bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acompañamiento Formativo: Una Estrategia para la Formación en Investigación Educativa de Directivos, Docentes y Asesores de Educación Básica y Superior
Authors: Segura Raul Vargas
Published: April 2018

La estrategia de Acompañamiento Formativo (AF), sustentada en elementos multireferenciales, se presenta en su operación específica, mencionando las condiciones contextuales y problemáticas, que exigieron crear una situación alternativa (Dispositivo Formativo) para la formación en investigación educativa de directivos, docentes y asesores técnico pedagógicos de Educación Básica y Superior, con base a la interrelación de los Programas de Superación Profesional que promueve el Departamento de Posgrado e Investigación de la Dirección de Educación Superior de los Servicios Educativos Integrados al Estado de México/SEIEM. Superando el sentido de capacitación en IE y transformando el proceso en un dispositivo de formación y autoformación, tanto para las y los asesorados de Educación Básica y Superior como para las y los responsables de los Programas de Superación Profesional del DPI. Para alcanzar los propósitos del AF se implementa el procedimiento metodológico siguiente: promover un espacio grupal de interacción dialógica a partir sobre todo de reflexiones heurísticas, así como el desarrollo de habilidades investigativas, entre ellas, el saber escuchar, afinar la mirada, la habilidad de escribir, la lectura exegética. Que se practican al elaborar cada participante su Trayecto Formativo, así como, un Diario de Campo por sesión. Búsqueda y registro de información de manera sistemática y sobre todo sustentación teórica de cada uno de los pasos del proceso investigativo, todo ello es posible al desarrollarse las sesiones de un Seminario Taller de Formación en Investigación Educativa (STFIE), involucrando la perspectiva democrática e inclusiva de la educación en la escuela pública, como también la investigación en los procesos de formación docente.
O ato de dizer por escrito na esfera acadêmica: implicações conceituais de base histórico-cultural
Authors: Lesnhak Simone
Published: April 2018

O ato de dizer, por meio da escrita, na universidade parece constituir desafio substantivo para muitos estudantes; vivências empíricas na docência no ensino superior têm sinalizado para isso, tanto quanto pesquisas que vêm ocupando espaços em eventos educacionais da área da linguagem. Em atenção a esses ‘sinais’, este artigo teórico tem como objetivo identificar conceitos no campo dos estudos do letramento, em interface com o ideário bakhtiniano, tomados como potenciais contributos a novas compreensões acerca de implicações histórico-culturais desse mesmo ato de dizer, por escrito, na universidade. A proposta é de que a escrita acadêmica seja compreendida como constitutiva de eventos de letramento para cuja participação são requeridas dos acadêmicos práticas de letramento que ancorem essa mesma participação, processo que demanda familiarização com os modos de dizer e os modos de fazer na universidade, do que decorre maior ou menor inserção nessa esfera da atividade humana.
Ser e Parecer “Patricinha”: família, amigos e identidade na adolescência
Authors: Da Silva Pereira Cláudia
Published: April 2018

Baseado em pesquisa realizada com mais de 100 adolescentes de camadas médias e altas da Zona Sul do Rio de Janeiro, este artigo tem por objetivo discutir as configurações sociais que determinam os novos papéis da família, dos amigos e da indústria cultural na construção da noção de adolescência e das identiÜades entre os indivíduos que vivem esta fase da vida. A partir dos resultados da pesquisa quantitativa e das entrevistas pessoais realizadas, é feita uma reflexão sobre as representações na adolescência e sua contribuição para as formas de classificação que se estabelecem nas relações sociais. Entre outras questões, é destacada a categoria de acusação “patricinhas”.

Palavras-chave: adolescência, família, gênero.

Abstract: Based on a research realized with more than 100 middle and high classes teenagers from South Zone of Rio de Janeiro, this article objectives to discuss the social configurations that determine the new role of family, friends and cultural industry on the construction of the notion of adolescence and the identities among the ones who live this phase of life. From the results of the quantitative research and the personal interviews realized, we make a reflection about the representations in adolescence and their contributions to the classification forms the are present in the social relations. Among other ìuestions, it is focused the accusation category “patricinhas”.

Key words: adolescence, family, gender.
Reflexões sobre ensino (ou sobre mediação?) da literatura
Authors: Alves Martins Aracy
Published: April 2018

Este texto levanta reflexões sobre o mediação escolar nos processos de escolarização da leitura literária. Comenta inicialmente a produção de leitura de três textos de gêneros diferenciados, realizada por professores em processo de formação, revelando uma pluralidade das possibilidades de leitura na relação autoria/textos/leitores. Estabelece uma diferenciação entre

ensino e mediação, principalmente no campo das manifestações culturais, na direção da literatura, enquanto produção artística. Aponta a necessidade de se engendrarem projetos de formação cultural de professores, em prol da formação de leitores e da democratização da leitura.

Palavras-chave: escolarização, mediação, leitura literária, formação cultural.

Abstract: This text intends to raise some reflections about school mediation in the schooling processes of literary reading. At first it comments on the reading production of three texts of different kinds, made by teachers during the graduate process, revealing a plurality of reading possibilities in the relationship among authorship/texts/readers. It also establishes a differentiation between teaching and mediation, mainly in the field of cultural demonstrations, in literature considered as artistic production. It points to the need of designing projects towards the teachers´cultural education aiming at readers´ formation and reading democratization.

Key words: schooling process, mediation, literary reading, cultural education.
Medicina: uma ciência maligna? Debate psicopolítico sobre estereótipos e fatos
Authors: De Jesus Jaqueline Gomes
Published: April 2018

O processo para o reconhecimento da cidadania das pessoas trans, alvo de subalternização e abjeção social, passa pela despatologização de suas identidades. Em contraponto a esse movimento no campo da saúde, o atendimento médico tem sido apontado, tanto por usuários quanto pelos demais profissionais, como reprodutor contumaz de práticas desrespeitosas que, eventualmente, prejudicam a população trans. O presente artigo parte da Psicologia Social e propõe uma reflexão crítica acerca desses discursos, considerando as relações de poder entre as ciências da saúde e a conjuntura socioeconômica. Adota-se um posicionamento político-acadêmico que valoriza a metodologia científica sem se alienar das demandas dos movimentos sociais.
“Mal Amadas”, “Porcas”, “Feminazis”, “Sujas”, “Xanatunzel”, “Nojentas” e “Xontuzeis” – Análise dos Discursos de Ódio sobre a performance Pelos Pêlos e seus desdobramentos
Authors: Costa Alexandra martins
Published: April 2018

O presente artigo é uma análise quanti qualitativa dos discursos de ódio sobre a performance Pelos Pêlos (2013), realizada pela coletiva Tete a Teta.  A ação consiste em duas mulheres unidas pelos pêlos pubianos e que andam pelo centro da cidade, num horário de grande movimentação. Os registros dessa performance se tornaram memes de um perfil antifeminista no Facebook, que tem como propósito satirizar esse movimento social. A partir da repercussão desse material foram contabilizados 394 comentários de ódio que servem como base para produção do presente artigo. Enquanto os discursos de ódio que aqui mostramos, servem para desqualificar as mulheres. Desejamos voltar antes, ir contracorrente, fazer o trajeto contrário: analisar essas falas para qualificar ainda mais o discurso e debate feminista. E é sobre isso que desejamos nos esparramar, invocar, debruçar, remexer e cutucar.
Sapatão é revolução: Censura, erotismo e pornografia na obra de Cassandra Rios
Authors: Santos Claudiana Gois
Published: April 2018

Resumo: Um panteão de prostitutas, adúlteras, ninfetas e devassas lésbicas de toda ordem tem sido utilizado no leito da literatura “para ler com apenas uma das mãos”. Nota-se nesse tipo de narrativa o tom transgressivo que na história recente brasileira foi tomado como afronta à imposição de uma rígida moral por parte dos militares que estavam no poder. Considerada como uma das escritoras que mais evidenciou protagonistas lésbicas na literatura brasileira, Cassandra Rios tem uma vasta obra desconsiderada por parte da crítica canônica, relegando-a à subliteratura. Outra parcela da crítica enxerga suas obras como propagação de um discurso moralista a respeito da homoafetividade feminina. O consenso da crítica encontra-se apenas no fato de sua obra ser repleta de elementos eróticos e/ou pornográficos. Devido à grande produção da autora, o enfoque deste trabalho incidirá sobre as publicações do período entre 1964 e 1985, quando o estado brasileiro sofreu um golpe militar, que culminou em mudanças políticas e sociais e interferiu na produção artística e intelectual nacional. O presente artigo pretende discutir como Cassandra Rios, por meio de um discurso aparentemente popular, conseguia levar a um grande número de leitores questões sobre a subjetividade de uma parcela da população estigmatizada durante um tempo de censura rígida da produção literária.
Cisnormatividade e passabilidade: deslocamentos e diferenças nas narrativas de pessoas trans
Authors: De Pontes Júlia Clara , Da Silva Cristiane Gonçalves
Published: April 2018

O presente artigo busca lançar olhares mais atentos aos processos de agenciamento de corporalidades dissidentes em relação às normas de gênero nas trajetórias e percursos de pessoas trans, tomando tal categoria como espaço de articulação de experiências e narrativas múltiplas. Trata-se, portanto, de desmontar a imagem de um corpo natural frente às práticas culturais que encerram o dualismo natureza-cultura, abrindo caminhos para compreender como se articulam as (des)continuidades entre sexo-gênero e desejo, junto a outros marcadores sociais de diferenciação. Tomamos como pontos centrais as noções de cisnormatividade e passabilidade, empregadas pelas(os) interlocutoras(es) como categorias para reflexão e enunciação sobre os processos de transição de gênero, buscando apreender a força normativa de regulação de gênero sobre as corporalidades/subjetividades junto aos diferentes usos e significados de tecnologias hormonais e prostéticas que atuam na produção de posições de sujeito.
Os Sons que eu Soo
Authors: Moreira Dora
Published: April 2018

O presente texto parte de situações de escuta e fala em espaços urbanos para repensar a noção de Paisagem Sonora através das discussões  raciais, de gênero, sexualidade  e suas interseccionalidade. Conversa com os estudos dos sons a fim de repensar o debate entre ruído e silêncio fazendo uma torção para questões de escuta e silenciamentos, propondo desde uma escrita de si uma ausculta do outro.
Formas de representação do corpo negro em performance
 [Marcos Antônio Alexandre]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança Periódico
Published: April 2018

Este artigo apresenta como objetivo trazer para discussão as identidades negras, analisando e resgatando as formas de representação do corpo negro em performances e em suas concepções espetaculares e ritualísticas. Assim, no desenvolvimento do trabalho, é discutido a presença do negro nos festejos do Congado e em dois textos espetaculares produzidos e apresentados em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Exercício Nº 1 e O Negro, a Flor e o Rosário.
Samba de roda como una práctica espectacular en Barravento (1961) de Glauber Rocha
 [Jolanta Rekawek]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança Periódico
Published: April 2018

Las prácticas espectaculares organizadas del pueblo bahiano se entrelazan, sus participantes fluctúan con un vasto repertorio de performances y funciones diferentes. Glauber Rochacapta en Barravento (1961) los vínculos entre las prácticas espectaculares organizadas de carácter popular como el ritual de candomblé, la samba de roda y la capoeira. La secuencia de la samba de roda en su opera prima es una muy bien lograda referencia a una práctica lúdica, fundamental para la cultura popular bahiana. El director incorpora en ella a los habitantes de la aldea donde fue filmada la película sin imponerles un papel que sería artificial aprovechando su ancestral capacidad de ser testigos y su hábito de participar en una ceremonia cultural donde la colectividad festeja el hecho de estar juntos y también tiene la oportunidad de contemplarse a si misma. De modo que los espectadores familiarizados con esta tradición podrían responder a la interpelación que Glauber Rocha hacía desde la pantalla para elevar su estatus orientando su percepción en claves de espectacularidad que implica una interacción no muy común en el cine, obvia en el teatro y muy presente en múltiples prácticas espectaculares del pueblo brasileño.
Dados Catalográficos e Normas
Authors: Teatro & Dança REPERTÓRIO:
Published: April 2018

Dados Catalográficos e Normas
A eternidade e um dia: memórias de uma tela em carne e letra
 [Ciane Fernandes]
Authors: Teatro & Dança REPERTÓRIO:
Published: April 2018

O texto é uma resenha de A eternidade e um dia, filme premiado do diretor grego Theo Angelopoulos, a partir de autores como Michel Foucault, Mircea Eliade, Sigmund Freud e Jacques Lacan. A análise fílmica segue um recorte transversal e poético-simbólico, como o próprio roteiro da obra. A estrutura não-linear da obra reflete a memória, associações simbólicas (ex.: Casa-Corpo-Identidade, Espelho-Janela, Ônibus-Tempo) e o constante atravessar de fronteiras num “abismo políticogeográfico” – entre vida e morte, arte e cotidiano, futuro e passado, infância e velhice, exilado no estrangeiro e prisioneiro em terra natal.
CIRCO-TEATRO NO SEMIÁRIDO BAIANO (1911-1942)
 [Reginaldo Carvalho]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança
Published: April 2018

O presente artigo refl ete sobre a historiografia do teatro baiano e traz elementos da história do circo-teatro no semi-árido da Bahia, entre os anos de 1911 e 1942, com foco na cidade de Senhor do Bonfim, através da apresentação de 21 companhias circenses que passaram pelo interior do estado na primeira metade do século XX.

This article reflects on the historiography of theater made in Bahia and brings elements of the history of the circus-theater in the semi-arid region of Bahia, between the years 1911 and 1942, focusing on the city of Senhor do Bonfim, by presenting 21 companies circus that passed through the countryside in the first half of the twentieth century.
A PALHAÇARIA EM O SAPATO DO MEU TIO
 [Demian Moreira Reis]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança
Published: April 2018

Neste artigo analiso a palhaçaria no espetáculo O sapato do meu tio. A peça O sapato do meu tio foi inspirada na obra de Peter Handke, O menor quer ser tutor, que pode ser aproximada ao teatro do absurdo. Mas a fórmula principal do espetáculo equaciona teatro e palhaçaria. Diversos dispositivos da técnica do palhaço foram reconhecidos, como o estabelecimento de uma relação de Branco e Augusto na relação entre o Tio e o Sobrinho; a quebra da quarta parede, estabelecendo uma relação de jogo direto com a platéia, principalmente na cena do espelho quebrado, mas também em outros momentos pelo espetáculo; a dilatação e o exagero de características físicas e da personalidade de cada ator na atuação das personagens; a feitura de cenas curtas e independentes, cuja montagem não obedeceu a uma lógica de causalidade, proporcionando um efeito de surpresa maior; o uso da máscara do nariz vermelho e sapatos grandes e vermelhos, indumentária típica da palhaçaria clássica, para caracterizar as cenas de apresentação artística do Tio e o número do espelho quebrado. Assistimos a esses princípios operando, sobretudo nas ações físicas dos atores do espetáculo, apesar de apresentar uma situação dramática, isto é, um enredo que pretende sustentar algum grau de verossimilhança. A peça não usa diálogo falado, portanto, depende principalmente dos recursos apresentados pelo corpo cênico dos atores.

In this article I analise the clownery in the spectacle My uncles shoes. The play My uncles shoes was inspired in the play of Peter Handkle, The minor wants to be a tutor, which can be approximated to the theater of the absurd. But the main formula of the show tackles theater and clownery. Several devices of the clown technique was recognized as establishing a relationship of White and August in the relationship between uncle and nephew, breaking the fourth wall, establishing a direct gaming relationship with the audience, especially at the scene of the mirror broken, and other moments of the spectacle, the dilation and exaggeration of physical featuresand personality of each actor in the role of the characters, the writing of short and independent scenes, whose assembly did not follow the logic of causality, providing an effect of surprise, the use of mask of a red nose and big red shoes and red, clothing typical of the classic slapstick to characterize the artistic presentation of scenes of the Uncle and the number of the broken mirror. We saw these principles operating, especially, in the physical actions of the actors of the show, which despite having a dramatic situation, that is, a plot that aims to sustain some degree of verisimilitude. The play does not make use of spoken dialogue, and therefore depends mainly on the resources presented by the scenic body of the actors.
Importância do ambiente de jardim de infância Waldorf no desenvolvimento da coordenação motora de crianças de quatro a seis anos
Authors: Tietsche Reis Claudia Jesus , Brandão Luisa Coneglian
Published: April 2018

Esse artigo teve como objetivo investigar a importância que o ambiente de jardim de infância Waldorf tem sobre o desenvolvimento motor de crianças de quatro a seis anos nos dias atuais. Essa pesquisa foi realizada com alunos e professores da educação infantil da escola Cora Coralina, por meio de um trabalho de campo de caráter qualitativo e abordagem exploratória. Observou-se vinte crianças, com foco em seus movimentos corporais, bem como as estruturas que são acessíveis a elas. Aplicou-se entrevista semiestruturada com duas professoras, a fim de apreender a visão e condução pedagógica de uma escola Waldorf acerca da temática. Dentre os fatores analisados, a liberdade de experimentação, o ambiente rico em desafios e o respeito ao ritmo pessoal foram pontos ressaltados. Evidenciou-se que o espaço estudado, assim como a conduta pedagógica Waldorf, ao possibilitar às crianças conhecerem e superarem seus limites dentro de seu tempo, exercem papéis fundamentais para um salutar desenvolvimento motor na contemporaneidade.
Mendel,GregorJohann
Authors: Forsdyke Donald R
Published: April 2018

Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) was a Moravian biologist from whose quantitative plant breeding studies were derived laws of inheritance that founded a new branch of biology, genetics. He crossed varieties of peas and examined the distribution of characters among offspring over successive generations. Hybrids resulting from crossing two varieties with contrasting characters did not breed true. They were not the ‘constant hybrids’ much sought by professional breeders that might lead to independent species. In the 1880s Mendel's work was appreciated by Wilhelm Focke and George Romanes, who initiated similar studies with animals. Studies with plants were initiated in the 1890s by European botanists who discovered Mendel's work in 1900. A relationship of hereditary units that determined characters – now known as genes – to chromosomes was noted by cytologist Michael Guyer in 1900. The major early advocate of Mendel's work, zoologist William Bateson, agreed with Mendel that new species could emerge discontinuously.

Key Concepts

For his experiments it was essential that Mendel chose characters in pea plants that would breed true.

He found that hybrids between lines which themselves bred true, did not breed true. They were not ‘constant hybrids’.

At that time many thought that constant hybrids would indicate a continuous species origination process.

From ‘brother‐sister’ matings of pea hybrids, Mendel derived quantitative laws.

His units that determined characters – now known as genes – were located to chromosomes by Michael Guyer.

Without knowledge of Mendel's laws, European botanists rediscovered them in plants.

William Bateson confirmed that Mendel's laws applied to various animal and plant species.

Mendel's laws were challenged by mathematical biologists (biometricians).

Mendel followed the statistics of his time and his results have withstood the test of time.

Mendel's view that new species can arise discontinuously without the involvement of natural selection has gained support.
Nucleolar Dominance
Authors: Pikaard Craig S
Published: April 2018

Nucleolar dominance is an epigenetic phenomenon that describes the formation of nucleoli, the sites of ribosome assembly, by chromosomes inherited from only one parent/progenitor of a genetic hybrid. Nucleolus formation is programmed by chromosomal loci, known as nucleolus organiser regions (NORs), that are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes repeated in long tandem arrays. Only transcriptionally active rRNA genes give rise to nucleoli, thus the molecular basis for nucleolar dominance is differential rRNA gene expression. Differential rRNA gene expression results from selective silencing of specific subsets of rRNA genes via changes in DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications. Because rRNA genes are nearly identical in sequence, it has long been a mystery how rRNA genes destined for silencing can be discriminated from genes that remain active. Recent genetic evidence indicates that selective rRNA gene silencing results from inactivation of whole NORs, not mechanisms that discriminate between individual rRNA genes.

Key Concepts

In genetic hybrids, rRNA genes inherited from the different parents, or progenitors, can be differentially expressed.

Specific subsets of rRNA genes are also differentially expressed in pure species (nonhybrids).

Nucleolar dominance is a manifestation of a dosage control system that operates in all eukaryotes to control the number of active rRNA genes.

Nucleolar dominance in both hybrids and pure species involves the selective silencing of ribosomal RNA gene loci, known as nucleolus organiser regions, that span millions of base pairs.

Ribosomal RNA gene silencing involves cytosine methylation and repressive histone posttranslational modifications.

Genetic evidence indicates that selective rRNA gene silencing results from inactivation of entire nucleolus organiser regions (NORs) rather than silencing decisions that are made one rRNA gene at a time.
3DPrinting
Authors: Lupton Deborah
Published: April 2018

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing is a process of fabricating objects using computer‐aided design software and hardware that responds to instructions from the software. This entry provides an overview of 3D printing technologies, including their current and proposed uses. Some of the social, cultural, political, and ethical issues concerning 3D printing are identified and directions for future sociological research on these technologies are outlined.
Diseases, Borderless
Authors: Ali S. Harris
Published: April 2018

Globalization based on the movement of people, capital, information, and goods across the world has been accompanied by the intensification of disease spread. As various new types of social and geographical interconnectivities arise, changes in the interconnections between human beings, as well as between human beings and other animal species and the environment, have profound repercussions for the emergence and response to disease outbreaks. In particular, new and (re‐)emerging diseases pose formidable problems as the global public health community begins to confront new barriers to pandemic responses that have arisen from changes in the political‐economic structures of nation‐states struggling with the impacts of a worldwide recession.
Feminist Discourse Analysis
Authors: Tilley Elspeth
Published: April 2018

Feminist discourse analysis has evolved out of linguists' particular concern with text and talk as gendered interactions, and feminist scholars' particular concern with discourse as an apparatus of patriarchy, to become, today, a wide‐reaching approach for understanding and critiquing the power of language and the language of power in many incarnations and contexts. Feminist discourse analysts understand discourse as establishing categories of inclusion and exclusion that are related to patriarchy as an “omnirelevant” schema but also see these gendered categories intersecting with a wide range of other hierarchical conceptualizations of difference that structure social institutions and interactions. They examine these various manifestations of difference, and the power they accrue or withhold, in media texts, conversations, advertisements, novels, films, political speeches, meeting minutes, interview transcripts, or wherever they may occur, through close attention to structures of representation such as themes, frames, grammatical features, and modes of address.
Gender and Welfare States
Authors: Laperrière Marie , Orloff Ann Shola
Published: April 2018

The involvement of welfare states with gender has undergone major reconfigurations in the last century. Understanding these developments requires paying attention to women as caregivers, workers, and political actors, and to issues of power – how they shape redistributive and regulatory state projects, politics, and relationships within households.
Data‐Sharing Methods
Authors: Mauthner Natasha S.
Published: April 2018

Data‐sharing is the practice of making research data available to other investigators or institutions for the purposes of social scientific research. Data‐sharing can occur through informal data exchange among researchers, and formal data exchange through data archives and repositories. Discussions of data‐sharing first appeared in the social scientific literature in the early 1960s in the context of two changes: the development of computational technologies for managing machine‐readable data and the increased use of sample surveys as a primary mode of data collection. Since the mid‐1980s, efforts have been made to institutionalize quantitative and qualitative data‐sharing as a normative practice on the grounds of its scientific, financial, public policy, and pedagogical benefits. Obstacles have hampered widespread uptake of data‐sharing, including technical, ethical, and cultural challenges particularly around risks for research participants and opportunity costs for researchers.
Fieldwork
Authors: Fife Wayne
Published: April 2018

Fieldwork involves long‐term research in which the investigator spends an intensive amount of time inquiring into the way of life of a specific human population. Used properly, it can result in extremely useful portraits of little‐known, misunderstood, or fully unknown ways of life. The main goal is to learn an inside point of view, or what it is like to live as a member of a specific sociocultural formation. Instead of relying on the statistical methods of quantitative research, fieldworkers gather information through a wide variety of ethnographic or qualitative methods. The reliability issue is dealt with through comparing information gathered through more than one research method and by analyzing information in relation to the broader context (e.g., economic, political, religious, institutional). Reliability may also be checked more formally through the use of simple counting schedules. Key methods include participant observation, several kinds of interviewing techniques, and self‐reporting methods. The researcher is always the first and primary research instrument of fieldwork. The key to fieldwork lies in the relationship of mutual trust established between the researcher and those with whom s/he is working. Without such a relationship, productive fieldwork is not possible.
Informal Employment and Women
Authors: McNeill Kristen
Published: April 2018

Worldwide, women are disproportionately engaged in informal employment, or work occurring outside the legal and regulatory framework. Within the informal economy, women are concentrated in jobs that are traditionally feminized. Although this work can provide a chance for women to earn income where job opportunities are scarce and while fulfilling their domestic obligations, such jobs tend to be precarious and poorly paid, and reflect the barriers women face to entering the formal labor market.
Immaterial Labor
Authors: Fortunati Leopoldina
Published: April 2018

Immaterial labor is labor that is done mainly with skills related to the mind, emotions, and sentiments, and thus with things that are intangible. Immaterial labor is analyzed by contrasting it with two other pairs of distinctive qualifications of labor: manual and nonmanual; simple and complex. Care and domestic work is introduced as a huge depository of immaterial labor. Contrary to Marx's evaluation, it is shown how postindustrial capitalism has expanded immaterial production considerably, provoking what is called the “dematerialization of reality.”
Book Town
Authors: Frank Jane
Published: April 2018

A book town is a small community on the geographical periphery that has experienced regeneration through a themed identity centered around secondhand and antiquarian bookselling; festival culture and events; writing and reading. The clustering of bookshops in book towns produces a multiplier effect that has been recognized by governments and development organizations for its capacity to enhance and sustain regional economies. A growing number of book towns around the world are evolving as sites of cultural diversity and platforms for artistic and cultural debate. As a result of this creative and cultural activity, social bonds in book towns are strengthened, and community development and empowerment is achieved. The success of book towns intersects with other contemporary social trends including the increased cultural mobility of individuals; the rise of travelers seeking slower, more meaningful connections with places, objects, and ideas; and a growing democratization of culture.
Boundaries (Racial/Ethnic)
Authors: Harold Joshua , Fong Eric
Published: April 2018

Scholarly inquiry into ethnic and racial boundaries has occupied a prominent place in social science research. Its intellectual roots can be traced largely to Fredrik Barth, who argued that understanding the construction and maintenance of ethnic groups should be accomplished by looking at the boundaries between groups. His insights have since been developed in the literature, with particular attention to institutional dynamics and cognitive processes in ethnic boundary development.
Buddhism
Authors: Schipper Janine
Published: April 2018

The origins of Buddhism, its spread throughout India and Asia, and its impact on the west are examined. While similar to some western philosophies of self and reality, Buddhism emphasizes the importance of contemplative practices to achieve embodied understanding. Unique to the west is a secularized form of practice commonly called mindfulness. Buddhism is also examined with reference to symbolic interactionism, social construction of reality, Pitirim Sorokin's altruism spectrum, transcendentalism, Buddhist economics, Buddhist and positive psychology, and Buddhist sociology. Finally, social action is explored through a Buddhist lens.
Complexity and Emergence
Authors: Chesters Graeme
Published: April 2018

Complexity theory is a unifying theory of the natural and social sciences that seeks to describe and account for the properties of complex adaptive systems in the material, biological, and social worlds. Examples of such systems include neural networks, languages, business organizations, the Internet, economic globalization, and social movements. These systems in turn are characterized by emergent properties that are irreducible to the sum of the systems' parts. Emergence is therefore evidenced by properties that are manifest at the systemic level, from a thought to a financial crisis or even a revolution, but which are not implicit within the elements comprising the system or through the addition of those elements or the relations between them. Complexity theory therefore represents a turn away from reductionist explanations of natural and social phenomena and a turn toward a dynamic and holistic approach where structure is inseparable from process.
Deviance, the Media and
Authors: Loh Renae Sze Ming , Lim Sun Sun
Published: April 2018

The media frequently report on deviant activity because of its inherent newsworthiness. Fictional works in the form of visual, textual, audio, and video content often employ similar narratives as well. However, deviance is often sensationalized, and such extreme portrayals may trigger moral panics and public outrage. It is often claimed that extensive coverage of deviance may encourage further acts of deviance, yet such arguments ignore the active role audiences play in the consumption and interpretation of media representations.
Elites
Authors: Weeber Stan
Published: April 2018

Elites are social groups that rank high in the systems that societies adopt to measure who has accumulated the greatest amount of the most valued possessions. Elites are identified by social, occupational, educational, income, and wealth benchmarks that differentiate such groups from other classes or categories of people. However, elitists do more than occupy prestigious social spaces in stratification systems: they run things by their abilities to shape and control events to their pleasing, even when others resist. They occupy top positions in governmental and economic institutions, which allow them to form policies and decisions that over the long term benefit their interests and secure their dominance over the rest of the economy and polity.
Foucault,Michel (1926–1984)
Authors: Smart Barry
Published: April 2018

The work of Michel Foucault overflows the boundaries of conventionally established disciplinary fields. Foucault challenged the designation of his work as philosophy or history and chose “The History of Systems of Thought” for the title of his chair at the Collège de France. His wide‐ranging analyses have informed discussion and debate in a multiplicity of academic fields including anthropology, architecture, accountancy, business and cultural studies, education, feminism, film, literature, politics, and not least sociology.
Gay and Lesbian Tourism
Authors: Coon David R.
Published: April 2018

This entry briefly covers the historical development of gay and lesbian tourism from a hidden network of underground communication generated by closeted gays and lesbians to a multibillion dollar industry. It considers cities and resorts that have been especially popular destinations for gay and lesbian tourists, as well as cruise lines and travel organizers that cater to LGBTQ tourists.
High School Sports
Authors: Hartmann Douglas , August Amy
Published: April 2018

Interscholastic high school sports are a large and essentially unparalleled set of athletic activities, practices, and programs. This entry provides an overview of the origins of American high school sports, as well as a perspective on their importance in both secondary education and the sport development system in the United States. It discusses the social and educational benefits associated with athletic participation for both individuals and at the school and community levels. It concludes by suggesting that the impacts of athletic participation, both positive and problematic, are shaped by the complicated and often unequal ways in which athletic participation is organized and sports programs themselves are designed and implemented.
Institutional Theory, New
Authors: Lang Thilo
Published: April 2018

Although new institutional theory has turned into a widely accepted framework for actor‐centered studies dealing with organizations, state, and society, it lacks the qualities of a full‐fledged theory. Scholars refer to different disciplinary approaches and traditions in sociology, social psychology, economics, and political sciences with only a few common lines of argumentation. Nevertheless, new institutionalism offers a useful conceptual framework for organizational studies and for other fields in the social sciences, such as urban and regional studies or political studies. A clear problem of institutional theory is its simplified description of the way institutions work. Although many critical scholars see new institutionalism as a concept that is too abstract and too diverse to be directly translated into a clear analytical approach, new institutionalist research can open up a broad field for inductive investigations favoring a better understanding of how particular organizations work, focusing on issues of agency within specific institutional settings and constraints.
New Urbanism
Authors: Haas Tigran
Published: April 2018

New urbanism is considered to be the most influential urban‐planning and design movement, and a leading paradigm to emerge from the latter part of the twentieth century as a reaction to sprawl, post‐World War II rampant development, zoning, and automobile dependency. The idea behind the new urbanism design philosophy is to identify and deliver solutions that work in a twofold manner: in defining sustainable and identifiable urban forms and also in supporting and establishing a real sense of vibrant and livable communities. New urbanism employs different tools and techniques, and rests on “human scale and livable” prescriptions and ideals of town‐planning and urban design. New urbanism attempts to create a type of development as a byproduct of mixed use, mixed housing types, public transportation nodes, and increased density. Criticism focuses on type of style, spatial determinism, and lack of diversity.
Reliability Generalization
Authors: Miller Brian K. , Adair Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2018

The reliability of scores on tests is subject to the influence of various characteristics of the scales utilized, the samples from which data are collected, and the design of studies from which scores were gathered. This entry provides a broad introduction to the concept ofreliability generalization(RG), a technique used to determine the mean or population reliability value of a particular test, along with the influential strength of scale, study, and sample characteristics on the test's score reliability. An RG study is a form of meta‐analysis in which the individual studies using the same test serve as observations on which the RG is performed.
Relationalism
Authors: Kivinen Osmo , Piiroinen Tero
Published: April 2018

The term “relationalism” covers a variety of positions that emphasize the importance of some sort of relation in sociological theory or research. Many of these positions are ontological, but there are also epistemological and purely methodological relationalisms. Although they do not constitute a single unified school of thought, there are certain family resemblances between these positions, and there have been attempts to collaborate, even to start a movement for relationalism in sociology. Due to the many differences between the various positions, a few subgroups can be distinguished within relationalism.
Scientific Revolution
Authors: Bakker J.I. (Hans)
Published: April 2018

The Scientific Revolution was the time when a new way of studying the natural, physical world became widely accepted by a small community of scholars.
Subculture
Authors: O'Connor Alan
Published: April 2018

Gangs were studied by urban sociologists in the 1920s, research that continues to the present. Radical criminologists from the 1950s and 1960s described deviance as a form of labeling by those powerful enough to make their labels stick. Outsiders developed their own subcultures. Research in cultural studies from the 1970s attempted to develop a class analysis of youth subcultures. This led to the criticism that most teens are not members of subcultures and that prominent subcultures actually include a diversity of positions.
War
Authors: Malešević Siniša
Published: April 2018

War is a protracted armed conflict involving widespread use of physical violence aiming to coerce one or more social organizations to comply with the demands of another social organization, resulting in significant social change. Sociological research shows that war has been one of the most significant generators of social change through the course of human history. The rise of states' organizational capacity and the proliferation of mass‐mobilization wars have generated unprecedented carnage, resulting in millions of human casualties and the unparalleled destruction of the environment. However, wars have also fostered intense social transformation that has brought about extraordinary social advancements in the formation of states, parliamentary systems, democratic institutions, reduced social inequalities, and transformed gender and ethnic relations.
Global exponential stability of antiperiodic solutions for impulsive discrete‐time Markovian jumping stochastic BAM neural networks with additive time‐varying delays and leakage delay
Authors: Sowmiya C. , Raja R. , Cao Jinde , Ravi G. , Li Xiaodi , Alsaedi A. , Tu Zhengwen
Published: April 2018

This paper presents a global exponential stability of antiperiodic solution for a class of impulsive discrete‐time Markovian jumping stochastic bidirectional associative memory neural networks with additive time‐varying delays and leakage delay. By utilizing the Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional and contraction mapping principle, several sufficient conditions and linear matrix inequalities are derived for verifying globally exponentially stable in the mean square. There is a new delay‐dependent criterion for checking the existence, uniqueness, and global stability for antiperiodic solution. Meantime, by using the numerically efficient MATLAB Toolbox, simulation examples are offered to show the effectiveness and usefulness of the obtained result.
Low‐Temperature Deposition of Layered SnSe2 for Heterojunction Diodes
Authors: Serna Martha I. , Hasan Syed M. N. , Nam S. , El Bouanani Lidia , Moreno Salvador , Choi Hyunjoo , Alshareef Husam N. , Minary‐Jolandan Majid , Quevedo‐Lopez Manuel A.
Published: April 2018

Tin diselenide (SnSe2) has been recently investigated as an alternative layered metal dichalcogenide due to its unique electrical and optoelectronics properties. Although there are several reports on the deposition of layered crystalline SnSe2 films by chemical and physical methods, synthesis methods like pulsed laser deposition (PLD) are not reported. An attractive feature of PLD is that it can be used to grow 2D films over large areas. In this report, a deposition process to grow stoichiometric SnSe2 on different substrates such as single crystals (Sapphire) and amorphous oxides (SiO2 and HfO2) is reported. A detailed process flow for the growth of 2D SnSe2 at temperatures of 300 °C is presented, which is substantially lower than temperatures used in chemical vapor deposition and molecular beam epitaxy. The 2D SnSe2 films exhibit a mobility of ≈4.0 cm2 V−1 s−1, and are successfully used to demonstrate SnSe2/p‐Si heterojunction diodes. The diodes show I
on/I
off ratios of 103–104 with a turn on voltage of <0.5 V, and ideality factors of 1.2–1.4, depending on the SnSe2 film growth conditions.
Photocatalysis: a “Solar Sail” to Drive Microscale Objects in Water
Authors: Zhang Jingtao , Yang Weiyi , Shang Jian Ku , Fang Feng , Gao Shuang , Li Qi
Published: April 2018

The capability to drive micro/nanoscale objects is critical in the development of micro/nanomachines for various technical applications. To overcome the chemical fuel requirement limitation on mostly investigated chemical power–based approaches, external energy source–driven approaches are explored. However, they usually require that micro/nanoscale objects should have special properties for their driven motion. For the first time it is shown that light illumination can be utilized to drive various micro/nanoscale objects through the assistance of photocatalysis as a “solar sail” due to its continuous production of chemicals with the driving potential. This approach can eliminate the requirement of chemical fuels or objects with special properties in previous studies, and can have the potential for various technical applications upon its full development to provide precise motion manipulations.
Boron Trifluoride‐Mediated Trifluoromethylthiolation of N‐Acyliminiums
Authors: Maury Julien , Force Guillaume , Darses Benjamin , Lebœuf David
Published: April 2018

Herein, we describe a hitherto unprecedented trifluoromethylthiolation of N‐acyliminiums promoted by boron trifluoride etherate to enable a convenient access to various α‐amino trifluoromethylthiolate derivatives in good yields. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, relying on copper(I) trifluoromethylthiolate as a nucleophilic partner.

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Alternative Perovskites for Photovoltaics
Authors: Jodlowski AlexanderD. , Rodríguez‐Padrón Daily , Luque Rafael , de Miguel Gustavo
Published: April 2018

The discovery of unique optoelectronic properties of 3D ABX3 perovskites has produced a great impact on the field of photovoltaics. In the initial years after the breakthrough, interest has focused on a limited number of 3D ABX3 perovskite materials, including the archetypal CH3NH3PbI3 and its counterparts. Undoubtedly, the main limitation of perovskite devices is their low stability due the fast degradation of the perovskite layer; however, the high toxicity of Pb also poses a concern. Herein, the recent increasing number of articles reporting the theoretical modeling, synthesis, optoelectronic characterization, and implementation of alternative perovskite materials in solar devices is summarized. The extensive variety of perovskite derivatives is classified according to the material dimensionality and the crystal structure. The particular strengths and weaknesses for each novel material are discussed, and the device performance and potential stability enhancements are also highlighted.
Side‐Chain Optimization of Phthalimide−Bithiophene Copolymers for Efficient All‐Polymer Solar Cells with Large Fill Factors
Authors: Chen Jianhua , Qiu Fanglong , Liao Qiaogan , Peng Changliang , Liu Feng , Guo Xugang
Published: April 2018

A series of phthalimide−bithiophene copolymers with various side‐chains have been used in bulk‐heterojunction all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) by blending with the well‐known n‐type polymer N2200. Variation in the side‐chains on the bithiophene and N‐imide groups afforded phthalimide polymers with tunable optoelectrical properties and different self‐assembly characteristics. Optimization of the fabrication conditions for the all‐PSCs resulted in a power‐conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.77 %, with a remarkable fill factor (FF) of 71.21 % for a cell with an active layer thickness of 100 nm. This FF is one of the highest values for all‐PSCs reported to date. Moreover, a greatly improved PCE of 4.7 %, with a good FF of 61.64 %, was obtained by increasing the film thickness to 120 nm. These results indicate that the FFs of all‐PSCs could approach those of polymer:fullerene cells, if a favorable blend film morphology can be realized and efficient charge‐transport/‐extraction can be achieved. These results demonstrate that phthalimide‐based polymers are promising donor semiconductors for the construction of efficient all‐PSCs and that their side‐chains are critical for performance enhancement, in addition to their polymer backbone.