bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Cervicovaginal Antibody in the Pathogenesis of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Women
Authors: Kurdydyk Linda M. , Kelly Kenneth , Harding Godfrey K. M. , Mirwaldt Patricia , Thompson Linda , Buckwold Frederick J. , Ronald Allan R.
Published: January 2020

Introital colonization with
Enterobacteriaceae
is considered to be one of the principal predisposing factors to recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) in adult females. One proposed mechanism allowing introital colonization in these patients is the absence of local cervicovaginal antibody. To test this hypothesis, we examined cervicovaginal washings from 22 patients with a history of recurrent UTI and 29 normal controls with no history of UTI for specific local antibody by using indirect immunofluorescence. No significant difference in antibody was found in these populations. Fourteen percent (3/22) of the patients had antibody to their introital
Escherichia coli
and 34% (10/29) of the controls had antibody to their fecal
E. coli.
Consequently, a sensitive radioimmunoassay technique was developed to detect cervicovaginal antibody. A solid phase was prepared by coupling to Sepharose 4B a pool of eight serogroups of
E. coli
which are frequently implicated in UTI. Serial dilutions of cervicovaginal washings were reacted with the solid phase, and the absorbed anti-
E. coli
antibodies were detected by the uptake of
125
I-labeled anti-human immunoglobulin G (IgG) or anti-human IgA. The antibody levels were quantitated by interpolation on a standard curve prepared by using immunospecifically purified human anti-
E. coli
antibodies. IgG and IgA levels were measured in washings from 10 colonized patients, 13 non-colonized patients, and 12 controls. There were no significant differences in IgG and IgA levels in cervicovaginal washings among the three groups. In these studies, introital colonization was not related to cervicovaginal antibody.
Immune response after exposure to varicella zoster virus: characterization of virus-specific antibodies and their corresponding antigens
Authors: Zweerink H J , Neff B J
Published: January 2020

Fourteen varicella zoster virus antigens were identified that induce antibodies during primary and recurrent infections. These antigens, which included the major nucleocapsid polypeptide (molecular weight, 155,000) and three glycoproteins (molecular weights, 130,000, 88,000, and 60,000, respectively) plus a number of minor antigens, were identified in radioimmunoprecipitation assays, using [35S]methionine-labeled extracts of cells infected with varicella zoster virus and sera from patients with primary and recurrent viral infections. No significant and reproducible differences were observed between early convalescent sera from cases with natural chicken pox and sera from cases with zoster in their ability react with viral antigens. Sera that were taken many years after episodes of chicken pox still retained their ability to react with the major viral antigens.
Assessment of cell-mediated immunity against coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis in a primate model (Papio papio)
Authors: Paque R E , Gauntt C J , Nealon T J
Published: January 2020

Delayed hypersensitivity and myocarditis were induced in five baboons (Papio papio) after inoculation with myocarditic murine coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3m). By means of the [3H]thymidine incorporation assay and the agarose droplet cell migration inhibition assay, specific cell-mediated immunity was detected in all five animals against viral antigens and/or KCl-extractable soluble antigens extracted from the heart of a CVB3m-inoculated baboon. KCl-extracted antigens from normal baboon heart tissues, as well as KCl-extracted antigens from spleen or liver tissues from a CVB3m-inoculated baboon, failed to stimulate baboon peripheral blood lymphocytes or inhibit the migration of baboon peritoneal exudate cells. The appearance of dissimilar antigen(s) in extracts of heart tissues from CVB3m-inoculated baboons which did not contain infectious CVB3m parallels the appearance of novel KCl-extractable antigen(s) induced by CVB3m in murine heart tissues (Paque et al., J. Immunol. 120:1672-1678). The animal model described represents the first systematic evaluation of cell-mediated immunity in CVB3m-induced myocarditis in primates and suggests that a similar phenomenon may occur in humans.
Interaction between a trachoma strain of Chlamydia trachomatis and mouse fibroblasts (McCoy cells) in the absence of centrifugation
Authors: Lee C K
Published: January 2020

A system was devised for studying the interaction of a trachoma strain of Chlamydia trachomatis (G17) and mouse fibroblasts (McCoy cells) in the absence of centrifugation, which is usually employed to enhance the infection of cell cultures with non-lymphogranuloma venereum human strains of C. trachomatis. In this system, the conditions of infection more closely approached those encountered in natural infections, and the entry of G17 into host cells could be compared with the previously described entry of C. psittaci 6BC and a lymphogranuloma venereum strain (440L) of C. trachomatis. McCoy cells were infected by shaking at 37 degrees C with inocula suspended in 0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, containing 0.2 M sucrose. The efficiency of infection (inclusion counts without centrifugation/inclusion counts with centrifugation) was 1.5% for monolayers and 7.5% for suspensions. When measured either by inclusion counts or by host cell-associated 14C-amino acid-labeled G17, association was proportional to G17 concentration and increased linearly for 60 min. Pretreatment of host cells with diethylaminoethyl-dextran (30 micrograms/ml, 30 min) raised the efficiency of infection to about 13% for both monolayers and suspensions. Host cells treated with cytochalasin B (2 x 10(-5) M, 90 min) or trypsin (50 micrograms/ml, 60 min) associated with G17 at undiminished rates. 14C-labeled G17 inactivated by heat (60 degrees C, 3 min) or ultraviolet light (1,800 ergs per mm2) associated with McCoy cells at the same rate as live G17. Comparison of these results with those previously reported for strains 6BC and 440L showed that strain G17 exhibited some, but not all, of the host cell association properties of the other two chlamydial strains.
Immunological reactivity of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 polypeptides electrophoretically separated and transferred to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper
Authors: Norrild B , Pedersen B , Roizman B
Published: January 2020

In this paper we report that viral polypeptides from herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2)-infected cells electrophoretically separated in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide-agarose gels and transferred to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper can react with rabbit hyperimmune sera, both polyvalent and prepared against specific antigens. The polyvalent hyperimmune sera against HSV-1 reacted with 17 HSV-1 polypeptide bands and 8 HSV-2 polypeptide bands. Concordantly, polyvalent sera against HSV-2 reacted with at least 16 HSV-2 polypeptide bands and 8 HSV-1 polypeptide bands. The antisera prepared against the specific antigens reacted with a smaller number of polypeptide bands. Preimmune sera and immune sera did not react with electrophoretically separated polypeptides from infected and uninfected cells, respectively. The immune localization of separated antigens test provides a powerful technique for identification of immunogenic viral polypeptides, especially those which are normally insoluble and therefore unavailable for immunological reactivity in immune precipitation tests.
Role of thymus for N-acetyl muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine-induced polyarthritis and granuloma formation in euthymic and athymic nude rats or in neonatally thymectomized rats
Authors: Kohashi O , Pearson C M , Tamaoki N , Tanaka A , Shimamura K , Ozawa A , Kotani S , Saito M , Hioki K
Published: January 2020

A synthetic adjuvant, N-acetyl muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), produced extremely severe polyarthritis with almost 100% incidence in Rowett euthymic rnu/+ rats, but the same dose of MDP (100 microgram) did not produce the disease in athymic rnu/rnu rats. Five hundred micrograms of MDP or 0.2 mg of heat-killed Mycobacterium bovis BCG, however, produced mild and transient polyarthritis in nude rats with very low incidence. We have not yet succeeded in reconstituting the disease susceptibility of nude rats by using thymus cells from normal rnu/+ rats. After intradermal inoculation of 100 microgram of MDP, nude rats developed small granulomas with a little necrosis and very few multinucleated giant cells only in the regional lymph nodes, whereas, in addition to the development of polyarthritis, euthymic rnu/+ rats developed typical granuloma with massive necrosis accompanied by numerous polymorphonuclear leukocytes and sparse multinucleated giant cells in the regional lymph nodes. Thymus cell-reconstituted rnu/rnu rats developed granuloma with sparse giant cells, relatively large areas of necrosis, and many polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Neonatal thymectomy may depress adjuvant-induced arthritis in the high-responder Lewis rats and enhance the disease development in the low-responder F344 rats. These findings suggested that (i) thymus plays an important role in promoting the development of MDP-induced arthritis; (ii) MDP-induced granuloma formation does not require thymus functions; (iii) the thymus functions may however be involved in the development of massive necrosis surrounded by considerable polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration, the mechanisms of which remain to be determined; and (iv) there is no direct correlation between granuloma formation and development of adjuvant arthritis.
Chemical and biological properties of a peptidoglycan isolated from Treponema pallidum kazan
Authors: Umemoto T , Ota T , Sagawa H , Kato K , Takada H , Tsujimoto M , Kawasaki A , Ogawa T , Harada K , Kotani S
Published: January 2020

A peptidoglycan layer of Treponema pallidum kazan was isolated by solubilization of whole cells with 1% warm sodium dodecyl sulfate and subsequent digestion of an insoluble residue with proteases. Electron microscopy revealed that the peptidoglycan was isolated as a single-layered sacculus of less than 5 nm in thickness, freed from axial filaments and an envelope sheath. An isolated peptidoglycan fraction was mainly composed of glucosamine, muramic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, ornithine, and glycine in molar ratios of 0.65:0.68:1.63:1.00:0.75:1.03. Amino (N)- and carboxyl (C)-terminal amino acid analyses suggested the involvement of at least a part of the glycine residue in cross-linking between the amino group of ornithine residue at one strand of the stem peptide subunit and the carboxyl group of alanine of the neighboring strand. The treponemal peptidoglycan lacked the immunoadjuvant activity both to stimulate antibody production and to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity against ovalbumin, as well as the properties necessary to stimulate guinea pig and mouse splenocytes and guinea pigs peritoneal macrophages, unlike the cell walls or peptidoglycans (group A type of Schleifer and Kandler's classification, Bacteriol. Rev. 36:407-477, 1972) isolated from many bacterial species parasitic to the mammal. However, the peptidoglycan activated the human complement system through the alternative pathway, as well as the classical one, and caused a liberation of 5-hydroxytryptamine in rabbit blood platelets in a similar manner to the cell wall peptidoglycans of both group A and B types.
Comparison of the effects of different lipopolysaccharides on the serum bactericidal reactions of two strains of Escherichia coli
Authors: Allen R J , Scott G K
Published: January 2020

The serum killing of Escherichia coli ML308 225 and PB94 was inhibited by lipopolysaccharide extracted from either organism, but not by lipopolysaccharide from three pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae.
Analysis of an in vivo model to study the interaction of host factors with Candida albicans
Authors: Poor A H , Cutler J E
Published: January 2020

Conditions were established under which membrane diffusion chambers surgically implanted into mice could be used to study interactions between host defense factors and Candida albicans within the chambers. Depending on the size of membrane pores, soluble host substances and phagocytic cells entered the chambers during the first 24 h after chamber implantation. By 7 days in vivo, the membranes of chambers appeared impermeable to these host factors. Mouse phagocytic cells were found to be functional within the in vivo chambers whether the cells emigrated to the chambers on their own accord or were placed there before chamber implantation. Opsonic factors such as antibody and complement appeared to be biologically functional within the in vivo chambers. Conditions suitable for harvesting C. albicans from the chambers also were determined.
Adherence of staphylococcus aureus to influenza A virus-infected Madin-Darby canine kidney cell cultures
Authors: Davison V E , Sanford B A
Published: January 2020

Madin-Darby canine kidney cells infected with influenza A virus (strains PR8, FM1, Jap 305, and Tex 1) were tested with nine strains of Staphylococcus aureus and group B Streptococcus type Ic to determine whether mammalian cells become susceptible to bacterial adherence as a result of virus infection. Bacterial adherence to virus-infected cells varied depending on the virus strain and on the strain of bacteria tested. A quantitative radioassay was developed to study the parameters of adherence. Attachment of 3H-labeled S. aureus grown in chemically defined or biologically complex medium to FM1 virus-infected cells was significantly increased (P less than 0.0005) compared with attachment to control cells. Adherence coincided with the appearance of hemadsorption, which is a marker of the presence of virus-induced glycoproteins on the cell surface. Adherence was temperature dependent, increased with a decrease in hydrogen ion concentration, and was not affected by the presence of K+, Mg2+, or Ca2+. Adherence was blocked when 3H-labeled S. aureus was pretreated with trypsin but not when cells were pretreated with neuraminidase.
Decrease of the lymphoproliferative response to varicella-zoster virus antigen in the aged
Authors: Berger R , Florent G , Just M
Published: January 2020

Humoral antibodies and specific cellular immune reactions (proliferative immune response in the lymphocyte transformation test) to varicella-zoster virus antigen were measured in children, young adults, and elderly people. In children and young adults, the humoral varicella-zoster-specific antibodies and the virus-specific cellular immune response generally coincided. In the over-60 age group, however, a discrepancy was often observed between these parameters. Ninety percent of the elderly subjects showed humoral antibodies, but only 64% still had a measurable varicella-zoster-specific immune response. There was no correlation between the magnitude of the virus antigen-specific immune response and the mitogen-induced lymphoproliferative response (phytohemagglutinin stimulation). One in three elderly people, therefore, showed no cellular immune response to the varicella-zoster virus antigen, and this person could probably be regarded as a potential herpes zoster patient.
Chemotactic factor receptor modulation and cytoskeletal structures
Authors: Spilberg I , Mehta J
Published: January 2020

The microfilament-disrupting agents cytochalasins A, B, and D were shown to impair the binding of the chemotactic factors [3H]formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine and 125 I-labeled crystal-induced chemotactic factor to their neutrophil receptor. Scatchard plot analysis revealed a decrease of the available binding sites in the cytochalasin B-treated cells. Cytochalasin B showed the same inhibitory profile on intact cells and on a membrane-rich preparation, suggesting that the effect was not dependent on an intact microfilament apparatus. The microtubule modifiers colchicine and vinblastine had no effect on the binding of the chemotactic factor to its cell receptors
Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to chlamydial antigens in guinea pigs infected ocularly with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis
Authors: Senyk G , Kerlan R , Stites D P , Schanzlin D J , Ostler H B , Hanna L , Keshishyan H , Jawetz E
Published: January 2020

Cell-mediated immune response and humoral response to chlamydial antigens were investigated in guinea pigs infected with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC). Pronounced cell-mediated immune response to the homologous antigen, as well as to two other chlamydial antigens, 6BC (Chlamydia psittaci) and LB-1 (C. trachomatis), occurred in all infected animals. Cell-mediated immune response to GPIC, and to a lesser extent to 6BC and LB-1 as well, was enhanced with time after infection even without the re-inoculation of the infectious agent. Extensive cross-reactions among the three chlamydial antigens during the cell-mediated immune response appeared to be due to shared species-specific and group-reactive antigens. Serum antibody response was pronounced and uniform to GPIC; it was less marked to 6BC and LB-1, with fewer cross-reactions than seen in tests for cell-mediated immunity.
Ultrastructural localization of characterized antigens of Brucella abortus and distribution among different biotypes
Authors: Raybould T J , Beesley J E , Chantler S
Published: January 2020

The distribution of characterized antigens in extracts of representative strains of Brucella abortus biotypes 1 to 9 was investigated by hemagglutination and precipitation reactivity. An antigen designated X was present in high concentrations in sodium dodecyl sulfate extracts of all smooth strains examined, but in low concentrations in the rough strain 45/20 extract. Antigen beta was demonstrable in 8 out of 12 smooth strains of B. abortus, but antigen gamma was detected in only 3 of these strains. Vaccine strain 19 extract contained beta antigen but no detectable gamma antigen, whereas both these antigens were present in rough strain 45/20 at slightly lower concentrations that in strain 544/W extract. Immunoenzyme histochemical studies performed with an electron microscope showed that antigens beta, gamma, and X were all situated in the outer membrane envelope of the cell wall of B. abortus 544/W.
HeLa cell infection by Yersinia enterocolitica: evidence for lack of intracellular multiplication and development of a new procedure for quantitative expression of infectivity
Authors: Devenish J A , Schiemann D A
Published: January 2020

The in vitro invasive properties of bacteria have frequently been studied by the use of HeLa cell cultures in chamber slides, using microscopic examination to enumerate intracellular bacteria. When this system was used to examine invasive properties of Yersinia enterocolitica, it resulted in rapid internalization of high numbers of bacteria during the infection phase which prevented subsequent discrimination of intracellular multiplication. A modified procedure was developed which standardized the ratio of bacteria to HeLa cells (i.e., multiplicity), the time for the infection phase, and the addition of specific antiserum with gentamicin for restricting bacterial uptake during the intracellular growth phase. Studies with this modified chamber slide system found that strains of human isolates of Y. enterocolitica (serotypes O:3, O:8, O:5,27, and O:6,30) exhibited different degrees of cell infection but did not multiply intracellularly. A second test system was developed that used roller tubes and viable cell counts for the enumeration of intracellular bacteria. This roller tube system confirmed that internalized bacteria did not multiply inside HeLa cells over a 24-h period. The roller tube system with viable cell counts for enumeration is a simplified technique for quantitative comparison of in vitro infectivity of HeLa cells by Y. enterocolitica.
Some enzymatic characteristics of eosinophil peroxidase from patients with eosinophilia and from healthy donors
Authors: Bos A J , Wever R , Hamers M N , Roos D
Published: January 2020

Some enzymatic characteristics of human eosinophil peroxidase were compared with those of human myeloperoxidase. Both enzymes catalyzed the oxidation of iodide by hydrogen peroxide. This assay proved to be very sensitive; the activity of 100 eosinophils/ml could be measured. The position of the pH optimum of this reaction was linearly dependent on the logarithm of the iodide/H2O2 ratio. At the same substrate ratio, this optimum was about 1 pH unit higher for eosinophil peroxidase than for myeloperoxidase. This difference may be related to the action of myeloperoxidase inside an acidified phagolysosome as opposed to the extracellular action of eosinophil peroxidase on the surface of certain parasites. Under defined conditions (KI, 1.4 mM; H2O2, 0.18 mM; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, 0.008% [wt/vol]; pH 6), the activity of eosinophil peroxidase could be measured in a mixed granulocyte suspension independently of myeloperoxidase. Eosinophils from patients with eosinophilia were found to contain as much peroxidase activity as did eosinophils from healthy donors. No enzymatic differences in eosinophil peroxidase were found between the two types of donors.
Development of a Vaccine Against Experimental Cholera and
Escherichia coli
Diarrheal Disease
Authors: Rappaport R. S. , Bonde G.
Published: January 2020

The results of the present investigation indicate a simple approach to the development of a single-vaccine formula which may ultimately be used to confer protection against both cholera and certain types of
Escherichia coli
diarrheal disease in humans and domestic animals. The design of the vaccine is based on the well-documented ability of cholera antitoxin to neutralize both cholera and heat-labile
E. coli
enterotoxins (CT and LT, respectively) and on the ability of killed
E. coli
to enhance the immune response to cholera toxoid and, possibly, to conventional cholera vaccine as well. Evidence presented shows that a parenterally administered
E. coli
vaccine, prepared from an LT-only enterotoxigenic strain, reproducibly elevated rabbit antitoxin responses to cholera toxoid and that such responses correlated with dramatic protection against live cholera vibrios and the homologous
E. coli
strain in the rabbit ligated loop model of diarrheal disease. The results show also that cholera vaccine acted to suppress the rabbits' immune response to the cholera toxoid and
E. coli
vaccine formula, even though all three antigens combined still provided significant protection against live organism challenge. On the basis of data presently available, the vaccine formula would be composed simply of cholera toxoid and
E. coli
vaccine, but may also include cholera vaccine. Since it has already been established that cholera toxoid and cholera vaccine are each safe for human use, additional vaccine development would require investigation of the safety of
E. coli
vaccine, alone and in combination with the other components.
Adherence and Streptococcus mutans infections: in vitro study with saliva from noninfected and infected preschool children
Authors: Köhler B , Krasse B , Carlén A
Published: January 2020

An in vitro adherence experiment was designed to mimic the transmission of Streptococcus mutans from mother to child to test the hypothesis that differences in initial adherence reflect differences in susceptibility to infection. The data show that the pretreatment of S. mutans cells with the saliva of the mother in a mother-child pair and the pretreatment of spheroidal hydroxyapatite with that of the child may result in combinations which counteract or foster the initial adherence to a varying extent. The findings indicate that such combinations may determine the risk of S. mutants infection.
Microscopic characterization of ocular damage produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A
Authors: Hazlett L D , Berk R S , Iglewski B H
Published: January 2020

The ocular damage in young adult mice produced by purified Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A was microscopically characterized at 1 and 5 h and at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days after toxin A challenge, using light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopic techniques. Similarly to previously described infection with viable organisms, toxin A killed both epithelial and endothelial cells and induced stromal cell swelling within 5 to 24 h after application onto the nonpenetrating wounded corneal surface. Other toxin-induced damage similar to the damage produced by infection with the viable bacteria was production of electron-dense particles within the corneal stroma, dispersal of undamaged collagen fibrils, and apparent loss of stromal proteoglycan ground substance. Toxin A damage differed from infection with the viable bacteria in essentially two ways. First, more purulent exudate and more polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte (PMN) infiltration of the corneal stroma were produced by infection with the viable organisms than by the toxin. Additionally, PMN did not appear within the toxin-treated corneas until 3 days after treatment, whereas in corneas infected with the viable organisms, PMN were numerous by 18 h. Secondly, toxin A produced cataract of the ocular lens, whereas infection with the viable organisms did not.
Host Species-Specific Damage to Oviduct Mucosa by
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Gregg Clark R. , Johnson Alan P. , Taylor-Robinson David , Melly M. Ann , McGee Zell A.
Published: January 2020

The selective toxicity of gonococcal lipopolysaccharide for the mucosa of human fallopian tubes, which is demonstrated in these studies, may be responsible in part for the specificity of naturally occurring gonococcal infections for humans.
Correlation between growth potential of mouse hepatitis viruses in macrophages and their virulence for mice
Authors: Taguchi F , Yamaguchi R , Makino S , Fujiwara K
Published: January 2020

Correlation between the virulence of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) for mice and the growth potential of the virus in peritoneal adherent cells was observed for highly virulent MHV-2 and avirulent MHV-1, JHM, and MHV-S strains. However, this phenomenon was not observed in strain MHV-3, which multiplied to almost the same degree in peritoneal adherent cells from susceptible and resistant mouse strains.
Mannose-specific adherence of Escherichia coli freshly excreted in the urine of patients with urinary tract infections, and of isolates subcultured from the infected urine
Authors: Ofek I , Mosek A , Sharon N
Published: January 2020

The mannose-specific adherence to yeast cells of Escherichia coli excreted in the urine of patients with urinary tract infections was compared with that of isolates from the same urine after growth of the bacteria in broth. The results revealed that although E. coli excreted in only 2 of 24 urine specimens exhibited mannose-specific adherence, about half of the broth cultures from these specimens did so. Examination of representative specimens of E. coli excreted in urine showed that coating antibodies, mannose-containing glycoproteins, and encapsulation were not responsible for the lack of the mannose-specific adherence. Our results suggest that E. coli strains that are genetically capable of exhibiting mannose-specific adherence may, when growing in the bladder, be in a phase of growth which suppresses the phenotypic expression of this trait. Mannose-specific adherence is indicative of the presence on the bacterial surface of adhesions (lectins) that bind the organisms to mannose residues on both epithelial and phagocytic cells. We propose that whereas at the initial stages of infection the bacteria may benefit from their ability to bind to mannose residues on epithelial cells, loss of this ability at the later stages of the infection is also beneficial, since the bacteria can no longer adhere to mannose residues on phagocytes, and are thus resistant to nonimmune phagocytosis.
Lectin binding by Giardia lamblia
Authors: Hill D R , Hewlett E L , Pearson R D
Published: January 2020

Surface carbohydrates of Giardia lamblia were examined using six plant lectins chosen because of their specificity for major carbohydrates moieties. The binding to axenically grown G. lamblia trophozoites was assessed in both a quantitative microagglutination assay and a fluorescence assay. Of the six lectins tested, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) agglutinated the highest percentage (22.9 +/- 3.7%) of live trophozoites, and fluorescein-labeled WGA (100 micrograms/ml) bound to 98 +/- 5% of them. Since the carbohydrate specificity of WGA includes both N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and sialic acid, inhibition experiments were performed. GlcNAc inhibited he binding of WGA to G. lamblia in both assays to a greater extent than did sialic acid. Binding of WGA was not altered by prior treatment of trophozoites with neuraminidase, suggesting that WGA was binding to GlcNAc moieties on G. lamblia and not to sialic acid. The remaining five lectins either bound nonspecifically or exhibited low percentages of binding. The apparent presence of GlcNAc but not sialic acid or other exposed surface carbohydrates may be important in the interaction of G. lamblia with its human host.
Lysis of erythrocytes by a hemolysin produced by a group B Streptococcus sp
Authors: Marchlewicz B A , Duncan J L
Published: January 2020

An improved procedure for the isolation and purification of the hemolysin produced by a group B streptococcus was developed, and the inactivation of partially purified hemolysin by several enzymes was studied. Hemolysin obtained in buffer containing starch and Tween 80 was inactivated by subtilisin and alpha-amylase, suggesting that the hemolysin may consist of a protein hemolytic moiety complexed to starch which acts as a carrier or stabilizer. Properties of the hemolytic reaction were studied by using sheep erythrocytes as target cells. Experiments to examine the kinetics of hemolysis at different hemolysin concentrations resulted in a family of sigmoidal curves characterized by a short prelytic lag phase followed by a period of rapid release of hemoglobin. The binding of the group B hemolysin at 37 degrees C was rapid; within 3 min, most of the cells had bound sufficient hemolysin to produce lysis. In contrast, the hemolysin did not bind to erythrocytes at 0 degrees C. The length of the prelytic lag period and the rate of hemolysis were also temperature dependent. A decrease in total hemolysis was observed when the target cell/hemolysin ratio was increased, suggesting that a multihit response is required for lysis. Intracellular 86Rb and hemoglobin were released at the same rate from hemolysin-treated cells, indicating that a colloid-osmotic process is not involved in the lytic mechanism.
Examination of Streptococcus mutans for immunoglobulin G Fc reactivity
Authors: Shea C , Ferretti J J
Published: January 2020

Representative strains of oral streptococci were tested for Fc immunoglobulin G (IgG) reactivity by two different techniques, agglutination of rabbit-IgG sensitized sheep erythrocytes and uptake of human and rabbit 125I-radiolabeled IgG. None of the S. mutans serotypes a through e reacted with the Fc region of either human or rabbit IgG. Additionally, other streptococci such as S. sanguis, S. salivarius, S. faecalis, and S. mitis failed to show appreciable Fc reactivity as assayed by these techniques. The group A, C, and G streptococci, previously shown to possess Fc reactivity, proved to be reactive in these experiments, as did a protein A-containing strain of Staphylococcus aureus.
Generation of enhanced macrophage-mediated antibacterial resistance in animals responding to tumor allografts
Authors: Newborg M F , North R J
Published: January 2020

Enhanced systemic antibacterial resistance was acquired by ACF1 (H-2ad) and B6D2F1 (H-2bd) mice bearing allogenetic BP-3 (H-2b) and SA-1 (H-2a) footpad tumors, respectively. This effect was dose dependent, in that the implantation of greater numbers of tumor cells produced larger tumors and higher levels of nonspecific resistance. Although the rejection of the tumor was T-cell dependent, the generation of nonspecific resistance was not. Thus, T-cell-deficient mice bearing progressively growing tumor allografts generated significant levels of antibacterial resistance. Two mechanisms were found to be involved in the generation of nonspecific resistance: (i) an acquired radioresistant mechanism responsible for initially destroying a large proportion of injected bacteria and (ii) an acquired radiosensitive mechanism responsible for destroying a significant number of bacteria after 24 h.
Serum resistance among Escherichia coli strains causing urinary tract infection in relation to O type and the carriage of hemolysin, colicin, and antibiotic resistance determinants
Authors: Hughes C , Phillips R , Roberts A P
Published: January 2020

The sensitivity to normal human serum of 91 smooth strains of Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections was determined. Production of hemolysin, which was common and associated primarily with the types O4, O6, O18, and O75, was significantly correlated with high levels of serum resistance, both within the total population and within individual O types. In contrast, serum resistance was not significantly associated with antibiotic resistance (whether transmissible or not), with colicinogeny in general, or with colicin V production in particular. This indicates that the carriage of R and ColV plasmids, shown previously to be capable of conferring increased levels of serum resistance on individual strains of E. coli isolated from other sources, does not play an important part in determining the serum sensitivity of the E. coli population involved in urinary tract infection.
Chemostat Studies of the Effect of Environmental Control on
Streptococcus sanguis
Adherence to Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Rosan Burton , Appelbaum Benjamin , Campbell Lindy K. , Knox Kenneth W. , Wicken Anthony J.
Published: January 2020

Streptococcus sanguis
is a major component of early dental plaque. The ability of
S. sanguis
to adhere to salivary pellicle appears to involve specific bacterial surface receptors. The nature of these receptors is still not known; however, the component molecules may be subject to environmental control as has been shown for teichoic acids and certain proteins. To study these environmental effects, a chemostat was employed to vary the growth conditions of
Streptococcus sanguis
strain G9B. This strain has been used extensively to study the adhesion of [
3
H]thymidine-labeled batch-grown cells to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads. The effects of dilution rate, pH, and carbon source on adhesion were studied with a competition assay in which the labeled batch cells were used as a reference standard. In this assay, cells from the chemostat were harvested and compared for their ability to inhibit adhesion of labeled cells relative to unlabeled control batch-grown cells. Subsequent studies used chemostat grown cells labeled with [
3
H]thymidine as a reference standard so that results were internally controlled and reflected only the particular alteration in environment which was studied. These results indicated that when glucose was used as a growth-limiting substrate, cells grown at relatively high dilution rates (D = 0.5 h
−1
; mean generation time = 1.4 h) behaved similarly to batch-grown cells and appeared to compete for the same binding sites. Cells grown at D = 0.1 h
−1
(mean generation time = 7 h) no longer competed with either batch-grown cells or chemostat cells grown at D = 0.5 h
−1
. Moreover, adsorption isotherms of such slow-growing cells (D = 0.1 h
−1
) suggested that binding was no longer specific. When fructose was used as the growth-limiting carbohydrate, cells grown at D = 0.1 h
−1
did not show this loss of specificity and competed nearly as well as control batch-grown glucose cells. However, the effect of pH appeared to be independent of carbohydrate source, because cells grown in either glucose or fructose at pH 5.5 at D = 0.1 h
−1
lost the ability to compete with reference batch or chemostat cells grown at D = 0.5 h
−1
. This effect was very sharp, since cells grown in the pH range from 6 to 7.5 at D = 0.5 h
−1
competed nearly as well as control cells. A similar effect of pH was found for batch cultures grown with excess glucose. These studies reinforce the idea that the environment can profoundly affect the bacterial surface and consequently the ability of the organism to adhere, a property which appears to be a primary event in some infectious diseases and in dental plaque formation.
Cell walls, peptidoglycans, and teichoic acids of Gram-positive bacteria as polyclonal inducers and immunomodulators of proliferative and lymphokine responses of human B and T lymphocytes
Authors: Räsänen L , Arvilommi H
Published: January 2020

In this study the mitogenic and immunomodulating effects of bacterial cell wall preparations were investigated. Cell walls, peptidoglycans, and teichoic acids from Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus Wood 45 activated both human T cells (supplemented with 10% monocytes) and B cells to proliferate and to produce leukocyte-inhibitory factor. Similar results were obtained with adult and umbilical cord blood cells, suggesting that these bacterial preparations were acting as mitogens. Cell walls and peptidoglycans had a modulating effect on purified protein derivative- or protein A-induced proliferation. In the presence of suboptimal concentrations of these stimulants, bacterial components enhanced the proliferative response. However, at optimal concentrations of purified protein derivative or protein A, bacterial components suppressed lymphocyte proliferation. Peptidoglycans solubilized by lysozyme activated B lymphocytes but not T cells. Solubilization had no effect on the immunomodulating capacity.
Enhanced adoptive transfer of immunity to Listeria monocytogenes after in vitro culture of murine spleen cells with concanavalin A
Authors: Barry R A , Hinrichs D J
Published: January 2020

In vitro incubation of spleen cells with T-cell mitogens has been shown to augment cytotoxic and cytolytic T-cell function. The plant lectins Concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin were employed in a similar fashion to investigate their abilities to enhance cell-mediated immunity to the microbial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Spleen cells from immune mice were incubated in vitro with Concanavalin A or phytohemagglutinin before passive transfer into normal recipients. Results indicated a 10- to 100-fold enhancement in the ability of these cells stimulated in vitro to transfer antilisterial resistance, as assayed by changes in 50% lethal dose values and enumeration of splenic bacterial proliferation.
Experimental Escherichia coli ascending pyelonephritis in rats: active peroral immunization with live Escherichia coli
Authors: Mattsby-Baltzer I , Hanson L A , Olling S , Kaijser B
Published: January 2020

Peroral immunization with a live strain of Escherichia coli O6K13H1 against experimental ascending pyelonephritis caused by the same strain was studied in rats, and the effect of immunization on antibody titers against the O and K antigens and lipid A was determined. Peroral immunization with live bacteria protected significantly against pyelonephritis. Sera collected 1 week after infection from the immunized group were increased in immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-O6 and IgM anti-K13 in comparison with the nonimmunized group. The peroral immunization did not correspondingly affect the response to lipid A. In urine, there was an IgG antibody response to the O6 antigen. In bronchopulmonary secretion, IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies to O6 were detected. Perorally immunized animals had significantly higher levels of IgG and IgA anti-O6 compared with the nonimmunized group 1 week after infection. Passive transfer of anti-lipid A did not increase resistance against pyelonephritis.
Arthritogenic activity of a synthetic immunoadjuvant, muramyl dipeptide
Authors: Zídek Z , Maśek K , Jiricka Z
Published: January 2020

A synthetic muramyl dipeptide, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, dissolved in saline only and applied subcutaneously to rats of the Lewis inbred strain, produced arthritis, clinically manifest by hind feet paresis but without apparent paw swelling in most cases. Histologically, the disease was characterized by edema and hyperemia of connective tissues, joint synovias, and tendon sheaths, with massive accumulation of inflammatory cell infiltrates composed mainly of lymphoplasmocytes and partly of neutrophil leukocytes. Fibrin exudation and fibrinoid necrosis in connective tissues were observed in the most severe cases. Synovial layers of the talocrural joint, especially on their villi, exhibited marked swelling or cell desquamation of the inner zone. Clinical symptoms of the disease disappeared spontaneously within 5 days after cessation of the treatment; also, histological examinations showed that the effects were reversible. Our results prove that (i) muramyl dipeptide is the principal substance involved in the production of arthritis, (ii) there is no necessity for the presence of additional mycobacterial cell wall components, and (iii) the involvement of the oil moiety is not requisite for the production of arthritis.
Non-immunoglobulin fraction of human milk protects rabbits against enterotoxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion
Authors: Otnaess A B , Svennerholm A M
Published: January 2020

Human milk was fractionated by ammonium sulphate precipitation and column chromatography. A milk fraction depleted of secretory immunoglobulin A and with an apparent molecular weight of greater than 400,000 inhibited fluid secretion induced by cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin in rabbit ileal loops.
Neurological involvement in mice after infection with a cold-adapted herpes simplex type 2 virus
Authors: Huang D D , Abrams G D , Maassab H F
Published: January 2020

Experimental intracerebral infection of 4-week-old mice with the MS strain of herpes simplex virus type 2 or its derivative cold variant was compared. The infectious process was followed in both the brain tissue and the trigeminal ganglia, using hematoxylin and eosin and antigenic tracing with indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining. The wild-type virus elicited a severe meningitis and necrotic lesions by 7 days post-inoculation in the brain. The cold variant produced a mild meningitis and no necrotic lesions. In both viral infections, the neuron seemed to be the target cell at the early stages. Infection with the wild-type strain was able to spread through host tissues and produce confluent lesions, whereas infection with the cold mutant seemed to be confined to individual neurons. Data suggest that the cold variant is restricted in its ability to lyse the cells and spread in the host nervous tissue.
Activation of natural killer cells and induction of interferon after injection of mouse hepatitis virus type 3 in mice
Authors: Schindler L , Engler H , Kirchner H
Published: January 2020

High levels of natural killer (NK) cell activity and high titers of interferon were observed in the peritoneal exudate of C57BL/6 mice 20 to 50 h after injection of mouse hepatitis virus type 3 (MHV3) but not during the first 10 h after infection. C57BL/6 mice were susceptible to MHV3 infection and showed high titers of MHV3 in the peritoneal exudate 48 h after infection. A/J mice, in contrast, were resistant to the dose that killed 100% of the C57BL/6 mice (10 macrophage-infecting doses) and showed considerably lower virus titers than those shown by C57BL/6 mice. NK cell activity and interferon titers were significantly lower in the peritoneal exudate of A/J mice than in that of C57BL/6 mice. Serum interferon titers were also lower in A/J mice. Thus, our data show an inverse relationship between resistance and the levels of these two parameters. The data suggest that, in contrast to the situation observed with certain herpesviruses, interferon and NK cells may not be of overwhelming importance in the defense of mice against MHV3.
Characterization and distribution of the hemagglutinins produced by Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Hanne L F , Finkelstein R A
Published: January 2020

Examination of the distribution of cell-associated and soluble hemagglutinins (HA) produced by Vibrio cholerae revealed the existence of four different HAs. A cell-associated mannose-sensitive HA (MSHA) was produced only by the El Tor biotype. This was evident with all El Tor strains examined. It appears to be responsible for the HA biotyping differentiation of El Tor from classical biotype V. cholerae. The MSHA had no apparent divalent ion requirement; it was inhibited by D-mannose and D-fructose; and it was active on all human (A, B, O) and all chicken erythrocytes tested. Spontaneous MSHA- mutants of El Tor strains were selected by cosedimentation of MSHA+ parent bacteria with erythrocytes. An L-fucose-sensitive HA was detected transiently in early log-phase growth with two of the four classical strains examined and with MSHA- mutants of El Tor biotype strains 3083, 26-3, and 17. MSHA- mutants also expressed another cell-associated HA in late log-phase cultures. A "soluble" HA was detected in late log-phase cultures of all strains tested. This HA was not inhibitable by any sugars tested; it required CA2+ ions for maximum activity; and it was active on some chicken erythrocytes but not others.
Protection in rabbits induced by the Texas Star-SR attenuated A-B+ mutant candidate live oral cholera vaccine
Authors: Boesman-Finkelstein M , Finkelstein R A
Published: January 2020

The avirulent, A-B+, streptomycin-resistant mutant designated Texas Star-SR, isolated from a virulent, hypertoxinogenic, colonizing strain of Vibrio cholerae (Ogawa serotype, El Tor biotype) and administered intragastrically or intraduodenally in adult rabbits, has been found to induce substantial immunity to subsequent challenge (in ligated intestinal loops) with virulent wild-type cholera vibrios (of both homologous and heterologous biotype and serotype). Significant resistance to challenge with one strain of human heat-labile enterotoxin (LT)-producing Escherichia coli was also demonstrated, but resistance against two other human LT-producing strains was either nil or marginal under these experimental conditions. Significant, but not striking, resistance against challenge with purified choleragen was obtained, whereas protection against a bolus challenge of purified porcine LT was not statistically significant.
Human serum antibodies to varicella-zoster virus thymidine kinase
Authors: Källander C F , Gronowitz J S , Torfason E G
Published: January 2020

The conditions required for the production of varicella-zoster virus (VSV)-induced deoxythymidine kinase (dTk) have been studied. Extracts from Vero cells harvested 62 h after VZV infection were found to contain VZV-induced dTk activity, with a minimal contribution from the cellular dTk activity. VZV dTK was shown to have a broad substrate specificity phosphorylating both deoxythymidine, deoxycytidine, and iododeoxyuridine. Deoxythymidine triphosphate inhibition studies revealed an intermediate deoxythymidine triphosphate sensitivity when compared with that of the cellular cytosolar enzyme and the deoxythymidine triphosphate-insensitive herpes simplex virus dTk. An assay for VZV dTk-blocking antibodies was developed, with [125I]iododeoxyuridine as a substrate in the presence of a deoxythymidine triphosphate concentration which selectively blocked the dTK of host cell origin. A total of 79 serum samples were studied; these included serum pairs from patients with varicella or herpes zoster and single sera from immune and nonimmune adults. VZV dTk blocking antibodies were detected exclusively in sera from patients with herpes zoster. All serum pairs showing VZV dTK seroconversion also showed a parallel conversion of complement fixation titers. The VZV dTk antibodies were found to be of the immunoglobulin G class. The immunological specificity of VZV dTK was investigated, and no cross-reactivity with herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 dTk was found.