bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thin Film Microsensor for Electrical and Optical Blood Diagnostics
Authors: Viglasky Radovan , Tvarozek Vladimir
Published: March 2009

Thin film microsensor (TFμS) consisted of interdigitated arrays of electrodes (IDAE) for
electrical and optical monitoring of the aggregation phase of erythrocyte sedimentation has been
developed. Planar TFμS is based on IDAE, Pt or transparent conductive ZnO:Al thin films
sputtered on ceramic or glass substrates. It allows single or simultaneous measurements of electrical
impedance (10÷100 kHz) and optical absorbance/transmittance (320÷800 nm) of small blood drop
applied on TFμS. Time monitoring of these parameters (in the first 300 sec) can distinguish
between healthy and cancer state of blood and could serve as screening method for early diagnoses
or for the simple long-term diagnostics after surgical operation.
Electrospun Nanofibre Membranes as Wound Dressing Materials
Authors: Liu Xin , Lin Tong , Fang J. , Yao Gang , Wang X.G.
Published: March 2009

An effective wound dressing is not only able to protect the wound area from its
surroundings to avoid infection and dehydration, but also to speed up the healing process by
providing an optimum microenvironment for healing, removing any excess wound exudates, and
allowing continuous tissue reconstruction. In this study, two biodegradable polymers,
polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), were used to electrospin nanofibre
membranes. The wound dressing performances of these two membranes were compared with the
wound dressing performances of protein coated membranes and conventional non-woven cotton
wound dressings. In addition, fibre morphology, porous structural property, mechanical properties of
the nanofibre membranes, and their drainage capacity and wound skin histology were examined.
Addition of Surface Function to Zirconia for Biomaterial Use
Authors: Koide N. , Suzuki K. , Tsuda M. , Asaoka Teruo
Published: March 2009

Due to the merits of zirconia ceramics such as high strength, toughness, and abrasion
resistance, as well as chemical stability in vivo, yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals
(Y-TZP) are currently used in the femoral head of hip prostheses. However, this material has a limited
range of use because it is a bioinert material that does not interact with bone tissue and thus does not
easily integrate directly with bone. Therefore, addition of a material surface that enables the in vivo
formation of a bone-like apatite layer that exhibits bioactivity and facilitates interactions and
integration with bone tissue is desired. In addition, by developing a surface structure that enhances
mechanical bonding, this material can be expected to be used as an alternative aggregate under load
bearing conditions. In the present study, structural design of the material surface, addition of
bioactivity using reagents treatment, confirmation of formation of the apatite layer using immersion in
simulated body fluid, mechanical assessment, and wettability testing were conducted with the
objective of controlling interactions between zirconia ceramics and the body.
A New Drug Vehicle - Lipid Coated Biodegradable Nanoparticles
Authors: Schäfer J. , Sitterberg Johannes , Ehrhardt C. , Kumar M.N.V. Ravi , Bakowsky Udo
Published: March 2009

The preparation and charactersiation of novel lipid coated PLGA nanoparticles was
investigated in the presented study. The size of the pure nanoparticles could be adjusted in
dependence on the stabilizer content. The supported lipid bilayer surrounding the nanoparticles was
formed by the liposome spreading technique. The Lipid- coated nanoparticles were characterised
using Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigations.
The bioadhesive properties was proofed in a cell culture model.
Trastuzumab Decorated Nanoparticles for Targeted Chemotherapy of Breast Cancer
Authors: Sun Bing Feng , Feng Si Shen
Published: March 2009

Nanoparticles (NPs) of biodegradable polymers as a drug delivery system formulate drug
devoid of harmful adjuvant, realize controlled drug release and achieve better therapeutic efficacy than
pristine agent. However, the low selectivity of NPs towards cancer cells hinders the advantages of NP
formulation for efficient chemotherapy. The novel system of paclitaxel-loaded, trastuzumab-decorated
poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)/montmorillonite(PLGA/MMT) NPs for targeted drug delivery was
developed. Paclitaxel was used as a prototype drug with excellent therapeutic effects against a wide
spectrum of cancers. Trastuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human
epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER2), which overexpresses in 25-30% breast cancers. Moreover,
synergistic effects have been found in combination of trastuzumab with paclitaxel. As a potent
detoxifier, the medical clay MMT can adsorb toxins and reduce side effects. The drug delivery system
represents a new concept in developing drug delivery systems and can achieve functions such as to
formulate anticancer drugs with no harmful adjuvant; to reduce side effects caused by formulated drugs;
to have synergistic therapeutic effects; and to achieve targeted chemotherapy for HER2-positive breast
cancer
Electrical Field Responsive Polypyrole in Poly(Acrylic Acid) Hydrogel for Transdermal Drug Delivery
Authors: Chansai Phithupha , Sirivat Anuvat
Published: March 2009

Transdermal drug delivery system is a system that delivers a drug into a body at a desired
site and rate. The conductive polymer-hydrogel blends between polypyrrole (PPy) doped with an
anionic drug and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were developed as the matrix/carriers of the drug for the
transdermal drug delivery in which the characteristic releases depend on the electrical field applied
and the crosslinking ratio. The PAA films and their blend films were prepared by solution casting
using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a crosslinking agent. A mechanical blending of
PPy particles and PAA matrix was then carried out. The drug diffusions of blended PPy/PAA
hydrogel and the non-blended one were investigated and determined by using a modified Franzdiffusion
cell with an acetate buffer, pH 5.5, at 37 0C, for a period of 48 h to determine the effects
of crosslinking ratio and electric field strength. Amounts of the released drug were measured by a
UV-visible spectrophotometer. The diffusion coefficient of the drug was determined through the
Higuchi equation, with and without an electric field at various crosslink ratios. The diffusion
coefficient decreases as the crosslinking ratio is increased and the diffusion coefficient increases
with applied electric field up to 1.0 V.
Effect of Electric Field Strength on the Diffusion of Salicylic Acid through Polyacrylamide Hydrogels
Authors: Niamlang Sumonman , Sirivat Anuvat
Published: March 2009

The release mechanisms and the diffusion coefficients of salicylic acid -loaded
polyacrylamide hydrogels are investigated experimentally by using a modified Franz-Diffusion cell
at the temperature of 37 °C to determine the effects of crosslinking ratio and electric field strength.
The fabricated hydrogels retain their physical shapes and sizes during the experiments along with
data reproducibility. A significant amount of salicylic is released within 48 h from the hydrogels of
various crosslinking ratios, with and without electric field. The release profile of Q vs. t1/2 is
linear. Diffusion coefficient, determined from the Higuchi equation, increases with electric field
strength and reach maximum values at electric field strength of 0.1 V due to the electrophoresis of
the drug, and it becomes saturated at electric field strengths between 0.5 – 10 V.
Implantable Electronics for the Recovery of Neuromuscular Functions
Authors: Sawan Mohamad , Gosselin B. , Coulombe J. , Ayoub A.E. , Chaudhuri A. , Leporé F.
Published: March 2009

This paper covers circuits and systems techniques for the construction of high reliability
biosensing and stimulation medical devices. Such microsystems are dedicated for interconnections
through either the central or the peripheral nervous systems. Low-power high-reliability wireless
links are used to power up the implanted devices while data are exchanged bidirectionaly between
these implants and external controllers. A global view of main devices is given, case studies related
to applications such as bladder control, intracortical monitoring and microstimulation are discussed,
altogether with modeling, characterization, as well as microsystems assembly and packaging. Also,
dedicated electrode arrays and their interfaces to tissues interfaces are summarized.
Encouraging Nature with Ceramics: The Roles of Surface Roughness and Physio-Chemistry on Cell Response to Substituted Apatites
Authors: Christophy C. , Rashid N. , DiSilvio Lucy , Hing Karen A.
Published: March 2009

The success or failure of a bioactive ceramic implant material in the body depends on a
complex interaction between a synthetic foreign body and the host. These interactions occur at
many levels from the nano-structural level, where subtle changes in surface physio-chemistry
substantially alters the nature of the biomaterial-host tissue interface, to the meso- or macrostructural
level where dependence on porosity mediates bioactivity through its effect on nutrient
transfer and scaffold mechanics. Thus the factors that control the biological response to implant
materials are a complex combination of mechanical, physical and chemical attributes which when
combined favorably lead to ‘bioactivity’ in a material, or more correctly a ‘bioactive’ response to
the material. This is illustrated in the successful use of porous bioactive ceramic scaffolds as
synthetic bone graft substitute materials, where micro and meso-porosity, bulk and surface
chemistry are manipulated to provide a framework that is highly conducive to the process of bone
regeneration, balancing bone apposition and remodeling. Moreover, we now have the opportunity
to developing an understanding of the complex balance of forces at play during bone grafting
through investigation of these biological responses.
Synthesis of Bioactive Hydroxyapatite-Zirconia Toughened Composites for Bone Replacement
Authors: Cioni Beatrice , Lazzeri Andrea , Gallone Giuseppe , Levita Giovanni
Published: March 2009

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a major inorganic component of human hard tissues, such as
bones and teeth, and its content determines their microstructures and physical properties. Artificial
HAp shows strong biocompatibility and bioactivity and thus it has found broad applications in
tissue engineering for replacing damaged hard tissues. The artificial HAp, however, suffers from its
intrinsic low mechanical properties, so to meet mechanical requirements, HAp can be incorporated
with stiff mineral phases (mullite, zirconia, alumina). The performance and long-term survival of
these biomedical devices are also dependent on the presence of bacteria surrounding the implants. In
order to reduce the incidence of implant-associated infections, several treatments have been
proposed, e.g. introduction of silver or fluoride in the HAp. The objective of this research is the
sintering of composites based on calcium phosphate, mainly HAp supported on zirconia, for bone
replacement with better microstructural features. In fact the use of zirconia can enhance the
mechanical properties of bioceramics. Moreover the introduction of small amounts of silver, which
should improve the antibacterial properties, will be taken into consideration since it is expected also
to further toughen the whole structure.
Biomedical Applications of Micro-Nano-Technologies
Authors: Wechsung Reiner
Published: March 2009

Micro-Nano-Technologies main application field will be in life
sciences for drug development, diagnostics and drug delivery. Typical
examples are described for products already existing together with an
outlook for new emerging products and applications. Existing market
prognosis is discussed critically.
Microsystems for Blood Cell Counting
Authors: Piacentini Niccolò , Demarchi Danilo , Civera Pierluigi , Knaflitz Marco
Published: March 2009

This paper presents two biomedical microsystems for blood cell counting, designed and
built through MultiMEMS Multi-Project Wafer (MPW) service and the microBUILDER European
project. Dies mm in size, made of a micromachined glass-silicon-glass triple stack, host two
new kinds of multiple micro-counters, suitable to investigate the feasibility of blood cell differential
analysis by means of Coulter principle in a monolithic lab-on-a-chip, which integrates a
microfluidic network, sensing metal electrodes and light-guiding structures. Within these devices,
impedance method gains some innovative features, both from microsystem technology itself (low
consumptions of chemicals, better analytical performances, low dead volumes in multifunctional
interconnected networks, parallel high-throughput processing, low-cost mass production) and from
new project solutions: self-aligning illumination allows to use compact external sources (i.e, LEDs)
and requires no delicate optics. Different working set-ups (ranging from series with fixed control
volume to parallel differential) can be achieved by adding only few external components. It is
finally possible to combine electrical and optical measurements, oriented to multi-feature
classification of cell sub-populations.
Simulation of Water Flow in a Coated Nano Pore by a Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Yamamoto K. , Iwatsubo T. , Saitoh Ken-ichi , Moriuchi T.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents on a new damping element called the colloidal damper which is used a
principle of surface extension force in nano pore. The direction acting of the surface extension force
of water in hydrophobic nano pore is different in pressurization and decompressurization processes
[1,2]. This principle is applied to a damping element. The nano pore is constructed by silica gel. A
silica gel ball of 100-200 micrometer dia. has many nano pores of 5-20 nanometer dia. in it [3,4].
The coated spherical silica gel and water are inserted in a piston - cylinder unit in order to work as a
damper. If compression and decompression forces are added to the piston - cylinder unit (damper),
water flows into and moves out the nano pore under balance of pressure. A contact angle of
compression formed by the hydrophobic nano pore and water is larger than that of decompression.
This difference of the contact angle produces a damping energy.
In this paper, behavior of water in the pore of silica gel is investigated using the molecular
dynamics. Dissipation energy of the colloidal damper is concerned with the contact angles of water
in the pore. So the contact angles are calculated for changing parameters, i.e. size of the pore, length
of the hydrophobic material, velocity (pressure) of water flows into the pore. Then these results are
compared with the experimental ones.
Spider Silk as an Inspiration for Biomimicking
Authors: Pérez-Rigueiro José , Elices Calafat Manuel , Plaza G.R. , Guinea Gustavo V. , Corsini P. , Marsano E.
Published: March 2009

Silks spun by arthropods exhibit a set of unique properties that have emerged as the
result of over four hundred million years of evolution. Silks show the most optimized combination
of tensile strength and deformation at breaking, yielding the highest work of fracture of any known
material. These outstanding features have thrust an increasing interest in reproducing or even
improving the properties of natural silks. However, the advances in the field are hampered by an
incomplete knowledge on the relation between microstructure and mechanical properties as well as
by uncertainties related to the influence of processing in the performance of the fiber. In this work
we present some of the most significant contributions of our groups to the field, stressing the
possibility of controlling the tensile properties of silks and the contribution of this basic knowledge
to the production of artificial regenerated fibers. Spider silk shows a large variability that it is
thought to allow the spider to adapt the fibers to its immediate requirements, but represents a major
drawback for its study or application. The development of the wet stretching process has allowed
the modification of silk fibers in a controlled and reproducible way for the first time. Besides,
recent improvements in the spinning of regenerated silkworm silk fibers have led to artificial fibers
with properties that approach those of natural silks. These progresses allow envisaging the
production of bioinspired fibers in a not too distant future.
Multi-UUVs Team Line Formation Control by a Behaviour-Based Method with Fuzzy Logic Adapters
Authors: Hou Yan , Allen Robert
Published: March 2009

A team of low-cost underwater vehicles could cover an area quickly, e.g. for pollution
detection and clearance and benefit from the advantages of formation control, for example it can
reduce the cost, increase the robustness and efficiency. In previous work, we have investigated
behaviour-based rules with fuzzy logic controlled priority weights for multi-UUVs team cooperation.
The goal of this paper is to examine whether the behaviour-based rules can control the line formation
of the team when each member is represented by a dynamic manoeuvring model of a real vehicle.
Fuzzy logic controllers are applied to update the priority weights for the behavioural rules according
to different situations that the vehicles meet in real time. The cooperative mission scenarios with line
formation pattern are simulated and the results indicate that the approach can potentially help to
maintain the cooperative vehicles in a specified line formation.
Fabrication and Evaluation of Biomimetic Jellyfish Robot Using IPMC
Authors: Yeom Seong Won , Oh Il Kwon
Published: March 2009

In this study, fabrication and evaluation of a biomimetic jellyfish robot by using IPMC
actuators were performed. Application fields of the existing IPMC actuators are limited due to the flat
shape which is a serious weakness for such actuation material. A new curved IPMC actuator with an
intended initial deformation was newly developed to overcome the weakness of the flat IPMC
actuator and to mimic the jellyfish. The thermal treatment was applied to obtain the intended initial
deformation. The bio-inspired input signal was generated with mimicking real motion of the jellyfish.
The vertical floating displacement and force of the biomimetic jellyfish robot under various driving
signals were measured and compared vertical floating forces and motion of jellyfish robot. Unlike
sinusoidal excitation, the bio-inspired input signals make position. Although there are still certain
problems to be resolved in the power system and buoyancy, the curved IPMC actuators may possibly
be a promising candidate that can materialize the biomimetic fish robot.
The Nano and Micromanipulators Based on Magnetic Bacterium
Authors: Ignat Mircea , Zarnescu George
Published: March 2009

The paper present a type of nano and manipulators which are based on structure of
the magnetic bacterium, which is described.
There are presented a theoretical study and analisys of the micromechanic circuit with elastic
and damper elements, the micromagnetic circuit ( with micromagnetic specific characteristics)
and also the electromechanic analogy aspects of the magnetic bacterium.
The authors propose some nano and micromanipulators based on the structure of the chain of
magnetic bacterium which include the nano or micro magnetic particles.
The calculus, electromechanical modeling and experiments of this nano or microstructure
what work and in the fluid medium are presented.
There are evidenced the possible aspects on microrobotics and application field.
Vortex Method for the Analysis of Complex, Unsteady and Vortical Flows around a Swimming Fish
Authors: Kamemoto Kyoji , Ojima Akira
Published: March 2009

Although it is well known that the modes of undulatory locomotion of fish swimming
provide high speed and high drive efficiency, it is hard to understand the propulsion mechanism of
fish directly from living things. In the present study, in order to investigate hydrodynamic
characteristics of the swimming modes, numerical simulation of flows around a deforming body of a
rainbow trout which belongs to the kind of fish of subcarangiform undulatory swimmers was
performed by using a Lagrangian vortex method. In this simulation, the basic configuration of the
fish body is modeled with use of a NACA type airfoil, and the mode of undulatory motion is
numerically given by a function obtained from observation of actual fish swimming. As a result of the
present study, the relation between characteristics of propulsion force acting on the fish body and
formation of complex vortex structures are clarified.
Flight Control of an Insect
Authors: Sunada Shigeru
Published: March 2009

A butterfly's fore- and hindwings act as one low aspect ratio wing. The variation in the
feathering angle is not as large as that of other insects such as a dragonfly and a damselfly. A butterfly
varies the lead-lag angle of the forewing and the angle between the thorax and the abdomen at
take-off. This implies the possibility that the insect moves all parts of its body to fly. This is an
advantage that an insect has over a conventional aircraft. Moreover, a new method to investigate an
insect’s flight control ability is introduced. An attached plate disturbs the insect, and a remarkable
flight pattern can be observed. The flight control ability of the insect can be elucidated by analyzing
the insect’s flight pattern.
Hammerhead - A Vision Guided AUV
Authors: Allwood Robert L.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the culmination of two separate programmes of work undertaken at
the Offshore Technology Centre at Cranfield University. The problems of underwater vision in
dark turbid water have been of interest to us over a number of years and a technique employing
laser illumination has been developed to partially overcome them. The system incorporates a solid
state frequency doubled cw diode pumped Nd:YAG laser emitting light at 532nm as a source of
illumination. Using an oscillating mirror to form a stripe of illumination on the target, image
processing techniques have been used on standard CCTV outputs to reduce backscattered light thus
improving image quality and range of vision. Also, an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
(Hammerhead) has been developed for the purpose of investigating control and guidance strategies.
This paper describes the implementation of the above-mentioned viewing system onto the vehicle
and how data extracted from the sensor has been used in the control and guidance of the AUV. In
addition, the use of image tracking software, that can be trained to recognise an object, has enabled
the AUV to detect and follow a predetermined target, such as an underwater pipeline or subsea
telecommunications cable – a truly bio-inspired operational technique.
Robustness of Biomimetic Underwater Vehicles under Disturbances
Authors: Kato Naomi , Suzuki Hiroyoshi
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the utility of a suite of oscillating fins designed to optimize the
hovering and low-speed maneuvering performance of an underwater vehicle from the viewpoints of
guidance and control of an underwater vehicle equipped with 2 pairs of oscillating fins in water
currents, development of CFD-based motion simulator and design test of flexible fins including
fluid-structure interaction.
Determining the Binaural Signals in Bat Echolocation
Authors: Papadopoulos Timos , Allen Robert , Haynes Stephen
Published: March 2009

Echolocating bats are known to outperform manmade systems in the tasks of autonomous
navigation and object detection and classification, especially when size, power and computational
complexity requirements are considered. As a result, the individual physical mechanisms and
processes involved in echolocation (types of signals used, properties of the emission mechanism,
echoes created in different echolocation tasks, receptor characteristics as well as the bat’s auditory
system) have received significant attention as a possible source of bio-inspiration. However, not
much attention has been drawn to optimisations that may arise as a combined effect of the above
mechanisms. Of key importance in such an investigation would be the knowledge of the binaural
signals generated in real echolocation tasks as those are the actual input signals utilised by the bat’s
auditory system. The direct measurement of these signals is severely restricted by the very small
size of most bat species. We describe the development of an experimental facility that combines the
measurement and modelling of the aforementioned subsystems for the determination of the binaural
signals associated with echolocation. We present initial measurement results and compare them
with analytical modelling predictions
Transformation/Deformation Behavior and its Constitutive Equation for Ti-Ni-Cu Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Takeda Yuji , Yamamoto Takaei , Uegaki M. , Cho Hiroki , Sakuma Toshio , Suzuki Akihiko
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the transformation and deformation behavior and its constitutive
equation for Ti-41.7Ni-8.5Cu (at%) shape memory alloy. Plastic deformation after pre-deformation is
investigated using the volume fraction of slip-deformed martensite. New kinetics and constitutive
equations are proposed for the reverse transformation process. The material constants in the proposed
equationa are determined from the results of tensile and heating/cooling tests of Ti-41.7Ni-8.5Cu
(at%) shape memory alloy. The calculated results describe well the deformation and transformation
behavior affected by pre-strain.
Control Characteristics of Shape Memory Alloy Actuator Using Resistance Feedback Control Method
Authors: Takeda Yuji , Cho Hiroki , Yamamoto Takaei , Sakuma Toshio , Suzuki Akihiko
Published: March 2009

The actuators using shape memory alloys can work as an actuator to control or retain
positioning without using sensor devices. In this work, a position control model with a biasing
mechanism is produced. The produced model is controlled by resistance feedback using the method
of setting off-time and can be set and retained at an arbitrary position. The effects of input current,
control distance and off-time on positioning characteristics such as dynamic behavior and position
stability are investigated. The results show that high input current for heating is effective for
shortening the rise and settling times. However, the overshoot increases with increasing input current.
When the recovery strain is below 2.5%, the rise and settling velocities increase with increasing
control distance. Furthermore, the off-time affects position stability. In the case of short off-time, fine
position stability is performed regardless of the values of input current and control distance.
Superelastic NiTi Thin Films for Medical Applications
Authors: Quandt Eckhard , Zamponi C.
Published: March 2009

Shape memory alloys are able to provide high work output when due to the martensitic
transformation. Therefore, they are a promising candidate for actuation mechanisms in microsystems,
e.g. in microvalves. Sputter deposited SMA thin films are already in use as free-standing films or as
composites. Since it is also possible to deposit and structure the SMA composites on Si substrates by
photolithographic techniques, the fabrication process is compatible to MEMS and therefore most
favorable for an number of applications. Superelastic shape memory materials are of special interest in
medical applications due to the large strains at constant stress and their biocompatibility. Superelastic
NiTi thin films have been fabricated by magnetron sputtering using cast melted targets. Special heat
treatment was performed to adjust superelastic properties and transformation temperatures. A
superelastic strain of up to 6.5% at 37°C was obtained. Although NiTi shows an excellent
biocompatibility enhanced antibacterial properties would significantly broaden its application range.
Coatings containing Ag have already been used for this application. In order to apply this approach to
TiNi-based alloys thin films of different TiNiAg compositions have been prepared by sputtering.
Optimization of Electrospray Process by PIV in Nanostructured Membrane Preparation
Authors: Pliszka Damian , Sundarrajan S. , Jaworek A. , Krupa A. , Lackowski M. , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: March 2009

We present a novel method of using Particle Image Velocimetry in electrospraying
process studies. Electrospraying of metal oxides nanoparticles and covering nonwoven nanofiber
mat creates composite material for potentially wide applications. Precise control of the
electrospinning process gives possibility for better control of nanoparticles deposition and thereby
enhancing its relative properties.
Haptic Sensing in Intelligent Textile Development
Authors: Meinander Harriet
Published: March 2009

The haptic properties of textiles are of crucial importance in most application areas and
particularly for skin contact garments. Extensive research work has therefore been done both in
defining the mechanical textile properties, which influence the haptic sensations, in measuring these
textile properties, in defining procedures for subjective evaluation of the haptics of textiles, and in
simulation of the properties in a virtual environment.
In the development of new smart or intelligent textiles it is particularly important to consider the
haptic properties. The introduction of non-textile elements (e.g. sensors, transmitters) in the
garments or other textile products easily cause impaired haptic or other comfort properties, which
might not be accepted by the markets and the end-users. A primary application area for smart
garments is in the health care, where tight fitting underwear garments for the monitoring of body
functions (heart rate, ECG, temperature) have been developed. Good haptic properties are
particularly important for unhealthy or elderly persons with very sensitive skin.
Carbon-Based Textiles as Gas Diffusion Layers (GDL) for Polymer Fuel Cells
Authors: Gallo Stampino Paola , Dotelli Giovanni , Omati Luca , Fracas Paolo , Brivio D. , Grassini P.
Published: March 2009

A Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) is a sandwiched conductive and porous material
interposed between the catalyst layer and the bipolar plates in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel
Cell (PEMFC) . This electrode substrate is a multi-functional material with several properties. All
these requirements are best met by carbon fibres based materials, woven carbon or paper. In this
work, the attention is focused on a new family of GDL which are produced by an Italian company,
SAATIgroup. In particular a new class of carbon cloth with different surface treatments have been
considered: a sample without surface treatment, a samples with a plasma treatments and a sample
coated with PTFE. All these GDLs were coated with a microporous layer (MPL) to optimize the
water management and the ultimate electrochemical performance of a PEM. The morphological and
electrical characterization of all the samples was carried out by means of different techniques.
Moreover, as the aim of this work was to study the effects of gas and water transportation on cell
performance by applying MPLs, fuel cell tests have been conducted to relate their characteristics to
the polarization curves.
Smart Textile Embedding Optical Fibre Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring during MRI
Authors: Narbonneau François , Kinet D. , Paquet Bernard , Depré A. , de Jonckheere J. , Logier R. , Zinke J. , Witt Jens , Krebber Katerina
Published: March 2009

The potential impact of optical fibre sensors embedded into medical textiles for the
continuous monitoring of the patient during Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is presented. In
that way, we report on several pure optical sensing technologies for pulse oximetry and respiratory
movements monitoring. The technique for pulse oximetry measurement is known as NIRS (Near
Infra-Red Spectroscopy) in a reflectance mode. In parallel, we tested two different optical sensor
based fabric designs breathing activity detection – a macro bending sensor and a fibre Bragg grating
sensor consisting in respiratory frequency measurement by intensity variation detection and optical
spectral analysis.
Smart Textiles: Position and Motion Sensing for Sport, Entertainment and Rehabilitation
Authors: Helmer Richard J.N. , Mestrovic Michael A. , Farrow Damian , Lucas Stuart , Spratford Wayne
Published: March 2009

Innovation in textiles and clothing has embodied various combinations of new and
existing materials to meet conventional needs of comfort and fashion. Interactive and intelligent
textiles are emerging as many new textile materials are being used to form sensors in garments to
intimately interact with the human form. Interactive textiles typically contain sensors located within
a garment to detect physiological functions that are wirelessly connected to digital infrastructure and
application specific software. These devices can be realised in conventional garments and have
scope for application in diverse fields including entertainment, education, sport, military and
medicine. Position and Motion Sensing devices will be discussed for each application, in terms of
the value proposition, performance requirements, regulations, and existing technology. A case study
of an entertainment device that uses limb motion to achieve an imaginary instrument, the Wearable
Instrument Shirt (WIS) will be discussed in this context. The WIS combines a wearable sensor
interface with software to map gestures and audio data files to form an easy-to-use gesture driven
instrument that allows real-time interactive musical performances without any need for significant
instrument or computer skills.
Design for Ageing Well: Improving the Quality of Life for the Ageing Population Using a Technology Enabled Garment System
Authors: McCann Jane
Published: March 2009

We are at the beginning of a new industrial revolution with the merging of textiles and
electronics. Current markets for clothing and electronics have been separate. Medical devices have
been developed for ‘ill people’ with little aesthetic appeal and wearable technology has not been
readily accepted by some intended markets due to badly designed user-interfaces. Little has been
done to address the design requirements of older wearers with regard to aspects of human
physiology in terms of sizing, fit, predominant posture, thermal regulation, moisture management,
protection and the psychological ‘feel good factor’. Emerging technologies may be confusing to
traditional clothing designers, while electronics and medical experts are not normally conversant
with textile technology. A shared 'language' and vision is needed to easily communicate between
these sectors and older wearers. The application of smart textiles in a clothing ‘layering system’
may enhance the quality of life of the active ageing. To be acceptable, clothing must be
comfortable, stylish and function reliably in relation to the technical, aesthetic and cultural userneeds.
This paper will focus on the needs of the 65-75 year old age group who have experienced the
influence of design throughout their lives. A design methodology, driven by meaningful end-user
research, will be introduced that addresses the potential for a comfortable and stylish clothing
system to promote the wellness and autonomy of this growing community.
Monitoring and Control System of Discomfort in Disability, Bed Rest People and Surgical Patients
Authors: Fernandes Carvalho Miguel Ângelo , Ferreira Fernando , Carvalho Helder , Rocha José Gerardo , Martins L.B. , Santos Jorge A.
Published: March 2009

Project aims to develop a system that allows to provide to the People with Special Needs
(PSN) a relief to the level of the sensitive perception of discomfort, assuring greater independence,
welfare, quality of life, prevention of illnesses/wounds, through the development of textile and
polymers applications (cushions, mattresses and mattresses overlays) with functions of monitoring
and control of pressure in the body's areas in contact with the support surfaces.
In this group of PSN will be enclosed the people with serious motor limitations conditioning their
mobility/deambulation, such as bed rest people, patients under effect of sedatives or anaesthesia
during long surgeries (intra and post operative), patients and users in general of wheelchairs. These
people have, for the most part of the cases, a commitment of sensitivity in the body's areas in
contact with the support surfaces, or its motor capacity does not allow them to move regularly of
position autonomously, as it would do a healthy person unconsciously. Then, insufficient
sanguineous irrigation occurs as result of pressure exceeding too long the tissue capillary pressure
depriving tissues of oxygen and essential nutrients, owing to ischemia and hypoxia, which then
causes the pressure ulcers (PU) development.
Printed Textile Antennas for Off-Body Communication
Authors: Hertleer Carla , Van Langenhove Lieva , Rogier Hendrik
Published: March 2009

Our future garments will not only protect us from the environment or make us look
fashionable; they will allow monitoring through an incorporated sensor network. The off-body
communication of the sensor data to a nearby base station is therefore preferably operated by a fully
integratable and flexible antenna. This paper reports on the applicability of textile materials and
textile processes in the design of antennas to be integrated into our every day clothing or even
professional clothing.
STELLA - STretchable ELectronics for Large Area Applications - A New Technology for Smart Textiles
Authors: Schmied Benno , Günther Jürgen , Klatt Christopher , Kober Horst , Raemaekers Eugène
Published: March 2009

As a consequence of the ambient intelligent vision where the citizen carries along more and more
electronic systems near the body wearable electronics is needed. Typical applications are intelligent
textiles and clothes, personnel healthcare or fitness monitoring.
The electronic systems for these applications have to be stretchable with soft touch nature in order
not to hamper the comfort of the user and to be ideally almost non-noticeable to him. They
should be reliably withstanding all mechanical and chemical requirements of clothes, in which
they are integrated.
In the EU- project "STELLA" IST - 028260 the consortium has developed a platform technology
of enabling interconnection, packaging and assembling technologies. For example a new generation
of stretchable substrates based on non woven with stretchable conductor pattern for large
area application has been developed. In order to realize low-cost high volume stretchable electronics
printed circuit methods have been modified and applied so far.
Embroidered Interconnections and Encapsulation for Electronics in Textiles for Wearable Electronics Applications
Authors: Linz Torsten , Vieroth René , Dils Christian , Koch Mathias , Braun Tanja , Becker Karl Friedrich , Kallmayer Christine , Hong Soon Min
Published: March 2009

This document explains different approaches to integrating electronics in textiles. It
discusses reliability standards and tests for electronics in textiles. Encapsulation technologies are
evaluated concerning their applicability in textile integrated electronics.
Furthermore a specific assembly with embroidered wiring and embroidered interconnections has
been developed and improved. Two different encapsulation technologies have been developed for
this assembly. Standardized tests have been carried out to assess the reliability of the assembly and
its encapsulations. Finally the achievements are critically discussed.
Electro-Chemo-Mechanical Actuators Touching and Sensing Both, Physical and Chemical Ambient
Authors: Otero Toribio F.
Published: March 2009

Films of conducting polymers, when used as electrodes in an electrolytic solution,
oxidize and reduce under flow of anodic or cathodic currents, respectively. The
electrochemical reactions induce conformational movements of the chains, generation or
destruction of free volume and interchange of ions and solvent with the electrolyte giving a
gel that reacts, swells or shrinks. Electric pulses acting on reactive gels constituted by
polymers, solvent and ions are the closest artificial material to those that constitute actuating
biological organs. The electrochemical reaction is kinetically controlled by the conformational
movements or by the counterions diffusion through the gel: it works under electrochemical
quasi-equilibrium and defines, at any intermediate oxidation state, equilibrium potentials. Any
variable (mechanical, chemical, optical, magnetic..) acting on the equilibrium will induce
changes on the working potential of any device, driven by a constant current, based on this
reaction: actuating-sensing devices based on the electrochemical properties are expected.
The activation energy of the reaction can be obtained from the oxidation of metal coated
electrodes. This energy includes two terms: the constant chemical activation energy and the
conformational energy related to the packed structure of the polymeric conformations. This
conformational energy is the basic magnitude for both actuating and sensing properties,
opening the way for their quantification. Information can be stored in continuous
conformational energetic levels being read by anodic oxidation.
Synthesis and Application of Electro-Thermally Sensitive Gels
Authors: Arndt Karl Friedrich , Richter Andreas , Klatt Stephan , Paschew Georgi
Published: March 2009

Stimuli-sensitive change their volume (equilibrium degree of swelling), mechanical
properties (elasticity, stiffness) and molecular transport properties in response to a small change in
the properties of the swelling agent, like temperature, solvent composition, pH value, ion
concentration, etc. Widespread used smart gels take advantages of the volume phase transition
induced by a change of temperature. The temperature of volume phase transition depends on the
interaction between gel and solvent. For a gel with defined chemical structure it can be changed by
the composition of the swelling agent, e.g. content of salt or organic components. For application,
e.g. in MEMS, an easy and controlled stimulation of volume phase transition is required. The
degree of swelling (Q) and therefore the dimension of gel structures are determined by
temperature. It is possible to regulate Q to a predetermined value by heating/cooling. Thermal
energy inside a gel-based device can be easily generated and regulated by incorporated heating
resistors and temperature sensors. Different structures (micro-spheres, pads, patterned layers) of
smart hydrogels are applied. The switching between two different states of swelling is induced by
changes of temperature or by changing the environment. Using the example of gel-based
microvalves, sensors, sensor arrays, pumps, and chemostats (concentration control of chemical
substances) the sensor-actuator properties and advantages of this group of polymers are discussed.
Multilayer Actuator and Sensor Sheets with Smart Compliant Electrodes
Authors: Sommer-Larsen Peter , Hansen Kim , Benslimane Mohamed
Published: March 2009

Dielectric elastomer actuators with smart compliant electrodes (DESCE) combine
position sensing and actuation in one macroscopic and mechanical uniform structure. The DESCE
is a rubber band capable of extending upon application of an electrical potential, and at the same
time allow for measurement of the extension. Compared to other smart materials and structures, the
DESCE is second to only piezoelectric ceramics in this respect.
A DESCE is a sheet of silicone elastomer actuator with microstructured electrodes on both sides.
Such sheets may be used either as actuator upon application of a potential or as sensor by measuring
the capacity of the film. We have assembled such sheets to form a multilayer actuator. One sheet is
used as sensor and the others as actuators.
The talk will describe performance and use of such actuators for control applications as well as their
potential for use in space applications. That latter part was investigated in a project on Electroactive
polymer actuators for the European Space Agency (ESA). The primary application considered is
vibration damping of large lightweight structures in space. Basic materials properties as well as
performance under space environment – vacuum, temperature, and radiation stability – will be
discussed.
Conducting IPN Fibers: A New Design for Linear Actuation in Open Air
Authors: Plesse Cedric , Vidal Frederic , Teyssié Dominique , Chevrot Claude
Published: March 2009

In this work, we report the development of “one piece” electrochemical actuator fibers,
presenting linear deformations, and working in open-air. The hollow fiber shaped actuators are
synthesized as three components Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN). The electronic
conducting polymer (ECP), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), is embedded in a hollow
fiber shape matrix working as two ECP concentric electrodes. The host matrix which presents an
IPN type architecture is composed of two poly(ethylene oxide) networks, crosslinked in the
presence of each other. Strains up to 3 % and forces between 50 and 300 mN are realized in a two
electrodes configuration, in open-air.
Electrode Reactions in Cu-Pt Coated Nafion® Actuators
Authors: Johanson Urmas , Mäeorg Uno , Brandell D. , Punning Andres , Torop Janno , Kruusmaa Maarja , Aabloo Alvo
Published: March 2009

Composite actuators consisting of sheets of the solid polymer electrolyte (similar to
Nafion®) with Cu2+ counter-ions inserted and coated with platinum and copper metal layers (so
called Ionomeric Polymer-Metal Composites; IPMC-s) have been synthesized and their
electromechanical performance upon actuation has been monitored. Resistivity measurements on
the electrodes show that the electrical conductivity of the membranes metal surface increases on the
cathode side during the actuation process, contradictory to the situation when Cu is absent from the
metal coating. This phenomenon is explained by the subsequent reduction of Cu2+ ions on the
cathode upon actuation; Cu layer growth in this side prevents it from cracking and decreases its
electrode resistance. The phenomenon opens up for longer life-times for Cu-based IPMC-s.
However, additional problems with Cu layer oxidation and Cu dendrite growth on the electrodes
should be considered.
Radiation-Induced Defect Formation in Ternary Ge-As-S Vitreous Semiconductors
Authors: Golovchak R.Ya. , Shpotyuk Oleg I.
Published: March 2009

A mechanism of g-induced (Co60 g-quanta of 1.25 MeV mean energy) changes in optical properties of ternary As-Ge-S chalcogenide vitreous semiconductors is analysed. It is connected with chemical bond re-switching accompanied by coordination topological defect formation. The origin of these defects for As-Ge-S system is discussed using data of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, IR Fourier reflection measurements and mathematical statistics.
Enhanced Diffusion in γ-Fe and Au by Vacancies Induced under Elevated Hydrogen Pressure
Authors: Yamazaki Yoshihiro , Iijima Yoshiaki
Published: March 2009

Diffusion in a metal under an elevated hydrogen pressure is interesting in view of the fact that the diffusion is enhanced owing to the injection of a large amount of vacancies into the metal. This is peculiar to an elevated hydrogen pressure because diffusion in a metal is generally suppressed under a hydrostatic pressure. In the present article, the effect of an elevated hydrogen pressure on interdiffusion and impurity diffusion is reviewed in the Au-Fe system which has a large
difference in the hydrogen solubilities between g -Fe and Au under an elevated hydrogen pressure.