bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved MODIS-Aqua Chlorophyll-a Retrievals in the Turbid Semi-Enclosed Ariake Bay, Japan
Authors: Yang Meng Meng , Ishizaka Joji , Goes Joaquim I. , Gomes Helga do R. , Maúre Elígio de Raús , Hayashi Masataka , Katano Toshiya , Fujii Naoki , Saitoh Katsuya , Mine Takayuki , Yamashita Hirokazu , Fujii Naoki , Mizuno Akiko
Published: August 2018

The accurate retrieval of chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) from ocean color satellite data is extremely challenging in turbid, optically complex coastal waters. Ariake Bay in Japan is a turbid semi-enclosed bay of great socio-economic significance, but it suffers from serious water quality problems, particularly due to red tide events. Chl-a derived from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on satellite Aqua in Ariake Bay was investigated, and it was determined that the causes of the errors were from inaccurate atmospheric correction and inappropriate in-water algorithms. To improve the accuracy of MODIS remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) in the blue and green bands, a simple method was adopted using in situ Rrs data. This method assumes that the error in MODIS Rrs(547) is small, and MODIS Rrs(412) can be estimated from MODIS Rrs(547) using a linear relation between in situ Rrs(412) and Rrs(547). We also showed that the standard MODIS Chl-a algorithm, OC3M, underestimated Chl-a, which was mostly due to water column turbidity. A new empirical switching algorithm was generated based on the relationship between in situ Chl-a and the blue-to-green band ratio, max(Rrs(443), Rrs(448)/Rrs(547), which was the same as the OC3M algorithm. The criterion of Rrs(667) of 0.005 sr−1 was used to evaluate the extent of turbidity for the switching algorithm. The results showed that the switching algorithm performed better than OC3M, and the root mean square error (RMSE) of estimated Chl-a decreased from 0.414 to 0.326. The RMSE for MODIS Chl-a using the recalculated Rrs and the switching algorithm was 0.287, which was a significant improvement from the RMSE of 0.610, which was obtained using standard MODIS Chl-a. Finally, the accuracy of our method was tested with an independent dataset collected by the local Fisheries Research Institute, and the results revealed that the switching algorithm with the recalculated Rrs reduced the RMSE of MODIS Chl-a from 0.412 of the standard to 0.335.
Enhanced Interpolated Dynamic DFT Synchrophasor Estimator Considering Second Harmonic Interferences
Authors: Chen Lei , Zhao Wei , Wang Fuping , Wang Qing , Huang Songling
Published: August 2018

In the future, phasor measurement units are expected to be applied in distribution networks (DNs) for their control and monitoring. Because of the widely used power electronic devices in DNs, harmonics are widely present in a voltage/current signal. Particularly, second harmonics have the most significant uncertainty contributions to synchrophasor estimation, which is especially true when a short cycle observation window is used for a fast response. Based on the interpolated dynamic discrete Fourier transform (IpD 2 FT), this paper introduces an enhanced IpD 2 FT (e-IpD 2 FT) synchrophasor estimator that considers second harmonic interferences. First, the adaptive equivalent filters of the IpD 2 FT are given. Based on these, the optimal frequencies where the IpD 2 FT has the least second harmonic interferences are then searched using an enumeration method, and the e-IpD 2 FT synchrophasor estimator is accordingly proposed. Instantaneous frequency responses and several simulation tests show that the e-IpD 2 FT performs much better than the IpD 2 FT in second harmonic suppression, and can meet the P-class response time requirements and most of the M-class accuracy requirements of the IEEE standard C37.118.1 only over a three-cycle window.
Nanobiosensing Platforms for Real-Time and Non-Invasive Monitoring of Stem Cell Pluripotency and Differentiation
Authors: Suhito Intan Rosalina , Angeline Novi , Choo Sung-Sik , Woo Ho Young , Paik Taejong , Lee Taek , Kim Tae-Hyung
Published: August 2018

Breakthroughs in the biomedical and regenerative therapy fields have led to the influential ability of stem cells to differentiate into specific types of cells that enable the replacement of injured tissues/organs in the human body. Non-destructive identification of stem cell differentiation is highly necessary to avoid losses of differentiated cells, because most of the techniques generally used as confirmation tools for the successful differentiation of stem cells can result in valuable cells becoming irrecoverable. Regarding this issue, recent studies reported that both Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical sensing possess excellent characteristics for monitoring the behavior of stem cells, including differentiation. In this review, we focus on numerous studies that have investigated the detection of stem cell pluripotency and differentiation in non-invasive and non-destructive manner, mainly by using the Raman and electrochemical methods. Through this review, we present information that could provide scientific or technical motivation to employ or further develop these two techniques for stem cell research and its application.
Validity, Reliability, and Application of the Session-RPE Method for Quantifying Training Loads during High Intensity Functional Training
Authors: Crawford Derek , Drake Nicholas , Carper Michael , DeBlauw Justin , Heinrich Katie
Published: August 2018

The session rate of perceived exertion method (sRPE) has often been utilized in sports activities in which quantification of external training loads is challenging. The multi-modal, constantly varied nature of high intensity functional training (HIFT) represents a significant hurdle to calculate external work and the sRPE method may provide an elegant solution to this problem. However, no studies have investigated the psychometric properties of sRPE within HIFT interventions. Twenty-five healthy men and women participated in six weeks of HIFT. Rate of perceived exertion and heart rate were assessed within every training session throughout the duration of the intervention. Compared to criterion heart rate-based measures, we observed sRPE method is a valid tool across individual, group, and sex levels. However, poor reliability in participants’ abilities to correctly match rate of perceived exertion with the relative level of physiologic effort (i.e., percentile of maximum heart rate) currently limits the utility of this strategy within HIFT. When applied, the validity and reliability of the sRPE seem to improve over time, and future research should continue to explore the potential of this monitoring strategy within HIFT interventions.
Development Characteristics and Evolution Mechanism of Homestay Agglomeration in Mogan Mountain, China
Authors: Long Fei , Liu Jiaming , Zhang Shuying , Yu Hu , Jiang Hou
Published: August 2018

The homestay business has contributed to the development of the tourism industry, and it has revitalized tourism resources and boosted the tourism economy. This article takes the Mogan Mountain homestay agglomeration of Yangtze River Delta, the most developed and actively invested in business in the industry, as a research site focus to discuss the recent trends in the Chinese homestay business. Standard deviational ellipse analysis, spatial analysis of nearest-neighbor, and density are empirically tested with the data from the inn/homestay channel of Qunar.com, which is a widely acclaimed website with high page views. Based on the above researches, this paper uses the standard deviation ellipse analysis, the nearest neighbor analysis, and the kernel density estimation analysis method to explore the development characteristics of the Mogan Mountain homestay agglomeration. Combined with the Butler tourist destination life cycle model, it can be concluded that the Mogan Mountain homestay agglomeration area experienced a stage of initial development (2007–2011) and rapid development (2012–2015) and now is in a mature development stage (2016 up to now). This study proposes five actors: physical geographical conditions, traffic location conditions, tourism self-organization mechanism, policy influence, and community residents’ willingness to develop and significantly drive the evolution of Mogan Mountain homestay agglomeration. The formation and evolution of the Mogan Mountain homestay agglomeration are the results of the accumulation of resource-driven effect, scale effect, and differentiation effect at different stages. The unique organization and incentive mechanism promote regional sustainable development.
Transferring Sustainability Solutions across Contexts through City–University Partnerships
Authors: Withycombe Keeler Lauren , Beaudoin Fletcher D. , Lerner Amy M. , John Beatrice , Beecroft Richard , Tamm Kaidi , Wiek Arnim , Lang Daniel J.
Published: August 2018

The urgency of climate change and other sustainability challenges makes transferring and scaling solutions between cities a necessity. However, solutions are deeply contextual. To accelerate solution efforts, there is a need to understand how context shapes the development of solutions. Universities are well positioned to work with cities on transferring solutions from and to other cities. This paper analyses five case studies of city–university partnerships in three countries on transferring solutions. Our analysis suggests that understanding the interest, the action on sustainability, and the individual and collective sustainability competences on the part of the city administration and the university can help facilitate the transfer of sustainability solutions across contexts. We conclude that the nature of the city–university partnership is essential to solution transfer and that new and existing networks can be used to accelerate progress on the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Fostering Sustainability Transitions by Designing for the Convergence of Policy Windows and Transition Arenas
Authors: Harlow John , Johnston Erik , Hekler Eric , Yeh Zoë
Published: August 2018

Transition arenas that do not converge with policy windows to achieve structural or institutional change often fail to achieve their stated transformative goals. For their part, policy windows often lead to only incremental change. On their own, transition management and the multiple streams approach seem inadequate to the challenges facing cities. However, in combination, they can be transformative, as exemplified by the Citizens Committee for the Future of Phoenix Transportation. In 2015, this committee in Phoenix, AZ passed a ~USD 31.5 billion 2050 transportation plan funded by a sales tax increase from 0.4 to 0.7%. This plan’s development realized a policy window in a transition arena through an instrumental boundary object workshop with innovative facilitation. This article sets out to explore, based on this in-depth, applied transition arena process, how to combine transition management and the multiple streams approach to increase the transformative potential of transition arenas. The multiple streams approach and transition management have rarely been used simultaneously or had their integration planned. However, this case from Phoenix, AZ illustrates the potential for boundary objects and facilitation processes in designing for the convergence of policy windows and transition arenas.
What Drives Policy Attention to Climate Change in China? An Empirical Analysis through the Lens of People’s Daily
Authors: Fan Shiwei , Xue Lan , Xu Jianhua
Published: August 2018

Addressing climate change requires sustained effort from all levels of society. Garnering and maintaining the attention of policy elites can be optimized through understanding what drives their attention to climate change. This study goes beyond the focus on democratic regimes to unravel the dynamics of attention to climate change in China. To do this, this study analyzed the content of articles published in People’s Daily from 1985 to 2013. Drawing upon the information processing theory of policy dynamics, we used the time-series regression to examine the effects of information flows of different types on attention to climate change. We found that events such as important international conferences on climate change, domestic attention to environmental issues other than climate change, and pressure from abroad have a significant influence on attention to climate change in China. In addition, these factors were found to have different effects over time, which has received little attention to date.
Gender Equality Indicators for Research and Innovation from a Responsible Perspective: The Case of Spain
Authors: Otero-Hermida Paula , García-Melón Mónica
Published: August 2018

This article offers a Spanish national perspective that contributes to European Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) monitoring initiatives. National experts involved in gender and science and technology issues, such as policymakers, gender experts, research institutions, and equality associations, among others, have proposed indicators based on participatory decision-making techniques. The results include a complete set of 52 indicators and a reduced panel of 23 indicators—the highest-ranked ones—to monitor relevant aspects that should be measured in gender dimension from an RRI perspective: differential and asymmetric socialization and education, organizational culture, substantive representation, vertical segregation, work relations, visibility of women researchers, gender perspective in research contents, gender expertise enhancement, and resources. The results offer new indicators that differ from previous indicator panels at the European and Spanish levels in relation to those aspects that should be measured and the typology of indicators preferred. Differences suggest the need for a more nuanced debate on the purpose of indicators, and the need for national contributions to RRI and to the debate on gender perspective in EU policy. Finally, the article suggests some specific traits observed in Spain that might add to the debate on the content of an RRI gender perspective in an already developed gender policy.
Orchard Free Space and Center Line Estimation Using Naive Bayesian Classifier for Unmanned Ground Self-Driving Vehicle
Authors: Lyu Hong-Kun , Park Chi-Ho , Han Dong-Hee , Kwak Seong Woo , Choi Byeongdae
Published: August 2018

In the case of autonomous orchard navigation, researchers have developed algorithms that utilize features, such as trunks, canopies, and sky in orchards, but there are still various difficulties in recognizing free space for autonomous navigation in a changing agricultural environment. In this study, we applied the Naive Bayesian classification to detect the boundary between the trunk and the ground and propose an algorithm to determine the center line of free space. The naïve Bayesian classification requires a small number of samples for training and a simple training process. In addition, it was able to effectively classify tree trunk’s points and noise points of the orchard, which are problematic in vision-based processing, and noise caused by small branches, soil, weeds, and tree shadows on the ground. The performance of the proposed algorithm was investigated using 229 sample images obtained from an image acquisition system with a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Image Sensor (CIS) camera. The center line detected by the unaided-eye manual decision and the results extracted by the proposed algorithm were compared and analyzed for several parameters. In all compared parameters, extracted center line was more stable than the manual center line results.
Symmetry in Regular Polyhedra Seen as 2D Möbius Transformations: Geodesic and Panel Domes Arising from 2D Diagrams
Authors: Diaz-Severiano Jose A. , Gomez-Jauregui Valentin , Manchado Cristina , Otero Cesar
Published: August 2018

This paper shows a methodology for reducing the complex design process of space structures to an adequate selection of points lying on a plane. This procedure can be directly implemented in a bi-dimensional plane when we substitute (i) Euclidean geometry by bi-dimensional projection of the elliptic geometry and (ii) rotations/symmetries on the sphere by Möbius transformations on the plane. These graphs can be obtained by sites, specific points obtained by homological transformations in the inversive plane, following the analogous procedure defined previously in the three-dimensional space. From the sites, it is possible to obtain different partitions of the plane, namely, power diagrams, Voronoi diagrams, or Delaunay triangulations. The first would generate geo-tangent structures on the sphere; the second, panel structures; and the third, lattice structures.
Methylmercury Exposure and Developmental Outcomes in Tohoku Study of Child Development at 18 Months of Age
Authors: Tatsuta Nozomi , Nakai Kunihiko , Sakamoto Mineshi , Murata Katsuyuki , Satoh Hiroshi
Published: August 2018

Seafood is an important component in a healthy diet and may contain methylmercury or other contaminants. It is important to recognize the risks and benefits of consuming seafood. A longitudinal prospective birth cohort study has been conducted to clarify the effects of neurotoxicants on child development—the Tohoku Study of Child Development (TSCD) in Japan. TSCD comprises two cohorts; a polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) cohort (urban area) and a methylmercury cohort (coastal area). Our previous results from the coastal area showed prenatal methylmercury exposure affected psychomotor development in 18-month-olds, and boys appear to be more vulnerable to the exposure than girls. In this report, we have added the urban area cohort and we reanalyzed the impact of prenatal exposure to methylmercury, which gave the same results as before. These findings suggest prenatal exposure to low levels methylmercury may have adverse effects on child development, especially in boys.
SNAPScapes: Using Geodemographic Segmentation to Classify the Food Access Landscape
Authors: Major Elizabeth , Delmelle Elizabeth C. , Delmelle Eric
Published: August 2018

Scholars are in agreement that the local food environment is shaped by a multitude of factors from socioeconomic characteristics to transportation options, as well as the availability and distance to various food establishments. Despite this, most place-based indicators of “food deserts”, including those identified as so by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), only include a limited number of factors in their designation. In this article, we adopt a geodemographic approach to classifying the food access landscape that takes a multivariate approach to describing the food access landscape. Our method combines socioeconomic indicators, distance measurements to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participating stores, and neighborhood walkability using a k-means clustering approach and North Carolina as a case study. We identified seven distinct food access types: three rural and four urban. These classes were subsequently prioritized based on their defining characteristics and specific policy recommendations were identified. Overall, compared to the USDA’s food desert calculation, our approach identified a broader swath of high-needs areas and highlights neighborhoods that may be overlooked for intervention when using simple distance-based methods.
ANALYSIS OF FLEET TYPE IMPACT ON THE THREATS AND ERRORS OF AN AIRLINE USING LINE OPERATIONS SAFETY AUDIT (LOSA)
Authors: Khoshkhoo Roohollah , Jahangirian Alireza , Sharafbafi Farzaneh
Published: August 2018

In this study, three Line Operations Safety Audits (LOSAs) on an airline are carried out, their results are compared with each other, and a comparison is also made between domestic and international fleets. The LOSA is a proactive and predictive method in the Safety Management System that detects the strengths and weaknesses of airline performance under normal operations. Furthermore, it is a tool to improve the safety margin. The LOSA process is implemented on the basis of ten operating characteristics. Once the data for each LOSA was gathered and processed, the results for the three were compared. Surveys show that LOSAs provide a monitoring system for the Threat and Error Management of old generation aircraft. Domestic and international airline fleets confront different types of threats and errors in different flight phases. It is concluded that the syllabuses of training courses should be different for flight crew with respect to their fleet and the threat and error types. That are most common the obtained results can promote the importance of airlines’ Threat and Error Management based on their fleet type in the future.
Does the Black Hole Merger Rate Evolve with Redshift?
Authors: Fishbach Maya , Holz Daniel E. , Farr Will M.
Published: August 2018

We explore the ability of gravitational-wave detectors to extract the redshift distribution of binary black hole (BBH) mergers. The evolution of the merger rate across redshifts 0 < z ≲ 1 is directly tied to the formation and evolutionary processes, providing insight regarding the progenitor formation rate together with the distribution of time delays between formation and merger. Because the limiting distance to which BBHs are detected depends on the masses of the binary, the redshift distribution of detected binaries depends on their underlying mass distribution. We therefore consider the mass and redshift distributions simultaneously, and fit the merger rate density, dN/dm
1
dm
2
dz. Our constraints on the mass distribution agree with previously published results, including evidence for an upper mass cutoff at ∼40 M
⊙. Additionally, we show that the current set of six BBH detections are consistent with a merger rate density that is uniform in comoving volume. Although our constraints on the redshift distribution are not yet tight enough to distinguish between BBH formation channels, we show that it will be possible to distinguish between different astrophysically motivated models of the merger rate evolution with ∼100–300 Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory/Virgo detections (to be expected within 2–5 years). Specifically, we will be able to infer whether the formation rate peaks at higher or lower redshifts than the star formation rate, or the typical time delay between formation and merger. Meanwhile, with ∼100 detections, the inferred redshift distribution will place constraints on more exotic scenarios such as modified gravity.
Extreme Kinematics of the 2017 September 10 Solar Eruption and the Spectral Characteristics of the Associated Energetic Particles
Authors: Gopalswamy N. , Yashiro S. , Mäkelä P. , Xie H. , Akiyama S. , Monstein C.
Published: August 2018

We report on the 2017 September 10 ground-level enhancement (GLE) event associated with a coronal mass ejection whose initial acceleration (∼9.1 km s−2) and initial speed (∼4300 km s−1) were among the highest observed in the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory era. The GLE event was of low intensity (∼4.4% above background) and softer-than-average fluence spectrum. We suggest that poor connectivity (longitudinal and latitudinal) of the source to Earth compounded by the weaker ambient magnetic field contributed to these GLE properties. Events with similar high initial speed either lacked GLE association or had softer fluence spectra. The shock-formation height inferred from the metric type II burst was ∼1.4 Rs, consistent with other GLE events. The shock height at solar particle release (SPR) was ∼4.4 ± 0.38 Rs, consistent with the parabolic relationship between the shock height at SPR and source longitude. At SPR, the eastern flank of the shock was observed in EUV projected on the disk near the longitudes magnetically connected to Earth: W60 to W45.
Discovery of Two New Globular Clusters in the Milky Way
Authors: Ryu Jinhyuk , Lee Myung Gyoon
Published: August 2018

The spatial distribution of known globular clusters (GCs) in the Milky Way shows that the current census of GCs is incomplete in the direction of the Galactic plane. We present the discovery of two new GCs located close to the Galactic plane in the sky. These two GCs, RLGC 1 and RLGC 2, were discovered serendipitously during our new cluster survey based on near-infrared and mid-infrared survey data. The two GCs show a grouping of resolved stars in their K-band images and the presence of faint diffuse light in their outer regions in the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer W1-band images. They also show prominent red giant branches (RGBs) in their K versus (J − K) color–magnitude diagrams (CMDs). We determine structural parameters of the two GCs using King profile-fitting on their K-band radial number density profiles. The determined values are consistent with those of known GCs. Finally, we determine the distances, metallicities, and reddenings of the two GCs using the isochrone fitting on their CMDs. For the fitting, we assume that the ages of the two GCs are 12.6 Gyr and the brightest RGB stars of each cluster correspond to the tip of the RGB. Distances and metallicities of the two GCs are estimated to be d = 28.8 ± 4.3 kpc and [Fe/H] = −2.2 ± 0.2 for RLGC 1 and d = 15.8 ± 2.4 kpc and [Fe/H] = −2.1 ± 0.3 for RLGC 2. These results show that the two GCs are located at the far-half region of the Milky Way and they may belong to the halo of the Milky Way.
Using SEAM at the College of St. Scholastica School of Business and Technology
Authors: Conbere John , Hamre Lynne , Heorhiadi Alla
Published: August 2018

L’École de commerce et de technologie du Collège St. Scholastica de Duluth, au Minnesota, a entamé une intervention socio-économique en novembre 2015. Le processus d’intervention est présenté, en incluant des détails sur les dysfonctionnements et les coûts cachés. Les résultats qualitatifs, quantitatifs et financiers de l’intervention sont présentés, en particulier l’augmentation de la satisfaction des enseignants et une réduction de 44% du montant total des coûts cachés sur une période de 16 mois.
Une analyse de l’activité du dirigeant de PME par le modèle demandes-contraintes-choix
Authors: Audrin Bertrand , Davoine Eric
Published: August 2018

Cet article analyse l’activité quotidienne de dirigeants de Petites et Moyennes Entreprises (PME) à partir de 38 entretiens avec des dirigeants de PME suisses. Nous utilisons le modèle Demandes-Contraintes-Choix de Rosemary Stewart pour montrer comment ils perçoivent leur rôle managérial. Nous mettons en évidence des demandes perçues plus ou moins formalisées, émanant de différentes parties prenantes de l’entreprise. Les dirigeants perçoivent également des contraintes fortes, notamment en matière de ressources et de disponibilité de temps, lesquelles sont liées à leur position particulière dans l’entreprise. Ils gèrent ces contraintes par des actions sur les structures formelles et informelles de l’organisation.
La diversité à l’épreuve de la mobilité interne : l’altérité en question
Authors: Janand Anne , Maizeray Lidwine , Voynnet-Fourboul Catherine
Published: August 2018

Si certaines dimensions de la diversité sont abordées au moment de la gestion de carrière, peu de chercheurs ont exploré la mise en œuvre de la diversité dans la gestion des mobilités internes. Cet article vise donc à explorer l’articulation théorique possible entre diversité et mobilité interne afin d’en comprendre les spécificités au travers de 4 grandes entreprises, et plus précisément en ce qui concerne les collaborateurs cadres. L’objet principal découlant de ce questionnement est de pouvoir démontrer en quoi il est important pour les dirigeants de s’intéresser à la diversité lors de tous les processus et pas seulement au moment du recrutement.
L’apport des données médiévales à l’analyse du système d’alliance européen
Authors: Guerreau-Jalabert Anita
Published: August 2018

Dans l’Occident médiéval, le système d’alliance se caractérise par des prohibitions matrimoniales étendues dans la consanguinité et l’affinité directe ; en revanche, on constate l’absence de prohibitions dans l’affinité élargie, qui limiteraient les renchaînements d’alliance. Ce dispositif se distingue clairement de celui qui prévaut à Byzance. Au-delà des variations dans les modes de comput, et dans l’énoncé des limites posées aux unions dans la consanguinité et l’affinité directe, le 4e degré canonique (soit le 8e degré romain) constitue la borne à peu près constante de la définition de l’inceste à partir du viiie siècle. Les données disponibles montrent des mariages dans la consanguinité qui respectent tendanciellement les interdits canoniques et, ce que les médiévistes n’avaient guère relevé, une pratique non négligeable des renchaînements d’alliance. Il est malheureusement impossible d’évaluer la part de ces types d’unions dans les échanges matrimoniaux globaux. Ces observations rejoignent néanmoins celles de G. Delille et d’E. Haddad ; elles confirment aussi que seule une approche globale et structurale, tenant compte à la fois des représentations (notamment la théorie augustinienne de la caritas) et des pratiques, peut éclairer des logiques sociales qui nous sont devenues étrangères.
Geometry of Infinitely Presented Small Cancellation Groups and Quasi-homomorphisms
Authors: Arzhantseva Goulnara , Druţu Cornelia
Published: August 2018

We study the geometry of infinitely presented groups satisfying the small cancellation condition$C^{\prime }(1/8)$, and introduce a standard decomposition (called thecriss-cross decomposition) for the elements of such groups. Our method yields a direct construction of a linearly independent set of power continuum in the kernel of the comparison map between the bounded and the usual group cohomology in degree 2, without the use of free subgroups and extensions.
Nonexistence of Idempotent Means on Free Binary Systems
Authors: Tatch Moore Justin
Published: August 2018

Free binary systems are shown not to admit idempotent means. This refutes a conjecture of the author. It is also shown that the extension of Hindman’s theorem to nonassociative binary systems formulated and conjectured by the author is false.
Monitoring and Predicting Net Longevity by Measuring Surface Levels of Insecticide: Implementing a Faster, Cost Effective, Nondestructive, and Field-Ready Alternative to the World Health Organization Cone Test Bioassay
Authors: Calle David A. , Rúa-Uribe Guillermo L. , Osorio Lisardo , Piñeros-Jiménez Juan Gabriel , Swamidoss Isabel , Vizcaino Lucrecia , Beach Raymond , Green Michael D.
Published: August 2018

An important component of malaria control programs is the ability to assess the effectiveness of the insecticide in insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) during normal usage. The standard technique to measure insecticidal activity is the World Health Organization (WHO) cone test, which in many circumstances, may be difficult to implement. We have evaluated an alternative technique, the colorimetric field test (CFT) on a group of 24-month-old Permanet® 2.0 (Vestergaard-Frandsen, Denmark) nets collected in Colombia. The CFT, which measures surface levels (SL) of deltamethrin is compared with standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the WHO cone test. Effective concentrations of deltamethrin for 80% mortality (EC80) were determined from the CFT and HPLC results. Distribution of insecticide SL after 24 months of use reveal that sampling of the midsection best represents the condition of the entire net. We conclude that the CFT is a practical alternative to the WHO cone test for assessing ITN efficacy.
Ultrasound Evolution of Pediatric Urinary Schistosomiasis after Treatment with Praziquantel in a Highly Endemic Area
Authors: Bocanegra Cristina , Pintar Zeferino , Mendioroz Jacobo , Serres Xavier , Gallego Sara , Nindia Arlette , Aznar Maria Luisa , Soriano-Arandes Antoni , Salvador Fernando , Gil Eva , Sikaleta Nicolau , Moreno Milagros , Molina Israel
Published: August 2018

Urinary schistosomiasis causes damage to the urological system. Ultrasound is a method that detects the burden of secondary disease, individually and in epidemiological studies. In this study, the Schistosoma haematobium–associated urinary tract pathology is analyzed before and after treatment in a short period of time. Seventy children who had previously participated in an epidemiological study on schistosomiasis in the city of Cubal, Angola, and had also performed urinary ultrasound between August 2013 and February 2014 were cited 6–8 months later to assess the possible reinfection and repeat new urinary ultrasound, analyzing changes at the level of urinary pathology. The presence of hematuria and proteinuria was also analyzed. Of the 70 children analyzed, 29 (41.4%) were girls, with an average age of 10.4 years (standard deviation 2.3). Fifty-three (75.7%) had an improvement in their bladder and/or kidney scores, whereas 12 (17.1%) had no change and five (7.1%) had progression of the disease. None of the parameters analyzed completely disappeared. After one single course of treatment with praziquantel, all the analyzed parameters showed regression. Improvement was greater in the urinary bladder than in the upper urinary tract, though these lesions also reversed; the reversion of all parameters was greater among children older than 10 years old than the younger ones. Proteinuria was the parameter with a smaller reduction. Ultrasound should be a usual tool for diagnosis and follow-up in urinary schistosomiasis, particularly in children; more accurate recommendations about follow-up in the case of children whose lesions do not reverse should be established.
The effect of two additional dry-land active warm-up protocols on the 50-m front-crawl swimming performance
Authors: Dalamitros Athanasios A. , Vagios Athanasios , Toubekis Argyris G. , Tsalis Georgios , Clemente-Suarez Vicente J. , Manou Vasiliki
Published: August 2018

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of 2 different dry-land active warm-up protocols on 50-m front-crawl swimming performance, biomechanical variables (stroke rate, stroke length, and stroke index), rate of perceived exertion, and exercise heart rate in swimmers of both genders.

Methods

The total of 10 male and 9 female national-level swimmers completed a standardized 1000-m in-water warm-up protocol followed by a 30-min transition phase and a 50-m front-crawl time-trial. During this 30-min period, each swimmer executed, on different occasions, a protocol consisting of either a dynamic stretching routine (stretch) or a power exercise circuit (power) of equal duration (~ 5 min) in a randomized sequence. A control condition (control) including a passive recovery strategy after the in-water warm-up protocol was also analyzed.

Results

An improvement in 50-m time-trial performance was demonstrated in male swimmers after executing the power protocol (p = 0.034), while in female swimmers a trend towards faster performance times was revealed after the stretch protocol (p = 0.064). Stroke index was improved after the stretch routine only in female swimmers (p = 0.010). Stroke rate, stroke length, rate of perceived exertion, and exercise heart rate showed no differences among all the 3 conditions in either gender (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Male and female swimmers respond differently to a power or a dynamic stretching protocol. In addition, the variation in responses to different warm-up conditions highlights the importance of individualizing the dry-land warm-up procedure to promote maximum performance during 50-m front-crawl swimming events.
Ambient measurement of shipping emissions in Shanghai port areas
Authors: Wang Xinning , Shen Yin , Lin Yanfen , Pan Jun , Zhang Yan , Louie Peter K. K. , Li Mei , Fu Qingyan
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Growing shipping activities in port areas have generated negative impacts on climate, air quality and human health. To better evaluate the environmental impact of shipping emissions, ambient air quality measurement was carried out at Shanghai port in the summer of 2016. Large throughput capacity and busy shipping traffics of Shanghai port make it an ideal place to characterize shipping emissions. Gaseous (NO, NO2, SO2, O3) and particulate concentrations (PM2.5), particle sizes and chemical composition of individual shipping emission particles were continuously monitored for 3 months. High temporal resolution data show that shipping emissions is a major culprit of local air pollution problems. Distinct shipping emission plumes were observed using online measurement in port area. The SO2 and Vanadium particles numbers were found to correlate best with shipping emissions in Shanghai port. Single particle mass spectra of fresh shipping emission were identified based on the dominant peaks of Sulfate, EC and indicative metals of V, Ni, Fe and Ca, and nitrate peaks in aged particles. Fresh shipping emission particles mainly concentrated in ultra-fine size range where their number contributions are more apparent than their mass. For the coastal port it is found appropriate to separate shipping emissions from land-based emissions by prevalent wind directions. Advanced measurement conducted in the present study show that in port region shipping emissions contributed 36.4 % SO2, 0.7 % NO, 5.1 % NO2, −0.9 % O3, 5.9 % PM2.5, 49.5 % Vanadium particles if land-based emissions were included, and 57.2 % SO2, 71.9 % NO, 30.4 % NO2, −16.6 % O3, 27.6 % PM2.5, 77.0 % Vanadium particles if land-based emissions were excluded.
Speciated and total emission factors of particulate organics from
burning western U.S. wildland fuels and their dependence on
combustion efficiency
Authors: Jen Coty N. , Hatch Lindsay E. , Selimovic Vanessa , Yokelson Robert J. , Weber Robert , Fernandez Arantza E. , Kreisberg Nathan M. , Barsanti Kelley C. , Goldstein Allen H.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Western U.S. wildlands experience frequent and large-scale wildfires which are predicted to increase in the future. As a result, wildfire smoke emissions are expected to play an increasing role in atmospheric chemistry while negatively impacting regional air quality and human health. Understanding the impacts of smoke on the environment is informed by identifying and quantifying the chemical compounds that are emitted during wildfires and by providing empirical relationships that describe how the amount and composition of the emissions change based upon different fire conditions and fuels. This study examined particulate organic compounds emitted from burning common western U.S. wildland fuels at the U.S. Forest Service Fire Science Laboratory. Thousands of intermediate and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) were separated and quantified into fire-integrated emission factors (EFs) using thermal desorption, two-dimensional gas chromatograph with online derivatization coupled to an electron ionization/vacuum ultra-violet high-resolution time of flight mass spectrometer (TD-GC×GC-EI/VUV-HRToFMS). Mass spectra, EFs as a function of modified combustion efficiency (MCE), fuel source, and other defining characteristics for the separated compounds are provided in the accompanying mass spectral library. Results show that EFs for total organic carbon (OC), chemical families of I/SVOCs, and most individual I/SVOCs span 2–5 orders of magnitude, with higher EFs at smoldering conditions (low MCE) than flaming. Logarithmic fits applied to the observations showed that log(EF) for particulate organic compounds were inversely proportional to MCE. These measurements and relationships provide useful estimates of EFs for OC, elemental carbon (EC), organic chemical families, and individual I/SVOCs as a function of fire conditions.
Editorial: Energy, Resources and the Environment – Interdisciplinary answers to approach the sustainable energy and resources conundrum
Authors: Martens Sonja , Juhlin Christopher , Bruckman Viktor J. , Mitchell Kristen , Griffiths Luke , Kühn Michael
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Every year, the European Geosciences Union (EGU) brings
together experts from all over the world at its General Assembly, covering
all disciplines of the Earth, planetary and space sciences. The EGU Division
on Energy, Resources and the Environment (ERE) is concerned with one of the
humankind's most challenging goals – providing affordable, reliable and
sustainable energy and other georesources. A collection of contributions
from the ERE Division at the EGU General Assembly 2018 is assembled within
the present special issue in Advances in Geosciences.
Correcting atmospheric CO2 and CH4 mole fractions obtained with Picarro analyzers for sensitivity of cavity pressure to water vapor
Authors: Reum Friedemann , Gerbig Christoph , Lavric Jost V. , Rella Chris W. , Göckede Mathias
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Measurements of dry air mole fractions of atmospheric greenhouse gases are used in inverse models of atmospheric tracer transport to quantify their sources and sinks. The measurements have to be calibrated to a common scale to avoid bias in the inferred fluxes. For this purpose, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has set requirements for the inter-laboratory compatibility of atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) measurements. A widely used series of devices for these measurements are the GHG analyzers manufactured by Picarro, Inc. These are often operated in humid air, and the effects of water vapor are corrected for in post-processing. Here, we report on rarely detected and previously unexplained biases of the water correction method for CO2 and CH4 in the literature. They are largest at water vapor mole fractions below 0.5 % H2O, which were undersampled in previous studies, and can therefore affect measurements obtained in humid air and in air dried with a Nafion membrane. The biases, which can amount to considerable fractions of the WMO goals, are caused by a sensitivity of the pressure in the measurement cavity to water vapor. We correct these biases by modifying the water correction method from the literature. Our method relies on experiments that maintain stable water vapor levels to allow equilibration of cavity pressure. The commonly used droplet method does not fulfill this requirement. Correcting CO2 measurements proved challenging, presumably because of our humidification method. Open questions pertain to differences between analyzers and variability over time. Correcting the cavity pressure-related biases helps keeping the overall accuracy of measurements of dry air mole fractions of CO2 and CH4 obtained with Picarro GHG analyzers in humid and Nafion-dried air within the WMO goals.
Carbon and nitrogen turnover in the Arctic deep sea: in situ benthic community response to diatom and coccolithophorid phytodetritus
Authors: Braeckman Ulrike , Janssen Felix , Lavik Gaute , Elvert Marcus , Marchant Hannah , Buckner Caroline , Bienhold Christina , Wenzhöfer Frank
Published: August 2018

Abstract. In the Arctic Ocean, increased sea surface temperature and sea ice retreat have triggered shifts in phytoplankton communities. In Fram Strait, coccolithophorids have been occasionally observed to replace diatoms as the dominating taxon of spring blooms. Deep-sea benthic communities depend strongly on such blooms but with a change in quality and quantity of primarily produced organic matter [OM] input, this may likely have implications for deep-sea life. We compared the in situ responses of Arctic deep-sea benthos to input of phytodetritus from a diatom (Thalassiosira sp.) and a coccolithophorid (Emiliania huxleyi) species. We traced the fate of 13C and 15N labelled phytodetritus into respiration, assimilation by bacteria and infauna in a 4 d and 14 d experiment. Bacteria were key assimilators in the Thalassiosira OM degradation whereas Foraminifera and other infauna were at least as important as bacteria in the Emiliania OM assimilation. After 14 d, 5 times less carbon and 3.8 times less nitrogen of the Emiliania detritus was recycled compared to Thalassiosira detritus. This implies that the utilization of Emiliania OM may be less efficient than for Thalassiosira OM. Our results indicate that a shift from diatom-dominated input to a coccolithophorid-dominated pulse could entail a delay in OM cycling, which may affect bentho-pelagic coupling.
Main drivers of transparent exopolymer particle distribution across the surface Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Zamanillo Marina , Ortega-Retuerta Eva , Nunes Sdena , Rodríguez-Ros Pablo , Estrada Marta , Sala María Montserrat , Simó Rafel
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) are a class of gel particles produced mainly by microorganisms. TEP play an important role in the ocean carbon cycle, affect sea–air gas exchange and contribute to organic aerosols. The first step to evaluate the TEP influence in these processes is the prediction of TEP occurrence in the ocean. Yet, little is known about the physical and biological variables that control their abundance, particularly in the open ocean. Here we describe horizontal TEP distribution in the surface waters along a North–South transect in the Atlantic Ocean during October–November 2014. Physical and biological variables were run in parallel. Two main regions were separated due to remarkable differences; the open Atlantic Ocean (OAO, n = 30), and the Southwestern Atlantic Shelf (SWAS, n = 10). TEP concentration in the entire transect ranged from 18.3 to 446.8 µg XG eq L−1 and averaged 117.1 ± 119.8 µg XG eq L−1, with the maximum concentrations in the edge of the Canary Coastal Upwelling (CU, n = 1) and the SWAS, but with the highest TEP to chlorophyll a (TEP : Chl a) ratios at the OAO (CU excluded, average 183 ± 56) and CU (1760.4). TEP were significantly and positively related to Chl a and phytoplankton biomass, expressed in terms of C, along the entire transect. In the OAO, TEP were positively related to some phytoplankton groups, mainly to Synechococcus, and negatively related to the previous 24–hours averaged solar radiation, suggesting the predominance of TEP breaking above the induction of TEP production by UV radiation. Multiple regression analyses showed the combined positive effect of phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryotes (HP) on TEP distribution in this region. In the SWAS, TEP were positively related to high nucleic acid prokaryotic cells (HNA) and total phytoplankton biomass, but not with any particular phytoplankton group. TEP constituted an important portion of the particulate organic carbon (POC) pool in the entire transect (28.1–109.8 %), and was generally higher than the phytoplankton and HP fraction, highlighting the importance of TEP in the cycle of organic matter in the ocean.
High-frequency variability of CO2 in Grand Passage, Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia
Authors: Horwitz Rachel M. , Hay Alex E. , Burt William , Cheel Richard , Salisbury Joseph , Thomas Helmuth
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Assessing changes in the marine carbon cycle arising from anthropogenic CO2 emissions requires a detailed understanding of the carbonate system's natural variability. Coastal ecosystems vary over short spatial and temporal scales, so their dynamics are not well-described by long-term and broad regional averages. A year-long time series of pCO2, temperature, salinity, and currents is used to quantify the high-frequency variability of the carbonate system at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia. The seasonal cycle of pCO2 is modulated by a diel cycle that is larger in summer than in winter, and a tidal contribution that is primarily M2, with amplitude roughly half that of the diel cycle throughout the year. The interaction between tidal currents and carbonate system variables leads to lateral transport by tidal pumping, which moves alkalinity and DIC out of the bay, opposite to the mean flow in the region, and constitutes a new feature of how this strongly tidal region connects to the larger Gulf of Maine and Northwest Atlantic carbon system. These results suggest that tidal pumping could substantially modulate the coastal ocean's response to global ocean acidification in any region with large tides and spatial variation in biological activity, requiring that high-frequency variability be accounted for in assessments of carbon budgets of coastal regions.