bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Perception in Saudi Learners of the English Bilabial Stops and the English Labio-Dental Fricatives
Authors: Alzahrani Salih
Published: January 2021

Learning to produce and to identify sounds (phonemes) is not the same as learning the difference between sounds which leads to meaning delivery. One part of the acquisition of phonetics is the ability to perceive sounds which distinguish differences in meaning. This paper explores the perception in Saudi learners of the English Bilabial Stops /p/ and /b/ and the English Labio-dental Fricatives /f/ and /v/. Four different groups took part in this experiment. These groups were divided according to their age and their exposure to English either in English speaking countries or elsewhere. The participants had to listen to the different phonemes occurring initially, medially and finally. One of these groups of words contained non-sense words to test the participants’ mis-perceptions when they do not recognize the sounds as part of their mental lexical knowledge. The results show these four groups faced difficulties perceiving and recognizing some sounds according to their exposure to English. Two groups, consisting of adults and children, showed very few misperceptions and/or missed sounds because they studied English in Australia for more than three years. Children had better perception than adults. The other groups show to had more misperceptions and/or missed sounds. Participants who had studied English in Australia for less than six months showed fewer misperceptions than those participants who had studied English in Saudi Arabia. This study suggests that teaching articulation (pronunciation) to Saudi learners of English in early stages is essential in order to avoid unconscious miscommunications due to the wrong perception and production of phonemes.
Roots of the Black Chicago Renaissance
Authors: Courage Richard A. , Reed Christopher Robert
Published: January 2021

This anthology engages questions about origins of the Black Chicago Renaissance (1930-1955) from wide-ranging disciplinary perspectives. It traces a foundational stage from the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition to onset of the Depression. Eleven essays contribute to recovering understudied black artists and intellectuals, remapping African American cultural geography beyond and before 1920s Harlem, and reconceptualizing the paradigm of urban black renaissance. Contributors probe the public lives and achievements, class and family backgrounds, education and training, areas of residency, and institutional affiliations of such African American cultural pioneers as writers Fannie Barrier Williams, James David Corrothers, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, and Fenton Johnson; visual artists William E. Scott, Charles C. Dawson, and King Daniel Ganaway; and dance teacher Hazel Thompson Davis. Organized chronologically and deploying rich archival explorations, these essays unearth local resonances of such world-changing events as the Columbian Exposition, First World War, Great Migration, 1919 Red Summer, and Jazz Age. They identify internally-generated, transformative forces that supported emergence of creative individuals and cultural circles committed to professional work in arts and letters. These individuals were often identified with the appellation “New Negro,” whose multiple (sequential, overlapping) meanings are explored in relation to the formation and growth of a geographically compact, racially homogenous, and increasingly autonomous Black Metropolis.
Journey to Frederick Douglass’s Chicago Jubilee
Authors: Mccluskey John
Published: January 2021

To the general public, the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 was a technological, visual, and cultural showcase in Chicago. For an aging Frederick Douglass, the months-long event presented a set of questions urgent at the dawn of the twentieth century: What does it mean to be civilized? How central for Douglass were seemingly foreign notions of achievements related from ancient Egypt and contemporary Haiti to answering this question? Closer to home, can and should an African American/American vernacular be admitted into any discussion of a national and “racial” identity? Though unresolved by Douglass’ generation, such questions—aesthetic, historical, and political-- would remain important to understanding the tensions and achievements of the Black urban renaissances of the twentieth century.
Fannie Barrier Williams, the New Negro, and Black Feminist Pragmatism, 1893–1926
Authors: Deegan Mary Jo
Published: January 2021

Fannie Barrier Williams brilliantly analyzed and participated in the tumultuous changes in black Chicago from 1887-1926. She specialized in essays and political advocacy for African American women. She compared them to “the new woman” and “the New Negro,” and by 1895, she had defined African American women as uniquely combining the characteristics of both groups. She also employed the concepts and ideas of pragmatists and feminist pragmatists and brought black women’s ideas and experiences to this social theory.
The Black Creole Vision of Archibald J. Motley Jr.
Authors: Harrison Bonnie Claudia
Published: January 2021

This essay explores how Archibald J. Motley Jr. developed into the successful, notably iconoclastic, artist he became. In 1918, Motley announced his aesthetic independence, his embrace of “art for art’s sake,” in a manifesto in the Chicago Defender -- a significant precursor to later debates associated with an artistically-inclined New Negro movement dominated rhetorically by W. E. B. Du Bois and Alain Locke. Unlike such Chicago peers as William Farrow and Charles C. Dawson, Motley pursued his exceptionalist path without artistic, social, or financial support from Chicago's Black elite. Motley also described himself as a black Creole, or "French Negro." This unique ethnic heritage, his racially-exclusive associations within the art world, and his residence in the overwhelmingly white Englewood neighborhood amplified his sense of uniqueness.
“Auditions”
Authors: Mccluskey John
Published: January 2021

Editors’ Note: The first literary selection is a previously unpublished novel chapter by John McCluskey Jr. “Auditions” draws on the same body of research that was the basis for his essay on Frederick Douglass’s participation in the Columbian Exposition (see chapter 2 of the current volume). “Auditions” employs resources of the literary imagination to augment archival research and dramatically engage the questions that preoccupied the aging leader as he contemplated the high stakes in planning the Colored American Day celebration to be held at the fair on August 25, 1893. These questions—about the meaning of civilization, the goals of art, the relationship between “high” and “low,” “classical” and “vernacular” expressive forms—would continue to trouble the waters for black writers, artists, and intellectuals and are reflected in many of the events, visual and literary works, debates, and manifestoes described throughout the current collection....
Genealogy of Gender-Based Violence in South Africa
Authors: Britton Hannah E.
Published: January 2021

Explanations for gender-based violence often lead to myopic discussions of an elusive, almost mythical “culture” that implies that gender-based violence has always been and may always be part of society. These problematic notions of culture eclipse the very real material conditions and power structures that shape contexts of violence. This chapter stands in contrast to the idea that gender-based violence is “cultural.” South African service providers instead understand gender-based violence as existing within larger contexts of power and inequality. Service providers argue that gender-based violence is ensconced in the violence of poverty and inequality that were fostered by apartheid, in the slow violence of neoliberalism, and in the contemporary climate of xenophobia, substance abuse, and sexual entitlement.
Introduction
Authors: Mehta Rini Bhattacharya
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents an overview of the evolution of Bollywood, in its historical context, and lays out the logic of using a long durée narrative. It also presents snapshots of the four discrete moments in which commercial cinema production in India overcomes stagnation of the market by reinventing itself: the growth of Indian sound cinema in the 1930s, the popularity of the nationalist social genre in the 1950s, the advent of the action genre in the 1970s, and the globalization of Hindi cinema into Bollywood.
Origins
Authors: Siwe Thomas
Published: January 2021

This opening chapter contains a discussion of two early twentieth-century European art and cultural movements, Dadaism and Futurism, whose adherents rejected established modes of artistic expression and often staged provocative events to gain the public’s attention. In addition, there is a detailed look at the seminal works of three major composers, Igor Stravinsky, Darius Milhaud, and Béla Bartók, whose innovative use of percussion in their compositions gave license to those who followed. Each of the three composers exploited percussion in a unique manner, contributing to the standard literature and presaging what was to come.
Chance and Indeterminacy in Music
Authors: Siwe Thomas
Published: January 2021

The incorporation of degrees of chance in the creation and realization of music captured the imagination of composers in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Led by the American iconoclast John Cage—the most prominent champion of chance and indeterminacy—composers began to include chance operations in the creative process. In so doing, they relied upon the performer to understand each work’s compositional style and to respond to and interpret the notation used, often graphic in form. This chapter examines the percussion works of John Cage, Morton Feldman, Roman Haubenstock-Ramati, and Herbert Brün. Cage’s transition from his use of the square root formula to his relinquishing control over every aspect of the compositional process is explored through his works 27’ 10.554” and Child of Tree. Feldman’s use of “time boxes” in the percussion solo The King of Denmark and his desire to remove both pulse and attack from his music is illustrated. Brün’s early use of a computer to create music brings the chapter to a close.
Sonorism
Authors: Siwe Thomas
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, the use by twentieth-century composers of tone color, or timbre is explained with examples by those who made its use central to their compositional output. Poland, freed from the bonds of communism and the Soviet state, relaxed controls over the arts and in 1956 initiated the Warsaw Autumn festival where avant-garde Polish and Western music could be heard. Kazimierz Serocki cofounded the festival, contributing to the percussion canon his timbre-based sextet, Continuum. In the United States, the American composer George Crumb definitely had an ear for timbre coupled with a love for percussion evident in the works discussed. A young Polish/American composer, Marta Ptaszynska, created a number of works for both solo and ensemble percussion in the latter half of the century. Her work Siderals was conceived as an audio-visual, or mixed-media work utilizing ten percussionists, magnetic tape playback, and lighting. The three composers highlighted in this chapter approached the use of timbre in differing ways.
The Solo Percussionist—Center Stage
Authors: Siwe Thomas
Published: January 2021

The virtuoso percussionist, though not unique to the twentieth century, began to appear on both professional and student recitals during the latter decades of the century. This chapter examines the solo literature written for the principal percussion instruments—timpani, xylophone, marimba, vibraphone—and multiple percussion, the latter term describing an array of dissimilar instruments that is novel to the twentieth century. The chapter portrays the evolution of composer Elliott Carter’s timpani solos and his use of metric modulation. Virtuoso artists, such as Vida Chenoweth, Keiko Abe, and others, composed and commissioned new works for keyboard percussion. Their collective efforts brought keyboard percussion to the forefront of the solo percussion literature. The eminent solo artist Evelyn Glennie commissioned over 200 solo works, many of them categorized as multiple percussion. The percussionist, once banished to the back of the orchestra, often appeared center stage by century’s end.
Dr. Anna B. Ott, Local Doctress
Authors: Nielsen Kim E.
Published: January 2021

In 1856, by establishing herself as physician, marrying George Ott and then moving to Madison, Wisconsin, the newly renamed Mrs. Dr. Anna B. Ott transformed herself. Instead of a local doctor’s wife, instead of an impugned divorcee, Anna became a successful physician and property owner. Very quickly, however, the Ott marriage became very violent and Anna twice attempted to divorce George. This chapter places Ott’s early career in the context of women’s property laws, understandings of marital violence, the growing power of and challenges to institutions for the insane, and the activism of suffragists and women such as Elizabeth Packard.
Anna Ott, Insane Asylum Inmate
Authors: Nielsen Kim E.
Published: January 2021

In May 1873, George Ott admitted Anna to the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane. The prescriptive results of her stigmatized medical diagnosis included and went beyond institutionalization to include the legal processes of guardianship and divorce. The forceful combination of legal and medical authority kept her at the Mendota Asylum while George divorced her and until her death in 1893. This chapter analyses the messy array of historical forces whirling around Ott’s institutionalization to complicate the ableist pathologization of her life and the power of diagnosis. It explores methodologies and questions historians should consider while using medical case files.
Anna Ott, Economic Agent
Authors: Nielsen Kim E.
Published: January 2021

The Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane was a significant economic enterprise whose daily workings generated immense income for the local community. Even while an asylum inmate, Ott remained a consumer of local businesses. The economies inside the asylum were highly tied to and interwoven with economic systems outside of the asylum. This chapter argues that nineteenth-century insane asylums altered communities. They became huge economic markets, provided goods to the local economy, created employment opportunities and also provided laborers, generated a demand for attorneys and new legal processes, and medicalized behaviors sometimes not previously considered pathological.
Low Pay, Great Recession (2001–2018)
Authors: Stricker Frank
Published: January 2021

Jobs recovered slowly under George W. Bush after the 2001 recession. Growth was boosted by easy credit and a housing boom, but the seeds of the Great Recession were being sown as working-class incomes stayed down. The system crashed in 2008 and unemployment soared. Barack Obama organized deficit spending and job creation, while the Federal Reserve injected trillions of dollars into the economy. Republican resistance and Democratic timidity meant that the federal stimulus was too little by half. The top 10 percent of households recovered faster than the bottom 50 percent. This chapter includes stories of individuals struggling with the loss of jobs and housing. It describes long-term changes that intensify employee insecurity. More jobs are non-union and more employees receive no benefits, face arbitrary schedules, and are classified as independent contractors.
American Nomadic
Authors: Lund Joshua
Published: January 2021

This section introduces the basic themes, structure, and argument of the book. The book will be a comprehensive study of Werner Herzog’s cinematic work, organized chronologically. Critical attention is paid to two major aspects of this work. First, the political dimensions of Herzog’s films, what they are and how they work. Second, his films’ relation to the idea of America. Detailed attention will be paid to the dialectical relationship between Herzog’s films and their historical context (both of production and representation). In a nutshell, the book asks, What are the aesthetics of the political in Herzog’s work? Each chapter will revolve around a major film: Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972); Stroszek (1972); Fitzcarraldo (1982); and Cobra Verde (1987).
Fashioning Postfeminism
Authors: Dosekun Simidele
Published: January 2021

This book concerns young, class-privileged women in the Nigerian city of Lagos who dress in a “spectacularly feminine” style characterised by the extravagant use and combination of normatively feminine technologies of dress: cascading hair extensions, false eyelashes and nails, heavy and immaculate makeup, and so on. Based on interviews with such stylized women, the book offers a critical consideration of the kinds of feminine subjectivities that they are performing and desiring. Tracing the repertoires of individualist choice, pleasure, entitlement and “can do” that run through the women’s talk, it argues that they subscribe passionately to the notion, or what the book frames more specifically as the “postfeminist promise,” that immaculate and spectacularized feminine beauty now constitutes and signals feminine power. Seeing themselves as “already empowered,” then, what the women do not see is the need for cultural critique, nor for feminism in the form of collective political struggle. The first book on postfeminism both as a cultural formation in the global South and as it interpellates black women, the work offers a groundbreaking new understanding of the culture as performative and transnationally mobile, and a richly theorised account of how women live, embody, and to some extent suffer it, in the flesh.
“I’m Working, You Know”
Authors: Dosekun Simidele
Published: January 2021

This chapter concerns the practicalities of how the women achieved or attained their spectacularly feminine style, from how they shopped for the look to how they managed its myriad elements and afforded it all. The chapter argues that the women took a rationalized and calculative or, in a word, entrepreneurial approach to their self-fashioning, including by risk-managing their use of dress and beauty technologies deemed potentially harmful. It argues also that the women’s claims that they paid for their expensive style by themselves were less an assertion of postfeminist independence than a repudiation of local moral suspicions that young Lagos women consume via engagement in transactional heterosexual relationships.
Globally Black, “Naija,” and Fabulous
Authors: Dosekun Simidele
Published: January 2021

The chapter concerns how the women position themselves as simultaneously and authentically black, Nigerian and cosmopolitan subjects. The first part of the chapter addresses the racial politics of the women’s habitual consumption of, and deep attachments to, weaves and wigs. It proposes a new theoretical understanding of these beauty technologies as “unhappy” for black women but not, therefore, centered on whiteness. The second part of the chapter argues that Lagos and Nigeria are not merely backdrops to the women’s spectacularly feminine self-stylization but rather enter into its very fabric and logics.
Divorce Trials and Sex Scandals
Authors: Gallon Kim T.
Published: January 2021

This chapter covers the coverage of sex scandals and divorce trials, which dominated black papers’ front pages in the mid-1920s. Many of these stories involved the black elite and the middle class. Black papers believed that the status of individuals involved in the scandals generated interest among a new and expanding reading audience. Newspapers, however, depicted different images of elite and middle-class black heterosexual relationships from the ones they carefully constructed. This chapter also argues that the Black Press revealed and spoke about what readers could not discuss in other public forums as it related to African American sexuality. Overall, the second chapter reveals how the coverage of divorce trials and sex scandals exposed class tensions among African Americans and, perhaps most importantly, made private sexual matters public.
Bathing Beauties and Predatory Lesbians
Authors: Gallon Kim T.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 3 explains how the Black Press featured the overt display and sexualization of black women’s bodies in the context of bathing beauty contests and recreation on public beaches and pools. The Black Press worked to transform pernicious notions of heterosexual black women as ugly, mannish, and uncivilized and meet their readers’ imagined desire for respectable and sexual images of African American women. However, chapter 3 also argues that this transformation was dependent on the demonization of black lesbians whom the Black Press cast as dangerous and predatory. Chapter 3 concludes that black bathing beauties’ photographs challenged vicious white stereotypes and aided a new generation of African American women’s attempts to reconstruct their public image even as they rendered the black lesbian as the embodiment of depravity.
Damned Cartoons! Workers’ Identity and Resistance
Authors: Feu Montse
Published: January 2021

Varied visual strategies were showcased in España Libre. Some authors ridiculed fascists in gendered terms while others sought compassion for refugees. Comic art grew awareness of the threat of fascism and exposed the state of terror perpetrated by Hitler and Franco. When Sergio Aragonés translated the Spanish underground resistance reports into visual language on the front page of España Libre, he perceptively counteracted the Franco regime’s propaganda. Similarly, Josep Bartolí i Guiu’s illustrations humanized political prisoners for readers. As visual discursive spaces, cartoons endorsed emotions brought forth by belonging to a transnational, antifascist, and proletarian community and asked readers to think collectively about the need for solidarity and protection of the working-class culture both in exile and under fascism. Cartoons delivered España Libre’s message powerfully until the last issue of the periodical, even after many founders had passed away.
Conclusion
Authors: Feu Montse
Published: January 2021

Fighting Fascist Spain connects some of the major figures of the Spanish Civil War exile with lesser-known actors, making their contributions more visible. While fascism ruled in Spain, España Libre’s authors cultivated a rich set of tools that interrogated the way fascist power operates. The underlying premise of this work is that the Confederadas’ antifascist solidarity was rooted in a cultural realm shaped by a complex web of political and cultural heritages that Spanish immigrants brought with them and were further reinforced by allies in the United States, which in turn built local and transnational antifascist communities. There are interlocking aspects that define España Libre’s cultural and political identity: its self-educated workers, its anarchist adaptability to exile, its transnational ties, its organized solidarity, and its transformative culture and humor.
Remixing the Results and Looking Ahead
Authors: Jules-Rosette Bennetta , Osborn J.R.
Published: January 2021

Theories and ideologies of museum culture are collaboratively created by directors, curators, artists, and their audiences. This book examines these processes through the frameworks of five transformational nodes and dialogues with artists and curators. Based on these materials, nine guideposts emerge: creating transparency in curatorial networks; expanding south-north connections and exchanges; (3) reworking and blending artistic genre classifications; marketing and permeability of artworks; connecting museums with other multicultural institutions and frameworks; linking public and private collections; reconfiguring archives and databases; developing new museum learning strategies; and opening up new avenues of connectivity with diverse communities. By adopting and following these strategies, museums may display new works, showcase changing curatorial directions, and attract broader museum audiences.
Framing Blackness and Mixedness
Authors: Mitchell Jasmine
Published: January 2021

Chapter 2 focuses on mass-market newspaper and magazine depictions of actresses Jennifer Beals and Halle Berry in the United States and Camila Pitanga in Brazil. The chapter begins by laying out the national policy debates such as census racial categories and affirmative action in the 1990s and 2000s in order to relate how the media framing of these celebrities engages with changing ideas of race while at the same time furthering feminized racial commodification. Examining how these actresses negotiate and position themselves in relation to racial categories and racial discourses, the chapter explores how mixed black female celebrities serve as lightning rods for discussions of race, gender, and sexuality.
Epilogue
Authors: Mitchell Jasmine
Published: January 2021

The epilogue reflects on how popular media images of the U.S. mulatta and Brazilian mulata evoke anxieties about blackness in a hemispheric context. Connecting the analysis of the media texts of the 2000s with contemporary political and cultural moments, the epilogue shows how the racial gendered logics of the mixed-race female figure aligns with renewed wave of nationalism, white supremacy, and misogyny in a trans-American context. The epilogue calls for greater black solidarities across the Americas.
Practising Charity (Xingshan行善‎) across the Chinese Diaspora, 1850–1949
Authors: Sinn Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

This chapter takes a long historical view to examine a variety of charitable works performed among Chinese migrants at different levels and in different directions for the century after 1850. It aims to foreground the spatial and temporal character of such activities as a way to gain new insights into the multifaceted, dynamic and elastic nature of the diaspora.
Looking at how Chinese migrants around the world related to others – including different groups of Chinese and non-Chinese peoples – the chapter notes the mechanism of far-flung networks that covered large geographical areas to capture the sense of the multidirectionality of charitable activities. Questions about the feeling of obligation of charity-givers and other people’s expectations of them, obligations and expectations occurring on different levels and coming from many sides are raised. It is especially these multilevel and multidirectional obligations and expectations that, hopefully, will help us redraw the contours of the Chinese diaspora.
Making Chinese Charities Accountable
Authors: Faure David
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines an outline history of Chinese charity institutions with a focus on issues connected with financial accountability. It distinguishes the one-off single-purpose donation (for temple building, for example,) from the control and management of properties, and suggests where property ownership provided for regular income, government and legal measures were introduced. Even then, charities were not totally secular, as religion might be invoked for maintaining governance.
Qiaopi (僑批‎) and Charity
Authors: Benton Gregor , Liu Hong
Published: January 2021

Qiaopi and yinxin are Chinese names given to letters written home by Chinese emigrants, in the 150 years starting from the 1820s. Estimates of the number of qiaopi collected in China range from 160,000 to more than 300,000, sent back to China from main regions of settlement of overseas Chinese, in Southeast Asia and in the Americas and the Pacific (the focus of this chapter). Recent scholarship on qiaopi has focused on remittance networks associated with these letters or the analysis of their content. This chapter examines a hitherto overlooked dimension in qiaopi studies and diasporic Chinese studies, its function as charity, and the operational mechanisms, impact, and theoretical implications of qiaopi charity. We argue that qiaopi and the associated qiaohui networks served as important arenas of diasporic Chinese charity, which in turn connected overseas Chinese and China and thus contributed to the formation of transnational China. This chapter concludes that qiaopi exemplified a key characteristic of diasporic Chinese charity, its systemic combination of individual and family giving and donations to institutions. In China, charity truly “began at home” in two senses: family and friends came first, and the charitable idea was in large part indigenous in shape and conception.
Introduction: The Search for Meaning in Defeat and Victory
Authors: Kushner Barak
Published: January 2021

World War II dragged on in East Asia for three more months than in Europe, where the Allies declared victory on May 8, 1945. The formation of the United Nations was announced in San Francisco on June 26, 1945, and soon it became clear that Japan’s imperial demise would be entirely different from the Nazi collapse. World War II fractured the political spectrum in East Asia: the result was a cacophony of groups vying for postimperial authority in a situation where nothing was preordained and where no result was inevitable....
The Politics of Collaboration in Post-liberation Southern Korea
Authors: Caprio Mark E.
Published: January 2021

This chapter deepens our knowledge of a decolonizing and divided Korean peninsula in the violent interregnum between the fall of the Japanese empire and the outbreak of the Korean War. What did it mean to collaborate in a empire? How are collaborators to be judged? When should justice rule? When political expediency? This chapter deepens our understanding of the contradictions and ambiguities at the heart of the early post-1945 Korean state’s attempts to address colonial-era collaboration through legislation and law. In so doing it reveals much about the postimperial afterlives of Koreans who served the Japanese empire, their relationship to the post-1945 politics, how many evaded punishment, and the grey areas of nationalism in a colonial empire. In so doing it shows how the politics of collaboration unfolded in a postcolonial and transnational key, delving through the records of the United States military government and into the heart of the high politics and judicial arguments of Korean post-1945 leaders.
Colonial Legacies, War Memories, and Political Violence in Taiwan, 1945–1947
Authors: Louzon Victor
Published: January 2021

In this chapter Victor Louzon turns our historiographical focus to the violence of decolonization in Taiwan, namely the 1947 uprising known as the February 28 Incident. Louzon details how the revolt broke out, and places the incident in the context of memory wars in Taiwan since. His chapter delves into the politics and geopolitics the incident, highlighting both the KMT brutal suppression of the revolt, and the experience of Taiwanese at the center of the revolt, many of whom had been mobilized by the Japanese army and paramilitary structures. His work redirects our attention to the experience of “remobilized” Taiwanese and the repertoire of actions and symbols invoked from the imperial era which defined the incident. Even more his work suggests new insights into broader transnational questions of the imperial roots of mobilization and militarization in Cold War Asia.
The Repatriation of Surrendered Japanese Troops, 1945–1947
Authors: Kowner Rotem
Published: January 2021

At the end of the war, Imperial Japan’s vast armies stretched from Manchuria to Korea, from the Aleutian Islands to the South Pacific. Surrender was not an end in itself. It was for 3.5 million soldiers only a beginning. In this chapter Rotem Kowner examines the repatriation of demobilized Japanese soldiers in a transnational key, focusing on how the process of soldiers return became enmeshed in the wars of decolonization, restoration of imperial power, and the early Cold War. From Java to French Indochine, Kowner examines how Japanese soldiers, once the frontlines of an ideology of pan-Asianism, became auxiliaries in the restoration of European imperial control. In the Dutch East Indies he shows how Japanese soldiers both aided the return of the Dutch forces; and on the other armed anticolonial nationalists. How did the men who fought for the creation of a New Order greet the wars end? By connecting the experience of repatriation to the wars of decolonization and hardening Cold War divisions, Kowner sheds light on an important part of the unwinding of Japan’s wartime imperium.
Ordered to Disarm, Encouraged to Rearm: Japan’s Struggles with the Postwar
Authors: Mulloy Garren
Published: January 2021

In the fall of 1945, the Japanese military institution’s end was sudden and final, one of the central ordering institutions of East Asia since the late-nineteenth century disappeared. Or did it? As Garren Mulloy shows, the Japanese imperial military institutions – its ethos, cultures, and personnel – were recast and reinvented in the Cold War as the United States sought to transform Japan into a key ally. In a detailed historical examination of the imperial roots of the SDF, Mulloy examines how the military institution of the fallen empire was sustained and then reconfigured to serve the new era of democracy and an international order dominated by the United States. In the process he recasts Japanese post-1945 security in a new postimperial key, focusing on the first two decades of security transformation, and showing how once imperial officers latched onto the Cold War help to reinvent the Japanese military as a territorially bound Self Defense Force. In the process he revises the familiar story of demilitarization and pacifism into a more complicated and ambivalent history of transwar martial cultures and practises which continued to flourish deep into the 1960s.
Troubling Boys Becoming Men
Authors: Wong Magdalena
Published: January 2021

The chapter describes, with two ethnographic cases, how hegemonic masculinity exerts influence during teenage boys’ formative years and their responses. There is a focus on failure or inadequacy, rather than the usual accounts of hard work and academic success in related Chinese literature. The boys' perceived docile and unmanly characters concern their parents, but the boys choose to exercise their agency to develop alternative masculinities, including interpreting androgyny and effeminacy as desirable male models, rather than conforming to the hegemonic ideal. The one-child policy and volatility created by the countrywide rural-to-urban labour migration are identified as affecting the lives of boys in 21st century China and leading, amongst other things, to large numbers of left behind children and only sons.
Marginalized Kinsmen
Authors: Wong Magdalena
Published: January 2021

This chapter considers subordinate and marginalized masculinities. A male interlocutor is seen as a daughter-in-law by the community after being drawn into an uxorilocal marriage. He is contrasted with an angry man who has lost his financial and social capital to become a self-denigrating minor in his extended family and society. Their inferior statuses bring both men into conflict with their fathers- and brothers-in-law, and also lead them inflict to domestic violence and emotional deprivation on their intimate partners as a kind of compensatory manhood. The chapter also touches on a form of fictive brotherhood that is heavily inflected by marginalization. Marginalization is shown to be essentially rooted in power imbalance, and the manhood acts marginalized men engage in as compensatory behaviour often reinforce gender inequality.
Nationalism and Masculinity
Authors: Wong Magdalena
Published: January 2021

This chapter suggests that the national leader, Xi Jinping, has managed to build a new image of political leadership that corresponds with the discourse on masculinity in contemporary times. The archetypal model is constructed with the assistance of Xi’s wife and her modern First Lady image. There are multiple ethnographic vignettes highlighting the popular response to Xi’s policies and performance, and ordinary citizens’ expressions of militaristic nationalism, directed mainly against Japan. In the midst of this, President Xi is shown to have become the epitome of an able-responsible leader who shoulders responsibilities by his tough stance to fight corruption and poverty, and his call for the resurgence of national greatness. Xi’s prolific citations from classical, traditional, teachings to mundane analogies have special appeal on the grassroots level.
“The Spirit and Sap of the Stock”
Authors: DiSavino Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

Katherine Jackson is born in London, KY in 1875 to a First Family of America. Her father is a well-off merchant and both parents supported her education. She attends the Laurel Academy and was schooled at home. She attends the prestigious Science Hill Female Academy, a preparatory institution for one of the Seven Sisters northern colleges (Welleley). Science Hill’s intense and advanced curriculum is contrasted with the average Southern girls’ preparatory of school of the day.
Berea Beloved
Authors: DiSavino Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

(Jackson) French approaches Berea College to ask for their support in publication of her ballads. Eleanor Frost is enthused, and President William Goodell Frost promises help. French prematurely shares her ballads with Hubert Shearin and Josiah Combs, and they eclipse her as the claimants to primacy of Kentucky ballads. She continues to wait on Frost to seek a publisher for her, knowing she must depend on a male champion, but five years go by and the ballads are never published. Meanwhile, the Ballad Wars are raging, and others vie for the title of Appalachian Ballad Authority. The web of intrigue, jealousies, delays, miscommunications, and ruthlessness is explored in detail. Elizabeth Peck, college historian, finds Jackson’s ballads 42 years later and engineers the reconciliation of Berea and Jackson, and the founding of the Katherine Jackson French Collection at Berea College.
9. “English-Scottish Ballads from the Hills of Kentucky”
Authors: DiSavino Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
The Outbreak of War during Conceptual or Doctrinal Change
Authors: Finkel Meir
Published: January 2021

While conceptual and doctrinal debates are the "bread and butter" of military organizations in peacetime, what happens when war begins before the debate is settled? The chapter explores two cases – the debate over the defensive concept on the Suez Canal line prior to the Yom Kippur War and the IDF's 2006 concept of operations and operational concept for fighting Hezbollah in Lebanon prior to the Second Lebanon War. The aim of the chapter is to illuminate the fact that conceptual debates should be monitored and managed in a way that minimizes the likelihood of conceptual incoherency when war suddenly breaks out.
The American Past, Present Challenges, and Future Lessons
Authors: Finkel Meir
Published: January 2021

The chapter opens with a presentation of anecdotes from American military history that illustrate the enduring and universal character of the challenge and the need for a rapid transition from peacetime to war. Following this the challenges facing the US today are discussed, mainly the Russian threat and the possible need for rapid transition to war in Europe. This challenge is intensified by the Multi-Domain Battle conceptual and the impending material transformation. The chapter ends with specific recommendations for both issues.
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteenth Point in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Knock Thomas J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores American foreign policy and the country’s global position in the early twenty-first century, and in particular during the presidency of Donald Trump, employing the historical background of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points. Specifically, the chapter discusses the importance of Wilson’s fourteenth point, which emphasizes the need for international cooperation and mutual understanding among nations. It explains why the United States needs internationalism and a strong foreign policy. The chapter concludes by stating the need for America’s involvement with the United Nations, in the midst of Trump’s efforts to separate America from the international community.
The State of the Future
Authors: Preston Andrew
Published: January 2021

This chapter calls for a renewal of social democracy in the United States, in line with the successes of other more Wilsonian states around the world. The author chronicles the creation and development of the nation-state to explain its importance in governance, as well as some of the ways American governance is failing to live up to the promises of its history and potential. The chapter proposes that government is not the problem but can instead be part of the solution. Relating this idea to the Trump administration, the author concludes by arguing that reassessing the state’s role and purpose in society can promote American democracy, prosperity, and security.
Do No Harm
Authors: Flowers Betty Sue
Published: January 2021

This chapter identifies four shifts that must take place to overcome the challenges of climate change and better preserve what remains of the inhabitable natural environment. Globally, climate change must be accepted as fact, not fiction, and each nation must take responsibility and commit to sustainable development. The global energy system must rely on renewable sources, rather than fossil fuels. The focus must shift from economic growth to health and well-being. None of these ideas are new, but the author calls for a global strategic conversation about the shape of our collective future. The chapter concludes with the idea that climate change is an opportunity for global collaboration and the development of relationships to better the future.
Introduction
Authors: Ceplair Larry
Published: January 2021

There have been many revolutions during the course of world history. Until what I would call “the age of revolution,” or the “short” twentieth century (1905–1991), those were the work of collective bodies (Puritans in England, Sons of Liberty in the British North American colonies, and Girondists and Jacobins in France). But in my designated age of revolution, paired revolutionaries is the key phenomenon. Each of the four most significant and influential revolutions during this period were led by a pair: Vladimir I. Lenin and Lev D. Trotsky (Russia); Mohandas K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru (India); Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai (China); Fidel Castro and Ernesto “Che” Guevara (Cuba). Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the godfathers of three of those revolutions, participated in one revolution but in their lifetimes did not witness the successful revolutions they had worked so hard to inspire....
Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948) and Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964)
Authors: Ceplair Larry
Published: January 2021

These two were the furthest apart in age, ideology, and importance to the revolutionary process. Gandhi developed the revolutionary strategy and most of the tactics, and he was the undisputed leader of the mass movement. Though they had a close relationship, like uncle and nephew, they diverged widely on several key issues, notably Gandhi’s fasts. Nevertheless, Nehru always drew back from the brink of a schism, and he regularly acceded to Gandhi’s plans. Shortly after independence, Gandhi was assassinated and Nehru led India forward.
The Woman’s Director and Women’s Friendships
Authors: Helford Elyce Rae
Published: January 2021

Chapter 1 focuses on white, privileged women through an exploration of female friendships. The dominance of heteronormative romance is fractured by bonds between women, even when they are more tangential than central. Through the critical work of Karen Hollinger, the chapter offers close readings centered on character and narrative in Girls on the Town (1931), Our Betters (1932), The Women (1939), and Rich and Famous (1981), thus studying representations of female friendship from the beginning to the end of Cukor’s career. The chapter concludes with a coda on The Chapman Report (1962), a film about women’s sex lives that forecloses almost entirely the possibility of friendship between women.
Collaboration and Chastisement
Authors: Helford Elyce Rae
Published: January 2021

This chapter shifts from content analysis to study of production context in an exploration of methods and impacts of collaboration between George Cukor and Katharine Hepburn. The ten films the duo made together span much of Cukor’s career, but the chapter centers on study of three key pictures: The Philadelphia Story (1940), Adam’s Rib (1949), and Love in the Ruins (1975). Examined together, this trio of films illustrates the professional bond between director and actor, focusing in particular on how the Cukor/Hepburn alliance utilized a feminist understanding of audience reception, where gendered chastisement of the characters Hepburn plays allows for celebration of her iconoclastic stature as a female Hollywood star.
Tone, Genre, and the Actor’s Director
Authors: Helford Elyce Rae
Published: January 2021

Tone and genre significantly affect gender presentation within the course of a highly productive decade in Cukor’s career. The Women (1939), Susan and God (1940), and Edward, My Son (1949) are all films based on plays originally written as satire or parody. They become more complicated productions when adapted for film by “actor’s director” Cukor. By emphasizing earnest and dramatic portrayals of heavily gender-normative portrayals, the director shifts both the tone and the impact of the satirical films. In The Women, the serious, sympathetic central character detracts from the social critique of wealthy, catty wives. Susan and God shifts from romantic comedy to melodrama and holds the wife character to account for the confines of conventional marriage, excising potential social critique. Finally, Edward, My Son, one of Cukor’s major and more interesting failures, yields its satirical bite to the questionable casting and directing of its hypermasculine lead.
Edelkayt
Authors: Helford Elyce Rae
Published: January 2021

Chapter 5 illustrates an alternative to the hypermale ego by attending to more sensitive, creative male characters through the concept of Edelkayt as discussed in the work of Daniel Boyarin. The chapter begins with a transition into the subject through focus on one final alcoholic, Ned Seton in Holiday (1938). The tragic fate of the character exemplifies the importance of challenging hypermasculine norms by exploring alternatives that can offer a potential queer feminist countertype. To explore this figure, I discuss Cukor’s own identity within Hollywood alongside several of his most complex masculine characters: Macaulay “Mike” Connor in The Philadelphia Story (1940) and Paul Verrall in Born Yesterday (1950).
The Theatricality of Gender and Drag Performance
Authors: Helford Elyce Rae
Published: January 2021

This chapter attends to a seemingly disparate trio of films, the romantic adventure Sylvia Scarlett (1935), the theatrical Western Heller in Pink Tights (1950), and the melodrama-with-music A Star is Born (1954). The three are bound by scenes in which the female protagonist appears in male drag. Katharine Hepburn plays male for almost an entire film that went on to flop hideously at the box office, while Sophia Loren impersonates Old West stage presence Adah Isaacs Menken, with outrageous impact. Perhaps most unexpected of all, Judy Garland dons boyish drag for a song-and-dance number just before breaking down over her alcoholic husband’s disastrous life. While the films’ purposes and impacts differ, together they illustrate the concept of gender-as-performance, as it bends but does not break classic Hollywood cinematic traditions.