bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monetarists and the Politics of Monetary Policy
Authors: WOOLLEY JOHN T.
Published: March 2007

Monetarist economists appear to have achieved a high level of success in having their policy ideas put into practice. The monetarists are analyzed here as a political group. They are characterized as a loosely organized group offering distinct policy prescriptions, closely aligned with neoliberal political forces. The supply of monetarists is discussed in terms of their relative numbers and shared socialization experiences. The demand for monetarist analysis stems from needs for policy prescriptions, from self-interest, and from need for ideological reassurance. This article concludes with the argument that monetarists' success depends on their ability to convince policymakers outside the Federal Reserve to adopt a monetarist line.
Shifting Views of the Sentencing Function
Authors: ELDRIDGE WILLIAM B.
Published: March 2007

continued concern over the high incidence of crime in America, coupled with increasing evidence that numerous favored programs have failed to meet expectations, have combined to focus greater attention on the function of the sentence in the overall response to criminal behavior. Declining confidence in the rehabilitative model has shifted the functional appraisal of sentencing from assessment of its ability to steer persons into appropriate treatment programs to an assessment of its ability to serve alternative goals of deterrence, incapacitation, and retribution. It appears, however, that limitations on empirical assessment of effectiveness will lead to the same kinds of skepticism that have undermined the rehabilitative model. The net result will probably be modest adjustment in the relative emphasis on competing functions rather than exclusive or even predominant adherence to a single function.
Declining Neighborhoods: Problem or Opportunity?
Authors: GRIGSBY WILLIAM G. , CORL THOMAS C.
Published: March 2007

Widespread deterioration and squalid living conditions in many older residential areas in the United States stand in dramatic contrast to the large, comfortable, and attractive residences in the suburbs. The disparity in living environment is not easily explainable in terms of differences in household incomes, since real incomes in many of our older and now unsightly central-city neighborhoods have been generally increasing, not falling. A variety of explanations, none very convincing, have been offered for the anomaly of rising income and expanding decay. Over the years, various remedies have been tried without particular success. The only real hope for reversing the process of decay lies in altering the expectations of those who live and work in the affected neighborhoods, but the prospects for this are not bright. In any event, suburbanization is likely to continue draining population from the urban core because most city dwellers still aspire to joining the movement outward, and the trend of rising income will allow them to achieve this goal.
The Soviet Approach to Nuclear Weapons: A Historical Review
Authors: ODOM MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM E.
Published: March 2007

The Soviet approach to nuclear weapons shares very little with the American approach and a great deal with the way the Soviets adopted new military technologies such as aviation and motorization after World War I. Popular Western misperceptions have been reinforced by policy debates in the Soviet press that have been more apparent than real. More compelling evidence is found in the evolution of their military forces and doctrine. This evidence indicates integration of nuclear weapons in a combined-arms approach at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels designed to achieve military objectives, not to maintain deterrence through mutual vulnerability and escalation control. The emergence in the 1980s of a large Soviet force structure to fit their doctrinal view of nuclear war presents the West with a qualitatively new defense problem for the forseeable future.
Technology, Competition, and Employment
Authors: BROOKS HARVEY
Published: March 2007

Technology makes possible the production of existing goods and services with fewer input resources and the creation of new products and services fulfilling hitherto unmet or unrealized social needs. The accomplishment of both of these functions is difficult to estimate quantitatively, and it is thus hard to say anything definitive about the effects of technology on employment or on the quality of jobs, especially since technology is only one among several factors that influence this. Forecasts of future technological trends and their social impacts tend to overestimate changes in the short term, and underestimate them in the long term. This article stresses the key role of social and organizational learning, and the necessity for a higher level of cooperation among labor, management, and government in the selection and introduction of new technology and its accommodation to society. In the future the factory and the office must become more like a research laboratory or an advanced school where cooperative learning is the norm.
Federal Support for the Arts has a Future
Authors: deB. PELL CLAIBORNE
Published: March 2007

As one who has been intimately involved for 23 years with the federal programs that support the arts in this country, I have been particularly concerned about recent Reagan administration efforts to reduce the budgets of the National Endowments for the Arts and for the Humanities and to lessen their impact on our cultural scene. The administration's approach to federal arts policy began with some basic misconceptions about the sources of the impressive growth that took place in the sixties and seventies in both the number and quality of American cultural institutions. Moreover the administration contended that as government support for the arts increased, there was a decrease in moneys from the private sector. Statistics seem to indicate that the opposite is true. The federal government through the National Endowment for the Arts has had a major impact in aiding and expanding our nation's cultural institutions. Much of this effect has been achieved in partnership with private resources. This critical government role as catalyst and facilitator must continue to spark increased nonfederal support for the arts.
Trade Unions and Productivity: Some New Evidence on an Old Issue
Authors: FREEMAN RICHARD B. , MEDOFF JAMES L.
Published: March 2007

Econometric investigations have yielded new evidence concerning collective bargaining's impact on productivity for workers of a given quality working with the same amount of capital. These findings indicate that in many sectors—in particular, manufacturing and construction—unionized work places are on average more productive than nonunion ones. This positive effect is not an immutable constant. For example, in the underground bituminous coal industry, unionized mines were less productive than nonunion mines in 1975, with the reverse true in 1965. The routes by which unions affect productivity have not yet been carefully delineated, but they appear to differ from sector to sector. In manufacturing, reduced turnover and improved management seem to be key; in construction, better-trained workers and more rationalized hiring and supervision seem to be primary. Finally, while the union/nonunion productivity differential is likely to be positive, it is on the average not large enough to offset the greater compensation and capital intensity under unionism. Hence, higher productivity and lower profitability appear to go hand in hand under collective bargaining.
Elections and Legitimacy in the Middle East
Authors: RUSTOW DANKWART A.
Published: March 2007

Israel is an immigrant democracy, not unlike the United States; and its traditions and adverse circumstances have hastened assimilation and have softened the ideological differences so vocally expressed by its party system. In Turkey, democracy had to wait until a generation after it became a nation-state. Whereas the vast majority of voters supported moderate, centrist parties, the election system first encouraged majority tyranny and next gave exaggerated leverage to the extremist parties repudiated at the polls. These weaknesses of the political system—and periodic economic crises—gave rise to periodic military interventions but appear at last to have been overcome by the liberal and popular program of Turgut Özal. Elsewhere in the Middle East, the interlude of Western colonialism and the futile search for pan-Arab unity have delayed the advent of democracy; and in Lebanon, armed denominational rivalries have destroyed the political system. More recently, boundaries and regimes have stabilized throughout most of the region. Elections and parliamentary meetings have reflected the consolidation of Iran's charismatic revolutionary regime and the continuing quest of military or monarchic regimes in Egypt, Jordan, and Kuwait for greater legitimacy at home and abroad.
Mexican Immigrants: The Economic Dimension
Authors: CHISWICK BARRY R.
Published: March 2007

The high rate of population growth in Mexico and the very wide gap in income and consumption per capita have encouraged an increasing migration of Mexican nationals to the United States. Recently legal immigration from Mexico has averaged about 58,000 persons per year. Illegal migration may also be substantial, but it is more difficult to quantify. About 1 million Mexican illegal aliens have been apprehended annually in recent years, with over 90 percent being apprehended at the border during or shortly after a surreptitious entry. Mexican immigrants, whether legal or illegal, tend to have very low skill levels as measured by years of schooling, English-language proficiency, or occupational skills. As a consequence their earnings in the United States are low relative to other immigrants and U.S.-born Mexican Americans; however, their earnings are high relative to their opportunities in Mexico. The earnings disadvantages of Mexican immigrants diminish with additional years in the U.S. labor market.
Recent Innovations in Language Teaching Methodology
Authors: LARSEN-FREEMAN DIANE
Published: March 2007

Five innovative methodologies currently practiced in the teaching of foreign languages are discussed: the Silent Way, Suggestopedia, Community Language Learning, the Comprehension Approach, and the Communicative Approach. In order to understand how these methodologies are innovative, a discussion of teaching practices during the first half of the twentieth century is offered. Following the historical perspective, the five innovative methodologies are analyzed in terms of their goals, features of the teaching and learning process, characteristics of teachers and learners, and their views of language and culture. Then a summary of what they have in common is provided. The article concludes with the identification of questions concerning methodologies that need to be addressed in the field and with some specific recommendations for a national agenda for foreign language instruction.
International-Security Criticisms of Peace Research
Authors: QUESTER GEORGE H.
Published: March 2007

The intellectual community that addresses arms control or international security has a number of criticisms to offer of its colleagues working on peace research or peace studies. The latter are seen as being too optimistic and unrealistic, tending to assume that good things must go together, that domestic and international improvements are always linked, and that disarmament serves all the purposes of humankind. Peace studies teachers are moreover seen as engaged too often in consciousness raising, on the mistaken assumption that many of us do not understand the desirability of peace. Finally, peace researchers are sometimes seen as redefining peace to include justice and social improvement and whatever other causes they favor, so that major confusions can result as to which particular problem we are trying to solve at any particular time.
The Pacific Basin versus the Atlantic Alliance: Two Paradigms of International Relations
Authors: KURTH JAMES R.
Published: March 2007

For many years, the study of international economy and international security, two fields of international relations, has been based respectively upon the two concepts of international liberalism and extended deterrence. Both concepts developed out of the conditions of the Atlantic/European arena after World War II; together they form the Atlantic Alliance paradigm. This paradigm poorly fits the Pacific/Asian world. In regard to the international economy, the East Asian states are adherents not of international liberalism but of international mercantilism. In regard to international security, they are cases not of extended deterrence but of finite deterrence. Together, these concepts form the Pacific Basin paradigm. The 1990s will be a period of conflict between these two international relations paradigms, the declining one of the United States and the American half century and the rising one of the East Asian powers and the future.
Assessing Israel's Record on Human Rights
Authors: SIMON RITA J.
Published: March 2007

Using public opinion data, this article examines Israeli Jewish and Arab attitudes toward and support for various aspects of civil liberties, such as the right to express unpopular beliefs and to engage in acts of protest. It also contrasts public attitudes with the Israeli system of law and justice and with Israeli responses to the uprising in the occupied territories of the West Bank and Gaza. The public opinion data show Israelis to be similar to Americans in their attitudes toward many civil liberty issues. The data also show differences between Jewish and Arab responses in their satisfaction with the way democracy works in Israel. Current Israeli practices on the West Bank and in Gaza involving violations of human rights such as the destruction of Arab homes, sending writers and intellectuals into exile, and invoking censorship and curfews are juxtaposed with the public opinion data. The author concludes that due process, adherence to the rule of law, and tolerance for unpopular ideas are not usually honored when a society believes it must respond to external threats to its security.
Japanese Economic Cooperation
Authors: KOSAI YUTAKA , MATSUYAMA KENJI
Published: March 2007

Japanese official development assistance (ODA) totaled $9.13 billion in 1988, which put Japan neck and neck with the United States for the title of largest aid-donor country. In the few decades since joining the Development Assistance Committee in 1961, Japan has steadily increased its aid effort until the country is now one of the major sources of economic cooperation. This article first outlines the characteristics of Japanese ODA—such as its emphasis on loans to Asia—and then discusses the various factors that have shaped these characteristics. In recognition of the fact that yen credits are central to Japanese assistance, the significance and impact of those yen credits are then examined. Finally, some recent developments in Japanese assistance and some issues that remain to be resolved are reviewed.
Japan's Resource Imports
Authors: SATO KAZUO
Published: March 2007

As a resource-poor country, Japan depends much on imports of resource goods—foods, fuels, and crude materials—to keep its economy running. This dependence has increased over time, making Japan vulnerable to supply shocks. At the same time, demand shocks emanating from its domestic economy have come to exert a greater influence on the world economy. Because Japan exports almost wholly manufactured goods and imports largely resource goods, its bilateral trade balance ends up with a surplus with industrial economies and a deficit with primary-producing countries even when Japan's trade is globally balanced. This trade structure gives rise to trade frictions, especially with the United States. Unless the structure is altered fundamentally, Japan will find it increasingly difficult to fit itself into the world economy.
The Overseas Strategies of Japanese Corporations
Authors: TREVOR MALCOLM
Published: March 2007

Internationalization, including the internationalization of business, is widely discussed in Japan today. Starting with the trading companies and banks in the 1950s, followed by the manufacturers in the 1970s and increasingly by the financial institutions in the 1980s, the overseas spread of Japanese corporations in developed as well as in developing countries has been conspicuous. Comparisons have been made with American multinational spread in the 1950s, but it is not an exact parallel. Internationalization means more business, but Japanese managers fear the dilution of systems used so effectively at home. The companies therefore face problems, especially in the internationalization of management. Yet a high-level study group and others in Japan have concluded that this is the only viable path adapted to the changed needs of the 1990s and beyond and that taking it is a matter of enlightened self-interest.
Plato at the Keyboard: Telecommunications Technology and Education Policy
Authors: CAREY JOHN
Published: March 2007

The pace of adoption of distance-learning services has accelerated during the past few years due to more reliable equipment, lower costs, and better design of learning materials. Many new applications for distance learning emphasize low-end equipment with fewer bells and whistles, a new or extended use for an existing technology or network, interactive learning components, and new partnerships between public and private sector groups. In implementing new distance-learning applications, it is important to emphasize the service to be provided, not the technology that provides it. Further, teachers should be viewed as partners who are essential to the success of an application, not as enemies of technology. From a policy perspective, telecommunications may be viewed as a highway system that will serve a vital role in education and economic development during the next century. In order to construct a comprehensive highway system, it will be necessary to organize many existing telecommunications groups, such as public broadcasters, cable operators, and telephone companies.
MCET: Creating the Infrastructure
Authors: MILLER INABETH
Published: March 2007

Massachusetts has forged a unique path to create the Mass LearnPike. It is not among the early leaders. An elementary school principal was once heard to say, “I don't want to be first or even second. Middle, middle. That's where my parents and this community want to be.” In allowing other states to surge ahead, to experiment, to slip and fail, to emerge with strong programs and services, the middles, like Massachusetts, can pick and choose their strategies. The middles can select program material from the best available throughout the country. The middles can build an infrastructure that is reasonable and sound, based upon experience rather than intuition. The middles can experiment with combining technologies and introducing new variations. With that infrastructure firmly in place, the middles will spread their wings and scale new heights; they will change the delivery of education for local schools. Today, Massachusetts has the resources, the leadership team, the partnerships, and the momentum to move from the middles into a nontrivial role in shaping the future of schooling.
The European Community, 1978-93
Authors: DINAN DESMOND
Published: March 2007

The European Community underwent a remarkable transformation in the mid-1980s. The Single Market Program (1992) became synonymous with a revitalized Community moving rapidly toward greater political and economic integration. The end of the Cold War, to which the Single Market Program undoubtedly contributed, posed enormous internal and external challenges. The most common concern was that Germany's preoccupation with unification, and the Community's preoccupation with Germany, would derail the Single Market Program and the most recent initiative for economic and monetary union. Instead, German unification spurred renewed interest in European integration, culminating in the Maastricht Treaty of February 1992. Yet growing popular concern about the Community's development sparked the Maastricht Treaty ratification crisis. In the past, crises have acted as a catalyst for deeper European integration. The Maastricht ratification crisis could have a similar impact, especially by focusing attention on the Community's democratic deficit.
The Significance of EC-1992
Authors: PELKMANS JACQUES
Published: March 2007

The tortuous ratification process of the Maastricht Treaty, the turmoil in European currency markets in the autumn of 1992, the lack of political leadership ever since the Maastricht negotiation, and the recession would seem to have created a sense of disillusion about the much heralded post-1992 period for the European Community (EC). Is the Community drifting back to Europessimism? Was the impact of EC-1992 a fata morgana? What, if anything, was accomplished by EC-1992? This article shows that EC-1992 has enormous significance for the EC. There are four reasons. The first and most fundamental one is found in the induced transformation of the process of European integration in many ways. Second, EC-1992 has fulfilled a locomotive function, pulling the Community out of stagnation, bickering, and deadlock to great economic policy and political and market dynamism. Third, EC-1992 has bolstered the Community's position in the world economy and diplomacy. Fourth, the successful pursuit of EC-1992 has enabled the EC to assume the leadership in the post-Communist pan-European turmoil; although the EC role is not satisfactory, without EC-1992 and its impact, a disastrous leadership gap would have shown up.
Policy Issues in Foreign Language and Study Abroad
Authors: BRECHT RICHARD D. , WALTON A. RONALD
Published: March 2007

As exchange and study abroad programs proliferate and the range of countries and languages involved broadens, the role of language competence in such programs is in vital need of examination. Long-neglected policy issues, like standards and assessment as well as program design and management, must be addressed. Programs relying on or developing language competence are in need of a new national architecture, which brings to bear expertise from the field of second language acquisition, target languages and cultures, and exchange and study management.
Good Intentions Gone Awry: IRCA and U.S. Agriculture
Authors: MARTIN PHILIP L.
Published: March 2007

Agriculture has been the major side door and backdoor through which unskilled immigrants have entered the United States for the past half century. If the 1980s' immigration patterns continue in the 1990s, up to one-fourth of the working-aged U.S. immigrants who arrive during the decade may have their initial U.S. employment in fruit and vegetable agriculture. Immigration reform was expected to reform agriculture's revolving-door labor market. By legalizing the farm workforce, it was hoped that legal workers who did not have to compete with a continuing influx of illegal aliens could force farmers to improve wages and working conditions. Farmers, in turn, would stop planting labor-intensive crops in remote areas and expect the U.S. government to admit or tolerate the entry of immigrant workers to harvest them. The immigration reforms have proven to be a case of good intentions gone awry. Instead of a legal farm workforce, 20-40 percent of today's farm workers are unauthorized. Most farm employers did not make adjustments to retain newly legalized farm workers; instead, more farmers sought newly arrived and often unauthorized immigrant workers.
Constraining Conventional Arms Transfers
Authors: MOODIE MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

Interest in restraining the conventional arms trade has intensified in the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Persian Gulf war as well as in the face of continuing hostilities in Bosnia, Somalia, and elsewhere. Analysts differ considerably, however, over whether the new features of the post-Cold War security landscape create an environment more conducive or more hostile to future arms trade restraint. Developed and developing countries must cooperate on technology transfer and other aspects of the conventional arms trade problem to devise new approaches to replace traditional efforts focused on constraining supply that are virtually doomed to failure in the future. The need for nontraditional approaches is especially strong in the face of the difficulties for both suppliers and recipients in balancing the competing and complex political, economic, and security interests at work in arms transfer decisions. New approaches should be built on the foundations of the initiation of supplier-recipient dialogues, intensified regional arms control efforts, and heightened transparency and confidence building in arms trade transactions.
Quebec and the Ideal of Federalism
Authors: BALTHAZAR LOUIS
Published: March 2007

The federal structure of Canada has always been very important for Quebec, especially since the Quiet Revolution. By the 1960s, Quebec had come to constitute a communication network of its own. This reinforced the notion of provincial autonomy. Quebec's claims were supported by two important federal commissions. The Ottawa government, however, under Pierre Elliott Trudeau's leadership, reacted with the concept of a single Canadian nation. Trudeau's actions culminated with the 1982 Constitution and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Since the Quebec National Assembly did not and could not approve a constitutional scheme that totally ignored Quebec as a people, the Canadian Constitution was and still is illegitimate for Quebecers. Efforts at rectifying this anomaly were in vain, in great part because the very spirit of Canadianism resulting from the application of the Charter did not allow for the full recognition of a distinct society in Quebec. This is why Quebecers, who are strong believers in federalism, may be led to sovereignty. Canada, as it is now conceived by most Canadians, does not seem compatible with an enduring Quebec identity.
Democracy and Globalization in India: Post-Cold War Discourse
Authors: SHETH D. L.
Published: March 2007

The post-Cold War project of globalization is changing the established notion of liberal democracy and local governance. The political autonomy of the liberal state is being increasingly compromised in favor of market forces and local governance more and more exposed to direct penetration by global and corporate power structures. This change has far-reaching implications for the future of democracy, particularly in the Third World. Aware of this challenge, new social movements in India, active at the grass roots of politics, are resisting global penetration of local communities, using new political spaces opened up by the retreat of the state from socioeconomic arenas. Through an inventive politics of struggle over issues concerning local communities and their empowerment, they articulate a vision of democracy as a creative political process, operative primarily at the local level. Their politics are addressed to establishing direct access and control of people over their immediate environment—economic, social, and cultural. To ensure that, they seek to transcend old dichotomies between state and society, global and local, political and social—and open up new possibilities for democracy in India.
The Changing Values of Local Government
Authors: KJELLBERG FRANCESCO
Published: March 2007

Local government reorganization has been almost ubiquitous in developed countries in the last decades. Local authorities have been restructured, the relationships between central and local government have been reshaped, and new local government acts have been passed in a number of countries. Basically, this is a response to the expansion of governmental intervention in the society. The ideological premises underlying these processes are complex and manifold. Partly, they refer to the traditional values of local self-government, with an accent on autonomy, participation, and efficiency. Partly, they refer to fundamental requirements of central steering in the contemporary state: rule of law, geographical redistribution, and macroeconomic steering. This variegated set of values and requirements has to be given space in the local government institution. This is why the process of reorganization cannot be subsumed under a dichotomy of centralization and decentralization. Local government in advanced democracies is too complex to be accommodated by such a simple formula, requiring a redefinition of its role in society.
The Arms Trade, Military Assistance, and Recent Wars: Change and Continuity
Authors: NEUMAN STEPHANIE G.
Published: March 2007

Military assistance patterns generally reflect the character of power relations among nations and states. This article analyzes the patterns of military assistance in recent wars, using them as indicators of continuities and changes in the post-Cold War world. Surveyed are the ways in which combatants obtained military supplies, training, and other kinds of political, economic, and military support between 1990 and 1993. During this period, a curious blend of new and old patterns of behavior emerged. Military support continued to flow to former clients from both the East and the West, but reduced levels of aid and changed security perceptions prompted combatants to turn to other, less traditional sources of aid. Ultimately, the shape and character of the global arms trade will be determined by the new power structure that unfolds. Evolving patterns of military assistance, however, provide some suggestion of what that new world order may look like.
Ideology and Independent Living: Will Conservatism Harm People with Disabilities?
Authors: BATAVIA ANDREW I.
Published: March 2007

The prospect of a conservative revolution has raised the anxiety of the predominantly liberal disability leadership. Whether the diverse disability community shares the policy objectives of the leadership, and its concern over the conservative agenda, is not clear. This article considers four major branches of the conservative movement—fiscal conservatism, the federalist movement, social and religious conservatism, and libertarianism—and their compatibility with the independent living movement, a social movement supported by most people with disabilities. It concludes that the two social movements have several consistent tenets, such as individual responsibility, personal and economic freedom, and self-reliance. Conversely, liberal policies, which tend to encourage dependency, appear in direct conflict with the independent living philosophy. The Americans with Disabilities Act is examined as a disability policy that is largely consistent with conservative principles. The article concludes that, to achieve their policy goals, people with disabilities should seek representation on both sides of the political aisle and should develop proposals that will be acceptable to conservatives and moderates as well as liberals.
The Philadelphia Experience
Authors: ADAMS CAROLYN T.
Published: March 2007

While Philadelphia has developed many links to the global economy, this city region does not qualify as a world city on a par with New York or Los Angeles. Ironically, in an era of increasing globalization, Philadelphia's regional economy is arguably more locally oriented than during the heyday of manufacturing because services are not as exportable as manufactured goods. This article identifies some of the advantages and problems associated with Philadelphia's status as a regional city rather than a world city. It examines the prospects for city-suburban cooperation to enhance the region's competitive economic position. The politics of regional cooperation are illustrated by three examples of physical infrastructure: the Pennsylvania Convention Center, the ports of Philadelphia and Camden, and the Naval Shipyard. The author concludes that even to promote infrastructure that supports business, the political and business leaders have difficulty cooperating.
Modernity, the Religious, and the Spiritual
Authors: ROOF WADE CLARK
Published: March 2007

Research on the post-World War II generations offers the opportunity to examine significant trends in American religion that will shape the early decades of the next century. A reclaiming of the spiritual, the more experiential aspects of religion, is at the very heart of these changes for younger cohorts of Americans. The crucial question is, Will religious institutions adapt to these experiential quests and provide the symbolic resources needed to sustain them? Drawing from insights from Ernst Troeltsch, several possible scenarios are described as we move into the new century.
Using Simple Calculations to Predict Judicial Decisions
Authors: Nagel Stuart
Published: March 2007

Successful prediction of judicial decisions is inherent in a true "rule of law." It is also a dream of many a law student and a nightmare to the culture complex of legal and juridical professions. The author, of the Pennsylvania State University Department of Political Science, takes us step by step through a hypothetical set of cases. Using well-known arithmetical and algebraic operations, he follows key variables from prior cases to determine the likelihood of judgment for a litigant in a new case.
The Lamentable Side of Researching in Chile
Authors: Rothman Stanley
Published: March 2007

Language problems and cultural differences are only two of several barriers to empirical research in Chile, reports Professor Rothman of Smith College. Others, which he encountered, are red tape, the lack of prior research that is of behavioral orientations, and an unwillingness among Chileans to share data or engage in co operative research.
System Sesar
Authors: Wilcox Allen R. , Bobrow Davis B. , Bwy Douglas P.
Published: March 2007

Computer techniques have applications in locating and retrieving information from sample survey data banks Allen Wilcox is a consultant to Oak Ridge National Laboratory, where Davis Bobrow is Senior Social Scientist in the Direc tor's Division. Douglas Bwy is Assistant Professor of Politi cal Science, Western Reserve University.
Non-Verbal, Non-Numerical Models and Media in Political Science
Authors: Dator James Allen
Published: March 2007

Dr. Dator is Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Polytechnic Institute's College of Arts and Sciences. The following paper presents his preliminary thinking on some new departures in the conceptualization and teaching of politics. Readers' comments would be welcomed by the author.
The Hiring Process
Authors: MARSDEN PETER V.
Published: March 2007

The NOS survey data show that U.S. establishments use a variety of methods for publicizing the availability of job opportunities to potential workers. Newspaper advertisements and informal referrals from employees are used most frequently. Referrals are more often used together with other approaches than as a sole recruitment strategy; those establishments that rely exclusively on “network hiring” tend to be small, less formalized, and in the private sector. Organizations display strong proclivities to rely on the same approaches to recruitment for different types of employees, but there are occupationally related variations in recruiting techniques. Professional referrals and advertisements are more typical approaches for high-prestige occupations than for low ones, and some variations in recruitment practices are associated with occupational gender composition.
Herrnstein and Murray, Inc.
Authors: LIEBERMAN LEONARD
Published: March 2007

The basic claims of The Bell Curve are contradicted. Studies are reviewed indicating that consensus does not exist that IQ tests measure intelligence. When sociocultural environment was held constant, differences in measured intelligence between groups were not present. Claims of 60% within group heritability are based on twin studies where a significant number of separated twins were reared in similar environments. Degree of African or European ancestry does not correlate with test scores. Environmental programs can bring about significant changes in the lives of the participants. The purpose of The Bell Curve is not to disseminate knowledge, but to provide a weapon to justify continued economic disenfranchisement of the low-income members of society.
Stereotypes and Prejudice
Authors: WOLFE CONNIE T. , SPENCER STEVEN J.
Published: March 2007

The authors examine overt and subtle forms of stereotyping and prejudice. Two theories that explain overt prejudice are reviewed: realistic conflict theory and social identity theory. Although overt prejudice seems to have declined, subtle stereotyping is still pervasive. The authors review one theory, aversive racism theory, that explains this phenomenon. They also discuss two perspectives, attributional ambiguity and stereotype threat, which provide accounts of the impact of subtle racism. Both overt and subtle prejudice present challenges for the classroom. The authors describe one intervention called the jigsaw classroom that encourages work toward common goals and helps reduce the expression and impact of overt discrimination. A second intervention program, wise schooling, is presented, which aims to reduce the impact of subtle stereotypes by reducing stereotype threat.
The Social Invention of Collective Actors
Authors: PEDERSEN JESPER STRANDGAARD , DOBBIN FRANK
Published: March 2007

Since the middle of the 19th century, the formal organization has been constructed as a legitimate collective actor in and of itself. How did it rise to sit alongside the nation-state as one of the principal forms of collective action in modern society? The authors argue that the scientific epistemology of the Enlightenment provided a model in which the social world, like the natural world, was to be understood through the classification of forms and the enumeration of particular instantiations. Individuals deliberately created the modern organization by asserting a universal form through the symbolization of isomorphism and by enumerating individual identities through the symbolization of cultural identity. Neoinstitutional theory documents the first process, whereas organizational theory documents the second. The authors argue that these two theories highlight different aspects of a single process: the social invention of the organization as collective actor.
Ideology, Methodology, and Context
Authors: BUCKLEY CYNTHIA J.
Published: March 2007

The use of survey research has expanded dramatically in the Russian Federation, with mixed results in terms of accuracy and methodological practice. This article offers a preliminary summary of developments in survey research in the Russian Federation, highlighting the methodological and cultural difficulties associated with the transmission of Western-style survey research to the social reality of the Russian Federation. Ideological pressure, intellectual isolation, and emphasis on making surveys politically palatable led to a unique situation for the development of survey methodologies within the former Soviet Union. Insights from interviews with 20 Russian and American scholars highlight problems in cross-cultural collaboration in the post-Soviet context in terms of communication, ownership, training, and sampling. International collaboration has not yet reached its potential in terms of assisting the further development of existing sampling practices, data access norms, and interviewer preparation in the Russian Federation.
A Social-Psychological Analysis of HIV-Related Stigma
Authors: PRYOR JOHN B. , REEDER GLENN D. , LANDAU STEVEN
Published: March 2007

Despite the best efforts of public health agencies, HIV/AIDS continues to carry a significant stigma in the general population. Research indicates that people's negative reactions to persons with AIDS (PWAs) are due to their relatively automatic reactions to a disease that has become associated with death, promiscuity, drugs, and homosexuality. There is also evidence that more controlled or effortful information processing influences how people respond to PWAs. A model of HIV-related stigma is developed that assumes psychological reactions to stigmatized persons are governed by a primarily associative and a rule-based system, and that there is a temporal pattern such that initial reactions are governed by the associative system whereas subsequent reactions are governed by the rule-based system. Because associations to PWAs often are negative, relatively automatic reactions tend to be negative; however, if perceivers have enough time, motivation, and cognitive resources, they may adjust their initial reactions in a more positive direction. This theoretical model has general implications for understanding how any perceived stigma influences social cognition processes.
Afro-American Scholars in the University
Authors: BANKS WILLIAM M.
Published: March 2007

Afro-American scholars recruited by historically white universities during the past two decades faced a number of complex issues about their role and function within the institutions. In addition to expectations concerning research and teaching, various institutional interests sought to appropriate the energies of new arrivals. The conflicting role expectations often influenced the work and position of Afro-American intellectuals in academe.
A Commentary and an Overview of Key Questions on Corporate Social Performance Measurement
Authors: Carroll Archie B.
Published: March 2007

This article has two purposes. First, the author will provide a commentary on Donna Wood’s article on theory, research, passion, and integrity in business and society. This is in response to an invitation to serve as a raconteur onWood’s article. In fulfilling this role, the author will provide summary comments and then remark on each major section of her article. She provides a helpful and engaging overview of the business and society field that provides a backdrop for a consideration of Corporate Social Performance (CSP) theory and measurement. Second, the author will present what he considers to be a few key questions or issues that need to be addressed as we seek to advance CSP measurement.
Determinants of Moral Reasoning: Sex Role Orientation, Gender, and Academic Factors
Authors: Elm Dawn R. , Kennedy Ellen J. , Lawton Leigh
Published: March 2007

Mixed results regarding the role of gender in moral reasoning prompted an investigation of an alternative characteristic that may be more influential in the process: sex role orientation. We present an empirical assessment of the relationship between an individual’s moral reasoning level and his/her sex role orientation, gender, and several academic factors. Our results indicate that sex role orientation is not related to moral reasoning level. Gender is related to moral reasoning in our study, women reasoning at higher levels than men. We found a positive relationship between education and moral reasoning level, and moral reasoning levels differed across academic institutions. Our results also show business students have lower moral reasoning levels than students in other fields, although this result did not reach statistical significance.
Differences in Ethical Beliefs, Intentions, and Behaviors
Authors: Weber James , Gillespie Janet
Published: March 2007

Using Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior and Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, we look at individual beliefs (What should I do?), intention (What would I do?), and actual behaviors (What did I do?) and the rationale used in each instance. Of the 12 hypotheses, 10 are strongly supported and 2 are moderately supported. This data set shows that significant differences exist between belief and action, belief and intention, and intention and action; the rationales used to support belief, intention, and action differ from one another. Implications for academic research and managerial practice are discussed and research limitations are examined.
The Continuing Quest for Accountable, Ethical, and Humane Corporate Capitalism
Authors: Epstein Edwin M.
Published: March 2007

From their inception, the social issues in management (SIM) field and the SIM Division within the Academy of Management have provided venues to examine the complex, dynamic, two-way relation between economic institutions of our society and the social systems in which they operate. They have blended the normative with the scientific, the speculative with the empirical, and the philosophical with the pragmatic. The field and the Division have served, perhaps most importantly, as the conscience of management education and the Academy. Their enduring quest and raison d’étre is to foster corporate capitalism that is accountable, ethical, and humane.
The Limits of Judicial Power
Authors: KELEMEN R. DANIEL
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the politics of supranational dispute resolution, focusing on trade-environment disputes in the context of the European Union (EU) and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO). The author analyzes how the interaction of political and legal pressures has influenced decision making by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and by GATT/WTO panels in trade-environment disputes.
The Politics of Retrenchment in a Social Democratic Welfare State
Authors: ANDERSON KAREN M.
Published: March 2007

What explains the origins and pattern of retrenchment dynamics in Swedish old-age pensions and unemployment insurance during the 1990s? Although the economic crisis created pressure to scale back both programs, the author argues that retrenchment only occurred when and where the Social Democratic Party and some segments of the labor movement supported change. This finding suggests that the political importance of organized labor in retrenchment politics depends on the relationship between welfare-state programs and interest group structure. When interest group structure is characterized by solidaristic, centralized, encompassing organizations, the old class-based power resource model has more explanatory bite than Pierson's new politics of the welfare-state approach.
Direct Democracy or Organized Futility?
Authors: ROCHON THOMAS R.
Published: March 2007

Dutch action groups are related to the single-issue groups and citizens' movements of other advanced industrial societies. They are characterized by concentration on a single issue, the use of direct action to mobilize public opinion, and relatively intense but brief lives as organized political forces. Action groups are among the few channels of direct political participation available in a highly institutionalized representative democracy. This article uses survey evidence from the mass public and from local and national elites to see if Dutch action groups are an effective channel of direct participation. For several reasons, it turns out that they are not: (1) Although action group participation is one of the more common forms of Dutch political activity, it is a channel used mainly by young middle-class leftists. (2) There is considerable mistrust of action groups by both mass and elite. This is due primarily to disapproval of demonstrations and direct action tactics. (3) As a result, political elites are unresponsive to action group demands. This is particularly true at the national level; the evidence suggests that action groups are somewhat more influential at the municipal level. Action groups must win the confidence of the conservative portion of the population if they are to become the effective channels of direct political participation that they have the potential to be. This would be a desirable development from the viewpoint of decreasing the distance between citizen and government.