‐doped tin oxide /TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs)/Cs0.17FA0.83Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3/carbon, using low‐temperature processes (≤150 °C) under ambient air conditions. By optimizing TiO2 NP layer thickness via spin‐coating speed adjustments, the ETL's coverage and compactness are improved, enhancing the perovskite film's quality, crystallinity, and grain size. An optimal TiO2 ETL at 1500 rpm yields 10.80% efficiency and demonstrates exceptional stability, maintaining 80% efficiency over 120 days in an air environment without encapsulation. The enhancement in device performance is attributed to improved surface properties of the TiO2 NPs ETL, effectively reducing interfacial charge recombination. This straightforwardly supports the development of sustainable, commercial‐ready CsFA HTM‐free C‐PSCs.
Statistical inference of a series reliability system using shock models with Weibull distribution
Authors: Sarhan Ammar M. , Almetwally Ehab M. , Mustafa Abdelfattah , Tolba Ahlam H.
Published: July 2024

In this study, we define a series system with non‐independent and non‐identical components using a shock model with sources of fatal shocks. Here, it is assumed that the shocks happen randomly and independently, following a Weibull distribution with various scale and shape parameters. A dependability model with unknown parameters is produced by this process. Making statistical conclusions about the model parameters is the main objective of this research. We apply the maximum likelihood and Bayes approaches to determine the model parameters' point and interval estimates. We shall demonstrate that no analytical solutions to the likelihood equations must be solved to obtain the parameters' maximum likelihood estimates. As a result, we will use the R program to approximate the parameter point and interval estimates. Additionally, we will use the bootstrap‐t and bootstrap‐p methods to approximate the confidence intervals. About the Bayesian approach, we presume that each model parameter is independent and follows a gamma prior distribution with a range of attached hyperparameter values. The model parameters' posterior distribution does not take a practical form. We are unable to derive the Bayes estimates in closed forms as a result. To solve this issue, we use the Gibbs sampler from the Metropolis‐Hasting algorithm based on the Markov chain Monte Carlo method to condense the posterior distribution. To demonstrate the relevance of this research, a real data set application is detailed.
Is gravidity associated with COVID‐19 vaccination among pregnant women in Jamaica?
Authors: Pinkney Jodian A. , Bogart Laura M. , Carroll Kamali N. , Bryan Lenroy R. , Witter Givana A. , Ashour Dina , Hoeppner Susanne S. , Hurtado Rocio M. , Goldfarb Ilona T. , Psaros Christina , Hyle Emily P. , Ojikutu Bisola O.
Published: July 2024

Introduction

In 2021, Jamaica's maternal mortality ratio doubled as a result of COVID‐19‐related deaths. Yet, COVID‐19 vaccination among pregnant Jamaican women remained low. In the United States, COVID‐19 vaccination is lower among pregnant women who have had multiple pregnancies (multigravidas) versus women who were pregnant for the first time (primigravidas). We examined whether this pattern exists in Jamaica.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey of a convenience sample of 79 pregnant Jamaican women recruited from a teaching hospital (May–July 2022) was used to assess self‐reported COVID‐19 vaccination and medical mistrust beliefs—operationalized as low vaccine confidence, government mistrust, and race‐based mistrust—by gravidity. We used modified Poisson regression to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for vaccination by gravidity, adjusting for age, education, and comorbidities.

Results

Thirty‐nine (49%) of the participants were multigravidas. Socioeconomic status was similar between multigravidas and primigravidas. COVID‐19 vaccination was lower in multigravidas (46%) than primigravidas (75%) after adjusting for age, education, and comorbidities (aPR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.46–0.99; p = 0.044). Vaccine confidence was lower in multigravidas (p = 0.044). Government mistrust and race‐based mistrust did not differ between the two groups.

Conclusion

In Jamaica, multigravidas may have lower COVID‐19 vaccine uptake and lower vaccine confidence compared with primigravidas. Understanding the distinct needs of pregnant subpopulations is essential for crafting effective maternal vaccination campaigns.
Estimating the key outcomes and hepatocellular carcinoma risk in patients in immune‐tolerant phase of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Liu Min , Zhao Taixue , Zhang Jinyang , Bu Bing , Zhang Ruyi , Xia Xueshan , Geng Jiawei
Published: July 2024

The question of whether patients in the immune‐tolerant (IT) phase of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection should undergo antiviral therapy and determine the optimal regimen remains unclear. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Wanfang Data from inception to 5 December 2023, was conducted. Studies reporting on key outcomes such as HBV DNA undetectability, HBeAg loss or seroconversion, HBsAg loss or seroconversion, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence in patients in the IT phase of chronic HBV infection were included. In total, 23 studies were incorporated. Approximately 4% of patients in the IT phase achieved spontaneous HBeAg loss over 48 weeks of follow‐up. Antiviral therapy demonstrated a favourable impact on HBV DNA negative conversion (Children: risk ratios [RR] = 6.83, 95% CI: 2.90–16.05; Adults: RR = 25.84, 95% CI: 6.47–103.31) and HBsAg loss rates (Children: RR = 9.49, 95% CI: 1.74–51.76; Adults: RR = 7.35, 95% CI: 1.41–38.27) for patients in the IT phase. Subgroup analysis revealed that in adult patients in the IT phase, interferon plus nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA)‐treated patients exhibited a higher pooled rate of HBsAg loss or seroconversion than those treated with NA monotherapy (9% vs. 0%). Additionally, the pooled annual HCC incidence for patients in the IT phase was 3.03 cases per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 0.99–5.88). Adult patients in the IT phase had a significantly lower HCC incidence risk than HBeAg‐positive indeterminate phase patients (RR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.32–0.66), with no significant differences observed between IT and immune‐active phases. Presently, there is insufficient evidence solely based on reducing the risk of HCC incidence, to recommend treating patients in the IT phase of chronic HBV infection. However, both adult and paediatric patients in the IT phase responded well to antiviral therapy, showing favourable rates of HBsAg loss or seroconversion.
Distributed Nash equilibrium seeking for multi‐agent systems with uncertainty in the cost function
Authors: Ma Chunhe , Pang Yipeng , Qu Site , Hu Guoqiang
Published: July 2024

In this paper, the Nash equilibrium (NE) seeking problem is investigated for a class of ‐integrator multi‐agent system with uncertain parameter in the cost function. In the game setup, each agent only accesses its neighbors' information. Without knowing the probability distribution of the uncertain parameter, the robust counterpart of the studied game is considered. Due to the nonsmoothness of the robust game, a smooth game that consists of real agents as well as fictive agents dealing with uncertainty is formulated. In contrast to conventional robust convex‐concave games, the assumption on the uncertain parameter is relaxed to Polyak‐Łojasiewicz (PL) inequality. Based on the relationship between the robust game and its reformulated version, a distributed NE seeking strategy is developed such that the states of the non‐cooperative agent can converge to the NE solution. At the end, numerical examples are given to verify the validity of the proposed method.
Angular velocity observer design using vector measurements with application to attitude tracking
Authors: Zhu Hangbiao , Gui Haichao , Su Wenjie
Published: July 2024

This article addresses the design of angular velocity observer for rigid bodies using vector measurements directly. The main contributions of our observer compared with the classical estimation algorithms lie in that it does not need to reconstruct the attitude information from the measurements nor be implemented with velocity sensors. Meanwhile, it provides three‐degrees‐of‐freedom (3DOF) full state estimates. To avoid the unstable critical points for the attitude estimation errors on SO(3), the synergistic potential functions based hybrid method is adopted. Afterwards, an output feedback attitude tracking controller with a proportional‐derivative (PD) plus feedforward form is built based on the estimates from the observer, which can also be implemented using vector measurements directly. Rigorous analysis of the stability of the observer and the combined observer‐controller are presented in detail, with a separation property shown between the observer and the controller. Simulations are conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed observer and the combined attitude tracking law.
Is subsurface soil a chemically more hostile zone for deep‐placed phosphorus fertilizer?
Authors: Tucker William , Degryse Fien , McBeath Therese , Tavakkoli Ehsan , McLaughlin Michael
Published: July 2024

The susceptibility of surface soil to drying when rainfall is scarce has prompted evaluation of deeper placement (20 cm) of fertilizers within the profile to where soil moisture is more likely to be stored. However, concerns arise regarding potential chemical challenges to P availability in the subsurface. This study examined differences in chemical conditions between the soil surface (0–10 cm) and subsurface (15–25 cm), and investigated the effect on the diffusion and extractability of banded P. Analysis of surface and subsurface samples from 15 sites revealed substantial differences in characteristics that influence P behavior between depths. The phosphorus buffering index (PBI) was largely explained by concentrations of amorphous Al and Fe (hydr)oxides and CaCO3. The measured diffusion distance of P from monoammonium phosphate (MAP) granules was found to be inversely related to PBI. Consequently, significant differences in diffusion distances were typically observed between soil layers characterized by marked PBI variations. The measured diffusion radii were used to calculate the mean P concentrations of surface‐banded and deep‐banded MAP in a field scenario, which were replicated in a 4‐week laboratory incubation. The resulting lability of applied P was determined through isotopic exchange, and although significantly higher P recoveries were measured from the subsurface at two sites where large pH differences existed between depths, no significant differences were measured between depths at all other sites. Hence, the subsurface is not a more hostile zone for deep‐placed P.
Traffic offloading and resource allocation enabled hybrid satellite‐terrestrial networks in cognitive integrated systems using a recurrent neuro‐fuzzy model
Authors: Mishra Manish Kumar , Mishra Ritesh Kumar
Published: July 2024

In recent years, the demand for high‐speed and reliable communication networks has grown exponentially. To meet this demand, researchers and engineers have been exploring innovative solutions that combine the benefits of both satellite and terrestrial networks. The complexity of accurately modeling and predicting dynamic network conditions to optimize resource distribution and maintain seamless connectivity. The objective of this work is to develop and implement a recurrent neuro‐fuzzy model (RNFM)for optimizing traffic offloading and resource allocation in hybrid satellite‐terrestrial networks within cognitive integrated systems. This work, begins with cognitive integrated hybrid satellite‐terrestrial networks employing spectrum‐sharing techniques. These techniques integrate with software‐defined networks (SDN) to facilitate traffic offloading in hybrid satellite‐terrestrial networks (H‐STN). The process incorporates a second‐price sealed‐bid auction mechanism to efficiently allocate resources. Joint resource allocation is then optimized using two convex optimization methods. This allocation, in turn, informs the resource allocation strategy. The system further incorporates user behavior analysis and employs a recurrent neuro‐fuzzy model with deep feed‐forward neural networks to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of the entire process. MATLAB simulation that incorporates adaptive learning algorithms and fuzzy logic to dynamically manage network resources and improve system efficiency. The findings show that the proposed technique outperforms both one‐step and multi‐step prediction algorithms with an accuracy increase of 99.23%. The future scope for this research is to integrate advanced machine learning algorithms, such as reinforcement learning, with the recurrent neuro‐fuzzy model to further enhance dynamic traffic offloading and resource allocation in increasingly complex and heterogeneous satellite‐terrestrial network environments.
Direct Band Gap Semiconductor Zn1−x Bex Oxide Maquettes as Magnetic‐Field‐Induced Harmonics: A Comprehensive Design Benchmarking
Authors: Hassan Abrar Ul , Sumrra Sajjad Hussain , Khan Muhammad Usman , Ahamad Tansir
Published: July 2024

In this study, we focused on the design and analysis of maquettes of the direct band gap semiconductor Zn1−x Bex oxide. We began by conducting a careful survey on its 60 new designs and among them, selecting the six maquettes (M1‐M6). These maquettes were then subjected to various analyses such as spin density, charge distribution, electronic excitation behavior, nonlinear optical (NLO) properties, and chemical stability. By studying their FMO characteristics and the UV‐Vis analysis allowed us to visualize the charge distribution within the maquettes and identify regions of potential electrophilic and nucleophilic reactivity under UV ranged with a considerable push‐pull. Their λmax values ranged from 345–892 nm, with maquette M2 having the highest value at 892 nm. The evaluation of transition dipole moments provided information on their ability to undergo electronic transitions and to interact with external fields. Their dataset included highest values (e.s.u) for M6, μ (16.00), α×10−24 (29.5), β×10−24 (9.67), γ×10−24 (11.32), and VIP (3.03 eV). We also assessed their chemical to determine their resilience and suitability for practical applications. These findings contribute to the understanding and potential utilization of these maquettes in various technological applications, such as optoelectronics and materials science.
Band Gap Studies on a Thermally Stable Polyimine Polymer and its Metal Complexes
Authors: Iravani Marzieh , Tayebani Maryam
Published: July 2024

A new polyimine polymer (PL) containing sulphone functional groups was prepared from polycondensation of Schiff base (L) with terephthaloyl chloride at a very moderate condition. The polymer metal complexes were then synthesized from the reaction of polymer with metal salts. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and CHNS elemental analysis have been used to characterize all the synthesized materials. The excellent thermal stability of PL was specified by TGA. The optical features were assessed with the UV‐visible technique. The polymer complexes represent absorbance at the same wavelength as L and PL. The synthesized polymer metal complexes have a band gap varying from 3.19 (CuPL) to 2.77 (CdPL) eV. The inherent viscosities for the synthesized polymer is 0.4490 dL/g in DMF at 25 °C, indicating their moderate molecular weight.
The entry‐deterring effects of synergies in complementor acquisitions: Evidence from Apple's digital platform market, the iOS app store
Authors: Wang Yongzhi , Yue Lori Qingyuan , Rajagopalan Nandini , Wu Brian
Published: July 2024

Research Summary

Acquisitions can shift the market structure of a digital platform in ways that affect subsequent entries and hence the platform's base of complementors. Synergies that complementor acquirers accrue can be entry‐deterring. We develop a two‐by‐two typology of acquisition synergies in a multisided platform based on the two sides of a platform market (user side or complementary‐technology side) and two sources of synergies (economies of scale or economies of scope). We then leverage over 279,000 app developers' entry decisions into product categories in Apple's iOS App Store, over 71 million customer reviews, and over 12,000 unique software development kits to construct measures of synergies. Our paper contributes to the platform literature by demonstrating the entry‐deterring effects of synergies that complementor acquirers can exploit.

Managerial Summary

We develop the following typology of four types of acquisition synergies by integrating the multisidedness feature of digital platforms with the mainstream strategy research: complementary‐technology‐side economies of scope, complementary‐technology‐side economies of scale, user‐side economies of scope, and user‐side economies of scale. We show that (1) acquisition synergies are entry‐deterring, (2) synergies derived from economies of scope have stronger effects than those derived from economies of scale, and (3) synergies derived from the technology side have stronger effects than those derived from the user side. We highlight the significant competitive and regulatory implications of our findings. For example, one standard‐deviation increase in technology‐side economies of scope is associated with 55 deterred entries in 1 month or a $2.80 million potential loss in annual revenue.

[Correction added on 15 July 2024, after first online publication: Research Summary and Managerial Summary have been corrected in this version.]
Ultrathin Flexible Silica Nanosheets with Surface Chemistry‐Modulated Affinity to Mammalian Cells
Authors: Wang Jie , Li Ping , Zhang Renshuai , Zhang Miao , Wang Chao , Zhao Kaihua , Wang Jing , Wang Ning , Xing Dongming
Published: July 2024

Flexibility of nanomaterials is challenging but worthy to tune for biomedical applications. Biocompatible silica nanomaterials are under extensive exploration but are rarely observed to exhibit flexibility despite the polymeric nature. Herein, a facile one‐step route is reported to ultrathin flexible silica nanosheets (NSs), whose low thickness and high diameter‐to‐thickness ratio enables folding. Thickness and diameter can be readily tuned to enable controlled flexibility. Mechanism study reveals that beyond the commonly used surfactant, the “uncommon” one bearing two hydrophobic tails play a guiding role in producing sheeted/layered/shelled structures, while addition of ethanol appropriately relieved the strong interfacial tension of the assembled surfactants, which will otherwise produce large curled sheeted structures. With these ultrathin NSs, it is further shown that the cellular preference for particle shape and rigidity is highly dependent on surface chemistry of nanoparticles: under high particle‐cell affinity, NSs, and especially the flexible ones will be preferred by mammalian cells for internalization or attachment, while this preference is basically invalid when the affinity is low. Therefore, properties of the ultrathin silica NSs can be effectively expanded and empowered by surface chemistry to realize improved bio‐sensing or drug delivery.
Hollow Nanoreactors Unlock New Possibilities for Persulfate‐Based Advanced Oxidation Processes
Authors: Wang Ke , Wang Rupeng , Zhang Shiyu , Wang Meng , He Zixiang , Chen Honglin , Ho Shih‐Hsin
Published: July 2024

As a novel type of catalytic material, hollow nanoreactors are expected to bring new development opportunities in the field of persulfate‐based advanced oxidation processes due to their peculiar void‐confinement, spatial compartmentation, and size‐sieving effects. For such materials, however, further clarification on basic concepts and construction strategies, as well as a discussion of the inherent correlation between structure and catalytic activity are still required. In this context, this review aims to provide a state‐of‐the‐art overview of hollow nanoreactors for activating persulfate. Initially, hollow nanoreactors are classified according to the constituent components of the shell structure and their dimensionality. Subsequently, the different construction strategies of hollow nanoreactors are described in detail, while common synthesis methods for these construction strategies are outlined. Furthermore, the most representative advantages of hollow nanoreactors are summarized, and their intrinsic connections to the nanoreactor structure are elucidated. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of hollow nanoreactors are presented.
A Facile One‐Step Self‐Assembly Strategy for Novel Carbon Dots Supramolecular Crystals with Ultralong Phosphorescence Controlled by NH4+
Authors: Zhu Hanping , Li Kang
Published: July 2024

A new methodological design is proposed for carbon dots (CDs)‐based crystallization‐induced phosphorescence (CIP) materials via one‐step self‐assembled packaging controlled by NH4+. O‐phenylenediamine (o‐PD) as a nitrogen/carbon source and the ammonium salts as oxidants are used to obtain CDs supramolecular crystals with a well‐defined staircase‐like morphology, pink fluorescence and ultralong green room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) (733.56 ms) that is the first highest value for CDs‐based CIP materials using pure nitrogen/carbon source by one‐step packaging. Wherein, NH4+ and o‐PD‐derived oxidative polymers are prerequisites for self‐assembled crystallization so as to receive the ultralong RTP. Density functional theory calculation indicates that NH4+ tends to anchor to the dimer on the surface state of CDs and guides CDs to cross‐arrange in an X‐type stacking mode, leading to the spatially separated frontier orbitals and the through‐space charge transfer (TSCT) excited state in turn. Such a self‐assembled mode contributes to both the small singlet–triplet energy gap (ΔEST) and the fast inter‐system crossing (ISC) process that is directly related to ultralong RTP. This work not only proposes a new strategy to prepare CDs‐based CIP materials in one step but also reveals the potential for the self‐assembled behavior controlled by NH4+.
Advanced Nanocarbons Toward two‐Electron Oxygen Electrode Reactions for H2O2 Production and Integrated Energy Conversion
Authors: Zhao Linjie , Yan Riqing , Mao Baoguang , Paul Rajib , Duan Wenjie , Dai Liming , Hu Chuangang
Published: July 2024

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a pivotal role in advancing sustainable technologies due to its eco‐friendly oxidizing capability. The electrochemical two‐electron (2e−) oxygen reduction reaction and water oxidation reaction present an environmentally green method for H2O2 production. Over the past three years, significant progress is made in the field of carbon‐based metal‐free electrochemical catalysts (C‐MFECs) for low‐cost and efficient production of H2O2 (H2O2EP). This article offers a focused and comprehensive review of designing C‐MFECs for H2O2EP, exploring the construction of dual‐doping configurations, heteroatom‐defect coupling sites, and strategic dopant positioning to enhance H2O2EP efficiency; innovative structural tuning that improves interfacial reactant concentration and promote the timely release of H2O2; modulation of electrolyte and electrode interfaces to support the 2e− pathways; and the application of C‐MFECs in reactors and integrated energy systems. Finally, the current challenges and future directions in this burgeoning field are discussed.
Highly Efficient Spin Injection and Readout Across Van Der Waals Interface
Authors: Chen Hao , Tian Wanghao , Zhang Lishu , Song Peng , Jia Lanxin , Chen Jingsheng , Zhu Zhifeng , Feng Yuan Ping , Loh Kian Ping
Published: July 2024

Spin injection, transport, and detection across the interface between a ferromagnet and a spin‐carrying channel are crucial for energy‐efficient spin logic devices. However, interfacial conductance mismatch, spin dephasing, and inefficient spin‐to‐charge conversion significantly reduce the efficiency of these processes. In this study, it is demonstrated that an all van der Waals heterostructure consisting of a ferromagnet (Fe3GeTe2) and Weyl semimetal enables a large spin readout efficiency. Specifically, a nonlocal spin readout signal of 150 mΩ and a local spin readout signal of 7.8 Ω is achieved, which reach the signal level useful for practical spintronic devices. The remarkable spin readout signal is attributed to suppressed spin dephasing channels at the vdW interfaces, long spin diffusion, and efficient charge‐spin interconversion in Td‐MoTe2. These findings highlight the potential of vdW heterostructures for spin Hall effect‐enabled spin detection with high efficiency, opening up new possibilities for spin‐orbit logic devices using vdW interfaces.
Loosely Bounded Exciton with Enhanced Delocalization Capability Boosting Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Shen Qing , He Chengliang , Li Shuixing , Qiao Jiawei , Li Shilin , Zhang Yuan , Shi Minmin , Zuo Lijian , Hao Xiaotao , Chen Hongzheng
Published: July 2024

In organic solar cells (OSCs), electron acceptors have undergone multiple updates, from the initial fullerene derivatives, to the later acceptor‐donor‐acceptor type non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs), and now to Y‐series NFAs, based on which efficiencies have reached over 19%. However, the key property responsible for further improved efficiency from molecular structure design is remained unclear. Herein, the material properties are comprehensively scanned by selecting PC71BM, IT‐4F, and L8‐BO as the representatives for different development stages of acceptors. For comparison, asymmetric acceptor of BTP‐H5 with desired loosely bounded excitons is designed and synthesized. It's identified that the reduction of intrinsically exciton binding energy (Eb) and the enhancement of exciton delocalization capability act as the key roles in boosting the performance. Notably, 100 meV reduction in Eb has been observed from PC71BM to BTP‐H5, correspondingly, electron‐hole pair distance of BTP‐H5 is almost two times over PC71BM. As a result, efficiency is improved from 40% of S‐Q limit for PC71BM‐based OSC to 60% for BTP‐H5‐based one, which achieves an efficiency of 19.07%, among the highest values for binary OSCs. This work reveals the confirmed function of exciton delocalization capability quantitatively in pushing the efficiency of OSCs, thus providing an enlightenment for future molecular design.
Robust Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photosynthesis of H2O2: Advancements, Challenges and Strategies
Authors: Hao Jiehui , Tang Yanqi , Qu Jiafu , Cai Yahui , Yang Xiaogang , Hu Jundie
Published: July 2024

Since 2020, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging as robust catalysts for the photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), benefiting from their distinct advantages. However, the current efficiency of H2O2 production and solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion efficiency (SCC) remain suboptimal due to various constraints in the reaction mechanism. Therefore, there is an imperative to propose efficiency improvement strategies to accelerate the development of this reaction system. This comprehensive review delineates recent advances, challenges, and strategies in utilizing COFs for photocatalytic H2O2 production. It explores the fundamentals and challenges (e.g., oxygen (O2) mass transfer rate, O2 adsorption capacity, response to sunlight, electron‐hole separation efficiency, charge transfer efficiency, selectivity, and H2O2 desorption) associated with this process, as well as the advantages, applications, classification, and preparation strategies of COFs for this purpose. Various strategies to enhance the performance of COFs in H2O2 production are highlighted. The review aims to stimulate further advancements in utilizing COFs for photocatalytic H2O2 production and discusses potential prospects, challenges, and application areas in this field.
“Crossbreeding” NIR‐II flavchromene for PSMA‐positive prostate cancer detection and image‐guided surgery
Authors: Huang Jialiang , Yao Yongkang , Zhang Liao , Yan Chenxu , Guo Zhiqian
Published: July 2024

Prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is known to be overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa). The development of precise and rapid imaging technologies to monitor PSMA is crucial for early diagnosis and therapy. Fluorescence imaging in the second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II) has emerged as a powerful tool for real‐time tracking and in vivo visualization, offering high sensitivity and resolution. However, there is a lack of stable, bright and easy‐to‐implement NIR‐II fluorescent probes for PSMA targeting. Herein, we presented a PSMA‐targeting NIR‐II fluorescent probe FC‐PSMA based on π‐conjugated crossbreeding dyed strategy that affords high stability, large extinction coefficient, and good brightness. As demonstrated, FC‐PSMA displayed a high fluorescence quantum yield in fetal bovine serum (FBS). Following intravenous injection of FC‐PSMA, the tumor‐to‐normal ratio of fluorescence intensity steadily increased over time, reaching a peak at 48 h (tumor‐to‐leg ratio = 12.16 ± 0.90). This advancement enables precise identification of PC through NIR‐II fluorescence imaging, facilitating high‐performance guidance for prostate cancer resection surgery.
Samuel Kenneth Henry McClean
Authors: Connell Niall
Published: July 2024

An excellent veterinary surgeon and a great colleague; his sharply observed humour and deep empathy were much appreciated by staff and pet owners. He enjoyed playing music and singing, and was a serious runner.
Successful whole blood transfusion in an aardvark (Orycteropus afer)
Authors: Heinz Jessica Y. , Wenninger Michael , Nollman Jennifer , Vincent Emily C. , Seeley Kathryn E.
Published: July 2024

Aardvarks (Orycteropus afer) are a unique species kept in zoological institutions that are often affected by chronic dental disease. Molar abscessation can become severe enough to cause bone lysis and haemorrhage or fistula formation into the maxillary bone and sinuses. An 18‐year‐old, entire, female aardvark presented for maxillary molar abscessation, which led to haemorrhage and an oronasal fistula. Epistaxis resulted in severe anaemia with a packed cell volume of 6%, requiring a blood transfusion from an unrelated aardvark. No transfusion reaction was observed, and the transfusion resulted in clinical improvement and adequate packed cell volume (28%–39%), which was maintained for at least 15 months. The aardvark appeared to demonstrate a delayed regenerative response to anaemia, likely due to its comorbidities. This case represents the first successful whole blood transfusion in an aardvark.
Development of sialocoele following a mandibular rim excision for treatment of an oral fibrosarcoma in a dog
Authors: Gaudio Eugenio , Baines Elizabeth , Scurrell Emma , Baines Stephen
Published: July 2024

A 12‐year‐old, neutered female, Labrador Retriever was referred to the Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Service with a history of an oral mass adjacent and distal to 309 causing odynophagia. Biopsy of the mass resulted in an oral fibrosarcoma, which was subsequently removed via mandibular rim excision. Histology of the excised mandible confirmed removal with tumour‐free margins. Two months after surgery, the dog presented again with a 1.5 cm diameter pedunculated soft tissue lesion that had formed at the same location. Excision and histological examination confirmed a sialocoele, likely due to iatrogenic damage to a minor salivary gland of the oral cavity. Two years following the second surgery, no recurrence of the fibrosarcoma or the sialocoele was documented.
Recurrent infiltrative lipoma of the thoracic and abdominal wall in a young dog
Authors: Vega‐Sillero Manuel , Henderson Elisabeth R.
Published: July 2024

A 1‐year and 8‐month‐old neutered male English Cocker Spaniel was presented with a large subcutaneous mass in the right ventrocaudal thoracic region, which was firmly adhered to the deeper tissues. An adipose tissue mass had been excised from the same region 12 months previously. Investigation included a computed tomography scan of the thorax and abdomen, which revealed a fat‐attenuating mass. The mass was both extra and intrathoracic and encompassed the ventrocaudal thoracic wall and infiltrated surrounding musculature. Marginal en bloc resection was performed. A right intercostal thoracotomy allowed resection of the intercostal component. Postoperative radiation therapy was recommended; however, it was declined by the owners. Nine months after surgery, recurrence of the mass was identified; however, the mass was small (2 cm diameter) and present within the extrathoracic subcutaneous region. The dog was reported to be clinically well with no associated clinical signs. Further treatment inclusive of revision surgery and postoperative radiation was declined.
Clinical and imaging features of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventriculitis with suspected obstructive hydrocephalus in a German Shepherd dog
Authors: Goody Nicholas , Schwarz Tobias , Alcott Cody , Ko Rainier , Eichelberger Bunita
Published: July 2024

A 5‐year‐old male neutered German Shepherd dog was evaluated following a seizure for acute and rapidly progressive obtundation, vertical nystagmus and ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging exhibited marked hydrocephalus in the lateral ventricles with cerebellar herniation through the foramen magnum. In the periventricular tissues, T2‐weighted fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensity was present, representing periventricular oedema. The ventricular walls were multifocally thickened and contrast enhancing, indicating ventriculitis. There was mild multifocal asymmetric enhancement of the meninges of the left rostroventral calvarial margin and cervical spinal cord, with cervical syringomyelia. The patient was not able to self‐ventilate and was euthanased within 24 hours of starting supportive treatment. Necropsy findings were consistent with ventriculitis, meningitis, hydrocephalus and cerebellar herniation. A moderate yield of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected on cerebrospinal fluid culture and postmortem brain tissue culture.
From predicting to decision making: Reinforcement learning in biomedicine
Authors: Liu Xuhan , Zhang Jun , Hou Zhonghuai , Yang Yi Isaac , Gao Yi Qin
Published: July 2024

Reinforcement learning (RL) is one important branch of artificial intelligence (AI), which intuitively imitates the learning style of human beings. It is commonly derived from solving game playing problems and is extensively used for decision‐making, control and optimization problems. It has been extensively applied for solving complicated problems with the property of Markov decision‐making processes. With data accumulation and comprehensive analysis, researchers are not only satisfied with predicting the results for experimental systems but also hope to design or control them for the sake of obtaining the desired properties or functions. RL is potentially facilitated to solve a large number of complicated biological and chemical problems, because they could be decomposed into multi‐step decision‐making process. In practice, substantial progress has been made in the application of RL to the field of biomedicine. In this paper, we will first give a brief description about RL, including its definition, basic theory and different type of methods. Then we will review some detailed applications in various domains, for example, molecular design, reaction planning, molecular simulation and etc. In the end, we will summarize the essentialities of RL approaches to solve more diverse problems compared with other machine learning methods and also outlook the possible trends to overcome their limitations in the future.

This article is categorized under:

Data Science > Chemoinformatics

Data Science > Computer Algorithms and Programming

Data Science > Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning
Life cycle assessment for the land application of food processing wash‐water and solid residuals
Authors: Dunlop Connor , Abbassi Bassim , Zytner Richard G.
Published: July 2024

A life cycle assessment (LCA) study was completed to understand the environmental impacts associated with the land application of wastes produced from rural food‐processing operations for final disposal. The system boundaries for the two comprised scenarios included the storage of the produced non‐agriculture source material (NASM), transportation to an applicable location, land application of the NASM, and the impacts of the final emissions to the soil and groundwater for a full year. The Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemicals and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) v2.1 was selected as the impact assessment method. Furthermore, SimaPro 8.0.4.26 was the LCA model version that was used with all the databases included. Overall, the LCA study showed that the most significant environmental impacts associated with the disposal process resulted from carcinogenic and eutrophication emissions. The component that contributed the most to carcinogenic impacts was found to be from the material required to create the concrete storage tank. Additionally, eutrophication was identified to be a potential significant impact, if proper setback requirements are not followed for the NASM material. Results of the study look to inform stakeholders about the benefits and risks encountered from NASM disposal.

Practitioner Points

Life cycle assessment was completed on a representative NASM disposal system using land application.

Concrete tank used for storage of NASM had the most significant impact in carcinogenic emissions.

Eutrophication impacts were the second most significant impact behind carcinogenic emissions.
Natural background levels and driving factors of aluminum in shallow groundwater of an urbanized delta: Insight from eliminating anthropogenic‐impacted groundwaters
Authors: Yan Gangli , Yang Liguo , Hou Qinxuan
Published: July 2024

Knowledge on natural background levels (NBLs) of aluminum (Al) in groundwater can accurately assess groundwater Al contamination at a regional scale. However, it has received little attention. This study used a combination of preselection and statistic methods consisting of the oxidation capacity and the boxplot iteration methods to evaluate the NBL of shallow groundwater Al in four groundwater units of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) via eliminating anthropogenic‐impacted groundwaters and to discuss driving factors controlling high NBLs of Al in groundwater in this area. A total of 280 water samples were collected, and 18 physico‐chemical parameters including Redox potential, dissolved oxygen, pH, total dissolved solids, HCO3−, NH4+, NO3−, SO42−, Cl−, NO2−, F−, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe, Mn, and Al were analyzed. Results showed that groundwater Al NBLs in groundwater units A‐D were 0.11, 0.16, 0.15, and 0.08 mg/L, respectively. The used method in this study is acceptable for the assessment of groundwater Al NBLs in the PRD, because groundwater Al concentrations in various groundwater units in residual datasets were independent of land‐use types, but they were opposite in the original datasets. The dissolution of Al‐rich minerals in sediments/rocks was the major source for groundwater Al NBLs in the PRD, and the interaction with Al‐rich river water was secondary one. The high groundwater Al NBL in groundwater unit B was mainly attributed to the acid precipitation and the organic matter mineralization inducing the release of Al in Quaternary sediments. By contrast, the high groundwater Al NBL in groundwater unit C mainly was ascribed to the release of Al complexes such as fluoroaluminate from rocks/soils into groundwater induced by acid precipitation, but it was limited by the dissolution of Mg minerals (e.g., dolomite) in aquifers. This study provides not only useful groundwater Al NBLs for the evaluation of groundwater Al contamination but also a reference for understanding the natural geochemical factors controlling groundwater Al in urbanized deltas such as the PRD.

Practitioner Points

The natural background level (NBL) of groundwater aluminum in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) was evaluated.

The dissolution of aluminum‐rich minerals in sediments/rocks was the major source for groundwater aluminum NBLs in the PRD.

The acid precipitation and organic matter mineralization contribute to high groundwater Al NBL in the groundwater unit B.

The acid precipitation contributes to high groundwater Al NBL in the groundwater unit C, while dissolution of magnesium minerals limits it.
Associations between hollow viscus injury and acute kidney injury in blunt abdominal trauma: A national trauma data bank analysis
Authors: Li Pei‐Hua , Fu Chih‐Yuan , Bokhari Faran
Published: July 2024

Purpose

It is well established that hollow viscus perforation leads to sepsis and acute kidney injury (AKI) in non‐trauma patients. However, the relationship between traumatic hollow viscus injury (HVI) and AKI is not well understood. Utilizing data from the National Trauma Data Bank, we investigated whether HVI serves as a risk factor for AKI. Additionally, we examined the characteristics of AKI in stable patients who underwent conservative treatment.

Methods

We reviewed blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) cases from 2012 to 2015, comparing patients with and without AKI. Significant factors from univariate analysis were tested in a multivariate logistic regression (MLR) to identify independent AKI determinants. We also analyzed subsets: patients without HVI and stable patients given conservative management.

Results

Out of the 563,040 BAT patients analyzed, 9073 (1.6%) developed AKI. While a greater proportion of AKI patients had HVI than those without AKI (13.3% vs. 5.2%, p < 0.001), this difference wasn't statistically significant in the MLR (p = 0.125). Notably, the need for laparotomy (odds = 3.108, p < 0.001) and sepsis (odds = 13.220, p < 0.001) were identified as independent risk factors for AKI. For BAT patients managed conservatively (systolic blood pressure >90 mmHg, without HVI or laparotomy; N = 497,066), the presence of sepsis was a significant predictor for the development of AKI (odds = 16.914, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

While HVI wasn't a significant risk factor for AKI in BAT patients, the need for laparotomy was. Stable BAT patients managed conservatively are still at risk for AKI due to non‐peritonitis related sepsis.
Ensuring sustainable water security through sustainable land management: Research evidences for policy
Authors: Dagnachew Melku , Gebrehiwot Solomon Gebreyohanis , Bewket Woldeamlak , Alamirew Tena , Charles Katrina , Zeleke Gete
Published: July 2024

Sustainable land management (SLM) practices is a key to reducing rates of land degradation and has proven to ensure water security by increasing soil moisture availability, decreasing surface runoff, decreasing soil erosion, increasing infiltration, and decreasing flood discharge. Land degradation is adversely affecting over 75% of the Earth's land surface and could exceed 90% by 2050. The rate of soil erosion will increase by 66% during the period 2015–2070. Over 85% of the land in Ethiopia is moderately to very severely degraded at an estimated cost of $4.6 billion annually. So far, only 18% of Ethiopia's cropland area is covered by SLM practices for the last 40 years of intensive interventions. Water security, in turn, is a powerful and multidimensional option that includes water availability, accessibility, use, and stability across time. In Ethiopia, though, the interconnections between SLM and water security are intimate and numerous, their linkage is very loose and yet to be understood. Ethiopia is among the 16 LDCs and is critically water‐insecure, implying that abundant natural water availability does not necessarily ensure water security as it might be poor water quality, inaccessible, and unsafe. Hence, national and local level of SLM and water security linkages, impacts, and policy implications must come on board in the least developing countries like Ethiopia. Therefore, SLM‐water security policy is crucial in successful SLM because governments/higher officials are capable of promoting well‐informed water security decisions.
Initial needle tracking with the first standalone combined infrared camera – CT system for brachytherapy—analysis of tracking accuracy and uncertainties
Authors: Karius Andre , Leifeld Lisa Marie , Strnad Vratislav , Schweizer Claudia , Fietkau Rainer , Bert Christoph
Published: July 2024

Purpose

A prototype infrared camera – cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) system for tracking in brachytherapy has recently been developed. We evaluated for the first time the corresponding tracking accuracy and uncertainties, and implemented a tracking-based prediction of needles on CBCT scans.

Methods

A marker tool rigidly attached to needles was 3D printed. The precision and accuracy of tool tracking was then evaluated for both static and dynamic scenarios. Euclidean distances between the tracked and CBCT-derived markers were assessed as well. To implement needle tracking, ground truth models of the tool attached to 200 mm and 160 mm needles were matched to the tracked positions in order to project the needles into CBCT scans. Deviations between projected and actual needle tips were measured. Finally, we put our results into perspective with simulations of the system’s tracking uncertainties.

Results

For the stationary scenario and dynamic movements, we achieved tool-tracking precision and accuracy of 0.04 ± 0.06 mm and 0.16 ± 0.18 mm, respectively. The tracked marker positions differed by 0.52 ± 0.18 mm from the positions determined via CBCT. In addition, the predicted needle tips in air deviated from the actual tip positions by only 1.62 ± 0.68 mm (200 mm needle) and 1.49 ± 0.62 mm (160 mm needle). The simulated tracking uncertainties resulted in tip variations of 1.58 ± 0.91 mm and 1.31 ± 0.69 mm for the 200 mm and 160 mm needles, respectively.

Conclusion

With the innovative system it was possible to achieve a high tracking and prediction accuracy of marker tool and needles. The system shows high potential for applicator tracking in brachytherapy.