bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Noise emitted from a generic side-view mirror with different aspect ratios and inclinations
Authors: Chode K. K. , Viswanathan H. , Chow K.
Published: August 2021

Noise radiated from flow past different configurations of the half-round mirror (HRM) mounted on a plate has been investigated using computational aeroacoustics (CAA). The stress-blended eddy simulation (SBES), together with the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW–H) acoustic analogy, was employed to predict near-field flow and far-field noise, respectively. The numerical methodology was verified and validated for the standard HRM case against several previously published numerical and experimental data sets, which provides good agreement. Further, (i) the choice of different type of grids for CAA and (ii) the applicability of methods such as the Kirchhoff integral and the FW–H using near field inputs computed from the SBES were assessed. As a next step, the effect of induced noise from the HRM for different (a) aspect ratios (AR) ranging from 1 to 2.5 and (b) inclination of the mirror toward the plate (θ) ranging from 0° to 32° was investigated. For all the investigated cases, the distribution of the radiated noise exhibits a dipole-like structure closer to the plate and a monopole-like structure away from the plate. By inclining the mirror closer to the mounting plate, the emitted noise is reduced both in the vertical and lateral directions of the wake, whereas an increase in the AR of the mirror increases the induced noise considerably. The findings from the current study can provide a deeper understanding for effectively mitigating the induced aerodynamic noise from side-view mirrors.
Effect of pulse width on the dynamics of a deflated vesicle in unipolar and bipolar pulsed electric fields
Authors: Das Sudip , Jaeger Marc , Leonetti Marc , Thaokar Rochish M. , Chen Paul G.
Published: August 2021

Giant unilamellar vesicles subjected to pulsed direct-current (pulsed-DC) fields are promising biomimetic systems to investigate the electroporation of cells. In strong electric fields, vesicles undergo significant deformation, which strongly alters the transmembrane potential, and consequently the electroporation. Previous theoretical studies investigated the electrodeformation of vesicles in DC fields (which are not pulsed). In this work, we computationally investigate the deformation of a deflated vesicle under unipolar, bipolar, and two-step unipolar pulses and show the sensitive dependence of intermediate shapes on the type of pulse and pulse width. Starting with the stress-free initial shape of a deflated vesicle, which is similar to a prolate spheroid, the analysis is presented for the cases with higher and lower conductivities of the inner fluid medium relative to the outer fluid medium. For the ratio of inner to outer fluid conductivity, σr = 10, the shape always remains prolate, including when the field is turned off. For σr=0.1, several complex dynamics are observed, such as the prolate-to-oblate (PO), prolate-to-oblate-to-prolate (POP) shape transitions in time depending upon the strength of the field and the pulse properties. In this case, on turning off the field, a metastable oblate equilibrium shape is seen, which seems to be a characteristic of a deflated vesicle leading to POPO transitions. When a two-step unipolar pulse (a combination of a strong and a weak subpulse) is applied, a vesicle can reach an oblate or a prolate final shape depending upon the relative durations of the two subpulses. This study suggests that the transmembrane potential can be regulated using a bipolar pulsed-DC field. It also shows that the shapes admitted in the dynamics of a vesicle depend upon whether the pulse is unipolar or bipolar. Parameters are suggested wherein the simulation results can be demonstrated in experiments.
Generalized Taylor dispersion for translationally invariant microfluidic systems
Authors: Alexandre A. , Guérin T. , Dean D. S.
Published: August 2021

We consider Taylor dispersion for tracer particles in microfluidic planar channels with strong confinement. In this context, the channel walls modify the local diffusivity tensor and also interactions between the tracer particles and the walls become important. We provide a simple and general formula for the effective diffusion constant along the channel as well as the first non-trivial finite time correction for arbitrary flows along the channel, arbitrary interaction potentials with the walls, and arbitrary expressions for the diffusion tensor. The formulas are in particular amenable to a straightforward numerical implementation, rendering them extremely useful for comparison with experiments. We present a number of applications, notably for systems that have parabolically varying diffusivity profiles, to systems with attractive interactions with the walls as well as electro-osmotic flows between plates with differing surface charges within the Debye–Hückel approximation.
Development of length standard phantom for length measurement correction in x-ray image
Authors: Cho Hyo-Min , Lee Changwoo , Kim Hojae , Kim Yong Tae , Shin Teo Jeon , Ahn Bongyoung
Published: August 2021

Specific tissue lengths or volumes in x-ray images are measured for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Measurements are used to make clinical decisions; however, the accuracy of these measurements has not been studied. In this study, based on the sources of uncertainty, an SI-traceable length standard phantom and an x-ray imaging system calibration method are proposed. The uncertainty in the length of the fabricated standard phantom is determined using a toolmaker’s microscope. The sources of uncertainty in an x-ray imaging system, such as magnification, pixel-to-millimeter unit conversion, and penumbra effect, are considered, and the lengths of the phantom before and after imaging system calibration were compared. The maximum deviation of length measurements with and without calibration is (−0.11 ± 0.10) and (−3.37 ± 0.15) mm (k = 2, 95% level of confidence), respectively. The proposed phantom and calibration method can be used for calibrating x-ray images and obtaining their length correction values. Furthermore, length correction values are expected to be useful for diagnosis and treatment planning, where precise length measurements are essential.
Novel 2D velocity estimation method for large transient events in plasmas
Authors: Lampert M. , Diallo A. , Zweben S. J.
Published: August 2021

Dynamics of fast transient events are challenging to be analyzed with high time resolution. Such events can occur in fusion plasmas such as the filaments during edge-localized modes (ELMs). In this paper, we present a robust method—the spatial displacement estimation—for estimating the displacements of structures with fast dynamics from high spatial and time resolution imaging diagnostics [e.g., gas-puff imaging (GPI)] with sampling time temporal resolution. First, a background suppression method is shown, which suppresses the slowly time-evolving and spatially non-uniform background in the signal. In the second step, a two-dimensional polynomial trend subtraction method is presented to tackle the remaining polynomial order trend in the signal. After performing these pre-processing steps, the spatial displacement of the propagating structure is estimated from the two-dimensional spatial cross-correlation coefficient function calculated between consecutive frames. The method is tested for its robustness and accuracy by simulated Gaussian events and spatially displaced random noise. An example application of the method is presented on propagating ELM filaments measured by the GPI system on the National Spherical Torus Experiment spherical tokamak.
Turbulent energy cascade associated with viscous reconnection of two vortex rings
Authors: Nguyen Van Luc , Phan Toai Tuyn , Duong Viet Dung , Le Nam T. P.
Published: August 2021

Collision of two vortex rings (VR) initially arranged in axis-offset and orthogonal configurations at Reynolds numbers (ReΓ) in the range of 5000–200 000 was simulated to investigate turbulent energy cascade associated with their reconnection. Two elliptical VRs are generated by joining each part of the first VR with another part of the second VR for the axis-offset collision, while two VRs associate to form a double U-shaped vortex, and this vortex reconnects itself at two points to form three elliptical VRs linked by the vortex filaments for the orthogonal collision. Many vortex structures in various scales and shapes, including small-scale VRs and horseshoe vortices, are observed in connection regions for both cases. As ReΓ increases, the energy of formed small vortices raises and their wavenumber (k) range enlarges. The flow energy spectrum approaches a k−5/3 slope of the Kolmogorov hypotheses at low wavenumbers. For the axis-offset collision, the energy spectrum at medium wavenumbers continuously changes from k−3.0 at ReΓ= 5000 to k−1.8 at ReΓ= 200 000, and the exponent (α) of the wavenumber is determined by a function as α=0.3304 ln(ReΓ)−5.6538. Meanwhile, the energy spectrum at two medium-wavenumber subranges for the orthogonal collision with ReΓ≥ 20 000 approaches the slopes of k−3.0 and k−2.6. Turbulent mixing performance due to the axis-offset collision of two vortex rings is better than that with the orthogonal one.
Topological photonics in 3D micro-printed systems
Authors: Schulz Julian , Vaidya Sachin , Jörg Christina
Published: August 2021

Topological materials have been at the forefront of research across various fields of physics in hopes of harnessing properties such as scatter-free transport due to protection from defects and disorder. Photonic systems are ideal test beds for topological models and seek to profit from the idea of topological robustness for applications. Recent progress in 3D-printing of microscopic structures has allowed for a range of implementations of topological systems. We review recent work on topological models realized particularly in photonic crystals and waveguide arrays fabricated by 3D micro-printing. The opportunities that this technique provides are a result of its facility to tune the refractive index, compatibility with infiltration methods, and its ability to fabricate a wide range of flexible geometries.
Analysis of dislocations and their correlation with dark currents in CdTe/Si heterojunction diode-type x-ray detectors
Authors: Chaudhari B. S. , Goto H. , Niraula M. , Yasuda K.
Published: August 2021

Distribution and density of dislocations as a function of CdTe epilayer thickness as well as their effect on device dark current were studied using a p-CdTe/n-CdTe/n+-Si heterojunction diode type x-ray detector. A high dislocation density was found in thin devices, which decreased by more than an order of magnitude when the device thickness was increased to 35 μm. First, the dislocation density decreased rapidly with the CdTe thickness but the decrement was slowed down for the CdTe thicknesses above 20 μm. The device dark current showed a strong dependence on dislocation density, which increased with an increase in the dislocation density. A nearly temperature independent dark current was observed in thin devices suggesting that trap-assisted tunneling (TAT) through the dislocation-related current paths was dominant. Dark currents of thicker devices, on the other hand, could be explained due to contributions from both TAT and generation-recombination currents. Furthermore, one possible detector design that helps us to reduce the dark current is also proposed.
Direct numerical simulation of flapping flags in grid-induced turbulence
Authors: Olivieri Stefano , Viola Francesco , Mazzino Andrea , Rosti Marco E.
Published: August 2021

A fully resolved direct numerical simulation approach for investigating flexible bodies forced by a turbulent incoming flow is designed to study the flapping motion of a flexible flag at the moderate Reynolds number. The incoming turbulent flow is generated by placing a passive grid at the inlet of the numerical domain and the turbulence level of the flow, impacting that the flag can be controlled by changing its downstream distance from the grid. The computational framework is based on the immersed boundary method for dealing with arbitrary geometries and implemented using a graphics-processing-unit accelerated parallelization to increase the computational efficiency. The grid-induced turbulent flow is first characterized by means of comparison with well-known results for decaying turbulence and a scale-by-scale analysis. Then, the flag-in-the-wind problem is revisited by exploring the effect of the turbulence intensity on self-sustained flapping. While the latter is still manifesting under strong fluctuations, the main features of the oscillation (including its amplitude and frequency) are altered by turbulence, whose fingerprint can also be qualitatively detected by spectral analysis. Besides their relevance for advancing the fundamental understanding of the fluid–structure interaction in turbulence, these findings have potential impact for related applications, e.g., aeroelastic energy harvesting or flow control techniques.
Corrigendum to: Multimorbidity through the lens of life-limiting illness: how helpful are Australian clinical practice guidelines to its management in primary care?
Authors: Damarell Raechel A. , Morgan Deidre D. , Tieman Jennifer J. , Healey David F.
Published: August 2021

This study assessed Australian clinical practice guidelines for life-limiting index conditions for the extent to which they acknowledged comorbidities and framed management recommendations within the context of older age and reduced life expectancy. A comprehensive search identified current, evidence-based Australian guidelines for chronic life-limiting conditions directed at general practitioners. Guideline content was analysed qualitatively before comorbidity acknowledgements were quantified using a 17-item checklist. Full guidelines were quality appraised using AGREE-II. Ten documents covering chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, cancer pain, dementia and palliative care in aged care were identified. Most guidelines addressed one ‘comorbid’ condition and prompted clinicians to consider patient quality of life and personal preferences. Fewer addressed burden of treatment and half suggested modifying treatments to account for limited life expectancy, age or time horizon to benefit. Half warned of potential adverse drug interactions. Guidelines were of moderate to very high quality. Guidelines naturally prioritised their index condition, directing attention to only the most common comorbidities. However, there may be scope to include more condition-agnostic guidance on multimorbidity management. This might be modelled on the ‘guiding principles’ approach now emerging internationally from organisations such as the American Geriatrics Society in response to increasing multimorbidity prevalence and evidence limitations.
Recurrent dynamics in the cerebral cortex: Integration of sensory evidence with stored knowledge
Authors: Singer Wolf
Published: August 2021

Significance

This review attempts to unite three hitherto rather unconnected concepts of basic functions of the cerebral cortex, taking the visual system as an example: 1) feed-forward processing in multilayer hierarchies (labeled line coding), 2) dynamic association of features (assembly coding), and 3) matching of sensory evidence with stored priors (predictive coding). The latter two functions are supposed to rely on the high-dimensional dynamics of delay-coupled recurrent networks. Discharge rates of neurons (rate code) and temporal relations among discharges (temporal code) are identified as conveying complementary information. Thus, the new concept accounts for the coexistence of feed-forward and recurrent processing, accommodates both rate and temporal codes, and assigns crucial functions to the complex dynamics emerging from recurrent interactions.
Conservation of Earth’s biodiversity is embedded in Indigenous fire stewardship
Authors: Hoffman Kira M. , Davis Emma L. , Wickham Sara B. , Schang Kyle , Johnson Alexandra , Larking Taylor , Lauriault Patrick N. , Quynh Le Nhu , Swerdfager Emily , Trant Andrew J.
Published: August 2021

Significance

Large and severe wildfires are becoming increasingly common worldwide and are having extraordinary impacts on people and the species and ecosystems on which they depend. Indigenous peoples comprise only 5% of the world’s population but protect approximately 85% of the world’s biodiversity through stewardship of Indigenous-managed lands. Much of this is attributed to long-term and widespread relationships with and dependence on fire, which has been applied as a tool for managing landscapes for millennia. Fortunately, the revitalization of Indigenous fire stewardship is demonstrating the value of routinely applying controlled fire to adapt to changing environments while promoting desired landscapes, habitats, and species and supporting subsistence practices and livelihoods.
Competing stress-dependent oligomerization pathways regulate self-assembly of the periplasmic protease-chaperone DegP
Authors: Harkness Robert W. , Toyama Yuki , Ripstein Zev A. , Zhao Huaying , Sever Alexander I. M. , Luan Qing , Brady Jacob P. , Clark Patricia L. , Schuck Peter , Kay Lewis E.
Published: August 2021

Significance

The pathogenesis of gram-negative bacteria relies on secretion of virulence factors to bacterial cell surfaces, where they interact with human host cells, interfering with their function. The DegP protease-chaperone regulates protein homeostasis in the periplasm of such bacteria and is a potential drug target. DegP is thought to exist in a resting hexameric state when not engaged with substrate molecules and cage-like 12 and 24 mers when processing substrates. Using a combination of biophysical methods, we show that DegP adopts an interconverting, broadly populated distribution of high-order oligomeric states in the absence of substrate molecules, which could facilitate a rapid response to protein misfolding that occurs as a result of cellular stresses, such as heat, oxidation, and osmotic shock.
On order and prohibition
Authors: Van Olmen Daniël
Published: August 2021

The present article examines the claim in the literature that the negative first principle, i.e. the preference for the order negation-verb to verb-negation, is stronger in negative imperatives (or prohibitives) than in negative declaratives. To test this hypothesis, we develop – in contrast to earlier research – a systematic, three-way classification of languages, which is also operationalized as a ranking capturing the overall level of strength of the principle. This classification is applied to a genealogically and geographically balanced sample of 179 languages. In addition, we consider the role of several factors known to correlate with the position of negation – like its form, constituent order and areality. However, no cross-linguistic evidence is found for any difference in negation’s position between negative imperatives and negative declaratives. We therefore conclude that the hypothesis should be rejected.
Cordyceps militaris
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Cordyceps militaris
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A wide range of
Lepidoptera
, larvae and pupae; has also been reported on pupae of
Coleoptera
and on certain
Hymenoptera
(Willis, 1959). Experimental infection of
Bombyx mori
by conidia is reported by Latge & Vey (1974). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide. DISEASE: Ascospore parts germinate on a suitable host by one or more germ tubes which penetrate the integument. Hyphal bodies form in the haemocoel which bud, filling it with unicellular bodies which finally adhere in chains filling the entire body cavity. The host dies and its cadaver shrinks, the hyphal chains becoming compact. Slender hyphae penetrate the gut and other tissues, the mass becomes hardened into an endosclerotium and the integument distended to near normal size. Stromata later arise from the sclerotium.
Entomophthora grylli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Entomophthora grylli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Orthoptera; nymph and adults of grasshoppers and locusts; there have also been records on
Lepidoptera, Diptera
and
Coleoptera
(MacLeod & Muller-Kogler, 1973). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, including Britain; Canada; East, Central and South Africa. Fresenius quotes a record at 6000 ft near St. Moritz. DISEASE: The disease, causing epizootics in red locusts,
Cyrtacanthacra septemfasciata
(
Nomadacris septemfasciata
), in S. Africa is described by Skaife (1925). Infection is by germinating conidia which penetrate the integument. Dying insects characteristically climb up grass stems and die, apparently embracing the stem. The body becomes soft and easily disintegrates. The abdomen curls upward and backwards. Shortly after death a white, buff or greenish furry growth appears from the intersegmental membrane, leg joints, junction of the head and thorax and at the base of the antennae. The growth is made up of club-shaped conidiogenous cells which forcibly discharge conidia around the dead insect. Conidia, coated with the sticky contents of the conidiophore, are discharged in the evening, when the insects are clustered together and adhere to the surface of healthy individuals. A total of about 1% of locusts throughout the season die showing no external growth but are filled with resting spores; other individuals appear to be immune.
Sclerotinia fructigena
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Sclerotinia fructigena
[Monilinia fructigena]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On almond, apple, apricot, cherry, fig, loquat, medlar, nectarine, peach, pear, persimmon, plum, quince, grapevine,
Amelanchier canadensis
, barberry, blackberry, cherry laurel,
Cornus mas, Corylus, Cotoneaster, Crataegus oxyacantha, C. subvillosa, Fragaria, Prunus divaricata, P. spinosa, Pyrus purpureum, P. sieboldii, Sorbus aucuparia, S. dacica, Vaccinium
. DISEASE: Brown fruit rot particularly of apple, pear, plum, cherry, peach, nectarine, apricot, quince; black apples; less frequently, twig blight and canker. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe and Asia, also present in Egypt, Morocco, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. CMI Map 22, ed. 4, 1976. TRANSMISSION: Mummified fruits overwinter either on trees or on the ground beneath and at the start of the growing season give rise to sporodochia and, infrequently, apothecia. In addition conidia form on other infected tissues such as cankers and blighted twigs. Spores are disseminated by air currents and water splash. There is limited spread by mycelial growth (43, 2320; 44, 1139; 56, 281).
Nectria macrospora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Nectria macrospora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Abies balsamea
and other species of
Pinaceae
. DISEASE: On
Pinaceae
; canker of balsam fir GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America: Canada (Quebec Province, British Columbia), USA (Oregon); Europe (Norway). TRANSMISSION: Ouellette found spread in a north westerly direction from the original island site. No evidence has been given for insect spread but this cannot be ruled out for this group of organisms.
Colletotrichum acutatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Dyko B. J. , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Colletotrichum acutatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Delphinium, Apium graveolens
var.
duka, Carica papaya, Parmentiera edulis, Persia americana, Fragaria, Capsicum frutescens, Juglans regia, Lycopersicon esculentum, Malus sylvestris, Solanum melongena, Flindersia brayleyana, Pinus elliottii
(46, 370),
Pinus radiata
(49, 1806),
Coffea arabica
(50, 1241),
Zinnia elegans, Z
.
haugeans
(55, 3620);
Magnolia fraseri
*,
Anemone
*,
Ranunculus
*,
Salvinia molesta
*, (*herb. IMI). DISEASE: Black spot of strawberry, terminal crook disease of pine. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Tanzania*); Asia (Sri Lanka*); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); N. America (USA, North Carolina*), (*herb. IMI). TRANSMISSION: Rain splash and wind (54, 2357).
Drepanopeziza ribis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waller J. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Drepanopeziza ribis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ribes
spp. DISEASE: Causes leaf spot or anthracnose of currants and gooseberries. Symptoms consist of small, dark brown, round or irregular spots scattered over the leaf surface. They may coalesce if numerous. Infected leaves may turn yellow (especially in gooseberry) and fall. Minute greyish acervuli develop in lesions on upper and lower leaf surfaces. Lesions may also occur on petioles and peduncles, where they are elongated, and on fruit. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand (CMI Map 187, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: By water-borne conidia produced from the
Gloeosporidiella
state on leaf lesions. Apothecia are produced from saprophytic growth on fallen diseased leaves and they produce air-borne ascospores in spring.
Nannizzia persicolor
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Nannizzia persicolor
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The primary hosts of
N. persicolor
are various species of voles (particularly the bank vole,
Clethrionomys glareolus
), on which it usually occurs without visible signs of infection (RMVM 6, 927), males being somewhat more frequently infected than females (RMVM 12, 157; 14, 1479). It is also sometimes carried on the fur of other rodents (recorded from pipistrelle bat (RMVM 5, 2201), hamster (RMVM 12, 157), deer mouse (RMVM 14, 134), wood mouse (RMVM 6, 926), common shrew (RMVM 6, 926) and weasel (RMVM 7, 63)) without apparent infection, and has been isolated from a healthy pony (RMVM 8, 446). Ringworm caused by this species has also been recorded in the dog (RMVM 2, 1650; 6, 1920; 12, 1854), horse (RMVM 6, 3213) and man. The epidemic in guineapigs in Tunisia (RMVM 5, 498) was probably not due to
N. persicolor
(RMVM 5, 2201). The guineapig, monkey, mouse and rabbit have been infected experimentally (RMVM 1, 1739; 10, 595). It has also been isolated on a few occasions from soil (RMVM 11, 95). DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). In the vole the most constantly infected site is the tail, which may show varying degrees of scaling and hair loss, symptoms also sometimes found on fungus-free tails (6, 927); lesions have been found only rarely on other sites. In man infection occurs mainly on exposed parts of the glabrous skin, i.e. on the face, hands (tinea manuum) and forearms and lower legs (tinea corporis). Infections of the beard area (tinea barbae), nails (tinea unguium), scalp (tinea capitis) and feet (tinea pedis) have also been recorded [see NOTES]. Lesions are scaling and usually mildly to moderately erythematous. More inflammatory lesions may occur and kerion formation has been reported in a few instances. Hair is not invaded
in vivo
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Possibly worldwide;
N. persicolor
has been recorded widely in Europe and rarely from N. America (Canada, USA), S. America (Brazil, Uruguay), Africa (Tunisia, S. Africa) and Asia (India, Israel) [see NOTES].
Trichophyton violaceum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Trichophyton violaceum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a pathogen of man (causing mycoses). Also recorded from buffalo, cat, cattle, dog and mouse (RMVM 6, 3187; 10, 505). The cat, dog, guineapig, monkey and mouse have been infected experimentally. The horse, fowl and pigeon have been implicated as hosts of
T. violaceum
. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). The scalp (tinea capitis), beard (tinea barbae), body (tinea corporis) and nails (tinea unguium, onychomycosis) may be infected. Infected hairs show an endothrix type of invasion and do not fluoresce under Wood's light. The hairs may break and curl producing 'black dots' on the scalp (also sometimes produced by other endothrix
Trichophyton
species). Inflammatory lesions (occasionally with the development of kerion), scarring and alopecia and, occasionally, favus-like lesions may occur. Infections of the subcutaneous tissues, lymph nodes, brain, bones and other internal tissues have been reported (RMVM 3, 1441; 4, 716; 9, 677; 11, 708; 12, 1847; 13, 961, 1572). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide. A dominant cause of scalp ringworm in S. and E. Europe, the Middle East, N. Africa, parts of Central and E. Africa, S. Africa and Asia (RMVM 10, 602; 13, 1558).
Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Diamandis S. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Abies nobilis, A. pectinata, A. sibirica, Picea abies, P. engelmannii, P. glauca, P. mariana, P. omorica, P. orientalis, P. pungens, P. schrenkiana, P. sitchensis, Pinus austriaca, P. densiflora, P. excelsa, P. montana, P. mugo, P. nigra, P. strobus, P. thunbergii, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla
. DISEASE: Needle blight of pine and spruce. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia Japan), Europe (Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Sweden), North America (Canada: Quebec, USA). TRANSMISSION: By splash-borne conidia.
Sarea resinae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Sarea resinae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The apothecia and pycnidia develop on the resinous exudates from cankers and other wounds in a wide range of coniferous trees including
Cupressus macrocarpa, Larix leptolepis, Picea excelsa, P. mariana, P. sitchensis, Pinus banksii, P. contorta, P. halipensis, P. strobus, P. sylvestris
and
Pseudotsuga menzesii
. DISEASE: Although commonly found in association with exudates from cankers and other wounds it is not clear whether this fungus is a pathogen or a secondary saprophytic invader. It is been reported as causing a reddish stain ('krasnina') in wood of living spruce (Shchedrova, 1959) and wounded pines (Sokolov & Bazbenova, 1954). A few attempts have been made to inoculate twigs, but did not give rise to lesions (Ayres, 1941). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Almost certainly circumboreal in the Northern Hemisphere, occurring where coniferous trees are native or planted. Recorded at least from Austria, the British Isles, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Kenya, Nepal, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the USA and the USSR. TRANSMISSION: The conidia arise in mucilage and so must presumably be dispersed by rain trickles and/or insect vectors. In contrast the ascospores are presumed to be forcibly ejected and probably wind-dispersed.
Pseudocercospora abelmoschi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora abelmoschi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of
Hibiscus
, especially
H. esculentus
. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot or blight on
Hibiscus
spp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda), Asia (Burma, India, Nepal, Pakistan), East Indies (Brunei, Malaya, New Hebrides, Philippines, Sarawak, Taiwan), Middle East (Yemen), Europe (Italy: San Domingo), North America (USA), West Indies (Antigua, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Vincent, Trinidad), South America (Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Peronospora lamii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora lamii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lamium album, L. amplexicaule, L. maculatum, L. moluccellifolium, L. purpureum, Ocimum basilicum, Plectranthus parvus, Salvia officinalis, Salvia
sp.,
Satureia acinos, S. hortensis, Ziziphora capitata
. DISEASE: On
Lamium
the parasite forms distinct pale green to brown spots on the upper surface of the leaves. A dense layer of violet coloured conidiophores develops on the under surface beneath these spots. Fraymouth (1956) found, when collecting the mildew on
L. purpureum
, that the plants had a systemic infection in April while in July and August they were newly infected. Oogonia were found in the leaves in April and August.
Peronospora lamii
was reported from Uganda as causing defoliation and death of
Ocimum basilicum
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe); Asia (China, India, Israel, USSR); Europe (Austria, Britain, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR, Yugoslavia; N. America (Canada, USA); S. America (Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: No details but oospores are plentiful and presumably play their usual role in carrying the pathogen over the winter. The fact that systemically infected plants are found early in the season suggests a primary infection from oospores.
Erwinia mallotivora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Erwinia mallotivora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Mallotus japonicus
(
Euphorbiaceae
). DISEASE: Bacterial leaf spot. The disease starts as water-soaked spots on the newly developing leaves in May and June. The spots tend to form close to the main veins. They enlarge and become angular as they are restricted by the veins, becoming dark brown, and often with a chlorotic halo about 1 mm wide. Spots may coalesce and kill the leaf, and shoot blight may also occur. Under humid conditions bacteria may exude on to the leaf surface. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan. TRANSMISSION: Unknown, but presumably rain splash plays a part at least in secondary spread.
Pseudocercospora arunjae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora arunjae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Terminalia arunja
Wight. & Arn. (
Combretaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia dispersed by wind, less so by water.
Gongronella butleri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Gongronella butleri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: From soil. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; encountered as a secondary invader or as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Chile, Ghana, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Malaysia, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Nigeria, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Trinidad, Uganda, Uraguay, UK, USA (Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Maryland, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Wisconsin), former USSR, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: Movement of soil, or water-borne dispersal of sporangiospores.
Mortierella elongata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Mortierella elongata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: From soil. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; encountered as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Taiwan, Uganda, UK, USA (Alaska, Georgia), former USSR. TRANSMISSION: Movement of soil, or water-borne dispersal of sporangiospores.
Pseudocercospora sawadae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Leung H. Y. M. , Goh T. K. , Hyde K. D.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora sawadae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Psidium guajava
(
Myrtaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Brazil, India, Japan, Mauritius, Taiwan. TRANSMISSION: Not reported, but almost certainly by air-borne or splash-dispersal of conidia.
Fusarium flocciferum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium flocciferum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Isolated from soil. Also occurs on the roots of a wide range of plants, including temperate cereals (
Hordeum, Triticum
), legumes (
Lupinus, Pisum, Vicia
), cucurbits (
Cucumis sativus
), and others such as carrot (
Daucus carota
) and beet (
Beta vulgaris
); sometimes occurs in association with nematodes. DISEASE: Not regarded as an aggressive pathogen, but in association with nematodes may cause root lesions, damping-off, root, tuber or bulb rots. Reported to cause disorders of cultivated mushroom beds. Occasionally causes skin infections of animals (one IMI record from crocodile's tail). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread but infrequent, apparently more common in temperate regions. Reported from Asia: Bhutan, China, India, Iran, Turkey; Australasia: New Zealand; Europe: Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, Turkey (W), UK; North America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed locally by water flow and splash droplets. Chlamydospores may be transported by movement of soil or infected plant debris. It may also be seed-borne (71, 1568).
Canavirgella banfieldii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Canavirgella banfieldii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Early-season blight of current-year needles of five-needle pines in the north-eastern USA. The disease has been widely attributed to ozone injury, or incorrectly identified as
Meloderma desmazieresii
under the earlier synonym
Hypoderma desmazieresii
. HOSTS: Leaves of
Pinus peuce, P. strobus
. Most observations are on
P. strobus
. Adjacent
P. flexilis
and
P. strobiformis
were uninfected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (Maine, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions.
Meliola opuntiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez M. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Meliola opuntiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Meliola opuntiae
occurs on living branches and fruits of plants weakened by other factors such as pests or diseases. In itself it apparently does not produce symptoms in the host. HOSTS:
Opuntia dillenii, O. tuna
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cuba, Jamaica. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.
Leucostoma niveum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayova V. P. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Leucostoma niveum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Leucostoma niveum
, especially its anamorph, is a quite common pathogen of
Populus
, colonizing bark of trees weakened by other factors and causing necrosis (poplar canker) of twigs and branches. Another pathogen,
Valsa sordida
, can be also found in the same tree. Both species may be involved in pathogenesis (Wang, 1988). HOSTS: On dead or dying, attached or fallen twigs of
Populus
, also on similar substrata of
Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Salix
and
Sorbus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Armenia, China, Republic of Georgia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia. Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Norway, Rumania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. North America: USA. TRANSMISSION: Both conidia and ascospores are air-borne, especially in humid conditions.
Appendiculella sororcula
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez M. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Appendiculella sororcula
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Appendiculella sororcula
apparently does not produce symptoms of any disease. HOSTS:
Baccharis pingraea, Calea pittieri, C. solidaginea, Compositae
gen. indet.,
Eupatorium conyzoides, E. dolicholepis, E. inulaefolium, E. iresinoides, E. morifolia, E. odoratum, E. oerstedianum, E. portoricense, Eupatorium
sp.,
Liabum
sp.,
Mikania micrantha, M. scandens, Mikania
sp.,
Schistocarpha
sp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Caribbean: Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago. Central America: Costa Rica, Honduras, Panamá. South America: Brazil, Guyana, Ecuador, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.
Meliola subdentata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez M. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Meliola subdentata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Meliola subdentata
does not produce symptoms of any disease on the host. HOSTS:
Dracaena aurea, D. cubensis, D. multiflora, Dracaena
sp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Philippines, Vietnam. Caribbean: Cuba. Oceania: USA (Hawaii). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.
Penicillium spinulosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium spinulosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: An ubiquitous species, found in soils, decaying vegetation, foods and textiles. DISEASE: On man it has been implicated in organic dust toxic syndrome (SORENSON
et al.
, 1994). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, principally in forest soils (DOMSCH
et al.
, 1980).
Lachnellula pseudofarinacea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Lachnellula pseudofarinacea
, which appears to be entirely saprobic, with all observations as fruitbodies erumpent from the bark of dead twigs and small branches. Information is included on geographical distribution (Denmark, (?)Estonia, France, Germany, UK, Poland, Sweden and Ukraine) and hosts (
Pinus maritima
[
P. pinaster
],
P. pallasiana
[
Pinus nigra
var.
pallasiana
],
P. sylvestris
and
Pinus
sp.).
Chaetomium nigricolor
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

C. nigricolor
is described and illustrated. Information on diseases caused by
C. nigricolor
, host range (mainly dung, and field and horticultural crops), geographical distribution (Egypt; Ontario, Canada; India; and Pakistan), and transmission is provided.
Septoria magnusiana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Andrianova T. V. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria magnusiana
, which sometimes causes lesions on
Spiraea chamaedryfolia
. Some information on its dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Asia (Russia), Europe (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Russia (Kursk oblast, Orel oblast) and Ukraine)) and hosts (
Spiraea chamaedryfolia
and
Spiraea
sp.).
Macrophoma ephedrae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Hayova V. P. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Macrophoma ephedrae
. Some information on its dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (USA (California), Spain, and Ukraine) and hosts (
Ephedra chilensis
,
Ephedra distachya
and
Ephedra fragilis
).
Phoma ephedrae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Hayova V. P. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Phoma ephedrae
, which is found on dead twigs in Spain and on dying twigs and in cracks of the bark in Ukraine. Some information on its dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Pakistan, Spain, and Ukraine) and hosts (
Ephedra distachya, Ephedra procera
and
Ephedra
sp.).
Amerosporium concinnum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Hayova V. P. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Amerosporium concinnum
, which is found on dead remains of various plants, but it has also been isolated from grassland soil in Spain. Some information on its dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Mexico, USA (Texas), China (Shaanxi), Iran, Turkey, Georgia, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Ukraine) and hosts (
Ceratocladium purpureogriseum
,
Phomopsis brunaudiana
,
Torula herbarum
f.
quaternella
,
Acer oliverianum
,
Alhagi pseudalhagi
,
Arundo phragmitis
,
Bambusa
sp.,
Cichorium intybus
,
Citrus
sp.,
Echinops
sp.,
Ephedra distachya
,
Foeniculum vulgare
,
Stenotaphrum secundatum
,
Vitis vinifera
, and
Ziziphora serpyllaceae
).
Puccinia kraussiana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Cannon P. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
P. kraussiana
. Information on dispersal and transmission, geographical distribution (Ghana; Guinea; Kenya; Liberia; Malawi; Nigeria; Sierra Leone; Kwazulu-Natal and Limpopo, South Africa; Togo; Uganda; Zambia; Burma; Guangxi and Yunnan, China; Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, India; Indonesia; Pahang, Malaysia; Nepal; Taiwan; and New Caledonia) and host range (
Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana, Smilax anceps, S. aspera, S. bracteata, S. elegans, S. kingii, S. leucophylla, S. ligustrifolia, S. neocaledonica, S. orbiculata, S. perfoliata, S. plurifurcata
and
S. purpurata
) is included.