bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating Dynamics of Machine Tool Spindles under Operational Conditions
Authors: Özşahin O. , Budak Erhan , Özgüven H.N.
Published: April 2011

Chatter is one of the major problems in machining and can be avoided by stability diagrams which are generated using frequency response functions (FRF) at the tool tip. During cutting operations, discrepancies between the stability diagrams obtained by using FRFs measured at the idle state and the actual stability of the process are frequently observed. These deviations can be attributed to the changes of machine dynamics under cutting conditions. In this paper, the effects of the cutting process on the spindle dynamics are investigated both experimentally and analytically. The variations in the spindle dynamics are attributed to the changes in the bearing parameters. FRFs under cutting conditions are obtained through the input-output relations of the cutting forces and the vibration response which are measured simultaneously. Experimentally and analytically obtained FRFs are then used in the identification of the bearing parameters under cutting conditions. Thus, bearing properties obtained at idle and cutting conditions are compared and variations in their values are obtained.
The Influence of Process Machine Interactions on the Stability of Parallel Milling
Authors: Brecher Christian , Trofimov Yuri
Published: April 2011

The double spindle machining centres are widely employed in industry in order to increase the manufacturing capacity. Such a machine tool configuration is economically advantageous, for it allows to increase the productivity at the same shop floor area and at moderate investment. Practically the cutting productivity is often limited due to a dynamic instability in milling. The reason for the instability lies in interactions between a double spindle machine tool and a parallel milling process. This paper presents a simulation model that allows to predict stability charts for parallel milling and to investigate specific influences onto the process stability. For the simulation the real dynamic machine behaviour was used, which had been ascertained by means of an innovative multiple excitation technique. The simulation results revealed that the process stability is influenced greatly by the temporal relationship of the parallel milling processes. The simulation results were verified on a double spindle milling machine.
FEA-Methodology for the Prediction of Aluminium Thin Walled Part Deformation in Dry Milling Operations
Authors: Puls Hendrik , Klocke Fritz , Lung Dieter , Schlosser Ralf , Frank Peter , Herrmann Pratourlon Anja
Published: April 2011

The presented work is a part of the EU integrated and collaborative project “Aligning, Holding and Fixing Flexible and Difficult to Handle Components” (AFFIX). The deformation of thin-walled components, caused by a thermo-mechanical load in the machining process, is a common challenge in manufacturing automotive engine heads and gearboxes. Geometrical tolerances like flatness are strongly affected by the thermo-mechanical process loads, and therefore cause production scraps and serious engine faults in case of undetected defects. To avoid long process setup times, a methodology has been developed to calculate the resulting part flatness. Based on the developed methodology a clamping strategy has been identified which minimises the resulting part deformation in milling operations and thus ensures the accuracy and quality of thin-walled aluminum power train parts.
5-Axis Flank Milling Tool Path Smoothing Based on Kinematical Behaviour Analysis
Authors: Beudaert Xavier , Pechard Pierre Yves , Tournier Christophe
Published: April 2011

In the context of 5-axis flank milling, the machining of non-developable ruled surfaces may lead to complex tool paths to minimize undercut and overcut. The curvature characteristics of these tool paths generate slowdowns affecting the machining time and the quality of the machined surface. The tool path has to be as smooth as possible while respecting the maximum allowed tolerance. In this paper, an iterative approach is proposed to smooth an initial tool path. An indicator of the maximum feedrate is computed using the kinematical constraints of the considered machine tool, especially the maximum velocity, acceleration and jerk. Then, joint coordinates of the tool path are locally smoothed in order to raise the effective feedrate in the area of interest. Machining simulation based on a N-buffer algorithm is used to control undercut and overcut. This method has been tested in flank milling of an impeller and can be applied in 3 to 5-axis machining.
Modeling Cutting Forces for Five Axis Milling of Sculptured Surfaces
Authors: Boz Yaman , Erdim Huseyin , Lazoglu Ismail
Published: April 2011

5-axis ball-end milling processes are used in various industries such as aerospace, automotive, die-mold and biomedical industries. 5-axis machining provides reduced cycle times and more accurate machining via reduction in machining setups, use of shorter tools due to improved tool accessibility. However, desired machining productivity and precision can be obtained by physical modeling of machining processes via appropriate selection of process parameters. In response to this gap in the industry this paper presents a cutting force model for 5-axis ball-end milling cutting force prediction. Cutter-workpiece engagement is extracted via developed solid modeler based engagement model. Simultaneous 5-axis milling tests are conducted on Al7075 workpiece material with a carbide cutting tool. Validation of the proposed model is performed for impeller hub roughing toolpaths. Validation test proves that presented model is computationally efficient and cutting forces can be predicted reasonably well. The result of validation test and detailed comparison with the simulation are also presented in the paper.
Mechanistic Model Based on the Actual Removal Volume during Simultaneous Five-Axis Milling
Authors: Lee Seok Won , Nestler Andreas
Published: April 2011

In this paper we present a novel mechanistic model of cutting process of the cylindrical tool by using the actual removal volume per tooth via NC simulation. The simulation kernel enables “virtually” cutting the workpiece in milling process per NC code, as well as calculating the removal volume per tooth which leads to predict the actual cutting force during simultaneous five-axis machining. Combined with the material removal simulation, the advanced mechanistic process model, which can enable the prediction of the cutting force and adjust the trajectory velocity of the cylindrical tools undergoing five-axis movement, is presented by applying the line integral along the cutting edge and taking the rake angle and cutting edge roundness into consideration. The novel methodology to adjust the cutting force by prevailing cutting tools undergoing multi-axis motion is to be validated by experiment and integrated into tool path planning systems.
Modeling and Simulation of Phase Transformation during Grinding
Authors: Duscha Michael , Eser Atilim , Klocke Fritz , Broeckmann Christoph , Wegner Hagen , Bezold Alexander
Published: April 2011

The grinding process is one of the most important finishing processes in production industry. During the grinding process the workpiece is subjected to mechanical and thermal loads. They can induce thermal damages in terms of phase transformation due to critical temperature history. A holistic model helps to describe and predict the influence of these loads on the residual stresses in the surface layer. In this paper, a very promising approach using the Finite Element Method (FEM) to simulate the surface grinding process in terms of thermal and mechanical loads during grinding of hardened and tempered steels with vitrified bonded CBN grinding wheels is introduced. The investigations were conducted for deep, pendulum and speed stroke grinding. The change of workpiece material properties was modelled as a function of temperature and phase history. The results lead to the necessary time depending temperature distribution within the surface layer. Hence, the phase transformation can be calculated. The FEM software "Sysweld" was used to analyze the phase transformation kinetics. Hence, the size of the rehardened zone after grinding can be predicted. The evaluation of the FEM model with micrographs of ground workpiece specimens showed a strong correlation for different grinding parameters. Based on the understanding of mechanical and thermal loads as well as phase transformation kinetics in the surface layers the resulting residual stresses can be determined.
Modeling of a Polishing Tool to Simulate Material Removal
Authors: Guiot Anthony , Pattofatto Stéphane , Tournier Christophe , Mathieu Luc
Published: April 2011

In plastic injection mould and prosthesis industries, `mirror-effect` polished surfaces are required for obtaining transparent parts or surfaces without scratches. Traditionally done manually, we have proposed to automate polishing on 5-axis machining centre using a passive elastomeric carrier. One of the main advantages of automatic polishing is the repeatability of the machine movements in order to achieve restricted form deviations. However, the material removal rate (MRR) during polishing depends on parameters such as contact pressure, relative velocity and tool wear. We have thus developed a model dedicated to our process to compute the effective MRR along the polishing tool path regarding the contact area and the contact pressure between the tool and the part
Finite Element Simulation of Quick – Stop Experiments for Better Understanding of Chip Formation in Grinding
Authors: Hoffmeister Hans Werner , Gerdes Arne
Published: April 2011

Several authors have previously simulated chip formation and their behaviour at the orthogonal cutting process. In contrast the chip formation for grinding was less investigated. This paper introduces a quick-stop device which allows easy investigation of the chip formation for the grinding process. For this process a workpiece forced by compressed air is shot against a single grain diamond with a large negative rake angle. Cutting forces were measured with a piezo electric sensor and discussed for a cutting speed range from 10m/s up to 30m/s. In Abaqus/Explicit a lagrangian formulation based finite element model was built to describe the chip formation for the grinding process. Chip formation, stress and heat distribution in the workpiece material can be calculated by this simulation model. The material behaviour was described with the Johnson Cook law. The simulation results show a good correlation compared to the quick stop experiments. All in all this simulation leads to a better understanding of the chip formation during grinding.
Kinematic Model for Ultrasonic-Assisted Manufacturing of Bore Holes with Undefined Cutting Edges
Authors: Heisel Uwe , Eber Rainer , Wallaschek Jörg , Twiefel Jens
Published: April 2011

Hybrid machining represents a possibility for technological progress in production. As a part of hybrid machining processes, ultrasonic-assisted machining is often used to manufacture materials that are difficult to machine since process forces can be significantly reduced and the material removal rate (MRR) can be increased. This paper describes an approach for a model for ultrasonic-assisted drilling with undefined cutting edges. The ultrasonic vibration can theoretically be applied in axial, tangential or radial direction or it can be superimposed. An axial excitation, parallel to the feed direction, is selected in the presented model. Since the drilling is superimposed with a high-frequency vibration, the trajectories of the grains are modified. Therefore, an analytical-kinematic model is established, which is characterised by a periodical contact loss of tool and workpiece. Due to the modified kinematics, process-specific parameters, such as impact velocity or the ratio between vibration and cutting speed, are important, in addition to conventional cutting parameters. Such process parameters are useful to describe dominant material removal mechanisms in ultrasonic-assisted machining. Moreover, two models on tool topography are presented in this paper. Based on an analytical approach, the material removal rate, established by adding up the individual grain removals, is calculated. The quality of the developed models is validated by the standard calculation of the material removal rate by feed rate and tool cross section. The results show, that it must be taken into account that the grains do not hit an even surface. The grain distribution is also an important aspect.
FEM Simulation of Strain Rate in High Speed Grinding
Authors: Li Bei Zhi , Ni Jia Ming , Zhou Zhen Xin , Yang Jian Guo
Published: April 2011

Simulation of FEM based grinding process has a lot of advantages in comparison with analytical models. In this paper, firstly, a simulation model of single grit high speed grinding for DIN-41Cr4 and Ti6Al4V by commercial software DEFORM 3D has been described. And then, grinding experiments and microscope observations of the single grit high speed scratch tests on both materials have been carried out. The end results show that the wheel velocity has a positive influence on the strain rate. Additionally, the temperature lag effect will be much more significant under high-strain-rate process condition. In other words, it is the theoretic element of temperature decrease phenomenon on the wheel-workpiece contact area during high speed grinding. Furthermore, it is found that the high strain rate also optimizes the chip formation performance, which makes it possible to machine difficult-to-cut materials, titanium alloy for example, with high efficiency.
Modelling of Ultra-Precision Turning Processes in Consideration of Unbalances
Authors: Brandt Christina , Niebsch Jenny , Vehmeyer Jost
Published: April 2011

In order to manufacture optical components or mechanical parts with high surface roughness requirements, diamond machining is used. To achieve the desired surface quality, the understanding of the surface generation process and its inﬂuencing parameters is important. Here, the crucial parameter is the residual unbalance of the main spindle. As the residual un-balance aﬀects the process and vice versa, the investigation of the process-machine interaction is necessary. In this paper we present a model describing this interaction between dynamical unbalances that occur during the machining process and the engine-shaft structure at the example of an ultra-precision turning lathe. This model allows the determination of the achievable surface quality of a workpiece for a given balancing state. On the other hand we will present a mathematical method to solve the corresponding inverse problem of computing the necessary residual balancing state and balancing weights for a given desired or given measured surface quality.
Simulation Model for Micro-Milling Operations and Surface Generation
Authors: Piotrowska Kurczewski Iwona , Vehmeyer Jost
Published: April 2011

In this paper we propose a new mathematical model for micro milling operations. To achieve the desired quality of the final product or the desired structure on the product's surface the process kinematics as well as tool-workpiece interaction are considered. The presented model takes into account the relative motion between tool and workpiece. We consider the input infeed rate which is reduced by the elastic deflection of the tool due to the cutting forces appearing during the process. The tool wear and surface texture depend on the cutting force; therefore the analysis of the forces plays an important role in characterizing the cutting process. Moreover, the analyzing these forces during the simulation we can calculate the effective cross-sectional area of the cut in each time step of the process. This gives us a forward model for the full production chain. This model is extended in order to include a surface generation model as well as quality parameters for the resulting micro-milling surface.
An Experimental Study on Dynamics and Stability of Miniature End Mills
Authors: Aran Volkan , Budak Erhan
Published: April 2011

Miniature end mills with sizes in the order of 1 mm in diameter are used in several industries for generation of small features with high precision. As in case of standard size end mills, chatter stability can be an important problem in these applications as well, and it is the focus of this paper. Dynamics and stability analyses need frequency response function (FRF) of the tool. There are several practical problems in measuring miniature tool FRFs. First of all, it is not possible to excite the tool tip using an impact hammer due to the small size. In addition, miniature tools have very high natural frequencies which are difficult to excite and measure. An indirect measurement approach for miniature milling tool dynamics is used. Another important problem with miniature tools is the detection of chatter. Although stability diagrams can be used for selection of stable conditions, cutting tests proved that chatter detection for miniature tools is very challenging.
Investigation on Surface Finishing of Components Ground with Lapping Kinematics: Lapgrinding Process
Authors: Fiocchi Arthur Alves , de Angelo Sanchez Luiz Eduardo , Gomes de Oliveira João Fernando , Marinescu Ioan
Published: April 2011

Over the last three decades, researchers have responded to the demands of industry to manufacture mechanical components with geometrical tolerance, dimensional tolerance, and surface finishing in nanometer levels. The new lapgrinding process developed in Brazil utilizes lapping kinematics and a flat grinding wheel dressed with a single-point diamond dresser in agreement with overlap factor (Ud) theory. In the present work, the influences of different Ud values on dressing (Ud = 1, 3 e 5) and grain size of the grinding wheel made of silicon carbide (SiC = 800, 600 e 300 mesh) are analyzed on surface finishing of stainless steel AISI 420 flat workpieces submitted to the lapgrinding process. The best results, obtained after 10 minutes of machining, were: average surface roughness (Ra) 1.92 nm; 1.19 µm flatness deviation of 25.4 mm diameter workpieces and mirrored surface finishing. Given the surface quality achieved, the lapgrinding process can be included among the ultra-precision finishing processes and, depending on the application, the steps of lapping followed by polishing can be replaced by the proposed abrasive process.
Optimization of the 2 1/2 D Pocket Machining Using Multiple Tools
Authors: Costa de Oliveira Leandro , Marcos de Sales Guerra Tsuzuki
Published: April 2011

This work presents some contributions for optimization of the 2 ½ D pocket machining. The machining strategy considered is divided in internal machining and corners machining. The internal machining is carried through equidistant paths to the contour (offset) made by using Voronoi’s Diagram and the corner machining follows the same principle. As the Voronoi Diagram is parametric, the spaces between the paths can change. Thus, the best situation of spacing between paths can be determined to optimize the process. By using Dynamic Programming, the best combination of dimensions of the available tools can also be identified to remove the material of the pocket in smaller time.
Influence of Correlation between Electrical Discharge Machining Parameters with the Formation of Surface Defect’s in Products Machined by EDM
Authors: Olinik Ricardo , de Camargo Beltrão Paulo Andre
Published: April 2011

This paper shows a study of correlation between EDM´s parameters with the level of superficial defects development, which can lead to premature failure of die cast mold machined by EDM. The correlation of parameters was determined through experimental matrix that uses the DOE methodology (Design of Experiment). In order to evaluate the surfaces of some machined samples a stereo optical microscopy, SEM (the scanning electron microscope) and a micro hardness profile machine were used. The results show that in the worst machining condition, which is caused by association of long electric discharge pulse time-on and graphite machine-electrode, it is possible to minimize the amount of surface defects, without applying a subsequent machining process such as polishing, just using the reduced time-on´s electric discharge pulse, copper electrode and dielectric fluid with base of hydrocarbon.
Smart and Cool Home in Malaysia
Authors: Muhammad Azzam Ismail , Fahanim Abdul Rashid
Published: April 2011

Achieving thermal comfort in the tropical climate of Malaysia is always a great challenge for any house designer or builder. Although some practical solutions have been developed over centuries through the slow but constant evolution of indigenous houses such the Malay house, the longhouses in Borneo and the Chinese townhouses in Melaka, their integration into contemporary designs have been hampered by various modern constraints. For instance, building the Malay house in urban areas is deemed unsuitable due to the need for wide land lots and their perceptively fragile building materials that do not allay any security worries. The lack of skilled carpenters for building such a house is also a worsening problem. Hence, new and innovative strategies to achieve thermal comfort for contemporary houses are greatly needed to serve the needs and expectations of an urbanized society. One method that has been studied and proved successful is the Smart and Cool Home system which was first used at a private bungalow in Semenyih, Malaysia. The overarching principle of this system is to reverse the role of the building envelope from being a thermal mass into a heat sink which effectively reduces heat gains and allow the occupants inside to easily adapt to a milder indoor environment. This paper describes this house in detail and provides some understanding of the principles involved.
Air Permeability of Concrete by Thenoz Method
Authors: Pereira Valdir Moraes , Camarini Gladis
Published: April 2011

Permeability of cement-based materials is the principal factor that provides its durability. Thus, several methodologies have been developed for measuring this property. Discrepancies in results can be generated due to large number of methods, mathematics equations and methodologies employed. Thenoz method is one method developed for measuring air permeability of porous media and have demonstrated good and satisfactory results, in accordance to several scientific researches. The aim of this work was to study the flow mechanism in a porous media, in particular a concrete media, evaluating Reynolds number and flow velocity of air outflow occurred when Thenoz method was employed to measure concrete air permeability. The Reynolds number results showed that outflow regime occurs in laminar form and validate the hypothesis to confirm the model. Tests were performed to verify the veracity of results obtained in accordance this methodology. Results have shown that air permeability measured by Thenoz method is a good test to evaluate concrete porosity.
Research on Evaluation System of Green Building in China
Authors: Mao Da , Zhou Kai , Zheng Shu Jing , Liu Ya Dong , Liu Yan Pu
Published: April 2011

In pace with the high-speed development of real estate, green building has a good prospect in China. As a rising concept, green building is accepted by more and more Chinese people. There are too many standards in the market, whether overseas or internal. As time goes on, the development of green building will be stagnated. The biggest obstacle is lacking a suitable evaluation system for green building. Too many new buildings need a authoritative assessment. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to evaluation system of green building. The paper introduces some evaluation systems for green building and analyze them in China especially, and then makes some recommendations to solve the problems of evaluation system of green building, and discusses how to promote the green building.
Research on Construction for Sustainable Housing Based on the Whole Life Cycle
Authors: Li Xia Yun , Zhao Shi Qiang
Published: April 2011

Under the Sustainable Development Strategy, whether the project's sustainability goals can be achieved for residential building is a serious problem, which is not only related to the improvement of quality of living but also the implementation of the strategy for national energy saving and low-carbon economy. However, building sustainable housing is a new challenge for contractor. Based on the life cycle theory, this paper analysis project objective and achieves condition of sustainable development in explaining the basis of the connotation of sustainable housing, and then discuses the process of building sustainable housing under the guidance of sustainable management theory, which can provides some guidance for the achievement of sustainability goals of residential construction projects.
Application of Non-Structural Fuzzy Decision Method in Selection of Partners
Authors: Zhu Hong Zhang , Hu Ji Bo
Published: April 2011

The partnering mode is a scientific, high efficient method in project management. Correctly choosing the partners is the key to success. In this article, we use non-structural fuzzy decision method to evaluate proposals. This method is employed in order to solve the problem of multi-target selection. And it helps to compensate the limitations derived from analytic hierarchy process (AHP Method) and multi-elemental value theory. In a comparing process, 15 indexes are evaluated to select the most qualified proposal from 4 contractors. This method, in some extent, provides a reference to the proprietor in the choosing of the chief contractor.
The Natural Primary Type of Energy-Saving in Changangtang Ancient Village in Huadu District, Guangzhou
Authors: Lin Lin , Ren Bing Xun , Lu Dao Dian
Published: April 2011

Taking Changangtang ancient village in Guangzhou as a case, this paper investigated the village location, the village layout, as well as building structures and building materials regarding their contributions to energy saving. It is found that the location and the surrounding of artificial river system form natural energy-saving environment, the overall layout of “comb pattern” complies to the local predominant wind direction in summer which go further in reducing the energy consumption in building, the courtyard enhances the ventilation and lighting, and the "Black brick with loam brick inside " form of material for wall, materials used for roofs, and dimensions of doors and windows all contribute to energy-saving.
A Text Mining Analysis of the Fly Ash Research Trend (2000-2010)
Authors: Wu Shiang Hau , Guo Jiann Jong
Published: April 2011

In recent years, much research has been devoted to the fly ash research; however, few have deployed the study of the research trend. In fact, grasping the research trend is imperative for enterprises and researchers. The study aims at exploring the trend change of fly ash research from 2000 to 2010. The contribution of the study includes the following two points. First, the study has found the shift of the fly ash research from shifts from “concrete” and “pulse” related issues to the focuses of “absorption” and “metal”. Second, the study finds a new way of literature survey by using the text mining method in order to explore the trend change.
The Regeneration and Sustainability Development Study on Traditional Residential Building in Qinba Mountain Regions
Authors: Juan Xu , Liu Jia Ping
Published: April 2011

Traditional residential building in mountain regions of many cultures and buildings patterns due to a variety of changes in environmental and human factors facing the threat of damage or even destroy dam, protection of existing vernacular areas and maintain development momentum imminent. We should utilize the advantage of traditional vernacular building which can adapt the local ecosystem, so we can build more distinctive and favorable dwellings in our village. In this paper, the chosen base of Daping Village is located in the Qinba Mountain in China. Introducing the cultural characteristics of local residential, and related on how to make use of modern technology and theory to maintain the sustainability of the architecture of mountainous, at the same time can meet the needs of modern life and to provide technical feasibility of new residential. Finally, put forward a number of green residential design principles, so as to the foundation of inherit and improve the traditional dwellings with regional ecological techniques in view of site choice, site layout, interior and exterior environment design, indoor setup, material use and construction technology.
Research on the Reaction Condition and Process of Microcapsules via In Situ Polymerization
Authors: Xin Chang Zheng , Wang Li Na , Wang Yan Wei , Huang Xiang An
Published: April 2011

Heat-resistant microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs) were prepared via in-situ polymerization, with polyurea used as the shell and low melt-point paraffin wax as the core. Optical microscope and Electron microscopy were employed to evaluate the properties and morphology of the materials. The influence factors on polymerization were discussed. Experimental results indicated that the average diameter of 2.5 μm of particles was gained when the emulsification content was 1%, the time of acidification was 60 minutes and the curing temperature was 70°C.
Detecting Image Saliency Based on Spectrum Analysis
Authors: He Sheng , Han Jun Wei , Xu Ming , Cheng Gong , Zhao Tian Yun , Guo Lei
Published: April 2011

Computer vision community has long attempted to automatically detect locations in the image that are able to capture attentions of users. In recent years, more and more researchers have proposed to address this problem from the perspective of simulating human visual attention mechanisms. In this paper, we study modeling visual attention in frequency domain. Our major contributions are twofold: 1. A new method called band-divided method (BDM) is developed to generate the saliency map by integrating the amplitude spectrum with the phase spectrum. 2. A quantitative measurement according to min-distance dissimilarity (MDD) is presented to evaluate the saliency map, which is more appropriate for non-binary ground-truth data. Experiments on benchmark dataset and comparisons with traditional approaches demonstrate the promise of the proposed work.
Mobile Law Enforcement System for Industry and Commerce Bureau Based on Windows Mobile Platform
Authors: Li Zhi Gang , Zhou Shi Yu , Wang Li Dong
Published: April 2011

Traditional law enforcement mode of industry and commerce bureau(ICB) mainly depends on manual operation, which affects the working efficiency. In this paper, an intelligent mobile law enforcement system based on Windows Mobile platform is designed according to the characteristics of ICB law enforcement such as mobility, sudden and emergency. The International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) and Secure Socket Layer(SSL) authentication technology are used to identify the legitimacy of mobile devices in order to ensure the reliability and safety of the system, furthermore to ensure this system connects seamlessly to current ICB system. This system has been applied in a city, and achieved a good effect.
X3D-Based Virtual Good Presentation on Mobile Device
Authors: Liu Qing Yun , Zhou Fang Fei
Published: April 2011

In this paper, we proposed an X3D-based virtual good presentation method on mobile device among wireless network. In our method, we utilize the X3D technology to transmit the 3D model from the server to the mobile client in order to decrease the client’s storage. Besides, we propose an efficient interaction method for the 3D good model so that the mobile user can control these models freely. Based on these key technologies mentioned above, the framework of the system is elaborated in detail at the end of this paper.
Analysis of Regenerative Index of Depreciated Aluminum Products
Authors: Yue Qiang , Gao Fan
Published: April 2011

Regeneration index of depreciated metal products was the index to describe sufficient degree of metal regenerated resources in metal industry. Two approaches for defining the quantities of old aluminum scrap, methods based on aluminum social stock and aluminum products use life, were given. The average use life of aluminum products in China was calculated to be about fifteen years by the weighted average method. Calculating formula for regenerative index of depreciated aluminum products was given, and regenerative index of depreciated aluminum products in the history of China and USA were analyzed.
Disquisition on Development of Industrial Groups Based upon Entropy Theory
Authors: Kuang Rui Hu
Published: April 2011

Entropy, principle of entropy increase and correlative entropy of industrial groups were expatiated. Based on the Prigogine formula and perspective of entropy change, it depicted the situation of innovation in the industrial groups, discussed characters of entropy change in different stages of industrial group, and indicated that survival of industrial group depends on negative entropy, evolution power of industrial group competition has its root in surplus of negative entropy, and key headspring for innovative advantage of industrial group bases on knowledge collaboration by inputting negative entropy.
The Characteristics of Resident Travel in Beijing Xizhimen Transport Terminal
Authors: Li Xue Mei , Yin Jing , Che Qian
Published: April 2011

Transport Terminals are core facilities of urban transportation system, and the joint of different transportation in urban transportation network. Because of their functions and place, they are faced with huge traffic pressure. So the research about the characteristics of resident travel in transport terminals could provide theoretical support for urban transportation planning, organizing and managing, finally improve urban transportation satisfaction among residents. Against this background, Xizhimen as the research object is a representative transport terminal in Beijing. Based on large-scale investigation, on one hand, the characteristics of residents travel behavior are analyzed qualitatively; on the other hand, by building the Disaggregate Model, analyze the utility functions of different travel modes quantitatively, to find some controllable factors to optimize transport terminal and improve their satisfaction.
The Application of Red Mud on Restoring Heavy Metal Contaminated Water and Soil
Authors: Ma Yan Fei , Feng Xue Dong
Published: April 2011

Red mud as environmental restoration materials has the characteristics of low cost, simple process and controlling waste by waste. The paper introduced the application of red mud on heavy metal contaminated water and soil in details. Powdered or granular red mud both has good adsorption efficiency of Cu , Zn, Pb, Ni, Ca, Cd, As and other heavy metal ions in wastewater. Langmiur or Frendlich model can express the adsorption isotherm of red mud on heavy metal ions. Red mud can not only solidify the heavy metals in soils, but also increase the soil microbial activity and population types. At the same time, de-alkali treatment can not be ignored in the process of using red mud avoiding the second pollution to environment, and achieve the zero pollution release of red mud.
Stability Criterion of Discrete Hopfield Neural Networks with Multiple Delays in Parallel Mode: Linear Matrix Inequality
Authors: Lai Xiao Feng , Yin Xing , Zou Hai Yang
Published: April 2011

In this paper, Discrete Hopfield Neural Networks with Multple Delays is introduced.And a stability criterion of Discrete Hopfield Neural Networks with Multple Delays is studied bythe linear matrix inequality. It provides a theory basis for the application of Discrete Hopfield Neural Networks with Multple Delays.
Ion Chromatographic Determination of Cations and Anions in Tap Water
Authors: Liu Dong Wu , Chen Zhi Wei , Xu Lei , Zhang Zheng Jie , Ju Bao Yu , Cheng Wen Chao
Published: April 2011

Ion chromatography (IC) has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of cations and anions in the water, food, atmosphere, etc. Chromatography can yield the precise and reproducible data if the experimental condition is kept constant. In the present studies, the major cations and anions in the tap water were determined with the technique of IC. A Dionex ICS-2000 ion chromatograph with a Dionex gradient pump, eluent degassing module and conductivity detector was used. Cations were separated on a CS12 A ion-exchange column, with a CG-12 A guard column, and detected after suppression with CSRS 300 cation electrical self-regenerating suppressor. Anions were separated on an AS 11 HC ion-exchange column, with an AS 11 HC guard column, and detected after suppression with an ASRS 300 anion electrical self-regenerating suppressor. The results indicated that the technique of IC was suitable for the rapid, precise and accurate determination of major cations and anions in the tap water samples. In addition, the acceptable detection limits were obtained for all the cations and anions, and the time of analysis was significantly shortened with the technique of IC.
Study on CAD System of Centrifugal Fan
Authors: Gui Yan , Pan Di Lin , Zhang Li Xiang
Published: April 2011

The paper develops a special CAD system for the centrifugal fan. The system can realize the automatic selection,aerodynamic design calculation,main parts parameterized drawing and other functions of the fan. It avoids the repetition of the manual labor and enhances the working efficiency and the cartography quality. On the base of the research on the selecting method and regularity of the main parameters of a large number of existing high performance centrifugal fans, the paper provides a new method, which determines the main geometric parameters of centrifugal impeller.
Measurement and Analysis of Surface Electromyogram and Handgrip Force
Authors: Hao Dong Mei , Zhang Yan , Zhang Dong Ye , Wan Zheng , Yang Yi
Published: April 2011

To investigate the relationship of surface electromyogram (sEMG) and handgrip force, a measurement system was developed. Ten healthy subjects were required to perform a series of static contraction trials by maintaining the force level with maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), 75%MVC, 50%MVC and 25%MVC respectively. Then they sustained MVC as long as possible until fatigue. The handgrip force and sEMG on the forearm muscles were recorded. Root mean square (RMS), mean power frequency (MPF) and median frequency (MF) of the sEMG were calculated with LabVIEW. The results show that RMS increased with force level during voluntary contraction, while MPF and MF shift to lower frequency during fatigue condition. These findings suggested that the designed system can be used to study forearm function.
Application Research of CAN Bussing Technique in the Monitor of Orbit Traffic Stray Current
Authors: Liu Xi Feng , Xu Chun Xiang , Shi Wei
Published: April 2011

This paper analyzes electrochemical corrosion consequence that the orbit traffic stray current acts on buried metal. According to regularities of distribution of orbit traffic stray current, it analyzes the rationality that CAN bus is used in orbit traffic stray current monitoring, and designed the online monitoring system of stray current based on CAN. The system was verified through the laboratory simulation.
Image Mosaics Algorithm Based on PSO and SIFT
Authors: Gao Hong Wei , Li Dong , Chen Fu Guo
Published: April 2011

A stable image mosaics algorithm based on PSO and SIFT is proposed in this paper. It adopts SIFT operator to extract corner point feature and finishes gray cross correlation matching, most false matches are eliminated by transcendental knowledge and constraint, then the transform matrix initial value between matches in two images is calculated, the optimal value of this matrix is acquired by PSO, finally, the image mosaics with no gap is accomplished. The experiment results prove the validity and practicability of the proposed method.
Research on Selecting Real Estate Project Based on PCA and RBF Neural Network
Authors: Zhao Hui , Chen Li Ming
Published: April 2011

A new method based on the integration of principal component analysis (PCA) and radial basic function (RBF) neural network is put forward for selecting the real estate project. Firstly, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the evaluation index dimensions. And then, radial basic function (RBF) neural network is used to evaluate the real estate projects. In order to grasp this method better, finally, the paper provides a case to demonstrate the application of this method in selecting the real estate project. The case has shown that the method applied to select the real estate project is feasible and reliable.
Size Distribution of Organic Modifier of Poly-Silicic-Ferric Coagulant
Authors: Fu Ying , Zhang Yi Feng
Published: April 2011

Organic modifier (PSFD) of poly-silicic-ferric (PSF) coagulant was prepared by adding dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (DMDAAC) as additives in PSF. The size distribution of PSFD using Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS) method was characterized, in comparison with that of PSF. The results show that the increasing of PSFD product’s size was far larger than that of PSF at lower level. The size of PSFD hydrolysis products tended to change continuously and small size of materials disappeared after its hydrolysis, while the size of PSF particles had very uneven distribution and there always existed small size of hydrolysis products. The disappearance of size change against level between PSFD and PSF gives PSFD a higher bridging ability than PSF in real wastewater treatment process.
Coverage-Preserving Multi-Path Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Wu Qui Yun , Liu Xiang Hui , Jing Ning
Published: April 2011

A major challenge in sensor network is to preserve the coverage of the sensing network for the maximum possible time. When the density is sparse, coverage needs to be preserved by using energy-efficient route-selection algorithms. Coverage-preserving multi-path routing algorithm has been proposed that conserve energy while increasing the lifetime of routes and keep preserving network coverage.
Study and Apply the Visualization Intelligent Feedback Analysis System of Tunnel Construction
Authors: Tang Shu Lin , Jiang An Nan , Zhao Hui
Published: April 2011

Aiming at the problems of conventional underground engineering feedback analysis methods, such as being limited in local optimization and computing data being very complex, the paper introduced difference evolution arithmetic and visualization toolkit, and combined three dimensional numerical simulation and orthogonal design, developing the intelligent feedback analysis system based on Visual c#. The system theory, software frame and develop method are introduced, the system could be used to calculate and evaluate the state of tunnel surrounding rock based on in-situ monitoring data. The system is applied in an actual tunnel engineering, the analysis results are satisfied, which states it is feasible and has good potential application.
Study on Promotion Strategy of Information Product Based on Evaluation of Urban Development Efficiency
Authors: Ma Jun Hai , Dong Xin Jian
Published: April 2011

Selecting the main indicators of national economic development, using cluster analysis to evaluate 17 cites in Shandong Province with the perspective of economic development and dividing them into 4 similar city groups. Using super-efficiency DEA model to evaluate economic develop efficiency of the cities in different city groups. In this paper, we propose that new product promotion should be gradually covered from cities of higher efficiency to the lower ones in the city groups. The result of the study is to provide decision-making basis for developing specific strategies of product promotion.
Abnormal Action Recognition in Power Production
Authors: Wei Zhen Hua , Li Xue Sen , Lin Jie , Zhang Le
Published: April 2011

Safety is of importance for power production. It is known that kinds of abnormal action in power production are concerned with objects. Different from many abnormal action recognitions researches, which ignore the interactive relationship between human and objects, this paper proposes an approach for the specific abnormal action based objects recognition in power production. The major contributions of the paper are to employ an object-based framework for description of hand-trajectory information, reference particle filter for primitive action locating and realize time cost decrease through human silhouette block analysis. Different from simplex trajectory based approach, the presented approach consists of types of trajectory features which belong to specific object and each primitive action is relevant to specific object model. It is verified by experiment that the approach performs on certain abnormal action recognition at an effective level.
Particle-Filter Tracking of Motion Vector to Locate Objects and Pattern Matching over Particles Based on Mpeg2
Authors: Li Liu Bai , Ma Yan , Liang Yuan Yuan
Published: April 2011

During process of objects tracking, problem of tracking box about marked objects is a major problem. Moreover, tracking of multi-objects are also difficult problems of objects tracking. This paper can tag object automatically through using motion vector of Mpeg2 to mark activities object of static video. Then, we extract multi-dimensional characteristics from initial goal of motion vector determined and made model. And accurately identify particles of larger weight to achieve purpose of accurately tracking objects through process of original value of particle filter matching observed value. As adopted methods of pattern classifying, so made feature matching between new particle and original particle are more accurate. The experiments show that the algorithm had good tracking performance and strong robustness.
Studies on the Expanded Sequence Matrix and its Application in Flowshop Layout
Authors: Fan Shu Hai , Xia Chun Yan , Wang Jin , Catherine Amanda
Published: April 2011

Based on the analysis of current kinds of sequence matrixes, Type 1 and Type 2, an expanded and refined sequence matrix was proposed. Then, based on the optimized expanded sequence matrix, an improved sequence matrix was brought forward, which could be easily written in a normalized form and whose calculation was simple and convenient. With operational rules of combined sequence matrixes defined, this expanded sequence matrixes can also be applied to the problems of mixed production lines. Finally, the improved matrix was successfully applied to an example of flowshop balancing problem, and it was implemented in the Excel environment in an automatic computing way.
A System Design and Implementation of Home Monitoring Based on ZigBee Technology
Authors: Luo Yuan , Li Lin , Zhang Yi , Xiong Peng
Published: April 2011

Based on the ZigBee technology, Home monitoring system has been designed and implemented in Wireless Sensor Network, intelligent wheelchair, and communication modules. The system works on the existing TD-SCDMA network. The working principle of the system, hardware and software designing are described in detail. After the test, the information collection of indoor environment and user physiological indexes were realized well, and could transmit in time. The purpose of remote monitoring has been achieved. This system has high practical value.
The Numerical Simulation of the Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage Technology
Authors: Cui Jun Kui , Nan Xin Lei
Published: April 2011

The aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system can make use of the heat of summer and the cold of winter, despite in different seasons, which can help to reduce the usage of the fossil fuel effectively, as a result, the atmospheric pollution can be reduced. This article firstly summarized the fundamental principles and the classifications of the ATES, and it also deduced and established the ATES mathematical model, and then numerical difference arithmetic was used to program so as to gain the simulation results. On the basis of the above, the author looks forward to the prospective of the aquifer thermal energy, and also provides the references to the applications of the ATES and the studies of the underground water source heat pump.