bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neue Berechnungsverfahren zur Trittschallübertragung
Authors: Rabold Andreas , Schneider Martin , Fischer Heinz‐Martin , Zeitler Berndt
Published: August 2020

Die Berechnung des bewerteten Norm‐Trittschallpegels im Bau L'n,w erfolgt aktuell in der DIN 4109‐2:2018 sowohl für den Massivbau als auch für den Holz‐, Leicht‐ und Trockenbau unter Berücksichtigung relativ pauschaler Korrekturen für die flankierende Schallübertragung. Darüber hinaus unterliegen die derzeitigen Verfahren einigen weiteren gravierenden Beschränkungen des Anwendungsbereiches, die eine Überarbeitung der Verfahren wünschenswert erscheinen lassen. Basierend auf dem neuen vereinfachten Verfahren der DIN EN ISO 12354‐2:2017 werden deshalb Berechnungsverfahren auf der Basis von Einzahlangaben vorgestellt, mit denen die direkte und die flankierende Trittschallübertragung, wie beim Luftschall, getrennt berechnet und anschließend aufsummiert werden. Hierdurch ergeben sich deutlich bessere Möglichkeiten, die tatsächliche Bausituation im Rechenmodell abzubilden und somit eine bessere Übereinstimmung zwischen dem prognostizierten und einem gemessenen Wert zu erhalten. Im Massivbau kann beispielsweise eine Vorsatzkonstruktion im Empfangsraum vor dem trennenden oder dem flankierenden Bauteil entsprechend ihrer schalltechnischen Wirkung berücksichtigt werden. Weiterhin können auch horizontale oder diagonale Übertragungssituationen oder die Trittschallübertragung von Treppen abhängig von der jeweiligen baulichen Situation berechnet werden. Die neuen Berechnungsverfahren ermöglichen damit eine wirtschaftlichere Dimensionierung der Bauteile.
Experiment’s persistent failure in education inquiry, and why it keeps failing
Authors: Thomas Gary
Published: August 2020

Natural scientists are relaxed about the multiple forms experiment takes in their various fields. Yet in education we have for many years constrained our notion of experiment. This methodological circumscription has been self‐imposed on the grounds that experiment of a particular, well‐defined form offers the clearest evidence of a link between cause and effect in assessing the impact of interventions. I challenge the legitimacy of this assertion and further argue that the model of intervene‐and‐experiment is ineffective and misleading. There is currently emerging a large body of findings from such experiment, and evaluations of these—like similar evaluations from a wave of experiments in the 1960s and 1970s across education and the applied social sciences—mainly concur on how disappointing the findings from this kind of work are. I argue that interventions are found to have largely nugatory consequences because the influence of independent variables is routinely overwhelmed by powerful contextual influences. I discuss the significance and nature of these contextual influences and question the legitimacy of the idea that one can test interventions with formal experiment in education. I conclude that the assertion that formal experiment can be fruitfully employed may drive policy in unhelpful directions, as models which may be successful in some circumstances are rejected on the basis of low effectiveness scores, while others in which potential effectiveness is indicated are unproductively imposed where circumstances are unpropitious. I suggest that a more unrestricted interpretation of ‘experiment’ needs to return to education discourse.
In vivo evaluation of bioprinted prevascularized bone tissue
Authors: Rukavina Patrick , Koch Fritz , Wehrle Maximilian , Tröndle Kevin , Björn Stark G. , Koltay Peter , Zimmermann Stefan , Zengerle Roland , Lampert Florian , Strassburg Sandra , Finkenzeller Günter , Simunovic Filip
Published: August 2020

Bioprinting can be considered as a progression of the classical tissue engineering approach, in which cells are randomly seeded into scaffolds. Bioprinting offers the advantage that cells can be placed with high spatial fidelity within three‐dimensional tissue constructs. A decisive factor to be addressed for bioprinting approaches of artificial tissues is that almost all tissues of the human body depend on a functioning vascular system for the supply of oxygen and nutrients. In this study, we have generated cuboid prevascularized bone tissue constructs by bioprinting human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by extrusion‐based bioprinting and drop‐on‐demand (DoD) bioprinting, respectively. The computer‐generated print design could be verified in vitro after printing. After subcutaneous implantation of bioprinted constructs in immunodeficient mice, blood vessel formation with human microvessels of different calibers could be detected arising from bioprinted HUVECs and stabilization of human blood vessels by mouse pericytes was observed. In addition, bioprinted ASCs were able to synthesize a calcified bone matrix as an indicator of ectopic bone formation. These results indicate that the combined bioprinting of ASCs and HUVECs represents a promising strategy to produce prevascularized artificial bone tissue for prospective applications in the treatment of critical‐sized bone defects.
Physiological performance and inflammatory markers as indicators of complications after oesophageal cancer surgery
Authors: Powell A G M T , Eley C , Abdelrahman T , Coxon A H , Chin C , Appadurai I , Davies R , Bailey D M , Lewis W G
Published: August 2020

Background

The extent to which physiological factors influence outcome following oesophageal cancer surgery is poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the extent to which cardiorespiratory fitness and selected metabolic factors predicted complications after surgery for carcinoma.

Methods

Two hundred and twenty-five consecutive patients underwent preoperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing to determine peak oxygen uptake (V˙o2peak), anaerobic threshold and the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (V˙e/V˙co2). Cephalic venous blood was assayed for serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and albumin levels, and a full blood count was done. The primary outcome measure was the Morbidity Severity Score (MSS).

Results

One hundred and ninety-eight patients had anatomical resection. A high MSS (Clavien–Dindo grade III or above) was found in 48 patients (24·2 per cent) and was related to an increased CRP concentration (area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) 0·62, P = 0·001) and lower V˙o2peak (AUC 0·36, P = 0·003). Dichotomization of CRP levels (above 10 mg/l) and V˙o2peak (below 18·6 ml per kg per min) yielded adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for a high MSS of 2·86 (P = 0·025) and 2·92 (P = 0·002) respectively. Compared with a cohort with a low Combined Inflammatory and Physiology Score (CIPS), the OR was 1·70 (95 per cent c.i. 0·85 to 3·39) for intermediate and 27·47 (3·12 to 241·69) for high CIPS (P < 0·001).

Conclusion

CRP and V˙o2peak were independently associated with major complications after potentially curative oesophagectomy for cancer. A composite risk score identified a group of patients with a high risk of developing complications.
Neurophysiologic evidence for increased retrieval suppression among negative ruminators
Authors: Nair Aarti , Eyer Joshua C. , Faust Mark E.
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Events (e.g., seeing a familiar face) may initiate retrieval of associated information (e.g., person's name), but not all cue‐initiated memory retrieval is welcome (e.g., trauma). Retrieval suppression refers to the ability to halt unwanted retrieval, and any erosion of memory associations in response to repeatedly excluding a memory from consciousness. The current study sought to examine event‐related potential (ERP, averaged scalp electrical recordings) correlates of inhibitory cognitive control of memory retrieval and any linkage of such control to ruminative memory styles.

Methods

Participants (N = 23) first learned face‐picture pairings. ERPs were then recorded as they viewed face cues while either bringing the associated picture to mind (think trial), or not allowing the associated picture to come to mind (no‐think trial).

Results

Emotional valence of learned pictures (negative versus neutral) modulated a posterior (P1, 100–150 ms) ERP associated with attention to the face cue. Memory strategy (think versus no‐think) modulated a frontal (P3, 350–450 ms) associated with alerting of the need to control retrieval. Both valence and strategy worked in combination to modulate a late posterior (LC, 450–550 ms) ERP associated with successful memory retrieval. Brooding, a negative form of rumination, was found to be positively correlated with the LC ERP.

Conclusion

The results suggest early separation of emotional and strategic control of retrieval, but later combined control over access to working memory. Moreover, the positive correlation of brooding and the LC suggest that individuals who are high in application of perseverative strategies to memory retrieval will show greater modulation of the retrieval‐related LC ERP.
Joint effect of tobacco, alcohol, and oral HPV infection on head and neck cancer risk in the French West Indies
Authors: Auguste Aviane , Deloumeaux Jacqueline , Joachim Clarisse , Gaete Stanie , Michineau Leah , Herrmann‐Storck Cécile , Duflo Suzy , Luce Danièle
Published: August 2020

We investigated the role of tobacco and alcohol consumption on the occurrence of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), and the joint effects of these factors with oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the French West Indies, in the Caribbean. We conducted a population‐based case‐control study (145 cases and 405 controls). We used logistic regression models to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Two‐way interactions were assessed on both multiplicative and additive scales. Current smoking (OR = 11.6, 95% CI = 6.7‐20.1), drinking more than five glasses of alcohol per day (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.2‐4.7), and oral infection with High‐risk HPV (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.1‐5.0) were significantly associated with HNSCC. The combined exposure to tobacco and alcohol produced a significant synergistic effect on the incidence of HNSCC. Oral infection with High‐risk HPV increased the risk of HNSCC in never smokers and nondrinkers. The effects of tobacco, alcohol, and of the combined exposure of tobacco and alcohol were substantially lower in HPV‐positive than in HPV‐negative HNSCC. This is the first case‐control study to investigate the role of tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and oral HPV infection in an Afro‐Caribbean population. Although each of these risk factors has a significant effect, our findings indicate that tobacco and alcohol play a less important role in Hr‐HPV‐positive HNSCC. Further investigations are warranted notably on the interaction of these three risk factors by cancer site.
Advanced Platelet‐Rich Fibrin in Periosteal Inversion Technique for Root Coverage: A Case Report
Authors: Chellathurai Burnice Nalina Kumari , Ganesh Balaji , Rajaram Vijayalakshmi
Published: August 2020

Introduction

The management of gingival recession associated with esthetic concerns and root hypersensitivity is challenging, and its sequelae is based on the assessment of etiological factors and the degree of tissue involvement. Procedures using pedicle flaps, free soft tissue grafts, combination of pedicle flaps with grafts, barrier membranes, and the use of platelet concentrates are all effective for this purpose. The use of the third‐generation platelet concentrate, advanced platelet‐rich fibrin (A‐PRF), has evolved as a promising regenerative material for root coverage procedure wherein it acts as a scaffold and also accelerates wound healing due to its dense fibrin meshwork.

Case Presentation

This case report, discusses treating an isolated maxillary Miller Class I recession in a 25‐year‐old male patient by a periosteal inversion method along with the A‐PRF membrane. A partial thickness flap was reflected; periosteum was inverted; and an A‐PRF membrane was placed over the denuded root surface which aided in enhanced regeneration; 100% root coverage was obtained as seen in follow‐up visits.

Conclusion

The periosteal inversion technique along with an A‐PRF membrane seems to be a novel approach in managing an isolated Miller Class I maxillary gingival recession.
Has the US Child Welfare System Become an Informal Income Maintenance Programme? A Literature Review
Authors: Conrad Aislinn , Gamboni Casey , Johnson Victoria , Wojciak Armeda Stevenson , Ronnenberg Megan
Published: August 2020

Anti‐poverty policies and income maintenance programmes aim to reduce poverty and income inequality, yet rates of poverty and income inequality have remained stable or increased in 20 of 29 developed nations. Although poverty and income inequality have increased in the USA, the depth and reach of income maintenance programmes have eroded, placing undue strain on other societal systems like education and child welfare. The burden of poverty on child welfare is troubling given the strong association between poverty and child welfare involvement. We conducted a literature review to examine the extent to which the US child welfare system acts as an informal income maintenance programme. Three interrelated research questions were explored: (a) How and when, and under what circumstances, does the US child welfare system provide families with cash and in‐kind transfers, that is, income, food, shelter and durable goods? (b) Which cash and in‐kind transfers are most common in the US child welfare system? (c) How do cash and in‐kind transfers impact families in the child welfare system? Our review yielded eight articles. These articles indicated that cash and in‐kind transfers improve programme retention and reduce child welfare involvement. Implications for research, policy and practice are discussed.

‘We conducted a literature review to examine the extent to which the US child welfare system acts as an informal income maintenance programme’

Key Practitioner Messages

US child welfare programmes offer cash and in‐kind transfers similar to those provided in centralised income maintenance programmes.

Cash and in‐kind transfers like food, housing and strollers reduce child welfare involvement and increase programme retention.

Conditional cash transfers are cash incentives that boost recruitment and retention in parenting programmes.

Even inexpensive material support like donated clothing improve family and programme outcomes in the child welfare system.
2‐Aminobenzothiazoles Inhibit Virulence Gene Expression and Block Polymyxin Resistance in Salmonella enterica
Authors: Thielen Michaela K. , Vaneerd Cody K. , Goswami Manibarsha , Carlson Erin E. , May John F.
Published: August 2020

One promising strategy to combat antibiotic‐resistant bacteria is to develop compounds that block bacterial defenses against antibacterial conditions produced by the innate immune system. Salmonella enterica, which causes food‐borne gastroenteritis and typhoid fever, requires histidine kinases (HKs) to resist innate immune defenses such as cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs). Herein, we report that 2‐aminobenzothiazoles block histidine kinase‐dependent phenotypes in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. We found that 2‐aminobenzothiazoles inhibited growth under low Mg2+, a stressful condition that requires histidine kinase‐mediated responses, and decreased expression of the virulence genes pagC and pagK. Furthermore, we discovered that 2‐aminobenzothiazoles weaken Salmonella’s resistance to polymyxin B and polymyxin E, which are last‐line antibiotics and models for host defense CAMPs. These findings raise the possibilities that 2‐aminobenzothiazoles can block HK‐mediated bacterial defenses and can be used in combination with polymyxins to treat infections caused by Salmonella.
The Serratia grimesii outer membrane vesicles‐associated grimelysin triggers bacterial invasion of eukaryotic cells
Authors: Bozhokina Ekaterina , Kever Lyudmila , Khaitlina Sofia
Published: August 2020

Serratia grimesii are facultative pathogenic bacteria that can penetrate a wide range of host cells and cause infection, especially in immunocompromised patients. Previously, we have found that bacterial metalloprotease grimelysin is a potential virulence determinant of S. grimesii invasion (E. S. Bozhokina et al., (2011). Cell Biology International, 35(2), 111–118). Protease is characterized as an actin‐hydrolyzing enzyme with a narrow specificity toward other cell proteins. It is not known, however, whether grimelysin is transported into eukaryotic cells. Here, we show, for the first time, that S. grimesii can generate outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) displayed specific proteolytic activity against actin, characteristic of grimelysin. The presence of grimelysin was also confirmed by the Western blot analysis of S. grimesii OMVs lysate. Furthermore, confocal microscopy analysis revealed that the S. grimesii grimelysin‐containing OMVs attached to the host cell membrane. Finally, pretreatment of HeLa cells with S. grimesii OMVs before the cells were infected with bacteria increased the bacterial penetration several times. These data strongly suggest that protease grimelysin promotes S. grimesii internalization by modifying bacterial and/or host molecule(s) when it is delivered as a component of OMVs.
Neurogenic pulmonary edema secondary to epileptic seizure
Authors: Yonekawa Jun , Miyazaki Shinichi , Ieda Toshiaki , Ikeda Takuya
Published: August 2020

Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) is a non‐cardiogenic pulmonary edema that is caused by an acute central nervous system injury and usually develops rapidly after an injury. Although several episodes of NPE resolve spontaneously, the condition may cause unexpected death among patients with epilepsy.
Chiral Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Benzofuran‐Derived Azadienes with 3‐Substituted indoles
Authors: Zhou Ji , Li Tian‐Zhen , Sun Yu‐Wen , Du Bai‐Xiang , Tan Wei , Shi Feng
Published: August 2020

A chiral phosphoric acid‐catalyzed asymmetric 1,4‐addition of benzofuran‐derived azadienes with 3‐substituted indoles has been established, which offered enantioenriched tri(hetero)arylmethane products in generally good yields (up to 98 %) and high enantioselectivities (up to 99 : 1 er). This reaction has not only realized the application of chiral phosphoric acid as a competent catalyst in the asymmetric transformations of benzofuran‐derived azadienes, but also has accomplished the task of developing chiral Brønsted acid‐catalyzed asymmetric 1,4‐additions of benzofuran‐derived azadienes, which will enrich the research contents of chiral phosphoric acid catalysis and the chemistry of benzofuran‐derived azadienes.
Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Ring Expansion of Isatins: A Facile Entry to Isoquinolino‐Fused Quinazolinones
Authors: Wang Dahan , Xiao Fuhong , Zhang Feng , Huang Huawen , Deng Guo‐Jun
Published: August 2020

A copper‐catalyzed aerobic oxidative ring expansion reaction of isatins with 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline for the synthesis of tetracyclic quinazolinones has been developed. This reaction is performed smoothly under simple conditions to give the corresponding products in moderate to good yields with good functional group tolerance. The capacity of the resultant 5H‐isoquinolino[1,2‐b]quinazolin‐8(6H)‐one for a range of palladium‐catalyzed directing C—H activation has been further demonstrated, thus giving a broader access to diverse tetracyclic quinazolinones.
Gadolinium Complexes Attached to Poly Ethoxy Ethyl Glycinamide (PEE‐G) Dendrons: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents with Increased Relaxivity
Authors: Shrestha Rinu , Teesdale‐Spittle Paul H. , Lewis Andrew R. , Rendle Phillip M.
Published: August 2020

A range of poly ethoxy ethyl glycinamide (PEE−G) dendron scaffolds with gadolinium (III) complexes attached were synthesized with a focus on product purity and high Gd(III) loading. The nuclear magnetic resonance relaxivity of these products was measured and compared with commercially available low‐molecular‐weight magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Over twice the relaxivity based on Gd(III) concentration, and up to 20‐fold increase in relaxivity were observed based on molecular concentration. Relaxivity properties were observed to increase with both increasing molecular weight and number of Gd(III) complexes attached, however a plateau was reached for molecular weight increase. T1 and T2 relaxivity properties were also investigated at two different magnetic fields. Transverse relaxivity is unaffected by magnetic field strength whereas increase in longitudinal relaxivity was not as pronounced at the higher field.
Design and analysis of a switched‐capacitor DC‐DC converter with variable conversion ratio
Authors: Vosoughi Kurdkandi Naser , Farhadi Masoud , Babaei Ebrahim , Ghavidel Pedram
Published: August 2020

In order to increase the low voltage of renewable energy systems to a relatively high bus voltage for the downstream DC‐AC grid‐connected inverter, a new DC‐DC switched‐capacitor converter with the potential of output voltage regulation is proposed. The operational principles, with regard to the specific switching conditions, are provided the relationships for the parameter design and efficiency calculation. The topology makes it possible to integrate the high voltage gain and excellent output regulation that open a huge area of applications and create the possibility of maximum power point tracking (MPPT), which is an important advantage of proposed structure. Moreover, the most important advantages of the proposed structure are continuous input current, variety of the DC voltage source values, and the cost of the converter in comparison with the conventional structures. A comparison with other similar structures is given to show the merits of the proposed topology. Finally, the experimental results are presented to clarify the theory and feasibility of the proposed converter.
Cytologic features of angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia: Highlighting the diagnostic clues
Authors: Velamala Pavani , Gupta Parikshaa , Gupta Nalini , Radotra Bishan Dass , Rajwanshi Arvind
Published: August 2020

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is an uncommon, benign, inflammatory disorder involving the skin and microvasculature with an undetermined etiopathogenesis. Although the histopathology is well‐characterized, the cytologic features of this entity have been rarely described in literature. This study was conducted to describe in detail the cytomorphologic features of ALHE and to identify the characteristic features that can help in establishing a correct diagnosis of this entity. This was a retrospective study conducted over a period of 3 years, wherein the corresponding cytologic smears of histopathologically diagnosed cases of ALHE were retrieved and reviewed. All the cytologic features were recorded to identify characteristic features that can be used to differentiate ALHE from other cytologic mimics. On histopathologic examination, 15 cases were reported as ALHE. Corresponding cytologic samples were available for three cases. All the three cases were males who were 21, 22 and 52 years old, respectively. The sites of the swellings were scalp, orbital and preauricular. The most consistent cytologic findings were the presence of eosinophilia, scattered plump endothelial cells and a reactive lymphoid background. We believe that a thorough cytologic examination for the presence of plump to spindle‐shaped cells in smears with eosinophilia and reactive lymphoid tissue, can help in reaching to a cytologic diagnosis of ALHE in suspected cases.
Impacts of pollution, fishing pressure, and reef rugosity on resource fish biomass in West Hawaii
Authors: Foo Shawna A. , Walsh William J. , Lecky Joey , Marcoux Stacia , Asner Gregory P.
Published: August 2020

Human activities and land‐use drivers combine in complex ways to affect coral reef health and, in turn, the diversity and abundance of reef fauna. Here we examine the impacts of different marine protected area (MPA) types, and various human and habitat drivers, on resource fish functional groups (i.e., total fish, herbivore, grazer, scraper, and browser biomass) along the 180 km west coast of Hawaii Island. Across survey years from 2008 to 2018, we observed an overall decrease in total fish biomass of 45%, with similar decreases in biomass seen across most fish functional groups. MPAs that prohibited a combination of lay nets, aquarium collection, and spear fishing were most effective in maintaining and/or increasing fish biomass across all functional groups. We also found that pollution, fishing, and habitat drivers all contributed to changes in total fish biomass, where the most negative impact was nitrogen input from land‐based sewage disposal. Fish biomass relationships with our study drivers depended on fish functional grouping. For surgeonfish (grazers), changes in biomass linked most strongly to changes in reef rugosity. For parrotfish (scrapers), biomass was better explained by changes in commercial catch where current commercial fishing levels are negatively affecting scraper populations. Our observations suggest that regional management of multiple factors, including habitat, pollution, and fisheries, will benefit resource fish biomass off Hawaii Island.
Formal [5+2] Cycloaddition of Vinyloxiranes with Oxazol‐5‐(4H)‐ones: A Facile Approach for Construction of Seven‐Membered Lactones
Authors: Zhao Hong‐Wu , Ding Wan‐Qiu , Wang Li‐Ru , Guo Jia‐Ming , Song Xiu‐Qing , Wu Hui‐Hui , Tang Zhe , Fan Xiao‐Zu , Bi Xiao‐Fan
Published: August 2020

The formal [5+2] cycloaddition of vinyloxiranes with oxazol‐5‐(4H)‐ones proceeds readily at room temperature in THF in the presence of Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3, dppp, and K2CO3, thus furnishing the desired seven‐membered lactones in 67–96 % yield. The chemical structure of the title compounds was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Mechanistic Analysis of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Pt in HClO4 Using Inverted Rotating Disc Electrode
Authors: Saibi R , Punathil Meethal Ranjith , Srinivasan Ramanathan
Published: August 2020

An inverted rotating disc electrode (IRDE) setup was fabricated to study the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on a Pt electrode. Potentiodynamic polarization studies were conducted in solutions from 5 to 100 mM HClO4 on Pt at three different rotational speeds. Periodic anodic activation of the electrode yielded repeatable results. At high currents, bubble formation adversely affects current measurement in the rotating disc electrode, but not in IRDE. At large cathodic overpotentials, HER current in IRDE is limited by the mass transfer of H+ ions. Simulations show that the polarization results of HER on Pt IRDE are described well by the Volmer Heyrovsky mechanism.
Preservation of the last aggradation phase in climate‐driven terraces: Evidence from Late Quaternary reach‐specific fluvial dynamics of the Allier River (France)
Authors: Veldkamp A. , Schoorl J.M. , Claessens L. , Temme A.J.A.M. , Broers A.G.M. , van Orsouw T.L. , Voesten M.T.C.M. , Reimann T.
Published: August 2020

There is limited knowledge about the preservation of aggradation phases in Quaternary fluvial records. Previous numerical modelling of erosion and deposition in Late Quaternary Allier River (France) generated the prediction that this river has reach‐specific fluvial dynamics related to climate‐driven tributary sediment‐flux dynamics. To test this prediction, new optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) samples were collected of the Late Quaternary Fx terrace at five locations along a stretch of 60 km. OSL dates of both quartz and feldspar sand grains indicate that all relatively basalt‐poor sediments display significantly different ages for each reach (ranging from 36.3 ± 2.0 to 21.1 ± 2.3 ka). The more basalt‐rich terrace body consistently yields ages in the range 21.1 ± 1.7 to 16.1 ± 1.5 ka, suggesting contemporaneous aggradation along the whole studied Allier reach during this interval. Our own new OSL date of a Tartaret eruption around 16.8 ± 2.5 ka also fits this time window, suggesting a direct link with volcanic activity. However, there are many more dated volcanic events that coincide with the older basalt‐poor units, making it less likely that a direct link between terrace‐sediment basalt content and volcanic activity exists. The timings of the dated depositional events in MIS 3 and 2 all match with simulated climate drivers and published landscape erosion rates. Counterintuitively, the volcanic Chaîne des Puys area supplied more sediment during the cold and dry Last Glacial Maximum. Basalt content in the Allier terrace sediments reflects climate‐related sediment‐flux dynamics upstream. The scarcity of older basalt‐poor sediment bodies from MIS 4 and 3 in the Fx terrace suggests that less sediment was supplied and/or the intermittent erosional phases in the Allier were very effective at removing them. We hypothesize that this observation of predominant preservation of the last aggradation phase could be a common phenomenon in most climate‐driven terraces. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic characteristics of basalt from eastern Hunan Province: New insight for the Late Cretaceous tectonic dynamic mechanism in South China
Authors: Qin Jin‐hua , Wang Deng‐hong , Chen Yu‐chuan
Published: August 2020

During the Late Cretaceous period, massive magmatism occurred in South China. Eastern Hunan Province is situated in the inland part of South China. Comparing with the coastal area, the inland of South China is characterized by the absence of intermediate‐acid intrusive rocks, but the occurrence of multiple mafic rocks. To date, the emplacement and triggering mechanism of magmatism of inland South China is still very puzzling. In this article, we address this question by concentrating on the basalt exposed in eastern Hunan Province. Geochronologically, three stages of zircon grains, which include xenocrysts and authigenic crystals (rare), are recognized, and the last stage of zircon grains with a concordant age of 79.93 ± 0.47 Ma (MSWD = 1.9) represents the actual crystallization age of basaltic magma. Geochemically, the basalt in eastern Hunan Province has low TiO2 and K2O contents (1.11–2.63 and 0.28–2.88 wt%) but high alkali contents (3.75–6.58 wt%) and K2O/Na2O ratios (0.05–0.56). The basalts from eastern Hunan Province are enriched in large‐ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements and obviously depleted in heavy rare earth elements with weak negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.87–1.26); they lack significant Ti, Nb, Ta, etc., depletions. These features are much different from those of coastal basalt with strong arc‐related signatures. The incompatible element ratios and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope compositions commonly imply significant EMII‐type OIB‐like source region and within‐plate basalt characteristics. The basalt may have suffered from earlier partial melting of garnet‐spinel peridotite and later rapid fractional crystallization of mafic minerals (olivine and pyroxene). Significant geochemical and petrological discrepancies between inland basalt and coastal basalt suggest a subduction‐absent within‐plate setting for inland basalt but a strong subduction‐related signature for coastal basalt. The magmatic age of mafic rocks from inland South China hold a significant tendency to become younger to the west. The spatial and temporal distribution and variation of components of basalt in South China indicated a mantle plume model which is derived from the 670 km thermal boundary layer (670 TBL) between the lower and upper mantle. The trigger mechanism of this model could be attributed to the westward steep rollback subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate in the Late Cretaceous.
Neoarchaean crustal reworking in the Aravalli Craton: Petrogenesis and tectonometamorphic history of the Malola granite, Bhilwara area, northwestern India
Authors: D'Souza Joseph , Sheth Hetu , Xu Yigang , Wegner Wencke , Prabhakar N. , Sharma Kamal Kant , Koeberl Christian
Published: August 2020

The Banded Gneissic Complex of the Aravalli Craton of northwestern India comprises Palaeo‐ to Neoarchaean (3.3–2.7 Ga) gneisses, including tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneisses, intruded by Neoarchaean (2.6–2.5 Ga) TTGs, sanukitoids, and potassic granites. The latter include the Malola granite that crops out near Bhilwara and forms the basement for the Mesoproterozoic Pur‐Banera mineralized belt. The granite has experienced three deformation events, represented by an S1 foliation and superimposed open folds and dextral shears. Textural evidence and thermobarometry indicate that prograde metamorphism initially forming actinolite and subsequently diopside, and culminating in the upper amphibolite facies, was followed by retrograde metamorphism in the greenschist facies with fluid influx, forming zoisite. Zircon geochronology yields a crystallization age of 2,538 ± 11 Ma and indicates a prominent metamorphic overprint in the region at 1,307 ± 9 Ma. The Malola granite has low Sr–Nd isotopic ratios, enrichments in fluid‐mobile elements (Cs, Rb, Ba, Th, and Pb), and depletions in alteration‐resistant elements (Nb, Ta, and Ti). These characteristics combined with mineralogical evidence suggest that the granite was derived by anatexis of older crystalline crust (possibly granulitic lower crust) in the same subduction zone setting inferred previously for other Neoarchean granitoids in this region. Geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic similarities between the Malola granite and Neoarchaean granitoids of the Aravalli, Bundelkhand, Bastar, Dharwar, and Congo cratons indicate a major role for anatectic crustal reworking in their genesis.
Detrital zircon in the Huashan Group, northern Yangtze Block: Implications for the nature of Neoproterozoic sedimentary basins and Precambrian crustal evolution
Authors: Li Kuizhou , Deng Qi , Wang Jian , Hou Mingcai , Yakymchuk Chris , Cui Xiaozhuang , Ren Guangming , Wang Zhengjiang , Dai Jie , Chen Bin
Published: August 2020

The Huashan Group preserves Neoproterozoic volcanic‐sedimentary sequences in the northern Yangtze Block and is an ideal target for determining the provenance and characteristics of Neoproterozoic sedimentary basins and the Precambrian crustal evolution of the Yangtze Block. Here, we report LA‐ICP‐MS detrital zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopes from four metamorphic clastic rock samples in the Huashan Group. Detrital zircons ages yield four major peaks at ca. 2,670, 2,040, 940, and 840 Ma and five subordinate peaks at greater than or equal to ca. 2,850, 2,490, 1,840, 1,600, and 1,240 Ma. The provenance of the Huashan Group includes Archean to mid‐Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks, and reworked sedimentary rocks from the northern Yangtze Block. The Huashan Group was deposited from ca. 830 to 800 Ma and represents sedimentation accompanying the development of a mid‐Neoproterozoic continental rift basin in Yangtze Block associated with the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent. Hafnium isotope analyses of detrital zircon from the Huashan Group suggest that most crustal growth in the northern Yangtze Block occurred during the Late‐Mesoproterozoic and early to Middle Neoproterozoic and crustal reworking occurred from the Archean to the Neoproterozoic.
Formation of an anomalously high‐porosity zone of a very fine‐grained deep clastic reservoir in the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea
Authors: Duan Wei , Li Chun‐Feng , Luo Cheng‐Fei , Chen Jin‐Ding , Huang Xiang‐Sheng , Yan Zuo‐Yu
Published: August 2020

Development of anomalously high porosities in very fine‐grained deep clastic reservoirs is still largely unknown. The reservoirs in the S13 block of the lower Meishan Formation in the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea, developed a zone of anomalously high porosity up to 28.5%, and thus offers an ideal opportunity to quantitatively study the formation mechanism of the abnormally high porosity but fine‐grained deep clastic reservoir from the diagenetic perspective. Our study demonstrates that the first phase charging of oil and organic acid promoted the early‐stage dissolution. This process, however, restrained the early‐stage compaction, cementation, and transformation of clay minerals in sandstone reservoirs. CO2‐rich thermal fluid at the fourth phase enhanced the dissolution of late‐stage feldspar and early‐stage cements and authigenic clay minerals. The massive Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, and other ions generated by the dissolution facilitated the formation of late‐stage siderite and ankerite, which filled the pore throats and lowered the reservoir permeability. Furthermore, the rapid deposition produced high primary porosities, and the early‐stage overpressure also inhibited the compaction, cementation, and clay transformation in the S13 block. All these processes promoted the preservation of primary pores, and the S13 block developed reservoirs with anomalously high porosity and low permeability. By contrast, the C24 block was only charged by oil and hydrocarbon‐rich gas at the second and third phases, and experienced strong compaction, weak dissolution, and strong cementation. Consequently, fewer primary and secondary pores, but higher contents of cements and authigenic clays were generated in the C24 block. The reservoirs in the C24 block exhibit medium porosity but low permeability.
Clinical utility of mild cognitive impairment subtypes and number of impaired cognitive domains at predicting progression to dementia: A 20‐year retrospective study
Authors: Glynn Kevin , O'Callaghan Michael , Hannigan Oisin , Bruce Irene , Gibb Mathew , Coen Robert , Green Elaine , A Lawlor Brian , Robinson David
Published: August 2020

Objective

To determine the utility of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes and number of impaired cognitive domains on initial assessment at predicting progression to dementia in a sample of memory clinic patients over a 20‐year period.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted of those presenting to a memory clinic with MCI from 1 January 1999 to 31 December 2018 inclusive. Those with MCI were broken down into one of the four subtypes using recommended cut‐off scores on the Cambridge Cognitive Assessment (CAMCOG). Binomial logistic regression analysis was used to determine the utility of MCI subtypes and number of impaired cognitive domains as predictors for dementia.

Results

Overall 1188 individuals with MCI diagnosis were identified, with 378 (32%) progressing to dementia, with median [range] time to diagnosis of 2 years [1‐8.4]. Six hundred and forty‐nine (55%) were identified as amnestic MCI and 539 (45%) as non‐amnestic MCI. Amnestic MCI was a significant predictor of progression compared to non‐amnestic MCI (OR = 1.85, df = 1, P < .001). Number of cognitive domains impaired was also a significant predictor of progression to dementia (OR = 1.07, df = 1, P = .01) but the single‐/multi‐domain distinction was not (OR = 1.29, df = 1, P = .36).

Conclusion

This study shows that approximately 32% of those diagnosed with MCI in a memory clinic progressed to dementia, with a median time to progression of 2 years. Those with amnestic MCI are almost twice as likely to progress to dementia than non‐amnestic MCI and that therefore this is a useful distinction. However, the utility of the single‐ and multi‐domain MCI distinction is called into question by our findings.
Blood pressure, antihypertensive medication and neuropsychiatric symptoms in older people with dementia: The COSMOS study
Authors: de Jong‐Schmit Bianca E. M. , Poortvliet Rosalinde K. E. , Böhringer Stefan , Bogaerts Jonathan M. K. , Achterberg Wilco P. , Husebo Bettina S.
Published: August 2020

Objectives

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are very common in older patients with dementia. There is increasing evidence that hypoperfusion of the brain plays a role in the development of NPS. The aim of this study is to assess whether there is an association between low systolic blood pressure (SBP) and NPS and if NPS are more prevalent in older people with dementia using antihypertensive medication.

Methods

We studied the baseline data from participants in the Communication, Systematic pain treatment, Medication review, Organized activities and Safety study, a multicenter clustered trial with 765 participants from 72 nursing home units from 37 nursing homes in Norway. SBP (lowest quartile vs rest) and use of antihypertensive medication were predictors and Neuropsychiatric Inventory—Nursing Home version (NPI‐NH) score (total and clusters) was the outcome. Missing data were imputed, except for missing data in predictors. We used a mixed model analysis adjusted for age, sex and Minimal Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. In a sensitivity analysis, continuous SBP values were used.

Results

In total, 412 patients were included with a mean age of 86.9 years, 53.9% had a MMSE score of <11. There was no difference in total NPI‐NH score between low and high SBP (difference −1.07, Pdj = 0.62). There was no difference between high and low SBP and the NPI clusters. The use of antihypertensive medication was not associated with a different total or cluster NPI‐NH score compared to no use (difference −0.99, Padj = 0.95, Pall = 0.37‐0.99, respectively). In the sensitivity analyses with the continuous SBP levels, there was no association between SBP and NPI‐NH score (estimate 1.00, 95%CI 0.98‐1.01, P = 0.25).

Conclusion

We found no association between low SBP and NPS, nor between antihypertensive use and NPS.
Association between elder abuse and telomere shortening in older adults: A 2‐year prospective study
Authors: Fang Boye , Yan Elsie , Tung Keith , Liu Zuyun , Ip Patrick
Published: August 2020

Backgrounds

Elder abuse is a public health issue associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Its impact on victims' health at the cellular level, however, remains unknown. This study assessed the association between abuse exposure and shortening of telomere length (TL), a promising molecular marker for biological aging, in older victims.

Setting

The geriatric departments of three Grade‐A hospitals in the People's Republic of China (PRC).

Participants

Six hundred Chinese older adults, including 300 abused victims and 300 non‐abused controls were randomly drawn respectively from a larger sample of 467 abused and 518 non‐abused older adults recruited at baseline. Participants were assessed for physical and psychological abuse exposure at baseline between September 2015 and February 2016 and assessed for TL 2 years after the abuse assessment.

Measurements

TL was quantified using a quantitative PCR method and expressed as T/S ratio (the ratio of telomere repeat copy numbers to single‐copy gene numbers). Physical and psychological abuse was measured using the Revised Conflicts Tactics Scale.

Results

Adjusting for demographic, medical, and behavioral confounders, physical and psychological abuse exposure at baseline were independently associated with shorter TL at follow‐up. The association was the most significant between multiple forms of abuse (physical and psychological) exposure and shorter TL.

Conclusion

This study provides the first evidence on the relationship between abuse and shortened TL in older victims, implying the potential effect of elder abuse on accelerated cellular aging. The findings suggest the importance of routinely assessing and intervening abuse in older adults by healthcare professionals, to promote and maintain physical health in older adults.
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Alcohol Use Disorder
Authors: Bajaj Jasmohan S. , Gavis Edith A. , Fagan Andrew , Wade James B. , Thacker Leroy R. , Fuchs Michael , Patel Samarth , Davis Brian , Meador Jill , Puri Puneet , Sikaroodi Masoumeh , Gillevet Patrick M.
Published: August 2020

Background and Aims

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with microbial alterations that worsen with cirrhosis. Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) could be a promising approach.

Approach and Results

In this phase 1, double‐blind, randomized clinical trial, patients with AUD‐related cirrhosis with problem drinking (AUDIT‐10 > 8) were randomized 1:1 into receiving one placebo or FMT enema from a donor enriched in Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. Six‐month safety was the primary outcome. Alcohol craving questionnaire, alcohol consumption (urinary ethylglucuronide/creatinine), quality of life, cognition, serum IL‐6 and lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein, plasma/stool short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and stool microbiota were tested at baseline and day 15. A 6‐month follow‐up with serious adverse event (SAE) analysis was performed. Twenty patients with AUD‐related cirrhosis (65 ± 6.4 years, all men, Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease 8.9 ± 2.7) with similar demographics, cirrhosis, and AUD severity were included. Craving reduced significantly in 90% of FMT versus 30% in placebo at day 15 (P = 0.02) with lower urinary ethylglucuronide/creatinine (P = 0.03) and improved cognition and psychosocial quality of life. There was reduction in serum IL‐6 and lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein and increased butyrate/isobutyrate compared with baseline in FMT but not placebo. Microbial diversity increased with higher Ruminococcaceae and other SCFAs, producing taxa following FMT but not placebo, which were linked with SCFA levels. At 6 months, patients with any SAEs (8 vs. 2, P = 0.02), AUD‐related SAEs (7 vs. 1, P = 0.02), and SAEs/patient (median [interquartile range], 1.5 [1.25] vs. 0 [0.25] in FMT, P = 0.02) were higher in placebo versus FMT.

Conclusions

This phase 1 trial shows that FMT is safe and associated with short‐term reduction in alcohol craving and consumption with favorable microbial changes versus placebo in patients with alcohol‐associated cirrhosis with alcohol misuse. There was also a reduction in AUD‐related events over 6 months in patients assigned to FMT.
Trait impulsivity and callous‐unemotional traits as predictors of inhibitory control and risky choices among high‐risk adolescents
Authors: Leshem Rotem , King Rose
Published: August 2020

Trait impulsivity and callous‐unemotional traits are associated with behavioural problems among high‐risk adolescents. While both are known to influence behaviour, the nature of their expression in high‐risk behaviours, particularly those related to inhibitory control, is not well understood. In the current, preliminary study, we examined whether and how these traits predicted deficits in behaviour driven by bottom‐up, automatic versus deliberate, top‐down inhibitory processes among high‐risk adolescents. Two go/no‐go task variants, emotional and non‐emotional, were used to assess reactive response inhibition, and the Balloon Analogue Risk Task was used to assess the ability to resist deliberate risky choices. The results showed that the two types of self‐reported trait measures were differentially associated with performance on the two types of behavioural inhibition tasks. Trait impulsivity predicted non‐emotional inhibitory control whereas callous‐unemotional traits predicted risky choices. The results also showed that the emotions task elicited slower reaction times and higher false alarm rates than did the letters task, and that participants had greater difficulty inhibiting responses to negatively than to positively valenced no‐go stimuli. While preliminary, the results suggest that the interplay between trait impulsivity and callous‐unemotional traits is an important determinant of inhibitory behaviour in this high‐risk adolescents.