bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Clinical Implications of Genomic Alterations and Mutational Profiling
Authors: Faldoni Flávia L. C. , Villacis Rolando A. R. , Canto Luisa M. , Fonseca-Alves Carlos E. , Cury Sarah S. , Larsen Simon J. , Aagaard Mads M. , Souza Cristiano P. , Scapulatempo-Neto Cristovam , Osório Cynthia A. B. T. , Baumbach Jan , Marchi Fabio A. , Rogatto Silvia R.
Published: September 2020

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive type of breast cancer whose molecular basis is poorly understood. We performed a comprehensive molecular analysis of 24 IBC biopsies naïve of treatment, using a high-resolution microarray platform and targeted next-generation sequencing (105 cancer-related genes). The genes more frequently affected by gains were MYC (75%) and MDM4 (71%), while frequent losses encompassed TP53 (71%) and RB1 (58%). Increased MYC and MDM4 protein expression levels were detected in 18 cases. These genes have been related to IBC aggressiveness, and MDM4 is a potential therapeutic target in IBC. Functional enrichment analysis revealed genes associated with inflammatory regulation and immune response. High homologous recombination (HR) deficiency scores were detected in triple-negative and metastatic IBC cases. A high telomeric allelic imbalance score was found in patients having worse overall survival (OS). The mutational profiling was compared with non-IBC (TCGA, n = 250) and IBC (n = 118) from four datasets, validating our findings. Higher frequency of TP53 and BRCA2 variants were detected compared to non-IBC, while PIKC3A showed similar frequency. Variants in mismatch repair and HR genes were associated with worse OS. Our study provided a framework for improved diagnosis and therapeutic alternatives for this aggressive tumor type.
Identification and Clinical Application of Immunological Receptors Targeting Mutated Antigens Expressed by Solid Tumors
Authors: Pasetto Anna
Published: September 2020

In the recent years, immunotherapy has achieved impressive results utilizing different approaches, from (chimeric antigen receptor) CAR-T cells directed against CD19 for the treatment of leukemia and lymphomas to the Nobel prize-winning strategy of check-point inhibition for the treatment of several solid tumors [...]
Assessment of CAR T Cell Frequencies in Axicabtagene Ciloleucel and Tisagenlecleucel Patients Using Duplex Quantitative PCR
Authors: Schubert Maria-Luisa , Kunz Alexander , Schmitt Anita , Neuber Brigitte , Wang Lei , Hückelhoven-Krauss Angela , Langner Sascha , Michels Birgit , Wick Antje , Daniel Volker , Müller-Tidow Carsten , Dreger Peter , Schmitt Michael
Published: September 2020

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell (CART) therapy has been established as a treatment option for patients with CD19-positive lymphoid malignancies in both the refractory and the relapsed setting. Displaying significant responses in clinical trials, two second-generation CART products directed against CD19, axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) and tisagenlecleucel (tisa-cel), have been approved and integrated into the clinical routine. However, experimental assay for quantitative monitoring of both of these CART products in treated patients in the open domain are lacking. To address this issue, we established and validated a quantitative single copy gene (SCG)-based duplex (DP)-PCR assay (SCG-DP-PCR) to quantify CARTs based on the FMC63 single chain variable fragment (scFv), i.e., axi-cel and tisa-cel. This quantitative PCR (qPCR) approach operates without standard curves or calibrator samples, offers a tool to assess cellular kinetics of FMC63 CARTs and allows direct comparison of CART-copies in axi-cel versus tisa-cel patient samples. For treating physicians, SCG-DP-PCR is an important tool to monitor CARTs and guide clinical decisions regarding CART effects in respective patients.
Directed Evolution of Therapeutic Antibodies Targeting Glycosylation in Cancer
Authors: Amon Ron , Rosenfeld Ronit , Perlmutter Shahar , Grant Oliver C. , Yehuda Sharon , Borenstein-Katz Aliza , Alcalay Ron , Marshanski Tal , Yu Hai , Diskin Ron , Woods Robert J. , Chen Xi , Padler-Karavani Vered
Published: September 2020

Glycosylation patterns commonly change in cancer, resulting in expression of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA). While promising, currently available anti-glycan antibodies are not useful for clinical cancer therapy. Here, we show that potent anti-glycan antibodies can be engineered to acquire cancer therapeutic efficacy. We designed yeast surface display to generate and select for therapeutic antibodies against the TACA SLea (CA19−9) in colon and pancreatic cancers. Elite clones showed increased affinity, better specificity, improved binding of human pancreatic and colon cancer cell lines, and increased complement-dependent therapeutic efficacy. Molecular modeling explained the structural basis for improved antibody functionality at the molecular level. These new tools of directed molecular evolution and selection for effective anti-glycan antibodies, provide insights into the mechanisms of cancer therapy targeting glycosylation, and provide major methodological advances that are likely to open up innovative avenues of research in the field of cancer theranostics.
Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers in Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Mathew Matthen , Zade Mariam , Mezghani Nadia , Patel Romil , Wang Yu , Momen-Heravi Fatemeh
Published: September 2020

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are membrane-bound vesicles secreted by most cell types during both physiologic conditions as well in response to cellular stress. EVs play an important role in intercellular communication and are emerging as key players in tumor immunology. Tumor-derived EVs (TDEs) harbor a diverse array of tumor neoantigens and contain unique molecular signature that is reflective of tumor’s underlying genetic complexity. As such they offer a glimpse into the immune tumor microenvironment (TME) and have the potential to be a novel, minimally invasive biomarker for cancer immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), such as anti- programmed death-1(PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) antibodies, have revolutionized the treatment of a wide variety of solid tumors including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and others. Typically, an invasive tissue biopsy is required both for histologic diagnosis and next-generation sequencing efforts; the latter have become more widespread in daily clinical practice. There is an unmet need for noninvasive or minimally invasive (e.g., plasma-based) biomarkers both for diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Targeted analysis of EVs in biospecimens, such as plasma and saliva could serve this purpose by potentially obviating the need for tissue sample. In this review, we describe the current challenges of biomarkers in cancer immunotherapy as well as the mechanistic role of TDEs in modulating antitumor immune response.
Impact of Intercurrent Introduction of Steroids on Clinical Outcomes in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients under Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI)
Authors: De Giglio Andrea , Mezquita Laura , Auclin Edouard , Blanc-Durand Félix , Riudavets Mariona , Caramella Caroline , Martinez Gala , Benitez Jose Carlos , Martín-Romano Patricia , El-Amarti Lamiae , Hendriks Lizza , Ferrara Roberto , Naltet Charles , Lavaud Pernelle , Gazzah Anas , Adam Julien , Planchard David , Chaput Nathalie , Besse Benjamin
Published: September 2020

Background: Baseline steroids before ICI have been associated with poor outcomes, particularly when introduced due to cancer symptoms. Methods: Retrospective analysis of advanced NSCLC patients treated with ICI. We collected the use of intercurrent steroids (≥10 mg of prednisone-equivalent) within the first eight weeks of ICI. We correlated steroid use with patient outcomes according to the indications. Results: 413 patients received ICI, 299 were steroids-naïve at baseline. A total of 49 patients received intercurrent steroids (16%), of whom 38 for cancer-related symptoms and 11 for other indications, such as immune-related events. Overall, median (m) progression-free survival (PFS) was 1.9 months (mo.) [95% CI, 1.8-2.4] and overall survival (OS) 10 mo. [95% CI, 8.1–12.9]. Intercurrent steroids under ICI correlated with a shorter PFS/OS (1.3 and 2.3 mo. respectively, both p < 0.0001). Intercurrent steroids for cancer-related symptoms correlated with poorest mPFS [1.1 mo.; 95% CI, 0.9–1.5] and mOS [1.9 mo.; 95%CI, 1.5–2.4; p < 0.0001)]. No mOS and mPFS differences were found between cancer-unrelated-steroid group and no-steroid group. Steroid use for cancer-related symptoms was an independent prognostic factor for poor PFS [HR 2.64; 95% CI, 1.2–5.6] and OS [HR 4.53; 95% CI, 1.8–11.1], both p < 0.0001. Conclusion: Intercurrent steroids during ICI had no detrimental prognostic impact if the indication was unrelated to cancer symptoms.
XPO1E571K Mutation Modifies Exportin 1 Localisation and Interactome in B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Miloudi Hadjer , Bohers Élodie , Guillonneau François , Taly Antoine , Gibouin Vincent Cabaud , Viailly Pierre-Julien , Jego Gaëtan , Grumolato Luca , Jardin Fabrice , Sola Brigitte
Published: September 2020

The XPO1 gene encodes exportin 1 (XPO1) that controls the nuclear export of cargo proteins and RNAs. Almost 25% of primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) cases harboured a recurrent XPO1 point mutation (NM_003400, chr2:g61718472C>T) resulting in the E571K substitution within the hydrophobic groove of the protein, the site of cargo binding. We investigated the impact of the XPO1E571K mutation using PMBL/cHL cells having various XPO1 statuses and CRISPR–Cas9-edited cells in which the E571K mutation was either introduced or knocked-out. We first confirmed that the mutation was present in both XPO1 mRNA and protein. We observed that the mutation did not modify the export capacity but rather the subcellular localisation of XPO1 itself. In particular, mutant XPO1 bound to importin β1 modified the nuclear export/import dynamics of relevant cargoes.
Biopathological Significance of PIWI–piRNA Pathway Deregulation in Invasive Breast Carcinomas
Authors: Meseure Didier , Vacher Sophie , Boudjemaa Sabah , Laé Marick , Nicolas André , Leclere Renaud , Chemlali Walid , Champenois Gabriel , Schnitzler Anne , Lesage Laetitia , Dubois Thierry , Bieche Ivan
Published: September 2020

The PIWI proteins emerging in the development of human cancers, edify PIWI-piRNA ribonucleoproteic complexes acting as pivotal regulators of genome integrity, differentiation and homeostasis. The aim of this study is to analyze the four PIWILs gene expression in invasive breast carcinomas (IBCs): at RNA level using quantitative RT-PCR (n = 526) and protein level using immunohistochemistry (n = 150). In normal breast tissue, PIWILs 2 and 4 were solely expressed, whereas an abnormal emergence of PIWIL1 and 3 was observed in respectively 30% and 6% of IBCs. Conversely, PIWIL2 was underexpressed in 48.3% and PIWIL4 downregulated in 43.3% of IBCs. Significant positive associations were observed between PIWIL4 underexpression, HR+ status and HR+ ERBB2+ molecular subtype and PIWIL2 underexpression, PR- status, ERBB2- status and molecular subtype. Similar patterns of PIWIL deregulation were observed in a multitumoral panel, suggesting a generic mechanism in most cancers. PIWIL2-4 underexpression was mainly regulated at epigenetic or post-transcriptional levels. PIWIL2 underexpression was significantly associated with DNA methylation and strong cytotoxic immune response. PIWIL2-4 were mainly associated with genes implicated in cell proliferation. As a result of this study, characterization of the PIWIL-piRNA pathway in IBCs opens interesting therapeutic perspectives using piRNAs, hypomethylating drugs, checkpoints immunotherapies and anti-PIWIL 1–3 antibodies.
Root Border Cells and Mucilage Secretions of Soybean, Glycine Max (Merr) L.: Characterization and Role in Interactions with the Oomycete Phytophthora Parasitica
Authors: Ropitaux Marc , Bernard Sophie , Schapman Damien , Follet-Gueye Marie-Laure , Vicré Maïté , Boulogne Isabelle , Driouich Azeddine
Published: September 2020

Root border cells (BCs) and their associated secretions form a protective structure termed the root extracellular trap (RET) that plays a major role in root interactions with soil borne microorganisms. In this study, we investigated the release and morphology of BCs of Glycine max using light and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We also examined the occurrence of cell-wall glycomolecules in BCs and secreted mucilage using immunofluorescence microscopy in conjunction with anti-glycan antibodies. Our data show that root tips released three populations of BCs defined as spherical, intermediate and elongated cells. The mechanism of shedding seemed to be cell morphotype-specific. The data also show that mucilage contained pectin, cellulose, extracellular DNA, histones and two hemicellulosic polysaccharides, xyloglucan and heteromannan. The latter has never been reported previously in any plant root secretions. Both hemicellulosic polysaccharides formed a dense fibrillary network embedding BCs and holding them together within the mucilage. Finally, we investigated the effect of the RET on the interactions of root with the pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora parasitica early during infection. Our findings reveal that the RET prevented zoospores from colonizing root tips by blocking their entry into root tissues and inducing their lysis.
Selection of Effective GCM Bias Correction Methods and Evaluation of Hydrological Response under Future Climate Scenarios
Authors: Tan Yaogeng , Guzman Sandra M. , Dong Zengchuan , Tan Liang
Published: September 2020

Global climate change is presenting a variety of challenges to hydrology and water resources because it strongly affects the hydrologic cycle, runoff, and water supply and demand. In this study, we assessed the effects of climate change scenarios on hydrological variables (i.e., evapotranspiration and runoff) by linking the outputs from the global climate model (GCM) with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for a case study in the Lijiang River Basin, China. We selected a variety of bias correction methods and their combinations to correct the lower resolution GCM outputs of both precipitation and temperature. Then, the SWAT model was calibrated and validated using the observed flow data and corrected historical GCM with the optimal correction method selected. Hydrological variables were simulated using the SWAT model under emission scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5. The results demonstrated that correcting methods have a positive effect on both daily precipitation and temperature, and a hybrid method of bias correction contributes to increased performance in most cases and scenarios. Based on the bias corrected scenarios, precipitation annual average, temperature, and evapotranspiration will increase. In the case of precipitation and runoff, projection scenarios show an increase compared with the historical trends, and the monthly distribution of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff shows an uneven distribution compared with baseline. This study provides an insight on how to choose a proper GCM and bias correction method and a helpful guide for local water resources management.
Unravelling Seascape Patterns of Cryptic Life Stages: Non-Reef Habitat Use in Juvenile Parrotfishes
Authors: Sievers Katie T. , Abesamis Rene A. , Bucol Abner A. , Russ Garry R.
Published: September 2020

Juvenile fish often use alternative habitats distinct from their adult phases. Parrotfishes are an integral group of coral reef fish assemblages, are targeted in fisheries, are sensitive to reef disturbances, and have been documented as multiple-habitat users. Considering the abundance of research conducted on parrotfishes, very little is known about their juvenile ecology at the species level due to their cryptic and variable coloration patterns. We collected juvenile parrotfishes in non-reef habitats (macroalgal beds, seagrass beds, and lagoons) in the Philippines and used DNA analysis to determine species composition. The results were then compared with data on adult parrotfish abundance from underwater visual census (UVC) surveys in coral reef and non-reef habitats. Collections identified 15 species of juvenile parrotfishes in non-reef habitats, and of these, 10 were also recorded in UVCs as adults. Informed by adult surveys, 42% of the 19 parrotfish species observed as adults were classified as multi-habitat users based on their presence in coral reef and non-reef habitats. When accounting for the occurrence of species as juveniles in non-reef habitats, 93% of the species collected as juveniles would be considered multi-habitat users. Species identified as juveniles in non-reef habitats comprised 50% of the average adult parrotfish density on coral reefs and 58–94% in non-reef habitats. The species richness of juveniles in non-reef habitats was greater than that of adults occupying the same habitats, and the most common adult species observed in UVCs was not collected as juveniles in non-reef habitats. Finally, UVC suggested that 97% of juvenile parrotfish <10-cm total length was present in non-reef habitats compared to coral reefs. These results provide further evidence for ontogenetic movement across habitat boundaries for parrotfish species in a diverse and highly connected tropical seascape. This is one of the few studies to quantify links between nursery and adult habitat in parrotfishes, highlighting the importance of including non-reef habitats in ecological studies of an iconic group of coral reef fish.
Range-Wide Population Assessment of the Endangered Yellow-Naped Amazon (Amazona auropalliata)
Authors: Dupin Molly K. , Dahlin Christine R. , Wright Timothy F.
Published: September 2020

Yellow-naped amazons, Amazona auropalliata, have experienced a dramatic population decline due to persistent habitat loss and poaching. In 2017, BirdLife International changed the species’ status from threatened to endangered and estimated that between 10,000 and 50,000 individuals remained in the wild. An accurate estimate of the number of remaining wild individuals is critical to implementing effective conservation plans. Wright et al. conducted roost count surveys in Costa Rica and Nicaragua during 2016 and published their data in 2019; however, no population data exists for the rest of the range. We conducted roost counts at 28 sites across Mexico, Guatemala, and the Bay Islands in Roatan during 2018 and 2019. We counted 679 birds and combined our data with the published Wright et al. (2019) data for a total of 2361 wild yellow-naped amazons observed across the species’ range. There were fewer roosts detected in the northern region of the range than in the southern region. We found that roosts were most likely to occur in built-up rural and pasture habitat, with 71% found within 100 m of human habitation. Our results illustrate the need for immediate conservation action to mitigate decline, such as enforced legal action against poaching, nest guarding, and increased community education efforts.
Complex Systems in Phase Space
Authors: Ferry David K. , Nedjalkov Mihail , Weinbub Josef , Ballicchia Mauro , Welland Ian , Selberherr Siegfried
Published: September 2020

The continued reduction of semiconductor device feature sizes towards the single-digit nanometer regime involves a variety of quantum effects. Modeling quantum effects in phase space in terms of the Wigner transport equation has evolved to be a very effective approach to describe such scaled down complex systems, accounting from full quantum processes to dissipation dominated transport regimes including transients. Here, we discuss the challanges, myths, and opportunities that arise in the study of these complex systems, and particularly the advantages of using phase space notions. The development of particle-based techniques for solving the transport equation and obtaining the Wigner function has led to efficient simulation approaches that couple well to the corresponding classical dynamics. One particular advantage is the ability to clearly illuminate the entanglement that can arise in the quantum system, thus allowing the direct observation of many quantum phenomena.
Entropy Generation and Exergy Analysis of Premixed Fuel-Air Combustion in Micro Porous Media Burner
Authors: Ismail N. C. , Abdullah M. Z. , Mazlan N. M. , Mustafa K. F.
Published: September 2020

The performance of porous media micro-burners plays an important role in determining thermal efficiency and improving our daily life. Nowadays, a lot of scholars are actively involved in this research area and ongoing studies are still being carried out due to the burners’ excellent performance. The exergy efficiency and entropy generation of a porous media burner are strongly dependent on the characteristics of the flame and its thermal behavior. In this study, a single-layer and double-layer porous media form were constructed to investigate the effects of various types of porous foam arrangement in a cylindrical burner. The burner was operated using premixed butane-air combustion with an inner diameter of 23 mm and a length of 100 mm. The experiments were carried out in rich fuel conditions with an equivalence ratio, φ ranging from 1.3 to 2.0. The results showed significant improvement in the thermal and exergy efficiency with an increase in the equivalence ratio in a double-layer compared with a single-layer. The peak temperature recorded was 945.21 °C at φ = 1.3 for a porcelain single-layer, and the highest exergy efficiency was 83.47% at φ = 2.0 for an alumina-porcelain double-layer burner. It was also found that the average temperature of the burner wall decreased with an increase in the equivalence ratios for PMB2 and PMB4, whereas the average wall temperature for PMB3 was largely unaffected by the equivalence ratios. The total entropy generation rate reached the highest value at φ = 2.0 for all PMB configurations, and the highest percentage increase for total entropy generation rate was 46.09% for PMB1. The exergy efficiency for all burners was approximately similar with the highest exergy efficiency achieved by PMB4 (17.65%). In addition, the length and location of the flame with thermal distribution was significantly affected by the equivalence ratio between the single-layer and double-layer porous material. Overall, a double-layer porous media burner showed the best performance calculated based on the second law of thermodynamics when compared with other configurations, and it is ideal for domestic application.
Complexity as Causal Information Integration
Authors: Langer Carlotta , Ay Nihat
Published: September 2020

Complexity measures in the context of the Integrated Information Theory of consciousness try to quantify the strength of the causal connections between different neurons. This is done by minimizing the KL-divergence between a full system and one without causal cross-connections. Various measures have been proposed and compared in this setting. We will discuss a class of information geometric measures that aim at assessing the intrinsic causal cross-influences in a system. One promising candidate of these measures, denoted by ΦCIS, is based on conditional independence statements and does satisfy all of the properties that have been postulated as desirable. Unfortunately it does not have a graphical representation, which makes it less intuitive and difficult to analyze. We propose an alternative approach using a latent variable, which models a common exterior influence. This leads to a measure ΦCII, Causal Information Integration, that satisfies all of the required conditions. Our measure can be calculated using an iterative information geometric algorithm, the em-algorithm. Therefore we are able to compare its behavior to existing integrated information measures.
Cooperative Collaboration in the Hybrid Space of Google Docs Based Group Work
Authors: Olesen Mogens
Published: September 2020

This study investigates how Google Docs is used and affects group work in classrooms. Inspired by networked learning theory and the concept of learning spaces in education theory, Google Docs group work is conceptualized as a hybrid learning space. Based on close video ethnographic examinations of group work sessions, the analysis focuses upon what the pupils actually do when combining oral and written communication, how the hybrid Google Docs space affects collaborative and cooperative activity, as well as the role of the group’s social context. Whereas Google Docs is often associated with collaboration, the findings in this study suggest: (1) that Google Docs in fact helps single group members to establish multimodal leadership to dominate the hybrid learning space of the group work settings; and (2) that Google Docs provides space for non-leaders to make cooperative contributions. This motivates a conceptual reassessment of collaboration and cooperation as working patterns before the paper ends with a discussion of potential pedagogical implications for the use of Google Docs in group work.
Design and Performance Test of 2 kW Class Reverse Brayton Cryogenic System
Authors: Lee Keuntae , Koh Deuk-Yong , Ko Junseok , Yeom Hankil , Son Chang-Hyo , Yoon Jung-In
Published: September 2020

With the increased commercialization of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables cooled using liquid nitrogen and the use of liquefied natural gas as fuel, the need for large-capacity reverse Brayton cryogenic systems is gradually increasing. In this paper, the thermodynamic design of a reverse Brayton cryogenic system with a cooling capacity of the 2 kW class at 77 K using neon as a refrigerant is described. Unlike conventional reverse Brayton systems, the proposed system uses a cryogenic turbo-expander, scroll compressor, and plate-type heat exchanger. The performance test conducted on the fabricated system is also described. The isentropic efficiency of the cryogenic turbo-expander was measured to be 86%, which is higher than the design specification. The effectiveness of the heat exchanger and the flow rate and operating pressure of the refrigerant were found to be lower than the design specifications. Consequently, the refrigeration capacity of the fabricated reverse Brayton cryogenic system was measured to be 1.23 kW at 77 K. In the future, we expect to achieve the targeted refrigeration capacity through further improvements. In addition, the faster commercialization of HTS power cables and more efficient storage of liquefied natural gas will be realized.
Variable Bandwidth Adaptive Course Keeping Control Strategy for Unmanned Surface Vehicle
Authors: Mu Dongdong , Wang Guofeng , Fan Yunsheng
Published: September 2020

This paper proposes a new and original course keeping control strategy for an unmanned surface vehicle in the presence of modeling error, external disturbance and input saturation. The trajectory linearization control method is used as the basic algorithm to design the course keeping strategy, and the radial basis function neural network and disturbance observer are used to compensate modeling error and external disturbance respectively to enhance the robustness of the control system. Moreover, a robust term is used to compensate various compensation errors to further improve the robustness of the system. In addition, hyperbolic tangent function and Nussbaum function are hired to deal with the potential input saturation problem, and the neural shunting model is adopted to avoid the computational explosion caused by the derivation of virtual control law. Taking the above facts into account will help to further realize engineering practice. Finally, the control strategy proposed in this paper is compared with the classical proportional–integral–derivative control strategy. The simulation results show that the course control results of the proposed control strategy are more robust than proportional–integral–derivative control, regardless of whether the external disturbance is weak or strong.
Conventional and Second Order Sliding Mode Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Fed by Direct Matrix Converter: Comparative Study
Authors: Dendouga Abdelhakim
Published: September 2020

The main objective of this work revolves around the design of second order sliding mode controllers (SOSMC) based on the super twisting algorithm (STA) for asynchronous permanent magnet motor (PMSM) fed by a direct matrix converter (DMC), in order to improve the effectiveness of the considered drive system. The SOSMC was selected to minimize the chattering phenomenon caused by the conventional sliding mode controller (SMC), as well to decrease the level of total harmonic distortion (THD) produced by the drive system. In addition, the literature has taken a great interest in the STA due to its robustness to modeling errors and to external disturbances. Furthermore, due to its low conduction losses, the space vector approach was designated as a switching law to control the DMC. In addition, the topology and design method of the damped passive filter, which allows improvement of the waveform and attenuation of the harmonics of the input current, have been detailed. Finally, to discover the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed control approach based on SOSMC, a comparative study between the latter and that using the conventional SMC was executed. The results obtained confirm the effectiveness of SOSMC over the conventional SMC under different operating conditions.
Computationally Modelling the Use of Nanotechnology to Enhance the Performance of Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Spriggs Peter , Wang Qing
Published: September 2020

The increased focus on global climate change has meant that the thermoelectric market has received considerably more attention. There are many processes producing large amounts of waste heat that can be utilised to generate electrical energy. Thermoelectric devices have long suffered with low efficiencies, but this can be addressed in principle by improving the performance of the thermoelectric materials these devices are manufactured with. This paper investigates the thermoelectric performance of market standard thermoelectric materials before analysing how this performance can be improved through the adoption of various nanotechnology techniques. This analysis is carried out through the computational simulation of the materials over low-, mid- and high-temperature ranges. In the low-temperature range, through the use of nanopores and full frequency phonon scattering, Mg0.97Zn0.03Ag0.9Sb0.95 performed best with a ZT value of 1.45 at 433 K. Across the mid-temperature range a potentially industry leading ZT value of 2.08 was reached by AgSbTe1.85Se0.15. This was carried out by simulating the effect of band engineering and the introduction of dense stacking faults due to the addition of Se into AgSbTe2. AgSbTe1.85Se0.15 cannot be implemented in devices operating above 673 K because it degrades too quickly. Therefore, for the top 200 K of the mid-temperature range a PbBi0.002Te–15% Ag2Te nanocomposite performed best with a maximum ZT of 2.04 at 753 K and maximum efficiency of 23.27 at 813 K. In the high-temperature range, through the doping of hafnium (Hf) the nanostructured FeNb0.88Hf0.12Sb recorded the highest ZT value of 1.49 at 1273 K. This was closely followed by Fe1.05Nb0.75Ti0.25Sb, which recorded a ZT value of 1.31 at 1133 K. This makes Fe1.05Nb0.75Ti0.25Sb an attractive substitute for FeNb0.88Hf0.12Sb due to the much lower cost and far greater abundance of titanium (Ti) compared with hafnium.
The Role of Emitters, Heat Pump Size, and Building Massive Envelope Elements on the Seasonal Energy Performance of Heat Pump-Based Heating Systems
Authors: Dongellini Matteo , Valdiserri Paolo , Naldi Claudia , Morini Gian Luca
Published: September 2020

The influence of emitters, heat pump size and building envelope thermal inertia was investigated on the energy consumption of a heat pump-based heating system with a numerical study performed with the dynamic software TRNSYS. An algorithm based on a Thermal Inertia Control Logic (TICL), which can exploit the capability of the building envelope to store thermal energy, has been applied. When the proposed algorithm is employed, the indoor air temperature set-point is increased when the outdoor temperature is larger than the bivalent temperature of the building-heat pump system. Different configurations of the heating system were simulated considering either convective (fan-coil) or radiant (radiant floor) emitters coupled to a variable-speed air-to-water heat pump. Simulations have been carried out considering a reference building derived from the IEA SHC Task 44 and evaluating the influence of the proposed control logic on both the heat pump seasonal energy performance and the internal comfort conditions perceived by the building users. The obtained results highlight how the introduced TICL can guarantee the use of downsized heat pumps, coupled to radiant emitters, with a significant enhancement of the seasonal performance factor up to 10% and a slight improvement of comfort conditions. On the other hand, when convective terminal units are considered the proposed logic is not effective and the overall energy consumption of the system increases up to 15%.
Rheological Properties and Flow Behaviour of Cement-Based Materials Modified by Carbon Nanotubes and Plasticising Admixtures
Authors: Skripkiunas Gintautas , Karpova Ekaterina , Bendoraitiene Joana , Barauskas Irmantas
Published: September 2020

In this study, the rheological properties of cement paste modified by a suspension containing both multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (MWCNT/CMC suspension) with different types of plasticising admixtures (Pl), such as lignosulphonate (LS), sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate (NF), and polycarboxylate ether (PCE) were evaluated. The increase in yield stress and plastic viscosity up to 20% was established in the case of the modification of cement-based mixtures by MWCNT in the dosage up to 0.24% by weight of cement (bwoc) without Pl and with LS and NF. The complex modification of cement paste by MWCNT and PCE increases the yield stress and plastic viscosity from the MWCNT dosage of 0.06% and 0.015% bwoc, respectively. The yield stress and plastic viscosity of cement paste with PCE enhanced by 265% and 107%, respectively, in a MWCNT dosage of 0.12% bwoc. MWCNT do not have a significant influence on the flow behaviour index of cement paste; however, in the case of usage of PCE, the shear thickening effect decreased from a MWCNT dosage of 0.03% bwoc. The significant reduction in the volume coefficient of water bleeding by 99, 100, and 83% was obtained with LS, NF, and PCE, respectively, with an increase in MWCNT dosage up to 0.24% bwoc.
Amino Acid Profile and Protein Quality Assessment of Macroalgae Produced in an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture System
Authors: Machado Marlene , Machado Susana , Pimentel Filipa B. , Freitas Victor , Alves Rita C. , Oliveira M. Beatriz P. P.
Published: September 2020

Seaweeds are a recognized source of bioactive compounds and techno-functional ingredients. However, its protein fraction is still underexplored. The aim of this study was to determine the total and free amino acid profile and protein content of four seaweeds species (Porphyra dioica, Porphyra umbilicalis,Gracilaria vermiculophylla, and Ulva rigida) produced in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture system, while assessing their protein quality. Samples were submitted to acid and alkaline hydrolysis (total amino acids) and to an aqueous extraction (free amino acids) followed by an automated online derivatization procedure, and analyzed by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography. Protein-, non-protein and total-nitrogen were quantified by the Kjeldahl method. Crude and true protein contents were estimated based on the nitrogen and amino acid composition. Protein quality was assessed based on the amino acids profile. Porphyra species presented the highest protein content compared to the remaining three seaweed species tested. All samples presented a complete profile of essential amino acids and a high quality protein profile, according to World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization standards. Methionine and tryptophan were the first limiting amino acids in all species. Red species (Porphyra and Gracilaria) presented high levels of free alanine, glutamic, and aspartic acids. The results highlight the potential of using seaweeds as an alternative and sustainable source of protein and amino acids for human nutrition and industrial food processing.
Multi-Tissue Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Key Sexual Development-Related Genes of the Ornate Spiny Lobster (Panulirus ornatus)
Authors: Ventura Tomer , Chandler Jennifer C. , Nguyen Tuan V. , Hyde Cameron J. , Elizur Abigail , Fitzgibbon Quinn P. , Smith Gregory G.
Published: September 2020

Sexual development involves the successive and overlapping processes of sex determination, sexual differentiation, and ultimately sexual maturation, enabling animals to reproduce. This provides a mechanism for enriched genetic variation which enables populations to withstand ever-changing environments, selecting for adapted individuals and driving speciation. The molecular mechanisms of sexual development display a bewildering diversity, even in closely related taxa. Many sex determination mechanisms across animals include the key family of “doublesex- and male abnormal3-related transcription factors” (Dmrts). In a few exceptional species, a single Dmrt residing on a sex chromosome acts as the master sex regulator. In this study, we provide compelling evidence for this model of sex determination in the ornate spiny lobster Panulius ornatus, concurrent with recent reports in the eastern spiny lobster Sagmariasus verreauxi. Using a multi-tissue transcriptomic database established for P. ornatus, we screened for the key factors associated with sexual development (by homology search and using previous knowledge of these factors from related species), providing an in-depth understanding of sexual development in decapods. Further research has the potential to close significant gaps in our understanding of reproductive development in this ecologically and commercially significant order.
Why Do Some Sex Chromosomes Degenerate More Slowly Than Others? The Odd Case of Ratite Sex Chromosomes
Authors: Yazdi Homa Papoli , Silva Willian T. A. F. , Suh Alexander
Published: September 2020

The hallmark of sex chromosome evolution is the progressive suppression of recombination which leads to subsequent degeneration of the non-recombining chromosome. In birds, species belonging to the two major clades, Palaeognathae (including tinamous and flightless ratites) and Neognathae (all remaining birds), show distinctive patterns of sex chromosome degeneration. Birds are female heterogametic, in which females have a Z and a W chromosome. In Neognathae, the highly-degenerated W chromosome seems to have followed the expected trajectory of sex chromosome evolution. In contrast, among Palaeognathae, sex chromosomes of ratite birds are largely recombining. The underlying reason for maintenance of recombination between sex chromosomes in ratites is not clear. Degeneration of the W chromosome might have halted or slowed down due to a multitude of reasons ranging from selective processes, such as a less pronounced effect of sexually antagonistic selection, to neutral processes, such as a slower rate of molecular evolution in ratites. The production of genome assemblies and gene expression data for species of Palaeognathae has made it possible, during recent years, to have a closer look at their sex chromosome evolution. Here, we critically evaluate the understanding of the maintenance of recombination in ratites in light of the current data. We conclude by highlighting certain aspects of sex chromosome evolution in ratites that require further research and can potentially increase power for the inference of the unique history of sex chromosome evolution in this lineage of birds.
Characterization of the Frmd7 Knock-Out Mice Generated by the EUCOMM/COMP Repository as a Model for Idiopathic Infantile Nystagmus (IIN)
Authors: Salman Ahmed , Hutton Samuel B. , Newall Tutte , Scott Jennifer A. , Griffiths Helen L. , Lee Helena , Gomez-Nicola Diego , Lotery Andrew J. , Self Jay E.
Published: September 2020

In this study, we seek to exclude other pathophysiological mechanisms by which Frmd7 knock-down may cause Idiopathic Infantile Nystagmus (IIN) using the Frmd7.tm1a and Frmd7.tm1b murine models. We used a combination of genetic, histological and visual function techniques to characterize the role of Frmd7 gene in IIN using a novel murine model for the disease. We demonstrate that the Frmd7.tm1b allele represents a more robust model of Frmd7 knock-out at the mRNA level. The expression of Frmd7 was investigated using both antibody staining and X-gal staining confirming previous reports that Frmd7 expression in the retina is restricted to starburst amacrine cells and demonstrating that X-gal staining recapitulates the expression pattern in this model. Thus, it offers a useful tool for further expression studies. We also show that gross retinal morphology and electrophysiology are unchanged in these Frmd7 mutant models when compared with wild-type mice. High-speed eye-tracking recordings of Frmd7 mutant mice confirm a specific horizontal optokinetic reflex defect. In summary, our study confirms the likely role for Frmd7 in the optokinetic reflex in mice mediated by starburst amacrine cells. We show that the Frmd7.tm1b model provides a more robust knock-out than the Frmd7.tm1a model at the mRNA level, although the functional consequence is unchanged. Finally, we establish a robust eye-tracking technique in mice that can be used in a variety of future studies using this model and others. Although our data highlight a deficit in the optiokinetic reflex as a result of the starburst amacrine cells in the retina, this does not rule out the involvement of other cells, in the brain or the retina where Frmd7 is expressed, in the pathophysiology of IIN.
The Use of Genetic and Gene Technologies in Shaping Modern Rapeseed Cultivars (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Ton Linh Bao , Neik Ting Xiang , Batley Jacqueline
Published: September 2020

Since their domestication, Brassica oilseed species have undergone progressive transformation allied with the development of breeding and molecular technologies. The canola (Brassica napus) crop has rapidly expanded globally in the last 30 years with intensive innovations in canola varieties, providing for a wider range of markets apart from the food industry. The breeding efforts of B. napus, the main source of canola oil and canola meal, have been mainly focused on improving seed yield, oil quality, and meal quality along with disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and herbicide resistance. The revolution in genetics and gene technologies, including genetic mapping, molecular markers, genomic tools, and gene technology, especially gene editing tools, has allowed an understanding of the complex genetic makeup and gene functions in the major bioprocesses of the Brassicales, especially Brassica oil crops. Here, we provide an overview on the contributions of these technologies in improving the major traits of B. napus and discuss their potential use to accomplish new improvement targets.
The Prevalence of Dyslexia in Primary School Children and Their Chinese Literacy Assessment in Shantou, China
Authors: Lin Yuhang , Zhang Xuanzhi , Huang Qingjun , Lv Laiwen , Huang Anyan , Li Ai , Wu Kusheng , Huang Yanhong
Published: September 2020

The epidemiological studies of Chinese developmental dyslexia (DD) in China are still limited. In addition, literacy assessment has seldom been performed for children with dyslexia, due to lack of uniform assessment tools. This study was aimed at investigating the prevalence rate of children with dyslexia, and to evaluate their Chinese reading ability. A total of 2955 students aged 7–12 years were enrolled by randomized cluster sampling. The study was divided into three stages. In stage I, all participating students were asked to finish the Combined Raven Test (CRT) and Chinese Vocabulary Test and Assessment Scale. In stage II, the Chinese teachers and parents of the children with suspected dyslexia were interviewed by psychiatrists, and finished the Dyslexia Checklist for Chinese Children (DCCC). In stage III, these children were evaluated by child psychiatrists for the diagnosis with or without dyslexia, according to the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and their Chinese literacy was further evaluated by using the Chinese Reading Ability Test (CRAT). The prevalence rate of children with dyslexia was 5.4% in Shantou city, 8.4% in boys and 2.3% in girls, with a gender ratio of 3.7:1.0. Children with dyslexia scored lower in all the five subscales of the CRAT tests. including phonological awareness, morphological awareness, rapid automatized naming, orthographic awareness, and reading ability than the control group (all p < 0.001). This study suggested that the prevalence rate of Chinese dyslexia in Shantou city is roughly equivalent to that previously reported in China. Children with dyslexia have a relatively lower Chinese reading ability in all assessments.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Intentions towards HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis among Nursing Students in Spain
Authors: López-Díaz Guillermo , Rodríguez-Fernández Almudena , Domínguez-Martís Eva María , Mosteiro-Miguéns Diego Gabriel , López-Ares David , Novío Silvia
Published: September 2020

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Among the preventive approaches proposed to control this disease is pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), whose effectiveness depends on the medication adherence. The aim of the present study was to determine the knowledge and attitudes about PrEP among a sample of Spanish nursing students as well as their intentions of receiving it in case it was indicated. An observational cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out. A total of 570 nursing students from the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain), ≥18 years old and of both sexes were invited to self-complete a questionnaire between February and March 2020. A total of 352 students decided to participate in the study. Participants had low knowledge [overall knowledge score 1(0–2)] and a neutral attitude towards PrEP. The intention of receiving PrEP improved significantly after the completion of the questionnaire and the administration of information about PrEP (p = 0.039; before: 23.58% and after: 93.77%). Nursing staff play an important role in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, so their training in preventive strategies, such as PrEP, could help to reduce the incidence of new cases of HIV infection.