bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation on microstructure and properties of foamed (wood fiber)/(recycled polypropylene) composites
Authors: Xie Bo , Cui Yi‐hua , Xu Juan , Wang Xin‐xin , Zhang Hui‐hui , Zhang Zhi‐dan
Published: April 2012

Microcellular foamed (wood fiber)‐reinforced recycled polypropylene composites (MFWPCs) were prepared by an injection molding process where azodicarbonamide was used as a chemical foaming agent. The influence of injection parameters (injection temperature, dwell pressure) on the microcellular structure (cell diameter and cell density) and the mechanical properties of the MFWPCs were investigated. The results indicated that when the melting temperature was 180°C and the dwell pressure was 12.5 MPa, a uniformly distributed microcellular structure of MFWPCs was obtained. Compared with solid wood plastic composites, the density of the MFWPCs decreased by 24.5%, and its impact strength of MFWPCs increased by 53%, because the propagation direction of the crack changed to the “skip” or “bifurcation” mechanism as a result of the microcellular structure, and the surrounding matrix of this structure made it easy to produce forced high‐elastic deformation. The toughening mechanism of the microcellular structure was analyzed. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Thermal properties and processability of talc‐ and calcium carbonate‐filled poly(vinyl chloride) hybrid composites
Authors: Tuen Bee Soo , Hassan Azman , Abu Bakar Aznizam
Published: April 2012

The main objective of this investigation was to study and compare the thermal rigidity, thermal stability, and processability of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites filled with single fillers of talc and uncoated ground CaCO3 (SM 90) or a hybrid filler consisting of talc/SM 90. To produce the composites, the PVC resin, fillers, and other additives were dry‐blended in a laboratory mixer before being milled into sheets by using a two‐roll mill. Test specimens were prepared by compression molding, after which the thermal properties and processability of the composites were determined. Single and hybrid filler loadings used were fixed at 30 phr (parts per hundred parts of resin). Talc‐filled PVC composite showed slightly better thermal stability and rigidity than the composite filled with SM 90, and its thermal stability and rigidity slightly decreased with SM 90 content increasing from 5 to 25 phr in order to replace talc filler in the hybrid composites. The fusion time of talc‐filled PVC composite was shorter than that of SM 90‐filled PVC composite; thus, the fusion time of hybrid composites increased with increasing SM 90. The fusion torque showed an opposite behavior. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Climategate and the virtue of the scientific community: an editorial commentary on the Maibach et al. and Grundmann opinion articles
Authors: Myanna Lahsen
Published: April 2012

This article is categorized under:

Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Knowledge and Practice
Testis formation in the fetal mouse: dynamic and complex de novo tubulogenesis
Authors: Cool Jonah , DeFalco Tony , Capel Blanche
Published: April 2012

Soon after Sry initiates male sex determination, cells in XY gonads undergo an unusual process of de novo cord formation that results in the organization of Sertoli cells into epithelial tubules enclosing germ cells and partitioning mesenchymal cells and vasculature to the interstitial space of the testis. Recent experiments investigating this dynamic process in four dimensions have begun to shed new light on the collective interactions of multiple cell types during morphogenesis of testis cords. WIREs Dev Biol 2012 doi: 10.1002/wdev.62

This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Cell Sorting and Boundary Formation

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Sex Determination

Vertebrate Organogenesis > From a Tubular Primordium: Non-Branched
A New 3D 4d‐4f La–Ag Coordination Polymer Constructed by Interesting [Ag2]n and Flat [La2(IN)6(CH3COO)]n Layers
Authors: Huang Lian , Mei Hua , Chen Lei , Xu Yan
Published: April 2012

One new 3D La‐Ag coordination compound formulated as [La2Ag3(IN)6(OAC)(H2O)3][NO3]2·2H2O (1) (HIN = isonicotinic acid; HOAC = acetic acid) was synthesized. The structure represents an interesting 3D open framework that is built upon 2D lanthanide layers and [Ag(IN)2]+ linkers. The triple helical [La(IN)2(H2O)]n chain and zigzag [LaIN(OAC)]n chain are found in the 2D La‐IN layers. Channels are also found in the framework of 1, owing to shape‐controlled synthesis templated by the free NO3– ions and water molecules.
Major Distinctions in the Molecular and Supramolecular Structures of Selenium‐containing Organotins, (o‐MeSe‐C6H4CH2)SnPh3–nCln (n = 0, 1, 2)
Authors: Metta‐Magaña Alejandro J. , Lopez‐Cardoso Marcela , Vargas Gabriela , Pannell Keith H.
Published: April 2012

The synthesis and characterization of selenium‐containing stannanes, (o‐MeSeC6H4CH2)Sn(Ph)3–nCln [n = 0 (1Se); 1 (2Se); 2 (3Se)], is presented. The increasing Lewis acidity at tin in the series 1Se → 2Se → 3Se is reflected in their respective solid state arrangements and supramolecular architecture by interactions of the type Se···Se, Sn···Se, and Cl···H–C. Overall the capacity of the selenium atom to form bidentate interactions creates geometric assemblies distinctly different to those of the oxygen and sulfur analogs.
Overturning instability of a two‐rigid block system under ground excitation
Authors: Kounadis A.N. , Papadopoulos G.J. , Cotsovos D.M.
Published: April 2012

The rocking response of a freely standing two‐rigid block 2‐DOF system under ground excitation is comprehensively presented. The highly nonlinear governing equations of motion, properly established, under certain conditions may be linearised leading after integration to closed form solutions. The analysis is based on the assumption that friction at the interface between the two‐rigid blocks or the lower block and the ground is sufficient to prevent sliding. All possible configuration patterns exhibited by the two‐rigid block system during rocking motion are examined in detail. Attention is focused on the determination of the minimum amplitude ground acceleration among all patterns which leads the system to overturning instability. The effect of week damping is included in the analysis by reducing the relative angular velocity after impact. Conditions for overturning instability with or without impact, either between the two blocks or between the lower block and the ground, associated with an escaped motion in the phase‐plane portrait, are thoroughly discussed. It is found that for moderately large values of excitation frequencies overturning instability occurs after impact. Beyond these values overturning instability without impact prevails. In case of overturning instability without impact, surprisingly enough, it was also found that there are ranges of values of excitation frequencies in which a monolithic rigid block as a 1‐DOF system becomes more stable when divided into two equal rigid blocks, acting as a 2‐DOF system.
One‐ and Two‐Year Outcomes and Predictors of Mortality Following Emergency Laparotomy: A Consecutive Series from a United Kingdom Teaching Hospital
Authors: Awad Sherif , Herrod Philip J. J. , Palmer Rachel , Carty Hyun‐mi , Abercrombie John F. , Brooks Adam , de Beer Thearina , Mole Jonathan , Lobo Dileep N.
Published: April 2012

Background

Data on outcomes of patients who underwent emergency laparotomy (EML) are limited. This prospective observational study examined aspects of inpatient care and outcomes following EML with a view to identifying predictors of mortality.

Methods

Data collected from consecutive inpatients who underwent EML in a UK teaching hospital over a 3‐month period included perioperative physiology, treatment, morbidity, and mortality (30‐day, in‐hospital, 12‐month, and 24‐month). Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of mortality.

Results

Eighty‐five patients (44 male) with a mean ± SD age of 61 ± 18 years were studied. Postoperatively, 51 % of patients were admitted to the intensive care (ICU) or the high‐dependency unit (HDU). 30‐day, in‐hospital, 12‐month, and 24‐month mortality was 14, 16.5, 22.4, and 25.9 %, respectively. After adjusting for confounding variables, age ≥70 years (odds ratio [OR] = 9.2, P = 0.004) and a need for postoperative ICU/HDU (OR = 15.0, P = 0.014) were independent predictors of 30‐day mortality. Independent predictors of in‐hospital mortality were age ≥70 years (OR = 18.2, P = 0.016), ASA ≥III (OR = 22.1, P = 0.034), preoperative sepsis (OR = 20.6, P = 0.045), and need for postoperative ICU/HDU (OR = 21.5, P = 0.038). Independent predictors of 12‐month mortality were preoperative urea >7.5 mmol/L (OR = 3.5, P = 0.038) and need for postoperative ICU/HDU (OR = 3.7, P = 0.044). Age ≥70 years was the only independent predictor of 24‐month mortality (OR = 4.5, P = 0.014). Almost all deaths recorded in the 24 months following surgery resulted from disseminated malignancy.

Conclusion

Patients who underwent EML had favourable outcomes, with 2‐year survival close to 75 %. Age ≥70 years and the need for postoperative ICU/HDU care were independent predictors of mortality.
The Role of Simple Renal Cysts, Abdominal Wall Hernia, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease as Predictive Factors for Aortoiliac Aneurysmatic Disease
Authors: Pitoulias Georgios A. , Donas Konstantinos P. , Chatzimavroudis Grigoris , Torsello Giovanni , Papadimitriou Dimitrios K.
Published: April 2012

Background

This study was designed to investigate the possible predictive value of simple renal cysts (SRCs), abdominal wall hernia (AWH), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for the presence of abdominal aortoiliac aneurysms (AAA).

Methods

Between January 2006 and January 2011, we treated 170 consecutive patients with aortoiliac pathology. Patients’ data were prospectively collected and were retrospectively analyzed. Of these patients, 110 (study group) had AAA (group 1) and 60 (control group) had aortoiliac occlusive disease (AOD; group 2). Moreover, patients of group 1 were subdivided, according to aneurysm’s diameter to subgroup 1A (aortic aneurysm diameter >55 mm and/or common iliac diameter >22 mm; n = 62) and subgroup 1B (aortic aneurysm diameter ≤55 mm and/or common iliac diameter ≤22 mm; n = 48). All patients underwent a computed tomographic angiography, and datasets were analyzed for aortoiliac and SRCs’ anatomical data. Additionally collected data were atherosclerotic risk factors, history of previous or current AWH, and COPD.

Results

The two groups as well as the two AAA subgroups were homogenous regarding demographics and atherosclerotic risk factors. Univariate analysis showed that incidence of SRCs, AWH, and COPD were significant predictive factors for presence of AAA. Multivariate analysis identified SRCs and AWH as independent predictive factors for the presence of AAA. In association with the aneurysm’s size, multivariate analysis failed to show any predictive value of SRCs, AWH, or COPD.

Conclusions

Results of our study showed a positive predictive value of SRCs and AWH for presence of AAA and a strong relationship but not with predictive value between COPD and AAA. These data might be helpful for the early recognition of patients at risk for an aortoiliac aneurysm formation and for establishment of AAAs population‐based screening. Further research of pathophysiological commonalities between the four studied entities may be extremely helpful for designing future preventive and treatment strategy of AAAs.
Surface and Solution Properties of Amphiphilic Drug‐Nonionic Surfactant Systems
Authors: Kabir‐ud‐Din  , Al‐dahbali Gamal A. , Naqvi Andleeb Z. , Akram Mohd.
Published: April 2012

A surface tension study was performed on mixed amphiphilic drug‐nonionic surfactant systems. The drugs used were adiphenine hydrochloride and nortriptyline hydrochloride whereas surfactants were ethoxylated sorbitan esters and polyethylene oxide–polypropylene oxide–polyethylene oxide triblocks. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and CMCid (CMC at ideal mixing condition) values suggest nonideal and attractive interactions among the components. The micellar mole fraction values calculated using Rubingh's model indicate predominance of the nonionic surfactant in micelle formation. The mole fraction of surfactant in mixed monolayer values are greater than values, indicating a greater contribution of surfactant in monolayer formation. Thermodynamic parameters, viz. Gibbs energy of micellization , Gibbs energy of adsorption , and excess free energy of mixed micelles and monolayers were also evaluated. All these values suggest stable mixed micelle and mixed monolayer formation.
Use of an Adsorption Process for Purification of Pollock‐Oil‐Based Biodiesel Comprises Methyl Esters
Authors: Mis Solval Kevin , Sathivel Subramaniam
Published: April 2012

The quality of biodiesel from crude pollock oil and the effect of a purification process on the physicochemical properties of pollock oil biodiesel were evaluated. Unpurified pollock oil (PO) was transesterified to biodiesel from pollock oil (BPO) using methyl alcohol (1:6 molar ratio) and NaOH (1 % w/w of the oil weight); and the resulting fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) were purified with 10 % (w/w) activated earth to yield purified biodiesel from pollock oil (PBPO). The samples were evaluated for yield, FAME composition, free fatty acids (FFA), peroxides value (PV), moisture, bulk density, cloud point, flash point, free and total glycerin, color, rheological properties, and minerals. BPO and PBPO were evaluated for the kinetics of lipid oxidation. The transesterification and purification processes had no effect on the FAME composition of PO. The yield of PBPO was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced after the transesterification and purification processes. Moreover, the transesterification process significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the FFA, moisture, bulk density, flash point, total glycerides, redness, viscosity, arsenic and silicon content in PO. Meanwhile, the purification process significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the PV, redness, and sulfur content of BPO. The flash point of BPO was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by the purification process from 79 to 84 °C. PO, BPO, and PBPO behaved as non‐Newtonian and Newtonian fluids at 0 and 25 °C, respectively. BPO showed a lower oxidation rate and activation energy compared to those of PBPO. BPO and PBPO met the ASTM biodiesel standard D6751 for moisture, bulk density, cloud point, free and total glycerin, Na, P, and S. The study demonstrated that high viscosity crude pollock oil could be converted into low viscosity purified pollock oil biodiesel.
Enzyme‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Monoacylglycerols Citrate: Kinetics and Thermodynamics
Authors: Huang Jianhua , Liu Yuanfa , Jin Qingzhe , Wu Xiaojuan , Wang Xingguo , Song Zhihua
Published: April 2012

The kinetics and thermodynamics of the esterification of citric acid (CA) and monoglycerides (MGs) for citrate esters of monoacylglycerols catalyzed by Novozym 435 in tert‐butyl alcohol system was studied in this work. The relationship between initial reaction rate and temperature was established, based on the Arrhenius law. A linear relationship was established between the initial reaction rate and enzyme load up to 3 g/L, which demonstrated that the influence of external mass transfer limitations on the reaction could be eliminated. The reaction kinetics agreed with the Ping‐Pong Bi–Bi mechanism with CA inhibition characterized by Vmax, KB, KA, and KiA, values of 0.7092 mmol/(min g), 0.0553, 0.0136 and 0.1948 mol/L, respectively. The model was used to simulate the reaction process. The values calculated from the kinetic mode agreed well with the experimental rate data under the different MG and CA concentrations.
Occupational Burnout Levels of Turkish Imams
Authors: Küçüksüleymanoğlu Rüyam
Published: April 2012

The main purpose of this study was to examine the level of occupational burnout among Turkish imams. The study was a descriptive one in which the data was gathered through the “Maslach Burnout Inventory” and the “Personal Information Form”, which were given to 124 imams working in Bursa, Turkey. For the 124 imams with the study population comprised, 11 variables were examined. These variables were, marital status, age, educational level, length of service, working district, occupational difficulty, using computer technology, occupational research, part-time job, Arabic language, and size of community. For the statistical analysis of the collected data Kruskal–Wallis, t test, ANOVA χ2, and Fisher's exact test were used. The results indicated that although there was no statistical difference between the education level, marital status, Arabic, and computer knowledge variables among imams in any of the subscales, there were significant differences on emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment subscales ( p < 0.005) on age, length of service, workplace, occupational difficulty, part-time job, occupational research, and size of the community variables.
Implementing AORN Recommended Practices for Laser Safety
Authors: Castelluccio Donna
Published: April 2012

Lasers used in the OR pose many risks to both patients and personnel. AORN's “Recommended practices for laser safety in perioperative practice settings” identifies the potential hazards associated with laser use, such as eye damage and fire‐ and smoke‐related injuries. The practice recommendations are intended to be used as a guide for establishing best practices in the workplace and to give perioperative nurses strategies for implementing the recommended safety measures. A laser safety program should include measures to control access to laser use areas; protect staff members and patients from exposure to the laser beam; provide staff members and patients with the appropriate safety eyewear for use in the laser use area; and protect staff members and patients from surgical smoke, electrical, and fire hazards. Measures such as using a safety checklist or creating a laser cart can help perioperative nurses successfully incorporate the practice recommendations. Patient scenarios are included as examples of how to use the document in real‐life situations.
Treatment Patterns and Costs in Patients With Generalised Anxiety Disorder: One-Year Retrospective Analysis of Data From National Registers in Sweden
Authors: Sandelin R. , Kowalski J. , Ahnemark E. , Allgulander C.
Published: April 2012

Purpose

To investigate medication use, direct healthcare costs and comorbidities in patients with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) within specialised care in Sweden 2006–2007.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted using data from the National Patient Register and the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. All patients with a primary GAD (ICD-10) diagnosis in 2006 were followed for 12 months to study medication use and health care consumption. Resource use was evaluated from the number of hospitalisation episodes, number of visits to outpatient care and medication dispensed. Costs were calculated by multiplying the number of visits and hospitalisation episodes with the corresponding unit costs. Descriptive statistics were used for all analyses.

Results

Three thousand seven hundred and one patients with a primary GAD diagnosis were included in the study. Thirty-four percent of the patients (n= 1246) had at least one secondary comorbid diagnosis. SSRIs/SNRIs were the most commonly dispensed medications, followed by benzodiazepine-anxiolytics, hypnotics and antihistamines. The mean number of treatment days for all medications prescribed and dispensed was highest (1144 days) for elderly women aged 65 years or more (treatment days per patient could exceed 365 days due to multiple concomitant medication use). Elderly patients were frequently prescribed benzodiazepine-anxiolytics (n= 92/117 men [79%];n= 238/284 women [84%]) and hypnotics (n= 70 men [60%];n= 178 women [63%]) compared to the overall study population (n= 612/1303 men [47%] andn= 935/2398 women [39%], respectively). GAD-related direct costs accounted for 96% of all direct costs. Mean number of hospitalisation days and corresponding costs were high (19 days; SEK 92,156;n= 358 [9.7%]) in relation to medication (SEK 5520;n= 3352 [91%]) and outpatient costs (SEK 7698;n= 3461 [94%]).

Conclusions

The high rate of polypharmacy, significant psychiatric comorbidity and widespread use of benzodiazepine-anxiolytics and medications not indicated for GAD suggest that the disease burden is high. Total direct costs associated with the disease were high but still likely to be underestimated.
Comparison of “push” and “pull” methods for impacted fetal head extraction during cesarean delivery
Authors: Veisi Firoozeh , Zangeneh Maryam , Malekkhosravi Shohreh , Rezavand Negin
Published: April 2012

Objective

To compare maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with the “push” and “pull” methods for impacted fetal head extraction during cesarean delivery.

Methods

A prospective study was conducted at Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran, from April 2006 to March 2008. After failed vacuum extraction, women with obstructed labor caused by impacted fetal head were randomly assigned to deliver via the push method (n = 35) or the pull method (n = 37). The outcomes investigated included operation time, operative blood loss, incidence of extension of the uterine incision, and postpartum fever. Data were analyzed using χ2 and Student t tests.

Results

Mean operative time and incidence of extension of the uterine incision were significantly increased in the group that delivered via the push method (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the other maternal and neonatal morbidities between the groups, although there was 1 case of neonatal femoral fracture in the pull group.

Conclusion

Although the pull method may lead to some neonatal complications, it is associated with lower maternal morbidity than the push method when used for impacted fetal head extraction during cesarean delivery.
The dynamics of electoral politics in Abkhazia
Authors: Beacháin Donnacha Ó
Published: April 2012

Presidential and parliamentary elections in Abkhazia are pluralistic and competitive. They have led to the transfer of power from government to opposition forces. This in itself is a remarkable fact in the post-Soviet context, where the outcome of elections very often is determined in advance by the ruling elite. The article explains how and why this form of electoral democracy could occur in Abkhazia, arguably the most ethnically heterogeneous of all post-Soviet de facto states. Drawing on a wide variety of primary sources and data from within Abkhazia, particularly interviews with key players, the author describes the remarkable willingness of the main political actors to compromise and assesses to what extent Abkhazia’s democratic credentials are sustainable
The ‘national’ in international and transnational science
Authors: WALKER MARK
Published: April 2012

This essay analyses discussions of national versus international or transnational science, with an emphasis on the journal Osiris from 1986 to 2009, including the concepts of national science, national styles and characters in science, scientific internationalism, transfer of science and scientists from one nation to another, and comparison of different national examples. The author argues that perceiving science as a ‘national’ activity has not only been persistent, it is also perhaps inevitable. This special issue on transnational histories of science raises the question of what is gained and lost by such an approach. First of all, what is the distinction between ‘transnational’ and ‘international’? The dictionary defines the latter as something existing, occurring, or carried on between two nations, while the former extends or operates across national boundaries. Thus ‘international’ implies some sort of commerce. In contrast, transnational is a loosely defined term.
Inter-Communal Relations and Changes in Religious Affiliation in the Middle East (Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries)
Authors: Valensi Lucette
Published: April 2012

Religion … appears in all different sorts in Syria: Turks, Jews, Heretics, Schismatics, Naturalists, Idolaters; or to be more exact these are genera that have their species in great number, for in Aleppo alone we counted sixteen types of religions of which four were Turks different from each other; of Idolaters, there remains only one sort which worships the sun; of Naturalists, those who maintain the natural essence of God with some superstition concerning cows and who come from this side of the borders of Mogor; and the others without superstitions named Druze, living in Anti-Lebanon under a prince called the Emir. They pay a tribute to the Great Lord, and live in their own manner, naturally. From this one can see how necessary it is to have good missionaries, and virtuous ones, for all the scandals that go on in this Babylon, and learned men to refute so many errors. There are fourteen Sects or Nations differing from each other completely in Religion, in rite, in language, and in their manner of dressing: seven of these are Infidels, and seven Christians. The Infidels are Turks or Ottomans. Arabs, Kurds, Turcomans, Jezides, Druze and Jews. Among the Turks there are, moreover, several sects and cabals affecting Religious sentiments just as there are among the Jews.
Sin, Citizenship, and the Salvation of Souls: The Impact of Christian Priorities on Late-Roman and Post-Roman Society
Authors: MacCormack Sabine
Published: April 2012

The impact of Christianity on the functioning of the later Roman empire has been examined by historians ever since Gibbon published hisDecline and Fall.Had the Christians hastened the decline and fall of Rome? Outlining some themes of his projected work, Gibbon suggested before 1774 that indeed they had. In 1776, when publishing the first volume of his history, he touched on this same issue with considerable circumspection; but five years later, his earlier opinion appeared in print under the heading of “General Observations on the Decline of the Empire in the West” by way of concluding the third volume of the work. Here, Gibbon stated:

As the happiness of afuturelife is the great object of religion, we may hear, without surprise or scandal, that the introduction, or at least the abuse, of Christianity had some influence on the decline and fall of the Roman empire. The clergy successfully preached the doctrines of patience and pusillanimity; the active virtues of society were discouraged: and the last remains of military spirit were buried in the cloister; a large portion of public and private wealth was consecrated to the specious demands of charity and devotion; and the soldiers' pay was lavished on the useless multitudes of both sexes, who could only plead the merits of abstinence and chastity.
Influence of the ion wake-field on the eikonal cross section for the electron–dust collision in dusty plasmas
Authors: JUNG YOUNG-DAE , HONG WOO-PYO
Published: April 2012

The ion wake-field effects on the elastic electron–dust collisions are investigated in complex dusty plasmas. The eikonal method is employed to investigate the behaviors of the scattering phase shift and scattering cross section due to the variation of the strength of the wake-field. It is shown that the eikonal phase shift decreases with an increase of the Mach number and increases with an increase of the impact parameter. It is also shown that the eikonal phase shift decreases with increasing Debye length. The eikonal cross section for the elastic electron–dust collision is found to be increased due to the influence of the wake-field. In addition, it is found that the wake-field effect on the eikonal cross section is almost independent of the Debye length.
The expression of positive and negative schizotypy in daily life: an experience sampling study
Authors: Kwapil T. R. , Brown L. H. , Silvia P. J. , Myin-Germeys I. , Barrantes-Vidal N.
Published: April 2012

Background

Psychometrically identified positive schizotypy and negative schizotypy are differentially related to psychopathology, personality and social functioning. However, little is known about the experience and expression of schizotypy in daily life and the psychological mechanisms that trigger psychotic-like experiences.

Method

The present study employed experience sampling methodology (ESM) to assess positive and negative schizotypy in daily life in a non-clinical sample of 412 young adults. ESM is a structured diary technique in which participants are prompted at random times during the day to complete assessments of their current experiences.

Results

As hypothesized, positive schizotypy was associated with increased negative affect, thought impairment, suspiciousness, negative beliefs about current activities and feelings of rejection, but not with social disinterest or decreased positive affect. Negative schizotypy, on the other hand, was associated with decreased positive affect and pleasure in daily life, increased negative affect, and decreases in social contact and interest. Both positive schizotypy and negative schizotypy were associated with the desire to be alone when with others. However, this was moderated by anxiety in positive schizotypy and by diminished positive affect in negative schizotypy.

Conclusions

The results support the construct validity of a multidimensional model of schizotypy and the ecological validity of the positive and negative schizotypy dimensions. ESM appears to be a promising method for examining the daily life experiences of schizotypic individuals.
Xenophon'sCyropaediaand military reform in Sparta
Authors: Christesen Paul
Published: April 2012

Xenophon'sCyropaediacan be read as a proto-novel, a biography, or as an essay on leadership or constitutional theory. This article argues that theCyropaediacan and should also be read as a pamphlet on practical military reform with special relevance to the Spartan state.

The inclusion of a series of proposals for the reform of the Spartan army in theCyropaediahas not heretofore been recognized because Xenophon presented those proposals in the guise of a reform of the Persian army undertaken by Cyrus. There was no historical basis for this part of theCyropaedia, and there is no trace of a major military reform in either the Greek or the Persian tradition about Cyrus as it existed before Xenophon. Cyrus' military reform was thus an authorial invention that presumably served some important narrative purpose.

Xenophon inserted a military reform into theCyropaediaas a way of presenting a proposal for the restructuring of the Spartan army. When Xenophon wrote theCyropaedia, the Spartans were struggling desperately to maintain their position in the face of a powerful Boeotian army. The Boeotians could put many more hoplites into the field and had a large cavalry force that they were using to excellent effect. The obvious response on the part of the Spartans was to take whatever measures were necessary to increase the number of men in their phalanx and to assemble a sizeable, highly trained group of horsemen. The programme of military reform enacted by Cyrus in theCyropaediaproduces just this result. If implemented in Sparta, this programme would have involved the wholesale addition of non-Spartiates to the Spartan phalanx and the conversion of the Spartanhomoioiinto an all-cavalry force.

Xenophon thus used Cyrus' army in theCyropaediato show what a revamped Spartan military might look like. The use of fictional narrative to explore ideas with immediate application to the real world has long been recognized as an integral part of theCyropaedia.This aspect of theCyropaediahas in the past been explored largely in regard to Xenophon's thinking about leadership and ethics, but it can and should be extended to include military reform in Sparta.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING: THE CASE OF EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT WAITING TIMES
Authors: Lim Morgan E. , Nye Tim , Bowen James M. , Hurley Jerry , Goeree Ron , Tarride Jean-Eric
Published: April 2012

A decision analytic model often comprises a significant part of a health technology assessment. As health technology assessment in the hospital setting evolves, there is an increased need for modeling methods that account for patient care pathways and interactions between patients and their environment. For example, an evaluation of a computed tomography (CT) scanner for a new indication would need to consider the current and increased demand of the machine and how that may affect service in other areas of the hospital. This problem solving approach views “problems” through a systems perspective.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF POISON CENTERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Galvao Tais F. , Silva Everton N. , Silva Marcus T. , Bronstein Alvin C. , Pereira Mauricio G.
Published: April 2012

Objectives:The aim of this study was to summarize and assess economic evaluations of poison centers (PCs) from the perspectives of society, the payer, and the healthcare system.

Methods:A systematic review was performed to identify complete economic evaluations regardless of the language or publication status. Two reviewers evaluated the abstracts for eligibility, extracted the data, and assessed the study quality using a standardized tool.

Results:In total, 422 non-duplicated studies were retrieved, but only nine met the eligibility criteria. Five of the eligible studies were published in the 1990s, and four were published in the 2000s. Six studies met at least seven of ten quality criteria. In all studies, the presence of PCs was compared with a scenario of their absence. Eight studies used cost–benefit analyses and one used a cost-effectiveness approach. The cost–benefit ratios ranged from 0.76 to 7.67, which indicates that each United States dollar (USD) spent on poison centers can save almost 8 USD on medical spending. A cost-effectiveness analysis showed that each successful outcome achieved by a PC avoids a minimum of 12,000 USD to 56,000 USD in other healthcare spending.

Conclusions:The data in our review show that PCs are economically viable. PCs improve the efficiency of healthcare expenditure and contribute to the sustainability of the healthcare system. An investment in PCs is a rational public health policy approach that contrasts the current trend of reducing spending on PCs.
RANK-BASED ESTIMATION FOR GARCH PROCESSES
Authors: Andrews Beth
Published: April 2012

We consider a rank-based technique for estimating generalized autoregressive conditionally heteroskedastic (GARCH) model parameters, some of which are scale transformations of conventional GARCH parameters. The estimators are obtained by minimizing a rank-based residual dispersion function similar to the one given in Jaeckel (1972,Annals of Mathematical Statistics43, 1449–1458). They are useful for GARCH order selection and preliminary estimation. We give a limiting distribution for the rank estimators that holds when the true parameter vector is in the interior of its parameter space and when some GARCH parameters are zero. The limiting theory is used to show that the rank estimators are robust, can have the same asymptotic efficiency as maximum likelihood estimators, and are relatively efficient compared to traditional Gaussian and Laplace quasi-maximum likelihood estimators. The behavior of the estimators for finite samples is studied via simulation, and we use rank estimation to fit a GARCH model to exchange rate log-returns.
A NEW DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR CROSS-SECTION UNCORRELATEDNESS IN NONPARAMETRIC PANEL DATA MODELS
Authors: Chen Jia , Gao Jiti , Li Degui
Published: April 2012

In this paper, we propose a new diagnostic test for residual cross-section uncorrelatedness (CU) in a nonparametric panel data model. The proposed nonparametric CU test is a nonparametric counterpart of an existing parametric cross-section dependence test proposed in Pesaran (2004, Cambridge Working paper in Economics 0435). Without assuming cross-section independence, we establish asymptotic distribution for the proposed test statistic for the case where both the cross-section dimension and the time dimension go to infinity simultaneously, and then analyze the power function of the proposed test under a sequence of local alternatives that involve a nonlinear multifactor model. The simulation results and real data analysis show that the nonparametric CU test associated with an asymptotic critical value works well.
THE CORRELATION STRUCTURE OF SPATIAL AUTOREGRESSIONS
Authors: Martellosio Federico
Published: April 2012

This paper investigates how the correlations implied by a first-order simultaneous autoregressive (SAR(1)) process are affected by the weights matrix and the autocorrelation parameter. A graph theoretic representation of the covariances in terms of walks connecting the spatial units helps to clarify a number of correlation properties of the processes. In particular, we study some implications of row-standardizing the weights matrix, the dependence of the correlations on graph distance, and the behavior of the correlations at the extremes of the parameter space. Throughout the analysis differences between directed and undirected networks are emphasized. The graph theoretic representation also clarifies why it is difficult to relate properties ofWto correlation properties of SAR(1) models defined on irregular lattices.
ORDERING CONSECUTIVE k-OUT-OF-n:F SYSTEMS
Authors: Da Gaofeng , Zheng Ben , Hu Taizhong
Published: April 2012

Stochastic comparisons of linear (circular) consecutive k-out-of-n:F systems with independent components are studied. A sufficient condition is given under which the lifetime of a circular consecutive k-out-of-n:F system with independent and nonidentically distributed components is stochastically decreasing in n for fixed k. Furthermore, the likelihood ratio orderings of the lifetimes of linear (circular) consecutive k-out-of-n:F systems with independent and identically distributed components are also established, and some counterexamples are given to show that these orderings are not true in general.
ANALYTICALLY EXPLICIT RESULTS FOR THE GI/C-MSP/1/∞ QUEUEING SYSTEM USING ROOTS
Authors: Chaudhry M. L. , Samanta S. K. , Pacheco A.
Published: April 2012

In this paper, we present (in terms of roots) a simple closed-form analysis for evaluating system-length distribution at prearrival epochs of the GI/C-MSP/1 queue. The proposed analysis is based on roots of the associated characteristic equation of the vector-generating function of system-length distribution. We also provide the steady-state system-length distribution at an arbitrary epoch by using the classical argument based on Markov renewal theory. The sojourn-time distribution has also been investigated. The prearrival epoch probabilities have been obtained using the method of roots which is an alternative approach to the matrix-geometric method and the spectral method. Numerical aspects have been tested for a variety of arrival- and service-time distributions and a sample of numerical outputs is presented. The proposed method not only gives an alternative solution to the existing methods, but it is also analytically simple, easy to implement, and computationally efficient. It is hoped that the results obtained will prove beneficial to both theoreticians and practitioners.
STOCHASTIC MULTI-ITEM INVENTORY SYSTEMS WITH MARKOV-MODULATED DEMANDS AND PRODUCTION QUANTITY REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Atalı Aykut , Özer Özalp
Published: April 2012

We study a multi-item two-stage production system subject to Markov-modulated demands and production quantity requirements. The demand distribution for each item in each period is governed by a discrete Markov chain. The products are manufactured in two stages. In the first stage, a common intermediate product is manufactured, followed by product differentiation in the second stage. Lower and upper production limits, also known as production smoothing constraints, are imposed on both stages for all items. We propose a close-to-optimal heuristic to manage this system. To do so, we develop a lower bound problem and show that a state-dependent, modified base-stock policy is optimal. We also show when and why the heuristic works well. In our numerical study, the average optimality gap was 4.34%. We also establish some monotonicity results for policy parameters with respect to the production environment. Using these results and our numerical observations, we investigate the joint effect of (i) the two-stage production process, (ii) the production flexibility, and (iii) the fluctuating demand environment on the system's performance. For example, we quantify the value of flexible production as well as the effect of smoothing constraints on the benefits of postponement. We show that a redesign of the production process to allow for delayed product differentiation is more effective and valuable when it is accompanied by an investment in production flexibility.
Lady Astor and the Ladies of the Night: The Home Office, the Metropolitan Police and the Politics of the Street Offences Committee, 1927–28
Authors: Slater Stefan
Published: April 2012

Section 54 (11) of the Metropolitan Police Act 1839 criminalized the act of a common prostitute causing annoyance by soliciting in public.2For the police to implement this legislation was no simple matter, as no definition of “prostitute,” or indeed “annoyance,” was scribed in statute law. Although common law aided the interpretation of this offense—the case ofRex v. de Munck(1918): “We are of the opinion that prostitution is proved if it is shown that a woman offers her body commonly for lewdness of payment in return”3—in practice, identifying a “common prostitute” and defining “annoyance” was left to the discretion of the individual police officer. Although specific squads were deployed to target streetwalkers in West End police divisions, where the presence of prostitutes was more likely to cause public offense, a “blind eye” was often turned to women soliciting in the less salubrious streets of the metropolis. Local knowledge gained on the beat and the informal advice of colleagues shaped an unofficial police policy of containment and toleration.4
A long-lasting outbreak ofSalmonellaTyphimurium U323 associated with several pork products, Denmark, 2010
Authors: KUHN K. G. , SØRENSEN G. , TORPDAHL M. , KJELDSEN M. K. , JENSEN T. , GUBBELS S. , BJERAGER G. O. , WINGSTRAND A. , PORSBO L. J. , ETHELBERG S.
Published: April 2012

This paper shows that control of foodborne disease outbreaks may be challenging even after establishing the source of infection. An outbreak ofSalmonellaTyphimurium U323 infections occurred in Denmark from March to September 2010, involving 172 cases. Before the detection of human cases, several positive isolates of the outbreak strain had been found in a particular pig slaughterhouse and thus early traceback, investigation and control measures were possible. Several batches of pork and pork products were recalled and the slaughterhouse was closed twice for disinfection. No single common food item was identified as the outbreak source, but repeated isolation of the outbreak strain from the slaughterhouse environment and in pork and products as well as patient interviews strongly suggested different pork products as the source of infection. Furthermore, a matched case-control study identified a specific ready-to-eat spreadable pork sausage (teewurst) as the source of a sub-outbreak (matched odds ratio 17, 95% confidence interval 2·1–130).
Beyond learner autonomy: a dynamic systems view of the informal learning of English in virtual online communities
Authors: Sockett Geoffrey , Toffoli Denyze
Published: April 2012

This article discusses the informal learning of English by non-native speakers with particular reference to the role of virtual communities. The concept of informal learning is presented and related to current areas of interest in the literature such as incidental learning, and dynamic systems theory. Our research investigates how non-specialist language learners use the Internet in their spare time to read and listen to English, and also communicate in English, notably in online communities through social networking websites. The study looks particularly at the dynamics of these phenomena by studying a small number of non-native users of English over a period of two months. The results of this research will be used to question the relevance of the learner autonomy paradigm, which has been a cornerstone of language learning policy in Europe for the past thirty years.
REVIEW OF OPIOID PCA FOR LABOUR ANALGESIA
Authors: HILL DAVID , McMACKIN PAUL
Published: April 2012

The epidural route is currently the gold standard for labour analgesia, although it is not without serious consequences, especially when incorrect placement goes unrecognised. Intravascular, intrathecal and subdural placements have been reported to occur with incidences of 1 in 5000, 1 in 2900 and 1 in 4200 respectively. Until recent years there has not been a viable alternative to epidural analgesia.
FETAL DYSMORPHOLOGY
Authors: CLAYTON-SMITH JILL
Published: April 2012

Congenital malformations are common, occurring in around 1 in 40 pregnancies. Analysis of data from European population-based congenital anomaly registers reported a malformation rate of 29.3 per 1000 births. Eighty percent of these were in live births whereas 17% were observed in fetuses terminated after ultrasound diagnosis of fetal abnormality. The remainder were stillborn or fetal deaths in utero. Fetal autopsy is still regarded as the gold standard procedure for identification of fetal abnormalities but assessment of the fetus by a clinical geneticist or other specialist with expertise in dysmorphology may also be informative. When coupled with other investigations which are non-invasive or involve only sampling of blood or other body fluids, examination for external malformations and dysmorphic features may complement autopsy findings or provide important information as to the causation of fetal abnormalities when autopsy is not possible. This situation is now becoming more common as rates of fetal autopsy have dropped significantly in the UK in recent years.
Practical guide for prescribing MAOIs: debunking myths and removing barriers
Authors: Grady Meghan M. , Stahl Stephen M.
Published: April 2012

Despite the fact that monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) can be highly effective therapeutic agents for depression and some anxiety disorders, they tend to be underutilized in clinical practice. This is due at least in part to the fact that there is a great deal of misinformation and mythology about their dietary and drug interactions. This article is intended to serve as a guide for clinicians who are not particularly familiar with MAO inhibitors; its aim is to help these clinicians competently integrate these agents into clinical practice when appropriate.