bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CCL2/MCP-1 controls parasite burden, cell infiltration, and mononuclear activation during acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection
Authors: Paiva Cláudia N , Figueiredo Rodrigo T , Kroll-Palhares Karina , Silva Andrea A , Silvério Jaline C , Gibaldi Daniel , Pyrrho Alexandre dos S , Benjamim Claudia F , Lannes-Vieira Joseli , Bozza Marcelo T
Published: July 2009

CCL2 controls heart inflammation and parasite burden in Trypanosoma cruzi infection through cell recruitment and activation.

CCL2/MCP-1 has emerged recently as a critical factor in infectious and autoimmune myocarditis. In fact, this chemokine is produced in great amounts in hearts from Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice and is known to enhance parasite uptake and destruction by macrophages. Herein, we studied the involvement of CCL2 in tissue inflammation and resistance to T. cruzi. Infected CCL2−/− mice developed higher parasitemias and died earlier than WT mice. Close to their death, T. cruzi-infected CCL2−/− presented greater amounts of TNF, IFN-γ, and IL-10 in plasma than WTs and clinical signs of systemic inflammatory response. Amastigote nests were more frequent in hearts and livers from infected CCL2−/− tissues than in WTs, and reduced numbers of leukocytes infiltrated their tissues. Leukocytes formed diffuse but not focal infiltrates in hearts from infected CCL2−/− mice, and perivascular cuffs could still be found in their livers. Infected CCL2−/− mice had smaller percentages of activated CD11b (Mac-1)+CD107b (Mac-3)+ macrophages and CD8+CD69hi cells among heart and liver infiltrates than WTs (flow cytometry), indicating that CCL2 controls subset migration/activation. CCL2 accumulated among focal heart infiltrates, suggesting that this chemokine is involved in retention of mononuclear cells in particular spots. Peritoneal macrophages from CCL2−/− mice displayed decreased trypanocidal activity. Our results demonstrate that CCL2 contributes to reduce parasite growth and indicate that it does so by controlling the distribution, cellular composition, and state of activation of inflammatory infiltrates in acute T. cruzi infection.
HIV-1 Nef-mediated inhibition of T cell migration and its molecular determinants
Authors: Park In-Woo , He Johnny J
Published: July 2009

HIV-1 Nef inhibited transwell and transendothelial migration of T cells toward SDF-1α.

Lymphocyte trafficking is a multistep, intricate process and involves a number of host factors such as integrins and chemokine receptors on lymphocytes, adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, and chemokines present in the local microenvironment. Previous studies have shown that HIV-1 Nef inhibits T cell chemotaxis in response to the physiological ligand SDF-1α [1]. In this study, we aimed to gain a better understanding of the inhibitory mechanisms and to define the molecular determinants of HIV-1 Nef for this phenotype. We showed that HIV-1 Nef inhibited transwell and transendothelial migration of T cells. Specifically, HIV-1 Nef protein impaired T cell chemotaxis toward SDF-1α without altering CXCR4 expression. Moreover, we showed that HIV-1 Nef protein down-modulated LFA-1 expression on T lymphocytes and diminished adhesion and polarization of T lymphocytes and as a result, led to decreased migration across the endothelium. Furthermore, we showed that the myristoylation site and ΔSD domain played important roles in Nef-mediated inhibition of transwell and transendothelial migration and polarization of T lymphocytes; however, different sites or domains were needed for Nef-mediated LFA-1 down-modulation and impaired adhesion of T lymphocyte. Taken together, these results demonstrated that HIV-1 Nef inhibited T lymphocyte migration at multiple steps and suggest that membrane localization and intracellular signaling events likely contribute to the inhibitory effects of Nef on T cell migration and subsequently, the pathobiology of the HIV-1 Nef protein.
Regulation of dendritic cell survival and cytokine production by osteoprotegerin
Authors: Chino Takahiro , Draves Kevin E , Clark Edward A
Published: July 2009

Osteoprotegerin regulates not only DC survival but also the nature of DC-dependent inflammatory responses.

The TNF family ligand, RANKL, and its two TNFR family receptors, RANK and OPG, enable coordinated regulation between the skeletal and immune systems. Relatively little is known about how OPG influences RANKL-RANK interactions for the regulation of DCs. Here, we show that OPG KO bone marrow-derived DCs survive better and produce more TNF-α, IL-12p40, and IL-23 in response to Escherichia coli LPS than WT DCs. RANKL is induced on DCs within 24 h after LPS stimulation. OPG limits RANKL-RANK interactions between DCs, which can promote DC survival and elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Survival of and cytokine production by OPG KO DCs are inhibited by soluble OPG; conversely, anti-OPG enhances survival and cytokine production by WT DCs. Bim KO DCs, like OPG KO, also survive longer and produce more TNF-α than WT DCs; however, unlike OPG KO, Bim KO DCs do not produce more IL-23. In addition, after inoculation with LPS, OPG KO mice produce more TNF-α and IL-12p40 than WT mice but not more IL-6. Thus, OPG regulates not only DC survival but also the nature of DC-dependent inflammatory responses.
Neurog2 is a direct downstream target of the Ptf1a-Rbpj transcription complex in dorsal spinal cord
Authors: Henke R. Michael , Savage Trisha K. , Meredith David M. , Glasgow Stacey M. , Hori Kei , Dumas Judy , MacDonald Raymond J. , Johnson Jane E.
Published: July 2009

PTF1-J is a trimeric transcription factor complex essential for generating the correct balance of GABAergic and glutamatergic interneurons in multiple regions of the nervous system, including the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and the cerebellum. Although the components of PTF1-J have been identified as the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factor Ptf1a, its heterodimeric E-protein partner, and Rbpj, no neural targets are known for this transcription factor complex. Here we identify the neuronal differentiation gene Neurog2(Ngn2, Math4A, neurogenin 2) as a direct target of PTF1-J. A Neurog2 dorsal neural tube enhancer localized 3′ of the Neurog2 coding sequence was identified that requires a PTF1-J binding site for dorsal activity in mouse and chick neural tube. Gain and loss of Ptf1a function in vivo demonstrate its role in Neurog2 enhancer activity. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation from neural tube tissue demonstrates that Ptf1a is bound to the Neurog2 enhancer. Thus, Neurog2 expression is directly regulated by the PTF1-J complex,identifying Neurog2 as the first neural target of Ptf1a and revealing a bHLH transcription factor cascade functioning in the specification of GABAergic neurons in the dorsal spinal cord and cerebellum.
A deficiency of cholesteryl ester transfer protein whose serum remnant-like particle-triglyceride significantly increased, but serum remnant-like particle-cholesterol did not after an oral fat load
Authors: Ai Masumi , Tanaka Akira , Shimokado Kentaro , Ohtani Rumiko , Inazu Akihiro , Kobayashi Junji , Mabuchi Hiroshi , Nakano Takamitsu , Nakajima Katsuyuki
Published: July 2009

Background

We found a unique cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) deficient case with markedly elevated serum triglyceride (TG) as well as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Most of the CETP deficiency cases were reported to have normal or reduced serum TG with elevated HDL-C.

Methods

The case subject was a 40-year-old male with a compound heterozygous CETP deficiency. Two heterozygous CETP deficient cases and 10 normal volunteers were also recruited as controls. They underwent an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) and their blood was taken at fasting and during the OFTT to be used for laboratory tests.

Results

The case subject had apolipoprotein E (apo-E) phenotype 4/2 with fatty liver but without any cardiovascular disease. His serum TG, HDL-C, apo-AI and apo-B48 levels were significantly higher, but the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was lower than controls. Although post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase (both mass and activity) were nearly normal, the serum level of angiopoietin-like-protein-3 was extremely elevated. While his serum remnant-like particles-TG (RLP-TG) and total TG levels significantly increased after a fat load, the RLP-cholesterol (RLP-C) level did not increase during OFTT.

Conclusions

The case subject was different from the common CETP deficient cases reported previously. Also, the results indicated that the metabolic pathways of RLP-C and RLP-TG formation in the postprandial state are controlled independently in CETP deficient cases. CETP deficiency itself may not be atherogenic, while one with elevated RLPs may be atherogenic. These cases may have raised the controversy of whether CETP deficiency is atherogenic or not.
Pruning Moves
Authors: Fischetti Matteo , Salvagnin Domenico
Published: July 2009

The concept of dominance among nodes of a branch-and-bound tree, although known for a long time, is typically not exploited by general-purpose mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) codes. The starting point of our work was the general-purpose dominance procedure proposed in the 1980s by Fischetti and Toth, where the dominance test at a given node of the branch-and-bound tree consists of the (possibly heuristic) solution of a restricted MILP only involving the fixed variables. Both theoretical and practical issues concerning this procedure are analyzed, and important improvements are proposed. In particular, we use the dominance test not only to fathom the current node of the tree, but also to derive variable configurations called “nogoods” and, more generally, “improving moves.” These latter configurations, which we rename “pruning moves” so as to stress their use in a node-fathoming context, are used during the enumeration to fathom large sets of dominated solutions in a computationally effective way. Computational results on a testbed of MILP instances whose structure is amenable to dominance are reported, showing that the proposed method can lead to a considerable speedup when embedded in a commercial MILP solver.
Dynamic Control of N-Systems with Many Servers: Asymptotic Optimality of a Static Priority Policy in Heavy Traffic
Authors: Tezcan Tolga , Dai J. G.
Published: July 2009

We consider a class of parallel server systems that are known as N-systems. In an N-system, there are two customer classes that are catered by servers in two pools. Servers in one of the pools are cross-trained and can serve customers from both classes, whereas all of the servers in the other pool can serve only one of the customer classes. A customer reneges from his queue if his waiting time in the queue exceeds his patience. Our objective is to minimize the total cost that includes a linear holding cost and a reneging cost. We prove that, when the service speed is pool dependent, but not class dependent, a cμ-type greedy policy is asymptotically optimal in many-server heavy traffic.
Resource and Revenue Management in Nonprofit Operations
Authors: de Véricourt Francis , Lobo Miguel Sousa
Published: July 2009

Nonprofit firms sometimes engage in for-profit activities for the purpose of generating revenue to subsidize their mission activities. The organization is then confronted with a consumption versus investment trade-off, where investment corresponds to providing capacity for revenue customers, and consumption corresponds to serving mission customers. Exemplary of this approach are the Aravind Eye Hospitals in India, where profitable paying hospitals are used to subsidize care at free hospitals. We model this problem as a multiperiod stochastic dynamic program. In each period, the organization must decide how much of the current assets should be invested in revenue-customer service capacity, and at what price the service should be sold. We provide sufficient conditions under which the optimal capacity and pricing decisions are of threshold type. Similar results are derived when the selling price is fixed, but the banking of assets from one period to the next is allowed. We compare the performance of the optimal threshold policy with heuristics that may be more appealing to managers of nonprofit organizations, and we assess the value of banking and of dynamic pricing through numerical experiments.
Combinatorial Benders Cuts for the Minimum Tollbooth Problem
Authors: Bai Lihui , Rubin Paul A.
Published: July 2009

We address a toll pricing problem in which the objective is to minimize the number of required toll facilities in a transportation network while inducing drivers to make the most efficient collective use of the network. We formulate the problem as a mixed-integer programming model and propose a solution method using combinatorial Benders cuts. Computational study of real networks as well as randomly generated networks indicates that our proposed method is efficient in obtaining provably optimal solutions for networks with small to medium sizes.
Sexual Assault Prevention for Women With Intellectual Disabilities: A Critical Review of the Evidence
Authors: Barger Erin , Wacker Julia , Macy Rebecca , Parish Susan
Published: July 2009

Although research has indicated that women with intellectual disabilities are significantly burdened with sexual violence, there is a dearth of sexual assault prevention research for them. To help address this serious knowledge gap, the authors summarize the findings of general sexual assault prevention research and discuss its implications for women with intellectual disabilities. Next, the authors evaluate interventions published in both the peer-reviewed and non–peer-reviewed literature from a comprehensive search of the scientific literature as well as from recommendations made by disability and sexual assault service providers in the United States. The results of this comprehensive literature review found 4 sexual violence prevention programs that were designed for participants with intellectual disabilities and that had undergone some type of evaluation. Each program and its evaluation are critically and systematically reviewed. Based on the authors' review of these programs as well as the wider literature, they conclude with recommendations and discuss the work that remains to decrease the incidence of sexual violence against women with intellectual disabilities.
Older and Younger Family Caregivers of Adults With Intellectual Disability: Factors Associated With Future Plans
Authors: Chou Yueh-Ching , Lee Yue-Chune , Lin Li-Chan , Kröger Teppo , Chang Ai-Ning
Published: July 2009

A structured interview survey was conducted in a major city in Taiwan to explore and compare older and younger family primary caregivers' well being and their future caregiving plans for these adults with intellectual disability. The sample size was 315 caregivers who were 55 years or older and who cared for adults with intellectual disability and 472 similar caregivers who were under 55 years of age. The results indicated that the older caregivers compared with younger ones reported a lower quality of life, less family support, a more negative perception of having a family member with intellectual disability, and greater worries about the future care arrangements of the adult with intellectual disability. Statistical analysis showed that predisposing, enabling, and need factors influenced the caregivers' future caregiving options.
Cognitive Coping Strategies and Stress in Parents of Children With Down Syndrome: A Prospective Study
Authors: van der Veek Shelley M. C. , Kraaij Vivian , Garnefski Nadia
Published: July 2009

The purpose of this study was to explore the cross-sectional and prospective relationships between cognitive coping strategies and parental stress in parents of children with Down syndrome. A total of 621 participants filled out questionnaires, including the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire to measure cognitive coping and the Nijmeegse Ouderlijke Stress Index—Korte Versie (A. J. L. L. De Brock, A. A. Vermulst, J. R. M. Gerris, & R. R. Abidin, 1992) to measure parental stress. After 8 months, stress was measured again. Cross-sectionally, using acceptance, rumination, positive refocusing, refocusing on planning, and catastrophizing to a greater extent was related to more stress, whereas using positive reappraisal more often was related to less stress. Prospectively, acceptance and catastrophizing were related to more stress, whereas positive reappraisal was related to less stress. Implications for future research and prevention and intervention activities are discussed.
The Last Performance [dot org]: an impossible collaboration
Authors: Wilsmore Robert
Published: July 2009

As the Chicago based performance group Goat Island draw twenty years of beginnings to a close, they open up a myriad of lenses for reflection on, and continuation of, their work through the website project The Last Performance [dot org]. Group and non-group members (friends, audiences)
build this collaborative writing project by contributing lenses that respond to the constraints set out by the group.

Focusing on the lenses in the dome at the centre of this project, this article explores the stylistic conventions of contributions, perceptions of authenticity, the promise
of community, the impossibility of ending and reasons for ceasing to begin.
Glossing Speakers, or bookmaking for amateurs
Authors: Leahy Mark
Published: July 2009

Speakers: Performance, Photography and the Loud Page is a book made by the performance company These Horses (Emma Bennett, Lucy Cran, Bill Leslie) in collaboration with photographer Anne Tetzlaff, published in 2007 by Bonfire Books as the first in a series of book projects by
artists working in the field of performance and time-based media. My article takes the form of an illustrated glossing of this book, proposing the book as performance, as a site, as a labour of love. The article engages with discussions around the definition of artist's book and bookworks,
and with questions of reading and reader-response criticism. While avoiding defining an artist's book, in the same gesture the article situates Speakers in relation to works by Ed Ruscha, Bernhard and Hilla Becher, and John Baldessari. The form of the glossary considers particular uses
of words in These Horses' text, and plays with the cross-referencing and recurrence of terms through the book. The book is placed in a discursive and critical context, while remaining open to different disciplines and conventions of engagement.
GHOSTWRITING FOR PERFORMANCE: Third Angel's The Lad Lit Project
Authors: Kelly Alexander
Published: July 2009

Exploring the research, devising and writing processes of Third Angel's theatre piece The Lad Lit Project: a one-man show, devised and written by over 40 people. I asked men, What would you call the chapters in the unwritten book of your life story? My friend Annie says, What
I like about it most is that I can see the ghosts of the other men on stage the men who aren't in it.

Recently I've been thinking about The Lad Lit Project as an act of ghostwriting. The Lad Lit Project isn't verbatim theatre. I retell other men's stories in my own words,
to my own ends; casting the audience as the protagonist. They combine to create an (auto)biography made up of chapters from many men's lives; an overall narrative of life experiences that speaks to me. That speaks, I think, for me, somehow. I tell their stories, as your stories, in
order to tell my own.
Specific induction of migration and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma cells by RhoC, which differs from RhoA in its localisation and activity
Authors: Dietrich Karin-Almut , Schwarz Rene , Liska Martina , Graß Stefanie , Menke Andre , Meister Michael , Kierschke Gesa , Längle Claudia , Genze Felicitas , Giehl Klaudia
Published: July 2009

RhoA and RhoC are highly related Rho GTPases, but differentially control cellular behaviour. We combined molecular, cellular, and biochemical experiments to characterise differences between these highly similar GTPases. Our findings demonstrate that enhanced expression of RhoC results in a striking increase in the migration and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma cells, whereas forced expression of RhoA decreases these actions. These isoform-specific functions correlate with differences in the cellular activity of RhoA and RhoC in human cells, with RhoC being more active than RhoA in activity assays and serum-response factor-dependent gene transcription. Subcellular localisation studies revealed that RhoC is predominantly localised in the membrane-containing fraction, whereas RhoA is mainly localised in the cytoplasmic fraction. These differences are not mediated by a different interaction with RhoGDIs. In vitro GTP/GDP binding analyses demonstrate different affinity of RhoC for GTP[S] and faster intrinsic and guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF)-stimulated GDP/GTP exchange rates compared to RhoA. Moreover, the catalytic domains of SopE and Dbs are efficacious GEFs for RhoC. mRNA expression of RhoC is markedly enhanced in advanced pancreatic cancer stages, and thus the differences discovered between RhoA and RhoC might provide explanations for their different influences on cell migration and tumour invasion.
Autoregulatory control of the p53 response by Siah-1L-mediated HIPK2 degradation
Authors: Calzado Marco A. , de la Vega Laureano , Muñoz Eduardo , Schmitz M. Lienhard
Published: July 2009

The different activities of the tumor suppressor p53 are tightly regulated by various negative and positive feedback loops, which allow accurate control of its function. Here we show that the p53-inducible ubiquitin E3 ligase Siah-1L can bind to the p53 phosphorylating kinase HIPK2 and thus allows its ubiquitination and proteasomal elimination. Siah-1L also eliminates the HIPK family member HIPK3, indicating that its activity is not restricted to one member of the HIPK family. The stimulating effect of HIPK2 on p53-triggered transcription is counteracted by Siah-1L, thus showing the occurrence of another negative feedback loop controlling the p53 response.
Structural analysis of the choline-binding protein ChoX in a semi-closed and ligand-free conformation
Authors: Oswald Christine , Smits Sander H.J. , Höing Marina , Bremer Erhard , Schmitt Lutz
Published: July 2009

The periplasmic ligand-binding protein ChoX is part of the ABC transport system ChoVWX that imports choline as a nutrient into the soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. We have recently reported the crystal structures of ChoX in complex with its ligands choline and acetylcholine and the structure of a fully closed but substrate-free state of ChoX. This latter structure revealed an architecture of the ligand-binding site that is superimposable to the closed, ligand-bound form of ChoX. We report here the crystal structure of ChoX in an unusual, ligand-free conformation that represents a semi-closed form of ChoX. The analysis revealed a subdomain movement in the N-lobe of ChoX. Comparison with the two well-characterized substrate binding proteins, MBP and HisJ, suggests the presence of a similar subdomain in these proteins.
Cellular plasticity of the pancreas
Authors: Baeyens Luc , Bouwens Luc
Published: July 2009

Cell replacement therapy holds promises for treatment of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. When determining the appropriate strategies to amplify the amount of transplantable β-cells, sufficient knowledge of the developmental programs regulating β-cell differentiation is crucial. Here, we describe the plasticity of the different pancreatic cell typesin vivoandin vitroand their potential to serve as β-cell progenitor.
Hepatic differentiation of pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Loya Komal , Eggenschwiler Reto , Ko Kinarm , Sgodda Malte , André Francoise , Bleidißel Martina , Schöler Hans R. , Cantz Tobias
Published: July 2009

In regenerative medicine pluripotent stem cells are considered to be a valuable self-renewing source for therapeutic cell transplantations, given that a functional organ-specific phenotype can be acquired by in vitro differentiation protocols. Furthermore, derivatives of pluripotent stem cells that mimic fetal progenitor stages could serve as an important tool to analyze organ development with in vitro approaches. Because of ethical issues regarding the generation of human embryonic stem (ES) cells, other sources for pluripotent stem cells are intensively studied. Like in less developed vertebrates, pluripotent stem cells can be generated from the female germline even in mammals, via parthenogenetic activation of oocytes. Recently, testis-derived pluripotent stem cells were derived from the male germline. Therefore, we compared two different hepatic differentiation approaches and analyzed the generation of definitive endoderm progenitor cells and their further maturation into a hepatic phenotype using murine parthenogenetic ES cells, germline-derived pluripotent stem cells, and ES cells. Applying quantitative RT-PCR, both germline-derived pluripotent cell lines show similar differentiation capabilities as normal murine ES cells and can be considered an alternative source for pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine.
Extrapositionen mit es im gesprochenen Deutsch
Authors: Günthner Susanne
Published: July 2009

Based on a corpus of conversational German, I will show that the standard view of extrapositions with es (‘it’) as bi–clausal sentence patterns cannot be supported by actual data from spoken interactions.

In spoken interactions, speakers make use of extrapositions with es as bipartite constructions, with the first part (“segment A”) functioning as a projector phrase, anticipating and framing the upcoming utterance (“segment B”). Segment A has a relatively fixed structure; it is sedimented as an evaluative, epistemic or evidential framing device, primarily serving pragmatic functions in projecting ‘more to come’. Segment B can take various forms in spoken interactions, depending on interactional contingencies. Instead of a simple clause, segment B generally extends over several turn construction units as well as prosodic units.

Furthermore, everyday uses of it-extrapositions in German show striking parallels to related constructions, such as “es ist so” (‘it is such’) patterns as well as “ADJ, dass” (‘ADJ, that’) patterns (“klar, dass er es schafft!” ‘obvious, that he'll make it!’). These also consist of a projective evaluative, epistemic or evidential phrase, framing a (mostly) complex discourse segment.

The analysis will show how a grammatical construction changes its nature when it is examined from the perspective of everyday usage in spoken interaction.
Sprachvariation im 18. Jahrhundert. Die Briefe der Familie Mozart Teil I
Authors: Reiffenstein Ingo
Published: July 2009

In the second half of the eighteenth century, a far-reaching change took place in the language of Southern Germany and Austria. This change from the traditional baroque Upper German written language [oberdeutsche Schreibsprache] to modern High German occurred not only in the language of printing, but also in private letters. One result of this transition is a broad variety of linguistic forms. The extensive correspondence between members of the Mozart family (father, mother, daughter, son) is an extremely useful object for the investigation of this language variation.

After a series of introductory sections, the usage of written language by the different members of the family will be analyzed in part one of this paper. The range of variety reaches from Leopold Mozart's modern, educated German to the traditional, partly colloquial language of Mozart's mother. A separate chapter deals with W. A. Mozart's creative use of language (and varieties), his fancy for artificial jokes und word play [Sprachspiele]. Part two deals with the question of what we can learn from the written language of the letters about how the Mozarts spoke with each other and with other members of their society.
Valenztheorie und Konstruktionsgrammatik
Authors: Welke Klaus
Published: July 2009

In a lexeme based syntactic theory (e. g., valency theory) fusion of constructions and heads (e. g., verbs) is licensed by the head of the construction. In construction grammar fusion is regarded as a process from the perspective of the construction. An important argument for this view is the existence of constructions that are not licensed by the lexical entry of the verb. Types of constructions motivating this approach are constructions with free datives in German and resultative constructions (constructions with directives or predicatives). The occurrence of this kind of constructions demands an expansion and a revision of current assumptions in valency theory and lexeme based theories in general. (1) It is necessary to add processes of coercion by means of pragmatic implicatures. (2) These coercions take place on the basis of existing constructional patterns built with verbs already fitting these constructions. (3) The non-licensed free datives, directives, and object predicatives are arguments. As arguments they are not captured by the valency criteria of complements versus adjuncts (arguments versus modifiers). The widespread postulate of invariance has to be abandoned in favour of a dynamic kind of prototypicality.
Die Konzeptualisierung des Sprachraums als Teil des regionalsprachlichen Wissens
Authors: Lameli Alfred
Published: July 2009

This study deals with the conceptualization of language distribution in space. Based on an examination of two generations, parallels and differences in the localization of active knowledge become apparent. Further, parallels and differences in the localization of speech samples are also demonstrated. The results show not only that 16-year-old pupils possess distinctive knowledge about language in space, but also that the conceptualization of dialects may dependent on specific stimuli. Obviously, knowledge about dialects is connected to individual experience. But at the same time it is indicated that the media, widely held responsible for the disappearance of dialects, have, at least in part, generated new regional knowledge.
Using X-Ray Absorption to Assess Moisture Movement in Cement-Based Materials
Authors: Sant Gaurav , Weiss Jason
Published: July 2009

This paper discusses the use of x-ray absorption as a technique for measuring fluid transport in cementitious systems. First, the paper describes how a material’s x-ray attenuation spectrum can be combined with composite modeling concepts to determine the extent of moisture movement (wetting or drying) that can be measured in cementitious systems. Second, the paper discusses the influence of beam power (voltage and current) and camera integration time on the variation in the measured x-ray intensity. Third, the paper discusses two devices for measuring the transmitted x-ray intensity (camera and detector) to describe differences in their measurements and resolution. Finally, a demonstration is provided to show how x-ray absorption can be used to detect moisture ingress and determine the transport properties of the material under evaluation.
Adiabatic Compression Testing—Part II: Background and Approach to Estimating Severity of Test Methodology
Authors: Newton Barry E. , Chiffoleau Gwenael J. A. , Steinberg Ted , Binder Christian
Published: July 2009

Adiabatic compression testing of components in gaseous oxygen is a test method that is utilized worldwide and is commonly required to qualify a component for ignition tolerance under its intended service. This testing is required by many industry standards organizations and government agencies; however, a thorough evaluation of the test parameters and test system influences on the thermal energy produced during the test has not yet been performed. This paper presents a background for adiabatic compression testing and discusses an approach to estimating potential differences in the thermal profiles produced by different test laboratories. A “thermal profile test fixture” (TPTF) is described that is capable of measuring and characterizing the thermal energy for a typical pressure shock by any test system. The test systems at Wendell Hull and Associates, Inc., in the United States and at the BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing in Germany are compared in this manner and some of the data obtained are presented. The paper also introduces a new way of comparing the test method to idealized processes to perform system-by-system comparisons. Thus, the paper introduces an “idealized severity index” (ISI) of the thermal energy to characterize a rapid pressure surge. From the TPTF data a “test severity index” can also be calculated so that the thermal energies developed by different test systems can be compared to each other and to the ISI for the equivalent isentropic process. Finally, a “service severity index” is introduced to characterize the thermal energy of actual service conditions. This paper is the second in a series of publications planned on the subject of adiabatic compression testing.
Chapter 4: Simulated Distillation Measurement
Authors: Workman D. Susan
Published: July 2009

DISTILLATION IS THE MOST WIDELY USED SEPARAtion process in the petroleum industry. Knowledge of the boiling range of crude oils, refined fractions, and finished products has been an essential part of quality determination since the beginning of the refining industry. Routine laboratory scale physical distillation tests have been extensively used for determining the boiling ranges of crude feedstocks, distillation fractions, and a complete slate of refinery products (ASTM methods D86, D1160, D2892, and D5236) [1–4]. An alternative to physical distillation or true boiling point distillation is simulated distillation by gas chromatography. Eggerston et al. first described simulated distillation in 1960 [5]. Simulated distillation (SD) is equivalent to a 100 theoretical-plate physical distillation, is very rapid, reproducible, and easily automated, requires only a small microlitre sample volume, and can better define initial and final boiling points. Boiling range distribution data are used to evaluate new crude oils, to confirm crude quality, to monitor crude quality during transportation, and to provide information for the optimization of refinery processes. The ability to quickly and reliably evaluate crude oils and fractions has important economic implications. The full development of simulated distillation methods as routine procedures has had a significant impact on the ability to determine boiling point information for crude oils and petroleum products.
Chapter 5: Vapor Pressure Measurement
Authors: Montemayor Rey G.
Published: July 2009

ANOTHER PROPERTY CHARACTERISTIC OF PETRO leum products that is closely associated with distillation parameters is vapor pressure. More often than not, the performance of various petroleum products, especially those used in transportation fuel applications, are very much dependent on synergistic parameters involving distillation and vapor pressure data. As mentioned in Chapter 1, the measurement of vapor pressure characteristics of petroleum products began with ASTM D323-30T “Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Natural Gasoline (Reid Method)” [1]. This test method has withstood the test of time and exists today essentially as the same test method originally published as a tentative method 75 years ago. Various test methods for measuring vapor pressure have come into use within the petroleum industry since that time. In 1991, a number of automatic test methods for vapor pressure measurement have gained approval in the industry, and technological advances in automatic vapor pressure measurements have dominated the market place, especially with the stringent requirements of regulations to protect the environment. This chapter will discuss the relevant details of the latest versions of the various vapor pressure measurement test methods currently available and in use in the petroleum industry. Details that would serve to provide a better understanding or clarification of the test methods will be discussed.
Chapter 8: Distillation and Vapor Pressure Data in Spark-Ignition Fuels
Authors: Bonazza B. R. , Gibbs L. M.
Published: July 2009

THE VOLATILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF A SPARKignition engine fuel are of prime importance to the driveability of vehicles under all conditions encountered in normal service. The large variations in operating conditions and wide ranges of atmospheric temperatures and pressures impose many requirements on a fuel if it is to give satisfactory vehicle performance. Fuels that vaporize too readily in pumps, fuel lines, carburetors, or fuel injectors will cause decreased fuel flow to the engine, resulting in hard starting, rough engine operation, or stoppage (vapor lock). Under certain atmospheric conditions, fuels that vaporize too readily can also cause ice formation in the throat of a carburetor, resulting in rough idle and stalling. This problem occurs primarily in older vehicles. Conversely, fuels that do not vaporize readily enough may cause hard starting and poor warm-up driveability and acceleration. These low-volatility fuels may also cause an unequal distribution of fuel to the individual cylinders in vehicles with carburetors or throttle body fuel injection systems. Similar problems would not be expected in vehicles with port fuel injection systems. The volatility of automotive spark-ignition engine fuel must be carefully “balanced” to provide the optimum compromise among performance features that depend upon the vaporization behavior. Superior performance in one respect may give serious trouble in another. Therefore, volatility characteristics of automotive fuel must be adjusted for seasonal variations in atmospheric temperatures and geographical variations in altitude. ASTM D4814-04b, “Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel,” defines the volatility requirements for gasolines sold in the United States. Volatility of fuels is varied for seasonal climatic changes and for conformance to U.S. EPA volatility regulations by providing six vapor pressure/distillation classes and six vapor lock protection classes for fuel [1,2]. The four common volatility properties, i.e., vapor pressure, distillation, driveability index,and vapor-liquid ratio at temperature or vapor lock index, are described below. The effect of these volatility parameters on the performance of the vehicle is also discussed.
Chapter 10: Distillation and Vapor Pressure in Aviation Fuels
Authors: Strauss Kurt H.
Published: July 2009

HISTORY—UNTIL THE START OF WORLD WAR II, there were as many as 12 grades of aviation gasoline on the market, including three military and a number of proprietary specifications. However, distillation characteristics differed only slightly between the various grades, the main differences being in the octane requirements. To meet new performance requirements and to rationalize supplies during WW II, a single set of distillation requirements was adopted by the military specification AN-F-28, later MIL-G-5572. These same requirements were accepted for civil fuels in D910 in 1945 and are listed in Table 1. They have remained unchanged until the present. Because aviation gasoline is in very limited use in the U.S. military, Specification MIL-G-5572 was dropped in March 1988 and any military purchases of aviation gasoline are to specification D910. Performance—Aviation gasoline volatility is controlled by a combination of distillation and vapor pressure limits. (Vapor pressure limits are discussed later on in this chapter.) Because of the extreme operating requirements of aviation gasoline, the volatility range has to allow for fuel evaporation, i.e., engine starting, at very low temperatures, but at the same time protect against vapor lock at elevated fuel system temperatures as well as help prevent carburetor icing at low temperatures. Additional limitations can be placed on the fuel by high altitude conditions where very low ambient pressures in unpressurized aircraft tankage could lead to high evaporation losses. Because of major differences in the performance of specific engines and aircraft, an aircraft designer is forced to adjust the design to accommodate existing fuel specifications. Any new aircraft/engine system has to be tested over a wide range of operating conditions to assure safe operation. Ultimately, the combination of fuel volatility and specific aircraft/engine designs becomes a rather inflexible operating system with little permissible variability. To simplify world-wide usage, other international specifications have incorporated the same volatility limits. As in automotive engines, the front end distillation limits define the evaporability of the gasoline, with lower distillation limits representing more volatile fuel. However, because the same distillation limits apply to systems ranging from simple carburetors to complex injection systems in supercharged engines, clear-cut relationships between front end volatility and aircraft performance exist only for specific systems and do not apply across the aircraft/engine spectrum.
Introduction
Authors: Woods K. B.
Published: July 2009

This Symposium on Mineral Aggregates is devoted to presentation and discussion of a group of papers dealing with the distribution, characteristics, and uses of mineral aggregates. The papers in this symposium are written primarily for that group of individuals interested in the characteristics and uses of mineral aggregates who normally are not intimately connected with the aspects of research and testing. For purposes of the symposium, mineral aggregate may be defined as “Mineral Aggregate—An aggregation of sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, or other material of mineral composition, used in combination with a binding medium to form bituminous and portland-cement concrete, macadam, mastic, mortar, plaster, etc., or alone as in railroad ballast, filter beds and various manufacturing processes, such as fluxing, etc.” It is to be noted that the concept embodied in the use of the term “aggregate” as presented in this definition is much more inclusive than that of either of the present A.S.T.M. definitions. The enormous demand during and following the recent World War for mineral aggregates as a material of construction has focused attention on the need for complete and up-to-date general knowledge of the characteristics of these materials. In 1929 a committee, advisory to the Society's Committee on Papers and Publications, under the chairmanship of Mr. R. W. Crum, developed a Symposium on Mineral Aggregates. The supply of copies of the Symposium has been exhausted for several years. In addition, the Administrative Committee on Papers and Publications of the Society has felt that in view of the time that has elapsed since the presentation of the original Symposium on Mineral Aggregates, a new one would appear to be in order. Accordingly, in 1941 a small committee was appointed to develop this symposium. The recent World War interrupted the program and it was not until 1946 that a new committee was formed consisting of the following personnel: B. A. Anderton, E. W. Bauman, R. F. Blanks, Shreve Clark, R. W. Crum, Roy Gilbert (Secretary ex-officio), A. T. Goldbeck, Fred Hubbard, D. E. Parsons, Stanton Walker, and K. B. Woods (Chairman). The committee has met four times for the purpose of developing subject content. Although the papers represent the individual views of the authors, an important task of the committee has been that of reviewing the many papers included in the symposium. Even though the scope of this symposium is enlarged considerably over that presented in 1929, there are many subjects which have been touched upon only lightly. In contrast, many of the papers contain extensive bibliographies. Historical background has been presented where it is indicated that this phase of the subject is important in evaluating current practices. The papers may be grouped into six general categories including: (1) Distribution, Processing, and Sampling; (2) Tests and Mineralogical Characteristics; (3) Aggregates for Portland-Cement Concrete; (4) Aggregates for Bituminous Construction; (5) Aggregates for Miscellaneous Use; and (6) Needed Research.
Influence of Mineral Aggregates on the Strength and Durability of Concrete
Authors: Allen Charles W.
Published: July 2009

Aggregates constitute about 75 per cent of the volume of concrete, and, consequently they have an important influence on the strength and durability of concrete. Numerous laboratory investigations and field condition surveys have shown that certain aggregates contribute to the lack of durability of concrete exposed to the elements. However, the exact cause of the lack of durability is not always clear. Other studies have shown that modifications must be made in design or other steps taken to compensate for the low strengths obtained with some combinations. Durability of concrete, as considered in this discussion, is confined to the consideration of the resistance of the concrete to (1) normal weathering action, (2) chemical reaction between the cement and the aggregates, (3) fire, and (4) the action of salts used for ice control. The compressive strength and modulus of rupture may give sufficient information for protected structural concrete, providing there is no chemical reaction between the cement and aggregates, but for concrete exposed to the elements the materials should be subjected to exposure tests and, if possible, the service record of the materials in question used under similar conditions should be determined. Numerous investigations have shown that various concrete aggregates differ widely in their effect upon the durability of concrete even though producing practically identical strengths.
Mineral Aggregates for Low-Cost Roads and Water-Bound Macadams
Authors: Willis Edward A. , Kelley James A.
Published: July 2009

Mineral aggregates play an important part in the improvement of all types of roads. This is true for the low-cost as well as for the more expensive construction. For even though the broadest possible definition of mineral aggregates (which would include all mineral particles such as rock, sand, and clay occurring within the roadway) is not accepted, the art and science of roadbuilding has not progressed to the point where it is possible to build a satisfactory, all-weather road without utilizing selected or processed aggregates for some stage of the improvement. “Low-cost road” is a relative term. A road which might be considered “low-cost” in one location or under one set of circumstances would be considered “high-cost” in another locality or under other circumstances. For the purpose of this paper, a low-cost road will be considered as the minimum road which will adequately serve the local or feeder traffic of a given locality at all seasons of the year without requiring excessive maintenance, and whose expected life is equal to that of higher type roads designed to accommodate heavier traffic. Generally speaking then, this paper is confined to that class of highway in which a layer of predominantly granular material is placed on the natural soil to serve as a wearing course or a base course for a relatively thin flexible surface. The more common types of mineral aggregates used in road construction of this sort are described. The general requirements for materials for this type of road are presented and some practical suggestions for the economical utilization of locally available aggregates are made. Water-bound macadams, which are road surfaces constructed of broken stone or slag cemented into a solid mass by means of stone or slag dust and water, are also included in the discussion although this type of road is one of the oldest known and the requirements are well established.