bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Real-World Analysis of Baseline Demographic Characteristics and Comorbidities in Atopic Dermatitis Patients Initiating Biologics Versus JAK Inhibitors
Authors: Prados-Carmona Alvaro , Navarro-Triviño Francisco J. , Husein-ElAhmed Husein , Ruiz-Villaverde Ricardo
Published: February 2025

Background: Systemic advanced therapies, including biologic drugs and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, have revolutionized atopic dermatitis management. The increasing number of available options for such complex diseases demands careful treatment selection for each patient, considering numerous variables. Comparative analyses of these treatment modalities in the real world are still limited. Only a faithful basal characterization would enable posterior meaningful and accurate comparisons of the efficacy and safety profiles of these groups of drugs. This communication focuses on describing and comparing the baseline demographics and comorbidities of patients with atopic dermatitis currently treated with biologic therapies versus JAK inhibitors in our setting. Methods: We conducted an observational, descriptive, and ambispective study across three hospitals covering a population of over 500,000 inhabitants from January 2019 to December 2024. Baseline demographic data, anthropometric measures, lifestyle factors, cardiovascular risk factors, and comorbidities were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Additionally, basal severity and effectivity over time have also been compared. Results: A total of 150 patients were analyzed. A total of 102 had received biological therapies (dupilumab or tralokinumab), whereas 48 patients had received JAK inhibitors (upadacitinib, baricitinib, or abrocitinib). Ages ranged from 11 to 76 years. The overall cohort had a mean age of 35.87 ± 14.37 years and a male predominance (male-to-female ratio 1.63:1). Hypertension was more prevalent in the JAK inhibitors group (p = 0.0175), yet other cardiovascular risk factors, body measurements, atopic and non-atopic comorbidities, and disease severity were comparable across both groups. Conclusions: This study helped to characterize the baseline characteristics of patients treated with advanced systemic therapies in a real-world clinical setting. It pointed to just slight differences between the profiles of patients treated with biologics versus JAK inhibitors. This homogeneity in baseline characteristics sets the ground for further future comparisons of treatment outcomes in this cohort as potential confounding factors related to group imbalances are minimized.
Enhancing Implant Success in Mandibular Reconstruction: A Novel Approach Combining Implant-Retained Splint and Vestibuloplasty—A Case Series
Authors: Van Der Kelen Louise , Ureel Matthias , Denoiseux Benjamin , Boderé Pieter-Jan , Matthys Carine , Vermeersch Hubert , Coopman Renaat
Published: February 2025

Background: Mandibular reconstruction poses challenges in achieving functional and aesthetic outcomes. Effective oral rehabilitation is crucial for restoring function and improving quality of life; however, the altered neomandibular anatomy complicates oral hygiene, increasing the risk of peri-implant complications and making successful rehabilitation more difficult. This study introduces a novel approach combining vestibuloplasty with patient-specific implant-retained splints to enhance oral health and improve rehabilitation outcomes. Methods: Three patients underwent mandibular reconstruction with a free vascularized fibula flap (FFF). After 6 months of osseointegration, vestibuloplasty and soft tissue refinement were performed, with a split-thickness skin graft placed on the FFF periosteum. An implant-retained splint was secured to the abutments for two weeks to support soft tissue healing. Implant survival, bone loss, and peri-implant health were evaluated over a 2-year follow-up. Results: A total of 12 implants were placed, primarily in the neomandible (83.3%), with a 100% survival rate. Implant survival was assessed. Implant survival was assessed based on established criteria for clinical success, including stability, presence of pain, bleeding on probing (BOP), pocketdepth, bone loss and lack of peri-implant radiolucency. Functional outcomes included normal mouth opening, laterotrusion, and protrusion. Pocket depths ranged from 3 to 4 mm, except for one implant in cases 1 and 2. The mean BOP was 51.7%. Conclusions: This case series introduces a surgical technique that combines CAD/CAM and vestibuloplasty to optimize dental rehabilitation in mandibular FFF reconstructions, demonstrating safe thinning of soft tissues for improved oral hygiene and survival.
Prognostic Role and Determinants of Ascending Aorta Dilatation in Non-Advanced Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Preliminary Observation from a Tertiary University Center
Authors: Sonaglioni Andrea , Caminati Antonella , Behring Greta , Nicolosi Gian Luigi , Rispoli Gaetana Anna , Zompatori Maurizio , Lombardo Michele , Harari Sergio
Published: February 2025

Background: Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have a high prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and an increased CV disease burden. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic role of the ascending aorta (AA) diameter in patients with mild-to-moderate IPF and to identify the main determinants of AA dilatation. Methods: All IPF patients without severe pulmonary hypertension who underwent a multi-instrumental evaluation, comprehensive of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), between September 2017 and November 2023, were retrospectively analyzed. The primary endpoint was the composite of “all-cause mortality or re-hospitalization for all causes”, over a medium-term follow-up. The secondary endpoint was to evaluate the independent predictors of AA dilatation. Additionally, Bland–Altman analysis was used to assess the accuracy and precision of echocardiography-derived AA diameters compared with non-ECG gated HRCT measurements. Results: A total of 105 IPF patients and 102 age-, sex-, and CV risk factor-matched controls without IPF were evaluated retrospectively. Over a follow-up of 3.9 ± 1.9 yrs, 31 patients died and 47 were re-hospitalized. AA/height (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.06–1.25, p < 0.001) was independently associated with the primary endpoint, whereas unindexed AA (HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.96–1.06, p = 0.83) and AA/BSA (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.89–1.11, p = 0.39) were not. An AA/height > 20 mm/m showed 100% sensitivity and 63% specificity (AUC = 0.78) for predicting the primary endpoint. C-reactive protein (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.21–2.89, p = 0.005) and left ventricular mass index (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04–1.24, p = 0.006) were independently associated with an AA/height > 20 mm/m in the whole study group. The Bland–Altman analysis revealed a bias of +2.51 mm (with the 95% limits of agreement ranging from −3.62 to 8.65 mm) for AA estimation, suggesting a general overestimation of the AA diameter by TTE in comparison to HRCT. Conclusions: AA dilatation is predictive of poor outcomes in IPF patients without advanced lung disease over a mid-term follow-up. The AA/height assessment may improve the prognostic risk stratification of IPF patients.
The Association Between Respiratory Viruses and Asthma Exacerbation in Children Visiting Pediatric Emergency Department: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Lee Won Seok , Song Joo Young , Shin Jeewon , Choi Sun Hee , Han Man Yong , Lee Kyung Suk
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Respiratory viral infections are a major cause of asthma exacerbations. However, studies examining the association between symptoms, signs, treatments, outcomes of asthma exacerbations, and various respiratory viruses in children are limited. This study aims to investigate the association between respiratory viral infections and clinical symptoms and signs, treatment, and hospital admission in children with asthma exacerbations visiting the pediatric emergency department. Methods: This study examined 395 children under 15 years of age who had a previous diagnosis of bronchial asthma, experienced asthma exacerbation, and visited an emergency center between 1 July 2015 and 30 June 2017. Among the 395 participants, respiratory virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted in 96 patients (24.3%). The symptoms and signs of asthma exacerbation (dyspnea, tachypnea, chest retraction, wheezing, and gastrointestinal symptoms), treatment (oxygen supplementation and systemic steroid administration), symptom relief within 1 h, and hospital admission were analyzed. Results: Among the 96 patients who underwent respiratory virus PCR, at least one respiratory virus was detected in 72 (75.0%), and over two viruses were detected in 21 children (21.9%). Three common viruses were detected: rhinovirus in 59 (61.5%), adenovirus in 10 (10.4%), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in nine children (9.4%). Rhinovirus infection was associated with tachypnea (adjusted odd ratio (aOR) 4.457, p = 0.007), chest retraction (aOR 3.142, p = 0.013), and systemic steroid administration (aOR 3.065, p = 0.034). Adenovirus infection was associated with oxygen supplementation via nasal cannula (aOR 5.297, p = 0.042). Conclusions: Rhinovirus was associated with tachypnea, chest retraction, and systemic steroid administration, while adenovirus was linked to oxygen supplementation in childhood asthma exacerbations. These findings will help clinicians to better observe asthma symptoms, select appropriate treatments, and improve outcomes for asthma exacerbations.
Evaluation of Factors Associated with Pulmonary Complications in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Alci Aysun , Yalcin Necim , Gokkaya Mustafa , Ekin Sari Gulsum , Turkmenoglu Harun , Arslan Ulku , Ureyen Isin , Toptas Tayfun
Published: February 2025

Background: Ovarian cancer surgery requires multiple radical resections with a high risk of complications. The objective of this single-centre, retrospective study was to identify the factors associated with pulmonary complications following cytoreduction. Methods: The study included 179 patients who underwent surgery at the gynaecological oncology department of the Antalya Training and Research Hospital between January 2015 and December 2021. A univariate analysis was performed to identify significant risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications. The data obtained were then subjected to multivariate analysis to determine the relative importance of each factor. Results: A total of 176 ovarian cancer patients underwent cytoreductive surgical procedures for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) during the study period. Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) occurred in a total of 24 patients (13.4%). Of the complications observed, n = 18 (10.06%) were pulmonary effusion, n = 5 (2.79%) were pulmonary thromboembolism, n = 1 (0.56%) was pneumo-mediastinum, n = 6 (3.35%) were pulmonary oedema, and n = 1 (0.56%) was transfusion-related lung injury (TRALI). Pulmonary complication rates were 6.512 times higher in patients who underwent diaphragm peritonectomy (p = 0.014) and 26.1 times higher in smokers (p = 0.005). When an ROC analysis was performed for quantitative parameters related to pulmonary complications, the sensitivity and specificity of the duration of surgery were 83.3% and 64.5%, respectively, and the sensitivity and specificity of the duration of postoperative hospital stay were 79.2% and 67.5% (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001). Conclusions: An improved understanding of the multifactorial aetiology of PPCs and the development of an appropriate perioperative management strategy may serve to mitigate the negative impact of these complications, thereby contributing to an enhancement in patient outcomes.
Non-Pharmacological Management of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Mullholand Jon B. , Grossman Catherine E. , Perelas Apostolos
Published: February 2025

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a relatively common progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The available medications for IPF only slow down the disease process, with lung transplantation the only option for a cure. Non-pharmacological therapies are significant adjuncts that can improve symptom burden and quality of life with minimal or no side effects. Supplemental oxygen can improve exercise capacity and the sensation of dyspnea in a significant portion of patients with resting or exertional hypoxemia and has been supported by several professional societies. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a comprehensive program that includes education and therapeutic exercises to improve patient stamina and strength. It is one of the few interventions that have been shown to produce a meaningful increase in a patient’s exercise capacity, but its wide adoption is limited by availability, especially in rural areas. Sleep optimization with supplemental oxygen and positive airway pressure therapy should actively be investigated for all patients diagnosed with IPF. Although gastroesophageal reflux control with non-pharmacological means is still controversial as an intervention to reduce the rate of lung function decline, it can help control reflux symptoms and improve cough intensity. IPF patients should be educated on the importance of balanced nutrition and the potential benefits of screening for lung transplantation. Palliative medicine can help with symptom control and should be considered for all patients regardless severity, but especially in those in the later stages of disease.
Observational Study: Preliminary Evaluation of Nostril Narrowing in Relation to Unilateral Mastication
Authors: Pecci-Lloret Miguel Ramón , García-Sampedro Carmen María , Guerrero-Gironés Julia , López-Jiménez Emilio
Published: February 2025

Background: Unilateral mastication (UM), defined as the habitual use of one side of the mouth for chewing, has been linked to various craniofacial asymmetries and systemic effects. This study aims to explore the relationship between UM and nasal airway asymmetry, investigating whether a habitual chewing side correlates with a narrowed nostril. These findings provide a preliminary understanding of how chewing practices might impact craniofacial anatomy and respiratory health. Methods: A pilot study involving 24 adults aged 18 and older was conducted. Inclusion criteria excluded individuals with prior orthodontic treatment or edentulism. The habitual chewing side was determined through self-report and direct observation of chewing gum activity. Nostril dimensions were assessed using ImageJ® 1.54 software by blinded observers. Statistical analysis, including Fisher’s exact test and Kruskal-Wallis test, was performed using R version 4.4.1 to examine associations between the chewing side and nasal asymmetry. Results: Half of the participants (50%) preferred the right side for chewing. A significant association was found between the chewing side and the smaller nostril (p < 0.001). Participants with a smaller right nostril consistently preferred chewing on the right side, with a large effect size (ϕ = 0.845). No significant differences in age were observed across nostril groups (p = 0.47). Conclusions: This study reveals a strong association between unilateral mastication and nasal airway asymmetry, highlighting the potential role of chewing habits in influencing craniofacial development. These findings emphasize the need for further longitudinal studies to explore the systemic and aesthetic implications of habitual chewing patterns.
Computer-Assisted Protocol-Adherent Blood Lipid Evaluation in Vascular Outpatients (CAPABLE-Vascular)
Authors: Thurston Benjamin , Satheakeerthy Shrirajh , Hains Lewis , Booth Andrew E. C. , Gao Christina , Bellinge Jamie , Stretton Brandon , Psaltis Peter , Bacchi Stephen
Published: February 2025

Background: The lack of availability of test results in vascular surgery outpatient clinics impedes the medical management of vascular risk factors, such as dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus. This study sought to evaluate the feasibility of using computer-assisted processes to promote the ordering of routine investigations to promote this management. Method: After consultation with specialist clinicians, clinician–programmers developed a rule-based system to facilitate the ordering of lipid studies and HbA1c prior to vascular clinic appointments. A four-week historical control period prior to the initiation of the intervention was compared to a four-week period following the intervention. Results: There were 1165 patients in the study. In the pre-intervention period, 38.0% of patients had HbA1c and 17.9% had lipid studies in the preceding 6 months. In the post-intervention period, HbA1c and lipid studies were ordered for 100% of vascular outpatients (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The use of computer-assisted processes to facilitate the requesting of routine outpatient investigations is feasible and shows early signs of being effective. Follow-up studies examining clinical endpoints are required.
Translating Biomarker Research into Clinical Practice in Orthopaedic Trauma: A Systematic Review
Authors: Baur Alexander , Saiz Augustine Mark
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Orthopaedic trauma management in polytrauma patients presents challenges, particularly in selecting between damage control orthopaedics (DCO) and early appropriate care (EAC). This systematic review evaluates these approaches and explores the role of biomarkers in optimising surgical timing. The primary objective of this review was to evaluate the potential clinical utility of biomarkers in guiding surgical timing and predicting perioperative complications. The secondary objective was to compare the effectiveness of DCO and EAC approaches, focusing on their impact on patient outcomes when controlled for Injury Severity Scores (ISSs). Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar identified studies focusing on fracture management (DCO versus EAC), timing protocols, and biomarkers in polytrauma patients. Twenty-seven studies met inclusion criteria. Results: Among the 27 studies, 12 evaluated biomarkers and 15 compared DCO and EAC. Point-of-care (POC) biomarkers, including lactate (p < 0.001; OR 1.305), monocyte L-selectin (p = 0.001; OR 1.5), and neutrophil L-selectin (p = 0.005; OR 1.56), demonstrated predictive value for sepsis, infection, and morbidity. CD16bright/CD62Ldim neutrophils were significant predictors of infection (p = 0.002). Advanced biomarkers, such as IL-6, IL-10, RNA IL-7R, HMGB1, and leptin offered prognostic insights but required longer processing times. No clear superiority was identified between DCO and EAC, with comparable outcomes when injury severity scores (ISS) were controlled. Conclusions: This systematic review highlights the challenge of translating biomarker research into clinical practice, identifying several point-of-care and advanced laboratory biomarkers with significant potential to predict complications like sepsis, infection, and MODS. Future efforts should focus on refining biomarker thresholds, advancing point-of-care technologies, and validating their role in improving surgical timing and trauma care outcomes.
Substrates of Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Sclafani Matteo , Falasconi Giulio , Tini Giacomo , Musumeci Beatrice , Penela Diego , Saglietto Andrea , Arcari Luca , Bucciarelli-Ducci Chiara , Barbato Emanuele , Berruezo Antonio , Francia Pietro
Published: February 2025

Sudden cardiac death (SCD), the most devastating complication of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), is primarily triggered by ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Despite advances in knowledge, the mechanisms driving ventricular arrhythmia in HCM remain incompletely understood, stemming from an interplay of multiple pro-arrhythmic factors. Myocyte disarray and myocardial fibrosis form a structural substrate favorable to re-entrant arrhythmias by altering myocardial electrophysiological properties, while cellular abnormalities predominate in patients without evident structural remodeling. Traditional SCD risk prediction models rely on clinical risk factors and regression-based risk estimation, often overlooking specific arrhythmic substrates. Emerging techniques now allow for the direct assessment of these substrates, providing deeper insights into the arrhythmogenic mechanisms and paving the way for more personalized SCD risk stratification. This review explores the contribution of cellular, structural, and electrophysiological substrates to arrhythmic risk in HCM, emphasizing their distinct roles. Furthermore, it highlights the potential of substrate-based approaches to refining SCD prevention strategies and improving outcomes for patients with HCM.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Fracture-Related Infections in Maxillofacial Trauma: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Management Strategies
Authors: Van der Cruyssen Frederic , Forrest Millie , Holmes Simon , Bhatti Nabeel
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Fracture-related infections (FRIs) are a significant complication in maxillofacial trauma, leading to adverse outcomes such as prolonged healing, nonunion, and osteomyelitis. Despite advancements in surgical techniques, the incidence of FRIs remains concerning, particularly for mandibular fractures. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and management strategies for FRIs in oral and maxillofacial trauma. Methods: A systematic search of Medline and Embase databases was conducted, including studies up to February 2024, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies focusing on the incidence, risk factors, or treatment outcomes of FRIs. Data on patient demographics, fracture type, infection rates, and management strategies were extracted and analyzed. Statistical analyses included pooled infection rates, stratified by anatomical sites, using fixed and random-effects models. Results: A total of 72 studies were included, with a pooled FRI rate of 5.6%. Mandibular fractures exhibited the highest infection rate at 8.9%, while midface fractures had the lowest at 0.9%. The significant risk factors identified included smoking, substance abuse, and comorbidities such as diabetes. Delayed surgical intervention and poor periodontal health were also associated with higher infection rates. The use of prophylactic antibiotics did not show significant differences in infection prevention. Conclusions: FRIs in maxillofacial trauma are influenced by multifactorial risks, including anatomical, patient-specific, and procedural factors. Mandibular fractures are particularly vulnerable, requiring targeted preventive strategies and timely intervention. Standardized definitions and guidelines are essential for improving consistency in diagnosis and management. Future research should focus on high-quality trials to establish evidence-based approaches for FRI prevention and treatment.
Investigation of Interfacial Behavior in Density Current Collisions
Authors: Koue Jinichi
Published: February 2025

This study provides a comprehensive examination of colliding density currents with a range of density differences from 1% to 4%, using controlled laboratory experiments with saltwater and freshwater. The research reveals that when density currents collide, they generate internal bore, with the denser fluid flowing consistently beneath the lighter fluid. A significant finding is the temporary stalling and oscillatory motion of the current fronts during collisions, which is linked to a partial dissipation of kinetic energy and the subsequent formation of internal waves. Numerical simulations showed close agreement with experimental observations, reproducing the location of the tidal fronts well and verifying the accuracy of the hydrodynamic model used. Moreover, the study demonstrates that collisions between fluids with different densities notably enhance diffusion and mixing efficiency. This has important implications for environmental science, particularly in understanding and predicting density-driven fluid dynamics in aquatic systems such as estuaries and coastal zones. The enhanced mixing efficiency observed could be crucial for applications in environmental and pollution control, offering insights into material transport and pollutant dispersion.
Wave Effects on Water Exchange Capacity in the Dalian Bay: A Numerical Study
Authors: Cao Xuefeng , Xing Chuanxi , Yu Jiewen , Ma Yuxian , Shi Wenqi , Lv Xianqing
Published: February 2025

The water exchange capacity (WEC) in semi-enclosed bays is influenced by various dynamical processes. Among them, the wave effects are important and yet not well-understood. In this study, the Dalian Bay, a typical coastal semi-enclosed bay located in northeastern China, was chosen as an example, and the finite volume community ocean model (FVCOM) coupled with a wave module has been employed to investigate the wave effects on WEC in the Dalian Bay in the summer. The Dalian Bay is composed by three small-sized inner bays, Tianshuitao (TST), Hongtuduizi (HTDZ) and Choushuitao (CST), as well as the central part of the Dalian Bay (CPDB). The model performance has been evaluated comprehensively by comparing a suite of quantitative metrics, procedures and spatiotemporal patterns between the simulated results and time series current and wave measurements. The simulated results well-reproduced the observations, justifying the model’s ability in reproducing the hydrodynamics of the research region. The model results and observation all indicated that the averaged current velocities in the Dalian Bay were increased by about 0.1–0.2 m/s under wave effects during one strong wave event. Especially in the TST, the current velocities were increased most significantly. Moreover, dyed tracer experiments have been conducted to investigate the wave effects on WEC, and half-life time of different subregions of the Dalian Bay were also calculated. The results showed regional differences in wave effects. Overall, the impacts of waves were more significant in the northern part of the Dalian Bay. In the summer, southeast winds prevail, which generate waves in the southeast directions. Facilitated by regional geographical settings, waves could reach the northern part directly, which reduced the dyed tracer concentrations substantially, signifying a stronger WEC. Therefore, waves exerted the greatest impacts on the TST and reduced the local half-life time by about 10–20 days through increasing the efficiency of material transports. And the half-life time of the HTDZ, when considering the wave effects, was reduced by 15 days. However, confined by the twisting coastline, the wave effects on WEC in the CPDB and the CST were not that distinguished compared to the other parts of the bay.
Reassessing Financial Crisis Management: The Impact of Bailouts and Bail-Ins on Moral Hazard and Sustainable Recovery Strategies
Authors: Kaddour Amira , Boubaker Rahma , Moualdi Salim , Alsayed Huda
Published: February 2025

This paper studies the impact of crisis management mechanisms (bailouts and bail-ins) on moral hazard. Through an econometric study of financial crises in emerging countries since 1993, the results indicate that recurrent bailouts exacerbate moral hazard, while bail-ins have only a minor impact due to their perceived lack of credibility. The results highlight the impact of crisis management measures on financial stability and the scale of the mobilised resources. Analysed in the context of efforts to support sustainable development, the study recommends reassessing the fundamentals of the bailout approach, developing a robust and sustainable bailout framework that aligns immediate interventions with sustainability objectives towards sustainable recovery strategies.
Verifying the Role of Dividends as a Mediator in the Impact of Cash Flows on Bank Stock Returns on the Iraq Stock Exchange: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Al Mamoori Ayad Tareq , Wan Yusoff Wan Fadzilah , Khudari Mohamed
Published: February 2025

This study aims to evaluate how the effect of COVID-19 and cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities influence stock returns, with dividends acting as a mediator. Data were gathered from the quarterly financial reports of 20 banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2020. Panel data were analysed using ordinary least squares (OLS). Findings revealed that cash flows have a positive impact on stock returns. Additionally, cash flows from operating and investing activities enhanced dividends, while those from financing activities negatively affected them. Although relatively small, both effects were statistically significant at the 5% level. The analysis also showed that cash flows and dividends account for 51% of the variance in stock returns, indicating a positive yet minor relationship. The results demonstrated a weakly significant negative effect of COVID-19 on both the direct relationship between cash flows and stock returns and the direct relationship between dividends and stock returns. Cash flows and dividends positively influenced stock returns during the initial five years; however, the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 inversely affected this relationship by 4%, which is a relatively minor impact. Consequently, this research suggests that banks should improve their cash flows by increasing deposits and investing cash reserves to boost profits and, in turn, increase stock returns. Moreover, dividend distributions should play a crucial role in investment strategies, as they attract investors, raise stock demand, and help stabilise the Iraq Stock Exchange.
A Review of Machine Learning-Based Thermal Error Modeling Methods for CNC Machine Tools
Authors: Mu Sen , Yu Chunping , Lin Kunlong , Lu Caijiang , Wang Xi , Wang Tao , Fu Guoqiang
Published: February 2025

Heat source-induced thermal error is a primary element influencing the precision of CNC machine tools. A practical and economical approach to mitigating thermal errors is through thermal error compensation. To provide a comprehensive understanding of thermal error modeling and its advancements, this paper systematically reviews machine learning-based methods for thermal error compensation. Thermal error modeling is the most critical step in thermal error compensation, as it directly influences the effectiveness of the compensation due to its accuracy and robustness. With the rapid development of big data and artificial intelligence, machine learning has emerged as a powerful tool in thermal error modeling, leading to significant research progress in recent years. In this paper, an overview of the thermal error modeling methods based on deep learning that have been researched and applied in recent years is presented. Specifically, two methods for reducing thermal errors, namely, thermal error suppression and thermal error compensation, are introduced and analyzed. Second, machine learning-based thermal error modeling methods are categorized into traditional machine learning-driven and deep learning-driven approaches. The application of these two methods in thermal error modeling and compensation is reviewed and summarized in detail. By synthesizing these studies, this paper identifies key challenges and trends in machine learning-based thermal error modeling. Finally, the thermal error modeling methods discussed in this paper are summarized, and future research directions are proposed to further enhance modeling accuracy and robustness.
Analysis of Nonlinear Dynamics of a Gear Transmission System Considering Effects of the Extended Tooth Contact
Authors: Liao Fulin , Zheng Xingyuan , Huang Jianliang , Zhu Weidong
Published: February 2025

Considering the elasticity of gear solid bodies, the load applied to gear teeth will force theoretically separated gear teeth to get into engaging state in advance. This phenomenon is named as the extended tooth contact (ETC). Effects of the ETC directly influence the time-varying mesh stiffness of gear pairs and subsequently alter nonlinear dynamic characteristics of gear transmission systems. Time-vary mesh stiffness, considering effects of the ETC, is thus introduced into the dynamic model of the gear transmission system. Periodic motions of a gear transmission system are discussed in detail in this work. The analytical model of time-varying mesh stiffness with effects of the ETC is proposed, and the effectiveness of the analytical model is demonstrated in comparison with finite element (FE) results. The gear transmission system is simplified as a single degree-of-freedom (DOF) model system by employing the lumped mass method. The correctness of the dynamic model is verified in comparison with experimental results. An incremental harmonic balance (IHB) method is modified to obtain periodic responses of the gear transmission system. The improved Floquet theory is employed to determine the stability and bifurcation of the periodic responses of the gear transmission system. Some interesting phenomena exist in the periodic responses consisting of “softening-spring” behaviors, jump phenomena, primary resonances (PRs), and super-harmonic resonances (SP-HRs), and saddle-node bifurcations are observed. Especially, effects of loads on unstable regions, amplitudes, and positions of bifurcation points of frequency response curves are revealed. Analytical results obtained by the IHB method match very well with those from numerical integration.
Sectoral Efficiency and Resilience: A Multifaceted Analysis of S&P Global BMI Indices Under Global Crises
Authors: Kojić Milena , Rakić Slobodan , Silva José Wesley Lima da , Araujo Fernando Henrique Antunes de
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the complexity, efficiency, and sectoral interdependencies of the S&P Global BMI indices during critical global events, including the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine war. The analysis is conducted in three dimensions: (1) evaluating market efficiency using permutation entropy and the Fisher information measure, (2) exploring sectoral alignments through clustering techniques (hierarchical and k-means clustering), and (3) assessing the influence of geopolitical risk using Multifractal Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis (MFDCCA). The results highlight significant variations in informational efficiency across sectors, with Utilities and Consumer Staples exhibiting high efficiency, while Emerging Markets and Financials reflect lower efficiency levels. Temporal analysis reveals widespread efficiency declines during the pandemic, followed by mixed recovery patterns during the Ukraine conflict. Clustering analysis uncovers dynamic shifts in sectoral relationships, emphasizing the resilience of defensive sectors and the unique behavior of Developed BMI throughout crises. MFDCCA further demonstrates the multifractality in cross-correlations with geopolitical risk, with Consumer Staples and Energy showing stable persistence and Information Technology exhibiting sensitive complexity. These findings emphasize the adaptive nature of global markets in response to systemic and geopolitical shocks, offering insights for risk management and investment strategies.
A Study on Path Planning for Curved Surface UV Printing Robots Based on Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Liu Jie , Lin Xianxin , Huang Chengqiang , Cai Zelong , Liu Zhenyong , Chen Minsheng , Li Zhicong
Published: February 2025

In robotic surface UV printing, the irregular shape of the workpiece and frequent curvature changes require the printing robot to maintain the nozzle’s perpendicular orientation to the surface during path planning, which imposes high demands on trajectory accuracy and path smoothness. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a reinforcement-learning-based path planning method. First, an ideal main path is defined based on the nozzle characteristics, and then a robot motion accuracy model is established and transformed into a Markov Decision Process (MDP) to improve path accuracy and smoothness. Next, a framework combining Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning (GAIL) and Soft Actor–Critic (SAC) methods is proposed to solve the MDP problem and accelerate the convergence of SAC training. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms traditional path planning methods, as well as Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Specifically, the maximum Cartesian space error in path accuracy is reduced from 1.89 mm with PSO and 2.29 mm with GA to 0.63 mm. In terms of joint space smoothness, the reinforcement learning method achieves the smallest standard deviation, especially with a standard deviation of 0.00795 for joint 2, significantly lower than 0.58 with PSO and 0.729 with GA. Moreover, the proposed method also demonstrates superior training speed compared to the baseline SAC algorithm. The experimental results validate the application potential of this method in intelligent manufacturing, particularly in industries such as automotive manufacturing, aerospace, and medical devices, with significant practical value.
The Application of Cusp Catastrophe Theory to Analyze Road Traffic Potential Characteristics, Considering Headway, with Urban Data
Authors: Gu Jian , Zeng Zining , Li Shun , Jing Wei , Huang Fuan
Published: February 2025

Local data are essential for the analysis of abrupt conditions in traffic flow. In this research, we address the shortcomings of real-time traffic flow detection data, which inadequately represent the density characteristics of vehicular traffic. To mitigate this issue, we establish mathematical relationships among traffic flow density, time headway, and vehicle speed, based on the fundamental characteristics of traffic flow dynamics. This framework allows for the estimation of density across various road segments. Recognizing the nonlinear dynamics that characterize traffic flow, we introduce a microscopic traffic flow cusp catastrophe potential function that incorporates headway, utilizing cusp catastrophe theory alongside microscopic traffic flow parameters to analyze real-time variations in traffic flow potential characteristics. In the experimental section, we developed fitting regression functions for traffic flow parameters using road detection data from the cities of Nanjing and Yueyang in China. We also compared outcomes derived from the theoretical model with the parameter estimation results obtained from the data, which facilitated the calculation of traffic flow characteristics, such as cusp density and volume over a one-month period. The results derived from the proposed potential function exhibit the functions’ greater capacity to capture the complex fluctuations in traffic flow compared to traditional traffic potential functions, thereby providing a valuable instrument with which to evaluate traffic flow characteristics in conjunction with real-time monitoring data.
Helicobacter pylori, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Artery Disease: A Narrative Review
Authors: Saviano Angela , Morabito Loprete Maria Rita , Pignataro Giulia , Piccioni Andrea , Gasbarrini Antonio , Franceschi Francesco , Candelli Marcello
Published: February 2025

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, significantly contributing to mortality in both developed and developing nations. CAD arises from a combination of risk factors, including atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. In recent years, growing evidence has suggested a potential link between infectious agents and cardiovascular diseases. Among these, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been hypothesized for over a decade to play a role in the pathogenesis of CAD. This hypothesis is based on the bacterium’s ability to trigger host inflammatory or autoimmune responses, potentially contributing to the progression of atherosclerotic plaques and coronary events. The association between H. pylori infection and CAD is of considerable interest as it opens new avenues for prevention and management strategies in cardiovascular health. Understanding this relationship could lead to innovative approaches to reducing the burden of CAD, particularly in populations with a high prevalence of H. pylori. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the most recent evidence on the involvement of H. pylori in the development and prognosis of CAD. By analyzing and synthesizing current findings, we seek to shed light on unresolved questions and clarify the ambiguous aspects of this potential connection. Our goal is to contribute to a deeper understanding of how H. pylori, may influence cardiovascular disease and to inspire further research in this critical area.
Multidisciplinary Clinical Study on Retinal, Circulatory, and Respiratory Damage in Smoking-Dependent Subjects
Authors: Nebbioso Marcella , Vestri Annarita , Gharbiya Magda , D’Andrea Mattia , Calbucci Matteo , Pasqualotto Federico , Esposito Serena , D’Amico Alessandra , Castellani Valentina , Carlesimo Sandra Cinzia , Limoli Paolo Giuseppe , Lambiase Alessandro
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Cigarette smoking is a widely prevalent risk factor in the global population, despite its well-recognized systemic impact. In this pilot study, an association was hypothesized between alterations in hemorheological and respiratory characteristics and damage at the chorioretinal level, considering that traditional cigarette smoking may increase oxidative stress, platelet activation, and thrombotic phenomena at the systemic level. Fundoscopy can provide information about the characteristics of the cerebral district and the entire circulatory system. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of cigarette smoking on chorioretinal vascularization and pulmonary and blood parameters through investigations with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), spirometry, and the total thrombus formation analysis system (T-TAS). Materials and Methods: Thirty subjects were recruited, divided into 20 traditional cigarette smokers (SMs) and 10 non-SMs, who underwent a comprehensive ocular examination, including OCTA. Spirometric evaluation and blood sampling were also performed on both groups to study pulmonary functional capacity, as well as T-TAS. Results: An analysis of the obtained data confirmed the systemic impact of smoking, evidenced by an increase in T-TAS and a decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s expressed in liters (FEV1 L) in SMs compared to the non-SMs group. Additionally, OCTA revealed a statistically significant alteration in macular vascular density (FD) in the right eye (RE) of the examined SMs. The other parameters evaluated did not show statistically significant differences. Conclusions: It is believed that FD, FEV1, and T-TAS may be promising values in correlating the alterations observed in SMs, as highlighted by the changes detected with OCTA, spirometry, and hemorheological data. Further research is needed to confirm and expand the results already obtained and to evaluate the systemic vascular damage and oxidative stress caused by tobacco consumption.
Material and Process Modification to Improve Manufacturability of Low-Lead Copper Alloys by Low-Pressure Die Casting Method
Authors: Vanli Ali Serdar , Karas Muhammed Hakan
Published: February 2025

Copper alloys are widely used in faucet production due to their formability, enabling the casting of complex shapes, as well as to their antibacterial properties and good corrosion resistance. This study examined a faucet produced by the low-pressure die casting method, focusing on alternatives to lead (Pb) in copper alloys. Fluidity, casting rejection rates, and mechanical and microstructural properties were assessed. Additionally, lead-free and environmentally friendly brass alloy developments in the literature were reviewed. The experimental work involved producing a faucet from aluminum, antimony, and a bismuth-modified low-lead alloy using low-pressure casting. As faucet material, the antimony-supplemented alloy exhibited superior strength and optimal hardness. It also demonstrated better microstructural distribution and the highest production efficiency (at 81%). These findings highlight the significant advantages of the addition of antimony over aluminum and bismuth in faucet casting. The results are promising for both the casting process and subsequent mechanical operations, suggesting that antimony could enhance production quality and efficiency in low-pressure die-cast copper alloys.
Study on Liquid Metal Embrittlement Susceptibility of T91 Exposed to Liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic
Authors: Zhang Jie , Qin Bo , Long Bin
Published: February 2025

In this study, slow strain rate tensile tests (SSRT) were performed on T91 in lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) with saturated oxygen to investigate the effects of temperature (350 °C, 450 °C, and 550 °C), strain rate (1 × 10−5/s and 2 × 10−6/s) and pre-exposure conditions (time, oxygen concentration) on the sensitivity to liquid metal embrittlement (LME). The results revealed that the embrittlement sensitivity of T91 in LBE is significantly influenced by temperature. LME was observed in T91 at 350 °C and disappeared when the temperature increased to 550 °C. Additionally, T91 exhibited increased sensitivity to LME at low strain rates, indicating that low strain rates promoted the occurrence of LME. Finally, through different pre-exposure conditions, it was found that the obvious LME phenomenon would only occur when the oxygen concentration was poor and the pre-exposure time was long (48 h), indicating that pre-exposure conditions have a crucial impact on the occurrence of LME.
Microstructure and Performance of Body-Centered Cubic-Based Dual-Phase Composite Eutectic High-Entropy Alloys Prepared by Si Doping
Authors: Liu Saike , Li Aoxiang , Kang Kaiwen , Zhang Jinshan , Huang Di , Che Chunning , Jiang Yiteng , Xu Mingkun , Zhang Borui , Li Yaqing , Li Gong
Published: February 2025

AlCrFeNi-based high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as a prominent research system, attracting significant interest due to their compositional diversity and the tunability of their phase structures. However, in practical applications, single-phase AlCrFeNi-based HEAs often face a trade-off between toughness and strength. Therefore, designing multi-phase composite eutectic high-entropy alloys (EHEAs) to optimize their mechanical properties and microstructure has become a key research focus. Si, a common non-metallic element, plays a significant role in strengthening metal materials. In this paper, AlCrFeNi with Si doping strengthening (AlCrFeNi)100-xSix composite EHEAs were successfully fabricated. A systematic analysis was conducted to investigate the impacts of Si doping on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AlCrFeNi-based composite EHEAs. This study shows that with increasing Si content, the biphasic lamellar composite structure at the grain boundaries gradually expands, forming flower petals. The precipitate structure within the grains evolves into flower disks, which form a sunflower-like composite structure in the alloy. The volume fraction of lamellar structures increases in the petals, accompanied by grain refinement. Furthermore, the yield strength of the alloy increases from 1131 MPa to 1360 MPa with increasing Si content. This provides guidance for the design of high-performance composite EHEAs.