bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spermatozoal Head Shape in Two Inbred Strains of Mice and Their Fl and F2 Progenies
Authors: Illisson Liia
Published: July 2016

Seven available inbred strains of mice-A, C57, SWR, C3H, 101, CBA, and DBA-were examined for differences in the shape of their spermatozoal heads. The two most extreme strains with respect to spermatozoal head shape were found to be SWR and C57. The Fl and F2 progenies derived from crossing C57 and SWR strains were found to be roughly intermediate between the parent inbred strains. Spermatozoal head shape for these preliminary investigations was calculated as outlined by Penrose (1953). Discriminant analysis was then carried out on F2 data and a linear discriminant function was obtained whereby 13 characteristics of the spermatozoal head were combined into one "super-character" or discriminant score. The numerical value of the discriminant score was taken as an estimate of spermatozoal head shape for each spermatozoon measured. 4nalyses of variance carried out on the discriminant scores for each generation revealed that intrastrain variation was not significant in the SWR strain and reached only low levels of significance in the C57 strain. The Fl males were found to be more variable than the inbred males. A large portion of the variability between the Fl males was shown to arise from "maternal effects". The F2 males were found to be much more variable than the Fl males and an estimate of heritability was approximately 0 -9. A minimal estimate of the number of "effective factors" operating to distinguish the two inbred parent strains was found to be two. The within-male variance was found not to differ significantly from generation to generation. The implications of these results are discussed.
The Intracellular Accumulation of Metabolites by Ram Spermatozoa During Incubation in the Presence of Exogenous Fructose
Authors: Wales RG , Humphries EJ
Published: July 2016

A method is described by which sufficient spermatozoa can be separated rapidly from their incubation medium to assay individual metabolites accumulating from [U�14C]fructose. Acetate and lactate made up 60-80% of the substrate carbon accumulated within the cell. Acetate was the main intracellular metabolite and its concentration in the cell was 10-20 times its extracellular level. The intra-cellular accumulation of lactate varied with the period of incubation but its concen-tration in the cell was always below that in the medium. The remaining substrate carbon in the cell was made up of fructose and at least three other unidentified compounds. No accumulation of substrate carbon was detected in citric acid cycle intermediates.
Protein Associated with Hyaluronic Acid in Ox Synovial Fluid
Authors: Silpananta Panee , Dunstone JR , Ogston AG
Published: July 2016

Protein which is associated with hyaluronic acid, prepared in a physico-chemically unchanged state from ox synovial fluid by ultrafiltration, has been separated by preparative equilibrium sedimentation in a caesium chloride density gradient and by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. Earlier work has been confirmed by showing that the protein consists of at least two chemically distinct lipoprotein, components. It has also been confirmed that its removal from the hyaluronic acid causes marked changes of viscosity, without the occurrence of degradation of the hyaluronic acid. The separated proteins appeared in a number of differently aggregated forms, and this fact has prevented our drawing conclusions about their molecular sizes in synovial fluid.
Effect of. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide on the Mitochondria of Sclerotium Rolfsh
Authors: Nair NG , White NH , Griffin DM , Blair§ Suzanne
Published: July 2016

The number of mitochondria apparently vary with the energy requirements of the cell (see Rouiller 1960). Although swelling and multiplication of mitochondria have been observed to occur in cells, a quantitative analysis of these changes has not been recorded. Matile and Bahr (1968) have recently provided electron micro-scopic evidence of the heterogeneity of density, mass, and volume of the mitochon-drial population in respiring baker's yeast. There are reports in the literature of the complete absence of mitochondria in yeast cells growing under anaerobic conditions (see Marchant and Smith 1968). Griffin and Nair (1968) demonstrated that the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii was inhibited by concentrations of oxygen below 4% and by concentrations of carbon dioxide above 0�03 %. It was, therefore, thought worthwhile to study the changes in mitochondria of this fungus when the cells are subjected to external stresses of low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels.
Comparison of the Distribution of Motile and Immotile Spermatozoa in the Ovine Cervix
Authors: Mattner PE , Braden AWH
Published: July 2016

In ruminants, large numbers of spermatozoa are found in the cervix in recently mated animals (Quinlan, Mare, and Roux 1932; Starke 1949; Mattner 1963, 1968). The spermatozoa are not randomly distributed throughout the lumen of the cervix but tend to aggregate in the vicinity of the cervical mucosa, particularly in the crypts between the cervical villi (Mattner 1966). It has been postulated (Mattner 1966) that the majority of the spermatozoa that enter the cervix progress toward the cervical mucosa as a result of their own motility and of the directional restraint imposed on their movement by the anisotropy of the mucus. If this hypothesis is correct, immotile spermatozoa introduced into the cervix should not aggregate in the vicinity of the cervical mucosa. Nor should they pass toward the uterus counter to the flow of the cervical mucus except during the phase of rapid transport of spermatozoa that may occur for a short time after mating in undisturbed animals (Vandemark and Hays 1954; Mattner 1963). The distribution of spermatozoa in the cervix of ewes inseminated with killed spermatozoa was examined to test the hypothesis.
Extraction of Reduced Wool Proteins by Solutions of Salts
Authors: Maclaren JA , Kilpatrick DJ
Published: July 2016

It has been shown earlier that the disulphide bonds in wool fibres are reduced specifically and almost quantitatively in aqueous solution using toluene-w-thiol (Maclaren 1962) or tributyl phosphine (Sweetman and Maclaren 1966; Maclaren, Kilpatrick, and Kirkpatrick 1968). The next step was to find a suitable solvent system to extract the proteins from the reduced fibre.
Effect of Soil Amendments on Numbers of Soil Microorganisms and on the Root Rot-Fusarium Wilt Complex of Peas
Authors: Bumbieris M
Published: July 2016

The possibility of controlling Fusarium and Pythium in soil by blood and bone meal supplement, and the effect of this and other amendments on the root rot-Fusarium wilt complex of peas was investigated in laboratory and glasshouse experiments. Blood and bone meal was found to stimulate the growth not only of bacteria and actinomycetes, but also of Fusarium and Pythium. When crude chitin was added to soil, the numbers of Pythium increased. It was shown that in liquid cultures P. ultimum is able to utilize chitin as a nutrient source.
Energy-Transducing Reaction in Biologyical Members. III. A Model of the Sodium Pump and Its Possible Relevance to Some Other Active Transport Processes
Authors: Weiss DE
Published: July 2016

A model of a sodium pump is presented which utilizes an alkali metal carrier in the form of a polypeptide "spring" containing about four consecutive phos-phatidylserine residues bound to lipid molecules embedded as a bilipid, rubber-like structure, attached to the matrix of a biological membrane. Electrostatic repulsive forces between the anions of the spring and osmosis, which are opposed by the elasticity of the bilipids, tend to maintain it in an expanded configuration of restricted dimensions, in which hydrated Na+ is preferred to K+ as a diffuse ionic atmosphere. Compression of the spring forms a helical structure in which unhydrated K+ is preferred to Na+ and is solvated by the oxygen atoms of carbonyl (or ether) groups within the peptide and the lipid.
The Extractives of the Mycorrhizas and Roots of Pinus Radiata and Pseudotsuga Menziesii
Authors: Hills WE , Ishikura N
Published: July 2016

The amounts of acetone extractives from mycorrhizas and their polyphenolic portion were variable over a 6�month period. During August the amounts of extrac� tives and polyphenols were higher in slow� than in fast-growing Pinus radiata seedlings. The amount of extractives in the roots were greater than those in the mycorrhizas but in the latter the polyphenols were concentrated in the outer layer. The composition of the mycorrhizal and root extractives of P. radiata were very similar and in addition to resin contained catechin, two components that are very similar to 3,5,3',4'.tetrahydroxystilbene and one of its glucosides, and leucocyanidin polymers. The mycorrhizas of Pseudotsuga menziesii contain 15 components, includ� ing catechin, epicatechin, leucocyanidin polymers, and a polyene. With the exception of the latter the roots of Ps. menziesii contained the same components and in addition poriolin, poriol, taxifolin, taxifolin-3�glucoside, and quercetin.3.glucoside. Evidence supports the view that the polyphenols are formed in situ and appear to be formed in enhanced amounts in the tannin layer of mycorrhizas. Their possible role in the establishment of mycorrhizas is discussed.
Correlation Between Bristle Systems in Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Jones LP , Frankham R , Sheridan AK
Published: July 2016

The correlation between several bristle systems of Drosophila melanogaster was investigated. The changes in sternopleural, second coxal, third coxal, and scutellar bristle numbers were measured in 26 lines selected for increased abdominal bristle number for 46 or 50 generations. The changes in abdominal, second coxal, and scutellar bristle numbers were measured in 16 lines selected with independent culling levels for high or low sternopleural and high or low third coxal bristle numbers for 22 generations.
Photosynthesis and Respiration by the Flag Leaf and Components of the Ear During Grain Development In Wheat
Authors: Evans LT , Rawson HM
Published: July 2016

Rates of photosynthesis and dark respiration of the ears and flag leaves of
three varieties of wheat grown at 21 DC under a constant light intensity of 3200 f.c.
were measured by infrared gas analysis twice weekly throughout the period of
grain development. Measurements were made on both the intact ears and the
separated grains and ear structures, in air and in a mixture of nitrogen plus 320
p.p.m. C02. Dry weights of the grains, ears, and main stems were also determined.
Cytokinins from Apple Extract and Coconut Milk
Authors: Zwar JA , Bruce MI
Published: July 2016

Cytokinin containing extracts of young apples and of coconut milk were
purified and subjected to chemical treatments designed to modify the chemical
natures of the cytokinins. Chromatographic comparisons were then made between
the cytokinins of the treated and untreated extracts and zeatin and zeatin nucleoside.
Ionic Relations of Marine Algae II. Griffithsia: Ionic Fluxes
Authors: Findla GP , Hope AB , Williams EJ
Published: July 2016

Measurements were made of ionic fluxes in cells of the marine algae G. monile
and G. pulvinata. The data for sodium and chloride fluxes appear to be consistent
with the usually proposed model for the plant cell in which the vacuolar, cytoplasmic,
and external compartments are in series, with the cytoplasm bounded on the inside
by the tonoplast and on the outside by the plasmalemma. However, there are
difficulties in explaining the results for potassium fluxes on this model. At the
plasmalemma, the passive fluxes of potassium, sodium, and chloride were 50-380, 15,
and 5 p.moles cm-2 sec-I respectively. There was also an active chloride influx of
0-35 p�moles cm-2 sec-I and an active sodium efflux of about 15 p.moles cm-2 sec-I.
The fluxes at the tonoplast, on the basis of the compartments-in-series model,
were potassium 300-1000, sodium 10 p-moles cm-2 sec-I, and chloride at least
30 p-moles cm-2 sec-I. Electrochemical data (Findlay, Hope, and Williams 1969) indicate
that there is an active flux of potassium across the tonoplast from the cytoplasm
into the vacuole. The large fluxes of potassium and chloride at the tonoplast are difficult
to reconcile with the electrical resistance of 5000 Qcm2, which suggests that a large
part of the tonoplast potassium flux is exchange diffusion, or that vesicular movement
of potassium and chloride ion pairs occurs. The influxes ofK+, Rb+, Cs+, and Na+ ions
at the plasmalemma were measured and the following order of permeability obtained:
P K > P Rb > PCs > P Na? This order agrees with that obtained from measurements
of depolarization of the plasmalemma potential.
Effect of Selection for 12-Day Litter Weight on Lactational Performance in Mice
Authors: Hanrahan JP , Eisen EJ
Published: July 2016

The effect of selection for increased 12-day litter weight on lactational performance at days 8, 10, and 12 post partum was examined using mice drawn from two replicate selected lines and two replicate control lines. The components of lactational performance examined were milk yield and percentage composition with respect to total solids, lipid, and protein. Selection was found to have had no direct effect on the components of lactational performance measured. Milk yield, percentage solids, and percentage lipid increased linearly from lactation day 8 to 12 (P < 0'05). Using the estimates of the components of variance for 12�day litter weight obtained by Eisen, Legates, and Robison (1970) for the mice used, the correlation between 12-day litter weight and the additive genotype for lactational performance was estimated to be 0�45.
Changes in the Formononetin Content of Detached Mature Leaves of Trifolium Subterraneum
Authors: Rossiter RC
Published: July 2016

Anthocyanin formation is stimulated in the leaves of some plants when the leaves are detached and floated on water or on sucrose solutions and exposed to light (e.g. Eberhardt 1954; Creasy, Maxie, and Chichester 1965). The synthesis of other flavonoids, e.g. flavans, can be increased under these conditions (Creasy and Swain 1966).
The Effects of Different Chromosomes on Four Bristle Number Characters of Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Frankham R
Published: July 2016

The genetic correlation between two quantitative traits has been assumed to result from the sum of the effects of genes with ++, --, +-, -+, +0, -0,0+, and 0- effects on the two traits in question (see Lerner 1958). Rendel (1963) has suggested a somewhat different approach, namely that the correlation between traits could be considered in terms of the effects of genes on "make" (common resources available to the two traits) and on the distribution of these resources.
The Rate of Passage of Food in the Brush-Tailed Possum, Trichosurus Vulpecula
Authors: Gilmore DP
Published: July 2016

Detailed nutritional studies carried out on the macropod marsupial, Setonix brachyurus, by Moir, Somers, and Waring (1956) and by Calaby (1958) indicate that its digestive efficiency is intermediate between ruminant and non-ruminant herbivores. Ruminant digestion is characterized by the food being retained in the digestive tract for several days and by the very efficient digestion of fibre. Honigmann (1941) showed that the brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, was able to absorb large amounts of fibre. Earlier Honigmann (1936) had discussed experiments conducted on a number of mammals to determine the rate of passage of food through the digestive tract. No details of the experiments undertaken were given, but Honigmann claimed that the minimum time for the passage of food through the digestive tract of T. vulpecula was 10 hr, and the maximum 96 hr.
Respiration of Leaves During Photosynthesis III. Respiration Rate and Mesophyll Resistance in Turgid Cotton Leaves, with Stomatal Control Eliminated
Authors: Lake JV , Slatyer RO
Published: July 2016

Mixtures of carbon dioxide in air, nitrogen, or 1 % oxygen in nitrogen, prepared beforehand in plastic balloons, were passed through illuminated cotton leaves in a laboratory leaf chamber. This procedure enabled much more accurate calculation of intercellular carbon dioxide concentration than conventional gas flow techniques. It also made it possible to calculate leaf temperature from a measurement of the vapour pressure of the air leaving the chamber. From the measured flow rates and changes in the carbon dioxide concentration of the gas mixtures, the relation between the net rate of carbon dioxide exchange and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration was calculated.
Crown Gall of Stone Fruit II. Identification and Nomenclature of Agrobacterium Isolates
Authors: Keane PJ , Kerr A , New PB
Published: July 2016

Twenty-seven local isolates of Agrobacterium and twenty-three isolates supplied by other laboratories were compared by biochemical tests, serology, protein patterns following gel electrophoresis, and by pathogenicity. All isolates fell into two distinct biotypes and this was supported by their serological reactions and by their protein patterns. Biotype 1 contained tumour-inducing, root-proliferating, and non-pathogenic forms; biotype 2 contained both these pathogenic forms but no non-pathogens. We believe the present division of the genus into species based on pathogenicity is untenable. If the genus is to be retained, we propose that it should consist of one species, A. radiobacter, with pathogenicity indicated by a varietal epithet and the biotype specified.
The Effect of Dietary Cyclopropene Fatty Acids on the Structure of New-Laid and Stored Hens' Eggs: An Optical and Electron Microscope Study
Authors: M Bain Joan , M Hall Janice
Published: July 2016

Two storage disorders, "pink white" and "pasty yolk" are known to develop in eggs from hens with cyclopropene fatty acids (e.g. malvalic and sterculic acid) in their diet. The pink white condition is related to increased diffusion processes in the egg during storage. The pasty yolk condition is related to an increase in the proportion of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in the yolk. The change in texture becomes evident during storage at normal temperature, but can be induced quickly in any affected egg, even when new-laid, by low temperature. The present investigations were carried out to see if the development of these defects could be related to any structural differences detectable in eggs from hens fed a cyclopropene compound.
The Melanocyte Population in the Skin During Development of the Marsupial Trichosurus Vulpecula
Authors: Lyne AG
Published: July 2016

Changes in the melanocyte population have been examined in 170 samples of skin from 41 animals, ranging in age from embryos to adults. The earliest melanocytes in samples of epidermis and dermis incubated in DOPA reagent are revealed at 2 days after birth. Melanocytes in the epidermis are present only during the period of follicle initiation from the epidermis, that is, from 2 to 100 days after birth. Dermal melanocytes are confined to the mid-level of the dermis, except in very young animals which have some near the epidermis. Melanocyte numbers in whole mounts of skin range from 0 to 570 per 1 mm2 in the epidermis and from 0 to 100 per 1 mm2 in the dermis. Some of the epidermal melanocytes discharge melanin granules into neighbouring epidermal cells. Dermal melanocytes do not release their granules.
Preliminary Studies on in Vitro Culture of Fertilized Sheep Ova
Authors: Moore NW
Published: July 2016

Continued development in vitro of recently fertilized ova has been recorded in a number oflaboratory species and Brinster (1965a, 1965b, 1965c, 1965d) has achieved a sufficient degree of success with mouse ova to allow critical studies of the nutritional requirements during development from two cells to blastocysts. Fertilized sheep ova have been successfully stored for short periods between collection and transfer to recipient ewes but there are no reports of continued development of sheep ova during longer periods of in vitro culture.
Some Physiological Aspects of Evolution in Wheat
Authors: Evans LT , Dunstone RL
Published: July 2016

Twenty-one lines representing wild progenitors and cultivated wheats at the diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid levels were compared during growth under favourable conditions (2l/l6�C, l6-hr days of high intensity natural light, and nonlimiting nutrient supply).
Electron-Microscopic Investigation of the Flora of Sheep Alimentary Tract
Authors: Hoogenraad NJ , Hird FJR
Published: July 2016

Digesta from different regions of the sheep alimentary tract have been examined using electron microscopy. Direct examination of digesta from the rumen has revealed the presence of a number of phages and of a large variety of bacteria differing considerably in their morphology. An atlas of electron micrographs of these bacteria has been presented. The presence of large numbers of bacterial cell walls ;n the rumen indicates that the breakdown of bacteria commences in this organ. The major sites of digestion of bacteria are in the abomasum and small intestine where there is a substantial removal and modification of bacteria.
Control of Recombination within the Nitrate-2 Locus of Neurospora Crassa: An Unlinked Dominant Gene which Reduces Prototroph Yields
Authors: Catcheside DEA
Published: July 2016

The frequency of formation of prototrophic recombinants in crosses between all tested pairs of eight alleles of the nitrate� 2 locus in N. CTassa is subject to a reduction of about eightfold by a dominant gene rec-z+. rec-z is unlinked to nit-2 and is not identical with rec-3 or rec-x.
Metabolism of Specifically Labelled Pyruvate by Mouse Embryos During Culture from the Two-Cell Stage to the Blastocyst
Authors: Wales RG , Whittingham DG
Published: July 2016

Two-cell mouse embryos were cultured for 24, 48, and 72 hr in media containing 0�5 mM sodium [l_14C]pyruvate or sodium [2_14C]pyruvate. Radioactive lactate was the main metabolite accumulating in the medium when [1_14C]pyruvate was used. Labelled lactate and acetate were identified in the medium at the end of the culture period when [2_14C]pyruvate was the energy source.
Growth of Atriplex Halimus L. in Sodium Chloride Salinated Culture Solutions as Affected by The Relative Humidity of the Air
Authors: Gale J , Naaman R , Poljakoff-Mayber A
Published: July 2016

A. halimus plants were grown in saline nutrient solution (Knop's), in growth chambers, under two different conditions of relative humidity of the air: 27 � 3 % (dry) and 65�3% (humid). All other climatic factors (temperature, illumination, etc.) were identical. Relative humidity was programmed to remain constant irrespective of day and night temperature changes. The salinity range was 0 to -20 atm NaCl.
Chloride Influx into Citrus Leaf Slices
Authors: Robinson JB , Smith FA
Published: July 2016

The influx of 36Cl has been measured in slices of citrus leaves. The influx increases with increasing external chloride concentration. The shape of the influx v. concentration curve depends on the nature and concentration of the accompanying cations (Na+ and K+). There is no evidence for the two distinct chloride transport systems reported by other workers. Chloride influx was not stimulated by light under aerobic conditions and was sensitive to 2,4-dinitrophenol at uncoupling concentrations. Under anaerobic conditions influx was maintained by light but severely limited by dark conditions. 3-(chlorophenyl)-I,I-dimethylurea did not affect aerobic influx and only high levels (5 X 10-OM) affected the anaerobic influx in the light. It is proposed that chloride influx is normally dependent on oxidative phosphorylation but that cyclic photophosphorylation may provide an alternative energy source. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to ionic relations of whole leaves and salinity damage.
Host Reactions Involved in the Recovery of Apricot Trees from Verticillium Wilt
Authors: Harrison AF , Clare BG
Published: July 2016

Verticillium-infected wood of apricot trees became darkened and host ray cells and fungal hyphae in discoloured wood were darkened, internally disorganized, and apparently inactivated. Verticillium was rarely isolated from discoloured wood and hyphae were not observed in normal wood. Extracts of discoloured wood inhibited spore germination, germ tube elongation, hyphal respiration, and hyphal growth of Verticillium. The degree of inhibition was related to the amount of discoloration and to the phenolic content of the extracts. Gums and tyloses formed in infected wood and prevented transport of conidia along the vascular tissue. Trees recovered from infection when uninfected lateral shoots were produced or when new wood was laid down around infected, discoloured wood containing inactivated Verticillium hyphae.
Effects of Temperature on Membrane Permeability to Ions
Authors: Hope AB , Aschberger PA
Published: July 2016

The effects of varied temperature on membrane potential difference (p.d.) and resistance were measured in single cells of the green, fresh water alga Ohara oorallina and the red, marine alga Griffithsia pulvinata. The effects of varied temperature on membrane potential difference (p.d.) and resistance were measured in single cells of the green, fresh water alga Ohara oorallina and the red, marine alga Griffithsia pulvinata.
Pathogenic Variation in Ophiobolus Graminis
Authors: Chambers SC
Published: July 2016

Differences in pathogenicity of various Ophiobolus graminis isolates have been observed frequently (Davis 1925; Padwick 1936; Hynes 1937; White and McIntyre 1943; Henry and Gilpatrick 1947; Henry and McKenzie 1959). However, most workers give little or no information about the interval between isolation and testing of pathogenicity, although it is evident some isolates have been in culture for long periods. As virulence may vary considerably with repeated subculturing (Russell 1934, 1939), it is possible that some studies have been made with cultural variants which do not exist in nature. This communication, therefore, describes tests using the initial growth from fresh monosporous field isolates of O. graminis.
Requirement for Riboflavin for Effective Symbiosis on Clover by an Auxotrophic Mutant Strain of Rhizobium Trifolii
Authors: Schwinghamer EA
Published: July 2016

A symbiotically ineffective auxotroph, Tl/D-hisr -15, derived from an effective strain (Tl) of R. trifolii, had a specific requirement for riboflavin in culture and produced an effective response on Trifolium pratense (red clover) only when riboflavin was added to the plant growth medium at c. 6 p.g/ml. Addition of flavin mononucleotide to the plant medium produced a similar response but the requirement in symbiosis was only partly satisfied by flavin adenine dinucleotide.
Some Properties of Rose Mosaic Virus from South Australia
Authors: Basit AA , Francki RIB
Published: July 2016

Isolates of rose mosaic virus (RMV) from South Australia were purified by differential centrifugation of cucumber extracts clarified by emulsification with ether, followed by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. The virus was shown to be serologically similar to and to have many physical properties in common with RMV from North America. However, the Australian isolates studied appear to hlwe narrower host ranges.
Effect of Incubation Conditions on the Metabolic Response of Ram Spermatozoa in the Presence of Fluids from the Genital Tract of the Ewe
Authors: Restall BJ
Published: July 2016

Modifications to the incubation conditions used to study the effect of genital fluids on the metabolism of ram spermatozoa have been shown to affect the parameters measured.
Glyceraldehyde-3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase From the Red Kangaroo (Megalelia Rufa): Purification and the Amino Acid Sequence Around a Reactive Cysteine
Authors: Simpson RJ , Davidson BE
Published: July 2016

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from leg muscle of M. rufa has been extracted and purified. The reaction of the enzyme with iodoacetate, the amino acid composition, tryptic fingerprint, and some amino acid sequences (in-cluding that around the reactive cysteine) indicate that kangaroo glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is almost identical with pig glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Effect of Acclimatization to 33°C on the Oxygen Uptake, Growth Rate, and Reproductive Productivity of Hairless and Naked Mice
Authors: R Pennycuik Pamela
Published: July 2016

Oxygen uptakes, growth rates, and reproductive productivities of hairless and naked mice were compared with those of their normal sibs. Mice of all genotypes were acclimatized to 33�0 from birth, or from weaning, or as adults. Oontrols were kept at 2PO.
Factors Influencing the Response of Ram Spermatozoa to Bicarbonate and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Wales RG , Murdoch RN
Published: July 2016

The metabolism of washed ram spermatozoa was studied in the presence of bicarbonate or carbon dioxide or both under various conditions of incubation. The presence of respired carbon dioxide had little or no effect on the utilization of glucose or fructose by ram spermatozoa whether potassium was present or not. On the other hand, the addition of 6 mM sodium bicarbonate to a potassium-containing diluent stimulated oxygen uptake, glycolysis, and fructolysis by the spermatozoa. The effect of bicarbonate on substrate utilization did not depend on the maintenance of a constant concentration of carbon dioxide in the gas phase and was not influenced by prior exposure to bicarbonate. Substrate utilization was not stimulated by bicarbonate in the absence of potassium; there was a depression of oxygen uptake under these conditions.
Absorption of Water and Electrolytes From the Large Intestine of Sheep
Authors: Hecker JF , Grovum WL
Published: July 2016

Rate of passage of digesta, lumen diameter, and rates of absorption of water, sodium, and potassium w~re calculated from wet weight, dry weight, and sodium and potassium content of digesta in segments of the large intestine of six sheep given 800 g lucerne chaff per day.
The Effects of the Dipyridyl Diquat on the Metabolism of Chlorella Vulgaris III. Dark Metabolism: Effects on Respiration Rate and the Path of Carbon
Authors: Stokes DM , Turner JS
Published: July 2016

When O. vulgaris is treated in complete darkness with diquat at concentrations which are toxic in the light, there is a rapid and large stimulation of oxygen uptake with no significant alteration in the R,Q. If the O. vulgaris has been darkened for some hours before the addition of diquat there is a two- to threefold stimulation of the rate of respiration, which subsequently remains constant or falls only slowly for up to 500 min. With pre-illuminated or glucose-treated O. vulgaris, diquat causes a much greater stimulation of dark respiration, rapidly declining to near the control rate. Tracer studies with 14C02 and [14C]glucose show that diquat when added in darkness to O. vulgaris accelerates the breakdown of starch and the loss of 14C from most intermediate substances of carbohydrate metabolism. The exception to this is the rapid accumulation of 14C counts in citric acid. These results are discussed and a mechanism for the action of diquat in darkness is proposed.
Photosynthesis of Tropical Pasture Plants I. Illuminance, Carbon Dioxide Concentration, Leaf Temperature, and Leaf-Air Vapour Pressure Difference
Authors: M Ludlow M , Wilson GL
Published: July 2016

Carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange of attached, young, fully expanded leaves of tropical pasture species were measured in an open gas analysis system. The influence of illuminance, carbon dioxide concentration, leaf temperature, and leaf-air vapour pressure difference on net photosynthetic rate and carbon dioxide transfer resistances was studied.
Proton Magnetic Resonance Studies of Water in Slime Mould Plasmodia
Authors: Walter JA , Hope AB
Published: July 2016

Steady-state and pulse n.m.r. techniques have been applied in a study of water in the cytoplasm of slime mould plasmodia (Ph;ysarum polycephalum). The former method has been used to confirm that the signal detected was from protons in water molecules, and to estimate the fraction of the total water in the sample that was contributing to the observed signal. Pulse techniques have enabled direct measurement of the self-diffusion coefficient D of the bulk water in the cytoplasm, and the proton spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times Tl and T2 respectively. The measurements of D can be accounted for if most of the water is in a "free" state, similar to water in a dilute ionic solution, but with a lower value of D due to the obstruction effect of macromolecules and cytoplasmic structures. The values of Tl and T2 indicate that a small "bound" fraction of the water molecules has more restricted motion. The assumption of a two-state model, with exchange of water molecules between "free" and "bound" phases in a time ~ 10-3 sec, yields a representative correlation time T "'" 10-8 sec for the bound fraction. This model is the simplest compatible with all the above results. The underlying assumptions, the extent to which it is likely to be an approximation, and the implications regarding some theories of cellular functions are discussed. Similar results have also been obtained from samples of toad leg muscle, ceils from the meristematic region of pea roots, and from agar and gelatin gels.
The Amino Acid Sequence of the Large Plakalbumin Peptide and the C-Terminal Sequence of Ovalbumin
Authors: Thompson EOP , Slelgh RW , Smith MB
Published: July 2016

The amino acid sequence of a 33-residue peptide isolated from plakalbumin by gel filtration in 6M urea at pH 3 and derived from the C-terminal portion of ovalbumin has been determined. Enzyme digestion of the hydrophobic areas by thermolysin, papain, ana subtilisin BPN' gave peptides with overlapping sequences. The peptides were fractionated by a combination of paper ionophoresis and chromatography and their sequences determined by the dansyl-Edman technique.
Inositol Phosphate Phosphatases of Microbiological Origin. Some Properties of a Partially Purified Bacterial (Pseudomonas Sp.) Phytase
Authors: Irving GCJ , Cosgrove DJ
Published: July 2016

A phytase (E.C. 3.1.3.8) was extracted from a bacterium (Pseudomonas sp.) and purified 25-fold by ammonium sulphate fractionation, gel filtration, and ionexchange cellulose chromatography. Its properties are compared with the published properties of some plant phytases and a bacterial phytase.
Effects of Radiation on Populations of Drosophila Melanogaster with Different Genetic Structures I. Changes in Fitness and Productivity
Authors: Dyer KF
Published: July 2016

It has been shown in previous work that heterozygotes between irradiated and non-irradiated populations of D. melanogaster experience a marked reduction in competitive ability. The effects of allowing the nucleus of a heterozygote gene pool to develop are here investigated and it is found that the total number emerging from a cage containing irradiated, non-irradiated, and heterozygote flies is considerably increased and the number of heterozygotes themselves shows almost a 100% increase. It is concluded that the opportunity given to the heterozygotes to form an integrated gene pool allows them to overcome much oftheir competitive disability.
Effects of Radiation on Populations of Drosophila Melanogaster with Different Genetic Structures II. Temporal Changes in the Sex Ratio
Authors: Dyer KF
Published: July 2016

The effect of 1500 r X.rays, delivered for several generations to populations of D. melanoga8ter, on the sex ratio of the flies emerging has been examined. The results have been compared with those from similar populations living in the same environment but not given any radiation treatment. The mean values of four irradiated populations, when compared with their unirradiated counterparts, showed an initial drop in sex ratio followed by a marked recovery particularly between generations 7 and 12. When composite populations were set up, combining males from one irradiated population with females from another at each generation, this recovery in sex ratio was not observed. It was concluded that this latter result ruled out chromosomal phenomena and indicated a biometrical explanation as the most likely one for the observed rise in sex ratio with accumulated ancestral radiation in integrated gene pools
Effects of Human Alimentary Secretions on 64cu Diffusion in an in Vitro System
Authors: Gollan JL , Davis PS , Deller DJ
Published: July 2016

Human alimentary secretions are known to form soluble complexes with copper. The passive diffusion rate of 64Cu complexed to human saliva, gastric juice, and bile was determined and compared with that of known synthetic complexing agents. The study was performed using a two-piece glass diffusion apparatus which permitted continuous sampling from each compartment. It was shown that whereas copper diffusion was unimpaired by saliva or gastric juice, it was markedly inhibited by bile. The most likely explanation for this phenomenon is either that copper is bound by a macromolecular component of bile or that a low molecular weight complex is formed with some biliary component and undergoes polymerization. Which of these is applicable has not yet been determined. The possible role of such a mechanism in the regulation of gastrointestinal copper absorption is discussed
Nectar Production in Abutilon I. Movement of Nectar Through the Cuticle
Authors: Findlay Nele , Mercer FV
Published: July 2016

Observations by light microscopy of the process of exudation of nectar from the nectary hairs of Abutilon show that the nectar passes through the relatively impermeable cuticle in discrete droplets at regular intervals. From the observations it is concluded that there are pores through the cuticle at the hair tips which act as valves to produce these discrete drops. Numerous small pores at the expected positions are visible in electron micrographs.
Nectar Production in Abutilon II. Submicroscopic Structure of the Nectary
Authors: Findlay Nele , Mercer FV
Published: July 2016

The nectary hair cells of Abutilon are particularly rich in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. The vacuoles are initially small but enlarge and coalesce during nectar production when invaginations of the plasmalemma are often present at the tips and at the cross-walls of the hairs. The presence of these invaginations suggests that nectar may be transported through the nectary by a process resembling pinocytosis and exocytosis. Entry of nectar into the hair is restricted to a route through the protoplast of the stalk cell by a cutinized sheath in the outer walls of this cell
The Regulation of Stomatal Aperture in Tobacco Leaf Epidermal Strips III. The Effect of Atp
Authors: Thomas DA
Published: July 2016

The addition of ATP in the light and dark and ADP in the light to bathing solutions containing K+ can stimulate stomatal opening in tobacco leaf epidermal strips. UTP or AMP do not stimulate opening in the light or dark. The presence of ouabain prevents ATP or ADP stimulating stomatal opening. The additions of Ca2+ and Mg2+, though they reduce stomatal aperture, do not prevent ATP stimulating stomatal opening. Increasing the concentration of ATP presented to the stomata in the dark increases the aperture. The rate of stomatal opening in the presence of ATP is increased in the light. In bathing solutions which contain Na+ as the only cation ATP neither initiates nor maintains stomatal opening. The results are discussed in relation to a postulated light-stimulated, ATPase-mediated accumulation ofK+ in the guard cells which is followed by an influx of water, osmotic swelling, and stomatal opening
Ionic Relations of Marine Algae III. Chaetomorpha: Membrane Electrical Properties and Chloride Fluxes
Authors: Findlay GP , Hope AB , Pitman MG , Smith FA , Walker NA
Published: July 2016

In the large coenocytic cell of the marine green alga Chaetomorpha darwin ii, the electric potential difference, .pvo, between the vacuole and the outside seawater can have either of two distinct states, a positive, and more usual state, with .pvo = +5 mY, and a negative state with .pvo = - 29 m V. The p.d. across the plasmalemma of the cell was approximately -72 mY, and the difference between the positive and negative states occurred at the tonoplast with .pvc = + 77 m V or + 43 m V respectively. In the change from the positive state to the negative state, the electrical resistance of the plasmalemma increased from 510 to 750 n cm2 , and the resistance of the tonoplast increased from 4900 to 7100 n cm2
Separation and Characterization of Subunits of Ribulose Diphosphate Carboxylase
Authors: Moon KE , Thompson EOP
Published: July 2016

Phenolic compounds covalently bound to macromolecules occur in wheat flour and are released by acid or alkaline hydrolysis. It is concluded that changes in phenolic compounds may partly account for the aging effect in flours
Effect of Whole-Milk and Replacement-Milk Feeding on the Fatty Acid Composition of Lymph Lipids in Young Calves
Authors: Wadsworth JC , Shannon AD
Published: July 2016

The sensory epithelium of the vomeronasal organ of the suckling rat consists of three cell types: receptor, supporting, and basal. Receptor cells are peripherally situated neurones and have dendritic and axonic processes extending from the perikaryon. The former expands near the epithelial surface to an enlarged area containing vacuoles, numerous centrioles, and electron�dense granules. The free surface carries numerous microvilli but no cilia. The perikaryon contains extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and prominent Golgi apparatus. Microtubules occur in both processes. Supporting cells are enlarged near the surface to surround receptor dendrites. In the first 7 days after birth many supporting cells carry a single cilium of the "9 + 0" pattern.
An Unusual Strain of Tobacco Mosaic Virus From Plull1eria Acutifolia
Authors: Francki RIB , Zaitlin M , Grivell CJ
Published: July 2016

This investigation was undertaken to answer the question: "does a plant grown under irrigated conditions really need an extensive root system?" Wiersum (1967) is of the opinion that plants do not need the extensive systems they could grow. The question was of great relevance to the irrigated areas in the Riverina of Australia where root penetration is a problem on dense clay soils.
Water Uptake by Cotton Roots During an Irrigation Cycle
Authors: Taylor HM , Klepper Betty
Published: July 2016

Two-month-old cotton plants, growing in a rhizotron compartment filled with loamy fine sand surface soil, were subjected to an irrigation cycle. Estimates of rooting density, soil water content, soil water potential, water extraction per unit length of root, plant height, and leaf water potential were made throughout this cycle.
Some Characteristics of Pectolytic Bacteria Associated with Potato in Tasmania
Authors: Sampson PJ , Hayward AC
Published: July 2016

Gram-negative pectolytic bacteria, predominantly green fluorescent pseudomonads, were obtained from approximately 13% of apparently sound selections of seed tubers in the Tasmanian Certified Seed Potato Scheme. Pseudomonads were also associated with tuber soft rot and were isolated from wilted plants in the field. Flavobacterium-like organisms were isolated from tubers with soft and dry rots and from potato field soil.
Ultrastructure of Nuclear Division in Paramecium Aurelia I. Mitosis in the Micronucleus
Authors: Stevenson I , Lloyd FP
Published: July 2016

Ultrastructural details of micronuclear mitosis in the ciliate P. aurelia are
described. Throughout mitosis the nuclear membrane remains intact and centrioles
are not associated with the dividing nucleus. At late interphase the micronucleus
has a peripheral layer of microtubules, a fibrous zone, and a core of condensed
chromatin. This core fragments at prophase, the peripheral microtubules disappear,
and microtubules extend from the fibrous zone. At metaphase, over 100 chromosomes
could be seen, each attached to a bundle of microtubules though kinetochores
were indistinct.
The Effects of Some Anti-Oestrogens and Anti-Metabolites on the Binding of Tritiated Oestradiol by the Vagina of the Ovariectomized Mouse
Authors: Stone GM
Published: July 2016

The antimetabolite actinomycin D inhibited the retention of [3H]oestradiol.
17 fJ and tetrazolium reduction in the mouse vagina when administered 1 and 25 hr
before [3H]oestradiol. Inhibition of retention in both 105,000 g pellet and supernatant
fractions of vaginal homogenates was observed with the pellet fraction more
sensitive to the inhibitor. Actinomycin D inhibited tetrazolium. reduction, but not
the retention of [3H]oestradiol, when administered 1 hr before [3H]oestradiol.
Relations Between the Dimensions of the Barley Root System: Effects of Mutilating the Root Axes
Authors: Hackett C
Published: July 2016

A previous study indicated that intact cereal root systems develop in such a
manner that relations between the total number, length, surface area, and volume
of their members remain roughly constant during the vegetative growth period.
To investigate this phenomenon further, barley plants were grown in water culture
and were given one or other of the following treatments: root systems left intact,
or root systems mutilated by removing the tip of each axis once it was 10-20 cm
long. As expected, the intact and mutilated root systems developed markedly
different patterns of branching. Surprisingly, however, the relations between root
dimensions were almost identical in the two groups of plants. It is concluded that
the extension and branching of cerea.l root systems are coordinated to an extent
hitherto unappreciated. The implications of this discovery for the study of root
systems are discussed.
Studies on Marsupial Proteins VI. Evolutionary Changes in ?-Globins of the Macropodidae and the Amino Acid Sequence of ?-Globin From Potorous Tridactylus
Authors: Thompson EOP , Air GM
Published: July 2016

Haemoglobins from 13 species of the subfamily Macropodinae and one species
of the subfamily Potoroinae have been studied.
Hydrolysis of the Peptide Bond and Amino Acid Modification with Hydriodic Acid
Authors: Inglis AS , Nicholls PW , Roxburgh CM
Published: July 2016

Reaction of hydriodic acid with peptides and proteins has been studied. At
the boiling point, hydrolysis of the peptide bond, particularly stable bonds linking
valine and isoleucine residues, is facile. Several amino acids react with constantboiling
hydriodic acid but the only reactions detrimental to the amino acid analysis
are the reduction of serine with concomitant formation of alanine, and the destruction
of tryptophan. Gentler conditions of hydrolysis with diluted hydriodic acid are
required for analysis of serine. Good results for analysis of proteins for amino acids
may be obtained after a 6-hr hydrolysis period.
Acid Hydrolysis of Phenylthiohydantoins of Amino Acids
Authors: Inglis AS , Nicholls PW , Roxburgh CM
Published: July 2016

The phenylthiohydantoins (PTHs) derived from amino acids were hydrolysed
in boiling hydriodic acid for 24 hr. Good yields of free amino acids were obtained for
all PTH derivatives except methionine. In contrast to hydrolysis with hydrochloric
acid, hydrolysis with hydriodic acid converts PTH-threonine, PTH-serine, and
PTH-tryptophan respectively to oc-amino-n-butyric acid, alanine, and a mixture
(approx. 2: 1) of glycine and alanine. This procedure provides a useful adjunct to
thin-layer chromatography and ultraviolet spectroscopy for quantitative identification
of the PTH derivative.
Factors Determining Sweating Competence of Cattle Skin
Authors: Schleger AV , Bean KG
Published: July 2016

Significant differences in sweating rate between micro-areas of cattle skin have
been demonstrated and the differences in morphology between these contrasting
areas investigated.
Sulphur Metabolism and Excretion Studies in Ruminants I. the Absorption of Sulphate in Sheep after Intratuminal or Intraduodenal Infusions of Sodium Sulphate
Authors: Bird PR , Moir RJ
Published: July 2016

The mean apparent absorption of sulphur when sodium sulphate was
continuously infused into the rumen or the duodenum of four sheep in amounts of
1� 5, 3�0, and 6�0 g/day was 93 �1, 95�3, 95�9% and 93 �1, 92,8, 81� 5% respectively.
The net absorptive capacity of the entire intestine under these conditions was
calculated to be up to 5 g of sulphate sulphur daily.