bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological and chemical characterization of a kairomone excreted by the bean aphids, Aphis fabae Scop. (Hom., Aphididae) and its effect on the predator Metasyrphus corollae Fabr. I. Isolation, identification and bioassay of aphid‐kairomone
Authors: Shonouda M. L. , Bombosch S. , Shalaby A. M. , Osman S. I.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) the active compounds of aphid's odour stimulated the syrphid females to deposit significantly higher percentages of eggs. These chemical compounds could be isolated by the solvent n‐pentane. (2) Gas chromatography mass spectral analysis of n‐pentane fractions of aphid's odour revealed the presence of several active peaks of hydrocarbon compounds. The active peaks ranged from docosane (C22) to octacosane (C28). Also, GC‐mass spectral analysis of n‐pentane fractions of the aphid‐extract supernatant showed the same chain of hydrocarbon compounds which is present in the aphid odour. (3) Bioassay of the different cosane compounds showed that the different concentrations of tricosane, tetracosane, pentacosane and hexacosane have a kairomonal effect on the syrphid females and the second concentration of C23CII, C24CII, C25CII and C26CII stimulated the syrphid females to deposit a significantly higher percentage of eggs. While hexacosane (C26) was the most abundant hydrocarbon compound in aphid kairomone, tricosane (C23) was the most active hydrocarbon compound. (4) Bioassay of the different mixtures of cosane compounds showed that HCM1, HCM2, HCM3, HCM4, HCM5 and HCM6 have a kairomonal effect on the syrphid females. The highest percentage of eggs was laid under the effect of the fourth mixture (HCM4) which contains tricosane (C23), tetracosane (C24), pentacosane (C25), hexacosane (C26) and octacosane (C28). (5) The chain of non‐volatile hydrocarbon compounds of aphid‐kairomone is secreted along with the cornicle secretion which contains volatile compounds. This kairomone stimulate the oviposition of syrphid females when it is received mechanically by the antennae. (6) The present study showed the importance of the different mixtures of cosane compounds as aphid‐kairomone. The use of aphid‐kairomone could be promising in aphid biological control instead of the heavy use of insecticides.
Biological and chemical characterization of a kairomone excreted by the bean aphids, Aphis fabae Scop. (Hom., Aphididae), and its effect on the predator Metasyrphus corollae Fabr. II‐ Behavioural response of the predator M. corollae to the aphid kairomone
Authors: Shonouda M. L. , Bombosch S. , Shalaby A. M. , Osman S. I.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The present study shows the importance of aphid‐kairomone as an additional stimulus which arrests and increases the occurrence of the predator M. corollae with the treated plants. This increase in occurrence could assist in the control of the aphid‐pest when applied in the target area. The results are summarized as follows. (1) The first concentration of aphid‐extract (AEC,) stimulated the oviposition of syrphid females much more than the second concentration of hexacosane (C26CII) and the addition of hexacosane to the aphid‐extract did not increase its activity. (2) The experienced syrphid females deposited more eggs with C26CII, AEC1 and with a mixture of both than did the inexperienced females. (3) The aphid‐extract (AEC1) and hexacosane (C26CII) affected the searching behaviour of syrphid females by significantly increasing the path length and the number of turns exhibited. (4) The syrphid females were significantly arrested by plants treated with either C26CII or AEC1. (5) The results confirm that the predator syrphid females have used hexacosane and aphid‐extract as a source of kairomone.
Saturated hydrocarbons as kairomonal source for the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: Padmavathi Ch. , Paul A. V. N.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Studies on the effect of saturated hydrocarbons on parasitization by the egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis Ishii were carried out in the laboratory and net house. Bioassay of 11 hydrocarbons, viz. pentadecane, heptadecane, ecosane, heneicosane, docosane, tricosane, tetracosane, pentacosane, hexacosane, octacosane and hexatriacontane, were carried out under controlled conditions in the laboratory. These were also tested on potted maize plants in a net house. Among the saturated hydrocarbons, octacosane recorded the highest parasitoid activity index followed by docosane and tricosane. However, tricosane caused the highest percentage of parasitization, which was at par with octacosane and docosane. A positive correlation was found between concentration and kairomonal activity only in case of tricosane. In the net house, tricosane recorded the highest parasitization. Response of the parasitoid to egg cards treated with hydrocarbons decreased with increase in distance between the release point and host eggs. No parasitization was observed in host eggs placed at 8 m and 10 m away from the point of release except in the case of tricosane and pentacosane.
Impact of larval‐extract (kairomone) of Ephestia kuehniella Zell. (Lep., Pyralidae), on the behaviour of the parasitoid Bracon hebetor Say. (Hym., Braconidae)
Authors: Shonouda M. L. , Nasr F. N.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The ectoparasitoid females Bracon hebetor Say., a braconid parasitoid of the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia keuhniella Zell. larvae, responded to hexane extract (having kairomone) of the host by intensifying their searching and oviposition behaviours. After application of host‐extract in Petri dishes containing host larvae, the parasitoid females showed the following differences in responses: (1) they found the host larvae earlier and the time of location was significantly decreased from control; (2) they retained much longer with the host larvae and the mean retention time increased significantly as compared to control; (3) the parasitization rate increased significantly; and (4) the experienced females doubled the rate of parasitism compared to the inexperienced ones. The later response could be attributed to the learning and habituating behaviours.
Lethal and sublethal effects of imidacloprid on apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh (Dipt., Tephritidae)
Authors: Hu X. P. , Prokopy R. J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Imidacloprid technical ingredient was tested in the laboratory to determine ingestion/contact or contact alone toxicity over a 5‐day period to apple maggot flies, Rhagoleta pomonella (Walsh). Formulated imidacloprid was also tested in the field against R. pomonella flies for residual efficacy over a 7‐day period. In the laboratory tests, imidacloprid showed high lethal and sublethal effects. It was 10–12 times more toxic and acted more rapidly by oral ingestion than by surface contact. Affected flies were observed to cease feeding and then regurgitate. Mortality stabilized 4 days after treatment. Compared with control flies, females exposed to imidacloprid showed reduced fecundity regardless of whether exposure was by oral or surface contact. In field experiments, spray applications of imidacloprid to foliage at the manufacturer's recommended rate resulted in no significant mortality of flies, either among flies released immediately after treatment or 24 h later. Imidacloprid residue on tree leaves reduced the reproductive ability of flies released immediately after treatment, but the effect was minimal. The potential use of imidacloprid as a toxicant on pesticide‐treated spheres is discussed.
Side‐effects of insecticides used in tomato fields on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), a natural enemy of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep., Gelechiidae)
Authors: Cônsoli F. L. , Parra J. R. P. , Hassan S. A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Trichogramma pretiosum Riley is an important natural enemy used for the biological control of Tuta absoluta in tomato fields in several countries in South America. The side‐effects of insecticides on T. pretiosum was tested by dipping parasitized host eggs (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) at three different development stages (egg‐larvae, pre‐pupae and pupae) in pesticide solution at recommended concentrations. The insecticides varied in their toxicity and significantly affected the development time of the immature stages, emergence, parasitism and longevity of the adult parasitoid. Cartap and phenthoate were harmful and caused total mortality in all the experiments in the three stages of development tested. Lambda‐cyhalothrin was not detrimental but caused a significant increase in mortality, prolonged development of the immature stages and decreased the capacity of parasitism of the emerged females. Tebufenozide, teflubenzuron and abamectin had sublethal effects. They reduced the time of development, especially when applied during the pupae stage. The capacity of parasitism of emerged females decreased and was affected by the stage of development treated. With abamectin treatments, parasitism decreased as the development of the parasitoid advanced and the mortality of the emerged adults from host eggs treated during the pupae stage was significantly higher. Tebufenozide reduced parasitism when applied during the egg‐larval and pre‐pupae stages. The results showed that cartap and phenthoate were harmful, lambda‐cyalothrin and abamectin were intermediate, tebufenozide and teflubenzuron were harmless to slightly harmful. Nearly all the chemicals tested had significant sublethal effects.
The biology of Agriotes ustulatus Schäller (Col., Elateridae). II. Larval development, pupation, whole cycle description and practical implications
Authors: Furlan L.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Following the first part (Furlan, 1996) dealing with adult behaviour and oviposition, this paper describes the larval and pupal development of Agriotes ustulatus Schäller. Larval size (head width and length) and weight of the 11–13 instars is defined. Larvae need live vegetable tissues to survive and grow. Most of the young larvae die within 30 days without live vegetable tissues while resistance to starvation increases with the age of the larvae. Each instar passes through three phases: mandible hardening and darkening, feeding, premoulting. The intense feeding and then the damaging phase lasts less than 20% of the total time. They are polyphagous and the rate of larval development does not vary according to the different crops supplied, nor did the kind of soil influence the number of instars and the rate of development. Provided with enough soil moisture, the rate of development strictly depends on soil temperature: the duration of each instar and pupae was studied at different temperatures. In laboratory conditions the centigrade degree day accumulation (CDDA) (above IOC) required to complete the whole cycle ranged between 3700 and 4500 (average 4156). In the rearing cages and in the open field this data was confirmed and the whole cycle was completed in about 24 months. At the latitude of the region where this study was carried out (45°34′00 N–45°42′00 N) the seventh instar (which normally is the first instar passing 10 mm) is attained by June of the year subsequent to oviposition, while most of the larvae reached the last instars by November and pupated the following year. Pupae can be found between the end of May and September mostly in the upper soil layer. The duration of the pupal stage lasts 13 days at 20°C. Larvae of different stages overwinter burrowing deep into the soil. Vertical migrations during the year are described. Finally the practical implications of the reported results are discussed.
Pupal sampling of the western hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hulst) (Lep., Geometridae) using burlap traps
Authors: Liang Q. , Otvos I. S. , Bradfield G. E.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Three types of burlap traps were designed and tested for the western hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa, in the interior of British Columbia from 1993 to 1994. While the first two trap types provided the means for examining the responses of pupating larvae to various layers of burlap band and pocket structure, the third trap type, which had the desirable burlap layers and structure, was used as a sampling tool for the insect. The effects of tree diameter, crown ratio, crown class, defoliation class and basal areas on trap capture appeared to vary with locations. However, a high correlation between trap capture and actual population density was consistently present. Therefore, trap capture can be used as an estimator of actual population density.
Predation on the tomato looper Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) (Lep., Noctuidae) by Podisus maculiventris (Say) and Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Het., Pentatomidae)
Authors: De Clercq P. , Merlevede F. , Mestdagh I. , Vandendurpel K. , Mohaghegh J. , Degheele D.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Predation by the predatory stinkbugs Podisus maculiventris (Say) and Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) on the tomato looper Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) was studied under laboratory conditions. Nymphs of both Podisus spp. readily attacked eggs, larvae of the second, fourth and sixth instar, and pupae of the prey. However, developmental durations of predator nymphs were generally shorter on fourth‐ and sixth‐instar caterpillars. Adult females also displayed high predation rates against larvae and pupae of C. chalcites, but did not feed on eggs. At 23°C, predation rates of P. maculiventris were generally similar to those of the smaller‐sized P. nigrispinus. Functional responses of adult females of P. maculiventris and P. nigrispinus to the density of fifth‐instar caterpillars of C. chalcites on sweet pepper plants closely approximated Holling's type II response. Estimated values for attack rate and handling time were 0.057/h and 4.71 h for P. maculiventris, and 0.046/h and 4.37 h for P. nigrispinus. In addition, two greenhouse experiments were conducted in which nymphs of P. maculiventris were released against caterpillars of the tomato looper on sweet pepper plants. When fourth‐instar nymphs of the predator were released at a predator: prey ratio of 1:3.3, populations of fourth‐instar caterpillars were reduced by 40% in 48 h, and leaf‐feeding damage after 1 week was reduced by 65%. The potential of these predatory stinkbugs to control outbreaks of noctuid caterpillars in glasshouse crops is discussed.
Laboratory study of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuropt., Chrysopidae) predation on Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hom., Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Senior L. J. , McEwen P. K.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Larvae of the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), were raised on immature stages of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). Whitefly of all stages were consumed, but none of the lacewings survived to pupation. First instar lacewings fed on whitefly eggs survived longest. Eggs and first larval instar whitefly were eaten in the greatest quantities. In a second experiment, lacewing first instar larvae were fed on whitefly eggs plus a food supplement. They did not survive longer than those fed on whitefly eggs alone. It is concluded that although they would not survive to produce a stable population in the greenhouse, inundative releases of lacewing larvae might be effective as a supplementary control method.
Effect of neem on adult longevity, oviposition and larval development of the cabbage fly, Delia radicum (L) (Dipt., Anthomyidae)
Authors: Päts P. , Isman M. B.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Neem seed extract was evaluated at a concentration of 50 p.p.m. azadirachtin for potential oviposition deterrence, and for effects on larval survival, adult longevity and fecundity in the cabbage fly (Delia radicum). Oviposition was not deterred, nor was larval survival or fecundity affected. Adult longevity was not significantly reduced when neem seed extract was added to the diet.
Effect of climate on the proportion of males in the autumn flight of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. (Hom., Aphididae)
Authors: Rispe C. , Hullé M. , Gauthier J.‐P. , Pierre J.‐S. , Harrington R.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The composition of autumn flights of a cereal pest aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi, was studied in relation to climate. At 10 sites in France and at Rothamsted and Starcross (UK), evidence was sought for a relationship between winter temperature and the proportion of males. By calculating Goldwin's correlogram, significant correlations were detected between cold periods in the early winter and the proportions of males at the five mildest sites, suggesting an effect of temperature on the balance between holocyclic and non‐holocyclic clones. The five sites where no significant correlations were detected are generally cold in winter, and are likely to be largely dominated by holocyclic clones. The temperature in late summer/early autumn may also have an effect on the proportion of males.
Control of stored food pests in the ancient Orient and classical antiquity
Authors: Levinson H. , Levinson A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Protective measures against certain insect and rodent pests which harmed stored, dried food were devised during oriental (˜ 3000–30 bc) and classical antiquity (˜ 2000 bc–ad 476). Wishful thinking of early dwellers on the Nile condemned such pests and converted them into harmless creatures (˜ 3000 bc), as evident from many hieroglyphs depicting mutilated animals (fig. 1). Preservation of cereals for future use was achieved by storing unthreshed grain ears (fig. 2), adding soil dust and ashes causing lethal dehydration of insect pests in the cereals. This ingenious procedure was probably invented and widely applied by Jacob's son Joseph in order to overcome severe food shortage during the Hyksos rule (˜ 1640–1530 bc) or the reign of King Tuthmosis IV (˜ 1413–1405 bc). During oriental antiquity, various resins and drugs (table 1) were pyrolysed and/or volatilized in special censers originating from dynastic Egypt (fig. 3). In addition to their primary task in spiritual and material purification, most fumigants were particularly active as repellents, insectistatics and/or insecticides against common storage pests. Moreover, the fumes emitted by gazelle dung (heated or spread in grain stores) strongly repelled granivorous mice and rats from stored cereals.

In ancient Rome, V. Pollio, M. T. Varro (1st century bc) and L. J. M. Columella (1st century ad) recognized the overall importance of an optimal design and location of granaries for safe storage: they had to be constructed either well above the ground and exposed to air currents from east and north or be immersed under the ground as air‐tight pits. In his well‐known treatise “De agri cultura”, M. P. Cato (234–149 bc) reported on the pest‐averting action of amurca (aqueous residue left after straining the oil from olives) as well as enhancing its grain‐protectant activity by addition of ground chalk and crushed foliage of Arthemisia absinthium, Coriandrum sativum or Inula conyza. The interior of empty granaries was thoroughly covered with the improved paste of amurca. The latter is likely to have acted by clogging the hiding and oviposition niches of storage pests, releasing compounds which are capable of repelling granivorous insects and mice as well as suppressing their reproductive potential.

A revived interest in pest‐averting procedures practised in antiquity may be worthwhile in view of the destructive side‐effects of certain pesticides on the environment as well as the alarming increase and spread of pesticide resistance in storage insect species.
Relationships between the number of seeds in the cones of Abies alba Mill. and their infestation with Megastigmus suspectus Borr. (Hym., Torymidae)
Authors: Skrzypczyńska M.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: A study was conducted on the interrelationships between the total number of seeds in a cone of Abies alba Mill. and the numbers of seeds viable, infertile and infested with the larvae of Megastigmus suspectus Borr. The study made use of the seeds obtained from the cones collected in southern Poland in the Babia Góra National Park and its surroundings in 1991 and 1993 as well as in the Gorce National Park during 1994–95. A total of 376 cones with 112–136 seeds were designated for the study. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov's test and the Student's t‐test. Also, a coefficient of linear correlation was calculated. No unequivocal correlation was found between the relationships mentioned above.
Butterflies in sprayed and unsprayed field margins
Authors: de Snoo G. R. , van der Poll R. J. , Bertels J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: In the Dutch Field Margin Project a field study was carried out in 1990 and 1992 to investigate the extent to which unsprayed field margins offer scope for increasing butterfly abundance in agricultural areas. To this end the outer 3–6 m of fields of winter wheat or potatoes were left unsprayed with herbicides or insecticides. The number of butterflies in the unsprayed margins was compared with numbers in sprayed margins. Six species were found to be abundant: Maniola jurtina, Lasiommata megera, Coenonympha pamphilus, Pieris rapae, Pieris napi and Thymelicus lineola. In both years in the unsprayed winter wheat edges a significant increase was found in the number of species (≅ factor of 2.3) and the number of individuals (a factor of 4.6–4.9). In the unsprayed potato edges only in 1992 the increase in the number of species and individuals was significant (a factor of 3.6 and 6.9, respectively). Also at the level of crop edge plus adjacent field boundary (ditch bank and field edge), the number of species and individuals increased significantly in winter wheat in both years, and in potatoes in 1992 only. The ecological relevance of the results is discussed.
Intraguild predation between erigonid spiders, lacewing larvae and carabids
Authors: Dinter A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Petri dish experiments were conducted to study intraguild predation (IGP) between erigonid spiders (Erigone atra (Blackwall), Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall), a carabid beetle (Pterostichus melanarius (Ill.) and lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) larvae. Erigonid spiders increased the mortality rates of lacewing larvae to different degrees, depending on the species and sex of spider concerned. The effect of spiders on lacewing larvae was highest (up to nearly 100% mortality) in the absence of alternative prey. In the presence of three or 20 aphids (Sitobion avenae Fab.) female erigonids increased the mortality rates of lacewing larvae compared to controls, but predation on lacewing larvae decreased in the presence of increasing numbers of aphids. Males of O. apicatus caused no significant increase in mortality rate of lacewing larvae in the presence of aphids. Lacewing larvae (L2‐larvae and L3‐larvae) did not kill erigonid spiders. IGP between the female erigonids E. atra and O. apicatus was not found. P. melanarius fed on lacewing larvae and on erigonid spiders, and E. atra was preferred over O. apicatus. The sex‐specific and species‐specific IGP rates of spiders on lacewing larvae and the great influence of alternative prey on IGP rate reveal a general problem when data resulting from one sexual stage or one species or one feeding regime are generalized to a whole arthropod group. Moreover, the results suggest that an increase of top predators, such as carabid beetles, which prey only to a limited extent on the pest species itself, may affect natural insect pest control by IGP.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Schadpotential der Getreideblattlausarten Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.) und Sitobion avenae (F.) in Winterweizen
Authors: Niehoff B. , Stäblein J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Investigations on the damage potential of cereal ahpids (Metopolophium dirhodum [Wlk.], Sitobion avenae [F.]) in winter wheat: The damage potential of the cereal aphids. S. avenae and M. dirhodum was investigated in winter wheat. Ears and flagleafs were artificially infested with different aphid densities between EC 65 and EC 83 using ear‐ and flagleaf cages. The aphid densities were adjusted to the initial densities every third day. Aphid damage is related to density and duration of infestation. Therefore the aphid infestation was quantified in terms of aphid days per ear or flagleaf. Yield was measured by calculating drymass, thousand kernel weight (TKW), kernals per ear and nitrogen content. The results show that S. avenae at the ear caused significant higher reduction in drymass and TKW compared to M. dirhodum on the flagleaf. Based on the relationship between aphid infestation and yield (drymass and TKW), the damage factor for S. avenae on the ear was 1.7 times (drymass) and 2 times (TKW) higher compared to M. dirhodum on the flagleaf. There was no clear relationship between aphid infestation and the relative nitrogen content.

In einem Winterweizenbestand wurde das Schadpotential der Getreideblattlausarten S. avenae und M. dirhodum untersucht. Dazu wurden verschiedene Ertragsparameter erfaßt: Massenertag (TM), Tausendkorngewicht (TKG), Kornzahl je Ähre und Proteingehalt. Ab Mitte der Blüte (EC 65 – EC 83) wurden verschiedene Blattlausdichten in Ähren‐ und Fahnenblattkäfige eingesetzt und in dreitägigen Intervallen kontrolliert. Zur exakten Wiedergabe des Befalls wurde der Blattlausindex (Blattlaustage pro Ähre bzw. Fahnenblatt) berechnet. Es zeigte sich, daß S. avenue an der Ähre zu deutlich stärkeren Ertragsreduktionen (TM und TKG) führte als M. dirhodum am Fahnenblatt. Anhand von Regressionskoeffizienten war das Schadpotential von S. avenue um den Faktor 1,7 (TM) bzw. 2 (TKG) höher im Vergleich zu M. dirhodum. Zwischen dem relativen Proteingehalt und dem Blattlausbefall zeigte sich keine deutliche Beziehung.
Host races of Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Dipt., Tephritidae): Effect of prior adult experience on oviposition site preference
Authors: Boiler E. F. , Katsoyannos B. I. , Hippe C.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Results of first laboratory experiments carried out in 1974 and 1976 indicated that exposure of Prunus and Lonicera host races of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L., to a given natural or artificial oviposition substrate for 5 successive days influenced the ovipositional preference of each host race for the two fruit types (cherries and Lonicera berries) offered in a 2‐choice test. The greater behavioural plasticity of the Prunus host race and the more stereotyped behaviour of the Lonicera host race was confirmed in a second (1987) and third experimental series (1993) using different bioassay methods. The evolutionary aspects of this induced preference by prior experience are discussed.
Use of host plants by Operopthera brumata L. (Lep., Geometridae) during the first recorded outbreak in the subcontinental boreal zone of Fennoscandia
Authors: Tikkanen O.‐P. , Roininen H. , Niemelä P. , Tahvanainen J. , Zinovjev A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The first known outbreak of Operopthera brumata in the subcontinental boreal zone was found in 1994. In the summer of 1995 use of the host plants by O. brumata was studied during the outbreak. Eight transects were studied from outbreak epicentres to the undefoliated perimeter. Along the transects the defoliation level of each tree and shrub species was estimated. The epicentres were in deciduous tree stands in early secondary succession on abandoned pasture land. The defoliation of different species of deciduous trees growing the area differed significantly. Of the dominant canopy species of the epicentres, Prunus padus and Sorbus aucuparia were the most defoliated, while Alnus incana and Betula pubescens had a medium level of defoliation. The average level of defoliation was 90% for P. padus and S. aucupara, and about 25% for A. incana and B. pubescens. Shrub species such as Rhamnus frangula, Ribes spp. and Sambucus racemosa had very low levels of feeding. In the study area, Quercus robur, normally the main hostplant of O. brumata, was rare; but Prunus padus, which has a similar growing strategy, was very abundant in the outbreak epicentres but absent around the perimeters. In general, P. padus was the most defoliated tree species in the study area. We suggest that P. padus is the main host plant of O. brumata in SE Fennoscandia, and only in those areas where it is abundant are O. brumata populations able to increase to the outbreak level.
Evaluation of two trap deployment methods to manage the apple maggot fly (Dipt., Tephritidae)
Authors: Reynolds A. H. , Kaknes A. M. , Prokopy R. J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Two red sphere trap deployment methods were evaluated for their potential to capture apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella, and prevent oviposition. The first method was designed to simulate the interception of flies immigrating into an orchard by deploying odour‐baited traps on perimeter trees. The second method was designed to simulate the control of flies emerging from within an orchard by using odour‐baited traps on interior trees. Both methods were evaluated in an artificial orchard consisting of potted trees. In tests with hawthorn fruit (a favoured fly host) and released flies of high egg load, both the perimeter and within‐orchard trap deployment methods were successful at reducing oviposition compared with a control treatment without traps. Similar trends were observed with apples, a lower ranking fly host, although the results were not statistically significant. Spheres baited with butyl hexanoate (fruit odour) and ammonium carbonate (food odour) were more effective than unbaited spheres in terms of capturing released flies and preventing oviposition. Based on the results of this study, both perimeter and within‐orchard trapping appear to have potential to reduce fruit injury and manage R. pomonella in commercial orchards.
Altered acetylcholinesterase associated with organophosphate resistance in Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Col., Bostrichidae) populations from Brazil and the United States
Authors: Guedes R. N. C. , Zhu K. Y. , Kambhampati S.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Microplate assay format was used to examine the susceptibility of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to inhibition by malaoxon and chlorpyrifos‐methyl oxon in individual adult insects of an organophosphate susceptible and two resistant populations (Marshall and Uberlândia) of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). AChE from these resistant populations was significantly less sensitive to inhibition by malaoxon, but not by chlorpyrifos‐methyl oxon. suggesting that other resistance mechanisms might also contribute to the overall resistance, at least to chlorpyrifos‐methyl. The remaining AChE activities in the presence of 10−4m malaoxon were 22.8 and 20.3% in the Marshall and Uberlândia populations, respectively, whereas the remaining activity in the susceptible population was 18.9%. Both resistant populations showed about 27% of remaining activity in the presence of 10−6m chlorpyrifos‐methyl oxon, whereas the remaining activity in the susceptible population was 26.1%. One cycle of selection of the resistant populations with chlorpyrifos‐methyl decreased the sensitivity to chlorpyrifos‐methyl oxon (≅ 3%), but increased their sensitivity to malaoxon (3–7%), suggesting that selection with chlorpyrifos‐methyl might result in deselection for resistance to malaoxon in these populations. Such effects on the sensitivity of AChE by different organophosphate selections suggest that different modifications in AChE structure might have occurred in these resistant populations of R. dominica.
Factors affecting capture of the white pine cone beetle, Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz) (Col., Scolytidae) in pheromone traps
Authors: de Groot P. , DeBarr G. L.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The white pine cone beetle, Conophthorus coniperda, is a serious pest of seed orchards. The sex pheromone (+)‐trans‐pityol, (2R,5S)‐2‐(1‐hydroxy‐1‐methylethyl)‐5‐methyltetrahydrofuran, shows considerable promise to manage the cone beetle populations in seed orchards. Our work confirms that pityol is an effective attractant to capture male C. coniperda. Traps need to be placed in the tree crown, preferably in the cone‐bearing region, to trap out more insects. Japanese beetle traps were superior to the Lindgren funnel traps in capturing insects and trap colour had no significant effect. Commercially available bubble caps for dispensing pheromone were as effective as the experimental ‘vial and wick’ and the glass capillary tube units. Pityol released at about 0.1 mg ṁ day−1 (100 female equivalents) was effective, and higher (more expensive) rates did not significantly improve trap catch.
Host compounds as kairomones for the western balsam bark beetleDryocoetes confususSw. (Col., Scolytidae)
Authors: Camacho A. D. , Pierce H. D. , Borden J. H.
Published: August 2009

Abstract:Six compounds attractive to the western balsam bark beetleDryocoetes confususin laboratory bioassays were isolated by micropreparative gas chromatography from steam distilled phloem oil from subalpine fir,Abies lasiocarpa(Hook.) Nutt. In the bioassays (1S)‐(–)‐α‐pinene,p‐cymene, terpinolene, (+)‐longifolene, (R)‐(–)‐myrtenal andtrans‐pinocarveol were attractive at 1 μg doses to both sexes of beetles. When combined with 10 pg doses of (±)‐exo‐brevicomin, all except terpinolene increased the responses toexo‐brevicomin in an additive manner. In field experiments in British Columbia, none of the isolated compounds alone was attractive toD. confususin multiple funnel traps. When paired singly or together with a 9 : 1 blend of (+)‐exo‐ and (+)‐endo‐brevicomin released at 0.2 mg per day, (1S)‐(–)‐α‐pinene and (R)‐(–)‐myrtenal released at 12 and 2 mg per day, respectively, caused a significant increase in response by male beetles over the response to the 9 : 1 blend alone. Myrtenal also increased the response of females. Because it is inexpensive and stable, (1S)‐(–)‐α‐pinene could be used to improve the sensitivity of pheromone‐baited traps for monitoringD. confusus.However the pheromone blend alone is a highly efficacious tree bait, and host tree kairomones would probably not be needed in baits used to manipulateD. confususinfestations.
Parasitization performance of Trichogramma spp. (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) reared on eggs of Sitotroga cerealella Oliver (Lep., Gelechiidae), stored at freezing and subfreezing conditions
Authors: Greco C. F. , Stilinovic D.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: To study the influence of freezing and subfreezing storage conditions of eggs of Sitotroga cerealella on the parasitization performance of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley three different storage conditions were tested: 8°C (refrigerator), – 20°C (freezer) and — 196°C (liquid nitrogen). During the parasitization step, for the eggs stored 30 and 130 days in liquid N2, two further variables were considered: (a) two parasitization temperatures (21°C and 26°C) and (b) addition of ‘kairomones’. An alternative thawing method was tested (water bath at 50°C during 30 min) for eggs stored during 130 days. Storage in a conventional freezer proved to be completely unsuccessful. In the refrigerator, 80% to 90% of the eggs kept in storage for 10 to 13 days, exposed to parasitoids, turned black (eggs with a Trichogramma pupa inside). This percentage declined to 60% for eggs stored during 20 to 25 days and after 35 days the percentage was lower than 30%. The percentage of emergence and the sex ratio were not significantly different among eggs stored during 5 to 25 days but the emergence decreased for eggs stored longer than 25 days. For the sex ratio the only difference was found between the stored and non‐stored eggs. Liquid nitrogen proved to be a good storing method provided that a high amount of parasitoids is not immediately required. The percentage of parasitised eggs (strictly pupation of the paraisitoid) was not significantly different among the treatments (20, 30 or 130 days). Thawing the eggs in a warm water bath plus a raise in temperature during the parasitization increased significantly the yield of parasitoids. Two hypotheses are put forth to explain the probable reasons of the outcomes of the experiments. All in all, if a high performance of the host eggs is required no more than 10 days at approximately 8°C are recommended but if a long term storage is needed, conservation in N2l accompanied by an appropriate thawing method and a good parasitization temperature, proved to be satisfactory.
Impact of external factors on the population dynamics of beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga) (Hom., Pseudococcidae) in beech (Fagus sylvatica) stands during the latency stage1
Authors: Lunderstädt J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Within a natural occurrence of beech on weathered lime stone in the hilly region of southern Lower Saxony, the infestation dynamics of Cryptococcus fagisuga as dependent on the flushing status of its host, Fagus sylvatica, were investigated from 1988 to 1995 during the latency stage.

Employing subpopulations on microstands with different water supply and under different silvicultural treatment but with equally good nutritional status, the infestation dynamics of the scale were compared by means of a differential analysis. Independent of the year of observation, the microstand, and the silvicultural treatment, beeches with a bhd < 10 cm flushed quicker and showed a lesser degree of infestation than beeches of bhd 10–20 cm and > 20 cm. In almost all cases the beeches of the higher diameter classes on the strongly thinned plots were attacked markedly stronger than the corresponding ones on the moderately thinned plots.

Increasing infestation was promoted by a decreasing flushing status on dry stands and by an increasing flushing status on moister stands. With heavier thinning or stronger self‐differentiation on the more humid stands, heavier infestation was promoted too by decreasing flushing status. The gradual transition was stopped when an equilibrium was reached comparable to the level of infestation of strongly thinned stands on dryer locations.
Comparison of two methods, based on counts and damage symptoms, to assess population dynamics of the leaf‐curling plum aphid Brachycaudus helichrysi (Hom., Aphididae) on sunflower
Authors: Badenhausser I. , Lerin J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The population dynamics of Brachycaudus helichrysi on sunflower were described during 3 years using principal component analyses. The relationship between the dynamics of aphid numbers and the dynamics of the intensity of the leaf‐curling symptom, described with a scale from 1 to 5, is discussed. For a given year and cultivar, there was good concordance between the two dynamics. Four sunflower cultivars were compared in the same natural conditions. There were differences between cultivars with respect to their aphid infestations and the expression of the leaf‐curling symptoms. Pest management can often be simplified by basing it only on the survey of leaf‐curling symptoms.
The effects of antifeedant compounds and mineral oil on stylet penetration and transmission of potato virus Y by Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Hom., Aphididae)
Authors: Powell G. , Hardie J. , Pickett J. A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Plant‐derived antifeedant compounds and mineral oil were applied to tobacco leaves infected by potato virus Y (PVY), in order to assess the effects on stylet penetration behaviour and subsequent transmission of the virus by the aphid vector, Myzus persicae. Video recordings of insect movements at the leaf surface showed that the initiation of stylet penetration was significantly delayed when mineral oil (Sunoco 7E) was present, but behaviour was not affected by any of three antifeedant treatments (quassin, hop α‐acids or hop β‐acids). Each insect was monitored until it had withdrawn its stylets from the leaf, and was then transferred to a healthy tobacco test seedling in order to determine its ability to transmit the virus. The proportion of aphids transmitting PVY from antifeedant‐treated plants was similar to that from solvent‐treated control plants, but the mineral oil caused a clear reduction in virus transmission efficiency.
Wasmannia spp. (Hym., Formicidae) and insect damages to cocoa in Brazilian farms
Authors: de Souza A. L. B. , Delabie J. H. C. , Fowler H. G.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Diagnostic insect damage to cocoa tree leaves and fruits were compared in situations with and without the presence of the little fire ants, Wasmannia auropunctata and the closely related and sympatric W. cf rochai. No significant differences in thrips, lepidopteran, or chrysomelid beetle damage to fruits, or to young and old leaves, were associated with these ants. However, significant increases of pseudococcids Planococcus citrii, associated with areas dominated by W. auropunctata, and to a lesser degree with W. cf rochai, were present. W. auropunctata has been reported to be a canopy mosaic dominant in cocoa farms, but the lack of reduced herbivore incidences and its lack of spatial permanence do not support favoring its populations for the management of phytophagous insect control.
Acid hydrolysed L‐tryptophan and its role in the attraction of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuropt., Chrysopidae)
Authors: Harrison S. J. , McEwen P. K.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The solubility of l‐tryptophan was significantly greater in 2 m hydrochloric acid than in water. In acidic solution, l‐tryptophan formed the hydrochloride salt (C11H12N2O2˙HCl) with no evidence of further reaction or decomposition occurring. The hydrochloride salt was seen to be readily soluble in water. Solutions containing l‐tryptophan in hydrochloric acid have been shown to be attractive to adult green lacewings (Chrysoperla carnea). Previously it has been believed that acid hydrolysis of l‐tryptophan breaks the amino acid doen into various compounds which are attractive in the field to green lacewing adults. This paper demonstrates that new explanations for the attractivity of these solutions are required.
Second generation of grape berry moths, Lobesia botrana (Den. & Schiff.) (Lep., Tortricidae) and Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hb.) (Lep., Cochylidae): spatial and frequency distributions of larvae, weight loss and economic injury level
Authors: Pavan F. , Girolami V. , Sacilotto G.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Spatial and frequency distributions of grape berry moth larvae were studied in vineyards of northeastern Italy. The larval density varied in relation to position of grape clusters within vines. For density values below 0.5 larval nests per cluster, the larvae were almost randomly distributed and fit the Poisson distribution, while above 0.5 larval nests per cluster were slightly aggregated and fit the negative binomial distribution better. A new method to estimate cluster weight loss cause by second generation of grape berry moths, based on weighing and counting of berries injured, was proposed. Therefore an estimate of economic injury level based on this method was put forward.
Development of Microcharops anticarsiae Gupta (Hym., Ichneumonidae), an endoparasitoid of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lep., Noctuidae) and morphology of its immature stages
Authors: Patel P. N. , Habib M. E. M.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Microcharops anticarsiae Gupta, a solitary larval endoparasitoid, is an efficient enemy of its natural host, Anticarsia gemmatalis, as well as some other lepidopterous pests. Development and behaviour of this insect species, as well as morphology of immature stages were studied in the present work. As an oviposition site, most of the parasitoid females preferred the posterior region of the host body. During the embryonic development the eggs increased in size. The larval stage consisted of four instars. The morphometric measurements of the head and mandibles were determined. The first instar larva is caudate‐mandibulate type. During each successive molt it turns more and more cylindrical with reduced tail length. Among the fourth instar larvae, rudiments of legs, spiracles and of genital openings are visible. Under laboratory conditions the duration time of the total immature stages lasted an average of 18.48 ± 0.13 days. While male adult longevity was on average 18.7 ± 1.5 days, that of the female extended for 21.9 ± 1.6 days. The total life cycle of males and females lasted 41.6 ± 1.7 and 45.9 ± 0.26 days, respectively.
Efficiency of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals), against Aphis crassivora Koch and Bemesia tabaci, Gennandius
Authors: Zaki F. N.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Beauveria bassiana as an entomopathogenic fungi showed high effects on the aphid Aphis crassivora and the white fly Bemesia tabaci infesting cucumber. A dose of 1 mg.ml−1 killed 100% of either insects. Lower doses showed lower effects. Nymphs of the two insects were markedly affected by treatment of the fungi. The total duration and the number of survivors were significantly decreased by an increase in the dose of the pathogen. Latent effects were clearly observed in the resulting adults. Adult longevity, period of reproduction and fecundity were markedly decreased by an increase of B. bassiana dose. The increase in dose of the pathogen increased the resultant winged form of A. crassivora up to 91.7% at 0.5% mg.mr−1.
New sex attractants and inhibitors for 17 moth species from the families Gracillariidae, Tortricidae, Yponomeutidae, Oecophoridae, Pyralidae and Gelechiidae
Authors: Mozüraitis R. , Büda V. , Borg‐Karlson A.‐K. , Ivinskis P. , Karalius V. , Laanmaa M. , Plepys D.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Field screening tests of 21 saturated and monounsaturated straight chain C12 and C14 alcohols and their acetates as well as some binary mixtures in dosages of 1 and 0.2 mg/dispenser were carried out in Lithuanian in 1993 and 1994. New sex attractants were determined for males of five moth species of the family Gracillariidae (E10–12:OH for Phyllonorycter sorbi, E10–12Ac for Ph. cydoniella and Ph. oxyacanthae, Z10–12:OAc for Ph. junoniella, and a mixture of Z10–14:OAc with E9–14:OAc in a 1:10 for Ph. sylvella), for four species of the family Tortricidae (E10–14:OAc for Endothenia ericetana, Z10–14:OAc in a 10:1 mixture with E11–14:OAc for Eudemis pozphyrana, E11–14:OAc in a 10:1 mixture with E11–14:OH for Dichrorampha petiverella and Cochylis dubitana), for two species of Gelechiidae (Z9–14:OAc in a mixture with either Z10–14:OAc in a ratio 1:1, E9–14:OAc in a ratio 1:10 or E10–14:OAc in a ratio 10:1 for Bryotropha galhanella, Z10–14:OAc and E9–14:OAc in a ratio 10:1 for B. mundella), as well as for one species of each of the families Yponomeutidae (Z7–14:OAc for Paraswammerdamia lutarea) and Oecophoridae (Z10–14:OAc and E9–14:OAc in a ratio 10:1 for Pseudatemelia josephinae). Preliminary composition of sex attractants was established for three moth species of the family Gracillariidae (Z10–14:OAc in a 1:10 mixture with E9–14:OAc for Phyllonorycter heegerella, Ph. coryli and Ph. dubitella) and for one species of the family Gelechiidae (Z9–14:OAc for Bryotropha terella). Inhibitors of the sex attractants were found for four leafminer species of the family Gracillariidae (Z7‐, Z9‐ and Z10–12:OAc for Phyllonorycter sorbi, Z10‐, E10–12:OH and E10–14:OH for Ph. mespilella, E10–12:OH for Ph. cydoniella, Z10–12:OH and E10–14:OH for Ph. oxyacanthae), for three species of Tortricidae (E9‐, Z11‐ and E11–14:OAc for Endothenia ericetana, E11–14:OAc for Gypsonoma minutana, E10‐ and E11–14:OAc for Epagoge grotiana), and for one species from the family Pyralidae (Z10‐, E10‐ and E11–14:OAc for Pyrausta aurata). Data from male behaviour tests in tube olfactometers are presented for Phyllonorycter blancardella, Ph. sorbi, Ph. dubitella and Ph. strigulatella and active compounds revealed.