bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement of functional independence of patients with acute schizophrenia through early occupational therapy: a pilot quasi-experimental controlled study
Authors: Tanaka Chito , Yotsumoto Kayano , Tatsumi Eri , Sasada Toru , Taira Masaru , Tanaka Kiwamu , Maeda Kiyoshi , Hashimoto Takeshi
Published: February 2014

Objective:

To clarify whether early occupational therapy for patients with acute schizophrenia improves their functional independence.

Design:

Quasi-experimental controlled study.

Setting:

A university hospital in Japan.

Subjects:

Forty-six out of 85 eligible patients with schizophrenia.

Intervention:

Participants were allocated into an intervention group or a control group according to the month of admission. Activities in one-on-one and mainly non-verbal occupational therapy were provided for the intervention group immediately after admission, and not for the control group.

Main measures:

Functional independence was measured using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), at admission, at one month and at three months after admission. Psychiatric symptoms were also measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.

Results:

Patients in both groups showed improved FIM total scores at one month and three months after admission. In the intervention group, the medians (interquartile ranges) were 89.0 (44.5) at admission, 113.0 (18.5) at one month, and 121.0 (6.5) at three months. In the control group, they were 88.0 (32.0), 107.0 (39.5), and 111.0 (17.0). At three months, the total FIM scores were significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group ( p = 0.016). In the FIM cognitive domain, the scores were significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group at one month ( p = 0.038) and, three months ( p = 0.012). Both groups showed improvement in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total scores, while no significant differences were observed between the groups at any points.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that early occupational therapy may improve functional independence in patients with acute schizophrenia.
Use of subcutaneous flumazenil preparations for the treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia: A case report
Authors: Kelty Erin , Martyn Vlad , O’Neil George , Hulse Gary
Published: February 2014

Idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) is a rare sleep disorder, recently hypothesized to be related to the production of a molecule that facilitates the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to the GABA receptor. This paper reports on the treatment of a patient with IH who was treated with a 96-hour continuous low dose (4 mg/day) infusion of a benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, followed by a slow-release flumazenil implant. The use of flumazenil mitigated the patient’s IH symptoms including excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep drunkenness and self-reported cognitive problems. The case both provides a possible treatment and system for short (subcutaneous (SC) administration) and longer term (implant) flumazenil delivery. Current data supports the need for further research into the use of flumazenil for the treatment of IH and to develop long term flumazenil delivery systems.
Commentary
Authors: Turner P. V. , Haschek W. M. , Bolon B. , Diegel K. , Hayes M. A. , McEwen B. , Sargeant A. M. , Scudamore C. L. , Stalker M. , von Beust B. , Wancket L. M.
Published: February 2014

Veterinary pathologists working as toxicologic pathologists in academic settings fill many vital roles, such as diagnosticians, educators, and/or researchers. These individuals have spent years investigating pathology problems that mainly or exclusively focus on the reactions of cells, organs, or systems to toxic materials. Thus, academic toxicologic pathologists are uniquely suited both to help trainees understand toxicity as a cause of pathology responses and also to provide expert consultation on toxicologic pathology. Most toxicologic pathologists in academia are employed at colleges of medicine or veterinary medicine, even though specific toxicologic pathology faculty appointments are uncommon in Europe and North America. Academic toxicologic pathologists typically receive lower financial compensation than do toxicologic pathologists in industry, but academic positions generally provide alternative rewards, such as higher workplace autonomy and scheduling flexibility, professional enrichment through student interactions, and enhanced opportunities for collaborative research and advanced diagnostic investigations. Regular participation by academic toxicologic pathologists in professional training opportunities (eg, as pathology and toxicology instructors in medical and veterinary medical courses, graduate programs, and residencies) offers an important means of engendering interest and inspiring veterinarians to select toxicologic pathology and toxicology as their own areas of future expertise.
Perfusion patterns in migraine with aura
Authors: Förster Alex , Wenz Holger , Kerl Hans U , Brockmann Marc A , Groden Christoph
Published: February 2014

Objectives

Migraine with aura is a common neurological disorder, and differentiation from transient ischemic attack or stroke based on clinical symptoms may be difficult.

Methods

From an MRI report database we identified 33 patients with migraine with aura and compared these to 33 age-matched ischemic stroke patients regarding perfusion patterns on perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI)-derived maps: time to peak (TTP), mean transit time (MTT), and cerebral blood flow and volume (CBF, CBV).

Results

In 18/33 (54.5%) patients with migraine with aura, TTP showed areas of hypoperfusion, most of these not limited to the territory of a specific artery but affecting two or more vascular territories. In patients with migraine with aura, TTP (1.09 ± 0.05 vs. 1.47 ± 0.40, p < 0.001) and MTT ratios (1.01 ± 0.10 vs. 1.19 ± 0.21, p = 0.003) were significantly lower compared to patients with ischemic stroke. In contrast to this, CBF and CBV ratios did not differ significantly between both groups.

Conclusions

Migraine aura is usually associated with a perfusion deficit not limited to a specific vascular territory, and only a moderate increase of TTP. Thus, hypoperfusion restricted to a single vascular territory in combination with a marked increase of TTP or MTT may be regarded as atypical for migraine aura and suggestive of acute ischemic stroke.
Prevalence and prognostic value of headache on early mortality in acute stroke: The Dijon Stroke Registry
Authors: Abadie Victor , Jacquin Agnès , Daubail Benoit , Vialatte Anne‐Laure , Lainay Claire , Durier Jérôme , Osseby Guy‐Victor , Giroud Maurice , Béjot Yannick
Published: February 2014

Objective

To evaluate the prevalence of headache at onset and its association with 1-month mortality in stroke patients.

Methods

All patients with stroke in Dijon, France (2006–2011), were prospectively identified using a population-based registry. Cox regression models were used to evaluate the association between headache and 30-day all-cause mortality.

Results

Among 1411 stroke patients, data about headache were obtained for 1391 (98.6%) of whom 1185 had an ischemic stroke (IS), 201 had an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and five had a stroke of undetermined etiology. Headache was found in 253 (18.2%) patients and was more frequent in those with ICH than in those with IS (46.3% vs 13.5%, p < 0.001). Overall 30-day mortality was 11.7%, and was greater for patients with than those without headache (17.0% vs 10.5%, unadjusted HR 1.70; 95% CI 1.20–2.41, p = 0.003). In multivariable analysis, an association between headache and 30-day mortality was observed (HR 1.51; 95% CI 1.02–2.25, p = 0.042). In stratified analyses, headache was associated with 30-day mortality in ICH (HR 2.09; 95% CI 1.18–3.71, p = 0.011) but not in IS (HR 1.01; 95% CI 0.53–1.92, p = 0.97).

Conclusion

Headache at stroke onset is associated with a higher risk of early mortality in patients with ICH.
Humanizing Humanity: The Global Significance of the Humanities
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: February 2014

The essay seeks to vindicate the importance of the humanities or liberal arts deriving from their crucial contribution to the “humanization of humanity”. This vindication is timely in view of the wide-spread curtailment of humanistic or liberal education in many institutions of higher learning. It is also timely as a pedagogical antidote to the fascination with violence in our world (which often culminates in “crimes against humanity”). In a first step, the paper traces the historical development of the humanities or liberal arts in the West. Next, I highlight some crucial features of humanistic education: the emphasis on ethical and character formation; the fine-tuning of moral judgment; and the cultivation of asensus communis. Another central feature is that such education offers a counterpoint to the overwhelming preoccupation today with career training and utilitarian objectives. In the words of Martha Nussbaum: it is “not for profit”, but serves an intrinsic good. In this respect, humanistic pedagogy bears a close affinity to the needed education for democracy and world citizenship.
Phthalonitrile-functional multiple arylene ether nitrile-containing phthalazinone moiety: facile synthesis, curing, and properties
Authors: Fu Xian , Yu Guipeng , Liu Cheng , Wang Jinyan , Pan Chunyue , Jian Xigao
Published: February 2014

This article discloses a series of processable multiple phthalazinone-based ether nitriles with various contents of phthalonitrile ends (compounds 4a–4e) and compares the cyclization feasibility of terminal phthalonitrile and pendant cyano group. Compounds 4a–4e were synthesized by facile polycondensation of excess 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-phthalazine-1-one (compound 1) with 2,6-difluorobenzonitrile (compound 2), followed by end-capping of 4-nitrophthalonitrile (compound 4). Their number-averaged molecular weights ( Mns) and glass transitions can be well tailored by adjusting reactant ratio. Compounds 4a-4e are readily soluble in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, and chloroform and hence can be processed either from their solutions or from melts. On mixing with trace amount of bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfone (compound 5), all oligomers were cross-linked to insoluble networks (compounds 6a-6d) except the high-molecular-weight 4e with the lowest phthalonitrile content. The phthalonitrile is found to be an effectively reactive site for cross-linking, whereas the pendant cyano group in multiple ether nitriles hardly undergoes any reaction confirmed by model reaction. Compounds 6a-6d maintain good structural integrity upon heating to 450°C and exhibit superior thermal stabilities compared with the known phthalazinone polymers. Compounds 6a-6d exhibit high flexural strength (98–111 MPa) as well as limited water absorption (2.2–2.7 wt%) under ambient conditions over a course of 30 days, permitting them to be promising candidates for organic electronics and automotives.
Synthesis of new autophotosensitive semiaromatic hyperbranched polyimides with excellent mechanical properties and low birefringences
Authors: Li Yan , Liu Changwei , Jiao Long , Song Guangliang , Zhao Xiaogang , Dang Guodong
Published: February 2014

A series of autophotosensitive semiaromatic hyperbranched polyimides (PIs) were prepared by (A2 + B3)-type method and endcapped with 2,6-dimethylaniline. The photosensitive hyperbranched PIs (PHBPIs) showed excellent solubility, excellent optical properties, and low birefringences in the range of 0.0022–0.0042 caused by their special hyperbranched structures and alicyclic chain segments reduced both intramolecular and intermolecular charge transfer complex effect. It also showed excellent mechanical properties with tensile modulus in the range of 1.37–1.60 GPa and good thermal stabilities. Photolithographic property of the polymer was examined by ultraviolet exposure. Scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed a highly resolved pattern with a line width of 8 μm.
Adaptive simulations in T-shape tube hydroforming with different outlet diameters
Authors: Hwang Yeong-Maw , Wang Kuo-Hsing , Kang Nai-Shin
Published: February 2014

A successful tube hydroforming process depends largely on the loading paths for controlling the relationship between the internal pressure, axial feeding and the counter punch. The objective of this article is to propose an adaptive control algorithm to determine appropriate loading paths in T-shaped protrusion hydroforming with different outlet diameters. The finite element analysis is used to simulate the flow pattern of the tube during tube hydroforming process. The analytical flow line net configuration of the tube is utilized to determine the speed ratio of the counter punch to the axial feeding at the protrusion stage. Appropriate loading paths for different outlet diameters are determined using the proposed adaptive control algorithm. Different pressurization profiles are used in the tube hydroforming experiments. Experimental results show that a sound product is obtained using the pressurization profile determined by the proposed adaptive simulation algorithm. From the comparisons of the product shape and flow line net configurations between the analytical and experimental values, the validity of the proposed control algorithms is verified.
Between accommodation and transformation: The two logics of union renewal
Authors: Serrano Melisa R
Published: February 2014

This article distinguishes between two logics of union renewal: accommodation and transformation. It examines the functioning and potential of these logics in two industrial unions in Germany and Canada, exploring factors that influence decisions to give priority to one renewal logic. The findings suggest that the two logics can coexist, and that unions are able to alternate between them. Of particular relevance in comparative perspective are some similarities and differences in the renewal processes and strategies pursued by the two unions.
Increased IL-17 and IL-21 producing TCRαβ+CD4−CD8− T cells in Chinese systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Authors: Wang H-X , Chu S , Li J , Lai W-N , Wang H-X , Wu X-J , Kang X , Qiu Y-R
Published: February 2014

Background: Increased numbers of TCRαβ+CD4−CD8− T cells in the peripheral blood of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in the United States and United Kingdom have been reported. However, the proportions of TCRαβ+CD4−CD8− T cells and their involvement in the pathogenesis of SLE in Chinese populations are yet to be determined. Methods: A total of 120 SLE patients, 38 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and 43 normal control subjects were examined. The proportion of TCRαβ+CD4−CD8− T cells in the peripheral blood, Fas expression on these cells, and intracellular cytokine levels in these cells were assessed using flow cytometry. Plasma cytokine concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The percentages of TCRαβ+CD4−CD8− T cells were increased in Chinese SLE patients, particularly in active SLE patients, correlated with decreased Fas expression on these cells. IL-17 and IL-21 levels in the blood and in TCRαβ+CD4−CD8− T cells from SLE patients were increased. Moreover, a positive correlation was evident between IL-17- and IL-21-producing TCRαβ+CD4−CD8− T cells. Conclusions: Increased TCRαβ+CD4−CD8− T cells expressing inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17 and IL-21, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of SLE in patients. Appropriate IL-17- and/or IL-21 blockage may be utilized as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for SLE patients.
Public reaction to direct-to-consumer online genetic tests: Comparing attitudes, trust and intentions across commercial and conventional providers
Authors: Critchley Christine , Nicol Dianne , Otlowski Margaret , Chalmers Don
Published: February 2014

The success of personalised medicine depends upon the public’s embracing genetic tests. Tests that claim to predict an individual’s future health can now be accessed via online companies outside of conventional health regulations. This research assessed the extent to which the public embrace direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic tests relative to those obtained by a conventional medical practitioner (MP). It also examined the reasons for differences across providers using a randomised experimental telephone survey of 1000 Australians. Results suggest that people were significantly less likely to approve of, and order a DTC genetic test administered by a company compared to a MP because they were less trusting of companies’ being able to protect their privacy and provide them with access to genetic expertise and counselling. Markets for DTC genetic tests provided by companies would therefore significantly increase if trust in privacy protection and access to expertise are enhanced through regulation.
Sustainable Development in a Globalized World
Authors: Olsson Lennart , Hourcade Jean-Charles , Köhler Jonathan
Published: February 2014

In this special issue of the Journal of Environment and Development, we present results from the research project Globalisation Informed by Sustainable Development (GLOBIS), 2009–2014, funded by the European Union Framework Programme 7. Starting from and focusing on international policies on agriculture, energy, innovation, migration, and transport at both European Union and global levels, the dual aim of the project was to critically analyze interactions between the three major processes and discourses of globalization, development, and sustainability while also identifying and commenting on synergies and conflicts between them.
ADHD Medication Trends in Turkey: 2009-2013
Authors: Öner Özgür , Yilmaz Esra Şafak , Karadağ Hasan , Vural Mert , Vural Elif Hilal , Akbulat Akif , Gürsöz Hakkı , Türkçapar Hakan , Kerman Saim
Published: February 2014

Objective: To investigate the change of ADHD medication prescriptions in Turkey between 2009 and 2013. Method: Consumption data of ADHD medications, immediate release (IR) methylphenidate (MPH; Ritalin), OROS MPH (Concerta), and atomoxetine (Strattera) were obtained from IMS Health database for the November 2008 to October 2013 period. Defined daily dose (DDD) of each drug was calculated according to WHO definitions and time-series analysis was conducted. Results: There was a significant seasonal effect for prescription of all drugs. Annual use of ADHD medications increased 2.18 times for all ADHD medications combined. DDDs per 1,000 population per day for all ADHD medications were 0.28 in 2009, 0.41 in 2010, 0.52 in 2011, and 0.59 in 2012. OROS MPH represented almost 75% of all ADHD medication utilization. Conclusion: As reported from several other countries, ADHD medication use increased in Turkey. Results suggested that over- and underdiagnosis might be seen at the same time.
Theoretical and experimental study on the cavitation mechanism of a low viscosity spiral oil wedge journal bearing
Authors: Wang Li-Li , Lu Chang-Hou , Ge Pei-Qi
Published: February 2014

The generalized Reynolds equation is established considering cavitation mechanism based on modified Elrod method in theory. The cavitation characteristics of spiral oil wedge hydrodynamic bearings are investigated experimentally using transparent bearing and high-speed camera. The influence of speed of rotation and supply pressures on the shape of the cavitation and the location of the cavitation is analyzed, and the experimental results are compared with the modified Elrod calculation results. The results show that the cavitation of oil film is strip-shaped. With the increase in supply pressure, the rupture location of the oil film moves along the direction of rotation of the axis, the reformation location of the oil film moves along the opposite direction of rotation of the axis, the rupture area of the oil film decreases and the speed of rotation of the bearing increases when cavitation begins to occur; with the increase in speed of rotation, the reformation location of the oil film moves along the direction of rotation of the axis and the rupture area of the oil film increases. The experimental cavitation region is larger than the theoretical cavitation region; however, the theoretical results generally coincide with experimental results.
MOG extracellular domain (p1–125) triggers elevated frequency of CXCR3+ CD4+ Th1 cells in the CNS of mice and induces greater incidence of severe EAE
Authors: Mony Jyothi T , Khorooshi Reza , Owens Trevor
Published: February 2014

Background:

Myelin-specific T cells are implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS) and drive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE is commonly induced with short peptides, whereas in MS, whole myelin proteins are available for immune response. We asked whether immunization with the immunoglobulin-like domain of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOGIgd, residues 1–125) might induce distinct CD4+ T-cell response and/or a stronger CD8+ T-cell response, compared to the 21 amino acid immunodominant MHC II-associating peptide (p35–55).

Objectives:

Compare both EAE and T-cell responses in C57BL/6 mice immunized with MOGIgd and MOG p35–55.

Methods:

Cytokine production, and chemokine receptor expression by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the mouse central nervous system (CNS), were analyzed by flow cytometry.

Results:

MOGIgd triggered progression to more severe EAE than MOG p35–55, despite similar time of onset and overall incidence. EAE in MOGIgd-immunized mice was characterized by an increased percentage of CXCR3+ interferon-γ-producing CD4+ T cells in CNS. The CD8+ T-cell response to both immunogens was similar.

Conclusions:

Increased incidence of severe disease following MOGIgd immunization, accompanied by an increased percentage of CD4+ T cells in the CNS expressing CXCR3 and producing interferon-γ, identifies a pathogenic role for interferon-γ that is not seen when disease is induced with a single Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) II-associating epitope.
Troponin T, NT-proBNP, and venous thromboembolism: The Longitudinal Investigation of Thromboembolism Etiology (LITE)
Authors: Folsom Aaron R , Lutsey Pamela L , Nambi Vijay , deFilippi Christopher R , Heckbert Susan R , Cushman Mary , Ballantyne Christie M
Published: February 2014

Increased levels of plasma troponins and natriuretic peptides are markers of cardiac dysfunction associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Little information exists on cardiac dysfunction and occurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE). In two prospective epidemiological cohorts, we tested the hypothesis that high-sensitivity troponin T (TnT) and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are associated positively with VTE occurrence. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study and the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) measured plasma TnT and NT-proBNP in 13,719 men or women with no history of venous thrombosis, coronary heart disease, or heart failure and followed them for approximately 10 years for VTE occurrence ( n=348 VTEs). In both ARIC and CHS, TnT was associated positively with incidence of total VTE and provoked VTE, but not with unprovoked VTE: age, race, and sex-adjusted hazard ratios for total VTE in the pooled analysis were 1.00, 0.85, 1.36, 1.51, and 1.98 ( p-trend <0.0001) across five categories of TnT. In contrast, the association of NT-proBNP with VTE was positive in ARIC (hazard ratios approximately 2.5-fold for the highest versus lowest NT-proBNP quintiles), but non-existent in CHS.
Localization and treatment of lingual venous and arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Wiegand Susanne , Tiburtius Janna , Zimmermann Annette P , Güldner Christian , Eivazi Behfar , Werner Jochen A
Published: February 2014

Venous and arteriovenous malformations of the tongue can cause haemorrhage, airway obstruction, difficulties in chewing and swallowing, speech problems as well as orthodontic abnormalities. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate their exact topography, clinical features, morphologic aspects and management. A retrospective review on all patients with venous and arteriovenous malformations of the tongue who presented between 1998 and 2010 was performed. Medical records were analysed with respect to age and sex distribution, exact localization, symptoms and clinical presentation, management and treatment outcome. Forty-four patients with tongue malformations were analysed. The malformations affected all areas of the tongue as well as the base of the tongue without predilection areas. Nd:YAG laser and CO2 laser therapy provided good results primarily in localized malformations, while in advanced malformations the management was multi-modal since a complete surgical excision was often impossible. The hypothesis that vascular malformations of the tongue occur more frequently along the course of the feeding vessels cannot be confirmed. The therapeutic approach is determined by the exact topography, haemodynamic properties, morphologic aspects and related clinical symptoms as well as patient-specific features.
Planar revolute-coupled kinematic chains in critical configurations and their duals
Authors: Davies Trevor H , Laus Luís Paulo
Published: February 2014

The motivation for studies of dual coupling networks is explained, and a definition is suggested for duality. Dual couplings are defined and several couplings dual with the revolute coupling are described. Six linkages, instantaneously in a critical configuration, provide examples. The consequences of these critical configurations are explored for both the linkages and the coupling networks that are dual with them.
Autoignition prediction capability of the Livengood–Wu correlation applied to fuels of commercial interest
Authors: Hernández Juan J , Lapuerta Magin , Sanz-Argent Josep
Published: February 2014

The integral method proposed by Livengood and Wu has been traditionally used to predict the occurrence of knock on spark-ignition engines. Due to its simplicity and low computational demand, this is a method of great interest for the prediction of another autoignition phenomenon, such as the onset of combustion in compression ignition or homogeneous charged compression ignition engines. However, the simplicity of the method is a consequence of the restrictive assumptions considered during its development, which may limit the applicability of the equation. In this study, the validity of the correlation proposed by Livengood and Wu has been evaluated at different initial operative conditions under pure homogeneous charged compression ignition combustion mode for fuels with practical interest (hydrogen, methane, ethanol and n-heptane). The integral method has shown very good prediction capability for the fuels, which do not present two-stage heat release (hydrogen, methane and ethanol) except in those cases when the onset of combustion is very delayed. When cool flames appear (as in the case of n-heptane), the integral method overpredicts the autoignition times since it does not consider the first stage of heat release. In these cases, the prediction of the integral method may be improved if the whole combustion process is considered as two individual processes. This approach shows fairly good prediction capacity although it is unpractical since the simulation of the second-stage combustion requires the previous calculation of the composition of the mixture and the temperature increase at the end of the first stage. Finally, two alternatives to the original integral method are tested which keep its simplicity and universality while taking into account both first and second heat release, one of them showing better results than the original Livengood and Wu equation.
Spatial experiments: art, geography, pedagogy
Authors: Jellis Thomas
Published: February 2014

The relation between geography and art has attracted considerable interest over the past decade. This interview with the contemporary artist Olafur Eliasson responds to the calls for cross-disciplinary dialogue, which is nevertheless attentive to space and spatial imaginaries. The interview explores the relations between art and geography, with excursions into questions of theory, pedagogy and experiments.
Effects of a Mirror-Induced Visual Illusion on a Reaching Task in Stroke Patients
Authors: Selles Ruud W. , Michielsen Marian E. , Bussmann Johannes B. J. , Stam Henk J. , Hurkmans Henri L. , Heijnen Iris , de Groot Danielle , Ribbers Gerard M.
Published: February 2014

Background. Although most mirror therapy studies have shown improved motor performance in stroke patients, the optimal mirror training protocol still remains unclear. Objective. To study the relative contribution of a mirror in training a reaching task and of unilateral and bimanual training with a mirror. Methods. A total of 93 stroke patients at least 6 months poststroke were instructed to perform a reaching task as fast and as fluently as possible. They performed 70 practice trials after being randomly allocated to 1 of 5 experimental groups: training with (1) the paretic arm with direct view (Paretic-No Mirror), (2) the nonparetic arm with direct view (Nonparetic-No Mirror), (3) the nonparetic arm with mirror reflection (Nonparetic Mirror), (4) both sides and with a nontransparent screen preventing visual control of paretic side (Bilateral-Screen), and (5) both sides with mirror reflection of the nonparetic arm (Bilateral-Mirror). As baseline and follow-up, patients performed 6 trials using only their paretic side. Primary outcome measure was the movement time. Results. We found the largest intervention effect in the Paretic-No Mirror condition. However, the Nonparetic-Mirror condition was not significantly different from the Paretic-No Mirror condition, while the Unaffected-No Mirror condition had significantly less improvement than the Paretic-No Mirror condition. In addition, movement time improved significantly less in the bimanual conditions and there was no difference between both bimanual conditions or between both mirror conditions. Conclusion. The present study confirms that using a mirror reflection can facilitate motor learning. In this task, bimanual movement using mirror training was less effective than unilateral training.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation Delivered During Motor Rehabilitation Improves Recovery in a Rat Model of Stroke
Authors: Khodaparast Navid , Hays Seth A. , Sloan Andrew M. , Fayyaz Tabbassum , Hulsey Daniel R. , Rennaker Robert L. , Kilgard Michael P.
Published: February 2014

Neural plasticity is widely believed to support functional recovery following brain damage. Vagus nerve stimulation paired with different forelimb movements causes long-lasting map plasticity in rat primary motor cortex that is specific to the paired movement. We tested the hypothesis that repeatedly pairing vagus nerve stimulation with upper forelimb movements would improve recovery of motor function in a rat model of stroke. Rats were separated into 3 groups: vagus nerve stimulation during rehabilitation (rehab), vagus nerve stimulation after rehab, and rehab alone. Animals underwent 4 training stages: shaping (motor skill learning), prelesion training, postlesion training, and therapeutic training. Rats were given a unilateral ischemic lesion within motor cortex and implanted with a left vagus nerve cuff. Animals were allowed 1 week of recovery before postlesion baseline training. During the therapeutic training stage, rats received vagus nerve stimulation paired with each successful trial. All 17 trained rats demonstrated significant contralateral forelimb impairment when performing a bradykinesia assessment task. Forelimb function was recovered completely to prelesion levels when vagus nerve stimulation was delivered during rehab training. Alternatively, intensive rehab training alone (without stimulation) failed to restore function to prelesion levels. Delivering the same amount of stimulation after rehab training did not yield improvements compared with rehab alone. These results demonstrate that vagus nerve stimulation repeatedly paired with successful forelimb movements can improve recovery after motor cortex ischemia and may be a viable option for stroke rehabilitation.
Rights of Passage: On Doors, Technology, and the Fourth Amendment
Authors: Braverman Irus
Published: February 2014

The importance of the door for human civilization cannot be overstated. In various cultures, the door has been a central technology for negotiating the distinction between inside and outside, private and public, and profane and sacred. By tracing the material and symbolic significance of the door in American Fourth Amendment case law, this article illuminates the vitality of matter for law’s everyday practices. In particular, it highlights how various door configurations affect the level of constitutional protections granted to those situated on the inside of the door and the important role of vision for establishing legal expectations of privacy. Eventually, I suggest that we might be witnessing the twilight of the “physical door” era and the beginning of a “virtual door” era in Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. As recent physical and technological changes present increasingly sophisticated challenges to the distinctions between inside and outside, private and public, and prohibited and accepted visions, the Supreme Court will need to carefully articulate what is worth protecting on the other side of the door.
Linked distal radioulnar joint arthroplasty: an analysis of the APTIS prosthesis
Authors: Kakar S. , Fox T. , Wagner E. , Berger R.
Published: February 2014

Painful radioulnar convergence following resection of the distal ulna can produce substantial disability and prove a challenging surgical problem, particularly in the revision setting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of a series of patients with chronic distal radioulnar joint instability or multiple prior procedures treated with linked distal radioulnar joint arthroplasty with the APTIS prosthesis. A series of ten patients were identified with a mean follow up of 4.0 years. At final follow-up nine of ten implants survived free from revision or removal, with patients experiencing good pain relief and functional outcomes, with reasonable overall satisfaction in all seven patients who returned the questionnaires. Despite the medium-term follow-up and small number of patients, our results suggest the linked distal radioulnar joint arthroplasty may be a viable option for treating painful radioulnar convergence following multiple failed procedures at the distal radioulnar joint.
Haemorrhagic complications of peripartum anticoagulation: A retrospective chart review
Authors: Wang Erica HZ , Marnoch Catherine A , Khurana Rshmi , Sia Winnie , Yuksel Nesé
Published: February 2014

Background

Women with venous thromboembolism (VTE), thrombophilias or mechanical heart valves may require anticoagulation during pregnancy and postpartum. The incidence of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) in the literature is 2.9–6%, but the rate while on anticoagulation is not well documented.

Aims

To determine the incidence of haemorrhagic complications associated with the use of peripartum anticoagulation, and the types and risk factors for haemorrhagic complications.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted on women who delivered at an academic teaching hospital and received peripartum anticoagulation between January 2000 and August 2009. Women with known bleeding disorders were excluded.

Results

In total, 195 cases were identified with mean age 31.3 years and gestational age of 37.7 weeks. Of these, 49% had a history of VTE, 21% had active VTE in the index pregnancy, and 63% had vaginal delivery. Types of anticoagulation used antepartum were unfractionated heparin (UFH) (43%) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) (36%), with 26% receiving therapeutic doses. The rate of haemorrhagic complications was 12.8%, with majority being PPH (80%). Sixty percent of the PPH occurred before reintroduction of anticoagulation postpartum. Use of therapeutic UFH antepartum was associated with increased risk of haemorrhagic complications compared to LMWH (OR 3.08, 95% CI 0.663 – 15.03, p = 0.183).

Conclusion

The rate of haemorrhagic complications is higher in women on peripartum anticoagulation compared with published incidence in unselected obstetric populations; however, this rate is similar to our institution’s reported rates. Our findings inform clinicians about competing risks of thrombotic and haemorrhagic complications in this population.
Critical Care Transthoracic Echocardiography
Authors: Schulman Peter Mark , Gelow Jill M. , Merkel Matthias J. , Mudd James O. , Wei Kevin , Hutchens Michael P.
Published: February 2014

A 70-year-old man with end-stage heart failure and a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device received repeated electrical discharges from his biventricular implantable cardiac defibrillator. Although the electrocardiogram demonstrated ventricular fibrillation, the patient was awake and in no distress. A focused transthoracic echocardiogram was performed to assess ventricular function revealing simultaneous atrial sinus rhythm and ventricular fibrillation. This clinical scenario highlights a unique clinical finding, the complexity of the care of continuous-flow left ventricular assist device patients, and the challenges of intensivist-performed bedside focused transthoracic echocardiogram.
Deformation twinning induced by micropores in TMS-75 superalloy
Authors: Sun F. , Zhang S. , Tian S. , Zhang J. , Harada H.
Published: February 2014

Thermomechanical cycling was performed in single crystal superalloy TMS-75 to investigate the detailed microstructural evolution. An interesting phenomenon shows that the area around the micropores tends to create many deformation twins, while the area far from the micropores exhibits few deformation twins. To interpret this feature, finite element analysis of the stress field around micropores proceeded, which gives the results that the stress isoline near the micropores region appears the feature of the acetabuliform distribution and possesses the bigger stress value at 45° angle direction relative to the applied stress axis. In addition, theoretical calculations were further conduced in an effort to clarify the critical conditions for twinning in Ni based single crystal superalloys. The feature that a high density of deformation twins occurs in the area around the micropores in superalloy TMS-75 results from the stress concentration in the region around the micropores.
Targeted mutation of zebrafish fga models human congenital afibrinogenemia
Authors: Fish Richard J. , Di Sanza Corinne , Neerman-Arbez Marguerite
Published: February 2014

Key Points

Targeted mutation of a zebrafish fibrinogen gene leads to a bleeding phenotype, analogous to human congenital afibrinogenemia. This first heritable coagulopathy model validates the use of zebrafish for thrombosis and hemostasis research.
Lung parenchyma density and airwall thickness in airway diseases
Authors: Coxson Harvey O.
Published: February 2014

Aims

To describe the methodology and limitations of non-invasive imaging in quantifying lung structure.

To describe the opportunities for non-invasive imaging in understanding the structure of the lung, and how that relates to phenotyping subjects for clinical trials and longitudinal studies.
A practical guide to transthoracic ultrasound
Authors: von Groote-Bidlingmaier Florian , Koegelenberg Coenraad F.N.
Published: February 2014

Transthoracic ultrasonography is a well-established, yet underutilised imaging modality in respiratory medicine. It allows for real-time and mobile assessment of thoracic disorders and can potentially augment the physical examination of the chest. Moreover, ultrasonography-assisted interventions can be performed by a single clinician without sedation and with minimal monitoring, even outside of the operating theatre. Other advantages of chest ultrasonography include the lack of radiation and the short examination time. Many indications for the use of ultrasonography beyond the visualisation of the pleura and related conditions (including effusions, thickening and pneumothorax) have been validated in the last few decades. These include the assessment of diaphragmatic dysfunction, pulmonary consolidation, interstitial syndromes, pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary and mediastinal tumours, provided they abut the pleura. Transthoracic ultrasonography is an ideal guide for thoracocentesis. Ultrasonography-assisted fine-needle aspiration and/or cutting-needle biopsy of extrathoracic lymph nodes, and lesions arising from the chest wall, pleura, peripheral lung and mediastinum are safe and have a high yield in the of hands of chest physicians. Ultrasonography may also guide aspiration and biopsy of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, consolidations and lung abscesses, provided the chest wall is abutted. This review will focus on the basic indications and applications for transthoracic ultrasonography.
Shorter daily dwelling time in peritoneal dialysis attenuates the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of mesothelial cells
Authors: Lee Yi-Che , Tsai Yau-Sheng , Hung Shih-Yuan , Lin Tsun-Mei , Lin Sheng-Hsiang , Liou Hung-Hsiang , Liu Hsiang-Chun , Chang Min-Yu , Wang Hsi-Hao , Ho Li-Chun , Chen Yi-Ting , Chen Hsin-Pao , Fan Hong-Arh , Liu Kuang-Wen , Kung Yung-Tang , Wang Hao-Kuang , Chiou Yuan-Yow
Published: February 2014

Background

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy is known to induce morphological and functional changes in the peritoneal membrane. Long-term exposure to conventional bio-incompatible dialysate and peritonitis is the main etiology of inflammation. Consequently, the peritoneal membrane undergoes structural changes, including angiogenesis, fibrosis, and hyalinizing vasculopathy, which ultimately results in technique failure. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of mesothelial cells (MCs) plays an important role during the above process; however, the clinical parameters associated with the EMT process of MCs remain to be explored.

Methods

To investigate the parameters impacting EMT during PD therapy, 53 clinical stable PD patients were enrolled. EMT assessments were conducted through human peritoneal MCs cultured from dialysate effluent with one consistent standard criterion (MC morphology and the expression of an epithelial marker, cytokeratin 18). The factors potentially associated with EMT were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Primary MCs derived from the omentum were isolated for the in vitro study.

Results

Forty-seven percent of the patients presented with EMT, 28% with non-EMT, and 15% with a mixed presentation. Logistic regression analysis showed that patients who received persistent PD therapy (dwelling time of 24 h/day) had significantly higher EMT tendency. These results were consistent in vitro.

Conclusions

Dwelling time had a significant effect on the occurrence of EMT on MCs.
Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase attenuates hepatocellular carcinoma cell adhesion stimulated by adipokine resistin
Authors: Yang Chen-Chieh , Chang Shun-Fu , Chao Jian-Kang , Lai Yi-Liang , Chang Wei-En , Hsu Wen-Hsiu , Kuo Wu-Hsien
Published: February 2014

Background

Resistin, adipocyte-secreting adipokine, may play critical role in modulating cancer pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resistin on HCC adhesion to the endothelium, and the mechanism underlying these resistin effects.

Methods

Human SK-Hep1 cells were used to study the effect of resistin on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expressions as well as NF-κB activation, and hence cell adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, was used to determine the regulatory role of AMPK on HCC adhesion to the endothelium in regard to the resistin effects.

Results

Treatment with resistin increased the adhesion of SK-Hep1 cells to HUVECs and concomitantly induced NF-κB activation, as well as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expressions in SK-Hep1 cells. Using specific blocking antibodies and siRNAs, we found that resistin-induced SK-Hep1 cell adhesion to HUVECs was through NF-κB-regulated ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expressions. Moreover, treatment with AICAR demonstrated that AMPK activation in SK-Hep1 cells significantly attenuates the resistin effect on SK-Hep1 cell adhesion to HUVECs.

Conclusions

These results clarify the role of resistin in inducing HCC adhesion to the endothelium and demonstrate the inhibitory effect of AMPK activation under the resistin stimulation. Our findings provide a notion that resistin play an important role to promote HCC metastasis and implicate AMPK may be a therapeutic target to against HCC metastasis.
Up-regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress induced genes of the unfolded protein response in the liver of periparturient dairy cows
Authors: Gessner Denise K , Schlegel Gloria , Ringseis Robert , Schwarz Frieder J , Eder Klaus
Published: February 2014

Background

In dairy cows, the periparturient phase is a stressful period, which is commonly associated with strong metabolic adaptations and the development of pathophysiologic conditions and disorders. Some of the symptoms occurring in the liver, such as the development of fatty liver, are similar to those observed under the condition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Therefore, we hypothesized, that in the liver of dairy cows ER stress is induced during the periparturient phase, which in turn leads to an induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR). In order to investigate this hypothesis, we determined relative mRNA concentrations of 14 genes of the ER stress-induced UPR in liver biopsy samples of 13 dairy cows at 3 wk antepartum and 1, 5 and 14 wk postpartum.

Results

We found, that the mRNA concentrations of 13 out of the 14 genes involved in the UPR in the liver were significantly increased (1.9 to 4.0 fold) at 1 wk postpartum compared to 3 wk antepartum. From 1 wk postpartum to later lactation, mRNA concentrations of all the genes considered were declining. Moreover, at 1 wk postpartum, mRNA concentration of the spliced variant of XBP1 was increased in comparison to 3 wk antepartum, indicating that splicing of XBP1 – a hallmark of ER stress - was induced following the onset of lactation.

Conclusion

The present study reveals, that ER stress might be induced during the periparturient phase in the liver of dairy cows. We assume that the ER stress-induced UPR might contribute to the pathophysiologic conditions commonly observed in the liver of periparturient cows, such as the development of fatty liver, ketosis or inflammation.
Facilitating innovation in European research area through pre-competitive EU-funded COST Actions
Authors: Rakhmatullin Ruslan , Brennan Louis
Published: February 2014

The European Union (EU) Heads of States regularly confirm that knowledge and innovation are critical to Europe's growth and agreed to make the EU the most competitive knowledge-driven economy. The EU's ability to facilitate innovation by strengthening its research capacities is central to achieving this goal. Some EU initiatives under this innovation policy integrate research capacities already existing in individual states through pan-European participation in collaborative projects in science and technology. The EU is financing a number of formal pre-competitive networking programs aiming at a better deployment of existing national research capacities via their inclusion in joint research initiatives. Although there is a general consensus that increasing levels of collaboration amongst researchers produce better results, the issue of research networking and of related research outcomes continues to generate debate with a wide variety of views on what roles such programs play and their general implications for research and scientific performance. As the EU Framework Programme 7 is coming to its end, this paper explores whether such formal networking programs contribute to facilitating innovation in the European Research Area by enabling Science and Technology participants to achieve anticipated research outcomes from their involvement in such programs.