bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Simple Model for Two-Phase Flow in Liquid-Cut Gas Wells
Authors: Liu Tong , Li Ying Chuan , Zhong Hai Quan
Published: August 2013

This paper presents a simple two-phase flow model for liquid-cut gas wells, which considers phase slippage and can be applied to various flow patterns. The model is developed from 312 measured pressure losses of gas wells in China, covering a wide range of flow patterns: annular flow, churn flow, and slug flow. Unlike most available methods, this new model introduces a derivation factor, ψ, to modify the void fraction, which not only considers the phase slippage but also unifies the slip model with the homogenous model. Parameter, ψ, is obtained from test data using the regression analyses method. It is a function of gas velocity number, liquid velocity number and liquid viscosity number. Frictional factor is estimated using the simple homogeneous modeling approach. The evaluation results using 145 published data indicate that the new model performed better than the other models.
Gas Cap and Oil Rim Collaborative Development Technique Policy of Carbonate Reservoir with Condensate Gas Cap
Authors: Song Heng , Fan Zi Fei , Zhao Lun , Zhang An Gang
Published: August 2013

Zhanazhol oilfield is a large-scale complicated carbonated oil and gas field , Гnorth is the main oil and gas reservoirs of the oil field, The gas cap index is 0.38, the gas cap on a high condensate content. Reservoir development for nearly 25 years, exploitation in the past only to oil ring. Due to insufficient water injection in early age, the oil ring pressure dropped substantially, and the formation pressure to maintain the level of only 58%. For oil and gas reservoirs with a condensate gas cap, gas cap and oil ring at the same pressure system, with the decline in the pressure of the oil ring, the gas cap continue to spread to the oil region, while there are a large number of condensate oil anti-condensate from the gas cap, which loss into the formation. In this paper, the authors consider the characteristics of the oil and gas reservoirs and research the technique policy of collaborative development, These are all in order to solve technical problems, which is keep the pressure balance between the gas cap and oil ring during collaborative development. Not only provide technical to support the rational and efficient development of the Г North oil and gas reservoirs, but also provide a stable source for natural gas pipeline from Kazakhstan to China.
Influence of Scaling in Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer Flooding Surface Process
Authors: Wei Nan Ning , Su Liu Shuai
Published: August 2013

With the Alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding production processs developing, deposition and scaling problems are serious in ground watering and gathering system, pronounced at watering pipeline and heating furnace. So challenges must be faced with in oilfield development process, such as energy consumption increase, equipments and pipelines are damaged easily, and equipments service life shortens. The component of scale sample, which is took from ASP flooding area of Xingbei Oilfield in Daqing Oilfield, in surface watering system is investigated. The influence factors and regulation of scaling in watering system are studied by simulation experiments. It turned out that the scale sample is consists of silica scale, carbonate scale, corrosion scale and organic substance, and the silica scale is the main scale, which content is more than 45%. The watering temperature, flow rate and polymer concentration are main factors of influencing scaling in watering system. Under the conditions of ASP flooding normal production, the effect of polymer concentration is prominent.
The Stress Calculation of Sidewall Rock in Hydraulic Fracturing Basing on Damage Theory
Authors: Ai Chi , Liu Yu , Li Yu Wei , Wang Zhao Qi
Published: August 2013

The sidewall rock area was divided into destruction zone, damage zone and elastic zone, considering that the fracturing fluid can cause sidewall rock damage and change the stress status of sidewall rock. The stress distribution calculation models for every zone were established basing on elasticity and damage mechanics. The relationship between radial stress, circumferential stress and destruction radius, damage zone was calculated. We can conclude from the calculation results that the radial stress and circumferential stress will increase with the distance away from the axis of wellbore increasing, and radial stress is greater than circumferential stress in destruction and damage zone. However, in elastic zone the radial stress and circumferential stress will decrease with the distance away from the axis of wellbore increasing. The radial stress approaches the maximum horizontal principle stress, and the circumferential stress approaches the minimum horizontal principle stress at last.
Study on Amplitude of the Surface of Liquid Steel in Bottom-Blowing Ladle with Immersed Tube
Authors: Zhang De Hui , Shen Ming Gang , Qi Qing Hua , Kuang Jin Wei
Published: August 2013

In the process of bottom argon blowing large argon flow rate can cause vigorous fluctuations on the surface of the molten steel and splash and reoxidize the molten steel, making the slag rolled into the steel slag, also causing the erosion of the ladle lining refractories. A 1:7 ratio ladle water model system of 150 ton ladle was established from the similarity theory in the lab. Study and analyze the effects of the inserting depth and diameter of immersed tube and bottom blowing flow rate on the fluctuation of the surface of liquid steel. Results show that the fluctuations on the surface of steel can be limited effectively by changing the diameter and inserted depth of immersed tube when selecting a larger flow rate of bottom blowing, which improve the mixing effect of liquid steel.
The Influence of Electro-Deposition Time to the Distribution of Silicon in Ferrosilicon Alloy
Authors: Liang Jing Long , Li Hui , Li Yun Gang
Published: August 2013

As soft magnetic alloy, Si steel has been brought to the attention of the people. When the content of Si is about 6.5%, the magnetic induction intensity is highest, and the wastage of the iron is lowest, with good magnetic energy. Due to the brittleness and poor process-ability of the 6.5% Si silicon, the traditional production process is very difficult to be used for the production. With traditional production process, the content of Si in silicon steel is commonly 0.1% ~ 4.0%, which makes the property of the silicon steel limited. Use molten salt electro-position method to product silicon steel on the basis of silicon steel surface, to lay the foundation for producing 6.5% Si silicon steel. The influence of the process parameters of molten salt electro-position method to the deposit surface morphology and the silicon content distribution from surface to inside shows that along with the increase of the electro-position time, the size of sediment particle on the deposit surface gradually increases. The sedimentary thickness is proportional to the electro-deposition time.
Efficiency Rating of Vision in Terms of Prevention of Road Accidents at Work
Authors: Turekova Ivana , Rybakowski Marek , Szabova Zuzana , Dudarski Grzegorz
Published: August 2013

The paper deals with determination of the medical fitness of drivers. They were psychologically tested with particular emphasis on visual perception. The research included visual perception - spatial vision and adapting to the darkness with the aim to show impact of age and education of the respondents to obtained results. The study included truck drivers, bus drivers and people with pre-test candidates and checking on driving instructors or examiners.
Study on the Application of CVM in the Social Benefits Valuation of Urban Mass Transit
Authors: Chen Jing
Published: August 2013

The total social benefits of urban mass transit consist of determined and undetermined benefits. Traditional methods of market valuation can be used to assess the determined benefits, including savings in parking costs, energy conservation etc. However, the undetermined benefits, such as increased economic productivity as a result of improved mobility, are difficult to be estimated by using the traditional methods. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) represents a more encompassing alternative that can capture both determined and undetermined benefits. CVM is applied to valuate the social benefits of Shanghai's urban mass transit. The valuation result shows that the social benefits brought by urban mass transit system in the city of Shanghai are about 70.774-99.461 billion RMB per year. Meanwhile, the result is tested with the econometrics method. This study indicates that CVM can overcome the shortcomings of the traditional market valuation method. Furthermore, CVM provides a scientific way to evaluate the total social benefits of urban mass transit.
Sequence Boundaries Identification of Putaohua Oil Layer in Qijia-Gulong Area
Authors: Yuan Hong Qi , Yu Ying Hua , Sun Dong Li
Published: August 2013

Sequence is a relatively conformable succession of genetically related strata bounded by unconformities or their correlative conformities. The correct identification of sequence boundaries is the key to the success of the sequence stratigraphic approach. Stratigraphic boundaries provide the fundamental framework for the genetic interpretation of any sedimentary succession, irrespective of how one may choose to name the packages of strata between them. Sequence stratigraphy of main research content is mainly chronohorizon (unconformity or conformity) identification, and to determine its causes and characteristics. Then, the key to sequence stratigraphy is identification unconformity and their correlative conformities. Unconformity and their correlative conformities on the seismic profiles, well logs, lithology, paleontology, and geochemical data have distinctive sequence boundaries mark characteristics.
An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Economic Growth and Energy Utilization in China
Authors: Yang Fei Hu , Zhang Peng , Wang Xiao Wei
Published: August 2013

Based on the co-integration test, error correction model and vector autoregressive model, the empirical analysis results show a long-term co-integration relationship between economic growth and energy utilization in China, energy consumption increased by 1%, GDP will increase by 1.342%. In order to raise the efficiency of energy utilization during China's economic development, suggestions like saving energy conservation, reducing emission and recycling economy have been proposed.
Structure Evolution of Qinjiatun-Qindong Fault System in Lishu Subbasin
Authors: Qu Shao Dong , Liu Chi Yang , Song Li Jun , Deng Hui , Zhang Long , Mao Guang Zhou
Published: August 2013

Three-dimensional(3-D) seismic data and structure analysis of the Lishu subasin in Songliao basin indicates that Qinjiatun fault zone is composed of two faults: East-Qin and West-Qin fault. This fault system initially formed at Huoshiling stage, peaked at Shahezi stage and faded dramatically from Yingcheng stage. The Qinjiatun fault was important in controlling strata thickness and distribution of the Huoshiling formation. Qindong fault, a typical strike-slip fault, developed relatively later, cutting the Qinjiatun fault, The major active stage was in Denglouku-Quantou stage, and weakened in the end of late Cretaceous. Qinjiatun fault zone was reversed at Denglouku stage when the regional stress went compressive, generating a structure nose that was potentially beneficial for hydrocarbon to accumulate. The strike-slip Qindong fault became active relatively later, cutting through the previous strata and proving pathways for both accumulation and effusion of hydrocarbon.
Evolution of Carbon Emission of Fossil Fuel Final Consumption in China: Industrial - Spatial Perspective
Authors: Yin Guo Qing , Xu Ling Li , Du Xue
Published: August 2013

This paper uses Chinas statistical data by industry and by region in 1995-2010 to calculate the carbon emission caused by the fossil fuel consumption. The total amount of carbon emission in 2010 was about 1.9 billion tons and it shows an increase of 150% compared with that in 1995, which shows a rapid increase year by year.The differentiation of carbon emission by industry is significant, while the manufacturing and transportation are the major emitting sectors. The differentiation of carbon emissions by region is significant as well, while the developed region and resource-rich region are the high emission regions. Some areas like Inner Mongolia have a very high speed growth.
Study on the Evaluation Index System of Regional Energy Use Efficiency
Authors: Zhang Hong Wu , Lan Zi Rui
Published: August 2013

Regional energy efficiency evaluation stands for the analysis of regional energy efficiency whose aim is to figure out the low– and high– efficient parts in energy consumption, providing most economic suggestions to improve energy efficiency. Based on the energy balance sheet, this paper decomposed the energy efficiency of one entire region into different sub-regional values and then got the energy efficiency index of each sub-region through standardized treatment. Further, the overall energy efficiency index was calculated out through weighting to lay the foundation of energy efficiency analysis and energy saving potential evaluation. Besides, this paper analyzed and compared the 2010 and 2006 energy efficiency data of China (including 30 provincial-level administrative regions) with a result that the evaluation index system of regional energy efficiency could satisfy the energy saving and managing demands, like location and analysis of regional energy efficiency level .
Allocation of China‘s Carbon Emission Right Based on Different Perspectives
Authors: Deng Ji Xiang , Wang Zheng
Published: August 2013

Different perspectives play an important role in framing Chinas climate policy. The model we have introduced is designed to access the influence of different perspectives on the allocation of carbon emission rights. Base on the model, China is divided into eight regions, and allocation of the budget to regions is computed based on a weighted mix of indicators such as population size and GDP. The result shows that the parameter values of the model are regarded as being related to specific perspectives. When base year, principle weight or discount changed, each region exhibits different characteristics under different scenarios.
Analysis on Chongqing’s Carbon Balance Based on Carbon Footprints
Authors: Rao Guang Ming , Wang Yong
Published: August 2013

Chongqing’s carbon balance based on carbon footprints is analyzed, which is defined CO2 emitted by human activities equal to CO2 absorbed by carbon sinks and carbon footprints elimination. On the basis of carbon balance calculation with indicators of measurement of CO2 emissions, conversion from CO2 to carbon footprint and rate of carbon neutral by CO2 sinks of forestation and greening, it is found that Chongqing’s carbon footprints grew from 5.0141 Mghas in 1997 to 10.2973 Mghas in 2009 with rate of about 6 per cent yearly, in which carbon footprints from fossil-fuels-combustion overwhelmingly increased from 50.3 per cent in 1997 to 79.48 per cent in 2009; and the gap exists in Chongqing’s carbon balance with being widen from 3.3271 Mghas in 1997 to 7.4133 Mghas in 2009, with enlargement rate of 1.809 per cent yearly.
Comment on Credible Terrestrial Carbon Market Mechanism and Future Development
Authors: Jing Zhen , Li Jing Yi
Published: August 2013

Credible terrestrial carbon market mechanism is a new mechanism which terrestrial carbon Organization proposed in July 2008, namely using the credible way carbon market, bring terrestrial carbon of developing countries into the international action to combat climate change. The paper starts from the background of credible terrestrial carbon market mechanism, introduces the content and implementation of the mechanism and discusses the related legal issues, lastly explores its future development prospect.
Study on Primary Controlling Factors to Carbonate Reservoir Physical Properties of Zhanazhol Oilfield
Authors: He Ling , Li Jian Xin , Liu Rui Lin , Zhao Da Hua , Luo Man
Published: August 2013

By the aid of such core analysis data as lithochemical data, physical property data, thin sections and capillary pressure curves, studies were made on the physical properties and its primary controlling factors of carboniferous carbonate reservoirs of Zhanazhol oilfield. The studies were focused on such aspects as lithology, void type, pore connectivity, developing degree of vugs and fractures and fracture type. The study shows that the reservoirs of KT-I are principally multiple void-typed with middle porosity and permeability, with lithology, developing degree of vugs and fractures and fracture type being the primary controlling factors to their physical properties, and that the reservoirs of KT-II are principally fracture-pore typed with low to middle porosity and permeability, with lithology, void type, pore connectivity and fracture type being the primary controlling factors.
Renewable Energy and Carbon Footprint Emission at University Technology Malaysia (UTM)
Authors: Yazdani Zeynab , Naderipour Amirreza , Kamsah Mohd. Zaki
Published: August 2013

The addition of renewable energy as the fifth source of Fuel Policy which was formulated under the 8th Malaysia Plan (20012005) to reduce dependency on fossil fuel and to address the rising global concern about climate change. This study is specifically on the GHG emissions from the consumption electricity are considered to be indirect emissions by the GHG Protocol guideline and effectiveness of using solar power Energy in order to calculate the current carbon footprint from electricity consumed at UTM and using Photo Voltaic (PV) as a renewable energy for reduce CO2 emission.
Evaluation of Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Technologies
Authors: Li Yuan , Wang Qi Min , Wang Pei Bin
Published: August 2013

This paper evaluates the results of two recent studies of advanced amine-based, post-combustion CO2 capture plant designs. The first study was conducted by the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG), while the second study was conducted by Parsons for the US DOEs National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). Fluors improved monoethanolamine (MEA) process, known as the Econamine FG PlusSM technology, is utilised for both studies. Cost and performance estimates for both pulverized coal and natural gas-fired combined cycle plants are summarized. Differences between the design bases and assumptions for the two studies are discussed. The Econamine FG PlusSM technology, as an improved process in amine-based post-combustion CO2 capture described in this paper is leading to lower increases in the cost of electricity (COE). Both the DOE/Parsons and IEA GHG studies show that the increase is now down to 42 to 43% from as high as 60 to 70% indicated from previous studies for PC plants with CO2 capture.
CO2 Storage Capacity Assessment of Deep Saline Aquifer in Central Depression of Songliao Basin
Authors: Yang Xiao Yi , Liu Yan Feng , Wang Jian Jun
Published: August 2013

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of the effective means to reduce the carbon dioxide concentration in atmosphere. Deep saline aquifer is the most potential storage sites because of its wide spread and the huge storage capacity. The storage capacity of deep saline aquifer was determined by hydrogeological parameters of the assessed aquifer. Spatial discretization method based on the geostatistical method takes account of the spatial variability of hydrogeological parameters involved in capacity assessment, which applied by inputting the value of hydrological parameters of every cell and calculating the storage capacity of each cell. The total storage capacity in assessed area was the summation of all cells. In the Central Depression of Songliao Basin, the theoretical carbon dioxide storage capacity of deep saline aquifers was estimated as 81.80Gt with spatial discretization method. Compared with the other methods, this method can reflect the spatial characteristics of the carbon dioxide storage capacities and was more precise.
International Experience and Enlightenment of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction in Logistics Industry
Authors: Zhang Di Ping , Hua Xue Yang
Published: August 2013

This paper analyzes the problems of energy saving and emission reduction in China's logistics industry. It combines with the experience in energy saving and emission reduction of developed countries and the implementation of the policies and regulations, to propose key policies and regulations of the transition to low-carbonization in logistics industry from three aspects: (1) developing the standard of energy saving and emission reduction in logistics industry; (2) promoting the research and application of new technology of energy saving and emission reduction in logistics; (3) strengthening the management of transportation through informatization construction.
Structure Decomposition Analysis of the Carbon Footprint Differences between Beijing and Tianjin
Authors: Wang Yan , Zhang Hui , Wang Tie Ying
Published: August 2013

Carbon footprint is the total amount of CO2 emissions by particular product or service system in it full life cycle, or, it is the total amount of direct and indirect CO2 emissions by activity principals. There are significant differences of provincial total carbon footprint result from the different energy efficiency, final demand and input-output relationship of intermediate products. Based on the Structure Decomposition Analysis and input-output model, the differences of carbon footprint between Beijing and Tianjin are analyzed in this paper. The results show that the total carbon footprint is higher in Beijing than that in Tianjin. The effect of carbon emission intensity on carbon footprint in Beijing is lower than Tianjin by 0.008 billion tons CO2; according to the complicated relationship between industries in Beijing, there is 0.029 billion tons CO2 more the carbon footprint than Tianjin, The demand scale and structure is higher than Tianjin, So in the factors of final requirements on carbon footprint, the carbon footprint of Beijing is higher than Tianjin by 0.058 billion tons CO2.
Building a System Dynamic Model of Regional Low-Carbon Development
Authors: He Yuan Yuan , Tan Xin
Published: August 2013

The development of low-carbon economy is considered as a top-down economic transformation driven by policy. The realization of low-carbon economy is not simply been technical but policy-making methods need to be conducted in-depth research. This paper delivers a policy influence research method by constructing a regional low-carbon development model based on System Dynamics, and validates this model by comparing the simulation data and the Chinese calendar year statistics. Finally, some policy making suggestions based on the research are provided.
Study on the Path to Executing Eco-Engineering and Circular Economy in the Resource Enterprise
Authors: Miao Ze Hua , Yang Chen Zi
Published: August 2013

Natural resources are the basis for human beings and economic and social development. However, globalization, over-exploration of the natural resources, and the traditional development mode and economic growth mode lead to the resource exhaustion, geological disasters, and serious environmental pollution and degradation. Therefore, developing circular economy, and carrying out eco-engineering in the resource enterprises and sustainable development of natural resources are very significant in improving the positive development of the resource enterprise and regional economy. This paper, based on the theory of eco-engineering and circular economy, makes a study on the implement of eco-engineering. It points out that the resource enterprise should be directed by theories of sustainable development and circular economy, base on ecological ethics, adopt clean production and eco-design, and advocate green consumption and green marketing.
Tangshan City Marketing Strategy Research Based on Low-Carbon Economy
Authors: Gao Ai Qing , Tian Li Juan , Liu Yang
Published: August 2013

Tangshan is not only a strong economic city but also a high energy consumption city in Hebei province. Although Tangshan GDP occupies 1/5 of the provincial total, the energy consumption accounts for 1/3 of the provincial total. Facing the challenge of the low carbon economy, urban environmental problem has already become the bottleneck of future development in Tangshan, which directly influences the competition ability of this city. This paper expounded the general situation of Tangshan, and analyzed the influences of its economic development on urban environment. From strengthening low carbon awareness, planning urban construction with low carbon concept, and developing low carbon industry clusters, constructs Tangshan city marketing strategy system, thus promote Urban Competitiveness of Tangshan City.
New Strength Agent: Corn Stalk Pulp Applied on Package Board
Authors: Zheng Jie , Sun Guang Wei , Zhang Shi Jie , Liang Fu Zheng , Hu Shuo
Published: August 2013

The feasibility of making new strength agent by cooking corn stalk rich in hemicellulose was studied. Corn stalk was cooked by normal ethanol pulping with best process parameters obtained by early discovery. The effect of corn stalk agent on physical strength of package board (made by 20% mineral fibre and 80% recycled fibre) was discussed as well. After cooked, all of the corn stalk suspension was added into the mixed pulp directly. Results showed that the package boards physical properties improved greatly. Tensile index, ring crush index, bursting index and folding index increased by 39.6%, 35.4%, 26.6% and 100% respectively at dosage of 5% while tear index and tightness changed slightly under the same conditions.
A Study of Mineral Characteristics and Metallogenic Stages of Luziyuan Pb-Zn-Fe Polymetallic Ore Deposit, Zhenkang
Authors: Liu Wei , Deng Ming Guo , Zeng Lei
Published: August 2013

Luziyuan Pb-Zn-Fe polymetallic ore deposit is a large-size ore deposit. Its ore minerals were systematically studied on thin section and polished section microscope observation for the first time in this paper. The results show that the main metal sulfides include sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and pyrite. According to the geological features,mineral characteristics and penetration relationship of minerals,the metallogenic can be divided into four stages: primary sedimentary stage, sedimentary metamorphism stage, hydrothermal stage and oxidation stage. The deposit is a superimposed deposit associated with magma and hydrothermal caused by buried rock bodies during Yanshannian.
The Evaluation of Lignin Structure Changes of both pH4 and pH2 from Hardwood Dissolved Soda-AQ Lignin by 31P-NMR
Authors: Chen Jia Chuan , Liu Yu , Chen Jia Chuan , Lucia Lucian
Published: August 2013

The Chinese poplar was cooked by Conversational Soda-AQ in the study.The acid precipitation (pH to 4,pH to 2)was adopted to separate lignin from pulping black liquor,different lignin samples were acquired.The spectra of lignin structure was obtained by 31P-NMR.The functional groups in different lignin samples were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed through the spectra.The variation of lignin structure in Soda-AQ cooking was obtained by analyzing the spectra.The content of total phenolic OH is 4.85mmol/g in lignin DAL LdpH4;4.14mmol/g in lignin DAL LdpH2.
Preliminary Study of Preparation and Properties of Activated K-Feldspar-Filled Hydrogel Materials
Authors: Shen Hui You , Fan Li Ren , Pan Bao Ming , Song Ji Qing
Published: August 2013

This study preliminarily evaluated water absorbency and potassium release property of a novel hybrid hydrogel material as a potential hydrogel K-fertilizer. This hybrid hydrogel material was prepared by introducing activated K-feldspar powder into starch-graft-PAA hydrogel networks via aqueous solution polymerization. The mineral phases were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and the water absorbencies of the hybrid hydrogel along with potassium release property were preliminarily studied. The results indicate that the optimum extraction rate of potassium is 92.14% using the additive of NaCl at 950°C and 2h. The hydrogel was prepared at the amount of starch, cross-linker, initiator, and neutralization degree were 20%, 0.04%, 0.6%, and 80%, respectively. The hybrid hydrogel was synthesized by mixing hydrogel with activated powders. The results show the water absorbency of the hybrid hydrogel is 169g/g and the potassium ion release percentage is 8.0% of activated powder per gram.
The Saidu Gold Deposit of Southern Altai, China: Mineralizing Stages and Ore-Forming Fluids Evolution
Authors: Zhang Guo Rui , Xu Jiu Hua , Shan Li Hua , Zhang Hui , Wei Xiao Feng
Published: August 2013

The Saidu gold deposit is located in the northwest part of Ertix Tectonic Zone in Xinjiang. The ore bodies occur in altered mylonite zones within the Mar-kakol giant fault zone and are controlled by the ductile shear zone. The structural-metallogenic fluids of the early stage are characterized by mesothermal-hydrothermal CO2-N2-rich fluids, with homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions being 252~408°C. The tectonic-metallogenic fluids at the middle stage are characterized by CO2-H2O fluids, with homogenization temperatures being 203~326°C. The fluids at the late stage were epithermal-mesothermal low salinity aqueous solutions, with homogenization temperatures being 120~221°C. The main gold mineralization was related to the post-orogenic extension environment, with the evolution characteristics corresponding to the evolution of shear zones.
Preparation and Characterization of the C2H5COOH-Graphite Intercalation Compound
Authors: Zhou Ming Shan , Xia Jian Cai
Published: August 2013

The graphite intercalation compound with easy low temperature exfoliated and high exfoliated volume was prepared by chemical oxidation method using natural graphite flakes, C2H5COOH, FeCl3 and CrO3 as raw materials, according to the mass ratio of 1:2.8:0.3:0.2. The expansion volume of graSubscript textphite intercalation compounds was 320 mL•g-1 at 300°C and achieved biggest 580 mL•g-1 at 700°C. The composition, structure and properties of the graphite intercalation compound were characterized and analyzed by SEM, FTIR, XRD, TG, DSC, VSM techniques. Results showed that the intercalant of graphite sandwich were C2H5COO- and FeCl3.
Research Progress on Surface Coating of Magnesium and its Alloys as Biomedical Materials
Authors: Zhang Wei
Published: August 2013

Magnesium and its alloys, which have excellent biocompatible and biodegradable properties, are potential materials in biomedical application and studied by more and more researchers in recent years. However, due to the poor corrosion performance, the clinical applications of magnesium and its alloys are greatly limited. The surface coating is one of the effective means to solve this problem. This paper reviews recent work on surface coating of magnesium and its alloys as biomedical materials and discusses the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of modified materials. The future development trend in this field is also proposed.
Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of Ag-Doped BiVO4
Authors: Zhao Wen , Hu Chao Hao , Chen Ran , Lv Feng Zheng , Zhong Yan , Zhou Huai Ying
Published: August 2013

Ag-doped BiVO4 semiconductor photocatalysts were synthesized via the one-step hydrothermal method. The microstructure and morphology of catalysts were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, and Energy dispersive X-ray detector (EDS) and photocatalytic activities of BiVO4 catalysts with and without Ag doping were evaluated by degrading methylene blue (MB) under visible-light irradiation. UV-Vis absorption spectra were measured to evaulate the photocatalytic activity of the as-synthesized catalysts. The results suggested that Ag-doped BiVO4 with larger rod-like particle size but better crystallnity has the stronger UV absorption. In comparison with pure BiVO4, degradation rate of MB was increased about 18% in Ag-doped BiVO4 with the Ag+ dopant concentration of 15 mol%.
Application of Energy-Saving Magnesium Alloy in Automotive Industry
Authors: Du Chun Ping , Xu Dao Fen
Published: August 2013

Reducing the weight of a vehicle, which helps to reduce fuel consumption and emissions by a large extent, has become a research focus in the automotive industry. Application of magnesium alloy lightweight materials is one of the most lightweight methods. This paper introduces the characteristics of magnesium alloys and reviews the application of magnesium alloys in automotive industry at present.
Research on Virtual Manufacturing of Chain Rolling Cold Bend Section Steel Model
Authors: Li Guo Chang
Published: August 2013

Cold bend section forming is generally completed by multi roll pass. The whole rolling process form chain structure. Applying virtual manufacturing technology to cold bend section production field is a new concept. Aiming at the chain of the specific conditions of the rolling process, the paper studies the application of virtual manufacturing technology implementation method and puts forward a new concept and technical measures.
Experimental Study on Microscopic Structure and Permeability of Tectonic Soft Coal
Authors: Gao Kui , Xue Wei Yi
Published: August 2013

To analyze the mining effect to gas permeability of tectonic soft coal seam, we choose typical sample from tectonic soft coal, study the gas permeability and microstructure. The results suggest that tectonic soft coal has been badly destroyed, and its micro fracture pore develops. Confining pressure has a great influence on the permeability of tectonic soft coal. When gas pressure remains constant, with the increase of confining pressure of tectonic soft coal permeability began to decrease very fast. But when decreasing to a certain degree, it changes slowly; when confining pressure remains constant, with the increase of gas pressure, permeability of tectonic soft coal first decreases and then increases. Under the condition of low gas pressure, tectonic soft coal permeability shows a significant Klinkenberg effect.
Synthesis and Thermal Conductivity of ZnO Nanofluids
Authors: Jiang Wei , Su Jing Wen , Zhang Can Ying , Wu Da Xiong , Zhu Hai Tao
Published: August 2013

In this article, a wet chemical method was developed to prepare stable ZnO nanofluids. The influences of synthesis parameters, such as EG/water ratio, timing and quantity of NaOH addition, were studied. The thermal conductivity of the ZnO nanofluids was investigated. The results showed that synthesis parameters had significant impacts on the dispersibility and size of ZnO nanoparticles. The thermal conductivities of ZnO nanofluids increased with the increase of particle loading. The enhancement was 11% for 1.1vol% ZnO nanofluid. The effective thermal conductivities of the ZnO nanofluids can not be predicted by the present models.
3D Modeling Based on Multiscale FE Analysis of Irregular Porous Materials
Authors: Zhang Ying Jie
Published: August 2013

This paper presented a new multiscale finite element method for mechanical analysis of irregular porous materials. Realization of the proposed approach requires synergy between a hierarchical geometric model and a mechanical model for local material properties. The geometric model can represent intermediate scales and facilitates continuous bi-directional transition between macro-and micro-scales, while the mechanical model preserves the effective material properties for each scale.
Comparison Friction and Wear Properties of Overbased Calcium Sulfonate Complex Grease and Polyurea Grease
Authors: Gao Yong Jian , Ge Xiang Yu , Wen Zhen Zhong , Xia Yan Qiu
Published: August 2013

The friction and wear properties of the overbased calcium sulfonate complex grease and polyurea grease were evaluated using an Optimol SRV reciprocating friction and wear tester under the boundary lubrication conditions. The morphologies of the worn surfaces of the AISI 52100 steel discs were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, the elemental compositions and chemical states of several typical elements on the worn surfaces of the AISI 52100 steel discs were examined by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the overbased calcium sulfonate complex greases and polyurea grease have stable friction coefficients as low as 0.10-0.11. The calcium sulfonate complex grease has better wear resistance properties than polyurea grease, polyurea grease has better reducing friction properties than calcium sulfonate complex grease, According to the XPS analyses, it is considered that the formation of tribochemical films led to lower friction coefficient and high wear resistance.
Influence of Shale Gas Development on Land
Authors: Li Qin , Zhang Yue Lei , Wang Ai Guo , Hu Chen Cheng , Geng Xiao Jin
Published: August 2013

The development of shale gas can influence the land use and exacerbate the problem of land use. The drilling and fracturing of a well need a large well site. Taking all the coverage of road building, platforms and pipelines into account, the average coverage of every well is near 16.2 hectares. More than 80 shale gas wells have been drilled and covered 1296 hectares. According to the development plan of shale gas of China, more than 300 shale gas wells will be drilled and will occupy 6156 hectares land to 2015. To the end of 2020, about 1.6~1.7×104 shale gas wells will have been drilled and 27.54×104 hectares land will be occupied. The quality of land is damaged during the process of shale gas development, lowering the soil fertility and making the land reclamation more difficult. During the process of shale gas development, the assessment and supervision and management system of land use should be reinforced and land use and reclamation should be reasonably planned. The efficiency and sustainability of land use can be improved by technology innovation of well drilling.
Superhydrophobic Film Make up of Corrosion Aluminum Plates and Polypropylene Coated
Authors: Wu Ruo Mei , Chao Guang Hua , Jiang Hai Yun , Chen Hong , Liu Qi Long
Published: August 2013

Polypropylene (PP) film was used as coating to improve the hydrophobicity of corrosive aluminum surface. A micro-porous film with compound nanoparticles was obtained on the aluminum alloy substrate using the corrosion method and coated PP. The water contact angle (WCA) of superhydrophobic surface is 157°. The superhydrophobic property is attributed to this special surface morphology and low surface energy PP. Aggregated nanoparticles would help to increase the surface hydrophobicity.
The Characterization of CIGS Thin Films Prepared by Ion Beam Sputtering Deposition from a Quaternary Target
Authors: Chen Chao Ming , Fan Ping , Liang Guang Xing , Zheng Zhuang Hao , Zhang Dong Ping , Zhao Jun
Published: August 2013

This study reports the successful preparation of Cu (In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin film solar cells by ion beam sputtering with a chalcopyrite CIGS quaternary target. The films were fabricated with different beam currents. The thin films were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and hall effect-measurement system to study the microstructures, composition, surface morphology and electrical properties, respectively. Experimental results show that both the films are chalcopyrite structure, the Ga/(In+Ga) ratio, Cu/(In+Ga) ratio and Se/(Cu+In+Ga) ratio are decrease with the beam currents increase, the surfaces morphology of the films are dense, and the resistivity of the film deposited with the beam current of 40mA is 0.56Ωcm, with a carrier concentration of 4.11Χ1018cm-3 and mobility of 2.73cm2V-1s-1. The resulting film exhibited p-type conductivity.
Algorithm Study of the Models Merge Based on Delaunay Triangulation
Authors: Liu Shao Hua , Tang Jun , Ji Hai Qin , Xiao Ke Yan , Zhang Jia Hua
Published: August 2013

It is so valuable that models merging of Delaunay triangulation are used widely in many applications. This paper researches the algorithm of models merging for Delaunay triangulation. A method for obtaining merged intersection lines and a algorithm for searching fast triangles in the extent of merging intersection lines are proposed, and whole process of models merging are expatiated detailedly. The algorithm is tested in experiments, and the result of experiment shows that this algorithm is very efficient.
The Fuel Consumption of the Integrated Piston-Plunger Pump
Authors: Dai Zuo Qiang , Zhang Tie Zhu , Wan Ming Lei
Published: August 2013

The fuel consumption of the integrated piston-plunger pump was studied through experiments. The integrated piston-plunger pump integrated piston engine and plunger pump technology as a whole, makes use of piston linear motion to drive plunger output water pressure energy. The optimal fuel consumption working zone and economic curve were obtained compared with piston engine driving plunger pump. The fuel consumption in total working conditions is lower than piston engine driving plunger pump by 11~40.88%. The same fuel consumption level contains wider working condition than piston engine driving plunger pump system. The lowest fuel consumption of the integrated piston-plunger pump in different throttles is between 292g/(kWh) and 420 g/(kWh), and corresponding rotational speed is about 1400 r/min.
A Review on the Development of High Pressure Roller Mill
Authors: Xiao Qing Fei , Li Bo , Luo Chun Mei , Yan Fu Kun
Published: August 2013

This article reviews the principle and structure features of high pressure roller mill. Moreover, the major progress in structure and technology parameters is summarized. For the effect of application in non-ferrous and ferrous ores, the high pressure roller mill will be widely applied in the future.
Design and Research of Environmentally Compound Deicing Techniques
Authors: Zhou Jian Zhao , Xu Xiao Pan , Chu Wei Jun , Dai Ju Ying , Chen Yun He , Zhu Zi Cheng , Lai Si Wei
Published: August 2013

Determining how to strikingly and environmentally reduce the accident rate on roads in the snow weather, and ensure the traffic flow and safety in the icy district has become a tough issue nowadays. In the context, this article analyzed the series of current research results on different deicing techniques, and presents a new method which combines the thermal water-jet cutting with mechanical-milling deicing technique. It also introduces the structure and working principle of this device, together with the practicality design. The experiments indicate that this device can perform well in deicing work, environmentally friendly and satisfy to the requirements of design.
Evaluation on Parallel Assembly Sequence
Authors: Zhang Jia Yi , Zhao Li Nan , Hao Yong Ping , Liu Ying
Published: August 2013

Based on the parallelism of actual assembly sequence, a unified algorithm -"Optimal order reference set" is proposed for assembly performance membership degree calculation. An evaluation index system is established according to the requirements of practical assembly process. By using analytic hierarchy process for comprehensive evaluation of indexes, concrete application steps are verified through an example of a worm gear subassembly. Practical application shows that the new method satisfied the requirements of the integrity of index system and the parallelism of practical assembly sequence.
Aggregation Condition and Prediction of Favorable Area for Xujiahe Formation Shale Gas in Guangyuan Tenement Blank Area
Authors: Shi Gang , Zhang Jin Chuan , Li Bo , Tang Xuan , Jin Wen Zheng , Du Xiao Rui , Liu Chong , Zhao Yun Feng
Published: August 2013

The Guangyuan area is located in the northern section of the Longmenshan fault zone, with strong tectonic activity, complex and changeable strata, low level of exploration and complex development status of shale. Through such means as field sample collections, section measurements and indoor organic geochemical experiments, gas content tests and physical characteristics test of Shale, critical data, such as the depth (1000-2000m), thickness (30-50m), organic geochemical indicators and gas content (1.55 m3/t) of shale in the study area, have been determined. Based on the study of tectonic movements and depositional environment in the region, combined with the rule of shale gas reservoirs formed by rich aggregation, favorable area for shale development in the study area has been identified with the method of multi-factors superposition.The favorable area is located in southeast of Guangyuan area and the area is approximate 300km2 .
Study on Bolt (Cable) Supporting Design Method Based on Tunnel Fall Hidden Dangers Classification
Authors: Zhang Qin Xiang , Jia Hou Sheng , Zhang Hao , Wang Ye , Yu Ming Sheng
Published: August 2013

In order to give scientific and rational targeted support design of the roadway under the different rock conditions, ensure the safety of the roadway, and reduce support costs. By theoretical analysis, establishing the roadway hidden dangers grading mechanical model, proposing the method of tunnel fall hidden dangersclassification, on this basis, giving adaptive evaluation through existing branch of engineering analogy, loose circle test method, the theoretical calculations, numerical simulation methods supporting design methods, determining the theoretical calculation method based on the roadway roof stability classification for the design of bolt (Cable) support of roadway,giving the formula of roadway support parameters parameter quantitative. The same time, the research based on tunnel fall hidden dangers grading and the parameters design method of supporting, givingroof support parameter design examples of different surrounding rock level conditions anddifferent support mode.
The Galloping Parameters Study of Ice-Coating Transmission Line
Authors: Liu Long , Di Yu Xian , Zhu Kuan Jun , Li Xin Min , Liu Cao Lan
Published: August 2013

In this paper, 3-DOF finite element model for galloping has been built on the basis of form-finding analysis. Fitting formula about aerodynamic parameters has been obtained by wind tunnel test. With the combination of finite element model and aerodynamic parameter, a simulation model of single bundle on 3-span was built. And the response of ice-coating transmission line was calculated with different span, initial attack angle, wind speed, suspension insulator length and initial tension. With the comparison of the calculated results, span, initial attack angle, wind speed and initial tension have direct effect on galloping amplitude, order of the galloping, load on suspension insulator and tension on the midpoint of span. On the contrary, suspension insulator length doesnt have obvious effect on galloping.
An Application of Rectilinear Embedding in VLSI Placement
Authors: Pan Li Yan , Liu Yan Pei
Published: August 2013

The VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits) technology has developed rapidly in recent years, with a lot of advanced electric products emerging. Placement layout is regarded as the initial step in VLSI physical design. Its quality has a direct effect on the chip area and performance. The rectilinear embedding, which originates from graph theory, is widely employed in VLSI placement. In this paper, we set up a mathematical model for VLSI. Firstly, the issue of VLSI placement was converted to quadrangulation by using rectilinear embedding. Then we provided generating functions for two types of quadrangulations with graph multiple parameters. And the explicit formulae by employing Lagrangian inversion were obtained. Furthermore, we found the relation between outerplanar graph and Hamilton graph, so the counting result of Hamilton quadrangulation was derived. The quadrangulation calculation can be applied to the establishment of a computerized algorithm, which can be widely used for VLSI placement optimization.
A Matching Theorem in GFC-Spaces with Application to Saddle Points
Authors: Wen Kai Ting , Li He Rui
Published: August 2013

In this paper, a matching theorem for weakly transfer compactly open valued mappings is established in GFC-spaces. As applications, a fixed point theorem, a minimax inequality and a saddle point theorem are obtained in GFC-spaces. Our results unify, improve and generalize some known results in recent reference.