bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of lightweight polycarbonate composite foams with robust hollow glass microspheres via CO2 foaming
Authors: Zhang Lulu , Huang Pengke , Li Xianliang , Xu Linqiong , Zheng Wenge , Zhao Yongqing
Published: December 2023

Polycarbonate (PC) composites are often used in the production of high value‐added products, but it is necessary to improve its environment stress cracking condition in the presence of pre‐strain and soluble solvents. In this work, the effect of weight reduction and strengthening is realized by introducing microstructures and hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) into the PC composites. It is found that the addition of HGMs can reduce the melt viscosity and Tg value of the composite materials, which will change the foaming behavior of PC/HGMs composites. Besides, the effect of different content of HGMS and foaming temperature on the foaming behavior of PC/HGMs composite foams are studied. The PC/HGMs composite foams exhibit a typical structure of both large and small cellular pores, because of the existence of hollow beads and cellular structures. Moreover, compared to the neat PC foam, the tensile strength as well as the flexural strength of the composite foams are significantly increased by 110.9% and 364.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the as‐prepared PC/HGMs composite foams have low thermal conductivity (lower than 0.07 W/mK), which can effectively insulate heat propagation.

Highlights

Hollow glass microsphere can reduce melt viscosity and Tg of composites.

The mechanical properties of composite foams have been greatly improved.

Composite foams exhibit excellent thermal stability due to their microstructure.
Electron contact interlayers for low‐temperature‐processed crystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Michel Jesus Ibarra , Le Anh Huy Tuan , Yan Di , Berghuis Willem‐Jan , Korte Lars , Liu Anyao , Phang Sieu Pheng , Chen Wenhao , Macdonald Daniel , Macco Bart , Hameiri Ziv , Bullock James
Published: December 2023

This study focuses on electron‐selective passivating contacts for crystalline silicon (c‐Si) solar cells where an interlayer is used to provide a low contact resistivity between the c‐Si substrate and the metal electrode. These electron contact interlayers are used in combination with other passivating interlayers (e.g., a‐Si:H, TiOx, and Nb2O5) to improve surface passivation whilst still permitting contact resistivities suitable for high‐efficiency solar cells. We show that a wide variety of thermally evaporated materials, most of which have ionic character, enable an Ohmic contact between n‐type c‐Si and Al. From this pool of compounds, we observed that CsBr has especially promising behavior because of its excellent performance and thermal stability when combined with thin passivating layers. With different test structures, we were able to demonstrate low contact resistance using TiOx/CsBr, Nb2O5/CsBr, and a‐Si:H/CsBr stacks on n‐type c‐Si. The quality of the provided surface passivation depended on the stack but we achieved the best overall passivation stability with TiOx/CsBr. Finally, we were able to demonstrate an efficiency >20% on a laboratory‐scale solar cell that implements the TiOx/CsBr/Al stack as full‐area rear‐side electron selective contact.
Impact of mother's care burden, fatigue and child's functional level on quality of life in spastic cerebral palsy
Authors: Mohammed Sara S. , Abdelwahab Manal S. , Zaky Naglaa A. , Abdelazeim Faten H.
Published: December 2023

Background and Purpose

Cerebral palsy (CP) may be considered one of the most common motor disabilities that require a lot of caregiving from mothers or caregivers; therefore, the mothers of children with CP face a lot of difficulties in their caregiving, which in turn may affect the child's quality of life (QOL). This work was conducted to evaluate the impact of the children's functional level in different types of spastic CP, mothers' care burden (CB), and fatigue on the child's QOL.

Methods

One hundred thirty‐eight children with different types of spastic CP (unilateral and bilateral) with different levels of the gross motor function classification system (GMFCS), with an age range of 6–12 years, and their mothers with ages ranged from 25 to 45 years, participated in this study. Mother CB, fatigue, and child QOL were measured and compared between different groups by using the Zarit burden Interview (ZBI), Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ), and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) CP Module, respectively.

Results

There were significant differences in all measured variables (ZBI, CFQ, GMFCS, and PedsQL) with p‐value <0.001 among the different spastic groups (unilateral and bilateral CP). However, the results revealed a positive impact of the child's GMFCS, mother's CB, and fatigue level on the quality of the child's life, with a greater effect on those with quadriplegic type.

Conclusion

The mother's CB and fatigue should be considered in the rehabilitation of spastic CP children based on their GMFCS, as they have a negative impact on child QOL; therefore, helping the mother with her needs should not be ignored, especially in families with severely spastic CP children and low financial income.
Enhanced Performance of Solar‐Blind UV Photodetector Based on β‐Ga2O3 Nanowires Grown by a Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Gu Keyun , Zhang Zilong , Tang Ke , Huang Jian , Shen Yue , Ye Haitao , Wang Linjun
Published: December 2023

The development of simple and highly controllable fabrication methods for the β‐Ga2O3, especially for the nanowire structure, has been a challenge. The slanted Ga2O3 nanowires are favorable for increasing the optical contact area and improving photon flux through nanoparticle scattering, leading to an increase in the photogenerated carrier yield. Herein, obliquely oriented and uniformly distributed β‐Ga2O3 nanowires are fabricated on Si substrates by a radio frequency magnetron sputtering using the strategy of Au nanoparticles as an intermediate catalyst. By depositing Ti and Au electrodes, the metal–semiconductor–metal Ga2O3‐based photodetectors are fabricated with a simple structure. Remarkably, the photodetector based on the β‐Ga2O3 nanowires outperforms the one based on the β‐Ga2O3 film, demonstrating higher responsivity and an exceptional photocurrent‐to‐dark current ratio (Iphoto/Idark) of 1.43 × 104 @5 V. This work presents a promising approach to enhance the utilization of incident light and maximize the generation of photoinduced carriers in the Ga2O3‐based photodetectors.
Cautionary note on regional consistency evaluation in multiregional clinical trials with binary outcomes
Authors: Homma Gosuke
Published: December 2023

Multiregional clinical trials (MRCTs) have become increasingly common during the development of new drugs to obtain simultaneous drug approvals worldwide. When planning MRCTs, a major statistical challenge is determination of the regional sample size. In general, the regional sample size must be determined as the sample size such that the regional consistency probability, defined as the probability of meeting the regional consistency criterion, is greater than a prespecified value. The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare proposed two criteria for regional consistency. Moreover, many researchers have proposed corresponding closed‐form formulas for calculating regional consistency probabilities when the primary outcome is continuous. Although some researchers have argued that those formulas are also applicable to cases with binary outcomes, it remains questionable whether such an argument can be true. Based on simulation results, we demonstrate that the existing formulas are inappropriate for binary cases, even when the regional sample size is sufficiently large. To address this issue, we develop alternative formulas and use simulation to show that they provide accurate regional consistency probabilities. Furthermore, we present an application of our proposed formulas for an MRCT of advanced or metastatic clear‐cell renal cell carcinoma.
Effect of neonatal nurse mentorship in improving neonatal care competencies among neonatal nurses in Rwandan hospitals
Authors: Manirakiza Marie Louise , Tuyishime Aphrodis Gustave , Ndibaza Amedee Fidele , Musabeyezu Francoise , Kulaaza Benjamin , Biziyaremye Francois , Ndatimana Dieudonne , Kalisa Richard , Rinda Diane , Kayinamura Assumpta Mwali , Mazimpaka Christian
Published: December 2023

Background

Despite healthcare improvements in Rwanda, newborn mortality remains high. This study assesses the impact of neonatal mentorship on enhancing nurses’ competencies within neonatal units, aiming to address this mortality concern and strengthen healthcare providers’ abilities.

Methods

The prospective cohort study included 25 health facilities supported by Ingobyi Activity in Rwanda, which were beneficiaries of a monthly mentorship program focusing on five critical neonatal competencies. These included adopt manipulation of neonatal equipment, effective management of small and sick newborns, stringent infection prevention and control (IPC), kangaroo mother care (KMC) implementation, and family‐centered care provision. We employed an observation checklist to measure neonatal practice competencies, comparing practices at the time point of the baseline, at the 6th mentorship session, and finally at the 12th mentorship session.

Results

The program engaged 188 neonatal nurse mentees. Data analysis highlighted a substantial increase in overall neonatal practice competencies from a baseline of 42.7%–75.4% after 12 mentorship sessions. Specific competency enhancements included family‐centered care (40.3%–70.3%), IPC (43.2%–84.2%), KMC (56.9%–73.3%), management of small and sick newborns (38.5%–77.6%), and manipulation of neonatal equipment (42.7%–75.4%).

Conclusions

This neonatal mentorship program was effective in enhancing nursing competencies, leading to significant improvements in neonatal care practices. Future work should evaluate the program's cost‐effectiveness and explore its potential to positively impact neonatal health outcomes, thus ensuring sustainable healthcare advancements.
Metallic mono‐layered C4N as a potential anode material for Na‐ion batteries: A first‐principles investigation
Authors: Wu Han , Zhang Nini , Zhang Yafei , Ren Juan , Huo Jinrong
Published: December 2023

First‐principles calculations based on density functional theory were used to study the adsorption behaviors of Na on metallic mono‐layered C4N as electrode materials for Na‐ion batteries. The adsorption energy of Na atom was calculated to be 2.05 eV, which is much higher than Na bulk cohesive energy and sufficiently ensure stability and safety. It is worth noting that the Dirac‐type band structure of mono‐layered C4N has a ultrahigh capacity of 1945.89 mAh/g for Na‐ion batteries anode in theory. Remarkably, 2D C4N has a low diffusion barrier 0.071 and 0.075 eV for path I and path II, respectively. The average open circuit voltage is 1.383 eV when nine Na ions adsorbed on one side of mono‐layered C4N. All the excellent properties show that the mono‐layered C4N will be a potential development of anode materials for Na‐ion batteries.
Metastatic sarcoma mimicking pulmonary tuberculous
Authors: Yang Hsueh‐min , Meng Fan‐Chun
Published: December 2023

Key message

Due to high incidence of tuberculosis in Taiwan, there is a tendency for overdiagnosis of tuberculosis. Differential diagnosis between malignant diseases and pulmonary tuberculosis is extremely important for us.
An automated procedure to determine construction year of roads in forested landscapes using a least‐cost path and a Before‐After Control‐Impact approach
Authors: Valle Denis , Rifai Sami W. , Carrero Gabriel C. , Meiga Ana Y. Y.
Published: December 2023

Proximity to roads is one of the main determinants of deforestation in the Amazon basin. Determining the construction year of roads (CYR) is critical to improve the understanding of the drivers of road construction and to enable predictions of the expansion of the road network and its consequent impact on ecosystems. While recent artificial intelligence approaches have been successfully used for road extraction, they have typically relied on high spatial‐resolution imagery, precluding their adoption for the determination of CYR for older roads. In this article, we developed a new approach to automate the process of determining CYR that relies on the approximate position of the current road network and a time‐series of the proportion of exposed soil based on the multidecadal remote sensing imagery from the Landsat program. Starting with these inputs, our methodology relies on the Least Cost Path algorithm to co‐register the road network and on a Before‐After Control‐Impact design to circumvent the inherent image‐to‐image variability in the estimated amount of exposed soil. We demonstrate this approach for a 357 000 km2 area around the Transamazon highway (BR‐230) in the Brazilian Amazon, encompassing 36 240 road segments. The reliability of this approach is assessed by comparing the estimated CYR using our approach to the observed CYR based on a time‐series of Landsat images. This exercise reveals a close correspondence between the estimated and observed CYR (). Finally, we show how these data can be used to assess the effectiveness of protected areas (PAs) in reducing the yearly rate of road construction and thus their vulnerability to future degradation. In particular, we find that integral protection PAs in this region were generally more effective in reducing the expansion of the road network when compared to sustainable use PAs.
Antimicrobial Biomaterials via Simultaneous Grafting of Methyl Methacrylate and N‐Vinyl Pyrrolidone onto Chitosan
Authors: Yeğiner Burcu , Ünlü Cüneyt H. , Atici Oya
Published: December 2023

Chitosan is an antimicrobial biopolymer with significant potential for manufacturing biodegradable and biocompatible materials through further functionalization. These materials could be highly suitable for biomedical applications. In this study, in order to obtain better properties such as antimicrobial activity and adjustable hydrophilicity for biopolymer‐based applications, N‐vinylpyrrolidone (VP) and methylmethacrylate (MMA) were simultaneously grafted onto chitosan by a ceric‐initiated emulsion polymerization method. The chemical structure, thermal, morphological, and antimicrobial properties of the resulting materials were investigated. The results revealed that PMMA and PVP pendant groups were grafted onto the chitosan main chain. According to SEM measurements, the obtained materials had spherical shapes with diameters ranging from 250 to 950 nm for the components. In vitro antibacterial activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria was significantly improved in the obtained materials compared to pristine chitosan.
Preparation of SrFe12O19/SiO2/TiO2 Photocatalysts and Degradation of Methylene Blue and Petroleum Wastewater
Authors: Di Yongjiang , Wang Mengyu , Jia Bi , Zhang Hao , Cai Qian , Chen Sijing , Wang Rong , Wan Xin , Liu Xiaoyan
Published: December 2023

The synthesis and application of magnetic photocatalysts have become a critical topic in organic waste treatment. In this study, SrFe12O19 powder, SrFe12O19/SiO2 particles and SrFe12O19/SiO2/TiO2 photocatalysts were successfully produced using coprecipitation technique, Stöber process and solvothermal method, respectively. The degradation of methylene blue dye and simulated petroleum wastewater under simulated sunlight and ultraviolet light was used to assess the photocatalytic activity of the SrFe12O19/SiO2/TiO2 composites. Results showed the high photocatalytic performance of the produced SrFe12O19/SiO2/TiO2 photocatalysts with a 1 : 4 mass ratio of SrFe12O19 to TiO2 synthesized at 170 °C, whose surface has more hydroxyl groups as the active center. At 120 min of irradiation, the photodegradation rates of methylene blue and simulated petroleum wastewater were 83.94 % and 60.77 %, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the Fe12O19/SiO2/TiO2 with ferrite semiconductor/insulator/semiconductor structure was improved by the action of the magnetic field of SrFe12O19. The SrFe12O19/SiO2/TiO2 composite particles can be recycled easily under an external magnetic field and show good application prospects in organic wastewater degradation.
Adsorption of Anionic Dyes by Polypyrrole‐Grafted Mesoporous SBA‐15 Composite: Isotherms, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Interaction Mechanism and Recycling
Authors: Prashanna Suvaitha S. , Venkatachalam K.
Published: December 2023

SBA‐15/polypyrrole composite was synthesized by polymerizing pyrrole in the presence of SBA‐15. The samples were characterized using the following techniques: low‐angle XRD, wide‐angle XRD, FTIR, FESEM, TGA, HRTEM, and BET. From the low‐angle XRD analysis, it confirms the formation of a mesoporous hexagonal structure (p6 mm). From the HRTEM image, an orderly arrangement of mesopores is evident. Using adsorption techniques, our objective is to remove sunset yellow, indigo carmine, titan yellow, and orange G dye from aqueous solutions with SBA‐15/polypyrrole composite. The removal efficiency for all the dyes was greater than 90 %. The isotherm was verified to follow the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities for sunset yellow, indigo carmine, titan yellow, and Orange G were found to be 78.74 mg/g, 83.33 mg/g, 78.74 mg/g, and 106.38 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo‐second‐order model, and the R2 value was greater than 0.99 for all the dyes. The thermodynamic parameters of ΔG°, ΔS°, and ΔH° showed negative values, indicating that the adsorption was spontaneous, decreased entropy, and was exothermic. The recycling of the SBA‐15/polypyrrole composite resulted in a 90 % removal efficiency for three cycles. Therefore, the present adsorbent could be applied to treat industrial effluents that contain these dyes.
Triazolo [1,5‐a]pyrimidines as DNA Gyrase Inhibitiors: Synthesis, Antimicrobial, Activities, and in silico ADMET with Molecular Docking Studies
Authors: Chauhan Janaki H. , Dodiya Bhavesh L. , Ram Haresh K.
Published: December 2023

The study focused on developing new triazolopyrimidine derivatives as potential DNA Gyrase inhibitors and antimicrobial agents. The compounds were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their biological activities, safety, and ADMET properties. Encouragingly, the initial results showed promising potency and acceptable ADME parameters, forming a strong basis for further drug development research. The newly synthesized compounds were verified through spectra, mass, and elemental analysis. Notably, several compounds exhibited significant activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, with MIC values ranging from 100 μg/ml to 250 μg/ml. importantly, the compounds were found to be safe, with no reported adverse effects or toxicities. Among the tested compounds, compound 2 m stood out as an excellent DNA Gyrase inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 0.89 μM, comparable to the reference drug ciprofloxacin with an IC50 value of 0.91 μM. Molecular docking studies confirmed that the compounds′ binding mode and docking scores were similar to ciprofloxacin, validating their antibacterial activity via DNA Gyrase inhibition. The research provides valuable insights into the potential of these newly synthesized triazolopyrimidine derivatives as DNA Gyrase inhibitors and antimicrobial agents. Their promising antibacterial activity and safe profile make them potential candidates for further development as antimicrobial agents.
Preparation of nanoflower NiO/B−TiO2/ZnIn2S4 composite catalyst with highly efficient hydrogen production and dye degradation performance
Authors: Wang Laiyou , Yang Haijian , He Shanhao , Ma Yue , Yuan Haoyu , Li Ziyao , Wu Keliang , Wang Xiaofei
Published: December 2023

The use of semiconductor photocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction shows good promise for effectively alleviating the existing energy shortage. Moreover, ternary metal sulfides also exhibit stronger photoresponse performance and suitable band structures, leading to good photocatalytic activity. However, carrier recombination easily occurs in ternary metal sulfides, negatively affecting their photocatalytic performance. In order to address the above issues, this study achieved limited improvement in the electron recombination problem of ternary sulfides through a dual strategy of constructing a heterogeneous structure to quickly export electrons and extracting electrons through the loading of a co catalyst. The combination of B doped TiO2 and nano flower shaped ZnIn2S4 photocatalyst effectively increases the catalytic active sites, widens the absorption band edges, and improves the efficiency of photo generated electron and hole separation. The loading of NiO as a cocatalyst increased the light absorption intensity, changed the direction of electron transfer enrichment, and provided hydrogen production sites. Compared to pure TiO2, which had a band gap of 2.37 eV, the band gap of the modified catalyst decreased to 2.27 eV. Moreover, the hydrogen evolution rate increased by 2.17 fold from 3.84 mmol/(g ⋅ h) to 8.33 mmol/(g ⋅ h). The separation and migration rates of electrons and holes were significantly enhanced, which promoted rapid charge transfer. Moreover, the modified catalyst achieved Rhodamine B (RhB) and Congo red photocatalytic degradation rates of 99.91 % and 97.98 % in 1 h under simulated sunlight irradiation.
Sequential Deposition of Polyaminothiophenols and Gold Nanoparticle on Wool Fabrics: Fabric Composites as Efficient Catalysts in the Reduction of Nitroarenes
Authors: Başbuğ Begüm , Erdoğan Meryem Kalkan , Karakışla Meral , Saçak Mehmet
Published: December 2023

Merino wool, a highly abundant natural fabric, was successfully transformed into a valuable substrate for preparing easily recoverable catalyst materials by depositing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through a series of modification steps. The functionality of wool was enhanced by cleaving‐SH groups using NaHS chemical reduction. Subsequently, the reduced wool keratin (WSH) was covalently attached to 3‐amino thiophenol (3‐ATP) or 4‐amino thiophenol (4‐ATP) monomers via S−S linkages. The surface was further modified by grafting P3ATP or P4ATP through oxidative polymerization of 3‐ATP or 4‐ATP using ammonium persulfate as an oxidant. Finally, AuNPs were deposited onto the P3ATP or P4ATP‐grafted wool (P3ATP‐g‐WSH or P4ATP‐g‐WSH) by immersing the samples in an aqueous HAuCl4 solution. Additionally, P3ATP or P4ATP‐coated composites (P3ATP/WSH or P4ATP/WSH) were prepared to assess the AuNP formation ability of the grafting. The structural and morphological changes occurred in the wool, and the presence of AuNPs was revealed by ATR‐FTIR, XPS, SEM, and contact angle. The catalytic performance of the AuNP‐containing composites in reducing various nitroarenes to aminoarenes using an excess of electron‐donor (NaBH4) was monitored by UV‐vis spectroscopy. The developed composites demonstrated high efficiency, reusability, and rapid catalytic activity, achieving the highest apparent rate constant of 3.79 min−1, even within 1 min.
Effect of Alkali Metal Cations on the TiO2 P25 Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation by the Photoreforming of Glycerol
Authors: Ahmad Bello B. , Davies Philip R. , Sankar Meenakshisundaram , Powell Jessica , Toledo Camacho Sandra Yurani
Published: December 2023

The effect of three aqueous chloride salts, NaCl, KCl and LiCl, on the photoreforming of glycerol over TiO2, and Pt promoted TiO2 catalysts, has been investigated. At concentrations between 0.01 to 0.05 M an enhancement in activity over the TiO2 catalyst by a factor of ~10 can be ascribed to the presence of the cation, with the effect occurring at increasingly high concentrations of salt in the order Li<Na<K. At salt concentrations above 0.05 the activity is strongly inhibited on the oxide surface for all the different salts but only slightly degraded on a Pt promoted catalyst, hinting that the effect of the chloride is to hinder the reduction step on the oxide surface.
The impact of stress and well‐being during the COVID‐19 pandemic on mental health in U.S. veterans
Authors: Serier Kelsey N. , Zhao Ziyu , Vogt Dawne , Kehle‐Forbes Shannon , Smith Brian N. , Mitchell Karen S.
Published: December 2023

The COVID‐19 pandemic disrupted life around the globe and negatively impacted mental health (MH), including among military veterans. Building on previous research with U.S. veterans, the present study examined the association between a broad array of pandemic stressors and well‐being on MH outcomes. A total of 372 veterans (51.3% women) from all service eras completed measures of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression during early (timepoint 1 [T1]) and peri‐pandemic (timepoint 2 [T2]) periods. Pandemic‐related stressors and well‐being (satisfaction in life domains) were assessed at the peri‐pandemic timepoint (T2). Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate associations between stressors and well‐being with the likelihood of a probable MH diagnosis at T2 controlling for T1 MH status. More negative physical and MH impacts of the pandemic in addition to fewer positive consequences and lower satisfaction with paid work, finances, health, romantic relationships, and social life were associated with a higher likelihood of a probable T2 MH diagnosis. COVID infection was associated with lower odds of a probable T2 MH diagnosis. There were significant indirect effects, such that physical and MH impacts of the pandemic were associated with T2 MH via well‐being. Overall, these findings highlight the role of stress and well‐being on MH during a global pandemic. Interventions to address well‐being may be important to address veteran MH during other periods of stress. Future research should examine the generalizability of study findings and further investigate factors that contribute to veterans' MH resilience during stressful life experiences.
Mechanism Study of Molecular Trap in All‐Organic Polystyrene‐Based Dielectric Composite
Authors: Tang Xinxuan , Ding Cuilian , Yu Shiqi , Zhong Cheng , Luo Hang , Chen Sheng
Published: December 2023

It is a huge challenge to explore how charge traps affect the electric breakdown of polymer‐based dielectric composites. In this paper, alkane and aromatic molecules with different substituents are investigated according to DFT theoretical method. The combination of strong electron‐withdrawing groups and aromatic rings can establish high electron affinity molecules. 4′‐Nitro‐4‐dimethylaminoazobenzene (NAABZ) with a vertical electron affinity of 1.39 eV and a dipole moment of 10.15 D is introduced into polystyrene (PSt) to analyze the influence of charge traps on electric properties. Marcus charge transfer theory is applied to calculate the charge transfer rate between PSt and NAABZ. The nature of charge traps is elaborated from a dynamic perspective. The enhanced breakdown mechanism of polymers‐based composites stems from the constraint of carrier mobility caused by the change in transfer rate. But the electrophile nature of high electron affinity filler can decrease the potential barriers at the metal–polymer interface. Simultaneously, the relationship between the electron affinity of fillers and the breakdown strength of polymer‐based composites is nonlinear because of the presence of the inversion region. Based on the deep understanding of the molecular trap, this work provides the theoretical calculation for the design and development of high‐performance polymer dielectrics.
Interlayer and Phase Engineering Modifications of K‐MoS2@C Nanoflowers for High‐Performance Degradable Zn‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Fengfeng , Ma Hongyun , Sheng Hongwei , Wang Zhaopeng , Qi Yifeng , Wan Daicao , Shao Mingjiao , Yuan Jiao , Li Wenquan , Wang Kairong , Xie Erqing , Lan Wei
Published: December 2023

2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have garnered significant interest as cathode materials for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) due to their open transport channels and abundant Zn2+ intercalation sites. However, unmodified TMDs exhibit low electrochemical activity and poor kinetics owing to the high binding energy and large hydration radius of divalent Zn2+. To overcome these limitations, an interlayer engineering strategy is proposed where K+ is preintercalated into K‐MoS2 nanosheets, which then undergo in situ growth on carbon nanospheres (denoted as K‐MoS2@C nanoflowers). This strategy stimulates in‐plane redox‐active sites, expands the interlayer spacing (from 6.16 to 9.42 Å), and induces the formation of abundant MoS2 1T‐phase. The K‐MoS2@C cathode demonstrates excellent redox activity and fast kinetics, attributed to the potassium ions acting as a structural “stabilizer” and an electrostatic interaction “shield,” accelerating charge transfer, promoting Zn2+ diffusion, and ensuring structural stability. Meanwhile, the carbon nanospheres serve as a 3D conductive network for Zn2+ and enhance the cathode's hydrophilicity. More significantly, the outstanding electrochemical performance of K‐MoS2@C, along with its superior biocompatibility and degradability of its related components, can enable an implantable energy supply, providing novel opportunities for the application of transient electronics.
Systematic Investigation of Novel, Controlled Low‐Temperature Sintering Processes for Inkjet Printed Silver Nanoparticle Ink
Authors: Chen Zehua , Gengenbach Ulrich , Koker Liane , Huang Liyu , Mach Tim P. , Reichert Klaus‐Martin , Thelen Richard , Ungerer Martin
Published: December 2023

Functional inks enable manufacturing of flexible electronic devices by means of printing technology. Silver nanoparticle (Ag NP) ink is widely used for printing conductive components. A sintering process is required to obtain sufficient conductivity. Thermal sintering is the most commonly used method, but the heat must be carefully applied to avoid damaging low‐temperature substrates such as polymer films. In this work, two alternative sintering methods, damp heat sintering and water sintering are systematically investigated for inkjet‐printed Ag tracks on polymer substrates. Both methods allow sintering polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) capped Ag NPs at 85°C. In this way, the resistance is significantly reduced to only 1.7 times that of the samples on polyimide sintered in an oven at 250°C. The microstructure of sintered Ag NPs is analyzed. Taking the states of the capping layer under different conditions into account, the explanation of the sintering mechanism of Ag NPs at low temperatures is presented. Overall, both damp heat sintering and water sintering are viable options for achieving high conductivity of printed Ag tracks. They can broaden the range of substrates available for flexible electronic device fabrication while mitigating substrate damage risks. The choice between them depends on the specific application and the substrate used.
Encapsulation of Uranium Oxide in Multiwall WS2 Nanotubes
Authors: Kundrat Vojtech , Cohen Hagai , Kossoy Anna , Bonani Walter , Houben Lothar , Zalesak Jakub , Wu Bing , Sofer Zdenek , Popa Karin , Tenne Reshef
Published: December 2023

Uranium is a high‐value energy element, yet also poses an appreciable environmental burden. The demand for a straightforward, low energy, and environmentally friendly method for encapsulating uranium species can be beneficial for long‐term storage of spent uranium fuel and a host of other applications. Leveraging on the low melting point (60 °C) of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate and nanocapillary effect, a uranium compound is entrapped in the hollow core of WS2 nanotubes. Followingly, the product is reduced at elevated temperatures in a hydrogen atmosphere. Nanocrystalline UO2 nanoparticles anchor within the WS2 nanotube lumen are obtained through this procedure. Such methodology can find utilization in the processing of spent nuclear fuel or other highly active radionuclides as well as a fuel for deep space missions. Moreover, the low melting temperatures of different heavy metal‐nitrate hydrates, pave the way for their encapsulation within the hollow core of the WS2 nanotubes, as demonstrated herein.
Hierarchically Micro‐ and Mesoporous Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks Through Selective Ligand Removal
Authors: Huang Zheao , Rath Jakob , Zhou Qiancheng , Cherevan Alexey , Naghdi Shaghayegh , Eder Dominik
Published: December 2023

A new method to engineer hierarchically porous zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) through selective ligand removal (SeLiRe) is presented. This innovative approach involves crafting mixed‐ligand ZIFs (ML‐ZIFs) with varying proportions of 2‐aminobenzimidazole (NH2‐bIm) and 2‐methylimidazole (2‐mIm), followed by controlled thermal treatments. This process creates a dual‐pore system, incorporating both micropores and additional mesopores, suggesting selective cleavage of metal‐ligand coordination bonds. Achieving this delicate balance requires adjustment of heating conditions for each mixed‐ligand ratio, enabling the targeted removal of NH2‐bIm from a variety of ML‐ZIFs while preserving their inherent microporous framework. Furthermore, the distribution of the initial thermolabile ligand plays a pivotal role in determining the resulting mesopore architecture. The efficacy of this methodology is aptly demonstrated through the assessment of hierarchically porous ZIFs for their potential in adsorbing diverse organic dyes in aqueous environments. Particularly striking is the performance of the 10%NH2‐ZIF‐2 h, which showcases an astonishing 40‐fold increase in methylene blue adsorption capacity compared to ZIF‐8, attributed to larger pore volumes that accelerate the diffusion of dye molecules to adsorption sites. This versatile technique opens new avenues for designing micro/mesoporous ZIFs, particularly suited for liquid media scenarios necessitating efficient active site access and optimal diffusion kinetics, such as purification, catalysis, and sensing.
Unraveling the Synergistic Mechanism of Boosted Photocatalytic H2O2 Production over Cyano‐g‐C3N4/In2S3/Ppy Heterostructure and Enhanced Photocatalysis‐Self‐Fenton Degradation Performance
Authors: Li Rujin , Ba Kaikai , Zhang Dan , Shi Yan , Li Chunxiang , Yu Yanling , Yang Min
Published: December 2023

In this work, cyano contained g‐C3N4 comodified by In2S3 and polypyrrole (C≡N─CN/IS/Ppy) materials are synthesized for the photocatalytic production of H2O2 and photocatalysis‐self‐Fenton reaction for highly efficient degradation of metronidazole. The results from UV–vis spectrophotometry, surface photovoltage, and Kelvin probe measurements reveal the promoted transport and separation efficiency of photoinduced charges after the introduction of In2S3 and Ppy in the heterojunction. The existence of a built‐in electric field accelerates the photoinduced charge separation and preserves the stronger oxidation ability of holes at the valence band of C≡N─CN. Linear sweep voltammetry measurements, zeta potential analyzations, nitroblue tetrazolium determination, and other measurements show that Ppy improves the conversion ratio of •O2− to H2O2 and the utilization ratio of •O2−, as well as suppresses decomposition of H2O2. Accordingly, the H2O2 evolution rate produced via a two‐step single‐electron reduction reaction reaches almost 895 µmol L−1 h−1, a value 80% and 7.2‐fold higher than those obtained with C≡N─CN/IS and C≡N─CN, respectively. The metronidazole removal rate obtained via photocatalysis‐self‐Fenton reaction attains 83.7% within 120 minutes, a value much higher than that recorded by the traditional Fenton method. Overall, the proposed synthesis materials and route look promising for the H2O2 production and organic pollutants degradation.
Metal‐Organic Framework (MOF)‐Based Clean Energy Conversion: Recent Advances in Unlocking its Underlying Mechanisms
Authors: Zhu Zheng , Duan Jingjing , Chen Sheng
Published: December 2023

Carbon neutrality is an important goal for humanity . As an eco‐friendly technology, electrocatalytic clean energy conversion technology has emerged in the 21st century. Currently, metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐based electrocatalysis, including oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR), nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), are the mainstream energy catalytic reactions, which are driven by electrocatalysis. In this paper, the current advanced characterizations for the analyses of MOF‐based electrocatalytic energy reactions have been described in details, such as density function theory (DFT), machine learning, operando/in situ characterization, which provide in‐depth analyses of the reaction mechanisms related to the above reactions reported in the past years. The practical applications that have been developed for some of the responses that are of application values, such as fuel cells, metal‐air batteries, and water splitting have also been demonstrated. This paper aims to maximize the potential of MOF‐based electrocatalysts in the field of energy catalysis, and to shed light on the development of current intense energy situations.
MetaLiDAR: Automated metamorphic testing of LiDAR‐based autonomous driving systems
Authors: Yang Zhen , Huang Song , Zheng Changyou , Wang Xingya , Wang Yang , Xia Chunyan
Published: December 2023

Recent advances in artificial intelligence technology and perception components have promoted the rapid development of autonomous vehicles. However, as safety‐critical software, autonomous driving systems often make wrong judgments, seriously threatening human and property safety. LiDAR is one of the most critical sensors in autonomous vehicles, capable of accurately perceiving the three‐dimensional information of the environment. Nevertheless, the high cost of manually collecting and labeling point cloud data leads to a dearth of testing methods for LiDAR‐based perception modules. To bridge the critical gap, we introduce MetaLiDAR, a novel automated metamorphic testing methodology for LiDAR‐based autonomous driving systems. First, we propose three object‐level metamorphic relations for the domain characteristics of autonomous driving systems. Next, we design three transformation modules so that MetaLiDAR can generate natural‐looking follow‐up point clouds. Finally, we define corresponding evaluation metrics based on metamorphic relations. MetaLiDAR automatically determines whether source and follow‐up test cases meet the metamorphic relations based on the evaluation metrics. Our empirical research on five state‐of‐the‐art LiDAR‐based object detection models shows that MetaLiDAR can not only generate natural‐looking test point clouds to detect 181,547 inconsistent behaviors of different models but also significantly enhance the robustness of models by retraining with synthetic point clouds.
Operando Investigation of Silicon Anodes During Electrochemical Cycling in Li‐ion Batteries
Authors: Hapuarachchi Sashini N. S. , Jones Michael W. M. , Wasalathilake Kimal C. , Marriam Ifra , Nerkar Jawahar Y. , Kirby Nigel , Siriwardena Dumindu P. , Fernando Joseph F.S. , Golberg Dmitri V. , O'Mullane Anthony P. , Zheng Jun‐chao , Yan Cheng
Published: December 2023

Silicon (Si) is recognized as a promising anode material for next‐generation anodes due to its high capacity. However, large volume expansion and active particle pulverization during cycling rapidly deteriorate the battery performance. The relationship between Si anode particle size and particle pulverization, and the structure evolution of Si particles during cycling is not well understood. In this study, a quantitative, time‐resolved “operando” small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) investigation into the morphological change of unwrapped and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) wrapped Si nanoparticles (Si@rGO) is conducted with respect to the operating voltage. The results provide a clear picture of Si particle size change and the role of nonrigid rGO in mitigating Si volume expansion and pulverization. Further, this study demonstrates the advantage of “operando” SAXS in electrochemical environments as compared to other approaches.
“This Is Your Safe Space”: The Intersections of Rurality, Ethnicity, andLGBTQIA+ Language Educator Identity in the Southeastern U.S.
Authors: Coda James , Moser Kelly M.
Published: December 2023

In the contexts of the Southeastern U.S. and globally, the ascendance of parental rights bills has sought to limit what can be discussed in the classroom related to gender and sexuality as well as limiting access to healthcare for transgender, gender non‐conforming, and non‐binary individuals (HRC, 2023). In language education, scholastic and pedagogical pursuits related to the lived experiences of LGBTQIA+ students in classrooms and educators have emphasized consideration of the interconnectedness between language teachers' identities, pedagogical decisions, and place (Coda, 2021; Fogle & Moser, 2017). In rural spaces, language educators can experience increased emotional labor and marginalization (Acheson et al., 2016; Moser & Wei, 2021); however, there is limited attention to rural LGBTQIA+ language educators in contexts such as the Southeastern U.S. Drawing from a larger mixed methods study of LGBTQIA+ rural language educators in the Southeastern U.S., this study centers on one focal participant, Mariana, a cisgender, pansexual ESL educator. Utilizing Butler's (1990) theory of gender performativity and Crenshaw's (1989) intersectionality, findings draw attention to the intersections between Mariana's gender and sexual identities, rurality, and ethnicity, highlighting the tensions and contradictions related to identity performance, pedagogy decisions, and allyship efforts.
Can we simultaneously decontaminate and cultivate? An urban cherry tomato story
Authors: Viau Marie‐Anne , Paul Adrian L. D. , Labrecque Michel
Published: December 2023

Urban planners are increasingly focused on integrating urban farming as a creative strategy for producing sustainable, local food in underutilized spaces, once occupied by polluting industries, in peri‐urban areas. However, before urban farming's contribution to local self‐sufficiency can be determined, it is crucial to gather quantitative data on the effectiveness of tailored strategies, including polyculture, and the suitability of different vegetables, to adequately assess the value of brownfields. This study aims to provide quantitative agronomic data on a copper‐contaminated urban garden with the dual objective of assessing its capacity for food production and mitigating the spread of soil contamination. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants were grown for one growing season in brownfield soils with different copper concentrations (up to 2000 mg kg−1), accompanied by different plant species assemblages typically used in phytoremediation (Achillea millefolium, Salix discolor, and Trifolium repens). The most successful assemblage yielded over 800 fruits per square meter with low copper concentrations (<5 mg kg−1), indicating that one square meter could satisfy the annual fresh tomato weight requirement of an average individual. Although some amendments can improve adaptability to local soils, the highest fruit‐producing assemblage consisting of S. lycopersicum, S. discolor, and T. repens also proved to be the one of the most effective for copper phytoextraction, removing over 30 g ha−1 from the contaminated soils. Overall, the data indicated that all assemblages phytostabilized copper. The quantitative results of this study provide a valuable benchmark for urban planners and researchers to implement large‐scale urban agriculture on brownfield sites.
Enhanced lactate accumulation upregulates PD‐L1 expression to delay neutrophil apoptosis in sepsis
Authors: Fei Miaomiao , Zhang Hui , Meng Fanbing , An Guanghui , Tang Jinxuan , Tong Jianbin , Xiong Lize , Liu Qidong , Li Cheng
Published: December 2023

Malfunction of neutrophil apoptosis and elevated serum lactate levels are the key cellular mechanism of immune suppressive status in septic patients. However, whether increased lactate affects apoptosis of neutrophils and aggravates sepsis development, and the molecular mechanism remain unknown. In this study, first, we analyzed the transcriptional profiles of blood cells in sepsis patients (n = 39) and healthy volunteers (n = 40) to reveal that there is close correlation between the lactate‐related gene expression changes associated with lactate production and immune function in leukocytes, especially in neutrophils. Further, we explored the close relationship between lactate and delayed neutrophil apoptosis in human neutrophils. Programmed cell death 1 legand (PD‐L1) was highly expressed in septic patients compared with healthy volunteers. Then, we indicated that elevated levels of lactate in human neutrophils decreased neutrophil apoptosis (P < .001) by upregulating PD‐L1 expression. Inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) significantly attenuated neutrophil apoptosis caused by lactate (P < .001). We further performed in vivo experiments in sepsis mice model and determined that increased lactate decreased neutrophil apoptosis (P < .05) and reduces mice survival rate (P < .001), which could also be rescued by MCT1 inhibitor (P < .05). This study revealed that elevated level of lactate in sepsis upregulates PD‐L1 expression to decrease apoptosis through MCT1 in neutrophils, which provides new insight into sepsis treatment strategy by reducing lactate accumulation.
On the rise: Development of a multi‐tiered, indoor duckweed cultivation system
Authors: Coughlan Neil E. , Maguire Daniel , Oommen Abin Abraham , Redmond Cian , O'Mahoney Rachel , Walsh Éamonn , Kühnhold Holger , Byrne Edmond P. , Kavousi Fatemeh , Morrison Alan P. , Jansen Marcel A. K.
Published: December 2023

Duckweed species (Lemnaceae) are suitable for remediation and valorization of agri‐feed industry wastewaters and therefore can contribute to a more sustainable, circular economy where waste is a resource. Industrial applications will, however, require space efficient cultivation methods that are not affected by prevailing weather conditions. Here, the development and operation of a multi‐tiered duckweed bioreactor is described. The developed prototype bioreactor depicted in this paper is composed of four cultivation layers (1 m2 each) with integrated LED lighting (generating up to 150 μmol m−2 s−1), a system of pumps and valves to manage the recirculatory flow (2.5 L min−1) of wastewater, and an automatic harvesting system. Using a nutrient poor medium, good growth of the duckweed species Lemna minor was achieved in the bioreactor, and this was matched by strong nutrient depletion from the medium, especially for phosphorus (45‐mg total phosphorus [TP] removed per m−2 day−1). A fully automatic harvesting arm reliably captured similar amounts of duckweed biomass across multiple harvesting cycles, revealing a future scenario whereby labor and interventions by human operators are minimized. Further developments to advance the system towards fully automated operation will include, for example, the use of specific nutrient sensors to monitor and control medium composition. It is envisaged that multi‐tiered, indoor bioreactors can be employed in the agri‐feed industry where wastewaters are, in many cases, continuously generated throughout the year and need remediating immediately to avoid costly storage. Given the extensive use of automation technology in conventional wastewater treatment plants, multi‐tiered duckweed bioreactors can be realistically integrated within the operating environment of such treatment plants.

Practitioner Points

Duckweed is suitable for remediation and valorization of agri‐feed wastewater.

Industrial duckweed applications require space efficient cultivation methods.

Development and operation of a multi‐tiered duckweed bioreactor is detailed.

Flow dynamics and automatic harvesting in the bioreactor are optimized.

It is concluded that a multi‐tiered bioreactor can be used in industry.