bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sorption and Mobility of Ivermectin in Different Soils
Authors: Krogh K.A. , Søeborg T. , Brodin B. , Halling‐Sørensen B.
Published: October 2008

Avermectins are widely used to treat livestock for parasite infections. Ivermectin, which belongs to the group of avermectins, is particularly hazardous to the environment, especially to crustaceans and to soil‐dwelling organisms. Sorption is one of the key factors controlling transport and bioavailability. Therefore, batch studies have been conducted to characterize the sorption and desorption behavior of ivermectin in three European soils (Madrid, York, and artificial soil). The solid‐water distribution coefficient (Kd) for ivermectin sorption to the tested soils were between 57 and 396 L kg−1 (determined at 0.1 μg g−1), while the organic carbon‐normalized sorption coefficients (Koc) ranged from 4.00 × 103 to 2.58 × 104 L kg−1 The Freundlich sorption coefficient (KF) was 396 (after 48 h) for the artificial soil over a concentration range of 0.1 to 50 μg g−1, with regression constants indicating a concentration‐dependent sorption. The obtained data and data in the literature are inconclusive with regard to whether hydrophobic partitioning or more specific interactions are involved in sorption of avermectins. For abamectin, hydrophobic partitioning seems to be one of the dominant types of binding, while hydrophobicity is less important for ivermectin, which is probably due to the lower lipophilicity of the molecule. Furthermore, the presence of cations such as Ca2+ leads to decreasing sorption. Thus, it is presumed that ivermectin binds to soil by formation of complexes with immobile, inorganic soil matter. In contrast to abamectin, hysteresis could be excluded for ivermectin in the studied soils for the evaluation of sorption and desorption. The sorption mechanism is highly dependent on physicochemical properties of the avermectin.
Effect of Sulfate on the Simultaneous Bioreduction of Iron and Uranium
Authors: Komlos John , Moon Hee Sun , Jaffé Peter R.
Published: October 2008

The biogeochemistry related to iron‐ and sulfate‐reducing conditions influences the fate of contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, trace metals, and radionuclides (i.e., uranium) released into the subsurface. An understanding of these processes is imperative to successfully predict the fate of contaminants during bioremediation scenarios. A series of flow‐through sediment column experiments were performed to determine if the commencement of sulfate‐reducing conditions would occur while bioavailable Fe(III) was present and to determine how the bioreduction of a contaminant (uranium) was affected by the switch from iron‐dominated to sulfate‐dominated reducing conditions. The results presented herein demonstrated that, under biostimulation, sulfate reduction can commence even though a significant pool of bioavailable Fe(III) is present. In addition, the rate of U(VI) reduction was not negatively affected by the commencement of sulfate‐reducing conditions.
The Short‐Term Effects of Prescribed Burning on Biomass Removal and the Release of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in a Treatment Wetland
Authors: White J. R. , Gardner L. M. , Sees M. , Corstanje R.
Published: October 2008

Nutrient removal by constructed wetlands can decline over time due to the accumulation of organic matter. A prescribed burn is one of many management strategies used to remove detritus in macrophyte‐dominated systems. We quantified the short‐term effects on effluent water quality and the amount of aboveground detritus removed from a prescribed burn event. Surface water outflow concentrations were approximately three times higher for P and 1.5 times higher for total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN) following the burn event when compared to the control. The length of time over which the fire effect was significant (P < 0.05), 3 d for TKN and up to 23 d for P fractions. Over time, the concentration of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in the effluent decreased, but was compensated with increases in dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and particulate phosphorus (PP), such that net total P remained the same. Total aboveground biomass decreased by 68.5% as a result of the burn, however, much of the live vegetation was converted to standing dead material. These results demonstrate that a prescribed burn can significantly decrease the amount of senescent organic matter in a constructed wetland. However, short‐term nutrient releases following the burn could increase effluent nutrient concentrations. Therefore, management strategies should include hydraulically isolating the burned area immediately following the burn event to prevent nutrient export.
Ammonia Emissions from Surface Flow and Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands Treating Dairy Wastewater
Authors: VanderZaag A. C. , Gordon R. J. , Burton D. L. , Jamieson R. C. , Stratton G. W.
Published: October 2008

Agricultural wastewater treatment is important for maintaining water quality, and constructed wetlands (CW) can be an effective treatment option. However, some of the N that is removed during treatment can be volatilized to the atmosphere as ammonia (NH3). This removal pathway is not preferred because it negatively impacts air quality. The objective of this study was to assess NH3 volatilization from surface flow (SF) and subsurface flow (SSF) CWs. Six CWs (3 SF and 3 SSF; 6.6 m2 each) were loaded with dairy wastewater (∼300 mg L−1 total ammoniacal nitrogen, TAN = NH3–N + NH4+–N) in Nova Scotia, Canada. From June through September 2006, volatilization of NH3 during 12 or 24 h periods was measured using steady‐state chambers. No differences (p > 0.1) between daytime and nighttime fluxes were observed, presumably due in part to the constant airflow inside the chambers. Changes in emission rates and variability within and between wetland types coincided with changes in the vegetative canopy (Typha latifolia L.) and temperature. In SSF wetlands, the headspace depth also appeared to affect emissions. Overall, NH3 emissions from SF wetlands were significantly higher than from SSF wetlands. The maximum flux densities were 974 and 289 mg NH3–N m−2 d−1 for SF and SSF wetlands, respectively. Both wetland types had similar TAN mass removal. On average, volatilization contributed 9 to 44% of TAN removal in SF and 1 to 18% in SSF wetlands. Results suggest volatilization plays a larger role in N removal from SF wetlands.
Effect of Alum Treatment on the Concentration of Total and Ureolytic Microorganisms in Poultry Litter
Authors: Cook Kimberly L. , Rothrock Michael J. , Warren Jason G. , Sistani Karamat R. , Moore Philip A.
Published: October 2008

Microbial mineralization of urea and uric acid in poultry litter results in the production of ammonia, which can lead to decreased poultry performance, malodorous emissions, and loss of poultry litter value as a fertilizer. Despite the fact that this is a microbial process, little is known about how the microbial populations, especially ammonia‐producing (ureolytic) organisms in poultry litter, respond to litter amendments such as aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3·14H2O; alum). The goal of this study was to measure the temporal changes in total bacterial and fungal populations and urease‐producing microorganisms in nontreated litter or litter treated with 10% alum. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to target the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, the fungal 18S rRNA gene, or the urease gene of bacterial and fungal ammonia producers in a poultry litter incubation study. Nontreated poultry litter had relatively high total (2.8 ± 0.8 × 1010 cells g−1 litter) and ureolytic (2.8 ± 1.3 × 108 cells g−1 litter) bacterial populations. Alum treatment reduced the total bacterial population by 50% and bacterial urease producers by 90% within 4 wk. In contrast, at 16 wk after alum treatment, the fungal population was three orders of magnitude higher in alum‐treated litter than in nontreated litter (3.5 ± 0.8 × 107 cells g−1 litter and 5.5 ± 2.5 × 104 cells g−1 litter, respectively). The decrease in pH produced by alum treatment is believed to inhibit bacterial populations and favor growth of fungi that may be responsible for the mineralization of organic nitrogen in alum‐treated litters.
Recently Planted Vegetation Strips Reduce Giardia Runoff Reaching Waterways
Authors: Winkworth Cynthia L. , Matthaei Christoph D. , Townsend Colin R.
Published: October 2008

Current methods for tracking pathogens across farmland and into surrounding waterways via runoff are limited and typically have been developed using artificially created landscapes. No studies have investigated how Giardia in farm runoff moves across the landscape, despite high prevalence rates in dairy cattle (Bos taurus) worldwide. Here, we report the development of a field‐based tracking method specific for Giardia movement in runoff and use this technique to compare the pathogen reduction capability of recently planted vegetation strips with bare soil strips cleared of vegetation. Such scenarios represent typical events in schemes to plant vegetation barriers aimed at reducing waterway contamination. A significant treatment effect was identified, with 26% fewer Giardia detected in runoff collected from the planted strip (P = 0.006). These results highlight the immediate benefit of pathogen removal to be gained from vegetation planting. The successful discrimination of treatment effects by this new technique will enable the assessment of different vegetation types on runoff reduction and the effects of plant development over time.
Chronic and Episodic Acidification of Adirondack Streams from Acid Rain in 2003–2005
Authors: Lawrence Gregory B. , Roy Karen M. , Baldigo Barry P. , Simonin Howard A. , Capone Susan B. , Sutherland James W. , Nierzwicki‐Bauer Sandra A. , Boylen Charles W.
Published: October 2008

Limited information is available on streams in the Adirondack region of New York, although streams are more prone to acidification than the more studied Adirondack lakes. A stream assessment was therefore undertaken in the Oswegatchie and Black River drainages; an area of 4585 km2 in the western part of the Adirondack region. Acidification was evaluated with the newly developed base‐cation surplus (BCS) and the conventional acid‐neutralizing capacity by Gran titration (ANCG). During the survey when stream water was most acidic (March 2004), 105 of 188 streams (56%) were acidified based on the criterion of BCS < 0 μeq L−1, whereas 29% were acidified based on an ANCG value < 0 μeq L−1 During the survey when stream water was least acidic (August 2003), 15 of 129 streams (12%) were acidified based on the criterion of BCS < 0 μeq L−1, whereas 5% were acidified based on ANCG value < 0 μeq L−1 The contribution of acidic deposition to stream acidification was greater than that of strongly acidic organic acids in each of the surveys by factors ranging from approximately 2 to 5, but was greatest during spring snowmelt and least during elevated base flow in August. During snowmelt, the percentage attributable to acidic deposition was 81%, whereas during the October 2003 survey, when dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were highest, this percentage was 66%. The total length of stream reaches estimated to be prone to acidification was 718 km out of a total of 1237 km of stream reaches that were assessed.
Introducing Students to the Integrated Audit with “Auditing Alchemy, Inc.”
Authors: Gelinas Ulric J. , Schwarzkopf David L. , Thibodeau Jay C.
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT: “Auditing Alchemy, Inc.” is a comprehensive case developed by PricewaterhouseCoopers. “Alchemy” can help students understand the importance of Accounting Information Systems (AIS) concepts in an integrated audit of financial statements and internal controls. Through filmed interviews, a machine simulation, and documentation, Alchemy gives students a view of how general and process (application) controls are directed to achieving an organization's objectives, while also showing how auditors must use their AIS knowledge to gather evidence needed for the integrated audit. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (U.S. House of Representatives 2002) and actions of the Public Companies Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) emphasize the need for auditors to have a thorough grounding in the details of general and process (application) controls. This paper provides instructors with a structured way to address this need by presenting four coordinated assignments—three in AIS and one in auditing—using the Alchemy materials. The assignments take students in stages from a description of the process and controls at Alchemy to recommendations for improving the effectiveness of the design of the controls to finding evidence for evaluating the controls' operating effectiveness. Other aspects of the assignments focus on evaluating the likelihood of fraud at the company and ways of discussing controls with the audit committee.
Best Practices in Managing Investor Relations Websites: Directions for Future Research
Authors: Bollen Laury H. , Hassink Harold F. , de Lange Rindert K. , Buijl Saskia D.
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT: This study aims to suggest areas for future research on the quality of Internet investor relations based on a structured analysis of investor relations activities within companies with a high-quality investor relations website. The study is based on six case studies and examines the organizational structure and processes behind four high-quality investor relations websites and two low-quality sites. The study shows that there are particular managerial practices within companies with high-quality investor relations websites, for six of the seven elements studied. These results indicate that future research on the quality of Internet investor relations should address variables that reflect differences in managerial capabilities and organizational structures with respect to investor relations activities. The relevance of such variables also has theoretical and methodological consequences for future studies. With respect to research on the development and maintenance of investor relations websites within the information management literature, our study shows that the design of investor relations websites has a number of specific features, which may provide useful insights that could be applied in the context of other websites.
Positioning and Formalizing the REA Enterprise Ontology
Authors: Gailly Frederik , Laurier Wim , Poels Geert
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT: Recent Resource, Event, Agent (REA) research has focused on defining and theoretically justifying the ontology's contents. Here, we elaborate on more practical issues related to REA. First, we classify REA and its applications using ontology classification schemes and application frameworks. This analysis clarifies REA's application potential but also reveals weaknesses that may impede its operationalization. Next, we propose a new REA ontology specification that uses a Unified Modeling Language (UML) profile for graphically representing ontologies. This new specification is more complete and precise than previously available specifications, without compromising understandability. It can easily be transformed into a machine-readable representation for automatic processing, which is a prerequisite for the successful application of REA in business modeling, software engineering, knowledge representation, and interoperability creation. The paper ends with a proof of concept application in which a formal Ontology Web Language (OWL) specification of REA is fed into the Prote´ge´ knowledge representation tool and subsequently used for the development of an enterprise schema.
Mitigating the Effects of Misleading Graphs on Decisions by Educating Users about the Principles of Graph Design
Authors: Raschke Robyn L. , Steinbart Paul John
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT: Prior to training about the principles of proper graph design, effort-inducing interventions (warning decision makers about the possibility that graphs create misleading impressions and/or requiring them to write a brief justification of their choices) reduced the decision-biasing effects of misleadingly designed graphs, but only for decision makers with prior task experience. In contrast, a 30-minute training session on the principles of graph design improved decision quality for all participants, regardless of prior task experience. Moreover, after the training, neither type of effort-inducing intervention affected the decision quality of experienced decision makers. These results suggest that the best way to counteract the decision-biasing effects of misleadingly designed graphs is to educate decision makers about the principles of proper graph design. Our results, however, indicate that such training does not totally eliminate the decision-biasing effects of misleadingly designed graphs. Therefore, organizations also need to take steps to prevent the creation and dissemination of misleadingly designed graphs.
REA Modeling of Mining Companies
Authors: White John H.
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT: This research paper applies the resource-event-agent (REA) framework to model the unique patterns, in both the REA accountability and policy infrastructures, of the mining enterprise domain. A unique resource in this domain is the mineral resource (MinResc), and the acquisition and development of MinResc to prepare it for the mining conversion process requires a unique information acquisition event to create and expand an information resource entity. The physical mineral deposit entity set and the intangible information entity set are thus aggregated into a more abstract and more valuable MinResc resource. The aggregation of a physical resource and an intangible information resource into a more certain and more valuable physical resource is an extension of the REA ontology that has applications in enterprise domains outside of mining.
REA Ontology-Based Simulation Models for Enterprise Strategic Planning
Authors: Church Kim , Smith Rod
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT: In this paper we propose REA ontology-based simulation models to facilitate firms' strategic planning processes. Managers often must assess complex business environments, changing competitive forces, and uncertain futures, and then make significant resource allocation decisions. Traditional quantitative planning and budgeting techniques often fail to consider nonlinear relationships, discontinuities, and uncertainty. Qualitative techniques can lack rigor and perpetuate biases. Using simulation modeling technology could specifically address those concerns, but there are few if any general simulation models of integrated business processes to support strategic planning processes. Basing simulation models for enterprise planning on the REA framework, an established enterprise domain ontology, would facilitate reuse of and learning from these models in a variety of business contexts. An ontology-based planning model would allow managers to assess the consequences of alternative resource allocation decisions and determine appropriate performance indicators. To illustrate the concepts, we provide an example of how that model could be used to facilitate management planning.
Substantiating the Worthless Securities Deduction
Authors: Judd Andrew J.
Published: October 2008

The Internal Revenue Code generally provides for the deductibility of economic losses incurred by taxpayers in for-profit transactions. § 165(g) specifically allows the deduction of losses associated with securities that become worthless. Unfortunately, neither Congress nor Treasury have articulated specific conditions necessary to demonstrate that a security satisfies the requisite “worthless” condition. This uncertainty has led to the courts having been placed in the role of arbiter in the many cases where taxpayers and the Internal Revenue Service differ in perceptions regarding whether a particular stock is worthless.

This article examines statutory provisions, factors the courts have considered in deciding the worthless stock question, an analysis of case law, and proposes conditions that Treasury could consider in establishing safe harbor rules. Such rules could provide both taxpayers and the Internal Revenue Service with a means to reduce the continuing litigation of this question.
Should it Take an Act of Congress to Change an Asset's Depreciable Recovery Period?
Authors: Leaman Richard S. , Tripp John C.
Published: October 2008

As a result of enacting the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Congress took control of establishing and changing asset depreciation periods from the Treasury Department. A detailed example of changing an asset's recovery period by the legislative process is presented, as well as a detailed example of resolving an asset class dispute by congressional action. The paper establishes that the current system for determining asset depreciation recovery periods and the current asset recovery periods now in use are dysfunctional.

The authors argue that asset depreciation recovery periods should be determined based on a thoughtful and rational economic analysis (in accordance with the Tax Reform Act of 1986 Committee Reports), rather than be subject to the legislative process and become just another political issue subject to special interest lobbying efforts and the vagary of the revenue needs of government. The paper concludes with a recommendation to reassign the establishment and changes to asset recovery periods to the Treasury Department, where the resources and expertise reside, subject to congressional approval of the Treasury's recommendations.
Criminal Prosecution of Tax Return Preparers
Authors: Nichols Nancy B.
Published: October 2008

Over 61 percent of individual taxpayers, accounting for more than 76 million returns, utilized the services of paid preparers in 2005. However, hiring a paid preparer does not assure the taxpayer or the government that the return will be prepared correctly. Tax return preparer fraud generally involves the preparation and filing of false income tax returns by preparers who claim inflated personal or business expenses, false deductions, unallowable credits or excessive exemptions on returns completed for their clients or fictitious taxpayers. Preparers may also manipulate income figures to fraudulently obtain tax credits, such as the earned income tax credit.

The Criminal Investigation (CI) division of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) prosecutes the most serious cases of preparers suspected of criminal or fraudulent behavior and other related financial crimes. This article investigates the role of CI in prosecuting tax return preparers and analyzes the results of 377 published tax return preparer criminal tax cases from 2000 through 2005. The paper also reviews various alternatives for discouraging fraudulent behavior, including registration of all paid preparers, automatic return preparation by the IRS, more stringent preparer penalties, and improved collection of assessed preparer penalties.
Ministerial Tax Issues: On Wingo and a Prayer
Authors: Schmidt Dennis
Published: October 2008

Special tax provisions apply to individuals who qualify as “ministers.” For example, they are allowed to exclude certain housing allowances from gross income and are exempt from federal tax withholdings. Most ministers are classified as employees, yet courts have also held some of them to be independent contractors. Minister-employees have a dual tax status. They are considered employees for income reporting, fringe benefit, and expense deducting purposes but are treated as self-employed persons for social security purposes. Because of their intricacies and material financial impact, special provisions that apply to ministers demand thorough legal analysis and careful tax planning. This article analyzes several key tax issues that confront ministers and provides a variety of tax planning ideas.
Taxation Policy in Virtual Worlds: Issues Raised by Second Life and Other Unstructured Games
Authors: Terando William D. , Mennecke Brian E. , Dilla William N. , Janvrin Diane J.
Published: October 2008

Massively Multiplayer Online Economic Games involving the creation and trade of virtual goods are rapidly gaining in popularity. Although most individuals participate for their own social or entertainment purposes, a substantial number of participants rely on the sale of virtual goods as an important source of real wealth. To date, these economic returns have largely escaped taxation due to the lack of a well-developed body of tax law in this area. This paper examines whether and when taxes should be assessed on virtual world income. We conclude that an in-game sale of a virtual asset constitutes an income realization event for federal income tax purposes. In contrast to prior research, we also suggest that members be allowed to defer recognizing their virtual earnings until they are converted into real world currency.
Limited access inferior temporal gyrus approach to mesial basal temporal lobe tumors
Authors: Uribe Juan S. , Vale Fernando L.
Published: October 2008

Object

In this retrospective review, the authors examine the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and outcome of surgery in 25 consecutive patients with mesial basal temporal lobe (MBTL) tumors. A limited access approach to the inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) was used.

Methods

Patients with MBTL tumors were identified from the epilepsy and tumor surgery database at the authors' institution. Intraaxial tumors localized to the mesial basal structures, and without involvement of the cortical surface of the temporal lobe, temporal stem, and basal ganglia were included. Preoperative and postoperative MR images were obtained in all patients. The mean follow-up period was 24 months (range 9–36 months). Preoperative symptoms, neurological deficits, outcomes, surgical complications, and a technical description of the approach are discussed.

Results

Intraaxial MBTL tumors in 25 patients (mean age 44 years, range 8–76 years) were resected using a limited access approach via the ITG. The largest groups of tumors were high-grade gliomas and dysembryoblastic neuroepithelial tumors (8 in each group), followed by oligodendrogliomas, cerebral metastases, and gangliogliomas. Seizures, headaches, and disorientation were the most common preoperative symptoms. Postoperative MR images demonstrated gross-total resection in all cases. There were 2 surgical complications (a superficial wound infection and a transient frontalis branch palsy). There were no permanent neurological complications or significant new hemianoptic defects.

Conclusions

A limited access ITG approach performed with intraoperative image guidance offers an alternative corridor for resection of MBTL tumors (Schramm Type A). This approach may be technically less demanding than the transsylvian or subtemporal approach. Gross-total resection is feasible utilizing this approach and compares favorably with other, more classical approaches.
Does radiosurgery have a role in the management of oligodendrogliomas?
Authors: Kano Hideyuki , Niranjan Ajay , Khan Aftab , Flickinger John C. , Kondziolka Douglas , Lieberman Frank , Lunsford L. Dade
Published: October 2008

Object

In this study the authors evaluated the role of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the management of progressive or newly diagnosed small-volume oligodendrogliomas. Tumor control, survival, and complications were assessed in patients with oligodendroglioma who underwent Gamma Knife radiosurgery as a primary or adjuvant procedure.

Methods

The authors retrospectively reviewed 30 patients with oligodendroglioma (12 Grade II and 18 Grade III) who underwent SRS between 1992 and June 2006 at the University of Pittsburgh. The median patient age was 43.2 years (range 10.8–75.4 years). Twenty-four patients had previously undergone resection of the tumor, whereas tumors in 6 were diagnosed based on biopsy findings. The SRS was performed in 25 patients who had imaging-defined tumor progression despite prior fractionated radiation (22 patients) and/or chemotherapy (20 patients). The median target volume was 15.4 cm3 (range 0.07–48.7 cm3) and the median margin dose was 14.5 Gy (range 11–20 Gy).

Results

At an average of 39.2 months of follow-up (range 12–133 months), 17 patients were dead and 13 were living. The overall survival rates from diagnosis to 5 and 10 years were 90.9 and 68.2%, respectively, for Grade II and 52.1% at 5 years and 26.1% at 10 years for Grade III. Factors associated with an improved progression-free survival included lower tumor grade and smaller tumor volume. In 13 patients who had loss of heterozygosity testing, patients with 1p19q loss of heterozygosity had a significantly improved survival after diagnosis (p = 0.04).

Conclusions

The SRS modality is a minimally invasive additional option for patients with residual or recurrent oligodendrogliomas. It may also be considered as an alternative to initial resection in small-volume tumors located in the cortical brain region.
Hydrocephalus in unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations: pathomechanical considerations, therapeutic implications, and clinical course
Authors: Geibprasert Sasikhan , Pereira Vitor , Krings Timo , Jiarakongmun Pakorn , Lasjaunias Pierre , Pongpech Sirintara
Published: October 2008

Object

The goal in this study was to present possible pathological mechanisms, clinical and imaging findings, and to describe the management and outcome in patients with hydrocephalus due to unruptured pial brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).

Methods

Medical records and imaging findings in 8 consecutive patients with hydrocephalus caused by AVMs and treated between June 2000 and September 2007 were retrospectively reviewed to determine clinical symptoms, AVM location, venous drainage, level/cause of obstruction, and degree of hydrocephalus. Management of hydrocephalus, AVM treatment, complications, and follow-up results were evaluated.

Results

Headaches were the most common clinical symptom (7 of 8 patients). Deep venous drainage was identified in all patients. Mechanical obstruction by the draining vein or the AVM nidus was seen in 6 patients, in whom obstruction occurred at the interventricular foramen (2 patients) or the aqueduct (4 patients). Hydrodynamic disorders following venous outflow obstruction and venous congestion of the posterior fossa led to hydrocephalus in the remaining 2 patients. Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts were placed in 6 of 8 patients with a moderate to severe degree of hydrocephalus. Regression of hydrocephalus was noted in 4 patients, whereas in 2 the imaging findings were stable, 1 of whom had decreased hydrocephalus only after AVM size reduction. In 2 patients with mild hydrocephalus who were not treated with shunt insertion, 1 improved and 1 was clinically stable after AVM treatment.

Conclusions

The most common cause of hydrocephalus in unruptured brain AVMs is mechanical obstruction by the draining vein if it is located in a strategic position. Management should be aimed at treatment of the AVM; however, VP shunts may be necessary in acute and severe cases of hydrocephalus.
Does cost–benefit analysis or self‐control predict involvement in bullying behavior by male prisoners?
Authors: Archer John , Southall Natalie
Published: October 2008

The main aim of this study is to assess whether lack of self‐control or the perceived costs and benefits of aggression provide the better predictors of bullying behavior and victimization, and direct aggression perpetration, in a sample of 122 male British prisoners. We also assessed whether bullying was associated with height and weight. Zero‐order correlations showed that perceived benefits, self‐control, and perceived costs were most closely associated with perpetration of bullying, and that lack of self‐control was weakly associated with victimization. Height and weight were unrelated to bullying or victimization. In a standard regression analyses, perceived benefits was the strongest predictor of bullying perpetration, with lack of self‐control contributing further; all three variables made a significant contribution when direct aggression was the criterion. Mediation analysis showed that a combined cost–benefit measure partially mediated the association between self‐control and both bullying and direct aggression. The findings are discussed in relation to explanations of aggression based on impulse control or a cost–benefit analysis. Aggr. Behav. 35:31–40, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single Step Preparation of Novel Hydrophobic Composite Films for Low‐k Applications
Authors: Zhu Yongzhong , Müller Thomas E. , Lercher Johannes A.
Published: October 2008

Composite films with low dielectric constants (k) containing micro‐ and mesopores are synthesized from precursor solutions for the preparation of mesoporous silica and ethanolic suspensions of silicalite‐1 nanoparticles. The material contains silicalite‐1 nanoparticles (include nanocrystals and nanoslabs/intermediates) embedded in a randomly oriented matrix of highly porous mesoporous silica. Micropores result from the incorporated silicalite‐1 nanoparticles, while decomposition of the porogen F127 leads to additional mesopores. The porosity of the composite films increases from 9 to 60% with the increase in porogen loading, while in parallel the elastic modulus and hardness decrease. The elastic moduli of the films are in the range of 13–20 GPa. Hydrophobic surfaces of the composite films are obtained by introducing methyl triethoxysilane during the preparation of both precursor solutions, leading to the incorporation of CH3 groups in the final composite films. These methyl groups are stable up to at least 500 °C. A low k value of approximately 2 is observed for films cured at 400 °C in N2 flow, which is ideal for removing templates without decomposing methyl groups. Due to the intrinsic hydrophobicity of the material, post‐silylation is not required rendering the composite films attractive candidates for future low k materials.
Doped Conductive Polymers: Modeling of Polythiophene with Explicitly Used Counterions
Authors: Zamoshchik Natalia , Bendikov Michael
Published: October 2008

The effect of counterions on the properties and structure of conducting polymers was studied by using a series of Cl3− doped polythiophenes (PTs) as a case example. Hybrid density functional theory (DFT) with periodic boundary conditions (PBC) at the B3LYP/6–31G(d) level has been used. This is the first theoretical study of infinitely long doped PT using DFT with counterions explicitly taken into account. The balance between charge carrier states was addressed by studying the singlet and triplet state unit cells of differently doped PTs. The relative isomer energies, density of states diagrams, bond length alternation, and charge distribution patterns were analyzed. Interestingly, the position of the counterion is flexible over the polymer chain and the electronic structure of the polymer and, consequently, optical properties are sensitive to the position of the counterion. A bipolaron electronic configuration is preferred at high dopant concentrations (one dopant per six or less thiophene rings) while a polaron pairs configuration is preferred at low dopant concentrations (one dopant per ten or more thiophene rings) which is in line with many experimental observations.
Novel Rewritable, Non‐volatile Memory Devices Based on Thermally and Dimensionally Stable Polyimide Thin Films
Authors: Hahm Suk Gyu , Choi Seungchel , Hong Sang‐Hyun , Lee Taek Joon , Park Samdae , Kim Dong Min , Kwon Won‐Sang , Kim Kyungtae , Kim Ohyun , Ree Moonhor
Published: October 2008

Novel digital memory devices were fabricated with a thermally and dimensionally stable polyimide containing carbazole moieties in its side groups by using a simple and conventional solution coating process. The devices exhibit excellent unipolar ON and OFF switching behavior. With very low power consumption, the devices can be repeatedly written, read, and erased in air. The ON/OFF current ratio of the devices is high up to 1011. The high ON/OFF switching ratio and stability of the devices, as well as their repeatable writing, reading, and erasing capability with low power consumption, open up the possibility of the mass production of high performance non‐volatile memory devices at low cost.
Conduct disorder and ADHD: Evaluation of conduct problems as a categorical and quantitative trait in the international multicentre ADHD genetics study
Authors: Anney Richard J.L. , Lasky‐Su Jessica , Ó'Dúshláine Colm , Kenny Elaine , Neale Benjamin M. , Mulligan Aisling , Franke Barbara , Zhou Kaixin , Chen Wai , Christiansen Hanna , Arias‐Vásquez Alejandro , Banaschewski Tobias , Buitelaar Jan , Ebstein Richard , Miranda Ana , Mulas Fernando , Oades Robert D. , Roeyers Herbert , Rothenberger Aribert , Sergeant Joseph , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund , Steinhausen Hans , Asherson Philip , Faraone Stephen V. , Gill Michael
Published: October 2008

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is typically characterized by inattention, excessive motor activity, impulsivity, and distractibility. Individuals with ADHD have significant impairment in family and peer relations, academic functioning, and show high co‐morbidity with a wide range of psychiatric disorders including oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), anxiety disorder, depression, substance abuse, and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Family studies suggest that ADHD + CD represents a specific subtype of the ADHD disorder with familial risk factors only partly overlapping with those of ADHD alone. We performed a hypothesis‐free analysis of the GAIN–ADHD sample to identify markers and genes important in the development of conduct problems in a European cohort of individuals with ADHD. Using the Family‐Based Association Test (FBAT) package we examined three measures of conduct problems in 1,043,963 autosomal markers. This study is part of a series of exploratory analyses to identify candidate genes that may be important in ADHD and ADHD‐related traits, such as conduct problems. We did not find genome‐wide statistical significance (P < 5 × 10−7) for any of the tested markers and the three conduct problem traits. Fifty‐four markers reached strong GWA signals (P < 10−5). We discuss these findings in the context of putative candidate genes and the implications of these findings in the understanding of the etiology of ADHD + CD. We aimed to achieve insight into the genetic etiology of a trait using a hypothesis‐free study design and were able to identify a number of biologically interesting markers and genes for follow‐up studies. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wässrige Olefinmetathese
Authors: Burtscher Daniel , Grela Karol
Published: October 2008

Einer verbreiteten Meinung nach gelten Sauerstoff und Wasser als “natürliche Feinde” metallorganischer Reaktionen, die demzufolge strengstens aus den Reaktionssystemen auszuschließen sind. Dies ist begründet durch die hochreaktiven nucleophilen Metallalkylidene, die früher in der katalytischen Olefinmetathese verwendet wurden. Der hohen Stabilität der von Grubbs eingeführten Ruthenium‐Carben‐Komplexe ist es jedoch zu verdanken, dass Metathesen in Wasser inzwischen realisiert werden konnten.
Aqueous Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Burtscher Daniel , Grela Karol
Published: October 2008

According to popular belief, oxygen and water are the natural enemies of organometallic reactions and therefore must be excluded rigorously from the reaction vessel. This belief is founded in the case of the highly reactive nucleophilic metal alkylidene complexes that were used in early catalytic olefin metathesis. However, owing to the high stability of the ruthenium carbene complexes introduced by Grubbs, metathesis in water has become reality.
Evaluating anthropogenic threats to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Selkoe Kimberly A. , Halpern Benjamin S. , Toonen Robert J.
Published: October 2008

Every manager must assess and prioritize anthropogenic impacts on their management area from a long list of threats, but data which allow comparison of the relative ecological impacts of threats for decision‐making is often unavailable.

This study employed a systematic and standardized method to collect and quantitatively synthesize expert opinion on the ecological effects of anthropogenic threats to the world's largest marine protected area: the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (MNM) in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI).

In contrast to most threat ranking exercises, the method provides detail on the reasons behind a particular ranking of threats to an area and why the ranking may vary across the ecological landscape.

Survey results from 25 experts allowed the comparison of the vulnerability of eight NWHI ecozones to 24 anthropogenic threats in a quantitative manner.

Ecozones tended to have distinct top threats: sea‐level rise was identified as the top threat to rocky intertidal, beach and terrestrial ecozones; sea temperature rise was the top threat to the coral reef ecozones; bottom fishing was the top threat to the deep reef/bank ecozone; and pelagic fishing in the wider Pacific was the top threat to the pelagic ecozone owing to impacts on bird, turtle and fish fauna that forage outside the Papahānaumokuākea MNM boundaries.

Many of these top threats are difficult for local managers to control because they arise from activities outside the Papahānaumokuākea MNM boundaries, indicating that additional work is needed to preserve the NWHI despite its highly protected status. The analysis indicates where inter‐agency cooperation in removing and mitigating threats should be focused.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microanatomy of Human Left Ventricular Coronary Veins
Authors: Anderson Sara E. , Hill Alexander J. , Iaizzo Paul A.
Published: October 2008

We describe analyses of the microanatomy of major left ventricular veins, including their relationship to the myocardium. Immediately following fixation of six fresh human hearts, anterior interventricular veins (AIV), left marginal veins (LMV), posterior veins of the left ventricle (PVLV), and posterior interventricular veins (PIV) were sectioned in ∼5 mm intervals perpendicular to the veins' length from base to apex. Slides were prepared, digitized, and analyzed; measurements were made of each vein's wall thickness, circumference, distance between vein wall and myocardium, and distance between vein wall and closest artery. For analyses, based on the length of each vein, slides were grouped into three regions: basal (top third), mid (middle third), and apical (bottom third). Vein wall thicknesses and circumferences were significantly smaller (P < 0.05) in apical than basal regions in all veins. Vein wall thicknesses were significantly larger in the AIV and PIV than in the LMV and PVLV (P < 0.05). The AIV was significantly farther away (1.81–2.99 mm) from the myocardium than the other three veins (P < 0.05). Left ventricular venous microanatomy was quantified and analyzed. Variation in venous microanatomy, including distance between vein walls and excitable myocardium, could impact therapies involving the coronary venous system. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presence of the Maxillary Sinus in Fossil Colobinae (Cercopithecoides williamsi) from South Africa
Authors: Kuykendall Kevin L. , Rae Todd C.
Published: October 2008

Extant cercopithecoid monkeys, except macaques, are distinguished among primates by their lack of paranasal pneumatization, including the maxillary sinus (MS). Analysis of this structure, widespread among Eutheria, suggests that its loss occurred in the cercopithecoid common ancestor; thus, the presence of the MS in macaques is not strictly homologous to that in other primates. CT analysis of the fossil species Victoriapithecus macinnesi supports this view, demonstrating the lack of the MS in this stem cercopithecoid. Recent evidence, however, has documented the presence of the MS in extinct cercopithecoids from the late Miocene and Pliocene. This study reports on CT examination of two fossil crania attributed to Cercopithecoides williamsi from South Africa, dated in the range, 3.0–1.5 Ma. BF 42a is a complete cranium from Bolts Farm; MP113 is an intact facial skeleton, including the anterior cranial vault, from the Makapansgat Limeworks. Both demonstrate MS presence, unknown in extant colobines and unexpected in most cercopithecoid monkeys. The relative size of the MS of BF 42a is similar to that of extant tropical and subtropical macaques. The presence of sinuses in several extinct colobines suggests that our understanding of the evolutionary history of these primates, and of the MS, is incomplete, and that other fossil cercopithecoids should be examined for this feature. The developmental plasticity exhibited in this feature, indicated by multiple loss and reemergence, provides further evidence that paranasal pneumatization has undergone a complex history of suppression and expression. Anat Rec, 291:1499–1505, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Membrane Transformations in Degenerating Rodlet Cells in Fishes of Two Teleostean Families (Salmonidae, Cyprinidae)
Authors: Bielek Edith
Published: October 2008

Rodlet cells (RCs) of teleosts are identified by their fibrillar capsule and peculiar inclusions, the rodlets, consisting of a club‐like sac and a central dense core. Former ultrastructural studies showing signs of hypertrophy of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were followed up in Salmonids (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo trutta L.) and compared with Cyprinids (Cyprinus carpio L., Carassius auratus L., Alburnus alburnus). Focusing on membrane transformations, unusual undulations of the membranes of rodlet sacs and often apposed ER‐membranes, which were observed in mature or discharging cells, increased continuously in degenerating stages and ejected cytoplasmic packages or rodlets. Tubular elements (ø 25–30 nm or 30–50 nm) or small vesicles appeared partly derived from them. Terminal stages of this development were represented by RCs retained in the epithelium, which were completely filled by stacks of tubules and cores. Convoluted membranes were also found persisting between mostly undissolved rodlets at the epithelial surfaces. In Cyprinid species, the membrane changes were less conspicuous but essentially similar, including stages with confluent ER reported only in trout up to now. The membrane transformations resemble structures known as “crystalloid ER” indicating a disturbance in the protein production. The positive immunocytochemical reaction for calreticulin in the rodlet sacs, a luminal ER chaperone mediating recycling of misfolded proteins and upregulated during stress, supports this interpretation. The ER stress‐reaction is an evolutionary conservative cytoprotective mechanism during physiological, environmental, and genetic aberrations and fits the increase of RCs reported in quite different situations, although details of its triggering need further investigation. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.