bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peran Reseptor IL-21 (IL-21R) sebagai Target Terapi Pada Penyakit Arteri Perifer
Authors: Adnan Muhammad Luthfi
Published: August 2021

Background: Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is caused due to the disruption of blood supply to the periphery caused by blockages in the arteries. PAD is a disease that is difficult to detect and the current therapy is still limited to pharmacological therapy to reduce the risk of PAP incidence and surgical therapy if complications of PAD arise. The interleukin-21 receptor (IL-21R) is a family of interleukins that has been widely studied for its role in many diseases.
Objectives: The aim of this review is to discuss the effect of IL-21R on the pathogenesis of PAP.
Methods: A literature search was performed with PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect using the keywords “peripheral artery disease”, “interleukin-21 receptor”, “inflammation”, “angiogenesis”, and “therapy”.
Discussion: PAD can arise due to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques that block arteries so that blood supply is impaired. In the case of PAD, activation of IL-21R has the ability to stimulate angiogenesis thereby modulating the perfusion of hypoxic tissues in cases of PAD. Further research is needed regarding IL-21R activity in the future to study the potential of IL-21R for the more effective treatment of PAD cases in the future.
Conclusion: IL-21R can activate angiogenesis and avoid further tissue damage in PAP.
Keywords: interleukin-21 receptors, peripheral artery disease, therapy
 
Latar Belakang: Penyakit Arteri Perifer (PAP) disebabkan karena gangguan suplai darah ke bagian perifer yang disebabkan karena sumbatan pada pembuluh darah arteri. PAP merupakan penyakit yang sulit terdeteksi dan terapi yang ada saat ini masih terbatas pada terapi farmakologis untuk menurunkan risiko kejadian PAP dan terapi pembedahan apabila timbul komplikasi PAP. Reseptor interleukin-21 (IL-21R) merupakan salah satu famili interleukin yang telah banyak dipelajari terkait perannya pada banyak penyakit.
Tujuan: Tujuan dari tinjauan ini adalah untuk membahas pengaruh IL-21R terhadap perjalanan penyakit PAP.
Metode: Pencarian literatur dilakukan dengan PubMed, Google Scholar, dan ScienceDirect menggunakan kata kunci “peripheral artery disease”, “reseptor interleukin-21”, “inflamasi”, ”angiogenesis”, dan “terapi”.
Pembahasan: PAP dapat timbul karena pembentukan plak aterosklerosis yang menyumbat pembuluh darah arteri sehingga suplai darah terganggu. Pada kasus PAP, aktivasi IL-21R memiliki kemampuan untuk menstimulasi angiogenesis sehingga memodulasi perfusi jaringan yang mengalami hipoksia pada kasus PAP. Masih diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai aktivitas IL-21R di masa depan untuk mempelajari potensi IL-21R untuk pengobatan kasus PAP yang lebih efektif di masa depan.
Kesimpulan: IL-21R dapat mengaktivasi angiogenesis dan menghindari kerusakan jaringan lebih lanjut pada PAP.
Kata Kunci: penyakit arteri perifer, reseptor interleukin-21, terapi
Memahami Kaitan Gaya Hidup dengan Kanker: Sebagai Langkah Awal Pencegahan Kanker
Authors: Balatif Ridwan , Sukma Alshafiera Azayyana Mawadhani
Published: August 2021

Background: Until now, cancer has become one of the main problem topics in the world of health. The incidence of this cancer is expected to continue to increase. One of the main risk factors that increase the risk of cancer is an unhealthy lifestyle in the form of alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, smoking, and lack of physical activity.
Objectives: This article provides an understanding of each unhealthy lifestyle pattern for the occurrence of cancer.
Methods: The writing of this article uses the literature review method. Information is taken from e-book sources, websites, and search engines.
Discussion: The initial process of cancer stems from genetic damage. If this genetic damage cannot be repaired, it can progress to cancer. Each pattern of unhealthy lifestyles has its own mechanism in triggering cancer.
Conclusion: An unhealthy lifestyle can increase the risk of cancer.
Keywords: cancer, life style, risk factor
 
Latar belakang: Sampai saat ini penyakit kanker menjadi salah satu topik permasalahan utama di dunia kesehatan.  Kejadian kanker ini diperkirakan akan terus mengalami peningkatan. Salah satu faktor risiko utama yang meningkatkan risiko terjadinya kanker adalah gaya hidup tidak sehat berupa konsumsi alkohol, diet tidak sehat, merokok, dan kurang aktivitas fisik.
Tujuan: Artikel ini menjabarkan pemahaman mengenai masing-masing pola gaya hidup yang tidak sehat terhadap terjadinya kanker.
Metode: Penulisan artikel ini menggunakan metode literature review. Informasi diambil dari sumber e-book, website, dan search engine.
Pembahasan: Proses awal tercetusnya kanker bermula dari adanya kerusakan genetik. Apabila kerusakan genetik ini tidak dapat diperbaiki dapat berkembang menuju kanker. Setiap pola gaya hidup yang tidak sehat memiliki mekanismenya masing-masing dalam mencetuskan kanker.
Kesimpulan: Gaya hidup tidak sehat dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya kanker.
Kata Kunci: faktor risiko, gaya hidup, kanker
Hubungan Kualitas Tidur dan Fungsi Kognitif Siswa MAN Binjai
Authors: Fachlefi Said , Rambe Aldy Safruddin
Published: August 2021

Background: Sleep is a basic requirement of human beings. Sleeping brain is required to carry out adaptations to long-term structural and chemical needed to learn and remember. Rapid technological advances in recent times can reduce the duration of sleep especially in teenagers. A bad quality of sleep may affect cognitive function that will have an effect on students learning process.
Objective: In general, this research aims to know the relationship between sleep quality with cognitive function of MAN Binjai student.
Method: This research is a study of analytical method with cross sectional design. Data retrieval is performed only once for collecting primary data with the measuring instrument in the form of a questionnaire. Stratified random sampling technique was used to determine the number of samples.
Results: on the analysis of correlation Sprearman obtained a value of 0.001 P (p< 0.05) indicating there is a relationship between sleep quality and cognitive  function. The correlation coefficient (r) is -0.764, which indicates medium relationship between sleep quality and cognitive function of MAN Binjai student.
Conclusion:  There is a relationship that is directly proportional between the sleep quality with cognitive function in MAN Binjai students.
Keywords: cognitive function, MoCA, PSQI, sleep quality, student
 
Latar Belakang: Tidur merupakan kebutuhan pokok manusia. Tidur diperlukan otak untuk melaksanakan penyesuaian-penyesuaian kimiawi dan struktural jangka panjang yang diperlukan untuk belajar dan mengingat. Kemajuan teknologi yang begitu pesat belakangan ini dapat mengurangi durasi tidur terutama pada remaja. Kualitas tidur yang buruk dapat memengaruhi fungsi kognitif yang akan berpengaruh terhadap proses belajar siswa.
Tujuan: Secara  umum  penelitian  ini  bertujuan  untuk  mengetahui  hubungan kualitas tidur dengan fungsi kognitif siswa MAN Binjai.
Metode: Penelitian  ini  merupakan  penelitian  dengan  metode  analitik  dengan desain penelitian potong lintang. Pengambilan data dilakukan hanya sekali untuk mengumpulkan data primer dengan alat ukur berupa kuesioner MoCA dan PSQI. Teknik stratified random sampling digunakan untuk menentukan jumlah sampel. Sampel berjumlah 60 orang. Korelasi spearman digunakan dalam analisis data.
Hasil: Dari studi didapatkan r = -0.76(p<0.05) yang menunjukkan adanya korelasi sedang dan berbanding terbalik antara kuesioner M0CA dan PSQI.
Kesimpulan:  Terdapat hubungan antara kualitas tidur dengan fungsi kognitif pada siswa MAN Binjai.
Kata Kunci: fungsi kognitif, kualitas tidur, MoCA, PSQI, siswa
Hubungan Posisi Menunduk saat Menggunakan Telepon Seluler dengan Nyeri Tengkuk
Authors: Depari Ramadhani Dinda Salsalina , Rambe Aldy Safruddin
Published: August 2021

Background: Neck pain is pain that includes disorders of the nerves, tendons, muscles and ligaments around the neck. One of the causes of neck pain is the wrong position of the body which causes the neck in a certain position for a long time. In the use of cell phones there will be a process of changing the position of the neck, the position of the head will be bow to look at the cell phone screen and maintained for a long time, causing muscle problems which, if left unchecked, can become chronic muscle pain.
Objectives: To find out relationship between the bow position when using a cell phone and neck pain.
Methods: This study is an analytic-observational study with a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique used simple random sampling technique. The data will be analyze using chi-square statistical test. In which the p-value < 0.05 is significant.
Results: There is a relationship between the bow position when using a cell phone to neck pain with p-value 0.045. On the other test, there is no relationship between the duration of cell phone use and neck pain, both in one use (p = 0.509) and in a day (p = 0.729).
Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the bow position when using a cell phone and neck pain.
Keywords: neck pain, cell phone, bowing position
 
Latar Belakang: Nyeri tengkuk adalah rasa nyeri yang meliputi kelainan saraf, tendon, otot dan ligamen di sekitar leher. Salah satu penyebab dari nyeri tengkuk adalah posisi tubuh yang salah sehingga membuat leher berada dalam posisi tertentu dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Pada penggunaan telepon seluler akan terjadi proses perubahan posisi leher, yang mana posisi kepala akan menunduk untuk melihat ke arah layar telepon seluler dan dipertahankan dalam waktu yang relatif lama, sehingga menimbulkan masalah otot yang apabila dibiarkan dapat menjadi nyeri otot kronis.
Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan posisi menunduk saat menggunakan telepon seluler dengan nyeri tengkuk.
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik-observasional dengan desain cross-sectional. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik simple random sampling. Hasil pengukuran akan dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square. Nilai p < 0,05 dianggap signifikan.
Hasil: Terdapat hubungan antara posisi menunduk saat menggunakan telepon seluler terhadap nyeri tengkuk dengan nilai P = 0,045. Pada uji hubungan lainnya tidak ada hubungan antara durasi penggunaan telepon seluler terhadap nyeri tengkuk baik dalam sekali penggunaan (P = 0,509) maupun dalam sehari penggunaan (P = 0,729).
Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara posisi menunduk saat menggunakan telepon seluler dengan nyeri tengkuk.
Kata Kunci: nyeri tengkuk, telepon seluler, posisi menunduk
Hubungan antara Faktor Stres dan Siklus Menstruasi pada Mahasiswi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sumatera Utara
Authors: Nainggolan Bahagia W.M. , Sukatendel Khairani
Published: August 2021

Background: Stressor is defined as the agent inducing the response of stress. Stress can give a negative impact on cognitives, physiological, and behavioral aspects. One of the effects of stress that can be occur is menstrual cycle disorder.
Objectives: To know how is the relationship between stressors and menstrual cycle on medical students in Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara.
Method: This study used an analytic method with a cross sectional design. The study population was medical students in Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara. The data was collected by filling The MSSQ questionnaire and the menstrual data that had been given to respondents if only the inclusion and exclusion criteria was met and used consecutive sampling for the methods.
Results: From 80 respondents, the results obtained by Kendall’s Correlation p>0,05 for correlation each stressors with menstrual cycle which means that there is no significant relationship between stressors and menstrual cycle.
Conclusion: From this study it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between stressors and menstrual cycle on medical students in Faculty of Medicine, USU.
Keywords: menstrual cycle, stress, stressor
 
Latar Belakang: Stresor adalah suatu hal yang dapat diidentifikasikan sebagai penyebab timbulnya stres. Stres dapat memberikan dampak negatif dalam aspek kognitif, fisiologi, dan perilaku. Salah satu dampak dari stres yang dapat terjadi adalah gangguan siklus menstruasi.
Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh faktor stres terhadap siklus menstruasi pada mahasiswi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Metode: Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode analitik dengan desain cross-sectional. Penelitian dilakukan pada mahasiswi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sumatera Utara. Pengumpulan atau pengambilan data untuk diteliti dilakukan menggunakan kuesioner Medical Student Stressor Questionnaire (MSSQ) dan data siklus menstruasi yang diberikan kepada responden dengan syarat memenuhi kriteria inklusi maupun kriteria eksklusi yang telah ditetapkan serta menggunakan consecutive sampling sebagai metode yang digunakan.
Hasil: Dari 80 responden, didapatkan hasil uji Kendall’s Correlation (p>0.05) untuk setiap hubungan faktor stres dengan siklus menstruasi yang berarti tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara faktor stres dengan siklus menstruasi.
Kesimpulan: Dari penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara faktor stres dengan siklus menstruasi pada mahasiswi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Kata Kunci: siklus menstruasi, stres, stresor
Predicting Population Status of Gum and Resin Bearing Plant Species from Size Distributions in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Ethiopia: Inferences for Their Sustainable Management
Authors: Mosissa Dereje , Faris Girum , Aman Sisay
Published: August 2021

Diversity, population structures, and regeneration status of gum- and resin-producing woody species, were assessed in 116 sample plots, each measuring 400 m2 and established along line transects. The data were collected in two selected districts, namely, Sherkole and Kurmuk in Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State, one of the gums and resin belts in western Ethiopia. The gum- and resin-producing woody species had 1.04 and 0.7 diversity and 0.576 and 0.49 evenness values at Kurmuk and Sherkole districts, respectively. They accounted for 26% and 46% of the density, 51% and 58% of the basal area, and 32% and 53% of the Importance Value Index of all the woody species, respectively. The gum- and resin-bearing woody species exhibited three patterns of population structure. The first pattern suggests good reproduction abilities of the species coupled with a good recruitment of seedlings and their subsequent continuous growth to replace older individuals over time, indicating stable regeneration. About 61% of the gum- and resin-bearing woody species fall under this category. The other two patterns indicate the hampered regeneration status of the woody species. Heavy grazing, conversion to cropland by small-scale farming, gold mining, recurrent fire, and climate change were mentioned as major bottlenecks of natural regeneration and recruitment. Policy, extension, and research recommendations are discussed.
The effect of fermented tempeh aerobic anaerobic (FETAA) on pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) gene expression and HOMA-beta index in diabetic mice
Authors: Wicaksono Hendi , Prasetyastuti Prasetyastuti , Hastuti Pramudji , Sadewa Ahmad Hamim
Published: August 2021

Background: Diabetes is a result of oxidative stress which causes the impaired function of pancreatic beta-cells. Fermented tempeh aerobic anaerobic (FETAA) containing gamma-aminobutyric acid and isoflavones can reduce oxidative stress in diabetes.

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate FETAA in improving pancreatic β-cell function in diabetic mice.

Methods: Twenty streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, divided into four groups (n = 5 each group): DM, DM + FETAA 10 mg/100 g BW, DM + FETAA 20 mg/100 g BW, DM + FETAA 40 mg/100 g BW as well as normal group (n = 5). DM mice were treated with FETAA for 21 days. Fasting glucose was determined using the GOD-PAP method, while insulin level was determined by ELISA. The homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) was calculated using the HOMA2 calculator, and the Pdx1 mRNA level was determined by Real Time-PCR.

Results: The DM mice group treated with FETAA had lower glucose levels than the DM mice group. FETAA dosage of 40 mg/100 g BW was able to reduce the highest blood glucose levels (p<0.05). DM mice group treated with FETAA had higher levels of insulin and HOMA-β than the DM mice group (p <0.05). Treatment of FETAA 10 mg/100 g BW produced the highest insulin content of 57.44 ± 8.132 pmol/L, while treatment of FETAA 40 mg/100 g BW had a HOMA-β value of 72.86 ± 21.85%. Pdx1 mRNA expression in group FETAA-treated DM mice was higher than the DM mice group, although it was not statistically significant (p> 0.05).

Conclusion: FETAA could improve HOMA-β, blood glucose levels, but did not affect Pdx1 mRNA expression.
PENGGUNAAN HANDUK, KEBIASAAN MENGGIGIT KUKU JARI TANGAN TERHADAP KEJADIAN INFEKSI SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH (STH) PADA ANAK PANTI ASUHAN DI JAYAPURA
Authors: Hartati Risda , Simega Novianti Yoyo , Imbi Meidy J. , Sahli Indra Taufik , Asrianto Asrianto
Published: August 2021

Problem: Helminthiasis is generally caused by the group of Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) worms, namely Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm. Worms have an impact on health problems such as diarrhea, malnutrition and anemia. Risk factors for helminthic infection including poor personal hygiene care, nail biting habits, the habit of not wearing footwear, contact with soil media, will increase the transmission of eggs that inhabit the intestines. The Aim Of The Research: To determine the prevalence of helminthiasis and risk factors for STH intestinal worms in children living in an orphanage in Jayapura. Research Method: Fecal samples were collected from orphanage children (n= 63) using saturated salt solution to detect the presence of STH worm eggs between months August-October 2020. The Results: The prevalence of STH worm infection in orphanages in Jayapura was 12.69% in the highest age group, 6-11 years old with Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infections. The dominant risk factors represented among the most infected children include sharing of towels, the habit of biting fingernails and the habit of not wearing footwear while playing were very significant factors for the incidence of STH worm infection (p<0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of STH worm infection in orphanage children in Jayapura was 12.69% in the highest age group 6-11 years with the most dominant risk factors are the habit of not wearint footwear while playing, the habit of biting fingernails and sharing towel together.
GAMBARAN PEMANJANGAN INTERVAL QTC PADA TERAPI JANGKA PENDEK PASIEN TB MDR
Authors: Mansur Mifta , Suprapti Budi , Hidayati Movita , Fatmawati Umi
Published: August 2021

Permasalahan: Indonesia merupakan salah satu dari 30 negara dengan beban TB-MDR tinggi, diperkirakan terdapat 23.000 (kisaran, 16.000-31.000) kasus, dengan persentase 8,8% (kisaran, 6,2-12) untuk setiap 100.000 populasi. Salah satu tantangan dalam pengobatan TB MDR adalah tingginya tingkat efek samping. Pada bulan Mei 2016 WHO mengeluarkan rekomendasi penggunaan paduan pengobatan standar jangka pendek 9-11 bulan. Efek samping yang dapat timbul pada paduan pengobatan ini adalah terjadinya pemanjangan interval QTc akibat pemberian moksifloksasin (Mfx) dan klofazimin (Cfz). Tujuan penelitian: Untuk mengetahui kejadian pemanjangan interval QTc pada pasien TB MDR yang menerima regimen terapi jangka pendek. Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan pengambilan data secara retrospektif. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara total sampling, didapatkan 51 subyek masuk kriteria eksklusi dan terdapat 74 subyek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Hasil: Telah terjadi pemanjangan interval QTc rata- rata 31,31±43,471 ms dari baseline, nilai interval QTc terpanjang 756 ms dengan rata-rata 468,54±33,565   ms, sebanyak 52 (70,3%) subyek mengalami efek samping interval QTc memanjang. Kesimpulan: Telah terjadi pemanjangan interval QTc pada pasien TB MDR dengan regimen terapi jangka pendek.
TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN TENTANG MENOPAUSE DENGAN KUALITAS HIDUP WANITA PERIMENOPAUSE DI DESA SAKTI KECAMATAN NUSA PENIDA
Authors: Ariani Ni Komang Sri , Raswati Teja Ni Made Ayu Yulia
Published: August 2021

Pendahuluan: Setiap keluhan yang dialami wanita menopause, dapat menyebabkan kualitas hidup menurun. Kualitas hidup adalah suatu persepsi individual yang unik tentang harkat dan martabatnya di dalam konteks budaya dan sistem nilai, dimana individu berada serta berhubungan dengan tujuan hidup dan target individu. Keadaan tersebut sebagai gambaran dari kepuasan, rasa sejahtera, dibanding dengan keadaan ideal atau yang seharusnya bisa dicapai dan direfleksikan dalam aktifitas sehari-hari. Kualitas hidup wanita menopause menurun disebabkan karena wanita menopause belum siap menerima masa menopause tersebut. Tujuan penelitian: untuk mengetahui apakah ada hubungan tingkat pengetahuan tentang menopause terhadap kualitas hidup wanita perimenopause di Desa Sakti Kecamatan Nusa Penida Bali. Metode: deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional, sampel berjumlah 100 responden yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Hasil: Tingkat pengetahuan yang dimiliki wanita perimenopause di Desa Sakti Nusa Penida sebagian besar memiliki tingkat pengetahuan yang baik (54%) mengenai menopause, sedangkan kualitas hidup yang dimiliki wanita perimenopause di Desa Sakti adalah baik yaitu sebesar 55%. Hasil tabulasi silang data menunjukkan sebagian besar responden yang memiliki tingkat pengetahuan yang baik yaitu 31 (31%) orang, mempunyai kualitas hidup yang baik juga. Sementara 22 (22%) ibu perimenopause yang memiliki tingkat pengetahuan kurang mengalami mempunyai kualitas hidup yang kurang. Sementara itu, hasil pengujian hipotesis memperoleh nilai sig yaitu 0,600 (sig > 0,05). Ini berarti tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan kualitas hidup wanita perimenopause di Desa Sakti Kecamatan Nusa Penida.
PENGGUNAAN METODE PCR – RFLP (POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION – RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORFISM) DALAM MENDETEKSI JAMUR DERMATOFIT
Authors: Awaluddin Awaluddin , Sjahrir Rizalinda , Ilyas Farida
Published: August 2021

ABSTRAK
Dermatofitosis adalah salah satu jamur yang terdiri dari tiga genus : Epidermophyton, Trichophyton dan Microsporum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis jamur dermatofit dengan metode PCR-RFLP. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional laboratorium dengan dengan menguji 23 sampel yang diperoleh dari beberapa klinik dan sekolah dasar di Makassar.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua sampel teridentifikasi yakni M. canis 26,1%, Trichophyton rubrum 13,1%,T. mentagrophytes 21,6%, T. tonsurans 8,7%, T. verrucosum 4,2% dan spesies unclassified 26,1%. Kami menyarankan Teknik PCR-RFLP dapat digunakan untuk konfirmasi jenis jamur dermatofit.
 
Kata Kunci : Dermatofitosis, Jamur Dermatofit, PCR – RFLP
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN NANGKA KUNING (VINCETOXICUM VILLOSUM (BLUME) KUNTZE) TERHADAP BAKTERI ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS DAN PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Oktoviani Oktoviani , Pertiwi R , Notriawan D. , Putri B. A. N. , Karlina Y. D.
Published: August 2021

Daun nangka kuning (Vincetoxicum villosum Blume) banyak digunakan oleh masyarakat sebagai obat tradisional namun penelitian mengenai daun nangka kuning masih sangat terbatas sehingga memiliki potensi besar untuk pengembangan obat herbal. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua bakteri yang mewakili kelompok gram positif dan gram negatif. Dari golongan gram positif, digunakan salah satu bakteri tersering yang dapat menyebakan penyakit yaitu bakteri Enterococcus faecalis.  Kemudian dari golongan gram negatif digunakan Pseudomonas aeruginosa yang merupakan penyebab paling umum dari infeksi oportunistik pada pasien rawat inap. Untuk menguji daya aktivitas antibakteri pada ekstrak etanol, bakteri dibagi menjadi 8 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol positif dengan pemberian kloramfenikol, kelompok kontrol negatif dengan pemberian pelarut Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) 10% dan 6 kelompok perlakuan dengan menggunakan ekstrak etanol konsentrasi 12,5%; 15%; 17,5%; 20%; 22,5%; 25%. Kultur bakteri dilakukan dengan menggunakan media dan dinkubasi selama 24 jam dengan suhu 370C. Bakteri Enterococcus Faecalis menggunakan media Trypticase Soy Both (TSB) dan bakteri Pseudomonas Aeruginosa menggunakan media Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA). Penghambatan optimal untuk bakteri Enterococcus faecalis adalah pada ekstrak etanol Vincetoxicum Villosum Blume konsentrasi 25% dan untuk bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa adalah pada ekstrak etanol Vincetoxicum Villosum Blume konsentrasi 15%.
UNDERSTANDING THE WEAKNESSES AND THE THREATS OF CONTINUOUS MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE 21st CENTURY
Authors: Politi Eleni D. , Souliotis Kyriakos N.
Published: August 2021

The European Union of Medical Specialties is taking efforts to harmonize Continuous Medical Education (CME) requirements in Europe. However, in an era of financial crisis, some countries may undervalue the long-term public health impact of weak and budget-limited CME national systems. Appreciating the statement of the Greek ancient philosopher Socrates: “If you think that education is expensive, you should consider ignorance”, an assessment of the Greek CME system and its possible areas of improvement is attempted. From a questionnaire-based survey conducted to one hundred Greek practicing physicians, it seems that the vast majority respects the values of CME. However, they do not seem to clearly perceive CME as an obligatory, neither as an outcomes controlled process. They also confess CME access difficulties and geographic and financial discriminations. Overall, the Greek CME system was characterized as a non-satisfactory one and it did not seem to meet the physicians’ specific needs. Reviewing for relevant concerns also in a global context, it appears that institutionally mandating CME, controlling for the quality and the outcomes of it, as well as CME funding issues, they are all concepts where either robust evidence lacks and/or improvements warrant. Taking into consideration the above, a Greek CME system reformation is considered as utmost relevant and the comprehensive establishment of a National CME Authority, dedicated to address the above issues, is also suggested.
Key words: accreditation of medical education, continuous medical education, continuous professional development, public health institutions and policies.
EFFECTS OF AN EVIDENCEBASED DANCE PROGRAM (TANZPRO-BIODANZA®) FOR KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN AGED FOUR TO SIX ON IMMUNEGLOBULINE A, TESTOSTERONE AND HEART RATE
Authors: Stueck Marcus , Villegas Alejandra , Schoenichen Cathleen , Bauer Katrin , Tofts Paul , Sack Ulrich
Published: August 2021

Present study addresses the question of the effects of the evidence based TANZPRO-Biodanza®-Program (Stueck & Villegas, 2009, Stück, 2013) based on BIODANZA by Rolando Toro and Cecilia Luzzi (Toro, 2010). TANZPRO-Biodanza® is the nonverbal part of the School of Empathy concept by Marcus Stueck (Stueck, 2013), which was developed in the project “Healthy Lifestyles in Kindergardens” of the Geman Ministry of Health (2009 until 2011). Biodanza is a contact and motion-based intervention method with auto-regulative claim on immune competence and the autonomic system of children of kindergarten age. The evaluation took ten weeks. A TANZPRO®-Biodanza class with girls aged four to six was carried out from September 2011 until December 2012. The immunological parameters immunoglobuline A and testosterone as well as the autonomic heart rate parameters were collected before and after each TANZPRO®-Biodanza sessions of the course as a process variable. Especially, the reduced testosterone levels after the meetings in the saliva of children show positive effects of the method on the immune system. The decrease of IgA levels after TANZPRO®-Biodanza in the saliva of children towards age norm might be due to an immune regulative effect. The specific effects of TANZPRO®-Biodanza on heart rate towards a mean level show improvement of physical autoregulatory processes.
Key words: auto regulative immune competence, empathy, Immuneglobuline A, TANZPRO®-Biodanza, testosterone.
COPING STRATEGIES OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN GEORGIAN CONTEXT
Authors: Turashvili Tamara , Japaridze Marine
Published: August 2021

Studies in university students' coping strategies have their peculiarities due to particularly acute stresses characteristic of this period of life. On the other hand, there are specific limits regarding the nature of stressors and the lack of coping ability in this period. Due to such limits, it is necessary to consider different approaches to university students' stressors. Research into university students' coping strategies has been done in various countries, but this is the first such study done in Georgia. Within the transactional stress concept of Lazarus, we tested the stress buffering effects of various coping strategies such as task-, emotion-, and avoidance-oriented coping strategies, praying, and social support. Within the framework of the research, 252 university students from a wide variety of disciplines and with an average age of 21 were surveyed. The methods applied in the study are the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) by Endler & Parker (Endler & Parker,1990) and the Stress Life Inventory (SRRS) by Holmes and Rahe (Holmes & Rahe, 1967) combined with the Kucher Adolescent Depression Scale KADS -6 (Brooks et al.,2003). Results show expected main effects: There are different coping strategies used in different critical life events. Coping strategies such as social support and praying have a stress-buffering effect and prove to be situational resources in cases of strong stress. Certain coping strategies such as task-oriented coping, emotional coping and praying are predictors of psychological well-being. Key words: coping strategies, critical life event, social support, student, university, well-being.
WHO ARE POLISH FUTURE EDUCATORS? SELECTED ASPECTS OF SOCIAL IDENTIFICATIONS
Authors: Turska Elzbieta
Published: August 2021

This research presents the results of a study on selected aspects of social identity of future educators which include family identity, national, European and global identities, religious identity and professional identity. The aim of the research was to find out whether Polish pedagogy students, who in future will become educators, are able to ask and answer identity questions and reflect on their own identity. The study was conducted in a group of 364 university students of pedagogy of the University of Zielona Gora, Poland. The data was gathered with the use of a diagnostic survey technique by means of a questionnaire. The study leads to an optimistic view on future educators who reflect on their identity and can give clear answers to identity questions. This ability is essential for the future educators themselves as it adds to their personal development, but it is also crucial in the job and vocation of an educator.
Key words: educators in Poland, metaskills, pedagogy students, social identity.
THE MOTIVATION OF STUDENTS TO CHOOSE TERTIARY EDUCATION IN HUNGARY AND SERBIAN VOJVODINA
Authors: Czeglédi Csilla , Juhász Tímea , Szlávicz Ágnes
Published: August 2021

The students motives of enrolment to tertiary educational institutions crucially influence their academic achievement and behaviour during studies. This research focuses on the Hungarian students’ reasons for choosing university in Hungary and in Serbian Vojvodina: whether they decide on their own or are influenced by other factors. The quantitative research also examines whether there is valid similarity or difference between the tertiary educational decisions of Hungarian people and those living in a neighboring country as the latter share a lot of common roots with their mother country.
The results show that there are similarities between the choices of young people from both areas, regardless of their mother country. Young people typically seem to choose further education on their own, and their surroundings or material considerations are only secondary motivational factors in their decision. However, it is also true that direct social factors and financial conditions have a considerable impact on whether they can actually acquire their diplomas.
Key words: career choice, motivation, tertiary education, tuition fee.
INTEGRATING VULNERABLE AND MARGINALIZED GROUPS INTO VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING THROUGH INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS
Authors: David Alexandra , Hamburg Ileana
Published: August 2021

There is high (youth) unemployment in several EU countries. These present the latest examples from e.g. Greece, Spain or Italy. Other countries such as Germany or Austria are suffering a brain drain, and consequent depletion of knowledge sources, due to emigration of highly skilled and knowledgeable people. To ensure a broad and productive regional knowledge base, which would enable innovation, regions should develop an integrated human capital agenda. A main pillar of such an agenda is the use of regional untapped potential. To date scholars have only examined the meaning of highly skilled workers as knowledge-holders thereby neglecting the role of vulnerable and marginalized (VAM) groups. This paper focuses on the (re-)integration of vulnerable and marginalized groups to the vocational education and training (VET) system and labour markets using innovative VET solutions such as the approach of mentoring, social media (Web 2.0 and 3.0) as well as social networks. Social networks in particular, contain potential such as the formation of regional social capital through the ability of learners to interact in common learning situations, which may raise regional human capital of vulnerable and marginalized groups. Vice versa, if human capital accumu-lates into a strong regional knowledge base, which can be used for regional (economical) issues, the result will be regional social capital increases. Key words: integration of vulnerable and marginalized groups, vocational education and training, social capital, human capital.
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE MOST POPULAR MOVIE CHARACTERS AMONG CHILDREN – EDUCATIONAL CONTEXTS
Authors: Huk Tomasz
Published: August 2021

Mass media play an essential role at almost every stage of human’s life. The media have a particular influence on children who are not entirely aware of their message. A part of reality surrounding children was examined in order to determine the features of favourite movie characters and preferable situations in which said a character participates. The results obtained through a diagnostic survey indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between girls and boys choices of a movie character. This article focuses on the aspects of using children’s favourite characters by a teacher in education. The presented discussion regarded also the problem of children emulating movie characters. Key words: movie character, education, gender, and media.
FORMS OF EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES THAT ENHANCE SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING OF ADULTS
Authors: Kvedaraitė Nida , Jasnauskaitė Rima , Geležinienė Renata , Strazdienė Gražina
Published: August 2021

The research examines self-directed learning as the formation of new educational culture in the contexts of learning theories such as: constructive learning, social constructivism, experiential learning and action science . The key educational activities supporting and enabling the learning processes are distinguished and substantiated: learning by doing, learning through collaboration, learning through experience, which give new experiences to the learner as well as status, competences of educational and managerial field, and values. A qualitative approach was applied in the research and as a research strategy of a semi-structured interview was carried out, which allowed to characterize the experiences and individual meanings of research participants while they take part in non-formal educational activities that enhance their self-directed learning. The results obtained in the course of empirical research allow stating that self-directed learners broaden the variety of learning settings, shift the learning beyond the boundaries of a formal education institution and consciously learn through job-related and life activities in various groups, communicating and collaborating with colleagues. This enables the learners to reflect upon the experience gained in job-related and life activities, and shift from the formal learning to non-formal. Key words: educational activities enhancing self-directed learning, learning by doing, learning through collaboration, learning through experience, self-directed learning.
Study of the motor transport influence on the thermal regime of the territories adjacent to highways
Authors: Mulina A , Pavlуchenko A
Published: August 2021

Goal. Investigation of the surface’s temperature of highways of the Dnipro city depending on the type of covering, features of the territory development, locality relief and weather conditions with the subsequent environmental recommendations. Research results. The temperature regimes of the highway, sidewalks, as well as the areas adjacent to the highways of the Dnipro city were assessed. Measurements of surface temperatures on different sections of highways were carried out three times a day: in the morning from 8.00 to 9.00, in the afternoon - from 13.00 to 14.00 and in the evening from 18.00 to 19.00. It is established that in the studied areas the fluctuations of the temperature difference in the morning are: section №1 from 7.7 °С to 13.4°С, section №2 from 13.2 °С to 21.1 °С, section №3 from 8,3 to 16.5 °C. The surface temperature of the asphalt during the day varies in the area №1 from 22.9 ° C to 40.5 ° C, the area №2 from 19.6 ° C to 28.3 °C, the area №3 from 27.3 °C to 37,3 °C. It is established that at increase of air temperature by 3 °С (from 29 °С to 32 °С) the surface of an asphalt covering in open space heats up to 68,5 °С. The surface temperature of the asphalt in the evening differs in the area №1 from 0 °C to 8 °C, the area №2 from 3.5 °C to 4.3 °C, the area №3 from 3.1 °C to 14.5 °C. At an air temperature in the evening 28-30 °С,maximum temperature of the asphalt surface in open space reaches54,2 °С. Scientific novelty. Regularities of change of a temperature mode of a canvas of the highway, sidewalks, and lawns depending on features of construction and gardening of the territory adjacent to highways are established. Practical meaning. The results of the study confirmed the close relationship between the temperature regime and the nature of the construction of the territory, the presence of large areas of open space, as well as the intensity of traffic at intersections. The results of the work can be used to improve the methods of thermal management of territories in the area of highway influence.
Kamu Yönetiminde Siyasallaşma ve Kayırmacılık Sorununa Ahlak ve Adalet Eksenli Çözüm Önerileri
Authors: ÇAMUR Ömer , AYDIN Ahmet Hamdi
Published: August 2021

Siyasallaşma, yönetim ile siyaset
arasındaki ilişkilerin aşırı olması ile ortaya çıkan temel yönetsel sorunlardan
biridir. Siyasallaşan bir yönetimde en genel hali yönetim siyasi davranışlarda
bulunmakta veya siyasi iktidarın gölgesinde faaliyet göstermektedir.
Kayırmacılık ise kendi başına yönetsel bir sorun olmakla birlikte siyasallaşma
ile daha da belirginleşen kamu yönetiminin önemli sorunlarından bir diğeridir.
Kayırmacılığın yaşandığı bir yönetimde liyakat ilkesi başta olmak üzere birçok
yönetsel değer uygulama alanı bulamamakta ve kamu yönetimi kendisinden beklenen
görevleri yerine getirememektedir. Dolayısıyla siyasallaşma ve kayırmacılık,
kamu yönetimi için kesinlikle giderilmesi gereken önemli bir sorundur. Bu
sorunun giderilebilmesinde ahlak ve adalet oldukça etkilidir. Zira ahlak ve
adalet, kamu yönetiminin verimli kılınabilmesi için gerekli olan tüm değerlerin
yönetimde var olmasının sağlanmasından yönetimin amacı doğrultusunda faaliyet
göstermesine kadar etkili olan temel olgulardır. Ahlak ve adaletin
gözetilmediği bir kamu yönetiminde, en genel hali ile hak kavramı zayi olmakta,
başta siyasallaşma ve kayırmacılık olmak üzere birçok yönetsel sorun baş
göstermekte ve halkın ihtiyaçları karşılanamamaktadır. Yapılan bu çalışmada
öncelikle siyasallaşma ve kayırmacılığın ne olduğu açıklanacak ve Türk kamu
yönetiminde siyasallaşma ve kayırmacılığın nasıl sorun olduğu ortaya
konacaktır. Çalışmanın devamında ise Türk kamu yönetiminde siyasallaşma ve
kayırmacılık sorununun giderilebilmesi için ahlak ve adalet temelinde çözüm
önerileri geliştirilecektir.
Türkiye’de Hoşnutsuzluk Endeksinin Seçmen Tercihleri Üzerindeki Etkileri: 1960-2019 Arası Bir İnceleme
Authors: DEMİR Emre , ÇIMAT Ali
Published: August 2021

Hoşnutsuzluk endeksi; enflasyon oranı ve işsizlik oranının toplamından türetilmektedir. Bu parametrede bir artış meydana gelmesi, insanların ekonomik koşullarının kötüye gittiğini ve dolayısıyla gelecekteki beklentilerini kötüleştirdiğini işaret etmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’deki seçmenlerin yöneticileri/iktidarları belirlerken enflasyon ve işsizlik oranlarından etkilendiğini veya etkilenmediğini belirlemektir. 1960 darbesi sonrası veriler hesaplanarak, Türkiye’de gerçekleşen genel seçim süreçlerinde seçmenlerin nasıl bir tercihte bulunduğu analiz edilmiştir. Diğer bir ifadeyle 1960-2019 yılları arasında enflasyon ve işsizlik verileri hesaplamaları ile sandık sonuçları incelenmiştir. Analiz sonucunda elde edilen bulgularda; seçmen davranışının Türkiye’de 1980 öncesi ve sonrası dönemde farklılık gösterdiği görülmüştür. 1980 öncesi Türk seçmeninin sandıkta daha çok ideolojik ve siyasi istikrar odağında davranışı görülürken, 1980 sonrasında bu durum tersine dönmüş ve ekonomik faktörlerin seçmen davranışı üzerindeki etkilerinin ağırlıklı olarak gerçekleştiği tespit edilmiştir.
Kemalizm’in İnşasında Bir “İdeolojik Devlet Aygıtı” Olarak Ordu
Authors: BÖRKLÜOĞLU Levent
Published: August 2021

Söz konusu makale çalışması, Althusser'in devlet aygıtlarına yönelik ortaya koymuş olduğu kategorizasyonu ordu-siyaset ilişkisi perspektifinden ele alarak Türkiye örneğine uyarlandığında ortaya çıkan sonuçları tartışmayı hedeflemiştir. Modernleşme projesinin ağırlıklı olarak askeri elitler aracılığıyla gerçekleştirildiği söylenebilecek olan Türkiye'nin siyasal yaşamında ordunun yalnızca bir baskı aygıtı değil aynı zamanda ideolojik bir aygıt işlevi de gördüğü iddiasından yola çıkılarak, bilhassa Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti'nin kuruluş felsefesinin fikri bir karşılığı olarak kabul edilebilecek Kemalizm ideolojisinin sahip olduğu temel prensip ve yaklaşımların topluma yayılmasında ordunun üstlendiği fonksiyonlar ortaya konularak, silahlı kuvvetlerin niçin salt bir baskı aygıtı olarak değerlendirilemeyeceği sorusuna yanıt aranmaya çalışılmıştır.
Dış Ticaretin Yeni Bir Belirleyicisi Olarak Marka Değeri
Authors: BİLGİNER ÖZSAATCI Fatma Gül , KÖSE Zeynep
Published: August 2021

Bilgi iletişim teknolojilerindeki gelişme ve küreselleşmenin etkisi ile gerek ülkeler gerekse firmalar çetin bir rekabete maruz kalmıştır. Böyle bir ortamda ülkeler ve firmalar ayakta kalabilmek için yeni yollara başvurmak zorunda kalmıştır. Yaşanan değişim ve gelişim soncunda dış ticaretin belirleyicileri de değişmiştir. Özellikle son yıllarda marka, ticareti belirleyen önemli bir unsur haline gelmiştir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı 2017 yılı marka değeri en yüksek ilk 20 ekonomisinin 2010- 2017 yılları arasındaki marka değeri ve net dış ticaret hacmi arasındaki ilişkinin Dinamik Panel Veri yöntemi ile analiz edilmesidir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre ülkelerin önceki dönem ticaret hacmi ile cari dönemdeki ticaret hacmi arasında pozitif bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra ticaret hacmi ile marka değeri arasında da pozitif ve çift yönlü bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
OECD Ülkelerinde Büyüme ve Dış Ticaretin Toplam İşgücüne Etkisi: İki Aşamalı GMM Yöntemi
Authors: OKŞAK Yüksel , SARITAŞ Tufan
Published: August 2021

Bu çalışmada yıllık veriler yardımıyla 2000-2018 periyodu için OECD üyesi 36 ülkede, büyüme ve dış ticaretin, işgücü üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Toplam işgücü miktarı, dolar bazında 2010 fiyatlarıyla kişi başı GSYİH, dolar bazında 2010 fiyatlarıyla mal ve hizmet ihracatı, dolar bazında 2010 fiyatlarıyla mal ve hizmet ithalatı, GSYİH’nin yüzdesi olarak brüt sabit sermaye oluşumu ve nüfus artış oranının kullanıldığı çalışmada, Arelano ve Bond tarafından geliştirilen iki aşamalı GMM yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca dış ticaret; ithalat ve ihracat olarak ayrı ayrı temsil edilmiştir. Yedi farklı modelin kurgulandığı analiz sonuçlarında ise; büyüme, ihracat ve ithalatın, işgücünü pozitif şekilde etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca tüm modellerde birer kontrol değişkeni olarak kullanılan, brüt sabit sermaye oluşumu ve nüfus artışının da işgücü üzerinde pozitif yönlü bir etki bıraktığı saptanmıştır.
Tüketicilerin Kredi Kartı Kullanımını Etkileyen Faktörler: Ordu İli Örneği
Authors: PİLATİN Abdulmuttalip
Published: August 2021

Bu çalışmada, Ordu ilinde yaşayan tüketicilerin kredi kartı kullanımını etkileyen faktörler araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda 425 kişi ile yüz yüze anket uygulaması yapılmıştır. Buna göre, Ordu ilindeki tüketicilerin demografik özellikleri, kredi kartı kullanımını etkileyen faktörler ve kredi kartı kullanma alışkanlıkları yapılan frekans analizi ile gösterilmiştir. Tüketicilerin kredi kartı kullanım motivasyonlarında en önemli etkenin kredi kartlarının taksitli alış-veriş imkânı sağlamasının olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Kredi kartı ile yapılan harcama türlerine bakıldığında ilk sırada 3,81 ortalamayla gıda harcaması, ikincisi sırada 3,23 ortalamayla giyim harcamaları ve üçüncü sırada ise 2,98 ortalama ile elektronik ürün harcamalarının yer aldığı tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan T-Testi ve Anova analizleriyle kredi kartı kullanımını etkileyen faktörlerin demografik özelliklere ve gelire göre çok önemli bir farklılığa neden olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Buna göre kredi kartı kullanımında etkili olan faktörler katılımcıların cinsiyeti, yaşı, eğitim seviyesi ve eşlerin çalışma durumuna göre istatistiksel olarak farklılık gösterirken katılımcıların gelirleri, meslekleri ve medeni durumlarına göre istatistiksel olarak farklılık göstermediği tespit edilmiştir.
Üretim Teknolojilerinin Verimlilik Karşılaştırılması; Alüminyum Levha İmalat Uygulaması
Authors: EYİTMİŞ Ahmet , BİLGİNER Rahmi
Published: August 2021

İşletmelerin iktisadi hayatta var olabilmelerinin öncelikli şartı, küreselleşme ve teknolojik gelişmelere bağlı olmak kaydıyla rekabet güçleri ile belirlenmektedir. Bu kapsamda işletmelerin kısıtlı kaynaklarla üretimi planlayarak, kendilerine rekabet avantajı sağlayacak önlemler almaları gerekmektedir.

Buradan yola çıkarak, bu araştırmada Kahramanmaraş’ta alüminyum levha işleme işi ile uğraşan bir işletmenin verimliliğinin arttırılması ile ilgili sonuçlar elde etmek amaçlanmıştır. İlk olarak yazın taraması gerçekleştirilmiş ve yazındaki çalışmaların ışığında yalın üretim modelinin benimsenmesi gerektiği ortaya konulmuştur.

Sonuç olarak, yapılan değişikliklerin işletmenin verimliliğinde önemli katkılar ortaya koyduğu gözlenmiştir. Nitekim uygulama öncesinde döküm için kullanılan süre ortalama 15 saatken, 10,5 saate kadar azalması sağlanmıştır. Mamul çıktıları bakımından incelendiğinde, uygulama öncesinde her dökümde 250 birim mamul elde edilebilirken, uygulama sonucunda 370 birime kadar artışlar gözlenmiştir. Yine uygulama öncesinde 4000 kg toplam çıktı miktarı elde edilebilirken, uygulama sonucunda 5920 kg üretim gerçekleştirilebilir hale gelmiştir. Bütün bunların yanında klasik döküm şarj işlemlerinde 6 saat gibi bir toplam çalışma süresi mevcutken, yapılan döner sistem ile 3,2 saate kadar düşen süreler gözlenmiştir. Son olarak, konu ile ilgilenebilecek araştırmacıların kullanabilecekleri bir takım araştırma önerisinde de bulunulmuştur.