bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Identity of the “Virulence Enhancement” Factor in Gastric Mucin
Authors: Landy Maurice , Batson Herbert C.
Published: January 2023

Purified blood group A substance isolated from hog gastric mucin possesses the property of enhancing markedly the virulence of S. typhosa for mice. Inactivation of blood group A substance by methods which result in the loss of its ability to inhibit A isohemagglutination also results in loss of its virulence enhancement activity. The virulence-enhancing action of blood group A substance is considerably augmented by the inorganic fraction of mucin. Thus, 1.5 per cent of blood group A substance combined with 0.5 per cent mucin ash enhances the virulence of S. typhosa to a degree which compares favorably with that of 3 per cent blood group A substance or 5 per cent mucin. It is suggested that the general phenomenon of virulence enhancement by gastric mucin may be attributed to blood group A substance augmented by inorganic salts.
The Calcium Requirement of Coliphage T5
Authors: Adams Mark H.
Published: January 2023

Stassano and de Beaufort (1) discovered that the growth of certain phages was inhibited by the presence of citrate in the culture medium, and that this inhibition could be overcome by the addition of calcium salts. Bordet and Renaux (2) investigated a strain of Shiga phage which was unable to lyse the host cells in the presence of citrate or oxalate. This inhibition of lysis could be overcome by calcium or strontium salts.

Andrewes and Elford (3) investigated in some detail a “citrate sensitive” strain of coli phage. The addition of 0.75 per cent citrate to broth prevented multiplication of this phage and lysis of infected host cells. This concentration of citrate did not hinder the growth of uninfected host cells and did not inactivate unadsorbed virus particles. Furthermore, citrate did not inhibit adsorption of virus to host cell. Bacteria which adsorbed phage in the presence of citrate did not lyse, did not liberate phage and were unable to multiply.
Quantitative Studies on the Origin and Characteristics of Streptomycin-Fast Variants of Klebsiella Pneumoniae
Authors: Meads Manson , Haslam Nancy M.
Published: January 2023

Six characteristics of the streptomycin-fast variants found in an antibiotic-sensitive strain of K. pneumoniae showed striking similarity to definitive properties of gene-mutations in higher organisms. Though circumstantial in nature, such evidence strongly favors the theory proposing the existance of mutable hereditary units in bacteria which quantitatively affect the property of streptomycin-susceptibility. Quantitatively, this stock strain was composed of a small number of organisms exhibiting low degrees of fastness to this antibiotic, and rare highly resistant cells in equilibrium with large numbers of sensitive organisms. The dynamics of this pattern of drug resistance appeared to be directed by factors that were inherent in each bacterial cell and its environment. When the latter was constant, the variant pattern was reproducible. A strain with a high degree of fastness to streptomycin was developed in a stepwise fashion when variants with a low degree of resistance were exposed to increasing concentrations of this antibiotic. This observation was best explained by the hypothesis of successive mutation and selection. Regardless of large concentrations of streptomycin, a highly fast strain appeared in a single step if the test population included rare but very resistant variants. The survival and establishment of streptomycin-fast variants at any given level of resistance appeared to be conditioned by factors concerned with the drug, the original environment, and the organism.
Studies on the Chemotherapy of Virus Infections
Authors: Schaeffer Morris , Silver Francis F. , Chao Pi Chin
Published: January 2023

Groups of mice inoculated with 2 to 4 LD 50 doses of Eastern equine, Western equine, St. Louis encephalitis, poliomyelitis or influenza viruses and treated with maximal non-fatal doses of diethyl ether by inhalation, sodium amytal, paraldehyde, avertin, magnesium sulfate, morphine, Cytochrome C, dithiobiuret or dithiocarbamate, prior to and following inoculation with the viruses, showed no alteration in the courses of the ensuing infections.

The theoretical reasons for the use of these compounds in attempts at chemotherapy of virus infections are discussed.
Antihemagglutinating and Neutralizing Factors Against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Occurring in Sera of Patients Convalescent from Mumps
Authors: Kilham Lawrence , Jungherr Erwin , Luginbuhl Roy E.
Published: January 2023

When sera of 22 mumps patients were tested against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), 13 gave significant responses by neutralization test and 11 by inhibition of hemagglutination. Of 23 control patients, with undiagnosed diseases of the central nervous system, 3 gave responses by neutralization test but none by anti-hemagglutination test against NDV. The neutralizing capacity of mumps sera against NDV was impaired or destroyed by heat, whereas the antihemagglutinating factor was relatively heat-stable. Hypotheses are advanced regarding the nature and significance of serologic reactions obtained between mumps sera and NDV. It is suggested that the serologic diagnosis of Newcastle disease in man be made with caution in the absence of virus isolation.
Studies on Pathogenesis and Immunity in Tularemia
Authors: Downs Cora M. , Buchele Luther , Edgar Eleanor Patty
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The invasion and multiplication of Bacterium tularense has been followed quantitatively after inoculation of the virulent organisms in normal, vaccinated and recovered white rats. Virulent Bact. tularense spread by the usual lymphogenic and hematogenic routes in normal, vaccinated or recovered white rats. Rats immunized by vaccination with killed cultures or by recovery from a previous sublethal infection are able to limit the net increase of virulent organisms and to sterilize their tissues. The routes of spread and the increase of organisms in immune animals differ only in a quantitative fashion from those observed in normal animals. Recovered rats are more solidly immune than vaccinated animals, as indicated by the smaller number of organisms recovered from the tissues and by their lower mortality rate after multiple lethal doses of virulent organisms. The behavior of avirulent strains in normal, vaccinated and recovered animals varies in degree but not in kind from virulent strains.
A Study of Fowl Pox Virus Titration on the Chorio-Allantois by the Pock Counting Technique
Authors: Reid D. B. W. , Crawley J. F. , Rhodes A. J.
Published: January 2023

Introduction. Many viruses produce characteristic lesions, known as pocks or plaques, on the chorio-allantois of the developing chick embryo. The first to be successfully propagated on this membrane was fowl pox (1). Since then, Burnet and his collaborators (2, 3) have determined the potencies of suspensions of a number of viruses such as vaccinia (4), herpes simplex (5), influenza (6), ectromelia (7), myxoma (8), laryngotracheitis (9), and fowl pox (10), by estimating the average number of pocks produced at several serial dilutions. Some independent workers have found the technique satisfactory (11), but others have failed to obtain consistent results (12), and the method has not been generally adopted for the titration of viruses outside Burnet's laboratory.

In these Laboratories, various studies on fowl pox virus, for which reliable titration methods are necessary, are in progress. Since titration by application of virus suspensions to the comb or feather follicles of adult birds seemed unsuitable, it was decided to investigate the possibilities of the chorio-allantoic method.
Studies on Local Antibody Formation in the Nervous System of Paralyzed, Poliomyelitis Convalescent Monkeys
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Steigman Alex J.
Published: January 2023

Suspensions, consisting predominantly of the gray matter of the anterior horns of the spinal cord, obtained from rhesus monkeys 27 to 39 days after paralysis produced by the intracerebral injection of any one of three strains of poliomyelitis virus of recent human origin, were tested for antiviral activity against approximately 10 LD50 of the Lansing strain in mice and approximately 20 PD50 of the homologous strains in monkeys. Large numbers of mice and monkeys were used in these tests, but no antiviral activity was found. These results are not in agreement with the report, based on tests in mice, of the presence of high antiviral activity in similar preparations from the spinal cord of paralyzed monkeys, convalescent from infection with the Lansing virus, and do not support the hypothesis of local antibody formation in the nervous system.
Inhibitory Effect of Human Saliva on Hemagglutination by Influenza Virus a (PRS Strain) and the Swine Influenza Virus
Authors: Seltsam J. H. , Lanni Frank , Beard J. W.
Published: January 2023

A technique is described for collecting separately the secretion of the parotid gland and the combined secretions of the submaxillary (SM) and sublingual (SL) glands.

The SM-SL secretion from a given individual has a lower nitrogen content than parotid secretion but exerts a higher inhibitory activity against hemagglutination by influenza virus A (PR8 strain) or swine influenza virus. The inhibition is based on a reaction between inhibitor and virus. The SM-SL inhibitor is fairly thermostable, about 30 per cent remaining after 40 minutes at 100 C. The inhibitor is destroyed by unheated virus but not by virus heated for 30 minutes at 53 C. Heated virus is more susceptible than unheated virus to inhibition.

The SM-SL secretion also contains an agglutinin for chicken RBC; this factor is typically absent from parotid secretion. The hemagglutinin appears to be a factor distinct from the salivary inhibitor since the titers of the two are not correlated and since the hemagglutinin can be selectively absorbed out with RBC and selectively neutralized with traces of heparin.
Mouse-Pox (Infectious Ectromelia of Mice): A Review
Authors: Fenner Frank
Published: January 2023

Introduction. Following Jenner's demonstration that the inoculation of cowpox virus protected humans against subsequent infection with smallpox, numerous vaccine lymph laboratories were established throughout the civilized world. In 1886 Buist (11) described the elementary bodies of vaccinia and variola, but it was not until 1906 that Paschen (80) demonstrated their etiological role. During the ensuing thirty-three years, especially in the period 1920–1940, vaccinia virus has been intensively studied. These investigations were greatly simplified by the wide range of animal hosts susceptible to vaccinia virus infection, and by the resistance of the virus to heat, so that it could be easily handled in the laboratory. As a result there probably is a larger body of data about vaccinia virus, its host range, antigenic constitution, and chemical structure, than about any other animal virus. Contrasting with this wealth of knowledge about laboratory aspects of vaccinia virus is the paucity of reliable information of the epidemiology and inter-relationships of the natural pox diseases of animals.
The Quantitative Estimation of Serum Albumin in Human Body Fluids by Direct Titration with Specific Horse Antiserum
Authors: Gitlin David , Davidson Charles S. , Wetterlow Leslie H.
Published: January 2023

A horse was immunized with crystallized normal human serum albumin. The antibody response paralleled that previously observed during immunization of horses with egg albumin or diphtheria toxoid. An early bleeding yielded serum which did not contain precipitins for human serum albumin, but which did inhibit the precipitation of this antigen by specific rabbit antiserum. Serum obtained from subsequent bleedings gave the typical toxin-antitoxin precipitation curve.

Various methods for quantitative estimation of human serum albumin by precipitation with horse antiserum were tried, but most proved tedious and exacting. By taking advantage of the rapid rate of reaction between human serum albumin and horse antibody and its reversibility in the zone of antigen excess, a simple, quick direct titration procedure was developed and shown to yield results which agreed remarkably well with the electrophoretic estimation of human serum albumin in fractions of human plasma and in serum or other body fluids obtained from patients.
Serological Reactions in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Pike Robert M. , Sulkin S. Edward , Coggeshall Howard C.
Published: January 2023

Methods of demonstrating the effect of serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis on the agglutination of sheep erythrocytes by small amounts of rabbit antisheep-cell serum are described and the influence of certain factors on the reaction is indicated. The degree of agglutination obtained is dependent upon the concentration of antisheep-cell antibody, which should be standardized for this test on the basis of its agglutinating rather than its hemolytic capacity. The property of rheumatoid-arthritis serum affecting the agglutination of sensitized sheep cells was found to be stable on storage for several months.
Immunization of Guinea Pigs with a Soluble Antigen Obtained from Brucella Abortus
Authors: Larson Carl L.
Published: January 2023

Immunization of animals against infections with Brucella sp. has been accomplished by employing living attenuated strains of Br. abortus as the antigen. Attempts have been made to immunize guinea pigs against brucella infections, employing as antigens killed organisms or fractions obtained by extraction. Huddleson (1) ground dried Brucella in distilled water and preserved the supernatant fraction obtained after centrifugation by addition of ethyl ether. Among 247 guinea pigs vaccinated with this material, only 9.0 per cent became infected while among 238 control animals 63.4 per cent became infected after receiving a challenge dose of Br. abortus. Live, Sperling and Stubbs (2) killed Br. abortus with ethyl ether and immunized guinea pigs with this material. Among 80 control animals 75 or 93.7 per cent developed brucellosis while among 43 animals vaccinated subcutaneously with the ether-killed vaccine 18 or 41.8 per cent became infected and among 17 animals vaccinated intracutaneously only 3 or 17.6 per cent became infected when given varying numbers of Br. abortus.
A Nonspecific Heat-Labile Factor in the Serum Neutralization Test for Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Howitt Beatrice F.
Published: January 2023

From the further studies on the neutralization tests against Newcastle disease virus in human sera reported here, it has been found that the positive results previously published (1) were due to a nonspecific heat-labile factor present in the sera in varying amounts according to the conditions of serum preservation. Heating to 56 C for 30 minutes completely destroyed the virucidal activity of all sera except those from specifically immunized animals. The neutralizing activity of immune sera was lowered by inactivation but could be enhanced by addition of fresh normal serum.

This virucidal factor for NDV was found in large amounts in the normal sera of man, monkey, rabbit, and guinea pig in correlation with the hemolytic activity of the complement. It was absent in the sera of the ferret, hamster, chicken, and mouse, although complement was detectable in the sera of the first three animals but not in that of the mouse. It may be associated quantitatively with one of the four components of complement, although there remains the possibility that another serum component may be the responsible factor.

Both the complement and the neutralizing ability for NDV of normal sera can be preserved for over a year if the serum is kept frozen either at −10 C or in the dry ice refrigerator. These activities are completely lost, however, after storage at 4 to 6 C for varying time periods.
The Inactivation of Rh-Antibodies by Peroxidase
Authors: Wagley Philip F. , Sizer Irwin W. , Diamond Louis K. , Allen Fred H.
Published: January 2023

Anti-Rh agglutinins were inactivated by peroxidase in the presence of H2O2. This inactivation was by peroxidative oxidation and did not depend necessarily on the presence of any low molecular weight dialysable factor. Uric acid does not enhance the effect of peroxidase but may actually interfere with the inactivation. Peroxidative inactivation of anti-Rh agglutinins has been correlated with a decrease in ratio of maximum to minimum absorption in the ultraviolet spectrum of the oxidized serum proteins, manometric evidence of oxidation of human globulin containing anti-Rh agglutinins, and microbiological assay evidence of a decrease of tyrosine groups after treatment of the serum proteins with peroxidase plus H2O2. Although this evidence is not considered conclusive, and the effect is not specific for Rh antibodies, it is suggested that the biological activity of the anti-Rh agglutinin may require intact and unaltered tyrosine moieties in the protein antibody.
The Effect of Low Temperatures on Vaccines of Influenza Virus and on Purified Influenza Virus
Authors: Penttinen Kari
Published: January 2023

The purpose of this investigation was to obtain information on the effect of subfreezing temperatures on the destruction of the hemagglutinating capacity of influenza vaccines and purified influenza virus.

Vaccines prepared by adsorption-elution showed no change in hemagglutinin titer during eight days' storage when frozen.

Vaccines prepared by centrifugation showed a marked decrease in hemagglutinin titer during eight days' storage at −10 C to −20 C. In higher and lower subfreezing temperatures the destruction was slower. The effect of repeated freezing and thawing processes was comparatively small.

In experiments with purified virus the hemagglutinating capacity of the virus diluted in phosphate buffer, as compared with virus diluted in buffered saline, was less stable at subfreezing temperatures and this phenomenon could be exaggerated by pH changes or by addition of formalin.
Studies on Chick-Embryo Adapted Rabies Virus
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Black Jack
Published: January 2023

The pathogenic properties of three egg-adapted strains of rabies virus (NYC, NIH and Flury) were studied in dogs.

Administered intraneurally the NYC and NIH strains were more virulent than the Flury strain.

The Flury strain was completely innocuous to dogs when inoculated either into the masseter or the thigh muscles.

Vaccination of 76 dogs by the intramuscular route with preparations of the Flury strain of living rabies virus at various egg-passage levels indicated excellent immunogenic properties of the strain as judged by the results of challenge with street strain of rabies virus.

The Flury strain was immunologically superior to the two other egg-adapted strains, also employed in the living stage for vaccination purposes.

These findings are discussed in the light of possible use of the egg-adapted Flury strain living rabies virus for mass vaccination of the canine population.
Colorado Tick Fever
Authors: Florio Lloyd , Miller Mabel Stewart , Mugrage Edward R.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Wood ticks were collected from three areas near Denver where cases of Colorado tick fever had presumably been acquired. These ticks were divided into ten pools, nine of which showed evidence of infection with the virus of Colorado tick fever on the basis of lowered white blood cell counts. Neutralization tests were done on five of these and compared to two established laboratory strains of the virus. On the basis of the neutralizing power of one human immune serum, there was but little difference between our laboratory strains and field isolations. The wood tick has thus been shown experimentally to be a vector of Colorado tick fever. Laboratory reared adult wood ticks were carried through a complete cycle using hamsters to feed the various stages. The original ticks were considered disease-free, since none of the animals used to feed them or injected with the various stages of ground ticks showed lowered white blood cell counts. Some of the disease-free adult ticks and their larvae and nymphs were allowed to feed on hamsters infected with an established laboratory strain of Colorado tick fever virus, and were then carried through the cycle to the next generation of adults. Each stage was tested either by grinding the ticks and injecting hamsters with the supernatant or testing the hamsters on which the ticks fed, or both. Only the eggs failed to elicit evidence of infection on grinding and injecting, although the progeny from these eggs were infected. Both male and female adult ticks were found to be infected.

The original virus used to infect the ticks was recovered from the progeny in an unmodified form as measured by the minimal infective dose and neutralizing power of the immune serum.

The virus of Colorado tick fever is transovarially transmitted in the wood tick. Virus acquired in either the larval or nymphal stages is likewise transmitted to the adult.
Colorado Tick Fever
Authors: Florio Lloyd , Miller Mabel Stewart , Mugrage Edward R.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Dog ticks obtained from Long Island, New York were suspected of harboring the virus of Colorado tick fever, based on the following evidence: Hamsters injected with serum from the animal that fed the adult ticks showed a splenic reaction characteristic of Colorado tick fever, as did animals injected with ground larvae. Hamsters infected with Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q fever, and tularemia failed to show a similar reaction. Serial passage of serum in hamsters resulted in low white blood cell counts, consistent with Colorado tick fever infection. Male guinea pigs injected with the suspect material or with virus from established laboratory strains of Colorado tick fever failed to elicit any reaction, unlike animals that are inoculated with Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q fever, or tularemia. The agent passed a 24 mμ gradocol membrane, as do the laboratory strains of Colorado tick fever virus. Two additional strains were isolated from another lot of Dermacentor variabilis, also from Long Island. Evidence of infection was based on lowered white blood cell counts. Cross immunity experiments in which recovered animals infected with one minimal infective dose of virus and challenged three weeks later with three minimal infective doses of both eastern and western strains showed the animals to be completely protected. Neutralization tests using a human immune serum and hamster immune serums were carried out. In the first instance all the available strains of virus were tested. The eastern showed a lower titer than the western strains. When random selections of eastern and western strains were tested against hamster immune serums to these same viruses, no difference in titer was detectable. The reason for this difference is unknown. The virus of Colorado tick fever, or a very closely related virus immunologically has been isolated from Dermacentor variabilis on Long Island. The disease has not been reported from this area.
Mutation to Heat Resistance in Coliphage T5
Authors: Adams Mark H. , Lark Gordon
Published: January 2023

A new kind of virus mutation is reported for coli-phage T5. The mutant form is about a thousand-fold more stable than the wild type in low concentrations of salt. In high salt concentrations or in broth the two varieties of phage T5 appear to be equally stable.

No difference in properties of the two forms could be found other than their difference in temperature stability as a function of salt concentration. The mutant form is the same as the wild type in rate of adsorption to host cell, rate of reaction with anti-T5 serum, requirement of calcium ion for growth, and in the parameters of the one step growth curve.

Single plaque stocks of the heat susceptible form of phage T5 contain about 0.1 per cent of phage particles which are as heat resistant as the mutants but which are unable to transmit this property to their descendants, that is, they are phenotypically heat resistant but genotypically heat susceptible.

It is proposed to designate the heat resistant mutant T5 st for stable and the heat susceptible wild type T5 st+.
Serological Studies on Infectious Mononucleosis and Viral Hepatitis with Human Erythrocytes Modified by Different Strains of Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Evans Alfred S.
Published: January 2023

Hemagglutinating properties of sera from cases of infectious mononucleosis and viral hepatitis, and certain other diseases have been studied, employing human red blood cells modified by adsorption and elution of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Serum from 17 per cent of 59 cases of infectious mononucleosis agglutinated red cells modified by the Connecticut strain of NDV in higher titer than found in serum of normal individuals, whereas serum from 74.5 per cent of the same cases agglutinated red cells similarly modified by an Australian strain. Individual titers were often in a much higher range with the latter strain. Absorption experiments indicate that red cells modified by either strain of NDV react with the same component of serum. Elevated titers were found in serums from 32 per cent of 40 cases of viral hepatitis studied with red cells modified by the Connecticut strain of NDV, and 26 per cent of 90 cases similarly studied using an Australian strain. Elevated titers were obtained in 13 per cent of patients with other infectious diseases whose serum was tested against red cells altered by the Connecticut strain, and in 10 per cent employing an Australian strain. The amount of residual virus present on the red cell after adsorption and elution, the hemagglutinin titer against chicken and human red cells, and the infectivity titer for eggs were all closely comparable for these virus strains as well as for 2 other strains of NDV. When subjected to elevated temperatures, differences in the stability of the chicken red cell hemagglutinin of 4 strains of NDV were demonstrable.
Factors Affecting the Propagation of Theiler's Gdvii Mouse Encephalomyelitis Virus in Tissue Cultures
Authors: Pearson Harold E.
Published: January 2023

The GDVII strain of Theiler's mouse encephalomyelitis has been carried through 50 serial passages in flasks of Simms' solution with minced brains of embryonic or one day mice; brains from mice as old as 9 days may be used.

Temperature range for growth is 31–37 C; optimal pH is 7–9, the higher pH favors more rapid virus production.

Culture flasks of medium and tissue stored for as long as 2 days at 5 C or 35 C before virus was added still yielded as much virus after incubation as if fresh tissue was used.

Glucose increased yield of virus at pH 7 but not at pH 9.

The following substances did not affect yield of virus in culture: CO, NH4Cl, NaF, Al, Cr, Sr, d-ribose, lactate, succinate, pyruvate, thiamine, riboflavin, nucleic acid, choline, alanine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, thyroxin, sulfadiazine, para-aminobenzoic acid.

The following substances decreased yield of virus, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, NaCN, NaN3, iodoacetate and 2,4-dinitrophenol.

Virus was also carried through 26 passages in tissue cultures of chick embryo brain but not other chick embryo tissues.

Virus was passed 20 times in embryonated eggs of 8–16 days by intracerebral injection. Embryos usually survived without gross or histologic signs of infection.
Serological Relationships Existing between Bacterial Parasites and Their Hosts
Authors: Gillespie Hazel B. , Steber Madje Stacy , Scott Elizabeth Netto , Christ Yvonne Serett
Published: January 2023

One hundred strains of aerobic and facultative bacteria were isolated from fecal specimens from one healthy human being (HBI); 99 similar strains were isolated from a second healthy human being (HBII). Eighty-six of the 100 strains from HBI and all of the strains from HBII belonged in the coliform group.

Of the 86 coliform strains isolated from HBI, 61 typical Escherichia strains and 1 strain that resembled Bacterium coli-mutabile were agglutinated when combined with HBI serum in dilutions ranging from 1:640 to 1:1,280, and 10 strains (3 typical Escherichia cultures and 7 slow-lactose-fermenters) were agglutinated to titres of 1:160 or 1:320. Fourteen of the coliform organisms (1 typical Escherichia and 13 Escherichia-like forms that produced orange-brown pigment) and 11 of the non-coliform types failed to react with serum dilutions higher than 1:40. Three gram-negative, non-lactose-fermenting rods were agglutinated to a titre of 1:80.

Positive precipitin tests were obtained with HBI serum and a coliform strain that was agglutinated by HBI serum diluted 1:1,280.

Ninety-two of the 99 coliform strains from HBII were agglutinated when combined with HBII serum in dilutions ranging from 1:80 to 1:160; 2 strains were agglutinated by serum dilutions of 1:320; 5 failed to be agglutinated by serum dilutions higher than 1:40.

At the beginning of this investigation the agglutinin concentrations in serum from HBI, HBII, and HBIV for Salmonella typhosa H and O, S. paratyphi, and S. schottmülleri antigens were, in general, too low to be considered significant. Following the ingestion of typhoid-paratyphoid vaccine, the agglutinin titres for certain typhoid-paratyphoid antigens increased slightly in the serum of each of the 3 human beings. HBI, whose serum contained unusually high anticoliform antibody concentrations, did not respond to ingested typhoid-paratyphoid antigens as actively as did HBII and HBIV.

The ingestion of killed suspensions of 2 native coliform strains for which HBI had not naturally produced high concentrations of antibodies failed to elicit a demonstrable antibody response in HBI.

Although living Lactobacillus acidophilus cells were maintained in large numbers in the intestinal tract of HBI for a period of 14 months by feeding acidophilus milk, no antibodies for them could be demonstrated in serum from their host.

The high antibody concentrations for particular coliform strains in serum from HBI remained practically constant over a period of 4 years.
Tuberculostatic Activity of Blood and Urine from Animals Given Gliotoxin
Authors: Tompsett Ralph , McDermott Walsh , Kidd John G.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Comment

Purified gliotoxin was found to inhibit growth of human and bovine tubercle bacilli in vitro when incorporated in various liquid culture media in concentrations of 0.012 to 0.06 micrograms/ml. It was much less active against a number of other bacterial species, the inhibitory concentrations ranging from 125 micrograms/ml for Ps. aeruginosa to 4.0 micrograms/ml for Pneumococcus, with intermediate concentrations required to inhibit several strains of Aerobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Trichophyton gypseum, Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. In this relation it is noteworthy that gliotoxin is highly active against several types of transplanted cancer cells in vitro, as previous work has shown; 1.0 microgram gliotoxin per ml regularly inhibited the subsequent growth in susceptible hosts of suspensions of Gardner lymphosarcoma cells, and concentrations of 5–25 micrograms gliotoxin per ml likewise inhibited the cells of several transplantable carcinomas of mice and rabbits (8, 15).

Plasma procured from mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits within 30 minutes after they had been given gliotoxin orally or parenterally regularly inhibited growth of tubercle bacilli in dilutions as high as 1:320, and significant degrees of activity persisted for at least two hours in most instances. Urine collected from animals of the three species, two to three hours after they had been given gliotoxin, regularly inhibited growth of tubercle bacilli in dilutions from 1:320 to 1:1280. Plasma and urine procured from normal control animals of the three species had no tuberculostatic effect in concurrent tests.

The course of experimental tuberculosis in C3H mice was not influenced in several experiments by the prolonged oral administration of purified gliotoxin in daily doses as high as 6.5 mg/kg.
The Hypotensive Action of Influenza Virus on Rats
Authors: Chang Hsioh-Teh , Kempf J. Emerson
Published: January 2023

Intravenous injection of purified PR8 influenza virus into albino rats produced a precipitous drop in the mean arterial blood pressure. This hypotensive response was not apparently related to the action of impurities in the virus preparation. As previously reported, specific antiserum against the virus neutralized the hypotensive fraction. This hypotensive fraction was found in each of four other strains of the influenza virus. The hypotensive fraction differed from other properties of the virus in its relative heat stability, and its lability on prolonged storage at −70 C. A phenomenon analogous to the interference phenomenon was observed. Injections of bacterial suspensions of five pathogenic species elicited only a small degree of response. It appeared possible that the hypotension resulted from direct action of the virus on the myocardium.
Anti (Streptococcal) Desoxyribonuclease. Occurrence in the Sera of Patients Treated with Streptococcal Concentrates Containing Streptodornase
Authors: Hazlehurst George N.
Published: January 2023

Methods are described for assay of streptodornase and its specific antibody, antistreptodornase. Untreated subjects had a range of antistreptodornase titer from zero to 100 units per ml of serum; a titer of 500 units or more was considered elevated. An elevated titer was demonstrated in sera of patients nine days to one month after therapeutic administration of streptodornase; it persisted for one to three months. Titers were not altered by heating sera at 56 C for 30 minutes. Specificity was confirmed by failure of antistreptodornase to inhibit pancreatic desoxyribonuclease.
Comparative Immunizing Capacity of BCG and the Proteins and Polysaccharides in Tubercle Bacillus Culture Filtrates
Authors: Seibert Florence B.
Published: January 2023

In the presence of large inocula of tubercle bacilli previous sensitization with tuberculin protein provided no protection, and appeared possibly to be detrimental.

When small inocula were used a definite increase in survival time could be demonstrated in animals previously vaccinated with BCG.

In experiments in which such resistance was demonstrated, parallel series of rabbits sensitized with tuberculin protein A (soluble at its iso-electric point) or with tuberculin protein C (insoluble at its iso-electric point) as well as with the small haptenic tuberculin polysaccharide I or with the larger antigenic tuberculin polysaccharide II, did not show increased resistance to tuberculous infection.

Electrophoretic changes were demonstrated in antisera to some of these fractions. Even though, by indirect methods, some of these serum components had been shown to have antibodies which possessed anti-infective properties, nevertheless, the rabbits possessing these antisera were not immune.
Complement Fixation and Well-Felix Reaction in Rabbits Inoculated with Bartonella Bacilliformis
Authors: Reese J. D. , Morrison M. E. , Fowler E. M.
Published: January 2023

Satisfactory complement-fixing antigens have been prepared from Bartonella bacilliformis by heat treatment of aqueous suspensions. Strains of this organism, cultivated in vitro for long periods, have proved as capable of producing complement-fixing antibodies in the rabbit as have strains more recently isolated. Five strains of B. bacilliformis could not be differentiated on the basis of quantitative complement fixation. The authors believe that the results indicate a considerable degree of antigenic similarity in strains of B. bacilliformis. This finding is in harmony with the complement-fixation studies reported by Noguchi (2), in which sera of only two inoculated rabbits were used. It also lends support to the results obtained with the agglutination technique devised by Howe (8). Inoculation of rabbits with B. bacilliformis has not resulted in production of agglutinins for Proteus OX19, OX2, or OXK.
Comparison of Seven Antibiotics against Hemophilus Pertussis Infection in Chick Embryos
Authors: Jackson George Gee , Barnes Mildred W. , Finland Maxwell
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Seven antibiotics were tested for their effect on a lethal Hemophilus pertussis infection in embryonated hens' eggs. Suitable doses of all these antibiotics produced significant prolongation of life of the embryos and survival of a large proportion of them for 10 days. There was wide variation among the agents in the degree of protection obtained from the different doses used. The comparative effectiveness of the different antibiotics depends to some extent on the criterion used as the basis of comparison. The complete elimination of viable organisms from the host was not regularly accomplished by any of the agents under the conditions of these experiments.
The Interchangeability of the Complement Components of Different Species
Authors: Rice Christine E.
Published: January 2023

A comparative study of the conglutinative activity for sheep red cells treated with heated cow serum has been made with 12 mammalian and two avian complements. The conglutinative technic was used in the determination of the C′1 and C′2 titers of each and of the degree of species interchangeability of these respective heat-labile components.

Of the mammalian complements, horse, swine, and cat were actively conglutinative; some samples of human, cow, and deer sera were weakly so. Fresh sera of guinea pig, rabbit, hamster, rat, and chicken, although hemolytic were not conglutinative, while sheep and mouse complements were neither. Turkey complements behaved in an irregular manner.

The “midpiece” (C′1) fraction of cow complement showed the widest degree of interchangeability, producing a conglutinating mixture with “endpiece” (C′2) fractions of most of the other species. In mixtures of C′1 of cow with C′2 of guinea pig, man, hamster, and horse, hemolysis as well as conglutination was observed.

Horse C′2 induced conglutination in mixture with C′1 of all mammalian complements except those of rat and mouse, both of which were extremely anticomplementary; it occasionally failed to react with guinea pig C′1. Swine C′2 was also broadly interactive.

It is suggested that a species incompatibility of test reagents is a possibility to be considered before concluding from data obtained with one test system only, that a particular complement component is absent from the fresh serum of any given species.
The Formation of Circulating Antibody in the Splenec Tomized Human Being Following Intravenous Injection of Heterologous Erythrocytes
Authors: Rowley Donald Adams
Published: January 2023

Sixteen control and fourteen splenectomized patients were given a single intravenous injection of 1.0 ml of a 2.0 per cent suspension of washed sheep erythrocytes. All controls responded with a significant rise in antibody titer between nine to fourteen days after the injection. Thirteen out of fourteen splenectomized patients failed to respond with a significant rise in antibody titer during this same time interval. Splenectomy had been performed eight days to forty months prior to immunization. The possible significance of these findings is discussed in terms of three syndromes: acquired hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, and erythroblastosis foetalis.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies
Authors: Pressman David , Eisen Herman N. , Siegel Malcolm , Fitzgerald Patrick J. , Sherman Beila , Silverstein Arthur
Published: January 2023

Antibodies can be labelled with radioactive sulfur (S35) without destruction of antibody specificity, by coupling the antiserum with diazotized aminobenzene-sulfonic acid containing S35. Anti-mouse-kidney serum thus labelled showed specific localization in the glomeruli of mouse kidneys. The duration of localization of S35-labelled antibodies was similar to that of I131-labelled antibodies. However, S35-labelled proteins appeared to be picked up nonspecifically by liver and kidney tissue to a greater extent than radioiodinated proteins, and remained in these tissues for a longer time.
Growth of Neurotropic Viruses in Extraneural Tissues
Authors: Chambers Velma C. , Smith Wayne M. , Evans C. A.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Multiplication of MM virus in soft tissue of the foot, voluntary muscle, skin, and pharynx was demonstrated in intact hamsters. In tissue cultures the virus grew in minced urinary bladder of hamsters, in minced whole mouse embryo, and apparently in minced intestine of mouse embryo. In limited studies, MM virus failed to multiply in tissue cultures of transitional epithelium of urinary bladder, in lymph node tissue, or in connective tissue of hamsters. No evidence of growth of virus was obtained in connective tissue of intact hamsters. Inconclusive results were obtained in studies of multiplication of MM virus in popliteal lymph nodes of hamsters. Hamsters fed MM virus failed to develop an intestinal carrier state. Many of them became paralyzed and died. It is suggested that the terms “myotropic” and “neurotropic” be used in describing the tissue affinities of the MM virus and related viruses inasmuch as nerve tissue and muscle (skeletal, smooth and cardiac) have been shown to support the multiplication of these viruses about equally well and no other spicific kind of tissue has been shown to support their growth.
Antibody Production in the Rabbit's Cornea
Authors: Thompson Richard , Olson Howard
Published: January 2023

When hen ovalbumin was injected into the center of the rabbit's cornea, tests for antigen and antibody in the eye tissues, lymph nodes, and serum indicated that the albumin diffused rapidly peripherally into the cornea-scleral junction tissue and anterior sclera. It remained in these tissues in readily detectable concentrations up to the time antibodies began to appear (8 days). The antigen diffused also into the aqueous fluid, but disappeared from there about 5 days after the injections. It was demonstrable in the serum in the period from 22 to 60 hours following injection. No antigen was demonstrated in the regional lymph nodes. It was indicated that the antigen reached the general circulation by way of Schlemm's canal and the blood vascular system, rather than by way of the lymphatic system. Antibodies began to appear in the eye tissues and serum at 192 hours following the corneal injection of albumin. In 3 instances antibodies were shown in the eye tissues before they appeared in the serum. In one case they appeared in the serum before they were demonstrated in the eye tissues. In most cases antibodies appeared in the eye tissues and serum simultaneously. Antibodies were readily and uniformly demonstrated in the corneal tissues at periods of 28 to 74 days following corneal injection when all traces of antibody had disappeared from the serum. In several experiments antibody was demonstrable in the anterior sclera, junction tissue, or peripheral cornea, while antigen was still present in the tissues closer to the point of injection at the center of the cornea. Antibodies were never demonstrated in the regional lymph nodes (preauricular, submaxillary, cervical). Following the injection of hen ovalbumin into the right corneas, and of human serum albumin into the left corneas, the respective corneal tissues contained only antibodies against the specific antigens which they had received. By the use of absorption tests this was found to be true also even when closely related antigens, hen ovalbumin and turkey ovalbumin, were injected into the right and left corneas respectively.
Recovery of Two Distinct Haemagglutinins of Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Gillen Anne L. , Burr Muriel M. , Nagler F. P.
Published: January 2023

Two haemagglutinating fractions have been found in vaccinia virus suspensions prepared from specifically infected chorioallantoic membranes. A soluble haemagglutinin is completely separable from the infective virus units. It is Seitz filterable, not sedimented by centrifugation at 17,000 rpm for three hours and is heat labile. A second haemagglutinin is more closely associated with the elementary body. It is not Seitz filterable, is sedimented by centrifugation at 17,000 rpm and is heat stable. Further work is in progress regarding the serological differentiation of these fractions.
Serological Reactiosn in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Pike Robert M. , Sulkin S. Edward , Coggeshall Howard C.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Samples of serum from 7 species of normal animals were found to increase the agglutination of sheep erythrocytes by rabbit anti-sheep-cell serum. Sheep, goat, guinea pig, and horse sera gave mean differential titers above the range found with normal human sera. No samples of animal serum were found, however, which agglutinated sensitized sheep cells in dilutions as high as those often observed for serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Normal human serum in low dilutions increased the sheep-cell agglutinin titer of rabbit anti-sheep-cell serum and infectious-monunucleosis serum, but did not similarly affect the titer of serum from normal persons or from individuals with serum sickness. Horse serum, goat serum and rheumatoid-arthritis serum, in appropriate dilutions, increased the titer of rabbit anti-sheep-cell serum but did not significantly enhance agglutination by normal human serum or by serum from persons with infectious monunucleosis or serum sickness. Rheumatoid-arthritis serum did not increase the agglutination of sheep cells by bean extract.
The Inhibition of Gdvii Virus Haemagglutination by Normal Tissue Extracts
Authors: Fastier Lyle B.
Published: January 2023

Saline extracts of normal mouse organs were capable, to a variable degree, of inhibiting haemagglutination by the GDVII virus. Of the tissues examined, sera from the mouse, rat, guinea pig and rabbit showed this property to the greatest extent. In resistance to heat and certain other agents the GDVII inhibitor in normal mouse brain suspensions differed slightly from the corresponding factor in serum. Other studies on the distribution of inhibitor showed the concentration in foetal mouse brains to be comparable with that in adult tissue. Removal of viral haemagglutinins from the brains of mice experimentally infected with the GDVII strain did not affect the titre of the inhibitory agent.

A crude fractionation procedure applied to normal mouse brains showed the bulk of inhibitor to be present in saline extracts of lipid-free tissue. The material was concentrated from these fractions by 50% saturation with ammonium sulphate at pH 7.0. Little activity was exhibited by the lipid residues. A limited number of neutralization tests in mice showed the above extracts to be incapable of inactivating GDVII virus.
Fractionation of Rh Antiserum by Electrophoresis-Convection
Authors: Cann John R. , Brown Raymond A. , Gajdusek D. Carleton , Kirkwood John G. , Sturgeon Phillip
Published: January 2023

The utility of the method of electrophoresis-convection in immunological investigations on limited amounts of material has been demonstrated by the fractionation of an Rh antiserum. The resulting serum fractions have been characterized electrophoretically and serologically. At least a considerable portion of the Rh blocking antibody appeared to be associated with a γ-globulin fraction of low mobility. In contrast to this, the cryptagglutinoid antibodies were distributed throughout the γ-globulin. About 25% of the cryptagglutinoids also appeared to be associated with α- and/or β-globulins.
Antigenic Potency in Man of the Specific Polysaccharides of Types I and V Pneumococcus and Their Products of Alkaline Degradation
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , MacLeod Colin M. , DiLapi Marie M.
Published: January 2023

Degradation of S I and S V by means of sodium hydroxide until only 40 and 20 per cent, respectively, of their specific precipitating potencies are retained fails to affect markedly their antigenic properties in man. There is possibly a slight enhancing effect in the case of S I.