bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE IN LANGUAGE LEARNING.Phil Benson & Peter Voller (Eds.). London: Longman, 1997. Pp. viii + 263.
$30.40
paper.
Authors: Saville-Troike Muriel
Published: July 2002

Promoting autonomy and independence (A & I) has for years been an accepted goal of
Western education in general and has more recently joined such aims as developing
“communicative competence” or using “authentic materials” in the
canons of second language teaching and learning. As is the case with other pedagogical
bandwagons we have jumped aboard, too little attention has been paid to its underlying
theoretical bases and assumptions, and too few calls for empirical evidence of learning outcomes
have been made. Benson and Voller offer a thought-provoking collection of papers that,
although strongly endorsing the A & I movement in general, bring several of its implicit
assumptions and values to conscious scrutiny and explore both apparent paradoxes and issues
for debate.
GROWING UP BILINGUAL.Ana Celia Zentella. Oxford:
Blackwell, 1997. Pp. 323. $55.95 cloth, $24.95 paper.
Authors: Winkler Elizabeth Grace
Published: July 2002

“Hablamos los dos. We speak both (p. 1).” A statement offered by a
9-year-old girl defines the principle assertion of this book: Bilinguals have available to them at
least two distinct repertoires of language that they are able to manipulate and mix to achieve their
unique discourse needs and to express their multicultural identities. This book explores the
network of relationships of 20 Puerto Rican families in a low-income neighborhood called
el bloque in New York City. Zentella, herself a Nuyorican (New York
Puerto
Rican), has provided us a window on a world as only an insider can. She follows the families in
and out of el bloque for 13 years, monitoring their bilingual behavior and the
sociolinguistic factors that contribute to maintenance or loss of bilingual ability.
FROM MORPHEME STUDIES TO TEMPORAL
SEMANTICS
Authors: Bardovi-Harlig Kathleen
Published: July 2002

This article surveys the development of second language acquisition research in the area of
tense and aspect. Research in the area has grown from the incidental investigation of tense-aspect
morphology as part of the morpheme-order studies to investigations of the construction of
interlanguage temporal semantics. Going beyond verbal morphology, many studies investigate a
full range of temporal expression, including the use of pragmatic and lexical means. Much recent
research also draws on theories of inherent, or lexical, aspect. An emphasis on the relation of
form and meaning characterizes both the form-oriented approach and the semantic-oriented
approach, the competing research paradigms that currently guide our work. The increase in
scholarly activity in this domain of second language acquisition, as reflected not only in the
number of studies undertaken but in the number of target languages investigated, bodes well for
the understanding of temporality in second language.
INTERACTION AND GRAMMAR.Elinor Ochs, Emanuel A. Schegloff,
& Sandra A. Thompson (Eds.). New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xii
+ 468. $74.95 cloth, $29.95 paper.
Authors: Halmari Helena
Published: July 2002

Interaction and grammar is a valuable addition to the Cambridge “Studies
in Interactional Sociolinguistics” series. The book is a collection of papers that all, in one
way or another, and within the frameworks of linguistic anthropology, functional grammar, or
conversation analysis, investigate the interface, or rather the essential interrelatedness, of
language and real-time social interaction. The value of the book for the L2 researcher or
practitioner is perhaps not direct; however, because much of L2 research focuses on interaction
and draws its data from naturally occurring discourse, the indirect contribution is notable. In
particular, the chapter by Fox, Hayashi, and Jasperson beautifully underscores those typological
differences between English and Japanese that lead to different interactional
strategies—an issue of direct relevance to L2 studies.
Emergentism, parsimony and the development of process models of language acquisition
Authors: PINE JULIAN M.
Published: July 2002

In their very balanced critique of emergentist approaches to language,
Sabbagh & Gelman focus on two main issues. The first is the question of
whether language acquisition can be explained by domain-general learning
mechanisms. The second is the question of the degree of specification that
emergentist models of language acquisition actually provide.
Language acquisition also needs non-connectionist models
Authors: HAHN ULRIKE
Published: July 2002

Rethinking innateness is a timely volume which forcefully
demonstrates the
importance of modelling in understanding development, ‘innateness’,
and
the nature of change. It provides an inspiring vision of what developmental

psychology could one day be like, linking behaviour and biology via
connectionist models. However, Rispoli's worry about the book's
potential
for detrimental polarization does not seem unfounded. One aspect of the

book that deserves comment in this respect is the focus on connectionism
to
the exclusion of other types of model. It is unclear from Rethinking

innateness itself whether this exclusion of other approaches merely
stems
from the legitimate desire to write a focused book, or whether it possibly

reflects an actively held view that connectionism is the one true approach
to
modelling development. Regardless of the authors' intentions, the
role of
connectionism in relation to other computational approaches is an issue

which is particularly pertinent to the study of language acquisition.

To clarify straightaway, I not only concur with Elman et al.
on the central
role of modelling, but also strongly believe that the task of the cognitive

scientist is not complete until one has an account of how a particular
process
is realised in a neural architecture. These two commitments give connectionist

models a central role. But they do not make connectionism the
exclusive modelling tool for the study of language acquisition, nor necessarily

the best path to currently pursue. The reasons for this are twofold.

The first is a matter of research strategy. It is possible that more
rapid
progress and greater success might be made if one starts with high-level

models which give less immediate regard to matters of implementation.
On the Galois groups of iterated generic additive polynomials
Authors: ODONI R. W. K.
Published: July 2002

Let p > 0 be prime, and let K be any field
of characteristic p.
Let X and Y be independent (commuting) variables over
K. A polynomial
f(X) ∈ K[X] is said
to be additive
(over K) if and only if
f(X+Y) = f(X)+f(Y)
in
K[X, Y]. It is elementary (and classical)
that the
additive f(X) over K are precisely the polynomials of
the type
Σj=0dajXpj,
where d [ges ] 0 and a0, …,
ad∈K. Now let k [ges ] 2, and
let X, Y, T0, …,
Tk−1 be algebraically independent over
K. We put q = ph (h
∈ ℕ) and define

formula here
Integral points on elliptic curves over number fields
Authors: SMART N. P. , STEPHENS N. M.
Published: July 2002

In recent years there has been an interest in using elliptic
logarithms to find
integral points on elliptic curves defined over the rationals, see
[23], [17], [6]
and [12].
This has been partly due to work of David [5], who
gave an explicit lower bound for
linear forms in elliptic logarithms. Previously, integral points on
elliptic curves had
been found by Siegel's method; that is, a reduction to a set of
Thue equations which
could be solved, in principle, by the methods in [19].
For examples of this method see
[3], [7], [16],
[18], [21], [22]
and
[8]. Other techniques can be used to find all integral
points in some special cases, see, for instance, [14].
The Helson–Reiter theorem for a class of nilpotent discrete
groups
Authors: KANIUTH EBERHARD
Published: July 2002

It is shown that the analogue of the Helson–Reiter theorem
for ideals in group
algebras of locally compact abelian groups holds for a class of groups
including all
divisible nilpotent discrete groups.
A large deviations heuristic made precise
Authors: O'CONNELL NEIL
Published: July 2002

Sanov's Theorem states that the sequence of empirical measures associated with
a sequence of i.d.d. random variables satisfies the large deviation principle (LDP)
in the weak topology with rate function given by a relative entropy. We present
a derivative which allows one to establish LDPs for symmetric functions of many
i.d.d. random variables under the condition that (i) a law of large numbers holds
whatever the underlying distribution and (ii) the functions are uniformly Lipschitz.
The heuristic (of the title) is that the LDP follows from (i) provided the functions
are ‘sufficiently smooth’. As an application, we obtain large deviations results for
the stochastic bin-packing problem.
Integration of Hydrostatic Pressure Information by Identified Interneurones in the Crab Carcinus maenas (L.); Long-Term Recordings
Authors: Fraser P. J. , Macdonald A. G. , Cruickshank S. F. , Schraner M. P.
Published: July 2002

This paper was first presented at the RIN97 Conference held in Oxford under the auspices
of the Animal Navigation Special Interest Group, April 1997.

Migrating species may utilise hydrostatic pressure. In the aquatic environment, hydrostatic
pressure changes much more rapidly than in air. In shallow water, tidal changes will impose
larger percentage changes on organisms than those experienced in deep water. Small changes
in pressure often cause locomotion (barokinesis) accompanied by orientation to light or
gravity, often partially compensating for the equivalent depth change. Until recently,
identification of hydrostatic pressure receptors without a gas phase has proved elusive, but
it is now known that thread hair receptors in the statocyst of the shore crab Carcinus maenas
respond to small changes in hydrostatic pressure. Using a tide machine, the responses of
thread hairs to sinusoidally changing pressure cycles have been examined, and this paper
reports progress monitoring this receptor and making long-term recordings from hydrostatic
pressure sensitive pathways in the crab's nervous system.
An Elizabethan Pilot's Charts (1594): Spanish Intelligence Regarding the
Coasts of England and Wales at the End of the XVIth Century
Authors: Richardson W. A. R.
Published: July 2002

Four manuscript charts of British ports, and notes on them, were made in the 1590s by an
English Catholic pilot, N. Lambert. They were sent to Don Juan de Idiáquez, Philip II's
secretary, through the mediation of an English Jesuit exile, Robert Persons (or Parsons).
Lambert also offered to pilot Spanish ships and guide Spanish troops in raids on the coasts
of England and Wales, and prepared a list of appropriate targets. Being some of the earliest
charts of the ports concerned, and hitherto unpublished, they are here presented with
relevant background material.
Evolution of Air Navigation Services during this Decade
Authors: Whelan Conor
Published: July 2002

Current crises in the air traffic industry demonstrate that changes are required to present systems. The levels of delay and poor safety standards being experienced around the world dictate the need for improved Air Navigation Services (ANS). A multitude of reasons explain these problems. For instance, fragmentation of national systems prevents optimum use of the world's airspace. In addition, inherent limitations of present ANS technologies and procedures mean that it is usually not possible to separate numerous aircraft on random routings. Thus, aircraft must often plan their flights along routes and be channelled so that the necessary separation can be maintained. This results in fuel and time penalties, in addition to airspace capacity being consequently constrained. Accordingly, this paper provides an analysis of changes that should occur to ANS during this decade by evaluating current and planned technologies and procedures.
The Status and Future of the Electronic Chart
Authors: Norris A. P.
Published: July 2002

There is still fierce debate in the international
community regarding the use and standards of
electronic chart data and equipment. Whilst the standards for
ecdis are now virtually complete
and type-approved equipment will be entering the market during 1998, there
is currently no
IMO/IHO compliant enc data service from any national hydrographic
office. It is expected that
it will be 1 to 2 years before there is any appreciable quantity
of enc data supported by a proper
update service. It will be many more years before enc
data becomes available to match the
present coverage of paper charts, but we can expect that most major routes
and the port
entries of the majority of the world's trading nations will be
available within a few years. This
situation is examined, together with the ideas that IMO is considering
to improve the
availability of official electronic chart data. In addition, the
distribution of electronic charts
is discussed and the future trends in navigation that will occur with the
availability
of ecdis equipment and related data are explored.
Realistic Autofarming Closed-Loop Tractor Control over Irregular Paths

Using Kinematic GPS
Authors: Bell Thomas , O'Connor Michael , Jones V. K. , Rekow Andrew , Elkaim Gabriel , Parkinson Bradford
Published: July 2002

High-precision ‘autofarming’ makes possible
farming techniques previously impractical using
metre-level Differential GPS-based control systems: techniques

such as tape irrigation, the
elimination of guess rows, and precise contour farming. A Carrier-Phase

Differential gps
positioning and attitude system with centimetre-level and
0·1° accuracy was installed in a large
farm tractor. Four types of trajectories (lines, arcs, spirals, and
curves) were identified as basic
building blocks necessary to generate a ‘global’ trajectory

for a realistic autofarming path.
Information about each trajectory type was translated into reference state
specifications that
a linear controller used to control the tractor over velocities
between 0·7 and 2·8 m/s to
within approximately 6 cm (1 σ) without implement and
10 cm (1 σ) with implement on
sloped terrain using a previously developed tractor model. These results
are a significant step
towards a realistic autofarming system because they not only demonstrate
accurate control
over various realistic operating speeds but over different types of
trajectories necessary for a commercial system.
Participatory planning, scientific priorities, and landscape conservation in Madagascar
Authors: HANNAH LEE , RAKOTOSAMIMANANA BERTHE , GANZHORN JORG , MITTERMEIER RUSSELL A. , OLIVIERI SILVIO , IYER LATA , RAJAOBELINA SERGE , HOUGH JOHN , ANDRIAMIALISOA FANJA , BOWLES IAN , TILKIN GEORGES
Published: July 2002

Madagascar's biodiversity is of extremely high international significance, yet comprehensive efforts to assess current knowledge and set priorities have been absent until recently. Beginning in April 1995, a major participatory effort to assess the country's scientific and conservation priorities was undertaken in Madagascar. This process laid important groundwork for the revision of Madagascar's National Environmental Action Plan. The first stage of the process was a scientific priority-setting workshop. Over one hundred experts, organized in thematic groups, reached consensus on biodiversity priorities for the island, based on cross-discipline comparisons. A principal finding of the workshop is that many areas of outstanding biodiversity and research importance are located outside protected areas. Participants also agreed that corridors needed to be created between the high-priority protected areas in order to maintain gene flow and exchange of species. The second stage of the process was a stakeholder consultation which integrated scientific findings, national priorities, local stakeholder views, and donor input. The stakeholder consultation concluded that a collaborative, regional approach was needed to augment site-based conservation activities. Participants also emphasized that institutional strengthening in forestry and parks agencies needed much higher priority. The net result of the process was the adoption of a landscape approach to conservation which integrates regional planning, biodiversity monitoring and institutional strengthening.
Meshless finite element analysis: A fallacy or reality?
Authors: KOMZSIK LOUIS
Published: July 2002

In the late 1980s someone in the CAD software arena
coined the phrase in the main title. A decade passed by
and the appealing idea is still not realized. Is it ever
going to be or is there an inherent fallacy in the idea?
The following is the author's position on the subject,
admittedly biased by a structural engineering background.
Modelling the impact of immunization on the epidemiology of varicella zoster virus
Authors: BRISSON M. , EDMUNDS W. J. , GAY N. J. , LAW B. , DE SERRES G.
Published: July 2002

The objective of this study was to develop and apply a dynamic mathematical model of VZV
transmission to predict the effect of different vaccination strategies on the age-specific incidence
and outcome of infection. To do so a deterministic realistic age-structured model (RAS) was
used which takes account of the increased potential for transmission within school aged
groups. Various vaccine efficacy scenarios, vaccine coverages and vaccination strategies were
investigated and a sensitivity analysis of varicella incidence predictions to important parameters
was performed. The model predicts that the overall (natural and breakthrough) incidence and
morbidity of varicella would likely be reduced by mass vaccination of 12-month-old children.
Furthermore, adding a catch-up campaign in the first year for 1–11 year olds seems to be the
most effective strategy to reduce both varicella incidence and morbidity (in the short and
long term), though with the possible detrimental effect of increasing the incidence of zoster.
Risk factors for methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in a Japanese

elderly care nursing home
Authors: WASHIO M.
Published: July 2002

Epidemiol. Infect.119, (1997), 285

Correct last sentence to: ‘Unnecessary administration

of antibiotics as well as unnecessary hospitalization is not

advisable when treating the elderly in nursing homes.’
The long-term dynamics of tuberculosis and other diseases
with long serial intervals: implications of and for changing
reproduction numbers
Authors: VYNNYCKY E. , FINE P. E. M.
Published: July 2002

The net and basic reproduction numbers are among the most widely-applied
concepts in
infectious disease epidemiology. A net reproduction number (the average
number of secondary
infectious cases resulting from each case in a given population) of above
1 is conventionally
associated with an increase in incidence; the basic reproduction number
(defined analogously
for a ‘totally susceptible’ population) provides a
standard measure of the ‘transmission
potential’ of an infection. Using a model of the
epidemiology of tuberculosis in England and
Wales since 1900, we demonstrate that these measures are difficult to apply
if disease can
follow reinfection, and that they lose their conventional interpretations
if important
epidemiological parameters, such as the rate of contact between individuals,
change over the
time interval between successive cases in a chain of transmission (the
serial interval).

The net reproduction number for tuberculosis in England and Wales appears
to have been
approximately 1 from 1900 until 1950, despite concurrent declines in morbidity
and mortality
rates, and it declined rapidly in the second half of this century. The
basic reproduction number
declined from about 3 in 1900, reached 2 by 1950, and first fell below
1 in about 1960.
Reductions in effective contact between individuals over this period, measured
in terms of the
average number of individuals to whom each case could transmit the infection,
meant that the
conventional basic reproduction number measure (which does not consider
subsequent changes
in epidemiological parameters) for a given year failed to reflect the ‘actual
transmission
potential’ of the infection. This latter property is better described
by a variant of the
conventional measure which takes secular trends in contact into account.
These results are
relevant for the interpretation of trends in any infectious disease for
which epidemiological
parameters change over time periods comparable to the infectious period,
incubation period or
serial interval.
Maternal antibody to hepatitis B core antigen detected in
dried neonatal blood spot samples
Authors: TAPPIN D. M. , GREER K. , CAMERON S. , KENNEDY R. , BROWN A. J. , GIRDWOOD R. W. A.
Published: July 2002

Despite Department of Health recommendations, universal antenatal

testing for hepatitis B
virus (HBV) is not performed throughout Scotland. We describe the evaluation
of an assay to
document past or present infection with HBV, by identifying maternal antibody
in routine
Guthrie dried neonatal blood spot samples taken when infants are 7 days
old. A modified
haemagglutination assay to detect antibody to hepatitis B core antigen
(CORECELL, Green
Cross) was validated and found to be 79% sensitive (44/56) and
100% (105/105) specific when
used with dried blood spot samples made from panels of serum of known reactivity.
Ninety-three
percent (13/14) of HBV carriers were CORECELL positive. Sixty-six (0·5%)
of 14044
routine Guthrie samples taken from babies born in Scotland from June–August
1992 were
CORECELL positive indicating past or present maternal infection with HBV.
A cross-sectional
survey would document the maternity hospitals where universal antenatal
hepatitis B screening
should be urgently established.
Amplification of the meningococcal porB gene for non-culture

serotype characterization
Authors: URWIN R. , KACZMARSKI E. B. , GUIVER M. , FOX A. J. , MAIDEN M. C. J.
Published: July 2002

Since 1992, the proportion of culture-confirmed meningococcal infections
compared with
numbers of notified cases of meningococcal disease has decreased in England
and Wales. As
most meningococcal strain characterization methods depend on a clinical
isolate, this has
resulted in a loss of epidemiological information. To address this problem,
and to aid
non-culture diagnosis, a semi-nested PCR protocol for the amplification

of the meningococcal porB
gene from clinical specimens was developed. This gene encodes the meningococcal
serotyping
antigen; strain typing data was provided by hybridization of allele-specific
oligonucleotide
probes to the digoxigenin-labelled porB amplicon in a
‘PCR ELISA’. This assay was specific
for meningococcal DNA and sensitivities of 0·81 for cerebrospinal

fluid (CSF), 0·57 for serum,
and 0·62 for whole blood taken from patients with proven meningococcal
infection were
obtained.
Seasonal trends of viral respiratory tract infections in the tropics
Authors: CHEW F. T. , DORAISINGHAM S. , LING A. E. , KUMARASINGHE G. , LEE B. W.
Published: July 2002

To evaluate the seasonal trends of viral respiratory tract infections

in a tropical environment, a
retrospective survey of laboratory virus isolation, serology and immunofluorescence
microscopy
in two large general hospitals in Singapore between September 1990 and
September 1994 was
carried out. Respiratory tract viral outbreaks, particularly among infants
who required
hospitalization, were found to be associated mainly with respiratory syncytial
(RSV) infections
(72%), influenza (11%) and parainfluenza viruses (11%). Consistent seasonal
variations in
viral infections were observed only with RSV (March–August) and influenza
A virus (peaks in
June, December–January). The RSV trends were associated with higher
environmental
temperature, lower relative humidity and higher maximal day-to-day temperature
variation.
Although the influenza A outbreaks were not associated with meteorological
factors, influenza
B isolates were positively associated with rainfall. These data
support the existence of seasonal
trends of viral respiratory tract infections in the tropics.
Determination of natural versus laboratory human infection
with Mayaro virus by molecular analysis
Authors: JUNT T. , HERAUD J. M. , LELARGE J. , LABEAU B. , TALARMIN A.
Published: July 2002

A laboratory worker developed clinical signs of infection with Mayaro virus (Togaviridae), an
arbovirus of South and Central America, 6 days after preparation of Mayaro viral antigen and
10 days after a trip to a rain forest. There was no evidence of skin lesions during the antigen
preparation, and level 3 containment safety measures were followed. Therefore, molecular
characterization of the virus was undertaken to identify the source of infection. RT–PCR and
DNA sequence comparisons proved the infection was with the laboratory strain. Airborne
Mayaro virus contamination is thus a hazard to laboratory personnel.
Characterization of Klebsiella terrigena strains from humans:
haemagglutinins, serum resistance, siderophore synthesis, and
serotypes
Authors: PODSCHUN R. , FISCHER A. , ULLMANN U.
Published: July 2002

Klebsiella terrigena is very rarely isolated from humans; as yet, its clinical significance is
uncertain. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether this species is able to express
putative virulence factors. A total of 72 faecal (n = 50) and clinical (n = 22) K. terrigena
isolates was investigated and compared with faecal and clinical strains of K. pneumoniae.
Mannose-sensitive haemagglutination (MSHA) was observed less often in K. terrigena
(64–74%) than in K. pneumoniae strains. In contrast, the incidence of mannose-resistant
haemagglutinin indicative of type 3 pili (MR/K-HA) (77–94%), serum resistance properties
(10–23%), and production of enterobactin (100%) was similar in both species. None of the K.
terrigena isolates were able to synthesize aerobactin; however, the frequency of aerobactin
synthesis in K. pneumoniae was also only 5%. Serotyping showed capsular types K5 and K70
to be predominant. The virulence-associated serotype K2 was common in both K. terrigena
and K. pneumoniae isolates. Taken together, the present results suggest that K. terrigena and K.
pneumoniae are indistinguishable with respect to the expression of virulence factors.
Milk consumption, body composition and pre‐weaning growth rates of Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) pups
Authors: Arnould John P. Y. , Hindell Mark A.
Published: July 2002

Pre‐weaning growth rates, body composition, milk consumption and mass gain efficiency were measured in Australian fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus pups born in two consecutive breeding periods. Australian fur seals have the highest birth mass of any fur seal species (male 8.3 kg; female 7.2 kg). While their absolute pre‐weaning growth rate (male 62 g·day−1; female 53 g·day−1) is similar to that of other temperate latitude fur seals, they have the longest birth‐mass doubling time of any otariid species (134–136 days). Daily milk consumption increased from 400 g·day−1 (5 MJ·day−1) after birth to 675 g·day−1 (13.7 MJ·day−1) at age 210 day. However, mean mass‐specific milk consumption (41 g·kg−1) is substantially lower than in other otariid species (58–70 g·kg−1) and, combined with a low mass gain efficiency (0.12 g·g−1), contributes to the low mass‐specific growth rates observed. There were no significant differences in either absolute or mass‐specific milk consumption between the sexes. Significant differences, however, were found between the sexes in the body composition of pups with females generally having larger body lipid stores than males for any given mass. Peak milk yield by Australian fur seal females is estimated at 0.60 MJkg−0.75, substantially less than in Antarctic fur seals. The low level of maternal energy transfer in Australian fur seals may reflect the relatively low marine productivity of their foraging areas.
Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for
later maladjustment
Authors: CAMPBELL SUSAN B. , SHAW DANIEL S. , GILLIOM MILES
Published: July 2002

The early emergence and developmental implications of externalizing behavior problems in
toddlers and preschoolers are discussed with an emphasis on which young children are truly at
risk for continuing problems. The extant literature is reviewed with a focus on the stability of
early externalizing behavior and the diverse pathways that young children, primarily boys, with
early-emerging problems may follow. Findings from a number of studies, both epidemiological
and high risk, suggest that the small subgroup of boys with multiple risk factors that include
especially high levels of early hyperactivity and aggression, and high levels of negative parenting
and family stress, are most likely to evidence continuing problems at school entry.
Sociodemographic and neighborhood influences are also discussed, as are implications for future
research and policy.
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia: Following a trail of evidence from
cradle to grave
Authors: MARENCO STEFANO , WEINBERGER DANIEL R.
Published: July 2002

This is a critical review of the literature related to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of
schizophrenia which posits that the illness is related to abnormal brain development. The review
focuses on data deriving from clinical studies, and it is organized according to the life phase from
which the data were collected: conception and birth, infancy and childhood up to the onset of the
illness, after illness onset, and postmortem. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis is supported by
several pieces of evidence, including increased frequency of obstetric complications in patients
with schizophrenia; the presence of minor physical anomalies; the presence of neurological,
cognitive, and behavioral dysfunction long before illness onset; a course and outcome of the
illness itself that is incompatible in most cases with a degenerative illness; the stability of brain
structural measures over time; and the absence of postmortem evidence of neurodegeneration. A
historical perspective on how this research accumulated and a section addressing important areas
of future investigation are also provided. We conclude that schizophrenia is certainly not a
degenerative brain disorder, and that it is likely that a brain insult in utero or at birth plays a role
in its expression. Current evidence cannot completely exclude the role of environmental
variables after birth. In addition, it is possible that other psychiatric disorders may also have a
neurodevelopmental component.
The quality of peer relationships among children exposed to family violence
Authors: MCCLOSKEY LAURA ANN , STUEWIG JEFFREY
Published: July 2002

Three hundred sixty-three school-aged children from maritally violent and nonviolent families
were interviewed about their friendship networks, frequency of social contact, the interpersonal
quality of their friendships, and hostile attributional biases. Mothers answered items from the
Child Behavior Checklist about peer conflict. Children did not differ on the number of friends they
claimed or their frequency of contact with peers. However, children exposed to marital violence
reported feeling more lonely and having more conflict with a close friend. Their mothers also
reported them as having more problems with peers. In addition, children with punitive mothers
had more conflict with a best friend. Residing in a shelter added further to children's
feelings of loneliness, with one third having no best friend. Children's attributional biases
were unrelated to the quality of their peer relations or any other index of peer functioning. Results
are discussed in terms of an attachment framework. Findings confirm that it is important to
examine the quality of relationships to determine how children at risk fare in their social lives.
Early adverse experience as a developmental risk factor for later psychopathology: Evidence
from rodent and primate models
Authors: SÁNCHEZ M. MAR , LADD CHARLOTTE O. , PLOTSKY PAUL M.
Published: July 2002

Increasing evidence supports the view that the interaction of perinatal exposure to adversity
with individual genetic liabilities may increase an individual's vulnerability to the expression
of psycho- and physiopathology throughout life. The early environment appears to program some
aspects of neurobiological development and, in turn, behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and
physiological development. Several rodent and primate models of early adverse experience have
been analyzed in this review, including those that “model” maternal separation or
loss, abuse or neglect, and social deprivation. Accumulating evidence shows that these early
traumatic experiences are associated with long-term alterations in coping style, emotional and
behavioral regulation, neuroendocrine responsiveness to stress, social “fitness,”
cognitive function, brain morphology, neurochemistry, and expression levels of central nervous
system genes that have been related to anxiety and mood disorders. Studies are underway to
identify important aspects of adverse early experience, such as (a) the existence of
“sensitive periods” during development associated with alterations in particular
output systems, (b) the presence of “windows of opportunity” during which
targeted interventions (e.g., nurturant parenting or supportive–enriching environment) may
prevent or reverse dysfunction, (c) the identity of gene polymorphisms contributing to the
individual's variability in vulnerability, and (d) a means to translate the timing of these
developmental “sensitive periods” across species.
Droplet profiles under the influence of van der Waals forces
Authors: MINKOV ELIJAHU , NOVICK-COHEN AMY
Published: July 2002

We study the effect of van der Waals forces on globally energy minimizing profiles for liquid droplets which lie on a solid substrate in a vapour atmosphere and which are assumed to have
a uniform cross-section. We prove that for repulsive van der Waals forces as well as for certain
short range repulsive-long range attractive forces, there exists a unique globally minimizing
profile. Although this profile necessarily contains vertical bounding segments, the height A of
the vertical bounding segments can often be demonstrated to be order of magnitude smaller
that the overall height B of the droplet. This is the case, in particular, when the droplet
is sufficiently large, the Hamaker constant is sufficiently small, and the attractive forces are
sufficiently mild. In the presence of repulsive forces only, A is on the order of angströms
when B is on the order of millimeters, for realistic parameter values. Moreover, conditions are
prescribed under which Young's law is satisfied to leading order despite the appearance of
the vertical segments, when the contact angle is measured via an inscribed circle construction
at a distance ξ0 from the edge of the droplet, where A [Lt ] ξ0 [Lt ] B.
On combinatory complete sets

of proper combinators
Authors: BRODA SABINE , DAMAS LUÍS
Published: July 2002

A combinatory system (or equivalently the set of its

basic combinators) is called combinatorially complete for a

functional system, if any member of the latter can be defined

by an entity of the former system. In this paper the

decision problem of combinatory completeness for

finite sets of proper combinators is studied for three

subsystems of the pure lambda calculus.

Precise characterizations of proper combinator bases for

the linear and the affine λ-calculus

are given, and the respective decision problems are shown

to be decidable. Furthermore, it is

determined which extensions with proper combinators of bases

for the linear λ-calculus are

combinatorially complete for the λI-calculus.
The future of geriatrics: a public health perspective
Authors: Vetter Norman
Published: July 2002

Introduction

Single organ therapy for medical specialties, general medicine and its subspecialties,
has increasingly failed a number of groups of people over the last 200 years or so.
The largest group were elderly people who were summarily dismissed from the Infirmaries
from the days of their building as ‘vagabond beggars, incurables and elderly’.The vagabonds at least were welcomed after 1948, when the NHS diverted attention from people's cheque books and on to their illnesses. However, other groups have continued to suffer from the tyranny of single organ care, notably the ‘incurables’, young chronically sick people and those who were not capable of ‘getting better’ immediately. The lack of good, consistent mycocardial infection advice, despite excellent research findings, and a lack of rapid admission and full rehabilitation services for stroke victims remain a matter for concern in general medicine. How will new changes in the NHS, especially the development of Primary Care Groups (PCGs) and Trusts affect geriatrics?
A review of loneliness: concept and definitions, determinants and consequences
Authors: Gierveld Jenny de Jong
Published: July 2002

The well-being of older adults in general, and their loneliness in particular, are important themes in recent discussions in the Western world. The social integration and participation of older adults in society are seen as indicators of productive aging, and the alleviation of loneliness forms part of policies aimed at achieving the goal of ‘successful’ aging. Discussions about loneliness date back to ancient times, when they were led by philosophers. They wrote primarily about ‘positive’ loneliness. This positive type of loneliness - as indicated in the concept of ‘Einsamkeit’ used in German literature until 1945 - is perceived to be related to the voluntary withdrawal from the daily hassles of life and oriented towards higher goals, such as reflection, meditation and communication with God.
Cut rules and explicit substitutions
Authors: VESTERGAARD RENÉ , WELLS JOE
Published: July 2002

We introduce a method to associate calculi of proof terms and rewrite rules with cut
elimination procedures for logical deduction systems (i.e., Gentzen-style sequent calculi) in
the case of intuitionistic logic. We illustrate this method using two different versions of the
cut rule for a variant of the intuitionistic fragment of Kleene's logical deduction system G3.

Our systems are in fact calculi of explicit substitution, where the cut rule introduces an
explicit substitution and the left-→ rule introduces a binding of the result of a function
application. Cut propagation steps of cut elimination correspond to propagation of explicit
substitutions, and propagation of weakening (to eliminate it) corresponds to propagation of
index-updating operations. We prove various subject reduction, termination, and confluence
properties for our calculi.

Our calculi improve on some earlier calculi for logical deduction systems in a number of
ways. By using de Bruijn indices, our calculi qualify as first-order term rewriting systems
(TRS's), allowing us to use correctly certain results for TRS's about termination. Unlike in
some other calculi, each of our calculi has only one cut rule and we do not need unusual
features of sequents.

We show that the substitution and index-updating mechanisms of our calculi work the same
way as the substitution and index-updating mechanisms of Kamareddine and Ríos' λs and
λt, two well-known systems of explicit substitution for the standard λ-calculus. By a change
in the format of sequents, we obtain similar results for a known λ-calculus with variables
and explicit substitutions, Rose's λbxgc.
Isomorphic objects in symmetric monoidal closed categories
Authors: DOšEN KOSTA , PETRIĆ ZORAN
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a new and self-contained proof of a result
characterizing objects
isomorphic in the free symmetric monoidal closed category, i.e.,
objects isomorphic in every
symmetric monoidal closed category. This characterization is given by a
finitely axiomatizable
and decidable equational calculus, which differs from the calculus that
axiomatizes
all arithmetical equalities in the language with 1, product and
exponentiation by lacking 1c=1 and
(a · b)c
=ac · bc
(the latter calculus characterizes objects isomorphic in the free
cartesian closed category). Nevertheless, this calculus is complete for
a certain
arithmetical interpretation, and its arithmetical completeness plays an
essential role in the proof
given here of its completeness with respect to symmetric monoidal
closed isomorphisms.
A computationally adequate model for overloading via domain-valued
functors
Authors: TSUIKI HIDEKI
Published: July 2002

We give a denotational semantics to a calculus λ[otimes ]

with overloading and subtyping. In λ[otimes ],
the interaction between overloading and subtyping causes self application,
and
non-normalizing terms exist for each type. Moreover, the semantics of a
type depends not
on that type alone, but also on infinitely many others. Thus, we need to
consider infinitely
many domains, which are related by an infinite number of mutually recursive
equations. We
solve this by considering a functor category from the poset of types modulo
equivalence to a
category in which each type is interpreted. We introduce a categorical
constructor
corresponding to overloading, and formalize the equations as a single equation
in the
functor category. A semantics of λ[otimes ] is then
expressed in terms of the minimal solution of
this equation. We prove the adequacy theorem for λ[otimes ]

following the construction in
Pitts (1994) and use it to derive some syntactic properties.
Category-based constraint logic
Authors: DIACONESCU RĂZVAN
Published: July 2002

The research reported in this paper exploits the view of constraint programming as
computation in a logical system, namely constraint logic. The basic ingredients of constraint
logic are: constraint models for the semantics (they form a comma-category over a fixed
model of ‘built-ins’); generalized polynomials in the role of basic syntactic ingredient; and a
constraint satisfaction relation between semantics and syntax. Category-based constraint logic
means the development of the logic is abstract categorical rather than concrete set
theoretical.

We show that (category-based) constraint logic is an institution, and we internalize the study
of constraint logic to the abstract framework of category-based equational logic, thus
opening the door for considering constraint logic programming over non-standard structures
(such as CPO's, topologies, graphs, categories, etc.). By embedding category-based constraint
logic into category-based equational logic, we integrate the constraint logic programming
paradigm into (category-based) equational logic programming. Results include completeness
of constraint logic deduction, a novel Herbrand theorem for constraint logic programming
characterizing Herbrand models as initial models in constraint logic, and logical foundations
for the modular combination of constraint solvers based on amalgamated sums of Herbrand
models in the constraint logic institution.
Topological representation of the λ-calculus
Authors: AWODEY STEVEN
Published: July 2002

The λ-calculus can be represented topologically by assigning certain spaces to the types and
certain continuous maps to the terms. Using a recent result from category theory, the usual
calculus of λ-conversion is shown to be deductively complete with respect to such topological
semantics. It is also shown to be functionally complete, in the sense that there is always a
‘minimal’ topological model in which every continuous function is λ-definable. These results
subsume earlier ones using cartesian closed categories, as well as those employing so-called
Henkin and Kripke λ-models.
ARBOREAL FLORA OF THE GODOY FOREST STATE PARK, LONDRINA, PR. BRAZIL
Authors: DAS CHAGAS E SILVA F. , SOARES-SILVA L. H.
Published: July 2002

The floristic and ecological aspects of the tree vegetation of a remnant forest in the Godoy Forest State Park were studied. Two hundred and six native species of the region occur in the park. Comments on ecological aspects, such as dispersion, structure of vegetation and succession of these species, are provided. An analysis of the ecological parameters indicated that the occurrence of late secondary and climax species (55.8%) was greater than that of pioneer (6.8%) and early secondary species (34.5%). This seems to indicate a predominant dependence of biotic factors on the abiotic factors and an advanced stage of succession.
Planctus magis quam cantici: The generic significance of Abelard's planctus
Authors: Feros Ruys Juanita
Published: July 2002

What did the planctus mean to Abelard? During the 1130s Abelard was rethinking this musical genre
and its potential for expressing personalized, dramatic lament. Abelard's relationship with Heloise at this time (and
indeed her own literary output) may have provoked a reaction to the generic features of the planctus.
The management of erectile dysfunction
Authors: Kamel HK , Morley JE
Published: July 2002

Erectile dysfunction (formerly known as impotence) is defined as the consistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection suitable for intercourse. Until recently, most of the information on the prevalence of erectile dysfunction has been based on small studies of selected population samples. More reliable data became available with the completion of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Data from this study indicate that erectile dysfunction is a common condition with an estimated incidence rate of 26 cases per 1000 man-years. In 1993, the National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference estimated that 10 to 20 million men in the USA have problems with erection.
The CFTR gene: male infertility and assisted conception
Authors: Kulshrestha S , Makrigiannakis A , Patrizio P
Published: July 2002

Approximately 30–40% of couples seeking fertility treatments have male factor infertility. Their dysfunctions include azoospermia, oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia and teratozoospermia. Those with azoospermia represent about 25% of the total, and of these about 30% have an obstructive process while the remaining have either primary or secondary testicular failure. In the obstructive azoospermia group, 25% of males have congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD).
Grand Dreams of Perfect People
Authors: LACHS JOHN
Published: July 2002

Male cats mate happily with any female in heat in the
neighborhood. Something similar occurs in colleges as
nearness and availability overwhelm all other considerations.
So we see young men and women marry people who happen to
be at hand when the time is ripe.
From boomtown to bribesville: the images of the city, Milan, 1980–97
Authors: Foot John M.
Published: July 2002

This article examines the changing images of the city of Milan over a period of two decades spanning the 1980s and 1990s. The article considers theoretical debates concerning city images. Milan is then analysed through the various spatial forms which encompass this modern city – political space, populated space, geographic space, urban space and economic space. The next section assesses the changing images of the city through shifting historical phases and crises. Finally the article draws together the fundamental economic and social changes which have marked the deindustrialization and reinvention of Milan.