bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental study and development planning center of tomato production
Authors: Azhar Zul , Aimon Hasdi , Idris  , Elida
Published: August 2019

This article from the research of [1] states that the average total production of tomatoes in one planting period is 9.74 tons and is equivalent to a monetary value of Rp. 10.17 million. It means that tomato farmers in one planting period for 3-4 months get income between Rp. 9.77 million - Rp. 10.60 million or one month between Rp. 2.44 million - Rp. 2.65 million. Socio-culture of tomato farmers must abandon traditional farming culture that is less supportive, needs to increase production. In addition, [1] stated tomatoes during the harvest season, their production exceeded market needs, so that very much production was not utilized, because the average tomato production at harvest time reached 16.74 tons per farmer in one planting period. In connection with that case, it requires a downstream planning of more production (over production). This, if not considered, will make tomato farmers suffer losses and make demotivation to grow tomatoes. Tomatoes are wasted to rot causing flies, creating an unhealthy environment. Quantitative research method, data collection by distributing questionnaires to tomato farmers at the research site. Measurement The research instrument used a Likert scale with a weight of 1-5 values to assess each statement contained in the questionnaire. The variables of this study include economic, socio-cultural and environmental factors. Data analysis was performed using the Partial Least Square. The results of this study have a significant effect between the social fields on the economic field and economic factors on a significant environment while there is no significant influence between the social and environmental fields. So that environmental studies must be analyzed before project activities (business) will be carried out. If the project (business) activities are carried out then it can improve the welfare of tomato farmers who are environmentally friendly.
Pattern of palm-based agroforestry the Bugis etnic community in the Regency of Kolaka Indonesia
Authors: Baka W K , Rianse I S , Rianse U , Abdullah W G , Zulfikar
Published: August 2019

The study aimed to identify patern of palm-based agroforestry Bugis etnic community in Kolaka Regency. This research was conducted in Kolaka Regency. Respondents were determined by purposive sampling. The method data analysis used is qualitative analysis. The results showed that there were fourteen palm-based agroforestry patterns that were cultivated in a subsistence manner in Kolaka Regency. The agroforestry pattern of coconut-palm-cacao-clove is the most agroforestry pattern cultivated by community farmers (28.5%). The variation plant of agroforestry patterns is can be describe the welfare level of farmer.
The effect of infrastructure development on the development of tourism area and living environment of Carocok Beach, Painan
Authors: Munaf Erasukma , Amar Syamsul , Idris  , Van Wanda Damel , Alhadi Zikri
Published: August 2019

Carocok beach tourism destination is one of the integrated tourism development areas in Pesisir Selatan district, West Sumatra province which already has a Master Plan. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of infrastructure development on the development of tourism and the environment in the Carocok beach tourism area. This study is a causal method survey research involving 180 respondents, stakeholders of the Carocok beach tourism area including the Government, private parties, non-governmental organizations, tourists, and local residents. The sample selection is done in a convenient purposive sampling manner. Data analysis used path analysis which was preceded by test data requirements: normality, multicollinearity, autocorrelation, and heteroscedasticity. The research error rate was set at 5%. The results of the study show that infrastructure development has a significant direct effect on the development of tourism and the environment. Tourism development also has a significant direct effect on the environment.
Economic growth poverty and degradation of environmental in Balai Gadang Village, Koto Tangah District, Padang City
Authors: Supriyadi  , Muchtar Bustari , Razak Abdul
Published: August 2019

This study aims to a). Analyze the impact of economic growth and poverty on the carrying capacity of the environment. in Balai Gadang Village, Koto Tangah District, Padang City. b). m analyzing land conversion resulted in environmental degradation in Balai Gadang Village, Koto Tangah District, Padang City. This research method is a descriptive type of research with a qualitative approach. The research location is in lurahan Into Hall Tower to Koto Tangah sub-district, Padang City. Informants in this study came from community leaders, village officials, sub-district officials, and related officials. Data collection techniques in this study, namely interviews, observation and documentation. The analysis technique is in use in this study is inductive data analysis. From the research findings concluded: a). The impact of economic growth on the carrying capacity of the environment is the integration of the environment due to infrastructure that supports facilities and infrastructure to support economic activities built on land that was originally used as agricultural land: b) The impact of poverty on environmental carrying capacity is the business of river dredging for fulfill the demand for sirtukil mining goods as household income. c). There has been an increase in land conversion in Balai Gadang Village. The land converted is paddy fields for residential land and trade d). Land conversion factors in Balai Gadang Village, Koto Tangah District, Padang City are government policies, natural factors, population growth and economic problems. E). The magnitude of settlement and trade expansion in Balai Gadang Village has resulted in environmental degradation, namely 1) environmental degradation to soil productivity; 2) soil degradation; 3). environmental degradation of river widening and shallowness; 4). environmental degradation of air pollution; 5) environmental degradation in the form of air pollution other than sourced from waste also sourced from motor vehicles; 6). environmental degradation of biodiversity.
The influence of infrastructure development and ecological carrying capacity on the economic impact of independent integrated city of Lunang Silaut
Authors: Van Wanda Damel , Irianto Agus , Sulastri  , Munaf Erasukma , Alhadi Zikri
Published: August 2019

Independent integrated city is a city that was built with the aim of increasing the ease of meeting various basic needs that enable the opening of opportunities for socioeconomic growth of transmigrate regions and creating centers of business activities that attract investors as an effort to develop the economic activities of transmigrates and surrounding communities. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of the independent variables of infrastructure development and ecological carrying capacity on the dependent variable of the Economic Impact of the Independent Integrated City of Lunang Silaut. This research is a quantitative research involving 150 respondents of the Independent Integrated City Regional stakeholders Lunang Silaut who represent the Government, private parties, nongovernmental organizations, and local residents. The sample selection is done in a convenient purposive sampling manner. Data analysis uses multiple regression which is preceded by data requirements test: normality, multicollinearity, autocorrelation, and heteroscedasticity. The research error rate was set at 5%. The results showed that infrastructure development and ecological carrying capacity had a significant effect on the economic impact of Independent Integrated City Lunang Silaut, with a Sig. F = 0.000; and the two independent variables can explain the dependent variable of 98.8%, while the rest is determined by other factors outside the research boundary.
The effect of contextual teaching and learning approach and motivation of learning on the ability of understanding the mathematics concepts of grade V student
Authors: Rama Yeni Yuvita , Syarifuddin Hendra , Ahmad Riska
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the effect of the CTL approach and learning motivation on the ability to understand mathematical concepts in class V students. This research is a quasy type experimental research. The population is all students in class V SDN Gugus I Kecamatan Tanjung Harapan Solok City and the sample is 57 students in grade V SDN 01 Tanjung Paku. This sampling technique uses randomized sampling. Research data is obtained from the ability to understand mathematical concepts and questionnaires. The results of the study showed that: (1) The ability to understand mathematical concepts of students participating in learning with the Contextual Teaching and Learning approach was better than using conventional learning; (2) the ability to understand the mathematical concepts of students who have high learning motivation who follow learning with the Contextual Teaching and Learning approach is better than using conventional learning; (3) The ability to understand mathematical concepts of students who have low learning motivation who follow learning with the Contextual Teaching and Learning approach is better than using conventional learning; (4) There is no significant interaction between the Contextual Teaching and Learning approach and students ‘learning motivation on the ability to understand students’ mathematical concepts.
Model of socio-economic recovery of farmers in erupted areas of mount Sinabung in Karo Regency
Authors: Leonardo Nainggolan Hotden , Ginting Albina , Tampubolon Jongkers , Aritonang Johndikson , Rudianto Saragih Jef
Published: August 2019

This study aims to find a model of socio-economic recovery of farmers in erupted areas of Mt. Sinabung in Karo Regency. The study was conducted in Payung and Namanteran Districts with a sample of 30 respondents determined purphosically, with descriptive research methods. The result of research; a) Social recovery of farmers carried out by the government through community group development, customs are still minimal, b) Training on adaptation/mitigation technology related to farming for the process of socio-economic recovery has not been optimal, c) There has been no use of new varieties that are tolerant of diversity that match power support land, d) There is no access to cooperation with partners for the agricultural product market. In accordance with the results of the study it is recommended; a) Efforts are needed to restore the socio-economic conditions of farmers, through empowerment to improve the ability of farmers, b) A holistic approach is needed to touch all aspects of socio-economic farmers, c) The government must provide free space for farmers to increase their socioeconomic strata through activities that productive nature, d) The government must carry out a specific identification process to determine the slow process of recovery in the socio-economic area of farmers affected by eruption.
Estimations of limestone resources using three dimension block kriging method, a case study: limestone sediment at PT Semen Padang
Authors: Gusman M , Muchtar B , Syah N , Akbar M D , Deni A V
Published: August 2019

Making of block model was performed by geostatistic approach using kriging method to estimate and modeling of limestone source quality at Karang Putih Hill. Modeling and counting of source were based on three-dimension block model concept which was divided into block units with grid size 100 100 15 m which was appropriate with the size of mining block at location of the study. Variable used for limestone source estimation were CaO, SiO2and H2O levels, according to conditions of raw material quality which has been specified.The result from variogram analysis showed that spatial characteristic of CaO, SiO2 and H2O levels in limestone had nugget effect percentage of 47, 36%, 30, 92%, dan 33, 3% with range 145 - 230 m and range for vertical direction 21 - 40 m. Percentage (%) error of limestone estimation with confidence level 95% for CaO level were 54, 74% 0, 04%, SiO2: 0, 72% 0, 04% and H2O: 0, 36% ± 0, 007% respectively. Limestone resource quantity estimation at Karang Putih Hill up to elevation 214 meters above sea level which fulfilled the standard quality of CaO level ≥ 48 %, SiO2 level < 10%, and H2O level < 6 % was 158, 01 million ton, while tonnase in the form of 799, 94 thousand ton of silica and 1, 17 million ton of basalt.
Dynamic model of land use change in landslide hazard zones in Tanah Datar District, West Sumatra
Authors: Umar Iswandi , Dewata Indang , Barlian Eri
Published: August 2019

Population growth has an impact on land resource needs, pressure on land use will have an impact on environmental degradation. As an effort to reduce pressure, policy efforts in land use are needed. This study aims to develop dynamic models in land use and develop land use policy direction.The method used in dynamic modeling uses system analysis and land change policy direction using ISM analysis. In dynamic modeling, land use change uses three scenarios, namely: optimistic scenario, muder scenario, and pessimistic scenario. In determining the direction of the policy involving all stakeholders as many as 15 experts. The results of dynamic model analysis show that forest area changes from time to time of 1.6 percent per year. Changes in forest areas will have an impact on increasing environmental disasters. As an effort to save the environment, there is a need for law enforcement and strict sanctions against perpetrators of forest area destruction.
Transmission of dengue hemorrhagic fever and climate variability in Jakarta
Authors: Kusnoputranto Haryoto , Maria Sintorini Margareta , Warno Utomo Suyud , Aliyyah Nurusysyarifah , Ria Kristina Sinaga Epi , Assetya Pratiwi Okky
Published: August 2019

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) has become an endemic in major cities in Indonesia. The climate change and poor level of awareness and knowledge of the community in Indonesia have caused an increase in the DHF cases. Outbreaks on January until April 2015, the morbidity rate reached 50.75. In 1996, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted threefold increase in the dengue hemorrhagic fever incidents in Indonesia by 2070, if the environment and community conditions do not improve. This study aims to provide a dynamic model to predict the dynamics of the DHF incidents based on climate variability in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta. The design of this study was ecologic study with hypothesis test, modelling, simulation, and intervention. In collecting the data, interview with respondents and measurement of climate variables were conducted. Interviews with respondents include the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour (PSP) of the community. Measurements of climate factors include rainfall, temperature, humidity and CO2 level in the ambient environment. The DHF system dynamics model simulation shows that the significant effect on the decline of Breeding Places and the decrease of DHF cases were achieved by increasing the participation of the community to actively control water places that are potential for mosquito breeding places.
Examining the effectiveness of prodira policy on improving human development index at Province of Gorontalo
Authors: Arwildayanto
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of an education program for the local people policy - Program Pendidikan untuk Rakyat (PRODIRA) in the improvement of Human Development Index (HDI) in the Province of Gorontalo. Through PRODIRA the local government has already issued the regional budget (APBD), which the impact of the budget allocation will be measured by the HDI. The research approach employed a qualitative method of semi-structured interview, observation, and focus group discussion on key informants, which involved in compilation and implementation of the PRODIRA in Gorontalo Province. The study result showed that the PRODIRA provided acceleration on educational equity for the population aged 16-18 years, which enrolled at the level of secondary education. PRODIRA has also significantly impact in increasing the Human Development Index of Gorontalo Province during 2012-2016, that it proved by the increasing the literacy rate from 95% to 99.81%, the average number of school years from 8 years to 12.88 years. The result also revealed that the PRODIRA is able to reduce levies in some schools and it increase acceleration of all education services to school age 16-18 years through accelerated national education service. The research recommended that the central government needs to encourage local governments to innovate in developing the PRODIRA in order to achieve the target of to ards the nation of Indonesia is independent and highly competitive in 2025.
The role of gender as a model of climate change adaptation in fisherman settlement communities
Authors: Riviwanto M , Basuki A
Published: August 2019

Women are the largest proportion of the world’s poor, including children and young women. Women are very vulnerable to climate change. But until now gender considerations are still not explicitly stated in various climate change policies. In the marine and fisheries sector, extreme climate change makes many fishermen unable to go to sea and fish declines. The unequal division of gender roles causes the level of vulnerability to climate change to differ between women and men. This study aims to analyze the vulnerability and gender roles of fishing communities due to climate change in West Sumatra. A positivistic-deductive research approach. Indicators / parameters used by the index to measure vulnerability in 2 coastal areas, namely Bungus Beach and Pariaman Beach. Secondary data obtained from the Geophysical Meteorology Agency station. Primary data through interviews with questionnaire tools on 60 respondents. The vulnerability model (V) is a function of exposure (E), sensitivity (S), and adaptive capacity (AC), which are then expressed mathematically. The results showed a vulnerability index of 305 with a vulnerable classification. Efforts to increase adaptive capacity and reduce women’s vulnerability to climate change through a comfortable place to live, better access to climate change information and livelihood options. Gender-based climate change adaptation models for coastal areas are increasing women’s political role, increasing women’s skills capacity through field schools Climate and enhancement productive work.
The identifications of the availability of facilities and infrastructure at the temporary evacuation of Padang
Authors: Rita Eva , Carlo Nasfryzal , Sugiono  , Bakar Yusrizal
Published: August 2019

The building of Temporary Evacuation Sites (shelter tsunami) has been done in West Sumatra. One of them is the Padang shelter, located in North Ulak Karang Village, Padang. The location has met the requirement of PEMA 646. However, the facilities and infrastructure are still insufficient. Consequently, this study is conducted to inventory, analyze and recommended the facilities and infrastructure so that the mitigation of tsunami disaster will be optimal. The method used is descriptive evaluative, method by doing field observations. The data in the field is tabulated and analysed based on Regulation of Public Works No 19 / PRT / M / 2001, Indonesian National Standard number 7766: 2012, and 7743: 2011. The results of the study show that the early warning facility (EWS) has functioned well, the logistics room, medical room, public kitchen, and warehouse have not got the equipment yet; clean water and electricity have not functioned. There are 22 evacuation road meeting the wide requirement of environment streets out of 71 existing streets, evacuation signs on 9 streets. To cope with tsunami disaster risk optimally, Padang shelter needs to be equipped with public facilities, additional evacuation maps, evacuation signs, and the improvement of evacuation streets to Padang shelter.
Soil chemistry, and not short-term (1–2 year) deer exclusion, explains understory plant occupancy in forests affected by acid deposition
Authors: Begley-Miller Danielle R , Diefenbach Duane R , McDill Marc E , Drohan Patrick J , Rosenberry Christopher S , Just Domoto Emily H
Published: August 2019

The loss of species diversity and plant community structure throughout the temperate deciduous forests of North America have often been attributed to overbrowsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginanus). Slow species recovery following removal from browsing, or reduction in deer density, has been termed a legacy effect of past deer herbivory. However, vegetation legacy effects have also coincided with changes to soil chemistry throughout the north-eastern USA. In this paper, we assess the viability of soil chemistry (i.e. pH, extractable nutrients and extractable metals) and other factors (topography, light, overstory basal area and location) as alternative explanations for a lack of vegetation recovery. We compared the relative effects of soil chemistry, site conditions and short-term (1–2 year) deer exclusion on single-species occupancy probabilities of 10 plant taxa common to oak-hickory forests in central Pennsylvania. We found detection for all modelled species was constant and high (p^ > 0.65), and occupancy probability of most taxa was best explained by at least one soil chemistry parameter. Specifically, ericaceous competing vegetation was more likely to occupy acidic (pH < 3.5), base cation-poor (K < 0.20 cmolc kg−1) sites, while deer-preferred plants were less likely to occur when soil manganese exceeded 0.1 cmolc kg−1. Short-term deer exclusion did not explain occupancy of any plant taxon, and site conditions were of nominal importance. This study demonstrates the importance of soil chemistry in shaping plant community composition in the north-central Appalachians, and suggests soil as an alternative, or additional, explanation for deer vegetation legacy effects. We suggest that the reliance on phyto-indicators of deer browsing effects may overestimate the effects of browsing if those species are also limited by unfavourable soil conditions. Future research should consider study designs that address the complexity of deer forest interactions, especially in areas with complex site-vegetation histories.
Phenotypic and genetic divergence in reed frogs across a mosaic hybrid zone on São Tomé Island
Authors: Bell Rayna C , Irian Christian G
Published: August 2019

Although naturally heterogeneous environments can lead to mosaic hybrid zones, human-induced habitat fragmentation can also lead to environmental heterogeneity and hybridization. Here we quantify phenotypic and molecular divergence across a reed frog mosaic hybrid zone on São Tomé Island as a first step towards understanding the consequences of hybridization across this heterogeneous landscape. The São Tomé giant reed frog (Hyperolius thomensis) is strongly tied to cool, wet, forest habitats whereas the distribution of Moller’s reed frog (H. molleri) spans cool, wet, forests to warm, dry, disturbed habitats. Correspondingly, hybridization is concentrated in the more forested, cool, wet sites relative to non-forested, warmer, drier habitats. Four of six sites with hybrid frogs are artificial water bodies near the forest edge, indicating that both breeding habitat and broader scale environmental variation are probably important for understanding interspecific interactions and the extent of hybridization in this system. Phenotypic variation (body size and ventral coloration) largely tracks genetic and environmental variation across the hybrid zone with larger and more pigmented frogs occurring in forested, cool, wet habitats. Understanding whether human-induced changes in habitat break down reproductive barriers will be essential for conservation management of the less abundant, forest-associated H. thomensis in the face of rampant hybridization.
Eradication of a Multidrug-Resistant, Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolate Following Oral and Intra-rectal Therapy With a Custom Made, Lytic Bacteriophage Preparation
Authors: Corbellino Mario , Kieffer Nicolas , Kutateladze Mzia , Balarjishvili Nana , Leshkasheli Lika , Askilashvili Lia , Tsertsvadze George , Rimoldi Sara Giordana , Nizharadze Deia , Hoyle Naomi , Nadareishvili Lia , Antinori Spinello , Pagani Cristina , Scorza Daniele Giuseppe , Romanò Ai Ling Loredana , Ardizzone Sandro , Danelli Piergiorgio , Gismondo Maria Rita , Galli Massimo , Nordmann Patrice , Poirel Laurent
Published: August 2019

In July 2017, a patient presented colonization with a multidrug-resistant, carbapenemase (KPC-3)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate. A custom-made, lytic bacteriophage preparation was administered to the patient in December 2017, with subsequent eradication of the microorganism and without adverse effects.
Validating biochemical features at the genome level in the Antarctic bacterium Hymenobacter sp. strain UV11
Authors: Marizcurrena Juan José , Herrera Lorena M , Costábile Alicia , Morales Danilo , Villadóniga Carolina , Eizmendi Agustina , Davyt Danilo , Castro-Sowinski Susana
Published: August 2019

We present experimental data that complement and validate some biochemical features at the genome level in the UVC-resistant Antarctic bacterium Hymenobacter sp. UV11 strain. The genome was sequenced, assembled and annotated. It has 6 096 246 bp, a GC content of 60.6% and 5155 predicted genes. The secretome analysis, by combining in silico predictions with shotgun proteomics data, showed that UV11 strain produces extracellular proteases and carbohydrases with potential biotechnological uses. We observed the formation of outer membrane vesicles, mesosomes and carbon-storage compounds by using transmission electron microscopy. The in silico analysis of the genome revealed the presence of genes involved in the metabolism of glycogen-like molecules and starch. By HPLC–UV–Vis analysis and 1H-NMR spectra, we verified that strain UV11 produces xanthophyll-like carotenoids such as 2′-hydroxyflexixanthin, and the in silico analysis showed that this bacterium has genes involved in the biosynthesis of cathaxanthin, zeaxanthin and astaxanthin. We also found genes involved in the repair of UV-damaged DNA such as a photolyase, the nucleotide excision repair system and the production of ATP-dependent proteases that are important cellular components involved in the endurance to physiological stresses. This information will help us to better understand the ecological role played by Hymenobacter strains in the extreme Antarctic environment.
Adjoint inversion of the thermal structure of Southeastern Australia
Authors: Mather B , Moresi L , Rayner P
Published: August 2019

The variation of temperature in the crust is difficult to quantify due to the sparsity of surface heat flow observations and lack of measurements on the thermal properties of rocks at depth. We examine the degree to which the thermal structure of the crust can be constrained from the Curie depth and surface heat flow data in Southeastern Australia. We cast the inverse problem of heat conduction within a Bayesian framework and derive its adjoint so that we can efficiently find the optimal model that best reproduces the data and prior information on the thermal properties of the crust. Efficiency gains obtained from the adjoint method facilitate a detailed exploration of thermal structure in SE Australia, where we predict high temperatures within Precambrian rocks of 650 °C due to relatively high rates of heat production (0.9–1.4 μW m−3). In contrast, temperatures within dominantly Phanerozoic crust reach only 520 °C at the Moho due to the low rates of heat production in Cambrian mafic volcanics. A combination of the Curie depth and heat flow data is required to constrain the uncertainty of lower crustal temperatures to ±73 °C. We also show that parts of the crust are unconstrained if either data set is omitted from the inversion.
Automation of cleaning and reconstructing residential address histories to assign environmental exposures in longitudinal studies
Authors: Fecht Daniela , Garwood Kevin , Butters Oliver , Henderson John , Elliott Paul , Hansell Anna L , Gulliver John
Published: August 2019

Background

We have developed an open-source ALgorithm for Generating Address Exposures (ALGAE) that cleans residential address records to construct address histories and assign spatially-determined exposures to cohort participants. The first application of this algorithm was to construct prenatal and early life air pollution exposure for individuals of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) in the South West of England, using previously estimated particulate matter ≤10  µm (PM10) concentrations.

Methods

ALSPAC recruited 14 541 pregnant women between 1991 and 1992. We assigned trimester-specific estimated PM10 exposures for 12 752 pregnancies, and first year of life exposures for 12 525 births, based on maternal residence and residential mobility.

Results

Average PM10 exposure was 32.6  µg/m3 [standard deviation (S.D.) 3.0  µg/m3] during pregnancy and 31.4 µg/m3 (S.D. 2.6  µg/m3) during the first year of life; 6.7% of women changed address during pregnancy, and 18.0% moved during first year of life of their infant. Exposure differences ranged from -5.3  µg/m3 to 12.4  µg/m3 (up to 26% difference) during pregnancy and -7.22  µg/m3 to 7.64  µg/m3 (up to 27% difference) in the first year of life, when comparing estimated exposure using the address at birth and that assessed using the complete cleaned address history. For the majority of individuals exposure changed by <5%, but some relatively large changes were seen both in pregnancy and in infancy.

Conclusions

ALGAE provides a generic and adaptable, open-source solution to clean addresses stored in a cohort contact database and assign life stage-specific exposure estimates with the potential to reduce exposure misclassification.
Intentional Weight Loss and Obesity-Related Cancer Risk
Authors: Luo Juhua , Hendryx Michael , Manson JoAnn E , Figueiredo Jane C , LeBlanc Erin S , Barrington Wendy , Rohan Thomas E , Howard Barbara V , Reding Kerryn , Ho Gloria Yf , Garcia David O , Chlebowski Rowan T
Published: August 2019

Background

Epidemiologic studies regarding weight loss and subsequent cancer risk are sparse. The study aim was to evaluate the association between weight change by intentionality and obesity-related cancer incidence in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. Eleven cancers were considered obesity related: breast, ovary, endometrium, colon and rectum, esophagus, kidney, liver, multiple myeloma, pancreas, stomach, and thyroid.

Methods

Postmenopausal women (n = 58 667) aged 50–79 years had body weight and waist circumference (WC) measured at baseline and year 3. Weight or WC change was categorized as stable (change < ±5%), loss (≥5%), and gain (≥5%). Self-report at year 3 characterized weight loss as intentional or unintentional. During the subsequent 12 years (mean) of follow-up, 6033 incident obesity-related cancers were identified. Relationships were evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Results

Compared to women with stable weight, women with intentional weight loss had lower obesity-related cancer risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.80 to 0.98). A similar result was observed for intentional WC reduction (HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.80 to 0.96). Among all cancers, intentional weight loss was most strongly associated with endometrial cancer (HR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.88). Intentional WC loss was also associated with lower colorectal cancer risk (HR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.63 to 0.99). Unintentional weight loss or weight gain was not associated with overall obesity-related cancer risk.

Conclusion

Intentional weight or WC loss in postmenopausal women was associated with lower risk of obesity-related cancer. These findings suggest that postmenopausal women who intentionally lose weight can reduce their obesity-related cancer risk.
Nulling at short wavelengths: theoretical performance constraints and a demonstration of faint companion detection inside the diffraction limit with a rotating-baseline interferometer
Authors: Serabyn E , Mennesson B , Martin S , Liewer K , Kühn J
Published: August 2019

The Palomar Fiber Nuller (PFN) is a rotating-baseline nulling interferometer that enables high-accuracy near-infrared (NIR) nulling observations with full azimuth coverage. To achieve NIR null-depth accuracies of several x 10−4, the PFN uses a common-mode optical system to provide a high degree of symmetry, single-mode-fibre beam combination to reduce sensitivity to pointing and wavefront errors, extreme adaptive optics to stabilize the fibre coupling and the cross-aperture fringe phase, rapid signal calibration and camera readout to minimize temporal effects, and a statistical null-depth fluctuation analysis to relax the phase stabilization requirement. Here, we describe the PFN’s final design and performance and provide a demonstration of faint-companion detection by means of nulling-baseline rotation, as originally envisioned for space-based nulling interferometry. Specifically, the Ks-band null-depth rotation curve measured on the spectroscopic binary η Peg reflects both a secondary star 1.08 ± 0.06 × 10−2 as bright as the primary, and a null-depth contribution of 4.8 ± 1.6 × 10−4 due to the size of the primary star. With a 30 mas separation at the time, η Peg B was well inside both the telescope’s diffraction-limited beam diameter (88 mas) and typical coronagraphic inner working angles. Finally, we discuss potential improvements that can enable a number of small-angle nulling observations on larger telescopes.
Tidal disruption events on to stellar black holes in triples
Authors: Fragione Giacomo , Leigh Nathan W C , Perna Rosalba , Kocsis Bence
Published: August 2019

Stars passing too close to a black hole can produce tidal disruption events (TDEs), when the tidal force across the star exceeds the gravitational force that binds it. TDEs have usually been discussed in relation to massive black holes that reside in the centres of galaxies or lurk in star clusters. We investigate the possibility that triple stars hosting a stellar black hole (SBH) may be sources of TDEs. We start from a triple system made up of three main-sequence stars and model the supernova (SN) kick event that led to the production of an inner binary comprised of an SBH. We evolve these triples with a high-precision N-body code and study their TDEs as a result of Kozai–Lidov oscillations. We explore a variety of distributions of natal kicks imparted during the SN event, various maximum initial separations for the triples, and different distributions of eccentricities. We show that the main parameter that governs the properties of the SBH–MS binaries that produce a TDE in triples is the mean velocity of the natal kick distribution. Smaller σ’s lead to larger inner and outer semimajor axes of the systems that undergo a TDE, smaller SBH masses, and longer time-scales. We find that the fraction of systems that produce a TDE is roughly independent of the initial conditions, while estimate a TDE rate of $2.1\times 10^{-4}{\!-\!}4.7 \, \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$, depending on the prescriptions for the SBH natal kicks. This rate is almost comparable to the expected TDE rate for massive black holes.
X-ray and optical observations of the black hole candidate MAXI J1828−249
Authors: Oda Sonoe , Shidatsu Megumi , Nakahira Satoshi , Tamagawa Toru , Moritani Yuki , Itoh Ryosuke , Ueda Yoshihiro , Negoro Hitoshi , Makishima Kazuo , Kawai Nobuyuki , Mihara Tatehiro
Published: August 2019

We report results from X-ray and optical observations of the Galactic black hole candidate MAXI J1828−249 performed with Suzaku and the Kanata telescope around the X-ray flux peak in the 2013 outburst. The time-averaged X-ray spectrum covering 0.6–168 keV was approximately characterized by a strong multi-color disk blackbody component with an inner disk temperature of ∼0.6 keV, and a power-law tail with a photon index of ∼2.0. We detected an additional structure at 5–10 keV, which can be modeled neither with X-ray reflection on the disk nor relativistic broadening of the disk emission. Instead, it was successfully reproduced with a Comptonization of disk photons by thermal electrons with a relatively low temperature (≲10 keV). We infer that the source was in the intermediate state, considering its long-term trend in the hardness intensity diagram, the strength of the spectral power-law tail, and its variability properties. The low-temperature Comptonization component could be produced in a boundary region between the truncated standard disk and the hot inner flow, or a Comptonizing region that somehow developed above the disk surface. The multi-wavelength spectral energy distribution suggests that the optical and ultraviolet fluxes were dominated by irradiated outer disk emission.
Surfen‐mediated blockade of extratumoral chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans inhibits glioblastoma invasion
Authors: Logun Meghan T. , Wynens Kallie E. , Simchick Gregory , Zhao Wujun , Mao Leidong , Zhao Qun , Mukherjee Subhas , Brat Daniel J. , Karumbaiah Lohitash
Published: August 2019

Invasive spread of glioblastoma (GBM) is linked to changes in chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan (CSPG)‐associated sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that are selectively up‐regulated in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We hypothesized that inhibiting CS‐GAG signaling in the TME would stem GBM invasion. Rat F98 GBM cells demonstrated enhanced preferential cell invasion into oversulfated 3‐dimensional composite of CSA and CS‐E [4‐ and 4,6‐sulfated CS‐GAG (COMP)] matrices compared with monosulfated (4‐sulfated) and unsulfated hyaluronic acid matrices in microfluidics‐based choice assays, which is likely influenced by differential GAG receptor binding specificities. Both F98 and human patient‐derived glioma stem cells (GSCs) demonstrated a high degree of colocalization of the GSC marker CD133 and CSPGs. The small molecule sulfated GAG antagonist bis‐2‐methyl‐4‐amino‐quinolyl‐6‐carbamide (surfen) reduced invasion and focal adhesions in F98 cells encapsulated in COMP matrices and blocked CD133 and antichondroitin sulfate antibody (CS‐56) detection of respective antigens in F98 cells and human GSCs. Surfen‐treated F98 cells down‐regulated CSPG‐binding receptor transcripts and protein, as well as total and activated ERK and protein kinase B. Lastly, rats induced with frontal lobe tumors and treated with a single intratumoral dose of surfen demonstrated reduced tumor burden and spread compared with untreated controls. These results present a first demonstration of surfen as an inhibitor of sulfated GAG signaling to stem GBM invasion.—Logun, M. T., Wynens, K. E., Simchick, G., Zhao, W., Mao, L., Zhao, Q., Mukherjee, S., Brat, D. J., Karumbaiah, L. Surfen‐mediated blockade of extratumoral chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans inhibits glioblastoma invasion. FASEB J. 33, 11973‐11992 (2019). www.fasebj.org
The annexin A1/FPR2 signaling axis expands alveolar macrophages, limits viral replication, and attenuates pathogenesis in the murine influenza A virus infection model
Authors: Schloer Sebastian , Hübel Nicole , Masemann Dörthe , Pajonczyk Denise , Brunotte Linda , Ehrhardt Christina , Brandenburg Lars‐Ove , Ludwig Stephan , Gerke Volker , Rescher Ursula
Published: August 2019

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are key elements in the innate immune response. Formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 2 is a PRR that, in addition to proinflammatory, pathogen‐derived compounds, also recognizes the anti‐inflammatory endogenous ligand annexin A1 (AnxA1). Because the contribution of this signaling axis in viral infections is undefined, we investigated AnxA1‐mediated FPR2 activation on influenza A virus (IAV) infection in the murine model. AnxA1‐treated mice displayed significantly attenuated pathology upon a subsequent IAV infection with significantly improved survival, impaired viral replication in the respiratory tract, and less severe lung damage. The AnxA1‐mediated protection against IAV infection was not caused by priming of the type I IFN response but was associated with an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and enhanced pulmonary expression of the AM‐regulating cytokine granulocyte‐M‐CSF (GM‐CSF). Both AnxA1‐mediated increase in AM levels and GM‐CSF production were abrogated when mouse (m)FPR2 signaling was antagonized but remained up‐regulated in mice genetically deleted for mFPR1, an mFPR2 isoform also serving as AnxA1 receptor. Our results indicate a novel protective function of the AnxA1‐FPR2 signaling axis in IAV pathology via GM‐CSF‐associated maintenance of AMs, expanding knowledge on the potential use of proresolving mediators in host defense against pathogens.—Schloer, S., Hübel, N., Masemann, D., Pajonczyk, D., Brunotte, L., Ehrhardt, C., Brandenburg, L.‐O., Ludwig, S., Gerke, V., Rescher, U. The annexin A1/FPR2 signaling axis expands alveolar macrophages, limits viral replication, and attenuates pathogenesis in the murine influenza A virus infection model. FASEB J. 33, 12188–12199 (2019). www.fasebj.org
Is immunotherapy with fungal vaccines effective?
Authors: Di Bona Danilo , Albanesi Marcello , Macchia Luigi
Published: August 2019

Purpose of review

Although allergen immunotherapy (AIT) for fungi has been performed for many years, evidence clearly demonstrating its clinical benefit are still lacking. Here, we reviewed the available studies assessing efficacy and safety of AIT for molds.

Recent findings

Studies on AIT for fungi were performed only for the two predominating mold species in the external environment, namely Cladosporium and Alternaria. There is no evidence for other mold species. Recent finding in the literature are lacking; the 2 most recent studies on AIT for molds were published in 2011. Overall, 13 studies were identified (the first was published in 1986), but only nine of these compared AIT to placebo. The studies are small (median study sample size, 27 patients) and of low quality, owing to several defects leading to moderate-to-high risk of bias. Symptoms improvement and medication use reduction, which are the main outcome measures of the studies, were inconsistently demonstrated. There are some concerns about safety with Cladosporium extracts, whereas vaccines with Alternaria extracts seem to be safe and well tolerated.

Low strength evidence suggests that mold AIT is efficacious for the treatment of respiratory allergies. High-quality studies with an adequate sample size are needed.
Upper Airway Collapsibility during Dexmedetomidine and Propofol Sedation in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Lodenius Åse , Maddison Kathleen J. , Lawther Brad K. , Scheinin Mika , Eriksson Lars I. , Eastwood Peter R. , Hillman David R. , Fagerlund Malin Jonsson , Walsh Jennifer H.
Published: August 2019

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background

Dexmedetomidine is a sedative promoted as having minimal impact on ventilatory drive or upper airway muscle activity. However, a trial recently demonstrated impaired ventilatory drive and induction of apneas in sedated volunteers. The present study measured upper airway collapsibility during dexmedetomidine sedation and related it to propofol.

Methods

Twelve volunteers (seven female) entered this nonblinded, randomized crossover study. Upper airway collapsibility (pharyngeal critical pressure) was measured during low and moderate infusion rates of propofol or dexmedetomidine. A bolus dose was followed by low (0.5 μg · kg−1 · h−1 or 42 μg · kg−1 · min−1) and moderate (1.5 μg · kg−1 · h−1 or 83 μg · kg−1 · min−1) rates of infusion of dexmedetomidine and propofol, respectively.

Results

Complete data sets were obtained from nine volunteers (median age [range], 46 [23 to 66] yr; body mass index, 25.4 [20.3 to 32.4] kg/m2). The Bispectral Index score at time of pharyngeal critical pressure measurements was 74 ± 10 and 65 ± 13 (mean difference, 9; 95% CI, 3 to 16; P = 0.011) during low infusion rates versus 57 ± 16 and 39 ± 12 (mean difference, 18; 95% CI, 8 to 28; P = 0.003) during moderate infusion rates of dexmedetomidine and propofol, respectively. A difference in pharyngeal critical pressure during sedation with dexmedetomidine or propofol could not be shown at either the low or moderate infusion rate. Median (interquartile range) pharyngeal critical pressure was −2.0 (less than −15 to 2.3) and 0.9 (less than −15 to 1.5) cm H2O (mean difference, 0.9; 95% CI, −4.7 to 3.1) during low infusion rates (P = 0. 595) versus −0.3 (−9.2 to 1.4) and −0.6 (−7.7 to 1.3) cm H2O (mean difference, 0.0; 95% CI, −2.1 to 2.1; P = 0.980) during moderate infusion of dexmedetomidine and propofol, respectively. A strong linear relationship between pharyngeal critical pressure during dexmedetomidine and propofol sedation was evident at low (r = 0.82; P = 0.007) and moderate (r = 0.90; P < 0.001) infusion rates.

Conclusions

These observations suggest that dexmedetomidine sedation does not inherently protect against upper airway obstruction.
Intraoperative Mechanical Ventilation and Postoperative Pulmonary Complications after Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Mathis Michael R. , Duggal Neal M. , Likosky Donald S. , Haft Jonathan W. , Douville Nicholas J. , Vaughn Michelle T. , Maile Michael D. , Blank Randal S. , Colquhoun Douglas A. , Strobel Raymond J. , Janda Allison M. , Zhang Min , Kheterpal Sachin , Engoren Milo C.
Published: August 2019

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background

Compared with historic ventilation strategies, modern lung-protective ventilation includes lower tidal volumes (VT), lower driving pressures, and application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). The contributions of each component to an overall intraoperative protective ventilation strategy aimed at reducing postoperative pulmonary complications have neither been adequately resolved, nor comprehensively evaluated within an adult cardiac surgical population. The authors hypothesized that a bundled intraoperative protective ventilation strategy was independently associated with decreased odds of pulmonary complications after cardiac surgery.

Methods

In this observational cohort study, the authors reviewed nonemergent cardiac surgical procedures using cardiopulmonary bypass at a tertiary care academic medical center from 2006 to 2017. The authors tested associations between bundled or component intraoperative protective ventilation strategies (VT below 8 ml/kg ideal body weight, modified driving pressure [peak inspiratory pressure − PEEP] below 16 cm H2O, and PEEP greater than or equal to 5 cm H2O) and postoperative outcomes, adjusting for previously identified risk factors. The primary outcome was a composite pulmonary complication; secondary outcomes included individual pulmonary complications, postoperative mortality, as well as durations of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay, and hospital stay.

Results

Among 4,694 cases reviewed, 513 (10.9%) experienced pulmonary complications. After adjustment, an intraoperative lung-protective ventilation bundle was associated with decreased pulmonary complications (adjusted odds ratio, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.42–0.75). Via a sensitivity analysis, modified driving pressure below 16 cm H2O was independently associated with decreased pulmonary complications (adjusted odds ratio, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.39–0.66), but VT below 8 ml/kg and PEEP greater than or equal to 5 cm H2O were not.

Conclusions

The authors identified an intraoperative lung-protective ventilation bundle as independently associated with reduced pulmonary complications after cardiac surgery. The findings offer insight into components of protective ventilation associated with adverse outcomes and may serve as targets for future prospective interventional studies investigating the impact of specific protective ventilation strategies on postoperative outcomes after cardiac surgery.