bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The West Bornholm basin in the Baltic Sea: geological structure and Quaternary sediments
Authors: KÖGLER FRIEDRICH‐C. , LARSEN BIRGER
Published: July 2010

KÖgler, F.‐C. & Larsen, B. 1979 03 01: The West Bornholm basin in the Baltic Sea: geological structure and Quaternary sediments. Boreas. Vol. 8, pp. 1–22. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

The West Bornholm basin is an approx. 1000 km2 subbasin of the Bornholm basin just north of Bornholm. The basin has been mapped by acoustic profiling and sampling of the sea floor. The basin is eroded down into Mesozoic sediments which are downfaulted between basement horsts in the Fennoscandian Border Zone. The development of the Quaternary morphology is illustrated by maps of the surface of the bedrock, the glacial landscape beneath the varved clays, the recent topography combined with isopach maps of late Glacial and Holocene formations. Quaternary formations are defined and described. The brown, very fine grained varved clay is deposited as a conformable cover on the substratum. It is probably deposited from suspensions carried in the whole water body, while turbidity currents were of minor importance. The recent sedimentary environment is an example of a restricted, but not totally anoxic basin. The recent sediment is chiefly mud rich in organic matter (ca. 4% Corg). According to a rough estimate, the long‐term mean sedimentation rate of organic carbon is 6 g/m2/year.
Anthropogene and its major problem
Authors: GERASIMOV INNOKENTII P.
Published: July 2010

Scientists of different schools and scientific disciplines have for a long time objected to the use of the term ‘Anthropogene’ as a substitute for ‘Quaternary’. The author of this article believes that from positions of modern science their objections are no longer valid. Discussed are new concepts on the duration of the Anthropogene and principles of its subdivision. The study of the interaction of natural environment and its changes with the development of prehistoric man and society is considered to be the major problem of the Anthropogene.
Brown earth and podzol: soil genesis illuminated by microfossil analysis
Authors: ANDERSEN SVEND TH.
Published: July 2010

Andersen, S. Th. 1979 03 01: Brown earth and podzol: soil genesis illuminated by microfossil analysis. Boreas, Vol. 8, pp. 59–73. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

Pollen and other plant microfossils were studied in soil profiles from a Fagus‐Quercus petraea woodland in eastern Jutland, Denmark. Fungal hypha fragments in the soil show characteristic length frequency distributions, which indicate comminution by large arthropods and microarthropods (Oribatei) during the burial. Distribution of the hypha fragments within the podzol indicates development from a former brown earth. The pollen sequence in a humus deposit reflects recent vegetational development. Modification of pollen assemblages in the mineral soils can be explained by mixing during burial by soil fauna. Development from brown earth to podzoloid and podzol follows the models assumed by pedologists. The various stages are related to vegetational changes and the processes were completed within a few hundred years.
Genesis of the Sveg tills and Rogen moraines of central Sweden: a model of basal melt out
Authors: SHAW JOHN
Published: July 2010

Shaw, John 1979 1201: Genesis of the Sveg tills and Rogen moraines of central Sweden: a model of basal melt out. Boreas, Vol. 8, pp. 409–426. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

Climatic amelioration in permafrozen regions causes basal melting of Polar glaciers. Supraglacial debris concentrated at the ice surface by ablation at first inhibits the ablation process. When the surface debris is equal in thickness to the active layer no further surface melting occurs. Till deposition processes in permafrozen areas are consequently dominated by melt out from a basal isothermal zone at melting point. The basal melt‐out process is influenced by englacial structures and forms which are also largely responsible for the resultant landforms and deposits. Such basal melt out may also occur in areas with less severe climate. A model for deposition largely by basal melt out is documented by field observations in central Sweden. Melt‐out tills in areas of former extending or uniform glacier flow show an upward facies change corresponding to poorly attenuated and highly attenuated englacial facies. The till facies are recognised in terms of stratigraphic position, surface form, internal structure, and clast lithology, size, shape, and long‐axis orientation and dip. Areas of former compressive flow are characterised by basal melt out of folded and dislocated englacial debris zones in which the stacking of debris produced transverse moraine ridges. The internal structure of the ridges includes folded till bodies dislocated by thrust planes, horizontal, stratified layers cross‐cutting the tectonic structures, and characteristic distributions of clast long‐axis orientation and dip. The morphology of the ridges at both the macro and micro scales is in accord with the proposed model of formation. The morphological and sedimentological associations produced largely by basal melt out are summarized. An additional implication of the proposed model is that gradual lowering of the supraglacial sediment surface by bottom melting of regionally stagnant ice may be the cause of widespread marine or lacustrine transgression.
Dendroclimatic studies on conifers from central Europe and Great Britain
Authors: SCHWEINGRUBER FRITZ H. , BRÄKER OTTO U. , SCHÄR ERNST
Published: July 2010

Schweingruber, Fritz H., BrÄker, Otto U. & SchÄr, Ernst 1979 1201: Dendroclimatic studies on conifers from central Europe and Great Britain. Boreas, Vol. 8, pp. 427–452. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

The use of X‐ray densitometry for measuring tree rings makes it possible to consider the relations between climate and tree rings in a new light. Investigations so far have shown that it is the maximum density of the annual rings that provides the most important and best climatological information. Comparisons between density sequences are possible when the tree‐ring samples come from ecologically similar sites. Site characteristics are expressed by six different tree‐ring parameters. Relations between the maximum densities of various species from different regions are revealed by calculating the percentage of agreement. The growth rate of cell walls in latewood of all coniferous species from cool humid regions is limited mainly by summer temperatures. In Scotland, where the climate is cool‐oceanic and relatively stable, the cell walls grow from June to October. In the subalpine zone of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains near the timber line growth takes place mainly in August and September. Maximum density in trees of temperate sites is also primarily influenced by the summer temperature. Minimum density shows the relationship to the xerothermic site characteristics. On dry sites cambial activity and cell wall growth in latewood are mainly limited by precipitation during the growth period.

Samples from the subalpine zones (1500–2200 m above sea level) between latitudes 45d̀ and 50d̀ North, i.e. those from the Western Carpathians, the Alps, and the Northern Appalachian Mountains, seem to form a unity. Samples from the oceanic region (20–600 m above sea level) between 52d̀ and 58d̀N latitudes show a different and incoherent picture. Only the present low level density during 1950–1975 is evident at all sites investigated for the last 200 years.

By cross‐dating the annual tree‐ring sequences of living trees with samples of timber taken from ancient houses a 700‐year‐long chronology has been developed for the Northern Prealps in Switzerland. This chronology shows the approximate annual and decennial temperature changes; the sensitivity curve shows the different climatic variability in temperature.
Deglaciation of the southeastern Norwegian Sea towards the end of the last glacial age
Authors: BJØRKLUND KJELL R. , THIEDE JØRN , HOLTEDAHL HANS
Published: July 2010

In a region of generally thin Holocene sediment cover along the outer Norwegian continental margin, a 565 cm long piston core was taken, which contained more than 4 m of Holocene clayey silty sediments. A several decimetres thick sandy horizon separated the glacial marine clays with ice‐dropped components and the fine‐grained Holocene sediments which have bulk sedimentation rates of more than 40 cm/1000 years. The scarcity of biogenous sediment components in the glacial sediments and the increasing frequency of benthonic as well as planktonic fossils in the Holocene deposits points to important changes in the Norwegian Sea hydrography during the time of the Scandinavian deglaciation.
Late‐glacial varved clays in the Bornholm Basin and Hanö Bay
Authors: DUPHORN KLAUS , KÖGLER FRIEDRICH‐C. , STAY BERND
Published: July 2010

Distribution, thickness, lithology and stratigraphy of varved clays are discussed. The sediments were deposited in the Baltic Ice Lake during the Late Weichselian.
Glacial history of western Norway 15,000–10,000 B.P.
Authors: MANGERUD JAN , LARSEN EILIV , LONGVA ODDVAR , SØNSTEGAARD EIVIND
Published: July 2010

The deglaciation patterns of the Bergen and Nordfjord‐Sunnmøre areas in western Norway are described and correlated. In the Bergen area the coast was first deglaciated at 12,600 B.P., with a succeeding re‐advance into the North Sea around 12,200 B.P. Later, during the Allerød, the inland ice retreated at least 50 km, but nearly reached the sea again during the Younger Dryas re‐advance, ending at 10,000 B.P. Sunnmøre was ice‐free during an interstadial 28,000–38,000 B.P. Later the inland ice reached the sea. The final deglaciation is poorly dated in Sunnmøre, while further south in Nordfjord, it started slightly before 12,300 B.P., followed by a major retreat. No large re‐advance of the inland ice occurred during the Younger Dryas. However, in the Sunnmøre‐Nordfjord area many local glaciers formed outside the inland ice during the Younger Dryas. Limnic sediments outside one such cirque glacier have been cored and dated, proving that the glacier did not exist at 12,300‐11,000 B.P., and that it was formed and disappeared in the time interval 11,000–10,000 B.P. (Younger Dryas). The erosion rate of the cirque glacier was 0.9 mm/year.
Varve chronology of the glacial sediments in Blekinge and northeastern Skåne, southeastern Sweden
Authors: RINGBERG BERTIL
Published: July 2010

In sections and cores from an area of the Baltic Ice Lake in Blekinge complete varve series of fine‐grained glacial sediments have been found. It is possible to divide the series, from bottom to top, into four varve types. A core from Karlshamn in Blekinge shows most varves of the investigated localities, in all 355 varves. Antevs' (1915) local chronology has been used, as the most recent revision of the Swedish time scale has not yet been completed. The chronology in this investigation ranges from ‐ 325 to + 315, or 640 years. The varve chronology and the velocity of the ice recession, c. 90 m/year in northeastern Skåne, shows good agreement with the work of Antevs, whose unpublished diagrams have been re‐worked and used in this investigation.
Late Weichselian deglaciation and paleoenvironment of the shelf and coastal areas of Troms, north Norway ‐ a review
Authors: VORREN TORE O. , ELVSBORG ARVID
Published: July 2010

The present knowledge of the Late Weichselian marginal moraines and paleoenvironment from the coastal and shelf areas of Troms and west Finnmark is reviewed. Diverse opinions exist regarding the position and age of the marginal moraines in the offshore areas.
The ontogeny, palaeoecology and palaeogeographical inference of the ostracod Roundstonia globulifera
Authors: HARRIS COLIN R.
Published: July 2010

The discovery of an abundant monospecific population of Roundstonia globulifera (Brady) 1868 from an early Flandrian (9000–8500 B.P.) Dublin Bay mud horizon at ‐ 18 m Ordnance Datum has resulted in an ontogenetic analysis of the ostracod. Data on size, shape and morphological development through eight growth‐stages are presented. It occurs with a monospecific population of the foraminifer Elphidium clavatum subclavatum Gudina, the ecology of which is known. From this, and sedimentological data, it is inferred that the assemblages lived in shallow, muddy estuarine channels. Information from other parts of the Irish Sea provides evidence of the course of the Flandrian transgression. It is proposed that early in Boreal times, water masses invading from the north and south, were separated by a barrier south of Dublin until 8500 B.P.
The deglaciation of Norway after 10,000 B.P.
Authors: ANDERSEN BJØRN G.
Published: July 2010

Several distinctive marginal moraines of Preboreal age have been observed in Norway. They are grouped into three major morainal zones that are radiocarbon dated at about 9900±100, 9600±100 and 9300±100 B.P. respectively. The following deglaciation of central Norway was rapid and most likely completed about 8500 B.P. Evidence of glacier fluctuations up to recent time is discussed. The results are based partly on observations by the field parties of the I.G.C.P. project ‘Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere’.
A new Polish journal on Quaternary reasearch
Authors: BERGLUND BJÖRN E.
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Quaternary studies in Poland. Editor: S. Z. Rozycki
Radiocarbon dating of dy and peat in the Getsjö area, Kolmården, Sweden, to determine the rational limit of Picea.
Authors: OLSSON INGRID U. , FLORIN MAJ‐BRITT
Published: July 2010

Percentage pollen diagrams showing the colonization and development of spruce at Kolmården were established from two adjacent sites: (1) in dy from an enclosed lake and (2) in pine bog peat from the filled lake plain in the southern section of the same lake. Twenty‐three radiocarbon datings from the lake dy, and 16 from the adjacent pine bog peat were processed to yield the dates of the interesting levels in the pollen diagrams. The rational limit and development of Picea is discussed in detail. Traces of late human influence are noted. The radiocarbon results from the lake are apparently a few hundred years too early. The peat yields more reliable ages.
An Early Pleistocene cold marine episode in the North Sea: pollen and faunal assemblages at Covehithe, Suffolk, England
Authors: West Richard O. , Funnell Brian M. , Norton Peter E. P.
Published: July 2010

Pollen spectra indicating grass‐heath with Empetrum are recorded from a c. 2 m thick Baventian marine clay bed at Covehithe, Suffolk, deposited in a sublittoral to intertidal environment. For the first time arctic assemblages of both foraminifers and molluscs are recorded from this Baventian clay, which is now confirmed as representing the first cold stage of truly glacial intensity in the English marine Early Pleistocene succession.
Late Devensian raised shorelines in Angus and Kincardineshire, Scotland
Authors: Cullingford Robin A. , Smith David E.
Published: July 2010

Marine, fluvial and fluvioglacial terraces, and other landforms and deposits associated with them, have been mapped over an area that extends from Dundee to Stonehaven along the coast, and inland in places as far as the Highland edge. All well‐defined terraces have been levelled at approximately 50 mintervals along their length. Analysis of the altitude data permits the recognition of eight glacio‐isostatically tilted raised shorelines of Late Devensian age, sloping down towards E5d̀S, the lowest at 0.2 m/km and the others at gradients of 0.50‐0.85 m/km. Successively lower and less steeply inclined shorelines were formed in close association with a westward‐receding ice margin, and there are indications that crustal response to unloading may have been immediate and rapid. Five of the shorelines are correlated with five of the six Late Devensian shorelines recognized by the authors (1966) in eastern Fife, allowing contemporaneous positions of the wasting ice‐sheet margin in the two areas to be postulated.
Quaternary foraminifera and sediments in the Norwegian Channel
Authors: Nagy Jenö , Ofstad Kari
Published: July 2010

The foraminiferal fauna and lithology of 17 short sediment cores from two profiles in the Norwegian Channel have been investigated. Three ecostratigraphical zones are distinguished and their depositional environment, age and correlation with adjacent areas are discussed. The zones form a climatically conditioned succession (from below): the Cassidulina‐Nonion zone contains an arctic fauna affected by meltwater influx, and its deposition was in progress in Late Weichselian; the Uvigerina‐Cassidulina zone with a mixed fauna of arctic and boreal species is referred to the Early Flandrian; the Uvigerina‐Bulimina zone contains a boreal fauna and was deposited under influence of Atlantic water; its age is regarded as Middle and Late Flandrian. Transport and deposition of sediments in the channel is discussed on the basis of recent current conditions and distribution of the zones.
Early and Late Weichselian chronology and birch assemblages in Denmark
Authors: Andersen Svendth.
Published: July 2010

Biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy of the Early and Late Weichselian substages in Denmark are discussed and a more complete terminology than previously used is proposed. The size variation in Weichselian birch pollen assemblages was compared with subrecent samples. Mean pollen size and variance of the parent species were determined and the proportions of the parent species were calculated. The results confirm earlier conclusions. Percentage frequency‐curves for Betula nana and B. pubescens in Late Weichselian pollen diagrams were calculated.
Modern pollen spectra from the tundra‐boreal forest transition in northern Newfoundland, Canada
Authors: Davis Anthony M.
Published: July 2010

Percentage pollen diagrams are presented and analysed by step‐wise discriminant analysis. Arboreal taxa show little variation between communities. Non‐arboreal, local taxa display substantial variability, but are good indicators of community composition and structure, and provide reliable elements for the palynological characterization of communities. The discriminant analysis indicates a distinctiveness for most communities that is surprisingly high considering the small size of many of the vegetation units within the mosaic.
Radiocarbon dating of subfossil Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the southern Swedish Scandes
Authors: Kullman Leif
Published: July 2010

Wood samples from above the present‐day pine limit were collected from within a limited area in central Sweden. New dates from an intensively investigated part of that area all fall within the period 8550 ± 110 to 4270 ± 90 14C years B. P. No evidence at present exists to suggest that any drastic change, or fluctuations, in the pine tree‐limit, took place within that period. Some dates support the view that the present‐day altitude of the pine tree‐limit was established during the historic period and perhaps is still declining.
Paleoclimatology and paleo‐oceanography of the Norwegian and Greenland seas: glacial‐interglacial contrasts
Authors: Kellogg Thomas B.
Published: July 2010

Synoptically mapped faunal abundance and faunal composition data, derived from a suite of 24 Norwegian Sea cores, were used to derive sea‐surface temperatures for the last glacial maximum (18,000 B.P.), the last interglacial (120,000 B.P.), and isotope stage 5a (82,000 B.P.). Surface circulation and ice cover reconstructions for these three times, deduced from the sea‐surface temperatures, suggest the following conclusions: (1) During glacial periods, Norwegian Sea surface circulation formed a single, sluggish, counterclockwise gyre that was caused by wind drag on the ubiquitous sea ice cover; (2) the last interglacial was characterized by a circulation pattern similar to that of today except that the two counterclockwise gyres were displaced toward the east and were more vigorous than they are today. This circulation pattern forced the Norwegian Current into a position close to the coast of Norway and permitted formation of a strong east‐west temperature gradient close to the Scandinavian landmass; (3) interglacial periods prior to 120,000 B.P. had similar climatic conditions to the 82,000 B.P. level and were characterized by a weak two‐gyre circulation pattern. The southern gyre, driven by wind stress in summer months, was ice covered in winters. The northern gyre had little open water even in summers and was primarily formed by wind drag on sea ice. Atmospheric modifications resulting from these circulation patterns and sea ice conditions produced varying climatic conditions in Scandinavia during interglacials prior to the Holocene. The climate was probably warmer and moister during the last interglacial (Eemian) than it is today. Other interglacials during the last 450,000 years, but prior to the Eemian, were probably colder and drier as the Norwegian Sea was not an important source of heat and moisture.
The Late Devensian‐Flandrian transition depicted by serial insect faunas from West Bromwich, Staffordshire, England
Authors: Osborne Peter J.
Published: July 2010

A bed of peat resting on sands and gravels and reaching the present‐day ground surface, was investigated for beetles, and seven radiocarbon dates were obtained. The beetles indicated that the lowest layers of the peat, dated around 12,000 B.P., were laid down in boggy conditions in a treeless landscape under a climatic regime which was rather cooler than present day. Two quite sudden changes in the aspect of the fauna then followed. The first was the incoming of an assemblage indicative of a climate of arctic severity. This layer was not dated but if the rate of deposition was constant during this period it must have been around 11,000 B. P. The second change was the equally rapid disappearance of this northern fauna about 1000 years later. Succeeding layers then contained beetles suggesting conditions as warm as those of the present day, with species indicating both coniferous and deciduous trees appearing before 9500 B.P.
The end of the Pleistocene: a general critique of chronostratigraphic classification
Authors: Watson Richard A. , Wright Herbert E.
Published: July 2010

Formal Chronostratigraphic Units are defined in theInternational Stratigraphic Guideon the basis of boundary stratotypes and then extended globally as isochronous units. They are unrealistic for application to late‐Quaternary history, which involves events that are demonstrably time‐transgressive owing to measurable lags between the causative force and the geologic response. Natural geologic time units that are diachronous globally are preferred because they represent events identifiable in the stratigraphic record. A similar objection is raised against formal Chronostratigraphy for the pre‐Quaternary: recognizable biostratigraphic or lithostratigraphic units on which the geologic time scale has been built are diachronous globally, for they depend on slow evolutionary or tectonic processes. The imposition of Chronostratigraphic Units that are unrecognizable stratigraphically at a distance away from the type locality introduces an unnecessary terminology in the efforts of stratigraphers to econstruct the geologic history.
The last Scottish ice‐sheet: facts and speculative discussion
Authors: SISSONS J. BRIAN
Published: July 2010

Evidence relating to the extent of the last (Late Devensian) Scottish ice‐sheet is critically discussed, particular attention being given to the limitations of some radiocarbon dates and incorrect inferences based on radiocarbon dates. It is suggested that the last Scottish and Scandinavian ice‐sheets were not confluent and that Orkney and NE Caithness may not have been covered by the last Scottish ice‐sheet. Ice‐sheet growth and decay are considered in relation to possible positions of the oceanic and atmospheric polar fronts: implications are that much the greater part of ice‐sheet decay resulted from inadequate snowfall and that the maximal limits of the last ice‐sheet may not have been synchronous. Ice‐sheet calving may have resulted in an independent ice mass over the Outer Hebrides. It is suggested that most of the bed of the Central North Sea became land during the Late Devensian and that a large delta existed in the eastern part of this area. It is also suggested that the buried and infilled channels of this eastern area, which are normally interpreted as tunnel valleys, are shallow delta channels whose present depth is due to delta subsidence
A marine seismic study of late Quaternary sedimentaion and inferred glacier fluctuations along western Inverness‐shire, Scotland
Authors: BOULTON GEOFFREY S. , CHROSTON P. NEIL , JARVIS JACK
Published: July 2010

A sparker survey was undertaken of the sea area inshore of the peninsula of sleat and the islands of Eigg and Muck in Western Scotland. This revealed major submarine moraines across the mouths of Loch Nevis and Loch Ailort, which help define the margin of a major glacier readvance phase, presumed to be equivalent to the late‐glacial Loch Lomond Readvance. Formation names are suggested for the seismic para‐stratigraphy. West of the moraines, there is a till (Minch Para‐formation) resting on bedrock, overlain by a stratum (Muck para‐formation) with well‐defined internal layering parallel to the substratum. The till is presumed to have been deposited by an ice cap which at its maximum reached the western edge of the continental shelf at some time after 27,000 B.P. The Muck para‐formation probably represents a glaciomarine unit deposited during the retreat of this ice cap, and has been deeply eroded. Above this erosion surface occur a series of sediments which infill local basins, and which appear to be of Flandrian age (Arisaig para‐formation). East of the moraines in Loch Nevis and Loch Ailort the draped sediments are missing and the till is overlain by apparent equivalents (Nevis para‐formation) of the marine sediments of Flandrian age to the west
Yesterday's camel
Authors: FORTELIUS MIKAEL
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Bjorn Kurttn & Elaine Anderson: Pleistocene Mammals of North America
A continuous Eemian‐Early Weichselian sequence containing pollen and marine fossils at Fjøsanger, western Norway
Authors: MANGERUD JAN , SEJRUP HANS‐PETTER , SØNSTEGAARD EIVIND , HALDORSEN SYLVI
Published: July 2010

A complete interglacial cycle, named the Fjøsangerian and correlated with the Eemian by means of its pollen stratigraphy, is found in marine sediments just above the present day sea level outside Bergen, western Norway. At the base of the section there are two basal tills of assumed Saalian (sensu lato) age in which the mineralogy and geochemistry indicate local provenance. Above occur beds of marine silt, sand and gravel, deposited at water depths of between 10 and 50 m. The terrestrial pollen and the marine foraminifera and molluscs indicate a cold‐warm‐cold sequence with parallel development of the atmospheric and sea surface temperatures. In both environments the flora/fauna indicate an interglacial climatic optimum at least as warm as that during the Holocene. The high relative sea level during the Eemian (at least 30 m above sea level) requires younger neotectonic uplift. The uppermost marine beds are partly glaciomarine silts, as indicated by their mineralogy, drop stones and fauna, and partly interstadial gravels. The pollen indicates an open vegetation throughout these upper beds, and the correlation of the described interstadial with Early Weichselian interstadials elsewhere is essentially unknown. The section is capped by an Early Weichselian basal till containing redeposited fossils, sediments, and weathering products. Several clastic dikes injected from the glacier sole penetrate the till and the interglacial sediments. Radiocarbon dates on wood and shells gave infinite ages. Amino acid epimerization ratios in molluscs support the inferred Eemian age of the deposit. The Fjøsangerian is correlated with the Eemian and deep sea oxygen isotope stage 5e; other possible correlations are also discussed.
Sedimentary features of a Weichselian glaciolacustrine delta
Authors: CLEMMENSEN LARS B. , HOUMARK‐NIELSEN MICHAEL
Published: July 2010

Inclined beds of sand, granules, pebbles and cobbles resembling a glacio‐tectonically tilted sequence were shown by sedimentological studies to constitute the 10–12 m thick foreset beds of a glaciolacustrine Gilbert‐type delta in Kyndby, North Sjælland, Denmark. The foreset beds are slightly curved, dip 10–28d̀ SE, and display a bundlewise structure with alternating coarse‐grained cobble‐rich and fine‐grained sandy units. The occurrence of ascending megaripple cross‐bedding and climbing ripple cross‐lamination in the sandy foresets can be ascribed to strong backflow currents formed by the lee‐side vortice. The foreset beds are underlain by flat‐lying fine‐grained sand, silt and clay (bottomset beds), and are overlain transitionally or erosively by 2–3 m of flat‐lying sand, pebbles and cobbles (topset beds). In the transition zone between foreset beds and topset beds, various delta distributary channel units occur. The delta probably formed in a partly ice‐dammed lake in connection with the general retreat of a Weichselian advance from the north (‘Norwegian ice’)
The high‐level marine shell beds of Scotland and the build‐up of the last Scottish ice sheet
Authors: SUTHERLAND DONALD G.
Published: July 2010

It is argued that high‐level shell beds buried by till at various localities around the Scottish coast arein situand represent a marine transgression immediately prior to and consequent upon loading of the earth's crust by the build‐up of the last Scottish ice sheet. The high‐level rock platforms of the Hebrides may also have been eroded at this time. A relationship between the build‐up of the last Scottish ice sheet and world sea‐level is suggested and it is further argued that the Scottish ice sheet was a more sensitive indicator of the onset (and termination) of a period of northern hemispheric glaciation than either the Laurentide or Scandinavian ice sheets. It is suggested that the build‐up of the last Scottish ice sheet took place in the Early Devensian and a tentative correlation is proposed between the Scottish evidence and the deep‐sea evidence for glacier build‐up at ca. 75,000 years B.P
Improved methods for sampling, photographing and varve‐counting of varved lake sediments
Authors: RENBERG INGEMAR
Published: July 2010

An improved crust‐freeze sampler for taking undisturbed cores of the surface sediments from ice‐covered lakes is described together with a technique for subsampling the frozen sediment. Hints are given on how photography and varve‐counting in frozen and in fresh cores of varved lake sediments can be made easier, and on how to make thin sections of sediments for examination under the light microscope
The early Postglacial environment of Scotland: Evidence from a site near Tyndrum, Perthshire
Authors: LOWE J. JOHN , WALKER MICHAEL J. C.
Published: July 2010

Pollen‐stratigraphic evidence is presented from a site in the Grampian Highlands of Scotland in which a detailed record is preserved of early Postglacial plant succession in an area previously occupied by glacier ice. Following an initial period of open habitat conditions during which sedge‐moss communities were interspersed with large areas of bare, disturbed ground, the area around the site was colonised first by Empetrum heath, and then successively by juniper scrub, birch, and then birch‐hazel woodland. On a local scale, the biostratigraphic record implies a rapid shallowing of lake waters during the early Postglacial, due possibly to relatively dry climatic conditions which prevailed in the area after ca. 9000 B.P. Radiocarbon dates were obtained from the basal sediments in the site, but these are regarded as aberrant due to groundwater contamination. In view of the poor resolution associated with the radiocarbon‐dating of Lateglacial and early Flandrian events in Britain, a method is proposed here whereby pollen stratigraphic evidence at widely separated sites can be employed to gauge the extent to which deglaciation at the end of the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial was time‐transgressive across the Highlands of Scotland
Eemian and Weichselian stratigraphy in South Sweden
Authors: BERGLUND BJÖRN E. , LAGERLUND ERIK
Published: July 2010

The stratigraphy of Pleistocene sequences within three main areas of the province of Skane, South Sweden, is discussed. The traditional stratigraphy is revised. New lithostratigraphic units are deficned and named according to international stratigraphic terminology. Lithostratigraphical correaltions are based on sedimentological development and palaeoenvironmental changes. Organic beds are correlated with the Eemain interglacial and some of the Early and Middle Weichselian interstadials. The chronostratigraphic key site, Stenberget, is described in greater detail. Stratrigraphy and palaeoenvironment are summarized in a scheme indicating that South Sweden was glaciated only during the period 21,000–13,000 B.P.
Weichselian in Sweden before 15,000 B.P.
Authors: LUNDØLVIST JAN
Published: July 2010

A brief summary is given of the present state of knowledge about the Weichselian glaciations and interstadials in sweden. The following stages are discussed: (1) The first Weichselian glaciation (W1). This glaciation has not been identified. Probably only northern Sweden was ice‐covered. (2) The Jämtland Interstadial, dated at > 50,000 B.P. and correlated with the Finnish Peräpohjola and the Danish Brörup Interstadials. ‐ (3) The second Weichselian glaciation (W II). There are several uncertainteis concerning this glaciation. Sweden was probably ice‐covered down to the latitude of Stockholm. – (4) A Middle Weichsedlian interstadial, or complex of interstadials. Some radiocarbon dates indicate, although very uncertain, that most of Sweden may have been free of ice some time rather well known. – Some main problems which have to be investigated are also identified.
Weichselian chronostratigraphy and correlations
Authors: MÖRNER NILS‐AXEL
Published: July 2010

The glacial history of the Fennoscandian ice cap beyond some 20,000 years B.P. is fairly poorly known because of the absence of a reliable dating control. The Eemian Interglacial of Europe is not dated at all. The Weichselian Glaciation seems to be characterized by three main glaciation maxima separated by two main interstadial periods (of quite different conditions). The Grande Pile continuous lake sequence offers a uniquely detailed paleoclimatic and paleomagnetic record of the last 130,000 years. There are obvious correlations between the Grande Pile record, the Dutch palynological records and the Fennoscandian glacial records.
Sedimentology and geomorphology of drumlins in western Allgäu, South Germany
Authors: JONG MAT G. G.DE , RAPPOL MARTIN , RUPKE JAN
Published: July 2010

Form, lithological composition, geomorphological situation and internal structure of three different drumlins belonging to the Pleistocene Rhine and Iller glacial systems in South Germany are described: one consisting almost completely of subglacial till, another consisting of ice‐marginal deposits with an incomplete mantle of till, the third consisting of delta deposits. It is concluded that no precise limits should be drawn between accumulation and erosion drumlins.
Global climatic changes
Authors: ERONEN MATTI
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Berger, A. (ed.): Climatic Variations and Variability: Fits and Thfonrs
Identification of the Holocene‐Pleistocene boundary in the Bering Sea by diatoms
Authors: BALDAUF JACK G.
Published: July 2010

The modern diatom flora from surface sediment of the Navarin Basin region of the Bering Sea is dominated by Denticulopsis seminae and Nitzschia oceanica. D. seminae, a north boreal species, is most abundant in the deeper waters of the slope‐basin regions, whereas N. oceanica, an Arctic species associated with ice cover, dominates the shallow shelf waters. Downcore studies show that these species alternate in dominance within the late Quaternary sediments. This alternation suggests responses to climatic fluctuations. The interval at which D. seminae is replaced downcore by N. oceanica in dominating the assemblage is distinct and can be correlated in cores throughout the study area as well as adjacent regions. This interval represents the transition from glacial to interglacial conditions and the Holocene‐Pleistocene boundary.
Interstadial and last interglacial deposits covered by till in Scotland: comments and new evidence
Authors: CASELDINE CHRISTOPHER J. , EDWARDS KEVIN J.
Published: July 2010

A section of the recent paper on ‘The last Scottish ice‐sheet: facts and speculative discussion’ by J. Brian Sissons (Boreas, Vol. 10, pp. 1–17) is commented upon. New dating and stratigraphic evidence from northeast Scotland is also presented.
Late‐glacial ice advances in the western Italian Alps
Authors: PORTER STEPHEN c. , OROMBELLI GIUSEPPE
Published: July 2010

The extent of ice on the south side of the Mont Blanc massif during two late‐glacial readvances is known primarily from the distribution of crystalline erratics on sedimentary and metasedimentary terrain, and from the distribution of end moraines and outwash remants. Similar dual moraine complexes are found elsewhere in upper Val d'Aosta and indicate that the pattern is regional in character. During the earlier readvance equilibrium‐line altitudes were ca. 450 ± 50m lower than at present, whereas during the later readvance they were ca. 350 ± 50 m lower. The moraines, not yet closely dated, were deposited sometime after 14,200 14C Years ago by which time Lago'd Alice near the margin of the würm moraine system at Ivrea had been deglaciated, and before 8400 years ago, at which time Rutor Glacier in upper Val d'Aosta was no larger than at present. The younger moraines are believed to correlate with Egesen moraines on the north side of the Alps, whereas the older set may either correlate with an early phase of the Egesen or with Daun advance.
Pingo degradation in the Bayan‐Nuurin‐Khotnor Basin, Khangai Mountains, Mongolia
Authors: BABIÑSKI ZYGMUNT
Published: July 2010

On the basis of permafrost characteristics and summer degradation in the Bayan‐Nuurin‐Khotnor Basin in Mongolia the processes of pingo degradation are presented and discussed. Differentiation between these processes is interpreted to be associated mainly with the thermal influence of waters, e.g. with thermokarst phenomena and thermal erosion of artesian and river waters. The direct heating influence of solar radiation as well as littoral abrasion in pingo lakes seem to have subordinate significance.
A depositional model for stratigraphic complexes and facies superimposition in lodgement tills
Authors: EYLES NICHOLAS , SLADEN JAMES A. , GILRO STEPHEN
Published: July 2010

A typical stratigraphy below a streamlined till plain in Northumberland, England, consists of cross‐cutting lodgement till units, within and between which occur repeated shoestring interbeds of ‘cut and fill’ channels. Till units have erosional lower contacts; in certain cases marked changes in erratic content and local ice flow direction are evident from one till unit to another. These lodgement till complexes have hitherto been described by ‘tripartite’ schemes of lower grey till (s) and upper reddened till (s) identified with respect to ‘middle’ fluvial horizons; regional correlation proceeding on the basis of matching ‘middle’ horizons, with the whole sequence commonly interpreted as evidence for multiple glaciation. Data indicates, by way of contrast, that these lodgement till complexes were deposited during a single phase of subglacial deposition. Till deposition was not continuous but was interrupted by erosional episodes. Changes in the mix of bedrock lithologies transported by the glacier down a single flow line or by lateral displacement of basal ice flow units within the glacier result in till units of different facies to be emplaced when deposition recommences, a process referred to as ‘unconformable facies superimposition’. Subglacial meltwater flow was also a characteristic of the glacier bed; channeled glaciofluvial sediment bodies are found as ribbon‐like inclusions in the till and appear to have been deposited rapidly. These so‐called ‘middle’ fluvial horizons occur repeatedly in section, their lateral extent at any given exposure being dependent upon the orientation of the exposure with respect to former ice flow direction. These lenses act as internal drainage blankets and have accelerated postglacial soil formation in the drier climate of eastern Britain accounting for the reddened colour of upper till(s). It is suggested that this model of subglacial deposition can be employed in other areas of northern England characterized by subglacial (lodgement till plain) terrains.
A Holocene palaeomagnetic record and a geomagnetic master curve from Ireland
Authors: THOMPSON ROY , EDWARDS KEVIN J.
Published: July 2010

Magnetic analyses have been carried out on sediments collected from Lough Catherine. Northern Ireland, as part of a wider environmental study. The sediments span the whole of the Holocene. Radiocarbon and pollen dating of the palaeomagnetic signature locked in the sediments form the basis of an Irish Holocene geomagnetic master curve. The mineral magnetic characteristics of the sediments correspond with environmental changes, such as eighteenth century landscaping and the elm decline as revealed by pollen analyses. Both marginal and central sediments have been analysed. The sediments can be correlated by using either magnetic, pollen, or14C measurements. These three independent core correlation methods all agree extremely well with each other. A mathematical method is described which can be used to calculate continuous accumulation rates and influxes.
Vegetation history of a polygonal peatland, northern, Yukon
Authors: OVENDEN LYNN
Published: July 2010

Pollen, macrofossils and matrix composition are described for a 221 cm core from a polygonal peatland overlying a late‐Wisconsin lakebed. A hydroseral succession of wetland communities occurred at the site, and included a submerged assemblage with Chara, a Carex aquatilis ‐ Eleocharis marsh, a fen, and finally a Sphagnum ‐ Ledum bog. A transition about 9,600 B.P. to a wetter S. balticum ‐ Andromeda carpet is attributed to formation of permaforst and polygonal ice wedges. This community, sometimes with S. compactum and Chamaedaphne, prevailed until about 3,000 B.P. when the polygon became high centered, and peat growth declined. Peat growth rate is determined from 11 14C dates, and is used to calculate pollen influx. Apparent periodic oscillations every 2,000 years, in total influx, are not accepted as sufficient evidence of treeline fluctuations.
Plio‐Pleistocene correlations between the northwestern Mediterranean region and northwestern Europe according to recent biostratigraphic and palaeoclimatic data
Authors: SUC JEAN‐PIERRE , ZAGWIJN WALDO H.
Published: July 2010

During the Last Glacial, a very open vegetation existed over western Europe, the tundra‐like vegetation in The Netherlands evolving into a stcppic‐like vegetation towards the Mediterranean. This model was used to analyse the correlation of the Praetiglian (dated from 2.3 to 2.1 million years ago) in northern Europe with the earliest steppic phase in the Mediterranean region. On this basis, stratigraphic relationships between these two areas are postulated for the whole Pliocene and the Early Pleistocene in terms of the vcgctational changes related to the climatic fluctuations. For the first time, correlation has been shown between the palynostratigraphy of northern Europe and the Late Neogcnc marine stratigraphy of the Mediterranean region; moreover, chronological confirmation is supplied by the mammal zonation. the evolution of stratiotes, palaeomagnetic measurements, and K/Ar dates. The conventional Plio‐Pleistocenc boundary occurs during the first interglacial (Tiglian) of northern Europe.
Post‐depositional modification of Pleistocene terraces of the River Thames
Authors: MCGREGOR DUNCAN F. M. , GREEN CHRISTOPHER P.
Published: July 2010

The recognition of materials and structures which are unrelated to the original floodplain processes of terrace formation is essential to the proper understanding of terrace morphology and stratigraphy. Two groups of processes have been active in modifying the Lower and Middle Pleistocene terraces of the River Thames since their formation: non‐fluvial deposition; and structural rearrangement by subsidence associated with solution of the underlying Chalk. Non‐fluvial deposits comprise solifluction gravels which are variable in character and may incorporate a range of pre‐existing deposits; and brickearths which appear in most cases to be redistributed loess mixed with non‐loessic components. The distinction between fluvial and non‐fluvial deposits is made using particle size, composition and fabric analysis. Structural rearrangement of terrace sediments has occurred due to subsidence into deep, narrow, steep‐sided pipes. Within such pipes, disturbance of primary structures and fabrics is severe. Over a wider area. primary bedding may be inclined towards pipes, and sediments may show evidence of shearing, faulting and brecciation. Interpretative problems arising from post‐depositional modification are exemplified.
Biostratigraphic correlation of the Kärlich Interglacial, Northwestern Germany
Authors: URBAN BRIGITTE
Published: July 2010

Palaeobotanical investigations of limnic sediments in the Karlich clay pit (Middle Rhine area) in Northwestern Germany indicate that deposition took place during a middle Pleistocene interglacial, the initial part of which is absent at the site investigated. Of special biostratigraphic importance is the occurrence of taxa Azolla filiculoides, Pterocarya and Celtis auslralis. In the Carpinus‐Betula zone of this interglacial, early Palaeolithic artifacts are present. Remains of mammalian fauna have been found in the investigated layers. The interglacial has no clear palaeobotanic equivalent in Northwestern Europe, but the intermediate character of the palaeoflora suggests an intra‐Saalian age.
Sediment production and transport in a proglacial stream: Hilda Glacier, Alberta, Canada
Authors: HAMMER KATHLEEN M. , SMITH NORMAN D.
Published: July 2010

Hilda Glacier, a small cirque glacier in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, yields two principal types of sediment: ablation till, deficient in fine material and produced by rockfalls and avalanches falling on to the glacier surface, and basal lodgement till, rich in fines and formed mainly by subglacial erosion. Recent recession from its Neoglacial maximum has exposed large areas of basal till with thin veneers of ablation till which, when combined with present subglacial and supraglacial debris, provide abundant material for erosion and transport by the mcltwatcr stream. Sediment transport measurements over two summers (1977–1978) showed that bed load and suspended load occur in approximately equal proportions and that dissolved loads are minor. Local source variations, especially bank slumps, are a major cause of scatter in sediment rating curves. Suspended‐sediment concentrations are greater early in the melt season due to availability of loose sediment produced by freezing and thawing. Other contributors to scatter in suspended‐sediment rating curves include rain showers and diurnal hysteretic effects. Although the distinction between bed load and suspended load is never sharp, available data suggest that the sand/ gravel grain‐size boundary (‐1ø) approximates the suspendcd‐load/bed‐load division for characteristic Hilda flows transporting gravel. This approximation, combined with till grain‐size analyses, suspended‐sediment measurements, and spatial distributions of till types, leads to the following computations of fluvial sediment sources: for suspended load ‐ 6% supraglacial, 47% subglacial, 47% channel banks; for bed load ‐ 46% supraglacial, 27% each subglacial and channel banks. Supraglacial debris provides only about one‐fourth of all fluvial sediment, but nearly half of the bed load.