bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Defence of the Status Quo
Authors: ALLAN JAMES
Published: January 2010

This chapter defends the current constitutional status quo in Australia, arguing particularly against the need for any sort of bill of rights, whether constitutionally entrenched or simply statutory. It tries to convince the reader that Australia today is fully capable of protecting basic human interests without any sort of bill of rights. It mentions the existing set-up in Australia including any assessment of the need for, or desirability of, a bill of rights. It briefly investigates the rights themselves: what they are, their colonizing power, and their capacity to overwhelm all disagreement not itself framed in terms of rights. It then turns back to bills of rights and notes a main effect of such instruments. It then unites the earlier strands and examines whether the desire to protect certain human interests, of the sort that fall under the aegis of ‘human rights’, requires some sort of bill of rights.
Addressing Homelessness: Does Australia’s Indirect Implementation of Human Rights Comply with its International Obligations?
Authors: OTTO DIANNE
Published: January 2010

This chapter explores whether the Australian approach to implementing human rights, indirectly through democratic political processes rather than directly through judicial enforcement, fulfils Australia's obligations under international law to ensure that all Australians enjoy the human rights enumerated in the human rights treaties to which it is a party. Using the national Supported Accommodation Assistance Program (SAAP) as a case-study, it argues that the Australian system, in its present form, does not adequately implement Australia's international obligations because it does not, on its own terms, provide adequate non-judicial accountability mechanisms that would ensure ‘effective remedies’ for any violations. It investigates how Australians want to treat the most vulnerable and disadvantaged members of the community. The chapter concludes that a revised mix of legal and political mechanisms that strengthens democratic debate and non-judicial enforcement will best achieve that humane, just, equitable, and democratic society.
The Bicycle Pedal is in Front of the Table. Why some Objects do not Fit into some Spatial Relations
Authors: VEGA MANUEL DE , RODRIGO MARÍA J.
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the meaning of locative sentences involving directional terms such as ‘in front of’, ‘behind’, ‘right of’, etc. First, it contrasts two spatial communication tasks: pointing to objects in a layout and telling their direction. It shows that after imagining a body rotation, pointing was considerably impaired with respect to a physical body rotation, whereas performance in the verbal location task was similar under imaginary and physical rotation. It proposes that producing locative sentences, unlike pointing to objects, involves a second-order embodiment. That is, language spatial relations are represented and updated into a mental framework that is detached from body proprioceptive information, but still preserves spatial relations analogically. Second, the chapter describes a corpus-based study of locative sentences that demonstrated that some features of the figure and the ground are associated with the direction or dimension tagged by the preposition. For instance, partitive entities (e.g., parts of bodies or machines) are more frequently associated to vertical directions, whereas animate entities are more frequently associated to horizontal terms. This fit between object information (provided by nouns) and spatial information (provided by prepositions), is compatible with an integration or meshing hypothesis.
Dissociation between Verbal and Pointing Responding in Perspective Change Problems
Authors: WANG RANXIAO FRANCES
Published: January 2010

Predicting the outcome of spatial transformations, such as viewpoint changes, is very important in everyday life. It has been shown that it is very difficult to point to where an object would be as if one is facing a different direction (perspective change problem). These difficulties are often attributed to the imagination process that is mentally rotating oneself or the object array. This chapter investigates this hypothesis by varying the ‘imagination time’ before the target is given. It presents two experiments showing that when using a pointing task, there is no improvement in performance even when the participants are allowed to complete the ‘imagination’ process first. In contrast, when using a verbal reporting task, participants are able to describe the egocentric angles of the imagined target location as quickly as the no-imagination control condition. These results suggest that participants are able to transform and maintain a representation of the new perspective, but this representation is accessible to a verbal system that subserves the verbal response task, but not to an action system that subserves the pointing task. Thus, functional features defined with respect to one cognitive system may not generalize to another cognitive system.
Defining Functional Features for Spatial Language
Authors: CARLSON LAURA , COVELL EDWIN
Published: January 2010

Spatial terms such as above are typically used to specify the location of a desired object by indicating its spatial relationship to a reference object whose location is presumed known. Use of such terms requires that the space around the reference object be parsed into particular regions (e.g., above, below). Previous research has demonstrated that the construction of these regions is influenced not only by geometric properties of the reference object (such as its center-of-mass) but also by its functional parts. For example, in a placement task in which participants were asked to put one object above another object, objects were more likely to be placed away from the center of the object, toward its functional part. Moreover, this bias was stronger for objects that were functionally related (e.g., a coin vs. a ring placed above a piggy bank). This chapter defines the term ‘functionally related’ by focusing on the contributions of various characteristics (e.g., surface, use, or functional features) of the reference object. To do this, the chapter systematically analyzes the reference objects used by Carlson-Radvansky et al., classifying them in various ways, and asking whether such classifications mediated the bias toward the functional part. It concludes with a discussion of the contribution of the located object, and a reflection on how to define functional features for spatial language more generally.
Being Near the Ceramic, but not Near the Mug: On the Role of Construal in Spatial Language
Authors: PRASADA SANDEEP
Published: January 2010

Construals or conceptions are particular ways of understanding what something is, and, as such, they embody explanatory structures. This chapter presents a theory of the formal explanatory structures embodied in different construals of entities as objects and as stuff, and illustrates how this difference accounts for a number of differences in the ways in which we use spatial language to talk about objects and stuff. It is argued that functional properties are central to our conceptions of many kinds of objects. They are understood to be capacities to act or be acted upon that are understood to follow in virtue of the object being the kind of thing it is (and thus properties that follow in virtue of the object's structure). Furthermore, they explain the existence of the object and/or its structure. It is argued that construals and the formal explanatory structures they embody affect spatial language when a given construal specifies a particular way of thinking about the geometric properties of an entity. Specific situations in which this is the case are discussed.
Force and Function in the Acquisition of the Preposition in
Authors: VANDELOISE CLAUDE
Published: January 2010

Containment, an essential relation in the activities of human beings, has an important role in the development of the spatial uses of the preposition in. The preposition in is often defined in terms of static properties such as topological inclusion or geometric concavity. This chapter presents envelopment and concavity as consequences of the function of containment. Whereas all properties of containment are met for many uses of in, some extensions are justified by only some properties. These properties, thus behave as the features of a family resemblance. Because of this representation, containment is a complex concept. It may be called Complex Primitive because preverbal children are aware of the static and kinetic characteristics of containment. Complete knowledge of this concept develops later, when children manipulate containers and realize the dynamic aspects of containment and its function.
Form and Function
Authors: TVERSKY BARBARA
Published: January 2010

This chapter addresses the question of how we can account for spatial language. Perceptual features, functional features, schemas, context, and affordances are among the bases proposed. It is argued that all can be operative. A survey of research from a variety of entity domains, especially natural kinds, artifacts, bodies, scenes, events, abstract categories, and design, and of relational domains, especially spatial relations, shows that perceptual features, especially form or structure, allow inferences to function, forming perceptual–functional units or affordances. Language abets inferences from form to function. These perceptual–functional units account for the coherence of category features and provide the basis for causal reasoning.
In Defense of Legal Positivism
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: January 2010

As an uncompromising defense of legal positivism, this book insists on the separability of law and morality. After distinguishing among three main dimensions of morality, the book explores a variety of ways in which law has been perceived by natural-law theorists as integrally connected to each of those dimensions. Some of the chapters pose arguments against major philosophers who have written on these issues, including David Lyons, Lon Fuller, Antony Duff, Joseph Raz, Ronald Dworkin, John Finnis, Philip Soper, Neil MacCormick, Robert Alexy, Gerald Postema, Stephen Perry, and Michael Moore. Several other chapters extend rather than defend legal positivism; they refine the insights of positivism and develop the implications of those insights in strikingly novel directions. The book concludes with a long discussion of the obligation to obey the law — a discussion that highlights the strengths of legal positivism in the domain of political philosophy as much as in the domain of jurisprudence.
9 Law and Order: Some Implications
Authors: KRAMER MATTHEW H.
Published: January 2010

This closing chapter takes up the question whether every legal mandate, simply by dint of its status as such a mandate, imposes a pro-tanto moral obligation to comply with its terms. In delivering a negative answer to this question, the chapter first mounts a critique of the principle of fair play. It then shows that there is no comprehensively applicable pro-tanto moral obligation of obedience, even in an admirably benign legal system.
Culture, Cognition, and the Grammar of ‘Give’ Clauses
Authors: NEWMAN JOHN
Published: January 2010

This chapter explores the extent to which the structure of ‘give’ clauses may be motivated by cultural and cognitive factors. It identifies three categories of the ‘give’ phenomena which are discussed in turn: (a) aspects of ‘give’ clause structure which are determined by a broad cognitive principle and have substantial cross-linguistic and cross-cultural variety; (b) aspects of ‘give’ clause structure which reflect an orientation or perspective but with significance in a larger culture and are culture- and language-specific; (c) and aspects of ‘give’ clause structure which have a special significance within a particular language system, but do not reflect larger cultural, non-linguistic values.
Cultural Logic and Syntactic Productivity: Associated posture Constructions in Lao
Authors: ENFIELD N. J.
Published: January 2010

This chapter argues that event typicality is a cultural phenomenon which can be accounted for and described in terms of cultural representations: typifications which are carried, assumed-to-be-carried, and assumed-to-be-assumed-to-be-carried by all members of a given group. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 10.1 outlines the notion of ‘culture’. Section 10.2 discusses the notion of event, and the relevance of this notion to the semantics and pragmatics of verb serialization. Section 10.3 examines associated posture serial verb constructions in Lao, which provide a useful range of perspectives from which to focus in more detail the observations made by Bruce and Durie. Section 10.4 provides a summary of findings while Section 10.5 concludes.
Mallarmé and Circumstance
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: January 2010

This book is the second in the two-volume study of the work of Stéphanie Mallarmé (1842–1898). For Mallarmé, in a world without God, the role of the poet is to break the silence with language and to confer upon the contingency of circumstance a therapeutic semblance of formal and semantic pattern. Literature provides a ‘translation of silence’, ‘intimate galas’ in which the mysterious drama of the human condition is performed for and by the reader on the stage of the verse poem, the prose poem, and what Mallarmé calls the ‘poëme critique’. In Part 1, the book examines the prose poems within the context of Mallarmé's writing about the theatre. In Part II, the book focuses on the ‘circumstanzas’ —, the famous ‘Tombeaux’, ‘Hommages’, ‘Eventails’, and ‘vers de circonstance’ —, in which Mallarmé invests the quotidian with the ‘glorious lie’ of poetry. In a series of close readings the book demonstrates how complex poetic structures, and especially the sonnet, may serve to guide the human search for meaning and shape our anguish in a ‘ceremony of the Book’.
The Poet's Milieu
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: January 2010

This chapter argues that Mallarmé's work demonstrates the possibility that all discourse which is remotely concerted (philosophy, political oratory, historical writings) is in fact a form of literature. It contends that the celebrity and status of Mallarmé's sonnets have tended to obscure the degree to which his writing constitutes an exploration of the limits of writing. It also analyzes the relationship between poetry and circumstance in Mallarmé's prose poems.
Creating Silence: ‘Le Phénomène futur’ and ‘Un spectacle interrompu’
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: January 2010

This chapter analyzes Le Phénomène futur and Un spectacle interrompu, which were published in the inaugural issue of La R épublique des lettres on 20 December 1875. Le Phénomène futur is a prose poem generically and emblematically poised on the cusp between darkness and light, between the crowd and the solitary artist, between the Attic salt of irony and the milky-white potential of the unwritten page. In Un spectacle interrompu, Mallarmé sets out to exhibit how a fait divers might look through the eyes of a poet, a ‘r êveur’ who transcends the everyday in the exercise of his imagination, that is, of his capacity to imagine or figure the world anew.
Human Rights and the End of Empire
Authors: Simpson A. W Brian
Published: January 2010

This book provides a detailed account of the negotiation of the European Convention on Human Rights, the major achievement of the Council of Europe, and of its impact on the British Empire in its closing years. The book concentrates on the role of the United Kingdom in the negotiations, and the consequences which followed ratification. To provide the historical context for these negotiations it gives a detailed history of the protection of individual rights in the common law system, and of the rise of the movement for the international protection of human rights. This was largely a product of the Second World War, though having antecedents back in the 16th century and earlier.
Compliance Theories Choosing to Comply: Theorizing from International Relations and Comparative Politics
Authors: Haas M. Peter , Bilder Richard B.
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses the meaning of compliance and the factors affecting state decisions to comply with international norms. It questions whether differences should be expected between compliance with legally binding and non-binding norms. An alternative approach to the same issue is also presented.
Commentary Compliance With International Soft Law
Authors: Charney Jonathan L.
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses compliance with ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ law. The international community has developed ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ norms to serve many of the same systemic functions, that is, to order relations among entities in a society and to satisfy the desire of groups within that society to promote their own value preferences. Often, no explicit, reasoned choice is made between ‘hard’ or ‘soft’ norm solutions, instead the character of the norm may result from confluence of various unforeseen and unplanned circumstances. Thus, while the status as law or non-law may be important to compliance in some respects, in most situations it is not. More important is the contribution of that the norm provides to the ordering of relations within the international community.
Trade and Finance
Authors: Simmons Beth , Roht-Arriaza Naomi , Chazournes Laurence Boisson de , Zarsky Lyuba , Wirth David A.
Published: January 2010

This chapter presents case studies of non-binding norms and compliance with trade agreements. Topics covered include efforts against money laundering, the International Organization for Standardization, the World Bank Operational Standards, and environmental norms in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.
Conclusions: Understanding Compliance with Soft Law
Authors: Weiss Brown Edith , Shelton Dinah
Published: January 2010

This chapter begins with a review of the hypotheses presented in the study. It then explains compliance by theories about informal social norms. The application of research on compliance with binding agreements to soft law and enhance compliance with soft law are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Barton Barry , Redgwell Catherine , RØnne Anita , Zillman Donald N.
Published: January 2010

This chapter begins by discussing how people's reliance on energy made clear the importance of energy security. It then discusses the history of energy use, security, and imposed geopolitical risk. It also discusses the concept and characteristics of energy security, and mentions several issues in energy security among nations. It provides a brief description of all the chapters discussed in this book.
Security of Supply and Control of Terrorism: Energy Security in the United States in the Early Twenty-First Century
Authors: Zillman Donald N. , Bigos Michael T.
Published: January 2010

This chapter provides an overview of United States ‘energy security’ in 2004. It begins by setting the stage for a consideration of national energy security — past, present, and future. It also summarizes energy production and use in the United States. It then details the legal and political structure in which energy security measures operate. It examines three aspects of US energy security.
Energy Security and Japan: The Role of International Law, Domestic Law, and Diplomacy
Authors: Nakatani Kazuhiro
Published: January 2010

This chapter begins by discussing Japan's energy situation and current threats to their energy security. It then examines Japan's legal framework for oil supply security. It evaluates the international legal problems of oil transport to Japan. It also examines the energy security in East Asia and Japan's energy diplomacy. It discusses the first oil crisis that occurred in 1973 and how Japanese consumers reacted to that incident.
Microvariation in French Negation Markers: A Historical Perspective
Authors: MARTINEAU FRANCE , VINET MARIE-THÉRÈSE
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the evolution of French negation markers, focusing on certain facts connected to negation markers and the left periphery which have been too often neglected and sometimes misinterpreted in the literature on historical change. First, it illustrates how the history of the absence of ne in certain clauses identified in the lower CP domain must be distinguished from the deletion of the discontinuous IP negation marker ne which developed in certain morphosyntactic surroundings in spoken French. Second, it explores how semantic and syntactic factors may explain the absence of ne in interrogative clauses in certain grammars of French. Most importantly, the chapter emphasizes the fact that the realization of French negation from a diachronic perspective has never been a homogeneous phenomenon. Just as contemporary grammars of French are numerous and varied, diachronic grammars of French were far from the homogeneous picture too often presented in many studies, even those reporting on the oral form of the language in the past. Such grammars, just like contemporary grammars of French, also displayed microvariation. Thus, French negation had different realizations in diachronic grammars of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries.
7 Decomposing Gradience: Quantitative versus Qualitative Distinctions
Authors: SCHLESEWSKY MATTHIAS , BORNKESSEL INA , MCELREE BRIAN
Published: January 2010

This chapter characterizes the critical phenomena from a behavioural perspective before turning to experimental methods, yielding more fine-grained data. It examines how linguistic judgments emerge from the real-time comprehension processes by drawing upon studies of word order variation in German. Based on a number of empirical observations, it argues that gradient data need not be interpreted as evidence against categorical grammars. Instead, gradience can come from a complex interaction between grammar-internal requirements, processing mechanisms, general cognitive constraints, and the environment within which the judgment task is performed.
Internationalized Courts in Kosovo: An UNMIK Perspective
Authors: Cady Jean-Christian , Booth Nicholas
Published: January 2010

The need for international judges and prosecutors in Kosovo became apparent within the first few months of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), which was established pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 1244 following the end of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization military action in 1999. UNMIK restarted the justice system in the first weeks of the new mission, staffing the courts with Kosovan judges and prosecutors. However, it quickly became clear that this new judicial system would not be capable of trying cases of war crimes and inter-ethnic crimes with impartiality. The need for international judges and prosecutors to bring credible neutrality to criminal trials was recognized by UNMIK. The legal framework for the deployment of international judges and prosecutors (IJP) in Kosovo has been UNMIK Regulations 2000/6 and 2000/64. This chapter deals with internationalized criminal courts in Kosovo, the administration of the IJP programme, the future role of IJPs in Kosovo, criticisms of the IJP programme, and lessons learned from the programme.
Sierra Leone: The Intersection of Law, Policy, and Practice
Authors: Smith Alison
Published: January 2010

The Special Court for Sierra Leone was established in March 2002 to try those who bear the greatest responsibility for atrocities committed during the conflict in the country back in the 1990s. Other broader aims include ending impunity, deterring would-be perpetrators, providing a measure of justice for the victims, helping to strengthen the rule of law in Sierra Leone, and contributing to capacity-building in the country, especially for the legal profession. Thus the Special Court has both backward- and forward-looking objectives: to provide redress for what happened in Sierra Leone and to contribute to lasting peace; a strengthened rule of law; and the future protection of people involved in a conflict, both in Sierra Leone and elsewhere. Indeed, the Special Court has an important role to play with respect to the identification of customary international humanitarian law and the advancement of the international rule of law. This chapter looks at the Special Court's two serious flaws: the debatable temporal and subject matter jurisdiction, and the precarious financial mechanism for its funding.
The Relationship Between Internationalized Courts and National Courts
Authors: Kleffner Jann K , Nollkaemper André
Published: January 2010

Each of the four internationalized criminal courts examined in this book is embedded into, or grafted onto, the national legal order of one particular state: Yugoslavia/Kosovo, East Timor, Sierra Leone, and Cambodia. It is this connection that makes the courts ‘internationalized’ rather than ‘international’. The linkage to a particular state raises the question of how the internationalized courts are related to the national courts of the state. This chapter examines six questions associated with the relationship between internationalized courts and national courts: whether national courts have jurisdiction over acts that are within the jurisdiction of an internationalized court; if so, what rules govern concurrent jurisdiction between national and internationalized courts; whether individuals can resort to a national court in order to challenge the legality of establishment of an internationalized court; whether national courts can review judgements of an internationalized court; whether suspects that have been tried in an internationalized court could later also be tried in a national court or vice versa; and the authority of judgements of internationalized courts for national courts.
Legal Assistance to Internationalized Criminal Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Sluiter Göran
Published: January 2010

In order to carry out their mandates, internationalized criminal courts and tribunals require effective legal assistance, not only by the authorities of the states where they operate, but also by third states and international organizations. Since internationalized courts and tribunals lack enforcement powers of their own, they need external cooperation in order to carry out several vital activities, such as the collection of evidence and the arrest of accused persons. The crucial question is how tribunals can obtain the necessary assistance and to what extent states are under a duty to cooperate with them. The present chapter analyses this question separately for the prosecutions under the authority of the United Nations (Kosovo and East Timor) on the one hand, and for Sierra Leone and Cambodia prosecutions on the other. First, a distinction between the different forms of legal assistance needed by internationalized courts is made. Two models of legal assistance are considered: one is characteristic of the provision of legal assistance between sovereign states, and the other is typical of the provision of assistance to internationalized criminal tribunals.
Oracles, Curses, and Risk Among the Ancient Greeks
Authors: Eidinow Esther
Published: January 2010

In this book, question tablets from the oracle at Dodona are set side-by-side with curse tablets (katadesmoi or defixiones) from across the Ancient Greek world (for the period 6th-1st centuries BCE). It explores what these texts reveal about perceptions of and responses to the uncertain future, and the nature of risk among ordinary Greek men and women, as well as the insights they afford into civic institutions and activities, and social dynamics. The author follows the anthropologist Mary Douglas in defining ‘risk’ as socially constructed, in contrast to other ancient historians, who treat risk-management as a way of handling objective external dangers. The use of this theory encourages a new approach to both oracles and curses, and in particular, challenges the categories and theories usually used to describe and explain curses. The book includes a full catalogue of all published texts from Dodona, as well as a number of new tablets not published elsewhere, along with the 159 curse tablets discussed, together with translations of all texts.
Curses!
Authors: Eidinow Esther
Published: January 2010

This chapter turns the reader's attention to binding spells, or curses (katadesmoi or defixiones). It examines the scanty literary evidence for the practice of creating these curses, and describes the development and spread of this practice across the Graeco-Roman world. It examines the language of binding spells; the gods, and other supernatural entities invoked; the shapes of curse tablets (including ‘voodoo dolls’ in miniature coffins); and the motivation behind their creation. The texts in the corpus of ancient Greek curse tablets (6th-1st centuries BCE) show individuals seeking to bind or restrain an imminent danger, often a person or people in particular circumstances. The chapter introduces the categories usually used to describe these circumstances and theories used to describe the motivation behind curse-writing (in particular, the theory that they were used in situations of competition), and why and how this study suggests a re-examination of both.
Business as Usual?
Authors: Eidinow Esther
Published: January 2010

This chapter focuses on the curses usually described as concerned with business or commercial competition. It questions this categorisation, arguing that across the tablets in this category, commercial detail receives a range of different kinds of attention from the writers of the curses; and that, for a number, the explanation of commercial competition simply does not make sense. It suggests that an explanation that turns on a simple statement about commercial competition cannot adequately explain the contents of them all, and that other explanations (concerning local rivalries) must be considered.
Pindar's Songs for Young Athletes of Aigina
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin
Published: January 2010

This book examines choral performance, audience response, and the poetic means used by Greek lyric poet Pindar to control this response. It consists of individual studies of Pindar's eleven odes for Aiginetan victors, preceded by a brief survey of the history of the island and the nature of its aristocracy. The discussion focuses in particular on questions of mythic self-presentation in Pindar's choral songs, as exemplified by such non-literary evidence as the pedimental sculptures of the Aphaia Temple, and the parallel ‘narrative’ sections of the odes. The overall concern is with Pindaric techniques for unifying an audience and leading it into a shared experience of inspired success, but there is also a concern with the realities of athletic contest and its celebration.
1. Aigina and the Aiakids
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin
Published: January 2010

Pindar's Aiginetan odes were made for the commercial aristocracy of a small, civilised, and very rich island. The commercial success of Aigina attracted the interest of Argos and Epidauros, and for about a century the sea-going lords of Aigina supplied ships and probably tribute to one or the other of the older mainland powers. The storytellers of Aigina began very early to patch together a mythic cloak, a combination of borrowed Aiakid traditions with basic local legend, which should lend a distinguishing identity to the island lords. Pindar described the time he imagined the island encircled with Aiakid powers ready to hear its songs. This chapter looks at the legend involving Aiakos, Peleus, Phokos, Ajax, and Telamon, among other characters in Pindar's odes.
8. Nemean 4: Wrestling with a Form-Changer
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin
Published: January 2010

Composed by Pindar about a decade after Nemean 5, Nemean 4 once again takes Peleus as the figure through whom a victorious boy may discover his new identity. It was made for Timasarchos, a young man who has won in wrestling contests in Athens and Thebes as well as at Nemea, having been coached in this most devious of Greek sports by the famous trainer, Melesias. Timasarchos' prizes have been brought back to his grandfather, Euphanes, who celebrates the boy's victory with an ode that addresses an audience explicitly divided in age and experience. The song announces itself as an agent of Euphrosyna, the high-spirited sense of Joy that rules during the spontaneous victory night celebration and also in the more mature and inhibited symposium. The song engages with the magnificence of the Aiakids, specifically with Peleus' struggle with the Thetis-monster.
Introduction
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin
Published: January 2010

This book considers the eleven odes composed by Pindar for the athletes of Aigina and looks at the pleasures taken and the influences felt as a particular audience watched each performance. The odes are ample in scale, richly textured, constructed around a central mythic passage, and all seemed to celebrate victors who have not yet reached manhood. This discussion of the Aiginetan victory songs assumes performance by troupes of singing male dancers, amateurs who were, like the victors, not yet eighteen years old. These entered, well-rehearsed, and naked or nearly so, into a limited space (hall or courtyard of a house in town, or perhaps in one case the lower terrace of the Apollo temple) and there entertained a small and familiar audience — the relatives and friends of the host, most of whom had, at least as boys, performed similar choral songs.
3 Establishment of the Refugee Settlement Commission: Settlement Policies in Macedonia
Authors: Kontogiorgi Elisabeth
Published: January 2010

This chapter focuses on the establishment of the Greek Refugee Settlement Commission (RSC) in 1923, tasked with not only monitoring and administering the resettlement of the refugees but also to function in a similar capacity as regards the financial reconstruction of the Greek national state, at a time when Greece was in a dire state of emergency. Topics covered include the structure of the RSC, categories of refugees, and reasons for resettlement in rural Macedonia.
9 Infrastructure Development
Authors: Kontogiorgi Elisabeth
Published: January 2010

This chapter argues that rural refugee resettlement and its success were not limited to allocation of a plot and at best a house to each refugee family, but it was related to the general improvement of conditions in the countryside of Macedonia. This goal made necessary a number of infrastructural works which included the organization of health services in the countryside, as well as the execution of irrigation and drainage works in marshlands, the construction of roads, etc. Health services, reclamation works, frontier settlements, and landscape transformations are discussed.
Competitive and Co-operative Strategies I: Information-Questions
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth
Published: January 2010

According to Jennifer Coates there are three characteristic modes in discourse of a dominant kind: information-questions, directives, and interruption. Information-questions are ostensibly designed to seek information, but may also be used (by virtue of their challenging nature) to establish power and status. In a co-operative style of discourse, on the other hand, information-questions are more likely to serve as an invitation to others to participate. Coates has attributed these different styles to men and women respectively. In information-questions in Homer's Iliad there is support for this claim: men's use of questions in the public sphere reflects a competitive, coercive, or status-aware mode of discourse — questions are an exercise of power. In the small sample of women's talk, women ask information-questions for affective rather than referential purposes.
Introduction
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth
Published: January 2010

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the fluent, coherent, and complete nature of character-speech in Homer. It then introduces the means by which this discourse will be examined: discourse analysis, conversation analysis, cognitive psychology (which provides a framework for studying ‘scripted’ routines, both behavioural scripts and, as argued here, verbal scripts), and sociolinguistics (especially on the question of language and gender). Finally, there is some discussion of non-verbal signals, to which verbal communication often responds, and on which it is very often dependent.
The Denationalization of Slaves
Authors: Hezser Catherine
Published: January 2010

One of the characteristic traits of a slave was his denationalisation. Slaves had to be removed from their family, culture, and country of origin ‘to be introduced and reproduced as aliens in the slave-owning society’. Once he was (re)introduced as an alien, the slave's links to his ancestors and origins were disregarded, and he was not allowed to marry and establish new kinship ties during the period of his enslavement. The slave's alienation from all social ties except for those his master allowed him to maintain, his being a ‘blank slate’ which his master could inscribe, and his total lack of honour distinguished him from other dependants of the householder and members of the lower strata of society.
The Slave as Chattel and Human Being
Authors: Hezser Catherine
Published: January 2010

The denationalisation or ‘deracination’ of slaves, the fact that they were seen as non-persons without a proper identity, was based on the identification of slaves with animals and other types of property in the ancient (upper-class) imagination. Those who identified slaves with animals would ignore all aspects of their human identity such as their personal names, ancestry, and religion. This dehumanisation and depersonalisation allowed slave masters to treat their slaves in a degrading and exploitative way. Nevertheless, human traits could not be destroyed entirely and masters had to take them into consideration. Slaves ‘retained human intelligence and emotion in bodies no longer their own’. Despite their physical submission to their masters, they were not entirely passive beings. They could benefit their masters through their knowledge and skills or act against their interests and constitute a danger for them and their families. This ability set certain limits to their masters' power and created a situation of mutual dependency.
Hierarchical Equations and DiVerentiations
Authors: Hezser Catherine
Published: January 2010

Although all slaves were affected by the general aspects of slavery (denationalisation, identification with chattel, total dependency on the master), in reality there were great differences among slaves as far as their actual status within the household and in society at large was concerned. Household slaves were generally better off than farmhands, well-educated and skilled slaves were more valuable for their masters than the rest of the familia, and slaves of prominent masters were both respected and feared within society. Altogether, slaves' roles and functions were very diverse and the boundaries between slaves' and free men's work and lifestyle were blurred. Female slaves were probably sexually exploited to a greater extent than male slaves were.
The Manumission of Slaves
Authors: Hezser Catherine
Published: January 2010

The eventual manumission of slaves was an ideal held up by many ancient slaveholding societies. It is expressed in numerous Greek and Roman literary texts as well as in the Hebrew Bible and later rabbinic and patristic writings. It has been suggested that one of the reasons why people believe in certain shared ideals is to enable them to come to terms with and tolerate practices which would be intolerable when looked at from some alternative point of view. The ideal of manumission allowed slaveholders to clear their conscience and to maintain their moral integrity: If they believed that it was a generally accepted rule that a loyal slave would soon be freed, and that a wicked slave did not deserve freedom, then they could sleep with an easier conscience even if the criteria they applied in practice were those of self interest.
Conclusions
Authors: Hezser Catherine
Published: January 2010

This book investigates ancient Jewish slavery in the context of slavery in Graeco-Roman society to determine whether and in what regard Jews differed from Romans and early Christians in their discourse about and practice of slavery. The book examines whether ancient Jewish literary sources reveal different attitudes towards slaves and indicate a different treatment of slaves from Graeco-Roman sources. As pointed out at the outset, the socioeconomic conditions in which slavery develops tend to be similar in many societies, whereas the specific configuration of slavery varies from one society to the next. Slavery was an important aspect of the everyday life of Jews in both the land of Israel and the Diaspora in Hellenistic and Roman times: Jews owned slaves and Jews were employed as slaves by Jewish and non-Jewish owners.
1 Weddings
Authors: Cretney Stephen
Published: January 2010

This chapter presents the background on informal marriages. It asks the questions: what interest does the State have in controlling wedding ceremonies? The development of state control of weddings is discussed. The chapter then goes on to talk about religious influences on the legislative framework. The trend towards secular weddings is covered. Finally, the chapter details the emergence of consumerism and commercialisation.
3 The Legal Consequences of Marriage: Property Regimes
Authors: Cretney Stephen
Published: January 2010

The common law accepted the principle that marriage made husband and wife ‘one flesh’ — but what consequences did this have? This unity theory led to men automatically getting control of their wife’s property, and in the late nineteenth century, pressure for reform led to acceptance of so-called ‘separation of property’. But in the twentieth century, it became apparent that the outcome was to favour the financial contributions made by male employment, and there was pressure for the introduction of some form of community of property under which all the contributions of each spouse would be recognised in decisions about the ownership of property. The unity theory also influenced the law of tort: if a man’s careless driving caused injury to his wife, should the insurance company be allowed to refuse to pay because the man would not be allowed to sue for causing injury to ‘himself’? And what was to happen on divorce or death?
19 The State, Parent and Child: (2) The Welfare State and Child Care Legislation
Authors: Cretney Stephen
Published: January 2010

The social conditions of World War II led to an increase of official interest in how best the welfare of children could be promoted; and the huge Evacuation programmes of 1940 and 1944 led to concern that the potential for social work support for divided families should be given greater recognition. A number of child abuse scandals (notably the death at the hands of foster parents of the twelve-year-old Dennis O'Neill in 1945 raised public interest and helped put reform onto the urgent agenda of practical politics, as did the Government's commitment to the abolition of the Poor Law. The Children Act 1948 greatly expanded the work of Local Authorities, and ensured that each Authority should have a Children's Officer taking charge of the provision of services. At the same time, there was concern about what seemed to be an increase in juvenile delinquency, and the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 eventually recognised the importance of welfare considerations in deciding how offenders should be dealt with.
21 The Family and the Law: Reform of the English Family Justice System Towards the End of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Cretney Stephen
Published: January 2010

This book is about the interaction of the law and social relationships and practices. A central part of that interaction takes place in courts of law, but concern about the ineffectiveness of the law in some situations has been a consistent theme in discussions of policy, as was the view that legal processes sometimes exacerbated family differences. This chapter draws these issues together: it outlines the court structure as it has developed since the creation of the Family Division of the High Court in 1970; it examines the arguments (associated especially with the Report of the Finer Committee) for the creation of a system of family courts; it highlights the process by which new procedures were introduced to deal with the apparently increasing phenomenon of domestic violence; and it discusses the pervasive belief that conciliation (or mediation) should have an enhanced role in the family justice system. This belief was highly influential in the drafting of the Family Law Act 1996, based on the view that the law should recognise divorce as a ‘process over time’. However, the main provisions of that Act have not been brought into force.
Vice and Virtue
Authors: ARMSTRONG REBECCA
Published: January 2010

This chapter looks at the myths from another angle, starting from the stereotypes of vice attributed to Cretans in general and Cretan women in particular: the lies and the sexual intemperance. The scandalous stories of lust and deception understandably give rise to a bad press, and the first part of the chapter examines the ways in which the Latin representations of the Cretan women confirm this reputation. The chapter shows the possibility that the Cretan women can be seen in some senses as victims as well as perpetrators of vice, and attempts to redeem them further, to see if they can make any claim to some ancient concept of virtue despite their wicked deeds. Moving from virtue externally viewed to a woman's own sense of self-respect, it considers Ariadne's use of soliloquy, and the way in which the absence of an audience is in some ways positive, enabling a preservation of dignity.
Ariadne in Catullus 64
Authors: ARMSTRONG REBECCA
Published: January 2010

This chapter focuses on the depiction of Ariadne in Catullus 64. Catullus' sixty-fourth poem is an extraordinary work, which takes the form of the Hellenistic epyllion, already a subtly sophisticated sub-genre, and pushes it to its limits. In this poem, Catullus inverts again a genre characterized by inversion to make contact once more with conventionally epic elements through his treatment of the myth of the Argonauts, whilst preserving neoteric contact with the feminine in the form of the Ariadne ecphrasis. This 213-line section (which takes up just over half of the poem) is also one of the most important, and most sensitive, treatments of the story of Ariadne in classical literature. It was recognized as a formative influence by later Latin poets not only for their own versions of Ariadne's story, but even for their portrayal of other characters, such as Vergil's Dido and Ovid's Scylla.
Hesiod’s Theogony and the Folk Tale
Authors: Davies Malcolm
Published: January 2010

It is well known that Hesiod's Theogony contains a number of folk tale motifs. West's 1966 commentary specifies Prometheus and Epimetheus, ‘the pair of brothers, one clever and one stupid, or one good and the other bad’ and the succession myth of lines 453-506, with ‘the father who tries to dispose of his children in order to prevent the fulfilment of a prophecy that one of them will overthrow him; the child who is exposed, but who grows up in safety nevertheless and returns to claim his inheritance; and the man who is swallowed by a monster or demon and afterwards rescued alive and whole from his belly. This chapter suggests that a further folk tale motif is lurking in the aetiological account of how Prometheus tricked Zeus over sacrificial portions (555-616).