bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Nonnative Aquatic Vertebrates in Western U.S. Streams and Rivers
Authors: Lomnicky Gregg A. , Whittier Thomas R. , Hughes Robert M. , Peck David V.
Published: September 2007

Nonnative aquatic vertebrates have been widely introduced across the western United States. We analyzed data from the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program's western pilot study to determine the occurrence of nonnative fish and amphibians and the proportion of stream length they occupied in streams of 12 conterminous western states. A total of 1,361 sites (including both probability sites and candidate reference sites) were sampled from 2000 to 2004. Of these, 711 probability sites had sufficient sampling effort and vertebrates present, representing a total assessed stream length of 213,600 km. Native and nonnative species numbers and proportionate abundances based on this stream length are reported for the entire study area, for three large-scale ecoregions (Mountains, Xeric, and Plains), and for each state in the survey area. Sites with insufficient sampling effort or collection permit restrictions or in which no vertebrates were collected could not be assessed and represented an additional 90,000 km of stream length. An estimated 52 ± 4% (mean and 95% confidence interval) of the assessed stream length contained nonnative vertebrates. Nonnatives represented more than 50% of the individuals in 22 ± 3% of the assessed stream length. Nonnative vertebrates were present in 59 ± 10% of the assessed length represented by fourth-order rivers and in 83 ± 6% of the assessed length represented by fifth-order and larger rivers. From 30 to 33 nonnative species were found in each of the three ecoregions. Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, brown trout Salmo trutta, and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were the most common nonnative aquatic vertebrates found in the study area based on the proportion of assessed stream length occupied. Of the 12 states surveyed, California accounted for the greatest number of nonnative taxa we collected (26) and Idaho the fewest (4).
Use of Unsectioned Dorsal Spines for Estimating Walleye Ages
Authors: Logsdon Dale E.
Published: September 2007

Dorsal spines may be a suitable structure for aging walleyes Sander vitreus when the otoliths are unavailable due to live release of the catch, but the specialized equipment and additional time necessary to remove and mount a readable cross section can discourage their use. I evaluated a simple method of obtaining age estimates from unsectioned dorsal spines. The basal end of each dorsal spine was sanded smooth and viewed under a dissecting microscope with side illumination. For Red Lake, Minnesota, walleyes, where consensus otolith ages by two experienced readers indicated that most fish were younger than age 7, reader agreement rates (95%) and precision (mean coefficient of variation (CV) = 0.95%) of dorsal spine estimates were relatively high. Age estimates by individual readers inspecting spines generally agreed with consensus otolith ages (≥95%). Reader agreement rates (70%) and precision (mean CV = 2.71%) were much lower for a sample of walleyes collected from Mille Lacs Lake, Minnesota, where 94% of consensus otolith ages were greater than age 6. Furthermore, spine-based age estimates for Mille Lacs Lake walleyes exhibited relatively poor agreement with consensus otolith ages (≤40%); however, most of the discrepancies were noted for individuals of consensus otolith age 7 or more, and consistent underestimation of ages did not occur until age 13. Based on these findings, unsectioned dorsal spines offered a reasonably precise, nonlethal, and simple approach for replicating consensus otolith ages for walleyes younger than age 7. Although otoliths may still be necessary to estimate the ages of older individuals within a sample, use of unsectioned dorsal spines could allow biologists to sacrifice fewer walleyes while closely replicating otolith-based estimates of population age structure.
Effect of Vibroseis Arrays on Ground Vibrations: A Numerical Study
Authors: Kalinski Michael E.
Published: September 2007

Vibroseis trucks are commonly used for the acquisition of seismic reflection data for petroleum exploration because they produce low levels of ground vibration. When operating in an urban setting, vibrations are typically monitored using particle velocity meters at the ground surface, and vibration measurements are quantified in terms of peak particle velocity (PPV). Distance from the Vibroseis trucks is generally used as a parameter to identify potential points of high PPV. However, numerical modeling of PPV fields surrounding multiple-truck Vibroseis arrays reveals the presence of complex zones of constructive interference where PPV can double within as little as [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]. Vibroseis sweep direction and duration is shown to have little effect on PPV. The results presented herein are specific to a certain set of modeling parameters, but nevertheless demonstrate that it may be necessary to perform pre-survey numerical simulation of surface vibrations to identify points relative to the Vibroseis array that are susceptible to high vibration levels, and monitor vibrations at those points.
The Changing Presentation of Death in the Obituary, 1899–1999
Authors: Phillips Jason B.
Published: September 2007

Obituaries from the New York Times are examined at three points to illuminate changing conceptions of death. The findings are twofold. Changes in the obituary demonstrate how the locus of social control over death has shifted from nature and God, to medicine and most recently to the individual. Additionally, it is shown that descriptions of biophysical aspects of the dying process are marginalized over time and that there is more frequent use of language that emphasizes death-resistant themes in the most recent obituaries. This finding exemplifies the observation of increasing claims to authority over mortality by individuals in recent decades.
Spatial distribution of zooplankton in a cascade system of Pomeranian dam reservoirs (Hajka, Rosnowo), northern Poland
Authors: Pociecha Agnieszka , Heese Tomasz
Published: September 2007

The structure of the zooplankton community and its spatial distribution were examined in two stratified rheolimnic Pomeranian reservoirs, Rosnowski (7 sampling sites) and Hajka (4 sampling sites), in July 1999. These reservoirs are part of the cascade system situated on the Radew River in northern Poland. In the Rosnowski reservoir 34 species of zooplankton were identified and in Hajka, 32. The two dominant species of rotifers in both reservoirs were Keratella cochlearis f. tecta and Polyarthra vulgaris. The dominant copepod and cladoceran species in both reservoirs were Mesocyclops leuckarti and Daphnia cucullata, respectively. Along the longitudinal axis of both reservoirs, rotifers were the dominant group at all sampling sites, except for the hypolimnion layer in both reservoirs and the metalimnion layer in Hajka reservoir at site H1. This initial study was undertaken in order to determine the spatial distribution of rotifer, copepod and cladoceran communities in riverine reservoirs built in the cascade system.
Local Drug–Crime Dynamics in a Canadian Multi-Site Sample of Untreated Opioid Users
Authors: Manzoni Patrik , Fischer Benedikt , Rehm Jürgen
Published: September 2007

This multi-site study analysed self-reported involvement in property crime, drug dealing, and sex work, across five Canadian cities, among a sample of 677 illicit opioid and other drug users outside of treatment. First, we assessed drug-use patterns and the extent of illegal income-generating behaviour for each city. We then analysed factors and city interactions contributing to engagement in the respective criminal activities, including drug-use patterns, socio-economic characteristics, and other illegal activities. With this approach we explored city-specific patterns of crime prediction; thus we identified local drug–crime associations. The study sample was recruited by outreach and snowball methods and was assessed by standardized study protocols. Findings revealed substantial differences among the cities regarding both the extent and frequency of illegal activities. In regard to local differences, multiple logistic regression models revealed that crack use was strongly associated with property crime in Toronto, while cocaine use was strongly related with sex work in Montreal and Quebec City. This evidence points to local dynamics of drug cultures that are related to specific criminal activities. Implications for further research and intervention efforts are discussed.
Meat Products
Authors: Schmidt Glenn R. , Raharjo S. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: September 2007

Consumers not only prefer good tasting meat products, but they also are concerned with the nutrition, safety, and wholesomeness of the meat products they consume. Consumers have been told that red meat is a significant source of saturated fat and consequently the consumption of meat has shifted from red meat to poultry. In response to consumer demand, meat processors are marketing various types of low fat meat products. These low fat meat products can be produced by using leaner meat cuts or adding or substituting ingredients for moisture retention or mimicking the sensorial properties of animal fat. To ensure the safety of the processed meat products, the industry and government regulatory agencies are adopting the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) system. The importance of the HACCP system is more obvious since consumers are demanding more convenient precooked products such as microwavable meat entrees or sous‐vide processed meat products which are not shelf stable. Descriptive terms on nutrition labels that convey information about the nutritional value or quality of a meat product are useful to consumers when making product choices.
Food Safety, Chemical Contaminants and Toxins
Authors: Winter Carl K.
Published: September 2007

A large number of chemicals, both natural and synthetic, may enter the food supply and pose potential food safety concerns. Some of these chemicals are intentionally added to food, such as preservatives, colors, and flavors, while others, such as pesticides, metals, veterinary drugs, and food packaging materials, may inadvertently contaminate the food supply. This article gives an overview of the risk assessment and regulation of food contaminants, with specific emphasis on pesticide residues, dioxins, acrylamide, and chemical components in organic foods
Modeling and measurement of bubble size in a rotating fluidized bed
Authors: Nakamura Hideya , Iwasaki Tomohiro , Watano Satoru
Published: September 2007

Modeling and measurement of bubble size in a rotating fluidized bed (RFB) is described. A novel model of bubble growth has been proposed based on a bubble coalescence model by Darton et al. We modified the model according to the following concepts: (i) local centrifugal acceleration and excess gas velocity are considered as the parameters in the radial direction and (ii) bubble volume flow rate locally changes depending on the radial distance. Bubbling behavior in a two‐dimensional RFB was experimentally observed by means of a high‐speed video camera. Bubble sizes were measured using an image analysis technique. The estimated bubble sizes by our proposed model showed good agreement with the experimental results, while the estimated values by the model for conventional fluidized bed underestimated. The bubble growth mechanism in an RFB was also discussed and then concluded that the initial bubble size decreases, and the rate of bubble growth increases with an increase in the centrifugal acceleration. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Behaviors in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) associated with activity counts measured by accelerometer
Authors: Papailiou Athan , Sullivan Elinor , Cameron Judy L.
Published: September 2007

There are large individual differences in the daily pattern and level of physical activity in humans and other species. As it is becoming apparent that activity plays an integral role in a number of physiological processes including arousal, attention, cardiovascular health and body weight regulation, there is an increased interest in quantifying activity. Nonhuman primates are particularly useful experimental models for such studies in that they exhibit a repertoire of activity more similar to humans than the activity of animals such as rodents and domestic animals. Recent studies measuring activity in nonhuman primates have used omnidirectional accelerometers, often worn on collars; however, the exact behaviors and movements detected by monkeys wearing these devices have not yet been characterized. To test the hypothesis that collar‐worn accelerometers primarily detect movements that involve movement of the whole body, 16 adult female rhesus monkeys, housed individually in stainless steel cages, wore loose‐fitting collars with an attached small metal box housing an activity monitor (Actical omnidirectional accelerometer; MiniMitter Inc., Bend, OR) and behavior was videotaped. Videotaped behaviors were analyzed by frame‐by‐frame analysis. There was a significant correlation between total (all) movement revealed by videotape analysis and activity counts detected by the accelerometers (rs=0.612, P=0.012), primarily reflecting a strong correlation between whole body movement and activity counts (rs=0.647, P=0.007). In contrast, arm movement (rs=−0.221, P=0.412) and head/neck movement (rs=0.193, P=0.474) were not correlated with activity counts. These findings support the hypothesis that activity monitor placement on a collar allows for effective quantification of whole body movement in monkeys, and indicate that behaviors such as chewing and arm movement do not significantly influence activity recorded by collar‐mounted accelerometers. Am. J. Primatol. 70:185–190, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preliminary assessment of natal attraction and infant handling in wild Colobus vellerosus
Authors: Brent Lauren J. N. , Teichroeb Julie A. , Sicotte Pascale
Published: September 2007

This study describes natal attraction and infant handling in wild ursine colobus (Colobus vellerosus). Focal animal samples were collected from five infants of 1–16 weeks of age (mean: 14.5 focal hours per infant). Group members may be attracted to an infant, but unable to handle it because of resistance from the mother. We thus measured natal attraction independently from infant handling by the number of interactive approaches received. The youngest infants were most attractive. Immature females were attracted to and handled infants more than other group members. Mothers were tolerant of most handling attempts and infant‐directed aggression was rare. A sixth infant was attacked by members of an all‐male band, which allowed us to record the expression of natal attraction and infant handling in the context of an acute threat of infanticide. This infant was carried by non‐mothers less frequently than the other infants, and its mother resisted handling attempts more often. Am. J. Primatol. 70:101–105, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Despotic wild patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in Kala Maloue, Cameroon
Authors: Nakagawa Naofumi
Published: September 2007

The socio‐ecological model predicts that the quality, distribution, and patch size of food resources determines the dominance hierarchy of female monkeys based on the type of food competition they experience. Comparative studies of closely related species have evaluated the socio‐ecological model and confirmed its validity. For example, female patas monkeys in Laikipia, Kenya, form a nonlinear and unstable dominance hierarchy (i.e., egalitarian), whereas females of sympatric, closely related savannah monkeys form a linear and stable dominance hierarchy (i.e., despotic), in accordance with the model's predictions of the characteristics of food resources. I compared agonistic interactions involving food between patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and sympatric savannah monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in Kala Maloue, Cameroon. I found linear dominance hierarchies not only in savannah monkeys, but also in patas monkeys in Kala Maloue. The rates of agonistic interactions during feeding between patas monkeys were equivalent to those between savannah monkeys in Kala Maloue; further, these rates were significantly higher than those of both Laikipia patas and savannah monkeys. The results imply that patas monkeys in Kala Maloue are not egalitarian, but are despotic, similar to savannah monkeys. Disparity in the dominance hierarchies of patas monkeys between Kala Maloue and Laikipia were attributable to the differences in the characteristics of food resources. Although patas monkeys in Laikipia subsist on small and dispersed food resources within a high‐density area, those in Kala Maloue subsisted on food resources that were clumped in intermediate‐sized patches within a low‐density area. This study shows that the socio‐ecological model is applicable not only for interspecific comparisons but also for intraspecific comparisons. Am. J. Primatol. 70:238–246, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Von Aminosäuren zu Heteroarenen – Thiopeptid‐Antibiotika als heterocyclische Peptide aus der Natur
Authors: Hughes Rachael A. , Moody Christopher J.
Published: September 2007

Aminosäuren, die Bausteine der Proteine, sind zugleich auch Vorstufen für viele andere Naturstoffe wie Alkaloide, Antibiotika und, Thema dieses Aufsatzes, heterocyclische Peptide. Einfache α‐Aminosäuren werden dabei zu komplexen Anordnungen aus heteroaromatischen Ringen zusammengefügt, die sich ihrerseits durch interessante, hohe biologische Aktivität auszeichnen. Ein Beispiel dafür sind die Thiopeptid‐Antibiotika mit ihrer komplexen Molekülarchitektur. In diesem Aufsatz zeigen wir auf, wie Organiker innovative Methoden zur Synthese des heterocyclischen Ringsystems entwickelt haben, die teilweise auch durch die jeweiligen Biosyntheserouten inspiriert waren. Zielführend war dabei die geschickte Anwendung von orthogonalen Schutzgruppen und Kupplungsstrategien.
Mesoporous Materials for Drug Delivery
Authors: Vallet‐Regí María , Balas Francisco , Arcos Daniel
Published: September 2007

Research on mesoporous materials for biomedical purposes has experienced an outstanding increase during recent years. Since 2001, when MCM‐41 was first proposed as drug‐delivery system, silica‐based materials, such as SBA‐15 or MCM‐48, and some metal–organic frameworks have been discussed as drug carriers and controlled‐release systems. Mesoporous materials are intended for both systemic‐delivery systems and implantable local‐delivery devices. The latter application provides very promising possibilities in the field of bone‐tissue repair because of the excellent behavior of these materials as bioceramics. This Minireview deals with the advances in this field by the control of the textural parameters, surface functionalization, and the synthesis of sophisticated stimuli‐response systems.
From Amino Acids to Heteroaromatics—Thiopeptide Antibiotics, Nature's Heterocyclic Peptides
Authors: Hughes Rachael A. , Moody Christopher J.
Published: September 2007

Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, also serve as precursors to a wide range of other naturally occurring substances including alkaloids, antibiotics, and, the subject of this Review, heterocyclic peptides. Simple α‐amino acids are converted into complex arrays of heteroaromatic rings that display interesting and potent biological activity. The thiopeptide antibiotics, with their complex molecular architectures, are wonderful examples. In this Review we show how organic chemists have developed innovative methods for the synthesis of the heterocyclic ring systems, including routes inspired by the likely biosynthetic processes, and successfully assembled such building blocks into the final target molecule by application of orthogonal protecting groups and coupling methodologies.
The shaft torque change in a laboratory scraped surface heat exchanger used for making ice slurries
Authors: Qin Frank G. F. , Premathilaka Shashini , Chen Xiao Dong , Free Kevin W.
Published: September 2007

In this paper, extensive laboratory test results of a scraped surface heat exchanger for making ice slurries are reported. The data have been analysed and interpreted. Some sensible conclusions have been obtained that should provide an excellent platform for developing further fundamental understanding of the phenomena and establishing a practical guide for design. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An exergy calculator tool for process simulation
Authors: Montelongo‐Luna Juan M. , Svrcek William Y. , Young Brent R.
Published: September 2007

The constant tightening of environmental regulations and the ongoing need to reduce operating costs have posed a challenge for the design of any chemical process. Process engineers use process simulators to help them perform calculations that will, ultimately, result in design parameters or operating conditions for a plant or process. Exergy is a potential indicator that can aid in the design of energy efficient chemical processes and plants. The exergy concept has been increasingly used as a tool to locate the critical energy use in many industrial processes, both chemical and non‐chemical. However, currently most process simulators in the market do not offer the capability of calculating the exergy of a process. An open‐source exergy calculator has been created by embedding the calculation procedure in an open‐source chemical process simulator. This improves process simulation by including a potential tool for design teams to quickly evaluate several process options in detail in order to understand their energy utilisation. A simple exergy analysis for a gas processing facility is used to demonstrate the capabilities of the tool. The analysis shows where the largest quantities of exergy are being consumed within the plant, thus pointing to areas where improvement in energy usage can be made. The use of exergy as a potential design and retrofit tool is also discussed. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Curing and thermal behavior of DGEBA in the presence of heterocyclic derivatives of stannanes
Authors: Deep Gagan , Narula A. K.
Published: September 2007

The article describes the synthesis and characterization of heterocyclic derivatives of stannanes obtained by reacting 1 mol of biguanide (B) with 1 mol of phenylethyltindihydride (PED) or phenylmethyltindihydride (PMD) or phenylbutyltindihydride (PBD) or butylmethyltin dihydride (BMD) and their use as curing agents for diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA). The derivatives so obtained have been designated as BPED or BPMD or BPBD or BBMD. Structural characterization of the derivatives was done by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques, viz. IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 119Sn NMR. These derivatives were used as curing agents to investigate the effect of structure on the curing and thermal behavior of DGEBA. The curing behavior of DGEBA was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of derivatives. A broad exothermic transition in the temperature range of 180–232°C was observed in all the samples. Thermal stability of epoxy resin, cured isothermally, was evaluated by recording thermogravimetric traces in nitrogen atmosphere. The percent char yield was highest in case of resin sample, DBPMD. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and properties of novel organosoluble aromatic poly(ether ketone)s containing pendant methyl groups and sulfone linkages
Authors: Sheng Shou‐Ri , Luo Qiu‐Yan , Yi‐Huo  , Luo Zhuo , Liu Xiao‐Ling , Song Cai‐Sheng
Published: September 2007

Several novel aromatic poly(ether ketone)s containing pendant methyl groups and sulfone linkages with inherent viscosities of 0.62–0.65 dL/g were prepared from 2‐methyldiphenylether and 3‐methyldiphenylether with 4,4′‐bis(4‐chloroformylphenoxy)diphenylsulfone and 4,4′‐bis (3‐chloroformylphenoxy)diphenylsulfone by electrophilic Friedel–Crafts acylation in the presence of N,N‐dimethylformamide with anhydrous AlCl3 as a catalyst in 1,2‐dichloroethane. These polymers, having weight‐average molecular weights in the range of 57,000–71,000, were all amorphous and showed high glass‐transition temperatures ranging from 160.5 to 167°C, excellent thermal stability at temperatures over 450°C in air or nitrogen, high char yields of 52–57% in nitrogen, and good solubility in CHCl3 and polar solvents such as N,N‐dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone at room temperature. All the polymers formed transparent, strong, and flexible films, with tensile strengths of 84.6–90.4 MPa, Young's moduli of 2.33–2.71 GPa, and elongations at break of 26.1–27.4%. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Polymeric amines by chemical modifications of alternating aliphatic polyketones
Authors: Zhang Youchun , Broekhuis A. A. , Stuart Marc C. A. , Picchioni F.
Published: September 2007

Alternating, aliphatic polyketones were chemically modified by using di‐amines to obtain polymeric products having pendant amino groups. The used reaction, Paal‐Knorr, involves the formation of pyrrole rings along the polyketone backbone. The corresponding kinetics and final conversions are clearly dependent, among others, on statistical factors (two adjacent carbonyls must react in order to obtain ring formation) as well as on the steric hindrance (sterically hindered amino groups react very slow). The corresponding reaction products (polymeric amines) display very interesting physical properties in aqueous solution. These have been characterized by using dynamic light scattering, Cryo‐electron microscopy, fluorescence techniques, etc. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Morphology and rheological behaviors of poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes
Authors: Kim Jang Kyung , Yoon Kwan Han , Bang Dae Suk , Park Young‐Bin , Kim Hong‐Un , Bang Yun‐Hyuk
Published: September 2007

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposites were prepared by in situ polymerization. Light scattering measurement suggested that there is significant change in molecular weight arising from gel formation by chemical crosslinking during polymerization. The thermal decomposition temperatures of the composites measured at 5 wt % weight loss were 5–10°C higher than that of PET. There is no significant change in other thermal properties. Scanning electron microscopy observations suggest that there is obvious phase separation in PET/POSS composites, composites containing 1 wt % of disilanolisobutyl and trisilanolisobytyl‐POSS show fine dispersions of POSS (30–40 nm in diameter), which arise from strong interfacial interactions between POSS and PET during polymerization. The viscosity of the composites increased with the addition of POSS. The observation of a plateau region of composites containing 1 wt % of POSS in the plot of log G′ vs. log G″ indicates strong interfacial interactions between POSS and PET. Sixty‐three percent and 41% increase in tensile strength and 300 and 380% increase in modulus were achieved in the composites containing 1 wt % of disilanol‐ and trisilanol‐POSS, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Computed tomography evaluation of regional lymph node metastases in patients with biliary cancer
Authors: Noji T , Kondo S , Hirano S , Tanaka E , Suzuki O , Shichinohe T
Published: September 2007

Background

Identification of lymph node metastases in biliary cancer is important for determining prognosis and surgical planning, but the effectiveness of computed tomography (CT) in diagnosing node metastases of the hepatoduodenal ligament (peribiliary and retroportal nodes) or around the common hepatic artery is unknown.

Methods

CT scans and pathological results from 146 patients who had undergone regional lymphadenectomy for biliary carcinoma were reviewed. To evaluate the regional lymph nodes, long- and short-axis diameters of lymph nodes were measured and axial ratios calculated (short-axis diameter/long-axis diameter). Nodes were considered round if the axial ratio exceeded 0·7. Internal lymph node structures were also evaluated.

Results

The presence of a round node with a short-axis diameter exceeding 16 mm had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 56 per cent for the presence of metastatic foci, and node heterogeneity had a PPV of 64 per cent. The highest PPV (67 per cent) was obtained for round nodes greater than 18 mm in short-axis diameter, but nodes of this size and character were rare.

Conclusion

CT is not useful for predicting regional lymph nodal metastases in biliary carcinoma.
Parental consumer learning or ‘keeping up with the children’
Authors: Ekström Karin M.
Published: September 2007

Children are socialized as consumers earlier now than any other time in history. The rapidly changing pace of society especially with regards to technology, information processing, transportation, etc. makes it possible for them to experience purchasing and consumption at a much faster rate than that of their parents. Children may possess knowledge which their parents lack and they may share their experience and knowledge and in so doing influence their parents. It can result in parents learning about consumption from their children, something which has not been sufficiently acknowledged by previous research. The purpose of this paper is to further the understanding of how consumption patterns and knowledge are transferred from children to parents. In‐depth interviews carried out with ‘children’ of age group 13–30 show that they contributed information prior to and during the purchase, but also afterwards by helping to instal or showing parents how to use a product. The adolescents and adult children had often introduced new products to their parents and made them aware of recent trends. Often they also seemed to deal more easily with new technology than their parents.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A gender perspective on environmentally related family consumption
Authors: Grønhøj Alice , Ölander Folke
Published: September 2007

Studies of ‘green’ consumer behavior have often reported differences in male and female environmental concern and participation. This paper looks into the nature of such differences within the family. Husband‐wife differences with regard to family participation in a number of environmentally significant consumption issues were explored in a qualitative study including 30 couples with children. The partners' responses to the issues did not differ much. Nevertheless, the participants perceived the differences between themselves and their partner to be rather large. A number of reasons for this could be discerned. Most notably, the division of household and consumption roles within families often made sub‐activities of pro‐environmental practices the prime responsibility of either one of the partners. Thus, a gender‐based inside‐outside division of household responsibilities with regard to pro‐environmental practices could be noted. It is suggested that the processes whereby environmentally oriented consumer practices are adopted and transmitted among family members receive closer research attention.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Families, food, and pester power: beyond the blame game?
Authors: Marshall David , O'Donohoe Stephanie , Kline Stephen
Published: September 2007

Given the moral and medical panic surrounding rising rates of childhood obesity, there has been much debate about who on what is to be blamed, with parents and HFSS (high fat, salt, and sugar) food advertising often censured for their role. In this paper, we review the literature on childhood obesity and pester power, and the broader context of consumer socialization within the family. We then discuss findings from a questionnaire and focus group study of 8–11 year old children in New Zealand exploring aspects of their advertising experiences and everyday snack food consumption. HFSS food ads were well‐represented in their repertoire of favorite ads, and they reported being influenced by these. However, their accounts of snacking highlighted the extent to which their actual consumption was shaped by parental agendas and concerns. Although they gravitated towards less healthy snack foods, fruit, and vegetables were included in their categorization and repertoire of snacks, perhaps reflecting the level of monitoring and gatekeeping exerted by their parents, who established ground rules for snacking and in many cases directly controlled their access to snack foods, although the limits imposed varied according to context. The children were generally accepting of this, although they drew on a range of strategies and tactics to access their preferred snacks. We conclude by considering the implications of this study for parents who seek to provide their children with a healthy diet and others concerned about health and public policy, and we suggest some avenues for developing knowledge in this area.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Family purchase decision making: exploring child influence behaviour
Authors: Thomson Elizabeth S. , Laing Angus W. , McKee Lorna
Published: September 2007

Children have long been acknowledged as playing an important role within family purchase decisions, with their ability to directly and indirectly influence decisions. The research discussed in this paper arose from an identified opportunity to develop knowledge surrounding the important role that children play within family purchasing by including them as direct research respondents. The methods adopted included an in‐depth interview with parents and children separately, and the completion of a decision mapping tool followed by a family interview. The findings address a specific and important aspect of the data, namely the influence behaviour adopted by children during high‐involvement family purchase decisions. The children in all of the respondent families were found to have direct influence over the purchases discussed. They demonstrated a range of sophisticated influence behaviours that included justifying and highlighting the benefits of purchases, forming coalitions, compromising and remaining persistent. These behaviours were underpinned and enhanced by the use of product‐related knowledge and information, which was viewed positively and encouraged by parents.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lecithin‐Based Water‐In‐Oil Compartments as Dividing Bioreactors
Authors: Fiordemondo Deborah , Stano Pasquale
Published: September 2007

Like liposomes, water‐in‐oil (w/o) emulsions have recently been used as bioreactors, since they permit facile compartmentation, and therefore the creation of a synthetic cell‐like structure. We show here for the first time that lecithin‐based w/o compartments can also be used for these purposes and in particular as compartments for hosting complex biochemical reactions that lead to protein synthesis. The expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), used as a model reaction, was followed by fluorescence microscopy. EGFP was synthesised inside the bioreactors either through simultaneous incorporation of all components for transcription and translation reactions in a single emulsion, or through the mixing of four different emulsions, each containing only part of the molecular machinery. Mechanical energy (i.e., stirring) must be provided to the system in order to force solute exchange and/or fusion processes between droplets. Finally, we demonstrate that, in the presence of excess lecithin, preformed w/o compartments can undergo spontaneous division, reducing the average droplet size, increasing the number of droplets, and continuing the protein expression after the division. We briefly comment on how this type of work extends and links the previously reported work on self‐reproduction in vesicles, micelles and reverse‐micelles.
Transfer Printing of DNA by “Click” Chemistry
Authors: Rozkiewicz Dorota I. , Gierlich Johannes , Burley Glenn A. , Gutsmiedl Katrin , Carell Thomas , Ravoo Bart Jan , Reinhoudt David N.
Published: September 2007

This paper describes a straightforward procedure to immobilize oligonucleotides on glass substrates in well‐defined micropatterns by microcontact printing with a dendrimer‐modified stamp. The oligonucleotides are efficiently immobilized by “click” chemistry induced by microcontact printing. Acetylene‐modified oligonucleotides were treated with an azide‐terminated glass slide under the confinement of the dendrimer‐modified stamp, without the use of a CuI catalyst. The immobilization is an irreversible, covalent, and one‐step reaction that results in stable attachment of the oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides with the acetylene‐modification at the 5′ terminus hybridize selectively with full‐length, complementary targets. Strands with more than one acetylene linker do not hybridize with complementary strands.
Demands for partnership and collaboration in higher education: A model
Authors: Amey Marilyn J. , Eddy Pamela L. , Ozaki C. Casey
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes a model that can serve as a lens for examining community college partnerships with a host of organizational collaborators, the overall potential for achieving intended outcomes, sustainability, and partner benefits.
The importance of language, context, and communication as components of successful partnership
Authors: Bracken Susan J.
Published: September 2007

Successful community‐university partnerships are usually attributed, at least in part, to clear communication processes. This chapter reflects on language and context as elements in developing a strong partnership process.
The legislative playing field: How public policy influences collaboration
Authors: Bragg Debra D. , Russman Maxine L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses collaboration associated with four public policies at the federal and state levels to show how partnerships are encouraged and how they struggle. The chapter concludes with lessons learned about the complex intersection between policy and practice.
Structures with Tunable Strong Ferromagnetic Coupling: from Unordered (1D) to Ordered (Discrete)
Authors: Zeng Yong‐Fei , Zhao Jiong‐Peng , Hu Bo‐Wen , Hu Xin , Liu Fu‐Chen , Ribas Joan , Ribas‐Ariño Jordi , Bu Xian‐He
Published: September 2007

The X‐ray crystal structures, magnetic susceptibilities from 2 to 300 K, and theoretical analyses of the magnetism for 1D and trinuclear azido CuII carboxylate complexes [Cu1.5(hnta)(N3)2(H2O)]n (1) and [Cu3(hnta)4(N3)2(H2O)3] (2), respectively, where hnta is 6‐hydroxynicotinate, are described. Although both exhibit strong ferromagnetic coupling, discrete complex 2 exhibits long‐range ferromagnetic ordering, while the very similar 1D system 1 does not. Density functional calculations provided accurate J values and allowed rationalization of the ferromagnetic coupling in terms of the magnetic orbitals and spin densities.
One‐Pot Three‐Component Catalytic Synthesis of Fully Substituted Pyrroles from Readily Available Propargylic Alcohols, 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds and Primary Amines
Authors: Cadierno Victorio , Gimeno José , Nebra Noel
Published: September 2007

A simple and highly efficient method for the preparation of fully substituted pyrroles, from readily accessible secondary propargylic alcohols, 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds and primary amines, has been developed. The one‐pot multicomponent reaction, which is catalysed by the system [Ru(η3‐2‐C3H4Me)(CO)(dppf)][SbF6]/CF3CO2H (dppf: 1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene), involves initial propargylation of the 1,3‐dicarbonyl compound promoted by CF3CO2H and subsequent condensation between the resulting γ‐keto alkyne and the primary amine to afford a propargylated β‐enamino ester or ketone, which undergoes a ruthenium‐catalysed 5‐exo‐dig annulation to form the final pyrrole.
Ownership concentration and corporate governance practices: substitution or expropriation effects?
Authors: Bozec Yves , Bozec Richard
Published: September 2007

The objective of this study is to analyze the relation between ownership concentration and corporate governance practices of a group of Canadian companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange. We rely on the corporate governance index developed by the Report on Business (ROB) in 2002. Our empirical results are consistent with the expropriation effect argument that predicts a negative relation between deviation from the one share‐one vote rule and corporate governance best practices. In this context, the dominant shareholder has incentives to maintain weak internal controls in order to facilitate expropriation. In addition, consistent with prior research, our results give partial support to the substitution effect argument by showing a negative impact of ownership concentration on the board composition subindex. Copyright © 2007 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knowledge engineering for modelling reasoning in a diagnosis task: application to search and rescue
Authors: Schvartz Stéphane , Abi‐Zeid Irène , Tourigny Nicole
Published: September 2007

This paper pertains to the application of knowledge engineering methods to aeronautical search and rescue in Canada. We modelled at the knowledge level the reasoning process of a search mission coordinator when conducting a diagnosis task to determine the routes likely followed by an aircraft missing overland. Knowledge engineering allowed us to develop a reasoning model based on documents and on interviews with domain experts. Our study was conducted in the CommonKADS knowledge modelling framework. The proposed model was validated by domain experts and implemented in a rule‐based prototype. Copyright © 2007 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of vascular–extravascular exchanges during liver carcinogenesis: application to MRI contrast agents
Authors: Mescam Muriel , Eliat Pierre‐Antoine , Fauvel Claire , Certaines Jacques D. de , Bézy‐Wendling Johanne
Published: September 2007

The extraction of physiological parameters by non‐invasive imaging techniques such as dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or positron emission tomography requires a knowledge of molecular distribution and exchange between microvascularization and extravascular tissues. These phenomena not only depend on the physicochemical characteristics of the injected molecules but also the pathophysiological state of the targeted organ. We developed a five‐compartment physiologically based pharmacokinetic model focused on hepatic carcinogenesis and MRI contrast agents. This model includes physical characteristics of the contrast agent, dual specific liver supply, microvessel wall properties and transport parameters that are compatible with hepatocarcinoma development. The evolution of concentrations in the five compartments showed significant differences in the distribution of three molecules (differentiated by their diameters and diffusion coefficients ranging, respectively, from 0.9 to 62 nm and from 68.10−9to 47.10−7 cm2 s−1) in simulated regeneration nodules and dysplastic nodules, as well as in medium‐ and poorly differentiated hepatocarcinoma. These results are in agreement with known vascular modifications such as arterialization that occur during hepatocarcinogenesis. This model can be used to study the pharmacokinetics of contrast agents and consequently to extract parameters that are characteristic of the tumor development (like permeability), after fitting simulated toin vivodata. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Reaction Mechanism of p‐Toluenediamine Anodic Oxidation: An In Situ ESR‐UV/Vis/NIR Spectroelectrochemical Study
Authors: Goux Aurélie , Pratt Dominic , Dunsch Lothar
Published: September 2007

In situ ESR‐UV/Vis spectroelectrochemistry is applied to obtain new insights into the intermediates and reaction products of the anodic oxidation of p‐toluenediamine in aqueous solution at different pH values. A strong pH dependence of the stability of the cation radical is found. While the absence of a stable radical was proved by ESR spectroscopy at pH 2 and 10, this radical is detected at medium pH values and assigned to the semiquinonediimine structure. The UV/Vis absorption of the radical is observed at these pH values as well. The p‐toluenediimine intermediate and the trimeric reaction product were followed during the electrode reaction by UV/Vis spectroscopy at all pH values.
Synthesis and crystal structure determination of two dispiro compounds from laboratory x‐ray powder diffraction data
Authors: Moustafa A. M. , Dinnebier R. E. , Nasser S. T. , Jansen M.
Published: September 2007

The crystal structures of the dispiro compounds 1,3,4,8,10,11‐Hexaphenyl‐13‐methyl‐1,2,8,9,13‐pentaazadispiro[4.1.4.3]tetradeca‐2,9‐dien‐6‐one (3a) and 4,11‐Bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐13‐methyl‐1,3,8,10‐tetraphenyl‐1,2,8,9,13‐pentaazadispiro‐[4.1.4.3]tetradeca‐2,9‐dien‐6‐one (3b) have been determined at room temperature from X‐ray powder diffraction data using the method of simulated annealing as implemented in the programs DASH and TOPAS. Subsequent Rietveld refinements using the data collected to 1.5 Å resolution yielded R‐Bragg values of 2.2% for (3a) and 3.7% for (3b). It was found, that both compounds crystallize in the monoclinc space group P 21/n with lattice parameters of a = 17.1656(5) Å, b =13.8128(3) Å, c = 16.1016(5) Å, and β = 103.7330(2)° for (3a) and a = 17.2529(8) Å, b = 13.8729(5) Å, c =16.1287(10) Å, and β = 103.6910(3)° for (3b). Both compounds exhibit a distorted hexagonal close type of packing (hcp) of the molecular centers of gravity. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anodic oxide films on silicon carbide
Authors: Lilov S. K.
Published: September 2007

Anodic oxide films were grown on SiC using various electrolytes. The obtained oxide films were compared and some of their electrophysical properties were investigated. Anodic oxidation of SiC was shown to be useful for precise removal of layers as well as for identification of the polar faces of SiC crystals. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of lead(II)chloride single crystals grown in silica gel
Authors: Nisha Santha Kumari P. , Kalainathan S.
Published: September 2007

Acousto‐optical materials play an important role in acousto‐optic devices as acousto‐optic modulators. Lead(II) chloride is an acousto‐optical material, having high figure of merit approximately ten times greater than that of lead molybdate, which is an efficient acousto‐optical material. It also possesses high birefringence, low attenuation coefficient, wide transparency range and good mechanical properties. This paper discusses in detail, the growth of single crystals of lead(II) chloride in silica gel by the process of diffusion in a highly acidic medium. Needle‐type lead(II) chloride crystals have been obtained. The crystal system is confirmed to be orthorhombic by powder X‐ray diffraction analysis. To study the optical transparency of the grown crystal, the transmission spectrum has been recorded in the range 190 – 1100 nm. Thermal stability of the crystal is also studied. Results are discussed in detail. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)