bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental and socioeconomic impact of cage aquaculture at Kpeve Tornu section of the Volta Lake, Ghana
Authors: MENSAH VIDZRO FRANCIS , ANNANG TED YEMOH , OFORI BENJAMIN D.
Published: April 2020

Mensah VF, Yemoh T, Ofori BD. 2018. Environmental and socioeconomic impact of cage aquaculture at Kpeve Tornu section of the Volta Lake. Bonorowo Wetlands 2: 84-95. Sufficient data on the financial viability of cage aquaculture in Ghana is limited, and only little is also known of the effects of fish farming on the Volta Lake on fishing communities. This study, therefore, sought to investigate these relevant issues at Kpeve Tornu, a fishing society in Afadjato South District in the Volta Region. Laboratory analysis of physicochemical parameters suggested that there were no significant differences between water quality parameters from four fish farms and two control locations. A cost-benefit analysis performed on five cages of volume 360 cubic meters each was 1.34 in the first production cycle, whereas a gross margin of 104.41 percent in the second production cycle suggesting that cage aquaculture industry in Ghana was financially viable. The cage aquaculture industry also impacted positively on the livelihoods of the people of Kpeve Tornu in regions of recruitment, poverty alleviation, trade, and food security. Cage fish farm owners did not comply fully with aquaculture rules. Aquaculture rules were effective on fingerlings and aquaculture related chemicals producers, but the rules on fish farmers needed a review because there were no definitions for intensive and semi-intensive fish farming in the aquaculture rules of Ghana.
Effect of beam mode of partially Gaussian Schell-model beam on a heterodyne detection system in turbulence
Authors: Tan Zhen Kun , Kong Ying Xiu , Lei Si Chen , Yu Jia , Liu Jia
Published: April 2020

A mathematical model considering the transmission of a partially
coherent Gaussian Schell-model (GSM) beam in slant turbulence
atmosphere of heterodyne detection was established. A closed-form
expression of the weighting factor for the partially GSM beam at the
receiving end was derived. The effect of the beam mode on the
performance of the proposed detection system was theoretically
investigated. The results show that the proportion of the fundamental
mode and heterodyne efficiency can be optimized by controlling the
waist radius of the signal and local oscillator beams. The inner scale
of turbulence significantly affects the heterodyne efficiency and
normalized

M
2

. With a larger mode order, the
proportion of the fundamental mode and heterodyne efficiency are
lowered.
Permanent tuning of optical resonant modes of chalcogenide-coated microresonators
Authors: Huseyinoglu Ersin , Özgür Erol , Bakan Gökhan , Ortaç Bülend , Dana Aykutlu
Published: April 2020

Chalcogenide materials are promising for optical resonant mode tuning of whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonators due to their high nonlinearity. In this study, this phenomenon was demonstrated for

G
e

2

S
b

2

T
e

5

-coated toroidal microresonators using an optical postprocess, which utilizes the intrinsically photosensitive property of the

G
e

2

S
b

2

T
e

5

coating. A signal laser was used to illuminate the resonator for permanent tuning of the WGMs in a sensitive manner. 0.01 nm and 0.02 nm permanent tuning of the WGMs was recorded for 5 nm and 10 nm coated resonators, respectively. This technique enables resonance matching of coupled optical resonators, which could pave the way for optoelectronic circuitries employing multiple optical microresonators.
Temperature distribution inside a double-cladding optical fiber laser or amplifier
Authors: Mafi Arash
Published: April 2020

The temperature distribution inside a double-cladding optical fiber
laser or amplifier is examined in detail. Traditionally, the quantum
defect in the core is taken to be the main source of heating in an
active optical fiber. However, contributions from the parasitic
absorption of the signal and the pump may also play an important role,
especially for low quantum defect or radiation-balanced lasers and
amplifiers. The contributions to the heating in both the core and the
inner-cladding are considered and analyzed in general terms in this
paper. In particular, it is shown that if the maximum tolerable
surface temperature of the fiber relative to the ambient is taken to
be 300°C to avoid damaging the fiber’s outer polymer cladding, the
core temperature rises only in the range of 0°C–5°C relative to the
inner-cladding for an air-cooled fiber. However, for a water-cooled
fiber, the core temperature can be higher than the inner-cladding by
as much as 50°C, potentially changing a single-mode core to multimode
due to the thermo-optic effect.
Hyperpolarizability dispersion measured for CS2 vapor
Authors: Fernandez Rodrigo N. , Shelton David P.
Published: April 2020

The second hyperpolarizability () of carbon disulfide () is measured by gas-phase electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation for laser wavelengths in the range 765–1064 nm. The observed hyperpolarizability is decomposed into electronic () and vibrational () contributions, and the dispersion curve for is extrapolated to the static limit, with the result of atomic units esu (Taylor series convention). The results of this experiment agree with other recent nonlinear optical measurements and theoretical calculations.
All-optical self-oscillating 4He atomic mangnetometer with optical phase shift
Authors: Wang Haidong , Wu Teng , Wang He , Liu Yang , Mao Xinmin , Peng Xiang , Guo Hong
Published: April 2020

An all-optical self-oscillating 4He atomic magnetometer with a large dynamic range of the magnetic field is demonstrated. This device has the advantage of the fast response of the self-oscillating magnetometer and is not affected by the systematic errors originated from the radio-frequency field. It is also free from the nonlinear Zeeman effect in large magnetic fields. We use a liquid crystal to adjust the phase shift, which is independent of frequency. Results show that our self-oscillating 4He magnetometer exhibits a response time of 0.2 ms for a step signal of 3600 nT, and the noise floor reaches 1.7 pT / Hz1/2 for frequencies from 2 Hz to 500 Hz. It can work stably in magnetic fields ranging from 2500 nT to 103000 nT. Compared with the commercial self-oscillating cesium atomic magnetometer (Scintrex, CS-3), the self-oscillating 4He atomic magnetometer has shown a better gradient tolerance in larger magnetic field. This magnetometer is ideally suited in magnetic observatories to monitor geomagnetic field requiring large dynamic range and high bandwidth.
Sub-kHz-linewidth VECSELs for cold atom experiments
Authors: Moriya Paulo Hisao , Singh Yeshpal , Bongs Kai , Hastie Jennifer E.
Published: April 2020

We report and characterize sub-kHz linewidth operation of an AlGaInP-based VECSEL system suitable for addressing the narrow cooling transition of neutral strontium atoms at 689 nm. When frequency-stabilized to a standard air-spaced Fabry-Perot cavity (finesse 1000) via the Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) technique, it delivers output power >150 mW in a circularly-symmetric single transverse mode with low frequency and intensity noise. The optical field was reconstructed from the frequency noise error signal via autocorrelation and the Wiener-Khintchine theorem, leading to an estimated linewidth of (125 ± 2) Hz. Optical beat note measurements were performed against a commercial locked laser system and a second, almost identical, VECSEL system resulting in linewidths of 200 Hz and 160 Hz FWHM, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a VECSEL compatible with the narrowest of lines (few hundred Hz) used for cooling and trapping atoms and ions.
Triggering of different pulsed regimes in fiber cavity laser by a waveguide electro-optic switch
Authors: Nyushkov Boris , Ivanenko Aleksey , Smirnov Sergey , Shtyrina Olga , Kobtsev Sergey
Published: April 2020

A novel practical method for electronic triggering of essentially different pulsed regimes in fiber cavity lasers is introduced. The method relies on electronic control of complementary transmission characteristics of a fiber-coupled LiNbO3 waveguide electro-optic switch (WEOS) which plays the role of the variable output coupler in a fiber cavity. The method was studied using a testbed laser configuration comprised of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and an all-fiber cavity. Modulation of the WEOS-based output coupling in the fast gain recovery configuration allowed not only high-quality mode locking and harmonic mode-locking at certain pulse repetition rates determined by the cavity round trip time, but it also allowed nanosecond pulsed output of the same quality to be yielded by cavity dumping at widely and continuously tunable repetition rate (ranging from kHz to MHz). Thus, WEOS-based electronically variable output coupling allows uniquely high flexibility for lasing regimes and characteristics within a single all-fiber cavity configuration.
Extended depth-of-field imaging employing integrated binary phase pupil mask and principal component analysis image fusion
Authors: Milgrom Benjamin , Avrahamy Roy , David Tal , Caspi Avi , Golovachev Yosef , Engelberg Shlomo
Published: April 2020

The imaging depth of field (DOF) of white-light illuminated objects is extended by carefully integrating two image-processing techniques, one optical and one digital. The optical technique makes use of a tailored phase mask positioned at the pupil of the imaging system to cause different color channels to have different focal lengths; accordingly, the phase-mask equipped imaging system acquires a high resolution and reasonably focused image in at least one of the three, red, green, blue (RGB), color channels at any location within the specified DOF. The digital processing comprises fusing the separate RGB images with an original technique that implements principal component analysis to deliver the overall sharpest grayscale composite image throughout the DOF region. The obtained experimental results agree well with the theoretical predictions and demonstrate the capability of the integrated technique to extend the DOF.
Compact broadband suspended silicon photonic directional coupler
Authors: Sattari Hamed , Takabayashi Alain Yuji , Zhang Yu , Verheyen Peter , Bogaerts Wim , Quack Niels
Published: April 2020

Directional couplers are extensively used in photonic integrated circuits as basic components for efficient on-chip photonic signal routing. Conventionally, directional couplers are fully encapsulated in the technology’s waveguide cladding material. In this Letter, we demonstrate a compact broadband directional coupler, fully suspended in air and exhibiting efficient power coupling in the cross state. The coupler is designed and built based on IMEC’s iSiPP50G standard platform, and hydrofluoric (HF) vapor-etching-based post-processing allows to release the freestanding component. A low insertion loss of 0.5 dB at

λ
=

1560

n
m

and a 1 dB bandwidth of 35 nm at

λ
=

1550

n
m

have been confirmed experimentally. With a small footprint of

20

µ

m

×

30

µ

m

and high mechanical stability, this directional coupler can serve as a basic building block for large-scale silicon photonic microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) circuits.
Novel Optical and Photonic Devices based on 2D Materials: feature issue introduction
Authors: Luo Zhengqian , Bao Qiaoliang , Caglayan Humeyra , Jia Baohua , Zhang Han
Published: April 2020

Since the isolation of graphene in 2004, two-dimensional (2D) materials with unique optical and electronic properties have attracted a wide interest and tremendous research, opening some promising applications in electronics, photonics and optoelectronics. This feature issue is aimed to capture the current state-of-the art, new trends and directions in 2D-material-based optical and photonic devices, and seven research articles are collected in this issue.
Os diálogos para a Paz e Segurança: uma perspetiva das relações União Europeia, África e PALOP
Authors: Sousa Julião Soares
Published: April 2020

Nas últimas décadas as questões de segurança e da paz dos Estados e/ou de organizações regionais como blocos tendencialmente homogêneos tem trazido à tona debates sobre temas relacionados com a interdependência nas relações internacionais que nem sempre geram equidade e equilíbrio. Este tem sido também o caso das relações entre a União Europeia (UE) e a África. Este artigo pretende analisar a evolução do diálogo UE – África e com os Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa (PALOP) em matéria de paz e segurança. Outrossim, escalpelizar as implicações destas relações numa altura em que se assiste a uma competição pela África e à emergência de um mundo multipolar.
Life form dynamics of the tree layer in evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest during 1996–2017 in Tianmu Mountains, eastern China
Authors: Bai Cheng , You Shixue , Ku Weipeng , Dai Qilin , Wang Zhengyi , Zhao Mingshui , Yu Shuquan
Published: April 2020

In the forest areas of eastern China, there is a change from forest dominated by deciduous broad-leaved trees to forest dominated by evergreen broad-leaved trees as the latitude or altitude decreases. Different life forms have different survival strategies to deal with climate change, and studying the life form dynamics of the tree layers in the mixed forest in eastern China, with increasing temperature, can help us understand how the forest responds. This study was performed in a 1 ha plot in evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest in Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve. Based on the data from two surveys (1996 and 2017), the changes in life form composition and biodiversity over the past 21 years were analyzed. We obtained the following results: (1) The proportion of evergreen trees increased from 55.0% in 1996 to 67.5% in 2017, and the dominance of evergreen species was enhanced. (2) The diversity of both life forms increased, and the tree species were more abundant. (3) The average annual recruitment rate of the evergreen species was 2.1% greater than their mortality rate, and the average annual recruitment rate of the deciduous species was 0.5% less than their mortality rate. (4) The competition among the trees in the small-diameter class (10 cm â¤ DBH < 20 cm) was fierce for many tree species. The proportion of the evergreen species in the small-diameter class was high. The life forms making up the mixed climax forest community has changed over the past 21 years, with the proportion and dominance of evergreen trees increasing significantly.
Mental Distress in Rural Areas of Indonesia
Authors: Saifullah Azam David , Latifah Nur , Artanti Eria Riski , Cahyani Kadek Dewi , Rahayu Umi , Paramarta Lalitya , Izzati Rahma Mahdia , Priharjo Robert , Warsini Sri
Published: April 2020

Background: There is a higher prevalence of mental distress in rural areas compared to urban areas in Indonesia. The rural areas of Indonesia have various socio-demographic and sophisticated cultural characteristics, but less exposed to foreign cultures. Thus, the study about the prevalence, associated factors, and predictors of mental distress in rural areas is necessary.Purpose: This study aimed to identify the population's status and related factors of mental distress in rural areas in Indonesia.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to achieve the aims of the study. An Indonesian version of the Self-Rated Questionnaire, consisting of 20 items, was used to measure mental distress status of population in rural areas in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A number of 872 records were included and analyzed using both univariate and bivariate analyses in this study.Results: The prevalence of mental distress in this population was 6%. The correlated factors of mental distress were age (χ2=6.93, p=0.01), gender (χ2=0.07, p=0.03), occupation (χ2=0.26, p=0.02), housing dimension (χ2=5.45, p=0.02), and illness status (χ2=0.01, p<0.01).Conclusion: The prevalence of mental distress in rural areas of Indonesia is relatively lower than that of the national level. Future mental health programs may be focused on improving mental health on the elderly, male, vulnerable workers, overcrowded housing, and people who got a chronic illness.
A Comparison of Patient Safety Competencies between Clinical and Classroom Settings among Nursing Students
Authors: Amilia Rizqi , Nurmalia Devi
Published: April 2020

Background: As nurses play an important role in the implementation of patient safety in hospitals, competencies of patient safety should be developed and enhanced among nursing students. Self-assessment is a method that can be used to assess patient safety and its dimensions to help the students prepare themselves before entering the work life.Purpose: This study aimed to investigate differences in patient safety competencies between classroom and clinical settings among nursing students using a self-assessment method.Methods: A descriptive study using the Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey (H-PEPSS) questionnaire was conducted among 181 nursing students in a public university in Indonesia. Paired t-test, ANOVA, and independent t-test were performed to determine the comparison in the values of patient safety dimensions across classroom, clinical learning, and year of nursing course.Results: Nursing students showed a higher mean value in the classroom setting than the clinical setting. Out of the seven dimensions of patient safety competencies, “clinical safety” (M=4.36) and “communicate effectively” (M=4.29) obtained the highest score in classroom setting, while “adverse events” showed the lowest (M=4.03). In the clinical setting, “clinical safety” (M=4.19) and “communicate effectively” (M=4.12) obtained the highest score, while “working in teams” (M=3.82) was the lowest. The third-year students showed a better score than the fourth year in most dimensions.Conclusion: In this study, the patient safety competencies among nursing students were higher in the classroom setting than in the clinical setting. It is recommended to investigate the factors that can increase the achievement of patient safety competence among nursing student in the clinical setting.
Collaboration, collation, and competition: Crowdsourcing a directory of educational technology tools for teaching and learning
Authors: Donlon Enda , Costello Eamon , Brown Mark
Published: April 2020

This paper reports on a distinctive one-year online open crowdsourcing initiative which originated in the Republic of Ireland with a view to compiling an A–Z directory of educational technology tools for teaching and learning. Through analysis of multiple sources of data, the paper presents an intrinsic case study which outlines the design and implementation of the initiative and offers critical insights into engagement and participation in the project. The study found that participants from across the spectrum of educational sectors contributed to this project from a range of geographical locations, with significantly greater numbers engaging with the directory of educational technology tools that resulted from the crowdsourcing activity. It concludes that the creative project design, combined with a novel crowdsourcing methodology encompassing elements of collaboration, competition, and gamification, were strong motivational factors for participation. The case study provides a valuable context for considering the wider potential of this particular crowdsourcing format (and crowdsourcing applications in general) for teaching and learning purposes.
„Nic tylko wstręt” – Ladislava Klímy koneksje z gotycyzmem
Authors: Goszczyńska Joanna
Published: April 2020

Few interpretations of the work of Ladislav Klíma, by both Polish and Czech researchers, most often emphasize the philosophical aspect of his writing. They point to the connections of his work with the philosophy of Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Berkeley. The article suggests taking a different lead related to connections with the Gothic Convention and the aesthetics of shock and disgust inscribed in it. The author used this convention, among others, to formulate his philosophy of Will. The article focuses on the mini-novel The Suffering of Prince Sternenhoch. The process of interpretation was facilitated by the use of findings of Jindřich Chalupecký, whereas the theories of Julia Kristeva proved useful in the methodological aspect.
Język ciała we frazeologii polskiej i rosyjskiej
Authors: Hordy Mirosława
Published: April 2020

The article addresses the issue of a body language as a semiotic code and its reflection in systems of natural languages, in their phraseological resources. The material for analysis is phraseological units of contemporary Polish and Russian languages. The basis for comparison is the phraseological concept by Weronika N. Telia (В.Н. Телия) and linguistic works by Grigorij E. Krejdlin (Г.Е. Крейдлин). First and foremost, three types of signs of the body language are verbalised in subsystems under analysis: bodily symptoms, symptomatic and communicative gestures and a body position.
Flâneur nadrzeczywistości. Vítězslava Nezvala surrealne wędrówki po Pradze
Authors: Gawarecka Anna
Published: April 2020

In the surrealistic period of his literary work Vítězslav Nezval, following the French formula of presenting Paris as an archetypical modern city, published textual passage Pražský chodec (1938) which title is taken from the famous Apollinaire’s story but its narrative schema resembles the Louis Aragon’s Paris Peasant. In opposition to avant-garde ideas of the perfect urbanization projects connected with the technological progress and futurological utopias Nezval tries to show Prague (more mysterious and surreal in his eyes than the capital of France) as a space of living literary tradition, full of lieux de mémoire and traces of long past events. Walking around urban streets, alleys or bridges often regarded as the typical surrealistic activity, becomes here an instrument of evoking these memories and it is also treated as a metaphor of poetic creation.
Reduced Expression of the PP2A Methylesterase, PME-1, or the PP2A Methyltransferase, LCMT-1, Alters Sensitivity to Beta-Amyloid-Induced Cognitive and Electrophysiological Impairments in Mice
Authors: Staniszewski Agnieszka , Zhang Hong , Asam Kesava , Pitstick Rose , Kavanaugh Michael P. , Arancio Ottavio , Nicholls Russell E.
Published: April 2020

Beta-amyloid (Aβ) is thought to play a critical role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and application of soluble oligomeric forms of Aβ produces AD-like impairments in cognition and synaptic plasticity in experimental systems. We found previously that transgenic overexpression of the PP2A methylesterase, PME-1, or the PP2A methyltransferase, LCMT-1, altered the sensitivity of mice to Aβ-induced impairments, suggesting that PME-1 inhibition may be an effective approach for preventing or treating these impairments. To explore this possibility, we examined the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of acutely applied synthetic Aβ oligomers in male and female mice heterozygous for either aPME-1KO or anLCMT-1gene-trap mutation. We found that heterozygousPME-1KO mice were resistant to Aβ-induced impairments in cognition and synaptic plasticity, whereasLCMT-1gene-trap mice showed increased sensitivity to Aβ-induced impairments. The heterozygousPME-1KO mice produced normal levels of endogenous Aβ and exhibited normal electrophysiological responses to picomolar concentrations of Aβ, suggesting that reduced PME-1 expression in these animals protects against Aβ-induced impairments without impacting normal physiological Aβ functions. Together, these data provide additional support for roles for PME-1 and LCMT-1 in regulating sensitivity to Aβ-induced impairments, and suggest that inhibition of PME-1 may constitute a viable therapeutic approach for selectively protecting against the pathologic actions of Aβ in AD.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTElevated levels of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain are thought to contribute to the cognitive impairments observed in Alzheimer's disease patients. Here we show that genetically reducing endogenous levels of the PP2A methylesterase, PME-1, prevents the cognitive and electrophysiological impairments caused by acute exposure to pathologic concentrations of Aβ without impairing normal physiological Aβ function or endogenous Aβ production. Conversely, reducing endogenous levels of the PP2A methyltransferase, LCMT-1, increases sensitivity to Aβ-induced impairments. These data offer additional insights into the molecular factors that control sensitivity to Aβ-induced impairments, and suggest that inhibiting PME-1 may constitute a viable therapeutic avenue for preventing Aβ-related impairments in Alzheimer's disease.
La implementación de las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público en las municipalidades costarricenses: un análisis descriptivo de su nivel de avance
Authors: Araya Leandro Carlos Eduardo , Bado Zúñiga Gustavo , Castro Umaña Carlos
Published: April 2020

Al igual que ha sucedido en muchos países del mundo, el Gobierno costarricense, en los últimos años, ha tomado decisiones encaminadas a mejorar sus sistemas de contabilidad gubernamental, específicamente con la adopción de las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público (nicsp). Si bien el proceso de implementación en las entidades del poder ejecutivo ha ido de la mano con los cronogramas establecidos, en los municipios el proceso ha sido más lento. En este contexto, el presente documento tiene por objetivo analizar descriptivamente el avance en la instauración de la normativa internacional de la Federación Internacional de Contadores Públicos (ifac) en los Gobiernos locales costarricenses a partir del instrumento de autoevaluación realizado por cada una las municipalidades incluidas en el estudio. Para cumplir con este fin, la Dirección General de Contabilidad Nacional (dgcn) ha facilitado una base de datos que contiene las matrices de autoevaluación presentadas por estas administraciones en el mes de julio de 2018. El trabajo de investigación concluye en que los ayuntamientos ubicados en el área metropolitana del país, que cuentan con una mejor calificación en el Índice de Gestión Municipal y un presupuesto más elevado, presentan un mayor avance en la incorporación de las nicsp. De igual forma, el grupo de normas de relacionadas con las partidas de “resultados” son las que muestran un grado de implementación más efectivo.
Sedation and Non-Invasive Mask Ventilation in Patients with Delirium and Acute Respiratory Failure
Authors: Levikov D. I. , Marchenkov Yu. V. , Strizhkov N. A. , Zasimova M. Ya. , Shaibakova V. L. , Rodionov E. P.
Published: April 2020

Aim: To compare the safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine and haloperidol in patients with delirium and acute respiratory failure in non-invasive mask lung ventilation.

Materials and methods. We carried out a retrospective analysis of data on patients with somatogenic delirium and acute respiratory failure (57 men, 4 women) experienced noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in the intensive care unit of the Botkin State Clinical Hospital in 2017–2018. Depending on the type of sedation the patients were divided into two groups: those on dexmedetomidine (n=31) and those receiving haloperidol (n=30). Dexmedetomidine was administered as a continuous infusion at a rate of 0.2–1.4 µg/kg/h while controlling the level of consciousness; haloperidol was administered by intravenous bolus injections until a sufficient level of sedation was reached in a dose of 2.5 mg 2–3 times a day.

Results. The efficiency of sedation to achieve the required level of cooperation and possibility of NIV was 87.1% (27 patients) and 66.6% (20 patients) in dexmedetomidine and haloperidol groups. When estimating sedation in patients of both groups according to the RASS scale the scores did not differ significantly and were equal on the average to 1.7±0.3 (eye contact to voice). In haloperidol group in 10 out of 30 (33.3%) patients a sufficient level of sedation was not achieved, which required immediate tracheal intubation and invasive lung ventilation. Mortality in this group was 20% (6 patients), while in dexmedetomidine group it was 6.4% (2 patients).

Conclusion. The use of dexmedetomidine, despite greater variability of hemodynamic parameters, allows to perform NIV with sufficient cooperation with the patient, reduces the frequency of tracheal intubation, risk of complications and mortality.
Open Online Course on Basic Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Investigation of an Audience and the Effects of Distant Training
Authors: Birkun A. A. , Dantanarayana V. R.
Published: April 2020

Aim. To study the demand for the massive open online course on basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and to evaluate effects of the training based on the socio-demographic profile of the audience.

Material and methods. The data obtained from a survey conducted on participants of the online course «First Aid in Cardiac Arrest (Basic Resuscitation)» during a one-year period (07.2018–07.2019) were analyzed, including demographic data, initial and final levels of knowledge on CPR, and willingness to resuscitate a stranger. The 5-point Lickert scale was used for self-assessment of knowledge and willingness to attempt CPR.

Results. The analysis includes data collected from 11,924 people, out of which 3,445 (29%) have completed the training. Eighty percent of participants live in the Russian Federation. The mean age of trainees, who completed the course, was 25.7 years, 45% of them were males, 42% had learnt CPR previously, 12% had medical education. As a result of the training, a significant increase (P<0.001) in the willingness to attempt CPR (from 3.26 to 4.16 points) and an increase in self-perceived CPR knowledge (from 2.24 to 3.98 points) were registered. The percentage of trainees who expressed a high level of willingness to perform CPR (4–5 points) increased from 44% to 81% (P<0.001). The course was more likely to be completed by those trainees who had previous training in CPR (p<0.001), who initially demonstrated higher willingness to provide CPR (P=0.003) or a higher level of knowledge in CPR (P<0.001). Trainees who had previous CPR training showed a much higher level of knowledge, higher self-confidence and a higher level of readiness to provide CPR (P<0.001). Approximately 14% of trainees with medical education reported having no previous training in CPR.

Conclusions. The massive open online course promotes knowledge of CPR and serves as an important tool for increasing the willingness of lay people to provide first aid in case of cardiac arrest. Previous CPR training is a motivating factor to continue education in resuscitation.
A Historical and Contemporary Discussion of the Tourism Industry in the Appalachian Region of the United States, with an analysis on its economic and sociological effects
Authors: Tarpey Nick
Published: April 2020

Appalachia is defined as a roughly 1,000-mile long region in the eastern United States nestled in and around the Appalachian mountains. It is roughly 205,000 square miles and contains all or parts of twelve states: Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Kentucky, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Ohio. The area was  home to about 25 million people as of the 2010 census. It is important to note that the region has struggled with outmigration since the 1930s beginning with the onset of the Great Depression. (Appalachian Regional Commission 2017). Historically, Appalachia has been known as a unique region in the United States. Beginning with roots as a common settlement region for fiery Scotch-Irish immigrants in the 1700s, continued by earning a reputation as a center for moonshine production during the 1930s, and now known as a region where the wealthy buy their second and third homes, the region has consistently been able to craft its own, particular culture. With a population that is 42% rural (compared to a 20% rural population for the entire U.S.) and overwhelmingly Scotch-Irish in ethnic composition, the area differs from the mainstream US. Beset by poverty, the region needs tourism to be a viable industry in many of its locales. A population that is relatively low in educational achievement (Appalachia as whole averages a 22% college completion rate per county compared with a US rate of 29% per county) and does not have easy access to intellectual resources in many places needs a stable, job-providing industry (Appalachian Regional Commission 2017). The area once had a legacy in the mining and forestry industries, but according to the Appalachian Regional Commission, that era has passed and people now rely on a rebirth of manufacturing, service industries, and tourism to provide jobs (2017). Fortunately, the situation in Appalachia has improved since 1960, as the number of economically distressed counties in the region has declined from 295 in 1960 to 91 in 2014 (Appalachian Regional Commission 2017). The poverty rate of 17.1% is slightly above the national average of 14.3% (Appalachian Regional Commission 2017). The region has come to increasingly depend on the tourism industry to fill an economic void as gaps in basic services and the continual draining of potential intellectual capital from population loss continue to plague the area. This paper will examine contemporary perspectives  on tourism in the Appalachian region and analyze their economic and sociological effects.
The Illusion of Progress: Evaluating U.N. Women’s Rights Instruments
Authors: Borst Christina
Published: April 2020

Though the realm of international women’s rights has overcome significant challenges, scope is often restricted to gender discrimination violations that are de jure rather than de facto in nature. These advancements concerning the rights of women can, to an extent, be attributed to the proactiveness of the United Nations. This paper seeks to identify the instruments the U.N. has developed for the protection of the human rights of women and address their subsequent effectiveness. By examining developed instruments, cultural patterns, and historical examples, the U.N. has and continues to make a concerted effort toward ensuring de jure protections. Enforced by analysis of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, discrepancies between what the U.N. classifies as human rights and the human rights of women become apparent. Still, the de facto discrimination against women in states with contrasting governmental structures and cultural mores is not customarily accounted for by the United Nations. Questions remain in regards to whether or not the U.N. can or should be responsible for remedying the global variance in de facto discrimination against women. It is suggested that the United Nations shift its focus toward strict instrument enforcement.
Road to the Civil War: The Missouri Compromise
Authors: Fortaleza Klinger Julius Nathan
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this paper is to explore the question of whether or not early nineteenth-century lawmakers saw the Missouri Compromise of 1820 as a true solution to the question of slavery in the United States, or if it was simply a stopgap solution. The information used to conduct this research paper comes in the form of a collation of primary and secondary sources. My findings indicate that the debate over Missouri's statehood was in fact about slavery in the US, and that the underlying causes of the Civil War were already quite prevalent four whole decades before the conflict broke out.
Foreign Aid and Development in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: An Analysis of International Barriers to Development
Authors: Smith Anna N
Published: April 2020

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) remains one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world. Despite its abundance of natural resources, it has failed to develop and maintain political stability since its decolonization in 1960. With its unstable and corrupt government, the DRC’s primary source of fiscal investment comes from foreign aid, from both International Organizations (IOs), like the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, as well as International Non-Governmental Organization (INGOs). In this paper I examine how the role of international aid from The World Bank, IMF, and INGOs has contributed to the pervasive stagnation of the DRC’s economic growth, and how aid can be implemented equitably and efficiently. In order to create a comprehensive overview of economic development in the DRC, I analyze the repercussions of colonial legacies, government corruption, the benefits of foreign aid, and possible neo-colonial implications of foreign aid on the country’s growth. After analyzing the sum of these effects on economic growth, we can conclude that ultimately foreign aid is necessary for development in the DRC; however, adjustments must be made to current aid programs in order to create equitable growth.
What Did Jozef Boguslavsky Say About Sergei Durov and Fedor Dostoevsky in Siberian Diary?
Authors: Podryabinkina Anastasiya G.
Published: April 2020

The article examines the chapter Sergei Durov and Fyodor Dostoevsky from the Siberian Diary of the Polish revolutionary Jozef Boguslavsky, who was confined in the Omsk prison at the same time as F. M. Dostoevsky. The Siberian Diary was included in Polacy z Wilna i ze Żmudzi na zesłaniu. Pamiętniki Józefa Bogusławskiego i księdza Mateusza Wejta (Poles from Vilnius and Zemaitija in exile. The Memoirs of Jozef Boguslavsky and priest Mateusz Veit). Some fragments of this book and other Polish sources were translated into Russian for the first time by the author of the article, including the recollections about Sergey Durov and Fyodor Dostoevsky. The interrelation between the Siberian Diary by Y. Boguslavsky, Notes from a Dead House by F. M. Dostoevsky, and S. Tokazhevsky’s Seven Years of Hard Labor and The Convicts is also analyzed in the paper.
Nutrition and osteoporosis prevention and treatment
Authors: Hejazi Jalal , Davoodi Ali , Khosravi Mohammadreza , Sedaghat Meghdad , Abedi Vahideh , Hosseinverdi Sima , Ehrampoush Elham , Homayounfar Reza , Shojaie Layla
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Osteoporosis falls among the major general health issues, specifically in the elderly, and is a widespread disease these days. According to various studies, good nutrition plays a significant role in osteoporosis prevention and treatment. The aim of this study was to conduct an extensive literature review on the effects of different nutrients to understand how macronutrients, micronutrients, and non-nutritive substances affect bone health.

Methodology: To find relevant studies, the main keyword “osteoporosis” was searched in combination with “zinc,” “vitamin K,” “phosphorus,” “vitamin D,” “calcium,” “lipid,” “protein,” and “phytoestrogens” in PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, SID, and Iran Medex databases.

Findings: The most important element for bone health is calcium, which has a direct link to the bone mass density (BMD). In the case of calcium deficiency, high phosphorus content can damage bone tissue. The acceptable ratio of phosphorus to calcium is 0.5-1.5:1. Vitamin D is another important nutrient for bones; serum levels of vitamin D less than 20 ng/ml reduce bone density and increase the risk of fracture. High protein intake results in calcium excretion and loss of bone mass. In addition, calcium deficiency increases the risk of osteoporosis, specifically in the elderly. According to the literature, there is an inverse correlation between saturated fats and BMD. Vitamin K and magnesium deficiencies are correlated with BMD reduction and increased risk of osteoporosis. Copper and zinc are used as co-factors in the formation of collagen and elastin, and in mineralization of bone. As a result, deficiency of these elements may disrupt the process of incorporating minerals into the bone matrix.

Conclusion: Good nutrition may play a significant role in osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Indeed, a healthy diet containing calcium (1,200 mg/day); vitamin D (600 IU); and certain amounts of protein, magnesium, and vitamin K can contribute greatly to bone health.
Emerging Issues in Male Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Care
Authors: Grubb Laura K. , Powers Makia ,   COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE
Published: April 2020

Pediatricians are encouraged to address male adolescent sexual and reproductive health on a regular basis, including taking a sexual history, discussing healthy sexuality, performing an appropriate physical examination, providing patient-centered and age-appropriate anticipatory guidance, and administering appropriate vaccinations. These services can be provided to male adolescent patients in a confidential and culturally appropriate manner, can promote healthy sexual relationships and responsibility, can and involve parents in age-appropriate discussions about sexual health.
Analysis of inelastic buckling of rectangular plates with a free edge using polynomial deflection functions
Authors: Eziefula Uchechi G.
Published: April 2020

The inelastic buckling behaviour of different rectangular thin isotropic plates having a free edge is studied. Various combinations of boundary conditions are subject to in-plane uniaxial compression and each rectangular plate is bounded by an unloaded free edge. The characteristic deflection function of each plate is formulated using a polynomial function in form of Taylor–Maclaurin series. A deformation plasticity approach is adopted and the buckling load equation is modified using a work principle technique. Buckling coefficients of the plates are calculated for various aspect ratios and moduli ratios. Findings obtained from the investigation are found to reasonably agree with data published in the literature.
The Use of Blockchain Technology in Agriculture
Authors: Aldag Mustafa Cem
Published: April 2020

Objective: This paper explores the use of blockchain technology in agriculture and agricultural products.Research Design & Methods: The article is based on a critical analysis of the literature with a view to understanding the current state of use of blockchain technology in agriculture. It was assumed that blockchain technology is used in the agricultural sector to promote food security, prevent food fraud and verify the origin and authenticity of agricultural products and agricultural inputs.Findings: Blockchain technology improves traceability and transparency, allowing parties within the agricultural value chain to identify faulty or suboptimal processes as well as bad actors. This ensures that ideal conditions are pursued from farm to market. The ability to trace the origin of food products is essential when food safety breaks down. The early identification of the origin of contamination will enable food companies to swing into action quickly to prevent illness and thus save lives. Such a timely response will also help limit food wastage and will save money by containing financial fallout.Implications / Recommendations: Blockchain technology has strong potential for success within the agricultural sector. It can be used to ensure food safety by enabling the source of agricultural products, as well as the source of their potential contamination, to be traced, and the authenticity of farming inputs to be verified. Blockchain can also be employed in the process of disbursing subsidies to farmers to ensure that they benefit from subsidy programmes. Finally, blockchain technology will offer farmers better prices and better payment methods and solve challenges in land title sales and purchase registration.Contribution: Blockchain is a new technology to the agricultural sector, and enormous challenges remain. There is still no established system to regulate blockchain transactions. Nevertheless, the application of blockchain in agriculture holds promising rewards.
EMA Review of Axicabtagene Ciloleucel (Yescarta) for the Treatment of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Papadouli Irene , Mueller-Berghaus Jan , Beuneu Claire , Ali Sahra , Hofner Benjamin , Petavy Frank , Tzogani Kyriaki , Miermont Anne , Norga Koenraad , Kholmanskikh Olga , Leest Tim , Schuessler-Lenz Martina , Salmonson Tomas , Gisselbrecht Christian , Garcia Jordi Llinares , Pignatti Francesco
Published: April 2020

On June 28, 2018, the Committee for Advanced Therapies and the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Yescarta for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, after two or more lines of systemic therapy. Yescarta, which was designated as an orphan medicinal product and included in the European Medicines Agency's Priority Medicines scheme, was granted an accelerated review timetable.

The active substance of Yescarta is axicabtagene ciloleucel, an engineered autologous T-cell immunotherapy product whereby a patient's own T cells are harvested and genetically modified ex vivo by retroviral transduction using a retroviral vector to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising an anti-CD19 single chain variable fragment linked to CD28 costimulatory domain and CD3-zeta signaling domain. The transduced anti-CD19 CAR T cells are expanded ex vivo and infused back into the patient, where they can recognize and eliminate CD19-expressing cells.

The benefits of Yescarta as studied in ZUMA-1 phase II (NCT02348216) were an overall response rate per central review of 66% (95% confidence interval, 56%–75%) at a median follow-up of 15.1 months in the intention to treat population and a complete response rate of 47% with a significant duration. The most common adverse events were cytokine release syndrome, neurological adverse events, infections, pyrexia, diarrhea, nausea, hypotension, and fatigue.
INI-1 (SMARCB1)–Deficient Undifferentiated Sinonasal Carcinoma: Novel Paradigm of Molecular Testing in the Diagnosis and Management of Sinonasal Malignancies
Authors: Shaverdashvili Khvaramze , Azimi-Nekoo Elham , Cohen Perry , Akbar Nadeem , Ow Thomas J. , Halmos Balazs , Castellucci Enrico
Published: April 2020

Sinonasal tumors consist of a group of rare heterogeneous malignancies, accounting for 3%–5% of all head and neck cancers. Although squamous cell carcinomas make up a significant portion of cancers arising in the sinonasal tract, there are a variety of aggressive tumor types that can present with a poorly differentiated morphology and continue to pose diagnostic challenges. Accurate classification of these unique malignancies has treatment implications for patients. Recent discoveries have allowed more detailed molecular characterization of subsets of these tumor types, and may lead to individualized treatments. INI-1 (SMARCB1)–deficient sinonasal carcinoma is a recently identified subtype of sinonasal malignancy, which is characterized by deletion of the INI-1 tumor suppressor gene. Loss of INI-1 expression has emerged as an important diagnostic feature in several human malignancies including a subset of sinonasal carcinomas. In this article, we present a case of INI-1 (SMARCB1)–deficient sinonasal carcinoma, provide an overview of recent advances in histological and molecular classification of sinonasal malignancies, and discuss challenges of caring for patients with these rare malignancies, as well as potential treatment implications.

Key Points

Clinicians and pathologists should recognize that a variety of sinonasal tumors can present with a poorly differentiated morphology that warrants further workup and molecular classification. Routine workup of poorly or undifferentiated sinonasal tumors should include testing for INI-1/SMARCB1, SMARCA4, and NUT. Patients with these molecularly defined subsets of tumors may benefit from clinical trials that seek to exploit these molecular alterations. The EZH2 inhibitor, tazemetostat, has demonstrated some antitumor activity in INI-1–deficient tumors, and is currently under investigation.