bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Total Hip Replacement after Failed Femoral Head and Neck Excision in Two Dogs and Two Cats
Authors: Fitzpatrick Noel , Pratola Laura , Yeadon Russell , Nikolaou Christos , Hamilton Michael , Farrell Michael
Published: January 2012

Objective

To document outcome in 2 dogs and 2 cats after conversion of femoral head and neck excision (FHNE) to total hip replacement (THR).

Study Design

Case series.

Animals

Dogs (n = 2) and 2 cats.

Methods

For 1 dog and 2 cats, THR was performed using cemented acetabular and femoral components. Noncemented acetabular and cemented femoral components were used in 1 dog.

Results

All animals presented with severe hip pain and chronic lameness after unsuccessful FHNE. Potential causes of suboptimal outcome after FHNE were incomplete resection of the femoral neck (n = 3) and fibrous adhesions involving the sciatic nerve (n = 2). Post‐FHNE remodeling of the proximal femur and acetabulum necessitated unconventional modifications of surgical technique. In all 4 cases, final clinical outcome and radiographic reassessment were satisfactory. Aseptic loosening of the acetabular bone‐cement interface necessitating surgical revision was the only complication noted in 1 cat.

Conclusions

Despite severe preoperative pain and chronic functional impairment in all cases, conversion of FHNE to THR produced marked clinical improvement including return to unrestricted exercise within 12 weeks of surgery.
From Game Protection to Wildlife Management: Frame Shifts, Organizational Development, and Field Practices
Authors: Brulle Robert J. , Benford Robert D.
Published: January 2012

Abstract

One enduring question in social movements research is the relationship between cultural representations and organizational structure. In this article, we examine the development of different discursive frames over time, and how such frame shifts affect movement structure and practices. This approach seeks to illuminate the dialectical interplay between the movement community's discursive frame and its practices, and thus expand our understanding of the process of social movement growth and change. Through a close qualitative and historical analysis of a discursive shift within the hunting community of the United States in the 1930s from a focus strictly on game protection to a more expanded discursive frame of wildlife management, we show how this cultural shift led to major changes in both the organizational structure and advocacy goals of this social movement. We conclude with a discussion of how this process can be further studied.
Myocardial regeneration by transplantation of modified endothelial progenitor cells expressing SDF‐1 in a rat model
Authors: Schuh Alexander , Kroh Andreas , Konschalla Simone , Liehn Elisa A. , Sobota Radoslav M. , Biessen Erik AL. , Bot Ilze , Sönmez Tolga Taha , Schober Andreas , Marx Nikolaus , Weber Christian , Sasse Alexander
Published: January 2012

Cell based therapy has been shown to attenuate myocardial dysfunction after myocardial infarction (MI) in different acute and chronic animal models. It has been further shown that stromal‐cell derived factor‐1α (SDF‐1α) facilitates proliferation and migration of endogenous progenitor cells into injured tissue. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of exogenously applied and endogenously mobilized cells in a regenerative strategy for MI therapy. Lentivirally SDF‐1α‐infected endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were injected after 90 min. of ligation and reperfusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) intramyocardial and intracoronary using a new rodent catheter system. Eight weeks after transplantation, echocardiography and isolated heart studies revealed a significant improvement of LV function after intramyocardial application of lentiviral with SDF‐1 infected EPCs compared to medium control. Intracoronary application of cells did not lead to significant differences compared to medium injected control hearts. Histology showed a significantly elevated rate of apoptotic cells and augmented proliferation after transplantation of EPCs and EPCs + SDF‐1α in infarcted myocardium. In addition, a significant increased density of CD31+ vessel structures, a lower collagen content and higher numbers of inflammatory cells after transplantation of SDF‐1 transgenic cells were detectable. Intramyocardial application of lentiviral‐infected EPCs is associated with a significant improvement of myocardial function after infarction, in contrast to an intracoronary application. Histological results revealed a significant augmentation of neovascularization, lower collagen content, higher numbers of inflammatory cells and remarkable alterations of apoptotic/proliferative processes in infarcted areas after cell transplantation.
One‐year psychosocial functioning in patients in the early vs. late stage of bipolar disorder
Authors: Rosa A.R. , González‐Ortega I. , González‐Pinto A. , Echeburúa E. , Comes M. , Martínez‐Àran A. , Ugarte A. , Fernández M. , Vieta E.
Published: January 2012

Rosa AR, González‐Ortega I, González‐Pinto A, Echeburúa E, Comes M, Martínez‐Àran A, Ugarte A, Fernández M, Vieta E. One‐year psychosocial functioning in patients in the early vs. late stage of bipolar disorder.

Objective:  The aim of this 1‐year follow‐up study was to compare functional outcome as well as clinical differences between patients with first‐ and multiple‐episode bipolar disorder.

Method:  Bipolar disorder patients with first (n = 60) and multiple episodes (n = 59) were recruited from two hospitals in Spain. The Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) was used to assess functioning. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) were administered to assess mood symptoms.

Results:  As expected, patients with first episode experienced a greater functioning compared to patients with multiple episodes (11.26 ± 10.94 vs. 26.91 ± 13.96; t = 6.436, P < 0.001). There were significant demographic and clinical differences between both groups. Baseline depressive symptoms (F = 9.553, df = 4, 102; P < 0.001) and age (F = 14.145, df = 4, 103; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with poor functional recovery at 6‐month and 12‐month assessment, respectively, in a group of patients with multiple episodes.

Conclusion:  Our data give support to the model of staging in bipolar disorder, showing that the enduring neurotoxicity of repeated episodes may contribute to sustained impairment in multiple areas of psychosocial functioning.
Autologous periodontal ligament cells in the treatment of class III furcation defects: a study in dogs
Authors: Suaid Fabricia Ferreira , Ribeiro Fernanda Vieira , Gomes Thaisângela Rodrigues Lopes E Silva , Silvério Karina Gonzales , Carvalho Marcelo Diniz , Nociti Francisco Humberto , Casati Marcio Zaffalon , Sallum Enilson Antônio
Published: January 2012

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate, histomorphometrically, the use of periodontal ligament cells (PDL cells) in the treatment of class III furcation defects.

Material and Methods

PDL cells were obtained from the mandibular tooth extracted from each dog (7), cultured in vitro and phenotypically characterized. Bilateral class III furcation defects were created at mandibular 3rd and 4th premolars and were randomly assigned to: Control Group: coronally positioned flap, GTR Group: GTR, Sponge Group: carrier + GTR, Cell Group: carrier + PDL cells + GTR.

Results

After 3 months of healing, data analysis demonstrated that the Cell Group presented a superior length of new cementum (4.82 ± 0.61 mm; 3.66 ± 0.95 mm; 2.87 ± 0.74 mm and 1.70 ± 0.60 mm, p < 0.001), a greater extension of periodontal regeneration (3.43 ± 1.44 mm; 2.33 ± 0.95 mm; 1.52 ± 0.39 mm and 0.69 ± 0.59 mm, p = 0.001) and a larger area of new bone (5.45 ± 1.58 mm2; 3.94 ± 1.52 mm2; 2.91 ± 0.56 mm2 and 1.89 ± 0.95 mm2, p = 0.0012), when compared with Sponge, GTR and Control Group, respectively.

Conclusion

The PDL cells in association with GTR may significantly promote periodontal regeneration in class III furcation defects surgically created in dogs.
Surgical and non‐surgical therapy with systemic antimicrobials for residual pockets in type 2 diabetics with chronic periodontitis: a pilot study
Authors: Mendonça Adriana Cutrim , Santos Vanessa Renata , Ribeiro Fernanda Vieira , Lima Jadson Almeida , Miranda Tamires Szeremeske , Feres Magda , Duarte Poliana Mendes
Published: January 2012

Aim

This study evaluated the effects of surgical (SD) and non‐surgical (NSD) debridements, associated with systemic antimicrobials, on clinical and immunological outcomes of residual pockets [RP; probing depth (PD) ≥5 mm with bleeding on probing] in type 2 diabetics.

Material and Methods

A split‐mouth, randomized controlled trial was conducted in 21 subjects presenting at least two RP per contralateral quadrant. Subjects received metronidazole plus amoxicillin for 10 days and, contralateral quadrants were assigned to receive SD or NSD. Clinical parameters and local levels of interferon‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐17, IL‐23 and IL‐4 were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months post‐therapies.

Results

Overall, the mean number, PD and clinical attachment level (CAL) of RP improved significantly after therapies (p < 0.05), without differences between groups at any time‐point (p > 0.05). At quadrant level, only SD produced significant reductions in the mean CAL. Also, SD promoted higher reduction in PD from baseline to 6 months than NSD (p < 0.05). Levels of all cytokines were increased after SD compared with NSD (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

SD and NSD associated with systemic antimicrobials did not differ in terms of clinical benefits for RP in diabetics up to 6 months post‐therapies. RP treated by SD presented increased levels of cytokines.
Genotype and haplotype analysis of WNT genes in non‐syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate
Authors: Mostowska Adrianna , Hozyasz Kamil K. , Biedziak Barbara , Wojcicki Piotr , Lianeri Margarita , Jagodzinski Pawel P.
Published: January 2012

Mostowska A, Hozyasz KK, Biedziak B, Wojcicka P, Lianeri M, Jagodzinski PP. Genotype and haplotype analysis of WNT genes in non‐syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120: 1–8. © 2012 Eur J Oral Sci

The wingless‐type MMTV integration site family (Wnt) signalling pathway plays a crucial role in craniofacial development. Recently, nucleotide variants in WNT genes have been shown to be associated with oral congenital anomalies, including facial clefts. Therefore, in the current study we decided to assay the association of nucleotide variants in selected WNT genes with the risk of non‐syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NCL/P) in the Polish population. Fourteen polymorphisms in WNT3, WNT3A, WNT5A, WNT8A, WNT9B, and WNT11 were tested in a group of 210 patients with NCL/P and in a properly matched control group. The most significant results were found for the WNT3 rs3809857 variant, which, under the assumption of a recessive model, was associated with a two‐fold decrease in the risk of NCL/P (ORTT vs. GT + GG = 0.492, 95% CI: 0.276–0.879, P = 0.015). Moreover, haplotype analysis revealed that WNT3 is significantly correlated with NCL/P. The global P‐values for haplotypes of rs12452064_rs7207916 and rs3809857_rs12452064_rs7207916 were 0.0034 and 0.0014, respectively, and these results were statistically significant, even after the permutation test correction. In conclusion, our study confirmed the involvement of polymorphisms in the WNT3 gene in NCL/P aetiology in the tested population.
The formation of immune complexes is involved in the acute phase of periodontal destruction in rats
Authors: Kuramoto A. , Yoshinaga Y. , Kaneko T. , Ukai T. , Shiraishi C. , Oshino K. , Ichimura I. , Hara Y.
Published: January 2012

Kuramoto A, Yoshinaga Y, Kaneko T, Ukai T, Shiraishi C, Oshino K, Ichimura I, Hara Y. The formation of immune complexes is involved in the acute phase of periodontal destruction in rats. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 455–462. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective: Loss of clinical attachment and alveolar bone destruction are major symptoms of periodontitis, caused by not only the destructive effect of periodontopathic bacteria but also the overactive response of the host immune system against periodontal pathogens. The details of the participation of the immune system in the onset and progression of periodontitis are unclear. In this study, we attempted to determine whether the host immune system, and in particular the formation of immune complexes, is involved in the periodontal destruction.

Material and Methods: We applied ovalbumin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as antigens and their specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies purified from rat serum to rat gingival sulcus alternately. Loss of attachment, alveolar bone destruction and the numbers of inflammatory cells infiltrating the periodontal tissue and osteoclasts on the alveolar bone surface were investigated histometrically. The formation of immune complex was confirmed by immunohistological staining of complement C1qB.

Results: Loss of attachment and the presence of C1qB were observed histopathologically in both experimental groups. The group that had been treated with LPS and anti‐LPS IgG showed greater loss of attachment. The number of inflammatory cells in the periodontal tissue was increased in both experimental groups, while osteoclasts at the alveolar bone crest were observed only in the group that had been treated with LPS and anti‐LPS IgG.

Conclusion: In the present study, we showed that the formation of immune complex appears to be involved in the acute phase of periodontal destruction and that the biological activity of antigens is also important.
Maximal voluntary tongue pressure is decreased in Japanese frail elderly persons
Authors: Tsuga Kazuhiro , Yoshikawa Mineka , Oue Hiroshi , Okazaki Yohei , Tsuchioka Hirokazu , Maruyama Mariko , Yoshida Mitsuyoshi , Akagawa Yasumasa
Published: January 2012

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00615.x

Maximal voluntary tongue pressure is decreased in Japanese frail elderly persons

Background and objective:  To quantitatively estimate tongue function, we developed a handy device for intraoral pressure measurement. The objective of this study was to assess maximum voluntary tongue pressure (MVTP) in Japanese frail elderly persons receiving nursing care services.

Materials and methods:  The study included 42 men and 87 women, aged 58–100 years. To record MVTP, the participants were asked to compress the balloon (diameter: 18 mm) of the disposable intraoral pressure probe onto their palates for 7 s using the maximum voluntary effort of the tongue. Pressures were recorded three times at 1 min intervals.

Results:  Maximum voluntary tongue pressure was successfully measured in 111 persons. Mean (standard deviation) MVTP was 18 (12) kPa, with a range of 0–63 kPa. The remaining 18 persons could not accurately follow our instructions and MVTP could not be measured.

Conclusion:  In comparison with the reported standard value using the same device, the frail elderly persons included in our study were found to exert less MVTP than healthy dentate individuals. These results suggest the need for proper quantitative evaluation of oral function, including tongue capacity, at nursing care facilities.
SPECIAL ISSUE: MAKING A BETTER WORLD FOR CHILDREN OF INCARCERATED PARENTS
Authors: Raeder Myrna S.
Published: January 2012

The punitive sentencing regime that has branded the United States as the Country incarcerating the largest number of its inhabitants has also imposed a terrible punishment on the children of incarcerated parents. These youth are at risk, not only for continuing an intergenerational cycle of crime, but also for entering the pipeline that extends from foster care, to school failure, homelessness, unemployability, poverty, and institutionalization. Even those who escape the more draconian collateral consequences of their parents' incarceration face stigma and shame that may affect their development. This special issue of the Family Court Review explores a myriad of issues that impact Children of Incarcerated Parents, and suggests a variety of approaches, practices and policies that will better the lives of children who should not suffer for the “sins” of their fathers and mothers. This Introduction highlights many issues that affect the children of incarcerated parents, summarizes the valuable contributions of the authors, and also identifies publications and research sources that delve more deeply into these topics.
FATHERHOOD IN THE CHILD SUPPORT SYSTEM: AN INNOVATIVE PROBLEM‐SOLVING APPROACH TO AN OLD PROBLEM1
Authors: Lee Honorable Milton C.
Published: January 2012

The article is a summary of the development of the District of Columbia Superior Court's Fathering Court Initiative. The Fathering Court Initiative is a problem‐solving court that has developed an innovative approach to child support cases that involves noncustodial parents returning from a period of incarceration. The program is designed to operate as a court based partnership between government and private sector organizations that match resources with family needs to promote responsible co‐parenting.
MATERNAL SEPARATIONS DURING THE REENTRY YEARS FOR 100 INFANTS RAISED IN A PRISON NURSERY
Authors: Byrne Mary W. , Goshin Lorie , Blanchard‐Lewis Barbara
Published: January 2012

Prison nurseries prevent maternal separations related to incarceration for the small subset of children whose pregnant mothers are incarcerated in states with such programs. For a cohort of 100 children accepted by corrections into one prison nursery, subsequent separation patterns are analyzed. The largest numbers are caused by corrections' removal of infants from the nursery and infants reaching a one‐year age limit. Criminal recidivism and substance abuse relapse threaten continued mothering during reentry. Focused and coordinated services are needed during prison stay and reentry years to sustain mothering for women and children accepted into prison nursery programs.
FAMILY DRUG TREATMENT COURTS AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH1
Authors: York Janet , Lamis Dorian A. , Garfinkel Paul W. , Bluestein Natalie P. , Boxx Merry , Ellis Arthur , Sullivan Sarah , Donaldson Steve
Published: January 2012

Therapeutic courts targeting recovery in parents and child permanency are known as family dependency treatment courts (FDTCs). FDTCs provide an example of a multi‐component intervention which addresses some social determinants of health. The goal of this manuscript is to examine how key ingredients of FDTCs are related to social determinants of health and the potential for this framework to be integrated into FDTCs. A specific FDTC is described and evidence‐based wrap services are used to illustrate opportunities to improve the health of women and children involved in FDTCs. Barriers and recommendations are discussed.
How Does Subsurface Characterization Affect Simulations of Hyporheic Exchange?
Authors: Ward Adam S. , Gooseff Michael N. , Singha Kamini
Published: January 2012

We investigated the role of increasingly well‐constrained geologic structures in the subsurface (i.e., subsurface architecture) in predicting streambed flux and hyporheic residence time distribution (RTD) for a headwater stream. Five subsurface realizations with increasingly resolved lithological boundaries were simulated in which model geometries were based on increasing information about flow and transport using soil and geologic maps, surface observations, probing to depth to refusal, seismic refraction, electrical resistivity (ER) imaging of subsurface architecture, and time‐lapse ER imaging during a solute tracer study. Particle tracking was used to generate RTDs for each model run. We demonstrate how improved characterization of complex lithological boundaries and calibration of porosity and hydraulic conductivity affect model prediction of hyporheic flow and transport. Models using hydraulic conductivity calibrated using transient ER data yield estimates of streambed flux that are three orders of magnitude larger than uncalibrated models using estimated values for hydraulic conductivity based on values published for nearby hillslopes (10−4 vs. 10−7 m2/s, respectively). Median residence times for uncalibrated and calibrated models are 103 and 100 h, respectively. Increasingly well‐resolved subsurface architectures yield wider hyporheic RTDs, indicative of more complex hyporheic flowpath networks and potentially important to biogeochemical cycling. The use of ER imaging to monitor solute tracers informs subsurface structure not apparent from other techniques, and helps to define transport properties of the subsurface (i.e., hydraulic conductivity). Results of this study demonstrate the value of geophysical measurements to more realistically simulate flow and transport along hyporheic flowpaths.
Ensuring a nurse practitioner workforce prepared to care for older adults: Findings from a national survey of adult and geriatric nurse practitioner programs
Authors: Auerhahn Carolyn , Mezey Mathy , Stanley Joan , Wilson Laurie Dodge
Published: January 2012

Abstract  Purpose: To present the findings from a needs assessment of adult primary care (ANP), gerontological (GNP), and adult acute care (ACNP) nurse practitioner faculty regarding the transition to adult‐gerontology NP (A‐GNP) programs.

Data sources: Data were obtained from two sources: (a) an online survey to identify the faculty's primary needs in order to facilitate success in this transition and (b) telephone focus groups to explore survey responses in greater depth.

Conclusions: The survey and the focus group findings indicate that there is a strong need for (a) access to a set of nationally recognized competencies for A‐GNPs; (b) teaching/learning resources to support faculty in implementation of A‐GNP programs; and (c) formal faculty development opportunities to facilitate faculty efforts to engage in curricular redesign and innovations and assure that NP students acquire strong competence in gerontology content.

Implications for practice: The transition to A‐GNP has implications not only for NP faculty but also for practicing NPs. Almost all NPs care for older adults in a variety of settings. However, most of these NPs are not specialists in geriatrics. This article provides a context for self‐assessment by these NPs of their own needs related to this transition.
Interleukin‐2, Interleukin‐7, T cell‐mediated autoimmunity, and N‐glycosylation
Authors: Grigorian Ani , Mkhikian Haik , Demetriou Michael
Published: January 2012

T cell activation and self‐tolerance are tightly regulated to provide effective host defense against foreign pathogens while deflecting inappropriate autoimmune responses. Golgi Asn (N)‐linked protein glycosylation coregulates homeostatic set points for T cell growth, differentiation, and self‐tolerance to influence risk of autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Human autoimmunity is a complex trait that develops from intricate and poorly understood interactions between an individual's genetics and their environmental exposures. Recent evidence from our group suggests that in MS, additive and/or epistatic interactions between multiple genetic and environmental risk factors combine to dysregulate a common biochemical pathway, namely Golgi N‐glycosylation. Here, we review the multiple regulatory mechanisms controlling N‐glycan branching in T cells and autoimmunity, focusing on recent data implicating a critical role for interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) and IL‐7 signaling.
Current concepts in the management of leakages after esophagectomy
Authors: Mardin Wolf Arif , Palmes Daniel , Bruewer Matthias
Published: January 2012

Esophagectomy is a high‐risk procedure that, despite advances over past years, is still associated with high morbidity and mortality. Anastomotic insufficiency is a devastating surgical complication as it is linked to postoperative morbidity and is the main cause for postoperative mortality. It can lead to sepsis and necessitate re‐operation, further increasing morbidity and mortality through additional complications brought on by the repeated invasive procedures. However, not all anastomotic leakages entail such a critical course of events and can be sufficiently dealt with by less invasive measures. As a consequence, the approach to anastomotic leakage must be carefully selected in order to minimize additional procedure‐related risks while ensuring adequate therapy. In this setting, less invasive treatments such as esophageal stents and clips, application of vicryl plugs in combination with fibrin glue, and endoscopic insertion of vacuum sponges, have emerged in recent years and become a viable alternative in the management of certain leakages. This review presents current algorithms for detection, classification and treatment of leakages after esophagectomy.
Challenges of Constructing Postcolonial Unity: Timor‐Leste as a Case Study
Authors: Kingsbury Damien
Published: January 2012

Following Indonesia's removal from Timor‐Leste in 1999, there was a question as to whether the newly independent state and the institutions that manifested it could build their own legitimacy. In order to be successful, this process needed to be more than just an alternative to Indonesian occupation; it needed to work toward constructing a state representing the aspirations of its people in a way that reflected the maintenance of a bonded political identity. This article considers how the idea of that bonded Timor‐Leste political identity was formed, the types of circumstances that undermined such a sense of national identity, and where its weaknesses might still lie. This article then considers the claims to legitimate authority of separatist organizations, in this case the Timor‐Leste resistance, by which it sought to represent the wishes of its constituency. Finally, the article addresses the creation and embedding of civic institutions.
The Next Generation of Psychological Autopsy Studies
Authors: Conner Kenneth R. , Beautrais Annette L. , Brent David A. , Conwell Yeates , Phillips Michael R. , Schneider Barbara
Published: January 2012

The psychological autopsy (PA) is a systematic method of assessing the psychological and contextual circumstances preceding suicide. The method requires interviews with one or more proxy respondents (i.e., informants) of suicide decedents. Procedural challenges that need to be addressed to conduct PA interviews are described in this article and recommendations for meeting these challenges in future PA investigations are made. Procedures addressed include determining the timing of PA interviews after suicide, designing the structure and flow of interviews, selection of proxy respondents, integrating interview data with information gathered from records, and selecting and training interviewers. This methodological article is the second in a two‐part series—the first article focused on interview content.
Suicide in the Army National Guard: An Empirical Inquiry
Authors: Griffith James
Published: January 2012

Since 2004, suicides in the U.S. military have risen, most notably in the Army National Guard (ARNG). Data used in this study were obtained for suicides occurring from 2007 to 2010 and for a random sample of nonsuicides from the general ARNG population. Of the military‐related variables considered, a few showed relationships to suicide. Rather, the primary variables associated with suicide were soldier background characteristics, including age (17–24 years), race (White), and gender (male). Cluster analysis revealed two distinct suicide groups: “careerists” (about one third of all suicides) and “first‐termers” (about two thirds of all suicides), each group exhibiting different concurrent behavioral problems.
Education and Conflict Recovery: The Case of Timor Leste
Authors: Justino Patricia , Leone Marinella , Salardi Paola
Published: January 2012

The Timor Leste secession conflict lasted for 25 years. Its last wave of violence in 1999, following the withdrawal of Indonesian troops, generated massive displacement and destruction with widespread consequences for the economic and social development of the country. This paper analyses the impact of the conflict on the level and access to education of boys and girls in Timor Leste. We examine the short‐term impact of the 1999 violence on school attendance and grade deficit rates in 2001, and the longer‐term impact of the conflict on primary school completion of cohorts of children observed in 2007. We compare also the educational impact of the 1999 wave of violence with the impact of other periods of high‐intensity violence during the 25 years of Indonesian occupation. The short‐term effects of the conflict are mixed. In the longer term, we find a strong negative impact of the conflict on primary school completion among boys of school age exposed to peaks of violence during the 25‐year long conflict. The effect is stronger for boys attending the last three grades of primary school. This result shows a substantial loss of human capital among young males in Timor Leste since the early 1970s, resulting from household investment trade‐offs between education and economic survival.
Carrot or Stick? Redistributive Transfers versus Policing in Contexts of Civil Unrest
Authors: Justino Patricia
Published: January 2012

Recurrent episodes of civil unrest significantly reduce the potential for economic growth and poverty reduction. Yet the economics literature offers little understanding of what triggers civil unrest in society and how to prevent it. This paper provides a theoretical analysis in a dynamic setting of the merits of redistributive transfers in preventing the onset of (and reducing) civil unrest and compare it with policies of more direct intervention such as the use of police. We present empirical evidence for a panel of Indian states, where conflict, transfers and policing are treated as endogenous variables. Our empirical results show, in the medium‐term, redistributive transfers are both a more successful and cost‐effective means to reduce civil unrest. Policing is at best a short‐term strategy. In the longer term, it may trigger further social discontent.
‘A Different World’ Individuals’ experience of an integrated family intervention for psychosis and its contribution to recovery
Authors: Allen Jo , Burbach Frank , Reibstein Janet
Published: January 2012

Objectives.  The aim of this study is to explore the meaning and significance of family interventions (FI) for the individual who experiences psychosis, and its significance for recovery.

Design.  A qualitative in‐depth interview design was used to explore individuals’ experience of FI and its meaning to them.

Methods.  Seven individuals recovering from psychosis attending integrated FI sessions were interviewed using a semi‐structured interview schedule developed with service user input. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and explored using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.

Results.  Three central themes highlighted the participants’ experience: (1) They welcomed the shared experience with their families and felt contained and valued by the therapists; (2) They felt the sessions contributed to changed patterns of relating within the family and the creation of new meaning through the validation of multiple perspectives; and (3) They described how the family sessions supported a new positioning in the world, a sense of their own empowerment and personal responsibility, greater self‐acceptance, an increased ability to manage emotions, and hope for the future.

Conclusions.  Conditions in the family sessions provided an environment for changes in patterns of relating, personal meaning, and emotions to take place. Recovery, for these individuals, appeared to be about repositioning themselves in the world. The shared experience of sessions and the recognition of multiple perspectives within a containing environment may be related to recovery via the development of new perspectives and a more robust sense of self. This has clinical implications for the focus of FI sessions.

Practitioner Points

This study supports the use of various elements of integrated family interventions.

Understanding service‐users’ experience of family interventions and recovery processes can support the development of responsive clinicians and produce therapies that best support recovery processes.
Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Mixing and Autoignition of Hydrogen Fuel at Reheat Combustor Operating Conditions
Authors: Ivanova Elizaveta M. , Noll Berthold E. , Griebel Peter , Aigner Manfred , Syed Khawar
Published: January 2012

Turbulent mixing and autoignition of H2-rich fuels at relevant reheat combustor operating conditions are investigated in the present numerical study. The flow configuration under consideration is a fuel jet perpendicularly injected into a crossflow of hot flue gas (T>1000K,p=15 bar). Based on the results of the experimental study for the same flow configuration and operating conditions, two different fuel blends are chosen for the numerical simulations. The first fuel blend is a H2/natural gas/N2 mixture at which no autoignition events were observed in the experiments. The second fuel blend is a H2/N2 mixture at which autoignition in the mixing section occurred. First, the non-reacting flow simulations are performed for the H2/natural gas/N2 mixture in order to compare the accuracy of different turbulence modeling methods. Here, the steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier- Stokes (RANS) as well as the unsteady scale-adaptive simulation (SAS) turbulence modeling methods are applied. The velocity fields obtained in both simulations are directly validated against experimental data. The SAS method shows better agreement with the experimental results. In the second part of the present work, the autoignition of the H2/N2 mixture is numerically studied using the 9-species 21-steps reaction mechanism of O’Conaire et al. (Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 36(11), 2004). As in the reference experiments, autoignition can be observed in the simulations. Influences of the turbulence modeling as well as of the hot flue gas temperature are investigated. The onset and the propagation of the ignition kernels are studied based on the SAS modeling results. The obtained numerical results are discussed and compared with data from experimental autoignition studies.
An Experimental Investigation on the Role of Hydrogen in the Emission Reduction and Performance Trade-Off Studies in an Existing Diesel Engine Operating in Dual Fuel Mode Under Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Authors: Kumar Bose Probir , Banerjee Rahul
Published: January 2012

With emission legislations getting more stringent in order to comply with the responsibilities of environmental obligations, engine manufacturers are turning to explore new avenues to meet the paradox of curtailing particulate matter (PM) and NOx emissions on one hand and maintaining consumer expectations of reduced fuel consumption and increased thermal efficiency on the other. Studies dedicated in mitigating such paradoxical objectives have established novel emission reduction systems such as the diesel particulate filter (DPF) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) after treatment systems but at the expense of increased complexity of deployment and cost. The present work explores the emission and performance characteristics of an existing four stroke single cylinder engine operating with a predefined flow rate of hydrogen as a dual fuel. The hydrogen was premixed with the incoming air and inducted during the duration of intake valve opening by means of an indigenously developed cam actuated electromechanical timed manifold injection technique. exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) (hot and cooled) technique has been implemented in the present work to reduce NOx emissions which were enriched with the same amount of hydrogen. Research studies carried out on the efficacy of EGR techniques have reported the inherent penalty of increasing the common diesel pollutants of smoke and particulate matter and fuel consumption at the expense of reducing NOx emissions. Trade-off studies in the present work revealed contrary results, where 20% cooled EGR under hydrogen enrichment registered a decrease of 9.2% and 12.3% in NOx emissions at 60% and 80% load as compared to diesel operation while simultaneously retaining a reduction of 4.6% and 1.9% in brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) along with 10% and 8.33% corresponding decrease in smoke emissions and a reduction of 11.30% and 12.31% in total unburnt hydrocarbon (TUHC) emissions. CO emissions were simultaneously decreased by 26.6% and 20.0% while CO2 emissions decreased by 24.5% and 29.1%, respectively, while maintaining 4.8% and 2% increase in brake thermal efficiency and a reduction of 23.3% and 18.95% in specific fuel consumption (SFC) (diesel) simultaneously at the respective loads. Similar trade-off potential, as was evident in the 10% EGR strategies, provide a strong motivation to explore the role of hydrogen as in situ dual fuel solution to counter the conflicting emission and performance requirements of contemporary diesel engines made to operate under EGR.
Coiling of a carotid cavernous sinus fistula via microsurgical venotomy: recommendation of a combined neurosurgical and endovascular approach
Authors: Heiroth Hi-Jae , Turowski Bernd , Etminan Nima , Steiger Hans-Jakob , Hänggi Daniel
Published: January 2012

Introduction

Endovascular treatment of a carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) via a transvenous approach is standard but, in rare cases, the standard approach is not feasible due to vessel occlusion or anomalies. In such cases it remains a challenge to find an alternative route for complete treatment.

Clinical presentation

A 42-year-old patient presented with a symptomatic CCF (Barrow type C). An endovascular approach to the CCF was not possible due to abnormal venous vessel architecture, so a combined surgical and interventional approach was undertaken. A custom-tailored craniotomy was first performed to access the major sylvian vein. After venotomy and insertion of a microcatheter, the CCF was completely occluded by coiling and embolization conventionally. The symptoms regressed and had almost completely disappeared at follow-up.

Conclusions

An individually tailored strategy with a combined surgical and endovascular approach enabled full treatment with minimal risk for the patient.
Doxycycline treatment of otosyphilis with hearing loss: Table 1
Authors: Chotmongkol Verajit , Sawanyawisuth Kittisak , Yimtae Kwanchanok , Chantarojanasiri Thanyaporn , Chotmongkol Ratchanee
Published: January 2012

Objectives

The recommended treatment of otosyphilis is intravenous penicillin therapy. The response rate varied between 23% and 31%. This treatment needs hospitalisation and is costly, inconvenient and time consuming. Oral doxycycline was tested for its efficacy in otosyphilis.

Method

The authors reviewed 19 patients diagnosed as having otosyphilis with hearing loss at the outpatient unit between 2004 and 2008 by oral doxycycline 400 mg/day for 21 days.

Results

Of those enrolled patients, 12 patients were male and the mean age is 69.4 years. The hearing was improved in nine patients (47.3%) and the audiogram of seven patients (36.8%) showed improvement. There was no serious side effect of doxycycline.

Conclusion

The data suggest that doxycycline may be an effective alternate regimen for otosyphilis.
INFLUENCE OF ELECTRODE AND SAMPLE SHAPE ON THE 1/f NOISE PARAMETER fQ: A SCHWARZ-CHRISTOFFEL ANALYSIS
Authors: VAN DEURSEN A. P. J.
Published: January 2012

Thin films for material characterization and noise tests are preferentially manufactured with rectangular electrode shapes. In the companying paper Vandamme presents expressions for resistance and geometrical noise factor fQ for the case of circular electrodes. The present paper employs numerical conformal mapping to obtain accurate values for rectangular and circular electrodes. The sample size is either assumed very large, or is taken comparable to the electrodes.
NETWORKS AND 1/f NOISE
Authors: WEST BRUCE J.
Published: January 2012

Complex networks form one of the most challenging areas of modern research overarching the traditional scientific disciplines. Of particular importance is the manner in which information is shuttled back and forth between such networks, and whether or not there exists general principles that guide the flow of information. Herein, we identify Wiener's rule, which conjectures how information is transfered in an information-dominated process. Moreover, we show that this rule is a consequence of the Principle of Complexity Management (PCM) that determines the information exchange between complex networks. A consequence of the PCM is that the maximum information transfer occurs at a 1/f noise resonance. The information transfer between two complex networks is also determined by direct numerical calculation of a master equation model of network dynamics using interacting two-state elements, the decision-making model (DMM). The DMM generates phase transitions and on a two-dimensional lattice, reduces to the Ising model in an appropriate limit. The computations using the DMM suggest that the inverse power laws of links and survival probability are not necessarily related.
SELMER GROUPS AND GENERALIZED CLASS FIELD TOWERS
Authors: MATAR AHMED
Published: January 2012

This paper proves a control theorem for the p-primary Selmer group of an abelian variety with respect to extensions of the form: Maximal pro-p extension of a number field unramified outside a finite set of primes R which does not include any primes dividing p in which another finite set of primes S splits completely. When the Galois group of the extension is not p-adic analytic, the control theorem gives information about p-ranks of Selmer and Tate–Shafarevich groups of the abelian variety. The paper also discusses what can be said in regards to a control theorem when the set R contains all the primes of the number field dividing p.
DODECIC 3-ADIC FIELDS
Authors: AWTREY CHAD
Published: January 2012

Let n be an integer and p be a prime number. An important problem in number theory is to classify the degree n extensions of the p-adic numbers through their arithmetic invariants. The most difficult cases arise when p divides n and n is composite. In this paper, we consider the case n = 12 and p = 3; the degrees n < 12 having previously been determined.
A NEW LOWER BOUND FOR HERMITE'S CONSTANT FOR SYMPLECTIC LATTICES
Authors: MUETZEL BJOERN
Published: January 2012

In this paper we give an improved lower bound on Hermite's constant δ2g for symplectic lattices in even dimensions (g = 2n) by applying a mean-value argument from the geometry of numbers to a subset of symmetric lattices. We obtain only a slight improvement. However, we believe that the method applied has further potential. Furthermore, in this paper we present new families of highly symmetric (symplectic) lattices, which occur in dimensions of powers of two. The lattices in dimension 2n are constructed with the help of a multiplicative matrix group isomorphic to (ℤ2n, +). We furthermore show the connection of these lattices with the circulant matrices and the Barnes–Wall lattices.
The roles ofO-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine in cardiovascular physiology and disease
Authors: Zachara Natasha E.
Published: January 2012

More than 1,000 proteins of the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria are dynamically modified by O-linked β- N-acetylglucosamine ( O-GlcNAc), an essential post-translational modification of metazoans. O-GlcNAc, which modifies Ser/Thr residues, is thought to regulate protein function in a manner analogous to protein phosphorylation and, on a subset of proteins, appears to have a reciprocal relationship with phosphorylation. Like phosphorylation, O-GlcNAc levels change dynamically in response to numerous signals including hyperglycemia and cellular injury. Recent data suggests that O-GlcNAc appears to be a key regulator of the cellular stress response, the augmentation of which is protective in models of acute vascular injury, trauma hemorrhage, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. In contrast to these studies, O-GlcNAc has also been implicated in the development of hypertension and type II diabetes, leading to vascular and cardiac dysfunction. Here we summarize the current understanding of the roles of O-GlcNAc in the heart and vasculature.
Electromagnetic Reciprocal Cloak with Only Axial Material Parameter Spatially Variant
Authors: Yang Jing Jing , Huang Ming , Chun Mao Fu , Cai Guang Hui , Lan Yao Zhong
Published: January 2012

Reciprocal cloak is an intriguing metamaterial device, in which a hidden antenna or a sensor can receive electromagnetic irradiation from the outside but its presence will not be detected. Based on transformation optics, a cylindrical electromagnetic reciprocal cloak with only axial parameter varying with radius is designed and validated by full wave simulation. When two dispersive reciprocal cloaks are put together, they do not interfere with each other. Our work demonstrates the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) ability of the reciprocal cloak which is very important in multi antenna and sensor design.
A Batch Rival Penalized Expectation-Maximization Algorithm for Gaussian Mixture Clustering with Automatic Model Selection
Authors: Wen Jiechang , Zhang Dan , Cheung Yiu-ming , Liu Hailin , You Xinge
Published: January 2012

Within the learning framework of maximum weighted likelihood (MWL) proposed by Cheung, 2004 and 2005, this paper will develop a batch Rival Penalized Expectation-Maximization (RPEM) algorithm for density mixture clustering provided that all observations are available before the learning process. Compared to the adaptive RPEM algorithm in Cheung, 2004 and 2005, this batch RPEM need not assign the learning rate analogous to the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm (Dempster et al., 1977), but still preserves the capability of automatic model selection. Further, the convergence speed of this batch RPEM is faster than the EM and the adaptive RPEM in general. The experiments show the superior performance of the proposed algorithm on the synthetic data and color image segmentation.
An Experimental and Modeling Study on the Response to Varying Pore Pressure and Reservoir Fluids in the Morrow A Sandstone
Authors: Wandler Aaron V. , Davis Thomas L. , Singh Paritosh K.
Published: January 2012

In mature oil fields undergoing enhanced oil recovery methods, such as CO2injection, monitoring the reservoir changes becomes important. To understand how reservoir changes influence compressional wave (P) and shear wave (S) velocities, we conducted laboratory core experiments on five core samples taken from the Morrow A sandstone at Postle Field, Oklahoma. The laboratory experiments measured P- and S-wave velocities as a function of confining pressure, pore pressure, and fluid type (which included CO2in the gas and supercritical phase). P-wave velocity shows a response that is sensitive to both pore pressure and fluid saturation. However, S-wave velocity is primarily sensitive to changes in pore pressure. We use the fluid and pore pressure response measured from the core samples to modify velocity well logs through a log facies model correlation. The modified well logs simulate the brine- and CO2-saturated cases at minimum and maximum reservoir pressure and are inputs for full waveform seismic modeling. Modeling shows how P- and S-waves have a different time-lapse amplitude response with offset. The results from the laboratory experiments and modeling show the advantages of combining P- and S-wave attributes in recognizing the mechanism responsible for time-lapse changes due to CO2injection.