bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatherless Children and Accouchement Sous X, From Marriage To Demarriage: A Paradigmatic Approach
Authors: Lefaucheur Nadine
Published: April 2003

The author proposes a paradigmatic approach to the construction of fatherless, abandoned, and/or motherless children as social issues needing some policy responses: within the different historical Western configurations of the repertoire of potential responses, major organizing paradigms draw the line between those responses that are rejected as belonging to the supreme evil sphere and others that can be considered as lesser evils. Within the framework of a paradigm, dilemmas exist and debates go on as to which lesser evils should be preferred and how the policies should be implemented. Policies deriving from different paradigms give rise to intractable controversies since the disagreements concern not only the means but also the ends. Four paradigms can be extracted from the historical data with regard to illegitimacy and single motherhood: Christian angelism, Malthusian angelism, healthy citizenship, and proper citizenship.
Caring and Paying for Children and Gender Inequalities: Institutional Configurations in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Scheiwe Kirsten
Published: April 2003

Both family law and social law have an impact on the situation of families. This has held true since the times of the “poor law” (when family law was certainly more relevant for the wealthy and mighty strata of the population). Nowadays, other rules (such as those of labor law and tax law) and welfare state institutions come into play. In analyzing legal change, this interaction between family law and welfare law has to be taken into account. From this perspective, this article endeavors to answer the following question: how do institutions distribute the costs of children in terms of money and work between various actors, and what is the relevance of the rules for gender inequalities? The changes in the similarities and differences of the institutional configurations in four countries (Belgium, Federal Republic of Germany, Sweden, and United Kingdom) are reviewed for the past decades.
Same-Gender Marriage: A European View
Authors: Rigaux François
Published: April 2003

The recent development of family relations has created doubts on the reliability of the concepts of family law. Today, family law has become a controversial field in nearly every country. Contraception, abortion, new modes of procreation, same-gender cohabitation, and the specter of same-gender marriage have muddled the waters of family law. The difficulty consists of finding new concepts that are able to pacify family relations.
Family On The Beach: Representations Of Romantic And Bourgeois Family Values By Realistic Genre Painting Of Nineteenth-Century Scheveningen Beach
Authors: Dekker Jeroen J.H.
Published: April 2003

Around 1800, the desire to go to the beach developed in Europe, and Scheveningen became one of the first beach places. In the same time, poets and painters romanticized the Scheveningen fishing culture and the fishers’moral behavior. A group of nineteenth-century painters rediscovered Scheveningen—also painted in the Golden Age—making it one of the most painted places of the Netherlands. This article looks at a series of images of families and children on the beach. These paintings, in proliferating messages on family happiness and on the romantic image of childhood and family life, link these values with the way of life of the Scheveningen fishing community. In contrasting these values with the negative moral effects of city life and urbanization, they contributed to the romantic image of childhood, one of the main elements in the birth of the Century of the Child.
Acceptance Of Two Types Of Uxorilocal Marriage In Contemporary Rural China: The Case Of Lueyang
Authors: Li Shuzhuo , Feldman Marcus W. , Li Nan
Published: April 2003

Using data from a survey of cultural transmission of son preference in Lueyang county, this article reports on a quantitative comparative study on acceptance of two types of uxorilocal marriage in contemporary rural China: contingent, driven by household demographic factors, and institutional, driven by practical economic factors. It is shown that the contingent type is more likely to occur than the institutional, and the latter is transmissible within the household while the former is not. Conditions, motivations, and purposes of uxorilocal marriage differ between the two types, as do their determinants. The findings are important for understanding the changing family systems and marriage customs in contemporary rural China.
Deep Recession and Financial Instability or a New Long Wave of Economic Growth for U.S. Capitalism? A Regulation School Approach
Authors: O'Hara Phillip Anthony
Published: April 2003

This article investigates whether a new mode of regulation is being developed or has already evolved in the United States to promote long wave upswing during the early years of the new millennium. The regime of accumulation is scrutinized, but neither sustainable productivity nor demand seems to be forthcoming. Institutional forms are then studied-global relations, the state, and finance-and found to be lacking. Periodic deep recession and financial instability are thus likely until suitable changes emerge because long wave upswing has not yet emerged.
The Coherency of Group Analysis
Authors: Pines Malcolm
Published: April 2003

The coherency of group analysis is both internal and external. Formation of individuated selves is fundamentally a social-historical process (Elias, 1978) affected by caregiver interactions, constituted through language (Bakhtin, 1981: Vygotsky, ref: Wertsch, 1991). Contemporary evolutionary psychology integrates biological and social processes.
Interconnectedness and the Magic of Group Analysis
Authors: Clark Andrew
Published: April 2003

This article explores the relationship between the theory/experience of interconnectedness that is central to group analysis and the notion/experience of magic that is rarely written about in group analysis. The first part of the article reviews the history of magic in psychological theories of the mind ranging from Plato to Freud and Jung. A group-analytic clinical example serves to introduce a discussion of the place of magic within group-analytic theory and practice. It is hoped that this will encourage further dialogue about this important subject.
The Politicization of Group Analysis in the 21st Century
Authors: Blackwell Dick
Published: April 2003

At a time of uncertainty and rapid change, little can be predicted with any confidence. We can note, however; the point reached in dialectical historical processes and recognize the conflicts and contradictions pushing in different directions. We can consider developments in politics, culture, personal relationships and psychotherapy as major dimensions of the context within which we continue to work and which, in the course of our work, we are called on to address.
The Internet and the Large Group: Technological Possibilities in a New Age
Authors: Hynes Aldon
Published: April 2003

There is little doubt that the Internet will continue to have an increasing effect on social interaction in the new millennium. Yet it remains widely misunderstood, seen by many as merely a new technology of communication. However; it is many different types of media, offering a rich array of enhancements to the forms our communication can take, and about which considerable research has already been done. This research is useful for the group analyst in preparing for the technical possibilities of the new millennium. This article will define the uses of the Internet, including the benefits, challenges to overcome and issues involved, then discuss some of the specific applications that can be made from a fuller understanding of group processes on the Internet, with the aim of focusing on the many new opportunities for growth in all aspects of group-analytic psychotherapy.
Authenticity and Belonging: The Experience of Being Known in the Group
Authors: Menzies Diana , Davidson Ben
Published: April 2003

This article explores the causes of inauthenticiy, an increasingly common complaint amongst people seeking therapy and more generally in society, and describes the relationship between inauthenticity and the ability to connect with others. Developing the notion that assimilation into alien culture can lead to a sense of unbelonging and identity confusion, the article focuses on this process at the micro-level, where a child's true self may not be attuned to within his family; and the child's authentic experience is replaced by that of the dominant family culture. We then consider how a good enough environmental response, such as may be found in therapeutic groups, can allow a move towards authenticity through being known, thus enabling more genuine connection with others.
`Reality' or `Illusion'? Five Things of Interest about Social Class as a Large Group
Authors: Storck Lauren E.
Published: April 2003

This article argues that social class, always a controversial and contested topic, can be viewed as a large group, and therefore, further study of social class dynamics, along with further study of large group dynamics, can be mutually informative. Definitions of modern social classes, various and multiple, essentially rank individuals and groups according to their access to resources and accumulated material or social wealth. Importantly; ranking implies a hierarchy of meaning or worth, thus devaluing large groups of people. Therefore, powerful group (class) forces exist that profoundly shape psychological development and intergroup relations, including of course, power relations. Five forces or large group dynamics are considered, each with application to understanding social class dynamics and a modern imperative. reducing inequality and fostering further international collaborations.
Out of their Class: Class, Colonization and Resistance in Analytic Psychotherapy and Group Analysis
Authors: Blackwell Dick
Published: April 2003

Classes are constituted historical/v by their activity in relation to the means of production. Their cultures are formed in that context. Psychotherapy is a middle-class cultural form. When working-class clients seek psychotherapy, there is an encounter between two cultures in which the historically evolved relations between the classes, both cooperative and antagonistic, are enacted. Recognition of this is problematic for psychotherapy including group analysis.
Unconscious Experience in Social and Historical Context
Authors: Zeddies Timothy J.
Published: April 2003

This article explores the relationship between unconscious experience and social class. The main premise presented here is that unconscious experience is, at the core, a social and historical artifact. Along these lines, the author suggests that what is unconscious is not only a reflection of the intrapsychic and relational variables of a situation, but, more fundamentally, includes the wider social and historical forces that embed the particular experience or event. The author then offers several suggestions for revising how we approach clinical theory and practice on the basis of this expanded social and historical view of unconscious processes.
From Context to Content: Retrieving the Social in Group-Analytic Practice
Authors: Nitzgen Dieter
Published: April 2003

S.H. Foulkes acknowledged the relevance of the `social' in the group-analytic process by introducing the idea of a `social unconscious' supplementing the Freudian unconscious. The present article focuses on access to unconscious `social facts' (such as class, for instance) in group-analytic practice. In order to do so, Foulkes's reformulation of the ego-psychological principle of analysing from surface to depth' is reconstructed and reconsidered clinically in the context of his own group work at the Northfield Military Hospital. Additionally, his concept of `resonance' is examined in detail from a group-analytic and systemic vertex, and then highlighted by a vignette from the inpatient treatment of a patient suffering from addiction. Finally, some further thoughts about a group-analytic theory of interpretation ar-e presented.
The Group Self: A Neglected Aspect of Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Karterud Sigmund , Stone Walter N.
Published: April 2003

The authors explore and expand on Heinz Kohut's concept `the group self', which is related to, yet different from the concepts `intersubjective field' and `group matrix'. The group self is defined as a collective project with inherent ambitions, ideals and resources. From this perspective the authors discuss group-as-a-whole phenomena, empathy, aspects of group development and the kind of discourse appropriate for group psychotherapy. This particular discourse should contain multiple selfobject functions as well as aspects of otherness not accounted for by the selfobject concept. Partaking in this discourse has a beneficial effect by itself which justifies a concept of `discoursive selfobject function'. This selfobject function is of a partial supraindividual nature. Two clinical vignettes illustrates aspects of group self development and fear of depletion of the group self:
The Group in the Individual
Authors: Brownbridge Garry
Published: April 2003

A group-analytic perspective is taken on the dynamic interplay of intrapsychic and interpersonal processes in human group interaction. Any strict individual/group juxtaposition is seen as false dichotomy and potential `pseudo-problem'. The interactional context is used to characterize group analysis as a new paradigm in psychoanalytic theory. A concept of the group in the individual is discussed with theoretical and clinical applications.
Specialized Psychotherapeutic Group Analysis: How Do We Make Group Analysis Suitable for `Non-Suitable' Patients?
Authors: Valbak Kristian
Published: April 2003

This paper summarizes ten years experience of running long-term analytic group psychotherapy with severely bulimic women, the majority borderline personalities. The positive results documented suggest that modified group analysis can be an alternative choice in the treatment of bulimic patients, who are non-responders to short-term Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy. The article focuses on adapting the patients, the group and the therapists themselves to provide the opportunity to treat patients who may seem `non-suitable' members of an analytic group. Essential elements outlined include a thorough assessment interview, time and timing during therapy, and positive attunement from therapists. Other contributing factors were an immediate response to signs of imminent drop-out and being able to sustain the group matrix as a carrier of hope.
Timing and Timelessness in Group Analysis: The Unconscious Setting of the Group
Authors: Arcari Stephen
Published: April 2003

Sitting patients in a circle and facilitating free-floating discussion has particular effects. Viewed with Matte-Blanco's reformulation of unconscious forces, the circle - a ubiquitous seating arrangement and symbol in group analysis - can be said to enhance the inherent symbolic representation of infinity in the psychic structure of a group. I would characterize this effect as the `unconscious setting of the group'. Taking account of the unconscious setting of the group has implications for our understanding of the technique of group analysis; in particular Foulkes's idea of the horizontal transference within a group analytic group and its relationship to the use and timing of the interpretative activity of the conductor is illustrated. The transitional space within the group matrix encourages symmetrical thinking and can be experienced simultaneously as frightening, confusing and helpful.
Migration, Identity and Group Analysis
Authors: Bledin Kenneth
Published: April 2003

Migrants from one country to another may experience a profound disturbance of their individual, social and cultural identities. A group-analytic psychotherapy group provides a microcosm of the adopted culture. Membership of such a group may enable immigrants to develop a sense of belonging to the group and thus to resolve, or resolve again, their `crises' of `identity v. identity confusion' in the new culture. Through the processes of identification, belonging and learning to share the language of the group, a sense of intimacy with others may be achieved.
Analytic Rehearsing: The Group in the Theatre
Authors: Paynton Nomi
Published: April 2003

The encounter between group analysis and the theatre which is documented in this paper developed out of initial observations of the rehearsal process, which indicated that the struggle undergone by a cast of actors in creating a play appears to resemble the work done in an analytic group. An experimental workshop was set up, in which the experiential group sessions alternated with rehearsals. Was this a way to help director and actors to rehearse together more productively? Findings are presented and discussed.
Measuring Science: is there “Basic Research” without Statistics?
Authors: Godin Benoît
Published: April 2003

Basic research is a central concept of science and science policy. This article examines the role statistics played in helping to create the concept and shows how it was in part constructed by statistics to serve social and political agendas. Most of this statistical work was conducted in the United States in the 1940s and 1950s, then standardized by the OECD in the 1960s.
In Search of a Cultural “Common Denominator”: Metaphors, Historical Change and Folk Metaphysics
Authors: Kaufmann Laurence
Published: April 2003

Numerous recent works, primarily in sociocultural history, emphasize the circulation of common meanings across class lines rather than the unilateral influence of economic conditions or intellectual ideas. This perspective has provided a means to better assess the resources enabling ordinary people to construct and change their world. One of the interesting ways to account for this folk inventiveness is to go back to its origins, that is to say, to the minds and the mainly metaphorical conceptualization that are relentlessly remaking reality. The case of the French Revolution clearly illustrates the political efficiency of a metaphorical reasoning that, in the 18th century, led to both the symbolic and the real overthrow of the king's authority. By virtue of the leading role they play in folk metaphysics, metaphors can be seen as the semantic “books” of the collective mentality that constitutes the lowest common denominator of a given community.
`First of the Moderns': Reading Carlyle Reading Goethe, Again
Authors: Hogan Trevor
Published: April 2003

This article reads Carlyle as a reader of Goethe to recover why he proclaimed Goethe as the `benignant spiritual revolutionist' of modernity and `first of the moderns'. As Goethe's first major English translator, Thomas Carlyle was also arguably the first to grasp the nature and purpose of Goethe's project to interpret modernity as a revolutionary epoch involving changes in consciousness, culture and material development. For Carlyle, Goethe's Faust presents modern consciousness and culture from the side of elegy - as the search by an old man for eternal youth and an infinite world without constraints involving tragic loss. Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre, by contrast, presents the same processes from the side of romantic quest, that is, from the perspective of a youth growing into adulthood, as looking into the future with infinite hope. Finally in Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre, Carlyle discerns that the radical form of this novel as a discontinuous narrative that embodies movement, change and incompletion enables Goethe to represent the social conditions of moderns as a spiritual challenge and historic achievement. Carlyle's critical perspicacity is evident not least in his choice of Goethe's works to translate as much as his own essays on Goethe's place in modern European letters. In his close reading of Goethe, Carlyle captures the symbolic form of modernity as incorporating three levels of revolutionary transformation of individual consciousness, of culture and of modernity as mythic condition consisting of tragic development, creative destruction and perpetual movement and change. Moderns then are challenged to become authors of their own texts and lives. Carlyle contrasts Goethe's achievement against other primary candidates for the title of modern spiritual revolutionist in ironically Goethean terms: Napoleon (Prometheus), Byron (Faust and Young Werther) and Voltaire (Mephistopheles). Thereafter, the older Carlyle puts aside his critical readings of Goethe to become his own Goethean authority on the modern condition, most notably in his most famous books, Sartor Resartus, The French Revolution, Chartism, On Heroes, and Past and Present. By reading Carlyle as a reader of Goethe we can begin to discern that Carlyle was not only an historian, biographer and political commentator of his own place and times but a critical theorist seeking to interpret the modern epoch, with and beyond Goethe.
The Dance of Love
Authors: Murphy Peter
Published: April 2003

This is a comparative essay on two types of love: the Christian or Romantic type of love that equates love and death; and classical or amicable love that equates love with rhythmical rituals and conjugations. The essay explores the role of instincts, desire, aggression, ecstasy, oblivion, pneumatics, meters and eternal recurrence in love. The question of the relation between love and marriage, love and adultery is posed. Historical forms of love are reviewed, from pederasty and renunciation to courtly and companionate love.
Decredentialization and Recredentialization: The Role of Governmental Intervention in Enhancing Occupational Status of Russian Immigrants in Israel in the 1990s
Authors: Lerner Miri , Menahem Gila
Published: April 2003

This article addresses the question of the impact of governmental retraining programs on immigrants’ occupational incorporation. It proposes that immigrants’ loss of occupational status relates to decredentialization resulting from their foreign credentials’ being devalued and proposes viewing participation in governmental retraining programs as a process of recredentialization. The findings indicate the important role government can play in enhancing the occupational status of immigrants through recredentialization. Nine hundred ten immigrants from the former Soviet Union to Israel in the 1990s were interviewed in 1992 and again in 1995 to examine the effect of their participation in retraining programs on occupational integration and improving earnings. The effects were studied for salaried immigrants. The findings are discussed in light of the institutional perspective and the theories of human capital, screening theory, and credentialism.
Dynamics of Cracked Composite Shafts
Authors: Sekhar A. S. , Srinivas B. N.
Published: April 2003

The dynamics of cracked rotors has been the study for the last three decades. However, considering the importance in the practical fields, the vibration characteristics of cracked rotors are still under active investigation. It needs more attention, particularly with the emerging of new materials such as composites for shafts. The present study aims at the analysis of the cracked composite shafts. The composite shaft has been modelled based on first order shear deformation theory using finite element method with shell elements. Different materials such as, boron-epoxy, carbon-epoxy and graphite-epoxy have been tried for various stacking sequences. The influences of crack parameters, fibre orientation (stacking sequences) and material properties on the vibration characteristics of composite shafts have been studied.
Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis of Simply Supported and Clamped Thermoplastic Composite Laminated Plates Loaded Transversely
Authors: Zor Mehmet , Sayman Onur , Karaoglu Serdar
Published: April 2003

In this study, an elastic-plastic stress analysis is carried out on simply supported and clamped cross-ply and angle-ply steel fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite laminated plates under transverse loading. Classical lamination theory with first order shear deformation theory are used for small plasticde formations. The orientation angles are chosen as [0 / 90]2, [30 / 30]2, [45 / 45]2, [60 / 60]2 for symmetric and antisymmetric cases. Loading is gradually increased in sequence of 100, 300 and 500. The expansion of the plastic region and the residual stress components are obtained by using the finite element technique.
Mechanical Behavior of Wood/Polypropylene Composites: Effects of Fibre Treatments and Ageing Processes
Authors: Cantero Guillermo , Arbelaiz Aitor , Mugika Faustino , Valea Angel , Mondragon Inaki
Published: April 2003

Practical applications of wood based composites are limited by the hydrophilic nature of cellulose, which causes dispersion and moisture absorption problems. This work rests on the effects of wood treatment on the mechanical properties of composites made with wood flour and polypropylene (WF/PP). Two different fiber treatments (mercerization with a 10% NaOH solution and functionalization with Epolene E-43 MAPP copolymer), their combined action, and two compounding methods have been studied. In addition, the investigation includes the analysis of the mechanical behavior of composites after exposure to variable conditions of temperature and moisture.
The Study on the Optimization of Injection Molding Process Parameters with Gray Relational Analysis
Authors: Fung Chin-Ping , Huang Cheng-Hung , Doong Ji-Liang
Published: April 2003

This paper studies the optimization of injection molding process parameters by using the gray relational analysis method. Nine experimental runs based on Taguchi method’s orthogonal arrays are studied to pick the best factor level condition. The mechanical properties of yield stress and elongation are selected to be the target of quality. The factor levels are assessed according to the chosen two mechanical properties. The degree of influence that the controllable process factors exert on the mechanical properties is studied by investigating the correlation between them. From the analysis of gray relational grade matrix, the most influential process factor and the most easily influenced mechanical property can be picked. It is found that the melt temperature is the most influential factor to mechanical properties of both yield stress and elongation. The yield stress is more easily influenced by those factors than the elongation is. The sequence of the importance that the controllable factors affect the yield stress is slightly different from it for the elongation, but the melt temperature is still the most important factor.
Thermal Stress Analysis and Residual Stresses in a Thermoplastic Composite Beam
Authors: Sayman Onur , Belevi Melih , Duranay Mehmet
Published: April 2003

In this study, an elastic-plastic thermal stress analysis is carried out on a steel fibre reinforced thermoplastic matrix composite beam. Temperature is chosen to vary linearly, that is zero and T0 at the upper and lower surfaces, respectively. The beam is fixed by two rigid planes at the ends. The solution is performed at 0,45, 60,75 and 90 orientation angles. Plastic yielding is not obtained for 30 orientation angle. The plastic region is expanded at the lower side of the beam. It is found that the intensity of the residual stress component of x and the equivalent plastic strain are maximum at the lower surface of the beam. The residual stress is found to be greatest for 0 orientation angle. The intensity of the equivalent plastic strain is the greatest for 45 orientation angle. In addition, for the same plastic distribution, the intensity of the transverse displacement is the largest for that orientation angle.
Residual Stress Analysis and Expansion of Plastic Zone in Clamped Supported Aluminum Metal-Matrix Laminated Plates with a Circular Hole Under Transverse Loading
Authors: Aykul Halil
Published: April 2003

In this paper, a residual stress analysis and expansion of plastic zone in metal-matrix composite laminated plates with a circular hole are studied by using Finite Element Method. Aluminum metal-matrix and steel fibers are used to produce the composite plates by using mould. Mathematical formulation is given for the elastic-plastic stress analysis of a laminated plate under transverse loads for small deformation. The first-order shear deformation theory is used in this study. The expansion of plastic zone is illustrated for 300, 600 and 900 loading steps.
High Strain Compression Response of Affordable Woven Carbon/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Hosur M. V. , Alexander J. , Jeelani S. , Vaidya U. K. , Mayer A.
Published: April 2003

This paper discusses the experimental study on the response of affordable plain and satin weave carbon/epoxy composite laminates subjected to high strain rate compression loading using a modified Compression Split Hopkinson’s Pressure Bar (SHPB). 37 layer laminates were manufactured using aerospace grade woven fabrics with SC-15 epoxy resin system utilizing Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion Molding (VARIM) approach. Samples were subjected to high strain rate compression loading at five different strain rates ranging from 17/s to 817/s in the in-plane as well as through-the-thickness directions using a modified SHPB that facilitates controlled single pulse loading of the sample. High strain rate response was compared with that of static compression. Optical microscopy was used to characterize the failure mechanisms. Results of the study indicate considerable increase in dynamic compression peak stress as compared to static loading, whereas the strain at peak stress was lower by 35-65%. Samples loaded through-the-thickness exhibit higher peak stresses as compared to those loaded in the in-plane direction.
Effective Thermo-Elastic Constants for Monoclinic Laminates Containing Transverse Ply Cracks
Authors: Whitney James M.
Published: April 2003

Previous work on property changes in orthotropic laminates due to transverse ply cracking is extended to monoclinic laminates. In particular, the effective elastic moduli and thermal expansion coefficients for a [θm/=90°n]S laminate containing transverse cracks through the middle 90°n layers are determined analytically. The cracks are assumed to be evenly spaced and to extend across the entire laminate width. Each of the m and 90°n ply clusters are treated as a single homogeneous plate. The two ply clusters are connected through continuity of displacements and tractions at the interface. All 13 elastic constants and 4 thermal expansion coefficients are determined. Numerical results are compared to other models.
Phenomenological Prediction of Tensile Strength of E-Glass Composites from Available Aging and Stress Corrosion Data
Authors: Barbero Ever J. , Damiani Thomas M.
Published: April 2003

A simple model to predict the time- and environment-dependent degradation of tensile strength of unidirectional E-glass fiber composites is presented. The model is phenomenological; that is, based on curve-fits of data for the individual time- and environment-dependent behavior, for which data is available in the literature. These include stress corrosion, zero-stress aging, interphase aging, and moisture-dependent matrix stiffness. The ineffective length at fiber break sites is corrected for debonding length. The average strength of the fiber is reduced to account for zero-stress aging. The concept of inert aged strength is proposed to be able to use data developed under different environmental exposure and load-testing conditions. The conditions for which exposure and aging affect the composite significantly are discussed. Different exposure and loading times are accounted for in the model. Model predictions are compared with available experimental data.
Uniaxial Extensional Flow Behavior of a Glass Fiber-Filled Engineering Plastic
Authors: Wagner Alan H. , Kalyon Dilhan M. , Yazici Rahmi , Fiske Thomas J.
Published: April 2003

The extensional flow behavior of a Nylon 6 based engineering plastic filled with short glass fibers was characterized using a Meissner-type uniaxial extensional rheometer. The fiber orientation distributions of the resin samples at various Hencky strains were also determined by X-ray microradiography and image analysis techniques. The uniaxial extensional stress growth function was found to be intimately related to the orientation distribution function of the fibers.
Simplified Model for the Influence of Inclusion Aspect Ratio on the Stiffness of Aligned Reinforced Composites
Authors: Lim Teik Cheng
Published: April 2003

A simplified model for the Young’s Modulus of aligned composites possessing spheroidal inclusions, of any aspect ratio α, is developed herein based on a triply periodic array of parallelpiped inclusions. The Young’s Modulus of continuous unidirectional fiber composites (α→∞), particulate composites (α = 1) and periodically bilaminated composites (α = 0) are obtained as limiting cases based on the Parallel-Series and Series-Parallel schemes of analyses. A reinforcing parameter, R, of the inclusion is then identified from the limiting cases such that R ∊ [0,1]. By curve-fitting for a relationship between the reinforcement parameter and the inclusion aspect ratio for α∊ [0,∞], the Young’s Modulus for aligned short fiber composites (α > 1) and aligned flake composites (α < 1) are obtained. For verification, the present model at limiting cases (α =0, 1, ∞) were reduced to other simple models and/or compared with experimental results. For nonlimiting cases (α <1, α > 1), comparison with other theoretical models show reasonable agreement.
Impact Resistance of Reinforced Plastics Based on Polysulfone-Epoxy Blends
Authors: Antonov Andrey V. , Zelenskii Edouard S. , Kuperman Alexander M.
Published: April 2003

The low velocity impact behavior of composites based on polysulfone, epoxy resin and polysulfone-epoxy blends (5 and 10% polysulfone) was investigated. Glass and carbon reinforcing fibers were used. Specimens were loaded by three-point bending scheme, that have produced shear delamination of glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) and fibers transversal failure of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). A change of loading rate fromstatic to impact have resulted in a shift of GFRP shear strength maximum in the direction of higher PSF content in a matrix. An increase of polysulfone content also leads to the gradual growth of GFRP initiation energy and CFRP total energy. The best impact resistance was obtained for GFRP based on 10% polysulfone blend.
Fatigue Fracture Resistance Analysis of Polymer Composites Based on the Energy Expended on Damage Formation
Authors: Aglan H. A. , Gan Y. X. , Chu F. , Zhong W. H.
Published: April 2003

Analysis of the fatigue crack propagation behavior of filled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites using the energy expended on damage formation was performed. A 25% chopped glass fiber filled PTFE with a commercial name of Rulon LR and a 25% polymer particle filled PTFE (Rulon J) were chosen as candidate materials for the study. Fatigue crack propagation (FCP) tests were performed using both unnotched and single edge notched (SEN) specimens under tension-tension load control condition. The notched specimens were prepared with the same notch length to sample width ratio (a/w) of 0.09. The applied frequency was 3 Hz. The maximum stress was 6 MPa, and the ratio of minimum stress to maximum stress was kept at 0.10. FCP data such as the crack length and the number of cycles were used to calculate the crack speed. The hysteresis energies for both notched and unnotched specimens during cyclic loading were obtained. The energy release rate was determined as the first derivative of the relationship between the potential energy and the crack length. The potential energy was calculated as the area above the unloading curve from the hysteresis loops at various crack lengths. The cyclic rate of energy dissipation on damage formation was calculated based on the hysteresis energies for both notched and unnotched specimens. It was found that the fatigue kinetics are related to the cyclic rate of energy dissipation into the active zone evolution. The specific energy of damage (γ) a material parameter characteristic of the fatigue fracture resistance was evaluated using the Modified Crack Layer (MCL) theory. It was found that the value of γ for the particle filled PTFE is 3200 kJ/m3, which is about three times higher than that for the fiber filled PTFE (750 kJ/m3). This indicates that the particle filled PTFE has higher fracture resistance than the fiber filled PTFE. The fracture surface of the second region for both materials was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Interfacial debonding, drawn ligaments and large voids were associated with the fatigue fracture of the fiber filled PTFE. The particle filled PTFE displayed more fibrillation than that of the fiber filled PTFE, which indicates a higher energy consuming process related to the fatigue crack growth in the particle filled PTFE.
A Sequential Fiber Failure Criterion for the Tensile Fracture in Notched Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Yeh Hsien-Liang , Yeh Hsien-Yang
Published: April 2003

A new criterion, which is named a sequential fiber failure criterion for the tensile fracture in notched fiber reinforced composite plates, is developed based on the combined micromechanical sequential fiber failure condition and the macroscopic Yeh-Stratton failure criterion. Since the sequential fiber failure behavior is considered, therefore, the failure mechanisms are included in this sequential fiber failure criterion. The fracture angle and damage zone can also be evaluated from this criterion. The fracture stresses predicted by the sequential fiber failure criterion are close to those stresses measured experimentally. The tensile failure of a laminate is governed by the failure of the plies having fibers parallel to the loading direction. These fibers fail sequentially by a process in which the failure of the fiber causes its neighbor to fail. Under the uniaxial tensile load, the fracture planes of all the plies are perpendicular to the tensile loading direction within the [90°/0°/±45°]s laminates containing a center crack.
Investigations of the Tensile Properties on Polycarbonate Thin-Wall Injection Molded Parts
Authors: Chen Shia-Chung , Peng Hsin-Shu , Huang Lei-Ti , Chung Ming-Shiu
Published: April 2003

Effect of processing conditions including injection speed, melt temperature, mold temperature and packing pressure on tensile properties of polycarbonate (PC) thin-wall parts were investigated. Tensile test specimen with thickness of 2.5, 1.0 and 0.8 mm were injection molded under specified conditions. Tensile properties and residual stresses were measured experimentally. It was found that the residual stress plays a more significant role in influencing part tensile properties than flow-induced molecular orientation. Part thickness and injection speed are two key factors that affect residual stress most significantly within the current molding window. As part thickness decreases, residual stress increases resulting in the greater influence in reduction of part tensile strength, yield stress as well as Young’s modulus. Higher melt temperature and higher mold temperature would reduce residual stress whereas higher injection speed and higher packing pressure would increase residual stress. Associated with the decrease of residual stress, part’s tensile strength, yield strength and Young’s modulus increase with increased melt temperature, mold temperature and injection speed. On the other hand, higher packing pressure results in a decrease of part mechanical strength.
Stress Fields in Fiber Reinforced Laminate Beams Due to Bending and Torsion Moments
Authors: Demakos C. B.
Published: April 2003

A model of fiber reinforced composite laminate beam with sections of orthogonal shape is presented, in which the stresses due to simultaneously applied torsional and bending moments are found by an analytical solution. The technique followed is based on Sokolnikoff ’s approach in conjunction with the theory of anisotropic elasticity. The results derived permit the evaluation of the off-axis-strength elastic constants for the material. The evaluation of 3-D stress distributions in beams with sections characterized by various aspect ratios reveals variations of stresses, which depend on the warping combined with flexure in these laminate composite beams. In addition, useful information gained from the study of variation of the elastic properties as well as torsional rigidity for fiber reinforced laminate beams leads to further knowledge for the profile of stress distribution allover the beam. Specifically, the results have revealed that the torsional rigidity of the fiber reinforced laminate composite beam reaches an optimal value at a -lamination angle between 20° and 30°. Thus, the normal stresses vary in higher values versus the lamination angle of the composite than the shear stresses do. Also, the stresses allover the beam become so intensive as the bending-to-torsion moments ratio increases.
Geographic Information Systems in Community-Based Gerontological Research and Practice
Authors: Hirshorn Barbara A. , Stewart John E.
Published: April 2003

Geographic information systems (GIS) can assist researchers and practitioners engaged in community-specific analyses that focus on older populations and their resource environments. Although some gerontologists may be using GIS for data visualization (i.e., to present data in map form), GIS spatial analytical functions appear to be underused in studies of older populations. This article examines the capacity and potential of GIS in gerontological research and practice by (a) briefly defining GIS; (b) describing the utility of some basic GIS visualization and spatial analytical methods using an illustrative, community-based gerontological study; and (c) discussing challenges and opportunities in the application of this information technology.
Anatomy of a Choice: Deciding on Assisted Living or Nursing Home Care in Oregon
Authors: Reinardy James R. , Kane Rosalie A.
Published: April 2003

This study, based on interviews with 1,215 assisted living and nursing home residents and family members in Oregon, compares assisted living residents and their family proxies with their nursing home counterparts regarding preferences for long-term care settings and circumstances and decisions surrounding their move. Analyses showed some differences between reported preferences of assisted living and nursing home groups, with the former placing more emphasis on control over private space and the latter on rehabilitation. There were also many similarities, however, especially in the views of residents themselves rather than those of their family proxies. For example, high value given by both groups to help with care from staff, decisions on how much care, and private rooms indicate policy planners and providers should take into account such preferences and develop a hybrid of positively valued features in both assisted living and nursing homes.
Time Use by Frail Older People in Different Care Settings
Authors: Pruchno Rachel A. , Rose Miriam S.
Published: April 2003

The way in which time is used is an important aspect of the quality of life in long-term care settings. Time budget data for a 24-hour period were contrasted for 123 people living in a nursing home, in an assisted living facility, or in the community with home health services. Results indicate that the days of frail older people are largely spent alone and at home. Obligatory activities account for 38.6% of the day, whereas discretionary activities account for 59.7%. Time spent in activities varies as a function of personal characteristics, environmental context, and social context. Although there are differences across these settings, there are also striking similarities, particularly with respect to social context and satisfaction with the day. These data suggest that there is no one optimal living environment for frail older people and that traditional long-term care environments may be preferable for some.
Screening for Vulnerability to Abuse Among Older Women: Women's Health Australia Study
Authors: Schofield Margot J. , Reynolds Rhonda , Mishra Gita D. , Powers Jennifer R. , Dobson Annette J.
Published: April 2003

The validity of a brief self-report screening measure for elder abuse was examined on a nationally representative sample of more than 12,000 older women in the baseline survey of the Australian Longitudinal Study onWomen's Health. The screening instrument was a modification of the Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test. Construct validity was examined using factor analysis and correlation with a wide range of sociodemographic, psychological, and healthrelated variables. Four factors, each of three items, were identified representing the following domains: Vulnerability, Dependence, Dejection, and Coercion. The Vulnerability and Coercion factors had the highest face validity for abuse and demonstrated moderate to good construct validity. The six items comprising these factors may provide a simple screening tool for elder abuse. The identified correlates of abuse indicators have the potential to enhance policy development, screening, intervention, and carer support programs.
The Impact of Living in a Rural County With No Nursing Home on Utilization Rates and Admission Mobility Patterns
Authors: McAuley William J. , Pecchioni Loretta L. , Grant Jo Anna
Published: April 2003

This article uses long-term care data from one state (Virginia) to examine four hypotheses: (a) Rural counties are more likely than urban counties to have no nursing facility, (b) counties without a nursing facility will have lower nursing home utilization rates than counties having a nursing facility, (c) individuals admitted to nursing facilities who originate in counties with no facility will tend to experience moves of greater distance than their counterparts originating in counties having a facility, and (d) those admitted to nursing facilities originating in counties with no facility will tend to move to more urban settings. These hypotheses were supported by the analysis. The findings suggest that access to nursing home care may be more limited for individuals who live in counties without nursing facilities. Long-term care policy makers should give careful consideration to access in their methods for determining need for nursing home care and long-term care services in rural areas.
Attitudes of Primary Care Physicians Toward Older Drivers: A Finnish-Swedish Comparison
Authors: Hakamies-Blomqvist Liisa , Henriksson Per , Falkmer Torbjörn , Lundberg Catarina , Braekhus Anne
Published: April 2003

Finnish and Swedish general practitioners'(GPs) activities, knowledge, and attitudes related to aging and driving were compared using a mail survey to evaluate the effects of the two countries' different driver licensing policies. The hypothesis was that the existence of an obligatory medical screening system in Finland would make the Finnish GPs more active or knowledgeable concerning aging and driving than their Swedish colleagues with no experience of such a system. The survey was sent to a random sample of registered GPs who worked in primary health care centers in Sweden ( n = 1,500) and in Finland ( n = 1,527); 1,682 respondents completed the form and were included in final analysis. The results did not support the hypothesis: The Swedish GPs reported more activities than did their Finnish colleagues. The level of knowledge was similar in both countries, but the Finnish GPs had higher confidence in their diagnostic competence and more restrictive attitudes than did the Swedish GPs. The existence of an obligatory medical screening system hence did not make the Finnish GPs more active or knowledgeable concerning aging and driving compared to their Swedish colleagues. In contrast, it may contribute to the Finnish GPs' unrealistic confidence in their own assessment skills and in the adequacy of the present screening system in Finland.