bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Écrire le pouvoir en Angola: Les archives ndembu (XVIIe-XXesiècles)
Authors: Santos Catarina Madeira
Published: April 2019

Les chefferies ndembu du groupe Mbundu en Angola ont été longtemps considérées par l’historiographie comme des sociétés largement éloignées des pratiques de l’écrit. Cependant, elles ont créé des archives d’État depuis le XVIIejusqu’au XXesiècle. Les documents qui y sont réunis attestent les contacts entretenus avec le royaume du Congo, le gouvernement colonial de l’Angola, mais aussi les rapports entre chefs et autres dignitaires africains euxmemes. Dans cet article, les archives sont d’abord considérées comme des objets matériels (supports, matériaux de l’écrit, et organisation graphique sur le papier). Au-delà de l’apparent désordre de l’accumulation documentaire existent une logique et un imaginaire des collections. Dans un deuxieme temps, nous identifions les producteurs et les conservateurs de l’archive à travers une approche sociopolitique. Les secrétaires sont les spécialistes de l’écriture de l’État, instaurant de nouvelles formes de transmission des savoirs qui viennent perturber les hiérarchies des sociétés ndembu fondées sur les lignages. Enfin, un retour au document permet d’en entreprendre une lecture internaliste. Cette analyse identifie les manieres dont la société ndembu a innové dans les usages et la forme de l’écrit, a travers les formules, l’accumulation d’énoncés, la coexistence entre langues, les emprunts lexicaux et les « bricolages » linguistiques.
Tenir un cahier dans la région cotonnière du Mali: Support d'écriture et rapport à soi
Authors: Mbodj-Pouye Aïssatou
Published: April 2019

Cet article repose sur une ethnographie des pratiques de l’écrit menée dans un village de la zone cotonniàre du Mali. Dans cette région, l’alphabétisation, tres inégale, est diverse dans ses formes et dans les langues utilisées a l’écrit (bambara, français, arabe). L’article porte sur une pratique commune qui consiste a recueillir sur un cahier un ensemble de notations personnelles. Son propos est d’éclairer la signification anthropologique de cette pratique par l’examen attentif du support d’écriture. Le cahier est à la fois un objet à soi, le lieu d’une appropriation de modèles scripturaux, et un espace graphique dont les scripteurs se saisissent de manières diverses, d’une mise en ordre de différentes figures de soi a des formes moins organisées de recueil. Ces différentes dimensions en font un lieu d’expérimentation de nouveaux rapports à soi.
« Les forcer a devenir Cytoyens »: État, Sauvages et citoyenneté en Nouvelle-France (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle)
Authors: Havard Gilles
Published: April 2019

L’État royal français, en Nouvelle-France, est conduit à bricoler des formes nouvelles de souveraineté afin de définir officiellement le statut des Amérindiens. Tout en revendiquant avant tout sur ces derniers une allégeance de type féodal qui puise dans le langage international de la « protection », la monarchie est portée au XVIIesiècle par un optimisme assimilateur qui postule la rapide transformation des . Sauvages . : sur le plan culturel (« francisation ») comme juridique (naturalisation), cette imbrication constituant une innovation propre au système impérial français. Or il se pourrait que ce projet colonial ait subverti certains principes traditionnels de la monarchie d’Ancien Régime et participé à l’avènement d’un État plus unitaire et centralisé. Dans le laboratoire nord-américain, en effet, la royauté et ses représentants locaux n’ont pas seulement improvisé une réflexion originale sur la francité ; au cours du XVIIIesiècle, quand fut consacrée l’irréductibilité de la « sauvagerie » amerindienne, ils ont encore repensé le concept de citoyenneté, désormais plus solidaire de la culture.
Le foyer de la discorde ?
Authors: Forclaz Bertrand
Published: April 2019

L’étude des mariages mixtes entre catholiques et protestants dans la ville d’Utrecht, au cours de la seconde moitié du XVIIesiècle, permet d’étudier les modalités de la coexistence confessionnelle dans un État connaissant alors un étonnant pluralisme religieux. À partir de sources diverses – actes consistoriaux côté réformé, correspondances côté catholique, documents administratifs et judiciaires –, l’enquête fait émerger une tendance à la confessionnalisation : les Églises tentaient d’empêcher les mariages mixtes, tandis que les autorités civiles se montraient soucieuses de défendre la position privilégiée de la confession réformée. On découvre toutefois une gamme d’attitudes très différentes au niveau des pratiques individuelles, qui vont du militantisme confessionnel au pragmatisme.
D’Europe et d’Orient, les approches de l’esclavage des chrétiens en terres d’Islam
Authors: Oualdi M’hamed
Published: April 2019

L’esclavage en terres islamiques a suscité diverses relectures dans trois ouvrages récents, aussi bien pour reconsidérer la traite des Blancs au Maghreb que pour réévaluer l’importance d’un modèle de la servitude dans les mots et les gestes des premiers califes de l’Islam. À cet égard, ces études peuvent être distinguées d’autres approches qui concevaient l’esclavage des chrétiens dans le cadre plus large des échanges méditerranéens ou derrière l’emploi de mamelouks au sein des sociétés arabes. La confrontation de ces différents travaux sur l’esclavage repose surtout la question d’un particularisme islamique en la matière : jusqu’à quel point, l’esclavage peut-il être conçu au prisme de l’Islam ? Selon quelles sources et selon quelles méthodes, faut-il concevoir une comparaison entre les traites serviles ?
Les récentes découvertes archéologiques à Novgorod
Authors: Janin Valentin L.
Published: April 2019

Le chantier archeologique de Novgorod est, depuis les annees 1930, un haut-lieu d’exploration des origines medievales de la Russie. Valentin L. Janin, qui est le meilleur specialiste de ces fouilles, montre ici l’importance des dernieres decouvertes, et la necessite de confronter differentes sources archeologiques, au-dela des fameuses ecorces de bouleau qui ont eu un tel retentissement dans l’historiographie russe. Ce sont non seulement les origines du peuplement de cette region, mais aussi l’organisation des institutions politiques de la principaute de Novgorod qui sont reinterpretees a la lumiere de ces decouvertes. De meme, un psautier du debut du XIe siecle, exhume recemment, porte le plus ancien texte slavon d’origine russe et devrait permettre de renouveller la comprehension de la christianisation de la Russie.
La gloire et l’outrage. Heurs et malheurs des statues honorifiques de Démétrios de Phalère
Authors: Azoulay Vincent
Published: April 2019

À la tête de la cité d’Athènes entre 317 et 307 av. J.-C., Démétrios de Phalère fut gratifié de multiples statues honorifiques. Alors que durant toute l’époque classique ces distinctions étaient octroyées avec une grande parcimonie par le peuple athénien, ce législateur satura le territoire civique de ses effigies, mettant à l’honneur de nouvelles formes statuaires – la statue équestre –, investissant de nouveaux espaces – les dèmes –, tout en limitant les autres manifestations monumentales dans l’espace public. Les effigies honorifiques furent davantage imposées que négociées ou, à tout le moins, furent octroyées de façon bien moins tatillonne par la communauté qui, au demeurant, avait été redéfinie de façon restrictive. Au fur et à mesure qu’elles envahissaient l’espace public, par un phénomène de compensation, les effigies de Démétrios de Phalère furent ainsi détruites, transformées ou avilies, selon des modalités variées qui permettent de dresser les contours d’une véritable culture de l’outrage, établie sur la longue durée. Au-delà du cas de Démétrios de Phalère, les statues honorifiques se révèlent en définitive des objets « bons à penser »: elles permettent à la fois d’articuler le temps court des ruptures politiques et des réformes législatives, mais aussi le temps long des rituels et de la mémoire civique. Leur étude implique de concilier l’approche anthropologique et la perspective institutionnelle, voire procédurale.
Définir un intérêt particulier parisien. Les élections et l’administration municipale de Paris au milieu du XIXesiècle
Authors: Sawyer Stephen W.
Published: April 2019

Cet article entend montrer que la municipalité parisienne a joué un rôle central dans la négociation du rapport entre Paris et la nation française au milieu duXIXesiècle. L’instauration d’élections municipales dans la capitale sous la monarchie de Juillet a donné naissance à une culture électorale et participative locale, qui a non seulement reformulé le rapport entre les mandataires et leurs arrondissements, mais a également modifié la nature du mandat municipal grâce à l’introduction de la notion d’expertise et l’agrandissement de l’échelle d’intervention administrative locale. Cette culture participative a aussi permis l’établissement durable d’une reconnaissance mutuelle entre le pouvoir municipal de Paris et le pouvoir du gouvernement national sis dans la même ville. De cette culture électorale et participative est né un intérêt particulier parisien, rouage essentiel qui a permis à Paris de trouver sa place dans une France en voie de démocratisation.
L’univers des arts de la mémoire. Anthropologie d’un artefact mental
Authors: Severi Carlo
Published: April 2019

Pour les linguistes, les anthropologues et les archéologues, l’image emblématique précède depuis toujours et partout l’apparition du signe. Ce mythe d’une langue figurée composée d’icônes, qui constitue lafigure adversede l’écriture, a profondément influencé la tradition occidentale. Dans cet article, l’auteur essaie de montrer que l’on ne peut comprendre la nature logique des mnémotechnies amérindiennes (pictographies,khipus) qu’en passant de l’interrogation inévitablement ethnocentrique, que soulève leur comparaison avec l’écriture, à un tout autre ordre de questions qui relèvent de l’anthropologie comparative. Plutôt que de chercher à savoir si les techniques amérindiennes de mémorisation sont de véritables écritures ou seulement des mnémotechnies, on peut se demander si ces symbolismes possèdent des traits formels en commun, s’ils impliquent des opérations mentales comparables et si ces systèmes appartiennent à un même univers conceptuel, à une langue mentale – pour reprendre une idée de Giambattista Vico – qui caractériserait les arts amérindiens de la mémoire. Si l’on suit cette perspective, les techniques de la mémoire cessent de nous sembler hybrides ou imprécises et nous pourrons mieux en comprendre la nature et les fonctions en tant qu’artefacts mentaux.
L’enjeu épistémologique de la notion d’époque entre organisme et système au XIXesiècle
Authors: Caianiello Silvia
Published: April 2019

La fonction heuristique de la notion d’époque n’a pas été affaiblie par la méfiance vis-à-vis de ses implications ontologiques, propre à la théorie de l’histoire duXXesiècle. Une analyse historique de cette notion s’avère à même d’éclairer son rôle dans la recherche d’une méthode pour comprendre l’altérité des temps passés depuis l’émergence d’une nouvelle perception de leur discontinuité et unicité. Dans la culture allemande en particulier, la représentation des époques comme des entiers intrinsèquement cohérents relève, duXVIIIeauXIXesiècle, d’une dialectique entre deux champs métaphoriques dominants, le « système » et l’« organisme », au croisement entre philologie, histoire et sciences de la vie. Lorsque l’approche nominaliste de J. G. Droysen affaiblira l’ontologie de l’époque, ça ne sera qu’au profit de la primauté du procès comme cadre de référence unifiant pour la compréhension historique.
Comment écrit-on l’histoire intellectuelle des Lumières? Spinozisme, radicalisme et philosophie
Authors: Lilti Antoine
Published: April 2019

Dans deux ouvrages influents, J. Israel a proposé de réinterpréter l’histoire intellectuelle des Lumières en mettant au premier plan l’influence massive de Spinoza sur un courant radical, démocratique, athée et égalitaire qui serait aux origines de la modernité européenne. Cet article présente et discute cette thèse en insistant sur la diversité des auteurs et des textes les plus hétérodoxes des Lumières, sur l’ambiguïté même du « spinozisme » comme catégorie historiographique, et en contestant la notion de « Lumières radicales ». Ce faisant, l’article essaye de réfléchir autrement à ce que pourrait signifier le radicalisme des Lumières, au regard des pratiques d’écriture et de publication, et s’interroge plus largement sur les différentes façons d’écrire aujourd’hui l’histoire intellectuelle des Lumières à l’échelle européenne.
Les deux scènes du procès Eichmann
Authors: Lindeperg Sylvie , Wieviorka Annette
Published: April 2019

Le procès Eichmann construit le génocide des Juifs en événement distinct dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Pourtant, l’importance de son enregistrement en vidéo, aux fins de fournir des images aux télévisions du monde entier, avait jusqu’ici largement échappé aux historiens. A partir des archives de l’État d’Israël et de celles du cinéaste Leo Hurwitz, les auteurs éclairent les conditions de la décision inédite de filmer le procès dans son intégralité et les négociations qui s’ensuivirent entre Milton Fruchtman (Capital Cities Broadcasting Corporation), l’État d’Israël et les juges en charge de la procédure. Elles étudient le travail de préparation et la mise en place du dispositif d’enregistrement qui éclairent les intentions du cinéaste et sa vision de l’événement à venir. Elles analysent ensuite les documents filmés permettant de mesurer les principales figures de la mise en scène d’Hurwitz, les écarts éventuels entre ses idées préconçues et la réalité du procès. Elles invitent enfin à réfléchir aux interactions entre rituel judiciaire et dramaturgie télévisuelle et aux effets de production de sens inhérents à ce type d’enregistrement.
Working memory moderates the association between early institutional care and separation anxiety symptoms in late childhood and adolescence
Authors: Alba Laura Alicia , Flannery Jessica , Shapiro Mor , Tottenham Nim
Published: April 2019

Adverse caregiving, for example, previous institutionalization (PI), is often associated with emotion dysregulation that increases anxiety risk. However, the concept of developmental multifinality predicts heterogeneity in anxiety outcomes. Despite this well-known heterogeneity, more work is needed to identify sources of this heterogeneity and how these sources interact with environmental risk to influence mental health. Here, working memory (WM) was examined during late childhood/adolescence as an intra-individual factor to mitigate the risk for separation anxiety, which is particularly susceptible to caregiving adversities. A modified “object-in-place” task was administered to 110 youths (10–17 years old), with or without a history of PI. The PI youths had elevated separation anxiety scores, which were anticorrelated with morning cortisol levels, yet there were no group differences in WM. PI youths showed significant heterogeneity in separation anxiety symptoms and morning cortisol levels, and WM moderated the link between caregiving and separation anxiety and mediated the association between separation anxiety and morning cortisol in PI youth. Findings suggest that (a) institutional care exerts divergent developmental consequences on separation anxiety versus WM, (b) WM interacts with adversity-related emotion dysregulation, and (c) WM may be a therapeutic target for separation anxiety following early caregiving adversity.
Teleconsultation Program for Deployed Soldiers and Healthcare Professionals in Remote and Austere Environments
Authors: McManus John , Salinas Jose , Morton Melinda , Lappan Charles , Poropatich Ron
Published: April 2019

Background: In April 2004, the US Army Medical Department approved the use of the Army Knowledge Online (AKO) electronic e-mail system as a teleconsultation service for remote teledermatology consultations from healthcare providers in Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan to medical subspecialists in the United States. The success of the system has resulted in expansion of the telemedicine program to include 11 additional clinical specialty services: (1) burn-trauma; (2) cardiology; (3) dermatology; (4) infectious disease; (5) nephrology; (6) ophthalmology; (7) pediatric intensive care; (8) preventive and occupational medicine; (9) neurology; (10) rheumatology; and (11) toxicology. The goal of the program is to provide a mechanism for enhanced diagnosis of remote cases resulting in a better evacuation system (i.e., only evacuation of appropriate cases). The service provides a standard practice for managing acute and emergent care requests between remote medical providers in austere environments and rear-based specialists in a timely and consistent manner.

Methods: Consults are generated using the AKO e-mail system routed through a contact group composed of volunteer, on-call consults. The project manager receives and monitors all teleconsultations to ensure Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance and consultant's recommendations are transmitted within a 24-hour mandated time period. A subspecialty “clinical champion” is responsible for recruiting consultants to answer teleconsultations and developing a call schedule for each specialty. Subspecialties may have individual consultants on call for specific days (e.g., dermatology and toxicology) or place entire groups on-call for a designated period of time (e.g., ophthalmology).

Results: As of May 2007, 2,337 consults were performed during 36 months, with an average reply time of five hours from receipt of the teleconsultation until a recommendation was sent to the referring physician. Most consultations have been for dermatology (66%), followed by infectious disease (10%). A total of 51 known evacuations were prevented from use of the program, while 63 known evacuations have resulted following receipt of the consultants' recommendation. A total of 313 teleconsultations also have been performed for non-US patients.

Conclusions: The teleconsultation program has proven to be a valuable resource for physicians deployed in austere and remote locations. Furthermore, use of such a system for physicians in austere environments may prevent unnecessary evacuations or result in appropriate evacuations for patients who initially may have been “underdiagnosed.”
Survey of Bam Earthquake Survivors' Opinions on Medical and Health Systems Services
Authors: Nia Masoud Saghafi , Nafissi Nahid , Moharamzad Yashar
Published: April 2019

Introduction: On 26 December 2003, a catastrophic earthquake measuring 6.6 on the Richter scale devastated large areas of the city of Bam in south-eastern Iran. More than 40,000 people died, tens of thousands were injured, and almost 20,000 homes were destroyed.

Many national and international search-and-rescue teams were dispatched to the area to provide medical and health services and assist in the evacuation of survivors to undamaged areas.

Problem: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the opinions of survivors about medical responses provided, and the process of reconstruction of health infrastructures.

Methods: This was a descriptive study performed two years after the earthquake. Stratified, two-stage area sampling was used to enroll 211 survivors into the survey. A designed questionnaire was applied to evaluate the respondents' opinions about medical and health responses. The respondents were asked to score their satisfaction on a variety of services on a five-point scale, with 1 being “very poor” and 5 being “very good”.

Results: Family members and relatives comprised the majority of first responders for those injured or trapped (127, 60.2%). Field hospitals deployed by the Red Crescent, international relief teams, and military forces were the first medical facilities for 98 (46.4%) of the casualties. As denoted by the mean values for the satisfaction scores, transportation by aircraft to the backup hospitals received the highest score (4.2), followed by international assistance (4.1), first medical care (3.5), search and rescue (3.3), primary transportation (3.1), and reconstruction and the quality of access to the infrastructures of the city (2.6). Two years after the earthquake, 151 (71.5%) respondents still were living in connexes (temporary accommodations or shelters for victims to live in; resemble a small hotel), only 33 (15.6%) had access to safe drinking water, and 44 (20.9%) did not have sufficient supplies of sanitary food.

Conclusions: In addition to reinforcing the medical and health infrastructures of a society in accordance with geographical and architectural characteristics, effective air evacuation and relief missions carried out by experienced international relief teams can play an important role in the appropriate management of approximately 30,000 casualties after a catastrophic event, such as experience with the Bam Earthquake.
Improving the treatment of schizophrenia in real world mental health services
Authors: Ruggeri Mirella , Tansella Michele
Published: April 2019

Over the past decades, the therapeutic goal for schizophrenia has become more and more ambitious, shifting from that of controlling violent episodes to aim of ameliorating patients' symptoms, to the extent that individuals with schizophrenia can achieve a relative degree of social and relational remission. Indeed, thanks to more recent pharmacological and psychosocial forms of intervention, once pessimistic attitudes toward long-term schizophrenia outcomes are transforming gradually into guarded optimism. Evidence of the efficacy of various forms of treatment now make it possible for researchers and clinicians to consider both the remission of severe symptoms for long periods of time and good social functioning potential goals.
The SIEP-DIRECT's Project on the discrepancy between routine practice and evidence in the treatment of schizophrenia. The design, the indicators, and the methodology of the study
Authors: Semisa Domenico , Lora Antonio , Morosini Pierluigi , Ruggeri Mirella
Published: April 2019

Aims– The aims of the SIEP-DIRECT'S Project (DIscrepancy betweenRoutine practice andEvidence in psychiatricCommunityTreatments onSchizophrenia) are: 1) To evaluate the appropriateness of the NICE guidelines for schizophrenia in Italian Departments of Mental Health; 2) to develop and to test a set of SIEP indicators, based on the NICE recommendations, useful to evaluate their real application in mental health services.Methods– Based on the NICE recommendations, 103 indicators have been developed, some of them qualitative and the rest quantitative. These indicators investigate five different areas: 14 indicators concern the common elements in all phases of mental health care; 11 the treatment of first episode; 24 the crisis treatment; 41 the recovery promotion; 13 the urgency, including management of violent behaviours and fast soothing. After a pilot study conducted in 2 community mental health services, the indicators were tested in 19 Italian Departments of Mental Health, to obtain a self-evaluation of the quality of care and to verify the application of NICE recommendations in the clinical routine of these Services. Data for the self-evaluation have been obtained from the DSM'ls psychiatric informative system and from the Direction of the local health authorities or of the DSM. Moreover, for some indicators, information has been gathered from the clinical records, and by means of questionnaires administered to a sample of patients and relatives. Finally, “multidisciplinary” (i.e. involving different types of professionals) or “specialized” (i.e. involving only psychiatrists) focus groups have assessed the degree of similarity between practice and recommendation for 33 indicators. Finally, the focus group methodology has been applied in all services with the aim to judge the appropriateness of each NICE recommendation in the context of the Italian Departments of Mental Health.Results and Conclusions– Most NICE recommendations have been considered useful and appropriated to measure quality of care in the context of the Italian services. The SIEP indicators have been easily used by the services participating in the DIRECT's Project. The self-evaluation process has provided several data of great relevance to improve the quality of care for schizophrenia and implement clinical guidelines in Italy.

Declaration of Interest: None.
Language disturbances in schizophrenia
Authors: Bellani Marcella , Perlini Cinzia , Brambilla Paolo
Published: April 2019

Language disturbances represent a core feature of schizophrenia, affecting social interactions and quality of life. Here we summarize linguistic and pragmatic deficits and illustrate the role of brain imaging studies in delineating the neural substrates of language deficits in patients with schizophrenia.
Seasonal affective disorder and latitude of living
Authors: Brancaleoni Greta , Nikitenkova Elena , Grassi Luigi , Hansen Vidje
Published: April 2019

Aim – Since the importance of latitude of living for the prevalence of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is unclear, the study aims to test the latitude hypothesis by comparing SAD in two rather similar groups of students living at latitudes far apart. Methods – Two groups of students, 199 in Tromsø, Norway (690 N) and 188 in Ferrara, Italy (440 N) were asked to fill in the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire. Results – Global Seasonality score (GS-score) was significantly higher in Italian than in Norwegian students, in females and in students with sleeping-problems. Norwegian students had significantly higher SAD prevalence in winter and in spring. Most people in both countries felt worst in October and November, and the prevalence of Autumn SAD was not significantly different between the two countries. Conclusions – The hypothesis that SAD is linked to amount of environmental light and latitude of living was not supported.

Declaration of Interest: The study was fully financed by the University of Tromsø and the University Hospital North Norway, and there are no conflicts of interests.
The contribution of epidemiology to defining the most appropriate approach to genetic research on schizophrenia
Authors: Tosato Sarah , Lasalvia Antonio
Published: April 2019

Psychosis is thought to have a strong genetic component, but many efforts to discover the underlying putative schizophrenia genes have yielded disappointing results. In fact, no strong associations emerged in the first genome-wide association studies in psychiatry and weakly observed associations were not related to the candidate genes identified in previous studies. These partially successful findings may be explained by the fact that genetic research in psychiatry suffers from confounding issues related to phenotype definition, the considerable degree of phenotypic variability and diagnostic uncertainty, absence of specific neuropathological features and environmental influences. To make progress it is first necessary to deconstruct psychosis based on symptomatology, and then to correlate particular phenotypes with genetic variants. Moreover, it is time to conduct studies that define persistent aspects of the schizophrenic profile that are more likely to represent an underlying biological pathogenesis, as opposed to fluctuating symptoms that are possibly environmentally mediated. In fact, progress in understanding the etiology of schizophrenia will depend upon the availability of good measures of genetic liability as well as relevant environmental exposures during critical periods of an individual's life. If environmental and/or genetic factors are not precisely measured, it is impossible to study their independent effects or interactions.
Dissecting the many genetic faces of schizophrenia
Authors: Rujescu Dan , Collier David A.
Published: April 2019

Recent genome-wide association studies in schizophrenia have provided strongest evidence for association and this strengthened when the affected phenotype included bipolar disorder suggesting that genes may not always associate with operationalised diagnostic entities. Several further large Genome Wide Association (GWA) studies on schizophrenia are under way and identified and replicated further loci in well-powered cohorts. The last 2 years have also witnessed an explosion of interest in human Copy Number Variants (CNVs). Deletions recently identified in schizophrenia (1q21.1; 2p16.3; 15q11.2; 15q13.3) have also been most recently found in further neurodevelopmental diseases. Thus, a significant fraction of individuals with neurodevelopmental diseases including schizophrenia carry CNVs and many will be defined as “genomic disorders” in the coming years. These findings could represent a decisive step towards understanding the causes of this severe mental disorder as well as developing new potential treatments. There is new hope that these new avenues will help understanding the neurobiology of schizophrenia in more depth leading to the development of new innovative diagnostic tools and therapies as was the case after the discovery of rare APP and presenilin 1 and 2 mutations in Alzheimer's disease.
Drug attitude and subjective well-being in antipsychotic treatment monotherapy in real-world settings
Authors: Balestrieri Matteo , Sciascio Guido Di , Isola Miriam , Lomonaco Emanuele , Maso Elisa , Merli Roberto , Calò Salvatore , Bellantuono Cesario
Published: April 2019

Aims– To assess using two well-know scales (DAI-30 and SWN) the drug attitude and subjective well-being of patients treated with haloperidol or second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) in four different Italian communities.Methods– The sample included 145 patients taking five different antipsychotics (APs) in mono-therapy: haloperidol, clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine. A stepwise multiple regression analysis (SMRA) was used to analyse the contribution of different AP treatments and of other predictors to SWN and DAI-30 scores. Results – Univariate analyses showed no differences in DAI-30 and SWN scores across treatments. The SMRA showed that SWN scores were negatively correlated with the severity of the psychoses (BPRS scores), while the DAI-30 scores were negatively correlated with the severity of the psychoses and positively correlated both with the length of drug treatment and with the use of olanzapine. Conclusions – Our study does not confirm a better drug attitude in patients treated with SGA with respect to haloperidol. The only partial exception is the better performance of olanzapine over haloperidol on DAI-30, which could be due to the lower use of anticholinergic drugs during olanzapine treatment. The differences between the SWN and DAI-30 may give good reason for the use of both instruments during AP treatments.

Declarationof Interest: No grants have been received for this study. In the last two years: Matteo Balestrieri has received grants from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, BMS, Janssen-Cilag, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Innova-Pharma, Pfizer, Bristol, Abbott, Lundbeck; Guido Di Sciascio has received grants from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, BMS, Janssen-Cilag, Sanofi-Aventis, Wyeth, Boehringer- Ingelheim; Elisa Maso has received grants from Pfizer; Cesario Bellantuono has received grants from Eli Lilly, BMS, Boehringer- Ingelheim, Innova-Pharma, Italfarmaco; The other authors have not received any grants in the last two years.
Per una storia dell'affidamento dei malati psichiatrici alle famiglie: Towards a history of the family care of psychiatric patients
Authors: Guarnieri Patrizia
Published: April 2019

Inserting adults with psychic problems into families has recently been practiced in various European countries and also in Italy, where some mental health departments support such families. Beyond the well known story of Gheel, the etero and omofamily care of psychiatric patients has a forgotten history. Methods – On the basis of unexplored and exceptionally rich sources from the archives of the asylums in Florence, as well as of the Province di Florence, which funded assistance to the mentally ill – this research focuses on the subsidized “domestic custody” of hundreds of psychiatric patients, who had already been institutionalized. Beginning in 1866, outboarding was supported by the provincial administration in Florence with the collaboration of the asylum medical direction. Results – In the late 19th C. and in the early 20th C. prestigious psychiatrists sought alternatives to the institutionalisation. These alternatives involved varied participants in a community (the patients and their families, the administrators and the medical specialists, the neighborhood and the police). The families played a special role that historians of the psychiatry exclusively dedicated to the insane asylums have not really seen. Conclusions – The role of the families in the interaction with the psychiatric staff is not, even on a historiographical level, simply an additional and marginal chapter of the practices and of the culture of the mental health. These archival evidence contradicts some common places on the past of the Italian psychiatry before 1978, and provokes new reflections of possible relevance to the present.
Developing mental health services in response to research evidence
Authors: Killaspy Helen , Johnson Sonia , King Michael , Bebbington Paul
Published: April 2019

Over the last thirty to forty years, psychiatric care in England has relocated from hospital-based settings to community mental health teams (CMHTs) and supported accommodation. Since the 1980s, two forms of intensive home based treatment have evolved in addition to CMHTS, assertive community treatment (ACT) and crisis resolution teams (CRTs). On the basis of evidence for their efficacy in the US and other countries, they have been implemented across England through the Government's National Service Framework for Mental Health. This paper describes this evidence and the first UK studies that were carried out to evaluate these newly implemented services.Methods– Descriptions of the evaluations of ACT and CRTs in the inner London boroughs of Camden and Islington.Results– The implementation of CRTs in North London were associated with reduced use of inpatient services, but the ACT teams were not. Both types of team were associated with greater patient satisfaction with services and the ACTs were better able to engage patients than CMHTs.Conclusions– The authors comment on the implications of the findings for service planners in terms of the difficulties in implementing innovative approaches based on the best available evidence when it originates outside the local context.

Declaration of Interest:These studies were funded by Camden and Islington Health Authority, the King's Fund and the Department of Health.
Loss to follow-up in longitudinal psychiatric research
Authors: Eichler Tilly , Schützwohl Matthias , Priebe Stefan , Wright Donna , Adamowski Tomasz , Rymaszewska Joanna , Nawka Petr , Ocvár Ladislav , Kitzlerova Eva , Raboch Jiri , Kallert Thomas W.
Published: April 2019

Aims – To analyse factors that differentiate patients who attend follow-up assessments versus those who do not, and to identify predictors for drop-out within the context of the European Day Hospital Evaluation Study (EDEN-Study). Methods – The EDEN-Study, a multi-center RCT comparing acute psychiatric day care with inpatient care, required re-assessment of patients at discharge, 3 and 12 months after discharge. Follow-up rates varied between 54.0% and 99.5%. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who did and did not attend follow-up were analysed using uni- and multivariate statistical methods. Results – Univariate analyses showed differences between patients regarding study site, treatment setting, living situation, employment, age, psychopathological symptoms and treatment satisfaction. They were not confirmed in multivariate analyses thus meaningful predictors of drop-out could not be identified. Conclusions – Results emphasize the general need to compare patients re-assessed and not re-assessed in terms of their most relevant socio-demographic and clinical variables to assess the generalizability of results.

Declaration of Interest: EDEN (Psychiatric day hospital treatment: An alternative to inpatient treatment, being cost-effective and minimizing post-treatment needs for care? An evaluative study in European countries with different care systems) was funded by the European Commission (Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources Programme: QLG4-CT-2000-01700). Additional national grants supporting the project were provided by Roland-Ernst-Stiftung für Gesundheitswesen and the Faculty of Medicine at the Dresden University of Technology, the National Health Service Executive Organization and Management Programme, the Polish National Committee of Scientific Affairs, and the Slovak Ministry of Education. Pfizer Pharmaceutical Company supported travel and accommodation for EDEN project meetings.
Unless Reasoning
Authors: García-Madruga Juan A. , Carriedo Nuria , Moreno-Ríos Sergio , Gutiérrez Francisco , Schaeken Walter
Published: April 2019

We report the results of two experiments investigating conditional inferences from conditionalunlessassertions, such asJuan is not in León unless Nuria is in Madrid. Experiments 1 and 2 check Fillenbaum's hypothesis about the semantic similarity ofunlesswithif notandonly ifassertions; both also examine inferential endorsements (Experiment 1) and endorsements and latencies (Experiment 2) of the four logically equivalent conditional formulations:if A then B, if not-B then not-A, A only if Bandnot-A unless B. The results of these experiments show the similarity ofunlessandonly if, confirming that the representation of both conditionals from the outset probably include two possibilities directionally oriented from B to A; results also confirm the especial difficulty ofunlessassertions. The implications of the results are discussed in the context of recent psychological and linguistic theories of the meaning ofunless.
Personality, Cognitive Appraisal and Adjustment in Chronic Pain Patients
Authors: Herrero Ana Mª , Ramírez-Maestre Carmen , González Vanessa
Published: April 2019

This study investigated the relationship between clinical personality patterns and cognitive appraisal as well as their repercussions on adjustment to chronic pain in a sample of 91 patients. It was predicted that clinical personality patterns would be related to adjustment and cognitive appraisal processes, whereas cognitive appraisals would be related to anxiety, depression and levels of perceived pain. The instruments used were as follows: the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, the Cognitive Appraisal Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the Mann Whitney U-test were used to analyse the data obtained. The results show that certain clinical personality patterns were associated with poor adjustment to chronic pain. The use of cognitive appraisal of harm predicted higher anxiety levels and greater perceived pain in chronic pain patients. The use of cognitive appraisals of challenge predicted lower depression levels.
A Comparison of the Peers Method and Traditional Methodologies, and Risk Behaviors in Studies of the Prevalence of Drug Consumption in a Population of Female, Chilean Students
Authors: Jorge Rodríguez T. , Ana Maria Fernández , Macarena Valdés C. , Enrique Hernández A. , Sergio Ramírez P. , América Román Q.
Published: April 2019

The present study investigates drug consumption and risk behaviors among female students between 8th and 12th grade in two communities in the city of Santiago, Chile. Based on studies of university populations, we hypothesize that the students' reports of their consumption of licit drugs will tend to be consistent with their actual use of said drugs using two methods to investigate consumption, while their consumption of illicit drugs will be susceptible, and will tend to be under-reported when evaluated through traditional self-report measures. In order to compare the two methods, a cross-sectional study was designed that would compare reported drug consumption, first using the peers method, and then by means of traditional self-report in a group of 350 students. The results show that women's reports of licit drug consumption converge using the two methods, while as earlier suggested, women's illicit drug consumption was found to be under-reported when traditional methodologies were used.
Family Perceptions and Coping Strategies in Cases of Intersexuality: Understanding their Significance
Authors: Moara de Medeiros Rocha Santos , Tereza Cristina Cavalcanti Ferreira de Araujo
Published: April 2019

Considering that the intersexual condition has a negative impact on the individual, their family, and society, health professionals and researchers have dedicated themselves to studying and assisting families faced with such an experience. The purpose of this study is to describe and understand the perceptions of primary caregivers regarding intersexuality and its developmental aspects. Six mothers and one grandmother of school age children were interviewed. The data indicated that living with the stigma of intersexuality can mean a permanent state of crisis within the family system. Issues such as guilt about the child's suffering and questions related to the choice of gender follow the family from the moment of diagnosis. It is suggested that the therapeutic follow-up should foster the necessary conditions for the family group to be organized as a model of competence, replacing the model of guilt.
Psychometric Properties of the Reynolds Child Depression Scale in Community and Clinical Samples
Authors: Masip Anna Figueras , Campos Juan Antonio Amador , Olmos Joan Guàrdia
Published: April 2019

The factor structure of the Reynolds Child Depression Scale (RCDS; Reynolds, 1989), analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis and the scale's psychometric characteristics in a sample of 315 participants (140 boys and 175 girls) and a clinical sample of 62 participants (37 boys and 25 girls) between 10 and 12 years old, are presented. Two models are tested with confirmatory factor analysis: a one-factor model and a five-factor model. Both models show a good fit, but the one-factor model was chosen because it is the most parsimonious. The reliability coefficient ranged from .87 (at test) to .89 (at retest) in the community sample, and was .90 in the clinical sample (at test). Test-retest reliability was .66 in the community sample. Concurrent validity with other self-reports that measure depressive symptomatology was high, both in the community sample (.76) and the clinical sample (.71). There were no significant sex differences but there were differences due to age (school grade).
The Structure of Bryant's Empathy Index for Children: A Cross-Validation Study
Authors: Aristu Amaia Lasa , Tello Francisco Pablo Holgado , Ortiz Miguel Ángel Carrasco , Gándara María Victoria del Barrio
Published: April 2019

The present study examined the structure of Bryant's Empathy Index (BEI) using different samples for conducting exploratory and confirmatory analyses. The BEI was administered to a sample of 2,714 children (mean age 11.12, SD = 1.59). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed a three-factor structure: Feelings of Sadness, Understanding Feelings and Tearful Reaction. The results revealed both the multidimensionality of the instrument and appropriate fit indices for the model proposed. Although these results were very similar to those reported in other studies with a Spanish population, the analyses were conducted in a more robust way: with a larger sample and using polychoric correlations and cross validation estimation.
Otherness in Interior Identity: A Reflection about the Freudian Concepts of Unconscious, Superego, and Id
Authors: Moreira Jacqueline de Oliveira
Published: April 2019

Theoretical, psychoanalytical constructs referring to the unconscious, the superego, and id, enjoy an autonomy within the I. As such, this study contemplates the discussion of these foreign entities that inhabit the interior of the I, producing an effect of foreignness. In the first section, I will develop a reflection on the state of foreignness of the unconscious. I will begin with an analogy used by Freud, which addresses the thesis of universality of consciousness with the psychoanalytical thesis of the subconscience within the I. Affirmation of consciousness in the other may be used analogously for affirm the idea of another inhabiting our own being. I shall continue, seeking to understand how the process of unconscious repression produces the effect of foreignness. The idea of a moral censor present in the entity of the superego constitutes the theme of the second section. The superego follows the principle of otherness in its constitution and in its effects on the I. Finally, a reflection on the dimension of otherness in the Id seems urgent to me, as with this concept, Freud radicalized in the idea of the foreign as the origin of the subject.
What Next? Shostakovich's Sixth Symphony as Sequel and Prequel
Authors: MORRISON SIMON
Published: April 2019

For Dmitri Shostakovich, reaching the heights of the Soviet musical establishment proved easier than staying there. He triumphed with his Fifth Symphony of 1937, which marked the composer's return to official favour after the denunciation of his second opera and third ballet. Following that success, Shostakovich faced the problem of the sequel: whether or not, in the Sixth Symphony, to repeat, refute, or re-inscribe. I propose Shostakovich first thought about going big with his new project, composing a grand text-based score about Lenin, and then considered going small, grounding the first movement in folk fare and mixing light genres in the others. But in the end, he chose a more experimental approach. The Sixth Symphony collapses boundaries, both semantic and syntactic, pulling them back from a fixed state into a play of possibilities.
KNOWLEDGE, SUFFERING AND THE PERFORMANCE OF WISDOM IN SOLON'SELEGY TO THE MUSESAND THE BABYLONIANPOEM OF THE RIGHTEOUS SUFFERER
Authors: Johnston Alexandre
Published: April 2019

This article offers a comparative reading of Solon'sElegy to the Muses(fragment 13 West) and the BabylonianPoem of the Righteous Sufferer, focusing on the interplay of literary form and theological content. It argues that in both poems, shifts in the identity and perspective of the poetic voice enable the speaker to act out, or perform, a particular vision of humanity and its relationship with the divine. The comparative analysis improves our understanding of both texts, showing for instance that Solon's elegy is a highly sophisticated attempt to articulate a coherent vision of divine justice and the human condition. It also sheds light on the particular modes in which ancient literature and theology interact in different contexts, and how this interaction could affect audiences.
Venöse Thromboembolie – Update 2019
Authors: Werth Sebastian
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung. Durch die Implikation von neuen Diagnosealgorithmen in unserem klinischen Alltag, wurden die diagnostische Sicherheit insbesondere beim Ausschluss von venösen Thromboembolien (VTE) so vereinfacht, dass auch der Hausarzt bereits eine venöse Thromboembolie mit hinreichender Sicherheit ausschliessen kann. Die Einführung von Risikoscores kann helfen bei Patienten mit bestätigter Diagnose die Patienten herauszufiltern, die besonders gefährdet sind, um diese einer genaueren Überwachung zuzuführen. Dahingegen nimmt die Ambulantisierung von Patienten mit Lungenarterienembolie im Niedrig-Risiko-Bereich deutlich zu. Mit der Einführung der neuen oralen Antikoagulantien (NOAK) ist die Therapie dieser Patienten deutlich vereinfacht worden, zudem konnte das Risiko für schwere Blutungen im Vergleich zu den Vitamin-K-Antagonisten deutlich gesenkt werden. Für die Patienten mit paraneoplastischen VTEs stellen die NOAKs in Zukunft ebenfalls eine Option dar, welche in Studien noch genauer validiert werden muss. Aufgrund des niedrigen Blutungsrisikos von den NOAKs in der prophylaktischen Dosierung wird der Anteil der Patienten, die einer verlängerten Sekundärprophylaxe zugeführt werden, zukünftig weiter steigen und somit das Risiko für VTE-Rezidive gesenkt werden.