bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Centeno Eduardo , Shulman Sidney , Milgrom Felix , Witebsky Ernest , Skelton Floyd
Published: January 2023

Rabbits injected with homogenate or extract of pooled rabbit kidneys, emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant, responded in most cases with the production of antibodies, as detected by gel diffusion and complement fixation methods. The antisera showed a high degree of tissue and species specificity, giving strong reactions with extracts of rabbit kidney and very weak reactions with extracts of kidney from other species and of other tissues of rabbit. In gel diffusion, there were three antigen-antibody systems. Comparison of various rabbit tissues revealed a prominent antigen which was kidney-specific, a second antigen which was also kidney-specific but a minor component, and a third antigen which was shared between kidney and other tissues.

All three antibodies were shown to be autoantibodies, indicating the existence, not only of kidney-specific autoantigens, but also of a non-tissue-specific autoantigen. Damage to kidney structures was suggested from the development of proteinuria in most of the rabbits and from the histologic examinations. The latter showed mild cellular proliferation in the glomeruli of some of the animals. It may well be that more severe tissue damage would have been detected if the kidneys had been examined at earlier stages during immunization.
The Antigens of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Authors: Brown F. , Cartwright B. , Almeida June D.
Published: January 2023

Vesicular stomatitis virus grown in baby hamster kidney cells was fractionated by centrifugation in a linear sucrose gradient. Three well separated peaks of complement fixing activity were obtained. The major part of the infectivity was associated with the most rapidly sedimenting complement fixing fraction. All three fractions possessed immunogenic properties in guinea pigs after inactivation with 0.05% acetylethyleneimine. The intermediate peak was the most active. Electron microscopy has revealed that each of the three fractions obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation has a distinctive appearance. Peak A consists of complete particles and partially disintegrated particles of virus. Peak B is overwhelmingly composed of rosettes and helices together with a certain number of particle fragments. Peak C contains the smaller size range of rosettes and a considerable amount of cell material. The relationship of the appearance of the three fractions in the electron microscope to their immunizing properties is discussed.
Some Characteristics of Human Immunoconglutinin
Authors: Bienenstock John , Bloch Kurt J.
Published: January 2023

Human immunoconglutinin was titrated by its reaction with sensitized sheep erythrocytes alexinated with horse complement. IC was shown to be a euglobulin and to be sensitive to the action of 2-mercaptoethanol. On Sephadex G200 chromatography and density gradient ultracentrifugation, its behavior was that of a macroglobulin. IC activity was absorbed by an antiserum to human IgM globulins. In contrast to bovine conglutinin, IC did not require calcium ions for its action, and was not inhibited by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Sequential complement fixation at least as far as AgAbC′1423 is required for IC to react with alexinated complexes. Reactivity with autologous complement was demonstrated.
Serologic Features of Mycoplasmal Arthritis in Swine
Authors: Aho Kimmo , Switzer William P. , Lightfoot Robert W. , Christian Charles L.
Published: January 2023

All of 7 sera from swine with Mycoplasma granularum arthritis contained warm-type anti-human O agglutinins in higher titers than 9 control sera (healthy mycoplasma-free swine) and a swine serum pool. Cross-absorptions indicated that the agglutinins were not monospecific. Four of 7 sera of arthritic swine contained anti-rabbit γ-globulins in titers four-fold higher than the control sera. No reactivity with swine γ-globulin could be demonstrated. Both the anti-group O agglutinins and the anti-rabbit γ-globulins had the sedimenting properties of macroglobulins.
Antigenic Determinants of Human β1C- and β1G-Globulins
Authors: West Clark D. , Davis Neil C. , Forristal Judith , Herbst John , Spitzer Roger
Published: January 2023

Four distinct antigenic determinant groups have been found to be associated with β1C-globulin. Antigen A is present on β1A and antigen D is on a second breakdown product of β1C, designated α2D. Both are also present on β1C. Another antigen is also present on α2D which has been designated Dd but this is not present on β1C. A fourth antigen of β1C, designated B, is completely lost from the serum as β1C breaks down with aging. Antiserum containing antibody only to this group forms a β1C are with fresh serum but does not react with aged serum.

α2D loses most of its antigenicity on heating serum for 1 hr at 56°. β1A is unaffected by this treatment.

The breakdown of β1C occurring on reaction of fresh serum with zymosan or immune precipitates resembles in all respects that occurring with aging. Hydrazine or ammonia treatment, however, diminishes the mobility of α2D.

β1G, produced by reaction of isolated β1C with EAC′1,4,2a cells, has A, D and Dd antigens but lacks the B antigen. Its mobility is similar to that of β1A.

The studies suggest that β1C undergoes marked unfolding and configurational changes as it breaks down. A close relationship may be assumed between the B antigen of β1C and the activity of the molecule in immune hemolytic reactions.
Pathogenesis of Influenza in Ferrets
Authors: Haff Richard F. , Schriver Paul W. , Engle Claire G. , Stewart Richard C.
Published: January 2023

A uniform, mild and acute upper respiratory disease was produced in ferrets with influenza A, PR8. The infectious process and systemic manifestations of disease have been described.

Infection elicited the local synthesis of interferon and systemic production of antibody. Temporal relationships of increase and decline in interferon and virus titers were similar, whereas antibody first appeared at the time of resolution of disease.

Analysis of mean temperature following infection demonstrated hypothermia on day 1 and hyperthermia on day 2. Individuals did not respond consistently in either respect.

Concentration of 25 chemical components of plasma or serum was assayed for alteration resulting from infection. Mean change was observed in levels of lactic dehydrogenase, albumin, β-globulin and glycoprotein. Increase in lactic dehydrogenase was not a constant individual characteristic of disease.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate increased in all infected ferrets. This measurement is, therefore, an accurate and simple means of monitoring the disease in individual animals.

Mean change was demonstrated in various other hematologic components, but lymphopenia was the only alteration occurring with a high degree of consistency among individuals.
Comparisons of Antibodies Reacting with DNA
Authors: Stollar B. David , Sandberg Ann L.
Published: January 2023

Six rabbit antisera induced by complexes of denatured deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) were found to have C′ fixation properties which differed from those of human (lupus erythematosus serum) anti-DNA antibodies. The rabbit anti-DNA-MBSA antibodies: 1) fixed C′, with denatured DNA, more efficiently at 37°C than at 4°C; 2) were eluted from Sephadex G-200 columns in Fraction I as macroglobulins; and 3) were virtually completely inactivated by treatment with 0.1 M mercaptoethanol without subsequent alkylation. In these respects, lumpus erythematosus antibodies, in C′ fixation reactions with DNA, behaved similarly to an anti-protein (anti-ribonuclease) system. They reacted more efficiently at 4°C than at 37°C; they were eluted from Sephadex G-200 columns in Fraction II as 7S globulins; and their C′ fixation activity was only moderately reduced by 0.1 M mercaptoethanol. The lupus erythematosus sera also showed greater variability than the rabbit sera in the degree to which they reacted with native and denatured DNA.
Hydroxylamine as an Inactivating Agent for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Fellowes O. N.
Published: January 2023

The results of a study of the inactivation of Type O, strain M 11, foot-and-mouth disease virus by treatment with varying concentrations of hydroxylamine at several temperatures are presented. The antigenicity of inactivated viral preparations was assayed in adult mice and chickens. Concentrations of 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.1 M hydroxylamine were effective as viral inactivators at 4, 23, and 37°C. Inactivation times varied from 15–30 min to 28 hr depending on the concentration of chemical and temperature of reaction used. The concentration of 0.25 M hydroxylamine reacted with virus at either 23 or 4°C appeared to produce the best antigenic preparation as tested by inoculation of mice and chickens.
Immunofluorescent Detection of Antibody to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus in Man
Authors: Cohen Sophia M. , Triandaphilli Irene A. , Barlow James L. , Hotchin John
Published: January 2023

The indirect method of immunofluorescence was applied to the detection of antibody in lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) of man. In contrast to antibody demonstrated by complement fixation or neutralization by the footpad response method in mice, immunofluorescent antibody in the 12 cases tested was at maximal titer in the first specimens as early as 1 or 6 days after the onset of meningeal symptoms and declined slowly after several months. Antibody was detected by immunofluorescence as long as 3 years after illness.

One hundred forty-five sera from 98 persons were tested, including 9 known to have had LCM infection. Three previously unrecognized infections were identified by the immunofluorescent method in laboratory personnel who had been exposed to animals infected with LCM virus. Maximal titers of LCM antibody varied in the 12 cases from 16 to 256. The method of immuno-fluorescence was specific and sensitive and was of diagnostic significance in the early stages of the clinical LCM disease.
Quantitative Semi-Micro Hemagglutination
Authors: Severson Charles D. , Thompson John S.
Published: January 2023

A relatively inexpensive procedure for the quantitative assay of serum agglutinins is proposed. It offers simplicity and convenience in operation and sensitivity and reproducibility in results. The technique is based on the migration of cells down the inclined trough of a sealed micro-hematocrit tube. This system appears to depend upon the rate of cellular detachment from a centrifuged pellet by the dissociative force of gravity.
Production of Antibody against Bradykinin: Demonstration of Specificity by Complement Fixation and Radio-Immunoassay
Authors: Spragg Jocelyn , Austen K. Frank , Haber Edgar
Published: January 2023

The synthesis of a specifically oriented branch-chain copolymer antigen which was able to elicit the production of antibody directed against the polypeptide hormone, bradykinin, is reported. The specificity of the anti-bradykinin antibody is determined in complement fixation studies and in radioactive binding studies. A radio-immunoassay capable of detecting millimicrogram quantities of bradykinin is described. The specificity of the assay is demonstrated by the inability of the polypeptide hormones, vasopression and angiotensin II, to interfere with the binding of labeled bradykinin by specific anti-bradykinin antibody.
A Specific Anti-B Lectin for Routine Diagnostic Purposes
Authors: Chattoraj Aparna , Boyd William C.
Published: January 2023

Privine hydrochloride, an inhibitor of anti-A hemagglutinins, can be used as an inhibitor of the anti-A of the Sophora japonica lectin, which then becomes a specific anti-B reagent suitable for routine diagnostic purposes.
Studies on Synthetic Polypeptide Antigens
Authors: Gill T. J. , Mann L. T.
Published: January 2023

Ferrocene is representative of an unique class of compounds, the metallocenes, which incorporate a heavy metal atom in a pseudo-aromatic cyclopentadienyl ring system of benzene-like stabillity. Two ferrocenyl groups per polypeptide chain slightly enhance the amount of antibody elicited, but only a small amount of the antibody is directed at the ferrocenyl group. At this level, ferrocene is useful as a label for metabolic studies. Larger amounts of ferrocene (10 to 16) show strong hapten activity with up to 70% of the antibody directed at the ferrocenyl group. The ferrocene-antiferrocene reaction can be inhibited by ferrocenyl-acetic acid. In addition, the heavily labelled molecules elicit larger amounts of antibody than the parent polymer or the derivative containing 2 ferrocenes.

The ability of ferrocene to enhance immunogenicity reflects behavior similar to that of the aromatic amino acids and cyclohexylalanine. Ferrocene may be even more unique in this regard, because it enhances immunogenicity in a polypeptide which contains 6% tyrosine and is already a good immunogen.

The metallocenes, of which ferrocene is a prototype, have three distinct advantages for use in metabolic studies: they incorporate radioactive heavy metal atoms with relatively long half-lives; they are biologically stable and probably cannot be reutilized by the animal in any significant amount; and they may become electron-dense if short polymers of the metallocenes are attached to the polypeptide chain.
Biosynthesis of Intrinsically Labeled Antibodies in Vitro
Authors: Richards Frank F. , Ambrose Charles T. , Haber Edgar
Published: January 2023

A tissue culture method is described for the production of intrinsically labeled antibodies with specific radioactivities of 1 to 2 × 107 cpm/mg antibody. The kinetics of antibody production in this system were examined. It was found that large changes in the specific radioactivity of the antibodies occurred where the amount of isotopically labeled amino acid precursor in the culture medium was kept constant. This variation in specific radioactivity was due to dilution of the labeled precursor by amino acid resulting from cell breakdown or protein release.
Tolerance to Bovine γ-Globulin in Adult Guinea Pigs
Authors: Streilein J. Wayne , Hildreth E. A.
Published: January 2023

Pretreatment of adult guinea pigs by the intravenous administration of antigen (bovine γ-globulin) renders a high propertion of animals tolerant to the antigen after injection of antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant, as evidenced by failure to display delayed skin reactivity at sites of subsequent intracutaneous inoculation of antigen. That these animals have, indeed, responded to the antigen immunologically is shown by the presence of sufficient antibody to demonstrate active cutaneous anaphylaxis. In addition, labeled antigen (I125 or fluorescein) is handled differently in lymph nodes and splenic tissue of the tolerant animals than in either normal control animals or animals specifically sensitized to BGG in the classical manner. This suggests that the state of tolerance induced is an active one, requiring host discrimination and participation.
γ-Globulin and Antibody Formation in Vitro
Authors: Cohen M. W. , Jacobson E. B. , Thorbecke G. J.
Published: January 2023

Separated white and red pulp of the spleen obtained from rabbits at various days after an intravenous injection of sheep erythrocytes (SE) were examined for numbers of plaque-forming cells (PFC) on SE-containing agar. It could be shown that both white and red pulp contained many antibody-forming cells on days 4 to 5, but that only the white pulp had the ability to develop PFC in vitro if taken on day 2 and kept in vitro for another 2 days.

With tissue taken on days 2 to 42 after a primary injection of SE, reexposure to SE in vitro and subsequent culturing for 4 to 5 days resulted in an increase in the numbers of PFC above initial levels. The white pulp usually contained a greater proportion of “sensitized” cells than the red, especially when kept in vitro for 1 day before the reexposure to antigen. Some white pulp preparations taken on days 4 to 12 reacted better when reexposed on day 1 than on day 0 of the culture period. Since this time period corresponds to the time of secondary nodule proliferation, the results are interpreted as indicating formation of “sensitized” cells in secondary nodules.
Phagocytosis by Guinea Pig Splenic Cells of Escherichia Coli and Protein-Coated Bentonite Particles Labeled with Iodine125
Authors: Carpenter Robert R.
Published: January 2023

In suspensions of freshly isolated, unstimulated guinea pig splenic cells, radioiodinated formalintreated bacteria and bentonite particles coated with radioiodinated proteins were phagocytized rapidly, primarily by neutrophilic leukocytes.

Cells released radiolabeled material slowly from intracellular Escherichia coli; the material released was largely soluble in trichloroacetic acid.

Radioactivity was also slowly lost from the protein coat of intracellular bentonite particles; in addition, cell products released into the suspending media induced a rapid loss of protein from the coat of extracellular particles. The protein released from coated bentonite was not extensively degraded.

The uptake of E. coli was facilitated by heatlabile opsonins but not by anti-E. coli serum. Phagocytosis of coated bentonite particles was less dependent on heat-labile factors.

In the presence of immune serum there was increased uptake of activity from suspensions of bentonite particles. In part, this was accounted for by increased phagocytosis of opsonized particles. Uptake of antibody-antigen complexes formed with protein released from the particle coat may account for part of this increased uptake.

Concentrations of fluoride and iodoacetate sufficient to inhibit phagocytosis of E. coli and BGG-coated bentonite had little effect on the amount of radioactive material released in soluble form from the bentonite particle coat. Azide was a less active inhibitor of phagocytosis than were fluoride and iodoacetate.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness in the Adult Guinea Pig
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Billote Juanito B. , McCarthy John S. , Flax Martin H.
Published: January 2023

The induction of an antigen-specific state of immunologic unresponsiveness in the adult guinea pig has been extended to include several protein antigens other than serum proteins, with widely differing physical and antigenic properties. The extent of immunologic suppression varied with different antigens and could not be correlated with the molecular weight of the antigen. Single intravenous (i.v.) injections of human serum albumin (HSA), bovine γ-globulin (BGG), ovalbumin, ferritin, hemocyanin and ribonuclease at the time of sensitization with the same antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant resulted in moderate to marked depression of the expected delayed skin test reactivity as well as a variable depression of antibody formation. Hemolytic antibody (7S γ2 and macroglobulin) was completely suppressed with HSA, BGG, ribonuclease and ferritin but only incompletely with hemocyanin. Specific 7S γ1 antibody (detected by PCA) was suppressed with all antigens tested except ribonuclease and hemocyanin. Animals receiving an i.v. injection of hemocyanin actually developed higher 7S γ1 antibody titers than animals receiving only the sensitizing injections in adjuvant.

Suspending the “suppressing” antigen (HSA) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant led to a striking depression of delayed skin test reactivity and hemolytic antibody formation, whereas 7S γ1 titers were identical with those of animals receiving either injection alone.

Delayed skin test reactions and hemolytic antibody titers were also strikingly depressed in the adult rat following a single intravenous injection of HSA in saline at the time of sensitization with the same antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant.
Some Histamine Sensitizing Properties of Soluble Preparations of the Histamine Sensitizing Factor (HSF) from Bordetella Pertussis
Authors: Munoz J. , Bergman R. K.
Published: January 2023

Marked differences were observed in the sensitizing ability of soluble extracts of histamine sensitizing factor (HSF) from Bordetella pertussis when given by different routes. The intravenous (i.v.) route was some four times more effective than the intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes. With soluble preparations of HSF, histamine sensitivity appears within 90 min after i.v. injection and demonstrable sensitivity persists for at least 84 days. Within a narrow dose range, there appears to be a direct relationship between amount of HSF given and degree of sensitivity developed. A second injection of HSF or repeated small doses given at various intervals after the first sensitizing dose do not interfere with histamine sensitization. Only doubtful reduction of sensitization was observed when six doses of 10 µg each were given 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 16 days after the initial sensitizing dose of SE.
On the Nature of Complement-Fixing Antibodies to Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. , Dennis Juanita , Gee Pinkie S.
Published: January 2023

Complement-fixing antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae were found to be inactivated to a large degree by collection onto filter paper discs, a procedure which is highly effective for the preservation of viral CF antibodies. By means of sucrose density gradient centrifugation, Sephadex gel filtration and mercaptoethanol inactivation it was shown that CF antibodies for Mycoplasma pneumoniae may consist entirely or in part of 19 S γ-globulins. Absorption onto filter paper discs or drying was found to inactivate 19 S CF antibodies, but had no effect on 7 S CF antibodies for Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Production of 7 S Immunoglobulins in Immunized Guinea Pigs
Authors: Binaghi Rubén A.
Published: January 2023

A method of immunization of guinea pigs with dinitrophenyl-bovine γ-globulin or egg albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant is described, which resulted in a very strong and fast antibody production.

As a consequence of the immunization, important changes were observed in the serum immunoglobulin levels. γ2-Globulin increased 50 to 100%, and γ1-globulin increased 10 to 50 times. Only part of the increase could be attributed to the production of specific antibody.

Animals immunized with adjuvant alone showed only moderate increases in the concentration of serum 7 S γ-globulin.
Presence of Identical Antigenic Determinants in the Fd Fragments of γ1- and γ2-Guinea Pig Immunoglobulins
Authors: Nussenzweig Victor , Benacerraf Baruj
Published: January 2023

Rabbit antisera prepared against guinea pig γ2-globulin digested by pepsin react with isolated H and L chains. They contain antibodies against part of the H chain, the Fd fragment, and not against the Fc fragment. These antisera, directed against L chains and Fd fragments from γ2-globulins, do not detect any differences between γ1- and γ2- guinea pig immunoglobulins, when double diffusion in gel techniques are used. These results show that not only L chains but also Fd fragments of these different classes of immunoglobulins have common antigenic determinants.
The Immune Response to Azo-Human γ-Globulin Conjugates in Mice Tolerant to Human γ-Globulin
Authors: Dietrich Felix M.
Published: January 2023

Attempts were made to devise a simple test model for studying the termination of acquired immunologic tolerance in mice. Animals rendered tolerant to HGG after birth were challenged with one of several azo-HGG preparations in corporated into incomplete Freund's adjuvant. As judged by the trace-labeled antigen elimination method, a single challenge injection had only a marginal, if any, effect on tolerance, except in experiments where mice were injected with p-A, p-S-HGG or with o-S-HGG. Two challenge injections with azo-HGG (4 to 5 weeks apart) invariably caused a significant increase in the number of partially tolerant and non-tolerant mice. In the altered proteins, the number of azo-groups per molecule of HGG ranged from 2.6 to 13.6 and all the azo-HGG preparations used cross-reacted to a high degree (80 to 100%) with native HGG.

Mice injected with either HGG or azo-HGG at a time (i.e., at the age of 13 weeks) when tolerance was disappearing spontaneously, formed precipitating antibodies to both HGG and azo-HGG without further stimulus 10 weeks later. In animals injected with either native HGG or modified HGG at the age of 23 weeks, precipitating antibodies to both antigens were found shortly after challenge. Similarly, PCA was positive with HGG, azo-HGG, and also, in half of the sera tested, with the hapten linked to a non-cross-reacting carrier protein.

However, if still fully tolerant mice were challenged with HGG at the age of 10 weeks and rechallenged 5 weeks later, no precipitating antibodies to HGG or azo-HGG were detected 20 weeks after the second challenge. In the group injected with azo-HGG, precipitating antibodies only to azo-HGG, but not to native HGG, were found. Correspondingly, PCA reactions revealed that mice challenged early with HGG had no skin-fixing antibodies to HGG or azo-HGG, but sera from mice challenged with azo-HGG gave, with a few exceptions, only positive PCA reactions with azo-HGG.
Reactions of Human Anti-γ-Globulin Factors with Digested and Urea-Reduced γ-Chains
Authors: Lawrence Thomas G. , Williams Ralph C.
Published: January 2023

Digestion of γ-chains by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and bacterial protease produced a spectrum of changes in antigenic determinants revealed by the fine specificity of human rheumatoid factors as sources of 19S antibody to human IgG. Gm(a) activity was greatly reduced by chymotrypsin and bacterial protease digestion of γ-chains. Trypsin digests of γ-chains retained inhibitory capacity for both Gm(a) and Gm(b1) systems. By contrast, changes produced by reduction in 4 to 8 M urea did not destroy Gm(a) activity, but abolished Gm(b1) activity. These findings were amplified by digestion and urea reduction of γ-chains from Gm(a)+ and Gm(b1) + myeloma proteins.
Failure of Thymectomy in Newborn Guinea Pigs to Influence Contact Sensitization to Dinitrochlorobenzene
Authors: Bart Robert S. , Stritzler Ronald , Baer Rudolf L.
Published: January 2023

No consistent differences were noted in the susceptibility of neonatally thymectomized guinea pigs to become sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene as compared with sham-operated or nonoperated guinea pigs. The total, mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cell counts tended to be lower in the thymectomized animals than in the controls, but the differences were not always statistically significant.

The wasting described by other authors in neonatally thymectomized animals of other species was not observed.
Microdetermination of Shigella Hemagglutinins in Human and Rabbit Sera with Monovalent and Polyvalent Antigens
Authors: Haltalin Kenneth C. , Matteck Betty M. , Nelson John D.
Published: January 2023

S. flexneri antibodies in rabbit and human serum specimens were demonstrated using a microadaptation of the indirect bacterial hemagglutination test. Although three types of antigen preparations are suitable for detecting hemagglutinins, a polyvalent preparation is of most interest since it has the greatest potential practical application. Comparisons with monovalent antigens, prepared from stock cultures and organisms from patients, showed the polyvalent preparation to be sensitive and specific.

Hemagglutinins reached peak titers on the 5th to 14th day of illness in infants and children with shigellosis. Evidence is presented indicating that effective antimicrobial therapy of shigellosis depresses the specific hemagglutinin response, making it necessary to interpret hemagglutination results in the light of the therapy patients have received.
Brain Neutralization of Rabies Virus to Distinguish Recovered Animals from Previously Vaccinated Animals
Authors: Bell J. F. , Lodmell D. L. , Moore G. J. , Raymond G. H.
Published: January 2023

The cerebro-neutralization test of Kubes and Gallia was found to be more specific than the serum neutralization test for distinguishing between rabies-vaccinated and rabies-recovered white mice. However, more work is needed, especially on natural vector-hosts, to determine whether the test is as reliable for those species as it appears to be for white mice.
Detection and Enumeration of Antibody-Producing Cells by Specific Adherence of Antigen-Coated Bentonite Particles
Authors: Baker Phillip J. , Bernstein Michael , Pasanen Vilho , Landy Maurice
Published: January 2023

The capacity of antigen-coated bentonite particles to adhere specifically to the surface of mmune lymphoid cells has provided the basis for a versatile and sensitive in vitro technique for the detection and enumeration of antibody-producing cells. A number of factors influencing the interaction of antigen-coated particles and lymphoid cells, both normal and immune, were examined and a number of critical variables determined. The specificity of the adherence was affirmed by blocking tests; homologous antigen was effective in low concentrations whereas unrelated antigens were without effect. Antiglobulin also prevented adherence. The involvement of cytophilic or other forms of circulating antibody in this phenomenon was excluded by several means. The cytodynamics of the immune response of the mouse to Vi, Type I pneumococcus and S. enteritidis polysaccharides was ascertained. Except for the earlier detection of immune cells, the pattern of the immune response was similar to that reported previously for the technique of localized hemolysis in gel with other antigens. A spectrum of well characterized soluble antigens readily adsorbs to bentonite; the technique should therefore be applicable for investigation of the immune response to a variety of antigens not previously amenable to study at the cellular level.
Fractionation of Purified Antibodies to the Dinitrophenyl Group with Cross-Reacting Immunoadsorbents
Authors: Cheng W. C. , Talmage D. W.
Published: January 2023

Purified anti-dinitrophenyl group antibodies from pooled antisera or antiserum of a single rabbit were fractionated by means of homologous and cross-reacting immunoadsorbents. Multiple fractions were obtained from all immunoadsorbents by means of stepwise hapten elution with dinitrophenol and when the homologous immunoadsorbent, 2,4-dinitrophenylaminoethyl cellulose, or the extensively altered immunoadsorbent, nitrobenzyl cellulose, were used only a few fractions or a single fraction were obtained. The most effective immunoadsorbent was found to be 2,4,6-trinitrophenylaminoethyl cellulose, which yielded eight major fractions of anti-DNP from the serum of a single rabbit. The chromatographic behavior appears primarily to be determined by differences of the binding ratio of various antibody fractions for the immunoadsorbent and the eluting hapten.
Studies of Blood Group Substances
Authors: Marcus Donald M. , Grollman Arthur P.
Published: January 2023

Precipitating antisera to unmodified human Lea and Leb blood group substance were obtained by immunization of goats. The specificities of these antisera, as defined by inhibition with oligosaccharides of known structure and activity, are very similar to human isoantibodies.
Effect of Conformation of Bovine Serum Albumin on Reaction with Its Antibody
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A. , Borella L.
Published: January 2023

The effects of conformational changes of bovine serum albumin on its ability to interact with antibovine serum albumin have been studied. Controlled scission of the disulfide groups by sulfitolysis was performed. The reaction product was found to be heterogeneous, showing three species: a monomer of Stokes radius 3.7 mµ and s020,w of 4.6 S, an expanded molecule with Stokes radius of 20.2 mµ and s020,w of 1.85 S, and aggregated species having a Stokes radius of 20.2 mµ and s020,w of 15.9 S. Separation of the reaction product on Sephadex column yielded 3.7-mµ and 20.2-mµ species; each exhibited differences in the ability to react with anti-bovine serum albumin antibodies.
Complement Associated Peptidase Activity of Guinea Pig Serum
Authors: Cooper Neil R.
Published: January 2023

A factor has been found in serum which is capable of enhancing the hemolytic, immune adherence and enzymatic activities of enzymatically inactive, partially purified C′3 on EAC′1a,4,2a,3. The enhancing factor is of low molecular weight.
Studies on Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Vitro:
Authors: Douglas Steven D. , Hoffman Peter F. , Borjeson Jan , Chessin Lawrence N.
Published: January 2023

Pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated cells show maximum transformation after 72 hr in culture. When optimal concentrations of PWM are used, the transformed cells do not exceed 50 to 60% of the total. After 72 hr the population of cells includes small and medium-size lymphocytes, large phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-like blast cells and a unique intermediate sized cell type. The intermediate sized PWM cell is characterized by an eccentric nucleus with clumped heterochromatin, a well developed Golgi apparatus, ribosomal aggregates and a well developed rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The fine structural features differ importantly from those consistently seen in PHA transformed cells. The possible immunologic significance of PWM stimulation of human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro has been considered.
Immunologic Relationship between Blood Group Substances and a Fucose-Containing Glycolipid of Human Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Hakomori Sen-Itiroh , Koscielak Jerzy , Bloch Kurt J. , Jeanloz Roger W.
Published: January 2023

A fucose-containing glycolipid isolated from human adenocarcinoma tissue was found to lack blood group A or B activity regardless of the blood type of the tissue donor. The tumor glycolipid had weak H and moderate Lea activity. Tumor glycolipid was precipitated by type XIV pneumococcal polysaccharide antiserum only after mild acid hydrolysis.

Antisera to tumor glycolipid agglutinated erythrocytes of type A more strongly than erythrocyte of type B, AB, or O. Furthermore, tumor glycolipid and type A glycolipid inhibited the agglutination of tumor cells by a certain phytoagglutinin more strongly than other glycolipids tested. Thus blood group A substance or erythrocytes appear to contain increased amounts of a hapten structure similar to or identical with the carbohydrate moiety of tumor glycolipid. It is suggested that tumor glycolipid results from an aberration in synthesis of glycolipids possessing blood group activity.
The in Vitro Absorption of Anti-Brain Radioantibodies with Brain Sediments: Some Unusual Properties and a Quantitative Method
Authors: Day Eugene D. , Lassiter Sylvester
Published: January 2023

The absorption of 125I-labeled anti-brain antibodies by brain sediment was studied in detail, and a solid-liquid partitioning effect, depending upon sediment/fluid ratios, was observed to take place during the time needed for antibody absorption. It was found that brain sediment, which is ordinarily insoluble when suspended in fluid and immediately centrifuged, would lose up to 30% of its weight to the fluid phase during a 1-hr incubation. A straight-line relationship between percentage of antibody absorbed by sediment and log of the sediment/fluid ratio was found to exist, with radioactive antibody acting as the indicator of the amount of antigen so partitioned. A revised quantitative technique for the absorption of radioantibody by brain sediments was developed on the basis of this study, and examples of its use in the assay of radioantibodies by brain sediments are given.
Studies on the Radiosensitive Phase of the Primary Antibody Response in Rabbits
Authors: Pribnow James F. , Silverman Myron S.
Published: January 2023

Rabbits irradiated with 450 r 1 day previously, that received both rabbit peritoneal macrophages incubated with bovine gamma globulin (BGG) and nonimmune lymph node cells from the macrophage donors, were able to produce antibody. Rabbits similarly irradiated and injected with sensitized macrophages alone failed to show an antibody response. Normal recipients of these cells exhibited a typical primary antibody response, although titers were lower than in controls receiving antigen alone.

Normal and irradiated rabbits receiving lymph node cells incubated with antigen also failed to produce antibody, as did irradiated rabbits receiving simultaneous injection of antigen and lymph node cells.

Peritoneal exudate cells were harvested from rabbits which had received 450, 550 or 750 r x-irradiation 24 hr previously. After incubation with BGG these cells were injected into normal rabbits. When donors had received 750 r, no antibody response was elicited in the recipients. The response to sensitized irradiated macrophages which had received 450 or 550 r was variable. In no case did the degree of antibody response appear to depend on the number of sensitized cells injected.

Irradiated recipients receiving sensitized irradiated macrophages (550 r) together with lymph node cells from normal rabbits were unable to form antibody.

The implications of these findings in relation to the radiosensitive phase of the antibody response are discussed.
Estradiol-Induced Wasting Syndrome in Neonatal Mice
Authors: Reilly Richard W. , Thompson John S. , Bielski Robert K. , Severson Charles D.
Published: January 2023

Features of “runt” disease have now been described in a variety of circumstances. The pathologic events characterized by lymphoid hypoplasia, immunologic deficiency and excessive mortality which result when newborn mice are given estradiol are similar, but not identical, to those of wasting encountered under these other circumstances, and, as a consequence, place estrogen-induced “runting” in the family of wasting diseases. Estradiol-induced thymic involution, an early finding, may be crucial to the impaired development of the peripheral lymphatic structures.
Comparison of the Opsonic Activity of γ-G- and γ-M-Anti-Proteus Globulins
Authors: Smith James W. , Barnett Jack A. , May Robert P. , Sanford Jay P.
Published: January 2023

The opsonic activities of γG and γM antibodies to Proteus mirabilis were studied in a leukocyte-bacterial phagocytosis system. γG antibody was superior to γM antibody in enhancing phagocytosis. This superiority was a reflection of the influence of antibody on uptake of bacteria rather than an effect on intracellular fate of the organisms. This difference in the function of antibodies in the two classes of immunoglobulins may explain certain clinical observations which indicate γG antibodies are more protective against infection than γM antibodies.
The Lectins of Maclura Pomifera: Zymographic Studies, Distribution in the Developing Plant and Production in Tissue Cultures of Epicotyls
Authors: Jones J. M. , Cawley L. P. , Teresa G. W.
Published: January 2023

The direct nonspecific hemagglutinin of seeds of Maclura pomifera was found to be concentrated in the epicotyl. It was also found to diminish in seedlings with maturation. Epicotyls grown in tissue culture contained less hemagglutinin than growing seedlings.

Agar-gel electrophoresis; and special stains for enzymes, polysaccharides and lipids disclosed that seven stainable protein components were present, two of which had hemagglutinating activity. The following tests were performed on unfixed electrophoretograms: amylase, catalase, esterase, peroxidase, lactic dehydrogenase, proteolytic activity, acid and alkaline phosphatase, lipid and polysaccharide. All enzymes were excluded as being an intricate part of the hemagglutinating property, although catalase, peroxidase and lactic dehydrogenase had similar electrophoretic mobility to the major hemagglutinating factor. Exclusion of these three substances is based on molecular weight and heat stability. Polysaccharides were found in electrophoretic band 6 and to a lesser degree in band 2, which is the stronger of the two lectins. This inverse relationship may be in keeping with the theory of a function of carbohydrate binding by lectin. However, the basic concept of carbohydrate storage advanced for the role of the lectins may deserve reconsideration, in view of the fact that most of the family of Leguminosae primarily store seed protein rather than carbohydrate. Also, the lectins from Maclura pomifera and fava bean are inhibited by serum proteins as well as by carbohydrates.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness to Allergic Thyroiditis in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Salvin S. B. , Liauw H.-L.
Published: January 2023

Immunologic unresponsiveness to autoimmune thyroiditis was induced in guinea pigs. A single injection of homologous thyroglobulin accompanied by eight daily injections of cyclophosphamide prevented the onset of thyroiditis after a disease-inducing challenge of guinea pig thyroglobulin. An injection of guinea pig thyroglobulin or cyclophosphamide alone did not produce specific immunity or unresponsiveness to a subsequent challenge with thyroglobulin. Picrylated guinea pig thyroglobulin or bovine thyroglobulin, in conjunction with cyclophosphamide, did not induce immunologic unresponsiveness to guinea pig thyroglobulin.
An Effect upon the Regulation of Gene Expression: Allotype Suppression at the a Locus in Heterozygous Offspring of Immunized Rabbits
Authors: Mage Rose , Young Glendowlyn O. , Dray Sheldon
Published: January 2023

Sera of a1a3b4b5 heterozygous rabbits exposed to maternal anti-al or anti-a3 were analyzed for a1, a3, b4, b5 and total γG-immunoglobulin concentrations by a radial diffusion method in serum agar gel plates. The a1a3 offspring of an a1a1 mother making anti-a3 developed relatively low levels of the paternal a3 allotype whereas the heterozygous offspring of an a3a3 mother making anti-a1 developed relatively low serum levels of the paternal a1 protein. In these litters the phenotypic expression of the b5 allele introduced by the paternal genome was unaffected. The altered phenotypic expression of immunoglobulin allotypes controlled by the a locus persists for at least 23 months. The phenomenon of “allotype-suppression,” originally found as an isoantibody effect upon expression of alleles of the b locus, controlling determinants on the light polypeptide chains of immunoglobulins is now shown also to occur with the alleles of the unlinked a locus which controls antigenic determinants associated with the heavy chains of the immunoglobulins. It is possible that this phenomenon is a reflection of the feedback control of immunoglobulin production.
The Immunologic Properties and Identity of Mucopolysaccharides Associated with C-Reactive Protein in Acute Phase Human Serum
Authors: Hokama Y. , Coleman Monroe K. , Riley Richard F.
Published: January 2023

The immunologic and serologic characterization of the mucopolysaccharides associated with CRP as complexes in acute phase serum have been determined by utilization of various hemagglutination techniques. These studies show that the reactive entities have many characteristic features specifically associated with H, Lea and Leb blood group substances. Possible functions of CRP as related to their interaction with these blood group substances are discussed.
Antigenic Analysis of an N-Terminal Fragment of a Type κ Bence Jones Protein
Authors: Tan Margaret , Epstein Wallace
Published: January 2023

A fragment of type κ Bence Jones (BJ) protein has been isolated from the urine of a patient with multiple myeloma. Peptide map analysis has established its origin from the N-terminal half of the monomer and devoid of any “constant spots” of type κ BJ proteins. Using antisera specific for the type κ common determinants and for the unique determinants of this particular BJ protein, the fragment is found to have all the unique antigenic determinants together with some common determinants. The relationship of common antigenic determinants of type κ BJ proteins to constant amino acid sequences of the variable half of the chain are discussed.
Transplantation Immunity and Delayed Cutaneous Hypersensitivity Reactions in Dogs
Authors: Streilein J. Wayne , Barker Clyde F.
Published: January 2023

In the experiments reported here, dogs have been shown to be capable of displaying delayed cutaneous reactions indicative of homograft immunity as the result of the inoculation of homologous lymphoid cells. Direct reactions (in sensitized recipients), transfer reactions (of specifically competent lymphocytes to normal recipients), and normal lymphocyte transfer reactions develop in a fashion essentially similar to that described in guinea-pigs, hamsters and man. Attempts to produce skin lesions in irradiated hamsters using dog lymphoid cell mixtures were unsuccessful.
Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis in Complement Intact and Deficient Mice
Authors: Unanue Emil R. , Mardiney Michael R. , Dixon Frank J.
Published: January 2023

In 1962, Rosenberg and Tachibana reported that certain strains of mice lacked hemolytic complement (C′) activity (1). The lack of C′ is genetically controlled (2) and related to the absence of a β migrating globulin (3, 4). The C′ deficient mice are able to make an immune response to this globulin, which they lack but which is present in C′ intact strains (3, 4). Nilsson and Müller-Eberhard have identified the deficient globulin as analogous to human β1F-globulin (5) which in the human C′ sequence is C′5. The C′ deficient mice lack C′5 activity (6) while having normal C′1,4 and 2 activities (7) and β1c-globulin (C′3) (8, 9).

C′ deficient mice have normal phagocytosis of bacteria (10), are able to reject allogeneic skin grafts (11) and develop Arthus reactions (8, 12). They may develop passive cutaneous anaphylaxis with rabbit antibody but only when large amounts are employed (13).
Complement-Fixing Antibodies in Sera of Sheep Affected with Visna and Maedi
Authors: Gudnadóttir Margrét , Kristinsdóttir Karólína
Published: January 2023

Complement-fixing antibodies in sera of sheep infected with mædi and visna virus were demonstrated by using as antigen infected tissue culture fluid containing titers of 5 × 105 or more virus particles/ml. Complement-fixing antibodies in these two clinical conditions appear shortly after experimental infection, rise to a high titer and remain at a high level for years. Such antibodies can be found in sera from mædi-infected sheep without detectable neutralizing antibodies.
Charcoal As a Carrier in a Rapid Slide Agglutination Test for the Detection of Antibodies to Adenoviruses
Authors: Klein Morton , Deforest Adamadia , Satz Jay
Published: January 2023

Specially prepared charcoal particles have been found to promptly adsorb specific adenovirus antigens to give a stable charcoal-antigen complex that is agglutinated by type specific antiserum in a rapid slide agglutination test. The titers obtained in the agglutination tests were closely correlated with the titers of the neutralization tests with 45 human sera. Charcoal particles are suggested as carriers for other antigens.
The Identification of Low Molecular Weight Bentonite Flocculating Antibodies in the Serum of the Rabbit, Monkey and Man
Authors: Rossen Roger D. , Wolff Sheldon M. , Butler William T. , Vannier Wilton E. , Ward Stanley B.
Published: January 2023

Small molecular weight antibodies, capable of specifically flocculating antigen-coated bentonite, have been identified in antisera prepared against endotoxins in the rabbit, monkey and man and against human serum albumin in the rabbit. These antibodies sediment at less than 2S by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and, by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, have a molecular size slightly larger than that of lysozyme (MW 14,000 to 18,000).

By radioimmunoelectrophoresis and zone electrophoresis in starch, these proteins migrate with the more negatively charged antibodies. The low molecular weight antibodies in sera from three volunteers were consistently removed by co-precipitation with antisera specific for γM-globulin and, also, in one specimen with antisera specific for γG-globulin.