bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research of equipment for cleaning oil-containing wastewater
Authors: Valeev S I
Published: December 2019

The problems of cleaning emulsion-type liquids with a low content of light impurities, which include oil-containing wastewater of industrial enterprises, are considered. Ways are proposed to improve the design of a cylindrical-conical hydrocyclone for the process described above. The experimental studies of the velocity and pressure fields in a cylindrical-conical hydrocyclone indicate the promise of using it for the separation of oil-containing wastewater with a low concentration of light impurities.
The change of coating process of NPK fertilizer with a biopolymer by using a continuous flow reactor
Authors: Bamatov Ibragim M , Rumyantsev Evgeniy V , Bamatov Dzhabrail M
Published: December 2019

This paper illustrates the change of coating process reaction from a batch (or semi-batch) into continuous flow (V-star), where the core material consists of NPK macro-elements (16:16:16) and layer is a biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol. Moreover, an additive role of this project is to explore the parameters’ changes of nitrogen, in the soil after application of fertilizer coated with a biopolymer. Besides, the application results of coated biodegradable fertilizer on a virus free (in Vitro) rootstock VSL-2 plant biometrics. The biodegradability results of the coated nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK) fertilizer (Azafoska) demonstrate strongly dependence on the core material used.
Recovery of fatigue life of 30HGSN2A steel aircraft parts by repeated shot peening
Authors: Kravchenko G N , Gerasimov I V , Kravchenko K G
Published: December 2019

An experimental estimation of the high efficiency of restoring fatigue strength and durability of prototypes and hinged-bolted joints’ eyes made of high-strength 30KHGSN2A steel by repeated peening by shot in a multi-cycle region is given. The results obtained take into account the effects of stress concentration and the statistical nature of the fatigue failure process on the recovery level and increase cyclic durability.
Tribology of carbon-containing materials at high temperatures
Authors: Alisin V V , Roshchin M N
Published: December 2019

The work is devoted to high-temperature flaboratory tribological tests of carbon-containing materials and their modification. The studies have shown that at a temperature of 300-600 º C and a load of 1.0 MPa, the friction coefficient of the carbon-containing composition material samples processed in the environment Se-PTFE on steel 40X13 is 0,079-0,094 that 28-79% lower than the “Angolan-2D”.
Improvement of the design and heat supply system of a convective dehumidification chamber based on the heat engineering method
Authors: Korchuk Y A , Orlov A A , Popov A A
Published: December 2019

Long-term operation of wood-drying plants manufactured by the China in the Siberian region made it possible to establish that the basic design of chambers offered by manufacturers often does not ensure the high quality of dry sawn timber and the estimated drying cycle time, especially in winter. Among the measures aimed at improving the quality of drying, the productivity of drying plants while reducing energy consumption, we can single out the direction associated with improving the design of chambers and their heat supply systems. Thus, the relevant areas of improving the energy efficiency of drying lumber is the use of the heat engineering method to improve the functional characteristics of the heat supply systems of the chambers. The analysis of various types of heat supply schemes of chambers with water coolant was made. The advantage of using a heat supply scheme with high-quality control of the coolant flow in the chamber is substantiated. The results of the introduction of design and technological solutions of the heat engineering method are presented, which made it possible to technically re-equip existing and new drying chambers of the China. The thermal power of the calorifier installations of chambers with various types of heat supply schemes was experimentally determined. Additional requirements are formulated for fences, the technological equipment of the chambers for their operation in difficult climatic conditions of the Siberian region with the provision of high-quality drying of softwood and hardwood lumber. On the example of the existing production, the positive experience of commissioning cameras with additional technological equipment is shown. The operational parameters and dynamics of reducing the humidity of control samples in technically re-equipped chambers are given.
Self-organization of processes in gas and liquid-phase catalytic reactors
Authors: Merentsov N A , Persidskiy A V , Groshev V V , Kozlovtsev V A , Golovanchikov A B
Published: December 2019

The paper provides a system of flexible self-organization of hydrodynamic, thermal and diffusion processes in gas and liquid-phase catalytic reactors the purpose of which is to self-adapt the system to the most qualitative chemical catalytic and gas-liquid reactions and search for the best energy transfer modes (resonant modes). The developed flexible system of self-organization of processes in catalytic and gas-liquid reactors implies using elastically deformable layers of catalysts, both independently made from the required materials (contributing to resonance and effective chemical reactions) and applied on blocks of compressed metal shavings with volumetric-elastic properties. This allows affecting the chemical reactions significantly and also solving a very serious environmental problem of recycling manufacturing wastes since various steel grades being mechanically processed at machine-building enterprises form a huge amount of wastes with various properties and configuration; those block scan undoubtedly be applied as elastically deformable catalyst units in manufacturing.
The dynamic control method of the weight cargo transported lifting machinery
Authors: Egorov A V , Dorohin S V , Lysyannikov A V , Kaizer Yu F , Kuznetsov A V , Lysyannikova N N , Tyukanov V L , Shram V G
Published: December 2019

The problem of improving the safety of the use of lifting machinery is particularly relevant for regions where intensive industrial and civil construction is carried out. To date, a significant amount of work has been done, designed at the theoretical level to justify the design and safe operation of lifting machinery. However, the existing methods of control of the total weight of the cargo transported by the lifting machinery are based mainly on the strain measurement methods developed in the second half of the twentieth century. The main disadvantage of systems that implement the strain measurement method is the need to integrate the weighing module directly into the design of the lifting machinery. A significant number of accidents of hoisting machines indicates the fuzzy operation of the protection systems of hoisting machines from overload, made on the basis of tensometric methods. As shown by the results of studies in the operation of various types of electric motors under load torque fluctuations occur at the rated speed. The use of this pattern allows weighing the cargo by the dynamic method transported by a lifting machinery. This article is devoted to the development and scientific and technical substantiation of the method of dynamic control of the weight of the cargo transported by the lifting machinery, based on the analysis of the dynamics of the angular accelerations of the rotor of the electric motor of the lifting drive.
Calculation, evaluation and limit values of the mean residual life of technogenic-hazardous objects
Authors: Sadykhov G S , Savchenko V P , Kudryavtseva S S
Published: December 2019

Indicator of residual life of technogenic-hazardous objects is determined for the for the hazardous operational life duration. Calculation formulas, estimates, and limit values are proved for the determined indicator.
Study of the combustion characteristics of endothermic fuel thermal decomposition products in a subsonic air flow
Authors: Stashkiv M S , Yanovsky L S , Shevchenko I V
Published: December 2019

The development of high-speed aircraft is directly related to the design of efficient cooling systems of the propulsion system. At high supersonic speeds, the aerodynamic heating of the air flow during braking is so great that the fuel becomes the only possible refrigerant on board. Currently, a large amount of research is devoted to the study of cooling systems using endothermic fuels with subsequent combustion of the products of their thermal degradation in the combustion chamber of an air-jet engine. The paper presents the results of experimental studies of products combustion of thermal destruction of aircraft endothermic fuel in a subsonic air flow.
Limit resistance law for Couette-Taylor flow and for direct round pipes at very large Reynolds numbers
Authors: Balonishnikov Alexander , Opalikhina Olga
Published: December 2019

Asymptotic expansions of well-known Prandtl–von-Karman resistance law at very large Reynolds numbers were obtained. These asymptotic forms can be used for turbulent flows between rotating coaxial cylinders (Couette-Taylor flow) and in direct round pipes.
Modeling the non-destructive control of road surfaces compaction
Authors: Prokopev A P , Nabizhanov Zh I , Ivanchura V I , Emelyanov R T
Published: December 2019

In this paper, based on the state space method, a mathematical model of the “stacker-mix” dynamic system as an object of continuous non-destructive testing of compaction of asphalt-concrete mix is obtained. The system of differential equations takes into account the structural elements of the working body of the stacker and the medium to be sealed. The compacted medium is described by a rheological model of an elastic-viscous body. A simulation model of a dynamic system is obtained in the MATLAB/Simulink program. The results of numerical simulation are presented.
The analysis of factors influencing on efficiency of applying mobile bricklaying robots and tools for such analysis
Authors: Malakhov A V , Shutin D V
Published: December 2019

Automation and using robotic means allows increasing industry efficiency, including construction. At the same time, important factors of applying such means are profitability and adaptability. The paper considers the basic parameters influencing the economic and technological efficiency of applying mobile bricklaying robots. The main aspects for comparing manual and automated labor are showed based on the acting standards and technical features of operation of such robots. It is offered to use a coefficient showing the ratio of brickwork volumes for bearing walls and for partitions of a constructed object for evaluation of efficiency of applying a bricklaying robot. As most buildings differ from each other, the modeling software for automated evaluation economic and technological parameters of construction is offered. Such software will include a model of operation of a bricklaying robot and will evaluate efficiency of different combinations of manual and automated labor during bricklaying.
Study of localized plastic strain taking into account the stages of plastic flow
Authors: Rastorguev D A
Published: December 2019

The article presents the results of a study of the localization of plastic flow in high-temperature tensile rod samples of alloy 12Cr18Ni10Ti. Research is aimed at increasing the efficiency of thermal force treatment to ensure geometrical accuracy and stability of the material properties of the workpieces. The uniformity of deformation along the axis of the samples in the marked zones was studied. The localization degree was estimated by the localization parameters of two types. The features of this localization, which are directly related to the stages of plastic flow, were revealed. These stages are determined from the experimental stress-strain curve. The results of statistical processing of the elongations uniformity of the marked zones are given taking into account the stages of the plastic flow corresponding to the operating temperature. The maximum degree of uniformity of deformation along the length is provided if the deformation reaches the stage of parabolic hardening on the curve of plastic flow.
Heat transfer in materials with a disordered structure
Authors: Marushin L A , Tikhonova D A
Published: December 2019

The article discusses the issue of the heat transfer in amorphous materials with an expressed crystal structure in detail. Based on the accumulated amount of experimental data on the processes of heat transfer in materials, the authors analysed the thermophysical mechanisms of heat transfer in non-ferrous metal alloys: aluminium alloys (AD-1; D 16, etc.), Constantan copper alloy and titanium alloys. The temperature dependences of the thermal conductivity of materials, in which heat transfer is determined by conduction electrons, are shown graphically.
Evaluation of the methods of separation into phases of the emulsion of the intermediate layer formed in the process of oil preparation
Authors: Kovaleva S A , Shram V G , Lysyannikova N N , Vinichenko T N , Lysyannikov A V , Kravtsova E G
Published: December 2019

The paper considers the problem of the accumulation and disposal of oil sludge, which include a stable oil-water emulsion, and the main causes of the formation of oil-water emulsion. It also gives a classification of separation methods. The results of experimental data on the analysis of hot sludge and centrifugation methods using demulsifiers are presented: DIN 12D 2018, DIN 12D 2017, SNPH, KR-11DE.
Smart measurement and control system of condition of a local technosphere
Authors: Baranov V A , Bezborodova O E , Bodin A Ju , Bodin O N , Gerasimov A I
Published: December 2019

This article proposes a smart system of measurement of and control over a local technosphere’s condition. A basic element of this system, which allows for minimizing control errors, is a smart sensor which gives an opportunity to measure, transform, and automatically detect and correct measurement results. In order to minimize control errors within threshold values of parameters, we suggest transforming the sensitivity of a smart sensor using the Monte Carlo method. Structural schemes of a smart measurement and control system and an intelligent sensor are proposed, as well as an algorithm for transforming the sensitivity of an intelligent sensor based on the Monte Carlo method.
Development of steelmaking slag processing scheme for environmental stress reduction
Authors: Sviridova T V , Bobrova O B , Ilina O Yu , Nekerov E A
Published: December 2019

The paper proposes a method of processing steelmaking slag in order to save resources. The authors propose to include partial granulation of steelmaking slags in the processing scheme. This option includes draining the slag melt from the steelmaking unit into ladles and dividing the slag melt into two parts, one of which is enriched in iron. The resulting product can be recommended for use in construction, in agriculture as fertilizers, as well as as a slag-forming flux in steelmaking. During the experiments, the possibility of pyrometallurgical reduction of iron from metallurgical slag was revealed. The influence of the reduction temperature on the yield of iron from the slag is established.
Optimization of complex parameters of urban distribution electric networks
Authors: Taslimov A D , Rakhmonov I U
Published: December 2019

The article contains an optimization analysis of the patterns of formation of a set of parameters with all the constraints affecting, which revealed the economic feasibility of using a limited number of cable sections used. With the help of the criterion analysis method, the economically reasonable values of the parameters being optimized are determined and recommendations are made on the use of the obtained optimal parameters for distribution electric networks.
Numerical simulation of a supersonic separator
Authors: Nasyrova M I , Kulakov P A
Published: December 2019

The current paper presents data on supersonic flow simulation process. The main goal of the study was to demonstrate supersonic separation technology with the help of computational fluid dynamics. In order to determine the quality of separation process itself a supersonic separator has been designed and numerically simulated. The study is mainly concentrated on investigation of the flow structure in the supersonic separator. As a result of the calculation, effective separation factor has been determined, separation process is qualitatively evaluated and described, flow simulation process is visually presented.
Analysis of the implementation of biogas plants: pluses and minuses of the thermophilic digestion
Authors: An J , Sokolinskaya N E
Published: December 2019

Analysis of world practices in the implementation of biogas plants is presented for the growth energy efficiency in Russia. The object of study is biogas technologies used for the disposal of animal waste products. The subject of the study is a biogas plant for processing animal waste products, implemented in Russia. The purpose of the study is to develop a technological scheme for producing biogas for farms. The advantages of the thermophilic mode of fermentation include: an increased rate of decomposition of raw materials and, therefore, a higher biogas yield, as well as the almost complete destruction of pathogenic bacteria contained in the substrate. The disadvantages of thermophilic digestion include are the need to supply a significant amount of energy to heat the raw material in the digester and maintain its temperature, the increased sensitivity of the process to minimal temperature fluctuations and a slightly lower quality of the obtained fertilizers compared to the mesophilic regime, which maintains a higher amino acid composition of the fertilizer.
Cause and effect analysis of failures at Russian nuclear power plants between years 1992 and 2018
Authors: Ivanov A I , Egorov M Yu , Stepashkina A S , Kritchenkov A S
Published: December 2019

Multiple systems determine safe operation of every nuclear power plant. Elements of these system may periodically fail due to some reasons. This article contains annual failure statistics analysis of Russian nuclear power plants between years 1992 and 2018. It was also assessed the effectiveness of nuclear power plant safety improvement measures, aimed on failure elimination.
Identification of damages zones of transfer line exchanger based on modeling
Authors: Bayazitov M I , Rubtsov A V , Kulakov P A , Bayazitov R M
Published: December 2019

The task was set to simulate a quenching and evaporation apparatus in a software package based on operational and technical documentation, considering the structural and operational characteristics, as well as modeling the thermo-force effect and identifying the most loaded zones of the structure. For research, the most common exploited design of the quenching-evaporation apparatus of the “pipe in pipe” type was chosen, consisting of a welded elbow, an external pipe 325x14 mm, an internal pipe 168x13 mm, conical eccentric transitions 300/100 mm and fittings. Materials of structural elements of the quenching and evaporation apparatus are steel 20 and steel 20X23H18. The apparatus is mounted on supports. Technologically, the quenching and evaporation apparatus is installed on the metalwork and at the outlet of the pyrolysis furnace and connected to the food coil. The authors conducted a thermo-power simulation of the quenching and evaporation apparatus considering operating conditions using the APM FEM system for solving engineering and research problems integrated into the COMPASS-3D computer-aided design system. It is proposed to use the calculation model and the obtained stress-strain state to identify the most loaded zones of the structural elements of the quenching and evaporation apparatus. It is proposed to use the results obtained in modeling the combined action of temperature loads and pressure to identify damage zones in structural elements. It is shown that in zones with the most dangerous stress-strain state, defects occur and localize in the form of thinning of the wall.
Method for monitoring evaluation of dominant influence processes of oxidation and temperature destruction on basic indications of bodies of motor oils
Authors: Ermilov Evgeniy A , Bezborodov Yuriy N , Kovalsky Boleslav I
Published: December 2019

The When the internal combustion engine is operated on friction surfaces, the processes of oxidation, temperature destruction and chemical reactions of metals with their products and additives proceed simultaneously. However, the dominant influence of one of the processes on the physico-chemical and anti-wear properties of oils has not been adequately studied. Therefore, the purpose of the present studies is to search for a new criterion that takes into account the optical properties of thermostated oil, viscosity index and antiwear properties. The experimental results of the empirical test of the thermooxidative stability of motor oils of various base bases, determined by the ratio of the product of optical density to the decimal logarithm of the viscosity index to the arithmetic mean of the wear spot diameter, are presented. It has been established that the base base of engine oils and test temperature has a different effect on the empirical criterion of thermooxidative stability.
Statistical methodology for taking into account multi-mode in the problems of electrical system functioning
Authors: Gerasimenko A A , Puzyrev E V
Published: December 2019

The problem of optimal compensation of reactive loads by the criterion of the minimum loss of electric energy is considered. To solve the problem, it is necessary to analyze the parameters of the whole set of steady-state modes of the electrical system and summarize the economic estimates of the whole variety of its modes (multi-mode). The direct use of the characteristics of each mode separately leads to a sharp increase in the volume of source data and the complexity of solving the corresponding problem. Since electrical loads are random variables, it is advisable to use a statistical approach and special methods of mathematical statistics, allowing to take into account the statistical nature of a significant part of the initial information. Moreover, multimode models using the moment correlation matrix of loads were widely recognized. A compact, concise presentation of load curves and high-dimensional MCMs seems to be the most effective on the basis of factor (component) analysis. The optimization process itself is based on the reduced gradient method as the most adapted one to solving electric power problems.
Comparative analysis of the dependence of the bulk elastic modulus of the liquid on pressure and gas factor
Authors: Lunev A S , Nikitin A A , Kaizer Y F , Lysyannikov A V , Sokolov D A , Obvintseva V Y
Published: December 2019

This paper considers the dependence of the influence of the gas factor of a power fluid on the physical properties of hydraulic oils. When describing the processes, the hydraulic drive should be considered as a system with lumped parameters. The work is important because the hydraulic fluid is a mixture of liquid and undissolved gas. This mixture can arise when tanking and during dynamic processes because of the different dissolution rates of gas and flow rate of the liquid in a pressure fall in some spots of power fluid flow.
Investigation of environmental indicators of diesel engine when working on methanol
Authors: Chuvashev A N , Chuprakov A I
Published: December 2019

The increasing negative impact of internal combustion engines on the environment has given rise to a number of global problems, which in recent years have become a serious problem for humanity. The problem of reducing the toxicity of engine exhaust gases has become global and has become common to all countries. Toxic components of engine exhaust gases, entering the atmosphere, are transported by air currents over long distances, so reducing the content of toxic components of diesel engines is an urgent and urgent task, considered at the Federal level. The article presents an analysis of the main toxic components and an overview of the main ways of using methanol in engines, the application of the most effective method of using methyl alcohol for a diesel engine is considered. According to the results of laboratory and bench studies of various load and speed modes of a diesel engine running on methanol and diesel fuel, data on the content of the main components in the exhaust gases were obtained, and a conclusion was made about the efficiency of using methanol as a motor fuel.
Methods for solving the problems of extending the resource of offshore stationary platforms: case study
Authors: Starokon I V
Published: December 2019

Currently, many countries of the world are developing offshore mineral deposits (oil, gas, coal, gold, etc.) Minerals in offshore deposits are being milked using offshore stationary platforms, many of which have exhausted their design life. The extension of the resource of such structures is carried out by conducting their examination of industrial safety. However, an expert carrying out this extension has a number of tasks that have not been resolved to date. One of these tasks is the high statistical variability of the results of a comprehensive diagnostic examination, which does not allow to predict the probability of detection of dangerous defects. Another problem is the lack of a theory that allows one to predict the probability of the occurrence of a wave of high security for an extended service life if no such wave action has been recorded since the start of operation. In the article, the author provides his own solution to these problems.
Flexible textile power module
Authors: Yong S , Shi J , Beeby S P
Published: December 2019

This paper reports the design, fabrication and testing of a flexible textile power module consisting of a ferroelectret energy harvester and solid-state supercapacitor energy storage device. Both devices can be combined and fabricated in a single woven textile layer. The textile ferroelectret achieved a peak power output of 0.47 μW.cm−2 for a compressive force of around 350 N, and the single layer textile supercapacitor obtained an area capacitance of 5.2 mF.cm−2. The ferroelectret can charge the textile supercapacitor via a full bridge rectifier to 48 mV in 40 seconds demonstrating the feasibility of combining these devices on the single textile.
A fully-enclosed wrist-wearable hybrid nanogenerator for self-powered sensors
Authors: Maharjan Pukar , Park Jae Y.
Published: December 2019

In this paper, a fully-enclosed wrist-wearable hybrid nanogenerator (WHN) based on electromagnetic-triboelectric mechanism is reported with an outstanding energy harvesting performance. The proposed WHN integrates rolling electromagnetic induction and electrostatic induction of a free-standing spherical magnetic inside a hollow circular tube. The human wrist motion initiates the magnetic ball to freely roll inside the tube, generating both electromagnetic and triboelectric energy. The WHN is capable of converting diverse human wrist biomechanical energy such swinging, waving, shaking, etc. into a useful electrical energy which can continuously power the wrist-wearable electronic devices and sensors such as wrist-watch, fitness band and so on. The experimental results show that the WHN can deliver the average power of 3.46 mW under the load resistance of 100 Ω. A commercial electronic wrist-watch is successfully powered continuously for more than 18 mins from just 5 s of wrist motion by wearing WHN on wrist. Also, a commercial temperature sensor is driven for 132 s form 88 s of slow walking by wearing WHN on wrist. Remarkably, the experimental results and outstanding demonstration shows the wide potential of the WHN as a sustainable power supply for developing self-powered wearable healthcare monitoring sensors.
Testing of a 3D-Printed Solar Micro-Reactor for Hydrogen Production via Natural Gas Reforming
Authors: Camus Paul , Dufault J-F. , Mehanovic D. , Braidy N. , Fréchette L. G. , Picard M.
Published: December 2019

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and successful real-condition testing of a solar micro-reactor for hydrogen synthesis via steam methane reforming (SMR). This micro-reactor integrates all the sub-processes necessary for SMR in a network of small three-dimensional channels, making it well-suited for implementation on the commercially available parabolic trough solar concentrators. Additive manufacturing was used to create an operational prototype of this micro-reactor. The prototype was integrated to a parabolic mirror for solar concentration, and tested in real conditions. Complete methane conversion to syngas was obtained with an absorbed solar radiation equivalent to 240 suns, which demonstrates the feasibility of solar SMR at moderate solar concentration.
Co-optimization of a piezoelectric energy harvesting system for broadband operation
Authors: Zhao S , Radhakrishna U , Hanly S , Ma J , Lang J H , Buss D
Published: December 2019

The goal of this research is to increase the bandwidth (BW) over which substantial energy can be harvested using a piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH). The key innovation is the use of bias-flip (BF) electronics at the output of a PEH having a large electromechanical coupling coefficient

κ

e

2

. For a PEH with large

κ

e

2

, the open-circuit resonance frequency f
oc is substantially larger than the short-circuit resonance frequency f
sc. Over the intervening range, the reactive part of the conjugate matched load impedance is small, and can be approximated using BF electronics in which the BF voltage is sufficiently small and the BF losses are small. This results in a large BW over which substantial energy can be harvested. Experimental results using a commercially available PEH are presented to demonstrate this concept. Design guidelines are provided for achieving PEHs having increased

κ

e

2

.
A Silicon MEMS EM vibration energy harvester
Authors: Yang Y. , Radhakrishna U. , Ward D. , Chandrakasan A. P. , Lang J. H.
Published: December 2019

This paper presents an optimized silicon-MEMS electromagnetic vibration energy harvester suitable for applications such as machine health monitoring. The harvester comprises a DRIE-etched silicon suspension, and pick-and-place N42 NdBFe magnets and copper coils, housed in a 3D-printed package. The harvester is designed to operate near 50 Hz with 0.5-1 g vibrations using a long-stroke suspension. Multi-domain harvester optimization results in an open-circuit voltage of 1.7 V, a matched-load power output of 2.2 mW, and a matched-load power-output density of 1.23 mW/cm3 at 1.1 g with a resonance frequency of 76.3 Hz.
A novel flexible conductive sponge-like electrode capable of generating electrical energy from the direct oxidation of aqueous glucose
Authors: Desmaële D , La Malfa F , Rizzi F , Qualtieri A , Di Lorenzo M , De Vittorio M
Published: December 2019

This paper presents a new sponge-like electrode (SLE) material structured with porous gold (PG). The fabrication process is simple and no specific equipment is required. Notably, the use of liquid metal particles enables the direct growth of PG into the pores of a flexible conductive support matrix. With a SLE sample 13 mm long, 6 mm wide and 1.5 mm thick immersed in a 10 mM glucose solution, we demonstrate that a volumetric power density of 2.4 mW·cm
−3
at ≈5 mA·cm
−3
and 0.48 V can be reached without using any enzymes. Because the process presented is versatile and scalable, we envision SLEs with long-term stability that could to meet the power budget of various wearable/bioelectronic devices.
Design, microfabrication and characterization of free form factor, lightweight thin film battery for powering bioinspired Nano-drones based on MEMS actuation
Authors: Oukassi S , Poncet S , Frutos J R , Salot R.
Published: December 2019

This paper presents the manufacturing and characterization results of biomimetic shaped thin film batteries (TFB). The final structures presented a total mass of approximately 60mg per cm² of active area, with a mean overall thickness of 100µm. Experimental results of TFB cycling at different C rates showed almost no capacity fade for current densities between 0.5 and 10mA, leading to surface energy densities as high as 0.15 mWh.cm−2 and power densities up to 5mW.cm−2.The achieved electrochemical results are among the highest values reported in the literature for such miniaturized energy devices, which will contribute to bring new solutions for powering MEMS actuation based micro/nanorobotics.
Development of All-solid-state Thin-film Secondary Battery for MEMS and IoT Device
Authors: Suzuki A , Sasaki S , Jimbo T
Published: December 2019

All-solid-state thin-film secondary battery (TFB) has come to recognized as one of the key enabling technologies for stand-alone MEMS/sensor devices which are indispensable for internet-of-things (IoT) solution. This paper presents on anode material development for TFB. Silicon is promising candidate to replace metallic lithium due to high heat-resistant and even high theoretical specific capacity. In this work, the effect of titanium addition on sputtered silicon electrode performance was investigated in order to improve not only mechanical damage but also resistivity.
Zero and Near Zero Power Intelligent Microsystems
Authors: Olsson R H , Gordon C , Bogoslovov R
Published: December 2019

The Near Zero Power RF and Sensor Operations (N-ZERO) program from DARPA has created a new, nanowatt class of intelligent sensors and RF receivers enabling systems that are passive or nearly passive while operating in an intelligent standby mode. Such systems can be persistently powered by small batteries for many years or perpetually via miniature energy harvesters. The program sought wake-up receivers with a sensitivity of -100dBm and physical sensors that could classify vehicles at a range of 10 m, with power consumption on order of the self-discharge rate of a small battery. Furthermore, researchers with designs that fit other applications, such as chemical and IR sensors, were open to participate as well. From the program multiple approaches have emerged featuring passive and active MEMS devices and subthreshold CMOS circuits. The overall goals of the program have helped to redefine the state-of-the art in ultra-low power receivers, machine learning processors, and passive physical sensors.
Robust Self-powered Wireless Plant-monitoring Sensor System with Sap-activated Battery
Authors: Okamoto S , Furumori R , Tanaka A , Utsunomiya F , Douseki T
Published: December 2019

A robust self-powered wireless plant-monitoring sensor with a wide operating margin is proposed. The sensor consists of a sap-activated battery with a storage capacitor, an intermittent-power-supply circuit, and a wireless transmitter. The battery is composed of a galvanized iron nail inserted into the stem of a plant and multiple stainless-steel rods planted in the soil to enable robust operation. A sap-activated battery varies the current generation when the position of the nail inserted into the stem is changed. The battery with multiple stainless-steel rods increases the generating current and makes it possible to perform sensing operation no matter where the nail is inserted. The effectiveness of our wireless sensor system was evaluated for a tomato grown in a commercial greenhouse.
Metal-Metal Thermoelectric Harvester
Authors: Köhler E , Enoksson P
Published: December 2019

A 3-couples proof-of-concept harvester (55×6 mm2) was assembled by spot welding 0.1 mm thick molybdenum foil and 0.15 mm thick nickel foil together. To insulate the foils from each other at the hot side a 0.1 mm thick glass fiber sheet was placed between the foils. At the cold side the harvester was insulated with 0.1 mm polyimide tape for easier handling and fabrication of the harvester. The load resistance measurement gave impedance match of approximately 0.24 Ω at 28°C, which slowly decreased to approximately 0.1 Ω as the temperature increased to 172°C. With a temperature gradient of 172°C (0-172°C) and 0.125 (±0.025) Ω load resistance, a power output was measured to 450 (±85) µW at 7.2 mV.
Printable Thermoelectric Device
Authors: Miyazaki K. , Kuriyama K. , Yabuki T.
Published: December 2019

We have fabricated a printed flexible thermoelectric generator using composite of Bi2Te3 and PEDOT:PSS. The nano-structured thermoelectric thin film was made by printing method and the paste for printing was prepared by mixing nano-particles of Bi2Te3, PEDOT:PSS and polyamic acid as a additives. The non-dimensional figure of merit was 0.2 for p-type composite thin film at room temperature due to the low thermal conductivity. The interfacial thermal resistance between Bi2Te3 and PEDOT:PSS was measured to understand the low effective thermal conductivity of the printed thermoelectric composite. The measured organic-inorganic interfacial thermal resistance is in the order of 10−7 (m2·K)/W which is about 10 times higher than the inorganic-inorganic interfacial thermal resistance. The extremely low thermal conductivity of the printed thermoelectric materials can be explained by high interfacial resistance between inorganic-organic materials.
An Up-conversion Management Circuit for Electrical Field Energy Harvester
Authors: Wen Y M , Li P , Han T , Ji X J
Published: December 2019

This paper presents a high-efficiency management circuit using a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) matching circuit for power-line electrical energy harvesting. Due to small internal capacitor of the transducer and heavy load, the traditional circuit of the electrical energy harvesting at a low working frequency of 50Hz has a low transducer efficiency, and cannot be used in both low power-line voltage and heavy load. Besides, the matching impedance varies with the charging voltage. In order to achieve maximum output power during whole charging process, an up-conversion MPPT matching circuit is developed. Higher charging power, and larger ultimate charging voltage in a power-line voltage of 4000V can be obtained by using the MPPT up-conversion matching circuit. In order to drive the wireless sensor with a higher consumption power, an instantaneous discharging circuit is developed. The instantaneous discharging circuit can accumulate weak energy during a long period, and provide a higher power output in a very short time. The management circuit can drive wireless sensor with an output power of 60mW.
Power Management with Dynamic Power Adaption for a Rotational Energy Harvester in a Maritime Gearbox
Authors: Esch J , Schillinger D , Stojakov D , Hoffmann D , Manoli Y
Published: December 2019

Rotational Energy Harvesting becomes increasingly important for rotating sensor applications. Most of these applications rotate with changing revolution speed, which is a significant challenge for the energy harvesting system. This work presents an energy harvesting system for rotational motion with a new power management concept to generate energy for a wireless condition monitoring system. The challenge is to generate enough energy with a high efficiency factor at the minimum revolution speed but also to avoid problems with energy excess and high voltages at the maximum revolution speed. The power management includes solid state relays for coil switching to avoid the generation of excess energy that would lead to increased temperature. At 500 rpm the energy harvester generates 193 mW. With an efficiency of 54% the power management provides an output power of 106 mW.
Reducing human body heating and temperature rises due to inductively-powered implantable medical devices
Authors: Kwan C H , Yates D C , Mitcheson P D
Published: December 2019

The use of inductive power transfer (IPT) for medical implants can cause heating and temperature rises in human tissue. Increasing the load resistance away from the optimal value for maximising link efficiency has been shown to reduce the specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature rises in a human body model in electromagnetic and thermal simulations. However, these quantities are generally difficult to measure as they are internal to the body, so experiments with a phantom should be used to verify the theory and simulations. This paper presents results of an experiment, in which 10 W is delivered to a receiver immersed in salt water with two different load resistances. The temperature rise of the salt water was lower with the use of the increased load. Simulations of the experimental setup demonstrate good agreement with experimental results.
A magnetically-sprung nonlinear resonator for wideband vibration energy harvesting consisting of magnetic composite and ring magnets
Authors: Miyata Y , Masuda A , Zhao F , Ushiki S
Published: December 2019

This paper presents a novel design of a magnetically-sprung mechanical resonator for wideband vibration energy harvesting. In this design, a magnet composite consisting of two cylindrical magnets composed in a repelling arrangement is used as a moving mass, which is magnetically suspended between two ring magnets. This configuration yields more significant variation of stiffness in a shorter stroke compared with the previous design, resulting in wider operation band even under small excitation.
MEMS power generator operated by fluorocarbon gas
Authors: Kaneko M. , Kudo K. , Ebisawa K. , Tanaka K. , Uchikoba F.
Published: December 2019

This paper proposed a MEMS air turbine generator. The conventional miniature power sources like a battery required a replacement. Therefore, it is limitation for an IoT (Internet of Things) device, and it is required to develop a miniature generator. The proposed generator shows a millimetre scale structure that combined the different technology. The MEMS process is used for the miniature air turbine structure. To achieve the high output power, the electromagnetic induction type is employed. The miniature magnetic circuit is fabricated by the multilayer ceramic technology. Fluorocarbon gas is used as a working fluid to generate the rotational motion of the rotor. By this reason, the miniature power generation system will be realized in the future. Dimensions of the fabricated MEMS power generator were 5.62 mm, 6.17 mm, and 7.12 mm, respectively. The rotational motion was demonstrated using R245fa of fluorocarbon gas. The maximum rotational speed was 154,620rpm when the outside temperature was 46.3 Celsius degree. The output voltage was 10 mV at the load resistance of 1 kΩ. The calculated output power was 0.6 mVA at when the load resistance was 2 Ω.
Aging assessment of piezoelectric energy harvester using electrical loads
Authors: Hoang T , Ferin G , Bantignies C , Rosinski B , Vince P , Nguyen-Dinh A
Published: December 2019

Vibrational energy harvesting is an alternative solution for replacing batteries in autonomous wireless devices. Besides the performance of piezoelectric energy harvesting generators, the reliability of such structures must be considered when long lifetime is required. In this paper, we propose a new approach based on stress electrically induced to deal with aging of piezoelectric bimorph structure for vibrational energy harvesting. To this end, induced mechanical stress in bimorph structure using electrical solicitation is investigated and compared with mechanical excitation by using finite element modelling. A dedicated test bench was developed. An accelerated aging test of a piezoelectric bimorph operated at 178.5Hz (9x resonance frequency in real use) under a maximum stress of 50MPa using stress electrically induced approach was performed during 4 months. The results are discussed and showed the feasibility of this electrical approach for reliability studies of piezoelectric energy harvesting devices.
Output Power of Piezoelectric MEMS Vibration Energy Harvesters Under Random Oscillation
Authors: Murakami S , Yoshimura T , Aramaki M , Kanaoka Y , Tsuda K , Satoh K , Kanda K , Fujimura N
Published: December 2019

The output characteristics of MEMS piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters (PVEHs) under random oscillations are analysed. We fabricated cantilever-type MEMS-PVEHs using Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 films. The autocorrelation function of the transient displacement of the cantilever tip under random oscillations features a narrow-band random vibration. From the power spectral density (PSD) of the output voltage of the PVEHs, the resonance frequency decreases and the full-width at half-maximum increases with increasing vibration acceleration. By comparing output properties under various sinusoidal oscillations, nonlinear effects including the soft-spring effect and nonlinear damping effect clearly influence the output characteristics under random oscillations. The power generation is proportional to the square of the vibration acceleration even in the acceleration region where nonlinear effects become conspicuous.
Upper bound for the power outputs of linear vibrational power harvesters: translational vs. rotational geometries
Authors: Ananthakrishnan Akshay , Bargatin Igor
Published: December 2019

Inertial harvesters utilize the motion of a translating or rotating mass to scavenge power from ambient vibrations. For translational harvesters, analytical expressions describing the influence of size on the output power of these harvesters have been derived previously by modeling vibrations as sinusoids or white noise. In this paper, we present a general method to estimate the size-dependent power outputs of both translational and rotational harvesters for vibrations with an arbitrary power spectral density. Using the heights and widths of the peaks in the vibrational power spectral density, we derive simple analytical expressions for the maximum power output of harvesters and the minimum harvester size required to achieve it. To illustrate an application of these estimates, we analyze the case of walking-induced vibrations produced at the hip-pocket and upper-arm locations. We find that rotational designs can outperform translational ones only when the harvester is larger than 26 cm and 8 cm for the hip-pocket and arm locations, respectively.
Minimizing power consumption of LoRa® and LoRaWAN for low-power wireless sensor nodes
Authors: Bäumker E , Miguel Garcia A , Woias P
Published: December 2019

In this paper we show that RF transmissions using the physical layer of the “Long Range” (LoRa®) interface, and with some limitations also the data link and network layer Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN), are suitable even for extremely power-restricted devices, like energy-autonomous wireless sensor nodes (WSNs), if configured well. We analyse the most critical parameters and their influence on the power performance. This includes the outer circuitry, software and configuration of the transmitter SX1276 and the new SX1262. Based on that, we give specific advice to lower their power consumption and verify the impact of these measures with evaluations on an own build low power sensor node.
Improved micronanogenerators based on silicon compatible materials and processing
Authors: Donmez I , Dolcet M , Stranz A , Salleras M , Fonseca L , Gadea G , Pacios M , Morata A , Tarancon A
Published: December 2019

Our work on all-silicon thermoelectric micro power generation is reviewed including the latest improvements. Our devices use low-dimensional silicon-based thermoelectric material, namely Si and (for the first time) SiGe nanowires. A new redesign leading to a significant reduction in parasitic device thermal conductance and lower electrical resistance has been tested and a route for the integration of a heat exchanger onto it has been recently attempted. Power densities of a few tens of μW/cm2 have been achieved.
Secondary-side de-tuning to enable wide-range Inductive Power Transfer for a wrist worn sensor
Authors: Burrow S , Clare L
Published: December 2019

Powering body worn electronics via inductive power transfer is made more challenging by the poorly constrained relative position of the coils and the consequential wide range of magnetic coupling between them. Somewhat counter intuitively for systems that must operate with coupling factors varying over an order of magnitude it is the design of the receiver side circuits during periods of high coupling that can be most problematic. In this paper a novel low-cost, low power receiver circuit is presented that can automatically compensate for higher coupling by altering the secondary tuning.