bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“TERPI” AS A QUANTITY OF THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIAL ENERGY SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE CONCEPT OF WORK AND HEAT
Authors: Alim RHA Sahirul
Published: January 2019

Isothermal reversible thermodynamic processes were studied, where there will not occur flow of heat (q) in the system in accord with the second law of thermodynamic. It appear that the energy flow in the system cannot be explained adequately by considering the flow of P,V - work, usually indicated by w, in accordance with the first law, that is,  ΔU = q + w with q = 0.  Therefore, it is necessary to have another kind of work energy (potential) which is not electrical to explain such as the experiment of Boyle that results in the formula PV = C for a close ideal gas system undergoing an isothermal and reversible process. In this paper, a new work potential which is called ";;terpi";; is introduced, and is abbreviated as  τ (tau) and defined as: dτ ≡  - T dSrev = - dqrev.             Therefore, dt is also not an exact differential as dw and dq. For any isothermal reversible process, it can be written:   τ = -TΔSrev, and for redox reaction, such as an electrochemical cell, it is noteworthy to distinguish between τ system (τsyst) and τ reaction (τr) which combine together to become an electrical work flow, (wel) done by the system on the surrounding, so that: ΔGr = τsyst + τr = v F E             Furthermore, the studies of phase transitions, which occur isothermally, were also considered, e.g. the evaporation of a liquid into vapour at a certain T.  The heat given to this process cannot freely flow isothermally, but first it must be  changed into terpy and then added to the enthalpy of the vapour following the equation:     τvap = -TΔSvap = -ΔHvap.   Keywords: thermodynamics, heat, work, isothermal, reversible
STUDIES ON LEWIS ACID REACTION OF ISOEUGENOL AND ISOEUGENYL ACETATE
Authors: Purwono Bambang , Soelistyowati Retno Dwi , Mudasir Mudasir
Published: January 2019

Studies of the Lewis Acid (AlCl3 and BF3-methanol) to isoeugenol and isoeugenyl acetate have been conducted. Reactions were carried out by stirring of isoeugenol and isoeugenyl acetate for 4 days at room temperature.Structure analysis of the products using IR, MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectrophotometer showed that cyclic dimer product has been obtained white crystal, 175 oC, as a 1-ethyl-5-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl phenyl)-6-methoxy-2-methyl indane.   Keywords: csoeugenol, cyclic dimer, clove leaf oil, indane.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF PARACETAMOL AND IBUPROFENE MIXTURES BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Damayanti Sophi , Ibrahim Slamet , Firman Kurnia , Tjahjono Daryono H
Published: January 2019

Analytical method for the determination of paracetamol and ibuprofene mixtures has been developed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography using C-18 column and acetinitrile - phosphate buffer pH = 4.5 (75:25) containing 0.075% sodium hexanesulfunate as a mobile phase. The detector was set at 215 nm. Using such conditions, retention time for paracetamol and ibuprofen was 4.89 and 7.11 min, respectively. The recovery for paracetamol and ibuprofen was found to be 101.07± 0.73% and 102.02 ± 1.58%, respectively. The detector limits of the method was 1.30 and 1.60 μg/mL with the relative standard deviation (RSD) 0.74 and 1.52% for paracetamol and ibuprofen, respectively.   Keywords: paracetamol, ibuprofen, multi-component, validation, HPLC.
SYNTHESIS OF 6-NITRO VERATRYL ALCOHOL AND 6-NITRO VERATRALDOXIM FROM VANILIN AS INTERMEDIATES FOR THE PREPARATION OF C-9154 ANTIBIOTIC DERVATIVES
Authors: Jumina Jumina , Rastuti Undri , Matsjeh Sabirin
Published: January 2019

The synthesis of 6-nitro veratryl alcohol and 6-nitro veratraldoxim from vanilin which was required as intermediates for the preparation of C-9154 antibiotic derivatives was carried out. C-9154 antibiotic is a sufficiently potent antibiotic, but so far this is produced only in low yields through microbiological processes. The reaction steps performed were (1) methylation of vanilin, (2) nitration of the methylation product, (3) reduction of the corresponding nitro compound and (4) reaction of the nitration product with HO-NH2.HCl. Methylation of vanilin was conducted using dimethylsulfate and NaOH at 60 oC for 2 hours. Nitration of the methylation product was performed in 2 methods, i.e. using neat HNO3 and using a mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 both at 5 oC for 2 hours. Reduction of the nitration product was conducted using NaBH4 either at room temperature and at reflux. Reaction of the nitration product with HO-NH2.HCl was carried out in ethanol 95% at 50 oC for 2 hours. The products were analyzed by means of TLC, GC, IR, 1H NMR and GC-MS spectrometers. The methylation of vanilin gave 87.7% yield of veratraldehyde which was found as a white crystal (m.p 43 oC). The nitration of veratraldehyde produced 6-nitro veratraldehyde observed as a yellow crystal having of m.p. 130 oC. Nitration using neat HNO3 gave a smaller yield (50.35%) of 6-nitro veratraldehyde than nitration with a mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 (93.63%). Reduction of 6-nitro veratraldehyde using NaBH4 at room temperature and at reflux afforded 6-nitro veratryl alcohol which was found as brown crystal (m.p 123-127 oC) respectively in 13.47% and 56.61%. This reduction also produced 6-amino veratryl alcohol and 3,4-dimethoxy benzoic zcid as by products. 6-Nitro veratraldehyde reacts with HO-NH2.HCl to give 6-nitro veratraldoxim in 48.27% yield.   Keywords: antibiotics, veratril alcohol, veratraldoxim vanilin
EFFECT OF THE REDUCTION TEMPERATURE INTO CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF Ni SUPPORTED BY TiO2, AL2O2 AND TiO2/AL2O3 FOR CONVERSION CO2 INTO METHANE
Authors: Haerudin Hery , Waskitoaji Wihatmoko , Usman Usman
Published: January 2019

Nickel catalysts, containing 6% (w/w) of nickel, have been prepared using TiO2, Al2O3 and mixture of TiO2-Al2O3 (1:9). The catalysts were used for CO2 conversion into methane. The characteristics of catalysts were studied by determination of its specific surface area, temperature programmed reaction technique and X-ray diffraction. The specific surface area were varied slightly by different temperature of reduction, namely after reduction at 300°C it was 39, 120 and 113 m2/g and after reduction at 400°C it was 42, 135  and 120 m2/g for 6% nickel catalysts supported on TiO2, Al2O3 and mixture of TiO2-Al2O3 (1:9) respectively. Temperature program reaction studies (TPO and TPR) showed that NiTiOx species were possibly formed during the pretreatments which has shown by the shift of its peak to the lower temperature on Ni catalyst, that supported on mixture of TiO2-Al2O3 compared with catalysts supported on individual TiO2 or Al2O3. The nickel species on reduced Ni catalysts supported on TiO2 and on mixture of TiO2-Al2O3 could be detected by X-ray diffraction. The catalyst's activities toward CH4 formation were affected by the reduction temperature. Activity for CH4 formation was decreased in the following order: Ni/ TiO2 > Ni/ TiO2: Al2O3 > Ni/ Al2O3 and Ni/ TiO2: Al2O3 > Ni/ TiO2> Ni/ Al2O3, when catalysts were reduced at 300°C or 400°C respectively. The CO2 conversion was decreased in the following order: Ni/ Al2O3 > Ni/ TiO2: Al2O3 > Ni/ TiO2 when catalysts were reduced at 300°C or 400°C respectively.   Keywords: nickel catalyst, carbondioxide, methane
KINETIC STUDY ON ADSORPTION OF CHROMIUM(lIl) TO DIATOMACEOUS EARTH PRE-TREATED WITH SULFURIC AND HYDROCHLORIC ACIDS
Authors: Nuryono Nuryono , Susanti V.V.H. , Narsito Narsito
Published: January 2019

In this research, the effect of Sangiran diatomaceous earth pre-treatment with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) on the kinetics of adsorption for Cr(III) in aqueous solution has been studied. The research has been carried out by mixing an amount of diatomeaeous earth with HCl or H2SO4 in various concentrations for two hours at temperature of 150 - 200°C. The mixture was washed with water until neutral, and the residue was dried at 70°C for four hours. The result then was used as adsorbent. Adsorption was carried out by mixing an amount of adsorbent with Cr(III) solution in various contact times. Ion adsorbed was determined by analyzing filtrate using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The effect of pre-treatment on adsorption kinetics was evaluated based on kinetic parameters, i.e. constant of adsorption rate by using Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics and using two-process kinetics (fast and slow processes). Adsorption kinetics calculated using LH equation gave negative value for adsorption rate constant of zero order (k0). On the other words, the LH kinetics might not be applied for adsorption of Cr(III) to diatomaceous earth adsorbent. Results of kinetics study approached using two processes (fast and slow) showed that adsorption of Cr(III) occurred in two processes with rate constant of fast adsorption, kc, 0.041/min, rate constant of slow adsorption, kl, 0.0089/min, and of slow desorption, k'l, 0.089/menit. Pre-treatment with HCl up to 10 M decreased either kc, kl or k'l, while pre-treatment with H2SO4 1M increased kc to 0.061/min, decreased kl to 0.00424 and k'l to 0.0139/min. On pre-treatment with H2SO4 higher than 6 M significantly decreased three constants above. Based on the Gibbs energy change (4.31 - 6.79 kJ/mole) showed that adsorption involved physical interaction.   Keywords: adsorption, chromium, diatomaceous earth, kinetics, Langmuir-Hinshelwood
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PYROCATHECOL AND PYROGALLOL BASED ON THEIR REDOX REACTION WITH IRON(III)/PHENANTHROLINE SYSTEM
Authors: Mudasir Mudasir , Mugiyanti Mugiyanti , Hadipranoto Ngatidjo
Published: January 2019

An analytical method for the spectrophotometric determination of some phenolic compounds, i.e.: pyrocathecol and pyrogallol based on their redox reaction with iron(III)-phenanthroline complex has been developed. These two compounds, in appropriate conditions, reduce iron(III)-phenanthroline complex to yield very stable and color-intense complex of iron(II)-phenanthroline, [Fe(phen)2]2+, whose concentration is equivalent to the amount of pyrocathecol or pyrogallol in the solution, and is easily detected by spectrophotometric method. Some parameters influencing the sensitivity of the determination were optimized. These included maximum absorption wavelength, pH of the solution, time and temperature of heatingand reagent to analyte minimum mole-ratio. Using the optimum conditions obtained, the analytical performance of the method was examined and the developed method was then applied to analyzed pyrocathecol and pyrogallol contents in several river water of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Result of the study showed that the optimum conditions for the determination of pyrocathecol are as follows: maximum absorption wavelength (lmax) at 510 nm, pH of the solution = 4, heating time = 120 min, heating temperature = 70 0C and the minimum mole ratio of reagent to analyte is 8. On the other hand, the optimum conditions for the determination of pyrogallol are as follows: maximum absorption wavelength (lmax) at 510 nm, pH of the solution = 5, heating time = 90 min, heating temperature = 90 0C and the minimum mole ratio of reagent to analyte is 7. At the corresponding conditions of analysis, calibration curves for pyrocathecol and pyrogallol are linear in the range concentration of 0.00 - 0.16 ppm and 0.00 - 0.24 ppm, respectively. The correlation coefficients for both compounds were found to be higher than 0.998 and the detection limits went down below 0.07 ppm. It has been demonstrated that the developed method can be applied for the determination of pyrocathecol and pyrogallol contents in natural samples.   Keywords: Spectrophotometry, phenolic compounds, 1,10-phenanthroline, redox reaction
THE INTERACTION OF Co2+-AMMONIA MODELLING: THE COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN AB INITIO AND ELECTRON CORRELATION METHODS
Authors: Pranowo Harno Dwi , Foliatini Foliatini , Wijaya Karna
Published: January 2019

Research on comparison between Hartree-Fock method and electron correlation methods as well as the effect of size of basis sets on representing interaction of Co2+-NH3 observed from complex energy parameters and optimum geometric parameters have been carried out.The first step is screening basis sets based on charge transfer effect and BSSE value. The selected basis set does not yield charge transfer at 1,4 Å
SILVER RECYCLING FROM PHOTO-PROCESSING WASTE USING ELECTRODEPOSITION METHOD
Authors: Hadiyanto Mochammad Feri , Kuncaka Agus
Published: January 2019

Silver electrodeposition of photo-processing waste and without addition of KCN 1,0 M has been studied for silver recycling. Photo procesing waste containing silver in form of [Ag(S2O3)2]3- was electrolysed at constant potential and faradic efficiency was determined at various of electrolysis times. Electrolysis of 100 mL photo processing waste without addition of KCN 1,0 M was carried out at constant potential 1.20 Volt, while electrolysis 100 mL photo procesing waste with addition of 10 mL KCN 1,0 M electrolysis was done at 1.30 Volt.The results showed that for silver electrodeposition from photo processing waste with addition of KCN 1,0 M was more favorable with faradic efficiency respectively were 93,16; 87,02; 74,74 and 78,35% for 30; 60; 90 and 120 minutes of electrolysis.   Keywords: Silver extraction, electrodeposition, photo-processing waste
DETERMINATION OF MANY-BODY EFFECT OF [Co(NH3)n]2+ (n=1-6) COMPLEXES BASE ON AB INITIO CALCULATIONS
Authors: Pranowo Harno Dwi , Wijaya Karna , Setiaji Bambang , Janu Rhano Setyan
Published: January 2019

The computational chemistry calculation to determine the stabilization energy and ligand-ligand repulsion energies of [Co(NH3)n]2+ system was done by using LANL2DZ basis set for Co2+ and 6-31G* basis set for NH3 at the level theory of  unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF). Result from the calculation shows that the larger number of NH3 ligand present in the complex give the effect of the lower average binding energy per ligand molecule, i.e. -503,29 kJ/mol for [Co(NH3)]2+ and then decrease to -338,025 kJ/mol for octahedral [Co(NH3)6]2+ complex. A correlation between the number of ligand and the metal ion-ligand bond distance was studied. The result shows that the metal ion-ligand bond distance increases along with the larger number of the ligand. The calculation of average pair interaction energies between Co2+ and NH3 in [Co(NH3)n]2+ complexes were done in order to determine the error possibility caused by the neglect of non-additivity contribution. The results indicate that the maximum relative error with respect to the pair potential, %ΔEavpi, is 17,64 % [Co(NH3)6]2+ complex.   Keywords: unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF); basis set; many-body effectCorresponding Author : Harno Dwi Pranowo (harnodp@ugm.ac.id)
IMPREGNATION OF 2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE ON DIATOMACEOUS EARTH AND ITS APPLICATION AS MERCURY(II) ADSORBEN IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM
Authors: Purwanto Agung , Narsito Narsito
Published: January 2019

An adsorbent was prepared by impregnating 2-mercaptobenzo-thiazole onto polystirene treated diatomaceous earth support. This adsorbent was then applied to adsorb mercury(II) in aqueous medium. The mercury(II) adsorption characteristics of the adsorbent was studied by the use of the original diatomaceous earth as reference. Interaction of mercury(II) and both of diatomaceous earth as well as MBT-diatomaceous were performed in a aqueous batch system to include the following parameters: (a) medium acidity and (b) mercury(II) adsorption characteristic on MBT-diatomaceous with and without the present of other metal ions. In the present work quantification of mercury(II) adsorption was done by determining the mercury concentration left in the solution after adsorption. A cold vapour-generation atomic absorption spectroscopy technic was used in this determination.The experiment results show, that the adsorption affinity of MBT-diatomaceous is higher than the original diatomaceous earth. The total adsorption energy of mercury(II) for diatomaceous earth (24.702 kJ/mol) and MBT-diatomaceous (46.942 kJ/mol) suggest that the interaction is chemisorption. The mercury(II) maximum adsorption on diatomaceous earth is obtained at pH 6, while similar adsorption on MBT-diatomaceous practically was not influenced by pH changes. The present of other metals, i.e. Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) in solution does not give any appreciable influence to the adsorption affinity of MBT-diatomaceous to mercury(II); the total sum of the mercury(II) adsorbed is constantly high, almost 100 %. Keyword: Impregnation, MBT-diatomaceous, adsorption, mercury(II)
SYNTHESIS of 3.4-METHYLENEDIOXYPHENYL-2-PROPANONE from SAFROLE
Authors: Sohilait Hanoch J , Sastrohamidjojo Hardjono , Matsjeh Sabirin , Grossert J Stuart
Published: January 2019

The Synthesis of 3.4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone from safrole has been achieved through conversion of allyl group to secondary alcohol, followed by oxidation with pyridinium chlorochromate(PCC).  The secondary alcohol has been achieved by two methods. The first method was formic acid adition reaction, followed by hydrolysis in aqueous ethanolic solution of potassium hydroxide.  The second method was the oxymercuration-demercuration reaction of safrole. The addition reaction of safrole with formic acid yield safrylformate (34,70%). The hydrolysis of safrylformate with 3M KOH produced safrylalchohol (73,29%). The oxymercuration-demercuration reaction of safrole with Hg(OAc)2-NaBH4 gave (74,37%) of safrylalcohol.  The oxidation of safryalcohol with PCC gave 3.4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone as a main target in 71,83%. The structure elucidations of these products were analyzed by  FTIR , 1H-NMR,  13C-NMR and MS.   Keyword: 3.4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone;  safrole
Preparation of Peleted Ni-Pt/Zeolite for Conversion of Amyl and Isoamyl Alcohol to Hydrocarbon
Authors: Abdullah Abdullah , Triyono Triyono , Setiaji Bambang
Published: January 2019

Catalysts with Ni and Pt as active metals in peleted zeolite were used for conversion of amyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol and their mixture to hydrocarbon compounds. The catalysts were prepared by impregnation the peleted zeolite in NiCl2.6H2O and PtCI4 solution, while stirring for 24 hours then followed by oxidation with 02 gas at 350 °C for 2 hours and reduced by hydrogen gas at 400 °C for 1 hour. Ni and Pt in catalysts were determined by MS, specific surface area, total pore volume and gas sorption analyzer NOVA-1000 determined pore radius average. Determination of catalysts acidity was carried out by absorption of ammonia method. The activity of catalysts was evaluated in a micro reactor by flow system. Experimental temperature by varied between 300 and 400 °C with the increment of 25 °C. Products were analyzed by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric method. The result shows that Ni-Pt/zeolite is more active than Ni/zeolite can be used for converting all of the alcohol. Products for conversion are 2-pentene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, cyclopentane, 3-methyl-1-butanaldehide and acetone. The highest conversion was observed on isoamyl alcohol (31.37%) at 400 °C.
Preparation of Pt-Zeolite Catalyst for Conversion of n-Octanol
Authors: Sadiana I Made , Falah Iip Izul , Triyono Triyono
Published: January 2019

Pt-zeolite catalyst has been prepared by immersing a sample of zeolite in PtCl4 solution. After separation, the sample was dried and calcinated at 550 °C for 4 hours under nitrogen stream. Furthermore, the sample was oxidized with oxygen gas at 350 °C for 2 hours and reduced with hydrogen gas at 400 °C for 2 hours. Total amount of impregnated metal, acidity and surface are of the samples were determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometric, gravimetric and gas sorption methods, respectively. The activity test was done in a fixed bed reactor and the results of the reaction were analyzed by using gas chromatograph. The result of the characterization showed that the higher total amount of impregnated metal, the lower the surface area and total volume of pores. The acidity and the catalyst activity increase with the increasing of the total amount of impregnated metal. The flow rate of feed and temperature reaction also influence yield conversion. The optimum yield of n-octanol conversion was obtained at 400 °C with the showest flow rate of n-octanol and flow rate of H2 gas was equal to 40 mL/minute.
The Multielectrodes Oscillation System Studied by Irreversible Thermodynamics
Authors: Suhartono Eko , Sasmita Djaka , Alim RHA. Sahirul
Published: January 2019

Oscillation process that occurs in a system may be formed from non linear dynamic phenomena that far from equilibrium. Mechanism of oscillation in a chemical reaction system such as Belousov-Zhabotinski (B-Z) reaction is quite complex. For that reason, in order the irreversible thermodynamics that far from equilibrium can be more easily understood, the generation of oscillation in a system is tried to be investigated in this study. In this case, the author attempts to come up at the oscillation process coming from the potential difference between the couple of Pb and PbO2 electrodes which are parallel arranged to from eight channels in the solution of sulfuric acid with certain concentrations. The measurements of potential difference from PbllPbO2 electrode, i.e., from the eight channels all together, were done by the use of an interface connected to a computer and it worked with time interval of one second for the time duration of 5 hours. The data were then automatically recorded. Non periodic waves which were resulted from all channels have wave forms which are triangular and square. Oscillation process occurred in each channel of a couple of PbIIPbO2 electrodes can be compared with the process of spreading of action potentials that occur in nerve cells.
The Effects of the Blending Condition on the Morphology, Crystallinity, and Thermal Stability of Cellulose Microfibers Obtained from Bagasse
Authors: Sukmawan Romi , Saputri Lestari Hetalesi , Rochmadi Rochmadi , Rochardjo Heru Santoso Budi
Published: January 2019

In this study, cellulose microfibers were isolated from bagasse fibers in three stages. Initially, the fibers were treated with 5 wt.% NaOH solution followed by bleaching with 5 wt.% H2O2 in an alkali condition (pH 11) to remove hemicelluloses and lignin. Whole cellulosic fibers were obtained by mechanically separating the fibers using a modified kitchen blender to produce cellulose microfibers. Morphological (Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)) and structural analysis of the treated fiber was performed using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Morphological characterization identified that the diameter of the fibers varied between 20 nm to 20 µm and the FTIR analysis demonstrated that the treatments resulted in the gradual removal of lignin and hemicelluloses from the fiber. Furthermore, the XRD studies revealed that the combination of the chemical and mechanical treatment is an effective way to increase purity of cellulose (removal of amorphous lignin and hemicellulose) and break down the microfiber into shorter crystalline parts with higher crystallinity (77.25%) than raw bagasse (40.54%). Accordingly, changing the agitation time revealed that the cellulose crystallite size in the sample varied slightly with agitation time by using a blender (3.35 nm). Finally, the higher crystallinity and crystallite size improved the thermal stability of the cellulose microfiber confirming their suitability in the manufacturing biomaterial composites.
Development of a Graphical User Interface Application to Identify Marginal and Potent Ligands for Estrogen Receptor Alpha
Authors: Yuniarti Nunung , Mungkasi Sudi , Yuliani Sri Hartati , Istyastono Enade Perdana
Published: January 2019

Employing ensemble Protein-Ligand Interaction Fingerprints (ensPLIF) as descriptors in post retrospective Structure-Based Virtual Screening (SBVS) campaigns Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) analysis has been proven to significantly increase the predictive ability in the identification of potent ligands for estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). In the research presented in this article, similar approaches have been performed to construct and retrospectively validate an SBVS protocol to identify marginal ligands for ERα. Based on both validated SBVS protocols, a graphical-user-interface (GUI) application to identify if a compound is a non-, moderate or potent ligand for ERα was developed. The GUI application was subsequently used to virtually screen genistin, genistein, daidzin, and daidzein, followed by in vitro test employing a cytotoxic assay using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method.
Mesh-Assisted Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy Using Pulse Carbon Dioxide Laser for Analysis of Powder Material by Confining the Powder in a Hole and Employing a Condensation Technique
Authors: Khumaeni Ali , Wardaya Asep Yoyo , Sugito Heri , Idris Nasrullah , Kagawa Kiichiro
Published: January 2019

Analysis of impurity in powder samples has been made by using metal-assisted laser-induced plasma spectroscopy utilizing a pulsed CO2 laser. Various powders including food powder, supplement powder, baby powder, and medicine powder were employed as sample materials. Experimentally, the powder sample was tightly put in a hole made on a metal plate and a metal mesh was placed on the powder surface. A pulse CO2 laser (10.6 μm, 1500 mJ) was irradiated on the powder surface passing through the metal mesh. Luminous plasma was induced by mesh just above the mesh when a part of laser energy attacked the mesh. The other part of laser energy impinged the powders and ablated fine particles of powder to the plasma to be atomized and excited. Identification and analysis of elements in powder were successfully conducted. A linear calibration curve of Cu in baby powder has been demonstrated with an intercept zero, certifying that the present technique was a high possibility to be employed for semi-quantitative analysis of elements in powder material. It was proved that by applying the present technique and employing a condensation technique, the detection sensitivity of Cr impurity in the powder sample increased about twenty times compared to the case without condensation. The limit of detection of Cr in rice powder sample was 25 mg/kg. The proposed method was very convenient for the identification and analysis of elements in the powder sample.
Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity of NiO-CoO-MgO Nano-Composite Catalyst
Authors: Kadhim Salih Hadi , Mgheer Tariq Hussein , Ismael Hussein Idrees , Kadem Khudheyer Jawad , Abbas Ahmed Saadon , Atiyah Abbas Jasim , Mohamad Iman Jassim
Published: January 2019

The ternary NiO-CoO-MgO catalyst in three ratios 20:20:60, 25:25:50, and 30:30:40 for these component oxides respectively, were synthesized by co-precipitation method of their carbonates by addition of a precipitate agent in basic media, and then calcinated these carbonate to obtain of mixed oxides. The prepared catalysts were characterized by using Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Atomic Force Microscopy techniques (AFM) were used for identification of the prepared catalysts. The result showed that the particle size of these catalyst ratios, were in the nano range and the smallest size was 25:25:50. The investigation of catalytic activity of prepared catalysts was done by photo decolorization of Celestine blue B dye from simulated industrial wastewaters in aqueous solution. The decolorization efficiency of dye reached 99.9% after irradiation time for 1 h. Study the effect of different reaction conditions such as the pH of the medium, the weight of semiconductor and temperature of mixture reaction were shown that the maximum degradation was observed in conditions at pH = 4, catalyst dosage = 0.08 g, and temperature = 303 K.
PENINGKATAN PERANAN WANITA DALAM PEMBANGUNAN* Teori dan ImpiikasiKebijaksanaan
Authors: Nasikun Nasikun
Published: January 2019

Ditulis kembali dengan perbaikan dari makalah yang sebelumnya disampaikan pada "Seminar Peranan Wanita Dalam Pembangunan: Antara Harapan dan Realita", yang diselenggarakan oleh Pusat Penelitian Kependudukan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 21Maret 1990. Sesuai dengan naskah aslinya, pada saat itu tulisan di Jurnal Populasi belum dilengkapi dengan abstraksi.
PERANAN WANITA DALAM PEMBANGUNAN: SUATU PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLOGIS
Authors: Soetrisno Loekman
Published: January 2019

Sesuai dengan naskah aslinya, tulisan ini belum dilengkapi dengan abstraksi.
PROFIL PEKERJA WANITA Kasus Proyek Bangunan Sekitar Kampus UGM
Authors: Suratiyah Ken , Hardyastuti Suhatmini
Published: January 2019

Sesuai dengan naskah aslinya, pada saat itu tulisan di Jurnal Populasi belum dilengkapi dengan abstraksi.
TENAGA KERJA WANITA DALAM PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLOGIS (Studi Awal Tentang Pembantu Rumah Tangga Di Yogyakarta)
Authors: Partini Partini
Published: January 2019

Sesuai dengan naskah aslinya, pada saat itu tulisan di Jurnal Populasi belum dilengkapi dengan abstraksi.
KB MANDIRI DI INDONESIA Konsepsi dan Operasionalisasinya
Authors: Supriyoko Supriyoko
Published: January 2019

Sesuai dengan naskah aslinya, pada saat itu tulisan di Jurnal Populasi belum dilengkapi dengan abstraksi.
THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATION ON FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTANCE IN INDONESIA
Authors: Ancok Djamaluddin
Published: January 2019

Upaya peningkatan jumlah akseptor Keluarga Berencana telah dilakukan dengan cara memanfaatkan organisasi, baik yang tradisional maupun yang modern, yang ada pada tingkat desa. Asumsi pemanfaatan organisasi tersebut adalah bahwa keputusan individu untuk mengadopsi cara pembatasan kelahiran dipengaruhi oleh tekanan kelompok individu dalam organisasi. Semakin kohesif hubungan individu dalam organisasi maka semakin kuat tekanan terhadap anggota agar mengikuti norma kelompok.Makalah ini berisikan deskripsi kelompok tradisional yang ada ditingkat pedesaan dan aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh BKKBN di dalam memanfaatkan organisasi tradisional untuk menunjang gerakan Keluarga Berencana. Selain itu dibicarakan pula kelompok organisasi modern yang diciptakan untuk menunjang KB, dan organisasi modern lain yang dapat digunakan untuk menunjang gerakan KB.Makalah ini menunjukkan bahwa kohesifitas hubungan individu dalam organisasi ada kaitannya dengan penerimaan Keluarga Berencana. Selain melihat kaitan organisasi dengan penerimaan KB, makalah juga mendiskusikan peranan gerakan keluarga berencana nasional di dalam menurunkan fertilitas.
PENGUKURAN STATUS SOSIAL EKONOMI DAN PERMASALAHANNYA*
Authors: Sudarsono FX
Published: January 2019

Tulisan ini disampaikan pada Seminar bulanan PPK UGM 15 Maret 1990 Sesuai dengan naskah aslinya, tulisan belum dilengkapi dengan abstraksi.
DAMPAK INDUSTRI PARIWISATA TERHADAP KEHIDUPAN SOSIAL BUDAYA DI UBUD BALI
Authors: Mantra Ida Bagoes , Kutanegara Pande Made
Published: January 2019

Sesuai dengan naskah aslinya, tulisan belum dilengkapi dengan abstraksi.
KEMAJUAN PEREMPUAN: BEBERAPA ASPEK KEPENDUDUKAN DAN SOSIAL BUDAYA
Authors: Masri Singarimbun
Published: January 2019

The Indonesian women have achieved substantial progress over the last few decades and their participation in education, family planning, the labour force, and public life is relatively high by Asian standards. Literacy of women has incresed from 50.3 percent in 1971 to 78.6 percent in 1990; total fertility rates dropped from 5.6 in 1971 to 3-1 in 1991; infant mortality dropped from 143 in 1971 to 70 in 1985; female labour participation rates increased from 32.7 percent in 1980 to 39.2 percent in 1990; the ratio of male to female civil servants dropped from 3-6 in 1978 to 2.1 in 1990.The ratio of male to female member of parliament in Indonesia is lower than Singapore, Malaysia, USA, and Japan. However, many problems should be overcome before Indonesianwomen become fully integrated innational life.
DAMPAK KEPENDUDUKAN TERHADAP PEMUKIMAN
Authors: Darwin Muhadjir
Published: January 2019

Housing and its sanitation has been widely recognized as a global human problem. Apart of the sources of problem is population, i.e high rate of population growth and over urbanization. Using the Indonesian case, this paper discusses the relationship between population and housing. The population growth rate of Indonesia declined from 2.3 annually during the decade of 1971- 1980 to 1.97 annually during the next decade. However, the average number of household members declined from 4.9 to 4.5 during the same period. As a result, the number of households increased substantially than the number of population. This phenomenon will affect the increase of the need of housing. In the meantime, the economic condition of Indonesian households could not compete with the soaring prices of housing. In addition, government capabilities to provide housing for the society are still very limited. The data available shows the evidence onthe scarcity of housing,where the number of housing stock is smaller than the number of households. However, The number of housing stock has increased substantially, whereas the difference between the number of households and the number of housing stock decreased consistently. These data indicate that productivity of housing market, particularly the informalone, isconsiderably high, even thoughinreality the qualityof suchhousing is, ingeneral, low.
VARIASI TINGKAT KEMATIAN BAYI DAN HARAPAN HIDUP DI INDONESIA MENURUT PROPINSI: HASIL SENSUS PENDUDUK 1990
Authors: Kasto Kasto
Published: January 2019

This study tries to investigate the infant mortality rate and life expectancy based on the 1990 Population Census, and to observe its variations among provinces that take place in the urban as well as in the rural areas of Indonesia. As a whole, the estimate of infant mortality rate and the expectation of life based on the 1990 Population Census is 69 per one thousand life births and 60 years for both urban and rural areas. The variation in the rural areas is larger than in the urban regions.During the period from 1980 to 1990 the infant mortality rate in Indonesia decreased by 4.29 percent annually. If this rate continued to increase till the end of 2000, the infant mortality rate by this time would be 45 per one thousand life births, whereas the expectation of life at birth would become 68 years.Many determinants of infant mortality rates should be taken into account to reduce the figures, particularly the coverage and the quality of the public health service which directly influences the child survival, as well as other determinants which indirectly,yet simultaneously, influence it.
ANGKA KELAHIRAN DI INDONESIA Perkembangan Selama Dua Dasa Warsa Terakhir
Authors: Sukamdi Sukamdi
Published: January 2019

Using "own children method", the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Indonesia based on the 1990 Population Census is lower (3326) than as hadbeen expected. This has resulted in the fast decrease of fertility rate during the last decade. There is a tendency that the decrease of fertility rate in Indonesia is correlated negatively to fertility rate. The lower the fertility rate, the faster the decrease would become. It tends to be a deviation to the usual concept that correlation between fertility rate and its decrease is positive.'This maybe because the fertility rate of Indonesia is still higher than the optimum value.Based on the decreases occurred during the last two decades, it is estimated that Indonesia will soon reach a replacement level after the year 2000. It might be even sooner if the decline of the fertility rate during the period of 1980-1990was applied. Along with the increase of life expectancy, this will rapidly change the population structure.The total fertility rate varied among provinces. There are several provinces which have very low fertility rate and are estimated to continue until the year 2000. They are, for instance,Yogyakarta and Bali. However, there are also provinces having high fertility rates such as Southeast Sulawesi and Irian Jaya. This differentiation infertility rates should be noted in implementing the population policy.
POLA DAN ARAH MIGRASI PENDUDUK ANTAR PROPINSI DI INDONESIA TAHUN 1990
Authors: Mantra Ida Bagoes
Published: January 2019

Inter provincial migration in Indonesia has long been known. The 1990 Population Census of Indonesia reveals that throughout the provincies of Indonesia the birth place of most of the inhabitants was not the province where they now live. The number of these migrants kept increasing, and had reached 14.8 million by the year 1990.The size of the flow of migrants to a certainprovince is very much influenced by the upsand downs of the development of the province since their reasons to migrate are mostly due to economic matters. Since most of the development of Indonesia has been intensified in the northern and eastern parts of the country, it has been observed that since 1990 there has been an increasing flow of migrants heading to these areas.On the whole, migrants preferred to go to the cities rather than to the rural areas. Nevertheless, in the provinces out side Jawa and Bali most people preferred to migrate to the rural areas.
KONSEP DAN INDIKATOR DAYA TAMPUNG SOSIAL
Authors: Faturochman Faturochman , Widaningrum Ambar
Published: January 2019

Even though the definition on social environment carrying capacity has been stated in the Act of The Republic of Indonesia number 10 of 1992, the concept should, however, be developed further, particularly in developing a more 'applicable' social carrying capacity indicators. Ideally, the development of the concepts and indicators of the social carrying capacity is able to formulate the limits of human and group's capabilities in creating social harmony. For this reason, the social carrying capacity is supposed to be looked uponthrough various related aspects all at once. By relating these aspects together, some possible prediction on various conditions of social environment carrying capacity could be carried out.
SEX DAN GENDER: APA DAN MENGAPA
Authors: Molo Marcellinus
Published: January 2019

This article introduces the elementary concepts, such as feminist perspective, sex, gender, and gender relations. Sex is a biological fact. The individual's quality and capacity and the roles derived from them, are difined along sex lines. During a long history, this perspective has been accepted in society. The dichotomy of ideal roles for both males and females, was the manifestation of such a statusquo.Criticisms to the division of quality and roles was based on the reason that the ideal roles was not a result of natural process, but of social processes and cultural transformations, under the dominant male culture. Gender has also been used for deconstructing the statusquo. Discourse and counter-discourse processes has been directed towards deconstruction both at the ideological and behavioral levels.
KONSEP-KONSEP KEGIATAN OFF-FARM
Authors: Suratiyah Ken
Published: January 2019

Because of the increasingly limited agricultural areas, farm households could no longer depend merely on their farming products. The farmers try to obtain a double income from various off-farm resources. All of the existing family labourers -if they are still able and willing- are mobilized to join the off- farm employment for their household survivals.Off farm activities have become increasingly significant to the poorer burners, whereas for many social scientists they form substantial information which needs through attention to be able to estimate the farm honsebold income. Evenso, there has not been a uniformity of understanding among the scientists themselves about the main definition of off-farm activities. Consequently, there are varieties of meaning in analyzing farm household income coming from various sources of occupation.In this paper the author tries to present several alternatives of definition obtained from several researchers with the hope to ohtain agreements about the main definition of off-burn activities.
CURAHAN KEGIATAN SUAMI ISTRI DALAM RUMAH TANGGA TRANSMIGRAN
Authors: Bandiyono Suko
Published: January 2019

The study on the role of women in the community is always interesting to be carried out. This writing is a report on a study on the role of women in a migrant household focussing particularly on the work allocation of husband and wife in the transmigration area. The assumption which suggested that when the housewife has to work outside the transmigration settlement, and that the husband (who works in the transmigration settlement) then should take over all the domestic chores, has proved to be different from reality. Almost all of the household chores still remain to be performed by the women. This shows that women who work outside the transmigration settlement have to work extra harder and consume much more time in their activities. Even so, the domestic work allocation of a husband in their economic activities is larger than his wife. For this reason, both husband and wife of a migrant household have to perform a double role - although differently - in their capacity.
KARAKTERISTIK DEMOGRAFI, SOSIAL DAN EKONOMI SUMBER DAYA PEMUDA INDONESIA
Authors: Kasto Kasto
Published: January 2019

The productivity of youth must be increased in the development process of Indonesia. According to the 1990 population census, there are 50.7 million youths (people at the age between 15-29years). Out of that number, only 52.1 percent who have directly participated in the development process, because their main activities are working. Of the rest, 20.6 percent took care of houses; 17.1percent studied; 3.6 percent were looking for a job, and 6.6 percent were included in the non productive group. Out of 52.1 percent or 26.4 million youth who worked, 33.4 percent worked below the normal working hours (less than 35 hours per week). Based on the field of work, 52.8 percent worked in the agricultural sector. According to the type of job, 91.2 percent worked as rough or unskilled workers, and based on the work status, 65.1percent worked in the informal sectors. These numbers reflect on the low quality of Indonesia's youth labor force, and this must be immediately removed, mainly through education, remembering that 61.6 percent of youths have no more than primary education.
AIDS, PROFESI KEDOKTERAN, DAN KESEHATAN PUBLIK
Authors: Hasanbasri Mubasyir
Published: January 2019

The need for promoting individual responsibility in health is crucial particularly in the context of limited resources. In looking at a continuing increase in the number of HIV cases reported in Indonesia tend to show the limitation of individuals' control upon their health. The policy of taking very much the privacy right of the victim into account has implicated the role of medical profession reducing the HIV transmission. This paper argues for increasing public accountability of medical practitioners and hospitals as public health agencies in protecting hidden transmission of HIV in society.
PENDEKATAN SOSIAL DALAM PENELITIAN KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI
Authors: Sciortino Rosalia
Published: January 2019

Population problems, particularly fertility and family planning program, used to be approached from a clinical instead of socio-culture perspectives. A clinical point of view never involves through aspect of reproductive right thought; which includes the right of any individuals (men and women) and couples (husband-wife) in making decisions in terms of reproductive behaviour along their reproductive ages. In this regard, this paper states that reproductive healthproblems should be understood from a social perspective. This is because reproductive health problems is cause and influence social, political,and economic system as well as gender relation. Therefore, the selection of the appropriate social - cultural research methods/approaches is undoubtedly needed. Methodology should be developed appropriately to meet the research goals and objectives.
MENGATASI KEMISKINAN: AGENDA PEMBANGUNAN YANG TAK PERNAH SELESAI*
Authors: Sukamdi Sukamdi
Published: January 2019

Development for three decades in Indonesia has gained a significant result in lowering poverty. However, the statistic shows that a large number of people is still under poverty line. Inaddition, poverty has another dimension which might be more crucial to be solved, that are social and political poverty. The next unfinished agenda of development is how to solve this problem to accelerate the success of economic poverty aleviation.
JAMINAN SOSIAL DALAM TRANSISI
Authors: Faturochman Faturochman
Published: January 2019

As a poor reliever, social security has been effective in nature but economically in efficient. In developed countries, however, it has tended to be more efficient in the recent years. While the formal social security provided by the state is very limited, the informal social security in Indonesia has been cut back as indicated by the intervention of the authorities, commodification and monetization. The changing of the social security in developed countries as well as in Indonesia has really annotedthe vulnerable people.
KEUSAHAWANAN DAN USAHA KECIL DI PEDESAAN
Authors: Sutanto Agus
Published: January 2019

Since the 1970s, the growing interest on the development of small enterprises has been decorating the scene of government policy in developing countries as well as the international donor concern. The failure and cost of industrialization, the limitations of the agricultural sector, and the low capability of the formal sector in responding to the growing population are among the factors justifying this policy initiation. Another important factor is the intrinsic potential and prospect of small enterprises, despite their development problems. This research conducted on 4 villages within the Province of Yogyakarta Special Region and CentralJava is aimed at contributing to a rather comprehensive view on the profile of small enterprises and the profile of small entrepreneurs. A specific emphasis is given to rural entrepreneurship due to its crucial role in accelerating the development of small enterprises.
KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI DAN KELUARGA BERENCANA: IMPLIKASI PROGRAM AKSI KAIRO DI INDONESIA
Authors: Suyono Haryono
Published: January 2019

Cairo action program or more popularly known as "Plan of Action " is not a difficult thing to be done in Indonesia provided that it relates to the mandate of GBHN (Guidelines of State Policy) 1993 and of Act Number 101992 as wellas is not against the main point of the Second PJP (Long Term Development), i.e. the economic field is in line with the quality of human resources. In this writing, the State Minister on Population/Head of BKKBN (National Family Planning Board) gives some explanation about the "Plan of Action" among other things: reproduction rights, reproduction health, andfamily planning. Most of these things have been done in Indonesia. Therefore, it was not surprising if Indonesia gave more inputs in the Cairo conference.
KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI, HAK REPRODUKSI, DAN REALITAS SOSIAL
Authors: Affandi Biran
Published: January 2019

Reproduction process is really not a dangerous activity because it has gender rights reflected in the supporting components, i.e. ability, success, and safety. In the social reality, however, it is found different, as the high mortality rates of mothers and children, the appearance of sexual intercourse disease, and the side effects of contraceptive use. Biran Affandi, in his writing, describes social realities of the reproduction health which tends to be in the high risky point especially for women. All of these are as the consequence of the individuals who do not adhere their reproduction right.
KEBIJAKAN PELAYANAN KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI REMAJA
Authors: Djaelani Joyce S.H.
Published: January 2019

Indonesian adolescents are 37 per cent of the total of population of this country. The large quantity, however, is comparatively unequal to the right of reproduction health service they receive. They are often seen in the position as an "isolated tribe". Consequently, not only few adolescents, especially the female ones become victims of "Mimi Momo". This writing begins with a description of a case related to the reproduction health hitting an adolescent, then besides being related to the Cairo action program, it is also correlated with the recommendation on the policies of the reproduction service for adolescents.