bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enoxaparin attenuates pyrrolizidine alkaloids‐induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome by inhibiting oncostatin M expression
Authors: Xiang Hongyu , Liu Chang , Xiao Zhuanglong , Du Li , Wei Ning , Liu Fang , Song Yuhu
Published: November 2022

Background and Aims

The definitive treatment for pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs)‐induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) is not available. The effectiveness of anticoagulation therapy remains controversial. The efficacy of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) should be investigated in patients and animal models, and the underlying mechanism should be explored.

Methods

The prognosis of patients with PAs‐HSOS who received anticoagulation therapy was retrospectively analysed. The effect of enoxaparin on the liver injury was determined in animal models of monocrotaline (MCT)‐induced HSOS was determined, and the underlying mechanism was investigated using a murine model.

Results

The cumulative survival rate of patients with PAs‐induced HSOS was 60.00% and 90.90% in the non‐anticoagulation group and anticoagulation group. Enoxaparin attenuated liver injury effectively in a rat model of MCT‐induced HSOS. Additionally, the improvement of severe liver injury was observed in MCT‐treated mice after the administration of enoxaparin (40 mg/kg). The alleviation of liver injury was observed in mice with hepatocyte‐specific deletion of oncostatin M (Osm△Hep). In MCT‐treated mice administrated with enoxaparin, no significant differences in liver injury were observed between Osm△Hep mice and Osmflox/flox mice. Additionally, adenovirus‐mediated overexpression of Osm resulted in severe liver injury in MCT‐induced mice after the administration of enoxaparin.

Conclusions

LMWH attenuated severe liver injury in patients with PAs‐Induced HSOS and animal models of MCT‐induced HSOS, which provides a rationale for the application of anticoagulation therapy.
Social and economic factors influencing intrahousehold food allocation and egg consumption of children in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Authors: Blum Lauren S. , Swartz Haley , Olisenekwu Gloria , Erhabor Irowa , Gonzalez Wendy
Published: November 2022

Adequate intake of high‐quality nutritious foods during infancy and early childhood is critical to achieving optimal growth, cognitive and behavioural development, and economic productivity later in life. Integrating high‐quality and nutrient‐dense animal source foods (ASFs), a major source of protein and micronutrients, into children's diets is increasingly considered essential to reducing the global burden of malnutrition in low‐ and middle‐income countries. While eggs are an ASF that shows promise for mitigating child undernutrition, interventions promoting egg consumption among children have had mixed results in improving egg intake and child growth outcomes. As part of an evaluation of a demand creation campaign promoting egg consumption, qualitative research was carried out in September 2019 to assess sociocultural and household factors affecting egg intake among young children living in Kaduna State, Nigeria, where a thriving egg industry and childhood stunting rates of 50% exist. Methods included freelisting exercises (11), key informant interviews (11), in‐depth interviews (25) and FGDs (4). Results illuminated cultural rules that restrict egg consumption among children living in low‐income households. These rules and norms reflect social and economic valuations that foster male dominance in household decision‐making and guide food purchasing and intrahousehold food allocation that allow men to consume eggs more regularly. Study results highlight sociocultural considerations when selecting food interventions to address child malnutrition in low‐income contexts. Interventions encouraging increased consumption of ASFs, and specifically eggs in young children, should be informed by formative research to understand sociocultural norms and beliefs guiding egg consumption.
On Hare's attempt to bridge the Kantian‐consequentialist gap: A response to Forschler's rejoinder
Authors: Wall Edmund
Published: November 2022

In a paper in this journal (Wall 2016), the author of the present paper critiqued Scott Forschler's attempt (2013) to establish that Jens Timmermann's argument (2005) against R. M. Hare's attempt (1981) to bridge the Kantian‐consequentialist gap is unsuccessful. Forschler's thesis is that Hare's utilitarianism is strictly normative, not metaethical. In Hare's ethical rationalism, which is metaethical but contains no intrinsic ends (Forschler 2013), reason determines the proper ends, and preference satisfaction has no value prior to reason's determinations (Forschler 2013). The present author responded that Hare's moral approach presupposes that preference satisfaction is the ultimate end (Wall 2016) and that an analysis of preference satisfaction in Hare's moral approach cannot be confined to normative ethics. Forschler's rejoinder (2017) suggests that Hare's moral theory was misinterpreted by the author, who now shows that such a judgment results from significant oversights concerning the foundation of Hare's moral theory and utilitarian foundations.
The Relationship between Frontal, Axial Leg Alignment, and Ankle Joint Line Orientation—a Radiographic Analysis of Healthy Subjects
Authors: Hodel Sandro , Cavalcanti Nicola , Fucentese Sandro , Vlachopoulos Lazaros , Viehöfer Arnd , Wirth Stephan
Published: November 2022

Objective

Ankle joint line orientation (AJLO) is influenced by the subtalar foot and frontal leg alignment. However, the influence of axial leg alignment on AJLO remains unclear. The study aimed to analyze the influence of frontal, axial leg alignment on AJLO in healthy subjects.

Methods

Thirty healthy subjects (60 legs) without prior surgery underwent standing biplanar long leg radiograph (LLR) between 2016 and 2020. AJLO was measured in standing long‐leg radiographs relative to the ground. Meary's angle and calcaneal pitch were measured. Hip‐knee‐ankle angle (HKA), femoral antetorsion, and tibial torsion were assessed with SterEOS software (EOS Imaging, Paris, France). LLR was acquired with the feet directing straight anteriorly, which corresponds to a neutral foot progression angle (FPA). The influence of subtalar, frontal, and axial alignment on AJLO was analyzed in a multiple regression model.

Results

An increase in knee valgus increased relative valgus AJLO by 0.5° (95% CI: 0.2° to 0.7°) per 1° (P < 0.001). A decrease in femoral antetorsion increased relative valgus AJLO by 0.2° (95% CI: 0.1° to 0.2°) per 1° (P < 0.001), whereas Meary's angle and calcaneal pitch did not influence AJLO.

Conclusion

A link between frontal, axial leg alignment, and AJLO could be demonstrated, indicating that a valgus leg alignment and relative femoral retrotorsion are associated with an increase of valgus AJLO in healthy subjects when placing their feet in a neutral position. Alteration of the frontal, or rotational profile after realignment surgery or by implant positioning might influence the AJLO, when the FPA is kept constant.
“If there is a tension about something, I can solve it”: A qualitative investigation of change processes in a trial of brief problem‐solving interventions for common adolescent mental health problems in India
Authors: Malik Kanika , Parikh Rachana , Sahu Rooplata , Sudhir Paulomi , Fairburn Christopher G. , Patel Vikram , Michelson Daniel
Published: November 2022

Objectives

There is limited understanding of change processes and long‐term effects of low‐intensity psychosocial interventions. We investigated these aspects in two brief problem‐solving intervention formats for adolescents with elevated mental health symptoms and associated distress/impairment.

Methods

This qualitative study was nested within a school‐based randomized controlled trial in New Delhi, India, which compared two problem‐solving intervention formats: a lay counsellor‐led format supported by printed materials (intervention arm) and printed problem‐solving materials alone (“bibliotherapy” control arm). A total of 32 participants, ranging in age from 14 to 20 years (mean = 16.4 years, SD = 1.9) and comprising 21 males and 11 females, were interviewed across both trial arms at 12‐month follow‐up.

Results

Five themes were derived using thematic framework analysis. The “impacts on symptoms and functioning” theme described symptomatic improvements and functional gains. “Processes underlying problem solving” reflected changes in positive beliefs, attitudes and emotions when confronted with problems, and the use of a more effective problem‐solving coping style. “Experiences of problem‐solving materials” covered benefits (e.g. access to relatable stories and readymade solutions) and limitations (e.g. diminishing use over time) of printed problem‐solving handouts. “Role of supporting figures” accounted for the facilitating roles played by counsellors and trusted others. There were also accounts of researchers functioning as de facto counsellors in the bibliotherapy arm. “Recommended modifications for intervention delivery” included more flexible and private ways to access the interventions, greater personalization of the counselling process, more engaging and relevant supporting materials, and suggestions for widening access to the interventions in schools and community settings.

Conclusions

We infer from our qualitative analysis that changes in problem‐solving style and problem orientation underpinned long‐term symptomatic and functional improvements. Participants in the counsellor‐led intervention appeared better able to sustain the use of problem‐solving skills and generalize this approach beyond the original presenting problems. We attribute the differences between arms to the influence of direct advice and supportive interactions with counsellors. Practice implications are discussed.
Biological Impact of Shorter Wavelength Ultraviolet Radiation‐C†
Authors: Nishigori Chikako , Yamano Nozomi , Kunisada Makoto , Nishiaki‐Sawada Aiko , Ohashi Hiroyuki , Igarashi Tatsushi
Published: November 2022

Life on earth has constantly coped with the impact of solar radiation, especially solar ultraviolet radiation (solar UV). Various biological mechanisms protect us from solar UV. New devices emitting shorter wavelengths UV‐C, i.e. <254 nm emitted by conventional UV germicidal lamps, have emerged. These shorter wavelength UV‐C emitting devices are useful for various purposes, including microorganism inactivation. However, as solar UV‐C does not reach the earth surface, biological impacts of UV‐C has been studied using 254 nm germicidal lamps, and those using shorter wavelength UV‐C is rarely known. To balance the utility and risk of UV‐C, the biological effect of these new UV‐C emitting devices must be investigated. In addition, our knowledge of biological impacts of the wavelength‐dependent entire UV (100–400 nm) must be enhanced. In this review, we briefly summarize the biological impacts of shorter wavelength UV‐C. Mechanisms of UV‐C‐induced cellular damage and factors affecting the microorganism inactivation efficiency of UV‐C have been discussed. In addition, we theoretically estimate the probable photocarcinogenic action spectrum of shorter wavelength UV‐C. We propose that increasing the knowledge on UV‐C will facilitate the adoption of shorter wavelength UV‐C emitting new devices in an optimal and appropriate manner.
Prevalence and risk factors of dementia in elder adults in Xiamen, China: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Song Yehua , Niu Jianping , Ji Yong , Zhang Yiwen , Peng Ruiqiang , Li Miaoduan , Wang Zetuo , Tang Ting , Yu Zhenzhen , Huang Yanyan
Published: November 2022

Background

The prevalence of dementia can vary by region and there is a cluster of more than 10 modifiable risk factors for dementia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of dementia in Xiamen, China, and identify independent risk factors associated with dementia.

Methods

This cluster sampling‐based cross‐sectional study enrolled elder adults from Xiamen City and conducted face‐to‐face interviews between April and August 2019. Data on the demographic characteristics and prevalence of dementia were collected. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyse the factors associated with dementia.

Results

A total of 6430 subjects were enrolled. The prevalence of dementia was 7.62% (490/6430). A total of 490 patients were in the dementia group and 196 healthy matched subjects were selected for the control group with similar profiles for age, gender, and occupation as the dementia patients. Dementia patients were at increased risk for cerebrovascular disease, traumatic brain injury, and hypertension (all P < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed hypertension (odds ratio (OR) = 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.62–3.63, P < 0.001) and traumatic brain injury (OR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.16–4.53, P = 0.023) were independent risk factors for dementia.

Conclusions

The prevalence of dementia was high among elder adults residing in Xiamen, China. Dementia patients were more likely to have hypertension and traumatic brain injury than the matched control group.
Structural changes and economic landscape of the Indian economy: 2000‐2019
Authors: Huang Yongming , Haseeb Mohammad , Khan Jamal , Hossain Md. Emran
Published: November 2022

This study employs input‐output analysis to determine the extent of structural changes in the Indian economy, as well as how economic sector linkages changed between 2000 and 2019, and identifies the sectors with profound linkages with other sectors.  Furthermore, we use the causative matrix to examine the temporal changes in intersectoral interactions. The analysis shows that manufacturing sectors have stronger intersectoral linkages than sevice sectors, with resource‐intensive and scale‐intensive manufacturing sectors having the most profound linkages. Furthermore, the causative matrix analysis reveals that Indian sectors became more externalized following the global financial crises, while receiving less feedback from other sectors. The results suggest that intersectoral linkages should be taken into account when designing industrial policies, and that investment should be encouraged in India's key economic sectors.
Developmental program‐independent secretory granule degradation in larval salivary gland cells of Drosophila
Authors: Csizmadia Tamás , Dósa Anna , Farkas Erika , Csikos Belián Valentin , Kriska Eszter Adél , Juhász Gábor , Lőw Péter
Published: November 2022

Both constitutive and regulated secretion require cell organelles that are able to store and release the secretory cargo. During development, the larval salivary gland of Drosophila initially produces high amount of glue‐containing small immature secretory granules, which then fuse with each other and reach their normal 3–3.5 μm in size. Following the burst of secretion, obsolete glue granules directly fuse with late endosomes or lysosomes by a process called crinophagy, which leads to fast degradation and recycling of the secretory cargo. However, hindering of endosome‐to‐TGN retrograde transport in these cells causes abnormally small glue granules which are not able to fuse with each other. Here, we show that loss of function of the SNARE genes Syntaxin 16 (Syx16) and Synaptobrevin (Syb), the small GTPase Rab6 and the GARP tethering complex members Vps53 and Scattered (Vps54) all involved in retrograde transport cause intense early degradation of immature glue granules via crinophagy independently of the developmental program. Moreover, silencing of these genes also provokes secretory failure and accelerated crinophagy during larval development. Our results provide a better understanding of the relations among secretion, secretory granule maturation and degradation and paves the way for further investigation of these connections in other metazoans.
Posthumanism and the role of orality and literacy in language ideologies in Belize
Authors: Schneider Britta
Published: November 2022

This article discusses language ideological data from interviews and group discussions conducted in a village in Belize. Speakers here perceive English as a formal prestige language and link this to the fact that it appears in written form and tangible materiality – that is, in the form of visual symbols in text, and in objects like grammar books or dictionaries. This contrasts with discourses on Belizean Kriol, which is mostly considered a code for oral, sound‐based uses. Kriol is understood as less prone to becoming standardized and more likely subject to continuous change and creative adaption, which some interviewees consider an essential, valued characteristic of the repertoire. This shows that repertoire uses as well as ideologies of stability and ‘purity’ are entangled with media technologies, which have an impact on processes of norm development. The posthumanist hypothesis that non‐human elements and technologies may be vital in human concepts is thus confirmed.
Lifting and restricting t‐structures
Authors: Marks Frederik , Zvonareva Alexandra
Published: November 2022

We explore the interplay between t‐structures in the bounded derived category of finitely presented modules and the unbounded derived category of all modules over a coherent ring using homotopy colimits. More precisely, we show that every intermediate t‐structure in can be lifted to a compactly generated t‐structure in , by closing the aisle and the coaisle of the t‐structure under directed homotopy colimits. Conversely, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a compactly generated t‐structure in to restrict to an intermediate t‐structure in , thus describing which t‐structures can be obtained via lifting. We apply our results to the special case of HRS‐t‐structures. Finally, we discuss various applications to silting theory in the context of finite dimensional algebras.
A Digital Hydraulic Load-Sensing System Based on Hydraulic Free Piston Engine
Authors: Wang Feng , Wu Jiaming , Xu Bing , Sun Zongxuan
Published: November 2022

The hydraulic load-sensing system is a more efficient system solution than constant pressure system in mobile machine. However, the overall system efficiency for multiple actuators is still low since this centralized hydraulic control system only adapts to the highest load pressure. Therefore in this paper, a distributed hydraulic control system where each function is powered by a hydraulic free piston engine is proposed. Compared with centralized solution, it is more efficient since the power of hydraulic free piston engine is tailored to each function. By integrating small inertia linear engine and pump piston in one unit, the hydraulic free piston engine is an efficient and fast response hydraulic power source. Since the hydraulic free piston engine is essentially a digital hydraulic power source, a digital load-sensing control is proposed in this study. The system architecture, modeling, controller design and performance of the digital hydraulic load-sensing control system are presented. A test bench is developed to verify the system feasibility and performance.
A Deep Koopman-Based Model Predictive Control Method for Valve-Controlled Hydraulic Cylinder Systems
Authors: Liu Heng , Sun Wei , Sun Hao , Tao Jianfeng , Liu Chengliang
Published: November 2022

Hydraulic servo systems are widely applied in construction machinery due to their simple structure and strong bearing capacity. However, considering the nonlinearity and asymmetry in such systems, it is not easy to establish a precise discrete prediction model for the design of the MPC controller, which is a key factor affecting the precision of motion control. To address this issue, this paper proposes a deep Koopman-based model predictive control (MPC) method for valve-controlled asymmetric hydraulic cylinder (VCHC) systems. Significantly, a linear predictor is developed based on the ability of the Koopman operator to lift a nonlinear space to a linear space globally. The simulation results show that the MPC algorithm combined with the Deep Koopman operator has excellent control performance.
Control of Multi-Pressure Hydraulic Supply Line Using Digital Hydraulic Power Management System
Authors: Huova Mikko , Linjama Matti
Published: November 2022

Multi-pressure hydraulic supply line, i.e., hydraulic bus enables efficient use of energy in multi-actuator systems of off-road machinery. Number of constant pressure supply lines, each providing unique pressure level, are routed to every actuator in the machine. Significant amount of the power losses related to conventional load sensing systems are avoided by enabling energy recuperation and reduction of total throttling loss. Pressure control of such multi-pressure hydraulic supply line can be realized using hydraulic accumulators, which are charged using conventional pump and logic valves. However, more advanced features are available if Digital Hydraulic Power Management System DHPMS is utilized. The DHPMS is in essence, a digital pump/motor/transformer with multiple outlets. Controller design of DHPMS in hydraulic bus application is described in the paper and simulation results show the system’s ability to simultaneously control the supply line pressures and input power of the DHPMS. By controlling the input power, the prime mover such as Diesel engine can be driven in optimal operation point or it can be even downsized. If electric motor is used as prime mover, smaller and therefore less expensive motor can be used.
State Decoupling & Stability Considerations in Electro-Hydraulic Variable-Speed Drive Networks
Authors: Schmidt Lasse , Ketelsen Søren , Hansen Kenneth Vorbøl
Published: November 2022

The recent introduction of so-called electro-hydraulic variable-speed drive networks offers actuation of multi-cylinder systems by few component types, no throttle losses, small reservoir volume and provide for significantly improved efficiencies compared to valve controlled systems. Furthermore, such drive networks provide a more flexible hydraulic power distribution and potentially fewer components and lower installed power as compared to standalone electro-hydraulic variable-speed drives. These features are realized by interconnecting cylinder chambers by electro-hydraulic variable-speed drives at a system level, or even by short-circuiting cylinder chambers where the load permits this, while also sharing the electric supply. Hence, such drive networks are interconnected both electrically and hydraulically. Especially the latter feature renders electro-hydraulic variable-speed drive networks highly coupled systems, and individual control of piston motion or force can generally not be realized by the individual electro-hydraulic variable-speed drives in such systems. Hence, conventional control methodologies cannot be directly applied in such systems. The presented study considers decoupling of the cylinder motion/forces and the system pressure level by analytical methods, and a case study suggests effective decoupling by means of pressure and position measurements, cylinder and pipe/hose dimensions as well as control parameters. The stability boundaries related to the control parameters are assessed and it is shown that conventional controls combined with the proposed decoupling method provide for individual control of system pressure level and piston motions.
Packing of inhibitor molecules during area-selective atomic layer deposition studied using random sequential adsorption simulations
Authors: Li J. , Tezsevin I. , Merkx M. J. M. , Maas J. F. W. , Kessels W. M. M. , Sandoval T. E. , Mackus A. J. M.
Published: November 2022

Area-selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) is of interest for applications in self-aligned processing of nanoelectronics. Selective deposition is generally enabled by functionalization of the area where no growth is desired with inhibitor molecules. The packing of these inhibitor molecules, in terms of molecule arrangement and surface density, plays a vital role in deactivating the surface by blocking the precursor adsorption. In this work, we performed random sequential adsorption (RSA) simulations to investigate the packing of small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) on a surface in order to predict how effective the SMI blocks precursor adsorption. These simulations provide insight into how the packing of inhibitor molecules depends on the molecule size, molecule shape, and their ability to diffuse over the surface. Based on the RSA simulations, a statistical method was developed for analyzing the sizes of the gaps in between the adsorbed inhibitor molecules, serving as a quantitative parameter on the effectiveness of precursor blocking. This method was validated by experimental studies using several alcohol molecules as SMIs in an area-selective deposition process for SiO2. It is demonstrated that RSA simulations provide an insightful and straightforward method for screening SMIs in terms of their potential for area-selective ALD.
Enhancing cross correlations of ocean ambient noise in the time domain based on random matrix theory
Authors: Li Guofu , Liu Jie , Zhang Shuang
Published: November 2022

Cross correlations of diffuse noise can be utilized to recover the time domain Green's function (TDGF) between two points. This principle allows for a variety of practical applications, such as seismic tomography, ocean thermometry, passive localization, etc. However, in the real ocean environment, loud interference noise sources usually bias the travel time estimates of the TDGF or result in poor recovery quality. To deal with this issue, a diffuse noise reconstruction approach is proposed to eliminate the influence of the strong interference noise by utilizing the time domain statistical property of ocean ambient noise recorded on single hydrophones with the help of random matrix theory. Simulation and experimental data analysis indicate that this algorithm can effectively extract the diffuse noise component from the ocean ambient noise field and retrieve the TDGF with a higher signal-to-noise ratio when coherent accumulation of cross correlations of the reconstructed diffuse noise is performed.
Application of wavelet synchrosqueezed transforms to the analysis of infrasound signals generated by wind turbines
Authors: Boczar Tomasz , Zmarzły Dariusz , Kozioł Michał , Wotzka Daria
Published: November 2022

The issues reported in this article concern the development of methods applied for measurement, processing, and analysis of infrasound signals generated in association with the operation of wind farms. In particular, the discussion involves the results of the analysis using synchrosqueezed wavelet transforms of infrasound noise emitted by a 2 MW wind turbine that have been recorded during its operation in actual conditions. To record infrasound signals, a wireless measurement system was used, consisting of a base station and three synchronized mobile recording stations. To identify the wavelet structures with the highest ratio of energy, the synchrosqueezed wavelet transforms were used, and the courses of six time runs representing instantaneous frequencies were determined. Application of this approach enables the selection of energy-dominant waveforms from the time-frequency images, whose assessment can be performed mainly in terms of qualitative measures. Application of the synchrosqueezed wavelet transform is an effective tool for the purposes of detection and selection in the designated wavelet structures for the recorded infrasound dominant frequencies for which the carried energy ranges have the highest value.
Strain softening of natural rubber composites filled with carbon black and aramid fiber
Authors: Hu Zhaopeng , Zhou Junwei , Song Yihu , Zheng Qiang , Wang Wanjie
Published: November 2022

Engineered rubber vulcanizates may contain a low content of short fibers and a high content of nanoparticles while the effects of the different fillers on the softening behavior are not yet explored. Herein, influences of carbon black (CB) and short aramid fiber (AF) on the Payne and Mullins effects of natural rubber composites are investigated for the first time by creating master curves of dynamic modulus or dissipation energy with respect to the straining responses of the matrix. It is revealed that the composite vulcanizates demonstrate the Payne effect characterized by decay of storage modulus, weak overshoot of loss modulus, and very weak high-order harmonics; this effect is mainly dominated by the rubber matrix experiencing microscopic strain amplitude enlarged by the filler. The composite vulcanizates exhibit the Mullins effect that becomes increasingly marked with increasing filler loading and is partially recovered by thermal annealing at relatively high temperatures. The energy dissipation during cyclic tensions is rooted in the viscoelastic deformation of the matrix and the filler-rubber interfacial debonding. The former is marked at room temperature where the rubber phase undergoes a crystallization-melting process during loading-unloading. The latter being marked in the presence of a small content of AF causes yieldinglike deformation for the virgin composites at low tensile strains, and its contribution to the softening is not recoverable during thermal annealing. The results show that the viscoelastic matrix is of importance in controlling the softening of the composite vulcanizates, which will be of guiding significance to conduct research studies on high-performance rubber composites products.
A limit on variations in the fine-structure constant from spectra of nearby Sun-like stars
Authors: Murphy Michael T. , Berke Daniel A. , Liu Fan , Flynn Chris , Lehmann Christian , Dzuba Vladimir A. , Flambaum Victor V.
Published: November 2022

The fine structure constant α sets the strength of the electromagnetic force. The Standard Model of particle physics provides no explanation for its value, which could potentially vary. The wavelengths of stellar absorption lines depend on α but are subject to systematic effects owing to astrophysical processes in stellar atmospheres. We measured precise line wavelengths from observations of 17 stars, selected to have almost identical atmospheric properties to those of the Sun (solar twins), which reduces those systematic effects. We found that α varies by

≲
50

parts per billion within 50 parsecs from Earth. Combining the results from all 17 stars provides an empirical local reference for stellar measurements of α, with an ensemble precision of 12 parts per billion.
TPP1 promoter mutations cooperate with TERT promoter mutations to lengthen telomeres in melanoma
Authors: Chun-on Pattra , Hinchie Angela M. , Beale Holly C. , Gil Silva Agustin A , Rush Elizabeth , Sander Cindy , Connelly Carla J. , Seynnaeve Brittani K.N. , Kirkwood John M. , Vaske Olena M. , Greider Carol W. , Alder Jonathan K.
Published: November 2022

Overcoming replicative senescence is an essential step during oncogenesis, and the reactivation of
TERT
through promoter mutations is a common mechanism.
TERT
promoter mutations are acquired in about 75% of melanomas but are not sufficient to maintain telomeres, suggesting that additional mutations are required. We identified a cluster of variants in the promoter of
ACD
encoding the shelterin component TPP1.
ACD
promoter variants are present in about 5% of cutaneous melanoma and co-occur with
TERT
promoter mutations. The two most common somatic variants create or modify binding sites for E-twenty-six (ETS) transcription factors, similar to mutations in the
TERT
promoter. The variants increase the expression of
TPP1
and function together with TERT to synergistically lengthen telomeres. Our findings suggest that
TPP1
promoter variants collaborate with
TERT
activation to enhance telomere maintenance and immortalization in melanoma.
Revealing contagion
Authors: Kissler Stephen
Published: November 2022

Mathematical models help predict and manage the course of pandemics
Toward a low-carbon transition in India
Authors: Deshmukh Ranjit , Chatterjee Sushanta
Published: November 2022

Electricity sector policies should be designed not only to mitigate carbon emissions but also to reduce inequities
As Musk reshapes Twitter, academics ponder taking flight
Authors: Kupferschmidt Kai
Published: November 2022

Many researchers are setting up profiles on another social media service known as Mastodon
Multiple Genes of Candida albicans Influencing Echinocandin Susceptibility in Caspofungin-Adapted Mutants
Authors: Sah Sudisht K. , Bhattacharya Soumyaroop , Yadav Anshuman , Husain Farha , Ndiaye Aissatou B. K. T. , Kruppa Michael D. , Hayes Jeffrey J. , Rustchenko Elena
Published: November 2022

Candida albicans
is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that causes invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals. Despite the high anticandidal activity among the echinocandins (ECNs), a first-line therapy, resistance remains an issue.
Polymorphic Microsatellite Development, Genetic Diversity, Population Differentiation and Sexual State of Phytophthora capsici on Commercial Peppers in Three Provinces of Southwest China
Authors: Fan Guangjin , Zou Aihong , Wang Xiaoyan , Huang Guangfan , Tian Jiaxin , Ma Xiaozhou , Ma Guanhua , Nie Shuai , Cai Lin , Sun Xianchao
Published: November 2022

Phytophthora capsici
, a notorious soilborne and rapidly evolving pathogen with a wide range of hosts, is a huge threat to pepper production worldwide. However, the detailed genetic structure and dynamics of
P. capsici
in most Chinese provinces are still unclear, even though China is the world's largest producer and consumer of peppers.
Structural Differences in Complexes between the Master Regulator PrgX, Peptide Pheromones, and Operator Binding Sites Determine the Induction State for Conjugative Transfer of pCF10
Authors: Segawa Takaya , Manias Dawn A. , Dunny Gary M.
Published: November 2022

Peptide pheromones regulate antibiotic resistance transfer in
Enterococcus faecalis
. Here, we present new data showing that pheromone-dependent regulation of transfer genes is mediated via effects on the structures of complexes between peptides, the intracellular peptide receptor, and operator sites on the target DNA.
Genomic Variation across a Clinical Cryptococcus Population Linked to Disease Outcome
Authors: Sephton-Clark Poppy , Tenor Jennifer L. , Toffaletti Dena L. , Meyers Nancy , Giamberardino Charles , Molloy Síle F. , Palmucci Julia R. , Chan Adrienne , Chikaonda Tarsizio , Heyderman Robert , Hosseinipour Mina , Kalata Newton , Kanyama Cecilia , Kukacha Christopher , Lupiya Duncan , Mwandumba Henry C. , Harrison Thomas , Bicanic Tihana , Perfect John R. , Cuomo Christina A.
Published: November 2022

Infection outcomes for cryptococcosis, most commonly caused byC. neoformans, are influenced by host immune responses as well as by host and pathogen genetics. Infecting yeast isolates are genetically diverse; however, we lack a deep understanding of how this diversity impacts patient outcomes.
CotG Mediates Spore Surface Permeability in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Saggese Anella , Di Gregorio Barletta Giovanni , Vittoria Maria , Donadio Giuliana , Isticato Rachele , Baccigalupi Loredana , Ricca Ezio
Published: November 2022

Bacterial spores are quiescent cells extremely resistant to a variety of unphysiological conditions, including the presence of lytic enzymes. Such resistance is also due to the limited permeability of the spore surface, which does not allow lytic enzymes to reach the spore interior.
Draft Genome Sequence of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis VKM Ac-1171 Contains Full Set of Sterol Catabolic Genes
Authors: Dovbnya Dmitry V. , Bragin Eugeny Y. , Ivashina Tanya V. , Donova Marina V.
Published: November 2022

Mycolicibacterium smegmatis
VKM Ac-1171 is a saprotrophic bacterium that was isolated several decades ago and is deposited in microbial collections around the world. We report here a draft genome sequence of the strain. Annotation of the genome revealed the presence of a complete set of genes related to the sterol catabolic pathway.
Genetic Study of SARS-CoV-2 Non Structural Protein 12 in COVID-19 Patients Non Responders to Remdesivir
Authors: Santos Bravo Marta , Alonso Rodrigo , Soria Dafne , Sánchez Palomino Sonsoles , Sanzo Machuca Ángela , Rodríguez Cristina , Alcamí José , Díez-Fuertes Francisco , Simarro Redon Àlvar , Hurtado Juan Carlos , Fernández Avilés Francesc , Bodro Marta , Rubio Elisa , Villanueva Jose Luis , Vergara Andrea , Castro Pedro , Tuset Montserrat , Cuesta Genoveva , Puerta Pedro , García Carolina , Mosquera Gutiérrez María del Mar , Martínez Miguel J. , Vila Jordi , Soriano Alex , Marcos María Ángeles
Published: November 2022

This study provides clinical and microbiologic data of an extended population of hospitalized patients for COVID-19 pneumonia who experienced treatment failure, detected by the presence of subgenomic RNA (sgRNA). The genetic variants found in the
nsp12
pharmacological target of RDV bring into focus the importance of monitoring emergent mutations, one of the objectives of the World Health Organization (WHO) for health surveillance.
The Microbial and Metabolic Signatures of Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Zhong Jing , Wu Dingfeng , Zeng Yuanyuan , Wu Gaosong , Zheng Ningning , Huang Wenjin , Li Yan , Tao Xin , Zhu Weize , Sheng Lili , Shen Xiaoxu , Zhang Weidong , Zhu Ruixin , Li Houkai
Published: November 2022

Stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) is an early stage of CAD development. It is important to understand the pathogenesis of SCAD and find out the possible prevention and control targets for delaying the progression of CAD.
Lingual Raynaud’s phenomenon: a rare presentation
Authors: Biddle Kathryn , Kaul Arvind
Published: November 2022

A woman in her mid-60s presented to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) clinic with a 3-year history of intermittent sensory changes and white discolouration affecting the left side of her tongue. Following extensive investigation, a provisional diagnosis of posterior circulation TIA was made, and the patient was commenced on clopidogrel therapy. Despite anti-platelet treatment, she continued to have identical episodic symptoms. She was referred to the rheumatology team for assessment of possible underlying autoimmune pathology. On rheumatology assessment, the patient reported colour changes on the tongue, associated with numbness, followed by paraesthesia of the affected area. A comprehensive assessment excluded secondary causes and a diagnosis of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon of the tongue was made. The diagnosis of TIA was revoked. This case illustrates a rare presentation of a common condition and highlights the sensory symptoms which are associated with Raynaud’s phenomenon.
Improving routine childhood immunisation outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries: an evidence gap map
Authors: Engelbert Mark , Jain Monica , Bagai Avantika , Parsekar Shradha S
Published: November 2022

Objective

To support evidence-informed decision-making, we created an evidence gap map to characterise the evidence base on the effectiveness of interventions in improving routine childhood immunisation outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Methods

We developed an intervention–outcome matrix with 38 interventions and 43 outcomes. We searched academic databases and grey literature sources for relevant impact evaluations (IEs) and systematic reviews (SRs). Search results were screened on title/abstract. Those included on title/abstract were retrieved for full review. Studies meeting the eligibility criteria were included and data were extracted for each included study. All screening and data extraction was done by two independent reviewers. We analysed these data to identify trends in the geographic distribution of evidence, the concentration of evidence across intervention and outcome categories, and attention to vulnerable populations in the literature.

Results

We identified 309 studies, comprising 226 completed IEs, 58 completed SRs, 24 ongoing IEs and 1 ongoing SR. Evidence from IEs is heavily concentrated in a handful of countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Among interventions, the most frequently evaluated are those related to education and material incentives for caregivers or health workers. There are gaps in the study of non-material incentives and outreach to vulnerable populations. Among outcomes, those related to vaccine coverage and health are well covered. However, evidence on intermediate outcomes related to health system capacity or barriers faced by caregivers is much more limited.

Conclusions

There is valuable evidence available to decision-makers for use in identifying and deploying effective strategies to increase routine immunisation in LMICs. However, additional research is needed to address gaps in the evidence base.
Knowledge, attitude and perception among medical students and healthcare professionals regarding male infertility: a cross-sectional survey from Bangladesh
Authors: Iktidar Mohammad Azmain , Chowdhury Sreshtha , Roy Simanta , Islam A M Khairul , Islam Mahzabeen , Chowdhury Tonmoy , Tabassum Mustari Nailah , Ali Tahsin Sumat , Akash Atandra , Ahmed Mashrur , Zafar Faraz Al , Hawlader Mohammad Delwer Hossain
Published: November 2022

Objective

This study aimed to explore the knowledge, attitude and behaviour regarding male infertility among medical students and healthcare workers in Bangladesh.

Design

This was a cross-sectional study.

Setting

This study covered eight divisions of Bangladesh.

Participants

The participants were medical students or healthcare professionals of Bangladesh who were surveyed anonymously on their knowledge, attitude and perception regarding male infertility.

Primary outcome measures

The level of knowledge, attitude and perception regarding male infertility.

Analysis

The mean knowledge and attitude scores were then correlated with sociodemographic factors using χ2and two-independent sample t-tests. Finally, we performed binary logistic regression to explore predictors of good knowledge and positive attitude.

Result

Among 556 participants, 49.82% did not have good male infertility knowledge, and nearly 60.79% had negative attitudes regarding male infertility. Young (23–26 years) healthcare professionals and medical students were more likely to have good knowledge than others (OR: 1.81; 95% CI 1.099 to 2.988). Surprisingly, women were more likely to have a positive attitude (OR=1.48; 95% CI 1.002 to 2.19, p=0.049) than men. Among all the professions, Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery doctors were most likely to have good knowledge and a positive attitude regarding male infertility. Good knowledge of male infertility predicted a positive attitude (OR=1.61; 95% CI 1.105 to 2.346, p=0.013) and vice versa.

Conclusion

Our research found that healthcare professionals and medical students in Bangladesh had inadequate knowledge and negative attitudes regarding male infertility despite favourable opinions. This emphasises the need for interdisciplinary training programmes, standardisation of healthcare worker guidelines and curricular adjustments for medical students.
Study protocol of the BASINEL Study: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial investigating treatment versus no treatment of low-risk basal cell carcinomas in older persons
Authors: Van Coile Laura , Verhaeghe Evelien , Ongenae Katia , Brochez Lieve , Hoorens Isabelle
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) represent 70% of all skin cancers. These tumours do not metastasise but are locally invasive if left untreated. There is a high incidence of BCC in the elderly, and clinicians frequently face important treatment dilemmas. The approach to BCC in the elderly should be investigated thoroughly.

Methods and analysis

Data on health-related quality of life (HrQoL), survival and complication rate will be examined in a treatment and a non-treatment arm (1:1 allocation). In the non-treatment arm, in vivo biological behaviour of low-risk BCCs in elderly patients will be examined. The main objective is to combine tumour characteristics with demographic data, in order to determine whether treatment will positively affect the patients’ HrQoL within a predetermined time frame. A monocentric randomised controlled trial (RCT) was designed at the Ghent University Hospital. The study population consists of patients with the minimum age of 75 years and a new diagnosis of (a) low-risk BCC(s). Patients in the treatment arm will receive standard care. Patients in the non-treatment arm will be closely monitored: the tumour will be intensively evaluated using multispectral dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy and high-definition optical coherence tomography. All patients will be asked to fill in a questionnaire concerning their HrQoL at consecutive time points. Patient-reported side effects will be evaluated via an additional questionnaire.

Primary outcomes will include the difference in HrQoL and the difference in complication risks (treatment vs non-treatment) at different time points of the study. Secondary endpoints are the evolution of the BCCs in the non-treatment arm and the long-term survival in both study arms. Tertiary endpoint is the treatment effectiveness in the treatment arm. The sample size calculation was performed and resulted in a target sample size of 272 patients in this study with a 1:1 allocation.

Ethics and dissemination

Subjects can withdraw from participating in this study at any time for any reason without any consequences. Approval for this study was received from the Ethics Committee of the Ghent University Hospital on 26 August 2021.The results of this RCT will be submitted for publication in one or more international, peer-reviewed medical journals, regardless of the nature of the study results.

Trial registration number

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05110924).
Healthcare use among people with diabetes mellitus in Europe: a population-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Fuentes-Merlos Álvaro , Quesada-Rico José Antonio , Reina Raul , Orozco-Beltrán Domingo
Published: November 2022

Objective

This study aimed to determine the association of health determinants, lifestyle and socioeconomic variables on healthcare use in people with diabetes in Europe.

Design

A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the European Health Interview Survey wave 2 (ie, secondary analysis).

Setting

The sample included data from 25 European countries.

Participants

The sample included 16 270 patients with diabetes aged 15 years or older (49.1% men and 50.9% women).

Results

The survey data showed that 58.2% of respondents had seen their primary care physician in the past month and 22.6% had been admitted to the hospital in the past year. Use of primary care was associated with being retired (prevalence ratio (PR) 1.13, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.19) and having very poor self-perceived health (PR 1.80, 95% CI 1.51 to 2.15), long-standing health problems (PR 1.14, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.24), high blood pressure (PR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.10) and chronic back pain (PR 1.07, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.11). Hospital admission was associated with very poor self-perceived health (PR 3.03, 95% CI 2.14 to 4.31), accidents at home (PR 1.54, 95% CI 1.40 to 1.69), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (PR 1.34, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.47), high blood pressure (PR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.17), chronic back pain (PR 0.91, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.98), moderate difficulty walking (PR 1.33, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.45) and severe difficulty walking (PR 1.67, 95% CI 1.51 to 1.85).

Conclusions

In the European diabetic population, the high cumulative incidences of primary care visits and hospital admissions are associated with labour status, alcohol consumption, self-perceived health, long-standing health problems, high blood pressure, chronic back pain, accidents at home, COPD and difficulty walking.