bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NEW WAYS OF TREATMENT IN GERIATRICS AND PERCEPTION OF THOSE METHODS BY PATIENTS
Authors: KUJAWSKA AGNIESZKA , KUJAWSKI SŁAWOMIR , GAJOS MAŁGORZATA , PERKOWSKI RADOSŁAW , ANDROSIUK JOANNA , JARECKA JULITA , KOŻUCHOWSKI MARCIN , KASPERSKA PAULINA , PŁUSA SYLWIA , TOPKA WERONIKA
Published: January 2020

Developing Western societies are characterized by growing numbers of older people. This trend will increase in coming decades. Medicine and health care of developed countries has to stand against new needs of societies rich in people over sixty years old.

This paper will briefly review new technologies and ways of treating disorders of older people on the one hand, and reception of these methods by older patients on the other hand. We briefly describe therapeutic methods used in clinical neuroscience dividing them into 3 categories: therapies based on implantation of external devices into the organism, therapies using video games, and therapies using virtual reality. These therapies will be discussed according to three rules, that have been proposed considering the approach for effective therapeutic methods targeting older people.

It can be assumed that older people tend to be afraid of using unknown solutions, even to improve their own health states. Contrary to this claim, most of researches report very high rate of acceptance of aforementioned techniques by older people. However, laboratory teams should treat older people with extreme care so as  to not provoke aversion to technologies used in intervention
THE EMOTIONAL STATE OF PARENTS IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE STAHES OF THE EXPERIENCE OF HAVING A CHILD WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES
Authors: ANDREYKO BOGDANNA
Published: January 2020

The article analyses research data and scholarly approaches to the study: of problems of parents arising from their child’s illness; the emotional states of parents raising a child with developmental disabilities; stages of emotional experience related to the birth of a sick child. The family as an integral unit has to face various situations determined by the social impact of the child’s disease or impairment, as well as emotional and psychological reactions of the parents to it. Being aware of the psychological stages singled out in the grief theory helps professionals: to understand the reaction of the family of a child with developmental disabilities; realise when and how it is best to intervene, flexibly apply the theory of stages, and account for the specific characteristics of a particular family and individual reactions to such shocks.
Materialism, empathy and willingness to help as correlates of university and faculty selection
Authors: Kołodziej Sabina
Published: January 2020

The article presents results of two studies on the issue of individual characteristics as factors related to the choice of the type of university or faculty. The study 1 is focused on the level of materialism as well as the definition of a life success formulated by private and state university students. The study 2 analyses the propensity to help other people and the level of empathy among pedagogics and business students. Studies were conducted with DSM (Górnik-Durose, 2002) scale measuring materialism and designed life- success questionnaire (study 1) or IRI scale developed by Davis (1980) measuring the level of empathy (study 2). The sample amounted to 92 respondents in both studies. Results show that private university students are characterized by a higher level of materialism than public university students. Students from private university, in comparison with state university students, also score higher success in life of a person with higher income. According to the results of study 2, students of pedagogics declare higher willingness to help than business students and are characterized as experiencing more positive feelings for other people who are in a difficult situation
Barack Obama – the new charismatic political actor - a discourse analysis
Authors: Țîrlea Ada-Maria
Published: January 2020

The American president, Barack Obama, is considered to be one of the most charismatic figures of the 21st century. His speeches are the best asset through which he emphasizes this quality. Although, he hasn’t always been considered to be a successful politician, he made his entrance on the political arena in 2004, when he delivered one of his best speeches.

The aim of this paper is to reveal the most important elements of a political discourse that can contribute to creating a good image of a political actor. Using the critical discourse analysis method, we are trying to see if there is a connection between a good, coherent discourse strategy and the charisma of the American leader. The sample will include his 2004 speech, delivered at the Democrats’ Convention, the speech that put him in the eyes of the media as a future American leader
Spatial turn and animation practices inspired by cultural anthropology
Authors: Wieszaczewska Agnieszka
Published: January 2020

Spatial turn is one of the cultural turns, which have recently occurred in the humanities. It stresses the importance of issues such as space and place and can be successfully used as a theoretical perspective gaining use in thought over issues such as globalisation, transnationality, mapping but also education. In the discourses of pedagogical science space and place are considered through their multidimensional impact on education and learning. As significant concepts  rooting pedagogy or pedagogy of borderland. The pedagogical reflection on space could be also used in the field of animation practices, especially in activities, which are related to place somehow colonised.
HISTORY AS A SCHOOL SUBJECT IN THE “SECOND CHANCE” PROGRAMME FOR FUNCTIONAL BASIC EDUCATION OF ADULTS IN SERBIA
Authors: Čović Paulina , Koljanin Dragica
Published: January 2020

The implementation of comprehensive educational reforms which include adult education is taking place in Serbia. The bases for the reforms are new approaches to education and learning, because rapid changes in all spheres of life have opened up the need for lifelong learning and education. However, the moment when  society recognized the need for an institutional and organized form of adult education was preceded by a long development path in the second half of the twentieth century. This paper will examine the role of history as a subject in primary education of adults within the Second Chance project. History as a subject is undeniably important for development of one`s identity and understanding of the present in order to prepare to be a responsible part of society. Considering that Serbia has in the past been faced with the problem of illiteracy, there will be a brief overview of adult education in the second half of the twentieth century.
The Trends in anti-Semitism in the Czech Republic 2004-2014
Authors: Taterová Eva , Urbaníková Marcela
Published: January 2020

This paper aims to introduce the current trends in anti-Semitism in the Czech Republic in 2004-2014. This period maps the changes that appeared since the end of Second Palestinian intifada to the year 2014 which is the last year with available set of data of anti-Semitism in Czech society. The article shall examine whether there is a direct link between the contemporary important events in the Middle East and the changing number of anti-Semitic incidents in the Czech Republic. The attention shall also be given to the issue which groups of Czech society are mostly associated with anti-Semitism and what is their main motivation to participate in the anti-Semitic campaign.
THE DIFFICULTIES IN IMPLEMENTING SOCIAL INTERVENTIONS IN THE COMMUNITIES OF FOREIGNERS IN POLAND
Authors: GANDECKA KAMILA , URBANEK ARKADIUSZ
Published: January 2020

The reflections presented in this paper are focused on the problem of the conflict that takes places at the point of contact of two cultures during social interventions in the communities of foreigners residing in Poland. That is why three research perspectives have been presented. The first one is an analysis of the legal solutions pertaining to the acquiring of the status of a legal alien. The second aspect of the research is connected with the features of the institutional forms of social support for foreigners. In the further area the indicators of cultural differences of the investigated group have been discussed and it has been attempted to define the potential areas of conflict. The scientific exploration was aimed to specify to what extent cultural differences condition the process of the foreigners’ adaptation to a new socio-cultural reality. Furthermore, an attempt was made to answer the question whether the institutions intended to help foreigners can constitute an area of compromise. For this aim the differences between the levels of expectations represented by the administrative and social services and the foreigners themselves have been shown.
Public diplomacy and cooperation with non-governmental organizations in the liberal perspective of international relations
Authors: Broś Natalia
Published: January 2020

This article discusses the issue of state cooperation with non-governmental organizations in public diplomacy. This has been explored in relation to the liberal perspective in international relations, which very clearly highlights the importance of NGOs as an influential participant in world politics. The article contains an analysis of the international system, categorizes the roles and functions of NGOs in international relations. It shows concepts on contemporary understanding of power and a clear focus on reinforcing and using components of soft power, including public diplomacy, in moden international relations. Methodological aspects are deepened by an analytical layer exploring Civil Society 2.0 Program, what is an example of an effective combination of diplomatic efforts between the state and NGOs to achieve common goals.
Psychological implications of outdoor adventure model of education
Authors: Kida Paulina
Published: January 2020

The article is a synthetic analysis of the Outdoor Adventure Education model in the context of three elementary components: the environment – in relation to the theory of space from the perspective of sociological and pedagogical theory of space; personal perspective and growth as well as social development – in relation to psychological phenomena that accompany the individual and group involved in the process of Outdoor Adventure Education. The aim is to present how these processes determine the effects of education and what personalities’ elements are involved.
University and city marketing - the cases of Poznań, Wrocław and Kraków. Model approach
Authors: Glinka Kamil
Published: January 2020

The analysis focuses on the functional connection between university marketing and city marketing. Therefore, the main aim of the article is to reconstruct the model of marketing cooperation of Poznań, Wrocław and Kraków and their biggest universities: the Adam Mickiewicz University, the Wrocław University of Technology and the Jagiellonian University. The use of three methods (case study, comparative analysis and content analysis) as well as the authorial, five-element model allows one to measure the level of the institutionalization of the cooperation. The choice of Poznań, Wrocław and Kraków is not accidental and results from the fact that the three cities are the leaders of place marketing in Poland. On the other hand, the biggest universities of these cities are some of the best and the most established in the country
DECODING OF ACADEMIC CONTENT BY THE 1st GRADE STUDENTS
Authors: Błaszczyński Kamil , Gulanowski Jacek , Kozdraś Grzegorz
Published: January 2020

In the paper a comparatistic study conducted on the 1st grade students of sociology and pedagogy is discussed. The study was focused on the language skills of students. The most important skills tested were the abilities to decode academic content. The study show that the student have very poor language skills of decoding the academic content on every level of its complexity. They have also noticable problems with the definition of basic academic terms. The significance of gained results are high because of the innovational topic and character of the study, which was the first such study conducted on students of a Polish university. Results are also valuable for academic teachers who are interested in such problems as efefctive communication with students.
Adaptive changes in human memory: a literature review
Authors: Sabiniewicz Agnieszka Laura , Sorokowski Piotr
Published: January 2020

The paper contains a review of the literature concerning memory abilities and human senses performance under different environmental circumstances. A number of studies indicated that environment has a significant impact on human senses functioning. It can affect it in a mechanical way, by a chronic exposure to potentially harmful substances or processes in different work environments. Also, some cognitive abilities that have evolved to perform evolutionary essential functions lost their importance because of the change of environment impact. Moreover, training can be a source of improvement of both human senses and cognitive abilities, as well. That might suggest that, while using, under different environmental circumstances different cognitive abilities develop. We take into a particular consideration human memory and its role, show current studies in this field and suggest new research directions.
Teaching listening to older second language learners: Classroom implications
Authors: Słowik Agata
Published: January 2020

Listening is often listed as the most challenging language skill that the students need to learn in the language classrooms. Therefore the awareness of listening strategies and techniques, such as bottom-up and top-down processes, specific styles of listening, or various compensatory strategies, prove to facilitate the process of learning of older individuals. Indeed, older adult learners find decoding the aural input, more challenging than the younger students. Therefore, both students’ and teachers’ subjective theories and preferences regarding listening comprehension as well as the learners’ cognitive abilities should be taken into account while designing a teaching model for this age group. The aim of this paper is, thus, to draw the conclusions regarding processes, styles and strategies involved in teaching listening to older second language learners and to juxtapose them with the already existing state of research regarding age-related hearing impairments, which will serve as the basis for future research.
The Big Five personality and temperamental traits and its correlation with styles of coping with stress in the fire brigade officers
Authors: Szrajda Justyna , Tudorowska Malwina , Kujawski Sławomir , Weber-Rajek Magdalena , Sygit-Kowalkowska Ewa , Kobos Zdzisław , Słomko Joanna , Tafil-Klawe Małgorzata , Zalewski Paweł
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Selecting specific professional activities (e.g. a brigade officer) and methods for coping with difficult situations may result from personal predispositions of a given person. Personality is founded on the innate temperament. The way of dealing with stress depends on personality traits whose influence is manifested, amongst other things, in the selection of specific coping styles.

The current study aim to examine the level of correlation between personality and temperamental traits with manifested coping styles.

The study covered 58 volunteers – male fire brigade officers. The following tools were used: Personality Inventory, NEO-FFI, Formal Characteristics of Behaviour: Temperament Inventory – Revised Version, FCZ-KT (R) and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, CISS.

Emotion-focused coping style for stressful situations correlates with the following traits: positively, with perseveration (r=0.5115) and with emotional reactivity (r=0.4927), and negatively, with briskness (r=-0.3926) and endurance (r=-0.5408). The task-oriented coping style for stressful situations correlates positively with extraversion (r=0.3236) and conscientiousness (r=0.3088), and negatively with neuroticism (r=-0.3368) in the NEO-FFI. The emotion-focused coping style for stressful situations is positively correlated with neuroticism (NEO-FFI) (r=0.4150).

In fire brigade officers, As far as personality traits were concerned, fire brigade officers scored relatively high in extraversion, conscientiousness and low in neuroticism and were likely to demonstrate the task-oriented coping style for stressful situations. Lower level of perseveration and high level of briskness and endurance were associated with emotion-focused coping style for stressful situations. Similarly, the tendency to focus on emotions experienced in stressful situations were associated with high level of neuroticism in the study group.
CULTURAL MINORITIES AND THE PANOPTIC GAZE: A STUDY OF THE (MIS)REPRESENTATION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IN MALAYALAM FILMS
Authors: DIVAKARAN R. V. M.
Published: January 2020

This paper explores the patterns of the representation of Adivasis or aboriginals – known as ‘tribals’ in common parlance – in Malayalam language films. Film as a medium of representation is continuously engaged in constructing images and thus the process becomes an ideological enterprise contributing to the relentless practice of defining and redefining the society and its various components in terms of several binaries. The film industry of Kerala, a southern state of India, is affluent and more influential than other art forms and production. Though the tribal population of Kerala is around 400 thousand and they belong to as many as 43 subgroups, they are underrepresented in films and that too is in a stereotypical manner.  These groups are considered to be largely distinct with each tribal group identifying themselves with their own mythologies, tales of origin, and distinctive religious and ritualistic practices. This paper critically analyses the politics of representation using the example of tribals in Malayalam films as it  has evolved over the past decades and attempts to trace a whole gamut of aesthetic and ethical issues at stake.
THE SPACE OF WROCŁAW IN THE CONTEXT OF ECC 2016 MICROGRANTS PROGRAM REALIZATION – RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
Authors: Wieszaczewska Agnieszka
Published: January 2020

In 2016, the title of the European Capital of Culture was awarded to Wrocław. To celebrate the year of 2016 citizens could partake in many cultural initiatives prepared specially for this occasion. The proposals aimed at the people of Wrocław included the ECC 2016 Microgrants program, under which any citizen could realize, gain funding, as well as obtain administrative and promotional support for their designed cultural activity. Field studies conducted during the first two editions of the program served as the basis for a report, which includes conclusions regarding the perception of the urban space submitted by task performers. Low-budget cultural activities proved to be an excellent pretext for the citizens to reconsider the issues of public space in Wrocław, access to cultural events or the manner of constructing official discourses about the city and its space. This article focuses on the issue of space in the context of Microgrants 2016 and presents the outcomes of the fieldwork.
Education in community archives: the KARTA Centre and the General Elżbieta Zawacka Foundation
Authors: Wiśniewska-Drewniak Magdalena
Published: January 2020

In general, community archives are grass-roots documentary initiatives built around a broadly defined community, which collect, preserve, describe and provide access to historical sources concerning a previously chosen topic, e.g. local history and traditions, a social movement, a minority, an ethnic group, an event or a person. The phenomenon of community archiving is not new, but only several years ago it started to be described by scholars in Poland.The article describes educational activities performed by two biggest and most influential community archives in Poland: the KARTA Centre Foundation in Warsaw and the General Elżbieta Zawacka Foundation in Toruń. Actions of these archives are shown referring to general understanding of education in historical archives, as well as specific situation of Polish archives, especially their mission to promote historical knowledge and local identity. Also promotional qualities of educational endeavours in archives are stressed.
Business clinics qualified for the in vitro governmental programme with the legal status up to the end of 2016
Authors: Debita Magdalena
Published: January 2020

The article presents the issue of state participation in the financing of couples’ infertility treatment with in vitro fertilization. The author emphasizes that highly interesting topic of clinics recommended for infertility treatment has not been sufficiently developed. This subject is systematically developed in the public discourse, but the society, which still remains divided in the matter of state and municipal government participation in the funding of couples' infertility treatment with in vitro. The author presents the evolution of Ministry’s of Health In Vitro Fertilisation Programmes which came under the governance of the Law and Justice party (PiS) in 2016.
From bad through good to excellent Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) studies – presenting set of criteria to evaluate IPA papers and to provide high-quality future research
Authors: Kacprzak Kamila
Published: January 2020

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) is a recently developed qualitative approach, not only in psychology but also in pedagogy. It turns out that not all IPA studies meet the indicated criteria of acceptability developed by Jonathan A. Smith (2011). The aim of this article is to present a set of criteria to evaluate IPA papers and to provide high-quality future research. The article is divided into three parts: first, I am going to focus on indicating limitations of pedagogical research in which IPA was used, later I shall go on to give examples of good practice. In the last section, I have correlated particular stages of research with the criteria of validity to show what makes IPA study excellent. I also formulate two main requisites for making high-quality IPA study.
The dark side of social media: Associations between the Dark Triad of personality, self-disclosure online and selfie-related behaviours
Authors: Sanecka Elżbieta
Published: January 2020

The present study investigated the relations between the Dark Triad personality traits (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy), distinct dimensions of self-disclosure online (i.e., honesty, amount, positive valence, and intent) and selfie related-behaviours (taking, posting and editing selfies). The results indicated, that all three Dark Triad components were positively correlated with posting and editing selfies on social networking sites (SNSs). However, multiple regression analysis demonstrated that only narcissism predicted selfie-related behaviours. Narcissism and Machiavellianism were positively related to the amount of personal information disclosed online and the tendency to self-disclose intentionally in computer-mediated communication (CMC). Moreover, we found no significant correlations between the perceived controllability of Internet communication and two types of self-promotion in the Internet (self-disclosure online and selfie-related behaviours). Our findings demonstrate the importance of analysing the "dark" personality traits in the context of self-promotional behaviours in social media.
The project of the self-assessment descriptors for Czech as a second language
Authors: Šormová Kateřina
Published: January 2020

The project of the self-assessment descriptors for Czech as a second language

Aim. The aim of the research is to evaluate the set of the self-assessment descriptors for Czech as a second language.

Methods. The subject of the study were 753 descriptors evaluated by 50 teachers and 640 students. They are analysed with the application od quetionaires and controlled interviews. Pilot project tested the methodology to estabilish the difficulty level of descriptors and the ability level of learners.

Results. The analysis shows that some of the descriptors need to be reduced and some of them reformulated.

Conclusion. The analysis shows that many teachers are not sufficiently informed on Czech as a second language, they evaluate the descriptors from the perspective of a foreign language. Another finding is the inexperience of many teachers with the language levels following the CEFR; they label words or grammatical elements as an inappropriate level, but their estimate is very often incorrect. The teachers mark sayings, proverbs and idioms as the most problematic. The students are often able to express the given meaning, but they are shy to speak in a foreign language.
Atmosphere of societal anxiety and representations of the body: The image of man in surrealist works of Vítězslav Nezval in the 20th century interwar period in Bohemia
Authors: Brzezińska Anna Maria
Published: January 2020

Aim: The interwar period in Czechoslovakia was a time of societal anxiety. The aim of this paper is to find the central themes of societal fear, as reflected in the surrealist works of Vítězslav Nezval, a czech poet. The analysis will be based primarily on the lyric poetry from the collections: Žena v množném čísle [Woman in Plural] (1936) and Absolutní hrobař [Absolute Gravedigger] (1937).

Methods: The analysis is based on the Josef Vojdovík’s anthropo-phenomenological method of exploring the surrealist perceptions of the body, which is based on vertical and horizontal anthropological dimensions and phenomenological conceptions of fears.

Results: Surrealist poetry and other literary works contain images of the body that are changed by fear: deformations, metamorphoses, fragmentarisations, hybridisations, expressing the body as a collage, a mosaic, an amalgam, a phantom, a grotesque, an inlay, and as lifelessness. It undergoes multiple metamorphoses, not only within its own form, but also with regard to the categories of life and lifelessness.

Conclusions: The analysis leads to the conclusion, that V. Nezval’s works show a clear tendency to portray the body as an object which undergoes a metamorphosis. The body is balanced on the edge between living and dead, organic and inorganic, it is determined by time and space. It is often shown along the narrowing-widening relation, in stupor, petrification, reduced to a flat surface or miniaturised.
The development and implementation of ideas of lifelong learning in Europe at the dawn of the 21st century
Authors: Marcinkiewicz-Wilk Aleksandra , Jurczyk-Romanowska Ewa
Published: January 2020

Aim. The aim of article is present the changing of idea of lifelong learning. The article focuses on the idea of lifelong learning. The first part shows the essence of lifelong learning. An attempt has been made to organise concepts like: lifelong learning, lifelong training, continuing education and permanent education, as well as education and adult education, to consequently educe the idea of lifelong learning from the concept of continuing education.

Methods. It’s used  the literature analysis because of the  theoretical character of a paper.

Results. In the paper  was presented how idea of lifelong learning was changing in the time. Furthermore, the article shows the social context of the use of lifelong learning in relation to the theory of human capital and social capital theory as well. The next part of the article concentrates on identifying the most important initiatives of the European Union, the objective of which was the implementation of the idea in Europe. The article presents the aims of the EU programmes that are focused on the implementation of that idea in European education.

Conclusions. The development of the idea lifelong learning is referring with a social and cultural changes. This idea is a very important part of EU strategy which main gol is to build the Information Society.
Official and Internet translations – comparison of culture-related aspects from the perspective of foreignization and domestication dichotomy
Authors: Karpińska Patrycja
Published: January 2020

Aim. The study aimed at establishing whether there are any significant differences between the two translations of the same novels: one published unofficially and anonymously on the Internet, and the other published officially by the publisher. The elements taken into consideration in the analysis were: the culture-bound elements, the vulgar terms, and syntactic calques.

Methods. The theoretical part of the research is based on the refraction theory by A. Lefevere (1992), according to whom translation is a process regulated by a system in which it functions. In opposition to the regulated translational activity stands unofficial Internet translation. The comparative analysis of the translations was further developed with the application the ‘foreignisation’and domestication dichotomy proposed by L. Venuti (1995).

Results and conclusion. The results of the study imply that there are significant differences between the official and unofficial translations; the official translations aim at domesticating techniques, whereas the unofficial translations are more likely to apply ‘foreignising’ techniques, even at the cost of breaking cultural values of the target culture.

Cognitive value. The Internet has become an  inseparable part of modern people’s daily life, yet Internet activities are still not regulated and researched to such a degree as ‘real world’ ones. The study aims at showing differences between the Internet and official translation, however, it is not able to answer the question regarding the roots of these differences. Further inquiries would be necessary in this case – if even possible.
“ANNA KARENINA”- T. STOPPARD VS. L. TOLSTOY
Authors: Gurina EKATERINA
Published: January 2020

Aim. The aim of the research is to compare Konstantin Levin’s function in the film Anna Karenina(2012) by Joe Wright, the script written by Tom Stoppard and the novel Anna Kareninaby Leo Tolstoy and to determine how much his figure was changed in the film adaptation under the influence of the scriptwriter’s and director’s stance.

Methods. The subjects of the study were the film Anna Karenina (2012) by Joe Wright, the script written by Tom Stoppard and the novel Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy. They are analysed with the use of the theory of script writing, different types of character classifications and the text corpus analysis, taking into account the cultural, historical and economic features of scriptwriting and film production.

Results. The analysis shows that Konstantin Levin’s function of the second protagonist that is characteristic for the novel is further developed in the screenplay but is omitted in the film. The discrepancies with the source book and the screenplay are caused by the influence of the film director during the film production.

Conclusions. Even though the study considers the texts that are closely interrelated, the individual author’s stance influences the text of the screenplay so much that it gives us an opportunity to call Tom Stoppard, the scriptwriter, a writer in the full sense of the word.
THE IMPACT OF ANXIETY ON SPEAKING IN ADOLESCENT AND ADULT GROUPS OF ENGLISH LEARNERS
Authors: Gosiewska-Turek Bogusława
Published: January 2020

Aim: The aim of this article is to investigate the interdependence between adolescent and adult students’ anxiety and their foreign language speaking achievements. It has been proved that there is no correlation between adolescent learners’ anxiety and their speaking attainments in a foreign language as well as that there is a weak correlation between adult students’ anxiety and their speaking achievements.

Method: The author of the study employed quantitative research. Data was collected from anxiety questionnaires completed by the students and from achievement sheets filled in by the English teacher based on five-minute speeches performed by adolescent and adult students.

Conclusion: According to the research results, there is no interdependence between adolescent students’ anxiety and their speaking attainments and the correlation between adult students’ anxiety and their speaking achievements is weak. Nevertheless, a number of other studies revealed the interdependence between students’ anxiety and their speaking attainments. Therefore, limitations of the study should be born in mind, and the results of the following study can be applied only to the subjects participating in the study. Hence, it is relevant to repeat the study with larger samples of subjects.
The students gender as a moderating factor of correlation beetween linguistic capital and academic outcomes
Authors: Błaszczyński Kamil
Published: January 2020

Aim: The aim of this paper was to verify the impact of gender on correlations between native language competences and academic activity of master grade students of social sciences in Poland. Results are disscussed with other international findings.

Methods: Gathering of the data was used via auditorial survey. Data was collected from 235 students (163 female, 73 male) from one of polish national universities on faculty of social sciences. Data has been analysed using T-Students test and Linear Regression models.

Results: T-Students test results indicated that female students had significantly higher education outcomes and study results scores than male students. Regression analysis revealed that gender as a moderating factor of linguistic capital was a significant predictor in regard to students education outcomes and study results. The main part of linguistic capital significantly moderated by gender were language experiences, regarded toward study results scores.

Conclusions: Female students have equall linguistic capital and language experiencess as male students, althoug they are more capable in using that capitale for their benefit in the context of academic education. Implication of the study and future recommendation are advised.
ITALIAN GRADUATIONS DAY: A NEW MODEL OF RITUAL
Authors: Riconda Giorgia
Published: January 2020

Aims.The research aims to reconstruct the phases of the new ritual of graduation in Italy to fully understand if there are a variety of social forms and conventions (linked to symbolic aspects) to be satisfied and if there are elements of ambiguity.

Methods.Using ethnographic technique, I chose to develop on the one hand a thick description of the ritual that highlights the "stratified hierarchy of significant structures" (Geertz 1998) while on the other I tried to develop a comparative methodology that takes into account - both temporal and spatial level - of some of the different graduation ritual models that exist and have existed.

Results.  The analysis shows that there is a lack of consistency between the new degree model and the new graduation ceremony model. Furthermore, in the one hand, the liminal theatricality of the rite satisfies the demands of collective catharsis; on the other hand, there are some ambivalences and there is a lack of consistency between the conventions (and its symbolisms) in the ceremony and the university experiences that students could have in Italy.

Lastly, the moral entrepreneurs paid too little attention to the original meanings of the model of celebration from which it draws and its criticality.

Conclusions.Rituals in the educational field are very important socio-cultural forms of production of meanings whose modification could be more satisfactory if there was a greater reflection on the original educational models and if, in this reflection, they were involved a large number of subjects belonging to different groups.
The educational Evolution in Iran and Germany: the case of primary education (Grundschule)
Authors: Ashrafi Ali
Published: January 2020

Aim. In recent decades, according to the enormous transformation in educational systems, the importance of educational spaces in the developed world has been increasingly sought after by educators and due to think of all the more attractive these spaces, they have thought differently. The present study was conducted to study the evolution of the educational environment of primary schools in Iran and Germany and compare them with each other.Methods. This research is descriptive research based on the comparative method. The study has also the standards criteria for designing primary schools in Iran and Germany.Results. The results of the research point to various differences between schools in Iran and Germany and then justify the differences similarities between the organization of primary education, description of the primary education system, selecting and training teacher education and similarity how to select and educate the teacher.Conclusion. The study showed In Iran, a major factor in the development of education is religion. In the pre-Islamic period, Zoroastrianism has been a factor in the philosophy and principles of education. After Islam, education has benefited from the philosophy and principles of Islam and has fully influenced primary education. But in the primary period of the German educational system, politics, ideology and the opinion of educators have played an important role in the transformation of education and, as such, in primary education.
Competences and qualifications in outdoor education
Authors: Kida Paulina
Published: January 2020

Aim: A synthesis of different researches on outcomes in adventure and outdoor education was used in this paper, in order to develop universal tool, aiming to support analyzes of future groundwork materials in competences researches.

Method: The article is based on extended literature review. The research becomes more multiplying than comparative in nature, or serves to deepen or add knowledge about outcomes in adventure outdoor education.

Results: In this theoretical reasoning attempt of selection, classification, connection within broader categories of competences was made by reviewing previous researches and literature, moreover tested on examples of concrete educational process.

Conclusion: In reviewed literature researchers often use tools designed particularly to serve this purpose and that are aimed at structuring the skills and competences acquired by participants of this kind of education. Other researchers dealing with this topic are likely to experience a difficulty while trying to summarize and compare the results of other research presented in literature due to the various classifications and terminology used.
Travelling with Darwin and Humboldt. A Transdisciplinary Educational Experience
Authors: Martín Ezpeleta Antonio , Echegoyen-Sanz Yolanda
Published: January 2020

Aim. This research aims to confirm that transdisciplinary projects can be very adequate to develop content and competencies traditionally assigned to Sciences and Arts in higher education, exploring the possibilities of outdoor education.

Methods. The subjects of the study were one hundred alumni of two different courses “Natural Sciences for Teachers” and “Literary Training for Teachers” at a Spanish university. An educational experience around the phenomenon of scientific travelers was developed, focusing on Charles Darwin and Alexander von Humboldt and the literary genres of travel journals and letters. The main activity contained three phases, including indoor and outdoor education, in which both subjects tackled the same 6 educational topics from a different perspective. After different individual and group activities around those topics, alumni from both subjects merged at a natural environment where a scientific-literary tour took place. At the end of the academic year, an assessment questionnaire with open and closed questions was filled out by all participants.

Results and conclusion. After the analysis of all the collected data, we can deduce that the experience was a success. The students appreciated aspects like the setting in which the experience took place, the possibility of interacting with alumni from different courses and the integration of Sciences and Arts. Thus, we have demonstrated that the same activities can be implemented in prototypical subjects of Sciences and Arts and that outdoor education is an ideal resource to achieve a holistic pedagogy engaging the sensory and emotional facets of learning.
The Polish-Jewish Lethal Polka Dance
Authors: Nitza Davidovitch Nitza , Lewin Eyal
Published: January 2020

Aim. This paper analyses the inherent paradoxes of Jewish-Polish relations. It portrays the main beliefs that construct the contradicting narratives of the Holocaust, trying to weigh which of them is closer to the historic truth. It seeks for an answer to the question whether the Polish people were brothers-in-fate, victimized like the Jews by the Nazis, or if they were rather a hostile ethnic group.
Concept. First, the notion of Poland as a haven for Jews throughout history is conveyed. This historical review shows that the Polish people as a nation have always been most tolerant towards the Jews and that anti-Semitism has existed only on the margins of society. Next, the opposite account is brought, relying on literature that shows that one thousand years of Jewish residence in Poland were also a thousand years of constant friction, with continuous hatred towards the Jews. Consequently, different accounts of World War II are presented – one shows how the Polish people were the victims, and the others deal with Poles as by-standers and as perpetrators.
Results and conclusion. Inconsistency remains the strongest consistency of the relations between Jews and Poles. With the unresolved puzzle of whether the Polish people were victims, bystanders or perpetrators, this paper concludes with some comments on Israeli domestic political and educational attitudes towards Poland, that eventually influence collective concepts.
Cognitive value. The fact that the issue of the Israeli-Polish relationship has not been deeply inquired, seems to attest to the reluctance of both sides to deal with what seems to form an open wound. At the same time, the revival of Jewish culture in Poland shows that, today more than ever, the Polish people are reaching out to Israelis, and are willing to deal with history at an unprecedented level. As Israelis who wish to promote universal values, a significant encounter with the Polish people may constitute a door to acceptance and understanding of others. Such acceptance can only stem from mutual discourse and physical proximity between the two peoples.
Creating a Culture-Based Language Learning Course for Developing Adult Learners’ 21st Century Skills
Authors: Luka Ineta
Published: January 2020

Aim. The aim of the study is to research ways of developing adult learners’ 21st century skills in a culture-based language learning course applying innovative teaching/learning tools and methodologies considering adult learners’ specific needs and special educational treatment required to overcome learning barriers.

Methods. Data collection methods include teachers’ accounts in the form of reflective essays on their pedagogical experience collected from 14 teachers. For data analysis and interpretation constant comparative method to elicit themes/categories and create construct mapping to make connections between ideas and themes has been used.

Results and conclusion. An on-line learning course for adult learners, including blended-learning, must be based on classic adult learning principles considering the given socio-cultural context, learners’ backgrounds, needs, motivation, learning styles and strategies. The adult learners’ skills developed and cultural knowledge increased will help them in enriching their knowledge and competences, thus leading to higher upskilling and higher employability and quality, as well as becoming true lifelong learners.

Research restrictions. The current paper deals with the analysis of the first stage of the research – teachers’ feedback and course creation. The second stage comprising observation and feedback obtained during the course piloting eliciting learners’ and teachers’ data will be analysed in a later article.

Practical application. The research findings are useful in selecting suitable methodologies and approaches for language learning courses for adult learners, possibly for other courses as well.

Originality/Cognitive value. The current research enables understanding adult learning context and specifics to secure special educational treatment required to overcome learning barriers and develop adult learners’ 21st century skills in a culture-based blended-learning course.
MOTIVATIONAL STRUCTURE OF YOUNG CHEMISTS
Authors: High Radka
Published: January 2020

Aim: the goal of this study is to investigate the motivational structure of participants of Chemistry Olympiad summer camps. The participants are young students who achieved  the best results in chemistry olympiads. Chemistry is one of the least popular subjects among czech students and therefore is important to understand what motivates extraordinary, or gifted students, to learn.

Methods: participants (N=38) completed a combination of qualitative and/or quantitative questionnaires. The primary questionnaire, known as the Motivational Induction Method (MIM), is a quality-quantitative questionnaire that uses the principle of open-ended questions. This method can provided a deep understanding of participants´ plans, desires and wishes but also fears, inhibitions or problems. Other questionnaires used were: the Learning Motivation questionnaire and the Achievement Motivation questionnaire which measure the sources of motivation and proportion of achievement needs, respectively.

Result: the MIM questionnaire, providing qualitative-quantitative analysis, showed that participants´motivation was mainly focused on self (identity) and contact with others (social motivation). The Learning Motivation questionnaires revealed that the two most important motivational sources for learning chemistry were: one, the acquisition of a good profession in the future (instrumental motivation); and two, cognitive movitavation, or simply the positive feeling one experiences from learning something new.  The Achievement Motivational questionnaires revealed that participants´ need to avoid failure was lower in comparison to general pupils.
Principle of Irremovability of Judges: Judicial Independence in Hungary
Authors: Aung Nge Nge
Published: January 2020

Argument

Principle of irremovability of judges is a norm of judicial independence not only in the EU framework but also in the international level.Judges of the Supreme Courts or the Constitutional Court are still removed even in the modern and developed countries. It is deeply related to the lack of independence of the judiciary in Europe and beyond Europe too. 

Results and Conclusion

The results of the work can be applied in some countries that have not linked  each other with regional integration policy ( like Myamar and ASEAN Countreies). The functions of the Constitutional Court are needed to be updated to protect the fundamental rights effectively in national level and the judiciary should be free from the influence of the legislature and the executive.

Cognitive value

To learn the best solution for the reconcilement among the three great branches of the government, especially to respect the independence of the judiciary and the principle of irremovability of judges widely accepted as not only international standards but also EU noem.