bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminthiasis in Beef Cattle During Dry Season in Bangkalan Regency, Madura, Indonesia
Authors: Zalizar Lili , Winaya Aris , Ridwan Yusuf , Arif Hardiansyah Eka , Jaganathan Ravindran
Published: March 2023

This study aims to observe and determine the risk factor of gastrointestinal helminthiasis among Madura beef cattle and Madura-Limousine crossbreed cattle in Bangkalan Regency during dry season. A cross sectional method was applied in this study design. A total of 240 feces from 240 beef cattle were collected during dry season (July to August 2020). Observation of worms in the feces was conducted using the McMaster method. In addition, the sedimentation method was used to identify worms from the Trematode class. Data were analysed descriptively and statistically using chi-square method. The results showed that the prevalence of helminthiasis during dry season reached 20 %, with the most prevalence eggs type belongs toStrongylespp. (14.5 %),Fasciolasp. (3.3 %), Trichostrongylus sp. (1.25 %),Strongyloidessp. (0.8 %), and Paramphistomum sp. (0.8 %). The degree of infection observed from the average number of worm eggs, was mild. Average geometric number of worm eggs per gram of feces (EPG) wasTrichostrongylussp. 233 (range 100 to 400),Strongylespp. 122 (range 50 to 350),Strongyloidessp. 75 (range 50 to 100),Paramphistomumsp. 25 (range 1 to 50), andFasciolasp. 1 (range 0 to 1). Hekminthiasis among beef cattle in Bangkalan Regency was not affected by the type of cow but was significantly affected by gender and age.
Hematological Features of Cihateup’s Duck Blood that are Given Natural Isotonic in Dry Systems
Authors: Frasiska Nurul , Dian Wulansari Putri , Rahayu Novia , Razak Alimon Abdul , Widodo Wahyu , Ngoc Huu Nguyen
Published: March 2023

The study was to produce natural isotonic made from natural sources for Cihateup’s ducks in a dry maintenance system. Ducklings were divided into five replications and four treatments. The ratios used were 17 % protein and 2 900 kcal kg−1 of metabolic energy. The composition of natural isotonic (treatment) is as follows: T0=Water; T1=Water + 7 % Sugar + 2 % Lime Juice + 25 mg Celery Extract + 0.8 g Salt; T2 =Water + 7 % Sugar + 3 % Lime Juice + 50 mg Celery Extract + 0.9 g Salt; T3=Water + 7 % Sugar + 4 % Lime Juice + 75 mg Celery Extract + 1 g Salt. Experiment design using a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications. The results showed a significant decrease in leukocyte and platelet levels in T2. It indicated that the use of natural isotonic at these levels had an immune effect on local ducks. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, and erythrocyte levels also showed a decrease in T2 but were not significant. While the lowest number of duck platelets was also shown by T2. These platelets are indicators of inflammation, which means that T2 can keep ducks from disease.
Keiki induction by cytokinin on Phalaenopsis spp.
Authors: Hartatie Hardjo Popy , Bagus Made Artadana Ida , Emantoko Dwi Putra Sulistyo , Jan Asad
Published: March 2023

A Keiki is the product of asexual propagation which naturally develop at the node of a flower stalk or cane. Phalaenopsis produce Keiki along the middle to end nodes on the flower stalk. Although keikis are an inefficient way to propagate orchids on a commercial scale, it is interesting to study the cytokinin hormone Benzyl Aminopurine (BAP) effect to stimulate keikis on a node along the flower stalk. Two nodes of each flower stalk were used in this experiment. Cytokinin hormone (0 mg L−1 , 2 000 mg L−1 , 4 000 mg L−1 , 6 000 mg L−1 BAP) was only applied once to the second, third, fourth, and fifth nodes of the flower stalk base. The Keiki raised from the second and third nodes of the flower stalk while the flower spike raised from the fourth to sixth basal. BAP stimulated bud break on the node of the flower stalk and could produce either flower spike or keikis depending on node position from the basal node of the flower stalk.
Inhibition of Carica Solid Soap to the Growth ofStaphylococcus epidermidisBacteria
Authors: Ainiyah Roisatul , Riniutami Cahyaning , Illayan Massadeh Muhannad
Published: March 2023

Carica (Carica pubescensLenne & K. Koch.) contains various nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and active substances that can be used for skin care, and to bath soap products. The purpose of this research was to determine the inhibition of Carica soap to the growth ofStaphylococcus epidermidisbacteria. The method used in this study was agar diffusion. Samples in this research were 12 Carica soaps with different formulation, and a control using papaya soap that has been circulating on the market. The results of the study were analyzed using ANOVA with a confidence interval of 5 %. The results showed that the significance value was 0.472 > 0.05 so there was no significant difference between the soap formulations on the inhibition zone of theS. epidermidisbacteria. The highest inhibitory zone is in soap with formula 1 (1.38 cm), the lowest inhibitory zone is in soap with formula 7 (1.1 cm), while the papaya soap inhibition zone (positive control) is 1.7 cm. Suggestion from this research is to reformulate Carica soap to improve its quality.
Pest Control using Bark Pesticide Applicator (BPA) in Citrus Plants
Authors: Cahyo Wicaksono Rudi , Endato Otto , Wuryantini Susi , Hussain Zahid
Published: March 2023

As a citrus pest,Toxopterasp. is classified as the main pest because the impact of the attack causes losses to the quantity and quality of the yield. Alternative pest control within insecticides in addition to using a knapsack sprayer or power sprayer is using Bark Pesticide Applicator (BPA), which is a tool to apply systemic pesticides through citrus stems optimally and serves to improve the efficiency of controlling main pests, safe for natural enemies, and environmentally friendly. The study was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute, Batu City, East Java, Indonesia from January to May 2018. This study compared the effectiveness of pesticide application devices using BPA and Power Sprayer (PS). The treatment was arranged using a randomized block design and repeated ten times. The test results showed that the application of pesticides with BPA was able to control aphids up to 93.84 % while PS was only able to suppress 29.48 %. Whiles the existence of natural enemies can be saved if the application of pesticides is carried out using BPA
Mini-Review: Extraction of Patchouli Oil from Pogostemon cablin Benth. Leaves
Authors: Kok Tjie , Florenika Natasha , Tua Gultom Mangihot , Hartatie Hardjo Popy , Illayan Massadeh Muhannad
Published: March 2023

Pogostemon cablin Benth. var ‘Sidikalang’ leaves are the main source of patchouli oil which is used in the cosmetics and perfume industry because of its better fixative nature and provides the foreign exchange of around 60 % of Indonesia’s essential oil export revenues and is the largest patchouli oil supplier in the world with a contribution of 90 %. But apparently, several studies found that patchouli oil also has pharmacological activity such as aromatherapy, anti-influenza, antioxidants, and anti-microbial. This proves that leaves patchouli oil can be used as alternative medicine. Patchouli oil is composed of 20 main constituents, but the most important role as a determinant of the quality of patchouli oil is sesquiterpene patchouli alcohol (PA). The right extraction method is the most important factor so that the quality of patchouli oil is well maintained during the extraction process. Some methods that have been used for patchouli oil extraction include soxhlet, hydrodistillation, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation, microwave–air hydrodistillation, and water–bubble distillation. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and water–bubble distillation methods are more efficient methods for patchouli oil extraction. The microwave-assisted hydrodistillation method produces a yield of 1.9437 to 2.7227 % with a PA content of 26.32 % within 120 min to 126 min, and the water–bubble distillation method produces a yield of 2.40 % with a PA content of 61.53 % within 360 min.
Characterization of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Avicennia marina’s Leaf Tissue Collected from Ekowisata Mangrove Wonorejo Surabaya, Indonesia
Authors: Dian Savitri Wina , Lewi Santoso Marvel , Antonius Yulanda , Hartatie Hardjo Popy , Jan Asad
Published: March 2023

The previous experiment showed that Avicennia marina’s leaf collected from Ekowisata Mangrove Wonorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia contained endophytes. The endophytes were known as bacteria which was demonstrated by biochemical tests based on Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology. This experiment aimed to characterize the three isolates of bacteria by using Deoxyribonucleic acid. (DNA )sequencing. The result showed that isolate 1 and isolate 2 were known as Bacillus subtilis with a different strain, whereas isolate 3 was considered as Bacillus sp. It was in line with the result of biochemical tests. To know the sensitivity of three isolates against antibiotics, a 30 μg tetracycline disc on Nutrient Agar that was overgrown by the isolate was used. The results showed that halo was observed on three isolates, meaning that all of them were sensitive to 30 μg tetracycline.
Identification of DNA G–quadruplex Forming Sequence in Shrimp White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV)
Authors: Maria Vianney Yoanes , Kandinata Priscilla , Weisz Klaus , Goretti Marianti Purwanto Maria
Published: March 2023

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is considered one of the most infectious and lethal viruses that affect shrimp. Bioinformatic studies revealed several G-quadruplex forming sequences at the open reading frame region. Moreover, the sequences are widely conserved through all deposited WSSV sequences. Introductory structural studies on two sequences, namely WSSV131 and WSSV172, are proposed to form a quadruplex. While WSSV172 forms a mixture of quadruplex topologies, WSSV131 is suggested to form a parallel topology, as indicated by the NMR spectra and circular dichroism (CD) ellipticity pattern. CD spectra also suggested that the major parallel species of the WSSV131 sequence are found to be stable above 60 °C. Ultimately, these results may open a new strategy for WSSV treatment by targeting the quadruplex confirmation with a quadruplex binding ligand.
Les anomalies du développement rénal
Authors: Rousset-Rouvière Caroline
Published: March 2023

Les anomalies du développement rénal sont fréquentes chez le fœtus et correspondent à un défaut des étapes de la néphrogenèse. La plupart d’entre elles ont une évolution favorable, mais la gravité potentielle de certaines malformations rend leur dépistage et leur prise en charge précoce essentiels. Le dépistage de ces anomalies repose sur l’échographie fœtale. L’échographie devra préciser le pronostic de l’anomalie en recherchant des critères de gravité, tels qu’une atteinte rénale bilatérale, une altération de la quantité de liquide amniotique, témoin d’une altération de la fonction rénale fœtale, ou encore l’existence d’atteintes extra-rénales associées. Dans les cas les plus sévères, une prise en charge dans un centre pluridisciplinaire de diagnostic prénatal (CPDPN) est indispensable. Les anomalies du développement rénal peuvent être isolées ou s’inscrire dans le cadre d’un syndrome poly-malformatif. L’apport de la génétique dans la compréhension de ces anomalies est d’une aide considérable.
Aux sources de la compréhensionde la maladie rénale chronique
Authors: Vergnaud Paul , Cohen Camille , Isnard Pierre
Published: March 2023

L’insuffisance rénale chronique est une définition biologique caractérisée par la diminution du débit de filtration glomérulaire. Quelle qu’en soit la cause initiale, son origine est toujours une réduction néphronique, une diminution du nombre d’unités fonctionnelles du rein, appelées néphrons. Après une agression rénale initiale, les néphrons sains restants vont assurer la filtration permettant le maintien d’une fonction rénale normale. Mais, progressivement, ces néphrons vont s’altérer et vont être remplacés par du tissu fibreux. Cette altération du parenchyme va entraîner un ensemble de symptômes biologiques et histologiques réunis sous le terme de maladie rénale chronique : augmentation de la créatininémie, protéinurie, glomérulosclérose et fibrose interstitielle.
Endoscopic full-thickness plication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux after peroral endoscopic myotomy: a randomized sham-controlled study
Authors: Maydeo Amit , Patil Gaurav , Kamat Nagesh , Dalal Ankit , Vadgaonkar Amol , Parekh Sanil , Daftary Rajen , Vora Sehajad
Published: March 2023

Background Endoscopic full-thickness plication (EFTP) has shown promising results in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), but its efficacy in GERD after peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is unclear.

Methods In a prospective, randomized trial of post-POEM patients dependent on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for documented GERD, patients underwent EFTP (plication to remodel the gastroesophageal flap valve) or an endoscopic sham procedure (positioning of the EFTP device, but no stapling). The primary end point was improvement in acid exposure time (AET) < 6 % (3 months). Secondary end points included improvement in esophagitis (3 months), GERD Questionnaire (GERDQ) score (3 and 6 months), and PPI usage (6 months).

Results 60 patients were randomized (30 in each group). At 3 months, a significantly higher proportion of patients achieved improvement in AET < 6 % in the EFTP group compared with the sham group (69.0 % [95 %CI 52.1–85.8] vs. 10.3 % [95 %CI 0–21.4], respectively). EFTP was statistically superior to sham (within-group analysis) in improving esophageal AET, DeMeester Score, and all reflux episodes (P < 0.001). A nonsignificant improvement in esophagitis was noted in the EFTP group (P = 0.14). Median GERDQ scores (3 months) were significantly better (P < 0.001) in the EFTP group, and the same trend continued at 6 months. A higher proportion of patients in the sham group continued to use PPIs (72.4 % [95 %CI 56.1–88.7] vs. 27.6 % [95 %CI 11.3–43.8]). There were no major adverse events in either group.

Conclusion EFTP improved post-POEM GERD symptoms, 24-hour pH impedance findings with normalization in one-third, and reduced PPI usage at 6 months.
I2/DTBP Promoted Synthesis of C3-Carbonylated Imidazopyridines from Chromones and 2-Aminopyridines via (3+2) Cycloaddition
Authors: Zhong Wenwu , Zhao Changkuo , Huang Qiang , Wu Lvjia , Shi Jihai , Li Jiangdong , Lu Wei , Tang Fushan , Zhu Lei
Published: March 2023

An I2/DTBP-promoted (3+2) cycloaddition reaction of 2-aminopyridines and chromones is reported. The work provides a simple and efficient approach to access imidazopyridines scaffold in moderate to good yields. I2/DTBP as an initiator and oxidant was used to realize the tandem (3+2) cycloaddition/oxidative aromatization. Available starting materials, excellent functional-group tolerance, potential drug activity of the products, and application in production on a gram scale are advantageous features of this strategy. Moreover, the obtained products provide a key active fragment for the synthesis of cabozantinib analogues, which has the potential to be developed as an anticancer agent.
Clinical Applications of the Intercostal Artery Perforator Flap for Trunk Reconstruction
Authors: Kim Young Jun , Choi Woo Young , Cheon Ji Seon , Choi Min Hyub
Published: March 2023

Background Trunk defects can occur because of surgical site infections after spinal surgery, resection of malignant tumors, or trauma. Herein, we present our experience of using intercostal artery perforator (ICAP) flaps to reconstruct trunk defects without noteworthy complications. Fourteen patients underwent reconstruction with ICAP flaps between March 2015 and March 2019.

Methods Patients' data, including age, sex, the cause of the defect, defect size, perforator location, flap size, complications, and follow-up period, were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 56.5 years (range, 19–80 years). All operations were performed after the results of bacterial culture from the wound showed no microbial growth. We found reliable perforators around the defect using Doppler ultrasonography. The perforator flaps were elevated with a pulsatile perforator and rotated in a propeller fashion to the defects. We performed five dorsal and two lateral ICAP flaps. The mean flap dimensions were 12 × 5.5 cm2 (range, 6 × 5 to 18 × 8 cm2).

Results Primary closure of the donor site was performed. Marginal congestion was observed as a complication in one case, but it healed with no need for revision. The mean follow-up period was 8 months. All patients were satisfied with the surgical outcomes.

Conclusion ICAP flaps can be easily mobilized, thereby reducing donor site morbidity without sacrificing the underlying muscles for trunk reconstruction. Therefore, these flaps are useful options for the reconstruction of trunk defects.
Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Skeletal Stability following Surgery-First Orthognathic Approach: Validation of a Simple and Effective Method
Authors: Mansour Nabil M. , Abdelshaheed Mohamed E. , El-Sabbagh Ahmed H. , El-Din Ahmed M. Bahaa , Kim Young Chul , Choi Jong-Woo
Published: March 2023

Background The three-dimensional (3D) evaluation of skeletal stability after orthognathic surgery is a time-consuming and complex procedure. The complexity increases further when evaluating the surgery-first orthognathic approach (SFOA). Herein, we propose and validate a simple time-saving method of 3D analysis using a single software, demonstrating high accuracy and repeatability.

Methods This retrospective cohort study included 12 patients with skeletal class 3 malocclusion who underwent bimaxillary surgery without any presurgical orthodontics. Computed tomography (CT)/cone-beam CT images of each patient were obtained at three different time points (preoperation [T0], immediately postoperation [T1], and 1 year after surgery [T2]) and reconstructed into 3D images. After automatic surface-based alignment of the three models based on the anterior cranial base, five easily located anatomical landmarks were defined to each model. A set of angular and linear measurements were automatically calculated and used to define the amount of movement (T1–T0) and the amount of relapse (T2–T1). To evaluate the reproducibility, two independent observers processed all the cases, One of them repeated the steps after 2 weeks to assess intraobserver variability. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated at a 95% confidence interval. Time required for evaluating each case was recorded.

Results Both the intra- and interobserver variability showed high ICC values (more than 0.95) with low measurement variations (mean linear variations: 0.18 mm; mean angular variations: 0.25 degree). Time needed for the evaluation process ranged from 3 to 5 minutes.

Conclusion This approach is time-saving, semiautomatic, and easy to learn and can be used to effectively evaluate stability after SFOA.
Synthesis of 2-Sulfonylthiazoles via Heteroaryl C–H Sulfonylation of Thiazole N-Oxides
Authors: Um Hyun-Suk , Shin Woong Sik , Lee Chulbom , Son Kyu Jin
Published: March 2023

Described here is an efficient method for the modular synthesis of 2-sulfonylthiazole derivatives via heteroaryl C–H sulfonylation. The protocol is composed of two stages involving O-activation of thiazole N-oxides and nucleophilic addition of a sulfinate, which induces N(3)-deoxygenation and C(2)-sulfonylation. The vicarious substitution is performed most effectively by using 4-methoxybenzoyl chloride for O-acylation while employing sodium [tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyloxy]methanesulfinate (TBSOMS-Na) as the nucleophile. The sulfones thus obtained can be converted to an array of thiazolyl sulfones, sulfonamides, and sulfonyl fluorides by displacing the silyloxymethyl moiety with alkyl, aryl, amino, and fluoro groups. The C–H sulfonylation approach, in combination with a sulfoxylate (SO2
2–) strategy, provides direct access to sulfonylated thiazole scaffolds without recourse to the use of 2-halothiazoles.
Thyroid Malignancy in Multinodular Goiter: A Prevalence Study in a High-Volume Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Beena Sree Lekshmy , Govindan Unnikrishnan , Mohammed Serbin
Published: March 2023

Objectives

Goiter is one of the most common endocrine neoplasms found globally and its incidence varies in each country. Evaluation includes clinical, laboratory, radiological, and pathological tests to rule out malignancy. Surgery may be indicated in cases when the patient develops compressive symptoms, risks of malignancy, or cosmetic deformity. Thyroid malignancies account for only 1 to 2% of all malignancies. Irrespective of size, 9 to 13% of preoperative pathological evaluations revealed malignancy.

To study the prevalence of thyroid malignancy in patients presenting with multinodular goiter (MNG) undergoing thyroidectomy in the Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India.

Material and Methods

This prevalence study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India, for a year, between March 2017 and February 2018. All patients with MNG undergoing thyroidectomy in the Department of General Surgery during this period were selected. A total of 651 patients were included in the study after obtaining informed consent.

Results

A total of 651 patients were studied, out of which 91 patients (13.9%) had malignancy. Among the total, 529 were females and 122 were males. Total malignancies reported were 91 and in those, males were around 31.9% and females around 68.1%. But when comparing incidence of malignancy in MNG, it was found to be higher in males (23.8%) than females (11.7%). Out of 91 patients with malignancy, 77 patients were found to have papillary carcinoma thyroid. Most of the papillary carcinoma thyroid occurred between 41 and 50 years of age, although it can occur in younger patients too. Palpable cervical lymphadenopathy is seen in 34 cases (37.4%) of thyroid malignancies.

Conclusion

Proportion of thyroid malignancy in MNG at Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, is 13.9%. Females are more commonly affected than males. Papillary carcinoma is the most common differentiated malignancy associated. Cervical lymph nodal metastasis is seen in 37.4% of thyroid malignancies. The risk of malignancy in MNG should not be underestimated as significant numbers of patients with thyroid malignancies present with MNG.
An Unusual Case of Neurenteric Cyst in a Patient with Split Cord Malformation
Authors: Harris Peter , Fleisher Max , Liu Matthew , Javan Ramin , Olan Wayne , Rosner Michael
Published: March 2023

Neurenteric cyst in a split cord malformation is a rare finding. We report an adult female becoming acutely symptomatic secondary to an expanding neurenteric cyst, though previous imaging had demonstrated stability. We discuss our workup and management with surgical resection and possible etiologies of her acute decline.
Realization of independent contacts in barrier-separated InAs/GaSb quantum wells
Authors: Wu Xingjun , Wang Jianhuan , Huang Miaoling , Yan Shili , Du Rui-Rui
Published: March 2023

InAs/GaSb double quantum wells separated by a 100 Å AlSb middle barrier are grown by molecular beam epitaxy. We report a nanofabrication technique that utilizes the surface Fermi level pinning position in InAs [Efs(InAs)] for realizing independent electric contacts to each well. In particular, separate Ohmic contacts to the upper InAs quantum well are achieved by selectively etching down to the InAs, while contacts to the lower GaSb quantum well are obtained by the depletion method. For the latter, the upper InAs quantum well is locally pinched off by top etched trenches capped with a remaining 2–3 nm InAs layer. As a result of a relatively low Efs(InAs), applying a negative bias gate potential will create a conducting hole channel in GaSb and, hence, a separate Ohmic contact to the lower quantum well. This method is demonstrated with experiment and the support of a self-consistent band bending calculation. A number of experiments on separately probing Coulomb and tunnel-coupled InAs/GaSb systems now become accessible.
Robust Si/Ge heterostructure metasurfaces as building blocks for wavelength-selective photodetectors
Authors: Schlipf J. , Berkmann F. , Yamamoto Y. , Reichenbach M. , Veleski M. , Kawaguchi Y. , Mörz F. , Tomm J. W. , Weißhaupt D. , Fischer I. A.
Published: March 2023

We present a design for silicon-compatible vertical Germanium pin photodiodes structured into all-dielectric metasurfaces. Proof-of-principle metasurfaces are fabricated on silicon-on-insulator wafers in a top-down process. Simulations and measurements of the spectroscopic properties, specifically the absorption, show high spectral selectivity, and absorption efficiencies as large as those in bulk Germanium layers with about four times the Ge layer thicknesses. Our metasurface structures can be tuned to the target wavelength through tailoring of the lateral geometry. Possible applications include spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging, with several metasurfaces for different wavelength ranges integrated with readout circuitry into a low-cost electronic–photonic integrated circuit.
LiNLNet: Gauging required nonlinearity in deep neural networks
Authors: Jin SeongMin , Jeong Doo Seok
Published: March 2023

Feedforward deep neural networks (DNNs) commonly involve layer-wise linear operations and subsequent nonlinear operations, which are repeated through all layers. The nonlinear operations by nonlinear activations in each layer remarkably enhance the expressiveness of DNNs, resulting in the great success in a variety of application domains. Although the necessity of layer-wise nonlinear operations is agreed, the optimal nonlinearity for each layer in a given DNN is not clear. In this regard, we propose an easy-to-use method to layer-wise measure the optimal nonlinearity for a given DNN using its replica termed a linear-nonlinear network (LiNLNet). The key to the LiNLNet is the use of linear-nonlinear units (LiNLUs) whose degree of nonlinearity is parameterized by a trainable parameter p. The parameter p is shared among all LiNLUs in a given layer, thus indicating the layer-wise optimal nonlinearity. This method allows layer-level pruning such that the layers that do not require nonlinearity are merged into the subsequent layers, reducing computational complexity. For proofs of concept, we applied the proposed method to a MLP, AlexNet, VGG16, and ResNet18 on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet. The results commonly indicate the last hidden layer as a linear layer that may be merged into the output layer, reducing memory usage by 27% while maintaining the accuracy for LiNL-AlexNet on ImageNet.
Thermal stability of non-collinear antiferromagnetic Mn3Sn nanodot
Authors: Sato Yuma , Takeuchi Yutaro , Yamane Yuta , Yoon Ju-Young , Kanai Shun , Ieda Jun’ichi , Ohno Hideo , Fukami Shunsuke
Published: March 2023

D019-Mn3Sn, an antiferromagnet having a non-collinear spin structure in a kagome lattice, has attracted great attention owing to various intriguing properties such as large anomalous Hall effect. Stability of a magnetic state against thermal fluctuation, characterized in general by the thermal stability factor Δ, has been well studied in ferromagnetic systems but not for antiferromagnets. Here, we study Δ of the antiferromagnetic Mn3Sn nanodots as a function of their diameter D. To quantify Δ, we measure the switching probability as a function of the pulse-field amplitude and analyze the results based on a model taking account of two and sixfold magnetic anisotropies in the kagome plane. We observe no significant change in Δ down to D = 300 nm below which it decreases with D. The obtained D dependence is well explained by a single-domain and nucleation-mediated reversal models. These findings provide a basis to understand the thermal fluctuation and reversal mechanism of antiferromagnets for device applications.
Correction of ring artifacts with Swin-Conv-U-Net for x-ray computed tomography
Authors: Fu Tianyu , Qiu Sen , Wang Yan , Zhang Kai , Zhang Jin , Wang Shanfeng , Huang Wanxia , Zhou Chenpeng , Zhao XinYu , Tao Ye , Yuan Qingxi
Published: March 2023

X-ray tomography is widely used in diverse research domains owing to its capacity for observing high-resolution three-dimensional structures nondestructively. However, ring artifacts appear in the tomographic reconstruction because of the inconsistent response of detector pixels, seriously affecting the image quality and causing nonuniform bias. To solve this problem, a method for correction of ring artifacts based on Swin-Conv-U-Net is proposed for x-ray tomography. When applied to simulation and experimental data, the proposed method achieves high accuracy and strong robustness and shows advantages over several classical methods in quantitative and qualitative evaluation.
Kalman filter-based model predictive control for drag-free satellite under actuator failures and input saturations
Authors: Yang Jikun , Zhang Jinxiu , Wang Jihe , Tao Wenjian
Published: March 2023

This paper studies the problem of fault-tolerant control for the drag-free satellite subject to actuator failures and input saturations. Particularly, a new Kalman filter-based model predictive control method for the drag-free satellite is proposed. Based on the developed dynamic model and the Kalman filter strategy, a new fault-tolerant design scheme is presented for the challenging situation where the satellite is subject to measurement noise and external disturbance. With the designed controller, the robustness of the system can be guaranteed, and the problem caused by actuator constraints and faults can be solved. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by numerical simulations.
Anisotropic strain variations during the confined growth of Au nanowires
Authors: Abbondanza Giuseppe , Grespi Andrea , Larsson Alfred , Glatthaar Lorena , Weber Tim , Blankenburg Malte , Hegedüs Zoltan , Lienert Ulrich , Over Herbert , Lundgren Edvin
Published: March 2023

The electrochemical growth of Au nanowires in a template of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide was investigated in situ by means of grazing-incidence transmission small- and wide-angle x-ray scattering (GTSAXS and GTWAXS), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), and two-dimensional surface optical reflectance. The XRF and the overall intensity of the GTWAXS patterns as a function of time were used to monitor the progress of the electrodeposition. Furthermore, we extracted powder diffraction patterns in the direction of growth and in the direction of confinement to follow the evolution of the direction-dependent strain. Quite rapidly after the beginning of the electrodeposition, the strain became tensile in the vertical direction and compressive in the horizontal direction, which showed that the lattice deformation of the nanostructures can be artificially varied by an appropriate choice of the deposition time. By alternating sequences of electrodeposition with sequences of rest, we observed fluctuations of the lattice parameter in the direction of growth, attributed to stress caused by electromigration. Furthermore, the porous domain size calculated from the GTSAXS patterns was used to monitor how homogeneously the pores were filled.
Acoustic super-resolved spatiotemporal monitoring of theranostic nanodroplets with tuned post-activation dynamics
Authors: Huang Anqi , An Shizhe , Wang Yuebo , Feng Kangyi , Yu Haiyang , Chen Zhuonan , Wan Mingxi , Zong Yujin
Published: March 2023

Phase-change nanodroplets (PCNDs) have been used as controllable theranostic agents in diverse therapeutic and diagnostic scenarios over the years. However, there is still a pressing need to monitor the accurate distribution of non-flowing extravascular PCNDs by clinical ultrasound for further quantitative analysis. Here, we propose a spatiotemporally super-resolved ultrasound monitoring technique based on tuned post-activation dynamics of high-bulk-boiling-point PCNDs with customized perfluorocarbon cores. The underlying idea was to make the stochastic recondensation-induced contrast signal dominate the total post-activation signal, thus obtaining detectable and resolvable recondensation signals at physiological temperature. The recondensation signal was extracted by inter-frame subtraction and then processed by a deep learning-based detection algorithm tailored to the recondensation signal patterns. Experiments in tissue-mimicking phantoms demonstrate that co-restricting the concentration of PCNDs and the focus-wave activation pulse duration could help generate recondensation signals with ideal detectability and sparsity for accurate monitoring. Meanwhile, the quantitative analysis of the super-resolved results shows the spatiotemporal sensitivity of the proposed technique under varying concentrations and activation pulse durations, which was consistent with the patterns drawn from the total post-activation signal and existing theories on post-activation dynamics of PCNDs. This technique may be suitable for in-depth extravascular monitoring and dose analysis for PCNDs-involved therapies.
Circuit-level design principles for transmission-mode microwave impedance microscopy
Authors: Shan Jun-Yi , Morrison Nathaniel , Ma Eric Y.
Published: March 2023

A recently developed technique of transmission-mode microwave impedance microscopy (T-MIM) has greatly extended the capabilities of standard reflection-mode MIM to novel applications, such as the in operando study of nanoscale electro-acoustic devices. As is common for new techniques, systematic design principles for boosting sensitivity and balancing bandwidth are lacking. Here, we show numerically and analytically that the T-MIM signal is proportional to the reflection-mode voltage enhancement factor η of the circuit, as long as the output impedance of the local voltage source is properly treated. We show that this proportionality holds in the currently achievable “weak sampling” regime and beyond, for which we demonstrate a realistic path with commercially available superconducting components and critically coupled impedance matching networks. We demonstrate that for these next-generation designs, the sensitivity is generally maximized at a slightly different frequency from the unloaded S11 resonance, which can be explained by the maximum power transfer theorem.
Research on Student Learning of Foundational Concepts in Galilean and Relativistic Kinematics: The Role of Operational Definitions
Authors: Boudreaux Andrew , Vokos Stamatis , Scherr Rachel E.
Published: March 2023

The Principle of Relativity, articulated by Galileo and refined by Einstein, connects in profound ways to nearly all theoretical frameworks in physics. Galilean and special relativity serve as compelling topics of instruction in their own right, while also providing stepping stones for deeper understanding in mechanics, electricity and magnetism, and other domains. While the mathematical background needed for initial study in relativity is modest, profoundly rich and counterintuitive concepts and reasoning are immediately and meaningfully accessible. The teaching and learning of relativity has engaged scholars in university-level discipline-based education research, in K-12 science education, and in the learning sciences. A recent comprehensive review of the literature [Alstein et al., “Teaching and learning special relativity theory in secondary and lower undergraduate education: A literature review,” Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 17(2), 023101 (2021)] promotes a learning progression often used in teaching relativity, reviews difficulties students encounter when learning Galilean and special relativity at the secondary and lower undergraduate levels, discusses teaching approaches that have been developed at these levels, and describes research tools that have been used to probe students” conceptual understanding. The existence of this very recent review obviates the need for a new one. In this chapter, we make instead the case for a missing piece to the learning progression in the literature. We share results from investigations on student understanding of Galilean and special relativity that suggest that difficulties identified in the literature can be traced to difficulties with operational definitions of basic (by which we mean foundational, not easy) quantities. In the process, we amend Alstein et al.'s otherwise excellent work, and highlight several rich interview and written tasks that have been quite productive in eliciting student thinking in research and instructional settings. We also build on extant work to propose future directions for research in this area.
Affect in Physics Learning: Entanglement with Cognition and Learning Goals
Authors: Jaber Lama Z. , Atkins Leslie , Elby Andrew , Suárez Enrique
Published: March 2023

Physics education research (PER) has traditionally focused on cognitive aspects of physics learning, including in the study of conceptual and epistemological dynamics of student thinking and engagement. All the while, research in a variety of fields has shown that examining cognition without attention to the emotional and motivational dynamics at play can only provide a partial understanding of learning and engagement. In this chapter, we outline how recent research in science education, including some recent work in PER, is attending to affect in accounts of learning, and we explore what such attention has afforded the field. We first describe how research on affect is retracing the path of research on cognition, shifting away from individualistic accounts grounded in stable, trait-like attributions, toward more context-dependent individualistic accounts and, most recently, toward sociocultural accounts that conceptualize affect as constituted in historical and political configurations. We then discuss how the research on affect in physics learning can be categorized along two dimensions: (1) A cognition-affect entanglement axis characterizing whether cognition and affect are modeled as separable, reflexively interacting, entangled, or even co-constitutive; and (2) A learning goals axis characterizing how radical learning goals are with respect to including affect, ranging from traditional goals (e.g., content learning and/or problem solving where attention to students' feelings is in service of these cognitive goals) to mainstream reform goals (e.g., engagement in science practices, perhaps experienced as enjoyable) to enhanced, affect-infused reform goals (e.g., viewing the experience of disciplinary affect as part of learning the discipline) to radical goals that challenge the field's views about what counts as physics and as physics learning. Taken together, the studies we review showcase how attending to affect enriches the field's understanding of learning and offer future directions for examining and integrating affect into PER. We hope this chapter provides permission—and indeed, inspires and compels—PER scholars to bring out matters of affect as central to learning and becoming in the discipline. In doing so, we hope to problematize and challenge the long-standing inattention to affect in PER, inattention that may contribute to the marginalization of underrepresented students from the world of physics and physics education.
Physics in K-12 Integrated Science Curricula
Authors: Langbeheim Elon , Lehavi Yaron , Merzel Avraham
Published: March 2023

Recent policy documents of K-12 education suggest two organizing principles for an integrated curriculum: Disciplinary Core Ideas (DCIs) that define the main principles and corresponding concepts of a discipline, and Crosscutting Concepts (CCCs) that promote connections between the seemingly disparate scientific topics. This chapter employs a content-oriented perspective to examine these two organizing principles from the standpoint of physics education. First, we address the DCI of electrostatic interactions, traditionally considered “bound” to a physics context and rarely activated by learners in other domains, to show how to make a physics DCI more relevant to other disciplines. Second, we examine how introducing the concept of energy using a traditional physics definition may prevent its use as a CCC and suggest that a calorimetric definition is more likely to serve as a bridge between the meaning of energy in physics and in other disciplines. Finally, we discuss how an integrated curriculum can reshape the traditional focus of physics teaching and its epistemic goals. We suggest that physics taught in an integrated curriculum can yield a richer account of physics-based reasoning that is aligned with the current practice of physicists that study complex systems in other disciplines such as biology or chemistry.
The Interplay between Coherent Instruction and Learning Progressions
Authors: Nordine Jeffrey C. , Neumann Knut
Published: March 2023

Recent work physics education research has included a substantial focus on the importance of emphasizing a small set of core physics ideas over time and across contexts. Accordingly, standards documents increasingly emphasize the importance of core ideas such as energy, interactions, and waves. This emphasis on core ideas has been influenced by research into learning progressions which describe how learners build increasingly sophisticated understanding over extended time. Much of the existing empirical learning progressions research relies largely on very large sample sizes which are (by design) not dependent upon particular instructional interventions. As a result, alternative pathways for developing competence in physics using non-traditional instructional interventions may be under-identified. Coherent instruction, which emphasizes a small set of core ideas as students collaborate to make sense of meaningful phenomena over time, shows particular promise for supporting student competence in physics and identifying new pathways toward competence. In this chapter, we discuss the interplay between coherent instruction and learning progressions. Using the example of energy teaching and learning, we discuss how existing learning progressions research can serve as a basis for instructional design and how coherent instruction may present novel pathways toward the development of competence in physics over time.
Physics as a Human Endeavor
Authors: Staley Richard
Published: March 2023

Physics is clearly “a human endeavor” in that it is pursued by people with a rich diversity of backgrounds differently enmeshed in social and cultural contexts, and engaged also with a rich range of ideological, political, economic and religious commitments. Yet as Simone Hyater-Adams and colleagues observe in their recent studies of Black physicists’ identity (2018; 2019), it also has a “culture of no culture’”ideology that would deny the pertinence of such commitments or the relevance of ethnicity to the study of physics. At the root of many barriers to the participation of Black physicists, they argue, lies “a pervasive belief that physics is objective and hence not biased,” which in turn makes it difficult to advocate physics to people who have been excluded or marginaliZed both in society and more specifically in the physics field (Hyater-Adams et al., 2019, p. 1). They ask how pedagogical and institutional norms in physics might render the subject more inclusive and physics identities more encompassing. Together with similar studies addressing gender and/or ethnicity both generally and in regard to specific groups, this is one of the most common respects in which physicists currently work to deepen the humanity of their discipline. Analysing what physics education research over the last 15 years reveals about such conscious pressure points on inclusivity and identity provides the first lens through which this chapter investigates the extent to which physics can be thought of as a “human” endeavor. Historical and anthropological studies can help us investigate less conscious limitations to current educational aims both by disclosing the ways that the humanity of physics has been tested in the past, especially by war, and by indicating ways it might be stretched in the future, particularly by climate change. A study of Sharon Traweek's (1988) cross-cultural anthropology of education and research in high energy physics in the 1970s and David Kaiser's (1998, 2002, 2006b, 2005c) examinations of cold-war pedagogies will allow me to show how the legacies of twentieth century warfare and political ideologies were transmuted in the educational strategies of American physicists, and provide a basis for assessing the extent to which educational research now has surmounted those problematics. Understanding and addressing climate change relies on atmospheric physics, ocean circulations and cloud dynamics, and raises more widely distributed social, technical and economic challenges than high-energy physics, quantum devices or materials science. Asking how physics education might meet future needs in this regard will provide a further means of establishing limits to our current understanding of physics as a human endeavor, and suggesting new goals.
Philosophy of Physics: Its Significance for Teaching and Learning
Authors: Schulz Roland M. , Kalman Calvin S.
Published: March 2023

We examine the nature of the philosophy of physics, what it is, why it is important, and its contributions to improving physics teaching and learning. It highlights problems in physics education culture that neglects philosophy, and surveys the relationship philosophy and physics, including skeptical voices against its use. It also introduces for the first time the academic sub-discipline philosophy of physics into the education research literature, providing comments on topics and books to help orientate instructors wishing to integrate themes into curriculum and instruction. Both philosophy and physics have an extensive history going back to Ancient Greece, and whose mutual interaction during the Copernican revolution forced a major upheaval in Western thought. Their association has continued to the present, especially with the revolutionary shifts caused by relativity and quantum mechanics, resulting in a reexamination of the foundations of physics (causation, measurement, space and time, field theories, etc.). That instructors should be more cognizant of the mutual historical and metaphysical developments in both fields to enrich instruction and enhance understanding (e.g., use of history and philosophy of science) has previously been praised but continues to be marginalized in physics education. PER is canvassed presenting case studies using learning theories and instructional strategies to support critical thinking.
Setting-Specific Learning Environments
Authors: Gaffney Jon , Direnga Julie
Published: March 2023

Learning environments, as defined in the previous chapter as necessarily having intentionality, may not cover all of the aspects of the formal instruction. Such learning environments are classified as “setting-specific” in that they create a setting to address specific instructional needs. As such, they are adapted wherever they are adopted to fit the target's culture and needs, and different implementations may look somewhat different. Because of their restriction to specific settings, these particular learning environments are able to be used within the same course or formal instruction. We present five keystone setting-specific learning environments and classify them into three distinct families: integrating pedagogy in reformed physical spaces (SCALE-UP), engagement within the lecture setting (Peer Instruction and Interactive Lecture Demonstrations), and cooperative learning outside the lecture setting (Tutorials and Cooperative Problem Solving). We discuss the features that make each of these examples a learning environment and describe key areas of research conducted within the keystone examples as well as some adaptations made from those examples.