bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective Rearrangement of Chiral Acylisoureas and a Model for the Transition State
Authors: Yamada Kazutoshi , Kishikawa Keiki , Kohmoto Shigeo , Yamamoto Makoto
Published: July 2006

A first transition state model for the rearrangement of acylisoureas is proposed from the stereoselectivity of the reaction with chiral acylisoureas.
Dissociative Ligand Exchange in Organoplatinum(II) and -gold(III) Complexes Having a Nucleoside Ligand. Dynamic NMR as a Mechanistic Probe for Ligand Exchange Process
Authors: Komiya Sanshiro , Mizuno Yuuko , Shibuya Tomohiro
Published: July 2006

Application of simple dynamic NMR technique to intermolecular ligand exchange reactions in dimethylchloro(guanosine)gold(III) and [ethyl(1,5-cyclooctadiene)(cytidine)platinum(II)]+ reveals that both reactions proceed by a dissociative mechanism.
Synthesis and Molecular Structure of Tetrathia[34](1,2,4,5)cyclophane
Authors: Asoh Toshiaki , Tani Keita , Higuchi Hiroyuki , Kaneda Takahiro , Tanaka Takanori , Sawada Masami , Misumi Soichi
Published: July 2006

The titled tetrathiacyclophane was prepared by improved synthetic methods and its molecular structure previously reported was corrected by 1H-NMR and X-ray analyses.
cis–trans Isomerization of 1,2-Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanes via a Cationic Chain Mechanism
Authors: Toki Susumu , Komitsu Shintaro , Tojo Sachiko , Takamuku Setsuo , Ichinose Nobuyuki , Mizuno Kazuhiko , Otsuji Yoshio
Published: July 2006

Radiation-induced cis–trans isomerization of 1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanes(CP) has been investigated in benzonitrile solution. The isomerization from cis-CP to trans-CP proceeded efficiently (G = 80) via a cationic chain mechanism. Three types of transient species were spectroscopically detected by pulse radiolysis and γ-irradiated low-temperature matrix studies. The reaction mechanisms are discussed on the basis of these direct observations.
Decarbonylation Reaction of Dimethylformaraide (DMF) with trans-[W(N2)2(dpe)2] (dpe = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2). Preparation and Characterization of [WH(η2-CONMe2)(dpe)2] and [W(CO)(DMF)(dpe)2]
Authors: Ishida Toyohisa , Mizobe Yasushi , Tanase Tomoaki , Hidai Masanobu
Published: July 2006

When treated with dimethylformaraide (DMF) in benzene at reflux, trans-[W(N2)2(dpe)2] (dpe = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2) afforded [WH(η2-CONMe2)(dpe)2] and [W(CO)(DMF)(dpe)2]. The structure of the former was fully characterized by X-ray crystallography. The latter reacted with N2 to give trans-[W(CO)(N2)(dpe)2].
Diversity in Modes of Reactions of (η3-1-Trimethylsiloxyallylic)Fe(CO)2NO Complexes. Nucleophilic Addition and Cyclization on the Allylic Ligands
Authors: Ito Keiji , Nakanishi Saburo , Otsuji Yoshio
Published: July 2006

The titled iron complexes derived from 3-iodo-1-trimethylsiloxypropenes and [Bu4N][Fe(CO)3NO] reacted with carbon nucleophiles such as NaCH(CO2Et)2 to give the corresponding nucleophile addition products in high yields. The addition occurred at the 3-position of the ligands with high regioselectivity. However, the iron complexes derived from 2-alkyl-3-iodo-1-trimethylsiloxypropenes underwent cyclization reaction with the same siloxypropenes to give dihydropyran derivatives. The diversity in the modes of reactions of the iron complexes are discussed.
1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of 6-O-α-d-Glucopyranosyl α-Cyclodextrin - para-Nitrophenol Inclusion Complex
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuhiko , Kanda Yoshihiro , Inoue Yoshio , Chûjô Riichiro , Kobayashi Shoichi
Published: July 2006

6-O-α-d-Glucopyranosyl α-cyclodextrin - para-nitrophenol host–guest inclusion complex has been characterized by high resolution 1H-NMR. Analysis on the NMR spectral parameters of the anomeric proton resonances of the host molecule has revealed that the asymmetric nature of 6-O-α-d-Glucopyranosyl α-cyclodextrin molecule is further enhanced by the complexation with para-nitrophenol, indicating an induced-fit type conformational change induced on the host upon the complexation.
Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide over Mixed Oxide Supported 50Co50Ni Alloy Catalysts
Authors: Horiuchi Nobuhiko , Ishihara Tatsumi , Eguchi Koichi , Arai Hiromichi
Published: July 2006

Mixed oxide supported 50Co50Ni alloy catalysts were studied for hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. Alloy catalysts of 50Co50Ni supported on the mixed oxides of ZrO2–MnO and Nb2O5–TiO2 exhibited extremely high CO conversion. Moreover the chain growth was strongly promoted and methanation was greatly suppressed. Effects of support composition and reaction temperature on the activity and selectivity were also studied with the alloy catalyst on ZrO2–MnO system which was superior to gasoline synthesis. It turned out that mixing oxides for support was extremely useful to design the active catalysts for gasoline synthesis from CO hydrogenation.
Optical Detection of Nitrogen Monoxide by Metal Porphine Dispersed in Amorphous Silica Film
Authors: Arai Hiromichi , Eguchi Koichi , Hashiguchi Takashi
Published: July 2006

New optical detection of nitrogen monoxide was developed using cobalt α, β, γ, δ-tetrakis (5-sulfothienyl) porphine which was doped in a silica thin film by a sol–gel method. The absorption band at λ=420 nm was weakened significantly by a contact with gaseous NO at 200 °C but was not sensitive to O2 and CO. The band change was completely reversible and depended on the pressure of NO in the pressure range of 1.3 to 3.2×103 Pa.
Long Optical Path Length Thin-Layer Spectrochemistry Potential Dependence and Quantitation of 1H-Purine-6-amine Adsorbed on Gold
Authors: Kusu Fumiyo , Kuwana Theodore
Published: July 2006

The potential dependence of 1H-Purine-6-amine(=adenine) adsorption on a Au electrode in phosphate buffer(pH 7) and the surface excess were studied using a long optical path length thin-layer cell. The maximum adsorption of adenine occurred at 0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl. In order to determine surface excess, a single filling experiment was advantageous compared to the conventional multiple-filling procedure.
The Azaphospha-Cope Rearrangement of 2-Aza-3-phospha-1,5-hexadiene Derivatives
Authors: Kawashima Takayuki , Kihara Tsutomu , Inamoto Naoki
Published: July 2006

The 1-substituted title compounds can undergo the azaphospha-Cope rearrangement to give the corresponding (3-butenylimino)phosphine derivatives, which can be trapped by hexanol to afford the corresponding hexyl phenyl(3-butenylamido)phosphonates predominantly, whereas 1,1-disubstituted ones give the nucleophilic substitution products mainly. The activation parameters are presented for the reaction of 1-(4-nitrophenyl) derivative.
Electric Conductive ZnO Particles Microcapsulated with Carbon Film
Authors: Okuma Nobuyuki , Uchida Shuji , Ogura Hiroyuki , Kato Masanori
Published: July 2006

A new method has been developed for imparting electric conductivity to ZnO particles. The conductive particles are obtained by treating pure ZnO particles with a hydrocarbon at a temperature of- or higher than 500 °C and depositing a 1 nm thick film of carbon. Resulting products are comparable regarding conductivity, particle size, and whiteness with the Sb-doped conductive SnO2 particles currently in market. In addition, they are advantageous in that they can be produced at a much lower cost due to the simplifie production process and lower material costs.
Crystal Structure of Chloro-Bridged One-Dimensional Mixed-Valence Gold Complex with Empirical Formula [AuCl2{S(C7H7)2}]
Authors: Takahashi Kazuhiro , Tanino Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

The crystal structure of the title compound is determined by X-ray analysis. The chloro-bridged one-dimensional structure is identified. The bridging chlorine atom has a positional disorder in the crystal. The two one-dimensional chains stack in a face-to-face form with an interchain distance of 3.32 Å.
Syntheses and Cytotoxicity of Various 7-Methoxynogarene Derivatives
Authors: Matsuda Fuyuhiko , Kawasaki Motoji , Ohsaki Masako , Yamada Kaoru , Terashima Shiro
Published: July 2006

The title compounds were prepared employing the regioselective cycloaddition of the (+)-naphthoquinone derivative, the CDEF-ring system of nogalamycin, with various homophthalic anhydrides. Among the 7-methoxylnogarene derivatives obtained, 7-methoxy- and 9-hydroxy-7-methoxy-9-demethylnogarene and their 2′,4′-diacetates were found to show prominent in vitro cytotoxicity against P388 murine leukemia.
1,2,3-Trithiole, 1,2,3-Triselenole, and 1,2,5-Thiadiselenole. Novel Ring Systems Derived from Sterically Protected 1,2,3-Selenadiazole
Authors: Tokitoh Norihiro , Ishizuka Hitoshi , Ando Wataru
Published: July 2006

Thermal reactions of sterically protected 1,2,3-selenadiazole with elemental sulfur and selenium resulted in a formation of very stable 1,2,3-trithiole and 1,2,3-triselenole. Novel 1,2,5-thiadiselenole was also obtained by the sulfurization of the 1,2,3-triselenole.
Allyl Benzenesulfenates in Isomeric Forms
Authors: Tanikaga Rikuhei , Kaji Aritsune
Published: July 2006

Allyl benzenesulfenates containing an electron-withdrawing group at the conjugated position were prepared in isomeric forms which would be stabilized by partial bonding between the C=C bond and two lone pairs of electrons on the sulfur atom.
Double C–H Activation. Dimerization of Esters Catalyzed by RhCl(CO)(PMe3)2 under Irradiation
Authors: Sakakura Toshiyasu , Sodeyama Touru , Tanaka Masato
Published: July 2006

Dehydrogenation of methyl propionate yielded methyl 4-propionyloxybutyrate (head-to-tail dimer) by photocatalysis in the presence of RhCl(CO)(PMe3)2 at room temperature. Methyl aerylate is presumed to be an intermediate.
Oxidative Coupling of Methane over Ultrafine Crystalline MgO Doped with Li. Role of Lower Coordinative Surface Sites Produced by Li-doping
Authors: Anpo Masakazu , Sunamoto Masatoshi , Doi Takao , Matsuura Ikuya
Published: July 2006

A good parallel between the intensity of newly observed photoluminescence at around 450 nm with Li-doped MgO catalysts and their activity for oxidative coupling of methane was found, indicating that lower coorinative surface sites produced by incorporation of Li into MgO play a significant role in methane oxidative coupling.
Regiochemical Correlation between 6-O-Sulfonylated Cyclodextrins and 3-O-Sulfonylated Cyclodextrins via 3,6-Anhydrocyclodextrins
Authors: Fujita Kahee , Tahara Tsutomu , Egashira Yoshimitsu , Yamamura Hatsuo , Imoto Taiji , Koga Toshitaka , Fujioka Toshihiro , Mihashi Kunihide
Published: July 2006

(3R)-2,3-Anhydrocyclodextrins which were prepared from 3-O-sulfonylcyclodextrins were treated with aqueous alkali to give 3,6-anhydrocyclodextrins, which were prepared by the reaction of 6-O-sulfonylcyclodextrins with aqueous alkali. This regiochemical correlation was applicable to regioisomer determination of 3-O-disulfonylcyclodextrins on the basis of the regiochemistry of 6-O-disulfonates.
9,10-Dicyanoanthracene-Sensitized NO Insertion into Cyclopropane Ring via Photoinduced Electron Transfer
Authors: Ichinose Nobuyuki , Mizuno Kazuhiko , Yoshida Katsuhiko , Otsuji Yoshio
Published: July 2006

9,10-Dicyanoanthracene-sensitized photoreaction of electron-rich 1,2-diarylcyclopropanes with NO in acetonitrile afforded 3,5-diaryl-2-isoxazolines in good yields. The cyclopropanes bearing different aryl-substituents gave a mixture of two isomeric 2-isoxazolines. Mechanistic features of this reaction are described.
Kinetic Evidence for Proton Release and Uptake on Complexation between Two Polypeptides
Authors: Nakatsuka Thoru , Sano Takayuki
Published: July 2006

In kinetic experiments on complexation between poly(l-glutamic acid) and poly(l-lysine), slower proton uptake followed by fast proton release was found. Further, it was elucidated by the experiments using the polymers and small molecules having one or two ionizable groups that combination of the polymer and at least divalent ions was necessary for the proton release and uptake.
Reduction of Ethylenic Insaturations by in situ Generated Hydrogen
Authors: Fort Y , Vanderesse R , Caubere P
Published: July 2006

Selective hydrogenation of carbon–carbon double bond can be easily performed by simultaneous addition of substrate and Me3SiCl or water to NiCRA. It is shown that it is possible to reduce dienes selectively in olefins and carbon–carbon double bond in the presence of carbonyl, ester or acid groups.
Synthesis of a 3 (2H)-Furanone Derivative from Propargylic Alcohol, CO, and Phenyl Halide Catalyzed by Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Inoue Yoshio , Taniguchi Masaaki , Hashimoto Harukichi , Ohuchi Kunihiro , Imaizumi Shin
Published: July 2006

2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-ol reacted with CO and phenyl halides in the presence of a catalytic amount of transition metal complexes to afford 2,2-dimethyl-5-phenyl-3 (2H)-furanone (bullatenone) under the influence of CO2.
A New Effective and Convenient Route to Fluorinated Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds by the Use of Enol Phosphates Derived from F-Alkyl Ketones
Authors: Ishihara Takashi , Okada Yoshiji , Kuroboshi Manabu , Shinozaki Takao , Ando Teiichi
Published: July 2006

The treatment of F-alkyl ketones with sodium diethyl phosphite in tetrahydrofuran at −10 to 0 °C gave high yields of 1-substituted F-1-alkenyl phosphates, which readily reacted with amidine or hydrazine derivatives at room temperature to afford the corresponding fluorinated pyrimidines or pyrazoles, respectively, in good to excellent yields.
Enantioselective Synthesis of erythro-β-Hydroxy-l-histidine, the Pivotal Amino Acid of Bleomycin–Fe(II)–O2 Complex
Authors: Owa Takashi , Otsuka Masami , Ohno Masaji
Published: July 2006

erythro-β-Hydroxy-l-histidine, a novel amino acid constituent of bleomycin, has been synthesized enantioselectively via the reaction of (N-pyruvylideneglycyl-d-phenylalaninato)copper(II) with imidazole-4-carbaldehyde.
Cyanide-Coordination Effect on Photochemical Carbon-Skeleton Rearrangements of Alkyl Ligands Coordinated to Vitamin B12 Model Complexes
Authors: Murakami Yukito , Hisaeda Yoshio , Ozaki Toshiaki , Ohno Teruhisa , Fan Sheng-Di , Matsuda Yoshihisa
Published: July 2006

The cyanide ion induced the heterolytic cleavage of the cobalt–carbon bond involved in vitamin B12 model complexes by its coordination to the central cobalt atom and enhanced the carbon-skeleton rearrangements via formation of anionic intermediates under anaerobic irradiation with the visible light.
Ginamallene, a New Norditerpene with Allene Functionality from Four Gorgonians of the Genus Acalycigorgia
Authors: Hokama Satoru , Tanaka Junichi , Higa Tatsuo , Fusetani Nobuhiro , Asano Minao , Matsunaga Shigeki , Hashimoto Kanehisa
Published: July 2006

A bioactive metabolite, ginamallene, has been isolated from four species of Acalycigorgia and shown to be a xenicin-type norditerpene having a terminal allene functionality.
Synthesis of Aminoalcohols via Perihydro-1,3-oxazin-2-ones and Absolute Configuration Assignment through MM2 Calculations
Authors: Bongini Alessandro , Cardillo Giuliana , Orena Mario , Porzi Gianni , Sandri Sergio
Published: July 2006

Diastereomeric perihydro-1,3-oxazin-2-ones are useful intermediates to enantiomerically pure aminoalcohols: their absolute configuration is assigned from 1H NMR data and supported by MM2 calculations.
Catalytic C–H Activation of Olefins. Dehydrogenative Dimerization to Dienes Catalyzed by RhCl(CO)(PMe3)2 under Irradiation
Authors: Sakakura Toshiyasu , Tokunaga Yuko , Sodeyama Touru , Tanaka Masato
Published: July 2006

Dienes were formed by the dehydrogenative coupling of olefins via the photocatalyzed C–H activation in the presence of RhCl(CO)(PMe3)2 at an ambient temperature.
Cobalt-Catalyzed Cyclocarbonylation of Acetylenes under Water Gas Shift Conditions. Selective Synthesis of Indan-1-ones
Authors: Doyama Kazuo , Fujiwara Keisuke , Joh Takashi , Maeshima Kazuo , Takahashi Shigetoshi
Published: July 2006

Carbonylation of phenylacetylene derivatives by a cobalt catalyst under water gas shift conditions affords indan-1-ones in satisfactory yields.
Stereoselective Reduction of Bicyclic Ketals. An Efficient Synthesis of (−)-(R,R)-(cis-6-Methyltetrahydropyran-2-yl)acetic Acid, an Enantiomer of Civet Cat Constituent
Authors: Kotsuki Hiyoshizo , Ushio Yasuyuki , Kadota Isao , Ochi Masamitsu
Published: July 2006

(−)-(R,R)-(cis-6-Methyltetrahydropyran-2-yl)acetic acid, an enantiomer of civet cat constituent, was prepared in high yield by using a stereoselective reduction of bicyclic ketals as a key step.
Tris(t-butyldimethylsilyl)trimethylsilylethylene and Tetrakis(dimethylsilyl)ethylene. The Most Twisted and Untwisted Tetrasilylethylenes
Authors: Sakurai Hideki , Ebata Keisuke , Sakamoto Kenkichi , Nakadaira Yasuhiro , Kabuto Chizuko
Published: July 2006

Tris(t-butyldimethylsilyl)trimethylsilylethylene and tetrakis(dimethylsilyl)ethylene were prepared. Structures of these most twisted and untwisted olefins are determined by X-ray diffraction.
Bivalent Copper Ion Complex of a Novel Anionic Surfactant Having Functional Imidazole and Hydroxyl Groups as a Remarkably Active Model of Hydrolytic Metalloenzymes
Authors: Fujita Tsunehisa , Ogino Kenji , Tagaki Waichiro
Published: July 2006

A novel anionic surfactant having functional imidazole and hydroxyl groups, Sodium N-dodecyl-2,5-dihydroxymethyl-4-(2-thiomethylethanesulfonate)imidazole, was synthesized. This surfactant was found to be remarkably active in the acyl transfer reactions of p-nitrophenyl picolinate in the presence of Cu2+ ion under micellar conditions.
Frequent Toxicity from IV Aminophylline Infusions in Critically ILL Patients
Authors: Hendeles Leslie , Bighley Lyle , Richardson Robert H. , Hepler Charles D. , Carmichael Jan
Published: July 2006

Use of recommended IV aminophylline dosage regimens in 48 older, acutely ill, hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) resulted in excessive plasma theophylline concentrations in 29 percent of these patients.

A mean dose of 0.89 mg/kg/hr produced a plasma concentration which ranged from 7 to 52 mcg/ml with a mean of 21.9 mcg/ml. Plasma theophylline concentration was determined spectrophotometrically from plasma samples drawn at least 12 hours after a loading dose and initiation of a constant infusion. Severity of toxicity strongly correlated with the plasma theophylline concentration in 18 patients. Nausea and/or vomiting preceded life-threatening drug-induced arrhythmias and seizures less than half the time. Tachycardia was found to be the most consistent symptom associated with toxicity. These patients had lower plasma clearances than otherwise healthy younger adult asthmatics and healthy volunteers. Toxicity and identifiable risk factors for excessive plasma levels strongly correlated with reduced plasma clearance. Dosage modifications based upon plasma clearances from COPD patients without concurrent functional abnormalities and those with liver dysfunction and cardiac decompensation ranged from 0.7 to 0.12 mg/kg/hr. This study clearly demonstrates the poor correlation between dose and plasma concentration and the strong relationship between toxicity and plasma concentration. These results as well as those previously reported mandate that the relatively simple, rapid and inexpensive theophylline plasma measurement be used in all patients receiving IV aminophylline for longer than 24 hours in order to prevent toxicity.
Pharmaceutical Care in Community Pharmacies: Practice and Research in the US
Authors: Christensen Dale B , Farris Karen B
Published: July 2006

Objective:

To describe the state of community pharmacy, including patient care services, in the US.

Findings:

Chain pharmacies, including traditional chains, mass merchandisers, and supermarkets, comprise more than 50% of community pharmacies in the US. Dispensing of drugs remains the primary focus, yet the incidence of patients being counseled on medications appears to be increasing. More than 25% of independent community pharmacy owners report providing some patient clinical care services, such as medication counseling and chronic disease management. Most insurance programs pay pharmacists only for dispensing services, yet there are a growing number of public and private initiatives that reimburse pharmacists for cognitive services. Clinical care opportunities exist in the new Medicare prescription drug benefit plan, as it requires medication therapy management services for specific enrollees.

Discussion:

The private market approach to healthcare delivery in the US, including pharmacy services, precludes national and statewide strategies to change the basic business model. To date, most pharmacies remain focused on dispensing prescriptions. With lower dispensing fees and higher operating costs, community pharmacies are focused on increasing productivity and efficiency through technology and technicians. Pharmacists remain challenged to establish the value of their nondispensing-related pharmaceutical care services in the private sector. As the cost of suboptimal drug therapy becomes more evident, medication therapy management may become a required pharmacy benefit in private drug insurance plans. Pharmacy school curricula, as well as national and state pharmacy associations, continually work to train and promote community pharmacists for these roles. Practice research is driven primarily by interested academics and, to a lesser degree, by pharmacy associations.

Conclusions:

Efficient dispensing of prescriptions is the primary focus of community pharmacies in the US. Some well designed practice-based research has been conducted, but there is no national research agenda or infrastructure. Reimbursement for cognitive services remains an infrequent, but growing, activity.
Measurement of Adherence in Pharmacy Administrative Databases: A Proposal for Standard Definitions and Preferred Measures
Authors: Hess Lisa M , Raebel Marsha A , Conner Douglas A , Malone Daniel C
Published: July 2006

Background:

A variety of measures have been developed to calculate refill adherence from administrative data such as pharmacy claims databases. These measures have focused on improving the accuracy of adherence measures or clarifying the evaluation time frame. As a result, there are many measures used to assess adherence that may or may not be comparable or accurate.

Objective:

To compare available refill adherence measures.

Methods:

A systematic literature review was conducted to identify current or recently used measures of calculating adherence from administrative data. A MEDLINE search (January 1990–March 2006) was undertaken using the search terms adherence or compliance in the title combined with administrative, pharmacy, or records in any field, including subheadings medical, nursing, and hospital records. Non-English articles were excluded. Seven hundred fifteen articles were available for review. Review articles and letters were excluded from measure selection, but were included in the search terms and used to identify additional research articles. Adherence measures were excluded if they were incompletely described, produced non-numeric values, or were duplicates. Eleven refill adherence measures were identified and compared using data from the LOSE Weight (Long-term Outcomes of Sibutramine Effectiveness on Weight) study. Measures compared include Continuous Measure of Medication Acquisition (CMA); Continuous Multiple Interval Measure of Oversupply (CMOS); Medication Possession Ratio (MPR); Medication Refill Adherence (MRA); Continuous Measure of Medication Gaps (CMG); Continuous, Single Interval Measure of Medication Aquisition (CSA); Proportion of Days Covered (PDC); Refill Compliance Rate (RCR); Medication Possession Ratio, modified (MPRm); Dates Between Fills Adherence Rate (DBR); and Compliance Rate (CR).

Results:

The results suggest that the CMA, CMOS, MPR, and MRA are identical in terms of measuring adherence to prescription refills throughout the study period, each with a value of 63.5%; CMG and PDC are slightly lower (63.0%) and are equivalent to MRA when oversupply is truncated. CR, MPRm, RCR, and CSA result in higher adherence values of 84.4%, 86.6%, 104.8%, and 109.7%, respectively.

Conclusions:

Five measures produce equivalent results for measuring prescription refill adherence over the evaluation period. Of these, MRA has the fewest calculations, is easily truncated if one desires to exclude surplus medication issues, and requires the least amount of data. MRA is therefore recommended as the preferred measure of adherence using administrative data.
Leadership and hierarchies in criminal groups: Scaling degrees of leader behaviour in group robbery
Authors: Porter Louise E. , Alison Laurence J.
Published: July 2006

Purpose. The purpose of this paper was, firstly, to replicate Porter and Alison's (2001) leadership behaviour scale and, secondly, to extend this research through the use of a new sample of group robbery offenders. This will provide further support for the use of such a scale to identify potential criminal leaders and also offer insight into the dynamics and hierarchical structures among group robbery offenders.

Methods. One hundred and five cases of group robbery, yielding 290 offender behaviour profiles, were coded according to each offender's level of involvement at each chronological offence stage in terms of decisions, actions and orders. A multidimensional scaling procedure examined the combinations of these, and produced a partially ordered scale of leadership behaviour with the defining aspects being initial decision making and involvement in the offence outcome.

Results. The scale identified potential leaders in 103 of the 105 robbery groups, where these leaders scored higher than non‐leaders on the leadership behaviour scale. Two‐thirds of groups comprised a dichotomous leader/follower distinction, whilst the remaining third comprised more dispersed, linear and lieutenant hierarchies.

Conclusions. These results further support the leader behaviour scale originally proposed by Porter and Alison (2001). The results also offer insight into the processes by which robberies evolve; namely, through a series of decisions of one individual who then either participates first or gives orders to his fellow group members to participate, although the former seems far more frequent.
Stereotypes and attitudes about child sexual abusers: A comparison of experienced and inexperienced professionals in sex offender treatment
Authors: Sanghara Kiranjeet K. , Wilson J. Clare
Published: July 2006

Purpose. The danger of stereotyping child sex offenders is that such stereotypes allow suspected abusers to avoid detection. The current study investigated whether professionals involved in the treatment of sex offenders endorsed less stereotypes of sex offenders than an ‘inexperienced’ group of teachers.

Method. Sixty professionals involved with sex offenders and 71 school teachers completed three questionnaires: the Stereotypes of Sex Offenders Questionnaire; Attitudes Towards Sex Offenders Scale (Hogue, 1993) and Knowledge of Child Abuse Questionnaire (created for the present study). Mediation analyses were then conducted on the relationships between the scores.

Results. Experienced professionals endorsed negative stereotypes less, had more positive attitudes towards sex offenders and expressed more knowledge of child abuse than the inexperienced group. Further, attitudes towards child sexual offenders were significantly mediated by the effect of knowledge of child abuse on group (experienced, inexperienced). However, there was no significant mediation for the effect of knowledge on child abuse on the relationship between group (experienced, inexperienced) and stereotype consistent scores.

Conclusions. The less knowledge of child abuse, the more stereotypical one may be about potential child sex offenders. Thus, it may be useful to increase knowledge on child abuse in inexperienced groups to counter stereotyping and allow greater detection of offenders.
ADAM12-S Stimulates Bone Growth in Transgenic Mice by Modulating Chondrocyte Proliferation and Maturation
Authors: Kveiborg Marie , Albrechtsen Reidar , Rudkjær Lise , Wen Guanmei , Damgaard-Pedersen Karen , Wewer Ulla M
Published: July 2006

ADAM12-S transgenic mice exhibit a pronounced increase in the length of bones, such as femur, tibia, and vertebrae. The effect of ADAM12-S on longitudinal bone growth involves the modulation of chondrocyte proliferation and maturation, likely through proteolytic activities and altered cell–extracellular matrix interactions in the growth plate.

Introduction: The disintegrin and metalloprotease ADAM12 is expressed in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts, suggesting a regulatory role of ADAM12 in bone. However, thus far, no in vivo function of ADAM12 in the skeleton has been reported.

Materials and Methods: Transgenic mice expressing the secreted form of human ADAM12, ADAM12-S, or a truncated metalloprotease-deficient form of ADAM12-S in the circulation were used to study the effects of ADAM12 on the skeleton. In addition, murine chondrocyte cultures were used to study the effect of ADAM12-S on cell–extracellular matrix interactions.

Results: ADAM12-S transgenic mice exhibit increased longitudinal bone growth. The increased bone length is progressive and age dependent, with a maximum increase of 17% seen in the femur from 6-month-old transgenic mice. The effect is gene dose dependent, being more pronounced in mice expressing higher levels of the transgene than in a lower-expressing line. Histological analysis revealed no alterations in the growth plate organization, but mean growth plate width was increased. Both the cellular incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine and the width of the collagen type X–positive hypertrophic zone were increased in the growth plate of ADAM12-S transgenic mice. Importantly, mice expressing a truncated form of ADAM12-S that lacked the pro- and metalloprotease domains showed no alterations in bone length, suggesting that protease activity is required for the ADAM12-S effect. In vitro studies showed that ADAM12-S inhibits chondrocyte adhesion to fibronectin and collagen type II.

Conclusions: ADAM12-S stimulates bone growth in mice by modulating chondrocyte proliferation and maturation through mechanisms probably involving both metalloprotease and adhesion activities.
Femur Mechanical Properties in the F2 Progeny of an NZB/B1NJ × RF/J Cross Are Regulated Predominantly by Genetic Loci That Regulate Bone Geometry
Authors: Wergedal Jon E , Ackert-Bicknell Cheryl L , Tsaih Shirng-Wern , Sheng Matilda H-C , Li Renhua , Mohan Subburamen , Beamer Wesley G , Churchill Gary A , Baylink David J
Published: July 2006

Genetic analysis of an NZB/B1NJ × RF/J cross has identified QTLs for femur mechanical, geometric, and densitometric phenotypes. Most mechanical QTLs were associated with geometric QTLs, strongly suggesting common genetic regulation.

Introduction: Previous studies have shown that bone architecture and BMD are important factors affecting bone strength, and both are genetically regulated. We conducted genetic analyses for loci regulating femur mechanical properties, geometric properties, and BMD in a cohort of F2 mice derived from intercross matings of (NZB/B1NJ × RF/J)F1 parents.

Materials and Methods: Femurs were isolated from 662 10-week-old females. Mechanical properties were determined for a femur from each animal by three-point bending. Geometric properties and volumetric BMD (vBMD) were determined by pQCT. Genotype data were obtained by PCR assays for polymorphic markers carried in the genomic DNA of each mouse. Genome-wide scans were carried out for co-segregation of genetic marker data with values from 23 different phenotypes. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified for mechanical, geometric, and mineral density phenotypes.

Results: QTLs for many phenotypes were significantly refined by covariate analyses using body weight and femur length. Major QTLs for mechanical and geometric phenotypes were found on chromosomes 5, 7, 9, 11, and 12. Nine chromosomal locations were identified with mechanical QTLs and 17 locations with one or more geometric QTLs. The significance of five mechanical and nine geometric QTLs was affected by the inclusion of covariates. These changes included both decreases and increases in significance. The QTLs on chromosomes 5 and 12 were decreased by inclusion of the covariates in the analysis, but QTLs on 7 and 11 were unaffected. Mechanical QTLs were almost always associated with geometric QTLs and less commonly (two of six) with vBMD QTLs.

Conclusions: Genetic regulation of mechanical properties in the F2 mice of this NZB/B1NJ × RF/J cross seems to be caused by genes regulating femur geometry.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Vertebral Fracture in Women and Men: 25-Year Follow-Up Results From the Population-Based Framingham Study
Authors: Samelson Elizabeth J , Hannan Marian T , Zhang Yuqing , Genant Harry K , Felson David T , Kiel Douglas P
Published: July 2006

This study evaluates baseline characteristics of 704 women and men in the Framingham Study with respect to long-term risk of incident vertebral fracture. Incidence was 24% in women and 10% in men. Few factors in middle-aged persons, except prevalent (moderate) fracture and alcohol consumption (in men), predicted long-term incidence of vertebral fracture.

Introduction: We studied potential risk factors in women and men in middle adult years to help identify individuals at increased long-term risk of vertebral fracture in advanced age.

Materials and Methods: Participants included Framingham cohort members who underwent radiographic examinations at baseline in 1967–1969 (mean age, 53 years) and follow-up in 1992–1993. Semiquantitative methods were used to determine incident fracture, defined as any vertebral body graded normal at baseline and at least mildly deformed (20–25% reduction or more in any vertebral height) at follow-up. Information on potential risk factors was obtained from examinations conducted at or before baseline radiography.

Results: Prevalence of vertebral fracture was similar (14%) in women and men, although incidence was greater in women (24%) than men (10%). Alcohol consumption increased fracture risk in men. Multivariable-adjusted ORs increased from 1.78 in men who consumed 1–3 oz of alcohol per week in middle-age years to 4.61 in those with intakes of ≥4 oz/week (trend, P = 0.0099). Age, height, weight, grip strength, physical activity, metacarpal cortical area, and estrogen use (in women) had little or no influence on cumulative incidence of vertebral fracture. Results were similar when fracture was restricted to (at least) moderate severity; however, participants with moderate to severe fracture prevalent at baseline had five times the incidence of moderate to severe fracture during follow-up compared with those without moderately to severe prevalent fractures.

Conclusions: Few factors in middle-aged persons, except prevalent fracture and alcohol consumption (in men), predict long-term incidence of vertebral fracture. The explanation underlying this finding is not readily apparent, however, risk factors for vertebral fracture may be more relevant to older individuals, with respect to short-term fracture risk, than to middle-aged adults in relation to long-term risk with aging.
Stargazin and Other Transmembrane AMPA Receptor Regulating Proteins Interact with Synaptic Scaffolding Protein MAGI-2 in Brain
Authors: Deng Fang , Price Maureen G. , Davis Caleb F. , Mori Mayra , Burgess Daniel L.
Published: July 2006

The spatial coordination of neurotransmitter receptors with other postsynaptic signaling and structural molecules is regulated by a diverse array of cell-specific scaffolding proteins. The synaptic trafficking of AMPA receptors by the stargazin protein in some neurons, for example, depends on specific interactions between the C terminus of stargazin and the PDZ [postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95)/Discs large/zona occludens-1] domains of membrane-associated guanylate kinase scaffolding proteins PSD-93 or PSD-95. Stargazin [Cacng2 (Ca2+channel γ2 subunit)] is one of four closely related proteins recently categorized as transmembrane AMPA receptor regulating proteins (TARPs) that appear to share similar functions but exhibit distinct expression patterns in the CNS. We used yeast two-hybrid screening to identify MAGI-2 (membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 2) as a novel candidate interactor with the cytoplasmic C termini of the TARPs. MAGI-2 [also known as S-SCAM (synaptic scaffolding molecule)] is a multi-PDZ domain scaffolding protein that interacts with several different ligands in brain, including PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), dasm1 (dendrite arborization and synapse maturation 1), dendrin, axin, β- and δ-catenin, neuroligin, hyperpolarization-activated cation channels, β1-adrenergic receptors, and NMDA receptors. We confirmed that MAGI-2 coimmunoprecipitated with stargazinin vivofrom mouse cerebral cortex and usedin vitroassays to localize the interaction to the C-terminal -TTPV amino acid motif of stargazin and the PDZ1, PDZ3, and PDZ5 domains of MAGI-2. Expression of stargazin recruited MAGI-2 to cell membranes and cell–cell contact sites in transfected HEK-293T cells dependent on the presence of the stargazin -TTPV motif. These experiments identify MAGI-2 as a strong candidate for linking TARP/AMPA receptor complexes to a wide range of other postsynaptic molecules and pathways and advance our knowledge of protein interactions at mammalian CNS synapses.
Expression and Function of SNAP-25 as a Universal SNARE Component in GABAergic Neurons
Authors: Tafoya Lawrence C. R. , Mameli Manuel , Miyashita Teiko , Guzowski John F. , Valenzuela C. Fernando , Wilson Michael C.
Published: July 2006

Intracellular vesicular trafficking and membrane fusion are important processes for nervous system development and for the function of neural circuits. Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP-25) is a component of neural solubleN-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) core complexes that mediate the exocytotic release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses. Previous results from mouse mutant models and pharmacological/neurotoxin blockades have demonstrated a critical role for SNAP-25-containing SNARE complexes in action potential (AP)-dependent release at cholinergic and glutamatergic synapses and for calcium-triggered catecholamine release from chromaffin cells. To examine whether SNAP-25 participates in the evoked release of other neurotransmitters, we investigated the expression and function of SNAP-25 in GABAergic terminals. Patch-clamp recordings in fetalSnap25-null mutant cortex demonstrated that ablation of SNAP-25 eliminated evoked GABAAreceptor-mediated postsynaptic responses while leaving a low level of spontaneous AP-independent events intact, supporting the involvement of SNAP-25 in the regulated synaptic transmission of early developing GABAergic neurons. In hippocampal cell cultures of wild-type mice, punctate staining of SNAP-25 colocalized with both GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic markers, whereas stimulus-evoked vesicular recycling was abolished at terminals of both transmitter phenotypes inSnap25−/−neurons. Moreover, immunohistochemistry and fluorescencein situhybridization revealed coexpression of SNAP-25, VGAT (vesicular GABA transporter), and GAD65/67 (glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67) in interneurons within several regions of the adult brain. Our results thus provide evidence that SNAP-25 is critical for evoked GABA release during development and is expressed in the presynaptic terminals of mature GABAergic neurons, consistent with its function as a component of a fundamental core SNARE complex required for stimulus-driven neurotransmission.
Encoding and Decoding Touch Location in the Leech CNS
Authors: Thomson Eric E. , Kristan William B.
Published: July 2006

Spike times encode stimulus values in many sensory systems, but it is generally unknown whether such temporal variations are decoded (i.e., whether they influence downstream networks that control behavior). In the present study, we directly address this decoding problem by quantifying both sensory encoding and decoding in the leech. By mechanically stimulating the leech body wall while recording from mechanoreceptors, we show that pairs of leech sensory neurons with overlapping receptive fields encode touch location by their relative latencies, number of spikes, and instantaneous firing rates, with relative latency being the most accurate indicator of touch location. We then show that the relative latency and count are decoded by manipulating these variables in sensory neuron pairs while simultaneously monitoring the resulting behavior. Although both variables are important determinants of leech behavior, the decoding mechanisms are more sensitive to changes in relative spike count than changes in relative latency.
The Archaeology of Food Preference
Authors: SMITH MONICA L.
Published: July 2006

Food preference is a socially constructed concept in which both consumers and producers define what is “good to eat.” Staple crops and daily meals are an important component of these definitions, as the regular use of particular foods reinforces norms of identity. Food preferences also affect agricultural systems because choices among cultivars are based on social needs in addition to economic variables such as yield and caloric value. Through textual and archaeological evidence, the trajectory of rice production is examined for Sri Lanka, the Brahmaputra Valley, the Tamil region, and Vijayanagara. In these regions and elsewhere in South Asia, shared ideologies of food preference resulted in a consensus mode of agricultural production: Irrigation works increased the tax base for political leaders and the donation base for temple economies, but they also benefited local inhabitants who would have been able to partake of a preferred food on a more regular basis.
Life‐Course Observations of Alcohol Use among Navajo Indians: Natural History or Careers?
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J.
Published: July 2006

In this article, I describe changes in patterns of alcohol use and abuse among Navajo Indians from the mid‐1960s to the late 1990s. The prevalence of alcohol dependence continues to be higher than in the general U.S. population, but remission is also common, as it was in the 1960s and previously. Men have substantially higher rates of alcohol dependence than women. The former engage in heavy drinking largely in response to the heavy drinking of those around them. The latter drink excessively largely as a response to psychiatric disorders, depression, and abuse by a partner or husband. As increasing numbers of people have moved to reservation and border towns, a youth culture has developed in which alcohol use is initiated by teenagers with their peers rather than, as in the past, with older kinsmen. Alcohol use has thus been freed from the constraints imposed by both isolation and family obligations.
The Social Life of Emergency Contraception in the United States: Disciplining Pharmaceutical Use, Disciplining Sexuality, and Constructing Zygotic Bodies
Authors: Wynn L. L. , Trussell James
Published: July 2006

This article is an examination of the FDA hearing on a proposal to permit nonprescription access to the emergency contraceptive pill Plan B. Participants debated the drug's impact on female and young adult sexuality, illustrating how the rhetoric over disciplining pharmaceutical use in the American public is a displaced language for talking about disciplining women's and girls' sexuality. Debate over Plan B also focused on its mechanism of action and whether or not it was abortifacient, revealing a medical technology characterized not only by moral but also by marked scientific ambiguity. The scientific framing of the politics of emergency contraception is testament to the powerful authority of biomedicine to narrate and thus produce ideologies of bodies (individual, embryonic, social, and political), sexuality, and selves. The discourse on access to Plan B in the United States demonstrates how women's bodies are sites of control where the politics of sexuality, discourses on public health, and medical constructions of biological processes intersect.
Emotions and the Intergenerational Embodiment of Social Suffering in Rural Bolivia
Authors: Tapias Maria
Published: July 2006

In this article, I take the embodied manifestations of distress across generations as the lens from which to illustrate the subtle articulations between the political restructuring of the Bolivian state and the private anxieties women experience under enduring political and economic instability. Emotions such as rage and sorrow generated by economic hardship, domestic violence, and social conflict played a fundamental role in how market‐ and working‐class women perceived not only their own health problems but also many of the health problems that affected their infants. Mother's bodies and emotions are seen as the vectors through which gestating babies and breastfeeding infants develop transient and enduring ailments and debility.
Somatostatin analogues stimulate p27 expression and inhibit the MAP kinase pathway in pituitary tumours
Authors: Hubina Erika , Nanzer Alexandra M , Hanson Matthew R , Ciccarelli Enrica , Losa Marco , Gaia Daniela , Papotti Mauro , Terreni Maria Rosaria , Khalaf Sahira , Jordan Suzanne , Czirják Sándor , Hanzély Zoltán , Nagy György M , Góth Miklós I , Grossman Ashley B , Korbonits Márta
Published: July 2006

Objectives: Somatostatin (SST) analogues play an important role in the medical management of somatotroph pituitary adenomas and new agonists have the potential to be effective in a wider group of pituitary and other tumours. The anti-proliferative effect of SST occurs through multiple mechanisms, one of which is cell-cycle arrest, where p27, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is an important regulator. We hypothesised that SST may upregulate p27 protein levels and downregulate the MAP kinase pathway in these tumours.

Methods: Human pituitary adenoma cells and rat pituitary cell line (GH3) were cultured and treated in vitro with octreotide and the broad-spectrum SST agonist SOM230 (pasireotide). Immunoblotting for p27 and phospho-ERK (pERK) was performed and proliferation assessed by [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Histological samples from acromegalic patients treated with octreotide before surgery were immunostained for p27 and compared to samples from untreated patients matched for sex, age, tumour size, extension and invasiveness.

Results: We detected upregulation of p27 protein levels with SST analogue treatment in vitro in human pituitary adenoma samples. pERK1/2 was inhibited by SST analogues in both the human samples and GH3 cells. SST and its analogues inhibited the proliferation of GH3 cells. p27 immunostaining was stronger in samples from patients with longer preoperative octreotide treatment (more than 6 months) than in samples from patients with shorter treatment periods.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that SST-mediated growth inhibition is associated with the downregulation of pERK and upregulation of p27. More potent and broader-spectrum SST analogues are likely to play an increasing role in the treatment of tumours, where the MAP kinase pathway is overactivated.