bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TENDÊNCIAS TEÓRICAS PARA A ALFABETIZAÇÃO NOS GRUPOS DE PESQUISA DO DIRETÓRIO BRASIL/LATTES
Authors: Lapa de Aguiar Maria Aparecida , Guitel Laura Luzietti
Published: March 2022

O artigo apresenta resultado de investigação desenvolvida entre 2017-2021, cujo objetivo foi identificar as tendências na ancoragem teórica de grupos de pesquisa voltados para as discussões concernentes à área de alfabetização nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. A metodologia teve como ponto de partida o acesso ao Diretório dos Grupos (http://lattes.cnpq. br/web/dgp), por meio dos descritores ‘alfabetização’ e ‘linguagem’. Primeiramente, realizouse a leitura das ‘repercussões dos grupos’ e, posteriormente, a leitura de resumos de teses e dissertações. O principal destaque na ancoragem teórica dos grupos são os aspectos relacionados à perspectiva histórico-cultural, à abordagem discursiva da linguagem e aos estudos sobre letramento como tendências mais evidentes da atualidade.
The ECB’s Unconventional Monetary Policy Measures During the Coronavirus Crisis
Authors:   University of National and World Economy, Bulgaria, Trifonova Silvia
Published: March 2022

The objective of the paper is to analyze the key measures of unconventional monetary policy implemented by the European Central Bank (ECB) in response to the coronavirus crisis. The paper focuses on the introduction of the Pandemic emergency purchase programme (PEPP), but also on the adoption of more favorable conditions for refinancing operations and the introduction of additional Targeted longer-term refinancing operations (TLTROs). The ECB’s key interest rates are maintained at their present or lower levels, depending on the inflation outlook in the euro area. The research methodology in the paper includes theoretical and methodological analysis, comparative study, descriptive analysis, empirical study and critical analysis. The paper concludes with summarizing the results from the study.
Penerapan Pendekatan Saintifik dalam Kurikulum 2013 untuk Mengembangkan Keterampilan Abad 21 Siswa Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Daga Agustinus Tanggu
Published: March 2022

Keterampilan abad 21 sangat dibutuhkan oleh peserta didik dewasa ini untuk mengantisipasi perubahan global yang sangat cepat. keterampilan abad 21 sangat relevan dengan tren pembelajaran abad 21 yang diterapkan di sekolah dasar.  Pendekatan saintifik yang diterapkan kurikulum 2013 dapat meningkatkan keterampilan abad 21 siswa kolah dasar. Masalah  dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana  penerapan pendekatan  saintifik untuk meningkatkan  keterampilan abad 21 siswa sekolah dasar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan tentang kurikulum 2013 di sekolah dasar, keterampilan abad 21, dan implementasi pendekatan saintifik mengembangkan keterampilan abad 21. Penelitian ini menggunakan  pendekatan kualitatis dengan metode kepustakaan. Data diperoleh dari berbagai referensi yang berkaitan dengan topik penelitian. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis konten. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa (1) kurikulum 2013 menerapkan pendekatan saintifik dalam perencanaan,  proses dan evaluasi pembelajaran; (2) keterampilan abad 21 di sekolah dasar meliputi keterampilan berpikir kritis, komunikasi, kolabrasi, dan kreativitas; (3) implementasi pendekatan saintifik dalam  proses pembelajaran dapat mengembangkan keterampilan berpikir kritis, komunikasi, kolaborasi, dan kreativitas peserta didik; (4) implementasi pendekatan saintifik dapat dipadukan dengan  strategi dan model pembelajaran yang relevan seperti pembelajaran aktif dan kooperatif.
Peranan Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah dalam Pengembangan Budaya Mutu di Masa Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Susila Rini , Pardi Pardi , Demina Demina , Marsidin Sufyarma
Published: March 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkapkan bagaimana peranan kepala sekolah dalam pengembangan budaya dan mutu di masa pandemic COVID-19. Ruang lingkup penelitian ini meliputi pengembangan budaya dan mutu di masa pandemic COVID-19 di SMA Kabupaten Dharmasraya, Sumatera Barat. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi literature. hasil penelitian menunjukkan peranan kepemimpinan kepala sekolah di masa pandemic COVID-19 untuk meningkatkan budaya mutu secara umum dapat dicapai yaitu; 1) komitmen terhadap visi sekolah, 2) visi sekolah menjadi pedoman untuk mengelola sekolah dimasa pandemic, 3) mengelola dan memimpin sekolah dengan berorientasi kepada visi sekolah dan memfokuskan kegiatan pada pembelajaran dan kinerja guru 4) kepala sekolah menjalin kerjasama dengan pihak luar. Kesimpulan, hasil penelitian menunujukkan bahwa dari analisis data dan kajian ilmiah sebelumnya kemudian dihubungkan dengan fenomena saat pandemic COVID-19, peranan kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dalam pembelajaran semakin di butuhkan untuk meningkatkan budaya belajar, sehingga sekolah mencapai prestasi dan mutu sekolah.
Pelatihan Distance Learning: Strategi Pembelajaran Analisis Data Kuantitatif bagi Peserta Kelas Sosial
Authors: Kamaliah Naily
Published: March 2022

Dalam upaya untuk mendapatkan hasil penelitian yang akurat dan ilmiah, maka seorang peneliti perlu memahami metodologi penelitian yang tepat. Beberapa pendekatan dalam penelitian sosial, diantaranya adalah Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, serta Mix Methods. Pada pelatihan Metodologi Penelitian Sosial, ketiga pendekatan perlu disampaikan. Materi analisis data kuantitatif, menjadi salah satu materi pelatihan yang menjadi momok bagi peserta pelatihan, khususnya peserta yang terbiasa melakukan penelitian secara kualitatif. Dengan adanya Revolusi Industri 4.0, maka dilakukan mitigasi Pelatihan dalam skema pembelajaran distance-learning. Tulisan ini akan mengulas strategi pembelajaran analisis data kuantitatif, bagi kelas sosial, melalui pembelajaran distance learning. Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui media angket, juga melalui observasi yang dilakukan saat pembelajaran. Hasil dari Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan strategi pembelajaran analisis data kuantitatif bagi peserta kelas sosial, memberikan tingkat ketercapaian tujuan pembelajaran diatas 90.
Upaya Peningkatan Kualitas Pembelajaran Matematika yang Berorientasi pada Imtak di MAN 3 Jombang
Authors: Tholib M.
Published: March 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti upaya meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran Matematika yang terintegrasi dengan nilai-nilai keimanan dan ketakwaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Dalam penelitian ini pula dibahas mengenai materi apa saja yang bisa dikaitkan dengan penanaman nilai-nilai keimanan dan ketakwaan kepada Tuhan sekaligus bagaimana secara teknis cara mengintegrasikannya di dalam proses KBM Matematika di kelas. Hal ini sangat penting karena MAN 3 Jombang adalah salah satu sekolah yang berbasis agama dan berada dalam lingkungan pesantren. Diharapkan dari penelitian ini bisa menambah referensi bagi guru agar bisa terampil mengaitkan materi pembelajarannya dengan pengetahuan agama Islam yang dimiliki siswa. Begitu pula dengan para siswa, dia akan merasa ada keterkaitan antara pelajaran matematika di sekolah dengan kajian agama Islam di pondok pesantren.
Urgensi Evaluasi Pembelajaran di Kelas
Authors: Phafiandita Adisna Nadia , Permadani Ayu , Pradani Alsa Sukma , Wahyudi M. Iqbal
Published: March 2022

Evaluasi pembelajaran adalah kegiatan mengumpulkan data dan informasi tentang kemampuan belajar siswa, untuk menilai sejauh mana program pembelajaran telah telah berjalan, dan juga sebagai alat untuk menentukan apakah pendidikan tujuan dan proses pembelajaran dalam mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan telah berlangsung sebagaimana adanya. Selain itu, evaluasi juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kemampuan siswa prestasi dalam suatu proses pembelajaran, serta untuk memahami siswa sejauh mana yang dapat memberikan bantuan atas kekurangan siswa, dengan menempatkan siswa dalam situasi belajar yang lebih sesuai dengan tingkat kemampuan.  Fungsi evaluasi pembelajaran adalah membantu proses, kemajuan dan perkembangan hasil belajar siswa secara berkesinambungan, sekaligus dapat mengetahui kemampuan dan kelemahan siswa dalam bidang studi tertentu, selain itu juga mampu memberikan informasi kepada orang tua/wali siswa mengenai peringkat atau penentuan kelas kelulusan siswa peserta.  Persyaratan alat evaluasi adalah: validitas, efektivitas, item yang berbeda dan objektivitas.
Effect of Background Music on Origami Task Performance Among Pre-school Children
Authors: Chew Yi En , Pan Kok Chang
Published: March 2022

New approaches have always been explored by music education researchers in helping students to perform at their optimum level in their learning processes. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of background music on Origami task performance among pre-school children aged five and six years old. Many types of research were done on the topic of background music on spatial task performance, however, little research was done among the group of pre-school children and using Origami as a measurement tool on spatial task performance. Ninety-one participants from two kindergartens in the Klang Valley, Malaysia were selected for the study. The Origami task chosen in this study is sampan (little boat). The selected background music in this study is Mozart’s Sonata, K.448 with the intention of replicating Rauscher and colleagues’ research in Mozart effect. In the experiment, the participants completed the folding of Origami sampan under two environments: (1) with music and (2) without music. The participants of Kindergarten A had undergone the environment with background music first, followed by the environment with background music while participants from Kindergarten B had undergone the environment with background music first, followed by the environment without background music. The purpose of switching the environments in the experiment for both kindergartens is to optimize the result of the data collected through the experiment. The Dependent T-tests were used to generate data and results had shown that the participants achieved higher scores in the Origami task in the environment with background music.
Liste préliminaire des Bethylidae de France (Hymenoptera : Chrysidoidea)
Authors: Mahric Erwann
Published: March 2022

Preliminary checklist of Bethylidae from France (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). - A synonymic list of French species of Bethylidae is proposed based on a bibliographical synthesis, to which six new species for the country are added by the author, bringing the number of known species to 76. Within this list, a species of the genus Plastanoxus, deserving further investigation, is new to Europe and possibly to science. The conditions for observing the species that are new to France are specified and comments are made when the status of a species has changed or is not yet clear.
The Potala Palace in Tibet
Authors: Xiao Dorinda , Shanks Micheal
Published: March 2022

The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet is seen as a symbolic center of Buddhism. The specific architecture of the palace, such as the color palette and the rooms, is designed around Tibet's culture and religion, Buddhism.  The architecture of the Potala Palace and the culture are interconnected as the color chosen for the palace relates with the history of Tibetan culture and the room designs relate closely to Buddhist practices. While culture has influenced the foundations of the Potala Palace’s architecture, the palace itself also affects Tibetan society since Tibetans center around the economy it created, which they can profit from while also celebrating their traditions. This paper researches the interweaving of the Potala Palace’s architecture, Buddhist spirituality, and Tibetan culture to gain a deeper understanding of the significance of the history and religion rooted in a traditional Tibetan building and how that building acts as a microcosm for Tibetan society today.
Dissolved Oxygen and pH Dynamics Coupled to Photosynthesis in Huntington Bay, Western Long Island Sound
Authors: Siegel William , Aller Robert
Published: March 2022

Abstract--- With global warming and eutrophication prompting increases in hypoxia and acidification in the oceans, it is important to understand the relationship between pH and O2 in coastal waters. In Huntington Bay (HB), an estuarine extension of western Long Island Sound, a region subject to both hypoxia and eutrophic acidification, summertime pH and O2 are elevated in surface water during the day at the height of photosynthesis.  The high pH (8.4 - 8.6) and O2 (10 - 16 mg L-1) water may be exported from HB into the adjacent Sound, mitigating conditions there. The effects of nighttime respiration, seasonal variations, and responses to episodic events such as storms remain to be determined.
Innovatsion rivojlanish – umumta’lim muassasasi boshqaruvi elementi sifatida
Authors: To'rayeva Sanobar
Published: March 2022

Zamonaviy ta’limda pedagogning yangiliklarni o‘zida aks ettirib borishi, ulardan unumli foydalanishi ta’lim sifatini rivojlantirishda asosiy o‘rinni egallaydi. Rahbar o‘z qo‘l ostidagi xodimlariga innovatsiyalarni o‘rganishga motivatsiya beruvchi boshqaruvchidir. Uning shu motivatorligi orqali pedagogik jamoa samaradorligini ta’minlaydi.
Smart Blind Stick
Authors: Prof. Ayub Mulani  , Brijesh Ramkumar Kushwaha  , Brijesh Ramkumar Kushwaha  , Brijesh Ramkumar Kushwaha  , Pratima Satish Pisal
Published: March 2022

The project describes ultrasonic blind walking stick with the use of Arduino uno. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 30 million people are permanently blind and 2.85 million people with vision impairment. If you notice them, you can very well know about it they can’t walk without the help of other. One has to ask guidance to reach their destination. They have to face more struggles in their life daily life. Using this blind stick, a person can walk more confidently. This stick detects the object in front of the person and give response to the user either by vibrating or through command. So, the person can walk without any fear. This device will be best solution to overcome their difficulties. We are going to upgrade the project by increasing its application. In this project, we are going to use one ultrasonic sensors. So now, this smart stick will have an ultrasonic sensor to sense distance from any obstacle.
Covid-19 Detection Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning
Authors: Ms. S. S. Wankhede  , Suvidhnya Dondalkar  , Ravindra Farkade  , Ashutosh Joshi  , Ayush Barapatre  , Ashwin Meshram
Published: March 2022

The current COVID-19 pandemic threatens human life, health, and productivity. AI plays an essential role in COVID-19 case classification as we can apply machine learning models on COVID-19 case data to predict infectious cases and recovery rates using chest x-ray. Accessing patient’s private data violates patient privacy and traditional machine learning model requires accessing or transferring whole data to train the model. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in federated machine learning, as it provides an effective solution for data privacy, centralized computation, and high computation power. In this paper, we studied the efficacy of federated learning versus traditional learning by developing two machine learning models (a federated learning model and a traditional machine learning model) using Keras and TensorFlow federated, we used a descriptive dataset and chest x-ray (CXR) images from COVID19 patients. During the model training stage, we will try to identify which factors affect model prediction accuracy and loss like activation function, model optimizer, learning rate, number of rounds, and data Size, we kept recording and plotting the model loss and prediction accuracy per each training round, to identify which factors affect the model performance, and we found that softmax activation function and SGD optimizer give better prediction accuracy and loss, changing the number of rounds and learning rate has slightly effect on model prediction accuracy and prediction loss but increasing the data size did not have any effect on model prediction accuracy and prediction loss. finally, we build a comparison between the proposed models’ loss, accuracy, and performance speed, the results demonstrate that the federated machine learning model has a better prediction accuracy and loss but higher performance time than the traditional machine learning model.
Adab Murid Terhadap Guru dalam Pandangan KH. Hasyim Asy'ary
Authors: Fauseh Fauseh
Published: March 2022

In the global era like today, one of the problems we face the problem of moral decadence. This problem not only affects children or adolescents but also occurs in parents, especially teachers. The teacher is a figure who is widely exemplified by all his actions not only by his students but also by many people. There is one opinion that says that students can forget the words (explanations) of the teacher, but they will never forget their attitudes and deeds. Therefore, teachers must display commendable attitudes that are worthy of exemplary. Courtesy can be terminologically identified that courtesy can be interpreted as good ethics, commendable behavior, educated soul and morals, discipline to be a civilized person, moral or morality, affection, ethics, character, values, and technically-practical characters can also be interpreted as manners and manners. In this case came a new idea to improve the morals of the teacher. Many experts formulate as understanding or thinking about the morals of students towards the teacher. Among them is thought of Hadrotus Shaykh KH. Hashim Ash'ary. His thoughts should be used as a reference for students to always be in the right corridor. According to KH. Hashim Asy'ary students must choose the right teacher who has been informed of his skills and intelligence, has a teacher's soul, authoritative and has high self-esteem and awake, in addition to also having a good teaching system and easy description to understand.
Analisis Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Kecelakaan Akibat Kerja Pada Pekerja Konstruksi: Literature Review
Authors: Sulistyaningtyas Nunik
Published: March 2022

The number of work accidents in Indonesia is still quite high where every year the number has increased. This increase in the number of work accident cases, especially in the construction sector. A work accident can occur if there are various contributing factors simultaneously in a workplace or production process. The purpose of this literature review is to analyze the factors that cause work-related accidents in construction worker. The method used in this research is a library study approach. The data obtained from the journals that have been collected by the authors are then analyzed carefully. The results of the analysis of these journals show that the human factor dominates as a factor causing work accidents, then environmental factors and equipment factors. The conclusion of this study is that in general the factors that cause work accidents in construction workers are caused by human factors (Unsafe Actions).
Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (Ispa) Pada Balita Di Puskesmas Fatukanutu Kabupaten Kupang Nusa Tenggar Timur
Authors: Kartini Kartini
Published: March 2022

Acute Respiratory Infection is an acute infection involving the upper respiratory tract organ and lower respiratory tract organ caused by virus, fungi and bactery which always increased on Province of East Nusa Tenggara Timur and ranked first in the top 10 desease in Puskesmas Fatukanutu. This research aimed to know the factors related with incidence of Acute respiratory Infection in the workspace of Puskesmas Fatukanutu District of Kupang. This research used a quantitative method with cross sectional study approach. Samples in this research as many as 86 who got from using purposive sampling techniques. Data collected by using questionnaires and observation sheets. Results of this research were analyzed by using chi square test  and showed there was a relationship between smoking habit with incidence of acute respiratory infection on children under five years where the value of p = 0.032.There was no relationship between using firewood with incidence of acute respiratory infection on children under five years  where the value of p = 0.535.There was a relationship between the type of floor  with incidence of acute respiratory infection on children under five years where the value of p = 0.034. there was a relationship between ventilation with incidence of acute respiratory infection on children under five years where the value of p = 0.000. there was no a relationship between immunization status with incidence of acute respiratory infection on children under five years where the value of p = 0,148 and there was no a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding with incidence of acute respiratory infection on children under five years where the value of p = 0.227. It recommended that community should get more education or information to improve their knowledge about acute respiratory infection.
Aplikasi Penjualan Berbasis Web Pada Toko Era Bangunan
Authors: Lestari Widhi , Sartika Sartika
Published: March 2022

Toko Era Bagunan adalah salah satu toko perdagangan yang bergerak didalam bidang penjualan bahan-bahan bangunan, sistem informasi yang diterapkan masih secara manul milai dari proses penawaran barang, pemesanan barang, transaksi, pembuatan dokumen sampai pembuatan laporan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Toko Era Banguan dengan menggunakan metode mengembangan waterfall dan menggunakan Adobe Dreamweawer CS6 sebagai aplikasi pendesain dan pengembangan website. Adapun jenis data yang digunakan adalah data kualitatif dan data kuantitatif, untuk sumber data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Dari hasil pengujian Aplikasi Penjualan Berbasis Web Pada Toko Era Bangunan menggunakan metode pengujian black box komponen sistem yang diuji pada halaman  admin dan halaman pelanggan menunjukan hasil pengujian “berhasil”.
A Global Multi-hazard Perspective on Joint Probabilities of Historic Hazards 
Authors: Claassen Judith , Daniell James , Koks Elco E. , Tiggeloven Timothy , de Ruiter Marleen C. , Ward Philip J
Published: March 2022

While the last decade saw substantial scientific advances in studies aimed at improving our understanding of natural hazard risk, research and policy commonly address risk from a single-hazard, single-sector perspective. Thus, not considering the spatial and temporal interconnections of these events. Single-hazards risk analyses are often inaccurate and incomplete when multi-hazard disasters occur, as the interaction between them may lead to a different impact than summing the impacts of single events. Therefore, the MYRIAD-EU project aim is to catalyse the paradigm shift required to move towards a multi-risk, multi-sector, systemic approach to risk assessment and management. In order to achieve this, the overall aim is that policy-makers, decision-makers, and practitioners will be able to develop forward-looking disaster risk management pathways that assess trade-offs and synergies across sectors, hazards, and scales. A key first step to achieving this aim is to create a greater understanding of realistic multi-hazard event sets that better examines statistical dependencies between hazard types. To do so, single hazards datasets for meteorological, geological, hydrological and biological events are explored using stochastic modelling and multivariate statistical methods, and create a dataset of potential coinciding hazard events at a global scale. By exploring these multi-hazard interconnections, we achieve a deeper understanding of the different types of multi-hazards events and their temporal and spatial interconnections. Furthermore, this dataset maps indirect, interregional, and cross-sectoral risk throughout the world. Moreover, the multi-hazards event sets will enable to simulate future conditions under climate change by incorporating the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) as well as Socio-economic change using Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs).   
Assessing the use of earth bunds as Natural Flood Management features
Authors: Teale Jeremy , Knapp Julia L.A.
Published: March 2022

Nature based solutions to urban flooding have drawn growing attention in recent years as climate change models predict a catastrophic increase to flood-risk in the UK and around the world. The lack of systematic empirical evidence to support Natural Flood Management (NFM) initiatives still presents a key barrier to the widespread implementation of NFM techniques. The disconnect between practitioners and academics in the field also remains a central issue to be addressed to improve uptake and acceptance of NFM by landowners.

Urban centres in the Wear Catchment in Northeast England are substantially affected by flooding. In this study, we assess the effectiveness of several earth bunds in creating temporary storage of flood water in the upper catchment of the Wear. For this purpose, we assess flood storage frequency and record the impacts of flood storage on bund structure. Arduino-based water sensors in each of the five bunds record the frequency of flood storage, which is related to precipitation intensity and volume. Changes in soil hydraulic conductivity and soil chemistry are also measured throughout the year to assess changes in infiltration capacity as a measure of bund stability. Finally, vegetation surveys are carried out to gain insights on soil recovery after the installation of the bunds, providing a measure of suitability for the land to be used for grazing.

Working closely with the Environment Agency and the landowner, this work aims to develop an improved understanding on the importance of the design requirements and location setting for the installations. We hypothesise that the varying build quality and placing of the bunds in relation to the stream will directly impact the regularity with which the bunds become active storage. This project adds to the evidence base of NFM in the UK and is of direct consequence to practitioners around the world seeking to improve NFM methods.
Multilevel Monte Carlo estimation of background error covariances in ensemble variational data assimilation
Authors: Destouches Mayeul , Mycek Paul , Briant Jérémy , Gürol Selime , Weaver Anthony , Gratton Serge , Simon Ehouarn
Published: March 2022

In ensemble variational (EnVar) data assimilation systems, background error covariances are sampled from an ensemble of forecasts evolving with time. One possible way of generating this ensemble is by running an Ensemble of Data Assimilations (EDA) that samples all possible error sources (initial condition errors, boundary condition errors, model errors). Large ensemble sizes are desirable to minimize sampling errors, but generating a single ensemble member is usually expensive due to the cost of integrating the physical model. In practice, ensembles with coarser spatial resolutions are sometimes used, allowing for cheaper generation of individual members, and thus larger ensemble sizes.

Multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) methods propose to go beyond this usual trade-off between grid resolution and ensemble size, by expressing a fine-grid estimator as an astute combination of estimators computed on a hierarchy of spatial grids. Starting from a Monte Carlo covariance estimator on a coarse grid but with a large ensemble size, correction terms are added to form a quasi-telescopic sum. The correction terms come from EDAs of increasing spatial resolutions and decreasing ensemble sizes, with a pairwise stochastic coupling between EDAs of two successive resolutions. The expectation of this MLMC estimator is equal to the expectation of the Monte Carlo estimator on the finest grid, so that no bias is introduced by the coarse resolution forecasts. Without increasing the computational cost, MLMC effectively reduces the variance of the covariance estimator, i.e. reduces the sampling noise on covariances.

We first present the theoretical basis of MLMC and how it can apply to the estimation of covariance matrices. An illustration with a quasi-geostrophic model is then presented. For a given computational budget, we compare three equal-cost methods to estimate background error covariances: (1) the usual single-resolution ensemble estimate, (2) a combination of estimates of various resolutions based on Bayesian Model Averaging and (3) the MLMC estimate. The methods are compared in terms of mean square error of the covariance estimators, and in terms of quality of the resulting analyses for one assimilation cycle. The role of covariance localization in each case is also briefly discussed.

This work is partially supported by 3IA Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute, French "Investing for the Future- PIA3" program under the Grant agreement ANR-19-PI3A-0004.

This project has received financial support from the CNRS through the 80Prime program.
Surface and shallow subsurface characterization of the western part of the seismically active Kachchh Mainland Fault, Kachchh rift basin, India
Authors: Shaikh Mohamedharoon , Patidar Atul , Maurya Deepak , Vanik Naimisha , Padmalal Akash , Tiwari Prabhuti , Mukherjee Soumyajit , Chamyal Laxman
Published: March 2022

Blind active faults may lead to earthquakes, therefore their identification and characterization constitute an important structural exercise. High-resolution shallow subsurface geophysical techniques, which provide meter-scale subsurface images of the deformation structures, can be used to map such faults. The Kachchh Rift Basin (KRB) at the western continental edge of the Indian plate is neotectonically active. The KRB is important for structural geologists and tectonicians as it is affected by the periodic reactivation of multiple ~W-striking dip-slip/strike-slip faults. The Kachchh Mainland Fault (KMF) is the largest intra-basinal fault in KRB. The long-term terrain rejuvenation presumably masks the surface expression of the KMF. The shallow subsurface geophysical investigations, assisted by mesoscale structural observations were carried out along the western part of the KMF.

A ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used to image and locate the subsurface position and to comprehend the sub-seismic geometry of KMF. The KMF is inferred to be a north-dipping normal fault or a near-vertical fault. GPR data reveal potential colluvial wedges, faulted alluvial and colluvial Quaternary deposits, small-scale horst-graben and off-fault folding, which are not at all apparent in surficial observations and satellite imageries. We propose a model that explains a sequential evolution of colluvial wedges and associated deformed Quaternary deposits attributed to periodic tectonic activity along the KMF. Our work suggests that the western part of the KMF is tectonically active, and it should not be overlooked despite its low seismicity (Shaikh et al., submitted in Journal of Structural Geology).
Water quality and metabolism dynamics in a lowland urban Mediterranean stream
Authors: adar zafrir , Yogev Noam , Arnon Shai
Published: March 2022

The classification of metabolic regimes in aquatic ecosystems is based on gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER). A recent advancement in sensor technology and modeling capabilities has enabled the metabolic regimes classification to be applied also to stream ecosystems. Current information about stream metabolism exists mostly for temperate climate while data in semi-arid and urban environments remain scarce. In this study, we used long-term high-frequency measurements of water quality parameters in the Yarkon Stream (Israel) to study the dynamics of water quality and metabolic regimes. The Yarkon is a lowland, urban, Mediterranean stream in which about 75% of the discharge consist of tertiary level treated wastewater. A multi-sensor monitoring station was installed in 2019 and includes sensors for measuring turbidity, carbon dioxide, electrical conductivity, nitrate, dissolved oxygen (DO), water level, temperature, and pH. In addition, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is measured near the stream. Real-time data can be accessed in the following link: https://tinyurl.com/Yarkon-public-view. Results show a very strong impact of seasonal floods on water quality, however, the stream returns back to pre-flood conditions relatively quickly due to the weak link between the stream and the subsurface. First floods of the winter also exhibit a strong hypoxic response due to the flush of contaminants that are accumulated during the long dry summer. Only weak seasonal patterns were observed in water quality as a result of the dominant fraction of treated wastewater relative to the freshwater in the stream, and the relatively low in-stream nutrient transformations. Preliminary results also show that a clear diurnal cycle in oxygen concentrations is not clearly visible throughout the year. GPP exhibits low values throughout the year, with slightly higher values during spring and summer. The average annual net ecosystem production (NEP) is negative because ER is much higher than GPP throughout the year. The long-term data from the Yarkon Stream provides an insight into the dynamics in water quality and stream metabolism of an urban Mediterranean stream ecosystem and allows to compare the dynamic behavior to streams from temperate climates.

 
Upper-ocean processes in sea-ice formation season in front of Dotson Ice Shelf 
Authors: Zheng Yixi , Webber Benjamin , Heywood Karen , Stevens David
Published: March 2022

The upper-ocean processes near ice shelves play crucial roles in the local freshwater budget, carbon take-up, surface albedo, and ice-shelf melting via controlling the air-sea heat exchange and thermocline depth. The upper-ocean processes are particularly complex during the austral autumn when both the air temperature and solar radiation flux drop dramatically, which result in an intense sea-ice formation and further influence the air-sea-ice interactions. However, in regions near the ice shelves like the Dotson Ice Shelf, where sea ice covers the ocean ten months a year, the lack of high-resolution and long-period observations limit our understanding of the upper-ocean processes in this sea-ice formation season. Here we present a dataset of high-frequency (1 Hz) temperature and salinity measurements collected by a recovered seal’s tag. This tag recorded the ocean properties during late summer to autumn (mid-February to mid-April 2014) in a small region (within a 15-km radius circle) in front of the Dotson Ice Shelf, when sea ice formed and mixed-layer depth deepened. During those two months, mixed-layer depth increased from about 25 m to 125 m. The mixed-layer water temperature was always near the freezing point, while the salinity increased from 33.35 to 34.25 g per kg, equivalent to a sea ice formation of about 3.26 cm per day. We compare the changes of the upper-ocean properties with ERA-5 reanalysis atmospheric data and find that the upper-ocean heat content can be largely explained by the air-temperature changes. We run a 1-D upper-ocean model with and without sea-ice formation to explore the effect of sea-ice formation on the processes on the salinification and deepening of the mixed layer during autumn.
A sensitivity analysis of Rillstats for soil erosion estimates from UAV derived digital surface models. 
Authors: Lynch Josie , McDougall Derek , Maddock Ian
Published: March 2022

Fertile topsoil is being eroded ten times faster than it is created which can result in lowered crop yields, increased river pollution, and heightened flood risk (WWF 2018). Traditional methods of soil erosion monitoring are labour-intensive and provide low resolution, sparse point data not representative of overall erosion rates (Báčová et al., 2019). However, technological advances using Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) obtain high-resolution, near-contactless data capture with complete surface coverage (Hugenholtz et al., 2015).  

 

Typically, analysing UAV-Structure-from-Motion (SfM) derived soil erosion data requires a survey prior to the erosion event with repeat monitoring for change over time to be quantified. However, in recent years the ability of soil erosion estimations without the pre-erosion data has emerged. Rillstats, which is specifically designed to quantify volume loss in rills/gullies, has been developed by Báčová et al., (2019) using the algorithm and Python implementation in ArcGIS to perform automatic calculations of rills. Although this technique has been developed, it is not yet tested. 

This research evaluates the sensitivity of Rillstats to estimate soil erosion volumes from Digital Surface Models (DSM) obtained using a DJI Phantom 4 RTK UAV. The aims of the research were to test i) the influence of UAV-SfM surveys with varying flight settings and environmental conditions and ii) the effect of the size and shape of the boundary polygon. Results will be presented that analyse the sensitivity of estimations of soil erosion to changes in DSM resolution, image angle, lighting conditions, soil colour and texture to develop recommendations for a best practice to optimize results. 
Observed mixing at the flanks of Maud Rise in the Weddell Sea
Authors: Mohrmann Martin , Swart Sebastiaan , Heuzé Céline
Published: March 2022

Maud Rise is a seamount in the eastern Weddell Sea and the location of the Maud Rise halo of reduced sea ice and polynyas. In this region, we present novel in situ data from two profiling floats with up to daily-resolved hydrographic profiles. Over Maud Rise, the mixed layer is especially deep during winter (150-200 m), leaving a thick layer of winter water after re-stratification that persists throughout the year and increases the rate of autumn mixed layer deepening. In contrast, the halo around Maud Rise is characterized by a shallow mixed layer depth and only a thin layer of winter water. Below the mixed layer, the water properties in the Maud Rise region are significantly correlated with bathymetric depth; thus, the Maud Rise flank defines the fronts between the Warm Deep Water of the abyssal ocean and the colder, less stratified Maud Rise Deep Water characteristic of the Taylor cap over Maud Rise. We analyse the curvature of spiciness in density space to quantify observed interleaving, which is substantially higher over and along the flanks of Maud Rise than in the surrounding deeper waters. These intrusions are indicative of enhanced lateral and vertical mixing along heavily sloping isopycnals, creating favorable conditions for thermobaric and double diffusive convection that facilitate the Maud Rise halo and may contribute to the formation of polynyas.
Southern Ocean CO2 draw down and release on glacial-interglacial timescales
Authors: Shankle Madison , Trudgill Molly , Euverte Romain , Michel Elisabeth , Gray William , Rae James
Published: March 2022

Vertical and lateral exchanges of heat and carbon make the Southern Ocean a key player in regulating global climate, yet its role in future climate change remains uncertain. To address this knowledge gap, paleoceanographers study the state of the Southern Ocean under past climate states to better understand the processes governing its role in global climate. For instance, the Southern Ocean is widely thought to play a driving role in the atmospheric CO2 fluctuations of the ice ages, ventilating carbon-rich deep waters to the atmosphere during interglacial periods and limiting this deep-surface exchange during glacial periods. However, direct evidence of these dynamics and of the Southern Ocean’s overall role in glacial CO2 draw down remains limited.

Here we present a suite of geochemical data that provides new insights into Southern Ocean carbon cycling and circulation, evincing deep-ocean carbon storage over the last glacial cycle. Trace element and stable isotope (δ13C, δ18O) compositions of foraminiferal calcite from the high-latitude Indian Ocean demonstrate how carbon was sequestered in the deep ocean during glacial intensification and subsequently released to surface waters during deglaciation. These dynamics are captured by geochemical records reflecting temperature, pH, and circulation changes, providing key insights into the processes responsible for this carbon cycling. This observational data provides the foundation for developing a better mechanistic understanding of the Southern Ocean’s role in past and future climate change, including processes such as advection and mixing, ocean-ice interactions, and productivity.
Is climate change to blame for rising climatic disasters mortality in Nepal?
Authors: Chapagain Dipesh , Bharati Luna , Borgemeister Christian
Published: March 2022

Human mortality and economic losses due to climatic disasters have been rising globally. Several studies argue that this upward trend is due to rapid growth in the population and wealth exposed to disasters. Others argue that rising extreme weather events due to anthropogenic climate change are responsible for the increase. Hence, the causes of the increase in disaster impacts remain elusive. Disaster impacts are higher in low-income countries, but existing studies are mostly from developed countries or at the cross-country level. This study will assess the attribution of rising climatic disaster mortality to indicators of climatic hazards, exposure, and vulnerability at the subnational scale in a low-income country, using Nepal as a case study. 
This empirical study at the scale of 753 local administrative units of Nepal will follow a regression-based approach that will overcome the limitations of the commonly used loss normalization approach in studying the attribution of disaster-induced loss and damage.

In Nepal, landslides and floods account for more than two-thirds of the total climatic disaster mortality. Hence, we will use the past 30 years (1991-2020) landslides and floods mortality data from DesInventar and Nepal's Disaster Risk Reduction portal as the dependent variable. As explanatory variables to represent climatic hazards, we will estimate and use mean and extreme precipitation indices from observational data by the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology Nepal. We will use the local unit’s population as a proxy of disaster exposure. Socio-economic and environmental indicators such as annual per capita income, percentage of people with access to mobile phones and internet, land cover distribution, and slope will be used as indicators of vulnerability. Exposure and vulnerability indicators data will be accessed from Nepal’s Central Bureau of Statistics and other sources. This study is expected to identify indicators of climatic hazards, exposure, and vulnerability that could explain the spatial and temporal variability of climatic disaster mortality in Nepal. Similarly, it will provide new insights on the role of climate change on rising climatic disaster mortality from the low-income countries’ context.
Three-dimensional electrical conductivity structure of the contiguous US from USArray MT data
Authors: Munch Federico , Grayver Alexander
Published: March 2022

Knowledge about the electrical conductivity structure of the Earth's interior is a key to understanding its thermo-chemical state and evaluate the impact of space weather events. USMTArray is a high quality data set of magnetotelluric measurements that addresses both of these problems. Covering ~70% of the contiguous United States on a quasi-regular 70 km spaced grid, this unique publicly available data led to the development of several regional 3D electrical conductivity models. However, an inversion of the entire data set demands novel multi-scale imaging approaches that can handle and take advantage of a large range of spatial scales contained in the data. We present a 3D electrical conductivity model of the contiguous United States derived from the inversion of ~1100 USArray magnetotelluric stations. The use of state-of-the-art modeling techniques based on high-order finite-element methods allows us to take into account complex coastline and reconstruct Earth’s conductivity across many scales. The retrieved electrical conductivity variations are in overall agreement with well-known continental structures such as the active tectonic processes within the western United States (e.g., Yellowstone hotspot, Basin and Range extension, and subduction of the Juan de Fuca slab) as well as the presence of deep roots (~250 km) beneath cratons.
Hydraulic zoom: a hydrological/hydrodynamic downscaling framework from regional to local scale
Authors: Narváez Gabriel , Paiva Rodrigo
Published: March 2022

Flooding is the most damaging natural hazard in terms of economic and population affected. Hydrological-hydraulic models are essential tools for evaluating the risks associated with flooding since they provide a physically based approach. In this work, we propose a novel approach that takes advantage of the coverage advantages of large-scale modeling and the accurate representation of local modeling, where high-resolution data are available. A dynamic downscaling framework, so-called hydraulic zoom, has been created by coupling the local relevant discharge estimation of the large-scale models with the detailed local representation of the reach-scale models. The large-scale hydrological model (MGB) is employed for estimating the inflow, rainfall excesses, infiltration, and evaporation from open water in order to use as input into an area in which the flow is solved through the full shallow waters formulation. The HEC-RAS 2D 6.1 is applied for solving the 2D dynamic equations. Besides, HEC-RAS enables forcing rainfall excess distributed inside the 2D area by the rain-on-grid approach while also allowing incorporate evaporation and infiltration. 

The hydraulic zoom is applied in the Itajai-Açu river basin of 15000 km2 in Southern Brazil in the Santa Catarina State. The 2D area is about 833.6 km2, considering  95 km of the main river until the outlet into the sea. The 2D area modeled is highly prone to floods, recording flood events with more than 53 deaths and more than 1 million affected people only between 1983 and 2011.

Estimations from MGB and from HEC-RAS 2D (fed with the MGB outputs) are compared against observed water surface level (WSE), WSE anomalies, and flood extent. The results reveal that streamflows estimated by a regional hydrological model can be incorporated into a local model improving in mean the estimations in about 41% (0.8 m) for WSE, 29% (0.35m) for WSE anomalies, and 10% of the Fit metric for flood extent. This hydraulic zoom framework reveals greate potential of producing high-resolution flood hazard maps allowing also representing pluvial floods, with regional distribution but local resolution. 