bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foreign Policy and the Parliament of 1576
Authors: Parry Glyn
Published: February 2015

This article brings together scattered, but important, new evidence about foreign policy debates in and around the reconvened parliament of early 1576. It demonstrates that co‐operative parliamentary management did not exclude principled political differences from the Commons, but nor were members of the Commons trying to ‘seize the initiative’ when they initiated foreign policy discussion. The queen and her privy council, for a variety of reasons, had initially sought parliamentary support for a foreign policy guided by religious solidarity rather than dynastic legitimacy, but when they belatedly abandoned this plan they underestimated the strength of the expectations they had raised. Some zealous protestant members of the Commons felt encouraged to believe that parliament would act as the great council of the realm, to be consulted over important matters of state, and especially whether Elizabeth should accept the recently‐offered sovereignty of Holland and Zealand. The retreat from this position began with the arrival of Champagney, envoy of the Spanish viceroy in the Netherlands, Requesens. Champagney exploited the gap between Elizabeth's position and the committed protestants on her council, and especially Burghley's internal debate between his protestant idealism and his economic and strategic realism. Burghley's eventual withdrawal from the proposed arrangement to enlist virulently anti‐catholic Commons' members in support of the ambitious foreign policy bitterly disappointed large sections of popular protestant opinion in the ‘public sphere’, who virulently attacked both Burghley and Elizabeth. This enabled conservatives to mount increasingly effective responses against both radical protestantism and its dangerous propensity for foreign entanglements.
Preaching and English Parliaments in the 1620s
Authors: Ferrell Lori Anne
Published: February 2015

This article evaluates the impact of a small cache of sermons, dating from the second half of the 1620s, which served as the prelude to the famous sermons preached to the Long Parliament. Few in number, concentrated in time, and disparate in location, these works have attracted little sustained attention from scholars of the parliamentary sermon. However, they represent a crucial turn in the discursive politics of that particular set of influential pulpits: before the 1640s, not one, but three, high‐profile – and very distinct – sermon venues served as sites for the dissemination of opinions directly and intimately associated with the work of a sitting parliament. Considered together, these form one singular and noteworthy platform of political debate, allowing us to posit religious origins to civil war.
The Street Theatre of State: The Ceremonial Opening of Parliament, 1603–60
Authors: Peacey Jason
Published: February 2015

This article revisits a fairly familiar topic – early modern ceremonial relating to the state opening of parliament – in order to analyse both new evidence and neglected themes. Thus, while it examines the projection of political authority, and the grandeur of state, it also addresses the audiences for, and popular reactions to, such events, and supplements treatment of James I and Charles I with observations regarding Oliver Cromwell and Richard Cromwell during the protectorate. This involves challenging claims that have repeatedly been made about the ‘monarchical’ style of Cromwellian regimes, but it also involves emphasizing that different rulers and regimes thought carefully about how best to ensure that their approach to ceremonial accurately reflected their governmental style, and about how to take account of audiences and the political mood on the streets of London. Indeed, the article emphasizes the degree to which Charles I sought to balance the desire to project regal authority with concerns about decorum and disorder, while Cromwellian protectors were more preoccupied with the need to balance grandeur with a civic plain‐style.
The Earl of Essex and Elizabethan Parliaments
Authors: Hammer Paul E.J.
Published: February 2015

This article challenges the old notion championed by J.E. Neale that Robert Devereux, 2nd earl of Essex (1565–1601), displayed ‘megalomania’ in his parliamentary patronage during the latter years of Elizabeth I's reign. In addition to surveying Essex's influence on the membership of late Elizabethan parliaments, this article addresses the likelihood that the earl was angling for the summoning of a parliament in the spring of 1601. Instead, thanks to the Essex rising of 8 February 1601, Essex himself was executed and posthumously attainted for treason at a parliament summoned in October 1601. Finally, the article speculates about the possible impact of Essex's example and political research on the 12 peers who sought to force Charles I to summon a parliament in 1640.
William Cecil, Lord Burghley, and Managing with the Men‐of‐Business
Authors: Jones Norman
Published: February 2015

Michael Graves taught us to think of parliamentary management done through the parliamentary ‘men‐of‐business’, gentlemen with close ties to powerful men in the privy council. This article asks how ‘men‐of‐business’ were managed by Elizabeth's head manager, Lord Burghley. Choosing justices of the peace was a complex, fraught activity, and one which Lord Burghley did with a great deal of care. However, despite his best efforts to have only men of probity and proper religious inclinations, he was hampered by local concerns. Managing the men‐of‐business meant careful awareness of their places, their connections, and their independence. Burghley was managing shared governance, each magistrate within his degree, for common causes, which is what made it a common weal. It was a system that required management, rather than fiats, but it had to be managed with a gentle touch. What Burghley and the men‐of‐business were running was a semi‐bureaucratised late feudal monarchy, taking the form of a ‘monarchical commonwealth’. Mutual need kept the local elites working with the crown's managers.
Comparative Effects of Ohmic, Induction Cooker, and Electric Stove Heating on Soymilk Trypsin Inhibitor Inactivation
Authors: Lu Lu , Zhao Luping , Zhang Caimeng , Kong Xiangzhen , Hua Yufei , Chen Yeming
Published: February 2015

During thermal treatment of soymilk, a rapid incorporation of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) into protein aggregates by covalent (disulfide bond, SS) and/or noncovalent interactions with other proteins is responsible for its fast inactivation of trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA). In contrast, the slow cleavage of a single Bowman–Birk inhibitor (BBI) peptide bond is responsible for its slow inactivation of TIA and chymotrypsin inhibitor activity (CIA). In this study, the effects of Ohmic heating (220 V, 50 Hz) on soymilk TIA and CIA inactivation were examined and compared to induction cooker and electric stove heating with similar thermal histories. It was found that: (1) TIA and CIA inactivation was slower from 0 to 3 min, and faster after 3 min as compared to induction cooker and electric stove. (2) The thiol (SH) loss rate was slower from 0 to 3 min, and similar to induction cooker and electric stove after 3 min. (3) Ohmic heating slightly increased protein aggregate formation. (4) In addition to the cleavage of one BBI peptide bond, an additional reaction might occur to enhance BBI inactivation. (5) Ohmic heating was more energy‐efficient for TIA and CIA inactivation. (6) TIA and CIA inactivation was accelerated with increasing electric voltage (110, 165, and 220 V) of Ohmic heating. It is likely that the enhanced inactivation of TIA by Ohmic heating is due to its combined electrochemical and thermal effects.
Genomic Study of the Absorption Mechanism of p‐Coumaric Acid and Caffeic Acid of Extract of Ananas Comosus L. Leaves
Authors: Dang Yun‐jie , Zhu Chun‐yan
Published: February 2015

Cardiac disease has emerged as the leading cause of death worldwide, and food rich in phenolic acids has drawn much attention as sources of active substances of hypolipidemic drug. Ananas comosus L. (pineapple) is one of the most popular tropical and subtropical fruits. Isolated from pineapple leaves, EAL(Extract of Ananas Comosus L. Leaves) is rich in phenolic acids, such as p‐coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and other phenolics, highly relevant to the putative cardiovascular‐protective effects, which suggests its potential to be a new plant medicine for treatment of cardiac disease, but little is known about absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of EAL in animals or human beings. In this study, we employed cDNA microarray, Caco‐2 cell lines, and rat intestinal model to explore the absorption behavior of p‐coumaric acid and caffeic acid in EAL. The permeation of 2 substances was concentration and time dependent. Results also indicated that monocarboxylic acid transporter was involved in the transepithelial transport of p‐coumaric acid and caffeic acid.
Relative Oxidative Stability of Diacylglycerol and Triacylglycerol Oils
Authors: Qi Jin F. , Wang Xiang Y. , Shin Jung‐Ah , Lee Young‐Hwa , Jang Young‐Seok , Lee Jeung Hee , Hong Soon‐Taek , Lee Ki‐Teak
Published: February 2015

To compare the oxidative stability between diacylglycerol (DAG) oil and conventional triacylglycerol (TAG) oil (that is, soybean oil), the prepared stripped diacylglycerol oil (SDO) and soybean oil (SSBO) were stored at 60 °C in the dark for 144 h. During storage peroxide values (POVs), contents of aldehydes, unsaturated fatty acids were measured to evaluate the oxidative stabilities of the 2 oils. The results showed the content of C18:2, C18:3, and total unsaturated fatty acid decreased faster in DAG oil than in soybean oil, whereas the decreased rate of C18:1 was similar in 2 oils. Also, both rate constants (K1 and K2) obtained from POV (K1) and total aldehydes (K2) indicated that DAG oil (K1 = 3.22 mmol/mol FA h−1, K2 = 0.023 h−1) was oxidized more rapidly than soybean oil (K1 = 2.56 mmol/mol FA h−1, K2 = 0.021 h−1), which was mainly due to the difference of acylglycerol composition of the 2 oils along with higher C18:3 (9.6%) in SDO than SSBO (5.7%). It is concluded that DAG was more easily oxidized than soybean oil at 60 °C in the dark for 144 h.
Hfq regulates antibacterial antibiotic biosynthesis and extracellular lytic‐enzyme production in Lysobacter enzymogenes OH11
Authors: Xu Gaoge , Zhao Yuxin , Du Liangcheng , Qian Guoliang , Liu Fengquan
Published: February 2015

Lysobacter enzymogenes is an important biocontrol agent with the ability to produce a variety of lytic enzymes and novel antibiotics. Little is known about their regulatory mechanisms. Understanding these will be helpful for improving biocontrol of crop diseases and potential medical application. In the present study, we generated an hfq (encoding a putative ribonucleic acid chaperone) deletion mutant, and then utilized a new genomic marker‐free method to construct an hfq‐complemented strain. We showed for the first time that Hfq played a pleiotropic role in regulating the antibacterial antibiotic biosynthesis and extracellular lytic enzyme activity in L. enzymogenes. Mutation of hfq significantly increased the yield of WAP‐8294A2 (an antibacterial antibiotic) as well as the transcription of its key biosynthetic gene, waps1. However, inactivation of hfq almost abolished the extracellular chitinase activity and remarkably decreased the activity of both extracellular protease and cellulase in L. enzymogenes. We further showed that the regulation of hfq in extracellular chitinase production was in part through the impairment of the secretion of chitinase A. Collectively, our results reveal the regulatory roles of hfq in antibiotic metabolite and extracellular lytic enzymes in the underexplored genus of Lysobacter.
Integrated omics for the identification of key functionalities in biological wastewater treatment microbial communities
Authors: Narayanasamy Shaman , Muller Emilie E. L. , Sheik Abdul R. , Wilmes Paul
Published: February 2015

Biological wastewater treatment plants harbour diverse and complex microbial communities which prominently serve as models for microbial ecology and mixed culture biotechnological processes. Integrated omic analyses (combined metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics) are currently gaining momentum towards providing enhanced understanding of community structure, function and dynamics in situ as well as offering the potential to discover novel biological functionalities within the framework of Eco‐Systems Biology. The integration of information from genome to metabolome allows the establishment of associations between genetic potential and final phenotype, a feature not realizable by only considering single ‘omes’. Therefore, in our opinion, integrated omics will become the future standard for large‐scale characterization of microbial consortia including those underpinning biological wastewater treatment processes. Systematically obtained time and space‐resolved omic datasets will allow deconvolution of structure–function relationships by identifying key members and functions. Such knowledge will form the foundation for discovering novel genes on a much larger scale compared with previous efforts. In general, these insights will allow us to optimize microbial biotechnological processes either through better control of mixed culture processes or by use of more efficient enzymes in bioengineering applications.
Genetic characterization of caffeine degradation by bacteria and its potential applications
Authors: Summers Ryan M. , Mohanty Sujit K. , Gopishetty Sridhar , Subramanian Mani
Published: February 2015

The ability of bacteria to grow on caffeine as sole carbon and nitrogen source has been known for over 40 years. Extensive research into this subject has revealed two distinct pathways, N‐demethylation and C‐8 oxidation, for bacterial caffeine degradation. However, the enzymological and genetic basis for bacterial caffeine degradation has only recently been discovered. This review article discusses the recent discoveries of the genes responsible for both N‐demethylation and C‐8 oxidation. All of the genes for the N‐demethylation pathway, encoding enzymes in the Rieske oxygenase family, reside on 13.2‐kb genomic DNA fragment found in Pseudomonas putida CBB5. A nearly identical DNA fragment, with homologous genes in similar orientation, is found in Pseudomonas sp. CES. Similarly, genes for C‐8 oxidation of caffeine have been located on a 25.2‐kb genomic DNA fragment of Pseudomonas sp. CBB1. The C‐8 oxidation genes encode enzymes similar to those found in the uric acid metabolic pathway of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Various biotechnological applications of these genes responsible for bacterial caffeine degradation, including bio‐decaffeination, remediation of caffeine‐contaminated environments, production of chemical and fuels and development of diagnostic tests have also been demonstrated.
Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography in differentiated thyroid cancer management: Importance of clinical justification and value in predicting survival
Authors: Marcus Charles , Antoniou Alexander , Rahmim Arman , Ladenson Paul , Subramaniam Rathan M
Published: February 2015

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the added value of follow‐up fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) to clinical assessment and predicting survival outcome in patients with differentiated thyroid cancers.

Methods

This is an institutional review board approved, retrospective study of 202 biopsy‐proven thyroid cancer patients at a single tertiary centre. A total of 327 follow‐up or surveillance PET/CT scans done 6 or more months from initial treatment completion were included in this study. Median follow‐up from completion of primary treatment was 94 months (range, 6.17–534.1 months). Overall survival benefit was measured using Kaplan–Meier plots with a Mantel–Cox log‐rank test. Multivariate Cox regression model is provided with clinical covariates.

Results

Of the 327 PET/CT scans from 202 patients, 161 were positive and 166 as negative for recurrence or metastasis. A total of 23 patients died during the study period. Patients with a positive PET/CT scan had shorter overall survival than those who had a negative scan (P < 0.0001, hazard ratio 6.1 (3.0–14.3) ). In the context of clinical assessment, PET/CT identified recurrence in 50% (25/50) of scans without prior clinical suspicion and ruled out recurrence in 36.8% (102/277) of scans with prior clinical suspicion. In a multivariate Cox regression model, factors associated with overall survival were stage (P < 0.0001), time to scan (P = 0.0005) and PET/CT result (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

FDG PET/CT performed in follow‐up more than 6 months from primary treatment completion adds value to clinical judgment and a prognostic marker of overall survival in thyroid cancer patients.
Seawater mesocosm experiments in the Arctic uncover differential transfer of marine bacteria to aerosols
Authors: Fahlgren Camilla , Gómez‐Consarnau Laura , Zábori Julia , Lindh Markus V. , Krejci Radovan , Mårtensson E. Monica , Nilsson Douglas , Pinhassi Jarone
Published: February 2015

Biogenic aerosols critically control atmospheric processes. However, although bacteria constitute major portions of living matter in seawater, bacterial aerosolization from oceanic surface layers remains poorly understood. We analysed bacterial diversity in seawater and experimentally generated aerosols from three Kongsfjorden sites, Svalbard. Construction of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from paired seawater and aerosol samples resulted in 1294 sequences clustering into 149 bacterial and 34 phytoplankton operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Bacterial communities in aerosols differed greatly from corresponding seawater communities in three out of four experiments. Dominant populations of both seawater and aerosols were Flavobacteriia, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Across the entire dataset, most OTUs from seawater could also be found in aerosols; in each experiment, however, several OTUs were either selectively enriched in aerosols or little aerosolized. Notably, a SAR11 clade OTU was consistently abundant in the seawater, but was recorded in significantly lower proportions in aerosols. A strikingly high proportion of colony‐forming bacteria were pigmented in aerosols compared with seawater, suggesting that selection during aerosolization contributes to explaining elevated proportions of pigmented bacteria frequently observed in atmospheric samples. Our findings imply that atmospheric processes could be considerably influenced by spatiotemporal variations in the aerosolization efficiency of different marine bacteria.
Geobacter, Anaeromyxobacter and Anaerolineae populations are enriched on anodes of root exudate‐driven microbial fuel cells in rice field soil
Authors: Cabezas Angela , Pommerenke Bianca , Boon Nico , Friedrich Michael W.
Published: February 2015

Plant‐based sediment microbial fuel cells (PMFCs) couple the oxidation of root exudates in living rice plants to current production. We analysed the composition of the microbial community on anodes from PMFC with natural rice field soil as substratum for rice by analysing 16S rRNA as an indicator of microbial activity and diversity. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis indicated that the active bacterial community on anodes from PMFCs differed strongly compared with controls. Moreover, clones related to Deltaproteobacteria and Chloroflexi were highly abundant (49% and 21%, respectively) on PMFCs anodes. Geobacter (19%), Anaeromyxobacter (15%) and Anaerolineae (17%) populations were predominant on anodes with natural rice field soil and differed strongly from those previously detected with potting soil. In open circuit (OC) control PMFCs, not allowing electron transfer, Deltaproteobacteria (33%), Betaproteobacteria (20%), Chloroflexi (12%), Alphaproteobacteria (10%) and Firmicutes (10%) were detected. The presence of an electron accepting anode also had a strong influence on methanogenic archaea. Hydrogenotrophic methanogens were more active on PMFC (21%) than on OC controls (10%), whereas acetoclastic Methanosaetaceae were more active on OC controls (31%) compared with PMFCs (9%). In conclusion, electron accepting anodes and rice root exudates selected for distinct potential anode‐reducing microbial populations in rice soil inoculated PMFC.
The Pitfalls and Politics of Holistic Justice
Authors: Friedman Rebekka , Jillions Andrew
Published: February 2015

This article critically assesses the concept of the complementarity of means, a concept that underpins the ‘holistic justice’ turn in postconflict policy making. Our concern is with how global transitional justice strategies are being informed by a compelling but vague ideal of institutional cooperation. Drawing on research into Sierra Leone's ‘two tracks’ of transitional justice, we argue that political interaction between the two mechanisms and a contentious, ad hoc learning process between the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission were crucial to the way the complementarity of means has come to underpin the holistic justice agenda. We caution that by treating the complementarity of means as a mechanical outcome of the mere existence of separate transitional justice mechanisms, global policy makers have drawn the wrong empirical lessons from Sierra Leone. Political engagement played a central role in constructing a pragmatic partnership between the competing institutions, and in accounting for some of the long‐term and unintended consequences of transitional justice. We argue that if a complementarity of means is to be effectively realized global policy makers need to embrace – rather than deny – the politics of holistic justice.
Local habitat management and landscape‐scale restoration influence small‐mammal communities in grasslands
Authors: Mérő T. O. , Bocz R. , Polyák L. , Horváth G. , Lengyel S.
Published: February 2015

Ecosystem/habitat restoration has become a major goal of international biodiversity policy. However, restorations are often limited in space or time, and we know little on whether and how restoration and management affect vertebrates. Here we assessed the local and landscape‐scale effects of habitat restoration and management on small‐mammal communities in theEgyek–Pusztakócs marsh system (HortobágyNationalPark,Hungary), site of the largest active restoration of grasslands on former croplands inEurope. We live‐trapped mice, voles and shrews in spring and autumn in 2 years (four sampling periods) at two sites in six habitat types: croplands, grasslands restored 3–6 years earlier and natural grasslands. Data on 421 individuals of 12 species showed that restored grasslands were similar to croplands and natural grasslands in species richness, abundance and composition. At the local scale, management influenced abundance because there were more small mammals in unmanaged and early‐mown grasslands with taller vegetation than in late‐mown or grazed grasslands with lower vegetation, or in ploughed croplands. Elevation was also important because sites at higher elevation provided refuges during spring floods or summer droughts. At the landscape scale, the proportion of restored and natural grasslands positively affected the abundance of small mammals, whereas the proportion of linear habitats (roads, canals) had a negative effect on abundance. Our results show that management is more important than restorationper seat the local scale, which is expected for habitat generalists such as small mammals in contrast to specialists such as plant‐feeding invertebrates. However, restoration provides landscape‐scale benefits by increasing the area of grasslands that can serve as refuges for small mammals in unfavourable periods. We thus conclude that a mosaic of restored and appropriately managed grasslands with tall vegetation will provide the best chances for the persistence of small‐mammal communities in dynamic landscapes.
Reflection impulsivity in binge drinking: behavioural and volumetric correlates
Authors: Banca Paula , Lange Iris , Worbe Yulia , Howell Nicholas A. , Irvine Michael , Harrison Neil A. , Moutoussis Michael , Voon Valerie
Published: February 2015

The degree to which an individual accumulates evidence prior to making a decision, also known as reflection impulsivity, can be affected in psychiatric disorders. Here, we study decisional impulsivity in binge drinkers, a group at elevated risk for developing alcohol use disorders, comparing two tasks assessing reflection impulsivity and a delay discounting task, hypothesizing impairments in both subtypes of impulsivity. We also assess volumetric correlates of reflection impulsivity focusing on regions previously implicated in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Sixty binge drinkers and healthy volunteers were tested using two different information‐gathering paradigms: the beads task and the Information Sampling Task (IST). The beads task was analysed using a behavioural approach and a Bayesian model of decision making. Delay discounting was assessed using the Monetary Choice Questionnaire. Regression analyses of primary outcomes were conducted with voxel‐based morphometry analyses. Binge drinkers sought less evidence prior to decision in the beads task compared with healthy volunteers in both the behavioural and computational modelling analysis. There were no group differences in the IST or delay discounting task. Greater impulsivity as indexed by lower evidence accumulation in the beads task was associated with smaller dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal volumes. In contrast, greater impulsivity as indexed by lower evidence accumulation in the IST was associated with greater dorsal cingulate and precuneus volumes. Binge drinking is characterized by impaired reflection impulsivity suggesting a deficit in deciding on the basis of future outcomes that are more difficult to represent. These findings emphasize the role of possible therapeutic interventions targeting decision‐making deficits.
Shrub expansion alters forest structure but has little impact on native mammal occurrence
Authors: Hradsky Bronwyn A. , Loschiavo John , Hradsky Marney , Di Stefano Julian
Published: February 2015

The expansion (or encroachment) of shrubs in forests and woodlands is generally considered a serious threat to biodiversity. The effects of shrub expansion on forest fauna, however, are poorly understood and likely to depend on the availability of key resources in shrub‐encroached forest. Coranderrk Bushland, like many conservation reserves in south‐eastern Australia, is considered threatened by the spread of an indigenous shrub. We investigated the associations between cover of Yarra burgan (Kunzea leptospermoides (Myrtaceae)), vegetation structure and the occurrence of terrestrial native mammals within the reserve, basing our predictions on prior knowledge of burgan growth habits and fauna habitat preferences. We quantified burgan cover and other potentially important habitat attributes using structure surveys, and used motion‐sensing cameras to detect terrestrial mammals. Dense burgan cover was associated with less grass, a sparser understorey, and more cryptogams, dead trees and coarse woody debris. However, there was no evidence that these changes negatively affected native mammals: burgan cover had little influence on the occurrence of any species except swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor), which occurred in all areas of the reserve but shifted from sites with high burgan cover during the day to sites with low cover at night. Our findings contrast with those from grassland shrub‐expansion studies, where fauna generally show strong responses to shrub cover. The effects of shrub expansion on forest fauna may be mitigated by the greater pre‐existing structural diversity in forests or the longer time required for structural changes to be fully realized. The large quantities of dead wood in areas with high shrub cover may also provide compensatory resources for small mammals, while the proximity to un‐encroached areas may enable large herbivores to move between dense shelter and forage. Shrub‐encroached forests clearly provide resources for some native fauna, and management strategies need to consider the potential impacts of shrub removal on these taxa.
The predictive ability of non‐invasive haemodynamic parameters for hypotension during caesarean section: a prospective observational study
Authors: Yokose M. , Mihara T. , Sugawara Y. , Goto T.
Published: February 2015

Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section induces hypotension, which may cause severe adverse effects. Our goal was to determine whether hypotension could be predicted by pulse oximetry parameters, such as the perfusion index and pleth variability index, heart rate, ratio of low‐frequency to high‐frequency components of heart rate variability, and entropy of heart rate variability, measured before the induction of anaesthesia. The predictive value of these parameters for detecting hypotension was assessed using logistic regression and the grey zone approach in 81 parturients. Logistic regression revealed heart rate to be the only independent predictor (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.01–1.13; p = 0.032). The grey zone for heart rate was in the range of 71–89 bpm, and 60.5% of parturients were in the grey zone. Pre‐anaesthetic heart rate, but not other parameters derived from pulse oximetry or heart rate variability, may be a prognostic factor for hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia.
Using a modified Seldinger technique is an effective way of placing femoral venous catheters in critically ill infants
Authors: Athikarisamy Sam E. , Veldman Alex , Malhotra Atul , Wong Flora
Published: February 2015

Aim

Femoral venous catheters (FVCs) provide multilumen access in critically ill infants with difficult venous access. This study reports our experiences of using a modified Seldinger technique to insert FVCs in our neonatal unit.

Methods

This was a retrospective case series of 34 infants who had FVCs inserted using the modified Seldinger technique during a 4‐year period.

Results

The median (range) post‐natal age and weight at the time of insertion were 66 days (1–314) and 3080 g (865–8000). The FVC remained in situ for a median duration of 21 days (1–63). There were nine infants who died while the FVC remained in situ. The FVCs were removed from four infants due to complications. In three cases, they became dislodged, and in one case, the line became blocked. In 16 infants, the FVC was removed when it was no longer required and one infant was transferred out of the unit with the FVC in situ. Transient venous congestion of the distal limb occurred in four infants. In one infant, the FVC was accidently placed in the femoral artery and removed without complications.

Conclusions

Femoral venous catheter insertion using a modified Seldinger technique appeared to provide alternate and immediate central venous access in critically ill infants.
Maternal psychological distress and visitation to the neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Greene Michelle M. , Rossman Beverly , Patra Kousiki , Kratovil Amanda , Khan Samah , Meier Paula P.
Published: February 2015

Aim

To examine associations between maternal neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) visitation rates, maternal psychological distress (‘distress’) and preterm infant outcome post‐NICU discharge in a contemporary cohort of very low birthweight (VLBW) infants.

Methods

This was a prospective study of 69 mothers and their VLBW infants. Distress was assessed 1‐month postbirth, 2 weeks prior to NICU discharge and after NICU discharge at 4‐month corrected age (CA). Maternal NICU visitation rates were calculated for the first 2 weeks and 1‐month postbirth as well as for the entire NICU hospitalization. Regression analyses adjusted for the impact of (i) maternal and infant characteristics and distress on maternal visitation rates and (ii) the impact of visitation on long‐term maternal distress and rates of infant clinic attendance and rehospitalization.

Results

Greater number of children in the home, maternal exposure to a greater number of potentially traumatic events prior to childbirth and lower maternal anxiety consistently predicted lower visitation rate. Lower maternal visitation rate predicted higher maternal depression scores at infants' 4‐month CA visit. Maternal NICU visitation rate did not predict post‐NICU discharge infant clinic attendance or rehospitalization.

Conclusion

Distress is an important predictor of visitation. In turn, visitation is associated with long‐term maternal distress.
Systematic review with network meta‐analysis: the comparative effectiveness and safety of interventions in patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Zhu G.‐Q. , Shi K.‐Q. , Huang S. , Wang L.‐R. , Lin Y.‐Q. , Huang G.‐Q. , Chen Y.‐P. , Braddock M. , Zheng M.‐H.
Published: February 2015

Background

Interventional treatment for overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE), includes non‐absorbable disaccharides, neomycin, rifaximin, L‐ornithine‐L‐aspartate and branched chain amino acids (BCAA). However, the optimum regimen remains inconclusive.

Aim

To compare interventions in terms of patients’ adverse events and major clinical outcomes.

Methods

Literature search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library studies published up to July 31 2014. RCTs of above interventions in OHE patients were included. Network meta‐analysis combined direct and indirect evidence to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and mean difference (MD) between treatments and the probabilities of ranking for treatment based on clinical outcomes.

Results

Twenty eligible RCTs were included. When compared with observation, only L‐ornithine‐L‐aspartate (OR 3.71, P < 0.001) and BCAA (OR 3.37, P < 0.001) improved clinical efficacy significantly. However, when L‐ornithine‐L‐aspartate was compared with BCAA, non‐absorbable disaccharides and neomycin, there was a trend suggesting that L‐ornithine‐L‐aspartate may be the most effective intervention with respect to clinical improvement (OR 1.10), rifaximin (OR 1.31), non‐absorbable disaccharides (OR 2.75), neomycin (OR 2.22). In addition, L‐ornithine‐L‐aspartate (MD −20.18, 95% CI −40.12 to −0.27) provided a significant reduction in blood ammonia concentration compared with observation. Neomycin appeared to be associated with more adverse events in comparison with non‐absorbable disaccharides (OR 10.15), rifaximin (OR 17.31), L‐ornithine‐L‐aspartate (OR 3.16) or BCAA (OR 7.69).

Conclusions

L‐ornithine‐L‐aspartate treatment may show a trend in superiority for clinical efficacy among standard interventions for OHE. Rifaximin shows the greatest reduction in blood ammonia concentration, and treatment with neomycin demonstrates a higher probability in causing adverse effects among the five compared interventions.
Effect of contrast injection into the biliary tract during intraoperative cholangiogram on postoperative liver function tests
Authors: Wewelwala Chandika , Cashin Paul , Blamey Stephen , Gribbin John , Low Liang , Croagh Daniel
Published: February 2015

Introduction

Postoperative abnormal liver function tests (LFT) following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) could present a substantial clinical dilemma due to suspicion of missed choledocholithiasis or more serious complications such as bile duct injury. We noted that LFT were more likely to be abnormal when an intraoperative cholangiogram (IOC) had been performed. This study aims to examine if contrast injection into the biliary tract during IOC is associated with deranged LFT.

Methods

Data on all LC performed in a tertiary referral hospital network over a period of 30 months were collected retrospectively, and two groups were identified depending on successful performance of an IOC. Identical inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to both groups to identify eligible patients. Alkaline phosphatase, gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine transaminase (ALT), and bilirubin levels were recorded, and the mean difference between preoperative and postoperative values was analyzed.

Results

There were 177 eligible patients: 147 patients in the LC with IOC test group (IOC group) and 30 patients in the LC without IOC control group (NO IOC group). Demographics and preoperative mean LFT were not significantly different between groups. In the IOC group, the mean ALT difference (43 ± 57, P =< 0.001) and GGT difference (34 ± 66, P =< 0.001) were significantly higher than in the NO IOC group (ALT [19 ± 25], GGT [7 ± 20]). The mean alkaline phosphatase difference (IOC [9 ± 47], NO IOC [−2 ± 14], P = 0.214) and mean bilirubin difference (IOC [−2 ± 9], NO IOC [−1 ± 8], P = 0.911) were not significantly different.

Conclusion

The performance of an IOC is associated with elevated GGT and ALT but does not affect alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin concentrations.
Evaluating restoration potential of transferred topsoil
Authors: Fowler William M. , Fontaine Joseph B. , Enright Neal J. , Veber Willa P.
Published: February 2015

Questions

Translocation of topsoil and its seed bank for ecological restoration is increasingly popular. How representative is the soil seed bank of the extant vegetation at the source site? What influence does the transfer process have on germinant density, species and plant functional type composition? Does smoke and heat treatment of transferred topsoil enhance germination and potential for restoration success?

Location

Banksia woodland of the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia.

Methods

To assess the efficacy of topsoil transfer for return of native plant species, we measured topsoil seed bank characterisitcsin situproir to vegetation clearing, and immediately after transfer of the topsoil to an adjacent, degraded mediterranean‐type woodland in southwest Australia. Glasshouse germination of topsoil samples from 24 pre‐ and 24 post‐transfer plots was used to quantify the effects of transfer and soil depth on germinant density, species richness, plant functional types and seed bank similarity toin situvegetation. Application of germination cues (heat + smoke) was used to explore the impact of topsoil transfer on seed germination and emergence.

Results

Topsoil transfer significantly reduced germinant densities (pre‐transfer 1692–4239 germinants·m−2, post‐transfer 795–1016 germinants·m−2;t = 6.7,P < 0.001) and shifted community structure (MRPP:A = 0.13,P < 0.001), including a reduction of woody species density by 81%. For the majority of functional types, heat and smoke failed to stimulate additional germination post‐transfer, suggesting soil transfer simulated the effect of fire‐related germination cues.

Conclusion

Although topsoil transfer translocated many viable native seeds, potential restoration success was hindered by reduced germinant densities. This was mostly attributable to a dilution effect associated with mixing of transferred topsoil, so that many seeds were buried too deep to emerge. However, total reductions were greater than expected based on dilution alone, suggesting some seed mortality during the transfer process. Transfer shifted composition towards dominance by annual species, suggesting the need for topsoil transfer to be supplemented by other restoration techniques.
Osteology of the prickleback genus Xiphister (Cottiformes: Zoarcoidei: Stichaeidae)
Authors: Clardy Todd R. , Hilton Eric J.
Published: February 2015

The two members of the genus Xiphister, Xiphister atropurpureus and Xiphister mucosus, are inter‐ and subtidal marine fishes from the west coast of North America, ranging from southern Alaska to southern California. Although both species were described over 150 years ago and portions of their anatomy have been described in several studies, a detailed description of their anatomy and morphology is lacking. In this article, we describe and illustrate the skeletal anatomy of the genus, clarifying aspects of the skull roof and neurocranium, jaws, suspensorium, opercular series, vertebral column, dorsal and anal fins, trunk lateral‐line canals and pectoral girdle. We describe for the first time the elements of the hyoid and gill arches and scales. The genus is one of several within Stichaeidae with multiple, complexly branching trunk lateral lines, a feature that is found in only fifteen families of teleostean fishes. The development of the lateral‐line canals and scales in Xiphister is discussed. Data reported herein will establish a foundation for the further anatomical and systematic studies of Stichaeidae and Zoarcoidei generally.
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of oral topotecan in patients with advanced solid tumours and impaired renal function
Authors: Devriese Lot A. , Witteveen Petronella (Els). O. , Mergui‐Roelvink Marja , Smith Deborah A. , Lewis Lionel D. , Mendelson David S. , Bang Yung‐Jue , Chung Hyun Choel , Dar Mohammed M. , Huitema Alwin D. R. , Beijnen Jos H. , Voest Emile E. , Schellens Jan H. M.
Published: February 2015

Aims

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of renal impairment and prior platinum‐based chemotherapy on the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of oral topotecan and to identify recommended doses for patients with renal impairment or prior platinum‐based (PB) chemotherapy.

Methods

A multicentre phase I toxicity and pharmacokinetic study of oral topotecan was conducted in patients with advanced solid tumours. Patients were grouped by normal renal function with limited or prior PB chemotherapy or impaired renal function (mild [creatinine clearance (CLcr) = 50–79 ml min−1], moderate [CLcr = 30–49 ml min−1], severe [CLcr <30 ml min−1]).

Results

Fifty‐nine patients were evaluable. Topotecan lactone and total topotecan area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) was significantly increased in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment (109% and 174%, respectively, topotecan lactone and 148% and 298%, respectively, total topotecan). Asian patients (23 in total) had higher AUCs than non‐Asian patients with the same degree of renal impairment. Thirteen dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed, which were mostly haematological. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 2.3 mg m−2 day−1, given on days 1 to 5 in a 21 day cycle, for patients with prior PB chemotherapy or mild renal impairment, and 1.2 mg m−2 day−1 for patients with moderate renal impairment (suggested dose 1.9 mg m−2 day−1 for non‐Asians). Due to incomplete enrolment of patients with severe renal impairment, the MTD was determined as ≥ 0.6 mg m−2 day−1 in this cohort.

Conclusions

Oral topotecan dose adjustments are not required in patients with prior PB chemotherapy or mildly impaired renal function, but reduced doses are required for patients with moderate or severe renal impairment.
Population pharmacokinetics of levamisole in children with steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Kreeftmeijer‐Vegter A. R. , Dorlo T. P. C. , Gruppen M. P. , de Boer A. , de Vries P. J.
Published: February 2015

Aim

The aim was to investigate the population pharmacokinetics of levamisole in children with steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome.

Methods

Non‐linear mixed effects modelling was performed on samples collected during a randomized controlled trial. Samples were collected from children who were receiving 2.5 mg kg–1 levamisole (or placebo) orally once every other day. One hundred and thirty‐six plasma samples were collected from 38 children from India and Europe and included in the analysis. A one compartment model described the data well.

Results

The apparent clearance rate (CL/F) and distribution volume (V/F) were 44 l h–1 70 kg–1 and 236 l 70 kg–1, respectively; estimated interindividual variability was 32–42%. In addition to allometric scaling of CL/F and V/F to body weight, we identified a significant proportional effect of age on CL/F (–10.1% per year). The pharmacokinetics parameters were not affected by gender, tablet strength or study centre. The median (interquartile range) maximum plasma concentration of levamisole was 438.3 (316.5–621.8) ng ml–1, and the median area under the concentration–time curve was 2847 (2267–3761) ng ml–1 h. Median tmax and t½ values were 1.65 (1.32–2.0) h and 2.60 (2.06–3.65) h, respectively.

Conclusions

Here, we present the first pharmacokinetic data regarding levamisole in children with steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome. The pharmacokinetic profile of levamisole in children was similar to findings reported in adults, although the elimination rate was slightly higher in children.
Non‐Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics and First‐in‐Human Dose Selection for CNTO 5825, an Anti‐Interleukin‐13 Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Nnane Ivo P. , Xu Zhenhua , Zhou Honghui , Davis Hugh M.
Published: February 2015

CNTO 5825 is a human anti‐interleukin‐13 (IL‐13) monoclonal antibody (mAb) that inhibits binding of human IL‐13 to IL‐13Rα1 and IL‐13Rα2. The purpose of this investigation was to predict human pharmacokinetics (PK) of CNTO 5825 using different allometric approaches and non‐clinical PK data in order to select the right and safe doses for first‐in‐human (FIH) study. After intravenous (IV) administration of CNTO 5825, clearance (CL) ranged from 9.98 to 11.49 ml/day/kg in rats and from 5.78 to 7.19 ml/day/kg in cynomolgus monkeys. The volume of distribution at steady‐state (Vss) in rats was large (151.52–155.64 ml/kg) compared to cynomolgus monkey (49.77–61.10 ml/kg). The terminal half‐life (T1/2) ranged from 12.29 to 14.15 days in rats and from 6.61 to 7.73 days in cynomolgus monkeys. The PK of CNTO 5825 was linear in 1–10 mg/kg dose range in both species. The bioavailability after subcutaneous (SC) administration was 94% and 79% in rats and cynomolgus monkeys, respectively. The predicted CL and Vss based on allometric methods and PK data from rats and monkeys were within twofold of observed CL and Vss in human beings; the predicted CL and Vss in human beings (70 kg) based on time‐invariant method with combined PK data from rats and monkeys were 4.84 ± 1.13 ml/day/kg and 68.93 ± 35.55 ml/kg, respectively. The selected doses for the FIH study based on time‐invariant method and no observed adverse effect level in toxicity studies in rats and monkeys provided exposures that were subsequently shown to be well tolerated and safe in human beings.
Fear of Childbirth and Risk of Cesarean Delivery: A Cohort Study in Six European Countries
Authors: Ryding Elsa Lena , Lukasse Mirjam , Parys An‐Sophie Van , Wangel Anne‐Marie , Karro Helle , Kristjansdottir Hildur , Schroll Anne‐Mette , Schei Berit ,   the Bidens Group
Published: February 2015

Background

Few studies have examined the mode of birth among women with fear of childbirth, and the results are conflicting. The objective of this study was to assess the association between fear of childbirth and cesarean delivery in North European women.

Methods

A longitudinal cohort study was conducted among 6,422 pregnant women from Belgium, Iceland, Denmark, Estonia, Norway, and Sweden. Fear of childbirth was measured by the Wijma Delivery Expectancy Questionnaire during pregnancy and linked to obstetric information from hospital records.

Results

Among 3,189 primiparous women, those reporting severe fear of childbirth were more likely to give birth by elective cesarean, (OR, 1.66 [95% CI 1.05–2.61]). Among 3,233 multiparous women, severe fear of childbirth increased the risk of elective cesarean (OR1.87 [95% CI 1.30–2.69]). Reporting lack of positive anticipation, one of six dimensions of fear of childbirth, was most strongly associated with elective cesarean (OR2.02 [95% CI 1.52–2.68]). A dose–effect pattern was observed between level of fear and risk of emergency cesarean in both primiparous and multiparous women. Indications for cesarean were more likely to be reported as “nonmedical” among those with severe fear of childbirth; 16.7 versus 4.6 percent in primiparous women, and 31.7 versus 17.5 percent in multiparous women.

Conclusion

Having severe fear of childbirth increases the risk of elective cesarean, especially among multiparous women. Lack of positive anticipation of the upcoming childbirth seems to be an important dimension of fear associated with cesarean delivery. Counseling for women who do not look forward to vaginal birth should be further evaluated.