bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Growth Enhancement Increases Loblolly Pine Rotation Yields
Authors: Clason Terry R.
Published: August 2019

Long-term impact of early pine growth enhancement on plantation development through rotation ages of 20, 25, and 30 was studied. A fumigation study planted at 1210 trees/ac showed that age 6 diameter and height growth on methyl bromide treated plots exceeded the other two treatmentsby 0.9 in. and 4.5 ft. Data collected between ages 6 and 30 were used to analyze the effect of the early growth response on plantation development. Early growth enhancement accelerated plantation development by 3 years with total wood yield being increased by 500, 640, and 660 ft³ peracre at ages 20, 25, and 30, respectively. Since high stocking density and rapid early growth had a negative impact on final wood yields, the influence of early stocking control measures was evaluated using a growth and yield simulator. Pine stocking levels for each treatment were reducedby thinning at age 14 to 400 TPA or by planting 600 TPA. Lower stocking levels increased yield differences 32%. Long-term benefits of early growth enhancement were optimized at lower pine stocking rates. South. J. Appl. For. 13(2):94-99.
Fusiform Rust in Crosses Among Resistant and Susceptible Loblolly and Slash Pines
Authors: Sluder Earl R.
Published: August 2019

Progenies from a half-diallel cross among six loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) and another among six slash pines (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) were field-tested in central Georgia for fusiform-rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) resistance. Threeof each set of six parents were rated resistant (R) and three susceptible (S) to the fungus relative to check lots in previous progeny tests. For both species, relative susceptibility of the three types of progenies at age 5 years was R x R < R x S < S x S. The R x R and R x S progeniesin slash pine had considerably less infection than did the same types of progenies in loblolly pines. All S x S progenies were heavily infected. Heritability estimates for percentage infection and average galls per tree indicated that in these progenies, family selection should be based onpercentage infection for slash pine and galls per tree for loblolly pine. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):174-177.
Growth and Fusiform Rust Responses of Piedmont Loblolly Pine After Several Site Preparation and Regeneration Methods
Authors: McNab W. Henry , Miller Thomas , Brender Ernst V.
Published: August 2019

Cutover pine-hardwood sites in the Piedmont of central Georgia were prepared by prescribed burning or drum chopping and regenerated to loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) by planting or direct-seeding. Site preparation had little effect on soil physical properties. After an average of 12 years, trees were larger in dbh and total height, the merchantable stand was greater, and distribution was more uniform on planted than on seeded areas. Regeneration from direct-seeding was enhanced more by intensive site preparation than was regeneration from planting. Neither fusiform rust incidence nor rust associated mortality was affected consistently by the intensity of site preparation, but both rust incidence and rust associated mortality were generally higher in the direct-seeded than in the planted plots. South. J. Appl. For. 14(1):18-24.
Effect of Rehydration on in Vitro Germination of Loblolly Pine Pollen
Authors: Jett J. B. , Frampton L. John
Published: August 2019

At moisture contents of less than 15%, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) pollen displayed a marked sensitivity to rehydration prior to in vitro germination testing. At moisture contents above 15%, percent germination was relatively insensitive to increasing moisture content. The relationshipbetween length of rehydration time and pollen moisture content was highly significant. However, the commonly used 16-hour rehydration period is longer than is necessary since 1-2 hours of rehydration adequately ensure peak germination. Shortening of the rehydration period allows operationaltree improvement programs to test a greater number of pollen lots in a given period of time. South. J. App. For. 14(1):48-51.
Thinning and Harvesting Regimes for Yellow-Poplar
Authors: Franklin Carlyle , Hazel Dennis W. , Rucker Randal R. , Kronrad Gary D.
Published: August 2019

Grade 1 yellow-poplar logs were recently selling for $150/mbf, three times the price for grade 2 logs in North Carolina. A computerized stand development model was used to examine the profitability of thinning and holding yellow-poplar stands for increased diameter and grade. Analyses were done over wide ranges in stand age, site quality, and stocking, at 5% and 10% discount rates. At a 5% discount rate, the maximum net present stumpage value was obtained by thinning in most regimes. Lower stand age, higher initial stocking, and higher site indices favored thin-clearcut regimes over regimes with no initial thinning. At a 10% discount rate, thinning was optimal only at initial age 30 on the highest quality sites at the highest initial stockings. All other combinations of variables favored clearcutting immediately or with a 10-year delay. Thinning options with net values within 50% of maximum were numerous at a 5% discount rate in younger stands but decreased rapidly as initial age increased. Only a few such options were available at the 10% discount rate. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):101-103.
Survey and Pest Monitoring System for Southern Pine Seed Orchards
Authors: Fatzinger Carl W. , Muse H. David , Miller Thomas , Bhattacharyya Helen
Published: August 2019

A survey and pest monitoring system (SPMS) for pine seed orchards is described that estimates total orchard yields of female strobili and seeds, quantifies pest damage, documents the times of year when losses occur, and produces life tables for female strobili. The method utilizes sample clusters of female strobili located in the southeast crown quadrants of sample trees for obtaining three estimates per year of numbers and conditions of the two crops of cones present on seed orchard trees; additional periodic subsamples are used to determine causes of strobilus damage during periods of major loss. Interactive, user-friendly computer programs facilitate data analyses. Estimates of orchard productivity are accompanied by statistics on the precision of sampling and on the losses caused by specific pests and other factors. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):147-159.
Site-Preparation Method and Early Cultural Treatments Affect Growth of Flatwoods Slash Pine Plantations
Authors: Shiver Barry D. , Rheney John W. , Oppenheimer Michael J.
Published: August 2019

A study was established in 1979 to evaluate the effects of burning, chopping, and bedding on growth of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Elgelm.) plantations. In addition, a fertilizer and a complete vegetation control treatment were superimposed on the site preparation methods to test their impacts and to evaluate interactions. The study was balanced over two flatwoods soil groups; Spodosols and non-Spodosols. Complete vegetation control provided the most consistently dramatic improvement in slash pine growth. Fertilization and bedding were also significant treatments regardless of soil group. There was a significant soil group X treatment interaction for height, probably due to the adverse effects of burning on spodosols. Chopping improved pine height growth on non-Spodosols, but had no significant effect on Spodosol heights. Bedding, fertilization, and complete vegetation control continued to significantly improve growth on spodosols from ages 5 to 8. On non-Spodosols, only complete vegetation control continued to provide a significant growth response from age 5 to age 8. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):183-188.
A Diameter-Class Matrix Model for Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain Bottomland Hardwood Stands
Authors: Mengel Dennis L. , Roise Joseph P.
Published: August 2019

Matrix models for 5-year projections of natural bottomland hardwood stands in the Southeastern Coastal Plain are presented. The diameter distribution projection of species groups is based on diameter class, stand basal area, and trees per ac. The models were developed from data collected on 43 permanent 0.2 ac plots installed on six site types in the southeast. Predictions, based on 25 continuous forest inventory plots, show good agreement between the actual and projected diameter distributions. The models will be useful for short-term inventory projection and inclusion in forest management optimization routines. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):189-195.
Root Stripping Reduces Root Growth Potential Of Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: South David B. , Stumpff Nancy J.
Published: August 2019

Stripping short roots from individual loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings was accomplished by pulling the root system through a closed fist either 1, 2, or 4 times. The root growth potential (RGP) of the seedlings was directly related to the intensity of stripping. One stripping removed approximately 2% of the total root weight, yet reduced the number of root apices by 22% and caused a 47% reduction in RGP. Four strippings removed approximately 11% of the root weight, reduced the root/shoot ratio by about 9% and resulted in a 69% reduction in RGP. Although stripping of roots reduced both shoot and root growth, the relative effect on new shoot growth was not as great as with new root growth. Root stripping effectively eliminated any correlation between seedling diameter and RGP. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):196-199.
Comparison of Log Quality from Even-Aged and Uneven-Aged Loblolly Pine Stands in South Arkansas
Authors: Guldin James M. , Fitzpatrick Michael W.
Published: August 2019

Log grade, number of knots, and log volume of the first two logs, as well as form class of the butt log, were compared across three broad sawtimber categories among even-aged plantations, even-aged natural stands, and uneven-aged natural stands of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in Ashley County, AR. Trees from uneven-aged stands had butt logs of better log grade than even-aged plantations, particularly in the large sawtimber component where the average difference was half a log grade. Compared to even-aged natural stands, trees from uneven-aged stands had logs of comparable grade. Trees from even-aged natural stands produced butt logs of slightly better grade, but with greater taper and less volume per log, than trees from even-aged plantations. To produce high-grade loblolly pine sawtimber in the West Gulf region, natural stand management will suffice; plantation management may require supplemental quality intervention such as artificial pruning. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):10-17.
Direct Seeding of Bottomland Oaks in Oklahoma
Authors: Wittwer R. F.
Published: August 2019

Competition control with a broad spectrum herbicide prior to planting and placement of a fertilizer tablet near the seed spot failed to improve establishment or height growth of direct seeded water, willow, or Shumard oaks on a bottomland site in southeastern Oklahoma. The percentage of seed spots stocked with a living seedling exceeded 35%, or 1460 seedlings/ha (590/ac) given the initial spacing of 1 x 2.4 m (3.2 x 8 ft). This success is generally comparable to results obtained in more favorable environments in the Mississippi Valley. The fertilizer treatment, applied as a single fertilizer tablet placed near the seeded spots at the time of seeding, reduced stocking by 12-15% during an especially stressful growing season. Bare-root, 1-0, water/willow oak seedlings planted for comparision exhibited 80-90% survival. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):17-22.
A Growth and Yield Model for Improved Eastern Cottonwood Plantations in the Lower Mississippi Delta
Authors: Cao Quang V. , Durand Kenneth M.
Published: August 2019

A compatible growth and yield model was developed based on remeasurement data collected from 183 plots on unthinned improved eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) plantations in the lower Mississippi Delta. The Sullivan and Clutter (1972) equation form was selected for predicting cubic-foot volume yield and projecting volume from site index and initial age and basal area. Yield equations explained 97% and 94%, respectively, of the variations in total outside bark and merchantable inside bark volumes. Mean annual increment of merchantable volume culminated between 8 and 15 years, depending on site index and initial basal area. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):213-216.
Predicting Diameter Distributions for Site-Prepared Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations
Authors: Brooks John R. , Borders Bruce E. , Bailey Robert L.
Published: August 2019

Prediction equations for four distribution percentiles and a parameter recovery method together give Weibull-based diameter distributions for site-prepared plantations of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine. Separate sets of equations for the piedmont,upper coastal plain, and lower coastal plain provinces resulted from an analysis of extensive data for both species. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):130-133.
Soil Physical and Hydrological Changes Associated with Logging a Wet Pine Flat with Wide-Tired Skidders
Authors: Aust W. M. , Reisinger T. W. , Burger J. A. , Stokes B. J.
Published: August 2019

A wet pine flat in the coastal plain of South Carolina was harvested with a rubber-tired skidder equipped with 68-in.-wide tires. Soil physical properties were measured immediately before and after a salvage harvest to document changes associated with traffic disturbance. Paired t-tests indicate that the wide-tired operation significantly increased soil volumetric water content, bulk density, and soil strength, and decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil porosity, and depth to the water table. Changes were greatest for the more disturbed areas, and rutting that occurred in the skid trails apparently interrupted subsurface drainage. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):22-25.
Southern Pines Performance on Sandhills Sites in Georgia and South Carolina
Authors: Outcalt Kenneth W.
Published: August 2019

Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata D.B. Ward), Ocala sand pine (P. clausa var. clausa D.B. Ward), slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.), loblolly pine (P. taeda L.), and longleaf pine (P. palustris Mill.) were grown on sandhills in Georgia and South Carolina. Choctawhatcheesand pine grew fastest and yielded the most volume after 28 yr. Productivity equaled that of plantations in northwest Florida, averaging more than 100ft³/ac/yr. To maximize yields for pulpwood rotations of 25 to 35 yr, managers should plant these sites to Choctawhatchee sand pine. Longleafpine, however, has been growing as fast as Choctawhatchee sand pine since age 15 yr. Therefore, especially for longer rotations, it would be an acceptable alternative species. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):00-00.
Effects of Timber Harvest and Periodic Fire on Soil Chemical Properties in the Ouachita Mountains
Authors: Masters Ronald E. , Engle David M. , Robinson Ray
Published: August 2019

Soil chemical properties on mountainous terrain in oak-pine forests of southeastern Oklahoma changed following timber harvest and prescribed fire. Differences were related to residual stand characteristic, prescribed fire regimen, and vegetation change following site perturbation. Available NO3-N, Ca, and P significantly increased on harvested and burned sites, and on clearcut, windrowed, and summer burned sites compared to untreated sites. Nitrate levels were statistically unrelated to a 2,690% increase (7 to 190 lb/ac) in legume standing crop across site treatments. Nitrate levels were low, and these sites may be nitrogen limited. No increase was found in soil pH. Effects of burning harvested sites on most soil chemical properties generally persisted less than 2 yr. A timber harvest-fire interaction on levels of available K and Mg was evident 4 yr posttreatment. Timber harvest, periodic prescribed fire, and subsequent plant succession redirected nutrient cycling pathways and enhanced soil nutrient levels. Enhanced nutrient regimes are ecologically advantageous for stand reinitiation and recovery following site perturbation or natural disturbance. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):139-145.
Management Strategies to Reduce Losses from Fusiform Rust
Authors: Powers H. R. , Miller T. , Belanger R. P.
Published: August 2019

Fusiform rust of southern pines is a major problem in much of the South. Over the past 50 years the disease has evolved from an occasional problem into a major limiting factor in growing slash and loblolly pines. Intensive site preparation, planting of fast-growing nonresistant seedlings, weed and fire control, and fertilizer application stimulate wood production in pine plantations, but they also favor the spread and increase of fusiform rust. Forest managers struggle to find the optimum balance between maximum productivity and increased susceptibility to fusiform rust. Silvicultural practices being used to reduce losses from fusiform rust include predicting rust hazard for management units, selecting the appropriate method and intensity of site preparation, using resistant planting material, and applying cultural treatments in established stands. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):146-149.
Handling Longleaf Pine Seeds for Optimal Nursery Performance
Authors: Barnett J. P. , Pesacreta T. C.
Published: August 2019

Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) is the most difficult of the southern pines to regenerate by artificial means. One of the basic concerns in regenerating longleaf pine has been in obtaining, processing, and storing seeds of good quality. High seed quality is essential for successful regeneration of the species by either direct seeding or planting. Recommendations for producing and maintaining seed quality at a level equivalent to seeds of the other southern pines are developed in this article. Southern J. Appl. For. 17(4): 180-187.
A Method to Assess Large-Scale Forest Damage: A Case Study
Authors: Doggett Coleman A.
Published: August 2019

Large-scale forest disasters require rapid quantitative damage assessments. A method is presented of quickly acquiring statistically quantifiable damage data. The method involves systematic ground sampling coupled with the use of a geographic information system (GIS), which maps damage by criteria classes and determines acreage within each criteria class. These data are then expanded by average per-acre timber volumes obtained from USDA Forest Service statewide inventories and by mean losses within defined classes to determine volume losses. Volume losses are converted to dollar values by multiplying volumes by Timber Mart South (Norris 1989) stumpage values. South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):197-199.
Stand Density Management Diagram for Loblolly Pine Plantations in North Louisiana
Authors: Williams Roger A.
Published: August 2019

A stand density management diagram for use with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in north Louisiana has been developed. Three critical stand density boundaries important to management were defined: (1) the point of crown closure, (2) the point of self-thinning, and (3) the maximum tree size-stand density relationship. These three boundaries were estimated to occur at stand density index values of 160, 220, and 400, respectively. Three examples illustrating the use of these boundaries in thinning strategies are presented. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):40-45.
Chemical Control of Rhizoctonia Seedling Blight of Longleaf Pine
Authors: Runion G. B. , Kelley W. D. , Land D. H. , Gilly S. P. , Sharp D. J.
Published: August 2019

Benomyl, chlorothalonil, benodanil, triadimefon, diniconazole, terbuconazole, SN-84364 (Nor-Am experimental) and RH-3486 (Rohm & Haas experimental) effectively inhibited growth of Rhizoctonia sp. isolates from longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings when incorporated in agar medium. All fungicides were effective at concentrations as low as 1 μg ai/ml. However, disease incidence was not affected by diniconazole, benodanil or SN-84364 at concentrations of 140 or 280 g ai/ha in a preliminary field trial, and diniconazole exhibited phytotoxic effects on longleaf pine seedlings. Triadimefon at 280 g ai/ha was not effective in controlling longleaf pine seedling blight in an operational field study. SN-84364 at 560 g ai/ha applied every 2 wk reduced disease incidence compared to an untreated control in spring-sown longleaf pine at one nursery, but was not significantly different from the nursery's standard disease management practice of benomyl and chlorothalonil. The nursery where longleaf seed were spring-sown had a significantly greater incidence of longleaf pine seedling blight than nurseries where seed were fall-sown. At one nursery, disease incidence was significantly lower in a bed of fall-sown longleaf pine seedlings than in an adjacent bed of spring-sown seedlings. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):5-9.
A Southwide Test of Bifenthrin (Capture®) for Cone and Seed Insect Control in Seed Orchards
Authors: Lowe W. J. , Barber L. R. , Cameron R. S. , DeBarr G. L. , Hodge G. R. , Jett J. B. , McConnell J. L. , Mangini A. , Nord J. , Taylor J. W.
Published: August 2019

In 1991, a Southwide study to evaluate the efficacy of bifenthrin (Capture®) for cone and seed insect control was established in six loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and three slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.) seed orchards. A control (no treatment), Capture® (bifenthrin), and Guthion® (azinphosmethyl) treatments were established in each seed orchard. Five aerial sprays were used to apply the insecticides during the growing season. At each spray Guthion® was applied at 3 lb ai/ac. Capture® was applied at 0.2 lb ai/ac for the first spray and 0.1 lb ai/ac for the other four sprays. Under the conditions of this study, Capture® was as effective in controlling cone and seed insects as the standard operational Guthion® treatment. Insecticide treatment resulted in a 42% and 17% increase in the number of sound seeds produced per conelet for loblolly and slash pine, respectively. Local need registration (24C) exists in several states, and seed orchard managers can currently use Capture® in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Carolina and Tennessee. Seed orchard managers in other southern states need to determine if a 24C label is available in their state prior to useage. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):72-75.
Cyproconazole for Control of Fusiform Rust on Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: Carey W. A. , Kelley W. D.
Published: August 2019

The efficacy of cyproconazole seed treatments and foliar sprays for control of fusiform rust on loblolly pine seedlings was evaluated in greenhouse and nursery trials. At the nursery, the percentage of untreated seedlings that were galled at lifting was high (54%). No seedlings receiving cyproconazole at the lowest dosage foliar spray (4 sprays at 123.25 g ai/ha/application ) without the seed treatment, and only 0.1% of seedlings receiving only the seed treatment (1.25 g ai/kg seed), were galled Laboratory inoculations indicated that seed treatments with cyproconazole at 1.25 and 2.5 g ai/kg seed were effective for at least 20 and 30 days, respectively, and that foliar sprays of 185.0 or 246.5 g ai/ha were effective for 14 but not 21 days. Eleven months after sowing, mycorrhizal development in the nursery was similar among seedlings receiving approximately equal dosages of either cyproconazole or triadimefon. Seedling growth was not significantly different between control seedlings and those receiving the various dosages of cyproconazole. South J. Appl. For. 18(3): 101-104.
Tenth-Year Results of Herbaceous Weed Control in a Loblolly Pine Plantation
Authors: Haywood James D.
Published: August 2019

Herbaceous weed control influenced the growth of planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) over a 10-yr-period. Five treatments were examined: (1) Untreated control: seedlings were planted in the established herbaceous vegetation; (2) Glyphosate: glyphosate was broadcast in September 1981 before planting; (3) Disked: plots were cross-disked in September 1981 before planting; (4) Glyphosate-PPWC: glyphosate was broadcast before planting as in Treatment 2, and postplant weed control (PPWC) herbicides were broadcast yearly for 4 yr (1982, atrazine plus simazine ; 1983, atrazine plus oxyfluorfen; 1984 and 1985, hexazinone ); and (5) Disked-PPWC: plots were disked before planting as in Treatment 3, and the PPWC herbicides were broadcast as in Treatment 4. Four years of PPWC did not affect survival and resulted in greater height, dbh, and volume per loblolly pine through 10 growing seasons. The disked-PPWC plots were the most productive through 8 growing seasons, but higher than average mortality after 8 yr on the disked-PPWC treatment resulted in the glyphosate-PPWC plots producing more volume per acre after 10 growing seasons. Total volume production was 253 inside bark ft³/ac greater on the two PPWC treatments than on the untreated controls. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3): 105-109.
Short-Term Effects of Cool and Hot Prescribed Burning on Breeding Songbird Populations in the Alabama Piedmont
Authors: Lee Stribling H. , Barron Michael G.
Published: August 2019

Surveys of breeding songbirds following relatively hot and cool fires indicated different population responses to fire intensity. A greater number of birds and bird species were found on the sites receiving cool burns. Nesting guild analysis indicated canopy, shrub, and cavity nesters were more abundant on the areas receiving cool burns. Ground nesters were more abundant on the areas receiving hot burns. Feeding guilds that were in greater abundance on the cool burns were canopy gleaners, shrub gleaners, and bark gleaners. Ground gleaners were more abundant on the hot bum treatments. Hover gleaners and salliers showed no differences between the two treatment types. Cool fires resulted in patchy vegetation patterns that benefited birds using the canopy and midstory, while hot fires benefited those using the ground. South. J. Appl. For. 00(0):18-22.
Board Foot Volume Estimation for Southern Pines
Authors: Borders Bruce E. , Shiver Barry D.
Published: August 2019

Estimating the board foot volume of sawtimber size trees is one of the most common tasks of field foresters. The most often used board foot volume tables in the southeastern United States were developed in the mid-1940s. Much information has been developed during the past 50 yr concerning the volume and shape of tree stems for many species grown in many areas of the United States. Below, we show that this new information can be used to develop board foot volume tables that are species and region specific. It is shown that for southern pines, total tree height can serve as a surrogate variable for Girard form class. Since total height is more easily measured in the field than Girard form class, volume tables entered by height class may be preferred to volume tables entered by form class. South. J. Appl. For. 19(1):23-28.
Benomyl Applied to Roots Improves Second-Year Survival and Growth of Shortleaf Pine
Authors: Hallgren S. W. , Ferris D. M.
Published: August 2019

Benomyl added to a clay-slurry root dip at a low concentration (0.5 % a.i.) increased second-year survival and growth of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seedlings. The increase was greatest for stored seedlings lifted before December and after January, but results indicated that unstored seedlings and those lifted at the optimum time can benefit from benomyl. Planting seedlings in partially frozen soil did not seriously reduce performance. Seedlings that showed very low root growth potential due to root damage caused by lifting from frozen soil performed well when planted under favorable field conditions. Further study is needed to determine whether the beneficial effect of benomyl is due to: (1) suppression of pathogenic fungi in storage, (2) encouragement of mycorrhizae fungi, or (3) a cytokinin-like effect. Knowledge of the mode of action of benomyl will provide for development of techniques to insure the maximum benefit by using it appropriately. South. J. Appl. For. 19(1):36-41.
Tolerance of Loblolly Pines to Fusiform Rust
Authors: Walkinshaw Charles H. , Barnett James P.
Published: August 2019

Loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) that were 8 to 17 yr old tolerated one to three fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shiraif sp. fusiforme) galls in their stems. Families with four or more galls in their stems lost 25% or more of the trees by age 17. In living trees with less than four stem galls, diameter growth was comparable to that of trees with no galls. Tolerance was indicated by the ability of loblolly pines to maintain the rust fungus in stems that had dbh's similarto asymptomatic trees on the same site. In plantations, the number of galls in the stem was generally one to two per infected tree. This was also true for mature trees (12 to 38 in. dbh) along the Natchez Trace Parkway. These trees have been infected with fusiform rust for nearly 100 yr. On the other hand, the presence of four or more stem galls seems to be a reliable indicator of mortality rather than tolerance. South. J. Applied For. 19 (2): 60-64.
Assessing the Feasibility and Profitability of Cable Logging in Southern Upland Hardwood Forests
Authors: LeDoux Chris B. , May Dennis M. , Johnson Tony , Widmann Richard H.
Published: August 2019

Procedures developed to assess available timber supplies from upland hardwood forest statistics reported by the USDA Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis unit were modified to assess the feasibility and profitability of cable logging in southern upland hardwood forests. Depending on the harvest system and yarding distance used, cable logging can be profitable in as much as 14% of the area of upland hardwood forests on slopes that are 30% or greater. These slopes contain up to one-quarter of the board-foot volume in the 14-state area that was considered. The majority of the reported inventory that is profitable to log is on private and forest-industry land and would best be harvested by a medium-size yarder such as the Ecologger I. As the average slope yarding distance and yarder size increase, the available inventory that is profitable to log decreases. To achieve profitability with medium-size yarders at an average slope yarding distance of 500 ft, loggers must harvest trees that average at least 13.4 in. in dbh with a volume of at least 9200 bd ft/ac(2,300 ft3/ac). South J. Appl. For. 19(2):97-102.
Effect of Streamside Management Zone Width on Avifauna Communities
Authors: Thurmond Dagmar P. , Miller Karl V. , Harris Thomas G.
Published: August 2019

We analyzed 2 yr of bird population data in streamside management zones (SMZs) of three widths (50 ft, 100 ft, and 164 ft), adjoining ≤5 yr old pine plantations, and mature riparian areas in the Georgia Upper Coastal Plain. We evaluated relationships between SMZ width and bird abundance and density. Breeding and wintering avifaunal abundance were greater in SMZs than in the surrounding pine plantation. Breeding forest interior birds and forest interior neotropical migrant species were abundant in the mature forest control, but were essentially absent in SMZs and pine plantations. However, SMZs did provide habitat for an abundant avifauna community including several interior-edge and edge species not found in the pine plantations. Avian abundance was similar among SMZ widths, although densities were highest in the narrow SMZs. Forest managers should regard SMZs as important for maintaining avifauna abundance and diversity across pine dominated landscapes. South. J. Appl. For. 19(4):166-169.
Bifenox: A Promising New Herbicide for Southern Pine Nurseries
Authors: South David B. , Gjerstad Dean H. , Crowley R. Hugh
Published: August 2019

Preemergence tests over a three-year period at 11 forest nurseries indicate that bifenox at 1.5, 3, or 6 pounds active ingredient per acre provides good weed control without causing injury to loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). The lower rates did not harm eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), but the 6 pound per acre rate reduced seedling density. At most locations bifenox at 3 pounds per acre provided longer lasting weed control than diphenamid at 4 pounds per acre. Postemergence applications of bifenox at 2 or 4 pounds per acre controlled small succulent weeds at eight forest nurseries without injuring 3- to 10-week old seedlings of loblolly, slash, and eastern white pine.¹
The Need for Intensive Forest Management to Reduce Southern Pine Beetle Activity in East Texas
Authors: Hedden R. L.
Published: August 2019

Since 1955 commercial forest land in east Texas has declined 6 percent while growing stock volume per acre has almost doubled. At the same time, the southern pine beetle population has increased tenfold. It is postulated that increasing numbers of high-density pine stands susceptible to southern pine beetle attack have become available for infestation. This trend will continue for at least 20 to 30 years. At present, the only method available to land managers to reduce the risk of timber loss to the southern pine beetle is to practice intensive forest management.
Harvesting Effects on Soil and Water in the Eastern Hardwood Forest
Authors: Patric J. H.
Published: August 2019

For the eastern United States, there is overwhelming evidence that neither the productivity of forest soil nor the quality of forest water are substantially lessened during or after responsibly managed harvest of wood products. Carelessness, however, damages both resources. The key is forest roads; they cause little adverse effect on soil or water given proper location, drainage, traffic control, and maintenance. The public must better understand that it bears much of the cost for these measures.
Ice Storm Damage to Thinned Loblolly Pine Plantations in Northern Louisiana
Authors: Shepard Robert K.
Published: August 2019

A single ice storm caused heavy damage to loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands row-thinned during the preceding year, but more than 200 undamaged trees per acre were left in all stands. A second ice storm the following year virtually destroyed half of the stands and left only a marginal number of trees in those remaining. A stand thinned from below suffered only light damage.
Pine Plantations on the Cross Timbers Area of Oklahoma
Authors: Osterhaus Cary A. , Lantz Clark W.
Published: August 2019

Five pine species were planted on the "Cross Timbers" area of Oklahoma to determine the possibility of species conversion on these low-quality hardwood areas. Site preparation was accomplished by aerial spraying and prescribed burning. Early results indicate that during years of adequate moisture loblolly (Pinus taeda), shortleaf (Pinus echinata), and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) will survive and grow well on these areas. Pinus brutia and Pinus pinaster did not survive well.
Nine Years of Growth Following Fertilizer Application to A 9-Year-Old Slash Pine Plantation
Authors: Brister G. H. , Pienaar L. V. , Broerman F. S.
Published: August 2019

In 1964 a fertilizer experiment using three levels of nitrogen (0, 40 and 120 lbs./acre N) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 18 and 53 lbs./acre P) was laid out as a randomized block experiment in a 9-year-old slash pine plantation. Three separate covariance analyses on individual tree measurements are presented, with d.b.h., height, and merchantable volume as the response variables, and with the initial (1964) value for each as the covariate. The effect of N or P alone on the 9-year growth of each response variable was insignificant compared to the response obtained with N and P combined at the highest level of each. At this level there were 50-percent, 12-percent and 18-percent increases in average tree volume, average tree height, and average tree d.b.h., respectively. Percent increase in average tree size leveled off about five years after application, but the absolute difference continued to increase throughout the 9-year measurement period. This increase is estimated to result in $198/acre additional revenue over an 11-year period following application.
Hurricane-Tornado Damage, Mortality, and Insect Infestations of Slash Pine
Authors: Wilkinson Robert C. , Britt Robert W. , Spence Elwyn A. , Seiber Stephen M.
Published: August 2019

Following Hurricane Eloise (September 1975), severed and downed trees died and were infested by insects in a 25-year-old, thinned, slash pine plantation in west Florida. Most severe damage resulted from a "hurricane-tornado". Vertical and free-leaning trees were not infested by insects from September through the following May, a period characterized by above-normal precipitation.
Shearing is a Necessary Cultural Practice for Virginia Pine Christmas Tree Production
Authors: Hu Shih-Chang , Brewer Conrad W.
Published: August 2019

The proper timing and methodology for shearing Virginia pine Christmas trees have been studied since 1967 at Louisiana State University. Results indicate two shearings per growing season are needed from the third growing season in order to produce a large number of high-quality Christmas trees. Should the grower not be able to shear the trees twice a year, a single shearing in April is the best alternative for maximizing the number of salable trees.
Thinning Shortleaf Pine Plantations in Northern Mississippi
Authors: Williston Hamlin L.
Published: August 2019

Residual basal areas did not have a significant effect on cubic volume growth over a 20-year period in a thinning study established in 23-year-old shortleaf pine plantations. Basal area at age 38 did have a highly significant effect on board-foot volume growth during the ensuing five-year period. Total production at age 43 averaged 12,334 board feet per acre on site 80. The results suggest that for saw timber an 8 × 8 foot spacing would have been superior to the 6 × 6 foot spacing employed in establishing these plantations.
Composite Estimation for Forest Inventories Using Multiple Value Groups and Strata
Authors: Williams Michael S. , Cormier Ken A.
Published: August 2019

Due to economic and political pressures placed on timber production, information from timber inventories needs to be broken down into information on particular value groups, which are groupings based on individual tree characteristics. Thus estimates of totals and variances need to be computed for individual value groups, all value groups combined, and any collection of value groups. A method for reporting these estimates using a variance-covariance matrix is given. This is followed by two examples of the estimation of totals and variances for value groups applied to a population comprising two strata. Poisson (3P) and sample-tree sampling are used in the first and second strata, respectively. These examples are included to highlight important estimation considerations. A worked example based on an artificial population is also given. The population for the worked example is divided into two strata, with three value groups in each stratum. 3P and sample-tree sampling are used in the first and second strata. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):103-109.
Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Irregular Shelterwood Stand Development and Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Management—A Case Study
Authors: Gresham Charles A.
Published: August 2019

The overstory and midstory of a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) irregular shelterwood stand in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina were inventoried 17 yr after a sawtimber and pulpwood harvest and again 12 yr later. At the time of the first inventory, a dense (2482 stems ha-1), small (7.3 cm average dbh, 7.9 m average height) midstory pine population had developed underneath a relatively sparse (10.4 m² ha-1), tall (24 m)pine overstory. Although 38% of the midstory stems and 9% of the overstory stems died during the 12 yr study period, the stand was too dense to have any value as a red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) colony site even though the overstory pines survived in sufficient numbers and were large enough to provide potential cavity trees. The stand had ample basal area and stocking of pines greater than 25 cm dbh to be acceptable foraging habitat. Extrapolating the 1987 diameter distribution 12 growing seasons indicated that the midstory would continue self-thinning to 100 stems ha-1, and the overstory would grow to about 10 stems ha-1 in all dbh classes. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):90-93.
Thinning Improves Growth of Crop Trees in Natural Shortleaf Pine Stands
Authors: Wittwer R.F. , Lynch T.B. , Huebschmann M.M.
Published: August 2019

Dense, previously unthinned, 24- to 28-yr-old natural shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) stands in the Ouachita Mountains of eastern Oklahoma showed good growth responses during the first 5 yr after thinning to three stocking levels̶30, 50 and 70% of full stocking. Residual trees in stands thinned to minimum full stocking (60%) or less appeared to rapidly utilize the additional growing space. Net periodic annual basal area growth averaged 6.7, 7.9, and 8.5 ft2/ac/yr, respectively, for plots thinned to 30, 50, and 70% stocking (PS), but only 4.5 ft2/ac/yr on the unthinned controls due to mortality. Periodic annual diameter growth for trees comprising a dominant stand component averaged 0.42, 0.35, and 0.29 in. on the 30, 50, and 70 PS plots, respectively, and 0.24 in. on the unthinned controls. Periodic annual merchantable volume (3 in. top dob) growth of trees larger than 3.5 in. dbh was not significantly different among the 50 PS, 70 PS, and unthinned control plots, and ranged from 183 to 213 ft3/ac/yr. The excellent growth rates observed during the 5 yr study period exceeded expectations for these sites (SI50= 57) and stand ages, and might be due to the above-normal precipitation received during 4 of the 5 yr. South. J. Appl. For. 20(4):182-187.
A Tree Quality Scoring System for Immature Loblolly Pine
Authors: Belli Keith L. , Land Samuel B. , Duzan Howard W.
Published: August 2019

A tree quality scoring system was developed for immature loblolly pines to simulate the subjective quality tree grades determined by experienced industrial foresters. The system was designed to be used either in the office via a computer algorithm, or in the field via a dichotomous key. Results showed that both computer and field key performed well in terms of precision, although the key was susceptible to a higher degree of user bias. Both methods produced consistent, or repeatable, results. The scoring system should be useful for precommercial thinning decisions. South. J. Appl. For. 21(1):24-27.
In the Mainstream: Environmental Attitudes of Mid-South Forest Owners
Authors: Bliss John C. , Nepal Sunil K. , Brooks Robert T. , Larsen Max D.
Published: August 2019

A 1992 telephone survey of households in seven mid-South states provided data for comparing the opinions of NIPF owners with those of the general public. Topics explored included traditional forest management practices, governmental regulation of tree cutting to protect environmental values, and trade-offs between environmental protection, private property rights, and economic development. In each of these areas the views of NIPF owners were found not to differ significantly from those of the general public. A widespread desire for environmental protection tempers views toward forest practices, forest-based economic development, and private property rights. The relationships between NIPF owners' demographic characteristics, ownership activities, and opinions were explored. Study results challenged common assumptions about NIPF owners, questioned the effectiveness of existing forestry education efforts, and argue for a stronger, more explicitly environmental orientation in all forestry activities. South. J. Appl. For. 21(1):37-43.
Estimating Crown Height for Unthinned Planted Pines in East Texas
Authors: Lee Young-Jin , Lenhart J. David
Published: August 2019

Stand-level models were derived to predict crown height or the distance from ground to the first live branch of unthinned planted loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine trees in East Texas. Average height of the tallest trees was the principal predictor in the models. In addition, the influence of number of planted trees per acre, nonplanted basal area and fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) was considered. The models quantify the plantation ages when the butt log and successive lower stem logs are clear of live branches. This information may assist with merchandising the planted pines. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):130-133.
Growth Response of Young Yellow-Poplar to Release and Fertilization
Authors: Johnson James E. , Bollig John J. , Rathfon Ronald A.
Published: August 2019

Release and fertilization treatments were applied to two 10-yr-old yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) stands of natural origin in southwest Virginia. Seven growing seasons after the first treatment, the released trees had an absolute dbh growth response of 47.4%. Fertilization did not affect any of the growth variables studied, but resulted in a significant interaction with the release treatment for absolute height growth, which was significantly increased. Initially, height growth was slower with the released trees, but they increased their growth in the later years and had significantly greater live crown ratios than the unreleased trees, 53% compared to 46%. The released trees had 311% absolute response in crown volume, significant at the 0.001 level. Release treatments like this may be advantageous in maintaining yellow-poplar on intermediate sites, which may become an important landowner objective, since a component of gypsy moth-immune yellow-poplar can reduce overall stand vulnerability. South. J. Appl. For. 21(4):175-179.
Basis for Technology Transfer of Inhibitor-Based Suppression Tactics for the Southern Pine Beetle
Authors: Salom S.M. , Billings R.F. , Berisford C.W. , Clarke S.R. , McClellan Q.C. , Dalusky M.J. , Robinson T.J. , Johnson J.E.
Published: August 2019

Operational procedures for a new inhibitor-based suppression tactic for southern pine beetle (SPB) (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) are nearly ready. A critical component for the acceptance and successful use of this tactic by foresters is a carefully designed technology transfer program. To achieve this goal we developed a questionnaire and sent it to foresters in the southern United States. The questionnaire was designed to develop a profile of foresters based on their experience with SPB, their goals for managing the pest, their knowledge of the insect's biology and control options, their interest in learning a new tactic, and the methods by which they prefer to be trained in the use of the tactic. Of the 3,426 questionnaires sent to foresters in 10 states, 1,028 were returned, 995 (29%) of which were used. Experience with SPB differed among states and appeared related to the frequency of SPB outbreaks. However, experience did not affect the level of knowledge foresters had of SPB biology and control. Among responding foresters, 73% correctly related crown color to brood development in trees, 91% knew that SPB uses semiochemicals as cues for aggregating on hosts, 97% and 79% knew that stands with high basal area and older trees, respectively, are more susceptible to SPB than stands with lower basal area and younger trees. Ninety percent picked a buffer strip width that is roughly equivalent to the width presently recommended for use in direct suppression tactics. Less success was reported for differentiating between Ips and SPB infestations. Methods used for evaluating infestations favored revisiting sites and counting the number of green infested trees. Few foresters examined brood galleries, a method we believe is best. Although foresters tend to prefer 100% suppression after one treatment as a minimum acceptable level, most were willing to accept a lower level suppression effectiveness. Most respondents (92%) said they would like to learn about the inhibitor-based suppression tactic and would recommend its use if the tactic was shown to work and be cost effective. The preferred choice for learning the new tactic would be to combine an in-class workshop with field activities. Use of videos as a teaching and review tool also would be well received. South. J. Appl. For. 22(1):24-34.