bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observed Tracer Fields Structuration by Middepth Zonal Jets in the Tropical Pacific
Authors: Delpech Audrey , Cravatte Sophie , Marin Frédéric , Morel Yves , Gronchi Enzo , Kestenare Elodie
Published: November 2019

The middepth ocean circulation in the tropical Pacific is dominated by sets of alternating eastward and westward jets. The origin and transport properties of these flow features remain in many ways an open question, all the more crucial since their usual underestimation in ocean global circulation models has been identified as a potential bias for the misrepresentation of the oxygen minimum zones. In this study, we analyze the water mass properties associated with these systems of jets using velocity and hydrographic sections. Data acquired during a dedicated cruise carried out in the western part of the basin and supplemented by cross-equatorial sections from historical cruises in the central and eastern parts are analyzed. While it is confirmed that the near-equatorial jets carry oxygen anomalies, contributing to the ventilation of the eastern tropical Pacific, the data also revealed unexpected features. Tracer distributions (oxygen, salinity, and potential vorticity) show the presence of fronts extending from 500 to 3000 m and flanked by homogeneous regions. These structures define meridional staircase profiles that coincide with the alternating velocity profiles. Historical data confirm their presence in the off-equatorial deep tropical ocean with a zonal and temporal coherence throughout the basin. These observations support existing theoretical studies involving homogenization by isopycnic turbulent mixing in the formation of staircase profiles and maintenance of zonal jets. The effect of other processes on the equilibration of tracer structures is also discussed.
Observational Study of the Thermodynamics and Morphological Characteristics of a Midlatitude Continental Cold Pool Event
Authors: Borque Paloma , Nesbitt Stephen W. , Trapp Robert J. , Lasher-Trapp Sonia , Oue Mariko
Published: November 2019

Convectively generated cold pools are important to the Earth system as they exert strong controls on deep convective-storm initiation, intensity, and life cycle. Despite their importance, efforts to introduce such cold pool controls into weather and climate models lack guidance and/or physical constraints from cold pool observations. This work presents a detailed, purely observational analysis of a cold pool event that took place on 23–24 May 2011 in north-central Oklahoma. The characteristics of the cold pool, and the spatiotemporal evolution of the hydrometeors and dynamics in the proximity of the cold pool, are studied with high-resolution observations. The unprecedented dataset used in this work to study cold pool characteristics includes an enhanced network of surface weather stations, a high-temporal-frequency sounding array, and the NEXRAD and Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains radar networks. The potential use of NEXRAD surveillance scans to estimate height and propagation speed of the leading edge of the cold pool (LECP) is presented in this work. Manual identification and tracking of the LECP from NEXRAD imagery shows a spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the LECP properties. Surprisingly, over its detected life cycle, the LECP speed remains almost constant, even though the strength of the cold pool diminishes in time and its height varies. Radar analysis shows that pulses of graupel and hail within downdrafts in the convective system generating the cold pool appeared to be related to temporary increases in the LECP height.
Optimal Network Design Applied to Monitoring and Forecasting Surface Temperature in Antarctica
Authors: Hakim Gregory J. , Bumbaco Karin A. , Tardif Robert , Powers Jordan G.
Published: November 2019

As harsh weather conditions in Antarctica make it difficult to support a dense weather observing network there, it is critical to place new weather stations in locations that are optimal for a given monitoring goal. Here we demonstrate a network design algorithm that uses ensemble sensitivity to identify optimal locations for new automatic weather stations in Antarctica. We define the optimal location as one that maximizes the reduction in total variance of a given spatial field. Using WRF Model forecast output from the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS), we identify the best locations for observations across the continent by considering two spatial fields: (i) the daily 0000 UTC 2-m temperature analysis field and (ii) the daily 0000 UTC 2-m air temperature 24-h forecast field. We explore the impact of spatial localization on the results, finding that a covariance length scale of 3000 km is appropriate for these metrics. We find optimal locations assuming that no stations exist on the continent (blank slate) and conditional on existing stations (CD90). In the “blank slate” scenario, the Megadunes region emerges as the most important location to both monitor temperature and reduce temperature forecast errors, with the Ronne Coast and the Siple Coast following. Results for the monitoring and forecasting metrics are similar for the CD90 subset as well, indicating that additional stations could benefit multiple performance goals. Considering the CD90 subset, Wilkes Land–Adelie Coast, Ellsworth Land, and Queen Maud Land–Interior are identified as regions to consider installing new stations for optimizing network performance.
Should Parents be Informed of Innocent Murmurs?
Authors: Greenwood Ronald D.
Published: November 2019

Because of the high incidence of parental misconception and subsequent emotional trauma, the pediatrician must be cautious when deciding whether to disclose the presence of an innocent murmur; if he decides to inform the parents he must do this with thoughtfulness and care.
Boredom Proneness and Aggression Among People With Substance Use Disorder: The Mediating Role of Trait Anger and Impulsivity
Authors: Cao Qilong , An Jing
Published: November 2019

Boredom proneness has been linked to aggressive behaviors; however, the relationship between them is not well understood. To better understand the mechanism underlying the relationship between boredom proneness and aggression, a serial multiple mediator model was built, where boredom proneness impacted aggression simultaneously through (a) impulsivity, (b) trait anger, and (c) impulsivity to trait anger. Using data collected among Chinese substance users, a battery of interview questionnaires was completed. Results from this study indicate a positive relationship between boredom proneness, impulsivity, trait anger, and aggression. Moreover, the mediating role of impulsivity, trait anger, and both impulsivity and trait anger in serial were found. This study reflects that the link from boredom proneness to aggression among substances users could be partially explained via impulsivity and anger.
The Relationship between the Korean Dawn Prayer Meeting and Spirituality
Authors: Kim Jonghyun
Published: November 2019

This article analyzes the formative power of the Korean dawn prayer service to better understand the public and private dimensions of Christian spirituality. It explores the origin of the dawn prayer in the history of Korean Protestantism, and examines an example from a particular church. On the basis of this exploration, it is argued that the dawn prayer service should not be understood as an instrument to strengthen individual spirituality, but rather as a place to participate in God’s redemptive work to and for the world. Both the individual and communal aspects of dawn prayer practice are important, but I will argue that current Korean practice leans too much toward the individual.
Consecration and Sacrifice in Ambrose and the Roman Canon
Authors: Belcher Kimberly Hope
Published: November 2019

Ambrose’s interpretation of his eucharistic prayer played a foundational role in the developing theology of consecration in the West. Medieval commentators conflated Ambrose’s prayer and ritual context with the later Roman Canon and the mass. By reconsidering the relationship between the eucharistic portions of De sacramentiis and De mysteriis and the structural differences between Ambrose’s prayer and the earliest sacramentary versions of the Roman Canon, one can base a Western theology of the “sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving” on the Western eucharistic prayer family’s chiastic references to offering and acceptance. Ambrose’s witness overcomes ecumenical impasses on sacrifice, because the indigenous Western European theology of the Eucharistic Prayer includes the local community’s participation in Christ’s cosmic and ecclesial thanksgiving to God the Father; by this participation they bind themselves to do God’s work; what is sacrificed is the greed by which they formerly sought their own interests. To constrain Roman Catholic theologies of the Roman Canon with this theology is also to respect Luther’s testamentary theology of eucharistic liturgy and show a way for ecumenical convergence.
Remembering the English Reformation in the Revision of the Communion Liturgy of the Book of Common Prayer, 1906–1920
Authors: Cruickshank Dan D.
Published: November 2019

This paper will examine how the Convocations of the Church of England remembered their past liturgies, and the reformation theology that formed the previous Prayer Books of the Church, in their main period of work on the revision of the Prayer Book from 1906 to 1920. Focusing on the Communion Service, it considers the lack of defenders of the 1662 Communion service and its reformed theology. It will examine how the 1549 Prayer Book was used as a basis for reordering the Communion service, and how this original Prayer Book was seen in relation to preceding medieval Roman Catholic theology. Ultimately it considers how a re-imagination of the English Reformation was used to justify the incorporation of liturgical theology that had no historical basis in the Church of England.
Fabrication of durable hydrophobic porous polyurethane membrane via water droplet induced phase separation for protective textiles
Authors: Anjum Aima Sameen , Son Eun Jong , Yu Jae Hyung , Ryu Inshik , Park Myung Soo , Hwang Chang Soon , Ahn Jae Woo , Choi Joo Young , Jeong Sung Hoon
Published: November 2019

The demand for functional membranes with balanced waterproofness and with good water vapor transmission in wearable applications is increasing by the day. However, their low wear resistance, low moisture tolerance, complicated fabrication procedures, and high health risk limit their outdoor use. In this study, we fabricated a waterproof and breathable polyurethane porous membrane for a membrane outside/fabric inside wearable fabric through an effective and facile dry process called evaporation induced phase separation. The matrix of the polyurethane membrane was mainly modified by water droplets and diisocyanate crosslinking agents, which allow the resultant membrane to be porous and durable. The water vapor transmission of the polyurethane water in oil emulsion was efficiently enhanced by introducing a porous network incorporated with tiny water droplets in the polyurethane emulsion. The optimization method for the emulsion allowed the waterproof, breathable porous membrane to sustain a tensile load of 35 MPa with an abrasion resistance of 15,000 cycles. Notably, the optimized porous membrane tended to exhibit a high hydrostatic pressure of 3500 mmH2O, good breathability of 3000 g/m2 day, and excellent porosity of 65%, which suggests that evaporation induced phase separation is a facile method for designing the membrane. These promising results show that the waterproof and breathable porous membrane can compete with commercially available protective membranes and coatings because of its porosity, facile synthesis, low cost, non-swelling behavior, high stability, and commercial scale production.
Tolerance Training with Adolescents in a Residential Juvenile Facility
Authors: O’Rourke Soracha , Richling Sarah , Brogan Kristen , McDougale Cassidy , Rapp John T.
Published: November 2019

For individuals receiving treatment in residential juvenile facilities, the inability to tolerate typical but unpleasant stimulus events may manifest in aggressive behavior toward staff or other residents. Such behaviors can lead to loss of privileges, interfere with other treatments, and contribute to negative staff-student relationships. As a procedure, tolerance training (TT) involves systematically increasing the duration of exposure to an undesired stimulus event or situation. The current study evaluated the effects of a procedure to increase tolerance of aversive situations for four adolescents who were receiving treatment for sexual offenses in a residential detention facility. Results from single-subject experimental designs indicate that TT increased all four adolescents’ ability to tolerate a non-preferred stimulus event. We briefly discuss the clinical implications of the use of behavior-analytic procedures to improve skill sets for adolescents in residential treatment facilities.
Management Earnings Forecasts and the Cost of Debt
Authors: Kitagawa Norio , Shuto Akinobu
Published: November 2019

Prior studies have indicated that earnings are useful for bond market investors and that beating earnings benchmarks is related to a firm’s lower cost of debt. This study examines whether management earnings forecasts are related to a firm’s cost of debt. Our results indicate that (a) positive forecast innovations (i.e., forecasted increases in earnings) are related to a firm’s lower bond yield spread after controlling for the effect of other earnings benchmarks and (b) the negative association between positive forecast innovations and bond yield spread is weaker for firms with high default risk than for those with low default risk. The results suggest that management earnings forecasts are useful for investors in the Japanese bond market and are consistent with the findings in the equity market. However, the usefulness of management earnings forecasts in the bond market depends on a firm’s level of default risk. Our results suggest that bond investors discount the management earnings forecasts of firms with high default risk because such forecasts are more likely to have an optimistic bias.
Certum Quod Factum: How Formal Models Contribute to the Theoretical and Empirical Robustness of Organization Theory
Authors: Csaszar Felipe A.
Published: November 2019

The aim of this commentary is to show how the use of formal models—both closed form and computational—can improve theory development and theory testing in organization theory. I also provide practical suggestions (aimed at PhD students and researchers considering developing a formal model) for dealing with challenges in developing and writing a formal modeling paper. By uncovering how formal models contribute to organization theory and presenting the constraints that formal modeling papers are subject to, this commentary can also help consumers of modeling papers to extract more value from this research method.
Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming
Authors: Powell James
Published: November 2019

The consensus among research scientists on anthropogenic global warming has grown to 100%, based on a review of 11,602 peer-reviewed articles on “climate change” and “global warming” published in the first 7 months of 2019.
Explicit and Implicit Timing of Short Time Intervals: Using the Same Method
Authors: Soltanlou Mojtaba , Nazari Mohammad Ali , Vahidi Parisa , Nemati Parvin
Published: November 2019

Up until now, there has been no study conducted in the field of time perception using very short intervals for a direct comparison between implicit and explicit timing tasks in order to uncover plausibly different underlying mechanisms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare human time estimation during implicit and explicit timing tasks with short intervals and the same method. A total of 81 adults were divided into three groups and completed two tasks with one of three different intervals: 500, 1,000, and 2,000 ms. The results revealed an overestimation for all three intervals of the implicit timing task, while participants overestimated 500 ms but underestimated 1,000 and 2,000 ms intervals of the explicit timing task. Moreover, explicit time estimation was more precise than implicit time estimation. We observed the opposite pattern as compared to a few previous studies with long intervals: Short intervals were perceived longer in the implicit timing task as compared to the explicit timing task. We concluded that nontemporal contents represent passing time during the implicit timing task but unlike temporal dimension during the explicit timing task. Therefore, even the same method of measurement led to a different performance in implicit and explicit timing tasks.
Health geographies III: More-than-representational pushes and expressions
Authors: Andrews Gavin J.
Published: November 2019

This report, the final in the current series, reviews recent scholarship in health geography that engages with more-than-representational pushes and expressions towards and against health. Attention is paid to the ‘onflow’ of space, time, matter and experience, and to specific qualities it lays down (speeds, momentums, rhythms, spacings and lines of action, encounters and infections). Attention is also paid to some methodological innovations that have been deployed in exposing these qualities.
Recent Legal Developments: Criminal Justice Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, 2018 Term
Authors: Hemmens Craig , Dotson Elizabeth , Miller Mary
Published: November 2019

In this article, we review and analyze the criminal justice–related decisions of the 2018 term of the U.S. Supreme Court. We also provide a summary of the Court’s voting patterns and opinion authorship. Eighteen of the Court’s 72 decisions touched on criminal justice. There were significant decisions involving due process, sentencing, and federal criminal statutes. Each of these is discussed in turn.
Free vibration response of carbon nanotube reinforced pretwisted conical shell under thermal environment
Authors: Maji Pabitra , Rout Mrutyunjay , Karmakar Amit
Published: November 2019

Finite element procedure is employed to analyze the free vibration characteristics of rotating functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced composite conical shell with pretwist under the thermal environment. In this paper, four types of carbon nanotube grading are considered, wherein the distribution of carbon nanotubes are made through the thickness direction of the conical shell. An eight-noded isoparametric shell element is used in the present formulation to model the panel based on the first-order shear deformation theory. For moderate rotational speeds, the generalized dynamic equilibrium equation is derived from Lagrange’s equation of motion, neglecting the Coriolis effect. The finite element code is developed to investigate the effect of twist angle, temperature, aspect ratio, and rotational speed on natural frequencies. The mode shapes of a carbon nanotube reinforced functionally graded conical shell at different twist angles and rotational speeds are also presented.
Dynamic turning force prediction and feature parameters extraction of machine tool based on ARMA and HHT
Authors: Zhang Bao , Zhao Chunyu
Published: November 2019

The dynamic prediction of turning force is an effective means to reflect the changing course and characteristics of the force in the whole cutting process. It is very important to model and predict the turning force and analyze its spectrum characteristics. In order to obtain the dynamic turning force, the circular cutting experiment of 12Cr18Ni9 rotary piece was carried out on the numerical control machine ETC1625P. The KISTLER sensor was mounted on the tool head of the machine tool, and the real-time turning forces in three cutting directions were measured. The experimental data show that the turning force fluctuates with the change of displacement in the feed direction. In order to study the complex nonlinear relationship between turning force and cutting parameters, the dynamic turning force was predicted by autoregressive-moving average modeling. The time–frequency analysis of the main turning force was carried out by using Hilbert–Huang transform. The local time–frequency characteristics of the signal were obtained by analyzing the Hilbert amplitude spectrum of the signal. When only one cutting parameter was changed, the maximum amplitude of Hilbert marginal spectrum of turning force signal changed with the change of cutting parameters. The results show that the high-precision modeling of dynamic turning force and the extraction of cutting features can be effectively realized by using autoregressive-moving average and Hilbert–Huang transform.
Individual and partner characteristics associated with HIV testing and counseling uptake among individuals 50 years or older in Tanzania
Authors: Muiruri Charles , Swai Scholastica J , Ramadhani Habib O , Knettel Brandon A , Mahande Michael J , Msuya Sia E , Bartlett John A
Published: November 2019

HIV prevention efforts have historically focused on people aged 15–49 years, despite mounting evidence of risk behavior and increased disease burden among older adults. We analyzed survey data from 600 adults aged ≥50 years in the Rombo District of Tanzania. Logistic regression models were performed to evaluate individual and partner-level factors associated with HIV testing and counseling (HTC) uptake. In this sample, more than half of participants were sexually active and condom use was rare, but only 57% had ever been tested for HIV. Ten were HIV infected (1.7%); this prevalence was approximately one-third that observed among the general population in Tanzania (4.7%). Individual factors associated with increased HTC uptake included younger age, female gender, greater educational attainment, and having health insurance. Partner factors associated with increased HTC uptake included lower partner age and higher partner education. This population demonstrated substantial HIV risk, warranting tailored interventions to raise awareness and increase HTC uptake.
Internationalization: Perspectives From University Faculty in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Clarke Marie , Hui Yang Linda
Published: November 2019

This article, emerging from a wider study on internationalization in the Republic of Ireland, explores internationalization through the everyday lived experience of faculty and its impact on their professional contexts. It highlights issues that faculty members face in a national context, where internationalization is viewed as an economic goal rather than an academic goal. This aspect, which has been under-researched in higher education literature, addresses the complexities and contradictions that internationalization can create for faculty. A social realist approach using Archer’s morphogenetic framework was employed to facilitate an exploration of the variegated responses that internationalization produced. The performative response to internationalization was captured, which revealed different agential responses: from an acceptance of the instrumentalist discourse to feeling demoralized by the lack of recognition for professional commitment, the impact of non-engagement by colleagues and engagement with the process to advance other career objectives.
Cultural Variations in Resilience Capacity and Posttraumatic Stress: A Tri-Cultural Comparison
Authors: Zheng Ping , Gray Matt J. , Duan Wen-Jie , Ho Samuel M. Y. , Xia Mian , Clapp Joshua D.
Published: November 2019

Resilience capacity has been associated with individuals’ flexibility and adaptability in responding to potential trauma. Culture-related appraisals influence not only interpretations of etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and perception of severity of PTSD symptoms but also flexible coping strategies. However, adequate research of the mechanisms on how culture may affect the relationship between resilience and PTSD does not yet exist. The present study focused on whether and how culture (America, Hong Kong, and Mainland China) moderated the relationship between resilience capacity and severity of posttraumatic distress. Data were collected at three research sites (America, Hong Kong, and Mainland China) where 558 trauma survivors were recruited. Measures included the Life Events Checklist ( LEC-5), the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 ( PCL-5), and the Revised Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale ( CD-RISC-R). The results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that American participants were more resilient than the participants in Hong Kong and Mainland China. The results of multiple regression indicated that frequency of exposure to trauma was a weaker predictor of severity of PTSD symptoms at high versus low levels of resilience capacity. The results also indicated a weaker moderating effect of Hong Kong versus American culture on the relation between resilience capacity and PTSD. This pilot study highlighted East–West cultural differences in the baselines of resilience capacity and posttraumatic stress and may motivate clinicians and researchers to reevaluate Western diagnostic criteria to psychological trauma conceptualization and treatment for non-Western populations.
Toward Prediction of Driver Awareness of Automotive Hazards: Driving-Video-Based Simulation Approach
Authors: Kim Hyungil , Gabbard Joseph L. , Martin Sujitha , Tawari Ashish , Misu Teruhisa
Published: November 2019

Automated vehicles need to monitor not only the dynamic driving environment but also the human driver’s behavior for appropriate assistance or intervention. One such challenge in observing the driver is the ability for vehicles to recognize whether the driver is aware of specific road hazards or not. As a first step toward data-driven predictive models of driver awareness, we propose a driving-video-based simulation method for empirical data collection in an ecologically valid and safe environment. A human-subject experiment conducted in a driving simulator demonstrated the potential of the proposed method. Furthermore, this work investigated the relationship between driver awareness and eye movement. Our preliminary results support that human gaze behavior may be a promising but insufficient indicator of situation awareness, and, in particular, human perception of road hazards. The proposed approach can be further used for larger-scale data collections to inform machine learning algorithms for prediction of driver awareness based on observable driver behavior and the characteristics of road hazards.
Communication of Visual and Auditory Information and The Coordination of Team Task Performance
Authors: Werner Adam F. , Gorman Jamie C. , Crites Michael J.
Published: November 2019

Due to lack of visual or auditory perceptual information, many tasks require interpersonal coordination and teaming. Dyadic verbal and/or auditory communication typically results in the two people becoming informationally coupled. This experiment examined coupling by using a two-person remote navigation task where one participant blindly drove a remote-controlled car while another participant provided auditory, visual, or a combination of both cues (bimodal). Under these conditions, we evaluated performance using easy, moderate, and hard task difficulties. We predicted that the visual condition would have higher performance measures overall, and the bimodal condition would have higher performance as difficulty increased. Results indicated that visual coupling performs better overall compared to auditory coupling and that bimodal coupling showed increased performance as task difficulty went from moderate to hard. When auditory coupling occurs, the frequency at which teams communicate affects performance— the faster teams spoke, the better they performed, even with visual communication available.
Integrating Episodic Future Thinking into Virtual Reality to Mitigate Substance Use Disorders: A Theoretical Framework
Authors: Wang Tianzi , Mellis Alexandra M. , Lau Nathan , Bickel Warren
Published: November 2019

Substance use disorders present major health risks and economic burdens, while current healthcare systems face insufficient resources and accessibility deficiencies that challenge long term treatment for chronic diseases. This paper presents a theoretical approach of integrating the concept of episodic future thinking into immersive virtual reality to treat substance use disorders. Episodic future thinking can extend the temporal window over which an individual values rewards, rebalancing the impulsive and executive decision systems and thereby reducing the valuation of substances of abuse. In theory, virtual reality can enhance episodic future thinking by providing realistic cues and contexts. We propose using schema theory to guide the design of virtual reality for facilitating episodic future thinking. Future work should focus on developing and evaluating a proof-of-concept of this theoretical framework.
Perceived Usefulness of Multimodal Voice Assistant Technology
Authors: Baeza Rianna R. , Kumar Anil R.
Published: November 2019

Smart speaker devices are appealing to consumers, but the perceived usefulness of the multimodal voice experience is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which cognitive load, the relevance of visual information, and personality influence the perceived usefulness of multimodal voice assistant technology in a within-subjects repeated measures design. A multimodal voice prototype was created to answer the question, “What are some extreme weather conditions?” Nine variants, including 3, 5 and 7 system responses with relevant, irrelevant or no information presented on a screen were included. Three tasks were embedded within each condition (Stroop task, sort M&Ms and no task). Perceived usefulness score, recall, personality score, and fluctuations in galvanic skin response (GSR) values were the subjective and objective measures. The findings suggest that when there’s a smaller number of responses/words for the participant to attend to, and subsequently recall, in addition to relevant visual feedback to aid in that recall, they perceive the voice assistant experience to be more useful, while task conducted exhibits marginal significance in determining PU. Scores of conscientiousness, openness to experience, agreeableness, and neuroticism were successful in predicting some variation in the PU responses, while GSR data was not. It is highly recommended that UX designers of the multimodal interface create succinct voice responses with relevant visual feedback to accompany it, and to keep the main use cases of these products in mind to increase the experience’s PU and subsequent behavioral intention to use the product.
Perceptions from People Aging with a Mobility Impairment towards using Tele-Technology for Exercise
Authors: Mois George , Mackin Taylor E. , Datta Amber , Koon Lyndsie M. , Rogers Wendy A. , Mitzner Tracy L. , Beer Jenay M.
Published: November 2019

Persons aging with a mobility disability encounter barriers to exercise engagement including accessibility to transportation, facilities, and adequately trained instructors. A tele-exercise platform could reduce these barriers as it utilizes video conferencing to enable remote exercise classes. For this feasibility study, participants ( N = 19; 40+ years of age) who identified as aging with a mobility impairment for at least five years or longer, participated in a seated, one-on-one, gentle movement exercise class via web-based video conferencing (OneClick.chat). We present data from semi-structured interviews regarding participants’ perceptions of the tele-exercise class. Participants discussed their perceptions of benefits, concerns, technology usability, and intent to adopt. Participants expressed positive attitudes, overall, stating that they would likely benefit physically, emotionally, and socially from regular participation in a tele-exercise exercise program, and most expressed an interest in adopting such a program. Participants also expressed concern about the usability of the technology platform. We provide design recommendations to address participants’ concerns. These findings provide guidance for how to improve the design of a remote tele-exercise class for adults aging with mobility disability.
Video Data for Escalator Accidents
Authors: Ayres Thomas J.
Published: November 2019

Many videos of escalator accidents are available on social media, especially YouTube. A review of a large sample of such videos reveals information about some types of accidents not readily found or well described in hospital reports and behavioral observations. These include numerous deliberate misuse modes such as sliding or riding on handrails, as well as risky activity such as wearing clothes that can become entangled in the mechanism and traveling in the wrong direction, and various mechanical problems. Advantages and limitations of video data are discussed, along with suggestions for possible safety interventions.
Assessment of the Relationship between Military Weapon Qualification Scores and Attributes of Simulated Marksmanship Mission Readiness
Authors: Villa Jose D. , Christopher John J. , Mitchell K. Blake , Hussey Erika K. , Ramsay John W. , Brown Stephanie A. T.
Published: November 2019

The U.S. military uses performance in standardized weapons qualification tests as one benchmark of mission readiness. However, validity concerns have risen about the current qualification model in regards to its suitability to measure marksmanship ability in realistic, battlefield conditions as well as its relevance with recent weapon technological advancements. The present analysis provides an initial look at the relationship between performance in a standard weapons qualification test (qualification score) and performance attributes of marksmanship recorded prior to a field training mission. Marksmanship performance was measured using a simulator and a combined static-dynamic methodology capable of assessing the entire marksmanship process of moving, locating, positioning, and engaging targets. Results indicate that qualification scores in the current qualification model are a poor predictor of slow, untimed static marksmanship and a good predictor of high-paced dynamic marksmanship timing and mobility performance attributes during a rested state, prior to embarking on a mission.
Utility of Concurrent Bandwidth Feedback in Training Aircraft Flight Tasks
Authors: Karasinski John A. , Robinson Stephen K.
Published: November 2019

The effects of concurrent bandwidth feedback on operator performance and workload was analyzed in training an aircraft flight control task. In the experiment, participants completed a simulated flight task consisting of three complexity levels using traditional flight instruments. Thirty participants were divided into equal sized control and feedback groups. The control group controlled simulated aircraft motion with visual guidance for pitch, roll, and altitude provided by traditional flight instruments. The feedback group received additional visual concurrent bandwidth feedback for each controlled degree of freedom. For both groups, performance and workload measurements were evaluated to determine the effects of the feedback on subject learning rate and maximum skill level. To assess short-term retention of learned skill for the feedback group, the concurrent feedback was removed, and performance was again evaluated. Statistical analyses showed that participants in the feedback group immediately performed better than those in the control group, that the performance difference between the two groups was more pronounced for more complex tasks, and that final performance levels for the feedback group significantly exceeded that of the control group. We found that concurrent bandwidth feedback does not reduce workload in our flight tasks, and that for the short periods tested, participants continued to perform at the same performance and workload levels when the feedback was removed.
The Role of Cue Utilization during a Simulated Driving Scenario
Authors: Sturman Daniel , Wiggins Mark W.
Published: November 2019

The present study was designed to establish whether a cue-based assessment of driving could predict cognitive load and performance during a simulated driving task. Following an assessment of cue utilization in the domain of driving, participants completed a moderate workload simulated driving task, during which cerebral oxygenation, eye behavior, and driving performance metrics were recorded. During the simulated driving task, participants with higher cue utilization recorded smaller increases in cerebral oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex relative to baseline, and smaller mean fixation dispersions, compared to participants with lower cue utilization. There were no statistically significant differences in the number of speed exceedances nor missed traffic signals based on cue utilization. These outcomes suggest that participants with higher cue utilization were able to allocate fewer cognitive resources to the simulated driving task, while maintaining an equivalent level of driving performance, compared to participants with lower cue utilization.
Risk Perceptions of Common Technologies
Authors: Stuck Rachel E. , Walker Bruce N.
Published: November 2019

Perceived risk is an important component of technology acceptance and adoption. Research has explored perceived risk, and its relation to technology acceptance. However, only limited work has considered common technologies, or assessed different types of risk. This study explored perceptions of risk within 5 types (financial, performance, physical, psychological, social) and overall perceived risk, for 23 common technologies. 178 participants rated the technologies across all the types of risk. In general, the technologies were rated as mildly risky for all categories of risk, but ratings were even lower for psychological, physical, and social risk. However, individual technologies varied in their rankings. This study emphasizes the need to understand not just overall perceived risk, but also type of perceived risk. This insight can assist developers and others (e.g., marketers) to understand what types of risk must be mitigated through redesign, training, or other means to promote technology acceptance.
People can Compensate for Directional Mismatches Between Input Devices and Cursor Motions, up to a Threshold
Authors: Yanko Matthew R. , Odell Dan
Published: November 2019

This paper explores the human capacity to use visual feedback to compensate for directional mismatches between input devices and cursor motions in a standardized pointing task. Sixteen participants completed blocks of 64 trials as the directional mismatch between the input device and cursor motion was incremented clockwise by 7.5° over thirteen blocks, from 0° to 90°. At 90°, a vertical motion of the mouse mapped to a cursor motion directly to the right. Participants were robust to these acclimated directional mismatches up to 30°, at which point pointing performance began to decline. The findings have application in understanding the robustness of traditional input methods, as well as in virtual reality where visual feedback mismatches can be used for steering physical motions to make better use of constrained physical space or to reuse tactile stimuli.
Understanding Different Career Paths for Human Factors/Ergonomics Engineers
Authors: Surabattula Deepti
Published: November 2019

The panel consists of four Human Factors professionals from industry and academia and one non-Human Factors professional. It is designed to help Human Factors practitioners in the industry and academia to understand the various career paths available to them. The goal of the panel is to raise awareness about the different roles Human Factors engineers can transition to after extensive experience as Human Factors practitioners. The panel also intends to raise awareness that transitioning to Human Factors roles with prior experience in other disciplines brings unique skills and perspective to the Human Factors discipline.
Investigating the Use of Movement Kinematics to Assess Perceptual Ambiguity in Virtual Reality
Authors: Clark Logan D. , Riggs Sara L.
Published: November 2019

With the emergence of 3D direct-selection interfaces in virtual reality (VR) displays, specialized metrics may be needed to assess the efficiency of these complex interactions. Kinematic movement trajectory analysis, an established technique in experimental psychology, may provide a useful framework for quantifying meaningful patterns of user interaction using the 3D position data recorded by most VR displays. We explored this possibility by investigating the effectiveness of a kinematic approach for identifying ambiguous interface elements in VR by detecting movements initiated toward incorrect target locations (termed “misfires”). Twenty-three participants selected 96 target objects of varying perceptual ambiguity presented in a simple VR environment with limited depth cues. Movement trajectories were recorded and evaluated using a-priori criteria to identify discontinuities consistent with misfire movements. Misfires were observed on 31.6% of trials and occurred significantly more often for movements to perceptually ambiguous targets. The findings of this study suggest that kinematic measures may be useful for quantifying patterns of user interaction in direct-selection VR interfaces.
Lead Vest/Apron and Back Pain in Interventional Radiology and Endovascular Surgery: A Scoping Review
Authors: Tetteh Emmanuel , Hallbeck M. Susan , Mirka Gary
Published: November 2019

The use of lead vest/aprons in interventional medicine has been identified in self-report surveys as a contributing factor to the development of occupational low back pain. Controlled studies (both laboratory and field) that have explored this association have not provided a conclusive link. This review explores the knowledge and gaps surrounding the use of lead vest/apron and low back pain development.
Examining the Visual Attention of Pairs of Operators during a Low to High Workload Change
Authors: Devlin Shannon P. , Flynn Jake R. , Riggs Sara L.
Published: November 2019

Dynamic and data-rich domains, like those found in the military, primarily rely on multiple operators’ visual attention. Of interest is to understand how shared visual attention impacts performance when workload changes and whether this informs the adaptation process between collaborators. Ten pairs of participants completed a simulated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle control task under two different workload conditions - first under low workload and then under high workload. The best and worst performing pairs were identified and further analyzed by assessing pairs’ percent gaze overlap and strategy when workload changed. The findings showed the best performing pairs not only had higher levels of percent gaze overlap on average, but also increased their percent gaze overlap as workload increased. Additionally, the best performing pairs engaged in the adaptation process with not only their actions, but their overall visual attention allocation strategy. These findings suggest systems and technology in these domains should allow operators to have access to their collaborator’s visual data, in order to provide the opportunity to adapt and dynamically collaborate under different workload conditions.
Low back muscle activity when using a smartphone while walking
Authors: Choi Seobin , Kim Misol , Kim Eunjee , Shin Gwanseob
Published: November 2019

Concurrent use of a smartphone while walking may influence low back muscle activation patterns due to restricted arm motions, limited trunk rotation and walking with the head in a flexed position. The objective of this study was to quantitatively determine the effects of smartphone use while walking on the level of myoelectric activity of the low back extensor muscles. Fifteen asymptomatic young smartphone users who were familiar with smartphone use while walking participated in this experiment. The electromyography (EMG) of the lumbar erector spinae muscles were collected bilaterally when they were conducting three walking tasks on a treadmill: 1) walking without smartphone use (upright walking); 2) web-browsing while walking; and, 3) texting while walking. Results found that the normalized EMG of the lumbar erector spinae muscles were significantly (p<0.05) greater when using a smartphone while walking as compared to when walking without using the phone. It indicates that using a smartphone while walking could pose larger muscular load to the low back extensor muscles than that of walking without using a phone.
Patterns of Sequential Off-Road Glances Indicate Levels of Distraction in Automated Driving
Authors: Yang Shiyan , Kuo Jonny , Lenné Michael G.
Published: November 2019

The safety concerns linked to semi-automated driving – more automation, less driver engagement – could be resolved by real-time driver monitoring with mitigation strategies. To achieve this, this paper analyzed an on-road dataset of sequential off-road glance behaviors under different levels of distraction in an autonomous vehicle trial named CANdrive. Several metrics based on sequential off-road glances were proposed and examined in terms of their capacity of measuring the levels of distraction. These findings are useful for the development of high-resolution driver state monitoring to improve safety in the collaboration between human driver and semi-autonomous vehicle.
Does Adaptive Mode Transition Contribute to Better Driver Intervention in Highly Automated Driving?
Authors: Zhou Huiping , Itoh Makoto , Kitazaki Satoshi
Published: November 2019

This paper presents an adaptive mode (level) transition in highly combined driving automation in which the mode of a system could adaptively shift to any level including SAE level 3 (conditional automation, CA) to level 2 (partial automation) based on the driving environment. We show the effects of the adaptive transition on the take over of car control by a human driver and driving behavior after intervention when the system issues a response to intervene. A driving simulator experiment is conducted to collect data during the transition from automated control to manual driving in three scenes: obstacle on a driving lane, blurred lane mark, and stopped car ahead. Results indicate that the interventions of drivers who experience the adaptive transition are delayed in comparison to those who experience only the fixed transition. The adaptive transition is conducive for drivers to stop the car for preventing a potential collision with a stopped car ahead. Owing to the adaptive transition, drivers perceive a critical hazard after taking over car control and provide a rapid response. In addition, during the adaptive transition, drivers prefer verbal messages to the simple “beeping” message.
Envisioning an Analog Work Domain Across Deep-Ocean Exploration and Human-Robot Spaceflight Exploration
Authors: Miller Matthew J. , Mirmalek Zara , Lim Darlene S.S.
Published: November 2019

What if one existing work domain could be leveraged to inform an instantiation of a second type of work domain? This is the question that informed a three year NASA-funded study, SUBSEA (Systematic Underwater Biogeochemical Science and Exploration Analog), on the use of ocean science and exploration via telepresence as an analog for future human-robot spaceflight. SUBSEA included two field programs performed in 2018 and 2019. Each was comprised of a multidisciplinary team of natural scientists studying deep-sea venting sites in tandem with a team of social scientists conducting work ethnography to understand the existing ocean exploration domain. This paper presents results from the 2018 field program which includes analyses that were required to generate specific “flight-like” conditions for the 2019 field program.