bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparative study on treatment outcomes of bandage and casting in non-displaced extra-articular fracture of distal radius: A clinical trial study
Authors: Arti Hamid Reza , farahnak Reza
Published: October 2020

Background: There are some therapeutic choices in non-displaced extra-articular fracture of distal radius that confront with some controversy in their selection. We tried to study these two methods in this article.
Methods: This was a prospective randomized clinical trial conducted on the patients (n=62) with NDEA fracture of distal radius, during 2015. The patients were randomly assigned to casting (n-32) or bandage (n=30) group to receive the respective fracture healing procedure. The patients were followed-up at the first, second, third, and sixth weeks after the treatment. The Disabilities of the DASH and the VAS questionnaire were completed. All patients underwent an X-ray radiographic assessment to evaluate any potential complication.
Results: At the end of the study, in the bandage and casting group 30 and 32 patients finished the study. The statistical analyses showed that the bandage group showed significantly higher mean DASH score than the casting group at the first week, but for the second week the difference decreased so that for the third week, the casting group showed significantly higher value than the bandage group. Finally, at the sixth week the two groups showed no significant difference in the DASH value. The two groups showed no significant differences in the VAS scores for all follow up assessments. The returning time to work was shorter in the bandage group and the treatment cost was also lower in this group.
Conclusion: Bandage is more appropriate treatment option for the NDEA fractures of distal radius.
The efficiency of food supply chain engineering (case study in Ukraine)
Authors: Kush Yevhen , Tonkoshkur Maksym , Vakulenko Kateryna , Ryabev Anton , Davidich Natalia , Galkin Andrii
Published: October 2020

The basic conceptual idea of logistics is the need to adapt the company to an ever-changing market situation, while spending a minimum of funds in these conditions. The concept of logistics is a system of views on the rationalization of economic activity by optimizing material flows. The paper investigates the change of the main indicators of the functioning of the supply chain, depending on the organization of distribution of the material flow. The supply systems of food products that form the consumer basket at the stage of distribution is considered. The conceptual schemes of freight flow distribution with and without distribution center is presented. The field research was conducted to determine and initial data were collected. The paper investigate the functioning of the supply chain in two cases: in a situation "proposed scenario" and in a situation "without a project". The situation "existing scenario" implies that no action to change the parameters of the supply chain during the period specified for the research does not take place. In this case, it is necessary to assess the effectiveness of the logistics chain under existing conditions. An integrated approach to evaluate the efficiency of the functioning of the logistics system and the consumer had been used. The efficiency of existing of the supply chain functioning were analysed. Also, certain measures will be implemented to improve the chain through investments and by bringing logistics infrastructure with the needs. A modelling of the supply chain was made. The effect of parameters of participants on the supply chain efficiency was analysed. The planned effect from the reorganization of distribution channels is calculated. The technological and economic feasibility of introducing a distribution center into the existing distribution channel based on modeling is calculated. The object of the research is the process of food products distribution in the supply chain. The aim of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the food supply chain scheme.
FAMÍLIAS DE CLASSES POPULARES, DESIGUALDADE SOCIAL E LITÍGIOS QUE ENVOLVEM CRIANÇAS: GARANTIA OU VIOLAÇÃO DE DIREITOS?
Authors: Pinheiro Jordana de Carvalho , Sousa Sonia Margarida Gomes
Published: October 2020

Este artigo se propõe a apresentar os significados atribuídos pelos entrevistados, profissionais do Direito atuantes no Direito das Famílias e da Criança, acerca do papel desempenhado pela família nos litígios que envolvem crianças. Os profissionais entrevistados frequentemente apontaram o “fracasso” da família como motivador da intervenção judicial na vida das crianças, do excesso de exposição, da tensão provocada e da potencial formação de trauma nas crianças atendidas pelo Judiciário. Nessas entrevistas, busca-se identificar as contradições que cercam esse papel, que ora se mostra como garantia de direitos e ora como violador. Tais contradições expressam a severa distância que ainda separa a criança da concretização efetiva de políticas públicas que garantam plenamente seus direitos, sobretudo no que tange as crianças oriundas das classes populares atingidas pela desigualdade social. A análise e o alicerce teórico deste texto se norteiam pela Psicologia Sócio-Histórica de Vigotski, uma perspectiva crítica que admite a contradição e aspira a uma transformação das relações sociais.

Palavras-chave: psicologia sócio-histórica; direitos da criança; dialética exclusão/inclusão social; sistema de garantias de direitos; famílias de classes populares.
A propriedade da terra no Uruguai: Formação social, politicas publicas, território e industria de celulose
Authors: Pisson Horacio Martin
Published: October 2020

Desde o ano 2005, com a chegada ao governo da força progressista da “Frente Ampla”, o Uruguai atravessa por um ciclo de estabilidade político- econômica e governabilidade que tem lhe permitido manter um ritmo de crescimento relativamente constante, em um contexto regional marcado pela arremetida do conservadorismo e a direita neoliberal. Durante este ciclo foram notórios os avanços em matéria de direitos individuais e laborais, na redução da pobreza e exclusão social, etc., em consonância com a consolidação de um modelo produtivo baseado na exportação em grande escala de produtos primários e caracterizado pela concentração e anonimato sobre a propriedade da terra.  Isto, por sua vez, se apoia em políticas públicas que estabelecem um marco regulatório que garante grandes vantagens ás empresas (concessões, isenções fiscais, etc.), visando assim atrair investimentos (estrangeiros) como forma de inserção internacional. A indústria da celulose, que começou em 2007, baseada no monocultivo de eucalipto, é hoje um pilar fundamental deste modelo, com a particularidade de ser uma indústria conduzida por grandes empresas transnacionais, que produzem baixo o regime de Zonas Francas e que são as maiores proprietárias de terra no país. Com a iminente instalação de uma terceira fábrica de produção de celulose, abrem-se novas questões em relação à propriedade da terra, a forma de organização espacial das empresas, sob a relação entre estas e o Estado e sobre a capacidade de este de regular soberanamente o território nacional.

 

Palavras–chave: Formação social - Políticas públicas – Território – Indústria de celulose
Climatologia do Estado do Tocantins - Brasil
Authors: Roldão Aline de Freitas , Ferreira Vanderlei de Oliveira
Published: October 2020

O presente texto descreve resultados de pesquisa dedicada à avaliação de características climáticas do Estado do Tocantins, especialmente quanto aos fatores temperatura, pluviosidade e outras variáveis do balanço hídrico climatológico. Quanto à pluviosidade, foram adotados dados diários disponibilizados pela Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA) de postos pluviométricos situados dentro e no entorno do território tocantinense para período de 32 anos (1985 a 2016). Já os dados de temperatura do ar foram obtidos a partir do projeto Reanalysis do National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR). O cálculo do balanço hídrico foi feito através da metodologia proposta por Thornthwaite e Mather (1955), adotando-se capacidade de água disponível no solo (CAD) de 100 mm como valor padrão. Os tipos climáticos foram identificados de acordo com as propostas de classificação de Köppen e Geiger (1928) e Thornthwaite (1948). Espera-se que os resultados sejam úteis para a gestão territorial e pesquisas científicas em diversas áreas do conhecimento.
Human Rights CMS
Authors: Bodenstein Claudia Jasmin Regina
Published: October 2020

The European legislator has enshrined the requirement of sustainable social responsibility in the CSR guideline and has announced a binding supply chain law. Since then, a discourse has sparked on how labor, social and environmental standards should ideally be implemented and controlled within the entire supply chain of multinational companies. In addition to theoretical concepts of human rights compliance, this book deals with actual incidents of human rights violations by companies and the associated loss of reputation. Analysis of the DAX 30 serves as a starting point for consulting recommendations for a proper due diligence within a company’s risk management system.
New species and new records of black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) from the Viidumäe Nature Reserve, Estonia
Authors: Menzel Frank , Salmela Jukka , Vilkamaa Pekka
Published: October 2020

An inventory of Sciaridae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) from a eutrophic fen and a spring brook in Viidumäe Nature Reserve (Estonia, Saaremaa Island) recorded a total of 60 species, of which 57 are new records for Estonia, including two that are new to science and described herein as Cratyna (Diversicratyna) palustricola sp. nov. (Estonia) and Sciara bryophila sp. nov. (Estonia, Finland). This has raised the number of Sciaridae known from Estonia from 6 to 63.
Predecir el comportamiento del cliente con la lealtad de activación por periodo. Del RFM al RFMAP
Authors: Alet Vilaginés Josep
Published: October 2020

Objective: Identify a new model of predicting customer behavior based on new variables that can be used by marketing management and adapted to their business planning. Methodology: New model has been used, with the definition of new calculation systems of the traditional variables R, Recency, F, Frequency, and M, monetary value, (RFM), related to the business periods. Besides, activation in each period P becomes a key variable for constructing the purchase cohorts of customers and identifying their potential. A new variable, Activation Loyalty, is recognized as a good proxy of the likelihood of future customer purchases. The model builds a weighting through a multiple regression analysis obtaining β for each variable, including the periods of activation, presenting the relative effect of the variables, and the best global explanation of the model. Results: This new model, RFMAP, which includes Activation Periods and Activation Loyalty, presents a higher prediction accuracy and improvements over traditional models with a clear impact, useful and manageable lines of segmentation, and prioritization for marketing management in CRM systems. Limitations: The main limitation of this model consists that it is based on data of only one company, and it should show the value in other sectors and give a full insight through its transversal application. Practical implications: The involved advantages demonstrated better predictability and usefulness to decision-makers, not only to determine the best customers but also with lapsed ones. It gives a meaningful explanation of differences in customer behavior, which are present in the data and are being reflected in the model. Also, it provides a prescriptive prioritization of variables to be managed in the marketing plan and how to be implemented.
Xavier Villalba, «El orden de las palabras en contraste», Madrid, Arco/Libros, 2019, 89 p.
Authors: Francesch Sabaté Pau
Published: October 2020

Ressenya sobre el llibre de Xavier Villalba, El orden de las palabras en contraste, Madrid, Arco/Libros, 2019, 89 p., ISBN: 978-84-7635-994-5.
Cadherin preserves cohesion across involuting tissues during C. elegans neurulation
Authors: Barnes Kristopher M , Fan Li , Moyle Mark W , Brittin Christopher A , Xu Yichi , Colón-Ramos Daniel A , Santella Anthony , Bao Zhirong
Published: October 2020

The internalization of the central nervous system, termed neurulation in vertebrates, is a critical step in embryogenesis. Open questions remain regarding how force propels coordinated tissue movement during the process, and little is known as to how internalization happens in invertebrates. We show that inC. elegansmorphogenesis, apical constriction in the retracting pharynx drives involution of the adjacent neuroectoderm. HMR-1/cadherin mediates this process via inter-tissue attachment, as well as cohesion within the neuroectoderm. Our results demonstrate that HMR-1 is capable of mediating embryo-wide reorganization driven by a centrally located force generator, and indicate a non-canonical use of cadherin on the basal side of an epithelium that may apply to vertebrate neurulation. Additionally, we highlight shared morphology and gene expression in tissues driving involution, which suggests that neuroectoderm involution inC. elegansis potentially homologous with vertebrate neurulation and thus may help elucidate the evolutionary origin of the brain.
The phylogenetics of Teleosauroidea (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) and implications for their ecology and evolution
Authors: Johnson Michela M. , Young Mark T. , Brusatte Stephen L.
Published: October 2020

Teleosauroidea was a clade of ancient crocodylomorphs that were a key element of coastal marine environments during the Jurassic. Despite a 300-year research history and a recent renaissance in the study of their morphology and taxonomy, macroevolutionary studies of teleosauroids are currently limited by our poor understanding of their phylogenetic interrelationships. One major problem is the genusSteneosaurus, a wastebasket taxon recovered as paraphyletic or polyphyletic in phylogenetic analyses. We constructed a newly updated phylogenetic data matrix containing 153 taxa (27 teleosauroids, eight of which were newly added) and 502 characters, which we analysed under maximum parsimony using TNT 1.5 (weighted and unweighted analyses) and Bayesian inference using MrBayes v3.2.6 (standard, gamma and variation). The resulting topologies were then analysed to generate comprehensive higher-level phylogenetic hypotheses of teleosauroids and shed light on species-level interrelationships within the clade. The results from our parsimony and Bayesian analyses are largely consistent. Two large subclades within Teleosauroidea are recovered, and they are morphologically, ecologically and biogeographically distinct from one another. Based on comparative anatomical and phylogenetic results, we propose the following major taxonomic revisions to Teleosauroidea: (1) redefining Teleosauridae; (2) introducing one new family and three new subfamilies; (3) the resurrection of three historical genera; and (4) erecting seven new generic names and one new species name. The phylogeny infers that the Laurasian subclade was more phenotypically plastic overall than the Sub-Boreal-Gondwanan subclade. The proposed phylogeny shows that teleosauroids were more diverse than previously thought, in terms of morphology, ecology, dispersal and abundance, and that they represented some of the most successful crocodylomorphs during the Jurassic.
Understanding Barriers in the Pathway to Diagnosis of Ankylosing Spondylitis: Results From a US Survey of 1690 Physicians From 10 Specialties
Authors: Magrey Marina , Yi Esther , Wolin Daniel , Price Mark , Chirila Costel , Davenport Eric , Park Yujin
Published: October 2020

Objective

Early diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) remains challenging because of the high prevalence of chronic back pain in patients initially treated by nonrheumatology health care providers (HCPs). We assessed the patient pathway to rheumatology referral, including HCP recognition of inflammatory back pain (IBP) and other features suggestive of AS, diagnostic workup, treatment, and referral to a specialist with the goal of identifying barriers to patient referral to a rheumatologist.

Methods

US HCPs from 10 specialties were invited to participate in a cross‐sectional web‐based survey on clinical characteristics and diagnostic measures leading to IBP suspicion and the subsequent referral process. Eligible HCPs were actively practicing and had referred a patient with suspected IBP or ocular findings (ophthalmology only) within 12 months. Data were analyzed descriptively.

Results

Of 1690 HCPs, 61% identified morning stiffness lasting more than 30 minutes, 29% sleep disturbance due to back pain, and 28% pain that improves with activity as features suggestive of IBP. Nearly two‐thirds of primary care HCPs reported that they were the first HCPs consulted by patients with suspected IBP. Among HCPs ordering diagnostic blood work, approximately 90% selected antinuclear antibody and rheumatoid factor, whereas 76% selected human leukocyte antigen B27. Almost 40% would treat patients with suspected IBP themselves. HCPs cited lack of adequate specialists nearby (35.1%), insurance restrictions (47.1%), and long wait time (77.0%) as barriers to early referral.

Conclusion

Most HCPs had difficulty identifying features suggestive of IBP and indicated insurance restrictions and long wait times as barriers to early referral of patients with potential AS.
Mixed‐Valence Copper Selenide as an Anode for Ultralong Lifespan Rocking‐Chair Zn‐Ion Batteries: An Insight into its Intercalation/Extraction Kinetics and Charge Storage Mechanism
Authors: Yang Yang , Xiao Jinfei , Cai Jinyan , Wang Gongming , Du Wencheng , Zhang Yufei , Lu Xihong , Li Cheng Chao
Published: October 2020

Environment‐friendly and low‐cost aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have received considerable attention for large‐scale energy storage. However, the low coulombic efficiency and potential safety hazards of Zn‐metal anodes severely hinder their practical implementations. Herein, for the first time, mixed‐valence Cu2−xSe is proposed as a new intercalation anode to construct Zn‐metal‐free rocking‐chair ZIBs with a long lifespan. It is found that the introduction of low‐valence Cu not only modify active sites for Zn2+ ion storage, but also optimizes the electronic interaction between the active sites and the intercalated Zn2+ ion, leading to a favorable intercalation formation energy (−0.68 eV) and reduced diffusion barrier, as demonstrated by first‐principles calculation. Ex situ X‐ray diffraction, ex situ transmission electron microscopy and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique measurements reveal the reversible insertion/extraction of Zn2+ in Cu2−xSe via an intercalation reaction mechanism. Owing to the rigid host structure and facile Zn2+ diffusion kinetics, the Cu2−xSe nanorod anode shows an enhanced coulombic efficiency (above 99.5%), outstanding rate capability and excellent cycling stability. The as‐fabricated ZnxMnO2||Cu2−xSe Zn‐ion full battery exhibits an impressive electrochemical performance, particularly an ultralong cycle life of over 20 000 cycles at 2 A g−1. This study is expected to provide new opportunities for developing high‐performance rechargeable aqueous ZIBs.
Magneto‐Mechanical Metamaterials with Widely Tunable Mechanical Properties and Acoustic Bandgaps
Authors: Montgomery S. Macrae , Wu Shuai , Kuang Xiao , Armstrong Connor D. , Zemelka Cole , Ze Qiji , Zhang Rundong , Zhao Ruike , Qi H. Jerry
Published: October 2020

Mechanical metamaterials are architected manmade materials that allow for unique behaviors not observed in nature, making them promising candidates for a wide range of applications. Existing metamaterials lack tunability as their properties can only be changed to a limited extent after the fabrication. Herein, a new magneto‐mechanical metamaterial is presented that allows great tunability through a novel concept of deformation mode branching. The architecture of this new metamaterial employs an asymmetric joint design using hard‐magnetic soft active materials that permits two distinct actuation modes (bending and folding) under opposite‐direction magnetic fields. The subsequent application of mechanical compression leads to the deformation mode branching where the metamaterial architecture transforms into two distinctly different shapes, which exhibit very different deformations and enable great tunability in properties such as mechanical stiffness and acoustic bandgaps. Furthermore, this metamaterial design can be incorporated with magnetic shape memory polymers with global stiffness tunability, which also allows for the global shift of the acoustic behaviors. The combination of magnetic and mechanical actuations, as well as shape memory effects, impart wide tunable properties to a new paradigm of metamaterials.
Highly Energy‐Dissipative, Fast Self‐Healing Binder for Stable Si Anode in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jiao Xingxing , Yin Jianqing , Xu Xieyu , Wang Jialin , Liu Yangyang , Xiong Shizhao , Zhang Qilu , Song Jiangxuan
Published: October 2020

A double‐wrapped binder has been rationally designed with high Young's modulus polyacrylic acid (PAA) inside and low Young's modulus bifunctional polyurethane (BFPU) outside to address the large inner stress of silicon anode with drastic volume changes during cycling. Harnessing the “hard to soft” gradient distribution strategy, the rigid PAA acts as a protective layer to dissipate the inner stress first during lithiation, while the elastic binder BFPU serves as a buffer layer to disperse residual stress, and thus avoids structural damage of rigid PAA. Moreover, the introduction of BFPU with fast self‐healing ability can dynamically recover the microcracks arising from large stress, further ensuring the integrity of silicon anode. This multifunctional binder with smart design of double‐wrapped structure provides enlightenment on enlarging the cycling life of high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries that suffer enormous volume change during the cycling process.
Post‐Synthetic Modification of Metal–Organic Frameworks Toward Applications
Authors: Mandal Sukhendu , Natarajan Srinivasan , Mani Prabu , Pankajakshan Asha
Published: October 2020

Post‐synthetic modification (PSM) of metal–organic framework (MOF) compounds is a useful technique for preparing new MOFs that can exhibit or enhance many of the properties of the parent MOFs. PSM can be carried out by a number of approaches such as modifying the linker (ligand) and/or metal node, and adsorption/exchange of guest species. The surface environment of the MOF can be modified to increase structural stability as well as introducing desired properties. There is considerable scope in widening the applications of the MOF with compatible metal or ligand employing the PSM. This review focuses on the recent developments of modified materials through PSM, which augers well for the chemical modification and functionalization of MOFs. In this review, different types of PSM methods are presented in an orderly manner, and the diverse applications of resultant frameworks are described and discussed.
Symmetry Breaking in Monometallic Nanocrystals toward Broadband and Direct Electron Transfer Enhanced Plasmonic Photocatalysis
Authors: Shao Wei , Pan Qianqian , Chen Qiaoli , Zhu Chongzhi , Tao Weijian , Zhu Haiming , Song Huijun , Liu Xuelu , Tan Ping‐Heng , Sheng Guan , Sun Tulai , Li Xiaonian , Zhu Yihan
Published: October 2020

Metallic nanocrystals manifest themselves as fascinating light absorbers for applications in plasmon‐enhanced photocatalysis and solar energy harvesting. The essential challenges lie in harvesting the full‐spectrum solar light and harnessing the plasmon‐induced hot carriers at the metal–acceptor interface. To this end, a cooperative overpotential and underpotential deposition strategy is proposed to mitigate both the challenges. Specifically, by utilizing both ionic additive and thiol passivator to introduce symmetry‐breaking growth over gold icosahedral nanocrystals, the microscopic origin can be attributed to the site‐specific nucleation of stacking faults and dislocations. By adopting asymmetric crystal shape and unique surface facets, such nanocrystals attain high activity toward photocatalytic ammonia borane hydrolysis, arising from combined broadband plasmonic properties and enhanced direct transfer of hot electrons across the metal–adsorbate interface.
Enzyme‐Degradable 3D Multi‐Material Microstructures
Authors: Gräfe David , Gernhardt Marvin , Ren Jiongyu , Blasco Eva , Wegener Martin , Woodruff Maria Ann , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: October 2020

There exists a growing need for smart materials suitable for use in biomedical applications. Herein, a photoresist that can be used to fabricate a biocompatible material entirely degradable by the enzyme chymotrypsin is introduced. The photoresist is based on a crosslinker with a tyramine moiety that is recognized and cleaved by the enzyme chymotrypsin. Macroscopic films as well as microstructures are fabricated via the use of direct laser writing. Multi‐material boxing ring microstructures are generated and selectively degraded by the enzyme. Cell biocompatibility studies indicate that cells are able to attach and proliferate over one week on the material. A photoresist that is biocompatible and can be entirely removed by a biocompatible stimulus such as an enzyme can potentially be used as an easily removed tissue engineering scaffold and is especially promising for basic cell biology research.
Double‐Side Si Photoelectrode Enabled by Chemical Passivation for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions
Authors: Liu Bin , Wang Shujie , Feng Shijia , Li He , Yang Lifei , Wang Tuo , Gong Jinlong
Published: October 2020

This paper describes a Si photoelectrode with an ultra‐long minority carrier diffusion length (1940 µm) passivated by an amorphous Si layer, which provides a chemically passivated surface. With this extremely long carrier diffusion length, it is possible to separate the catalyst layer (metal) with the light absorption region on different sides of the Si photoelectrode, forming a double‐side Si photoelectrode for photoelectrochemical water reduction and oxidation. The obtained photocathode exhibits a photocurrent of 39 mA cm−2 and applied bias photon‐to‐current efficiencies (ABPE) of 15.4% with stability up to 100 h. Meanwhile, 38.5 mA cm−2 photocurrent and ABPE of 5.8% with a 200 h stability are achieved when this structure is used as a photoanode. A monolithic unbiased artificial leaf is constructed, yielding an unbiased solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency of 3.7%. This chemically passivated Si photoelectrode breaks the trade‐off between carrier transport and surface passivation in conventional Si photoelectrodes.
Organic Long‐Persistent Luminescence from a Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Compound
Authors: Li Wenbo , Li Zhaoning , Si Changfeng , Wong Michael Y. , Jinnai Kazuya , Gupta Abhishek Kumar , Kabe Ryota , Adachi Chihaya , Huang Wei , Zysman‐Colman Eli , Samuel Ifor D. W.
Published: October 2020

Organic long‐persistent luminescence (OLPL) is one of the most promising methods for long‐lived‐emission applications. However, present room‐temperature OLPL emitters are mainly based on a bimolecular exciplex system which usually needs an expensive small molecule such as 2,8‐bis(diphenyl‐phosphoryl)dibenzo[b,d]thiophene (PPT) as the acceptor. In this study, a new thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) compound, 3‐(4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl)acenaphtho[1,2‐b]pyrazine‐8,9‐dicarbonitrile (CzPhAP), is designed, which also shows OLPL in many well‐known hosts such as PPT, 2,2′,2″‐(1,3,5‐benzinetriyl)‐tris(1‐phenyl‐1‐H‐benzimidazole) (TPBi), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), without any exciplex formation, and its OLPL duration reaches more than 1 h at room temperature. Combining the low cost of PMMA manufacture and flexible designs of TADF molecules, pure organic, large‐scale, color tunable, and low‐cost room‐temperature OLPL applications become possible. Moreover, it is found that the onset of the 77 K afterglow spectra from a TADF‐emitter‐doped film is not necessarily reliable for determining the lowest triplet state energy level. This is because in some TADF‐emitter‐doped films, optical excitation can generate charges (electron and holes) that can later recombine to form singlet excitons during the phosphorescence spectrum measurement. The spectrum taken in the phosphorescence time window at low temperature may consequently consist of both singlet and triplet emission.
Magnetic‐Pole Flip by Millimeter Wave
Authors: Ohkoshi Shin‐ichi , Yoshikiyo Marie , Imoto Kenta , Nakagawa Kosuke , Namai Asuka , Tokoro Hiroko , Yahagi Yuji , Takeuchi Kyohei , Jia Fangda , Miyashita Seiji , Nakajima Makoto , Qiu Hongsong , Kato Kosaku , Yamaoka Takehiro , Shirata Masashi , Naoi Kenji , Yagishita Koichi , Doshita Hiroaki
Published: October 2020

In the era of Big Data and the Internet of Things, data archiving is a key technology. From this viewpoint, magnetic recordings are drawing attention because they guarantee long‐term data storage. To archive an enormous amount of data, further increase of the recording density is necessary. Herein a new magnetic recording methodology, “focused‐millimeter‐wave‐assisted magnetic recording (F‐MIMR),” is proposed. To test this methodology, magnetic films based on epsilon iron oxide nanoparticles are prepared and a focused‐millimeter‐wave generator is constructed using terahertz (THz) light. Irradiating the focused millimeter wave to epsilon iron oxide instantly switches its magnetic pole direction. The spin dynamics of F‐MIMR are also calculated using the stochastic Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert model considering all of the spins in an epsilon iron oxide nanoparticle. In F‐MIMR, the heat‐up effect of the recording media is expected to be suppressed. Thus, F‐MIMR can be applied to high‐density magnetic recordings.
High‐Throughput Computational Characterization of 2D Compositionally Complex Transition‐Metal Chalcogenide Alloys
Authors: Wang Duo , Liu Lei , Basu Neha , Zhuang Houlong L.
Published: October 2020

2D binary transition‐metal chalcogenides (TMCs) such as molybdenum disulfide exhibit excellent properties required for energy conversion applications. Alloying binary TMCs can form 2D compositionally complex TMC alloys (CCTMCAs) that possess remarkable properties from the constituent TMCs. High‐throughput workflow performing density functional theory (DFT) calculations based on the virtual crystal approximation (VCA) model (VCA‐DFT) is designed. The workflow is tested by predicting properties including in‐plane lattice constants, band gaps, effective masses, spin–orbit coupling, and band alignments of the Mo‐W‐S‐Se, Mo‐W‐S‐Te, and Mo‐W‐Se‐Te 2D CCTMCAs. The VCA‐DFT results are validated by computing the same properties using unit cells and supercells of selected compositions. The VCA‐DFT results of the abovementioned five properties are comparable to that of DFT calculations, with some inaccuracies in several properties of MoSTe and WSTe. Moreover, 2D CCTMCAs can form type II heterostructures as used in photovoltaics. Finally, Mo0.5W0.5SSe, Mo0.5W0.5STe, and Mo0.5W0.5SeTe 2D CCTMCAs are used to demonstrate the room‐temperature entropy‐stabilized alloys. They also exhibit high electrical conductivities at 300 K, promising for light adsorption devices. This work shows that the high‐throughput workflow using VCA‐DFT calculations provides a tradeoff between efficiency and accuracy, opening up opportunities in the computational design of other 2D CCTMCAs for various applications.
Demystifying Charge Transport Limitations in the Porous Electrodes of Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hamed Hamid , Yari Saeed , D'Haen Jan , Renner Frank Uwe , Reddy Naveen , Hardy An , Safari Mohammadhosein
Published: October 2020

A possible strategy to give a simultaneous boost to the energy and power attributes of the current generation of lithium‐ion batteries is developing thick porous electrodes with a high loading of active material alongside optimal percolation networks for the ions and electrons. However high the insertion capacity and kinetics of the single particle lithium‐insertion materials, the energy and power density of the cell can be capped by the ionic and electronic transport limitations in the porous electrode. In this work, a physical picture grounded in experiment and theory is proposed to spotlight and quantify the pivotal role of the micro‐scale porosity and active‐material loading in determining the tortuosity, effective transport properties, and performance limitations of porous electrodes. The outcome is a phenomenological picture coupled with a theoretical framework for the deconvolution of the relative shares of the electronic and ionic transport limitations over short and long ranges regarding the performance limitation of lithium‐ion batteries.
Transport phenomena in electrolyte solutions: Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
Authors: Fong Kara D. , Bergstrom Helen K. , McCloskey Bryan D. , Mandadapu Kranthi K.
Published: October 2020

The theory of transport phenomena in multicomponent electrolyte solutions is presented here through the integration of continuum mechanics, electromagnetism, and nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The governing equations of irreversible thermodynamics, including balance laws, Maxwell's equations, internal entropy production, and linear laws relating the thermodynamic forces and fluxes, are derived. Green–Kubo relations for the transport coefficients connecting electrochemical potential gradients and diffusive fluxes are obtained in terms of the flux–flux time correlations. The relationship between the derived transport coefficients and those of the Stefan–Maxwell and infinitely dilute frameworks are presented, and the connection between the transport matrix and experimentally measurable quantities is described. To exemplify the application of the derived Green–Kubo relations in molecular simulations, the matrix of transport coefficients for lithium and chloride ions in dimethyl sulfoxide is computed using classical molecular dynamics and compared with experimental measurements.
Programmable 3D Self‐Folding Structures with Strain Engineering
Authors: Guo Qiaohang , Pan Yian , Lin Junjie , Wan Guangchao , Xu Borui , Hua Nengbin , Zheng Chan , Huang Youting , Mei Yongfeng , Chen Wenzhe , Chen Zi
Published: October 2020

Self‐assembly of three‐dimensional (3D) structures, through bending, twisting, folding, and buckling, has garnered broad interest among physicists, mathematicians, chemists, and biologists. Herein strain engineering and geometric frustration as an on‐demand strategy for fabricating spontaneous rolling “origami” structures with programmable multistability across multiple length scales are exploited. Through experiments, theory, and finite element simulations, it is demonstrated that a strain‐engineered bilayer structure can make a transition from a monostable, doubly curved shape to a neutrally stable, developable configuration, depending on a dimensionless parameter that is determined through the plate's geometry and misfit strain. In addition, the doubly curved region near the edge can play a significant role in deciding the final bending direction of the strained bilayer due to edge effects. A strain‐engineering approach is further proposed to generate various 3D structures by programming the geometry, misfit strain, and mechanical properties of the bilayer units, for instance, a self‐folding buckyball structure. These design principles have promising broad applications in constructing self‐deploying, stimuli‐responsible, and multifunctional devices across multiple length scales.
The goniomaxillar length/goniomandibular length ratio in normal newborn infants: A clinical tool for defining chin position abnormalities
Authors: Mimouni Galit , Merlob Paul , Mimouni Francis B. , Bin‐Nun Alona
Published: October 2020

Retrognathia (recessed chin) and prognathism (prominent chin) often present as signs of an underlying condition. Accurate clinical definitions are important. Yet their definitions were according to “clinical impression”, or to seldom used X‐ray criteria. We propose a statistical and anthropometric definition of retrognathia and prognathism based upon the ratio between the goniomaxillar length (distance between the gonion at the mandible angle and the subnasale and the goniomandibular length (distance between the mandible angle and the most anterior point of the bony chin). We assumed that an increase in the ratio indicates retrognathia and a decrease reflects prognathism. We conducted a prospective, observational, anthropometric study in 204 consecutive healthy term infants. Measurements took place on the second day of life, using sliding calipers. Mean ± SD of goniomandibular length (5.1 ± 0.3 cm), goniomaxillar length (5.4 ± 0.3 cm), were calculated. All measurements correlated significantly with gestational age, and with infant birthweight. The mean ± SD goniomaxillar length/goniomandibular length ratio was 1.06 ± 0.05. We defined a normal ratio as being within 2 SD of the mean, that is, between 0.96 and and 1.16. This ratio correlated with neither gestational age nor with birthweight. We conclude that the goniomaxillar length/goniomandibular length ratio can be calculated whenever retro ‐ or prognathism is suspected. A ratio outside of the 95% confidence interval should help in making this diagnosis. An increase in this ratio beyond 2 SD above the mean (1.16) could be interpreted as retrognathia and a decrease beyond 2 SD below the mean (0.96) as prognathism.
Mechanochemical Solvent‐Free Catalytic C−H Methylation
Authors: Ni Shengjun , Hribersek Matic , Baddigam Swarna K. , Ingner Fredric J. L. , Orthaber Andreas , Gates Paul J. , Pilarski Lukasz T.
Published: October 2020

The mechanochemical, solvent‐free, highly regioselective, rhodium‐catalyzed C−H methylation of (hetero)arenes is reported. The reaction shows excellent functional‐group compatibility and is demonstrated to work for the late‐stage C−H methylation of biologically active compounds. The method requires no external heating and benefits from considerably shorter reaction times than previous solution‐based C−H methylation protocols. Additionally, the mechanochemical approach is shown to enable the efficient synthesis of organometallic complexes that are difficult to generate conventionally.
Activatable Mitochondria‐Targeting Organoarsenic Prodrugs for Bioenergetic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Luo Xiangjie , Gong Xuanqing , Su Liyun , Lin Hongyu , Yang Zhaoxuan , Yan Xiaomei , Gao Jinhao
Published: October 2020

Despite widespread applications for cancer treatment, chemotherapy is restricted by several limitations, including low targeting specificity, acquired drug resistance, and concomitant adverse side effects. It remains challenging to overcome these drawbacks. Herein, we report a new bioenergetic approach for treating cancer efficiently. As a proof‐of‐concept, we construct activatable mitochondria‐targeting organoarsenic prodrugs from organoarsenic compounds and traditional chemotherapeutics. These prodrugs could accomplish selective delivery and controlled release of both therapeutic agents to mitochondria, which synergistically promote mitochondrial ROS production and induce mitochondrial DNA damage, finally leading to mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis of cancer cells. Our in vitro and in vivo experiments reveal the excellent anticancer efficacy of these prodrugs, underscoring the encouraging outlook of this strategy for effective cancer therapy.
Enantioselective Protonation: Hydrophosphinylation of 1,1‐Vinyl Azaheterocycle N‐Oxides Catalyzed by Chiral Bis(guanidino)iminophosphorane Organosuperbase
Authors: Das Saikat , Hu Qiupeng , Kondoh Azusa , Terada Masahiro
Published: October 2020

Enantioselective protonation by hydrophosphinylation of diarylphosphine oxides with 2‐vinyl azaheterocycle N‐oxide derivatives was demonstrated using chiral bis(guanidino)iminophosphorane as the higher‐order organosuperbase catalyst. It was confirmed by several control experiments that a chiral weak conjugate acid of the chiral bis(guanidino)iminophosphorane, instead of achiral diarylphosphine oxides, directly functioned as the proton source to afford the corresponding product in a highly enantioselective manner in most cases. Enantioselective protonation by a weak conjugate acid generated from the higher‐order organosuperbase would broaden the scope of enantioselective reaction systems because of utilization of a range of less acidic pronucleophiles. This method is highlighted by the valuable synthesis of a series of chiral P,N‐ligands for chiral metal complexes through the reduction of phosphine oxide and N‐oxide units of the corresponding product without loss of enantiomeric purity.
Studies regarding simulation process to static loading of the structures obtained from polylactic acid, 3D printed
Authors: Catana Dorin , Pop Mihai‐Alin
Published: October 2020

Being a relatively new process, additive manufacturing needs many studies to be able to produce parts with the required properties. The aim of the paper is to establish whether, based on the physical and mechanical properties determined by tensile testing and by applying finite element analysis (FEA), viable results can be obtained regarding the behavior of the 3D printed structures at the different, static loading. The application of FEA for the tensile testing of 3D specimens led to the results close to those obtained by the tests. The values of the results obtained by simulation are higher by up to 7.2% compared with those recorded by tests. The simulation was applied both for the printed specimens from a single material and from two materials (multi‐material). Regardless of the materials used in printing and the simulation method, the results of applying FEA are close to those recorded by testing.
Design and characterization of pH stimuli‐responsive nanofiber drug delivery system: The promising targeted carriers for tumor therapy
Authors: Ozcan Fatih , Cagil Esra Maltas
Published: October 2020

New carrier platforms have been designed for an electrospun pyridinium calixarene nanofiber for controlled drug delivery. First, 5,11,17,23‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐25,27‐bis(3‐aminomethyl‐pyridineamido)‐26,28‐dihydroxycalix[4]arene (3‐AMP) scaffold was produced by electrospinning. AMP scaffold was modified by human serum albumin (HSA), folic acid (FA), and glutathione (GSH). Doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded to surfaces of the AMP, AMP‐HSA, AMP‐HSA‐FA, and AMP‐HSA‐GSH nanofibers by using DOX solution in different buffers with, 2.2, 4.0, 6.0, and 7.4 pH. The release studies DOX from four different nanofibers was also done in a various amount microenviroments by changing pH values. The loading and release amount of DOX was estimated from the calibration curve drawn at 480 and 560 nm of excitation and emission wavelengths by using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. The loading studies were confirmed by Fourier transforms infrared, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis.
Catch and trade bans for seahorses can be negated by non‐selective fisheries
Authors: Vaidyanathan Tanvi , Zhang Xiong , Balakrishnan Ramkumar , Vincent Amanda
Published: October 2020

All seahorse species (genus Hippocampus) are listed under Schedule I of India's Wild Life Protection Act, making all capture and trade of seahorses illegal. In the more than 15 years since the ban, little work has been done to assess its effects on seahorse conservation.

Between 2015 and 2017, fisheries and trade surveys were conducted along the south‐east coast of India, in the state of Tamil Nadu, historically known to be a hub for seahorse catches and trade.

Seahorses were primarily landed as bycatch, although in greater quantities by traditional drag nets than as trawl bycatch. Total annual catches were estimated between 4.98 million and 13.64 million seahorses, 87% of which were caught by active non‐selective gear.

Generalized additive models revealed that seahorse catch per unit effort had non‐linear relations with depth and latitude, and were higher in biogenic habitats, with active, bottom‐used, and non‐selective gears (e.g. trawls).

The illegal nature of the trade in seahorses hampered an understanding of trade routes and trade volumes. Catch estimates indicated that 11.21–30.31 tonnes of seahorses probably entered trade, yet interviews with traders only documented trade of about 1.6 tonnes.

Fishers reported a decreasing availability of seahorses. Since most seahorses come from bycatch in persistent fisheries that are not directly affected by the ban on seahorse capture, this decline is likely to represent a population decline.

A fishery and trade ban for incidentally caught species, particularly in a poorly regulated fishery, appears to add little conservation value. There needs to be a shift in the management approach, moving from a ban towards spatial and temporal restrictions, and toward enforcing existing fishery regulations.
Dammed river: Short‐ and long‐term consequences for fish species inhabiting a river in a Mediterranean climate in central Chile
Authors: Vega‐Retter Caren , Muñoz‐Rojas Pablo , Rojas‐Hernández Noemi , Copaja Sylvia , Flores‐Prado Luis , Véliz David
Published: October 2020

The presence of a dam disturbs river flow, which in turn directly affects the communities and evolutionary potential of riverine species. To detect the ecological effects of a dam on genetic diversity, genetic structure, and their progress in time, two riverine fishes living upstream and downstream of an irrigation reservoir were studied at two periods after its construction in 2004 in central Chile.

Samples of the Neotropical silversideBasilichthys microlepidotusand the pencil catfishTrichomycterus areolatuswere obtained 2 and 7 years after the Corrales Dam was built. The microsatellite DNA variability of both species upstream and downstream of the dam was analysed.

Fish analysed 2 years after dam construction did not show genetic differences between upstream and downstream populations; however, fish obtained 7 years after dam construction showed differences between populations above and below the dam and differences from individuals collected 5 years earlier.

The current effective population sizes of both species were smaller in samples obtained upstream than in samples obtained downstream. Simulations showed a migration equal to zero as most probable after reservoir construction, suggesting that the dam is an impermeable barrier to the movement of individuals of these species. These results showed that population fragmentation in time could be related to the barrier imposed by the dam.

In a scenario of no new contact between populations located upstream and downstream of the dam, the simulation predicts a reduction of genetic diversity ranging from 3.98 to 8.09% over the next 60 years.

Analyses suggest that the Corrales Reservoir may be affecting the evolutionary potential of the populations upstream and downstream from the dam.