bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Part-Time Game
Authors: Sigwalt Richard
Published: May 2006

More and more frequently the Africanist who wins a tenure track position (hereafter termed a “real job”) is the one who offers something besides an impressive area expertise. Prestige universities are rarely hiring, and the few jobs opening up nowadays are usually at four-year colleges and two-year institutions which cannot, or firmly believe they cannot, accomodate full-time Africanists however much they may want African offerings in their programs. Faced with declining numbers of majors and insistent administrative demands for high body counts, or Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) students, humanities and social science departments and divisions are looking for versatility in the personnel they hire. Teachers must be able to handle both general education courses attractive to underclassmen and a wide range of electives which will simultaneously challenge majors and attract non-majors looking for courses to fill out their schedules. Successful candidates to such positions have often overcome an academic Catch 22 publicized in many job advertisements—applicants seeking their first real job “must have one or two years prior full-time teaching experience”—by playing the part-time game, which has in recent years taken on many of the attributes of formal internship programs in other professions. For all the game’s drawbacks, the candidate for a real job who has played the part-time circuit well enjoys a major advantage over competitors who have not played it at all or who have played it badly, for a few very strong recommendations from superiors at places where a person has taught part-time can put that candidate in the running even for real jobs advertised as demanding prior full-time experience.
Tensions in Burundi
Authors: Weinstein Warren
Published: May 2006

The 10,739 square miles which make up Burundi constitute one of the smallest countries in Africa. Burundi's population of between 3.5 and 5 million experienced six governments during the three years between independence in 1962 and the eruption of major ethnic violence in 1965. In 1966 the army took power in a coup that proclaimed Burundi to be a presidential republic. The change was not sufficient to resolve ethnic tensions, however, and by 1969 these were further complicated by regional divisions. During that year ethnic violence erupted once again but received little notice in the foreign press. The violence has pitted factions of the Hutu majority against factions of the Tutsi minority. Burundi's pre-colonial social system (which was grounded in a traditional monarchy) and its particular colonial experience account for the fact that the Hutu have had very little power over the country's political and economic affairs.
The Geopolitics of Rwandan Resettlement: Uganda and Tanzania
Authors: Smith Charles David
Published: May 2006

By October 1994 the population of refugees from Rwanda and Burundi registered with the UN High Commission of Refugees in Tanzania was about 570,000. (Personal communication: Yukiko Hameda, UNHCR-Nairobi.) And from the point of view of the international and Tanzanian authorities responsible for refugees, the crisis continues to grow. On December 23, 1994, Patrick Chokala, Press Secretary to the Tanzanian President, claimed that 300-400 refugees enter Tanzania every day; the total number then was 591,000. (Daily News, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 24 December 1994.)

The human tragedy, the genocide which began after President Habyarimana’s plane was shot down on April 6, 1994 and which in the space of a few short months left one-half million people dead and precipitated the flight of two and one-half million people to refugee camps in Zaire and Tanzania, cannot be undone, although expeditious and fair judicial procedures are a necessary step to a secure future.
Notes on the Civil and Political Strife in Uganda
Authors: Tall Mamadou
Published: May 2006

Idi Amin’s eight-year reign as dictator of Uganda produced one of the most vicious regimes in Africa’s recent history. The number of people who met violent death at the hands of the regime’s agents is estimated to have been as high as 100,000.

When the regime was swept away by Tanzanian troops in April 1979, it was expected by Ugandans as well as foreign observers that at long last, political and social violence would abate. However, the events of the last three years have belied these hopes and expectations.
Protracted Patronage, Truncated Armed Struggle, and Political Consolidation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Reed William Cyrus
Published: May 2006

Like many analyses of African politics, much of the criticism of Laurent Kabila, president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC, formerly Zaire), examines his personal use of power. His policies as president reflect his track record as a “leader”—some would say a warlord—in the eastern part of the country who based his activities on smuggling and an occasional kidnapping. His policies as president include banning political activities, banishing prominent opposition leaders—such as Etienne Tshisekedi, who led the fight against Mobutu longer than anyone else—and detaining journalists who criticize his government. Focusing on the individual leader leads to the conclusion, among many who favor a more just DRC, that they should try to tie Kabila’s hands and preclude him from proceeding down a path remarkably similar to Mobutu’s.
Panel on South African Oral Traditions
Authors: Kunene Mazisi , Kunene Daniel , Awoonor Kofi
Published: May 2006

The subject of African oral literature is so vast that it would require more than an hour to present it in an understandable way, particularly to people for whom some of its dimensions may be new or completely unknown. Southern African oral literature is even more difficult to handle because there is not one southern African oral literature, there are several. These are divided not by languages, forms, or types, but rather by geography and history. The Sotho-speaking peoples, for instance, include the Kgatlas, the Ngwatos, the Pedis, and various other subgroups. Sotho literature does not necessarily follow the history of the Sotho nation, because there are several Sotho peoples distributed in different areas who are producing their own unique literatures. So in discussing the oral literature of southern Africa, we are actually discussing several literatures created by several peoples. If you happen to know the literature of one Sotho group, you are not necessarily versed in Sotho literature. You are versed only in the Sotho literature of a particular region. This is very important to understand.
Chindunduma School: Agricultural Training School, Shamva, Zimbabwe
Authors: Mott Hanne
Published: May 2006

This project is to develop an agricultural training school as part of a larger primary/secondary school complex for refugee children from Mozambique near Shamva in northeastern Zimbabwe. The end of the war and the coming of independence has left Zimbabwe with the task of reorienting old structures and institutions. This is particularly true in agriculture and education. Alternative models must be developed in order to provide the skills and experience necessary to rebuild the country along more egalitarian lines. The Danish organization, Development Aid People to People, who are the organizers of this project, provided assistance to ZANU (PF) for the schools in Mozambique and trained 150 ZAND (PF) cadres in their school in Denmark. After independence, Dr. Mutumbuka, Minister of Education, asked the group to continue their assistance, and the school project developed through discussion. Dr. Mutumbuka places tremendous importance on the success of the school as a model for Zimbabwe in the struggle for appropriate education.
New Directions for Education in Liberated Zimbabwe
Authors: Suransky Leonard
Published: May 2006

It is only a year and a half since the landslide victory of Robert Mugabe’s Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) movement heralded the liberation of Zimbabwe from the control of the rebel minority Smith regime and its latter-day puppet Bishop Muzorewa. Hence, it is as yet very early in the life of a country reborn to expect a coherent picture of their national policies or their particular plans for education, especially when we find ourselves at such a distance from these events.
Post-War Writing in Nigeria
Authors: Emenyonu Ernest Nneji
Published: May 2006

The Nigerian civil war is now history. The Republic of Biafra lives in the pages of books, pamphlets, and newspapers. In that form, it is no threat to the people of Nigeria who, in a solemn oath of allegiance in January 1970, pledged to consign Biafra into oblivion and face the task of reconstruction and reconciliation. Biafra is now an issue only for historians who are plagued with the search for an answer to “what might have happened if…” But the war itself has left deep scars not only upon the lives of the survivors, but also on their beliefs and attitudes towards life. Unless he visits the right places in Nigeria, the visitor today may hear nothing and possibly see nothing to remind him of the war.
Africa's Rough Road: Problems of Development
Authors: Vilakazi Absolom
Published: May 2006

In studying African development and the problems facing independent Africa, we are constantly reminded by Western scholars, particularly political scientists, that Africa has dissipated its political capital and has turned away from the democratic institutions it inherited from the West towards dictatorship. Such reminders are often made without reference to the history of Western democracy, the implication being that European states behaved better, and that following the French Revolution complete emancipation of the Europeans was achieved.
Reflections on U.S. Policy towards Namibia
Authors: Butcher Gofer Teal
Published: May 2006

United States policy towards Namibia is the one shining oasis in the veritable desert known as United States policy towards southern Africa—an area of foreign policy where a mirage of official words has tended either to obfuscate United States government actions supporting the minority government or to obscure the real significance of such actions.
African Development and U.S. Foreign Policy
Authors: Newsom David D.
Published: May 2006

When I became Assistant Secretary for Africa nearly four and a half years ago it was my hope that, if I could do nothing else, I could help to sustain and increase America's effort in the development of Africa. We cannot be meaningful to Africa unless we respond to its great needs for economic development. That hope has not been fully realized. I have had to say “no” to African requests far more than I have been able to say “yes”. I want to explore with you today why I think this has been so and to suggest some approaches to reverse the present trend.
Constructive Engagement: Reactionary Pragmatism at its Best
Authors: Toler Deborah
Published: May 2006

No one is happy with the Reagan Administration’s southern Africa foreign policy strategy known as constructive engagement. Liberals object to the tilt towards South Africa, to the linkage of Cuban troop withdrawal from Angola to the Namibian negotiations; to the resulting moribund state of those negotiations; and to the deemphasis of human rights and development issues in favor of increased emphasis on military and security issues. Conservatives object to economic assistance packages for African socialist and self-styled states; to the declining U.S. support of Jonas Savimbi’s ostensibly pro-Western UNITA forces in Angola; to Administration efforts to improve relations between the United States and the Marxist states of Angola and Mozambique; and to the Administration’s apparent willingness to accept a SWAPO (i.e., communist guerrilla) outcome in Namibia.
Domestic Human Rights Organizations in Africa: Problems and Perspectives
Authors: Matua Makua Wa
Published: May 2006

The modern human rights movement, as it is known today, is largely the product of the horrors of the mainly European war of 1939-45. Its rise is mostly a direct result of the abominations committed by the Third Reich during that war. Drawing on the Western liberal tradition, the human rights movement arose primarily to control and contain state action against the individual. The two principal documents of the movement—the 1948 Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) and the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)—largely establish negative rights that either limit or prohibit altogether government intrusion into the so-called “private realm.”
Saps and Female Reproductive Health in Kenya
Authors: Kamara Eunice K.
Published: May 2006

Since the 1980s, the world has experienced a number of economic recessions. As would be expected, developing countries have borne the brunt of the resultant economic crisis. It is estimated, for example, that the total debt of the developing world rose from $562 billion in 1982 to $1,020 billion in 1988.’ Many of the developing countries are still on the verge of economic collapse, unable to service accumulated foreign debts. Various measures were taken by the developed world in an attempt to revive the fallen global economy. These measures included the introduction of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) which aimed at (among other targets) reducing national public expenditures and effecting a shift “from a trade deficit to a trade surplus or at least, a reduction of the size of the trade deficit, at least in part to service the debt.”
“Tonguing the Body”: Placing Female Circumcision within African Feminist Discourse
Authors: Gordon Natasha M.
Published: May 2006

This paper focuses primarily on current debates regarding the place of female circumcision in Third World and western feminist discourse. In examining these debates, I will also draw from its fictional and autobiographical depictions as presented and discussed in contemporary African literature. While female circumcision (FC) is not practiced solely in Africa, I will be limiting my analysis to the effects of the practice within the continent. The paper is divided into three sections. Part one places the discussion on FC within current feminist discourse. Part two provides a historical and cultural background on the practice. The final section wades into the debate on FC and African Feminism.

Chandra Mohanty, in her article “Under Western Eyes,” presents a rather intriguing “Third World Woman’s” argument, reflecting as well something of the debate on African feminism.
Recommendations: Communications including Use of Satellite Relays
Authors: Bender Gerald J. , Rodionov Stanislav
Published: May 2006

Africa is by far the weakest region of the world in terms of communication, including telecommunications and the use of satellite relays. The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. have experience in the establishment of communications networks over continent-wide areas, and, by co-operation for Africa, they can assist Africa in improving communications. Improved communications can have major direct and indirect benefits to Africa in terms of economic output, productivity, environmental protection, health care, education and many other areas.
Soviet-U.S. Cooperation for Africa as as a Confidence-Building Measure
Authors: Gromyko Anotoly A. , Intriligator Michael D.
Published: May 2006

Soviet-American cooperation for Africa can be an important confidence-building measure in reducing tensions, correcting misperceptions, promoting mutual understanding, fostering improved bilateral U.S.-U.S.S.R. relations, and creating trust. It could also lead to further cooperation in other fields or regions. At various times people have cited trade, cultural exchanges, exchanges of visitors, student exchanges, arms control agreements, and cooperation in space as initiatives that could be interpreted as confidence-building measures. All are valuable, and each can play a role in improving bilateral relations.
African Outreach in the Community
Authors: Bucher Henry
Published: May 2006

According to the guidelines of the United States Office of Education, one aspect of outreach should deal with the community in which a particular area center is located. In asking personnel from other educational institutions with African outreach programs to provide me with information on their outreach activities into their respective communities, I emphasized the following areas: civic organizations, businesses, churches, prisons, radio and television (public and educational), newspapers, senior citizens, public libraries and museums, women’s/men’s clubs, and finally future or ecology-oriented groups. Each was asked to describe the type of outreach done and to evaluate the results.
. . .601, 602, 603 . . .and African Studies
Authors: Jorgenson Dick
Published: May 2006

The year 1976 marked more than the U. S. Bicentennial for those interested in global studies in America. It represented an auspicious moment in the evolution of the government’s “predisposition” toward support of language, area, and international studies in the United States. In that year Phase III of the NDEA Title VI Centers Program took on a revised USOE outlook upon the concept of outreach and an intensified federal commitment to the promotion of outreach activities as an integral part of the programs of the four-score Foreign Area and International Studies Centers around the nation. The Bicentennial Year was also important for the Congressional passage of the Education Amendments of 1976, which provided for the Citizen Education for Cultural Understanding (Section 603) Program. This program, which would hold promise for the development and/or expansion of global studies particularly in the elementary and secondary school classrooms of the nation, commenced in 1979 the award of federal assistance to projects that sought to “increase the availability to students in the United States of information about the cultures, actions, and policies of other nations so that these students might make more informed judgments with respect to the international policies and actions of the United States.”
The Clinton Administration and Africa: A View from Helsinki, Finland
Authors: Laakso Liisa
Published: May 2006

Africa occupies a special position in the foreign policies of the Nordic countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. In spite of their limited capacities, lack of colonial ties with Africa, or any significant economic interests in Africa, the Nordic countries have attained a relatively high profile, especially in Southern Africa. After Finland and Sweden joined the European Union (EU) in 1995, Africa assumed an even greater level of foreign policy significance for the Nordic countries. Most notable in this regard is Finland’s assumption in 1999 of the EU presidency, a position that makes Finland responsible for the negotiations over the continuation of the EU’s Lomé Convention with 71 countries of Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific. It is in this context that this article assesses Nordic perceptions of the Clinton administration’s foreign policy toward Africa. It is important to note, however, that there is no one monolithic “Nordic perspective.” The opinions and approaches documented in policy papers or informal statements by individual civil servants following African affairs can widely vary. People working with development cooperation, for example, tend to be more recipient-oriented than those looking at Africa from a more general foreign policy point of view. The tradition of outspoken human rights policy still differentiates Norwegian and Swedish approaches from the cautious policy of Finland. Yet behind these different tones, one can distinguish common premises stemming from the many similarities of the Nordic countries and their conscious efforts to generate coherent, coordinated foreign policies toward Africa.
A Note on Exchange Programs Between the United States and South Africa
Authors: Mphahlele Ezekiel
Published: May 2006

Most Americans do not seem to appreciate that we are in a state of emergency in South Africa. They think that we are interested in spending money and time preventing a revolution instead of breaking down the structure of apartheid. They think that we are interested in living with apartheid, in accommodating ourselves to it. They do not believe that we will ever be able to demolish the structure.
Gorbachev’s ‘New Thinking’ and the Options for President Bush on Africa
Authors: Rothchild Donald
Published: May 2006

Upon taking office, a new administration has a unique opportunity to set its own goals and priorities. President Bush, although somewhat constrained by his links to the Reagan past as well as by his cold war (i.e., “globalist”) perceptions of the external world and by his self-imposed austerity measures, nonetheless retains a sometimes unrecognized room for maneuver. Taking into account the limitations in public economic resources that he faces, what policy options are open to his administration in its dealing with contemporary Africa?
Africa’s Uprooted People: Shaping a Humanitarian Response
Authors: Ruiz Hiram A. , Frelick Bill
Published: May 2006

Utterly destitute, exhausted, and terrorized, hundreds of Mozambicans each day make their way to neighboring countries seeking protection. More than a million Mozambican refugees have now fled that nation. Millions more are displaced within Mozambique. In southern Sudan, hundreds of thousands have died and many more are at risk of starvation. More than two million other southern Sudanese have been uprooted from their homes. Many of them are living in squalid shantytowns built atop garbage dumps outside the Sudanese capital, Khartoum. Elsewhere in Africa, refugees languish in settlements where they have remained for years, dependent on international food aid, while more recently arrived refugees struggle just to survive.
Transnational NGO’s: A New Direction for U.S. Policy
Authors: Robinson Pearl T.
Published: May 2006

President Bush has a unique opportunity to link U.S. development assistance with grass roots Pan-Africanism. By broadening the focus of aid policy to include relations among networks of African nongovernmental organizations (NGO’s), the Administration can begin addressing the barriers to African participation in the surge of transnationalism that will undergird economic prosperity in the 21st century. Already, the emerging global pattern is clear: In 1992 the European Community (EC) will become the West’s largest integrated market. The Gulf States, as well as the five Maghreb states of North Africa, recently announced plans for greater political and economic unity. The incorporation of Hong Kong into the People’s Republic of China holds the promise of new modalities for accommodating radically different economic and political systems within the same national boundaries. And the list will continue to grow.
Parables of Power and Powerlessness: Exploration in Anglophone African Fiction Today
Authors: Obiechina Emmanuel
Published: May 2006

African writers in English have done much to enlarge the image of Africa in the world. The novelists among them have contributed most to the understanding of the African points of view and perspectives on life, politics, culture and history. In their roles as chroniclers, custodians of the collective heritage, social critics, teachers and visionaries of their people, the novelists have illuminated the African situation and the forces that have kept the continent in an endemic state of crisis.
Five West African Filmmakers on their Films
Authors: Pfaff Françoise
Published: May 2006

Prior to 1960, such countries as England and Belgium trained a number of Africans in the technical areas of “movie-making” through their colonial film units which produced health and educational documentaries as well as propagandist shorts praising the colonial order and/or disseminating the Christian faith. Nevertheless, little had been done to encourage native “movie-thinking.” The late Paulin Soumanou Vieyra (Benin/Senegal), one of the pioneers and early historians of African cinema, often pointed out how the French colonial authorities would refuse scholarships to aspiring African film students, arguing that priority was to be given to the training of African doctors and teachers. One could very well suspect that there also might have been some concern as to the kind of politically detrimental anti-colonialist images these film students would have later produced.
Elite Solidarity, Communal Support, and the 1999 Presidential Election in Nigeria
Authors: Enemuo Francis C.
Published: May 2006

Modeled after the U.S. presidency, the office of the president of Nigeria is easily the most powerful position in the land. The president is both the chief of state and the head of government. The authority of the nation’s chief executive expanded greatly during the patrimonial regimes of General Ibrahim Babangida and General Sani Abacha. Indeed, not only was power concentrated in the hands of these despots, its exercise was also marked by massive corruption, brazen nepotism, and sustained brutality. Against this background, it was perhaps natural that the presidential election of February 27, 1999, would excite keen interest among the Nigerian populace, elite groups, ethnoregional blocs, and the international community. This article highlights some of the ethnoregional forces and elite interests that influenced the election and examines their possible implications for the sustenance of democracy and good governance in Nigeria.
Remarks on Mozambique
Authors: Henriksen Thomas H.
Published: May 2006

Mozambique’s rise to independence this June 25th constitutes another example in the world community of successful nationalist revolution against colonialism. Although it comes in the late nationalist period which witnessed its beginnings in central Europe during the nineteenth century, the Mozambican revolution’s international and Marxist image is comprehensible in the general historical context of nationalism.
Testimony on South Africa and U.S. Foreign Policy
Authors: Butcher Goler T.
Published: May 2006

Mr. Chairman, I wish to express appreciation for the invitation to appear before the Committee. It is Congress that must take the lead to end what is essentially a “cover-up” of U.S. policy on southern Africa. The Congress must insist on

(1)

a frank statement of the facts on the situation in South Africa,

(2)

an open analysis of U.S. interests in that area,

(3)

progress towards a therapeutic confrontation, discussion, debate, and analysis of what U.S. policy should be,

(4)

change with a view towards developing an honest, sensible and rational U.S. policy—consistent with U.S. interests—towards South Africa.
We Need a Fresh Start in Southern Africa
Authors: Johnson Willard R.
Published: May 2006

My statement is not an attempt to convey new information. Indeed, anyone reading simply the record of the Congressional hearings will have all the essential and relevant facts. Why is it that we have been ever searching for but never coming to the truth? Why do we listen but never hear, look but never see, manipulate but never truly feel? Perhaps we express the right facts but the wrong values?
An Overview of American and African Policies in Regard to Southern Africa
Authors: Herskovits Jean
Published: May 2006

The perspective we are taking today on U.S. policy towards Southern Africa is, I believe, badly needed. It is both wrong and unrealistic to see southern Africa as detached from the rest of Africa. Africans in majority-ruled Africa know that. The British certainly know it. The Russians and the Chinese seem to know it. South Africa’s John Vorster has made clear how well he knows it.
Toward the Creation of a New Order for Nigerian Women: Recent Trends in Politics and Policies
Authors: Afonja Simi
Published: May 2006

Women experience numerous contradictions as they undergo social change. Many have celebrated the autonomy of Nigerian women. Some “got drunk” with the notions of this autonomy. Change created a number of problems that supposed autonomy could not come to grips with. Just a few examples: First, women appeared to contribute more labor to the development process than men, burdening them with physical and time constraints. Second, modernization created new resources and along with them, new kinds of inequalities in access to resources. Specifically, women had much more limited access to resources than men. Consequently, women could not invest resources in the same ways as men.
On Gupta-Belnap Revision Theories of Truth, Kripkean Fixed Points, and The Next Stable Set
Authors: Welch P.D.
Published: May 2006

We consider various concepts associated with the revision theory of truth of Gupta and Belnap. We categorize the notions definable using theirtheory of circular definitionsas those notions universally definable overthe next stable set. We give a simplified (in terms of definitional complexity) account ofvaried revision sequences—as ageneralised algorithmic theory of truth. This enables something of a unification with the Kripkean theory of truth using supervaluation schemes.
The Road to Modern Logic—An Interpretation
Authors: Ferreirós José
Published: May 2006

This paper aims to outline an analysis and interpretation of the process that led to First-Order Logic and its consolidation as a core system of modern logic. We begin with an historical overview of landmarks along the road to modern logic, and proceed to a philosophical discussion casting doubt on the possibility of a purely rational justification of the actual delimitation of First-Order Logic. On this basis, we advance the thesis that a certain historical tradition was essential to the emergence of modern logic; this traditional context is analyzed as consisting in some guiding principles and, particularly, a set of exemplars (i.e., paradigmatic instances). Then, we proceed to interpret the historical course of development reviewed in section 1, which can broadly be described as a two-phased movement of expansion and then restriction of the scope of logical theory. We shall try to pinpoint ambivalencies in the process, and the main motives for subsequent changes. Among the latter, one may emphasize the spirit of modern axiomatics, the situation of foundational insecurity in the 1920s, the resulting desire to find systems well-behaved from a proof-theoretical point of view, and the metatheoretical results of the 1930s. Not surprisingly, the mathematical and, more specifically, the foundational context in which First-Order Logic matured will be seen to have played a primary role in its shaping.

Mathematical logic is what logic, through twenty-five centuries and a few transformations, has become today. (Jean van Heijenoort)
A Roman law concerning piracy
Authors: Jones H. Stuart
Published: May 2006

When L. Aemilius Paulus visited Delphi after the crowning victory of Pydna his eye rested on a lofty pedestal, upon which his vanquished enemy, Perseus, was intending to set up a golden statue of himself. He determined that his own figure should occupy the vacant place, and his orders to this effect were carried out. No trace of the statue (or group) has been recovered, but there are considerable remains of the sculptured frieze, representing the cavalry skirmish which formed the prelude to the battle of Pydna, and it has been possible to reconstruct the monument in the Museum at Delphi with the surviving blocks and a free use of plaster to fill the gaps (fig. 54 and plate xx).
The Inauguration of Numa
Authors: Rose H. J.
Published: May 2006

Livy i, 18, 6, describing the accession of the second King of Rome, provides food for much thought on the part of those who are interested in the religious ideas of early Italy, and gives us the material for a brisk controversy which is far from being settled. Despite therefore the familiar contents of this passage, I quote the part of it which is most important for our purpose.

Accitus … de se quoque deos consuli iussit. inde ab augure, cui deinde honoris ergo publicum id perpetuumque sacerdotium fuit, deductus in arcem, in lapide ad meridiem uersus consedit. augur ad laeuam eius … dextras ad meridiem partes, laeuas ad septentrionem esse dixit.

Numa then is facing south ; the augur is facing east. Both are engaged in the same important ceremony. Why do they not look the same way, but at right angles to each other, and what is the significance of their respective attitudes ?
The Provincial List of Verona
Authors: Bury J. B.
Published: May 2006

§ 1. The exact measure of the originality of Diocletian's statesmanship has not yet been taken. ‘Like Augustus,’ said Gibbon, ‘Diocletian may be considered the founder of a new empire’ and these words express the accepted view. In the whole work of pulling the Empire together, which went on from A.D. 270 to 330, the three outstanding actors were Aurelian, Diocletian, and Constantine, and the part played by Aurelian was indispensable for the restitutio orbis. It was he who destroyed the Principate, notwithstanding the negligible episode of Tacitus. It was he who founded the autocracy; Diocletian who regularized and systematized it. Two new things Diocletian certainly did, one of which was a success and the other a failure though not a fruitless one. His division of the Empire into Dioceses was permanent for nearly three hundred years. His throne system led to disaster and disappeared; yet the territorial quadripartition which it involved was afterwards stereotyped in the four Prefectures, and Nicomedia pointed to Constantinople. But in many of the other changes which distinguished the Empire of Constantine from the Empire of Severus and which have generally been regarded as inventions of Diocletian, it is becoming clear that he was not the initiator but was only extending and systematizing changes which had already been begun. The separation of civil from military powers in provincial government had been initiated by Gallienus (the importance of whose reign has in recent years been emerging). Some of the characteristics which mark the military organization of the fourth century had come before Diocletian's accession. Mr. Mattingly's studies in the numismatic history of the third century have been leading him, as he tells us, to similar conclusions.
The Vaults under Colchester Castle: a further Note
Authors: Wheeler R. E. M.
Published: May 2006

In the course of a paper on ‘Roman Colchester’ in volume ix of this Journal, Mr. Philip Laver and the writer drew attention to the vaults which underlie Colchester castle, and claimed for them a Roman origin. The claim is based primarily upon constructional evidence which is readily appreciated in the presence of the actual remains, but the published summary perhaps requires some amplification for the reader who is unacquainted with these. Until its recent acquisition for the Colchester Corporation, the castle was in private possession, and was only partially known to the public; nor does the mass of literature which has gathered round the structure include any detailed study of its architectural problems. Hence the dark and comparatively barren vaults have hitherto escaped more than passing notice.
The Lex Calpurnia of 149 b.c.
Authors: Ferguson William Scott
Published: May 2006

There is no shortage of literature on this subject. Almost every treatise on Roman law, public or private, contains a discussion of the Lex Calpurnia. In the development of Roman criminal law this bit of legislation occupies a central position, and it has accordingly been the starting point of many works of learning and insight. In fact so inevitably has the topic entered into all investigations as to the origin and procedure of criminal trials by jury in Rome, that it has seemed to some ‘almost flogged to death.’ Why, then, persecute the subject further ?
The word ‘Sorex’ in C.I.L. I2, 1988, 1989
Authors: Macurdy Grace H.
Published: May 2006

My attention was called to these two inscriptions in reading a chapter of Professor L. R. Taylor's book (soon to be published) on Local Cults in Etruria. Professor Taylor mentions the inscriptions in her discussion of the hirpi Sorani, members of a Faliscan family, who walked through fire at the annual sacrifice to Apollo on Soracte. Pliny tells of the special exemptions granted this family on account of their priestly service. The word hirpus is interpreted as wolf. In the two inscriptions cited in my title the word sorex is found, following the title haruspex (or haracna) referring to two men with the cognomen Clipearius. It has been recognized as probably connoting some priestly title, but I believe that no attempt has been made to interpret it. I suggest that as certain other families from the neighbourhood of Falerii had the hereditary title of Soran Wolves, so the two Clipearii had the title Shrewmice.
Tacitus as a Historian
Authors: Reid J. S.
Published: May 2006

The subject is a large one, and in the treatment of it, from considerations of space, it is necessary to omit some of the less important aspects. The main purpose of this article is to show reason for thinking that the estimate generally prevalent of Tacitus as a historian is unreasonably high, and that the brilliance of his style dazzles the eyes of his readers and blurs them to imperfect consciousness of his many great defects. There are three great Roman writers, born within a space of twenty years, who strongly resemble each other in their general outlook upon the Roman state, and whose power of emitting epigrams of a biting, penetrating and even savage character is much the same. These are Lucan, Tacitus and Juvenal. All of them deal with history. There is the same ‘saeva indignatio’ gnawing at the hearts of all the trio. They write as though they were living in the worst of all possible worlds. All three look back with longing eyes on the great glories of the old Republic. All have a feud with the gods, who take so little care for mankind as to impose upon them the inexorable dominance of the imperial system. All three again feel that the Romans of their day are degenerate and corrupt. It may be reasonably said that the combination of pessimism with a capacity for savage epigram is not a promising equipment for the historian. Tacitus was saner than Swift, but if Swift had written the history of our great rebellion and of the reign of Charles the Second we should doubtless have found many points of comparison between him and the great Roman. Napoleon showed a sound instinct when he described Tacitus as ‘the detractor of humanity.’
Some Representative Examples of Romano-British Sculpture
Authors: Haverfield F. , Jones H. Stuart
Published: May 2006

The collection of casts lately prepared by the Roman Society, and described in the following pages, was designed to include representative sculptures and architectural decorations of the Roman period in Britain. It had originally been hoped that these casts might find a place in the Archaeological Exhibition held in Rome in 1911 and eloquently described by Mrs. Arthur Strong in the first number of this Journal. Unfortunately, it was found wholly impossible to prepare the series in time for the exhibition; only a few pieces, brought together by the personal exertions of Dr. Ashby, could be included in it. The Society has, however, now completed the series, has put the casts on sale and has found enough purchasers to make the scheme financially self-supporting. In all, 165 casts have been purchased by various museums and institutions in these islands and abroad, and valuable illustrations have thus been provided of the character and meaning of the sculptures of the Roman period in Britain. Even the illustrated sale catalogue drawn up by one of the present writers has had the honour of being cited and used by M. Reinach in the most recent volume of his Répertoire.
Julia-Ipsus and Augustopolis
Authors: Calder W. M.
Published: May 2006

The following pages contain the results, not devoid of interest, if meagre in quantity, of various short visits to the valley of the Caystrus in Central Phrygia, and to the hills which bound it on the north and south. This valley formed the meeting-place of five great Anatolian roads, the northern and central trade-routes from the east, the highways to the west coast down the Maeander valley or past Akmonia or Eucarpia and Sardis, and the road to the Bosporus by way of Dorylaeum. Naturally therefore the valley of the Caystrus was traversed by many generals or governors or other persons known to history, and, little as history has recorded of the state of the valley at different periods, enough has been gleaned from various writers to enable us to fix the main features of its ancient topography. It was traversed from west to east by Cyrus the Younger and Xenophon in 401 B.C. Alexander the Great crossed it from south to north on his way from Celaenae to Gordium in 333 B.C. The battle of Ipsus was fought somewhere near its eastern end in 301 B.C. The plunder-laden army of Cn. Manlius Vulso moved slowly over it, proceeding northwards, in 191 B.C. Cicero travelled through it on his way from Synnada to Philomelium in 51 B.C. To cut short a long list, this valley was the scene of a fierce battle between the emperor Alexius I and the Turks in A.D. 1116; the account given by Anna Comnena of this campaign is the fullest record we possess on the ancient topography of the Caystrus valley, and it throws some light on places in the hills to the north.
The Agricolan Occupation of North Britain
Authors: Macdonald George
Published: May 2006

The current view of the Agricolan occupation of Scotland is conveniently summed up in Furneaux's declaration that ‘it is impossible to suppose that the conquest had been as thorough as is suggested [by Tacitus].’ York is sometimes alleged to have been the farthest point that was permanently secured, and a German historian has solemnly rebuked the Roman general for the fundamental fault of pushing forward without consolidating the ground that he had won. This scepticism as to Agricola's military capacity and achievements was justifiable enough so long as the historical notices stood alone. Moreover it appeared to be perfectly consistent with the ‘perdomita Britannia et statim missa’ of Tacitus himself. And, when archaeology made its first contribution to the discussion, the new evidence promised to be merely corroborative. The little Agricolan fort on the Bar Hill, discovered by a happy accident in 1903, was garrisoned for only a brief period, and had been abandoned fifty or sixty years before Lollius Urbicus built the wall from Forth to Clyde.
Roman York: excavations of 1926–1927
Authors: Miller S. N.
Published: May 2006

In the account which I gave in this Journal of the excavations carried out in 1925 at and near the east corner of the legionary fortress, I explained that the earliest defence there had consisted of a double ditch and a clay rampart, which appeared to have been laid out in the time of Petillius Cerialis (c. A.D. 71–74); that a stone wall subsequently built along the outer margin of this clay rampart probably dated from the reign of Trajan (about 108–9); that at some time this wall was destroyed, and that a second wall, built immediately inside the line of the wall which it replaced, belonged to the period of Commodus or Septimius Severus. Those conclusions were drawn from the evidence of trenches cut on either side of the corner. Of the corner itself enough was uncovered to prove that the tower here, as was to be expected from the date of the adjacent work, was of the internal type usual in the first three centuries. The complete excavation of the corner was the main task of 1926.
Roman Garrisons and Soldiers in Asia Minor
Authors: Ramsay W. M. , Ramsay A. Margaret
Published: May 2006

As the following notes are primarily concerned with the Roman Army in Asia Minor, and are not epigraphical, though based on epigraphical evidence, it is best to omit epigraphic texts and employ otherwise the space gained. Epigraphic texts will be published elsewhere, or are already published.

It may be assumed that the cohorts concerned are likely to be milliariae, not quingenariae, as they were evidently widely scattered in detachments (numeri or vexilla) over a very large country. A cohort nominally stationed at Iconium or at Ancyra would really be employed in small bodies over many parts of south-eastern or of northern Galatia, and milliariae were needed to cover the large district. They were all equitatae, as the evidence shows.
A Bronze Bust of a Iulio-Claudian Prince (? Caligula) in the Museum of Colchester; With a Note on the Symbolism of the Globe in Imperial Portraiture
Authors: Strong S. Arthur
Published: May 2006

The bronze bust reproduced in fig. I and on plates I and II, from photographs supplied by the kindness of Mr. Wright, director of the Colchester Museum, was found along with two others, a statuette of Iupiter and a fine mask of Silenus, at Colchester in October, 1845. All three bronzes were described by the late Sir Charles Newton, then quite a young man, in a letter to Sir Henry Ellis. Newton's account of the find is as follows:

The three bronzes … were discovered on the line of railway now running between Colchester and Ipswich, about a mile to the east of the Colchester terminus and half a mile west of the town. They were dug up at the depth of about five feet from the surface; portions of red pottery, bronze and lead, were found near them, and, at a distance of about six feet, a human skull and some horses' teeth. The spot presented no indications of having been a place of dwelling or of sepulture, but two or three hundred yards nearer the terminus is a small rising ground, in cutting through which the railway labourers are said to have found urns containing bones.
A Catilinarian Date
Authors: Hardy E. G.
Published: May 2006

Asconius, in Pison. 5 (p. 5, 13 Kiessling). ‘Haec consuetudo’ (of using round rather than exact numbers) ‘in ipsis orationibus est: itaque idem Cicero in ea quoque quam habuit in Catilinam in senatu, ait cum octavus decimus dies esset postea quaro factum est senatus consultum ut viderent consules ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet, dixit vicesimum [? iam] diem habere  S. C. tamquam .' In the passage referred to by the commentator (in Cat. i, 2, 4) Cicero, after showing how promptly effect had been given to the senatus consultum ultimum, by Opimius and Marius, goes on: ‘At vero nos vicesimum iam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim eius modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis, tamquam in vagina reconditum.’
Clodius and the Lex Aelia Fufia
Authors: Weinstock Stefan
Published: May 2006

In speeches delivered during the years 57–55 B.C. Cicero frequently mentions the events and transactions immediately preceding his banishment. Clodius, the tribune of the year 58, was the author of all the trouble, and Clodius is the target of his passionate attacks. Here as elsewhere Cicero shows himself a virtuoso in the technique of variation, ever changing the venue of his accusations. Yet one complaint is constantly reiterated—Clodius's abrogation of the Lex Aelia Fufia. The following pages are devoted to an investigation of the fate of that law, for lack of which many of the events of this crowded period remain incomprehensible.