bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The predictive value of videostroboscopy in the assessment of premalignant lesions and early glottis cancers
Authors: Rzepakowska Anna , Sielska-Badurek Ewelina , Osuch-Wójcikiewicz Ewa , Sobol Michał , Niemczyk Kazimierz
Published: July 2017

Objective: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of larngovideostroboscopy (LVS) in the diagnosis of precancerous and malignant lesions of the vocal folds. Material and methods: In 175 patients (128 men and 47 women), aged 19-88 years, mean age 61.5, who were admitted to the clinic with diagnosed premalignant conditions of vocal fold mucosa (leukoplakia, chronic hypertrophic inflammatory lesions) and thickening or tumor on the vocal fold, there was performed LVS before the laryngeal microsurgery. The LVS study included: localization of the leasion, movement of the vocal folds, mucosal wave, shape of glottis clousure, amplitude and symmetry of vocal fold vibration. In the evaluation, a point scale was applied for the individual functional parameters. The scale ranged from 0 to 14. Patients with impaired vocal fold motion or absent mucosal wave were positive on LVS for malignant lesions. Those with limitted mucosal wave were positive on LVS for dysplastic lesions. The results were compared with the final histopathological examination and the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive value were calculated. Results: On the basis of histopathological examination, benign lesions (normal or inflammatory mucosa) accounted for 20% of diagnoses, hypertrophy and parakeratosis for 28%, low and middle grade dysplasia accounted for 10% and malignant lesions (high-grade dysplasia, pre-invasive cancer, Invasive cancer) was diagnosed in 42% of patients. The overall mean score for LVS was 4.5 and 8.0, respectively for benign and malignant lesions. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV and NPV of LVS in detecting malignant lesions were respectively - 95.6%, 23.8%, 61.1%, 57.6% and 83.3% and in detecting both premalignant and malignant lesions were respectively – 90.7%, 31.4%, 78.9%, 84.1% and 45.8%. Conclusions: Because of the high sensitivity of LVS in detecting precancerous and malignant lesions, this method is a very good tool for screening of pathology within the larynx.
Pleomorphic adenoma - the results of a retrospective analysis of 104 patients treated at the Clinical Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinic of Otolaryngology and Laryngologic Oncology of the Military Institute of Medicine
Authors: Korba Michał , Chloupek Aldona , Dąbrowski Jarosław , Piętka Tomasz , Domański Wojciech , Biernacka Barbara , Leśniak Wojciech
Published: July 2017

Pleomorphic adenoma, also known as tumor mixtus, is one of the most common types of benign neoplasm of the salivary gland, which presents as a slow growing, painless tumor. Major salivary glands are the typical
localization of this neoplasm. It rarely undergoes malignant transformation, however may recur locally post resection. In this study, we present the results of a retrospective analysis of 104 patients treated at the Clinical Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinic of Otolaryngology and Laryngologic Oncology of the Military Institute of Medicine between 2004 and 2015 due to pleomorphic adenoma. The study confirmed the parotid gland as the most common location of tumor mixtus. In some cases, the large size of the tumor and its location were the cause of life-threatening complications.
The Organisational and Social Climate Level of an Institution as One of the Determinants of Internal Security
Authors: Stawnicka Jadwiga , Klonowska Iwona
Published: July 2017

The subject of this article is the issue of the social climate of the institution as one of the determinants of security in the perspective of Police research. In the literature on the issue of the social climate of the institution the reality is that it is difficult to find references to this concept in respect of the police. It seems that this is conditioned by the specific nature of the current form of the functioning of the Police and its organisational structure. The subject of the study is a proposal for research into the social climate in the Police. Based on the literature on the subject the phenomenon of social climate is described along with its influence on the sense of comfort and satisfaction of the employees. A good social climate contributes to the co-operation of employees, as well as stimulates a sense of loyalty to the group and responsibility for its success. Further on in the article remarks on the study of a social climate scale by R H Moss are presented, along with an indication of the division of the statements contained in this scale, taking into account the content of the messages. This approach to the scale of social climate is justified in the third part of the article, which presents the concept of research on the social climate of the institution as one of the determinants of security in the perspective of the police research which will be carried out by the Authors of the article.
Air Accidents over Water — Selected Forensic Aspects
Authors: Konieczny Marcin
Published: July 2017

Aviation is one of the safest means of transport. Despite increasing amounts of money being spent on safety, this mode of transport is not free from incidents and disasters. The article considers the issue of aviation accidents as a result of which the aircraft has sunk in a body of water. The events of recent years involving the aircraft Air France Flight 447 (Airbus 330-203,2009), Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (Boeing 777, 2014) and a military aircraft of the Russian Federation (Tu-154, 2016), show that aviation is not free from this kind of tragic disaster. One important aspect in such situations is that proper and immediate search and rescue operations are undertaken (i.e. SAR or CSAR). Due to the nature of the location of the event, which is a body of water, the course of procedural and forensic activities differs from the traditional mode of conduct. The algorithm for examination of the scene begins with finding and securing the flight data recorder (i.e. the black box). The methodology for examination in the case of an event in an aquatic environment is non-standard. The actions themselves, including visual examination, cannot be carried out by the specialist but only indirectly by suitably qualified divers or scuba divers. Also, the aquatic environment itself demands that all activities are carried out immediately. Any delay may entail the bodies of victims, material evidence or structural parts being moved by water currents, which in turn can distort the picture of the scene itself. Only after recovery of human bodies and evidence to on board a vessel or ashore is it possible to carry out the necessary forensic examination. In the case of air accidents it is necessary, among others, to determine the number of people involved and the disposition of their bodies, to collect evidence and establish the critical moment of the incident. The preservation of the bodies of victims and material evidence recovered from the water involves special treatment. In this type of event it is possible to use the so-called new technologies in the form of unmanned craft (i.e. underwater drones).
Integrity Testing in Poland — Issues, Experience and Practical Comments
Authors: Hac Piotr
Published: July 2017

The aim of this article is to present a subject not widely known in Poland: the tool known as Integrity Testing that is in place in several countries of the world (including countries in Europe). It is used to fight corruption and irregularities in the functioning of public institutions and means the possibility of anti-corruption authorities creating a false corruption situation in order to verify an officer’s behaviour. The motives for the inception of the procedure, its assumptions and the basic conditions of use are presented,and the terminology used is also explained. It shows the positive, preventive aspects of the use of tests and the need for a professional approach to these on the part of the people implementing and performing them. For the purposes of this article the tests described have been divided into four main groups and the criteria adopted have been explained. A comparative analysis of integrity testing as used by institutions in the United States, Australia, Great Britain, Romania and the Czech Republic is also carried out, specifying the key differences between these systems, including how to implement procedures and the possible use of the results. Specific figures are given concerning the number of tests carried out in some countries and their effectiveness. The assumptions used in integrity tests are also compared to current similar solutions in the anti-corruption law operating in the Polish police (Article 19 of the Police Act). Also outlined are the main problems requiring a response before any possible start of work on the implementation of integrity tests in Poland. At the same time it is noted that in the years 2007–2008 the Polish Police worked on a similar legal solution, but ultimately this was not accepted. The article is based on the author’s personal knowledge and experience resulting in a highly pragmatic picture of the issues presented.
Intranet Communication on the Example of an IT System for Research and Decision‑making Analysis “SINDBAD”
Authors: Nepelski Mariusz , Hryszkiewicz Dominik
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this article is to present the results of research on internal communication in the Police. The measurable outcome of the research is the development of an IT tool to form a discussion forum that improves intra-organisational communication in hierarchical institutions, and thus management of the organisation. The research is being carried out under the project “Creation of an IT system supporting communication in the Police and other services subordinated to the Ministry of the Interior in terms of internal security — SINDBAD,” No. DOB-BIO7/03/01/2015. The project is co-financed by the National Centre for Research and Development in Warsaw, for which a grant of PLN 5 million has been obtained. This information exchange platform is being created by a research consortium led by the Police Academy in Szczytno. The essence of this tool is its internal structure, which is based on a detailed analysis of the needs of future users. The solution will be equipped with the following modules: research development and management, consultation on legal acts, crisis analysis and statistical analysis. Significantly, the system created will allow maximum anonymity of expression and security against unauthorised access by third parties. The result of the project will include an anonymous IT modular platform for collecting and analysing data to monitor problem areas and planning interventions at the organisational level to ensure internal security, including an organisational and technical solution that ensures the anonymity of contributors.
¿Es actual la filosofía política de Ralph Miliband? Algunas propuestas en torno al laborismo, el estado y la democracia
Authors: Rodríguez Prieto Rafael
Published: July 2017

RESUMEN:

Ralph Miliband fue uno de los principales representantes del pensamiento marxista en la última parte del siglo XX, en especial por su análisis del partido laborista, el estado, el análisis de clase y la participación política. Analizó si sus trabajos continúan siendo influyentes en el siglo XXI. Trazo una breve semblanza del desarrollo de su pensamiento sociológico e identifico tres temas claves (la crisis del laborismo, el estado en la sociedad capitalista y la democracia socialista). Los examino y evalúo. El trabajo finaliza con una reflexión crítica sobre la actualidad del legado de Miliband. 
Comments for the roundtable on Yanni Kotsonis, States of Obligation: Taxes and Citizenship in the Russian Empire and Early Soviet Republic (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014)
Authors: Coleman Heather
Published: July 2017

This response to Yanni Kotsonis’ States of Obligation focuses on Kotsonis’ intervention in one of the fundamental questions of Russian historiography, the relationship between state and society. Kotsonis argues that new kinds of taxes (and especially new modes of assessment of those taxes) brought a new kind of citizen into being, one whose relationship with the state was individualized and participatory, but not representative. This commentary acknowledges that Kostonis persuasively demonstrates that state officials used taxation first to identify and then to construct a particular type of citizen. However, it asks whether Kotsonis’ conclusions about a state-centred emergence of the Russian person and of a Russian model of citizenship, anchored in obligations rather than rights, simply reproduces the aspirations of the bureaucrats he studies while underestimating society’s interactions with these processes and its ability to articulate alternatives.
Les travailleurs sociaux à l’épreuve de l’efficacité
Authors: DEFAUX Stéphanie , LEVENE Thérèse
Published: July 2017

En protection de l’enfance, l’injonction à l’efficacité imposée par la nouvelle gestion publique s’est concrétisée en 2007 par la création d’une cellule de recueil, de traitement et d’évaluation des informations préoccupantes. La question de l’implication et/ou de l’adhésion des parents à l’évaluation de la situation des mineurs en danger ou en risque de l’être recompose le paysage de la protection de l’enfance et interroge l’efficacité même de ce dispositif. Une étude empirique originale menée auprès de 175 travailleurs sociaux de cinq départements français met en évidence le bouleversement des pratiques professionnelles dans ce nouveau contexte.
Penser l’expérience dans le processus d’autonomisation en santé : enjeux des médiations narratives
Authors: HARDY Anne-France , ENEAU Jerôme
Published: July 2017

Cette recherche interroge les pratiques de prévention et de promotion de la santé pensées pour les jeunes et examine la nature des compétences valorisant aujourd’hui l’autonomisation sous le modèle de l’empowerment. Elle s’éloigne des modèles classiques d’éducation à la santé construits sur le postulat épidémiologique de l’evidence basedmédecine (EBM) et explore, de manière dialogique et narrative, une autre façon d’aborder ces pratiques d’éducation pour cerner les enjeux d’une santé plus globale des jeunes lycéens. En privilégiant les éléments d’un débat scellant les caractéristiques contemporaines d’un sujet réflexif en santé, elle questionne le rôle émancipateur d’une médiation narrative articulant les enjeux de l’altérité aux fondements d’une meilleure connaissance de soi.
When patients fail UNAIDS’ last 90 ‐ the “failure cascade” beyond 90‐90‐90 in rural Lesotho, Southern Africa: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Labhardt Niklaus Daniel , Ringera Isaac , Lejone Thabo Ishmael , Cheleboi Molisana , Wagner Sarah , Muhairwe Josephine , Klimkait Thomas
Published: July 2017

Introduction: HIV‐infected individuals on first‐line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource‐limited settings who do not achieve the last “90” (viral suppression) enter a complex care cascade: enhanced adherence counselling (EAC), repetition of viral load (VL) and switch to second‐line ART aiming to achieve resuppression. This study describes the “failure cascade” in patients in Lesotho.

Methods: Patients aged ≥16 years on first‐line ART at 10 facilities in rural Lesotho received a first‐time VL in June 2014. Those with VL ≥80 copies/mL were included in a cohort. The care cascade was assessed at four points: attendance of EAC, result of follow‐up VL after EAC, switch to second‐line in case of sustained unsuppressed VL and outcome 18 months after the initial unsuppressed VL. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess predictors of being retained in care with viral resuppression at follow‐up.

Results: Out of 1563 patients who underwent first‐time VL, 138 (8.8%) had unsuppressed VL in June 2014. Out of these, 124 (90%) attended EAC and 116 (84%) had follow‐up VL (4 died, 2 transferred out, 11 lost, 5 switched to second‐line before follow‐up VL). Among the 116 with follow‐up VL, 36 (31%) achieved resuppression. Out of the 80 with sustained unsuppressed VL, 58 were switched to second‐line, the remaining continued first line. At 18 months’ follow‐up in December 2015, out of the initially 138 with unsuppressed VL, 56 (41%) were in care and virally suppressed, 37 (27%) were in care with unsuppressed VL and the remaining 45 (33%) were lost, dead, transferred to another clinic or without documented VL. Achieving viral resuppression after EAC (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 5.02; 95% confidence interval: 1.14–22.09; p = 0.033) and being switched to second‐line in case of sustained viremia after EAC (aOR: 7.17; 1.90–27.04; p = 0.004) were associated with being retained in care and virally suppressed at 18 months of follow‐up. Age, gender, education, time on ART and level of VL were not associated.

Conclusions: In this study in rural Lesotho, outcomes along the “failure cascade” were poor. To improve outcomes in this vulnerable patient group who fails the last “90”, programmes need to focus on timely EAC and switch to second line for cases with continuous viremia despite EAC.
Fast two-photon imaging of subcellular voltage dynamics in neuronal tissue with genetically encoded indicators
Authors: Chamberland Simon , Yang Helen H , Pan Michael M , Evans Stephen W , Guan Sihui , Chavarha Mariya , Yang Ying , Salesse Charleen , Wu Haodi , Wu Joseph C , Clandinin Thomas R , Toth Katalin , Lin Michael Z , St-Pierre François
Published: July 2017

Monitoring voltage dynamics in defined neurons deep in the brain is critical for unraveling the function of neuronal circuits but is challenging due to the limited performance of existing tools. In particular, while genetically encoded voltage indicators have shown promise for optical detection of voltage transients, many indicators exhibit low sensitivity when imaged under two-photon illumination. Previous studies thus fell short of visualizing voltage dynamics in individual neurons in single trials. Here, we report ASAP2s, a novel voltage indicator with improved sensitivity. By imaging ASAP2s using random-access multi-photon microscopy, we demonstrate robust single-trial detection of action potentials in organotypic slice cultures. We also show that ASAP2s enables two-photon imaging of graded potentials in organotypic slice cultures and in Drosophila. These results demonstrate that the combination of ASAP2s and fast two-photon imaging methods enables detection of neural electrical activity with subcellular spatial resolution and millisecond-timescale precision.
Association between host species choice and morphological characters of main sensory structures of Culicoides in the Palaeartic region
Authors: Augot Denis , Hadj-Henni Leila , Strutz Stavana E. , Slama Darine , Millot Christine , Depaquit Jérôme , Millot Jean-Marc
Published: July 2017

Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) serve as vectors of several mammalian and avian diseases, including bluetongue, Schmallenberg, African horse sickness, avian malaria and Oropouche. Host preference investigations are necessary to assess the transmission routes of vector-borne diseases and to inform mitigation strategies. A recent study examining the main sensory structures (palps and antennae) of Culicoides species suggests that they be classified as ornithophilic or mammalophilic according to their feeding habits. We analyzed Culicoides host preferences according to the literature and carried out a multiple correspondence analysis linking these preferences with morphological data. Seven out of 12 variables were found to be reliable predictors of host preference in Culicoides species: Antenna Flagellomer-Sensilla Coeloconica-Number: (7–10) and (11–13); Antenna Flagellomer-Sensilla Coeloconica IV–X: presence; Palpus-size: wide and/or narrow opening and shallow pit; Palpus-Shape: strongly swollen; Antenna-Short sensilla trichodea-distal part segment IV to X-Number: 2 seta each. Our results demonstrate that the presence of sensilla coeloconica and the maxillary palpus can be used to separate ornithophilic and mammalophilic or ornithophilic/mammalophilic species.
Hedychium chingmeianum (Zingiberaceae), a new species from Nagaland, India
Authors: Odyuo Nripemo , Roy Dilip Kumar
Published: July 2017

A new species of the genus Hedychium from the Indian state of Nagaland, Hedychium chingmeianum N.Odyuo & D.K.Roy is described and illustrated. Relationship with other related species is also discussed.
Cytosolic redox components regulate protein homeostasis via additional localisation in the mitochondrial intermembrane space
Authors: Cardenas‐Rodriguez Mauricio , Tokatlidis Kostas
Published: July 2017

Oxidative protein folding is confined to the bacterial periplasm, endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Maintaining a redox balance requires the presence of reductive pathways. The major thiol‐reducing pathways engage the thioredoxin and the glutaredoxin systems which are involved in removal of oxidants, protein proofreading and folding. Alterations in redox balance likely affect the flux of these redox pathways and are related to ageing and diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Here, we first review the well‐studied oxidative and reductive processes in the bacterial periplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum, and then discuss the less understood process in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, highlighting its importance for the proper function of the cell.
Evolution of submarine eruptive activity during the 2011–2012 El Hierro event as documented by hydroacoustic images and remotely operated vehicle observations
Authors: Somoza L. , González F. J. , Barker S. J. , Madureira P. , Medialdea T. , de Ignacio C. , Lourenço N. , León R. , Vázquez J. T. , Palomino D.
Published: July 2017

Submarine volcanic eruptions are frequent and important events, yet they are rarely observed. Here we relate bathymetric and hydroacoustic images from the 2011 to 2012 El Hierro eruption with surface observations and deposits imaged and sampled by ROV. As a result of the shallow submarine eruption, a new volcano named Tagoro grew from 375 to 89 m depth. The eruption consisted of two main phases of edifice construction intercalated with collapse events. Hydroacoustic images show that the eruptions ranged from explosive to effusive with variable plume types and resulting deposits, even over short time intervals. At the base of the edifice, ROV observations show large accumulations of lava balloons changing in size and type downslope, coinciding with the area where floating lava balloon fallout was observed. Peaks in eruption intensity during explosive phases generated vigorous bubbling at the surface, extensive ash, vesicular lapilli and formed high‐density currents, which together with periods of edifice gravitational collapse, produced extensive deep volcaniclastic aprons. Secondary cones developed in the last stages and show evidence for effusive activity with lava ponds and lava flows that cover deposits of stacked lava balloons. Chaotic masses of heterometric boulders around the summit of the principal cone are related to progressive sealing of the vent with decreasing or variable magma supply. Hornitos represent the final eruptive activity with hydrothermal alteration and bacterial mats at the summit. Our study documents the distinct evolution of a submarine volcano and highlights the range of deposit types that may form and be rapidly destroyed in such eruptions.
Dependence of thermospheric zonal winds on solar flux, geomagnetic activity, and hemisphere as measured by CHAMP
Authors: Zhang Xiaofang , Liu Libo , Liu Songtao
Published: July 2017

The thermospheric zonal winds measured by the CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite are used to statistically determine the climatology under quiet and active geomagnetic conditions. By collectively analyzing the bin‐averaged wind trend with F10.7 and the solar‐induced difference in wind structures, the solar flux dependence of global thermosphere zonal wind is determined. The increase of solar flux enhances the eastward winds at low latitudes from dusk to midnight. The increased ion drag reduces the nighttime eastward wind in the subauroral latitudes, and the daytime westward winds from 06 to 08 MLT at all latitudes decrease with increasing solar flux. Zonal winds show coupled seasonal/extreme ultraviolet (EUV) dependency. The equatorial zonal winds from 18 to 04 magnetic local time (MLT) indicate weaker eastward winds during the June solstice at high solar flux levels. Quiet time eastward winds at subauroral latitudes from 16 to 20 MLT are further decreased in the winter hemisphere. Influenced by asymmetries in solar illumination and the magnetic field, zonal winds show hemispheric asymmetries. Quiet daytime winds are additionally influenced by solar illumination effects, and the westward winds at the middle and subauroral latitudes are always stronger in the summer. The nighttime eastward winds are higher in the winter hemisphere during the solstices, as in the Southern Hemisphere during equinoxes, with the winter‐summer asymmetry lessened or receding at the solar maxima. Storm‐induced subauroral westward disturbance winds are higher in the summer hemisphere and in the Northern Hemisphere during equinoxes. At a high level of solar flux, the westward disturbance winds are comparable in the two hemispheres during December solstice. Geomagnetic disturbance wind observations from CHAMP agree well with the empirical geomagnetic disturbance wind model, except for stronger subauroral westward jets. Westward winds during the afternoon may be enhanced in the auroral latitudes before the initial time of a storm main phase.
Deriving adaptive operating rules of hydropower reservoirs using time‐varying parameters generated by the EnKF
Authors: Feng Maoyuan , Liu Pan , Guo Shenglian , Shi Liangsheng , Deng Chao , Ming Bo
Published: July 2017

Operating rules have been used widely to decide reservoir operations because of their capacity for coping with uncertain inflow. However, stationary operating rules lack adaptability; thus, under changing environmental conditions, they cause inefficient reservoir operation. This paper derives adaptive operating rules based on time‐varying parameters generated using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). A deterministic optimization model is established to obtain optimal water releases, which are further taken as observations of the reservoir simulation model. The EnKF is formulated to update the operating rules sequentially, providing a series of time‐varying parameters. To identify the index that dominates the variations of the operating rules, three hydrologic factors are selected: the reservoir inflow, ratio of future inflow to current available water, and available water. Finally, adaptive operating rules are derived by fitting the time‐varying parameters with the identified dominant hydrologic factor. China's Three Gorges Reservoir was selected as a case study. Results show that (1) the EnKF has the capability of capturing the variations of the operating rules, (2) reservoir inflow is the factor that dominates the variations of the operating rules, and (3) the derived adaptive operating rules are effective in improving hydropower benefits compared with stationary operating rules. The insightful findings of this study could be used to help adapt reservoir operations to mitigate the effects of changing environmental conditions.
Isolating roughness scales of gravel‐bed patches
Authors: Bertin Stephane , Groom Jane , Friedrich Heide
Published: July 2017

There is a growing consensus that gravel‐bed roughness should be parameterized based on bed‐surface topography, not only sediment size. One benefit is the possible identification of various spatial scales of surface roughness and evaluation of their respective contributions to flow resistance (and also to bedload transport). The absence of relationships between roughness at the different scales is apparent in previous work, which currently limits roughness parameterization from topography and application in flow modeling. This study examines the use of moving‐window detrending on gravel‐bed digital elevation models (DEMs) for isolating roughness scales and their respective signatures. A large data set of 35 water‐worked gravel‐bed patches from both the laboratory and the field was used for the analysis. The measured bed topography was separated into two distinct DEMs: one representing grains, the other representing small bedforms. For all DEMs, bed‐elevation parameters measuring vertical roughness, imbrication, and spatial correlations were determined. Our results show distinct topographic signatures between grain and bedform DEMs. We show strong positive linear relationships between grain vertical roughness and the size of the bed‐surface material. Surface sediment arrangement also determined bedform shape, with groupings of coarse sediment forming humps on the surface, and finer sediment sheltered in hollows. Patch‐scale vertical roughness could not be estimated simply as the sum of grain and bedform vertical roughness. Instead, our results suggest weighted summation and the existence of universal weighting coefficients. Practical applications for studies on gravel‐bed roughness and flow modeling using DEMs are discussed.
Paleothermal structure of the Nankai inner accretionary wedge estimated from vitrinite reflectance of cuttings
Authors: Fukuchi Rina , Yamaguchi Asuka , Yamamoto Yuzuru , Ashi Juichiro
Published: July 2017

The paleothermal structure and tectonic evolution of an accretionary prism is basic information for understanding subduction zone seismogenesis. To evaluate the entire paleotemperature profile of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site C0002 located in the off‐Kumano region of the Nankai Trough and penetrate the inner accretionary wedge down to 3058.5 m below the seafloor (mbsf), we performed a vitrinite reflectance analysis for cuttings and core samples during IODP expeditions 338 and 348: Nankai Trough seismogenic zone experiment. Although vitrinite reflectance values (Ro) tend to increase with depth, two reversals of these values suggested the existence of thrust fault zones with sufficient displacements to offset the paleothermal structure. The estimated maximum paleotemperatures are 42–70°C at 1200–1300 mbsf, 44–100°C at 1600–2400 mbsf, and 56–115°C at 2600–3000 mbsf, respectively. These temperatures roughly coincide with estimated modern temperatures; however, at a smaller scale, the reconstructed partial paleogeothermal gradient (∼60–150°C/km) recorded at the hanging‐ and footwall of the presumed thrust fault zone is higher than the modern geothermal gradient (∼30–40°C/km). This high paleogeothermal gradient was possibly obtained prior to subduction, reflecting the large heat flow of the young Philippine Sea Plate.
Lateral heterogeneity imaged by small‐aperture ScS retrieval from the ambient seismic field
Authors: Spica Zack , Perton Mathieu , Beroza Gregory C.
Published: July 2017

Interpreting core‐related body wave traveltimes is challenging for seismologists because Earth's heterogeneities are averaged over thousands of kilometers and the sparsity of earthquake measurements makes these heterogeneities difficult to localize. We show how the ambient seismic wave field can be used to overcome these limitations. We present a regional‐scale analysis of core‐mantle boundary reflections (ScS) under Mexico. We show that body wave arrivals (i.e., P and ScS) are retrieved from higher‐order cross correlations (C3), a technique that provides a more uniform and controlled source distribution using the scattered waves of the coda of classical ambient field cross correlations (C1). Then, we extract ScS traveltimes along a dense linear array in Mexico and find that lithospheric lateral heterogeneity, such as the subducting Cocos slab beneath Mexico, may have a strong impact on ScS traveltimes. In parallel, we show that lateral heterogeneity such as a possible ultralow velocity zone (ULVZ) near the core‐mantle boundary might also affect, although to a lesser extent, the traveltime anomalies. Our results and interpretation are supported through numerical simulations that account for slab and ULVZ properties.
Polar cap hot patches: Enhanced density structures different from the classical patches in the ionosphere
Authors: Zhang Q.‐H. , Ma Y.‐Z. , Jayachandran P. T. , Moen J. , Lockwood M. , Zhang Y.‐L. , Foster J. C. , Zhang S.‐R. , Wang Y. , Themens D. R. , Zhang B.‐C. , Xing Z. Y.
Published: July 2017

Based on in situ and ground‐based observations, a new type of “polar cap hot patch” has been identified that is different from the classical polar cap enhanced density structure (cold patches). Comparing with the classical polar cap patches, which are transported from the dayside sunlit region with dense and cold plasma, the polar cap hot patches are associated with particle precipitations (therefore field‐aligned currents), ion upflows, and flow shears. The hot patches may have the same order of density enhancement as classical patches in the topside ionosphere, suggesting that the hot patches may be produced by transported photoionization plasma into flow channels. Within the flow channels, the hot patches have low‐energy particle precipitation and/or ion upflows associated with field‐aligned currents and flow shears. Corresponding Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal scintillation measurements indicate that hot patches may produce slightly stronger radio signal scintillation in the polar cap region than classical patches. A new type of polar cap patches, “polar cap hot patches,” is identified to differentiate enhanced density structures from classical patches. Hot patches are associated with particle precipitations, ion upflows, field‐aligned currents, and shear flows in the polar cap. Hot patches may lead to slightly stronger ionospheric scintillations of GNSS signals in the polar cap region than classical patches.
Ice stream reorganization and glacial retreat on the northwest Greenland shelf
Authors: Newton A. M. W. , Knutz P. C. , Huuse M. , Gannon P. , Brocklehurst S. H. , Clausen O. R. , Gong Y.
Published: July 2017

Understanding conditions at the grounding‐line of marine‐based ice sheets is essential for understanding ice sheet evolution. Offshore northwest Greenland, knowledge of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ice sheet extent in Melville Bugt was previously based on sparse geological evidence. This study uses multibeam bathymetry, combined with 2‐D and 3‐D seismic reflection data, to present a detailed landform record from Melville Bugt. Seabed landforms include mega‐scale glacial lineations, grounding‐zone wedges, iceberg scours, and a lateral shear margin moraine, formed during the last glacial cycle. The geomorphology indicates that the LGM ice sheet reached the shelf edge before undergoing flow reorganization. After retreat of ~80 km across the outer shelf, the margin stabilized in a mid‐shelf position, possibly during the Younger Dryas (12.9–11.7 ka). The ice sheet then decoupled from the seafloor and retreated to a coast‐proximal position. This landform record provides an important constraint on deglaciation history offshore northwest Greenland.
Evidence for a low bulk crustal density for Mars from gravity and topography
Authors: Goossens Sander , Sabaka Terence J. , Genova Antonio , Mazarico Erwan , Nicholas Joseph B. , Neumann Gregory A.
Published: July 2017

Knowledge of the average density of the crust of a planet is important in determining its interior structure. The combination of high‐resolution gravity and topography data has yielded a low density for the Moon's crust, yet for other terrestrial planets the resolution of the gravity field models has hampered reasonable estimates. By using well‐chosen constraints derived from topography during gravity field model determination using satellite tracking data, we show that we can robustly and independently determine the average bulk crustal density directly from the tracking data, using the admittance between topography and imperfect gravity. We find a low average bulk crustal density for Mars, 2582 ± 209 kg m−3. This bulk crustal density is lower than that assumed until now. Densities for volcanic complexes are higher, consistent with earlier estimates, implying large lateral variations in crustal density. In addition, we find indications that the crustal density increases with depth.
The relative contributions of tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures and atmospheric internal variability to the recent global warming hiatus
Authors: Deser Clara , Guo Ruixia , Lehner Flavio
Published: July 2017

The recent slowdown in global mean surface temperature (GMST) warming during boreal winter is examined from a regional perspective using 10‐member initial‐condition ensembles with two global coupled climate models in which observed tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (TPAC SSTAs) and radiative forcings are specified. Both models show considerable diversity in their surface air temperature (SAT) trend patterns across the members, attesting to the importance of internal variability beyond the tropical Pacific that is superimposed upon the response to TPAC SSTA and radiative forcing. Only one model shows a close relationship between the realism of its simulated GMST trends and SAT trend patterns. In this model, Eurasian cooling plays a dominant role in determining the GMST trend amplitude, just as in nature. In the most realistic member, intrinsic atmospheric dynamics and teleconnections forced by TPAC SSTA cause cooling over Eurasia (and North America), and contribute equally to its GMST trend.
Cloud droplets to drizzle: Contribution of transition drops to microphysical and optical properties of marine stratocumulus clouds
Authors: Glienke S. , Kostinski A. , Fugal J. , Shaw R. A. , Borrmann S. , Stith J.
Published: July 2017

Aircraft measurements of the ubiquitous marine stratocumulus cloud type, with over 3000 km of in situ data from the Pacific during the Cloud System Evolution in the Trades experiment, show the ability of the Holographic Detector for Clouds (HOLODEC) instrument to smoothly interpolate the small and large droplet data collected with Cloud Droplet Probe and 2DC instruments. The combined, comprehensive instrument suite reveals a surprisingly large contribution in the predrizzle size range of 40–80 μm (transition droplets, or drizzlets), a range typically not measured and assumed to reside in a condensation‐to‐collision minimum between cloud droplet and drizzle modes. Besides shedding light on the onset of collision coalescence, drizzlets are essential contributors to optical and chemical properties because of a substantial contribution to the total surface area. When adjusted to match spatial resolution of spaceborne remote sensing, the missing drizzlets bring in situ measurements to closer agreement with satellite observations.
Kinematics of Mass Transport Deposits revealed by magnetic fabrics
Authors: Weinberger R. , Levi T. , Alsop G. I. , Marco S.
Published: July 2017

The internal deformation and movement directions of Mass Transport Deposits (MTDs) are key factors in understanding the kinematics and dynamics of their emplacement. Although these are relatively easy to recover from well‐bedded sediments, they are more difficult to deduce from massive beds without visible strain markers. In order to test the applicability of using anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) to determine MTD movement, we compare AMS fabrics, with structural measurements of visible kinematic indicators. Our case study involves the structural analysis of slumped lake sediments extensively exposed in MTDs within the Dead Sea Basin. Structural analyses of MTDs outcropping for >100 km reveal radial transport directions toward the basin depocenter. We show that the AMS fabrics display the same transport directions as inferred from structural analyses. Based on this similarity, we outline a robust procedure to obtain the transport direction of slumped MTDs from AMS fabrics. Variations in the magnetic fabrics and anisotropies in fold‐thrust systems within the slumps match the various structural domains. We therefore suggest that magnetic fabrics and anisotropy variations in drill cores may reflect internal deformation within the slumps rather than different slumps. Obtaining magnetic fabrics from MTDs provides a viable way to infer the transport directions and internal deformation of MTDs and reconstruct the basin depocenter in ancient settings. The present results also have implications beyond the kinematics of MTDs, as their geometry resembles fold‐thrust systems in other geological settings, scales, and tectonic environments.
Is El Niño really changing?
Authors: Capotondi Antonietta , Sardeshmukh Prashant D.
Published: July 2017

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the leading mode of tropical Pacific climate variability, with global impacts. Understanding how the statistics of ENSO events may be changing in response to global warming is of great interest and importance for society. A clear detection of such signals in observations has, however, been obscured by large event‐to‐event differences and apparent “regime shifts” such as that of the late 1970s. In particular, despite extensive research, it is not clear to what extent the observed long‐term changes are systemic or random. Here we show using a multicomponent linear inverse modeling technique that statistically significant systemic changes have indeed occurred in ENSO dynamics since the late 1970s and have affected the evolution of El Niño and La Niña events from their embryonic to fully mature stages.
Radial transport of radiation belt electrons in kinetic field‐line resonances
Authors: Chaston C. C. , Bonnell J. W. , Wygant J. R. , Reeves G. D. , Baker D. N. , Melrose D. B. , Cairns Iver H.
Published: July 2017

A representative case study from the Van Allen Probes during a geomagnetic storm recovery phase reveals enhanced electron fluxes at intermediate pitch angles over energies from ~100 keV to 5 MeV coincident with broadband low‐frequency electromagnetic waves. The statistical properties of these waves are used to build a model for radial diffusion via drift‐bounce resonances in kinetic Alfvén eigenmodes/kinetic field‐line resonances. Estimated diffusion coefficients indicate timescales for radial transport on the order of hours in storm time events at energies from <100 keV to MeVs over equatorial pitch angles from the edge of the loss cone to nearly perpendicular to the geomagnetic field. The correlation of kinetic resonances with electron depletions and enhancements during storm main phase and recovery, and the rapid diffusion these waves drive, suggests that they may modulate the outer radiation belt.
In situ observations of magnetosonic waves modulated by background plasma density
Authors: Yuan Zhigang , Yu Xiongdong , Huang Shiyong , Wang Dedong , Funsten Herbert O.
Published: July 2017

We report in situ observations by the Van Allen Probe mission that magnetosonic (MS) waves are clearly relevant to the background plasma number density. As the satellite moved across dense and tenuous plasma alternatively, MS waves occurred only in lower density region. As the observed protons with “ring” distributions provide free energy, local linear growth rates are calculated and show that magnetosonic waves can be locally excited in tenuous plasma. With variations of the background plasma density, the temporal variations of local wave growth rates calculated with the observed proton ring distributions show a remarkable agreement with those of the observed wave amplitude. Therefore, the paper provides a direct proof that background plasma densities can modulate the amplitudes of magnetosonic waves through controlling the wave growth rates.
The ion temperature gradient: An intrinsic property of Earth's magnetotail
Authors: Lu San , Artemyev A. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Lin Y. , Wang X. Y.
Published: July 2017

Although the ion temperature gradient along (XGSM) and across (ZGSM) the Earth's magnetotail, which plays a key role in generating the cross‐tail current and establishing pressure balance with the lobes, has been extensively observed by spacecraft, the mechanism responsible for its formation is still unknown. We use multispacecraft observations and three‐dimensional (3‐D) global hybrid simulations to reveal this mechanism. Using THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms), Geotail, and ARTEMIS (Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun) observations during individual, near‐simultaneous plasma sheet crossings from 10 to 60 RE, we demonstrate that the ion temperature ZGSM profile is bell‐shaped at different geocentric distances. This ZGSM profile is also prevalent in statistics of ~200 THEMIS current sheet crossings in the near‐Earth region. Using 3‐D global hybrid simulations, we show that mapping of the XGSM gradient of ion temperature along magnetic field lines produces such a bell‐shaped profile. The ion temperature mapping along magnetic field lines in the magnetotail enables construction of two‐dimensional distributions of these quantities from vertical (north‐south) spacecraft crossings. Our findings suggest that the ion temperature gradient is an intrinsic property of the magnetotail that should be considered in kinetic descriptions of the magnetotail current sheet. Toward this goal, we use theoretical approaches to incorporate the temperature gradient into kinetic current sheet models, making them more realistic.
Predicting the consequence of natural and chemical dispersion for oil slick size over time
Authors: Zeinstra‐Helfrich Marieke , Koops Wierd , Murk Albertinka J.
Published: July 2017

Application of dispersants aims to enhance the natural dispersion process in order to reduce the size of the slick and the amount of oil at the surface. This study presents an approach for modeling the development of the surface oil slick as a function of the wind speed, oil viscosity, and dispersant application. We modeled the oil slick mass distribution across a transect through the slick over time taking into account the continuous entrainment of oil, resurfacing process of the different oil droplet size classes and horizontal transport. Outcomes show distinctively different oil slick features, depending on how favorable conditions are for dispersion. A large comet‐shaped slick is formed in the case of suboptimal dispersion. Optimal dispersion yields a small surface oil slick, with a large mass of oil suspended. The benefit of dispersants is limited to in conditions with suboptimal natural dispersion, with the exception of extremely unfavorable conditions in which the slick size would be increased. The oil slick length, fraction of oil still floating, lifetime of the slick, and wind drift are highly influenced by wind speed and related mixing conditions, and to a lesser extent by oil properties. In the newly defined “Dispersibility Factor” (DF) the oil slick properties and environmental conditions can be combined into one value that correlates with the simulation outcomes and therefore can be used as an indicator of favorability of natural dispersion and likelihood of added value of chemical dispersion.