bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vaccine‐induced protection against gastrointestinal bacterial infections in the absence of secretory antibodies
Authors: Uren Tania K. , Wijburg Odilia L. C. , Simmons Cameron , Johansen Finn‐Eirik , Brandtzaeg Per , Strugnell Richard A.
Published: December 2004

Secretory IgA (SIgA) is widely held to be responsible for the defense of the mucosae against pathogenics and other potentially harmful agents. In this study, polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) knockout mice, which lack secretory antibodies (SAb), were used to investigate the role of vaccine‐elicited SAb in protection against gastrointestinal bacterial infections. An essential role for specific SAb in protection against Vibrio cholerae was evident from experiments showing that vaccinated pIgR–/– mice, but not vaccinated C57BL/6 mice, were susceptible to cholera toxin challenge. Vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with Salmonella typhimurium elicited strong antigen‐specific, mucosal responses, which blocked in vitro invasion of epithelia. However, vaccinated C57BL/6 and pIgR–/– mice were equally resistant to challenge infection with virulent S. typhimurium. Finally, we investigated the importance of SIgA in protection against recurrent infections with Citrobacter rodentium. Although higher numbers of bacteria were detected early after challenge infection in feces of vaccinated pIgR–/– mice compared with vaccinated C57BL/6 mice, both mouse strains showed complete clearance after 9 days. These results suggested that, in immune animals, SIgA is crucial for the protection of gastrointestinal surfaces against secreted bacterial toxins, may inhibit early colonization by C. rodentium, but is not essential for protection against re‐infection with S. typhimurium or C. rodentium.
Cell fate decisions in the Drosophila dorsal vessel depend on the multiadapter protein inscuteable
Authors: Popichenko Dmitry , Paululat Achim
Published: December 2004

The Drosophila dorsal vessel consists of two cell types, contractile cardiomyoblasts that form a linear tube‐like structure, and the loosely associated pericardial cells. All heart cells originate during embryogenesis from the early dorsal mesoderm under the influence of external and internal signals. Recently, it was shown that a subset of heart cells arise throughout asymmetric cell division, dependent on the function of Notch, Sanpodo, and Numb. Here, we show that Inscuteable, a multiadapter protein required for asymmetric cell division, participates in the formation of specific heart cells to distinguish between a myogenic (cardiomyoblast) and a nonmyogenic (pericardial cell) fate. genesis 40:218–222, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative assessment of Australian fly ash and conventional concrete bricks
Authors: Ayoko Godwin A. , Lim McKenzie CH , Olofinjana Ayodele , Gilbert Dale
Published: December 2004

A comparative study of the chemical composition, mineralogy, morphology and crushing strengths of fly ash bricks, conventional concrete bricks and fly ash samples has been undertaken. The main chemicals present in the products were silica and alumina while their main minerals were quartz, mullite, illite, vaterite, and calcite. Elemental analysis by XPS showed that the major elements in the samples were oxygen, silicon, carbon, calcium and aluminium; and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the fly ash samples consist of spherically‐shaped particles with surface attachment containing needle‐like particles. Compared with conventional concrete bricks, fly ash bricks generally have higher atomic silicon and crushing strengths but lower crystalline silica. The implication of the results on the suitability of fly ash bricks as replacements for conventional concrete bricks in the building industry is discussed from the point of view of human health and occupational safety. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Destination loyalty and repeat behaviour: an application of optimum stimulation measurement
Authors: Niininen Outi , Szivas Edith , Riley Michael
Published: December 2004

This paper reports on a study of consumer loyalty in the holiday destination selection process. The study does not define loyalty, but attempts to contribute to an understanding of the concept by applying a psychological measure of variety seeking directly to patterns of holiday destination choice. The measure used is based on the optimum stimulation level (OSL) concept. The guiding proposition in this study was that tourists with a high need for variety would display a varied pattern in their vacation destination selection and this assumption is modestly supported by the empirical findings. The results suggest that further experimentation with the OSL would be fruitful when combined with attitudinal measures and with precisely defined sets of tourist behaviours. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceiving desertification from the lay perspective in northern China
Authors: Lee H. F. , Zhang D. D.
Published: December 2004

In recent years it has become increasingly recognized that resolving desertification is better achieved by winning over the local population than by imposing an ‘expert’ solution from above. However, little research has so far been conducted into the environmental perceptions of the general public in China. This study aimed to contribute to this important area of research by empirically exploring the lay public's environmental perceptions regarding desertification in Minqin County in Gansu Province, northern China. The study adopted as its theoretical underpinnings Zube and Sell'sProcess Model of the Perception of, and Response to, Environmental Change(1986). The primary data was collected via a questionnaire survey (n = 1138) administered between 14 and 31 December 2002. The major findings of the questionnaire survey were: (1) although many respondents were aware of desertification, they did not fully understand the various issues involved; (2) respondents' perceptions of desertification were significantly affected by their personal attributes; and (3) there was a considerable difference in the way in which desertification in Minqin County was perceived by experts and laymen respectively. As far as the policy implications of these findings are concerned, two approaches are essential to encourage self‐motivated social participation to resolve desertification in Minqin County: (1) the different perceptions of laymen and experts of the problem must be addressed at the outset in the formulation of any desertification‐mitigating policies; and (2) any attempts to educate the lay public should not assume the existence of a homogenous community of like‐minded people. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field study on superheater tubes in the loop seal of a wood fired CFB plant
Authors: Nafari A. , Nylund A.
Published: December 2004

Two full scale superheaters were exposed in the loop seal of a 30 MW wood‐fired CFB plant in Nässjö, Sweden, for one firing season each. Some austenitic steel tubes from the first tube bundle were reinstalled in the second superheater. The superheater tubes were made from one ferritic steel, X10 (Fe8.8Cr) and three austenitic steels; Esshete 1250 (Fe15Cr9Ni6Mn), 347H (Fe17Cr11Ni) and AC66 (Fe27Cr32Ni). Commercial coatings mainly on iron, nickel and carbide base were deposited on some of the X10 and 347H tubes.

The material wastage kinetics was non‐linear showing that pure corrosion and not erosion‐corrosion is the major degradation mechanism in the loop seal. It is however clear that the environment is not very aggressive and the corrosion attack on the uncoated tubes is very small. The largest oxide thickness was only about 150 μm recorded on the X10 alloy. The austenitic steels mainly suffered from internal corrosion and grain boundary corrosion, the extent and distribution of which strongly depended on the alloy composition. Generally, it was more pronounced in the regions with the thinnest deposit layers.

Eight out of 17 coating qualities tested were unaffected by the exposure. Corrosion was only recorded on the lowest alloyed iron based coatings. The only coatings which could not resist the conditions in the loop seal were the carbide containing Metco 3006 and Metco 3007, where severe oxidation and delamination took place. Also the thermally sprayed Inconel 625 coating delaminated, but this was rather due to a mechanical failure resulting from thermal expansion.
An irreversible thermodynamic model for semicrystalline polymers submitted to multisequence loading at large strain
Authors: Mrabet Kaïs , Rahouadj Rachid , Cunat Christian
Published: December 2004

Some relaxation tests under uniaxial tension were performed to characterize the relaxed state of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). These experimental results are necessary to describe and model the mechanical response in large strain by using the distribution of nonlinear relaxation (DNLR) approach developed by Cunat et al. [5–7, 10]. After recalling this thermodynamic formalism, we propose a new model to describe the relaxed state corresponding to a stationary non‐equilibrium state. This model can be obtained after two distinct internal reorganization “families” are considered. The first one is related to the relaxation mechanisms that depend on the applied strain rate (the viscous contribution of the response). The second is related to the mechanisms that are independent of the strain rate (perfect plastic contribution). In addition, the description of the equilibrium state is based on the physical contribution related to the amorphous chains' conformation changes during the applied extension (of an entropic nature). The interactions between macromolecular chains (of an energetic nature) are neglected at the equilibrium state. An example of multisequence loading simulation is discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 45:42–51, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers
‘Visible incarnations of the unseen’: Henry Drummond and the practice of typological exegesis
Authors: SCOTT ANNE
Published: December 2004

Although Henry Drummond's Natural Law in the Spiritual World (1883) is frequently cited by historians in relation to the impact of evolutionary theories on the Victorian churches, attention has not been paid to the audiences of working-class men in Glasgow for whom the papers were originally constructed. By drawing upon the notebook in which the author sketched out the series of addresses, in addition to materials relating to the interpretative habits of these audiences; I am able to consider the text as a work of practical apologetics rather than as a contribution to elite intellectual debate. This paper promises to open up new lines of enquiry with regard to the materials with which working-class audiences attempted to construct their own interpretations of contemporary scientific and religious issues. It also highlights Drummond's hitherto unrecognized use of specific practices of biblical exegesis and his debt to the work of the anatomist Richard Owen which, by keeping different forms of life distinct, and explaining organization as the effect of life already present, allowed the author to visualize the process of descent in terms of an inherent tendency to change in line with the unfolding of a pre-existing plan.
The heliospheric magnetic field from 850 to 2000 AD inferred from 10Be records
Authors: Caballero‐Lopez R. A. , Moraal H. , McCracken K. G. , McDonald F. B.
Published: December 2004

10Be found in ice cores is an indicator of cosmic ray intensity in the past. We use this isotope to study cosmic ray transport and the heliospheric magnetic field before the advent of instrumental cosmic‐ray measurements in the modern space era. The galactic cosmic ray intensity is governed by scattering, convection, and drift of the charged particles in the heliospheric magnetic field, which leads to a modulation in their intensity. We model these cosmic ray intensity changes observed at Earth during the space era with solutions of the cosmic ray transport equation. This gives a set of diffusion mean free paths during the past few solar activity cycles. A relationship is then determined between these diffusion mean free paths and satellite observations of the heliospheric magnetic field during the same period, yielding a relationship between the observed cosmic ray intensity and the heliospheric magnetic field. We then calculate the diffusion mean free paths that explain the variations in the 10Be concentration during the last millennium and use the space‐era calibration to infer heliospheric magnetic field since 850 AD. It is shown how this inversion of the 10Be data depends on the strength of the heliospheric magnetic field and variations in its turbulence, both of which are quite uncertain. Nevertheless, the results show that for a wide range of parameters, there was a significant heliospheric magnetic field with a strength of 2 to 5 nT at Earth during the so‐called Grand Minima of solar activity. It is also shown that the strength of this field has attained six maxima in the past 1150 years, all approximating the present‐day field strength, and we speculate that a limiting mechanism may be in operation. On several occasions the strength of the field has switched rapidly from ≈2 nT to ≈6 nT within 40 years. During the Grand Minima the total field derived from the 10Be data differs significantly from the open solar magnetic field calculated from the models of Solanki et al. [2002] and Schrijver et al. [2002].
Radiation belt electron precipitation fluxes associated with lightning
Authors: Clilverd M. A. , Rodger C. J. , Nunn D.
Published: December 2004

In this study we consider the dependence of precipitation fluxes arising from whistler‐induced radiation belt losses on the strength of the associated lightning's return stroke current. As a result of this work, it will be possible to use lightning activity data sets to estimate globally induced precipitation flux rates and thus determine the lightning‐induced effect on the radiation belts more accurately. Four study days were selected, during which a high proportion of the lightning activity occurring near the east coast of North America produced observable Trimpi effects on VLF transmitter signals propagating in the region of the Antarctic Peninsula (∼L = 2–2.5). The lack of lightning in Antarctica gives this location a unique advantage for this study. The functional dependence of the relative scattered field amplitude with the return stroke peak current of the lightning discharge suggests that during these events diffusion conditions are occurring near the precipitating radiation belt particles loss cone due to strong whistler wave fields, probably caused by ducted signals. The range of observed Trimpi scatter amplitude of −10 to −35 dB was produced by precipitation bursts with energy fluxes estimated to range over 6.5–0.4 × 10−3 ergs cm−2 s−1. The largest fluxes were found to be driven by lightning currents of about 250 kA, while the smallest detectable fluxes relate to lightning currents of 70 kA. Although 3 of the 4 study days showed a high degree of consistency between the levels of lightning return stroke peak current required to produce any given perturbation scatter amplitude value, conditions were significantly different on 23 April 1994. On this day, observed Trimpi signatures were 6–7 dB greater for any given lightning intensity than on the other study days. These events are consistent with a significantly harder radiation belt precipitation spectra, probably caused by geomagnetic storm‐time acceleration processes of radiation belt electrons.
Origin of ultraviolet photoluminescence in ZnO quantum dots: Confined excitons versus surface-bound impurity exciton complexes
Authors: Fonoberov Vladimir A. , Balandin Alexander A.
Published: December 2004

We have theoretically investigated the origin of ultraviolet photoluminescence (PL) in ZnO quantum dots with diameters from 2 to 6 nm. Two possible sources of ultraviolet PL have been considered: excitons confined in the quantum dot and excitons bound to an ionized impurity located at the quantum-dot surface. It is found that depending on the fabrication method and surface passivation technique, the ultraviolet PL of ZnO quantum dots can be attributed to either confined excitons or surface-bound ionized acceptor-exciton complexes. The exciton radiative lifetime is shown to be very sensitive to the exciton localization and can be used as a tool to discriminate between these two sources of PL.
Passive mode locking of a mixed garnet Yb:Y3ScAl4O12 ceramic laser
Authors: Saikawa Jiro , Sato Yoichi , Taira Takunori , Ikesue Akio
Published: December 2004

We have demonstrated a passively mode-locked Yb3+-doped Y3ScAl4O12 ceramic laser, which is a solid solution of Y3Al5O12 and Y3Sc2Al3O12, by using a semiconductor saturable-absorber mirror. The maximum average output power was as high as 150 mW with a pulse duration of 500 fs. With a 0.5% output coupler, pulses as short as 280 fs having an average output power of 62 mW at 1035.8 nm were obtained.
RHYMES AND ‘RUSTY WORDS’ IN MARCABRU'S SONGS
Authors: Harvey Ruth
Published: December 2004

This article explores a selection of issues concerning troubadour versification which are the products of insights gained in the course of preparing the new critical edition of the works of Marcabru. The manuscript evidence and editorial interpretation of this suggest that some pieces in the corpus of this poet's surviving songs contain irregularities in the quality, position and sequence of rhymes, features which flout the normative versificatory practice usually associated with the troubadour lyric. It is argued that these irregularities are authorial. At the same time, other compositions, though employing common rhyme-schemes, show evidence of the early use of complex metrical devices deployed by the poet to ensure a perfectly accurate rhyme-sound. Two pieces which feature a large number of instances of two rare rhyme-sounds are analysed in detail for the light they shed on the lexical range and resources exploited by Marcabru and on the self-conscious technical mastery of this poet. (The full texts and an English translation of these songs are given in an appendix.) It is suggested that Marcabru is both a more casual and a more accomplished rhymester than has generally been recognized.
LA PREMIÈRE FEMME: THE MOTHER'S RESURRECTION IN THE WORK OF CAMUS AND IRIGARAY
Authors: Anderson Kirsteen H. R.
Published: December 2004

The 'murdered' mother underpins the thinking of two of the most explicitly ethical thinkers of the twentieth-century French tradition. Both Camus and Irigaray challenge the totalitarian rationalities ‐ whether political or masculinist ‐ of their cultural moment, and posit the value of sexual difference for cultural survival. The line separating narrative discourse from philosophy is blurred by the recourse of both writers to the inspirational power of the image as symbol and myth. Camus's fictional representation of the disintegration of the male subject as moral agent, undermined by its own repressed m/other, anticipates imaginatively Irigaray's more theoretical demand for the recognition of distinct female and male subjects as the prerequisite of a democratic ethics. It thus prefigures the shift from the absolutism and universalism of modernist epistemology and traditional ethical discourse to the pluralist and communitarian emphasis of contemporary feminist ethical thinking. The guilt, and psychological claustrophobia, experienced by Camus's isolated male protagonists derive from a conception of (self-)judgement unmitigated by love which originates in the imbalanced idealization of the maternal figure. Irigaray's vision of the divine as horizontal transcendence, where distinct female and male subjects assume responsibility and love for the other, offers an alternative, which
L'Homme révolté
could not do, to the sacrificial economy of patriarchy.
VITESSES DE L'IMAGE, PUISSANCES DE LA PENSÉE: LA PHILOSOPHIE ÉPICURIENNE REVUE PAR DELEUZE ET GUATTARI
Authors: Cooper Melinda
Published: December 2004

Deleuze's work on the image has recently attracted considerable attention both in the field of philosophy and media or art studies. In this text, I argue that the Deleuzian image is genetic rather than mimetic – hence a radical break with representational philosophies, even in their most 'deconstructed' contemporary form. It is well known that Deleuze's conception of the image owes much to the philosophy of Henri Bergson (Deleuze is particularly indebted to the first chapter of
Matière et mémoire
, where Bergson outlines a 'convergent' theory of the relation between the image and matter). Yet Deleuze consistently conceives of the image in terms of speed and this points to a further source in Epicurian philosophy (including both the works of Epicurus and his Latin disciple Lucretius). It is with reference to the Epicurian method of 'analogy and grading' that Deleuze establishes a scale of image and thought in terms of speed. According to this scale, the highest power attainable by thought can be figured as an infinite speed, and when the image reaches this summit it becomes both virtual and self-generating. The virtual image creates its own universe, via a movement of perpetual exchange with other images, and yet remains purely dissipative, that is to say, dispossessed of all chronological presence. This scale also allows Deleuze to derive the world of representational thought through a process of speed-reduction – what Deleuze calls the world or the face is for him the result of a simple loss in speed. To the extent that the construction of the plane of immanence involves an infinite acceleration of thought, the fundamental gesture of Deleuzian philosophy could be characterized as a dissolution of the face (of the other).
Autobiography and the Holocaust: An Examination of the Liminal Generation in France
Authors: Jaron Steven
Published: December 2004

This paper examines the autobiographical writings of three French writers, philosopher Sarah Kofman, novelist Georges Perec and historian Pierre Vidal-Naquet, who as Jewish children spent part of the Second World War in hiding and who suffered the loss of one or both parents. In the course of this study I compare the narrative forms their respective
réits d'enfance
take, suggesting their common features as well as their differences. The experience of childhood is the most salient feature in these works, and its identification allows me to propose a term to describe them. I call child survivors of the War members of the
liminal
generation. While the form of their expression differs considerably from one to the other, what permits me to gather them together is the evocation of a condition at once historical, existential and psychical, which I understand, drawing on Freud, as
entre-deux
.
Trinitarian Unity in
La Tentation de saint Antoine
Authors: Pasco Allan H.
Published: December 2004

Flaubert talked repeatedly of 'un nouveau plan' he was creating for the last version of
La Tentation de saint Antoine
(1874). This design remains puzzling despite the work of superb critics. It may be possible, however, to gain further understanding by paying particular attention to the many references to the Christian Triune God and to Athanasius, the theologian who, ably seconded by Antoine, was important in the fourth-century definition of Trinity. The novel's first three parts present the major categories of sin, which of course can be summarized as rebellion against God. The second three parts insist on the importance of the spiritual heresies (Part IV), the heretical gods formed from matter (Part V), and the heresy of philosophical idealism (Part VI). Finally, the saint turns to reality where spirit, body and mind are united (Part VII). He discovers this trinity in a 'simple' cell and in himself. Accepting himself as a human being, he bows to God and receives the reward of peace and, as well, a vision of the Trinity.
Reading Across Genres: Froissart's
Joli Buisson de Jonece
and Machaut's Motets
Authors: Huot Sylvia
Published: December 2004

In the
Joli Buisson de Jonece
, his last
dit amoureux
, Jean Froissart narrates a dream in which he was granted a final meeting with the lady of whom he wrote in his earlier
Espinette amoureuse
. Despite the high hopes raised by this meeting, the protagonist fails to integrate himself into the allegorical world of love; upon awakening, he renounces these youthful follies and composes a poem to the Virgin. The passage from erotic to spiritual love and from dream to wakefulness is marked by an allusion to a motet from Reims — composed by Guillaume de Machaut — which the dreamer was singing just before he awoke. Verbal and thematic parallels link Froissart's poem with three of Machaut's motets, each of which combines erotic and spiritual registers in a multifaceted vision of amorous suffering and fulfilment. One could say that Froissart unravels the fantasies of the erotic dream through an implicit reading of the
dit amoureux
through the lens of the vernacular motet.
Les Tragiques
D'Agrippa D'Aubigné: Les Qualités D'un Témoignage Ou Écho D'une Histoire Qui Est Arrivée Et D'une Histoire Qui Aurait Pu Être
Authors: Conacher Agnès
Published: December 2004

La critique actuelle des
Tragiques
de d'Agrippa d'Aubigné est souvent rebelle à une lecture générique de ce texte qui efface et nie constamment la généricité dont il semble relever. Plutôt que de renoncer à une analyse générique, il est possible d'intégrer et d'unifier la pluralité des genres à l'œuvre sous la catégorie du témoignage, surtout si on définit ce dernier comme ‘un récit palimpseste’, (suivant Salman Rushdie), soit un récit hanté par le fantôme d'une autre histoire. Toujours sur le point de d'être quelque chose mais sans jamais le devenir, le témoignage peut être perçu comme un genre littéraire inclusif plutôt qu'exclusif. En tenant pour acquis le rôle de témoin de d'Aubigné, les critiques ont souvent tenu pour acquis la présence du témoignage, mais sans jamais véritablement montrer comment ce genre constituait le texte lui‐même. Cet article propose une lecture des
Tragiques
comme témoignage en exploitant le fait que ce texte est constamment sur le point de devenir une épopée (classique) mais ne le devient jamais vraiment. Ainsi, dans les deux premiers livres, le récit, accrédité par la présence de d'Aubigné, le soldat, peut être considéré comme ‘une épopée du et au quotidien’; puis dans les livres IV et V, la narration assurée par d'Aubigné, le survivant, transforme l'épopée en une épopée ‘négative’. Enfin, dans les deux derniers livres, le récit authentifié par d'Aubigné, témoin de Dieu, oriente le texte vers une épopée mystique.
Counterpoint in Mallarmé's ‘L'Après‐Midi D'un Faune’
Authors: Holmes Anne
Published: December 2004

‘Counterpoint in Mallarmé's L'Après‐midi d'un faune’ examines the value of studying this poem from a musical perspective, that of counterpoint and therefore polyphony. It prefaces this discussion with a brief survey of Mallarme's attitude to the musical potential of the alexandrine. Counterpoint is presented first in the narrow technical sense employed by Gerard Manley Hopkins. Three passages which Mallarmé set in italics in opposition to the maintext are first examined. Secondly, the technique of the alexandrin en escalier is treated for its similar ‘mounting’ of a secondary rhythm on a primary one. Thirdly Mallarmè's use of ‘enjambement’ on a rich rhyme shows him again bringing together opposed techniques and creating a double rhythm. Finally, the articles deals with contrapuntal effects of a general kind. Taking up Bertrand Marchal's suggestion that there is a contrapuntal tension between memory and desire throughout the poem, the articles considers each drive, finding desire the motivating force to which dream is set contrapuntally. It traces how the initial contradiction betwen the two drives leads to their increasing interdependence and final amalgamation, the traditional pattern of musical counterpoint.
‘La Parure’: Pour Une Pragmatique de la Défamiliarisation
Authors: Place‐Verghnes Floriane
Published: December 2004

Au vu de sa concision, de sa popularité et de sa structure (retournement final), la nouvelle de Maupassant ‘La Parure’ se prête idéalement à une étude de la réception. Il s'agira de définir puis de catégoriser les divers moyens employés par l'auteur pour s'assurer la coopération inconditionnée de son lecteur (contrat de communication), le tout afin de mieux le dérouter (
défamiliarisation
), de sorte que la révélation finale produise sur lui un certain impact (résonance). L'analyse aura recours à quelques précurseurs de la pragmatique moderne en faisant appel à la linguistique (
speech acts
) et à la narratologie ainsi qu'à d'autres nouvelles thématiquement similaires mais structurellement différentes (‘Les Bijoux’, de Maupassant; ‘The Gift of the Magi’, d'O. Henry; ‘Paste’, d'Henry James).

Tout acte pragmatique nécessite que le lecteur
suspende son incrédulité
. Cette suspension passe par l'établissement d'éléments relevant de la cognition collective (familiarisation) qui, sous couvert d'effet de réel, entérinent en fait la vraisemblance contextuelle de récit. A ces jalons socio‐culturels s'ajoutent divers indices, qui ensemble, poussent le lecteur à formuler des attentes afin de combler le blanc textuel. Attentes qui seront d'abord retardées (suspense) avant d'être infirmées, initiant ainsi une multiplication des perspectives de lecture.
Wild Thing: Noble Savages, Exoticisms and Postcolonial Space in Jacques‐Stephen Alexis's
Les Arbres Musiciens
Authors: Munro Martin
Published: December 2004

This paper analyses occurrences of exoticism, firstly in European culture, and notably in
Surrealist
discourse, scientific racism, and in the work of Gobineau. This theoretical framework is then used to discuss an example of a wild man/noble savage figure in Jacques‐Stephen Alexis's
Les Arbres musiciens
. The apparent incongruity of a postcolonial author reproducing a figure so charged with Eurocentric, exoticist impulses is examined in detail. Through a comparison with instances of European exoticism, I show how the wild man figure is invariably evoked in periods of social and political change. The novel describes historical events of American neo‐colonialism in Haiti, in particular the clearing of the land for new sugar plantations, and the Church‐ and government‐led
campagne anti‐superstitieuse
. The paper argues that it is this moment of modernity that creates the sense of crisis which in turn leads to the invocation of the exotic. Importantly, I do not see this as a case of a postcolonial author
self
‐exoticizing, but show that the society described is one built on internal divisions (of race and class), and that from Alexis's position as an urban bourgeois, the Haitian peasantry, and especially the wild man figure must be seen as internal ‘others’. The paper ultimately calls for a reinterpretation of dualistic visions of postcolonial space; the classic inside/outside dichotomy is shown to be untenable as processes of exclusion and inclusion, and gradations of ‘authenticity’ and belonging are exposed within Haitian society.
Encountering and Countering the ‘Uncanny’ in Descartes's
Méditations
Authors: McCallam David
Published: December 2004

Starting with a discussion of what constitutes the ‘Uncanny’ for Freud and the lesser known Jentsch, the essay reveals how both theories of the ‘Uncanny’ find a surprisingly fertile field of investigation and application in Descartes's
Méditations
. These texts contain a series of remarkable manifestations of the ‘Uncanny’: men possessed by mad ideas, magical transformations, malign spirits, automata and instances of the castration complex at work. The essay contends that Descartes comes upon such atavistic and animistic thoughts in his
Méditations
as he rigorously exercises his method of hyperbolic doubting, first developed in his
Discours de la méthode
. This is specifically the case in his consideration of madness and of the phenomenon of melting wax. Yet having touched upon, even unleashed, these primitive and irrational thought processes, Descartes has then to reintegrate them into the reasoned, theological project of the
Méditations
. He does this, the essay argues, by invoking the
Cogito
; but it is invoked less as a logically deduced first premise than, discursively, as a spell to ward off the various, disruptive forces of the ‘Uncanny’ intruding upon his reasoning. It is in this way that the ‘Uncanny’ is encountered, then countered in Descartes's texts.
‘UN SOIN QUE JE ME DOIS’: SELF-REGARDING VIRTUES IN ROUSSEAU’S DIALOGUES’
Authors: Di Palma Marco
Published: December 2004

The article sets itself three interconnected tasks: first, to provide a fresh interpretation of the ethical and political status and meaning of Rousseau’s
Dialogues
, both independently and in the light of Rousseau’s other writings; second, to offer a revisionary commentary on Jean Starobinski’s reading of the same text, which it holds to be fundamentally misconceived; third, to show how the quest for a private good in the context of Stoic and Epicurean horizons defines that work’s moral possibilities. The
Dialogues
convey no aesthetic retreat from Rousseau’s earlier philosophy, as Starobinski argues, but rather its vindication as an ongoing task for moral liberty. Through his principal
alter ego
, ‘Jean-Jacques’, Rousseau practises a rationally disciplined spiritual hygienics for personal autonomy, one advanced by the cultivation of marked dispositions through the virtues appropriate to his condition. Wisdom, justice, simplicity, temperance and prudence are exercised in the pursuit of the ‘vie simple et laborieuse’ by which ‘Jean-Jacques’ services the purity of intention that wills according to a Providential order.
LA REPRÉSENTATION DES FEMMES DANS LES DICTIONNAIRES BILINGUES
Authors: Campbell Élisabeth
Published: December 2004

Cet article a pour but d’analyser la place du féminin et du masculin dans la structure des dictionnaires anglais-français et de cerner la représentation des femmes et des hommes qui se dégage des exemples illustrant les traductions. Le champ d’étude couvre la production de quatre grands éditeurs de dictionnaires bilingues, Collins, Harrap, Larousse et Oxford-Hachette, de à 2001. Après une rapide description des conventions qui régissent le traitement du genre, l’article met en lumière le déséquilibre entre le nombre d’exemples féminins et masculins, les clichés qui continuent à gouverner la représentation des sexes, la réticence des lexicographes à admettre les termes qui décrivent les femmes et la banalisation des injures qui s’adressent à elles. Finalement, l’auteur suggère que ces pratiques discriminatoires, parfaitement inconscientes, proviennent en partie de la manière dont sont rédigés les dictionnaires mais aussi d’une absence de politique rédactionnelle en matière d’équilibre masculin-féminin. Les disparités quantitatives et qualitatives entre les diverses maisons d’édition et, plus rarement, les éditions successives auraient leur origine dans l’évolution inconsciente des mentalités.
Beyond Reasonable Doubt: Aesthetic Violence and Motiveless Murder in French Decadent Fiction
Authors: Downing Lisa
Published: December 2004

This article explores the concept of murder as an art form, discussed by the English writer Thomas De Quincey in the 1820s and reappearing later in a group of texts not previously analysed from this perspective: French Decadent fiction. Close readings of texts by Octave Mirbeau and Rachilde delineate the structures and thematic characteristics of this conceit. Drawing insights from ethical and psychoanalytic criticism (Levinas, Jessica Benjamin, Žižek, Lacan), the article argues that attempts by Decadent writers to imagine the perfect murder mask a historical—cultural anxiety related to the alienating processes of social modernization in France. Such textual murder is read as a simultaneous attempt to wreak further destruction on meaning by killing the other and, paradoxically, to reify meaning by exalting the figure of the murdering sovereign subject. Thus, the apparently asocial trope of aesthetic murder is re-inscribed as a fantasy with a significant social component and with wide-ranging ethical implications ignored by earlier commentators. The article closes by proposing that the murders found in Decadent fiction are significant prototypes for the kinds of killings found in post-Second World War fiction (by, for example, Gide and Genet) that have recently been the subject of ethical criticism.

Art lets you get away with murder. (Pablo Picasso [attributed])
City Space and the Politics of Carnival in Zola's
L'Assommoir
Authors: Wilson Colette
Published: December 2004

This article sheds new light on
L’Assommoir
by focusing specifically on the potentially subversive political references embedded in the carnivalesque incursion into city space by Zola’s working-class wedding-party from Montmartre. Zola’s choice of route through the city is by no means an arbitrary one. On the contrary, through a close reading of the text based on contemporary sources, it is argued that this incursion into the centre of Paris constitutes an allegory of the Commune’s struggle, and ultimate failure, to re-appropriate the city on behalf of the Parisian working class, as well as providing an ironic commentary on some of the political debates and preoccupations of the early Third Republic. It thereby also offers further insights into Zola’s own ideological stance. If the aim of naturalist fiction is to subject characters to the combined forces of ‘la race, le milieu et le moment’, these determinants are seen to take on a new dimension within the context of the contemporary collective memory of Paris and the Commune.
Rebirth in Sorrow:
La Bataille d'Alger
Authors: Tomlinson Emily
Published: December 2004

This article examines the attempt by the makers of the 1965 ‘docudrama’,
La Bataille d’Alger
, to depict and elucidate the experience of political violence, particularly torture, during the period 1956-57, the apogee of the Franco-Algerian War. Over the past three years, the atrocities committed by the French in the name of ‘pacification’ have come under increasing scrutiny from historians, journalists, and film directors alike. Yet
La Bataille d'Alger
remains the most powerful and arguably the best-known work on the topic, in part because it challenges the same ontological certainties (the presence of the living, the absence of the dead) that practices such as abduction or ‘disappearance’ and clandestine execution bury. The film’s objective, however, is antithetical to ‘disappearance’: this objective is to give voice to a history that simultaneously resists and demands articulation, and ultimately to reconstitute the fragmented or ‘vanished’ subject through narrative; to use cinema to summon the ‘ghosts’ of the past.
The effect of instream rehabilitation structures on macroinvertebrates in lowland rivers
Authors: HARRISON S. S. C. , PRETTY J. L. , SHEPHERD D. , HILDREW A. G. , SMITH C. , HEY R. D.
Published: December 2004

Many lowland rivers in Western Europe have been substantially modified to aid land drainage and support the intensification of agriculture. Although there have been many attempts at rehabilitation, few have been systematically evaluated on ecological criteria.

Macroinvertebrates were assessed in 13 UK lowland rivers containing instream rehabilitation structures, seven with artificial riffles (intended to mimic natural gravel riffles) and six with flow deflectors (intended to increase flow, depth and substrate heterogeneity within the channel). In each river, invertebrates were compared between stretches of river with and without rehabilitation structures.

Rehabilitated and reference stretches were subdivided into different benthic and macrophyte habitats. Three macroinvertebrate samples were taken once in July/August 1999 from each habitat across all schemes and rivers. Current velocity, depth and substratum particle size were recorded at the same time from each habitat.

Artificial riffle benthos had faster current, a coarser substratum and was shallower than reference benthos. Depth and substratum particle size differed little between flow deflector and reference benthos, although velocity downstream of the deflector tip was greater, and velocity in the lee of the deflector lower, than reference benthos. At a habitat scale, the benthos of artificial riffles, but not flow deflectors, had higher abundance, taxon richness and diversity than reference benthos. The impact of artificial riffles was most marked for benthic rheophilic taxa.

In all rivers, macroinvertebrate diversity was highest in marginal macrophytes and abundance highest in instream macrophytes. Although invertebrate communities were distinct between artificial riffle (but not flow deflector) and reference benthos, these differences were negligible in comparison to those between benthic and macrophyte habitats.

Neither artificial riffles nor flow deflectors had any significant impact on the taxon richness of the benthos or of the rehabilitated stretch of the river as a whole. Invertebrate diversity of rehabilitated stretches related closely to that of reference stretches, indicating that larger scale factors constrained any impact of rehabilitation.

Synthesis and applications. Local rehabilitation structures appeared to have minor biological effects in lowland rivers. We suggest that post‐project appraisal should be more rigorously applied to rehabilitation schemes, measuring success against more clearly defined goals. We also advocate a greater emphasis on large‐scale riparian, floodplain and catchment rehabilitation, rather than small‐scale channel rehabilitation. Such a change in approach needs more effective cooperation and collaboration between all catchment users.
METHODOLOGICAL INSIGHTS: Rapid genetic delineation of provenance for plant community restoration
Authors: KRAUSS SIEGFRIED L. , KOCH JOHN M.
Published: December 2004

Best practice in native plant community restoration and/or revegetation recognizes the importance of using material of local provenance. At the practical level, various guidelines exist but these have limitations. The challenge is to deliver accurate provenance information rapidly to the restoration industry.

We demonstrate a novel approach to the rapid delineation of genetic provenance by utilizing minimal sampling, the power and efficiency of the AFLP DNA fingerprinting technique and a multivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis for four species with high priority for minesite revegetation in south‐west Western Australia.

A significantly positive genetic correlation was found between individuals in the smallest distance class for three species. Correlograms then stabilized, with no significant genetic correlation between individuals at any other distance class. A local genetic provenance distance was here defined as the distance where the correlogram goes from significant to non‐significant, which was approximately 26 km, 20 km and 20 km for these three species.

In contrast, for the fourth species, no significant genetic correlation was seen at any distance class, suggesting a very broad genetic provenance (up to 100 km), although the possibility of significant structure below the smallest distance class used here (20 km) cannot be dismissed.

Whilst spatial autocorrelation has identified significant spatial genetic structure for 3 of 4 species assessed, a robust delineation of provenance distance, or patch size, is problematic because it is dependent on properties of sampling and analysis such as the scale of sampling and the choice of distance class size, especially when sample sizes are small.

Synthesis and applications.The determination of seed collection zones for revegetation projects is a complex problem. We demonstrate a new approach for the rapid delivery of genetic provenance delineation for native plant community restoration, and provide recommendations for seed collection zones for each of four species. This approach can be applied to other species and other areas. We discuss the limitations of the approach, and conclude that further research is required to assess an appropriate minimal sampling strategy that leads to a more robust delineation of provenance distance. We also note that revegetation programmes provide an opportunity to experimentally assess the biological significance of the local provenance as defined, through an assessment of the relative performance of plants sourced from within and beyond defined provenances.
REVIEW: The management of wild large herbivores to meet economic, conservation and environmental objectives
Authors: GORDON IAIN J. , HESTER ALISON J. , FESTA‐BIANCHET MARCO
Published: December 2004

Wild large herbivores provide goods and income to rural communities, have major impacts on land use and habitats of conservation importance and, in some cases, face local or global extinction. As a result, substantial effort is applied to their management across the globe. To be effective, however, management has to be science‐based. We reviewed recent fundamental and applied studies of large herbivores with particular emphasis on the relationship between the spatial and temporal scales of ecosystem response, management decision and implementation.

Long‐term population dynamics research has revealed fundamental differences in how sex/age classes are affected by changes in density and weather. Consequently, management must be tailored to the age and sex structure of the population, rather than to simple population counts.

Herbivory by large ungulates shapes the structure, diversity and functioning of most terrestrial ecosystems. Recent research has shown that fundamental herbivore/vegetation interactions driving landscape change are localized, often at scales of a few metres. For example, sheep and deer will selectively browse heather Calluna vulgaris at the edge of preferred grass patches in heather moorland. As heather is vulnerable to heavy defoliation, in the long term this can lead to loss of heather cover despite the average utilization rate of heather in a management area being low. Therefore, while herbivore population management requires a large‐scale approach, management of herbivore impacts on vegetation may require a much more flexible and site‐specific approach.

Localized impacts on vegetation have cascading effects on biodiversity, because changes in vegetation structure and composition, induced by large herbivores affect habitat suitability for many other species. As such, grazing should be considered as a tool for broader biodiversity management requiring a more sophisticated approach than just, for example, eliminating grazing from conservation areas through the use of exclosures.

Synthesis and applications. The management of wild large herbivores must consider different spatial scales, from small patches of vegetation to boundaries of an animal population. It also requires long‐term planning based on a deep understanding of how population processes, such a birth rate, death rate and age structure, are affected by changes in land use and climate and how these affect localized herbivore impacts. Because wild herbivores do not observe administrative or political boundaries, adjusting their management to socio‐political realities can present a challenge. Many developing countries have established co‐operative management groups that allow all interested parties to be involved in the development of management plans; developed countries have a lot to learn from the developing world's example.