bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF FIVE DIFFERENT ANTICOAGULANTS ON HUMAN BLOOD MONOCYTE ISOLATION AND FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES
Authors: NIELSEN HENRIK
Published: August 2010

The recovery of blood monocytes after centrifugation with metrizoate/polysucrose was high with EDTA (97.0%) and heparin (91.6%) as anticoagulants, moderate with EGTA and citrate, but low with oxalate (52.3%; P<0.05 compared with heparin). There were no differences in viability, spontaneous migration, chemotaxis, or phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans by the monocytes isolated from blood anticoagulated with heparin, citrate, oxalate, EDTA, or EGTA. However, heparin in concentrations above 20 IU/ml decreased the spontaneous migration and chemotaxis. It is concluded, that EDTA and heparin below 20 IU/ml are the most satisfactory anticoagulants for the functional study of blood monocytes isolated by metrizoate/polysucrose density centrifugation.
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION BY CLUMPING FACTOR AND PROTEIN A FROM STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAIN E 2371
Authors: ESPERSEN F.
Published: August 2010

Purified surface components from Staphylococcus aureus strain E 2371, which bind to human plasma proteins, were tested for their ability in vitro to activate complement present in normal human serum. Staphylococcal clumping factor as well as protein A both isolated from strain E 2371 were capable of activate complement, while the fibronectin‐binding protein showed no activity. At identical molar concentrations clumping factor was more potent than protein A to induce complement consumption. Both clumping factor and protein A were able to activate the alternative complement pathway as demonstrated in serum chelated with ethylene‐glycerol‐tetra‐acetic acid (10 mM) in the presence of MgCl2 (10 mM).
EVALUATION OF TEN COMMERCIAL HETEROPHILE ANTIBODY TESTS FOR INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
Authors: HøIBY E. ARNE , TJADE TRYGVE , RøTTERUD OLE JOHAN
Published: August 2010

Ten rapid slide agglutination tests for infectious mononucleosis were evaluated. The quality of the technical information included with the kits was found to differ considerably, as did the composition of the tests and the principles of test specificity. Furthermore, large variation was found in the shelf life and price of the different kits. Thirty‐nine serum samples were selected according to titre in the Paul‐Bunnell‐Davidsohn differential absorption test, largely from the low titre area, since this is where most diagnostic problems can be expected. The sera were tested blindly using the ten rapid slide agglutination tests. Considerable differences were found in specificity and sensitivity. When compared with the results obtained from PBD, the tests could be divided into two groups. The first group consisted of three kits, all of which gave false negative, but no false positive results. The remaining seven tests gave false negative and false positive results, but were more sensitive than the tests in the first group. The large variation in the results obtained when using the different kits under controlled conditions indicates that such tests may give even less satisfactory results in practice.
THE QUANTITATION OF C3d BY ROUTINE METHODS AFTER THE DIRECT ABSORPTION OF HUMAN PLASMA WITH ANTI‐C3c
Authors: MLYNEK YOUVAL , NILSSON MARIANNE
Published: August 2010

The immunological methods for quantitating C3d in plasma require first the removal of less fragmented intermediates as well as the intact C3. We describe an alternative method for the quantitation of C3d in human plasma. The components which should be removed are absorbed (precipitated) directly in the plasma by a specific anti‐C3c antiserum. It is then possible to determine the concentration of C3d by routine immunological methods.
NK‐CELL STIMULATING PROPERTIES OF A MEMBRANE PROTEOGLYCANE FROM NON‐CAPSULATED KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE BIOTYPE a
Authors: NORMIER GERARD , PINEL ANNE‐MARIE , D'HINTERLAND LUCIEN DUSSOURD , RAMSTEDT URBAN , WIGZELL HANS
Published: August 2010

Upon testing the individual fractions of a composite bacterial vaccine for biological activities, a potent immuno‐stimulatory capacity could be demonstrated within a crude membrane proteoglycan preparation from Klebsiella pneumoniae. One of its characteristic features was the capacity to induce alpha‐type interferon and increased NK activity in vivo in mice, following intraperitoneal or oral administration. A highly purified fraction from the crude preparation was obtained using alkaline hydrolysis, delipidation and size fractionation. This fractin was shown to be a very potent inducer of NK cells in vivo or in vitro, where in the latter systems concentrations as low as 0.1 microgramme per ml were highly efficient.
UREMIC ARTERIAL DISEASE IN RABBITS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CORONARY ARTERIES
Authors: TVEDEGAARD ERLING , FALK ERLING , NIELSEN MAJA
Published: August 2010

In rabbits with chronic renal failure of 9 months' duration, the distribution and morphological characteristics of uremic arterial disease were investigated, with special reference to the coronary arteries. All major systemic arteries were affected, large vessels more severely than smaller ones, and within each artery the changes were most pronounced in the proximal part of the vessel. The intimal lesions consisted primarily of smooth muscle cells without calcification or lipid accumulation. A reduction of the lumen exceeding 50% of the normal cross sectional area was not seen and mural thrombosis was not encountered. In the media, degenerative changes with increased amounts of proteoglycans and calcifications were prominent, but foci of increased cellularity were also seen. There was no evidence of lipid accumulation in the media either. Similar changes were found in the coronary arteries, but coronary angiography revealed no irregularities or stenosis. The calcified medial degenerative changes and intimal cellular lesions without lipid accumulation in non‐cholesterol‐fed rabbits distinguish uremic arterial disease from atherosclerosis.
THE THYMUS IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Authors: HENRIQUES U. V. , DYBDAHL H.
Published: August 2010

Some cases of thymus developmental defects (DiGeorge's syndrome) are associated with the development of defects of the heart and great vessels. To see if anomalies of the heart are also associated with anomalies of the thymus, a material of thymus tissue removed during operation for congenital heart disease was compared with thymus tissue from a forensic autopsy material representing the same age group, but without cardiac lesions. Among 27 cases of congenital heart disease, occurrence in the thymus of solid epithelial cords were seen in 6 and cyst‐ or duct‐like structures were found in 7. Among 47 forensic cases, 1 showed cords and another showed duct‐like structures. Of these, one had congenital anomalies in the form of hepatic hamartomas and nesidioblastosis, whereas the other had died from morbilli, raising the possibility of congenital immune deficiency. Anyhow, a striking occurrence of minor morphological deviations in the structure of the thymus was found in children with congenital heart disease. Such material therefore may be less suitable for studying the morphology and biology of the normal thymus gland.
THE PROBABILITY OF OVERLOOKING PROSTATIC CANCER IN TRANSURETHRALLY RESECTED MATERIAL WHEN DIFFERENT EMBEDDING PRACTICES ARE FOLLOWED
Authors: GARBORG INGVILD , EIDE TOR J.
Published: August 2010

When all transurethrally resected material of 53 subsequent patients was micorscopically examined, primary adenocarcinoma of the prostate was found in 18 patients and benign disease in 35. Only 9 of the patients with histologically confirmed malignancy of the prostate were clinically diagnosed. The proportion of prostatic chips that contained malignant tissue ranged from 1–96 %. A mathematical analysis evaluating the probability of including a carcinoma when different numbers of blocks were processes was performed. The analysis showed that when the patient has a clinically malignant diagnosis the probability of 100 % is reached by the processing of one block. If the patient has a clinically benign diagnosis, however, the probability of 98 % is first reached by the processing of 8 blocks, if such an amount of material is available.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS CELLS IN EXPERIMENTAL PLEURITIS IN MICE
Authors: FAARUP POUL , FAURSCHOU PETER
Published: August 2010

In mice immunized with bovine fibrin, the same antigen was applied to the pleural cavity. A granulomatous pleuritis appeared affecting both the visceral and the parietal pleura, especially located around the antigen particle. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cells were constantly found in the pleural cavity when pleural lesions were present. This immunological, granulomatous pleuritis is the first experimental model for the study of RA cell‐positive types of pleurisy in humans.
THE SPREADING OF HUMAN NORMAL GLIAL AND MALIGNANT GLIOMA CELLS IN CULTURE
Authors: FORSBY N. , COLLINS V. P. , WESTERMARK B.
Published: August 2010

Using three lines of human normal glial cells and four established lines of human malignant glioma cells we have studied cell spreading following seeding onto glass and plastic substrata. The cells were detached with EDTA and trypsin, suspended in EMEM with 10% calf serum and studied with time‐lapse, phase‐contrast cinematography in suspension and during attachment and spreading. Cells were fixed and prepared for light microscopy while in suspension and during the spreading process. They were also prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy at different times during spreading. The projected areas of stained cells, in suspension and at different stages of spreading, were measured morphometrically and the results compared statistically.

The glial cells in suspension were often found to retain somewhat their shape from the previous monolayer. They spread radially outwards with even lamellar cytoplasm and peripheral ruffling, as a group more quickly than the malignant glioma cells. They also became polarized and started to translocate in a shorter time. The glioma cells were spherical in suspension and characterized by pronounced blebbing of the cell surface. Blebbing continued during spreading and was finally replaced by ruffling at the edge. The cells spread like the glial cells radially outwards but the lamellar cytoplasm was occasionally somewhat irregular. Cells from the glioma lines spread as groups slower than the glial cells but with individual rates for the different lines. One of the glioma lines appeared to spread more thinly than the glial cells. Cells which sedimented on top of other cells could not spread. Aggregations of cells spread and became polarized more quickly than single cells in all cases.
DNA CONTENT IN CARCINOMA OF THE RECTUM AND RECTOSIGMOID
Authors: ENBLAD PER , GLIMELIUS BENGT , BENGTSSON ALLAN , PONTÉN JAN , PÅHLMAN LARS
Published: August 2010

Using single cell cytometry the pattern of DNA content in pre‐operative samples from 131 carcinomas of the rectum and rectosigmoid has been studied. For comparison, 21 carcinomas of the colon, 44 colorectal polyps and mucosa adjacent to the tumours were also included. The biopsies were classified into near diploid (ND), near diploid with aneuploid cells (ND‐anc) and aneuploid (AN). A more specific subclassification of aneuploid samples was not consistent because of a commonly occurring multiclonality, where different clones dominated different parts of the tumours. Fifteen of all 130 representatively sampled rectal carcinomas were ND; however, all the ND scores were based on a single sample. Among 31 multiply‐sampled carcinomas none registered as ND in all samples. There were no principal differences in patterns of DNA profiles between rectal and colon carcinomas. Five samples from the pericancerous mucosa and samples from 4 adenomas showed non‐ND patterns, which may be a premalignant sign. The main conclusions of these results are that rectal carcinomas, even if they contain a substantial ND cell population, to a very great extent contains cells with an abnormal DNA content. The carcinomas can be classified according to their pre‐operatively estimated DNA content. The clinical relevance of this will be judged when the patients have been followed for longer time periods.
A HISTOMORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SUBCHONDRAL BONE IN JUVENILE ARTHROPATHY OF THE DOG KNEE
Authors: HOLM I.E. , BÜNGER C. , MELSEN F.
Published: August 2010

Subchondral bone changes in arthropathy were investigated in an animal model using mongrel dog knees. Unilateral arthritis of the knee was induced by repeated intra‐articular instillations of Carragheenin solution in 14 mongrel puppies. Histomorphometric analysis of cartilage and bone was performed blindly in both knees of each dog. Arthritis resulted in a significant increase in the joint cartilage thickness and a significant decrease in subchondral epiphyseal trabecular bone volume (VTB%) and trabecular thickness (TRTH), suggesting negative bone balance. No significant changes in osteoid surfaces (OS%) and resorptive surfaces (RS%) were found. The dynamic parameters suggest an increased bone turnover in the arthritic subchondral bone.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF S‐100 PROTEIN ANTIGEN‐CONTAINING CELLS IN CHRONIC CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS
Authors: VERESS BÉLA , HASSAN AHMED M. EL
Published: August 2010

The presence and distribution of S‐100 protein antigen and lysozyme were investigated by the immunoperoxidase method in paraffin sections of 13 cases of chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis from Saudi Arabia. Varying numbers of S‐100+lys‐ histiocytic reticulum cells were found in the dense inflammatory infiltrate in 11 out of 13 cases. These cells were considerably more numerous in the lesions dominated by cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system and granulomata than in the cases with plasma cellular or lymphocytic predominance. Activated lys+macrophages, epithelioid cells, and multinucleated giant cells were always S‐100‐. Around the granulomata several S‐100+lys‐ histiocytic reticulum cells could be found. These findings suggest that antigen‐presenting cells are present in the inflammatory infiltrate of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
INTERLEUKIN 2‐ AND INTERFERON‐PRODUCTION AND EXPRESSION OF INTERLEUKIN 2 RECEPTORS BY HUMAN MONONUCLEAR CELLS STIMULATED WITH MUMPS VIRUS OR PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ
Authors: Bruserud ØYSTEIN , DegrÉ MIKLOS , Thorsby ERIK
Published: August 2010

Interleukin 2 (IL 2) production, expression of IL 2‐receptors and interferon (IFN) production in vitro by human mononuclear cells stimulated with inactivated mumps‐virus antigen and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA, a T lymphocyte mitogen) were characterized. The detectable level of the T‐cell lymphokine IL 2 in culture supernatants peaked after 18–24 hours for PHA stimulation and after 48 hours for mumps stimulation. The expression of IL 2 receptors was maximal on day 3 of PHA stimulation and days 5–6 of mumps stimulation. The IFN‐level in culture supernatants showed only small variations during the culture period, both for mumps‐ and PHA‐stimulated cultures, and IFN‐γ was detected in both cultures.
REVACCINATION OF ADULTS AGAINST DIPHTHERIA I: RESPONSES AND REACTIONS TO DIFFERENT DOSES OF DIPHTHERIA TOXOID IN 30–70‐YEAR‐OLD PERSONS WITH LOW SERUM ANTITOXIN LEVELS
Authors: Simonsen O. , Kjeldsen K. , Vendborg H.‐A. , Heron I.
Published: August 2010

Studies of diphtheria antitoxin levels in serum from adult populations have indicated high frequencies of unprotected subjects. Serum from 351 randomly selected Danes between 30 and 70 years old has been assessed for antitoxin concentration; 123 persons among these, who had low antibody levels, received one vaccination with 2 Lf, 5 Lf or 12 Lf diphtheria toxoid. Side‐reactions were recorded, and antibody levels were studied 4 weeks later. Antitoxin concentration following vaccination increased markedly to above protective level in 83% of those vaccinated. Of subjects, who could document a complete primary vaccination series, only one receiving 2 Lf 31 years after primary vaccination did not attain protective antitoxin level. Minor local reactions only were recorded among subjects who did not respond serologically to vaccination. Frequencies of more pronounced reactions experienced by serologically responding subjects depended on dose and were 15%, 14% and 23% respectively. It was concluded that a single vaccination of the present adult Danish population will induce protective antibody levels so frequently that the effect of herd immunity will secure against epidemics if future diphtheria outbreaks are experienced. To secure individual protection, vaccination history and/or serological assessments have to be explored in order to decide whether a single vaccination is sufficient.
YERSINIA ARTHRITIS, IMMUNE FUNCTIONS AND HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS
Authors: Repo H. , Leirisalo‐Repo M. , Gripenberg M. , Koskimies S. , Kontiainen S. , Laitinen O.
Published: August 2010

Secondary immune response to tetanus toxoid (TT), monocyte function, and generation of suppressor cells were studied in patients with previous yersinia arthritis (YA) and healthy controls. A comparison of HLA‐B27 positive and negative subjects revealed that leukocytes from the former showed significantly higher responses to TT but not to a variety of other antigens in a lymphocyte proliferation test, and higher rates of migration in a leukocyte migration inhibition assay in the absence of TT. The enhanced migration of leukocytes supports the concept that hyper‐reactive neutrophils contribute to inflammatory symptoms in HLA‐B27 positive subjects, irrespective of previous YA. No correlation was found between HLA‐DR specificities and YA. However, HLA‐DR2/HLA‐B7 was associated with high suppressor cell activity and low serum levels of anti‐TT‐antibodies. This accords with the view that HLA‐DR antigens play a role in the regulation of immune response.
EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL IMMUNOPEROXIDASE KITS FOR PROSTATIC SPECIFIC ANTIGEN AND PROSTATIC SPECIFIC ACID PHOSPHATASE
Authors: Svanholm HANS
Published: August 2010

The practical application of commercially available immunoperoxidase kits for prostatic specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSPH) were blindly evaluated on routinely formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue from 95 consecutive cases of prostatic carcinoma, 10 cases of metastases from prostatic carcinoma and 90 cases of primary or metastatic non prostatic carcinoma. Both Kits showed a diagnostic specificity of 100%. The diagnostic sensitivities were 94% (PSA) and 90% (PSPH) respectively, but concomitantly staining for PSA and PSPH improved the diagnostic sensitivity to 99%. Using the histologic grading system of Gleason both markers showed a tendency to less extensive staining in low differentiated prostatic carcinomas. It is concluded that both Kits are highly specific and highly sensitive, but negative reaction in medium or low differentiated adenocarcinomas does not rule out the possibilitiy of prostatic carcinoma.
SILENT PITUITARY ADENOMAS
Authors: Holck SUSANNE , Laursen HENNING
Published: August 2010

Thirty cases of silent pituitary adenomas were studied clinico‐morphologically and classified into 4 groups according to their fine structural characteristics. Tumors poor in organelles (7 cases) and typical oncocytomas (6 cases) produced pituitary insufficiency significantly more frequently than did tumors with moderately oncocytic changes (10 cases) and non‐oncocytic, organelle‐rich adenomas (7 cases). The latter 2 groups were more prone to proliferate suprasellarly. Postoperative, short‐term follow‐up studies showed that intrasellar disease was common in all groups, whereas suprasellar disease was more frequent among the latter 2 than in the former 2 types of adenomas. Hence, it seems possible from the fine structure to deduce a subgrouping of clinical significance.
RHEUMATOID PLEURISY
Authors: Engel ULLA , Aru ANTONIO , Francis DORTE
Published: August 2010

The cytological findings in pleural exudates from patients with rheumatoid arthritis are epithelioid cells, giant cells, cholesterol crystals and an amorphous granulated material. An important additional feature, we find, is lack of mesothelial cells. Based on 23 pleural fluids from 7 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 44 pleural fluids from patients with various other diseases, a blind study showed, that these typical cytological findings in combination with lack of mesothelial cells were specific in pointing towards the determined diagnosis rheumatoid pleurisy.
THE EFFECT OF β‐ADRENERGIC BLOCKADE ON THE MYOPATHIC CHANGES IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTHYROIDISM IN RATS
Authors: AngerÅS ULF , Oldfors ANDERS , Hasselgren PER‐OLOF
Published: August 2010

Hyperthyroidism is frequently associated with myopathy. Beta‐blocking agents, which are increasingly used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, have been reported to have a possible beneficial effect on thyrotoxic myopathy. We have studied the myopathic changes in experimental hyperthyroidism in rats and the effect of the β‐blocking agents metoprolol and propranolol on these changes. During experimental hyperthyroidism, conversion of type 1 to type 2 fibres and accumulation of intracellular lipid, increased amounts of mitochondria, and reduced size of muscle fibers were noticed. None of these changes were prevented by metoprolol or propranolol. The results indicate that histochemical and morphological changes in skeletal muscle induced by thyroid hormone are not mediated by β‐receptors. The results of this investigation make dubious a beneficial effect of β‐blocking agents on thyrotoxic myopathy.
IMMUNOHISTOLOGICAL SKIN INVESTIGATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH THE ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
Authors: Oxholm PETER , Helweg‐Larsen SUSANNE , Permin HENRIK
Published: August 2010

Twenty‐one male patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 6 male patients with AIDS‐related complex (ARC) and 23 controls' had a punch biopsy taken from clinically unaffected skin of the buttock. Vertical skin sections were examined by immunofluorescence for in vivo deposits of immunoglobulins (Ig) and other plasma proteins, as well as for morphology and distribution of Langerhans cells (LC). Deposits of IgM in the dermo‐epidermal junction zone (DEJ) were found in one patient with ARC. Apart from this single finding, no in vivo deposits of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, complement Clq and C3, fibrinogen or albumin were demonstrated in epidermis, DEJ or dermal vessel walls, either in patients or in controls. Epidermal LC were more superficially situated in patients as compared to controls. No differences in number and localisation of dermal LC were seen. We concluded that it was not possible to confirm a recent report of in vivo Ig deposits in the epidermis of patients with AIDS. The abnormalities observed in epidermal LC should be interpreted together with the recent finding of reduced numbers of epidermal LC; they thus support the hypothesis that LC are involved in the pathological processes in AIDS.
PATHO‐ANATOMICAL STUDIES IN PATIENTS DYING OF AIDS
Authors: Laulund SØREN , Visfeldt JAKOB , Klinken LEIF
Published: August 2010

The incidence of AIDS in Denmark is the highest reported among the countries of Western Europe. This preliminary account is a report of the autopsy findings in 10 patients, 9 homosexual men and 1 woman. Our aim is to provide a detailed description of the patho‐anatomical findings, as well as to compare these with corresponding results reported from the United States, with a view to establishing possible geographical differences in the disease picture. The results of the patho‐anatomical studies correspond in all essentials to those from the United States. However, it must be stated that no malignant lymphomas were demonstrated in our patients, although the disease can give rise to very pronounced, possibly transitory, lesions in the lymphatic tissue, easily misinterpreted as malignant. Further features that should be emphasized are the often widespread mycobacterial infection found in the intestinal wall in protracted cases, the occurrence of CMV vasculitis, particularly in the adrenal cortex and medulla, and thromboembolic lesions, often demonstrated in a variety of tissues. The studies made so far emphasize the importance of autopsy in AIDS deaths, as it has extended our detailed knowledge of the patho‐anatomical lesions associated with certain opportunistic infections. Further, the autopsy findings have been demonstrably significant either for confirming or for rejecting the clinical diagnosis. On the basis of an analysis of the cellular immunological profile in AIDS, parallels can be drawn to the conditions in certain lymphoproliferative diseases. In autopsied AIDS cases, we recommend a standard scheme covering the tissue specimens to be obtained for histological examination. Strict safety precautions should be observed against infection during autopsy.
BRONCHIAL CARCINOIDS AND PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMAS
Authors: El‐Salhy MAGDY , Lundqvist MONALILL , Wilander ERIK
Published: August 2010

A comparative study of bronchial carcinoids (9 cases) and phaeochromocytomas (8 cases) was performed. Both types of tumour exhibited neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) immunoreactivity and an argyrophil reaction, and displayed a few scattered argentaffin and serotonin immunoreactive tumour cells. In addition, four of the nine bronchial carcinoids and six of the eight phaeochromocytomas were S‐100 protein immunoreactive. The stained cells were located mainly in the periphery of the tumour cell aggregates and possessed long cytoplasmic processes surrounding unreactive tumour cells. The similarity between the two tumour types, especially in their morphology and S‐100 protein immunoreactivity, indicates that bronchial carcinoids, or at least some of them, are histogenetically closely related to phaeochromocytomas and might derive from the peripheral nervous system.
THE INCIDENCE OF SPONTANEOUS MAMMARY CARCINOMA IN C3H MICE IS INFLUENCED BY DIETARY FAT GIVEN FROM WEANING AND GIVEN TO THE MOTHERS DURING GESTATION AND LACTATION
Authors: Boeryd BERNT , Hallgren BO
Published: August 2010

The influence of dietary fat given to breeding C3H female mice during gestation and lactation on the incidence of spontaneous mammary carcinoma in the female offspring was studied. EWOS' commercial diet (E‐diet) for mice and two test diets, one containing 2% soy oil (S‐diet) and the other 2% soy oil and 0.1% methoxy‐substituted glycerol ethers (MGE‐diet), instead of the animal fat in the E‐diet, were used. The breeding females were given the S‐ or MGE‐diet during gestation and lactation and the progeny the S‐ or E‐diet from weaning. The incidence of mammary carcinoma was studied in the force‐bred progeny. The results disclosed significant correlations between the diets of the progeny and the number of litters and between the number of litters and the incidence of breast carcinoma. The results also indicated a strong influence of the mother's diet on the incidence of mammary carcinoma in the female progeny.
THE Pi Z ALLELE AND AND HEPATIC ALPHA1‐ANTITRYPSIN GLOBULES IN PATIENTS WITH SECONDARY LIVER CANCER
Authors: Reintoft Ingermarie , HÄGerstrand Inga
Published: August 2010

To evaluate the frequency of false positive globular inclusions, 89 autopsy cases with various malignancies and liver metastases have been examined by immunoperoxidase staining of liver sections and isoelectric focusing of sera. Four subjects with AAT globules in their hepatocytes were found, all of whom had the Pi Z phenotype. Globular inclusions were not found in any subject lacking the Pi Z allele on isoelectric focusing, but in 3 subjects with the Pi Z phenotype no hepatocytic globules were found.
SUBCELLULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE TRANSFERRIN‐TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR AND IRON ACCUMULATING SYSTEM OF ESTABLISHED HUMAN ERYTHROID AND MONOBLASTOID TUMOUR CELL LINES
Authors: Forsbeck KLAS , Ericsson JAN , BirgegÅRd GUNNAR , Malmgren MARIE , Nilsson KENNETH
Published: August 2010

The organelles in two human tumour cell lines in culture ‐ U‐937 and K‐562 ‐ involved in the receptor mediated endocytosis (RME) of transferrin (Tf) were studied after isolation from homogenates by density gradient separation. They were also studied by electron microscopy after labelling of living cells with Tf coated colloidal gold particles. Three different Tf containing fractions with densities 1.038 (plasma membrane), 1.040 (light endosomes) and 1.051 g/ml (heavy endosomes) were identified. Ultrastructural studies of the distribution of gold label indicated that Tf was present in structures normally involved in RME of other ligands, probably including the recently identified “compartment of uncoupling of receptor‐ligand complex” (CURL). The endocytosed iron was found to be rapidly transferred into the cytosol, as shown by density gradient centrifugation. Isoelectric focusing analysis showed that the iron mainly became bound in ferritin. In the hemoglobin synthesizing cell line K‐562, however, iron was also inserted into hemoglobin. The finding that heavy and light endosomes process Tf suggests that Tf follows the same route as other ligands, including the epidermal growth factor and low density lipoprotein, in a presumed prelysosomal pathway, despite the fact that Tf does not dissociate from its receptor. Our findings are thus consistent with the notion that an endosome system similar to that in other types of RME is responsible for the cleavage and separation of iron from the carrier Tf.
LOCALIZATION OF ATHEROMATOUS LESIONS IN NORMAL AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLAEMIC PIGEONS
Authors: Svindland AUD D. , Gallagher PATRICK J. , WallØE LARS
Published: August 2010

Computerised morphometry was used to define the distribution of aortic atheroma in 10 normal White Carneau pigeons (age 42 months) and in groups of 10 weanling or mature birds given a cholesterol coated diet for 24 weeks. Mean serum total and HDL‐cholesterol was substantially higher in cholesterol fed animals (15 v 8 mmol/1). The spatial distribution of disease was identical in each group. Lesions developed just proximal to the first major abdominal branch and were more plentiful on the right hand side. The major histological component of the lesions was fibrous intimal thickening and when studied separately its distribution closely matched that of the overall lesion. Foam cell aggregates were more plentiful on the right. This distribution pattern is very similar to that seen in early human atheroma and supports the hypothesis that lesions form in regions of low flow velocities.
POST‐MORTEM STABILITY OF PROGESTERONE IN RAT BRAIN
Authors: Bixo MARIE , BÄCkstrÖM TORBJÖRN , Cajander STEFAN , Winblad BENGT
Published: August 2010

Progesterone concentrations in the brains of female rats kept at +20°C or +4°C for 0 to 48 hours after death were investigated. After two hours at +20°C the progesterone concentration in seven studied brain areas were equal to that in control brains (dissected immediately after death). After four hours at +20°C, levels decreased significantly in three brain regions. Intact rats that were placed in a refrigerator (+4°C) after four hours at room temperature (+20°C) showed no further changes in brain progesterone concentration. In the control group, the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus and the hippocampus contained progesterone levels significantly higher than in all other areas (p < 0.05). After four hours at room temperature only the hypothalamus showed higher levels (p < 0.05). In conclusion, time after death and storage temperature affect the post‐mortem levels of progesterone. Because of their differences in body masses, the conditions in the rat brain are not comparable to those in the human brain. However, it might be possible to study the regional distribution of progesterone in the human brain if control cases matched with regard to post‐mortal time and brain temperature are used.
EWING'S SARCOMA OF BONE
Authors: Dahl INGVAR , ÅKerman MÅNS , Angervall LENNART
Published: August 2010

A correlative cytological and histological study of 14 cases of Ewing's sarcoma is presented. All smears from the fine needle aspirates were performed during the diagnostic investigation before treatment of the patients. The smears were very cellular with relatively small, round to oval tumour cells which appeared rather uniform. Two cell types could be distinguished, however. There was a predominance of relatively light, so‐called principal or chief cells, but smaller and darker cells, so‐called dark cells, were also observed. We found that Ewing's sarcoma has a characteristic appearance in smears and that fine needle aspiration cytology can be used in its primary diagnosis. A conclusive diagnosis may be made when the clinical and radiographic findings are also consistent.
CARYOMETRY OF BENIGN COMPOUND ACQUIRED NAEVI, SPITZ EPITHELOID NAEVI AND MALIGNANT MELANOMAS
Authors: Lindholm CHRISTER , Hofer PER‐ÅAKE
Published: August 2010

In order to get basic caryometric data later to be used in a prognostic study for malignant melanomas, caryometry of 7 compound acquired naevi, 8 Spitz epitheloid naevi and 83 cutaneous malignant melanomas was done and showed mean nuclear profile areas 32.9 μ2, 73,6 μ2, and 64.7 μm2, respectively. Only minimal overlapping existed between the compound acquired naevi and the two other tumour types. Similar differences existed concerning mean maximal profile diameter, proportion of large nuclei and width of nuclear histograms. Mean form factor was lower for the malignant melanomas than for the naevi. The nuclei of the superficial layer of the compound naevi and the Spitz naevi were larger than those of the deep layer. A similar consistent pattern did not exist for the malignant melanomas.
DETECTION OF EARLY ZONE 3 LIVER FIBROSIS IN CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS A Comparison of Four Connective Tissue Staining Methods
Authors: VYBERG MOGENS , JUNGE JETTE , HORN THOMAS
Published: August 2010

Fibrous deposits in the perisinusoidal space in the acinar zone 3 are early and prognostically important features of the alcoholic liver lesion. Four connective tissue staining methods: van Gieson's Picro‐Fuchsin (VG), Gordon & Sweets' reticulin (GS), Chromotrope Aniline Blue (CAB), and Picro‐Sirius (PS) were evaluated concerning their relative sensitivity in the detection of early zone 3 fibrosis. A selected area in 60 liver biopsies with preserved architecture, obtained from chronic alcoholics, were studied. A semiquantitative registration of the degree of fibrosis was made. A comparison between the scores of the various staining methods by means of Pratt's test revealed PS to be significantly the most sensitive method. GS was insignificantly more sensitive than CAB while VG (which in contrast to the other three methods leaves reticulin unstained) was the least sensitive. In five biopsies which only revealed fibrosis in PS, perisinusoidal collagenization was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. In the histological detection of early zone 3 fibrosis, PS is therefore recommended.
TWO CASES OF CONGENITAL VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS PROVED BY POST‐MORTEM ARTERIOGRAPHY
Authors: BECK B. L.
Published: August 2010

Post‐mortem arteriopgraphy, properly carried out, visualizes the whole extent of the arterial vascular system. The intimate relationship of parenchymatous organs to their arterial supply makes it possible to identify and localize the individual structure, even where there are abnormalities. Arteriography has never been methodically applied to post‐mortem examinations of fetuses and perinates. Two cases selected from a material of 100 consecutive fetuses and perinates thus examined document that even though the external appearance of fetuses and perinates is normal, there may be severe internal congenital malformations.
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES REACTING SELECTIVELY WITH CORE AND O‐POLYSACCHARIDE OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA O:3 LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE
Authors: Pekkola‐Heino Kirsi , Viljanen Matti K. , Ståhlberg Tom H. , Granfors Kaisa , Toivanen Auli
Published: August 2010

In order to obtain specific tools for studying the alterations of the immunochemical structure of Yersinia enterocolitica lipopolysaccharide in various conditions, we have produced monoclonal antibodies reacting with core and O‐polysaccharide chains of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 LPS. Immunizations were made with whole bacterial cells and outer membrane preparation, respectively. Monoclonal antibody 2B5 reacted in enzyme immunoassay with purified core‐lipid A complex, and its binding was not inhibited by Polymyxin B, suggesting that the target determinant is in the outer core. 2B5 reconized 100% of all tested Y. enterocolitica O:3 strains (n=152) and reacted to some extent also with many other gram‐negative bacteria. In immunoblotting with 2B5, a band corresponding to core‐lipid A complex was visualized both with Y. enterocolitica. Brucella abortus and Haemophilus influenzae. In immunofluorescence assay, the only positive reaction was seen with Y. enterocolitica. Monoclonal antibody A6 reacted in enzyme immunoassay with purified O‐polysaccharide chains, recognized 100% of tested Y. enterocolitica O:3 strains, and showed no cross‐reactions with other bacteria. A typical ladder pattern was not seen in the immunoblotting analysis with A6. This suggests that the O‐chain of Y. enterocolitica O:3 may be different from those in other gram‐negative bacteria. These two antibodies will make it possible to study the structural variations of Yersinia enterocolitica LPS more precisely than described before, because of their fine specificity against important immunogenic components of LPS. They will also be useful in serology measuring the immune response against the target determinants of these antibodies.
HISTOPATHOLOGY AND IMMUNOHISTOLOGY OF HTLV‐III/LAV RELATED LYMPHADENOPATHY AND AIDS.
Authors: BIBERFELD P. , ÖST Å. , PORWIT A. , SANDSTEDT B. , PALLESEN G. , BÖTTIGER B. , MORFELT‐MÅNSSON L. , BIBERFELD G.
Published: August 2010

Fifty‐nine lymph node biopsies from homosexual men with serum antibodies to HTLV‐III/LAV were the subject of a detailed histopathological and immunohistochemical study. The histological findings were correlated to the patients clinical status, and the T4/T8 ratios in blood and lymph nodes. Four histological patterns predominated and were defined as follicular hyperplasia (FH), follicular fragmentation (FF), follicular atrophy (FA), and follicular depletion (FD). Immunocytochemical studies indicated that destruction of follicular dendritic cells is related to the initiation of follicular involution from FH to FF, but the possible role of follicular infiltrating T‐cells cannot be excluded. Marked individual variations in lymph node angiogenesis increasing during involution were observed, which suggests that the degree of angiogenic host response may predispose for evolution of Kaposi's sarcoma. The majority of the patients with the clinical diagnosis of persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) were morphologically staged as FH or FF (89%), whereas most of the AIDS patients showed lymph node changes compatible with FA and FD (89%). Patients with AIDS‐related complex (ARC) had a wider spectrum of morphological lymph node changes but a majority of cases (62%) were also classified as FA or FD. Clinical follow‐up showed progression from PGL to ARC in seven of 21 cases with the FF pattern and only in three of 19 cases with FH. indicating a possible prognostic value in differentiating between FH and FF. Three cases with FD and one with FA progressed to AIDS during the time of observation. T4/T8 ratios in blood and lymph nodes were significantly lower in patients with FD histology compared to patients of the other histological groups. At autopsy, all AIDS cases showed the FD pattern of lymphadenopathy. Autopsy findings in seven patients emphasized the importance of post‐mortem studies in clarifying the spectrum of opportunistic diseases, including tumors which afflict the AIDS patients.
NEPHROID METAPLASIA OF THE URINARY TRACT A Survey of the Literature, with the Contribution of 5 New Immunohistochemically Studied Cases, Including One Case Examined by Electron Microscopy
Authors: SØRENSEN FLEMMING BRANDT , JACOBSEN FLEMMING , NIELSEN JOHN BUGGE , MOMMSEN SØREN
Published: August 2010

Nephroid metaplasia is an unusual lesion confined to the lamina propria of the lower urinary tract. It is defined by a characteristic histologic picture of tubular structures, formed by a single layer of cuboidal cells, surrounded by a thick basement membrane. Two main theories concerning the histogenesis of the condition have been proposed: 1) embryonic origin, or 2) metaplasia. Five cases of nephroid metaplasia were studied light‐microscopically and by immunohistochemistry for the content of Tamm Horsfall's uromucoprotein. In addition, one case was examined by electron microscopy. The results were compared to current knowledge of the lesion obtained from a survey of the literature, with special reference to histogenesis. Morphologically, one case of nephroid metaplasia was associated with mesonephroid adenocarcinoma. It is concluded that nephroid metaplasia arises as a metaplastic lesion, nearly always in previously traumatized urothelial mucosa. The natural history of the typical nephroid metaplasia is benign, but a possible relationship to mesonephroid adenocarcinoma, representing the malignant counterpart of the lesion, is discussed in relation to the histological findings, suggesting a rare but possible malignant potential of nephroid metaplasia. The diverse nomenclature used for this histologic entity needs re‐evaluation and should be changed to: nephroid metaplasia.
ISOLATION AND FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY OF HUMAN BLOOD MONOCYTES AFTER ADHERENCE TO PLASTIC SURFACES: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT DETACHMENT METHODS
Authors: Nielsen Henrik
Published: August 2010

The recovery and purity of monocytes were assessed after adherence of human blood mononuclear cells to plastic surfaces, with subsequent detachment after exposure to EDTA, lidocaine, trypsin or low temperature (4°C). No differences in purity were observed (81 – 90%) but the recovery was highest after treatment with lidocaine and trypsin. Pretreatment of the plastic surface with fetal calf serum increased the recovery to approximately 60%. The chemotactic response of the manipulated monocytes was decreased when trypsin had been used, compared with monocytes detached after exposure to low temperature, lidocaine or EDTA. In conclusion, for the measurement of chemotaxis the best results are obtained with monocytes after lidocaine detachment from a serum‐pretreated plastic surface.
SUPPRESSION OF IN VIVO ANTIBODY RESPONSES BY SUPPRESSOR FACTORS INDUCED BY HUMAN MYELOMA PROTEINS
Authors: Kontiainen S. , Nuutinen M. , Wangel A.
Published: August 2010

Suppressor factors induced in vitro, using purified human IgG and IgA myeloma proteins, were shown to efficiently suppress murine antibody production in vivo. The suppression was not isotype specific, viz. IgG and IgA suppressor factors suppressed the production of IgM and IgG antibody. Neither the suppressor factors (SF) nor the inducing proteins suppressed the proliferative responses to concanavalin A and purified protein derivative (PPD). The results are compared to the in vitro findings and discussed in the context of isotype regulation, hypogammaglobulinemia and immunotherapy.
RENAL ONCOCYTOMA
Authors: ENGEL ULLA , HORN THOMAS , NIELSEN OLE SKAT , OLSEN JENS HENNING
Published: August 2010

Renal oncocytomas are usually regarded as benign tumors. Metastases from renal oncocytomas to regional and especially distant lymph nodes are extremely rare. This paper describes five cases of renal oncocytomas, one of which had a malignant behaviour with metastases to regional and distant lymph nodes.
ASIALO GM1+ NK CELLS HAVE OPPOSITE ROLES IN THE ACTIVATION OF ALLOREACTIVE CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE (CTL) RESPONSE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Authors: Varkila K. , Silvennoinen O. , Hurme M.
Published: August 2010

The immuno‐regulatory role of AsialoGM1+ murine NK cells in the induction of allogeneic cytotoxic T cell responses was studied in vivo and in vitro. Depletion of ASGM1+ cells from the (CBAxC57BL/6)F1 cells used for the foot‐pad immunization of CBA mice greatly reduced the formation of allospecific CTLs. However, highly purified ASGM1+ cells were not efficient stimulators of alloCTLs in vivo by themselves. When the same genetic combination was used in alloCTL stimulation culture in vitro, ASGM1+ cells were seen to suppress the activation of the CTL response. The opposite roles of ASGM1+ cells in the alloCTL activation in vivo and in vitro were seen when both lymphoid cells (spleen cells or peripheral blood cells) and non‐lymphoid cells (epidermal cells) were used as stimulators. The data presented in this paper suggest that during the alloCTL activation, ASGM1+ cells have an important enhancing role in vivo; but in vitro these cells suppress the antigen‐presenting cells.
FLOW CYTOFLUOROMETRY OF LYSOSOMAL ACRIDINE ORANGE UPTAKE BY LIVING CULTURED CELLS Effect of Trypsinization and Starvation
Authors: OLSSON M. , RUNDQUIST I. , BRUNK U.
Published: August 2010

The uptake of the fluorescent, lysosomotropic weak base acridine orange (AO) by living cells in culture was studied by flow cytofluorometry. A mouse myeloma cell line (SP 2/0), growing in suspension, and an anchorage‐dependent human malignant glioma cell line (U‐251 MG), brought into suspension by trypsinization, were used. The consequences of trypsinization were also studied using static cytofluorometry. The lysosomal accumulation of AO by myeloma cells growing in suspension was found to be only moderately affected by starvation (i.e. incubation without medium change) for a period of up to five days. Trypsinization of the glioma cells after staining with AO caused pronounced release of the fluorescent dye while trypsinization before staining with AO did not significantly change the average lysosomal concentration of AO. We did, however, notice certain side effects of trypsinization in the form of both increased cellular green fluorescence and greater intercellular variability that reduce the validity of data obtained from cells detached by routine trypsinization. In conclusion, the condition of the lysosomal vacuome of living cultured cells growing in suspension may be studied by flow cytofluorometry after vital staining with the lysosomotropic weak base AO. Anchorage‐dependent trypsinized cells, however, yield unsatisfactory results when examined in a flow cytofluorometer system and are better studied while still attached to their substratum, using static cytofluorometry.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF BIOPSIES FROM BRONCHOGENIC NEOPLASMS
Authors: HORN THOMAS , FRANCIS DORTHE , BERTELSEN SVEND
Published: August 2010

Bronchial biopsies were investigated by light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) with the aim to evaluate if EM could contribute to the LM tumour type diagnosis. Fourty‐three pairs of biopsies were comparable. A histogenetic typing, especially of light microscopically undifferentiated and unclassifiable carcinomas, was possible by EM. However, when considering the therapeutical possibilities, at present time, LM tumour classification must be regarded as fully sufficient.
SIGNET‐RING CELLS IN ADVANCED GASTRIC CANCER A Clinical, Pathological and Histochemical Study
Authors: SANTINI DONATELLA , BAZZOCCHI FLORIANO , MAZZOLENI GUIDO , RICCI MONICA , VITI GIULIANO , MARRANO DOMENICO , MARTINELLI GIUSEPPE
Published: August 2010

A pathological and histochemical study on the presence of signet‐ring cells (SRC) in 108 advanced gastric cancer (AGC) has been evaluated. According to Laurén's classification, 59 were of intestinal (I) and 49 of diffuse (D) type. The amount of SRC seems to be a prognostic parameter in D‐carcinoma: the 5‐year survival rate was 49% and 22% in cases with 1–24% and 75–100% SRC, respectively. Histochemically, in our series of SRC D‐carcinoma the quality of mucin secretion of SRC closely resembled the goblet cells of intestinal metaplasia. The histogenetic origin of D‐gastric carcinoma was discussed.