bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lessons learned from COVID-19: Being known in online social work classrooms
Authors: Smoyer Amy B , O’Brien Kyle , Rodriguez-Keyes Elizabeth
Published: July 2020

This article presents findings from a survey of undergraduate social work (Bachelor of Social Work [BSW]) students about their experiences with remote learning during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. In response to this crisis, remote learning was rapidly implemented and many BSW educators and students experienced online classrooms for the first time. Findings from this study shed light on how remote learning shapes the interpersonal relationships and communication that are so critical to building students’ sense of classroom belonging, engagement, and learning.
Working with refugees during COVID-19: Social worker voices from Turkey
Authors: Nisanci Aslihan , Kahraman Rumeysa , Alcelik Yusuf , Kiris Ulviyenur
Published: July 2020

This short essay aims to share social workers’ experiences of working with refugees during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Three of the authors work in different non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in different cities. NGOs play a vital role in the delivery of psychosocial support services to refugees in Turkey and have been inevitably affected by the pandemic. The major practice challenges are being unprepared for tele-social work, a decrease in financial resources, increasing barriers to resources, and threats to refugee children’s wellbeing. Finally, suggestions are made for the near future.
Mechanism of bolt pretightening and preload relaxation in composite interference-fit joints under thermal effects
Authors: Hu Junshan , Zhang Kaifu , Cheng Hui , Qi Zhenchao
Published: July 2020

The present research investigates the mechanism of bolt pretightening and preload relaxation in composite interference-fit joint structures under thermal effects. In view of the dissimilar material properties and the interfacial friction in such joints, the mechanical behavior of bolt and composites during assembly can be regarded as immediate preload response which is described by a linear elastic model, whereas the long-term behavior of composites during preload relaxation in service is considered as delayed response which is characterized by a viscoelastic model. The clamping forces on both sides of joints were captured to evaluate the preload balanced by the frictional behavior. The preload relaxation of joints with various interference-fit sizes and tightening torques under thermal effects were monitored for 240 hours to calibrate and validate the proposed model. The research revealed that the interference-fit size determined the level of frictional force which resulted in a difference between clamping forces at two sides of the fasteners. The preload first increases slowly with the growth of temperature, then decreases sharply when it approaches to glass transition temperature of matrix. The interference-fit joint behaves better in terms of maintaining the stability of preload than clearance-fit joints.
Extended conjugate gradient squared and conjugate residual squared methods for solving the generalized coupled Sylvester tensor equations
Authors: Khosravi Dehdezi Eisa , Karimi Saeed
Published: July 2020

In this paper, two attractive iterative methods – conjugate gradient squared (CGS) and conjugate residual squared (CRS) – are extended to solve the generalized coupled Sylvester tensor equations [Formula: see text]. The proposed methods use tensor computations with no maricizations involved. Also, some properties of the new methods are presented. Finally, several numerical examples are given to compare the efficiency and performance of the proposed methods with some existing algorithms.
On wavelet-based statistical process monitoring
Authors: Cohen Achraf , Atoui Mohamed Amine
Published: July 2020

This paper presents an overview of wavelet-based techniques for statistical process monitoring. The use of wavelet has already had an effective contribution to many applications. The increase of data availability has led to the use of wavelet analysis as a tool to reduce, denoise, and process the data before using statistical models for monitoring. The most recent review paper on wavelet-based methods for process monitoring had the goal to review the findings up to 2004. In this paper, we provide a recent reference for researchers and engineers with a different focus. We focus on: (i) wavelet statistical properties, (ii) control charts based on wavelet coefficients, and (iii) wavelet-based process monitoring methods within a machine learning framework. It is clear from the literature that wavelets are widely used with multivariate methods compared to univariate methods. We also found some potential research areas regarding the use of wavelet in image process monitoring and designing control charts based on wavelet statistics, and listed them in the paper.
Measurement of roughness on hardened D-3 steel and wear of coated tool inserts
Authors: Bovas Herbert Bejaxhin A , Paulraj G , Jayaprakash G , Vijayan V
Published: July 2020

This research investigation has been carried out in Computer Numerical Control (CNC) turning of 40–50 Hardness Rockwell C (HRC) hardened high chromium high carbon steel (HCHCR-D3) specimen for the findings of surface roughness (Ra) and the tool wear. The HCHCR-D3 steel, which has excellent abrasion and wear resistance, is machined with the physical vapor deposition (PVD) coated carbide (CNMG) turning insert nomenclature based on shape, clearance angle, tolerance and type of tool inserts. The coatings preferred are Titanium Nitrate (TiN), Aluminium Chromium Nitrate (AlCrN) and Latuma for the coating thickness of 3–4μm. The varying input parameters of speed and depth of cut under constant feed rate are used as machining parameters for this CNC turning operation. The machined surface characterization and tool wear have been investigated analytically in this manuscript along with the predicted results of effective stresses and temperatures under dynamic cutting conditions in Deform 3D can be related. The outcomes indicate that the depth of cut and the hardening effect (HRC) are the major influencing parameter on surface roughness. Less tool wear and machining time are obtained by the usage of coated CNMG tool insert for high-speed cutting conditions which results in minimization of wear interruption and growth in surface improvements.
Building inclusive PA classrooms: The Diversity Inclusion Model
Authors: Evans Michelle D , Knepper Hillary J
Published: July 2020

Normative management behaviors have resulted in the patterns of today—a lack of equity in leadership positions and policies that are less favorable toward women. Meanwhile, public service values, such as respect, equity, diversity, and inclusiveness, are central foci among the professional standards and norms within the public administration field, its academic discipline and related curricula. Consequently, public administration educational programs are uniquely situated to espouse these values in their core curricula, as well as enact and reinforce them through inclusive pedagogical practices. This paper has two aims. First, to introduce the Diversity Inclusion Model, which provides a framework for examining diversity and inclusion in course design and syllabi to identify areas of improvement. Second, to apply the Diversity Inclusion Model to gender equity and inclusion to develop more gender-inclusive, acculturated learning experiences that reinforce gender equity in the classroom. This may subsequently inform the practice of public administration to re-shape professional norms and create better gender equity.
Designing Technology, Developing Theory: Toward a Symmetrical Approach
Authors: Schubert Cornelius , Kolb Andreas
Published: July 2020

We focus on collaborative activities that engage computer graphics designers and social scientists in systems design processes. Our conceptual symmetrical account of technology design and theory development is elaborated as a mode of mutual engagement occurring in an interdisciplinary trading zone, where neither discipline is placed at the service of the other and nor do disciplinary boundaries dissolve. To this end, we draw on analyses of mutual engagements between computer and social scientists stemming from the fields of computer-supported cooperative work, human−computer interaction, and science and technology studies (STS). We especially build on theoretical work in STS concerning information technology in health care and extend recent contributions from STS with respect to the modes of engagement and trading zones between computer and social sciences. We conceive participative digital systems design as a form of inquiry for the analysis of cooperative work settings, particularly when social science becomes part of design processes. We illustrate our conceptual approach using data from an interdisciplinary project involving computer graphics designers, sociologists, and neurosurgeons with the aim of developing patient-centered visualizations for clinical cooperation on a hospital ward.
Predicting differentiated developmental trajectories of prosocial behavior: A 12-year longitudinal study of children facing early risks and vulnerabilities
Authors: Shi Qinxin , Ettekal Idean , Liew Jeffrey , Woltering Steven
Published: July 2020

The current study examined the heterogeneity in the development of school-based prosocial behavior from Grades 1 to 12 and the role of multiple early childhood antecedents in predicting heterogeneous developmental trajectories of prosocial behavior in a sample of 784 children facing early risks and vulnerabilities (predominantly from low-income families and academically at risk; 52.6% male). In alignment with the risk and resilience framework, antecedents consisted of risk and protective factors from both individual (i.e., ego-resilient personality, behavior problems, intelligence, academic performance, gender, and ethnicity) and contextual domains (i.e., maternal support and responsiveness, family socioeconomic adversity, teacher–child warmth and conflict, and peer acceptance and rejection). We identified four distinct prosocial trajectories including a high-stable (52.5%), high-desisting (15%), moderate-increasing (20.6%), and low-stable class (11.9%). Results revealed that the low-stable, high-desisting, and moderate-increasing classes were associated with lower ego resiliency, higher behavior problems, lower teacher–child warmth, higher teacher–child conflict, and peer rejection in early childhood, compared to the high-stable group. Boys and African Americans were more likely to be in the low-stable, high-desisting, and moderate-increasing classes. Individual characteristics such as ego-resilient personality and contextual influences such as teacher–child warmth served as common protective antecedents. Interestingly, teacher–child conflict served as a unique predictor for the high-desisting class, and behavior problems and peer rejection served as unique predictors for the low-stable class.
Otolaryngology Match Trends: Considerations for Proper Data Interpretation
Authors: Bowe Sarah N. , Roy Soham , Chang C. W. David
Published: July 2020

There is an extensive amount of data available from the leading organizations involved in the residency selection process. Tracking trends in otolaryngology residency applications and match outcomes is vital to understand the pipeline of individuals joining our profession. As we make changes to the application or match process, proper interpretation of available data is vital to prevent erroneous analyses and inappropriate conclusions. In the commentary, we explore the nuances of data from the Electronic Residency Application Service and National Residency Matching Program to help our specialty direct research endeavors and policy changes that will ultimately affect the makeup of our future workforce.
Intranasal Antiviral Drug Delivery and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19): A State of the Art Review
Authors: Higgins Thomas S. , Wu Arthur W. , Illing Elisa A. , Sokoloski Kevin J. , Weaver Bree A. , Anthony Benjamin P. , Hughes Nathan , Ting Jonathan Y.
Published: July 2020

Objective

To provide a state of the art review of intranasal antiviral drug delivery and to discuss current applications, adverse reactions, and future considerations in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19).

Data Sources

PubMed, Embase, and Clinicaltrials.gov search engines.

Review Methods

A structured search of the current literature was performed of dates up to and including April 2020. Search terms were queried as related to topics of antiviral agents and intranasal applications. A series of video conferences was convened among experts in otolaryngology, infectious diseases, public health, pharmacology, and virology to review the literature and discuss relevant findings.

Conclusions

Intranasal drug delivery for antiviral agents has been studied for many years. Several agents have broad‐spectrum antiviral activity, but they still require human safety and efficacy trials prior to implementation. Intranasal drug delivery has potential relevance for future clinical trials in the settings of disease spread prevention and treatment of SARS‐CoV‐2 and other viral diseases.

Implications for Practice

Intranasal drug delivery represents an important area of research for COVID‐19 and other viral diseases. The consideration of any potential adverse reactions is paramount.
Socioeconomic and Racial Disparities and Survival of Human Papillomavirus–Associated Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Rotsides Janine M. , Oliver Jamie R. , Moses Lindsey E. , Tam Moses , Li Zujun , Schreiber David , Jacobson Adam S. , Hu Kenneth S. , Givi Babak
Published: July 2020

Objective

To investigate differences in epidemiology of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) with regards to human papillomavirus (HPV), race, and socioeconomic status (SES) using the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

Study Design

Population‐based cohort study.

Setting

Racial and socioeconomic disparities in survival of OPSCC have been previously acknowledged. However, the distribution of HPV‐related cancers and its influence on survival in conjunction with race and SES remain unclear.

Subjects and Methods

All patients with OPSCC in the NCDB with known HPV status from 2010 to 2016 were included. Differences in presentation, HPV status, treatment, and outcomes were compared along racial and socioeconomic lines. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression survival analyses were performed.

Results

In total, 45,940 patients met criteria. Most were male (38,038, 82.8%), older than 60 years (23,456, 51.5%), and white (40,156, 87.4%), and lived in higher median income areas (>$48,000, 28,587, 62.2%). Two‐thirds were HPV positive (31,007, 67.5%). HPV‐negative disease was significantly more common in lower SES (<$38,000, 2937, 41.5%, P <. 001) and among blacks (1784, 55.3%, P <. 001). Median follow‐up was 33 months. Five‐year overall survival was 81.3% (95% CI, 80.5%‐82.1%) and 59.6% (95% CI, 58.2%‐61.0%) in HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative groups, respectively. In univariable and multivariable analyses controlling for HPV status, age, stage, and treatment, black race (hazard ratio [HR], 1.22; 95% CI, 1.11‐1.34; P <. 001) and low SES (HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.45‐1.72; P <. 001) were associated with worse survival.

Conclusion

Significant differences in HPV status exist between socioeconomic and racial groups, with HPV‐negative disease more common among blacks and lower SES. When controlling for HPV status, race and SES still influence outcomes in oropharyngeal cancers.
Olfactory Training for Postviral Olfactory Dysfunction: Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Kattar Nrusheel , Do Triet M. , Unis Graham D. , Migneron Matthew R. , Thomas Andrew J. , McCoul Edward D.
Published: July 2020

Objective

Olfactory dysfunction is a common problem that is most frequently attributed to upper respiratory infection. Postviral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) can be prolonged and clinically challenging to treat. Olfactory training (OT) has demonstrated potential benefit for patients with nonspecific olfactory dysfunction. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of OT specifically for PVOD by pooled analysis of the existing evidence.

Data Sources

PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science.

Review Methods

Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were queried and abstracts screened independently by 2 investigators. We included studies evaluating the efficacy of OT for PVOD and excluded studies evaluating pharmacologic interventions or olfactory loss from other causes.

Results

Of the initial 1981 abstracts reviewed, 16 full‐text articles were included. Sniffin’ Sticks olfactory testing results were reported in 15 (93%) studies as threshold (T), discrimination (D), and identification (I) subscores and TDI total scores. All studies reported clinically significant results after OT, defined as a score improvement of TDI >5.5. Four studies were included in the meta‐analysis, in which pooled estimates revealed that patients with PVOD who received OT had a 2.77 (95% confidence interval, 1.67‐4.58) higher odds of achieving a clinically important difference in TDI scores compared to controls.

Conclusion

Meta‐analysis of existing data demonstrates clinically significant improvements in PVOD associated with OT. Variability exists among OT protocols and may benefit from further optimization. Existing data supports the use of OT for the treatment of existing and newly emerging cases of PVOD.
A model for open access institutional repositories usage for university libraries in Ghana
Authors: Ntim Kwame Kodua , Fombad Madeleine
Published: July 2020

The aim of this article was to develop a model for the usage of Open Access Institutional Repositories (OAIR) in university libraries in Ghana. The article adopted the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which was then modified to fit the study. The variables were adapted to improve the fit between data and the theoretical model, keeping the characteristics of TAM. Accessibility, availability and visibility were proposed in addition to the conventional variables of TAM. Positivist paradigm, quantitative methods research and survey design were used for the study. Simple random sampling and stratified random sampling were the sampling procedures and methods employed. A total of 998 respondents completed the questionnaires distributed. The questionnaire was used as a research instrument to gather relevant data for the study. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multinomial logistic regression and Confirmatory Factor Analysis [CFA], using structural equation modelling [SEM]) were used as statistical tools to analyse the data. The study developed an OAIR Usage Model, which would be instrumental in the usage of OAIR in university libraries in Ghana. The model will enhance both user satisfaction and intention to reuse the OAIR, and make OAIR research outputs available, accessible and visible. This article adds to the body of literature on OAIR, as it is used in university libraries.
“Talk About Cancer and Build Healthy Communities”: How Visuals Are Starting the Conversation About Breast Cancer Within African-American Communities
Authors: Yelton Brooks , Brandt Heather M. , Adams Swann Arp , Ureda John R. , Lead Jamie R. , Fedrick Delores , Lewis Kaleea , Kulkarni Shibani , Friedman Daniela B.
Published: July 2020

African-American (AA) women are at higher risk of breast cancer mortality than women of other races. Factors influencing breast cancer risk, including exogenous environmental exposures, and debate around timing of exposure and dose-response relationship, can cause misunderstanding. Collaboration with priority populations encourages culturally relevant health messaging that imparts source reliability, influences message adoption, and improves understanding. Through six focus groups with AA individuals in rural and urban counties in the southeastern United States, this study used a community-engaged participatory approach to design an innovative visual tool for disseminating breast cancer information. Results demonstrated that participants were generally aware of environmental breast cancer risks and were willing to share new knowledge with families and community members. Recommended communication channels included pastors, healthcare providers, social media, and the Internet. Participants agreed that a collaboratively designed visual tool serves as a tangible, focused “conversation starter” to promote community prevention and education efforts.
Emergency neck MRI: feasibility and diagnostic accuracy in cases of neck infection
Authors: Nurminen Janne , Velhonoja Jarno , Heikkinen Jaakko , Happonen Tatu , Nyman Mikko , Irjala Heikki , Soukka Tero , Mattila Kimmo , Hirvonen Jussi
Published: July 2020

Background

Computed tomography (CT) has traditionally been the first-line imaging method in neck emergencies such as deep neck infections. Due to superior soft-tissue contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be an alternative to CT, also in emergency situations.

Purpose

To characterize the use of routine MRI in neck emergencies, with an emphasis on clinical feasibility and diagnostic accuracy in cases of neck infection.

Material and Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all primary neck MRI scans performed using a 3-T MRI device during a five-year follow-up period in a tertiary emergency radiology department. Imaging data were compared with final clinical diagnosis and surgical findings as reference standards.

Results

The search identified 461 primary neck MRI scans, of which 334 (72%) were performed on the basis of clinical suspicion of infection. Radiological evidence of infection was observed in 95% of these scans, and at least one abscess was detected in 229 cases (72% of confirmed infection). MRI had an overall technical success rate of 95% and had high positive predictive value for both infection (0.98) and detection of abscess (0.95).

Conclusion

We found that emergency neck MRI can be successfully performed on most patients, and that MRI detects neck infection with a high accuracy. These results suggest that MRI may be an alternative to CT as the first or only imaging modality in neck emergencies.
Statistical extrapolation methods for estimating extreme loads on wind turbine blades under turbulent wind conditions and stochastic material properties
Authors: Schinas Panagiotis N , Manolas Dimitris I , Riziotis Vasilis A , Philippidis Theodore P , Voutsinas Spyros G
Published: July 2020

According to the IEC Standard 61400-1, designers of wind turbines are required to apply statistical extrapolation techniques to estimate the extreme (ultimate) load. In the present article, the certification procedure is assessed under the uncertainty of the material properties using a simulated load time series of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5MW reference wind turbine rotor. The uncertainty of the material properties is introduced in the elastic properties of the composite materials based on the OptiDAT composite material database. The assessment relies on the comparison of the estimated blade extreme loads and deflections, obtained for the reference and the stochastically varied material properties. It is found that the variability of the material properties does not affect the estimated ultimate moments (differences < 1.5%) but affects the maximum flapwise deflection (differences ~8%). It is concluded that the peak over threshold peak extraction technique and the three-parameter Weibull fitting functions outperform among those considered in the article.
A state-of-the-art review on wind power deterministic prediction
Authors: Tian Zhongda
Published: July 2020

With the continuous growth of wind power access capacity, the impact of intermittent and volatile wind power generation on the grid is becoming more and more obvious, so the research of wind power prediction method has been widely concerned. Accurate wind power prediction can provide necessary support for the power grid dispatching, combined operation of generating units, operation, and maintenance of wind farms. According to the existing wind power prediction methods, the wind power prediction methods are systematically classified according to the time scale, model object, and model principle of prediction. The physical methods, statistical methods include single and ensemble prediction methods related to wind power prediction are introduced in detail. The error evaluation indicator of the prediction method is analyzed, and the advantages and disadvantages of each prediction method and its applicable occasions are given. At the same time, in view of the existing problems in the wind power prediction method, the corresponding improvement plan is put forward. Finally, this article points out that the research is needed for wind power prediction in the future.
Vehicle and Pedestrian Level of Service in Street Designs with Elements of Shared Space
Authors: Kaparias Ioannis , Wang Rui
Published: July 2020

Inspired by developments in urban planning, the concept of “shared space” has recently emerged as a way of creating a better public realm. This is achieved through a range of streetscape treatments aimed at asserting the function of streets as places by facilitating pedestrian movement and lowering vehicle traffic volumes and speeds. The characteristics of streets with elements of shared space point to the conjecture that traffic conditions and road user perceptions may be different to those on streets designed according to more conventional principles, and this is likely to have an impact on the quality of service. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to perform an analysis in relation to level of service (LOS) and to investigate how this may change as a result of the implementation of street layouts with elements of shared space. Using video data from the Exhibition Road site in London during periods before and after its conversion from a conventional dual carriageway to a layout featuring several elements of shared space, changes in relation to LOS for both vehicle traffic and pedestrians are investigated, by applying the corresponding methods from the 2010 Highway Capacity Manual. The results suggest that streets with elements of shared space provide a much improved pedestrian experience, as expressed by higher LOS ratings, but without compromising the quality of vehicle traffic flow, which, in fact, also sees slight improvements.
Study of Road Autonomous Delivery Robots and Their Potential Effects on Freight Efficiency and Travel
Authors: Jennings Dylan , Figliozzi Miguel
Published: July 2020

Road autonomous mobile robots have attracted the attention of delivery companies and policy makers owing to their potential to reduce costs and increase urban freight efficiency. Established delivery companies and new startups are investing in technologies that reduce delivery times, increase delivery drivers’ productivity, or both. In this context, the adoption of road automatic (or autonomous) delivery robots (RADRs) has a growing appeal. Several RADRs are currently being tested in the United States. The key novel contributions of this research are: (a) an analysis of the characteristics and regulation of RADRs in the U.S. and (b) a study of the relative travel, time, and cost efficiencies that RADRs can bring about when compared to traditional van deliveries. The results show that RADRs can provide substantial cost savings in many scenarios, but in all cases at the expense of substantially higher vehicle miles per customer served. Unlike sidewalk autonomous delivery robots (SADRs), it is possible the RADRs will contribute significantly to additional vehicle miles per customer served.
Family, Class, Honor, Manhood: Lieutenant Edmond de Lotbinière Joly in India, Paris, and Crimea, 1850–1857
Authors: Little J. I.
Published: July 2020

During the relatively short period when he was a junior officer in the British colonial army, Edmond Joly served in the recently annexed Punjab, at the siege of Sebastopol, and in the effort to rescue his regiment in Lucknow where he was mortally wounded at the age of twenty-four. Earlier that same year, the young Canadian had spent four months in Paris immersed in the social whirl of the aristocratic elite. Beyond describing those eventful years in intimate detail, Joly’s hitherto-unexamined personal letters, memoir, and journal reveal that his chief motivation in becoming a soldier and repeatedly risking his life after a rebellious youth was to gain the respect of his demanding father. The themes of emerging manhood and family honor are therefore central to this article, which also provides an intimate example of the clash between traditional aristocratic values and those of the rising middle class in the modernizing Victorian era.
COVID-19: A Review for the Pediatric Neurologist
Authors: Christy Alison
Published: July 2020

Children are susceptible to infection with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In this time of uncertainty, this review attempts to compile information that may be helpful to pediatric neurologists. This review consolidates current data on the disease associated with SARS-CoV-2, called COVID-19, and information from past coronavirus epidemics, to discuss diseases of pediatric neurology including Guillain-Barre syndrome (acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy); central demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; infantile spasms; febrile seizures; and maternal-fetal transmission of virus.
Fabrication of piezoelectric porous BaTiO3 scaffold to repair large segmental bone defect in sheep
Authors: Liu Wenwen , Yang Di , Wei Xinghui , Guo Shuo , Wang Ning , Tang Zheng , Lu Yajie , Shen Shuning , Shi Lei , Li Xiaokang , Guo Zheng
Published: July 2020

Porous titanium scaffolds can provide sufficient mechanical support and bone growth space for large segmental bone defect repair. However, they fail to restore the physiological environment of bone tissue. Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is considered a smart material that can produce an electric field in response to dynamic force. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation (LIPUS), as a kind of micromechanical wave, can not only promote bone repair but also induce BaTiO3 to generate an electric field. In our studies, BaTiO3 was coated on porous Ti6Al4V and LIPUS was externally applied to observe the influence of the piezoelectric effect on the repair of large bone defects in vitro and in vivo. The results show that the piezoelectric effect can effectively promote the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in vitro as well as bone formation and growth into implants in vivo. This study provides an optional alternative to the conventional porous Ti6Al4V scaffold with enhanced osteogenesis and osseointegration for the repair of large bone defects.
Effects of Motivational Interviewing and Wearable Fitness Trackers on Motivation and Physical Activity: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nuss Kayla , Moore Kristen , Nelson Tracy , Li Kaigang
Published: July 2020

Objective:

To systematically review the impacts of Wearable Fitness Trackers (WFTs), Motivational Interviewing (MI), and Self Determination Theory (SDT)–based interventions on physical activity (PA) and motivation for PA.

Data Source:

Manuscripts published between 2008 and 2018 in PubMed, Web of Science, CABAbstracts, and SPORTDiscus database were reviewed.

Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria:

Inclusion criteria were original pilot studies, randomized controlled trials (RCT), cross-sectional studies, qualitative assessments, prospective cohort studies, longitudinal observational studies, and pretest posttest designs published in peer-reviewed journals.

Data Extraction:

Studies were evaluated by 2 independent researchers for inclusion.

Data Synthesis:

Extracted data were synthesized in a tabular format and narrative summary.

Results:

Twenty-six studies met final inclusion criteria, 10 addressed WFT use and PA behavior, 4 investigated WFT use and its association with motivation for PA, and 10 examined SDT and/or MI and their effect on motivation for PA and/or PA behavior. Finally, 2 studies addressed SDT-based MI, WFT use, and the combined effect on PA behavior.

Conclusions:

While SDT-based interventions and MI positively impact motivation for PA and PA behavior, WFTs revealed mixed results. Wearable Fitness Trackers prove effective among individuals not currently meeting PA guidelines but have little impact on other populations. Self Determination Theory, MI, and WFTs use provides a promising combination of interventions to increase PA among sedentary individuals, though research is limited.
Competing intergenerational perspectives of living with albinism in Kenya and their implications for children’s lives
Authors: Nyamu Irene K
Published: July 2020

Vicious attacks on persons with albinism for rituals and subsequent lobbying by adults led to recognition of albinism as a disability in Kenya. The disability frame informed policies and programmes developed to safeguard the welfare of persons with albinism. Using generationing as a theoretical lens, this article explores how generational relationships mediate children’s experiences of living with albinism in the context of harmful cultural practices, disability politics and adult-defined activism. Three social institutions which structure generational interactions – the family, the school and the state – are analysed. Findings suggest that generation is a productive force with important implications for childhood experiences and policy-making.
Virtual powertrain development
Authors: Fietkau Peter , Kistner Bruno , Munier Jérôme
Published: July 2020

This article presents the new system of virtual powertrain development introduced at Porsche AG that incorporates all phases of the development process, as well as all components and simulation disciplines. The system enables a powertrain in its entirety to be designed and tested virtually. Most activities can be planned and budgeted at the beginning of the project, and interactions that occur are systematically taken into consideration. The hardware-driven development process used until now is completely transmitted to the digital world. Powertrain development is divided into thirteen digital powertrain systems (DPSs), which contain different components and disciplines and are developed throughout the entire product development process. For each DPS, tasks, links, time schedules, reporting scopes, and responsibilities are precisely defined. Finally, a digital vehicle prototype is built from several DPSs. The results are aggregated in several stages, ensuring that core statements are consistently incorporated at all assessment levels, from the individual component to the overall vehicle. Furthermore, this article discusses in detail DPSs that are especially important for battery electric vehicles. For most of the examples, the powertrain of the Porsche Taycan is used. The Driving Performance and Load Spectra DPS provide the necessary design parameters for a new drive system. In the Electric Motor DPS, active parts of the electric motor are designed and all structural components are verified. In the Transmission DPS, all gear set parts are designed and verified. In the Cooling, Lubrication and Actuation DPS, all temperatures are calculated and the lubrication circuit is designed. The Powertrain Dynamics DPS provides information on powertrain vibrations. The article closes with a look at future development trends. The aim is not just to design and verify components but also to completely virtualize function and software development. Therefore, this article presents a system for creating and using a virtual development environment and tracking the results.
Effect of inhaled waste anaesthetic gas on blood and liver parameters among hospital staff
Authors: Emara AM , Alrasheedi KA , Aldubayan MA , Alhowail AH , Elgarabawy RM
Published: July 2020

A significant health risk exists within a section of health workers that are exposed to anaesthetic gas and vapours, found in the atmosphere of treatment or operating rooms. These compounds are classified as waste anaesthetic gases (WAG). The present study aimed at identifying alterations in hepatic and haematological parameters occurring as a result of chronic exposure to WAG potentially affecting the health of team members working in hospitals. Therefore, operating room operatives, vulnerable to long-standing WAG exposure, were recruited for this study. Sevoflurane anaesthesia metabolites (inorganic fluoride and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)), haematological indices and liver toxicity markers (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and osteopontin) were measured. The collected results showed increased plasma inorganic fluoride, HFIP and liver toxicity markers, as well as disturbances in haematological parameters. In conclusion, exposure to halogenated inhalational anaesthetics, in general, and Sevoflurane, in particular, induces alterations in hepatic markers and haematological indices.
Regret and Decision-Making: A Developmental Perspective
Authors: McCormack Teresa , Feeney Aidan , Beck Sarah R.
Published: July 2020

Regret is a common emotion that has important links with decision-making in adults. Recent research suggests that the ability to experience regret emerges relatively late in development. By around 6 years, most children will experience regret, but the likelihood of experiencing this emotion increases across childhood and into adolescence. The developmental emergence of regret seems to affect children’s decision-making: Children who experience regret about a choice are more likely to make a better choice next time, and regret also seems to help children learn to delay gratification and behave more prosocially.
Healthcare workers’ stress when caring for COVID-19 patients: An altruistic perspective
Authors: Wang Hui , Liu Yu , Hu Kaili , Zhang Meng , Du Meichen , Huang Haishan , Yue Xiao
Published: July 2020

Background:

When the contagious COVID-19 spread worldwide, the frontline staff faced unprecedented excessive work pressure and expectations of all of the society.

Objective:

The aim was to explore healthcare workers’ stress and influencing factors when caring for COVID-19 patients from an altruistic perspective.

Methods:

A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in a tertiary hospital during the outbreak of COVID-19 between February and March 2020 in Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei province in China. Data were collected from 1208 healthcare workers. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data.

Ethical considerations:

Research ethics approval (with the code of TJ-IRB20200379) was obtained from Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Written informed consent was also received from participants.

Results:

Less than 60% of participants chose moderate or severe stress on all stressors, indicating a low stress level among healthcare workers. The main source of stress among frontline healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients came from the fear of being infected, the fear of family members being infected, and the discomfort caused by protective equipment. Frontline staff who were nurses, were married, and had worked more than 20 days suffered higher stress, whereas rescue staff showed lower stress.

Conclusion:

The healthcare workers caring for patients with COVID-19 had low stress level, although they still had the fear of being infected or uncomfortable feeling caused by personal protective equipment. A low stress level among healthcare workers indicated their professional devotion and altruism during COVID-19 epidemic. Medical institutions and the government should continue to strengthen infection prevention measures and provide more comprehensive care involving families of frontline healthcare workers, especially nurses and married staff. It will be a lesson to other countries that awaking healthcare workers’ inside motivation and providing necessary support from government and society were significant.
Polypharmacy, Medication Possession, and Deprescribing of Potentially Non-Beneficial Drugs in Hospice Patients
Authors: Duncan Ian , Maxwell Terri L. , Huynh Nhan , Todd Marisa
Published: July 2020

Patients frequently have comorbidities that when combined with their primary diagnosis qualifies the patient for hospice. Consequently, patients are at risk for polypharmacy due to the number of medications prescribed to treat both the underlying conditions and the related symptoms. Polypharmacy is associated with negative consequences, including increased risk for adverse drug events, drug–drug and drug–disease interactions, reduced functional status and falls, multiple geriatric syndromes, medication nonadherence, and increased mortality. Polypharmacy also increases the complexity of medication management for caregivers and contributes to the cost of prescription drugs for hospices and patients. Deprescribing or removing nonbeneficial or ineffective medications can reduce polypharmacy in hospice. We study medication possession ratios and rates of deprescribing of commonly prescribed but potentially nonbeneficial classes of medication using a large hospice pharmacy database. Prevalence of some classes of potentially inappropriate medications is high. We report possession ratios for 10 frequently prescribed classes, and, because death and prescription termination are competing events, we calculate prescription termination rates using Cumulative Incidence Functions. Median duration of antifungal and antiviral medications is brief (5 and 7 days, respectively), while statins and diabetes medications have slow discontinuance rates (median termination durations of 93 and 197 days). Almost all patients with a proton pump inhibitor prescription have the drug for their entire hospice stay. Data from this study identify those drug classes that are commonly deprescribed slowly, suggesting drug classes and diagnoses that hospices may wish to focus on more closely, as they act to limit polypharmacy and reduce prescription costs.
Use of active learning and simulation to teach pharmacy students order verification and patient education best practices with oral oncolytic therapies
Authors: Duffy Alison P , Henshaw Alyssa , Trovato James A
Published: July 2020

Introduction

The primary objective of this study was to describe the incorporation of the flipped classroom model and use of real-life oncology patients to facilitate student learning of oral oncolytic best safety practices and patient counseling. The secondary objective was to assess the impact of the flipped classroom learning activity on students’ perceived confidence.

Methods

This study was a prospective, single center, flipped classroom learning activity and pre/post assessment survey administered to third year doctor of pharmacy students enrolled in the Oncology Pharmacotherapy didactic elective in 2016 and 2017. A pre/post survey was used to assess student’s perceived confidence with oral oncolytic best practice competencies.

Results

Ten students participated in the flipped classroom learning activity and survey. Five students completed both the pre- and postsurvey. The overall change in student’s mean scores for their confidence of oral oncolytic competencies improved significantly from 3 to 4.1 on a 6-point Likert Scale ( p = 0.03) following the learning activity. Students perceived confidence in performing oral oncolytic order verification increased following the implementation of a flipped classroom learning activity and use of real-life cancer oncology patients.

Conclusion

This study describes the development and implementation of a flipped classroom learning activity and use of real-life patients with cancer that can be implemented at other institutions of higher education in a didactic or experiential learning environment. Additionally, this study demonstrated a potential benefit in student learning.
Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Activities of Lantadene A-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles (LA-AuNPS) in MCF-7 Cell Line: An in vitro Assessment
Authors: Jaafar Noor Dheyaa , Al-Saffar Ali Z. , Yousif Emad A.
Published: July 2020

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely used in many applications. Their usage as drug delivery vehicles has also gained considerable attention due to their chemical and optical properties as well as their good biocompatibility. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of AuNPs in enhancing the cytotoxic and apoptotic induction activity of lantadene A (LA), separated from Lantana camara leaves, on the breast tumor cell line MCF-7 in vitro. By utilizing plant-mediated synthesis method of nanostructures, LA-loaded AuNPs (LA-AuNPs) were prepared and their formation was confirmed by means of ultraviolet–visible spectroscope, atomic force microscope, scanning electron microscope, and zeta potential. The cytotoxic effect of LA-AuNPs was analyzed using a methylthiazol tetrazolium assay and compared to free AuNPs and LA. The results indicated a significant increase in the reduction of MCF-7 cells viability after incubation with LA-AuNPs. As determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, LA-AuNPs induced a greater ratio of DNA-fragmented cells compared to LA-treated and untreated cells. Also, by operating real-time polymerase chain reaction, LA-AuNPs-treated cells displayed an increased upregulation of p53 expression and downregulation of BCL-2 expression in addition to a significant reduction in the level of BCL-2-BAX ratio. No significant effect was shown on the expression of BAX. Collectively, our results indicate that LA-AuNPs showed promising cytotoxicity to MCF-7 cells as a novel nanoscale preparation, likely via induction of apoptotic genes and stimulation of DNA fragmentation.
Three-dimensional thermohydrodynamic investigation on the micro-groove textures in the main bearing of internal combustion engine for tribological performances
Authors: Ahmadkhah Anvar , Kakaee Amir Hassan
Published: July 2020

A three-dimensional thermohydrodynamic numerical simulation study was used to investigate the impact of the micro-groove surface texturing on the tribological performances in the main bearing of the internal combustion engine. For this purpose, various number of grooves and groove height to the bearing surface were applied to determine the optimal texture surface parameters by comparing the load-carrying capacity and friction force in the engine main bearing. In the multiphysics numerical model, the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equation was employed considering the cavitation mechanism based on the Elrod method in the solution. Using the transverse grooves on the bearing surface altered the cavitation response and film reformation. To validate the use of the current numerical model for analyzing the bearings, the obtained results were compared with those of the published theoretical papers, where a good agreement was obtained. The bearing performance was studied in thermal interface conditions to find the optimal set textures parameters that gave minimum fiction force with minimum loss in load-carrying capacity. The bearing with the optimal micro-groove texture parameter showed a reduction in friction (around 16%) with the minimum reduction in load-carrying capacity (around 6%) and the maximum reduction of the flow work (around 15%) compared with the untextured bearing surface. This paper focuses on the thermohydrodynamic investigation with a combination of thermal effects of the fluid film in the textured bearing. Meanwhile, the heat transfer characteristic, temperature distribution of solid bodies, and convection heat transfer coefficient in the contact surfaces of the textured bearing were investigated. The proposed multiphysics numerical model can be widely used for predicting the optimal texture surface parameters in different engineering systems modeling. Moreover, using the three-dimensional-based numerical model is more cost-effective compared with the experimental evaluation of the textured surface.