bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS OF 245 AUGUSTAN QUADRANTES
Authors: CARTER G. F. , FRURIP D. J.
Published: August 2007

Previously 245 Augustan quadrantes were analysed for seven elements. Physical measurements comprised the weight, maximum thickness and diameter, minimum diameter, and die orientation for each coin. Both chemical and physical data were subjected to discriminant analysis, and centroids in multi‐dimensional space were obtained for each of the four groups. A tetrahedron was drawn using the four centroids; each corner was separated from the other groups by a Mahalanobis distance. We hypothesize that the most probable relative chronology comprises the smallest sum of Mahalanobis distances connecting all four points. The most probable chronology for the quadrantes is c. 8, 9, 5, and 4 B.C.
PROVENIENCE STUDY OF MEDIEVAL BULGARIAN GLASSES BY NAA AND CLUSTER ANALYSIS
Authors: KULEFF I. , DJINGOVA R. , DJINGOV G.
Published: August 2007

The neutron activation analysis results from 30 glass samples were subjected to cluster analysis. The reliable localization of part of the medieval glass finds from Preslav enabled the evaluation of the variety of the production of a medieval glass workshop (ninth‐tenth century), allowing conclusions to be made about the technological level of glass‐making in Bulgaria during the Middle Ages. The work proved that NAA followed by cluster analysis is a successful approach to finding the local and chronological features of the investigated glasses.
THE X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF MEDIEVAL DURABLE BLUE SODA GLASS FROM YORK MINSTER
Authors: COX G. A. , GILLIES K. J. S.
Published: August 2007

The chemical composition of durable blue soda glass dated to the twelfth century from York Minster, both from the windows and excavated within this building, has been determined by X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. The analytical data are compared with results from specimens of similar date, colour and composition from Old Sarum and Winchester in England and Chartres Cathedral in France. Multivariate analysis of the compositional data reveals that this unusual blue glass may be classified into three principal groups the possible origins of which are discussed. The specimens in one of them are of particular technological interest since they may have been produced from Roman, or slightly later, glass in a manner referred to by the twelfth century monk Theophilus. It is shown that medieval stained glass of the soda‐lime‐silicate type, vis‐a‐vis that containing potash as the predominant alkali, is not as rare as hitherto believed.
FAIENCE: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE MICROSTRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF GLAZING
Authors: TITE M. S. , BIMSON M.
Published: August 2007

The microstructures of faience, produced in the laboratory by the direct application of the glazing mixture (both in the raw state and in the form of prefired and ground frit) and by the efflorescence and cementation glazing methods, have been studied in polished sections in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The microstructures observed were defined in terms of (1) thickness of the surface glaze layer, (2) thickness of the glaze‐core interaction layer, (3) nature of the boundary between the interaction layer and the core and (4) extent of any interstitial glass phase within the quartz core. These parameters provide the basis for distinguishing between faience made by the three principal methods of glazing used in antiquity. Hence the method used to glaze an ancient faience object can be inferred from its microstructure as observed in polished section in the SEM.
RESEARCH NOTES AND APPLICATION REPORTS U‐SERIES DATING OF THE DEPOSITS FROM THE PRINCE CAVE, NORTHERN ITALY
Authors: GUANJUN SHEN
Published: August 2007

The travertine layers of the Prince Cave have been dated by the U‐series methods. The age of the lower part of the breccia Br2, where a human iliac fossil bone was discovered, is between 110 and 160 ka. and the upper part of Br2, together with the breccia Br1, between 79 and 160 ka. The reliability of the results is confirmed not only by the consistency of the dates obtained from samples in close proximity, but also by the agreement between two independent dating methods: Th‐230/U‐234 and Th‐227/Th‐230.
XRF ANALYSIS OF NONYA WARES USING AN ANNULAR AMERICIUM SOURCE
Authors: YAP C. T.
Published: August 2007

54 pieces of Nonya wares (also known as Straits Chinese porcelains) were analysed using energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence technique with an annular Am‐241 source. Significant time correlation was found for only two elements, barium and cesium, when the ratio of the fluorescent intensity of each element to the intensity of the coherently scattered 26.4 keV gamma was plotted as a function of the time of manufacture. For trace barium, quantitative measurement showed that Nonya wares made from the Ch'ing dynasty to the Republic period had a barium content between 100 and 135 ppm, whereas modern reproduction pieces had much higher values.
IRON IN ANCIENT COPPER
Authors: CRADDOCK P. T. , MEEKS N. D.
Published: August 2007

Analysis of early copper‐base artifacts invariably reveals traces of iron. Iron enters the copper during the smelting process and the level of iron in the metalwork is an indication of the smelting technology. In areas such as Western Europe where prehistoric slag heaps are absent even in the proximity of undoubted ancient mines, the iron content is low reinforcing the link between smelting technology and iron content. Very occasionally the iron content was deliberately encouraged and alloys containing between 30% and 50% of iron in copper were made, mainly for use in currency. These alloys are without modern parallel and their metallography and method of production are considered in some detail here.
URANIUM‐SERIES DATING OF BONES AND TEETH FROM CHINESE PALAEOLITHIC SITES
Authors: TIEMEI CHEN , SIXUN YUAN
Published: August 2007

The reliability of uranium‐series dating of fossil bones and teeth is studied. On this basis the first absolute chronology for about 20 important Chinese palaeolithic sites is proposed. A two‐stage model for open‐system samples is discussed.
ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSIS OF MIXED‐ALKALI GLASSES
Authors: HENDERSON J.
Published: August 2007

European mixed‐alkali glasses are compared with Sayre and Smith's categorisation for ancient glass and with the chemical compositions of other prehistoric and later European glasses. The new categories reported here indicate that a wide range of alkali raw materials was used in the production of glasses found in prehistoric European contexts. At least five major chemical categories of glass are now known to have been used in prehistoric and early Roman Europe. A plant species of the genus Sulicorniu is suggested as a possible alkali source in ancient European glasses.
ION BEAM ANALYSIS OF COPPER AND COPPER ALLOY COINS
Authors: BEAUCHESNE F. , BARRANDON J. N. , ALVES L. , GIL F. B. , GUERRA M. F.
Published: August 2007

In recent years ion beam techniques have become more and more important since in most cases the analysis of copper and copper alloy coins has to be non‐destructive. It is therefore of interest to study the relative advantages of several nuclear methods for a certain type of metal.

The results are presented here of a comparison between three non‐destructive ion beam techniques: particle induced X‐ray emission, proton activation analysis and fast neutron activation analysis.
THE PROVENANCE OF DONKEY MILLS FROM ROMAN BRITAIN
Authors: WILLIAMS‐THORPE O. , THORPE R. S.
Published: August 2007

Pompeiian‐style (hourglass) grain mills are common at many Roman sites within the circum‐Mediterranean countries. Three examples are known from Corfe Mullen, London and Hamworthy in southern Britain. Petrographic examination, chemical and microprobe analyses indicate that the Corfe Mullen millstone and the London donkey mill were imported from central France into southern Britain. The Hamworthy mill should be designated a ‘flat donkey mill’, and represents a recent (post‐Roman) import from a volcanic source in Sardinia. There is no evidence of importation of Roman donkey mills from Germany or for transportation of such mills (or stylistic derivatives) north of London.
THE PETRALONA HOMINID SITE: URANIUM‐SERIES RE‐ANALYSIS OF ‘LAYER 10’CALCITE AND ASSSOCIATED PALAEOMAGNETIC ANALYSES
Authors: LATHAM A. G. , SCHWARCZ H. P.
Published: August 2007

Separate sublayers of the ‘layer 10’calcite from the Mausoleum of Petralona Cave, Greece, have been re‐analysed by Uranium‐series and palaeomagnetic methods. The results confirm earlier findings that the whole of layer 10 represents a long time span, from about 160 ka to more than 350 ka, the latter being the dating limit of the U‐series method using alpha‐spectrometry. The minimum age refers to the upper brown sublayer that is now believed to correspond directly to the brown calcite that cemented the hominid skull to the adjacent cave wall; there was too little of the skull calcite to date directly by alpha‐spectrometry. The age shifts caused by making corrections for the amount of detritus in the sublayer are effectively insensitive to assumed initial values of the amount of common 230Th present. Consequently, the minimum age estimate for the skull is about 160 ka, in approximate agreement with several earlier estimates. Palaeomagnetic analyses of ‘layer 10’and underlying sedimentary layers showed that the magnetization is unstable and cannot be used as a basis for age control in the Mausoleum.
THE OPAQUE RED GLASS OF CELTIC ENAMELS FROM CONTINENTAL EUROPE
Authors: BRUN N. , PERNOT M.
Published: August 2007

Opaque red glass was used in the Celtic world for enamels and inlays. Forty artefacts, of various dates and found in various places, have been sampled and studied. They all belong to the same type, a soda‐lime‐silica high lead glass coloured by crystals of cuprous oxide. There is only one subgroup: glass lumps from the Mont‐Beuvray oppidum contain manganese, less iron, and less lead. This change could be the result of Roman influence. Although most of these glasses form a surprisingly homogeneous group, no conclusions as to their origin can be inferred from our present knowledge.
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE THERMOMETRY APPLIED TO QUARTZITE COBBLES FROM VERGELEGEN SLAVE LODGE, SOMERSET WEST, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: MILLER D. E. , LOUBSER J. H. N. , MARKELL A. B.
Published: August 2007

This paper describes the use of electron spin resonance spectroscopy to estimate the degree of heating of quartzite cobbles from hearths on the floor of the archaeological remains of an eighteenth‐century Dutch colonial slave lodge. A novel technique based on the comparison of line intensities for the E’and O‐2 centres in quartz distinguished successfully between cobbles which had been heated to estimated temperatures ranging from 300 °C to 450° C and controls from an adjacent stream bed. This inexpensive and simple technique could be applied to a wide range of archaeological problems involving the thermal history of objects consisting of or containing quartz.
THE SCIENTIFIC IDENTIFICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL JET‐LIKE ARTEFACTS
Authors: HUNTER F. J. , McDONNELL J. G. , POLLARD A. M. , MORRIS C. R. , ROWLANDS C. C.
Published: August 2007

Jet has been widely used in the past for jewellery but was just one of a range of black lithic materials employed. When worked into small objects these materials can be visually indistinguishable, yet discrimination is important because of the restricted occurrence of jet. X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) is a rapid non‐destructive discriminatory technique, but not all samples are clearly classified, and inhomogeneity may pose problems. A reassessment of the use of XRF is reported. Other techniques considered include electron spin resonance, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X‐radiography. These were tested on geological materials to define an effective methodology for archaeological material. The recommended approach is a combination of XRF and X‐radiography, although preliminary Fourier transform infrared results showed promise. The X‐ray techniques were tested on Romano‐British assemblages from Catterick and Stanwick.
AUTO‐REGENERATIVE THERMOLUMINESCENCE DATING USING ZIRCON INCLUSIONS
Authors: TEMPLER R. H.
Published: August 2007

Fired ceramics containing zircon inclusions have been dated by allowing the zircons to regenerate their own thermoluminescence (TL) signal, hence auto‐regenerative TL dating. The technique is conceptually straightforward. One first measures the TL accrued since the last heating of the material. The zircon grains are then stored for six months and the TL signal regenerated through self‐irradiation is measured. Since the internal dose‐rate for zircon is dominated by the internal component the age of the sample is simply given by the ratio of the natural to auto‐regenerated signal times the laboratory storage period. The technique, however, requires the measurement of a very small auto‐regenerated signal, which introduces a number of experimental and physical complications. The methods for overcoming these problems and successfully dating zircons by auto‐regeneration are described.
THE EFFICIENT COMPUTATION OF UNBIASED MAHALANOBIS DISTANCES AND THEIR INTERPRETATION IN ARCHAEOMETRY*
Authors: LEESE M. N. , MAIN P. L.
Published: August 2007

This paper argues for cross‐validation to reduce bias in estimating Mahalanobis distances of individuals to groups, a particular problem with small sample sizes. Formulae for the efficient computation of cross‐validated distances, which avoid excessive matrix inversion, are given. The use of Mahalanobis distances as measures of consistency, or as indications of outlying values, is described. The little‐known technique of gamma plotting is outlined and discussed as an aid to interpreting distances in these terms. Both cross‐validation and gamma plotting are illustrated in an example on marble composition.
A SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF TRADITIONAL KOREAN CELADONS AND THEIR MODERN DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: CHOO C. K. KOH
Published: August 2007

Eighty sherds from nine different kiln sites representing a wide geographic distribution and a long time span of Korean celadon culture are analysed for macroscopic and compositional characteristics. Additionally chemical and mineral compositions of six unglazed sherds are compared with those of some modern raw materials. Unusually high values of alumina in the earliest Kangjin pieces of the middle ninth and early tenth century (I1) could represent a significant technological innovation at the end of this period at this most important celadon production centre. Similarity in chemical and mineral compositions between unglazed sherds and some raw materials such as Kangjin clay and pottery stone show the possibility that many of the celadons were made from these types of raw materials as found in nature without additives and only after mechanical refining.
A PILOT STUDY IN NON‐CONTACT LASER PHOTOTHERMAL ARCHAEOMETRY OF ANCIENT STATUARY PEDESTAL STONES FROM CYPRUS
Authors: MANDELIS A. , McALLISTER K. , CHRISTOFIDES C. , XENOPHONTOS C.
Published: August 2007

Several samples of geological stones from statuary pedestals found in various archaeological sites in Cyprus have been characterized using non‐contact laser infrared photothermal radiometry. Thermal diffusivities and effective optical absorption coefficients were calculated using a one‐dimensional thermal‐wave model. The mean values and standard deviations were tabulated and comparisons were made with lithographic and petrographic studies of the samples. Good correlations were found, thus demonstrating that laser photothermal archaeometry is a promising methodology for the accurate, potentially non‐destructive and convenient characterization of the origins of ancient stones in Cyprus and other geological and archaeological sites.
COMPOSITION AND ORIGIN OF IAPYGIAN POTTERY FROM ROCA VECCHIA, ITALY
Authors: CASTELLANO A. , D'INNOCENZO A. , PAGLIARA C. , RAHO F.
Published: August 2007

We have studied 35 samples of fragments of ceramic containers dated between the eleventh and the eighth centuries BC, found at the archaeological site of Roca Vecchia, some 20 km from Lecce along the Adriatic (Salentine) coastline. Analysis of the elemental composition of the finds has been performed by means of atomic emission spectroscopy in plasma and the results obtained have been treated with diverse multivariate statistical techniques. Except for some minor differences, the statistical analysis confirms the grouping structures indicated by typological and stylistic evaluations of the samples, in accordance with the validity of the above methods.
CHARACTERIZATION AND THERMOLUMINESCENCE DATING OF PREHISTORIC POTTERY SHERDS FROM MILENA
Authors: TROJA S. O. , CRO A. , GUELI A. M. , ROSA V. LA , MAZZOLENI P. , PEZZINO A. , ROMEO M.
Published: August 2007

This paper reports the results obtained applying absolute dating methodologies and mineralogical, petrographical and micropalaeontological characterization techniques to prehistoric pottery sherds varying in age from the Sicilian Middle Neolithic to Bronze Age. All samples came from the archaeological area of Milena (Caltanissetta, Sicily); those of the Bronze Age were found on a site with a precise stratigraphic succession. The investigation has contributed to the determination of an absolute chronology for the Milena prehistoric period. The data provide, for the first time in Sicily, absolute dates covering a wide spectrum of cultures following one another in the same area and, for the Bronze Age site, correlated to the precise stratigraphic succession. The petrographical and mineralogical analyses allowed not only the identification of the principal constituents of the pottery, but also the formulation of some hypotheses regarding the specific manufacturing techniques of different epochs. The microfacies, obtained from the presence of fossils in the groundmass of the pottery, were also analysed and compared with the microfauna present in the Miocene clays outcropping in the area. The data identified local Messinian clay as the raw material probably used in the manufacture of the pottery and also support the presence, already assumed by archaeologists, of imported Mycenaean pottery, thus supporting the dates obtained on pottery taken from the same stratum.
PROVENANCE STUDIES OF ROMAN AFRICAN RED SLIP WARE USING NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
Authors: TAYLOR R. J. , ROBINSON V. J.
Published: August 2007

African Red Slip ware (ARS) from Carthage and San Sisto Vecchio (Rome) was analysed by neutron activation analysis. The Carthage tableware was linked with Oudna and the type 1 lamps were probably from a northern ARS/lamp factory other than the sources currently investigated. Two samples were central Tunisian, probably manufactured at El Ala. The San Sisto samples divided into three groups and three outliers of undetermined provenance. Group 1 was central Tunisian, probably from El Ala, and was composed entirely of terra sigillata chiara C forms. Group 2 was of unknown origin within northern Tunisia. Group 3 was the largest subset and most of its constituent samples were associated with El Mahrine. Additionally, four samples were linked with Oudna.
NON‐DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF JINGDEZHEN BLUE AND WHITE PORCELAINS
Authors: YU K. N. , MIAO J. M.
Published: August 2007

The energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence method is used for the non‐destructive qualitative analysis of Jingdezhen blue and white porcelains, which include the imperial wares of the Yongle, Xuande, Chenghua, Jiajing and Wanli periods of the Ming dynasty, the imperial wares of the Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Guangxu periods of the Qing dynasty, and those of the Republic and the contemporary period. The distribution pattern of the X‐ray fluorescence intensities of the six characteristic elements for porcelain manufactured at different times has been investigated.
Factors Associated with Low Incidence of Exclusive Breastfeeding for the First 6 Months
Authors: Santo Lilian Cordova do Espírito , De Oliveira Luciana Dias , Giugliani Elsa Regina Justo
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT:  Background:
The identification of factors that are associated with early cessation of exclusive breastfeeding is important for defining strategies for the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding. The objective of this study was to identify the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding cessation before 6 months, including variables that generally receive little attention, such as the influence of grandmothers, breastfeeding technique, and sore nipples.
Methods:
This prospective study follows a cohort of 220 healthy mother‐baby pairs from birth to 6 months, living in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Data were collected at the maternity unit, during a home visit at 30 days, and by telephone interview at 60, 120, and 180 days. Breastfeeding technique was assessed and breasts examined at the maternity unit and during home visits. Cox regression was employed to estimate the degree of association between the variables and the outcome.
Results:
The following factors were associated with cessation of exclusive breastfeeding before 6 months: adolescent mother (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.48, 95% CI 1.01–2.17), fewer than six prenatal visits (HR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.10–2.33), use of a pacifier within the first month (HR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.12–2.11), and poor latch‐on (HR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.06–1.58 for each unfavorable parameter).
Conclusions:
Activities to promote exclusive breastfeeding should be intensified for adolescent mothers and for those whose prenatal care was less than ideal. These activities should reinforce the ill effects of pacifiers and should also include appropriate instruction for these mothers in correct breastfeeding technique. (BIRTH 34:3 September 2007)
Timing and Predictors of Postpartum Return to Smoking in a Group of Inner‐City Women: An Exploratory Pilot Study
Authors: Letourneau Alyssa R , Sonja Batten , Mazure Carolyn M. , O’Malley Stephanie S. , James Dziura , Colson Eve R.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT:  Background:
Approximately 40 percent of women smokers will stop smoking cigarettes during pregnancy; however, 70 percent of those who stop will resume smoking by 6 months postpartum. This exploratory pilot study prospectively examined the timing and predictors of returning to smoking after pregnancy in a group of inner‐city women who stopped smoking cigarettes during pregnancy.
Methods:
We interviewed women who stopped smoking just before or during their pregnancies during their postpartum hospital stay and at their infants’ 2‐week health supervision visits. Urine cotinine levels were measured at each interview.
Results:
Forty‐nine women were interviewed during the postpartum stay and 37 women at the 2‐week follow‐up. At follow‐up, 40.5 percent (n = 15) of women had returned to smoking. Mothers more frequently returned to smoking if they had a lower level of education, that is, high school graduate/general equivalency diploma versus some college education (13/24 vs 2/13, p < 0.04); if they had someone else in the household who smoked (14/23 vs 1/14, p < 0.003); if they were formula feeding their infant at the time of interview (14/24 vs 1/13, p < 0.005); if they discussed smoking with a doctor or nurse during pregnancy (12/20 vs 3/17, p < 0.02); and if they were African American (10/15 vs 5/22, p < 0.02). Mothers reported the primary reasons for returning to smoking were stress (53%, n= 8) and being around another smoker (40%, n= 6). Conclusions: Almost one‐half of the women in this pilot study who stopped smoking cigarettes during pregnancy resumed in the days immediately after delivery. These data suggest that future studies should explore the initiation of postpartum relapse prevention during the prenatal and perinatal period. Interventions may be more effective if they include strategies aimed increasing breastfeeding rates and assisting household members to stop smoking. (BIRTH 34:3 September 2007)
Are Psychiatric Adverse Events of Antiepileptic Drugs a Unique Entity? A Study on Topiramate and Levetiracetam
Authors: Mula Marco , Trimble Michael R. , Sander Josemir W.
Published: August 2007

Summary

Purpose: To investigate the hypothesis that some patients with epilepsy are generally prone to develop psychiatric adverse events (PAEs) during antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy irrespective of the mechanism of action of the drugs.

Methods: From a large case registry of patients prescribed topiramate (TPM) and levetiracetam (LEV), data of patients who had a trial with both drugs were analyzed. Demographic and clinical variables of those who developed PAEs with both drugs (group 1) were compared with those who did not (group 2). Subsequently, from the whole case registry, psychopathological features, demographic, and clinical variables of patients developing PAEs with TPM were compared with those of patients developing PAEs with LEV.

Results: The case registry included over 800 patients. Among 108 patients having a trial with both drugs, we identified 9 patients in group 1 and 71 in group 2. Previous psychiatric history, family psychiatric history and history of febrile convulsions showed to be significant clinical correlates. Comparing patients who developed PAEs with LEV with those who developed PAEs with TPM, there were no differences in epilepsy related variables. Well‐defined DSM‐IV disorders were more frequent with TPM than with LEV. Seizure freedom was associated with psychosis.

Conclusions: This study suggests that a subgroup of patients is generally prone to develop PAEs during AED therapy, despite different pharmacological properties of the AEDs. A particular clinical profile and relevant variables have been identified.
Beyond the Single-Person, Single-Insight Attribution in Understanding Entrepreneurial Opportunities
Authors: Dimov Dimo
Published: August 2007

This article helps develop the creativity perspective within entrepreneurship in two ways. First, it elaborates on the nature of opportunity as a creative product. Rather than viewing opportunities as single insights, it suggests that they are emerging through the continuous shaping and development of (raw) ideas that are acted upon. Second, rather than attributing them to a particular individual, it highlights the contextual and social influences that affect the generation and shaping of ideas. This helps move entrepreneurship research beyond the single–person, single–insight attribution that currently permeates it.
Examining the Technical Corporate Entrepreneurs’ Motivation: Voices from the Field
Authors: Marvel Matthew R. , Griffin Abbie , Hebda John , Vojak Bruce
Published: August 2007

Prior research has proposed five conditions that support corporate entrepreneurship: rewards, management support, resources including time, organizational structures (at the macro level), and risk acceptance. This article investigates the sufficiency of these conditions in motivating individual scientists or engineers who have created and commercialized multiple breakthrough innovations in mature corporations—or technical corporate entrepreneurs. Using in–depth interviews with technical corporate entrepreneurs and human resource managers, we explore both how they are motivated and whether there is concurrence between how they say they are motivated and how their human resource managers perceive that they are motivated. We find the framework applicable but incomplete relative to motivating these individuals. The additional dimensions of appropriate work design (at the micro level) and their intrinsic motivation to innovate need to be considered in supporting technical corporate entrepreneurship. Further, we find that an important disparity exists between what technical corporate entrepreneurs say motivates them and the perceptions of their human resource manger.
Excision of Coronary Artery Fistula and Coronary Artery Reconstruction Without Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: van Son Jacques A. M. , Haas G. S. , Hess H. , Diegeler A. , Mohr Friedrich W.
Published: August 2007

Abstract In three patients, coronary artery fistulas originating from a conal branch of the midsegment of the left anterior descending coronary artery (n = 2) and right coronary artery (n = 1) with drainage into the right atrium (n = 2) and right ventricle (n = 1) were successfully closed without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. The use of a coronary artery stabilizer greatly facilitated the operation by immobilization of the fistula, its supplying coronary artery, and the regional myocardium. In selected patients, this technique allows secure closure of the fistula and meticulous reconstruction of the coronary artery without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass.
Left Ventricular Volume Reduction for End‐Stage Heart Disease
Authors: Vanelli Paolo , Beretta Luigi , Fundaro Pino Maria , Carro Cristina , Santoli Carmine , Mangini Andrea , Condemi Anna Maria , Castelli Piero , Munari Matteo
Published: August 2007

Abstract Partial left ventriculectomy (PLV) was recently introduced for end‐stage dilated cardiomyopathy to improve ventricular function. Since November 1996 we have performed PLV in 14 patients; preoperatively 4 patients had idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and 10 had ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. 57.1% of patients were in New York Heart Association functional Class IV. The mitral valve was replaced in 11 patients. Postoperative echocardiography showed a reduction of left end‐diastolic diameter (55.4 ± 5.4 mm) and an increase in forward ejection (cardiac index from 2.19 ± 0.571 min/m2 to 2.67 ± 0.931/min/m2). The 30‐day mortality was 28.6% and 20‐month survival was 57.2%. Only one patient was not in NYHA functional class due to postoperative progressive mitral incompetence. Prognostic factors should be identified to avoid early failure. However, even if the mortality rate for PLV high, this operation is a valid choice for the treatment of end‐stage dilated cardiomyopathy.
New Indicator for the Fontan Operation: Diameters of the Pulmonary Veins in Patients with Univentricular Heart
Authors: Kawahira Youichi , Kishimoto Hidefumi , Kawata Hiroaki , Ikawa Seiichro , Ueda Hideki , Nakajima Tohru , Kayatani Futoshi , Inamura Noboru , Mori Toru
Published: August 2007

Abstract Background:Operative survival after the Fontan procedure is good; however, there are some patients with disappointing results, especially those with atrial isomerism. Objectives: We tested whether the diameter of the pulmonary veins, which is reported as a useful indicator of pulmonary blood flow, predicts operative results after the Fontan operation. Patients and Methods: We evaluated 30 consecutive patients undergoing either the bidirectional Glenn anastomosis (BDG) or the Fontan operation. Age at operation ranged from 3 to 81 months (mean 30). Diagnosis was right or left isomeric heart in 15 patients, double‐outlet right ventricle in 4 and various other malformations in 11. BDG was performed in 16 patients and the Fontan operation in 14 patients. The diameters of the pulmonary veins were measured proximal to the entrance into the atrium in the late phase of a pulmonary arteriogram. The pulmonary vein (PV) index (in mm2/m2) was calculated from the sum of the cross‐sectional areas of these veins divided by the body surface area. Results: Of the patients undergoing BDG (± ancillary procedures), 12 had successful results and 4 had unsuccessful results. The PV index for hemodynamically successful patients was 361 ± 153 and 275 ± 60 mm2/m2 (mean 5 SD) for unsuccessful patients (p = 0.30). Of the patients who underwent the Fontan operation, 13 had successful and 1 had unsuccessful results. The PV index for successful patients was >285 mm2/m2 and 137 mm2/m2 for the nonsuccessful patients. The new pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) calculated by using the PV index (mean pressure difference between the pulmonary artery and the atrium/PV index) for BDG patients with successful or unsuccessful results was 2.0 ± 0.5 or 3.5 ± 0.2 mmHg/mm2 per m2, respectively (p < 0.01). The new PVR for Fontan patients with successful results was <2.0 mmHg/mm2 per m2, while that for the patient with an unsuccessful result was 4.4. The new PVR completely separated patients into successful and unsuccessful groups, while conventionally calculated PVR did not (p = 0.63). Conclusions: PV index appears to be a useful morphological indicator of pulmonary blood flow and “new” PVR may improve the decision‐making strategy for patients presenting with univentricular heart, especially those associated with isomeric heart.
The Pathophysiology of Pericardial Disease—Contributions Derived from Echocardiography/Doppler Studies in Animal Models
Authors: KLOPFENSTEIN H. SIDNEY
Published: August 2007

The use of acute and chronically prepared animal models of pericardial disease free of the confounding influences of other disease processes have greatly accelerated the development of echocardiographic and Doppler diagnostic methods and have allowed the correlation of these noninvasive findings with hemodynamic abnormalities.
Doppler Echocardiographic Evaluation of Left Ventricular Function
Authors: SAEIAN KOOROUSH , WANN L. SAMUEL , SAGAR KIRAN B.
Published: August 2007

Invasive measurements of maximum acceleration of aortic blood flow are sensitive indicators of left ventricular function. Doppler echocardiography provides noninvasive measurements of aortic blood flow acceleration. Our studies establish the accuracy of Doppler‐derived indices of aortic blood flow velocity for evaluation of left ventricular function. Doppler‐derived peak velocity and mean acceleration showed excellent correlation with invasively measured peak left ventricular dP/dt and maximum aortic blood flow (dQ/dt) under varying heart rate, preload, afterload, and inotropic states. Similar correlations were observed between Doppler‐derived peak velocity and mean acceleration and invasively measured left ventricular dP/dt and dQ/dt under conditions of varying degrees of myocardial ischemia. Thus, Doppler echocardiography provides an accurate noninvasive method to evaluate left ventricular performance.
Successful Opacification of the Left Heart Chambers on Echocardiographic Examination after Intravenous Injection of a New Saccharide Based Contrast Agent
Authors: SCHLIEF REINHARD , STAKS THOMAS , MAHLER MARIANNE , RUFER MICHAEL , FRITZSCH THOMAS , SEIFERT WOLFGANG
Published: August 2007

A new monosaccharide microparticle based echocardiographic contrast agent (SH U 508) was injected intravenously into five healthy male volunteers following which the heart was imaged in an apical four‐chamber view. Volumes of 2, 4, 8, and 16 mL of SH U 508 were incrementally injected into each volunteer. Concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg microparticles per mL of suspension were used in five successive examinations. Left heart opacification of diagnostic value was obtained during the whole cardiac cycle with concentrations of 300 and 400 mg/mL. There was no interference in imaging of the left ventricular walls due to increased attenuation. SH U 508 showed a good tolerance. No side effect was observed and no clinical relevant changes were observed in the heart rate, blood pressure, ECC, blood chemistry, hematology or urinalysis findings. This new agent may greatly extend the role of cardiac ultrasound and may also permit the examination of the arterial circulation in other organs.
Anomalous Separate Origin of Left Circumflex Coronary Artery From a Separate Ostium in the Left Coronary Sinus: Identification by Transesophageal Color Doppler Echocardiography
Authors: BOOGAERTS JAMES , SAMDARSHI TANDAW E. , NANDA NAVIN C. , PINHEIRO LUIZ
Published: August 2007

Transesophageal color Doppler echocardiography was used to visualize anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery from a separate ostium in the left coronary sinus.
Intravascular Ultrasound Cross‐Sectional Arterial Imaging
Authors: SIEGEL ROBERT J. , BESSEN MATTHEW , CHAE JANG‐SEONG , POTKIN BENJAMIN , COLL GUSTAVO , FISHBEIN MICHAEL C. , HELFANT RICHARD H.
Published: August 2007

In this paper we review the current status of intravascular ultrasound. Data from qualitative and quantitative studies is presented. Our experimental findings and those of other investigators are reviewed. Intravascular ultrasound has been shown to delineate normal and abnormal arterial morphology as well as to identify and differentiate fibrous, lipid‐rich, calcified plaques and complicated plaques. Quantitative studies show strong correlations between ultrasound and histology for lumen area, wall thickness, and plaque area. In vivo studies from our experimental work and clinical laboratory as well as the work of other researchers is presented. This data supports the potential of ultrasound imaging for guidance of intravascular intervention. The potential advantages and limitations of this new technology are discussed. This methodology shows promise for the assessment of the extent and severity of atherosclerosis, monitoring its progression and regression and guiding intravascular plaque ablation technologies.
Intraoperative Assessment of Pulmonary Vein Flow
Authors: ORIHASHI KAZUMASA , GOLDINER PAUL L. , OKA YASU
Published: August 2007

This study was undertaken to assess the suitability for intraoperative pulmonary vein flow measurements in 15 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Using two‐dimensional color Doppler transesophageal echocardiography, all four pulmonary veins—right upper and lower and left upper and lower pulmonary veins were easily visualized. Pulmonary vein flow was pulsatile. J wave occurred in the ventricular systole with relaxation of the left atrium and K wave in the ventricular diastole with relaxation of the left ventricle. There were differences in suitability for flow measurements among four pulmonary veins: (1) consistent visualization; (2) stable visualization throughout measurement; (3) minimal angle between ultrasonic beam and pulmonary vein course; and (4) minimal shift of sampling volume during measurement. The left pulmonary veins were suitable for flow velocity measurement by transesophageal echocardiography. The left lower pulmonary vein was stable for visualization once it was visualized although the angle was occasionally large. The left upper pulmonary vein was consistently visualized although the angle was occasionally large. On the other hand, the right pulmonary veins were unsuitable for flow measurement. Since sampling volume shifted in the direction of the long axis by the average of 5 to 6 mm during cardiac cycle, it should be positioned inside of the pulmonary vein at about 5 mm from the orifice of the left atrium.
Intravascular Ultrasound as a Guiding Modality for Mechanical Atherectomy and Laser Ablation
Authors: YOCK PAUL G. , FITZGERALD PETER , WHITE NEAL , LINKER DAVID T. , ANGELSEN BJOERN A.J.
Published: August 2007

One of the most compelling practical applications for intravascular ultrasound imaging is in enhancing the safety and efficacy of the second‐generation catheter devices designed to ablate or remove plaque. Initial studies have shown that intravascular ultrasound is well suited to demonstrate the amount of atheroma present in a vessel, and the distribution within the vessel wall at any given point. Further clinical studies are required to determine whether more complete debulking of atheroma, guided by ultrasound imaging, has a favorable impact in reducing the rates of acute closure and restenosis following the procedure.
Interventional Applications of Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging: Initial Experience and Future Perspectives
Authors: SHEIKH KHALID H. , KISSLO KATHERINE , DAVIDSON CHARLES J.
Published: August 2007

Intravascular ultrasound imaging offers the potential to provide more detailed information about vessel and lesion morphology and physiology than is currently available from angiography. The greatest impact of intravascular ultrasound upon clinical decisions may be in the area of cardiac and vascular interventions. To evaluate the utility of intravascular ultrasound, we prospectively studied 45 patients, 11 of whom underwent interventional procedures. Intravascular ultrasound imaging was performed before and after interventions using a 20 MHz, mechanically rotating transducer on either 6.5 Fr or 8.0 Fr catheter systems. Interventions included seven peripheral vessel balloon angioplasties (Femoral artery‐two, Renal artery‐two, Arteriovenous fistula‐two, Aortic coarctation‐one), two Femoral artery rotational atherectomies, and two balloon valvuloplasties (Pulmonic valve‐1, Mitral valve‐1). Intravascular ultrasound and digital angiography provided similar information about vessel size. However, morphological information about the vessel wall, plaque composition, plaque topography, luminal thrombus, and vessel dissections was better appreciated by intravascular ultrasound. Intravascular ultrasound was determined to have provided unique and clinically useful information in 10/11 (91%) interventions. These preliminary data illustrate the potential value of intravascular ultrasound for the evaluation of the vascular system and in particular its value in interventional procedures.
Diagnosis of Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysms: Potential Value of Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: ABDELKHIRANE CHÉRIF , ROUDAUT RAYMOND , DALLOCCHIO MODESTE
Published: August 2007

Two patient cases are reported in which an aneurysm of the right coronary sinus of Valsalva ruptured into the right ventricular outflow tract, near the crux of the heart. Transthoracic two‐dimensional echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography using Doppler color flow mapping allowed accurate preoperative assessment of the left‐to‐right shunt, which was subsequently confirmed by contrast aortography and surgery.
Umbilical and Uterine Artery Blood Flow Velocities After Antihypertensive Treatment
Authors: PONS P.‐J. TORRES I , EXOJO L. FITE , RODRIGUEZ S. , BRU C. , CARARACH V.
Published: August 2007

The resistance index of the fetal and uteroplacental circulation was studied in 24 patients with severe arterial hypertension, in whom it was necessary to begin antihypertensive therapy during the third trimester of pregnancy. The resistance index was measured before therapy and 1 week after therapy was begun. The patients were divided into two groups of 12. The first group received oral labetalol treatment. The second group received hydralazine and methyldopa orally. A significant increase in the resistance index in the arcuate artery was observed in both groups after a week of treatment. No significant changes were found in the umbilical artery.
Evaluation of Blood Flow Velocity Waveform in an Animal Model
Authors: GUDMUNDSSON S. , EIK‐NES S. , LINGMAN G. , VERNERSSON E. , GRIP A. , KRISTOFFERSON K. , MARSAL K.
Published: August 2007

Blood flow velocity waveforms in the abdominal aorta of three anesthetized pigs were recorded by a combined 3.5‐MHz real‐time and 2‐MHz pulsed‐Doppler ultrasound. The flow velocity waveforms were analyzed for pulsatility index, systolic to diastolic ratio, rising slope, descending slope, and the minimum diastolic velocity, and then were compared with volume blood flow measured by electromagnetic flow‐meter (Q), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and total peripheral resistance (TPR). Total peripheral resistance was calculated according to the formula TPR = MAP/Q. A total of 111 recordings were performed over a range of heart rate: 90–250 beats/min, of Q: 65–1318 mL/min, of MAP: 72–165 mmHg and of total peripheral resistance 0.10–2.17 mmHg × min/mL. A significant positive correlation was found between pulsatility index and total peripheral resistance (correlation coefficient r ranging 0.64–0.87) and between systolic to diastolic ratio and total peripheral resistance (r: 0.59–0.83). The minimum diastolic velocity showed a negative correlation to TPR (r: ‐0.68 – ‐0.76). The pulsatility index was dependent on the heart rate, mean arterial pressure and rising slope; however, the relations were not consistent in all experiments. The results indicate that the pulsatility index is a good indicator of the flow velocity waveform changes depending on changes in the peripheral vascular resistance, and that the relationship between the total peripheral resistance and pulsatility index is linear. The systolic to diastolic ratio proved to be comparable even though it is somewhat less effective in performance than the pulsatility index.
Noninvasive Assessment of Renal Artery Stenosis by Combined Conventional and Color Doppler Ultrasound
Authors: JAIN SURESH , PINHEIRO LUIZ , NANDA NAVIN C. , GROSS GARY , OPARIL SUZANNE
Published: August 2007

We describe four angiographically‐proven patients in whom Doppler color flow imaging in conjunction with conventional Doppler correctly diagnosed significant renal artery stenosis in three and ruled out stenosis in the fourth case.
Color Doppler Assessment of High Flow Velocities Using a New Technology: In Vitro and Clinical Studies
Authors: FAN POHOEY , NANDA NAVIN C. , COOPER JOHN W. , CAPE EDWARD , YOGANATHAN AJIT
Published: August 2007

This study validates the accuracy of the newly‐developed Quasar technique in the assessment of high flow velocities using color Doppler flow mapping.
The Effects of the Microbubble Suspension SH U 454 (Echovist®) on Ultrasound‐Induced Cell Lysis In a Rotating Tube Exposure System
Authors: WILLIAMS A. R. , KUBOWICZ G. , CRAMER E. , SCHLIEF R.
Published: August 2007

Human erythrocytes resuspended at different hematocrits in autologous plasma at 37°C were exposed to therapeutic intensities of continuous‐wave 0.75‐MHz ultrasound in vitro in a rotating tube exposure apparatus designed to maximize the destructive effects of cavitational activity. Provided that large numbers of additional gas bubbles had not been introduced during the various preparative and manipulatory procedures, the addition of Echovist® at final concentrations comparable with those currently being used for clinical investigations resulted in a statistically significant increase in the amount of cell lysis in vitro in those samples having hematocrits < 2%. The amount of cell lysis produced at any given ultrasound intensity decreased with increasing hematocrit in both the controls and the cell suspensions containing Echovist® until it was virtually zero in both cases at hematocrits of 5.5% or greater. The addition of Echovist® to samples that already contained large numbers of stabilized gas bubbles and/or had hematocrits > 5.5% produced no detectable cell lysis even at ultrasonic intensities as high as 3 W/cm2 spatial average, temporal average (SATA). It is therefore unlikely that Echovist® would cause appreciable amounts of cell lysis when the gas bubbles were being exposed to ultrasound under the conditions used for clinical investigations in vivo. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 8, July 1991)
Echocardiographic and Color Flow Doppler Assessment of Systemic and Pulmonary Venous Connection and Drainage in the Neonate with Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: SELIEM MOHAMED A.
Published: August 2007

Systemic and pulmonary venous anomalies are frequently encountered either as isolated lesions or as a significant component of a more complex lesion in the newborn infant with congenital heart disease. Two‐dimensional echocardiography and Doppler techniques (conventional and color flow) have become the primary diagnostic imaging modality in this setting. Precise pre‐operative definition of these variable venous connection and drainage patterns is critical as the required surgical procedure may solely be based on exact understanding of the veins' anatomy and physiology. On the systemic venous site, anomalies of superior and inferior venae cavae, innominate vein, and coronary sinus can be equally well imaged with either echocardiography or angiography. However, on the pulmonary venous site, echocardiography and Doppler techniques including color flow mapping are superior to angiography for precise definition of the connection and drainage sites of the individual pulmonary veins. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 8, July 1991)