bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of Papain-Digested Chicken 7 S γ-Globulin
Authors: Dreesman Gordon , Benedict Albert A.
Published: January 2023

Similar to IgG from other animal species, chicken IgG hydrolyzed with papain and reducing agent is split into products with a sedimentation coefficient of 3.4 S. Approximately 30 to 50% of the products are dialyzable peptides. The average molecular weight of the subunits calculated from two independent determinations was 49,500 and 54,000.

The amino acid composition of the nondialyzable and dialyzable fractions of the digests were similar except that the values for valine and histidine were lower, and the value for threonine was higher in the nondialyzable fractions.

Immunoelectrophoresis of digested antibovine serum albumin (BSA) IgG revealed two antigenically distinct fragments. The electrophoretically-slow (S) fragment retained the ability to bind antigen specifically and the electrophoretically-fast (F) fragment was inactive in this respect.

An amorphous precipitate and a small amount of crystalline material formed on dialysis of digests against water or low ionic strength acid buffers. The precipitate contained part of the F fraction. No S fraction was detected in the precipitate.

Digests fractionated by carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) chromatography using an acetate buffer gradient (pH 5.4) were eluted as two fractions, both containing the S and F fragments. At pH 6.0 only the S fraction was eluted from CMC in the second peak. A better separation of the S and F components was made by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl(DEAE)-cellulose and by starch block electrophoresis. Most preparations were eluted from DEAE-cellulose in three distinct peaks: namely, two active S components (S' and S") and an inactive F fragment.
Studies on Granuloma Formation. IV
Authors: Peterson W. Peter , von Lichtenberg Franz
Published: January 2023

“Recipient” mice were sensitized intraperitoneally and subcutaneously with cell-free lung-granuloma homogenates obtained from “donor” mice at variable intervals following a single intravenous injection of purified eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. The recipients were then challenged intravenously with intact schistosome eggs, and the percentages of pseudotubercles reacting with immunofluorescent antibody on the 8th day after challenge were compared a) between sensitized mice and their controls, and b) between recipients of homogenates of lung-granulomas ranging in duration from 1 to 180 days. These results were also compared with earlier data on immunofluorescent antibody titers.

Using the immunofluorescent-stainable PAS-positive antigen produced by miracidia (SSA) in the pseudotubercles as an indicator, it was shown that lung-granuloma homogenates remained sensitizing through the 30th day of the evolution of the primary pseudotubercle, i.e., well beyond the time of appearance of the corresponding antibody in donor sera.

It is proposed that antigen sequestration results in the maintenance of a gradient of antigen concentration between the granuloma center and the milieu interne of the host, so that antigen excess may prevail in situ at a time of systemic antibody excess. The general applicability of this concept to granulomatous tissue responses is discussed.
Inactivated Measles Virus Vaccine
Authors: Lewis L. J. , Carpentier D. C. , Pancic F. , Winnicki E.
Published: January 2023

Formaldehyde-inactivated, alum-adsorbed measles virus vaccine is not stable at 22°C for longer than 3 weeks. The vaccine is stable, however, for 16 months at 5°C and stimulates an antigenic response in guinea pigs equal to that of freshly prepared vaccines.
Some Influences of Antigen Concentration and Nonreacting Additives on Mobility and Diffusion in Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Russell Warren J.
Published: January 2023

A significant linear relationship was found to exist with both albumin (P < 0.05) and γG-globulin (P < 0.001) when mobility (µ) is plotted against the log of antigen concentration. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference (P < 0.025) between the µ value means of γG-globulin for the range of concentrations studied (0.168 to 5.38 mg N/ml); however, no difference (P >0.05) was detected between the value means for albumin (0.115 to 7.36 mg N/ml).

The only nonreacting component showing a significant effect on µ or p values (diffusivity ratios) was the effect of α1-globulin on the p values of the albumin system. By the separate addition of different concentrations of α1-globulin (0.120 to 3.85 mg N/ml final concentration) to a constant concentration of albumin (0.459 mg N/ml final concentration) the p value means for albumin plus α1-globulin were significantly higher than the p value means for the albumin control. The p value means for albumin plus α1-globulin were also found to be linearly related (P < 0.05) to the log of α1-globulin concentration. The significance of these data is discussed in reference to quantitative determinations by immunoelectrophoretic analysis. No significant effect on the µ or p value of γG-globulin was observed when β2-globulin was added to the γG-globulin-anti-γG-globulin system.
Pathogenesis of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
Authors: Kundin William D.
Published: January 2023

The pathogenesis of an attenuated and an unattenuated strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus was studied in young adult mice by means of infectivity titrations and fluorescent antibody staining. Tissue infectivity and viral lethality were generally similar in mice inoculated intracerebrally (i.c.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) with unattenuated virus and i.c. with attenuated virus. The tissues most involved were brain, salivary glands, inguinal nodes and spleen. Mice inoculated s.c. with attenuated VEE virus survived the infection. Little virus was found in the brain.
Specific Proteins in Serum of Total-Body Irradiated Humans
Authors: Luzzio A. J. , Friedman B. I. , Kereiakes J. G. , Saenger E. L.
Published: January 2023

In the quantitative precipitin reaction anti-XI-HSGG is precipitated by sera collected from seven patients at various times before and after treatment with total body radiation. The data are insufficient to determine whether the effects described are due to a direct effect on preformed proteins and/or an effect on the rate of synthesis of pre-existing protein. These studies may provide an approach to a better understanding of radiation-altered immunologic mechanisms in human beings.
Viruria in Herpes Simplex Infection of Mice
Authors: Schultz Irwin , Neva Franklin A.
Published: January 2023

Male mice injected intravenously with herpes simplex virus manifested a fatal ascending paralysis which was associated with viruria in 34% of 101 mice tested. Virus recovery was from spontaneously voided as well as directly aspirated urine specimens. Viruria was detected only in paralyzed mice dying of the infection and not in injected mice without paralysis or in uninfected control cagemates. Viruria occurred as early as 4 days and as late as 12 days after injection, depending on the amount of virus injected. Most animals excreted from 10 to 1000 TCID50/ml of urine and, once demonstrated, viruria persisted until death. Simultaneously measured blood levels of virus were not sufficiently high to suggest direct passage of virus from blood to urine. It was concluded, therefore, that viruria occurred as a result of virus multiplication in the genitourinary tract in the course of this disseminated infection.
Evaluation of the Demonstration of Complement-Requiring Neutralizing Antibody as a Means for Early Diagnosis of Herpes Virus Infections
Authors: Yoshino Kamesaburo , Taniguchi Sadako
Published: January 2023

When guinea pigs were immunized with herpes simplex virus, complement-requiring neutralizing (CRN) antibody, which was specific, appeared 1 week later and reached a considerable level before rises of CF and noncomplement-requiring neutralizing antibodies. Examination of patient sera proved that a similar immune response occurred as a result of herpes virus infections. Normal healthy persons showed no neutralizing antibody which could be enhanced by complement to such a marked extent. Hence, the detection of CRN antibody in a single serum sample became a new method for early diagnosis of herpetic infections. Among 53 patients, whose diagnosis was not possible with usual methods, two were diagnosed as being strongly suspected of herpetic infections by the demonstration of anti-herpes CRN antibody.
The Production of Streptococcal Group-Specific Antibodies in Rabbits
Authors: Karakawa Walter W. , Lackland Henry , Krause Richard M.
Published: January 2023

Immunization of rabbits with a vaccine of either whole Group A streptococci or cell walls is followed by the production of Group A and Group A-variant antibodies.

The cell-wall agglutination procedure has proved a useful method for the detection of both antibodies.

The Groups A and A-variant agglutinins were separated out of an immune rabbit serum by an adsorption-elution procedure which employs Group C-variant cell walls. Agglutinationinhibition studies which employ the soluble Groups A and A-variant carbohydrates confirm the serologic specificity of the two agglutinins recovered from the Group A serum.
Difference in Mechanism of Viral Neutralization under in Vitro and in Vivo Conditions
Authors: Cremer Natalie E. , Lennette Edwin H. , Hagens Shirley J. , Fujimoto Frances Y.
Published: January 2023

Fab and F(ab′)2 from anti-WEE γ-globulin neutralized WEE virus in vitro but not in vivo. The results could not be explained by differences in heterogeneity of viral preparations or in the species of cell line used in the two assay systems.
Studies on the Induction, Specificity, Prevention and Breaking of Immunologic Paralysis and Immunity to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Brooke Marcus S.
Published: January 2023

Immunologic paralysis against the soluble specific substance of type III Diplococcus pneumoniae (SIII) has been studied using an in vitro technique for determining antibodies and a specific depolymerase (D3) for removing persistent antigen from the circulation.

When mice were injected with small quantities of SIII, circulating antibodies were detectable 48 hr later and the titers persisted for several months. Subsequent injection of the homologous antigen gave a booster response.

Mice could be paralyzed after the onset of immunity by the injection of relatively large quantities of antigen. On the other hand, once paralysis is induced it is long-lasting, and paralyzed mice cannot be immunized by subsequent injections of immunogenic doses of the homologous antigen.

Paralysis is type specific: mice paralyzed against SIII can be immunized against SVIII and mice paralyzed against SVIII can be immunized against SIII.

Attempts to prevent paralysis by the injection of spleen cells or peritoneal exudates from mice of the same strain, together with the antigen, were unsuccessful. Attempts to break paralysis by injection of the homologous vaccine in Freund's adjuvant, by vaccine alone or by irradiation were also unsuccessful.
The Production of Antibodies to Mononucleotides, Oligonucleotides and DNA
Authors: Halloran Mark J. , Parker Charles W.
Published: January 2023

In the accompanying article we have described methods for preparing mono, oligo and polynucleotide protein conjugates (1). This article is concerned with the evaluation of the immunologic response to these preparations. We will present evidence for the formation of antibodies with specificity for nucleotides and DNA as demonstrated by precipitin and complement fixation reactions. The results of prelimiuary evaluation of the antibody response to tetrathymidylic acid in terms of the number of nncleotide residues involved in the antigenic site also will be reported.

Materials and Methods. Methods for preparing protein conjugates and tetrathymidylic acid are described in the preceding article (1).

Random bred albino rabbits (2.5 kg) were immunized with either 2 or 3 mg of nucleotide or polynucleotide-protein conjugate in complete Freund's adjuvant, distributed among the footpads. Antisera were obtained by cardiac puncture at 21 to 26 days. Globulin fractions were obtained by precipitation at 50% ammonium sulfate followed by dialysis.
Heterogeneity of Nonspecific Forces in the Precipitation Reaction
Authors: Siskind Gregory W.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Nonspecific factors are of importance in the reaction of precipitation of antibody by antigen. Purified anti-DNP antibody populations, even from individual rabbits, are heterogeneous with respect to these nonspecific factors. This heterogeneity is independent of the heterogeneity of affinity shown by the specific binding sites.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness in the Adult Guinea Pig
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Flax Martin H.
Published: January 2023

The degree and persistence of immunologic unresponsiveness, induced in the adult guinea pig with a single intravenous injection of protein antigen in saline, depended on the time relationships between administration of the suppressing and sensitizing injections. Unresponsiveness was maximal when suppressing and sensitizing injections were administered concurrently. As the interval between the suppressing and sensitizing injections was increased, progressively less unresponsiveness resulted. Animals receiving a “suppressing” intravenous antigen injection 6–12 weeks prior to sensitization developed increased 7 Sγ1 antibody titers, suggesting that the suppressing injection was itself potentially immunogenic. It was also possible to induce immunologic unresponsiveness as late as 10 days after administration of a sensitizing injection of antigen, at a time when the animal already manifested a weak immune response; however, larger doses of suppressing antigen were required.

Delayed skin reactivity was most readily suppressed by intravenous antigen and last to recover. Hemolytic antibody production followed an intermediate course, while 7 Sγ1 antibody production was most resistant to suppression and the first to recover. The differences in suppressibility of these immune functions may reflect differences in the sensitivity of the techniques used to measure them or may indicate that these immune functions arise independently, possibly from different cell lines.
The Production of Congenital Malformations Using Tissue Antisera
Authors: Slotnick Victor , Brent Robert L.
Published: January 2023

Teratogenic rat kidney and placental antisera were injected into rats that were eight days pregnant and were sacrificed two and five days later to study the localization of these antisera in the maternal organs and embryonic sites. Both these antisera had specific localization in the basement membrane of the kidney glomeruli, adrenal, liver, spleen and parietal yolk sac membrane. No in vivo localization of teratogenic sera was observed in the young embryo, the trophoblast, the amnion and many other maternal tissues. These studies lend support to two of the three hypotheses that attempt to explain the mechanism of action of teratogenic antisera, namely, 1) the interference of the function of the trophoblast, decidua or extraembryonic membranes (in this case, the yolk sac) and 2) production of maternal disease which is then reflected in the fetus (localization in many maternal organs). A direct effect on the fetus was not supported by these studies, but was not refuted by them either.

Finally, the significance of the hypothesis that yolk sac pathology could result in teratogenesis is discussed, since it could have important implications, not only with regard to antisera-induced malformations but because these findings may be applied to malformations induced by chemicals and other environmental influences.
Heterogeneity in the Complementation of Polypeptide Subunits of a Purified Antibody Isolated from an Individual Rabbit
Authors: Hong Richard , Nisonoff Alfred
Published: January 2023

Experiments on complementation were carried out with light and heavy chains of antidinitrophenyl antibodies, purified from the serum of the same rabbit but differing in affinity for the hapten. Light chains derived from antibody of higher affinity were more effective than the light chains of low affinity antibody in complementation with their homologous heavy chains, but were equally or less effective when combined with the heavy chains of the antibody of lower affinity. The results indicate heterogeneity of the light chain population with respect to their effectiveness in complementation. A similar conclusion was reached with respect to the population of heavy chains. The data suggest that different clones of cells utilize different pairs of polypeptide chains in the synthesis of antibody of a given specificity.
Use of Sarcoma 180/TG to Prepare Hyperimmune Ascitic Fluid in the Mouse
Authors: Sartorelli Alan C. , Fischer David S. , Downs Wilbur G.
Published: January 2023

Large amounts of hyperimmune antibody can be prepared in mice by use of the relatively nonvirulent ascites cell neoplasm Sarcoma 180/TG. The titers of the ascitic fluid antibodies compare favorably with those of the sera, and more than 20 times as much antibody can be obtained per mouse. Antibody has been prepared against several viruses, human serum proteins and sheep erythrocytes. The antibody is of relatively high titer and specificity and is homologous for viruses maintained in mice.
Comparisons of Antibodies Reacting with DNA
Authors: Sandberg Ann L. , Stollar B. David
Published: January 2023

Antibodies reactive with the homologous antigens (A-R-HSA and G-R-HSA) as well as with denatured DNA were produced in rabbits by immunization with nucleoside-protein conjugates. In C′ fixation, these sera reacted with the homologous antigens more efficiently when incubation was carried out at 4°C than at 37°C. The C′ fixation reaction of these sera with denatured DNA was not markedly affected by the temperatures of incubation. Upon separation of the serum proteins by Sephadex G-200 it was found that the antibodies reactive with the homologous antigens were contained in Fraction II (7S fraction) and the antibodies in this fraction reacted with greater efficiency at 4°C than at 37°C. Both Fractions I (19S) and II (7S) reacted with denatured calf thymus DNA. With DNA, Fraction I exhibited C′ fixing activity only after incubation at 37°C whereas C′ fixation of Fraction II was much greater at 4°C than at 37°C. Treatment with 0.1 M mercaptoethanol had little effect on the C′ fixing reaction of the serum with A-R-HSA at 4°C or with DNA at 4°C. However, a marked decrease in the ability to fix C′ occurred when DNA was utilized as the antigen and incubation was carried out at 37°C. These studies therefore indicate the production of 19S antibodies reactive with DNA at 37°C and the production of 7S antibodies reactive with both the homologous antigen and with DNA at 4°C. Inhibition of the whole serum and denatured DNA occurred with a much lower level of adenosine at 4°C than when an incubation period at 37°C was employed. Inhibition of the fractions demonstrated that Fraction II at 4°C was inhibited with lower concentrations of adenosine than was Fraction I at 37°C, and adenosine in both cases produced greater inhibition than did the other nucleosides.
Immunochemical Studies on Dextrans
Authors: Torii Mitsuo , Kabat Elvin A. , Weigel H.
Published: January 2023

A variety of oligosaccharides have been studied for their capacity to inhibit precipitation by dextrans of antidextrans with specificities directed toward chains of α-1 → 6 linked D-glucopyranosyl units and of antidextrans with specificities involving the non α-1 → 6 linked residues. From studies with branched oligosaccharides containing a single D-glucopyranosyl unit linked α-1 → 3 or α-1 → 4 to a homologue of isomaltose, additional inferences about the antidextran combining site have been drawn. Findings with 6-O-acetyl-D-glucose and various mono-methyl and deoxy-D glucoses have also aided in defining the contribution to interaction with antibody of various portions of the D-glucose molecule. Similar information has been obtained with anti-dextrans with specificities other than α-1 → 6.
Serologic Relationships between β-Lysins of Different Species
Authors: Matheson Audria , Jensen Robert S. , Donaldson David M.
Published: January 2023

Techniques similar to the Seitz filtiation-elution procedure used to purify rabbit-β-lysin have been successfully employed to separate human, horse, and rat β-lysins from other serum constituents. The standard purification procedure for rabbit β-lysin was extended to obtain a more specific antiserum for use in studies on the serologic relationships of β-lysins of different species. Neutralization studies with this antiserum have shown that qualitative serologic relationships exist between β-lysins from the rat, human, horse and rabbit.
Protective Effect of Elevated Temperature on Mice Infected with Coe Virus
Authors: Underwood Gerald E. , Baker Carolyn A. , Weed Sheldon D.
Published: January 2023

Mice infected with Coe virus and held at 36°C had many more survivors than those held at 25°C. Relatively little virus was recovered from muscle of those kept at the higher temperature. Infected mice held up to 3 days at 25°C, then put at 36°C, were protected, even though much virus multiplication had occurred.

Mice inoculated with Coe virus and challenged 1 to 4 days later were more resistant to Coe challenge than were those which had not received the initial inoculum. This resistance was enhanced by holding the animals at 36°C rather than 25°C during the interval between initial and challenge inocula. Those inoculated with Coe virus showed no resistance to herpes challenge.

Coe-infected mice treated with thio-TEPA, a known immunosuppressant, were not protected by being held at 36°C, suggesting that the protective effect of elevated temperature was due, in part, to stimulated production of specific antibody.
Fluorescent Antibody, Complement Fixation Method for Detection of Dengue Viruses in Mice
Authors: Atchison R. W. , Ordonez J. V. , Sather G. E. , Hammon W. McD.
Published: January 2023

The complement fixation fluorescent antibody (CF-FA) test was used for the detection of several types of dengue viruses, using serum of types 1 through 4, TH-36 and TH-Sman, in dilutions comparable to those of the conventional CF tests employed in this laboratory. Two-way cross-reaction experiments were done to determine the extent of CF-FA staining among dengues 1 and 3, Japanese B encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis and Eastern equine encephalomyelitis arboviruses and their respective antisera. Although cross-reactions could be observed among certain group B agents they did not cross with the representative of group A. It was also shown that the CF-FA test could detect inapparent dengue infection in two early (blind) passages of the unadapted dengue type 3 prototype strain.
Ontogeny of the Immune Response
Authors: Kim Yoon Berm , Bradley S. Gaylen , Watson Dennis W.
Published: January 2023

Germfree, colostrum-deprived miniature piglets obtained by hysterectomy 3 to 5 days prior to term were free of detectable immunoglobulins in their sera and appear to be “immunologically virgin.”

These piglets, however, were fully immunologically competent as manifested by an excellent antibody response measurable within 48 hr after the injection of antigen.

This true primary immune response was greater to a single antigen than to a multiple antigen, indicating antigenic competition. In addition, animals exposed to antigens in the diet gave less antibody response when injected with a single antigen than animals not previously exposed to antigens.

The antibody response to a single injection of 1012 MSP-2 actinophage in 1-month-old piglets was identical to the response in adult sows. This was characteristic of the early secondary response as previously described for the mouse system.

With adequate equipment and experimental methods designed to take into consideration the necessary precautions stressed here, these piglets serve a unique and useful model for study of the ontogeny of immune response and the role of specific as well as nonspecific immunity in host-parasite relationships.
Fetal Synthesis of Hc′, a Component of Mouse Complement
Authors: Tachibana D. K. , Rosenberg L. T.
Published: January 2023

A component of complement, hc′, is shown to be synthesized at 10 to 12 days of gestation, and not to be passively transferable from mother to fetus in the mouse.
Effects of Immunization of Guinea Pigs Lacking Bactericidal Antibody against Salmonella Enteritidis
Authors: Steward J. P. , Collis L. R. , Roantree R. J.
Published: January 2023

Guinea pigs in this study were deficient in bactericidal antibodies against a serum-sensitive mutant strain of Salmonella enteritidis derived from a serum-resistant parent. Intraperitoneal challenge of such animals with 102 or 103 bacteria of the parent strain killed 8 or 9 animals and a similar challenge with the sensitive strain killed 10 of 14. Immunization with either strain resulted in good protection against the mutant and the parent strain.

Bacteria of the serum-sensitive mutant strain multiplied in i.p. diffusion chambers in unimmunized guinea pigs. After immunization with this strain a bactericidal effect in such chambers was demonstrated against it but not against its resistant parent. Immunization with an antigenically unrelated Escherichia coli strain, or with a Salmonella typhimurium strain which has a related 012 factor, produced no bactericidal effect in the chamber upon the mutant S. enteritidis. Immunization with the S. typhimurium resulted in only low titers of bactericidal antibody against the S. enteritidis, suggesting that the 09 antigenic factor of the latter is of major importance to the bactericidal action of serum in the susceptibility of the S. enteritidis.

It is postulated that the rarity of occurrence of tyvelose, the sugar most responsible for the 09 antigenic determinant, accounts for the lack of naturally-occurring antibodies in these animals. Such a deficiency may be responsible for the susceptibility of the unimmunized animals to challenge.
Specificity of Fish Antibody
Authors: Everhart Donald L. , Shefner Alan M.
Published: January 2023

Fish anti-BSA differed from rabbit anti-BSA in at least three ways. 1) The fish antibody had three equivalence points, 50, 25 and 6.25 mg/ml, whereas rabbit antibody had only one, 0.31 mg/ml. 2) The fish antibody had a larger amount of low-avid antibody. 3) The fish antibody migrated in the same direction but more slowly.

However, it could not be demonstrated that fish antibody has a higher cross-reactivity than rabbit antibody.

The modified agar gel diffusion method for demonstrating the equivalence point of an antigen-antibody system is recommended as a useful method. As little as 0.75 ml of either antibody or antigen is all that is required to determine the equivalence point.
Immunologic Impairment in Mice Treated Intravenously with Killed Coccidioides Immitis Spherules: Suppressed Response to Intramuscular Doses
Authors: Levine H. B. , Kong Yi-Chi M.
Published: January 2023

Subsequent to intramuscular (i.m.) vaccination with killed Coccidioides immitis spherules, mice developed strong immunity and survived intranasal challenge doses of arthrospores in the magnitude of 200 LD50. This was not the case in mice vaccinated intravenously (i.v.); a majority succumbed to challenge with 5 LD50. Furthermore, i.m. vaccinated mice also succumbed to the latter challenge when small amounts of antigen were administered i.v. either concurrently with, before, or up to 35 days after the i.m. doses. The nature of the deficient response was in general accord with that described for immunologic unresponsiveness in the adult animal and was readily demonstrable with 120 µg of killed spherules.

The i.v. administration of antigen adversely affected immunity development, not its expression, because the immunity of preimmunized mice could not be impaired by the above-noted treatment. Immunity suppression was produced also with spherule walls, the major locus of the immunogens. Similarly, a suppressed response followed the i.v. injection of endospores in mice vaccinated i.m. with either the spherule or the endospore phase of the fungus. However, neither Saccharomyces cerevisiae nor Cryptococcus neoformans, given i.v., induced a deficient response in spherule-vaccinated mice nor did a weakly immunogenic soluble cellular fraction impair it significantly. The data suggested that suppression was mediated by immunospecific substances and was not influenced by the size of the structures introduced i.v. which varied from 1 to 2 µ (endospores) to 15 to 20 µ (spherules).
Studies on Brain Antigens
Authors: MacPherson Catherine F. C. , Liakopoulou Athanasia
Published: January 2023

About 12 antigens were demonstrated in saline extracts of homogenized rat brain by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. A brain organ antigen was discovered which appears to be species restricted. One antigen was found to be shared by similar extracts of bovine, guinea pig, human or rabbit brains. Immunoelectrophoretic analyses of the brain extracts showed this organ antigen had an α2 or β1 mobility, depending on the species from which it was derived. About nine antigens were species-specific globulins and could be partially separated from one another by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography. All of these antigens were shared by the brain and different rat organs. However, one major antigen was shared by all the rat organs tested.
Assay of Coxiella Burnetii by Enumeration of Immunofluorescent Infected Cells
Authors: Hahon Nicholas , Cooke Kenneth O.
Published: January 2023

A quantitative assay of Coxiella burnetii was developed based on immunofluorescent staining of infected L cell monolayers and enumeration of cells containing fluorescent rickettsial antigens within 48 hr after inoculation. Adsorption of rickettsiae onto coverslip cell cultures was accelerated and highly efficient when augmented by centrifugal force. By this procedure, a proportionality was demonstrated between the number of infected cells and the volume of inoculum. The incubation period of 48 hr for inoculated cell cultures was established from sequential observations of the development of rickettsial infection of cells and infected cell counts. The relationship between rickettsial concentration and cell-infecting units of rickettsiae was linear; the distribution of infected cells was random. The assay of C. burnetii by the infected cell-counting procedure was highly precise and sensitive.
Antibody Formation Initiated in Vitro
Authors: Adler F. L. , Fishman M. , Dray S.
Published: January 2023

Studies on the initiation of antibody formation in vitro have been conducted with cells from rabbits homozygous at the b locus (Ab4/Ab4 and Ab5/Ab5) which determines antigenic markers on the light polypeptide chains that are common to the several classes of immunoglobulins of the rabbit. It has been found that the IgM antibody produced by lymph node (LN) fragments from one normal rabbit in response to ribonucleic acid extracted from antigenically stimulated peritoneal exudate (PE) cells of a second rabbit has allotypic determinants characteristic for the immune globulins of the donor of the PE cells and foreign to those of the donor of the LN cells. In contrast, the IgG antibody that is subsequently formed in the same culture has the light chain allotypic markers of the immune globulins of the donor of the lymph node cells.
The Use of a Water-Soluble Carbodiimide as a Coupling Reagent in the Passive Hemagglutination Test
Authors: Johnson H. M. , Brenner K. , Hall H. E.
Published: January 2023

A simplified method is described for coupling proteins to red cells using the water-soluble carbodiimide, 1 - ethyl - 3 - (3 - dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride. The procedure is simpler than BDB coupling and the sensitized cells are more stable than those in the BDB system. The data indicated a marked similarity in the specificity and sensitivity of ECDI-and BDB-hemagglutination.
Physicochemical Properties of Reaginic Antibody
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Hornbrook Margaret M.
Published: January 2023

The skin-sensitizing activity in the sera of nine atopic patients, who are sensitive to ragweed pollen, and in a reagin-rich fraction of another patient's serum was precipitated by anti-γE-globulin antiserum which did not contain any detectable antibody against γG-, γA-, γM- or γD-globulins. Absorption of the skin-sensitizing antibody was accompanied by the loss of γE antibody in the supernatants. The skin-sensitizing activity in the patients' sera, determined by P-K reactions with antigen E, paralleled radioactivity of the γE band which was observed by radioimmunodiffusion with the radioactively-labeled antigen, whereas no correlation was observed between the skin-sensitizing activity and either γG or γA antibodies. When one of the patients' sera was fractionated by chromatography on a DEAE cellulose column, gel filtration, sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and by zone electrophoresis on agarose gel, distributions of reaginic activity paralleled those of γE antibody. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that reaginic antibodies in ragweed sensitive patients' sera are associated with γE-globulin. Light chains of immunoglobulins were detected in γE-globulin, indicating that γE-globulin is a new immunoglobulin.
The Interaction of Antigen with Leucocytes of Allergic Individuals
Authors: Pruzansky Jacob J. , Patterson Roy
Published: January 2023

The reaction of specific antigens with leucocytes from sensitive donors has been studied. Under appropriate conditions antigen will combine with the cells at 37°C or at 4°C and in the presence or absence of Ca++ and Mg++ without the release of significant quantities of intracellular histamine. Washed primed cells will release their histamine upon incubation at 37°C in buffer containing Ca++ and Mg++ but in the absence of added antigen.
Rabbit γA- and γM-Immunoglobulins with Allotypic Specificities Controlled by the α Locus
Authors: Lichter Edward A.
Published: January 2023

The γG-immunoglobulin heavy chain antigenic determinants controlled by a gene at the a locus have been found on γM-immunoglobulin from serum and γA-immunoglobulin from colostrum. The presence on the heavy chain of common antigenic determinants for three different classes of immunoglobulins is indicative of a common peptide structure controlled either by the same genetic unit or by different genetic units which can code separately for a common peptide structure.
Streptococcal Related Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Markowitz A. S. , Clasen Raymond , Nidus Bernard D. , Ainis Herman
Published: January 2023

Glomerulonephritis has been produced in the rhesus monkey passively by the intravenous injection of sheep antiserum produced against a soluble fraction obtained from pooled human glomeruli (PGT HUGL). This antigen had previously been shown to be chemically similar to and immunologically cross-reactive with a soluble substance from type 12 nephritogenic streptococci.

Glomerulonephritis was also produced in the monkey by active immunization with an alumprecipitate of PGT HUGL as the immunogen.

Immunofluorescence evidence was presented to indicate that the sheep and monkey γ-globulin localized in the glomeruli in the passively produced disease, while autologous γ-globulin was found in the actively induced disease.

No immunofluorescence evidence could be obtained to indicate the presence of the injected material in the glomeruli of the actively immunized animals. The concept is submitted that in the latter group tolerance was broken and that the globulin which localized was antibody-reactive with a determinant grouping on the monkey glomerular basement membrane.
Studies on Immunologic Unresponsiveness During Secondary Disease
Authors: Thompson John S. , Simmons Eric L. , Moy Richard H. , Crawford Margaret K.
Published: January 2023

The effect of donor or host immunologically competent cells added 21 days after lethal irradiation and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation was investigated in mice.

Whereas 10 × 106 normal host lymphocytes or spleen cells had no effect on the subsequent course of secondary disease, 50 × 106 normal host spleen cells significantly improved survival. Normal donor cells were efficacious at both dosages, but particularly at the highest inoculum. Cells obtained from strains unrelated to the donor or host were either not effective or harmful.

To test the susceptibility of the chimera 21 days after bone marrow transplantations, spleen cells preimmunized to either donor or host tissues were administered and found to be consistently destructive.

The mechanism whereby large innocula of normal donor or host cells improve survival is unknown, but a hypothesis based on inhibition of the primary immune response by serum antibody if offered for consideration.
Hereditary Deficiency of the Second Component of Complement (C′2) in Man: Further Observations on a Second Kindred
Authors: Klemperer Martin R. , Austen K. Frank , Rosen Fred S.
Published: January 2023

A kindred including a homozygous C′2 deficient individual and three heterozygous C′2 deficient individuals has been reinvestigated. The deficiency appears to be transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait in which heterozygous individuals can be detected. Serum complement activity is decreased as measured by hemolytic activity, bactericidal capacity and immune adherence. The deficiency is due to a selective lack of C′2 activity and full serum complement activity is restored by the addition of highly purified C′2. The induction of vasopermeability activity by C′1 esterase is markedly decreased in C′2 deficient individuals. The defect in the second component of complement appears to be the result of defective protein biosynthesis rather than the production of a serum inhibitor or an active but unstable form of C′2.
Distribution of the Human Rh0(D) Antigen in the Red Cells of Non-Human Primates
Authors: Masouredis S. P. , Dupuy Mary Edith , Elliot Margaret
Published: January 2023

The red cells of chimpanzees (Pan satyrus) and the red cells of one orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) contain antigenic specificities similar to the Rh0(D) antigen of man. These cells took up significant amounts of I-125 anti-Rh0(D), showed an increase in antibody binding when the ionic strength was reduced and were able to absorb from the anti-Rh0(D) components absorbable by human Rh0(D)-positive red cells. No evidence for the presence of Rh0(D) on the red cells of one rhesus monkey, two baboons and two gibbons was found using these techniques. The amount of Rh0(D) antigen on chimpanzee red cells showed an almost 2.5-fold variation between the highest and lowest values. One of the eight chimpanzees tested reacted as an Rh0(D) negative, in that it did not take up significantly more I-125 than did not human Rh0(D)-negative red cell. The implications of these findings for the antigenic structure of the human Rh0(D) antigen and for the phylogenetic relationships among the primates are discussed.
Immunochemical Studies on Delayed and Arthus-Type Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Schlossman Stuart F. , Levine Herbert
Published: January 2023

Studies of the immunochemical relationships between delayed and Arthus-type hypersensitivity reactions in guinea pigs sensitized to α, DNP, oligo-l-lysyl peptides have led to several observations. 1) Small nonimmunogenic members of the homologous series of peptides elicit only Arthus-type reactions. 2) Larger members which are immunogenic provoke both Arthus and delayed reactions. 3) Serum antibodies from these animals have permitted studies of quantitative inhibition of precipitation; the peptides show increasing efficiency of inhibition, on a molar basis, with increasing chain length, up to the heptamer. 4) The upper limit of combining-site size in this system appears complementary to the heptamer. 5) The maximum combining-site size corresponds in size to the smallest peptide in this series which is immunogenic. 6) Although the hexamer contributes approximately 96% of the binding energy of the heptamer with conventional antibody, the heptamer, but not the hexamer, elicits a delayed reaction.

These results suggest that circulating high affinity antibody or antibody with a larger combining site is not the mediator of the delayed response. Since only immunogenic peptides provoke the delayed skin reaction in this system, the delayed response may depend on local biosynthesis of sufficient antibody (cell-bound or free) by sensitized lymphocytes to form antigen-antibody complexes capable of producing tissue damage. Under these circumstances, the need for a larger determinant to elicit the delayed response reflects on the immunogenicity of the material and not its complementariness to a combining site size on a preformed antibody molecule.
Candida Precipitins
Authors: Chew William H. , Theus Thomas L.
Published: January 2023

Precipitating antibodies against group A Candida albicans mannan were demonstrated in sera from healthy volunteers and from patients with mucocutaneous isolates of Candida. Forty-eight per cent of sera from healthy volunteers and 69% of sera from patients with mucocutaneous isolates of Candida had precipitating antibodies when studied in Preer immunodiffusion tubes. Precipitins were found with greater frequency and in significantly higher titer in sera from patients with mucocutaneous isolates than in sera from healthy patients. Precipitin bands were detected in Ouchterlony plates in 38% of sera with Preer tube titers of 1:8 or greater but in only 5% of sera with lower tube titers.
Papain Fragmentation of the Subunits of Human Macroglobulin
Authors: Onoue Kaoru , Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Yamamura Yuichi
Published: January 2023

Papain fragmentation of the subunits (IgMs) produced by mild reduction and alkylation of IgM that had been isolated from a patient with macroglobulinemia was studied.

A stable fragment (Ms pap I) was isolated after papain digestion of IgMs for 16 hr. The approximate molecular weight of the Ms pap I fragment was 50,000. It was composed of light chain (κ chain) and a part of heavy chain (µ chain) and obtained in a yield of 10 fragments/molecule of IgM or 2/molecule of the subunit. Some chromatographic and electrophoretic heterogeneity was observed with this fragment although there seemed to be no difference in chain composition and size between chromatographically separated Ms pap I fragments.

Another fragment, Ms pap III, was isolated from a short period digest. The sedimentation coefficient of this fragment was 2.9 S and it was composed of a part of the µ chain which was not included in the Ms pap I fragment. Although it may not represent all of the µ chain other than included in the Ms pap I fragment, it carries the major antigenic determinants of the µ chain and most of the hexose of IgMs.

The former fragment, Ms pap I, is considered as a counterpart of Fab fragment of IgG and the latter, Ms pap III, as that of Fc fragment and, thus, the formula of the papain fragmentation of IgMs is similar to that of IgG except that the counterpart of the Fc portion is hydrolyzed to dialyzable peptides in a short period.
The Effect of Estrogenic Hormones on Immune Responses in Normal and Irradiated Mice
Authors: Thompson John S. , Crawford Margaret K. , Reilly Richard W. , Severson Charles D.
Published: January 2023

The effect of estrogenic hormones on survival and immunity was studied in sublethally irradiated, lethally irradiated and syngeneic bone marrow transplanted, and nonirradiated mice.

When either estradiol or estriol were administered for 2 weeks after x-irradiation, excessive early mortality occurred. Evaluation of the allograft and hemagglutinin responses in the animals surviving 4 weeks postirradiation revealed that the St. Luke's myeloma, indigenous to the C3H strain, injected into sublethally irradiated AKR mice grew progressively and killed the majority of the estrogen recipients, but regressed in the control-treated irradiated mice; first set allogeneic skin graft survival was prolonged by estradiol in sublethally irradiated mice and by both estrogens in lethally-irradiated recipients; and the primary hemagglutinin response to sheep red cells was markedly depressed by both agents in lethally-irradiated mice and by estradiol in sublethally-irradiated animals.

By contrast, neither the survival nor the allograft or hemagglutinin responses were altered by estrogens in nonirradiated normal or pretreated mice. Finally, adoptive immunity was not influenced by hormonal treatment.
Detection of Immune Response Against Synthetic Polymers of Amino Acids Employing the Plaque-Forming Cell System
Authors: Walsh Patricia , Maurer Paul , Egan Marianne
Published: January 2023

Lymph node tissue from rabbits sensitized with the synthetic terpolymer, G42L28A30, was found to contain antibody-forming cells capable of reacting with GLA-coated erythrocytes in the agar plate method originally devised by Jerne and Nordin. Sheep anti-rabbit globulin completely inhibited the anti-GLA activity in the plaque-forming cells obtained during the early stages following both primary and secondary immunization. Soluble GLA30 (2.4 mg) incorporated into the upper layer also inhibited the response; in contrast, lower concentrations of GLA30 (0.02 mg) had no effect.

Passive hemagglutination titers of the sera against GLA-coated sheep cells indicated no correlation between these titers and the magnitude of the plaque-forming cell response in the lymph node tissue, with the possible exception of sera obtained in the early phases following primary immunization. Differences in the reactions against untreated sheep cells and the GLA-coated cells were discussed, including the appearance of the hemolytic zones and the effect of sheep anti-rabbit globulin sera.
Antibody Response of Rhesus Monkeys to a Density Gradient Purified Murine Leukemia Virus (Rauscher)
Authors: Sibal Louis R. , Fink Mary Alexander , McCune Carol L. , Cowles Carolyn A.
Published: January 2023

The antibody response of 10 rhesus monkeys to a murine leukemia virus (Rauscher) was studied at weekly intervals following primary and secondary stimulation. Virus obtained from the viremic plasma of BALB/c mice and purified and concentrated by density gradient centrifugation was used for immunization and as the antigen in serologic tests. Serum antibodies were measured by the tanned cell HA and micro-immunodiffusion methods, and the properties of these antibodies were determined by density gradient centrifugation and by reduction with 2-ME. In general, antibody was usually detectable after a primary injection of virus in Freund's adjuvant on the 14th day as shown by HA and on the 28th day by immunodiffusion tests. Heavy (19S), 2-ME-sensitive antibody appeared first and was followed by the light (7S), 2-ME-resistant antibody. Strong reactions were measured by both tests following secondary stimulation on the 28th day with virus without adjuvant. There was a minimal recurrence of 2-ME-sensitive 19S antibody, but the heightened and prolonged response observed was primarily the result of the presence of high levels of 7S antibody. Evidence for the presence of two distinct antigens of the virion is also presented.