bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Guided Respiration Mindfulness Therapy (GRMT) for Reducing Stress in Nurses
Authors: Wang Shu-Chen , Hu Wen-Yu , Lalande Lloyd , Chang Jung-Chen , Tsai Shao-Yu , Chang Shu-Chuan , Wen Tzung-Kuen
Published: May 2022

Guided respiration mindfulness therapy (GRMT) is a clinical model of breathwork that has shown promise as a treatment for depression, anxiety, and stress. This study examined the effectiveness of GRMT as a holistically oriented intervention for reducing psychological distress in nurses. Sixty-two nurses were assigned to either five sessions of GRMT or 5 sessions of a mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) comparison condition which were conducted over 5 weeks. A no-treatment control was also included. Session-by-session change in depression, anxiety, and stress, along with change in mindfulness and self-compassion were assessed. Multilevel analysis showed GRMT resulted in statistically significant reductions in overall psychological distress, anxiety, and stress levels, as well as significant increases in mindfulness and self-compassion with large to very large effect sizes. On all measures, GRMT performed better than the comparison MBI intervention which showed no significant effect on stress levels. Results suggest that GRMT can provide nurses with an effective group intervention for reducing stress, and increasing mindfulness and self-compassion which are foundational elements of self-care for the holistic nurse.
Graphene-reinforced nanocomposites: synthesis, micromechanics models, analysis and applications – a review
Authors: Dahiya Mamta , Bansal Suneev A
Published: May 2022

Graphene is playing an important role in the enhancement of new composite materials and is capable of enhancing the performance and functionality of many applications. Graphene-reinforced structures are used in nano-sized systems, energy storage devices, automotive and combustible devices, defence system, aerospace systems, medical instruments, biomedical system, and electronics devices. Due to the crucial mechanical behaviour of nano-structures design, the complete understanding of the flexural, buckling, and vibration analysis of various nanocomposite (NC) structures such as beams, plates, and shells have received great attention in recent years. The present article reviews the synthesis techniques of graphene-reinforced nanocomposites (Gr-NCs). The article also discusses the existing micromechanics models to determine the mechanical properties of Gr-NCs. The comprehensive review also presents a detailed assessment on mechanical analysis and applications of Gr-NCs structures. The article further discusses the future scope and technical challenges that may help in the appropriate design and analysis of graphene nanosystems, applicable in the various field of nanotechnology and nanocomposite materials. The purpose of the present review is to critically review the existing development in Gr-NCs and provide the comprehensive overview of Gr-NCs. By reinforcing graphene and its derivatives into the matrix, the resulting composite may enhance the functionality and explore new NCs for of various nanostructures.
Parameter optimization and experimental validation of A-TIG welding of super austenitic stainless steel AISI 904L using response surface methodology
Authors: Sunny Kora T , Korra Nanda Naik , Vasudevan M , Arivazhagan B
Published: May 2022

Super austenitic stainless steel (SASS) is a premium stainless steel (SS) variant which finds applications in challenging environments. One of the premium grades of SS that falls under the said category is AISI 904L. Autogenous activated flux tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) welding is an established technique for fabricating sound steel joints which offers various advantages. In this context, this research aims to identify an optimum set of input process parameters to effectively employ A-TIG welding to fabricate 10 mm thick joints of SASS AISI 904L plates by employing bead on plate welding trials. The input parameters varied for the trials are welding current, torch travel speed, and percentage of Argon gas present in a mixture of Argon and Helium – which is the shielding gas used, while the responses were the depth of weld penetration (DOP) and weld bead width (BW). For finalizing the combinations of input parameters and the run order of the welding trials, the design of experiments (DOE) was performed using central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). After performing the trials, the DOP and BW attained were measured and the data thus generated were analyzed to study the influence of varying input parameters on the two responses. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was then performed to check the input parameter's level of significance. RSM's desirability approach was used for numerical optimization to attain maximum DOP and a moderate BW. A linear regression equation generated can be used to precisely predict DOP and BW for any random values of input parameters. The bead on plate trial's validation study displayed root mean squared error (RMSE) values of 0.328 and 0.653 for DOP and BW respectively, The RMSE values of DOP and BW of the joint fabricated with optimized parameters was 0 and 0.311 respectively.
Effects of circular and non-circular nozzle exit geometries on subsonic and supersonic jet propagations
Authors: Thangaraj Thillaikumar , Kaushik Mrinal , S Thanigaiarasu
Published: May 2022

The mixing enhancement and core length reduction of a jet without significant loss of thrust are essential for reducing infrared radiation, mitigating aeroacoustic noise, improving combustion characteristics, and thrust vectoring. The jet mixing can be improved by manipulating the flow behavior. In subsonic and sonic jets, the flow manipulation may be achieved by utilizing nozzles with non-circular geometries that shed vortices of varying size due to their non-uniform azimuth curvatures. Non-uniform vortices generate differential spreading along the nozzle’s perimeter, causing axis switching and improving entrainment characteristics. Therefore, the present study examines the effects of two non-circular nozzle exit shapes (elliptic and square) on the mixing augmenting efficacy at subsonic and sonic flow conditions. The circular nozzle is tested for comparison. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses evaluate the efficacy of nozzles with non-circular exit geometries. Among the configurations investigated, the elliptic nozzle is superior in shortening the potential core length and enhancing the jet spread. A maximum reduction of 18.75% in core length with rapid jet decay was accomplished with the elliptic nozzle. The measurement of pressure profiles at different streamwise locations reveals that the spread rate is greater for elliptic and square jets than their circular counterpart. The elliptic jet exhibits the highest spread along the minor-axis direction compared to the major-axis direction. The differential jet spread rate in the elliptical jet causes an early axis-switching––direct evidence of mixing augmentation. Shadowgraph images show the asymmetric pattern of shock cell structures and differential spreading in elliptic and square jets.
The dangers of pre-recorded evidence: As soon as practicable?
Authors: Crocker Georgia
Published: May 2022

This article examines the impacts of giving pre-recorded evidence on complainants in family violence matters in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The use of pre-recorded evidence in the ACT was enabled in 2015 by the Crimes (Domestic and Family Violence) Legislation Amendment Act, which aimed to protect family violence complainants from being further traumatised by this element of the criminal justice process. The author examines this legislation in light of the effects of trauma on short-term memory and concludes the requirement that pre-recorded evidence be given ‘as soon as practicable’ after a family violence incident may be doing complainants more harm than good.
Nonlinear multimodal energy harvesting system: A dual-cantilever beam structure for combining piezoelectric and electromagnetic mechanisms
Authors: Xing Jichun , Liu Gaofeng , Jin Wei , Howard Ian
Published: May 2022

A nonlinear piezoelectric-electromagnetic composite energy harvester (NEPH) is proposed. The dynamic equations of its electromechanical system are established and numerical methods are used to simulate its voltage output characteristics if the system parameters are changed. The experimental setup is built up to measure the output characteristics of the prototype. Experimental results show at the first resonant frequency (22 Hz), the total power of the PH generator under a load impedance of 50 kΩ is 5.51 mW, and the total power of the EH generator under a load impedance of 200 Ω is 72.48 μW; at the second resonant frequency (30 Hz), the total power of the PH generator under load impedance of 50 kΩ is 1.79 mW, and the total power of the EH generator under load impedance of 200 Ω is 27.42 μW. In addition, the two electromagnetic generators have the same amplitude, frequency, and phase, so they can be directly connected in series or parallel without rectification. Finally, a practical application in driving electronic loads proves the potential value in supplying power to some low-power electronic devices.
Black Women’s Lived Experiences of Abortion
Authors: Brown Katherine , Plummer Melissa , Bell Arielle , Combs Maya , Gates-Burgess Brandi , Mitchell Alexandra , Sparks Marshawna , McLemore Monica R. , Jackson Andrea
Published: May 2022

In this study, we aim to understand abortion in the context of structural racism and reproductive injustice. We designed this study using Reproductive Justice and Public Health Critical Race Praxis frameworks. We conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with self-identified Black women over the age of 18 who have had an abortion. The primary identified theme is that “choice” around abortion is a privilege that is not always available to Black women. Participants discussed domains of experience around abortion. The domains were (1) community experience and intergenerational wisdom, (2) personal experience and beliefs, (3) the process of accessing abortion, and (4) reflecting on abortion experience and recovery. Understanding the ways in which reproductive injustices and structural racism constrict choices is critical to providing abortion care. Abortion care should seek to honor the experiences of Black women, trust in the expertise that Black women have in our own bodies, and work to provide Reproductive-Justice-informed care.
Survey on the Necessity, Sensibility, and Timing of Psycho-Oncological Counseling and the Willingness to Discuss Various Topics During the Inpatient Stay in the Case of Breast Cancer
Authors: Madundo Frank , Hübner Jutta , Pollok Isabelle , Gündel Susann , Männle Heidrun , Münstedt Karsten
Published: May 2022

After the diagnosis of cancer patients require a lot of information because the disease affects all aspects of life. Some important issues regarding optimal counseling remain to be determined. This includes the time-related relevance of various topics and questions regarding who and when to consult on the topics. We analyzed the answers of 155 women with non-metastatic breast cancer undergoing primary surgery, primary chemotherapy, and having completed adjuvant treatment regarding the above-mentioned issues. We found that counseling must consider the treatment situation. Breast cancer patients in the follow-up phase reported that they preferred being counseled by female consultants. Our results largely support a counseling concept which puts the breast care nurse at the center of interest rather than psychologists and social service workers. A breast care nurse centered counseling system for women with non-metastatic breast cancer appears to meet patients’ needs best.
Tezepelumab in the Treatment of Uncontrolled Severe Asthma
Authors: Feist Jacqueline , Lipari Melissa , Kale-Pradhan Pramodini
Published: May 2022

Objective:

To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of subcutaneous tezepelumab in the treatment of severe uncontrolled asthma.

Data Sources:

The PubMed database and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched using the following terms: tezepelumab, Tezspire, AMG157, and MEDI9929.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

Articles published in English between January 2000 and March 2022 related to pharmacology, safety, and clinical trials were assessed.

Data Synthesis:

In a phase 2 trial, tezepelumab at low, medium, and high doses reduced the annualized asthma exacerbation rate by 62%, 71%, and 66%, respectively, when compared with placebo ( P < 0.001). In addition to significant reduction of asthma exacerbation rate in the overall treatment population, a phase 3 trial showed significant reduction of asthma exacerbation across all subgroups analyzed regardless of serum eosinophil count (EOS), fractionated exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) level, or allergic status as determined by IgE sensitivity.

Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice:

Tezepelumab is indicated to treat nonallergic and noneosinophilic severe uncontrolled asthma phenotypes in addition to type 2 inflammatory asthma. When selecting the most appropriate biologic agent, consider the risks, benefits, and costs. There is a paucity of data on the efficacy of tezepelumab in patients with comorbid conditions. In the case of a patient presenting with uncontrolled severe asthma with such comorbid conditions, it may be prudent to consider a biologic therapy that can target both.

Conclusion:

Tezepelumab has shown clinical utility in severe uncontrolled asthma regardless of phenotype, fulfilling the need for treatment options in individuals with severe, uncontrolled, noneosinophilic, and nonallergic asthma.
Functional Outcomes of Autologous Matrix-Related Chondrogenesis to Treat Large Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Yontar Necip Selçuk , Aslan Lercan , Öğüt Tahir
Published: May 2022

Background:

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) treatment is widely debated when the lesion size exceeds 150 mm2. The aim of this study was to assess functional outcome and satisfaction rates of the autologous matrix-related chondrogenesis (AMIC) technique and compare the outcomes for OLTs larger than 150 mm2 that were classified as primary, primary with local tumor-related OLT, or revision cases.

Methods:

A total of 77 patients who were operated by AMIC were included. The average age of the population was 39.6 years. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.2. Smoker rate was 28.5% of the population. Forty-two patients were primary cases, 14 patients had primary with local tumor-related OLT, and 18 patients were revision cases. Overall and subgroup functional outcomes were evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS) and Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI) scores. Satisfaction rates were queried, and failures were recorded.

Results:

After a median follow-up of 32 months, the score improvement for primary, primary with local tumor-related, and revision group were for VAS, 5.4 ± 0.4, 5.6 ± 0.7, and 3.6 ± 0.8, and for FADI, 46.5 ± 3.8, 45.3 ±6.5, and 26.6 ± 6.7, respectively ( P < .001). Intergroup comparison showed greater improvement for the primary OLT group when compared to the revision group ( P < .001). The failure rates for the primary, primary with local tumor-related, and revision group were 4.8%, 11.8%, and 38.9%, respectively.

Conclusion:

AMIC procedure provides good functional outcome and satisfactory rates in patients with primary and primary with local tumor-related OLT larger than 150 mm2, but in revision cases, the AMIC success rate was not encouraging as all had advanced OLT operative interventions.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, therapeutic retrospective study.
The Process of Online Keyword Activism in Political Figure’s Crisis: Moderating Roles of Like-Minded Public Opinion and Government Controllability of Crisis Outcomes
Authors: Kim Sora , Ji Yingru , Rim Hyejoon
Published: May 2022

Using a national online survey in South Korea, this study examines the underlying psychological mechanisms of online keyword activism in supporting a politician. Findings show that when perceived like-minded opinion is extremely negative toward the politician, the like-minded opinion perception mitigates the effects of perceived majority opinion on crisis blame attribution and pro-politician activism. Government controllability intensifies the effects crisis blame has on pro-politician activism when it is extremely low. What drives more pro-politician activism is their perception of like-minded opinion through blaming external parties; what makes people refrain from pro-politician activism is their perception of low government controllability through blaming the politician.
Power-Related Emotions, Alcohol Intoxication, and Nonconsensual Sex Intentions: The Role of Fear of Intimacy
Authors: Neilson Elizabeth C. , Maitland Daniel W. M. , George William H.
Published: May 2022

The problem of alcohol-involved sexual assault against women highlights the need to identify how the presence of alcohol interacts with risk factors associated with sexual assault perpetration. One risk factor for sexual assault perpetration is fear of intimacy, the inhibited capacity to exchange vulnerable thoughts and emotions with a valued individual. Men who have perpetrated sexual violence report higher fear of intimacy and alcohol use than those who have not. However, little research has investigated how fear of intimacy may contribute to sexual assault perpetration in the context of alcohol intoxication. This study examined alcohol intoxication, fear of intimacy, proximal power-related emotions, and nonconsensual sex intentions. Non-monogamous, male social drinkers ( N = 94) completed measures and were randomly assigned to an alcohol condition (alcohol [BrAC = .10%] versus control). Participants then read a sexual assault analogue scenario depicting sexual assault against a hypothetical woman and reported power-related emotions and nonconsensual sex intentions. Self-reported fear of intimacy differed across types of past perpetration. Results found that for intoxicated men only, fear of intimacy was positively associated with power-related emotions, and power-related emotions were positively associated with nonconsensual sex intentions. These associations were not observed for men in the control condition who did not consume alcohol. Future research should examine intimacy-related interventions for sexual assault prevention programming.
Teaching Evaluation Through Community-Engaged Learning Courses
Authors: Whitmore Corrie B.
Published: May 2022

This paper describes a framework for educating future evaluators and users of evaluation through community-engaged, experiential learning courses and offers practical guidance about how such a class can be structured. This approach is illustrated via a reflective case narrative describing how an introductory, undergraduate class at a mid-size, public university in the northwest partnered with a community agency. In the class, students learned and practiced evaluation principles in the context of a Parents as Teachers home visiting program, actively engaged in course assignments designed to support the program's evaluation needs, and presented meta-evaluative findings and recommendations for future evaluation work to the community partner to conclude the semester. This community-engaged approach to teaching evaluation anchors student learning in an applied context, promotes social engagement, and enables students to contribute to knowledge about effective human action, as outlined in the American Evaluation Association's Mission.
The de-realization of Black bodies in an era of mass digital surveillance: A techno-criminological critique
Authors: Arrigo Bruce , Shaw Olivia P
Published: May 2022

This article describes the ways in which existing methods of dataveillance and big data collection have contributed to the current de-realization of Black bodies. In the present or ultramodern era, de-realization consists of datafication (i.e. digital profiling techniques and life mining strategies) in support of techno-crime control policy. The process of de-realization both de-politicizes Black identities and de-personalizes the lived experience of Blackness. In order to make explicit our thesis, section one proposes a techno-criminological theory of de-realization. The theory explains how the racialized construction of surveillance in the current age is mediated by the algorithmic logic of pre-crime and the asymmetric rationale of post-criminology. In order to situate our overall theorizing, section two explains how Black bodies have historically been the subject of excessive and invasive forms of de-realization. This history includes slavery and visceral forms of de-realization (e.g. the technologies of branding), as well as political opposition to Civil Rights and volatile forms of de-realization (e.g. the technologies of suspicion). In the present era, the de-realization of Black bodies consists of the mass digital surveillance of social movements (i.e. bodies of activist social change), including Black Lives Matter (BLM), that are policed through the technologies of information analytics. Section three speculates on the criminological fall-out stemming from present day manifestations of de-realization. This speculation emphasizes how history, theory, and culture are relevant to historicizing the administration of injustice in the ultramodern age of digital reality construction.
Multiple socioeconomic circumstances and trajectories of fruit and vegetable consumption: the Helsinki Health Study
Authors: Mauramo Elina , Salmela Jatta , Bogl Leonie H. , Lallukka Tea , Kanerva Noora
Published: May 2022

Aims:

Fruit and vegetable consumption is essential in disease prevention. Socioeconomic differences in consumption have been observed but evidence from longitudinal studies incorporating multiple socioeconomic indicators is lacking. We examined long-term fruit and vegetable consumption trajectories and multiple socioeconomic circumstances as their determinants.

Methods:

We used survey data from the Helsinki Health Study (phase 1 in 2000–2002, N=8960, response rate 67%; phases 2–4 in 2007, 2012 and 2017) among initially 40- to 60-year-old employees of City of Helsinki, Finland. Fruit and vegetable consumption was measured by a food frequency questionnaire and consumption times per month were calculated. Childhood (parental education, economic difficulties), conventional (own education, occupational class, household income) and material (housing tenure, wealth, current economic difficulties) socioeconomic circumstances were included. We used group-based trajectory modelling for identifying fruit and vegetable consumption trajectories and multinomial logistic regression for examining associations between socioeconomic circumstances and the trajectories.

Results:

Four fruit and vegetable consumption trajectories were identified: increasing higher (12%), decreasing higher (10%), stable moderate (43%) and stable low (35% of participants). Childhood, conventional and material socioeconomic circumstances were all associated with the trajectories: belonging to a lower socioeconomic group was associated with belonging to the stable low and moderate trajectories. In multivariate models, the strongest associations were found for occupational class and household wealth.

Conclusions:

Disadvantageous childhood and adulthood socioeconomic circumstances were associated with lower long-term fruit and vegetable consumption. Socioeconomic circumstances should be considered in attempts to promote fruit and vegetable consumption, and people with disadvantageous circumstances need to be targeted in future interventions.
Solidarity as methodological praxis
Authors: Ross Karen , Li Peiwei , Call-Cummings Meagan
Published: May 2022

In this article, we explore the concept of solidarity in the context of empirical social inquiry, a concept that is underdeveloped in the research methodology literature. We do so by drawing connections and contrasts to other more established methodological concepts such as reflexivity and positionality. We draw upon existing literature as well as reflection and analyses of our personal experiences and research endeavors to illustrate the nature of solidarity as a relationally grounded transformational practice. Through our exploration, we aim to articulate principles that can be utilized to understand solidarity as a methodological concept, based on our assertion that through such an understanding, we are better placed to engage in transformative and justice-oriented research.
Editorial special issue ‘Public Pedagogy and Sustainability Challenges’
Authors: Van Poeck Katrien , Säfström Carl Anders
Published: May 2022

This special issue is developed within the scientific research network ‘Public Pedagogy and Sustainability Challenges’ funded by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO). The network has brought together educational theorists, sustainability education researchers, sustainability transition researchers, artists and activists from Belgium, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Ireland, Norway and South Africa. They share an interest in the relation between education and societal transformation and wanted to deepen and widen the understanding of the public role of education in the face of sustainability challenges through interdisciplinary research collaboration. The aim of the network and, hence, the special issue is to progress theory development and research on public pedagogy with a focus on sustainability challenges. It addresses issues such as how education can play a democratic role in addressing sustainability challenges, the conditions and obstacles for that, implications for the design of sustainability education practices, and theoretical, methodological and empirical implications for researching sustainability education as public pedagogy.
Development Practices in Senior Nursing and Midwifery Leadership: Pathways to Improvement in South Pacific Health Policy
Authors: Rumsey Michele , Iro Elizabeth , Brown Di , Larui Michael , Sam Harriet , Brooks Fiona
Published: May 2022

The Pacific Islands countries consist of thousands of isolated islands with a combined population of over 10 million people. It is a heterogeneous and diverse region culturally, linguistically economically and politically. Health challenges are considerable and healthcare systems are often overstretched. Framed in the context of the World Health Organisation's strategic directions and policy priorities, this paper describes an account of collaboration across these countries to develop leadership skills in the nursing and midwifery professions. It outlines lessons for nursing leadership, healthcare policy development and the valuable role of Government Chief Nursing and Midwifery Officers. The South Pacific Chief Nursing and Midwifery Officers Alliance (SPCNMOA) is a cooperative partnership, which was formed to improve the quality of healthcare in the region. It acts as an enabler to promote leadership skills and provide a safe space for learning, developing policy and the sharing of good practice. Through mentorship programs, international meetings and strong relationship-building, the SPCNMOA has strengthened partnerships within the region and improved community health services in even the most remote areas. By strengthening leadership and collaboration, these health professionals are now recognised by key policy makers as knowledgeable experts who have a legitimate role in guiding policy development, changing practice and delivering health policy improvements at local, country and international levels.
Mesoporous silica/epoxy coated cotton fabric for durable oil-water separation
Authors: Gopalsamy Selvakumar , Govindharajan Thilagavathi
Published: May 2022

A simple, durable, superior UV-shielded, self-cleanable, hydrophobic/superoleophile cotton fabric was developed using SBA-15 mesoporous silica and epoxy coating (SE). The cotton fabric surfaces after coating with SE showed the highest water contact angle value of 146° and lowest surface free energy of 13.9 mN/m. As a filtration membrane, the developed SE/cotton delivered 95.8% oil–water separation efficiency with a notable flux value of 6800 L/m2h against diesel–water mixture. The presence of an epoxy and silica hybrid layer on the surfaces of cotton fabric induced self-cleaning behavior and notable durability against UV light (UPF-29), pH resistance, washing fastness, and mechanical abrasion. Hence, the present coating developed using mesoporous silica and epoxy can be applied to different types of textile substrates to construct durable low-cost membranes.
Tubers and Tumors Are CLIPped Together in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Authors: Dang Louis
Published: May 2022

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Do Self-Reported Psychopathic Traits Moderate the Relations Between Delinquent History Predictors and Recidivism Outcomes in Juvenile Delinquents?
Authors: Pechorro Pedro , DeLisi Matt , Marôco João , Simões Mário R.
Published: May 2022

The present study investigates whether self-reported psychopathic traits moderate the relationships between delinquent career features (i.e., age of first detention in a juvenile detention center, crime frequency, crime diversity, crime charges, and Conduct Disorder) and 1-year general delinquency and violent delinquency recidivism outcomes. The sample was composed of male youth ( N = 214, M = 16.4 years, SD = 1.3 years) originating from the juvenile detention centers managed by the Ministry of Justice of Portugal. Results mostly suggest that neither the Antisocial Process Screening Device––Self-Report total score nor its Callous-Unemotional, Impulsivity, and Narcissism factor scores moderate the relationships between the delinquent career variables and general and violent delinquency recidivism outcomes. The notable exception was the interaction between crime frequency and callous-unemotional traits in predicting general recidivism. The current findings question the relevance of self-reported psychopathic traits as moderators of recidivism among juveniles despite the general association between psychopathy and conduct problems among youth.
Traumatic Autobiographical Memories: Preliminary fMRI Findings Among Men With Histories of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Chiasson Carley , Moorman Jessie , Romano Elisa , Smith Andra
Published: May 2022

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with autobiographical memory (AM) disturbances. AM is important for future thinking, sense of self, and coping with negative emotions. CSA is under-researched among men, with research examining long-term neural correlates limited even further. This study explored the neural correlates of re-experiencing traumatic/negative memories to examine the influence of CSA on AM into adulthood. Fifteen males who experienced CSA, with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; CSA+PTSD, n = 6; CSA–PTSD, n = 9) and control males without CSA histories nor PTSD ( n = 11) completed a script-driven imagery paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Males with CSA histories, with and without PTSD, processed their negative autobiographical memories with less activation compared to control males. The CSA+PTSD group of males had less activation in the left superior occipital, left superior parietal and left parahippocampal gyri compared to control participants. The CSA–PTSD group had reduced activation in the same regions to a lesser extent. This study provides preliminary empirical evidence to suggest CSA impacts AM for traumatic experiences, and the impact is notable even for men who experienced CSA but do not have PTSD. This study highlights the need for more research with men who have experienced CSA, so that, we can fully understand the neural correlates of emotional memories, and better support the mental health and continued wellness of men who experienced CSA.
Investigating collective memory in the enactment of Māori leadership identities Ko te kōputu pūmahara hei whakatinana i ngā tuakiri hautū
Authors: Wolfgramm Rachel , Pouwhare Robert , Henry Ella , Spiller Chellie , Tuazon Gerson Francis
Published: May 2022

This article is based on research investigating collective memory in the enactment of leadership identities. The context is derived from a study of Māori leadership and decision-making. The methodology is qualitative and underpinned by Kaupapa Māori research. Methods include pūrākau – Māori epistemology in the form of storytelling. Data is sourced from digital archives in the form of documentaries capturing a rich array of Māori leadership in ritual, ceremonies and interviews with leaders in multiple settings. The process of wānanga (collaborative interactive learning) was required for translation of material from Te Reo Māori into English. As a central feature of a Māori collective memory paradigm, words act as a key, unlocking insight and deeper levels of understanding inherent in Māori epistemology, mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) and ontology. We employ whakapapa, a framework for understanding cultural identity and layering of relationships to inform analysis by offering a new concept to the literature; pūmahara, a generative collective memory code. This highlights continuity in the enactment of Māori leadership identities and values which signal social affiliation, self-affirmation and belonging. In terms of contributions, first, the study confirms that as repositories for social and collective memory, digital archives offer a potent opportunity to investigate collective memory in the enactment of leadership identities. Second, a new way of analysing the data through culturally derived methods including wānanga, pūrākau and whakapapa is offered. Third, a distinctive contribution to leadership identity research via a conceptual model highlighting interactions between cognitive, affective, relational, material and cultural values is detailed. Finally, we conclude by offering further avenues of research aimed to advance leadership identity research. In summary, this article offers a distinctive contribution to leadership identity research drawing on collective memory theory.
Toward a New Science of Psychedelic Social Psychology: The Effects of MDMA (Ecstasy) on Social Connection
Authors: Lyubomirsky Sonja
Published: May 2022

Psychedelic science has generated hundreds of compelling published studies yet with relatively little impact on mainstream psychology. I propose that social psychologists have much to gain by incorporating psychoactive substances into their research programs. Here I use (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) as an example because of its documented ability in experiments and clinical trials to promote bonding, love, and warmth. Social connection is a fundamental human need, yet researchers still possess few tools to effectively and durably boost it. MDMA allows investigators to isolate the psychological mechanisms—as well as brain pathways—underlying felt social connection and thus reveal what should be targeted in future (nondrug) studies. Accordingly, I introduce a conceptual model that presents the proximal psychological mechanisms stimulated by MDMA (lowered fear, increased sociability, more chemistry), as well as its potential long-term impacts (improved relationships, reduced loneliness, stronger therapeutic alliances). Finally, I discuss further questions (e.g., whether using MDMA for enhancing connection can backfire) and promising research areas for building a new science of psychedelic social psychology. In sum, psychopharmacological methods can be a useful approach to illuminate commonly studied social-psychological processes, such as connectedness, prejudice, or self, as well as inform interventions to directly improve people’s lives.
Chemical Composition and In Vitro Anti-Wood-Decay Fungal Activities of Dysphania ambrosioides Leaf Essential Oil From Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Kuang-Ping , Yang Mei-Ling , Wei Liang Yu , Ho Hui-Tung , Ho Chen-Lung
Published: May 2022

We evaluated the leaf essential oil in whole or fractions of Dysphania ambrosioides with respect to their resistance to wood decay fungal activities in vitro of 4 fungi. The main ingredients with the greater anti-wood decay capability were also identified. Fresh leaves of D. ambrosioides were hydrodistillated in a Clevenger-type apparatus and the resulting oil characterized using GC-FID and GC-MS instruments. The essential oil was found to consist of α-terpinene (30.5%), p-cymene (17.3%), carvacrol (16.2%), and ascaridole (15.1%). The oil showed resistance to wood decay activity of Trametes versicolor, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Phaeolus schweinitzii, and Lenzites sulphureu. The oil had excellent resistance to wood decay fungal activities, and the active compounds were shown to be carvacrol and ascaridole.
What Factors Influence the Hospitalization of Self-Inflicted Craniomaxillofacial Gunshot Wounds?
Authors: Stanbouly Dani , Chuang Sung-Kiang
Published: May 2022

Study Design

The following retrospective cohort study was competed using data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample a database from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP).

Objective

The objective of this retrospective cohort study is to compare the hospitalization outcomes of managing maxillofacial trauma attempted suicide among handguns, shotguns, and hunting rifles.

Methods

The primary predictor variable was the type of firearm. The outcome variables were the hospital charges (U.S. dollars) and length of stay (days). We used SPSS version 25 for Mac (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) to conduct all statistical analyses.

Results

A final sample of 223 patients was statistically analyzed. Relative to patients within the Q2 median household income quartile, patients in the Q4 median household income quartile added +$ 172'609 ( P < .05) in hospital charges. Relative to patients living in “central” counties of metro areas, patients in micropolitan counties added +13.18 days ( P < .05) to the length of stay. Relative to patients in the Q2 median household income quartile, patients in Q3 added +9.54 days ( P < .05) while patients in Q4 added +11.49 days ( P < .05) to the length of stay.

Conclusions

Being within the highest income quartile was associated with increased hospital charges. Patients living in micropolitan counties have prolonged hospitalization relative to patients in metropolitan counties. Relative to the second income quartile, length of stay was higher in the third income quartile and highest in the fourth income quartile. Increase income grants access to deadlier firearms.
An Examination of Orchestras and Repertoire Performed at the American String Teachers Association’s National Orchestra Festival (2004–2020)
Authors: Zabanal John Rine A.
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this study was to examine participating orchestras and performed repertoire at the American String Teachers Association’s (ASTA) National Orchestra Festival from 2004 through 2020. Participating orchestras ( N = 309) primarily consisted of string orchestras and high school–level orchestras with a majority originating from the Southern region of the United States. The most performed full orchestra pieces included Symphony No. 9, op. 95 by Dvořák and Symphony No. 2 by Tchaikovsky, and the most performed string orchestra piece was the Holberg Suite, op. 40 by Grieg. The most frequently cited composers were Dvořák for full orchestra and Mozart for string orchestra. The most frequently cited arrangers were Isaac for full orchestra and Dackow for string orchestra. Female composers and arrangers were highly underrepresented compared with males. Performed repertoire primarily consisted of pieces that conformed to European music traditions. Directors who are unfamiliar with orchestra literature could use these findings as a resource for commonly selected repertoire suitable for high-achieving school orchestras. In addition, findings could provide a catalyst for directors to select music that is more representative of their student population.
Determined Yet Dehumanized: People Higher in Self-Control Are Seen as More Robotic
Authors: Lapka Samantha P. , Kung Franki Y. H. , Brienza Justin P. , Scholer Abigail A.
Published: May 2022

Desire is part of human nature, and being vulnerable to desire is part of what differentiates humans from machines. However, individuals with high self-control—who demonstrate impressive resistance to their desires—may appear to lack such human vulnerability. We propose that people perceived as high in self-control tend to be dehumanized as more robotic, relating to potentially negative social consequences. Across six studies ( N = 2,007), people perceived those higher in self-control as more robotic. In addition, we found some evidence that this robotic-dehumanization was related to less interest in spending time with the high self-control person. This outcome was reliably linked to lower warmth perceptions that correlated with greater robotic-dehumanization. Together, our results offer new insights into the social dynamics of exhibiting high self-control.
When and why does status threat at work bring out the best and the worst in us? A temporal social comparison theory
Authors: Reh Susan , Van Quaquebeke Niels , Tröster Christian , Giessner Steffen R.
Published: May 2022

This paper seeks to explain when and why people respond to status threat at work with behaviors oriented toward either self-improvement or interpersonal harming. To that end, we extend the established static social comparison perspective on status threat. Specifically, we introduce the notion of temporal proximity of status threat, which is informed by five temporal social comparison markers. We argue that people construe distal future status gaps as a challenge (and thus show self-improvement-oriented responses), but construe a more proximal status gap as a threat (and thus engage in negative interpersonal behaviors). Further, we introduce three factors of uncertainty that may render the underlying temporal comparison less reliable, and thereby less useful for guiding one's response. Overall, our temporal social comparison theory integrates and extends current theorizing on status threat in organizations by fully acknowledging the dynamic nature of social comparisons. Plain Language Summary Employees often compare themselves to others to evaluate their status. If they perceive that their status is at threat or risk losing status, they engage in behaviors to prevent status loss. These behaviors can be positive, aimed at improving one's position or they can be negative, aimed at harming others. This paper develops a theoretical framework to examine when employees engage in more challenge- vs. threat-oriented behaviors. We argue that an important question how employees react to status threat is its temporal proximity—will an employee's status be threatened in the near versus distal future? We propose that the more distal (vs. proximate) the status threat is, the more employees gravitate towards challenge- and less threat-oriented behaviors. But how do employees know when a status threat occurs in the future? We argue that employees will compare their past status trajectories to co-workers’ status trajectories to mentally extrapolate the temporal proximity of such a threat. More specifically, we propose five characteristics (temporal markers) of social comparison trajectories that inform employees about the temporal proximity: their relative current position, the relative velocity and acceleration of their status trajectory, their relative mean status level, and their relative minimum and maximum status. Moreover, we suggest that employees’ conclusions from these markers are weakened by uncertainty in the “data stream” of social comparison information over time, that is, the length of the time span available, the amount of interruptions in this data stream, and the number of fluctuations in their own and others’ status trajectories.
Artificial intelligence ethics by design. Evaluating public perception on the importance of ethical design principles of artificial intelligence
Authors: Kieslich Kimon , Keller Birte , Starke Christopher
Published: May 2022

Despite the immense societal importance of ethically designing artificial intelligence, little research on the public perceptions of ethical artificial intelligence principles exists. This becomes even more striking when considering that ethical artificial intelligence development has the aim to be human-centric and of benefit for the whole society. In this study, we investigate how ethical principles (explainability, fairness, security, accountability, accuracy, privacy, and machine autonomy) are weighted in comparison to each other. This is especially important, since simultaneously considering ethical principles is not only costly, but sometimes even impossible, as developers must make specific trade-off decisions. In this paper, we give first answers on the relative importance of ethical principles given a specific use case—the use of artificial intelligence in tax fraud detection. The results of a large conjoint survey ([Formula: see text]) suggest that, by and large, German respondents evaluate the ethical principles as equally important. However, subsequent cluster analysis shows that different preference models for ethically designed systems exist among the German population. These clusters substantially differ not only in the preferred ethical principles but also in the importance levels of the principles themselves. We further describe how these groups are constituted in terms of sociodemographics as well as opinions on artificial intelligence. Societal implications, as well as design challenges, are discussed.
Ecosystemic Advocacy for Elementary Mental Health
Authors: Brown Regina N. , Gruman Diana H. , Purgason Lucy L.
Published: May 2022

Systemic inequity in education compels school counselors to widen their scope of advocacy beyond their local school environment. Fortunately, the tools of evidence-based, data-driven school counseling can be scaled up to influence change in larger systems. We present an advocacy project undertaken by an elementary school counselor who was alarmed by a significant increase in children’s mental health concerns. She initiated a state-wide survey of school counselors that revealed a dire need for mental health support at the elementary level. Using an ecological framework, we report on the data-driven advocacy actions she pursued to raise awareness of the serious concerns of young students across her state.
An Antiracist Framework for Evidence-Informed School Counseling Practice
Authors: Mayes Renae D. , Byrd Janice A.
Published: May 2022

School counselors are charged with creating comprehensive school counseling programs that recognize and affirm the wholeness and humanness of students, families, and their communities (Holcomb-McCoy, C., Mayes, R. D., Cheatham, C., Sharp, S., and Savitz-Romer, M. (2020). Antiracist school counseling: A call to action [webinar]. Center for Postsecondary Readiness and Success, American University. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEjNaB2L3Vc ). However, despite our best efforts, many school environments operate in ways that harm BIPOC students (Love, B. L. (2019). We want to do more than survive: Abolitionist teaching and the pursuit of educational freedom. Beacon Press). School counselors are uniquely positioned to be leaders in antiracist efforts and can influence a shift in school culture by using evidence-based practices across academic, career, and social/emotional domains. This conceptual article has four primary goals: (a) provide a working definition of antiracist school counseling; (b) outline key components of developing a critical consciousness as a foundation to antiracist school counseling practice; (c) describe a framework for engaging in evidence-informed, antiracist practice as a part of MTSS to support strategies that interrupt and dismantle harmful school policies/practices across all domains of service; and (d) provide recommendations for school counselors and school counselor educators who are committing to antiracist practice.