bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le docteur Rieux d’Albert Camus : un mentor au Québec, de la réalité à la fiction cinématographique
Authors: Bastien Sophie
Published: December 2016

Dans le roman La peste d’Albert Camus (1947), le docteur Bernard Rieux, protagoniste et narrateur, se voit confronté à une épidémie et mesure inéluctablement tout le poids des enjeux éthique et métaphysique qu’elle implique. Avec l’équipe qu’il met sur pied au service des pestiférés, il opte pour l’abnégation individuelle au profit du bien collectif. La solidarité exemplaire qu’il manifeste met en lumière la noblesse de son choix. Le Québec contemporain présente deux avatars de ce personnage aussi humble qu’héroïque. Le premier est un médecin réel, le docteur Réjean Thomas, qui dit admirer en Rieux un modèle de conduite. Il oeuvre auprès des sidatiques depuis plus de trente ans, c’est-à-dire depuis l’époque où leur maladie était épidémique, mortelle et encore peu connue, et où il faisait donc figure de pionnier. Le second avatar québécois de Rieux appartient, celui-là, au domaine de la fiction, plus précisément cinématographique : il s’agit de la docteure Jeanne Dion, protagoniste de deux longs métrages, La neuvaine (2005) et La donation (2009). Son auteur, Bernard Émond, reconnaît lui aussi en Camus une source puissante d’inspiration. Cet article rappelle d’abord les principaux traits du héros de La peste en faisant ressortir la dimension philosophique de la pratique médicale dans ce roman. Il met ensuite en relief les points communs avec le parcours du sidologue Réjean Thomas, avant d’explorer la pensée du cinéaste Bernard Émond et ses racines camusiennes. Il se penche alors successivement sur les films La neuvaine et La donation pour analyser le personnage de Jeanne Dion.
Vers une société nouvelle. Fernand Dumont, Michel de Certeau et les années soixante-huit
Authors: Poitras Daniel
Published: December 2016

Cheminant tout à la fois en fonction et à distance des récits collectifs de leur milieu, le Québécois Fernand Dumont et le Français Michel de Certeau en viennent à radicaliser, à la fin des années 1960, leur attente d’une société nouvelle. Cet article adopte une perspective comparatiste et part à la recherche des jonctions entre deux oeuvres qui n’ont jamais été mises en rapport. Malgré des événements aux répercussions opposées (Octobre 1970 et Mai 1968), des mythes fondateurs éloignés (le Québec survivant, la France révolutionnaire) et des ancrages continentaux différents (la jeune Amérique, la vieille Europe), de nombreux parallèles apparaissent entre les horizons d’attente des deux auteurs. J’aurai recours à l’étude du régime d’historicité, et plus particulièrement des transformations du futurisme au cours des années 1960, pour établir les possibilités et les limites de ces parallèles. Le rôle donné aux élites et à la « base », le potentiel de l’« homme ordinaire », l’héritage révolutionnaire et les configurations spatiales sont les thèmes abordés pour que soient connectées les attentes de Fernand Dumont et de Michel de Certeau. Nous verrons que ces parallèles non seulement débordent les explications internalistes associées aux récits nationaux, mais qu’ils incitent également à sortir les expériences du temps des seuls contextes locaux afin de les remettre en jeu ailleurs et autrement.
La menace des oiseaux : l’iconicité et la ressemblance des images à l’ère du relativisme
Authors: Coulombe Maxime
Published: December 2016

One of the critical tests for the analogical status of images has been animal perception. If animals are fooled by images, then images — and many works of art — not only are symbolic objects, but also keep an iconic relation to the perceived world. This hypothesis has now been proven by forty years of research in neurobiology and cognitive science. Nevertheless, numerous philosophers and art historian keep defending the purely symbolic and conventional status of images. This paper seeks to understand why. What motivates this refusal, not only of recent scientific research, but of common sense ? What is threatening about the iconic status of images ? I analyze the way in which both W.J.T. Mitchell and Danièle Cohn argue against Pliny’s telling of the mythical competition between Parrhasius and Zeuxis, whose painting of grapes fooled birds. This fictional anecdote becomes a real and practical test for the anti-analogical perspective.
Du naturalisme au naturisme : mutations idéaliste et identitaire à travers l’oeuvre du peintre belge Léon Frederic (1856–1940)
Authors: Foudral Benjamin
Published: December 2016

In an article published in 1895 in the Belgian periodical L’Art Jeune, the writer and art critic Henri Vandeputte introduced the artist Léon Frederic — whom he called “le Premier des peintres belges”— as the leading figure of a new artistic neologism : naturisme. This is one instance that points to the consistent critical extrapolation and ideological exploitation of Frederic and his unclassifiable paintings. This article focuses on the reception of Frederic’s work in order to understand how artistic terms such as réalisme, naturalisme, and naturisme were used in the name of a nationalist art history in which Belgian art could both claim the legacy of Flemish art and detach itself from the dominant model of French art.
Pedagogical Interventions: The Physics Photographs of Berenice Abbott
Authors: O’Reilly Colleen
Published: December 2016

À la fin des années 1950, la photographe états-unienne Berenice Abbott collabore avec le Physical Science Study Committee du Massachusetts Institute of Technology créant des photographies pour un manuel de physique d’enseignement secondaire. Les images y sont mises en relation avec des graphiques et des textes afin de démontrer le fonctionnement de phénomènes tels que la gravité, le magnétisme et le mouvement des vagues. Ce genre photographique est souvent décrit comme ayant un lien direct à la nature et comme le produit d’un medium intrinsèquement « naturaliste » dispensé d’une quelconque médiation. Cependant, dans l’oeuvre de Abbott, c’est l’intervention visible de la technologie photographique et l’identification des conventions de la représentation qui permettent aux images de transmettre le savoir. Cet article analyse les stratégies utilisées par Abbott afin de remettre en question les suppositions quant au concept de naturalisme dans l’usage de la photographie dans un contexte éducatif.
Par-delà le naturalisme : médiatisation du sublime dans les oeuvres d’Olafur Eliasson et Ryoji Ikeda
Authors: Ouellet Maryse
Published: December 2016

Although the sublime is commonly associated with nature, the historical determinants of this relation are frequently ignored. Art historians and curators who attempt to define a contemporary sublime often anachronistically link recent artworks with modern categories marked by a now contested representation of the world. Such is the case of the “natural sublime,” which emerged around the turn of the eighteenth century and exemplifies what Philippe Descola describes as a “naturalistic” cosmology characterized by a separation between Nature and Culture. Starting from a case study of two recent art installations associated with the sublime, namely The weather project (2003) by Olafur Eliasson and the series systematics and datamatics (2012) by Ryoji Ikeda, this article examines how these works reconfigure the relation between the subject and the world, in order to characterize the contemporaneity of their representation of the sublime. It suggests that these installations help reformulate our interpretation of it by emphasizing the power of technological and digital mediations to connect the human and the non-human worlds.
High prevalence of HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhoea among men who have sex with men and transgender women attending trusted community centres in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Keshinro Babajide , Crowell Trevor A , Nowak Rebecca G , Adebajo Sylvia , Peel Sheila , Gaydos Charlotte A , Rodriguez‐Hart Cristina , Baral Stefan D , Walsh Melissa J , Njoku Ogbonnaya S , Odeyemi Sunday , Ngo‐Ndomb Teclaire , Blattner William A , Robb Merlin L , Charurat Manhattan E , Ake Julie ,   for the TRUST/RV368 Study Group
Published: December 2016

Introduction

Sexually transmitted infection (STI) and HIV prevalence have been reported to be higher amongst men who have sex with men (MSM) in Nigeria than in the general population. The objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence of HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhoea in this population using laboratory‐based universal testing.

Methods

TRUST/RV368 represents a cohort of MSM and transgender women (TGW) recruited at trusted community centres in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria, using respondent‐driven sampling (RDS). Participants undergo a structured comprehensive assessment of HIV‐related risks and screening for anorectal and urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and HIV. Crude and RDS‐weighted prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Log‐binomial regression was used to explore factors associated with prevalent HIV infection and STIs.

Results

From March 2013 to January 2016, 862 MSM and TGW (316 in Lagos and 546 in Abuja) underwent screening for HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhoea at study enrolment. Participants’ median age was 24 years [interquartile range (IQR) 21–27]. One‐third (34.2%) were identified as gay/homosexual and 65.2% as bisexual. The overall prevalence of HIV was 54.9%. After adjusting for the RDS recruitment method, HIV prevalence in Abuja was 43.5% (95% CI 37.3–49.6%) and in Lagos was 65.6% (95% CI 54.7–76.5%). The RDS‐weighted prevalence of chlamydia was 17.0% (95% CI 11.8–22.3%) in Abuja and 18.3% (95% CI 11.1–25.4%) in Lagos. Chlamydia infection was detected only at the anorectal site in 70.2% of cases. The RDS‐weighted prevalence of gonorrhoea was 19.1% (95% CI 14.6–23.5%) in Abuja and 25.8% (95% CI 17.1–34.6%) in Lagos. Overall, 84.2% of gonorrhoea cases presented with anorectal infection only. Over 95% of STI cases were asymptomatic. In a multivariable model, increased risk for chlamydia/gonorrhoea was associated with younger age, gay/homosexual sexual orientation and higher number of partners for receptive anal sex. HIV infection was associated with older age, female gender identity and number of partners for receptive anal sex.

Conclusions

There is a high burden of infection with HIV and asymptomatic chlamydia and gonorrhoea among MSM and TGW in Nigeria. Most cases would have been missed without anorectal screening. Interventions are needed to target this population for appropriate STI screening and management beginning at a young age.
Inhibitory control of correlated intrinsic variability in cortical networks
Authors: Stringer Carsen , Pachitariu Marius , Steinmetz Nicholas A , Okun Michael , Bartho Peter , Harris Kenneth D , Sahani Maneesh , Lesica Nicholas A
Published: December 2016

Cortical networks exhibit intrinsic dynamics that drive coordinated, large-scale fluctuations across neuronal populations and create noise correlations that impact sensory coding. To investigate the network-level mechanisms that underlie these dynamics, we developed novel computational techniques to fit a deterministic spiking network model directly to multi-neuron recordings from different rodent species, sensory modalities, and behavioral states. The model generated correlated variability without external noise and accurately reproduced the diverse activity patterns in our recordings. Analysis of the model parameters suggested that differences in noise correlations across recordings were due primarily to differences in the strength of feedback inhibition. Further analysis of our recordings confirmed that putative inhibitory neurons were indeed more active during desynchronized cortical states with weak noise correlations. Our results demonstrate that network models with intrinsically-generated variability can accurately reproduce the activity patterns observed in multi-neuron recordings and suggest that inhibition modulates the interactions between intrinsic dynamics and sensory inputs to control the strength of noise correlations.
Attenuation of antigen-specific T helper 1 immunity by Neolitsea hiiranensis and its derived terpenoids
Authors: Cheng Yin-Hua , Chen Ih-Sheng , Lin Ying-Chi , Tung Chun-Wei , Chang Hsun-Shuo , Wang Chia-Chi
Published: December 2016

Background

T cells play a pivotal role in the adaptive immunity that participates in a wide range of immune responses through a complicated cytokine network. Imbalance of T-cell responses is involved in several immune disorders. Neolitsea species, one of the biggest genera in the family Lauraceae, have been employed widely as folk medicines for a long time in Asia. Previous phytochemical investigations revealed the abundance of terpenes in the leaves of N. hiiranensis, an endemic Neolitsea in Taiwan, and demonstrated anti-inflammatory activities. However, the effect of N. hiiranensis on the functionality of immune cells, especially T cells, is still unclear. In this study, we utilize in vitro and in vivo approaches to characterize the effects of leaves of N. hiiranensis and its terpenoids on adaptive immune responses.

Methods

Dried leaves of N. hiiranensis were extracted three times with cold methanol to prepare crude extracts and to isolate its secondary metabolites. The ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BALB/c mice were administrated with N. hiiranensis extracts (5–20 mg/kg). The serum and splenocytes of treated mice were collected to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of N. hiiranensis on the production of OVA-specific antibodies and cytokines. To further identify the N. hiiranensis-derived compounds with immunomodulatory potentials, OVA-primed splenocytes were treated with compounds isolated from N. hiiranensis by determining the cell viability, cytokine productions, and mRNA expression in the presence of OVA in vitro.

Results

Crude extracts of leaves of N. hiiranensis significantly inhibited IL-12, IFN-γ, and IL-2 cytokine productions as well as the serum levels of antigen-specific IgM and IgG2a in vivo. Two of fourteen selected terpenoids and one diterpenoid derived from the leaves of N. hiiranensis suppressed IFN-γ in vitro. In addition, β-caryophyllene oxide attenuated the expression of IFN-γ, T-bet, and IL-12Rβ2 in a dose-dependent manner. N. hiiranensis-derived β-caryophyllene oxide inhibited several aspects of adaptive immune responses, including T-cell differentiation, IFN-γ production, and Th1-assocaited genes.

Conclusion

As IFN-γ is the key cytokine secreted by T helper-1 cells and plays a pivotal role in Th1 immune responses, our results suggested that the N. hiiranensis and its terpenoids may possess potential therapeutic effects on Th1-mediated immune disorders.
Meta-analysis reveals that seed-applied neonicotinoids and pyrethroids have similar negative effects on abundance of arthropod natural enemies
Authors: Douglas Margaret R. , Tooker John F.
Published: December 2016

Background

Seed-applied neonicotinoids are widely used in agriculture, yet their effects on non-target species remain incompletely understood. One important group of non-target species is arthropod natural enemies (predators and parasitoids), which contribute considerably to suppression of crop pests. We hypothesized that seed-applied neonicotinoids reduce natural-enemy abundance, but not as strongly as alternative insecticide options such as soil- and foliar-applied pyrethroids. Furthermore we hypothesized that seed-applied neonicotinoids affect natural enemies through a combination of toxin exposure and prey scarcity.

Methods

To test our hypotheses, we compiled datasets comprising observations from randomized field studies in North America and Europe that compared natural-enemy abundance in plots that were planted with seed-applied neonicotinoids to control plots that were either (1) managed without insecticides (20 studies, 56 site-years, 607 observations) or (2) managed with pyrethroid insecticides (eight studies, 15 site-years, 384 observations). Using the effect size Hedge’sdas the response variable, we used meta-regression to estimate the overall effect of seed-applied neonicotinoids on natural-enemy abundance and to test the influence of potential moderating factors.

Results

Seed-applied neonicotinoids reduced the abundance of arthropod natural enemies compared to untreated controls (d= −0.30 ± 0.10 [95% confidence interval]), and as predicted under toxin exposure this effect was stronger for insect than for non-insect taxa (QM= 8.70, df = 1,P= 0.003). Moreover, seed-applied neonicotinoids affected the abundance of arthropod natural enemies similarly to soil- or foliar-applied pyrethroids (d= 0.16 ± 0.42 or −0.02 ± 0.12; with or without one outlying study). Effect sizes were surprisingly consistent across both datasets (I2 = 2.7% for no-insecticide controls;I2 = 0% for pyrethroid controls), suggesting little moderating influence of crop species, neonicotinoid active ingredients, or methodological choices.

Discussion

Our meta-analysis of nearly 1,000 observations from North American and European field studies revealed that seed-applied neonicotinoids reduced the abundance of arthropod natural enemies similarly to broadcast applications of pyrethroid insecticides. These findings suggest that substituting pyrethroids for seed-applied neonicotinoids, or vice versa, will have little net affect on natural enemy abundance. Consistent with previous lab work, our results also suggest that seed-applied neonicotinoids are less toxic to spiders and mites, which can contribute substantially to biological control in many agricultural systems. Finally, our ability to interpret the negative effect of neonicotinoids on natural enemies is constrained by difficulty relating natural-enemy abundance to biological control function; this is an important area for future study.
Judicial Style and Judicial Reasoning in England and Germany
Authors: Markesinis Basil
Published: July 2002

The author finds the English judicial style and technique more informative than the German and argues that German jurists, be they academic or practitioners, would derive some benefit by studying how the English judges craft their judgments. However, English judges would stand to benefit by looking at German substantive law and its techniques of keeping litigation under control.
FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS IN A RICE–WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM UNDER LONG-TERM USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
Authors: YADAV R. L.
Published: July 2002

A long-term fertilizer experiment was conducted on the rice–wheat cropping system at four locations in India. Trends in partial factor productivity of applied nitrogen, benefit : cost ratio of fertilizer application, grain yield, changes in soil organic carbon, and available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were studied in control (N0P0K0), N (N120P0K0), NP (N120P80K0), NK (N120P0K40) and NPK (N120P80K40) fertilizer treatments. On average at all locations, continuous rice–wheat cropping for 16 years decreased the yield of rice by 57% in unfertilized plots and by 32% in plots receiving nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. Over the same period wheat yields only declined in unfertilized plots by 18%; in plots receiving nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium yields increased by 18% and they increased by 33.6% in plots receiving nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. Partial factor productivity of applied nitrogen (the ratio of output value to the cost of a specific input) exhibited similar trends. Profit from fertilizer application, however, increased over the 16-year cycle by 130% in rice and by 262% in wheat in the treatment given nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. The long-term rice–wheat cropping system became depleted in soil organic carbon and available nitrogen and phosphorus at two locations but increased in organic carbon, available nitrogen and potassium at the third location. The available phosphorus and potassium content of the soil also increased at the fourth location.
RETHINKING THE FALL OF ANNE BOLEYN
Authors: WALKER GREG
Published: July 2002

The lurid story of the fall of Anne Boleyn, her trial and condemnation on charges of multiple (and in one case incestuous) adultery has been used to support many different interpretations of the political and religious history of the reign of Henry VIII. This article argues that the fate of the queen and those accused with her was not the result of wider factional battles or a cynical sacrifice, either to appease a jaded king or to enable a shift in religious or diplomatic policy. Nor was it a case of justice catching up with a libidinous woman who was guilty as charged. In fact Anne's fall was far swifter and more dramatic than previous accounts have suggested, the result essentially of just two days of hectic activity at court and their aftermath. Anne fell, it is argued here, not as a result of what she did, but of what she said during the May Day weekend of 1536, in a series of incautious conversations with the men who were to be tried and executed with her.
EVA'S MEN: GENDER AND POWER IN THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE,
1652–74
Authors: WELLS JULIA C.
Published: July 2002

Quite possibly, Eva, born Krotoa, is the most written about African
woman
in South African historiography. Her name fills the journals of the Dutch

East India Company almost from the very start of their little feeding-station

at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. She is known as a Khoena girl taken into

Dutch commander Jan Van Riebeeck's household from the age of about

twelve, who later became a key interpreter for the Dutch, was baptised,

married Danish surgeon, Pieter Van Meerhoff, but then died as a drunken

prostitute after his death. Yet her persona remains an enigma. As Christina

Landman put it, ‘Krotoa is a story-generator’.

To conservative historians, Eva's life offers living proof that
the Khoena
were irredeemable savages. To black nationalist writers, such as Khoena

historian, Yvette Abrahams, she personifies the widespread rape and abuse

of black women by the invaders. Eva's chief biographer, V. C. Malherbe,

forms a more neutral judgment by describing Eva as primarily ‘a woman
in
between’. Landman views her as an early synthesizer of African and

Christian religious traditions. Carli Coetzee demonstrates how recent
Afrikaans-speaking artists, poets and actors have constructed an image
of
Eva as the mother of the Afrikaner nation, a tamed African who acquiesced

to Europeanness. She is often portrayed as yearning to return to her African

roots, but without success.

Virtually all of the representations of Eva construct her as a helpless
victim
of vicious culture clashes. Today's racial consciousness, laced with
assumptions
of inevitable African/European hostility, is often read back into the

historical record. Frustratingly large gaps in that record leave room for
a
wide range of interpretations, depending heavily on the subjectivities
of the
historian. Virtually all previous writers, however, have judged Eva primarily

by the tragic circumstances of her death, while minimizing the considerable

achievements of her earlier years.
The effect of cultural and environmental factors on potato seed tuber morphology and subsequent sprout and stem development
Authors: WURR D. C. E. , FELLOWS J. R. , AKEHURST J. M. , HAMBIDGE A. J. , LYNN J. R.
Published: July 2002

Seed crops of the variety Estima were grown in each of 2 years using two planting dates, two harvest
dates, two plant densities and two irrigation regimes to produce seed tubers which had experienced
different cultural and environmental conditions. The effects of these treatments on tuber
characteristics, sprout production and stem development in the ware crop were then determined in
subsequent experiments using storage regimes of 3 and 10 °C. Time of planting the seed crop affected
numbers of eyes, sprouts and above ground stems in the subsequent ware crop because environmental
conditions around the time of tuber initiation appeared to alter tuber shape. Cooler, wetter conditions
in the 7 days after tuber initiation were associated with tubers which were longer, heavier and had
more eyes, sprouts and above ground stems. In contrast, the time of harvesting the seed crop did not
affect tuber shape or numbers of above ground stems and there was no interaction with tuber size.
The density of the seed crop had no effect on any character measured and irrigation well after tuber
initiation did not affect tuber shape, numbers of sprouts or numbers of stems. Seed production
treatments, which resulted in earlier dormancy break, were associated with tubers that produced
more sprouts and above ground stems, in contrast to the conventional understanding of apical
dominance. Storage at 3 °C gave fewer sprouts, a lower proportion of eyes with sprouts and fewer
stems than storage at 10 °C. The major effects on stem production appear to result from
environmental conditions at the time of tuber initiation of the seed crop and sprouting temperature.
Wheat intercropped with tori (Brassica campestris var.
toria) and pea (Pisum sativum) in the subsistence
farming system of the Nepalese hills
Authors: SUBEDI K. D.
Published: July 2002

A field experiment was carried out at Lumle Agricultural Research
Centre (LARC) farm, Nepal,
during the winter seasons of 1992/93 and 1993/94 in order to study the
profitability of intercropping
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with tori (Brassica campestris
var. toria) and pea (Pisum sativum L.). A
sole crop of wheat planted at 120 kg seed ha−1 was compared
with sole crops of tori and of pea planted at 8 kg ha−1
and 60 kg seed ha−1, respectively, wheat+tori mixed-intercropped
at 120[ratio ]6,
120[ratio ]4 and 120[ratio ]2 kg seed ha−1and wheat+pea at
120[ratio ]45, 120[ratio ]30 and 120[ratio ]15 kg seed ha−1.

Results over the two seasons showed that the intercropping of wheat+pea was
profitable in terms
of overall grain yield, land advantage, monetary advantage, economic return
and meeting the dietary
requirements of the subsistence farmers, although the sole crop of pea gave
the highest net return.
Mixing pea with wheat did not reduce wheat yields in either year except when
pea was sown at 45 kg seed ha−1, which reduced wheat yield
significantly in the first season. For wheat+pea intercropping,
sowing pea at 30–45 kg ha−1
was the most profitable. The wheat+tori intercrop did not perform as
well and was not as profitable as either sole crop. Intercropping of tori had
a negative effect on wheat
yield at all seed rates in the first year.
Effect of rotation on the recovery of 15N-labelled

fertilizer applied to wheat grown in Northern Syria
Authors: PILBEAM C. J. , McNEILL A. M. , HARRIS H. C. , SWIFT R. S.
Published: July 2002

Wheat was grown in rotation with three different crops, namely

wheat, chickpea and lentil, and with

a fallow, in three consecutive seasons beginning in 1992 in NW Syria. Two

rates of N fertilizer (0 and

30 kg N ha−1) were superimposed on these four rotations,

giving eight treatments which were replicated three times in each season.

15N-labelled fertilizer was applied to microplots within the

fertilized plots at sowing when unlabelled fertilizer was broadcast on
the

rest of the plot.

Yields of grain and dry matter were generally greatest when wheat followed

a fallow, and least in

the continuous wheat rotation; this was significant in 1993 and 1994.

Applications of N fertilizer had

no effect on productivity in 1992, but in the other two seasons grain yields

were increased by

550 kg ha−1, on average. Depending on the season, between

8 and 26% of the 15N-labelled fertilizer

was recovered in the shoot dry matter, while between 18 and 54% of the

fertilizer remained as N in

the soil at harvest, mostly in the 0–20 cm soil layer. More than
half

the fertilizer in the crop at harvest

had been taken up by the end of March, although by March the plants were

only c. 10% of their mass

at harvest. Conversely, <35% of the soil-derived N in the crop at

harvest had generally been taken

up by March. This temporal difference in the pools of N utilized by the

crop was attributed to the

drying of the soil surface layers where most of the N fertilizer remained.

Approximately 50% of the

15N-labelled fertilizer was unaccounted for in the crop and

0–40 cm soil layer at harvest.

The yield benefit of growing wheat in rotation with a fallow or either

grain legume rather than

continuously, ranged from nothing to the equivalent of a fertilizer

application of at least 30 kg N ha−1

to continuous wheat, depending upon the season and the previous crop. Only

in the season where the

residual effect of the rotation on wheat yields was greatest (1993) did
the

preceding grain legume crop

or fallow appear to contribute between 10 and 20 kg N ha−1

to the wheat crop. Otherwise they

contributed no N at harvest. While a fallow may increase the availability
of

water to the succeeding

wheat crop, the benefit from the preceding grain legumes may lie in

their effect on the soil physical

structure or on the increased availability of other limiting nutrients

rather than additional N.
Survey of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae in
lettuce production in relation to management and soil factors
Authors: MILLER R. L. , JACKSON L. E.
Published: July 2002

The occurrence of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae
(VAM) root colonization and spore number in
soil was assessed for 18 fields under intensive lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L.) production in California
during July and August of 1995. Data on management practices
and soil characteristics were
compiled for each field, and included a wide range of
conditions. The relationship between these
factors and the occurrence of VAM in these fields was
explored with multivariate statistical analysis.
VAM colonization of lettuce tended to decrease with the use
of chemical inputs, such as pesticides
and high amounts of P and N fertilizers. Addition of soil
organic matter amendments, the occurrence
of other host crops in the rotation, and soil
carbon[ratio ]phosphorus and carbon[ratio ]nitrogen ratios, were
positively associated with VAM colonization of lettuce roots.
The number of VAM spores in soil was
strongly correlated with the number of other host crops in
the rotation, the occurrence of weed hosts
and sampling date, but was more affected by general soil
conditions than by management inputs.
Higher total soil N, C and P, as well as CEC, were inversely
related to soil spore number. A
glasshouse study of the two primary lettuce types sampled
in the field showed no significant
differences in the extent of root colonization under similar
growing conditions. The results of this
study are compared with other studies on the effects of
management and soil conditions on
mycorrhizal occurrence in agriculture.
The use of n-alkanes to estimate supplementary grass
silage intake in grazing dairy cows
Authors: HAMELEERS A. , MAYES R. W.
Published: July 2002

A grazing experiment was carried out using 18 Holstein/Friesian

dairy cows at the Scottish
Agricultural College, Crichton Royal Farm in 1991, to investigate
the use of n-alkanes for estimating
supplementary grass silage intake by grazing dairy cows. Two groups
of animals grazed perennial
ryegrass swards and were offered a supplement, consisting of a
perennial ryegrass silage, twice daily
after milking. Mean group silage intakes were measured daily during
the last 5 days of a 12-day
experimental period and individual silage intakes were estimated
using n-alkanes. Animals were
dosed twice daily with paper pellets containing dotriacontane
(C32). The silage was marked with
hexatriacontane (C36). The mean silage intake, estimated by

weighing, was 6·8 kg DM per day. The
mean estimated silage intakes were 6·9, 8·7 and
8·3 kg DM per day respectively using odd-chain
n-alkanes in the C27−C35 range of naturally
occurring alkanes,
the odd-chain n-alkanes in the C27−C35
range with C36, and C36 by itself. No significant
differences
were found due to sampling routine
(morning or afternoon) when using the naturally occurring
n-alkanes but significant differences did
exist when using the C36 alkane in the calculation of supplement

intake. The results indicate that the
n-alkane technique can be used to estimate the supplementary
silage intake of grazing dairy cows
using naturally occurring n-alkane patterns.
Effects of protein and energy supply on the growth and
carcass composition of lambs from differing nutritional
histories
Authors: HEGARTY R. S. , NEUTZE S. A. , ODDY V. H.
Published: July 2002

Effects of dietary energy and protein supply on liveweight (LW) gain and gain of protein, fat and ash
in the carcass, and weight and gain of non-carcass organs were determined in 118 weaned crossbred
lambs from two nutritional histories at Camden, NSW in 1991. Half of the lambs were fed to achieve
and maintain LW at 35 kg (LOW group) and half of the lambs were fed ad libitum until they attained
50 kg LW (HIGH group), during a preliminary period of 126 days. In the subsequent experimental
period, lambs were allocated to treatments providing 500, 800, 1200 or 1500 g/day of pelleted diets
(123 g crude protein, 10 MJ ME/kg dry matter). Diets at each intake contained either 0, 30, 60 or 90 g
of formaldehyde-treated casein (rumen escape protein, REP). This resulted in an experiment
comparing LOW and HIGH group lambs at four energy intakes, within which were four rates of
inclusion of REP. During the 90-day experimental period, LOW group lambs had higher rates of gain
of LW, carcass weight and all non-carcass components than did HIGH lambs (P<0·001). At any
rate of carcass gain, LOW lambs contained a significantly lower proportion of fat in carcass gain than
did HIGH lambs (P<0·05). After adjustment to a common carcass weight, the carcass of LOW
lambs contained a significantly lower mass of fat than did that of HIGH lambs
at slaughter (P<0·05).

Carcass fat gain in the experimental period was not affected by LW at the start of that period or by
nutritional history once initial LW was accounted for as a covariate. Data were consistent with fat
deposition being principally controlled by energy intake over the immediate pre-slaughter period. In
contrast, responses to energy intake in the rate of gain of carcass muscles, ash, liver, head and feet
and gut tissue were significantly greater in lambs of LOW compared to HIGH nutritional history. A
significant component of this effect of nutritional history was attributable to LW differences between
LOW and HIGH lambs; however, nutritional history still had a significant effect on these parameters
once initial LW was accounted for as a covariate. Nutritional history may also have modified carcass
composition by changing the partial efficiency of use of available energy for protein deposition
without changing the partial energetic efficiency of fat deposition.
Comparison of fresh and dried Digitaria decumbens
grass intake and digestion by Black-belly rams
Authors: ARCHIMÈDE H. , PONCET C. , BOVAL M. , NIPEAU F. , PHILIBERT L. , XANDÉ A. , AUMONT G.
Published: July 2002

The intake and digestion of fresh and dried Digitaria decumbens grass by rams was compared using
a 2×2 factorial design. The experiment took place in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) in 1996. Eight
rams (mean liveweight: 45·7±3·1 kg) were maintained in metabolism cages. Digitaria decumbens
grass was cut daily and distributed to four of them, the other four were fed the following day with
the equivalent forage which had meanwhile been dried for 20 h at 60°C. Chemical composition (g/kg
of dry matter (DM)) of the two diets based on neutral detergent fibre (NDF, 713, S.E. 18), acid
detergent fibre (ADF, 361, S.E. 13) and crude protein (CP, 90, S.E. 4) was similar. The DM intake (61·0
and 53·2 g/W0·75, S.E. 2·0, P<0·05), the NDF (0·753 and 0·727,
S.E. 0·004, P<0·011) and CP (0·588
and 0·544, S.E. 0·014, P<0·09) total tract digestibility of fresh and dried herbage were different.
Nylon bag estimates of effective DM degradability and fractional degradation rates (per h) in the
rumen were 0·436, 0·414 (S.E. 0·005, P<0·004) and 0·048, 0·038 (S.E. 0·002, P<0·02) for fresh and
dried grass, respectively. Rumen digestibility of organic matter and NDF were 0·516, 0·541 (S.E. 0·021)
and 0·763, 0·692 (S.E. 0·019), respectively. The rumen turnover rates of particles (per h) were 0·024 and
0·015 (S.E. 0·001, P<0·05) for fresh and dried forage respectively. The efficiency of microbial protein
synthesis (g microbial nitrogen/kg organic matter apparently degraded in the rumen) was similar with
the two diets : 33·5 and 33·0 (S.E. 3·3, P<0·9) for fresh and dried forage respectively. In conclusion,
fresh Digitaria decumbens was nutritionally superior to dried. This is probably due to a faster
degradation rate and a lower rumen retention time of the fresh forage.
Screening lentil (Lens culinaris) for cold hardiness
under controlled conditions
Authors: ALI ASGHAR , JOHNSON D. L. , STUSHNOFF C.
Published: July 2002

This study describes the development of a highly repeatable cold screening procedure for lentil (Lens
culinaris Medik.) using controlled conditions which involve first, acclimation of the plants at the
vegetative stage in a growth chamber and second, freeze testing in a freeze chamber. The seeds were
first germinated in Petri dishes and then planted in styrofoam trays with individual cells. Initial
growing temperatures in the growth chamber for two weeks were 25 °C day and 10 °C night with a
12 h photoperiod. In the third week the photoperiod was changed to 10 h and in the fourth the
temperatures were changed to 10 °C day and 0 °C night to acclimate the plants. Using a modified
freeze chamber (household deep freezer), a freeze test temperature of −15 °C, following a 6–8 weeks
acclimation period (because both acclimation times had the same effect for cold tolerance of the
genotypes), at 2 and 3 °C/h cooling rate, and an exposure time of 3 h at −15 °C were appropriate
to detect significant (P<0·01) differences among several lines at a comparatively low degree of injury
for the most cold-hardy genotypes.
Preliminary studies on urinary excretion of purine
derivatives and creatinine in yaks
Authors: LONG R. J. , DONG S. K. , CHEN X. B. , ØRSKOV E. R. , HU Z. Z.
Published: July 2002

Field experiments were conducted at the farm of Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary
Science, Xining, China during 1996/97 to determine the effects of level of food intake on the urinary
excretion of purine derivatives (PD), creatinine and nitrogen in yaks (Bos grunniens). Two
experiments were carried out with three female yaks (initial body weight 173–187 kg, age 5 years). For
Expt 1 a 3×3 Latin square experimental design was used with three levels of oat hay (nitrogen
13·5 g/kg dry matter (DM)) intake treatments, i.e. 0·3, 0·6 and 0·9 of voluntary intake (1·3–3·5 kg DM/d).
Each treatment lasted for 17 days and the samples were collected during the last 7 days of each period.
For Expt 2 the animals were fed the same oat hay as in Expt 1 for 3 weeks at a level equivalent to
the estimated energy maintenance requirement (M) (1·5–2·2 kg DM/d). The intake was then reduced
to 0·6 M on day 1, 0·3 M on day 2 and zero from day 3 until day 10. The animals were re-fed in the
reverse order for 3 days. Of the PD, only allantoin and uric acid were present in the urine. The
proportions of allantoin and uric acid were 0·86 and 0·14 respectively for both experiments. There was
no response of creatinine and nitrogen excretions to feed intake. The rates of PD excretion per kg
digestible organic matter (DOM) or digestible dry matter (DDM) were 13·5 and 13·6 mmol
respectively. As expected, urinary PD excretion increased significantly (P<0·001) with increasing
intake of DDM and DOM. The daily fasting PD, creatinine and nitrogen excretions amounted to
0·22±0·02 (S.E.), 0·25±0·01 mmol/kg W0·75 and 314±24·2 mg/kg W0·75 respectively. The results
suggest that it is possible to establish a method for estimating intestinal microbial protein flow based
on PD excretion in yaks.
Genetic advance estimates for red clover (Trifolium pratense) grown under spaced plant and sward conditions
Authors: REAL D. , GORDON I. L. , HODGSON J.
Published: July 2002

A spaced plant experiment and a sward experiment were conducted at INIA La Estanzuela, Uruguay
in 1996 with six red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) populations, to study the efficacy of selecting
genotypes for sward performance in a spaced plant nursery. This was examined through: (a) the
ranking of the best linear unbiased predictors (BLUP) of populations and (b) the ratio of the
correlated genetic advance in swards by selecting under spaced plant conditions to the direct genetic
advance of selecting under sward conditions. From the eight characters analysed, only the rankings
of BLUPs for leaf size and flowering were significantly the same between populations. The other six
characters performed differently according to the level of competition imposed. Post-grazing leafiness
and the difference between pre- and post-grazing leafiness (the two most important characters to
measure preferential grazing) achieved greater genetic advance when selection was done as spaced
plants: while for pre- and post-grazing height genetic advance was greatest by selecting under sward
conditions. For other characters, the best conditions to select depended on the selection intensity
achievable.
Diseases of the Body Politic:
White Slavery in Jane Addams'
A New Conscience and an Ancient
Evil and Selected Short Stories
by Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Authors: BEER JANET , JOSLIN KATHERINE
Published: July 2002

Charlotte Perkins Gilman travelled from California to Chicago in 1896,
spending three months at Hull House with her friend Jane Addams. Their
discussions that summer resulted in a curious cross-pollination, each
woman borrowing from the other, although neither, as it turns out,
finding the exchange quite comfortable. Gilman, gratified by the
intellectual audience at Hull House, was repelled by the day-to-day
visceral contact with the poor. When Addams arranged for her to run a
settlement on Chicago's North Side, known as “Little Hell,” Gilman eyed
the grim prospect: “The loathly river flowed sluggishly near by, thick and
ill-smelling; Goose Island lay black in the slow stream. Everywhere a
heavy dinginess; low, dark brick factories and gloomy wooden dwellings
often below the level of the street; foul plank sidewalks, rotten and full
of holes; black mud underfoot, damp soot drifting steadily down over
everything.” Poverty, in her description, infects both nature and culture,
fouling the city and infesting it with literal and metaphorical disease. She
soon handed her job over to Helen Campbell and moved on to write her
theoretical analysis of the disease of middle-class marriage, Women and
Economics (1899); “my interest was in all humanity, not merely the
under side of it,” she mused, “in sociology, not social pathology.”
SEXUAL NETWORKS AND THE TRANSMISSION OF HIV IN LONDON
Authors: PARKER MELISSA , WARD HELEN , DAY SOPHIE
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses ways in which empirical research investigating sexual networks can further understanding of the transmission of HIV in London, using information from a 24-month period of participant observation and 53 open-ended, in-depth interviews with eighteen men and one woman who have direct and indirect sexual links with each other. These interviews enabled the identification of a wider sexual network between 154 participants and contacts during the year August 1994-July 1995. The linked network data help to identify pathways of transmission between individuals who are HIV+ and those who are HIV−, as well as sexual links between ‘older’ and ‘younger’ men, and with male prostitutes. There appears to be considerable on-going transmission of HIV in London. The majority of participants reported having had unprotected anal and/or vaginal sex within a variety of relationships. The implications of these findings for policies designed to prevent the transmission of HIV are discussed.
Characterization of genetic polymorphism in the goat β-lactoglobulin gene
Authors: PENA RAMONA N. , SÁNCHEZ ARMAND , FOLCH JOSEP M.
Published: July 2002

Two new variants have been detected and characterized for the goat
β-lactoglobulin gene at the cDNA level and confirmed at the genomic level. The two
polymorphisms are located on exon 7 of the gene. One of the polymorphic sites is
produced by a single nucleotide substitution in position +4601, allowing a
polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP)
genotyping procedure to be developed using SacII restriction enzyme. The other
polymorphic position contains a 10 bp long insertion at position +4641 that can be
detected by capillary electrophoresis of the PCR product amplified with a fluorescent
primer. The association of these two polymorphisms was also investigated, resulting
in the description of two new alleles. Both of these contained the point mutation at
the SacII site, with or without the 10 bp insertion at position +4641. The
distribution of these new polymorphisms was studied in a population of males of four
different goat breeds. The gene frequencies for these variants were similar in Spanish
and French breeds.
Selection of dairy Leuconostoc isolates for important technological
properties
Authors: SERVER-BUSSON CLAIRE , FOUCAUD CATHERINE , LEVEAU JEAN-YVES
Published: July 2002

Twenty-four dairy Leuconostoc strains isolated from French commercial
starters and four reference strains were screened for 58 morphological and
biochemical characters. Hierarchical clustering analysis was performed on the results
of dextran production and carbohydrate fermentation tests. Most strains fitted into
three clusters at a similarity level of 65% and were identified as belonging to the
species lactis or mesenteroides. Fourteen strains were then selected and further
characterized for their technological properties. They were examined for growth,
acidification kinetics and proteolytic capacity when growing in milk, and peptidase
activities and diacetyl production after growth in MRS broth. Principal component
analysis was carried out to group strains and compare their technological properties.
This allowed selection of strains of dairy interest. Special attention was given to the
flavouring capacity of Leuconostoc lactis isolates that could be useful in designing
commercial starters.
Changes in plasma and milk concentrations of glucose and IGF-1 in
response to exogenous growth hormone in lactating goats
Authors: FAULKNER ANNE
Published: July 2002

Exogenous growth hormone was administered subcutaneously to five
lactating goats during the post-peak period of lactation. Milk yields increased
significantly by ∼20% in response to growth hormone. Blood and milk samples
were taken in the periods before, during and after growth hormone treatment. The
concentrations of glucose in milk increased significantly by ∼50% in the period
following growth hormone treatment at a time corresponding to the increase in milk
yield. There was a transient increase in plasma glucose concentrations immediately
following growth hormone treatment before either milk glucose concentrations or
milk yields were increased. Both free and total IGF-1 concentrations in plasma
increased slowly following growth hormone treatment. The increase in plasma
IGF-1 corresponded to the increase in milk yields and milk glucose concentrations.
Concentrations of IGF-1 in milk increased more rapidly than those in plasma, rising
by ∼150% following growth hormone treatment, and were starting to decline by
the time that milk yield and milk glucose concentrations were at their maximum. As
milk glucose concentrations have been shown previously to reflect changes in the
intracellular concentration of glucose, the results indicate that part of the mechanism
by which growth hormone stimulates milk production is by increasing the
intracellular availability of glucose for lactose synthesis. The results also suggest that
changes occur in the concentrations of IGF-1 in the environment of the mammary
gland before changes are observed in the general circulation, and that these are
reflected in the changed concentrations in milk.