bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Consumer Interest’ and the Aims of EU Competition Law
Authors: Ioannidou Maria
Published: August 2024

Chapter 2 introduces the main variables which influence the analysis undertaken, beginning with the relationship between consumer and competition law. A consideration of the role of competition law vis-à-vis consumer law facilitates the subsequent discussion on ‘consumer interest’ in EU competition law. In relation to ‘consumer interest’ it points to the inconsistencies between its frequent presence in the Commission’s policy documents and its rather limited role in European courts’ case law and the Commission’s substantive enforcement practice. This finding points to the need for more active consumer involvement in actual competition law enforcement as an alternative route for bringing consumer interests to the fore.
The Creation of the Competition and Markets Authority
Authors: Farrell Lesley
Published: August 2024

This chapter examines the creation of the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA). Section A discusses the rationale for the merger between the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) and the Competition Commission (CC). Section B goes on to discuss the structure and governance of the CMA. Section C provides commentary on the key concerns in relation to the creation of the CMA; in particular, it considers possible efficiencies of the new structure and the risk of confirmation bias. The chapter concludes that there is a possible tension within the CMA structure between the interest in maintaining efficiency and the interest in maintaining the high reputation of the UK competition authorities. The chapter also suggests that the CMA will have a greater influence internationally and domestically as a result of the structural changes.
Road Transport
Authors: Rusche Tim Maxian , Rodríguez Elvira Aliende , Vandenbussche Julie
Published: August 2024

Antitrust provisions contained in Regulation 1017/68 governed inland transport in general and road transport in particular until the entry into force of Regulation 1/2003 in May 2004. From this moment, inland transport became fully subject to Articles 101 and 102 TFEU in light of the general objective of modernization in the application of EU competition law. In general, the Commission’s intervention in road transport has been limited. Chapter 8 sets out the regulatory framework for the application of competition rules to the road sector, and describes the practice in respect of restrictive agreements, abuse of dominant position, mergers, and State aid.
Competition (II)
Authors: Mes Daniel , Blanco Luis Ortiz , de Lubiano Jokin Beltrán
Published: August 2024

The transatlantic revenue-sharing joint ventures came very close to a full merger of the operations of the airlines involved. For legal reasons, the Commission had to assess them under Article 101(1) TFEU. The impact that they have on competition, however, is largely the same. There are many commonalities to find in the Commission’s competition analysis of full mergers. The large majority of mergers notified to the Commission were between airlines that concentrate their operations at airports in different countries. The Commission looks at the impact of the merger on different routes or city pairs. Competition concerns are often found on the trunk routes that connect two airport hubs of the merging airlines. Chapter 17 continues the discussion of the application of the competition rules to the airline industry, focusing on merger control and the practice in connection with State aid.
Airports (II)
Authors: Mamdaniová Eliška , Mes Daniel , Blanco Luis Ortiz , de Lubiano Jokin Beltrán
Published: August 2024

Airports are essential for the provision of air transport services. They provide necessary infrastructure for aircraft take-off and landing, including all related services while the aircraft is on the ground and the processing of passengers and freight. As airport operators provide services on a market, that is to say, carry out an economic activity, they are considered as undertakings for the purposes of competition law. This chapter discusses the definition of relevant markets in the context of airports, and provides an overview of the decision practice in connection with restrictive agreements and abuses of dominant position at airports—addressing in particular airport charges and ground handing issues, as well as merger operations. The chapter continues by elaborating on the application of State aid discipline to airports.
Introduction
Authors: Banégas Richard , Cutolo Armando
Published: August 2024

In Côte d’Ivoire, the national identity card has held a special status in the context of the political and military crisis that struck the country from 2002 to 2011. Not just a legal identification document, the ID card was an object that one must have to be socially recognized as a legitimate citizen in a society where certain sections of the population were considered of ‘suspect nationality’. Being at the heart of political tensions during the conflict, identification has found itself also at the heart of post-crisis policies trying to depoliticize it. These were connected, in turn, with a transnational governmentality where legal identification through biometric technologies, development, and democracy are connected within an institutional discursive frame. The Introduction describes how the long-term fieldwork carried out by the authors in the country, enquiring into the social life of identity documents, is aimed at understanding the political implications of apparatuses of identification, rooting them in Ivorian historicity.
State Responsibility
Authors: Howley Jessica
Published: August 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the rules of State responsibility relevant to overlapping individual and interstate claims. Utilising a distinction between legal injury (breach) and factual injury (damage), it examines the nature of international claims brought by States and by individuals. It explains that claims respond to a breach of international law and seek reparation for the resulting legal and/or factual injury. It highlights how different forms of reparation respond to different forms of damage under international law and examines the process for invoking State responsibility. It also outlines how circumstances precluding wrongfulness could be relevant to overlapping individual and interstate claims, and provides an overview of how they operate. The analysis in this chapter provides the foundation for understanding in what respect individual and interstate claims may overlap, and how rules of preclusion might operate to preclude one or both of such claims.
The Second Tale
Authors: Bitel Lisa M.
Published: August 2024

The tale of Étaín, Midir, and the Mac Óc sings of a love whose sting could fell a warrior. A love that conquered unbearable centuries of separation. A love that sneaked behind men’s backs. It tells of arrogant kings who bought and sold women, and who could not discern one beauty from another. It recalls men who threw unwanted girls into pits with hungry beasts. It sets kings of the Otherworld against mortal rulers in games of smooth hustling and legal trickery, impossible tasks and inescapable boons, boasts, and bargains. It speaks for a woman who could not speak for herself or control her own future. Étaín sits quietly at the heart of this tale, like the burl of an ancient oak. Fair Étaín, the object of desire and jealousy, Étaín of the long golden tresses with her lovers and husbands, Étaín shamed and abandoned, Étaín restored and reborn, who finally spoke up for herself and unfurled her wings. Étaín who could turn a man into a king.
DreamACTivist.org
Authors: Young Michael P.
Published: August 2024

Chapter 3 traces the emergence of undocumented youth activism online and outside of the influence of the nonprofit organizations supporting DREAMers on college campuses. It describes the origins and early impact of DreamACTivist.org. Drawing on interviews with the founders of the website, it documents how an exclusively online network of undocumented youth activists was formed and turned to collective action. It chronicles the merging of this online network with campus organizations in the 2008 convening of United We Dream (UWD). It concludes with an account of this new organization’s first year of operation and its tense interaction with the nonprofit organizations advocating for immigration reform.
Controversies and Character
Authors: Keating Malcolm
Published: August 2024

This final chapter brings together the concepts in epistemology and argumentation introduced throughout the book. It uses the Nyāya philosopher Jayanta Bhaṭṭa’s play, the Āgama-ḍambara (A Lot of Blather about Religion) as an illustration of the uses and possible limits of debate for resolving controversies. The play showcases a range of argumentative moves considered in earlier chapters. It also raises the challenge of how difficult it is to maintain the right kind of attitude to engage in truth-seeking discussion. Finally, it considers the problem of whether such discussion can protect the truth in circumstances where other parties to debate are less than virtuous.
Of Concepts
Authors: Franz Timothy
Published: August 2024

In Chapters 3–7, Maimon grounds the ancient division of thought into concepts, judgments, and inferences (originating in Aquinas’ treatment of Aristotle and still present in Kant) on the principles of his reflection. He begins by outlining concepts in this way. He analyzes the properties of concepts insofar as they are defined by the principle of determinability as a relation between a subject (determinable) which determines cognition independently and a predicate (determination) which determines cognition only in relation to a subject. This makes concepts susceptible to analysis of their quantity (general, particular, singular), quality (transcendental conditions, products, or educts of thought), relation (identical or different), and modality (understood in terms of the principle of determinability).
Of Inferences
Authors: Franz Timothy
Published: August 2024

In Chapter 5 Maimon introduces inferences as the connection of three terms grounded on the relation of determinability, and he proves the validity of immediate inferences. He argues that, since the connection of three terms implies one as the middle term, this property of mediacy is the origin of the need for symbolization. In Chapter 4, Maimon derived the forms of universal affirmative, universal negative, particular affirmative, and particular negative judgments. In Chapter 5, he sets these forms of judgment in the traditional square of opposition (where they relate as contraries and contradictories). He also proves the three kinds of inference that Aristotelian logic uses to reduce moods of the imperfect syllogistic figures to moods of the perfect syllogistic figures. Importantly, Maimon’s way of proving these immediate inferences, grounded on relations of reflexive thought, avoids problems with existential import in the traditional syllogistic.
Of Mediate Inferences
Authors: Franz Timothy
Published: August 2024

Chapter 6 finally builds Maimon’s doctrine of the syllogistic figures on his account of reflexive thought. It obtains and then proves the validity of the four perfect syllogistic moods of the first figure, Barbara, Celarent, Darii, and Ferio, from the same a priori relations of thought which characterize the forms of judgment. For example, the inference Barbara is simply an extension of the judgment “all b is a,” according to its meaning obtained in Chapter 4. If “all b is a,” and “all c is b,” the characteristic relations of thought mean that “all c is a” necessarily follows. Similar analysis shows the validity of the other three moods. Moreover, since Maimon has justified the three immediate inferences by the same relations of thought, he can also reduce all imperfect moods to those of the first figure. Thus, Maimon proves the Aristotelian syllogistic from his a priori reflection on thought.
Critique of the Cognitive Capacity
Authors: Franz Timothy
Published: August 2024

Chapter 9 develops a theory of spatiotemporal relations as a solution to the problem in Chapter 8 of objective cognition. It takes spatiotemporal relations to be necessary conditions of the elements of objective cognition: of pure mathematical construction, of what we can ascertain as objective in empirical objects, of thinking (making hypotheses), of cognition (confirming hypotheses), and of approaching completeness in empirical cognition. According to Maimon, we perceive objects subjectively, but we also project the form of pure mathematical cognition on them. At least implicitly, we are always trying to order what is given according to a priori relations of determinability. Maimon finds this effort to be the form of natural scientific cognition. It works by falsification: we form concepts to express the complete determination of objects, but as we experience consequences which those concepts cannot account for, we experience the demand, grounded in reflective thought, to improve our concepts.
What This Study Argues
Authors: Balserak Jon
Published: August 2024

This introductory chapter sets out a concise and clear explanation of precisely what this study argues: what we mean when we talk of Calvin, Beza, and their colleagues engaging in lying and deception. It explains, for instance, that this volume is not claiming they were lying about themselves or about the Roman Catholic Church or about the French authorities. It is also not arguing that they were lying about themselves or about Geneva or about the Christian gospel. Rather, this introduction explains, Calvin and his colleagues were lying, dissembling, and engaging in tergiversation for the purpose of hiding their evangelistic work from the French Catholic authorities.
King Francis II’s Reign (and Youth)
Authors: Balserak Jon
Published: August 2024

This chapter takes up the story of Calvin’s and the Genevans’ evangelizing of France from the summer of 1559—that is, with the death of King Henry II and rise to the throne of Francis II (who was only fifteen years old). This political change brought with it the rise to power of the Guises, an extremely powerful Catholic family. Thus France had now been infiltrated by men who did not belong in positions of power. This resulted in people concocting plots aimed at removing the boy or having a powerful political figure insert himself into French politics and call an Estates General meeting to attempt to remove the Guises and alter the political landscape. This chapter shows that Calvin and Beza entertained some of these plots and took part in one in September 1560—moved by the belief a boy that young (i.e., under the age of twenty-five) could not legally be king.
Global Lager
Authors: Pilcher Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2024

International trade in beer grew steadily although irregularly over the second half of the twentieth century. Free trade and improved transportation contributed to this growth, but demand for exotic beers responded to the glamorization of consumerism. The growth of contract brewing meant that “imported beers” were often actually brewed domestically or in neighboring countries to lower shipping costs. The standardization of pale lagers made advertising campaigns ever more essential to marketing, endowing brands with personalities to encourage loyalty. Beer festivals and invented traditions like twisting lime slices into bottles of Corona encouraged customer participation. Internationalized capital markets encouraged global consolidation from the 1980s, and European and North American giants fell victim to efficient firms from the Global South. Thus, over the second half of the twentieth century, management passed from brewing engineers to advertising executives and finally investment bankers. While profits soared, quality declined.
You Are Accidental
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

I consider accidentality to be one of four important or major themes in Mexican philosophy, the others being circumstantialism, nepantla, and anti-essentialism. We begin by thinking about a line in one of Vicente Fernández’s most beloved ballads, “El hijo del pueblo,” reflecting on how it reflects a pre-theoretical understanding and appreciation of our accidentality. We then move on to Emilio Uranga’s thesis that the “essence” of Mexican being is to be accidental, as a consequence of Mexico’s particular history. According to Uranga, recognition of this fundamental accidentality can lead to opposite reactions: on the one hand, to the paralysis produced by obsessing about the “what if” alternatives in one’s own life; on the other, to an empowering awareness of one’s essential freedom in a world where little about the future can be confidently assumed. Our aim is ultimately to show that Uranga’s focus on accidentality can be a guide to life.
Tell Your Own Story
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

This chapter highlights what Leopoldo Zea calls the “imperial passion,” which is akin to the Western obsession with objectivity. According to the imperial passion, only what is disinterested and impersonal can be objective, and thus true. But because the imperial passion is a passion, objectivity ends up being the product of historical narratives. Narratives with more power or prestige end up dictating what is objective and true. Here I consider all of this in the context of the kind of objectification that identifies people as “illegal,” and suggest that the only way to overcome such objectification is by insisting on our own passions, our own narratives, and the value of our own experience.
Intermediate Cover Song Seeds
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: August 2024

This chapter contains example lesson plan seeds for intermediate cover song lessons. It leverages concepts from across the chapters of the book. It centers on the creative practices and processes of professional songwriters, performing musicians, recording musicians, and scholars of songwriting. It provides the reader with resources for further growth and exploration. It leverages the musicianship that can be developed in small student-centered ensembles where the teacher functions like a music producer in the classroom. Lesson seeds include sections on lesson time, modifications for special learners, formal and informal assessment strategies and rubrics, and learning outcomes. The reader is urged to start thinking of ways of developing their own ideas for seeds.
Wanting Comes First
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: August 2024

This chapter explores the relationship of free will to two traditionally important categories of psychology, namely motivation and emotion. Free will evolved to help you get what you want. Wanting (motivation) is closely tied to natural selection: People and animals desire things that increase survival and reproduction, such as food and sex. Thinking, feeling, and behaving all serve motivation. Some theorists mistakenly assume that emotion is generally a direct cause of behavior. But emotion sometimes makes people do foolish and even self-defeating things. Emotion is part of a feedback system by which one learns how to act so as to bring about outcomes that feel good. Thus, motivation and emotion are both important to free will theory, but not in the ways that some writers have assumed.
Meaning Changes Everything
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: August 2024

Ideas themselves have no power to cause events in the physical world, but brains evolved to be able to understand ideas and use them to guide action. Meaning is real but is not a physical thing, and so when meaning enters into the causation of behavior, we move beyond the realm of purely physical causation. Meaning can be understood as nonphysical connection (such as with symbolism) and potential organization (such as rules and plans). Many animals use meaning, as in forming simple associations, but human beings use meaning collectively, starting with language and shared understandings. Moral, economic, and information agents all use meaning (ideas) in deciding how to act.
How Children Acquire Free Will
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: August 2024

Most societies accept that children do not have free will in the adult, legal sense. Newborn babies can barely move their arms and legs, let alone make responsible decisions involving morality or economic trade. Self-control and rational choice, like other aspects of the human mind’s executive function, are learned only gradually, for example. The narrative self likewise develops in stages. Young children learn how to follow a script. Older children learn that one can make choices while following the script so as to alter the course of action. In the teen years, people begin to assume the role of author of the script, taking control over the stories in which they act.
From Indian Republics to Covert Publics
Authors: Pharao Hansen Magnus
Published: August 2024

This chapter describes the social order and language politics of the colonial period, the transition to the liberal nationalism of independence, and the effects of the revolution and the emergence of nationalist indigenism in the post-revolutionary period on indigenous languages and communities. In the colonial period, one variety of Nahuatl, the Central Mexican Nahuatl of Mexico City, was used as a colonial language of interethnic communication. With independence this literary variety of Nahuatl was adopted as a symbol of national identity, but also lost its status as a language of public communication, as Nahua communities lost political recognition. But indigenous communities reformed themselves as covert publics, existing as local mutualistic communities out of view of the national public sphere. The Nahuatl language in its spoken vernacular form became the code of solidarity in which Nahua publics formulated their own identity. In the 19th century, Nahua publics constituted themselves as counter-publics.
Becoming Literate in Science and Mental Health
Authors: Stea Jonathan N.
Published: August 2024

This chapter introduces readers to the concepts of science and mental health literacy and describes their importance for their health. The first half focuses on science literacy, discussing the nature, nuances, and intricacies of the scientific enterprise. It provides readers with a basic overview of health science concepts (e.g., hierarchies of evidence) and ways to become science literate. It draws from examples of science illiteracy to illustrate its points, such as anti-vaccine sentiments voiced from television host Bill Maher, as well as germ theory denialism: the pseudoscientific belief that germs do not cause disease and that germ theory is wrong. In the second half, readers learn how to become mental health literate, which includes understanding where our knowledge about mental health and illness comes from and how to be mentally healthy. Clinical stories from the author’s practice are used to illustrate concepts throughout the chapter.
Crash Course in Psychopathology
Authors: Stea Jonathan N.
Published: August 2024

This chapter introduces readers to the science of psychopathology and shows them how misinformation and propaganda derived from the anti-psychiatry movement harm and have infiltrated popular culture. Readers learn about the complexity and nuances involved in understanding the concept of mental illness, which better positions them to counter misinformation with a critical lens. The chapter familiarizes readers with the anti-psychiatry movement and the content of its propaganda. In its modern form, anti-psychiatry is a pseudoscientific, disorganized movement existing largely outside of the medical world, with its messages most often promoted on social media and in non-peer-reviewed sources, such as blogs, books, and opinion articles. The chapter concludes by foreshadowing the connection between anti-psychiatry and the wellness industry.
The Wellness Industry
Authors: Stea Jonathan N.
Published: August 2024

This chapter details the history and current state of the wellness industry and alternative medicine. It describes how the wellness industry owes a debt to its forefathers, whereby celebrity doctors and wellness influencers of today resemble modern-era John Kelloggs and Bernarr Macfaddens, reincarnating many of the same tropes that moralize our mental health and berate mainstream medicine. Readers learn how alternative medicine earns billions of dollars by scamming millions of people wearing many masks, such complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), integrative medicine, and functional medicine. It shows how pseudoscience is endemic in alternative medicine and how practitioners in the wellness community—whether intentionally or not—unethically deceive people and compromise their mental health. Issues of cultural competency and distrust in mental health care systems are discussed. It also shows how connections can be traced between wellness and alternative medicine with far-right conspiracies and the anti-vaccine and anti-psychiatry movements, which breed mental health misinformation and pseudoscience.
Reclaim Your Mind
Authors: Stea Jonathan N.
Published: August 2024

This chapter pulls elements of the book together by providing readers with concrete guidance on how to seek best-in-class mental health care that is evidence based and scientifically informed. Knowing when, where, and how to get help is a core component of mental health literacy. The author presents the case of Tamara, his former patient, who fell prey to alternative medicine and found a way to reclaim her mental health. Lessons from her story are used to illustrate for readers how to tame their Google search bar in finding trustworthy information online. Tips are provided for how to find credentialed and qualified practitioners. The chapter encourages readers to view their mental health care with a scientific lens, which involves bulletproofing against pseudoscientific grift and simultaneously seeking solutions that, while imperfect, are grounded in an evolving science.
Conclusion
Authors: McNicholl Adeana
Published: August 2024

The Conclusion considers how the lessons of this book speak to practices and ideas concerning pretas in different times and places. South Asian preta narratives established an enduring set of repertoires that later Buddhists drew on, adapted, and combined with local repertoires in their own communities. This applies to not only the ritual sphere, but also the ways that the preta continues to be invoked to speak to human experience. While preta literature crafts a corporeally specific and hierarchical discourse, the somatic physio-moral discourse of preta tales cannot be reduced to the equation of embodiment with past virtue. Instead, it illustrates the crucial role of embodiment in ethical cultivation and liberation. The production of affective and emotional states through literary aesthetics plays an important role in this ethical formation. The narrative affective ethos of these texts at once reinforces the hierarchical somatic discourse and destabilizes it altogether..
“I just look at sunsets and stars”
Authors: Klitzman Robert L.
Published: August 2024

When asked whether they are religious, atheist, or agnostic, increasing numbers of people say “none of the above” and are hence dubbed “Nones.” Yet, when facing serious disease, they frequently grapple with quandaries with which chaplains can help. The term “Nones” is commonly used to refer to a single, relatively well-defined category, but it includes diverse groups. This chapter probes how many people mix and match beliefs to construct their own religion, seeing nature, science, or love as representing a “higher power” or the hand of the “Divine,” however they define it, providing a sense of larger meaning, order, and connection to something beyond them, greater than themselves. Chaplains can heighten appreciation and feelings of being part of the wider Cosmos, and provide a sense of purpose and hope. While certain critics argue that people who are “just spiritual” are missing something, patients and chaplains indicate otherwise.
Skepticism and Illusionism about Free Will and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Kane Robert
Published: August 2024

Free will skeptics believe we lack the kind of free will required for “basic desert” moral responsibility of the kind that is at issue in debates about free will. The free will necessary for such basic desert, they believe, is incompatible with determinism. So compatibilist views fail to capture it, while libertarian views which claim to capture it are impossible. This chapter critically examines the views of such free will skeptics, arguing that while they are right in believing that basic-desert responsibility is crucial for traditional debates about free will, such a notion of basic desert can be captured by the libertarian view defended in this book, contrary to their arguments. The chapter also critically examines another skeptical view, “illusionism,” which claims that illusion about free will is morally necessary.
Appropriation
Authors: Bassiouni Mahmoud
Published: August 2024

This chapter discusses the argument of appropriation, in which human rights are no longer seen as a culturally alien element but as an integral part, if not an invention, of Islam. Proponents of this position argue that human rights can best be realized in Islam because it provides them with a firm religious foundation and imparts an obligatory character to them. While this argument aims to stress the compatibility and superiority of Islam, it results in an artificial idealization of tradition and an intellectual attitude that sidesteps the complexities and tensions that exist between certain aspects of the Islamic tradition and contemporary human rights standards.
The Sino-Philippines Arbitration on the South China Sea
Authors: Wang Frances Yaping
Published: August 2024

Chapter 4 examines the 2016 Sino-Philippines arbitration case to determine the motivations behind the media spectacle and explains why it was a public–state misalignment, rather than other factors, that drove the state’s media masterplan. It also minutely describes the campaign to illustrate how a pacification campaign looks, how it works to align public opinion with state policy, and how it differs characteristically from a mobilization campaign. The analysis offers insights into the sophisticated methods states employ to pacify public opinion and tackle geopolitical issues, shedding light on the complexities of media manipulation and state policy in scenarios marked by strong nationalist sentiment.
Strategy, Time, and Presidential Campaigning
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Althaus Scott L. , Panagopoulos Costas
Published: August 2024

This chapter presents current views on presidential campaign strategies and their effects on voters and elections, drawing on political science research as well as relevant journalistic and insider accounts. The dominant perspective holds that while presidential campaigns are mostly strategic in their allocation of resources, campaign outreach is rarely decisive because the underlying distribution of party preferences and broader conditional variables such as the state of the economy determine the vote. From this conventional view, campaigns function as catalysts that bring about a predictable outcome. This chapter contends that this perspective is limited and that substantial reorientation is needed to understand properly the role of presidential campaigns in elections over time. The chapter then presents the book’s theoretical perspective—which assumes strategic rationality on the part of candidates and campaigns—and its main arguments, which include the three-era model and attendant expectations for strategy, execution, and goals and tactics.
Tracking Electoral Strategy Over Time
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Althaus Scott L. , Panagopoulos Costas
Published: August 2024

This first chapter of the second part of the book focuses on analyzing factors that explain which states get prioritized (and deprioritized) in Electoral College strategies. It considers the role of past competitiveness, electoral votes, the presence of a governor from a candidate’s own party, and other factors that might predict how presidential campaigns come to view the strategic value of individual states. Statistical analyses are conducted for each of the three eras to test the significance of posited differences over time. These analyses confirm that the number of battleground states has decreased over time, although this tendency is not as stark as one might think. The chapter also shows that factors important for influencing whether a state is targeted by presidential campaigns have only limited predictive value for explaining how campaigns categorize them. There is no “standard formula” for developing Electoral College strategies, and the concluding discussion offers reasons why.
Heuristics
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: August 2024

Psychologists are familiar with ‘cheap and dirty’ or ‘fast and frugal’ heuristics, typically efficient but imperfectly reliable ways of solving problem. Much human cognition relies on them, and many seem to be humanly universal. Nevertheless, we are often unaware of using them. This chapter argues that general cognitive heuristics are responsible for philosophical paradoxes just as heuristics built into our visual system are responsible for visual illusions. Examples include paradoxes about vagueness and sorites series; identity over time; conditionals; ascriptions of belief and other intentional attitudes; disquotational principles about truth and falsity; weighing reasons and intersectionality. Heuristics can also deceive us into accepting erroneous counterexamples to philosophical principles. The proper response to such challenges is not scepticism (any more than visual illusions warrant scepticism about visual perception) but a more sophisticated treatment of our evidence in philosophy, just as naïve falsificationism is not the methodology of natural science.
Note on permutation and bootstrap tests
Authors: Neuhäuser Markus , Ruxton Graeme D.
Published: August 2024

This chapter discusses the conceptual and practical issues around two commonly used computer-intensive methods: permutation tests and bootstrapping. The steps needed to carry out a permutation test are described, with emphasis on how a permutation test can be performed in the presence of tied values in the sample. The approximate test based on a simple random sample of permutations and a resulting confidence interval are also presented. Bootstrap tests are explained using the t test as an example and bootstrap confidence intervals are described. Furthermore, population and randomization models are discussed, the p-value is defined, and the concept of the mid p-value is presented.
Comparing continuous data across levels of one or more factors
Authors: Neuhäuser Markus , Ruxton Graeme D.
Published: August 2024

Parametric and nonparametric approaches to two-sample comparisons are presented. First, tests and confidence intervals for the location-shift problem are discussed. Classical methods as the t test and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, as well as newer approaches such as one based on Chebyshev’s inequality, are discussed. The Behrens–Fisher problem, that is the question of how to analyse a data set when variances are unequal, is also considered. Furthermore, tests for a difference in variability as well as tests for the general alternative are discussed. In addition, multi-sample comparisons including tests for trend and more complex designs such as rank-based analyses of variance are also discussed. Example data and R code are given.
Correlation and regression
Authors: Neuhäuser Markus , Ruxton Graeme D.
Published: August 2024

First, Pearson’s correlation coefficient is introduced, and its properties in relation to small samples are considered. Corresponding tests and confidence intervals based on classical approaches, but also based on permutation and bootstrap approaches, are discussed. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and reasons why this method might be preferable are also presented. Furthermore, the standard least-squares regression and alternative methods such as the Theil-Sen estimator are considered. We explain how permutation and bootstrap can be used to test the significance of the slope. Multiple linear regression, polynomial regression, and nonlinear regression models are discussed in order to present ways in which nonlinear relationships can be modelled. Example data and R code are given.
The Basic Questions
Authors: Tse Peter Ulric
Published: August 2024

This chapter begins by raising the basic questions that we hope to answer in the rest of the book. It asks: What is freedom? What is truth? What is real? How do we know? What is information? What is causation? What is the mind–body problem? What is consciousness? After posing these questions, the chapter then goes on to consider possible answers within the general theoretical framework of cybernetic and criterial causation. “Freedom from constraints” is contrasted with the “freedom within constraints” afforded by mastery and a commitment to a practice.
Closing Thoughts, Future Directions
Authors: Beal Jennifer S. , Dostal Hannah M. , Easterbrooks Susan R.
Published: August 2024

Chapter 7 presents future directions for literacy research, assessment, and instruction with DHH learners. Literacy models are summarized, and educators are encouraged to use those models most applicable to their learners. The need for DHH learners to have access to all communication within the educational environment and the need for direct and contextualized instruction in the languages used by the learners so they can access meaning in text is highlighted. Appropriate use of digital devices, tapping into learners’ motivating factors, and time on task are presented to increase DHH learner’s reading skills. Reading strategies used by deaf adults are presented as evidence of effective strategies for DHH learners. Chapter 7 leaves educators with future questions to address in literacy research and instruction with DHH learners.
French Political Parties and Democracy
Authors: Fabre Elodie
Published: August 2024

French parties have traditionally been unloved, and they suffer from low membership, weak links with civil society, and low levels of trust. Dissatisfaction with governing parties and voter volatility, fuelled by populism, has brought about changes to the party system, with a strong centre, strong extremes, and weak centre-right and centre-left parties. Faced with challenges associated with low membership and a crisis of legitimacy, some parties have made efforts to attract citizens by opening up their candidate selection processes, but they rowed back on these efforts when their fortunes declined. Overall, French parties remain central to French democracy, providing candidates for elected office and a wide range of policy options to voters, but they struggle to fulfil their functions of linkage and mobilization.
The Greek Party System’s Ongoing Crisis
Authors: Eleftheriou Costas
Published: August 2024

The Greek party system underwent a multifaceted crisis from 2010 onwards that challenged the status of the pre-crisis stable party competition. In terms of political survival, the three pillars of the present party system—ND, SYRIZA, and PASOK-KINAL—managed to remain resilient to external pressures, albeit at the expense of party democracy. This chapter seeks to analyse several transformations in the Greek party system in the following thematic areas: development of party organizations, parties’ social links, evolution of party funding from state subsidies, intra-party politics, and the professionalization of political communication. From the analysis emerges a decline of party democracy in Greece, which is a by-product of the political effect of the debt crisis, though signs of this decline could also be traced in the previous decades. While the post-crisis elections in 2019 and 2023 seemed to have partially institutionalized the new party system, it is clear that overall instability will still test the resilience of relevant parties.
On Gothic translations of Greek relative pronouns
Authors: Harbert Wayne
Published: August 2024

In Gothic translations of Greek relative clauses, the Greek relative pronoun is rendered in a variety of ways. With third person heads, Gothic relative clauses are introduced by a form of the demonstrative pronoun sa/þa- followed by the particle ei, which elsewhere functions as a clausal complementizer (e.g. sa-ei). In a restricted set of instances, the relative clause begins with a bare complementizer (ei, þei). When the head is a first or second person pronoun, Gothic deploys personal pronouns followed by ei: ik-ei, in þuz-ei. In the case of third person heads, Gothic sometimes employs one of the relative particles izei, sei, which are gender sensitive and may only relativize on subjects. The choice among these relative markers is a matter of Gothic grammar. The chapter concludes with a theoretical analysis which accounts for the properties and distributional restrictions of all these markers.
Discourse articulation in the Gothic Gospels, with notes on the treatment of the same phenomenon in the Classical Armenian and Old Church Slavic versions
Authors: Klein Jared S.
Published: August 2024

This chapter investigates the entire range of discourse articulators in the Gothic Gospels, including aþþan, iþ, þan, nu, -(u)h, þaruh, þanuh, -(u)h þan, auk, and jah, comparing them to their equivalents in the Greek text and providing notes on similar phenomena in the Classical Armenian and Old Church Slavic versions. Our results show that aþþan is the strongest of the discourse-level adversatives in Gothic. Iþ functions as an oppositive, signalling relationships that are neither clearly adversative nor ‘and’-like. Non-temporal þan possesses a discourse continuative function, while non-temporal nu signals primarily inference (‘now then’). The enclitic -(u)h signals sequence. þaruh and þanuh are foregrounding markers signalling discourse movement along the timeline of the narrative; and -(u)h Þan occurs about equally in discourse-foregrounding and backgrounding value. Auk ‘for’ is employed in an expatiatory sense, providing further expository or affirmational information. Finally, jah is a static conjunction whose meaning is simply ‘and’.
Lithic Encrustations and Embodied “Quarries of Stones”
Authors: Werth Tiffany Jo
Published: August 2024

“Lithic Encrustations and Embodied “Quarries of Stones” considers how the growth of bodily calculi—the kidney stone in humans and the bezoar stone in animals—expands anatomical geography into the mineral realm. Lithic and fleshly conversions enact an “exterranean” (Phillip Usher) process that visibly demonstrates a stone–human continuum. Various theories for performing a lithotomy conjoined occult, medical, and popular homiletic wisdom to exterranean extraction, and kidney stones joined other rare curiosities such as unicorn horns and bezoar stones in collections. Bezoar stones, like kidney stones, grow from organic bodies, and both were believed to be a nostrum for a variety of diseases, physical and spiritual. The bezoar stone’s alleged transformative powers of conversion made it comparable to a Philosopher’s Stone or even to Christ, who might cure a sick body and save a hard-hearted human. These lithic bodily byproducts offer an accessible form of proof that biological life has a mineral capacity.
The design of the study
Authors: Drewski Daniel , Gerhards Jürgen
Published: August 2024

To analyze political discourse on admitting refugees, we conducted a qualitative discourse analysis of parliamentary debates and other political statements in six countries. In Chapter 3, we detail our methodological approach to case selection, sampling, and data analysis. The countries were selected by exploratory logic, varying along several dimensions. We included three countries confronted with the Syrian refugee crisis (Turkey, Germany, and Poland) and three countries in other regions (Uganda, Chile, and Singapore). We focused on parliamentary debates as the most representative forum of political discourse, including important statements outside of parliament. We selected critical discourse moments on refugee admission and interpreted each text with a system of categories developed inductively and deductively. The interpretation of the “we” and the “refugees” form the key categories of analysis. To validate our discourse analysis, we also conducted expert interviews with country experts, academics, and policymakers involved in migration and refugee policy.
An economic perspective on immigration
Authors: Drewski Daniel , Gerhards Jürgen
Published: August 2024

Singapore rejects admitting any refugees, a policy that is consensual between the government and the opposition. This stance is, in a way, surprising, given that Singapore is a highly developed country with one of the largest shares of migrants in the world. Chapter 9 argues that Singapore’s anti-refugee policy is firstly based on emphasizing the principle of national self-determination; as a former colony, Singapore does not want interference in its affairs by international law or any international institution. Secondly, Singapore sees itself in economic terms. Foreigners are seen from the standpoint of how much human capital and wealth they bring; refugees are seen as people who are likely to bring no gain to Singapore. Finally, the economic interpretation of migrants and refugees is complemented by a cultural framing. More migrants, especially those interpreted as economically “useless” like refugees, would threaten Singapore’s cultural identity by upsetting the society’s multiethnic balance.
States in International Law
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle
Published: August 2024

States are the primary and original subjects of international law, and the matter of statehood has occupied a central place in both theoretical and practical discussions since before the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, the existence of a clear-cut and useful notion of statehood in law has never been properly demonstrated. Scholarship has therefore attempted to either describe States as an empirical phenomenon vested with legal value or simply by explaining the normative meaning of statehood within the framework of international law. Chapter 5 reflects on the notion of material statehood—usually identified by possessing a defined territory, permanent population, and effective government—and explains why there is no necessary link between material and legal statehood.
Withdrawal of Recognition
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle
Published: August 2024

Chapter 12 provides a detailed overview of theory and practice on the withdrawal of recognition or ‘derecognition’. Thus far, scholarship has for the most part only marginally addressed this matter, and generally only to reject it as legally impossible. However, this chapter takes note of an increased tendency by States to engage in derecognition in recent years and challenges the mainstream view that the act will always be deprived of legal value. It therefore introduces the concept of ‘quasi-derecognition’ as a type of act admitting that recognition was initially unlawful, but furthermore argues that actual derecognition may sometimes be possible in situations of contested statehood. These findings are based on an analysis of almost twenty notes verbales claiming to withdraw recognition of Kosovo since 2016.