bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rediscovering Mars
Authors: Ladbury Raymond
Published: January 2008

For Mars researchers who depend on complicated, expensive interplanetary probes for their investigations, data seem to come either in trickles or in floods. From 1977 to 1996, only two probes were launched toward Mars—and both were unsuccessful. The delay was frustrating to researchers, because previous missions had revealed Mars to be a very strange planet. Indeed, at times, parts of Mars almost seemed to be from two different planets. Although most terrain in the south was rough, heavily cratered, and therefore ancient, most of the Northern Hemisphere had been resurfaced to a nearly billiard ball smoothness. This hemispheric dichotomy was accentuated by an average altitude difference of several kilometers between north and south. Superimposed on this background were some of the Solar System's highest volcanoes and some of its deepest craters.
LIGO and the Detection of Gravitational Waves
Authors: Barish Barry C. , Weiss Rainer
Published: January 2008

The idea of gravitational waves was already implicit in the 1905 special theory of relativity, with its finite limiting speed for information transfer. The explicit formulation for gravitational waves in general relativity was put forward by Einstein in 1916 and 1918. He showed that the acceleration of masses generates time-dependent gravitational fields that propagate away from their sources at the speed of light as warpages of spacetime. Such a propagating warpage is called a gravitational wave.
Nobel Prize Goes to Zewail for Developing Femtochemistry
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: January 2008

The 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to Ahmed Zewail, “for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy.” Zewail is the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemistry at Caltech. “I'm also a professor in the physics department,” he wants our readers to know.
A New Way to Guide Light in Optical Fibers
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: January 2008

Many of our phone conversations and e-mail communications race to their destinations over optical communication links that rely on total internal reflection to guide pulses of light down hair-width fibers of glass. Despite their prodigious bandwidth, these glass fibers will be hard pressed to meet the heavy traffic demands being placed on them by the exploding use of the Internet. Recently, researchers from the US and UK have demonstrated another way to transmit light waves though narrow channels: By surrounding a hollow core with photonic bandgap structure. Their achievement opens the way for guiding light with little or no loss through an evacuated channel. That's important because the interaction of light with glass now limits the maximum power that one can transmit with today's glass-core fibers. It's not possible to have hollow cores with fibers that rely on total internal reflection because the core must have a larger index of refraction than the cladding, and there's no solid material that has an index of refraction less than one.
Nanoscale Fluctuations at Solid Surfaces
Authors: Toroczkai Zoltan , Williams Ellen D.
Published: January 2008

On the nanometer scale, a seemingly smooth crystalline surface is not only bumpy, it's also in motion. Tiny mesas and depressions appear and disappear; escarpments range over the surface like waves on a beach. These thermal fluctuations are visible, thanks to advances in imaging techniques, which exploit electrons to divine the nanoscale motions (see figure 1). But although experiments can capture the spatial structure of surface fluctuations with atomic resolution, they lack the temporal resolution to follow the hops of individual atoms. Instead, observations yield a set of parameters that characterize how the surface changes on longer, millisecond timescales.
Experimental Studies of Bose–Einstein Condensation
Authors: Ketterle Wolfgang
Published: January 2008

The possibility of creating optical fields with many photons in a single mode of a resonator was realized with the creation of the laser in 1960. The possibility of creating a matter-wave field with many atoms in a single mode of an atom trap—the atomic equivalent of an optical resonator—was realized with the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) in 1995.
Bacillus anthracis
-derived nitric oxide is essential for pathogen virulence and survival in macrophages
Authors: Shatalin Konstantin , Gusarov Ivan , Avetissova Ekaterina , Shatalina Yelena , McQuade Lindsey E. , Lippard Stephen J. , Nudler Evgeny
Published: January 2008

Phagocytes generate nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in large quantities to combat infecting bacteria. Here, we report the surprising observation that
in vivo
survival of a notorious pathogen—
Bacillus anthracis
—critically depends on its own NO-synthase (bNOS) activity. Anthrax spores (Sterne strain) deficient in bNOS lose their virulence in an A/J mouse model of systemic infection and exhibit severely compromised survival when germinating within macrophages. The mechanism underlying bNOS-dependent resistance to macrophage killing relies on NO-mediated activation of bacterial catalase and suppression of the damaging Fenton reaction. Our results demonstrate that pathogenic bacteria use their own NO as a key defense against the immune oxidative burst, thereby establishing bNOS as an essential virulence factor. Thus, bNOS represents an attractive antimicrobial target for treatment of anthrax and other infectious diseases.
Prostate cancer imaging
Authors: Fuchsjäger M. , Shukla-Dave A. , Akin O. , Barentsz J. , Hricak H.
Published: January 2008

As prostate cancer is a biologically heterogeneous disease for which a variety of treatment options are available, the major objective of prostate cancer imaging is to achieve more precise disease characterization. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may enhance the staging of prostate cancer compared with clinical evaluation, transrectal ultrasound, or computed tomography (CT), and allows concurrent evaluation of prostatic, periprostatic, and pelvic anatomy. In clinical practice, the fusion of MRI or dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) with MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is improving the evaluation of cancer location, size, and extent, while providing an indication of tumor aggressiveness. Pretreatment knowledge of these prognostic variables is essential for achieving minimally invasive, patient-specific therapy.
Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament: magnetic resonance imaging findings of an underdiagnosed entity
Authors: Fernandes J. L. , Viana S. L. , Mendonça J. L. F. , Freitas F. M. O. , Bezerra A. S. A. , Lima G. -A. S. , Matos V. L. , Cunha N. F. , Martins R. R. , Freitas R. M. O.
Published: January 2008

Although imaging and clinical criteria are already established for the diagnosis of mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), many radiologists remain unaware of their existence. Once regarded as a rare occurrence, it has been recently suggested that its incidence is in fact very much higher than previously thought, and that it is probably underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed as partial ruptures of the ACL or as cystic ganglia. In this review, the authors revisit the literature concerning this subject and present their personal experience with it, stressing the paramount importance of magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with clinical data for a correct diagnosis.
Adult presentation of right lung agenesis and left pulmonary artery sling
Authors: Espinosa L. , Agarwal P.
Published: January 2008

The combination of right lung agenesis and left pulmonary artery (LPA) sling is a rare entity that has been described only in the pediatric population. Cross-sectional imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) have an advantage over echocardiography and pulmonary angiography in demonstrating the anomalous left pulmonary artery, particularly in the presence of coexisting lung agenesis, as exemplified in this case. We report the first case of this rare entity in an adult. It is important to be aware that this abnormality, though rare, can present even in adulthood, and therefore close attention should be paid to the course of the pulmonary artery to ensure detection of a sling in association with lung agenesis.
Automatic image quality quantification and mapping with an edge-preserving mask-filtering algorithm
Authors: Kortesniemi M. , Schenkel Y. , Salli E.
Published: January 2008

Background: Imaging modalities in digital radiology produce large amounts of data for which image quality should be determined in order to validate the diagnostic operation.

Purpose: To develop an automatic method for image quality assessment.

Material and Methods: A filtering algorithm using a moving square mask was applied to create a map of filtered local intensity and noise values. Image quality scores were calculated from the filtered image data. The procedure was applied to technical and anthropomorphic (radiosurgery verification phantom [RSVP] head) phantom images obtained with varying radiation dose, field of view (FOV), and image content. The method was also applied to a clinical computed tomography (CT) brain image.

Results: The image quality score ( IQs) of the phantom images increased from 0.51 to 0.82 as the radiation dose (CTDIvol) increased from 9.2 to 74.3 mGy. Correlation of the IQs with the pixel noise was R2 = 0.99. The deviation (1 SD) of IQs was 2.8% when the reconstruction FOV was set between 21 and 25 cm. The correlation of IQs with the pixel noise was R2 = 0.98 with variable image contents and dose. Automatic tube current modulation applied to the RSVP phantom scan reduced the variation in the calculated image quality score by about 60% compared to the use of a fixed tube current.

Conclusion: The image quality score provides an efficient tool for automatic quantification of image quality. The presented method also produces a 2D image quality map, which can be used for further image analysis.
Foreign-body granulomas in the trunk and extremities may simulate malignant soft-tissue tumors: report of three cases
Authors: Nakamura T. , Kusuzaki K. , Matsubara T. , Matsumine A. , Uchida A.
Published: January 2008

Three cases of foreign-body granulomas arising from soft tissues of the extremities or trunk are reported. All patients had a history of having undergone surgery 19 to 35 years ago. It was difficult to distinguish these granulomas from malignant soft-tissue tumors preoperatively by magnetic resonance (MR) images, as the tumors were over 10 cm in diameter and degenerated foreign bodies could not be detected on MR images. Finally, a histological diagnosis of foreign-body granuloma was made by preoperative or intraoperative biopsy in all cases. A palpable tumor adjacent to a previous surgery scar is therefore a warning that it might represent a granuloma, in spite of various image findings.
In-vitro evaluation of coronary stents and 64-detector-row computed tomography using a newly developed model of coronary artery stenosis
Authors: Schlosser T. , Scheuermann T. , Ulzheimer S. , Mohrs O. K. , Kühling M. , Albrecht P. E. , Voigtländer T. , Barkhausen J. , Schmermund A.
Published: January 2008

Background: Stent implantation is the predominant therapy for non-surgical myocardial revascularization in patients with coronary artery disease. However, despite substantial advances in multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) coronary imaging, a reliable detection of coronary in-stent restenosis is currently not possible.

Purpose: To examine the ability of 64-detector-row CT to detect and to grade in-stent stenosis in coronary stents using a newly developed ex-vivo vessel phantom with a realistic CT density pattern, artificial stenosis, and a thorax phantom.

Material and Methods: Four different stents (Liberté and Lunar ROX, Boston Scientific; Driver, Medtronic; Multi-Link Vision, Guidant) were examined. The stents were placed on a polymer tube with a diameter of 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, or 4.0 mm. Different degrees of stenosis (0%, 30%, 50%, 70–80%) were created inside the tube. For quantitative analysis, attenuation values were measured in the non-stenotic vessel outside the stent, in the non-stenotic vessel inside the stent, and in the stenotic area inside the stent. The grade of stenosis was visually assessed by two observers.

Results: All stents led to artificial reduction of attenuation, the least degree of which was found in the Liberté stent (11.3±10.2 HU) and the Multi-Link Vision stent (17.6±17.9 HU; P = 0.25). Overall, the non-stenotic vessel was correctly diagnosed in 55.5%, the low-grade stenosis in 58.3%, the intermediate stenosis in 63.8%, and the high-grade stenosis in 80.5%. In the 3.0-, 3.5-, and 4.0-mm vessels, in none of the cases was a non-stenotic or low-grade stenotic vessel misdiagnosed as intermediate or high-grade stenosis. The average deviation from the real grade of stenosis was 0.40 for the Liberté stent, 0.46 for the Lunar ROX stent, 0.45 for the Driver stent, and 0.58 for the Multi-Link Vision stent.

Conclusion: Our ex-vivo data show that non-stenotic stents and low-grade in-stent stenosis can be reliably differentiated from intermediate and high-grade in-stent stenosis in vessels with a diameter of 3 to 4 mm. With regard to artifacts and the grading of stenoses, the Liberté stent was best suited for CT coronary angiography.
Werner syndrome helicase activity is essential in maintaining fragile site stability
Authors: Pirzio Livia Maria , Pichierri Pietro , Bignami Margherita , Franchitto Annapaola
Published: January 2008

WRN is a member of the RecQ family of DNA helicases implicated in the resolution of DNA structures leading to the stall of replication forks. Fragile sites have been proposed to be DNA regions particularly sensitive to replicative stress. Here, we establish that WRN is a key regulator of fragile site stability. We demonstrate that in response to mild doses of aphidicolin, WRN is efficiently relocalized in nuclear foci in replicating cells and that WRN deficiency is associated with accumulation of gaps and breaks at common fragile sites even under unperturbed conditions. By expressing WRN isoforms impaired in either helicase or exonuclease activity in defective cells, we identified WRN helicase activity as the function required for maintaining the stability of fragile sites. Finally, we find that WRN stabilizes fragile sites acting in a common pathway with the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related replication checkpoint. These findings provide the first evidence of a crucial role for a helicase in protecting cells against chromosome breakage at normally occurring replication fork stalling sites.
Skin stem cells: rising to the surface
Authors: Fuchs Elaine
Published: January 2008

The skin epidermis and its appendages provide a protective barrier that is impermeable to harmful microbes and also prevents dehydration. To perform their functions while being confronted with the physicochemical traumas of the environment, these tissues undergo continual rejuvenation through homeostasis, and, in addition, they must be primed to undergo wound repair in response to injury. The skin's elixir for maintaining tissue homeostasis, regenerating hair, and repairing the epidermis after injury is its stem cells, which reside in the adult hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and epidermis. Stem cells have the remarkable capacity to both self-perpetuate and also give rise to the differentiating cells that constitute one or more tissues. In recent years, scientists have begun to uncover the properties of skin stem cells and unravel the mysteries underlying their remarkable capacity to perform these feats. In this paper, I outline the basic lineages of the skin epithelia and review some of the major findings about mammalian skin epithelial stem cells that have emerged in the past five years.
RAGE signaling sustains inflammation and promotes tumor development
Authors: Gebhardt Christoffer , Riehl Astrid , Durchdewald Moritz , Németh Julia , Fürstenberger Gerhard , Müller-Decker Karin , Enk Alexander , Arnold Bernd , Bierhaus Angelika , Nawroth Peter P. , Hess Jochen , Angel Peter
Published: January 2008

A broad range of experimental and clinical evidence has highlighted the central role of chronic inflammation in promoting tumor development. However, the molecular mechanisms converting a transient inflammatory tissue reaction into a tumor-promoting microenvironment remain largely elusive. We show that mice deficient for the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) are resistant to DMBA/TPA-induced skin carcinogenesis and exhibit a severe defect in sustaining inflammation during the promotion phase. Accordingly, RAGE is required for TPA-induced up-regulation of proinflammatory mediators, maintenance of immune cell infiltration, and epidermal hyperplasia. RAGE-dependent up-regulation of its potential ligands S100a8 and S100a9 supports the existence of an S100/RAGE-driven feed-forward loop in chronic inflammation and tumor promotion. Finally, bone marrow chimera experiments revealed that RAGE expression on immune cells, but not keratinocytes or endothelial cells, is essential for TPA-induced dermal infiltration and epidermal hyperplasia. We show that RAGE signaling drives the strength and maintenance of an inflammatory reaction during tumor promotion and provide direct genetic evidence for a novel role for RAGE in linking chronic inflammation and cancer.
Periostin is essential for cardiac healingafter acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Shimazaki Masashi , Nakamura Kazuto , Kii Isao , Kashima Takeshi , Amizuka Norio , Li Minqi , Saito Mitsuru , Fukuda Keiichi , Nishiyama Takashi , Kitajima Satoshi , Saga Yumiko , Fukayama Masashi , Sata Masataka , Kudo Akira
Published: January 2008

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a common and lethal heart disease, and the recruitment of fibroblastic cells to the infarct region is essential for the cardiac healing process. Although stiffness of the extracellular matrix in the infarct myocardium is associated with cardiac healing, the molecular mechanism of cardiac healing is not fully understood. We show that periostin, which is a matricellular protein, is important for the cardiac healing process after AMI. The expression of periostin protein was abundant in the infarct border of human and mouse hearts with AMI. We generated periostin−/− mice and found no morphologically abnormal cardiomyocyte phenotypes; however, after AMI, cardiac healing was impaired in these mice, resulting in cardiac rupture as a consequence of reduced myocardial stiffness caused by a reduced number of α smooth muscle actin–positive cells, impaired collagen fibril formation, and decreased phosphorylation of FAK. These phenotypes were rescued by gene transfer of a spliced form of periostin. Moreover, the inhibition of FAK or αv-integrin, which blocked the periostin-promoted cell migration, revealed that αv-integrin, FAK, and Akt are involved in periostin signaling. Our novel findings show the effects of periostin on recruitment of activated fibroblasts through FAK-integrin signaling and on their collagen fibril formation specific to healing after AMI.
An HIV-1 clade C DNA prime, NYVAC boost vaccine regimen induces reliable, polyfunctional, and long-lasting T cell responses
Authors: Harari Alexandre , Bart Pierre-Alexandre , Stöhr Wolfgang , Tapia Gonzalo , Garcia Miguel , Medjitna-Rais Emmanuelle , Burnet Séverine , Cellerai Cristina , Erlwein Otto , Barber Tristan , Moog Christiane , Liljestrom Peter , Wagner Ralf , Wolf Hans , Kraehenbuhl Jean-Pierre , Esteban Mariano , Heeney Jonathan , Frachette Marie-Joelle , Tartaglia James , McCormack Sheena , Babiker Abdel , Weber Jonathan , Pantaleo Giuseppe
Published: January 2008

The EuroVacc 02 phase I trial has evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a prime-boost regimen comprising recombinant DNA and the poxvirus vector NYVAC, both expressing a common immunogen consisting of Env, Gag, Pol, and Nef polypeptide domain from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 clade C isolate, CN54. 40 volunteers were randomized to receive DNA C or nothing on day 0 and at week 4, followed by NYVAC C at weeks 20 and 24. The primary immunogenicity endpoints were measured at weeks 26 and 28 by the quantification of T cell responses using the interferon γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Our results indicate that the DNA C plus NYVAC C vaccine regimen was highly immunogenic, as indicated by the detection of T cell responses in 90% of vaccinees and was superior to responses induced by NYVAC C alone (33% of responders). The vaccine-induced T cell responses were (a) vigorous in the case of the env response (mean 480 spot-forming units/106 mononuclear cells at weeks 26/28), (b) polyfunctional for both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, (c) broad (the average number of epitopes was 4.2 per responder), and (d) durable (T cell responses were present in 70% of vaccinees at week 72). The vaccine-induced T cell responses were strongest and most frequently directed against Env (91% of vaccines), but smaller responses against Gag-Pol-Nef were also observed in 48% of vaccinees. These results support the development of the poxvirus platform in the HIV vaccine field and the further clinical development of the DNA C plus NYVAC C vaccine regimen.
Nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA mediates integrin LFA-1 de-adhesion during T lymphocyte migration
Authors: Morin Nicole A. , Oakes Patrick W. , Hyun Young-Min , Lee Dooyoung , Chin Y. Eugene , King Michael R. , Springer Timothy A. , Shimaoka Motomu , Tang Jay X. , Reichner Jonathan S. , Kim Minsoo
Published: January 2008

Precise spatial and temporal regulation of cell adhesion and de-adhesion is critical for dynamic lymphocyte migration. Although a great deal of information has been learned about integrin lymphocyte function–associated antigen (LFA)-1 adhesion, the mechanism that regulates efficient LFA-1 de-adhesion from intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 during T lymphocyte migration is unknown. Here, we show that nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA (MyH9) is recruited to LFA-1 at the uropod of migrating T lymphocytes, and inhibition of the association of MyH9 with LFA-1 results in extreme uropod elongation, defective tail detachment, and decreased lymphocyte migration on ICAM-1, without affecting LFA-1 activation by chemokine CXCL-12. This defect was reversed by a small molecule antagonist that inhibits both LFA-1 affinity and avidity regulation, but not by an antagonist that inhibits only affinity regulation. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of the contact zone between migrating T lymphocytes and ICAM-1 substrate revealed that inactive LFA-1 is selectively localized to the posterior of polarized T lymphocytes, whereas active LFA-1 is localized to their anterior. Thus, during T lymphocyte migration, uropodal adhesion depends on LFA-1 avidity, where MyH9 serves as a key mechanical link between LFA-1 and the cytoskeleton that is critical for LFA-1 de-adhesion.
Uniform continuity of quasiconformal mappings and conformal deformations
Authors: Koskela Pekka , Nieminen Tomi
Published: January 2008

We prove that quasiconformal maps onto domains satisfying a suitable growth condition on the quasihyperbolic metric are uniformly continuous even when both domains are equipped with internal metric. The improvement over previous results is that the internal metric can be used also in the image domain. We also extend this result for conformal deformations of the euclidean metric on the unit ball of

R

n

\mathbb {R}^n

.
2 Greeces of Byron and of Homer
Authors: Roessel David
Published: January 2008

The decisive engagement of the Greek War of Independence was fought in the bay of Navarino in western Greece on October 20, 1827. Among the dozens of poems written to celebrate the battle was Victor Hugo's “Navarin”, composed in November 1827. In the second section, Hugo addressed the two Greeces, modern and ancient. Hugo defined the two Greeces by their perceived relationship to the rest of Europe and by the two poets whose works form the dominant texts of the country in the Western imagination. This chapter argues that the poets of Hugo's two Greeces help to illustrate the pervasive perceptual dichotomy between ancient/pagan/Westernized Greece and modern/Orthodox Christian/Oriental Greece. As the Western ideal of culture and civilization, antiquity must be carefully studied in order that Europeans can learn how to improve themselves. But modern Greece is known through Western observers, chiefly Byron, who, instead of learning from or even about modern Greece, view themselves as advisers for the reclamation of the lost Greek past.
4 Dangerous Ground
Authors: Roessel David
Published: January 2008

This chapter explores the omnipresence of Byronic Greece in writing in English from 1833 to 1913. Byron's poetry became a mantra for entry into the “experience” of Greece with sites where, as late as 1947, Dora Una Ratcliffe claimed that “the temptation to quote tries one sorely”. In 1906, Sir Sidney Colvin recalled his first visit to Athens in lines that call to mind the Greeces of Homer and Byron delineated by Hugo. Byron also was used as the medium for the experience of Greek sites in a number of paintings.
5 Pet Balkan People
Authors: Roessel David
Published: January 2008

Given that the rhetoric about Greece had been established by Byron, this chapter argues that the only real developments on the perception of the Greeks since were an expansion of that Byronic rhetoric by Gladstone and other liberals to include the Balkan Christians generally and a simultaneous narrowing of philhellenic rhetoric to cover only those pure Greeks of unmixed blood who lived on remote islands and mountains. Both of these developments had deleterious effects on the perception of the Greeks. On the one hand, when lumped with the other Christians of the East, they were viewed as Balkan or Levantine; on the other, a preserve of real Greeks was created by disenfranchising the majority of Greece's inhabitants.
8 On the Quai at Smyrna
Authors: Roessel David
Published: January 2008

This chapter explores the dominant status of Hemingway's text for writing in English about events in postwar Asia Minor. It argues that the Smyrna Disaster is the first event in modern Greek history after the Greek War of Independence to gain a secure place in English literature and language thanks to Hemingway; the text that canonized it was Hemingway's “On the Quai at Smyrna”. In English, the phrase the Smyrna Disaster referred not simply to a historical event but also to a style of writing and a particular postwar perspective.
9 A Hard Place to Write About
Authors: Roessel David
Published: January 2008

This chapter discusses the difficulty writers faced in writing about Greece at the start of the 1920s. It argues that a new conception of Greece, one not based on classical or Romantic texts, required some contact with the country and its people. However, for Americans, Greece was the lost country for both the Lost Generation and the generation after that. Greece had only slightly more literary travelers from Britain in the 1920s and 1930s. By the end of the 1930s, a new modern Greece had still not emerged in English writing. From 1929 to 1934, authors experimented with tragic Greece, the Byzantine legacy, and Cavafian Athens, and these ideas have all to some degree been subsumed into what we now think of as “Greece”. But none of them gained a wide following, especially in the years that followed. The drought in writing about Greece from 1935 to 19389 was just as bad as the one that had lasted from 1924 to 1929.
1 THE POETICS AND POLITICS OF THE DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE
Authors: Pearsall Cornelia
Published: January 2008

Pearsall argues against the prevailing critical conception of dramatic monologists as inadvertent in their revelations and ignorant of the consequences of their speech, suggesting instead that dramatic monologists are highly purposeful in their speech, employing sophisticated rhetorical strategies in order to effect political and personal transformation, or “rapture.” The author divides Chapter One into two major sections. The first section, “Poetics: Persuasive Similitude,” offers a new approach to reading all Victorian dramatic monologues, identifying the trope of simile as a defining element of the genre, and arguing that monologists seek to perform a range of acts by way of their speech. The second section, “Politics: Whig Poetics,” details the relevance of Britain’s Whig Party and the furor surrounding the passage of the 1832 Reform Bill to Tennyson’s poetic development. Pearsall illuminates the ways in which Tennyson’s Whig political views were influenced by Arthur Henry Hallam, and helped shape his poetry both thematically and formally.
6 TITHONUS, TIRESIAS, AND THE POLITICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SONG-BUILT CITY
Authors: Pearsall Cornelia
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines the civic ambitions of the speakers of Tennyson’s dramatic monologues “Tithonus” and “Tiresias,” in particular, their relationship to Victorian aristocratic ideology. Pearsall details the ways in which Tennyson’s contemporaries decried him as a poet of the elite and illustrates the importance of Tennyson’s Whig political beliefs (influenced by Edmund Burke) for these dramatic monologues. The first section, “Tithonus and the Trojan Aristocracy,” explores Tithonus’s status as a representative of Troy’s ruling family, and the political, as well as poetic, significance of his ultimate transformation. The second section, “The Rapture of Tiresias,” examines Tiresias’s complex identification with the song-built city of Thebes. Pearsall argues that this speaker’s eventual rejection of the dramatic monologue in favor of the “heroic hymn” represents a refutation by Tennyson of William Gladstone’s populist theories of oratory. “Tiresias” is further examined in the context of the representation of rapture in Tennyson’s early poem “Semele.”
CONCLUSION
Authors: Pearsall Cornelia
Published: January 2008

The conclusion recounts the 1883 voyage of the Pembroke Castle embarked upon by William Gladstone and Tennyson, as well as Punch’s satirical take on the event. The voyage provided an opportunity for both men to reflect on the differing natures of oratory and poetry, as well as on the possibility of their own immortality through everlasting fame, themes addressed in Tennyson’s “Parnassus.” The conclusion also recounts Tennyson’s funeral, the poet’s final performance of rapture.
Inside the Shöyul
Authors: Ramble Charles
Published: January 2008

The five settlements that constitute the Shöyul are different from the other 14 communities of Baragaon inasmuch as they are a cultural “island” that partly resisted the Tibetanisation of the region following the 16th century. The territory on which they stand was once the site of over 20 settlements, most of which were abandoned after the 17th century owing to both political and environmental factors. The solidarity of the five Shöyul was not merely cultural and linguistic but also political. Archival evidence reveals the secret strategies whereby the group furthered its common interests within the enclave of Baragaon, and also the operation of the alliance that enabled it to shed its long‐standing quasi‐feudal obligations to the King of Mustang.
Neighbours and Enemies
Authors: Ramble Charles
Published: January 2008

The cohesiveness that gave the Shöyul the collective strength with which to deal with its troublesome neighbours required alliances between communities that were sometimes the bitterest of enemies. Documents from Te's archives include the record of threats to its very existence in the 17th century, as a result of regional warfare—mainly with Jumla—and also the perceived treachery of its nearest neighbour, Tshug. The chapter uses both Nepali and Tibetan documents to reconstruct the history of boundary disputes between Te and all its neighbours in subsequent centuries. These conflicts, which are concerned mainly with the use of grazing lands, are seen as an important part of the development of Te's territorial identity and self‐definition. It is suggested that the cautious attitude of the Tepas toward outsiders is due in part to a long and sometimes traumatic legacy of hostile engagement with other communities as well as more distant powers.
Agedness of Error
Authors: Ramble Charles
Published: January 2008

The title is an evocation of the 17th‐century poet and puritan John Milton's frustration with popular adherence to religious forms that he regarded as being devoid of meaning. This chapter describes and analyses a number of rituals in Te, with particular attention to the Lama Guru, the main annual ceremony. Many of the episodes in this and related ceremonies are relics of activities, recitations, and objects that once had pragmatic (or at least perceived pragmatic) value. An answer to the question of why they should be so meticulously preserved is sought in Krzysztof Pomian's study of collectors and collections, which proposes that the value of such objects lies in their provision of a link with a world that is invisible due to spatial or temporal distance. It is suggested that the “invisible world” in this case is the hypostasised community of Te itself.
Community Law
Authors: Ramble Charles
Published: January 2008

The distinction that has been made in earlier chapters between the community as an assemblage of individuals and as a collectivity is developed further through an examination of local legal institutions. The otiose local structures of national democracy are contrasted with the robust civil society that characterises Te and its neighbours. Village law is preserved through a set of unwritten oaths and written codes, both of which are examined in detail. Although these corpora are created by individuals, they serve the interests of the collectivity. Their subsequent inaccessibility to individual manipulation contributes to the creation of a transcendent community that exercises a powerful normative influence on those who devised it. The chapter revisits the problem, raised in the Introduction, of how an entity that has been devised by human action is reified and perceived to have an existence independent of its creators.
The Headmen of Te and the Heaven‐Appointed King
Authors: Ramble Charles
Published: January 2008

The case for civil religion is developed further by exploring the relationship between Te's institution of headmanship and Tibetan ideas of sacral kingship. Historical records point to the pervasiveness of these ideas in the civil society and the mythology of Mustang, where true monarchy, as opposed to despotism, is represented as a form of democracy. The ceremony for the appointment of Te's headmen is seen as a dramatisation of the Tibetan myth of the heaven‐appointed king. The headmen are not elected by ballot, but selected as the outcome of a complex ceremony amounting to a game of chance. In other such games, the outcome is commonly understood as an expression of divine will. However, the Tepas do not attribute the result to the choice of a particular god, and the chapter argues that the divinity in question is the hypostatic form of the community of Te itself.
Disciples of All Nations
Authors: Sanneh Lamin O.
Published: January 2008

The book describes the Christian movement from New Testament times and the Gentile mission to developments in the Roman Empire. It expounds Christianity's eastward expansion and seminal interaction with Islam whose resistance encouraged Europe to embark on its maritime expansion to the East and the New World. Christianity followed Europe into the non‐Christian world, and became identified with the rising mercantilism and colonial empires. Missions gained—and lost—momentum by association with the slave trade and with related systems of native exploitation, acquiring range and imperial protection, for example, but also by provoking local resistance. Conversely, the first mass conversion of New World Africans provided impetus for the missionary drive into Africa and Asia, culminating in the 20th-century post‐Western awakening. Nineteenth-century colonial empires masked the true potential of Christianity's indigenous appeal, though the adoption of vernacular Bible translation appealed to reserves of local initiative and persisted vigorously into the post‐colonial phase. The book follows the theme to post‐Maoist China and in developments in the global Pentecostal/Charismatic movement. All these manifestations paint the picture of World Christianity as a critical dynamic force in the 21st century.
Introduction
Authors: Sanneh Lamin
Published: January 2008

This chapter explores the New Testament Gentile church, and examines the roles of Peter and Paul in the religion's transformation into its Greek‐speaking phase. Given the dual Jewish‐Gentile heritage of Christianity, the foundation was laid for the religion's intercultural world errand. The chapter considers the implications of the disciples abandoning Jerusalem and embracing centers of Greek life, thus freeing the Gospel from the constraints of a founding culture. Diverse peoples and cultures embraced Christianity, adapting it to reflect local priorities. The chapter argues that the Jewish background of Christianity, in particular, the Jewish monotheist message and its ethical system, survived into the Gentile phase, and resulted in uniting exotic and disparate religious materials into a thriving religious movement.
Whither Christianity?
Authors: Sanneh Lamin
Published: January 2008

Synopsis: This chapter examines Roman imperial pressure and the persecution that triggered wide‐ranging dispersion and movement in Christianity. Persecution induced habits of vigilance, and ascetic witness against wealth and power. Tertullian (d c.240) describes the refining effects of persecution and repression on Christian spiritual life and new forms of Christian social organization. Christians pioneered voluntary and philanthropic ethics, and promoted mutual support and encouragement. As a vernacular movement Christianity spread to Scotland, northern England, and Iceland. Semi‐urban Arabs of the trade routes converted, though Christianity failed to take root in the Arab heartland proper. Augustine assessed the historical challenge facing Christianity after the fall of the empire, and his achievement, the chapter argues, transformed classical historiography from its deterministic pessimism into a choice‐driven, morally‐transparent enterprise. The chapter contends that a corresponding Augustinian revolution in thought would help place the searchlight on provincial diversity and cultural variety of rising World Christianity.
The Christian Movement in Islamic Perspective
Authors: Sanneh Lamin
Published: January 2008

Synopsis: This chapter describes Christianity's intercultural worldwide appeal and encounter with Islam. The chapter assesses the Arab legacy and divergence with a Hellenized Christianity. The religion's Western and Eastern ascendancy was checked by Islam's rise and rapid expansion. Axum, and Nubia, which lay on the periphery of Byzantine Alexandria, were subdued and overthrown by Muslim Egypt. Rome and Ethiopia were challenged, but survived. In the East missionary expansion continued apace. The chapter describes the Islamic enlightenment and effects on Europe. While Europe was in crisis in the centuries of the Crusades, the Islamic world was undergoing a double transformation with creative intellectual development alongside an embattled caliphate facing annihilation at the hands of the Mongols. Like missions and for similar reasons, Europe turned outwards with maritime exploration, conceding the stalemate with Islam. The chapter shows how the rise of the Ottomans failed to bridge the gulf with the West.
Resurgence and the New Order in West Africa
Authors: Sanneh Lamin
Published: January 2008

Synopsis: The chapter describes the creation of a new social order to replace the one based on slavery and the slave trade, with new structures of local leadership setting a new standard. The chapter begins with Garrick Braide in Nigeria's Delta region and continues with revival ferment in Yoruba country, and in the Ivory Coast and Ghana, thanks to the work of the charismatic Harris. Both Catholic and Protestant missions were thereby renewed. The chapter considers African and Islamic models of religion in contrast to missionary and colonial practice. Primal religious ideas and materials in the appropriation of Christianity are investigated in terms of attitudes to the irrational, modern medicine, divination, divine efficacy, salvation, suffering, and divine goodness. The chapter contrasts the appeal of Christianity with opposition to colonial rule, and thus the African acceptance of salvation‐without‐strings with the rejection of conversion by political subjugation.
Civilization and the Limits of Mission
Authors: Sanneh Lamin
Published: January 2008

Synopsis: The chapter examines Christianity's formative Western assimilation as a prelude to its overseas post‐Western development. The chapter turns to Roland Allen and the stirrings in China to disentangle Western civilization from Christian civilization, and to show how cultural assimilation falls short of radical conversion. The material, technical infrastructure of mission hindered access in hinterland regions, and impeded the training of local leaders. The chapter recalls the Gentile basis of affirming non‐Western cultures and values. The chapter shifts to Vincent Donovan and the Catholic response to Allen. Donovan agrees with Allen, and calls for changes in Catholic missionary practice, restating the missionary mandate by redefining creed and church. The chapter presents outlines of the Maasai African Creed as an example of the indigenous discovery of the Gospel, showing how that results in Christianity being rediscovered. That is the background of the worldwide resurgence.
Christian Awakening and the New China
Authors: Sanneh Lamin
Published: January 2008

Synopsis: The chapter describes Chinese nationalism's confrontation with missions, and how Marxist revolution continued that confrontation, culminating in Mao's New China. The chapter examines the Cultural Revolution, the Protestant Three‐Self movement, the Catholic Patriotic Association, and the phenomenon of registered and unregistered churches to account for the religious ferment in post‐Maoist China. China's Marxist revolution found resonance among progressive Western voices who called for appeasement and accommodation. The chapter describes the ordination of Florence Lei as lightening rod for debate about women's role in church and society, and the ensuing controversy at the 1948 Lambeth Conference. Catholic and Protestant fortunes revived after the thaw in 1986, and the chapter discusses the role of charismatic groups and the Catholic renewal in China's global role. The chapter concludes with a look at religion as a dimension of civil society, and the importance of the growing Chinese diaspora.
Conclusion
Authors: Sanneh Lamin
Published: January 2008

Synopsis: This concluding chapter reflects on global Christianity and world order changes. It shows how at the Edinburgh 1910 conference little thought was given to Christianity's post‐Western possibilities. In the aftermath of Edinburgh 1910 and the 1914 war there was retreat and retrenchment. Then the churches launched the ecumenical movement to stem the tide of attrition. The chapter argues that the 20th century ended where it did not begin, i.e., in the post‐Vatican II unexpected post‐Western awakening and coming of World Christianity. The chapter looks at the statistics of global resurgence and expansion, and assesses Roman Catholic and Protestant responses. The chapter examines Marxist repression in Ethiopia as setback and turning point for World Christianity. The chapter considers the African Synod and flexible models of faith and action as renewal currents in the search for social harmony and cultural coherence, and concludes with the Gentile mandate of Third Wave resurgence and social recomposition.
The Hidden History of Women's Ordination
Authors: Macy Gary
Published: January 2008

For the first twelve hundred years of Christianity, women were ordained into various roles in the church. References to the ordination of women exist in papal, episcopal, and theological documents of the time, and the rites for these ordinations have survived. Yet, many scholars hold that women, particularly in the Western church, were never ordained. A survey of the literature discussing the ordination of women in Western Christianity reveals that most of these scholars use a definition of ordination to determine whether earlier references to the ordination of women were “real” ordinations that would have been unknown in the early Middle Ages. In the early centuries of Christianity, ordination was the process and the ceremony by which one moved to any new ministry (ordo) in the community. By this definition, women were ordained into several ministries. Four central ministries of episcopa (women bishop), presbytera (women priest), deaconess and abbess are discussed in detail in order to demonstrate particularly the liturgical roles women performed in the early Middle Ages. A radical change in the definition of ordination during the 11th and 12th centuries not only removed women from the ordained ministry, but also attempted to eradicate any memory of women's ordination in the past. The debate that accompanied this change has left its mark in the literature of the time. However, the triumph of a new definition of ordination as the bestowal of power, particularly the power to confect the Eucharist, so thoroughly dominated western thought and practice by the thirteenth century that the early definition of ordination was almost completely erased.
The State of the Question
Authors: Macy Gary
Published: January 2008

This chapter provided a thorough review of the literature that discusses the history of the ordination of women in order to determine the definition of ordination that scholars assume in these studies. With the notable exceptions of Hans Jorrissen, Peter Hünermann, Yves Congar, and Marie‐Joséphe Aubert, the scholars surveyed assume that the definition of ordination operative in the present was that operative in the past. Jorrissen, Hünermans, Congar, Aubert, and the scholars dependent on them, note that definition of ordination changed dramatically in the 12th and 13th centuries, and the later definition introduced in these centuries cannot be applied retroactively. Which definition of ordination should be applied in determining whether women had ever been ordained is judged to be an issue for theology, but not for history.
What Did Ordination Mean?
Authors: Macy Gary
Published: January 2008

The criteria for a valid ordination assumed by modern scholars are analyzed here in relation to actual requirements for ordination in the early medieval period. Ordination, according to this earlier understanding, referred to the appointment to any ministry within a particular community for service to that community and was not restricted to the ordination to the diaconate or to the presbyterate. Numerous examples of references to women as ordained according to these criteria, including the surviving ordination rites for women, are then presented. Some of the important implications of this early concept of ordination are explored, particularly the fact that priests were not the only ones assumed to be able to consecrate the bread and wine during Mass.