bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current Status and Promotional Strategies of Millets: A Review
Authors: Singh Shubham , Yadav R. N. , Tripathi Arun Kumar , Kumar Manoj , Kumar Monu , Yadav Shubham , Kumar Dharmendra , Kumar Suneel , Yadav Rishabh
Published: August 2023

Millets or nutri-cereals are high-energy foods, its domestication and cultivation date back at least 10,000 years. Millets are typically grown on degraded, marginal terrain that receives little rainfall and has low soil nitrogen concentration. Finger millet, Pearl millet, Foxtail millet, Barnyard millet, Proso millet, Kodo millet, and Tiny millet are the seven major millets grown around the world. In the case of India, millet output peaked in the 1980s and then steadily fell as a result of a substantial fall in the area that was being grown. The abundance of dietary fibres, antioxidants, minerals, phytochemicals, polyphenols, and proteins in millets makes them special in the fight against diseases. Millet is currently addressing an essential field of research for food scientists because to their considerable engagement in nutritional security and potential growing health consequences. Millets' nutritional value can be further enhanced by using appropriate and efficient processing techniques. Given the numerous health advantages and environmental benefits of millets, it is urgently necessary to create millet-based government policies that acknowledge their contributions to achieving nutritional security and bring them back into agricultural production in order to create cropping systems that are climate resilient.
A case report on the effects of COVID-19 on ANC monitoring in a patient on long-term clozapine treatment
Authors: Denton Lauren , Kapuganti Amber , Kim Sarah
Published: August 2023

Background

Clozapine carries a US boxed warning for severe neutropenia, and strict monitoring is required through the FDA's Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program. Patients with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 are also at risk for neutropenia. For patients on clozapine, the diagnosis of this novel virus may require an increase in the frequency of scheduled ANC monitoring. A case report of moderate neutropenia following COVID-19 diagnosis that required an increase in the frequency of ANC monitoring in a patient on long-term clozapine treatment is discussed.

Case Report

A 33-year-old white man with schizophrenia had been on clozapine for more than 2 years, with an ANC monitoring schedule once every 4 weeks. The patient was admitted to the hospital for worsening aggressive behavior. On day 11 of hospital admission, he tested positive for COVID-19. Five days following this diagnosis, the patient's ANC dropped from 2.2/L to 0.8/L. This decrease led to daily ANC labs and the clozapine regimen being held for 1 day. Throughout the patient's admission adjustments were made to the frequency of lab monitoring based on fluctuations in his ANC levels.

Discussion

There have been limited case reports on patients receiving clozapine experiencing neutropenia following the diagnosis of COVID-19. To the authors knowledge, this is the first case report from the United States that specifically discusses the required changes to ANC monitoring.

Conclusions

Patients on clozapine who test positive for COVID-19 may be at an even greater risk for neutropenia, compared with clozapine patients without COVID-19. Increasing the frequency of ANC monitoring should be considered in the weeks following the diagnosis to ensure that clozapine treatment can be safely adjusted, or even discontinued.
Revisiting scale invariance and scaling in ecology: River fractals as an example
Authors: Terui Akira
Published: August 2023

Scale invariance, which refers to the preservation of geometric properties regardless of observation scale, is a prevalent phenomenon in ecological systems. This concept is closely associated with fractals, and river networks serve as prime examples of fractal systems. Quantifying river network complexity is crucial for unveiling the role of river fractals in riverine ecological dynamics, and researchers have used a metric of “branching probability” to do so. Previous studies showed that this metric reflects the fractal nature of river networks. However, a recent article by Carraro and Altermatt (2022) contradicted this classical observation and concluded that branching probability is “scale dependent.” I dispute this claim and argue that their major conclusion is derived merely from their misconception of scale invariance. Their analysis in the original article (fig. 3a) provided evidence that branching probability is scale‐invariant (i.e., branching probability exhibits a power‐law scaling), although the authors erroneously interpreted this result as a sign of scale dependence. In this article, I re‐introduce the definition of scale invariance and show that branching probability meets this definition. This provided an opportunity to address the divergent use of “scale invariance” and “scaling” between fractal theory and ecology.
Clinical scales in autoimmune encephalitis—A retrospective monocentric cohort study
Authors: Macher Stefan , Bsteh Gabriel , Höftberger Romana , Berger Thomas , Rommer Paulus , Zrzavy Tobias
Published: August 2023

Objective

Assessing severity of antibody‐mediated encephalitis (AE) or paraneoplastic encephalitis (PE) requires valid and reliable scores to guide treatment decisions and predict outcome both in clinical routine and studies. We aimed to validate the prognostic value of the clinical assessment scale in autoimmune encephalitis (CASE) and the anti‐NMDAR‐encephalitis one‐year functional status (NEOS) score in patients suffering from AE and PE in a large monocentric cohort.

Methods

We retrospectively applied the CASE and NEOS score to patients with definite AE and PE treated at a tertiary hospital. Correlations were established between the CASE and NEOS score and the modified Rankin scale (mRs). Multivariable analyses were calculated to identify predictors of outcome.

Results

Thirty‐four patients (27 AE, 7 PE) were included. Correlations between mRS and CASE score were strongest in patients with AE compared to PE at all intervals, but in the subgroups (LGI1, NMDAR, GAD, miscellaneous surface antibodies, PE) the correlation was strongest in the interval after baseline. Patients with AE seemed to display better outcomes compared to PE, which was underlined by multivariable analysis. Improvement was mostly observed within 6–12 months after disease onset, after which little or no further improvement was noted with some exception for two patients with anti‐NMDARE who recovered substantially even after 12 months of treatment. The NEOS score significantly predicted the outcome at last follow‐up in patients with AE with a sensitivity of 79% at a cut‐off value of 2 points (AUC 0.79, 95% CI 0.58–0.99, p = 0.04).

Interpretation

The CASE and NEOS score are suitable supplementary tools in addition to the mRS for capturing diverse symptoms, for grading and monitoring symptom severity.
Learning from feedback in college courses: Student beliefs, practices, and preferences
Authors: Zepeda Cristina D. , Ortegren Francesca R. , Butler Andrew C.
Published: August 2023

Students receive different types of task‐ and process‐level feedback in educational settings, but it is unclear how they perceive and use these different types of feedback they receive. In a broad and representative survey, 378 students answered questions about their experiences with feedback in college courses, their perceptions of the feedback, and the regulatory and motivational strategies they used to learn from it. On average, students reported receiving feedback on three different types of tasks in a course and the nature of the feedback differed by task. Although some student practices in processing feedback were uniform across types of tasks and feedback, other practices varied markedly. Students reported that they highly valued all feedback, but believed its utility declined over time and preferred immediate feedback. This study provides novel insights into student beliefs and preferences regarding feedback and the regulatory and motivational practices that they use to learn from feedback.
Unlocking Efficient High‐Order Multiphoton‐Excited Fluorescence of Metal‐Organic Framework via Octupolar Module In Situ Formation
Authors: Li Bo , Yu Xinlei , Wang Junjun , Tang Hui , Sun Xianshun , Cheng Longjiu , Zhou Hongping , Tian Yupeng , Li Dandan
Published: August 2023

Engineering high‐order multiphoton excited fluorescent (H‐MPEF) materials is of significant importance for sensing, 3D optical data storage and bioimaging. However, it remains a challenging endeavor due to a lack of appropriate construction strategies. This study demonstrates that incorporating octupolar modules within metal‐organic framework (MOF) offers new possibilities for the design of highly attractive H‐MPEF materials. Constructed from a typical MOF (UiO(bpdc)), the in situ formation of multibranched octupolar cyclometallated iridium(III) modules via post‐ligand coordination modification endowed the framework with enlarged static hyperpolarizabilities, an extended conjugated system, and enhanced charge transfer, ultimately unlocking its second near‐infrared (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) light activated H‐MPEF performance including three‐ and four‐photon activity. Moreover, these exciting features, combined with subsequent orotic acid‐capping, enabled its application in cancer cell‐specific targeting oncotherapy using tissue‐penetrating NIR‐II light. This finding highlights the vital role of octupoles in H‐MPEF performance and sets a benchmark for unlocking the multiphoton activity of MOFs at the molecular level for deep‐seated tumor fluorescence imaging and therapy.
Carboxylate‐Containing Poly(thiophene vinylene) Derivative with Controlled Molecular Weights for High‐Performance Intrinsically‐Stretchable Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Lee Jin‐Woo , Phan Tan Ngoc‐Lan , Oh Eun Sung , Lee Heung‐Goo , Kim Taek‐Soo , Kim Bumjoon J.
Published: August 2023

Owing to their simple chemical structures and straightforward synthesis, poly(thiophene vinylene) (PTV) derivatives are promising types of polymer donors for organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the structural rigidity of PTVs results in the formation of films with poor mechanical properties, which limits the application of PTVs in intrinsically stretchable (IS)‐OSCs. Here, new carboxylate‐containing PTVs are developed with tuned molecular weight (MW) (PETTCVT‐X, X = L, M, and H) and realize efficient and mechanically durable IS‐OSCs. The crystallinity of the PTVs increases progressively with increasing MW, leading to enhanced hole mobility and suppressed charge recombination of the OSCs. Moreover, both the mechanical stretchability and electrical properties of the PTVs increase significantly with increasing MW, owing to the formation of tie‐chains that connect the isolated crystalline domains. Consequently, OSCs featuring a PTV with the highest MW (PETTCVT‐H) exhibit the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE, 15.3%) and crack‐onset strain (COS, 7.1%) among the series, compared to lower values for the PETTCVT‐L (PCE = 9.7% and COS = 1.3%) and PETTCVT‐M‐based OSCs (PCE = 12.5% and COS = 3.7%). Therefore, the IS‐OSCs employing PETTCVT‐H present the highest initial PCE (10.1%) and stretchability (strain at PCE80% (retaining 80% of the initial PCE) = 16%).
Near‐Infrared Self‐Assembled Hydroxyl Radical Generator Based on Photoinduced Cascade Electron Transfer for Hypoxic Tumor Phototherapy
Authors: Zhao Xueze , He Shan , Wang Junfeng , Ding Junying , Zong Shenglin , Li Guohui , Sun Wen , Du Jianjun , Fan Jiangli , Peng Xiaojun
Published: August 2023

The hydroxyl radical (•OH) is an extremely potent reactive oxygen species that plays a crucial role in photooxidations within the realm of hypoxic tumor therapy. However, the current methods for •OH photogeneration typically rely on inorganic materials that require UV/vis light excitation. Consequently, photogenerators based on organic molecules, especially those utilizing near‐infrared (NIR) light excitation, are rare. In this study, the concept of photoinduced cascade charge transfer (PICET), which utilizes NIR heavy‐atom‐free photosensitizers (ANOR‐Cy5) to generate •OH is introduced. The ANOR‐Cy5 photosensitizer, with its flexible hydrophobic structure, enables the formation of nanoparticles in aqueous solutions through molecular assembly. PICET involves a symmetry‐breaking charge separation‐induced localized charge‐separated state, transitioning to a delocalized charge‐separated state, which governs the efficiency of •OH generation. Thanks to the oxygen‐independent nature of •OH generation and its robust oxidative properties, the ANOR‐Cy5‐based photosensitizer demonstrates highly effective photoinduced anti‐cancer effects, even under severely hypoxic conditions. This discovery emphasizes the potential for achieving •OH photogeneration using a single organic molecule through the engineering of molecular self‐assembly, thereby opening up new possibilities for phototherapy and beyond.
Highly Ordered Graphene Polydopamine Composite Allowing Fast Motion of Cations: Toward a High‐Performance Microsupercapacitor
Authors: Bouzina Adnane , Meng René , Bazin Cyrille , Perrot Hubert , Sel Ozlem , Debiemme‐Chouvy Catherine
Published: August 2023

The simple and eco‐friendly preparation of microsupercapacitor remains a great challenge. Here are presented the preparation and the characterizations of an all‐solid symmetric micro‐supercapacitor based on a new composite formed of highly ordered graphene sheets due to the presence of polydopamine between the layers, which present a d‐spacing of 0.356 nm. This graphene‐polydopamine composite is prepared by electroreduction of graphene oxide (GO) followed by the electrooxidation of dopamine added into the initial solution, i.e., after GO reduction. In Na2SO4 solution, this composite material shows excellent capacitance and stability even at a high scan rate (2 V s−1) and a very low relaxation time (τ0) of 62 ms. This value is in very good agreement with the high transfer kinetic and low transfer resistance values of the ions implied in the charge storage process (Na+·2H2O and Na+) determined by ac‐electrogravimetry. Finally, it is shown that the all‐solid micro‐supercapacitor (interdigitated electrodes obtained using a CO2 laser and Na2SO4/PVA hydrogel) prepared with this new composite delivers a remarkable energy density of 6.36 mWh cm−3 for a power density of 0.22 W cm−3 and exhibits excellent cycling stability (98% of retention after 10 000 cycles at 2 V s−1).
Soft Smart Biopatch for Continuous Authentication‐Enabled Cardiac Biometric Systems
Authors: Lee Sung Hoon , Lee Yoon Jae , Kwon Kangkyu , Lewis Daniel , Romero Lissette , Lee Jimin , Zavanelli Nathan , Yan Emily , Yu Ki Jun , Yeo Woon‐Hong
Published: August 2023

Biometric locking systems offer a seamless integration of an individual's physiological characteristics with secure authentication. However, they suffer from limitations such as false positive and negative authentication, environmental interference, and varying disadvantages across multiple authentication methods. To address these limitations, this study develops a soft smart biopatch for a continuous cardiac biometric wearable device that can continuously gather novel biometric data from an individual's heart sound for authentication with minimal error (less than 0.5%). The device is designed to be discreet and user‐friendly, and it employs soft biocompatible materials to ensure comfort and ease of use. The patch system incorporates a miniaturized microphone to monitor sounds over long periods and multiple dimensions, enhancing the reliability of the biometric data. Furthermore, the use of machine‐learning algorithms has enabled the creation of unique identification keys for individuals based on the continuous monitoring properties of the low‐cost device. These advantages make it more effective and efficient than traditional biometric systems, with the potential to enhance the security of mobile devices and door locks.
Coordinative Stabilization of Single Bismuth Sites in a Carbon–Nitrogen Matrix to Generate Atom‐Efficient Catalysts for Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia
Authors: Zhang Wuyong , Zhan Shaoqi , Xiao Jie , Petit Tristan , Schlesiger Christopher , Mellin Maximilian , Hofmann Jan P. , Heil Tobias , Müller Riccarda , Leopold Kerstin , Oschatz Martin
Published: August 2023

Electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia powered by renewable electricity is not only a promising alternative to the established energy‐intense and non‐ecofriendly Haber–Bosch reaction for ammonia generation but also a future contributor to the ever‐more important denitrification schemes. Nevertheless, this reaction is still impeded by the lack of understanding for the underlying reaction mechanism on the molecular scale which is necessary for the rational design of active, selective, and stable electrocatalysts. Herein, a novel single‐site bismuth catalyst (Bi‐N‐C) for nitrate electroreduction is reported to produce ammonia with maximum Faradaic efficiency of 88.7% and at a high rate of 1.38 mg h−1 mgcat−1 at −0.35 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The active center (described as BiN2C2) is uncovered by detailed structural analysis. Coupled density functional theory calculations are applied to analyze the reaction mechanism and potential rate‐limiting steps for nitrate reduction based on the BiN2C2 model. The findings highlight the importance of model catalysts to utilize the potential of nitrate reduction as a new‐generation nitrogen‐management technology based on the construction of efficient active sites.
Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) Provides Bridges to Silica Nanoparticles to Form a Shear Thickening Electrolyte for High Performance Impact Resistant Lithium‐ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Zhiqi , Chao Yunfeng , Sayyar Sepidar , Tian Tongfei , Wang Kezhong , Xu Yeqing , Wallace Gordon , Ding Jie , Wang Caiyun
Published: August 2023

The development of shear thickening electrolytes is proving to be pivotal in the quest for impact resistant lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, the high viscosity and poor stability associated with the need for high filler content has to date impeded progress. Here, this work reports a new type of polymer‐bridged shear thickening electrolyte that overcomes these shortcomings, by utilizing the interaction between polymer chains and silica nanoparticles. The incorporation of polyethylene oxide (PEO) facilitates hydrocluster formation providing impact resistance with a filler content as low as 2.2 wt%. This low viscosity electrolyte has a high ionic conductivity of ≈5.1 mS cm−1 with excellent long‐term stability, over 30 days. The effectiveness of this electrolyte in LIBs is demonstrated by excellent electrochemical performance and high impact resistance.
A Brain‐To‐Brain Mechanism for Social Transmission of Threat Learning
Authors: Pan Yafeng , Vinding Mikkel C. , Zhang Lei , Lundqvist Daniel , Olsson Andreas
Published: August 2023

Survival and adaptation in environments require swift and efficacious learning about what is dangerous. Across species, much of such threat learning is acquired socially, e.g., through the observation of others’ (“demonstrators’”) defensive behaviors. However, the specific neural mechanisms responsible for the integration of information shared between demonstrators and observers remain largely unknown. This dearth of knowledge is addressed by performing magnetoencephalography (MEG) neuroimaging in demonstrator‐observer dyads. A set of stimuli are first shown to a demonstrator whose defensive responses are filmed and later presented to an observer, while neuronal activity is recorded sequentially from both individuals who never interacted directly. These results show that brain‐to‐brain coupling (BtBC) in the fronto‐limbic circuit (including insula, ventromedial, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) within demonstrator‐observer dyads predict subsequent expressions of learning in the observer. Importantly, the predictive power of BtBC magnifies when a threat is imminent to the demonstrator. Furthermore, BtBC depends on how observers perceive their social status relative to the demonstrator, likely driven by shared attention and emotion, as bolstered by dyadic pupillary coupling. Taken together, this study describes a brain‐to‐brain mechanism for social threat learning, involving BtBC, which reflects social relationships and predicts adaptive, learned behaviors.
Catalytic absorption pathway with kinetically favorable dissolution of nitric oxide in aqueous absorbents
Authors: Lian Zheng , Li Guojun , Zhang Shule , Ma Weihua
Published: August 2023

Nitrogen capture is a crucial strategy for coping with the environmental crisis arising from continually industrial NO emissions, while it suffers from the generally inefficient aquatic absorbent. This work developed a novel absorbent with favorable gas affinity via using sterically hindered imidazole to regulate the gas–liquid interface of typical K2S2O8 solution, initially achieving an efficiently catalytic absorption of poorly soluble NO. The best catalytic absorption efficiencies increased from 17.83% to 91.90% as compared to traditional one. Moreover, an established absorption kinetic model indicated that both capacity and rate of NO dissolution were increased. The imidazole molecules spontaneously migrated to gas–liquid interface of solution and imparted an additional dissolution impetus to NO. This catalytic absorption method overcoming the conventional NO dissolution limitation in water not only improves commercial NO capture, but also provides a new design of aquatic absorbent for heterogeneous reactions requiring transporting poorly soluble gases in aqueous solvents.
Subdural hemorrhage, macrocephaly, rash, and developmental delay in an infant: A pathogenic variant in NLRP3 causes CINCA/NOMID
Authors: Koti Ajay S. , Lanis Aviya , Finlayson Samuel , Canny Susan , Feldman Elana A. , Miller Danny E. , Rosenwasser Natalie , Scott Abbey A. , Wong Stephen C. , Feldman Kenneth W.
Published: August 2023

Subdural hemorrhages (SDHs) in children are most often observed in abusive head trauma (AHT), a distinct form of traumatic brain injury, but they may occur in other conditions as well, typically with clear signs and symptoms of an alternative diagnosis. We present a case of an infant whose SDH initially raised the question of AHT, but multidisciplinary evaluation identified multiple abnormalities, including rash, macrocephaly, growth failure, and elevated inflammatory markers, which were all atypical for trauma. These, along with significant cerebral atrophy, ventriculomegaly, and an absence of other injuries, raised concerns for a genetic disorder, prompting genetic consultation. Clinical trio exome sequencing identified a de novo likely pathogenic variant in NLRP3, which is associated with chronic infantile neurological, cutaneous, and articular (CINCA) syndrome, also known as neonatal‐onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID). He was successfully treated with interleukin‐1 blockade, highlighting the importance of prompt treatment in CINCA/NOMID patients. This case also illustrates how atraumatic cases of SDH can be readily distinguished from AHT with multidisciplinary collaboration and careful consideration of the clinical history and exam findings.
Synthesis of Polysubstituted Furans: An Update Since 2019
Authors: Mohapatra Suhasini , Panda Jasmine , Mohapatra Seetaram , Nayak Sabita
Published: August 2023

Polysubstituted furans are widespread structural motifs, extensively dispersed in natural products, in numerous bioactive compounds, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and organic functional materials. Hence, the development of rapid and competent methodologies for the synthesis of multisubstituted furans has drawn much attention over the years. This review summarizes the synthesis of polysubstituted furans using transition‐metal catalyzed, transition metal‐free, photochemical and electrochemical approaches with plausible mechanistic insights. In each reaction, the highest yields of di‐, tri‐ or tetrasubstituted furans are highlighted and some applications of the methodology towards the synthesis of natural products and biologically active compounds are mentioned. The present review highlights the recent progresses in the synthesis of polysubstituted furans reported from 2019 to 2023.
Symptom‐led staging for semantic and non‐fluent/agrammatic variants of primary progressive aphasia
Authors: Hardy Chris J. D. , Taylor‐Rubin Cathleen , Taylor Beatrice , Harding Emma , Gonzalez Aida Suarez , Jiang Jessica , Thompson Laura , Kingma Rachel , Chokesuwattanaskul Anthipa , Walker Ffion , Barker Suzie , Brotherhood Emilie , Waddington Claire , Wood Olivia , Zimmermann Nikki , Kupeli Nuriye , Yong Keir X. X. , Camic Paul M. , Stott Joshua , Marshall Charles R. , Oxtoby Neil P. , Rohrer Jonathan D. , Volkmer Anna , Crutch Sebastian J. , Warren Jason D.
Published: August 2023

INTRODUCTION

Here we set out to create a symptom‐led staging system for the canonical semantic and non‐fluent/agrammatic variants of primary progressive aphasia (PPA), which present unique diagnostic and management challenges not well captured by functional scales developed for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias.

METHODS

An international PPA caregiver cohort was surveyed on symptom development under six provisional clinical stages and feedback was analyzed using a mixed‐methods sequential explanatory design.

RESULTS

Both PPA syndromes were characterized by initial communication dysfunction and non‐verbal behavioral changes, with increasing syndromic convergence and functional dependency at later stages. Milestone symptoms were distilled to create a prototypical progression and severity scale of functional impairment: the PPA Progression Planning Aid (“PPA‐Squared”).

DISCUSSION

This work introduces a symptom‐led staging scheme and functional scale for semantic and non‐fluent/agrammatic variants of PPA. Our findings have implications for diagnostic and care pathway guidelines, trial design, and personalized prognosis and treatment for PPA.

Highlights

We introduce new symptom‐led perspectives on primary progressive aphasia (PPA).

The focus is on non‐fluent/agrammatic (nfvPPA) and semantic (svPPA) variants.

Foregrounding of early and non‐verbal features of PPA and clinical trajectories is featured.

We introduce a symptom‐led staging scheme for PPA.

We propose a prototype for a functional impairment scale, the PPA Progression Planning Aid.
Histopathological Correlates of Lobar Microbleeds in False‐Positive Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Cases
Authors: Perosa Valentina , Auger Corinne A. , Zanon Zotin Maria Clara , Oltmer Jan , Frosch Matthew P. , Viswanathan Anand , Greenberg Steven M. , van Veluw Susanne J.
Published: August 2023

Objective

A definite diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), characterized by the accumulation of amyloid β in walls of cerebral small vessels, can only be obtained through pathological examination. A diagnosis of probable CAA during life relies on the presence of hemorrhagic markers, including lobar cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). The aim of this project was to study the histopathological correlates of lobar CMBs in false‐positive CAA cases.

Methods

In 3 patients who met criteria for probable CAA during life, but showed no CAA upon neuropathological examination, lobar CMBs were counted on ex vivo 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and on ex vivo 7T MRI. Areas with lobar CMBs were next sampled and cut into serial sections, on which the CMBs were then identified.

Results

Collectively, there were 25 lobar CMBs on in vivo MRI and 22 on ex vivo 3T MRI of the analyzed hemispheres. On ex vivo MRI, we targeted 12 CMBs for sampling, and definite histopathological correlates were retrieved for 9 of them, of which 7 were true CMBs. No CAA was found on any of the serial sections. The “culprit vessels” associated with the true CMBs instead showed moderate to severe arteriolosclerosis. Furthermore, CMBs in false‐positive CAA cases tended to be located more often in the juxtacortical or subcortical white matter than in the cortical ribbon.

Interpretation

These findings suggest that arteriolosclerosis can generate lobar CMBs and that more detailed investigations into the exact localization of CMBs with respect to the cortical ribbon could potentially aid the diagnosis of CAA during life. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:856–870
A Semisynthetic Bioluminescence Sensor for Ratiometric Imaging of Metal Ions In Vivo Using DNAzymes Conjugated to An Engineered Nano‐Luciferase
Authors: Xiong Mengyi , Wu Yuting , Kong Gezhi , Lewis Whitney , Yang Zhenglin , Zhang Hanxiao , Xu Li , Liu Ying , Liu Qin , Zhao Xuhua , Zhang Xiao‐Bing , Lu Yi
Published: August 2023

DNA‐based probes have gained significant attention as versatile tools for biochemical analysis, benefiting from their programmability and biocompatibility. However, most existing DNA‐based probes rely on fluorescence as the signal output, which can be problematic due to issues like autofluorescence and scattering when applied in complex biological materials such as living cells or tissues. Herein, we report the development of bioluminescent nucleic acid (bioLUNA) sensors that offer laser excitation‐independent and ratiometric imaging of the target in vivo. The system is based on computational modelling and mutagenesis investigations of a genetic fusion between circular permutated Nano‐luciferase (NLuc) and HaloTag, enabling the conjugation of the protein with a DNAzyme. In the presence of Zn2+, the DNAzyme sensor releases the fluorophore‐labelled strand, leading to a reduction in bioluminescent resonance energy transfer (BRET) between the luciferase and fluorophore. Consequently, this process induces ratiometric changes in the bioluminescent signal. We demonstrated that this bioLUNA sensor enabled imaging of both exogenous Zn2+ in vivo and endogenous Zn2+ efflux in normal epithelial prostate and prostate tumors. This work expands the DNAzyme sensors to using bioluminescence and thus has enriched the toolbox of nucleic acid sensors for a broad range of biomedical applications.
Photolumineszenz von Mn2+ in dem Borosulfat Zn[B2(SO4)4] : Mn2+ – Eine Möglichkeit zum Nachweis schwach koordinierender Liganden
Authors: Träger Lukas M. , Pasqualini Leonard C. , Huppertz Hubert , Bruns Jörn , Suta Markus
Published: August 2023

Der Einfluss des umgebenden Ligandenfelds wird im Fall von Eu2+ erfolgreich genutzt, um die Emission anorganischer photoaktiver Materialien durchzustimmen, die z. B. in phosphor‐konvertierten Weißlicht‐emittierenden Dioden (pc‐wLEDs) Anwendung finden. Allerdings ist auch die Photolumineszenz von Mn2+, die auf intrakonfiguralen 3d5–3d5‐Übergängen basiert, stark von lokalen Ligandenfeldeffekten abhängig. Dieser Aspekt wurde bislang eher vernachlässigt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wollen wir daher die Idee wieder aufleben lassen, die Emissionsfarbe eines Übergangsmetall‐Ions in anorganischen Wirtsverbindungen durch ungewöhnliche elektronische Effekte in der Metall‐Ligand‐Bindung einzustellen. Das Konzept wird explizit für das schwach koordinierende, schichtartigen Borosulfat‐Anion in den Mn2+‐haltigen festen Lösungen Zn1‐xMnx[B2(SO4)4] (x=0; 0.03; 0.04; 0.05; 0.10) demonstriert. Zn[B2(SO4)4] : Mn2+ zeigt orange Schmalbandlumineszenz bei 590 nm, was eine ungewöhnlich kurze Wellenlänge für oktaedrisch koordiniertes Mn2+ darstellt und auf ein besonders schwaches Ligandenfeld hinweist. Eine Analyse der interelektronischen Racah‐Abstoßungsparameter deutet stark ionische Mn−O‐Bindungen mit Werten nahe der Racah‐Parameter des freien Mn2+‐Ions an. Insgesamt demonstriert diese Strategie, dass elektronische Anpassungen der Metall−Ligand‐Bindung als Instrument genutzt werden können, um Mn2+ zu einem potenten alternativen Emitter anstelle von Eu2+ für anorganische Leuchtstoffe zu machen.
Photoluminescence of Mn2+ in the Borosulfate Zn[B2(SO4)4] : Mn2+—A Tool to Detect Weak Coordination Behavior of Ligands
Authors: Träger Lukas M. , Pasqualini Leonard C. , Huppertz Hubert , Bruns Jörn , Suta Markus
Published: August 2023

The impact of the surrounding ligand field is successfully exploited in the case of Eu2+ to tune the emission characteristics of inorganic photoactive materials with potential application in, e.g., phosphor‐converted white light‐emitting diodes (pc‐wLEDs). However, the photoluminescence of Mn2+ related to intraconfigurational 3d5–3d5 transitions is also strongly dependent on local ligand field effects and has been underestimated in this regard so far. In this work, we want to revive the idea how to electronically tune the emission color of a transition metal ion in inorganic hosts by unusual electronic effects in the metal‐ligand bond. The concept is explicitly demonstrated for the weakly coordinating layer‐like borosulfate ligand in the Mn2+‐containing solid solutions Zn1‐xMnx[B2(SO4)4] (x = 0, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.10). Zn[B2(SO4)4]:Mn2+ shows orange narrow‐band luminescence at 590 nm, which is an unusually short wavelength for octahedrally coordinated Mn2+ and indicates an uncommonly weak ligand field. On the other hand, the analysis of the interelectronic Racah repulsion parameters reveals ionic Mn−O bonds with values close to the Racah parameters of the free Mn2+ ion. Overall, this strategy demonstrates that electronic control of the metal‐ligand bond can be a tool to make Mn2+ a potent alternative emitter to Eu2+ for inorganic phosphors.
Performance and mechanism study of IA‐AMPS‐HPA as an oilfield scale inhibitor: Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Wang Shaoyi , Wei Linjie , Li Chunyue , Li Zhonghui , Wang Pengjie , Liu Wanyin , Lin Yuanhua
Published: August 2023

In this article, itaconic acid (IA), 2‐acrylamide‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), and hydroxypropyl acrylate (HPA) served as the reaction's monomers, deionized water served as the reaction's solvent, and ammonium persulfate served as the reaction's initiator, with isopropanol serving as the chain transfer agent, a terpolymer scale inhibitor (IA‐AMPS‐HPA) was synthesized and used to prevent the growth of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) scale in an oilfield environment. On the effectiveness of scale inhibition, the influence of temperature, scale inhibitor concentration, pH, calcium ion concentration, and salt levels are examined. The results indicate that the scale inhibition rate progressively drops with growing temperature and gradually increases with rising scale inhibitor concentration. The scale inhibition rate reaches 97.67% when the temperature is 60°C, and the scale inhibitor concentration is 60 mg/L. When the temperature is 80°C and the concentration of scale inhibitor is 40 mg/L, the inhibitor's ability to block CaCO3 increases as the salt content rises. The scale inhibition rate is more than 85% when the pH is less than 9. Besides, the Ca2+ concentration is less than 300 mg/L, and the scale inhibition rate declines as the Ca2+ concentration rises, reaching a maximum value of 91.67% when the salt content is 33 g/L. With a rise in pH, the scale inhibition rate dropped. Employing a scanning electron microscope, the morphology of scale samples was described and analyzed. Molecular dynamics was utilized to simulate the interaction between IA‐AMPS‐HPA and the crystallization surface of CaCO3 at varying temperatures. The results show that the binding energy decreases as the system temperature rises and that the reaction between polymer molecules and CaCO3 crystals in the system can be observed by increasing the time step length and the water molecule concentration. The simulation results are with following the observed phenomena.
Nickel‐catalyzed Nucleophilic C‐Borylation of Imines
Authors: Ishibashi Hisayasu , Nishino Soshi , Shibata Koki , Kamei Toshiyuki
Published: August 2023

Application of bioisostere plays an important role in drug discovery. α‐Aminoboronic acid is the familiar bioisostere of α‐amino acid. Developing reactions for the synthesis of a wide variety of α‐aminoboronic acid is one important task for synthetic chemistry. Herein, we report the development of nucleophilic C‐borylation chemistry for N‐arylimines catalyzed by nickel. The reaction proceeds through the insertion of a borylnickel species into the C=N bond to afford the corresponding α‐aminoboronate, which was isolated as acetamide after trapping with acetic anhydride. N‐Benzyl imine is also tolerated by the developed reaction.
Partially Neutralized Polyacrylic Acid as an Efficient Binder for Aqueous Ceramic‐Coated Separators for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Thang Ai Qin , Shen Yuejun , Shi Zugui , Yao Ge , Wong Sun Yew , Liu Zhaolin , Yan Qingyu
Published: August 2023

A partially neutralized polyacrylic acid (Pn−PAA) is used for coating sub‐micron‐sized α‐alumina on a conventional microporous polyolefin separator, fabricating a ceramic‐coated separator (CCS). Pn−PAA acts as a dispersant and binder by adsorbing itself on alpha(α)‐alumina surfaces under acidic condition through the columbic interaction, providing a repulsive force to disperse fine alumina in aqueous suspension, and binds alumina strongly on plasma‐treated separator through hydrogen bonding. This CCS shows favorable wettability in carbonate‐based liquid electrolyte and ionic conduction due to the high hydrophilicity of Pn−PAA and alumina. With that, this study found that Pn−PAA‐made‐CCS yields a substantial adhesion strength of ~106 N/m with enhanced cycle stability, a specific capacity of 145.0 mAh/g after 200 cycles at 1 C at room temperature in half cells (LFP/Li metal).
Acid Etching Strategy: Optimizing Bifunctional Activities of Metal/Nitrogen‐doped Carbon Catalysts for Efficient Rechargeable Zn‐Air Batteries
Authors: Li Wangzu , Wu Weixing , Yu Luo , Sun Jiping , Xu Liangpang , Wang Ying , Lu Qian
Published: August 2023

Transition metal‐embedded heteroatom carbon composites are regarded as an important branch of bifunctional catalysts for rechargeable Zn‐air batteries. The inevitable transition metal particles on the carbon skeleton may affect the availability of the metal‐heteroatom‐carbon catalytic site. Herein, we propose an acid treatment strategy to remove the bare transition metal particles, thus regulating the electrochemical surface area. The OER activities are highly related to the electrochemical surface area for the catalysts with different acid treatment times. In addition, there exists an optimal acid treatment time to achieve the highest ORR and OER activities with the ΔE value of 0.75 V. Given the superior bifunctional activities after acid treatment, we further assemble the rechargeable Zn‐air batteries with the optimal catalyst, which achieves a peak power density of 364 mW cm−2 and long cycling life of 500 h at 10 mA cm−2. This work affords an efficient strategy to enhance the ORR/OER activities and may guide the design of transition metal/heteroatom carbon composites.
Lithium Nitrate as Salt Additive for Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation in Dual‐Ion Battery
Authors: Das Sandeep , Pathak Biswarup
Published: August 2023

Tuning the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation in dual‐ion batteries is important for improving their long‐term stability. In this context, salt additives have gained importance which can sacrificially undergo reduction thereby protecting the working salt. Herein, we have considered dual salt electrolyte models of LiNO3 additive with LiPF6 and LiFSI salt to carry out ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations and witness the evolution of SEI layer. Various contact ion pair and solvent separated ion pair models of the dual salt electrolytes have been considered to further understand the role played by solvation shells of the ions. The small size and quicker diffusion of anions through the electrolyte results in its decomposition at the electrode surface irrespective of the anion being in contact ion pair or solvated by solvent molecules. Overall, along with underlining the role of salt additives in SEI formation, this detailed study also provides insights regarding the factors beyond solvation characteristics of salt that determines the SEI growth process.
Enhanced Polysulfides Adsorption and Conversion for High Coulombic Efficiency Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Bian Yu‐Hua , Gao Xuan‐Wen , Zhao Lu‐Kang , Liu Zhaomeng , Gu Qinfen , Luo Wen‐Bin
Published: August 2023

Transition metal sulphides based on conversion reaction mechanism have attracted much attention as anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries owing to their theoretical specific capacity and potential long lifespan. The unsatisfactory Coulombic efficiency, however, inhabits the cycling lifespan due to the intermediate polysulfide formation (Na2Sx; 4≤x≤6) and chain reactions. To enhance the polysulfide polysulfide adsorption capability and capacity, a hybrid with synergistic sodium storage and polysulfide adsorption capability was designed, in which massive CoS2 nanoparticles (CoS2 NP) were utilized as electrons supplier to enhance the adsorption energy of three‐dimensional nitrogen‐doped carbon (3D‐NC) framework towards sodium polysulfide. Combining the experimental and computational results, the encapsulated CoS2 can dramatically optimize the local electronic structure and function as a powerful electron reservoir to increase the effective adsorption to Na2Sx (4≤x≤6). Meanwhile, the electron transferring between CoS2 NP and 3D‐NC can facilitate the conversion of Na2S to Na2Sx. An ultra‐high initial Coulombic efficiency of 98.05 % and 98.38 % can be achieved at current densities of 0.06 A g−1 and 0.4 A g−1, respectively. Beneficial from the high reversible capability, a superior cycling lifespan is obtained up to 800 long cycles at current densities of 0.6 A g−1.
Electrochemically exfoliated graphite as a highly efficient conductive additive for an anode in lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Kim Dong Seok , Lee Jea Uk , Kim Sung Hyun , Hong Jin‐Yong
Published: August 2023

In this study, the electrochemical characteristics of an anode fabricated using exfoliated graphite (EG), which is mass‐produced using an electrochemical method, are evaluated to verify the potential of EG as a conductive additive. EG exhibits high electrical conductivity because of the sp2 bonding on the two‐dimensional plane; this conductivity provides a stable electrical pathway and promotes electron transfer in the anode. Furthermore, the small number of graphene layers in EG provide excellent mechanical properties (elastic modulus, tensile strength), which suppresses the volume expansion of the anode during lithiation; therefore, EG‐based anode exhibits high capacity retention and charge/discharge cycle stability. The EG with a large specific surface area improves energy density by decreasing the amount of the additive by more than 70% compared to conventional conductive additives and by simultaneously increasing the amount of the active material. The capacity of the electrode with 3.0 wt% EG reaches 376 mAh/g even after 200 cycles at 0.2 C and 99% of its initial reversible capacity. The rate performance of the electrode with 3.0 wt% EG was about 370 mAh/g at 5.0 C. These results confirm that EG can be used as a conductive additive to overcome the limitations of existing commercial conductive agents.
Benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: Cohort study of breast cancer mortality and overdiagnosis
Authors: Wang Sabrina , Sultana Farhana , Kavanagh Anne , Nickson Carolyn , Karahalios Amalia , Gurrin Lyle C. , English Dallas R.
Published: August 2023

Background

Quantifying the benefits and harms of breast cancer screening accurately is important for planning and evaluating screening programs and for enabling women to make informed decisions about participation. However, few cohort studies have attempted to estimate benefit and harm simultaneously.

Aims

We aimed to quantify the impact of mammographic screening on breast cancer mortality and overdiagnosis using a cohort of women invited to attend Australia's national screening program, BreastScreen.

Methods

In a cohort of 41,330 women without prior breast cancer diagnosis, screening, or diagnostic procedures invited to attend BreastScreen Western Australia in 1994‐1995, we estimated the cumulative risk of breast cancer mortality and breast cancer incidence (invasive and ductal carcinoma in situ) from age 50 to 85 years for attenders and non‐attenders. Data were obtained by linking population‐based state and national health registries. Breast cancer mortality risks were estimated from a survival analysis that accounted for competing risk of death from other causes. Breast cancer risk for unscreened women was estimated by survival analysis, while accounting for competing causes of death. For screened women, breast cancer risk was the sum of risk of being diagnosed at first screen, estimated using logistic regression, and risk of diagnosis following a negative first screen estimated from a survival analysis.

Results

For every 1,000 women 50 years old at first invitation to attend BreastScreen, there were 20 (95% CI 12‐30) fewer breast cancer deaths and 25 (95% CI 15‐35) more breast cancers diagnosed for women who attended than for non‐attendees by age 85. Of the breast cancers diagnosed in screened women, 21% (95% CI 13%‐27%) could be attributed to screening.

Discussion

The estimated ratio of benefit to harm was consistent with, but slightly less favourable to screening than most other estimates from cohort studies.

Conclusion

Women who participate in organised screening for breast cancer in Australia have substantially lower breast cancer mortality, while some screen‐detected cancers may be overdiagnosed.
Total Phenols and Flavonoids in Germinated Barley Using Different Solvents
Authors: García‐Castro Abigail , Román‐Gutiérrez Alma Delia , Castañeda‐Ovando Araceli , Guzmán‐Ortiz Fabiola Araceli
Published: August 2023

Sprouts are a source of secondary metabolites as phenolic compounds. Germination and the use of solvents can affect their content. The aim of this work was to identify the total content of phenols and flavonoids in ungerminated and germinated (3, 5, and 7 days) Esmeralda and Perla barley. Different solvents (water, 50 % acetone, 80 % methanol, 80 % ethanol) were used to recover total phenols and flavonoids. The 7‐day germination proved to be ideal for total phenol and flavonoid obtention from Esmeralda barley and the highest total phenol and flavonoid content in Perla variety was observed at 5 and 7 days of germination, respectively. Methanol and ethanol (80 %) yielded the highest extraction percentage of total phenols; 50 % acetone recovered the highest flavonoid concentrations in Esmeralda barley and 80 % methanol in Perla barley. The highest total phenol concentration was obtained from Perla samples at 13.60 mg GAE/g, and the highest total flavonoids were observed in Esmeralda barley at 1.73 mg QE/g. A high correlation was found between the concentration of phenols (0.995) and total flavonoids (0.780) with the radicle size in the Esmeralda samples.