bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Imaging in Small Vessel Disease
Authors: Zhang C. Eleana , Wong Sau May , Uiterwijk Renske , Staals Julie , Backes Walter H. , Hoff Erik I. , Schreuder Tobien , Jeukens Cécile R.L.P.N. , Jansen Jacobus F.A. , van Oostenbrugge Robert J.
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose—

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is associated with cognitive impairment. This may be because of decreased microstructural integrity and microvascular perfusion, but data on these relationships are scarce. We determined the relationship between cognition and microvascular perfusion and microstructural integrity in SVD patients, using intravoxel incoherent motion imaging—a diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging technique designed to determine microvascular perfusion and microstructural integrity simultaneously.

Methods—

Seventy-three patients with SVD and 39 controls underwent intravoxel incoherent motion imaging and neuropsychological assessment. Parenchymal diffusivity
D
(a surrogate measure of microstructural integrity) and perfusion-related measure
fD*
were calculated for the normal appearing white matter, white matter hyperintensities, and cortical gray matter. The associations between cognitive performance and
D
and
fD*
were determined.

Results—

In SVD patients, multivariable analysis showed that lower
fD*
in the normal appearing white matter and cortical gray matter was associated with lower overall cognition (
P
=0.03 and
P
=0.002, respectively), lower executive function (
P
=0.04 and
P
=0.01, respectively), and lower information-processing speed (
P
=0.04 and
P
=0.01, respectively).
D
was not associated with cognitive function. In controls, no association was found between
D
,
fD*
, and cognition.

Conclusions—

In SVD patients, lower cognitive performance is associated with lower microvascular perfusion in the normal appearing white matter and cortical gray matter. Our results support recent findings that both cortical gray matter and normal appearing white matter perfusion may play a role in the pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunction in SVD.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.trialregister.nl
. Unique identifier: NTR3786.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Plaque Hemorrhage for Risk Stratification in Carotid Artery Disease With Moderate Risk Under Current Medical Therapy
Authors: Hosseini Akram A. , Simpson Richard J. , Altaf Nishath , Bath Philip M. , MacSweeney Shane T. , Auer Dorothee P.
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose—

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–defined carotid plaque hemorrhage (MRIPH) can predict recurrent cerebrovascular ischemic events in severe symptomatic carotid stenosis. It is less clear whether MRIPH can improve risk stratification despite optimized medical secondary prevention in those with moderate risk.

Methods—

One-hundred fifty-one symptomatic patients with 30% to 99% carotid artery stenosis (median age: 77, 60.5% men) clinically deemed to not benefit from endarterectomy were prospectively recruited to undergo MRI and clinical follow-up (mean, 22 months). The clinical carotid artery risk score could be evaluated in 88 patients. MRIPH+ve was defined as plaque intensity >150% that of adjacent muscle. Survival analyses were performed with recurrent infarction (stroke or diffusion-positive cerebral ischemia) as the main end point.

Results—

Fifty-five participants showed MRIPH+ve; 47 had low, 36 intermediate, and 5 high carotid artery risk scores. Cox regression showed MRIPH as a strong predictor of future infarction (hazard ratio, 5.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.64–16.34;
P
=0.005, corrected for degree of stenosis), also in the subgroup with 50% to 69% stenosis (hazard ratio, 4.1; 95% confidence interval, 1–16.8;
P
=0.049). The absolute risk of future infarction was 31.7% at 3 years in MRIPH+ve versus 1.8% in patients without (
P
<0.002). MRIPH increased cumulative risk difference of future infarction by 47.1% at 3 years in those with intermediate carotid artery risk score (
P
=0.004).

Conclusions—

The study confirms MRIPH to be a powerful risk marker in symptomatic carotid stenosis with added value over current risk scores. For patients undergoing current secondary prevention medication with clinically uncertain benefit from recanalization, that is, those with moderate degree stenosis and intermediate carotid artery risk scores, MRIPH offers additional risk stratification.
Histopathological Differences Between the Anterior and Posterior Brain Arteries as a Function of Aging
Authors: Roth William , Morgello Susan , Goldman James , Mohr Jay P. , Elkind Mitchell S.V. , Marshall Randolph S. , Gutierrez Jose
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose—

We tested the hypothesis that posterior brain arteries differ pathologically from anterior brain arteries and that this difference varies with age.

Methods—

Brain large arteries from 194 autopsied individuals (mean age 56±17 years, 63% men, 25% nonwhite, 17% with brain infarcts) were analyzed to obtain the areas of arterial layers and lumen as well as the relative content of elastin, collagen, and amyloid. Visual rating was used to determine the prevalence of atheroma, calcification,
vasa vasorum
, pattern of intima thickening, and internal elastic lamina gaps. We used multilevel models adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, vascular risk factors, artery type and location, and multiple comparisons.

Results—

Of 1362 large artery segments, 5% had vasa vasorum, 5% had calcifications, 15% had concentric intimal thickening, and 11% had atheromas. Posterior brain arteries had thinner walls, less elastin, and more concentric intima thickening than anterior brain arteries. Compared to anterior brain arteries, the basilar artery had higher arterial area encircled by the internal elastic lamina, whereas the vertebral arteries had higher prevalence of elastin loss, concentric intima thickening, and nonatherosclerotic stenosis. In younger individuals, vertebral artery calcifications were more likely than calcification in anterior brain arteries, but this difference attenuated with age.

Conclusions—

Posterior brain arteries differ pathologically from anterior brain arteries in the degree of wall thickening, elastin loss, and concentric intimal thickening.
Dancing with the Orixás
Authors: Bahia Joana
Published: February 2017

This article explores how the body and dance play a central role in the transnationalization of Candomblé among Afro-descendant people and increasingly for white Europeans by creating a platform for negotiating a transatlantic black heritage. It examines how an Afro-Brazilian artist and Candomblé priest in Berlin disseminate religious practices and worldviews through the transnational Afro-Brazilian dance and music scene, such as during the annual presence of Afoxé – also known as ‘Candomblé performed on the streets’ – during the Carnival of Cultures in Berlin. It is an example of how an Afro-Brazilian religion has become a central element in re-creating an idea of “Africa” in Europe that is part of a longer history of the circulation of black artists and practitioners of Candomblé between West Africa, Europe and Latin America, and the resulting creation of transnational artistic-religious networks.
A New Model in the Study of Chinese Mythology
Authors: Liu Yuqing
Published: February 2017

Chinese mythology [shenhua 神話] does not exist independently as a cultural medium like mythology does in the West but, rather, comprises ideological and narrative forms that emerge according to historical and cultural trends. Not only have myths withstood humanity’s conquest of nature, but they have drawn and continue to draw on the mysteries of scientific development for new content. It is possible to identify three highpoints of creativity in the history of Chinese mythology, each corresponding to shifts in the function and nuance of myths. The first highpoint occurred very early on in China’s ancient history, in the period of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors [wudi sanwang 五帝三王], when myths were a way to articulate history—that is, history as myth. The second highpoint occurred in the period from the Qin through Jin dynasties, when mythology mainly expounded on philosophy and theory—that is, philosophy as myth. The third highpoint occurred during the Yuan and Ming dynasties, when the narrative content of mythology turned toward the religious—that is, religion as myth.
The genus Sibbaldianthe (Rosaceae): a nomenclatural overview and new combinations
Authors: MOSYAKIN SERGEI L. , SHIYAN NATALIA M.
Published: February 2017

A nomenclatural overview of the genus Sibbaldianthe (Rosaceae, tribe Potentilleae) is provided, following the recent re-circumscription of genera in subtribe Fragariinae based on molecular phylogenetic and morphological evidence. It is demonstrated that the names Potentilla orientalis and P. semiglabra were in fact published by Yuzepchuk (Juzepczuk) without Latin descriptions in 1935, not in 1934; thus, these names and the combinations based on them are invalid. New combinations are validated: Sibbaldianthe subg. Schistophyllidium (Potentilla subg. Schistophyllidium); Sibbaldianthe imbricata (Potentilla imbricata), S. moorcroftii (P. moorcroftii), S. orientalis (Schistophyllidium bifurcum subsp. orientale, P. orientalis, nom. inval.), and S. semiglabra (Schistophyllidium bifurcum subsp. semiglabrum, P. semiglabra, nom. inval.). Nomenclature, distribution patterns, and data on chromosome numbers of all recognized taxa are discussed. Lectotypes of four names are designated; data on types of other names are provided when available. As currently outlined, the genus Sibbaldianthe contains seven species: two (S. adpressa and S. sericea) in subg. Sibbaldianthe and five in subg. Schistophyllidium.
Nomenclatural notes and neotypification of Oenothera biennis var. sulphurea (Onagraceae)
Authors: WOŹNIAK-CHODACKA MONIKA
Published: February 2017

The taxonomy of individuals of Oenothera biennis (Onagraceae) with sulphur-yellow flowers is discussed. Due to the lack of original material, the modern specimen collected from the classic stand, stored in National Herbarium of the Netherlands in Leiden is designated to serve as neotype.
Two new species of Coelostoma Brullé, 1835 from China and additional faunistic records of the genus from the Oriental Region (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae: Coelostomatini)
Authors: JIA FENGLONG , LIN RENCHAO , CHAN ERIC , SKALE ANDRE , FIKÁČEK MARTIN
Published: February 2017

Two new species of Coelostoma Brullé, 1835 are described from China: C. (Lachnocoelostoma) jaechi sp. nov. (Hong Kong) and C. (Lachnocoelostoma) tangliangi sp. nov. (Hainan). Coelostoma (s. str.) subditum Orchymont, 1936 is reported for the first time from continental Asia (China: Hong Kong, Yunnan). The first country or province records are provided for an additional 10 species: C. (s. str.) vividum Orchymont, 1936 from Cambodia and Pakistan, C. (s. str.) vitalisi Orchymont, 1923 from Cambodia and Thailand; C. (Holocoelostoma) stultum (Walker, 1858) from Myanmar and China: Hainan, Chongqing; C. (Lachnocoelostoma) coomani Orchymont, 1932 from China: Guizhou, Sichuan; C. (L.) hongkongense Jia, Aston & Fikáček, 2014 from Thailand and China: Yunnan; C. (L.) horni (Régimbart, 1902) from Thailand; C. (L.) huangi Jia, Aston & Fikáček, 2014 from Thailand; C. (L.) phallicum Orchymont, 1940 from China: Yunnan; C. (L.) vagum Orchymont, 1940 from China: Fujian; and C. (L.) wui Orchymont, 1940 from China: Fujian, Henan. Coelostoma coomani diversum Orchymont, 1932 is elevated to species rank (as C. diversum stat. nov.) based on the study of its type specimens and comparison with species treated here. An updated key to the species of Chinese Coelostoma is provided.
A remarkable new plant bug genus and species (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae, Deraocorinae) from the Australian wet tropics
Authors: HOSSEINI REZA , CASSIS GERASIMOS
Published: February 2017

A new genus and new species of deraeocorine plant bug, Kalamemiris gen. nov. and Kalamemiris collessi sp. nov., is described from Australia. Illustrations of male genitalia, scanning electron micrographs of key characters of the male and female habitus, as well as male genitalic characters are provided. The diagnosis of the new genus is made in comparison to other deraeocorines of the Australian biogeographic region.
Large Temperature Fluctuations due to Cold-Air Pool Displacement along the Lee Slope of a Desert Mountain
Authors: Jeglum Matthew E. , Hoch Sebastian W. , Jensen Derek D. , Dimitrova Reneta , Silver Zachariah
Published: February 2017

Large temperature fluctuations (LTFs), defined as a drop of the near-surface temperature of at least 3°C in less than 30 min followed by a recovery of at least half of the initial drop, were frequently observed during the Mountain Terrain Atmospheric Modeling and Observations (MATERHORN) program. Temperature time series at over 100 surface stations were examined in an automated fashion to identify and characterize LTFs. LTFs occur almost exclusively at night and at locations elevated 50–100 m above the basin floors, such as the east slope of the isolated Granite Mountain (GM). Temperature drops associated with LTFs were as large as 13°C and were typically greatest at heights of 4–10 m AGL. Observations and numerical simulations suggest that LTFs are the result of complex flow interactions of stably stratified flow with a mountain barrier and a leeside cold-air pool (CAP). An orographic wake forms over GM when stably stratified southwesterly nocturnal flow impinges on GM and is blocked at low levels. Warm crest-level air descends in the lee of the barrier, and the generation of baroclinic vorticity leads to periodic development of a vertically oriented vortex. Changes in the strength or location of the wake and vortex cause a displacement of the horizontal temperature gradient along the slope associated with the CAP edge, resulting in LTFs. This mechanism explains the low frequency of LTFs on the west slope of GM as well as the preference for LTFs to occur at higher elevations later at night, as the CAP depth increases.
Examining the Hydrological Variations in an Aquaplanet World Using Wave Activity Transformation
Authors: Lu Jian , Sakaguchi Koichi , Yang Qing , Leung L. Ruby , Chen Gang , Zhao Chun , Swenson Erik , Hou Zhangshuan J.
Published: February 2017

Building on the recent advent of the concept of finite-amplitude wave activity, a contour-following diagnostics for column water vapor (CWV) is developed and applied to a pair of aquaplanet model simulations to understand and quantify the higher moments in the global hydrological cycle. The Lagrangian nature of the diagnostics leads to a more tractable formalism for the transient, zonally asymmetric component of the hydrological cycle, with a strong linear relation emerging between the wave activity and the wave component of precipitation minus evaporation ([Formula: see text]). The dry-versus-wet disparity in the transient hydrological cycle is measured by [Formula: see text], and it is found to increase at a super-Clausius–Clapeyron rate at the poleward side of the mean storm track in response to a uniform sea surface temperature (SST) warming and the meridional structure of the increase can be largely attributed to the change of the meridional stirring scale of the midlatitude Rossby waves. Further scaling for [Formula: see text] indicates that the rate of the wavy hydrological cycle, measured by the ratio of [Formula: see text] to the CWV wave activity, is subdued almost everywhere in the extratropics, implying an overall weakening of the transient circulation. Extending the CWV wave activity analysis to the transient moist regions helps reveal some unique characteristics of atmospheric rivers in terms of transport function, minimum precipitation efficiency, and maximum hydrological cycle rate, as well as an overall weakening of the hydrological cycle rate in the atmospheric river regions under SST warming.
Robustness of the Simulated Tropospheric Response to Ozone Depletion
Authors: Seviour William J. M. , Waugh Darryn W. , Polvani Lorenzo M. , Correa Gustavo J. P. , Garfinkel Chaim I.
Published: February 2017

Recent studies have shown large intermodel differences in the magnitude of the simulated response of the Southern Hemisphere tropospheric circulation to ozone depletion. This inconsistency may be a result of different model dynamics, different ozone forcing, or statistical uncertainty. Here the summertime tropospheric response to ozone depletion is analyzed in an array of climate model simulations with incrementally increasing complexity. This allows the sensitivity of the response to a range of factors to be carefully tested, including the choice of model, the prescribed sea surface temperatures and greenhouse gas concentrations, the inclusion of a coupled ocean, the temporal resolution of the prescribed ozone concentrations, and the inclusion of interactive chemistry. A consistent poleward shift of the extratropical jet is found in all simulations. All simulations also show a strengthening of the extratropical jet and a widening of the southern edge of the Hadley cell, but the magnitude of these responses is much less consistent. However, in all simulations statistical uncertainty due to interannual variability is found to be large relative to the size of the response, despite considering long (100 yr) annually repeating simulations. It is therefore proposed that interannual variability is a dominant cause of intermodel differences in past studies, which have generally analyzed shorter, transient simulations.
Fraud and Market Participation: Social Relations as a Moderator of Organizational Misconduct
Authors: Yenkey Christopher B.
Published: February 2017

This paper extends organizational research on distrust to explain the effects of organizational misconduct on continued market participation after a fraud. I argue that social relations between fraud victims and perpetrators insulate against the formation and diffusion of distrust. Variation in market participation after a fraud occurs because victims who belong to the perpetrator’s social group are more likely to attribute blame to the organization that committed the fraud, while victims from social out-groups are more likely to generalize blame to the perpetrator’s social group and subsequently avoid other organizations and institutions governed by its members. The empirical setting is Kenya’s ethnically diverse Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), from which the country’s largest stockbrokerage was expelled in 2008 after defrauding one-quarter of its 100,000 clients. Analysis of NSE data on trades for victimized and non-victimized investors, as well as surnames that identify investors’ ethnicities, shows that clients from the same ethnic group as leaders of the corrupt brokerage are more likely than clients from rival ethnic groups to continue to participate in the market after a fraud and more likely to choose another intermediary operated by members of their ethnic group. But results also show that some victims invest more after the fraud and use less-trustworthy intermediaries to do so. This suggests that integrity-based trust may be a less effective coordination device in arm’s-length market transactions than in interpersonal transactions. A key implication is that misconduct does not simply reduce average participation in a market; it changes the market’s composition by filtering out diverse social groups that are more likely to demand stronger governance standards.
The Mythology Playbook
Authors: Schwarz Andy , Trahan Kevin
Published: February 2017

The NCAA’s assertion of the necessity of collusively enforced amateurism hinges, inter alia, on the claim that consumer demand hinges on the capping of pay, despite the evidence from the first half-century of college football, when the sport thrived in the absence of any national price cap. At the legal and lay level, amateurism has taken on the quality of a mythology, able to withstand a barrage of contradictory evidence simply because its supposed truth is “known.” The study of the human tendency to favor mythology over contrary facts is central to behavioral economics (beginning with the pioneering work of Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman), which focuses on our substitution of irrational short-cuts (“heuristics”) for actual rationality. In this article, the authors highlight where the NCAA, the general public, and also the courts have accepted myth in the face of compelling evidence to the contrary. Then (in an effort to overcome known behavioral biases in favor of the status quo), the authors hypothesize a competitive college sports system from scratch and show the anticompetitive harms that flow from the introduction of NCAA-style collusive amateurism.
Water and the Making of Californian and Australian Cities: Introduction
Authors: Frost Lionel
Published: February 2017

The articles in this special issue draw on examples from Californian and Australian history to consider how people have met the challenges of securing adequate water supplies and managing water issues in urban settings. Through studies in which water, an issue that is of universal relevance, is central to the narrative, the collection aims to combine detailed empirical case studies with comparative studies of broader processes. The aim of this introductory article is to identify the scope for comparative histories of Californian and Australian cities, based on historical and geographic features that are common to the two regions, and to consider long-term influences on the ways in which the demand for and supply of water was managed in different cities.
Entrepreneurial resilience and venture failure
Authors: Corner Patricia Doyle , Singh Smita , Pavlovich Kathryn
Published: February 2017

This article explores the emotional and psychological functioning of entrepreneurs after venture failure. Accordingly, it investigates the extent to which entrepreneurs exhibit resilience, defined by psychologists as stability in functioning over time, despite experiencing a traumatic event. Entrepreneurial resilience is rarely investigated in the context of failure despite it being a debilitating experience. Our exploration is critical to venture creation as resilience plays a key role in re-entry into entrepreneurship. A qualitative, narrative research design reveals how 11 entrepreneurs functioned after failure. The majority of entrepreneurs show resilience; that is, they exhibit stable levels of functioning. This stability is different from the disruptions in functioning that psychologists label as ‘recovery’ from a severe event. Our findings, therefore, challenge the assumption that recovery is required after venture failure. Implications for re-entry into entrepreneurship and learning from, and coping with, failure are explored.
Understanding user-system interactions
Authors: Ndumbaro Faraja
Published: February 2017

This paper presents findings of a study that examines how the Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) of the University of Dar es Salaam library is used; the extent to which users succeed in locating information; and the reasons behind search failure. OPAC transaction logs were collected unobtrusively between January and December 2015, which were then subjected to transaction log analysis. The results indicate a relatively low use of OPAC, with default keyword search, author, title and subject terms being the most preferred access points. Only 102,037 (19.2%) of the search queries received zero hits. Reasons for search failure were multiple. They included spelling mistakes, use of wrong syntax, searching in inappropriate search fields, users’ lack of knowledge of Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) and materials unavailability. Thus, the paper suggests redesigning OPAC interface to include features of the ‘next generation’ catalogue and exposing users to evidence-based information literacy.
Both N-methyl-D-aspartate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis modulate the cardiovascular responses to acute restraint stress in rats
Authors: Adami Mariane B , Barretto-de-Souza Lucas , Duarte Josiane O , Almeida Jeferson , Crestani Carlos C
Published: February 2017

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a forebrain structure that has been implicated on cardiovascular responses evoked by emotional stress. However, the local neurochemical mechanisms mediating the BNST control of stress responses are not fully described. In our study we investigated the involvement of glutamatergic neurotransmission within the BNST in cardiovascular changes evoked by acute restraint stress in rats. For this study, we investigated the effects of bilateral microinjections of selective antagonists of either N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or non-NMDA glutamate receptors into the BNST on the arterial pressure and heart rate increase and the decrease in tail skin temperature induced by acute restraint stress. Microinjection of the selective NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist LY235959 (1 nmol/100 nL) into the BNST decreased the tachycardiac response to restraint stress, without affecting the arterial pressure increase and the drop in skin temperature. Bilateral BNST treatment with the selective non-NMDA glutamate receptor NBQX (1 nmol/100 nL) decreased the heart rate increase and the fall in tail skin temperature, without affecting the blood pressure increase. These findings indicate a facilitatory influence of BNST glutamatergic neurotransmission via coactivation of local NMDA and non-NMDA receptors on the tachycardiac response to stress, whereas control of sympathetic-mediated cutaneous vasoconstriction is selectively mediated by local non-NMDA glutamate receptors.
Effects of acute and chronic caffeine on risk-taking behavior in children and adolescents
Authors: Temple Jennifer L , Ziegler Amanda M , Graczyk Adam M , Crandall Amanda
Published: February 2017

Consumption of caffeinated beverages is associated with increased risk-taking behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine if acute caffeine administration influences risk-taking behavior in a dose-dependent manner. Participants were pre- (ages 8–9) and post-pubertal (ages 15–17) children who visited the laboratory three times and consumed a beverage containing 0, 1, or 2 mg/kg of caffeine. Thirty minutes later, participants completed the balloon analogue risk task (BART), the Iowa gambling task (IGT), and a delay discounting task. The number of balloons exploded on the BART task was significantly increased after 2 mg/kg of caffeine in moderate caffeine consumers, but was decreased after 2 mg/kg of caffeine in high caffeine consumers. There were no main effects of caffeine dose on the delay discounting task or on the IGT. Post-pubertal participants showed reduced delay discounting compared with pre-pubertal participants. Finally, average daily caffeine use was significantly, positively correlated with scores on a risk-taking questionnaire. These data suggest that caffeine dose-dependently influences decision making and risk taking. More research is needed to determine the mechanism of this difference as well as the extent to which sex and pubertal phase influence these relationships.
Human-robot mutual adaptation in collaborative tasks: Models and experiments
Authors: Nikolaidis Stefanos , Hsu David , Srinivasa Siddhartha
Published: February 2017

Adaptation is critical for effective team collaboration. This paper introduces a computational formalism for mutual adaptation between a robot and a human in collaborative tasks. We propose the Bounded-Memory Adaptation Model, which is a probabilistic finite-state controller that captures human adaptive behaviors under a bounded-memory assumption. We integrate the Bounded-Memory Adaptation Model into a probabilistic decision process, enabling the robot to guide adaptable participants towards a better way of completing the task. Human subject experiments suggest that the proposed formalism improves the effectiveness of human-robot teams in collaborative tasks, when compared with one-way adaptations of the robot to the human, while maintaining the human’s trust in the robot.
Hispanic Parents’ Conflict Tactics Influence on College Women’s Verbal Aggression Victimization
Authors: Kennedy Shannon M. , Stephens Dionne P.
Published: February 2017

Prior research has shown that college women in the United States are experiencing significantly high rates of verbal aggression (VA); approximately 20% to 30% of college women experience VA in their intimate relationships. Research has shown that familial conflict experiences directly influence these outcomes. Unfortunately, studies focusing on Hispanic college women’s experiences are almost nonexistent, despite the fact that they are members of the largest minority population on college campuses today. To address this void in the literature, the influence of parental conflict strategies on 905 Hispanic college women’s VA victimization in current romantic relationships was examined. Consistent with previous research, parental use of VA influenced VA victimization in participants’ current romantic relationship. This study provides important information about Hispanic college populations’ VA experiences, and the importance of familial processes in shaping these understandings.
Nutritional Risk Screening 2002, Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire, Malnutrition Screening Tool, and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool Are Good Predictors of Nutrition Risk in an Emergency Service
Authors: Rabito Estela Iraci , Marcadenti Aline , da Silva Fink Jaqueline , Figueira Luciane , Silva Flávia Moraes
Published: February 2017

Background: There is an international consensus that nutrition screening be performed at the hospital; however, there is no “best tool” for screening of malnutrition risk in hospitalized patients. Objective: To evaluate (1) the accuracy of the MUST (Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool), MST (Malnutrition Screening Tool), and SNAQ (Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire) in comparison with the NRS‐2002 (Nutritional Risk Screening 2002) to identify patients at risk of malnutrition and (2) the ability of these nutrition screening tools to predict morbidity and mortality. Methods: A specific questionnaire was administered to complete the 4 screening tools. Outcomes measures included length of hospital stay, transfer to the intensive care unit, presence of infection, and incidence of death. Results: A total of 752 patients were included. The nutrition risk was 29.3%, 37.1%, 33.6%, and 31.3% according to the NRS‐2002, MUST, MST, and SNAQ, respectively. All screening tools showed satisfactory performance to identify patients at nutrition risk (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve between 0.765–0.808). Patients at nutrition risk showed higher risk of very long length of hospital stay as compared with those not at nutrition risk, independent of the tool applied (relative risk, 1.35–1.78). Increased risk of mortality (2.34 times) was detected by the MUST. Conclusion: The MUST, MST, and SNAQ share similar accuracy to the NRS‐2002 in identifying risk of malnutrition, and all instruments were positively associated with very long hospital stay. In clinical practice, the 4 tools could be applied, and the choice for one of them should be made per the particularities of the service.
Quality of life and ethics: A concept analysis
Authors: Fumincelli Laís , Mazzo Alessandra , Martins José Carlos Amado , Mendes Isabel Amélia Costa
Published: February 2017

Background:

In health, ethics is an essential aspect of practice and care and guarantees a better quality of life for patients and their caregivers.

Objective:

To outline a conceptual analysis of quality of life and ethics, identifying attributes, contexts and magnitudes for health.

Method:

A qualitative design about quality of life and ethics in health, considering the evolutionary approach in order to analyse the concept. To collect the data, a search was done using the keywords ethic*, quality of life and health. After, in total, 152 studies were found, finalizing seven relevant studies for the proposed concept analysis.

Findings and discussion:

Of seven studies analysed, their main results were shown by means of antecedents, consequences and attributes of the concepts. The three final attributes that synthesize the concept of quality of life and ethics in health were highlighted: Ethics dilemmas and quality of life; Human ethics and quality of life; and Ethics of care and quality of life. In fact, the attributes and context clearly reveal that ethics and quality of life influence the ability to solve ethical dilemmas, guarantee human ethics in healthcare and impact ethics in healthcare for the production of effective health policies and care that encompasses professional quality of life as well.

Conclusion:

The magnitude of ethical knowledge in each professional discipline permits cultivating a solidary attitude and developing the willingness to improve healthcare. The right to access, dignity and respect in care delivery are rooted in behaviours and are spontaneously applied in practice to the extent that they play an ethical role.
Patient Factors Associated With Higher Expectations From Foot and Ankle Surgery
Authors: Cody Elizabeth A. , Mancuso Carol A. , Burket Jayme C. , Marinescu Anca , MacMahon Aoife , Ellis Scott J. ,   the HSS Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery Group
Published: February 2017

Background:

Few authors have investigated patients’ expectations from foot and ankle surgery. In this study, we aimed to examine relationships between patients’ preoperative expectations and their demographic and clinical characteristics. We hypothesized that patients with more disability and those with anxiety or depressive symptoms would have greater expectations.

Methods:

All adult patients scheduled for elective foot or ankle surgery by 1 of 6 orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeons were screened for inclusion over 8 months. Preoperatively, all patients completed the Hospital for Special Surgery Foot & Ankle Surgery Expectations Survey in addition to the Foot & Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), Short Form (SF)–12, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)–8, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7), and pain visual analog scale (VAS). The expectations survey contained 23 expectations categories, each with 5 answer choices ranging from “I do not have this expectation” to “complete improvement” expected. It was scored from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating more expectations. Differences in expectations relating to numerous patient demographic and clinical variables were assessed. In total, 352 patients with an average age of 55 ± 15 (range, 18-86) years were enrolled.

Results:

Expectations scores were not related to age ( P = .36). On average, women expected to achieve complete improvement more often than men ( P = .011). Variables that were significantly associated with higher expectations scores ( P < .05) included nonwhite race, use of a cane or other assistive device, and greater medical comorbidity. Worse function and quality of life (as assessed by all FAOS subscales and the SF-12 physical and mental components), more depressive and anxiety symptoms, and higher pain VAS scores were associated with higher expectations scores and more expectations ( P < .01 for all).

Conclusions:

The results of this study may help inform surgeons’ preoperative discussions with their patients regarding realistic expectations from surgery. Generally, patients with worse function and more disability had higher expectations from surgery. Addressing these patients’ expectations preoperatively may help improve their ultimate satisfaction with surgery.

Level of Evidence:

Level II, cross sectional study.
Audience and Young Bilingual Writers
Authors: Durán Leah
Published: February 2017

This study explored how an audience-focused writing curriculum mediated the literacy development of bilingual Latina/o first-grade students. Drawing on translingual theories of literacy and scholarship describing the role of audience and audience awareness in skilled writing, this study qualitatively documented and analyzed students’ writing and talk about writing for a variety of audiences. Analysis suggests that children both addressed, or responded to, their intended readers and invoked particular kinds of audiences. Children’s audience awareness influenced their use of language (Spanish, English or both), as well as rhetorical strategies and design choices. This study expands theories of audience to include linguistically diverse settings, and contributes to scholarship on asset-based pedagogies for literacy teaching and learning.
Māori Self-Determination: In the Modern Political Context
Authors: O'sullivan Dominic
Published: February 2017

This paper explores the implications of prevailing political thought for the extent to which Māori (native to New Zealand) are able to pursue self-determination, which, although theoretically legitimate, is constrained by elite political pragmatism. While the long-fashionable bicultural paradigm offers some opportunity for self-determination, its utility for meeting Māori aspiration was further limited by the change in political climate following the National Party Leader Don Brash's Nationhood speech in 2004 and by the Foreshore and Seabed Act of 2004. These events encouraged and legitimised a renewed public suspicion of Māori aspiration so that the political space available for the pursuit of self-determination was reduced.
Traditional Sámi Child Rearing in Transition: Shaping a New Pedagogical Platform
Authors: Balto Asta
Published: February 2017

It is important to study the Sámi way of thinking in pedagogical terms. For the Sámi, as a minority and as an indigenous people, the use of Sámi pedagogy in modern life can encourage and strengthen their identity and cultural values, and our model of learning can be recognised as part of our own epistemology and cosmology for life. One well-known missionary in the Sámi area wrote that the Sámi do not punish their children, and since they let them do as they like, their children lack discipline and are disobedient. Others have been more fascinated and less critical in their descriptions: they describe the ‘free-life’ of the Sámi children, and the naturalistic child whose activity and autonomy has no limitations except the natural environment. Both descriptions show tendencies that are real; Sámi child rearing has its own logic. The main goal seems to be preparing for life: to develop independent individuals who can survive in a given environment, and to give the children self-esteem and zest for life and joy. The strategies used are often indirect, avoiding confrontations between the two parties involved.

This model of learning is only possible with the support of an extended network of adults around the child who are involved in raising him or her. The network offers the child care, security and contact, and helps it to establish an attachment to adults outside the nuclear family. Naming is important, with the namesake relationship providing an opportunity to expand the child's social network. Guardianship is regarded as a close relationship on a par with kinship. Adults use advanced methods to achieve the desired effect from their child-rearing efforts, such as storytelling, nárrideapmi, diverting strategies and practices implicit in the language.

The tight link between nature and man was, and still is, obvious in Sámi thinking. Humans could only be successful in making their living if they co-operated with the natural forces. It is important to take a holistic view of Sámi cultural practices. According to the Sámi, the balance between people and nature can only be regained by going back to the original knowledge that the old Sámi way of life relied on. A traditional saying mirrors in a holistic way the philosophy of learning in a Sámi context: ‘Gal dat oahppá go stuorrola’, which means he/she will learn when he/she grows up little by little. In this saying we recognise the generosity, the positive expectations, and the understanding of the potential to learn that every child has.
Māori Tourism: The representation of images
Authors: Amoamo Maria
Published: February 2017

The resurgence of Māori culture in the last two decades has led to demands for Māori control over tourism development and the use of cultural artefacts and images in promotion (Keelan, 1996). This study examines how the vestiges of past colonial constructs remain entrenched within society (albeit often in subtler forms or different institutions) by examining promotional tourism images of Māori. It also looks at how Māori tourism operators are contemporising their products to meet market demands and thus (re)presenting their image as one of a ‘living culture’.

There is currently a strong move within New Zealand tourism to promote our ‘unique’ indigenous Māori culture. Such an initiative to incorporate the indigenous culture within parameters of promotion and marketing obviously raises the question ‘who represents whom?’ and asks how such representation occurs in regard to cultural integrity. Cultural tourism was specifically identified in the New Zealand Tourist Strategy (NZTS) 2010 (NZT, 2001) as a sector ‘requiring further development in order to maximise its potential’. Amongst the stated objectives of the strategy was to ‘ensure Māori participate and are partners in the tourism sector and that Māori culture and identity is protected’.

It has been stated that ‘control, not wealth are at the heart of Māori tourism’ (Keelan, 1996). The right of Māori to have control over their resources, culture, social and economic being is an integral factor to the growth of New Zealand tourism.

This paper represents a portion of a wider research focus that examines both national and regional tourism structures in order to identify points of difference that might assist the development of Māori tourism. It seeks to discover if a national or regional (tribal) identity is an inherent feature of current New Zealand tourism promotion, and if Māori themselves believe the success of their tourism image is based upon such a distinction.
Indigenous Self-Determination in Quebec: An interview with Chief Picard
Authors: Tooley Chris
Published: February 2017

This article provides a contemporary account of the indigenous struggle for self-determination in Québec, Canada. It first presents a synopsis of the indigenous narrative, outlining historical and demographical facts, their societal structure at the community and national level and significant judicial statutes that shape the struggle. It also discusses the nature of the competing Québécois struggle for self-determination. The second and substantial part of this article provides a verbatim transcript of an interview with Chief Picard conducted in 2004 in which he offers an organic account of First Nations issues of identity, methodology, space and the nature of the struggle.
Conducting Excellent Research with Indigenous Communities: Balancing Commitment to Community and Career
Authors: Gifford Heather , Boulton Amohia
Published: February 2017

There has been a growing trend in New Zealand/Aotearoa for health research involving Māori (the indigenous people) to be conducted in partnership with Māori communities, iwi (tribes), hapū (sub-tribes) and whānau (extended families). Achieving excellence in indigenous health research which meets the standards both of the indigenous communities who partner in the research and the standards set by the academy, is often a complex and demanding objective. In this paper two Health Research Council Māori Postdoctoral Fellows explore the various challenges and tensions they have faced as researchers committed to undertaking excellent indigenous research in community-based settings, while at the same time growing their professional careers as academic researchers. The paper begins by briefly introducing the researchers and summarising the critical success factors they have shared in their respective academic journeys and the values they hold that have led to their involvement in community-based research. Two case studies of engagement in community-based research are then presented to illustrate the types of challenges faced by indigenous researchers who work both with communities and within university settings. The first case study is an iwi-based health and social services research centre while the second involves growing a research culture within an urban Māori community setting. The concept of indigenous research excellence is explored with particular reference to excellence as described by the communities themselves and to the criteria for excellence used by the Health Research Council of New Zealand to assess Māori health research proposals. The authors argue that while tensions do exist in trying to meet differing standards of excellence, managing the interface between these differing standards is a crucial activity undertaken by indigenous academic health researchers. The paper concludes by outlining the lessons and implications for the academy and the community of attempting to meet a set of dual aims, noting that while both aims can be realised, this requires researchers to skilfully balance their obligations to career and to community.
Scientific Collaborative Research with Māori Communities: Kaupapa or Kūpapa Māori?
Authors: Ahuriri-Driscoll Annabel , Hudson Maui , Foote Jeff , Hepi Maria , Rogers-Koroheke Marara , Taimona Hone , Tipa Gail , North Nicola , Lea Rod , Tipene-Matua Bevan , Symes Johnina
Published: February 2017

The phrase ‘for Māori, by Māori, with Māori’, synonymous with Kaupapa Māori research, reflects the strong community participatory orientation and aims of this paradigm. Its use has evolved from glib reference and catchphrase, to a ‘checklist'/gauge of how well a research project has enacted community participatory principles, and to what extent Māori participation in the research process is meaningful and empowered. Description of research according to this ‘shorthand’ definition, however, can be misleading.

This paper will discuss two models of collaborative scientific research, conducted at the Institute of Environmental Health and Research (ESR) in association with Māori communities, ‘for, by and with Māori’. However, Te Riu o Hokianga and the Rakaipaaka Health and Ancestry Study occupy opposite ends of the shared partnership – researcher-led spectrum, and differ quite significantly in their orientation, application of Māori research principles, and approach to achievement of their objectives. If the ‘for, by and with’ mantra does not in itself sufficiently guarantee alignment with Kaupapa Māori principles, what other mechanisms exist to ensure that this is so? Is articulating the degree of Māori responsiveness for funding and ethics proposals adequate? Where these judgements are largely subjective, who decides when a research project ‘measures up’: Kaupapa Māori researchers, participating Māori communities, funders, or perhaps ethics committees?

The importance of Māori-focused innovation, development and advancement in research has been indicated within Vote RS&T policy and incorporated into funding/investment opportunities within an existing framework that values research excellence and a track record. Ensuring that research excellence as defined and purchased translates into excellence in practice is one issue. A further and equally important issue is whether the measures and means of achieving excellence therein translate into excellence for research practice with Māori communities. In the context of conducting research with Māori within a Crown Research Institute, a third issue emerges: that of the alignment (or not) of science excellence indicators and outcomes with those of Māori research excellence. With reference to two examples of science research collaboration with Māori communities, these three key issues will be considered, with inference for Māori research excellence and future directions in collaborative scientific research.