bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gertrude Bell’s Resolution of a Disputed Inscription
Authors: CADWALLADER Alan
Published: September 2020

One inscribed tombstone was placed at Appa station on the Ottoman Railway line from İzmir to Dinar. The inscription was published by three different copyists in the course of eleven years. Each person who transcribed the inscription, Georg Weber, William Mitchell Ramsay and Georges Cousin, made no acknowledgement of each other. Moreover, each transcription and reconstruction differed from the other in more lines than the number of lines in which they were in agreement; the provenance for the stone was credited to different locations and the minimal description of the form of the stone left considerable doubt as to the tombstone’s design. No sketch or photograph was provided. The names on the epitaph have been harnessed by the Lexicon of Greek Personal Names to a site (Sanaos) to which none of the three published editions actually tied the inscription. The dispute may have been left unresolved, but for a photograph taken by Gertrude Bell in 1907. She never published it, but, for her, it was the fitting compensation for a failed visit to the site of Colossae. By careful enhancement of the photograph and close study of its contents, the three disputed elements — the form of the tombstone, its original location and the wording of the inscription — can be resolved to a high degree of probability. The restored inscription becomes particularly valuable for a name that may connect with one of the (in)famous features of Colossian religious life — the worship of angels.
Similar to Gods: Some Words in the Imperial Cult in the Roman Empire
Authors: CİD ZURITA Andres
Published: September 2020

When Augustus died, the imperial cults were wide spread all over the Mediterranean. Considering that point, it is important to recall how the divine and divinizing words were produced to the princpeps and the imperial family, and, if these words can be seen as a sincere expression of divinity (even in life) or just a mere adulation form. This is an interpretative study of some Greek and Latin inscriptions, that seeks to establish various elements that make some differences and bring new suggestions to the concept of imperial cults because this religious manifestation was not the only one form of cult with continuations and additions. In fact, it had some marked differences that the evidences could demonstrate with the other ruler-cult forms. The importance of words is unique: they can show literally and figurative the expressions of one person and some individuals. In this point it is important to note that inscriptions can even be exaggerating individuals’ rhetoric and it cannot be forgotten the language-game as Wittgenstein pointed out. Furthermore, the geographical locations and the cultural manifestations are important to note because depending the place, usually it can be found more or less powerful words to the imperial cult. Using the religious and political epigraphical monuments and the literature of the period some ideas can be tracked about the titulature of the imperial cult and the problems that still arise. Keywords: Imperial Cults, Divinity of Roman Emperors, Greek Inscriptions, Latin Inscriptions, Interpretations.
The Examination of a Milestone Recently Found in the Territory of Iuliopolis
Authors: ONUR Fatih
Published: September 2020

F. Avcu presented two new milestones found in the northwest territory of Iuliopolis in the last volume of this journal. The text of the second of these milestones was not possible to read from the photos. An investigation of the stone concluded that the milestone was erected in the reign of Macrinus, mentioned together with caesar and his princeps Diadumenianus, sometime between October 217 and May 218. The translation of the inscription is: "With Good Fortune. Imperator Caesar Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus Pius Felix Augustus, pontifex maximus, in the 1st tribunician power, consul designate for the 2nd time, father of the fatherland, proconsul, and Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus, the most noble Caesar, his son, and princeps of his own. From Iuliopolis 7 (miles)."
Influence of dupilumab on the economic burden of severe asthma and atopic dermatitis
Authors: Krysanov I. S. , Krysanova V. S. , Karpov O. I. , Ermakova V. Yu.
Published: September 2020

The prevalence of comorbidity — asthma and atopic dermatitis — is not understood well yet. More severe processes decreasing quality of life and increasing a social-economic burden of disease are occurred in such kind comorbidity.

Aim: an evaluation of economic burden of non-control severe asthma in combination with severe atopic dermatitis in the local conditions.

Materials and methods. Analysis has been performed for adult patients; the bottom-up approach of costs evaluation was used. Direct medical and non-medical as well as indirect costs were calculated for two models: Model 1 — current practice of the treatment, Model 2 — treatment with Dupilumab.

Results. Model 1 — Weighted average expenditures for one patient were 3,1 mln RUR, indirect costs were dominated (76 % from the total), severe atopic dermatitis had 15 % of total. Model 2 (with Dupilumab) — Dupilumab has decreased the total weighted average cost on 903 905 RUR. The total economic burden of comorbidity was 17,6 bln RUR in the current treatment option, and 12,4 bln RUR in Dupilumab hand (different is 5,2 bln RUR, or burden decrease is expected on 29,2 %).

Conclusion. The wider introduction of Dupilumab into clinical practice, which allows achieving control in the treatment of severe asthma and severe atopic dermatitis, should reduce treatment costs and reduce the socio-economic burden of these diseases as a result.
Pharmacoeconomic comparison of insulin glargine and insulin detemir in diabetes mellitus type 2
Authors: Dyakov I. N. , Zyryanov S. K.
Published: September 2020

Second generation insulin analogue — insulin glargine 300 UI/ml (GLA-300) — can provide an effective control of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) with minimal risk of hypoglycemic events and prevent of cardiovascular complications or events (CVS). Pharmacoeconomic comparison of most used insulins — GLA-300 and detemir (IDet) has been based on indirect treatment comparison in DM Type 2. Materials and methods. Indirect treatment comparison was created according to published data of a real world evidence data for the treatment of DM Type 2 with GLA-300 and IDet, and common comparator — GLA-100 — has been used. Patients (%) who reached HbA1c target were indicated as an efficacy criteria. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for clinical efficacy and severe hypoglycemia’s rate comparisons for GLA-300 and IDet. Direct (cost of annual treatment, hypoglycemia correction, CVS treatment), indirect medical costs as well as indirect costs (GDP loses) were calculated for GLA-300 and IDet strategies. Sensitivity analysis has been performed for confirmation of the base scenario results. Results. GLA-300 has advantages vs IDet by efficacy and less risks of severe hypoglycemia (OR 1.27 CI 95 % 1.02; 1.58 and OR 0.72 CI 95 % 0.56; 0.88 accordingly). Probability of good control of DM Type 2 (based on target of HbA1c<7.0 %) was higher on 27 % in GLA-300. Costs of insulins, expenditures for CVS treatment and payment for temporary disability were similar for GLA-300 and IDet groups (for the one-year treatment period), in the same time in GLA-300 group the less expenditures for hypoglycemia were observed. Total expenditures were slightly less for GLA-300 on 3.7 % vs IDet.Conclusion. GLA-300 and IDet have no economic advantages between groups in total costs, but GLA-300 has tended for economic benefi ts in compare with IDet in DM Type 2.
harmacoeconomic feasibility of using the drug upadacitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the healthcare system of the Russian Federation
Authors: Lila A. M. , Zyryanov S. K. , Dyakov I. N.
Published: September 2020

Aim. To assess the pharmacoeconomic feasibility of including the drug upadacitinib in restrictive lists and government funding programs to provide patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Materials and methods. Study Design — Retrospective Analysisof Literary Data. Pharmacoeconomic analysis methods — indirect comparison, clinical-economic analysis (cost-effectiveness analysis) using sensitivity analysis; budget impact analysis using sensitivity analysis. Data on the effectiveness of the analyzed drugs are taken from publications on clinical studies of the compared drugs; on the cost of drugs — the state register of marginal selling prices, data of the manufacturer’s company.

Results. According to the results of indirect comparison, with respect to the frequency of achievement of the DAS28 test (CRP) <2.6, the effectiveness of the preparations tofacitinib and baricitinib does not significantly differ — OR = 1.275 (0.842; 1.931). At the same time, the preparation upadacitinib allows to achieve this indicator reliably more effective than the baricitinib — OR = 1.529 (1.021; 2.292) and tofacitinib — OR = 1.95 (1.285; 2.960). Costs for the use of upadacitinib against the background of methotrexate for 52 weeks will amount to 654 983.88 rubles, and will require 4.7 % less costs than the use of tofacitinib or baricitinib against the background of the use of methotrexate (687 217.53 rubles). In an indirect comparison of upadacitinib-baricitinib through the general comparator adalimumab, the effectiveness of upadacitinib with respect to the frequency of achievement of DAS28-CRP <2.6 turned out to be higher than baricitinib per 32.3 %. With indirect comparison of upadacitinib-tofacitinib under the same conditions, the efficiency of upadacitinib is 57.7 % higher than that of tofacitinib. Analysis of the impact on the budget showed that with the inclusion of the drug upadacitinib in the lists of VED and ONLS and a gradual increase in the proportion of patients, receiving upadacitinib instead of tofacitinib and baricitinib in the 1st year before 15 %, in the 2nd year — 30 %, in the 3rd year — 45 % for the group of 2.318 patients for 3 years, the reduction in the budget burden will be 1.4 % or 62.8 million rubles. With the provision of upadacitinib, 100 % of patients from the first year, the budget burden for 3 years will decrease by 4.7 % or 213.1 million rubles in comparison with the current regime.

Conclusion. tte drug upadacitinib at a lower course cost has greater effectiveness in achieving clinical remission according to the indicator DAS28-CRP (<2.6), and therefore its use in the conditions of the healthcare system of the Russian Federation for the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis is pharmacoeconomic and expedient.
Drug-induced liver damage with cholestasis
Authors: Pereverzev A. P. , Ostroumova O. D. , Kochetkov A. I.
Published: September 2020

The liver is the main organ responsible for the biotransformation and elimination of drugs, and therefore its function is often impaired by different medications. In this article, the authors inform practical health care professionals about the possible liver damage with cholestasis caused by drugs (DILI). Most often, DILI is caused some antibacterial drugs, steroids, barbiturates and some other drugs. DILI has no pathognomonic clinical manifestations. tte scientific literature describes both an asymptomatic increase of “liver” enzymes and the development of acute liver failure. Important diagnostic methods are the collection of anamnesis (especially the medicinal one), analysis of blood biochemical tests, and data from visual diagnostic methods. If the patient has DILI, it is necessary, whenever possible, to stop intake of a drug. ttere are no specific drugs recommended for pharmacotherapy of DILI but there is some the positive effect of ademetionine and ursodeoxycholic acid. ttere are no specific preventive measures for DILI. Healthcare practitioners are recommended not to use drugs off-label, optimize pharmacotherapy and fight with polypharmacy, monitore biochemical tests regularly etc.
The value of information service for the rational use of nootropics in preferential drug provision
Authors: Eliseeva E. V. , Maneeva E. S. , Gribova V. V. , Okun D. B.
Published: September 2020

The rational prescription of medicines with preferential drugs provision, including nootropics, which are widely used in patients receiving pharmacotherapy under the «Program for Providing Certain Categories of Citizens with Necessary Drugs», is possible only if modern evidence is available.

Aim. Conduct information content of the «Database of Clinical Trials of Medicines» for relevant in preferential drugs provision: cerebrolysin there is no international non-proprietary name; piracetam; livestock cortex polypeptides; citicoline and create recommendations on the use of nootropics.

Materials and methods. Search and analysis of the results of clinical trials, systematic Reviews and meta-analysis was carried out in the international databases PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Collaboration, followed by entering into the electronic resource «Database of Clinical Trials of Medicines» for nootropics.

Results. Nootropics have a positive effect mainly on the studied «surrogate» outcomes (improving the clinical condition of patients), without significantly affecting clinical outcomes (reducing the number of adverse outcomes and mortality) in severe neurological pathology.

Conclusion.Service «Database of Clinical Trials of Drugs» for use by healthcare professionals and recommendations on the use of nootropics can apply for rational drugs prescription in preferential drugs provision.
On a nonlocal problem involving the fractional $ p(x,.) $-Laplacian satisfying Cerami condition
Authors: Azroul Elhoussine , Benkirane Abdelmoujib , Shimi and Mohammed
Published: September 2020

The present paper deals with the existence and multiplicity of solutions for a class of fractional \begin{document}$ p(x,.) $\end{document}-Laplacian problems with the nonlocal Dirichlet boundary data, where the nonlinearity is superlinear but does not satisfy the usual Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz condition. To overcome the difficulty that the Palais-Smale sequences of the Euler-Lagrange functional may be unbounded, we consider the Cerami sequences. The main results are established by means of mountain pass theorem and Fountain theorem with Cerami condition.
The sharp time decay rate of the isentropic Navier-Stokes system in $ {\mathop{\mathbb R\kern 0pt}\nolimits}^3 $
Authors: Chen Yuhui , Pan Ronghua , Tong Leilei
Published: September 2020

We investigate the sharp time decay rates of the solution $ U $ for the compressible Navier-Stokes system (1.1) in $ {\mathop{\mathbb R\kern 0pt}\nolimits}^3 $ to the constant equilibrium $ (\bar\rho>0, 0) $ when the initial data is a small smooth perturbation of $ (\bar\rho,0) $. Let $ \widetilde U $ be the solution to the corresponding linearized equations with the same initial data. Under a mild non-degenerate condition on initial perturbations, we show that $ \|U-\widetilde U\|_{L^2} $ decays at least at the rate of $ (1+t)^{-\frac54} $, which is faster than the rate $ (1+t)^{-\frac34} $ for the $ \widetilde U $ to its equilibrium $ (\bar\rho ,0) $. Our method is based on a combination of the linear sharp decay rate obtained from the spectral analysis and the energy estimates.
Finite/fixed-time synchronization for complex networks via quantized adaptive control
Authors: Shi Yu-Jing , Ma Yan
Published: September 2020

In this paper, a unified theoretical method is presented to implement the finite/fixed-time synchronization control for complex networks with uncertain inner coupling. The quantized controller and the quantized adaptive controller are designed to reduce the control cost and save the channel resources, respectively. By means of the linear matrix inequalities technique, two sufficient conditions are proposed to guarantee that the synchronization error system of the complex networks is finite/fixed-time stable in virtue of the Lyapunov stability theory. Moreover, two types of setting time, which are dependent and independent on the initial values, are given respectively. Finally, the effectiveness of the control strategy is verified by a simulation example.
The global supersonic flow with vacuum state in a 2D convex duct
Authors: Li Jintao , Shen Jindou , Xu Gang
Published: September 2020

This paper concerns the motion of the supersonic potential flow in a two-dimensional expanding duct. In the case that two Riemann invariants are both monotonically increasing along the inlet, which means the gases are spread at the inlet, we obtain the global solution by solving the problem in those inner and border regions divided by two characteristics in $ (x, y) $-plane, and the vacuum will appear in some finite place adjacent to the boundary of the duct. In addition, we point out that the vacuum here is not the so-called physical vacuum. On the other hand, for the case that at least one Riemann invariant is strictly monotonic decreasing along some part of the inlet, which means the gases have some local squeezed properties at the inlet, we show that the $ C^1 $ solution to the problem will blow up at some finite location in the non-convex duct.
Online learning of both state and dynamics using ensemble Kalman filters
Authors: Bocquet Marc , Farchi Alban , Malartic Quentin
Published: September 2020

The reconstruction of the dynamics of an observed physical system as a surrogate model has been brought to the fore by recent advances in machine learning. To deal with partial and noisy observations in that endeavor, machine learning representations of the surrogate model can be used within a Bayesian data assimilation framework. However, these approaches require to consider long time series of observational data, meant to be assimilated all together. This paper investigates the possibility to learn both the dynamics and the state online, i.e. to update their estimates at any time, in particular when new observations are acquired. The estimation is based on the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) family of algorithms using a rather simple representation for the surrogate model and state augmentation. We consider the implication of learning dynamics online through (ⅰ) a global EnKF, (ⅰ) a local EnKF and (ⅲ) an iterative EnKF and we discuss in each case issues and algorithmic solutions. We then demonstrate numerically the efficiency and assess the accuracy of these methods using one-dimensional, one-scale and two-scale chaotic Lorenz models.
Statistical mechanics approach for steady-state analysis in M/M/s queueing system with balking
Authors: Arizono Ikuo , Takemoto Yasuhiko
Published: September 2020

Behavior that a customer who has just arrived at a crowded queueing system leaves without joining the queue is known as the phenomenon of balking. Queueing systems with balking have been studied continually as one of significant subjects. In this paper, the theoretical approach for the steady-state analysis of the Markovian queueing systems with balking is considered based on the concept of the statistical mechanics. Here, it can be easily seen that the strength of balking is not constant but various in each queueing systems. Note that the strength of balking means how degree a customer who has just arrived at a crowded queueing system leaves without joining the queue. In our approach, under considering the difference of the strength of balking for each queueing systems, we have proposed a statistical mechanics model for analyzing the M/M/\begin{document}$ s $\end{document} queueing system with balking by introducing a parameter influencing the strength of balking. Further, we define a procedure for estimating the model parameter influencing the strength of balking. In addition, we consider a method of improving the performance of the M/M/\begin{document}$ s $\end{document} queueing system with balking by utilizing the statistical mechanics approach.
Reconstruction de l’Eglise catholique, restitution du pouvoir du souverain : le clergé dans la monarchie composite des Habsbourg au xviie siècle
Authors: Ducreux Marie-Élizabeth
Published: September 2020

Le clergé catholique peut-il être considéré comme une catégorie sociale, politique, et même pastorale reconstruite dans certaines circonstances historiques et historiographiques, en dehors de sa définition ecclésiologique ? Les clercs sont-ils un corps ou un groupe social, dont une identité surplombante viendrait effacer les différences de situation et de contraintes. Cet article suit cette piste dans le cadre de la monarchie composite des Habsbourg d’Europe centrale au xviie siècle. Il propose de tenir compte des échelles d’interactions et de conflits entre les acteurs et les structures et appelle l’attention sur les effets de la double appartenance de clergé à l’Eglise catholique et à un corps politique local. Dans chaque pays composant alors cette monarchie se pose la question de l’existence d’une catégorie, qui est aussi frontière, constitutionnelle ou statutaire, volontiers perçue comme stable par les historiens et les juristes : celle de la représentation politique du clergé comme corps. À la fin du xve ou au début du xvie siècle, tous les pays sur lesquels la branche cadette des Habsbourg allait se trouver régner à partir de 1526 possédaient leur propre diète avec une histoire propre, des dynamiques et des particularités. Les pratiques et les règles différent, ce clergé d’une monarchie composite est donc pris ici comme un objet transversal indissociablement lié aux cadres locaux dans lesquels ses membres inscrivaient leurs possibilités d’action.
Privilège frontalier et exercice corporatif, les métiers parisiens aux xviie et xviiie siècles
Authors: Marraud Mathieu
Published: September 2020

L'effectivité du privilège d'Ancien Régime, surtout lorsque celui-ci portait sur l'économie, est souvent postulée par l'historiographie. Or, les contextes de son utilisation s'avéraient être souvent judiciaires, policiers, et le privilège des corporations est loin de faire exception : nombreux étaient ceux qui peinaient à être activés en raison de contestations, quasi permanentes, qui faisaient le cœur et la viabilité même du corporatisme. C'est pourquoi il faut s'interroger sur leur application, et, sans renoncer à l'idée qu'ils étaient dotés d'effets, accepter de les déporter vers leurs propres marges, leurs frontières. Là les privilèges s'opposaient aux autres métiers ainsi exclus de tel secteur de vente ou de fabrication. Plus qu'ils donnaient lieu à l'exécution de normes et de qualités, sur un ensemble fini de marchandises ou de postures commerciales, alors, les privilèges des métiers avaient principalement pour but d'interdire envers autrui les mêmes normes et qualités, les mêmes marchandises et postures, et d'indéterminer celles qu'il s'autorisait. Aussi faut-il voir cette frontière comme le lieu d'un vrai rapport social, où les identités professionnelles et les parcours individuels étaient continuellement mis en jeu, et où, notamment, la frontière entre catégories marchandes/artisanales était sans cesse mouvante.
Quelles frontières entre public et privé ? Réflexions à partir du domaine royal
Authors: Cosandey Fanny
Published: September 2020

Dans une société politique où le service au roi et au royaume se transmet dans la famille, où donc les charges publiques sont héréditaires, où le monarque lui même est tout à la fois un chef d’Etat et un chef de lignage et qui, pourtant, sacrifie ses biens patrimoniaux au fonctionnement du pays, la frontière entre le public et le privé est pour le moins problématique. Cet article se propose ainsi d’analyser la manière dont les théoriciens du pouvoir discutent, sous l’Ancien Régime, des limites entre ce qui relève de la sphère publique et ce qui appartient à la sphère privée en prenant pour objet le domaine royal, cet héritage des rois de France formé à l’origine par les possessions capétiennes mais progressivement rattachés à la couronne et, à ce titre, un bien de l’Etat. C’est alors l’intérêt collectif qui est mis à l’épreuve des droits particuliers à travers une histoire profondément secouée par l’avènement d’Henri IV et la réunion de ses biens familiaux au domaine royal. Le questionnement engagé par les jurisconsultes soulève des interrogations qui viennent jusqu’à nous et éclaire, finalement, un aspect essentiel de la construction politique en amont comme en aval de la Révolution. L’articulation entre la nature dynastique du régime monarchique et l’affirmation de la souveraineté crée une tension qui ouvre la voie de la modernité sans cependant résoudre une des contradictions majeures d’un monde où les privilèges supposent le respect des acquis personnels ou corporatifs susceptibles de heurter une toute puissance dédiée au bénéfice de tous.
Kleinschalige productieruimte behouden in de stad: de casus van Brusselse bouwbedrijven (1965-2016)
Authors: Boeck Sarah De , Degraeve Matthijs , Vandyck Frederik
Published: September 2020

Terwijl productieve activiteiten hoog op de academische en politieke agenda staan van het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (BHG), verdwijnt kleinschalige productieruimte nog steeds aan een snel tempo. Aan de hand van een combinatie van kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve data schetst dit artikel een historisch vergelijkend perspectief op de ruimtelijke organisatie van kleine en middelgrote bouwbedrijven in het BHG. Hieruit blijkt dat bouwbedrijven zowel in 1965 als in 2016 een verspreid distributiepatroon hebben over de bebouwde oppervlakte van het gewest, dat ze de bebouwde uitbreidingen van het gewest volgen en dat ze een sterke padafhankelijkheid kennen. De geïnterviewde ondernemers, vooral werkzaam in renovatie, zijn lokaal verankerd en werken voornamelijk met lokale klanten, werknemers en leveranciers. Hoewel de centrale ligging en lokale verankering van bouwbedrijven een belangrijke meerwaarde heeft voor het BHG staat hun aanwezigheid onder druk en zijn ze door hun kleinschalige organisatie vaak onzichtbaar voor overheden. Om kleinschalige bedrijvigheid zoals de bouwsector in de stad te blijven garanderen, pleit dit artikel voor een ruimtelijk beleid dat voorziet in betaalbare en centraal gelegen productieruimte.
Maintaining small-scale production space in the city: the case of Brussels construction companies (1965-2016)
Authors: Boeck Sarah De , Degraeve Matthijs , Vandyck Frederik
Published: September 2020

While productive activities are high on the academic and political agenda of the Brussels-Capital Region (BCR), small-scale production space is still rapidly disappearing. Based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative data, this article sketches a historical comparative perspective on the spatial organization of small and medium-sized construction companies in the BCR. It shows that in both 1965 and 2016 construction companies have a scattered distribution pattern over the Region's built-up area, that they follow the Region's built-up expansions and that they have a strong path dependence. The interviewed entrepreneurs, mainly focused on renovation, are locally anchored and work mainly with local customers, employees and suppliers. Although the construction companies' central location and local anchoring offer an important added value to the BCR, their presence is under pressure and, due to their small-scale organization, they often stay invisible to the authorities. In order to continue to guarantee small-scale economic activities such as the construction sector in the city, this article argues for a spatial policy that provides affordable and centrally located production space.
Maintenir l’espace de production de petite taille en ville : le cas des entreprises de construction bruxelloises (1965-2016)
Authors: Boeck Sarah De , Degraeve Matthijs , Vandyck Frederik
Published: September 2020

Alors que les activités productives occupent une place importante dans l'agenda académique et politique de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale (RBC), l'espace de production à petite échelle continue à disparaître à un rythme accéléré. Sur la base d'une combinaison de données quantitatives et qualitatives, cet article esquisse une perspective comparative historique quant à l'organisation spatiale des petites et moyennes entreprises de construction en RBC. Il en ressort qu'en 1965 et 2016, les entreprises de construction ont un schéma de distribution dispersé sur la superficie construite de la Région, qu'elles suivent l'expansion de la construction dans la Région et qu'elles connaissent une forte dépendance au sentier. Les entrepreneurs interrogés, axés principalement sur la rénovation, sont ancrés localement et travaillent principalement avec des clients, des employés et des fournisseurs locaux. Bien que la situation centrale et l'ancrage local des entreprises de construction aient une importante valeur ajoutée pour la RBC, leur présence est sous pression et, en raison de leur organisation à petite échelle, elles sont souvent invisibles aux yeux des autorités. Afin de continuer à garantir des activités économiques à petite échelle telles que celles du secteur de la construction dans la ville, cet article plaide pour une politique spatiale offrant un espace de production abordable et situé au centre.
Not for everyone? Product characteristics and digital production technologies in manufacturing
Authors: Dachs Bernhard , Palčič Iztok
Published: September 2020

Terms such as the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’, ‘Industry 4.0’, or the ‘next production revolution’ suggest a broad range of possible applications for digital production technologies including robots, advanced logistics systems or additive manufacturing. We argue that digital production technologies are less generic than current economic policy discussions often suggest. Their usage depends on the characteristics of firms’ products, and their application is currently still confined to specific areas.The empirical analysis uses firm-level data from a sample of more than 2,000 manufacturing firms. The results confirm that the diffusion of robots, enterprise resource planning, additive manufacturing or advanced logistics is still highly specific to the characteristics of the production process. There are significant differences in the use of digital production technologies by firms according to the degree of product complexity, scale and the degree to which the production activities of the firm are customised or made to order. Thus, digital production technologies are still far from being general-purpose technologies.JEL classification: O33, L60.
Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work
Authors: Benhamou Salima
Published: September 2020

This article analyses how artificial intelligence (AI) can transform work, considering both the potential of this technology and its limits. The sectoral approach adopted, focusing on the health, transport and banking sectors, allows for a detailed analysis of both the opportunities and risks as well as the evolution of tasks, learning dynamics, and changes in working conditions and management practices. The analysis shows that the tasks making up jobs in these sectors cannot always be automated with AI and that in many cases AI-based devices are used in a way that is complimentary to the skills of human workers. For this reason, and irrespective of the impact of AI on the overall level of employment, the analysis shows that the deployment of AI depends on continuous learning and skills development. The article concludes by arguing that learning forms of work organization are best suited for fostering complementarity between the machine and the human.JEL classification: O31, O33, JE53, L63, L90, M15.
L’industrie 4.0, vers une dé-globalisation des chaînes de valeur ? Effets attendus de la robotique industrielle avancée et de la fabrication additive sur le système de coordination
Authors: Frigant Vincent
Published: September 2020

L’objectif de cet article est de proposer un cadre de réflexion pour saisir comment les technologies de la robotique industrielle avancée et de la fabrication additive conduisent à restructurer la géographie des chaînes de valeur. À partir d’un cadre d’analyse en termes de système coordination, nous détaillons comment ces deux briques technologiques viennent renforcer les forces centrifuges et centripètes déterminant le degré de globalisation des chaînes de valeur. L’analyse de la littérature empirique suggère que la robotique industrielle avancée qui se développe rapidement possède un potentiel ambigu (mais probable) de resserrement des chaînes de valeurs alors que la plus difficilement déployable fabrication additive possède un potentiel de déglobalisation élevé. La conclusion appelle de ses vœux la réalisation de travaux quantitatifs afin de mieux guider les politiques publiques en faveur de l’industrie 4.0.Classification JEL : L23, F21, M21.
How Can Industry 4.0 Contribute to Combatting Climate Change?
Authors: Ben Youssef Adel
Published: September 2020

Climate change adaptation and mitigation, and industry 4.0 are two important challenges that countries worldwide are facing. The integration of climate change and industry 4.0 could bring several benefits related to promoting sustainability and global economic decarbonization, and achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement. We conduct a qualitative analysis to describe the main principles and basic technologies of industry 4.0, link industry 4.0 to climate change and identify the conditions which would make industry 4.0 climate compatible. Industry 4.0 needs to fulfil four conditions in order to be climate compatible. It must promote energy efficiency and achieve substantial energy gains, enable the circular economy and allow greater productivity and improved use of resources within closed loop supply chains which include re-use and recovery, achieve sustainable development through eco-innovation, and allow significant technology transfer to the least developed countries (LDCs) which must participate in industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 technologies that meet the above criteria will offer the potential for sustainable development and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.JEL classification: Q54, Q58, O33.
Robotic surgery enables safe and comfortable single-incision cholecystectomy
Authors: Lee Jaeim , Kim Kee-Hwan , Lee Tae Yoon , Ahn Joseph , Kim Say-June
Published: September 2020

Background:

Although single-incision robotic cholecystectomy (SIRC) overcomes various limitations of single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC), it is associated with high cost. In this study, we intended to investigate if SIRC is recommendable and advantageous to patients despite its high cost.

Materials and Methods:

We prospectively collected and analysed data of patients who had undergone either SILC (n = 25) or SIRC (n = 50) for benign gallbladder diseases, with identical inclusion criteria, between November 2017 and February 2019.

Results:

SILC and SIRC showed similar operative outcomes in terms of intra- and post-operative complications and verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS) for pain. However, the SIRC group exhibited significantly longer operation time than the SILC group (83.2 ± 32.6 vs. 66.4 ± 32.8, P = 0.002). The SIRC group also showed longer hospital stay (2.4 ± 0.7 vs. 2.2 ± 0.6, P = 0.053). Although the SILC and SIRC groups showed no significant difference in VNRS, the SIRC group required a higher amount (126.0 ± 88.8 mg vs. 87.5 ± 79.7 mg, P = 0.063) and frequency (3.0 ± 2.1 vs. 2.0 ± 1.8, P = 0.033) of intravenous opioid analgesic administration. During surgery, the critical view of safety (CVS), the prerequisite for safe cholecystectomy, was identified in only 24% (n = 6) of patients undergoing SILC and in 100% (n = 50) of patients undergoing SIRC (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

We conclude that although SILC and SIRC have similar operative outcomes, SIRC is advantageous over SILC because of its potential to markedly enhance the safety of patients by proficiently acquiring CVS.
Prophylactic active irrigation drainage reduces the risk of post-operative pancreatic fistula-related complications in patients undergoing limited pancreatic resection
Authors: Chao Jiadeng , Zhu Chunfu , Jia Zhongzhi , Zhang Xudong , Qin Xihu
Published: September 2020

Objective:

The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic active irrigation drainage in preventing post-operative pancreatic fistula (POPF) and POPF-related complications in patients undergoing limited pancreatic resection (LPR).

Materials and Methods:

Patients who underwent LPR for benign or borderline pancreatic lesions between February 2014 and March 2019 were enroled in this retrospective study. Patients were divided into two groups according to the type of intraperitoneal drainage used: closed-suction drainage (CSD) or continuous active irrigation drainage (CAID). Data regarding the outcomes and complications of surgery were collected and analysed.

Results:

A total of 50 patients (33 women; age, 50.1 ± 10.8 years) were included in this study. Twenty-nine patients were treated with CSD, and 21 patients were treated with CAID. Clinically relevant POPF and POPF-related complications occurred in 11 patients in the CSD group and in two patients in the CAID group (P = 0.024). Patients in the CSD group demonstrated a longer tube indwelling time than those in the CAID group (17.1 ± 10.2 days vs. 13.7 ± 7.5 days; P = 0.044). Mean post-operative hospital stay was also longer in the CSD group than in the CAID group (20.6 ± 7.9 days vs. 16.1 ± 6.3 days; P = 0.039).

Conclusions:

Prophylactic CAID appears to be an effective alternative for the management of POPF and POPF-related complications in patients undergoing LPR.
Pooled analysis of the oncological outcomes in robotic gastrectomy versus laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer
Authors: Wu Hong-Ying , Lin Xiu-Feng , Yang Ping , Li Wei
Published: September 2020

Aim:

Robotic gastrectomy (RG) is more and more widely used in the treatment of gastric cancer. However, the long-term oncological outcomes of RG have not been well evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term oncological outcomes of RG and laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) in the treatment of gastric cancer.

Materials and Methods:

PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Cochrane Library and EMBASE electronic databases were searched until August 2019. Eligible studies were analysed for comparison of oncological outcomes between RG and LG in patients with gastric cancer.

Results:

Eleven retrospective comparative studies, which included 1347 (32.52%) patients in the RG group and 2795 (67.48%) patients in the LG group, were selected for the analysis. Meta-analysis of the 11 included studies showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the OS between the RG and LG groups (hazard ratios [HRs] = 0.97, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] = 0.80–1.19, P = 0.80). Six studies evaluated disease-free survival (DFS), and pooled analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference in DFS between RG group and LG group (HR = 0.94, 95% CIs = 0.72–1.23, P = 0.65). According to the odds ratio (OR) analysis, there was no significant difference in 3-year OS, 5-year OS, 3-year DFS and 5-year DFS between the RG and LG groups. Nine articles reported the recurrence rate, and the meta-analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the RG and LG groups (OR = 0.88, 95% CIs = 0.69–1.12, P = 0.31).

Conclusions:

This meta-analysis indicated that the long-term oncological outcomes in the RG group were similar to that in the LG group.
Инверсные подполугруппы бициклической полугруппы
Authors: Ovsepyan Karen Gaikovich
Published: September 2020

В данной работе дается полное описание инверсных подполугрупп
бициклической полугруппы. Найдены условия изоморфности
двух инверсных подполугрупп. Из исследуемых инверсных подполугрупп
построена категория и доказано существование функтора
из этой категории в категорию конечных упорядоченных множеств чисел.
Библиография: 13 названий.
О рациональной аппроксимации функций марковского вида
частичными суммами рядов Фурье по одной системе Чебышева-Маркова
Authors: Rovba Yevgeni Alekseevich , Potseiko Pavel Gennadjevich
Published: September 2020

Рассматриваются приближения на отрезке $[-1,1]$ функций,
представляющих собой комбинацию классических функций Маркова,
частичными суммами рядов Фурье по системе рациональных дробей
Чебышева-Маркова. Устанавливаются поточечная и
равномерная оценки приближений. В случае, когда производная меры
слабо эквивалентна некоторой степенной функции, установлены
асимптотическое выражение мажоранты равномерных приближений
и оптимальное значение параметра,
обеспечивающее наибольшую скорость приближений используемым методом.
В случае четной кратности полюсов аппроксимирующей функции
асимптотическая оценка точна. Приводятся примеры аппроксимаций
индивидуальных функций.
Библиография: 17 названий.
О нулях сумм косинусов
Authors: Konyagin Sergei Vladimirovich
Published: September 2020

Показано, что найдутся сколь угодно большие натуральные числа $N$
и различные неотрицательные целые числа $n_1,…,n_N$,
для которых число нулей на $[-\pi,\pi)$
тригонометрического полинома $\sum_{j=1}^N \cos(n_j t)$ есть
$O(N^{2/3}\log^{2/3} N)$.
Библиография: 6 названий.
Perception of Climate Variability along the Slopes of Mount Bamboutos, West Cameroon
Authors: Josiane FEUGUE KENFACK , TSALEFAC Maurice , KONGNSO MOYE Eric
Published: September 2020

This study analyzes the impact of current climate variability on the southern slope of the Mount Bamboutos. Our objective is to contribute to the knowledge in the domain of climate variability in tropical high-altitude environments based on peasant perceptions. The guiding premise is that, in the face of current climate variability, the climate of tropical high-altitude regions is constantly changing. Based on climate data and surveys of 100 peasant farmers; this analysis shows that rainfall is very irregular and interrupted with frequent dry spells. Farmers have a particular way of reading or interpreting the climate or the weather. Their perceptions of climate variability anchors on the position and color of the clouds, the intensity of the sun, the direction and / or the speed of the wind. Climatic trends from 1980 to 2009 and variations in the cumulative number of rainy days and rainfall averages demonstrated great decadal anomalies. The comparative analysis of climatological data between these decades (1980-1989; 1990-1999 and 2000-2009), show that precipitation has more or less decreased along the southern slopes of Mount Bamboutos. In this same time interval, there has been an overall increased in temperatures. The late onset and early end of rainfall have had remarkable impacts on the agricultural calendar. Adaptation options need to be improved upon and indigenous knowledge integrated into adaptation policy.
INHERITED PROTEIN C AND PROTEIN S DEFICIENCY IN RENAL TRANSPLANT CANDIDATES OF SINDH PROVINCE, PAKISTAN
Authors: Mengal Muhammad Hanif , Abbas Hina , Aamir Kiran , Ramzan Aamir
Published: September 2020

Background: Thrombophilia is a common risk factor for venous thromboembolism. The objective of this study was to determine prevalence of inherited protein C and protein S deficiency in renal transplant candidates of Sindh Province, Pakistan.
Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Pathology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan from 16-10-2010 to 15-4-2011. 300 renal transplant candidates were selected. Candidates with acquired thrombotic disorders, women taking oral contraceptives and patients taking anti-coagulants during previous one week were excluded. Venous blood samples were collected before starting dialysis procedure or at least two days after last dialysis session. Platelet-poor plasma (PPP) was parted using plastic pipettes and protein C and protein S were processed on coagulation analyzer. Sex, age groups (<40 and ≥ 40years), presence of protein C deficiency and presence of protein S deficiency were nominal variables and analyzed by count and percentage along with population parameters.
Results: 300 renal transplant candidates included 199 (66.33%) men and 101 (33.67%) women and 238 (79.33%) in age group <40 years and 62 (20.67%) cases in age group ≥40 years. Prevalence of protein C deficiency was 6.66% (20/300) and of protein S deficiency was 4% (12/300). Prevalence of PC deficiency was higher in men 5.33% than women 1.33%. Also prevalence of PS deficiency was higher in men 3.0% than women 1.0%. Prevalence of PC deficiency was higher in age group <40 years 5.67% than ≥40 years 1.0%. Also prevalence of PS deficiency was higher in age group <40 years 3.33% than ≥40 years 0.66%.
Conclusion: More prolonged and follow-up studies are needed to define the true significance of deficiency of protein C and S (coagulation inhibitors) in post-transplant settings.
REVIEW OF MEDICAL DESCRIPTION OF CERVICAL CYTOLOGY
Authors: Naz Umbreen , Sarwar Farhan , Sarwar Muhammad Adnan , Ashraf Muhammad Mudassar , Zafar Shoaib , Khadam Muhammad Waqas
Published: September 2020

Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm of the cervical area or cervix which may present with the vaginal bleeding but symptoms may be absent until the cancer gets in advanced stage. Dysplasia seen on cervical biopsy uses the term cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and is grouped into mild (CIN-1), moderate (CIN-2) and severe (CIN-3). The severity of CIN depends upon cellular disorganization, cellular immaturity, increased mitotic activity and nuclear abnormalities. The nuclear atypia, extent of mitotic activity and immature cellular proliferations identifies the degree of dysplasia. Thus, epithelial thickness which shows differentiation is the useful feature in decision about severity of CIN. Treatment of this cancer may be ablative and/ or excision. Cryotherapy is a reasonable treatment of CIN-1 and CIN-2 but not of CIN-3 which is severe cervical carcinoma. Burning the TZ-transformation zone (Electro diathermy) destroys the tissue more effectively than that of cryotherapy but it usually requires general anesthesia, however laser cold coagulations technique requires local anesthesia usually. Laser TZ Excision compromises the fertility. Knife cone biopsy is used as a preferred treatment for removal of abnormal cervical cells. Now the cone biopsy is generally performed using the laser surgery. Early diagnosis of cervical cancer is very necessary for better control and treatment of it. For early phases of cervical carcinoma, the cryotherapy is very reasonable, however in case of late stage of the disease laser methods are used alone or on combination. Therapy will be termed successful if cytology remains negative after at least six months of its treatment.