bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization and expression profile of two UDP‐glucosyltransferases, UGT85K4 and UGT85K5, catalyzing the last step in cyanogenic glucoside biosynthesis in cassava
Authors: Kannangara Rubini , Motawia Mohammed S. , Hansen Natascha K. K. , Paquette Suzanne M. , Olsen Carl E. , Møller Birger L. , Jørgensen Kirsten
Published: July 2011

Manihot esculenta (cassava) contains two cyanogenic glucosides, linamarin and lotaustralin, biosynthesized from l‐valine and l‐isoleucine, respectively. In this study, cDNAs encoding two uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT) paralogs, assigned the names UGT85K4 and UGT85K5, have been isolated from cassava. The paralogs display 96% amino acid identity, and belong to a family containing cyanogenic glucoside‐specific UGTs from Sorghum bicolor and Prunus dulcis. Recombinant UGT85K4 and UGT85K5 produced in Escherichia coli were able to glucosylate acetone cyanohydrin and 2‐hydroxy‐2‐methylbutyronitrile, forming linamarin and lotaustralin. UGT85K4 and UGT85K5 show broad in vitro substrate specificity, as documented by their ability to glucosylate other hydroxynitriles, some flavonoids and simple alcohols. Immunolocalization studies indicated that UGT85K4 and UGT85K5 co‐occur with CYP79D1/D2 and CYP71E7 paralogs, which catalyze earlier steps in cyanogenic glucoside synthesis in cassava. These enzymes are all found in mesophyll and xylem parenchyma cells in the first unfolded cassava leaf. In situ PCR showed that UGT85K4 and UGT85K5 are co‐expressed with CYP79D1 and both CYP71E7 paralogs in the cortex, xylem and phloem parenchyma, and in specific cells in the endodermis of the petiole of the first unfolded leaf. Based on the data obtained, UGT85K4 and UGT85K5 are concluded to be the UGTs catalyzing in planta synthesis of cyanogenic glucosides. The localization of the biosynthetic enzymes suggests that cyanogenic glucosides may play a role in both defense reactions and in fine‐tuning nitrogen assimilation in cassava.
Endosomal signaling of the tomato leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like protein LeEix2
Authors: Sharfman Miya , Bar Maya , Ehrlich Marcelo , Schuster Silvia , Melech‐Bonfil Shiri , Ezer Ran , Sessa Guido , Avni Adi
Published: July 2011

Extracellular leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) receptor‐like proteins (RLPs) represent a unique class of cell‐surface receptors, as they lack a functional cytoplasmic domain. Our knowledge of how RLPs that do not contain a kinase or Toll domain function is very limited. The tomato RLP receptor LeEix2 signals to induce defense responses mediated by the fungal protein ethylene‐inducing xylanase (EIX). The movement of FYVE‐positive endosomes before and after EIX application was examined using spinning disc confocal microscopy. We found that while FYVE‐positive endosomes generally observe a random movement pattern, following EIX application a subpopulation of FYVE‐positive endosomes follow a directional movement pattern. Further, cellular endosomes travel greater distances at higher speeds following EIX application. Time‐course experiments conducted with specific inhibitors demonstrate the involvement of endosomal signaling in EIX‐triggered defense responses. Abolishing the existence of endosomes or the endocytic event prevented EIX‐induced signaling. Endocytosis/endosome inhibitors, such as Dynasore or 1‐butanol, inhibit EIX‐induced signaling. Moreover, treatment with Endosidin1, which inhibits an early step in plasma membrane/endosome trafficking, enhances the induction of defense responses by EIX. Our data indicate a distinct endosomal signaling mechanism for induction of defense responses in this RLP system.
Characterization of new HLA‐A and ‐B alleles from Kazakhstan
Authors: Kuranov A. B. , Mukhamedyarov D. A. , Momynaliev K. T.
Published: July 2011

Eight novel alleles, two HLA‐A and six HLA‐B, are described in Kazakh individuals.
Establishment of the first International Repository for Transfusion‐Relevant Bacteria Reference Strains: ISBT Working Party Transfusion‐Transmitted Infectious Diseases (WP‐TTID), Subgroup on Bacteria
Authors: Störmer M. , Arroyo A. , Brachert J. , Carrero H. , Devine D. , Epstein J. S. , Gabriel C. , Gelber C. , Goodrich R. , Hanschmann K.‐M. , Heath D. G. , Jacobs M. R. , Keil S. , de Korte D. , Lambrecht B. , Lee C.‐K. , Marcelis J. , Marschner S. , McDonald C. , McGuane S. , McKee M. , Müller T. H. , Muthivhi T. , Pettersson A. , Radziwon P. , Ramirez‐Arcos S. , Reesink H. W. , Rojo J. , Rood I. , Schmidt M. , Schneider C. K. , Seifried E. , Sicker U. , Wendel S. , Wood E. M. , Yomtovian R. A. , Montag T.
Published: July 2011

Background  Bacterial contamination of platelet concentrates (PCs) still remains a significant problem in transfusion with potential important clinical consequences, including death. The International Society of Blood Transfusion Working Party on Transfusion‐Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Subgroup on Bacteria, organised an international study on Transfusion‐Relevant Bacteria References to be used as a tool for development, validation and comparison of both bacterial screening and pathogen reduction methods.

Material and Methods  Four Bacteria References (Staphylococcus epidermidis PEI‐B‐06, Streptococcus pyogenes PEI‐B‐20, Klebsiella pneumoniae PEI‐B‐08 and Escherichia coli PEI‐B‐19) were selected regarding their ability to proliferate to high counts in PCs and distributed anonymised to 14 laboratories in 10 countries for identification, enumeration and bacterial proliferation in PCs after low spiking (0·3 and 0·03 CFU/ml), to simulate contamination occurring during blood donation.

Results  Bacteria References were correctly identified in 98% of all 52 identifications. S. pyogenes and E. coli grew in PCs in 11 out of 12 laboratories, and K. pneumoniae and S. epidermidis replicated in all participating laboratories. The results of bacterial counts were very consistent between laboratories: the 95% confidence intervals were for S. epidermidis: 1·19–1·32 × 107 CFU/ml, S. pyogenes: 0·58–0·69 × 107 CFU/ml, K. pneumoniae: 18·71–20·26 × 107 CFU/ml and E. coli: 1·78–2·10 × 107 CFU/ml.

Conclusion  The study was undertaken as a proof of principle with the aim to demonstrate (i) the quality, stability and suitability of the bacterial strains for low‐titre spiking of blood components, (ii) the property of donor‐independent proliferation in PCs, and (iii) their suitability for worldwide shipping of deep frozen, blinded pathogenic bacteria. These aims were successfully fulfilled. The WHO Expert Committee Biological Standardisation has approved the adoption of these four bacteria strains as the first Repository for Transfusion‐Relevant Bacteria Reference Strains and, additionally, endorsed as a project the addition of six further bacteria strain preparations suitable for control of platelet contamination as the next step of enlargement of the repository.
Soft‐bottom macrofaunal assemblages in the Gulf of Salerno, Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy, an area affected by the invasion of the seaweed Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea
Authors: Lorenti Maurizio , Gambi Maria Cristina , Guglielmo Rosanna , Patti Francesco Paolo , Scipione Maria Beatrice , Zupo Valerio , Buia Maria Cristina
Published: July 2011

The spread of the introduced chlorophyte alga Caulerpa racemosa (with its variety cylindracea) in the Mediterranean Sea has been dramatic in the past decade due to its ability to cover substantial bottom areas and modify invaded habitats. From its first appearance in the mid‐1990s, C. racemosa var. cylindracea has proliferated along the soft bottom of the Gulf of Salerno (Tyrrhenian Sea), which in its central part was largely unvegetated. A long‐term assessment of the macrofaunal assemblages from this area was conducted based on a comparison between a historical dataset of macrofaunal species and abundances obtained in 1981, before the introduction of the alga, and datasets derived from sampling performed in 2006 and 2007 at the same stations. The aim of the comparison was to explore whether a detectable change occurred in the degree of diversity and in the composition of macrofaunal assemblages and, if this occurred, whether such change could be attributed, at least in part, to the C. racemosa colonization in the area. Although overall local diversity did not change in the study area, the composition of the macrofaunal assemblages in 2006–2007 differed from that in 1981. The most conspicuous changes were a decline in infaunal bivalve molluscs and an increase of mobile epibenthic forms (notably the mollusc Nassarius pygmaeus); these may be linked to the influence of C. racemosa on sediment properties. The dominance of some species (mainly polychaetes) may be associated with other environmental factors such as the intensity of riverine inputs. The impact of the invasive alga appears to vary according to the habitat invaded.
Aliskiren increases bradykinin and tissue kallikrein mRNA levels in the heart
Authors: Campbell Duncan J , Zhang Yuan , Kelly Darren J , Gilbert Richard E , McCarthy Davis J , Shi Wei , Smyth Gordon K
Published: July 2011

1. Aliskiren is a renin inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.6 nmol/L for human renin, 4.5 nmol/L for mouse renin and 80 nmol/L for rat renin.

2. In the present study, we compared the effects of aliskiren (10 mg/kg per day), the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril (0.2 mg/kg per day) and their combination on angiotensin and bradykinin peptides in female heterozygous (mRen‐2)27 rats, transgenic for the mouse renin gene.

3. All three treatments produced similar reductions in systolic blood pressure, heart weight and plasma aldosterone levels and reduced angiotensin II levels in lung, but only perindopril and the combination reduced angiotensin II levels in kidney of (mRen‐2)27 rats. In contrast, aliskiren and the combination, but not perindopril alone, increased cardiac bradykinin levels. Aliskiren increased immunostaining for tissue kallikrein in the heart and reduced cardiac fibrosis.

4. We investigated the mechanism underlying the increase in bradykinin levels following aliskiren treatment in Sprague–Dawley rats, in which aliskiren has a lower potency for renin inhibition. Aliskiren (10 mg/kg per day) reduced renal angiotensin levels within 24 h, but treatment for > 24 h was required to increase cardiac bradykinin levels. Moreover, 3 mg/kg per day aliskiren increased cardiac bradykinin levels, but did not reduce renal angiotensin levels. Aliskiren did not potentiate the hypotensive effects of bradykinin; however, it increased tissue kallikrein, but not plasma kallikrein, mRNA levels in the heart.

5. These data demonstrate that the aliskiren‐induced increase in cardiac bradykinin levels is independent of renin inhibition and changes in bradykinin metabolism, but is associated with increased tissue kallikrein gene expression.
The diversities of PrPSc distributions and pathologic changes in various brain regions from a Chinese patient with G114V genetic CJD
Authors: Shi Qi , Zhang Bao‐Yun , Gao Chen , Han Jun , Wang Gui‐Rong , Chen Cao , Tian Chan , Dong Xiao‐Ping
Published: July 2011

Human genetic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (gCJD; one of the prion diseases) is caused by point mutations and insertions in the prion protein gene (PRNP). Previously we have reported a Chinese gCJD case with a substitution of valine (V) for glycine (G) at codon 114. To investigate the detailed pathogenic and pathologic characteristics of G114V gCJD, 10 different brain regions were thoroughly analyzed. PrP‐specific Western blots and immunohistochemical (IHC) assays identified larger amounts of PrPSc in the regions of brain cortex. Assays of the transcriptions of PrP‐specific mRNA by RT‐PCR and real‐time PCR showed comparable levels in 10 brain regions. In line with the distribution of PrPSc, typical vacuolations in brains, markedly in four cortex regions, were detected. Contrast to the distributing features of spongiform and of PrPSc, massive gliosis was detected in all brain regions by GFAP‐specific IHC tests. Moreover, two‐dimensional gel immunoblots found three major sets of PrPSc spots, indicating that PrPSc in brain tissues was a mixture of molecules with different biochemical properties. The data here provide the pathogenic and neuropathological features of G114V gCJD.
Comparison of the clinical competence of nurses working in two university hospitals in Iran
Authors: Bahreini Masoud , Shahamat Shohreh , Hayatdavoudi Paritchehr , Mirzaei Mostafa
Published: July 2011

Hospitals are integrated with medical universities in Iran and are categorized into three types with respect to educational and health services quality. This cross‐sectional study aimed to determine and compare the level of clinical competence of nurses who were working in type 1 and type 2 university hospitals. The clinical competence of all 266 nurses in the two hospitals was assessed by using the self‐assessment method. The Nurse Competence Scale, a questionnaire consisting of 73 items, was used to assess the level of clinical competence and the frequency of using skills. The nurses who were working in the type 1 university hospital viewed themselves as more competent than those who were working in the type 2 university hospital. Also, only 70% of the clinical skills were used frequently by the nurses who were working in the type 2 university hospital, in comparison to > 83% for the nurses who were working in the type 1 university hospital. The results can be used for the educational needs assessment of nurses and for modifying the quality of care in hospitals.
Low‐grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm with disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis involving the uterus, mimicking primary mucinous endometrial adenocarcinoma: A case report
Authors: Tanaka Hirohiko , Kobayashi Takumi , Yoshida Kayo , Asakura Tetsuo , Taniguchi Haruki , Mikami Yoshiki
Published: July 2011

We present a patient with a low‐grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm, resulting in disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis (pseudomyxoma peritonei) with uterine involvement, and mimicking primary mucinous endometrial adenocarcinoma. On immunohistochemistry, neoplastic glands were cytokeratin 7‐negative and cytokeratin 20‐positive, indicating a gastrointestinal origin rather than a primary ovarian mucinous neoplasm. A diagnosis of uterine metastasis of appendiceal origin was made, based on the constellation of clinicopathological findings, that is, preceding appendiceal neoplasm, peritoneal involvement, absence of coexisting prototypical endometrioid adenocarcinoma or endometrial hyperplasia. The patient underwent hysterectomy and there was no evidence of disease progression at the 12‐month follow up. This suggested the indolent nature of this particular neoplasm, despite its advanced stage.
Serum maternal hepcidin levels 3 days after delivery are higher compared to those measured at parturition
Authors: Gyarmati Béla , Szabó Eszter , Szalay Balázs , Czuczy Noémi , Toldi Gergely , Cseh Áron , Vásárhelyi Barna , Takáts Zoltán
Published: July 2011

Aim:  Our aim was to investigate the levels of hepcidin at parturition and 3 days after delivery and to relate hepcidin levels to parameters of iron homeostasis.

Materials and Methods:  We measured hepcidin levels with mass spectrometry in serum samples of 38 term pregnant women taken just prior to and 3 days after vaginal delivery (n = 23) or cesarean section (CS) (n = 15). Hepcidin levels were related to iron homeostasis parameters and interleukin (IL)‐6 levels. Parameters measured before and after delivery were compared with the Wilcoxon test.

Results:  Serum iron levels (median, interquartile range) decreased (14.3, 9.6–21.1 vs 8.9, 6.8–11.5 µmol/L, P < 0.01), while hepcidin levels increased (2.73, 2.2–3.45 vs 10.62, 6.70–15.89 µg/L, P < 0.01) by the third day after parturition compared to those measured before delivery. IL‐6 levels were comparable before and after delivery. No direct association between serum hepcidin and iron homeostasis parameters or IL‐6 levels was found.

Conclusions:  Factors triggering hepcidin synthesis dominate 3 days after delivery. Studies are needed to assess the contribution of hepcidin to iron homeostasis during the periparturition period.
The safety profile of exogenous insulin in people with type 2 diabetes: justification for concern
Authors: Currie C. J. , Johnson J. A.
Published: July 2011

There is no doubt about the value of exogenous insulin for people with type 1 diabetes. The purpose of this commentary is to discuss emerging evidence that this may not be the case for the majority of people with type 2 diabetes.
Alcohol and cannabis abuse/dependence symptoms and life satisfaction in young adulthood
Authors: SWAIN NICOLA R. , GIBB SHEREE J. , HORWOOD L. JOHN , FERGUSSON DAVID M.
Published: July 2011

Introduction and Aims. To examine the associations between substance abuse/dependence symptoms and life satisfaction, before and after adjustment for fixed and time‐dynamic sources of confounding.

Design and Methods. Data were drawn from a 30 year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 987 individuals. Associations between alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms, cannabis abuse/dependence symptoms and life satisfaction were examined using repeated measures regression models. Associations were adjusted for fixed and time‐dynamic sources of confounding, including family background, personality, demographics, recent life events, current employment and recent mental illness.

Results. There were significant associations between alcohol abuse/dependence and life satisfaction (P < 0.0001) and between cannabis abuse/dependence and life satisfaction (P < 0.0001). These significant associations remained after adjustment for fixed sources of confounding. However, adjusting for time‐dynamic sources of confounding substantially reduced the associations. After adjustment for time‐dynamic sources of confounding there were no significant associations between alcohol abuse/dependence and life satisfaction (P > 0.17) or cannabis abuse/dependence and life satisfaction (P > 0.25).

Discussion and Conclusions. These findings suggest that associations between life substance abuse/dependence and life satisfaction can be explained by time‐dynamic factors, such as employment, life events and comorbid mental illness that are associated with reduced life satisfaction. When due allowance is made for confounding, alcohol and cannabis abuse/dependence are not associated with reduced life satisfaction. [Swain NR, Gibb SJ, Horwood LJ, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and cannabis abuse/dependence symptoms and life satisfaction in young adulthood. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:327–333]
The Irrelevance of ‘Trusting Relationships’ in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: Reconsidering the Dynamics of Proliferation
Authors: Bluth Christoph
Published: July 2011

In a recent paper Jan Ruzicka and Nicholas J. Wheeler have posited that the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is an example of several ‘trusting relationships’. The authors assert that ‘since the end of the 1990s the trusting relationships embodied in the NPT have come under strain’ and that this accounts for the fact that the ‘treaty is facing growing pressures that are eroding what has been an effective barrier to nuclear weapons proliferation’. This article questions the assumptions underlying this analysis. It argues that the approach taken by Ruzicka and Wheeler fundamentally misconceives the dynamics of nuclear non-proliferation. The policy implications generated by this approach are impractical and downright dangerous as they fail to address the causes of proliferation and instead exacerbate the problem further.
INFRASTRUCTURE, PUBLIC EDUCATION AND GROWTH WITH CONGESTION COSTS
Authors: Agénor Pierre‐Richard
Published: July 2011

This paper studies the implications of education quality for the optimal allocation of public expenditure in a simple endogenous growth model with mandatory schooling and infrastructure spillovers. Education quality is inversely related to the degree of congestion in schools, which is itself measured in two ways: the proportions of teachers and students in the population, and the ratio of government spending on education to teaching capacity. The balanced‐growth path is derived and the transitional dynamics associated with an increase in the degree of congestion are analysed. The growth‐maximizing share of government spending on education is shown to depend negatively on the congestion parameter. Policy implications for the ‘quantity versus quality’ debate in schooling are also discussed.
STATE REGULATORY CAPACITY: EXPERIENCES FROM PUBLIC SECTOR REFORMS IN NORWAY
Authors: KJEKSHUS LARS ERIK , VEGGELAND FRODE
Published: July 2011

State regulatory capacity is being threatened by internationalization, commercialization and persistent demand for public services. The article addresses the overarching question of how the state is changing due to recent public sector reforms. By studying changes in the regulation of the health care sector and the food sector in Norway, the article challenges the assumption that recent public sector reforms have necessarily led to a decline of the central state's regulatory strength. The conclusions are that the central state level has in fact been strengthened by regulatory reforms, by transferring authority to the state level and by enhancing the central administration's co‐ordinating and regulating capacity.
PUBLIC‐PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP CONTRACTS: A TALE OF TWO CITIES WITH DIFFERENT CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS
Authors: CUNHA MARQUES RUI , BERG SANFORD
Published: July 2011

This paper analyses regulation by contract in public‐private partnerships (PPPs) for infrastructure services. Although the benefits of competition for the market and subsequent regulatory contracts are recognized, the literature also identifies contract design failures.

When considering these limitations, it is useful to distinguish between contracts associated with purely contractual PPPs (concessions) and contracts for institutionalized PPPs (mixed company). Two cases from the Portuguese water sector are used to illustrate problems arising in the preparation of public tender documents: the ‘best’ bidder is often not the winner. Often, risks are not allocated correctly nor is effective monitoring ensured. Comparisons between the two types of contracts show how external regulation can be useful in mitigating contractual problems. This examination of bidding procedures and contract design yields several implications for policy‐makers; in addition, the study presents recommendations for improving regulatory contracts.
CHANGING THE DECISION SPACE: EUROPEAN POLICY INFLUENCES ON ENERGY POLICY AND SYSTEMS CHANGE IN SWEDEN
Authors: NILSSON MÅNS
Published: July 2011

The EU takes a growing interest in governing the energy sector in its member states. Competing with national institutions, policies and organizational structures, it is however not clear whether the EU exerts a strong influence compared to other factors, andifthere is such an influence, the mechanisms are not well understood. This paper examines strategic reorientation towards electricity investment in the Swedish energy sector, a ‘frontrunner case’ of Europeanization, and discusses how this change can be attributed to EU policy change, national policy change and organizational field developments respectively. It finds that EU energy policy influence has been notable, and that governance mechanisms that shape beliefs and expectations are strongly at play. However, despite growing EU clout on energy policy, field level and national policy change remain key drivers of the changing decision space in the examined time period.
WHAT DO AUDITORS DO? OBVIOUSLY THEY DO NOT SCRUTINISE THE ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING
Authors: Tagesson Torbjörn , Eriksson Ola
Published: July 2011

Auditors and auditing firms are important actors in the process of institutionalising accounting standards. However, the formal and institutional requirements to de facto ensure professionalism and independence in the Swedish municipal sector have been strongly questioned. The aim of this paper is to investigate and explain how deviations from accounting standards are treated and reported by auditors. The results indicate deficiency in both competence and independence among the auditors. The institutional arrangements in Sweden do not seem to ensure that auditors facilitate and support the implementation of accounting standards.
ADOPTION OF THE CONCEPT OF A BALANCED SCORECARD WITHIN NSW HEALTH: AN EXPLORATION OF STAFF ATTITUDES
Authors: Dyball Maria Cadiz , Cummings Lorne , Yu Hua
Published: July 2011

This paper reports on staff attitudes towards the adoption of a Balanced Scorecard (BSC) concept in the New South Wales Department of Health in Australia. Survey results reveal that staff's perceived usefulness (at the individual level) and perceived ease of use (PEU) have a significant influence on general attitudes, and intention to use the BSC. Participation also had a significantly positive relationship with PEU, and directors, managers and non‐clinicians have a more positive perception of BSC usefulness. The implications of these findings and areas for further research are then discussed.
Evaluating the Efficiency of Research in Academic Departments: an Empirical Analysis in an Italian Region
Authors: Agasisti Tommaso , Dal Bianco Antonio , Landoni Paolo , Sala Alessandro , Salerno Mario
Published: July 2011

This paper investigates the efficiency of university departments in science, technology and medicine in an Italian Region (Lombardy). The aim of the paper is twofold: (i) to analyse the changes in productivity in recent years (from 2004 and 2007); and (ii) to detect factors that are potentially affecting efficiency. The research benefited from a new and unique dataset (called QuESTIO) developed by the Lombardy Regional Government. Using facilities and academic staff as inputs and research grants and publications as outputs, the research activity of academic departments was modelled. The methodological approach for computing efficiency scores is (DEA) Data Envelopment Analysis; Malmquist indexes have been used to measure changes in productivity, while Kruskal‐Wallis tests were employed to study the potential determinants of efficiency. Two main results were obtained. First, the academic departments improved their efficiency but, at the same time, the efficiency frontier worsened. Second, external and measurable factors (such as scientific sector, proportion of tenured staff, location, etc.) have a limited impact in explaining efficiency differentials. The policy implications of both results are discussed.
Development of Manager‐Academics at Institutions of Higher Education in Catalonia
Authors: Castro Diego , Tomàs Marina
Published: July 2011

Managers at Spanish universities are having to deal with increasingly complex managerial tasks as a result of current changes in higher education. This paper presents the results of a study into the professional development of deans and department heads at universities in Catalonia. At management level, these universities are typically based on an elected, rotating model rather than an appointed or permanent one. The findings from 23 qualitative interviews and a focus group identified three phases in the development of academic management: learning and contextualization, development of functions, and the institutional projection and transmission of management tasks.
Widowhood, family support, and self‐rated health among older adults in China
Authors: Li Yawen , Chi Iris , Krochalk Pamela C. , Xu Ling
Published: July 2011

Li Y, Chi I, Krochalk PC, Xu L. Widowhood, family support, and self‐rated health among older adults in China

Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: S72–S85 © 2011 The Author(s), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.

Although widowhood can be an extended life experience, research generally treats the widowed as one homogenous group, thus masking the variability within this group. Using national representative survey data from China, we examined whether length of widowhood among older adults moderates the effects of family support on self‐rated health. Based on bivariate descriptive statistics and logistic regressions and controlling for demographic variables, we found that persons who were widowed longer, had more children, and took care of grandchildren were more likely to report poor self‐rated health than their married counterparts. In addition, those widowed were less likely to report negative health if they regarded their children as filial, particularly among those widowed longer, thus suggesting that filial piety may have a buffering effect. Further specified is the complex role family support plays in self‐rated health suggesting that length of time widowed should be considered in order to understand its long‐term effects on health status.
Filial piety of children as perceived by aging parents in China
Authors: Mao Weiyu , Chi Iris
Published: July 2011

Mao W, Chi I. Filial piety of children as perceived by aging parents in China

Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: S99–S108 © 2011 The Author(s), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.

How aging parents perceive their children's filial piety has been shown to be an important indicator of older adults' well‐being. The few studies that have discussed factors associated with perceived filial piety from the viewpoints of older adults in the Chinese context are limited in terms of the number of factors considered and the representativeness of samples. This study examined potential correlates of perceived filial piety of children among older adults in China. It was based on a subsample (n = 19,415) of adults aged 60 and older with children from the national representative study Sample Survey on Aged Population in Urban/Rural China in 2000. Results from logistic regression show that older adults who received financial and instrumental support from children perceived their family as harmonious, and those who coresided with a married son or married daughter were more likely to consider their children as pious.
Rarity, trophy hunting and ungulates
Authors: Palazy L. , Bonenfant C. , Gaillard J. M. , Courchamp F.
Published: July 2011

Read the Commentaries on this Feature Paper: Rarity, willingness to pay and conservation; Trophy hunting with uncertain role for population dynamics and extinction of ungulates and the Response from the authors: Response: rarity, trophy hunting and ungulates
Attenuation of scratch‐induced reactive astrogliosis by novel EphA4 kinase inhibitors
Authors: Parmentier‐Batteur Sophie , Finger Eleftheria N. , Krishnan Raghu , Rajapakse Hemaka A. , Sanders John M. , Kandpal Geeta , Zhu Hong , Moore Keith P. , Regan Christopher P. , Sharma Sujata , Hess J. Fred , Williams Theresa M. , Reynolds Ian J. , Vacca Joseph P. , Mark Robert J. , Nantermet Philippe G.
Published: July 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 1016–1031.

The EphA4 receptor and its ephrin ligands are involved in astrocytic gliosis following CNS injury. Therefore, a strategy aimed at the blockade of EphA4 signaling could have broad therapeutic interest in brain disorders. We have identified novel small molecule inhibitors of EphA4 kinase in specific enzymatic and cell‐based assays. In addition, we have demonstrated in two in vitro models of scratch injury that EphA4 receptor kinase is activated through phosphorylation and is involved in the repopulation of the wound after the scratch. A potent EphA4 kinase inhibitor significantly inhibited wound closure and reduced the accumulation of the reactive astrocytes inside the scratch. We have also shown that after the transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats, a large glial scar is formed by the accumulation of astrocytes and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan surrounding the infarcted tissue at 7 days and 14 days of reperfusion. EphA4 protein expression is highly up‐regulated in the same areas at these time points, supporting its potential role in the glial scar formation and maintenance. Taken together, these results suggest that EphA4 kinase inhibitors might interfere with the astrogliosis reaction and thereby lead to improved neurological outcome after ischemic injury.
Changes in bird communities in Swaziland savannas between 1998 and 2008 owing to shrub encroachment
Authors: Sirami Clelia , Monadjem Ara
Published: July 2011

Aim  This study investigates changes in bird communities between 1998 and 2008 in four savanna sites in Swaziland and the extent to which shrub encroachment is responsible for these changes.

Location  Swaziland, southern Africa.

Methods  Generalized estimated equations were used to estimate changes in bird species occurrence between 1998 and 2008. Remote sensing of aerial photographs/satellite images was used to assess vegetation changes during the same period. We assessed the role of shrub encroachment for bird communities by testing the relationship between change in species occurrence and species habitat using a general linear model. We also estimated species richness, colonization and extinction and used general linear models to test the effects of vegetation changes on these parameters.

Results  More than half of the bird species showed a significant change in occurrence between 1998 and 2008: 32 species increased and 29 decreased. Change in species occurrence was significantly explained by species habitat. Species significantly increasing were mainly associated with wooded savanna, whereas species significantly decreasing were mainly associated with open savanna. Species richness decreased significantly, and this decrease was significantly explained by shrub cover increase at the plot scale (from 24% to 44% on average). Extinction at the plot scale was significantly influenced by the loss of grass cover, while colonization at the plot scale was influenced by tree cover increase.

Main conclusions  This study represents the first evidence of temporal changes in bird communities owing to shrub encroachment in southern Africa. Despite its short time frame (10 years), this study shows dramatic changes in both vegetation structure and bird community composition. This confirms the general concern for southern African bird species associated with open savanna if current trends continue.
Sustainable Consumption: Attitudes, Actions, and Well‐Being
Authors: Arbuthnott Katherine D.
Published: July 2011

Markowitz and Bowerman's (2011) observation that a large majority of Oregon citizens support reduced consumption is heartening, and is a good basis for their suggestion that public policy be directed at the issue of consumption. However, evidence of weak correlations between self‐reported intentions and observed behaviors indicates that reducing actual consumption will be effortful, despite favorable attitudes. Two particular barriers to the transition from attitude to action, habits, and psychological needs are discussed, and it is suggested that evidence of association between well‐being and reduced consumption could provide more specific direction for public actions.
Effect of Mental Disorders on Diagnosis, Treatment, and Survival of Older Adults with Colon Cancer
Authors: Baillargeon Jacques , Kuo Yong‐Fang , Lin Yu‐Li , Raji Mukaila A. , Singh Amanpal , Goodwin James S.
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the extent to which preexisting mental disorders influence diagnosis, treatment, and survival in older adults with colon cancer.

DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING: The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)–Medicare linked database.

PARTICIPANTS: Eighty thousand six hundred seventy participants, aged 67 and older with a diagnosis of colon cancer.

MEASUREMENTS: The association between the presence of a preexisting mental disorder and the stage of colon cancer at diagnosis, receipt of cancer treatment, and overall and colon cancer‐specific mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression and logistic regression.

RESULTS: Participants with mental disorders were more likely to have been diagnosed with colon cancer at autopsy (4.4% vs 1.1%; P<.001) and at an unknown stage of cancer (14.6% vs 6.2%; P<.001); to have received no surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy (adjusted risk ratio (ARR)=2.09, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.86–2.35); and to have received no chemotherapy for Stage 3 cancer (ARR=1.63, 95% CI=1.49–1.79). The rate of overall mortality (hazard ratio (HR)=1.33, 95% CI=1.31–1.36) and colon cancer‐specific mortality (HR=1.23, 95% CI=1.19–1.27) was substantially higher in participants with a preexisting mental disorder than in their counterparts. All of these associations were particularly pronounced in participants with psychotic disorders and those with dementia.

CONCLUSION: Public health initiatives are needed to improve colon cancer detection and treatment in older adults with mental disorders.
A model for blood components processing
Authors: Lowalekar Harshal , Ravichandran N.
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND: Blood component therapy is advantageous in terms of increasing the effective availability of blood units and reducing the transfusion‐related risks. One unit of blood can be separated into components and made available to multiple patients by transfusing suitable components. It is often believed that most, if not all, of the blood should be fractionated. But the process of componentizing increases the availability of blood products at the expense of increased costs of holding, processing, and wastage at a blood bank. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum level of components to be produced at a blood bank given its objectives and context.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We developed a simulation‐based model to determine the optimum amount of fresh blood to be fractionated at a blood bank operating in southern India was developed. The simulation model is a virtual representation of an actual blood bank, and it can help the administrator to test the effects of changing the level of components production on the overall blood bank performance.

RESULTS: The results from the model suggest that it may not be optimal for the chosen blood bank to componentize large amounts of fresh blood as it leads to high costs of operation and huge wastage in the system.

CONCLUSIONS: The same methodology can be applied to determine the optimum level of componentizing at other blood banks by providing appropriate inputs to the simulation model.
More Inequality, More Killings: The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal
Authors: Nepal Mani , Bohara Alok K. , Gawande Kishore
Published: July 2011

The hypothesis of inequality as the source of violent conflict is investigated empirically in the context of killings by Nepalese Maoists in their People's War against their government during 1996–2003. The dependent variable is the total number of people killed during that period by Maoist rebels in each of 3,857 villages. Inequality is measured by the Gini, the Esteban‐Ray polarization index, and four other between‐groups indexes. Using models with district fixed effects, and instrumenting for endogeneity of the inequality measures, we find strong evidence that greater inequality escalated killings by Maoists. Poverty did not necessarily increase violence. Education moderated the effect of inequality on killing, while predominance of farmers and of Nepali speakers exacerbated it. We find evidence that more killings occurred in populous villages, lending support to the idea that violence was directed at expanding the Maoist franchise by demonstrating that opposition to the monarchy and elites in power was possible to achieve.
Proportional Representation, Majoritarian Legislatures, and Coalitional Voting
Authors: Indridason Indridi H.
Published: July 2011

Voters in elections under plurality rule face relatively straightforward incentives. In proportional representation systems, voters face more complex incentives as electoral outcomes don’t translate as directly into policy outcomes as in plurality rule elections. A common approach is to assume electoral outcomes translate into policy as a vote‐weighted average of all party platforms. However, most of the world’s legislatures are majoritarian institutions, and elections in PR systems are generally followed by a process of coalition formation. Results obtained using this assumption are not robust to the introduction of even minimal forms of majoritarianism. Incentives to engage in strategic voting depend on considerations about the coalitions that may form after the election, and the voters’ equilibrium strategies are shaped by policy balancing and the postelectoral coalition bargaining situation, including considerations about who will be appointed the formateur.
An Experimental Investigation of Electoral Delegation and the Provision of Public Goods
Authors: Hamman John R. , Weber Roberto A. , Woon Jonathan
Published: July 2011

How effectively do democratic institutions provide public goods? Despite the incentives an elected leader has to free ride or impose majority tyranny, our experiment demonstrates that electoral delegation results in full provision of the public good. Analysis of the experimental data suggests that the result is primarily due to electoral selection: groups elect prosocial leaders and replace those who do not implement full contribution outcomes. However, we also observe outcomes in which a minimum winning coalition exploits the contributions of the remaining players. A second experiment demonstrates that when electoral delegation must be endogenously implemented, individuals voluntarily cede authority to an elected agent only when preplay communication is permitted. Our combined results demonstrate that democratic delegation helps groups overcome the free‐rider problem and generally leads to outcomes that are often both efficient and equitable.
Effect of Bromine on NaF Crystallization in Photo‐Thermo‐Refractive Glass
Authors: Souza G.P. , Fokin V.M. , Baptista C.A. , Zanotto E.D. , Lumeau J. , Glebova L. , Glebov L.B.
Published: July 2011

Photo‐thermo‐refractive (PTR) glass is a Na2O–K2O–ZnO–Al2O3–SiO2 silicate optical glass which also contains fluorine, a small amount of bromine, and dopants that yield photo‐sensitivity in the UV range. PTR glass undergoes crystallization of NaF nanocrystals after UV‐exposure followed by thermal treatment, resulting in permanent refractive index change. In this study, where we explore only the thermally activated transformations in the UV‐unexposed glass, we show that bromine decreases the solubility of NaF, i.e., increases the super‐saturation of NaF thus increasing the thermodynamic driving force for crystallization. This feature causes a decrease in the maximum volume fraction of crystallized NaF with decreasing bromine content in the parent glass. The evolution of the glass transition temperature, Tg, with increasing isothermal treatment time revealed a minimum resulted from interplay between two concurring processes, liquid–liquid phase separation that led to decrease in Tg, and Br‐controlled NaF crystallization that acted in the opposite direction. In glasses with lower bromine content, fewer and larger crystals appeared and a surface‐initiated crystallization was dominant. A surface layer of F‐depleted glass imprinted residual macro‐stresses, which were not alleviated by annealing.
Long‐term follow‐up of turned single implants placed in periodontally healthy patients after 16–22 years: radiographic and peri‐implant outcome
Authors: Dierens M. , Vandeweghe S. , Kisch J. , Nilner K. , De Bruyn H.
Published: July 2011

Objectives: Retrospectively evaluate the survival, radiographic and peri‐implant outcome of single turned Brånemark™ implants after at least 16 years.

Materials and methods: From 134 patients (C‐group), 101 could be contacted concerning implant survival and 50 (59 remaining implants) were clinically examined (I‐group). Marginal bone level was radiographically measured from the implant–abutment junction at baseline (=within 6 months after abutment connection) and 1–4, 5–8 and 16–22 years post‐operatively. Probing depth, gingival and plaque index were measured. Marginal bone‐level changes were analyzed using Friedman's and Wilcoxon's signed ranks tests. Spearman's correlations between radiographic and clinical parameters were calculated.

Results: In the C‐group, 13 out of 166 implants in 11 out of 134 patients failed (CSR=91.5%). In the I‐group (28 males–22 females; mean age 23.9 years at baseline; range 14–57), the mean follow‐up was 18.4 years (range 16–22). The mean bone level was 1.7±0.88 mm (range −0.8 to 5) after 16–22 years. Changes in the mean marginal bone level were statistically significant between baseline and the second measuring interval (1–4 years). Thereafter, no significant differences could be demonstrated. The mean interproximal probing depth, gingival and plaque indices were 3.9±1.27 mm, 1.2±0.81 and 0.2±0.48, respectively. Probing depth was moderately correlated with gingival inflammation (r=0.6; P<0.001) but not with bone level (P>0.05). 81.4% of the implants had a bone level ≤2nd thread and 91.5% had a probing depth ≤5 mm. 76.3% had both bone level ≤2nd thread and probing depth ≤5 mm.

Conclusions and clinical implications: The single turned Brånemark™ implant is a predictable solution with high clinical survival and success rates. In general, a steady‐state bone level can be expected over decades, with minimal signs of peri‐implant disease. A minority (5%), however, presents with progressive bone loss.

To cite this article: Dierens M, Vandeweghe S, Kisch J, Nilner K, De Bruyn H. Long‐term follow‐up of turned single implants placed in periodontally healthy patients after 16–22 years: radiographic and peri‐implant outcome. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 197–204. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02212.x
Protein alpha‐N‐acetylation studied by N‐terminomics
Authors: Van Damme Petra , Arnesen Thomas , Gevaert Kris
Published: July 2011

Cotranslational protein N‐terminal modifications, including proteolytic maturation such as initiator methionine excision by methionine aminopeptidases and N‐terminal blocking, occur universally. Protein alpha‐N‐acetylation, or the transfer of the acetyl moiety of acetyl‐coenzyme A to nascent protein N‐termini, catalysed by multisubunit N‐terminal acetyltransferase complexes, generally takes place during protein translation. Nearly all protein modifications are known to influence different protein aspects such as folding, stability, activity and localization, and several studies have indicated similar functions for protein alpha‐N‐acetylation. However, until recently, protein alpha‐N‐acetylation remained poorly explored, mainly due to the absence of targeted proteomics technologies. The recent emergence of N‐terminomics technologies that allow isolation of protein N‐terminal peptides, together with proteogenomics efforts combining experimental and informational content have greatly boosted the field of alpha‐N‐acetylation. In this review, we report on such emerging technologies as well as on breakthroughs in our understanding of protein N‐terminal biology.
Cytochrome c biogenesis in mitochondria – Systems III and V
Authors: Allen James W. A.
Published: July 2011

In c‐type cytochromes, heme becomes covalently attached to the polypeptide chain by a reaction between the vinyl groups of the heme and cysteine thiols from the protein. There are two such cytochromes in mitochondria: cytochrome c and cytochrome c1. The heme attachment is a post‐translational modification that is catalysed by different biogenesis proteins in different organisms. Three types of biogenesis system are found or predicted in mitochondria: System I (the cytochrome c maturation system); System III (termed holocytochrome c synthase (HCCS) or heme lyase); and System V. This review focuses primarily on cytochrome c maturation in mitochondria containing HCCS (System III). It describes what is known about the enzymology and substrate specificity of HCCS; the role of HCCS in human disease; import of HCCS into mitochondria; import of apocytochromes c and c1 into mitochondria and the close relationships with HCCS‐dependent heme attachment; and the role of the fungal cytochrome c biogenesis accessory protein Cyc2. System V is also discussed; this is the postulated mitochondrial cytochrome c biogenesis system of trypanosomes and related organisms. No cytochrome c biogenesis proteins have been identified in the genomes of these organisms whose c‐type cytochromes also have a unique mode of heme attachment.