bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Design and Performance of Industrial Lighting
Authors: Allpress Hugh S.
Published: November 2015

The paper is divided into two parts.

PART I deals with the design of lighting equipment and ancillary apparatus from the points of view of maintenance, safety, performance and simplicity of manufacture. The author's statements are based upon the checking of large numbers of artificial lighting installations during recent years. It is held that the experience gained during the war period, when little change occurred in industrial lighting equipment, should influence designers in developments for the future.

Special reference is made to questions of earthing, electrical and mechanical safety and to the temperatures attained in lighting fittings, which latter it is claimed are frequently too hot for service with normal cables.

Effects of corrosion and the specification of the quality of vitreous enamel are discussed.

Suggestions are made for the extension of Standard specifications to ensure inter-changeability in preference to the present tendency to limit their scope to performance requirements—including references to lampholders, low voltage lighting equipment and local lighting reflectors.

Photometrical evidence is offered in a novel form of diagram of the similarity in the light distributions from vitreous enamelled reflectors of different shapes with recommendations for a standardised design in place of the present alleged unnecessary multiplicity of patterns.

The electrical tracking effects of dust and the problem of dustproof lighting fittings are discussed. Particulars of a range of special totally-enclosed reflectors developed for war factories are given.

PART II draws attention to certain aspects of present-day practice in the design of industrial lighting layouts and suggests a greater degree of earlier co-operation between the factory owner and the illuminating engineer, with a fuller definition of the responsibilities of the latter.

Some special installations are discussed and comments made on the existing codes of illumination practice and the effects of decorations.

Special reference is made to lighting of hot-working areas in steel works, and the author's contention that reasonable illumination does not interfere with normal working conditions is upheld by certain quantitative experiments.

The experiments described also indicate that incandescent metal tends to reflect a greater proportion of incident light with increases in temperature and under certain circumstances may actually appear hotter under augmented illumination. This is the reverse to opinions frequently stated.

Comments on experience in connection with maintenance are given with recommendations for an ordered scheme for carrying out such work.

In conclusion the author draws attention to Government recognition of the meritorious contribution of the Lighting Industry to the war effort and the official measures introduced to assist improvements to artificial lighting. He hopes that many of such welfare measures, found possible in war, may be continued in peace.
Hot Cathode Tubular Fluorescent Lamp Circuit Analysis
Authors: Wood E.
Published: November 2015

It occurred to the author, some time ago, that a study of the fluorescent lamp circuit, coupled with a description of some practical tests, would be useful to people dealing with this new form of lighting. It had been apparent, and was forcibly brought out when work on the paper was proceeding, that a knowledge of A.C. theory was essential if one is to be able to understand thoroughly the fluorescent lamp circuit. But once having grasped such A.C. theory, leading to the better understanding of the circuit, it follows that the reasons for the inclusion of the component parts of the circuit such as choke and capacitor, etc., are made plainer.

The paper therefore describes the circuit and the lamp, as an introduction, and this information has largely been obtained from the various technical articles which have been published from time to time. The tests described are such as can be undertaken by anyone with the necessary instruments. The vector diagrams have been constructed from the results of the tests, and it has been assumed that the alternating quantities were sinusoidal. Although this assumption is not strictly correct it was considered that approximate vector diagrams so constructed would serve to illustrate the results satisfactorily. The conclusions drawn, it is hoped, will help lighting and installation engineers and others to a better understanding of this new type of lighting and the criticisms offered will, it is hoped, be taken in the right spirit.
Design of Contact Lights for Aerodrome Runways
Authors: Turner H. J.
Published: November 2015

An account is given of methods of calculating the light distribution required from aerodrome runway contact lights with particular reference to foggy weather. The limitations on intensity and light distribution imposed by mechanical and electrical conditions and the relative merits of flush-mounted and elevated lights are discussed. Consideration is given to the light distribution in directions other than those from which the lights are seen during approach and landing.
Transport Lighting with Fluorescent Lamps
Authors: Ruff H. R. , Hull J. N. , Mills R. V.
Published: November 2015

Lighting of transport vehicles has been stimulated by the introduction of fluorescent lamps, with their higher efficiency, large area and improved colour. After analysing the problem in terms of requirements and limitations, the paper describes the characteristics of lamps and circuits, explaining the choice between direct operation and conversion to a more suitable electrical supply. Following a description of the new types of lighting equipment and lamp control gear, the paper concludes with a detailed account of the application of the systems developed to specific classes of vehicle and the results achieved.
The Extension of the Gas Arc Condition
Authors: Cumming H. W.
Published: November 2015

Following an introductory section in which the derivation of the term “Gas Arc” is indicated, experimental electrical and luminous data on arc discharges through the gases xenon, krypton, argon, neon, and helium, are set out. This investigation has led to the production of a new form of xenon lamp, rated at 1 kw. The possibilities of operating high wattage high brightness sources are discussed, and applications for several types of gas arc discharge lamps are indicated.
An Empirical Formula for the Computation of the Indirect Component of Daylight Factor
Authors: Hopkinson R. G. , Longmore J. , Petherbridge P.
Published: November 2015

An empirical formula for the computation of daylight factor has been developed from formulae proposed by Pleijel, Dresler and Arndt. The formula, like those from which it was derived, assumes that light is inter-reflected in rooms in accordance with the theory of the integrating sphere.

Light entering a room through a window is considered in two parts, (a) that received directly from the sky or by reflection from obstructions above the horizon, and (b) light received by reflection from the ground. In determining the first reflected flux in the room, the sky and obstruction flux referred to under (a) above is modified by the average reflection factor of the floor and certain lower parts of the walls. The ground flux referred to under (b) above is modified by the average reflection factor of the ceiling and by certain upper parts of the walls. These two components of first reflected flux are then added and the theory of the integrating sphere applied.

This formula lends itself easily to simple forms of calculation such as a nomogram or slide-rule type of calculator. It is shown to give results approximating closely to measured values. It is therefore put forward as a tool for use by architects and lighting engineers for the calculation of daylight factor where great precision is not required.
Light Sources for Colour Matching
Authors: Miles E. E. , Peach D. C.
Published: November 2015

Visual comparison of the colour of an article with a colour standard forms the basis of colour control in many industries. While the colour of the sample and the standard will only be a true match if their spectral reflectance characteristics are identical, this is not always practicable and the problem facing the colourist is to obtain the best match under the widest range of illuminants. North overcast daylight is generally regarded by colourists as being the most satisfactory source. The general characteristics of daylight with particular reference to variations in colour, the conclusions reached in surveys conducted to determine the preferred characteristics, and the variations between observers in determining a colour match are discussed. The matching of colours having a fluorescent component and the matching of fluorescent whites are also discussed. Artificial light sources which are available for colour matching work are compared. A source combining tungsten filament and fluorescent lamps which reproduces the required conditions is proposed.
Polarised Headlight Filters
Authors: Jehu V. J.
Published: November 2015

One way of reducing the glare from headlamps is to use a polarised headlight system. In this paper the relative merits, for this purpose, of commercially available filters are discussed. A second paper will discuss the widely differing proposals that have been put forward in America and in Germany for the use of polarised headlights, and gives the results of tests made with an alternative system.

If an object which is neither very light nor very dark is to appear as bright in polarised light, when seen through the visor, as it normally appears in unpolarised light, about five times as much light is needed. When the transmission and extinction coefficients of the polarising material are known, it is possible to compare the performance of a polarised headlight system with that of systems using ordinary light, in terms of the seeing distances of a standard object. A high intensity polarised beam can only be used if the beam is almost completely polarised. At lower beam intensities less stringent demands are made on the polariser.

The extinction of oncoming polarised lights by the visor depends upon the accuracy of its setting, and may also be influenced by the properties of the windscreen. For a particular polariser the light leakage was increased on the average 150 times for a toughened-glass windscreen and four times for a laminated-glass screen. It is evident that existing types of toughened-glass windscreen could not be used with polarised headlights, unless the visor were mounted outside the windscreen
Symposium on Screen Viewing
Authors: Henderson S. T.
Published: November 2015

Information on the positions of aircraft is commonly presented on a cathode ray tube as a circular plan centred on the observation point. Radial scanning produces successive images at short intervals, and from these traces the direction and speed of the aircraft can be estimated. The fluorescent screens are usually of the magnesium fluoride type with long exponential afterglow, and to avoid loss of detail the observations have formerly been made, either with no other light in the room, or with light of a colour more or less complementary to that of the screen; these conditions are inconvenient especially if other operations have to be done in the same room, such as aircraft control at airports.

A system has been developed by which ambient light of near-white appearance, good colour rendering properties and reasonable intensity can be used without loss of visibility in the cathode-ray tube presentation. A combination of fluorescent lamps is used covering almost the whole visible spectrum apart from a band in the region where the cathode-ray tube screen itself emits. A colour filter in front of the cathode-ray tube passes the screen emission but absorbs that from the lamps, so that a minimum of external light reaches the screen. The perfect combination of lamps and filters has not yet been achieved, but several versions of the system have been investigated and some used successfully.
New Lighting Development in Germany
Authors: Schneider L.
Published: November 2015

The development in any country of any branch of technology depends not only on the development of theory and basic knowledge but also on the availability of raw materials, standards of craftsmanship and technical ability and on economic factors. This applies to the development of lighting and, in particular, to the technique of application; this is evident from a study of lighting in different countries and applies equally in the case of Germany.

The main part of the paper is concerned with lighting practice in offices, schools, shops, theatres and churches. There is also a section dealing with recent developments in railway lighting in Germany.
A Method of Calculating Flux from an Isocandle Diagram Using a System of Discrete Points
Authors: Smith Doreen
Published: November 2015

It is usual in this country to publish details of an asymmetric light distribution in the form of an isocandle diagram with additional information regarding total light output or flux in the upper and lower hemispheres. Sometimes it is also necessary to give utilisation factor curves for street-lighting lanterns. It is convenient to have a method of obtaining the information for these curves by quick calculation from the isocandle diagrams.

The flux represented on the whole or part of an isocandle diagram may be calculated by reading the intensity at a number of points in a carefully chosen array and applying a simple formula. There is a number of different possible arrays and it is necessary to choose the one which is most suited to the particular calculation that has to be made. Two different types are described in this paper. One is suited to the calculation of the total light output of a lantern. The other is specially designed for the flux calculations involved in the production of utilisation factor curves.
Open Space Lighting
Authors: Peirce M. W. , Stephenson H. F.
Published: November 2015

Most open space lighting applications have features in common and the paper collates the methods and equipment used and cites typical installations. The extent to which conventional lighting equipment can provide the light distributions needed is examined and the relative merits of low and high mounted schemes discussed. Methods of restricting glare are described. Some of the techniques employed in computing installations and in training floodlights, especially with high mounted schemes, are included.
The Theory of Visual Judgments in Motion and its Application to the Design of Landing Aids for Aircraft
Authors: Calvert E. S.
Published: November 2015

This paper is intended to bring the theory of the visual aids up to date, and to discuss various practical methods of increasing the safety of the approach and landing operation.

Arguments are put forward to show that the guidance in the vertical plane needs to be improved, particularly in visibilities somewhat above the limiting visibility, and a new form of angle of approach indicator is described, which promises to achieve this result. The beam spreads of the approach lights should be increased, and fittings for providing guidance for circling approaches should be developed. The British design of flush-type runway light has proved! satisfactory in actual operations, and as a result, landing mats have now become practicable, even on existing runways.
Lighting and Safety in Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction
Authors: Scott J. Gordon
Published: November 2015

The provision of inadequate temporary lighting, or faulty or unsuitable lighting equipment on building operations or works of engineering construction has been the direct cause of many serious accidents. This paper has been prepared in an endeavour to emphasise that such provision is illegal, and also to suggest methods of lighting that will allow work to be carried on safely.

The legal responsibilities of both contractors and workmen are discussed, as are typical hazards and accidents. The point is made that supervisors should be educated to accept only the highest standards of lighting—both fixed and portable—and that they should impart such knowledge obtained, by example.
Design of the Visual Field as a Routine Method
Authors: Waldram J. M.
Published: November 2015

The Method of Designed Appearance, which commences with the consideration of the appearance of the lighted interior and the specification of the luminances of the principal surfaces, has been applied to a simple rectangular interior. It is shown to lead to a very simple design procedure which can be reduced to a work sheet, one Table and one set of curves. Jones-Neidhart(6) ratios can be found immediately, whereby suitable equipment can be selected if these coefficients are available generally. The glare index can also be found immediately, whereby the installation can be checked for glare. The method in its simplest form is suitable for the straightforward cases and demands no specialised knowledge, but is capable of elaboration to any extent which the situation may justify.

It is recommended that a code be prepared giving guidance on the specification and luminance factors in typical cases.
Design and Production of Glassware for Lighting
Authors: Shellshear D. , Cartwright C. D.
Published: November 2015

The paper commences with a brief history of glass and glassmaking. It then deals with present-day equipment and the production of blown glassware for lighting. A description is given of the methods used to provide decoration either in or on the blown glass. Packing and transport are discussed. The remainder of the paper is concerned with the design of glassware and its association with light sources. Present-day designs in Britain, U.S.A. and on the Continent are discussed, and the conclusion deals with some future possibilities.
Lighting Trends since 1945: A Survey of Industrial, Office and Shop Lighting
Authors: Ballin H. H.
Published: November 2015

This paper surveys broadly the major developments in light sources and fittings since 1945 and examines the trends in British lighting practice for industrial, office and shop installations, with particular reference to four aspects: (1) Changes in illumination levels; (2) the demand for flexibility in lighting installations; (3) the practical impact of the “quality” approach on lighting design; (4) the tendency to integrate lighting with other aspects of design.

The investigation establishes a considerable increase in illumination levels, much assisted by the efficiency and low cost of fluorescent tubes. The demand for flexibility has been met in many installations by ingenious new designs, and similar successes can be recorded for the integration of lighting into the building structure. There is, however, a potential conflict between “quantity” and “quality” of illumination, integration and flexibility which, in the author's view, can only be satisfactorily settled by close co-operation between architect, engineer and lighting designer.
A Survey of Drawing Office Lighting Requirements
Authors: Collins J. B. , Langdon F. J.
Published: November 2015

The requirements for lighting for draughtsmen were studied by a survey in ten different offices by questionnaire and interview. Independently, physical and subjective appraisals of the lighting and visual environments were carried out and the results were compared with the draughtsmen's reactions. From their reactions to the different kinds of lighting experienced, recommendations have been deduced for both daylighting and artificial lighting to achieve the most satisfactory conditions. For offices with a depth to accommodate more than four boards, or without double side daylighting, some top lighting in daytime is generally advisable. At night satisfactory conditions are most easily obtained by a moderately high level of general lighting of comfortable quality, supplemented by local lighting on the boards. If these latter are to be dispensed with, special attention to the shadowless quality of the lighting, brightness distribution in the environment, and elimination of reflected glare, is essential.
Changes in the Dimensions of Incandescent Filament Lamps
Authors: Penny A. G.
Published: November 2015

The paper describes the changes in the dimensions of incandescent filament lamps for general lighting purposes which have occurred since their invention in 1878 as a result of various technical and commercial influences. The increasing importance of standardisation and of economy in manufacturing and distribution costs are noted.
The Role of Lighting in the Search for Better Interiors-Some Problems
Authors: Page J. K.
Published: November 2015

Too often the lighting of building interiors is considered in isolation instead of as part of a total environmental design. This paper discusses some of the problems raised by the current trend towards higher levels of illumination, both with artificial lighting and daylight. The inter-action between daylighting and summer solar gains is discussed first, and particular stress is laid on building orientation and the use of artificial lighting to avoid unnecessarily large glass openings. The large heat loads imposed by lighting systems themselves are then considered, with the limitations of natural ventilation for removal of this heat. The impact of modern lighting trends on air-conditioning needs is discussed, in two parts, one dealing with the problems of peripheral zones and the other dealing with interior zones. Thermal discomfort from lighting fittings due to excessive thermal radiation at head level is considered in relation to Chrenko's researches. Finally the competition for space in the ceiling is discussed, and the possibilities of integration of different aspects of environmental design are explored briefly. The author suggests that the education of lighting specialists may have to be broadened, to make co-operation with other environmental specialists concerned with building design more effective.
Tungsten Iodine Lamps and Their Applications
Authors: Strange J. W. , Stewart J.
Published: November 2015

During the last few years the tungsten iodine lamp has emerged as a practical light source, though as yet its whole field of application has not been fully explored. This paper reviews the physical operation of the lamp and the factors underlying its engineering design in various ratings. Consideration is also given to the design of caps and holders. The paper shows how the characteristics of the source have led to the development of a number of types of lamp, which are classified according to their operating conditions. Problems of fittings design are also investigated, with particular reference to temperature conditions, and two typical fittings are described in relation to their fields of application. The use of the tungsten iodine lamp in floodlighting and general area lighting is dealt with in some detail, and also its application in photographic work, the entertainment industries, and airfield lighting. Reference is made to specific uses in interior lighting, and to possible applications in display lighting.
Pressed-Glass Aircraft Landing Lamps
Authors: Avery J. D.
Published: November 2015

The advantages of a totally-enclosed one-piece construction for a reflector/lamp combination are outlined. The design and the manufacturing process for a pressed-glass aircraft landing lamp are described; a list of types at present available is given, together with some data on their light distributions.
Football Floodlighting
Authors: Dorey G. M. , Peirce M. W. , Price W. A.
Published: November 2015

The fundamental problems in lighting for football are re-examined, and the theoretical considerations analysed. Two alternative systems which have proved successful in practice are described, and some general design considerations are discussed. A simplified method for the calculation of the floodlight training plan for a high-tower installation is explained, and a worked example given of its application.
Discharge Lamps: Colour, Efficiency and Application
Authors: Ruff H. R.
Published: November 2015

Progress in the efficiency and colour quality of discharge lamps is reviewed. Spectral band histograms give details of the distribution of radiation in sixteen bands covering the near ultraviolet and visible regions. Radiated power in each band combined with the appropriate factor for luminous efficiency of radiation enables the luminous efficiency of each lamp type to be determined. Improvements in the efficiency and colour of discharge lamps is illustrated by similar histograms for high- and low-pressure mercury vapour lamps and experimental high-pressure sodium and mercury iodide discharges.

Colour-rendering improvements are assessed by comparing the radiant power histograms with those of natural sunlight and skylight: modern fluorescent lamps duplicate these distributions sufficiently closely in both the visible and near ultra-violet regions to make it practicable to bring lighting of natural quality indoors. The introduction of balanced colour into lighting greatly increases the number of contrasts available. The trend of interior lighting towards the natural standards of daylight and sunlight is considered.
The Lighting of Compact Plan Hospitals
Authors: Ne'Eman E. , Isaacs R. L. , Collins J. B.
Published: November 2015

The use of the ‘compact’ or ‘race-track’ plan for hospital buildings in which patient rooms are situated on the outside perimeter of the building, and service and ancillary rooms in the core, separated by a corridor, implies the use of artificial lighting in the inner areas throughout the day. The design of the lighting must permit movement between the wards and the internal rooms without introducing impressions of gloominess or deprivation, or the shock of sudden return to daylight, according to the direction of movement in the daytime. At night time, the reverse situation obtains, and the staff must be immediately capable of a reasonable level of visual discrimination when entering a darkened ward from an illuminated service room.

A study has been carried out at the Building Research Station, using a full scale mock-up of a ward unit built inside a laboratory, to determine the appropriate levels of illumination in the internal rooms and corridor in relation to the lighting in the ward during daytime, evening and night. An illumination of between 30 and 40 lm/ft2 is recommended for the internal rooms in daytime, dropping to 20 lm/ft2 in the evening and night time. An illumination of between 20 and 25 lm/ft2 on the floor of the corridor is recommended for daytime, which should be lowered to 15 lm/ft2 during the evening and between 0.5 and 1.0 lm/ft2 at night time.
Discomfort Glare and Visual Performance
Authors: Stone P. T. , Groves S. D. P.
Published: November 2015

An experimental study was carried out to determine whether glare which had been scaled for discomfort would produce a decrement in visual performance. Three levels of glare and a no glare condition based on the IES glare index classification were established in a carefully controlled visual environment. The complex Landolt rings designed by Weston et al. were used as a task and measures of speed and accuracy were taken from sixteen subjects in all glare conditions. An analysis of the results showed no difference in performance between any of the levels of discomfort glare studied and it was concluded that this experimental evidence supports the view that the origin of the discomfort is unlikely to be found in the retinal receptors.
Respecifying the Social Marketing Model for Unique Populations
Authors: Meyer Gary , Dearing James W.
Published: November 2015

Social marketing strategies are deployed in social change campaigns around the world. Yet the usefulness of social marketing strategies to affect behavior change among unique population members is not well known. Social marketing is efficient and cost-effective when a campaign targets a sufficiently large audience so as to achieve economies of scale. Unique population groups, however, typically consist of few members. How can efficiency be achieved with small target audiences?

To solve this conundrum we suggest that certain social marketing strategies (environmental mapping, formative evaluation, interpersonal communication channels, and the nonmonetary costs of adoption) should be emphasized, and others (program management and target audience segmentation) deemphasized, in program design. We use examples drawn from a recent study of HIV prevention programs in San Francisco to illustrate this point.
Practicality, Validity, and Cost-Efficiency of Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Using Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions
Authors: White Karl R. , Behrens Thomas R. , Strickland Bonnie
Published: November 2015

Although the importance of identifying significant hearing loss at an early age has long been recognized, it is generally acknowledged that newborn hearing screening programs in the United States have not been very successful. The problem has been that available techniques were impractical, too expensive, or invalid. This article summarizes the data regarding the use of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) in a universal newborn hearing screening program and describes various facets of program implementation. It is concluded that available data provide clear evidence that TEOAE can be used to significantly reduce the average age of identification for hearing loss in the U.S.
Narratives of a Race
Authors: Nwokora Zim , Brown Lara M.
Published: November 2015

The first debate in 2008 was a turning point in the presidential election campaign: a race that was close before the debate turned decisively in Obama’s favor following it. This article explores how the media reached their verdict that “Obama won.” We examine two aspects of this problem: how, in practice, the media reached this verdict and whether they made the right decision from a normative standpoint. Based on content analysis of debate transcripts, we argue that the media interpreted the debate by synthesizing three pre-debate narratives in roughly equal proportions. Crucially, two of these narratives favored Obama. We also find that the “Obama won” verdict was consistent with what we might expect had the debate been judged by a public-spirited umpire.
Cycling Exercise and Fetal Spinal Cord Transplantation Act Synergistically on Atrophied Muscle following Chronic Spinal Cord Injury in Rats
Authors: Peterson Charlotte A. , Murphy René J.L. , Dupont-Versteegden Esther E. , Houlé John D.
Published: November 2015

The potential of two interventions, alone or in combination, to restore chronic spinal cord transection-induced changes in skeletal muscles of adult Sprague-Dawley rats was studied. Hind limb skeletal muscles were examined in the following groups of animals: rats with a complete spinal cord transection (Tx) for 8 weeks; Tx with a 4-week delay before initiation of a 4-week motor-assisted cycling exercise (Ex) program; Tx with a 4-week delay before transplantation (Tp) of fetal spinal cord tissue into the lesion cavity; Tx with a 4-week delay before Tp and Ex; and uninjured control animals. Muscle mass, muscle to body mass ratios, and mean myofiber cross-sectional areas were significantly reduced 8 weeks after transection. Whereas transplantation of fetal spinal cord tissue did not reverse this atrophy and exercise alone had only a modest effect in restoring lost muscle mass, the combination of exercise and transplantation significantly increased muscle mass, muscle to body mass ratios, and mean myofiber cross-sectional areas in both soleus and plantaris muscles. Spinal cord injury (SCI) also caused changes in myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression toward faster isoforms in both soleus and plantaris and increased soleus myofiber succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. Combined exercise and transplantation led to a change in the expression of the fastest MyHC isoform in soleus but had no effect in the plantaris. Exercise alone and in combination with transplantation reduced SDH activity to control levels in the soleus. These results suggest a synergistic action of exercise and transplantation of fetal spinal cord tissue on skeletal muscle properties following SCI, even after an extended post-injury period before intervention.
Neurotrophic Factors and Gene Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Lacroix Steve , Tuszynski Mark H.
Published: November 2015

Although it was once thought that the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals was incapable of substantial recovery from injury, it is now clear that the adult CNS remains responsive to various substances that can promote cell survival and stimulate axonal growth. Among these substances are growth factors, including the neurotrophins and cytokines, and growth-supportive cells such as Schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing glia, and stem cells. We review the effects of these substances on promoting axonal growth after spinal cord injury, placing particular emphasis on the genetic delivery of nervous system growth factors to specific sites of injury as a means of promoting axonal growth and, in limited instances, functional recovery.
Wavelet Transform of the EEG Reveals Differences in Low and High Gamma Responses to Elementary Visual Stimuli
Authors: Bodis-Wollner Ivan , Davis Jiang , Tzelepi Areti , Bezerianos Tassos
Published: November 2015

Multiunit electrophysiological studies indicate that oscillatory activity is common in the awake mammalian central nervous system. Synchronous 20–80 Hz oscillations, so called gamma rhythms, have been proposed as a possible fundamental physiological mechanism of binding neuronal activity underlying visual object recognition. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not gamma band oscillatory activity in the human brain is modulated by attributes of elementary visual stimulation. The experiment was performed on 7 normal subjects. Sinusoidal gratings were presented over a range of spatial frequencies. Evoked potentials were recorded over 5 surface electrodes placed in a horizontal occipital chain across the back of the head. Discrete wavelet transform was performed on the first 200 msec following stimulus onset on the average data of 256 sweeps. Power was analyzed with ANOVA across conditions.

In our previous studies we have separated a “low” (14–28 Hz) and “high” (28–55 Hz) gamma band. * The current results indicate that both gamma bands to full-field stimulation have the highest power at the midline (inion) electrode to a spatial frequency of 5.5 cpd, which is the peak spatial frequency from foveal psychophysical data. However, the spatial frequency bandwidth is considerably narrower in the HG than in the LG band. Occipital spatial frequency tuning of the massed high gamma response is narrower than the tuning of individual cortical neurons. The bandwidth difference between low and high gamma band suggests that different frequency gamma range oscillations may represent not only different functional properties of visual processing, but may also reflect underlying differences in excitatory and postsynaptic inhibitory circuits shaping the contrast sensitivity of the human observer. Our study emphasizes the importance of elementary visual filter properties for gamma responses and the need to subdivide gamma frequency ranges according to functional properties.
Earthquake Related Startle Reaction and its EEG Correlates
Authors: Arikan Kemal , Uysal Omer , Oran Oznur , Coban Adnan , Tolun Hayati , Kokrek Zekeriya
Published: November 2015

The acute effect of traumatizing events on the human brain has long been studied. The major obstacles to this endeavor have been the severity and the delay from time of exposure to the traumatizing events. To avoid these issues, EEG and clinical examinations of 18 healthy, drug-free subjects were performed 2 weeks after an earthquake occurred in Turkey in 1999. It was found, for the first time to our knowledge, that EEG parameters can predict startle response in acute stress reaction correctly in 100% of the cases. EEG measures of the reactivity to eyes opening were especially important in this regard.
Event-Related Correlations in Learning Impaired Children during a Hybrid Go/No-Go Choice Reaction Visual-Motor Task
Authors: Peters Jurriaan M. , Waber Deborah P. , McAnulty Gloria B. , Duffy Frank H.
Published: November 2015

One hundred sixty-nine learning impaired (LI) and 71 non-learning impaired (NLI) children underwent a hybrid go/no-go choice reaction time visual-motor task to study the behavioral and physiological fundamentals of learning disorders. A left button was pressed for Left Arrow (LA) stimuli, a right for Right Arrow (RA) stimuli, none (no-go) for a non-directional arrow. Stimulus specific visual evoked potentials were formed and, with PZ as index electrode, were lag-correlated to frontal electrodes to form Event-Related Correlations (ERC). Exploratory t-statistic significance probability maps (t-SPM) were used to define regions of interest (ROI).

Behaviorally, there was a right-hand advantage over the left in the NLI group, but less in the LI group. Electrophysiologically, RA and LA conditions increased correlation between visual areas (PZ) and contralateral frontal areas (F3 and F4). A unilateral ROI, at electrode FC1, also preceded both left- and right-handed responses. Neurobehaviorally, increased visual-motor correlation was associated with better performance, especially for the left hemisphere, at F3 and FC1. Surprisingly, visual-motor correlations were not associated with performance for the NLI group in the RA and no-go condition. Our data support previously reported difficulties of learning impaired children in low-level information processing. Furthermore, we hypothesize that LI, in contrast to NLI children, demonstrate difficulty in automatizing routine tasks.
Correlation between P300 and EEG Rhythm in Schizophrenia
Authors: Kirino Eiji
Published: November 2015

We hypothesized that cognitive deficits reflected by P300 abnormality and distorted EEG rhythm in schizophrenia, which might share the subcortical generation system, could be closely associated with each other. Our goal is to assess the relationship between P300 and EEG rhythm generation in schizophrenics.

Quantitative EEG (QEEG) in resting condition and P300 during auditory oddball paradigm were recorded with 25 unmedicated patients. Additionally, lateral ventricular-brain ratio (LV-BR), which partially reflects thalamic volume, was measured using CT scan. Brief Psychotic Rating Scale (BPRS) and Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) were also rated.

P300 amplitudes at Pz positively correlated with theta and slow alpha power before pharmacotherapy, however, the correlation tended to be confined to fast alpha after pharmacotherapy. BPRS and SANS showed no significant correlation with QEEG. High frequency bands such as fast alpha and beta showed trends to correlate negatively to LV-BR.

The lack of correlation between P300 amplitudes and fast alpha power before pharmacotherapy, which was restored after pharmacotherapy, might indicate thalamocortical dysfunction in schizophrenia.
A Comparison of the Decision Ladder and the Recognition-Primed Decision Model
Authors: Lintern Gavan
Published: November 2015

Cognitive work analysis and cognitive task analysis approach the analysis of decisions in ways that are at least superficially dissimilar. In this paper, I review the two approaches, work (or control) task analysis and naturalistic decision making, to identify similarities and differences, and I assess the implications of looking at decisions from these two different perspectives. I conclude that although these two approaches are superficially dissimilar, they are theoretically compatible. However, the standard form of decision ladder, which is the representational product of work (or control) task analysis, does not take full account of contemporary insights from the three-stage model of situation awareness, the distinction between implicit and explicit cognitive processing, or the principles of naturalistic decision making. I propose modifications of the decision ladder to incorporate these ideas.
Distributed Decision Making in Multihelicopter Teams: Case Study of Mission Planning and Execution from a Noncombatant Evacuation Operation Training Scenario
Authors: Stanton Neville A. , Rafferty Laura A. , Salmon Paul M. , Revell Kirsten M. A. , McMaster Richard , Caird-Daley Antoinette , Cooper-Chapman Carol
Published: November 2015

This article presents a naturalistic case study of distributed decision making across military helicopter crews during mission planning and execution scenarios. The aim of the paper was to model the decision making strategies and examine the extent to which the environment supports the helicopter crews. This involved live observation of the crews of five Royal Air Force helicopters as they planned and executed a series of missions in a simulated operational setting as part of their predeployment training. The study revealed that there were differences in the decision-making strategies in colocated and distributed teams. It also showed that colocated teams were more able to resolve information conflicts than were the distributed teams. These findings suggest that the concept of the “death of distance” (i.e., that information and communications technology can overcome the negative effects of distributed teams) is somewhat overstated.
Social Marketing of Processed Complementary Foods
Authors: Zafar Imran
Published: November 2015

Social marketing is the use of marketing techniques to achieve a public health goal. In the context of developing countries, social marketing has often been coupled with the availability of health products, allowing the use of other elements of the marketing mix: product, price, and distribution. The strength of social marketing, within a larger strategy, is its ability to harness existing private-sector infrastructure to create access to information and products. In this paper, issues related to targeting, pricing, and how to develop a social marketing programme for processed complementary foods are discussed.
Prevalence of Iron Deficiency, Anaemia, and Iron-deficiency Anaemia in High-school Students in Jolfa, East Azerbaijan
Authors: Pourghassem B. , Kimiagar G. S. M. , Abolfathi A. A. , Vallaii N. , Ghaffarpour M.
Published: November 2015

Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional problem in the world. We determined the prevalence of iron deficiency, anaemia, and iron-deficiency anaemia in 652 high-school students (340 girls and 312 boys) who were selected by stepwise random sampling from 16 high schools in Jolfa, East Azerbaijan. Iron deficiency was defined as having transferrin saturation and/or serum ferritin values below normal. Anaemia was defined as having haemoglobin levels below normal. Iron-deficiency anaemia was taken to be the combination of both. The prevalences of iron deficiency, anaemia, and iron-deficiency anaemia were 60.7%, 12.6%, and 11.5%, respectively. The respective prevalences of these conditions were 66.5%, 13.6%, and 13% in girls and 54.5%, 11.6%, and 10.3% in boys. The prevalences of these conditions were higher among 15- and 16-year-old boys than among girls. Among boys, age was inversely related to the prevalence of iron deficiency (r = −0.88, p < . 05) and anaemia (r = −0.79, p < . 07). Among girls, age was directly related to the prevalence of anaemia (r = 0.96, p<. 001) and iron-deficiency anaemia (r = 0.99, p < . 001).
The Computer Programme “MSU Nutriguide: Asian Indian Foods” is Effective in Assessing Nutrient Intakes of Indian Populations
Authors: Bains Kiran , Mann S. K. , Song W. O.
Published: November 2015

A nutritional study was conducted on 150 female college students aged 18 to 23 at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India, to evaluate the effectiveness of “MSU Nutriguide: Asian Indian Foods,” a computer programme for assessing nutrient intakes and total energy expenditure (TEE) of the Indian population. A non-significant difference between analysed and calculated values for energy, protein, iron, and ascorbic acid revealed that the intake of the nutrients calculated with the MSU Nutriguide was a correct assessment in most of the subjects. TEE estimation by MSU Nutriguide gives values based on age, height, weight, and four levels of physical activity (sleeping and light, moderate, and heavy activity), whereas prediction equations are based on the body weight of each subject and a single level of activity. Therefore, MSU Nutriguide can be efficiently used to assess the TEE of people in India.
A Conceptual Framework for Assessing Agriculture–Nutrition Linkages
Authors: Haddad Lawrence
Published: November 2015

The pathways through which agriculture affects nutrition are outlined. New evidence from the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) on specific linkages is reported. Two groupings of impacts of agriculture on nutrition are identified: specific (because food per se is being produced) and generic.

Specific effects include declines in food prices (to what extent do increases in food productivity lead to declines in food prices and better diets?), own-consumption (to what extent does the production of certain foods influence their consumption within the grower households and communities?), processing and preparation (how can nutrient losses be minimized?), and plant-breeding (what can be done to make specific foods more nutritious?).

Generic effects include income generation for those engaged in agriculture and those linked to it, time allocation effects (how compatible are work activities with time investments in nutrition?), impacts on household decision-making (does innovation in the sector draw influence away from nutrition decision makers?), energy and nutrient expenditures (for certain individuals, are more additional nutrients expended than generated?), and health environment effects of agricultural production.

The time is right for international agricultural research to review its potential for increasing its impact on malnutrition. First, micronutrient malnutrition cannot be overcome by food fortification and supplements alone. Second, international agricultural research is being put under increased pressure to demonstrate poverty reduction; improving nutrition reduces poverty. Third, agricultural policy makers and scientists will be placed under increased pressure to be more nutrition sensitive in the context of increasing overnutrition.