bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bókmenntir í blárri móðu
Authors: Guðmundsdóttir Aðalheiður
Published: July 2022

Greinin fjallar um veikar söguhetjur eins og þær koma okkur fyrir sjónir í fornaldarsögum og riddarasögum, þar sem finna má dæmi um andleg jafnt sem líkamleg veikindi. Í upphafi er gerð grein fyrir veikindasögum sem efniviði bókmennta og frásagnarfræðilegu samhengi þeirra. Að því loknu er litið til miðaldabókmennta með áherslu á Ála flekks sögu sem heyrir til frumsaminna riddarasagna. Í upphafi er athyglinni beint að söguhetjunni Ála sem var aðskilinn frá fjölskyldu sinni sem barn, með áherslu á félagslega vanhæfni hans til að takast á við tilveru sína og fóta sig í samfélaginu. Sagan er því næst greind út frá veikindum Ála og leitast er við að tengja hana veruleika fólks á 15. öld, og þá sér í lagi svartadauða eða plágunni miklu sem geisaði tvívegis hér á landi, árin 1402–1404 og svo aftur 1494–1495. Að lokum er getið um þær breytingar sem urðu á söguefninu í gegnum aldirnar og þær útskýrðar með hliðsjón af breyttu samfélagi og breyttum áherslum. Rannsóknin bendir til þess að Ála flekks saga gæti sem best hafa verið samin í upphafi 15. aldar.
Faraldurinn í farangrinum: Íslenskar faraldurslýsingar á árnýöld
Authors: Parsons Katelin Marit
Published: July 2022

Drepsótt birtist sjaldan í skrifum sem hlutlaust fyrirbæri. Smit er gjarnan sett fram sem refsing einstaklings eða samfélags fyrir óæskilega hegðun og gildir einu hvort um sé að ræða nútímafaraldra á borð við alnæmi eða plágur fyrri alda. Faraldurinn sem gengur aftur og aftur skapar hins vegar djúpstæð samfélagsleg og menningarleg áhrif til lengri tíma. Dauðadansinn og óhugnanlegar áminningar um dauðans óvissa tíma skutu upp kolli í listum og bókmenntum eftir að plágan festi sig í sessi sem endurtekningarstef í evrópskum samfélögum.

Kýlapestin gekk tvisvar yfir á Íslandi á 15. öld með hörmulegum afleiðingum fyrir samfélagið en langtímaáhrif plágunnar á íslenska menningu voru ekki eins afgerandi og í mörgum öðrum samfélögum í Norður-Evrópu. Eins og margir aðrir smitsjúkdómar varð kýlapestin aldrei landlæg hérlendis og aðgerðir yfirvalda í erlendum hafnarborgum dugðu til þess að koma í veg fyrir að kýlapestin bærist til Íslands á 16., 17. og 18. öld. Í greininni eru færð rök fyrir því að bólusóttin hafi orðið að menningarlegu ígildi kýlapestarinnar hérlendis. Sjúkdómurinn barst hingað öðru hvoru á árnýöld en náði ekki fótfestu frekur en kýlapestin. Víðast hvar í Evrópu hafði bólusótt orðið að stórhættulegum en algengum barnasjúkdómi sem varð tiltölulega fáum fullorðnum einstaklingum að aldurstila. Óregluleg koma bólusóttarinnar til Íslands boðaði aftur á móti skæða faraldra sem gengu hratt yfir en skildu þúsundir eftir í valnum.

Míasma-kenningin hafði mikil áhrif á faraldurslýsingar í íslenskum annálum síðari alda. Samkvæmt míasma-kenningunni barst smit í formi sóttkveikju sem átti upptök sín í mengun sem dreifðist út í loftinu. Plágan tekur á sig fuglsham í Biskupaannálum Jóns Egilssonar en í öðrum annálum birtist míasma í sambærilegri mynd og í faraldurslýsingum frá meginlandi Evrópu: hættulegar og bráðsmitandi eiturgufur sem skynja má með áþreifanlegum hætti. Faraldurinn kemur þó alltaf að utan og áberandi er í annálum að sóttkveikjan berst undantekningarlaust frá útlöndum en ekki úr hérlendri stækju. Krafan um að einangra kerfisbundið smitaða eða útsetta einstaklinga frá heilbrigðum í faröldrum finnst aftur á móti ekki í íslenskum heimildum frá þessum tíma. Svo virðist sem litið hafi verið á dreifingu aðkomusóttkveikjunnar sem óhjákvæmilega og að fátt gæti stöðvað gang faraldra eftir að sýktur farangur eða einstaklingur kom í land.
„Hún er húsið og tréð sem slútir yfir það.“ Howards End, móðurgyðjan og karllægt vistþrot
Authors: Valdimarsdóttir Alda Björk
Published: July 2022

Howards End eftir breska rithöfundinn E.M. Forster er skáldsaga sem segir frá leitinni að heimili. Saga Forsters talar jafnvel enn frekar til lesenda tuttugustu og fyrstu aldarinnar, á tímum loftslagsbreytinga, en hún gerði fyrir rúmum hundrað árum. Í sögunni dregur höfundurinn fram andstæð sjónarmið þeirra sem sýna lögmáli náttúrunnar virðingu og svo hinna sem eru fulltrúar vélvæðingar, tæknibyltingar og heimsvaldastefnu. Sagan leggur mikla áherslu á mikilvægi heimilisins, að það sé himneskur staður sem þú nálgast af virðingu og væntumþykju og kunnir að meta. Slíkur draumastaður er húsið Howards End, og vegna tengslanna við náttúruna og móðurina í verkinu verður staðurinn að táknmynd fyrir heimili mannkynsins, jörðina sjálfa, auðlindir okkar og það sem við skilum til barna okkar. Howards End, sem sagan dregur nafn sitt af, virðist búa við sitt eigið lífkerfi og hringrás, rétt eins og grunnöfl náttúrunnar. Í verki Forsters er lögð áhersla á það mikilvæga hlutverk að vernda verðmæti og skila þeim ósködduðum til næstu kynslóðar, hvort sem það er fortíðin, menningin eða náttúran.
Myndaþáttur eftir Kristin Ingvarsson
Authors: Ingvarsson Kristinn
Published: July 2022

Íslenskt samfélag tók hröðum breytingum eftir að fyrsta tilfelli Covid-19 greindist á landinu í lok febrúar 2020. Rúmum tveimur vikum síðar var fyrsta samkomubannið sett á þar sem miðað var við að ekki kæmu fleiri saman en hundrað manns. Ekki leið vika þangað til að reglur voru hertar enn frekar og fjöldatakmarkanir settar við 20 manns. Tveimur dögum síðar, þann 24. mars, hóf Kristinn Ingvarsson ljósmyndari að fanga nýjan veruleika með hjálp myndavélarinnar. Við birtum hér myndaþátt úr smiðju Kristins sem sýnir einangrunina í faraldrinum; hvernig nýjar reglugerðir og ótti við smit urðu til þess að fólk hélt sig til hlés, umferð farartækja um götur borgarinnar dvínaði og mannaferðir á vinnustöðum, eins og Háskóla Íslands, urðu fátíðar. Ljósmyndirnar vitna auk þess um fjarlægðartakmarkanir, grímunotkun og einsemd, en ljósmyndarinn gaf sér töluna einn sem útgangspunkt verkefnisins, enda vorum við öll ein í einhverjum skilningi orðsins. Myndirnar sem hér birtast eru einnig heimild um nýja hversdagstilveru á farsóttartímum.
Zielone obligacje jako metoda finansowania projektów inwestycyjnych
Authors: Ślażyńska-Kluczek Dorota
Published: July 2022

Zakresem badania objęto zielone obligacje. Są one innowacyjnym instrumentem finansowym przeznaczonym do finansowania działalności prośrodowiskowej. Zapewniają inwestorom włączenie się w strategię zrównoważonego rozwoju i pewność, że inwestowane środki zostaną przeznaczone na cele zapobiegające pogłębiającym się zmianom klimatycznym. W pracy określono miejsce zielonych obligacji w finansowaniu działalności w Polsce. Wyszczególniono kluczowe regulacje w odniesieniu do zielonych obligacji – przedstawiono działania regulacyjne na arenie międzynarodowej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem uregulowań w Unii Europejskiej, które prowadzą do ustanowienia wspólnych zasad emisji zielonych obligacji. Wskazano także główne bariery oraz wyszczególniono podstawowe korzyści z emisji zielonych obligacji – praca wskazuje na trudności, które może napotkać emitent zielonych obligacji, a także pozytywne aspekty takiej emisji. W artykule przedstawiono Polskę jako prekursora emisji zielonych obligacji w Europie – w Polsce miała miejsce pierwsza na świecie emisja rządowych zielonych obligacji. Za to działanie została przyznana nagroda na międzynarodowej konferencji klimatycznej w Londynie. Emitowane są także kolejne transze korporacyjnych zielonych obligacji. Przedsiębiorstwa zauważają potencjał tego rozwiązania.
Gentrified, Euro-Mediterranean, Arabic? Situating Mediterranean Locations along a Street in Marseille
Authors: Bullen Claire
Published: July 2022

In scientific literature and public discourse, Marseille is regularly depicted as fundamentally Mediterranean. While this is not grounds for assuming Marseille is Mediterranean, I argue that evocations of the Mediterranean in relation to Marseille need to be taken seriously. I suggest that examining urban dynamics in Marseille through a relational ‘Mediterranean lens’ can offer new perspectives on the production of socio-spatial difference in that city. To make my case, I draw on observations of three eateries situated along one long street that joins the docks to the city centre. By grounding the analysis along this diverse street, it is possible to move beyond sweeping generalisations about people or places, while allowing the processes shaping unequal socio-spatial relations in Marseille – including ones that can be associated with ‘gentrifying’, ‘Euro-Mediterranean’, and ‘Arabic’ Mediterranean identities – to come more sharply into focus.
The Hedgehog from Jordan: Or, How to Locate the Movement of Wild Animals in a Partially Mediterranean Context
Authors: Green Sarah
Published: July 2022

This chapter considers Mediterranean crosslocations in terms of nonhuman animals. It begins with a hedgehog crossing the border between Jordan and Israel, and describes some of the ways it has been spatially located. One involves formal scientific classification systems: Latin naming conventions, concepts of habitat and ideas about indigeneity. The hedgehog’s designated habitat overlaps with another locating system in the region, the state border territorial structure, which is not at all relevant to hedgehogs. A third layer is to consider how the hedgehog might fit into the idea of Mediterranean, to which a short answer is: awkwardly. The chapter then moves away from hedgehogs to briefly describe how people in different parts of the geographical Mediterranean have accounted for the dramatic rise in populations of wild boar in their area in recent years. Wild boar are among a number of animals that have suddenly appeared, or rapidly increased in number, in many areas in the geographical Mediterranean region. Looking at how people have accounted for this provides one way to briefly explore how the logic of locating regimes might be deployed to explain changes in the spatial presence of non-human animals.
การดูแลผู้ป่วยเบาหวานด้วยศาสตร์การแพทย์แผนไทย
Authors: ทิพยเจริญธัม ฉันทณัฏฐ์ , นราจีนรณ ขวัญนรา , เชาวน์พีระพงศ์ ธนภักษ์ , วรรณชาลี ทวีศักดิ์ , อัครเสรีนนท์ ประวิทย์
Published: July 2022

โรคเบาหวานชนิดที่ 2 เป็นหนึ่งในโรคเรื้อรังที่พบได้บ่อย และเป็นปัญหาสำคัญของสาธารณสุขระดับประเทศ ซึ่งมีแนวโน้มสูงขึ้นต่อเนื่อง ปัจจัยหลักเกิดจากพฤติกรรมการบริโภค และการดูแลสุขภาพที่ไม่ถูกต้อง ซึ่งสามารถป้องกันได้ ทั้งนี้ การแพทย์แผนไทยเป็นอีกหนึ่งองค์ความรู้ที่สามารถช่วยบรรเทาอาการของผู้ป่วยเบาหวาน ในบทความนี้ต้องการเสนอวิธีการดูแลผู้ป่วยเบาหวานด้วยศาสตร์การแพทย์แผนไทย โดยกล่าวถึงโรคเบาหวานในมุมมองของแพทย์แผนไทยว่าเป็นโรคที่เกิดจากการเสียสมดุลของตรีธาตุ ทำให้ธาตุในร่างกายผิดปกติ โดยศาสตร์การแพทย์แผนไทยนั้นมีการใช้ยาสมุนไพร หัตถการต่าง ๆ คำแนะนำ รวมถึงการกินอาหารที่มีรสชาติหลากหลาย เน้นสมุนไพร หรือ พืชผัก เพื่อช่วยดูแลสุขภาพ และ ปรับสมดุลธาตุในผู้ป่วยเบาหวาน บทความนี้มีการนำเสนอรายงานผู้ป่วยเบาหวานที่ใช้ยาตำรับมธุรเมหะรักษาควบคู่กับยาแผนตะวันตกพบผลเป็นที่พึงพอใจ ไม่มีอาการไม่พึงประสงค์ และมีตัวอย่างการใช้เวชศาสตร์เชิงประจักษ์กับมะรุมในผู้ป่วยเบาหวานเพื่อใช้เป็นแนวทางในการให้ข้อมูลสมุนไพรอื่น ๆ แก่ผู้ป่วย  พร้อมกับข้อมูลการรักษาเบาหวานทางการแพทย์แผนตะวันตกซึ่งประกอบด้วยการรักษาโดยใช้ยาและไม่ใช้ยา อีกทั้งข้อพิจารณาในการนำสมุนไพรไปใช้ให้เหมาะสมในการดูแลผู้ป่วยเบาหวาน และข้อควรระวังในการทำหัตถการบางอย่าง เนื่องจากผู้ป่วยเบาหวานมักมีอาการชาจากอาการปลายประสาทอักเสบ สรุปคือการดูแลผู้ป่วยเบาหวานด้วยศาสตร์การแพทย์แผนไทยทำโดยใช้หลักการปรับสมดุลของธาตุ ด้วยยาสมุนไพรและหัตถการต่าง ๆ เช่น การนวด การประคบสมุนไพร และการอบไอน้ำสมุนไพร ร่วมกับการปรับพฤติกรรมตามหลักธรรมนามัย เพื่อบรรเทาอาการและช่วยให้ผู้ป่วยควบคุมระดับน้ำตาลในเลือดได้ดีขึ้น ลดภาวะแทรกซ้อน นำไปสู่การมีคุณภาพชีวิตที่ดีขึ้น
Evaluación del PWHT en el acero ASTM A743 mediante el análisis de datos de microdureza y metalografía
Authors: Quinchuela Paucar Juan Carlos , Martínez Pérez Raúl Gregorio , Abarca Pérez Edison Patricio , Cañizares Silva Cristhian Fabián
Published: July 2022

Introducción: El acero inoxidable ASTM A743 grado CA-6NM es un material ampliamente usado en la construcción de turbinas hidráulicas por sus excelentes propiedades mecánicas, debido a ello, su costo y el de los elementos construidos son bastante elevados, por eso resulta importante recurrir a procedimientos de reparación como la soldadura con el fin de aprovechar al máximo su vida útil. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia del tratamiento térmico post soldadura por medio del análisis de valores de microdureza que se obtienen en un cordón de soldadura, empleando como material de aporte varilla de soldar E410NiMo-15. Metodología: La metodología aplicada fue de tipo experimental, se desarrolló el ensayo de microdureza Vickers y las identaciones realizadas fueron cada 500µm en la zona fundida y cada 200µm en la zona afectada térmicamente tanto en las direcciones horizontal y vertical con respecto al eje de soldadura. Resultados: El efecto del tratamiento térmico se evidenció en la reducción de la dureza con un aproximado del 12.68% en la raíz del cordón y valores similares en las demás zonas del pozo de soldadura, considerando las mediciones que se obtuvieron del ensayo, el ancho de la zona afectada térmicamente es de 2.5mm aproximadamente, mientras tanto que en el análisis microestructural se evidencia una reducción en los tamaños de grano de la martensita revenida en todas las zonas después del PWHT, con una disminución del tamaño de las agujas de la matriz martensítica. Conclusión: Se evidenció el efecto de tratamiento térmico post soldadura al analizar los cambios microestructurales que se produjeron, sumado a esto se obtuvo una homogeneización de la dureza en todas las zonas del cordón, sin embargo, se concluye que al someter al material a un proceso de reparación por soldadura se reducen sus propiedades mecánicas, acortando su vida útil.
Teoría de colas y optimización de proceso de atención al usuario
Authors: Loor Alcívar Grace Patricia , Rodríguez Merchán Sonia Melissa , Santos Vásquez Otto Benjamín , Loor Alcívar Byron José
Published: July 2022

Introducción. La teoría de colas es una alternativa viable al problema de la aglomeración de personas en el servicio al cliente. Objetivo. Establecer cómo contribuye la teoría de colas a la optimización del proceso de atención al usuario, con base en el ejercicio de un caso asociado a un almacén que expende útiles escolares y artículos de bazar en la ciudad de Guayaquil. Metodología. Descriptiva, cuantitativa, de campo, con uso de la observación directa. Resultados. Los hallazgos obtenidos evidenciaron que es posible reducirse el tiempo que los clientes esperan en la cola, al utilizar la teoría de colas, en efecto, el tiempo actual de 10,52 minutos atendido por cliente, pasó a 2,56 minutos, es decir, una reducción del 75% del tiempo, al incrementar a 7 a 8 ventanillas de atención al cliente, estimándose que la expectativa de un cliente es que lo atiendan en un tiempo menor a 5 minutos. Conclusión. Al aplicar la teoría de colas en el establecimiento de expendio de útiles escolares en cuestión, se logra optimizar el proceso de atención al cliente, reduciendo el tiempo de espera en la cola y maximizando la satisfacción de los usuarios.
Sistemas de gestión ambiental para la optimización de industrias lácteas
Authors: Núñez Moreno María Soledad
Published: July 2022

El articulo tiene por objetivo presentar las características, procedimiento de implementación, impacto y beneficios ambientales, de los sistemas de gestión ambiental (SGA) mediante Producción más Limpia (PmL) y 5S de la calidad, para la optimización de industrias lácteas, debido a la contaminación que generan sus procesos productivos. Para esto, fueron descritos aspectos de la industria láctea, para posteriormente presentar el SGA mediante PmL y 5S. La implementación de un SGA a través de la estrategia PmL o la metodología de las 5S; se validará al momento de cumplir con parámetros que estén dentro de límites permisibles, entre algunos de estos parámetros a tener en cuenta  están: las descargas de efluentes al alcantarillado público con límites máximos permisibles en aceites y grasas de 100 (mg/L), la DBO5 con 250 (mg/L),  la DBO con 500 (mg/L), los sólidos sedimentables con 20 (mg/L) y los sólidos suspendidos totales  con 220 (mg/L); mientras que el consumo de agua por cada kilogramo de leche tendrá un valor de 2,21 (L/kg); con respecto al consumo de energía eléctrica se podrá tomar como referencia 0,34 Giga Joule de energía consumida por cada tonelada de leche. Establecido el impacto ambiental del SGA mediante PmL y las 5S, se concluye que ambos sistemas se enfocan en optimizar los procesos productivos a través de minimizar, reducir, reciclar y evitar el extractivismo, de recursos como agua, energía y materias primas, tanto en la propia cadena de producción como en el medio ambiente, por tal motivo, la selección de cualquiera de los dos sistemas para su implementación va a depender principalmente de la experiencia del líder responsable, conocimiento del gerente general, la evaluación y aprobación de la alta gerencia.
Assessment of Noise Exposure Indices at Kanchijhuli and Townhall Moor in Mymensingh City
Authors: Afrin S , Farukh MA , Uddin MN , Rahman M
Published: July 2022

Mymensingh, one of Bangladesh's most densely populated and urbanized cities, could not avoid a noise-related problem that has now turned out into a severe environmental issue. It is indispensable to assess the current noise propagation scenario and its repercussions for urban planners to manage the noise problem. This research endeavours to construct noise pollution indices viz. noise levels (L10, L50, L90), noise climate (NC), equivalent continuous noise level (Leq), noise pollution level (Lnp), and noise exposure index (NEI) were computed for two important particular locations, namely Kanchijhuli and Townhall moor. It was also observed that most of the time, the noise level exceeded 80 dB, which is beyond the recommended level of silent zone, commercial zone and traffic zone according to the DoE (1997). The indices indicated that the noise level of the study area surpassed the normal noise level in all indices. NC, Leq and Lnp were estimated to have a maximum value of 17.32 dB, 94.29 dB and 110.30 dB, respectively, while the minimum value of the study area were 10.71 dB, 82.07 dB and 95.5 dB, respectively. Therefore, it can be stated from the assessment that both Kanchijhuli and Townhall moor are under alarming noise pollution conditions. This research may aid in taking necessary measures to cut off the noise propagation and subsequent noise pollution control for the urban planners and related authorities.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 19-24, 2020
Screening of Some Botanicals for Eco-friendly Control of Cucurbit Fruit Fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) Infestation in Experimental Cucumber Field
Authors: Sultana MS , Azad MAK , Islam MS
Published: July 2022

Cucurbit fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) is the major pest of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), which severely damage the cucumber production. This study was carried to evaluate the efficacy of fourteen botanicals such as Chili (Capsicum frutescens), Garlic (Allium sativum), Onion (Allium cepa), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Carrot leaves(Daucuscarota subsp. Sativus), Bitter gourd (Momordic acharantia), young Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Mahogany seed (Swietenia macrophylla), Eucalyptus leaves (Eucalyptus globulus), Black plum leaves (Syzygium cumini), Jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), Black pepper (Piper nigrum) and Garden croton leaves (Codiaeum variegatum) to control the cucurbit fruit fly infestation in experimental cucumber (Green Rohini F1 Hybrid Cucumber) field during March 15, 2021– May 14, 2021. This study observed a less number of cucurbit fruit fly attack on cucumber fruits in Ginger treatment. In this treatment, only 7.06% fruits were infested by cucurbit fruit fly. The Ginger treatment reduced 14.17 times fruit fly infestation compare to control. However, a high number of cucurbit fruit fly infestations were found in Bitter gourd, young Tomato, Mahogany and Garden croton treatments. Cucurbit fruit fly infestation was low (12.50%) in Neem treatment. This treatment showed best performance on cucumber size (cm) and yield (gm). The lowest yield was found in Bitter gourd treatment. The Neem treatment kept about 3.54 times better performance in respect to cucumber yield than that of control treatment. Therefore, Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) extracts can be used as bio-pesticide for eco-friendly control of cucurbit fruit fly infestation in cucumber field.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 38-42, 2020
Potentiality of Banana and Pumpkin Fruits Residues as a Cheap Source of Valuable Nutrients
Authors: Mahmud MR , Hossain MS , Shuvo SD , Reza MSA , Abedin MZ
Published: July 2022

Banana peel and pumpkin seeds are under-utilized by-products or wastes of the household and food processing industry but these could be rich in valuable nutritive compounds. Having a scientific database on the chemical and proximate analysis of the plants cultivated in the particular region would be helpful to the food product manufacturer, educator, researcher, public health personnel, policymaker, and population under food stress. Literature indicates that the nutritional and chemical composition of these under-utilized materials has not been characterized previously. The present study was designed to examine the nutritional, antioxidants, vitamin C, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of peels and seeds flour of selected fruits. Nutritional analysis reveals that the peel flour of Musa acuminata is rich in crude fiber 14.13%, carbohydrate 60.38%, and seed flour of Cucurbita maxima is rich in protein 30.05%, fat 43.81%, dietary fiber 13.81%. BPF showed more antioxidant activity (86.8%), total phenolic and flavonoid content than PSF, which is rich in vitamin C content (9.23 mg/100gm). Industrial by-products can be processed into value-added products such as flour that is more easily stored for further uses. By-product flour can easily include in food formulations due to its excellent nutritional qualities. Optimization of its use is beneficial in terms of nutritional and economical points of view.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 87-93, 2020
Sanitation Pattern and its Impact on Child in Relation to their Diarrheal Disease of two Upazilla under Satkhira District
Authors: Huda N , Islam MA , Hasan M , Hossain MR
Published: July 2022

The sanitation pattern is not so good in rural areas of Bangladesh. About 2.2 million children died of diarrhea disease around the world and these deaths represent approximately 15% of all child deaths under the age of five in developing countries. For this study, two rural areas of Satkhira District of Bangladesh were selected. The information was collected from households that had children under 5 years old. The majority of the locals are illiterate and impoverished. They have a low income and are not well aware of sanitation and children’s diarrhea. Most people use tubewell water for drinking purposes and others use ponds, rivers and hand pump water for domestic purposes. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions reduce diarrheal disease on average by between one-quarter and one-third. New sanitary solutions are required, and the process of acquiring latrines and sewers must be facilitated and supported both legislatively and financially. Public authorities must continue to be responsible for the provision of water that is free of fecal contaminants. In the private domain, hygiene promotion should focus on the elimination of human stools from the domestic environment. We should ensure safe sanitation, clean water and a hygienic environment for children and their survival.

Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 100-109, 2020
Territorial Tort Exception? The Ukrainian Supreme Court Held that the Russian Federation Could Not Plead Immunity with regard to Tort Claims Brought by the Victims of the Russia-Ukraine War
Authors: Karnaukh Bohdan
Published: July 2022

The jurisdictional immunity of a state means that the state cannot be involved as a defendant in a case considered by a foreign court. In Ukraine, the rule on the jurisdictional immunity of a foreign state is enshrined in Art. 79 of the Law of Ukraine ‘On Private International Law’. Until 14 April 2022, the Ukrainian Supreme Court rigidly applied the provisions of the said article and recognised the Russian Federation’s immunity with regard to claims brought by Ukrainian citizens seeking compensation for harm caused by the armed conflict that commenced in 2014. Yet shortly after 24 February 2022, when Russia’s aggression against Ukraine entered a new phase, i.e., the phase of full-scale war, the Supreme Court changed its mind.

This note addresses the ruling of the Ukrainian Supreme Court of 14 April 2022 in case no. 308/9708/19, where the Court held that the Russian Federation could not plead immunity with regard to tort claims brought by the victims of the Russia-Ukraine war. In reaching this conclusion, the Court relied on the territorial tort exception enshrined in the European Convention on State Immunity (Basel, 16 May 1972) and the UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property. Though neither of the two conventions has been ratified by either Ukraine or the Russian Federation, the Court found that these conventions indicate a general tendency in international customary law towards limiting the jurisdictional immunity of the states.
The reasoning of the Supreme Court is examined by scrutinising the authorities the Court adduced in support of its ruling, as well as by putting the ruling in the broader context of the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR).

It is concluded that what the Supreme Court utilised is not the territorial tort exception but rather the ‘human rights/jus cogens’ exception. Further, the case before the Ukrainian Supreme Court is distinguishable from the ICJ and the ECtHR cases, where it was held that notwithstanding gross violations of human rights, the respondent state should nevertheless enjoy immunity. Unlike those cases, the Ukrainian case was tried amid the ongoing war, when no reparation agreements had been concluded, the legitimate aim of ‘promoting comity and good relations between states’ had been frustrated, and it was no longer possible to justify the restriction of the plaintiff’s right of access to a fair trial.
Development of Volleyball Game Model Using Learning Media
Authors: Suharta Asep , Endriani Dewi , Dewi Rahma , Supriadi Amir
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this study was to develop a volleyball game model using instructional media for junior high school students. The method used in this research is to use the R & D research method which is used to develop a product in the form of a volleyball game model and test the effectiveness of the product. The type of research used in this research is to use mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative) by using the t test on the effectiveness test. The data collection technique in this study was using a questionnaire questionnaire. The subjects used in this study were class VII students of SMP Gajah Madah Medan, totaling 40 students. The results of the small group trial were carried out on 15 junior high school students in class VII-1 with a very good category. The large group trial was conducted on 25 students of SMP Gajah Madah Medan class VII-2 with a very good category. The product effectiveness test was carried out by conducting pre-test and post-test with the results of the t-test p<0.005, this result showed that there was a significant difference. The average pretest score before students use the game model using learning media is 5.42. And after the students were given treatment, namely the volleyball game model using learning media, the average post-test score was 7.71.
Pengaruh CR, ROA, DER terhadap Nilai Perusahaan dengan Good Corporate Governance sebagai Variabel Moderasi
Authors: Tsaniatuzaima Qorry , Maryanti Eny
Published: July 2022

Based on the objectives of this research, including to find out the results of the test how much influence the Current Ratio (CR), Return on Assets (ROA) and Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) have on firm value, and the effect of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) as moderation the research method used is quantitative. The population is taken from food and beverage company data from 2018 to 2020. The sampling is purposive sampling. Initially the population of researchers was 78 companies, after passing the specified sample criteria, only 45 companies remained. The data analysis technique is Partial Least Square (PLS) including the SmartPLS 3 application. The results of the research : current ratio and return on assets have no effect on firm value. Debt to equity ratio has an effect on firm value. Current ratio and return on assets cannot be moderated by good corporate governance. Debt to equity ratio can be moderated by good corporate governance. The moderating variable in this study is the first one included in the moderating potential because the moderating effect 1 and the moderating effect 2 have no effect on the dependent variable. While the second type of moderation is included in pure moderation because the moderating effect 3 has an influence on the dependent variable, while the moderating variable does not affect the dependent variable.
Pengaruh Rasio Keuangan Terhadap Profitabilitas Pada Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia Periode 2017-2021
Authors: Ardichy M. Faza , Rahayu Yayuk Sri
Published: July 2022

The research was conducted with the aim of examining the effect of financial ratios on profitability in Islamic commercial banks registered with the financial services authority of the Republic of Indonesia. This study was tested with four independent variables, namely Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Non Performing Financing (NPF), Operational Efficiency Ratio (OER), and Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR). While the dependent variable is Return on Assets (ROA). This study uses research samples published in the financial services authority of the republic of Indonesia with quarterly data for the period 2017-2021. While the data technique in this study used panel data regression analysis. Based on the results of the partial analysis, first, the Capital Adequacy Ratio has a negative and significant effect on Return on Assets. Second, Non-Performing Financing has a negative and significant effect on Return on Assets. Third, the Operational Efficiency Ratio has a negative and significant effect on Return on Assets. Fourth, the Financing to Deposit Ratio has a negative and significant effect on Return on Assets. Meanwhile, simultaneously CAR, NPF, OER, and FDR have a significant effect on ROA. The coefficient of determination (R square value) is 0.9650, this means that 96.50% of the variation of the dependent variable ROA is explained by the variation of the independent variables, namely CAR, NPF, OER, and FDR. While the remaining 3.50% (100% - 96.50% = 3.50%) get the influence of variables that are not in the study.
Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 pada Kualitas Laporan Keuangan Indonesia
Authors: Kusumawardani Media , Maryati Sri , Adhitama Fardinant , Soediro Achmad , Farhan Muhammad
Published: July 2022

This study wants to examine the impact of COVID-19 on the quality of financial reports in Indonesia. The independent variable in this study is covid19, while the dependent variable is the quality of financial statements. The research sample consists of 432 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange that report regularly from 2018 to 2020. The data collection method uses a purposive sample and this study uses secondary data. The study was tested using the SPSS program. The results of the study show that COVID-19 has a negative effect on the quality of financial reports. This study also shows that there is a difference between the quality of financial reports before Covid-19 and the quality of financial reports after Covid-19. The quality of financial reports (2018) has a difference to the quality of financial reports (2020). The quality of financial reports (2019) has a difference in the quality of financial reports (2020). In addition, based on descriptive data, the average quality of financial reports in the sample has decreased during covid19.
Pengaruh Modal Intelektual Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan Dengan Profitabilitas Sebagai Variabel Moderasi
Authors: Yuliawati Ririn , Alinsari Natasia
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this study is to analyze and provide empirical evidence whether profitability moderates the relationship between intellectual capital and increasing firm value on the IDX. This study uses secondary data in the form of annual reports of banking companies from 2018-2020. This research method is included in quantitative descriptive research using purposive sampling technique using certain criteria as a determination. The sample in this study were 35 banking companies and the number of observations or observations was 105 data. The data analysis tool used is multiple linear regression and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) with the help of Eviews version 10 software. The results show that the intellectual capital variable has an effect on firm value measured using Tobin's Q. There is a moderating variable in profitability as measured by Return On Assets (ROA) is proven to be able to moderate the influence of intellectual capital on firm value. The conclusions in this study is the companies that use optimal intellectual capital can increase the value of the company. Companies that have high profitability are also considered to have high performance in making profits. High profit generated and optimal use of intellectual capital will make the market give more assessments through their share prices.
The role and perception of biogas in the energy transformation in Slovakia
Authors:   Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach, KULLA Marián , NOVOTNÝ Ladislav , PREGI Loránt ,   Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach,   Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach
Published: July 2022

The energy transformation of EU countries brings challenges in the field of energy policies and forms of state support. Moreover, the introduction of new technologies and the production of energy from renewable sources often face resistance and negative attitudes from the population. Slovakia is a country, which, in addition to decarbonisation, needs to diversify resources and reduce energy dependence on Russia. Especially after the Russian attack on Ukraine in 2022. One of the forms of energy production that has experienced rapid growth is anaerobic digestion in agricultural biogas plants. In the example of Slovakia, this study evaluates the impact of European and national energy policies on changes in the energy mix and the development of energy production from biogas. Subsequently, in the form of guided interviews with biogas plant managers and mayors, and a questionnaire survey in the affected municipalities, it identifies the perception of biogas plants and identifies the factors that shape it. The results show that after the optimization of national energy policies and forms of subsidies, the rapid development of energy production from biogas has slowed down. However, the lessons learned from the case studies offer important insights on how to eliminate the resistance of the local population to the operation of a biogas plant and the overall negative attitudes towards this form of energy production. All the surveyed communities sensitively perceive the negative effects of the biogas plants operation. However, in communities that share the benefits from the plant´s operation (taxes, sponsorship, good image, established economic activities, and new jobs), the plant acceptance is much better. Technology as such, as well as the idea of building additional biogas plants, have much better support in these communities. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/
‘Treading on sacred turf’: History, Femininity and the Secret War in the Plays for Today Licking Hitler, The Imitation Game and Rainy Day Women
Authors: Burton Alan , May Tom
Published: July 2022

The article examines the three single television plays Licking Hitler, The Imitation Game and Rainy Day Women, which were broadcast in the celebrated BBC drama strand Play for Today between 1978 and 1984. Each play was set within the secret war: at a radio station broadcasting black propaganda to Germany, at Bletchley Park, and at the heart of a secret mission to investigate dark doings in remotest Fenland. Similarly, each play dealt substantially with female characters and their troubled experience of wartime Britain. The plays provided a revisionist treatment of the mythology of the Second World War, painting a less cosy picture of the ‘People’s War’, with its supposed egalitarianism, shared sacrifice and vision of the different classes all supposedly ‘pulling together’. The article investigates the changing historiography of the secret war, a process in which the authorities attempted to manage the release of wartime secrets dealing with sabotage, resistance, deception and cryptography, and shows how the three dramas came into being through, and were influenced by, the opening up of the secret archive. Detailed attention to the production of the plays and their reception considers how the three historical dramas related to the Play for Today strand, traditionally celebrated for productions dealing with contemporary social and political issues.
Space Age Cinema: The Rise and Fall of Cinecenta
Authors: Goodall Mark
Published: July 2022

This article explores the short history of the Cinecenta chain of cinemas that operated in the UK between 1968 and 1979. It was run by Leslie Elliot and developed out of the Compton Group headed by the producers and distributors Tony Tenser and Michael Klinger. The article contends that the negative reputation of Cinecenta (largely a result of the sad decline of the company) as a disreputable purveyor of sex films is inaccurate and that, at least at its inception, the philosophy of the Cinecenta brand was to innovate in relation to its programming ethos, the marketing and promotion of its product exhibited and the design of its cinemas. The article places Cinecenta in the context of film exhibition in the late 1960s and early 1970s – a time of bold innovation, despite declining theatrical ticket sales – and looks for the first time in detail at the films screened as part of Cinecenta’s early schedules. Also discussed is the way in which the Cinecenta project was an attempt at exporting more adventurous film programming to audiences outside central London. The article concludes by suggesting that the more visionary aspects of the Cinecenta project could be useful in rethinking about how we might engage with cinema in the twenty-first century.
Oliver Reed: ‘I’m Mr England!’
Authors: Roberts Andrew
Published: July 2022

This article traces the acting career of Oliver Reed, focusing primarily on his work with Michael Winner, Ken Russell, Joseph Losey and Hammer Films, while also acknowledging interesting later works such as Castaway (1986) and The Brood (1979). It also examines the reasons for his decline in the later years of his career, which were not simply the result of alcoholism, as is all too frequently claimed, but also of the lack of suitable roles in a British cinema then in state of decline and the gladiatorial nature of a tabloid celebrity culture which served only to encourage Reed to indulge his self-destructive ‘hell raiser’ image. The picture that emerges here is of an actor with very considerable physical presence and exceptional vocal control who starred in too few films worthy of his talents, which were squandered by an industry largely blind to the creative possibilities which underpinned his proven commercial drawing power.
‘Regarded as children’: The Home Office Responds to the London Workers’ Film Society
Authors: Niehoff Peter
Published: July 2022

From the mid-1920s through the 1930s, workers’ film societies met across Great Britain, led by the London Workers’ Film Society (LWFS), and the authorities balked. This activity occurred alongside immense social and political change: the expansion of the right to vote in 1918 and 1928, the General Strike of 1926 and the growth of a consumer leisure culture, not to mention a global economic depression. While members of the middle-class Film Society largely managed to see what they wanted, government officials sought to treat their working-class counterparts very differently. But they found themselves constrained by the 1909 Cinematograph Act and the precedent set by the Film Society. Consequently, Special Branch and the Home Office attempted to curtail the activities of the LWFS through indirect censorship methods including surveillance, customs warrants and legal definitions of film exhibition. Drawing on recently released Home Office files from the National Archives that detail official responses to the activities of the LWFS, this article reconsiders what these activities meant at a time of competing political ideas and class upheaval. This complements scholarship that has mostly focused on the Labour film movement, as these new sources shed light on the complex navigation that government officials had to make with regard to the ever-evolving cinematic exhibition practices.
Az affektív temperamentumok vizsgálata egészségesekben és különböző fenotípusú hypertoniás kórállapotokban
Authors: Gyöngyösi Helga , Kőrösi Beáta Zita , Batta Dóra , László Andrea , Kovács Illés , Tislér András , Cseprekál Orsolya , Nemcsik-Bencze Zsófia , Gonda Xénia , Rihmer Zoltán , Nemcsik János
Published: July 2022

Az affektív temperamentumok (depresszív, szorongó, ciklotím, hipertím, ingerlékeny) a személyiség olyan genetikailag meghatározott, felnőttkorban stabil részei, amelyekkel jellemezhetők a környezeti ingerekre adott érzelmi válaszok. Szerepük a pszichopatológiában elfogadott, de jelentőségüket a cardiovascularis betegségekben is egyre több adat támasztja alá. Célunk az volt, hogy értékeljük az affektív temperamentum pontszámokat egészséges egyénekben (Kont), fehérköpeny-hypertoniásokban (FkHT), krónikus nem rezisztens hypertoniásokban (KrónHT) és krónikus rezisztens hypertoniásokban (RezHT). Vizsgálatunkba 363 beteget vontunk be (n=Kont: 82; FkHT: 44; KrónHT: 200; RezHT: 37). A temperamentumok felmérésére a páciensek kitöltötték a Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire kérdőívet. A ciklotím affektív temperamentum pontszám magasabb volt a RezHTcsoportban (4 [2,25–8]) a Kont (2 [0–5]) és a KrónHT (3 [1–5]) csoporthoz képest (p<0,05). A ciklotím affektív temperamentum pontszám magasabb volt az FkHTcsoportban is (4 [2–7]) a Kont-csoporthoz képest. A rezisztens hypertonia független kapcsolatban állt a ciklotím pontszám 6 vagy afeletti (béta=2,59 [95%-os CI: 1,16–5,77]), az ingerlékeny pontszám 7 vagy afeletti (béta=3,17 [95%-os CI: 1,3–7,69]) és a szorongó pontszám 9 vagy afeletti (béta=2,57 [95%-os CI: 1,08–6,13]) értékével. A fehérköpeny-hypertonia is független kapcsolatot mutatott a ciklotím pontszám 6 vagy afeletti értékével (béta=2,378 [95%-os CI: 1,178–4,802]). Következésképpen a fehérköpeny- és rezisztens hypertoniás csoportba tartozó betegek speciális affektív temperamentum mintázattal rendelkeznek és ezen mintázat megállapítása segíthet az ezekre a kórképekre hajlamos egyének azonosításában és a célzott prevencióban.
Hypertonia és RAS-gátlók előfordulása SARS-CoV-2 fertőzés miatt intézeti ellátásra került 18 év feletti egyénekben
Authors: Fejes Imola , Róka Richárd , Pető Zoltán , Ábrahám György , Várkonyi Tamás , Lengyel Csaba , Légrády Péter
Published: July 2022

Célunk az volt, hogy az SZTE Belgyógyászati Klinika Nyugati telephely fekvőbeteg Járványellátó Központ részlegén felvételre került, 18 év feletti Covid-pozitív betegek között a kezelt hypertonia előfordulását, a szedett vérnyomáscsökkentők számát, a RAS-gátló vérnyomáscsökkentők (ACE-gátló és/vagy ARB) előfordulását felmérjük. A vizsgálatban véletlenszerűen kiválasztott 165 (94 férfi, 71 nő) gyorsteszttel vagy PCR-rel Covid-pozitív, 2021. február közepe és április vége között felvett betegek adatainak retrospektív elemzése történt. A betegek életkora 59,9±12,9 év volt (26–92), a BMI 30,7±6,6 kg/m2 (20,3–55,4). A betegek között felvételkor 103 (62,4%) már ismert hypertoniás egyén volt (56 férfi, 47 nő). A szedett vérnyomáscsökkentők száma felvételkor 1,6±1,6 darab (maximum hat), a kezelés végén 1,8±1,7 darab. Területen több mint három szert 23-an, éppen hármat 25-en szedtek. Monoterápiában felvételt megelőzően 20-an részesültek, a kezelés végén 25-en. A vérnyomáscsökkentők száma a kezelés végén 74 esetben nem változott, hat esetben csökkent, 31 esetben nőtt, ezek között 11 új indítás volt. Egy betegnél a csökkenés 100%-os volt, a monoterápiát el kellett hagyni, a többi öt esetben pedig 50%-os. A hypertoniás betegek több napot töltöttek intézetben, mint a nem hypertoniás egyének (10,9±6,8 vs. 9,2±6,3). A felvételkor mért spontán O2-szaturáció a hypertoniás beteg között alacsonyabb volt, mint a nem hypertoniás egyéneknél (92,6±4,8 vs. 89,6±9,7%), ARB-t szedők között volt a legalacsonyabb (87,5±8,5%, p=0,01 vs. nem hypertoniás). Az összes halálozás a hypertoniás betegek között 8,7%, a nem hypertoniás betegek között csak 1,6% volt. A hypertoniás betegeket vizsgálva, a RAS-gátlót szedők és nem szedők között az intenzív ellátás 16,3 vs. 13%. Az összes halálozás a RAS-gátlót szedők között 10%, a nem szedők között 4,3%, az ARB-t szedők között 13% és az ACE-gátlót szedők között 8,8% volt. Eredményeink alapján a hypertonia nagyobb kockázatot jelenthet a rosszabb Covid-kimenetel tekintetében. A RAS-gátló kezelésben részesültek nagyobb kockázatát észleltük a RAS-gátló kezelésben nem részesültekhez képest.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Value Analysis of miR-206 in Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis
Authors: Li Dancen , Pan Jingjun
Published: July 2022

Introduction: To investigate the expression level of miR-206 in serum of patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (CAS) and estimate the value of miR-206 in the diagnosis and prognosis of asymptomatic CAS.

Methods: A total of 206 individuals enrolled in this study, including 105 CAS patients and 101 controls. RT-qPCR technology was applied to measure the relative level of miR-206, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was performed to analyze the relationship between carotid artery stenosis degree and miR-206 level. An ROC curve was drawn to assess the diagnostic value of miR-206 in asymptomatic CAS. The 5-year prognosis of asymptomatic CAS patients was tested using multivariate Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival curve.

Results: MiR-206 expression was reduced in asymptomatic CAS patients. The AUC of the ROC curve of miR-206 was 0.939, with a sensitivity of 86.70% and a specificity of 86.14%. The amount of CAS gradually increased with the decrease of miR-206 level. Seven-teen patients in the low miR-206 expression group developed CIEs, and 3 patients in the high miR-206 expression group developed CIEs during the 5-year follow-up. miR-206 and the amount of CAS were independent factors for the occurrence of CIEs within 5 years in asymptomatic CAS patients.

Conclusion: Serum miR-206 has high diagnostic accuracy for asymptomatic CAS and has predictive value for the incidence of CIEs in patients within 5 years.