bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DBT Skills in Schools
Authors: Mazza James J. , Dexter-Mazza Elizabeth T.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes a novel approach to expanding DBT Skills delivery from clinical to school-based settings as a universal preventive intervention among adolescents (DBT STEPS-A). This chapter highlights the adaptation, implementation strategies, and generalization of DBT skills derived from the evidence-based treatments of comprehensive DBT and adolescent DBT skills as a preventive approach to helping adolescents develop a set of emotion regulation, decision-making, and coping strategies for current and future use. It discusses the rationale for creating DBT STEPS-A, curriculum integration issues, implementation strategies, and advantageous lesson structure that aligns with adolescent development. Finally, it examines the preliminary findings from schools that have implemented DBT STEPS-A, and implications of these findings along with future development and guidelines about DBT STEPS-A use in nonclinical settings. Furthermore, it explores the potential to provide adolescents with an upstream approach to reduce emotionally dysregulated behaviour, especially non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal thoughts and behaviours (STB).
Improving Accessibility to Dialectical Behaviour Therapy for Individuals with Cognitive Challenges
Authors: Brown Julie F.
Published: November 2017

Many individuals with developmental and intellectual disabilities (ID) who are dually-diagnosed with mental health problems experience emotional, cognitive, and behavioural regulation difficulties. The comprehensive, multi-modal approach offered by Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) addresses the complex intra- and inter-personal challenges that create and maintain patterns of dysregulation and challenging behaviours. This chapter presents information to help DBT therapists understand factors relevant to applying DBT with individuals with dual-diagnosis and emotion regulation skills deficits. Although standard aspects of DBT are critical, adjustments to improve access for individuals with ID are necessary. Therapists treating this population must be competent in standard DBT and in managing factors associated with cognitive load to modify interventions in ways that remain fundamentally DBT. This chapter addresses accommodations that alter delivery mechanisms, not changing core processes, and introduces the Skills System, an adapted curriculum with which the DBT therapist can help individuals with ID improve intrinsic emotion regulation capacities.
Invalidating Environments and the Development of Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Grove Jeremy L. , Crowell Sheila E.
Published: November 2017

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a treatable and perhaps preventable condition, particularly if evidence-based interventions, such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) are implemented earlier in the course of the BPD trajectory. The biosocial theory, which is the etiological premise of DBT, proposes that BPD emerges as a result of high-risk transactions between inherited vulnerabilities (e.g., trait impulsivity) and environmental risk factors. Converging evidence indicates that invalidating and coercive processes, especially within family contexts, confer risk for adult psychopathology. This chapter discusses the invalidating family context as a risk factor for BPD from the framework of the biosocial theory. More specifically, after providing a brief review of the biosocial theory, it reviews emerging empirical work on contributing factors to the emergence of invalidating contexts. It then discusses specific DBT intervention strategies that may be effective at reducing risk for invalidation, and by extension, borderline personality development, among at-risk youth.
Populism and Gender
Authors: Abi-Hassan Sahar
Published: November 2017

Despite the breadth and depth of inquiries into populism, its relationship with gender issues remains a widely understudied topic. On one hand, focus has been almost entirely on male leadership, despite the presence of a significant number of female populist leaders. On the other hand, procedural definitions of populism ignore the substantive and symbolic elements that emerge from a populist gendered discourse. Through a generalized discussion and references to specific examples in Europe and Latin America, this chapter explores three major topics at the intersection of populism and gender: populist supporters, populist gendered representation, and the subordination of personal (gender) identity in populist discourse. Consistent with previous studies, it illustrates the difficulty in finding common patterns in the populist treatment of gender issues, and where they emerge it is an instance of trends in gendered discourse, not populist discourse.
Populism and Social Movements
Authors: Aslanidis Paris
Published: November 2017

Populism is usually treated as an exclusively top-down affair where political party leaders mobilize diverse constituencies to reap electoral benefits. This perspective discounts a rich universe of bottom-up populist mobilization that remains exogenous to strict electoral contestation, thus unreasonably constraining the empirical study of the phenomenon. This chapter draws from social movement studies and social psychology to examine populist social movements under a comprehensive theoretical framework, aiming to bring together theorists of populism with scholars of social mobilization and encourage their mutually beneficial interaction. It argues that populism—as a compelling political dialect—has traditionally informed and continues to inform significant waves of grassroots contention around the world, triggering seemingly extraordinary developments at the party system level while also potentially determining processes of democratization. The chapter concludes by predicting an increasing relevance for grassroots populism, urging scholars to widen their scope of study by embracing it alongside its top-down variant.
Populism and the History of Popular Sovereignty
Authors: Kelly Duncan
Published: November 2017

Political theory tends to react to upsurges in populist politics in the real world, explaining them in turn as largely reactions to contemporary political crises, and in terms of regional styles, American or European most commonly. But for students of political theory, populism in theory and in practice has only been contingently, rather than structurally, related to the history of democratic politics and the growth of popular sovereignty. This chapter argues by contrast that populism is part of the mainstream structural history of popular sovereignty, and moreover, that such a history connects European and American democratic politics from the period of the 1848 revolutions through to the present. Taking populist politics as one component part of this transnational history, it also claims that the derivative reliance upon different national styles of populism misses something deeper about the relationship between populism and modern political theory.
Populism and Constitutionalism
Authors: Mueller Jan-Werner
Published: November 2017

Many scholars hold that populism and constitutionalism cannot go together: populists, it is claimed, are against institutions in general, and against checks and balances as provided for in constitutions in particular. Instead, so the conventional wisdom goes, they assert an unrestrained popular will, or an unmediated relationship between a charismatic leader and the people. This chapter disputes this picture, building on a definition of populism whereby populists are not just anti-elitists, but also necessarily anti-pluralists, in order to argue that populists can coherently write constitutions to fix a supposed foundational popular will. In that sense, populists do not have to be uncomfortable with a usage of constitutions as a set of constraints; but they are opposed to constitutions as pluralism-enabling and pluralism-preserving devices (and, more particularly, as offering democracy-constitutive rights which could be used to change the populists’ preferred constitutional identity).
Populism in India
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe , Tillin Louise
Published: November 2017

India has been the crucible of several types of populism over time. In the 1960s, it saw the rise of peasant populism, an ideology that erased class differentiation to promote a rural people vs. urbanites divide. In the 1970s, Mrs Gandhi hijacked socialism by claiming “Indira is India.” Since the 1980s, the surge of Hindu nationalism mobilized the majority community against Muslims and Christians. Besides these national trends, at the state level, populist leaders have also emerged popularizing regional identities against alien or corrupt national elites. Overall, the chapter views populism in India as primarily a relational and often highly personalized style of leadership that frequently circumvents institutions to privilege a direct connection between a leader and the people, variously defined.
Kierkegaard on Love
Authors: Lippitt John
Published: November 2017

This chapter offers an overview of some key themes in Kierkegaard’s writings on love. After a brief discussion of love in Either/Or and Fear and Trembling, it concentrates on Works of Love. It explores the centrality of divine love and the distinction between love of the neighbor and “preferential loves” such as erotic love and friendship, arguing that for Kierkegaard preferential loves at their best are infused with neighbor-love. It goes on to argue that Kierkegaard’s “vision” view of love anticipates aspects of contemporary such views, such as that of Troy Jollimore. But for Kierkegaard, agapic neighbor-love (and not just erotic love and friendship) requires attention to the particularities of the person loved, so neighbor-love is not just generalized benevolence. Finally, the chapter briefly sketches how the foregoing insights may be applied to the task of distinguishing proper from improper self-love.
Hope and Athletic Performance
Authors: Gustafsson Henrik , Podlog Leslie , Davis Paul
Published: November 2017

A substantial body of empirical work has demonstrated links between hope and positive psychosocial functioning within the general field of psychology. Surprisingly little attention has been paid to the importance of hope within the athletic domain. The minimal research that does exist suggests that hope is associated with enhanced athlete well-being and performance. The reasons for such associations, however, remain uncertain. Potential mechanisms underlining the hope–performance relationship may include more efficacious goal-setting practices, increased effort, diminished anxiety, and enhanced pain tolerance. Further research is needed to elucidate potential mediators of the hope–performance relationship, the antecedents of hope, the implications of hope for individual and team performance, and the value of hope interventions in augmenting athlete well-being, coping, and athletic performance.
Hope and Meaning-in-Life
Authors: Feldman David , Balaraman Meenakshi , Anderson Craig
Published: November 2017

Freidrich Nietzsche famously said, “He who has a why to live for can bear almost any how,” a quote that pioneering existential psychiatrist Viktor Frankl cited often. This chapter argues that it is through the whys in people’s lives—their goals—that they establish a sense of meaning. The chapter makes both an empirical and a theoretical case that, linked by an emphasis on goals, hope and meaning in life are closely connected. It begins by defining the meaning-in-life construct, continues with a discussion of the empirical relationships between hope and meaning, and concludes with a theoretical exploration of hope in the context of existential philosophical systems.
How Hope Influences Goal-Directed Behavior
Authors: Oettingen Gabriele , Chromik Malin Patricia
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores how hope affects goal-directed behavior. In contrast to expectancy-based hope theories, hope is defined as positive fantasies about the future despite having low expectations of reaching the desired future. Depending on whether people indulge in these positive fantasies or mentally contrast them with the present reality, and depending on the situational contexts, such positive fantasies can serve different functions. In situations in which action alternatives are possible, positive fantasies complemented with obstacles of the present reality allow people to selectively pursue desired futures. People invest their limited resources in feasible futures. However, in situations in which action alternatives are not possible and people can neither reach their desired future nor disengage from it, indulging in positive fantasies without contrasting them with the reality can help people to endure the difficult situations. The chapter also considers affective aspects of hope and discusses directions for future research.
Polysynthesis in the Arctic/Sub-Arctic
Authors: Fortescue Michael
Published: November 2017

The North American and north-eastern Siberian Arctic and Sub-Arctic contain a large contiguous area of highly polysynthetic languages belonging to three language families, Eskimo-Aleut, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, and Na-Dene. These contain some of the most extreme and yet diverse polysynthetic languages in the world; between them they cover three of the main sub-types of polysynthesis, respectively the suffixing-only, the noun-incorporating, and the templatic type. There has been contact influence between all three (especially between Eskimo and Chukotian), but they do not form a canonical language area as regards the diffusion of polysynthesis. The polysynthetic profile of the principal languages concerned is sketched, as well as those of somewhat less highly polysynthetic Aleut, Itelmen, and Tlingit.
Patterns of Innovation and Retention in Templatic Polysynthesis
Authors: Vajda Edward J.
Published: November 2017

Polysynthetic verb morphology can be extraordinarily complex, with interacting subsystems arranged in phonological and morphological layers, some of which are more readily transparent on the synchronic level. Historical-linguistic comparisons demonstrate that this type of structure can be surprisingly persistent across time, with slow phonological attrition being one of the primary causal agents. Metathesis and reanalysis of morphemes and morpheme positions was also noted as an important agent of change. This chapter examines what is known about the historical layering of two distinct, but possibly genealogically related prefixing verb morphologies: Yeniseian and Athabaskan, both of which have developed different strategies of expressing agreement with subjects and objects, layering these grammatical markers between lexical morphemes and markers of tense–mood–aspect. Phonological fusing of certain sets of adjacent markers renders the pre-root portions of both morphological templates particularly challenging for assigning morpheme glosses. Historical reasons for this evolution are identified and assessed.
Is Polysynthesis a Valid Theoretical Notion?
Authors: Givón Tom
Published: November 2017

While Ute (Numic, Uto-Aztecan) currently has “free” word-order, most of its morphology conforms to a historical OV syntax, with postpositions pronouns, pre-nominal genitive modifiers, and predominantly suffixal verbal morphology,with most exceptions to the latter easily attributed to pre-verbal incorporation of object, instrument, adjective, or adverb stems. Ute also displays an extensive array of complex verbal stems, most commonly two-verb combinations. Of the two combined verbal stems, the second usually loses its original valence, exhibits semantic bleaching, and otherwise bears the traditional marks of grammaticalization. While the process of complex-verb creation is extensive, long-standing, and still ongoing, its diachrony is far from clear. This chapter describes Ute complex verbs, then reviews the potential candidates for the diachronic source-constructions that gave rise to these complex lexemes. While an unambiguous identification of “the” source-construction is not yet possible, the phenomenon as a whole represents a clear trend from syntax to lexis.
Polysynthesis in the Acquisition of Inuit Languages
Authors: Allen Shanley
Published: November 2017

In this chapter, I begin by briefly outlining the structure of Inuit (Eskimo) languages and the challenges they present for child language development. In the bulk of the chapter, I review the existing literature on the first language, impaired, and bilingual acquisition of Inuit languages (i.e. Inuktitut and West Greenlandic) from ages 1 through 16 years. Structures covered include nursery vocabulary, word-internal derivational morphology, verbal and nominal inflectional morphology, other complex morphology, noun incorporation, passive, causative, valency alternations, argument realization, and tense and aspect. I also briefly cover aspects of language socialization, narrative acquisition, and the effects on Inuit language acquisition of increasing use of majority languages. I conclude with a summary of our knowledge so far and directions for further research.
The Northern Hokan Area
Authors: Jany Carmen
Published: November 2017

A number of languages indigenous to Northern California display structural similarities which raise interesting questions about possible contact effects on features of polysynthesis. In particular, the coding of grammatical relations and patterns of verbal compounding and lexical affixation reveal an undeniable areal distribution. The presence of these same features also defines the languages examined in this chapter (Chimariko, Shastan, Karuk, Yana, Atsugewi, Achumawi, and Pomoan) as polysynthetic. While other chapters in this volume are based on a single language family, the present chapter covers a hypothetical genetic grouping of languages spoken in a geographically contiguous area where structural similarities stem from language contact rather than from genetic affiliation.
The Languages of the Daly River Region (Northern Australia)
Authors: Nordlinger Rachel
Published: November 2017

This chapter surveys the polysynthetic characteristics of the languages of the Daly River region of Australia’s Northern Territory. Although they are not all closely related, these languages share many typological features typical of polysynthesis, including the encoding of core arguments in the verbal word; noun incorporation; applicatives; and complex templatic verbal morphology. In addition the Daly languages exhibit complex verbal predicates composed of two discontinuous stems, one functioning broadly to classify the event type and the other providing more specific lexical semantics. These properties are surveyed across a range of Daly languages, considering both their similarities and their differences, and the implications they have for a cross-linguistic typology of polysynthesis.
The Polysynthetic Profile of Yimas, a Language of New Guinea
Authors: Foley William
Published: November 2017

Yimas is a language of the Lower Sepik family of six languages spoken along the lower reaches of the Sepik River in the northern lowlands of Papua New Guinea. All six languages are quite morphologically complex head-marking languages, but Yimas is the most complex and cross-linguistically a good candidate for categorizing as a ‘polysynthetic language’. It has eight prefix positions preceding the verb stem and five following it, and is a ‘triple agreement language’, that is, it exhibits pronominal agreement affixes for all core arguments of a ditransitive verb. Yimas also makes heavy use of incorporation: a wide array of adjuncts are incorporated into the verb, and in most cases,non-incorporated alternatives are not available. However, Yimas differs from what has been claimed to be typical of polysynthetic languages in its heavy usage of subordination and nonfinite nominalization. This chapter addresses the place of Yimas in an overall typology of polysynthesis.
Adyghe (Northwest Caucasian)
Authors: Testelets Yakov G. , Lander Yury
Published: November 2017

Adyghe, a polysynthetic language of the West Caucasian family, shows the typological characteristics of ergativity, left-branching word order, and the flexibility of the lexical categories. Its word has a high degree of morphological complexity and consists of five ordered morphological zones, within which the order of affixes can vary, and recursion is possible. The information encoded in the predicate includes the argument structure, causation, and various aspectual and modal characteristics. Many meanings can be expressed, either with a combination of morphemes, or a combination of words, or with both simultaneously. There are structural asymmetries at the clause level and the principle C violations in cross-clausal syntax—the phenomenon that has been recorded also in many polysynthetic languages of America.
Credit Unions and Co-operative Banks across the World
Authors: Goglio Silvio , Kalmi Panu
Published: November 2017

The national cases of co-operative banking will be considered by pattern: credit unions (as in the UK and the US), decentralized networks (as in Germany, Italy, and Austria), and centralized networks (as in France, the Netherlands, and Finland). The analysis will consider the historical evolution that has characterized the different patterns with regard to national peculiarities (social and economic). We also discuss performance measurement in financial co-operatives and how the recent economic and financial crises have impacted their success vis-à-vis shareholder banks. We also consider corporate governance and regulatory challenges facing financial co-operatives. The present process of hybridization in the sector will also be taken into consideration as well as relaunched co-operatives in the twenty-first century.
Agricultural Co-operatives
Authors: Nuhanovic-Ribic Samira , Tortia Ermanno C. , Valentinov Vladislav
Published: November 2017

Over the last decades, agricultural co-operatives grew substantially in most developed and developing countries, often reaching dominant market positions. We inquire into the economic mechanism behind this growth, by elaborating on the relation between co-operative identity and co-operative benefits. We highlight the ability of agricultural co-operatives to co-ordinate large-scale production, to monitor work contributions and product quality, and to ensure economic independence of farmer members. Following the two principal streams in the economic literature, we distinguish between the conceptions of agricultural co-operatives as units of vertical integration and as firms characterized by common governance of collective entrepreneurial action and ability to reduce transaction costs and economic risk. We describe the financial and governance limitations of agricultural co-operatives while taking account of new co-operative models presenting institutional tools introduced to overcome these limitations. We conclude by suggesting directions for enhancing the role of co-operatives in agricultural and rural development.
Co-operatives in Latin America
Authors: Giovannini Michela , Vieta Marcelo
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on co-operatives in four representative Latin American countries—Argentina, Chile, Cuba, and Mexico—in order to highlight their historical trajectories, evolutionary trends, and potential for further development. These representative countries reflect the range of co-operative development in Latin America, both historically and contemporaneously. Each country, for instance, shows different paths of co-operative development related to, among other factors, different levels of support by their governments, community-based responses to neoliberal policies, and varying connections to broader social movements and other forms of grass-roots organizations. This chapter will also present a number of experiences that are of particular interest today in the region, such as worker-recuperated enterprises and other forms of workers’nself-management, indigenous co-operatives, community-owned agricultural co-operatives, co-operatives managing general-interest social services, and, most controversially, public-services and work-for-welfare co-operatives created by the state.
Shared Capitalism in the USA
Authors: Blasi Joseph R. , Freeman Richard B. , Kruse Douglas L.
Published: November 2017

Already meaningful, US worker ownership can be expanded with public policies. The US spends about $1 trillion every five years on tax incentives for businesses. To expand worker ownership, the White House could develop an Office of Broad-Based Capitalism. Stock market companies should only be allowed deductions for executive pay if they have a broad-based worker ownership plan for all workers. Moreover, all Federal business tax subsidies could be conditioned on a broad-based worker ownership plan. However, worker ownership will never spread until earlier tax incentives for Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) in stock market companies repealed by the first President George Bush, are reinstated with additional encouragements for all companies to make stock grants to workers. Finally, Congress needs to make it easier for small business people retiring to sell the company to the workers and for private equity firms to spin off their portfolio companies to the workers.
Liberal Philosophies of Ownership
Authors: White Stuart
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses three liberal philosophies of ownership: right libertarianism, which advocates an expansive conception of private property and which holds that legitimate and strict rights to such property can emerge through the voluntary production and exchange of self-owning individuals on the basis of initial privatizations of external resources that can be very unequal but nevertheless just; left libertarianism, which modifies the right libertarian position by insisting on a (more) egalitarian initial distribution of external resources; and democratic liberalism, which makes all property rights subject to democratic judgements guided by principles of social justice which express an understanding of citizens’ common good. The chapter discusses the implications of each philosophy for cooperatives and mutuals and for the place of public policy in promoting these kinds of enterprises and related institutions.
Corporate Governance Beyond Neoliberalism
Authors: Davies William
Published: November 2017

Corporate governance has long been theorized and criticized within the template provided by neoliberalism. This assumes that social relations will become most honest and productive when modelled on market relations. Yet this also results in a business culture of mistrust and endless audit. Participatory governance forms have certain advantages, which need clearly understanding and articulating. Firstly, they treat dialogue as a better principle for relations within the firm than competition. Secondly, they treat ambiguity of value as a virtue, which can yield innovation. However, there is insufficient training, expertise, and practice for these advantages to come properly to light. As a result, we remain too often stuck with a dysfunctional model, whose failures are met with calls for more of the same.
Fair Trade and Co-operatives
Authors: Nicholls Alex , Huybrechts Benjamin
Published: November 2017

This chapter outlines the history of the Fair Trade movement, and discusses several key issues and challenges it faces. It then explores the relationship between Fair Trade and the co-operative and mutual movement, considering the close connection between the two, both in terms of producer groups and of wholesale organizations. Both share key elements of participation and empowerment and pay careful attention to economic development and fair governance. The development of Fair Trade globally is then examined, and some of its wider impacts, such as fairer supply chain practices, are explored. The authors conclude by affirming that Fair Trade is more than just a re-actualization of the co-operative idea
The Essential Role of Co-operative Law and Some Related Issues
Authors: Fici Antonio
Published: November 2017

Co-operative identity is complex and consists of several, at times interrelated, aspects, which distinguish it from non-profit associations and from for-profit companies. Co-operatives are characterized by a specific purpose, and when a legal entity has a defining feature that relates to the objective pursued, the organizational law of that entity has to define its particular identity in light of that objective. Given this assumption, this chapter states the importance of co-operative law in stipulating the co-operative identity and preserving its distinguishing features. It therefore outlines the essential elements which characterize co-operative enterprises: the mutual purpose, co-operative transactions, co-operative activities with non-members, and the social function of co-operatives.
Performance Space
Authors: Thomas Edmund
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores how public speakers of the second and third centuries ce, accustomed to extravagant physical demonstrations of their art, exploited the architectural spaces where they performed. Theaters, temples, and smaller roofed assembly buildings were all locations for oratorical performances and adapted to achieve stronger oral expression through sharper acoustics. As the demand for public speaking increased, halls were built specially, their materials chosen to enhance the voices of orators. With the vast wealth they accrued from their teaching and public speaking, “sophists” sponsored ambitious building projects, particularly gymnasia, which included spacious auditoria, as from the later second century the palaestra became an intellectual and cultural arena instead of an athletic space. Private houses too had lavishly decorated halls for public speaking, as both literary accounts and archaeological evidence attest. At Rome, the emperors’ projects, not only bath-gymnasia, but the imperial fora, were adapted to similar uses.
Cult
Authors: Horster Marietta
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses upon the literary representations of the importance of rituals, religious offices, and cult traditions in the time of the Second Sophistic. The “real-life” sophists’ involvement in cult organization, their euergetism in favor of sanctuaries and festivals, and their holding of priesthoods of the imperial cult and of other gods and deities is examined, as well as the imperial measures concerning cult and religion. Both the more “sophistic” matters of the role of cult and religion in the sophists’ texts addressing epiphanies, mystery cults, oracles, and spiritual experiences and the role sophists attribute to themselves in the cultic and religious life of the cities of the eastern provinces are treated.
Chariton and Xenophon of Ephesus
Authors: Morgan J. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the novels of Chariton and Xenophon of Ephesus. Both are engaged with central concerns of the Second Sophistic, in particular that of elite Greek identity. Chariton’s novel (composed in the second century and connected with the sophist Dionysius of Miletus) demonstrates the same empathetic recreation of the classical past as sophistic declamation, and defines the Greekness of his protagonists in antithesis to a Persia configured to enable the exploration of the contemporary accommodation of the Greek elite to Rome. In his vision, paideia is a central constituent of Hellenic identity, enacted through an important third character, who represents an older erotic paradigm in contrast to the romantic heroes. Xenophon’s novel (probably an epitome), on the other hand, uses a contemporary setting to explore the nightmare of the loss of social status and control over one’s own person.
Pausanias
Authors: Hutton William
Published: November 2017

Pausanias’s Periegesis, an historically and culturally selective topography of the lower Greek mainland, is unlike any work produced in the Second Sophistic, but there are several features of the text that render it difficult to imagine it as the product of any other period. Pausanias shares with his sophistic contemporaries a nostalgia for the glories of classical Greece, a tendency toward religiosity, a moralistic outlook on history, and a literary taste for learned imitation of classical masters. Yet the particular choices Pausanias makes in each of these areas make him a unique representative of sophistic mentalities. For instance, the mimetic gestures in his work include imitations (nonironic, apparently) of Herodotus and, perhaps, of his reviled compatriot Hegesias of Magnesia, the notorious father of Asianic rhetoric. Pauasanias’s attitude toward the Romans and Roman rule—which occasionally seems more dyspeptic than acquiescent—also sets him apart from his contemporaries.
Favorinus and Herodes Atticus
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc
Published: November 2017

Favorinus is chiefly known, besides the brief account in Philostratus and three speeches of his own composition, from his admirer Aulus Gellius and his enemy M. Antonius Polemon, who dilates on his lurid private life; this apparently made Hadrian, with whom he had a fraught relationship, banish him to Chios. His engagement with philosophy was sufficient to bring him into conflict with Galen. His close friend Herodes, a man of high birth and immense wealth, enjoyed a great reputation as an orator that did not secure the survival of any speeches barring one miserable effort almost certainly spurious. Despite his munificence, his overbearing power at Athens was much resented by its upper class; his lack of self-control, manifested in his excessive displays of mourning, brought him more than once into court, but he never lost the protection of his former pupil Marcus Aurelius.
Jewish Literature
Authors: Gruen Erich
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores a central tension in Jewish writings of the era broadly defined as Second Sophistic. Many Jewish authors were deeply immersed in and regularly employed the genres, forms, and themes that long had characterized Greek literature and thrived once more (or still) in the age of the Roman Empire. At the same time, however, the homage paid to Jewish traditions and the sense of distinctiveness, even exceptionalism, retained a strong hold. The chapter discusses four very different authors or texts, Philo, 4 Maccabees, Pseudo-Phocylides, and Joseph and Aseneth, illustrating philosophy, history, gnomic poetry, and the novel. In each case, the author utilizes the Hellenic genres that were an ingrained part of his cultural makeup while conveying the sense of his people’s own distinctive character and contribution. And in each case the blend, smooth on the surface, betrays the signs of strain beneath it.
Galen
Authors: Mattern Susan
Published: November 2017

Galen was part of the urban, Hellenic, leisured class and culture that produced the Second Sophistic. In the regimen he prescribes for a healthy way of life, and in his stories about his patients, he shows allegiance to the masculine, intellectual, and aristocratic values of the gymnasium, contrasted with the harsh deprivation of the peasant’s countryside. He identified with the class of pepaideumenoi, and positioned medicine among the “liberal arts.” He wrote widely on ethics, logic, and language, though his views on Atticism are complicated. Galen privileged classical writers (the palaioi) over more recent ones, and Hippocrates and Plato were especially central to his intellectual identity. Public demonstrations (epideixeis) and more informal debates were important in his professional life. Galen’s ambivalent position in the Roman aristocracy—a well-connected part of the imperial project, committed to the idea of Hellenic superiority—also locates him in the Second Sophistic.
The Creation of Christian Elite Culture in Roman Syria and the Near East
Authors: Adler William
Published: November 2017

The chapter examines three exemplars of Syrian Christianity in the second and early third centuries: Tatian (ca. 120–180), Bar Daysan (154–222), and Julius Africanus (ca. 160–240). To varying degrees, all of them are as much creations of Hellenic high culture as they are representatives of the Church. In developing this argument, the chapter treats these figures in the context of themes familiar to students of the Second Sophistic: (1) attitudes toward Greek paideia; (2) relics and the creation of civic identities; (3) Hellenic court culture; and (4) the encounter of Greek-speaking eastern elites with Rome.
Executive Functioning and Health
Authors: Williams Paula G. , Tinajero Ruben , Suchy Yana
Published: November 2017

This review provides an overview of research on associations between the multi-component, cognitive construct executive functioning (EF) and health. Executive functioning is defined, and issues related to measurement are detailed. The categories of potential mechanisms by which EF may be associated with health and disease are described. Key research examining EF and health behaviors, stress processes, and chronic illness is reviewed with a focus on function (behavioral performance), as well as neuroanatomical research where relevant. Across these domains, there is evidence that EF is associated with health and illness in reciprocal, feed-forward fashion across the life span. Critical limitations of the current literature are noted, along with important future directions.
Character Strengths and Mindfulness
Authors: Shogren Karrie A. , Singh Nirbhay , Niemiec Ryan M. , Wehmeyer Michael L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an overview of character strengths and mindfulness. Character strengths are specific psychological processes that define broader virtues, which are core characteristics that have been identified and valued by moral philosophers and religious thinkers throughout time. The chapter focuses on the contributions of the VIA Inventory of Strengths to research and assessment in character strengths, and the application of this framework to further strengths-based approaches to disability. Mindfulness has been described not only as a practice, but also as a state, a trait, a process, and an outcome. The chapter examines research, practice, and the application of mindfulness to disability contexts. A discussion of areas of connectivity between character strengths and mindfulness and a look at future directions for research and practice in character strengths and mindfulness in disability conclude the chapter.
The Evolving Purposes of Medical Revalidation in the United Kingdom: A Qualitative Study of Professional and Regulatory Narratives
Authors: Tazzyman Abigail , Ferguson Jane , Walshe Kieran , Boyd Alan , Tredinnick-Rowe John , Hillier Charlotte , Regan De Bere Samantha , Archer Julian
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Previous research found professionalism and regulation to be competing discourses when plans for medical revalidation in the United Kingdom were being developed in 2011. The purpose of this study was to explore how these competing discourses developed and how the perceived purposes of revalidation evolved as the policy was implemented.

Method

Seventy-one interviews with 60 UK policy makers and senior health care leaders were conducted during the development and implementation of revalidation: 31 in 2011, 26 in 2013, and 14 in 2015. Interviewees were selected using purposeful sampling. Across all interviews, questions focused around three areas: individual roles in relation to revalidation; interviewees’ understanding of revalidation, its purpose, and aims; and predictions or experiences of revalidation’s impact. The first two interview sets also included questions about measurement and evaluation of revalidation. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method to understand changes and continuities.

Results

Two main discourses regarding the purpose of revalidation were present across the implementation period: professionalism and regulation. The nature of the relationship between these two purposes and how they were described changed over time, with the separate discourses converging, and early concerns about actual or potential conflict being replaced by perceptions of coexistence or codependency.

Conclusions

The changing nature of the discourse about revalidation suggests that early concerns about adverse consequences were not borne out as organizations and professionals engaged with implementation and experienced the realities of revalidation in practice. Reconciling professional and regulatory narratives was arguably necessary to the effective implementation of revalidation.
The Hidden Curricula of Medical Education: A Scoping Review
Authors: Lawrence Carlton , Mhlaba Tsholofelo , Stewart Kearsley A. , Moletsane Relebohile , Gaede Bernhard , Moshabela Mosa
Published: November 2017

Purpose

To analyze the plural definitions and applications of the term “hidden curriculum” within the medical education literature and to propose a conceptual framework for conducting future research on the topic.

Method

The authors conducted a literature search of nine online databases, seeking articles published on the hidden, informal, or implicit curriculum in medical education prior to March 2017. Two reviewers independently screened articles with set inclusion criteria and performed kappa coefficient tests to evaluate interreviewer reliability. They extracted, coded, and analyzed key data, using grounded theory methodology.

Results

The authors uncovered 3,747 articles relating to the hidden curriculum in medical education. Of these, they selected 197 articles for full review. Use of the term “hidden curriculum” has expanded substantially since 2012. U.S. and Canadian medical schools are the focus of two-thirds of the empirical hidden curriculum studies; data from African and South American schools are nearly absent. Few quantitative techniques to measure the hidden curriculum exist. The “hidden curriculum” is understood as a mostly negative concept. Its definition varies widely, but can be understood via four conceptual boundaries: (1) institutional–organizational, (2) interpersonal–social, (3) contextual–cultural, and/or (4) motivational–psychological.

Conclusions

Future medical education researchers should make clear the conceptual boundary or boundaries they are applying to the term “hidden curriculum,” move away from general musings on its effects, and focus on specific methods for improving the powerful hidden curriculum.
“Rising to the Level of Your Incompetence”: What Physicians’ Self-Assessment of Their Performance Reveals About the Imposter Syndrome in Medicine
Authors: LaDonna Kori A. , Ginsburg Shiphra , Watling Christopher
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Mistakes are ubiquitous in medicine; when confronted by error, physicians may experience anxiety, guilt, and self-doubt. Feedback may be useful for navigating these feelings, but only if it matches a physician’s self-assessment; self-doubt and the imposter syndrome are examples of inaccurate self-assessments that may affect receptivity to feedback. The impact of real or imagined underperformance on seemingly competent physicians is poorly understood. This study aimed to develop a deeper understanding to identify strategies to support all physicians who struggle.

Method

In 2015, 28 physicians were interviewed about their experiences with underperformance. Early in the data collection process, participants spontaneously identified the imposter syndrome as a feature of their experiences; questions about the imposter syndrome were probed in subsequent interviews.

Results

Many participants—even those at advanced career stages—questioned the validity of their achievements; progressive independence and career advancement were variably experienced as “rising to the level of your incompetence.” Not all participants identified as imposters; the imposter syndrome occurred at the extreme end of a spectrum of self-doubt. Even positive feedback could not buffer participants’ insecurities, which participants rarely shared with their colleagues.

Conclusions

Self-doubt variably affects clinicians at all career stages. Frequent transitions may cause a resurgence of self-doubt that may affect feedback credibility. Medical educators must recognize that it is not just the underperforming or failing learners who struggle and require support, and medical culture must create space for physicians to share their struggles.
Knee joint reconstruction using liquid nitrogen recycled autograft prosthesis composite after wide resection for high-grade chondrosarcoma
Authors: Abdel Rahman Mohamed , Mashhour Mohamed Ahmed , El Masry Ayman Mohammad , Azmy Sherif Ishak
Published: November 2017

Background:

Chondrosarcoma is the second most common malignant primary tumor of bone. The prognosis for chondrosarcoma depends mainly on its histologic grading and location. High-grade chondrosarcoma has higher a tendency to recur and metastasize. The standard treatment for chondrosarcoma is wide resection without adjuvant therapy. Numerous reconstructive options are available, varying from endoprostheses, biological reconstruction using allografts or osteoarticular allografts, and recycling of tumor-bearing segment.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed seven patients with high-grade chondrosarcoma who underwent wide resection of the tumor mass and reconstruction using liquid nitrogen treated recycled autograft prosthesis composite. Evaluation was done for local recurrence, metastasis, graft-bone union, osteosynthesis, implant, or graft-related complications. The functional outcome was assessed by the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society scoring system.

Results:

The mean follow-up period was 46 mo (range 24-65 mo). The average duration for graft union was 8.2 mo (range 7-10 mo). No local recurrence was detected in any patient. None of them had any metastatic deposits. One had a superficial wound infection. One had fulminant infection that required hip disarticulation. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumour Society functional score was 67.7% (range 60-78).

Conclusions:

Recycled autograft prosthesis composite using liquid nitrogen is an oncologically safe and effective reconstructive option for the management of chondrosarcoma around the knee. It maintains knee function and restores the bone stock. It overcomes endoprosthesis-related problems, overcoming the obstacles of allograft in countries where it is not available or not socially or religiously acceptable.
Challenges in using the internet to evaluate value in orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Bernstein David N. , Mesfin Addisu , Bozic Kevin J.
Published: November 2017

Background:

The Internet is one tool commonly used by patients to seek out healthcare information, including for orthopaedics. Our goal was to determine and compare the availability (“findability”) of cost, quality, and patient experience information related to orthopaedic services with and without a geographic identifier.

Methods:

A list of 21 common search terms was compiled a priori. Using Google, each term was searched with and without a geographic identifier; the top 15 results were recorded. Findability, source of information, website ownership, information available (cost, quality, and/or patient experience), and frequency of website updates were noted. Bivariate analysis was used to compare results.

Results:

The prevalence of provider websites was significantly higher using the geographic identifier (47% vs. 0%, P=0.023). There was a significantly higher prevalence of patient experience information when using the location-specific search terms (59% vs. 11%, 0.036). However, there was no difference in the prevalence of sites offering cost (0% vs. 0%, P=0.99) or quality (59% vs. 33%, P=0.41) information between the two groups. No website in either search provided cost information. Ownership did not differ between the two search groups: government (0% vs. 11%, P=0.35); non-profit (41% vs. 11%, P=0.19); and for-profit (59% vs. 78%, P=0.42).

Conclusions:

The Internet can be a rich source of quality and patient experience information for orthopaedic patients. However, the use of search engine optimization and other marketing techniques may limit the ability of patients to receive unbiased and complete information.