bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and synthetic mechanism of Polylactic acid
Authors: Montané Xavier , Montornes Josep M. , Nogalska Adrianna , Olkiewicz Magdalena , Giamberini Marta , Garcia-Valls Ricard , Badia-Fabregat Marina , Jubany Irene , Tylkowski Bartosz
Published: May 2020

At present, Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most used biodegradable polyesters. The good properties and its biodegradability make that PLA can replace the fossil fuel derived polymers in different applications. PLA can be synthesized by using different methodologies. Among them, the most widely used forms on an industrial scale are the direct polycondensation of Lactic acid and the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic Lactide. The final properties of the obtained PLA are dependent on the used stereoisomers of the raw materials (Lactic acid and/or Lactide) and the conditions employed to polymerize them. Therefore, the comprehension of the synthetic mechanism of PLA is crucial to control the stereoregularity of PLA, which in turn results in an improvement of the polymer properties. So, distinct mechanisms for the synthesis of PLA by ring-opening polymerization using different catalysts systems (organometallic catalysts, cationic catalyst, organic catalyst, bifunctional catalysts) are examined in this review.
Diarylethene Dyes
Authors: Towns Andrew
Published: May 2020

This article introduces the general characteristics of the diarylethene class of photochromic dye and the structural features that make photochromism possible. It touches on the methodologies employed to synthesize these compounds as well as the influences that typical substitution patterns exert on photocoloration. A demonstration is then given of the great diversity pertaining to the potential applications in which researchers are seeking to exploit them as functional colorants.
Plasma soluble P-selectin correlates with triglycerides and nitrite in overweight/obese patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Bourassa Katelynn A. , Postolache Teodor T. , Dagdag Aline , Fuchs Dietmar , Okusaga Olaoluwa O.
Published: May 2020

Background: Soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) is associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) but this association has not been evaluated in patients with schizophrenia. This study primarily evaluated the association of sP-selectin with plasma lipids and nitrite (NO2-) respectively in overweight/obese adults with schizophrenia.

Methods: One-hundred and six patients with schizophrenia (mean age 32.9 years; 71.60% male) were recruited from a psychiatric hospital. Participants completed a structured interview and provided a fasting blood sample. Body mass index (BMI) was used to divide the sample into normal weight and overweight/obese groups. Pearson’s and partial correlation coefficients (controlling for age, sex, race, education, and inflammation) were calculated to examine the association of sP-selectin with plasma lipids, and NO2- in the overweight/obese patients (primary analysis), as well as in the normal weight patients and the total sample (exploratory analyses).

Results: After controlling for potential confounders, sP-selectin positively correlated with triglycerides (r = 0.38, p = 0.01) and NO2- (r = 0.40, p < 0.01) in the overweight/ obese group only.

Conclusions: Future longitudinal studies should evaluate the utility of sP-selectin as a biomarker of CVD in overweight/obese adults with schizophrenia (for example, by relating sP-selectin to incidence of cardiovascular events).
Identification tags for archival documents based on oxides of transition and inner transition metals – influence on paper supports
Authors: Krejčí Jan , Benetková Barbora , Drábková Klára , Ďurovič Michal
Published: May 2020

Theft of archival documents constitutes a serious problem for archives. A possible solution to this problem lies in labelling these documents with codes that are invisible to the naked eye. A possible method could involve use, e.g. of the oxides of lanthanum, dysprosium, samarium, gadolinium and niobium, which have good responses in the XRF spectrum and are normally not present in archival materials. This study is concerned with the impact of these oxides on the properties of lignocellulosic materials. The identification tags were printed on three different kinds of paper supports (Whatman No. 1 filter paper, paper according to ISO 9706 and sulphite pulp). The colour change, average degree of polymerisation, the pH values of an aqueous extract and selected mechanical properties after application of the tag and artificial ageing were studied on all the samples. The measurements showed that the studied oxides do not have a negative effect on the monitored properties of the paper supports and do not affect their long-term ageing behaviour.
Optimization of solar-driven systems for off-grid water nanofiltration and electrification
Authors: Mohammadi Fathabad Abolhassan , Yazzie Christopher B. , Cheng Jianqiang , Arnold Robert G.
Published: May 2020

The work described is motivated by an inability to extend central infrastructure for power and water to low-population-density areas of the Navajo Nation and elsewhere. It is estimated that 35% of the Navajo population haul water for household use, frequently from unregulated sources of poor initial quality. The proposed household-scale, solar-driven nanofiltration (NF) system designs are economically optimized to satisfy point-of-use water purification objectives. The systems also provide electrical energy for a degree of nighttime household illumination. Results support rational design of multiple-component purification systems consisting of solar panels, a high-pressure pump, NF membranes, battery storage and an electrical control unit subject to constraints on daily water treatment and excess energy generation. The results presented are conditional (based on initial water quality, membrane characteristics and geography) but can be adapted to satisfy alternative treatment objectives in alternate geographic, etc. settings. The unit costs of water and energy from an optimized system that provides 100 gpd (1 gallon is 3.78 L) and 2 kWh/day of excess electrical energy are estimated at $0.16 per 100 gallons of water treated and $0.26 per kWh of nighttime electrical energy delivered. Methods can be used to inform dispersed infrastructure design subject to alternate constraint sets in similarly remote areas.
Exploring the mechanisms of action of the antidepressant effect of the ketogenic diet
Authors: Ricci Alessandro , Idzikowski Maia A. , Soares Claudio N. , Brietzke Elisa
Published: May 2020

The ketogenic diet (KD) is characterized by a diet ratio of 4:1 fat to non-fat energy sources. For decades KD has been successfully used to control seizures in epilepsy patients. Investigations into its mechanism of action suggest that it may have an effect on the metabolic, nervous, immune, and digestive systems. In this review, we postulate that KD may also improve depressive symptoms – for that, we highlight the similarities between depression and epilepsy, describe the extent to which body systems involved in both conditions are affected by the KD, and ultimately hypothesize how KD could improve MDD outcomes. Research into animal models and human patients have reported that KD can increase mitochondrial biogenesis and increase cellular resistance to oxidative stress both at the mitochondrial and genetic levels. Its effect on neurotransmitters alters cell-to-cell communication in the brain and may decrease hyperexcitability by increasing Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and decreasing excitatory neurotransmitter levels. Its anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by decreasing chemo- and cytokine levels, including TNF-alpha and IL-1 levels. Finally, KD can alter gut microbiota (GM). Certain strains of microbiota predominate in major depressive disorder (MDD) when compared to healthy individuals. Recent evidence points to Bacteroidetes as a potential treatment predictor as it seems to increase in KD treatment responders for epilepsy. Each of these observations contributes to the presumed modulatory effects of KD on mood and supports its potential role as antidepressant.
Using maximum cross section method for filtering jump-diffusion random processes
Authors: Averina Tatyana A. , Rybakov Konstantin A.
Published: May 2020

The paper is focused on problem of filtering random processes in dynamical systems whose mathematical models are described by stochastic differential equations with a Poisson component. The solution of a filtering problem supposes simulation of trajectories of solutions to a stochastic differential equation. The trajectory modelling procedure includes simulation of a Poisson flow permitting application of the maximum cross section method and its modification.
The intonation of broad focus declaratives in Afro-Peruvian Spanish: Findings from two elicitation tasks
Authors: Fenton Elyssa , Bustin Amy , Muntendam Antje
Published: May 2020

This paper examines the intonation of broad focus declaratives in the Afro-Peruvian Spanish spoken in Chincha, based on two elicitation tasks. The objectives were to investigate the intonation of Afro-Peruvian Spanish broad focus declaratives, as compared to non-Afro-Peruvian Spanish, and to compare the findings across genders and age groups.

The data came from a Story Builder Action Cards task and a Frog Story task. The participants were thirteen Afro-Peruvians (seven female; 21–54 years), who were divided in two age groups. For comparison, data were collected from three speakers who did not identify as Afro-Peruvian. The data were analyzed inPraat, following Spanish ToBI. Specifically, pitch accents in prenuclear and nuclear positions, and intermediate and final boundary tones were analyzed.

The results showed a lack of downstepping in prenuclear and nuclear positions, early-aligned peaks in prenuclear position, a high frequency of falling tones, high and rising boundary tones, and circumflex contours. These characteristics were found in males and females, and younger and older speakers, suggesting that the characteristics of Afro-Peruvian Spanish intonation are not limited to elderly male speakers as suggested in previous research. Interestingly, circumflex contours were especially frequent in younger males, possibly as a marker of their identity.
Application of the theory of limit analysis for the study of the behavior of the ground anchor in homogeneous soil
Authors: Mekki Feriel , Meksaouine Mohamed
Published: May 2020

Ground anchors are devices used in many types of structures (on shore and offshore constructions); they can be oriented at different inclinations. Their roles are to resist tensile forces, stabilize and restrain the movement of engineered structure. The objective of this study is to propose a model which represents the mechanism of rupture of homogeneous soil (granular medium) around a single inclined ground anchor when it is tensioned and the determination of the collapse load thanks of the theory of limit analysis based on the kinematic approach in the case of criterion of Mohr-Coulomb taking into account of the mobilization of the soil in abutment in reaction to the loading.
Assessment of ecological stability of the built environment in relation to sustainable construction
Authors: Junakova Natalia , Junak Jozef , Šelingova Eva
Published: May 2020

When placing buildings in a landscape environment, the urban and architectural design of the building must be in harmony with the surrounding environment. The environmental criterion in assessing the sustainability of buildings and the subsequent environmental certification of buildings is the construction site selection in terms of its ecological importance. The way to determine the ecological value of a territory is through the determination of the landscape’s ecological stability, which can be considered as a basis for assessing all conditions and assumptions of land use. Maintaining ecological stability on Earth is a prerequisite for sustainable development and is of long-term strategic importance for the development of society.

The contribution is focused on the evaluation of ecological stability in relation to sustainable construction in the cadastral area of the village Vajkovce, located in the district of Košice-okolie (surrounding). The ecological stability of the territory is evaluated by several methods used in the assessment of the landscape ecological stability and their modifications expressed by the coefficient of ecological stability. The results indicate that the territory of the municipality of Vajkovce is one of the ecologically unstable areas and therefore appropriate measures were proposed to increase its ecological stability.
Continuous-time limits of multi-period cost-of-capital margins
Authors: Engsner Hampus , Lindskog Filip
Published: May 2020

We consider multi-period cost-of-capital valuation of a liability cash flow subject to repeated capital requirements that are partly financed by capital injections from capital providers with limited liability.
Limited liability means that, in any given period, the capital provider is not liable for further payment in the event that the capital provided at the beginning of the period turns out to be insufficient to cover both the current-period payments and the updated value of the remaining cash flow.
The liability cash flow is modeled as a continuous-time stochastic process on

[
0
,
T
]

{[0,T]}

.
The multi-period structure is given by a partition of

[
0
,
T
]

{[0,T]}

into subintervals, and on the corresponding finite set of times, a discrete-time cost-of-capital-margin process is defined.
Our main objective is the analysis of existence and properties of continuous-time limits of discrete-time cost-of-capital-margin processes corresponding to a sequence of partitions whose meshes tend to zero.
Moreover, we provide explicit expressions for the limit processes when cash flows are given by Itô diffusions and processes with independent increments.
Relative clauses in Agul from a corpus-based perspective
Authors: Maisak Timur
Published: May 2020

This paper gives an account of participial clauses in Agul (Lezgic, Nakh-Daghestanian), based on a sample of 858 headed noun-modifying clauses taken from two text corpora, one spoken and one written. Noun-modifying clauses in Agul do not show syntactic restrictions on what can be relativized, and hence they instantiate the type known as GNMCCs, or general noun-modifying clause constructions. As the text counts show, intransitive verbs are more frequent than transitives and experiencer verbs in participial clauses, and among intransitive verbs, locative statives with the roots ‘be’ and ‘stay, remain’ account for half of all the uses. The asymmetry between the different relativization targets is also significant. Among the core arguments, the intransitive subject (S) is the most frequent target, patient (P) occupies second place, and agent (A) is comparatively rare. The preference of S and, in general, of S and P over A also holds true for most other Nakh-Daghestanian languages for which comparable counts are available. At the same time, Agul stands apart from the other languages by its high ratio of non-core relativization which accounts for 42% of all participial clauses. Addressee, arguments and adjuncts encoded with a locative case, as well as more generalplaceandtimerelativizations show especially high frequency, outnumbering such arguments as experiencers, recipients, and predicative and adnominal possessors. Possible reasons for the high ratio of non-argument relativization are discussed in the paper.
Legal constraints and judicial discretion in sentencing practice: Appraisal analysis of the sentencing remarks for Terri Palmer
Authors: Dai Xin
Published: May 2020

In the sentencing of murder cases in England and Wales, it is required by law that judges must take into consideration the factors listed in sentencing laws and guidelines (henceforth statutory factors). However, judges also have the discretion to include factors that are not listed in such laws or guidelines (henceforth non-statutory factors). This paper explores judges’ positioning towards legal constraints and judicial discretion in sentencing by applying the Appraisal framework to analyse statutory and non-statutory factors in the sentencing remarks for a randomly selected murder case. The major analytical findings are that, with regard to statutory factors, attitudes are implicit and are mainly presented through heteroglossia, while, with regard to non-statutory factors, attitudes are explicit and are mainly presented through monoglossia. These different appraisal features of statutory and non-statutory factors reflect the constraints of sentencing laws and guidelines on the judge’s sentencing practice, and the judge’s full play of judicial discretion in the sentencing of this case. It is expected that findings of this study could add to current understanding of sentencing practice, while its analytical procedure could facilitate appraisal analysis of more sentencing remarks, which would, in turn, complement socio-legal studies on sentencing practice.
“To have or not to have a boyfriend?” Large identities in small stories
Authors: Saloustrou Vasiliki
Published: May 2020

In this paper, I draw on recent work on small stories that has been proposed as a counter-move to the dominant paradigm of big stories. Small stories are fragmented, heavily co-authored and open-ended tellings, and have proved a prime site for the joint drafting of identity positions in concrete interactional sites. The context in which the use of small stories is examined in this study is a group of three 20-year-old Greek women, who portray themselves as best friends. This friendship group was studied ethnographically in Syros (Greece) between 2014 and 2015, and data collection involved 10 hours of audio-recorded conversations, as well as field-notes. For the analysis of the participants’ small stories, this paper draws on positioning analysis and conversation analysis vis-à-vis small stories research as a framework to study identities-in-interaction. In particular, it employs the model of positioning in the fine-grained micro-analysis of a co-authored ‘small story’ about relationships with men. It demonstrates how the deferrals of telling and the refusals to tell are as integral a part of the analysis as the actual telling, since they allow us insights into the teller’s contradictory views about big issues and large identities. Moreover, the findings show how the teller manages the participation framework in cases of narrating difficult topics and ambivalent identities.
Numerical Investigation on the Cold Flow Field of a Typical Cavity-based Scramjet Combustor with Double Ramp Entry
Authors: Periyasamy S. , Ragul S. , Sundararaj K. , Premkumar P. S.
Published: May 2020

The effects of back pressure and cavity L/D ratio on the shock wave structure in the cold flow field of a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor with combined inlet and isolator is investigated numerically in the selected scramjet models. The scramjet with a throat ratio of TR 0.0 and cavity L/D 6.04 was analyzed. To perform such analysis, steady, 2-D RANS was used with SST k-ω. From the analysis, the value of static pressure along the cowl surface, contours of Mach number and pressure were obtained. The scramjet was modeled with different TR 0.1, 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3 with the same cavity L/D 6.04 and different cavity L/D 4.04, 9.04 and 12.04 with the same TR 0.25. All the models were analyzed with the same inlet conditions and the results were obtained. From the analysis, it was observed that the increase in back pressure moves the shock train towards the inlet of the isolator which leads to ‘engine unstart’ after the throat ratio of TR 0.1. Also, it is observed that there is an optimal L/D ratio of the cavity L/D 9.04 which restricts the propagation of high-pressure waves obtained in the combustor.
Neuroprotective mechanisms of erythropoietin in a rat stroke model
Authors: Juenemann Martin , Braun Tobias , Schleicher Nadine , Yeniguen Mesut , Schramm Patrick , Gerriets Tibo , Ritschel Nouha , Bachmann Georg , Obert Martin , Schoenburg Markus , Kaps Manfred , Tschernatsch Marlene
Published: May 2020

Objective

This study was designed to investigate the indirect neuroprotective properties of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) pretreatment in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).

Methods

One hundred and ten male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups receiving either 5,000 IU/kg rhEPO intravenously or saline 15 minutes prior to MCAO and bilateral craniectomy or sham craniectomy. Bilateral craniectomy aimed at elimination of the space-consuming effect of postischemic edema. Diagnostic workup included neurological examination, assessment of infarct size and cerebral edema by magnetic resonance imaging, wet–dry technique, and quantification of hemispheric and local cerebral blood flow (CBF) by flat-panel volumetric computed tomography.

Results

In the absence of craniectomy, EPO pretreatment led to a significant reduction in infarct volume (34.83 ± 9.84% vs. 25.28 ± 7.03%; p = 0.022) and midline shift (0.114 ± 0.023 cm vs. 0.083 ± 0.027 cm; p = 0.013). We observed a significant increase in regional CBF in cortical areas of the ischemic infarct (72.29 ± 24.00% vs. 105.53 ± 33.10%; p = 0.043) but not the whole hemispheres. Infarct size-independent parameters could not demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in cerebral edema with EPO treatment.

Conclusions

Single-dose pretreatment with rhEPO 5,000 IU/kg significantly reduces ischemic lesion volume and increases local CBF in penumbral areas of ischemia 24 h after transient MCAO in rats. Data suggest indirect neuroprotection from edema and the resultant pressure-reducing and blood flow-increasing effects mediated by EPO.
miR-142-3p suppresses apoptosis in spinal cord-injured rats
Authors: Zheng Jun , Kuang Jing , Zhang Xianyu , Luo Daya , Liao Weijing
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to abnormal expression of miRs, leading to secondary responses such as oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. In the present work, we screened the miRs involved and the associated pathway.

Methods

In a rat model of SCI, the microarray analysis for expression of miRs at various time points post-SCI was done. The locomotor analysis was done by Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan score, and Cresyl violet staining was done for lesion volume and TUNEL assay was done for apoptosis in neuronal cells. The expression of apoptotic proteins was done by the western blot study.

Results

It was evidenced that the expression of the number of miRs was altered on the 14th day post-SCI, and miR-142-3p was found to be the most significantly suppressed miR. The results suggested that overexpression of miR-142-3p by its agomir-attenuated functional recovery decreased lesion size and apoptosis of neuronal cells in rats subjected to SCI. The luciferase assay indicated that miR-142-3p blocked the levels of Bax, which is a significant activator of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (MAP) via targeting the 3′UTR region of BV-2 cells, and in addition, pc-DNA-Bax restored Bax and inhibited the correcting role of miR-142-3p in hydrogen peroxide-treated BV-2 cells. The findings suggested that miR-142-3p may inhibit the MAP by inhibiting the expression of cleaved-caspase-3/-9 and Bax in SCI rats.

Conclusion

This study concludes that miR-142-3p may attenuate the functional recovery and decrease apoptosis in neuronal cells via inhibiting the MAP in the spinal cord-injured rats, confirming miR-142-3p as a potential therapeutic target in treating SCI.
On the Justifications of Contemporary Global Justice Theories
Authors: Zhehan Li
Published: May 2020

Contemporary global justice theories could be introduced and reduced to three kinds: the deontological approach, the theory of obligation, and the theory of self-interest. Our analysis finds that only the theory of obligation and the theory of self-interest provide strong enough justifications for developed states and their people to assist underdeveloped states and their people. However, the theory of obligation requires some special preconditions, and the theory of self-interest cannot proceed in the name of justice, so we conclude that contemporary global justice theories are not tenable.
Political Reconciliation in Light of Global Injustices
Authors: Hahn Henning
Published: May 2020

This article applies the idea of political reconciliation (and with it the rationale of restorative justice) to current debates on global injustices. My underlying thesis is that the idea of reconciliation fits better to the nonideal circumstances of global exploitation and domination. Originally, political reconciliation defines a transitional process from a state of severe injustice to a state of renewed social peace and cooperation under conditions of serious disagreement and in the absence of a well-ordered social structure. What the theory of political reconciliation has to add to nonideal theorizing is that political stability and unity (both domestically and globally) are to be based on a societal healing process that depends on institutional measures of trust-building, truth telling and forgiveness.
The Openness of Life-world and the Intercultural Polylogue
Authors: Jun Wang
Published: May 2020

The phenomenological conception of “life-world” lays the theoretical foundation for the openness of the world. The founding relationship between the individual and the world, the interactive relationship among different cultural worlds on the intersubjective level, the free nature of truth and its presence in the open world, the “ek-sistent” characteristics of the human-being, the structural constitution of the life-world – all these topics demonstrate the open nature of the world in a phenomenological way. Based on these ideas, “reflective judgment” as “phronesis” and “fear” as ethic sentiment based on family experience become the practical stance, which is consistent with the “life-world” conception of phenomenology; the characteristics of publicness and intersubjectivity of the open world are thus maintained. In the face of the multicultural world, this attitude presents as a brand-new practice of intercultural philosophy, which is different from the centralism found under the framework of monism and the comparative philosophy under the framework of dualism. Such a practice of intercultural philosophy is “polylog”, i.e. based on the principles of difference and equality and searching for the “overlapping consensus” in full multi-participatory discussion. Through polylog, a harmonious life of human community is constructed. This paper attempts to derive a set of practical principles for maintaining the openness of the world and intercultural polylog in the era of globalization from the theoretical view of the phenomenological life-world.
Compulsive Growth and the Dynamics of “Perverted Progress”
Authors: Markow Jekaterina
Published: May 2020

This text offers a critique of a certain development in political discourses on progress, namely the “decoupling” of notions of moral from notions of technological progress. This decoupling yields fatal social, economic and ecologic consequences in practice that ultimately amount to a virtual perversion of progress. The second part of the paper reflects upon the psychosocial drivers of this dynamic. I venture that the only motive that may explain why we reproduce this dynamic even as we increasingly suffer from its consequences is a compulsive avoidance of limitation, i.e. non-satisfaction of needs. Finally, I offer some tentative suggestions as to what a mature approach towards limitation would entail.
Subjekt und Person: Zwei Selbst-Bilder des modernen Menschen in kulturübergreifender Perspektive
Authors: Tze-wan Kwan
Published: May 2020

Die beiden Begriffe „Subjekt“ und „Person“ repräsentieren zwei verschiedene Weisen, wie der abendländische Mensch zum Verständnis seines eigenen „Selbst“ gelangt. Während „Subjekt“ auf eine Selbstzentrierung hindrängt, bedeutet „Person“ von Anfang an eine „selbst-lose“ Einfühlung in den Anderen. Nach der Explikation dieser beiden Schlüsselbegriffe sollen einige weiterführende Reflexionen auf das Problem des „Selbst“ aus der Sicht der chinesischen Philosophie sichtbar machen, wie das Problem von einer post-europäischen Perspektive aus betrachtet werden kann.
Bahnhof und Dom in Köln
Authors: Auffarth Christoph
Published: May 2020

Durch Aufklärung und Französische Revolution angestoßen, suchte der Umbruch in die Moderne des 19. Jahrhunderts nach einem neuen Verständnis von Sakralität und überlieferten Religionen. Kunstreligion und Nationalreligion sind Formen. Sie können als Widerspruch zu Religion dienen, aber häufiger werden sie integriert. Am Fall der Vollendung des Kölner Doms als Akteur einermaterial religionin der Nachbarschaft mit anderen nicht-sakralen Gebäuden (hier der Bahnhof und die Brücke) nimmt der Aufsatz Konzepte desspatial turnauf. Für eine vollständige Analyse der Konfiguration ist aber die Wahrnehmung (Aisthesis/Synästhetik, hier in der Bewegung der Eisenbahnfahrt und des Übergangs am Bahnhof) und Deutungshoheit der Akteure in einer kolonialen Konfiguration unabdingbar: die Religionsästhetik als verknüpfende Methode (A. Grieser).
Sequenzanalytische Bildhermeneutik und religionswissenschaftliche Atmosphärenforschung
Authors: Radermacher Martin
Published: May 2020

Sowohl in religiöser als auch in analytischer Sprache wird der Begriff „Atmosphäre“ regelmäßig verwendet, ohne bisher jedoch systematische Aufmerksamkeit seitens der Forschung zu erfahren. Dennoch ist die Religionswissenschaft inzwischen vorbereitet auf eine Diskussion und Entwicklung dieses Konzeptes, hat sie doch in verschiedenen Perspektivenwechseln der letzten Jahrzehnte wesentliche Aspekte dessen erforscht, was Atmosphären ausmacht. Dieser Beitrag schlägt einen methodischen Baustein vor, der eine Dimension von Atmosphären – nämlich das sozialräumliche Arrangement selbst – zu untersuchen vermag. Dieser sequenzanalytisch orientierte Baustein wird beispielhaft auf einen konkreten, fotografisch protokollierten Fall angewendet, ohne damit die Notwendigkeit weiterer methodischer Verfahren in Frage zu stellen.
The politicization of research methods, illustrated in the case of plant closures
Authors: Weller Sally A.
Published: May 2020

This paper contributes to building better methods in economic geography by examining the coevolution of theory, methodology, and should read methodology, and the practice of research methods with the policy context. The paper suggests that debates about how economic geography defines its theoretical and methodological boundaries have not been sufficiently cognizant of the effects of policy engagement. It posits that the politicized contemporary context is aligning research practices to policy constituencies, reshaping research questions, altering the criteria of research validity, increasing the division between qualitative and quantitative approaches, and solidifying divisions between different sub-branches of the discipline. This process is illustrated by way of a genealogy of studies of plant closures. The conclusion links these changes to questions about the future of the discipline.
Heuristische Textpraktiken in den Wissenschaften
Authors: Bender Michael , Müller Marcus
Published: May 2020

This article contains a comparative study of heuristic textual practices in various scientific disciplines. By this we mean formulation practices with which new knowledge is generated in institutionally influenced routines and connected to existing knowledge, e. g. ‚highlighting the relevance of a research topic‘, ‚defining a concept‘ or ‚supporting a statement argumentatively‘.

The aim is to find out to what extent such textual practices occur in different scientific disciplines, how they are distributed and combined. Furthermore, we study the effects domain-specific contexts have on heuristic textual practices. The data basis of our study is a corpus of 65 dissertations from the 13 different faculties of the TU Darmstadt. In the pilot study we report here, we examined the introductory chapters of the dissertations. Methodologically, it is an annotation study: Based on the current state of research on the subject, we have derived a basic annotation scheme, which we have developed and refined in a collaborative process of guideline creation. Our study affiliates on socio-pragmatic research on text production and formulation routines in the sciences. It is theoretically informed by the philosophy of science research on heuristics, methodically we make a contribution to the scientific debate on collaborative annotation procedures.
Synthesis and crystal structures of two layered Cu(I) and Ag(I) iodidometalates
Authors: Dehnhardt Natalie , Berthold Chantsalmaa , Dollberg Kevin , Tambornino Frank , Heine Johanna
Published: May 2020

Cu(I) and Ag(I) iodidometalates have been investigated for both their rich structural chemistry, as well as for useful properties like luminescence. Here, we present the synthesis and crystal structure of (BzA)[MI2] · 0.5 H2O (BzA = benzylammonium; M=Cu (1), Ag (2)). The two compounds are isostructural and show a previously unknown layered anion motif that can be described as a 44 net constructed via corner-sharing of M2I6 subunits, built from two edge-sharing MI4 tetrahedra.
Alkaline earth metal ordering in CaCu9Mg2 and SrCu9Mg2
Authors: Reimann Maximilian K. , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: May 2020

The copper-rich intermetallic compounds CaCu9Mg2 and SrCu9Mg2 were synthesized by induction melting of the elements and subsequent annealing in a muffle furnace. CaCu9Mg2 and SrCu9Mg2 crystallize with the TbCu9Mg2 type structure, space group P 63/mmc, which is a ternary ordered variant of CeNi3. The polycrystalline samples were characterized through their X-ray powder patterns. The CaCu9Mg2 structure was refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. a = 504.13(9), c = 1622.5(3) pm, wR2 = 0.0635, 302 F2 values and 19 variables. The two striking coordination polyhedra in the CaCu9Mg2 structure are Ca@Cu18Mg2 and Mg@Cu12Mg3Ca. These polyhedra condense to layers which are stacked in ABA′B′ sequence. The X-ray data give no hint for Ca/Mg mixing.
Selected applications of typicality to real-time dynamics of quantum many-body systems
Authors: Heitmann Tjark , Richter Jonas , Schubert Dennis , Steinigeweg Robin
Published: May 2020

Loosely speaking, the concept of quantum typicality refers to the fact that a single pure state can imitate the full statistical ensemble. This fact has given rise to a rather simple but remarkably useful numerical approach to simulate the dynamics of quantum many-body systems, called dynamical quantum typicality (DQT). In this paper, we give a brief overview of selected applications of DQT, where particular emphasis is given to questions on transport and thermalization in low-dimensional lattice systems like chains or ladders of interacting spins or fermions. For these systems, we discuss that DQT provides an efficient means to obtain time-dependent equilibrium correlation functions for comparatively large Hilbert-space dimensions and long time scales, allowing the quantitative extraction of transport coefficients within the framework of, e. g., linear response theory (LRT). Furthermore, it is discussed that DQT can also be used to study the far-from-equilibrium dynamics resulting from sudden quench scenarios, where the initial state is a thermal Gibbs state of the pre-quench Hamiltonian. Eventually, we summarize a few combinations of DQT with other approaches such as numerical linked cluster expansions or projection operator techniques. In this way, we demonstrate the versatility of DQT.
Diterpenoid and phenolic contents of Sideritis hololeuca Boiss & Heldr. Apud Bentham with antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity
Authors: Carikci Sema , Goren Ahmet C. , Kilic Turgut
Published: May 2020

The objective of this study is to determine essential oil, diterpenoid and phenolic contents of Sideritis hololeuca along with their biological activities. Phytol was found to be the main component of the essential oil. Seven known kaurane diterpenoids, siderol (140 mg, 0.16%, w/w), 7-acetoxy sideroxol (15 mg, 0.02%, w/w), eubol (6 mg, 0.01%, w/w), eubotriol (5 mg, 0.03%, w/w), 7-epicandicandiol (3 mg, 0.02%, w/w), ent-7α-acetoxy-18-hydroxykaur-16-ene (5 mg, 0.01%, w/w) and linearol [by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)] were determined from the species. Moreover, vanillin (21 mg, 0.10%, w/w), which was not isolated from any Sideritis species earlier, was isolated from an acetone extract of S. hololeuca. Quantitative amounts of some phenolic compounds in n-hexane, dichloromethane, acetone, methanol extracts and infusion and decoction of the plants were also investigated by LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant capacity and acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase inhibition effects of the species were evaluated. The extracts of methanol and infusion and decoction of species showed moderate butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activity. The highest inhibition was observed from the decoction of species. The Cu2+ reducing power of infusion was determined as 1.435 mmol TR g−1.
Catalytic Behavior of Molybdenum Sulfide for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction as a Function of Crystallinity and Particle Size Using Carbon Multiwall Nanotubes as Substrates
Authors: Stellmach Diana , Xi Fanxing , Bloeck Ulrike , Bogdanoff Peter , Fiechter Sebastian
Published: May 2020

Molybdenum sulfide is of interest as a noble metal-free catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In crystallized form, it shows a typical stacking of planar S–Mo–S layers whereas the catalytically active centers are situated on the edges of these entities characterized by non-saturated bonds of the molybdenum atoms. In this study, 2H-MoS2 is investigated as HER catalyst as a function of particle size using powder electrodes of different grain sizes and morphology. HER was also determined as a function of growth defects (bending of layers) and as a function of active sites employing MoS2 nanoparticles (NP). To study the influence of the substrate on the perfection of the transition metal disulfide, MoS2 nanosheets were deposited on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) of different diameters. Highest activity was found for MoS2 nanosheets deposited on MWCNTs with a diameter smaller than 8 nm. At diameters larger than 10 nm, a wrapping of the nanotubes by partially bended stacks of S–Mo–S layers occurs, while at diameters smaller than 10 nm, individual MoS2 nanosheets of 3–5 S–Mo–S stacks of 3–4 nm in height and 10–20 nm in lateral extension surround the carbon nanotubes in form of hexagonal cylinders. The ratio of catalytically active non-van-der-Waals and hexagonal basal planes was determined electrochemically by electro-oxidation and correlated with HER activity.
Time-Resolved Measurements and Master Equation Modelling of the Unimolecular Decomposition of CH3OCH2
Authors: Eskola Arrke J. , Blitz Mark A. , Pilling Michael J. , Seakins Paul W. , Shannon Robin J.
Published: May 2020

The rate coefficient for the unimolecular decomposition of CH3OCH2, k
1, has been measured in time-resolved experiments by monitoring the HCHO product. CH3OCH2 was rapidly and cleanly generated by 248 nm excimer photolysis of oxalyl chloride, (ClCO)2, in an excess of CH3OCH3, and an excimer pumped dye laser tuned to 353.16 nm was used to probe HCHO via laser induced fluorescence. k
1(T,p) was measured over the ranges: 573–673 K and 0.1–4.3 × 1018 molecule cm−3 with a helium bath gas. In addition, some experiments were carried out with nitrogen as the bath gas. Ab initio calculations on CH3OCH2 decomposition were carried out and a transition-state for decomposition to CH3 and H2CO was identified. This information was used in a master equation rate calculation, using the MESMER code, where the zero-point-energy corrected barrier to reaction, ΔE
0,1, and the energy transfer parameters, ⟨ΔEdown⟩ × T
n, were the adjusted parameters to best fit the experimental data, with helium as the buffer gas. The data were combined with earlier measurements by Loucks and Laidler (Can J. Chem.
1967, 45, 2767), with dimethyl ether as the third body, reinterpreted using current literature for the rate coefficient for recombination of CH3OCH2. This analysis returned ΔE
0,1 = (112.3 ± 0.6) kJ mol−1, and leads to

k
1
∞

(
T
)

=

2.9
×

10
12

$k_{1}^{\infty}(T)=2.9\times{10^{12}}$

(T/300)2.5 exp(−106.8 kJ mol−1/RT). Using this model, limited experiments with nitrogen as the bath gas allowed N2 energy transfer parameters to be identified and then further MESMER simulations were carried out, where N2 was the buffer gas, to generate k
1(T,p) over a wide range of conditions: 300–1000 K and N2 = 1012–1025 molecule cm−3. The resulting k
1(T,p) has been parameterized using a Troe-expression, so that they can be readily be incorporated into combustion models. In addition, k
1(T,p) has been parametrized using PLOG for the buffer gases, He, CH3OCH3 and N2.
Modelle der konfessionellen Kooperation an Schulen und Hochschulen in Deutschland. Eine Bestandsaufnahme im Horizont einer gesamttheologisch verantworteten Religionslehrerinnen- und Religionslehrerbildung
Authors: Simojoki Henrik , Lindner Konstantin
Published: May 2020

Konfessionelle Kooperation im Religionsunterricht wird in Deutschland immer relevanter. In verschiedenen Bundesländern finden sich gegenwärtig unterschiedliche Umsetzungen dieser Kooperation, die von einer intensiven Zusammenarbeit evangelischer und katholischer Religionslehrkräfte bis zu einem Religionsunterricht in gemischt-konfessionellen Lerngruppen, den eine Lehrkraft allein verantwortet, reichen. Ein fachlich und didaktisch verantworteter konfessionell-kooperativer Religionsunterricht, der den unterschiedlichen Umsetzungsvarianten gerecht wird, bedarf entsprechend professionalisierter Religionslehrerinnen und Religionslehrer. Beide Aspekte – die unterschiedlichen Manifestationen konfessioneller Kooperation und die damit einhergehenden Erfordernisse an die Religionslehrerinnen- und Religionslehrerbildung – werden in vorliegendem Beitrag konturiert. Ein Überblick über existierende Formate einer kooperativ angelegten universitären Religionslehrkräftebildung und ein abschließendes Plädoyer für deren ökumenische Profilierung runden die Ausführungen ab.
Konfessionelle Kooperation in der Religionslehrerinnen- und -lehrerbildung – Plausibilität, Chancen und Grenzen in ökumenischer Perspektive
Authors: Hailer Martin
Published: May 2020

Konfessionell-kooperativer Religionsunterricht ist für die Systematische Theologie in ökumenischer Verantwortung genau dann verheißungsvoll, wenn er nicht als Sparmodell begriffen wird, sondern es zu echter Kooperation kommt, die in Vorgänge der wechselseitigen Anerkennung mündet. Der Beitrag umreißt die dafür nötigen Mindestbedingungen und weist auf religionspädagogische Konsequenzen hin.
Konfessionelle Kooperation in der Religionslehrerinnen- und -lehrerbildung – Möglichkeiten, Chancen und Grenzen an Studienstandorten ohne Kooperationspartner vor Ort
Authors: Schröder Bernd , Woppowa Jan
Published: May 2020

Der Beitrag sichtet und systematisiert institutionelle Voraussetzungen und mögliche Konstellationen einer konfessionell-kooperativen Ausrichtung der Religionslehrerinnen- und Religionslehrerbildung im Studium. Besonderes Augenmerk legt er auf Studienstandorte ohne lokalen Kooperationspartner. Für solche Studienstandorte werden verschiedene Möglichkeiten skizziert, trotz dieser widrigen Voraussetzungen konfessionell-kooperative Lehr-Lern-Settings zu implementieren. Ein Format zum konfessionell-kooperativen Lehren und Lernen im universitären Kontext, das die Autoren erprobt haben, wird exemplarisch vorgestellt.
How Likely is That Chance of Thunderstorms? A Study of How National Weather Service Forecast Offices Use Words of Estimative Probability and What They Mean to the Public
Authors: Lenhardt Emily D. , Cross Rachel N. , Krocak Makenzie J. , Ripberger Joseph T. , Ernst Sean R. , Silva Carol L. , Jenkins Hank C.
Published: May 2020

One of the challenges when communicating forecast information to the public is properly contextualizing uncertainty. No forecast is ever certain, as no meteorological phenomenon is guaranteed to occur. As such, the uncertainty in forecast information should be communicated in a way that makes sense to end users. Previous studies of the communication of probabilistic information suggest that, although the general public are more apt to communicate uncertainty with words of estimative probability (WEPs), they prefer to receive uncertainty information numerically. Other work has suggested that a combination of numbers and WEPs is the best method for communicating probability, but fewer research studies have assessed the communication and interpretation of probabilistic meteorological information. In this study, we code 8900 tweets from the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Offices (WFOs) and analyze them to find how forecasters communicate probabilistic forecast information to the public via Twitter. This analysis reveals that WFO messaging is dominated by WEPs, with few numerical descriptions of probability. These WEPs are generally vague, unqualified notions of probability that may impede the public’s ability to interpret the information that forecasters are trying to communicate. Based on this analysis, two publicly fielded surveys also are analyzed in order to understand how participants tend to interpret the most common qualified and unqualified WEPs that WFOs used on Twitter. Though participants generally interpret qualified WEPs more consistently than unqualified WEPs, both categories featured a wide range of interpretations that suggest both types of WEPs are vaguely defined for the general public.
Verteilung der Aufsichtskompetenzen in der Bankenunion
Authors: Tröger Tobias , Tönningsen Gerrit
Published: May 2020

Mit der Errichtung des Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) hat der europäische Gesetzbgeber die Aufsichtslandschaft der Eurozone umgewälzt und prudentielle Verantwortlichkeiten bei der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB) konzentriert. Die fundamentale kompetenzielle Neuordnung wirft ebenso grundsätzliche wie praxisrelevante Fragen zur effizienten Verteilung aufsichtlicher Zuständigkeiten im europäischen Mehrebenensystem auf. Diesen geht der vorliegende Beitrag aus Anlass des L-Bank Verfahrens vor den Unionsgerichten nach. Ziel ist dabei nicht nur, das Urteil kritisch zu würdigen, sondern auch einen über den konkreten Einzelfall hinausweisenden, normativen Leitstern für die Kompetenzabgrenzung zwischen EZB und nationalen Aufsichtsbehörden zu entwickeln.