bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intracellular distribution of lipolytic activity in the female gametophyte of germinating Douglas fir seeds
Authors: Ching Te May
Published: November 2006

Acid (pH 5.2) and neutral (pH 7.1) lipase activity was studied in order to localize the sites of lipolysis in cellular fractions of catabolic organ of Douglas fir seed. Cellular particles were separated by differential centrifugation of the tissue homogenate and identified by electron microscopy. Emulsified native neutral lipids were provided as a substrate to protein body, mitochondrial, microsomal and soluble fractions, and endogenous lipids were used as a substrate for light and heavy fat body fractions. Little difference was observed in average specific activity of the two enzyme systems in dry seeds, but acid lipase activity increased sevenfold and neutral lipase activity fourfold during germination. Highest specific activity of both enzyme systems was found to be associated with the heavy fat bodies and the soluble fraction. Heavy fat bodies contained an ample quantity of endogenous substrate while the soluble fraction consisted of little substrate. Experimental data indicated that the soluble fraction was the source of lipases, and the heavy fat bodies were the site of in situ lipolysis.
Suitability ofGeotrichum candidum lipase for the stereospecific analysis of some triglycerides
Authors: Sampugna J. , Jensen R. G.
Published: November 2006

A procedure is described for determining the stereospecific structure of triacid triglycerides containing oleic acid. The method utilizes the unique specificity of the lipase system fromGeotricum candidum for hydrolyzing fatty acids which containcis‐9‐unsaturation.

The procedure involves a pancreatic lipase hydrolysis of 10–20 mg of substrate to determine the fatty acids in the β‐position and the incubation of another 50 mg of triglyceride withG. candidum lipase to obtain diglyceride for further treatment. The α,α‐ and α,β‐diglycerides are collected separately, converted to phenyl phosphatides and treated with phospholipase A. The analysis of the monoglycerides, produced with pancreatic lipase and the analysis of the β‐lysophosphatides allows the determination of the ratios of the original 2 position oleic acidsn‐triglycerides while the analysis of the α‐lysophosphatides aids in the determination of the originalsn‐triglycerides which contained oleic acid in the 3 position. The 1 position oleic acidsn‐triglycerides are calculated by difference.

Racemic and enantiomeric triglycerides containing palmitic, stearic and oleic acids were synthesized and used to establish the limits of the new method. The good agreement between the actual and observed values for a mixture of isomers indicates that the procedure will be useful in the analysis of triacid triglycerides which contain oleic acid. The application of the procedure to triacid triglycerides which contain other unsaturated fatty acids is discussed.
Novel fatty acids from the royal jelly of honeybees (Apis mellifera, L.)
Authors: Weaver Nevin , Johnston Norah C. , Benjamin Ronna , Law John H.
Published: November 2006

Three new compounds isolated from the royal jelly of honeybees (Apis mellifera, L.) have been identified as 8‐hydroxyoctanoic acid, 3‐hydroxydecanoic acid and a dextrorotatory isomer of 3,10‐dihydroxydecanoic acid.
Triglyceride sub‐classes of various dog adipose tissue sites
Authors: Gold Martin
Published: November 2006

Lipids were extracted from four dog adipose tissue sites, perirenal, pericardial, inguinal subcutaneous, and mesenteric. The triglycerides were purified by thin‐layer chromatography and the sub‐classes separated by silver nitrate‐silica gel plates. Gas chromatography was used to delineate the fatty acid composition of each subclass. The major sub‐class was 011, followed by 012, 001, 111 and 112 in that order (0=saturated fatty acid; 1=one double bond; 2=two double bonds). The other components were present in minor amounts. The pericardial triglyceride had more 012 while the perirenal adipose tissue contained less 011 and more 001 than other sites. The other sub‐classes were essentially similar.

The distribution, based on 100%, of each saturated fatty acid was not the same in all sub‐classes, although the over‐all average was similar in each site.
Acetoacetate metabolism of rats fed high fat or restricted calorie diets
Authors: Chung Li Hsin , Dupont Jacqueline
Published: November 2006

Ethyl‐14C‐acetoacetate was used to trace oxidation and metabolism of acetoacetate when rats were fed a high fat diet (80% of total calories from beef tallow or corn oil, carbohydrate free), a high carbohydrate diet (2% corn oil) or a high carbohydrate diet with restriction of calories to one half of ad lib. consumption for two weeks. The rate of expiration of14CO2 in all groups of animals did not differ significantly and was not related to plasma concentration of acetoacetate. The high fat diets slightly enhanced the oxidation of acetoacetate to14CO2 over a 3 hr period compared to other diets. Incorporation of acetoacetate into fatty acids did not differ significantly among groups. Rats fed the high carbohydrate diet ad lib. incorporated into liver cholesterol more acetoacetate than did any other group, but dietary unsaturated fat resulted in greater incorporation of acetoacetate into cholesterol than saturated fat. High calorie and high beef tallow groups were ketonemic but the low concentration of plasma acetoacetate in rats fed a high corn oil diet indicates that unsaturated fatty acids are not ketogenic. The data show that utilization of acetoacetate is not significantly reduced in a ketonemic condition and support the premise that overproduction of ketone bodies is the cause of ketonemia. Rats appeared to be normal during the two‐week period when no carbohydrate was included in the diet.
Metabolic conversions and the positional distributions in liver lecithin of some unnatural dienoic acids in the rat
Authors: Sperecher Howard W. , Dutton H. J. , Gunstone F. D. , Holman Ralph T.
Published: November 2006

The metabolism of 9,15‐octadecadienoate, 12,15‐octadecadienoate and 7,13‐eicosadienoate was investigated in the fatdeficient rat. The liver lecithins of those animals receiving 9,15‐ and 12,15‐octadecadienoate, as well as the animal remaining on the fat‐deficient control, were isolated. The fatty acid distributional pattern was determined by the use of lecithinase A. All three of the experimental dienoic acids were incorporated into tissue lipids. None of the acids, however, was converted to longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The 9,15‐octadecadienoate was esterified almost exclusively to the β‐position of lecithin, whereas 12,15‐octadecadienoate was about equally distributed between the α‐ and β‐positions.
Pentacylic triterpenes ofJurinea anatolic boiss. andJurinea consanguinea DC. Fruit
Authors: Mikolajczak K. L. , Smith C. R.
Published: November 2006

Pentacyclic triterpene alcohols, together with their acetate, myristate, and palmitate esters, comprise about 40% of the petroleum ether extract of the fruit (seed and pericarp) of twoJurinea species. All the triterpene esters and a porition of the free triterpene alcohols in theJ. anatolica extract are derived from the pericarp portion of the fruit. The triterpene alcohol moieties and their approximate percentage of the hydrolyzed extract ofJ. anatolica fruit are α‐amyrin, 5%; β‐amyrin, 6%; lupeol, 6%; and ψ‐taraxasterol plus taraxasterol, 16%.J. consanguinea fruit extract yields essentially the same amount of the same five triterpene alcohols on hydrolysis. These concentrations of triterpenoid materials are believed to be the largest found in plant tissues.
The isolation and tentative identification of diacylglyceryl ethers from the walker 256 carcinoma of the rat and a human lymphosarcoma
Authors: Bollinger James N.
Published: November 2006

An unusual lipid was observed and subsequently isolated by thin‐layer chromatography from the lipids of the Walker 256 carcinoma of the rat and a human lymphosarcoma. This lipid has been tentatively identified as a diacylgllyceryl ether by thinlayer chromatography, gas‐liquid chromatography and infrared analysis.
Ultracentrifugal isolation of serum chylomicron‐containing fractions with quantitation by infrared spectrometry and NCH elemental analysis
Authors: Hatch F. T. , Freeman N. K. , Jensen L. C. , Stevens G. R. , Lindgren F. T.
Published: November 2006

An ultracentrifugal method for isolating chylomicron‐containing fractions from serum by flotation, using either standard Spinco swinging‐bucket rotors or a specially fabricated swinging‐bucket rotor, is described. Lower limits of the Sf rates of the chylomicron fractions are evaluated using a computer technique to define lipoprotein flotation over a nonlinear NaCl density gradient. The latter is prepared by a special overlayering technique.

Quantitation within a 9–50 μg region of mass assay is accomplished by both infrared spectrometry and elemental analysis for N, C and H. Results indicate that the chylomicron concentration in serum for a small population of nonfasting male adults ranges from approximately 0–50 mg %.
Sterol metabolism. IV. Microbial disposition of 5β‐cholestan‐3β‐ol
Authors: Smith Leland L. , Kohler Daniel P. , Hempel Judith E. , van Lier Johan E.
Published: November 2006

Cholesterol and 5β‐cholestan‐3β‐ol have been detected by thin‐layer and gas‐chromatographic means in hexane extracts of domestic sewage. Cholesterol was detected in the clear effluent after activated sludge treatment of domestic sewage, but 5β‐cholestan‐3β‐ol was undetectable in treated sewage. Attempts to detect either sterol in hexane extracts of marine bay water have not been successful because of the interference of other lipid‐like material.
The lipids of human pancreas with special reference to the presence of fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Lough A. K. , Garton G. A.
Published: November 2006

Total lipids were extracted from human pancreas with chloroform‐methanol, chloroform‐methanol following acidification, and benzene. A similar proportional amount of total lipid was obtained by each procedure. Regardless of the method of extraction (i.e., whether or not methanol was present), a small proportion (about 1%) of the total lipid was found to consist of fatty acid methyl esters. Triglycerides constituted the major fraction (about 80%) of the pancreatic lipids; in addition to methyl esters, the remaining lipids comprised free fatty acids, phospholipids, cholesterol esters, and traces of free cholesterol. In general, each class of lipid had a similar over‐all fatty acid composition with palmitic and oleic acids as predominant components. The methyl esters had a relatively high content of linolenic acid, and the free fatty acids contained a notably high proportion of palmitic acid, in each case accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the proportion of oleic acid present.
The distribution of14C‐labeled cholesterol in the dog: Effect of long‐term epinephrine administration
Authors: Gans Joseph H.
Published: November 2006

A time course study of14C‐cholesterol distribution in dogs was performed after the intravenous administration of 4‐14C‐cholesterol. Liver cholesterol attained isotopic equilibrium with plasma cholesterol within 24 hr after the administration of the labeled cholesterol. The tissue cholesterol pools of most organs attained isotopic equilibrium with plasma cholesterol between the second and ninth day after 4‐14C‐cholesterol had been given. Thoracic aorta cholesterol equilibrated most slowly with plasma cholesterol. Thirty‐seven to 75 days after the14C‐cholesterol had been given, the specific radioactivity of thoracic aorta cholesterol was 2 to 5 times greater than that of plasma cholesterol and 1.73 and 1.65 times greater than that of the abdominal and terminal aortic segments respectively. Adrenal gland cholesterol attained specific radioactivities greater than that of plasma cholesterol between the fourth and ninth day after 4‐14C‐cholesterol had been given, and this relationship was maintained over the 75‐day period of observation. The specific radioactivity of bile cholesterol was less than that of plasma cholesterol at all time periods.

The daily administration of epinephrine in oil over a period of four to seven weeks was accompanied by a more equal distribution of14C‐cholesterol throughout the length of the aorta. An increase in the specific radioactivity of kidney cortex cholesterol, relative to that of plasma and kidney medullary cholesterol, also was observed in epinephrine‐treated dogs.
Isolation and characterization of cholesterol‐5B,6B‐oxide from an aerated aqueous dispersion of cholesterol
Authors: Chicoye E. , Powrie W. D. , Fennema O.
Published: November 2006

An unknown autoxidation product in an aerated cholesterol sol was isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography. This compound was identified as cholesterol‐5β,6β‐oxide by gas liquid chromatography along with infrared and mass spectrometry.
Fatty acid specificity of glyceride synthesis by homogenates of bovine mammary tissue
Authors: Askew E. W. , Emery R. S. , Thomas J. W.
Published: November 2006

Fatty acid esterification by cell free preparations of bovine mammary tissue was investigated to determine if the type of long chain fatty acid supplied might influence the rate of triglyceride synthesis by that tissue. Homogenates of lactating bovine mammary tissue esterified14C‐fatty acids into glycerides at rates dependent upon chain length and degree of unsaturation. Palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were esterified at rates consistent with their concentration in milk fat. A comparison of free fatty acid concentrations of mammary tissue with levels saturating esterification suggested that supply of fatty acids does not limit glyceride synthesis. Certain combinations of fatty acids were facilitory, competitive or inhibitory to esterification. Stearic acid complimented esterification of palmitic and oleic acids. Unlabeledtrans‐11‐octadecenoic acid did not compete with14C‐palmitate as efficiently in the esterification process as did unlabeledcis‐9‐octadecenoic acid, indicating that the mammary gland may preferentially esterify thecis‐isomer of C‐18∶1. Linoleic acid inhibited esterification of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids.
Regulation of ovarian cholesterol esters: Evidence for the enzymatic sites of prostaglandin‐induced loss of corpus luteum function
Authors: Behrman H. R. , Macdonald G. J. , Greep R. O.
Published: November 2006

The regulation of cholesterol ester synthetase and cholesterol esterase by prostaglandins and gonadotrophins in luteinized ovaries of the rat was studied. Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) depressed ovarian cholesterol esters by 75% (p<.025) within 48 hr. Hypophysectomy (APX) produced a similar effect; prolactin administration to this group maintained cholesterol esters at a higher level than in the APX group but the trophic effect of prolactin was abolished by simultaneous PGF2α treatment. Progesterone output in incubated ovarian slices was reduced 50% by PGF2α treatment in vivo (p<.005), an effect similar to that produced by APX. Prolactin administration in vivo maintained the ability of the incubated tissue to synthesize progesterone at an elevated rate in APX rats but simultaneous PGF2α treatment abolished this action of prolactin. Cholesterol ester synthetase activity was severely depressed (p<.005) by PGF2α treatment to animals with intact pituitaries, a decrease similar to that produced by APX alone. The effect of APX on synthetase activity was reversed by prolactin treatment but not when PGF2α was administered with prolactin. Esterase activity, also maintained by prolactin in APX animals (p<.005), was not affected to the same extent by PGF2α although a decrease in activity was produced in both the intact and the APX+ prolactin group by PGF2α (p<.10). However simultaneous administration of luteinizing hormone (LH) reversed the effect of PGF2α in the APX+ prolactin +PGF2α group on esterase activity. These data indicate that the luteolytic action of PGF2α is directly on the corpus luteum and this action appears to be mediated by a neutralization of prolactin activity. The loss in synthetase activity and to some extent in esterase activity, induced by PGF2α depressed ovarian cholesterol ester turnover and the availability of cholesterol for conversion to progesterone.
Cholesterol esterification and cholesteryl ester hydrolysis by rabbit and human ovaries
Authors: Morin Robert J.
Published: November 2006

Esterification of cholesterol occurred in vitro in rabbit and human ovaries via an acyl CoA‐cholesterolO‐acyltransferase reaction. The rate of esterification was increased in early pregnancy and may be one of the mechanisms whereby the content of stored ovarian cholesteryl esters is increased during this period. The increased cholesteryl esters were primarily in the form of cholesteryl oleate. The cholesteryl ester fatty acid patterns in both rabbit and human ovaries differed from those in sera, suggesting that a significant portion of these esters may have been derived from in situ synthesis. The rate of hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters during pregnancy was also increased, and occurred at a faster in vitro rate than esterification. Of the agents tested, only soy lecithin was found to significantly enhance the rate of hydrolysis of cholesteryl oleate by ovarian homogenates.
Fat metabolism in higher plants XLIX fatty acid biosynthesis by subcellular fractions of higher plants
Authors: Harwood J. L. , Stumpf P. K.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the rapid and comprehensive subcellular fraction‐ation of plant tissue using a combination of differential and discontinuous Ficoll gradient centrifugation. The procedure has been used to study the synthesis of fatty acids from acetate‐1‐14C or malonyl CoA‐1,3‐14C, by fractions of germinating pea and lupin seeds and developing avocado fruit, castor bean and safflower seeds. Particle free supernatants of seeds synthesize fatty acids from14C‐malonyl CoA in the presence of added cofactors. Since acetyl CoA carboxylase activity is absent the utilization of14C‐acetate by these fractions is minimal. Other particulate fractions show different activities depending on seed types. Active fractions include the low speed particulate of pea and lupin, the pea microsomes, the avocado mesocarp chloroplasts, and the fat fractions of castor bean and safflower. Individual fractions produce characteristic patterns of acids; especially noteworthy is oleic acid biosynthesis by soluble enzymes of castor bean and safflower from14C‐malonyl CoA. Some characteristics of the avocado supernatant, pea supernatant, and castor bean fat fraction synthesizing systems are compared. As a result of these studies, generalizations derived from work with mammalian or bacterial systems cannot be applied to higher plants.
Accumulation of cardiac fatty acids in rats fed synthesized oils containing C22 fatty acids
Authors: Beare‐Rogers J. L. , Nera E. A. , Craig B. M.
Published: November 2006

Synthesized oils containing a high proportion of oleic, eicosenoic or docosenoic acid were fed to weanling rats as 20% w/w of the diet. After 1 week, a high intake of eicosenoate produced cardiac fat droplets detected histologically, whereas erucate (22∶1 Δ 13) or cetoleate (22∶1 Δ 11) caused an appreciably greater accumulation of cardiac lipid characterized by the dietary fatty acids.
Phospholipids of fish gills
Authors: Thomas Andrew J. , Patton Stuart
Published: November 2006

Lipids were extracted from gill filaments of nine species of fish. Individual phospholipids as a percentage of the total were determined. These data revealed a pattern which did not appear to vary between pre‐ and postspawning salmon or among fish living at greatly differing ocean depths.
trans‐6‐Hexadecenoic acid in the Atlantic leatherbackDermochelys coriacea coriaceaL. and other marine turtles
Authors: Hooper S. N. , Ackman R. G.
Published: November 2006

Depot fat from the Atlantic leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea coriaceaL.) was shown to contain ≈3% oftrans‐6‐hexadecenoic acid. Structural details were elucidated through comparative aspects of isolation techniques, NMR, IR, hydrogenation, oxidative fission, etc., and confirmed by similarity of properties with those of a sample of fatty acid of this structure isolated from the seed oil ofPicramnia sellowii. One additional leather‐back turtle oil sample, and depot fat from two other marine turtles, the loggerhead (Caretta caretta caretta) and ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea kempi) contained this acid, that from the ridley in a lower proportion. No corresponding C18acid was detected in the leatherback oil.
An investigation of the lipid metabolism of dog kidney medulla and cortex
Authors: Gold Martin
Published: November 2006

Unanesthetized, resting dogs were infused through a leg vein for approximately 90 min with 1‐14C‐palmitate and oleate‐9,10‐H3 complexed to albumin. The animals were then anaesthetized, exsanguinated, and the kidneys removed. Lipids were extracted from the medullae and cortices with chloroform‐methanol (2∶1) and the lipid classes were analyzed for radioactivity content and fatty acid composition. Triglyceride subclass species were determined by silver nitrate thin layer chromatography. The triglyceride content of the medulla was much higher than that of the cortex while the phospholipid level was slightly higher in the cortex. The fatty acid composition of triglyceride and phospholipid was not demonstrably different, in the medulla, or cortex. The amount of monounsaturated triglyceride species (001) was lower and the tetra‐ (022) and more unsaturated species were higher in the cortex than in the medulla. Most of the radioactivity was found in the phospholipid fraction and a large portion of the remainder was in triglyceride. Cortical phospholipids contained 80% of the radioactivity versus a value around 60% in the medulla, whereas triglyceride, in the medulla, was approximately 26% compared to the cortical content of 15%. The results, with respect to the per cent distribution of radioactivity, were similar for radiocarbon and tritium. The cortex possessed a higher specific activity, for oleate and palmitate in both triglyceride and phospholipid. The total kidney retained 0.25% of the infused palmitate and 0.08% of the infused oleate.
Changes in the structure of soybean triglycerides during maturation
Authors: Roehm J. N. , Privett O. S.
Published: November 2006

Soybeans of the Hawkeye variety were picked at eleven periods from 30 to 111 days after flowering and extracted with chloroform‐methanol. The triglyceride fraction of five pickings, selected 35 to 91 days after flowering (when synthesis of lipid was most active), were isolated by silicic acid thin layer chromatography (TLC) and species composition determined using argentation TLC and lipase hydrolysis. The triglyceride content of the total lipid increased from 6.5% at 30 days after flowering to 85% in the mature bean (111 days). The major changes in fatty acid composition of the triglycerides occurred during the first 52 days after flowering. During this period linolenic acid decreased from 34.2% to 11.7%, the percentages of linoleic and oleic acids increased, stearic remained fairly constant and palmitic decreased slightly. Large quantitative changes occurred in the molecular species of the triglycerides of the bean during maturation; some triglycerides containing linolenic acid could not be detected approximately 66 days after flowering. Although changes occurred in the percentage and amount of each triglyceride species, the positional distribution of fatty acids remained virtually unchanged throughout maturation. Linolenic acid was distributed fairly uniformly between the β‐position and the α‐positions, linoleate favored esterification in the β‐position, and oleate the α‐positions. Most of the stearic and palmitic acids were esterified in the α‐positions. The consistency of the positional arrangement of the fatty acids indicated that the mode of glyceride synthesis was established very early during maturation and molecular species composition was controlled by the fatty acids available for synthesis.
Fatty acid composition of tissue lipids from miniature swine: Influence of dietary sucrose and starch
Authors: St. Clair Richard W.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid composition of serum, liver and adipose tissue from Pitman‐Moore miniature swine was determined following their consumption of starch‐ or sucrose‐containing diets for a period of one year. Among the tissues studied there were no significant differences in the fatty acid composition due to the type of dietary carbohydrate (starch or sucrose). The cholesteryl ester fatty acid composition of all samples studied remained quite constant. There were minor fluctuations in fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triglycerides from serum collected at diferent intervals following initiation of the diets.
Release of chylomicrons by isolated cells of rat intestinal mucosa
Authors: Yousef I. M. , Kuksis A.
Published: November 2006

Fat‐laden mucosal cells were isolated by flotation from fed male rats after digesting scrapings of washed jejunum with collagenase in bicarbonate buffer. About 50–60 million cells were obtained per preparation, which were 95–100% viable as assessed by Trypan Blue. The isolated cells were capable of effective incorporation of labeled fatty acids and glucose into triglycerides and phospholipids, and of labeled leucine and glucosamine into the protein envelope of the released chylomicrons. The secretion of the labeled protein paralleled the release of the labeled fat, both of which were linear with the concentration of the albumin in the incubation mixture. About 80% of the total fat of the cell was released as chylomicrons within 30 min when incubated in the presence of albumin‐bicarbonate buffer. Injection of puromycin 24 hr prior to harvesting of cells led to a complete inhibition of chylomicron release. Addition of puromycin to the incubation medium gave 50–80% inhibition of release. No inhibition of release of chylomicrons resulted from a treatment with ethionine. The released chylomicrons were separated from the cells by Millipore filtration.
The abundance ofcis‐5‐octadecenoic acid inDioscoreophyllum cumminsii seed oil
Authors: Spencer G. F. , Earle F. R.
Published: November 2006

Oil fromDioscoreophyllum cumminsii (Stapf) Diels containscis‐5‐octadecenoic acid as 84% of its total fatty acids. The unsaturated acids normally found in seed oils are present in small amounts (oleic, 1%, linoleic 5.2%; and linolenic, 0.3%). Other unusual acids present, in minor amounts, arecis‐5‐hexadecenoic (0.6%), 11‐octadecenoic (0.9%) and two polyenoic acids which are probably unsaturated at the 5 position.
Cholesterol metabolism in the baboon
Authors: Shapiro Irwin L. , Jastremsky Judith A. , Eggen Douglas A. , Kritchevsky David
Published: November 2006

Studies on the transport of exogenous and endogenous cholesterol in the baboon have been carried out using14C‐acetate,14C‐mevalonic acid, or3H‐cholesterol. The results suggest the following characteristics of cholesterol metabolism in the baboon: the serum α‐ and β‐lipoproteins show no preference in the transport of exogenous or endogenous cholesterol; the half‐life (t1/2) of disappearance of cholesterol from the whole animal varied between 31 and 50 days; the daily rate of whole body cholesterol biosynthesis in the baboon (47 mg/kg/day) is comparable with that rate observed in the human being (18–41 mg/kg/day); after administration of14C‐acetate,14C‐mevalonic acid, or3H‐cholesterol to baboons, newly synthesized cholesterol esters appear to be incorporated to a greater extent into the serum α‐lipoproteins.
Studies on the specificity of a lipase system fromGeotrichum candidum
Authors: Marks T. A. , Quinn J. G. , Sampugna J. , Jensen R. G.
Published: November 2006

The lipase system fromGeotrichum candidum preferentially hydrolyzed oleic acid, regardless of position, from the four possible racemic triglycerides containing oleate and palmitate. The rate of hydrolysis of these glycerides was most rapid when the substrate contained two moles of oleate. This acid was also preferentially released from a series of triglycerides containing oleate and two moles of a saturated fatty acid. The chain length of the latter did not alter the specificity for oleate.

Equimolar quantities of oleic and linoleic acids were released when triolein and trilinolein (equimolar mixture) were hydrolyzed by this lipase. No differentiation between oleate and palmitoleate was observed when racemic glyceryl 1‐palmitoleate‐2,3‐dioleate was the substrate. However, only 7.2 M%cis‐vaccenic acid was released from glyceryl 1‐cis‐vaccenate‐2,3‐dioleate and 5.4 M% petroselinic acid from glyceryl 1‐palmitoleate‐2,3‐dipetroselinate. It therefore appears that the enzyme may be specific forcis‐9‐unsaturation as well as forcis‐9,cis‐12‐unsaturation. When specificity was assumed, the fatty acid compositions of the diglycerides obtained from digestions withG. candidum were close to theoretical.
A study on the biosynthesis ofcis‐9,10‐epoxyoctadecanoic acid
Authors: Knoche H. W.
Published: November 2006

Preliminary studies show that red stem, rust‐infected wheat plants provide a means for investigating the biosynthesis of epoxy fatty acids. The incorporation of 1‐14C‐acetate intocis‐9,10‐epoxyoctadecanoic acid occurs at the stage of the infection when sporulation is proceeding, and at the same stage there is at least a fourfold increase in the synthesis of other fatty acids. The epoxy acid appears to be formed by the condensation of acetate units in a process that requires oxygen and is not stimulated appreciably by light.

Labeled stearic and oleic acid are also incorporated into the epoxy acid without undergoing β‐oxidation. The rate of conversion of oleic acid is greater than stearic acid, thus indicating that oleic acid is an immediate precursor to 9,10‐epoxyoctadecanoic acid.
Triglyceride analysis by consecutive liquid‐liquid partition and gas‐liquid chromatography.Ephedra nevadensis seed fat
Authors: Litchfield Carter
Published: November 2006

The triglyceride composition ofEphedra nevadensis seed fat, which contains 16 different fatty acids, has been analyzed by a combination of liquid‐liquid partition and gas‐liquid chromatography. Triglycerides were first separated by liquid‐liquid partition chromatography. The recovered fractions were then analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography to determine the molecular weights of the triglycerides present. Consecutive separation by these two techniques resolved this complex seed fat into 30 different triglyceride groups.

A method for preparative liquid‐liquid partition chromatography of triglycerides is described in detail. Highly unsaturated triglyceride mixtures are easily resolved on the basis of “partition number” by using a hexadecane/nitroethane partition system.
Melting points of synthetic wax esters
Authors: Iyengar B. T. R. , Schlenk H.
Published: November 2006

Saturated, monoenoic and dienoic wax esters, C26−C40, have been synthesized from even‐numbered fatty alcohols and acids. In homologous series of saturated esters, the increments of melting points follow a regular trend except for those esters which have an acid moiety two carbon atoms shorter than the alcohol moiety. These wax esters have melting points higher than interpolation would predict. Monoenoic wax esters with the double bond in the alcohol chain have melting points about 10 C higher than their isomers with the double bond in the acid chain.
Hydrogenation of stigmasterol
Authors: Kircher Henry W. , Rosenstein Fumiko U.
Published: November 2006

Hydrogenations of stigmasterol over 5% Pd/C, 5% Ru/C, Pt, Raney Ni, Raney Co, Ni/kieselguhr, and tris(triphenylphosphine)chlororhodium catalysts and with diimide generated from hydrazine andp‐toluenesulfonylhydrazide were studied to determine the best conditons for the selective reduction of the Δ22 double bond. The best results (maximum stigmasterol reduction, minimum stigmastanol formation) were obtained with Raney nickel at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
Activation of long chain fatty acids by subcellular fractions of rat liver: III. Effect of ethylenic bond position on acyl‐CoA formation ofcis‐octadecenoates
Authors: Lippel K. , Carpenter D. , Gunstone F. D. , Ismail I. A.
Published: November 2006

The rates of rat liver microsomal and mitochondrial activation of the Δ4 to Δ17cis‐octadecenoate positional isomers have been investigated. The fatty acid to protein ratios required for maximum activation of the Δ8, Δ9 and Δ10 isomers were much lower than the corresponding ratios required for maximum activation of thecis‐octadecenoates with double bonds at either end of the fatty acid molecule. Also, as the incubation temperature was raised from 22–38 C the Δ8 and Δ9 isomers exhibited little change in their rates of activation, while large increases in activation rates of the isomers with the double bond at either end of the fatty acid chain were observed. Differential inhibition of the activation of the various positional isomers was observed when anionic, cationic, or nonionic detergents were included in the incubation medium. The different responses to fatty acid concentration, temperature and detergents are attributed to enzyme specificity and to differences in solution properties of thecis‐octadecenoates, rather than to the presence of separate rat liver enzymes that catalyze acyl‐CoA ester formation of the various positional isomers.
Lipids of cultured hepatoma cells: I. Effect of serum lipid levels on cell and media lipids
Authors: Wood Randall
Published: November 2006

Minimal deviation hepatoma cells were cultured as monolayers to confluency in roller flasks containing modified Swim's medium, supplemented with decreasing amounts of serum, lipid‐free serum, and lipid‐free serum containing added fatty acids. Good cell growth was observed until serum levels fell below 5% of the medium. Media containing lipid‐free serum or lipid‐free serum plus linoleic or palmitic acids did not support good growth. Lipids were extracted from cells; media, obtained during the first and last half of the incubation period, resolved into neutral and phospholipid fractions; fatty acid composition of each fraction analyzed by gas liquid chromatography; and lipid class distributions compared by thin layer chromatography. The data showed that the media contained more neutral lipids and phospholipids after incubation than initially, indicating that minimal deviation hepatoma cells excreted lipids into the media. The class composition of the excreted lipids resembled that of the serum. A comparison of media, cells, and serum fatty acid compositions indicated that the lipids secreted into the media were of cellular origin. Although some differences were noted, in general, cells grown on the nine different media had the same ca. neutral lipid and phospholipid class and fatty acid compositions. In contrast, dramatic differences were observed in the class and fatty acid compositions of the serums from that of the cells and media. These results indicate that exogenous serum lipids had little influence on cellular class and fatty acid compositions of the minimal deviation hepatoma cells. This neoplasm did not contain detectable levels of glyceryl ether diesters, indicating that this compound is not characteristic of all tumors. Lipid class profiles and fatty acid compositions of cells grown on various media suggest that the minimal deviation hepatoma cells can synthesize most, if not all, neutral lipid and phosphoglyceride classes found in liver.
Lipids of cultured hepatoma cells: II. Effect of media lipids on cellular phospholipids
Authors: Wood Randall , Falch John
Published: November 2006

Minimal deviation hepatoma cells were cultured in a modified Swim's 77 medium supplemented with decreasing amounts of serum, lipid‐free serum, and lipid‐free serum containing added palmitic or linoleic acids. Cellular phospholipids were extracted and the class distribution determined quantitatively. The fatty acid composition of each phospholipid class was determined, and the percentages from cells grown on each of the various media were compared. Cellular phospholipid class and fatty acid compositions differed from media compositions, indicating that intact serum phospholipids are not incorporated into cellular structures. Phosphatidylcholine percentages decreased as the media serum and lipid levels decreased, while phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine percentages increased. Sphingomyelin of cells grown in medium containing added linoleic acids contained a high level of a 24∶2 acid. All classes, except sphingomyelin, contained elevated levels of 18∶1 acid and decreased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, relative to normal rat liver. Cells cultured on lipid‐free medium did not contain increased concentrations of 20∶3 acid, suggesting that this hepatoma cell cannot desaturate monoenoic acids. Phosphoglycerides of cells, grown on lipid‐free medium, had the highest monoene fatty acid concentration, whereas those cells grown on media containing added linoleic acid had the lowest concentrations, suggesting that linoleate may inhibit or regulate monoenoic acid biosynthesis in this cell. These mass data also demonstrate that monoenoic fatty acid biosynthesis in this cultured hepatoma cell responds to dietary changes.
A new reaction of unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides: Formation of 11‐hydroxy‐12,13‐epoxy‐9‐octadecenoic acid from 13‐hydroperoxy‐9,11‐octadecadienoic acid
Authors: Hamberg Mats , Gotthammar Birgitta
Published: November 2006

One of the main compounds formed from 13L‐hydroperoxy‐9cis,11trans‐octadecadienoic acid anaerobically at 100 C in aqueous ethanol was found to bethreo‐11‐hydroxy‐12,13‐epoxy‐9‐octadecenoic acid. The major part (ca. 90%) of this compound was formed from the fatty acid hydroperoxide in a reaction involvingcis‐addition to the Δ11 double bond of the proximally linked hydroperoxide oxygen and hydroxyl ion or hydroxyl radical from the solvent. A small part (ca. 10%) was formed bycis‐addition of the two hydroperoxide oxygens to the Δ11 double bond. 11‐Hydroxy‐12,13‐epoxy‐9‐octadecenoic acid and its isomer, tentatively identified as 11‐hydroxy‐9,10‐epoxy‐12‐octadecenoic acid, also were isolated from a sample of autoxidized linoleic acid.
Fungi pathogenic to insects: III. Neutral and polar lipids ofEntomophthora coronata
Authors: Mumma R. O. , Bruszewski T. E.
Published: November 2006

The neutral and polar lipid composition ofEntomophthora coronata was determined qualitatively. The fungus was grown on a chemically nondefined medium (Sabouraud dextrose yeast extract) and a chemically defined medium for a period up to 26 days. The lipids were characterized by thin‐layer, column, gas chromatography, and selective sprays,32P‐labeling, and mass spectrometry. The neutral lipids consist of monoglycerides, diglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesteryl esters. The polar lipids consist of phospholipids (phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine, lysophosphatidyl choline, and spingomyelin), a number of glycolipids including cerebrosides, and many unrecognizable lipids, most of which are present in trace amounts. The cerebrosides and spingomyelin are present in significant amounts, and their concentration increased with age of the culture. The major fatty acids (>10%) of the total, neutral, and polar lipids of the mycelia are 14∶0, 16∶0, 18∶1, 18∶3(γ), and 24∶1. The polar lipids of total culture (unsaturation index 0.88) and of the conidia (unsaturation index 1.48) are considerably more unsaturated than the corresponding neutral lipids (unsaturated index 0.50 and 0.49). The mycelial polar lipids, compared to the neutral lipids, possess less 14∶0 and 18∶1 but contain a greater percentage of 16∶0, 18∶2, 18∶3(γ), 24∶0, and 24∶1. The major fatty acid of the conidia (>10%) are 13∶0, 14∶0, 18∶1, 18∶2, 18∶3(γ), and 20∶4. Their polar lipids have a higher proportion of 18∶2, 18∶3(γ), and 20∶4. The cerebrosides possess 24.1 in high relative proportion (30.1%).
Search for new industrial oils. XIV. Seed oils of labiatae
Authors: Hagemann J. M. , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A. , Barclay A. S.
Published: November 2006

Seed of 194 species in 56 genera of Labiatae, representing six of the eight subfamilies, were analyzed for oil and protein and for fatty acid composition of the oil. The oils are diverse and include some that contain up to 70% oleic acid, 79% linoleic acid, or 72% linolenic acid. An allenic function occurs in a third of the samples from the subfamily Stachyoideae and in the one sample analyzed from the Prasioideae. A method for determining the allene was devised. Oils fromTeucrium species containtrans unsaturation in unidentified components. Oils from twoLamium species have both allenic andtrans unsaturation. Two species ofThymus appear to produce hydroxy acids.
The metabolism of C14‐α‐tocopheryl quinone and C14‐α‐tocopheryl hydroquinone
Authors: Chow C. K. , Draper H. H. , Csallany A. S. , Chiu Mei
Published: November 2006

The metabolism of C14‐d‐α‐tocopheryl quinone (α‐TQ) and its hydroquinone (αTHQ) was investigated. Forty‐six hours after intraperitoneal administration of either compound to rats the radioactivity isolated from the liver was present almost exclusively in C14‐α‐TQ. The results indicated, however, that in situ this compound was present primarily in the reduced form. No conversion to C14‐α‐tocopherol or other liver metabolites was observed. α‐THQ was eliminated from the tissues more rapidly than α‐TQ. The main metabolite excreted in the urine was a conjugate of α‐tocopheronic acid and the main metabolite excreted in the feces was a conjugate of α‐TQ. Free C14‐α‐TQ was present in the feces after administration of this compound but not after C14‐α‐THQ administration.
In vitro biosynthesis of fatty acids inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Keith Alec D. , Gauslaa Gerd , Anderson Beverly S.
Published: November 2006

A new in vitro technique, utilizing ruptured larvae ofDrosophila melanogaster, was employed to study the incorporation of3H‐acetate into long‐chain fatty acids. Preparative gas‐liquid chromatography and scintillation spectroscopy were used to determine the relative activity of each fatty acid from total lipid extracts. Quantitative changes were observed in the distribution of label during the course of the incubation times, which ranged from five minutes to nine hours. All fatty acids which were observed to incorporate acetate in previous in vivo studies also showed incorporation of label under these in vitro conditions. It is concluded that this system may be useful for studying aspects on insect metabolism for short intervals of time.
Changes in lipid composition of germinating barley embryo
Authors: Holmer Gunhild , Ory Robert L. , Høy Carl‐Erik
Published: November 2006

Barley seeds,Hordeum vulgare, var. Kenia, were dissected before and after 5 days of germination, to distinguish between the scutellum, the coleoptile half of the embryo and the coleorhiza half of the embryo. Total lipids were extracted from each fraction and analyzed by thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography. In tissues from the coleoptile and coleorhiza halves of the embryo there was a concurrent disappearance of triglycerides with a marked increase of esterified sterols and esterified sterol glucosides. In the scutellum there was also a change in triglycerides, but the variations in contents of esterified sterols and esterified sterol glucosides were much smaller. Mono‐ and digalactolipids were virtually absent from embryonic tissue. The amounts of linoleic and linolenic acids in esterified sterol glucosides were increased after 5 days of germination in all the embryonic tissues, especially in the coleoptile half. In sterol esters, linoleic acid comprised nearly half of the total fatty acids, and the desaturation after 5 days of germination was much less pronounced.
Vitamin A: Occurrence and distribution in fractionated mucus
Authors: Lewis R. W.
Published: November 2006

Vitamin A was found in human and bovine mucus, principally as retinyl esters, and was traced to a fraction containing the mucus globule membrane, which was obtained by differential centrifugation of dissolved mucus. This fraction has not been isolated before.
Identity and configuration of conjugated fatty acids in certain seed oils
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm M. J. , Orgodnik J. A.
Published: November 2006

Punicic acid was found in the seed oils ofCayaponia grandifolia, Trichosanthes cordata andT. cucumerina. α‐Eleostearic acid was found inMomordica cochinchinensis, M. cochinchinesis varietymixta andM. cymbalaria. The identity of the conjugated triene acid ofAleurites trisperma, Garcia nutans andCyclandrophora laurina was confirmed as α‐eleostearic acid (cis, trans, trans configuration). The configuration of kamlolenic acid was proved to becis‐9,trans‐11,trans‐13. The oils ofAleurites remyi andLicania platypus did not contain any conjugated acid.
Metabolism of glyceryl 1‐14C‐trilinoleate in rat testis
Authors: Nakamura Masami , Privett O. S.
Published: November 2006

Animals of the Sprague‐Dawley strain were injected intratesticularly with radioactive glyceryl 1‐14C‐trilinoleate in a sequential experiment and killed at 1/4, 1/2, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hr. Distribution and concentration (specific activity) of radioactivity among the lipid classes and fatty acids were determined. The results showed that radioactive 1‐14C‐linoleic acid was released from the glyceryl trilinoleate and incorporated throghout the lipid classes. The pattern of the distribution of the radioactivity and specific activities showed that the transformation of linoleic acid between the triglyceride, diglyceride and fatty acid pools was an equilibrium process. Linoleic acid released from glyceryl 1‐14C‐trilinoleate was converted to higher polyunsaturated fatty acids which were incorporated throughout the lipid classes, and was catabolized as evidenced by the finding of radioactivity in palmitic acid. The main metabolic pools in the interconversion of linoleic acid were arachidonic and 22∶5 acids. Small amounts of 20∶3 and 22∶4 were also detected and had high specific activities indicative of their roles as precursors.
Cis‐5‐monoenoic fatty acids ofCarlina (Compositae) seed oils
Authors: Spencer G. F. , Kleiman R. , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A.
Published: November 2006

Seed oils ofCarlina corymbosa L. andC. acaulis L. containcis‐5‐octadecenoic acid as a major fatty acid (21–24%). This acid has not been previously reported as a constituent of Compositate seed oils. The predominant fatty acid in theCarlina oils is linoleic (50–52%); lesser amounts (≦10% each) of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids are also present. The oil ofC. acaulis has almost 2% ofcis‐5‐hexadecenoic acid;C. corymbosa oil includes minor amounts of some oxygenated fatty acids.
Response of docosapentaenoic acids of rat heart phospholipids to dietary fat
Authors: Egwim P. O. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: November 2006

Groups of male Holtzman strain rats were fed from weanling one of the following diets: 20% hydrogenated soybean fat (20% HF), and 20% HF plus 2%, 3% and 4% corn oil, respectively, for 20 weeks. The animals were killed, and the heart phospholipid fractions isolated by chromatographic procedures. The levels and distribution of the docosapolyenoic acids, especially 22∶5ω3, were compared among the animals fed the corn oil supplemented and nonsupplemented diets. Although dietary linolenate (18∶3ω3) level was very low in the nonsupplemented diet, 22∶5ω3 accounted for 8.4% of the total fatty acids of heart total phospholipids when this diet was fed‐half the level of total eicosatetraenoic acids. The amounts of 22∶5ω3 were decreased by corn oil supplementation of the diet and got down to the “normal” range of 2.0–2.5% at corn oil supplementation levels greater than 2%. The docosapolyenoic acids were confined largely to the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine classes of phospholipids. These findings are discussed from the standpoint of the structural role of the phospholipids in the heart subcellular fractions.