bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpretable Software Defect Prediction from Project Effort and Static Code Metrics
Authors: Haldar Susmita , Capretz Luiz Fernando
Published: February 2024

Software defect prediction models enable test managers to predict defect-prone modules and assist with delivering quality products. A test manager would be willing to identify the attributes that can influence defect prediction and should be able to trust the model outcomes. The objective of this research is to create software defect prediction models with a focus on interpretability. Additionally, it aims to investigate the impact of size, complexity, and other source code metrics on the prediction of software defects. This research also assesses the reliability of cross-project defect prediction. Well-known machine learning techniques, such as support vector machines, k-nearest neighbors, random forest classifiers, and artificial neural networks, were applied to publicly available PROMISE datasets. The interpretability of this approach was demonstrated by SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) techniques. The developed interpretable software defect prediction models showed reliability on independent and cross-project data. Finally, the results demonstrate that static code metrics can contribute to the defect prediction models, and the inclusion of explainability assists in establishing trust in the developed models.
Enhancement of Ambulatory Glucose Profile for Decision Assistance and Treatment Adjustments
Authors: Satuluri V. K. R. Rajeswari , Ponnusamy Vijayakumar
Published: February 2024

The ambulatory glucose profile (AGP) lacks sufficient statistical metrics and insightful graphs; indeed, it is missing important information on the temporal patterns of glucose variations. The AGP graph is difficult to interpret due to the overlapping metrics and fluctuations in glucose levels over 14 days. The objective of this proposed work is to overcome these challenges, specifically the lack of insightful information and difficulty in interpreting AGP graphs, to create a platform for decision assistance. The present work proposes 20 findings built from decision rules that were developed from a combination of AGP metrics and additional statistical metrics, which have the potential to identify patterns and insightful information on hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. The “CGM Trace” webpage was developed, in which insightful metrics and graphical representations can be used to make inferences regarding the glucose data of any user. However, doctors (endocrinologists) can access the “Findings” tab for a summarized presentation of their patients’ glycemic control. The findings were implemented for 67 patients’ data, in which the data of 15 patients were collected from a clinical study and the data of 52 patients were gathered from a public dataset. The findings were validated by means of MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance), wherein a p value of < 0.05 was obtained, depicting a strong significant correlation between the findings and the metrics. The proposed work from “CGM Trace” offers a deeper understanding of the CGM data, enhancing AGP reports for doctors to make treatment adjustments based on insightful information and hidden patterns for better diabetic management.
Beneficial Effects of Self-Motion for the Continuous Phase Analysis of Ac-Coupled Doppler Radars
Authors: Ferro Luigi , Li Changzhi , Scandurra Graziella , Ciofi Carmine , Cardillo Emanuele
Published: February 2024

This paper analyzes the beneficial effects on phase detection arising from the motion of an ac-coupled Doppler radar. Indeed, although the presence of an ac coupling stage suppresses the dc offset after the receiver RF output, due to the coupling capacitor, a high-pass behavior is introduced; the presence of a high-pass behavior leads to signal distortion, particularly for low Doppler frequencies, which are typical in many biomedical or industrial applications. Since the target displacement is usually extracted from the phase history, this effect might, in turn, worsen the overall accuracy of the system. Moreover, if the target alternates stationary and moving time intervals, the phase detection step becomes challenging. Indeed, during the stationary time, the output of the RF front-end shows only noise fluctuations that, in turn, result in uncorrelated phases which might be confused with the real target displacement. This negative effect might be avoided by keeping the radar continuously moving, thus exploiting what is usually considered a state that is negative and worthy of attention. In this contribution, this effect is addressed from a different perspective, and ad hoc experimental case studies are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system. This task has been accomplished through theoretical analysis and related experimental activity.
Multi-Dimensional Information Fusion You Only Look Once Network for Suspicious Object Detection in Millimeter Wave Images
Authors: Chen Zhenhong , Tian Ruijiao , Xiong Di , Yuan Chenchen , Li Tang , Shi Yiran
Published: February 2024

Millimeter wave (MMW) imaging systems have been widely used for security screening in public places due to their advantages of being able to detect a variety of suspicious objects, non-contact operation, and harmlessness to the human body. In this study, we propose an innovative, multi-dimensional information fusion YOLO network that can aggregate and capture multimodal information to cope with the challenges of low resolution and susceptibility to noise in MMW images. In particular, an MMW data information aggregation module is developed to adaptively synthesize a novel type of MMW image, which simultaneously contains pixel, depth, phase, and diverse signal-to-noise information to overcome the limitations of current MMW images containing consistent pixel information in all three channels. Furthermore, this module is capable of differentiable data enhancements to take into account adverse noise conditions in real application scenarios. In order to fully acquire the augmented contextual information mentioned above, we propose an asymptotic path aggregation network and combine it with YOLOv8. The proposed method is able to adaptively and bidirectionally fuse deep and shallow features while avoiding semantic gaps. In addition, a multi-view, multi-parameter mapping technique is designed to enhance the detection ability. The experiments on the measured MMW datasets validate the improvement in object detection using the proposed model.
Enhanced Gain Difference Power Allocation for NOMA-Based Visible Light Communications
Authors: Zhong Xian , Miao Pu , Wang Xiaoqing
Published: February 2024

With the escalating demand for high-data-rate wireless services, visible light communication (VLC) technology has emerged as a promising complement to traditional radio frequency wireless networks. To further enhance the achievable rate and error performance in non-orthogonal multiple access-based VLC downlinks, an efficient power allocation scheme named enhanced gain difference power allocation (EGDPA) is proposed for a multiple-input multiple-output VLC system. The power factors are determined by considering users’ channel gains and utilizing the residual allocation principle, which focuses on the remaining power available after allocating it to the previous users. In addition, the impacts of the user distribution and transmission power are investigated, and the performance metrics in terms of achievable data rate, energy efficiency, and bit error rate are also analytically presented. Simulation results demonstrate that energy efficiency can be significantly improved and the achievable data rate gain can be enhanced by at least 6.25% with the proposed EGDPA scheme as compared with other traditional methods, confirming its superiority and validity for efficient multi-user accessing.
Secrecy and Throughput Performance of Cooperative Cognitive Decode-and-Forward Relaying Vehicular Networks with Direct Links and Poisson Distributed Eavesdroppers
Authors: Wang Fan , Li Cuiran , Xie Jianli , Su Lin , Liu Yadan , Du Shaoyi
Published: February 2024

Cooperative communication and cognitive radio can effectively improve spectrum utilization, coverage range, and system throughput of vehicular networks, whereas they also incur several security issues and wiretapping attacks. Thus, security and threat detection are vitally important for such networks. This paper investigates the secrecy and throughput performance of an underlay cooperative cognitive vehicular network, where a pair of secondary vehicles communicate through a direct link and the assistance of a decode-and-forward (DF) secondary relay in the presence of Poisson-distributed colluding eavesdroppers and under an interference constraint set by the primary receiver. Considering mixed Rayleigh and double-Rayleigh fading channels, we design a realistic relaying transmission scheme and derive the closed-form expressions of secrecy and throughput performance, such as the secrecy outage probability (SOP), the connection outage probability (COP), the secrecy and connection outage probability (SCOP), and the overall secrecy throughput, for traditional and proposed schemes, respectively. An asymptotic analysis is further presented in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. Numerical results illustrate the impacts of network parameters on secrecy and throughput and reveal that the advantages of the proposed scheme are closely related to the channel gain of the relay link compared to the direct link.
Continuous Supercritical Water Impregnation Method for the Preparation of Metal Oxide on Activated Carbon Composite Materials
Authors: Maxim Florentina , Toma Elena-Ecaterina , Stoian Giuseppe-Stefan , Contescu Cristian , Atkinson Irina , Ludwig Christian , Tanasescu Speranta
Published: February 2024

Metal oxide (MexOy) nanomaterials are used as catalysts and/or sorbents in processes taking place in supercritical water (scH2O), which is the “green” solvent needed to obtain energy-relevant products. Their properties are significantly influenced by the synthesis method used to prepare active MexOy. In addition, the use of supported MexOy nanoparticles is more practical and cost-effective in terms of their performance maintenance. Within this context, the present study reports on the preparation of carbon-supported ZnO and CuO composites using an innovative scH2O impregnation method. Metal oxides were impregnated on a carbon (C) support using a continuous-flow tubular reactor. The results show that impregnation in scH2O is a promising approach for the preparation of ZnO/C and CuO/C composite materials. This one-step synthesis method, in a continuous flow, uses neither a seed layer nor a mineralizer, and it needs substantially lower preparation times than conventional impregnation methods.
Estimation and Analysis of Carbon Emission Efficiency in Chinese Industry and Its Influencing Factors—Evidence from the Micro Level
Authors: Zhao Xinna , Guo Li , Gao Zhiyuan , Hao Yu
Published: February 2024

A major goal of the “14th Five-Year Plan” phase is to promote the green transformation of industrial enterprises to address the ‘dual carbon’ challenge. Utilizing the China Industrial Enterprises Database and the Polluting Enterprises Database, this paper calculates the carbon emissions of Chinese industrial enterprises from 2001 to 2010 at the micro level. It presents an analysis of the heterogeneity of carbon emission efficiency (TPI) in industrial enterprises, as well as the factors influencing corporate TPI. This study finds that enterprises within a subdivided industry exhibit heterogeneous levels of TPI, with carbon emissions largely affected by the structure of energy consumption. The researchers suggest accelerating the transition of industrial enterprises to green technology and argue that carbon emission policies should shift from controlling direct total targets to strengthening market-oriented policy tools. Carbon reduction targets should be more stringent for enterprises with lower TPI, considering the heterogeneity among enterprises. To meet the challenges of emission reduction, industrial enterprises are encouraged to actively reform their energy consumption structure. Government policies should aim to reduce clean energy costs and encourage the use of clean energy by industrial enterprises.
Evaluation of FACTS Contributions Using Branch Flow Model and Newton–Raphson Algorithm
Authors: Corpus Marco Junior Ticllacuri , Leite Jonatas B.
Published: February 2024

Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTSs) have been widely incorporated in electric power systems in order to control system parameters. This paper proposes the modeling of four FACTS devices, using the Branch Flow Model (BF) as an optimization problem to reduce the complexity of the Newton–Raphson (NR) load flow code with FACTS devices. The devices are represented as variable impedances, as a function of a firing angle, and as voltage source converters (VSCs) located on the buses and transmission lines. This proposed model solves the problem associated with the selection of appropriate initial conditions of the parameters of each device that guarantee convergence. The model is validated by evaluating its percentage deviation with respect to the NR method, using the standard test systems, IEEE 5-bus, IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 30-bus, and IEEE 57-bus systems.
Steam Storage Rankine Cycle for Unutilized Applications in Distributed High-Temperature Waste Heat Recovery
Authors: Raab Florian , Böse Lennart , Klein Harald , Opferkuch Frank
Published: February 2024

In the light of increasingly valuable resources and a trend towards more efficient processes pushed by climate change, distributed Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) is an important element in the transformation of the energy supply. In recent years, however, WHR systems have often been optimized and implemented for steady-state applications. In this paper, dynamic system modeling and a Steam Rankine Cycle (SRC) pilot plant with 40 kWel are used to investigate applications unutilized thus far for the conversion of high-temperature waste heat into electricity using a shell boiler with 1.27 m3 of liquid water for short-term energy storage. In addition to experimental investigations of the storage system as an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) and the input and output of +/−100% electrical power peaks for grid-assistive operation, a control concept for the use of volatile waste heat is developed from a model-based controller design up to a Model Predictive Control (MPC) with the help of a dynamic system simulation. Based on the validated model and experimental measurement data, outlooks for concrete applications with higher storage capacity and power are provided.
Battery Storage Use in the Value Chain of Power Systems
Authors: Ratshitanga Mukovhe , Ayeleso Ayokunle , Krishnamurthy Senthil , Rose Garrett , Aminou Moussavou Anges Akim , Adonis Marco
Published: February 2024

In recent years, energy challenges such as grid congestion and imbalances have emerged from conventional electric grids. Furthermore, the unpredictable nature of these systems poses many challenges in meeting various users’ demands. The Battery Energy Storage System is a potential key for grid instability with improved power quality. The present study investigates the global trend towards integrating battery technology as an energy storage system with renewable energy production and utility grid systems. An extensive review of battery systems such as Lithium-Ion, Lead–Acid, Zinc–Bromide, Nickel–Cadmium, Sodium–Sulphur, and the Vanadium redox flow battery is conducted. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of their working principles, control strategies, optimizations, and technical characteristics is presented. The review findings show that Lead–Acid, Lithium-Ion, Sodium-based, and flow redox batteries have seen increased breakthroughs in the energy storage market. Furthermore, the use of the BESS as an ancillary service and control technique enhances the performance of microgrids and utility grid systems. These control techniques provide potential solutions such as peak load shaving, the smoothing of photovoltaic ramp rates, voltage fluctuation reduction, a large grid, power supply backup, microgrids, renewable energy sources time shift, spinning reserve for industrial consumers, and frequency regulation. Conclusively, a cost summary of the various battery technologies is presented.
Optimisation of Biogas Production in the Co-Digestion of Pre-Hydrodynamically Cavitated Aerobic Granular Sludge with Waste Fats
Authors: Dębowski Marcin , Zieliński Marcin , Kazimierowicz Joanna , Nowicka Anna , Dudek Magda
Published: February 2024

The characteristics of excess aerobic granular sludge, related to its structure and chemical composition, limit the efficiency of anaerobic digestion. For this reason, pre-treatment methods and compositions with other organic substrates are used. In earlier work, no attempt was made to intensify the methane fermentation of the excess aerobic granular sludge by adding fatty waste materials. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of co-digestion of pre-hydrodynamically cavitated aerobic granular sludge with waste fats on the efficiency of methane fermentation under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The addition of waste fats improved the C/N ratio and increased its value to 19. Under mesophilic conditions, the highest effects were observed when the proportion of volatile solids from waste fats was 25%. The amount of biogas produced increased by 17.85% and CH4 by 19.85% compared to the control. The greatest effects were observed in thermophilic anaerobic digestion at 55 °C, where a 15% waste fat content in volatile solids was ensured. This resulted in the production of 1278.2 ± 40.2 mL/gVS biogas and 889.4 ± 29.7 mL/gVS CH4. The CH4 content of the biogas was 69.6 ± 1.3%. The increase in biogas and CH4 yield compared to pure aerobic granular sludge anaerobic digestion was 34.4% and 40.1%, respectively. An increase in the proportion of waste fats in the substrate had no significant effect on the efficiency of methane fermentation. Strong positive correlations (R2 > 0.9) were observed between biogas and CH4 production and the C/N ratio and VS concentration.
Study on Numerical Simulation of Gas–Water Two-Phase Micro-Seepage Considering Fluid–Solid Coupling in the Cleats of Coal Rocks
Authors: Qian Cheng , Xie Yaxi , Zhang Xiujun , Zhou Ruiqi , Mou Bixin
Published: February 2024

The increasing demand for natural gas energy will promote unconventional natural gas, such as coal seam gas and shale gas, to play a key role in future energy development. The mechanical properties of coal seams are weaker compared with conventional natural gas reservoirs. The fluid–solid coupling phenomenon exists widely at the pore scale and macro scale of coal seams, and runs through the whole process of coalbed gas exploitation. The objective of this study is to establish a microscale gas–water flow model for coalbed methane considering fluid structure coupling. Frist, this study used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to obtain microscopic pore images of coal rocks. Then, we constructed a numerical model to simulate the movement of coalbed methane and water within the scale of coal cleats based on the Navier–Stokes equation, phase field method, and solid mechanics theory. Finally, we analyzed the effects of injection pressure and wettability on the microscopic two-phase seepage characteristics and displacement efficiency of coal. Our research shows that when the injection pressure is increased from 60 kPa to 120 kPa, the displacement completion time is shortened from 1.3 × 10−4 s to 7 × 10−5 s, and the time is doubled, resulting in a final gas saturation of 98%. The contact angle increases from 45° to 120°, and the final gas saturation increases from 0.871 to 0.992, an increase of 12.2%.
Dynamic Mesh Simulations in OpenFOAM: A Hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian Approach
Authors: Pasolari Rention , Ferreira Carlos Simão , van Zuijlen Alexander , Baptista Carlos Fernando
Published: February 2024

The past few decades have witnessed a growing popularity in Eulerian–Lagrangian solvers due to their significant potential for simulating aerodynamic flows, particularly in cases involving strong body–vortex interactions. In this hybrid approach, the two component solvers are mutually coupled in a two-way fashion. Initially, the Lagrangian solver can supply boundary conditions to the Eulerian solver, while the Eulerian solver functions as a corrector for the Lagrangian solution in regions where the latter cannot achieve high accuracy. To utilize such tools effectively, it is vital for them to be capable of handling dynamic mesh movements. This study builds upon the previous research conducted by our team and extends the capabilities of the hybrid solver to handle dynamic meshes. While OpenFOAM, the Eulerian component of this hybrid code, incorporates built-in dynamic mesh properties, certain modifications are necessary to ensure its compatibility with the Lagrangian solver. More specifically, the evolution algorithm of the pimpleFOAM solver needs to be divided into two discrete steps: first, updating the mesh, and later, evolving the solution. This division enables a proper coupling between pimpleFOAM and the Lagrangian solver as an intermediate step. Therefore, the primary objective of this specific paper is to adapt the OpenFOAM solver to meet the demands of the hybrid solver and subsequently validate that the hybrid solver can effectively address dynamic mesh challenges using this approach. This approach introduces a pioneering method for conducting dynamic mesh simulations within the OpenFOAM framework, showcasing its potential for broader applications. To validate the approach, various test cases involving dynamic mesh movements are employed. Specifically, all these cases employ the Lamb–Oseen diffusing vortex, but each case incorporates different types of mesh movements, including translational, rotational, oscillational, and combinations thereof. The results from these cases demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed OpenFOAM algorithm, with the maximum relative errors —when compared to the analytical solution across all presented cases—capped at 2.0% for the worst-case scenario. This affirms the algorithm’s capability to successfully handle dynamic mesh simulations with the proposed solver.
Genetic Identification and Technological Potential of Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Alheira, a Traditional Portuguese Sausage
Authors: Fernandes Nathália , Faria Ana Sofia , Carvalho Laís , Choupina Altino , Rodrigues Carina , Gonzales-Barron Ursula , Cadavez Vasco
Published: February 2024

Alheira is a naturally fermented meat sausage traditionally made in the Portuguese region of Trás-os-Montes. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the dominant microorganisms in alheira and can endow it with various technological properties. This study aimed (1) to characterize technological features and in vitro antimicrobial activity of LAB isolated from alheira, and (2) to reveal associations between such phenotypic characteristics and the isolates species identified through amplification and sequencing of the 16S ribosomal gene. Sixty-two LAB isolates were identified and Enterococcus (E.) faecium corresponded to 32.3% of isolates, followed by Leuconostoc (L.) mesenteroides (19.4%) and Latilactobacillus (Lb.) sakei (17.7%), aligning with previous research on traditional Portuguese fermented meat sausages. The phenotypic analysis of LAB isolates indicated diverse acidification capacities, proteolytic activities, and inhibitory effects against foodborne pathogens Listeria (L.) monocytogenes, Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. Overall, lactobacilli displayed high inhibition activity against the pathogens S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and S. Typhimurium. Although the mechanisms for the inhibition of pathogen growth need to be further elucidated, these findings enhance our understanding of LAB diversity and functionality in alheira sausages, contributing to product safety and quality.
An Improved Rock Resistivity Model Based on Multi-Fractal Characterization Method for Sandstone Micro-Pore Structure Using Capillary Pressure
Authors: Xie Weibiao , Yin Qiuli , Zeng Jingbo , Yang Fan , Zhang Pan , Yan Binpeng
Published: February 2024

Micro-pore structures are an essential factor for the electrical properties of porous rock. Theoretical electrical conductivity models considering pore structure can highly improve the accuracy of reservoir estimation. In this study, a pore structure characterization method based on a multi-fractal theory using capillary pressure is developed. Next, a theoretical electrical conductivity equation is derived based on the new pore structure characterization method. Furthermore, a distinct interrelationship between fractal dimensions of capillary pressure curves (Dv) and of resistivity index curves (Dt and Dr) is obtained. The experimental data of 7 sandstone samples verify that the fitting result by the new pore structure characterization method is highly identical to the experimental capillary pressure curves, and the accuracy of the improved rock resistivity model is higher than the Archie model. In addition, capillary pressure curves can be directly converted to resistivity index curves according to the relationship model between fractal dimensions of capillary pressure curves (Dv) and resistivity index curves (Dt and Dr). This study provides new ideas to improve the accuracy of pore structure characterization and oil saturation calculation; it has good application prospects and guiding significance in reservoir evaluation and rock physical characteristics research.
Spatiotemporal Expression and Haplotypes Identification of KRT84 Gene and Their Association with Wool Traits in Gansu Alpine Fine-Wool Sheep
Authors: Yu Xueqin , Li Shaobin , Zhou Huitong , Zhao Fangfang , Hu Jiang , Wang Jiqing , Liu Xiu , Li Mingna , Zhao Zhidong , Hao Zhiyun , Shi Bingang , Hickford Jon G. H.
Published: February 2024

Keratin (K) is a major protein component of hair and is involved in hair growth and development. In this study, we analysed the expression, localization, and polymorphism of the K84 gene (KRT84) in Gansu Alpine Fine-wool sheep using immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, and PARMS (penta-primer amplification refractory mutation system). Haplotypes of KRT84 were also constructed and their relationship with wool traits analysed. It was revealed that KRT84 was highly expressed in hair follicles, including the inner root sheath, outer root sheath, and hair medulla and at all six lamb ages investigated from 1 to 270 days of age. Three SNPs were detected in KRT84 exon 1, and they formed three haplotypes (named H1, H2, and H3) and six genotypes. Analyses revealed an association between haplotype combinations (diplotypes) and the mean fibre curvature, mean staple length, mean staple strength, mean fibre diameter, the coefficient of variation of fibre diameter, and comfort factor for these sheep. These results suggest that KRT84 is of importance in determining several key traits in Gansu Alpine Fine-wool sheep and that the gene could possibly be used as a genetic marker for wool trait selection in these sheep.
Psychometric Properties of the Body–Mind–Spirit Wellness Behavior and Characteristic Inventory for the Greek Population
Authors: Mantsos Evangelos , Lyrakos Georgιos , Katsarou Dimitra V. , Zafeiroudi Aglaia , Giannousi Maria , Zisi Vasiliki
Published: February 2024

The Body–Mind–Spirit Wellness Behavior and Characteristic Inventory (BMS-WBCI) is a free-of-charge wellness tool with good psychometric properties, widely used mainly in studies assessing quality of life and healthy lifestyle habits. This certain tool is based on the Hettler’s (1980) model and has been validated for use with students aged 18–36. The purpose of this study was to adapt the BMS-WBCI in the Greek language and at the same time to validate it for use in the general population. This study included 520 participants aged 16–75 (M = 39.86, SD = 10.5), who were recruited from the Greek population using the snowball procedure. The BMS-WBCI was adapted into Greek language, following a multiple forward-and-backward translation protocol. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to validate the overall construct of the Greek BMS-WBCI. The final solution was a three-factor model with 38 items, after removing the items B1, B8, B9, M11, M24, and S43. This final model demonstrated an acceptable to good fit, presenting higher goodness-of-fit indices (CFI = 0.91, TLI = 0.90) and lower badness-of-fit indices (χ2/653 = 2.29, p < 0.001, RMSEA = 0.05, SRMR = 0.06). All items in the hypothesized model exhibited statistically significant standardized factor loadings (p < 0.001), with loadings consistently above 0.40. A very good internal consistency was found using the composite reliability measures (Body 0.86, Mind 0.95, Spirit 0.94). Further analysis indicated a good convergent validity (average variance extracted values: Body 50.5%, Mind 50.7%, Spirit 54.9%). The results indicated adequate discriminant validity, as all square roots of average variance extracted were higher than the correlation between construct items. In conclusion, this psychometric evaluation of the BMS-WBCI adds to the evidence supporting its use in the Greek language, not only in students, but also in the general population.
False Promise: World Heritage, Ecotourism, and the Local Community of Strahan, Tasmania
Authors: Pocock Celmara , Collett David , Knowles Joan
Published: February 2024

The inscription of properties on the World Heritage List often places restrictions on existing livelihoods. In these contexts, tourism is widely held to be a panacea for the economic and social wellbeing of local communities. Ecotourism, in particular, is regarded as addressing both environmental and social needs of communities. However, existing research demonstrates that tourism seldom delivers benefits to Indigenous peoples or local communities in developing countries. This paper suggests that such limitations are equally problematic for local communities in developed nations such as Australia. Through ethnographic research including participant observation and interviews, this paper describes the impacts of tourism on the local community of Strahan, a small logging, fishing, and mining town that transformed into a tourism village following the World Heritage listing of Southwest Tasmania. We suggest that contrary to the widely held view that tourism created employment and economic growth in the town, locals experience diminished quality of life, limited opportunities, and reduced amenity and services. This suggests that ecotourism overlooks its responsibilities for local communities in developed countries, with profound consequences for social sustainability.
Monofilament Shading Nets Improved Water Use Efficiency on High-Temperature Days in Grapevines Subjected to Hyperarid Conditions
Authors: Gutiérrez-Gamboa Gastón , Villalobos-Soublett Emilio , Garrido-Salinas Marco , Verdugo-Vásquez Nicolás
Published: February 2024

(1) Background: Table grapes are often subjected to thermal stress during the growing season, affecting their production. Shading nets utilization has been proposed as an alternative to face this problem, but there is little available information about their effectiveness in hyperarid conditions. INIA-G2 vines were covered with kristall-colored mesh of 8% shade, and their ecophysiological responses were compared to uncovered vines during the daily cycle of two days with contrasting thermic conditions. (2) Methods: Net assimilation rate (AN), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE: AN E−1), stem water potential (Ψs), air temperature (Ta) and vapor-pressure deficit (DPV) were determined in daily cycles (from 06:00 to 20:00 hrs) on two thermally contrasting days (330 DOY at 29.4 °C and 345 DOY at 22.6 °C) on grapevines without water restriction. (3) Results: The Ψs was not affected by treatment and day of measurement; nevertheless, AN and gs were statistically lower during 330 than 345 DOY (31% and 44% decrease, respectively). The covered vines presented less restrictive climatic conditions in terms of DPV in both DOY, reaching higher WUE values at 10, 12 and 14 h, which was associated with a decrease in E. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest that the use of shading nets can be an interesting alternative to cope with high temperatures in viticulture, improving the water use efficiency of vines. These are the first published results about the viticultural performance of the INIA-G2 variety.
Comparison of Citrus Leaf Water Content Estimations Based on the Continuous Wavelet Transform and Fractional Derivative Methods
Authors: Dou Shiqing , Zhang Wenjie , Deng Yuanxiang , Zhang Chenhong , Mei Zhengmin , Yan Jichi , Li Minglan
Published: February 2024

Citrus tangerines are famous fruits worldwide, and monitoring the water content of citrus leaves is highly important for citrus production. However, there are still challenges in quantitatively estimating the water content of citrus leaves using hyperspectral technology, and the random noise generated during spectral acquisition and the overlapping peaks in the sensitive band of the citrus leaf water content will affect estimation accuracy. To solve these problems and further explore the roles of the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and fractional-order derivative (FOD) in the estimation of citrus leaf water content, this study intends to use of CWT and FOD to decompose the original spectrum, and then compare the correlation between the original spectrum and leaf water content to explore whether the decomposition treatment has improved the correlation between spectrum and leaf moisture content. Then, the successive projections algorithm (SPA) was used to select feature bands and combine spectral vegetation indices. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to construct water-content inversion models for citrus leaves, and the inversion accuracies of two commonly used spectral preprocessing methods were compared. The results indicate that (1) the CWT can improve the sensitivity of the spectrum to the citrus leaf water content to a certain extent, and the inversion accuracy of the CWT is approximately 5% greater than that of the FOD. (2) On the basis of the CWT and FOD methods, the inversion accuracy of the citrus leaf water content based on SPA screening increased by 9.61% and 9.29%, respectively, compared with the original spectrum. (3) Under CWT decomposition, Scale4 of the Gaus1 wavelet was screened by the SPA, and the inversion model of citrus leaf water content was constructed by combining the spectral vegetation index NDVI with the best results. The R-squared (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) values were 0.7491 and 0.0284, respectively, which were both 0.0138 greater than those of the best inversion model for the FOD R2. In conclusion, the CWT-SPA combined with the spectral vegetation index can improve the sensitivity of the spectrum to the citrus leaf water content, eliminate a large amount of redundant data, and enhance the prediction ability and stability of the citrus leaf water content.
The Diagnostic Pathway Experiences of People Living with Rare Dementia and Their Family Caregivers: A Cross-Sectional Mixed Methods Study Using Qualitative and Economic Analyses
Authors: Davies-Abbott Ian , Anthony Bethany F. , Jackson Kiara , Windle Gill , Edwards Rhiannon Tudor
Published: February 2024

The pathways for receiving a diagnosis of a rare type of dementia are poorly understood. Diagnostic challenges decrease access to relevant health promotion activities and post-diagnostic support. This study was focused on pathways experienced by people affected by rare dementia in Wales, United Kingdom (UK), considering the practical, emotional, and economic consequences. Semi-structured interviews were completed with 10 people affected by rare dementia across Wales, UK (nine family caregivers and one person living with rare dementia). The interview data were subject to a thematic analysis and a bottom-up costing approach was used to cost the pathway journeys. Five transitional points occurred across the diagnostic pathway (initial contact, initial referral, further referrals—provider, further referrals—private, and diagnosis) alongside two further themes (i.e., involved in the diagnostic process and disputes between stakeholders). The timeliness of the diagnosis was perceived to often be subject to ‘luck’, with access to private healthcare a personal finance option to expedite the process. Higher economic costs were observed when, in retrospect, inappropriate referrals were made, or multiple referrals were required. The confusion and disputes relating to individual diagnostic pathways led to further emotional burdens, suggesting that higher economic costs and emotional consequences are interlinked. Clearer diagnostic pathways for rare dementia may prevent unnecessary service contacts, waiting times, and associated distress. Prioritising appropriate and timely service contacts leads to diagnosis and support to families and enables people to increase control over their health. Appropriate diagnostic pathways may be less costly and reduce costs for families.
Enhancing Behavioural Changes: A Narrative Review on the Effectiveness of a Multifactorial APP-Based Intervention Integrating Physical Activity
Authors: Di Martino Giulia , della Valle Carlo , Centorbi Marco , Buonsenso Andrea , Fiorilli Giovanni , Calcagno Giuseppe , Iuliano Enzo , di Cagno Alessandra
Published: February 2024

The rapid evolution of technologies is a key innovation in the organisation and management of physical activities (PA) and sports. The increase in benefits and opportunities related to the adoption of technologies for both the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and the management of chronic diseases is evident. In the field of telehealth, these devices provide personalised recommendations, workout monitoring and injury prevention. The study aimed to provide an overview of the landscape of technology application to PA organised to promote active lifestyles and improve chronic disease management. This review identified specific areas of focus for the selection of articles: the utilisation of mobile APPs and technological devices for enhancing weight loss, improving cardiovascular health, managing diabetes and cancer and preventing osteoporosis and cognitive decline. A multifactorial intervention delivered via mobile APPs, which integrates PA while managing diet or promoting social interaction, is unquestionably more effective than a singular intervention. The main finding related to promoting PA and a healthy lifestyle through app usage is associated with “behaviour change techniques”. Even when individuals stop using the APP, they often maintain the structured or suggested lifestyle habits initially provided by the APP. Various concerns regarding the excessive use of APPs need to be addressed.
Profiles of Emergency Department Users with Psychiatric Disorders Related to Barriers to Outpatient Care
Authors: Chen Tiffany , Cao Zhirong , Ferland Francine , Farand Lambert , Fleury Marie-Josée
Published: February 2024

Emergency department (ED) overcrowding is a growing problem worldwide. High ED users have been historically targeted to reduce ED overcrowding and associated high costs. Patients with psychiatric disorders, including substance-related disorders (SRDs), are among the largest contributors to high ED use. Since EDs are meant for urgent cases, they are not an appropriate setting for treating recurrent patients or replacing outpatient care. Identifying ED user profiles in terms of perceived barriers to care, service use, and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics is crucial to reduce ED use and unmet needs. Data were extracted from medical records and a survey was conducted among 299 ED patients from 2021 to 2022 in large Quebec networks. Cluster algorithms and comparison tests identified three profiles. Profile 1 had the most patients without barriers to care, with case managers, and received the best primary care. Profile 2 reported moderate barriers to care and low primary care use, best quality of life, and more serious psychiatric disorders. Profile 3 had the most barriers to care, high ED users, and lower service satisfaction and perceived mental/health conditions. Our findings and recommendations inform decision-makers on evidence-based strategies to address the unmet needs of these vulnerable populations.
Phenotypic, Technological, Safety, and Genomic Profiles of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Producing Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus Strains Isolated from Cow’s Milk
Authors: Valenzuela José Alejandro , Vázquez Lucía , Rodríguez Javier , Flórez Ana Belén , Vasek Olga M. , Mayo Baltasar
Published: February 2024

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can be used as starters in the development of GABA-enriched functional fermented foods. In this work, four GABA-producing strains each of Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus species were isolated from cow’s milk, and their phenotypic, technological, and safety profiles determined. Genome analysis provided genetic support for the majority of the analyzed traits, namely, GABA production, growth in milk, and the absence of genes of concern. The operon harboring the glutamate decarboxylase gene (gadB) was chromosomally encoded in all strains and showed the same gene content and gene order as those reported, respectively, for L. lactis and S. thermophilus. In the latter species, the operon was flanked (as in most strains of this species) by complete or truncated copies of insertion sequences (IS), suggesting recent acquisition through horizontal gene transfer. The genomes of three L. lactis and two S. thermophilus strains showed a gene encoding a caseinolytic proteinase (PrtP in L. lactis and PrtS in S. thermophilus). Of these, all but one grew in milk, forming a coagulum of good appearance and an appealing acidic flavor and taste. They also produced GABA in milk supplemented with monosodium glutamate. Two L. lactis strains were identified as belonging to the biovar. diacetylactis, utilized citrate from milk, and produced significant amounts of acetoin. None of the strains showed any noticeable antibiotic resistance, nor did their genomes harbor transferable antibiotic resistance genes or genes involved in toxicity, virulence, or pathogenicity. Altogether these results suggest that all eight strains may be considered candidates for use as starters or components of mixed LAB cultures for the manufacture of GABA-enriched fermented dairy products.
Iron Overload in Brain: Transport Mismatches, Microbleeding Events, and How Nanochelating Therapies May Counteract Their Effects
Authors: Ficiarà Eleonora , Stura Ilaria , Vernone Annamaria , Silvagno Francesca , Cavalli Roberta , Guiot Caterina
Published: February 2024

Iron overload in many brain regions is a common feature of aging and most neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the causes, mechanisms, mathematical models, and possible therapies are summarized. Indeed, physiological and pathological conditions can be investigated using compartmental models mimicking iron trafficking across the blood–brain barrier and the Cerebrospinal Fluid-Brain exchange membranes located in the choroid plexus. In silico models can investigate the alteration of iron homeostasis and simulate iron concentration in the brain environment, as well as the effects of intracerebral iron chelation, determining potential doses and timing to recover the physiological state. Novel formulations of non-toxic nanovectors with chelating capacity are already tested in organotypic brain models and could be available to move from in silico to in vivo experiments.
Impact of Human Adenovirus 36 on Embryonated Chicken Eggs: Insights into Growth Mechanisms
Authors: Pogorzelska Aleksandra , Kuropka Piotr , Stygar Dominika , Michalczyk Katarzyna , Chełmecka Elżbieta , Zalejska-Fiolka Jolanta , Kublicka Agata , Janicka Paulina , Bażanów Barbara
Published: February 2024

Human adenovirus 36 (HAdV-D36) is presently the sole virus identified to be associated with an elevated risk of obesity in both humans and animals. However, its impact on embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) remains unexplored. This study endeavoured to examine the influence of HAdV-D36 on embryonic development by utilizing embryonated chicken eggs as a dynamic model. To simulate various infection routes, the allantoic cavity and the yolk sac of ECEs were inoculated with HAdV-D36. Subsequently, embryos from both the experimental (inoculated with virus) and control (inoculated with PBS) groups were weighed and subjected to daily histological examination. The daily embryo weights were assessed and compared between groups using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Histopathological changes in tissues were examined and compared between the tested and control groups to ascertain physiological alterations induced by the virus. Our study confirmed a significant increase in the body weight of ECEs. However, this phenomenon was not attributable to adipose tissue development; rather, it was characterized by an augmented number of cells in all observed tissues compared to control subjects. We posit that HAdV-D36 may impact developing organisms through mechanisms other than enhanced adipose tissue development. Specifically, our findings indicate an increased number of cells in all tissues, a phenomenon that occurs through an as-yet-unexplored pathway.
The Role of the Kinin System and the Effect of Des-Arginine9-Bradykinin on Coagulation and Platelet Function in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Secondary Analysis of a Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Edinger Fabian , Edinger Sophia , Schmidt Götz , Koch Christian , Sander Michael , Schneck Emmanuel
Published: February 2024

The effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the coagulation system is not fully understood. SARS-CoV-2 penetrates cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, leading to its downregulation. Des-arginine9-bradykinin (DA9B) is degraded by ACE2 and causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. Furthermore, DA9B is associated with impaired platelet function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of DA9B on platelet function and coagulopathy in critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. In total, 29 polymerase-positive SARS-CoV-2 patients admitted to the intensive care unit of the University Hospital of Giessen and 29 healthy controls were included. Blood samples were taken, and platelet impedance aggregometry and rotational thromboelastometry were performed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays measured the concentrations of DA9B, bradykinin, and angiotensin 2. Significantly increased concentrations of DA9B and angiotensin 2 were found in the COVID-19 patients. A negative effect of DA9B on platelet function and intrinsic coagulation was also found. A sub-analysis of moderate and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome patients revealed a negative association between DA9B and platelet counts and fibrinogen levels. DA9B provokes inhibitory effects on the intrinsic coagulation system in COVID-19 patients. This negative feedback seems reasonable as bradykinin, which is transformed to DA9B, is released after contact activation. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to confirm our findings.