bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hubungan Perilaku Merokok dengan Tingkat Konsentrasi pada Sopir Bus di Terminal Tirtonadi Surakarta
Authors: Setiawan Candra Dwi , Susilowati Tri , Hermawati Hermawati
Published: December 2022

Latar belakang: Merokok merupakan masalah yang sulit ditemukan solusinya dan terus berkembang di Indonesia.Jumlah perokok di Indonesia mencapai 62.800.000 jiwa. Merokok mempunyai keunikan yaitu meredakan kecemasan , menimbulkan perasaan nikmat. Dampak negatif dari merokok salah satunya adalah menurunkan konsentrasi. Sopir bus banyak menghabiskan waktu bekerjanya dengan duduk, sehingga merokok dijadikan kebiasaan untuk menghilangkan rasa jenuh dan rasa mengantuk ketika   mengemudi.   Karena   rokok mengandung nikotin yang dapat mengacaukan pola tidur dan membuat penggunanya selalu terjaga. Tujuan: Mengetahui apakah ada hubungan antara perilaku merokok dengan tingkat konsentrasi pada sopir bus di terminal Tirtonadi Surakarta. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan metode  analitik,  teknik pengambilan data dengan quota  sampling,  sampel 93 responden, analisis data menggunakan uji Kendall’s tau dengan nilai signifikansi p < 0,05. Hasil: Penelitian ini didapatkan hasil perilaku merokok sopir bus di Terminal Tirtonadi Surakarta sebagian besar dalam kategori perokok sedang (50,5%), tingkat konsentrasi sopir bus sebagian besar dalam kategori kurang (45,2%), dan hasil uji kendall’s tau didapatkan hasil (p = 0,085). Kesimpulan: Tidak ada hubungan antara perilaku merokok dengan tingkat konsentrasi sopir bus di terminal Tirtonadi Surakarta.
Pengaruh Relaksasi Napas Dalam terhadap Penurunan Kecemasan Pasien Hemodialisis di Klinik Hemodialisis PMI Surakarta
Authors: Puspitasari Diyah , Mursudarinah Mursudarinah , Hermawati Hermawati
Published: December 2022

Latar Belakang; Gagal Ginjal Kronik (GGK) merupakan gagalnya fungsi ginjal untuk mempertahankan metabolisme keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit akibat kerusakan struktur ginjal yang progresif dengan adanya penumpukan sisa metabolik didalam darah. Terapi hemodialisis menjadi pilihan utama pengganti fungsi ginjal, hemodialis menimbulkan kecemasan bagi pasien yang menjalani hemodialisis. Relaksasi napas dalam merupakan terapi nonfarmakologi untuk menurunkan ketegangan pada otot sehingga dapat menurunkan cemas. Tujuan; Mengetahui pengaruh relaksasi napas dalam terhadap penurunan kecemasan pasien hemodialisis di Klinik Hemodialisis PMI Surakarta. Metode; jenis penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan metode pre-experimental design dengan rancangan one group pretest and posttest design Populasi penelitian adalah pasien hemodialisis di Klinik Hemodialisis PMI Surakarta. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 35 responden yang ditentukan dengan teknik kuota sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan HARS (Hamilton Rating Scale of Anxiety) dan analisis data menggunakan uji Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Hasil: Hasil uji Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test diperoleh nilai signifikansi (p-value) 0,000 sehingga terdapat perbedaan kecemasan sebelum dan sesudah pemberian relaksasi napas dalam pada pasien hemodialisis di Klinik Hemodialisis PMI Surakarta. Kesimpulan; adanya pengaruh antara pemberian relaksasi napas dalam terhadap kecemasan pasien hemodialisis di Klinik Hemodialisis PMI Surakarta.
Personal Sosial Anak Pre School di PAUD Fullday dan Reguler di Wilayah Surakarta
Authors: Hartutik Sri , Arista Avi , Andriyani Annisa
Published: December 2022

Latar Belakang: Masa usia dini adalah masa keemasan , masa ini merupakan masa terbaik dalam proses belajar yang hanya sekali dan tidak pernah terulang kembali. Hal yang terpenting dalam perkembangan anak ialah perkembangan sikap sosialnya. Likungan sangat berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan personal sosialnya. Lingkungan sangat berpengaruh terhadap personal sosial anak. Anak yang mendapatkan stimulasi yang terarah dan teratur akan berkembang dengan baik, salah satunya pada pendidikan prasekolah seperti pendidikan anak usia dini (PAUD). PAUD dilihat dari jenisnya dibedakan menjadi PAUD fullday dan PAUD regular. Metode: observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional yang membandingkan anak yang sekolah di PAUD full day dan PAUD regular. Sampel terdiri dari 68 anak yang sekolah di PAUD full day dan 97 anak yang sekolah di PAUD regular di Surakarta. Teknik pengambilan sempel secara simple random sampling. Metode pengumpulan data dengan tes Denver. Hasil: Setelah dilakukan analisis data menggunakan uji Mann Whitney didapatkan nilai p<0.005 (p<0.005) untuk perkembangan personal social Kesimpulan: Perkembangan personal sosial anak yang sekolah di PAUF fullday lebih baik dari pada anak yang sekolah di PAUD regular.
Gambaran Tingkat Stres pada Remaja yang Bermain Game Online di Desa Kentong Kecamatan Cepu
Authors: Hati Windha Ellyana Kusuma , Nurrohmah Anjar , Gati Norman Wijaya
Published: December 2022

Latar Belakang: Stres adalah suatu reaksi fisik dan psikis terhadap setiap tuntutan yang menyebabkan ketegangan dan mengganggu stabilitas kehidupan sehari-hari. Faktor pemicu stres pada remaja adalah stres akademik. Stres akademik dikarenakan lamanya belajar di Sekolah, banyaknya tugas dan kecemasan dalam menghadapi ujian. Salah satu cara yang dilakukan remaja untuk mengatasi stres akademik berupa bermain game online. Tujuan: untuk mendeskripsikan tingkat stres yang terjadi pada remaja yang bermain game online di Desa Kentong Kecamatan Cepu. Metode: Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian deskriptif, teknik pengambilan data menggunakan Total Sampling, sampel 64 responden, instrumen penelitian kuisioner. Hasil: hasil analisis univariate di ketahui tingkat stres sedang pada remaja terhadap game online 14 orang (21.9%), tingkat stres ringan pada remaja laki-laki dengan usia 13-15 tahun 13 orang (100.0%), tingkat stres ringan pada remaja laki-laki 13 orang (100.0%), tingkat stres sangat berat pada remaja dengan lamanya bermain game online selama 21- 30 jam dalam seminggu 8 orang (61.5%). Kesimpulan: gambaran tingkat stres sedang pada remaja terhadap game online, tingkat stres ringan pada laki-laki dan usia remaja 13-15 tahun, tingkat stres sangat berat pada remaja dengan lamanya bermain game online selama 21-30 jam dalam seminggu.
Hubungan Tingkat Kebugaran dengan Lama Persalinan Kala I di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sibela Surakarta
Authors: Ratnasari Dewi , Andriyani Annisa , Hermawati Hermawati
Published: December 2022

Latar Belakang: Persalinan adalah proses pergerakan keluarnya janin, plasenta, membran dari dalam rahim melalui jalan lahir. Proses persalinan bisa terjadi lama dan sulit yang mengakibatkan komplikasi pada ibu dan bayi. Penyebab kematian ibu juga dapat terjadi karena pendaran, eklamsi, infeksi, partus lama, abortus. Kebugaran jasmani diperlukan saat persalinan untuk menjaga intensitas dan kekuatan otot menjadi lebih baik. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat kebugaran dengan lama persalinan kala I. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah analitik observasional. Populasi penelitian adalah ibu hamil TM III pada Januari-April 2018 sebanyak 55 responden dengan teknik sampling accidental sampling. Teknik analisa menggunakan analisis univariat dan analisis bivariat. Hasil: 1) sebagian besar ibu hamil mempunyai tingkat kebugaran kurang sekali sebanyak 30 responden (85,7%); 2) sebagian besar ibu hamil mempunyai lama persalinan kala I tergolong normal (4-16 jam) sebanyak 32 responden (91,4%); dan ada hubungan signifikan antara tingkat kebugaran ibu hamil dengan lama persalinan kala I (P value 0,003). Kesimpulan: ada hubungan signifikan anatara tingkat kebugaran ibu hamil dengan lama persalinan kala I.
Hubungan Intensitas Penggunaan Gadget terhadap Status Gizi pada Siswa SMK Batik 2 Surakarta
Authors: Haryanti Rosalia Tri , Susilowati Tri , Sari Irma Mustika
Published: December 2022

Latar Belakang : Persentase gadget remaja SMA Kota Solo usia 14-19 tahun persentasenya sebesar 32%. Intensitas penggunaan gadget merupakan salah satu hal yang termasuk dalam faktor tidak langsung yang mempengaruhi status gizi. Apabila semakin tinggi intensitas penggunaan gadget maka kecenderungan indeks massa tubuh semakin tinggi. Hal ini disebabkan karena individu melakukan intensitas penggunaan gadget hanya dengan berdiri, duduk, atau berbaring sehingga terjadi ketidakseimbangan antara energi yang masuk dan energi yang keluar. Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui intensitas penggunaan gadget terhadap status gizi pada siswa SMK Batik 2 Surakarta. Metode Penelitian : Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Hasil : Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh dari 89 siswa dengan intensitas penggunaan gadget tinggi sebanyak 74 siswa (83,1%) dengan kategori status gizi normal sebanyak 52 siswa (58,4%). Hasil dari uji Spearman Rank Correlation di dapatkan hasil nilai p value sebesar value sebesar <0,05. Hal ini menunjukkan ada hubungan intensitas penggunaan gadgetterhadap status gizi pada siswa SMK Batik 2 Surakarta. Kesimpulan : Ada hubungan intensitas penggunaan gadget terhadap status gizi pada siswa SMK Batik 2 Surakarta. Pihak keluarga maupun sekolah lebih memperhatikan anak dalam menggunakan gatget.
Penerapan Terapi Genggam Jari dan Nafas Dalam untuk Menurunkan Tekanan Darah pada Lansia Penderita Hipertensi
Authors: Nur Fadhilah Gilang , Maryatun Maryatun
Published: December 2022

Latar belakang: Hipertensi adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh tekanan darah di atas normal secara terus-menerus, tekanan darah sistolik di atas 140 mmHg dan tekanan darah diastolik di atas 90 mmHg setelah dua pengukuran terpisah. Terapi genggam jari adalah bagian dari teknik Jin Shin Jyutsu, yang sederhana dan mudah dilakukan oleh siapa saja karena melibatkan jari dan pernapasan. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan tekanan darah sebelum dan sesudah penerapan relaksasi genggam jari dan nafas dalam untuk menurunkan tekanan darah. Metode: Pengobatan hipertensi dengan finger therapy dilakukan pada 2 lansia dengan metode penelitian pre-experimental dengan single group pretest-posttest design. Ini adalah penelitian yang dilakukan sedemikian rupa sehingga variabel diamati terlebih dahulu sebelum perlakuan (pre-test) dan diukur kembali setelah perlakuan (post-test). Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan cara analisa deskriptif. Analisa deskriptif adalah suatu prosedur pengolahan data dengan menggambarkan atau meringkas data secara ilmiah dalam bentuk tabel. Hasil: Pengobatan hipertensi dengan terapi jari dan nafas dilakukan selama 6 kali dalam 2 kali sehari. Perawatan ini dilakukan selama 3 hari, perawatan dilakukan selama 30 menit dalam satu kali pertemuan. Perawatan ini dapat menurunkan tekanan darah pasien. Kesimpulan: Terapi genggam jari dan tarik nafas dalam dapat menurunkan tekanan darah tinggi pada lansia penderita hipertensi.
Hubungan Dukungan Keluarga terhadap Kepatuhan Minum Obat pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus di RSUD Sawah Besar Jakarta Tahun 2022
Authors: Siregar Henrianto Karolus , Siregar Sri Wahyuni
Published: December 2022

Latar Belakang: Terganggunya fungsi hormon insulin merupakan penyebab yang paling sering dialami penderita diabetes mellitus. Hal ini dapat menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan dan komplikasi akibat penyakit diabetes mellitus seperti penyakit kardiovaskuler, kegagalan kronis ginjal, kerusakan retina, kerusakan saraf, dan komplikasi kaki. Tujuan: penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan dukungan keluarga terhadap kepatuhan minum obat pada penderita diabetes mellitus di RSUD Sawah Besar Jakarta Tahun 2022. Metode: Desain penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah menggunakan desain metode penelitian survey analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh pasien yang menjalani pengobatan penyakit diabetes mellitus yang berjumlah 155 orang. Pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah consecutive sampling, dimana semua subjek penelitian yang datang dan memenuhi kriteria pemilihan diikutsertakan dalam penelitian sampai jumlah subjek penelitian yang dibutuhkan terpenuhi sebanyak 30 responden. Hasil : Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di RSUD Sawah Besar Jakarta tahun 2022 dengan menggunakan uji Chi square bahwa ada hubungan dukungan keluarga terhadap kepatuhan minum obat pada penderita diabetes mellitus dengan nilai p-value 0,004. Simpulan: hal ini membuktikan bahwa ada hubungan dukungan keluarga terhadap kepatuhan minum obat pada pasien diabetes mellitus. Disarankan kepada pasien diabetes mellitus untuk selalu meminta dukungan pada keluarga dalam melakukan pengobatan.
Gambaran Burnout Syndrome Perawat pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19 di Rumah Sakit PKU Muhammadiyah Sragen
Authors: Dewi Putri Sari , Silvitasari Ika
Published: December 2022

Latar belakang : Kasus burnout meningkat pada masa pandemi COVID-19, terdapat peningkatan sebanyak sebesar 39% dan penurunan kinerja sebesar 20% selama pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian belum pernah dilakukan di RS PKU Muhammadiyah oleh karena itu peneliti melakukan penelitian mengenai gambaran burnout di PKU Muhammadiyah Sragen. Tujuan : Mengklasifikasikan tingkat burnout pada Perawat di Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Sragen selama masa pandemi COVID-19. Metode : Penelitian descriptive survey, teknik pengambilan sampel total sampling dengan kriteria inklusi yaitu (1) Perawat pelaksana (2) bersedia menjadi responden (3) masa kerja > 1 bulan, dan kriteria ekslusi diantaranya (1) Perawat dalam masa cuti (2) tidak sehat. populasi 65  perawat, sampel 65 responden, instrumen penelitian kuisioner MBI-HSS (Maslach Burnout Inventory Human service survey). Analisa data univariat. Hasil : Hasil penelitian menunjukan mayoritas responden mengalami burnout tingkat sedang yaitu sebanyak 35 responden (38.5%), berusia 20-29 sebanyak 34 (52.3%), berjenis kelamin perempuan sebanyak 53 responden (81.5%) pendidikan terakhir DIII Keperawatan sebanyak 55 responden (84.6%), berstatus menikah sebanyak 57 responden (87.7%), dengan masa kerja1-10 tahun sebanyak 56 responden (86.4%). Kesimpulan Mayoritas tingkat burnout responden mengalami burnout sedang yaitu sebanyak 35 responden (38.5%). Kesimpulan : Burnout dapat dicegah dengan mengubah lingkungan sekitarnya, termasuk faktor-faktor individual dan interpersonal yang terdapat didalamnya.
ULAMA, AL WASHLIYAH AND KNOWLEDGE IN MODERN INDONESIA (1930-1980)
Authors: Ja'far Ja'far
Published: December 2022

Abstrak: Artikel ini mengkaji peran ulama Al Washliyah dalam pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan di Indonesia. Studi ini merupakan studi kepustakaan, dengan menerapkan model penelitian sejarah Kuntowijoyo. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan historis dan filosofis, dengan analisis teori al-Attas tentang klasifikasi ilmu. Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk menemukan ulama-ulama Al Washliyah dalam rentang tahun 1930 sampai 1980 yang berperan penting dalam mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan di Indonesia. Studi ini mengajukan argumen bahwa ulama-ulama Al Washliyah telah mengambil peran penting dalam mengembangkan dua jenis ilmu, yaitu ilmu-ilmu religius; dan juga ilmu-ilmu rasional, intelektual dan filosofis, meskipun perhatian mereka lebih banyak ditujukan pada jenis ilmu yang pertama. Karya-karya mereka meliputi bidang Alquran, al-sunnah, al-syariah, teologi, metafisika Islam (tasawuf), ilmu-ilmu linguistik, perbandingan agama, kebudayaan dan peradaban Barat, dan sejarah Islam. Mereka menulis dengan menggunakan aksara Latin (bahasa Indonesia), aksara Arab (bahasa Arab) dan aksara Jawi (Arab Melayu). Karya-karya ulama Al Washliyah telah menjadi referensi bagi murid-murid mereka dan juga kaum Muslim di Sumatera Timur dan Aceh. Sebagian dari karya mereka masih terus menjadi buku daras di sejumlah madrasah. Ini menunjukkan bahwa karya-karya mereka masih diminati sebagai bukti bahwa pengaruh ulama-ulama Al Washliyah masih terasa.
 
Abstract: This article examines the role of Al Washliyah scholars in the development of knowledge in Indonesia. This study is a literature study, by applying Kuntowijoyo’s model, and utilizing historical and philosophical approach. Al-Attas' theory of the classification of knowledge will be used as a tool to analyze the topic of this study. The aim of this study is to find Al Washliyah scholars from 1930 to 1980 who played an important role in developing knowledge in Indonesia. This study argues that Al Washliyah scholars have taken an important role in developing two types of knowledge, namely religious sciences; as well as the rational, intellectual and philosophical sciences, although their attention is more directed to the former. Their works cover the fields of the Qur’an, sunnah, shariah, theology, Islamic metaphysics (tasawuf), linguistics, comparative religion, philosophy, and history. They wrote using Latin script (Indonesian), Arabic script (Arabic) and Jawi script (Malay Arabic). The works of Al Washliyah scholars have become a reference for their students and Muslims in East Sumatra and Aceh. Some of their works are still used as textbooks in a number of madrasas. This shows that their works are still in demand as proof that the influence of Al Washliyah scholars left an important mark.

Keywords: ulama, Al Washliyah, classification of knowledge, religious sciences, rational sciences
ANALISIS HUKUM UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 8 TAHUN 2011 PASAL 10 AYAT 1 TENTANG PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI YANG BERSIFAT FINAL
Authors: sugara abi
Published: December 2022

The Constitutional Court is one of the institutions of judicial power that has the authority to adjudicate cases and also resolve cases from the first level to the last level. the decision has been issued by the constitutional court, the decision has no further legal continuation, that's why the law gives the constitutional court four powers to become one of the institutions that can enforce law and justice in Indonesia and the four powers are: 1) examine UUD 1945 2) decide on an authority dispute between state institutions whose authority has been granted by the state based on the 1945 Constitution 3) decide on the dissolution of political parties 4) decide on disputes over election results, a decision if it has been issued by the constitutional court, the decision is final and also binding so that in this case it causes a positive impact and also a negative impact in the decision, this study has the aim of knowing the meaning and significance of the final decision and what the impact of the decision of the constitutional court which is final and binding, this type of research is juridical normative legal research, namely research with data collection techniques from books, journals or articles and also theses and is equipped with primers from the results of the 1945 Constitution analysis.
Pope Francis' Interview: Religious Discrimination Against Buddhists, Shamans, And Muslims In The Hopes Of Christian Unity
Authors: Tulun Teoman Ertuğrul
Published: December 2022

In an interview with America Magazine, Pope Francis spoke of a "martyred" people of Ukraine and said that invading non-Russian ethnic soldiers are "probably the cruelest". Most Chechens are Muslims, while Buryats are Tibetan Buddhists and Shamans. The media's discriminatory treatment of non-Christian troops in the invading Russian Army is not a new phenomenon. There is no evidence to suggest that non-Christians have committed more serious crimes against humanity. Attributing Russian violence to soldier’s racial or religious background will not promote peace.
A Systematic Review of Associations Between Emotion Regulation and Inflammation
Authors: Moriarity Daniel P. , Grehl Mora , Walsh Rachel , Roos Lydia Genevieve , Slavich George M. , Alloy Lauren B
Published: December 2022

Atypically elevated inflammation is a transdiagnostic risk factor for a number of psychiatric (e.g., depression, psychosis) and somatic conditions (e.g., ulcerative colitis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis). Inflammation can be influenced by a variety of psychosocial processes, such as emotion regulation. Characterization of which emotion regulation characteristics impact inflammatory biology could help refine psychosocial interventions aimed at normalizing health-harming inflammatory activity for individuals with psychiatric and somatic illnesses. To realize this aim, we systematically reviewed the extant literature on associations between a variety of emotion regulation traits and inflammatory biology. A total of 804 articles were identified, 36 of which were included in the final review. Of these 36 articles, 28 (78%) found that (a) poor emotion regulation is associated with higher levels of inflammatory proteins and/or (b) strong emotion regulation skills are associated with lower levels of inflammatory proteins. The consistency of these results differed as a function of both the emotion regulation construct investigated and methodological characteristics. Results were most consistent for studies testing positive coping/social support seeking or broadly defined emotion regulation/dysregulation. Methodologically, studies testing inflammatory reactivity to an acute stressor, adopting a vulnerability-stress framework, or using longitudinal data most consistently supported study hypotheses. Implications for integrated, transdiagnostic psychoimmunological theories are discussed, as well as recommendations for clinical research.
Color needs luminance for visual selection during scene search
Authors: Cajar Anke , Laubrock Jochen
Published: December 2022

When searching visual scenes, in addition to high-level scene semantics, we use low-level visual information from objects' defining features, such as color and luminance contrasts. What is the relative influence of color and luminance? Basic perceptual research suggests that we are not very sensitive to peripheral color. Yet color is thought to be an important basic feature guiding visual search. Previous gaze-contingent research shows that targets can be identified faster in color than in black-and-white scenes, therefore the availability of color in the visual periphery indeed helps visual search. However, color contrasts and luminance contrasts usually covary at object boundaries. Here we study the isolated roles of color and luminance during object-in-scene search by presenting either only color or only luminance contrasts in peripheral vision, using a gaze-contingent moving-window display and varying the amount and type of peripheral preview. We found that peripheral target selection was more efficient with luminance contrasts, whereas color was hardly used beyond the parafovea. We conclude that color contrasts in peripheral vision can only be efficiently used in scene search when they are correlated with luminance contrasts.
Validation of BIS/BAS, SIS/SES-SF and SOI-R Questionnaires in Two Czech Samples
Authors: Binter Jakub , Hladký Tomáš , Machová Kamila , Říha Daniel , Boschetti Silvia
Published: December 2022

Objectives: Research of sexuality often times includes individuals who choose to be researched and are willing to undergo the procedures. Samples of population (students and self-selected enthusiasts) may not resemble the nation’s population structure nor general idea of random human even though the psychological mechanisms researched are thought to be universal. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between proximal measures of domain specific and non-specific excitation and inhibition in two (probabilistic and non-probabilistic) samples. Sample and settings: We collected approximately 400 individuals from Central European country – Czech Republic – via specialized agency to match the probabilistic sample and a second similarly sized sample via snowball sampling and online advertisements at the same time. The participants were asked to fill in two questionnaires widely used by sex researchers (Sexual Inhibition and Excitation Scale and Sociosexual Orientation Inventory), and one scale designed to map broader motivations to avoid aversive outcomes and motivation to approach goal-oriented outcomes (Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Scale). Hypotheses: We expected partial or complete confirmation of previously found results (general and sexuality specific activation and inhibition and sociosexuality). We also expected that the replication will be affected by the sample choice. Statistical analyses: To follow methodologies of previous studies used to create hypotheses we decided to use partial correlation controlling for age of the participant. Results: Generally, the non-probabilistic sample findings resembled the published results whereas the probabilistic sample differed, especially in men. Furthermore, findings from women were the more consistent of the two sexes when comparing the probabilistic and non-probabilistic sample outcomes. Our results, relying on correlational analyses as majority of studies does, provide a valuable insight to impact of sampling on results. Limitations: The sample size, thus larger than usual studies, could be higher. We have been unable to research latent variables due to methodological constrains of the method - correlation.
Income inequality and producers share among fish farming households in Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Authors:   Federal College of Forestry Mechanization, P.M.B 2273, Afaka, Mando, Kaduna state, Nigeria., Balogun O. S. , Usman M. B. ,   Federal College of Forestry Mechanization, P.M.B 2273, Afaka, Mando, Kaduna state, Nigeria., Aasa O. S. ,   Department of Agricultural Economics, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria., Akure C. O. ,   Department of Agricultural Economics, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria., Afolabi A. O. ,   Federal College of Forestry Mechanization, P.M.B 2273, Afaka, Mando, Kaduna state, Nigeria., Nwahia O. C. ,   Federal College of Forestry Mechanization, P.M.B 2273, Afaka, Mando, Kaduna state, Nigeria., Agbomaka F. I. ,   Federal College of Forestry Mechanization, P.M.B 2273, Afaka, Mando, Kaduna state, Nigeria.
Published: December 2022

The study examined inequality and farmers share among fish farmers in Kaduna metropolis. Multistage sampling procedure was employed to select fish producers and marketers. Primary data was collected with the use of questionnaire administered to eighty producers. Descriptive statistics, net farm income and measures of profitability such as return per capital invested, marketing margin, farmer’s share and Gini index were used to analyze the data. The enterprise profit was estimated at N235,500.00 and a return per capital invested of 0.62. The index of income variability (Gini index) was 53 percent. Male headed households have slightly lower income inequality than their female counterparts. The challenges confronting the enterprise include poor access to credit, high cost of production and poor processing facilities. The study recommends provision of credit facilities, stable and affordable electricity to fish farmers to further enhance their business.
Egg development stages and fecundity of Atya gabonensis (Giebel, 1875) (Crustacea: Atyidae) from three different locations in Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, P.M.B.2373 Makurdi, Nigeria., Cheikyula J. O. , Obetta C. ,   Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria, P. M. B. 5026, Wuse Abuja, Nigeria., Obande R. A. ,   Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, P.M.B.2373 Makurdi, Nigeria., Solomon S. G. ,   Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, P.M.B.2373 Makurdi, Nigeria.
Published: December 2022

Comparative studies of fecundity and stages of egg development of Atya gabonensis in River Benue at Makurdi, River Niger, Jebba and the confluence of the two rivers at Ganaja was done from January 2016 to December 2017. A total of 300 berried females were collected with the aid of fishermen and transported in ice box to the laboratory for further studies. Species identification was done using keys of Powell (1982). The sexes were determined using morphological features such as appendix masculina, reproductive chamber and numb. Morphological measurements were done according to Adite et al. (2013). Body weight was taken with a top loading electronic Metler balance. Fecundity was estimated by gravimetric method. Egg development stages were determined using external features of the eggs. The number of eggs varied from 550-36,673 in Jebba, 300-24,532 in Ganja and 4,300-8,600 in Makudi. Positive correlation was observed between fecundity and morphometric parameters in all the locations. All the ovigerous females in Makurdi, 14% in Ganaja and 17% in Jebba were in stage 1. Ganaja and Jebba had 39 and 35% respectively in stage 2. Stage 3 was 26 and 12% from Ganaja and Jebba respectively. Stage 4 had 10% from Ganaja and 17% from Jebba while stage 5 had 11% from Ganaja and 19% from Jebba. It was concluded that A. gabonensis is fecund and could make an excellent candidate for culture.
Effect of varying proportions of the daily feed rations on the performance of Juveniles of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1882)
Authors:   College of Technology, University of Bamenda, North West Region, Cameroon., Ndifor Kelvin Agha , Nkongho Geneva Ojong ,   Station for Agricultural Research, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Batoke-Limbe, South West Region, Cameroon., Asanga Fai Patricia Bi ,   College of Technology, University of Bamenda, North West Region, Cameroon; Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, West Region, Cameroon., Ebobisse Hilaire Marcel ,   Station for Agricultural Research, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Batoke-Limbe, South West Region, Cameroon., Mbongko Roland Ndi ,   Station for Agricultural Research, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Batoke-Limbe, South West Region, Cameroon., Makombu Judith Georgette ,   Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Buea, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon.
Published: December 2022

African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1882) constitutes a bulk of farmed freshwater fish, particularly in Africa. Its optimal production relies on an optimal feeding regime as feed covers about 50% of operation cost. Studies on feeding regimes have mostly been on feeding frequency and the daily required rations. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the impact of varied proportions of normal daily rations on the performance of C. gariepinus juveniles. Clarias gariepinus Juveniles of 17.6 ± 3.7 g were stocked at a density of 15 juveniles per 50 L of water in 80 L plastic tanks and cultured indoors for 42 days. They were fed a standard specific feed at 5% total biomass three times daily (8:00, 13:00 and 18:00). Treatment 1 received 33.33% of its daily ration at each feeding period, while treatments 2 and 3 received (50%, 25% and 25%) and (25%, 25% and 50%) of the daily rations at 8:00, 13:00 and 18:00, respectively. Fish biomass and survival rate were determined weekly and individual fish weights and lengths were determined at the end of the experiment. Water was aerated continuously and half the volume was renewed daily; temperature and pH were monitored twice daily. The specific growth rate, weight and length gained were best in treatment 3 although not significantly different (p>0.05) among treatments. However, feed conversion ratio and condition factor in treatment 3 were significantly (p<0.05) better when compared to treatments 1 and 2 although temperature and pH in the different treatments were not significantly different (p>0.05). The estimated investment cost was 3891, 4136 and 3907 FCFA, with profit index of 0.95, 0.87 and 1.09 in treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Therefore, administering about 50% of the daily ration in the evening as was the case in treatment 3 is more profitable in the culture of C. gariepinus juveniles.
Prevalence and Determinants of Selected Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A cross-sectional study among Adults in Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka
Authors: Nandasena H.M.R.K.G.  , Tennakoon S.U.B.  , Ralapanawa D.M.P.U.K.
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of selected risk factors of CVDs and their associations with socio-demographics and anthropometrics factors among adults in the Sabaragamuwa Province of Sri Lanka. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged between 30-60 years. Participants were selected using a three staged random sampling method. The WHO STEPS wise approach was used to collect data. Results: There were 366 participants with a male to female ratio of 1:2.1. The mean age was 45.2 years (SD=8.8). Approximately two-thirds (63.4%) of the participants were physically inactive. Prevalence of high blood pressure, high blood glucose level, high total cholesterol level, high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level and high triglycerides were 27.0%, 22.1%, 39.9%, 37.7%, 29.0%, and 37.7% respectively. The mean values of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and triglyceride level were significantly higher among men, whereas mean values of HDL, LDL, waist circumference and BMI were higher in women. Mean SBP, DBP and prevalence of blood pressure increased with age. Mean waist circumference, BMI, total cholesterol, and triglyceride level increased with the years of education. Conclusion: The prevalence of CVD risk factors was considerably high in this population. Therefore, it is essential to plan public health interventions considering the population characteristics associated with CVD risk factors.

 

Keywords: Adults, Cardiovascular disease, Risk factors, Sri Lanka, WHO STEP wise approach
ZONGULDAK İLİ ÇAYCUMA YÖRESİNDE YAPILAN EVLİLİK TÖRENLERİ
Authors: AKARCA TUNA Nalan , İNAM Bahattin
Published: December 2022

Toplumun ana yapısını oluşturan ailenin ilk temellerinin atıldığı evlilik törenleri, ailenin kuruluş aşamasına verilen önemi göstermenin yanında insanların eğlence anlayışları, giyim kuşam şekilleri, müzikleri, inançları gibi kültürel değerleri de içinde barındırır. İlk Türk yerleşimleri 1300’lü yıllarda Candaroğulları Beyliğine kadar dayanan Çaycuma bölgesinde farklı milletler yerleşim göstermiş, bunun sonucunda çok çeşitli âdetleri olan evlilik törenleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Çağımızın getirdiği değişimlerin, diğer alanlarda olduğu gibi, evlilik törenlerinde de farklılaşmalara yol açması kaçınılmazdır. Bu değişimden, bölgemizde gerçekleştirilen evlilik törenleri de etkilenmiş ve köklü bir tarihsel mirası barındıran törenler unutulmaya yüz tutmuştur. Bu noktadan hareketle çalışmanın amacı Zonguldak ili Çaycuma yöresinde gerçekleştirilen evlilik törenlerini; evlilik öncesi, evlilik süreci ve evlilik sonrası başlıkları altında inceleyip, bu süreçlerde gerçekleştirilen örf ve âdetleri belirlemektir. Nitel araştırma desenlerinden kültür analizi yöntemi kapsamında gerçekleştirilen araştırmanın örneklemini Çaycuma ilçesinde yerleşik 25 kişi oluşturmaktadır. Örneklemde yer alan bireylerle görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüşme kayıtlarının analizinde içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda Çaycuma yöresinde evlilik törenlerinin genelde 3 gün sürdüğü ve yaz aylarında yapıldığı belirlenmiştir. Evliliklerde görücü usulünün yanı sıra ‘kız kaçırmanın’ da yaygın olduğu görülmüştür. Misafirlere et yemekleri ve baklava ikramının yapıldığı, eğlencelerde davul, zurna ve köçekten oluşan ekiplerin yanı sıra tef veya teneke ile yapılan müziklerin kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Düğün merasimleri sürecinde urba kesme, hakalma, üçgünleme, bardak/testi kırma, kaynananın kapı eşiğine tırmanması gibi birçok renkli ve ilginç geleneklerin uygulandığı belirlenmiştir. Araştırma ile birçok kültürel unsuru barındıran Çaycuma yöresinde gerçekleştirilen evlilik törenlerinin kayıt altına alınması amaçlanmıştır. Ulaşılan sonuçların kültürel mirasımızın korunmasına katkı sağlayacağını düşünülmektedir.
ARI TURİZMİNİN KIRSAL KALKINMA ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: MARMARİS ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: UZUN Büşra , DALGIN Taner , ÇEKEN Hüseyin , ÖZER Çağla
Published: December 2022

Arı turizmi, arıcılık geleneği için bir vitrin olup bireyin hayatını zenginleştiren doğa, kültür ve toplumla bağını güçlendiren otantik bir alternatif turizm türüdür. Bireyler için yeni ve ilgi gören bir turizm türü olan arı turizmi, turizm olgusunun sadece deniz-kum-güneş üçlüsünden ibaret olmadığını göstermekte, farklı özelliklerdeki coğrafi alanlarda da turizm aktivitesinin gerçekleşebileceği fikrini desteklemektedir. Bu çalışmada arı turizmi kavramı irdelenmiş olup uygulama alanı olan Muğla ilinin Marmaris ilçesi örneğinden yola çıkılarak arı turizminin uygulanması ve gerçekleştirilmesi durumunda ilçenin kırsal kalkınması üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Arı turizminin kırsal kalkınmayla ilişkisini güçlendirmek amacıyla çalışmada yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmış olup bu kapsamda yerel yönetim ve yerel arıcıların görüşleri alınmıştır. Arı turizmi Marmaris’te henüz yapılan bir turizm türü olmadığı için araştırmanın konuyla ilgili bilgilere vakıf katılımcılarını belirlemek için nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden tesadüfi olmayan örnekleme yöntemi olan kartopu örneklem yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Arı turizminin geliştirilmesi, bölgesel farklılıklara saygı duyarak kırsal alanları harekete geçirmek, yeni iş kolları yaratmak ve kırsal alanların gelenek ve kültürünü desteklemek için önemli imkânlar yaratmaktadır. Arı turizmi, çalışma alanına uygun yeni işler sağlayan, yerel altyapı gelişimine destek veren, bölgesel tanıtım açısından kırsal kesimde bulunan küçük arıcılara fırsatlar sunan yenilikçi bir turizm şeklidir. Bu turizm adı altında düzenlenen api (arı) turlar, düzenlendiği ülkenin farklı bölgelerinin doğası, mirası, gelenekleri, mutfağı ve misafirperverliği hakkında katılımcılara fikir vererek bunların temsilini sağlar.
THE EFFECT OF ART THERAPY AND MINDFULNESS BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY PROGRAM ON THE LEVELS OF ALEXITHYMIA OF INDIVIDUALS
Authors: DEMİR Volkan
Published: December 2022

Study was prepared to determine the effect of group practices on the alexithymia symptoms of individuals using Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Art Therapy (AT) techniques. Experimental design with pretest and posttest control groups was used in the study. Individuals who received high scores on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and volunteered were assigned to the first experiment (14), the second experiment (14) and the control group (14) objectively. The study group of the research consists of second and third year students studying at the psychology department of Istanbul Gelisim University. Participation in the research is on a voluntary basis. The measurement tools were applied as a pretest before the application and as a posttest at the end of the application. In the study, MBCT Program was applied to the first experimental group and AT program was applied to the second experimental group. Not any procedure was applied to the control group. The experimental process was applied to both experimental groups once a week, 90 minutes to the MBCT Group, and 120 minutes to the AT group as 8 sessions. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used to compare the groups among themselves. The group from which the difference originated was analyzed by the Mann Whitney U Test. As a result, MBCT Program and AT program were found to be effective in reducing the levels of alexithymia. There was no remarkable change in the measurements of the individuals in the control group. When the studies on alexithymia in our country are examined, besides the research of this concept, the lack of practical studies on this concept draws attention. The idea that group work with art therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy programs designed to reduce alexithymia in the normal population will make a significant contribution to the field theoretically, practically and experimentally. It was observed that there wasn’t any significant difference in alexithymia levels between the two therapy programs. The results, limitations and strengths of the study were discussed under the leadership of the literature.
YÜZYILLIK FARK YARATAN, TARİHİ DEĞİŞTİREN OLUŞUM OLARAK YÜZYILIN DONANMASI: KAPTAN-I DERYA SEYDİ ALİ REİS
Authors: GÜR İmran
Published: December 2022

Babil özgün bir tarih izdüşümsel varlık temeli olmak üzere önce ve sonranın bir artı bir faktörlü tarih düşüncesinden doğan genel Türk tarihi yapım özgüsel, özgün yaratma sistemi felsefesine özgü tarihsel etkenle bileşen dinamik tarih olgusuna göre yazılan Doğu Batı üçlemesini içeren minimalist ekultizmdir. Mimari bir okult yapılanması olan Emperor text’e özgü ilk fark oluşumunun millennium temel tarih felsefesini değiştiren yeni tarih oluşsal etki değişim terminolojisine özgü okuma sistemi olarak Osmanlı Medeniyet terimleri sözlüğüne göre yaratma disiplini temelli Enderun alaşımsal Galata kulesinin interdisipliner yapılandırılması sürecinde değişim odak noktalı insanlık dini donanımsal [Murat Reis] Osmanlı yazın tarihi İmparatorluk etkeninin birden fazla metne eşdeğer olmasıdır. Üç temel faktörlü Okyanus izdüşümsel genelleşen özgün beş kategorili genişleme sistemine özgü, tarih değişimsel epique, okuma militer olarak hem savaşan hem yazan Seydi Ali Reis, [Parchment] fark [echole de parole] terminolojisyle özdeş Yüzyılın kaptan-ı deryası Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa donanmasının yedi disiplinli özgün yazım şartlarının farkına özgü oluşumsal yazılmasıdır. İmgesel yazım şartlarının, Batı terminolojisine göre Doğu’nun milimist sistemini ekolleştirmesi ekolist bir temel disiplin olarak yaratmanın ol düşüncesini sistemleştirmesi, felsefenin mağara donanımlı gerçekleşen açılımlarının İmran Gür’e özgü temel bir disiplin sistemi olarak gerçekleşen Kapı Kethudalığı’nı metinleştirmesi, ilk ilkesi yaratmaya özgü dalga milimetrizmi olan tarihin dönüşümünde temel felsefesi donanım yönetimsel stratejik anlam oluşumlu son yaratma sisteminin tarihselin dönüşümü olarak sistemleşmesidir. Yeryüzünün bilgiye özgü stratejik anlam donanımsal alan sistemli bir oluşum ve Yaratıcı ’nın yaratma düşüncesinden doğan genel mimari sistemi olarak alaşımsal değişime özgü sistemleşen milimist ölçüleyim değer dengesi donanımsal imparatorluk terimlerini sistemleştiren tarihsel yazın okuma değerli değişim süreçlerinde dev dalga boylarının değişim etkisidir.
OKUL ÖNCESİ EĞİTİM ÖĞRETMENLERİNİN KÖK DEĞERLERE YÖNELİK GÖRÜŞLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Authors: ARSLAN Adem
Published: December 2022

Bu araştırmada okul öncesi eğitim öğretmenlerinin kök değerler hakkındaki görüşlerini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, nitel yöntemin olgubilim deseninde tasarlanmıştır. Gümüşhane il merkezinde 44 okul öncesi eğitim öğretmeni ile kök değerlere yönelik görüşmeler yapılmıştır. İçerik analizinin kullanıldığı çalışma sonucuna göre; öğretmenlerin değerlere, en çok Türkçe ve drama etkinliklerinde, en az ise fen etkinliklerinde yer verdiği görülmüştür. Değerleri kazandırmada en önemli faktörlerin aile, model olma ve yaparak yaşayarak öğrenme olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öğretmenlerin en çok sevgi, saygı ve sabır kök değerlerine, en az ise yardımseverlik değerine önem verdiği görülmüştür. Sabır, adalet ve öz denetim değerlerini ise öğretmenlerin kazandırmakta zorlandığı tespit edilmiştir. Bazı öğretmenlerin sabır, adalet, vatanseverlik ve sorumluluk değerlerinin, okul öncesi dönem çocuklarına uygun olmadığına yönelik görüşleri bulunmuştur. Çoğu öğretmenin kök değerlere etkinliklerde yer verdiği anlaşılmıştır. Özel gereksinimli çocuklar için en çok sevgi, saygı, sorumluluk ve öz denetim kök değerlerinin önemli olduğu görülmüştür. Kök değerlere yönelik aile katılım çalışması yapmadıkları belirlenmiştir. Çocuklara kök değer kazandırmada somutlaştırma, dikkat süresinin kısalığı, ailede süreklilik sağlama gibi sorunlar yaşadıkları elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca model olma, tutarsız davranışlar, ihmal, ön yargı, ödün verme, teknolojinin yanlış kullanımı, empati kuramama, çocuğun yaşı gibi sorunlar yaşadıkları belirlenmiştir. Okul öncesi öğretmenleri okul aile iş birliğinin artırılması, model olmanın sağlanması, yaparak yaşayarak öğrenme etkinlikleri oluşturulması, dramanın etkin kullanımı, teknolojinin doğru kullanımı, empati becerilerinin geliştirilmesi, yetkinliğin sağlanması ve gelişim özelliklerinin dikkate alınması önerilerinde bulunmuşlardır.
OKUL İKLİMİNİN İLKOKUL VE ORTAOKUL ÖĞRETMENLERİNİN MOTİVASYONUNA ETKİSİ
Authors: GÖK Ramazan , İDEM Baran
Published: December 2022

Bu çalışmada, okul ikliminin öğretmenlerin motivasyonlarını nasıl etkilediği noktasında öğretmen görüşlerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma modellerinden durum çalışması yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, betimsel analiz ve tümevarımsal analiz yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın katılımcı grubu Antalya ilindeki ilkokul ve ortaokullarında görevli ilkokul ve ortaokul öğretmeni olan 7 ilkokul öğretmeni ve 7 ortaokul öğretmeni olmak üzere 14 öğretmenden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın içinde okul ikliminin öğretmen motivasyonuna nasıl etki ettiğine dair değerlendirmeler vardır. Araştırma sonucunda olumlu okul ikliminin motivasyonu olumlu, olumsuz okul ikliminin ise motivasyonu olumsuz etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Olumlu okul ikliminin öğretmenler için anlamı; paydaşların ortak hareket etmeleri, idari kadronun öğretmenlerle iletişimin açık olduğu, anlayışlı yönetim şeklinin olması gerektiği, okul içi sosyal etkinliklerin ve özel günlerinin önemli olduğu, okulun fiziki şartlarının iyi olması, öğretmenler arası dayanışma ve iş birliğidir. Olumsuz okul ikliminin öğretmenler için anlamı; baskıcı, tehditkâr, takdir etmeyen, iletişime kapalı ve despot yönetici tutumları, paydaşların ortak hareket etmemesi, okulun fiziki şartlarının kötü olması, öğretmen gruplarının arasında iletişim sorunu şeklinde ifade edilmektedir. Aynı zamanda öğretmenler çalıştıkları okullarda hem verimli çalışabilmeleri için, hem de çalışırken kendilerini mutlu ve ait hissettikleri bir çalışma ortamı için okul ikliminin çok önemli olduğunu ifade etmişlerdir. Bu çalışma, olumlu okul iklimi ve motivasyon artırıcı ortamların nasıl olması gerektiği konusunda faydalı olabilir.
Administrative Reinforcement and its Impact on Creative Behavior: The Mediating Role of the Organizational Climate During the Period of the Corona Pandemic among Faculty Members at Zarqa University – Jordan
Authors: Shehadeh Hazem Khaled
Published: December 2022

This study aims to identify the impact of Administrative Reinforcement on Creative Behavior in the presence of the mediating variable (organizational climate) during the Corona Pandemic period. The study population included faculty members at Zarqa University. (200) questionnaires were distributed to a convenient sample, 161 questionnaires were retrieved with a retrieval rate of (80.5%), and the number of valid questionnaires for the analysis was (122) (75.7%) of the retrieved questionnaires. The results of the study showed that Administrative Reinforcement has a positive impact and statistical significance on Creative Behavior, the mediating variable "Organizational Climate" has a medium impact in improving creative behavior, while it had no impact as a mediating variable between Administrative Reinforcement and Creative Behavior. One of the most important recommendations made by the study is the need for the institution to adopt the strengthening approach as a development plan in the field of training based on enhancing the strength points of university employees and integrating face-to-face education, if possible, with distance learning because of its ability to raise the quality of education and encourage creative behavior, with improvement in the success factors of distance learning to meet the current conditions, as an alternative plan for face-to-face education.