bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Borders and the Fragmentation of the Nation State
Authors: Vignal Leïla
Published: January 2022

The chapter analyses how the Syrian national territory was progressively broken up into multiple local territories and divided along political and military lines (internal fronts) over the course of the conflict. This internal fragmentation fuelled the emergence of local experiments in alternative governance and the development of competing legitimacies. The fragmentation of the state’s territorial and cohesive continuity was duplicated at its borders, whose nature and management were thereby profoundly transformed. Although these borders are fragmented and porous, they paradoxically embody, for the international legal and political system, the external envelope of Syria that “contains” the war. This chapter exposes the gap that has opened up between sovereignty (for instance, the government of Damascus still sits at the UN) and territory (multiple territorially-based governance arrangements operate quite autonomously in Syria). In doing so, it argues that the conflict has brought into view the unravelling of the nation-state.
Mass Displacement
Authors: Vignal Leïla
Published: January 2022

Mass destruction has led to mass displacement in Syria. The chapter sheds light on the massive scope of the displacement caused by the war. It argues that displacement on this scale is an effect of the ways in which political violence unfolded in Syria. Indeed, the violence was deliberately directed at the internal population: the regime sought to win the war by spreading terror and emptying entire regions of their inhabitants. The violence also played out outside the country’s borders, with the regime using the ‘refugee crisis’ as a weapon to destabilise Syria’s neighbouring countries, European states and the European Union. The deliberate targeting of the civilian population explains why Syrians have not so much fled the conflict as they have fled the ways in which the conflict has been fought. Accordingly, the chapter offers a typology of violence-related displacement, which in turn illuminates new features of the Syrian society that is emerging from the war.
From Dispossession to Regime-Led Reconstruction
Authors: Vignal Leïla
Published: January 2022

The chapter reflects on the future of Syria through the double lens of the loss of home and reconstruction projects. It shows that the issues of ownership and access to land are at the heart of the destruction and displacement and of some war operations. On the one hand, war-time dispossession has deeply transformed the reality of Syria and the future prospects of its inhabitants, including the fate of Syrians who sought refuge abroad. On the other hand, regime-led reconstruction projects are part of the dispossession process that deprives ordinary Syrians not only of their homes but also of their future.
Qualitative Data Collection and Quantitative Data Collection
Authors: Rademaker Linnea L. , Polush Elena Y.
Published: January 2022

Practitioner/scholars often use more than one type of data collection in order to provide a robust answer to a research problem or question. At times, practitioner–researchers will have very specific quantitative questions, and they will also create additional research questions (utilizing qualitative data collection methods) in order to provide a more well-rounded answer to an overarching research problem or question. This chapter 4 discusses the practical issues of data collection methods. It shows how a study’s research questions should be the driving force behind the choice of data collection methods, and it explains the utility/supportive nature of a variety of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods resources. Vignettes of practice in using diverse data collection methods are included.
Introduction
Authors: Roque Paula Cristina
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces the book as a whole. It outlines the argument and provides an alternative explanation to Angola’s post-war state and nation-building exercise. Behind the Presidency and the MPLA was a large securitized machinery that provided the institutional, psychological and functional backbone of political control and centralized power. This book will analyze each of these elements of the security apparatus highlighting an area that has seldom received any analytical treatment in Angola’s peacetime literature. It will argue that Angola reinvented its path towards peace and development through the shadowing of power in parallel institutions upheld by intrusive and far-reaching security agencies and policies. The post-war political order centralized power in the Presidency and shielded it from extraneous forces (the ruling elites, the opposition and the people). This chapter also introduces a new perspective on securitization theory.
A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Authors: Harvey Katherine , Reidel Bruce
Published: January 2022

In recent years, the geopolitical rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran has dominated the headlines. Many have charted the polarisation between a Saudi-led Sunni camp and an Iranian-led Shia one, assuming that a predominantly Shia state like Iraq would automatically ally with Iran. In this compelling account, Katherine Harvey tells a different story: Iraq's current alignment with Iran was not a foregone conclusion. Rather, Saudi efforts to undermine Iran have paradoxically empowered it.Harvey investigates why the Saudis refused to engage with Iraq's post-2003 Shia-led government, despite continual outreach by Iraq's new leaders and considerable pressure from the United States. She finds that certain deeply ingrained assumptions predisposed Saudi leaders to see a Shia-led Iraq as naturally beholden to Iran: the view that Iran is inherently expansionist, and the belief that Arab Shia tend to be loyal to it. This outlook was simplistic, even downright inaccurate; and, in refusing to engage, the Saudis created a self-fulfilling prophecy.As Harvey demonstrates, members of Iraq's new government initially sought to establish a positive relationship with Saudi Arabia, and to pursue a course independent from Iran. But, isolated and rejected by Saudi King Abdullah, Iraq ultimately had nowhere else to turn.
Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia in the Late Twentieth Century
Authors: Harvey Katherine
Published: January 2022

The political psychology literature demonstrates how humans’ preexisting beliefs shape their perceptions, with their perceptions then becoming the basis of their decisions. Drawing on this literature, this chapter explores the beliefs that were established within the Saudi leadership about Iran in the period after the 1979 Iranian Revolution, as these beliefs would fundamentally shape how the Saudis perceived Iraq’s post-2003 Shia ascendance. The chapter contends that the eight-year Iran-Iraq War, which followed on the heels of the Iranian Revolution, constituted a traumatic event for the Saudi leadership, establishing a powerful belief among them about an inherent Iranian expansionism. During this decade, Saudi leaders began to perceive that Iran sought to dominate the countries of the Persian Gulf, and following the war’s conclusion the Saudis continued to assess all indicators as evidence of Iran’s hegemonic ambitions.
A Prophecy Fulfilled
Authors: Harvey Katherine
Published: January 2022

The conclusion points out that, despite the voluminous literature on post-2003 Iraq, remarkably little has been written about Saudi Arabia’s hostile attitude to it. This gap in the literature has created a widespread perception that Saudi Arabia was not much of a factor in what happened in Iraq in the years following the invasion. By contrast, the conclusion argues that it is impossible to understand Iraq’s turn toward Iran starting in 2010 without understanding Saudi Arabia’s refusal to engage with it. In short, Iraqi leaders, foremost Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki, came to fear Saudi Arabia, and they became evermore reliant on Iran as their fear of Saudi Arabia grew. The conclusion also explores parallels between this case study and the case of Yemen in recent years. As with Iraq, the Saudis have seen the Yemeni Houthis as an Iranian client, even though what has principally brought the Houthis and Iran together has been the Houthis’ conflict with Saudi Arabia.
Introduction Multiple Transitions and Irregular Migration in Ethiopia
Authors: Kefale Asnake , Gebresenbet Fana
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter argues that consideration of multiple transitions sending communities and countries go through, and assemblage thinking will contribute to a more nuanced understanding of irregular migration from the perspective of sending communities. The chapter considers five co-occurring transitions with differing logics: demographic, political, socio-economic, youth to adulthood, and global. These transitions provide the structural opportunities and constraints which influence migration decision making of prospective migrants, their family and the local community. Assemblage of migration—defined as a process within which various players, including prospective migrants, brokers and traffickers, state officials, formal and informal institutions link in a harmonious as well as competitive fashion to shape outward migration from Ethiopia—is key to understanding the agency of migrants and sending communities. It also helps us to better understand the complexity of migration and its fluidity, i.e., as patterns of migration get re-constructed in response to changes in sending, transit and destination countries. Assemblage thinking captures the agency of actors at different levels, thereby dislodging the disproportionate attention paid to destination countries. Lastly, the chapter introduces the eleven chapters included in the book.
The Moral Economy of Irregular Migration and Remittance Distribution in South Wollo
Authors: Adem Teferi Abate
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses some of the moral economic and kinship-based affective issues that influence the decisions of rural youth from South Wollo to move to Saudi Arabia as irregular labour migrants. This goal is achieved by examining the kinds of culturally expected entitlements and sentimentally enforced norms that both prospective migrants and sending parents effectively mobilize at different phases of the migration process. The focus is on ethnographically observed decision dilemmas especially at the initial stage when financing the cost of prospective immigration and later when anticipated migration remittances and gifts are distributed. The analysis complements works that tend to amplify the agency of individual migrants, while dumbing the equally worth studying moralistic and affective consequences on the households and communities they left behind.
CXO Expansion
Authors: Alvarez José Luis , Svejenova Silviya
Published: January 2022

This chapter investigates the expansion of chief officer roles. First, it outlines three directions in the understanding of CXO expansion as an organizational phenomenon. Then, each of these three theoretical directions is followed in order to interpret this expansion: category extension, hyper-organization, and strategic responses to complexity. Exploring the phenomenon through category extension demonstrates how CXOs are a vibrant category of executive management which is growing both horizontally (variety of CXO roles) and vertically (status differentiation). The second perspective, hyper-organization, reveals and connects the rampant inflation of chiefs to the professionalization and myths of management; the chapter argues that the establishment of CXO roles is part of the elaboration of an organization into a hyper-organization. The third perspective, strategic responses to complexity, allows interpreting the CXO expansion through organizations’ strategic (substantial and/or symbolic) responses to four domains of complexity (i.e. institutional, information, primary task, and administrative) and outlining the respective clusters of chief officer roles.
Top Team Dynamics
Authors: Alvarez José Luis , Svejenova Silviya
Published: January 2022

This chapter delves into interactions among CXOs in terms of their involvement in and contributions to the senior leadership team. It focuses on how CXOs work with one another and with the CEO as members of the top team. To explore these collective dynamics, the chapter first reviews the structure, composition, and processes of top management teams, as well as their main benefits and challenges. The discussion then turns to competing, and collaborating in the C-suite, thereby revealing tensions and balancing acts. The concluding section highlights some implications for the model and operations of the C-suite as a top team oriented to enabling organizational agility and expanding the organization’s future horizons.
Willing to Pay? A Reasonable Choice Approach
Authors: Steinmo Sven , D’Attoma John
Published: January 2022

The Introduction opens with a brief presentation of the field of the behavioral social sciences and the field of taxation. Why we have chosen to study tax compliance? What can it tell us about human behavior related to taxation and why people behave the way they do, more generally? Tax money funds the public services that we rely upon, and yet, tax compliance varies greatly both across societies and between countries. Given that tax evasion (what is often referred to as the “Tax Gap”) can account for several hundred million dollars in revenue loss each year, these are not simply “academic” questions. Every government (and most citizens) would like increased tax compliance—not only because it could provide increase revenues but also because doing so could make the entire system fairer and more equitable. This chapter lays out our three main variables—institutions, norms, and values—and their relationship to tax compliance.
The Wartime Fragments I
Authors: Toporowski Jan
Published: January 2022

While working in Cambridge and Oxford, Kalecki took issue with the Neo-Classical Wicksellian theory that the rate of interest determines the amount of investment in the economy. His studies showed only a weak effect of interest on business investment, in particular during recessions when firms were more likely to be operating with excess capacity. The short-term rate of interest would only affect velocity of circulation of money. But he also rejected Keynes’s idea that the long-term rate of interest could affect the amount of investment in the economy. Like Hawtrey, Hicks, and Shackle, Kalecki found that the long-term rate of interest does not vary much, and is therefore unlikely to be a causal factor in the business cycle.
The Classical Theory of Interest
Authors: Toporowski Jan
Published: January 2022

The classical theory of interest asserts that the rate of interest is determined by the rate of profit. In Anwar Shaikh’s recent book, this is achieved by arbitrage between the rate of profit on production and the rate of profit in banking. The chapter argues that this may hold in a commodity money system. But in a credit economy, the rate of profit in banking is the margin between deposit and lending rates of interest, rather than the absolute level of the rate of interest. There is no necessary connection between the rate of interest and the rate of profit in the economy. In this respect, Kalecki’s theory is a departure from Wicksellian monetary economics.
What is ‘Soft’ Law? An Analysis of the Concept of Non-Binding Instruments and Provisions in International Law
Authors: Crawford Emily
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the different types of soft law instrument as identified in the literature, which can be broadly divided into two categories: non-binding norms in binding instruments, and non-binding instruments. This chapter will examine and analyse the arguments that have emerged in the literature, either in support of or opposition to soft law instruments and provisions. Finally, this chapter will also briefly survey how soft law has been received by States and by international judicial organs such as the International Court of Justice, to see what kind of weight and consideration such instruments are afforded by these international actors.
The History of Non-Binding Instruments in the History of International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Crawford Emily
Published: January 2022

This chapter will outline the history of non-binding instruments in the law of armed conflict, specifically, those created prior to the non-binding instruments that are the primary subject of examination in this book. The focus will be on whether and how such instruments came to influence and impact on the binding law of armed conflict, the reasons behind the creation of these instruments, and why the non-binding path was chosen (if it was, and, if not, why not). In doing so, this chapter will explore how non-binding instruments have been used in international humanitarian law (IHL) historically and set the stage for the analysis in the next two chapters of current non-binding instruments and provisions in IHL.
Non-Binding Provisions in Binding Instruments
Authors: Crawford Emily
Published: January 2022

There is a long history of production, adoption, and utilisation of non-binding instruments in international humanitarian law (IHL). Whether the instruments were intended as non-binding, or whether their non-binding character was accidental, States have engaged with non-binding IHL instruments alongside binding IHL treaties. Additionally, non-binding standards have been included in binding treaties, most notably in the instruments related to the regulation of conduct in non-international armed conflict. Both Common Article 3 and Additional Protocol II contain non-binding standards that strongly encourage a particular course of action for parties to those instruments. This chapter examines the drafting history of Common Article 3’s ‘special agreements’ provision and Additional Protocol II’s amnesty provision, to explore why they were included in the Conventions and Protocol II, and to assess whether these standards have been implemented, and to examine how and why non-binding standards have been received by States and non-State groups. Of particular interest for this study is whether the inclusion of these non-binding standards within an existing binding treaty made it more likely that the standard would be implemented, and what that says about the nature of non-binding instruments and standards.
Non-Binding Instruments in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Crawford Emily
Published: January 2022

The current chapter focuses on the ‘recent’ non-binding instruments, starting with the 1994 San Remo Manual on Naval Warfare. This chapter will analyse: the intention behind their adoption; their scope and breadth; the originating institution or organisation and the participants involved; and a brief discussion how such instruments have been received. The analysis will serve to establish the groundwork for the second part of this book, which will explore the bigger theoretical questions of how non-binding instruments generally (and these particular non-binding instruments specifically) have been received; whether they have actually made an impact on their extant topic areas; and whether the processes by which they have been drafted and adopted in practice (if they have been adopted in practice) raises any concerns or challenges for the international law-making process, and the centrality of the State to that process.
The Efficacy of Soft Law Norms
Authors: Crawford Emily
Published: January 2022

Having assessed the non-binding instruments and provisions in international humanitarian law (IHL), a pertinent, if simplistic question arises: do they actually work? It is clear, from the examination undertaken in the previous chapters, that the drafters of these non-binding provisions and instruments intend for the rules and/or recommendations contained within the instruments to influence State (and non-State) behaviour. This chapter will examine whether these aims are borne out in practice. Admittedly, this is a low bar to meet, but, as this chapter explores, some instruments cannot meet even that minimum standard.
Legitimacy and Legality and Non-Binding Instruments in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Crawford Emily
Published: January 2022

This chapter will explore whether theories regarding the legitimacy of law (and international law more generally) can account for whether a non-binding instrument is more readily welcomed in State practice. Utilising the academic debate on the notion of legitimacy, this chapter will examine what factors might contribute to whether an instrument is perceived as having some measure of legitimacy. These factors may include the provenance of the instrument, the process by which the instrument is created, the participants involved in its drafting, and whether the outcomes are considered a reasonable restatement of applicable law or an unacceptable progressive development. This chapter will also look at the connected question of the legality of non-binding instruments—what is their legal status, if any, and does that impact on their reception and impact? This brings us to the central issue for non-binding instruments, and their legitimacy and legality specifically, what right to non-binding norms have to make any claims on behaviour?
The Impact of the Turn towards the Non-Binding in International Humanitarian Law and the Way Forward for Non-Binding Norms in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Crawford Emily
Published: January 2022

There are notable benefits that come from engaging with non-binding instruments. Such instruments bring with them a degree of speed and flexibility, and dynamism that formal treaty-making processes can lack. Likewise, non-binding instruments can engage with a broader range of stakeholders, potentially exerting a greater compliance pull. The impact of these non-binding and informal instruments is notable and the instruments have influenced State practice, are treated as quasi-legal documents by stakeholders, and ‘are more and more discussed side-by-side with treaties, State and judicial practice’. However, while there has been attention paid to these immediate impacts of non-binding instruments, it is also important to note potential long-term impacts connected to non-binding instruments. This final chapter will return to some of the debates examined in Chapter 1, regarding the ‘problems’ of soft law and non-binding instruments and explore whether the proliferation of non-binding instruments (and the proliferation of stakeholders involved in the creation of such non-binding instruments) in international humanitarian law (IHL) is problematic or an opportunity for IHL, or, perhaps, both.
National Human Rights Institutions
Authors: Langtry David , Roberts Lyer Kirsten
Published: January 2022

This book is an authoritative guide to National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) in their important role as promoters and protectors of human rights at the national level. Since its earliest assessments of NHRIs in 1998, the Global Alliance of NHRIs’ (GANHRI) Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) has developed a substantive body of work that has examined the operation and practice of over 128 institutions in countries and territories from every part of the globe. Analysed and catalogued in their entirety into an accessible format for the first time, and covering all aspects of NHRIs’ structure and functioning, as well as providing a comprehensive overview of how the SCA works in practice, this book is an indispensable resource for scholars and practitioners who wish to understand and learn how NHRIs operate at the national level, as well as what problems they face and ultimately, how they can be strengthened. Benefitting from the unique insight of David Langtry, a member of the SCA for eleven years, this book is an essential source for all those interested in the role of NHRIs, and more broadly, of all state-established institutions intended to function independently.
Introduction
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts
Published: January 2022

This chapter places the book in its broader context. It considers the complex position of National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) at the national level, and the risks where they are ineffective. It examines some of the central discussions and approaches taken in the academic literature to NHRIs’ independence and effectiveness, notably the factors considered as underlying effectiveness. It also introduces the increased focus by international organisations—in particular, the United Nations—on NHRIs as domestic implementers of international human rights standards. Introducing the book as a whole, this chapter also explains the content, format, and approach taken by the authors in the book.
The Operation of the Sub-Committee on Accreditation in Practice
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts
Published: January 2022

The Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) is a unique mechanism within the international human rights system that is entrusted to assess National Human Rights Institutions, with its judgments accepted by the international community. But how does the SCA accreditation process work, and how does the SCA make its decisions? This chapter provides a detailed insight into how the SCA functions in practice, and the methods by which it reaches its decisions. Drawing in particular on the eleven years of experience of David Langtry as a member of the SCA, this chapter provides unique insights into the process of accreditation as well as detailing the formalities of the accreditation process that will be of particular interest for those seeking to improve their understanding of it, as well as for those who will engage with this process.
National Human Rights Institutions’ Legal Basis: The Enabling Law
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts
Published: January 2022

The Paris Principles require National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) to be properly established as a state body in law. In establishing an NHRI, states therefore enact an enabling law and/or modify their constitution. This is the fundamental starting point for the creation and functioning of an NHRI. But what form should this enabling law take and how does the Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) respond when the NHRI is established not by legislation but by an executive order? How should NHRIs seek improvements to their enabling law? This chapter considers the SCA’s findings in relation to these questions. It also examines the formal requirements for NHRI annual reports within the enabling law, and their placement before the national parliament. This chapter focuses on the status of the enabling law at the national level, as the content of the enabling law itself is the subject of multiple recommendations across other chapters in this part of the book.
National Human Rights Institutions Relationship with the State
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts
Published: January 2022

Whether a National Human Rights Institution’s (NHRI) has sufficient budgetary resources to undertake its operations is fundamental to the ability of the institution to fulfil its mandate as an independent human rights body. Funding is thus a significant point of concern for the Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA). Almost half of the SCA recommendations from 2006 to 2019 included mention of the need for adequate funding. NHRIs are expected to be adequately funded by the state, yet states may underfund their NHRI either because of a lack of commitment, the general economic situation, or as a way of undermining its effective functioning.
The Practice of National Human Rights Institutions as Human Rights Advocates and Defenders
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts
Published: January 2022

How are National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) expected to use their mandate in practice? This chapter is the first in Part III of this book and examines recommendations of the Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) in relation to the activity of the NHRI on the ground as a human rights actor. This is a growing area of focus and concern for the SCA as is seen throughout Part III of this book. This chapter examines how the SCA deals with NHRIs who are failing to promote and protect human rights, or worse, actively undermining human rights. It also considers the requirements for NHRIs to engage both at the domestic level with other national human rights actors, primarily NGOs and civil society, and with the international and regional human rights systems.
National Human Rights Institutions as Treaty-mandated National Prevention and Monitoring Mechanisms
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts
Published: January 2022

Some National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) have been given additional mandates under two of the most recent international human rights instruments: Specifically, as National Preventative Mechanisms (NPMs) under the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT) and/or as National Monitoring Mechanisms (NMM) under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The national mechanisms under OPCAT and CRPD are novel innovations in the modern human rights architecture, and one in which NHRIs have been closely involved. This chapter reviews the observations of the Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) on NHRIs that have an additional role as treaty-mandated national mechanisms.
Looking Forward—the Sub-Committee on Accreditation and National Human Rights Institutions
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts
Published: January 2022

What does this book tell us about the Sub-committee on Accreditation (SCA) and National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs)? And what will the coming period look like for them? How can Global Alliance of NHRIs’ (GANHRI), the SCA, and NHRIs support the credibility of these institutions around the world? This final chapter of the book reflects upon the approach taken by the SCA in its assessments reviewed in this book, as well as what these assessments can tell us about NHRI effectiveness and independence. It also offers final reflections by the authors on the role of the SCA, the potential and risks for it moving forward, and the future for NHRIs.
Introduction
Authors: Pettitt Clare
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter suggests that 1848 was a pivotal moment in the history of modernity not only in Europe but in much of the rest of the world too. Marx’s scornful dismissal of the 1848 revolutions in his ‘The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte’ created a historiography for 1848 that has persisted for more than 150 years. Now it is time to rethink this pan-European serial revolution. This introduction outlines the extraordinary series of political events in 1848 and suggests that by using the concept of seriality, rather than, for example ‘nation’, ‘class’, or ‘industrial labour’, we can better understand the scale and spread of the revolutions across territories with vastly different political regimes. In 1848 the whole of Europe began to see itself represented in print and entered into a conversation with itself. Despite the counter-revolution, the effect of this sudden international connectivity was to be game-changing.
Slavery and Citizenship
Authors: Pettitt Clare
Published: January 2022

Chapter 7 returns with Douglass and Emerson to America to explore the effects of their European experiences on their evolving political ideas. Particular attention is given to the ways in which they each reconceptualized race after the revolutionary experience of 1848. For the first time, Emerson truly began to understand the catastrophe that slavery represented for American democracy. Douglass took home with him from Europe a new focus on constitutionalism. On his return to America, he moved away from abolitionist arguments and started to make the American Constitution the target of his campaign for black citizenship. Europe after 1848 was a mobile serialized space, and its people continued to benefit by a serial constitutionalism which had identified as human many who had not been considered fully human before. Douglass took European ideas back to America to demand the revision of the American Constitution to include all Americans.
Introduction
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: January 2022

The Introduction sets out the main themes of the book, and describes the method employed here—namely a blend of philosophical arguments and historical examples.
Political Secrets
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: January 2022

To defend espionage and counter-intelligence is to show that one may justifiably acquire and protect supposedly secret information. The secrets which intelligence agencies and their political paymasters collect and use pertain to foreign political communities’ critical security apparatus, their political agency, their economic interests, and their members’ personal lives; the secrets which they seek to protect pertain to their own similar interests. This chapter provides a descriptive account of the right to secrecy, and offers a defence of the right to secrecy as pertains to security and political agency—or political secrets.
Recruitment
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: January 2022

Spies, double agents, and traitors are recruited and handled through a wide range of methods: money, flattery, ideological persuasion, downright threats—singly or in combination. This chapter addresses some of the difficult ethical issues which those practices raise. It describes several modes of recruitment and reviews in greater detail four problematic features of asset recruitment: the fact that assets often act for the wrong motives and that their handlers are complicitous in their moral dereliction; the fact that recruitment is often manipulative; the fact that it is often exploitative; the fact that it is often coercive. In reflecting on the ethics of recruitment and handling, the chapter sheds light on the broader questions of the ethics of manipulation, exploitation, and coercion, including blackmail and entrapment.
Delirium
Authors: Bush Shirley H. , Gagnon Bruno , Lawlor Peter G.
Published: January 2022

The syndrome of delirium is extremely common in palliative care patients, especially towards the end of life. Although routine screening may improve the detection of delirium, the healthcare team should remain alert to any changes in a patient’s behaviour or cognitive or physical function as potential indicators of either full-blown or impending delirium. This chapter describes the clinical assessment of delirium and its underlying causes. The role of non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions for delirium is discussed in light of recent research evidence. Delirium frequently generates high levels of distress for patients and their families, warranting the provision of education and psychological support as part of best practice management. It is also essential that healthcare professionals receive education to understand and manage some of the more challenging manifestations of delirium such as agitated behaviour.
Mouth care
Authors: Azzaria Samir , Fournier Marie-Andrée , Simard Mélanie
Published: January 2022

Oral problems are commonly reported by patients receiving cancer treatment or in palliative care and, as such, have a negative impact on quality of life. It is very important to maintain good oral health and to prevent and treat complications that may arise in order to maintain self-esteem, social interactions and help compliance to general treatment. Problems such as mucositis, infection, xerostomia, and bleeding require treatment, whether or not the patient is receiving disease-modifying therapies. Treatment can be pharmacological and nonpharmacological and may focus on healing but comfort should be the priority. Above all, mouth care is everyone’s business: the patient, the care team and the family.
Lymphoedema
Authors: Towers Anna , Letellier Marie-Ève
Published: January 2022

Lymphoedema, a failure of the lymphatic system, is a chronic condition that requires lifelong care. Ideally, a multidisciplinary team is involved, with a patient-centred approach. Decongestive lymphatic therapy (DLT) is the standard approach of treatment, and compression is a key element. Education in self-management (e.g. skin care, exercise, self-massage, self-bandage) must be given to every patient and their relative. In the case of advanced cancer and end of life, modification to DLT might be required. However, control of symptoms (e.g. pain, swelling) must be addressed. Advocacy is needed to ensure that lymphoedema treatments are accessible. Health professionals can take a leadership role to improve the care of these patients.
Chemotherapy
Authors: Rudney Rachel , Daeninck Paul J.
Published: January 2022

Cancer is no longer one disease entity, but rather more than 200 separate conditions, all having treatments specific to their individual targets and pathogenesis. Treatments for malignancies are continuously being researched and developed, based on new discoveries, clinical trial results, and real-world experience. This has resulted in a multitude of choices that can slow or stop the growth of tumours. The rates of cure or durable remissions also have increased over time, owing to the use of newer combinations of cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy. Palliative medicine practitioners are increasingly involved in supportive care for patients and families pursuing these options and need to have a general knowledge of the benefits and adverse effects of these therapies.
Palliative care in the community
Authors: Boyle Anne B. , Henderson David
Published: January 2022

Studies have shown that 70% of people would like to die at home, however most do not for various reasons. Knowing that so many people would like the option to die at home, it is very important we have the knowledge base and skill set to help facilitate this. This chapter will explore initiating a palliative approach early in a disease trajectory. This allows for a relationship to develop between patient, family and health care provider, advance directives to be discussed, and goals of care (including preferred place of death) to be established. The importance of anticipating needs and developing plans to meet these needs are explored to enable a well supported, compassionate, patient and family centered death at home.
Palliative care in the intensive care unit
Authors: Schulz Valerie N. , Downar James
Published: January 2022

Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) and their family members often have unmet palliative care needs, including informational needs, supportive needs, and uncontrolled symptoms such as pain, dyspnoea, agitation, and delirium. ICU providers can meet these needs by integrating a palliative approach to care using a consultative model, an integrative model, or a hybrid of the two. Assessing and addressing unmet palliative needs impact the lived experience of patients and their families, regardless of whether or not patients are expected to survive their admission. Skilled communication assists with patient-centred decision-making and aligning care with patient and family values. This chapter will explore opportunities to align the principles of palliative care and critical care.
Paediatric palliative care
Authors: Lysecki Dave , Vadeboncoeur Christina
Published: January 2022

This chapter demonstrates a palliative approach to care when the patient is a child. In addition to focusing on the child, it is important to pay attention to the entire family including parents and siblings. The first case reviews topics including perinatal palliative care, supporting families through identifying goals of care and care plans and some of the complexities of substitute decision-making. The second case reviews topics including assessment of capacity in older children, approaches to conversations about serious illness in children, communication and support for siblings. In addition, the chapter reviews pain assessment and treatment in the child with significant neurologic impairment, and specifics which may be important for planning end-of-life care.
Methadone
Authors: Hawley Pippa
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents a brief history of the use of methadone for analgesia and discusses the need for universal access to methadone for pain management where appropriate. The mechanisms of action, side-effects, drug interactions, and special considerations that are different to other opioids are discussed, with particular attention to QT interval prolongation and cytochrome P450 enzyme metabolism. Methods of methadone initiation and switching are described and compared. Use of non-oral routes of administration are presented for use in patients in whom the oral route is not possible.
Medical cannabis
Authors: Hawley Pippa , Maida Vincent
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, the history of medical cannabis use is briefly reviewed and the endocannabinoid system is described in basic terms. The use of cannabis-based medicines is discussed from a cancer patient’s perspective. Essential information for prescribers is presented, including the rationale for choice of preparations, therapeutic uses, potential side-effects, and interactions. The primary cannabinoids are discussed, and the existence of many non-cannabinoid molecules in plant-derived cannabis products are also introduced, e.g. terpenes. A simple approach to therapy of using a low-tetra-hydro cannabinol (THC)-containing oil, administered via an oral transmucosal route, with the product derived from a legal source (in Canada, a Health Canada-approved ‘Licensed Producer’), in a ‘Start Low, Go Slow’ manner, is recommended. The chapter concludes with brief discussion of the innovative wound management potential for topical cannabinoids.
Interventional analgesic techniques
Authors: Chan Philip , Shinkaruk Kelly
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the use of interventional analgesic modalities for the treatment of pain related to visceral tumours. Using case studies, it reviews the underlying mechanisms responsible for the pain, as well as the role of coeliac plexus neurolysis (CPN) in the management of pain related to upper gastrointestinal malignancies. The chapter also reviews the use of neuraxial techniques, both epidural and intrathecal, in the management of cancer pain, including the relevant anatomy and the pharmacokinetics of commonly used medications, as well as the clinical considerations in deciding when and how to initiate a patient on neuraxial medications. Indications and contraindications to, as well as logistic and financial considerations for interventional techniques are discussed.
Useful apps and websites
Authors: Singh Stephen B.
Published: January 2022

A new diagnosis of a life-limiting condition can be overwhelming. Increasingly, patients and families are turning to websites and apps to seek palliative care information. Much of the information found online is unfortunately not reputable. This chapter will outline how to evaluate websites and apps for reliability. It will also list some websites and apps that may be useful to recommend. Most apps currently available in Canada for palliative care are targeted towards healthcare providers. However, some apps have useful information on national and provincial patient resources. The more that we, as physicians, can arm ourselves with these tools, the better we can serve our patients and families.
Quantum, Atomic, and Molecular Physics
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki
Published: January 2022

This chapter goes beyond the traditional and idealized model systems (e.g., a square well; though general results for the existence of bound states in potentials of different dimensions are also discussed in the chapter), and shows how quantum mechanics works in a more advanced context of atomic diamagnetism, superconductivity, vacuum birefringence, and Van der Waals interactions. One of the problems discusses atomic desorption from surfaces, illustrating that not all atomic physics requires quantum mechanics!
Nuclear and Elementary-Particle Physics
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki
Published: January 2022

The chapter addresses several important questions, such as nuclear stability: why are some nuclei stable, while others are not (that is, they undergo fission)? How many stable elements can we expect? How is the electrical charge distributed within protons and neutrons? One problem devoted to the lifetime of positronium with respect to annihilation connects atomic physics with that of elementary particles.
Introduction
Authors: Arcodia Giorgio Francesco , Basciano Bianca
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces the field of studies of Chinese linguistics, and illustrates the aims, scope, and structure of this volume. Chinese linguistics is defined as the scientific study of Sinitic languages and other languages of China, from virtually any perspective (historical, typological, sociolinguistic), and the chapter proposes a brief sketch of some recent developments in the field. The rationale for writing this book is explained and its expected readership is described. The chapter then discusses the scope of the present volume, stressing the point that it is not meant to be an aid to language learners, or just as an introduction to the language, but, rather, an overview of key topics in Chinese linguistics. It concludes with a presentation of the structure of the book.
Topics in Chinese syntax
Authors: Arcodia Giorgio Francesco , Basciano Bianca
Published: January 2022

chapter discusses some key issues in Chinese syntax. It first provides an overview of word order in the history of Chinese, also illustrating the variation attested in modern Sinitic languages. It then deals with the issues of topichood and subjecthood, showing the close correlation between information structure and word order in Sinitic languages. It then moves to a discussion of serial verb constructions and their role in processes of grammaticalization; it also discusses the categories of tense and (grammatical and lexical) aspect, focussing on how temporal reference is established in Chinese, and argument strucure, especially in resultative compounds. The chapter concludes with an overview on word classes, highlighting some of the many controversies on this topic.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Bocksberger Sophie Marianne
Published: January 2022

noctes atque dies patet atri ianua Ditis;

sed revocare gradum superasque evadere ad auras,

hoc opus, hic labor est.

Virgil Aeneid 6.126–9

I have chosen to limit the scope of this book to the end of the fifth century for the simple reason that all the actualizations of the hero subsequent to Sophocles’ ...
The State of Human Rights Consciousness: Not Yet Endtimes
Authors: Merry Sally Engle
Published: January 2022

Are we in the ‘end times’ of human rights? Many critique human rights and describe the movement as in crisis. Yet human rights are not disappearing, and they are a resilient concept because of their rootedness in concepts of equality, fairness, and justice. Critiques that narrowly focus on the ‘effectiveness’ of human rights law miss their mark, because human rights should also be judged by the extent to which they express our shared values and goals. It is important to look for human rights outside formal international institutions, and to understand human rights in practice, which requires looking at the way the ideas they promote have become part of everyday life for many people around the world. Local advocates working for social justice can benefit from framing their struggles and demands in human rights terms—doing so adds legitimacy, produces allies in the cause, and renders the issue legible to a broader audience. By examining the human rights system as a social justice ideology with universal aspirations, flexible enough to be reinterpreted and redefined in a variety of contexts and for a broad range of problems, it is possible to develop a more comprehensive and useful understanding of the way human rights work in our contemporary world. Beyond a form of law, this chapter argues that there are two other important functions for human rights: first, they provide an ideology of social justice for social movements, and second, they provide documentation of injustice, making violations of the most vulnerable known to the world.