bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How exposure to logos and logo varieties fosters brand prominence and freshness
Authors: Sääksjärvi Maria , van den Hende Ellis , Mugge Ruth , van Peursem Nicolien
Published: November 2015

Purpose

This study aims to propose that a brand can be kept both prominent and fresh by using existing logos as well as logo varieties (i.e. slight modifications to the brand’s existing logo).

Design/methodology/approach

In two experimental studies, the authors exposed respondents to either the existing brand logo or to logo varieties, and examined their influence on brand prominence and freshness.

Findings

The findings suggest that consumers subconsciously process logo varieties to which they are exposed in a similar way as they subconsciously process the existing logo of the brand, making both types of logo exposure effective for building brand prominence and freshness.

Research limitations/implications

It would also be worthwhile to study the effect of logo varieties using other dependent measures than the ones employed in this study, such as purchase intent and behavioral measures (such as consumption behaviors).

Practical implications

This research shows that logo varieties can be used alongside the existing brand logo to build prominence and freshness. These findings diverge from the findings typically reported in the branding literature that state that consumers resist changes to logos.

Originality/value

This research not only demonstrates that exposure to logo varieties and existing logos evokes automatic effects (both types of logos outperform a control group in fostering brand-related outcomes) but also confirms that exposing consumers to the existing logo or logo varieties give less differential effects than one may think.
The question is which is to be master – that’s all
Authors: Abeles Tom P.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The author, Geoff Colvin, argues that education, particularly in the STEM area, has given the USA a global economic edge and that this technology now has given rise to an increasingly sophisticated and powerful set of tools in the form of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics. The book in its first quarter argues for the increasing capabilities that will give humans access to technologies for advancing its well-being and that of the environment.

Design/methodology/approach

– The review notes that the remaining ¾ of the volume is an argument as to why soft or affective skills will be the critical characteristics that will allow the technology to advance but not dominate. This review questions whether the length of the defense succeeds in its effort to validate the human–computer relationship in favor of humans.

Findings

– The author is unable to neutralize his opinion and that of others that if it can be imagined that AI/robots can replace humans, then they will. The author is unable to shake the idea that if affective skills such as emotions can be developed by AI, then it will happen. Only in Science Fiction literature such a possibility exists and its consequences have been explored.

Practical implications

– AI/robotics will continue to advance providing technological solutions to the issues surrounding the environment and the improvement of human life.

Originality/value

– There is significant uncertainty as to what the socio/economic and political ramifications are or will be for an increasingly rapid evolution of both AI and robotics.
Utilising the UK Freedom of Information Act 2000 for crime record data
Authors: Johnson Derek , Hampson Edward
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– This research paper aims to consider the use of the UK Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA) as a resource providing access to otherwise unavailable data from the UK Police forces. Not seeking to be a critical examination of Police practice, it offers insight to many aspects of records management appertaining to the police service provision of recorded crime. Authors consider whether record management is sufficiently integrated into police practice, given the transparency called for by the FOIA, contemporary societal needs and the growing requirement to provide high value evidence led assessments of activity both within and external to the service.

Design/methodology/approach

– FOIA was utilised to collect data from all police forces in England and Wales through multiple requests. Carried out over a 15-month period, three requests were collated and responses compared, allowing for examination of compliance with the legislation and reflections on the manner in which records were sought and ultimately disseminated.

Findings

– Generally, responding to FOIA requests was well managed by English Police Forces. Methods of data management and collection practice were exposed which the authors suggest pose questions on the strength of records management consideration that may be worthy of further work. Configuration management of records is highlighted as an essential function given the disparity of data releases experienced.

Research limitations/implications

– This research highlights the FOIA as a valuable methodological tool for academic researchers, but it is limited in respect of seeking firm contextual explanation of the Police internal procedures to answer requests. By making common requests over a long time period to the same Police forces, it provides a clear study of FOIA processes and raises potentially significant questions for records management consideration.

Practical implications

– Findings provide advice on developing use of the FOIA as an academic methodological resource and reflect on the findings impact on internal police use of data and information records.

Originality/value

– This paper allows for reflection on the importance of high-value records management in the day-to-day business of the police service and questions whether such knowledge areas are suitably considered. Covering an area of little previous academic enquiry, the research informs criminal justice practitioners of areas for potential further discussion and academic researchers on the validity of using the FOIA as a valuable information source.
Bill George: the era of self-serving leadership is over but global markets pose the next authenticity challenge for leaders
Authors: Leavy Brian
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– This interview covers research published in three major books by Bill George. The first was in response to a massive governance crisis as high-flyers like Enron, WorldCom and Tyco crashed. George’s first book, offered an alternative to self-serving leadership, was “Authentic Leadership” in 2003. Having been a highly successful CEO, he watched with grave concern as the stock market and media mistakenly venerated CEOs like Bob Nardelli at Home Depot and Hewlett-Packard’s Carly Fiorina for their charisma, style and image rather than their character and substance.

Design/methodology/approach

– In 2005-2006 he created a research team at Harvard Business School to determine how to develop authentic leaders. This project still stands as the largest, in-depth research of leaders ever undertaken. The result was his second book, True North, published in 2007.

Findings

– A third book, Discover Your True North, the result of a second Harvard study displays the dramatic changes for the better in leadership in the past decade.

Practical implications

– The best of today’s corporate leaders are less hierarchical and bureaucratic than their predecessors. They focus primarily on gaining alignment around their organization’s mission and values, and empowering their employees to step up and lead rather than merely following rules and processes. They operate less in their self-interest, and more in service to others and pursuit of greater societal good on a global scale. The new leaders are authentic and open, rather than focused on leadership style and charisma.

Originality/value

– Bill George’s research has defined an effective alternative to self-serving leadership, one that can be a model for 21st Century leaders facing the demands of a rapid change, continuous innovation global marketplace. Authentic leaders make good strategists.
Voice, Affective Commitment and Citizenship Behavior in Teams: The Moderating Role of Neuroticism and Intrinsic Motivation
Authors: Ohana Marc
Published: November 2015

This paper provides an empirical examination of the effects of co‐workers’ procedural justice, defined as the individual's perception of how procedural justice is displayed towards him/her by the group. Drawing on the social exchange literature, it is confirmed that team affective commitment mediates the relationship between team voice – a form of co‐workers’ procedural justice – and team citizenship behaviors. The study also tests whether this positive indirect effect is moderated by neuroticism and intrinsic motivation. The results from a survey of 154 dyads consisting of employees and their current supervisor generally support the hypotheses. Team voice is a strong and consistent predictor of team citizenship behaviors, and the effect is mediated by team affective commitment only when intrinsic motivation is low and/or neuroticism is low. This study extends knowledge of the different sources of justice. Specifically, it shows that team voice and the boundary conditions of its effects are crucial to understanding attitudes and behaviors directed towards the team. This finding highlights the necessity of carefully taking into account the ability to express one's opinion inside teams.
Developing a Research Agenda to Optimize Diagnostic Imaging in the Emergency Department: An Executive Summary of the 2015 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference
Authors: Marin Jennifer R. , Mills Angela M.
Published: November 2015

The 2015 Academic Emergency Medicine (AEM) consensus conference, “Diagnostic Imaging in the Emergency Department: A Research Agenda to Optimize Utilization,” was held on May 12, 2015, with the goal of developing a high‐priority research agenda on which to base future research. The specific aims of the conference were to: 1) understand the current state of evidence regarding emergency department (ED) diagnostic imaging utilization and identify key opportunities, limitations, and gaps in knowledge; 2) develop a consensus‐driven research agenda emphasizing priorities and opportunities for research in ED diagnostic imaging; and 3) explore specific funding mechanisms available to facilitate research in ED diagnostic imaging. Over a 2‐year period, the executive committee and other experts in the field convened regularly to identify specific areas in need of future research. Six content areas within emergency diagnostic imaging were identified prior to the conference and served as the breakout groups on which consensus was achieved: clinical decision rules; use of administrative data; patient‐centered outcomes research; training, education, and competency; knowledge translation and barriers to imaging optimization; and comparative effectiveness research in alternatives to traditional computed tomography use. The executive committee invited key stakeholders to assist with planning and to participate in the consensus conference to generate a multidisciplinary agenda. There were 164 individuals involved in the conference spanning various specialties, including emergency medicine (EM), radiology, surgery, medical physics, and the decision sciences. This issue of AEM is dedicated to the proceedings of the 16th annual AEM consensus conference as well as original research related to emergency diagnostic imaging.
The Beginnings of the Japanese Medical Instruments Industry and the Adaptation of Western Medicine to Japan, 1880–1937
Authors: Donzé Pierre‐Yves
Published: November 2015

This article focuses on the development of the Japanese medical instrument industry from the 1880s to the beginning of the war against China (1937). It argues that the growth of this industry relied on the adaptation of Western technologies to the Japanese environment. The article focuses on the learning processes adopted by Japanese entrepreneurs, revealing a major difference between small enterprises, engaged in innovation based on reverse engineering and cooperation with medical doctors, on the one hand, and large firms which benefitted from organisational facilities acquired through international technology transfer and cooperation with domestic R&D centres, on the other hand.
After the Ban: The Moral Economy of Property
Authors: Langegger Sig
Published: November 2015

This essay can be read as both a tragedy of neoliberal governance and a paean to the resilience and creativity of humanity. Reporting an ethnographic assessment of the impacts of Denver's recent camping ban on homeless communities, I build on John Searle's constructivist social theory to argue not only that undomiciled people construct homes, but also that they exercise rights to property. Part of a social order, people living on the streets find creative ways to sheathe themselves in home spaces. By depriving them not only of the stability of their homes but also of the social power afforded by property, this ban dismantles heterodox orders, which then decay from anarchy. Nevertheless, accounts provided by homeless individuals themselves demonstrate that primitive property, though always fragile, can withstand emphatic disruption: this continued resilience is seen in the webs of mutual reciprocity previously and subsequently woven beneath, between, and behind state apparatuses.
A 10‐Year Plan for quality living for people with disabilities and their carers
Authors: Craig Jocelyn E. , Cartwright Collen
Published: November 2015

Accessible summary

Planning allows people with disabilities and their carers to take steps to achieve their dreams and helps to ensure their security for the future.

People with disabilities want to enjoy the same experiences that most other people enjoy, such as relationships, going to the movies with friends, having a job and going on holidays.

Background: The concerns of older carers of an adult with disabilities have been well documented. The sudden incapacity or death of the carer can result in a crisis response rather than a planned transition to a chosen sustainable alternative care arrangement for the person with disability. Building on previous ‘Futures Planning’ projects, the aim of this project was to enrich the lives of people with disabilities and their carers whilst ensuring that their wishes for the future are documented to provide security.

Materials and Methods: This article reports on information sessions and workshops that were held for people with disabilities, their carers and staff, and the training sessions for staff for this project.

Results: The sessions underlined the fact that people with disabilities want to enjoy the same experiences that most other people enjoy. Drawing on the ideas and suggestions from participants, the ‘Futures Planning’ documents were modified to meet the aims of the Quality Living project, making them suitable for planning for quality living for the carer and the person with a disability for the next 10 years.

Conclusions: Findings supported the concept that planning allows people with disabilities and their carers to take steps to achieve their dreams.
Symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, bone metabolism and occult atrial fibrillation in older women with mild endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism
Authors: Rosario Pedro Weslley , Carvalho Marina , Calsolari Maria Regina
Published: November 2015

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, bone turnover, bone mineral density (BMD) and occult atrial fibrillation (AF) in women ≥65 years with mild endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism (SCH).

Design

Cross‐sectional and case–control study.

Patients

Signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, serum carboxyterminal telopeptide (CTx) and procollagen type I N‐terminal propeptide (PINP), BMD, resting electrocardiogram (ECG) and 72‐h ECG monitoring were evaluated in 180 women ≥65 years, including 90 with mild SCH (TSH between 0·1 and 0·4 mIU/l) and 90 euthyroid controls matched for age and body mass index.

Results

Symptom Rating Scale scores did not differ between patients and controls. None of the patients with SCH scored 20 points, a score compatible with clinical thyrotoxicosis. Eighty patients with SCH (89%) obtained seven or fewer points, a score compatible with euthyroidism. No difference in serum CTx or PINP concentrations was observed between patients and controls. There was also no correlation between these markers and TSH, free T4 or total T3 levels. Finally, no difference in femoral neck or lumbar spine BMD was observed between patients with SCH and controls. Three patients with SCH (3·3%) and two euthyroid women (2·2%) had known AF or AF in the resting ECG. ECG monitoring for 72 h revealed episodes of occult AF in 1/87 patients with SCH and in 1/88 euthyroid women (1·1%).

Conclusions

Mild endogenous SCH (TSH between 0·1 and 0·4 mIU/l) was not associated with symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, altered bone metabolism or a higher prevalence of occult AF in women ≥65 years.
Feasibility of optical coherence tomography for the evaluation of Barrett's mucosa buried underneath esophageal squamous epithelium
Authors: Hatta Waku , Uno Kaname , Koike Tomoyuki , Ara Nobuyuki , Asano Naoki , Iijima Katsunori , Imatani Akira , Fujishima Fumiyoshi , Shimosegawa Tooru
Published: November 2015

Background and Aim

Evaluation of Barrett's glands buried underneath esophageal squamous epithelium becomes increasingly important in order to achieve curative treatment. However, clinically available endoscopes have critical limitations in depicting subsurface structure, resulting in non‐curative treatment. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can achieve a high‐resolution cross‐sectional image, equivalent to an optical biopsy. We aimed to assess the feasibility of in vivo use of probe‐type OCT imaging to evaluate Barrett's mucosa buried underneath esophageal squamous epithelium.

Methods

From 2008 to 2014 we conducted a single‐center prospective study with 14 consecutive patients with Barrett's adenocarcinoma. Enrolled patients were examined by a probe‐type OCT in vivo, followed by en‐bloc endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) with electric marking. Then, one‐to‐one correlations between the OCT images of the buried mucosa and their histological assessment were examined.

Results

Overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the buried mucosa in the OCT imaging were 85.7% (12/14), 77.8% (7/9), 100% (5/5), 100% (7/7), and 71.4% (5/7), respectively. However, OCT could not easily distinguish non‐dysplastic glands from dysplastic glands. Additionally, the linear distance from the histological squamocolumnar junction in correct cases tended to be longer than that in incorrect cases (mm, median [range]: 2.0 [0.7–7.5] vs 0.5 [0.5–0.5]).

Conclusion

We demonstrated, for the first time, that preoperative OCT imaging might be feasible for detecting oral‐side extension of buried Barrett's mucosa in order to remove the entire area with malignant potential by ESD.
Sulphonylurea receptor‐1, sulphonylureas and amplification of insulin secretion by Epac activation in β cells
Authors: Nenquin M. , Henquin J.‐C.
Published: November 2015

Amplification of insulin secretion by cyclic AMP involves activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and Epac2 in pancreatic β cells. Recent hypotheses suggest that sulphonylurea receptor‐1 (SUR1), the regulatory subunit of ATP‐sensitive potassium channels, is implicated in Epac2 effects and that direct activation of Epac2 by hypoglycaemic sulphonylureas contributes to the stimulation of insulin secretion by these drugs. In the present experiments, using islets from Sur1KO mice, we show that dibutyryl‐cAMP and membrane‐permeant selective activators of Epac or PKA normally amplify insulin secretion in β cells lacking SUR1. In contrast to Epac activator, sulphonylureas (glibenclamide and tolbutamide) did not increase insulin secretion in Sur1KO islets, as would be expected if they were activating Epac2 directly. Furthermore, glibenclamide and tolbutamide did not augment the amplification of insulin secretion produced by Epac activator or dibutyryl‐cAMP. Collectively, the results show that SUR1 is dispensable for amplification of insulin secretion by Epac2 activation and that direct activation of Epac2 is unimportant for the action of therapeutic concentrations of sulphonylureas in β cells.
Intra‐population variation in the natal origins and wing morphology of overwintering western monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus
Authors: Yang Louie H. , Ostrovsky Dmitry , Rogers Matthew C. , Welker Jeffery M.
Published: November 2015

Understanding the natal origins of migratory animals is critical for understanding their population dynamics and conservation. However, quantitative estimates of population recruitment from different natal habitats can be difficult to assess for many species, especially those with large geographic ranges. These limitations hinder the evaluation of alternative hypotheses about the key movements and ecological interactions of migratory species. Here, we quantitatively investigated intra‐population variation in the natal origins of western North American monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus using spatial analyses of stable isotope ratios and correlations with wing morphology. A map of hydrogen isotope values in western monarch butterfly wings (δ2Hm) was estimated using a transfer function that relates the δ2Hm values of monarch butterfly wing keratin to a long‐term dataset of precipitation isotope (δ2Hp) values across the western United States. Isotopic analyses of 114 monarch butterfly wings collected at four California overwintering locations indicated substantial individual variation in natal origins, with most recruitment coming from broad regions along the Pacific coast, the southwestern US and the northern intermountain region. These observed patterns may partially resolve and reconcile several past hypotheses about the natal origins of western monarch butterflies, while also raising new questions. More negative δ2Hm values (associated with longer migratory distance) were significantly correlated with larger forewing sizes, consistent with expectations based on the aerodynamic and energetic costs of long‐distance migration, while analyses of wing shape suggest potential differences in the movement behaviors and constraints observed in the western range, compared with previous observations in eastern North America. Taken together, the results of this study indicate substantial individual variation in the natal origins of overwintering western monarch butterflies, suggesting both local and long‐distance movement to overwintering sites.
Effect of soil acidification on n‐hexane extractable PAH fractions
Authors: Mahanty B. , Kim C.‐G.
Published: November 2015

This study was designed to assess the effect of soil acidification on the extractability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) distributed across various soil organic matter fractions. Phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene (each at 3.2 mg kg−1 soil) were applied to a natural soil and to an artificially acidified soil, and the samples were incubated for 10 days. Several solvents were tested for the recovery of PAHs from soil, and n‐hexane was the best for extraction efficiency. Soil was treated with hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPCD), pyrophosphate or pyrophosphate‐HPCD in sequence followed by the recovery of residual PAHs in n‐hexane. Recovery of PAHs by a single‐step non‐exhaustive n‐hexane extraction from acidified soil was significantly less than that from the original non‐acidified soil (P = 0.023). Based on the sequential extraction, the pool of n‐hexane extractable PAHs was classified operationally into four fractions: one portion that is shared with HPCD (HS), one shared with pyrophosphate (PS) and one with both HPCD and pyrophosphate (HPS), and one that is not shared (US). The sum of PAHs recovered from acidified soil was significantly less than that for non‐acidified soil when compared for PS fractions (5.37 and 14.42%, respectively, with P = 0.003) or US fractions (47.76 and 54.00%, respectively, P < 0.001). In contrast, soil acidification increased the sum of PAHs recovered in HS (from 4.29% (non‐acidic) to 5.39% (acidified), P = 0.014) and HPS fractions (from 23.8% (non‐acidic) to 30% (acidified), P < 0.001). The results suggest that soil acidification reduces the pool of PAHs that is accessible exclusively by organic solvents, but increases the fraction that can be extracted with HPCD or pyrophosphate or both. Spectroscopic analysis (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible analysis) of isolated humic substances reveals their greater aromaticity when extracted from acidified soil, which might explain the larger proportion of surface‐adsorbed PAHs in soil organic matter that can be dissolved by an aqueous extractant.
Leishmania hijacking of the macrophage intracellular compartments
Authors: Liévin‐Le Moal Vanessa , Loiseau Philippe M.
Published: November 2015

Leishmania spp., transmitted to humans by the bite of the sandfly vector, are responsible for the three major forms of leishmaniasis, cutaneous, diffuse mucocutaneous and visceral. Leishmania spp. interact with membrane receptors of neutrophils and macrophages. In macrophages, the parasite is internalized within a parasitophorous vacuole and engages in a particular intracellular lifestyle in which the flagellated, motile Leishmania promastigote metacyclic form differentiates into non‐motile, metacyclic amastigote form. This phenomenon is induced by Leishmania‐triggered events leading to the fusion of the parasitophorous vacuole with vesicular members of the host cell endocytic pathway including recycling endosomes, late endosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. Maturation of the parasitophorous vacuole leads to the intracellular proliferation of the Leishmania amastigote forms by acquisition of host cell nutrients while escaping host defense responses.
ArcGIS to Unity: a design pipeline for creation of 3D terrain in serious egames for geology
Authors: Robinson Annabeth , Gordon Clare E. , Houghton Jacqueline , Lloyd Geoffrey E. , Morgan Daniel J.
Published: November 2015

One of the key challenges during the development of the Virtual World Project ‘egame environment’ discussed in this issue was the creation of the digital virtual landscape from an original 2002 base map of a field area. In this [online] paper we will walk through the design pipeline that was developed by the virtual worlds project team, and discuss some of the issues that were discovered when translating from a 2D map to a 3D environment using available software, for others interested in replicating this work.
Comparison of metaheuristics for thek‐labeled spanning forest problem
Authors: Consoli Sergio , Moreno Pérez José Andrés , Mladenović Nenad
Published: November 2015

In this paper, we study thek‐labeled spanning forest (kLSF) problem in which an undirected graph whose edges are labeled and an integer‐positive valueare given; the aim is to find a spanning forest of the input graph with the minimum number of connected components and the upper boundon the number of labels. The problem is related to the minimum labeling spanning tree problem and has several applications in the real world. In this paper, we compare several metaheuristics to solve this NP‐hard problem. In particular, the proposed intelligent variable neighborhood search (VNS) shows excellent performance, obtaining high‐quality solutions in short computational running time. This approach integrates VNS with other complementary approaches from machine learning, statistics, and experimental algorithmics, in order to produce high‐quality performance and completely automate the resulting optimization strategy.
What Determines Managers' Perceptions of Cash Flow Forecasting Quality? Evidence From a Multinational Corporation
Authors: Glaum Martin , Schmidt Peter , Schnürer Kati
Published: November 2015

In this article, we develop and test a model of the determinants of managers' perceptions of cash flow forecasting quality in nonfinancial companies. We expect and find that managers' perceptions of the quality of cash flow forecasts are determined by the perceived quality of the input data, the effort invested in forecasting, and the efficiency of the related processes, and ultimately by a company's orientation toward financial goals. Our empirical analysis is based on data from a worldwide questionnaire survey at a multinational industrial company. While we find that managers assess forecasting effort lower and forecasting efficiency higher for direct cash flow forecasting than for indirect method forecasting, our analyses reveal that the variables in our model, the postulated relationships between them, and the estimated effect sizes are equally valid for both forecasting methods.
A novel method for identifying the order of interference using phase‐shifting digital holography
Authors: SOKKAR T.Z.N. , EL‐FARAHATY K.A. , RAMADAN W.A. , WAHBA H.H. , RASLAN M.I. , HAMZA A.A.
Published: November 2015

In this paper, we introduced a mathematical method for measuring the optical path length differences (OPDs), which is suitable for large OPD values where the fringes connections are difficult to detect. The proposed method is based on varying the width of the fringes, without changing the wavelength of the used coherent source. Also, in this work, we discussed the need for such method in off‐axis phase‐shifting digital holography. Low‐resolution off‐axis holograms failed to detect the correct interference order. In general, off‐axis phase‐shifting digital holography is limited by the resolution of the captured holograms. The results obtained using our proposed technique were compared to the results obtained using off‐axis phase‐shifting digital holograms and conventional two‐beam interferometry. Holograms were given for illustration.
Three‐Year Outcome of Fixed Partial Rehabilitations Supported by Implants Inserted with Flap or Flapless Surgical Techniques
Authors: Maló Paulo , de Araújo Nobre Miguel , Lopes Armando
Published: November 2015

Purpose

The aim of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the 3‐year outcome of fixed partial prostheses supported by implants with immediate provisionalization without occlusal contacts inserted in predominantly soft bone with flap and flapless protocols.

Materials and Methods

Forty‐one patients partially rehabilitated with 72 NobelSpeedy implants (51 maxillary; 21 mandibular) were consecutively included and treated with a flapless surgical protocol (n = 20 patients; 32 implants) and flapped surgical protocol (n = 21 patients; 40 implants). Primary outcome measure was implant survival; secondary outcome measures were marginal bone resorption (comparing the bone levels at 1 and 3 years with baseline) and the incidence of biological, mechanical, and esthetic complications. Survival was computed through life tables; descriptive statistics were applied to the remaining variables of interest.

Results

Eight patients with eight implants dropped out of the study. One implant failed in one patient (flapless group) giving an overall cumulative survival rate (CSR) of 98.6%. No failures were noted with the flapped protocol (CSR 100%), while for the implants placed with the flapless surgical technique, a 96.9% CSR was registered. The overall average marginal bone resorption at 3 years was 1.37 mm (SD = 0.94 mm), with 1.14 mm (SD = 0.49 mm) and 1.60 mm (SD = 1.22 mm) for the flap and flapless groups, respectively. Mechanical complications occurred in nine patients (n = 5 patients in the flapless group; n = 4 patients in the flap group). Implant infection was registered in three implants and three patients (flapless group), who exhibited inadequate oral hygiene levels.

Conclusions

Partial edentulism rehabilitation through immediate provisionalization fixed prosthesis supported by dental implants inserted through flap or flapless surgical techniques in areas of predominantly soft bone was viable at 3 years of follow‐up. The limitations and risks of the “free‐hand” method in flapless surgery should be considered when planning implant‐supported fixed prosthetic reconstructions.
Organizing for Inbound Open Innovation: How External Consultants and a Dedicated R&D Unit Influence Product Innovation Performance
Authors: Bianchi Mattia , Croce Annalisa , Dell'Era Claudio , Di Benedetto C. Anthony , Frattini Federico
Published: November 2015

Firms increasingly acquire technological knowledge from external sources to improve their innovation performance. This strategic approach is known as inbound open innovation. The existing empirical evidence regarding the impact of inbound open innovation on performance, however, is ambiguous. The equivocal results are due to moderating factors that influence a firm's ability to acquire technological knowledge from external sources and to transform it into innovation outputs. This paper focuses on a relevant yet overlooked category of moderating factors: organization of research and development (R&D). It explores two organizational mechanisms: one informal and external‐oriented (involvement of external consultants in R&D activities) and one formalized and internal‐oriented (existence of a dedicated R&D unit), in the acquisition of technological knowledge through R&D outsourcing, a particular contractual form for inbound open innovation.

Drawing on a capabilities perspective and using a longitudinal dataset of 841 Spanish manufacturing firms observed over the period 1999–2007, this paper provides a fine‐grained analysis of the moderating effects of the two organizational mechanisms. The involvement of external consultants in R&D activities strengthens the impact of inbound open innovation on innovation performance by increasing marginal benefits of acquiring external technological knowledge through R&D outsourcing. Moreover, it reduces the level of inbound open innovation to which the highest innovation performance corresponds. Instead, the existence of a dedicated R&D unit makes the firm less sensitive to changes in the level of inbound open innovation, by reducing marginal benefits of acquiring external technological knowledge through R&D outsourcing, and increases the level of inbound open innovation to which the highest innovation performance corresponds.

The results regarding the role of informal and formalized R&D organizational mechanisms contribute to research on open innovation and absorptive capacity, and also inform managers as to what organizational mechanism is recommended to acquire external technological knowledge, depending on the objectives that the firm pursues.
Recovery and identification of Pseudo‐nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) frustules from natural samples acquired using the environmental sample processor
Authors: Bowers Holly A. , Marin Roman , Birch James M. , Scholin Christopher A. , Doucette Gregory J.
Published: November 2015

Many species within the diatom genus Pseudo‐nitzschia are difficult to distinguish without applying molecular analytical or microscopy‐based methods. DNA, antibody and lectin probes have previously been used to provide rapid and specific detection of species and strains in complex field assemblages. Recently, however, well‐documented cryptic genetic diversity within the group has confounded results of DNA probe tests in particular. Moreover, the number of species descriptions within the genus continues to increase, as do insights into toxin production by both new and previously described species. Therefore, a combination of classical morphological techniques and modern molecular methodologies is needed to resolve ecophysiological traits of Pseudo‐nitzschia species. Here, we present an approach to recover and identify frustules from sample collection filters used for toxin analysis onboard the Environmental Sample Processor (ESP), an in situ sample collection and analytical platform. This approach provides a new and powerful tool for correlating species presence with toxin detected remotely and in situ by the ESP, and has the potential to be applied broadly to other sampling configurations. This new technique will contribute to a better understanding of naturally occurring Pseudo‐nitzschia community structure with respect to observed domoic acid outbreaks.
Decades of population genetic research reveal the need for harmonization of molecular markers: the grey wolf Canis lupus as a case study
Authors: de Groot G. Arjen , Nowak Carsten , Skrbinšek Tomaž , Andersen Liselotte W. , Aspi Jouni , Fumagalli Luca , Godinho Raquel , Harms Verena , Jansman Hugh A.H. , Liberg Olof , Marucco Francesca , Mysłajek Robert W. , Nowak Sabina , Pilot Małgorzata , Randi Ettore , Reinhardt Ilka , Śmietana Wojciech , Szewczyk Maciej , Taberlet Pierre , Vilà Carles , Muñoz‐Fuentes Violeta
Published: November 2015

Following protection measures implemented since the 1970s, large carnivores are currently increasing in number and returning to areas from which they were absent for decades or even centuries. Monitoring programmes for these species rely extensively on non‐invasive sampling and genotyping. However, attempts to connect results of such studies at larger spatial or temporal scales often suffer from the incompatibility of genetic markers implemented by researchers in different laboratories. This is particularly critical for long‐distance dispersers, revealing the need for harmonized monitoring schemes that would enable the understanding of gene flow and dispersal dynamics.

Based on a review of genetic studies on grey wolves Canis lupus from Europe, we provide an overview of the genetic markers currently in use, and identify opportunities and hurdles for studies based on continent‐scale datasets.

Our results highlight an urgent need for harmonization of methods to enable transnational research based on data that have already been collected, and to allow these data to be linked to material collected in the future. We suggest timely standardization of newly developed genotyping approaches, and propose that action is directed towards the establishment of shared single nucleotide polymorphism panels, next‐generation sequencing of microsatellites, a common reference sample collection and an online database for data exchange.

Enhanced cooperation among genetic researchers dealing with large carnivores in consortia would facilitate streamlining of methods, their faster and wider adoption, and production of results at the large spatial scales that ultimately matter for the conservation of these charismatic species.
Rethinking paradigms for studying mechanisms of action of plant bioactives
Authors: Kay C. D.
Published: November 2015

Many foods in our diets such as berries, tea, chocolate and wine contain flavonoids, which are natural components of plants. A substantial body of evidence supports the role of flavonoids in providing protection against cardio‐metabolic diseases and disorders. Despite the nearly exponential growth in flavonoid research in the past 20 years, limited progress has been made in understanding how these dietary components work. Research initially focused on their antioxidant activity without taking into account their metabolism, which now appears extensive. This has provided a new research impetus to understand the biological activity of the flavonoid metabolites. Here, we outline recent research, which suggests a highly complex interplay between metabolism, intestinal microflora, the immune system and various tissues of our body.
Porphyric neuropathies in an acute intermittent porphyria family
Authors: Kuo Hung‐Chou , Ro Long‐Sun , Jung Shih‐Ming , Huang Chin‐Chang , Chu Chun‐Che
Published: November 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate two patients with porphyric neuropathy in a family with acute intermittent porphyria. Molecular analysis of the porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) gene was performed. We analyzed the clinical course of peripheral neuropathy and serial changes in nerve conduction studies (NCS) of the two patients. We also examined the pathological findings of sural nerve biopsy in one patient. Molecular analysis of the PBGD gene revealed a missense mutation (Arg26His) in exon 2 for two patients and their family members. Distal polyneuropathy was noted in the patients with chronic porphyric neuropathy. In the follow‐up NCS, recovery was relatively poor in the lower limb in one patient with severe polyneuropathy, and NCS evidence of deterioration was found following frequent hormone‐related porphyric attacks in another patient. The sural nerve biopsy showed marked loss of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in one patient with chronic porphyric neuropathy. In contrast to radial and fibular motor nerves in acute porphyric neuropathy, the sural nerve is vulnerable to involvement in chronic porphyric neuropathy following repeated porphyric attack as seen in the NCS.
EXPLAINING COORDINATION BETWEEN NATIONAL REGULATORS IN EU AGENCIES: THE ROLE OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
Authors: HEIMS EVA M.
Published: November 2015

Coordination between national regulators inEUagencies is based on a variety of mechanisms – such as mutual exchange and hierarchy – which the existing literature has extensively documented. However, it has paid less attention to explaining such variation. This article suggests that cultural theory can systematically integrate the observation of varied coordination mechanisms into one framework. More crucially, cultural theory also provides a coherent theoretical explanation for variation of coordination mechanisms by pointing to the importance of formal and informal social organization: the grid and group boundedness of national regulators, namely the constraints exercised on them byEUbodies and by the shared norms of their professional communities, can account for the emergence of different types of coordination across policy sectors. The article demonstrates this by presenting original empirical research on three cases, namely coordination between national regulators in theEUagencies responsible for food and maritime safety, as well as banking regulation.
Identity in Fiction
Authors: Woodward Richard
Published: November 2015

Anthony Everett () argues that those who embrace the reality of fictional entities run into trouble when it comes to specifying criteria of character identity. More specifically, he argues that realists must reject natural principles governing the identity and distinctness of fictional characters due to the existence of fictions which leave it indeterminate whether certain characters are identical and the existence of fictions which say inconsistent things about the identities of their characters. Everett's critique has deservedly drawn much attention and a number of defensive moves have been made by, or on the behalf of, fictional realists. My goal in this paper is to move this debate on a further step. I have three goals: (i) to clarify the importance of Everett's discussion of identity criteria within the context of fictional realism, (ii) to reassess Everett's objections to realism in light of the resultant literature, and (iii) to develop a novel strategy for responding to Everett's concerns. On the approach to be developed, the problems emerge due to an indeterminacy inherent in the concept of a fictional character itself.
Ethno‐Class Distinctions and Reality (TV)
Authors: Shoshana Avihu
Published: November 2015

This article offers a cultural‐sociological analysis of interpretations by viewers from different classes on the most popular reality show in Israel, namely, Big Brother. The findings of this study show dramatic differences in viewing practices according to class and ethnic distinctions of the viewers. Viewers from the upper socioeconomic class primarily addressed the way in which the subjects from the low socioeconomic class and marked ethnic groups appear in their eyes: that is, the processes affiliated with Othering. These ethno‐class distinctions were translated into unique viewing practices: the identification of what are called, “cult moments” or “grotesque moments.” These moments are depicted as ridiculing the “exaggerated” behavior of members of the low socioeconomic class and specific ethnic groups. Viewers from the low socioeconomic class offer more imminent (and less distant) perspectives on the Big Brother program. They relate to a broad spectrum of content that was broadcast in the program, identify with the participants from their group, criticize the judgments and the cultural hierarchies of marked group members, and describe how political anger accompanies their viewing of the reality program. The discussion section suggests the connection of these subjective interpretations and widespread cultural scenarios about class and ethnic identities.
How Exclusive is Assembly Democracy? Citizens' Assembly and Ballot Participation Compared
Authors: Stadelmann‐Steffen Isabelle , Dermont Clau
Published: November 2015

This paper analyses the difference between two specific forms of citizens’ involvements, namely whether a vote is cast by ballot or in a citizens’ assembly in which people gather in town halls to decide legislative questions in a deliberative manner. We show both theoretically and empirically how citizens’ assemblies and decisions at the ballot box substantially differ not only in terms of their underlying model of democracy, but also in their structural conditions and, thus, with respect to the social inequality of participation. We test our hypotheses in a Bayesian multilevel framework using real participation data collected from 15 political decisions made in a Swiss commune. Our results show that citizens’ assemblies are not only characterised by lower participation rates, but also by a particular composition of the electorate. While citizens’ assemblies are more equal regarding income groups, ballots favour a more equitable participation in terms of gender and age.
Intra‐Metropolitan Agglomeration of Formal and Informal Manufacturing Activity: Evidence from Cali, Colombia
Authors: Moreno‐Monroy Ana Isabel , Cruz Gustavo Adolfo García
Published: November 2015

This paper compares the agglomeration patterns of formal versus informal manufacturing activity within a metropolitan area of an emergent economy. We use census manufacturing enterprise‐level data for the metropolitan area of Cali for 2005 to calculate the degree of spatial agglomeration and co‐agglomeration by means of M‐functions. We also conduct spatial analysis on the distribution of formal and informal enterprises by means of kernel density mapping of selected industries. We find that although for the industrial sector as a whole informal enterprises display higher agglomeration intensity than formal enterprises of similar size, this is not the case for each individual industry. We also find that significant agglomeration of both formal and informal enterprises of similar size in the same industry does not necessarily imply that they agglomerate in the same areas of the city.