bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Missão Paz e imigração haitiana em São Paulo, 2010-2015
Authors: Parise Paolo , Diémé Kassoum
Published: March 2021

Esta entrevista tem o objetivo de fazer um diagnóstico da situação do acolhimento a imigrantes haitianos na cidade de São Paulo. A fala do Padre Paolo Parise, Coordenador do Centro de Estudos Migratórios – CEM da Missão Paz e envolvido no trabalho com imigrantes há pelo menos três décadas, é fundamental para alcançar o nosso propósito. A Missão Paz é uma referência no acolhimento a imigrantes nesta cidade. Perguntamos ao Pe. Paolo Parise sobre a história de atendimento e acolhimento oferecidos pela Missão Paz, bem como sobre sua estrutura. O seu relato revela mudanças do perfil dos grupos atendidos e das condições elegíveis com o passar do tempo. Mudanças estão ainda ocorrendo no processo migratório. A chegada de haitianos e sua procura pelos serviços oferecidos pela Missão Paz a partir de 2010 provocou novas e significativas mudanças. Como bem destacado pelo entrevistado, o acolhimento oferecido pela Missão Paz a haitianos considerou dimensões como: gênero, trabalho, idioma, família, economia, saúde, cultura, profissionalização, bem como necessidades jurídicas. Apesar deste olhar abrangente sobre acolhimento, baseado na concepção religiosa e com uma perspectiva ecumênica, a Missão tem seus desafios. Neste processo de acolhimento ocorreram parcerias e colaborações tanto por parte de outras instituições como da sociedade paulistana.
Infância refugiada
Authors: Grajzer Deborah Esther
Published: March 2021

Objetiva-se discutir a condição de vida de crianças refugiadas nos últimos anos no Brasil. O trabalho centra-se no direito fundamental à educação e à infância, com base na Sociologia da Infância e na abordagem histórico-cultural de Vigotski. As discussões têm como parâmetro os documentos elaborados pelo Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para Refugiados (ACNUR) e pelo Comitê Nacional para os Refugiados.
Les territoires de l’attente: migrations et mobilités dans les Amériques (XIXe e XXe siècle)
Authors: Dornelas Sidnei Marco
Published: March 2021

O tema dos tempos e espaços da “espera” nos deslocamentos da migração é muito pouco abordado e, em geral, relativamente desconhecido. No entanto, está implícito quando tratamos de questões como a dos albergues e campos de refugiados, de acampamentos e ocupações clandestinas, dos congestionamentos urbanos e assentamentos. O grande mérito desse livro é justamente expor esse amplo leque temático, bem como as vertentes inovadoras de conhecimento que se desdobram nos estudos sobre os denominados “territórios da espera”. Tratase do resultado dos trabalhos articulados feitos por pesquisadores (historiadores, geógrafos e sociólogos), de dimensão internacional e interdisciplinar, reunidos em torno do projeto ARN TERRIAT (cf. http//terriat.hypotheses.org). [...]
Mulher
Authors: Arruda Angela
Published: March 2021

A questão que temos diante de nós é: a mulher consegue controlar sua própria fecundidade segundo sua convivência, ou esta sofre outras pressões e acaba se manifestando sem obedecer aos seus anseios e necessidades? Controlar a fertilidade quer dizer engravidar quando ela quiser, e não engravidar quando ela não quer, ou seja, pode decidir quando ter filhos, e quando não tê-los.[...]
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ СПРОСА И ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ НА РЫНКЕ ЖИЛЬЯ
Authors: Байрамов Гахраман
Published: March 2021

В статье рассмотрены отдельные компоненты рынка жилья, определены особенности формирования спроса и предложения на рынке жилья. В статье также определяются и оцениваются факторы, влияющие на формирование цен на рынке жилья Азербайджана, и прогнозируются будущие тенденции развития этих цен.
HARMONY AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RELIGIOUS STUDIES AND RELIGIOUS EDUCATION
Authors: Ernazarov Odiljon
Published: March 2021

The article describes the connections and differences between the concepts of religious studies and religious education. It has been analyzed that religious studies and religious education are separate forms of approach to the study of religion and the methods used in this regard. The views of representatives of the field of religious studies and religious education on the understanding of universe are interpreted through mental and artistic examples.
INDICATIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF MICRO-FOCAL PROCESSES OF THE AMU DARYA DELTA TERRITORIES FOR EARLY DETECTION OF ECOSYSTEM TRANSFORMATION TRENDS
Authors: Mamutov Nizamatdin , Reymov Polat , Statov Viktor , Khudaybergenov Yakhshimurad , Reymov Mamanbek , Orazbaev Azizbek
Published: March 2021

The paper concerns effect of micro-focal processes of landscape transformation in desertified deltas in th arid zone. Some particular stages of the pant community succession had been revealed. Genetic link of these transformation with complex terrestrial ecosystem degradation had been derived.
DEVELOPMENT SHAFT RUN-OUT MEASUREMENT TRANSDUCERS FOR POWERFUL GENERATORS FAULT CONTROL SYSTEM WITH CAPACITIVE COPLANAR CONCENTRIC SENSOR
Authors: Zaitsev Ievgev , Levytskyi Anatolii , Bereznychenko Victoria
Published: March 2021

The paper presents the results of the study of a capacitive radial beating sensor, consisting of a primary transducer with concentric coplanar electrodes and a secondary measuring transducer «capacitance - voltage». The design and results of calculations of the capacitive sensor conversion function presented. The parameters of the circuit of the secondary measuring transducer based on the frequency-independent measuring circuit are determined. The optimal frequency range for measurements selected.
NECRÓPOLE EM PERSPECTIVA: PARADIGMAS URBANOS E DIREITO À CIDADE
Authors: VIEIRA Karime Massignan Grassi , HARDT Letícia Peret Antunes
Published: March 2021

A necrópole brasileira enfrenta importantes dilemas de ineficiência técnica. Diante dessa problemática, o objetivo deste trabalho é identificar abordagens predominantes sobre o tema, reconhecendo tanto o direito à sepultura no processo sustentável de urbanização quanto o cemitério público como responsabilidade governamental na representação indistinta dos cidadãos. Com estratégia multimétodos, abordagem qualitativa e natureza exploratória, a pesquisa foi fundamentada na revisão sistemática de literatura, precedida de informações bibliométricas. Os resultados são sistematizados em três recortes temporais acerca da temática: passado, com contextualização da sua evolução até o início do século XIX; presente, com interpretação de questões contemporâneas, notadamente no Brasil; e futuro, com reflexões sobre tendências, inclusive frente à atual pandemia global. Conclui-se, então, pela essencial interdisciplinaridade do assunto e pela relação recíproca entre a urbe e o morto, imbricados em ampla diversidade de direitos.
Younger Dryas ice margin retreat in Greenland: new evidence from southwestern Greenland
Authors: Funder Svend , Sørensen Anita H. L. , Larsen Nicolaj K. , Bjørk Anders A. , Briner Jason P. , Olsen Jesper , Schomacker Anders , Levy Laura B. , Kjær Kurt H.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. To date the final stage in deglaciation of the Greenland
shelf, when a contiguous ice sheet margin on the inner shelf transitioned to
outlet glaciers in troughs with intervening ice-free areas, we generated
cosmogenic 10Be dates from bedrock knobs on six outlying islands along
a stretch of 300 km of the southwestern Greenland coast. Despite 10Be
inheritance influencing some dates, the ages generally support a Greenland
Ice Sheet (GrIS) margin that retreated off the inner shelf during the middle
Younger Dryas (YD) period. Published 10Be- and 14C-dated records
show that this history of the GrIS margin is seen in other parts of
Greenland but with large variations in the extent and speed of retreat,
sometimes even between neighbouring areas. Areas with a chronology extending
into the Allerød period show no marked ice margin change at the
Allerød–YD transition except in northernmost Greenland. In contrast,
landforms on the shelf (moraines and grounding zone wedges) have been
suggested to indicate YD readvances or long-lasting ice margin stillstands
on the middle shelf. However, these features have been dated primarily by
correlation with cold periods in the ice core temperature records.
Ice margin retreat during the middle and late YD is explained by advection
of warm subsurface water at the ice margin and by increased seasonality.
Our results therefore point to the complexity of the climate–ice margin
relation and to the urgent need for direct dating of the early deglaciation
history of Greenland.
Evaluating the effects of deformation on the chemistry of composite magnesioferrite-magnetite crystals by means of EBSD
Authors: González-Pérez Igor , Noval-Ruiz Samuel , González-Jímenez Jose María , Gervilla Fernando , Fanlo Isabel , Tornos Fernando
Published: March 2021

Chemical signatures of magnetite are commonly used to track the evolution of mineralizing systems in many geological settings. However, the impact of deformation processes on magnetite chemistry remains still underexplored. Here, we report a rare case of composite crystals consisting of magnetite and magnesioferrite recording different degrees and styles of deformation in order to evaluate how deformation promotes chemical modification. The samples employed in this study come from two different Mg-skarn iron deposits (i.e., El Robledal and San Manuel) from the Serranía de Ronda (SW Spain). Chemical data acquired by Electron Probe Microprobe Analyzer (EPMA) and Field Emission Scanning Microscopy (FESEM) are contrasted against microstructural data obtained by using Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction (EBSD). Our results show that magnesioferrite crystals [Fe2+# (Fe2+/Fe2++Mg2+) = 0.22-0.46 and Fe3+# (Fe3+/Fe3++Al3+) = 0.99-1.00] from El Robledal deposit are characterized by a ductile deformation that led to different crystallographic orientation domains along with the replacement of magnesioferrite by magnetite (Fe2+# (Fe2+/Fe2++Mg2+) = 0.51-0.99 and Fe3+ (Fe3+/Fe3++Al3+) =0.98-1.00] via coupled dissolution – reprecipitation. A replacement of magnesioferrite [Fe2+# (Fe2+/Fe2++Mg2+) = 0.43-0.64 and Fe3+ (Fe3+/Fe3++Al3+) = 0.99-1.00] by magnetite Fe2+# (Fe2+/Fe2++Mg2+) = 0.78-1.00 and Fe3+# (Fe3+/Fe3++Al3+) = 0.98-1.00] via a coupled dissolution – reprecipitation mechanism is also preserved in the composite (i.e., zoned) crystals from the San Manuel deposit, which was additionally overprinted by an additional recrystallization event as a result of grain boundary migration recrystallization. Our results show that deformation in a fluid-assisted deformation regime has induced chemical modification of the original magnesioferrite aggregates as well as strain localization. This close physicochemical link offers new avenues of interpreting the chemical signatures of Mg-Fe oxides, utilizing their microstructurally controlled variation or lack thereof.
Using a CMIP5 multi-model ensemble to model glacier mass balance on decadal scales
Authors: van der Laan Larissa , Förster Kristian , Maussion Fabien , Scaife Adam
Published: March 2021

Glaciers fulfil several important roles in the earth system, including being clear indicators of climate change and providing essential freshwater storage and downstream runoff to 22% of the global population. In addition, they are the main contributors to sea level rise and are expected to remain so throughout the 21st Century. In order to monitor glacier development, observing and predicting glacier mass balance on different spatial and temporal scales is essential. The current study aims to improve the understanding of glacier mass balance prediction on the decadal scale (5-15 years), a rarely studied time scale in the context of glaciers, but if reliable, highly applicable for glacier related water resource management and sea level rise predictions. This is achieved through the use of CMIP5 decadal climate prediction multi-model ensembles (reforecasts) to force the mass balance component of the Open Global Glacier Model (OGGM). This method is applied to 254 reference glaciers, distributed throughout 17 of the 19 Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) regions. The reforecasts are initialized in 1960 and 1980 and bias corrected to the glacier scale. The following statistical analysis then gives a good indication of the skill of climate reforecasts in mass balance modelling on this glacier atypical time scale.
Detection of stratospheric X-rays with a novel microscintillator sensor
Authors: Aplin Karen , Marlton Graeme , Race Victoria , Watt Clare
Published: March 2021

A new energetic particle detector based on a 1 cm3 CsI(Tl) scintillator crystal responds to both particle count and energy. This offers increased measurement capability over the long-established Geiger counter technology for investigating the role of energetic particles in the atmosphere during meteorological radiosonde flights. Here we present results from three flights over the UK in 2017-18 where the detector was flown alongside Geiger counters to test its capability for measuring ionising radiation in the atmosphere. Operation of the microscintillator detector was verified by both it and the Geiger counters showing the anticipated Regener-Pfotzer maximum at around 17km. Unexpectedly however, two of the flights also detected lower energy signals at 10-100 keV. Laboratory experiments investigating the thermal response of the microscintillator, in combination with careful error analysis, can be used to show that the signals detected do not originate from instrument artefacts, and are statistically significant. These are most likely to be stratospheric X rays, usually associated with bremsstrahlung radiation generated by precipitating electrons from the radiation belts.
Distribution and paleoecology of benthic foraminifera of Denmark Strait in Holocene and late Pleistocene
Authors: Kireenko Liubov , Kozina Nina , Tikhonova Anna
Published: March 2021

Holocene and Pleistocene benthic foraminifera assemblage patterns studied from 63 samples in sediment core AMK-5890 collected from Iceland's western slope in the Denmark Strait during the 71th cruise of research vessel"Academic Mstislav Keldysh" in 2018 (Novigatsky A.N, et al., 2018). Core were sampled at 1 cm interval from Holocene and 5 cm from Pleistocene and washed through a 63 micron sieve.

In the first complex of deposits represented by Holocene deposits the total benthic foraminifera abundance reaches highest values 35 000 – 60 000 individuals/g of dry sediment (ind/g of dry sed). In the lower part of the complex, abundance decreases to 10,000 ind/g of dry sed. The species diversity ranges from 25 to 35 species in the sample. Trifarina angulosa is the dominant species (about 60%). The species Cibicides lobatulus is subdominant (25-30%) in the Holocene community which lived in areas with increased hydrodynamic characteristics (Lorenz, 2005). The small group benthic foraminifera (from 2 to 15%) includes Atlantic and boreal species Cassidulina laevigata, Cassidulina neoteretis and Uvigerina peregrina (Sejrup et al, 2004). This database of distribution and ecology of benthic foraminifera indicated that in Holocene favorable living environment (positive bottom temperatures and salinity, close to modern sea), increased productivity and wide influence of Atlantic waters to the north existed. The lower part of complex reflects the epoch of deglaciation.

There are short changes in all measures at the boundary of Holocene and Pleistocene: total benthic foraminifera abundance (1000-400 ind/g of dry sed) and species diversity (<20 species) decreases, and species assemblage is almost completely changes. It allows to identify the second complex that characterizes the transition to glacial deposits. At the top of the glacial complex, the peak of occurrence of Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (about 25%) associates with a decrease in the influence of meltwater and active hydrodynamics (Struck, 2007). The glacial assemblage consists of two dominant species C. lobatulus (about 35%) and Cassidulina obusta (about 40%). Also, there are Cassidulina reniforme, Elphidium clavatum and Nonion labradoricum, which prefer cold waters and Arctic environmental conditions with the presence of ice cover.

 Acknowledgments: Preparation, processing of samples and micropaleontological analysis was funded by RFBR, project number 20-35-90093. The expedition studies was funded by RPF, project number 14-50-00095, the primary lithological-mineralogical and geochemical studies was funded of the State assignment of the FANO of Russia (№ 0149-2019-0007).
Physically-based oscillations of the Laurentide Ice Sheet under glacial conditions
Authors: Moreno Daniel , Alvarez-Solas Jorge , Robinson Alexander , Blasco Javier , Tabone Ilaria , Montoya Marisa
Published: March 2021

The climate during the last glacial period was far from stable. Evidence has shown the presence of layers of ice-rafted debris (IRD) in deep-sea sediments, which have been interpreted to reflect quasi-periodic episodes of massive iceberg calving from the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS). Several mechanisms have been proposed, yet the ultimate cause of these events is still under debate. From the point of view of ice dynamics, one of the main sources of uncertainty and diversity in model response is the choice of basal friction law. Therefore, it is essential to determine the impact of basal friction in glacial transport and erosion, deposition of sediments and ice streams. Here we study the effect of a wide range of basal friction parameters and laws under glacial conditions over the LIS by running ensembles of simulations using a higher-order ice-sheet model. Importantly, the potential feedbacks between basal hydrology and thermodynamics are also considered to shed light on the behaviour of the ice flow. Our aim is to determine under what conditions, if any, physically-based oscillations are possible in the LIS with constant boundary conditions. Increasing our understanding of both basal friction laws and basal hydrology will improve not only reconstructions of paleo ice dynamics but also help to constrain the potential future evolution of current ice sheets.
Sources of Uncertainty in Greenland Surface Mass Balance in the 21st century.
Authors: Holube Katharina Meike , Zolles Tobias , Born Andreas
Published: March 2021

The surface mass balance (SMB) of the Greenland Ice Sheet is subject to considerable uncertainties that complicate predictions of sea-level rise caused by climate change.
We examine the SMB of the Greenland Ice Sheet and its uncertainty in the 21st century using a wide ensemble of simulations with the surface energy and mass balance model "BErgen Snow SImulator" (BESSI). We conduct simulations for four greenhouse gas emission scenarios using the output of 26 climate models from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to force BESSI. In addition, the uncertainty of the SMB simulation is estimated by using 16 different parameter sets in our SMB model. The median SMB across climate models, integrated over the ice sheet, decreases for every emission scenario and every parameter set. As expected, the decrease in SMB is stronger for higher greenhouse gas emissions. The uncertainty range in SMB is considerably greater in our ensemble than in other studies that used fewer climate models as forcing. An analysis of the different sources of uncertainty shows that the differences between climate models are the main reason for SMB uncertainty, exceeding even the uncertainty due to the choice of climate scenario. In comparison, the uncertainty caused by the snow model parameters is negligible. The differences between the climate models are most pronounced in the north of Greenland and in the area around the equilibrium line, whereas the ensemble of simulations agrees that the SMB decrease is greatest in the west of Greenland. 
Southern Patagonia Icefield freshwater calving glaciers recent collapses into deep lake waters 
Authors: Rivera Andres , Bown Francisca , Castillo Andres , Oberreuter Jonathan , Lenzano María Gabriela , Lenzano Luis
Published: March 2021

The Patagonian Icefields are among the biggest worldwide glaciers contributors to sea level rise. In spite of ongoing deglaciation in Patagonia, climatic models are estimating that the icefields surface mass balances during at least the last 4 decades has been neutral or even positive. The main mass losses are therefore, mainly related to frontal ablation, namely surface ablation, calving and subaquatic melting. These are the predominant factors in almost every single calving glacier in the region, especially among the eastern glaciers of the Southern Patagonia Icefield that are ending into deep lakes. The only and most remarkable exception to this trend on the eastern side of the SPI is the well-known stable and even advancing state of glaciar Perito Moreno. In spite of the relatively benign surface mass balances modelled for the last 4 decades, during the 2010’s several freshwater calving glaciers experienced strong retreats, and in some cases, the collapse of the whole ice fronts with losses mounting several square kilometers of ice in single events or during a series of huge calving events.   In order to study the glacier-lake interactions in the area, a collaborative research program was initiated in 2013 by Chilean and Argentinean scientists allowing the installation of a network of Automatic Weather Stations, fixed photographic cameras, water level pressure sensors and GPS stations at both sides of the international border. Since 2013 several field campaigns were conducted to the area including the survey of lake waters nearby several retreating glaciers. In most of the studied cases were detected very deep bathymetries (up to 600 m in places), and in some cases, a vertical structure of the lake water indicating a highly stratified condition that we estimate is responsible for very low subaquatic melting favoring the presence of glacier foots extending tens or even few hundreds of meters beyond the subaerial ice walls. The most remarkable recent collapses took place at glaciares O’Higgins and Viedma, whilst the rest or our studied glaciers (Chico, Upsala and Dickson) also experienced retreats with smaller rates. In this presentation we will show novel data collected in the main freshwater calving glaciers of the SPI and will discuss the local conditions explaining the recent glacier behavior.
Using tracheid isometry to upscale water transport from pit to tree-rings
Authors: Fonti Patrick , Vaganov Eugene A. , Fonti Marina V. , Sviderskaya Irina V.
Published: March 2021

Assessing the characteristic of water transport in wood is challenged by the complexity of its tissue composed by numerous different-sized and interconnected conduits. Current methods for measuring conductivity or flow resistance performed on a piece of wood usually have no direct link to the anatomy of the single conduits. Thus, despite the large application of these assessment for ecological studies, this integrated tissue-level approach hampers the possibility to extend the hydraulic assessment across time by using dated series of tree rings.

In this contribution we make use of tracheid versus pit isometry to propose a new hydraulic model merging existing morphological-based components of tracheid hydraulic to upscale water transport properties across time and environments. By using linear relations between tracheid dimeter and pit size as described in the literature, we applied our model to tracheids of increasing size to show that our assessments of the pit and tracheid resistances match with estimations performed in independent studies. We then apply the model to tracheid anatomical measurements from Larix sibirica tree-rings (from 1986 to 2015) formed under harsh conditions in southern Siberia to show the potential to reconstruct hydraulic properties across tree-rings and to quantify their intra- and inter-annual variability.

The proposed model (see 10.1093/jxb/eraa595 for more details on the performed study) not only provide means to derive realistic conduits hydraulic properties via accessible measures of cross-sectional tracheid size, but it also allows assessing how different-sized tracheid’s components contribute to the overall hydraulic properties. In particular, our up-scaled results from the study case with trees from Southern Siberia showed that the natural inter- and intra-ring anatomical variations had a substantial impact on the ring hydraulic properties and can consequently be applied to assess the impact of cell structural characteristics on the hydraulic functioning of trees.

We therefore conclude that this model, despite its early developmental stage, has the potential to provides a novel basis to investigate xylem structure-function relations across time and environmental conditions.
Stratigraphic correlation of the Permian-Triassic red beds constrained by detrital zircon geochronology: Moscow basin, East European platform
Authors: Chistyakova Alvina , Veselovskiy Roman
Published: March 2021

There's no doubt that nowadays detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology is actually required method of sedimentary basins analysis. Furthermore, this approach may have a lot of applications, such as a stratigraphic correlation. Here we present the first results of U–Pb LA–ICP–MS dating of detrital zircon from the Permian-Triassic red beds located within the Moscow Basin of the East European platform. Two outcrops have been studied: the Zhukov Ravine P/T boundary reference section and the Nedubrovo strata with uncertain stratigraphic position (uppermost Permian or lower Triassic?).

U–Pb ages of detrital zircon grains have been obtained for two samples – the Upper Permian and Lower Triassic age, which were taken in the proximity to the Permian–Triassic boundary in the Zhukov Ravine. Corresponding age distributions show contrasting provenance of the studied sedimentary rocks, pointing out that principal change in source of clastic material occurred on the Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundary. It means that detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology can be used as an additional independent tool for stratigraphic correlation of the Permian-Triassic red beds, at least within the Moscow Basin. We demonstrate this in the case of the Nedubrovo section with debated (Permian or Triassic?) stratigraphic position: the obtained data on detrital zircons persuasively suggests Early Triassic age of the Nedubrovo strata.

This study is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project no. 18-05-00593).
Towards an improved understanding of nitrogen dioxide emissions from forest fires 
Authors: Griffin Debora , Chan Jack , Dammers Enrico , McLinden Chris , Adams Cristen , Akingunola Ayodeji , Makar Paul , Fehr Lukas , Bourassa Adam , Degenstein Doug , Hayden Katherine , Wren Sumi , Liggio John
Published: March 2021

Smoke from wildfires are a significant source of air pollution, which can adversely impact ecosystems and the air quality in downwind populated areas. With increasing severity of wildfires over the years, these are a significant threat to air quality in densely populated areas. Emissions from wildfires are most commonly estimated by a bottom-up approach, using proxies such fuel type, burn area, and emission factors. Emissions are also commonly derived with a top-down approach, using satellite observed Fire Radiative Power. Furthermore, wildfire emissions can also be estimated directly from satellite-borne measurements.

Here, we present advancements and improvements of direct emission estimates of forest fire NOx emissions by using TROPOMI (Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument) high-resolution satellite datasets, including NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) and information on plume height and aerosol scattering.  The effect of smoke aerosols on the sensitivity of TROPOMI to NO2 (via air mass factors) is estimated with recalculated VCDs, and validated with aircraft observations. Different top-down emission estimation methods are tested on synthetic data to determine the accuracy, and the sensitivity to parameters, such as wind fields, satellite sampling, instrument noise, NO2:NOx conversion ratio, species atmosphere lifetime and plume spread. Lastly, the top-down, bottom-up and direct emission estimates of fire emissions are quantitatively compared.
Retrievals of Atmospheric Carbonyl Sulfide from IASI
Authors: Cartwright Michael P. , Harrison Jeremy J. , Moore David P.
Published: March 2021

Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is the most abundant sulfur containing gas in the atmosphere and is an important source of stratospheric aerosol. Furthermore, it has been shown that OCS can be used as a proxy for photosynthesis, which is a powerful tool in quantifying global gross primary production. While considerable improvements have been made in our understanding of the location and magnitude of OCS fluxes over the past few decades, recent studies highlight the need for a new satellite dataset to help reduce the uncertainties in current estimations. The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instruments on-board the MetOp satellites offer over 14 years of nadir viewing radiance measurements with excellent spatial coverage. Given that there are currently three IASI instruments in operation, there is the potential for a significantly larger OCS dataset than is currently available elsewhere. Retrievals of OCS from these IASI radiances have been made using an adapted version of the University of Leicester IASI Retrieval Scheme (ULIRS). OCS total column amounts are calculated from profiles retrieved on a 31-layer equidistant pressure grid, using an optimal estimation approach for microwindows in the range 2000 – 2100 cm-1 wavenumbers. Sensitivity of the measurements peak in the mid-troposphere, between 5 – 10 km.

The outlook of this work is to produce a long-term OCS satellite observational data set that provides fresh insight to the spatial distribution and trend of atmospheric OCS. Here, we present subsets of data in the form of case studies for different geographic regions and time periods.
Evolving air-sea interaction due to sea-ice retreat points to a re-organisation of water mass transformation in the Nordic and Barents Seas
Authors: Moore Kent , Våge Kjetil , Renfrew Ian , Pickart Bob
Published: March 2021

The Nordic and Barents Seas play a critical role in the climate system resulting from water mass transformation, triggered by intense air-sea heat fluxes, that is an integral component of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). These seas are undergoing rapid warming, associated with a retreat in ice cover. Here we present a novel analysis, covering the period 1950-2020, of the spatiotemporal variability of the air-sea heat fluxes along the region’s boundary currents, where the impacts on the water mass transformation are large.  We find that the variability is a function of the relative orientation of the current and the axis of sea-ice change that can result in up to a doubling of the heat fluxes over the period of interest. This implies enhanced water mass transformation is occurring along these currents. In contrast, previous work has shown a reduction in fluxes in the interior sites of the Nordic Seas, where ocean convection is also observed, suggesting that a reorganization may be underway in the nature of the water mass transformation, that needs to be considered when ascertaining how the AMOC will respond to a warming climate.
Towards high-quality net-zero targets
Authors: Rogelj Joeri , Reisinger Andy , Cowie Annette , Geden Oliver
Published: March 2021

With the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015 the world has decided that warming should be kept well below 2°C while pursuing a limit of 1.5°C above preindustrial levels. The Paris Agreement also sets a net emissions reduction goal: in the second half of the century, the balance of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals should become net zero. Since 2018, in response to the publication of the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C, a flurry of net zero target announcements has ensued. Many countries, cities, regions, companies, or other organisations have come forward with targets to reach net zero, or become carbon or climate neutral. These labels describe a wide variety of targets, and rarely detailed. Lack of transparency renders it impossible to understand their ultimate contribution towards the global goal. Here we present a set of key criteria that high-quality net zero targets should address. These nine criteria cover emissions, removals, timing, fairness and a long-term vision. Unless net zero targets provide clarity on these nine criteria, we may not know until it is too late whether the collective promise of net zero targets is adequate to meet the global goal of the Paris Agreement.
Large discrepancies on nitrate loading estimates from sparse measurements by SWAT and statistical models at catchment scale
Authors: Liang Kang , Jiang Yefang , Meng Fan-Rui
Published: March 2021

Nitrogen (N) is one of the major pollutants to aquatic ecosystems. One of the key steps for efficient N reduction management at watershed scale is accurate quantification of N load. High frequency monitoring of stream water N concentration has not been common, and this has largely been the limiting factor for accurate estimation of N loading worldwide. N loads have often been estimated from sparse measurements. The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of the physical-based SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model and three commonly used regression methods, namely LI (linear interpolation), WRTDS (Weighted Regression on Time, Discharge, and Season), and the LOADEST (LOAD ESTimator) on estimating nitrate load from sparse measurements through a case study in an agricultural watershed in eastern Canada. The range of daily nitrate load of SWAT and LOADEST was 0.05-1.29 and 0.14 - 1.35 t day-1, compared with 0.13 - 13.08 t day-1  and 0.15 - 16.75 t day-1 for LI and WRTDS, respectively. Mean daily nitrate load estimated by the four methods followed the order: WRTDS > LI > LOADEST > SWAT. The large discrepancies were mainly occurred during the non-growing season during which there was observation data available. As regression methods use concentration data from dry seasons to estimate the concentrations of wet seasons, there is a strong likelihood of overestimation of nitrate load for wet seasons. The results of this study shed new light on nitrate load estimation under conditions of different data availability. Under situations of limited water quality measurement, policy makers or researchers are likely to benefit from using hydrological models such as SWAT for constituent load estimation. However, the selection of the most appropriate method for load estimation should be seen as a dynamic process, and case by case evaluation is required especially when only sparsely measured data is available. As agri-environmental water quality issues become more pressing, it is critical that data collection strategies that encompass seasonal variation in streamflow and nitrate concentration be employed in regions like Atlantic Canada in the future.
The importance of lunar dust mitigation during future human led lunar missions
Authors: Hendrix Donald
Published: March 2021

With the Artemis mission set to launch in 2024, returning humans to the lunar surface for the first time in over half a century, it is imperative to ensure human health and safety on a variety of fronts. Lunar dust exposure is one of many areas of concern regarding astronaut health and safety. During the Apollo missions it was reported that lunar dust was a nuisance and induced allergic-like symptoms upon exposure. In addition, it was also reported that instruments became coated with dust that was difficult to remove, and that the dust adhered to everything and tore through space suit fabric. Numerous inhalation studies have determined that lunar dust is more toxic than analogous terrestrial materials but less so than silica dust. Apollo dust mitigation systems were successful on some missions but failed on others. As humans are to stay on the lunar surface for extended periods relative to the Apollo missions, it is vital to fabricate instruments that would address the lunar dust problem with greater reliability. There must be multiple steps to remove all lunar dust, including the ultra-fine <10 µm fraction which was the most difficult dust size to remove. There must be multiple steps regarding lunar dust removal including a chamber to remove dust and de-suit, and a vacuum with high level HEPA filtration to remove dust. The first chamber would be to filter out any dust that comes into the module from the outside. Once all the air is clear, then the next step would be to remove any remaining dust on the suits using a hand-held vacuum with a HEPA H14 filter which only allows up to a maximum 0.005% of particles 100 nm in size to pass through the filter. Then, it would be safe to de-suit. It would be wise to have a second chamber between the first chamber and the command center of the lunar module that would vacuum any remaining dust before opening to the main command chamber. Ultra-high quality HEPA filters of both the chamber and hand-held vacuum systems should be replaced frequently to maintain optimal dust mitigation. Investing time and resources into lunar dust mitigation should be a top priority for the upcoming Artemis mission to avoid the issues encountered on the Apollo missions.
Changes of PM2.5 concentrations and their sources in the US from 1990 to 2010
Authors: Skyllakou Ksakousti , Rivera Pablo Garcia , Dinkelacker Brian , Karnezi Eleni , Kioutsioukis Ioannis , Hernandez Carlos , Adams Peter , Pandis Spyros
Published: March 2021

Quantification of the spatial and temporal variations in the sources of air pollutants, especially PM2.5, can inform control strategies and, potentially, the understanding of PM2.5 health effects. Three-dimensional chemical transport models (CTMs) are well suited to help address this problem, since they simulate all the major processes that impact PM2.5 concentrations and transport. In this study we quantify the changes in the concentration, exposure, composition, and sources of PM2.5 in the US from the early 1990s to the early 2010s. Significant reductions of emissions of SO2, NOx, VOCs and primary PM have taken place in the US during the last 20 years. We evaluate our understanding of the links between these emissions and concentration changes combining a chemical transport model (PMCAMx) with the Particle Source Apportionment Algorithm (PSAT) (Skyllakou et al., 2017). Results for 1990, 2001 and 2010 are presented. The reductions in SO2 emissions (64% mainly from electrical generation units) during these 20 years have dominated the reductions in PM2.5 leading to a 45% reduction of the sulfate levels. The predicted sulfate reductions were in excellent agreement with the available measurements. Also, the reductions in elemental carbon (EC) emissions (mainly from transportation) have led to a 30% reduction of EC concentrations. The most important source of OA through the years according to PMCAMx is biomass burning followed by biogenic SOA. OA from on-road transport has been reduced by more than a factor of 3, on the other hand changes in biomass burning OA and biogenic SOA have been modest. In 1990 90% of the US population was exposed to PM2.5 concentrations to equal and higher than the suggested annual mean by the WHO (10 μg m-3), but this reduced to 70% in 2010. Also, the predicted changes in concentrations were evaluated against the observed changes for 1990, 2001 and 2010, in order to understand if the model represents well the changes through the years.

 

Skyllakou, K., Fountoukis, C., Charalampidis, P., and Pandis, S.N. (2017). Volatility-resolved source apportionment of primary and secondary organic aerosol over Europe, Atmos. Environ., 167, 1–10.

 
SciDataMover: Moving Geochemistry Data from the Lab through to Publication
Authors: Fraser Ryan , Boone Samuel , Prent Alexander , Klump Jens , Aben Guido
Published: March 2021

The SciDataMover platform is a discipline- and scale-agnostic, lightweight, open source Data Movement Platform that transfers data, coupled with metadata from laboratories to shared workspaces then to repositories. The SciDataMover Platform leverages lightweight existing technologies that have a demonstrated capacity to be sustainably managed and can be affordably maintained.

Despite significant investments in analytical instruments in Australian research laboratories relevant to earth sciences and particularly geochemistry, there has been underinvestment in storage and efficient, lossless transfer of data from ‘Private’ lab instruments to ‘Collaboration’ domains where researchers can analyse and share data, and then persist it to trusted ‘Publication’ domains where researchers can persistently store the data that supports their scholarly publications.

SciDataMover is a FAIR data movement platform that enables data from instruments to move in a scalable and sustainable manner and comprises:

1) a data service to transfer data/metadata directly from instruments
2) collaboration areas to process, refine, standardise and share this data
3) a mechanism to transfer data supporting publications to a trusted repository (e.g., domain, institutional).

The Platform, being built off existing components will enable researchers to have readily available access to laboratory data when and where they need it, along with the ability to collaborate with colleagues even during a pandemic where physical distancing is required. The benefits of SciDataMover are long term persistence of laboratory-generated data (at various stages from minimally processed to final published form), greater collaboration efficiency and enhanced scientific reproducibility.
GROOPS: An open-source software package for GNSS processing and gravity field recovery
Authors: Kvas Andreas , Behzadpour Saniya , Eicker Annette , Ellmer Matthias , Koch Beate , Krauss Sandro , Pock Christian , Rieser Daniel , Strasser Sebastian , Suesser-Rechberger Barbara , Zehentner Norbert , Mayer-Guerr Torsten
Published: March 2021

The Gravity Recovery Object Oriented Programming System (GROOPS) is a software package written in C++ that enables the user to perform core geodetic tasks. The software features gravity field recovery from satellite and terrestrial data, the determination of low-earth-orbiting satellite orbits from global navigation satellite system (GNSS) measurements, and the computation of GNSS constellations and ground station networks. For an easy and intuitive setup of complex workflows, GROOPS contains a graphical user interface to create and edit configuration files. The source code of GROOPS is released under the GPL v3 license and is available on GitHub (https://github.com/groops-devs/groops) together with documentation, a cookbook with guided examples, and installation instructions for different platforms. In this contribution we give a software overview and present results of different applications and data sets computed with GROOPS.
Geophysical subsurface modelling based on the updated, enhanced regional gravity field solution in Antarctica
Authors: Schaller Theresa , Scheinert Mirko , Zingerle Philipp , Pail Roland , Willberg Martin
Published: March 2021

The gravity field reflects mass inhomogeneities (mostly) inside the Earth. Therefore, gravity inversion and geophysical gravity field modelling are important tools to study the Earth's inner structure and tectonic evolution. In Antarctica, it is extremely challenging to carry out geoscientific studies due to its harsh environment and difficult logistics. Additionally, the continent is covered by an up to 5 km thick ice sheet. However, in the framework of IAG Subcommission 2.4f “Gravity and Geoid in Antarctica” (AntGG) a large database of airborne, shipborne and ground based gravity data has been compiled. Especially airborne data have been acquired during recent years, among others in the area of the polar gap of satellite gravity data. Now, in a joint project funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) all existing and new gravity data were processed to infer an enhanced gravity field solution for Antarctica (see contribution by Scheinert et al., session G1.5). Processed data e.g. gravity disturbances on the ground or a constant height and other functionals will be provided on a regular grid with 5 km grid spacing. Subsequently, the new Antarctic gravity field solution can now be used for further geophysical and tectonic studies. We use the newly calculated gravity disturbances to study subglacial topography, sediment thickness and Moho depth and to improve respective existing models in Antarctica. For this, we apply 2D Parker-Oldenburg inversion in combination with results from other gravity based studies and further constraining data (e.g. seismic data and ice penetrating radar). We investigate how the higher resolution (5 km) of the new Antarctic gravity field solution facilitates the study of smaller regions in more detail, specifically parts of Wilkes Land, Dronning Maud Land and the Weddell Sea. Additionally, we will infer accuracy estimates for the resulting boundaries in terms of the used inversion parameters (density contrast, average density and filter wavelengths) and their respective gravity signal. Thus, the challenges of gravity field inversion in Antarctica will be discussed in detail and first results of the subsurface modelling will be presented.
Obvious and less obvious processes of aggregate formation in soil
Authors: Vogel Hans-Jörg , Balseiro-Romero Mar­ia , Baveye Philippe C. , Kravchenko Alexandra , Otten Wilfred , Pot Valérie , Schlüter Steffen , Weller Ulrich
Published: March 2021

Soil structure, lately referred to as the ''architecture'' is a key to explain and understand all soil functions. The development of sophisticated imaging techniques over the last decades has led to significant progress in the description of this architecture and in particular of the geometry of the hierarchically-branched pore space in which transport of water, gases, solutes and particles occurs and where myriads of organisms live. Moreover, there are sophisticated tools available today to also visualize the spatial structure of the solid phase including mineral grains and organic matter. Hence, we do have access to virtually all components of soil architecture.

Unfortunately, it has so far proven very challenging to study the dynamics of soil architecture over time, which is of critical importance for soil as habitat and the turnover of organic matter. Several largely conflicting theories have been proposed to account for this dynamics, especially the formation of aggregates. We review these theories, and we propose a conceptual approach to reconcile them based on a consistent interpretation of experimental observations and by integrating known physical and biogeochemical processes. A key conclusion is that rather than concentrating on aggregate formation in the sense of how particles and organic matter reorganize to form aggregates as distinct functional units we should focus on biophysical processes that produce a porous, heterogeneous organo-mineral soil matrix that breaks into fragments of different size and stability when exposed to mechanical stress.  The unified vision we propose for soil architecture and the mechanisms that determine its temporal evolution, should pave the way towards a better understanding of soil processes and functions.