bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Suggested method for detecting outliers based on a particle swarm optimization algorithm
Authors: Merza Emad Obaid , Al-Anber Nashaat Jasim
Published: May 2021

The occurrence of tremendous developments in the field of data has led to the formation of huge volumes of data, and it is natural that this leads to the presence of outliers in this data for many reasons. The presence of outliers in the data affects the statistical analysis, so we must try to reduce their impact in various ways. On the other hand, the existence of outliers may be of great benefit in many application and of great importance in various fields. In this paper we propose a new method for detecting outliers based on the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO). The new propose algorithm was compared with the normal distribution method, and the results obtained from the new method were very promising and encouraging.
Suggested Video Steganography Algorithm Based on Power Low Transform (PLT) Using IoTs
Authors: Ali Khodher Maisa’a Abid
Published: May 2021

Datum embedding or information hiding is a method that accepted us to secret embedded and extracted data from any file, such as picture file, a video file, and sound file. The base algorithm in steganography is the embedded and extraction algorithms. The objective of this paper is hiding a secret message in video frame to prevent an attacker from accessing the message.

This paper suggested new algorithm to hide secret message in video, after convert video to number of frames, it takes each video frame applied the power low transform (PLT) in 3 or 3.5 or 4. In this paper takes power low transform only 3.5 to hide secret message in each video frame uses the secret key, the secret key is curve of cosh-exponential, each point in curve selected the location in frame to hide one bit from frame video. It obtains stego-frame video to Transmitted the for IoTs, and save in database in IoTs, and any authors can be access to this stego-frame video in database to known secret key. The outcome of this algorithm is very good in steganography video, it uses power low transform to obtain the high security, transparency, high capacity in secret message and powerful. These results are obtaining many tests PSNR, MSE, Entropy, Correlation coefficient, Histogram, and Capacity.
Overview of Five Techniques Used for Security and Privacy Insurance in Smart Cities
Authors: Varfolomeev Alexander A , Alfarhani Liwa H , Oleiwi Zahraa Ch
Published: May 2021

Digitization and technological transformation in providing various services have become a goal for many countries in light of the current digital revolution to implement the concept of a smart city. Given the great importance of the smart city concept by researchers, the overriding concern is how to maintain data security and user privacy. These two criteria can or directly represent the strengths and weaknesses of such technology projects. This paper included a comprehensive study of the smart city, its concept and components. The research also included a detailed study of the most important applications included in smart city services and their working mechanisms and uses. The diversity of applications and services provided under the smart city environment is proof of the importance of this model. The paper also reviewed the security risks of data in all stages of work, data collection, data transfer and processing. Finally, the paper reviewed the five most important technologies used in a smart city to maintain information security and data privacy, their advantages, their internal methodology and algorithms. In the end, this paper aims to give a clear picture of all the details of the smart city and the technologies used for the purpose of ensuring information security and data privacy.
Improving penalized regression-based clustering model in big data
Authors: Mahmood Al-Kababchee Sarah Ghanim , Qasim Omar Saber , Algamal Zakariya Yahya
Published: May 2021

Clustering is the main procedure for data mining with a wide application such as gene analysis. Clustering is a method of separates (grouping) previously unclassified data on the basis of its features, and it is an unsupervised learning problem that divides that data into groups in such a way that it makes those data in the same group more similar to each other compared to in other groups. Penalized regression-based clustering is an extension of the “Sum Of Norms” clustering model. In this paper, the nature-inspired algorithm is employed to improve the penalized regression-based clustering to better estimation. The real data application on gene expression data results suggests that our proposed improvement can bring significant improvement relative to others.
Some Properties in Grill–Topological Open and Closed Sets
Authors: Mustafa M O , Esmaeel R B
Published: May 2021

The aim of this research is to study the modern sort of open sets that is said 𝔾-g-closed. Some functions by this notion was explained and the relationships among them like continuous function 𝔾g-continuous function strongly- 𝔾g-continuous function and 𝔾g-irresolute function.
A Study on the Approximations of Bounded Functions in the Locally Global Spaces (L
δ

,P
), (0 < P ≤ 1)
Authors: Mohamed Nadia J
Published: May 2021

The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the error of the approximation of the function
F
defined in [0,1] by Bernstein polynomial in
L

P

space (0 < P ≤ 1).

We study the direct relation between the degrees of approximation of Riemann integrable functions with respect to algebraic polynomials with average modulus of smoothness

τ

2

(
f
,
Δ

1

j

)

the locally global spaces (Lδ,P
), (0 < P ≤ 1) wich is importance for the approximations theory.
The Computational Complexity of the Elliptic Curve Factorization Algorithm over Real Field
Authors: Hashim Hashim Madlool , Ajeena Ruma Kareem K.
Published: May 2021

Several mathematical concepts from analytics number theory, especially the counting functions (CFs) are employed to solve some modern problems in mathematics, computer sciences, engineering and others. One of them is the factorization problem for integers into two primes. This work proposes an extended factorization problem using the CFs, as main part from analytics number theory, to factor a real number r into two primes p and q. The computations of the points doubling and addition on the elliptic curves E modulo a composite number n are also used in this extension to give new two versions of the factorization over real field R. On the first version, the primes are obtained from doubling and addition on elliptic curve points that are computed modulo composite number which is resulting as output of the CFs algorithm with the input r. Whereas, the primes, on the second version, are got directly from applying the CFs algorithm with r as input. The successful computation of the scalar multiplication kP on the elliptic curve E modulo primes are determined. The computational complexities of extended elliptic curve factorization versions are determined using the counting operations. These operations are elliptic curve and finite field operations. New numerical results on two versions are computed as study cases. The elliptic curve factorization algorithm over R (ECF-R) with two versions, is more efficient for factoring-based cryptography in comparing to the original ECM.
On Fuzzy (p, α, pα)-compact subspaces
Authors: Jaber S. M. , Mohsin M. Y.
Published: May 2021

In this paper, we study the relationships among fuzzy (compact, pre-compact, α-compact and pα-compact) subspaces; also we will discuss the relationships between fuzzy (compact, p-compact, α-compact and pα-compact) spaces and fuzzy (compact, precompact, α-compact and pα-compact) subspaces.
Wyle’s Vanishing Tensor of Nearly Cosymplectic Manifold
Authors: Mohammed Nawaf Jaber
Published: May 2021

The present paper focuses on the geometry of Wyle’s tensor of nearly cosymplecticb manifold. Inbparticular, the flatnessb properties of Wyle’s tensorb were traded. These propertiesb facilitated us tob identifyb the necessaryb and sufficient conditionb for nearly cosymplectic manifoldb to be an Einsteinb manifold.
Development of the complementary method to solve fractional linear programming problems.
Authors: Jaber Waleed Khalid , Hassan Isra’a H. , Khraibet Tahani Jabbar
Published: May 2021

In this paper we development of the complementary method to Solve Fractional Linear Programming Problems (FLPP), Instead of taking the Numerator and denominator elements and set them in in tables as D1 and D2, then calculating its value and the value of (Ze), hence we could minimize the tables and calculations in this method quickly and with fewer tables.
An Efficient Shrinkage Estimators For Generalized Inverse Rayleigh Distribution Based On Bounded And Series Stress-Strength Models
Authors: Jebur Iman Ghaji , Kalaf Bayda Atiya , Salman Abbas N.
Published: May 2021

In this paper, we investigate two stress-strength models (Bounded and Series) in systems reliability based on Generalized Inverse Rayleigh distribution. To obtain some estimates of shrinkage estimators, Bayesian methods under informative and non-informative assumptions are used. For comparison of the presented methods, Monte Carlo simulations based on the Mean squared Error criteria are applied.
Some Conceptions of Soft Topological Transitivity
Authors: Saied. A. J. , Baraa. A. B.
Published: May 2021

This paper is a summarized study of a soft transitivity and soft sensitivity of a soft continuous mappings on a soft topological spaces, where this study was confined to the purely soft topological aspect. Also, we discuss some basic soft topological techniques used soft-orbitity and soft-periodicity of a soft-point. On one hand, introduced a soft transitivity of a soft continuous mappings and provide a simplified overview of results on the topic, but on the other hand, it covers some of the recent developments. Finally, we introduce a new soft topology related to the soft transitivity of a soft continuous mappings on a soft compact soft set and the quest of soft density of soft-orbitity (soft density of periodicity) and using these notions, which are main results of our paper.
Transitions probabilities B(E2), B(M1) and B(E0) in 130Ba isotope
Authors: Muttaleb Mohsin Kadhim
Published: May 2021

Nuclear structure for even-even 130Ba isotope have been investigated. They examined carefully with IBM1 and IBM2. Low lying energy levels for even even positive parity states, reduced electric quadruple transitions probabilities B(E2), branching ratios, reduced magnetic dipole transitions probability B(M1), reduced electric monopole transitions probability B(E0), and mixing ratio X(E0/E2) have been studied.

In the framework of IBM1 noted the competition between the two parameters (a
0 and a
2) in 130Ba isotope was the increases of a0 associated with decreases of a2 which mean that the γ-unstable features in IBM2 χπ and χν were (-1.3 and 0.7) which signified similarity with IBM1 expected.130Ba isotope described to be transitional nucleus, transitional between SU(3) and O(6) features.
Study of Method to Booking e-tickets for Iraqi Stadiums using the Smartphone
Authors: Abed Qusay Abdullah
Published: May 2021

Currently, manual system is being used for the matches booking is too old which need great time and efforts from both of the customers whom used to wait in long queues to get their tickets and the stadium staff whom also spend a lot of time trying to organize the booking process. In addition, cash payment with all of its disadvantages is accepted. The proposed mobile ticketing system will provide an easy way for users to booking their e-tickets for their favorite matches from anywhere and anytime, only it needs to a personal computer or a smartphone and connect to an internet. Therefore, without the need to wait in long queues for a long time. The user will get his e-ticket in a way that will gain a lot of time and efforts for both of the users and the staff. In this study, “the Method of Booking e-tickets for Iraqi Stadiums using the Smartphone” will be introduce. The study has been implemented using five major steps. The prototype will go through Awareness of the problem that will happen through the interview with the person who is in charge at stadium, and the problems that you are trying to solve as well. The main interface of the system will contain some of the box to enter the information about the customers, thus they can make the booking easily. Development, evaluation are the last steps to finalize the system usefulness to be implement in real life. Nowadays, the mobile becomes the most important thing that plays main role in many activities that we need it in daily life. Therefore, this study will depend on a mobile phone application, which is expect to give ease and effectiveness to the users and the administrator’s requirements in saving time, cost and efforts.
Improved Random Forest Algorithm Performance For Big Data
Authors: Saadoon Yousif Abdulsattar , Abdulamir Riam Hossam
Published: May 2021

In this paper, the effectiveness of using random forest algorithm in the big data is studied. The reason for choosing this algorithm is because of its effective results in many previous studies, so it was chosen. The random forest algorithm was applied to the big data Internet of Things (IoT) dataset, with size 150,000 instances. After applying the algorithm, it gave an Accuracy score of 99.976%, and this indicates the effectiveness of the random forest algorithm in the big data. This result made the researcher search for one of the ways that increases the value of Accuracy, knowing that it is an excellent result. And use a filter to remove frequent values, and this helps reduce data volume and keep related data. After applying the filter with the random forest algorithm, the Accuracy value appeared at 99.998%, which indicates that it improved the random forest algorithm’s performance in the big data.
Effect of Square Shaped Acousto–Optic Modulators on the Bragg Diffraction
Authors: Khorsheed S M , Yaseen N M
Published: May 2021

The COMOSOL multiphysicsis used to design various optical systems, including the design of the acousto-optic modulator system. Its work depends on the special inputs of the program, such as the characteristics of the laser used and the frequencies of the sound waves. A square modulator was designed with dimensions 3x3 mm, and a quartz crystal was used, in which the interaction of light and sound occurs. Different number of orders diffraction are generated called the Bragg angle, and their number varies with different inputs. The modulator is created by entering the value of the radio frequency up to 100 volts. Through our results, the efficiency increases at the frequency of 400 kHz after changing the frequencies of 200, 300 and 400 kHz. The values of the stress are: 1.24 × 106
P
a, 1× 106
P
a, 3.8× 106
P
a, and the estimated shift is about 0.7, 0.4 and 0.9 mm, there were three frequency values considered: 200, 300, and 400 kHz. respectively. The far field shape show two orders are appeared at 200 kHz and 300 kHz frequencies they are: zero order and first order but they are different in the value of Bragg angles but in 400 kHz shown approximate three orders, they are: zero, first, and new generation of second order with the different in the value of Bragg angles.
Investigation The Quantum Chemical Parameters and Electronic Transition States for Suggested Platinum Metal Complex
Authors: Irzooqi Wisam Shareef , Sarsoh Shakir Diwan , Abbood Hamid Ibrahim
Published: May 2021

SDD basis sets were used in current work together with the hybrid B3LYP functional to investigate of suggested platinum metal complex. The results showed the complex under study likes the cisplatin complex in many of it is properties, they have large band gap with low electrochemical hardness and electronic softness. Based of cis-platin, the substitute of iso-indene rings in place of amine groups in cis-platin unaffected on the geometrical parameters of bonding the central platinum metal with chlorine atoms and the ligands, the suggested platinum complex keeps the coordination of metal complex with values of frontier molecular orbitals close to those for cisplatin. π →π* transition of states were appeared in the behavior of absorption spectrum for the complex under study.
Internet of Things for Education Field
Authors: Mohammed Ali Sura I. , Nihad Marwah
Published: May 2021

Tracking student attendance and location information are at the heart of a pervasive internet thing. Several approaches are used to identify student locations in the classroom, Infrastructure and increased services are considered expensive requirements and hardly meets the need for the required room-level location accuracy. An accuracy of specifying the student’s location by Smart Entity (inertial sensors on hand) of improving the quality of service. Location information forms a core context to determine student location. The location of classroom access control using different parameters provides useful information and improves teaching and learning in the educational organization. Based on the recent IoT integration of smart entities and sensors, this paper uses new value-added proposals to monitor the actions of students inside the classroom location.
Evidence for the effectiveness of nature-based solutions to water issues in Africa
Authors: Acreman M , Smith A , Charters L , Tickner D , Opperman J , Acreman S , Edwards F , Sayers P , Chivava F
Published: May 2021

There is increasing global interest in employing nature-based solutions, such as reforestation and wetland restoration, to help reduce water risks to economies and society, including water pollution, floods, droughts and water scarcity, that are likely to become worse under future climates. Africa is exposed to many such water risks. Nature-based solutions for adaptation should be designed to benefit biodiversity and can also provide multiple co-benefits, such as carbon sequestration. A systematic review of over 10 000 publications revealed 150 containing 492 quantitative case studies related to the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for downstream water quantity and water quality (including sediment load) in Africa. The solutions assessed included landscape-scale interventions and patterns (forests and natural wetlands) and site-specific interventions (constructed wetlands and urban interventions e.g. soakaways). Consistent evidence was found that nature-based solutions can improve water quality. In contrast, evidence of their effectiveness for improving downstream water resource quantity was inconsistent, with most case studies showing a decline in water yield where forests (particularly plantations of non-native species) and wetlands are present. The evidence further suggests that restoration of forests and floodplain wetlands can reduce flood risk, and their conservation can prevent future increases in risk; in contrast, this is not the case for headwater wetlands. Potential trade-offs identified include nature-based solutions reducing flood risk and pollution, whilst decreasing downstream water resource quantity. The evidence provides a scientific underpinning for policy and planning for nature-based solutions to water-related risks in Africa, though implementation will require local knowledge.
The growth, production and chemical compounds of Chlorella sp. in various concentrations of palm oil wastewater in laboratory culture media
Authors: Dahril Tengku , Mulyadi Aras , Eddiwan
Published: May 2021

The growth, production, and content of chemical compounds in Chlorella sp. in various concentrations of liquid waste from palm oil were examined from June to November 2019, located in the Palm Oil Industry, SeiGaluh, Kampar, Indonesia. Five different concentrations of oil palm wastewater, i.e., 15 %, 20 %, 25 %, 30 % and 0.0 % (control) were studied. The results of this study indicated that oil palm wastewater was able to increase the growth, production, and chemical content of Chlorella sp. The best growth for Chlorella sp. was found at a concentration of 25 % oil palm wastewater, with cell density (8.5 × 106 cells/mL), biomass (0.77 g/L), after being cultured for 13 days (culture period). Chemical compounds in Chlorella sp. also increased at a concentration of 25 %, and it was found that protein content was 45.09 %, lipid was 10.85 %, and carbohydrate was 12.77 %. The concentration of nitrate and phosphate in culture media was known to have decreased, where the highest reduction in nitrate occurred at the concentration of oil palm liquid waste of 25 %, from the initial state of 14.34 to 3.17 mg/L at the end of culture. There was a decrease in phosphate, from the initial conditions, 1.82 mg/L to 0.34. mg/L at the end of the study. Chlorella biomass harvested in this study was used as a complementary food material (pellets) for livestock in the province of Riau.
Continuous extraction of Spirulina platensis biopigments using different extraction sequences
Authors: Saefurahman Ganjar , Rahman Ali Aulia , Hidayatuloh Syarif , Farobie Obie , Abidin Zaenal
Published: May 2021

The use of microalga Spirulina is developing rapidly in the industry. Spirulina biomass is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry because it is rich in biochemicals and antioxidants that are beneficial to human health. This study aimed to determine the biopigment contents in S. platensis and examine the sequences of continuous extraction process to obtain the optimal biopigment yields. Biopigments of S. platensis extracted in this study were total chlorophyll of 52.28 μg/mL (25.28 μg/mL chlorophyll a and 27 μg/mL chlorophyll b), total carotenoid of 7.9 μg/mL and phycocyanin of 0.020 mg/L. In addition to biopigments, a residue in the form of solid powder was also produced at 20.7 % of biomass. Simultaneous extraction of chlorophyll and total carotenoids was successfully applied in this study, while the optimal phycocyanin extraction should be further developed. The optimal extraction sequence of biopigments was extraction of chlorophyll then carotenoid with low heating and followed by extraction of phycocyanin.
The design of fresh fruit bunch palm oil purchase system from independent smallholders to support Indonesia’s biodiesel development program
Authors: Falgenti K , Arkeman Y , Hambali E , Syamsu K
Published: May 2021

Miniplants established by the independent smallholder’s secondary cooperative is one of the efforts to get rid from monopsony market and mill. By the existence of miniplants, Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) sales channel will not only end at mill, but also at the miniplant in spite of in limited capacity. Each channel of FFB sales should be supported by the credible price information and the integrated purchase system. To fulfill the need of real-time & transparent price information and the integrated FFB purchase system can be realized by developing mobile application Software as a Service (SaaS) of FFB’s purchase based on a cloud platform. The method used to develop the mobile application is a system approach following the stages in SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) starting from the ideas, user requirements, system requirements, designing, deployment and maintenance. This study is restricted until the stage of designing and generating Business Process Diagram, Use Case Diagram, Data Conceptual Model and Mock up only. Both diagram and model generated in this study aids develop FFB purchase mobile application. The large number of independent smallholders has the opportunity to get a large number of mobile application users. The application will generate a large amount of data. These data can be used to develop various tools as part of the FFB e-procurement system to ensure the supply of independent smallholders’ FFB can be used for biodiesel development programs as expected by the government of Indonesia.
Potential of red fruit oil (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) as an antioxidant active packaging: A review
Authors: Sirait M S , Warsiki E , Setyaningsih D
Published: May 2021

The active packaging system is a food packaging system that is continuously developed to produce safe, healthy, and quality food products for consumers. The addition of antioxidants in packaging is one of the innovations in active packaging technology. Active packaging that contains synthetic antioxidants has now been avoiding as natural antioxidants from natural products produces has been already a growing trend to replace synthetic substances. The use of red fruit oil on the packaging is expected to act as a natural antioxidant. Red fruit (Pandanus conoideusLam.) is a plant that is often found in Papua, Indonesia. By local people, red fruit oil is usually used as medicine. The main compounds of red fruit oil are β-carotene and tocopherol which have potential as natural antioxidants. Red fruit extract does not contain heavy metals and harmful microorganisms, so it is safe when applied to food products. Besides being easily found in Indonesia, red fruit oil also has a more economic value compared to the use of antioxidants from other essential oils such as rosemary oil, sunflower oil, and cinnamon oil. This paper will discuss the potential of the red fruit oil to be used for active packaging to protect and prolong the shelf life of the food product.
Isotherm moisture sorption of composite desiccant made from rice husk biomass
Authors: Warsiki E , Agriawati D , Noor E , Iskandar A
Published: May 2021

The behavior of isotherm moisture sorption form rice husk-CaCl2 composite desiccants was studied. The desiccant composite in various treatments was tested for its isotherm sorption using gravimetric method. Saturated solution of LiCl, CH3COOK, MgCl, K2CO3, NaBr, NaNO2, NaCl, KCl, and K2SO4 were used to obtain the moisture of 11 %, 22 %, 32 %, 44 %, 56 %, 64 %, 75 %, 84 % and 97 %. Water activity produced from these saturated salt solutions was measured using aw meter. The equilibrium moisture data was then fitted into several isothermal equation models that have been used and tested in several literature including the model of Courie, Oswin and Chen Clayton. This rice husk composite desiccant had exposed a J shape curve of equilibrium water content with a boundary zone A of aw 0.2 and zone B of aw 0.67. Based on the isothermic absorption curve, the Oswin equation model was able to predict the results of research with R2 of 0.96, 0.89 and 0.97, respectively for temperature of 30, 40 and 50°C. This rice husk desiccant was able to absorb water vapor at low RH. It means that this desiccant is promising to be used for low water content or hygroscopic product such as flour based product, food flavor powder, chili powder, palm sugar and other products.
Kinetic and isotherm studies of Cu(II) adsorption by beads and film of alginate/zeolite 4A composites
Authors: Pratama Borneo Satria , Hambali Erliza , Yani Mohamad , Matsue Naoto
Published: May 2021

Beads and film of alginate/zeolite 4A composites were synthesized to adsorb Cu(II) from aqueous solution. Furthermore, the kinetic and isotherm modelling of the adsorption experiment data were investigated. The adsorption equilibrium of 0.5 mM Cu(II) by beads and film of alginate/zeolite 4A composites was achieved at 24 h and 60 min, respectively. The removal efficiencies at equilibrium adsorption time were 88.31 % for beads and 99.69 % for film. Subsequently, the linear form of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were used to study the adsorption kinetics. Pseudo-second-order model was the fittest model to described the adsorption kinetics for both beads (R2 =0.999) and film (R2 =0.998). Furthermore, the linear form of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to investigate the adsorption equilibria data. Langmuir was the fittest isotherm model for both beads (R2 =0.9992) and film (R2 =0.9977), with the value of monolayer coverage capacity of 0.9929 mmol/g and 1.2773 mmol/g, respectively. The results indicated that alginate/zeolite 4A film had better adsorption rate and capacity compared to alginate/zeolite 4A beads.
Improvements in a Membrane-separation-type Biogas Refining-compression-filling (RCF) Facility for Dairy-farming Areas in Japan
Authors: Kimura Yoshiaki , Suzuki Takeshi , Yasui Seiichi , Ishii Kota , Inano Ichiro , Takenaka Hideyuki , Hinata Takahisa , Fujita Haruhiro
Published: May 2021

A method to directly use biogas as a gaseous energy source was investigated. Utilizing this method, a prototype “refining-compression-filling (RCF) facility” for biogas, which uses membrane separation, was developed. The facility forms the core of a system for supplying dairy farms and facilities in suburbs with energy by filling gas cylinders with biogas reformed to a high calorific value. The recovery rate of methane from the biogas achieved by this prototype is about 80%, and for mass production of equipment, the officials and manufacturers in municipalities introducing the facility have requested further improvement in the methane-purification efficiency of the RCF facility. The purpose of this study was to establish optimal arrangements of the membrane module unit for improving the methane-purification efficiency of the biogas-dedicated purification RCF facility. The results of this study showed that a combination of three membrane modules arranged in series (a “three-stage-module in-series type”) was found to effectively increase the methane concentration to about 99%. To further increase methane-recovery rates, a module configuration that combines the series and parallel arrangements of modules (“three-stage-module composite type”) was found to effectively increase the methane recovery rate to approximately 95%.
Non-stationary and LCA analysis of impurity adsorption using Kanuma clay and HAS-Clay in a Bio-H production system
Authors: Torii Kento , Dowaki Kiyoshi
Published: May 2021

In recent years, fuel cell (FC) applications have shown potential in the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, leading to an increase in demand for hydrogen fuel. The current source of hydrogen is generally fossil fuel origin. Therefore, for mitigating GHG emissions in the hydrogen production stage, we focused on the biomass-derived hydrogen (Bio-H2) production process. In this study, we discuss the environmental impacts of Bio-H2 through the biomass pyrolysis process of Blue Tower (BT) biomass gasification. The bio-syngas contains H2S, HCl, and NH3 as impurities, which can reduce the performance of FCs. In our previous experimental studies, we used hydroxyl aluminum silicate clay (HAS-Clay) as an adsorbent for removing impurities. However, based on the life cycle assessment methodology, it was found that the impact of HAS-Clay was higher, indicating that the environmental contribution of the one through operation using HAS-Clay would be lower. Thus, in this study, using Kanuma clay, which is a natural resource and lower impact adsorbent, we used the desulfurization test and designed an optimal process to mitigate its eco-burden and maintain removal performance. Finally, using the dynamic process simulator of ANSYS fluent (2020 R1), we compared the proposed process to the conventional process in terms of plant performance and evaluated the environmental impacts. The results showed that there was a 12.3% reduction in GWP due to the replacement of Kanuma clay and HAS-Clay as compared to ZnO, a chemical adsorbent.
Effect of indigenous cellulolytic fungi enhancement on organic carbon and soybean production on peat soil
Authors: Hafif B , Khaerati
Published: May 2021

The two main issues of any application of agricultural technologies in empowering peatlands for crop cultivation are their impacts on carbon storage and crop production. Indigenous cellulolytic fungi enhancement in peat is a technology to increase crop production on peat. The cellulolytic fungi decay lignocellulosic complex to release humic acids and improve soil fertility. We conducted a greenhouse (GH) experiment to study the organic C and soybean yield on enhanced peat soils with indigenous cellulolytic fungi. The experimental design to test soybean performance on peat was a completely randomized design (CRD) 3 treatments, i.e., fibric, hemic, and sapric of peat. There were six pots of each peat that were enriched by consortia of cellulolytic fungi Penicillium singorense, Aspergillus aculeatus, and Trichoderma sp. On average, CO2 flux increased from 0.39 mg CO2/kg/day to 0.72 mg CO2/kg/day, and the organic carbon and fiber content reduced 13.3% and 26.2%, respectively of all peat soils enriched by indigenous cellulolytic fungi. The highest beans yield of soybean was 3.56 g/population, equivalent to 1.25 tons/ha, was on sapric peat enriched by the cellulolytic fungi.
Synthesis of pyrogallol derivative as antioxidant additive for biodiesel using methyl linoleate from sunflower oil
Authors: Adipoetra H , Ahadan N F , Nuryati A , Dewi G P , Nasikin M
Published: May 2021

Biodiesel is a renewable plant-based fuel as an alternative to fossil fuels containing fatty acid methyl esters. However, biodiesel has the disadvantage of oxidation instability because of the double bonds in the constituent fatty acid structures. One of the most effective antioxidant for biodiesel is pyrogallol. Unfortunately, pyrogallol has a low solubility in biodiesel. Subsequent research was developed by synthesizing pyrogallol derivative through the reaction between pyrogallol and a pure methyl linoleate using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl or DPPH as a catalyst. The results showed that the pyrogallol derivative formed was more soluble in biodiesel. However, the use of pure methyl linoleate is not economical because it has a high selling price. In this research, sunflower oil biodiesel with 54.13 % methyl linoleate which has been tested by GCMS will be used to synthesize pyrogallol derivative with a ratio of 10 mL biodiesel, 5 ml DPPH, and 5 mL pyrogallol. FTIR shows a shifting peak at 1240 cm−1 which shows the formation of pyrogallol derivative. LCMS-MS indicates a possible molecular weight at 634 m/z consisting of methyl linoleate and dimer pyrogallol. UV-Vis of the derivatives in biodiesel shows that the derivative is more soluble in biodiesel in comparison with the solubility of pure pyrogallol.
Stannous chloride (SnCl2) and stannous sulfate (SnSO4) synthesis from tin powderization waste
Authors: Tajuddin C A , Amal M I , Widayatno W B , Wulandari N , Purnomo D F D , Nasikin M
Published: May 2021

The necessity of finding a way to utilize Sn metal from tin powderization waste as effectively and efficiently as possible has risen because of the large number of industrial by-products of Sn waste and the broad applications of tin chemicals in the world. Stannous chloride (SnCl2) and stannous sulfate (SnSO4) are tin-derived compounds in which their applications are in various fields, and one of which is catalysts. Catalyst products produced from the two compounds are STO (Sulfated Tin Oxide) catalyst. In this study, tin powderization waste was used as raw material for the synthesis of SnCl2 and SnSO4. The purpose of using tin waste is an effort to create the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) program launched by the United Nations to obtain a sustainable consumption and production system. Tin powder from the off-spec product of the tin powderization process can be used as raw material to manufacture tin-derived chemical compounds. Overall, the process of developing tin products will produce a non-waste system (zero waste). The optimum conditions to synthesize SnCl2 are as follows; the tin powder particle size is 500 mesh with HCl 12 M at 80°C with a yield percentage of 95%. The synthesis of SnSO4 with the reaction of SnCl2 + (NH4)2SO4 can be carried out using stirring techniques. The results of the FT-IR spectrometer showed a spectrum of sulfate groups in the region ~ 1181 cm−1.
Utilization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as a filler for chitosan-based films for chili peppers packaging
Authors: Alanas Edith , Erdawati  , Saefurahman Ganjar , Sani Amiril Sahab Bin Abdul
Published: May 2021

This study investigates the effects of the percentage of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) on chitosan film for wrapping chili peppers during storage at room temperature for 12 days. The chitosan-CNC film’s characterization was analyzed by SEM, FTIR, and physical properties were measured based on tensile strength, percent elongation, water solubility, and degradation rate. This research used a randomized design with four treatments and two replications. The treatments in this study were E0 = control, E1 = CNC 1 %, E3 = CNC 3 %, E5 = CNC 5 % and E10 = CNC 10 %. The quality of chili peppers was analyzed based on the concentration of vitamin C, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, and weight loss rate. The E3 treatment achieved the best results on day 12, i.e., weight loss of chili peppers with the chitosan-CNC film was 0.51 %, vitamin C was 295 mg/100 g, titratable acidity was 0.25 %, and the total soluble solid was 24%.
Biorefinery of genetically modified soybean as biodiesel with sustainable production system in Indonesia: A review
Authors: Fauzan Irfan Anwar , Hambali Erliza
Published: May 2021

Fossil energy consumption in Indonesia is high every year, and this can cause an imbalance between demand and the availability of available fuel. Besides, fossil fuels are also classified as non-renewable fuels, so that the availability of fuel can be used up if exploited continuously. High diesel consumption makes it necessary to search for other energy sources that can be used to meet diesel needs in Indonesia. Alternative diesel replacement that can be used is biodiesel fuel from soybeans. One of the disadvantages of using soy as a biodiesel feedstock is its low oil content. An alternative that can be done is by using genetically modified (GM) soybeans that have higher oil content. The biorefinery approach can also be carried out as an effort to make biodiesel production sustainable, both economically and environmentally. GM soybean can be assembled through several stages, which are selection of varieties, assembly of GM soybean, and then testing and licensing. After that, soybeans can be used and utilized in the Indonesian market. The biodiesel production system from GM soybeans using a biorefinery approach is carried out by utilizing residues during production into other products so that it can be an additional income, and reduce the impact of environmental pollution. A high net energy balance ratio (NER) in some biodiesel production from soybeans makes biodiesel production from soybeans can be said to be renewable and economically sustainable. Biodiesel production from GM soybeans with the concept of biorefinery has the opportunity to become a sustainable industry, both economically and environmentally.
The study of parameters of essential oil extraction from black pepper seed using microwave hydrodistillation by modeling
Authors: Panjaitan R , Mahfud M , Cahyati E D , Pujaningtyas L
Published: May 2021

One of the natural ingredients often used in many products is an essential oil, for example, black pepper oil. It can act as an antioxidant, flavoring, and preservative food. An appropriate method is needed due to the rigid structure of the seed to extract this essential oil. Therefore, the black pepper oil has been extracted using microwave hydrodistillation. The experiment was conducted to get a model experiment of black pepper oil extraction using Box-Behnken design. The design parameters were microwave power, feed/solvent ratio, and extraction time. Besides, it also modeled the process phenomenon through kinetic modeling. The results showed that the obtained model could represent black pepper oil extraction using microwave hydrodistillation. It was confirmed by the value of R2 = 0.9426, and R2
adj = 0.8394. The model was also optimized and got the optimum condition at a microwave power of 300 W, feed/solvent ratio of 0.6 grEO/grLH, and extraction time of 240 min. In comparison, the kinetic model showed that the first-order model was better than the second-order model. The sample analysis of black pepper oil using GC-MS showed the major compounds of black pepper oil were dl-limonene, sabinene, trans-caryophyllene, and 3-carene.
RNA-seq derived identification of coronatine-regulated genes putatively involved in terpenoid biosynthetic pathway in the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis
Authors: La Van Ngoc Thuy , Tran Huong Thi Diem , Nguyen Chuong Hoang , Nguyen Thuong Thi Hong
Published: May 2021

Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is a woody plant of the Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and the most economically important member of the genus Hevea. Rubber trees are often damaged and exposed to the attack of pathogens through wounds during and after tapping periods. Jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), collectively termed jasmonates (JAs), are signaling molecules that are produced by plants, especially when subjected to environmental stresses. JA/MeJA treatment triggers the biosynthesis of many specialized metabolites including terpenoids through transcriptional reprogramming. To gain molecular insights into terpenoid metabolism and mechanism underlying rubber tree’s responses to stress signals such as wounding and pathogenicity, we performed an RNA-seq analysis of H. brasiliensis treated with either water or coronatine (COR) - a structural and functional mimic of JAs. We reconstructed the transcriptomes from the published RNA-sequencing data under the guidance of the newly released high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of H. brasiliensis cultivar GT1 and screened for genes that are differently expressed between the two treatments. The putative functions and pathways of the differently expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by using BLASTX search against NCBI non-redundant database, followed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) mapping. As a result, six out of the 446 identified DEGs were mapped to terpenoid metabolism pathway, five of which were up-regulated by coronatine treatment. This result provides a clue to gain insight into the genetic basis underlying terpenoid-related yield and resistance traits in the rubber tree.
Comparison of pyrogallol derivative performance using methyl linoleate from sunflower oil and corn oil as biodiesel antioxidant additives
Authors: Ahadan N F , Adipoetra H , Nuryati A , Dewi G P , Nasikin M
Published: May 2021

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel derived from vegetable oils. Biodiesel has the disadvantage of being easily oxidized due to unsaturated bonds. Previous studies have shown that pyrogallol and pure methyl linoleate’s reaction with 2.2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) to form pyrogallol derivative has been proven to improve the solubility and performance of pyrogallol as an antioxidant in biodiesel. However, the use of pure methyl linoleate is not economical if applied at the industrial scale. In this research, pyrogallol derivative performance using impure methyl linoleate obtained from transesterification of sunflower oil and corn oil, which forms sunflower biodiesel and corn biodiesel, was compared. Based on GCMS, the methyl linoleate content of sunflower biodiesel was 54.13%, and corn biodiesel was 47.27%. FTIR showed a shift in the C-O group’s peak from the base of the biodiesel spectra, which shows the formation of a pyrogallol derivative. LCMS/MS showed m/z values indicating that the compound contained methyl linoleate and pyrogallol dimer. The addition of both compounds showed a low absorbance difference value in UV-Vis, thus have better solubility in biodiesel than pure pyrogallol. The addition of both compounds showed a negative slope of iodine number and a longer induction period than palm oil biodiesel.
Biochar production investigation from pyrolysis of lamtoro wood as a coal blend for fuel substitution in steam power plants
Authors: Nurhadi N , Rianda Sapta , Irawan Cipta , Pramono Gatut Pujo
Published: May 2021

The biochar utilization reduces CO2 emissions. This study aims to investigate the optimum pyrolysis temperature of lamtoro wood (Leucaena leucocephala) to produce suitable biochar for coal blends as fuel in the steam power plant. The experiment was carried out in a batch process, applied to a fixed bed reactor, 10°C/minute heating rate, three different variables temperature (300, 450, 600°C), and 60 minutes residence time. The biochar yield for each pyrolysis temperature is 61.77%, 26.45%, and 24.89%. This shows that the pyrolysis is carried out at a temperature of 300 to 450 °C, then ramps up to 600 °C. The volatile matter was released during the pyrolysis and raise the fixed carbon content. The fixed carbon content for each pyrolysis temperature is 26.35%, 61.82%, and 65.66%. Fixed carbon content at 450 and 600 °C identical to bituminous coal. The increase in fixed carbon content in biochar leads the heating value to increase. The heating value of lamtoro wood was 19.15 MJ/kg (db), increasing to 22.92, 28.01, and 29.73 MJ/kg (db) for each pyrolysis temperature. The biochar heating value is close to bituminous coal. The biochar energy content of original lamtoro wood for each pyrolysis temperature is 81.72%, 42.77%, and 42.71%. Biochar reaches its optimal point at pyrolysis temperature 450 °C, which has a yield and heating value almost the same at pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C. The biochar characterization results indicate that it can be used as a coal blend for steam power plants.
Characteristics of biochar produced from the harvesting wastes of meranti (Shorea sp.) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) empty fruit bunches
Authors: Hidayat Wahyu , Riniarti Melya , Prasetia Hendra , Niswati Ainin , Hasanudin Udin , Banuwa Irwan Sukri , Yoo Jiho , Kim Sangdo , Lee Sihyun
Published: May 2021

The objective of this study was to determine the properties of biochar from meranti (Shorea sp.) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). Biochar was produced using a traditional kiln with a temperature of 400°C and 600°C. The char yield, pH, and proximate analysis were evaluated. The results showed that the maximum char yield was obtained at 400°C, and the increase in temperature resulted in decreased char yield. At the same pyrolysis temperature, char yield was higher in meranti than OPEFB. The results revealed that the pH of meranti and OPEFB changed into basic after pyrolysis, which is essential when biochar is added to soil to neutralize soil acidity and increase the soil cation exchange capacity. The results also showed an increase of fixed carbon in meranti and OPEFB after pyrolysis at 400°C and 600°C. The higher heating values (HHV) in meranti and OPEFB increased after pyrolysis, with a remarkable increase of HHV observed in meranti than OPEFB, showing a higher potential of biochar from meranti to be used for bioenergy application than OPEFB.
Synthesis of biodiesel from kesambi (Schleichera oleosa L.) oil using carbon nanotube-supported zinc oxide heterogeneous catalyst
Authors: Asri N P , Saraswati R , Hindarso H , Puspitasari D A , Suprapto
Published: May 2021

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-supported zinc oxide (ZnO/MWCNTs) heterogeneous catalyst has been prepared using impregnation and gel process. This catalyst has been utilized to synthesize biodiesel via transesterification process from Kesambi (Schleichera oleosa L.) oil (SOO) and methanol. The prepared ZnO/MWCNTs catalyst prior was characterized using the X-ray diffraction (X-RD), Brunauwer-Emmett Teller (BET), and Scanning Electron Microscopy with energy dispersive X-Ray microscopy (SEM-EDX) methods. The transesterification process was performed in a three necks round bottom flask batch type reactor. The influence of several parameters includes reaction time (h) and the amount of catalyst (w/w% of SOO) on biodiesel’s yield, were studied. It was found that ZnO/MWCNTs were potentially used as a heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of kesambi oil. The highest biodiesel yield of 41.9% was achieved at 65 °C, 5 h of reaction time, 4% of catalyst amount, and 1:15 of molar ratio SOO to methanol.