bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The sensitizing capacity of Compositae plants I. Occupational contact dermatitis from Arnica longifolia Eaton
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Herrmann H. D. , Willuhn G.
Published: April 2006

Three patients with occupational contact dermatitis due to Arnica longifolia Eaton and Arnica montana L. are reported. During cultivation, harvesting of the flower heads, chemical investigation of the sesquiterpene lactone constituents and preparation of therapeutic tinctures, they had frequent contact with the plant materials. Patch tests with the two sesquiterpene lactones carabron and helenalin, isolated during investigation from A. lungifolia Eaton, were positive in all three patients, though the second patient had never shown visible allergic reactions of the skin. Sensitization experiments with carabron in five guinea pigs were successful.

The investigation results revealed that carabron, helenalin and the acetyl derivative of helenalin must be considered as the sensitizers of A. longifolia, and helenalin acetate and properly arnifolin as sensitizeis of A. motana.

Studies on cross reactivity in the sensitized animals with six related sesquiterpene lactones showed that only those compounds gave a positive test response which contain an α‐methylene γ‐lactone group. Cross reactions were obtained with a crude extract of Chrysanthemum indicum L.

The case reports supported by the patch test and investigation results demonstrate that persons handling a new drug from the Compositae family run a risk of developing an allergy after intensive contact with the plant and its constituents.
Solubility of cobalt in cement
Authors: Fregert S. , Gruvberger B.
Published: April 2006

Unlike chromate, cobalt occurring as cobalt oxides in cement is not water‐soluble in a detectable amount. Cobalt oxides are to some extent voluble in the presence of amino acids with which cobalt forms complexes. Such complexes can elicit patch test reactions. It is postulated that cobalt is more readily dissolved by forming complexes in eczematous skin than in normal skin. This may explain why cobalt sensitization in cement eczemas is secondary to chromate sensitivity.
Cross allergy between paranitro compounds with special reference to DNCB and chloramphenicol
Authors: Erikskn Knud
Published: April 2006

Cross allergy between paranitro compounds including DNCB and chloramphenicol was studied in 42 patients. A total of 27 had been primarily sensitized to DNCB, and 15 patients with eczema exhibited a delayed‐type reaction to chloramphenicol, showing u positive patch lest. All 15 patients with chloramphenieol allergy cross reacted with chloramphenicol succinate and chloramphenicol palmitate. Three of them cross reacted with paranitrobenzoic acid, and two of these also with paradinitrobenzene. None of the 15 patients cross reacted with DNCB in acetone or DNCB in petrolatum, and none reacted to picric acid, paranitrophtnol or dinitroorthocresol. The 27 patients primarily sensitized to DNCB did not cross react with any of the paranitro compounds studied, in particular not with chloramphenicol or its salts. Thus, the study confirms the specificity of the DNCB sensitivity.
Clinical and immunological aspects of sporotrichosis cutanea*
Authors: Meneghini C. L. , Angelini G. , Bonifazi E. , Lospalluti M.
Published: April 2006

A series of 14 cases of Sporotrichosis cutanea is reported. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of the disease are discussed in the light of recent data. In addition to cultures, the diagnostic methods to he considered include an indirect immunofluorescence test, which is positive at variable titre and for which use may he made of normal human antiserum or anti‐immunoglobulin, mainly IgG and IgM, antisera.

The mainstay of the treatment is preparations of iodine, with trimethoprim‐sulpha‐methoxazole as a possible alternative.
Alantolactone sensitivity in chrysanthemum contact dermatitis
Authors: Campolmi P. , Sertoli A. , Fabbri P. , Panconesi E.
Published: April 2006

A case of occupational chrysanthemum contact dermatitis is reported. Patch tests showed the patienttobe sensitized to Chrysanthemum morifolium (Chr M) leaves, flowers, and stems (alcoholic extracts) and to alantolactone. An attempt at desensitizalion appears to have been successful.

Gas chromatography indicated the presence of alantolactone in all the various parts of Chr M, mostly in the flowers.

The “maximization test” succeeded in sensitizing guinea pigs to alantolactone.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to isophorone diamine (IPD) used as an epoxy resin hardener
Authors: Lachapelle J. M. , Tennstedt D. , Dumont‐Fruytier M.
Published: April 2006

Three patients employed in the manufacture of plastic tennis rackets developed allergic contact dermatitis to isophorone diamine (IPD), an epoxy resin hardener, and con‐comitantly to epoxy resin.

Patch tests were positive to IPD at 1, 2 and 5 % in olive oil and to IPD at 1, 2 and 5 % in ethanol.

Investigations were conducted in control subjects to confirm the allergic nature of reactions. A review of the literature about IPD and related compounds is presented.
Quinine dermatitis: Investigation of a factory outbreak
Authors: Hardie R. A. , Savin J. A. , White D. A. , Pumford S.
Published: April 2006

An outbreak of dermatitis is reported in process workers in a factory manufacturing quinine. Patch testing suggests that the main problem is a primary irritant contact dermatitis.
Sensitization and testing of guinea pigs with cobalt chloride
Authors: Wahlberg Jan E. , Boman Anders
Published: April 2006

The guinea pig maximization, test was used to study the sensitizing potential of cobalt chloride; 1 % CoCl2, was used for injection and 5 % for topical application. The animals were challenged twice; in series I epicutaneous testing was performed 3 weeks after sensitization and intradermal testing after yet another week. In series II the reverse schedule was used, i, e. intradermal testing after 3 weeks and epicutaneous after 4 weeks. CoCl2 was found to be a grade V allergen. The differences between cobalt‐exposed and control animals (which had been treated with Freund's adjuvant, petrolatum, occlusion, etc.) were statistically significant (P < 0.001), However, the administration of cobalt at the first challenge testing caused this difference to diminish.
Factors influencing nickel dermatitis. II.
Authors: De Jongh G. J. , Spruit D.
Published: April 2006

The nickel concentrations in urine and other data of a very hypersensitive female patient have been followed during two periods exceeding 30 days each. Only a limited degree of correlation was found between the course of the nickel concentration in urine and the clinical activity of the dermatitis. In order to better evaluate the measure of the correlation and the influence of some other factors upon the activity of the dermatitis, a pathway analysis scheme has been constructed. Consideration of this scheme reveals the need for more extensive data regarding the nickel ion climate in the body.
Cosmetic regulatory activities in the United States: past, present and future
Authors: Eiermann Heinz J.
Published: April 2006

To protect consumers from unsafe or deceptively labeled cosmetics, the Food and Drug Administration promulgates regulations, conducts factory inspections, investigates marketed products, evaluates consumer complaints, maintains registries of voluntarily submitted formulation and adverse reaction information, and carries out analytical, microbiological and lexicological studies. There has been a significant shift in program priorities from surveillance activities to scientific research and the determination of systemic hazards to health. Major scientific efforts involve studies to determine the dermal toxicity of cosmetics, develop methods for predicting the efficacy of preservatives, and answer questions about the skin penetration and carcinogenicity of nitrosodiethanolamine. A further issue of concern is the carcinogenic hazard of hair dyes.
Contact eczema produced by a β‐adrenergic blocking agent (alprenolol)
Authors: Ekenvall Lena , Forsbeck Margit
Published: April 2006

In a pharmaceutical industry, several cases of allergic contact eczema caused by the β‐adrenergic blocking agent alprenolol (Aptin) have appeared. This report deals with 12 men and two women who developed eczema during work with the substance. In 13 of the 14 cases, the induction time for sensitization was less than 1 year. The skin reactions were very florid. After healing they could be reproduced by very small quantities of the substance. In one case, eczema could also be produced after ingestion of Aptin tablets. AH the cases were transferred to other work within the factory. An intensive programme was implemented to remove dust from the working areas. Despite this, isolated new cases still appear.

Some employees in contact with the substance also experienced mucous membrane symptoms. These symptoms could not be shown to have an allergic aetiology, but were considered to be irritant reactions. Alprenolol must be considered a very strong contact allergen.
Sensitizing capacity of naturally occurring quinones V. 2.6‐Dimethoxy‐p‐benzoquinone: Occurrence and significance as a contact allergen
Authors: Hausen B. M.
Published: April 2006

2.6‐dimethoxy‐1,4‐benzixjuinone has already been discovered in more than 25 different plants and woods. Several authors have shown its strong bacteriostatic activity against micro‐organisms.

In 1972 a positive skin reaction to 2.6‐dimethoxybenzoquinone was obtained in a patient allergic to Sucupira wood (Bowdichia nitida Benth.). This compound could be isolated from the wood.

During the chemical investigations of other commercial woods which have been described as the cause of allergic contact dermatitis, 2.6‐dimethoxybenzoquinone could be isolated from an additional 21 different species. In the case of Australian blackwood Acacia melanoxylon R. BR., its structure was elucidated by x‐ray analysis.

Sensitization of guinea pigs revealed that 2.6‐dimethoxybenzoquinone is a relatively good sensitizer.

In some of the woods investigated, quinones have never been discovered before, for example in Makoré, Australian blackwood, Wengé, White wood, Afrormosia and Afzelia. In 10 of them only this quinone was detectable.

Besides its allergenic properties, 2.6‐dimethoxybenzoquinone may be responsible for the high termite resistance of these woods.

In all cases of contact dermatitis from these wood species in which quinoid allergens other than 2.6‐dimethoxybenzoquinone could be detected, this quinone should be used for patch tests.
Nyloprint‐sensitive patients react to NN' methylene bis acrylamide
Authors: Malten K. E. , Meer‐Roosen C. H. van der , Seutter E.
Published: April 2006

Two patients showed occupational contact sensitization to a component present in the Nyloprint photopolymer printing plate. The component could not be identified chemically. It contains an acrylamide group. Both patients gave group‐specific reactions to NN' methylene bis acrylamide. This must be a closely related substance. Possible preventive measures are discussed. The manufacturer should have disclosed the allergic substance and instructed his customer adequately. A “philosophy” concerning this point is being developed.
Purpuric allergic contact dermatitis to paraphenylenediamine*
Authors: Shmunes Edwaro
Published: April 2006

A 59‐year‐old saleswoman of black hats presented with a severe purpuric eruption of the exposed areas of the face, neck and arms. Patch testing to paraphenylenediamine produced a purpuric test reaction. Similar eruptions have been reported due to N‐isopropyl‐N‐phenylparaphenylenediamine (IPPD), a rubber antioxidant. The patient had previous dermatitis underneath the elastic portions of her undergarments. It was determined that IPPD is added to elastic material used in some elastic trim on undergarments in the United States. This relationship is discussed.
Predictive evaluation in animals of the contact allergenic potential of medically important substances I. Comparison of different methods of inducing and measuring cutaneous sensitization
Authors: Maurer Th , Thomann P. , Weirich E. G. , Hess R.
Published: April 2006

Groups of guinea pigs were sensitized with a 0.1% solution of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) by the Draize intracutaneous method, The course of the induction process, the influence of the vehicles used and the extent to which the reactions are amenable to assessment according to objective criteria were examined. The sensitivity of the standardized Draize test was then compared with that of various other sensitization techniques, including:

The intracutaneous test with adjuvant (optimization test)

The maximization test according to Magnusson & Kligman (1969)

The epidermal sensitization test

The epidermal sensitization lest wish prior irritation of the contact site (by croton oil or sodium lauryl sulphate).

Comparison of these methods revealed that either the additional application of adjuvant or prior irritation of the contact site augmented the degree of sensitization to DNCR just as greatly as the simultaneous use of adjuvant and prior irritation of the skin, (maximization test.). The improved sensitization methods, and in particular the standardised optimization test, may prove to be of particular value for the study of so‐called weak allergens.
Phototoxicity of Dictamnus alba*
Authors: Möller Halvor
Published: April 2006

Phytophotodermatitis from Dictamnus alba was observed in three patients. Thin‐layer chromatography and spectrophotometry disclosed the occurrence of 5‐methoxypsoralen: md 8‐methoxypsoralen in the plant extracts which was also demonstrated by their photo‐toxic activity in vitro.
Triclocarban: Evaluation of contact dermatitis potential in man
Authors:   INTERNATIONAL CONTACT DERMATITIS RESEARCH GROUP (ICDRG), MAJBACH HOWARD , BANDMANN H.‐J. , CALNAN C. D. , CRONIN E. , FREGERT S. , HJORTH N. , MAGNUSSON B. , MALTEN K. E. , MENEGHINI C. L. , PIRILÄ V. , WILKINSON D. S. , JOHANNSEN FREDERICK R.
Published: April 2006

Triclocarban was subjected to a profiling of its dermatitis producing potential including irritancy (21–day cumulative irritancy potential and application to 213 normal controls), phototoxicity (method of Marzulli), predictive contact sensitization (modified Draize method), predictive phototesting and buttery screening in 2200 dermatitis patients, in an effort to define its relative dermatitis potential. The allergic contact dermatitis potential of triclocarban following bar soap use appears minimal.
Treatment of pompholyx due to nickel allergy with chelating agents
Authors: Menné Torkil , Kaaher Knud
Published: April 2006

Ingestion of nickel is important for the chronicity of hand eczema in nickel‐sensitive patients. We have tried the effect of chelating agents. Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and tetraethyl thiuramdisulfide (TETD) have proved effective in the treatment of nickel carbonyl poisoning. A 66‐year‐old woman suffering from severe nickel dermatitis has been treated in three periods, first with DDC 100 mg Q. I. D. for 20 days, and later with TETD 100 mg T. I. D. for two periods. An improvement has been observed in all three experiments.
Isomorphic skin reaction with DMCB in SLE and DLE
Authors: Temesvári E. , Horvath A. , Krámer M. , Ablonczy E. , Király K.
Published: April 2006

DNCB sensitization was studied in 76 cases of systemic and 44 of discoid lupus erythematosus and in 101 immunosuppressed and tumor patients as controls, as well as in 40 contact‐sensitized eczematous and 115 unselected patients. Sensitization of patients with discoid LE and that of mixed patients are of the same order, while it is lower in the systemic LE group.

The highest incidence was found in the polysensitized positive cam nil group; the lowest in the immunosuppressed and tumor patients, DNCB sensitization showed clear age dependency in the different groups. At the site of the DNCB exposure, isomorphic reactions were found in 43% of discoid and 25% of systemic LE patients. Histological and immunofluorescence studies supported the findings of the clinical picture, i. e. the appearance of isomorphic reactions at the site of the exposure cannot be related either to the intensity of the early reaction or with the developing intensity.
Skin sensitivity to denture base materials in the burning mouth syndrome
Authors: Kaaber Svend , Thulin Henning , Nielsen Eivikd
Published: April 2006

The significance of sensitizing compounds in the denture base for the etiology of the burning mouth syndrome (HMS) has been studied in 53 denture‐wearing persons, seven mules and 46 females. Epicutaneous patch tests were performed with standard concentrations of benzoyl peroxide, dibutylphthalate, dimethyl‐p‐toluidine, formaldehyde, hydroquinone, methylmethacrylate, p‐phenylendiamine and with cadmium sulfate, potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride and nickel sulfate. Furthermore, patch testing was performed with filings from the denture mixed with the patient's own saliva. In cases with an inflamed oral mucosa, the presence of hyphae of Candida albicans was assessed by a smear technique. Positive skin reactions were observed in 15 persons to dimethyl‐p‐toluidine, hydroquinone, formaldehyde, methylmethacrylate, p‐phenylendiamine, potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride and nickel sulfate, including three cases with reactions to filings from their dentures, and one patient, who after subsequent testing showed skin sensitivity to balsam of Peru. In 12 cases an etiological connection could be traced between the oral symptoms and the denture base, indicating that contact sensitivity to base materials or to allergens and microbial antigens on the denture plate plays a greater role in the pathogenesis of BMS in edentulous persons than previously suggested.
Allergy to various components of topical preparations in stasis dermatitis and leg ulcer
Authors: Fräki J. E. , Peltoven L. , Hopsu‐Havu V. K.
Published: April 2006

Patients suffering from stasis dermatitis and leg ulcers (192) were found to give an allergic reaction in epicutaneous texts to one or more components of topical preparations in 69.2% of cases. The most common reactions were obtained with neomycin 34.0% and its component framycetin 31.2%, wool alcohols 22.9% balsam of Peru 21.4%, chlorquinaldon 16.7% bacitracin 13.1% chinoform 10.9% dequalin 9.9% formaldehyde 4.2% and parabens 3.6% The incidence of allergic reactions reflects local use of preparations containing various allergens as well sis their capacity to produce allergy. Allergy may in some CLISO interfere with effective topical therapy. Debrisan® dextran polymer heads were found to the suitable for treatment of ulcers of multiallergic patients without risk of contact allergy.
Nickel allergy and osteomyelitis in a patient with metal osteosynthesis of a jaw fracture
Authors: Roed‐Petersen B. , Roed‐Petersen J. , Jørgensen K. Dreyer
Published: April 2006

A 27‐year‐old female, after a fracture of the mandible treated with osteosynthesis and after a difficult extraction, developed osteomyelitis with fistulation and sequestration. Sequestrectomy and extraction of the teeth in the osleomyelitic area did not clear the patient of symptoms. A patch test to nickel turned out to be positive. After removal of the stainless steel cerclage in the mandible, clinical and radiographic changes returned to normal within 2 and 8 weeks, respectively. It is concluded that, whenever acute treatment docs not lake priority, patch tests comprising nickel, cobalt and chromium should he performed in patterns who are candidates for metal osteosynthesis.
Contact dermatitis from hydrazine derivatives
Authors: Suzuki Yumi , Ohkido Muneo
Published: April 2006

A 36‐yenr‐old man who worked at a chemical factory manifested contact dermatitis due to hydrazine derivatives. Thirty workers out of 130 in this factory were suspected of contracting contact dermatitis on exposed areas. Aminoguanidine hydrochloride, a blender for chicken feed, and the precursor and intermediate products of 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole, a herbicide, were found to be allergens for this contact dermatitis.
Primary irritant dermatitis from topical clioquinol
Authors: Kero Matti , Hannuksekla Matti , Sothman Aslak
Published: April 2006

During the 2‐year period 1976–1977, seven patients were studied with primary irritant dermatitis from topical preparations containing clioquinol. During the same period contact hypersensitivity to the compound was recorded in 35 eczema patients. Six of the seven patients with clioquinol irritancy had used creams containing 3% large crystal clioquinol and fluorinated steroids.

One patient had used 6% small crystal clioquinol cream. Challenge tests with 3% small crystal and large crystal clioquinol creams showed that crystal size did not affect the appearance of the appearance of irritant dermatitis.
Dissolution of cobalt from hard metal alloys by cutting fluids
Authors: Einarsson Ö. , Eriksson E. , Lindstedt G. , Wahlberg J. E.
Published: April 2006

On grinding hard metal alloys containing cobalt, the dissolution of cobalt during 5 days was studied for nine commercial cutting fluids. After 1 day, a major part of the cobalt liberated from the material ground is found in solution. This percentage decreases when grinding is continued using the same coolant fluid. Only a small fraction of the cobalt is found in particles in the circulating fluid. The bulk must be in the sediment in the storage tank, where it does no harm to the workers' skin. The final concentration of cobalt found in some fluids may be hazardous.
Allergenic nature of Parthenium hysterophorus
Authors: Sohi A. S. , Tiwari V. D. , Lonkar A. , Rangachar S. K. , Nagasampagi B. A.
Published: April 2006

Parthenin has been reported as the active allergen in Parthenium hysterophorus contact sensitivity. A study was carried out to test various chemical fractions of the plant for isolating and identifying the exact allergens. Two additional sesquiterpene lactones apart from parthenin have been shown to be allergenically active. Structures of these sesquiterpenoids are presented. Photopatch tests do not indicate a photosensitizing capacity for these compounds.
Allergic contact dermatitis to isopropylaminodiphenylamine (IPPD)
Authors: Alfonzo C.
Published: April 2006

Fifty‐one patients allergic to IPPD have been reviewed and the clinical features and prognosis discussed. In 38 of the 51 patients, the dermatitis was considered as occupational, the majority being employed in the transport industry.
Cumulative effect of surfactants on cutaneous horny layers: Lysosome labilizing action
Authors: Imokawa Genji , Mishima Yutaka
Published: April 2006

In order to analyze the role of various surfactants in the abnormal desquamation process of the epidermis in keratodermia type hand dermatitis, the lysosome labilizing effect of surfactants has been investigated by measuring the release of enzymes from lysosomes in vitro using spectrophotometric and gel chromatographic techniques. It has been found that the labilizing effect of surfactants decreases in the order of cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants and varies with its alkyl chain length. The relationship of the labilization and skin roughness inducing effect is also discussed.
Nylon stocking dermatitis
Authors: Imbeau Stephen A. , Reed Charles E.
Published: April 2006

We report herein a woman sensitive to nylon stockings of only brown or tan shade. Her situation is interesting for several reasons: she does not react to paraphenylediamine and she reacts to red and yellow dyes, but not to blue or the finish; however, when finish is applied to dyed blanks (red, yellow, or blue) she reacts vigorously to all three. We suspect the finish reacts with the dyes to either expose or produce an antigen previously not available to the skin.
Relationship between intensities of skin test reactions to glass‐fibres and chemical irritants
Authors: Björnberg Alf , Gun‐Britt Löwhagen  , Tengberg Jan‐Egon
Published: April 2006

A total of 98 workers at a glass‐wool factory were patch tested with glass‐fibres and six chemical irritants. A rubbing test with the fibres, a Trafuril test and provocation of dermographism were also performed. The subjects with strong patch test reactions to one quality of fibres also reacted strongly to the other types of fibres but did not show an increased sensitivity to other tests. The subjects with intense skin reactions to rubbing with the fibres showed an increased skin reactivity to Trafuril. A tendency towards increased reactivity to the patch tests with fibres was found in persons with fair skin and blue eyes.
Does occupational exposure to glass‐fibres increase the general skin reactivity to irritants?
Authors: Björnberg Alf , Löwhagen Gun‐Britt , Tengberg Jan‐Egon
Published: April 2006

A total of 33 workers at a glass‐wool factory were tested (patch tests with glass‐fibres and chemical irritants, epicutaneous tests with Trafuril® and intracutaneous tests with histamine) before starting to work at the factory and then re‐tested after at least 4 of exposure to glass‐fibres No statistically significant differences in the intensity of the skin reactions before and after exposure were found. Thus no general increased irritancy of the normal skin was induced by the continuous exposure to glass‐fibres.
Antabuse® treatment of nickel dermatitis. Chelation – a new principle in the treatment of nickel dermatitis
Authors: Kaaber Knud , Menne Torkil , Tjell Jens Christian , Veien Niels
Published: April 2006

Eleven nickel‐hypersensitive patients with chronic, dyshidrotic hand eczema aggravated by oral challenge with 0.6–2.5 mg nickel were treated with 100 mg tetraethylthiuramdisulfide (Antabuse®) two to four times daily for 4–10 weeks.

Nine of the patients experienced a flare of the dermatitis shortly after initiation of the treatment. During the course of treatment the dermatitis of seven patients, cleared, improvement was seen in two patients, and in two the dermatitis remained unchanged. Flare was seen in six patients when the treatment was discontinued.

Seven patients experienced side effects such as fatigue, headache and dizziness. The treatment of four patients was discontinued due to side effects. During the treatment high levels of nickel were found in the serum and urine.
A postal survey of patients with nickel and chromate dermatitis
Authors: Harrison Philip V.
Published: April 2006

A postal survey was made of 75 patients with nickel and chromate dermatitis who had been discharged from the clinic; 69 % of patients replied to the questionnaire and in 81 % of these the dermatitis was still active. In many patients (48 %) this was causing significant disability long after initial presentation to the clinic (average of 56.5 months).

All patients had patch tests performed and the relevance of this is discussed with reference to nickel dermatitis.
Effect on growth and nickel content of cabbage plants watered with nickel solutions
Authors: Christensen Ole B.
Published: April 2006

Chinese cabbage plants were watered with different concentrations of NiCl2 solutions and the effect on growth and uptake of nickel in the plants were studied. No toxic effect on plant growth was observed. A higher content of nickel was found in the plants exposed to more concentrated nickel solutions. Nickel contamination and its clinical consequences are discussed.
Photoallergic contact dermatitis to men's perfumes
Authors: Raugi Gregory J. , Storrs Frances J. , Larsen Walter G.
Published: April 2006

Three patients with photosensitive eruptions related to the use of different men's perfumes were evaluated. We found that they were photoallergic to musk ambrette, an inexpensive, readily available synthetic perfume ingredient. Studies of cross‐reactivity with other perfumed colognes and after‐shave lotions suggest that musk ambrette is present in clinically significant concentration in large numbers of other cosmetic products.
Allergy to diphenyloxazole
Authors: Calnas C. D. , Hill R. N.
Published: April 2006

Clinical experience of accidents with chemicals in industry often provides the first clue, that a material is potentially dermatitic. Two cases are reported here of reactions to diphenyloxazole.
Sensitization capacity of ethylenediamine in the guinea pig and induction of unresponsiveness
Authors: Eriksen Knud
Published: April 2006

The sensitization capacity of ethylenediamine was examined by the guinea pig maximization test and compared with dinitrochlorobenzene. Ethylenediamine was found to be a potent sensitizer.

An attempt at oral induction of unresponsiveness (tolerance) was unsuccessful with ethylendiamine and DNCB and the same negative result was obtained with intravenous injection of ethylenediamine. Only by the intravenous injection of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid was unresponsiveness successfully established in 90 % of the guinea pigs.
Evaluation of hand cleansers
Authors: Dobson Richard L.
Published: April 2006

The effect of three industrial hand cleansers on transepidermal water loss (TWL) was evaluated in groups of healthy volunteers. After 2 weeks, subjects using Baracaide averaged 47 % less TWL than those using Swarfega und 35 % less than with Go‐Jo. In a second study in printers, the use of Baracaide decreased TWL by 20 % after 2 weeks. Because it contains no volatile solvents, Baracaide may be less injurious to the barrier layer.
Oil of turpentine — a disappearing allergen
Authors: Cronin Etain
Published: April 2006

Oil of turpentine has become an infrequent allergen because of its replacement by the petroleum product white spirit, its deliberate exclusion from industrial products, and because the balsam oils used nowadays do not contain the sensitiser Δ3‐carene. On the basis of the generally low incidence of sensitisation being currently recorded, the International Contact Dermatitis Group recommend that oil of turpentine be removed from standard patch test series.
Dihydroabietyl alcohol (Abitol®) A sensitizer in mascara
Authors: Dooms‐Goossens A. , Degreef H. , Luytens E.
Published: April 2006

A nickel‐sensitized female patient developed a contact dermatitis reaction to her mascara that was maintained by her spectacle frames, which contained nickel. On patch testing, she reacted to dihydroabietyl alcohol (Abitol°). Which was present in her mascara, and hypoallergenic adhesive tape containing methyl abietate. There was also cross‐reactivity with colophony and abietic acid.
Cumulative effect of surfactants on cutaneous horny layers: Adsorption onto human keratin layers in vivo
Authors: Imokawa Genji , Mishima Yutaka
Published: April 2006

An attempt ha been made to determine the adsorption ability of surfactants by the human horny layers in vivo. For this purpose, a technique utilizing an acidic dye such as indigo carmine was applicable and convenient. Our in vivo study estimating adsorbing residual amounts of surfactants has revealed that there is a positive correlation between adsorbing and roughening effects. It is suggested that the pathogenesis of hand roughness is primarily related to the cumulative injury of the stratum corenum by adsorbing residual surfactant molecules.
Dimethylthiourea, an unexpected hazard for textile workers
Authors: Dooms‐Goossens A. , Boyden B. , Ceuterick. A. , Degreef H.
Published: April 2006

Our patient was a 24‐year‐old female textile cutter who had a conjunctivitis and an erythematous itching Dermatitis of the eyelids, nasal mucous membranes, and the corners of the mouth. The patch tests with the standard standard series and a pharmaceutical test batten' were negative. Further epicutaneous testing revealed a strong positive reaction to the textile cutting patterns she handled, which were duplicated by diazo processing. Specifically, the contact dermatitis reaction was caused by dimethylthiourea an additive in diazo‐sensitized paper.
Age distribution of the incidence of contact sensitivity to standard allergens
Authors: Sugai Tetsuro , Takagi Takashi , Yamamoto Sachiyo , Takahashu Yohko
Published: April 2006

The incidence of contact sensitivity to standard allergens present in the daily environment, such as chromium ion, cobalt, nickel and formaldehyde, is found to decrease in the fourth decade, It strongly suggests the presence of some immunoregulation in human beings, because sensitivity to these allergens should be equal in any decade.
Itching erythema among post office workers caused by a photocopying machine with wet toner
Authors: Jensen Margrethe , Rold‐Petersen Jytte
Published: April 2006

For two years the employees in a Danish post office complained of irritation of the eyes and the skin. The symptoms were of varying intensity and disappeared during absence from work. A photocopying machine using wet toner proved to he the cause of the symptoms. It has not been possible to ascribe the symptoms to specific chemicals.
Predictive evaluation in animals of the contact allergenic potential of medically important substances
Authors: Maurer TH. , Thomann P. , Weirich E. G. , Hess R.
Published: April 2006

Results of the optimization method and of other methods used to assess contact allergy in laboratory animals were compared with known epidemiological data on the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions in man. Tests were performed with preservatives {formalin, ethylenediamine and sorbic acid), drugs (penicillin G, benzocaine and sulphathiazole) and other contactants belonging to widely different chemical classes (p‐phenylenediamine, triclosan, pyrazole derivatives, nickel and chrome salts, eugenol, isoeugenol and mercaptobenzothiazole). The degree of sensitization achieved in guinea pigs by the optimized procedure (intradermal test with adjuvant combination) and the maximization procedure was invariably superior to that produced by the epidermal method using prior irritation of the site of application. Both the optimized procedure and the maximization test seem to be capable of identifying contact allergens that cause hypersensitivity reactions in as few as t in 10,000 of the human population as a whole. The optimization test merits consideration as a standardized and efficiently predictive procedure.
Allergic contact sensitization to the fungicide Maneb
Authors: Nater J. P. , Terpstra H. , Bleumink E.
Published: April 2006

Three cases of contact dermatitis caused by Maneb, manganous‐ethylene‐bis (dithiocarbamate), are described. Maneb is used as an agricultural fungicide, and is also used in spraying solutions in horticulture and in flower shops. Patch testing with Maneb‐related compounds revealed no regular pattern of cross sensitization.
Nickel sensitivity in the general population
Authors: Peltonen Leena
Published: April 2006

The incidence of nickel sensitivity in a population above the age of 10 was examined through epicutaneous tests with 5 % nickel sulphate performed on certain school and occupational test subjects and on subjects at a home for elderly people. Nickel sensitivity was observed in 4.5 % (in 44 cases of 980 tested subjects), in 8 % of the females and in 0.8 % of the males. In 42 of the 44 nickel‐sensitive subjects there was a history of dermatitis from metal contact.

At the time of testing, 16 (34 %) of the nickel‐sensitive subjects revealed eczema. A manifest nickel sensitivity was thus found in 1.6 % of all tested subjects, in 2.8 % of females and in 0.4 % of males. Nickel sensitivity and a simultaneous hand eczema was noted in 0.9 % of the tested population, in 1.6 % of females and in 0.2 % of males.

Hand eczemas were rarer (20.5 %) in the nickel‐sensitive subjects in the population study than in the nickel‐sensitive patients tested at the same time in the clinic (56.6 %). No case of nickel sensitivity was occupationally related.
Contact and microbial allergy in pompholyx*
Authors: Meneghini C. L. , Angelini G.
Published: April 2006

Contact sensitivity to medicaments and other chemical allergens has been observed in about 30 % of 364 patients with pompholyx. Pompholyx is a recurrent vesicular eruption which increases the incidence of contact sensitivity. The majority of patients tested by means of intradermal and cultural tests did not show any relevant finding on the microbial nature, allergic or not, of pompholyx.
A 10‐year review of an industrial dermatitis clinic
Authors: Wilkinson D. S. , Budden M. G. , Hambly E. M.
Published: April 2006

During a 10‐year period, 678 patients were seen al an occupational dermatitis clinic attached to a District General Hospital. Of these, 424 were accepted as having an occupational dermatosis. The pattern of skin lesions and the patch test findings were those associated with a diversified light industrial selling coupled with a large traditional furniture industry. Fifty‐one per cent of all cases were regarded as being allergic but the proportion varied greatly from one industry to another. Positive patch tests were obtained to the Standard European Series in 50.3% but additional tests increased this to 64%. In the furniture industry most of the positive reactions occurred only with such additional tests. The significance of the patch test reactions is discussed in relation to the findings in 992 unselected patients seen in the contact dermatitis clinic during; i 3‐year period.
Atopic contact dermatitis
Authors: Hannuksela Matti
Published: April 2006

Contact urticaria appears either as wheal and flare reactions or as dermatitis resembling other types of contact dermatitis. A nonimmunologic form of contact urticaria is seen more frequently than the allergic form of the disease in experimental conditions. However, the immunologic form of contact urticaria is clinically more important. It is often seen in atopic persons working in the food industry or in kitchens.

We can prevent many cases of occupational anaphylactic hand eczema by choosing proper jobs for atopic persons. Especially handling food seems to produce hypersensitivity reactions in atopic more frequently than in nonatopic persons.
Photosensitivity and allergy to aromatic lichen acids, Compositae oleoresins and other plant substances
Authors: Thune P. O. , Solberg Y. J.
Published: April 2006

Sixteen patients with verified light sensitivity to both UVB and UVA wavebands showed allergic reactions to various lichen plants (Parmelia spp., Hypogymnia spp., Pseuodovernia spp., Cladonia spp., Platismatia spp., Physcia spp., Umbilicaria spp. and Cetraria spp.). Among the aromatic lichen compounds, atranorin was observed to be the most frequently involved allergen but also several other isolated lichen acids were immunologically active: d‐usnic, evernic, stictic, fumarprotocetraric, lobaric, salazinic, diffractaic and physodic/physodalic acid. Several patients showed allergy to other plant substances from other sources such as seven different species from the Compositae family, alantolactone, balsam of Peru, colophony and wood tars. Sensitivity to known photosensitizers was observed in four patients. Aromatic lichen acids are UV‐absorbing substances and several are evidently able to photosensitive human skin.
Eau de Javel and prevention of chromate allergy in France
Authors: Lachapelle J. M. , Lauwerys R. , Tennstedt D. , Andanson J. , Benezra C. , Chabeau G. , Ducombs G. , Foussereau J. , Lacroix M. , Martin P.
Published: April 2006

“Eau de Javel” (liquid bleach) is a common cause of chromate contact allergy. A historical review explains the reasons for the addition of sodium dichromate after the First World War. The chromium content in different brands of eau de Javel has been determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results indicate that the chromium content is very low (0.03–3.65 mg/1) in French brands, whereas it is still important (7.06–82.9 mg/1) in Belgian brands; such an observation indicates that the almost complete removal of chromate in most brands of French eaux de Javel is a good example of prevention in the field of contact dermato‐allergology.
Nonanoic acid irritation ‐ A positive control at routine patch testing?
Authors: Wahlberg Jan E. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

A false negative patch test can be related to errors in the testing procedure, or to a defect in the eliciting (efferent) phase of the immune response. To define this phase the application of a topical irritant (a “positive control”) is suggested. Various concentrations of non‐anoic acid in 1‐propanol were applied to 116 healthy volunteers and to 75 dermatitis patients. Dose‐response curves were obtained (concentrations 5, 10, 20 and 39.9 %). Twenty percent nonanoic acid produced skin reactions in 90.1–93.9 % of the subjects. The lesions consisted mainly of erythema at 48 h and pigmentation at 96 h. We suggest that the most interesting patients are those negative to this primary irritant and that they should be further evaluated.
Contact dermatitis in children
Authors: Levy A. , Hunau D. , Foussereau J.
Published: April 2006

It is generally admitted that contact dermatitis seldom appears in children. Highly‐seven cases, him ever, have been diagnosed at the Department of Allergology of the Dermatological Clinic in Strasbourg in the past 10 years (1969–1978). No element of atopic diathesis could he found in any of them. We have‐ reviewed the cases with a positive patch lest to try to derive both theoretical and practical conclusions.
Incidence of human skin sensitization to isostearyl alcohol in two separate groups of panelists
Authors: Aust Louise B. , Maibach H. I.
Published: April 2006

Human repealed insult patch testing with an experimental pump spray antiperspirant formulation elicited sensitization reactions in two separate groups of panelists. After several rechallenges with variations of the formula components, isoslearyl alcohol at 5% concentration in the product emerged as the causative agent in both groups. Due to the high content of alcohol in the pump spray antiperspirant, control patch testing was alone with 100% ethanol. Which served as the vehicle for testing, isostearyl alcohol alone. All reactions were negative. Six out of 148 participants in the first group and one of 60 in the second group exhibited sensitization responses 10 isostearyl alcohol.
Contact sensitivity to aluminium in a patient hyposensitized with aluminium precipitated grass pollen
Authors: Clemmensen Ole , Knudsen Hans Ekkert
Published: April 2006

Standard patch testing of a patient with eczema revealed positive reactions to the aluminium discs used for testing. Patch tests with various aluminium allergens were positive in the patient and negative in 53 controls. The patient was having hyposensitization for hay‐fever with an aluminium precipitated allergen. Intradermal testing with aluminium was positive in the patient and negative in nine controls. The eczema disappeared when hypo‐sensitization was discontinued. The possibility of primary sensitization by the hyposensitization procedure is discussed.
Allergic contact sensitization to Epoxide 7 in grinding oil
Authors: Rycroft R. J. G.
Published: April 2006

Contact dermatitis is reported in three out of four machine tool setters working with a grinding oil containing Epoxide 7 and a polyamine antirust additive. Positive patch lest reactions to Epoxide 7 were obtained in two of three men and to the polyamine antirust additive in all three. Patch tests with the same dilutions of each additive in controls were negative. Epoxide 7 has since been replaced in the formulation by a technical alternative.
Conjunctivitis due to soft lens solutions
Authors: van Ketel W. G. , Melzer‐van Riemsdijk F. A.
Published: April 2006

In cases of conjunctivitis associated with the use of soft lenses, delayed hypersensitivity to disinfecting components of the used soft lens liquids has to be considered. In 7/15 patients, positive patch test reactions to merthiolate, chlorhexidine or the soaking solutions were observed. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Pigmented contact dermatitis from azo dyes
Authors: Kgzuka Takehito , Tashiro Minoru , Sano Shigeharu , Fujimoto Keiichi , Nakamura Yumi , Hashimoto Seiichi , Nakaminami Gen
Published: April 2006

Eight patients suffering from pigmented contact dermatitis caused by the commercial Brilliant Lake Red R were patch tested with purified Sudan I and its several chemical analogues. Positive reactions were observed to Sudan I, Orange SS, Brilliant Lake Red R, Vacanceine Red, Yellow OB and Sudan II. Negative patch tests were obtained with Toluidine Red, Permanent Orange, Lithol Red and Sudan III.

We found that the commercial Brilliant Lake Red R which had been said to be the most important causative agent of pigmented contact dermatitis, contained Sudan I as a major impurity. The patients reacting to Brilliant Lake Red R always gave a positive reaction to Sudan I, hut these reacting to Sudan I did not always give a positive reaction to Brilliant Lake Red R.

This suggests that Sudan I is a potent sensitizer and may induce contact sensitivity and that Brilliant Luke Red R itself is a weak sensitizer or a cross‐reacting substance.
Relationship between cobalt and nickel sensitization in females
Authors: Menne Torkil
Published: April 2006

The view generally held in the literature is that the frequent occurrence of concomitant nickel and cobalt sensitivity is due in simultaneous sensitization from ‐suspenders, jewelry, etc.

In a study population consisting of 168 unselected female twins representing a random sample of the general population, only a few were found with concomitant nickel and cobalt sensitivity, and then mainly among those with hand dermatitis.

Similar concomitant cobalt and nickel was found only in dermatological female patients with hand dermatitis. The conclusion is that concomitant nickel and cobalt sensitization from metal alloys worn in direct contact with the skin is rare and that cobalt sensitization is probably a phenomenon secondary to an already existing hand dermatitis.
Allergic contact dermatitis from acrylates in ultraviolet curing inks
Authors: Björkner Bert , Dahlquist Inger , Fregert Sigfrid
Published: April 2006

Six patients developed dermatitis while working with ultraviolet curing inks in four different printing plants. Contact allergy was found to the multifunctional acrylate monomers pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) and trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA) and to the epoxy acrylate and polyesteracrylate prepolymers.
Occupational nickel dermatitis in the electroforming industry
Authors: Wall L. M. , Calnan C. D.
Published: April 2006

An outbreak of occupational dermatitis in an electroforming plant where there was heavy exposure to nickel is described. Patch test investigations confirmed nickel allergy in 13 of 27 exposed individuals Nickel chloride was found to be a more reliable patch test allergen than nickel sulphate.

Improvements in industrial hygiene led to an immediate decrease in the incidence of dermatitis. Persistent patch test sensitivity to nickel was found in three individuals who had been removed from the process chemicals for some years.
Persistence of patch test reactions to clioquinol (Vioform®) and cross‐sensitization
Authors: Waadenouen Kernekamp A. Soesman‐van , Van Ketel W. G.
Published: April 2006

Ten patients with positive patch test reactions to clioquinot were retested in 1979 after an average interval of 6 years. On subsequent testing we also examined test reactions to other quinoline derivatives (including antimalarial drugs) and potassium iodide.

All patients showed a positive reaction to clioquinol at retesting. Many cross‐reactions of hydroxyquinolines included reactions to quinolene‐based antimafarial drugs, and a few allergic reactions to potassium iodide. The consequences of these findings are discussed.
Nickel penetration through rubber gloves
Authors: Wall Leon M.
Published: April 2006

Positive patch tests confirm nickel penetration through rubber gloves. Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) results indicate that nickel reactivity may occur where DMG testing is negative.
Contact urticaria and asthma from denatonium benzoate (Bitrex®)
Authors: Björkner Bert
Published: April 2006

A 30‐year‐old male developed asthma and pruritus after using an insecticidal spray (Pyrex®). The same symptoms appeared with an alcoholic skin disinfectant (M‐sprit®) and other spirituous preparations denaturated with denatonium benzoate (Bitrex®). An open epicutaneous test (20 min) showed wheal and erythema to Pyrex, M‐sprit and Bitrex diluted to 2 × 10−6 mg 1−1. It is deduced that the contact urticaria elicited from denatonium benzoate was caused by an immunologic mechanism of the immediate hypersensitivity type.