bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolomics Distinction of Cigarette Smokers from Non-Smokers Using Non-Stationary Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Human Saliva
Authors: C. Percival Benita , Wann Angela , Taylor Sophie , Edgar Mark , Gibson Miles , Grootveld Martin
Published: February 2022

Implementations of high-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) facilities into metabolomics studies are unfortunately restricted by their large dimensions, high costings, and specialist technical staff requirements. Therefore, here the application and practical advantages offered by low-field (60 MHz), compact NMR spectrometers for probing the metabolic profiles of human saliva was explored, as was their value in salivary metabolomics studies. Saliva samples were collected from cigarette smoking (n = 11) and non-smoking (n = 31) human participants. 1H NMR spectra were acquired on both low-field (60 MHz) and medium-field (400 MHz) spectrometers. Metabolomics analyses were employed to evaluate the consistencies of salivary metabolite levels determined, and their abilities to distinguish between smokers and non-smokers. Low-field 1H NMR analysis detected up to 15, albeit permitted the reliable quantification of 5, potentially key diagnostic biomolecules simultaneously (LLOQ values 250–400 μmol/L), although these were limited to those with the most prominent resonances. Such low-field profiles were also found to be suitable for salivary metabolomics investigations, which confirmed the successful discrimination between smoking and non-smoking participant sample donors. Differences observed between these groups were largely ascribable to upregulated salivary levels of methanol, and its metabolite formate, in the smoking group, but higher smoking-mediated concentrations of acetate, propionate and glycine may arise from a diminished salivary flow-rate in these participants. In conclusion, determination of salivary biomolecules using low-field, benchtop 1H NMR analysis techniques were found to be valuable for bioanalytical and metabolomics investigations. Future perspectives for the applications of this non-stationary NMR technique, for example for the on-site ‘point-of-care’ testing of saliva samples for diagnostic oral disease screening purposes at dental surgeries and community pharmacies, are considered.
Signs of Child Abuse and Neglect: A Practical Guide for Dental Professionals
Authors: Moolla Aneesa , Ralephenya Tshakane , Ngwenya Sizakele , Padayachee Sankeshan
Published: February 2022

Children are the future of society. Society should, in turn protect their dignity and wellbeing by ensuring that they are treated with respect and care. Dental practitioners are often the first health professionals to come into contact with victims of child abuse and neglect, not only to render treatment to abuse victims but also to serve as their first line of defense. As part of a larger human community, dental practitioners are responsible for identifying evidence of intentional harm befalling children and reporting it to law enforcers. Physically abused children predominantly present with injuries to the maxillofacial and oral regions. It is therefore important for dental practitioners to be aware of the intra-oral and extra-oral signs that may be indicative of child abuse and neglect in order to champion the fight against child abuse.
Spoken and Unspoken between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous: Trust at the Heart of Intercultural Professional Collaborations
Authors: Deschênes Emilie , Arcand Sebastien
Published: February 2022

Several contemporary societies are facing important issues regarding the relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. The difficulties of establishing dialogs based on lasting positive intercultural relations have repercussions within the institutions and organizations of a given society. Between the affective and relational sphere and the professional sphere, links are forged, which reproduce complex social relationships, even conflicting ones. This is the context in which our chapter’s proposal fits. By focusing on the determinants of social relations at work in these daily encounters between non-Indigenous and Indigenous in the workplace and the bonds of trust, or mistrust, which ensue, we will question the premises of social relations between non-Indigenous and Indigenous. These questions emanate from various research studies that we have carried out in recent years in organizations in the mining and energy sectors.
Techno Pedagogical Applications in the Context of Remote Learning - Case Studies and Best Practices in Higher Education
Authors: Nayar Ajitha
Published: February 2022

The pandemic has necessitated teachers to open up to the pedagogical applications of technology. The hand held devices that were until then, the only means of communication and casual conversations among informal communities, became vital modes of information delivery in the learning place. Teachers were caught off-guard by what was required of them and how they could make use of the resources at hand. Many institutions were not able to identify adequate trained manpower who could help them at that juncture. Looking back we can see that studies went off uninterrupted and courses were not delayed. It is heartening to see that, the pandemic, though it effected the lives of many sections of the society, education was least effected due to the pedagogical applications of technology, the availability of hand held devices and the net connectivity. The chapter draws upon, first hand experiences of teaching faculty of higher educational institutions and highlights the techno pedagogical case studies that have been deployed in the context of remote learning in the wake of the pandemic.
Impacts of Organic Farming on Insects Abundance and Diversity
Authors: Abdel Farag El-Shafie Hamadttu
Published: February 2022

Organic farming encourages maximum utilization of the natural biological processes to manage the farm in terms of soil fertilization and pest control, which implies using none or less synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and plant and animal growth-promoting substances. All these practices increase arthropod diversity, particularly soil-dwelling insects. Intercropping, cover crops, and hedges, which are common practices in organic fields, provide alternative habitats for arthropod communities. The refugia also provide a good source of food for pollinators in terms of pollen grains and nectar. The interactions among the different plant and animal taxa (weeds, birds, mammals) that are found in the organic farming ecosystem have a great impact on insects’ abundance and diversity. This chapter summarizes the impacts of the organic farming system on the abundance and diversity of insects. The role of organic farming in mitigating the impact of agriculture intensification, urbanization, deforestation, and climate change on global insects’ decline and diversity loss is discussed.
Biological Treatments for Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollutions: The Eco-Friendly Technologies
Authors: Chukwunonso Ossai Innocent , Shahul Hamid Fauziah , Hassan Auwalu
Published: February 2022

Anthropogenic activities introduce petroleum hydrocarbons into the environments, and the remediation of the polluted environments using conventional physicochemical, thermal, and electromagnetic technologies is a challenging task, laborious work, and expensive. The ecotoxicological effects and human health hazards posed by petroleum hydrocarbon pollutions gave rise to the call for “green technologies” to remove petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants from polluted environments. It is imperative to transition from the conventional physicochemical treatments methods that are expensive to more eco-friendly biological treatment technologies that reduce energy consumption, chemicals usage, cost of implementation and enables more sustainable risk-based approaches towards environmental reclamation. The chapter summarises and gives an overview of the various biological treatment technologies adapted to the remediation of hazardous petroleum hydrocarbon polluted sites. Biological treatment technologies include; bioremediation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioattenuation, bioventing, biosparging, bioslurry, biopiling, biotransformation, landfarming, composting, windrow, vermiremediation, phytoremediation, mycoremediation, phycoremediation, electrobioremediation, nanoremediation, and trichoremediation. They are green technology approaches widely adopted, scientifically defensible, sustainable, non-invasive, ecofriendly, and cost-efficient in the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons polluted environments compared to the physicochemical, thermal, and electromagnetic treatments technologies, which are rather destructive and expensive. The chapter provides detailed illustrations representing the various biological treatment technologies for a comprehensive understanding and successful implementation with their subsequent benefits and constraints.
CFD Combustion Simulations and Experiments on the Blended Biodiesel Two-Phase Engine Flows
Authors: Atgur Vinay , Manavendra Gowda , Pandurangarao Desai Gururaj , Nageswara Rao Boggarapu
Published: February 2022

Biodiesels are the promising sources of alternative energy. Combustion phenomenon of blended biodiesels differs to those of diesel due to changes in physio-chemical properties. Experimental investigations are costly and time-consuming process, whereas mathematical modeling of the reactive flows is involved. This chapter deals with combustion simulations on four-stroke single-cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine running at a constant speed of 1500 rpm, injection timing of 25° BTDC with diesel and 20% blend of Jatropha biodiesel. Standard finite volume method of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is capable of simulating two-phase engine flows by solving three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations with k-ε turbulence model. Combustion simulations have been carried out for half-cycle by considering the two strokes compression and expansion at zero load condition. The model mesh consists of 557,558 elements with 526,808 nodes. Fuel injection begins at 725° and continues till 748° of the crank angle. Charge motion within the cylinder, turbulent kinetic energy, peak pressure, penetration length, and apparent heat release rate are analyzed with respect to the crank angle for diesel and its B-20 Jatropha blend. Experimental data supports the simulation results. B-20 Jatropha blend possesses similar characteristics of diesel and serves as an alternative to diesel.
Neurotoxicity and Epileptogenesis
Authors: Rubio Carmen , Rosiles-Abonce Artemio , Taddei Elisa , Rubio-Osornio Moisés
Published: February 2022

Many neurotoxic substances produce toxic effects on the nervous system. Given the neurotoxic substances found in the human body, certain people have been regarded as having a propensity to epileptic seizures. In many situations, the neurotransmission processes of these toxins are similar to the physiopathology of epilepsy. Epileptic models have been developed to induce seizures in animals, allowing researchers to study convulsive seizure mechanisms. Pentylenetetrazol, kainic acid, pilocarpine, penicillin, aluminum, bicuculline, picrotoxine, 4-aminopyridine, strictine, domoic acid, and other compounds fall under this category. However, there are some drugs used in clinical practice that can cause neurotoxicity as well. In this chapter, the predominant substances and drugs involved in epileptogenesis through neurotoxicity effects are reviewed. Throughout this chapter, we attempt to describe the mechanisms documented in the literature, in which epileptic seizures cause neurotoxicity in the brain by themselves, as shown with excitotoxicity mediated by glutamate and ions involved.
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of a Fluorescence-Emitting Bacterium from the Gut of Earthworm, Perionyx excavatus (Perrier, 1872), and Its Symbiotic Association in Earthworm Regeneration
Authors: Ganesan Mijithra , Selvan Christyraj Johnson Retnaraj Samuel , Murugan Nandhini , Venkatachalam Saravanakumar , Yesudhason Beryl Vedha , Mohan Manikandan , Selvan Christyraj Jackson Durairaj
Published: February 2022

Background: Earthworms are the most important soil invertebrate and have been used for exploring potent therapeutic agents. Perionyx excavatus (Perrier, 1872) is a tropical earthworm species widely used in vermicomposting worldwide, which has a prodigious regeneration capability. Objectives: This study was carried out to isolate fluorescence-emitting microbiota from the gut of earthworm, P. excavatus, and characterize the fluorophores along with finding the symbiotic association in regenerating worms. Methods: Gram staining was performed to selectively identify the fluorescence-emitting bacterial colonies and further confirmed using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were carried out to separate and characterize the isolated fluorophores. Further, fluorescence microscopy was used to examine the autofluorescence property. Results: Gram staining results showed that the isolated fluorescence-emitting gut bacterium is Gram-positive and it is rod-shaped. Molecular characterization confirmed that the isolated fluorescence-emitting bacterium is Priestia filamentosa. Moreover, two fluorophores responsible for emitting fluorescence, known as unknown fluorescent compound 1 (CF1), and fluorescent compound 2 (CF2) were separated and partially characterized. Anti-inflammatory assays confirm that the fluorophores have very good anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, these fluorophores were expressed in the epithelial cell layer of earthworm, P. excavatus, during regeneration. Notably, bright, intense fluorescence was observed high in regenerating worms compared to control worms. Conclusions: Hence, these two fluorophores will be studied in-depth in the context of structural conformation, chemical composition, and functional characteristics for potential biotechnological applications.
Male experiences of work-from-home policy while raising children (0–11 years) during COVID-19: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Barker Joshua Paul
Published: February 2022

The United Kingdom (UK) workforce is under unprecedented strain because of the COVID-19 pandemic where many were forced to work from home. While working from home has been a longstanding part of flexible working arrangements and a key part of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) push for ‘good work’, it was never intended to be the only way that many work. Research suggests that there is a difference between male and female experiences of homeworking; existing literature focuses on women’s experiences combined with the additional responsibility of parenthood. The lack of research into the male perspective can largely be attributed to the lack of working from home, in this demographic, before the pandemic. The objective of the research was to develop an understanding of the lived experiences of fathers, during these exceptional circumstances. The research aimed to begin an important discussion around how working from home affects fathers, as well as mothers. Semi-structured, video conference facilitated, interviews allowed for in-depth qualitative data collection following an Interpretative Phenomenological Approach (IPA). Data analysis used IPA methods, which, due to the focus on lived experiences, allowed the voice of the participants to remain and for their interpretation of their experience to be the findings of the study. Challenging work-life balance was the central theme developed as well as six superordinate themes. This paper brings together five fathers’ experiences of working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic. It shows that these men found it hard to find balance in a world of blurred boundaries; this impacted on them physically and mentally and put unique strains on their relationships. This study is a base for further research around how the pandemic has changed the way the economy works and begins to contribute towards the gaps within existing literature. 
Complicações Pós-Operatórias
Authors: Ascari Rosana Amora
Published: February 2022

: O livro Complicações Pós-Operatórias busca trazer subsídios para reflexão e prática de profissionais e estudantes da saúde na área cirúrgica, na identificação, prevenção e intervenção precoce das complicações pós-operatórias.
The NIST Vacuum Double-Crystal Spectrometer: A Tool for SI-Traceable Measurement of X-Ray Emission Spectra
Authors: Szabo Csilla I. , Cline James P. , Henins Albert , Hudson Lawrence T. , Mendenhal Marcus H.
Published: February 2022

The NIST Vacuum Double-Crystal Spectrometer (VDCS) has been modernized and is now
capable of recording reference-free wavelength-dispersive spectra in the 2 keV to 12 keV
x-ray energy range. The VDCS employs crystals in which the lattice spacings are
traceable to the definition of the meter through x-ray optical interferometry with a
relative uncertainty <10−8. VDCS wavelength determination relies upon precision angle
difference measurements for which the encoders of the rotation stages have been
calibrated using the circle closure method for accurate, absolute angle measurement. The
new vacuum-compatible area detector allows quantification of the aberration functions
contributing to the observed line shape and in situ alignment of the crystal optics.
This latter procedure is augmented with the use of a thin lamella as the first crystal.
With these new techniques, x-ray spectra are registered with the VDCS on an absolute
energy scale with a relative uncertainty of 10−6.
Assessment of the Power Relations among Strategic Actors in the Sesame Value Chain in Tanzania
Authors: Mhagama Joseph Kizito , Mmasa Joel Johnson
Published: February 2022

This study assessed power relations among actors in the sesame value chain in Tanzania. The study employed cross-sectional research design, whereas a sample 58 Agricultural Marketing Cooperative Societies (AMCOS) was randomly drawn through probability sampling techniques. Data were collected using survey questionnaire, focus group discussions and key informants interviews and analysed using descriptive analysis. The study found that AMCOS positively influence power relations among actors in the sesame value chain. Further, the study revealed that capacity of sesame AMCOS in Lindi and Mtwara is low and policy framework guiding the sesame sub-sector is weak, hence paving way to middlemen (chomachoma) dominancy, poor operation of Warehouse Receipt System (WHRS) and low productivity. It was further eminent that demographic factors; age, education, sex, income and non-farm activities are important factors on the performance of actors in the chain. The sub-sector map shows sesame products currently flowing via several alternative supply paths; from farm to various end market consumers in Tanzania and abroad. The data unveiled six primary channels or supply paths operating within the regions. The study concluded that dominance of uncoordinated and unregulated middlemen in the sesame value chain as well as heavy involvement of UNIONS and government in the marketing of sesame is the direct effect of weak support services provided by AMCOS resulting from lack of policy framework to guide the sub-sector. The Study recommends strengthening institutional and technical capacity of the sesame AMCOS and improving policy environment to allow the sub-sector to thrive and benefit its stakeholders, majority of who are resource poor smallholder farmers.
Comparative Performance of Simple Exponential Smoothing, Brown’s Linear Trend and ARIMA Model on Forecasting Neonatal Mortality Rate in Nigeria
Authors: Ifeanyichukwu Ugoh Christogonus , Nwabueze Nneka Chidinma , Simeon Nwabueze Achunam , Chinaza Eze Theophine , Ogedi Okafor Chinasa
Published: February 2022

Paper proposes an appropriate time series model that is used to forecast the NMR in Nigeria. The data used for the study is sourced from the World Bank for a period of 1980-2019. The ARIMA model and Exponential Smoothing are fitted on the raw data. The Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) is adopted to assess the adequacy of the ARIMA models. The NMR series is stationary after the second differencing. The ARIMA (0,2,0) with BIC value of -3.358 is considered the appropriate model among other ARIMA models, and it is compared to SES and Brown’s LT using Theil’s U Statistics and MAPE. The results showed that the Brown’s LT model is more ideal and adequate for forecasting NMR in Nigeria based on the Theil’s U forecast accuracy measures of 0.001911, and that by 2030, Nigeria will have a reduced NMR of 31.5 deaths per 1,000 live births, which shows a drop to 21.5%.
Risk Factor Associated Severity Disease and Hospitalized in COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Susanto Lisa Anggriani , Asina Girsang Dogi Gokma
Published: February 2022

Background: In December 2019, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan City of Hubei Province of China, a worldwide pandemic. To describe clinical characteristics and length of stay of COVID-19 patients.

Methodology: This was observational analytic using medical record data. Study participants were adults (age ³ 18 years) with a positive results on real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the presence of SARS-CoV-2. All confirmed cases of COVID-19 at Naibonat Regional General Hospital in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia between 2020 June and 2021 May were included the analysis. We excluded COVID-19 patients death were still hospitalized.

Results: In this study, a total of 38 participants are analyzed. we found that significant association statistically of length of stay patients (p value <0.05) are age (p=0.003), cough symptom (p=0.017).

Conclusion: In Conclusion, this study has shown that age and cough associated with length of stay.
Purification and Characterization of Thermostable Alkaline Xylanase by Aspergillus terreus from Elephant Dung
Authors: Nenava Richa , Nighojkar Sadhana , Patidar Mukesh , Kumar Anil , Nighojkar Anand
Published: February 2022

Aims: Purification and characterization of xylanase by Aspergillus terreus isolated from elephant dung.

Study Design: Xylanase enzyme produced by A. terreus was extracted from the fermented solid medium using solid state fermentation and purified using chromatographic techniques. The purified enzyme was characterized for physio-chemical and kinetic properties.

Place and Duration of Study: Experiments were performed at the School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, INDIA and Maharaja Ranjit Singh College of Professional Sciences, Indore, INDIA, between June, 2019 and September, 2021.

Methodology: The enzyme was extracted and purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography using DEAE cellulose and gel filtration chromatography (GFC) using Sephadex G-200. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was determined using native poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The purified enzyme was characterized to determine pH and temperature optima. Thermostability, pH stability and substrate kinetics were studied for purified xylanase. Effect of several metal ions and detergents were also studied.

Results: The alkali-thermo xylanase of Aspergillus terreus was purified to 14.6-fold with a 39.48% recovery through IEC on DEAE-cellulose and GFC using Sephadex G-200. The purified enzyme had a specific activity, 111.6 U/mg. The SDS-PAGE revealed that the enzyme was monomeric with a molecular weight of 87 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature were 8 and 60⁰C, respectively. The Km and Vmax values of the partially purified xylanase were found to be 0.016 mg/l and 102.64 U/mg protein, respectively with birch wood xylan as substrate.

Conclusion: The enzyme was active over a wide pH range of 6-11 and temperature range of 40⁰C to 80ºC, indicating its alkali tolerant and thermostable characteristics which is the requirement of different industries. Several ions namely Zn2+ enhanced xylanase activity by 187% followed by Ca2+ (129%), Mg2+ (123%), NH4+ (146%) and Fe3+ (118%) at 10 mM concentration. However, Cu2+ and Hg2+ completely inhibited xylanase activity. This research provides the basis for application of xylanase and improves its biotechnological potential in mainly in paper pulp industry, biofuel generation and in bread baking.
Renoprotective Effect of Losartan Versus Enalapril in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: El-Morsey Atyia Dina Hesham Aly , Shams Addein Shahinaz Mahmood , El Rifaey Shymaa Mohamed , Abd Elnabi Hend Hassan
Published: February 2022

Background: Proteinuria is a marker of severity of chronic kidney disease)CKD) and leads to progression to end stage renal disease which can be reduced by blocking renin angiotensin aldosterone system(RAAS) through angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors(ACEis) (e.g . enalapril) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (e.g. losartan(

Aim of the Work: To evaluate the renoprotective effect of losartan versus enalapril in children with CKD.

Patients and Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted on Sixty CKD children aged (5 to 17 years), were subdivided into three groups as the following: group I; 20 patients received enalapril, group II; 20 patients received losartan, group III; 20 patients didn’t receive losartan nor enalapril. All patients were subjected to thorough history, clinical evaluation and laboratory investigations (blood urea, serum creatinine, GFR, 24hours urinary  proteins, serum albumin, lipid profile and serum electrolytes) initially and after 6monthes of treatment.

Results: this prospective cohort study was conducted on 34males and 26 females CKD children. Steroid dependantnephrotic syndrome (SDNS) was the commonest cause (53.3%)followed by diabetic nephropathy (DN)(15%), lupus nephritis(LN) (12%) and only 1 case was frequent relapse NS (FRNS). protienuria improved with 76.7% reduction in losartan group versus 45.6%reduction in enalapril group after 6 months of treatment. GFR increased by( 4.5%,8.6%)  in losartan and enalapril groups respectively. Serum creatinine decreased by(11.6% and 8.3%) in losartan and enalapril groups respectively.

Conclusions: losartan and enalapril have a role in controlling proteinuria distinct from their  antihypertensive effect .
Adoption Rates of NERICA Innovation among Rice Farmers in Northern Ghana
Authors: Lamptey Clement Yaw
Published: February 2022

Adoption rates of the New Rice for Africa (NERICA) have been generally low across Africa, indicating that the innovation has not been well accepted on the African continent, including Ghana. The adoption rates of the innovation were determined in Northern Ghana to ascertain the extent to which farmers have accepted to grow the ‘magic’ crop in curbing food insecurity, poverty, unemployment, and rice importation. However, the adoption rates so determined were too low, due to incomplete diffusion. The current paper aimed at determining the rates of adoption of NERICA in Northern Ghana from 2015 to 2018, to verify the findings and predictions of previous researchers. Simple random sampling technique was accordingly used to obtain quantitative and qualitative data from 346 rice farmers. The data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using logistic regression as well as descriptive statistics. The study revealed a low average adoption rate of 25% with a high standard deviation of 44.03%, indicating an uneven spread out of the adoption rates over the period under study. However, the specific adoption rates of the innovation were 91.04%, 3.18%, 2.89% and 2.89% for 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 farming seasons respectively, confirming that the rates rose to 91% but fell drastically in subsequent years as predicted by previous researchers. Farmers' educational level, perception of NERICA, family size and rice farming significantly affected adoption of NERICA. The persistent low adoption rates showed that the innovation was unsuccessful in the study area. The Ministry of Food and Agriculture should therefore intensify her innovation dissemination/diffusion campaigns in the study area to revamp its adoption; by providing ready jobs to the youth and market for the commodity through the flagship programs, Planting for Food and Jobs, and the National Food Buffer Stock Company.
A Study Protocol to Assess the Correlation of Endometrial Morphology with Concerned Hormone Levels in Patients of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Authors: Bhardwaj Tanvi , Hiwale Kishor , Vagha Sunita
Published: February 2022

Background: Abnormal-uterine-bleeding (AUB) is caused due to numerous systemic or functional etiologies. Patients may come with metrorrhagia, menorrhagia, intermenstrual bleeding and polymenorrhea. The underlying pathology can be ascertained by histological variations of endometrium considering the age, the phase of menstrual cycle and the use of any exogenous hormones. This study aims to assess the correlation between endometrial changes and concerned hormone levels.

Methodology: This will be a Prospective study conducted for two years in Histopathology Department of Pathology, JNMC, Wardha. Total 65 female patients with complaint of irregular uterine bleeding will be included in this study. The histomorphology patterns of endometrial lesions will be studied and classified according to WHO classification. The collected data will be analysed using appropriate statistical methods.

Results: A Significant correlation is expected between endometrial changes and concerned hormone levels.

Conclusion: Conclusion will be drawn from the results obtained from the study.
A Study of Bcl-2 Immuno-expression in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of Breast and it’s Correlation with Molecular Sub-types
Authors: Pandey Poornima , Bhake Arvind , Vagha Sunita
Published: February 2022

Background: The incidence of Breast cancers has overtaken the cervical cancers amongst Indian females. Invasive Ductal carcinoma is reported to be the most common form of breast cancer. Bcl-2 has been studied extensively as a common factor in the pathogenesis of solid tumours including  breast cancer. Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic protein normally expressed in mammary tissue and is up-regulated by oestrogen in breast cancer through direct consequence of transcriptional induction. The present study attempts to look into Bcl-2 immunoexpression as  a key parameter for predicting the treatment outcomes and recurrence of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma. 

Methodology : This will be an observational study conducted in Department of Pathology, JNMC, Wardha. The study will include clinicopathological detailing of  50 mastectomy specimens of Invasive ductal carcinoma, detailed sectioning of tumour tissues, histopathological BR-grading and molecular subtyping using Bcl-2 immunohistochemistry.

Expected Results: A significant correlation is expected between Bcl-2 expression and treatment outcomes and recurrence of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma. 

Conclusion: The conclusion will be drawn based on careful analysis of the results.
Frequency of Bile Duct Injury during Laparascopic Cholecystectomy Procedures
Authors: Mangi Munawar Hussain , Paras . , Rahim Seema , Bashir Rubina , Khaskheli Ameer Ali
Published: February 2022

Objective: To determine the frequency of bile duct injury during laparascopic cholecystectomy procedures.

Study Design: This is an observational study.

Setting: Study carried out at General Surgery department, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College, Lyari Karachi, from July 2019 to August 2021.

Materials and Methods: All diagnosed patients of gallstones on the clinically and findings of ultrasound of abdomen with age (20-60 years), gender were included in study. Patient not willing for surgery, pregnant ladies, bleeding disorders, obstructive jaundice and carcinoma of gall bladder were excluded from this study.

Results: Out of 162 patients, there were 15 males (9.25%) and 147 females (90.74%), with a male to female ratio of 1:11.6. The mean age was 36.01±8.11years (20 to 60 years). According to our observation, there were 6 cases (3.70%) of common bile duct injury during the operation. Treatments offered range from ERCP and conservative treatment to reconstructive surgery. Four patients (2.46%) were converted to open cholecystectomy, 1 patient underwent open cholecystectomy subsequent ERCP, and 1 patient underwent open Cholecystectomy with Subsequent Reconstructive surgery.

Conclusion: In our study bile duct injury commonly occur during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Over time, improving surgical technique and experience reduced the overall incidence of CBD injuries.
A Glimpse of Therapeutic Potential of Seed Kernel of Medicinal Plants with Special Reference to Bhavprakash Nighantu: A Clinical Perspective
Authors: Wate Priyanka , Mandle Rita , Vidhate Sneha
Published: February 2022

Medicinal plants show significant importance to mankind. Each and every part of plant exhibit different therapeutic activity. In Ayurveda, like medicinal fruits, seeds are also considered as potent drugs. Seeds not only beget plants but they are of healing properties too. Most seeds are used as whole powder in various diseases but their kernel or oil also possess therapeutic potential. This article has highlighted review of potential therapeutic agents from beej majja of Phal Varga of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu. This study will lead to widening of therapeutic spectrum in treatment of various ailments with the use of powdered seed kernel (Beej Majja) or seed oil (Beej Taila).
Effectiveness of Knotless Barbed Sutures for Intraoral Closure after Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Surgery: A Split Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Krishnan Sneha , Periasamy Senthilnathan , Kumar M. P. Santhosh
Published: February 2022

Objectives: The purpose of this clinical trial is to assess the efficiency of 3-0 knotless barbed suture (polydioxanone) with 4-0 polyglactin 910 (vicryl) in wound closure following impacted mandibular third molar surgery.

Methods: The split-mouth study involved 20 patients who were referred to the Oral Surgery Clinic at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for bilateral mandibular third molar impaction with equal difficulty index. Simple randomization was used to distribute the samples. Following extraction, the wounds were closed with 3-0 knotless sutures for the study group and 4-0 polyglactin 910 (vicryl) for the control group. Following surgical extraction in relation to infected mandibular molars under local anesthesia, the clinical outcome parameters that were measured were (1) time taken to achieve wound closure and hemostasis, and (2) post-operative wound healing using "Landry's wound healing index" on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th post-operative days.

Results: In this study, we discovered that the average time taken to approximate a wound was 2.69 minutes for the study group and 4.27 minutes for the control group. The research and control groups had a statistically significant difference in suturing time (p-value< 0.05). On all postoperative review days, wound healing in the study group was shown to be better and statistically significant than in the control group (p-value <0.05).

Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, knotless barbed suture is a promising alternative to conventional sutures for intra-oral wound closure as it reduces suturing time and facilitates effective wound closure following surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars.
Simultaneous Estimation of Bilastine and Montelukast in Bulk by Rp-hplc and Assessment of Its Applicability in Marketed Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Andhale Swati M. , Nikalje Anna Pratima G.
Published: February 2022

Aim: This study proposes to develop and validate the RP-HPLC method for Bilastine and Montelukast and to substantiate the RP-HPLC analysis bestowing to ICH validation guideline Q2R1.

Place and Duration of Study: Y. B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, MS, India, between January 2020 and October 2021.

Methodology: The mixture of drugs was subjected to optimization by trial runs with different chromatographic parameters, viz. flow rate, λ in nm, etc. The system suitability was performed by repeated injections of Bilastine (200µg/mL) and Montelukast (200µg/mL) to confirm the optimization. Furthermore, the demonstrated method was validated as per ICH Q2R1 recommendations for parameters like accuracy, precision, robustness, the limit of detection and quantitation, etc.

Results: The outcomes of the method in terms of percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) of retention time (RT) and mean peak area were seen as 0.09, 0.35, and 0.35, 0.56 for Bilastine and Montelukast, respectively. The method was successful in achieving the qualifying criteria entrusted to ICH guidelines. The correlation coefficient, slope, and y-intercept were illustrated to be 0.9971, 17595, 217883, 0.998, 35458, and 17147, correspondingly for Bilastine and Montelukast, respectively. The range was seen in the order of 160-260µg/mL and 80-130µg/mL for Bilastine and Montelukast. The precision of the method was established with %RSD of repeatability and intermediate precision was < 2 at three standard levels across the range. The %accuracy of the method was observed in the range of 96.95-101.41 %w/w and 97.37-101.89 %w/w in the order for Bilastine and Montelukast. The robustness of the method displayed the results within the prescribed boundaries. The recovered amount of Bilastine and Montelukast by spike method was observed to be 96.37-98.88 %w/w and 96.11-100.06%w/w.

Conclusion: The author has accomplished the predefined goals by successful development and validation of the RP-HPLC method for the quantification of Bilastine and Montelukast as per ICH Q2R1 guidelines.
Potential Application of Wharton's Jelly-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Conditioned Medium (WJMSCs-CM) on Delayed Wound Healing: A Case Report
Authors: Chandra Cindy Christella , Pratiwi Yurike Indah , Tan Sukmawati Tansil
Published: February 2022

Delayed wound healing refers to wounds that do not repair the wounded tissue's integrity in a timely manner, prolonging the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodelling phases of healing. Delayed wound healing increases the chance of infection, causing discomfort, lowering the quality of life, and increasing healthcare costs. One of the newest techniques to heal wounds is to use the conditioned medium (secretome) of mesenchymal stem cells. One case was reported, a seventeen-year-old man appeared with a one-month history of wound in his left neck that had not healed after a keloid removal surgery. The wound was treated with a 10% Wharton's Jelly-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Conditioned Medium (WJMSCs-CM) topical gel. During the two weeks of the intervention, the results are encouraging. The lesion has reduced in size and turned into a closed wound.
Statins for the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis-C Patients
Authors: Abbassi Amina , Lohano Ashok Kumar , Jamali Anwar Ali , Mughul Farah , Shaikh Muhammad Khalid , Shaikh Muhammad Zain , Ahmer Arslan
Published: February 2022

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease and the leading indication for liver transplantation worldwide. Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) leads to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Statins have gained attention for their pleiotropic effects. There is mounting evidence that statins offer chemoprevention against many malignancies. The aim of this was to determine the efficacy of the statin for the treatment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients.

Methodology: A randomized control trial was conducted at Hepatitis Clinic, People Medical College Hospital, Nawabshah from August 20, 2020, to February 20, 2021. Non-probability, consecutive sampling was adapted. Patients with chronic hepatitis C infection and liver fibrosis were included. Group-A was administered statins in addition to antiviral treatment while Group-B was given anti-viral medications only. Stages of fibrosis were determined by shear wave elastography at the start of the study and after 6 months. All the data were entered and analyzed in Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) v25.0.

Results: There were 73 patients in each group. Fibrosis progression occurred in 7(9.6%) patients in group-A and 23(31.5%) in group-A. The link between the efficacy of the treatment given with the group-A and group-B was significant with a p-value of 0.001.

Conclusion: Findings demonstrate a significant reduction in the risk of fibrosis progression among statin users with advanced chronic hepatitis C. These results support a possible role for statins in the prevention of liver disease progression.
Assessment of Diabetic Retinopathy among the Diabetes Mellitus Type –II Patients at Tertiary Care Hospital of Hyderabad
Authors: Jatoi Asadullah , Shaikh Noman Ahmed , Mahesar Mona Liza
Published: February 2022

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is the major and leading cause of mortality among the local population of Asian countries. Routinely increase in the number of diabetes mellitus can produce financial and health crises.

Aim and Objective: This study aims to evaluate the diabetic retinopathy among the diabetes mellitus type-II at tertiary care hospital of Hyderabad.

Materials and Methods: The current research was conducted for the period of 06 months at Department of Medicine, tertiary care hospital of Hyderabad. Total 158 patients were selected with confirmed report of diabetic retinopathy. Demographic data was taken from all participants. Eye examination was performed by ophthalmologist and results were analyzed.

Results: After proper collection of data, results were compiled accordingly, total 158 participants were included in the study, from them 92 were males, 66 females. 49 patients were fall in the category of 33-39years of age group, 87 patients were having less than 1 year diabetic history, 66 participants had moderate level of HbA1c, 79 people only use Oral medicine for diabetic control, 109 patients had hypertension, 01 patients was reported with heart failure, whereas 81 patients had reported NPDR (Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy) and 77 had PDR (Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy).

Conclusion: It was concluded from the current study that diabetic retinopathy was associated with long term complication of diabetes and considered as indication for severe type of diseases associated with diabetes. Patients of NPDR with very low care can develop PDR. So the patients of NPDR were closely monitored through Ophthalmologist and Diabetologist.
Comparative Analysis of Short-Course Vs Long Course Antibiotic Therapy among Patients with Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections
Authors: Memon Amir Iqbal , Naz Samina , Bhatti Aisha Masroor , Siddiqui Mashall , Memon Riaz Ahmed , Ali Mansoor
Published: February 2022

Background: Complicated intra-abdominal infections have become a major health challenge that merits safe and efficacious therapy. Antibiotic therapy is the treatment of choice, however the duration of antibiotic use is debatable.

Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of the short course and long course antibiotic therapy towards the treatment and the progressive outcome of patients presented with complicated intra-abdominal infections.

Methodology: This comparative study was carried out on 94 subjects (chosen via non-probability, consecutive sampling), who presented with complicated intra-abdominal infections, had signs and symptoms of infection along with ultrasound abdomen examination consistent with infective foci and routine blood test showing raised total leukocyte count, at the Department of Surgery - Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. Subjects were divided into two groups (47 in each) through a random assignments. Group-A was kept on a short course (5-7-days) while Group-B was kept on a long course (7-10 days) antibiotic therapy. Data were documented using a structured questionnaire, including inquiries related to sociodemographic details, disease specifics, and observed for the outcome variables (mainly postoperative early resolution of infection and long hospital stay).

Results: In Group A, resolution of infection was achieved in 59.57%, 29.79% and 10.64% patients on day 5, 6 and 7, espectively. In Group B, esoluation of infection was only reported as 42.55%, 36.17% and 21.28% on day 5, 6 and 7, respectively. The median duration of taking antibiotic was almost half in short course group than the long. Surgical site infections were commonly observed in Group B patients. There was no mortality observed in both groups. There is no significance difference observed in primary outcome of clinical cure among the groups.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that the short course antibiotic therapy has good efficacy to treat CIAI when the primary foci of infection are surgically extracted with adequate source control.
Hemodialysis Catheter-Related Infections: Incidence in Temporary Catheters locked with Vancomycin and Heparin vs. Heparin-only
Authors: Khan Ahmad Shamim , Khan Muhammad Kashif , Zubair Mohammed , Khan Shakeel , Khalid Usman , Sultan Khawar
Published: February 2022

Background: The increasing incidence of end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients initiating hemodialysis (HD) through a temporary HD catheter has caused the rise in catheter related infections and associated morbidity and mortality. An antibiotic lock solution (ALS) for the prevention of catheter-related bacteraemia is a promising strategy. The present randomized control study has evaluated the efficacy and safety of vancomycin as an ALS in 54 patients who required temporary double lumen catheters for HD.

Methods: The patients were randomized to receive either (A) an ALS (vancomycin 5 mg/ml + heparin 5000 IU/ml) – group A; or (B) unfractionated heparin (5000 IU/ml) alone as a catheter lock control – group B. The study duration was of three months and was conducted at the Department of Nephrology, PIMS, Islamabad.

Results: The primary endpoint of the study was catheter related blood stream infection (CRBSI). The vancomycin group (A) had one episode of infection (CRBSI rate = 1.23/1000 days) compared with six episodes in the heparin-locked control group (B) (CRBSI rate = 8.55/1000 days). Mean catheter survival was significantly (p<0.05) more in group A (30.48 ± 5.7days) compared to group B (26 ± 6.5 days). No thrombotic episodes or side effects were recorded.

Conclusion: Vancomycin appeared to be a safe and effective ALS, preventing CRBSI and increasing survival of catheter in HD patients.
Evaluation of Oral Health Related Knowledge and Practices among Support Staff at a Dental Institution: A Cross-sectional Survey
Authors: Karagir Amol , Dalvi Tanushri , Kalghatgi Shrivardhan , Adaki Shridevi , Shete Aniruddha , Shete Anagha , Thorat Shraddha
Published: February 2022

Aim: Knowledge of oral health is considered as one of the important factors as it influences the oral health related behaviour of an individual and oral hygiene practices in turn affects the oral heath related quality of life. Hence, the main aim of this survey was to assess the knowledge and practices of support staff at dental institute in Maharashtra.

Study Design: Cross-sectional survey.

Methodology: The present survey was cross-sectional survey conducted among 103 Support staff of a Dental Institute. The questionnaire consisted of 16 questions which which was distributed. Demographic characteristics, oral health related knowledge and practices were presented using descriptive statistics. Knowledge among different categories of support staff was compared using chi-square test.

Results and Conclusion: The results of the present study conclude that majority of the participants had a good knowledge about their oral health but were not motivated to utilize dental services which were available to them. The oral hygiene practices lacked the use of supplemental oral hygiene aids.