bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of efficiency and factors affecting the production of cabbage farming (Brassica oleracea L.) in Belung village, Poncokusumo, Malang, Indonesia
Authors: Ningsih GM
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this research was to analyze the efficiency and the factors that affect the production of cabbage farm in the village of Belung, Poncokusumo, Malang, Indonesia. Samples taken by census the number of respondents 36 farmers. The analysis used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative analysis include analysis of costs, revenues, income, efficiency and Cobb-Douglas. Based on the analysis, known that farmer acceptance is Rp. 43,767,361 and generated revenues of Rp. 30,124,372/ ha. Result relevated that the Cabbage farm in the village of Belung, Poncokusumo, Malang was highly efficient and profitable with an efficiency of 3.2. Factors that effect significantly on cabbage farming production are labors, lands, pesticides and seeds. Input combinations are already efficient and optimal pesticides and seeds.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 6 (1): 8-13, June, 2016
Effects of rural-urban youth migration on farm families in Benue state, Nigeria
Authors: Mbah EN , Ezeano CI , Agada MO
Published: August 2016

The study was assessed to determine the effects of rural-urban youth migration on farm families in Benue state, Nigeria during November 2014 to June 2015. Interview schedule was used to collect data from a sample of 80 respondents. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores and standard deviation. Results indicate that majority (76.3%) of the respondents were males, middle aged and married. Major causes of ruralurban youth migration indicated by the respondents include inadequate employment opportunities in rural areas (M=3.6), search for better education (M=3.5), inadequate social infrastructure such as schools (M=3.4), poor medical care services in rural areas (M=3.4), looking for money through labour (M=3.4), apprenticeship programme (M=3.2), etc. Findings of the study also indicate that reduction of agricultural labour force (M=3.5), low agricultural productivity (M=3.3), high cost of labour (M= 3.3), reduction on demand for locally grown foods (M=2.9), decrease in dependency ratio in the rural areas (M=2.7), reduction on number of mouths to feed (M=2.7), among others were major effects of ruralurban youth migration among farm families. The study recommends that Nigerian government should provide adequate physical and social infrastructure in rural areas in order to encourage youths to remain in agriculture, reduce rural-urban youth migration as well as sustain agriculture for enhanced food security.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 6 (1): 14-20, June, 2016
Approach of Complexity in Nature: Entropic Nonuniqueness
Authors: Tsallis Constantino
Published: August 2016

Boltzmann introduced in the 1870s a logarithmic measure for the connection between the thermodynamical entropy and the probabilities of the microscopic configurations of the system. His celebrated entropic functional for classical systems was then extended by Gibbs to the entire phase space of a many-body system and by von Neumann in order to cover quantum systems, as well. Finally, it was used by Shannon within the theory of information. The simplest expression of this functional corresponds to a discrete set of W microscopic possibilities and is given by S B G = − k ∑ i = 1 W p i ln p i (k is a positive universal constant; BG stands for Boltzmann–Gibbs). This relation enables the construction of BGstatistical mechanics, which, together with the Maxwell equations and classical, quantum and relativistic mechanics, constitutes one of the pillars of contemporary physics. The BG theory has provided uncountable important applications in physics, chemistry, computational sciences, economics, biology, networks and others. As argued in the textbooks, its application in physical systems is legitimate whenever the hypothesis of ergodicity is satisfied, i.e., when ensemble and time averages coincide. However, what can we do when ergodicity and similar simple hypotheses are violated, which indeed happens in very many natural, artificial and social complex systems. The possibility of generalizing BG statistical mechanics through a family of non-additive entropies was advanced in 1988, namely S q = k 1 − ∑ i = 1 W p i q q − 1 , which recovers the additive S B G entropy in the q→ 1 limit. The index q is to be determined from mechanical first principles, corresponding to complexity universality classes. Along three decades, this idea intensively evolved world-wide (see the Bibliography in http://tsallis.cat.cbpf.br/biblio.htm) and led to a plethora of predictions, verifications and applications in physical systems and elsewhere. As expected, whenever a paradigm shift is explored, some controversy naturally emerged, as well, in the community. The present status of the general picture is here described, starting from its dynamical and thermodynamical foundations and ending with its most recent physical applications.
Information Theoretical Measures for Achieving Robust Learning Machines
Authors: Zegers Pablo , Frieden B. , Alarcón Carlos , Fuentes Alexis
Published: August 2016

Information theoretical measures are used to design, from first principles, an objective function that can drive a learning machine process to a solution that is robust to perturbations in parameters. Full analytic derivations are given and tested with computational examples showing that indeed the procedure is successful. The final solution, implemented by a robust learning machine, expresses a balance between Shannon differential entropy and Fisher information. This is also surprising in being an analytical relation, given the purely numerical operations of the learning machine.
Determining the Entropic Index q of Tsallis Entropy in Images through Redundancy
Authors: Ramírez-Reyes Abdiel , Hernández-Montoya Alejandro , Herrera-Corral Gerardo , Domínguez-Jiménez Ismael
Published: August 2016

The Boltzmann–Gibbs and Tsallis entropies are essential concepts in statistical physics, which have found multiple applications in many engineering and science areas. In particular, we focus our interest on their applications to image processing through information theory. We present in this article a novel numeric method to calculate the Tsallis entropic index q characteristic to a given image, considering the image as a non-extensive system. The entropic index q is calculated through q-redundancy maximization, which is a methodology that comes from information theory. We find better results in the image processing in the grayscale by using the Tsallis entropy and thresholding q instead of the Shannon entropy.
Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation of Non-Newtonian Laminar Flow in Microchannels with Four Flow Control Structures
Authors: Yang Ke , Zhang Di , Xie Yonghui , Xie Gongnan
Published: August 2016

Flow characteristics and heat transfer performances of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) aqueous solutions in the microchannels with flow control structures were investigated in this study. The researches were carried out with various flow rates and concentrations of the CMC aqueous solutions. The results reveal that the pin-finned microchannel has the most uniform temperature distribution on the structured walls, and the average temperature on the structured wall reaches the minimum value in cylinder-ribbed microchannels at the same flow rate and CMC concentration. Moreover, the protruded microchannel obtains the minimum relative Fanning friction factor f/f0, while, the maximum f/f0 is observed in the cylinder-ribbed microchannel. Furthermore, the minimum f/f0 is reached at the cases with CMC2000, and also, the relative Nusselt number Nu/Nu0 of CMC2000 cases is larger than that of other cases in the four structured microchannels. Therefore, 2000 ppm is the recommended concentration of CMC aqueous solutions in all the cases with different flow rates and flow control structures. Pin-finned microchannels are preferred in low flow rate cases, while, V-grooved microchannels have the minimum relative entropy generation S’/S0’ and best thermal performance TP at CMC2000 in high flow rates.
Design and Implementation of a Test-Bench for Efficiency Measurement of Domestic Induction Heating Appliances
Authors: Serrano Javier , Acero Jesús , Alonso Rafael , Carretero Claudio , Lope Ignacio , Burdío José
Published: August 2016

The operation of a domestic induction cooktop is based on the wireless energy transfer from the inductor to the pot. In such systems, the induction efficiency is defined as the ratio between the power delivered to the pot and the consumed power from the supplying converter. The non-transferred power is dissipated in the inductor, raising its temperature. Most efficiency-measuring methods are based on measuring the effective power (pot) and the total power (converter output). While the converter output power is directly measurable, the measurement of the power dissipation in the pot is usually a cause of inaccuracy. In this work, an alternative method to measure the system’s efficiency is proposed and implemented. The method is based on a pot with a reversible base to which the inductor is attached. In the standard configuration, the inductor is placed below the pot in such a way that the delivered power is used to boil water, and the power losses are dissipated to the air. When the pot base is flipped, the inductor is immersed into the water. In this case the losses in the inductor also contribute to heating up and boiling the water. The induction efficiency is calculated from the boiling rates in both configurations. A commercial inductor was tested under real working conditions with consistent results.
Heavy Metal Distribution in Street Dust from Traditional Markets and the Human Health Implications
Authors: Kim Jin , Park Jin , Hwang Won
Published: August 2016

Street dust is a hazard for workers in traditional markets. Exposure time is longer than for other people, making them vulnerable to heavy metals in street dust. This study investigated heavy metal concentrations in street dust samples collected from different types of markets. It compared the results with heavy metal concentrations in heavy traffic and rural areas. Street dust was significantly enriched with most heavy metals in a heavy traffic area while street dust from a fish market was contaminated with cupper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). Street dust from medicinal herb and fruit markets, and rural areas were not contaminated. Principal component and cluster analyses indicated heavy metals in heavy traffic road and fish market dust had different sources. Relatively high heavy metal concentration in street dust from the fish market may negatively affect worker’s mental health, as depression levels were higher compared with workers in other markets. Therefore, intensive investigation of the relationship between heavy metal concentrations in street dust and worker’s health in traditional marketplaces should be conducted to elucidate the effect of heavy metals on psychological health in humans.
Resveratrol Attenuates Acute Inflammatory Injury in Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats via Inhibition of TLR4 Pathway
Authors: Zhang Xiang-Sheng , Li Wei , Wu Qi , Wu Ling-Yun , Ye Zhen-Nan , Liu Jing-Peng , Zhuang Zong , Zhou Meng-Liang , Zhang Xin , Hang Chun-Hua
Published: August 2016

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been proven to play a critical role in neuroinflammation and to represent an important therapeutic target following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Resveratrol (RSV), a natural occurring polyphenolic compound, has a powerful anti-inflammatory property. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of RSV in protecting against early brain injury (EBI) after SAH remain obscure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of RSV on the TLR4-related inflammatory signaling pathway and EBI in rats after SAH. A prechiasmatic cistern SAH model was used in our experiment. The expressions of TLR4, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The expressions of Iba-1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain cortex were determined by Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neural apoptosis, brain edema, and neurological function were further evaluated to investigate the development of EBI. We found that post-SAH treatment with RSV could markedly inhibit the expressions of TLR4, HMGB1, MyD88, and NF-κB. Meanwhile, RSV significantly reduced microglia activation, as well as inflammatory cytokines leading to the amelioration of neural apoptosis, brain edema, and neurological behavior impairment at 24 h after SAH. However, RSV treatment failed to alleviate brain edema and neurological deficits at 72 h after SAH. These results indicated that RSV treatment could alleviate EBI after SAH, at least in part, via inhibition of TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling pathway.
Effect of Microstructure on Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Ti17 Alloy
Authors: Liang Rong , Ji Yingping , Wang Shijie , Liu Shuzhen
Published: August 2016

Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr (Ti17) is used extensively in turbine engines, where fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth (FCG) resistance are important properties. However, most research on the alloy was mainly focused on deformation behavior and microstructural evolution, and there have been few studies to examine the effect of microstructure on the properties. Accordingly, the present work studied the influences of the microstructure types (bimodal and lamellar) on the mechanical properties of Ti17 alloy, including fracture toughness, FCG resistance and tensile property. In addition, the fracture modes associated with different microstructures were also analyzed via the observation of the fracture surface. The results found that the lamellar microstructure had a much higher fracture toughness and superior resistance to FCG. These results were discussed in terms of the tortuous crack path and the intrinsic microstructural contributions.
Study of Polymer Matrix Degradation Behavior in CFRP Short Pulsed Laser Processing
Authors: Xu Hebing , Hu Jun
Published: August 2016

Short pulsed laser is preferred to avoid the thermal damage in processing the heat sensitive material, such as carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). In this paper, a numerical model capturing both the material ablation and polymer matrix pyrolysis processes in pulsed laser processing is established. The effect of laser pulse length from ns order to μs order is studied. It was found that with shorter pulse length, ablation depth is increased and heat affected zone is remarkably reduced. Moreover the pyrolysis gas transport analysis shows that shorter pulse length results in a larger internal pressure. At pulse length in ns order, maximum pressure as high as hundreds of times atmospheric pressure in CFRP could be produced and leads to mechanical erosion of material. The predicted ablation depth of a single short laser pulse conforms well to the experiment result of the CFRP laser milling experiment.
Estimation of Distribution Algorithm for Energy-Efficient Scheduling in Turning Processes
Authors: Wang Fang , Rao Yunqing , Zhang Chaoyong , Tang Qiuhua , Zhang Liping
Published: August 2016

With the increasing concern for the environment, energy-efficient scheduling of the manufacturing industry is becoming urgent and popular. In turning processes, both spindle speed and processing time affect the final energy consumption and thus the spindle speed and scheduling scheme need to be optimized simultaneously. Since the turning workshop can be regarded as the flexible flow shop, this paper formulates a mixed integer nonlinear programming model for the energy-efficient scheduling of the flexible flow shop. Accordingly, a new decoding method is developed for the optimization of both spindle speed and scheduling scheme simultaneously, and an estimation of the distribution algorithm adopting the new decoding method is proposed to solve large-size problems. The parameters of this algorithm are determined by statistics from a simplified practical case. Validation results of the proposed method show that the makespan is shortened to a large extent, and the consumed energy is significantly saved. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed mathematical model and algorithm.
Not Deep Learning but Autonomous Learning of Open Innovation for Sustainable Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Yun JinHyo , Lee Dooseok , Ahn Heungju , Park Kyungbae , Yigitcanlar Tan
Published: August 2016

What do we need for sustainable artificial intelligence that is not harmful but beneficial human life? This paper builds up the interaction model between direct and autonomous learning from the human’s cognitive learning process and firms’ open innovation process. It conceptually establishes a direct and autonomous learning interaction model. The key factor of this model is that the process to respond to entries from external environments through interactions between autonomous learning and direct learning as well as to rearrange internal knowledge is incessant. When autonomous learning happens, the units of knowledge determinations that arise from indirect learning are separated. They induce not only broad autonomous learning made through the horizontal combinations that surpass the combinations that occurred in direct learning but also in-depth autonomous learning made through vertical combinations that appear so that new knowledge is added. The core of the interaction model between direct and autonomous learning is the variability of the boundary between proven knowledge and hypothetical knowledge, limitations in knowledge accumulation, as well as complementarity and conflict between direct and autonomous learning. Therefore, these should be considered when introducing the interaction model between direct and autonomous learning into navigations, cleaning robots, search engines, etc. In addition, we should consider the relationship between direct learning and autonomous learning when building up open innovation strategies and policies.
An Interpretive Framework for Assessing and Monitoring the Sustainability of School Gardens
Authors: Sottile Francesco , Fiorito Daniela , Tecco Nadia , Girgenti Vincenzo , Peano Cristiana
Published: August 2016

School gardens are, increasingly, an integral part of projects aiming to promote nutritional education and environmental sustainability in many countries throughout the world. In the late 1950s, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) had already developed projects to improve the dietary intake and behavior through school and community gardens. However, notwithstanding decades of experience, real proof of how these programs contribute to improving sustainability has not been well-documented, and reported findings have mostly been anecdotal. Therefore, it is important to begin a process of collecting and monitoring data to quantify the results and possibly improve their efficiency. This study’s primary goal is to propose an interpretive structure—the “Sustainable Agri-Food Evaluation Methodology-Garden” (SAEMETH-G), that is able to quantifiably guide the sustainability evaluation of various school garden organizational forms. As a case study, the methodology was applied to 15 school gardens located in three regions of Kenya, Africa. This application of SAEMETH-G as an assessment tool based on user-friendly indicators demonstrates that it is possible to carry out sustainability evaluations of school gardens through a participatory and interdisciplinary approach. Thus, the hypothesis that the original SAEMETH operative framework could be tested in gardens has also been confirmed. SAEMETH-G is a promising tool that has the potential to help us understand school gardens’ sustainability better and to use that knowledge in their further development all over the world.
Modeling Bottom-Up Visual Attention Using Dihedral Group D4
Authors: Sharma Puneet
Published: August 2016

In this paper, first, we briefly describe the dihedral group D 4 that serves as the basis for calculating saliency in our proposed model. Second, our saliency model makes two major changes in a latest state-of-the-art model known as group-based asymmetry. First, based on the properties of the dihedral group D 4 , we simplify the asymmetry calculations associated with the measurement of saliency. This results is an algorithm that reduces the number of calculations by at least half that makes it the fastest among the six best algorithms used in this research article. Second, in order to maximize the information across different chromatic and multi-resolution features, the color image space is de-correlated. We evaluate our algorithm against 10 state-of-the-art saliency models. Our results show that by using optimal parameters for a given dataset, our proposed model can outperform the best saliency algorithm in the literature. However, as the differences among the (few) best saliency models are small, we would like to suggest that our proposed model is among the best and the fastest among the best. Finally, as a part of future work, we suggest that our proposed approach on saliency can be extended to include three-dimensional image data.
Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Groundwater Highly Polluted with Nitrate in an Agricultural Area of Hongseong, Korea
Authors: Kim Hyun-su , Park So-ra
Published: August 2016

The hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater, in an area where widespread contamination by nitrate ( NO 3 − ) was anticipated, were studied using traditional geochemical investigation and multivariate statistical analysis. Widespread NO 3 − contamination as high as 67.2 mg/L as NO3–N was observed, and positively correlated with that for chemicals ( Cl − , major cations) with surface origin. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that three processes affected groundwater chemistry of the area: (1) leaching of pollutants from the ground surface; (2) reduction of NO 3 − in areas with low dissolved oxygen (DO); and (3) ingress of low NO 3 − deep groundwater. Five sample groups were identified from cluster analysis, and analysis of land use patterns around each group showed that fate and distribution of NO 3 − contamination were mainly controlled by surface topography and predominant land use type. The highest NO 3 − concentrations were associated with confined livestock feeding operations in hilly terrain areas, where infiltrating water also had high DO. Lower NO 3 − concentrations found in the lowland flat areas were thought to be due to either reducing conditions in rice paddies leading to N attenuation or drawing in of deep groundwater by pumping to meet agricultural needs during periods of low rainfall.
Differences in Tfh Cell Response between the Graft and Spleen with Chronic Allograft Nephropathy
Authors: Shi Jian , Xu Xianlin , Luo Fengbao , Shi Qianqian , He Xiaozhou , Xia Ying
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate follicular helper T (Tfh) cell response and its difference between renal graft and spleen in a rat renal transplantation model undergoing chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). Orthotopical kidney transplantations were performed on Fischer (F344) rats and transplanted to Lewis rats, using syngeneic Lewis–Lewis grafts as controls. Tissue samples were collected at 8 weeks posttransplantation. The status of Tfh cell response was assessed by measuring the levels of transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6), interleukin-21 (IL-21), chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5), and B-cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF). Tfh cell response was upregulated in both renal graft and spleen of the CAN group compared to the control group. However, Tfh cell response of the spleen was weaker than that of the graft, which was possibly related to the upregulation of splenic Treg activation. Also, the difference between two tissues was partially associated with the different expressions of tristetraprolin (TTP)/IL-10. Our data help improve our understanding of the role of Tfh cell response in the body with CAN and may provide a valuable clue for better treatment of CAN.
Mechanistic investigations on six bacterial terpene cyclases
Authors: Rabe Patrick , Schmitz Thomas , Dickschat Jeroen S
Published: August 2016

The products obtained by incubation of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) with six purified bacterial terpene cyclases were characterised by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic methods, allowing for a full structure elucidation. The absolute configurations of four terpenes were determined based on their optical rotary powers. Incubation experiments with 13C-labelled isotopomers of FPP in buffers containing water or deuterium oxide allowed for detailed insights into the cyclisation mechanisms of the bacterial terpene cyclases.
An LFG analysis of pronominal binding in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Dong Hongyuan
Published: August 2016

Pronominal binding in Mandarin Chinese can be affected by different embedding verbs. For example, verbs like “gǎnxiè” (“to thank”) impose a negative constraint that requires the embedded subject pronoun not to be bound by the matrix subject DP. On the other hand verbs like “zhīdào” (“to know”) do not have such a requirement, thus conforming to the Binding Principle B. Importantly, binding relations of pronouns in sentences with verbs like “gǎnxiè” (“to thank”) cannot be accounted for within the framework of the standard Binding Theory. It cannot be explained by the control theory that involves PRO, either, although there is indeed some similarity between such negative constraints and control structures. Therefore I propose to add a negative constraint in the lexical entries of such verbs, based on how control is handled in LFG. This proposal has both theoretical and application advantages.
Outer/inner morphology: The dichotomy of Japanese renyoo verbs and nouns
Authors: Sugimura Mina , Obata Miki
Published: August 2016

This paper investigates the morpho-phonological differences between the nominal and verbal conjugational forms of renyoo (a preverbal form) in terms of (i) idiosyncrasy, (ii) productivity, and (iii) accent shift. All of these properties indicate that the two renyoo morphemes appear in different syntactic positions: with renyoo-verbs, the root first merges with the categorizer v and then with the REN(yoo) head, whereas with renyoo-nouns, the root directly merges with the categorizer n, which is phonologically realized as the renyoo morpheme. Our analysis consequently supports Marantz’s (2007) inner/outer morphology division within a word, and also provides implications for Chomsky’s (2013) {H, H} Labeling Algorithm (Sugimura & Obata 2014).
Linear effects in ATB movement
Authors: Bruening Benjamin , Al Khalaf Eman M
Published: August 2016

Munn (2001), Citko (2005), and others argue that in ATB movement initial and non-initial gaps exhibit asymmetries in reconstruction effects and weak crossover: only the initial ATB gap shows reconstruction and weak crossover. Munn argues that these asymmetries are due to the nature of the gap: the initial ATB gap is a real gap, while non-initial gaps are parasitic gaps. Parasitic gaps are generally claimed to show no reconstruction or weak crossover (e.g., Nissenbaum 2000). We re-examine reconstruction in ATB movement and parasitic gap constructions and show that in most cases the putative asymmetries between gaps are not real, and when there is an asymmetry it is due to linear order and not to the nature of the gap. We conclude that both ATB movement and parasitic gap constructions involve full copies in all gaps.
Stress assignment in Hittite and Proto-Indo-European
Authors: Yates Anthony D
Published: August 2016

This paper develops a new optimality theoretic analysis of lexical accent in Hittite (Anatolian, Indo-European). I demonstrate that Hittite synchronic stress assignment is consistent with Kiparsky and Halle's (1977) Basic Accentuation Principle, which assigns primary stress to the leftmost morpheme lexically specified for prosodic prominence or else to the left edge of a prosodic word. The Hittite evidence is thus shown to converge with Kiparsky and Halle's reconstruction of this principle for the common ancestor of the non-Anatolian Indo-European languages (i.e. Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European), and in view of this agreement, argued to be reconstructible for Proto-Indo-European itself.
GALACTIC SYNCHROTRON EMISSION AND THE FAR-INFRARED–RADIO CORRELATION AT HIGH REDSHIFT
Authors: Schober J. , Schleicher D. R. G. , Klessen R. S.
Published: August 2016

Theoretical scenarios, including the turbulent small-scale dynamo, predict that strong magnetic fields already exist in young galaxies. Based on the assumption of energy equipartition between magnetic fields and turbulence, we determine the galactic synchrotron flux as a function of redshift z. Galaxies in the early universe are different from local galaxies, in particular, the former have more intense star formation. To cover a large range of conditions, we consider two different systems: one model galaxy comparable to the Milky Way and one typical high-z starburst galaxy. We include a model of the steady-state cosmic ray spectrum and find that synchrotron emission can be detected up to cosmological redshifts with current and future radio telescopes. The turbulent dynamo theory is in agreement with the origin of the observed correlation between the far-infrared (FIR) luminosity L
FIR and the radio luminosity L
radio. Our model reproduces this correlation well at z = 0. We extrapolate the FIR–radio correlation to higher redshifts and predict a time evolution with a significant deviation from its present-day appearance already at

for a gas density that increases strongly with z. In particular, we predict a decrease of the radio luminosity with redshift which is caused by the increase of cosmic ray energy losses at high z. The result is an increase of the ratio between L
FIR and L
radio. Simultaneously, we predict that the slope of the FIR–radio correlation becomes shallower with redshift. This behavior of the correlation could be observed in the near future with ultra-deep radio surveys.
REVERBERATION MAPPING OF THE BROAD-LINE REGION IN NGC 5548: EVIDENCE FOR RADIATION PRESSURE?
Authors: Lu Kai-Xing , Du Pu , Hu Chen , Li Yan-Rong , Zhang Zhi-Xiang , Wang Kai , Huang Ying-Ke , Bi Shao-Lan , Bai Jin-Ming , Ho Luis C. , Wang Jian-Min
Published: August 2016

NGC 5548 is the best-observed reverberation-mapped active galactic nucleus with long-term, intensive monitoring. Here we report results from a new observational campaign between 2015 January and July. We measure the centroid time lag of the broad Hβ emission line with respect to the 5100 Å continuum and obtain

days in the rest frame. This yields a black hole mass of

using a broad Hβ line dispersion of 3124 ± 302 km s−1 and a virial factor of

for the broad-line region (BLR), consistent with the mass measurements from previous Hβ campaigns. The high-quality data allow us to construct a velocity-binned delay map for the broad Hβ line, which shows a symmetric response pattern around the line center, a plausible kinematic signature of virialized motion of the BLR. Combining all the available measurements of Hβ time lags and the associated mean 5100 Å luminosities over 18 campaigns between 1989 and 2015, we find that the Hβ BLR size varies with the mean optical luminosity, but, interestingly, with a possible delay of

years. This delay coincides with the typical BLR dynamical timescale of NGC 5548, indicating that the BLR undergoes dynamical changes, possibly driven by radiation pressure.
Atopic Dermatitis: Update for Pediatricians
Authors: Grey Katherine , Maguiness Sheilagh
Published: August 2016

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disorder present in up to 20% of children. Recent advances implicate skin barrier dysfunction as central to disease pathogenesis. Genetic defects in the filaggrin gene, the product of which is important for maintaining the epidermal barrier, are a strong predisposing factor in the development of AD. In addition to reducing identifiable triggers, treatment should focus on the four clinical characteristics of eczema: emollients for dry skin, topical anti-inflammatory agents to reduce inflammation and itch, and strategies to reduce infection/colonization, which can include diluted bleach baths. New studies demonstrate that early emollient application from birth may prevent development of AD.[Pediatr Ann. 2016;45(8):e280–e286.]
The Lived Experience of Smartphone Use in a Unit of the United States Army
Authors: Gardner Gregory C.
Published: August 2016

Smartphones bring major changes to the way people gather information and interact. While smartphone use unleashes productivity it also has worrying implications. This study focused on the most important aspects of user experiences of smartphones in an Army work environment. Theory U and systems theory guided the research. This phenomenological study was based on interviews with soldiers of a variety of ages, ranks, and duty positions. While the findings are consistent with other research, it is clear that smartphone use ties to a number of complex leadership challenges. Paradoxical aspects of smartphone use are apparent as it also fosters stress and anxiety. More concerning, such use jeopardizes the development of the traditional military culture of the unit. Current Army policies do not address the concerns expressed by respondents. The results of the study are a call to action for Army leaders and offer a compelling case for transformative change.
Turning Weakness into Strength
Authors: Burkhead Randy L.
Published: August 2016

In today's culture organizations have come to expect that information security incidents and breaches are no longer a matter of if but when. This shifting paradigm has brought increased attention, not to the defenses in place to prevent an incident but, to how companies manage the aftermath. Using a phenomenological model, organizations can reconstruct events focused on the human aspects of security with forensic technology providing supporting information. This can be achieved by conducting an after action review for incidents using a phenomenological model. Through this approach the researcher can discover the common incident management cycle attributes and how these attributes have been applied in the organization. An interview guide and six steps are presented to accomplish this type of review. By understanding what happened, how it happened, and why it happened during incident response, organizations can turn their moment of weakness into a pillar of strength.
Evaluating the “Flipped” Face to Face Classroom and the Online Classroom in Teacher Education
Authors: Severino Lori , DeCarlo Mary Jean Tecce
Published: August 2016

This chapter will discuss a study that set out to determine if knowledge of the structure of language and self-efficacy of pre-service and in-service teachers was impacted by whether the course was taken in a face to face or online format. Results of the study showed there was a statistically significant change in the Teacher Knowledge Assessment: Structure of Language (TKA: SL) for participants in the online courses, but not for students taking the course face to face. To determine whether or not self-efficacy increased, the Teacher Efficacy Scale: short form (TES) was used, The TES includes two subscales: teacher efficacy and personal efficacy. Results showed no statistical significance on the overall TES score between participants; however, on the personal efficacy score, there was a statistically significant change in pre and post test scores of participants who took the course face to face.
Acoustic Method for the Suppression of Acoustic and Aerodynamically Induced Vibration on Structures
Authors: Djojodihardjo Harijono
Published: August 2016

The close relationship between noise and vibration is reviewed and analyzed for the suppression of noise and vibration in structures. The suppression of noise and vibration by acoustic means are addressed. For the first, an analysis is carried out by representing noise by monopoles and higher harmonics, and to devise a straight-forward method to counter their influence by selective secondary acoustic source. The second problem is analyzed using a methodology developed earlier for the computational scheme for the calculation of the acoustic disturbance to the aeroelasticity of structures. The generic approach of the latter consists of three parts. The first is the formulation of the acoustic wave propagation governed by the Helmholtz equation by using boundary element approach, to allow the calculation of the acoustic pressure on the acoustic-structure boundaries. The structural dynamic problem is formulated using finite elements. The third part involves the calculation of the unsteady aerodynamics loading on the structure using generic unsteady aerodynamics computational method.
Seismic Reliability Analysis in the Framework of Metamodelling Based Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Ghosh Shyamal , Mitra Soham , Ghosh Swarup , Chakraborty Subrata
Published: August 2016

A comparative study of various metamodelling approaches namely the least squares method (LSM), moving least squares method (MLSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) based response surface method (RSM) are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness to approximate the nonlinear dynamic response of structure required for efficient seismic reliability analysis (SRA) of structures. The seismic response approximation by the LSM, MLSM and ANN based RSMs are explained with a brief note on the important issue of ground motion bin generation. The procedure adopted herein for SRA is based on the dual response surface approach. In doing so, the repetition of seismic intensity for SRA at different intensity levels is avoided by including this as one of the predictors in the seismic response prediction model. A nonlinear SDOF system has been taken up to elucidate the effectiveness of various metamodels in SRA.
Risk Analysis of Structural Engineering Systems Using Bayesian Inference
Authors: Faroz Sharvil Alex , Pujari Nikil Narayan , Rastogi Rohit , Ghosh Siddhartha
Published: August 2016

Engineering phenomena described through models come with uncertainties arising out of the modelling assumptions and observational statistical discrepancies. A probabilistic framework helps in quantifying the uncertainties involved. Conventional statistics are not very useful for any inferring from a limited amount of data which is often the case for many real life engineering problem. Bayesian inference tackles this issue by integrating past experience with current information. This chapter introduces the basic concepts of Bayesian inference and illustrates through three problems in structural engineering, how it can be useful. The emphasis is in showing how Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation is used in Bayesian inference.
Simulating Post-Earthquake Fire Loading in Conventional RC Structures
Authors: Behnam Behrouz
Published: August 2016

Post-earthquake fire (PEF) is one of the most complicated problems resulting from earthquake, presenting a serious risk to urban buildings. As most standards and codes ignore the possibility of PEF, buildings are too weak under PEF loads. This chapter is to investigate the effects of PEF loads on partially damaged RC buildings located in urban regions. To do that, a methodology named sequential analysis is introduced here via which the structural performance at various performance levels is evaluated under fire and PEF scenarios. Numerically, in order to simulate the earthquake loads, conventional pushover analysis is employed, with an explanation presented in the chapter to introduce the pushover analysis, its advantages and its limitations. To simulate the fire loads, standard fire curve (ISO 834) is used for simplicity.
Mastering Web Mining and Information Retrieval in the Digital Age
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: August 2016

This chapter aims to master web mining and Information Retrieval (IR) in the digital age, thus describing the overviews of web mining and web usage mining; the significance of web mining in the digital age; the overview of IR; the concept of Collaborative Information Retrieval (CIR); the evaluation of IR systems; and the significance of IR in the digital age. Web mining can contribute to the increase in profits by selling more products and by minimizing costs. Web mining is the application of data mining techniques to discover the interesting patterns from web data in order to better serve the needs of web-based multifaceted applications. Mining web data can improve the personalization, create the selling opportunities, and lead to more profitable relationships with customers in global business. Web mining techniques can be applied with the effective analysis of the clearly understood business needs and requirements. Web mining builds the detailed customer profiles based on the transactional data. Web mining is used to create the personalized search engines which can recognize the individuals' search queries by analyzing and profiling the web user's search behavior. IR is the process of obtaining relevant information from a collection of informational resources. IR has considerably changed with the expansion of the Internet and the advent of modern and inexpensive graphical user interfaces and mass storage devices. The effective IR system, including an active indexing system, not only decreases the chances that information will be misfiled but also expedites the retrieval of information. Regarding IR utilization, the resulting time-saving benefit increases office efficiency and productivity while decreasing stress and anxiety. Most IR systems provide the advanced searching capabilities that allow users to create the sophisticated queries. The chapter argues that applying web mining and IR has the potential to enhance organizational performance and reach strategic goals in the digital age.
Web Mining and Analytics for Improving E-Government Services in India
Authors: Gupta Rajan , Muttoo Sunil K. , Pal Saibal K.
Published: August 2016

The ever increasing technology usage and the globalization have given rise to the need of quick, accurate and smarter handling of information by organizations, states, nations and the entire globe. For every nation to be under any form of government, it became mandatory to have shorter turnaround time for their interactions with citizens. This pressure gave rise to the concept of e-Governance. It has been implemented by various nations and even UN reported an increase in E-Governance activities around the world. However, the major problems that need to be addressed by developing nations are digital divide and lack of e-Infrastructure. India started its e-Governance plan through a proposal in 2006 with establishment of National e-Governance Plan popularly known as NeGP headed by Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India. As per the Electronic Transaction and Aggregation Layer, millions of transactions are taking place on regular basis. Within 2015 itself, over 2 billion transactions have been carried out by the Indian citizens in various categories and sectors like agriculture, health, and the likes. For central government projects alone, around 980 million electronic transactions have taken place, while for state government projects, the combined total of all the states is close to 1.2 billion. With the kind of data getting generated through e-Governance initiative in India, it will open up lot of opportunities for data analysts & mining experts to explore this data and generate insights out of them. The aim of this chapter is to introduce various areas and sectors in India where analytics can be applied for e-Governance related entities like citizens, corporate and government departments. It will be useful for researchers, academicians and students to understand various areas in E-Governance where web mining and data analysis can be applied. The theoretical background has been supported by practical case study for better understanding of the concepts of web analysis and mining in the area of E-Governance.
Effectiveness of Web Usage Mining Techniques in Business Application
Authors: El Azab Ahmed , Mahmood Mahmood A. , El-Aziz Abd
Published: August 2016

Web usage mining techniques and applications across industries is still exploratory and, despite an increase in academic research, there are challenge of analyze web which quantitatively capture web users' common interests and characterize their underlying tasks. This chapter addresses the problem of how to support web usage mining techniques and applications across industries by combining language of web pages and algorithms that used in web data mining. Existing research in web usage mining techniques tend to focus on finding out how each techniques can apply in different industries fields. However, there is little evidence that researchers have approached the issue of web usage mining across industries. Consequently, the aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of how the web usage mining techniques and applications across industries can be supported.
Nonlinear Complexity Sorting Approach for 2D ECG Data Compression
Authors: Pandey Anukul , Singh Butta , Saini Barjinder Singh , Sood Neetu
Published: August 2016

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is globally acknowledged research problem. The continuous Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring can assist in tackling the problem of CVD. The redundancy in the monitoring of ECG signal is reduced by various signal processing techniques either in 1D or 2D domain. This chapter is having the sole objective of reviewing the existing 2D ECG data compression techniques and comparing it with the 1D compression techniques. Furthermore, proposing a novel nonlinear complexity sorting approach for 2D ECG data compression. The broad basic steps involved in the procedure are preprocessing, transformation and encoding. The preprocessing steps includes QRS detection, 2D ECG image formulation, Dc quantization and complexity sorting. The second stage of transformation includes the various decomposition techniques. At encoding stage, standard image codec (JPEG2000) can be employed. The performance evaluation of the proposed complexity sorting algorithm is performed on records of Massachusetts Institute of Technology – Beth Israel Hospital arrhythmia database.
Parameter Estimation of Nonlinear Biomedical Systems Using Extended Kalman Filter Algorithm
Authors: Krishnamurthy Kamalanand
Published: August 2016

Parameter estimation is a central issue in mathematical modelling of biomedical systems and for the development of patient specific models. The technique of estimating parameters helps in obtaining diagnostic information from computational models of biological systems. However, in most of the biomedical systems, the estimation of model parameters is a challenging task due to the nonlinearity of mathematical models. In this chapter, the method of estimation of nonlinear model parameters from measurements of state variables, using the extended Kalman filter, is extensively explained using an example of the three-dimensional model of the HIV/AIDS system.
Non-Invasive Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring System
Authors: Singh Harinderjit , Kumar Dilip
Published: August 2016

These days most of the Blood Pressure (BP) measuring devices are having inflatable cuff that is needed to be occluded on the patient's arm for measuring blood pressure. This technique is not suitable in cases where continuous measurement of BP is required. Therefore, this work is aimed at designing of non-invasive and continuously monitors the blood pressure by using Pulse Transit Time (PTT) technique. For taking out PTT both of the signals are extracted from the body of the patient with the help of bio sensors i.e. Electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor and Photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor. PTT was measured by taking the peak to peak time difference of ECG signal and PPG signal and this PTT is indirectly correlated with blood pressure, based on which Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) is calculated.