bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foucault, Criminal Law, and the Governmentalization of the State
Authors: O’Malley Pat , Valverde Mariana
Published: November 2014

Defining Foucault’s Discipline and Punish as a foundational text is problematic. While it carries the academic status, its “foundational” readings have created problems for subsequent “Foucaultian” criminology and sociolegal studies. A foundational treatment has trapped much analysis in a framework Foucault himself abandoned or rejected. Key problems include: the treatment of forms of power as defining epochs and of the book as theorizing the rise of “modernity”; the fetishizing of discipline and sovereignty as forms of power; and its interpretation as a “theory” of criminal. A foundational reading of Discipline and Punish has also contributed to problematic development in “Foucaultian” analysis of law into the present, most visible in the “expulsion of law” thesis and some “theoretical” responses to it. Rather than regarding Discipline and Punish as a foundational text in law, we suggest it should be read for its place in Foucault’s methodological revolution.
Women in the Yijing
Authors: Redmond Geoffrey , Hon Tze-ki
Published: November 2014

Surprisingly, references to women in the earliest section of the Changes have received relatively little scholarly attention. They are discussed in detail in this chapter, both as a source of information about women’s lives in the Chinese Bronze Age and also in development of (male) attitudes toward women. The discussion in this chapter is among the first to analyze Zhouyi references to women without the overlay of the much later commentaries. This analysis demonstrates that the early text does not provide any basis for the later misogynistic interpretations of many “Confucian” commentators such as Wang Bi. That women are yin, or should be passive and home-bound, does not appear in the Western Zhou text. The Zhouyi does not contain any prescriptions concerning proper roles for women. Rather it refers to common concerns in women’s lives, particularly marital situations. Relationships and marriage have always been common topics for divinatory inquiries. The Zhouyi does indicate that women could attain a certain degree of control over their own lives; however, it does not provide evidence that women were given full equality.
Cosmology
Authors: Redmond Geoffrey , Hon Tze-ki
Published: November 2014

Centered on yin and yang (and represented through the straight and broken lines in hexagrams), the Yijing is one of the main sources of Chinese cosmology. Almost all major cosmological concepts in China (including the Dao, qi, the Great Ultimate, the Realm above Forms, the Realm within Forms) are derived from the Yijing. Two periods are especially important in the development of Chinese cosmology based on the Yijing: the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) and the Song dynasty (960–1279). Focusing on cosmologists such as Meng Xi (ca. 90–40 BCE), Jing Fang (77–37 BCE), and Zheng Xuan (127–200 CE), this chapter demonstrates the role that the Yijing played in shaping Chinese cosmology.
The Yijing’s Journey to the West
Authors: Redmond Geoffrey , Hon Tze-ki
Published: November 2014

The French Jesuit missionary Joachim Bouvet (1656–1730) was the first Westerner to seriously engage with the Chinese Book of Changes. He was also the first to recognize the similarity of the hexagram arrays of Shao Yong to the system of binary mathematics discovered by his friend, Gottfried Leibniz. Bouvet interpreted the Yijing in terms of “figurism,” the doctrine that some non-Christian religions foreshadowed the truths of Christianity. Recently the Yijing has been taken as prefiguring modern modes of thought such as depth psychology, the DNA double helix, quantum physics, and computer science. These have no real precedent in Chinese tradition. Of more substance is what has become the dominant contemporary paradigm for understanding the Yijing—that of Carl Jung who interpreted it in terms of the unconscious and his concept of “synchronicity.” During the 1960s the Yijing became a hippie and New Age classic, part of a movement to explore the spirituality of non-Western cultures. Esoteric arts, such as divination, attracted considerable interest among those who regarded scientific thinking as limiting. Since the appearance of a highly readable English translation—that of Richard Wilhelm and Cary F. Baynes (Princeton University Press, one volume, 2nd edition, 1961)—the Yijing has become a classic of world literature.
Reader's Guide
Authors: Redmond Geoffrey , Hon Tze-ki
Published: November 2014

This chapter provides a practical guide to undertaking study of the Yijing, guiding readers through its initial difficulties. It has three sections. The first is a concise, but critical, consideration of the main translations. It explains the different commentarial traditions on which each is based, as well as the personal viewpoints of each translator. The proliferation of New Age pseudo-translations is addressed. Available bilingual editions, both print and electronic, are also discussed. The next section explains the organizational structure of the Yijing, including the time-frame for each textual component. This makes access to the work much easier for beginners. It also provides a concise discussion of hexagrams and their transformation. A final section gives specific instructions for divination with the Yijing. This is important because many who teach the classic recommend actually consulting it in order to better understand how it was experienced in traditional China.
First Report of the Presence of Plum pox virus Rec Strain in France
Authors: Svanella-Dumas L. , Candresse T. , Maurice I. , Blin V. , Quaren R. , Birgaentzle C.
Published: November 2014

Plum pox virus (PPV) is the most detrimental virus in stone fruit crops (Prunus sp.). At least nine monophyletic PPV strains are recognized, three of which, PPV-D, PPV-M, and PPV-Rec, have broad distributions (2). PPV-Rec is characterized by a unique founding recombination event and has been reported mostly from Central and South-Central Europe (2). It is generally considered poorly adapted to peach, and the weak and transient symptoms it causes in the GF305 peach seedling indicator may complicate its biological detection (2). During surveys in the Alsace region of France in spring 2013, a plum orchard with trees (Prunus domestica cv. Quetsche d'Alsace 3066) showing dubious leaf symptoms possibly reminiscent of PPV infection was identified. Testing of material from this plant by ELISA (Bioreba AG, Switzerland) gave clear positive reactions, putting the overall infection rate of the orchard at 6.25%, while a second nearby orchard was found infected at a rate of 0.8%. The presence of PPV was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using either the P1-P2 polyvalent primer pair or the P3M-P4b primer pair, which allows the specific amplification of isolates of the Rec and M strains (1). Sequencing of the 467-nt-long P3M-P4b PCR product (Genbank Accession No. KM035763), which spans the end of the NIb gene and the N-terminal hypervariable end of the coat protein gene, provided clear identification of the PPV isolate as belonging to the Rec strain, since it contained all the PPV-Rec specific mutations in the amplified region and showed 98.7 to 97.7% identity with a range of PPV Rec isolates mostly originating from the Balkans. Identification as a PPV-Rec isolate was also confirmed using a strain-specific reverse-transcription–PCR assay (3). This is, to our knowledge, the first report of the presence of PPV-Rec in France. This finding is worrisome given that PPV-Rec is considered well adapted to plum (2), the most important Prunus crop in Alsace. Further surveillance in Alsace during 2014 failed to provide evidence for the presence of PPV-Rec in other areas of the region away from the initial infection focus, which is currently undergoing eradication efforts.

References: (1) T. Candresse et al. Phytopathology 88:198, 1998. (2) J. A. García et al. Mol. Plant Pathol. 15:226, 2014. (3) Z. Subr et al. Acta Virol. 48:173, 2004.
Differences of customer purchase behavior toward organic rice in Indonesia and Taiwan
Authors: Moslehpour Massoud , Van Kien Pham , Danyfisla Ilham
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to investigate the similarities and differences in consumer purchasing behavior of Taiwanese and Indonesian organic rice consumers.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study uses quantitative methods with the primary data collected from consumers in Indonesia and Taiwan through structured questionnaire to understand customer purchasing behavior toward organic rice in the two countries. A total of 415 useable questionnaires were computed and analyzed through factor analysis, reliability analysis, regression analysis, correlation and t-test.

Findings

– The results of this research indicate significant differences between Indonesia and Taiwan in their consumer knowledge and consumer purchase behavior, but not for environmental concerns and consumer attitude.

Practical implications

– The results of this study will assist producers of organic rice in developing countries to adapt to new organic food standards and marketing to ensure high food quality standards for both domestic and export markets.

Originality/value

– This study provides insights into the preferences of consumers of organic rice both in Taiwan and Indonesia. Empirical results in this study provides comparisons between two countries attitudes toward organic rice and this study emphasizes the correlation between consumer purchasing behavior, consumer knowledge, environmental concerns and attitude for Indonesian respondents, Taiwanese respondent, and both combined.
Extended safety and support systems for people with dementia living at home
Authors: Magnusson Lennart , Sandman Lars , Gustav Rosén Karl , Hanson Elizabeth
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to highlight the complexity surrounding the implementation of advanced electronic tracking, communication and emergency response technologies, namely, an extended safety and support (ESS) system for people with dementia (pwd) living at home. Results are presented from a Swedish demonstration study (2011-2012) conducted in 24 municipalities.

Design/methodology/approach

– It is a descriptive intervention study with a pre-post test design. Questionnaires were administered to pwd, carers and professionals at the outset and eight months later. ESS logging data were analyzed.

Findings

– ESS usage rates varied widely. A total of 650 alerts were triggered, mainly when the pwd was outdoors. Activities were reduced amongst pwd, most likely due to a progression of their disease. Carers noted that pwd were more independent than previously on those occasions when they engaged in outdoor activities. Staff considered that nearly half of pwd could remain living at home due to the ESS, compared with a third amongst carers. In total, 50 per cent of carers felt it was justified to equip their relative with an ESS without their explicit consent, compared to one in eight staff.

Research limitations/implications

– A limitation is the amount of missing data and high drop- out rates. Researchers should recruit pwd earlier in their illness trajectory. A mixed-methods approach to data collection is advisable.

Practical implications

– Carers played a crucial role in the adoption of ESS. Staff training/supervision about assistive devices and services is recommended.

Social implications

– Overall, use of ESS for pwd living at home was not an ethical problem.

Originality/value

– The study included key stakeholder groups and a detailed ethical analysis was conducted.
Comparing two evidence-based parent training interventions for aggressive children
Authors: Fossum Sturla , Kjøbli John , Britt Drugli May , Helge Handegård Bjørn , Mørch Willy-Tore , Ogden Terje
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore whether the changes in externalising behaviour for young aggressive children differ between two evidence-based parent training (PT) programmes after treatment. The treatment formats between these programmes differ, and the authors were particularly interested in whether this influenced the results for participants with co-occurring problems (child variables such as heightened levels of attention and internalising problems, and parental variables such as marital status and education) and the consequent additional risk of poorer treatment outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach

– A comparison of the individual treatment programme “Parent Management Training – Oregon model” (PMTO) and the group intervention programme “The Incredible Years” (IY) basic training sessions. Outcomes were explored in matched samples from two earlier Norwegian replication studies. The participants were matched on pre-treatment characteristics using a quasi-experimental mis-matching procedure.

Findings

– There were no significant differences between the two interventions in parent ratings of externalising behaviours and the lack of differing effects between the two treatments remained when the co-occurring risk factors were introduced into the analyses.

Research limitations/implications

– The participants were matched on pre-treatment characteristics using a quasi-experimental mis-matching procedure.

Practical implications

– A possible implication of these findings is that parents should be allowed to choose the treatment format of their preference. Further, individual PT may be more appropriate in rural settings with difficulties in forming group interventions.

Social implications

– Treatment effects did not differ between these two evidence-based interventions.

Originality/value

– To the best of the knowledge independent comparisons of two evidence-based PT interventions are not previously conducted.
Finding the jigsaw piece for our jigsaw puzzle with corporate social responsibility
Authors: Duarte Ana Patrícia , Gomes Daniel Roque , Gonçalves das Neves José
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– This study aims to examine the influence of different corporate social responsibility (CSR) dimensions on prospective applicants’ responses, namely, organizational attractiveness and intention to apply for a job vacancy (IAJV).

Design/methodology/approach

– Using an experimental 2 × 3 crossed factorial design (n= 195), the level of engagement of a hypothetical company in socially responsible practices (high vs low) was manipulated concerning three dimensions of CSR (employees, community and environment and economic level). Participants were randomly assigned to one of the six conditions and, after reading the corresponding scenario, were asked to evaluate the extent to which the company was considered a good place to work and their IAJV in it.

Findings

– The level of engagement in socially responsible practices had a positive effect both on the degree to which participants favorably perceived the organization as a place to work and on their IAJV. Furthermore, the level of engagement in practices toward employees and in the economic domain had a stronger effect on participants’ responses than the engagement in practices that benefit community and environment.

Research limitations/implications

– Data were obtained in a laboratory setting, so the generalization of results to actual job search settings must be made with caution.

Practical implications

– CSR can be a source of competitive advantage in the recruitment of new employees. Because not all CSR dimensions have the same effect on applicants’ responses, companies should take into account the CSR dimensions in which they are engaged and communicate them to the public.

Originality/value

– As far as we know, this is the first study to examine the impact of different CSR dimensions both on organizational attractiveness and IAJV.
“Fuller” or “extended” working lives: a critical commentary
Authors: Phillipson Chris
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to, first, provide some background to the treatment of older workers; second, highlight the distinction between a “fuller” and an “extended” working life; third, note the importance of separating out different groups within the category “older worker”; finally, identify areas for action to suppose those now facing working into their 60s and beyond.

Design/methodology/approach

– Commentary paper analysing development of policies towards older workers.

Findings

– This paper identifies problems implementing policy of extending working and provides various areas of action to support older workers.

Research limitations/implications

– This paper suggests extending work unlikely to be achieved without ensuring greater security for older workers.

Practical implications

– Importance of developing more support for older workers.

Social implications

– Challenge of resolving insecurity in the labour force as an impediment to extended working.

Originality/value

– This paper outlines a critical assessment of current government policy towards older workers.
Determination of Herbicides Paraquat, Glyphosate, and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid in Marijuana Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Lanaro Rafael , Costa José L. , Cazenave Silvia O. S. , Zanolli‐Filho Luiz A. , Tavares Marina F. M. , Chasin Alice A. M.
Published: November 2014

In this work, two methods were developed to determine herbicides paraquat, glyphosate, and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in marijuana samples by capillary electrophoresis. For paraquat analysis, sample was extracted with aqueous acetic acid solution and analyzed by capillary zone electrophoresis with direct UV detection. The running electrolyte was 50 mmol/L phosphate buffer (pH 2.50). For glyphosate and AMPA, indirect UV/VIS detection was used, as these substances do not present chromophoric groups. Samples were extracted with 5 mmol/L hydrochloric acid. The running electrolyte was 10 mmol/L gallic acid, 6 mmol/L TRIS, and 0.1 mmol/L CTAB (pH = 4.7). The methods presented good linearity, precision, accuracy, and recovery. Paraquat was detected in 12 samples (n = 130), ranging from 0.01 to 25.1 mg/g. Three samples were positive for glyphosate (0.15–0.75 mg/g), and one sample presented AMPA as well. Experimental studies are suggested to evaluate the risks of these concentrations to marijuana user.
INCORPORATING ROUTINE ACTIVITIES, ACTIVITY SPACES, AND SITUATIONAL DEFINITIONS INTO THE SOCIAL SCHEMATIC THEORY OF CRIME
Authors: SIMONS RONALD L. , BURT CALLIE H. , BARR ASHLEY B. , LEI MAN‐KIT , STEWART ERIC
Published: November 2014

Simons and Burt's (2011) social schematic theory (SST) of crime posits that adverse social factors are associated with offending because they promote a set of social schemas (i.e., a criminogenic knowledge structure) that elevates the probability of situational definitions favorable to crime. This study extends the SST model by incorporating the role of contexts for action. Furthermore, the study advances tests of the SST by incorporating a measure of criminogenic situational definitions to assess whether such definitions mediate the effects of schemas and contexts on crime. Structural equation models using 10 years of panel data from 582 African American youth provided strong support for the expanded theory. The results suggest that childhood and adolescent social adversity fosters a criminogenic knowledge structure as well as selection into criminogenic activity spaces and risky activities, all of which increase the likelihood of offending largely through situational definitions. Additionally, evidence shows that the criminogenic knowledge structure interacts with settings to amplify the likelihood of situational definitions favorable to crime.
Mitigation of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from swine wastewater treatment in an aerobic bioreactor packed with carbon fibers
Authors: Yamashita Takahiro , Yamamoto‐Ikemoto Ryoko , Yokoyama Hiroshi , Kawahara Hirofumi , Ogino Akifumi , Osada Takashi
Published: November 2014

Mitigation of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from swine wastewater treatment was demonstrated in an aerobic bioreactor packed with carbon fibers (CF reactor). The CF reactor had a demonstrated advantage in mitigating N2O emission and avoiding NOx (NO3 + NO2) accumulation. The N2O emission factor was 0.0003 g N2O‐N/gTN‐load in the CF bioreactor compared to 0.03 gN2O‐N/gTN‐load in an activated sludge reactor (AS reactor). N2O and CH4 emissions from the CF reactor were 42 g‐CO2 eq/m3/day, while those from the AS reactor were 725 g‐CO2 eq/m3/day. The dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the CF reactor removed an average of 156 mg/L of the NH4‐N, and accumulated an average of 14 mg/L of the NO3‐N. In contrast, the DIN in the AS reactor removed an average 144 mg/L of the NH4‐N and accumulated an average 183 mg/L of the NO3‐N. NO2‐N was almost undetectable in both reactors.
Differential sensitivity of TREK‐1, TREK‐2 and TRAAK background potassium channels to the polycationic dye ruthenium red
Authors: Braun G , Lengyel M , Enyedi P , Czirják G
Published: November 2014

Background and Purpose

Pharmacological separation of the background potassium currents of closely related K2P channels is a challenging problem. We previously demonstrated that ruthenium red (RR) inhibits TASK‐3 (K2P9.1), but not TASK‐1 (K2P3.1) channels. RR has been extensively used to distinguish between TASK currents in native cells. In the present study, we systematically investigate the RR sensitivity of a more comprehensive set of K2P channels.

Experimental Approach

K+ currents were measured by two‐electrode voltage clamp in Xenopus oocytes and by whole‐cell patch clamp in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons.

Key Results

RR differentiates between two closely related members of the TREK subfamily. TREK‐2 (K2P10.1) proved to be highly sensitive to RR (IC50 = 0.2 μM), whereas TREK‐1 (K2P2.1) was not affected by the compound. We identified aspartate 135 (D135) as the target of the inhibitor in mouse TREK‐2c. D135 lines the wall of the extracellular ion pathway (EIP), a tunnel structure through the extracellular cap characteristic for K2P channels. TREK‐1 contains isoleucine in the corresponding position. The mutation of this isoleucine (I110D) rendered TREK‐1 sensitive to RR. The third member of the TREK subfamily, TRAAK (K2P4.1) was more potently inhibited by ruthenium violet, a contaminant in some RR preparations, than by RR. DRG neurons predominantly express TREK‐2 and RR‐resistant TREK‐1 and TRESK (K2P18.1) background K+ channels. We detected the RR‐sensitive leak K+ current component in DRG neurons.

Conclusions and Implications

We propose that RR may be useful for distinguishing TREK‐2 (K2P10.1) from TREK‐1 (K2P2.1) and other RR‐resistant K2P channels in native cells.
Pharmacological profile of opicapone, a third‐generation nitrocatechol catechol‐O‐methyl transferase inhibitor, in the rat
Authors: Bonifácio M J , Torrão L , Loureiro A I , Palma P N , Wright L C , Soares‐da‐Silva P
Published: November 2014

Background and Purpose

Catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) is an important target in the levodopa treatment of Parkinson's disease; however, the inhibitors available have problems, and not all patients benefit from their efficacy. Opicapone was developed to overcome those limitations. In this study, opicapone's pharmacological properties were evaluated as well as its potential cytotoxic effects.

Experimental Approach

The pharmacodynamic effects of opicapone were explored by evaluating rat COMT activity and levodopa pharmacokinetics, in the periphery through microdialysis and in whole brain. The potential cytotoxicity risk of opicapone was explored in human hepatocytes by assessing cellular ATP content and mitochondrial membrane potential.

Key Results

Opicapone inhibited rat peripheral COMT with ED50 values below 1.4 mg⋅kg−1 up to 6 h post‐administration. The effect was sustained over the first 8 h and by 24 h COMT had not returned to control values. A single administration of opicapone resulted in increased and sustained plasma levodopa levels with a concomitant reduction in 3‐O‐methyldopa from 2 h up to 24 h post‐administration, while tolcapone produced significant effects only at 2 h post‐administration. The effects of opicapone on brain catecholamines after levodopa administration were sustained up to 24 h post‐administration. Opicapone was also the least potent compound in decreasing both the mitochondrial membrane potential and the ATP content in human primary hepatocytes after a 24 h incubation period.

Conclusions and Implications

Opicapone has a prolonged inhibitory effect on peripheral COMT, which extends the bioavailability of levodopa, without inducing toxicity. Thus, it exhibits some improved properties compared to the currently available COMT inhibitors.
Nuciferine relaxes rat mesenteric arteries through endothelium‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms
Authors: Wang Xinfeng , Cheang Wai San , Yang Haixia , Xiao Lei , Lai Baochang , Zhang Meiqian , Ni Jiahua , Luo Zhenyu , Zhang Zihui , Huang Yu , Wang Nanping
Published: November 2014

Background and Purpose

Nuciferine, a constituent of lotus leaf, is an aromatic ring‐containing alkaloid, with antioxidative properties. We hypothesize nuciferine might affect vascular reactivity. This study aimed at determining the effects of nuciferine on vasomotor tone and the underlying mechanism

Experimental Approach

Nuciferine‐induced relaxations in rings of rat main mesenteric arteries were measured by wire myographs. Endothelial NOS (eNOS) was determined by immunoblotting. Intracellular NO production in HUVECs and Ca2+ level in both HUVECs and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from rat mesenteric arteries were assessed by fluorescence imaging.

Key Results

Nuciferine induced relaxations in arterial segments pre‐contracted by KCl or phenylephrine. Nuciferine‐elicited arterial relaxations were reduced by removal of endothelium or by pretreatment with the eNOS inhibitor L‐NAME or the NO‐sensitive guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ. In HUVECs, the phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1177 and increase in cytosolic NO level induced by nuciferine were mediated by extracellular Ca2+ influx. Under endothelium‐free conditions, nuciferine attenuated CaCl2‐induced contraction in Ca2+‐free depolarizing medium. In the absence of extracellular calcium, nuciferine relieved the vasoconstriction induced by phenylephrine and the addition of CaCl2. Nuciferine also suppressed Ca2+ influx in Ca2+‐free K+‐containing solution in VSMCs.

Conclusions and Implications

Nuciferine has a vasorelaxant effect via both endothelium‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms. These results suggest that nuciferine may have a therapeutic effect on vascular diseases associated with aberrant vasoconstriction.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Chinese Innovation in Cardiovascular Drug Discovery. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-23
The response of a basin‐scale Miocene barrier reef system to long‐term, strong subsidence on a passive continental margin, Barcoo Sub‐basin, Australian North West Shelf
Authors: Rosleff‐Soerensen Beke , Reuning Lars , Back Stefan , Kukla Peter A.
Published: November 2014

The Miocene sedimentary succession of the southern Browse Basin records the response of a tropical reef system to long‐term, strong subsidence on a passive continental margin. Geological interpretation of a comprehensive two‐dimensional (2D) seismic reflectivity data set documents for the first time the development of a continuous Miocene barrier reef on the Australian North West Shelf. With a length of over 250 km, this barrier reef is among the Earth's largest in the Neogene record. A sequence stratigraphic analysis tied to well data shows that the main controls for the evolution, growth and demise of the reef system were subsidence, third‐order global‐scale eustatic variations and antecedent topography. The generally very high Miocene subsidence rates estimated for the study area cannot be explained by typical passive‐margin subsidence controlled by lithospheric cooling and sedimentary loading alone. Additional dynamic subsidence induced by mantle convection, though documented as unusually large on the northern margin of Australia during the Neogene, can be also regarded as being of only minor importance. Therefore, accelerated tectonic subsidence related to the collision of the Australian and Eurasian Plates 250–500 km north of the study area seems to exert an important influence on reef development and demise, complicated by local tectonic inversion. The Miocene tectonic reactivation and inversion of an older structural grain is interpreted to have controlled the reef development considerably by providing localized topographic highs along transpressional anticlines above basement‐rooted faults that served as preferential sites for reef growth and retreat during times of rapidly rising sea level. This exemplarily shows that the far‐field effects of collision‐induced tectonic subsidence can significantly influence carbonate systems on passive margins.
In Control or Fatalistically Ruled? The Sense of Mastery among Working Canadians
Authors: Schieman Scott , Narisada Atsushi
Published: November 2014

Using data from a 2011 nationally representative sample of Canadian workers (N = 5,576), the present study evaluates the social–structural determinants of the sense of mastery. Three main contributions emerge. First, we document that each of the main components of socioeconomic status—education, income, occupation, and economic hardship—have distinct total, indirect, and net associations with mastery. The well‐educated report more mastery because of their higher earnings—but exposure to more role blurring and work–family conflict offset what would otherwise be their even higher levels of mastery. Second, job‐related demands and resources have largely independent associations with mastery, but our analyses also reveal some key areas of overlap. Third, role‐blurring activities—and their connections with work‐to‐family conflict and family‐to‐work conflict—offer unique expansions to the overall narrative of mastery, with unexpected explanatory and suppression effects. We interpret each of these observations in an effort to advance recent theoretical perspectives about mastery.

À partir de données recueillies en 2011 auprès d'un échantillon représentatif national de travailleurs canadiens (n = 5,576), cette étude examine les déterminants sociostructurels de la maitrise de soi. Trois principales contributions découlent de cette étude. Premièrement, chaque composante du statut socioéconomique, soit l’éducation, le revenu, la profession de même que la précarité économique, a une association distincte et indirecte avec la maitrise de soi. Par exemple, les travailleurs instruits ressentent un plus grand sentiment de maitrise de soi dû à leur revenu supérieur. Toutefois, l'ambigüité de rôle et le conflit travail‐famille, plus fréquents chez ces derniers, atténuent cette relation. Deuxièmement, les demandes et les ressources liées au travail sont indirectement associées avec la maitrise de soi. Cependant, nos analyses démontrent que certains secteurs importants se chevauchent. Troisièmement, les liens entre les secteurs d'activités pour lesquelles il y a ambigüité de rôle et les conflits travail‐famille et les conflits famille‐travail permettent de mieux comprendre le concept de maitrise de soi chez les travailleurs canadiens. Nos analyses démontrent des effets inattendus explicatifs et de suppression. Nous interprétons chacune des ces observations en vue de faire avancer les perspectives théoriques récentes en ce qui a trait à la maitrise de soi.
“COERCIVE COOPERATION”? ONTARIO'S PAY EQUITY ACT OF 1988 AND THE GENDER PAY GAP
Authors: McDonald Judith A. , Thornton Robert J.
Published: November 2014

Evaluating the effect of pay‐equity laws is important and yet difficult as one needs to deduce what would have occurred without the policy intervention. We use a new tool, synthetic‐control method, to examine the effects of Ontario's Pay Equity Act on the gender pay gap. This tool enables us to create a “Synthetic” Ontario, which resembles Ontario more closely than does any other single province. Using Synthetic Ontario to compare what actually happened in Ontario to what would have happened, we find that the act has had little or no effect on the female‐male wage gap in Ontario. (JEL J7, J3)
Biphasic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with a labyrinthine plexiform high‐grade fibrosarcomatous transformation
Authors: Monteagudo Carlos , Llombart Beatriz , Burgués Octavio , Rubio Luis , Calabuig Silvia , Sanmartín Onofre , López‐Guerrero José Antonio
Published: November 2014

Several variants of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, a low‐grade superficial sarcoma, are well recognized. The most prognostically important is the fibrosarcomatous variant. We report a case of biphasic dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in which the high‐grade component exhibited a previously undescribed plexiform pattern. A clinicopathological study complemented with immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses of this unique case. Histopathologically, a conventional low‐grade dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans was admixed with intratumoral high‐grade areas showing a striking labyrinthine plexiform pattern characterized by a higher cellularity of larger and slightly atypical tumor cells. CD34 expression was present in both components, while Ki‐67 immunostaining was significantly higher in the plexiform high‐grade areas. Focal epithelial membrane antigen and claudin‐1 immunostaining was present at the interphase between high‐ and low‐grade areas. COL1A1‐PDGFB fusion transcripts, with breakpoints at exon 25 of COL1A1 and exon 2 of PDGFB, were present in both components, being more numerous, as the extra copies of both genes, in the high‐grade areas. A previously undescribed histopathologic pattern of high‐grade sarcomatous transformation of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is reported: a biphasic tumor with a labyrinthine plexiform high‐grade component.
Life history consequences of larval foraging depth differ between two competingAnopheles mosquitoes
Authors: GIMONNEAU GEOFFREY , BAYIBEKI ALBERT N. , BALDET THIERRY , AWONO‐AMBENE PARFAIT H. , SIMARD FRÉDÉRIC
Published: November 2014

1. Anopheline larvae are surface feeders and allocate most of their time to search for food at the water surface. However, species of theAnopheles gambiaeGiles complex may also show bottom feeding. The consequences of this foraging tactic for life history are unknown, yet may be relevant to understand inter‐specific competition patterns.

2. The diving ability and activity of larvae of the mainAfrican malaria vectors,An. coluzziiandAn. gambiae, at two different water depths (14 and 30 cm) were assessed. We further explored the biological relevance of diving for food harvesting by monitoring key life history traits in two species treatments (single or mixed species) and two food treatments (surface or bottom feeding).

3. Overall,An. coluzziilarvae showed more diving activity thanAn. gambiae. When feeding at the bottom both species, and especiallyAn. gambiae, showed a delayed emergence and a reduced emergence rate. Moreover,An. gambiaealso suffered a reduced wing length.

4. Mixed‐species rearing had a detrimental effect on the life history traits ofAn. gambiaebut not onAn. coluzzii, suggesting a competitive advantage for the latter in our experimental conditions.

5. The present results confirm that anopheline larvae are able to forage for food at the bottom of their breeding site and thatAn. coluzziishows a superior diving activity thanAn. gambiaeand this at a lower cost. These behavioural differences probably reflect specific adaptations to different aquatic habitats, and may be important in shaping species distributions and the population biology of these important vector mosquitoes.
Relationship between urodynamic findings and sexual function in multiple sclerosis patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction
Authors: Fragalà E. , Russo G. I. , Di Rosa A. , Giardina R. , Privitera S. , Favilla V. , Castelli T. , Chisari M. , Caramma A. , Patti F. , Cimino S. , Morgia G.
Published: November 2014

Background and purpose

Sexual dysfunction (SD) is prevalent in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and affects quality of life. Furthermore, lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) is common in MS patients. Our aim was to determine the relationship between urodynamic findings and SD in a cohort of MS patients with LUTD.

Methods

From January 2011 to September 2013, 135 consecutive patients with MS in remission phase and LUTD underwent a first urodynamic examination, according to the International Continence Society criteria. Neurological impairment was assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale and SD was investigated with the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) or the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF‐15). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of female SD (FSFI < 26.55) or moderate−severe erectile dysfunction (ED) (IIEF‐EF ≤ 16), after adjusting for confounding factors including urodynamic findings.

Results

Subjects with maximum detrusor pressure during involuntary detrusor contraction (PdetmaxIDC) ≥20.0 cmH2O had lower IIEF‐EF, IIEF overall satisfaction (IIEF‐OS), FSFI‐Arousal, FSFI‐Lubrication and FSFI‐Orgasm. Subjects with maximum cystometric capacity (MCC) ≥135 ml had higher IIEF‐EF, intercourse satisfaction (IIEF‐IS), orgasmic function (IIEF‐OF), sexual desire (IIEF‐SD), FSFI‐Arousal, FSFI‐Lubrication, FSFI‐Orgasm, FSFI‐Satisfaction and FSFI‐Pain. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, PdetmaxIDC ≥20 cmH2O [odds ratio (OR) 6.7; P < 0.05] and MCC <135 ml (OR 6.80; P < 0.05) were predictors of moderate−severe ED. In a model including all previous variables, compliance ≤3 ml/cmH2O was an independent predictor of moderate−severe ED (OR 14.49; P < 0.01). No relationship was found between the previous variables and FSFI <26.55.

Conclusions

Neurogenic bladder is associated with SD in MS patients. The presence of PdetmaxIDC ≥20 cmH2O, MCC <135 ml and compliance ≤3 ml/cmH2O may significantly predict the presence of moderate−severe ED.
Casein kinase 2 inhibits HomolD‐directed transcription by Rrn7 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Moreira‐Ramos Sandra , Rojas Diego A. , Montes Matías , Urbina Fabiola , Miralles Vicente J. , Maldonado Edio
Published: November 2014

In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, ribosomal protein gene (RPG) promoters contain a TATA analogue element called the HomolD box. The HomolD‐binding protein Rrn7 forms a complex with the RNA polymerase II machinery. Despite the importance of ribosome biogenesis to cell survival, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of transcription of eukaryotic RPGs are unknown. In this study, we identified Rrn7 as a new substrate of the pleiotropic casein kinase 2 (CK2), which is a regulator of basal transcription. Recombinant Rrn7 from S. pombe, which is often used as a model organism for studying eukaryotic transcription, interacted with CK2 in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, CK2‐mediated phosphorylation of Rrn7 inhibited its HomolD‐directed transcriptional activity and ability to bind to an oligonucleotide containing a HomolD box in vitro. Mutation of Rrn7 at Thr67 abolished these effects, indicating that this residue is a critical CK2 phosphorylation site. Finally, Rrn7 interacted with the regulatory subunit of CK2 in vivo, inhibition of CK2 in vivo potentiated ribosomal protein gene transcription, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses identified that the catalytic subunit of CK2 was associated with the rpk5 gene promoter in S. pombe. Taken together, these data suggest that CK2 inhibits ribosomal protein gene transcription in S. pombe via phosphorylation of Rrn7 at Thr67.
The Proterozoic (1.85 Ga) Älvestorp Conglomerate, Bergslagen, Central Sweden
Authors: Kuipers Gerrit , Beunk Frank F.
Published: November 2014

The Älvestorp conglomerates, deposited in an alluvial fan setting, form part of the Svecofennian orogenic belt in west Bergslagen, south central Sweden and are estimated to be as old as c. 1.85 Ga. Reaching a thickness of one kilometre, their architecture and form suggest an alluvial origin. Along sections, massive conglomerates often grade into pebbly mudstones and greenschist facies slates, while pure slates with dolomite concretions and olistolites occur in dark slatey mudstones on the eastern shore of lake Brunnsjön. Inner fan trenches are filled with massive, clast‐supported conglomerates that contain more than 80 percent epiclastic tuffaceous material. The Älvestorp conglomerate is therefore classified as the product of a Proterozoic stream‐flow channel and debris flow, or alluvial fan. The Grythyttan Basin to the north originated by extension after the first of two orogenic stages of Bergslagen.
Maintaining Inequality Despite Expansion: Evidence of the Link between Parents' Education and Qualitative Differences in Educational Attainment
Authors: Chesters Jenny
Published: November 2014

The restructuring of the Australian labour market decreased demand for low‐skilled workers and increased demand for highly skilled workers and professionals further strengthening the relationship between educational and occupational attainment. To satisfy the demand for highly educated workers, the government reorganised the higher education sector increasing the number of universities and trebling the number of places for domestic undergraduate students. Analysing data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey, this paper examines the association between parents' education and the likelihood of graduating from university for six birth cohorts of Australians. Overall, the findings suggest that although the expansion of the higher education sector in Australia provided alternative pathways into university, differences in educational attainment, on both quantitative and qualitative dimensions, persist.
Limited hydrolysis of β‐casein by cell wall proteinase and its effect on hydrolysates's conformational and structural properties
Authors: Ren Xiaofen , Pan Daodong , Wu Zhen , Zeng Xiaoqun , Sun Yangying , Cao Jinxuan , Guo Yuxing
Published: November 2014

Optimisation of enzymatic hydrolysis of β‐casein with cell envelope proteinase (CEP) from Lactobacillus acidophilus JQ‐1 to produce the angiotensin‐I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides using response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimal conditions (enzyme‐to‐substrate ([E]/[S]) ratio (w/w) of 0.132 and pH of 8.00 at 38.8 °C), the ACE inhibitory activity of hydrolysates was 72.06% and the total peptides was 11.75 mg mL−1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs indicated that the tightness of the β‐casein surface structure was gradually weakened and small holes appeared after enzymatic treatment, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra indicated remarkable changes in the chemical composition and macromolecular conformation of β‐casein after enzymatic hydrolysis. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated that the corresponding hydrolysates had higher thermal stability. The enzymatic hydrolysis also led to an increase in the free sulfhydryl content of β‐casein hydrolysates compared with raw β‐casein, which led to the increase in the antioxidant activity of β‐casein hydrolysates.
High resolution U‐Pb ages of Ca‐phosphates in Apollo 14 breccias: Implications for the age of the Imbrium impact
Authors: Merle R. E. , Nemchin A. A. , Grange M. L. , Whitehouse M. J. , Pidgeon R. T.
Published: November 2014

Previous age estimates of the Imbrium impact range from 3770 to 3920 Ma, with the latter being the most commonly accepted age of this basin‐forming event. The occurrence of Ca‐phosphates in Apollo 14 breccias, interpreted to represent ejecta formed by this impact, provides a new opportunity to date the Imbrium event as well as refining the impact history of the Moon. We present new precise U‐Pb analyses of Ca‐phosphates from impact breccia sample 14311 that are concordant and give a reliable weighted average age of 3938 ± 4 Ma (2σ). Comparison with previously published U‐Pb data on phosphate from Apollo 14 samples indicate that all ages are statistically similar and suggest phosphates could have been formed by the same impact at 3934 Ma ± 3 Ma (2σ). However, this age is older than the 3770 to 3920 Ma range determined for other samples and also interpreted as formed during the Imbrium impact. This suggests that several impacts occurred during a 20–30 Ma period around 3900 Ma and formed breccias sampled by the Apollo missions.
The Motion of Emotion: Idiodynamic Case Studies of Learners' Foreign Language Anxiety
Authors: Gregersen Tammy , Macintyre Peter D. , Meza Mario D.
Published: November 2014

Language learning is an emotionally and psychologically dynamic process that is influenced by a myriad of ever‐changing variables and emotional “vibes” that produce moment‐by‐moment fluctuations in learners' adaptation. This individual‐level study triangulates physiological, idiodynamic, interview, and self‐report survey data of three high and three low anxiety language learners to examine their language anxiety, its triggers, and the interpretations of rapidly changing affective reactions over a short period of time. Participants were videorecorded giving a presentation, while wearing heart monitors, in their Spanish as a Foreign Language class. Using the idiodynamic method, participants self‐rated their moment‐by‐moment anxiety 42 times over three and a half minutes and later explained their reactions in an interview. The strong relationship observed among the various converging data sources demonstrates the strength of considering language learners on an individual level using triangulated quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study generated pedagogical implications for dealing with both positive and negative emotions, facilitating the reinterpretation of physiological cues, planning “escape routes” that allow participants to remain active in communication exchanges, and invoking the positive power of preparation, planning, and rehearsal.
Failure Prediction of Pressure Vessels Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Evans Christopher J. , Miller Timothy F.
Published: November 2014

This paper investigates using nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) to determine the failure pressure and failure location for pressure vessels. The method investigated by this paper is to predict the pressure-vessel failure point by identifying the pressure and location where the total mechanical strain exceeds the actual elongation limit of the material. A symmetrically shaped component and a nonsymmetric shaped component are analyzed to determine the failure pressure and location. Data were then gathered by testing each pressure vessel to determine its actual failure pressure. Comparing the FEA results with experimental data showed that the fea software predicted the failure pressure and location very well for the symmetric shaped pressure vessel, however, for the nonsymmetrical shaped pressure-vessel, the fea software predicted the failure pressure within a reasonable range, but the component failed at a weld instead of the predicted location. This difference in failure location was likely caused by varying material properties in both the weld and the location where the vessel was predicted to fail.
Output Feedback Regulation Control for a Class of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Yu Jiangbo , Wang Jizhong , Zhang Changxue , Wu Yuqiang
Published: November 2014

This paper investigates the global regulation problem for a class of nonlinear systems with integral input-to-state stable (iISS) dynamic uncertainty. By designing a reduced-order observer, a systematic output feedback control strategy is proposed. The designed dynamic controller can achieve the global set-point regulation control and guarantee all signals of the closed-loop systems bounded. The developed control schemes find its application in the pendulum control system. Simulation results verify its effectiveness.