bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Republican Dilemma
Authors: Moen Lars J.K.
Published: January 2025

Republicans consider freedom as non-domination an attractive political ideal for a modern pluralistic society that cannot be found in liberalism. This book shows how this view is untenable. By analyzing freedom as non-domination as it is understood by contemporary republicans, the book rejects the widely held view that this freedom concept is superior to liberal understandings of freedom as non-interference. In fact, setting up institutions to promote non-domination is shown to also promote non-interference. The book demonstrates how it is the focus on making an ideal suitable for a modern society that leads republicans to a view of freedom with no normative insight that cannot also be found in liberalism. However, the book also shows how republicans can adjust their freedom ideal so that it actually offers a distinctly republican contribution to political philosophy. By understanding freedom to require that citizens commit to an especially high level of political participation to deny powerholders opportunities to act against the common good, republicans can reject liberalism and freedom as non-interference. But this freedom ideal does not respect the many citizens in a modern society whose conceptions of a good life do not involve such a high level of political engagement. Republicans therefore face a dilemma: they can promote a freedom ideal suited for modern conditions, but they then end up endorsing a liberal theory promoting freedom as non-interference. Alternatively, they can promote a distinct freedom ideal, but this ideal will be unsuited for a modern society.
Robustness
Authors: Moen Lars J.K.
Published: January 2025

This chapter introduces the robustness dimension and positions republican freedom and pure negative freedom along this dimension. It also shows, importantly, that scope and robustness are inversely related, so that an enhancement of scope implies a reduction in robustness, and vice versa. Republican freedom has greater robustness than pure negative freedom does. This difference does not, however, imply a difference in the measurement of freedom, as pure negative freedom theorists can justify interference for the sake of more robust protection insofar as it enhances overall pure negative freedom. This observation points toward a key point in the book: to maintain that promoting republican freedom differs from the promotion of pure negative measurement of freedom, republicans must give their core freedom ideal an extensive robustness requirement and a correspondingly restricted scope requirement.
Pluralism
Authors: Moen Lars J.K.
Published: January 2025

This chapter distinguishes between moderate and strong understandings of republican freedom. The two interpretations are different trade-off between the scope and robustness dimensions of freedom. On the moderate view, a scope restricted by a reasonableness condition allows for only a moderate robustness requirement, which demands no more than citizens’ “virtual control” of their government. Thus understood, the freedom ideal respects the pluralism of modern society and is based on a liberal theory promoting pure negative freedom. To distinguish their position such a liberal theory, republicans must demand more robustness, and thereby restrict the scope of freedom. The ideal then requires citizens to commit to a high level of political participation to ensure “active control” of powerholders, involving a high level of vigilance. On this strong interpretation, republican freedom breaks away from liberalism and pure negative freedom, but it also conflicts the pluralism of modern society.
Dialogic Methodology for Transdisciplinary Practice-Based Research
Authors: White E. Jayne , Janfada Mahtab
Published: January 2025

In this book the reader will be introduced to the premises, processes, and practices of dialogic methodology as a legitimized approach to the transdisciplinary study of practice. With the aid of dialogic scholars across the globe—whose dynamic interview excerpts are peppered throughout the book—the authors take the reader on a pathway of discovery from conception to fruition of their possible or proposed research study. The reader will be introduced to the previously impenetrable writings of Russian transdisciplinary thinker and doer Mikhail Bakhtin, whose ideas forge the basis of dialogic methodology. As a consequence, the reader will be able to identify and apply a series of dialogic concepts, principles, and designs at their creative disposal in and for practice. The book introduces a series of contemporary scholarship across the disciplines of practice and invites speculative inquiry that resists certainty whilst maintaining fidelity to its origins in thought and practice. There are opportunities to respond to questions posed, and the reader will be exposed to the latest literature at their fingertips. Complex ideas are translated into real-life practice contexts, calling for methodological rigour while resisting the pull to certainty that permeates the field. This book is the first of its kind and a must-read for any research scholar who takes dialogues seriously (and perhaps not so seriously too!).
Locating Dialogic Methodology
Authors: White E. Jayne , Janfada Mahtab
Published: January 2025

Bakhtin described dialogic methodology as a ‘special science (scientific discipline)’ with its own governing principles that set it apart from other methodologies. Dialogic methodology is a unique approach to research, one deeply influenced by a series of philosophical and political layers of thought. This chapter presents the kernel of this specificity as an orienting framework for practice-based research. It introduces some of the paradigms and assumptions that orient its meaning and then considers its specific potential for practice-based transdisciplinary research. The chapter primarily sets the scene for explaining the types of research issues or tensions that orient dialogic methodology and why.
Designing Dialogic Methodology With Practice
Authors: White E. Jayne , Janfada Mahtab
Published: January 2025

In this chapter we look closely at the methodological task involved in designing research of this nature—from research questions to the so-called methods at your disposal for analysis. How each method contributes to the overall methodological design and implementation of research in this field is highly creative, and nuanced, according to your purpose. The process is an iterative one with practice and with those involved. We draw from the experiences of others in the field to provide some beginning inspiration for design which you may find helpful in orienting your research quest. By the end of this chapter, you should be well poised to critically engage with the design of existing practice-based research projects that subscribe to dialogic methodology. You will be able to add your own creative flair and even design aspects of your methodological approach for practice-based inquiry—if, indeed, this is (still) your quest.
Dialogic Methodology for Future Practice
Authors: White E. Jayne , Janfada Mahtab
Published: January 2025

In this final chapter, we summarise the key features of dialogic methodology that we have explored throughout this book and, in the spirit of Bakhtin, brought forth with a ‘feeling for the future’. With this orientation to forward movements in time, we pose a future-oriented series of possibilities for transdisciplinary practice-based research. These possibilities, we contend, will enhance the potential for dialogic methodology to bear fruit in and with existing paradigms as well as domains beyond traditional research, thus opening up contemporary and future spaces for the study of dialogic encounters with ‘possibilist thinking’ for practice. However, we also remind ourselves of the limitations of dialogic methodology. Accordingly, we end this chapter with a series of unfinalized propositions to help you not only contemplate the relevance of these ideas for your own work but also workshop ideas with and through transdisciplinary approaches to practice.
What Is All This?
Authors: Fiocco M. Oreste
Published: January 2025

This chapter introduces the present work, which begins by questioning what the world as a whole is via the question of what a thing (any thing at all) is. A novel method of inquiry is needed to answer such general questions. This chapter also introduces this method: original inquiry. Original inquiry is presuppositionless in that it makes no assumptions about the world or what is in it. The feasibility of such inquiry is defended. Engaging in original inquiry reveals the significance of temporal phenomena, viz., inconstancy and constancy, and of time itself to a comprehensive account of the world. The chapter distinguishes the grand metaphysical inquiry pursued in the present work from other, more familiar projects in the history of philosophy. It concludes with an overview of the book put forth in synoptic accounts of each of the subsequent eleven chapters.
Two General Views of Temporal Reality
Authors: Fiocco M. Oreste
Published: January 2025

There are two generic approaches to accounting for all temporal phenomena, including inconstancy and constancy. On one, the world in time is ontologically homogeneous. There are (infinitely) many, equally real moments with no peculiarly temporal thing distinguishing any one of these from any other. Each thing in time has a permanent existence: each moment exists without ceasing to be and whatever exists at any moment exists ceaselessly at all moments it exists. The key feature of the opposing approach to temporal reality is that, according to it, there are significant structural and, hence, ontological differences in the world when it goes from being one way (at one moment) to a different way (at a distinct moment). This approach, based on difference, admits of much greater variation than does the one based on ontological homogeneity; the unifying feature of all these many versions is that the world in time is ontologically heterogeneous.
All This and Why It Matters
Authors: Fiocco M. Oreste
Published: January 2025

The world in its entirety is the things inside and outside of time. The insightfulness of this answer turns on the account of what a thing is, and so this chapter considers again, from the perspective afforded by the preceding discussion, the method of original inquiry and the discipline of metaphysics. Metaphysics is definitive; it can be undertaken once and for all, producing a universal theory that constrains all other inquiry. The generality of the discipline is the basis of its significance, but also its limitations. Metaphysics is not entirely general, though, for original inquiry does reveal the existence of certain substances, most importantly, time. Metaphysics and the metaphysics of time begin at the same point and are dependent upon on each other. The former reveals the ontological structure in reality, the latter its temporal and modal structure. Together, the two define the means and limits of all inquiry.
Where to Draw the Line
Authors: Drake H. A.
Published: January 2025

“Democracy” is usually the word that comes to mind when thinking of the ancient Greeks, but far more fundamental to modern life is their search for principles that led to the first serious examination of the options individuals have when their personal sense of right and wrong comes into conflict with the demands of the society to which they belong. This is a question that does not come up in the kind of kin-based, traditional society in which Greek thinking about the state originated. If the state is just one large family, there are no grounds for conflict: what is good for the family is good for everyone in the family. With the growth of the polis, however, a cleavage emerged, as Sophocles saw in his play Antigone. When Socrates applied the new method of cross-examination (“dialectic”) to ethical questions, his brilliant student Plato used this method to produce a classic of political theory, The Republic. Here, and by his personal example, Socrates analyzed situations in which justice demands individuals obey their conscience, even if that means going against the state.
“Your Magnificent Citizenship”
Authors: Drake H. A.
Published: January 2025

Rome conquered the Mediterranean with its mighty legions, but a more important reason for its success lies in its diplomacy. From earliest times, Rome made treaty arrangements with neighboring states that obliged them to provide soldiers to Rome on demand. In return, they were given a path to full Roman citizenship. The result was a manpower pool that no other ancient state could match. When Rome suffered a catastrophic defeat in 216 bce, losing upwards of 80,000 men in a single day, it had reserves of more than 700,000 troops to draw on. The Greek historian Polybius, who lived in Rome for twenty years, attributed its success to a different cause: the stability of its government, which he described as a mixed constitution of checks and balances. His theory had a long and influential life, eventually influencing the framers of the United States Constitution. Equally important was the historian Livy, whose portrait of noble citizens who put sacrifice for Rome above all else, helps explain the use of classical architecture in so many modern capitals.
Conclusion
Authors: Drake H. A.
Published: January 2025

The centuries after the end of imperial rule in the western Mediterranean led to a sharp decline in the standard of living in those lands, compared to the continued prosperity in the lands where the eastern empire still ruled from Constantinople, as well as those now ruled by a Muslim empire that stretched from India to the Pyrenees. This cultural divide exposes the flaw in a common assumption that the Germanic kingdoms that replaced Rome in the west were the most genuine heirs of the Roman empire. Instead, western Europe should be seen as the Third World, a position it held for centuries to come. The medieval Song of Roland reveals how much had changed.
Race, Religion, Generation, and Activism around U.S. Partisan Politics
Authors: Kurien Prema A.
Published: January 2025

This chapter describes and explains the voting patterns and partisan behavior of Indian Americans and focuses on how Indian American groups mobilized to support Democratic or Republican candidates at the federal level over the past several elections. It shows how race and religion, sometimes working together and other times in opposing ways, interact to shape the partisan behavior of Indian American groups. We see how the fault lines discussed in earlier chapters—the mobilization of some under an Indian identity versus the mobilization of others under a South Asian umbrella and the political interests and activism of immigrants versus second-generation Indian Americans, of religious minorities in the United States versus Indian Christians, and of Hindu nationalist supporters versus opponents—all come together to shape Indian American mobilization around U.S. partisan politics in complex ways. The chapter also examines new groups that developed around the 2020 elections targeting Indian and South Asian American voters.
The Strategic Utility of Special Operations Forces from a Non-State Perspective
Authors: Rice Ian , Whiteside Craig
Published: January 2025

Do non-state actors conduct special operations? This chapter examines how non-state actors emulate and develop military special operation capabilities that stand in stark contrast to the normal repertoire of subversive tactics hidden from plain view. The authors develop a theoretical framework for non-state special operations and how these operations differ from what we describe as the typical tactical efforts of these non-state actors, du jour operations. Militant groups are not the only type of actor to adopt special operations. Mercenaries/private military companies, proxy militia groups, and transnational criminal organizations each have conducted special operations for diverse reasons. This chapter demonstrates that these groups conduct special operations by first determining a group’s typical operational model, du jour operations, and then comparing them to other operations that generate effects that contribute significantly to campaign or conflict outcomes. This chapter offers implications of the proliferation of special operation forces around the globe and its influence on non-state behavior, including developing in-house specialized units. This proliferation of a popularized military capability follows the general trend of the democratization of other capabilities and technologies beyond state use.
Special Operations in Europe
Authors: Pettersson Ulrica
Published: January 2025

The chapter adds a new perspective on resilience and resistance in modern warfare. Resistance movements need to be innovative and adaptive to contemporary times and the context within which they are operating. The author elaborates on how special operations forces can improve guerrilla warfare through lessons learned, not only form historic events such as WWI but also from more contemporary social phenomena. For instance, clusters of organized crime in the High North, which seem to operate effectively in parallel with the small state’s societies. Those clusters relentlessly challenge the state’s authorities in their use of innovative ideas and constant evolution and adaptation. Three dimensions of access have shown to be of essence; cognitive, physical and finally moral. Modern resistance movements must be prepared in advance. To improve, they could be inspired by the principles and asymmetry the organized crime cluster applies when operating in parallel with today’s societies.
Special Operations Developments in the Pacific
Authors: Maher Andrew
Published: January 2025

Lessons for Special Operations Forces preparedness and strategic utility today can and should be drawn from the last period of major power competition and conflict in the Indo-Pacific—World War II. The Japanese did not initiate World War II at Pearl Harbor, subversive “grey zone” tactics to “win without fighting” and subvert Western colonies werein prominent display pre-conflict, such as in competition. The Allies competed, supporting the raising of Chinese guerrillas to impose costs on the Japanese war effort in China. Again, this occurred pre-conflict. This contribution argues that several roles emerged from this World War II context of competition. Then, as now, four types of personalities and functions are relevant to special operations theory. These are elite, unorthodox, propagandist, and intelligence collector typologies. Such typologies remain an enduring organizational requirement of SO, and for understanding how SO contributes to military strategy.
The Future of Innovation in Special Operations Forces
Authors: Blanken Leo
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores the future of innovation for Western special operations forces (SOF) in an emerging era characterized by rapidly changing technology and the rise of peer competitor states. The chapter argues that while SOF enjoys three attributes that are associated with innovative organizations—small size, high quality, and high externalConnectivity—successful innovation would only take place as the result of strategic choices made by organizational leadership, rather than being assumed as a naturallyemergent property of SOF entities. The chapter explores varying levels of ambition for SOF organizations in terms of innovation, as they may choose to focus solely on challengesaround SOF-specific problem sets or, rather, seek to be testbeds of innovation for the wider array of conventional forces, allied and partner forces, and inter-agencyorganizations with whom they collaborate. Finally, the chapter shows that pursuing an ambitious innovation agenda would involve significant trade-offs for SOF organizations interms of resources and focus.
Making Chameleons
Authors: Emanuel Peter Bovet
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores opportunities for Special Operations Forces (SOF) in the context of strategic relevance and artificial intelligence (AI). It argues that SOF must navigate two fundamental questions: the changing character of warfare, and AI’s implications for SOF roles and structures. The forthcoming era of advanced technologies may change, not just the character, but also the nature (i.e., assemblage) of SOF. If harnessed, this can create opportunities for special operations with fewer boundaries and more freedom to adapt to changing environments and requirements. Embracing the idea of SOF becoming increasingly techno-shaped and software-defined, the chapter discusses some foreseeable tensions and opportunities for SOF assemblages. The integration of AI is expected to redefine SOF operations, requiring new skill sets and reshaping traditional concepts of command and control. The chapter concludes that treating SOF as assemblages allows for the flexibility needed to navigate these changes, ensuring their continued strategic utility in an increasingly complex global environment.
Special Operations in Galaxies and Metaverses
Authors: Kiras James D.
Published: January 2025

Special operations are an integral part of contemporary war and some from the special operations community see bright possibilities for future special operations. This chapter looks at these possibilities from a non-traditional perspective. First, it explores how rising and revanchist powers—China and Russia—view future conflict, specifically the importance they place on crucial and potentially decisive domains: space and cyberspace. It does so by drawing upon their more authoritative military writings as well as recent Western threat assessments. Second, this contribution outlines the contours of a novel conceptual model of space, cyberspace, and special operations to determine their points of intersection, or convergence, as well as unique attributes, or points of divergence. From these, the implications for future special operations can be deduced.
Groundshift
Authors: Paliwal Avinash
Published: January 2025

This chapter introduces the argument, structure, and themes that inform India’s near east. It underscores why examining India’s statecraft and nation-building outside in, and diplomacy and foreign policy inside out, is of value to understanding the geopolitics of this region. The chapter also sets the tone for the rest of the book by lending focus on dynamics surrounding Burma’s separation from India in 1937, and partition of the subcontinent in 1947. Both events created centrifugal pressures and centripetal energies that continue to shape India’s domestic political ad regional strategic outlook. From birthing rivalries with China and Pakistan and sparking nationalist and revolutionary violence, these events influenced India’s determination to maintain national security and territorial integrity. In this context, identity politics, cross-border migration, political economies, and official antinomies are the key themes that determine India’s decisions on questions of waging war, making peace, and building a postcolonial state.
Two and a Half Fronts War, Borderlands, and Interventionism after 1962
Authors: Paliwal Avinash
Published: January 2025

This chapter argues that the 1962 China-India war and the 1965 India-Pakistan war fueled ethnic separatism in India’s near east and opened space for covert and overt interventionism. Fearful of a two-and-half front conflict scenario where it needs to fight China, Pakistan, and ethnic insurgencies alike, these wars strengthened India’s resolve to assert its authority in the northeast even if it necessitated use of force outside of national borders. In Assam, Pakistan’s sponsorship of Naga rebels shaped India’s decision to enter a ceasefire with moderate Naga leaders and carve out the state of Nagaland within the Indian Union in 1963. New Delhi’s response to the 1962 coup in Burma was muted despite it triggering a mass exodus of Burmese Indians. But the outbreak of the Mizo insurgency in 1966 recalibrated India’s geopolitical calculations in its near east.
Joy Bangla
Authors: Paliwal Avinash
Published: January 2025

This chapter shows how Hindu-Muslim communal violence, armed ethnic insurgencies, and large-scale cross-border displacement increased India’s appetite for intervention in East Pakistan. New Delhi decided that the best way to solve its two-and-half front security dilemma was to focus on the situation in East Pakistan. Under Indira Gandhi’s leadership, Indian intelligence activated covert support for rebels in Pakistan and China—but not Burma—by sponsoring Bengali and Tibetan nationalists. In East Pakistan, India found an ally in Sheikh Mujibur Rahman of the East Pakistan Awami League. Mujib’s secularism was viewed as an antidote to communalism. But India’s creation of the Mujib Bahini (an armed outfit loyal to Mujib), parallel to its support for the Mukti Bahini (a big-tent Bangladeshi nationalist armed movement), created antinomies that laid the groundwork for deep-seated resentment against India in Bangladesh.
Losing the Peace
Authors: Paliwal Avinash
Published: January 2025

India lost the peace after winning the 1971 Bangladesh liberation war with Pakistan. This chapter explains why. During 1972-75 India failed to gauge the depth of anti-Mujib sentiment in the Bangladeshi army, and the scale of economic crisis that the newly independent country faced. The 1974 Bangladesh famine and Mujib’s mishandling of the same played a role in his assassination. The chapter reveals in detail India’s reaction to Mujib’s killing, and how it came close to mounting a military intervention in Bangladesh in November 1975 when a countercoup failed to return Mujib loyalists to power. The chapter traces the rise of General Zia-ur-Rahman, the consequent tumult in India-Bangladesh relations till Zia’s assassination in 1981, and the coup in 1982 that led to the rise of General H.M. Ershad.
Hard Look East
Authors: Paliwal Avinash
Published: January 2025

This chapter looks at post-Cold War India’s strategic recalibration in its near east in form of the Look East Policy (LEP). After losing an ally in the Soviet Union and facing financial default, India revisited its ties with the junta in Myanmar and the BNP in Bangladesh and privileged economic connectivity over political preferences. With the Naga rebels, India entered secret talks and signed a ceasefire in 1997. The infusion of drugs, arms, and insurgents into an electoral system undergirded by corruption and fueled by ethnic politics redefined India’s northeast. The 1990s witnessed a transformation of separatist groups into drug cartels invested in profit over welfare and representative politics. India reached a critical conclusion during this period—it preferred friendly autocrats in its neighborhood over anti-Indian populists who could gain power using democratic means.
Epilogue
Authors: Paliwal Avinash
Published: January 2025

The epilogue to the book pulls together all the four threads that inform India’s approach towards its near east i.e., identity politics, cross-border migration, political economies, and official antinomies. It brings the narrative of the book to a wrap by focusing on the February 2021 military coup in Myanmar, and the groundswell of anti-Hasina protests in the run-up to the January 2024 elections.
Perfect Storm
Authors: Gustafson Thane
Published: January 2025

This book attempts to retell and reinterpret the story of Russia’s failed opening to the West. Rather than geopolitics, it considers the underlying economic, technological, and social aspects of this opening and the role these played in its ultimate failure. Although essential to an understanding of what happened, and what went wrong, they have received less attention. As the book shows, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has brought to a tragic close a thirty-year period of history that began with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the reopening of Russia to the West after six decades of Soviet isolation. The opening, which lasted for three tumultuous decades, has now been followed by a new closing, driven by the Ukrainian war, the imposition of Western sanctions, and the Russian responses to them. Russian–Western relations today are as hostile as they have ever been. Who or what is to blame? There is already an abundance of analysis and reflection on the origins and causes of the Ukrainian War and the Kremlin’s role in it. Perfect Storm: Russia’s Failed Opening, War, Sanctions, and the Future reviews the mixture of motives, illusions, and hopes, that accompanied Russia’s opening to the West; its achievements and disappointments; the complexity of the post-invasion sanctions regime and the Russians’ responses to them; the quasi-exodus of Westerners from Russia and its impact on the Russian economy and society; and finally Russia’s possible futures under a new generation of leaders.
Black and White
Authors: Gustafson Thane
Published: January 2025

This chapter tells the story of the flow of Russians into the West between 1991 and 2022 and shows how it differed from that of the West into Russia. It first describes the Russians coming to the West as consisting of four main groups: Russian banks, large industrial corporations, “oligarchs” and other magnates, and finally tens of thousands of ordinary individuals. It also shows how the impact of the Russians on Western opinion was also quite different: Russian public opinion responded to the presence of the West with a complex mixture of admiration and imitation, but also growing resentment and rejection, while Western opinion of the Russians in the West was largely negative from the first, and worsened over time, which was perceived and resented by the Russians. The chapter concludes that in different ways both currents—the West into Russia and the Russians into the West—led to a climate of public mistrust and hostility, which reinforced the simultaneous deterioration of geopolitical relations, and set the stage for the sanctions that followed in 2014 and after.
Putin and the Opening of Russia
Authors: Gustafson Thane
Published: January 2025

This chapter shows that while Putin’s public attitudes toward the key features of a market economy—privatization, protection of property rights, “liberal” economic policy, and open international trade—were strongly positive during his first two terms, they became increasingly negative during the following two. The chapter also shows that his policies toward the presence and investment of Western businesses in Russia, and toward the economic roles of Russians in the West, were relatively open from 2000 to the mid-2010s but became increasingly restrictive thereafter. It concludes that in both cases, Putin’s economic positions and policies followed the evolution of his geopolitical views, and after 2013 and the occupation of Crimea, his economic policies were dominated overwhelmingly by his geopolitics, and especially his war on Ukraine.
The Hurricane of Western Sanctions
Authors: Gustafson Thane
Published: January 2025

This chapter describes the machinery of the sanctions imposed on Russia by the three main sanctioning powers, the United States, the European Union, and the United Kingdom. It shows that, since the beginning of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Russia has been hit by sanctions from over forty different Western countries, a hurricane of tens of thousands of documents covering everything from financial transactions to oil exports, imports of high technology and key components both civilian and military, a wide range of consumer goods and services, and thousands of persons, both inside and outside Russia. Nothing on this scale, against so large a country and one so integrated into the world economy, has ever been attempted before. The chapter’s key propositions are that if the sanctions are maintained and vigorously enforced, they will have increasingly severe long-term impacts on the Russian economy, causing its gradual degradation.
The Great Western Quasi-Exodus
Authors: Gustafson Thane
Published: January 2025

This chapter reviews the decisions of many Western companies to remain in Russia after the invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, which was followed by a flurry of announcements by Western companies in Russia, pledging to stop operations, launch no new projects, make no new investments, and—for many of them—to exit from Russia. As the chapter shows, many of these pledges preceded the actual imposition of sanctions and were prompted by the companies’ desire not to appear supportive of the aggressor. But three years on, only a small minority have actually left. According to the Kyiv School of Economics (KSE), out of nearly 4,000 foreign companies present in Russia at the time of the invasion, only about 425 have actually left. This chapter explains why so many Western companies remain in Russia and goes on to analyze the consequences of this “quasi-exodus” for the Western investors and the Russian economy, and the long-term prospects for a return by Western businesses, if and when Russia reopens to the West.
Around the Corners of History
Authors: Gustafson Thane
Published: January 2025

This chapter offers a hypothetical scenario for an eventual reopening of Russia to the West under the next generation of Russian leaders. There are two possible paths: a “good” reopening based on the reaffirmation and recodification of mutual interests between Russia and the West, through negotiation and mutual concessions; or a “bad” reopening through which Russia re-enters the world “through the back door,” exploiting Western fatigue, inattention, attrition, and erosion of will and unity through evasion, manipulation, and subversion. The chapter considers that a good reopening is possible. But it would require three things: a change of leadership, a stable settlement of the Ukrainian war, and the passage of time.
The Long Shadow of German Colonialism
Authors: Melber Henning
Published: January 2025

From 1884 to 1914, the world’s fourth-largest overseas colonial empire was that of the German Kaiserreich. Yet this fact is little known in Germany and the subject remains virtually absent from most school textbooks. While debates are now common in France and Britain over the impact of empire on former colonies and colonizing societies, German imperialism has only more recently become a topic of wider public interest. In 2015, the German government belatedly and half-heartedly conceded that the extermination policies carried out over 1904–8 in the settler colony of German South West Africa (now Namibia) qualify as genocide. But the recent invigoration of debate on Germany’s colonial past has been hindered by continued amnesia, denialism, and a populist right endorsing colonial revisionism. A campaign against postcolonial studies has sought to denounce and ostracize any serious engagement with the crimes of the imperial age. Henning Melber presents an overview of German colonial rule and analyses how its legacy has affected and been debated in German society, politics and the media. He also discusses the quotidian experiences of Afro-Germans, the restitution of colonial loot, and how the history of colonialism affects important institutions such as the Humboldt Forum.
Challenging Colonial Asymmetries and Blind Spots
Authors: Melber Henning
Published: January 2025

This concluding chapter returns to the emphasis on self-critical explorations when it comes to colonial mindsets and socialization even of those who are critical of colonial history. It shares some of the perspectives by descendants of formerly colonized societies challenging white supremacist perceptions and attitudes and points to the continued coloniality of power even in efforts by official German policy to come to terms with the past injustices. The reluctance if not refusal to engage with colonial atrocities in a similar degree to the efforts to engage with the Holocaust are critically examined. The emphasis of its singularity is questioned as a form of gatekeeping, preventing an adequate willingness for a similar memory culture and acknowledgement of crimes committed. The notion of multidirectional memory is introduced and presented as a guiding principle.
Brown Babies
Authors: Connell Kieran
Published: January 2025

This chapter provides an in-depth account of everyday life in an early multicultural community in Britain: the Tiger Bay area of Cardiff in Wales. It introduces readers to St Clair Drake, the African American anthropologist on whose unpublished study of Tiger Bay in the late-1940s this chapter draws. The chapter discusses the racialized nature of the moral panic around mixed-race babies in Britain, and the extent to which this was intimately connected to the racial ideologies that underpinned Britain’s imperial project. The chapter goes on to highlight the significance of what was understood to be Tiger Bay’s multicultural “metropolis”.
Black Powers
Authors: Connell Kieran
Published: January 2025

This chapter begins by mapping the growth of multicultural Bradford in second half of the twentieth century, focusing in particular on immigration from the Indian subcontinent. It examines the reaction to this immigration on the part of various right-wing figures. The chapter then details the introduction of numerous multicultural policies in the field of education. It ends with a discussion of Ray Honeyford, a white headteacher of a school with a majority of South Asian pupils, and examines the campaign led by parents and local activists to have him removed from his post.
White Flights
Authors: Connell Kieran
Published: January 2025

This chapter is orientated around two key themes: the campaign that was led primarily by local Muslim activists to remove the sex industry from Balsall Heath, an inner-city area of Birmingham, and the hybridized milieu that helped pave the way for the work of local artists such as the Bhangra DJ and producer Bally Sagoo. Both events, it is argued, epitomize what is positioned as the dialectical nature of the making of modern Britain. The chapter ends with a discussion of New Labour’s immigration policies, which are framed as another example of the historic mainstreaming of far-right ideas.
Spectral analysis
Authors: Diggle Peter J. , Giorgi Emanuele
Published: January 2025

In this chapter, we re-visit and further develop the so-called frequency-domain approach to time-series analysis, whereby the stochastic variation in a time series of length n is modelled through a decomposition into harmonic components (sine-cosine waves) at the Fourier frequencies, fk=2πk/n:k=1,…,n/2. We first describe how the estimation of the spectrum from a single time series is improved by smoothing the periodogram to achieve a better trade-off between bias and variance. We then consider ways of comparing estimates of the spectrum from two or more time series, leading to a representation of a set of periodograms as a generalized linear model.
Clause chaining and switch-reference in language contact and language history
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y.
Published: January 2025

Clause chaining and switch-reference can be a feature of a family, reconstructible for the proto-language. This chapter describes how the emergence and demise of clause chaining and principles of switch-reference can be an outcome of language contact, as is the case in North America, Indigenous Australia, and north-west Amazonia. The emergence of switch-reference distinctions may be associated with grammaticalization of pragmatic implicatures in clause combining, as shown in the chapter. Clause chaining affixes on verbs and cases on nouns may share the same form, as heterosemy. Clause chains may undergo contraction and lose their multiclausal status, giving rise to a variety of complex predicates including serial verbs. Medial verbs may grammaticalize into tense-aspect markers, and conjunctions, especially within summary linkage. As speakers acquire new genres, including written forms of erstwhile oral languages, and new communication via social media, they tend to calque structures present in national languages.
Clause chaining in Greater Awyu languages of West Papua
Authors: de Vries Lourens
Published: January 2025

This chapter describes patterns of emergent clause chaining in the Greater Awyu family of Papuan languages. Different languages and dialects reflect various stages of diachronic processes that turn the opposition non-finite and finite into the opposition between referential continuity (SS) or discontinuity (DS) of subjects referring to participants with thematic prominence. Clause chaining has its origin in a broader context of thematic continuity involving temporal and locational continuity, a phase represented by the Pisa language where non-finite medial clauses require that marked and reference clauses have the same topical participant, events that take place at the same time and location. Clause chaining is primarily used for situations where events unfold on a progressing time line. When that is not the case, speakers use various other forms of clause combining, for example, coordination of independent clauses for comparisons, or asyndetic juxtaposition for clauses which report speech.
Clause chaining in Finisterre Papuan languages
Authors: Sarvasy Hannah S.
Published: January 2025

This chapter shows clause chaining is a robust feature of all documented languages of the proposed Finisterre language group in Madang and Morobe Provinces, Papua New Guinea. In the ten best-documented of these languages, clause chains are a prominent, frequently used, complex sentence type. Medial verbs bear suffixes indicating switch-reference; same-subject (SS) suffixes do not also involve agreement with the marked clause’s subject, while different-subject (DS) suffixes do. In all ten languages, the subject person/number desinences used in DS marking, which are cognate across the languages, are formally similar to the subject desinences used in contrafactual inflection, and, usually, also immediate imperatives. The languages can be divided into three groups based on the complexity of the medial verb systems; maximally complex systems involve multiple medial markers with different relative-temporal and -aspectual semantics. Most languages exhibit non-canonical medial clause use, bridging linkage, and grammaticalized or lexicalized functions of two-clause chains.
Clause chaining in Uto-Aztecan
Authors: Toosarvandani Maziar
Published: January 2025

Clause chains in Uto-Aztecan vary substantially in their surface realization, including in the number and interpretation of clause chain markers and in whether they mark switch-reference. The chapter surveys this variation and provides a detailed study of clause chaining in one Uto-Aztecan language, Northern Paiute. The language’s clause chains exhibit distinctive properties, including variability in the position of marking clauses and the case of the marking clause subject (nominative vs. accusative), both properties that are attested elsewhere in the language family. This chapter introduces a formal analysis of clause chaining in Northern Paiute, which can account for these properties and which offers one perspective on the grammatical sources of the variation attested within Uto-Aztecan and with other languages.
Clause chaining in Aguaruna (Chicham)
Authors: Overall Simon E.
Published: January 2025

This chapter describes the clause chaining constructions used in traditional narrative monologues in Aguaruna (also known as Awajún and Iiniá Chicham). Aguaruna grammar makes heavy use of dependent clauses, whose verbs take a morphologically marked dependent form and differ morphologically from finite verbs in that they lack tense and mood marking, but are marked for switch-reference. Some dependent clauses function like modifying adverbial clauses, and show formal syntactic properties consistent with being constituents of another clause, while others form paratactic clause chains that are iconically temporally ordered and semantically more like coordination. The verb forms themselves show no morphological marking relating to this distinction. The chapter also describes bridging constructions and the use of two alternating discourse topics or ‘co-pivots’, which are by preference maintained as subject and object throughout a sequence of chained clauses.
Switch-reference and clause chaining in Northern Jê
Authors: Nonato Rafael
Published: January 2025

This chapter investigates the clause chaining grammar of six Northern Jê languages: Kĩsêdjê, Apinajé, Mebengokre, Canela Apãniekrá, Krahô, and Parkatêjê. They share a core clause chaining grammar. Connectives linking clauses in a chain indicate whether their subjects are identical or different (switch-reference). When different, the connective may agree in person with the subject of the following clause (anticipatory agreement). Connectives that agree with third person also coindex tense. In some languages, agreement is blocked when the chain is grammatically embedded. The form employed when agreement is blocked is identical to the one used to agree with third person and coindex non-future tense. All forms are cognate among the surveyed languages except for this last one, creating a split between the Eastern Timbira languages (Canela Apãniekrá, Krahô, and Parkatêjê), which share a cognate set in this role, and the other languages, which share a different cognate set.
Injured Brains of Medical Minds II
Authors: 9780198890041
Published: January 2025

There are three aims of Injured Brains of Medical Minds II. Firstly, to provide perceptive accounts of symptoms and the natural history of brain disorders by people specially trained in the art of observing and reporting, thus yielding unique insights into the lived experience of what it is like to be a patient and to be disabled. Secondly, to offer insights into how the brain works, since the articles are written by patients who are uniquely privileged in view of their understanding of the brain. Thirdly, to highlight ways in which the conditions described in the book can be best managed and treated by healthcare professions and carers.
Four weeks post-stroke
Authors: Twigger J.
Published: January 2025

This chapter presents a series of 12 articles reflecting different types of stroke. Article 1 discusses a cognitive neuropsychologist’s right anterior cortical stroke. Article 2 explores a general practitioner’s right hemisphere stroke. Article 3 narrates a nurse’s experience following a left frontal stroke, whereas Article 4 reflects on a late professor and classical pianist’s experience with a right parietal stroke. Article 5 describes a radiologist’s encounter with an acute right hemisphere stroke. Article 6 provides insight into a neuropsychologist’s life after a ruptured left frontal arteriovenous malformation that occurred at the age of 19 years. Article 7 details a psychiatrist’s episode of transient global amnesia. Article 8 recounts a nephrologist who suffered a cerebellar infarct. Article 9 examines an aphasiologist’s stroke affecting the brainstem. Article 10 reports on a cardiologist’s embolic stroke involving the cerebellum. Article 11 outlines the consequences of a neuroscientist’s brainstem infarct. Finally, Article 12 shares a nurse’s perspective on a right parietal lobe stroke.
A (so-called) mild head injury
Authors: Warlow C.
Published: January 2025

This chapter includes 10 articles that explore the experiences of those who suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Article 1 describes the symptoms that followed a TBI suffered by a neurology professor after a fall. Articles 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 describe the consequences of a TBI following a road traffic accident. In Article 4, the doctor sustained a severe TBI that occurred while skiing.
Recovering from severe brain injury
Authors: Thomas D. J. B. , Skelton-Robinson M.
Published: January 2025

This chapter includes 10 articles that explore the experiences of those who suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Article 1 describes the symptoms that followed a TBI suffered by a neurology professor after a fall. Articles 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 describe the consequences of a TBI following a road traffic accident. In Article 4, the doctor sustained a severe TBI that occurred while skiing.