bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of design criteria on the seismic response of single-storey steel buildings
Authors: Ceccolini Nicola , Zona Alessandro , Dall’Asta Andrea , Della Corte Gaetano
Published: June 2022

Structural design in seismic areas could be based on either dissipative or non-dissipative concepts, as for example allowed in European and Italian codes. In the first case, capacity design is the basis of structural dimensioning; both strength and ductility verifications are required. In the second case, structural elements are designed to remain in the elastic field under the assigned design seismic input; ductility verifications are not enforced. In steel structures, these two design approaches might lead to very different seismic structural performances, depending on the role that the non-ductile elements and connections have in the non-dissipative design. This situation might represent a source of weakness and lead to premature failures. In the present work, with reference to a single- storey steel industrial building with moment-resisting frames in the transverse direction and con- centric braces in the longitudinal direction, the critical issues encountered when modelling the post- elastic behaviour of a non-dissipative steel structure are discussed. Subsequently, a comparison is made with a structure with the same geometry, designed with dissipative structural behaviour.
Evaluation of Spectrum Compatible Bidirectional Seismic Input
Authors: Rivera-Figueroa Alan , Montejo Luis A.
Published: June 2022

We investigate 4 methodologies to generate sets of horizontal ground motion components compatible with a target RotD100 spectrum, including amplitude-scaling and different spectral- matching approaches. The sets generated are used as seismic input to bidirectional inelastic time history analyses of circular cross-section reinforced concrete single column piers. It is shown that the traditional approach of separately matching each horizontal component to the target RotD100 generate peak inelastic and total strain energy demands that are substantially larger than the demands imposed by sets of amplitude-scaled records. However, the sets generated by simultaneously modifying both components to direct match RotD100 provoked mean peak inelastic responses closer to the amplitude-scaled sets while reducing the variability in the estimates.
Pelješac bridge - Design and construction
Authors: Pipenbaher Marjan , Peteršič Tatjana , Mujkanović Nijaz , Hrelja Kovačević Gordana , Trogrlić Zoran
Published: June 2022

The 2404 m long Pelješac Bridge ranks among the most demanding bridges in the world in terms of both the technological complexity of construction and the complexity of the design. The bridge is located in an area of extremely high seismic activity, exposed to strong and gusty north and south winds. It is designed as a multi-span extradosed bridge with a semi-integral hybrid structure with five 285 m long central spans. Once built, the bridge will rank among the 5 largest and most attractive European bridges built in the early 21st century.
New Pumarejo Bridge over Magdalena River
Authors: Millanes Francisco , Ortega Miguel , Ruano Fernando , Ugarte Jokin
Published: June 2022

The New Pumarejo Bridge over Magdalena River in Barranquilla, Colombia, is one of the most relevant bridges built over the past few years in South America. The bridge has a total length of 2173 m without expansion joints, divided in two access viaducts, 618 and 755 m long, and a cable-stayed central stretch of 800 m with a main 380 m long span (Colombia’s record). The access viaducts have 70 m long typical spans built by a movable scaffolding system (first realization in Colombia), whilst the cable-stayed stretch is built by free cantilevering from the pylons with 10 m long “in-situ” segments (well above the usual range). 3.65 m high, the cross section has a variable width that reaches 38.1 m in all the central stretch, what makes it the widest bridge in its typology (concrete box girder with central cable-stays).
The Design of the new Storstrøm Bridge: design philosophy, structural concepts, fundamental design and innovative construction methods.
Authors: de Miranda Mario , Marinini Luca , Affonso Rodrigo , de Miranda Marta
Published: June 2022

This paper describes the structural design of the new Storstrøm Bridge under construction in Denmark, carried out by DMA - De Miranda Associati from the initial tender phase through development of basic design to the early phases of construction in 2021.

The bridge, the contracting entity for which is the Danish Road Directorate, is a prestressed concrete road and railway structure almost 4km long, including a central cable-stayed section with 160m spans and two approach viaducts.

The paper describes the design concepts, structural concepts, construction methods, static and dynamic analysis, as well as the wind analysis and the wind tunnel test campaign designed by DMA and carried out for assessing the structural response of the bridge to wind action.
Geometry as a common ground for BMS and BIM
Authors: Isailović Dušan , Hajdin Rade
Published: June 2022

Bridge Management Systems (BMSs) are sophisticated software tools, widely used for managing bridges. Comprising a centralized database of all relevant information for the entire bridge stock and analytics to forecast bridges’ condition and maintenance cost, BMSs are irreplaceable tools, used by all the National Road Authorities (NRAs) around the world. These powerful tools, although different from one another, all lack adequate visualization of bridges. Recently, numerous researcher proposed using the Building Information Models (BIMs) to address this issue.

This paper presents the geometric approach of introducing BIM to BMS. Rather than trying to thoroughly connect these two robust systems on the object definition level, this approach focuses on geometry. The paper firstly shows how all the inventory information from BMS can be associated with corresponding BIM objects. Afterward, the ways to include the condition assessment data into BIM are proposed. Once the basics of the geometric approach are explained, the example of connecting BIM with BMS is presented. The example is based on KUBA, the Swiss BMS.

Finally, the feasibility, as well as the challenges of the presented approach are analyzed. The analysis focused on two important questions. Firstly, it considered if BIM is capable of making workflow changes in the Infrastructure Asset Management (IAM) the same way it did it in the construction industry. Secondly, it evaluated the BIM capability to describe all the condition assessment information relevant to IAM.
Strength assessment of prestressed concrete sections under the combined action of internal forces
Authors: Navrátil Jaroslav , Michalčík Libor , Svoboda Filip , Domaingo Andreas
Published: June 2022

Nowadays a bridge design tool has to integrate all operations in the design process, such as architectural modeling, construction planning and management, structural analysis, member design, and detailing. An essential part of the member design is the assessment and proof of the safety of prestressed concrete sections based on national standards. Prestressed and reinforced concrete elements resist tensile and shear forces, bending, and torsional moments. The actions are coupled, and cracks occur due to tensile stresses. This results in a non-linear response of cross- sections. The complexity of the problem is multiplied by the arbitrary shape of the bridge sections. The objective of the paper is to describe a general method for the assessment of the resistance of reinforced and prestressed concrete cross-sections subjected to a coupled action of internal forces. The assumptions of the models adopted in the currently valid EN and AASHTO codes are analyzed, appropriate numerical methods are developed, and the resulting values of strength and response of the sections are compared for several examples.
Verification of fatigue load model for stay cables
Authors: Lilja Heikki , Mikkonen Atte
Published: June 2022

The selection of an adequate fatigue load model for the design of a cable-stayed bridge is an important task, since the shape of the S-N-curve for stay cables is very sensitive to slight changes in stress ranges. On one hand too light a fatigue load model may lead to a theoretically unsafe structure, and on the other hand too severe a fatigue load model may easily lead to unnecessary costs and waste of material, compromising sustainability.

Eurocodes, in general, apply only to loaded lengths of up to 200 meters. The fatigue load models have been calibrated against beam models, and they currently lack the needed tools for application to medium to long-span cable-stayed bridges.

Some European countries, including Finland, have relatively high traffic loads (up to 76 ton vehicles allowed), which have not been accounted for in the background calculations for current presented fatigue load models.

In this paper, the different Eurocode fatigue load models (FLM1…FLM4) are discussed within the context of a case bridge with 250-meter main span. In addition, a method for verifying the fatigue load model based on the available traffic data and maximum allowed vehicle in Finland is presented. The presented method gives the decision makers an assurance that the chosen load model can be used economically without compromising the safety of the structure.
Refurbishing, Strengthening and Retrofitting Façades to Increase Seismic Resistance
Authors: Roik Matthias , Hine Samuel
Published: June 2022

Recent events have shown that existing, older buildings often lack sufficient seismic resistance. Façade collapse is particularly concerning as falling components can cause personal injury and block escape and emergency access routes. The 2020 earthquakes in Croatia highlighted these issues and caused considerable damage to thousands of buildings, a high proportion of which were either old or poorly preserved and located in Zagreb’s historic centre. Due to the cultural importance of historic buildings, when restoring or improving the static load-bearing capacity, suitable and aesthetically sympathetic repair methods should be used. This paper presents methods for the repair of existing façades which can be used to preserve the historic building fabric and strengthen the façade structure with the aim of meeting seismic design requirements. An alternative to large shake table tests is described, the technical background is explained and test results are presented.
Strengthening of road composite bridge using Fe-SMA
Authors: Vůjtěch Jakub , Ryjáček Pavel , Ghafoori Elyas , Matos Jose Campos
Published: June 2022

Exceeding creep actions on newly built composite bridge in Karlovy Vary led to rapid repair works of the excessively deflected structure. Activation of retrofit prestressing system in confined places is usually a difficult task. Instead of space-demanding hydraulic actuators, prestressing system of thermally activated shape memory alloys was used under low filler beam bridge to act against the creep inflicted deflection. Method of thermal activation of Fe-SMA with use of heating ceramic pads with resistance wire was performed on all of 17 filler beams. This method was proven as most suitable for field activation in previous application. Strengthening was done in February 2021 without any intervention into the traffic on the bridge. It is the first permanent Fe-SMA application of its kind in the world. Wireless monitoring of the bridge started before the prestress activation and continued for several months. Static load test with use of 32-ton trucks was conducted. Based on the long-term monitoring, the relaxation of Fe-SMA is evaluated and compared with the results from the experimental analysis conducted in laboratory conditions on the same retrofit system.
Refurbishment of Franzensbrücke in Vienna- Retrofitting a historical steel arch bridge with composite plate in between limited timeframe, restrictive urban environment, and challenging structural requirements
Authors: Herrmann Paul , Hackl Klaus , Nageler-Reidlinger Astrid , Hinterleitner Rudolf
Published: June 2022

The Franzensbrücke across the Danube Canal is a prominent bridge close to the city centre of Vienna. Built in the 1940s, it requires rehabilitation after 70 years of use. The structure shall be refurbished and upgraded to withstand traffic loads of modern EN standards in future. The urban environment, the strategic importance in Vienna’s traffic situation as well as the historic materials and detailing are boundary conditions, which result in a challenging technical and logistic task.
Efficiency of adhesive layers in strengthening schemes of concrete elements
Authors: Achillopoulou Dimitra V.
Published: June 2022

This study quantifies the efficiency of different type of adhesive layers of strengthening schemes for concrete elements. Two different Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) types are examined: a) laminated sheets and b) prefabricated plates. The systems were integrated onto concrete substrates using adhesives: i) standard plate epoxy, ii) epoxy of dry impegnation and iii) toughened adhesive. The interface response was investigated experimentally with double-lap shear tests. The efficiency was quantified with a novel semi-empirical proposed index, IC (interface capacity), representing the failure mechanism and the response type. Values close to 1 denotes a linear fully elastic performance leading to abrupt brittle failure whereas, higher values correspond to more plastic response and progressive debonding. The experimental results validated finite element simulations to define the values of IC, matching the shear response and the failure pattern of the CFRP system.
Evaluation Methods for the Existing Infrastructure in Germany
Authors: Retzepis Ioannis
Published: June 2022

In the past decades much has been undertaken in Germany in the field of sustainable bridges in Germany. Every infrastructure has to be inspected regularly, so it can be classified according to its condition. Furthermore, the infrastructure has to be recalculated and evaluated. On the basis of these two criteria – the results of the inspection and the evaluation of the recalculation, as well as aspects of sustainability – the structure will be retrofitted or renewed. This strategy has been applied in Germany for many years with great success. This procedure is explained in the paper using two examples.
Information is for Life not just for BIM Models
Authors: Jackson Philip
Published: June 2022

BIM or Building Information Modelling has become fashionable over the past decade but has often been misunderstood in its overall impact on the built environment industry. Commonly it has been viewed as a 3D model used during the design process and been very ‘Task’ centric rather than understood as a broader systematic approach to the process of the information life cycle of an asset including the gathering, development, delivery and operation stages of life. As such it provides the digital information, the DNA, of an asset and would be better labelled as Asset Information Modelling.

This paper explores the concept of information modelling through the lifecycle of an asset proposing that an asset begins its information life when it is conceived and planned rather than when it is built and handed over for use. All digital information develops and is progressively collected from that point. Hence, we can understand the purpose, functional requirement and technical specification that an asset fulfils and needs to be maintained during operation. Each intervention with an asset, whether it be new or being repaired or modified, should be regarded as an opportunity to capture this data.

It concludes that we need to take a less siloed approach to information and embrace the potential of a systems engineering approach to digital engineering looking at the potential benefits that will accrue by taking this approach particularly when dealing with operational management.
BMS and BIM: the Portuguese scenario
Authors: Santos Carlos , Coelho Mário , Campos e Matos José , Costa Sérgio , Brito Vítor
Published: June 2022

Considering the preparation of Europe´s near future, two major concepts are mandatory: digitalization and climate change adaptation. In the particular context of bridge management, any future development should also take these two concepts into account. Hence, the existing Bridge Management Systems (BMS) should be upgraded to allow considering the effects of ongoing climate changes, on one hand, and the digital transition expected for the next years, on the other hand. The latter aspect is discussed in the present paper.

The first step to prepare BMS digital transition consists of the screening of its current status and definition of requirements. Regarding the digitalization methodology, Building Information Modelling (BIM) is the way to go. Several efforts are undergoing worldwide to foster the process of BMS digitalization.

The present paper aims at contributing to the BMS and BIM integration by presenting the Portuguese current status. Existing trends, but also gaps, are highlighted. In addition, ideas for a faster and yet sustainable transition are provided.
Mega Project - Upgrading the 4th Ring Transportation Corridor in Zhengzhou, Henan, China
Authors: Komar Gernot , Sun Junling , He Yong Ping , Lei Wenbin
Published: June 2022

The City of Zhengzhou is a major transportation hub in the heart of China. The fast-growing city was in need of an additional elevated expressway to increase the traffic capacity from 10 lanes to 18 lanes on the 4th Ring Transportation Corridor. The additional elevated expressway has a total length of 93 km without traffic lights and faced complex boundary conditions. The focus of this project was to increase the capacity, by reducing the impact to the current traffic flow in a very short time frame and to meet the government requirements to implement green construction technology, which called for an innovative solution. The ABC with the precast segmental bridge technology using the short-line match casting method deemed to be the only answer to fulfill the requirements from the owner and the government. Eight completely new PC yards with over 400 PC stations were designed and were ready for production within 5 months. With over 50,000 segments, this is the largest precast segmental bridge construction project in the world.
Bru over Otra, a new footbridge in Kristiansand (Norway)
Authors: Castelló Ramón J. , Overton Katie , Ibáñez Fernando
Published: June 2022

Bru over Otra is a newly constructed pedestrian bridge located in the Norwegian city of Kristiansand. The bridge has an overall length of 180m and provides a 4m clear width route for both pedestrian and cycle traffic over the Otra River.

The bridge is made up of six spans (25m+5x32m+25m) with four piers located within the river and one located in a public park. The bridge is curved in plan and elevation, allowing for the change in level between both embankments.

The deck structure is a multicell continuous steel box girder. The maximum deck depth of 0.9m is constant all long the bridge, although the transversal section is tapered at the edges.

In the case of the substructure, the challenging conditions related to ice loads and the construction of the foundations and columns inside the river flow were crucial to establish their design.
Challenges of a Bridge Design in Tight Urban Areas
Authors: Gurbanli Elif Ünalan
Published: June 2022

Kuwait has one of the most prominent cars per square km ratio. Significant infrastructure upgrades continue. This paper mentions about multiple structural problems faced with a 3.2 km viaduct in one of the crowded main arterials of Kuwait City.

The structural design should meet public needs with stability, strength, serviceability, economically and aesthetically. Any design starts with new ideas and hopes. Unfortunately, designs always go through scope creep due to the nature of highway projects. At the time of despair, it is well understood that engineers are created by time, critical thinking, and creativity in addition to education. This paper aims on introducing and discussing every challenge faced, starting from the beginning of design in Kuwait City.
Through constructions on arched bridges
Authors: Pelka Conrad
Published: June 2022

Due to the fact that the vault bridges in DB Netz AG's inventory are getting older and older, a consistent approach to these historic structures must be taken. Based on the systematically recorded and classified damages, a deck slab or a sealing with beam construction between the upper edge of the vault and the upper edge of the rails should be implemented. A complex fundamental renewal should be carried out on the structure, e.g. drying of the structure, sealing with a new drainage system and the creation of the required safety space. In order to effectively implement this concept, a comprehensive module is to be introduced in the regulations of the Deutsche Bahn.
Temperatures during Weld Repair on Orthotropic Steel Decks
Authors: Ároch Rudolf , Klas Tomáš , Petrík Adam , Vitásek Martin , Szabó Daniel
Published: June 2022

The paper describes one particular problem connected with the repair of fatigue cracks in the stiffener-to-deck plate welds of orthotropic decks of road bridges. The bottom layers of the deck surface could be locally influenced by high temperatures due to welding on the bottom side of the deck plate. This fact is especially important when the mastic asphalt was only recently replaced and should not be damaged. Therefore, the repair procedure must be carefully proposed and executed.
Latest trends for condition assessment using non-destructive techniques
Authors: Sánchez-Rodríguez Ana , Rúa Erik , Martínez-Sánchez Joaquín , Solla Mercedes , Riveiro Belén , Arias Pedro , Lorenzo Henrique
Published: June 2022

Bridges are one of the most vulnerable assets within the transportation network. Ageing processes in combination with changing loading conditions make these assets especially vulnerable to structural damage and material degradation. To ensure the optimal operation, appropriate maintenance practices are required, and new techniques and methods facilitating a more accurate diagnostic and safety assessment are being demanded.

IM-SAFE project aims to fill the gaps in the existing European standards regarding monitoring, maintenance, and safety of transport infrastructure. This paper gathers information about surveying technologies with a focus on optical and radar remote sensing technologies. The final purpose of this article is to support the use of these technologies in the management of bridges and tunnels, and demonstrate the value of their information for the safety assessment of in-service structures.
Design for Manufacturing and Assembly-Oriented Parametric Modelling of Prefabricated Bridges
Authors: Nguyen Duy-Cuong , Shim Chang-Su
Published: June 2022

Design for manufacture and assembly (DfMA) has become the efficient design method for prefabricated bridge construction which is being popular at present. However, the current design systems are not well suited for combining the parametric design of Building Information Modeling (BIM) with DfMA. In order to solve the problem, this paper introduces the novel concept of DfMA- oriented parametric modelling of prefabricated bridge structures. The new modelling method is the integration of DfMA principles with BIM model parameters to control the process of manufacturing and assembling. Essential considerations for the manufacturing and the assembly should be included in the model definition as rules and geometry authoring algorithm. The primary outcomes are the digital manufacturing model and digital assembly model of bridge members. Digital manufacturing model is required to guarantee the allowable manufacturing tolerance before delivery to the construction site. Preassembly is used to check the allowable tolerances of bridge components and connections. Finally, the DfMA-oriented parametric modelling of a full prefabricated bridge is presented.
Assessment of Scour Risk in Hydraulic Infrastructures. A Bridge Case Study
Authors: Bento Ana Margarida , Gomes Andreia , Viseu Teresa , Couto Lúcia , Pêgo João Pedro
Published: June 2022

The scouring phenomenon can pose a serious threaten to bridge serviceability and users' safety, as well. In extreme circumstances, it can lead to the bridge's structural collapse. Despite efforts to reduce the scour's unfavorable effects in the vicinity of bridge foundations, this issue remains a significant challenge. Many uncertainties affect the design process of bridge foundations, namely the associated hydrological and hydraulic parameters. Past and recent flood records strengthen bridges' vulnerability by reducing scouring estimation uncertainties. Therefore, the present study applies a semi-quantitative methodology of scour risk assessmentto a Portuguese bridge case study, accounting for those uncertainties. The risk-based methodology comprises three main steps towards the assignment of the bridge's scour risk rating. The methodology constitutes a potential key tool for risk management activities, assisting bridge's owners and managers in decision-making.
Shear design in concrete beams without transverse reinforcement - A comparative study
Authors: Mak Michele Win Tai , Lees Janet M.
Published: June 2022

In reinforced concrete structures without transverse reinforcement, the shear resistance relies on different internal resisting mechanisms and their interaction. The dependence of the overall load- bearing capacity upon different geometrical and mechanical parameters is complex. There is no unified theory that is universally accepted and certain aspects are still subject to scientific debate. The lack of agreement between theories has led to the development of different formulations and design provisions. The results of predictive models can vary significantly. In some instances, the limited accuracy can lead to safety risks. In other cases, it can lead to overly conservative design with increased economic and environmental costs. In this study on the shear resistance of reinforced concrete beams without transverse reinforcement, a comparison was carried out between analytical and experimental results. The data from laboratory tests were compared with the predictions from different formulations including those from the ACI 318, Eurocode 2, Simplified Modified Compression Field Theory, simplified Critical Shear Crack Theory, and Strut-and-Tie method. The findings of this study contribute to the development of safer and more sustainable infrastructure.
Application of Abaqus secondary development in finite element analysis of rebar behavior in reinforced concrete member
Authors: Zhang Zhi , Cao Liling , Bura Anurag , Zhou Chanjuan , Davey Lisa , Momenzadeh Seyebabak
Published: June 2022

A new type of subroutine VUMAT (tj_fiber) is developed to simulate the mechanical behavior of rebar in reinforced concrete members under cyclic loading. The constitutive model used for tj_fiber was with reference to the adjustment of the Clough hysteresis model, involving the strength deterioration of reinforcement due to effective hysteretic energy dissipation under cyclic loading, together with loss of load capacity caused by interface bond-slip, buckling, and fracture of rebar. Finite element analysis was performed based on AbaqusExplicit module for typical reinforced concrete column and shear wall, respectively, to demonstrate the application of tj_fiber. The numerical results show that using finite element analysis with tj_fiber accurately simulates the local and global behavior of reinforced concrete compression-flexure members subjected to cyclic lateral load.
Advanced analysis of a pedestrian bridge and considerations on crowd-structure interaction
Authors: De Luca Antonio , Lomax Scott , Pinto Marguerite Jeansonne
Published: June 2022

Pedestrian bridges, grandstands, and other long-span structures may be subjected to crowd loading. Crowds have the dual effect to produce large forces and alter the structure’s modal properties and damping. Vibration testing of full-scale structures allows the verification of the modelling assumptions and design criteria.

This paper discusses the case study of a pedestrian bridge structure subjected to crowd loading. The results of the design finite element model of the bridge and the bridge performance were validated through field testing. The theoretical effects of crowds were analysed and compared to the experimental test data.
Approach for the mathematical calculation of the damping factor of railway bridges with ballasted track
Authors: Stollwitzer Andreas , Bettinelli Lara , Fink Josef
Published: June 2022

A realistic prognosis of railway bridge vibrations during high-speed traffic must not only rely on the right choice of an adequate calculation model for both bridge and train but primarily on the use of dynamic model parameters which reflect reality appropriately. Concerning the damping characteristics of the used bridge model, the standard prescribes damping factors to be applied in calculations that are considered as lower bound values of the actual damping factors of bridges. Thus, measured damping factors often exceed normatively prescribed values significantly. This contribution presents a new approach, making the damping factor of railway bridges with ballasted track calculable. Comparing this approach, normatively prescribed and measured damping factors of existing bridges illustrates the apparent deviation between standard and measurement. It is also shown that this new approach provides results that are close to reality.
Adhesive Acrylate Metal-Glass Connections: Influence of Temperature and Thickness of Adhesive Layer
Authors: Achillopoulou Dimitra V. , Stamataki Nikoleta K.
Published: June 2022

Adhesive connections are used mainly in the automotive and aerospace industry. Their considerable number of benefits and requirements given by architects and designers lead to using adhesives in civil engineering not only for a non-loadbearing structures but also for more complicated structures such as a cladding of the facades or load-bearing structures. However, a lack of knowledge prevents their wider use. The paper is focused on experimental testing of Zn-electroplated steel - glass and aluminium - glass connections under shear stress using two-component acrylate adhesive. The influence of the adhesive layer (1 mm and 3 mm) and elevated temperature (60 °C and 80 °C) on mechanical properties is investigated. Specimens with 3 mm adhesive layer thickness reached higher shear strength in comparison with specimens with 1 mm layer thickness. Shear strength (up to 30% of maximum shear strength) and stiffness decrease with elevated temperature. Good adhesion of the adhesive to glass and metal was demonstrated at room temperature. Glass adhesion failure was observed at temperature of 80 °C.
Evaluation of Non-Prismatic Open Cross-Section Bridge Arch for the Toronto Port Lands Bridges
Authors: Werner Jonathan , Chawla Navan , Vickar Misha , Peltz Matthias
Published: June 2022

The Cherry St North, Commissioners St, and Cherry St South bridges are a series of four signature steel tied arch bridges located in Toronto, Canada. The bridges are being constructed over the Keating Channel and a new extension of the Don River. The arch legs of the bridges are composed of non-prismatic open sections using curved plates. The centre domes at the tops of the arches are also composed of open steel plate sections with plates in double curvature. Steel plate hanger from the arches to the closed steel box tie girders serve to transfer the superstructure gravity loads to the arches. The in-plane and out-of-plane structural stability of the non-prismatic open section arch legs required detailed consideration during design. This paper discusses the various approaches used to analyse and design the arch legs, including the use of approximate methods.
Addressing Design and Construction Challenges for a Complex Elevated Interchange over the Sea
Authors: Tapley Mike , Leung Lemuel , Chan Patrick
Published: June 2022

As part of the strategic road network in Hong Kong, an express link will connect East Kowloon and the new town of Tseung Kwan O. Part of this link includes an elevated interchange over the sea with seven post- tensioned bridges. The series of balanced cantilever bridges within this marine interchange run in a spaghetti junction manner around the main line viaduct, which comprises two parallel bridges connected at each pier with a cast in-situ diaphragm.

This paper presents the project’s unprecedented design challenges, along with the methods used to construct the complex viaducts whilst ensuring a safe construction environment.
Prediction of Floor Vibration Response due to Walking Excitation
Authors: Setareh Mehdi , Panchal Kaushik
Published: June 2022

Excessive vibrations of floor structures have become an important serviceability issue in recent years that need to be addressed by engineers and designers. Therefore, it is important that engineers would be able to predict the floor response due to walking excitation with reasonable accuracies during the structural design. Using the results of several walk tests conducted by a group of volunteers on a laboratory floor, this paper presents a study of the generated floor vibrations and how the human-structure interactions can affect the floor response. The subjects’ ground reaction forces were measured, and the floor vibrations were simulated using a computer model of the test structure. The damping ratios for the forced and free vibration segments of the floor vibrations were measured and the level of increase in the floor damping ratio for each walk excitation was computed. Comparison of the measured and computed floor responses validated the results.
Kinematics-based model for complete behavior of RC dapped-end connections failing along a re-entrant corner crack
Authors: Rajapakse Chathura , Degée Hervé , Mihaylov Boyan
Published: June 2022

Reinforced concrete dapped-end connections, which are common in existing Gerber-beam bridges, typically feature an inclined corner crack at service loads due to the high stress concentrations in the re-entrant corner. These cracks introduce corrosion issues and increase the stresses in the dapped-end reinforcement, which in the event of further deterioration and increased loading may lead to yielding and failure of the connection. This paper proposes a kinematics-based model for the complete behaviour of such connections which predicts the opening of the cracks based on first principles: compatibility, equilibrium and constitutive relationships. The model stems from an earlier kinematics-based approach for the capacity prediction of dapped-end connections failing along re-entrant corner cracks, and extends it to describe the complete pre-peak, peak and post- peak behaviour.
Ultimate and Nominal Strength Capacity Evaluation of Composite Sections with Arbitrary Shapes at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Chiorean Cosmin G.
Published: June 2022

This paper presents a new computational method for ultimate and nominal strength analysis of composite steel-concrete cross-sections with arbitrary shape subjected to elevated temperatures. A strain-driven algorithm, coupled with a bracketing approach by means of combining Bisection and Newton method has been developed. The solution of the nonlinear equilibrium equations is controlled at the strains level enforcing in the same time the elasto-plastic equilibrium for a prescribed axial force and bending-moments ratio. The ultimate (maximum) strength capacity is formulated as a problem of unconstrained mathematical optimization whereas the proposed approach evaluates the nominal strength capacity by means of using a strain-driven algorithm coupled with a bracketing approach. Since the Jacobian’s of the resulted nonlinear system of equations is non-singular global convergence may be achieved and the convergence stability is not sensitive to the initial/starting values of the iterative process and to the strain softening exhibited by the concrete in compression. The developed procedure has been used to predict the bending moment capacity diagrams of a composite cross-section with arbitrary shape. The comparisons made prove the effectiveness and the reliability of the proposed method of analysis and also for the cases analyzed here significant higher ultimate strength than nominal strength capacities of cross-section has been identified.
Design and construction of a flyover for the SAAR Interchange in Bahrain
Authors: Presta Francesco , Turner Joe , Rasheed Kashif
Published: June 2022

The Shaikh Khalifa Bin Salman Highway (SKBSH) and Shaikh Isa Bin Salman Highway (SIBSH) are two of the most important arterial roads of the Kingdom of Bahrain. The project for the widening and improvement of the two highways included their junction, known as the SAAR Interchange, with an additional grade separated left turn ramp designed to link the southbound SKBSH onto the eastbound SIBSH. The ramp comprised a 515m long flyover built using the incremental launch method (ILM). This paper gives an overview of the detailed design and discusses the specific aspects of the construction method employed.
Practical Guidance for Design of Steel Truss Footbridges
Authors: R. Abhijith , Pradeep K. , Shiddalingesh B. , Gopalakrishnan S. , Debabrata M.
Published: June 2022

Due to their slender, versatile and lightweight nature, steel footbridges are generally susceptible to vibration particularly in lateral direction if the span is greater than 30m. A common human psychology is that structural movement or vibration causes the pedestrian to become anxious about the safety of the structure and even to the extent of refusing to use it. There is a significant gap in the literature available for bridge designers on this comfort criteria. Current international codes do not provide clear and comprehensive guidance on how the performance for serviceability limit state should be assessed.

In this paper, the comfort criteria limits stated by some international design codes along with the design approaches to satisfy the comfort criteria requirements are compared with a case study. Also, best practices of designing steel footbridges covering the aspects of configuration, buildability, maintenance and selection of bearing are presented.
BIM authoring and Data Models for Bridge Maintenance Systems in Korea
Authors: Shim Changsu , Roh Kitae , Dang Ngoc-Son
Published: June 2022

A digital model-based bridge maintenance system (BMS) is a challenging mission due to large volume of bridge inventory and their data for long period. Building information modelling (BIM) provides an efficient information delivery during life-cycle of bridge projects. In this paper, model authoring with visual programming for bridges is introduced to minimize the effort to create 3D models for the information delivery. A data model for a few bridge types is also suggested to deliver essential information for the bridge maintenance. During design and construction, digital engineering models are defined to accommodate information requirements from project participants. Changes of geometry and their properties are collected to revise the digital engineering models for reliable as- built models. Existing bridge maintenance systems in Korea need to be improved for nation-wide digitalized bridges. Two cases of BIM-based BMS on a cable-stayed bridge and common bridges are introduced. The new systems included point cloud data by scanning and data from non-destructive testing as a part of the data model. Through these efforts, data pipeline from data creation to data uses was attempted, and data-driven bridge maintenance can be realized in national scale
Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge - Response of Active Mass Damper Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Berber Oguz , Inoue Manabu
Published: June 2022

This paper presents the design of anti-vibration system to mitigate vibrations of steel towers of IZMIT Bay Bridge in Turkey during service condition, and comparison results for both with/without anti-vibration systems using finite element analysis.
Intelligent building contract tendering – potential and exploration
Authors: Cusumano Linda , Saraiva Ricardo , Rempling Rasmus , Jockwer Robert , Olsson Nilla , Granath Mats
Published: June 2022

Project tendering is the construction business “Tightrope-walking.” It is a time-limited balance act where technical and business specialists find the best technical proposal at the right price. The purpose and aim of this study were to explore artificial intelligence (AI) in the tender work and to identify challenges and possibilities with data-driven decision-making. An AI work support tool was adopted and used to extract and process client requirements. The tool and digital-work procedure were presented and discussed with tender specialists from a large contractor in a workshop. A two- step survey was performed in connection to the workshop, investigating the potential users’ insights and attitudes for implementation. The main result and conclusion were that AI and digitalization could support tendering; however, successfully generating business value will require higher levels of digitalization, well-structured databases, and access to historical project data.
Experimental Design of Link Slab in Steel-Concrete Composite Bridge
Authors: Xiao Liang , Su Qingtian , Wang Fuyu
Published: June 2022

The traditional simple-supported structure with continuous deck have the advantages of simple structure, clear stress, being suitable for prefabrication and assembly, and rapid construction. However, a large number of continuous bridge deck structures appear in practiacl bridge engineering. Prominent problems such as vulnerability and poor durability restrict its further promotion and application, and some even turn to "first structure is simply supported, then structure is continuous", which increases a large number of on-site construction and reduces the efficiency of prefabrication; especially when used in composite structure bridges. It also causes the problem of cracking control of the bridge slab concrete in the negative bending moment area of the continuous beam. Aiming at this engineering pain point, this paper proposes a new type of continuous structure of simply supported steel-concrete composite beam bridge deck. In order to study the static performance of the continuous bridge deck structure, this research designs a full- scale I-shaped segment test model and conducts a numerical analysis on it. The calculation results are compared with the full bridge model to verify its feasibility, preparing for a follow-up test.
Improvements in chloride determination in reinforced concrete structures to find optimal time for remediation
Authors: Binder Fritz , Burtscher Stefan L.
Published: June 2022

For a highway operator, such as ASFiNAG, bridges are very important assets. Despite all regular maintenance measures, these structures are strongly subjected to ageing and degradation, because of their exposure. Thus, leading to high maintenance expenditures. In Austria strong winters are obligatory and, therefore, de-icing measures are used for thawing. These substances contain chlorides, which are dissolved in water. Several elements of the bridges – especially the columns – are severely exposed. The exposure over many years leads to serious concrete degradation, depassivation of the rebars and pitting corrosion.

The LA-ICP-MS (Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) method presented in this paper is a fast and reliable analysis strategy for determination of the chloride content in the cement phase of existing concrete structures. The high accuracy and depth resolution of the chloride profiles enable a more precise data assessment for forecast models.

For this purpose, chloride profiles were taken from a retaining wall at different heights. The analysis shows significant deviations comparing traditional and new method concerning chloride contend. The challenges associated with such deviations in relation with the optimal time for remediation are shown in an example investigation.
Classification of Banana Maturity Levels Based on Skin Image with HSI Color Space Transformation Features Using the K-NN Method
Authors: Thoriq Adhe Irham , Zuhri Muhamad Haris , Purwanto Purwanto , Pujiono Pujiono , Santoso Heru Agus
Published: June 2022

Banana or Musa Paradisiaca is one type of fruit that is often found in Southeast Asia. The most popular is the Raja banana (Musa paradisiaca L.). The advantage of the plantain is that it has a fragrant aroma and is of medium size and has a very sweet taste that is appetizing when it is fully ripe. While the drawback of plantains is that they ripen quickly, if not handled properly, it can change the nutritional value and nutrients contained in plantains. In this study, the author focuses on identifying the level of ripeness of bananas using the image of a plantain fruit that is still intact and its skin. Processing of the image of the plantain fruit using HSI (Hue Saturation Intensity) color space transformation feature extraction. The tool used to extract the HSI (Hue Saturation Intensity) color space transformation feature is Matlab. The attribute values obtained from the extraction are the Red, Green, Blue values obtained from the RGB values. Hue, saturation and intensity attributes were obtained from HSI extraction. Classification of the level of ripeness of plantain fruit is done with the help of the rapidminer tool. The method used is K-NN. The results obtained from this test are the accuracy value of 91.33% with a standard deviation value of+/- 4.52% with a value of k=4. The RMSE value obtained is 0.276.
A brief history of the development of the Hoek-Brown failure criterion
Authors: Hoek Evert , Marinos Paul
Published: June 2022

The Hoek-Brown failure criterion was developed in the late 1970s to provide input for the design of underground excavations. Bieniawski’s RMR was originally used to link the criterion to engineering geology input from the field but a more specific classification system called the Geological Strength Index (GSI) was introduced in 1995. Both the Hoek Brown criterion and the GSI classification have evolved and continue to evolve to meet new applications and to deal with unusual conditions encountered by users.
Underground Mining with Backfills
Authors: Rankine R. , Pacheco M. , Sivakugan N.
Published: June 2022

The mining industry worldwide has typically not conducted the development of mines with the overall design objective of a safe, environmentally sound and aesthetically satisfactory post-operational mine-site. Mine waste has typically not been engineered to any large degree but has rather been disposed of in the easiest or most cost effective manner with little (if any) regards for the social and/or environmental consequences. The backfilling of mines is an integral part of the mining process and requires the same level of attention generally afforded to the more commonly recognised “profit-producing” parts of the operation. The change in perception of backfilling from an additional cost to mining operations to one of a pre-profit activity will aid the required advancement in technology required for backfills. Backfilling is required for the continuance and efficiency of mining operations. Additional benefits include: improved regional and local rock stability through the support provided by the backfill, reduced costs of building significant tailings disposal structures on the surface, and the reduced environmental impacts by the underground containment of waste material. All these focus the operation towards the overall design objective of a safe, environmentally sound and aesthetically satisfactory post-operational mine-site. With these objectives in mind, the purpose of this paper is to highlight the basic geotechnical issues regarding undergroung mining with backfills, following new developments by the Australian mining industry.