bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Is the African American’s Experience Following Imago Education?
Authors: Martin Tanya L. , Bielawski Dawn M.
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore the African American’s experience following Imago education. Six women and six men were interviewed for this study. Qualitative data analysis resulted in the following themes: (a) improved communication between partners, (b) increased understanding of self, (c) increased understanding of partner, (d) increased understanding of one’s own and one’s partner’s childhood, (e) revealed more of one’s authentic self, and (f) expressed need for more education about Imago therapy within the African American community. Information gained from this study will be of value to the field of psychology, providing culturally pertinent insight about African Americans and how they experience relationships and psychotherapy. The findings are presented and summarized through themes, individual quotes, a composite depiction, and a creative synthesis. Future research in this area would examine the long-term effects of Imago education in this population.
Linguistic Functions and Language Intervention: II. Special Topics
Authors: Schaeffer Benson
Published: November 2009

The author outlines the implications of a linguistic-functions approach for special topics in language intervention. The five topics considered are (a) language assessment and programming for non-verbal children with some receptive (and some expressive) language, (b) language programming for low-level profoundly retarded children, (c) population differences in the acquisition of linguistic functions, (d) the integration of language into other activities, and (e) the entrainment by linguistic functions of so-called prerequisites to language.
Designing Spelling Instruction for Learning-Disabled Children: An Emphasis on Unit Size, Distributed Practice, and Training for Transfer
Authors: Gettinger Maribeth , Bryant N. Dale , Fayne Harriet R.
Published: November 2009

This paper describes an intervention designed to enhance spelling achievement for learning-disabled (LD) elementary school children. A total of 39 LD children were instructed for 8 sessions over a period of 3 weeks. An experimental group ( n = 24) was taught with lessons that incorporated reduced unit size, distributed practice and review, and training for transfer, and a comparison group ( n = 15) with methods that are typically used in the teaching of spelling. While all children could spell less than 10% of the words on the pretest, the experimental group achieved 80% accuracy on spelling words taught and 75% accuracy on transfer words on a delayed posttest. This was higher than the average posttest performance of the comparison group (60% accuracy on training items and 50% accuracy on transfer items). These findings suggest that LD children can improve their spelling skills if sound remedial principles are applied consistently. The instructional sequence described in this paper can serve both as a model of effective spelling instruction and as a diagnostic, trial-remediation technique for a disabled population.
Identifying with Fantasy Animal Characters: A Comparison of Hearing and Hearing-Impaired Students
Authors: Murphy-Berman Virginia , Jean Paula J.
Published: November 2009

Although animal characters play an important role in children's literature, little research has assessed how children relate to these characters. The present study, by measuring same-sex associations, examined whether deaf and hearing students could personally identify with neutrally presented animal characters and whether the patterns would be similar or different for female and male students. The results indicated that hearing students made more masculine associations than did hearing-impaired students and that males had more masculine scores than did females. Differential incorporation of cultural and language bias, use of self-referents, and educational implications are discussed.
Psychometric Properties of Teacher-Judgment Measures of Pupil Aptitudes, Classroom Behaviors, and Achievement Levels
Authors: Hoge Robert D.
Published: November 2009

The paper addresses teacher-judgment measures of pupil behaviors, aptitudes, and achievement levels, beginning with a discussion of the applied and research contexts in which these measures are relevant. Analyses relating to the reliability and validity of the measures are reviewed, with the analyses drawn from a variety of literatures. The paper sets forth conclusions regarding the psychometric properties of these judgment measures, suggestions regarding future research on the measures, and statements about the place of these measures within the larger teacher-judgment literature.
Patterns of Behavior, Cognitive Competence, and Social Status for Educable Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Morrison Gale M. , Borthwick Sharon
Published: November 2009

A cluster-analytic technique was used to identify 10 groups of children (from 208 educable mentally retarded children attending self-contained special education classrooms), each group having similar profiles on the following characteristics; peer and teacher ratings of cognitive competence and behavior, social acceptance, toleration, and social rejection. Patterns of cognitive and behavioral characteristics were examined as they occurred with various social statuses. Although rated similarly by peers and teachers on cognition and behavior, the resulting social status for some children was quite different, ranging from acceptance to rejection. Also, within a subset of profiles characterized by social acceptance (or toleration or rejection), great variability in patterns of cognitive and behavioral characteristics was evident. The descriptive techniques used in this paper are suggested as a valuable alternative to other commonly used data-analysis methods.
Assessment of Effective Intelligence: Does Scatter Matter?
Authors: Roszkowski Michael J. , Spreat Scott
Published: November 2009

The study investigated the relationship between effective intelligence, as conceptualized in the Adaptive Behavior Scale, and WAIS subtest scatter. The sample consisted of 102 mentally retarded subjects. Increased amounts of scatter were inversely related to some Part One (adaptive behavior) domains (i.e., Economic Activity, Socialization) and directly related to certain Part Two (maladaptive behavior) domains (i.e., Violent and Destructive Behaviors, Unacceptable Vocal Habits). The relationships remained significant even after the effects of IQ were held constant. The results suggest that, contrary to common clinical lore, scatter is associated with lower, rather than higher, effective intelligence.
Initial Impressions, Judged Likeability, and Intervention Outcomes of Young School-Maladapting Children
Authors: Cowen Emory L. , Eksten Eleanor , Lotyczewski Bohdan S. , Pedro-Carroll Joanne , Weissberg Roger P.
Published: November 2009

Fifty-six young maladapting (referred) children and 33 demographically comparable normal subjects, ages 6–9, were observed for 20 to 30 minutes in their classrooms and rated by judges for positivity of first impressions and likeability. Rater concordance, though generally low, was significantly higher for referred than for nonreferred children. Positivity of observer impressions did not differ for sex or age groups. Significantly more positive first impressions were formed about nonreferred, compared with referred, children, and about minority, particularly minority referred children, compared with non-minority referred children. There were no relationships between (a) positivity of initial impressions or likeability of referred children and (b) adjustment status at referral or intervention outcomes. Nor did the opportunity to select specific children to work with, based on initial liking, improve intervention outcomes.
The Status of Compliance Technology: Implications for Programming
Authors: Schoen Sharon Faith
Published: November 2009

Compliance is theoretically conceptualized as a skill that is developed along a learning gradient. This review characterizes the phases of compliance, and details research on behavior-management strategies that have been endeavored at each phase. The implications of these findings are considered, and cautions and considerations of discrete strategies are suggested. Differential approaches that are efficacious and pragmatic for establishing or enhancing compliance in varying populations, ranging from the nonhandicapped to the severely and profoundly handicapped, are proposed.
The Ecological Context of Urban Crime
Authors: Farley John E. , Hansel Mark
Published: November 2009

This article tests further a relationship between suburbanization and central-city crime rates shown in papers by Gibbs and Erickson (1976) and by Skogan (1977). We show that although Gibbs and Erickson fail to introduce an important control (metropolitan population), the relationship persists after such a control is introduced. We also show that the relationship holds for a much wider range of cities than the 32 large cities studied by Skogan. Differing explanations of the relationship offered by Gibbs and Erickson and by Skogan are evaluated. The Gibbs and Erickson explanation involves implausible assumptions about movement of crime participants from suburbs to cities. The relationship is more likely explained on the basis of urban-suburban status differentials and central-city decline, both of which are maximized in larger, older, more suburbanized cities.
Characteristics of Support for Local Growth Control
Authors: Gottdiener M. , Neiman Max
Published: November 2009

It is often contended that support for local limitations on residential development results from the demands of the affluent, who wish to ensure limited access to their communities. This contention, along with alternative explanations of local growth-control support, are examined. The article explores empirical dimensions of support for elect orally induced control of residential development. A major finding, which utilizes a discriminant function analysis of a random sample survey of registered voters, is that under some circumstances there may be no relationship between measures of affluence or socioeconomic status and support for limiting residential development. In addition, the findings reveal the possible existence of substantial, wide-based support for protection of the local environment that is related to a commitment to the role of government in maintaining local amenities and services. The article concludes with an analysis of local growth control as an issue that significantly defines the agenda of suburban politics and the concerns of a broad spectrum of American citizens.
Neighborhood Racial Transition
Authors: Wurdock Clarence J.
Published: November 2009

There is a continuing debate over whether or not Whites move out of neighborhoods simply because Blacks are moving in, and, if so, what effects this has on neighborhood racial transition. Molotch (1972) argues that White flight plays little if any role in the transition process. Others, such as Damerell (1968) and Mayer (1960), indicate that it may play a significant role. Data from the 1976 Detroit Area Study are used to investigate the relationship between neighborhood racial composition and White intention to move. The results of a logit analysis, in which the effects of age, tenure status, family income, and length of residence are controlled for, support the argument that White flight is produced by neighborhood racial integration. The possible effects of White flight on the racial transition process are then discussed.
Redlining
Authors: Taggart Harriett Tee , Smith Kevin W.
Published: November 2009

The residential mortgage activity of financial institutions in metropolitan Boston was analyzed to identify and assess patterns of disinvestment. Data were obtained from most state-chartered institutions and larger national banks on the geographic breakdown of their mortgage portfolios, recent mortgage activities, and deposits. Additional information on home sales, population and housing characteristics, and homeowner interviews were used. The measures of disinvestment were (1) mortgage-to-deposit ratios, (2) number of bank mortgage applications compared to home sales, and (3) bank-financed home sales to total home sales. Results indicate that (1) the mortgage dollars invested relative to the savings dollars deposited by residents were disproportionately low in most urban neighborhoods; (2) the proportion of bank-financed home sales was substantially higher in suburban than in urban areas; and (3) bank home mortgage lending is disproportionately lower in minority and racially changing neighborhoods. These analytical techniques and results are compared with those of major redlining studies in other metropolitan areas.
Moderate Rent Control
Authors: Gilderbloom John Ingram
Published: November 2009

This article finds no evidence to support the contention that moderate rent control over a three- to five-year period has led to a reduction in multifamily residential construction, a decline in maintenance, an erosion of the tax base relative to non-rent-controlled cities, or an increase in abandonments or demolitions. Those studies arguing the reverse are characterized by data rendered suspect because of nonrepresentative sampling and highly selective statistics. While all available data suggest that short-term moderate controls have no measurable negative impact, this does not imply that no such relationship exists. More research is needed to study the long-term effects of moderate controls.
"The Triumph of the Eunuch"
Authors: Cullen Joe D. , Knox Paul L.
Published: November 2009

This article discusses the role of urban environmental settings in relation to the form of political institutions in the Western city, focusing on the effects of town planners' perception and manipulation of space and environment on social and political organization. We hypothesize that planners act as "social gatekeepers." We found senior British town planners dominated by a managerial ethic, linked with a self-image as "guardians" of the physical fabric of the city and a professional personality which is rigid, rule-following, and rationalistic.
The Ecology of Language Maintenance
Authors: Angle John
Published: November 2009

Three factors have been identified as affecting one's ability to maintain his/her minority mother-tongue in a metropolitan area: proportion the minority mother-tongue group forms of the total metropolitan population, its degree of residential segregation, and the absolute number of people in the minority mother-tongue group. Each factor is an indicator of a model of the urban ecology of minority language maintenance. Data on people of six minority mother-tongues in nine U.S. metropolitan areas are used. The absolute number of minority language people in a metropolitan area has a large positive effect on minority language maintenance. Residential segregation also has a positive effect.
Suburbanization and the "Malling of America"
Authors: Steinnes Donald N.
Published: November 2009

The suburbanization of jobs and people in America has been well-documented and studied by those with an interest in urban affairs. In this article, the locational interrelationships between various activities over time are investigated using temporal data for several urban areas. The results confirm earlier studies which suggest that "jobs follow people," not vice versa, and also indicate that large retail firms have been a driving force in the suburbanization process. This latter conclusion has important policy implications in urban areas where the development of suburban malls has been challenged by central city interests.
Race, Housing, and Public Policies
Authors: Goering John M.
Published: November 2009

This article proposes some of the components for a social science strategy for conducting policy-relevant research on fair housing issues. Three components are proposed for the development of a more comprehensive strategy aimed at racial discrimination and integration. Included in this analysis is a discussion of major conceptual, methodological, and analysis issues related to race, housing, and public policies.
Administering Enterprise Zones
Authors: Orlebeke Charles J.
Published: November 2009

Enterprise zones, although simple in concept, may not necessarily be simple to administer. Enactment of enterprise zone legislation will confront the federal government with a series of administrative tasks. These include (I) defining the selection criteria and managing the competition among jurisdictions for federal designation, (2) designing and implementing procedures for activating the main federally conferred benefits-regulatory relief and tax incentives, (3) monitoring state and local jurisdictions' performance with respect to follow-through on their promised contributions, and (4) planning for the evaluation of program results. Potential problem areas include the cumbersome process by which state and local jurisdictions must petition individual federal agencies for regulatory relief in zones. In addition, the impracticality of applying the zone revocation penalty leaves federal officials without effective sanctions in dealing with nonperforming zone jurisdictions.
State Enterprise Zones
Authors: Mier Robert , Gelzer Scott E.
Published: November 2009

The concept of enterprise zones, with its promise to unleash the private sector in low-income areas, presents both opportunities and problems for state government. States currently face escalating costs and steady or dwindling resources. Ideally, enterprise zones would reduce short-term revenues to promote long-term development. This would involve minimizing government's role in both regulating and underwriting current programs. This risk, along with how the zones would be managed, are pressing questions for states. Can partnerships be forged among local government, business, labor, and community organizations? We argue that answers to these questions must reflect democracy of the 1980s and lessons of the last several decades. In that light, we discuss state approaches to and role in promulgating enterprise zones.
Is Cleveland Another New York?
Authors: Beck John H.
Published: November 2009

In this article, the circumstances of the Cleveland default and the New York City fiscal crisis are compared. Regression equations for budgetary variables are estimated on a sample of 44 large cities and used to predict the levels of the budgetary variables for Cleveland and New York. Although there is some evidence that New York's expenditures and revenues are both greater than would be predicted for a city with its characteristics, Cleveland's expenditures and revenues were not significantly different from what would be predicted for a city with its characteristics.
The Explanation of Particularized Contacting
Authors: Brown Steven D.
Published: November 2009

This study examines the pattern of particularized contacting in Kitchener, Ontario, from the perspective of three models of contacting discussed in the literature. An analysis of survey data provides little support for the "standard" model of contacting, which links socioeconomic status (SES) to contacting through a set of intervening civic orientations. While SES and contacting are related, the relationship is not well specified by the civic orientations examined. The analysis provides some support for the "needs/awareness" model of contacting, although SES is not related to these three variables in the manner predicted by the original model. Finally, the data provide some support as well for a "social involvement" model of contacting that may be applicable in smaller communities. Several alternate explanations of this finding are discussed.
Mobility of Robbery and Burglary Offenders
Authors: Pettiway Leon E.
Published: November 2009

This article examines the mobility of robbery and burglary offenders in ghetto and nonghetto spaces during a two-year period in a major metropolitan city. Data representing 990 incidents were collected from the Milwaukee County Circuit Court on 1187 persons charged with the commission of a robbery or burglary offense during 1976 and 1977. Accepting the premise that spatial structure has an impact on the movement of individual in space, this analysis investigates the movement of black and white offenders from ghetto and nonghetto spaces of Milwaukee County. It reveals that the single-core structure of the Milwaukee ghetto serves to restrict as well as to deflect the movements of most offenders, but black robbers are able to overcome the effect of the ghetto with relative ease when compared to other offenders.
Local Government Planning
Authors: Rider Robert W.
Published: November 2009

Planning is undergoing modification to make it more compatible with the political process. How city governments respond to the need for improved planning is crucial given a decision environment that is subject to shocks and surprises. Comprehensive planning continues to be an ideal, but it is incompatible with the decision process of local government. Improvements in the planning system must be reconciled with the concept of comprehensiveness. A number of tensions exist that must be resolved before a planning system may evolve. Resolutions are suggested that permit the evolution of a dynamic planning system that can function within the decentralized decision process of local government, yet remain comprehensive.
Metropolitan Housing Segregation in 1980
Authors: Farley John E.
Published: November 2009

Metropolitan patterns of black/white housing segregation are analyzed through the 1980 census data for the St. Louis Metropolitan area. Using the index of dissimilarity as an indicator of segregation, it was found that there was no change in central city segregation, and only a modest decline in suburban segregation. Analysis of segregation within incorporated places revealed that most of the area's population lived in racially homogeneous or internally segregated communities, and that virtually all racially mixed suburbs away from the major sector of black population were highly segregated. It was found that most of the suburbs that did have low segregation indices were experiencing rapid black population growth, and thus may have been experiencing racial turnover. It is concluded that patterns of segregation which have historically existed in the central city are now being repeated in the suburbs.
Growth Policies and Community Status
Authors: Protash William , Baldassare Mark
Published: November 2009

Logan argues that mobilization against growth and the establishment of growth controls are predicted by several social and economic characteristics of cities. A test of this model, examining the specific internal conditions that indirectly affect growth controls through local mobilization is offered, and a modification by arguing that past growth rates directly affect growth controls. Hypotheses are examined with city planning information and census data from Northern California municipalities. Mobilization against growth is associated with two measures of internal social characteristics: percentage white-collar residents and percentage owner-occupied housing units. Growth controls are predicted by mobilization against growth and, most strongly, by past growth rates. A partial revision of Logan's model is thus supported.
Disasters and Fiscal Policy
Authors: Chang Semoon
Published: November 2009

This study investigates the fiscal impact of Hurricane Frederic on the city of Mobile, Alabama. The hurricane caused damages of about $1.6 billion in property and other losses in the state, led to an influx of $670 million in recovery funds, and resulted in a $2.5 million increase in municipal revenue for the next 12 months. The long-term impact was negative, however.
Equality and Bus Transit Funding Policies
Authors: Neff Pamela J.
Published: November 2009

This study examines different ways to fund a municipal service and evaluates funding schemes in terms of various criteria of equality. Findings indicate that several kinds of equality are unreasonable or impossible to attain; other funding policies have costly implications for local budgets. Most important, the inability of policymakers to achieve several definitions of equality simultaneously is illustrated. Because of this difficulty, the decision-making processes surrounding the funding or distribution of municipal services are likely to generate significant political conflicts.
Correlates of Women's Employment in Local Governments
Authors: Welch Susan , Karnig Albert K. , Eribes Richard A.
Published: November 2009

Data from 75 southwestern cities are used to explore demographic and political correlates of female employment by local governments. While this employment is higher in cities of higher median income, few other factors predict overall female employment or females in professional, managerial, or clerical jobs. Employment of black and Hispanic women is strongly positively related to their population proportions. Female council representation is positively related only to employment of black women.
Local Fiscal Dynamics under Old and New Federalisms
Authors: Clark Terry Nichols
Published: November 2009

Both Republican and Democratic national urban policies hold that federal spending stimulates local activities. This article critiques major normative assumptions informing national urban policies. It analyzes data from 62 Permanent Community Sample cities that suggest weak or insignificant effects of federal programs on local spending. This nonintuitive result is interpreted by introducing four types of local political cultures: Republican, Democratic, ethnic, and New Fiscal Populist. Each responds to inter-governmental grants following its own rules of the game. Selective pursuit or avoidance by cities of intergovernmental grants that are most consistent with local political cultures explains the weak overall effects of grants.
The Disappearance of Communities from National Urban Policy
Authors: Logan John R.
Published: November 2009

Using data primarily from suburban cities in the United States, three arguments are developed: (1) Current patterns of unequal development of communities are partly caused by governmental organization and action. (2) Community inequalities create long-term social problems and fiscal crises that can be anticipated in the short term. (3) Current national urban policy will aggravate rather than ameliorate these problems. In this sense, communities have disappeared from national urban policy.
Routes to the Future of Urban Public Transit
Authors: Schofer Joseph L.
Published: November 2009

This article discusses some of the managerial and technical changes needed to assure that the transit services needed in cities of the future will be available. These include diversification of the types of services provided, reductions in the scale of both service delivery and management bureaucracies, enhancement of the role of private providers, improvement of service efficiency, more productive negotiation with organized labor, service pricing in recognition of costs, and systematic management of travel demand. Factors limiting the potential role of new transit technology are discussed. Finally, the need for transit operating and management institutions to change, to become more responsive to markets, and to invite other, lower-cost providers to enter those markets is suggested.
Telecommunications and Alternative Work Schedules
Authors: Jovanis Paul P.
Published: November 2009

Transit agencies are currently facing a multitude of problems, including declining ridership, reduced government subsidies, and increased operating costs. Rather than focus exclusively on investments and options that change the characteristics of transportation system supply, agencies can explore options that change the characteristics of the travel market, then trim service to accommodate the resulting, more efficient demand patterns. The effect of two demand management options—alternative work schedules and telecommunications systems—are described from the perspective of travel, employer, employee, and societal impacts. Recommendations for collaboration between the public and private sector are proposed to stimulate and guide the use of these options.
Distribution of Federal Transportation Subsidies
Authors: Pucher John
Published: November 2009

This article estimates the spatial distribution of federal transit and highway subsidies in the United States under past and current federal transportation programs and explores possible causes of these distributions. Calculations are made for 26 selected cities, for all states, and for all census regions. Distributions under past and current programs are compared with distributions that would result from various hypothetical revisions that have been proposed. The main finding is that rural states and regions benefit from much larger federal highway subsidies per capita than do urban states and regions, and that these highway subsidies more than offset the relatively larger per capita transit subsidies that urbanized states and regions receive. The article concludes by analyzing the implications of these and other estimated distributional impacts for federal transportation policy.
Double Taxation
Authors: Coe Charles K.
Published: November 2009

Double taxation occurs to varying degrees in all but a few states. It is especially great in the Southeast. Interest in double taxation has been particularly intense in Georgia and Florida, where numerous studies have been conducted to determine double taxation amounts. Study results have been used by city officials to win concessions from county governments in Georgia and Florida. Similar studies could benefit cities in other states where the amount of double taxation is high.
A Review Essay on Recent Urban Social Science in West Germany
Authors: Anheier Helmut K. , Savelsberg Joachim J.
Published: November 2009

Editors' Note: The following essay was originally submitted as a book review. As John Walton notes in his introduction, modern urban sociology has its roots in German and French traditions. Since this essay reviews the most important recent developments in German urban social science, we have taken the unusual step of treating this review essay as an article in the context of this symposium on European urban social science.
Urban Social Problems in Poland
Authors: Misztal Barbara A. , Misztal Bronislaw
Published: November 2009

This article examines developmental processes in postwar Poland. The primacy of politics over economy is an ideological principle of socialist systems. Developmental processes, therefore, are controlled by political and not economic logic. After the initial period of political pluralism in Poland (1944-1948), when the improvement of social consumption was outlined as a developmental strategy, the subsequent political programs fostered overindustrialization or relative under urbanization. Polish cities were deprived of autonomous developmental functions, and various industrial branches became the only forces responsible for the social consumption provisions. Urban social problems and subsequent waves of protest resulted from the uneven distribution of the costs of growth among different sectors of society and, indirectly, from the course of industrialization-urbanization processes. Increasing social inequality, persistent housing problems and lack of municipal participatory democracy were caused by the macrosocial determinants of the developmental strategies.
Intervention in the Netherlands
Authors: Van Weesep Jan
Published: November 2009

In the Netherlands, the production of housing and the allocation of vacant dwellings both are largely controlled by public agencies. The system of government control was developed to deal with the acute housing shortage, brought about by World War II, within the framework of the economic recovery program. Unfortunately, the postwar proliferation of policies and the huge public expenditures have not solved the persistent housing crisis. In fact, recent policy changes to limit public spending have only aggravated the situation. A number of developments in the housing market, such as the widespread conversion of rental units to owner-occupied dwellings and the mushrooming squatter movement, are indicative of how individuals react within the policy framework on both the supply and demand sides, providing households with access to dwellings while circumventing the official allocation procedures. Though these developments offer a solution to the housing problem at the individual level, they contribute to a loss of control over the housing system.
Urban Service Distributions
Authors: McDougall Gerald S. , Bunce Harold
Published: November 2009

The distributional consequences of service outcomes are analyzed using citizen evaluations. The legitimacy of this approach is established by arguing that an evaluation of service equity should consider the fiscal incidence of service provision. As such, an equity norm is defined around the concept of a positive fiscal residual. Six urban services are evaluated using this norm. Patterned inequality is detected with respect to race, regardless of income or tenure status. This result calls into question conclusions from previous studies that have analyzed equity in terms of service inputs and outputs, rather than service outcomes. The analysis also indicates that local officials may be able to redress inequities in service outcomes through their planning and expenditure decisions.
Second-Generation Rent Control Ordinances
Authors: Gupta Dipak K. , Rea Louis M.
Published: November 2009

The existing literature classifies rent control measures into two groups: first generation (restrictive) and second generation (moderate). However, a perusal of the second generation ordinances reveals a tremendous degree of variation in terms of their restrictiveness. In recognition of this variation, this article builds an ordinal scale for evaluating these ordinances. Specifically, by using discriminant analysis, the relative importance of each rent control feature is quantified, and existing California ordinances are ranked in the order of restrictiveness as perceived by landlords. This discriminant model has wide applicability in evaluating existing and proposed rent control ordinances and contributes to an understanding of rent control by narrowing the level of subjectivity in their relative ranking.
Housing Market Effects of Public School Desegregation
Authors: Hula Richard C.
Published: November 2009

This article examines the effect of a court-ordered school desegregation plan on neighborhood housing markets in Dallas, Texas. Three market indicators are used: price, housing turnover, and utilization of conventional credit. The analysis suggests that court-ordered school desegregation had no significant effect on any market indicator in any of the five neighborhoods studied.
Toward an Institutional Theory of Citizen Coproduction
Authors: Kiser Larry L.
Published: November 2009

This article posits an institutional theory of citizen coproduction beginning with a relatively new economic theory of consumption that presents consumers as producers of the items they consume. The theory distinguishes between goods produced by the private market or public agencies and commodities that consumers produce from those goods. When a public agency and citizens produce the same commodity, it is called "coproduction." This article argues that institutional arrangements play an important role in encouraging or discouraging citizens from coproducing commodities, and introduces the concept of an "institutional rule configuration" as a mechanism to investigate that role. The formal analysis shows three separate rule configurations involving changes affecting citizens' ability to obtain commodity outcomes. By manipulating rule sets, called "boundary rules" and "authority rules," different situations are created and implications drawn from each for citizen coproduction. The article suggests how boundary and authority rules might be used separately as alternative policy instruments to encourage citizen coproduction. It also recommends how the rule sets might be used together to compensate for disincentive effects one rule set might create alone.
Voter and Candidate Reaction to District and at-Large Elections
Authors: Haselswerdt Michael V.
Published: November 2009

The behavior of voters and candidates in at-large and ward elections for the Buffalo Common Council is examined. Candidates in ward races spend more per registered voter than do their at-large counterparts, and voters tend to ignore the at-large races more than the ward races. Several reasons for this are considered, and it is concluded that district type has an independent impact on voter and candidate behavior.
The Market for Jobs
Authors: Blair John P. , Fichtenbaum Rudy H. , Swaney James A.
Published: November 2009

A market for industrial locations has emerged in recent years. On one side of the market, cities compete with each other to attract jobs; on the other side, firms seek subsidy payments for providing jobs. These developments have been noted, but until now have not been viewed as an explicit market. This article provides evidence of the market's development and identifies factors that have stimulated the market's growth. It demonstrates that costs of using the market have declined, but benefits have increased. The study goes on to show that the market can be efficient under certain conditions, but that major impediments to efficiency exist. Finally, it discusses how the market for jobs is likely to evolve.
Racist or Racial Voting in the 1981 Atlanta Municipal Elections
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Campbell Bruce A.
Published: November 2009

Some recent municipal elections have been interpreted as indicating that America's cities are becoming more polarized on the dimension of race. It has been hypothesized that the results observed in Atlanta in 1981 and Chicago in 1983 presage an era of voting along racial lines. This article advances an alternative hypothesis: Voters who support candidates of their own race often do so simply because they have no particular reason not to. Specifically, there may be no issue-based reason to cross racial lines. Using both precinct-level and survey data from the 1981 Atlanta municipal elections, the analysis estimates the levels of racial voting (the coincidence of a racial tie between voter and candidate), racist voting (the vote for a candidate of one's own race when an issue-based motive exists to support a candidate of the opposite race), and crossover voting.
Racial and Ethnic Succession in Four Cities
Authors: White Michael J.
Published: November 2009

The concept of succession is well established in both ecological and economic models of urban residential change, yet much remains unknown about the determinants of succession in urban neighborhoods. Employing longitudinal census tract data for four cities, this article predicts racial composition of neighborhoods as a function of earlier-period racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and physical characteristics. There is support for aspects of the ecological and filtering models of succession, although many elements of the process are not generally applicable across time and place.
The Effects of Local Activity on Neighborhood Attitudes
Authors: Wittberg Patricia
Published: November 2009

Previous sociological research concerning the effects of urban living upon city dwellers has not addressed the question of whether satisfaction with and attachment to one's urban neighborhood are related to the amount of local facility use and local social interaction a resident displays. Since blacks ordinarily perform fewer activities locally than do whites, it is also of interest whether their community attitudes are dependent on these activities to a different extent than might be the case with whites. This article reports findings indicating that blacks' neighborhood satisfaction and attachment depend very little upon the extent of their activity within their communities.
Household Diversity in Revitalizing Neighborhoods
Authors: DeGiovanni Frank F. , Paulson Nancy A.
Published: November 2009

This article presents findings on changes in neighborhood composition during revitalization. It is based on interviews conducted with in-movers in two neighborhoods that had been revitalizing for approximately ten years at the time of the study. The results indicate that in-mover owners and in-mover renters constitute two relatively distinct populations. Owners fit the popular conception of "urban gentry"-young, highly educated persons employed in professional occupations. The majority of in-mover renters, on the other hand, have incomes low enough to qualify for federally assisted housing; they also continue to move into revitalizing neighborhoods, although many of them pay a large proportion of their incomes for rent. Many of the "pioneers" who purchased and renovated properties for their own use in the early years of revitalization have left the neighborhoods, many after relatively short stays. The revitalization has proved to be robust, however, as both neighborhoods continued to attract relatively affluent home-owners to replace the departed pioneers.
Municipal Contracting in California
Authors: Hoch Charles
Published: November 2009

Historical data are used to support the argument that the popularity of municipal contracting in Los Angeles County (the Lakewood Plan) resulted not from its adoption by local suburban residents seeking more efficient urban service provision, but rather from its use by members of local class organizations in order to create municipal boundaries that would surround and protect their territorial interests. The class position and objectives of political actors involved in 46 incorporation attempts in Los Angeles County provide evidence demonstrating how the conflicts and outcomes of the incorporation process were class based.
Condominium Rentals and the Supply of Rental Housing
Authors: Eilbott Peter
Published: November 2009

The rental housing market has been characterized by considerable change in recent years. Among the developments has been the conversion of rental units into condominiums and cooperatives. Concern has been expressed about the negative effect of these conversions on the supply of rental housing. What is often overlooked, however, is the positive effect on the supply of rental housing of the rapid increase in the number of rented condominium and cooperative units. Making use of published data, it is estimated that, during the 1970s, the increase in the number of rented condominium and cooperative units in the United States exceeded the number of converted rental units. There is considerable variation in the pattern, however, across areas of the country.
Fear, Crime, Community Organization, and Limitations on Daily Routines
Authors: Kail Barbara Lynn , Kleinman Paula Holzman
Published: November 2009

Fear, crime, and self-imposed, isolating restrictions on activities lower the quality of urban life. The impact of community characteristics upon such restrictions has received minimal attention, although the community has long held a place in theories addressing the origin and prevention of crime. This study explores the effects of both formal and informal community organization on such behavior, mediated by fear of crime and victimization. Findings suggest that existing models explaining precautionary measures might be refined. Individual characteristics and fear of crime retain a secure place. Victimization might be reconsidered as an indirect contributor operating largely through fear of crime. The impact of formal community organization may be reflected in the differential responses of American and West Indian Blacks, indicating that this factor might be added to the model, though its place is uncertain.
Assessments of Neighborhood Quality in Metropolitan America
Authors: Dahmann Donald C.
Published: November 2009

Two decades of research have advanced our understanding of the manner in which individuals perceive neighborhoods and how various aspects of neighborhoods affect the lives of residents. This investigation utilizes national survey data to ascertain which elements of neighborhoods affect overall levels of satisfaction with local residential environments, how often these elements are perceived as existing, and how often they are evaluated as bothersome. These questions are answered in a geographical framework that disaggregates the nation's metropolitan settlement system by two macrolevel components-size of settlement and centrality within settlements-and one microlevel component—the neighborhood itself. Global assessments of neighborhood quality are shown to be a function of centrality and (secondarily) of size, and of the mix of conditions perceived as existing in the local residential environment. Evidence for a geographical basis for policies concerning the quality of residential environments is found to be considerable.
Suburban Municipalities
Authors: Schneider Mark , Logan John
Published: November 2009

The mid-1970s was a period of rapid expansion in intergovernmental aid. With this expansion, two major issues emerged. One concerned targeting—the extent to which these new monies went to communities with the most need. A second issue focused on the growing fiscal dependency of local governments on higher levels of government. In this article we investigate the distribution of intergovernmental aid across suburbs in the mid-1970s and identify types of suburbs that came to rely increasingly on transfer funds. The research shows that higher-income suburbs significantly increased the absolute levels of aid they received, but their reliance on aid did not increase dramatically. In contrast, suburban municipalities housing the growing number of black and low-income suburbanites became the most fiscally dependent during this time period. The implications of the growing fiscal dependency of large numbers of disadvantaged suburbs for the implementation of the New Federalism are discussed.
Employment in Service Activities and Inequality in Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Nelson Joel I. , Lorence Jon
Published: November 2009

This article explores the influence of various service industries on male earnings inequality within the 125 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. The data indicate that service sector employment increases inequality. Contrary to past literature suggesting that service growth proliferates low-paying occupational positions that increase inequality, however, multiple regression analyses demonstrate that increasing inequality is more a function of high-paying jobs in "producer services"—the service sector providing financial resources as well as technical and legal expertise to the business community. Greater concentrations of producer services in metropolitan areas increase the proportion of workers with exceedingly high incomes without affecting median incomes. Consequently, when producer services are extensive in an area, earnings distributions are more skewed and unequal.
Communities in Crisis
Authors: Hudson Ray , Sadler David
Published: November 2009

The historical geography of the growth of the steel industry in Western Europe led to communities that were heavily, even wholly, reliant on the jobs and wages generated by steel production. In this article we focus on some of the social and political implications for such communities of contraction in the steel industry since the mid-1970s.
The Reagan Urban Policy and its Impacts
Authors: Wolman Harold
Published: November 2009

The intent and effectiveness of the Reagan administration's urban policies have been the focus of much debate. This article analyzes Reagan's first-term urban policies and assesses their effects. Changes in budgetary requests, authorizations, and outlays during Reagan's first term are tracked for the full spectrum of urban programs. An attempt is also made to analyze the spatial and programmatic consequences of the changes in expenditure levels. Determination of the success or failure of the Reagan administration's urban policies is largely dependent on who is asking the questions and how they are asked.