bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of prophylactic heparin infusion as a safe preventative measure for thrombotic complications in pediatric kidney transplant recipients weighing <20 kg
Authors: Kim Jin K. , Chua Michael E. , Teoh Chia Wei , Lee Min Joon , Kesavan Amre , Hebert Diane , Lorenzo Armando J. , Farhat Walid A. , Koyle Martin A.
Published: June 2019

Small‐sized kidney recipients (<20 kg) are at high risk of allograft vessel thrombosis. HP has been used to mitigate this risk but may infer an increase in bleeding risks. Therefore, we aim to determine whether HP is a safe means to prevent thrombosis in small kidney transplant patients by comparing those who have received HP and those who have NHP. A retrospective review of patients < 20 kg who underwent kidney transplant in our institution from 2000 to 2015 was performed. At our institution, unfractionated heparin 10 units/kg/hour is used as HP since 2009. Patients at increased risk of thrombosis (previous thrombosis, thrombophilia, nephrotic syndrome) and bleeding (therapeutic doses of heparin, diagnosis of coagulopathy) were excluded. Fifty‐six patients were identified (HP n = 46; NHP n = 10). Baseline demographics were similar between HP and NHP. There was no statistical difference in frequency of transfusions, surgical re‐exploration, or thrombotic events between HP and NHP. The HP group was more likely to have drop in Hb > 20 g/L (67.4% vs 30.0%, P = 0.038), and those who had drop in Hb > 20 g/L were more likely to also require pRBC transfusions (63.0% vs 20.0%, P = 0.017). Within the HP group, those who had bleeding complications had similar Hb levels as those who did not at baseline and post‐transplant. Outcomes in the HP and NHP groups were no different with respect to thrombosis or significant bleeding complications requiring pRBC transfusions or surgical intervention. Future prospective studies are required to investigate the balance of preventing thrombosis and risks of pRBC transfusions for small‐sized kidney recipients.
Participation of lower‐to‐middle wage workers in a study of Chronic Disease Self‐Management Program (CDSMP) effectiveness: Implications for reducing chronic disease burden among racial and ethnic minority populations
Authors: Kneipp Shawn M. , Horrell Lindsey , Gonzales Cecilia , Linnan Laura , Lee Smith Matthew , Brady Theresa , Trogdon Justin G.
Published: June 2019

Background

Although the Chronic Disease Self‐Management Program (CDSMP) improves chronic disease outcomes, little is known about CDSMP participation in populations less than 65 years of age. We explore study and CDSMP participation rates by demographic characteristics with younger (40–64 years old), lower‐to‐middle wage workers with chronic disease in a randomized clinical trial (RCT) conducted in North Carolina.

Methods

Descriptive statistics and regression models were used to examine associations between demographic, chronic disease burden, and employment variables, and time‐dependent study enrollment and intervention participation outcomes that ranged from initiating consent (n = 1,067) to CDSMP completion (n = 41).

Results

Overall, participation among non‐Whites was disproportionately higher (43%–59%) than that of Whites (42%–57%) relative to the age‐matched racial composition of North Carolina (31% non‐White and 69% White). Among participants randomized to the CDSMP, racial and ethnic minorities had the highest rates of participation. There were no significant demographic, chronic disease burden, or employment predictors among the participation outcomes examined, although this may have been due to the limited number of CDSMP workshop participation observations.

Conclusions

Extending the CDSMP to lower‐to‐middle wage workers may be particularly effective in reaching racial and ethnic minority populations, who complete the program to a greater extent than their White, non‐Hispanic counterparts.
“Social justice is a dream”: Tensions and contradictions in nursing education
Authors: Valderama‐Wallace Claire P. , Apesoa‐Varano Ester Carolina
Published: June 2019

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore nurse educators’ conceptualizations of social justice in theory courses. The findings contextualize the role of nurse educators in promoting social justice among future health care providers and the relevance of their perspectives on social justice.

Design

This descriptive qualitative study was completed utilizing constructivist grounded theory methods.

Sample and Measurements

I interviewed 28 nurse educators teaching theory courses in Baccalaureate nursing programs on the West coast of the United States. Initial and focused codes were constructed from interview transcripts to understand and contextualize statements about social justice.

Results

Participants’ conceptualizations of social justice include equity, equality, self‐awareness, withholding judgment, and taking action.

Conclusions

Notable differences emerged along racial lines and, less so, in relation to educational background and nursing specialty. This study highlights areas of concern with respect to how nurse educators enact the claim that social justice is a core professional nursing value. The findings call attention to tensions and contradictions as individuals navigate the landscape of nursing with limited structural and institutional effort.
Measuring and Achieving Equity in Multiperiod Emergency Material Allocation
Authors: Wang Yanyan , Bier Vicki M. , Sun Baiqing
Published: June 2019

Emergency material allocation is an important part of postdisaster emergency logistics that is significant for improving rescue effectiveness and reducing disaster losses. However, the traditional single‐period allocation model often causes local surpluses or shortages and high cost, and prevents the system from achieving an equitable or optimal multiperiod allocation. To achieve equitable allocation of emergency materials in the case of serious shortages relative to the demand by victims, this article introduces a multiperiod model for allocation of emergency materials to multiple affected locations (using an exponential utility function to reflect the disutility loss due to material shortfalls), and illustrates the relationship between equity of allocations and the cost of emergency response. Finally, numerical examples are presented to demonstrate both the feasibility and the usefulness of the proposed model for achieving multiperiod equitable allocation of emergency material among multiple disaster locations. The results indicate that the introduction of a nonlinear utility function to reflect the disutility of large shortfalls can make the material allocation fairer, and minimize large losses due to shortfalls. We found that achieving equity has a significant but not unreasonable impact on emergency costs. We also illustrate that using differing utility functions for different types of materials adds an important dimension of flexibility.
The Genesis of Hannah Arendt’s Conception of Human Rights
Authors: Robitzsch Jan Maximilian
Published: June 2019

This paper traces the development of Hannah Arendt’s thought on human rights between 1949 and 1958. Pace readers of Arendt who stress the unity of her thought as well as Arendt’s own proclamation to have not edited her works significantly, the paper shows that Arendt introduced a significant number of changes (of both major and minor character) into her writings on human rights. The most important of these changes is that the idea that a comity of nations may guarantee the right to have rights is, with time, abandoned. The paper further shows that many changes that Arendt makes can be explained by the different audiences Arendt addresses and that a significant number of the changes are due to the fact that Arendt worked in different languages. Accordingly, the German versions of her writings can be used to illuminate unclarities in the English versions of her texts and vice versa.
Philosophical Debates about Prostitution: State of the Question
Authors: Watson Lori
Published: June 2019

This article aims to present “the state of the question” concerning prostitution. It is organized around an analysis of the various questions that current theorists take themselves to be answering when they defend decriminalization, some form of legalization, or the so‐called “Nordic model” of sex equality. By assessing these “framing questions,” as I shall call them, and the arguments stemming from them, we gain a powerful basis for understanding and critiquing the literature as a whole. In the end, I argue that the Nordic Model is superior in both its orienting method and its solution.
Plant availability of magnesium and phosphorus from struvite with concurrent nitrification inhibitor application
Authors: Watson Conor , Clemens Joachim , Wichern Florian
Published: June 2019

Struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) and nitrification inhibitors are applied to soils to, respectively, provide nutrients and reduce nitrogen (N) loss. Given its low N composition (5.7%) relative to that of phosphorus (P, 12.6%) and magnesium (Mg, 9.9%), struvite could be added to soil concurrently with N fertilizers as a source of P and Mg. Nutrient release from struvite could be impacted if nitrification of its ammonium component is reduced by a nitrification inhibitor. Accordingly, a pot trial gauged whether struvite‐fertilized ryegrass had comparable Mg or P uptake and shoot yields with treatments receiving conventional Mg and P fertilizers. Struvite precipitated from milk industry wastewater, or conventional fertilizers, were added to a soil–sand mixture of low fertility. The inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) was added to assess its effect on P uptake by ryegrass. Relative to Epsom salt, struvite led to increased Mg uptake without significantly affecting shoot biomass, indicating luxury consumption. Regarding shoot yield and P uptake, struvite was as effective as triple super phosphate. DCD significantly reduced P uptake in the first harvest; the inhibited nitrification of the ammonium is surmised to have diminished struvite dissolution. In later harvests, DCD led to a trend (albeit not statistically significant) of increased biomass; this N‐rich (66% N) compound was probably biodegraded and utilized as an N source. The impact of DCD on P uptake in this experiment was short‐lived. Nevertheless, DCD degradation occurs less rapidly in field conditions, potentially affecting early P supply which is vital for optimum yield.
Behaviour of smallholder farmers towards adoption of conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe
Authors: Mugandani Raymond , Mafongoya Paramu
Published: June 2019

Conservation agriculture is critical to sustainably increasing agricultural productivity, enhancing climate resilience and food security. Much research on adoption of conservation agriculture has focused on its agronomic benefits, but little attention has been paid to the contribution of the behaviour of farmers over its adoption. To close this gap, a study was carried out to investigate the behaviour of smallholder farmers towards the adoption of conservation agriculture in Chivi, Murehwa and Mutoko districts, Zimbabwe. Data were collected through a pre‐tested questionnaire administered to 360 farmers, selected through a multi‐stage sampling process. This method was triangulated through focus group discussions, key informant interviews and personal observations. Data were analysed using percentages, means and inferential statistics. The results show that, although fewer than 10% of the respondents had received any formal training in agriculture, more than 80% of them relied on it for their major source of income. The respondents had high levels of knowledge on the social, environmental and economic benefits of conservation agriculture. However, the majority of the non‐adopters had an indifferent perception towards conservation agriculture. The knowledge and perception of the farmers was explained by age, gender, education and experience with conservation agriculture. Results also show a weak but significant correlation between knowledge and perception (Rs = 0.306, p < 0.05), knowledge and adoption (Rs = 0.484, p < 0.05) but a strong and significant correlation between perception and adoption (Rs = 0.808, p < 0.05). Addressing perception gaps is key to enhance adoption of conservation agriculture.
Combining next‐generation sequencing and progeny testing for rapid identification of induced recessive and dominant mutations in maize M2 individuals
Authors: Heuermann Marc C. , Rosso Mario G. , Mascher Martin , Brandt Ronny , Tschiersch Henning , Altschmied Lothar , Altmann Thomas
Published: June 2019

Molecular identification of mutant alleles responsible for certain phenotypic alterations is a central goal of genetic analyses. In this study we describe a rapid procedure suitable for the identification of induced recessive and dominant mutations applied to two Zea mays mutants expressing a dwarf and a pale green phenotype, respectively, which were obtained through pollen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. First, without prior backcrossing, induced mutations (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) segregating in a (M2) family derived from a heterozygous (M1) parent were identified using whole‐genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing of a small number of (M2) individuals with mutant and wild‐type phenotypes. Second, the state of zygosity of the mutation causing the phenotype was determined for each sequenced individual by phenotypic segregation analysis of the self‐pollinated (M3) offspring. Finally, we filtered for segregating EMS‐induced SNPs whose state of zygosity matched the determined state of zygosity of the mutant locus in each sequenced (M2) individuals. Through this procedure, combining sequencing of individuals and Mendelian inheritance, three and four SNPs in linkage passed our zygosity filter for the homozygous dwarf and heterozygous pale green mutation, respectively. The dwarf mutation was found to be allelic to the an1 locus and caused by an insertion in the largest exon of the AN1 gene. The pale green mutation affected the nuclear W2 gene and was caused by a non‐synonymous amino acid exchange in encoded chloroplast DNA polymerase with a predicted deleterious effect. This coincided with lower cpDNA levels in pale green plants.
Respite care for children and youth with complex care needs and their families: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Breneol Sydney , King Sarah T. , Best Shauna , McKibbon Shelley , Curran Janet A.
Published: June 2019

Objective:

The objective of this scoping review is to identify and characterize interventions, programs or models used to deliver respite care services to children and youth with complex care needs and their families.

Introduction:

Many children with complex chronic conditions require multifaceted home management plans to address their medical, social and emotional needs. The provision of this care often falls on the parents or primary guardians. Respite care is one strategy to provide families with a break from the demands of caring for a child with complex care needs; however, families commonly face barriers to obtaining respite care services.

Inclusion criteria:

This scoping review will consider papers that include children and youth (0–25 years of age, in any location, with complex care needs, medical complexity or complex chronic conditions) and their families. Any interventions, programs or models aimed at delivering respite care services to this population will be included. Studies focusing on support provided at the end of life will be excluded. Only studies published in English will be included. No date limits will be set.

Methods:

A search will be conducted in five databases, as well as multiple sources of unpublished literature. The text words contained in the titles and abstracts of relevant articles and index terms will be used to develop a full search strategy. All potentially relevant papers will be retrieved in full. A pre-defined data extraction tool developed by the reviewers will be used, and extracted data will be presented in tabular form accompanied by a narrative summary.
Increase in muscle power is associated with myofibrillar ATPase adaptations during resistance training
Authors: Philippe Antony G. , Lionne Corinne , Sanchez Anthony M. J. , Pagano Allan F. , Candau Robin
Published: June 2019

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of resistance training on gains in the external mechanical power output developed during climbing and myofibrillar ATPase activity in rats.

What is the main finding and its importance?

Using rapid flow quench experiments, we show that resistance training increases both the power output and the myofibrillar ATPase activity in the flexor digitorum profundus, biceps and deltoid muscles. Data fitting reveals that these functional ameliorations are explained by an increase in the rate constant of liberation of ATP hydrolysis products and contribute to performance gains.

Skeletal muscle shows a remarkable plasticity that permits functional adaptations in response to different stimulations. To date, modifications of the proportions of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms and increases in fibre size are considered to be the main factors providing sarcomeric plasticity in response to exercise training. In this study, we investigated the effects of a resistance training protocol on the myofibrillar ATPase (m‐ATPase) cycle, muscle performance (power output) and MHC gene expression. For this purpose, 8‐week‐old Wistar Han rats were subjected to 4 weeks of resistance training, with five sessions per week. Muscle samples of flexor digitorum profundus (FDP), biceps and deltoid were collected and subjected to RT‐qPCR analyses and assessment of m‐ATPase activity with rapid flow quench apparatus. Training led to a significant increase in muscle mass, except for the biceps, and in total mechanical power output (+135.7%, P < 0.001). A shift towards an intermediate fibre type (i.e. MHC2x‐to‐MHC2a isoform transition) was also observed in biceps and FDP but not in the deltoid muscle. Importantly, rapid flow quench experiments revealed an enhancement of the m‐ATPase activity during contraction at maximal velocity (kF) in the three muscles, with a more marked effect in FDP (+242%, P < 0.001). Data fitting revealed that the rate constant of liberation of ATP hydrolysis products (k3) appears to be the main factor influencing the increase in m‐ATPase activity. In conclusion, the data showed that, in addition to classically observed changes in MHC isoform content and fibre hypertrophy, m‐ATPase activity is enhanced during resistance training and might contribute significantly to performance gains.
Comparative study of electron field emission from randomly-oriented and vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes synthesized on stainless steel substrates
Authors: Kurilich Matthew R. , Thapa Arun , Moilanen Aric , Miller Joyce L. , Li Wenzhi , Neupane Suman
Published: June 2019

Randomly-oriented carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and vertically-aligned CNTs have been synthesized by a thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process and a plasma enhanced CVD process, respectively, on stainless steel substrates without any external catalyst. Surface topography studies reveal that polishing and chemical etching result in favorable catalytic conditions for nucleation and growth of CNTs. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations reveal the growth of CNTs with catalyst particle at the tips. In comparison to randomly-oriented CNTs, vertically-aligned CNTs demonstrate better field emission properties with lower turn-on electric field of ∼2.0 V/μm, lower threshold electric field of ∼3.2 V/μm, and a 2.5-fold increase in the field enhancement factor. The vertical alignment of the emitters benefits the emission process by reducing the screening effect and streamlining the path of ejected electrons directly onto the anode. Vertically-aligned CNTs on conducting substrates are promising emitters in cold cathode vacuum electronics because of their direct contact with the substrate and efficient performance at low operating voltages.
The Impact of Game Outcome on Affect of Military Wheelchair Basketball Players
Authors: Yeatts Paul E. , Davis Ronald , Oh Jun , Hwang Gwang-Yon
Published: June 2019

Participation in physical activity has been shown to improve components of psychological well-being (i.e., affect). Programs such as the Warrior Games have been designed to promote physical activity in wounded military personnel. However, sport competition typically yields a winner and a loser (i.e., game outcome). The experience of a win or a loss may affect how wounded athletes respond to game outcome. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the affective changes (positive affect, negative affect, tranquility, and fatigue) according to game outcome in a sample of wounded military wheelchair basketball players participating in a weekend tournament. The results indicated that the participants who experienced a win reported significantly higher positive affect and tranquility and significantly lower negative affect than those experiencing a loss. These findings have important implications for wounded veteran athletes, as well as coaches and administrative personnel.
National academy to allow expulsion of harassers
Authors: Wadman Meredith
Published: June 2019

Gray-haired, mostly male members vote in bylaw change.
Spatiotemporal structure of cell fate decisions in murine neural crest
Authors: Soldatov Ruslan , Kaucka Marketa , Kastriti Maria Eleni , Petersen Julian , Chontorotzea Tatiana , Englmaier Lukas , Akkuratova Natalia , Yang Yunshi , Häring Martin , Dyachuk Viacheslav , Bock Christoph , Farlik Matthias , Piacentino Michael L. , Boismoreau Franck , Hilscher Markus M. , Yokota Chika , Qian Xiaoyan , Nilsson Mats , Bronner Marianne E. , Croci Laura , Hsiao Wen-Yu , Guertin David A. , Brunet Jean-Francois , Consalez Gian Giacomo , Ernfors Patrik , Fried Kaj , Kharchenko Peter V. , Adameyko Igor
Published: June 2019

Binary decisions refine fate decisions

Neural crest cells develop into tissues ranging from craniofacial bones to peripheral neurons. Combining single-cell RNA sequencing with spatial transcriptomics, Soldatov
et al.
analyzed how neural crest cells in mouse embryos decide among the various fates available to them (see the Perspective by Mayor). These multipotent cells become biased toward a given fate early on and step through a progression of binary decisions as their fate is refined. Competing fate programs coexist until increased synchronization favors one and repression disfavors the other.

Science
, this issue p.
eaas9536
; see also p.
937
A radio ridge connecting two galaxy clusters in a filament of the cosmic web
Authors: Govoni F. , Orrù E. , Bonafede A. , Iacobelli M. , Paladino R. , Vazza F. , Murgia M. , Vacca V. , Giovannini G. , Feretti L. , Loi F. , Bernardi G. , Ferrari C. , Pizzo R. F. , Gheller C. , Manti S. , Brüggen M. , Brunetti G. , Cassano R. , de Gasperin F. , Enßlin T. A. , Hoeft M. , Horellou C. , Junklewitz H. , Röttgering H. J. A. , Scaife A. M. M. , Shimwell T. W. , van Weeren R. J. , Wise M.
Published: June 2019

A radio ridge between two galaxy clusters

Galaxy clusters contain dozens or hundreds of galaxies, vast quantities of hot gas, and large amounts of dark matter. The gas can emit at radio wavelengths if it contains electrons at relativistic speeds, which can be injected by active galaxies or accelerated during a merger between two clusters. Govoni
et al.
used the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) radio telescope to observe a ridge of radio-emitting plasma extending between two galaxy clusters that are approaching a merger. The results imply that intergalactic magnetic fields connect the two clusters and challenge theories of particle acceleration in the intergalactic medium.

Science
, this issue p.
981
Comment on “Designing river flows to improve food security futures in the Lower Mekong Basin”
Authors: Williams John G. , Moyle Peter B. , Halls Ashley S.
Published: June 2019

Sabo
et al
. (Research Articles, 8 December 2017, p. 1270) used statistical relationships between flow and catch in a major Lower Mekong Basin fishery to propose a flow regime that they claim would increase catch, if implemented by proposed dams. However, their catch data were not adjusted for known variation in monitoring effort, invalidating their analysis.
Structured spike series specify gene expression patterns for olfactory circuit formation
Authors: Nakashima Ai , Ihara Naoki , Shigeta Mayo , Kiyonari Hiroshi , Ikegaya Yuji , Takeuchi Haruki
Published: June 2019

Temporal code underlies circuit formation

Olfactory neurons respond to various odorants according to which olfactory receptors, of many, they express. During development, axons from olfactory neurons that express the same olfactory receptor converge to share the same glomeruli. Nakashima
et al.
now show that, in mice, the neurons build these connections according to shared patterns of activity. When the olfactory receptor is triggered, it causes its cell not simply to fire but to fire in specific patterns. Neurons that speak the same code end up connected at the same glomerulus.

Science
, this issue p.
eaaw5030
Social transmission of food safety depends on synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex
Authors: Loureiro Michaël , Achargui Ridouane , Flakowski Jérôme , Van Zessen Ruud , Stefanelli Thomas , Pascoli Vincent , Lüscher Christian
Published: June 2019

This is safe, you can eat it

Social transmission of food preference is a model for studying nonspatial memory. In mice, a signal that food is safe to eat is transmitted by its smell along with molecules in the breath of a conspecific. How the odor itself is encoded and assigned valence is poorly understood. Loureiro
et al.
found a monosynaptic pathway between two brain areas, the piriform cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex, that plays a central role in this process. This connection strengthens during social interaction, thereby allowing a mouse to provide a food safety message to its companion.

Science
, this issue p.
991
Imaging magnetic 2D crystals with quantum sensors
Authors: Fernández-Rossier Joaquin
Published: June 2019

Odd- and even-layer variations in magnetization occur in two-dimensional chromium triiodide
RNA-guided DNA insertion with CRISPR-associated transposases
Authors: Strecker Jonathan , Ladha Alim , Gardner Zachary , Schmid-Burgk Jonathan L. , Makarova Kira S. , Koonin Eugene V. , Zhang Feng
Published: June 2019

Beyond adaptive immunity

Prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas systems defend bacterial cells from phage and plasmid infection. Strecker
et al.
characterized a CRISPR-Cas system that functions beyond adaptive immunity (see the Perspective by Hou and Zhang). Type V-K CRISPR-Cas from cyanobacteria was associated with a Tn7-like transposon and a natural nuclease–deficient effector Cas12k. Cas12k directed the insertion of Tn7-like transposons into target sites via RNA-guided Tn7 transposition. This system was reprogrammed to efficiently and specifically insert DNA both in vitro and into the
Escherichia coli
genome.

Science
, this issue p.
48
; see also p.
25
Modular and Integrative Vectors for Synthetic Biology Applications in
Streptomyces
spp
Authors: Aubry Céline , Pernodet Jean-Luc , Lautru Sylvie
Published: June 2019

One of the strategies employed today to obtain new bioactive molecules with potential applications for human health (for example, antimicrobial or anticancer agents) is synthetic biology. Synthetic biology is used to biosynthesize new unnatural specialized metabolites or to force the expression of otherwise silent natural biosynthetic gene clusters. To assist the development of synthetic biology in the field of specialized metabolism, we constructed and are offering to the community a set of vectors that were intended to facilitate DNA assembly and integration in actinobacterial chromosomes. These vectors are compatible with various DNA cloning and assembling methods. They are standardized and modular, allowing the easy exchange of a module by another one of the same nature. Although designed for the assembly or the refactoring of specialized metabolite gene clusters, they have a broader potential utility, for example, for protein production or genetic complementation.
Effects of Agricultural Management on Rhizosphere Microbial Structure and Function in Processing Tomato Plants
Authors: Schmidt Jennifer E. , Vannette Rachel L. , Igwe Alexandria , Blundell Rob , Casteel Clare L. , Gaudin Amélie C. M.
Published: June 2019

Agriculture relies, in part, on close linkages between plants and the microorganisms that live in association with plant roots. These rhizosphere bacteria and fungi are distinct from microbial communities found in the rest of the soil and are even more important to plant nutrient uptake and health. Evidence from field studies shows that agricultural management practices such as fertilization and tillage shape microbial communities in bulk soil, but little is known about how these practices affect the rhizosphere. We investigated how agricultural management affects plant-soil-microbe interactions by comparing soil physical and chemical properties, plant nutrients, and rhizosphere microbial communities from paired fields under organic and conventional management. Our results show that human management effects extend even to microorganisms living in close association with plant roots and highlight the importance of these bacteria and fungi to crop nutrition and productivity.
MicroRNA 155 Contributes to Host Immunity against Leishmania donovani but Is Not Essential for Resolution of Infection
Authors: Varikuti Sanjay , Natarajan Gayathri , Volpedo Greta , Singh Bhawana , Hamza Omar , Messick Gretchen V. , Guerau-de-Arellano Mireia , Papenfuss Tracey L. , Oghumu Steve , Satoskar Abhay R.
Published: June 2019

CD4+T helper 1 (Th1) cells producing interferon gamma (IFN-γ) are critical for the resolution of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). MicroRNA 155 (miR155) promotes CD4+Th1 responses and IFN-γ production by targeting suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) and Src homology-2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP-1) and therefore could play a role in the resolution of VL.
Evaluation of the Protective Ability of the Treponema pallidum subsp.pallidumTp0126 OmpW Homolog in the Rabbit Model of Syphilis
Authors: Haynes Austin M. , Godornes Charmie , Ke Wujian , Giacani Lorenzo
Published: June 2019

In silicoanalyses ofTreponema pallidumsubsp.pallidumgenomes and predicted proteomes to search for homologs of known bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) led to the identification oftp0126as a gene encoding a putative member of the OmpW family of porins/virulence factors. Our previous investigations on the role of Tp0126 inT. pallidumbiology and syphilis pathogenesis showed that Tp0126 is fully conserved amongT. pallidumstrains and that transcription oftp0126is driven by σ70.
PhoP-Mediated Repression of the SPI1 Type 3 Secretion System in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium
Authors: Palmer Alexander D. , Kim Kyungsub , Slauch James M.
Published: June 2019

Salmonella
is one of the most common foodborne pathogens, causing an estimated 1.2 million illnesses per year in the United States. A key step in infection is the activation of the bacterial invasion machinery, which induces uptake of the bacterium into epithelial cells and leads to induction of inflammatory diarrhea. Upon entering the vacuolar compartments of host cells,
Salmonella
senses an environmental transition and represses the invasion machinery with a two-component system relevant for survival within the vacuole. This adaptation to specific host niches is an important example of how signals are integrated for survival of the pathogen.
“Switching Partners”: Piperacillin-Avibactam Is a Highly Potent Combination against Multidrug-Resistant
Burkholderia cepacia
Complex and
Burkholderia gladioli
Cystic Fibrosis Isolates
Authors: Zeiser Elise T. , Becka Scott A. , Wilson Brigid M. , Barnes Melissa D. , LiPuma John J. , Papp-Wallace Krisztina M.
Published: June 2019

In persons with cystic fibrosis (CF), airway infection with
Burkholderia cepacia
complex (Bcc) species or
Burkholderia gladioli
presents a significant challenge due to inherent resistance to multiple antibiotics. Two chromosomally encoded inducible β-lactamases, a Pen-like class A and AmpC are produced in Bcc and
B. gladioli
.
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
Inhibition of the Infectivity of Human Enterovirus 71 by a Sulfonated Food Azo Dye, Brilliant Black BN
Authors: Meng Tao , Jia Qiang , Wong Sek-Man , Chua Kaw-Bing
Published: June 2019

Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children and is responsible for thousands of deaths in the past 20 years. Food azo dyes have been widely used since the nineteenth century; however, their biological effects on humans and microbes residing in humans are poorly understood. Here, we discovered that one of these dyes, brilliant black BN (E151), was particularly effective in inhibiting the infectivity of EV71 in both cell culture and mouse model studies. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that these sulfonated dyes mainly competed with EV71 attachment factors for viral binding to block viral attachment/entry to host cells. As no commercial antiviral drugs against EV71 are currently available, our findings open an avenue to exploit the development of permitted food dye E151 as a potential anti-EV71 agent.
Species-Specific Colocalization of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Attachment and Entry Receptors
Authors: Widagdo W. , Okba Nisreen M. A. , Li Wentao , de Jong Alwin , de Swart Rik L. , Begeman Lineke , van den Brand Judith M. A. , Bosch Berend-Jan , Haagmans Bart L.
Published: June 2019

MERS-CoV uses the S1
B
domain of its spike protein to attach to its host receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4). The tissue localization of DPP4 has been mapped in different susceptible species. On the other hand, the S1
A
domain, the N-terminal domain of this spike protein, preferentially binds to several glycotopes of α2,3-sialic acids, the attachment factor of MERS-CoV. Here we show, using a novel method, that the S1
A
domain specifically binds to the nasal epithelium of dromedary camels, alveolar epithelium of humans, and intestinal epithelium of common pipistrelle bats. In contrast, it does not bind to the nasal epithelium of pigs or rabbits, nor does it bind to the intestinal epithelium of serotine bats and frugivorous bat species. This finding supports the importance of the S1
A
domain in MERS-CoV infection and tropism, suggests its role in transmission, and highlights its potential use as a component of novel vaccine candidates.
Novel Function of Bluetongue Virus NS3 Protein in Regulation of the MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway
Authors: Kundlacz Cindy , Pourcelot Marie , Fablet Aurore , Amaral Da Silva Moraes Rayane , Léger Thibaut , Morlet Bastien , Viarouge Cyril , Sailleau Corinne , Turpaud Mathilde , Gorlier Axel , Breard Emmanuel , Lecollinet Sylvie , van Rijn Piet A. , Zientara Stephan , Vitour Damien , Caignard Grégory
Published: June 2019

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is responsible of the arthropod-borne disease bluetongue (BT) transmitted to ruminants by blood-feeding midges. In this report, we found that BTV, through its nonstructural protein NS3 (BTV-NS3), interacts with BRAF, a key component of the MAPK/ERK pathway. In response to growth factors, this pathway promotes cell survival and increases protein translation. We showed that BTV-NS3 enhances the MAPK/ERK pathway, and this activation is BRAF dependent. Treatment of MAPK/ERK pathway with the pharmacologic inhibitor U0126 impairs viral replication, suggesting that BTV manipulates this pathway for its own benefit. Our results illustrate, at the molecular level, how a single virulence factor has evolved to target a cellular function to increase its viral replication.
Novel Small Molecule Targeting the Hemagglutinin Stalk of Influenza Viruses
Authors: Kim Jin Il , Lee Sangmoo , Lee Gong Yeal , Park Sehee , Bae Joon-Yong , Heo Jun , Kim Hong-Youb , Woo Seok-Hun , Lee Hae Un , Ahn Chung Am , Bang Hye Jin , Ju Hyun Soo , Ok Kiwon , Byun Youngjoo , Cho Dae-Jin , Shin Jae Soo , Kim Dong-Yeon , Park Mee Sook , Park Man-Seong
Published: June 2019

Anti-influenza drugs with broad-spectrum efficacy against antigenically diverse influenza viruses can be highly useful when no vaccines are available. To develop new anti-influenza drugs, we screened a number of small molecules and identified a strong candidate, IY7640. When added at the time of or after influenza virus infection, IY7640 was observed to successfully inhibit or reduce viral replication in cells. We subsequently discovered that IY7640 targets the stalk region of the influenza HA protein, which exhibits a relatively high degree of amino acid sequence conservation across various (sub)types of influenza viruses. Furthermore, IY7640 was observed to block HA-mediated membrane fusion of H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B viruses in cells. Although it appears less effective against strains other than H1N1 subtype viruses in a challenge study in mice, we suggest that the small molecule IY7640 has potential to be optimized as a new anti-influenza drug.
Draft Genome Sequence of Urease-Producing
Pseudorhodobacter
sp. Strain E13, Isolated from the Yellow Sea in Gunsan, South Korea
Authors: Kim Si Chul , Lee Hyo Jung
Published: June 2019

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Pseudorhodobacter
sp. strain E13, a Gram-negative, aerobic, nonflagellated, and rod-shaped bacterium which was isolated from the Yellow Sea in South Korea. The assembled genome sequence is 3,878,578 bp long with 3,646 protein-coding sequences in 159 contigs.
Draft Genome Sequence of Haemophilus haemolyticus Strain 16/010 O, Isolated from a Sputum Sample from a Cystic Fibrosis Patient
Authors: Fluit Ad C. , Bayjanov Jumamurat R. , Tunney Michael , Elborn J. Stuart , Rogers Malbert R. C. , Schürch Anita C. , Ekkelenkamp Miquel B.
Published: June 2019

Haemophilus haemolyticus
is considered a commensal of the respiratory tract that can cause opportunistic infections. It is closely related to
Haemophilus influenzae
.
Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus coagulans MA-13, a Thermophilic Lactic Acid Producer from Lignocellulose
Authors: Aulitto Martina , Fusco Salvatore , Franzén Carl Johan , Strazzulli Andrea , Moracci Marco , Bartolucci Simonetta , Contursi Patrizia
Published: June 2019

Bacillus coagulans
MA-13 is an efficient lactic acid producer which withstands high concentrations of the growth inhibitors formed during the pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstock. This draft genome sequence is expected to pave the way toward the understanding of mechanisms responsible for the robustness of MA-13 during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation.
Complete Genome Sequence of Hospital-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strain WCUH29
Authors: Lei Ting , Zhang Ying , Yang Junshu , Silverstein Kevin , Ji Yinduo
Published: June 2019

The hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(HA-MRSA) strain WCUH29 has been intensively and widely used as a model system for identification and evaluation of novel antibacterial targets and pathogenicity. In this announcement, we report the complete genome sequence of HA-MRSA WCUH29 (NCIMB 40771).
Potential aeolian deposition of intra-crater layering: A case study of Henry crater, Mars
Authors: Day Mackenzie D. , Catling David C.
Published: June 2019

Layered deposits occur on Mars in a wide variety of settings and morphologies, including inside craters as large mounds. Many origins have been proposed for these intra-crater layered deposits, but recent work has suggested the possibility of deposition by ancient aeolian dunes. Distinguishing dune deposits requires identifying cross-strata which may not be resolvable even with the highest spatial resolution imaging of Mars. In this work, we employ an alternative method and attempt to eliminate the possibility of aeolian deposition by comparing martian layer geometries to the angles and thicknesses of aeolian sets on Earth. Layering in Henry crater falls within the expected bounds for aeolian strata, and if ancient dunes deposited these layers, then the sets record the passage of dunes with 10–100 m spacing that were generally migrating toward the center of the crater. The Henry crater mound comprises ∼8000 km3 of sediment, and if all layers reflect dune deposition, we estimate mound deposition would then take at least ∼0.5 m.y. As a whole, ∼20,000 km3 of sediment are preserved in intra-crater layered deposits in Arabia Terra. Results from this case study of Henry crater suggest that at least some of this volume may be from aeolian dunes, in which case intra-crater layered mounds may host an untapped record of very ancient martian aeolian activity.
Miocene start of modern carbonate platforms
Authors: Betzler Christian , Eberli Gregor P.
Published: June 2019

The middle Miocene onset of modern ocean circulation patterns changed the growth style of isolated tropical carbonate platforms because surface and contour currents began shaping the flanks of these edifices. Since then, ocean currents have redistributed the off-bank–transported sediment, reduced sedimentation by particle sorting or winnowing, and even eroded slopes. As a result, the flanks of isolated carbonate platforms around the world after 13–10 Ma have not only been constructed by mass gravity deposits, but equally by contourites with distinct drift and moat geometries. These produce specific stacking patterns of platform flank deposits. This flank architecture, produced by combined current and gravity processes, is typical of tropical carbonate platforms growing in the Neogene icehouse world. Comparison of this architecture with geometries in older platforms also has the potential to extract information about the rigor of ocean circulation in deep time where the deep-sea record is missing.
First direct evidence for a contiguous Gondwana shelf to the south of the Rheic Ocean
Authors: Romer Rolf L. , Kroner Uwe
Published: June 2019

Sea-level rise after the Hirnantian glaciation resulted in the global inundation of continental shelf areas and the widespread formation of early Silurian black shales. Black shales that were deposited on shelves receiving drainage from earlier glaciated areas have high uranium (U) contents because large-scale glacial erosion brought rocks with leachable U to the surface. In contrast, black shales receiving drainage from non-glaciated areas that had lost leachable U earlier have low U contents. Early Silurian U-rich shales formed only on shelf areas that had not been separated from earlier-glaciated mainland Gondwana by oceanic lithosphere. Therefore, early Silurian U-rich black shales within the Variscan orogen provide direct evidence that these areas had not been separated from mainland Gondwana, but were part of the same, contiguous shelf. This implies that the Rheic Ocean was the only pre-Silurian ocean that opened during the early Paleozoic extension of the peri-Gondwana shelf.
How strong is the evidence that conservative treatment reduces pain and improves function in individuals with patellar tendinopathy? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials including GRADE recommendations
Authors: Mendonça Luciana De Michelis , Leite Hércules R , Zwerver Johannes , Henschke Nicholas , Branco Guilherme , Oliveira Vinicius Cunha
Published: June 2019

Objective

To determine the effectiveness of conservative treatment (CT) on pain and function in patients with patellar tendinopathy (PT) compared with minimal intervention (MI) or other invasive intervention, or in addition to decline eccentric squat.

Methods

Searches were performed in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, PEDro, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL and AMED databases. All randomised trials that evaluated CT (any intervention not involving invasive procedures or medication) in individuals with PT were included. Two reviewers screened studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias of all included studies. Where suitable, meta-analyses were conducted; we assessed certainty of the evidence using GRADE methodology.

Results

When compared with MI, CT did not improve pain (weighted mean difference (WMD) −2.6, 95% CI −6.5 to 1.2) or function (WMD 1.8, 95% CI −2.4 to 6.1) in the short-term (up to 3 months) follow-up. When compared with invasive intervention, CT did not improve pain (WMD 0.7, 95% CI −0.1 to 1.4) or function (WMD −6.6, 95% CI −13.3 to 0.2) in the short-term follow-up. No overall effects were found for combined CT (when a conservative intervention was added to decline eccentric squat) on pain (WMD −0.5, 95% CI −1.4 to 0.4) or function (WMD −2.3, 95 % –9.1 to 4.6) at short-term follow-up. Single studies showed an effect on pain with iontophoresis at short-term follow-up (d = 2.42) or dry needling at medium/long-term follow-up (d = 1.17) and function with exercise intervention at medium/long-term follow-up (over 3 months) (d = 0.83).

Summary/Conclusion

Our estimates of treatment effect have only low to very low certainty evidence to support them. This field of sports medicine/sports physiotherapy urgently needs larger, high-quality studies with pain and function among the potential primary outcomes.
Predictors of pregnancy among young people in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Gunawardena Nathali , Fantaye Arone Wondwossen , Yaya Sanni
Published: June 2019

Background

Sub-Saharan Africa has among the highest prevalence of teenage pregnancy in the world. Teenage mothers and their children are at risk to a host of medical, social and economic challenges. Adolescent pregnancy is a significant cost to the mother and newborn child, and also to their family and the wider society. Despite measures taken by some sub-Saharan nations to tackle the issue of adolescent pregnancy, the phenomenon remains a public health concern that is widespread throughout the region. Currently, there are few studies that examine the predictors of teenage pregnancy in the sub-Saharan region. The objective of the present study was to systematically review predictors of pregnancy among young people in sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods

A literature search was conducted using Medline, CINAHL and EMBASE electronic databases. Following duplicate removal, abstract and full-text screening, 15 studies were ultimately included in the final review. Narrative synthesis was used to synthesise the qualitative and quantitative findings. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses.

Results

Twenty-seven predictors of teenage pregnancy were identified and grouped into six themes (Partner and peer-related predictors; Sexual health knowledge, attitude and behaviour-related predictors; Parenting and family-related predictors; Economic, environmental and cultural predictors; Personal predictors; and Quality of healthcare services predictors). The most obvious predictors included sexual coercion and pressure from male partners, low or incorrect use of contraceptives, and poor parenting or low parental communication and support.

Conclusion

This review emphasises that the large prevalence of adolescent pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa is attributable to multiple predictors that our study was able to group into six themes. Policy changes and programmes must be implemented in sub-Saharan Africa to address these determinants in order to reduce adolescent pregnancy within the region.