bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perswazja w prozie Jana Kochanowskiego
Authors: Data Krystyna
Published: March 2020

Persuasion in Jan Kochanowski’s proseIn this article we will review persuasive language devices used in Jan Kochanowski’s prose texts that vary in terms of text genres, forms, length and purpose of expression. All the discussed works of the poet belong to different text genres, such as: social and political journalism, moralist treatise, historical treatise, funeral speech, short witty anecdotes and stories. The text analysis proves that there are often conjunctions at the beginning of many sentences. These words not only link sentence components or complex sentences but they also determine the cohesion of larger units than sentences and mark a referential function. Kochanowski often incorporates parentheses, citing and rhetorical questions. As a result, a persuasive function is achieved due to the choice of an utterance form and a text genre, appropriate selection of stylistic devices enhancing persuasion and text construction forms and, last but not least, adequate lexical diversity. In his style Kochanowski followed the rules of rhetoric characteristic of the 16th century. The low/plain style had a didactic purpose, the middle style was chosen to praise or to reprimand others and the high/grand style was limited to texts referring to matters of great importance.
O potrzebie sięgnięcia do tradycji polonistycznej w zakresie kształcenia językowego
Authors: Fiszbak Jolanta
Published: March 2020

About the need for going back to traditional teaching methods in terms of Polish language teachingThe article relates to decreasing language proficiency among the graduates of high schools. The author points out the reasons of this tendency and discusses the newest suggestions for working over language in schools. As efforts of creating new strategy of language-development are not satisfactory, she proposes going back to ways worked out by the Polish didacticians, or even taking into consideration the autonomous aims of teaching the scientific knowledge of language. She reminds of neglected in practice scholastic forms of exercises which effectively affect the development of students’ language.
Tożsamość i wizerunek Polaków oraz przedstawicieli mniejszości niemieckiej na podstawie badań przeprowadzonych w obu tych grupach
Authors: Kochanek Patrycja
Published: March 2020

Identity and image of Polish people and German minority based on research carried out in both groupsThe article is an analysis of the pilot version of empirical research which was carried out in two groups — Polish people and the minority of Germans which lives in Poland. Research was done in 2013. Almost one hundred responders answered questions in an online survey. The main goal of this study was to point out some characteristics of these two societies and to see how they create their own identity and how they see each other — what are their images. The categorization of answers gave two different images of communities which have some specific and unique characteristics and values.
Sprawa Trynkiewicza a ustawa o nadzorze nad groźnymi przestępcami — na marginesie rozważań o karze śmierci
Authors: Debita Magdalena
Published: March 2020

The Trynkiewicz case and legislation on the supervision of dangerous offenders in connection with considerations on capital punishmentThe overall objective of this article is to present issues related to capital punishment. The paper presents selected international legal instruments on this issue. Thearticle focuses on historic Polish legislation concerning jurisdiction and the use of capital punishment. The subject of capital punishment in criminal law has long been acontentious issue. Capital punishment, its effectiveness, its reliability vis-à-vis rehabilitation and its substitution by another penalty, is analysed herein. In Poland, capital punishment has not been applied since 1988. The last death sentence was carried out in 1979, capital punishment having been removed by the legislature from the Criminal Code in 1997. When considering this issue, it is worthwhile to refer to some statistical data: 1 96 countries have abolished capital punishment in respect of all crimes; 2 9 countries have abolished capital punishment for all crimes, with the exception of offences committed in time of war; 3 34 countries have expunged capital punishment from their penal codes or have ceased to apply it, in practice, within the last decade; 4 139 states have either not included capital punishment in their regulations or have not used capital punishment; 5 58 countries still maintain capital punishment in their legislation; 6  in China, capital punishment may be imposed for 55 types of crime; 7 in 2010, at least 17,833 people were living under sentence of death.
Władza wykonawcza w Portoryko i w Polsce — porównanie oraz analiza wybranych uregulowań konstytucyjnych
Authors: Gutierrez Patryk
Published: March 2020

Executive power in Puerto Rico and in Poland — the comparison and analysis of some constitutional issuesIn the paper entitled Executive Power in Puerto Rico and in Poland — the comparison and analysis of some constitutional issues, Idecided to compare two different constitutional regulations of executive power in Latin America and Europe Puerto Rico and Poland. At first glance, the both countries are republic with the same division of power between: executive, legislation and judicial. But on the other hand, the main differences have been established in the provisions of the Constitution. So, for this reason I’m trying to look for the answer for next questions: who performs the executive authority and whether this power is shared or not and how long it lasts during the term of office for example. Therefore, in my paper Ishowed the differences and similarities on this range: between Puerto Rican Governor with the Council of Secretaries and Polish President with the Council of Ministers.
Interes społeczny a słuszny interes obywateli na podstawie art. 7 in fine kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego
Authors: Rożek Kacper
Published: March 2020

Social interest and rightful interest of an individual on the basis of the Article 7 in fine of the Polish Code of Administrative ProceedingsThe following article expands on one of the crucial and basic general principles that lead the administrative proceedings, being at the same time a kind of a guideline in interpretation for the whole system of administrative laws. The aforementioned principle, namely “the principle of accommodating public and private legitimate interests” is included in the article 7 in fine of the Code of the Administrative Proceedings. The rule is of great importance for those proceedings that entail a type of discretion which organs of administration legally possess. That is the time when the two interests must be weighed up and the primacy to one of them must be given. The author also tries to distinguish between the interchangeable terms of “public interest” and “social interest” pointing to their semantic use. The issue of collision of the two interests has been also described in the text. Finally, the legal guarantees of adopting that principle have been touched upon.
Ewolucja celów polskiego prawa zamówień publicznych od okresu międzywojennego do współczesności
Authors: Stawiński Michał
Published: March 2020

The evolution of the objectives of Polish public procurement law from the interwar period to the present-dayThe article presents the evolution of the objectives of public procurement law in Poland from interwar period to present-day. Especially, the article shows an important influence of European Union legislation on the legal regulation of public procurement and its objectives.
Kadłubowe organy spółki kapitałowej wobec zasad reprezentacji osób prawnych
Authors: Ciaptacz Jan
Published: March 2020

The relationship between corporate body without required number of members and general rules of representation of a legal entityThe point of this paper is to answer the question what are the consequences of representing the commercial company by a corporate body without the required number of members. The author analyses this problem considering the general rules of representation of Limited Liability Company and Joint-Stock Company. The Polish legal system does not contain clear regulation relating to consequences of acting in the name of the company without appropriate entitlement, that is why it is thought to be one of the most controversial problems in Polish corporation law. This paper contains critical analyses of different views formed in the doctrine and in the judicial practice and it is an attempt to solve the dilemma connected with companies’ relations with third parties, when the corporate body do not have the minimal required number of members.
Problem prejudycjalnego związania sądu polubownego wyrokami sądów powszechnych i polubownych
Authors: Chyla Łukasz
Published: March 2020

Legal effects of prejudicial awards in arbitral proceedingsThe aim of the article is to present a highly controversial issue whether the legal effects of prejudicial awards of either common court or arbitration court shall be binding for another arbitration tribunal resolving the same dispute between the same parties. This issue is broadly disputable, essentially after the Polish Supreme Court delivered two contrary judgments regarding this matter. Arguably, it remains unclear whether art. 365 of the Polish Code of Civil Procedure is applicable not only to common courts but also to arbitration tribunals. Moreover, because of the preliminary meaning of art. 1184 of the CCP, it is also questionable whether arbitration courts are bound by some provisions of civil procedure, specifically art. 365 of the CCP. The aim of this article is to analyze and address these legal issues as well as to explain why, in my opinion, arbitration tribunals shall eventually be bound by earlier awards — either those delivered by the common courts or arbitration tribunals.
Dopuszczalność i charakter prawny instytucji prokury łącznej niewłaściwej w świetle nowelizacji kodeksu cywilnego z dnia 16 grudnia 2016 r.
Authors: Grzywacz Anna
Published: March 2020

Admissibility and the legal nature of inappropriate joint procuration in the light of the amendment of the Civil Code of 16 December 2016This article describes the institution of the power of attorney in a company and the changes in the way of representation of the company introduced by the amendment of the Civil Code of 16 December 2016. In the light of the latest regulations, the construction of the inappropriate joint procuration has become admissible. The author presents the most important rulings of the Supreme Court and analyzes the consequences of this change. Determining how a company should be represented is fundamental to businessman and has arisen lots of controversies in the past years.
Social dimension of the concept of sustainable development
Authors: Paczka Edyta
Published: March 2020

SOCIAL DIMENSION OF THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTThe article presents the influence of the policy of sustainable development on the social sphere. It proves, that its core message is to provide a decent and prosperous life for all. Institutional determinants of a durable and sustainable development in the scale of global economy have been discussed. Actions taken in order to fight poverty and social exclusion have been specified. The author has also described indicators related to the presented subject and analyzed data regarding the scale of poverty in Poland.
Wyrażanie zgody przez walne zgromadzenie akcjonariuszy spółki akcyjnej na zbycie składników jej majątku
Authors: Stopiak Magdalena
Published: March 2020

The consent of the general meeting of the shareholders of a joint stock company for the sale of assets of this companyThe aim of the article is to analyze the disputable issues regarding the requirement of consent passed by ownership entities the shareholders’ meeting and the general meeting of shareholders, respectively in a limited liability company and a joint-stock company. The author indicates results of infringement of article 393 and 288 Code of Commercial Companies, as well as the practical problems on the ground of those regulation of presented issues are considered on the basis of actual states, which are relevant from a practical point of view. Thorough analysis helps to identify a view which is better in the light of the binding legal status.
Skan linii papilarnych jako podpis elektroniczny
Authors: Klimas Damian
Published: March 2020

Fingerprint as electronic signature Presented article addresses the issue of regulation concerning the submission of electronic statements statements of intent, a statement knowledge or consent using a scan of a fingerprint understood as an electronic signature. The author tries to find the appropriate framework for the fingerprint scan as an electronic signature under eIDAS Regulation, which is applicable since 1 July 2016. Article analyses the technical and legal requirements for electronic signatures, advanced electronic signatures and qualified electronic signatures, as well as the legal consequences of such determinants.
Prozdrowotny styl życia polskich studentów
Authors: Pochwała Magdalena
Published: March 2020

Pro-health lifestyle of Polish studentsThe aim of the article is an identification of factors that determine the health of Polish university students. The article is based on a literature review and quantitative research carried out in April and May 2018 using the online questionnaire method. Polish students were examined, the random sample was 327 people. The knowledge from literature was confirmed by empirical data which proves that the pro-health lifestyle is influenced by such factors as: proper nutrition, physical activity, resistance to stress, avoidance of stimulants and adequate sleep. These student attitudes and behaviors are important for health. The article is a significant contribution to literature.
Między demoliberalizmem a państwem władczym. Wacława Makowskiego pochwała solidaryzmu i krytyka liberalizmu
Authors: Bojko Łukasz
Published: March 2020

Between demoliberalism and an imperious state: Wacław Makowski’s praise of solidarism and criticism of liberalismThis article acquaints the reader with notions of Wacław Makowski, eminent professor of criminal and constitutional law and a sanation activist. The article particularly refers to his criticisms of liberalism and praise of solidarism. The constant crisis of the political life of the Second Polish Republic required an essential reform of political bases. According to Makowski one should break with the bases of the March Constitution, that is liberalism and parliamentary democratism in favour of solidarism, being an indirect form between authoritarian dictatorship and liberal democracy.
Działanie na własny rachunek a pojęcie działalności gospodarczej
Authors: Kopystyński Konrad
Published: March 2020

Celem artykułu jest analiza okoliczności wykonywania działalności gospodarczej na własny rachunek w kontekście przesłanek definiujących działalność gospodarczą w rozumieniu ustawy — Prawo przedsiębiorców. Wykonywanie działalności gospodarczej na własny rachunek nie jest wprost wymienione jako jedna z przesłanek działalności gospodarczej. Jak jednak wskazuje się często w doktrynie, wynika ona z innej przesłanki, mianowicie wykonywania działalności gospodarczej we własnym imieniu. Autor w treści artykułu polemizuje z tym poglądem. Dokonuje porównania kolejnych historycznych definicji działalności gospodarczej i  przedsiębiorcy pod kątem występowania w nich pojęć wykonywania działalności we własnym imieniu i na własny rachunek. Następnie analizuje obydwa pojęcia w zakresie ich występowania w przepisach innych ustaw oraz przedstawia prezentowane w piśmiennictwie definicje działania we własnym imieniu i na własny rachunek. W rezultacie wskazuje, że należy rozróżniać pojęcia wykonywania działalności gospodarczej we własnym imieniu i na własny rachunek. Dochodzi do wniosku, że działanie na własny rachunek nie powinno być co prawda uznawane za przesłankę działalności gospodarczej, w praktyce jednak cechuje każdą działalność gospodarczą, wykazując daleko idące powiązania z przesłanką zarobkowego charakteru działalności gospodarczej. Acting on one’s own account and a legal definition of economic activityThe subject of this article is an analysis of performing economic activity on one’s own account in the context of premises of economic activity within the meaning of the entrepreneurs law. Performing economic activity on one’s own account is not literally indicated as one of the premises of economic activity. In doctrine, it is often emphasized that performing economic activity on one’s own account results from one of the legal premises, that is, performing economic activity one one’s own behalf. The author of the article discusses that opinion. He compares historical definitions of economic activity and of an entrepreneur which were included in successive laws within the scope of the presence of concepts related to performing economic activity on one’s own account or on one’s own behalf. Subsequently, the author analyzes both legal concepts in the scope of their presence in different laws and he introduces definitions of performing on one’s own account and on one’s own behalf that are present in the literature. In conclusions, he indicates that it is necessary to distinguish between performing an economic activity on one’s own behalf and on one’s own account. He concludes the performing an economic activity on one’s own account should not be considered as a legal premise of economic activity. However, in practice it is characteristic of all economic activities and it is related to the commercial character which is one of the legal premises of economic activity.
Uchwały antysmogowe a prawa konsumenta
Authors: Krawczyk Jakub
Published: March 2020

Uchwały antysmogowe, których możliwość podejmowania przewiduje art. 96 ustawy — Prawo ochrony środowiska, stały się ostatnimi czasy jednym z najpoważniejszych narzędzi ochrony powietrza w Polsce. Dzięki nim sejmiki województw zyskały możliwość regulowania eksploatacji instalacji, w których następuje spalanie paliw. Na ten problem można spojrzeć także od strony prawa ochrony konsumentów, jako że bez wątpienia za takowych należy uznać adresatów wspominanych uchwał, a więc członków wspólnot regionalnych, mieszkańców województw, którzy wszakże dokonują zakupu paliw i instalacji. W niniejszym opracowaniu na przykładzie kilku podjętych już przez sejmiki województw uchwał antysmogowych zostanie ukazany ich ewentualny wpływ na praktyki konsumenckie. Anti-smog resolutions and the consumer protection lawAnti-smog resolutions, established by the Environment Protection Law, have become one of the most important tools of air quality  protection in Poland. The voivodeship councils have gained the competence to regulate the exploitation of installations in which the fuels are combusted. This very problem can be analyzed as a consumer protection law issue as the addressees of resolutions are undoubtedly consumers buying the fuels. The elaboration of the issue provides the examination of some of the resolutions already enacted and their influence on consumers practices.
Blockchain and its relevance to intellectual property law in the fashion industry
Authors: Sacha Gabriela
Published: March 2020

Taking into account the growing influence of technology across many industries, this paper demonstrates the implications of the use of blockchain by the fashion industry for protecting intellectual property. In the face of a lack of global regulations on the issue, this paper attempts to outline legal considerations of using blockchain in this new context. The analytical research was based on the European Parliament Resolution on Distributed Ledger Technologies and Blockchains as well as the American, Belarusian, Maltese and Gibraltar laws regulating blockchain. An outline of the blockchain technology leads into a description of how the blockchain technology may be beneficial in different sectors of the economy. This paper aims to present ways in which blockchain may influence intellectual property law and how it may be applied in the fashion industry. Additionally, by pointing out the risks associated with blockchain, this paper highlights the need for implementing international regulations regarding this technology.Technologia blockchain i jej znaczenie dla prawa własności intelektualnej w branży modyBiorąc pod uwagę rosnący wpływ technologii w wielu gałęziach przemysłu, autorka niniejszego opracowania przedstawia w nim konsekwencje wykorzystania technologii blockchain łańcucha bloków przez branżę mody w celu ochrony własności intelektualnej. W obliczu braku światowych regulacji w tym zakresie w artykule podjęto próbę nakreślenia prawnych aspektów wykorzystania technologii blockchain. Badania analityczne zostały przeprowadzone na podstawie Rezolucji Parlamentu Europejskiego w sprawie technologii rozproszonego rejestru i łańcuchów bloków oraz amerykańskich, białoruskich, maltańskich i gibraltarskich przepisów regulujących technologię blockchain. Omówienie zarysu działania technologii blockchain prowadzi do wskazania, w jaki sposób technologia ta może być przydatna w różnych sektorach gospodarki. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie, w jaki sposób technologia blockchain może wpływać na prawo własności intelektualnej oraz jak może być stosowana w przemyśle mody. Ponadto, zwracając uwagę na zagrożenia związane z technologią blockchain, w tekście podkroślono potrzebę wprowadzenia międzynarodowych regulacji dotyczących tej technologii.
Distributed gatekeeping. Uncovering the patterns of linking behaviors on Facebook
Authors: Walczak Wojciech , Olechnicki Krzysztof , Meina Michał
Published: March 2020

Based on an analysis of 770,269 links posted by 1,969 Polish Facebook users, the present article investigates how the users’ characteristics influence their link-sharing behaviors, and how these characteristics are related to social rewards received for posting links. Male users, older ones and inhabitants of larger cities tend to link more to politics-related news they also receive more social feedback for doing that while female users, younger ones and inhabitants of smaller locations tend to link more to entertainment-related sites. The cluster analysis of linking strategies of Facebook users suggests that the most common behavior is to provide a mixture of news and entertainment-related links, although pure “news-keeper” and “entertainment-keeper” types of users are distinguishable.
Populism, de-globalization, and media competition: The spiral of noise
Authors: Müller Henrik
Published: March 2020

Populism is increasingly turning against globalization, thereby threatening the stability of the international order. In the vast debate about the causes of the current backlash many factors have been discussed, without explicitly analyzing the role of the media. This paper strives to fill this gap. It focuses on the interaction between politics, economics, and the media in the context of globalization-related issues. In applying a media economic framework it shows that the rise of populism can be interpreted as the consequence of rational choices of different groups of players. The result is a spiral of noise of ever more extreme anti-globalist rhetoric and policies.
Through the Eyes of Early Childhood Students: Television, Tablet Computers, Internet and Smartphones
Authors: Çetintaş Halit Buluthan , Turan Zeynep
Published: March 2020

The features, functions, and usage of media and media environment which have an important role in the lives of today’s children are increasing day by day. This study aims to evaluate media environments and the children’s experience from their points of view. The study followed the qualitative design and the participants of the study consisted of 34 preschool students. Children were asked questions to learn their opinions about television, tablet computers, the internet, and smartphones. The results revealed that children had knowledge about the media environment and they used it intensively. However, they were not aware of the possible dangers of the media contents substantially. It was understood that children did not get any knowledge or education about media usage and most of the children encountered negative content. The results suggest a need for training in media literacy for children.
Propaganda against the West in the Heart of Europe. A masked offi cial state campaign in Hungary
Authors: Demeter Márton
Published: March 2020

There is a twofold crisis in Europe: While mass migration is a serious challenge to the whole EU, we also have member-states striking at the EU itself. Our research shows that Hungary, with its overwhelming political communication, became the first post-socialist EU member state to run official anti-Western propaganda since the end of the Cold War and it seems that other CEEcountries will follow its lead. The campaign does not go against Brussels directly: the real message is hidden between the lines. We analyzed 644 pro-government articles on migration issues. The research shows that anti-Brussels narratives were strikingly frequent, and a new “war vocabulary” propaganda campaign started, stating that the EU is fighting against Hungary, so Hungary has to strike back.
Corporate social responsibility developments in post-communist countries: Towards organisations’ social legitimacy
Authors: Tampere Kaja
Published: March 2020

The aim of the paper is to introduce corporate social responsibility CSR as an organisation’s management and stakeholders’ relations tool in post-communist countries for ensuring the organisation’s social legitimacy. The article discusses how understanding the interdependence between the organisation and society helps to support the organisation to develop social legitimacy and therefore ensure its sustainability. The general research problem in this article is connected with the societal context of studied organisations: how CSR could be positioned and managed in a post-communist society to avoid a rebuff against an organisation’s CSR activities. The topic of this paper is approached through three research questions: how post-communist organisations see the CSR position in the organisation, how social legitimacy is acknowledged and defined, and finally to what extent CSR is seen as a tool for ensuring social legitimacy. For the research, seven Estonian organisations’ representatives with management responsibility were interviewed to find out their thoughts and ideas about CSR and social legitimacy.
Campaigning on Facebook: Posts and online social networking as campaign tools in the 2017 general elections in the Republic of Kosovo
Authors: Gërguri Dren
Published: March 2020

The 2017 general elections in Kosovo are the first to be considered for the high use of Facebook by political parties. Kosovo has nearly 1 million Facebook users, and this is one reason that has pushed all political parties, without distinction, to include Facebook in their electoral strategies. The paper analyses the use of Facebook by political parties in the 2017 general election and deals with the adaptation of Kosovar political parties with this new form of political communication and their popularity on Facebook. Data were collected during the campaign using the software R. In the fourth age of political communication, the web 2.0 has changed political  campaigns and the flow of information now is more dynamic than in the past. The paper presents the flow of information/messages through Facebook, with politicians connecting directly with citizens, bypassing traditional media. Through a quantitative content analysis of the seven parties’ Facebook pages, it is analysed how they used Facebook as a campaigning tool and based on the findings, the mobilisation function was the dominant one.
Digital media practices in a conflict setting: Ukraine after the Maidan
Authors: Nedozhogina Olena
Published: March 2020

This article is a qualitative investigation of the mechanisms of reproduction of national identity narratives through digital media practices of hybrid populations in a conflict context using the example of Ukraine after the outbreak of the conflict with Russia. The article is based on a collection of 14 in-depth interviews with Russian-speaking Ukrainians from various regions. The findings point to several conclusions: first, hybrid/heterogeneous media practices are not always accompanied by high engagement. However, diverse heterogeneous and non-diverse homogeneous practices characterized by high engagement produced opposing narratives of national identity in the post-change Ukraine: a nation-centered interpretation of national identity homogeneous versus a universalistic post-national interpretation heterogeneous.
Forms of local media relations in local communities — case studies
Authors: Męcfal Sylwia
Published: March 2020

The local media market in Poland developed in very particular social conditions, conditions which Nowak 1979, 1981 described as a “social void”. As a result, it might be presumed that it was more likely that the new forms of society including local media were formed on the basis of the “bonding” type of social capital rather than the “bridging” type. Th is might be one of the reasons why tight and complex relationships between the local media and other social actors still exist. On the basis of my own qualitative research case studies conducted in four small towns in Poland, this article shows how complex the local relations are and describes the involvement of local journalists and local media owners in these networks of relations which might often be a cause of conflicts of interest individual or institutional or media bias.
Komunikowanie o — Konstruowanie z. Tożsamość
Authors: Rozbicka Patrycja
Published: March 2020

Communication — Construction. IdentityThe paper presents the concept of constructing one’s own Me with reference to globalization. It deliberates postmodern identity, which is not the final Me, but one in the process of endless formation. The paper will attempt to describe the identity as a cloth, not a skin for an individual and claim that, as such, it is not entirely pejorative and has positive aspects for the postmodern Me.
Wpływ koloru przekazu na jego percepcję
Authors: Kilijańska Barbara
Published: March 2020

An impact of colour of the content on the perceptionThe main idea behind the paper is to find an answer to the question about an impact of colours in advertisements on their reception. This article focused on colour wheel schemes and rules for colour selection in design. Theories of Sir Isaak Newton’s and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s are mentioned here. An important part of the article is Colour emotions guide with particular reference to cultural differences in colour connotations. The last subsection of the  paper refers to rules for combining colours.
Medialny obraz terroryzmu — projekt badania i wyniki badań pilotażowych
Authors: Lachowska Karolina
Published: March 2020

The media image of terrorism — a study design and results of pilot studiesThe article presents a concept of a study focusing on the mediatisation of terrorism. The author seeks to capture how the media construct define terrorism; she looks the selection of events which the media consider to be acts of terror as well as ways of hierarchising them. On this basis she attempts to reconstruct the media image of terrorism and terrorists. Her analysis begins with Niklas Luhmann’s concept of mass media, according to which in contemporary mediatised societies the media are the basic source of information about the world. They represent and construct particularly those areas of life we cannot reach directly. In the study the author used techniques and methods applied in corpus research and making it possible to analyse key words appearing in media materials concerning terrorism as well as lexemes used to describe the notions of “terrorist” and “terrorism”.
Doświadczenia uczestnictwa w mediach społecznościowych osób konsekrowanych
Authors: Borkowski Igor
Published: March 2020

The consecrated persons’ experiences of participating in social mediaThe paper is an analysis of data collected during the author’s research into the consecratedpersons’ experiences relating to participation in social media. The author seeks to answer questions concerning the motives behind activity in social media, opinions about the effectiveness of the message, expectations and real effects of communication. The subjects are primarily members of male and female monastic orders and congregations as well as diocesan priests of the Catholic Church. The data analysis is complemented by a broader.
Dyskursywny obraz miłości w tekstach disco polo z lat 2014–2016
Authors: Łączniak Jakub
Published: March 2020

Discursive representation of love in disco polo music from years 2014–2016The paper aims at analysis discursive representation of love between men and women, presented in latest, top disco polo songs 2014–2016. An analysis shows love in disco polo music from the broadest perspective, brings up hidden constructs which govern relations between sexes and then compares disco polo’s love with similar Catholic and modern models. The article shows how works love hierarchy in disco polo and what kind of symbolic capital is desirable. Additionally paper says about language usage in direct communication between sexes and its semantic.
Konflikt rosyjsko-ukraiński: wojna znaczeń
Authors: Taranenko Ołena
Published: March 2020

Russian-Ukrainian conflict as the war of meaningsModern informational war is carried out in the transformed hybrid formats. The conflict which is related to the military aggression of Russia against Ukraine demonstrates the transformation of traditional methods of information attacks and propaganda effects in hybrid war. It combines all phases of the conflict — from latent forms to open armed confrontation. Information component of the conflict is appropriated to determine as a semantic war by the theory of George Pocheptsov. The main factors of the Russian-Ukrainian war meanings based of the material of modern media discourse are analyzed at the report. Specifically, that are the confrontation of values and interpretations; figurative, symbolic and emotional components of the conflict discourse naming a semantic eff ective weapon of war; narratives role in changes in behavioral patterns, framing, transformation promotional schemes. The hybrid nature of modern informational war consists into removing the actual relevance of the traditional distinction of journalism and propaganda, in a mimicry process of manipulation and propaganda by the “discourse of truth” and in the attempt to destroy the distinction between truth and false at all phenomenon of fakes. The analysis results show high level of conflict mythologizing in media discourse and this defines a leading semantic of modern war of meanings. Mythological technology of simulacrum, the use of bricolage, collective binary and ritualized patterns of perception, fanatical blind faith are treated as the main instrument of the war of meanings.
Sport jako wojna — na przykładzie telewizyjnych transmisji sportowych z meczów piłki nożnej
Authors: Wasztyl Izabela
Published: March 2020

Sport as war as exemplified by television broadcasts of football matchesThe aim of the paper was to illustrate the metaphor of sport as a war in the television sports broadcasts. The research material consists of four broadcasted football matches: Poland vs England 1973, Poland vs the Soviet Union 1982, Poland vs England 2012, Poland vs Russia 2012. The basic research thesis was the progressive brutality in visual aspects of television sports broadcasts. The analysis of the material shows that the imagery in the modern broadcasts is simply more brutal and dramatic. Replays, slow motion, and close-ups of the players’ faces are used more frequently.
Za kulisami wojny i pokoju 1914–1945. Z pamiętnikarskiej narracji polskiego dyplomaty i publicysty Jana Stanisława Łosia
Authors: Wójtowicz Sylwia
Published: March 2020

The aim of the article is to familiarize the reader with a colorful memoir of Jan Stanislaw Los, a professor of ancient history who takes the reader behind the scenes of both world wars and fragile peace. The peace that requires many diplomatic efforts, constant strengthening and stabilization. In the interwar period, the author was known as an active politician of the conservative party and a publicist who commented a lot on the political scene of that time. Political commitment, noble descent and appropriate education gave him an excellent ability to witness important decisions that were made as well as events which affected the fate of Poland and Europe over the period indicated above. He knew personally many local and foreign politicians whose characters are recalled on the pages of memories. As an expert in ancient history, he was able to appraise the mechanisms of power, its successes and failures in the context of historical process. Memories arose in the 1970s, i.e. at the end of the author’s life. By writing down the memories he decided to leave the posterity of a long-gone era, the era about which there were many negative myths and stereotypes in the post-war period. Trying to correctly reflect the atmosphere prevailing behind the scenes of war and peace, the author also disproves positive stereotypes and myths, can critically evaluate the discussed reality. The reading in question fulfills the form of a personal document, also called the ego-document, and forms the part of the centuries-old tradition of Polish memoiristics.
Centrum i peryferie w „oddolnych” narracjach wojennych z przedmieść Warszawy
Authors: Szurek Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

This paper explores the relations between the centre and the peripheries drawing on examples from war narratives and accounts from Warsaw suburban region. Narratives analyzed here belong all to ‘grassroot’ history private diaries, monographies by non-professional historians, books published by small, local editorial presses, websites run by local institutions, visual symbols in towns’ space. Main problems addressed in the article are: are the centre and the suburbs described as binary oppositions or rather in terms of gradation? Do the narrators use the strategy of ‘mimicry’ or rather the one of ‘rebellion’ towards the centre? The paper concludes with pointing out three metaphors, which provide patterns to the centre–periphery relations in analyzed region: Warsaw as a volcano, as an empty circle and as a mountain or tower casting a long shadow.
Narracja w kontekście pozyskiwania danych urzędowych
Authors: Gałkowski Mateusz
Published: March 2020

Narration in the context of acquiring official dataThe use of narration in social research is a common phenomenon, however it’s not always considered in a process of collecting official data. Economic reasons are frequent cause of such situation. Acting within specified policy, departments are focused on gathering raw, synthetic data and convenient quantitative analysis despite all limitations resulting from such approach. The following text presents benefits deriving from the use of narrative data in a decision-making process of City Council during social housing allocation. The primary objective of this text is to show two aspects that give an advantage to narrative method: multidimensionality of narrative data in contrast to reduced information in quantitative data and higher sensitivity of narrative method to dynamic social situation of respondents.
Prawa mniejszości seksualnych w Polsce
Authors: Majka-Rostek Dorota
Published: March 2020

Sexual minorities’ rights in PolandThe article covers actions of Polish LGBT movement and the situation of non-heterosexual people in Polish society. These issues are put in a context of problematics of civil rights, part of which sexual rights are. The introduction to the article serves as a short presentation of the concept of sexual citizenship. Afterwards, the history of LGBT activists’ organisational work in Poland is outlined, here presented as a fight for three fundamental rights: right to form registered partner­ships, right to thorough education and right to protection against discrimination and hate speech. For over 25 years those demands remain intact, since none of these rights has been guaranteed to sexual minorities yet.
Paradoks Greya. O normatywnych/nienormatywnych wzorcach kobiecej seksualności
Authors: Czajkowski Paweł , Niedopytalska Paulina
Published: March 2020

The paradox of Grey. On normative/non-normative patterns of female sexualityFifty Shades of Grey — there was much attention devoted to the books, then films and still is. This situation is due to the alleged revolutionary role of this work in discovering and transformation of feminine sexuality. The purpose of this article is to explain how the phenomenon of Grey turned out to be a marketing phenomenon and a social paradox. The „revolutionary” role of these pop-culture products has been limited to abolishing the taboos of feminine sexuality. However, it does not cor­relate with the real sexual emancipation of women who seem to desire a man’s domination in the erotic realm.
„Pracuje w korytarzu, pisze po ścianach, a kąpiel bierze wśród kwiatów“, czyli obrazy mieszkań konsumentów w przekazie magazynów wnętrzarskich
Authors: Biskupska Kamila
Published: March 2020

She works in the corridor, writes on the walls and takes a bath among flowers”, or images of consumer homes in the discourse of interior design magazines  The article presents the requirements of a consumer society towards the living space of ideal consumers. The subject of the analysis are discursive constructions of apartments at the level of text and image present in the message of interior design magazines. Apartments defined in this way are referred to as aesthetic apartments. The main themes of the analysis conducted by the author are: the narrative of the message, the presentation of hosts as perfect consumers, indicators of “proper” consumption that are present in the living space and the process of individualization of consumer life in the created living space.
Młode pokolenie wobec pracy, konsumpcji oraz sukcesu
Authors: Wardzała Joanna
Published: March 2020

The young generation in terms of work, consumption and success  The subject matter of the young generation in the social context has been repeatedly examined and many studies have been prepared on this topic, for example the works of K. Wyka and earlier K. Manheim. Increasingly, the issue of the younger generation is discussed in the area of issues related to consumption and work. The article is of a theoretical and empirical nature; it is an attempt to portray the young generation in its two most important roles on the market — the consumer and the entrepreneur. It is an introductory element to the problems of consumer behaviors and entrepreneurial behaviors of the young generation. The publication draws attention to the expectations of the young generation about the applicable law and the economy. The first part of the article is characterized by sociological considerations and serves to determine the meaning of the young generation in consumer society, in particular, to outline the framework of youth, which in literature is sometimes defined not only by age categories. It is also an interdisciplinary review of theories, both those created in the past and those quite contemporary. In the second part, it refers to the results of qualitative research relating to the opinions and expectations of the young generation about consumption, work and success.
Entre la traducción y la historia. El enfoque funcionalista en el trabajo del historiador en el ejemplo de la traducción del tratado „Discurso sobre la forma de reducir la disciplina militar a mejor y antiguo estado”
Authors: Szadkowski Paweł
Published: March 2020

Between translation and history. The functionalist approach of translation in historical investigation in the study of Discurso sobre la forma de reducir la disciplina militar a mejory antiguo estadoThis paper analyses the possibilities of application of some elements of translation studies into historical investigation. When analyzing a historical source, a historian works also as a translator and often, unaware of this, changes the meaning of the original information, that will eventually reshape the results of his final results [?]. History as a science does not use the language separated from the original terms for example concerning institutions, laws, religions, therefore the risk of mistake in the process of decoding the source is serious, as emphasized by Marc Bloch. The functionalist approach in translation, presented by German scholars Christiane Nord and Hans J. Vermeer and the theory of equivalence by Eugene Nida, prove helpful in the historical analysis of Spanish 16th-century military treatise Discurso sobre la forma de reducir la disciplina militar a mejor y antiguo estado. Using the military charges and early modern military law as examples, we can see how translation studies can improve the fidelity of historical analysis of sources.
Zofia Szleyen, traductora de Max Aub
Authors: Villora María Trinidad Marín
Published: March 2020

Zofia Szleyen: Max Aub’s translatorBasing on the correspondence between Max Aub and Zofia Szleyen, this article presents the circumstances in which the translations of Max Aub’s works into Polish language started, as well as Zofia Szleyen’s important task in transmitting Spanish culture and literature in Poland.
Refutación de nostalgia. Memoria y cuerpo en „El Tercer Reich y La parte de los crímenes de Roberto Bolaño”
Authors: Trojanowski Aleksander
Published: March 2020

Refutation of Nostalgia. Memory and Body in Roberto Bolaño’s El Tercer Reich and La parte de los crímenesThe aim of the article is to show that Roberto Bolaño reestablishes the continuity of the his­torical process in his prose, which contradicts the dominant postmodern tendency based on the aesthetics of nostalgia. The article analyzes the corporal construction of the protagonist of the novel El Tercer Reich. The analysis is based on the methodology of close reading and then comparative analysis, when it comes to put the results in the context of the representation of body in La parte de los crímenes. The construction of the body emphasizes its deformation and mutilation in order to make it a bearer of memory of the violence of the past. Bolaño’s reflection on history undermines the aesthetics of nostalgia due to ethical concerns related to the process of representation of the past. In his own narrative strategy he follows Walter Benjamin’s principle to preserve the memory of the oppressed. Bolaño understands it as the ethical task of literature.
“…andábame a amolar o «pensamento»…” — a voz dos excluídos en A Esmorga de Eduardo Blanco Amor na véspera do nacemento do pensamento sociolingüístico galego
Authors: Szejko Natalia , Dondelewski Bartosz
Published: March 2020

“…andábame a amolar o «pensamento»…” — the voice of the excluded in A Esmorga by Eduardo Blanco Amor in the eve of the sociolinguistic reflexion in GaliciaGoals: In this paper we analyse the sociolinguistic situation of the Galician-speaking representatives of the bottommost social class just after the Spanish Civil War the 50’s. This context is depicted in the novel A Esmorga of E. Blanco Amor. We introduce the notion of point of view Bakhtin, Bartmiński in order to analyse the world portrayed in the novel through the perception of the proper “esmorgantes”. Methodology: Analysis of the distribution of voices in A Esmorga and its sociolinguistic repercussions according to the theory of polyglossia of Mikhail Bakhtin and Das sprachliche Weltbild of E. Sapir and B. Whorf. Comparison of the vision of the world presented by Blanco Amor with the sociolinguistic insights of R. and X. Montero. Results: The voices in the novel are divided into the voice of power of the judge and the oppressed voice of the accused as a conscious election in which the word is given to the excluded. Conclusions: A Esmorga is a novel in which the reader finds a heterotopic vision of the world, divided between two voices and viewpoints. The esmorgantes reach the limits of human behaviour, although through this bordering experience they encounter a new language, the language of the truth.