bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pontomedullary junction as a reference for spinal cord cross-sectional area: validation across neck positions
Authors: Bédard Sandrine , Bouthillier Maxime , Cohen-Adad Julien
Published: August 2023

Spinal cord cross-sectional area (CSA) is an important MRI biomarker to assess spinal cord atrophy in various neurodegenerative and traumatic spinal cord diseases. However, the conventional method of computing CSA based on vertebral levels is inherently flawed, as the prediction of spinal levels from vertebral levels lacks reliability, leading to considerable variability in CSA measurements. Computing CSA from an intrinsic neuroanatomical reference, the pontomedullary junction (PMJ), has been proposed in previous work to overcome limitations associated with using a vertebral reference. However, the validation of this alternative approach, along with its variability across and within participants under variable neck extensions, remains unexplored. The goal of this study was to determine if the variability of CSA across neck flexions/extensions is reduced when using the PMJ, compared to vertebral levels. Ten participants underwent a 3T MRI T2w isotropic scan at 0.6 mm3 for 3 neck positions: extension, neutral and flexion. Spinal cord segmentation, vertebral labeling, PMJ labeling, and CSA were computed automatically while spinal segments were labeled manually. Mean coefficient of variation for CSA across neck positions was 3.99 ± 2.96% for the PMJ method vs. 4.02 ± 3.01% for manual spinal segment method vs. 4.46 ± 3.10% for the disc method. These differences were not statistically significant. The PMJ method was slightly more reliable than the disc-based method to compute CSA at specific spinal segments, although the difference was not statistically significant. This suggests that the PMJ can serve as a valuable alternative and reliable method for estimating CSA when a disc-based approach is challenging or not feasible, such as in cases involving fused discs in individuals with spinal cord injuries.
Biochemical and morphological responses to post-hepatectomy liver failure in rats
Authors: Lund Andrea , Andersen Kasper Jarlhelt , Meier Michelle , Pedersen Marie Ingemann , Knudsen Anders Riegels , Kirkegård Jakob , Mortensen Frank Viborg , Nyengaard Jens Randel
Published: August 2023

The upper limit for partial hepatectomy (PH) in rats is 90%, which is associated with an increased risk of post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF), correlating with high mortality. Sixty-eight rats were randomized to 90% PH, sham operation, or no surgery. Further block randomization was performed to determine the time of euthanasia, whether 12, 24, or 48 h after surgery. A general distress score (GDS) was calculated to distinguish between rats with reversible (GDS < 10) and irreversible PHLF (GDS ≥ 10). At euthanasia, the liver remnant and blood were collected. Liver-specific biochemistry and regeneration ratio were measured. Hepatocyte proliferation and volume were estimated using stereological methods. All rats subjected to 90% experienced biochemical PHLF. The biochemical and morphological liver responses did not differ between the groups until 48 h after surgery. At 48 h, liver regeneration and function were significantly improved in survivors. The peak mean regeneration ratio was 15% for rats with irreversible PHLF compared to 26% for rats with reversible PHLF. The 90% PH rat model was associated with PHLF and high mortality. Irreversible PHLF was characterized by impaired liver regeneration capacity and an insufficient ability to metabolize ammonia.
Mathematical assessment of monkeypox disease with the impact of vaccination using a fractional epidemiological modeling approach
Authors: Liu Botao , Farid Samreen , Ullah Saif , Altanji Mohamed , Nawaz Rashid , Wondimagegnhu Teklu Shewafera
Published: August 2023

This present paper aims to examine various epidemiological aspects of the monkeypox viral infection using a fractional-order mathematical model. Initially, the model is formulated using integer-order nonlinear differential equations. The imperfect vaccination is considered for human population in the model formulation. The proposed model is then reformulated using a fractional order derivative with power law to gain a deeper understanding of disease dynamics. The values of the model parameters are determined from the cumulative reported monkeypox cases in the United States during the period from May 10th to October 10th, 2022. Besides this, some of the demographic parameters are evaluated from the population of the literature. We establish sufficient conditions to ensure the existence and uniqueness of the model’s solution in the fractional case. Furthermore, the stability of the endemic equilibrium of the fractional monkeypox model is presented. The Lyapunov function approach is used to demonstrate the global stability of the model equilibria. Moreover, the fractional order model is numerically solved using an efficient numerical technique known as the fractional Adams-Bashforth-Moulton method. The numerical simulations are conducted using estimated parameters, considering various values of the fractional order of the Caputo derivative. The finding of this study reveals the impact of various model parameters and fractional order values on the dynamics and control of monkeypox.
Genome-wide study of globally distributed respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) strains implicates diversification utilizing phylodynamics and mutational analysis
Authors: Shishir Tushar Ahmed , Saha Otun , Rajia Sultana , Mondol Spencer Mark , Masum Md. Habib Ullah , Rahaman Md. Mizanur , Hossen Foysal , Bahadur Newaz Mohammed , Ahmed Firoz , Naser Iftekhar Bin , Amin Mohammad Ruhul
Published: August 2023

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common respiratory pathogen that causes mild cold-like symptoms and severe lower respiratory tract infections, causing hospitalizations in children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Due to genetic variability, this virus causes life-threatening pneumonia and bronchiolitis in young infants. Thus, we examined 3600 whole genome sequences submitted to GISAID by 31 December 2022 to examine the genetic variability of RSV. While RSVA and RSVB coexist throughout RSV seasons, RSVA is more prevalent, fatal, and epidemic-prone in several countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and China. Additionally, the virus's attachment glycoprotein and fusion protein were highly mutated, with RSVA having higher Shannon entropy than RSVB. The genetic makeup of these viruses contributes significantly to their prevalence and epidemic potential. Several strain-specific SNPs co-occurred with specific haplotypes of RSVA and RSVB, followed by different haplotypes of the viruses. RSVA and RSVB have the highest linkage probability at loci T12844A/T3483C and G13959T/C2198T, respectively. The results indicate that specific haplotypes and SNPs may significantly affect their spread. Overall, this analysis presents a promising strategy for tracking the evolving epidemic situation and genetic variants of RSV, which could aid in developing effective control, prophylactic, and treatment strategies.
Dynamic evaluation on slope ecological restoration effect based on cosine similarity and markov chain
Authors: Chen Wenqiang , Sun Yongai , Shi Kaihe
Published: August 2023

It is important to evaluate the slope ecological restoration effect for diagnosing the slope restoration state in time. Several soft computing methods require experts to determine the index weight, which will affect the rationality of the evaluation results. Moreover, they are all static evaluation methods and cannot reflect the time effect of restoration. Therefore, a dynamic evaluation method has been proposed without determining the index weight based on Cosine Similarity and Markov Chain. Several cases were applied to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results presented that the results of this method are more consistent with the actual situations and can reflect the variability of the restoration effect. Finally, the sensitivity of indexes under different ecological restoration methods was analyzed. The results show that the core link of the restoration method was consistent with the sensitivity result. The proposed method provides a basis for optimizing the restoration methods.
The study of biomechanics and finite element analysis on a novel plate for tibial plateau fractures via anterolateral supra-fibular-head approach
Authors: Lu Yao , Bai HuanAn , Wang Qian , Ren Cheng , Li Ming , Li Zhong , Zhang Kun , Huang Qiang , Ma Teng
Published: August 2023

For Schatzker type II split-depressed tibial plateau fractures involving the fractures of anterolateral and posterolateral columns (APC), the optimal fixation scheme is controversial. The objectives of this study were: (1) to introduce a newly designed plate for treating APC fractures via biomechanical tests and finite element analysis (FEA), and (2) to compare it with two conventional fixation methods. APC fracture models were created and randomly assigned to three groups (Groups A-C). Group A was fixed with a 3.5-mm lateral locking plate, Group B was fixed with a 3.5-mm lateral locking plate and two 3.5-mm cannulated screws (hybrid fixation). Group C was fixed with the newly designed plate. It is an arched locking plate for fixing the lateral tibial plateau via the anterolateral supra-fibular-head approach. Each fracture model experienced a gradually increasing axial compressive load ranging from 250 to 750 N using a customized indenter. Biomechanical analysis demonstrated that the newly designed plate showed the minimum displacement among the three methods, followed by the hybrid fixation method. Conversely, the 3.5-mm lateral locking plate displayed the maximum displacement in APC fractures (p < 0.05). FEA results indicated that at 750 N, the maximum displacements for Groups A-C were measured as 3.06 mm, 2.74 mm, and 2.08 mm, respectively. Moreover, the maximum stresses recorded for the implant in Groups A-C at 750 N were 208.32 MPa, 299.59 MPa, and 143.26 MPa, while for the bone, they were 47.12 MPa, 74.36 MPa, and 40.01 MPa. The overall trends at 250 N and 500 N were consistent with those observed at 750 N. In conclusion, due to good biomechanical performance and FEA results, the newly designed plate represents a promising choice for managing APC fractures of the tibial plateau.
Accelerated annealing of fused filament fabricated (FFF) thermoplastics via an improved core–shell filament
Authors: Pugatch Michael , Teece Molly , Lee Juhyeong , Patil Nikhil , Dunn Ryan , Hart Kevin , Wetzel Eric , Park Jay H.
Published: August 2023

Thermoplastic parts manufactured via fused filament fabrication (FFF) have limited strength and toughness compared to other types of polymer additive and subtractive manufacturing. Low strength results from poor interlayer adhesion, making FFF parts not suitable for most engineering applications. Post processing solutions, such as annealing, enable healing of these interlayers, thus approaching injection molded parts. Prior work demonstrated a core–shell polycarbonate (PC)—acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) structured dual material filament to provide thermo-structural stability during annealing of the ABS component; however, annealing was limited to relatively low temperatures (135 °C) and required long annealing times (72 h). In the current work, a PC copolymer with a higher glass transition temperature (173 °C) than conventional PC is processed along with an extrusion-grade ABS into a PC-ABS core–shell filament. This improved dual material filament was printed, annealed, and evaluated via Izod impact testing, ultimately yielding 83% of bulk annealed ABS z-direction strength at an accelerated annealing time (8 h) and higher annealing temperature (155—175 °C). A demonstration part is printed with the dual material filament and annealed at 155 °C for 8 h, resulting in excellent dimensional accuracy, and a ductile failure at 73% higher ultimate load compared to the brittle failure of an as-printed part. This work highlights that material selection and design of a bicomponent filament geometry can lead to parts printed with FFF, with increased strength compared to other post-processing techniques at reduced processing times.
Non-glycosylated IGF2 prohormones are more mitogenic than native IGF2
Authors: Potalitsyn Pavlo , Mrázková Lucie , Selicharová Irena , Tencerová Michaela , Ferenčáková Michaela , Chrudinová Martina , Turnovská Tereza , Brzozowski Andrzej Marek , Marek Aleš , Kaminský Jakub , Jiráček Jiří , Žáková Lenka
Published: August 2023

Insulin-like Growth Factor-2 (IGF2) is important for the regulation of human embryonic growth and development, and for adults’ physiology. Incorrect processing of the IGF2 precursor, pro-IGF2(156), leads to the formation of two IGF2 proforms, big-IGF2(87) and big-IGF2(104). Unprocessed and mainly non-glycosylated IGF2 proforms are found at abnormally high levels in certain diseases, but their mode of action is still unclear. Here, we found that pro-IGF2(156) has the lowest ability to form its inactivating complexes with IGF-Binding Proteins and has higher proliferative properties in cells than IGF2 and other IGF prohormones. We also showed that big-IGF2(104) has a seven-fold higher binding affinity for the IGF2 receptor than IGF2, and that pro-IGF2(87) binds and activates specific receptors and stimulates cell growth similarly to the mature IGF2. The properties of these pro-IGF2 forms, especially of pro-IGF2(156) and big-IGF2(104), indicate them as hormones that may be associated with human diseases related to the accumulation of IGF-2 proforms in the circulation.
Noninvasive and reliable automated detection of spreading depolarization in severe traumatic brain injury using scalp EEG
Authors: Chamanzar Alireza , Elmer Jonathan , Shutter Lori , Hartings Jed , Grover Pulkit
Published: August 2023

Background

Spreading depolarizations (SDs) are a biomarker and a potentially treatable mechanism of worsening brain injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Noninvasive detection of SDs could transform critical care for brain injury patients but has remained elusive. Current methods to detect SDs are based on invasive intracranial recordings with limited spatial coverage. In this study, we establish the feasibility of automated SD detection through noninvasive scalp electroencephalography (EEG) for patients with severe TBI.

Methods

Building on our recent WAVEFRONT algorithm, we designed an automated SD detection method. This algorithm, with learnable parameters and improved velocity estimation, extracts and tracks propagating power depressions using low-density EEG. The dataset for testing our algorithm contains 700 total SDs in 12 severe TBI patients who underwent decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC), labeled using ground-truth intracranial EEG recordings. We utilize simultaneously recorded, continuous, low-density (19 electrodes) scalp EEG signals, to quantify the detection accuracy of WAVEFRONT in terms of true positive rate (TPR), false positive rate (FPR), as well as the accuracy of estimating SD frequency.

Results

WAVEFRONT achieves the best average validation accuracy using Delta band EEG: 74% TPR with less than 1.5% FPR. Further, preliminary evidence suggests WAVEFRONT can estimate how frequently SDs may occur.

Conclusions

We establish the feasibility, and quantify the performance, of noninvasive SD detection after severe TBI using an automated algorithm. The algorithm, WAVEFRONT, can also potentially be used for diagnosis, monitoring, and tailoring treatments for worsening brain injury. Extension of these results to patients with intact skulls requires further study.
Rapid resistance profiling of SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitors
Authors: Moghadasi Seyed Arad , Biswas Rayhan G. , Harki Daniel A. , Harris Reuben S.
Published: August 2023

Resistance to nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) has been shown by multiple groups and may already exist in clinical SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Here a robust cell-based assay is used to determine the relative potencies of nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir, and FB2001 against a panel of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) variants. The results reveal that these three drugs have at least partly distinct resistance mutation profiles and raise the possibility that the latter compounds may be effective in some instances of Paxlovid resistance and vice versa.
Dual active-sites of Co and oxygen vacancies in Co-doped CeO2-catalyzed toluene oxidation for the subsequent Knoevenagel condensation process
Authors: Zou Yong , Liu Yuxuan , Zhang Sai , Qu Yongquan
Published: August 2023

Efficient activation and oxidative transformation of C(sp3)–H into value-added compounds by O2 represents a sustainable synthetic pathway with high atom economy and environmentally friendly features.
Dynamic monitoring of epoxy reactions and modulus evaluation by a multispectral approach
Authors: Liu Jinru , Huang Bingyu , Sun Xuan , Wang Kaina , Xu Ligang , Lou Chenjie , Walter Susan , Herzog Thomas , Heuer Henning , Fu Jipeng , Tang Mingxue
Published: August 2023

The regulation of the polymerization process of moleculars from liquid to solid is crucial for the ultimate mechanical properties of composite materials.
Rapid, room-temperature self-organization of polyarylated 1H-pyrroles from acetylenes and nitriles in the KOBut/DMSO system
Authors: Schmidt Elena Yu. , Tatarinova Inna V. , Lobanova Natal'ya A. , Ushakov Igor A. , Bagryanskaya Irina Yu. , Trofimov Boris A.
Published: August 2023

A new family of polysubstituted pyrroles became readily accessible in a simple one-step procedure from acetylenes and nitriles under mild (room temperature, 15 min), transition-metal-free conditions.
High-throughput concurrent synthesis of core-crosslinked star-polydimethylsiloxane using an arm-first approach
Authors: Eyckens Daniel J. , Howard Shaun , Moad Graeme , Muir Benjamin W. , Postma Almar , Simons Ranya
Published: August 2023

In this work we use RAFT crosslinking polymerisation coupled with a Chemspeed robotic synthesis platform to optimise conditions to produce PDMS-arm star polymers by an arm-first strategy.
Precise control of the catalyst interface at the atomic level
Authors: Dai Ruijie , Guan Zhixi , Guo Daying , Xi Bin
Published: August 2023

This mini-review details the research status of atomic-layer deposition in regulating the active interface of catalysts, and predicts its future development trends with regard to catalysis.
Anisotropic superhydrophobic graphene aerogel with radial superelasticity and axial superstiffness for efficient on-demand oil–water separation
Authors: Yang Yu , Ren Zhiying , Zhou Chunhui , Lin Youxi , Shi Linwei , Hou Linxi
Published: August 2023

Graphene aerogels possess unique advantages for treating oil–water mixtures, but their fragile mechanical properties hinder further development, and their separation mechanisms remain unclear.
All III‐arsenide low threshold InAs quantum dot lasers on InP(001)
Authors: Kwoen Jinkwan , Morais Natália , Zhan Wenbo , Iwamoto Satoshi , Arakawa Yasuhiko
Published: August 2023

This study investigates the development of InAs quantum dot (QD) lasers on a InP(001) substrate, utilizing only III‐arsenide layers. This approach avoids the issues associated with the use of phosphorus compounds, which are evident in the crystal growth of conventional C/L‐band QD lasers, making the manufacturing process safer, simpler, and more cost‐effective. The threshold current density of the fabricated QD laser was 633 A/cm2, which is the lowest value for QD lasers in the 1.6‐µm wavelength region. This result suggests a high cost‐effectiveness and paves the way towards a large‐scale production technology for high‐performing C/L/U‐band QD lasers.
Investigation of winding cooling enhancement and thermal modelling of large‐power high‐torque‐density direct‐drive PMSM
Authors: Song Yongda , Zhang Yue , Jin Shi , Xu Zhenyao , Zhang Fengge
Published: August 2023

Large‐power high‐torque‐density direct‐drive permanent magnet synchronous motors (LHDPMSM) are more and more frequently used to drive ball mills, belt conveyors, scraper conveyors, etc. Aiming at the characteristics of large copper loss and high winding temperature rise of the LHDPMSM, an effective winding cooling enhancement technology based on winding overall potting (WOP) is presented. The manufacturing process and cooling principle of WOP is described in detail and compared with the traditional vacuum pressure impregnation (VPI). In order to solve the problem of complex modelling process and long calculation time of LHDPMSM thermal field caused by large volume and asymmetric fluid cooling structure, the lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) considering both fluid cooling and winding potting is proposed. Then, the cooling capacity of WOP and VPI are compared by LPTN, and the influence of some major cooling system parameters on LHDPMSM temperature rise are also researched. Finally, in order to verify the correctness of the theoretical calculation results, two 450 kW LHDPMSM prototypes adopt WOP and VPI are manufactured, tested and compared. The theoretical and experimental results are highly consistent, which proves the effectiveness of WOP in winding cooling enhancement of LHDPMSM.
Analysis of SF6 decomposed products by fibre‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy for gas‐insulated switchgear diagnosis
Authors: Wang Jianxin , Chen Weigen , Wang Pinyi , Wan Fu , Zhang Zhixian , Gao Shoufei , Wang Yingying
Published: August 2023

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) decomposed products analysis is highly critical in the early‐stage fault diagnosis of gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS). Spectrum technology outperforms traditional methods on non‐invasiveness, no sample preparation, and no consumption. Here, the authors present an improved fibre‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (FERS) as a comprehensive analytical tool to detect a suite of SF6 decomposed products (SO2F2, SOF2, SO2, H2S, CF4, OCS, CO2, and CO). The FERS approach is combined with two iris diaphragms for spatial filtering and a rear‐end reflector for additional Raman signal enhancement. Limits of detection down to 1 × 10−6–8 × 10−6 are achieved for different SF6 decompositions, and quantification of an undefined multigas, sampled from an 800 kV GIS in service, is realised utilising SF6 as the internal standard gas and with a maximum error of 5.5 %. The GIS is diagnosed according to the results and confirmed by an on‐site check. The authors foresee that this technique will provide a route for trace gas analysis in the power industry.
Miniaturised element frequency selective surface design for high power microwave applications
Authors: Wu Kai , Xu Wanye , Li Peng , Zhou Jinzhu , Li Weiheng
Published: August 2023

A third‐order miniaturised element frequency selective surface (MEFSS) for high‐power microwave (HPM) systems is proposed. The MEFSS design is characterised by the excellent capability to handle high‐power waves and the stable frequency response at large incidence angles. Through combining the particle swarm optimisation algorithm and the equivalent circuit method to improve the efficiency, the design has low resonant temperature while maintaining a low maximum field enhancement factor. A theoretical guide for the selection of substrate parameters in high‐power systems is provided. Instead of being as small as possible, the loss tangent should be properly selected to reach a balance between metal loss and dielectric loss. To the author's best knowledge, it is the first time in‐band low temperature and out‐of‐band high temperature suppression at various incidence angles are realised. The results show that the frequency response remains stable for incident angles up to 60°, and the maximum temperature is reduced from 148°C to 44°C for incident power density of 10 kW/m2. A MEFSS prototype was fabricated, and the transmission coefficients were measured. The full‐wave simulation and measurement results agree well. It has significance to the engineering progress of FSS as radomes for HPM antenna systems.
A robust lp‐norm localization of moving targets in distributed multiple‐input multiple‐output radar with measurement outliers
Authors: Yang Jing , Liu Chengcheng , Huang Jie , Ding Ting , Hu Dexiu , Zhao Chuang
Published: August 2023

The Gaussian noise model and estimators based on least squares (LS) are widely used in target localisation with distributed multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) radar because of their computational efficiency. However, the accuracy of existing LS‐based target localisation algorithms deteriorates sharply in the presence of outliers in the measurements. Thus, a robust solution is developed based on the ‐norm minimisation criterion and iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) for locating a moving target with impulse noise using the angle of arrival (AOA), time delay (TD), and Doppler shift (DS) measurements. First, the AOA, TD, and DS measurement noise models are developed based on the α‐stable distribution. Then, the localisation problem is transformed into an ‐norm minimisation problem by linearising the AOA, TD, and DS measurement equations. Finally, the ‐norm minimisation problem is solved using an IRLS method to obtain the target position and estimate the velocity. Moreover, the optimum of the norm order (p) and the Cramér–Rao lower bound for the target position and velocity estimation are derived under α‐stable distributed measurement noise. The simulation results demonstrate that the developed algorithm offers higher accurascy and robustness than the existing ones in the presence of measurement outliers.
The central role of consumer–brand engagement in product and service brand contexts
Authors: Ndhlovu T. , Maree T.
Published: August 2023

This paper examines key relational drivers and brand outcomes of consumer–brand engagement (CBE) in smartphone (product) and social media (service) brand contexts. The study utilised structural equation modelling to analyse data collected from 503 smartphone owners and 491 social media users through online surveys. The findings show that, in both brand contexts, brand trust, self-expressive brand, and brand interactivity influence CBE. Furthermore, CBE positively influences brand evangelism and consumer-based brand equity. The mediating role of CBE is also reported. The findings imply that developing consumer relationship management (CRM) initiatives that generate brand trust, self-expressive brand, and brand interactivity, will lead to consumers having mutually rewarding and interactive relationships with the brand, leading to favourable brand outcomes. The paper contributes theoretically and contextually by testing an S-D logic-informed conceptual model that explains the important role of CBE in interrelating with important relational concepts in two contexts.
Zinc and nano zinc mediated alleviation of heavy metals and metalloids in plants: an overview
Authors: Jalil Sanaullah , Nazir Muhammad Mudassir , Ali Qurban , Zulfiqar Faisal , Moosa Anam , Altaf Muhammad Ahsan , Zaid Abbu , Nafees Muhammad , Yong Jean Wan Hong , Jin Xiaoli
Published: August 2023

Heavy metals and metalloids (HMs) contamination in the environment has heightened recently due to increasing global concern for food safety and human livability. Zinc (Zn2+) is an important nutrient required for the normal development of plants. It is an essential cofactor for the vital enzymes involved in various biological mechanisms of plants. Interestingly, Zn2+ has an additional role in the detoxification of HMs in plants due to its unique biochemical-mediating role in several soil and plant processes. During any exposure to high levels of HMs, the application of Zn2+ would confer greater plant resilience by decreasing oxidative stress, maintaining uptake of nutrients, photosynthesis productivity and optimising osmolytes concentration. Zn2+ also has an important role in ameliorating HMs toxicity by regulating metal uptake through the expression of certain metal transporter genes, targeted chelation and translocation from roots to shoots. This review examined the vital roles of Zn2+ and nano Zn in plants and described their involvement in alleviating HMs toxicity in plants. Moving forward, a broad understanding of uptake, transport, signalling and tolerance mechanisms of Zn2+/zinc and its nanoparticles in alleviating HMs toxicity of plants will be the first step towards a wider incorporation of Zn2+ into agricultural practices.
Interprofessional collaboration between prescribers, managers, nursing staff and on-site pharmacists within residential aged care facilities: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Batten Miranda , Lewis Joanne , Naunton Mark , Strickland Karen , Kosari Sam
Published: August 2023

Background

A new on-site pharmacist (OSP) intervention within residential aged care facilities (RACFs) is being investigated to help improve medication management. Interprofessional collaboration amongst prescribers, nursing staff and pharmacists is critical to improving RACF medication management.

Objective

To explore the extent of interprofessional collaboration and the nature of the working relationships between OSPs and prescribers, managers and nursing staff.

Methods

A mixed-methods study was undertaken within the context of a 12-month cluster randomised controlled trial. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with data analysed using framework analysis, and a survey based upon the Physician–Pharmacist Collaboration Index (PPCI) was distributed at two time points (T1 at 3 months and T2 at 9 months after OSP commencement) across seven intervention RACFs.

Results

The qualitative data (n = 33 interviews) findings related to the processes supportive of these relationships e.g. on-site proximity, OSP personality and perceived (or beneficial) benefits of OSPs working with health care team members (such as OSPs being trusted and providing reassurance to RACF health care team members). The PPCI survey mean scores at T1 (n = 33) and T2 (n = 19) suggested that OSPs were able to establish positive working relationships at 3 months and that positive relationships also existed at 9 months. The integrated findings suggested that the working relationships between OSPs and health care team members were generally positive.

Conclusions

This study is the first to explore interprofessional collaboration between OSPs and health-care team members in RACFs. The findings suggest that OSPs can positively contribute to interprofessional collaborative care within RACFs.
Preferences for deprescribing antihypertensive medications amongst clinicians, carers and people living with dementia: a discrete choice experiment
Authors: Raghunandan Rakhee , Howard Kirsten , Ilomaki Jenni , Hilmer Sarah N , Gnjidic Danijela , Bell J Simon
Published: August 2023

Background

Optimal management of hypertension in people with dementia may involve deprescribing antihypertensives. Understanding differing treatment priorities is important to enable patient-centred care. This study explored preferences for antihypertensive deprescribing amongst people living with dementia, carers and clinicians.

Methods

Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are a stated preference survey method, underpinned by economic theory. A DCE was conducted, and respondents completed 12 labelled choice-questions, each presenting a status quo (continuing antihypertensives) and antihypertensive deprescribing option. The questions included six attributes, including pill burden, and event risks for stroke, myocardial infarction, increased blood pressure, cognitive decline, falls.

Results

Overall, 112 respondents (33 carers, 19 people living with dementia, and 60 clinicians) completed the survey. For people with dementia, lower pill burden increased preferences for deprescribing (odds ratio (OR) 1.95, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.08–3.52). Increased stroke risk (for each additional person out of 100 having a stroke) decreased the likelihood of deprescribing for geriatricians (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.55–0.92) and non-geriatrician clinicians (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.45–0.86), and carers (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.58–0.88). Increased myocardial infarction risk decreased preferences for deprescribing for non-geriatricians (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.69–0.95) and carers (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73–0.98). Avoiding cognitive decline increased preferences for deprescribing for geriatricians (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.03–1.33) and carers (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09–1.48). Avoiding falls increased preferences for deprescribing for clinicians (geriatricians (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.11–1.29); non-geriatricians (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.07–1.25)). Other attributes did not significantly influence respondent preferences.

Conclusions

Antihypertensive deprescribing preferences differ amongst people with dementia, carers and clinicians. The study emphasises the importance of shared decision-making within the deprescribing process.
Efficacy and Safety Comparative of Sacubitril/Valsartan vs. Olmesartan in the Treatment of hypertension: A Meta-analysis of RCTs
Authors: Han Yongjin , Zhou Ying , Na Jing , Li Fuhang , Sun Yingxian
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND

Sacubitril/valsartan (LCZ696) is a widely used drug for hypertension in Asia, popular for its efficacy and safety. However, there has been no comprehensive literature review comparing it with olmesartan. This meta-analysis compared the antihypertensive and adverse effects of sacubitril/valsartan and olmesartan.

METHODS

We conducted a comprehensive search of Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases to identify eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The data were then analyzed and processed using Revman 5.4 and Stata SE14 software.

RESULTS

Six RCTs with 4,127 patients were identified, showing that LCZ696 had better blood pressure control than olmesartan; mean sitting systolic and diastolic blood pressure, sitting pulse pressure, 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure, and 24-hour ambulatory diastolic blood pressure were significantly decreased with LCZ696 compared with olmesartan. No significant difference between LCZ696 and olmesartan was observed in the occurrence of the majority of adverse events, with a decreased probability of headache in patients with sacubitril/valsartan compared with olmesartan. The subgroup analysis showed treatment with 400 mg/d LCZ696 was better than olmesartan in reducing serious adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS

Sacubitril/valsartan was better than olmesartan in controlling blood pressure in patients with hypertension, with relatively higher safety.
Molecular phylogeny and morphological evolution of the Chinese land snail Cathaica Möllendorff, 1884 (Eupulmonata: Camaenidae) in Shandong Province, China
Authors: Zhang Guoyi , Wade Christopher M
Published: August 2023

Cathaica is a genus of bradybaenid land snails occurring in China and is widespread in Shandong Province. Here we re-describe three species, C. pyrrhozona, C. fasciola and C. leei, and describe two new species, Cathaica fohuiensis Zhang sp. nov. and Cathaica multicostata Zhang sp. nov.. Geometric morphometric analyses demonstrate that C. pyrrhozona, C. fasciola, C. leei and C. fohuiensis are conchologically similar. Based on differences in their genitalia and molecular data, we consider C. pyrrhozona and C. fasciola to be distinct species. This re-establishes C. pyrrhozona as the type species of Cathaica. Cathaica leei can be distinguished based on its plate spiral whorl and wide umbilicus. The new species C. fohuiensis, with a conical shell and expanded vaginal base, can be distinguished from other Cathaica species based on morphological criteria and is robustly supported in the phylogenetic tree. The other new species, C. multicostata, possesses a strongly ribbed discoid shell and exhibits mucous glands that cluster tightly with the vagina. It is robustly supported in the phylogenetic tree and is the sister taxon to the other Cathaica species. Based on morphological characters and our molecular tree, Pliocathaica, represented here by P. buvigneri, P. pulveratricula and P. gansuica, is not monophyletic.
Comment on ‘Treatment of moderate-to-severe alopecia areata in preadolescent children with baricitinib’: authors’ reply
Authors: Asfour Leila , Bokhari Laita , Bhoyrul Bevin , Eisman Samantha , Moussa Anthony , Rees Huw , Sinclair Rodney D
Published: August 2023

In this response to a recent article on the off-label use of baricitinib for paediatric alopecia areata (AA), we raise additional points regarding the relationship between viral infections and AA relapse on Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi) therapy, and the potential benefits of concomitant oral minoxidil therapy in mitigating the risk of relapse during JAKi dose reduction or discontinuation.
WTP3.1 Histological stage and five-year recurrence/survival in patients who undergo pancreatoduodenectomy for ampullary adenocarcinoma
Authors: Russell Thomas , Labib Peter , Aroori Somaiah ,   RAW Study Collaborators
Published: August 2023

Aims

Patients with ampullary adenocarcinoma (AA) may be offered pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) with curative-intent providing they are appropriate surgical candidates. This study aimed to investigate and quantify the relationship between histological T and N stage, and five-year recurrence/survival in this group.

Methods

Data were extracted from the Recurrence After Whipple’s (RAW) study, a retrospective cohort study of PD outcomes (29 centres from 8 countries, n=1484). Patients with AA were grouped by their T stage and N stage, and five-year recurrence/survival rates were compared using Fisher’s exact test.

Results

394 patients (27%) had AA. T1, T2, T3 and T4 disease affected 46 (12%), 131 (33%), 130 (33%), and 86 (22%) patients, respectively (Tx: 1). Five-year recurrence was 11%, 35%, 53% and 65%, respectively. Patients with T3-4 disease (vs T1-2) had significantly higher rates of five-year recurrence (OR: 3.4, 95% CI: 2.2-5.2). Five-year survival was 78%, 65%, 45% and 36% in patients with T1, T2, T3 and T4 disease, respectively. Patients with T1-2 disease (vs T3-4) had significantly higher rates of five-year survival (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 2.0-4.7). Concerning nodal status, 154 patients (39%) had no lymph node involvement and 239 (61%) had positive regional lymph nodes (could not be assessed in one patient). Patients with N0 disease (vs N1) had lower five-year recurrence (OR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.2-0.4) and higher five-year survival (OR: 4.5, 95% CI: 2.7-6.6) rates.

Conclusion

In our multicentre study of AA patients who underwent PD, increasing T and N histological stages were found to correlate with increased five-year recurrence and reduced five-year survival rates.
Single-cell RNA-seq and bulk-seq identify RAB17 as a potential regulator of angiogenesis by human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Du Hengyu , Li Shenghong , Lu Jinqiang , Tang Lingzhi , Jiang Xiao , He Xi , Liang Jiaji , Liao Xuan , Cui Taixing , Huang Yuesheng , Liu Hongwei
Published: August 2023

Background

Angiogenesis is crucial in diabetic wound healing and is often impaired in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) are vital components in dermal angiogenesis; however, their functional and transcriptomic characteristics in DFU patients are not well understood. This study aimed to comprehensively analyse HDMECs from DFU patients and healthy controls and find the potential regulator of angiogenesis in DFUs.

Methods

HDMECs were isolated from skin specimens of DFU patients and healthy controls via magnetic-activated cell sorting. The proliferation, migration and tube-formation abilities of the cells were then compared between the experimental groups. Both bulk RNA sequencing (bulk-seq) and single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) were used to identify RAB17 as a potential marker of angiogenesis, which was further confirmed via weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and least absolute shrink and selection operator (LASSO) regression. The role of RAB17 in angiogenesis was examined through in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Results

The isolated HDMECs displayed typical markers of endothelial cells. HDMECs isolated from DFU patients showed considerably impaired tube formation, rather than proliferation or migration, compared to those from healthy controls. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), fGSEA, and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) of bulk-seq and scRNA-seq indicated that angiogenesis was downregulated in DFU-HDMECs. LASSO regression identified two genes, RAB17 and CD200, as characteristic of DFU-HDMECs; additionally, the expression of RAB17 was found to be significantly reduced in DFU-HDMECs compared to that in the HDMECs of healthy controls. Overexpression of RAB17 was found to enhance angiogenesis, the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor A, and diabetic wound healing, partially through the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling pathway.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the impaired angiogenic capacity in DFUs may be related to the dysregulated expression of RAB17 in HDMECs. The identification of RAB17 as a potential molecular target provides a potential avenue for the treatment of impaired angiogenesis in DFUs.
Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome following dupilumab treatment: experience of two Italian tertiary care centres
Authors: Buffon Stefano , Alberti Violetti Silvia , Avallone Gianluca , Venegoni Luigia , Marzano Angelo V , Mastorino Luca , Fava Paolo , Ribero Simone , Quaglino Pietro , Ortoncelli Michela , Ferrucci Silvia M
Published: August 2023

Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin-4 and -13 signalling pathway, and which is proven to be highly effective and safe in atopic dermatitis (AD). Its possible role in treating or inducing cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) has not yet been fully clarified, as several case reports seem to point not only at its beneficial effects but also at a possible pathogenetic role in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. We present data collected from a cohort of 995 patients with classic or prurigo nodularis-like AD who received dupilumab and were followed longitudinally for a mean period of 25.1 months after first administration to investigate a possible correlation between dupilumab and CTCL development.
Triphasic production of IFNγ by innate and adaptive lymphocytes following influenza A virus infection
Authors: Finney George E , Hargrave Kerrie E , Pingen Marieke , Purnell Thomas , Todd David , MacDonald Freya , Worrell Julie C , MacLeod Megan K L
Published: August 2023

Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a potent antiviral cytokine that can be produced by many innate and adaptive immune cells during infection. Currently, our understanding of which cells produce IFNγ and where they are located at different stages of an infection is limited. We have used reporter mice to investigate in vivo expression of Ifnγ mRNA in the lung and secondary lymphoid organs during and following influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We observed a triphasic production of Ifnγ expression. Unconventional T cells and innate lymphoid cells, particularly NK cells, were the dominant producers of early Ifnγ, while CD4 and CD8 T cells were the main producers by day 10 post-infection. Following viral clearance, some memory CD4 and CD8 T cells continued to express Ifnγ in the lungs and draining lymph node. Interestingly, Ifnγ production by lymph node natural killer (NK), NKT, and innate lymphoid type 1 cells also continued to be above naïve levels, suggesting memory-like phenotypes for these cells. Analysis of the localization of Ifnγ+ memory CD4 and CD8 T cells demonstrated that cytokine+ T cells were located near airways and in the lung parenchyma. Following a second IAV challenge, lung IAV-specific CD8 T cells rapidly increased their expression of Ifnγ while CD4 T cells in the draining lymph node increased their Ifnγ response. Together, these data suggest that Ifnγ production fluctuates based on cellular source and location, both of which could impact subsequent immune responses.
Case report of long-term postural tachycardia syndrome in a patient after messenger RNA coronavirus disease-19 vaccination with mRNA-1273
Authors: Reiner Martin F , Schmidt Dörthe , Frischknecht Lukas , Ruschitzka Frank , Duru Firat , Saguner Ardan M
Published: August 2023

Background

Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is characterized by orthostatic intolerance and heart rate increase in an upright position without orthostatic hypotension. It has been described after coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) as well as after COVID-19 vaccination.

Case summary

A 54-year-old female patient presented with a 9-months history of severe orthostatic intolerance since COVID-19 vaccination with messenger RNA (mRNA)-1273 (Spikevax, Moderna). Except for diet-controlled coeliac disease, the patient was healthy, had no allergies, and did not take regular medication. Tilt table testing revealed a significant heart rate increase to 168 bpm without orthostatic hypotension accompanied by light-headedness, nausea, and syncope, findings consistent with POTS. Potential underlying causes including anaemia, thyroid dysfunction, adrenal insufficiency, pheochromocytoma, (auto)-immune disease, chronic inflammation as well as neurological causes were ruled out. Echocardiography and cardiac stress magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) did not detect structural or functional heart disease or myocardial ischaemia. Forty-eight-hour-electrocardiogram (ECG) showed no tachycardias other than sinus tachycardia. Finally, genomic analysis did not detect an inherited arrhythmia syndrome. Serologic analysis revealed adequate immune response to mRNA-1273 vaccination without signs of previous severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection. While ivabradine was not tolerated and metoprolol extended release only slightly improved symptoms, physical exercise reduced orthostatic intolerance moderately. At a 5-months follow-up, the patient remained dependant on assistance for activities of daily living.

Discussion

The temporal association of POTS with the COVID-19 vaccination in a previously healthy patient and the lack of evidence of an alternative aetiology suggests COVID-19 vaccination is the potential cause of POTS in this patient. To our knowledge, this is the first case reporting severe, long-term, and treatment-refractory POTS following COVID-19 vaccination with mRNA1273.
Perfect storms shape biodiversity in time and space
Authors: Jablonski David , Edie Stewart M
Published: August 2023

Many of the most dramatic patterns in biological diversity are created by “Perfect Storms” —rare combinations of mutually reinforcing factors that push origination, extinction, or diversity accommodation to extremes. These patterns include the strongest diversification events (e.g. the Cambrian Explosion of animal body plans), the proliferation of hyperdiverse clades (e.g. insects, angiosperms), the richest biodiversity hotspots (e.g. the New World Tropical Montane regions and the ocean's greatest diversity pump, the tropical West Pacific), and the most severe extinction events (e.g. the Big Five mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic). Human impacts on the modern biota are also a Perfect Storm, and both mitigation and restoration strategies should be framed accordingly, drawing on biodiversity's responses to multi-driver processes in the geologic past. This approach necessarily weighs contributing factors, identifying their often non-linear and time-dependent interactions, instead of searching for unitary causes.