bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex‐linked genetic diversity and differentiation in a globally distributed avian species complex
Authors: Schield Drew R. , Scordato Elizabeth S. C. , Smith Chris C. R. , Carter Javan K. , Cherkaoui Sidi Imad , Gombobaatar Sundev , Hajib Said , Hanane Saad , Hund Amanda K. , Koyama Kazuo , Liang Wei , Liu Yang , Magri Najib , Rubtsov Alexander , Sheta Basma , Turbek Sheela P. , Wilkins Matthew R. , Yu Liu , Safran Rebecca J.
Published: March 2021

Sex chromosomes often bear distinct patterns of genetic variation due to unique patterns of inheritance and demography. The processes of mutation, recombination, genetic drift and selection also influence rates of evolution on sex chromosomes differently than autosomes. Measuring such differences provides information about how these processes shape genomic variation and their roles in the origin of species. To test hypotheses and predictions about patterns of autosomal and sex‐linked genomic diversity and differentiation, we measured population genetic statistics within and between populations and subspecies of the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) and performed explicit comparisons between autosomal and Z‐linked genomic regions. We first tested for evidence of low Z‐linked genetic diversity and high Z‐linked population differentiation relative to autosomes, then for evidence that the Z chromosome bears greater ancestry information due to faster lineage sorting. Finally, we investigated geographical clines across hybrid zones for evidence that the Z chromosome is resistant to introgression due to selection against hybrids. We found evidence that the barn swallow mating system, demographic history and linked selection each contribute to low Z‐linked diversity and high Z‐linked differentiation. While incomplete lineage sorting is rampant across the genome, our results indicate faster sorting of ancestral polymorphism on the Z. Finally, hybrid zone analyses indicate barriers to introgression on the Z chromosome, suggesting that sex‐linked traits are important in reproductive isolation, especially in migratory divide regions. Our study highlights how selection, gene flow and demography shape sex‐linked genetic diversity and underlines the relevance of the Z chromosome in speciation.
The flavodoxin FldA activates the class Ia ribonucleotide reductase of Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Alqurashi Abdulmajeed , Alfs Laura , Swann Jordan , Butt Julea N. , Kelly David J.
Published: March 2021

Campylobacter jejuni is a microaerophilic zoonotic pathogen with an atypical respiratory Complex I that oxidizes a flavodoxin (FldA) instead of NADH. FldA is essential for viability and is reduced via pyruvate and 2‐oxoglutarate oxidoreductases (POR/OOR). Here, we show that FldA can also be reduced by FqrB (Cj0559), an NADPH:FldA reductase. An fqrB deletion mutant was viable but displayed a significant growth defect. FqrB is related to flavoprotein reductases from Gram‐positive bacteria that can reduce NrdI, a specialized flavodoxin that is needed for tyrosyl radical formation in NrdF, the beta subunit of class 1b‐type (Mn) ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). However, C. jejuni possesses a single class Ia‐type (Fe) RNR (NrdAB) that would be expected to be ferredoxin dependent. We show that CjFldA is an unusually high potential flavodoxin unrelated to NrdI, yet growth of the fqrB mutant, but not the wild‐type or a complemented strain, was stimulated by low deoxyribonucleoside (dRNS) concentrations, suggesting FldA links FqrB and RNR activity. Using purified proteins, we confirmed the NrdB tyrosyl radical could be regenerated in an NADPH, FqrB, and FldA dependent manner, as evidenced by both optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Thus, FldA activates RNR in C. jejuni, partly explaining its essentiality.
Direct foliar uptake of phosphorus from desert dust
Authors: Gross Avner , Tiwari Sudeep , Shtein Ilana , Erel Ran
Published: March 2021

Phosphorus (P) scarcity constrains plant growth in many ecosystems worldwide. In P‐poor ecosystems, the biogeochemical paradigm links plant productivity with the deposition of P‐rich dust originating from desert storms. However, dust P usually has low bioavailability and is thought to be utilized solely via roots.

We applied desert dust on the leaf surface of P‐deficient and P‐sufficient wheat, chickpea and maize to test the feasibility of direct foliar uptake of dust‐P and investigate its related acquisition mechanisms.

Foliar dust doubled the growth of P‐deficient chickpea and wheat, crops originating near the Syrian Desert. P deficiency stimulated several leaf modifications that enabled acquisition of up to 30% of the sparingly soluble dust‐P that is conventionally perceived as unavailable. These modifications increased foliar dust capture, acidified the leaf surface and, in chickpea, enhanced exudation of P‐solubilizing organic acids. Maize (originating far from deserts) displayed only a marginal response to dust.

The dramatic response of chickpea and wheat in comparison to maize suggests that plants that evolved in dust‐rich ecosystems adopted specialized utilization strategies. Interestingly, the abovementioned foliar responses are comparable to known P uptake root responses. Given that P limitation is almost universal, a foliar P uptake pathway will have significant ecological and agricultural implications.
Craniofacial and airway morphology of individuals with oculoauriculovertebral spectrum
Authors: Parizotto Julianna de Oliveira Lima , Peixoto Adriano Porto , Borsato Karina Tostes , Bianchi Jonas , Vendramini Pittoli Siulan , Tonello Cristiano , Gonçalves João Roberto
Published: March 2021

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to characterize the craniofacial and airway morphology of oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral spectrum (OAVS) individuals using computed tomography (CT) examination.

Setting and Sample Population

This sample included individuals in the age range from 5 to 14 years, consisted of a group of 18 OAVS individuals (12 females and 6 males), Pruzansky‐Kaban1IIB and III and by a paired control group matched by age and sex for comparison of morphometric and airway variables.

Materials and Methods

Through the CT examination, airway analysis was performed using Dolphin Imaging® Software, and seven morphometric measurements were performed to evaluate craniofacial morphology by Materialize Mimics® Software. To compare airway and morphometric variables, the control group was used. Student's t test and Mann‐Whitney U test were performed to compare differences between the groups.

Results

Statistically significant differences were showed between the control and OAVS groups for the variables: total airway (TA) area, volume and MAA, RP area, RP volume, RP MAA, RG volume, RG MAA, total posterior height diff, Md incl and y‐axis asymmetry. Pearson and Spearman's correlation showed mostly moderate correlations between Mand Occlusal canting AS with TA area and RP volume, Ax‐Gn with TA area and Hy‐C3 with TA volume.

Conclusions

The OAVS's airway was altered and worse than the control group. Our results suggest that the contralateral side of OAVS individuals is unaffected; however, longitudinal assessments are needed to confirm it. Hyoid bone and postural measures play an important role in interpreting airway features of individuals with and without OAVS.
Community nurses’ experiences of the Swedish Dignity Care Intervention for older persons with palliative care needs – A qualitative feasibility study in municipal home health care
Authors: Söderman Annika , Werkander Harstäde Carina , Östlund Ulrika , Blomberg Karin
Published: March 2021

Objectives

The Swedish Dignity Care Intervention (DCI‐SWE) is an intervention for people with palliative care needs to enhance their dignity. The original DCI was developed in Scotland, where it was tested by nurses in municipal care. In this study, the DCI has been tested for the first time in a Swedish home health care context. The aim was to describe experiences of the DCI‐SWE from the perspectives of community nurses (CNs).

Methods

This was a feasibility study with a qualitative design. Three focus group interviews and one individual interview were performed with CNs (n = 11). Reflective diaries and field notes were written by the CNs and researchers, respectively. Data were analysed using inductive content analysis.

Results

Two main categories and six subcategories were identified. The first main category, ‘Practising the palliative approach while responding to palliative care needs’, consisted of the subcategories: gives structure while providing palliative care; gives older people opportunities to be confirmed; and responding to existential and sensitive needs. The second main category, ‘Aspects influencing the use of the DCI‐SWE’ had two subcategories about facilitators and barriers to the use of the DCI‐SWE, and another about how to establish the DCI‐SWE in the context of home health care.

Conclusion

The DCI‐SWE offers CNs an overview of older people's concerns while providing palliative care, and gives the older people opportunities to be listened to. Essential prerequisites for using the DCI‐SWE in municipal home health care are that CNs are comfortable holding conversations and are given time and space for these by the organisation. Other aspects facilitating the use of the DCI‐SWE are managers’ engagement and support, continuing training for CNs and CNs’ opportunities for reflection.
Asymptomatic Pulmonary Embolism After Shoulder Arthroscopy: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Ji Le , Lyu Chang‐lei , Feng Min , Qiang Hui
Published: March 2021

Background: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is extremely rare after shoulder arthroscopy. However, early identification of the situation deserves attention due to its potential risk of causing death. By now, it is still difficult to detect the PE without symptoms and clear sources during the perioperative period.

Case presentation: We report here two cases of asymptomatic PE, both happening within 24 h after shoulder arthroscopy, without any detected deep venous thrombosis of extremities. It is suspected the cases were due to the abnormal decrease in partial pressures of oxygen and arterial oxygen saturation, and were confirmed by computed tomography pulmonary angiography. We also discuss the reason why the patients showed no related symptoms when PE occurred and perform a review of PE following shoulder arthroscopy.

Conclusions: This report highlights that PE could occur in the early phase after shoulder arthroscopy. An unexplained decrease in partial pressure of oxygen or arterial oxygen saturation should be considered seriously. The symptoms of PE might be masked due to patients’ tolerance to hypoxia.
Does lung function change in the months after an asthma exacerbation in children?
Authors: Martin Joanne , Pijnenburg Marielle W. , Roberts Graham , Pike Katherine C. , Petsky Helen , Chang Anne B. , Szefler Stanley J. , Gergen Peter , Vermeulen Francoise , Vael Robin , Turner Steve
Published: March 2021

Background

There are limited data describing lung function changes in children after an asthma exacerbation. Our hypothesis was that lung function does not fully recover in children in the months following an asthma exacerbation.

Methods

We used a data set of children with asthma where lung function (including FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio and FEF25‐75) was measured at 3‐month intervals over a year. Mixed‐level models compared spirometry measured on two occasions 3 months apart before a single exacerbation (assessments 1 and 2) with measurements made on two occasions after the exacerbation (assessments 3 and 4), with adjustment for covariates. Changes in spirometry over a year were also analysed across those with exacerbations in no, one or more than one 3‐month periods.

Results

For the 113 children who had a single exacerbation, spirometry measured at assessments 1 or 2 did not differ from measurements at assessments 3 or 4 when the whole population was considered. When stratified into tertiles by change in %FEV1 between assessments 2 and 3, those with the greater reduction were more likely to be treated with long‐acting beta‐agonist, but in this category, %FEV1 at assessment 4 had returned to the value at assessment 1. %FEV1 did not change over a 12‐month period within and between the three exacerbation categories (n = 809).

Conclusion

One or more asthma exacerbation was not associated with a fall in lung function for the whole population. In a subset of individuals, lung function does fall after an exacerbation but returns to pre‐exacerbation values after a period of months.
Factors Predicting Successful Outcome for Ozone Chemonucleolysis in Lumbar Disk Herniation
Authors: Leoni Matteo Luigi Giuseppe , Caruso Annalisa , Micheli Fabrizio
Published: March 2021

Objectives

The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate factors predicting a successful outcome after ozone chemonucleolysis (OCN) in patients with radicular pain and poor response to conservative treatments.

Methods

Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of good outcome after OCN. Good outcome was defined as 33% Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) reduction (model 1) or 13‐point ODI improvement (model 2) at 1 month after OCN.

Results

Two hundred seventy‐three patients were analyzed. A significant pain reduction (pre‐operative Numerical Rating Scale [NRS] 6.7 ± 1.5, postoperative NRS 2.6 ± 2.2, P < 0.0001) and ODI improvement (pre‐operative ODI 39 ± 13.7, postoperative ODI 21.4 ± 13.8, P < 0.0001) was obtained 1 month after OCN. Pain duration (< 1 year), type of disk herniation based on Michigan State University classification (MSU), stages of disk degeneration revealed by discogram and absence of foraminal stenosis (bony or ligament flavum hypertrophy) appeared as predictors of successful outcome. Age, gender, previous spine surgery, level site of disk herniation, presence of uncontained lumbar disk herniation, and vertebral Modic changes were not statistically associated with the outcome. Both the models showed a good accuracy (model 1, area under the curve [AUC] = 0.84 ± 0.027, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.79 to 0.89; model 2, AUC = 0.86 ± 0.024, 95% CI = 0.81 to 0.91).

Conclusions

OCN is an effective treatment for radicular pain due to disk herniation. Pain duration (< 1 year), MSU disk herniation type (1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, and 2B), disk degeneration grade 2, and absence of foraminal stenosis are all associated with the successful outcome and should be carefully evaluated before OCN.
Getting ready for the ozone battle: Vertically transmitted fungal endophytes have transgenerational positive effects in plants
Authors: Ueno Andrea C. , Gundel Pedro E. , Molina‐Montenegro Marco A. , Ramos Patricio , Ghersa Claudio M. , Martínez‐Ghersa M. Alejandra
Published: March 2021

Ground‐level ozone is a global air pollutant with high toxicity and represents a threat to plants and microorganisms. Although beneficial microorganisms can improve host performance, their role in connecting environmentally induced maternal plant phenotypes to progeny (transgenerational effects [TGE]) is unknown. We evaluated fungal endophyte‐mediated consequences of maternal plant exposure to ozone on performance of the progeny under contrasting scenarios of the same factor (high and low) at two stages: seedling and young plant. With no variation in biomass, maternal ozone‐induced oxidative damage in the progeny that was lower in endophyte‐symbiotic plants. This correlated with an endophyte‐mediated higher concentration of proline, a defence compound associated with stress control. Interestingly, ozone‐induced TGE was not associated with reductions in plant survival. On the contrary, there was an overall positive effect on seedling survival in the presence of endophytes. The positive effect of maternal ozone increasing young plant survival was irrespective of symbiosis and only expressed under high ozone condition. Our study shows that hereditary microorganisms can modulate the capacity of plants to transgenerationally adjust progeny phenotype to atmospheric change.
Utilization of 810 nm Diode Laser Treatment in Periodontitis as an Alternative to Surgical Debridement Approach
Authors: Dalvi Snehal , Khetal Namrata , Ansari Salman , Benedicenti Stefano , Hanna Reem
Published: March 2021

The efficacy of surgical periodontal may be compromised by inadequate patients’ self‐performed plaque control or lack of supportive periodontal therapy. This clinical case report aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of 810 nm diode laser‐assisted full‐mouth sulcular debridement, as a potential treatment modality in the management of chronic periodontitis along with a 12‐month follow‐up evaluation. Each periodontal pocket was lased within 2 mm of deepest point, using a light contact of “hot tip” of the fiber with tissue [Average power—1W, emission mode‐continuous wave, in “contact”, beam diameter—400 µm, spot area at tissue—0.0013 cm2, fluence—124.9 J cm−2, power density—796 W cm−2, total energy—300 J, total treatment duration—300 s (5 min)]. The patient was followed up to 12 months and did not report any immediate or delayed complications such as any sign of photothermal damage, pain, tissue swelling and deformation, bleeding and infection. 810 nm diode laser‐assisted sulcular debridement at low‐power settings showed overall clinical and radiographic improvements and can be deemed as a potential alternative to surgical debridement approach, in persistent moderate periodontal pockets (4–6 mm).
Adjunctive orthodontic therapy for prosthetic rehabilitation in a growing child with Axenfeld‐Rieger syndrome: A case report
Authors: Siddiqui Hamza Parvez , Sennimalai Karthik , Samrit Vilas D. , Duggal Ritu , Yadav Rahul
Published: March 2021

Aim

The congenital oligodontia impeding the development of the alveolar process resulting in disproportionate jaw growth has been previously reported. This case report describes the interdisciplinary management of an 11‐year‐old girl with Axenfeld‐Rieger syndrome exhibiting oligodontia and maxillary hypoplasia.

Methods and results

An adjunctive orthodontic therapy was performed by taking advantage of bone‐anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) therapy using miniplates and 24‐hour traction by intermaxillary Class III elastics. After 6 months of active treatment, the maxilla advanced by approximately 5 mm and upper lip relation improved by 3 mm without any significant changes in vertical relations. All the changes were maintained at 15th‐month follow‐up. A temporary removable prosthesis was given for immediate esthetics, and the definitive management is discussed.

Conclusion

The BAMP therapy can be a befitting alternative in cases exhibiting complex presentation involving skeletal and dentoalveolar components. An appreciable profile improvement without any dentoalveolar side effects can be achieved with BAMP therapy.
Blood stored for 42 days delivers oxygen as well as blood stored for 7 days
Authors: Dzik Sunny
Published: March 2021

See article on page 699–707, in this issue
Blood and bone marrow findings in two pups with mucopolysaccharidosis type VII
Authors: Corda Erica , Swenson Cheryl L. , Scott Michael A. , Sledge Dodd G. , Fyfe John C.
Published: March 2021

Routine blood smear findings in two of four 11‐day‐old mixed‐breed dog littermates were suggestive of a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) that was documented to be mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII) by molecular testing. In this condition, a functional β‐glucuronidase deficiency results in the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in cells and tissues where β‐glucuronidase is important in GAG degradation. Most neutrophils and a moderate number of lymphocytes within the blood had atypical cytoplasmic magenta inclusions. The bone marrow assessment from one of the two affected pups at 24 days of age revealed similar magenta granulation in myeloid precursor cells that was most prominent in promyelocytes and myelocytes. Moreover, atypical magenta material was present within vacuoles as well as extracellularly in some osteoblasts and macrophages. Histologic bone marrow sections revealed prominent vacuolation of osteoblasts, and some osteoclasts appeared separated from the bone by layers of osteoblasts or hematopoietic cells. At 2 months of age, the second affected dog showed moderate growth retardation and had similar but more prominent hematologic findings that extended to monocytes, eosinophils, and eosinophil precursors. It had an increased number of bone marrow macrophages with many vacuoles that could be seen cytologically to contain magenta material, and there was mild nonselective phagocytosis of hemic cells. Of the hematologic cells, inclusions were most prominent in promyelocytes, myelocytes, and macrophages, cells with relatively high β‐glucuronidase activity, and GAG exposure within lysosomes or lysosome‐like primary granules of granulocyte precursors.
Vitamin A failed to ameliorate clinical signs in dogs with pituitary‐dependent hypercortisolaemia
Authors: Frank Linda A. , Morandi Federica
Published: March 2021

Background

In dogs with pituitary‐dependent hypercortisolaemia, retinoic acid was shown to lower cortisol, reduce pituitary tumour size and decrease clinical signs when administered for six months. Oral vitamin A (retinol) has been used to treat various canine dermatoses in which retinoic acid has been efficacious.

Objectives

To determine if orally administered vitamin A lowers cortisol and reduces clinical signs in dogs with pituitary‐dependent hypercortisolaemia over a five month period.

Methods and materials

Five dogs were enrolled in this study. Diagnosis of hypercortisolaemia was based on the presence of at least three clinical signs and one abnormal screening test. Diagnosis of pituitary‐dependent disease was based on low dose dexamethasone suppression (LDDS) test results and symmetrical adrenal glands on ultrasound. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation testing and adrenal ultrasound were performed at each visit. Plasma was collected at each visit and stored at –80°C for batch analysis of endogenous ACTH at conclusion of the study.

Results

Four dogs completed the study. A fifth dog died from complications of hypercortisolaemia before the third month. One dog showed improvement in clinical signs, yet there was no significant decrease in adrenal gland size or cortisol concentrations. Endogenous ACTH concentrations at the fifth month were decreased from baseline in two dogs and increased from baseline in one dog. The treatment had no adverse effects.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Results from this study failed to show an improvement in clinical signs or cortisol concentration after five months of oral daily vitamin A in dogs with hypercortisolaemia.
The effects of two intramuscular sedation protocols on echocardiographic variables in cats following sedation and blood donation
Authors: Reader Rebecca C. , Yang Vicky K. , Babyak Jonathan M. , Abelson Amanda L.
Published: March 2021

Objective

To compare effects of 2 IM sedation protocols, alfaxalone‐butorphanol (AB) versus dexmedetomidine‐butorphanol (DB), on echocardiographic (ECHO) variables in cats following sedation and blood donation.

Design

Experimental randomized, blinded crossover study.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Eleven client‐owned healthy cats.

Interventions

Cats received a baseline ECHO without sedation prior to their first donation. Cats were sedated intramuscularly with AB (alfaxalone, 2 mg/kg, and butorphanol, 0.2 mg/kg) for 1 donation and DB (dexmedetomidine, 10 μg/kg, and butorphanol 0.2, mg/kg) for another, with a minimum 6 weeks between donations. A post‐sedation, post‐donation ECHO was performed after each blood donation.

Measurements and main results

Eight cats completed the study. Compared to baseline, DB combined with blood donation decreased heart rate (−84/min; P < 0.0001), fractional shortening (−16.5%; P < 0.0001), ejection fraction (‐21.0%; P = 0.0002), and cardiac output (−292 mL/min, P = 0.0001); AB combined with blood donation increased heart rate (+45/min; P = 0.0003) and decreased left ventricular end diastolic volume (−1.57 mL; P < 0.0001). Compared to AB, DB decreased heart rate (−129/min; P < 0.0001) and fractional shortening (−21.6%; P < 0.0001) and increased left ventricular end‐systolic (+1.14 mL; P = 0.0004) and diastolic volumes (+1.93 mL; P < 0.0002). Cats administered DB had a significant increase in regurgitant flow across mitral, aortic, and pulmonic valves following blood donation (P < 0.05). One cat administered DB developed spontaneous echo contrast in the left ventricle following donation.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Compared to AB, DB had more pronounced effects on ECHO variables in cats following IM sedation and blood donation. Due to its minimal impact on ECHO variables, AB may be a more desirable sedation protocol in this population of cats.
LncRNA HOTAIR modulates chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammation in osteoarthritis via regulating miR‐1277‐5p/SGTB axis
Authors: Wang Baohui , Sun Yindi , Liu Na , Liu Huajian
Published: March 2021

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease in the elderly. This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of lncRNA HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐treated chondrocytes in OA. CHON‐001 chondrocytes treated with LPS were used as a cell model of OA. The levels of HOTAIR, miR‐1277‐5p and small glutamine rich tetratricopeptide repeat containing beta (SGTB) were measured via quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction or western blot. Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed using Cell Counting Kit‐8 and flow cytometry. The levels of inflammation‐related factors were examined via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Aggrecan and Collagen II protein levels were detected using western blot. The interaction among HOTAIR, miR‐1277‐5p and SGTB were validated by dual‐luciferase reporter analysis. HOTAIR and SGTB were up‐regulated, while miR‐1277‐5p was down‐regulated in OA cartilages and LPS‐stimulated CHON‐001 chondrocytes. HOTAIR depletion inhibited LPS‐induced apoptosis and inflammation in chondrocytes. Moreover, down‐regulation of HOTAIR attenuated LPS‐triggered chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammation via sponging miR‐1277‐5p. Also, miR‐1277‐5p repressed LPS‐induced chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammation by targeting SGTB. Furthermore, HOTAIR enhanced SGTB expression by sponging miR‐1277‐5p. HOTAIR aggravated chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammation in OA via regulating miR‐1277‐5p/SGTB pathway.
How Quickly Should Public Benefit Come From Archaeology? Availability, use and influence on society: Results of the Estonian salvage and metal detector study
Authors: Kadakas Ulla
Published: March 2021

This paper explores the idea of excavation being only the first stage in communicating the benefit of archaeology to the public. The role of museums, social media and scientific publication are all important, as are the support from private developers and the personal role of the archaeologists themselves. The use of social media can be positive but this paper also details problems with metal detectorists groups, some of which are not acting responsibly.
Making the Case for the Public Benefits of Development-led Archaeology
Authors: Sloane Barney
Published: March 2021

This paper provides an update on progress of the EAC Working Group for public benefit from development led archaeology, giving the background to the concept as well as outlining why the EAC is developing guidance for establishing public benefit. Understanding that there are many stakeholders all of whom have their own values and priorities will be key. An online resource with case studies showcasing public benefit is under production. This article is an adaptation of Sloane (2020).
Italian Archaeology: heritage, protection and enhancement
Authors: Giorgio Marcella , Cerbone Oriana , Garrisi Alessandro , La Serra Cristiana , Leonelli Valentina , Manca di Mores Giuseppina
Published: March 2021

Italy has a long tradition of cultural heritage management, which has been framed in an art historical context. This paper outlines the challenges to public archaeology, as it is often seen as a cost rather than as a benefit. Examples are provided showing how museums and heritage sites can be made more inclusive and welcoming to all members of the public, using a combination of private funding and public regulatory frameworks.
No More Polluter Pays Principle: opportunities and challenges of public benefit provision in UK development-led archaeology
Authors: Aitchison Kenneth
Published: March 2021

Key to the success of archaeological projects and the provision of public benefit as a result is partnership working, whether between archaeological practices, consultants or departments within larger organisations, commercial clients or regulatory bodies. This paper presents case studies from each of these as examples of successful public benefit from development-led archaeology and outlines the move away from the 'polluter pays' principle towards a more nuanced understanding of what archaeology can provide. A Postscript refers to the Planning White Paper in the UK, which could have significant implications for how archaeology is treated within the planning system.
A Method for Remanufacturing Process Planning and Control Using Loosely Coupled Systems
Authors: Kimita Koji , Matschewsky Johannes , Sakao Tomohiko
Published: March 2021

Remanufacturing is a crucial component for our societies to move toward a circular economy. Compared with new manufacturing, the distinctive nature of remanufacturing is found to have high variability, high uncertainty and, thereby, complexity. Therefore, remanufacturers need to be able to adapt to the complexity and to flexibly adjust their processes. Especially, the ability to remanufacturing process planning and control is important. However, few practical methods supporting that are available so far. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a method for designing teams and processes in remanufacturing based on the concept of loosely coupled systems. In the proposed method, design structure matrix (DSM) is applied to identify loosely coupled sub-systems that enable to localize impacts of changes within themselves. These sub-systems are also regarded as cross-functional teams that reduce coordination efforts among line departments and, therefore, increase the adaptability against uncertainties. As a preliminary validation, the proposed method was applied to a real case of remanufacturing, and then found to be effective for creating teams and processes for remanufacturing process planning and control depending on given uncertainties.
Flank-Milling of Integral Blade Rotors Made in Ti6Al4V Using Cryo CO2 and Minimum Quantity Lubrication
Authors: González H. , Pereira O. , López de Lacalle L. N. , Calleja A. , Ayesta I. , Muñoa J.
Published: March 2021

This paper presents the machining of integral blade rotors (IBRs) made in Ti6Al4V using CO2 as cryogenic cooling. This kind of component is typical in gas turbines, pumps, and other rotary machines. A flank milling technique using polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tools and CO2+minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), denominated CryoMQL, is here presented as an alternative to conventional oil emulsions. The proposed approach implies a balance between technical and environmental issues. Cryogenics makes feasible the use of PCD tools avoiding problems derived from the reactivity of Ti6Al4V alloy with this type of cutting tool, which is directly related to cutting temperature. One key aspect is that CO2 has to be supplied and injected onto the cutting zone avoiding the risks of dry-ice formation, and the consequent clogging of both pipes and nozzles. For this purpose, a new device for CO2 delivery was developed, using gas and liquid CO2 simultaneously.
Multiphysics Modeling and Experiments of Grayscale Photopolymerization With Application to Microlens Fabrication
Authors: Emami M. M. , Jamshidian M. , Rosen D. W.
Published: March 2021

A phenomenological model of a single-shot grayscale photopolymerization process is developed and used within a virtual process planning framework for microlens fabrication. Along with previous research, the kinetic relations describing the solidification of UV-curable resin are derived based on the underlying chemical reactions involved in free radical photopolymerization. As enhancements to the state-of-the-art, our multiphysics model includes a recently proposed super-Gaussian description of the light field, as well as the photobleaching effect due to the live reduction in photoinitiator concentration during UV illumination. In addition, heat generation and thermal strains due to the exothermic chemical reactions, and chemical shrinkage due to polymerization and cross-linking of monomers are considered. The model is numerically implemented via finite element method in comsol multiphysics software. Using a simulation-based virtual process planning framework, customized microlenses are fabricated with an in-house grayscale lithography experimental setup for digital micromirror device (DMD)-based volumetric additive manufacturing. Simulation and experimental results show that after the end of exposure, the temperature quickly rises by the advancement of exothermic chemical reactions and reaches a maximum rise of 100 K in a few seconds, followed by a slow cooling and recovery of thermal strains. It is observed that chemical and thermal shrinkages can compromise the dimensional accuracy of the final part near the resin–substrate interface due to the strong adhesion of the solidified part to the rigid substrate that prevents material shrinkage in the vicinity of the rigid substrate.
Genetic Optimization for the Design of a Machine Tool Slide Table for Reduced Energy Consumption
Authors: Triebe Matthew J. , Zhao Fu , Sutherland John W.
Published: March 2021

Reducing the energy consumption of machine tools is important from a sustainable manufacturing perspective. Much of a machine tool’s environmental impact comes from the energy it consumes during its use phase. To move elements of a machine tool requires energy, and if the mass of those elements can be reduced, then the required energy would be reduced. Therefore, this paper proposes a genetic algorithm to design lightweight machine tools to reduce their energy consumption. This is specifically applied to optimize the structure of a machine tool slide table, which moves throughout the use of the machine tool, with the goal of reducing its mass without sacrificing its stiffness. The table is envisioned as a sandwich panel, and the proposed genetic algorithm optimizes the core of the sandwich structure while considering both mass and stiffness. A finite element model is used to assess the strength of the proposed designs. Finite element results indicate that the strength of the lightweight tables is comparable with a traditional table design.
Staying Strong Together: Older People Engaging in Resistance Training With a Peer
Authors: Watkins Paige , Hill Anne-Marie , Thaver Ian K. , Burton Elissa
Published: March 2021

The aim of this qualitative exploratory study was to investigate older adults’ perceptions of having a peer to encourage their participation in resistance training. The participants were recruited from a retirement village to undergo a 6-week resistance training program. Some participants attended a center; others participated in their home. Data were collected via semistructured interviews and analyzed thematically using a six-phase framework to obtain the participants’ perspectives about the peer support they received. The participants (n = 21) had divergent views about peer support, with some finding it enabling, while others did not find it helpful. Overall, the participants suggested that peer support could be beneficial if offered as a choice. Further research is needed to determine whether peer support assists in sustaining resistance training engagement among older adults when the aspect of choice is included.
Cefepime Population Pharmacokinetics and Target Attainment in Critically Ill Patients on Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Al-Shaer Mohammad H. , Philpott Carolyn D. , Droege Christopher A. , Courter Joshua D. , Healy Daniel P. , Droege Molly E. , Ernst Neil E. , Mueller Eric W. , Peloquin Charles A.
Published: March 2021

Sepsis causes half of acute kidney injuries in the intensive care unit (ICU). ICU patients may need continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), which will affect their antimicrobial exposure.
VirB, a Key Transcriptional Regulator of Virulence Plasmid Genes in Shigella flexneri, Forms DNA-Binding Site-Dependent Foci in the Bacterial Cytoplasm
Authors: Socea Jillian N. , Bowman Grant R. , Wing Helen J.
Published: March 2021

This study reveals the subcellular localization of VirB, a key transcriptional regulator of virulence genes found on the large virulence plasmid (pINV) in
Shigella.
Fluorescent signals generated by an active GFP-VirB fusion form 2, 3, or 4 discrete foci in the bacterial cytoplasm, predominantly at the quarter-cell position. These signals are completely dependent upon VirB interacting with its DNA-binding site found either on the virulence plasmid or an engineered surrogate.
The Predicted Mannosyltransferase GT69-2 Antagonizes RFW-1 To Regulate Cell Fusion in Neurospora crassa
Authors: Li Yang , Heller Jens , Gonçalves A. Pedro , Glass N. Louise
Published: March 2021

Cell wall remodeling is a dynamic process that balances cell wall integrity versus cell wall dissolution. In filamentous fungi, cell wall dissolution is required for somatic cell fusion and conidial separation during asexual sporulation.
Quorum Sensing in Streptococcus mutans Regulates Production of Tryglysin, a Novel RaS-RiPP Antimicrobial Compound
Authors: Rued Britta E. , Covington Brett C. , Bushin Leah B. , Szewczyk Gabriella , Laczkovich Irina , Seyedsayamdost Mohammad R. , Federle Michael J.
Published: March 2021

Bacteria interact and compete with a large community of organisms in their natural environment.
Streptococcus mutans
is one such organism, and it is an important member of the oral microbiota. We found that
S. mutans
uses a quorum-sensing system to regulate production of a novel posttranslationally modified peptide capable of inhibiting growth of several streptococcal species.
A Novel Small RNA Promotes Motility and Virulence of Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 in Response to Ammonium
Authors: Jia Tianyuan , Liu Bin , Mu Huiqian , Qian Chengqian , Wang Lu , Li Linxing , Lu Gege , Zhu Wenxuan , Guo Xi , Yang Bin , Huang Di , Feng Lu , Liu Bin
Published: March 2021

The process by which bacteria sense environmental cues to regulate their virulence is complex. Several studies have focused on regulating the expression of the locus of enterocyte effacement pathogenicity island in the typical gut pathogenic bacterium, O157.
Patient and Microbial Genomic Factors Associated with Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Extraintestinal Colonization and Infection
Authors: Lapp Zena , Han Jennifer H. , Wiens Jenna , Goldstein Ellie J. C. , Lautenbach Ebbing , Snitkin Evan S.
Published: March 2021

Multidrug-resistant organisms, such as carbapenem-resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
(CRKP), colonize alarmingly large fractions of patients in regions of endemicity, but only a subset of patients develop life-threatening infections. While patient characteristics influence risk for infection, the relative contribution of microbial genetic background to patient risk remains unclear.
Uncultivated Viral Populations Dominate Estuarine Viromes on the Spatiotemporal Scale
Authors: Sun Mengqi , Zhan Yuanchao , Marsan David , Páez-Espino David , Cai Lanlan , Chen Feng
Published: March 2021

This is the first systematic study about spatial and temporal variation of virioplankton communities in estuaries by using deep metagenomics sequencing. It is among the highest-quality viromic data sets to date, showing remarkably consistent sequencing depth and quality across samples.
Presence of Bromotyrosine Alkaloids in Marine Sponges Is Independent of Metabolomic and Microbiome Architectures
Authors: Mohanty Ipsita , Tapadar Subhasish , Moore Samuel G. , Biggs Jason S. , Freeman Christopher J. , Gaul David A. , Garg Neha , Agarwal Vinayak
Published: March 2021

Our work demonstrates that phylogenetically and geographically distant sponges with very different microbiomes can harbor natural product chemical classes that are united in their core chemical structures and biosynthetic logic. Furthermore, we show that independent of geographical dispersion, natural product chemistry, and microbial abundance, overall sponge metabolomes tightly correlate with their microbiomes.
Multifactorial diabetes insipidus during pregnancy: a challenging diagnosis
Authors: Araújo Alexandra Novais , Cunha Maria , Marques Tiago , Bugalho Maria João Guerreiro Martins
Published: March 2021

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is characterised by thirst and polydipsia with hypotonic polyuria. Several forms exist, namely, central or pituitary, nephrogenic and gestational and must be differentiated for adequate treatment. We describe the case of a 41-year-old woman chronically infected with HIV who had been recently medicated with a tenofovir-based antiretroviral treatment and who, at 22 weeks of pregnancy, presented with transient gestational DI. Obstetric ultrasound revealed oligohydramnios and foetal growth restriction that did not improve despite serum sodium correction. The severity of the case suggested the presence of an underlying disorder and elevated copeptin levels indicated that an underlying subclinical form of nephrogenic DI, possibly induced by HIV-related nephropathy or tenofovir use, was present and rendered clinically overt during pregnancy.
Can we know if donor trust expires? About trust relationships and time in the context of open consent for future data use
Authors: Gille Felix , Brall Caroline
Published: March 2021

As donor trust legitimises research, trust is vital for research in the fields of biomedicine, genetics, translational medicine and personalised medicine. For parts of the donor community, the consent signature is a sign of trust in research. Many consent processes in biomedical research ask donors to provide their data for an unspecified future use, which introduces uncertainty of the unknown. This uncertainty can jeopardise donor trust or demand blind trust. But which donor wants to trust blindly? To reduce this uncertainty, we explore first, which future-proof actors donors could trust when signing a consent form. Second, we discuss the question Can we know if donor trust expires? and what prevents donor trust from expiring. Finally, we present possible measures that can help to nurture trust in the far future. In this article, we draw on our previous research on trust in biomedical research, on trust in the broader healthcare system and Niklas Luhmann’s and Anthony Giddens’ trust theories. Our findings suggest that, in the far future, researchers will need to consider donor autonomy, as well as societal norms and values of the time period in which the data were donated. They will need to find mechanisms where possible to publicly announce the use of old data sets. However, foremost researchers will need to treat the data respectfully. It remains vital that professionals and the society continue to elaborate on the norms and values that shape the common understanding of what is morally right and wrong when researching data.
Hospital chaplains as ethical consultants in making difficult medical decisions
Authors: Głusiec Waldemar
Published: March 2021

Background and aims

Few Polish hospitals have Hospital Ethics Committee (HECs) and the services are not always adequate. In this situation, the role of HECs, in providing, among others, ethical advice on the discontinuation of persistent therapies, may be taken over by other entities. The aim of our research was to investigate, how often and on what issues hospital chaplains are asked for ethical advice in reaching difficult medical decisions.

Methods

A survey of 100 Roman Catholic chaplains was conducted, that is, at least 10% of all chaplains currently working in Polish hospitals.

Results

Of the participants, 29% confirmed receiving requests for advice in making a morally difficult medical decision. Receiving this type of request was not conditional on the place of their service, duration of their pastoral mission or HEC membership. The largest group of chaplains (21%) encounter questions concerning the ethical dilemmas associated with discontinuing persistent therapy. Patients and their families most often raise issues related to the methods of birth control, and the medical staff raise the issue of termination of pregnancy—as reported by 9% and 15% of chaplains, respectively. Most of the chaplains asked for help (79%) experience a deficit of specialist knowledge in the area of medicine or ethics.

Conclusions

In order to improve the quality of ethical consultations in Polish hospitals, in addition to further development of HECs, it is postulated to develop a system for bioethical education of chaplains.
Importance of axial stretch on the determination of Young’s modulus of electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibres by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Makaremi Sara , Wan Wankei , Hutter Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2021

With increasing interest in the use of polymeric nanofibres for biomedical applications such as composite materials and tissue scaffolding, accurate determination of their mechanical properties is essential. Fibre orientation and the stiffness of individual fibres determine the overall elastic modulus of nanofibrous materials. However, accurate measurements of the elastic properties of single fibres are challenging at the nanoscale, and distinguishing between results arising from competing models can be difficult. We report here on investigations of the Young’s modulus of single poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) electrospun nanofibres by measuring the deflection of fibres due to a loading force applied by an atomic force microscope (AFM). Although such testing is often performed with the tacit assumption that bending resistance alone is responsible for the fibre response, we found that consistent results could only be obtained if the overall fibre stretch is taken into account. The Young’s modulus we measured for electrospun PCL fibres with diameters ranging from 100 to 400 nm was 0.48 ± 0.03 GPa, which is similar to the modulus of bulk PCL, with no apparent dependence on diameter. Our findings highlight the importance of the assumptions used in the analysis of bending data, as discounting the effects of axial stretch and pre-existing tension typically lead to an overestimate of the Young’s modulus.
Generating solutions for charged stellar models in general relativity
Authors: Ivanov B. V.
Published: March 2021

It is shown that the expressions for the tangential pressure, the anisotropy factor and the radial pressure in the Einstein–Maxwell equations may serve as generating functions for charged stellar models. The latter can incorporate an equation of state when the expression for the energy density is also used. Other generating functions are based on the condition for the existence of conformal motion (conformal flatness in particular) and the Karmarkar condition for embedding class one metrics, which do not depend on charge. In all these cases the equations are linear first order differential equations for one of the metric components and Riccati equations for the other. The latter may be always transformed into second order homogenous linear differential equations. These conclusions are illustrated by numerous particular examples from the study of charged stellar models.