bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Orthodontic Appliances on the Distribution of Candida and Plaque in Adolescents
Authors: Addy M. , Shaw W.C. , Hansford P. , Hopkins M.
Published: December 2014

The site prevalence and intra-oral density of Candidal organisms may be increased by local factors including prostheses. However, whether significant changes in Candidal carriage occurs with denture wearing is not clearly established. This study employed the imprint culture technique to assess the effects of fixed and removable orthodontic appliances on oral carriage, site prevalence and intra-oral density of Candida in adolescents. Moreover, alterations in plaque distribution were measured. Groups of 12–16 year olds without or wearing fixed and removable appliances were studied. Imprint cultures were taken from six intra-oral sites and colony counts recorded after 48 hours incubation on selective media. Plaque scores were recorded from non-appliance and removable appliance wearers. The prevalence of Candidal carriage in the groups was not significantly different being 46 per cent of non-appliance, 51 per cent of fixed appliance and 52 per cent of removable appliance wearers. However, the prevalence of Candidal recovery at some sites and Candidal densities at all sites were significantly increased in both fixed and removable appliance wearers. Thus orthodontic appliances may predispose to Candidal proliferation in oral carriers. However, the results do not permit the conclusion that appliances may change non-carriers of Candida to carriers. Plaque distribution was significantly altered in removable appliance wearers when compared with non-appliance wearers as a result of increases in palatal plaque scores. These findings again emphasize the particular need for oral hygiene instruction in patients wearing appliances or partial prostheses.
The Mechanics of Buccal Canine Retraction Springs for Removable Orthodontic Appliances
Authors: Waters N. E.
Published: December 2014

The force-displacement characteristics of three types of buccal-canine retraction spring to both horizontal (normal) and vertical displacements is derived from simple beam theory. The analyses are used to examine theoretically the effect of variations in the geometry of a given type of spring and also to compare the merits of three designs in terms of the force applied on activation, and their stability to vertical displacement. Experimental measurements on enlarged models of the force—displacement behaviour were in good agreement with the values predicted by the derived equations.
Tensile and Shear Strength Measurements on Brazed ‘T’ Joints used in Construction of Intra- and Intermaxillary Hooks
Authors: Davies E. H. , Kuhn A. T. , Oleschenko S. V.
Published: December 2014

Silver-brazed ‘T’ joints, representing the first stage in the construction of intermaxillary hooks were fabricated under rigorously controlled conditions. Their tensile and shear strengths were then measured using specially developed test jigs. It was found that the braze joint itself was stronger than the component wires (under tensile load) while in shear mode, fracture occurred in one of a number of well-defined ways. The effect of prolonged heating was investigated using microhardness measurements and recommendations are made for the optimum brazing conditions.
A Preliminary Report into the Development and use of Soluble Controlled-release Glass Timing Discs Implanted into Orthodontic Appliances
Authors: Savage Malcolm
Published: December 2014

An investigation is reported into the development and use of soluble controlled-release glass timing discs as a possible method of assessing patient co-operation in the wearing of removable orthodontic appliances.
Canine Retraction with the Edgewise Appliance—Some Problems and Solutions
Authors: Charles C. R. , Jones M. L.
Published: December 2014

The common problems that occur during canine retraction with the edgewise appliance are identified and their possible causes examined. Some solutions are suggested to maintain the appliance's momentum during this stage of treatment.
Some Aspects of Orthodontic Specialist Practice in the United Kingdom
Authors: Lewis H. G.
Published: December 2014

A questionnaire sent to orthodontic specialist practitioners provided information about the nature of specialist practice, the training of specialist practitioners and the patterns of treatment within orthodontic practices. Specialists are now undergoing more extensive postgraduate training and the use of fixed appliances is increasing. General dental practitioners are referring larger numbers of patients to orthodontic specialist practitioners.

Several factors will soon be operating to encourage a raising of treatment standards in British orthodontics, namely a falling birth rate, an increased interest in dentistry by the general public and the availability of an increased number of well-trained orthodontic specialist practitioners.

Some form of official recognition for the specialist practitioner role is now desirable whilst the historical model for delivery of orthodontic care defined at the inception of the National Health Service is in urgent need of revision.
Resorption of Permanent Teeth
Authors: Brown W. A. B.
Published: December 2014

The varying extent of permanent tooth resorption attributable to different types of orthodontic appliances is a continuing cause for concern. This paper reviews recent researches which contribute to an improved understanding of the origin and behaviour of osteoclasts; and considers the structure and behaviour of the periodontal ligament and its relationship to the cementum and bundle bone of the tooth socket. Permanent tooth resorption is identified as a normal phenomenon. A simple explanation is offered as to why under normal circumstances the bone of the tooth socket is more likely to be resorbed than the tooth itself. With this knowledge treatment procedures can be selected which will reduce tooth resorption risks to a minimum.
A Direct Bonding Exercise
Authors: Oliver R. G.
Published: December 2014

The use of natural teeth for a direct bonding exercise is described.
Surfing waves of data in San Diego: sophisticated analyses provide a broad view of human genetic diversity
Authors: Reppell Mark , Koch Evan , Peter Benjamin M , Novembre John
Published: December 2014

A report on the 64th annual American Society of Human Genetics meeting held in San Diego, USA, 18-22 October, 2014.
Host genes and their effect on the intestinal microbiome garden
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan , Braun Jonathan
Published: December 2014

We are only beginning to understand the relationship between host genetics and the gut microbiome. Two recent studies help to disentangle this interaction and show that genetic loci across the human genome shape the gut microbiome. This opens the possibility that an unexpected number of genetic factors act directly on microbial composition and function to modulate immune pathways and metabolic phenotypes in host physiology and disease.
The Penn State-Georgia Tech CCMD: ushering in the ICME Era
Authors: Liu Zi-Kui , McDowell David L
Published: December 2014

This case study paper presents the origins, philosophy, organization, development, and contributions of the joint Penn State-Georgia Tech Center for Computational Materials Design (CCMD), a NSF Industry/University Cooperative Research Center (I/UCRC) founded in 2005. As a predecessor of and catalyst for Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME), the CCMD served as a basis for coupling industry, academia, and government in advancing the state of computational materials science and mechanics across a portfolio of process-structure-property-performance relations, with emphasis on education and training of the future workforce in computational materials design.
Bisphosphonate therapy in pediatric patients
Authors: Eghbali-Fatourechi Guiti
Published: December 2014

Although for many decades bisphosphonates were used for adult bone loss, bisphosphonate administration in pediatric patients is new and was initiated in the past 15-year. The indications for pediatric bisphosphonates was extended to childhood malignancies with bone involvement, after additional effects were unveiled for bisphosphonates with recent research. In this article we review childhood bone loss and conditions with bone involvement in which bisphosphonate therapy have been used. We also review mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates, and present indications of bisphosphonate therapy in pediatric patients based on results of clinical trials.
Treatment-Associated Musculoskeletal and Vasomotor Symptoms and Relapse-Free Survival in the NCIC CTG MA.27 Adjuvant Breast Cancer Aromatase Inhibitor Trial
Authors: Stearns Vered , Chapman Judith-Anne W. , Ma Cynthia X. , Ellis Matthew J. , Ingle James N. , Pritchard Kathleen I. , Budd G. Thomas , Rabaglio Manuela , Sledge George W. , Le Maitre Aurélie , Kundapur Jessica , Liedke Pedro E.R. , Shepherd Lois E. , Goss Paul E.
Published: December 2014

Purpose

Treatment-emergent symptoms with adjuvant tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have been associated with superior recurrence-free survival (RFS). We hypothesized that MA.27 anastrozole- or exemestane-treated patients with new or worsening vasomotor and/or joint symptoms would have improved RFS.

Patients and Methods

MA.27 randomly assigned 7,576 postmenopausal women with breast cancer to 5 years of anastrozole or exemestane. Patient-reported symptoms were collected using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 at protocol-specified baseline and 6- and 12-month clinical visits. Symptoms were considered present with either vasomotor and/or joint complaints. Associations between symptoms and baseline patient characteristics were examined with χ2 and Fisher's exact tests. Subsequent effects of new or worsening symptoms on RFS were examined with landmark analyses and stratified univariable and multivariable Cox models. We examined the effects of 3-month symptoms arising from unplanned clinic visits as a result of severe toxicity.

Results

Patients were assessable if eligible for the MA.27 trial, received some trial therapy, and had no disease recurrence at the end of a symptom assessment period; 96% of patients (n = 7,306 patients) were included at 6 months, and 96% (n = 7,246) were included at 12 months. Thirty-four percent of patients had baseline symptoms. For patients without baseline symptoms, 25% and 52% had new symptoms by 6 and 12 months, respectively. Neither treatment-emergent nor baseline symptoms significantly impacted RFS (P > .10) in patients with or without baseline symptoms.

Conclusion

In MA.27, anastrozole or exemestane treatment-emergent symptoms were not associated with improved RFS. Women should be supported through treatment and encouraged to remain on their AI regardless of their symptoms.
PKCα and PKCδ Activation Regulates Transcriptional Activity and Degradation of Progesterone Receptor in Human Astrocytoma Cells
Authors: González-Arenas Aliesha , Peña-Ortiz Miguel Ángel , Hansberg-Pastor Valeria , Marquina-Sánchez Brenda , Baranda-Ávila Noemi , Nava-Castro Karen , Cabrera-Wrooman Alejandro , González-Jorge Jesús , Camacho-Arroyo Ignacio
Published: December 2014

Progesterone regulates cancer cell proliferation and invasion through its receptors (PR-A and PR-B), whose phosphorylation modifies their transcriptional activity and induce their degradation. We identified by in silico analysis a putative residue (Ser400) in PR that might be phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC), a family of enzymes involved in the proliferation and infiltration of astrocytomas, the most frequent and aggressive brain tumors. A grade III human astrocytoma-derived cell line was used to study the role of PKC in PR phosphorylation, transcriptional activity, and degradation. Treatment with PKC activator [tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA)] increased PR phosphorylation in Ser400 after 5 minutes, which in turn induced PR transcriptional activity and its subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome 3–5 hours after treatment. Silencing or inhibition of PKCα and PKCδ blocked PR phosphorylation and degradation induced by TPA. Both PR isoforms were associated with PKCα and reached the maximum association after 5 minutes of TPA addition. These data correlated with immunnofluorescence assays in which nuclear colocalization of PKCα with PR increased after TPA treatment. We observed a 2-fold increase in cell proliferation after PKC activation with TPA that was reduced with the PR antagonist, RU486. The PR S400A mutant revealed that this residue is essential for PKC-mediated PR phosphorylation and degradation. Our results show a key participation of PKCα and PKCδ in PR regulation and function.
Aquaporins, Vasopressin, and Aging: Current Perspectives
Authors: Tamma Grazia , Goswami Nandu , Reichmuth Johannes , De Santo Natale G. , Valenti Giovanna
Published: December 2014

Functioning of the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal-vasopressin axis is altered in aging, and the pathway may represent a plausible target to slow the process of aging. Arginine vasopressin, a nine-amino acid peptide that is secreted from the posterior pituitary in response to high plasma osmolality and hypotension, is central in this pathway. Vasopressin has important roles in circulatory and water homoeostasis mediated by vasopressin receptor subtypes V1a (vascular), V1b (pituitary), and V2 (vascular, renal). A dysfunction in this pathway as a result of aging can result in multiple abnormalities in several physiological systems. In addition, vasopressin plasma concentration is significantly higher in males than in females and vasopressin-mediated effects on renal and vascular targets are more pronounced in males than in females. These findings may be caused by sex differences in vasopressin secretion and action, making men more susceptible than females to diseases like hypertension, cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases, and urolithiasis. Recently the availability of new, potent, orally active vasopressin receptor antagonists, the vaptans, has strongly increased the interest on vasopressin and its receptors as a new target for prevention of age-related diseases associated with its receptor-altered signaling. This review summarizes the recent literature in the field of vasopressin signaling in age-dependent abnormalities in kidney, cardiovascular function, and bone function.
Anthropometry in Klinefelter Syndrome - Multifactorial Influences Due to CAG Length, Testosterone Treatment and Possibly Intrauterine Hypogonadism
Authors: Chang Simon , Skakkebæk Anne , Trolle Christian , Bojesen Anders , Hertz Jens Michael , Cohen Arieh , Hougaard David Michael , Wallentin Mikkel , Pedersen Anders Degn , Østergaard John Rosendahl , Gravholt Claus Højbjerg
Published: December 2014

Context:

Klinefelter syndrome, 47, XXY (KS), is underdiagnosed partly due to few clinical signs complicating identification of affected individuals. Certain phenotypic traits are common in KS. However, not all aspects of the KS phenotype are well described.

Objective:

To describe anthropometry and body composition in KS and relate findings to biochemistry and X-chromosome related genetic markers.

Design, Setting and Participants:

Seventy three KS males referred to our clinic and 73 age-matched controls underwent comprehensive measurements of anthropometry and body composition in a cross-sectional, case-controlled study. Furthermore, genetic analysis for parental origin of the supernumerary X-chromosome, skewed X-chromosome inactivation and androgen receptor (AR) CAG repeat length was done.

Main Outcome Measure:

Anthropometry and body composition in KS and the effect of genotype hereon.

Results:

KS males were taller (absolute difference: 5.1 cm, P < .001) with longer legs (5.7 cm, P < .001) compared with controls. Furthermore, 2D:4D was increased in KS males (relative effect size: Cohen's d = 0.40), reflecting reduced fetal testosterone exposure. Also, bi-iliac width (0.41), waist (0.52), and hip circumference (0.47) (P < .02 for all), as well as total fat mass (0.74), abdominal fat mass (0.67), and total body fat percentage (0.84) was increased in KS males (P < .001 for all), while bitesticular volume was reduced (4.6). AR CAG repeat length was comparable in KS and controls, and among KS CAG correlated to arm length (P = .04), arm span (P = .01), and leg length (P = .04). Effects of parental origin of the supernumerary X-chromosome and skewed X-chromosome inactivation were negligible.

Conclusions:

Anthropometry and body composition in KS is specific and dysmorphic and affected by AR CAG repeat length and decreased exposure to testosterone already during fetal life.
Geminin deletion increases the number of fetal hematopoietic stem cells by affecting the expression of key transcription factors
Authors: Karamitros Dimitris , Patmanidi Alexandra L. , Kotantaki Panoraia , Potocnik Alexandre J. , Bähr-Ivacevic Tomi , Benes Vladimir , Lygerou Zoi , Kioussis Dimitris , Taraviras Stavros
Published: December 2014

Balancing stem cell self-renewal and initiation of lineage specification programs is essential for the development and homeostasis of the hematopoietic system. We have specifically ablated geminin in the developing murine hematopoietic system and observed profound defects in the generation of mature blood cells, leading to embryonic lethality. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) accumulated in the fetal liver following geminin ablation, while committed progenitors were reduced. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis identified key HSC transcription factors as being upregulated upon geminin deletion, revealing a gene network linked with geminin that controls fetal hematopoiesis. In order to obtain mechanistic insight into the ability of geminin to regulate transcription, we examined Hoxa9 as an example of a key gene in definitive hematopoiesis. We demonstrate that in human K562 cells geminin is associated with HOXA9 regulatory elements and its absence increases HOXA9 transcription similarly to that observed in vivo. Moreover, silencing geminin reduced recruitment of the PRC2 component SUZ12 to the HOXA9 locus and resulted in an increase in RNA polymerase II recruitment and H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3), whereas the repressive marks H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 were reduced. The chromatin landscape was also modified at the regulatory regions of HOXA10 and GATA1. K562 cells showed a reduced ability to differentiate to erythrocytes and megakaryocytes upon geminin silencing. Our data suggest that geminin is indispensable for fetal hematopoiesis and regulates the generation of a physiological pool of stem and progenitor cells in the fetal hematopoietic system.
A Pak-regulated cell intercalation event leading to a novel radial cell polarity is involved in positioning of the follicle stem cell niche in theDrosophilaovary
Authors: Vlachos Stephanie , Jangam Sharayu , Conder Ryan , Chou Michael , Nystul Todd , Harden Nicholas
Published: December 2014

In the germarium of the Drosophila ovary, germline cysts are encapsulated one at a time by a follicular epithelium derived from two follicle stem cells (FSCs). Ovaries in flies mutant for the serine/threonine kinase Pak exhibit a novel phenotype, in which two side-by-side cysts are encapsulated at a time, generating paired egg chambers. This striking phenotype originates in the pupal ovary, where the developing germarium is shaped by the basal stalk, a stack of cells formed by cell intercalation. The process of basal stalk formation is not well understood, and we provide evidence that the cell intercalation is driven by actomyosin contractility of DE-Cadherin-adhered cells, leading to a column of disk-shaped cells exhibiting a novel radial cell polarity. Cell intercalation fails in Pak mutant ovaries, leading to abnormally wide basal stalks and consequently wide germaria with side-by-side cysts. We present evidence that Pak mutant germaria have extra FSCs, and we propose that contact of a germline cyst with the basal stalk in the pupal ovary contributes to FSC niche formation. The wide basal stalk in Pak mutants enables the formation of extra FSC niches which are mispositioned and yet functional, indicating that the FSC niche can be established in diverse locations.
Mgais essential for the survival of pluripotent cells during peri-implantation development
Authors: Washkowitz Andrew J. , Schall Caroline , Zhang Kun , Wurst Wolfgang , Floss Thomas , Mager Jesse , Papaioannou Virginia E.
Published: December 2014

The maintenance and control of pluripotency is of great interest in stem cell biology. The dual specificity T-box/basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper transcription factor Mga is expressed in the pluripotent cells of the inner cell mass (ICM) and epiblast of the peri-implantation mouse embryo, but its function has not been investigated previously. Here, we use a loss-of-function allele and RNA knockdown to demonstrate that Mga depletion leads to the death of proliferating pluripotent ICM cells in vivo and in vitro, and the death of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro. Additionally, quiescent pluripotent cells lacking Mga are lost during embryonic diapause. Expression of Odc1, the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of ornithine into putrescine in the synthesis of polyamines, is reduced in Mga mutant cells, and the survival of mutant ICM cells as well as ESCs is rescued in culture by the addition of exogenous putrescine. These results suggest a mechanism whereby Mga influences pluripotent cell survival through regulation of the polyamine pool in pluripotent cells of the embryo, whether they are in a proliferative or quiescent state.
The Rac1 regulator ELMO controls basal body migration and docking in multiciliated cells through interaction with Ezrin
Authors: Epting Daniel , Slanchev Krasimir , Boehlke Christopher , Hoff Sylvia , Loges Niki T. , Yasunaga Takayuki , Indorf Lara , Nestel Sigrun , Lienkamp Soeren S. , Omran Heymut , Kuehn E. Wolfgang , Ronneberger Olaf , Walz Gerd , Kramer-Zucker Albrecht
Published: December 2014

Cilia are microtubule-based organelles that are present on most cells and are required for normal tissue development and function. Defective cilia cause complex syndromes with multiple organ manifestations termed ciliopathies. A crucial step during ciliogenesis in multiciliated cells (MCCs) is the association of future basal bodies with the apical plasma membrane, followed by their correct spacing and planar orientation. Here, we report a novel role for ELMO-DOCK1, which is a bipartite guanine nucleotide exchange factor complex for the small GTPase Rac1, and for the membrane-cytoskeletal linker Ezrin, in regulating centriole/basal body migration, docking and spacing. Downregulation of each component results in ciliopathy-related phenotypes in zebrafish and disrupted ciliogenesis in Xenopus epidermal MCCs. Subcellular analysis revealed a striking impairment of basal body docking and spacing, which is likely to account for the observed phenotypes. These results are substantiated by showing a genetic interaction between elmo1 and ezrin b. Finally, we provide biochemical evidence that the ELMO-DOCK1-Rac1 complex influences Ezrin phosphorylation and thereby probably serves as an important molecular switch. Collectively, we demonstrate that the ELMO-Ezrin complex orchestrates ciliary basal body migration, docking and positioning in vivo.
Dose-dependent nuclear β-catenin response segregates endomesoderm along the sea star primary axis
Authors: McCauley Brenna S. , Akyar Eda , Saad H. Rosa , Hinman Veronica F.
Published: December 2014

In many invertebrates, the nuclearization of β-catenin at one pole of the embryo initiates endomesoderm specification. An intriguing possibility is that a gradient of nuclear β-catenin (nβ-catenin), similar to that operating in vertebrate neural tube patterning, functions to distinguish cell fates in invertebrates. To test this hypothesis, we determined the function of nβ-catenin during the early development of the sea star, which undergoes a basal deuterostomal mode of embryogenesis. We show that low levels of nβ-catenin activity initiate bra, which is expressed in the future posterior endoderm-fated territory; intermediate levels are required for expression of foxa and gata4/5/6, which are later restricted to the endoderm; and activation of ets1 and erg in the mesoderm-fated territory requires the highest nβ-catenin activity. Transcription factors acting downstream of high nβ-catenin segregate the endoderm/mesoderm boundary, which is further reinforced by Delta/Notch signaling. Significantly, therefore, in sea stars, endomesoderm segregation arises through transcriptional responses to levels of nβ-catenin activity. Here, we describe the first empirical evidence of a dose-dependent response to a dynamic spatiotemporal nβ-catenin activity that patterns cell fates along the primary axis in an invertebrate.
On human development: lessons from stem cell systems
Authors: Medvinsky Alexander , Livesey Frederick J.
Published: December 2014

In September 2014, over 100 scientists from around the globe gathered at Wotton House near London for the Company of Biologists' workshop ‘From Stem Cells to Human Development’. The workshop covered diverse aspects of human development, from the earliest stages of embryogenesis to differentiation of mature cell types of all three germ layers from pluripotent cells. In this Meeting Review, we summarise some of the exciting data presented at the workshop and draw together the main themes that emerged.
Modeling human lung development and disease using pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Snoeck Hans-Willem
Published: December 2014

Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into mature cells, tissues and organs holds major promise for the development of novel approaches in regenerative medicine, and provides a unique tool for disease modeling and drug discovery. Sometimes underappreciated is the fact that directed differentiation of hPSCs also provides a unique model for human development, with a number of important advantages over model organisms. Here, I discuss the importance of using human stem cell models for understanding human lung development and disease.
Ethical considerations in chimera research
Authors: Hermerén Göran
Published: December 2014

The development of human pluripotent stem cells has opened up the possibility to analyse the function of human cells and tissues in animal hosts, thus generating chimeras. Although such lines of research have great potential for both basic and translational science, they also raise unique ethical issues that must be considered.
HIF-1α restricts NF-κB dependent gene expression to control innate immunity signals
Authors: Bandarra Daniel , Biddlestone John , Mudie Sharon , Muller H. Arno , Rocha Sonia
Published: December 2014

Hypoxia and inflammation are intimately linked. It is known that NF-κB regulates the HIF system but little is known about how HIF regulates NF-κB. Here, we show that HIF-1α represses NF-κB dependent gene expression. HIF-1α depletion results in increased NF-κB transcriptional activity both in mammalian cells and in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. HIF-1α depletion enhanced the NF-κB response and this required not only the TAK-IKK complex, but also CDK6. Loss of HIF-1α results in an increased angiogenic response in mammalian cancer cells and increased mortality in Drosophila following infection. These results indicate that HIF-1α is required to restrain the NF-κB response, and thus prevents excessive and damaging pro-inflammatory responses.
Retromer and the dynamin Vps1 cooperate in the retrieval of transmembrane proteins from vacuoles
Authors: Arlt Henning , Reggiori Fulvio , Ungermann Christian
Published: December 2014

Endosomes are dynamic organelles that need to combine the ability to successfully deliver proteins and lipids to the lysosome-like vacuole, and recycle others to the Golgi or the plasma membrane. We now show that retromer, implicated in retrieval of proteins from endosomes to the Golgi or to the plasma membrane, can act on vacuoles. We explore its function using an assay that allows us to dissect the required cofactors during recycling. We demonstrate that recycling of the transmembrane receptor Vps10 from vacuoles requires the retromer, the dynamin-like Vps1, and the Rab7 GTPase Ypt7. While retromer and Vps1 leave the vacuole together with the cargo, Ypt7 stays behind, in agreement with its regulatory function. Recycled cargo then accumulates at endosomes and later at the Golgi, implying consecutive sorting steps to the final destination. Our data further suggest that retromer and Vps1 are essential to maintain vacuole membrane organization. All together, our data demonstrate that retromer can cooperate with Vps1 and the Rab Ypt7 to clear the vacuole of selected membrane proteins.
Btn3 regulates the endosomal sorting function of the yeast Ent3 epsin, an adaptor for SNARE proteins
Authors: Morvan Joëlle , de Craene Johan-Owen , Rinaldi Bruno , Addis Vanessa , Misslin Cédric , Friant Sylvie
Published: December 2014

Ent3 and Ent5 are yeast epsin N-terminal homology (ENTH) domain containing proteins involved in protein trafficking between the Golgi and late endosomes (LE). They interact with clathrin, clathrin adaptor at the Golgi (AP-1 and GGA) and different SNAREs (Vti1, Snc1, Pep12 and Syn8) required for vesicular transport at the Golgi and endosomes. To better understand the role of these epsins in membrane trafficking, we performed a protein-protein interaction screen. We identified Btn3/Tda3, a putative oxidoreductase, as a new partner of both Ent3 and Ent5. Btn3 is a negative regulator of the Batten disease linked protein Btn2 involved in the retrieval of specific SNAREs (Vti1, Snc1, Tlg1 and Tlg2) from the LE to the Golgi. We show that Btn3 endosomal localization depends on epsins Ent3 and Ent5. We demonstrated that in btn3Δ mutant cells, endosomal sorting of ubiquitinated cargos and endosomal recycling of the Snc1 SNARE are delayed. We thus propose that Btn3 regulates the sorting function of two adaptors for SNARE proteins, the epsin Ent3 and the Batten disease linked protein Btn2.
Gas-Phase Acidities of Aryl-Substituted Fluorinated Alkanes. The Nature of β-Fluorine Negative Hyperconjugation
Authors: Mustanir  , Abboud José-Luis M , Mishima Masaaki , Koch Heinz F , Koch Judith G
Published: December 2014

Gas-phase acidities (GA) of 2-phenyl- and 2-p-nitrophenyl-substituted fluoroalkanes, ArCH2Rf and ArCH(Rf1)Rf2, were calculated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory. The GA values of the fluoroalkanes having no fluorine atom at the β-position of the conjugate acid anion center were correlated linearly with the corrected number of fluorine atoms contained in the fluorinated alkyl group (Rf), indicating that these acidities were determined by accumulated inductive effect of fluorine atoms. The GA values of ArCH(CF3)21 and ArCH(C2F5)22 also conformed to the line, indicating negligible or no contribution of β-fluorine negative hyperconjugation to the stability of both carbanions. On the basis of this linear relationship, the extent of β-fluorine negative hyperconjugation involved in the acidity of fluoroalkanes having β-fluorine was evaluated quantitatively. It was concluded that the contribution of β-fluorine negative hyperconjugation to acidity of aryl-substituted fluoroalkanes is complementary to stabilization effects by the aryl group as well as accumulated inductive effect of fluorine atoms contained in the fluorinated alkyl group.
New approaches to stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation
Authors: Shorten Sara
Published: December 2014

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a leading cause of ischaemic stroke. Studies have shown that the link between AF and stroke is now beyond dispute. On average, AF increases a patient's stroke risk five-fold; moreover, one in five patients with stroke are found to have AF. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the approach to the identification and management of AF-related strokes. It also aims to support the current evidence that management of AF in acute and primary care through risk stratification and guidance in the use of anticoagulation is crucial in helping to prevent complications such as stroke. In their daily practice and through their increased knowledge of stroke and AF treatment, nurses have the opportunity to raise patients’ awareness of the devastating effect of stroke. With early detection and effective AF management, we can reduce the physical, psychological and financial burdens of stroke.
Breaking down barriers: the importance of good relationships
Authors: Latchem Julie , Kitzinger Jenny
Published: December 2014

Relationships between residents with neurological conditions and the staff who care for them in long-term settings are more important than ever. Yet qualities such as ‘friendliness’ and ‘inclusivity’ should be balanced against respect for boundaries too
Understanding how to promote positive behaviour
Authors: Green Danielle
Published: December 2014

This optional unit assesses the health and social care worker's knowledge, understanding and skills in promoting positive behaviour and in responding appropriately to incidences of challenging behaviour
Obesity: understanding the risks and running successful weight clinics
Authors: Woolf Karen
Published: December 2014

Obesity is becoming an increasing problem within veterinary practice. With the increasing prevalence of obesity it is important that veterinary nurses understand the diseases associated with obesity. Obesity is associated with cardiovascular, orthopaedic and endocrine disease as well as neoplasia. Literature suggests that steps could be taken to improve nurse clinics to ensure successful weight loss in obese patients. The importance of the correct diet, as well as exercise and maintaining a good relationship with clients are highlighted.
How to prepare and position a horse for theatre
Authors: King Katherine Elizabeth
Published: December 2014

There are many factors to taken into consideration when anaesthetising a horse, most importantly the sheer size of the animal and minimising the infection risk involved. Organisation and team work are key from the preparation of the horse for surgery, right through until the horse is standing following surgery. The horse itself is the greatest source of potential contamination for an operating theatre, therefore a meticulous preparation process is vital and high standards maintained in theatre at all times. Horses are at high risk of developing a myopathy or neuropathy during a general anaesthetic and this makes the positioning in theatre a complex process.
Digital Microfluidic Platform for the Detection of Rubella Infection and Immunity: A Proof of Concept
Authors: Ng Alphonsus H C , Lee Misan , Choi Kihwan , Fischer Andrew T , Robinson John M , Wheeler Aaron R
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND

Whereas disease surveillance for infectious diseases such as rubella is important, it is critical to identify pregnant women at risk of passing rubella to their offspring, which can be fatal and can result in congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The traditional centralized model for diagnosing rubella is cost-prohibitive in resource-limited settings, representing a major obstacle to the prevention of CRS. As a step toward decentralized diagnostic systems, we developed a proof-of-concept digital microfluidic (DMF) diagnostic platform that possesses the flexibility and performance of automated immunoassay platforms used in central facilities, but with a form factor the size of a shoebox.

METHODS

DMF immunoassays were developed with integrated sample preparation for the detection of rubella virus (RV) IgG and IgM. The performance (sensitivity and specificity) of the assays was evaluated with serum and plasma samples from a commercial antirubella mixed-titer performance panel.

RESULTS

The new platform performed the essential processing steps, including sample aliquoting for 4 parallel assays, sample dilution, and IgG blocking. Testing of performance panel samples yielded diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 100% for both RV IgG and RV IgM. With 1.8 μL sample per assay, 4 parallel assays were performed in approximately 30 min with <10% mean CV.

CONCLUSIONS

This proof of concept establishes DMF-powered immunoassays as being potentially useful for the diagnosis of infectious disease.
Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of frozen fruit pulp.
Authors: Sartori Giliani Veloso , Da Costa Caroline Nunes , Ribeiro Alessandra Braga
Published: December 2014

Brazil has a very large surface area and therefore is not always possible the people to have access to all varieties of fruit. Considering this fact, the consumption of frozen fruit pulp has been increase. The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of nine commercial frozen fruit pulps. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the ability to scavenging the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) radical, while the phenolic analysis was performed by spectrophotometry. The pulps showed levels of total phenolic compounds ranged from 14.97 mgEAG.100g-1 (lemon) to 112.40 mgEAG.100g-1 (orange). The highest content of flavonoids was observed for the raspberry pulp (35.09 mgEQ.100g-1). The orange pulp showed higher antioxidant capacity, with sequestration percentage of 108.79%, followed by kiwi, peach and tamarind. The results of this study demonstrated that the frozen fruits pulp are good sources of antioxidant compounds and their use should be encouraged among the population.

DOI: 10.14685/rebrapa.v5i3.143

 
Physical-chemical and sensorial evaluation of breads produced with partial replacement of the wheat flour for unripe banana meal.
Authors: Presa da Silva Janayna , Netto-Oliveira Edna Regina , De Mico Pereira Suellen Cristina , Giriboni Monteiro Antônio Roberto
Published: December 2014

This study aimed to evaluate the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of French bread produced with partial replacement of wheat flour for unripe banana meal. Three formulations of bread were produced: standard with 100% of wheat flour, 8% replacement of wheat flour by unripe banana meal and 12% replacement of wheat flour by unripe banana meal. Were evaluated: moisture, ash, total protein, crude fiber, total lipid, total carbohydrate, specific volume and sensory analysis. The data were evaluated by ANOVA (p<0.05). The results showed significant differences for moisture, protein and crude fibers. For ashes, lipid and specific volume were not finding significant differences. Sensory analysis indicated that color and flavor were negatively influenced by unripe banana meal (p<0.05). The average scores of the attributes of the formulations standard, 8% of replacement and 12% of replacement were, respectively: 7.59 (liked moderately), 6.35 and 6.42 (liked slightly). Considering the greater nutritional value and the results of sensory analyses, we can recommend the consumption and production of the formulation with 12% of unripe banana meal.

DOI: 10.14685/rebrapa.v5i3.155

 
Preparation of Nano-Composite Ca2−αZnα(OH)4
with High Thermal Storage Capacity and Improved
Recovery of Stored Heat Energy
Authors: Zheng M. , Sun S.M. , Hu J. , Zhao Y. , Yu L. J.
Published: December 2014

Thermal energy storage has very important
prospects in many applications related to the use of renewable
energies (solar energy, etc.) or other energy sources,
such as waste heat from industrial processes. Thermochemical
storage is very attractive for long-term storage,
since it could be conducted at room temperature without
energy losses. In the present paper, a novel nanocomposite
material, Ca2−αZnα(OH)4, is prepared using coprecipitation
methodology and is characterized by XRD
and DSC tests. The XRD result shows that the grain size of
the nano-composite ranges from 40 nm to 95 nm. The DSC
test result shows that the nano-composite exhibits high
thermal storage capacity: 764.5 J/g at α = 0.8555. Its thermal
decomposition temperature was found to be approximately
180º. Itwas found possible to recover 63.25% of the
stored heat energy.
More on the as-predicative: Granularity issues in the description of construction networks
Authors: Hampe Beate
Published: December 2014

Usage-based construction grammar needs to determine which schematizations are really supported by usage: Previous research on argumentstructure constructions with object-related complements has assumed overarching constructions with a formally underspecified component (Gries et al. 2005, 2010; Gonzalvez-Garcia 2009). These schematize over a number of formally different subconstructions. It has been shown, however, that paying attention to the formally different realisations of a constructional component may bring out the functional differential between subconstructions which are closely related within a construction network (Hampe 2011a). Based on the data used by Gries and colleagues (2010), this paper presents a fine-grained collostruction analysis of the as-predicative as a network of tightly related subconstructions and checks whether there is a functional difference between the subconstructions with nominal and adjectival as-complements. It is shown that the extended uses of the construction sketched out by Gries et al. (2005) are licensed by the subconstruction with nominal as-complement, rather than present a property of the overarching, most general pattern. Beyond this, the present paper locates the as-predicative within the network of all argument-structure constructions with phrasal object-related complements. In this context, it also discusses under which conditions the occurrence of a specific verb as a collexeme of more than one argument-structure construction can be seen as a verb-specific constructeme uniting several allostructions (Capelle 2006).
All about the ⊥ with its applications in the linear statistical models
Authors: Markiewicz Augustyn , Puntanen Simo
Published: December 2014

For an n x m real matrix A the matrix A⊥ is defined as a matrix spanning the orthocomplement of the column space of A, when the orthogonality is defined with respect to the standard inner product ⟨x, y⟩ = x'y. In this paper we collect together various properties of the ⊥ operation and its applications in linear statistical models. Results covering the more general inner products are also considered. We also provide a rather extensive list of references
Biomechanical Study of Two Peripheral Suture Methods on Repaired Tendons
Authors: Wang Shixin , Qiu Zhenling
Published: December 2014

Flexor digitorum tendon injuries are challenging
conditions to manage to ensure optimal patient outcomes.
While several surgical approaches with high success rates
have been developed, there remains no gold standard for
suture technique for the repair of flexor tendon injuries.
In this study, we compared two distinct peripheral suture
methods on the strength of repaired tendons. Pig flexor
digitorum profundus tendons were used in biomechanical
studies and the biomechanical influence on tendon repair
of continuous running peripheral suture (CRPS) and
continuous locking peripheral suture (CLPS), were compared,
using stitch length ranging from 1mm to 5mm. In
CRPS, the 1mm stitch length group displayed the highest
maximum load and breaking power, which was 1.57 fold
higher than the 2mm stitch length group. Pairwise comparison
revealed that the 1 and 2mm groups were statistically
different from the 3, 4, and 5mm stitch length
groups while comparison among the latter groups was not
statistically significant. For CLPS, the 1mm group exhibited
consistently the highest maximum load strength and
breaking power, which was twice the strength displayed
by the 2mm group. Pairwise comparisons between groups
showed statistical significance. For future repairs of flexor
tendon injuries, 1mm stitch length is highly recommended
for simple peripheral suture.
Dye wastewater treatment by direct contact membrane distillation using polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber membranes
Authors: Mokhtar Nadzirah M. , Lau Woei J. , Ismail Ahmad F.
Published: December 2014

The potential of 18 wt.% polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membrane blended with ethylene glycol (EG) for the treatment of dye solution using direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) system was investigated. The PVDF membrane was prepared using the dry-jet wet spinning method and was characterized in terms of membrane morphology, porosity, wetting pressure, gas permeability and degree of hydrophobicity. The membrane was tested using dye solution containing 0.5 g l-1 reactive black 5 (RB5). The experimental period was prolonged to 6 h in order to analyze the fouling tendency and membrane durability during the DCMD process. The results showed that the modified PVDF membrane was able to produce consistent flux (i.e., 9.82±0.52 kg m-2 h-1) throughout the DCMD experiment while maintaining excellent dye rejection (i.e., 99.86±0.04%). With respect to membrane fouling, it was found that the lumen side of the membrane was significantly stained with color (compared to outer membrane surface) due to the physical-chemical interaction between reactive dye and membrane structure. Although membrane fouling was experienced in this study, its impact on MD performance in terms of flux and rejection was negligible, mainly because MD is not a pressure-driven process.
Characteristics of natural leather finished with some ecofriendly mixtures of polymeric aqueous dispersions
Authors: Niculescu Olga , Moldovan Zenovia , Leca Minodora , Chelaru Ciprian , Alexandrescu Laura , Aboul-Enein Hassan Y.
Published: December 2014

A series of mixtures of acrylic copolymer aqueous dispersions or acrylic copolymers and polyurethane water dispersions were used as environmentally friendly base coatings and an acrylic self-crosslinkable copolymer dispersion containing epoxy resin as top coating for natural leather. Samples finished with the proposed additives were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and physical-mechanical tests. FT-IR spectra show that the proposed ecofriendly dispersion used as top coating not only covers the surface of leather, but it is chemically bound with the base coat, assuring a resistant coverage. SEM images show smooth and uniform surfaces. Physical-mechanical characteristics are superior to those imposed by standards in force, demonstrating that the proposed dispersion is able to substitute successfully the top coating nitrocellulose aqueous emulsions (noted EMAL) commonly used as finishing agents, in which the nitrocellulose is dispersed as solution.