bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On sharpness of error bounds for multivariate neural network approximation
Authors: Goebbels Steffen
Published: December 2020

Single hidden layer feedforward neural networks can represent multivariate functions that are sums of ridge functions. These ridge functions are defined via an activation function and customizable weights. The paper deals with best non-linear approximation by such sums of ridge functions. Error bounds are presented in terms of moduli of smoothness. The main focus, however, is to prove that the bounds are best possible. To this end, counterexamples are constructed with a non-linear, quantitative extension of the uniform boundedness principle. They show sharpness with respect to Lipschitz classes for the logistic activation function and for certain piecewise polynomial activation functions. The paper is based on univariate results in Goebbels (Res Math 75(3):1–35, 2020.https://rdcu.be/b5mKH)
Adverse drug reactions in SARS-CoV-2 hospitalised patients: a case-series with a focus on drug–drug interactions
Authors: Crescioli Giada , Brilli Valentina , Lanzi Cecilia , Burgalassi Andrea , Ieri Alessandra , Bonaiuti Roberto , Romano Elias , Innocenti Rinaldo , Mannaioni Guido , Vannacci Alfredo , Lombardi Niccolò
Published: December 2020

Due to the need of early and emergency effective treatments for COVID-19, less attention may have been paid to their safety during the global emergency. In addition, characteristics of drug–drug interaction (DDI)-related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in COVID-19 patients have not yet been studied in depth. The aim of the present case-series study is to describe clinical and pharmacological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 hospitalised patients, focusing on ADRs, particularly those related to DDIs. We evaluated all reports of COVID-19 medication-related ADRs collected within the COVID-19 Units of Careggi University Hospital, Florence (Italy), between January 1st and 31st May 2020. Information regarding COVID-19 medications, patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics, concomitant drugs, ADRs description and outcome, were collected. Each case was evaluated for the causality assessment and to identify the presence of DDIs. During the study period, 23 Caucasian patients (56.5% males, mean age 76.1 years) experienced one or more ADRs. The majority of them were exposed to polypharmacy and 17.4% presented comorbidities. ADRs were referred to cardiovascular, psychiatric and gastrointestinal disorders. The most frequently reported preferred term was QT prolongation (mean QT interval 496.1 ms). ADRs improved or resolved completely in 60.8% of cases. For all patients, a case-by-case evaluation revealed the presence of one or more DDIs, especially those related to pharmacokinetic interactions. Despite the small number of patients, our evidence underline the clinical burden of DDIs in SARS-CoV-2 hospitalised patients and the risk of unexpected and uncommon psychiatric ADRs.
Simulation of utilization for LPBF manufacturing systems
Authors: Stittgen Tobias , Schleifenbaum Johannes Henrich
Published: December 2020

Due to resolving major technological challenges Additive Manufacturing (AM) is on the brink of industrialization. In order to operate capital-intensive AM equipment in an economically viable manner, service providers must configure their production environment in a way which enables high capacity utilization and short throughput times while minimizing work in process. The interrelation of those three mentioned production-related key performance indicators, also known as the scheduling dilemma, must be addressed with due consideration of the technology’s characteristics. Within the framework of this paper the authors describe the impact of a service provider’s facility configuration regarding machine pool, operator availability and distribution of work content on the production system’s utilization. The evaluations rely on a simulation model developed in Matlab®, which allows for modification and execution of production schedules within AM facilities of different configurations. The validation of the proposed model is based on empirical data gathered on the shopfloor of GKN Additive, a global AM service provider.
Efficient joint identification and fluted segment modelling of shrink-fit tool assemblies by updating extended tool models
Authors: Brecher Christian , Chavan Prateek , Fey Marcel
Published: December 2020

In milling, the dynamic behavior of the tool center point is crucial for estimating surface quality of the workpiece as well as the process stability behavior. Experimental-analytical receptance coupling can be used for predicting the tool tip dynamics but requires accurate analytical modelling of the holder-tool assembly. This includes the reliable identification of the holder-tool joint properties as well as the correct modelling of the fluted segment of end mills. However, the modelling effort associated with accurately representing the dynamic behavior of the fluted segment is significant. In addition, the joint identification requires a reference tool tip frequency response function of the tool assembly clamped in the machine spindle. This is inefficient and can also lead to incorrect estimation of joint properties. This paper provides an efficient method for joint identification and fluted section modelling using an offline, free–free excitation approach. The objective of this paper is to enable a direct comparison of the dynamic behavior of the freely constrained analytical tool assembly model with that of the real freely constrained tool assembly. The comparison of displacement to force frequency response at certain points on the tool assembly allows for the identification of tool model parameters such as the joint properties and effective diameter of the fluted segment. The comparability is realized by extending the analytical holder-tool beam model to include the receptance model of the standard spindle-holder interface. In this study, as an example, a thermal shrink-fit holder-tool beam model is extended to include an HSK-A63 interface. Subsequently, frequency response functions at two points on the real freely constrained tool assembly are measured in order to identify the joint stiffness and effective diameter of the fluted segment using the corresponding proposed formulations. The updated holder-tool model is then coupled with a 4-axis milling machine and validated. Despite the reduced modelling effort, a good prediction accuracy could be achieved for different holder-tool combinations.
A mathematical model-based approach to optimize loading schemes of isometric resistance training sessions
Authors: Herold Johannes L. , Sommer Andreas
Published: December 2020

Individualized resistance training is necessary to optimize training results. A model-based optimization of loading schemes could provide valuable impulses for practitioners and complement the predominant manual program design by customizing the loading schemes to the trainee and the training goals. We compile a literature overview of model-based approaches used to simulate or optimize the response to single resistance training sessions or to long-term resistance training plans in terms of strength, power, muscle mass, or local muscular endurance by varying the loading scheme. To the best of our knowledge, contributions employing a predictive model to algorithmically optimize loading schemes for different training goals are nonexistent in the literature. Thus, we propose to set up optimal control problems as follows. For the underlying dynamics, we use a phenomenological model of the time course of maximum voluntary isometric contraction force. Then, we provide mathematical formulations of key performance indicators for loading schemes identified in sport science and use those as objective functionals or constraints. We then solve those optimal control problems using previously obtained parameter estimates for the elbow flexors. We discuss our choice of training goals, analyze the structure of the computed solutions, and give evidence of their real-life feasibility. The proposed optimization methodology is independent from the underlying model and can be transferred to more elaborate physiological models once suitable ones become available.
Synthesis, microstructure, and properties of high purity Mo2TiAlC2 ceramics fabricated by spark plasma sintering
Authors: Niu Yunhui , Fu Shuai , Zhang Kuibao , Dai Bo , Zhang Haibin , Grasso Salvatore , Hu Chunfeng
Published: December 2020

The synthesis, microstructure, and properties of high purity dense bulk Mo2TiAlC2ceramics were studied. High purity Mo2TiAlC2powder was synthesized at 1873 K starting from Mo, Ti, Al, and graphite powders with a molar ratio of 2:1:1.25:2. The synthesis mechanism of Mo2TiAlC2was explored by analyzing the compositions of samples sintered at different temperatures. It was found that the Mo2TiAlC2phase was formed from the reaction among Mo3Al2C, Mo2C, TiC, and C. Dense Mo2TiAlC2bulk sample was prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1673 K under a pressure of 40 MPa. The relative density of the dense sample was 98.3%. The mean grain size was 3.5 μm in length and 1.5 μm in width. The typical layered structure could be clearly observed. The electrical conductivity of Mo2TiAlC2ceramic measured at the temperature range of 2–300 K decreased from 0.95 × 106to 0.77 × 106Ω–1·m–1. Thermal conductivity measured at the temperature range of 300–1273 K decreased from 8.0 to 6.4 W·(m·K)–1. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of Mo2TiAlC2measured at the temperature of 350–1100 K was calculated as 9.0 × 10–6K–1. Additionally, the layered structure and fine grain size benefited for excellent mechanical properties of low intrinsic Vickers hardness of 5.2 GPa, high flexural strength of 407.9 MPa, high fracture toughness of 6.5 MPa·m1/2, and high compressive strength of 1079 MPa. Even at the indentation load of 300 N, the residual flexural strength could hold 84% of the value of undamaged one, indicating remarkable damage tolerance. Furthermore, it was confirmed that Mo2TiAlC2ceramic had a good oxidation resistance below 1200 K in the air.
How useful are survey data for analyzing immigration policy?
Authors: Sumption Madeleine
Published: December 2020

Large-scale population surveys have been an important source of data for the study of migration, and in many countries provide the only widely accessible data on migrants’ characteristics and outcomes after they arrive. For immigration policymakers, however, official survey data have some important limitations. Nonresponse to surveys is particularly likely to affect newly arrived migrants, biasing analysis toward more settled populations who have different characteristics (e.g., different fiscal costs), and hindering analysis of how integration outcomes evolve after arrival. Survey data are not well suited to capturing the dynamics of a mobile population, particularly among groups of migrants who spend substantial periods outside the country. And perhaps most importantly, official survey data usually identify migrants by country of birth and nationality (and sometimes self-reported reason for migration) but rarely include information on a person’s legal status either at arrival or at the time of data collection. This significantly limits the possibilities for evaluating policy and the impacts of policy changes: the characteristics of migrants coming for different reasons can vary enormously, so policymakers should be cautious about assuming that aggregate evidence on migrants or migration will be relevant to the specific routes on which they are taking decisions. This article illustrates some of these problems in practice showing how official survey data in the United Kingdom have been unable to answer one of the key questions facing the government, namely how many and which EU citizens need to apply to secure their residence rights after Brexit.
“‘Real Men’ Support Their Wives”: Reconstructing Masculinity Among Men in Rural Northwestern Ghana
Authors: Dery Isaac , Akurugu Constance Awinpoka
Published: December 2020

Although there is growing debate among feminist scholars on how fathers often socialize their male children to aspire to embody specific values and behaviors, there is limited academic research on how fathers themselves construct and represent masculinity in Ghana. This article draws on data from six focus group discussions held with forty men to foreground men's negotiations, expressions, and representations of masculinity among the Dagaaba in northwestern Ghana. Our findings suggest that men in rural northwestern Ghana are likely to embody hybrid masculinities where traditionally hegemonic masculine ideals—such as men being seen as independent breadwinners—and contemporary gender-conscious norms—such as men as supportive partners—interact in complex ways. Yet the hybridization of masculinity both challenges and reinforces patriarchal gender arrangements in subtle ways. By maintaining a keen interest in their heteronormative breadwinning role as a model of masculinity, educated and gainfully employed men are critical of patriarchal norms that may be destructive to feminist discourses, yet their representations of masculinity indirectly embolden male hegemony in marriage relationships. Our findings further reveal considerable ambiguity in how men define themselves as supportive allies of feminist discourses by endorsing gender egalitarianism, yet none of them visibly challenges why women cannot also be breadwinners.
Will I Get COVID-19? Partisanship, Social Media Frames, and Perceptions of Health Risk in Brazil
Authors: Calvo Ernesto , Ventura Tiago
Published: December 2020

In these polarized and challenging times, not even perceptions of personal risk are immune to partisanship. This article introduces results from a new survey with an embedded social media experiment conducted during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Descriptive results show that progovernment and opposition partisans report very different expectations of health and job risks. Job and health policy have become wedge issues that elicit partisan responses. The analysis exploits random variation in the survey recruitment to show the effects of the president’s first speech on national television on the perceived risk and the moderating effect of partisanship. The article presents a framing experiment that models key cognitive mechanisms driving partisan differences in perceptions of health risks and job security during the COVID-19 crisis.
Dietary patterns and trajectories of global- and domain-specific cognitive decline in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936
Authors: Corley Janie , Deary Ian J.
Published: December 2020

Healthy dietary patterns may protect against age-related cognitive decline, but results of studies have been inconsistent and few have had extensive longitudinal follow-up with comprehensive cognitive testing. The aim of the present study was to determine associations of dietary patterns with trajectories of global- and domain-specific cognitive change over a 12-year period. Data from 863 community-dwelling, dementia-free participants from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study of ageing completed a FFQ at baseline (aged 70 years) and underwent cognitive testing at baseline, and at the ages of 73, 76, 79 and 82 years. Composite cognitive scores were constructed for four cognitive domains (visuospatial ability, processing speed, memory and verbal ability) and global cognitive function. A Mediterranean-style pattern and a traditional pattern were derived using principal component analysis of self-reported dietary intakes. In fully adjusted latent growth curve models, higher baseline adherence to the Mediterranean-style dietary pattern (β= 0·056,P= 0·009) and lower baseline adherence to the traditional dietary pattern (β  =  −0·087,P< 0·001) were cross-sectionally associated with better verbal ability. A slightly steeper decline in verbal ability over 12 years was observed in those with higher Mediterranean-style diet scores at baseline (β = −0·003,P= 0·008). All other associations were non-significant. Our findings in this well-characterised Scottish cohort indicate that adherence to a healthy Mediterranean-style diet is associated cross-sectionally with better verbal (crystallised) ability, with the converse being true for the traditional diet. A healthier baseline diet did not predict a reduced risk of global- or domain-specific cognitive decline.
Tectonic controls on sedimentary provenance and basin geography of the Mesoproterozoic Wilton package, McArthur Basin, northern Australia
Authors: Yang Bo , Collins Alan S. , Blades Morgan L. , Munson Tim J. , Payne Justin L. , Glorie Stijn , Farkaš Juraj
Published: December 2020

The c. 1.5–1.3 Ga Wilton package, the upper succession of the greater McArthur Basin, preserves detailed tectono-sedimentary evidence for the Mesoproterozoic evolution of the North Australian Craton (NAC). In addition, it is a valuable global sedimentary repository for the poorly explored Mesoproterozoic. New detrital zircon U–Pb age and Lu–Hf isotope data, collected from multiple, geographically separated, basins that make up the Wilton package, are compiled with previously published data to illuminate the basin evolution. The spatial and temporal variation in sedimentary provenance illustrates two major geographic changes that correspond to continent-scale tectonic convulsions of the NAC during the Mesoproterozoic. The first is shown by the influx of sediment sourced from east and southeast terranes. This is linked to rifting between Proterozoic Australia and Laurentia at c. 1.45 Ga, resulting in the uplift of the eastern margin of the NAC–SAC (South Australian Craton). The second basin geographic change is illustrated by a flux of southerly-sourced detritus that is interpreted to be tectonically driven by the uplift of the southern NAC, during the subduction/closure of the Mirning Ocean at c. 1.32 Ga. Spatially, sediment in the Wilton package is separated into two depositional systems: sedimentary rocks within the Birrindudu Basin, the western component of the Wilton package, have different detrital signatures relative to other Wilton package successions found east of the Daly Waters Fault Zone, in the Beetaloo Sub-basin, the McArthur Basin and the South Nicholson Basin. The Daly Waters Fault Zone is interpreted as an ancient bathymetric high, blocking sediment transport. Although they differ in sources, rocks in both the Birrindudu Basin and the eastern Wilton package record coeval shifts of basin provenance to southern sources. The coherent evolution of basin provenance indicates a consistent tectono-sedimentation history, and links the Birrindudu Basin and the other Wilton successions in a tectonic framework.
Concepts of Space
Authors: Bishop Elizabeth
Published: December 2020

Space, in the dictionary, is “a continuous area or expanse which is free, available, or unoccupied” and “the dimensions of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move.” Those of us who are social scientists may recognize Henri Lefebvre's unitary theory of space in the dictionary definition, which seeks to capture physical, mental, and social “fields” constituting space: spatial practices, representations of space, and representational space (such as the opening and closing of airports, requiring that people queue for temperature scans, constructing stadiums and choosing names for them). If anything, the spread of coronavirus disease at the present moment draws the significance of space and tensions between different concepts of space to our immediate attention.
The Liberal International Order and Peaceful Change: Spillover and the Importance of Values, Visions, and Passions
Authors: Flockhart Trine
Published: December 2020

As part of the roundtable “International Institutions and Peaceful Change,” this essay focuses on the role of institutions as agents of peaceful change from a perspective that emphasizes the importance of a wide spectrum of human emotions to better understand the less quantifiable but nevertheless important conditions for being able to sustain initiatives for peaceful change. It aims to throw light on the often overlooked psychological and emotional hurdles standing in the way of agents’ ability to undertake and sustain action designed to lead to peaceful change. To do so, the essay returns to the pioneering work of Ernst Haas and his important concept of “spillover.” The essay shows that the neofunctional understanding of spillover was a theoretically important innovation, but that it was missing three essential elements: an understanding of the need for positive emotions and ontological security; an understanding of the link between values and identity; and a realization of the importance of a shared vision for the “good life.” To illustrate the problems with Haas's version of spillover, but also to highlight the significant potential of the theory, the essay turns to the crisis of the liberal international order as an example of a forum where the agency to undertake peaceful change seems to be faltering. The essay concludes that the ability of the liberal order to effect peaceful change is currently hampered because the order is characterized by negative emotions, contested values, and a vision of the good life that is seen as mainly a benefit for the cosmopolitan elite.
International Political Theory 2020: The Worst of Times, the Best of Times
Authors: O'Driscoll Cian
Published: December 2020

The year 2020 has been a very trying one for many people, and universities have not been exempted from the challenges it has posed. There are real concerns that the effects of COVID-19 could lead to a lost generation of academic researchers. At the same time, this has been an unusually fecund period for the field of ethics and international affairs. New ideas regarding the relationship between politics and ethics have come to light, with implications for how we think about what ethics actually comprises. This essay seeks to take stock of this moment by considering the contributions to the field made by four recently published books. It concludes that we are observing a trend toward a more expansive way of thinking about ethics, one that has significant implications for how we approach the task of international relations scholarship.
Colonial policing and urban space in the notorious Commune Rouge of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: De Nys-Ketels Simon
Published: December 2020

Zooming in on the urban history of the Kenya neighbourhood in Lubumbashi, this article deals with the relation between urban space, colonial policing and African unrest. Colonial policy-makers feared the populous neighbourhood and its African masses, and deployed urban planning to materialize an ambiguous agenda of ‘welfare colonialism’ and discipline. The implementation of these planning projects was incomplete, and a spatial analysis of subsequent African local unrest, everyday colonial policing and military schemes sheds additional light on how colonial forces and Africans utilized urban space as a resource for protest and control. As such, the article aims to contribute to the academic debate on colonial policing, in which spatiality has been lacking.
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in cyanotic piglets is associated with increased neuronal necrosis
Authors: Petko Matus , Myung Richard J. , Volk Lindsay E. , Judkins Alexander R. , Ittenbach Richard F. , Gaynor J. William
Published: December 2020

Background:

The contribution of neonatal cyanosis, inherent to cyanotic congenital heart disease, to the magnitude of neurologic injury during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest has not been fully delineated. This study investigates the impact of cyanosis and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest on brain injury.

Methods:

Neonatal piglets were randomised to placement of a pulmonary artery to left atrium shunt to create cyanosis or sham thoracotomy. At day 7, animals were randomised to undergo deep hypothermic circulatory arrest or sham. Arterial oxygen tension and haematocrit were obtained. Neurobehavioural performance was serially assessed. The animals were sacrificed on day 14. Brain tissue was assessed for neuronal necrosis using a 5-point histopathologic score.

Results:

Four experimental groups were analysed (sham, n = 10; sham + deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, n = 8; shunt, n = 9; shunt + deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, n = 7). Cyanotic piglets had significantly higher haematocrit and lower partial pressure of oxygen at day 14 than non-cyanotic piglets. There were no statistically significant differences in neurobehavioural scores at day 1. However, shunt + deep hypothermic circulatory arrest piglets had evidence of greater neuronal injury than sham animals (median (range): 2 (0–4) versus 0 (0–0), p = 0.02).

Discussion:

Cyanotic piglets undergoing deep hypothermic circulatory arrest had increased neuronal injury compared to sham animals. Significant injury was not seen for either cyanosis or deep hypothermic circulatory arrest alone relative to shams. These findings suggest an interaction between cyanosis and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and may partially explain the suboptimal neurologic outcomes seen in children with cyanotic heart disease who undergo deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.
Food for thought: nano-selenium in poultry nutrition and health
Authors: Surai Peter F. , Kochish Ivan I.
Published: December 2020

In recent years, nanoparticles have become a fashionable subject of research due to their sizes, shapes, and unique intrinsic physicochemical properties. In particular for the last 5 years, nano-Se has received tremendous attention in terms of its production, characteristic, and possible application for poultry/animal science and medical sciences. Indeed, Nano-Se is shown to be a potential source of Se for poultry/animal nutrition. However, there is an urgent need to address the questions related to nano-Se absorption, assimilation, and metabolism. It is not clear at present if major biological effects of nano-Se are due to Se-protein synthesis, direct antioxidant/prooxidant effects, or both. It is necessary to understand how metallic nano-Se can be converted into H2Se and further to SeCys to be incorporated into selenoproteins. The aforementioned issues must be resolved before nano-Se finds its way to animal/poultry production as a feed supplement and clearly this subject warrants further investigation.
Electron Pitch Angle Distributions Around Dipolarization Fronts at the Off Magnetic Equator
Authors: Tang C. L. , Wang X. , Zhou M.
Published: December 2020

The pitch angle distributions of energetic electrons (10 s–200 keV) around the dipolarization front (DF) have been studied extensively. However, the pitch angle distributions of energetic electrons around the DF at the off magnetic equator have been unclear so far. In this study, we present the observations of the DF at the off magnetic equator in the near‐Earth tail. Some properties of the DF at the off magnetic equator are presented. Importantly, the triple‐peaked pitch angle distribution of energetic electrons around the DF is found. Such a new type of distribution is a peak at around 22.5°, 90°, and 157.5°, which is a combinational consequence of betatron acceleration, Fermi acceleration, and magnetic mirror effect. Using an analytical model, we quantitatively reproduce the processes of betatron acceleration, Fermi acceleration, and magnetic mirror effect. These results will further enhance our understanding of the electron dynamics around DFs.
On the Along‐Slope Heat Loss of the Boundary Current in the Eastern Arctic Ocean
Authors: Schulz Kirstin , Janout Markus , Lenn Yueng‐Djern , Ruiz‐Castillo Eugenio , Polyakov Igor , Mohrholz Volker , Tippenhauer Sandra , Reeve Krissy Anne , Hölemann Jens , Rabe Benjamin , Vredenborg Myriel
Published: December 2020

This study presents recent observations to quantify oceanic heat fluxes along the continental slope of the Eurasian part of the Arctic Ocean, in order to understand the dominant processes leading to the observed along‐track heat loss of the Arctic Boundary Current (ABC). We investigate the fate of warm Atlantic Water (AW) along the Arctic Ocean continental margin of the Siberian Seas based on 11 cross‐slope conductivity, temperature, depth transects and direct heat flux estimates from microstructure profiles obtained in summer 2018. The ABC loses on average (108) J m−2 per 100 km during its propagation along the Siberian shelves, corresponding to an average heat flux of 47 W m−2 out of the AW layer. The measured vertical heat flux on the upper AW interface of on average 10 W m−2 in the deep basin, and 3.7 W m−2 above the continental slope is larger than previously reported values. Still, these heat fluxes explain less than 20% of the observed heat loss within the boundary current. Heat fluxes are significantly increased in the turbulent near‐bottom layer, where AW intersects the continental slope, and at the lee side of a topographic irregularity. This indicates that mixing with ambient colder water along the continental margins is an important contribution to AW heat loss. Furthermore, the cold halocline layer receives approximately the same amount of heat due to upward mixing from the AW, compared to heat input from the summer‐warmed surface layer above. This underlines the importance of both surface warming and increased vertical mixing in a future ice‐free Arctic Ocean in summer.
Interannual Change in Mode Waters: Case of the Black Sea
Authors: Stanev Emil V. , Chtirkova Boriana
Published: December 2020

More than 6,000 profiles from profiling floats in the Black Sea over the 2005–2020 period were used to study the ventilation of this basin and the mixing pathways along isopycnals. The layer of the minimum potential vorticity (PV), the Black Sea pycnostad, approximately follows the core of the cold intermediate layer, similar to the case of oceanic mode waters. However, unlike in the ocean, the horizontal patterns of PV are shaped by cyclonic gyre circulation. There is a principle difference in the probability distribution of the thermohaline properties presented in geopotential coordinates from those presented in density coordinates. In the latter case, several mixing pathways, which are not known from previous studies, dominate the ocean states. These formed after three intermittent events of cold water formation. The density ratio decreased three times during the last 15 years, revealing the decreasing role of temperature in the vertical layering of the Black Sea halocline. The basin‐wide distribution of PV above σθ = 16, which is where the maximum vertical density gradient appears, is opposite to the distribution below this depth. This finding suggests a complex change in the mesoscale dynamics in different layers. Comparisons of observations with data from the Copernicus Black Sea operational model demonstrate that the mixing parameterizations of models need further improvements.
Estuarine Circulation, Mixing, and Residence Times in the Salish Sea
Authors: MacCready P. , McCabe R. M. , Siedlecki S. A. , Lorenz M. , Giddings S. N. , Bos J. , Albertson S. , Banas N. S. , Garnier S.
Published: December 2020

A realistic numerical model is used to study the circulation and mixing of the Salish Sea, a large, complex estuarine system on the United States and Canadian west coast. The Salish Sea is biologically productive and supports many important fisheries but is threatened by recurrent hypoxia and ocean acidification, so a clear understanding of its circulation patterns and residence times is of value. The estuarine exchange flow is quantified at 39 sections over 3 years (2017–2019) using the Total Exchange Flow method. Vertical mixing in the 37 segments between sections is quantified as opposing vertical transports: the efflux and reflux. Efflux refers to the rate at which deep, landward‐flowing water is mixed up to become part of the shallow, seaward‐flowing layer. Similarly, reflux refers to the rate at which upper layer water is mixed down to form part of the landward inflow. These horizontal and vertical transports are used to create a box model to explore residence times in a number of different sub‐volumes, seasons, and years. Residence times from the box model are generally found to be longer than those based on simpler calculations of flushing time. The longer residence times are partly due to reflux, and partly due to incomplete tracer homogenization in sub‐volumes. The methods presented here are broadly applicable to other estuaries.
Future Changes in the Asian‐Australian Monsoon System With 1.5°C and 2°C Rise in Temperature
Authors: Wang Hui , Ji Zhenming , Zhu Xian , Lin Lei , Dong Wenjie
Published: December 2020

Future changes in the Asian‐Australian monsoon (AAM) and its submonsoons are investigated based on low‐emission scenario simulations using the Community Earth System Model, which are under the 1.5°C and 2.0°C warming targets proposed by the Paris Agreement. Changes in the AAM system are projected by the end of the 21st century: (1) The AAM summer precipitation at the 1.5°C warming target will increase by 4.1% because of the strong enhancement of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM). The maximum is 12.4% in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) region. The summer monsoon precipitation of AAM system will be further enhanced by 0.4%–3.1% in the 2°C warming target. Indochina Peninsula and China will be influenced by the significant increase of land monsoon precipitation. (2) The summer precipitation of AAM and ASM submonsoons will increase near‐linearly with the local surface temperature warming. Precipitation budget diagnosis shows that the increase in precipitation of AAM and its submonsoons, except for EASM, is only contributed by enhanced moisture. However, the effects of thermodynamic and dynamic contributions are equally essential for EASM. (3) The AAM domain will change insignificantly at both 1.5°C and 2°C warming targets. (4) The AAM‐El Niño‐Southern Oscillation relationship will slightly change at 1.5°C warming targets but will be enhanced at 2.0°C warming targets. This work shows that compared to 1.5°C warming targets, societies will be influenced by higher monsoon precipitation, especially in EASM region, but these changes can be more easily predicted with 2°C temperature rise.
Lidar Observations of Instability and Estimates of Vertical Eddy Diffusivity Induced by Gravity Wave Breaking in the Arctic Mesosphere
Authors: Li Jintai , Collins Richard , Lu Xian , Williams Bifford
Published: December 2020

On the night of 18–19 October 2018, sodium resonance lidar measurements show the presence of overturning in the mesospheric sodium layer. Two independent tracers, sodium mixing ratio and potential temperature, derived from resonance and Rayleigh lidar measurements, reveal that vertical spreading of the sodium mixing ratio contours and a layer of convective instability coincide with this overturning. Analysis of lidar measurements also reveals the presence of gravity waves that propagate upward, are saturated, and dissipate at the height of the convective instability. The vertical spreading is analyzed in terms of turbulent diffusive transport using a model based on material continuity of sodium. Estimates of the turbulent eddy diffusion coefficient, K, and energy dissipation rate, ε are derived from the transport model. The energy dissipated by the gravity waves is also calculated and found to be sufficient to generate the turbulence. We consider three other examples of overturning, instability and spreading on the nights of: 17–18 February 2009, 25–26 January 2015, and 8–9 October 2018. For all four events we find that the values of K (∼1,000 m2/s) are larger and the values of ε (∼10–100 mW/kg) are of similar magnitude to those values typically reported by ionization gauge measurements. These examples also reveal that higher levels of turbulent mixing are consistently found in regions of lower stability.
Daytime Oxidized Reactive Nitrogen Partitioning in Western U.S. Wildfire Smoke Plumes
Authors: Juncosa Calahorrano Julieta F. , Lindaas Jakob , O'Dell Katelyn , Palm Brett B. , Peng Qiaoyun , Flocke Frank , Pollack Ilana B. , Garofalo Lauren A. , Farmer Delphine K. , Pierce Jeffrey R. , Collett Jeffrey L. , Weinheimer Andrew , Campos Teresa , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Hall Samuel R. , Ullmann Kirk , Pothier Matson A. , Apel Eric C. , Permar Wade , Hu Lu , Hills Alan J. , Montzka Deedee , Tyndall Geoff , Thornton Joel A. , Fischer Emily V.
Published: December 2020

The Western Wildfire Experiment for Cloud Chemistry, Aerosol Absorption, and Nitrogen (WE‐CAN) deployed the NSF/NCAR C‐130 aircraft in summer 2018 across the western U.S. to sample wildfire smoke during its first days of atmospheric evolution. We present a summary of a subset of reactive oxidized nitrogen species (NOy) in plumes sampled in a pseudo‐Lagrangian fashion. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) and nitrous acid (HONO) are rapidly converted to more oxidized forms. Within 4 h, ∼86% of the ΣNOy is in the form of peroxy acyl nitrates (PANs) (∼37%), particulate nitrate (pNO3) (∼27%), and gas‐phase organic nitrates (Org N(g)) (∼23%). The average e‐folding time and distance for NOx are ∼90 min and ∼40 km, respectively. Nearly no enhancements in nitric acid (HNO3) were observed in plumes sampled in a pseudo‐Lagrangian fashion, implying HNO3‐limited ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) formation, with one notable exception that we highlight as a case study. We also summarize the observed partitioning of NOy in all the smoke samples intercepted during WE‐CAN. In smoke samples intercepted above 3 km above sea level (ASL), the contributions of PANs and pNO3 to ΣNOy increase with altitude. WE‐CAN also sampled smoke from multiple fires mixed with anthropogenic emissions over the California Central Valley. We distinguish samples where anthropogenic NOx emissions appear to lead to an increase in NOx abundances by a factor of four and contribute to additional PAN formation.
Visualizing intra-medulla lipids in human hair using ultra-multiplex CARS, SHG, and THG microscopy
Authors: Kaneta Daiki , Goto Makiko , Hagihara Motofumi , Leproux Philippe , Couderc Vincent , Egawa Mariko , Kano Hideaki
Published: December 2020

We performed label-free imaging of human-hair medulla using multi-modal nonlinear optical microscopy.
Highly sensitive real-time detection of intracellular oxidative stress and application in mycotoxin toxicity evaluation based on living single-cell electrochemical sensors
Authors: Gao Lu , Sun Jiadi , Wang Liping , Fan Qigao , Zhu Gaowen , Guo Hongyan , Sun Xiulan
Published: December 2020

Single-cell electrochemical sensor is used in the local selective detection of living cells because of its high spatial–temporal resolution and sensitivity, as well as its ability to obtain comprehensive cellular physiological states and processes.
One-step fabrication of alkali–acid modified three-dimensional magnetic biochar for the determination of pesticides in pigment-rich vegetables
Authors: Cao Shurui , Zhou Yuantao , Xi Cunxian , Li Xianliang , Zhang Lei , Chen Zhiqiong
Published: December 2020

Three-dimensional magnetic biochar based on alkali–acid modified citrus peel was successfully synthesized via a one-step method.
Intracellular mineralization of gold nanoparticles using gold ion-binding peptides with cell-penetrating ability
Authors: Ozaki Makoto , Yoshida Shuhei , Tsuruoka Takaaki , Usui Kenji
Published: December 2020

Our method can produce uniquely shaped gold nanostructures in lower HAuCl4 concentration than conventional methods by intracellular functions using peptide assembled structures as a template.
Efficient NIR electrochemiluminescent dyes based on ruthenium(ii) complexes containing an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand
Authors: Zhou Yu-Yang , Ding Yang-Ming , Zhao Wei , Dong Jian-Hua , Li Liang-Zhi , Chen Hong-Yuan , Xu Jing-Juan
Published: December 2020

Ruthenium(ii) complexes containing an N-heteroleptic carbene ligand have been revealed as highly efficient NIR electrochemiluminescent dyes for the first time.
Ferrocene containing redox-responsive poly(2-oxazoline)s
Authors: Borchers Philipp S. , Dirauf Michael , Strumpf Maria , Görls Helmar , Weber Christine , Hager Martin D. , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: December 2020

A novel monomer, 2-ferrocene-ethyl-2-oxazoline, was copolymerized with 2-alkyl-2-oxazolines. The resulting well-defined polymers retained the reversible redox-activity of ferrocene, thus proving the absence of any unfavorable side reactions.
Proton sponge lead halides containing 1D polyoctahedral chains
Authors: Pipitone Candida , Giannici Francesco , Martorana Antonino , Bertolotti Federica , Calabrese Gabriele , Milita Silvia , Guagliardi Antonietta , Masciocchi Norberto
Published: December 2020

Hybrid organic/inorganic lead halides with the proton sponge moiety show face-sharing [PbX6] octahedra forming linear 1D chains. These species exhibit complete (Br, I) miscibility and exceptional anisotropic thermal expansion.
QM/MM study of the stability of dimethyl ether in zeolites H-ZSM-5 and H-Y
Authors: Nastase Stefan A. F. , Catlow C. Richard A. , Logsdail Andrew J.
Published: December 2020

Computational techniques are used to study the adsorption of dimethyl ether in zeolite frameworks. Binding strength is shown to increase for more open acid sites where proton transfer, from the framework to dimethyl ether, occurs more readily.
Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations on structures of high-density and low-density water: a comparison of the SCAN meta-GGA and PBE GGA functionals
Authors: Li Mengli , Chen Lu , Gui Lirong , Cao Shuo , Liu Di , Zhao Gang , Ding Mingcui , Yan Jinliang , Wang Dehua
Published: December 2020

Using Born–Oppenheimer ab initio molecular dynamics (BOAIMD) simulations, the high-density water (HDW) and low-density water (LDW) structures based on SCAN meta-GGA are compared with those based on PBE GGA.
Thermal hysteresis induced by external pressure in a 3D Hofmann-type SCO-MOF
Authors: Li Yue , Kong Qing-Rong , Guo Ying , Tang Zheng
Published: December 2020

Two 3D Hofmann-type compounds [FeII(dbdpe)MII(CN)4]·4H2O have been synthesized. The application of pressure on compound 1 shifted the transition temperature from 185 K to 298 K and led to a hysteresis loop of 13–25 K.
Local spin-state tuning of cobalt–iron selenide nanoframes for the boosted oxygen evolution
Authors: Zhang Jun-Ye , Yan Ya , Mei Bingbao , Qi Ruijuan , He Ting , Wang Zhitong , Fang Wensheng , Zaman Shahid , Su Yaqiong , Ding Shujiang , Xia Bao Yu
Published: December 2020

Tuning local spin state of Co centres by Fe doping in cobalt–iron selenides is effective for boosting oxygen evolution.
Effective hydrogenation of CO2 to formate catalyzed by ionic liquid modified acetate-Cu
Authors: Hu Jinling , Liu Jia , Yao Chenfei , Zhou Lei , Wu Youting , Zhang Zhibing , Hu Xingbang
Published: December 2020

The catalytic ability of acetate-Cu was greatly enhanced by ionic liquid modification in the hydrogenation of CO2.
Liquid nanostructure of choline lysinate with water and a model lignin residue
Authors: Jiang Haihui Joy , Miao Shurui , Imberti Silvia , Simmons Blake A. , Atkin Rob , Warr Gregory G.
Published: December 2020

The structure of the ionic liquid choline lysinate ([Ch][Lys]) and its water mixtures, including a dissolved model lignin residue, guaiacol, is revealed at atomic and nanoscale resolution using neutron diffraction.
Tracking the effect of chlorine as a substituent on vibrational coupling and energy transfer
Authors: Liu Xiaosong , Zou Qingxiao , Liu Weilong
Published: December 2020

The selective excitation of different modes and the detection of the effect of substituents on coupling and energy transfer via CARS spectroscopy were carried out using benzene derivatives.
A rhodium-catalysed conjugate addition/cyclization cascade for the asymmetric synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromenes
Authors: Chang Zhiqian , Zhu Huilong , Wu Changhui , Xing Junhao , Dou Xiaowei
Published: December 2020

The enantioselective synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromenes is achieved by the cascade rhodium-catalysed asymmetric conjugate addition/hetero Thorpe–Ziegler reaction.
Unbalance characteristics of fundamental and harmonic currents of three‐phase electric vehicle battery chargers
Authors: Hernández Jesus C. , Langella Roberto , Cano Antonio , Testa Alfredo
Published: December 2020

Three‐phase electric vehicle (EV) battery chargers are expected to not impact the unbalance of distribution networks; moreover, using active power factor correction topologies they are expected to behave like resistive loads not affecting the system harmonic distortion. In this study, unexpected unbalance characteristics of fundamental and harmonic currents of three‐phase EV battery chargers are analysed by means of experimental tests performed on two EV cars of different technology. In order to quantify unbalance and harmonic distortion, proper comprehensive indices, in part developed in this study with specific reference to currents, are utilised. The unbalanced current absorbed even under ideal voltage balanced supply conditions by one of the two EV tested is shown and quantified constituting a real‐life case study of endogenous unbalance. Then, the influence of voltage unbalance supply conditions on fundamental and harmonic currents is evaluated by means of a proposed testing procedure, obtaining case studies of exogenous unbalance. The experimental results obtained for the two EVs should be extended to a larger set of cars; anyway, they show the need, before moving forward to full grid EV connection, for utilities and for designers to improve the current standard certification process and the control performances of three‐phase battery chargers.
Charging management of plug‐in electric vehicles in San Francisco applying Monte Carlo Markov chain and stochastic model predictive control and considering renewables and drag force
Authors: Rahmani‐Andebili Mehdi , Bonamente Massimiliano , Miller James A.
Published: December 2020

The charging management of plug‐in electric vehicles (PEVs) in San Francisco considering the effect of drag force on the vehicles, the real driving routes of vehicles, the social aspects of drivers' behaviour, the type of PEVs and the PEV penetration level is presented in this study. In this study, the drivers' responsiveness probability, to provide vehicle‐to‐grid service at the parking lot, is modelled with respect to the value of the incentive, drivers' social class and the real driving routes in San Francisco. Herein, the Monte Carlo Markov Chain is applied to estimate the hourly probability distribution function of the state of charge (SOC) of the PEV fleet in the day. The main data set applied in this study includes the real longitude and latitude of driving routes of vehicles in San Francisco, recorded in every four‐minute interval of the day. In this study, a stochastic model predictive control is applied in the optimisation problem to address the variability and uncertainty issues of PEVs' SOC and renewables' power. Herein, quantum‐inspired simulated annealing algorithm is applied as the optimisation technique. It is demonstrated that the type of PEVs, the PEV penetration level and even the social class of drivers can affect the problem results.
Accounting for object detection bias in weak gravitational lensing studies
Authors: Hoekstra Henk , Kannawadi Arun , Kitching Thomas D.
Published: December 2020

Weak lensing by large-scale structure is a powerful probe of cosmology if the apparent alignments in the shapes of distant galaxies can be accurately measured. Most studies have therefore focused on improving the fidelity of the shape measurements themselves, but the preceding step of object detection has been largely ignored. In this paper, we study the impact of object detection for a Euclid-like survey and show that it leads to biases that exceed requirements for the next generation of cosmic shear surveys. In realistic scenarios, the blending of galaxies is an important source of detection bias. We find that METADETECTION is able to account for blending, leading to average multiplicative biases that meet requirements for Stage IV surveys, provided a sufficiently accurate model for the point spread function is available. Further work is needed to estimate the performance for actual surveys. Combined with sufficiently realistic image simulations, this provides a viable way forward towards accurate shear estimates for Stage IV surveys.