bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in insight among patients with bipolar I disorder: a 2‐year prospective study
Authors: Yen Cheng‐Fang , Chen Cheng‐Sheng , Ko Chih‐Hung , Yen Ju‐Yu , Huang Chi‐Feng
Published: April 2007

Objectives:  The aim of this 2‐year prospective study was to examine changes in insight among bipolar patients with different clinical courses.

Methods:  A cohort of 65 patients with bipolar I disorder in remission was recruited for this study. They received six follow‐up assessments over a 2‐year period. The Schedule of Assessment of Insight‐Expanded version (SAI‐E) was used to determine their levels of insight, while the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM‐D) were used to determine affective symptoms. Types of changes in insight among bipolar patients were analyzed according to the different clinical courses during the 2‐year follow‐up period.

Results:  Insight in consistently stable patients was steady during the 2‐year period. Insight decreased during the manic period in patients with only a single manic episode as well as in those with repeated manic episodes. However, insight returned to the pre‐episode level for patients with only a single manic episode, but did not for most of the patients with repeated episodes. No changes in insight were observed during depressive episodes for either patients with a single or those with repeated depressive episodes.

Conclusions:  The types of insight changes among bipolar patients during the 2‐year period were various and depended on the different clinical courses. Frequent mood disturbance episodes may cause patient insight to deteriorate.
The global relationship between forest productivity and biomass
Authors: Keeling Helen C. , Phillips Oliver L.
Published: April 2007

Aim We aim to determine the empirical relationship between above‐ground forest productivity and biomass. There are theoretical reasons to assume a relationship between forest structure and function, as both may be influenced by similar ecological factors such as moisture supply. Also, dynamic global vegetation model simulations imply that any increase in forest productivity driven by climate change will result in increases in biomass and therefore carbon storage. However, few studies have explored the strength and form of the relationship between forest productivity and biomass, whether in space or time.

LocationGlobal scale.

Methods We collated a large data set of above‐ground biomass (AGB) and above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP) and tested the extent to which spatial variation in forest biomass across the Earth can be predicted from forest productivity.

Results The global ANPP–AGB relationship differs fundamentally from the strongly positive, linear relationship reported in earlier analyses, which mostly lacked tropical sites. AGB begins to peak atc. 15–20 Mg ha−1year−1ANPP, plateaus at ANPP > 20–25 Mg ha−1year−1, and may actually decline at higher levels of production.

Main conclusions High turnover rates in high‐productivity forests may limit AGB by promoting the dominance of species with a low wood density. Predicted increases in ANPP will not necessarily favour increases in forest carbon storage, especially if changes in productivity are accompanied by compositional shifts.
Habitat and climate heterogeneity maintain beta‐diversity of birds among landscapes within ecoregions
Authors: Veech Joseph A. , Crist Thomas O.
Published: April 2007

Aim  Habitat and climate heterogeneity may affect patterns of species diversity from the relatively local scale of communities to the broad biogeographical scale of continents. However, the effects of heterogeneity on species diversity have not been studied as widely at intermediate scales although differences among landscapes in local climate and habitat should maintain beta‐diversity.

Location  Bailey ecoregions in the USA.

Methods  Using a geographically extensive dataset on bird distribution and abundance in 35 ecoregions, we tested for the effects of habitat and climate heterogeneity on beta‐diversity at two discrete spatial scales: among sample points within landscapes, and among landscapes within ecoregions.

Results  Landscape‐level beta‐diversity typically accounted for 50% or more of gamma‐diversity and was significantly and positively related to habitat heterogeneity (elevational range within an ecoregion) and climate heterogeneity (variation in potential evapotranspiration). Contrary to predictions, point‐level beta‐diversity was negatively related to habitat and climate heterogeneity, perhaps because heterogeneity constrains alpha‐diversity at the landscape level. The geographical spatial separation of landscapes within an ecoregion did not significantly affect beta‐diversity at either scale.

Main conclusions  Our results suggest that habitat selection and adaptation to local climate may be the primary processes structuring bird diversity among landscapes within ecoregions, and that dispersal limitation has a lesser role in influencing beta‐diversity among landscapes.
The Uganda Resettlement Board and Hiving‐off: Some Possibilities for Future Research
Authors: CUNNINGHAM CHARLES
Published: April 2007

An address by the Chairman of the Uganda Resettlement Board to the Annual General Meeting of the RIPA on 10 May. Sir Charles was Permanent Under‐Secretary of State at the Home Office from 1957 to 1966 and until recently Deputy Chairman of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. He had completed two years as Chairman of the Institute's Executive Council.
The Royal Commission on Australian Government and Administration: 1974–76
Authors: Coombs H. C.
Published: April 2007

The following summary of the major themes and recommendations of the Report does not follow the exact order of the chapters of the Report itself (reference to the appropriate chapters is made in brackets by each heading), but groups topics around the following major areas of concern.
THE DONOUGHMORE REPORT IN RETROSPECT
Authors: WILLIAMS D. G. T.
Published: April 2007

The Report of the Committee on Ministers’ Powers which appeared in 1932, was principally concerned with problems of subordinate legislation and formal administrative adjudication. Against a background of Dicey's views on parliamentary sovereignty and the Rule of Law, the Committee explored a variety of issues and made numerous proposals. In this article an attempt is made to consider why the Committee was appointed and what has happened since 1932. Particular reference is made to the Report of the Committee on Administrative Tribunals and Enquiries which appeared in 1957. The Reports of 1932 and 1957 are important in identifying significant developments in administrative law during this century.
POLICY ANALYSIS IN BRITISH CENTRAL GOVERNMENT: THE EXPERIENCE OF PAR
Authors: GRAY ANDREW , JENKINS BILL
Published: April 2007

Programme Analysis and Review (PAR) was an approach to policy analysis introduced in 1970 by Edward Heaths administration as part of a systematic attempt to develop ‘rational’ government. In the early years some substantial reviews were completed, but from 1973 the exercise faded as less political commitment was devoted to it and institutional compromise and disillusion spread. This paper charts the life of PAR until its official demise in 1979 and analyses its experience, Above all, it suggests that PAR was unable to satisfy the technical, organizational and political preconditions for effective analysis.
WITHOUT PRECEDENT: THE DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH SEA OIL POLICY
Authors: LIVERMAN JOHN G.
Published: April 2007

New policies had to be developed as Britain emerged a major producer of North Sea gas in the 1960′s and oil in the 1970s. In the first phase, from 1964 to 1972, policy was directed at establishing the legal framework, an offshore licensing regime and a fast build‐up of production. Policies in the second phase, from 1972 onwards, ensured a high share of the profits for the Exchequer, regulated development more strictly, exercised some control of oil supplies, and encouraged the offshore supplies industry in Britain. The Labour Government set up the British National Oil Corporation (BNOC) in 1976 with a majority share in new licences and an interest in existing licences secured through the participation negotiations. The Conservative Government of 1979 maintained these policies, apart from reducing the role of, and planning to introduce private capital into, BNOC.
USING BUREAUCRACY SPARINGLY
Authors: HOOD CHRISTOPHER
Published: April 2007

‘Using bureaucracy sparingly’ (UBS) is a well‐known and traditional canon of good public administration — but one that has a number of meanings which are not wholly compatible with one another. Looking at the interface between government administration and the outside public (rather than at the internal operations of government bureaux), this essay identifies three rather different senses of UBS, all of which are in common currency. The implications of two of these are then explored, in terms of the kinds of preferences they imply for the use of government's administrative instruments. Finally, there is a brief discussion of what the different senses of UBS have in common and of the extent to which they have divergent implications, posing dilemmas for those who might wish to ‘use bureaucracy sparingly’.
THE TREASURY AS THE CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNMENT, 1919–1939
Authors: PEDEN G. C.
Published: April 2007

Sir Warren Fisher, Permanent Secretary of the Treasury from 1919 to 1939, tried to make the Treasury a ‘general staff’, for all of Whitehall. He was official head of the civil service, and his Department co‐ordinated policy by persuading ministers to decide priorities within a balanced budget. Treasury advice on what policy should be was influential, partly because of the absence of a fully developed Cabinet Office or Prime Minister's Office. Treasury control of expenditure was also necessary to ensure that spending departments conformed to Cabinet decisions on priorities. The Treasury exercised a powerful influence, however, only so long as the Cabinet accepted the financial orthodoxy of balanced budgets.
ENGINEERING A CONSENSUS: FROM THE FINNISTON REPORT TO THE ENGINEERING COUNCIL
Authors: JORDAN A. G. , RICHARDSON J. J.
Published: April 2007

It is now widely accepted that British governments find radical policy change difficult to Secure – especially where such change threatens to disturb a well‐developed interest group network. The Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Engineering Profession (19801, chaired by Sir Monty Finniston, Engineering Our Future, was interesting because it proposed a very radical change in the way in which the engineering profession was organized and regulated. In essence, Sir Monty wished to displace the established engineering institutions. A study of the long and complex saga following the publication of the Finniston report is a good test of the system's capacity for policy innovation as well as an illustration of the common conflict between state intervention and professional self‐regulation. What finally emerged, The Engineering Council, can be seen as the outcome of a process of bargaining, which preserved the power of the professional institutions.
THE SHIFTING STATE: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN A TIME OF CHANGE
Authors: SCARMAN THE RT HON LORD
Published: April 2007

This is the keynote address given by the Right Hon The Lord Scarman, OBE, Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and the RIPA's President, at the Institute's Conference on‘The Shifting State: Rules, Roles and Boundaries in the 198s', held at the University of Aston, 14–15 September 1984.
PRIVATIZING UK TAX LAW ENFORCEMENT?
Authors: HOOD CHRISTOPHER
Published: April 2007

Tax law enforcement in the UK has long been dominated by public bureaucracies of the ‘classic’ type. This article reviews some current problems of tax law enforcement in that style, and looks at some possible ways of mitigating those problems. These include a change in penalty schedules and some measure of ‘re‐privatization’ of tax law enforcement, harking back to pre‐bureaucratic enforcement styles. Six problems likely to be associated with privatization of tax law enforcement are discussed. These are not trivial, but it is argued that they may be somewhat less severe in the case of tax law enforcement than in that of law enforcement in general.
THE POLITICS AND MANAGEMENT OF HUNG AUTHORITIES
Authors: LEACH STEVE , STEWART JOHN
Published: April 2007

Hung local authorities have grown in numbers in recent years. This paper analyses the experience of those authorities. First it reviews the growing body of literature and argues that it has largely been concerned with particular authorities. The authors then proposed a research‐based classification of hung authorities, before examining both the nature of political behaviour and changes in management. Finally, the paper identifies factors leading to stability and instability in hung authorities and the characteristics of both situations.
UNEQUAL PARTNERS: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES POLICIES IN WESTERN EUROPE
Authors: FORBES IAN
Published: April 2007

As a general principle, equality of opportunity attracts considerable support. However, such agreement does not extend to definitions of equal opportunity policies or to the need and manner for their implementation. These policies have a variety of both ideological and historical aspects, and patterns of implementation are politically and culturally conditioned. To highlight different approaches to equal opportunity implementation, three countries are compared: France, the United Kingdom and Sweden. Indices of progress for women are presented and performances assessed, as are the instruments and mechanisms of implementation preferred under different regimes. In addition, the influence and actions of the European Community (EC) are considered. Three distinct but not mutually exclusive models of implementation are observed, each with particular benefits and drawbacks. Sweden emerges with the most sustained and effective public policy on equal opportunities, France demonstrates the value of a Ministry of Women, while the potential inherent in Britain's Equal Opportunities Commission and local authority endeavour is thwarted by a lack of political will at central government level.
EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN THE NHS: THE PROSPECTS OF SUCCESS?
Authors: HARDING NANCY
Published: April 2007

The position of women in the NHS suggests widespread latent discrimination. The prospects of developing equality of opportunity are not promising, as neither external agencies nor internal managers are capable of bringing about the necessary changes. However, changing demographic factors might result in enlightened personnel policies which will assist the development of equal opportunities.
DISABLED PEOPLE AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES' EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES POLICIES
Authors: LEACH BERNARD
Published: April 2007

In debates on equal opportunities, disabled people's issues are often ignored. Disability is typically seen as a medically defined category populated by individuals ‘with problems’. This article presents an alternative perspective which re‐defines disability and demands that the authenticity of the disabled people's movement be acknowledged. Surveys estimating the numbers of disabled people in the UK are reviewed, as are local authority equal opportunities statements. Two case studies of local authorities, Manchester and Lambeth, are used to show how progress on disabled people's issues has been achieved by account being taken of the demands of the disabled people's movement. The article concludes by looking at the implications of recent legislation and suggests that equal opportunities policies for disabled people are most likely to be implemented when they organize themselves effectively and make coalitions with other disadvantaged groups.
THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE BRITISH CENTRAL STATE. PART II: EMPIRICAL FINDINGS
Authors: DUNLEAVY PATRICK
Published: April 2007

Part I of this paper (autumn issue) explained the need to improve existing research into the British central state, outlined the bureau‐shaping model, and tackled a number of methodological issues involved in applying this framework. Part II demonstrates that the bureau‐shaping model is highly effective in systematizing and extending our knowledge of how Whitehall and directly attached agencies are structured. The main types of organizations identified share many similarities, so that the model's categories have a clear intuitive meaning. As a result the bureau‐shaping model can effectively cope with analytic problems that have constrained previous ‘bureaumetric’ research, such as the extreme variations in the size of central state agencies. The model also illuminates both the distribution of bureau‐types across policy sectors, and the effects of different patterns of administration on public expenditure trends under the Thatcher government.
REINTERPRETING THE WESTEAND AFFAIR: THEORIES OF THE STATE AND CORE EXECUTIVE DECISION MAKING
Authors: DUNLEAVY PATRICK
Published: April 2007

This article applies four theories of the state to the analysis of a major policy crisis, the Westland affair of 1985–6. The pluralist governmental politics model offers a narrowly political account stressing that multiple actors were involved, and that policy emerged from a complex sequence of individual decisions, with plenty of room for misunderstandings and slip‐ups. The instrumental Marxist view by contrast emphasizes the penetration of government by business interests and the closed, elite character of decision making. The policy entrepreneur explanation offers a ‘new right’ account: the affair was born from a clash between a spending minister using public monies to pursue personal interests, and central actors and agencies seeking to limit the commitment of state expenditure. Finally, the ‘symbolic politics’ interpretation analyses the crisis as the interaction of four ideologically resonant ‘games’– about leadership challenges, leaking of government ‘secrets’, executive‐Parliament relations, and mass media ‘battles’.
THE FULTON COMMITTEE AND THE‘PREFERENCE FOR RELEVANCE ISSUE
Authors: FRY GEOFFREY K.
Published: April 2007

Early access to the papers of the Fulton committee of 1966‐8, and to the still unpublished oral evidence that the committee received, which has been officially granted to the author, enables the issue of ‘preferences for relevance’ in the directentry recruitment of administrators, which divided the committee, to be studied fully for the first time. This study is complemented by interviews with the surviving members of the committee and with members of its secretariat. It demonstrates that the evidence and the debate about ‘preference for relevance’ had a different balance from that which the previously published material suggested. The bulk of the evidence was anti‐pathetic to ‘preference for relevance’ with many ministers being among the conservatives. The majority of the committee was radical but a substantial minority favoured ‘traditional’ arraqgements with professionalized post‐entry training. Ironically, what eventually emerged was traditionalism without substantial training which nobody on the committee, and only a small number of those giving evidence, favoured.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND THE INFORMATION POLITY
Authors: TAYLOR JOHN A. , WILLIAMS HOWARD
Published: April 2007

Within the debates in Britain about changes in contemporary public administration insufficient attention has been focused to date upon the significance of new information and communication technologies. In particular, the operational importance of computer networks to government organizations, and of the information flows supported by them, have hitherto been given scant attention. A primary focus for understanding the current transformation processes in both services and organization occurring in public administration should be upon the role and significance of these new information flows. Informational capabilities are increasing throughout government organization and have considerable implications for the reforging of that set of organizations which comprise British public administration and for the relationships between and within them, as well as for the quality of publicly provided services. The shifts occurring in contemporary public administration can be usefully analysed and understood by reference to the new concept of the ‘information polity’.
THE CHANGING STATE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT: RESTRUCTURING FOR THE 1990s
Authors: COCHRANE ALLAN
Published: April 2007

In the recent past, local government has largely been analysed as if its very existence were in danger from centrally inspired legislative reforms and financial controls. Such a starting point may make it more difficult to assess the changes which are taking place and which are likely to dominate in the 1990s. Three other possibilities are considered here. The first, is the notion of an ‘enabling’ authority; the second, the possibility of a shift towards post‐Fordist local government; and the third, the possibility of more corporatist or neo‐corporatist forms of politics at local level. It is suggested that the third is the most helpful approach for understanding the likely direction of change in the 1990s, and argued that changes within local government have to be understood in the context of wider restructuring of the UK state.
PRIVATISM AND PARTNERSHIP IN URBAN REGENERATION
Authors: EDWARDS JOHN , DEAKIN NICHOLAS
Published: April 2007

In 1988, inner city policy took on a distinctly new style. The publication that year of the government brochure Action for Cities heralded the introduction of the ‘enterprise culture’ as the new instrument for the economic regeneration of the inner cities, the re‐moralization into self‐reliance of their inhabitants, and the defeat of welfare dependency. Simultaneously, the job of regeneration would be placed more firmly in the hands of Urban Development Corporations that would do the job that inefficient and ineffective local government had so signally failed to achieve. The dynamism of privatism would be harnessed by means of public subsidy to attract (or lever) private investment into the inner cities. The rationale or privatism as a means of abolishing urban deprivation however, rests on untested logic. At its simplest, new jobs would be created by inward investment, unemployment would fall, and there would be ‘trickle‐down’ effects to those not in the labour force. There are other and more fundamental assumptions however, the contestable nature of which throws doubt on the possibility of the privatism strategy ever working. Principal among these are that there are discrete and insulated ‘inner city economies’ that can be regenerated; that it is even now possible to reverse history in the inner cities, and that to be of benefit to inner city residents, investment must be in the her cities themselves.
ONE AND MANY ‐ THE OFFICE OF SECRETARY OF STATE
Authors: SIMCOCK A. J. C.
Published: April 2007

This article seeks to explain the nature of the office of Secretary of State in the United Kingdom, and how these arrangements have come about. It traces the office from its mediaeval origins, and finds the explanation partly in the development of Tudor government, and partly in the politics of the eighteenth century. It then traces the modem development of this doctrine and some of the ramifications to which it has given rise. Fourteen out of the twenty‐two members of the British Cabinet hold the same office. Yet simultaneously they are described by fourteen different titles. The office that they share is that of ‘Secretary of State’: their various titles are the ‘Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs’, the ‘Secretary of State for the Home Department’ and so on. The purpose of this article is to explain these curious arrangements, which rival in complexity the Athanasian doctrine of the Trinity, and to show how they have come about.
CONTRACTORS’ EXPERIENCE OF COMPULSORY COMPETITIVE TENDERING: A CASE STUDY OF CONTRACT CLEANERS IN THE NHS
Authors: MILNE ROBIN G.
Published: April 2007

Compulsory competitive tendering (CCT) has been an important instrument of Conservative government economic policy since 1979. Its effectiveness in generating cost‐effective services depends on competition to supply the service in question.

The NHS domestic market is large and, prior to the introduction of CCT, promised to be profitable for contractors. Many contract cleaners with office cleaning experience entered. In the event the costs of entry were heavy, and the profit margins of established firms were reduced. When contracts have been awarded to firms, they tended to be to those with a track record. Many firms therefore withdrew; and the few that remained have profit margins in the NHS little different from those found elsewhere. Of more than by firms with a serious interest in entry, probably no more than a handful can have come out of the experience in net profit in the first seven years.

The experience of CCT in the market for NHS domestic services has shown that a degree of competition in the market can be achieved, arguably because of the presence of direct service organizations. Competition for this market, on the other hand, can be limited by the high costs of entry.
IN THEIR OWN VOICES: WOMEN COUNCILLORS IN NORTHERN IRELAND
Authors: WILFORD RICK , MILLER ROBERT , BELL YOLANDA , DONOGHUE FREDA
Published: April 2007

Based largely on in‐depth interviews with the majority of women local councillors in Northern Ireland, this article addresses two substantive issues: the reasons for the numerical underrepresentation of women and the issue of gender difference. The authors illustrate and explore these questions within the context of both the councillors’ own responses and that supplied by a concurrent survey of the general population. While the councillors and the general population favour the increased representation of women in public office, evidence of a gender cleavage ‐ while present ‐ is perceived to be more potential than actual, given the dominance of the mutually reinforcing cleavages of nationality and religion.

This research was financed primarily by a grant from the Nuffield Foundation and secondarily by one from the Lockheed Foundation, administered by Queen's University, Belfast. The results cited from the wider probability survey are derived from an ESRC‐funded project (‘The Political Participation, Interests and Attitudes of Women in Northern Ireland’ ‐ R0O0 23 2726) currently being undertaken by the authors.

The authors benefitted from the comments of members of the ‘Gender and Power’ workshop at the 1992 session of the European Consortium for Political Research held at the University of herick, at which an earlier version of the paper was first presented, and from the comments of two referees.
MEMBERSHIP OF THE ‘NEW STYLE’ HEALTH AUTHORITIES: CONTINUITY OR CHANGE?
Authors: ASHBURNER LYNN , CAIRNCROSS LIZ
Published: April 2007

The 1989 White Paper ‘Working for Patients’ continued the process begun by Griffiths of managerial reform and the introduction of private sector concepts into the NHS. One of the new proposals was to change the composition and constitution of health authorities, both to avoid the assumed weaknesses of the existing format and to emulate the pattern found in the private sector.

The essence of the change was the removal of the representational elements on authorities, both of medical professionals and nominees from the local authority. The health authorities were reduced in size to just eleven members and for the first time executives were included. Previous attempts at reform within the NHS have been judged to have resulted in more continuity than change. This article examines in detail who the new members are and assesses the balance between continuity and change.

Despite a high level of continuity of membership, there are signs of more fundamental change. There is a significant increase in the proportion of non‐executive members from the private sector and with the inclusion of executives, a stronger managerial role is emerging. The article concludes by assessing what the implications of these changes maybe.
THE NEXT STEPS AGENCIES, POLITICAL SALIENCE AND THE ARM'S‐LENGTH PRINCIPLE: BARBARA CASTLE AT THE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT 1965‐68
Authors: DUDLEY GEOFFREY
Published: April 2007

The Next Steps agencies preserve a long tradition as the latest manifestation of the arm's‐length principle of ministerial control. During the major part of this century, the now almost defunct public corporations offered one of the best examples of the arm's‐length principle at work, and the recorded experiences of participants can provide valuable lessons for the Next Steps agencies. This article employs the diaries of Barbara Castle during her period as Transport Minister from 1965‐68 in order to examine how she apportioned her time. From the evidence, a model is constructed which suggests that political salience is of greater importance than official structures in determining ministerial behaviour. Arising from the case study and the model, the final section of the article attempts to identify Next Steps agencies which have an inherently high potential for political salience, and concludes that, in this category, direct ministerial control would be preferable to the arm's‐length principle.
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION: THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE OMBUDSMAN
Authors: HAZELL ROBERT
Published: April 2007

In an article in Public Administration five years ago I reported on the operation of the new freedom of information laws in Australia, Canada and New Zealand (Hazell 1989). Despite these Commonwealth precedents, under Mrs Thatcher's premiership the British government maintained that freedom of information was incompatible with the Westminster system of ministerial accountability to Parliament. Under John Major that line has softened a bit, and last year the British government took an important step towards freedom of information, with the introduction of its new code of practice on open government. The code of practice will be policed by the Ombudsman; and this article considers the implications of this novel extension to his jurisdiction.
Books on International Economic Affairs
Authors: Charalambidou Eri
Published: April 2007

TRADE LIBERALIZATION, PROTECTIONISM AND INTERDEPENDENCE, by Richard Blackhurst, Nicholas Marian and Jan Tumlir

THE GATT LEGAL SYSTEM AND WORLD TRADE DIPLOMACY, by Robert E. Hudec

INTERNATIONAL TRADE 1976‐77

RE‐MAKING THE SYSTEM OF WORLD TRADE: A PROPOSAL FOR INSTITUTIONAL REFORM
Divergent Oil Interests of the First and Third Worlds
Authors: Penrose Edith
Published: April 2007

EUROPE AND WORLD ENERGY, by Hanns Maull

OIL PRICES AND TRADE DEFICITS: US CONFLICTS WITH JAPAN AND WEST GERMANY, by David A. Gisselquist

OIL DEBT AND DEVELOPMENT: OPEC IN THE THIRD WORLD, by Paul Hallwood

PORTUGAL: REYOLUTIONARY CHANCE IN AN OPEN ECONOMY, by Rodney J. Morrison

MONETARY INTEGRATION IN WESTERN EUROPE: EMU, EMS AND BEYOND, by D. C. Kruse

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND EMPLOYMENT IN CHINA, by Thomas G. Rawski

THE FADING OF THE MAOIST VISION: CITY AND COUNTRY IN CHINA'sDEVELOPMENT, by Rhoads Murphey

EQUALITY, THE THIRD WORLD AND ECONOMIC DELUSION, by P. T. Bauer

THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN TURKEY, by William Hale

DISASTER ASSISTANCE: APPRAISAL, REFORM AND NEW APPROACHES, edited by Lynn Stephens and Stephen J. Green

BRITISH INDUSTRY AND THE NORTH SEA: STATE INTERVENTION IN A DEVELOPING INDUSTRIAL SECTOR, by Michael Jenkin and Stuart Sinclair
Critical Issues in American‐Japanese Relations
Authors: Kawahito Kiyoshi
Published: April 2007

COPING WITH US‐JAPANESE ECONOMIC CONFLICTS, edited by I.M. Destler and Hideo Sato

POWCY AND TRADE ISSUES OF THE JAPANESE ECONOMY: AMERICAN AND JAPANESE PERSPECTIVES, edited by Kozo Yamamura
International Monetary System under Scrutiny
Authors: Emminger Otmar
Published: April 2007

THE RULES OF THE GAME: REFORM AND EVOLUTION IN THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM, by Kenneth W. Dam
Regulating Banking beyond National Boundaries
Authors: Walter Ingo
Published: April 2007

THE REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL BANKING, by Richard Dale

ECONOMIC FORECASTING AND POLICY: THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION, by John Llewellyn, Stephen Potter and Lee Samuelson
New Financial Instruments and Practices and the Role of Official Regulation
Authors: Bootle Roger
Published: April 2007

Recent Innovations in International Banking, prepared by a Study Group established by the Central Bank of the Group of Ten Countries, the Cross Report

Henry Kaufman, Interest Rates, the Markets and the New Financial World
A Service or Not a Service — Defining the Question by its Terms
Authors: Hirsch Seev
Published: April 2007

Jacques Nusbaumer, Sewices in the Global Market (Dordrecht, Boston and Lancaster: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1987) 254 pp., DFI. 110.00, $45.00 and £29.95.
LABOR TURNOVER IN THE USA AND JAPAN: A TALE OF TWO COUNTRIES
Authors: Blinder Alan S. , Krueger Alan B.
Published: April 2007

Abstract. The labor turnover rate in Japan is less than half the US level. A small‐scale survey of companies that operate in both Japan and the USA was conducted to examine reasons for the discrepancy. The main findings are that Japanese human resource policies, including steep seniority‐earnings profiles, extensive fringe benefits, participatory management, and a reluctance to recruit experienced workers from other firms, contribute to the lower Japanese turnover rate. Additionally, workers of Japanese descent in the USA have a somewhat lower labor turnover rate than other Americans, suggesting some role for cultural differences.
OPTIONAL REAL‐TIME PRICING OF ELECTRICITY FOR INDUSTRIAL FIRMS
Authors: Woo Chi‐Keung , Chow Peter , Horowitz Ira
Published: April 2007

Abstract.This paper proposes a pricing mechanism, optional real‐time pricing (RTP), with day‐ahead hourly prices, that exploits the potential offered by a competitive wholesale power market. When an electric utility offers the option to its industrial customers, the retail prices are based on an existing Hopkinson tariff and expectations as to the wholesale market's next‐day hourly spot prices. The proposed RTP mechanism is Pareto‐superior to the tariff in that it assures both the utility and the customer of profits that will be at least as great as under the tariff.
AGE AS A DETERMINANT OF LABOR'S TRADE POLICY INTERESTS
Authors: Li Jun , Mayer Wolfgang
Published: April 2007

This paper shows that workers with identical innate abilities have heterogeneous trade policy interests, whereby age of the worker and industry of employment are most critical in explaining this heterogeneity. A modified specific factor model, with overlapping generations and a retraining requirement for job switchers, is developed to demonstrate how trade policies affect the economic interests of older workers far more than of younger workers, regardless of whether they gain or lose from the policy. Accordingly, older workers tend to have stronger incentives to become politically active than younger workers.
Successful workers or exploited labour? Golf professionals and professional golfers in Britain 1888–19141
Authors: VAMPLEW WRAY
Published: April 2007

Golf was one of the fastest growing recreational sports in Britain before 1914. It created a market for professional golfers as shopkeepers, teachers, green‐keepers, and craftsmen. A database of 3,000 players was used to examine their social and economic experience at club and competitive level, and this experience was then compared to that of professionals in horseracing, cricket, and football. Golfers were the first sportsmen to permanently organize themselves with the establishment of the PGA in 1901, which provided welfare services and promoted tournaments, thus actively and uniquely assisting the development of the industry within which its members worked.
Charcoal ironmaking in nineteenth‐century Shropshire
Authors: HAYMAN RICHARD
Published: April 2007

This article discusses the importance of forging wrought iron with charcoal after coal‐based methods came to dominate iron manufacture from the end of the eighteenth century. Previously it has been argued that charcoal ironmaking declined because it was less economical than using mineral fuel. Evidence from Shropshire shows that after a short period of decline, charcoal ironmaking in the county increased in real terms. This is explained by examination of the expanding market for high‐quality iron, and in particular wire manufacture and related industries.
Differential Cellular Gene Expression in Ganglioglioma
Authors: Samadani Uzma , Judkins Alexander R. , Akpalu Albert , Aronica Eleonora , Crino Peter B.
Published: April 2007

Summary: Purpose: Gangliogliomas (GGs) are neuronal‐glial tumors highly associated with epilepsy. We hypothesized that the expression of select gene families including neurotransmitter receptor subunits and growth factors would be distinct in neurons and astrocytes within GG compared with adjacent cortex and that these changes would yield insights into seizure onset and lesion formation.

Methods: Candidate gene expression was defined in single immunohistochemically labeled neurons and astrocytes microdissected from GG specimens compared with neurons and astrocytes microdissected from morphologically intact cortex adjacent to the GG or normal control cortex.

Results: Differential expression of 16 genes including glutamate transporter (EAAC1) and receptor (NMDA2C, mGluR5), growth factor (hepatocyte growth factor), and receptor (platelet derived growth factor receptor β, fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) mRNAs was detected in GG neurons compared with control neurons. In astrocytes, altered expression of p75NGF, mGluR3, TGFβ3 and Glt‐1 mRNAs was detected. Nestin mRNA, a gene that exhibits enhanced expression in balloon cell cortical dysplasia, was increased in GG neurons. Because of the morphological similarities between GG and cortical dysplasia, we show that there is activation of the mTOR cascade in GG as evidenced by enhanced expression of phospho‐p70S6kinase and phosphoribosomal S6 proteins.

Conclusion: We find differential candidate gene expression in neurons and astrocytes in GG compared with adjacent cortex and show that there is activation of the mTOR pathway. These changes highlight pathways that may be pivotal for epileptogenesis and lesion growth.
A Multicenter Study of BRD2 as a Risk Factor for Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
Authors: Cavalleri Gianpiero L. , Walley Nicole M. , Soranzo Nicole , Mulley John , Doherty Colin P. , Kapoor Ashish , Depondt Chantal , Lynch John M. , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Heils Armin , Gehrmann Anne , Kinirons Peter , Gandhi Sonia , Satishchandra Parthasarathy , Wood Nicholas W. , Anand Anuranjan , Sander Thomas , Berkovic Samuel F. , Delanty Norman , Goldstein David B. , Sisodiya Sanjay M.
Published: April 2007

Summary:  Purpose: Although complex idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs) are recognized to have a significant genetic component, as yet there are no known common susceptibility variants. It has recently been suggested that variation in the BRD2 gene confers increased risk of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), which accounts for around a quarter of all IGE. Here we examine the association between the candidate causal SNP (the promoter variant rs3918149) and JME in five independent cohorts comprising in total 531 JME cases and 1,390 healthy controls.

Methods: The strongest candidate causal variant from the original report (rs3918149) was genotyped across all five cohorts. In an effort to identify novel candidate causal polymorphisms, previously unscreened regions of UTR were resequenced.

Results: We observed a significant effect in a small sample recruited in Britain (genotype p = 0.001, allele p = 0.001), a borderline significant effect in a sample recruited in Ireland and no association in larger samples of German, Australian, and Indian populations. There was no association with other common forms of epilepsy or any other clear candidate casual variants in or near the BRD2 region.

Conclusions: The replication of an effect in the British cohort and suggestive evidence from that recruited in Ireland but lack of replication from the larger German, Australian, and Indian cohorts is surprising and difficult to explain. Further replication in carefully matched populations is required. Results presented here do not, however, support a strong effect for susceptibility to JME across populations of European descent.
Attack and defence in the gastric epithelium – a delicate balance
Authors: Dimaline Rod , Varro Andrea
Published: April 2007

The gastric epithelium is a complex structure formed into tubular branched gastric glands. The glands contain a wide variety of cell types concerned with the secretion of hydrochloric acid, proteases, mucus and a range of signalling molecules. All cell types originate from stem cells in the neck region of the gland, before migrating and differentiating to assume their characteristic positions and functions. Endocrine and local paracrine mediators are of crucial importance for maintaining structural and functional integrity of the epithelium, in the face of a hostile luminal environment. The first such mediator to be recognized, the hormone gastrin, was identified over a century ago and is now established as the major physiological stimulant of gastric acid secretion. Recent studies, including those using mice that overexpress or lack the gastrin gene, suggest a number of previously unrecognized roles for this hormone in the regulation of cellular proliferation, migration and differentiation. This review focuses on the identification of hitherto unsuspected gastrin‐regulated genes and discusses the paracrine cascades that contribute to the maintenance of gastric epithelial architecture and secretory function.Helicobacterinfection is also considered in cases where it shares targets and signalling mechanisms with gastrin.
Interaction between genioglossus and diaphragm responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation in awake humans
Authors: Wang Wei , Similowski Thomas , Sériès Frédéric
Published: April 2007

The modulation of activity of the upper airway dilator and respiratory muscles plays a key role in the regulation of ventilation, but little is known about the link between their neuromuscular activation processes in vivo. This study investigated genioglossus and diaphragm responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation applied in different facilitatory conditions. The amplitude and latency of motor‐evoked potential responses and the stimulation intensity threshold leading to a motor response (motor threshold) were recorded with stimulation applied at the vertex and anterolateral area in 13 awake normal subjects. Stimuli were applied during inspiration with and without resistance, during expiration with and without maximal tongue protrusion and during deep inspiration. In each stimulation location and condition, no diaphragmatic response was obtained without previous genioglossus activity (diaphragmatic and genioglossus responses latencies during expiration: 18.1 ± 2.9 and 6.3 ± 2.6 ms, respectively, mean ±s.d., P < 0.01). Genioglossus motor‐evoked potential amplitude, latency and motor threshold were significantly modified with tongue protrusion with a maximal effect observed for stimulation in the anterolateral area. Deep inspiration was associated with a significant facilitatory effect on both genioglossus and diaphragm motor responses. The facilitatory effects of respiratory and non‐respiratory manoeuvres were also observed during focal stimulation where isolated genioglossus responses were observed. Genioglossus and diaphragm differed in their motor threshold both at baseline and following facilitatory manoeuvres. Conclusions: (1) transcranial magnetic stimulation‐induced genioglossus response systematically precedes that of diaphragm; (2) this sequence of activation is not modified by respiratory and non‐respiratory manoeuvres; and (3) the genioglossus and diaphragm are differently influenced by these manoeuvres in terms of latency of the motor response and of motor threshold.
Impairment of human proprioception by high‐frequency cutaneous vibration
Authors: Weerakkody N. S. , Mahns D. A. , Taylor J. L. , Gandevia S. C.
Published: April 2007

These experiments assessed whether the impairment in proprioceptive acuity in the hand during ‘interfering’ cutaneous stimulation could be caused by inputs from Pacinian corpuscles. The ability to detect passive movements at the proximal interphalangeal joint of the index finger was measured when vibrotactile stimuli were applied to the adjacent middle finger and thenar eminence at frequencies and amplitudes that favour activation of rapidly adapting cutaneous afferents. Inputs from Pacinian corpuscles are favoured with high‐frequency vibration (300 Hz), while those from Meissner corpuscles are favoured by lower frequencies (30 Hz). Detection of movement was significantly impaired when 300 Hz (20 μm peak‐to‐peak amplitude) complex vibration or 300 Hz (50 μm) sinusoidal vibration was applied to the middle finger and thenar eminence. In contrast, detection of movements was not altered by low‐frequency sinusoidal vibration at 30 Hz with an amplitude of 50 μm or with a larger amplitude matched in subjective intensity to the 300 Hz sinusoidal stimulus. Thus it is unlikely that the impairment in detection was due to attention being diverted by vibration of an adjacent digit. In addition, an increase in amplitude of 300 Hz vibration led to a greater impairment of movement detection, so that the impairment was graded with the input. The time taken to nominate the direction of applied movement also increased during 300 Hz but not during 30 Hz sinusoidal vibration. These findings suggest that stimuli which preferentially activate Pacinian, but not Meissner corpuscles, impair proprioceptive acuity in a movement detection task.
Effects of repeated prenatal glucocorticoid exposure on long‐term potentiation in the juvenile guinea‐pig hippocampus
Authors: Setiawan Elaine , Jackson Michael F. , MacDonald John F. , Matthews Stephen G.
Published: April 2007

Synthetic glucocorticoids (sGCs) are routinely used to treat women at risk of preterm labour to promote fetal lung maturation. There is now strong evidence that exposure to excess glucocorticoid during periods of rapid brain development has permanent consequences for endocrine function and behaviour in the offspring. Prenatal exposure to sGC alters the expression of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDA‐R) subunits in the fetal and neonatal hippocampus. Given the integral role of the NMDA‐R in synaptic plasticity, we hypothesized that prenatal sGC exposure will have effects on hippocampal long‐term potentiation (LTP) after birth. Further, this may occur in either the presence or absence of elevated cortisol concentrations, in vitro. Pregnant guinea‐pigs were injected with betamethasone (Beta, 1 mg kg−1) or vehicle on gestational days (gd) 40, 41, 50, 51, 60 and 61 (term ∼70 days), a regimen comparable to that given to pregnant women. On postnatal day 21, LTP was examined at Schaffer collateral synapses in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices prepared from juvenile animals exposed to betamethasone or vehicle, in utero. Subsequently, the acute glucocorticoid receptor (GR)‐ and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)‐dependent effects of cortisol (0.1–10 μm; bath applied 30 min before LTP induction) were examined. There was no effect of prenatal sGC treatment on LTP under basal conditions. The application of 10 μm cortisol depressed excitatory synaptic transmission in all treatment groups regardless of sex. Similarly, LTP was depressed by 10 μm cortisol in all groups, with the exception of Beta‐exposed females, in which LTP was unaltered. Hippocampal MR and GR protein levels were increased in Beta‐exposed females, but not in any other prenatal treatment group. This study reveals sex‐specific effects of prenatal exposure to sGC on LTP in the presence of elevated cortisol, a situation that would occur in vivo during stress.