bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulator Par Excellence: Sir Henry Bland and Industrial Relations 1950-1967
Authors: Sheridan Tom
Published: March 2007

Study of the role of individuals in the bistory of Australian industrial relations has so far been limited largely to biographies of labour leaders and of a bandful of arbitration judges. This paper looks at the part played by Sir Henry Armand Bland (1909-1997), a federal public servant who for nearly two decades wielded an influence in national labour relations unprecedented this century. It is informed not merely by access to official archives and other literary records but also by Bland's own, carefully considered oral testament of achievement, which he bequeathed to posterity. The picture that emerges is somewhat surprising. As secretary of the Department of Lahour and National Service, Bland was interventionist in everything from exemtive government and secret surveillance of labour activists to arbitral determination and trade union governance. His range of intimate personal contacts was remarkable, including not just arbitration judges and union officials but also newspaper editors, press gallery journal ists and anti-communist polemicists. He enjoyed direct access to prime ministers and treasurers as well as to spycatchers and to his own, greatly contrasting ministers for labour: The character sketches be has bequeathed are devastatingly frank. His role was a crucial one in every piece of labour legislation introduced in the sixteen years of Robert Menzies' prime ministership. The industry that presented by far the greatest problems to Bland was stevedoring, which in the 1950s replaced coalmining as tbe strategic industrial bottleneck. It is Bland's claims for success on the watelfront that are most closely considered in this article, but other more general aspects of his policy are also noted—including his calculated policy of integrating the Australian Council of Trade Unions within the state.
Repression and Struggle: the State, the Chaebol and Independent Trade Unions in South Korea
Authors: Kwon Seung-Ho , O'Donnell Michael
Published: March 2007

The paper examines the interactions between the state, the chaebol and independent trade unions in South Korea from 1945 to 1999 within a political economy framework. It explores four propositions. First, that a more contingent approach is needed to understand the diversity and dynamic nature of environmental forces affecting South Korean industrial relations than the conventional emphasis on rapid industrialisation, Confucian values and anti-communist ideology. Second, that the role of the state has altered since 1987 from one of repression of labour militancy to one of playing a less interventionist role in industrial relations, although the state remains more supportive of the interests of employers. Tbird, that employers, especially family- owned conglomerates or chaebol, play an increasingly central role in industrial rela tions. Fourth, that economic, social structural and political factors aided the re-emergence of independent trade unions, in particular the development of large-scale heavy and chemical industries in regional industrial estates as part of the process of rapid industrialisation and the movement towards democratic political rule in 1987.
Union Democracy and Collective Bargaining: Public Policy in Transition
Authors: Fox Carol
Published: March 2007

Union democracy was a preoccupation of the federal legislature from the 1920s to the 1970s. It was quiescent as a public policy issue for two decades until revived by the Howard government in 1996. Examination of the statutory provisions for union democracy reveals deficiencies in terms of the benchmarks provided by both liberal pluralist and Marxist models. The traditional rationale for state intervention in union government is found to have been significantly weakened. At the same time, union democracy has been reinstated as a principal object of the statute. A new rationale for intervention is needed, as is a review of current regulation to assess its capacity to facilitate the achievement of tbe statutory objects. In analysing the relationship between regulation for union democracy and for participation in collective bargaining we can identify otber anomalies. These include: different standards for participation in the arbitration spbere (consent awards) from the bargaining sphere ( certified agreements); variation in the degree of regulation of different decisions—high-level regulation for elections and for merger decisions, and low-level regulation of decisions relating to the primary union function of improving wages and conditions; and extension of participa tion rights to non-unionists in the negotiation of union agreements, that is, elevation of an 'employee constituency' at the expense of a 'union-member constituency'. The industrial citizenship paradigm serves to highlight the anomalies and also resonates with the currently espoused value of employee choice. This model could provide a theoretical foundation for a more comistent and principled approach to public policy concerning participation in collective bargaining.
Employers and Bargaining Structure: the Case of the Australian Oil Industry
Authors: Westcott Mark
Published: March 2007

In the Australian literature on industrial relations, the dominant explation for the operation of employer associations bas come from the work of David Plowman. In the course of his analysis Plowman came to postulate that, unlike the situation in other industrialised economies, employer associations did little to influence the structure of bargaining in Australia. Plowman's argument has recently been subject to criticism, most notably by Barry, and Sheldon and Thornthwaite. This paper argues, like the recent revisionists, that employers have been instrumental in affecting both the level and the scope of bargaining. Evidence drawn from the activities of companies operating in the Australian oil industry during the period 1950-1980 supports this contention.
Trade, Defence and the Richardson Theory of Arms Races
Authors: Smoker Paul
Published: March 2007

The trade patterns for the seven nations USA, USSR, UK, China, Western Germany, Poland and France are examined using a directional trade ratio, and 10 polarization properties of this system of nations are suggested. The degree of polarization of each of the twenty-one two-nation subsystems comprising the whole system is calculated using the findings from the trade analysis.

An n-nation interaction model is then constructed which uses the idea of involvement to describe the degree of polarization of a subsystem in the whole system. This model is combined with the Richardson submissiveness model and is applied over the period 1952-62. It is found to be consistent with the facts of defence expenditures, and to give a higher correlation than a model which does not take differential degrees of polarization into account.

It is then suggested that a nation may alter its involvement in the cold war system in such a way that its behaviour becomes independent of the cold war system. Disarmament by that nation might then be more feasible, as it would not be subject to cold war con siderations. It is further suggested that the defence budgets of nations could be planned for different periods of time depending on the phase of the arms race system. This would increase the damping in the system. Conversely it is suggested that supplementary estimates in times of increasing tension should be avoided.
Belligerence Among the Primitives
Authors: Broch Tom , Galtung Johan
Published: March 2007

In this article the data on 652 primitive societies presented in Quincy Wright's A Study of War are analyzed by means of the techniques of multi-variate analysis and index- construction. Thirty-three percent of the societies are characterized as 'belligerent' in the sense that they are reputed to engage in aggressive warfare for economic or political purposes. An index of primitivity was constructed based on information on economic, political and social organization in the societies, and the level of belligerence varied from 0 percent at the most primitive level to 95 percent at the least primitive level, which corresponds roughly to what today is often referred to as 'traditional societies'. If in addition degree of contact with other societies is considered, the level of belligerenec varies from 0 percent in the most primitive and isolated societies to 100 percent in the least primitive and least isolated societies. These findings are then discussed.
Generational Succession as a Source of Foreign Policy Attitudes
Authors: Cutler Neal E.
Published: March 2007

This study analyzes generational trends in American foreign policy attitudes over the 1946-66 period. Through the secondary analysis of old public opinion polls, each of which can be sorted on the age variable, it is possible to adapt the demographer's concept of cohort analysis for the investigation of longitudinal attitude trends. While isolating the generational effects, the logic and technique of cohort analysis eliminate the maturation effects of the age variable. Eight question-sets, representing cognitions, evaluations, and policy preferences germane to foreign policy, were subjected to cohort analysis.

Several identifiable generational trends were located. The historically more recent genera tional cohorts are correlated with greater salience of foreign policy, greater the expectation of war, and greater the support for various foreign policy alternatives. In general, the data support the image of historically older generations as being somewhat isolationist, in the sense of desiring minimal contact with the outside world, while the more recent generational cohorts support a multifaceted engagement with the outside world.
Some Aspects of a Decision-Making Model in Nuclear Deterrence Theory
Authors: Hunter Douglas E.
Published: March 2007

This paper partly develops and analyzes the expected- value model of nuclear deterrence formulated by Daniel Ellsberg, formerly of the RAND Corporation, in his paper 'The crude analysis of strategic choices.'

In the model, the Soviets and Americans each have the choice of Strike (all-out nuclear attack) or Wait (representative or best alternative to Strike) toward the other. Some of the variables of interest are

q = Soviet subjective probability of a US Strike,

q = the Soviet subjective probability of a US Strike at which the Soviets are indifferent between Strike and wait,

V11 = Soviet no all-out war payoff, i.e. payoff for a Wait strategy by each side,

V21 = Soviet first strike payoff,

V12 = Soviet second strike payoff

(where q, V11, V21, V12 are US estimates),

M = Utility (Wait) - Utility (Strike) = (V11 - V21)- q(V11 - V21).

Deterrence holds if and only if M > 0.

The prime indices of deterrence stability are M and q. Cases are presented showing the conditions under which M and q increase simultaneously, or one in creases while the other remains constant, since such increases imply that deterrence is enhanced.

In general such cases require so much information that (1) one is unlikely ever to know if the cases apply, even if they do- -hence predicting whether deterrence is enhanced or not is very difficult; and (2) they could not be employed by a policy-maker seeking to mani pulate variables to enhance deterrence stability.

Also, interesting numerical real-life ranges of changes in values of V21, V12 and q are listed. These ranges of changes lead to both increases and decreases in M and q, unfortunately, so the model once more is seen to be poor for predicting whether deterrence is enhanced or not.

Typical real-life force changes are presented next. In general, one cannot get enough information to be able to predict the consequences for M and q. MIRV and the ABM are dealt with briefly.

The work in this article substantially advances knowledge about this deterrence model, and extends the criticism made by a number of writers who stress that deterrence theory requires rational behavior. The extreme limitations on one's ability to make predic tions even while employing a rigorous model are in vestigated. The fundamental conclusions is that the model does not predict deterrence outcomes for vital, realistic force changes.
Intergroup Conflict in the Southern Philippines: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Magdalena Federico V.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the utility of social-psychological factors, inferred from aggregate or ecological data, which had brought about (or depressed) the emergence of intergroup violence between Muslims and Christians in Mindanao, Philippines in the early 1970s. Eight variables underlying the theme of social strain or tension were selected and analyzed (by MSA-1) for 80 municipalities, half of which were violent and the other half, nonviolent. A violent community was one which experienced physical manifestations of civilian attacks and depredations on either Muslims or Christians, resulting in death, in jury, and destruction of property around 1970 and 1972, and confirmed by newspaper reports. Five variables were found to be facilitators of violence, namely: relative deprivation, Muslim displacement, size of Muslim population, rate of uneducated population, and tenancy. The remainder were considered inhibitors, namely: size of Christian population, land ownership, and farm population. Some interpretive conclusions were attempted and implications for policy drawn. It is suggested that more research be done along these lines for a meaningful theory of social tension valid for the observed intergroup conflict, and around which reasonable policies or action programs may be formulated and applied.
Militarism, its Dimensions and Corollaries: An Attempt at Conceptual Clarification
Authors: Skjelsbaek Kjell
Published: March 2007

The term militarism is used extensively for both analytical and propagandistic purposes, serving as a label for a many different phenomena. In the Western, liberal tradition, most authors emphasize the notion of excess (military spending, warfare, etc.), while in the Marxist tradition, militarism is seen as linked to imperialism and monopoly capitalism.

Borrowing ideas from both traditions, we suggest that a discussion of militarism can be organized along three dimensions: (1) the behavioral, (2) the attitudinal or ideological, and (3) the structural. It is convenient to subdivide the latter into national structure and inter national structure. Under each of these headings a number of indicators of militarism are discussed.

The dimensions are correlated, but correlations are generally weak. More research is needed to determine more exactly the relationship between, for instance, the growth of a military-industrial complex and the application of violence in foreign policy.

Historical cases of militarism vary considerably from one another. Therefore the term militarism should not be exclusively linked to a specific phenomenon, but should serve as a name for a series of related phenomena.
Transfer of Technology — A Structural Analysis
Authors: Naur Maja
Published: March 2007

To cover the world market, fewer nations are required to trade in technology than to trade in all commodities. A structural analysis was carried out to rank order the topdogs in the transfer of technology as well as of trade in general. It was found that the absolute number of underdogs dependent on one topdog was the best measure both when it came to trade in technology and trade in general. In technology, the general world pattern of the topdogs is visualized. Finally, an analysis of the correlation between trade and political influence as shown in the UN system was made. Only for the USA was there a positive correlation between this topdog and its underdog as regards trade in all commodities and trade in technology and the voting pattern.
UN Elites: Perspectives on Peace
Authors: Sylvester Christine
Published: March 2007

This article addresses two relatively neglected issues in the field of peace research: (1) attitudes of system managers toward peace (defined as the absence of war); and (2) the relative importance of several socialization factors in determining those attitudes. Using interview data from a sample of UN elites, we describe the priority they accord peace, their preferred targets of peace (global vs. national or regional beneficiaries), policies they favor to realize peace, and preferred fora/procedures for negotiating policy. Then, we compare the impact of generational membership, North-South differences, and UN roles on respondent support for peace and propensity to favor policy change.

Descriptive data reveal that peace is less important to these elites than economic welfare and social justice. This ordering, which is consonant with UN agenda trends, suggests spotty attention to peace initiatives in the future coupled with potential discrepancies in resource allocation between high and low political areas. In addition, peace is valued largely by globalminded elites, implying potential gaps between global schemes to end war and use of violence by nationalistic elites to attain preferred ends. Finally, while little disagreement exists concerning the importance of UN negotiation to attain peace, there is considerable disagreement over appropriate policy direction for the future. These aggregate tendencies are clarified by results of hypothesis tests showing level of development the best predictor of peace support and generational membership important to policy preferences. Explanatory findings, which tend to counter conventional socialization wisdom, implicate a North-South dimension in prepolicy debates, with DC affiliates favoring higher peace prioritization. However, in debates over policy, cohort differences, particularly the disproportionately change-oriented views of older elites, could have impact on outcomes. Thus, results of both analytic modes suggest important cognitive and socialization impediments to peace which may require reconciliation before policy progress can be made.
Small Peace
Authors: Smoker Paul
Published: March 2007

Peace may be conceived of not only as the absence of physical or structural violence, but also positively as harmony between culture and structure. In that case, the values of a society must be known in order for us to assess the degree of peace. Since 'small peace' presupposes a shared symbolic reality, most instances existing today are small — e. g., religious communities — and 'world peace' will have to consist of a multitude of 'small peaces', which may also contain what the outsider will define as structural violence.
A Gandhian Perspective on Peace
Authors: Bose Anima
Published: March 2007

In Gandhi's theory of peace, human values take great prominence. Nonviolence (ahimsa) is a way of life rather than a tactic, and, together with the search for truth (satyagraha), makes the difference between passive submission to injustice, and an active struggle against it. This struggle excludes both physical violence and casting the opponent in the role of enemy, and hence presupposes compassion and self-criticism. The notion of welfare to all (sarvodaya) also sees peace as incompatible with exploitation or inequality of wealth. Peace is not seen as an end state, but as a continuous revolutionary process, where ends cannot be separated from means.
Interpreters and Lobbies for Positive Peace
Authors: Groten Hubert , Jansen Jürgen
Published: March 2007

With the danger of a nuclear holocaust growing and psycho-logic (Osgood) as part of structural violence preparing this suicidal folly, the situation of (critical) peace research in the Federal Republic of Germany is precarious. It is not being taken seriously by the dominant strata of society and it is unknown to the masses.

Groten/Jansen see 'skilled workers' acting as interpreters to communicate the findings of critical peace research to those most affected by structural violence, the masses. In the framework of a nationwide nongovernmental network of women and men of good will it is hoped to inform the democratic masses and thus create lobbies who support those politicians who care about positive peace.
Revolution and Peace: the Nicaraguan Road
Authors: Cardenal Ernesto
Published: March 2007

Peace is not just the absence of war; peace means basically justice and brotherhood, love. Nicaragua — the people of Nicaragua — fought an armed revolution against injustice and for real peace: war, the violent destruction of an oppressive and inhuman regime, is more than justified if its aim is the creation of a society where men live in peace with each other; this is the real message of Christ. Consequently, the revolutionary government of Nicaragua is not only creating the conditions for economic development of its people, is not only building schools, hospitals and has embarked on a successful campaign of alpha betization, here the army is not only an army of the people, but it is also a revolution that preaches brotherhood and peace for its former enemies, and practices this by re integrating the former oppressors into society and has abolished the death penalty. Revolu tion means change, means the application of Christian principles, is part of a world-wide historical process of evolution, of reconciliation between men as well as between man and nature.
Peace and Communication
Authors: Varis Tapio
Published: March 2007

Current international debate on international communication issues as reflected in the drafting of media declarations is primarily based on recent studies about the flow of information. The background to these studies is described as well as their contribution to the debate. The paper discusses the problem that there is much work on the quantitative aspect of the flow but not enough qualitative work or theoretical understanding of the flow. Some attempts to summarize the findings are made. New areas for research such as transborder data flow are brought into the picture.

As international policy recommendations, the paper concludes that flow studies should be extended to analyse how such crucial problems of mankind as disarmament, peace, development and human rights are affected by the national media and the international flow of information. The author's approach is to stress the demands of a truer and more perfect knowledge of each other's lives, stemming from UNESCO's constitution and reflected also in the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe. As a counterargument to the demand of free flow of 'all kinds of information', there is evidence which has led some scholars to conclude that 'the surest antidote for ignorance and deceit is the widest possible exchange of objectively realistic information - true information, not merely more information.' Therefore, the qualitative aspects of the contents of the flow become crucial for research.
Review Essay: Military Coups and Militarization in Latin America
Authors: Carranza Mario
Published: March 2007

The study of the role of the military in the internal politics of Latin American states acquires a new dimension in the light of the 1982 war in the South Atlantic between Argentina and Great Britain and the regional arms race spurred by it. Conceived as a reappraisal of secondary sources, the book is focused on the degrees, modalities, and limits of the militarization of the State in Latin America, the problem of the 'future' of the military states and the possibilities of demilitarization. The study is centered on the 'physiology' of the military power, its mechanisms and functions. Although the 'military in politics' literature is not thoroughly discussed, there are important chapters on the Latin American military dependence on the United States and on the disregarded issue of foreign military influences before World War II. Even if not inscribed in the peace research tradition, the book is an important contribution to the dialogue between political scientists dealing with Latin America and European peace researchers.
Freedom of Information in National Security Affairs: A Comparative Study of Norway and the United States
Authors: Gleditsch Nils Petter , Høgetveit Einar
Published: March 2007

It is commonly assumed that there is much less secrecy in the United States than in its allies across the Atlantic. This paper sets out to substantiate this thesis by means of a comparison between Norway and the US. The Freedom of Information Act and the Executive Order on classification are compared to their Norwegian counterparts and on a number of points the US rules are found to be more liberal. Some material is presented on administrative practices in the two countries. This comparison indicates that the US Freedom of Information Act is used very extensively and increasingly so, whereas the use of the Norwegian Act is not only lower, but declining. 19 possible explanations for the greater secrecy of Norway are offered, and it is suggested that these may serve as a basis for a wider comparative study. Finally, the possibility of convergence is discussed, on the basis of a trend towards a more liberal practice in Norway, while the US has swung back from the post-Watergate openness. It is nevertheless maintained that the US remains well ahead of Norway in its openness on national security issues.
Pathologies of Defense
Authors: Boulding Kenneth E.
Published: March 2007

The broadest concept of defense is that of preventing unwanted change. This implies human evaluations of complex systems, estimating a given change as for the better or for the worse. The distinction between perceived betterment and actual betterment is difficult to make, but not meaningless. 'National Defense' is particularly concerned with conflict systems and threat systems. A conflict process is a change in which one party is perceived to become better off, the other worse off. Again there may be a difference between perceived and actual conflict. Threat systems originate when one party says 'You do something 1 want, or 1 will do something you don't want'. Possible responses are submission, defiance, flight, counterthreat (deterrence), or threat diminution (armor, walls). National defense is basically non-economic; it does not justify itself by cost-benefit analysis, but by absolute values of sacrifice and sacredness. The state is strengthened by sacrificing its own soldiers, not by killing the enemy, for that makes the enemy sacred. National defense however now threatens to destroy us all. The most important conflict in the world today is that between the unilateral national defense organizations of the world and the human race itself. The only national defense that is now feasible is stable peace.
Review Essay : Getting Rid of Nuclear Weapons: A Review of a Few Proposals for a Conventional Defense of Europe
Authors: Brauch Hans Günter , Unterseher Lutz
Published: March 2007

The review of proposals for a conventionalization of the defense of Europe confronts basic conclusions suggested by the ESECS-team (namely enriching the structure of traditional mechanized forces by enhanced options for deep strikes) with three West German concepts (Afheldt, Hannig, Löser) that advocate a gradual change towards a pattern of 'pure' defensivity. Finally, the British report 'Defence without the Bomb' is discussed in a broader political perspective. A cautious evaluation of these proposals indicates that a 'defensive defense' promises pay-offs in terms of crisis stability and prevention of escalation. Moreover, there seem to be respectable arguments that alternative structures might be more in accordance with our increasingly limited resources than a continuation or high-tech version of the current posture.
Images of World Futures
Authors: Kramer Marguerite
Published: March 2007

A body of 800 experts, worldwide, on international relations was surveyed in 1977 concerning their short-term (next 5 years) and long-term (next 25 years) predictions for international conflict, political change, and economic development. We present their predictions for both time-frames, and for the 5-year predictions compare them with events that actually occurred. We compare the predictions, and their relative success for the short- term predictions, by methodological orientation (behavioral or traditional) and nationality (United States, Japanese, and Other) of the predictor. Traditionalists succeeded somewhat better than behavioralists (at least outside their subjects of expertise), and both the Americans and the Others had greater success than the Japanese, though none of the differences between groups was great. The experts typically predicted little or no change in events or trends, rather than predicting major change. This is true for short- and long-range predictions. Within a generally optimistic set of predictions for the next 25 years, the Japanese group stands out as especially so, particularly on international cooperation, war-avoidance, and prosperity.
A University Peace Studies Curriculum for the 1990s
Authors: Lopez George A.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses three decades of university peace studies education in the United States. The first section draws from the plethora of pedagogical literature and survey data available at the close of the 1970s to discuss the visions and realities of peace education of that era. The second section outlines chal lenges to peace education unfolding in both the university environment and in the global arena in the 1980s. In the former area, a decline in financial resources and the number of entering students has jeopardized the standing of peace studies. In the latter area, new dimensions of war, arms and security, and human rights issues provide opportunities for reforming the standard peace studies program. The analysis of these trends leads us to wonder if the rich and varied experiences and concerns of university peace education of the preceding decade might not fall far short of the task assigned it: to produce citizens capable of dealing with threats to peace, justice and human dignity between now and the end of their lifetime. The concluding section then sets an agenda of topical areas and some structural suggestions for using the remaining years of the eighties to construct a dynamic and relevant university peace curriculum for the 1990s. Such a curriculum would include a much greater emphasis on the study of conflict resolution techniques; cross-cultural aspects of conflict; futures invention approaches; alternative security systems; non-violence; and violence of states against their citizens.
Grounds for Recognition of Conscientious Objection to Military Service: The Deontological-Teleological Distinction Considered
Authors: Wiberg Matti
Published: March 2007

This study of the grounds for recognition of conscientious objection to military service focuses on the conventional distinction between deontological and teleological moral theories. It is analytically proved that if it is possible to justify conscientious objection on deontological grounds, then this must necessarily be the case even on some teleological grounds.
Progress in the Study of International Conflict: A Methodological Critique
Authors: Simowitz Roslyn L. , Price Barry L.
Published: March 2007

This paper is a philosophy of science critique of behavioralist studies on international conflict. We find that the vast majority of studies on conflict fall into one of two categories: hypothesis testing and model building. A number of hypothesis-testing studies involve hypotheses which are believed to be the conse quences of some theory. We argue that these studies will not generate scientific progress because they fail to appraise more than one theory at a time. There are also many studies where the hypotheses tested are not purported to be the consequences of some theory. We argue that these studies too are unable to generate real progress because they are incapable of yielding novel information and are therefore in capable of being severely tested. The model-building activities of others do not offer much hope for sci entific progress either. This is primarily due to the fact that model builders focus on what is essentially a problem for the mathematician, not the scientist. In addition, we find that model builders, even when subjecting their models to empirical analyses, actually fail to test any theories or universal generaliza tions. In the hope of furthering our understanding about the causes of international conflict, we suggest that hypothesis testers reformulate their hypotheses so that they can be subjected to severe tests. We also suggest a change in focus for model builders which hopefully will enable them to progress to better, more comprehensive theories of international conflict.
Review Essay : The Twists and Turns of Development Theory: A Comment on 'The European Experience'* by Dieter Senghaas
Authors: Sørensen Georg
Published: March 2007

Dieter Senghaas has made an exciting contribution to the study of European development by employing concepts originally developed in the dependency tradition for analysing the Third World. In the process, however, some of the problems pertaining to dependency theory are brought to bear on the European problematique. Two such problems are explored in the article. Firstly, the problem of the awkward dis tinction between internal and external factors in the process of development, where Senghaas is at pains to stress the role of internal factors. Secondly, the problem of the very broad categories of auto-centred versus peripheral development. The article argues that these broad categories are insufficient means to grasp dynamics of development in the First and the Third World. Finally, the article stresses that al though the European Experience contains relevant elements for the Third World today, there are also a number of new developments making it impossible for Third World countries to repeat the European experience.
The Peace Movement - An Anti-Establishment Movement
Authors: Salomon Kim
Published: March 2007

Attempts to explain the emergence of the peace movement in the 1980s often point to factors like fear of nuclear weapons, Soviet manipulation of public opinion in the West and NATO's double-track decision in 1979. Among these, the author emphasizes the third factor. He argues that NATO's double track de cision made the threat of nuclear war seem nearer and more real, thus motivating people to involve themselves in the peace movement. The author also introduces a fourth factor, arguing that anti- establishment attitudes constitute the most important single impulse behind the emergence of the peace movement in the 1980s. The movement reflects a subculture which is permanently pitted against establishment norms. It is this environment of critical attitudes, rather than a quest for peace or an op position against nuclear weapons, which induces people to involve themselves in the peace movement. The author substantiates this thesis through a discussion of the social groups which tend to actively sup port the peace movement, the political preferences of the peace activists and their goals and methods. The peace movement is also shown in a historical perspective, which emphasizes its relationship with other popular movements of the post-war era.
Improving Preservice Education of Undergraduate College Teachers
Authors: Kidd Rex C.
Published: March 2007

How strong is the instructional pro gram at the undergraduate college level? What specific weaknesses may be traced to the preparation of the college teacher? What, in truth, are the criteria by which the college teacher's effectiveness is judged? Mr. Kidd, of Florida State Uni versity, Tallahassee, in his search for valid tools of measurement, comes for ward with some interesting findings. He is provoked to offer some pointed and challenging recommendations, particular ly with respect to the graduate prepara tion of intending college teachers.
Natural Resources
Authors: Ray George F.
Published: March 2007

Energy is a world issue and since future developments, particulary of oil, are of paramount importance to the UK economy, we have to take a world view. We start by discussing the prospects of the supply and price of oil; the outlook for other types of primary energy as well will be considered briefly.
Message-Oriented Discrete Event Simulation
Authors: Chang W. , Jones L.R.
Published: March 2007

A message-oriented discrete event simulation algorithm has been developed which incorporates the concepts of object- oriented programming, distributed simulation and concurrent programming to simulate concurrent objects in a seguential environment. This algorithm extends the concept of messages from a means of program execution to a criterion for event scheduling. Two functions, Sync msg and Async-msg, were defined to control the interaction, concurrency and event scheduling among objects in a simulation model. The message approach, compared to the conventional algorithms, provides a more flexible and intuitive way to develop simulation models. This simulation approach allows models to represent their real-world counterparts more accurately. Also, it provides an opportunity for the simulation developers to view a model in a seguential environment as if it were in a concurrent environment. Consequently, such simulation techniques improve the overall structure of a model and provide an intuitive approach for utilizing modern computer technologies.
Architecture and Performance of MLAN: A Multimedia Local ATM Network
Authors: Agrawal Jagan P. , Varshney Upkar
Published: March 2007

In this paper we present a Multimedia Local ATM Network (MLAN) protocol suitable for campus environment which (i)operates in the native ATM mode, (ii)does dynamic and fair bandwidth allocation as per desired criteria, (iii)guarantees continuous access to real time and high priority data traffic, and (iv)offers connectionless as well as connection-oriented service for MLAN-ATM network communication. The protocol has been designed for a bidirectional broadcast bus system topology. A new 'polling inactive customers only (PICO)' reservation technique exploits the characteristics of the multimedia traffic which enabled us to reduce the average overhead due to bus propagation delay. Also, new concepts of secondary polling and transmissions have been introduced to improve LAN throughput under low traffic conditious. The protocol performance has been determined analytically as well as by computer simulation using a multimedia traffic model developed in the paper. Results show that the protocol performance remains the same at all traffic compositions if the offered load does not change and is independent of the bit rate (R) when R≥50 Mbps. Based on the results, the proposed broadcast bus system MLAN architecture is well suited for designing high speed multimedia ATM LANs with a modest number of terminals over a 1 to 3 km bus.
Spreadsheet Analysis of Linear Programs With Uncertainty
Authors: Leon Linda A. , Przasnyski Zbigniew H.
Published: March 2007

For a decade spreadsheets have provided an intuitive interface and accepted environment for modelling increasingly sophisticated applications. Due to dramatic improvements in technology, end user decision makers have increasingly powerful operations research tools at their disposal, with real life successes documented in the literature. This paper presents a framework for describing linear programs with uncertainty and describes how the spreadsheet medium can be used to enhance their analysis. Procedures for analysis are discussed for the cases of prior resolvability and recourse availability and illustrated by example. A postoptimality analysis approach for the recourse problem which applies simulation to an optimization model is detailed using a spreadsheet template.
Dynamic Simulation Modeling on a Spreadsheet
Authors: Stent Alan F. , McCallum Ian R.
Published: March 2007

A spreadsheet is used as the development environment for a dynamic force model of a manoeuvring ship. The dynamic equations are coded by a method of self- referencing formulas. The technique does not require spreadsheet macros and is described in the paper. Some advantages and disadvantages of spreadsheets for this type of application are discussed.
A Performance Simulation Study of the Ethernet and Token Bus Local Computer Networks
Authors: Obaidat M.S.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a detailed comparative performance simulation study for the Ethernet and Token Bus local computer networks. The simulation models are built using discrete-driven simulation. SIMSCRIPT 11.5 is used to develop the simulation models. The performance metrics considered in this paper are the throughput and average packet delay. Results obtained show that the throughput declines as the normalized propagation delay increases. However, the Token Bus channel utilization is higher than that of Ethernet especially when the Token Bus is operating in the exhaustive service case. The Token Bus exhaustive service has better maximum throughput - normalized propagation delay, a, characteristics especially for large values of a. It is found that delay - throughput comparisons between Ethernet and Token Bus topologies are sensitive to the network parameters. The results obtained show that Ethernet is inappropriate for high load conditions due to the increased number of collisions. Finally, it is found that the Token Bus provides relatively better performance measure for applications that are systematic in nature such as assembly line applications in factories.
Simulation and Computational Intelligence in Real-World Applications
Authors: Padgett Mary Lou , Padgett W. David
Published: March 2007

Many real-world applications of computational intelligence (CI) start with a good training simulator. Enhancing the simulator to use many human senses and to facilitate collection and analysis of data may produce an intelligent virtual reality (VR) system. Careful design of a VR system may encourage the use of "hooks" to allow collection of data, conversion to meaningful informatian, and incorporation of intelligence into later versions and into the final, real-world product. This paper will illustrate these concepts by discussing the challenges of autonomous flight, from simulation to implementation. Fuzzy risk analysis is suggested as a performance evaluation tool for design of CI systems, here defined as systems incorporating artificial neural networks (NN), fuzzy systems, (FZ) evolutionary systems (EC) and/or virtual reality (VR). Intelligent virtual simulation is a tool of the future which promises to move from an intriguing pastime for gamers to a rigorously applied scientific discipline offering economic advantages and service to those working in applications ranging from training simulators to accessibility aids for the handicapped. To participate in interest groups or standards activities, or to obtain additional information about simulation-oriented resources for CI development, contact mpadgett@eng.auburn.edu.
Analog 3-D Neuroprocessor for Fast Frame Focal Plane Image Processing
Authors: Duong Tuan , Kemeny Sabrina , Daud Taher , Thakoor Anil , Saunders Chris , Carson John
Published: March 2007

A particularly challenging neural network application requiring high-speed and intensive image processing capability is target acquisition and discrimination. It requires spatio-temporal recognition of point and resolved targets at high speeds. A reconfigur able neural architecture may discriminate targets from clutter or classify targets once resolved. By mating a 64 x 64 pixel array infrared (IR) image sensor to a 3-D stack (cube) of 64 neural-net ICs along respective edges, every pixel would directly input to a neural network, thereby processing the infor-mation with full parallelism. Being mated to the infrared sensor array, the cube would operate at 90°K temperature with <250 nanosecond signal processing speed and a low power consumption of only -2 watts. For low power and compactness in hardware, the emphasis has been on parallelism and analog signal processing. A versatile reconfigurable circuit is presented that offers a variety of neural architectures: multilayer perceptron, template matching with winner-take-all (WTA) circuitry, and a new architecture of cascade backpropagation (CBP). Special designs of analog neuron and synapse implemented in VLSI are presented which bear out high speed response both at room and low temperatures with synapse-neuron signal propagation times of ∼100 ns. The CBP learning algorithm is illustrated by solving in simulation the nonlinear 6-bit parity problem. Results show that this algorithm is robust even with synaptic resolutions limited to 5 bits. Therefore, it is particularly suitable for hardware implementation.
A PDP Approach to Localized Fractal Dimension Computation with Segmentation Boundaries
Authors: Rogers George W. , Solka Jeffrey L. , Priebe Carey E.
Published: March 2007

A parallel distributed processing approach to the computation of localized fractal dimension values in imagery is pre sented. This approach is a further development of the covering method which requires only nearest neighbor commu nication. A major benefit of our approach is the ability to readily incorporate any boundary information that may be available. Man y fractal textures or surfaces are fractal only in distribution. With this in mind, we show that compari son of the fractal dimension distribrctions via Kullback-Leibler can give an improved texture discrimination capability over comparison of computed fractal dimension. Results are presented for a set of textures.
Simulating Sensitive Dynamic Control of a Bobsled
Authors: Hubbard Mont
Published: March 2007

We present herewith our edited version of a paper sent to us by John Gardenier, SCS representative to the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The paper was presented at the Second Conference on Mathematics and Computers in Sport held at Bond University, Queensland, Australia, 11-13 July 1994. The figures reproduced herewith appeared in related papers, as shown in the references at the end of this article.
An Heuristic Technique for Selecting the Run-Length of Non-Terminating Steady-State Simulations
Authors: Robinson Stewart
Published: March 2007

Increasing the run-length of a non- terminating steady-state simulation improves confidence in the results obtained. Yet the questions need to be asked: how long should a run be and what level of confidence is obtained? This paper describes an heuristic technique for selecting the run-length which enables the user to measure the level of confidence achieved. An heuristic technique has been developed deliberately to enable implementation by both expert and non- expert users.
Implementation of a Test Generation Algorithm for Hardware Fault Diagnosis in Asynchronous Sequential Circuits
Authors: Vishnubhotla Sarma R.
Published: March 2007

The implementation of an algorithm to build test sequences to diagnose stuck-at type faults and bridge-faults in asynchronous sequential circuits is presented in this paper. Every path of signal flow (including the feedback wires) is enumerated in the circuit. An algebraic expansion method is used to sensitize each enumerated path in order to send the binary signals along the path, unimpeded at any gate, to the primary output of the path. A present sequence is built to fix the feedback wires in each path at the values required to sensitize the path. The algorithm will yield test sequences to detect and locate all the multiple stuck-at type faults and bridge-faults. The algorithm is implemented by storing the circuit description in a data structure. All the paths are enumerated using the information in the data structure and the test sequences are built by sensitizing the enumerated paths. Fault dictionary for the circuit is built from single fault ranges of the test sequences.