bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The combined impact of plant-derived dietary ingredients and acute stress on the intestinal arachidonic acid cascade in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Oxley Anthony , Jolly Cecile , Eide Torunn , Jordal Ann-Elise O. , Svardal Asbjørn , Olsen Rolf-Erik
Published: November 2009

A study was conducted to assess the effect of substituting high levels of dietary fish oil (FO) and fishmeal (FM) for vegetable oil (VO) and plant protein (PP) on the intestinal arachidonic acid (AA) cascade in the carnivorous fish species Atlantic salmon. Four diets were fed to salmon over a period of 12 months, including a control FMFO diet, with varying replacements of plant-derived ingredients: 80 % PP and 35 % VO; 40 % PP and 70 % VO; 80 % PP and 70 %VO. Subsequently, fish were examined pre- (0 h) and post- (1 h) acute stress for blood parameters and intestinal bioactive lipidic mediators of inflammation (prostaglandins). Plasma cortisol responses were greatest in the FMFO group, while 80 % PP and 70 % VO fish exhibited increased plasma chloride concentrations. Then-3:n-6 PUFA ratio in intestinal glycerophospholipids from 70 % VO groups significantly decreased in both proximal and distal regions due to elevated levels of 18 : 2n-6 and the elongation/desaturation products 20 : 2n-6 and 20 : 3n-6. Increases inn-6 PUFA were not concomitant with increased AA, although the AA:EPA ratio did vary significantly. The 40 % PP and 70 % VO diet produced the highest intestinal AA:EPA ratio proximally, which coincided with a trend in elevated levels of PGF2α, PGE2and 6-keto-PGF1αin response to stress. PGE2predominated over PGF2αand 6-keto-PGF1α(stable metabolite of PGI2) with comparable concentrations in both intestinal regions. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression was an order of magnitude higher in distal intestine, compared with proximal, and was significantly up-regulated following stress. Furthermore, the 80 % PP and 70 % VO diet significantly amplified proximal COX-2 induction post-stress. Results demonstrate that high replacements with plant-derived dietary ingredients can enhance COX-2 induction and synthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids in the intestine of salmon in response to acute physiological stress.
Differential effect of high dietary fat intakes on haemorheological parameters in rats
Authors: Tai Cheng-Jeng , Chen Chao-Hsiang , Chen Hui-Hsin , Liang Hong-Jen
Published: November 2009

High dietary intake of fats has been thought to be one of the major risk factors for the development of CVD. Less is known about the possible influence of fats from various sources on haemorheological abnormalities, which are considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The goal of the present study was to investigate effects of high-fat diets enriched in unsaturated fatty acids (USFA), SFA ortrans-fatty acids (TFA), respectively, on haemorheological parameters in rats. Wistar female rats were divided into four groups and fed diets based on the AIN-93M formulation containing approximately 10 % energy from soyabean oil (control group) or 40 % energy from soyabean oil (USFA), palm oil (SFA) and vegetable shortening (TFA) for 8 weeks. The results showed that rats fed high-fat diets exhibited significant increases in serum TAG levels (P < 0·01), plasma viscosity (P < 0·01), whole blood viscosity (P < 0·01) and internal viscosity (P < 0·01) compared to the controls. The TFA group showed a significant decrease in erythrocyte deformability (P < 0·01) and increase in internal viscosity (P < 0·01) compared with the other groups. In addition, a significant increase in blood levels of free radicals (P < 0·01) was found in the TFA group, suggesting that the attack of oxygen-free radicals could be responsible for the impaired erythrocyte deformability. These impairments could be partly responsible for the development of various circulatory disorders. The present haemorheological study provides additional insights into the potential adverse effects oftrans-fat and high-fat diets on haemorheological parameters.
Moderate Champagne consumption promotes an acute improvement in acute endothelial-independent vascular function in healthy human volunteers
Authors: Vauzour David , Houseman Emily J. , George Trevor W. , Corona Giulia , Garnotel Roselyne , Jackson Kim G. , Sellier Christelle , Gillery Philippe , Kennedy Orla B. , Lovegrove Julie A. , Spencer Jeremy P. E.
Published: November 2009

Epidemiological studies have suggested an inverse correlation between red wine consumption and the incidence of CVD. However, Champagne wine has not been fully investigated for its cardioprotective potential. In order to assess whether acute and moderate Champagne wine consumption is capable of modulating vascular function, we performed a randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over intervention trial. We show that consumption of Champagne wine, but not a control matched for alcohol, carbohydrate and fruit-derived acid content, induced an acute change in endothelium-independent vasodilatation at 4 and 8 h post-consumption. Although both Champagne wine and the control also induced an increase in endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity at 4 h, there was no significant difference between the vascular effects induced by Champagne or the control at any time point. These effects were accompanied by an acute decrease in the concentration of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), a significant decrease in plasma levels of oxidising species and an increase in urinary excretion of a number of phenolic metabolites. In particular, the mean total excretion of hippuric acid, protocatechuic acid and isoferulic acid were all significantly greater following the Champagne wine intervention compared with the control intervention. Our data suggest that a daily moderate consumption of Champagne wine may improve vascular performance via the delivery of phenolic constituents capable of improving NO bioavailability and reducing matrix metalloproteinase activity.
Spatial Models, Cognitive Metrics, and Majority Rule Equilibria
Authors: Humphreys Macartan , Laver Michael
Published: November 2009

Long-standing results demonstrate that, if policy choices are defined in spaces with more than one dimension, majority-rule equilibrium fails to exist for a general class of smooth preference profiles. This article shows that if agents perceive political similarity and difference in ‘city block’ terms, then the dimension-by-dimension median can be a majority-rule equilibrium even in spaces with an arbitrarily large number of dimensions and it provides necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of such an equilibrium. This is important because city block preferences accord more closely with empirical research on human perception than do many smooth preferences. It implies that, if empirical research findings on human perceptions of similarity and difference extend also to perceptions ofpoliticalsimilarity and difference, then the possibility of equilibrium under majority rule re-emerges.
Spatio-temporal evolution of two-plasmon decay in homogeneous plasma
Authors: DIMITRIJEVIĆ D. R. , MALUCKOV A. A.
Published: November 2009

A hydrodynamic model of two-plasmon decay in a homogeneous plasma slab near the quarter-critical density is utilized to study the spatio-temporal evolution of the daughter electron plasma waves in plasma in the course of the instability. The influence of laser and plasma parameters on the evolution of the amplitudes of the participating waves is discussed, assuming that the secondary coupling of two daughter electron plasma waves with an ion-acoustic wave is the principal mechanism of saturation of the instability. The impact of inherently non-resonant nature of this secondary coupling on the development of TPD is investigated for the first time and it is shown to significantly influence the electron plasma wave dynamics. Its inclusion leads to non-uniformity of the spatial profile of the instability and causes the burst-like pattern of the instability development, which should result in the burst-like hot-electron production in homogeneous plasma.
Magnetization of Rydberg plasmas by electromagnetic waves
Authors: MENDONÇA J. T. , SHUKLA NITIN , SHUKLA P. K.
Published: November 2009

It is shown that the ponderomotive force of a large-amplitude electromagnetic wave in Rydberg plasmas can generate quasi-stationary magnetic fields. The present result can account for the origin of seed magnetic fields in the ultracold Rydberg plasmas when they are irradiated by the high-frequency electromagnetic wave.
Effects of land abandonment and changing habitat structure on avian assemblages in upland pastures of Bulgaria
Authors: NIKOLOV STOYAN C.
Published: November 2009

Over the past half century, grassland birds in Europe have declined dramatically and in order to maintain and restore their populations it is critical to understand how habitat structures and quality within pastures affect birds. This study investigated the effects of habitat structure and pasture abandonment on grassland birds in IBA Ponor, western Bulgaria. Birds were sampled using the point count method at 143 randomly located circular plots and a total of 1,401 observations of birds from 31 species were recorded. The results showed that habitat complexity, management and landscape position influenced bird community structure and species occurrence within the upland pastures. Extensively grazed pastures supported higher structural complexity of vegetation cover and higher bird-species richness and diversity compared with abandoned ones. Moreover, bird species with a preference for grazed rather than abandoned pastures had higher conservation status and most were associated with shrub cover. To maintain high levels of avian diversity, habitat complexity within pastures should be maintained through extensive grazing, to ensure availability of scrub vegetation wherever possible. Finally, this study provided evidence that agri-environmental schemes should not be directly extrapolated from one country or region to another without been tested first, because within the same management, differences in habitat structural characteristics may exist due to the landscape and socio-economic characteristics of the region.
The Literati and the Letters: A Few Words on the Turkish Alphabet Reform
Authors: MIGNON LAURENT
Published: November 2009

This paper explores the varied reactions of the Turkish literati and intelligentsia to the adoption of the Roman script imposed by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1928. Though alphabet reform had been on the agenda for almost 75 years, few intellectuals and bureaucrats had been supportive of romanisation in the years preceding the move. However after the implementation of the reform, opponents remained silent or were seemingly converted. This article discusses the reasons behind the silence and conversion of the elites and the strategies of opposition developed by more radical defenders of the Ottoman script. Finally it records the impact of the reform on the literary world and literary historiography.
Politics of Romanisation in Azerbaijan (1921–1992)
Authors: ERGUN AYÇA
Published: November 2009

Writing systems are used as, and considered to be, important tools and symbols of political discourses of their time. This article presents a historical overview of the alphabet changes in Azerbaijan and shows how the alphabets were associated with the discourses of modernisation, nationalism and national identity construction. In the early twentieth century, the discussion on the need to shift from the Arabic alphabet to the Roman was actually an extension of the wider debate on national identity and language coupled with the will to modernise and progress. In 1940, the Soviet regime imposed the shift from the Roman alphabet to the Cyrillic in a top-down manner. This change was neither negotiated nor discussed among the intellectuals and there was almost no room for the expression of critical views. With the introduction of glasnost and perestroika in the late 1980s, intellectuals started to question to what extent the Cyrillic alphabet and the Russian language could represent the Azerbaijani language, civilisation, and national identity. In 1991, Azerbaijan adopted the Roman alphabet. The case of Azerbaijan shows that alphabet changes are symbolic acts to deny and/or reject the previous political and cultural heritage and its legitimacy and tools for undermining its prominence in the new processes of transformation and change.
Romanisation in Uzbekistan Past and Present
Authors: UZMAN MEHMET
Published: November 2009

The aim of this article is to describe and explain multiple processes of alphabet reform and romanisation with which Uzbekistan has experimented since the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. These reforms, which were debated and implemented in different socio-political and cultural contexts, illustrate essentially different stages of political development and experiences. While in the past reformers tended toward more complicated and rapid reforms, today the scope of change is much more modest and we meet with changes which are simpler and extended over the long term.
Romanisation of Bengali and Other Indian Scripts
Authors: KURZON DENNIS
Published: November 2009

This article will discuss two attempts at the romanisation of Indian languages in the twentieth century, one in pre-independence India and the second in Pakistan before the Bangladesh war of 1971. By way of background, an overview of the status of writing in the subcontinent will be presented in the second section, followed by a discussion of various earlier attempts in India to change writing systems, relating mainly to the situation in Bengal, which has one language and one script used by two large religious groups – Muslims and Hindus (in modern-day Bangladesh and West Bengal, respectively). The fourth section will look at the language/script policy of the Indian National Congress in pre-independence days, and attempts to introduce romanisation, especially the work of the Bengali linguist S. K. Chatterji. The penultimate section deals with attempts to change the writing system in East Pakistan, i.e. East Bengal, to (a) the Perso-Arabic script, and (b) the roman script.

In all cases, the attempt to romanise any of the Indian scripts failed at the national – official – level, although Indian languages do have a conventional transliteration. Reasons for the failure will be presented, in the final section, in terms of İlker Aytürk's model (see this issue), which proposes factors that may allow – or may not lead to – the implementation of romanisation.
The Rōmaji movement in Japan
Authors: GOTTLIEB NANETTE
Published: November 2009

The alphabet (rōmaji) has never been considered a serious contender for the national script in Japan, although at several points since the country's modern period began in 1868 supporters have made a case for its adoption on varying grounds, most notably those of education, democracy and office automation. Although such advocates have included influential scholars and bureaucrats, their combined intellectual gravitas has never been sufficient to allow their arguments for romanisation to outweigh the strong cultural traditions and ideologies of writing centred on the existing three-script writing system. Even today, in the face of pressures imposed by modern keyboard technology, discussion of the issue is not on the national agenda. This article considers the place of romanisation in Japan today and offers a short history of the rōmaji movement since the late nineteenth century.
Processing subject–verb agreement in a second language depends on proficiency
Authors: HOSHINO NORIKO , DUSSIAS PAOLA E. , KROLL JUDITH F.
Published: November 2009

Subject–verb agreement is a computation that is often difficult to execute perfectly in the first language (L1) and even more difficult to produce skillfully in a second language (L2). In this study, we examine the way in which bilingual speakers complete sentence fragments in a manner that reflects access to both grammatical and conceptual number. In two experiments, we show that bilingual speakers are sensitive to both grammatical and conceptual number in the L1 and grammatical number agreement in the L2. However, only highly proficient bilinguals are also sensitive to conceptual number in the L2. The results suggest that the extent to which speakers are able to exploit conceptual information during speech planning depends on the level of language proficiency.
A contingent valuation analysis to determine profitability of establishing local organic wine markets in Spain
Authors: Brugarolas M. , Martinez-Carrasco L. , Bernabeu R. , Martinez-Poveda A.
Published: November 2009

In this research an alternative is proposed for viticulture producers that would allow them to maintain their income and prevent the abandonment of their agricultural activity. The proposed alternative is the production of organic wine with subsequent commercialization in the local market. The suitability of the alternative is measured by the acceptance of the product in local markets. This acceptance was determined through contingent valuation, which relates probability of purchase to willingness to pay (WTP). Since regional differences could exist for product acceptance, the preliminary hypothesis was formulated that the importance of the viticulture sector in the regional economy makes consumers value farm work more highly and pay more for sustainable agricultural practices. Two regions of Spain were taken into consideration because of the different weight of their agricultural activity: Castile-La Mancha and the Community of Valencia. A survey of 800 wine consumers was made (400 from each region) to determine WTP. From the results it was shown on the one hand that organizing organic wine in local markets can be a profitable alternative for wine producers and, on the other hand, consumers from regions where wine production shares a larger proportion of the regional economy are willing to pay more for organic wine.
Green food industry in China: development, problems and policies
Authors: Lin Ling , Zhou Deyi , Ma Caixue
Published: November 2009

Organic food is the development trend of food in the world today. China's green food is a kind of food with pollution-free, safety, high-quality and nutritious properties, similar to organic food in the international market. The Chinese government has paid attention to the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems under the pressures of population growth and agricultural expansion since the 1980s and began to develop a green food industry in 1990. After the development of about two decades, now the Chinese green food industry has already entered a fast-growth stage. It has reached a considerable scale and is expanding rapidly. The share of green food in the global market is continuously increasing and a two-tier certification system has been established. However, green food's further development is still facing some difficulties and problems. This paper mainly analyzes those problems and discusses reasonable solutions. Specifically, this paper first gives a detailed introduction to green food and the green food industry in China, and then analyzes the major problems impeding the further development of green food industry, such as unreasonable product structure and enterprise structure, incomplete market system and backward certification system. Finally, suggestions on product structure, enterprise structure, publicity, market, certification system and governmental policies are put forward.
Begleitende Morbidität bei Sterilität
Authors: Sartorius Gideon A. , Bürgin Laila , Kaufmann Fabrice , De Geyter Christian
Published: November 2009

Das Eintreten einer Schwangerschaft ist ein hochkomplexer Prozess, der auf mehreren Ebenen und durch mannigfaltige Störungen behindert werden kann. Mediziner verschiedener Fachrichtungen sind in ihrem Praxisalltag zunehmend mit Paaren konfrontiert, die unter ungewollter Kinderlosigkeit leiden. Diese Entwicklung ist hauptsächlich darauf zurückzuführen, dass immer mehr Paare die Gründung einer Familie in die späte reproduktive Lebensphase verschieben, wenn beide Partner sich schon sozial und/oder beruflich etabliert haben. Die Zunahme des mittleren Alters beim ersten Kinderwunsch hat eine qualitative und quantitative Reduktion der Eizellfunktion zur Folge, was sich wiederum negativ auf die Fertilität auswirkt. Gleichzeitig geht ein erhöhtes mittleres Alter mit einer gesteigerten Prävalenz an Begleiterkrankungen einher, welche negative Effekte auf Fekundität und Fertilität haben können. Nebenbei haben gewisse systemische Erkrankungen auch unabhängig vom Alter einen Einfluss auf die reproduktive Funktion von Mann und Frau.Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit erläutert einige Zusammenhänge zwischen Fertilität und den häufigsten systemischen Erkrankungen.Insbesondere AllgemeinmedizinerInnen und GynäkologInnen sollten junge Frauen darauf aufmerksam machen, dass die fertile Phase Ihres Lebens endlich ist, und die Fruchtbarkeit nach dem 35. Lebensjahr deutlich abnimmt. Zudem müssen junge Paare darauf aufmerksam gemacht werden, dass ein „gesunder Lebenstil“ mit Vermeidung von Nikotinabusus, sexuell übertragbaren Ekrankungen sowie metabolischen Erkrankungen wie Diabetes und Adipositas einen negativen Effekt auf Fertilität und Schwangerschaftsverlauf haben kann.
Die Diagnostik der männlichen Infertilität – ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Reproduktionsmedizin
Authors: Kamischke Axel , Cordes Tim , Nieschlag Eberhard
Published: November 2009

Aufgrund des erheblichen Anteils der männlichen Infertilität an der ungewollten Kinderlosigkeit müssen Andrologen in jedes reproduktionsmedizinische Team integriert sein, so dass die Kinderwunschbehandlung und -diagnostik immer eine interdisziplinäre Aufgabe ist. Aufgrund der spontanen Schwangerschaften auch bei infertilen Paaren ist es die Hauptaufgabe der reproduktionsmedizinischen Diagnostik die weitere therapeutische Weichenstellung auf eine solide diagnostische Basis zu stellen. Anerkannte Richtlinien für die standardisierte Diagnostik der männlichen Infertilität fehlen meist. Eine minimale andrologische Diagnostik sollte bei allen infertilen Paaren nach spätestens einem Jahr ungeschützten Geschlechtverkehrs erfolgen bzw. gegebenenfalls früher, falls andrologische oder gynäkologische Risikofaktoren für eine Infertilität vorliegen. Bestandteile der minimalen andrologischen Diagnostik sind die Erhebung der reproduktionsmedizinischen Anamnese und eine zweimalige Ejakulatuntersuchung nach den aktuell gültigen WHO-Kriterien. Eine komplette andrologische Untersuchung durch einen Andrologen sollte grundsätzlich erfolgen, insbesondere bei Patienten mit einer auffälligen andrologischen Anamnese, bei Auffälligkeiten in der Ejakulatanalyse, bei idiopathischer Paarinfertilität und bei Patienten mit einem behandelten weiblichen Faktor und persistierender ­Infertilität. Elementarer Bestandteil einer kompletten andrologischen Untersuchung ist die Durchführung einer kompletten körperlichen und genitalen Untersuchung. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen dieser Untersuchungen sollten gegebenenfalls weitere diagnostische Maßnahmen durchgeführt werden, wie Hormonuntersuchungen, eine sonographische Untersuchung der Skrotalorgane und der Prostata und Samenblasen, die Durchführung genetischer Untersuchungen sowie eine diagnostisch/therapeutische Hodenbiopsie. Diese Untersuchungsgänge führen zu einer Diagnose, auf der das therapeutische Vorgehen basieren muss.
Die Reproduktionsmedizin heute und Chancen für die Zukunft
Authors: De Geyter Christian , De Geyter Maria
Published: November 2009

Trotz aller Kontroversen in der Vergangenheit erfüllt die heutige Reproduktionsmedizin ein wichtiges Bedürfnis in unserer Gesellschaft. Sie ist die logische Folge der veränderten Bedürfnisse in der Familienplanung, die seit der Einführung der oralen Kontrazeption in den sechziger Jahre möglich wurden. Die assistierte Reproduktionsmedizin hat durch die Optimierung der Bedingungen im reproduktionsbiologischen Labor sowie durch die hormonelle Stimulation der Ovarialfunktion ihre heutige Effizienz erreicht. Sowohl die Zunahme der Anzahl Behandlungen als auch die Effizienzsteigerung haben zu einer Vielzahl von Mehrlingsschwangerschaften geführt. Eine Mehrlingsschwangerschaft nach assistierter Reproduktion stellt heute eine Komplikation dar und könnte durch die Übertragung eines einzelnen Embryos nahezu verhindert werden. Letztere Vorgehensweise setzt jedoch die Selektion eines Embryos sowie die Kryokonservierung der anderen Embryonen voraus, beides Maßnahmen, welche in Deutschland sowie in der Schweiz verboten sind. Nicht desto trotz wird eine Fokussierung auf die Labortätigkeit die Resultate der assistierten Reproduktionsmedizin verbessern, welches bereits durch die Verlängerung der Kultivierungsdauer von Embryonen bis zum Blastozystenstadium eindrucksvoll gezeigt wurde. Derzeit wird die Entnahme von unreifen Eizellen und derer Kultivierung bis zur Eizellenreife weiter entwickelt. Die Bemühungen zur Anlage einer Fertilitätsreserve für junge Frauen mit einem bösartigen Leiden führen zur raschen Entwicklung neuartiger Techniken, welche die vollständige Reifung von Primordialfollikeln ermöglichen werden. Diese Maßnahmen werden dazu führen, dass die heutige restriktive Gesetzgebung von der Wirklichkeit überholt wird und in unserer Gesellschaft ein Umdenken zum Status der modernen Reproduktionsmedizin erfolgen muss.
Ethische Überlegungen zu neuen Entwicklungen in der Reproduktionsmedizin
Authors: Rehmann-Sutter Christoph , Wienroth Matthias
Published: November 2009

Fortpflanzung und Familie sind zentrale Bestandteile im Leben von Menschen. Mit der Entwicklung von immer erfolgreicheren Reproduktionstechnologien sind fundamentale Fragen des Lebens verbunden: Was bedeutet es, sich fortzupflanzen, Kinder zu haben oder Mensch zu sein? Die Reproduktionsmedizin und deren ethische Reflexion beeinflussen das Verständnis und Verhalten gegenüber der Fortpflanzung. Die technischen Möglichkeiten und deren soziokulturelle Wahrnehmung sind direkt miteinander verflochten. Die Bioethik muss das Menschwerden als Prozess ergründen und dabei helfen, die Fragen zu finden, die über das Pro und Kontra neuer Methoden hinausreichen. Um diesen Prozess nachhaltiger zu verstehen und zu gestalten macht es Sinn, die verschiedenen Akteure der Reproduktionsmedizin und deren Perspektiven in die Betrachtungen einzubeziehen: die potentiellen Eltern, die Kinder, die verschiedenen beteiligten Gesundheitsberufe und die gesellschaftliche Sicht. Sozialwissenschaftliche Methoden können dazu beitragen, die bioethischen Erwägungen der Reproduktionstechniken sozial robuster gestalten. Der Beitrag behandelt Fragen eines vertieften Verständnisses der gesellschaftlichen und ethischen Aspekte der Fortpflanzungstechnologien.
Gesetzlicher Stellenwert und juristische Aspekte der Reproduktionsmedizin in Österreich
Authors: Tews Gernot , Shebl Omar , Ebner Thomas , Tews Jochen
Published: November 2009

Nach den ersten gelungen IVF-Versuchen in Österreich, die schon relativ bald gelangen, bewegte sich das ärztliche Handeln zunächst weitgehend im gesetzesfreien Raum. Es dauerte insgesamt etwa zehn Jahre, bis in Österreich der parlamentarische Entschluss zur Rechtsgebung reproduktionsmedizinischer Maßnahmen erfolgte und so viele Rechtsunsicherheiten beseitigte. Im Vergleich zu anderen Ländern kann sowohl das Paar weitgehend mit den staatlichen Unterstützungen der Sozialgesetzgebung (IVF-Fonds-Gesetz 2000, novelliert 2004, 70 % der Kosten werden für vier Versuche ersetzt) als auch der Arzt mit den Bestimmungen des Fortpflanzungsmedizingesetz (FMedG, 1992, novelliert 2004) zufrieden sein. Im internationalen Vergleich wurden sowohl Auswüchse einer zu liberalen Auslegung als auch die Gefahren eines zu engen Korsetts vermieden. Trotzdem zeigt sich in der täglichen Praxis, dass auch heute noch Mängel, teilweise schwerer Art bestehen. So verletzt z. B. das Fortpflanzungsmedizingesetz in bestimmten Situation den Gleichheitsgrundsatz, wobei hier Verfahren in Brüssel anhängig sind. Weitere Gesetzesstellen führen mit Sicherheit dazu, dass schneller invasive Behandlungsmethoden angeboten werden, als es sein müsste.
An assessment of the seasonal mixed layer salinity budget in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Dong Shenfu , Garzoli Silvia L. , Baringer Molly
Published: November 2009

The seasonal cycle of mixed layer salinity and its causes in the Southern Ocean are examined by combining remotely sensed and in situ observations. The domain‐averaged terms of oceanic advection, diffusion, entrainment, and air‐sea freshwater flux (evaporation minus precipitation) are largely consistent with the seasonal evolution of mixed layer salinity, which increases from March to October and decreases from November to February. This seasonal cycle is largely attributed to oceanic advection and entrainment; air‐sea freshwater flux plays only a minimal role. Both oceanic advection‐diffusion and the freshwater flux are negative throughout the year, i.e., reduce mixed layer salinity, while entrainment is positive year‐round, reaching its maximum in May. The advection‐diffusion term is dominated by Ekman advection. Although the spatial structure of the air‐sea freshwater flux and oceanic processes are similar for the steady state, the magnitude of the freshwater flux is relatively small when compared to that of the oceanic processes. The spatial structure of the salinity tendency for each month is also well captured by the sum of the contributions from the air‐sea freshwater flux, advection‐diffusion, and entrainment processes. However, substantial imbalances in the salinity budget exist locally, particularly for regions with strong eddy kinetic energy and sparse in situ measurements. Sensitivity tests suggest that a proper representation of the mixed layer depth, a better freshwater flux product, and an improved surface salinity field are all important for closing the mixed layer salinity budget in the Southern Ocean.
The eastern termination of the Zagros Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt, Iran: Structures, evolution, and relationships between salt plugs, folding, and faulting
Authors: Jahani Salman , Callot Jean‐Paul , Letouzey Jean , Frizon de Lamotte Dominique
Published: November 2009

The Zagros Mountains result from the ongoing collision between the Arabian and central Iran plates. The main features of the eastern Zagros are (1) numerous emerged or buried salt diapirs, made up of Late Precambrian Hormuz salt and (2) the irregular along‐strike shape of the collision‐related detachment folds with frequent bending. To understand this layout, four geological cross sections have been constructed from the Persian Gulf foreland basin to the inner part of the Zagros Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt. Shortening in the deformed parts of the sections is less than 10% and is mainly accommodated by detachment folding. We show that late Cenozoic folding occurred in a region that was already punctuated by salt domes and diapirs. In fact, almost continuous halokinesis developed since the earlier Paleozoic, i.e., just short time after the deposition of the Hormuz salt, and continued up to the Present. These preexisting salt structures and their relevant local thickening strongly influenced both the localization and the direction of folds.
U‐Pb zircon constraints on the age and provenance of the Rocas Verdes basin fill, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
Authors: Barbeau David L. , Gombosi David J. , Zahid Khandaker M. , Bizimis Michael , Swanson‐Hysell Nicholas , Valencia Victor , Gehrels George E.
Published: November 2009

The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Rocas Verdes basin constitutes one of the most poorly understood components of the southernmost Andes. As a result, accurate reconstructions and interpretations of deformation associated with the Andean orogeny and the kinematics of Scotia arc development also remain poorly constrained. In this data brief, we report U‐Pb zircon ages from sandstones of the Rocas Verdes basin fill and from a crosscutting pluton in the southernmost Andes of Argentine Tierra del Fuego. Detrital samples contain predominant Early to early Middle Cretaceous (circa 130–105 Ma) U‐Pb zircon age populations, with very small or single‐grain middle Mesozoic and Proterozoic subpopulations. A very small subpopulation of Late Cretaceous ages in one sample raises the unlikely possibility that parts of the Rocas Verdes basin are younger than perceived. A sample from a crosscutting syenitic pegmatite yields a crystallization age of 74.7 +2.2/−2.0 Ma. The data presented herein encourage further geochronologic evaluation of the Rocas Verdes basin in order to better constrain the depositional ages and provenance of its contents.
Internal waves and short‐scale distribution patterns of chlorophyll in the Strait of Gibraltar and Alborán Sea
Authors: Vázquez A. , Flecha S. , Bruno M. , Macías D. , Navarro G.
Published: November 2009

A selection of ASAR images have been analyzed, together with instantaneous images of surface chlorophyll recorded with MERIS and MODIS, in order to study the relationship between the physical and biological processes associated with internal waves in the Strait of Gibraltar and Alborán Sea. The images show peak levels of chlorophyll at the coastal edges to the north and south of the Camarinal Sill (CS) during the generation of internal waves, and peak levels of chlorophyll associated with the wave fronts as they travel into the Alborán Sea. The images have been compared with in‐situ data. The results seem to indicate that, during the generation of the internal waves, a suction process takes place by which coastal waters rich in chlorophyll are drawn towards the center of the channel and then accompany the internal waves as they move towards the Alborán Sea.
Measurements of polar mesospheric clouds in infrared emission by MIPAS/ENVISAT
Authors: López‐Puertas M. , García‐Comas M. , Funke B. , Bermejo‐Pantaleón D. , Höpfner M. , Grabowski U. , Stiller G. P. , von Clarmann T. , von Savigny C.
Published: November 2009

We report on the infrared emission (10–13 μm) of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) as measured by Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on board the Environmental Satellite (MIPAS/ENVISAT) during 19–21 July 2005 in the summer Northern Hemisphere. The spectral distribution of MIPAS radiances is well described by that simulated for ice particle emission at low temperatures and hence provides further evidence of the water ice nature of the PMC particles. The vertical profiles of integrated radiance clearly show an emission peak at tangent heights of 81–83 km, as expected from PMC emission. Ice particles' volume density retrieved from MIPAS spectra shows a layer of ice particles extending from 80.5 to 87 km and from about 60°N to the North Pole, well confined within the region where temperature is below approximately 150 K. The upper part of the ice particle layer then extends to altitudes higher than that observed by UV/visible measurements, which confirms the current understanding that PMCs cover the entire polar mesopause region. The altitude of the layer peak changes from 82.5–83 km at 70°N–90°N to slightly higher altitudes (83–85 km) at lower latitudes (60°N–70°N). MIPAS ice particle altitude/latitude distribution suggests that they are formed mainly close to the pole and then are transported upward and to lower latitudes by the ascending branch of the meridional circulation, confirming previous modeling.
Why the Southern Hemisphere ENSO responses lead ENSO
Authors: Jin Daeho , Kirtman Ben P.
Published: November 2009

Analysis of observational estimates indicates that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forced pattern in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere (SH), somewhat surprisingly, leads the peak phase of ENSO by one season. A Rossby wave source (RWS) analysis indicates that the tropical and extratropical RWS in the SH develops before the ENSO peak season and abruptly weakens thereafter. Further analysis shows that anomalous divergence/convergence and corresponding irrotational wind anomalies are sensitive to local seasonality. Numerical experiments in which the tropical Pacific is prescribed with perfectly periodic ENSO while all other oceans are simulated as a slab mixed layer model coupled to AGCM also show similar features. Additional numerical experiments in which ENSO forcing is shifted by 6 months (i.e., the ENSO peak in the southern winter season) indicate that the Northern Hemisphere atmosphere rather than the SH atmosphere precedes ENSO. This result supports the hypothesis that the ENSO forced pattern in the extratropics is strongly limited by local seasonality, rather than by the temporal phase of tropical remote forcing.
Response to Intervention and Implication for Latino Children
Authors: Kayser Hortencia
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this paper is to discuss speech language pathologist's implementation of response to intervention and the implications for Latino children. This paper will present three models of Tier II interventions used with Latino children and recommendations to improve interventions.
Service Learning Project: Multimodality Language Learning
Authors: Phillips Kerri , Owen Pleasance , Reese Dana , Freyaldenhoven Allison
Published: November 2009

The goal of the project was to embed a service learning component into a graduate level child language course in speech-language pathology. A pilot program was developed to utilize multi-modality learning coupled with low-cost technology materials to provide educational enhancement and training in the traditional classroom setting.
Interactions among the Effects of Head Orientation, Emotional Expression, and Physical Attractiveness on Face Preferences
Authors: Main Julie C , DeBruine Lisa M , Little Anthony C , Jones Benedict C
Published: November 2009

Previous studies have shown that preferences for direct versus averted gaze are modulated by emotional expressions and physical attractiveness. For example, preferences for direct gaze are stronger when judging happy or physically attractive faces than when judging disgusted or physically unattractive faces. Here we show that preferences for front versus three-quarter views of faces, in which gaze direction was always congruent with head orientation, are also modulated by emotional expressions and physical attractiveness; participants demonstrated preferences for front views of faces over three-quarter views of faces when judging the attractiveness of happy, physically attractive individuals, but not when judging the attractiveness of relatively unattractive individuals or those with disgusted expressions. Moreover, further analyses indicated that these interactions did not simply reflect differential perceptions of the intensity of the emotional expressions shown in each condition. Collectively, these findings present novel evidence that the effect of the direction of the attention of others on attractiveness judgments is modulated by cues to the physical attractiveness and emotional state of the depicted individual, potentially reflecting psychological adaptations for efficient allocation of social effort. These data also present the first behavioural evidence that the effect of the direction of the attention of others on attractiveness judgments reflects viewer-referenced, rather than face-referenced, coding and/or processing of gaze direction.
Frontoparietal white matter diffusion properties predict mental arithmetic skills in children
Authors: Tsang Jessica M. , Dougherty Robert F. , Deutsch Gayle K. , Wandell Brian A. , Ben-Shachar Michal
Published: November 2009

Functional MRI studies of mental arithmetic consistently report blood oxygen level–dependent signals in the parietal and frontal regions. We tested whether white matter pathways connecting these regions are related to mental arithmetic ability by using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to measure these pathways in 28 children (age 10–15 years, 14 girls) and assessing their mental arithmetic skills. For each child, we identified anatomically the anterior portion of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (aSLF), a pathway connecting parietal and frontal cortex. We measured fractional anisotropy in a core region centered along the length of the aSLF. Fractional anisotropy in the left aSLF positively correlates with arithmetic approximation skill, as measured by a mental addition task with approximate answer choices. The correlation is stable in adjacent core aSLF regions but lower toward the pathway endpoints. The correlation is not explained by shared variance with other cognitive abilities and did not pass significance in the right aSLF. These measurements used DTI, a structural method, to test a specific functional model of mental arithmetic.
Focal adhesions come unstuck
Authors: Leslie Mitch
Published: November 2009

When cells let go of a surface, they don't let go of their integrins.
Separating the spindle, checkpoint, and timer functions of BubR1
Authors: Rahmani Zohra , Gagou Mary E. , Lefebvre Christophe , Emre Doruk , Karess Roger E.
Published: November 2009

BubR1 performs several roles during mitosis, affecting the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), mitotic timing, and spindle function, but the interdependence of these functions is unclear. We have analyzed in Drosophila melanogaster the mitotic phenotypes of kinase-dead (KD) BubR1 and BubR1 lacking the N-terminal KEN box. bubR1-KD individuals have a robust SAC but abnormal spindles with thin kinetochore fibers, suggesting that the kinase activity modulates microtubule capture and/or dynamics but is relatively dispensable for SAC function. In contrast, bubR1-KEN flies have normal spindles but no SAC. Nevertheless, mitotic timing is normal as long as Mad2 is present. Thus, the SAC, timer, and spindle functions of BubR1 are substantially separable. Timing is shorter in bubR1-KEN mad2 double mutants, yet in these flies, lacking both critical SAC components, chromosomes still segregate accurately, reconfirming that in Drosophila, reliable mitosis does not need the SAC.
The glycosaminoglycan-binding domain of PRELP acts as a cell type–specific NF-κB inhibitor that impairs osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Rucci Nadia , Rufo Anna , Alamanou Marina , Capulli Mattia , Del Fattore Andrea , Åhrman Emma , Capece Daria , Iansante Valeria , Zazzeroni Francesca , Alesse Edoardo , Heinegård Dick , Teti Anna
Published: November 2009

Proline/arginine-rich end leucine-rich repeat protein (PRELP) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG)- and collagen-binding anchor protein highly expressed in cartilage, basement membranes, and developing bone. We observed that PRELP inhibited in vitro and in vivo mouse osteoclastogenesis through its GAG-binding domain (hbdPRELP), involving (a) cell internalization through a chondroitin sulfate– and annexin II–dependent mechanism, (b) nuclear translocation, (c) interaction with p65 nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and inhibition of its DNA binding, and (d) impairment of NF-κB transcriptional activity and reduction of osteoclast-specific gene expression. hbdPRELP does not disrupt the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling nor does it impair cell survival. hbdPRELP activity is cell type specific, given that it is internalized by the RAW264.7 osteoclast-like cell line but fails to affect calvarial osteoblasts, bone marrow macrophages, and epithelial cell lines. In vivo, hbdPRELP reduces osteoclast number and activity in ovariectomized mice, underlying its physiological and/or pathological importance in skeletal remodeling.
INCENP–aurora B interactions modulate kinase activity and chromosome passenger complex localization
Authors: Xu Zhenjie , Ogawa Hiromi , Vagnarelli Paola , Bergmann Jan H. , Hudson Damien F. , Ruchaud Sandrine , Fukagawa Tatsuo , Earnshaw William C. , Samejima Kumiko
Published: November 2009

Dynamic localization of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) during mitosis is essential for its diverse functions. CPC targeting to centromeres involves interactions between Survivin, Borealin, and the inner centromere protein (CENP [INCENP]) N terminus. In this study, we investigate how interactions between the INCENP C terminus and aurora B set the level of kinase activity. Low levels of kinase activity, seen in INCENP-depleted cells or in cells expressing a mutant INCENP that cannot bind aurora B, are sufficient for a spindle checkpoint response when microtubules are absent but not against low dose taxol. Intermediate kinase activity levels obtained with an INCENP mutant that binds aurora B but cannot fully activate it are sufficient for a robust response against taxol, but cannot trigger CPC transfer from the chromosomes to the anaphase spindle midzone. This transfer requires significantly higher levels of aurora B activity. These experiments reveal that INCENP interactions with aurora B in vivo modulate the level of kinase activity, thus regulating CPC localization and functions during mitosis.
Book Reviews
Authors: MARKWOOD Priscilla S.
Published: November 2009

Managing Global Business Strategies: A Twenty‐first‐century Perspective John McManus, Don White, and Neil Botten Oxford, Chandos Publishing, 2008, 226 pp. ISBN: 9781843343905, £39.95 pbk
Spatial and temporal distribution of spawning aggregations of blue ling (Molva dypterygia) west and northwest of the British Isles
Authors: Large Philip A. , Diez Guzman , Drewery James , Laurans Martial , Pilling Graham M. , Reid David G. , Reinert Jákup , South Andrew B. , Vinnichenko Vladimir I.
Published: November 2009

Large, P. A., Diez, G., Drewery, J., Laurans, M., Pilling, G. M., Reid, D. G., Reinert, J., South, A. B., and Vinnichenko, V. I. 2010. Spatial and temporal distribution of spawning aggregations of blue ling (Molva dypterygia) west and northwest of the British Isles. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 494–501. Fisheries on blue ling in ICES Areas Vb, VI, VII, and XIIb have mostly targeted spawning aggregations. ICES has repeatedly advised that blue ling are susceptible to sequential depletion of spawning aggregations and that closed areas to protect spawning aggregations should be maintained and expanded where appropriate. Information from a range of sources, including fishers, is analysed, and five main spawning areas are identified: (i) along the continental slope northwest of Scotland (ICES Division VIa); (ii) on, around, and northwest of Rosemary Bank (VIa); (iii) on the southern and southwestern margins of Lousy Bank (Vb); (iv) on the northeastern margins of Hatton Bank (VIb); and (v) along the eastern and southern margins of Hatton Bank (VIb). From the information available, it is suggested that, for management purposes, peak spawning be considered to take place at depths of 730–1100 m between March and May inclusive in VIa and Vb, and during March and April in VIb. Based largely on this information, the European Commission (EC) introduced in 2009 protection areas for spawning aggregations of southern blue ling in European Union (EU) waters within ICES Division VIa.
Force-chain buckling in granular media: a structural mechanics perspective
Authors: Hunt Giles W. , Tordesillas Antoinette , Green Steven C. , Shi Jingyu
Published: November 2009

Parallels are drawn between the response of a discrete strut on a linear elastic foundation and force-chain buckling in a constrained granular medium. Both systems buckle initially into periodic shapes, with wavelengths that depend on relative resistances to lateral displacement, and curvature in the buckled shape. Under increasing end shortening, the classical structural model evolves to a localized form extending over a finite number of contributing links. By analogy, it is conjectured that the granular model of force-chain buckling might follow much the same evolutionary route into a shear band.