bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental issues of self-heating coal waste dumps in Poland
Authors: Nádudvari Ádám , Jabłońska Mariola , Fabiańska Monika
Published: February 2023

During coal mining, an enormous amount of economically not used humic or sapropelic coals, coal shales are deposited as wastes nearby the coal mines in urbanised areas, e.g. Upper Silesia, Katowice – Rybnik Industrial Region, in Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland. These wastes start to oxidise or lose out weathering immediately; in the worst cases, they will undergo self-heating. During exothermic reactions, the heavy metals contained in these rocks, especially sulfur compounds of  Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Hg, As are mobilised to the environment due to their high volatility at elevated temperatures and due to low pH levels (2 – 4) occurring on the dumps (Nádudvari et al., 2021, 2022). Amongst them, the Hg mobilisation and enrichment make such coal waste dumps more dangerous. Nádudvari et al. (2021, 2022) reported >1000 mg/kg enrichment of Hg in crusts of expelled bitumen and in gases from thermally affected wastes Hg concentration reached ~100 times higher than in polluted urban air from Upper Silesia. Additionally, the MeHg formation - Methylmercury (10 – 30 μg/kg) was also significant and probably formed via chemical reactions. Furthermore, other toxic gases emitted from the vents like benzene, formaldehyde, NH3, HCl, H2S, CO, Cl2, NH3, SO2, and NO were detected, and many of their average annual concentrations exceeded numerous times the permissible Polish norms limits (Nádudvari et al., 2022). The formation of PAHs – Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons is also very common due to the burning processes, therefore, the lifetime cancer risks due to PAHs and heavy metals accumulations in the dumps are significant. Thus access to these dumps should be prohibited (Nádudvari et al., 2021). Abundant phenols are typical products of self-heating dumps, and their occurrence shows the coking conditions inside the dumps (Nádudvari et al., 2020). The potential ecological and human health risks of these dumps are moderate to very high due to the significant influence of the high Hg concentrations (Nádudvari et al., 2022).
Impact of ENSO on cut-off lows in observations and model experiments
Authors: Pinheiro Henri , Ambrizzi Tercio , Hodges Kevin , Gan Manoel
Published: February 2023

Given that the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of interannual variability in the tropics, there is interest in understanding how upper-level COLs respond to changes in sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Pacific. In this study, the COL activity is evaluated with present-day simulations of AMIP-CMIP6 models and contrasted with results from ERA5 reanalysis. Results show that different large-scale circulation patterns work to enhance the COL activity with a weakened zonal mean flow, while COLs are suppressed with strengthened westerlies. Although COLs are more numerous during La Niña, they tend to be more intense during the warm phase of ENSO. Model simulations reproduce reasonably well the spatial distribution of COLs in response to the ENSO phases, but biases are found especially in coupled models. This is mainly due to the inability of the models to predict the time-mean zonal flow, which may be linked to systematic biases in the predicted SST. The underestimation of warm SST anomalies in the eastern Pacific is a well-known problem in CMIP3 and CMIP5 models and remains unsolved in CMIP6. The reduced bias in the predicted SST by coupled models seems to result in more skilful simulations in the Southern Hemisphere compared to the Northern Hemisphere. This study indicates the potential for seasonal prediction of COLs and the improvements that would occur using accurate model initialization for coupled climate models.
Using petrochronology to re-investigate the age of the HP metamorphism in the French Massif Central
Authors: de Hoÿm de Marien Luc , Pitra Pavel , Poujol Marc , Cogné Nathan , Cagnard Florence , Le Bayon Benjamin
Published: February 2023

The P–T–t evolution of eclogite samples from a locality of the French Massif Central where a Silurian age for the high-pressure metamorphism is commonly accepted is reinvestigated. Petrology combined with LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating and trace-element analysis in zircon and apatite discard the Silurian age and rather reveal an Ordovician (c. 490 Ma) rifting, a Devonian (c. 370 to 360 Ma) subduction and a Carboniferous (c. 350 Ma) exhumation in this part of the French Massif Central.The petrological study using pseudosection document a prograde evolution in the eclogite facies marked by an increase of pressure above 20 kbar associated with a strong temperature increase from 650 to 850 °C. Peak-temperature and incipient decompression to the high-pressure granulite facies (19-20 kbar and 875°C) were accompanied by partial melting of the eclogite. Further decompression resulted in partial equilibration in the high-temperature amphibolite facies (<9 kbar, 750-850°C). Local fractures filled by analcite and thomsonite testify to late interaction with alkaline fluids. Metamorphic zircon with eclogitic REE patterns (no Eu anomaly, flat HREE) and inclusions (garnet, rutile and probably omphacite) shows concordant apparent ages that spread from c. 370 down to c. 310 Ma. A c. 350 Ma age of apatite attributed to cooling following decompression from the eclogite facies indicates that zircons younger than 350 Ma, were rejuvenated but preserved an apparent eclogitic signature. It is suggested that interaction with alkaline fluids at low temperatures would lead to the recrystallisation of zircon while leaving apatite unaffected.Comparison with available P–T–t data from eclogites in Western Europe shows that Devono-Carboniferous high-temperature eclogites are also recognized in the Saxo-Thuringian and Moldanubian zones of the Bohemian Massif suggesting they belonged to the same subducting bloc. Devono-Carboniferous trench/arc and arc/back-arc relationships recognized in the Bohemian Massif and the French Massif Central respectively point to a southward subduction in both areas. This comparison challenges the historical interpretation of a northward subduction in France and brings an overall more coherent picture of the Variscan belt.
Swarm Electric Field Instruments' Thermal Ion Imagers: A Decade of Discovery
Authors: Knudsen David , Burchill Johnathan
Published: February 2023

The Swarm mission concept is innovative in its recognition that high-quality measurements of the geomagnetic field from LEO require accurate knowledge of Earth’s plasma environment, and furthermore that combined, precision measurements of fields, plasmas and neutral density from polar orbit provide a new window into ionosphere-thermosphere-magnetosphere (ITM) coupling and science. During the first decade of operations, event-based studies have led to new discoveries such as extreme plasma flows associated with the Birkeland current systems, the electrodynamic structure of multiple auroral arcs, the sub-auroral “STEVE” phenomenon, and the existence of standing Alfvén waves at equatorial latitudes. At the same time, the mission has accumulated an extensive database of measurements at high spatial resolution collected over a wide range of condition covering nearly a full solar cycle; these data have been used in longer-term statistical studies of plasma properties, high-latitude convection and ITM coupling via Poynting flux. As we enter the next decade of operations, the Swarm data are increasingly being used to inform empirical and physics-based models of the ionosphere; these in turn will comprise an important part of the long-term legacy of the Swarm mission. This talk will highlight scientific discoveries from the first decade of EFI operations, centred on observations of ion flows and associated electric fields from the EFI’s Thermal Ion Imagers, and made possible by a large and active community of collaborators. 
A spatial covariates model for storm surge extremes in the German Bight
Authors: Ditzinger Gabriel , Rust Henning , Möller Jens , Kruschke Tim , Schaffer Laura , Hinrichs Claudia
Published: February 2023

Storm surges and accompanying extreme water levels pose a major threat to coastal structures, urban and industrial areas and human life in general. In order to develop effective risk mitigation strategies, it is crucial to improve the understanding of these extreme events as well as their occurrence probabilities and quantiles, respectively.The standard procedure to estimate extreme quantiles (return-levels) is to fit a suitable distribution to the observed extreme values on a site-by-site basis. However, this approach exhibits some disadvantages: 1) Estimates of extreme quantiles are only available at gauged locations. 2) The small amount of extreme events in tide gauge records makes these estimates highly uncertain.We tackle both issues by pooling all available tide gauge records together through a covariates model that allows for smoothly varying distribution parameters in space. Using this approach, the model is not only able to reduce the uncertainty in quantile estimates, but also enables the interpolation of the distribution parameters at arbitrary ungauged locations, e.g. in between tide gauge locations.Deploying our model for the German North Sea coast, we generate a probabilistic reanalysis of extreme water levels as well as associated probabilities for the period 2000 – 2019.
Using vehicle telematics data within a digital twin of urban transport systems; a case study in the West Midlands, UK
Authors: Ghaffarpasand Omid , Pope Francis
Published: February 2023

While road transport is a cornerstone of modern civilization bringing profound positive impacts to the economy and human well-being, it is also associated with several undesirable and unsustainable outcomes including urban air pollution, climate change, noise and congestion. Hence, sustainable road transport has been given significant attention in the past two decades. Digital twins of urban transport are promising digital assets to evaluate and improve the sustainability level of the transport systems.  Digital twins provides a testbed whereby the impacts of the current and future policies and strategies can be modelled and analysed in a digital environment, helping ensure that tax money spent delivers the expected results. However, the desperate shortage of spatiotemporal road data is the major challenge in establishing data flow between the digital and physical twins of road transport. Vehicle telematics data, typically collected from GPS-connected, can provide an excellent source of intormation with which to address the spatial and temporal aspects of transport data. This presentation will highlight how telematics data can be used within road transport digital twins.In this study, we develop digital twins of road transport for Tyseley Environmental Enterprise District (TEED) a small area of east Birmingham, UK, using the newly-developed approach of GeoSpatial and Temporal Mapping of Urban Mobility (GeoSTMUM). GeoSTMUM uses vehicle telematics (location and time) data to estimate several road transport characteristics such as the average speed of traffic flow, travel time, etc., with high spatial and temporal resolutions of 15m and 2h, respectively. It also allows for evaluation of the average vehicle dynamic status as the speed-time-acceleration profile of the roads. Vehicle telematics data for this study were collected for the years 2016 and 2018 through the WM-AIR projct (www.wm-air.org.uk). We then use real-world fleet composition and exhaustive emission measurements to translate the vehicle dynamics status into the real-urban fuel consumption and CO2 and NOx emission factors. Results highlight the importance on fleet renovation, in terms of vehicle propulsion systems (EURO class, fuel type, etc.) upon real-urban emissions and fuel consumption. The presentation will end with example future use cases of telematics data within digital twins.            
Mobility and Retention of Rare Earth Elements in Coastal Aquifers
Authors: Amiel Nitai , Dror Ishai , Berkowitz Brian
Published: February 2023

Rare earth elements (REEs) play a crucial role in manufacturing high-tech products and developing various technologies, including those related to the transition to clean energy. Consequently, there has been a significant increase in REE production, which has the potential to contribute to the contamination of groundwater systems that are highly susceptible to industrial pollution. Groundwater REE contamination, specifically in coastal aquifer systems, could affect large populations that rely on that water for drinking and domestic use. In this study, we conducted column transport experiments using five representative coastal aquifer materials to understand better the mechanisms that control REE mobility and retention in coastal aquifers. These experiments were conducted by adding humic acid (HA) to the REE solution under fresh and brackish water conditions. The REEs were shown to be most mobile in sand samples, followed by two types of low-calcareous sandstone and one type of high-calcareous sandstone, and least mobile in red loamy sand. The mobility of REEs, found in solution primarily as REE-HA complexes, was controlled mainly by the retention of HA, which increases with ionic strength. Furthermore, it was found that the presence of carbonate and clay minerals reduces REE mobility due to enhanced surface interactions. The enrichment of middle-REE (Nd-Gd) was observed in the sand samples, while heavy-REE (Tb-Lu) enrichment was observed in the calcareous sandstones and the red loamy sand. This change in REE pattern likely originates from the release of carbonate ions from the carbonate minerals that stabilize heavy-REEs compared to middle-REEs.
Potentials and limitations of MLPs for predicting groundwater heads under climate change
Authors: Gosses Moritz , Wöhling Thomas
Published: February 2023

With the increasing threat of climate change, projections of its impact on the availability of natural resources, such as groundwater, are becoming significantly more important. While extrapolation or prediction is a valid application for environmental system models, their assumptions and limitations are often not clearly communicated or investigated. This is especially true for data-driven models, which have been applied more frequently, and often with great success, to groundwater problems in the last decade. But are these techniques applicable to long-term future predictions of the impact of climate scenarios on groundwater resources, and if so, under which conditions and limitations?Within the context of KlimaKonform (Technische Universität Dresden, 2023), a research project studying the impact of climate change on the Central German Uplands, ensembles of multi-layer perceptron (MLP) models have been derived to estimate groundwater levels for a variety of wells in a region in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. Once trained to replicate historical time series with climatological input data such as precipitation and temperature, these model ensembles were then tasked to predict the groundwater levels up until the end of the current century under different climate scenarios.We analyse the plausibility of the model ensemble predictions to shed light on the above-proposed question: what are factors (and metrics) of success, as well as limitations and possible failures, of data-driven methods (MLPs in this case) for long-term prediction? First, we propose that using ensembles of models, rather than “the single-best” trained model, is a necessity for such applications. We identify different methods of pre-processing of input and target data, structural model setup as well as target-oriented post-processing of ensemble simulations as vital factors for the successful application of MLPs to long-term prediction of groundwater levels under climate change scenarios. We further highlight remaining limitations and pose the question of how they could potentially be overcome. Technische Universität Dresden, 2023. KlimaKonform: Forschungsprojekt KlimaKonform. https://klimakonform.uw.tu-dresden.de/
Ice multiplication in simulated deep convective clouds with the ICON model
Authors: Han Cunbo , Hoose Corinna , Dürlich Viktoria
Published: February 2023

Ice multiplication processes have been recognized to play an important role in the forming of cloud ice crystals, and multiple mechanisms have been proposed to describe ice multiplication. Ice multiplication processes have been investigated for a variety of cloud types, but mostly for stratiform clouds or shallow cumulus, which do not reach temperatures of homogeneous freezing. In this study, sensitivity experiments are performed to study the role of ice multiplication in the developing stages of deep convective clouds. A double-moment cloud physics scheme was adopted. Except as the default Hallett-Mossop rime splintering process, two additional ice multiplication processes, which are droplet shattering during the freezing of supercooled drops and the collisional breakup of ice particles, are implemented. Moreover, two different parameterization schemes for the collisional breakup of ice particles. Simulation results reveal that the ice multiplication processes have a significant impact on the cloud microphysical properties and thermodynamic phase distribution within the cloud. At the cloud top, the fingerprint of ice multiplication is weaker. Collisional breakup is found to dominate ice multiplication, and the collisional breakup process rate is larger than rime splintering and droplet shattering process rates by 4 and 3 orders of magnitude, respectively. The ice enhancement factor (the ratio of ice mass or number in simulations with and without ice multiplication) has a strong vertical variation, with the maximum around -10°C and -25°C. Besides, the cascade effect on ice cloud number concentration was also investigated.
Weakened AMOC upper limb compensated by strengthened South Atlantic subtropical gyre circulation in CESM1-LE simulations
Authors: Marcello Fernanda , Tonelli Marcos , Ferrero Bruno , Wainer Ilana
Published: February 2023

The upper limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) brings shallow interocean contributions to replenish the North Atlantic export of deepwaters. It is primarily formed in the southern South Atlantic where the converging entrainment of Pacific and Indian Ocean waters meet and incorporate into the South Atlantic subtropical gyre (SASG). Here, the human-induced response of AMOC and SASG near-surface pathways is illustrated according to CESM1 Large Ensemble simulations from 1920 to 2100, where future projections derive from the most aggressive (yet most realistic) scenario in assumed fossil fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions. In terms of flow redistribution, it is shown that the AMOC upper limb weakens not because less waters are being imported from the adjacent ocean basins — but because they are being mostly directed to recirculate in the southwestern portion of a distorted SASG, turning back southward after reaching the South Atlantic western boundary.
Formation of the zoning parttern in moonstones
Authors: Cao Ke , Zhao Fu-Feng , Hou Zhao-Liang , Zheng Li-Shan
Published: February 2023

Moonstones are a gem-quality feldspar with a special exsolution structure and are well-known for the unique moonshine effect of themselves. However, formation of such “moonshine” is still a mystery. One possibility to reveal it, is by understanding, the formation mechanisms of moonstone exsolution fashion, which is constituted by the lamellae inclusions and the associated zoning patterns (banding structures). Here, by combining the mineralogical- and geochemistry techniques, we investigated the chemistry and textures of the chemical patterns in moonstones in detail. Two different color moonstones (orangish and grayish) are the object of study. Although Raman and EPMA analyses indicate that, both moonstones are orthoclase (Or73.65~90.38), the orange moonstone is colored by hematite inclusions while the gray one is by magnetite inclusions. The orange moonstone has two lamellae types, which are An-containing albite phase (An6.53~18.93) and K-high albite phase (≈An6.23). The An-containing albite lamellae demonstrated a µm-size zone with a decrease of An content (18.93 to 6.53) from the zone center to edge. In contrast, the gray moonstone does not show any zoning structure. Those allow for further analyses focusing on the zone structures, in combination of XRD diffraction structure analysis, La-ICP-MS whole-rock principal element analysis and phase diagram simulation, and by which, we proposed a two-stage-growth process for exsolution structure that is formed in the   orange moonstone. The first stage of exsolution results in oligoclase lamellae, and the second stage results in K-high albite lamellae, in which part of Ab-rich phase became to individual K-high albite lamellae, while part of Ab-rich phase continues to dissolve around the oligoclase, forming the zoning structure. We formulated that the gray moonstone has only one formation stage which corresponds to the second stage of the orange moonstone. Our detail descriptions of moonstone might be a valuable contribution to further the study of moonshine effect.
Multi-temporal satellite interferometric technique for structures 3D rigid motion assessment with uncertainty estimation
Authors: Grassi Francesca , Mancini Francesco , Bassoli Elisa , Vincenzi Loris
Published: February 2023

In the last decade, with the launch of high-resolution and short revisit time Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite missions new possibilities arose in the structure and infrastructure monitoring field. In particular, with the use of multi-temporal interferometric techniques applied to high-resolution SAR data, the displacement time series of stable ground targets (the Persistent Scatterers or PS) can be reconstructed with an accuracy of 1-2 mm/yr and a spatial resolution of few meters. The information extracted from SAR products could be relevant both for the preventive conservation and maintenance and for the health assessment of the existing built heritage, in particular when exposed to ground deformation phenomena. Some issues related to the use of multi-temporal satellite interferometric techniques in structural applications need to be carefully investigated; in particular, the reliability of SAR-derived data in these applications needs to be assessed due to the small displacements affecting a damaged structure.The proposed work investigates the potentialities of multi-temporal satellite interferometric techniques in the structural monitoring field. In particular, the 3D rigid motion of isolated buildings is reconstructed computing the motion parameters from a dual-orbit set of Persistent Scatterers. The uncertainties affecting the estimated parameters are also assessed on the basis of an error model taking into account the uncertainties related to the displacement measurements from the interferometric technique and the expected errors in the positioning of the scatterers.The method has been tested on COSMO-SkyMed SAR data processed with a SNAP-StaMPS open-source procedure complemented by in-house procedures for the calibration of SAR products with velocities from GNSS observations. Moreover, the topographic error affecting the elevation of the Persistent Scatterers was estimated and the planimetric coordinates of the scatterers were corrected accordingly, since an accurate 3D positioning of the scatters is fundamental when dealing with structural investigations.The obtained results show that 3D rigid motions can be estimated in the order of few mm/yr for the displacements and mrad/yr for the rotations with corresponding precision at one order of magnitude smaller than the associated parameters.FundingThe methodology adopted in the present research was developed in the frame of the FAR Mission Oriented 2021 Project (Satellite Methods for Structural Monitoring, SM4SM, contract E95F21002900007) with the financial support of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and Fondazione di Modena.
Distribution and characteristics of landslides in the Fraser River Corridor, Southwestern British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Steelquist Aaron , Seagren Erin , Carr Julia , Baird Kyra , Heathfield Derek , Menounos Brian , Larsen Isaac , Dingle Elizabeth , Venditti Jeremy
Published: February 2023

Landslides are major drivers of landscape evolution. Mass-wasting events connect hillslope and channel processes through the downslope transferal of sediment, which can impact fluvial systems in a multitude of ways. Coarse sediment delivered into the channel can impact flow dynamics, alter river incision rates through the tools and cover effect, deflect reach-scale river alignment, and disrupt riverine ecosystems. The feedbacks between landslides, fluvial processes, and landscape evolution remain largely unexplored despite increasingly detailed landslide inventories, enabled by the availability of airborne lidar mapping and high-resolution topographic data. To better understand the nature of these feedbacks across varying lithologies, tectonic conditions and valley morphologies we explore post-glacial landslides (~14 ka to present) in the Fraser River valley in southwest British Columbia, Canada. We created a landslide inventory using existing literature and 2,560 km2 of new airborne lidar along the Fraser Canyon corridor, a 375-km stretch of the Fraser River, which flows through multiple regions with distinct climate, morphology, and geology. We documented ~300 landslides with areas between 2 x 103 and 2 x 106 m2. Failure types include translational bedrock slides, earthflows, and rock avalanches, which vary systematically with bedrock geology and valley morphometrics. We find more translational bedrock and earthflow failures in the broader, U-shaped valley of the northern Fraser River canyons, where sedimentary, metasedimentary, and volcanic bedrock are more common. Rock avalanches are more common in the southern Fraser River canyon, where valley walls are composed of plutonic and metamorphic rocks, however the southern region has fewer landslide features overall. These findings suggest individual failures and their combined impact on the post-glacial evolution of the Fraser River are sensitive to both the geologic and glacial history of a particular stretch of river.
Trends of precipitation variables on different datasets
Authors: Beranova Romana , Huth Radan
Published: February 2023

It is a well-established fact that different types of data (station, gridded, reanalysis) possess different statistical characteristics, e.g. for higher-order moments, extremes, and trends. In this contribution we examine the long-term changes in precipitation characteristics on different data sources over Europe. We calculate and display differences between the datasets and attempt to identify causes for the differences and for specific behavior of the datasets. We used data from stations across Europe (ECA&D project), gridded data (E-OBS) and reanalysis (NCEP/NCAR, JRA-55). We mainly analyze the trends of the seasonal total amount, intensity and probability of precipitation. Long-term trends of seasonal values of precipitation variables and their statistical significance are calculated by non-parametric methods (Mann-Kendall test, Kendall statistic). The analysis is conducted on a seasonal basis, with emphasis on winter and summer. We found that each of the datasets has its advantages and drawbacks. Trends in reanalysis deviate considerably from the other datasets mainly because the type and amount of data assimilated into them change in time. The weakness of the grid data sets is the unstable number of stations entering the interpolation in time, and the lack of representativeness of some climate stations is the main disadvantage of the station data.
Recycled organic materials as fertilisers to meet agriculture demand on phosphorus in Mediterranean soils
Authors: Boubehziz Sana , Barrón Vidal , del Campillo María del Carmen , Sánchez-Rodríguez Antonio Rafael
Published: February 2023

Phosphorus (P) is essential for plant development and to feed the world population. Most of the P that is used as a fertiliser in agriculture has a mineral origin, whose reserves are scarce as it is a non-renewable resource. Also, international conflicts add pressure to agriculture due to several reasons, for example, increasing the price of the fertilisers (including P fertilisers). At least since 2015 the European Union promotes strategies based on circular economy, and, more recently with the Mission ‘A Soil deal for Europe’, pursues to enhance soil health as this is the base of our food systems, habitats, economy, and prosperity. In Mediterranean areas of Europe, calcareous soils with a low content in organic matter and limitations in the phytoavailability of nutrients such as P and micronutrients (Fe and Zn), are predominant. For these reasons, biobased P fertilisers from wastes/residues could be an alternative to mineral P fertilisers in these soils at the same time as they could enhance soil health as they are rich in organic matter and nutrients. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of different residues (digestate from a biogas plant, compost of olive mill pomace, compost of solid urban waste, vermicompost and vegetal residues) to act as P fertilisers in calcareous soils. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and the non-application of P were also included in the study to compare with biobased fertilziers. A field experiment was developed (randomized block-4 design) in a calcareous Vertisol in the South of Spain (Córdoba) for two years (in the traditional wheat and sunflower rotation). The different biobased P fertilisers and DAP were applied at the same rate (30 kg P ha-1) and incorporated into the arable layer of the soil (20 cm depth) before sowing durum wheat. Different analyses were done to evaluate the immediate (durum wheat) and residual (sunflower) effects of the different fertilisers: soil P and micronutrients’ availability, biomass and yield, plant nutrient uptake, soil enzyme activities, and bacterial and fungal composition in soil. The obtained results showed a good performance of the biobased fertilizers in comparison with the mineral fertiliser (DAP), i.e., wheat biomass was not negatively affected due to the application of the biobased fertilisers. In addition, the organic fertilizers had an obvious effect on the activity of soil enzymes, especially in acid phosphatase, finding the highest values in the non-P fertilised soils. The biobased P fertilizers evaluated in this study can be an efficient alternative to mineral P fertilizers in Mediterranean areas to maintain soil P availability, enhance soil functionality, provide organic matter, P and other nutrients to the plant.
Signatures and Significance of Lithogenic, Hydrothermal, Biogenic, and Authigenic Mineral Fractions in Ridge Flank Sediments of the East Pacific Rise
Authors: Nadolsky Christina , Höfken Adrian , von Dobeneck Tilo , Kasten Sabine
Published: February 2023

The complex mineralogy and dynamic geochemical processes make the sediments of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the eastern Pacific an important research target. Although the sediments and depositional conditions in the study area have been investigated recently, there are still unresolved issues due to the heterogeneity of the sediments. By combining rock magnetic properties and elemental composition data of sediment core SO240-69SL (12° 39.855' N, 119° 13.374' W, water depth of 4275 m) with endmember modeling we aim at contributing to a better understanding of the origin and genesis of the sediments.Based on magnetostratigraphy, the sediments retrieved at this site are backdated to 3.59 Ma and show pronounced changes in sedimentary input through time. The multi-proxy approach reveals four major sediment components: (1) a bottom current-transported lithogenic source derived from weathering of crustal rocks, (2) a low-temperature hydrothermal component of iron-rich clay minerals, (3) a calcareous fraction restricted to the lower part of the core, and (4) authigenic iron-manganese precipitates found at present and past redox boundaries.The sedimentary input from 3.59 to 2.82 Ma is dominated by the low-temperature hydrothermal component and preservation of biogenic carbonates. Endmember modeling shows that the hydrothermal component decreases upward, which is indicative of an increasing distance of the site from the hydrothermal source. From 2.41 to 1.14 Ma, a pronounced change in sediment color and magnetic properties (ARM, ARM/IRM) as well as geochemical properties (Fe/Ti, Si, Al) marks a pause in sedimentation. Thereafter, the sedimentary environment shifts towards lithogenic-dominated sediments with constant content of biogenic magnetite, accompanied by a decrease in sedimentation rate from 1.02 to 0.25 cm ka-1.This study demonstrates the potential of using combined rock magnetic and geochemical approaches to reconstruct the complex depositional and early diagenetic history of abyssal sediments. It provides new insights into the sediment formation, mineralogy, and highlights the importance of low-temperature hydrothermal and authigenic minerals, in addition to lithogenic and biogenic sources, on (magnetic) sediment properties. 
Detecting the future impact of the "Grain for Green" program on land use/ land cover and hydrological regimes in a watershed of the Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Yi Haijie , Zhang Xiaoping , He Liang , He Jie , Tian Qilong , Zou Yadong , An Zefeng
Published: February 2023

    To increase vegetation coverage and improve ecosystem services, the government has promulgated and implemented the program of "Grain for Green" from 1999 to the present. How and where vegetation cover increases and how land use changes are the determinant factors in regional water resources and hydrological regimes. On Chinese Loess Plateau (LP), an arid and semiarid area with fragmented topography and the transitional vegetation nature, accurate prediction of land use and vegetation change is particularly important. We employed a simple habitat analogy approach, the "Matching Tree Species with Site" principle and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to predict the potential vegetation restoration and land use/land cover (LULC) change and investigated its impact on the hydrological regime in a watershed of Liujiahe. Results showed that the maximum recoverable vegetation cover of the Liujiahe watershed was 71.1%, where still 9.2% potential for the vegetation cover and the vegetation of 36.4% of the area continued to improve in the future. Under the current status of vegetation restoration, the areas suitable for future afforestation in the watershed are limited in the area of only 46.06 km2; on this basis, cropland will decrease by 47.4%, and grassland and forestland will increase by 15.8% and 0.7%, respectively, in comparison with 2020. However, SWAT results showed that vegetation restoration has already reduced annual mean runoff and soil water content (SW) by 44.2% and 43.9%, respectively, while evapotranspiration (ET) has increased by 12.6%, and the land use changes in the next 20-30 years will further reduce the runoff and SW by 15.6% and 11.1% respectively, and increase ET by 1.2%. Overall, large-scale vegetation restoration has greatly affected amounts and spatial-temporal distribution of hydrological regimes on the Loess Plateau. After 20 years of vegetation restoration, there is still room for further restoration in the area, however, considering the limited rainfall and water carrying capacity, the vegetation restoration of this watershed should be based on natural restoration or low water consumption grasses and shrubs to avoid a water resources crisis. These results is expected to provide a perspective for modelling LULC changes in areas with fragmented terrain and highly influenced by human activities, and to provide an important for underpinning sustainable management of natural resources on the LP under long-term ecological restoration.
Advances in the knowledge of seismogenetic structures in the eastern edge of the Pyerenees
Authors: Ruiz Mario , Diaz Jordi , Canari Ariadna , Ortuño Maria , Vergés Jaume
Published: February 2023

Although the seismic activity at the eastern Pyrenees is nowadays moderate and sparse, with events usually not exceeding magnitudes 4.5, this area has been affected in the past by the most destructive event occurred in the Pyrenees, reaching an intensity of IX, whose seismogenic structure is not well  understood and still under debate. In order to progress in the knowledge of these structures, we present here the results derived from a 14 months-long broad-band seismic deployment focused on the Cerdanya Basin, but encompassing the eastern termination of the Pyrenees. The dense station coverage has allowed us to obtain accurate hypocentral locations, as well as up to 23 focal mechanisms from local low-magnitude earthquakes. In addition to a relatively sparce seismicity, several clusters of seismic events located in well-defined, small areas and depth ranges have been identified. The results show a few low-magnitude seismic events located in the southern limit of the Cerdanya Basin that could be related to oblique secondary faults within the footwall of the Têt Fault, the major tectonic structure in the area. Our data shows also that the Capcir Fault has associated seismicity, with some of the events located out of the fault plane, perhaps on secondary fault branches. To the east, a cluster of low-magnitude events is detected in the epicentral area of two relatively large earthquakes occurred recently, probably indicating the development of the preparatory phase. Further west, the Maladeta Massif has a sustained seismic activity, although its origin does not seem to be related to the most relevant structure in the area, the North Maladeta Fault. Regarding focal mechanisms, most of them show normal fault solutions with nodal planes NW-SE oriented, which are in agreement with the extensional regime perpendicular to the axis of the chain derived from the seismic and geodesic data.

 
Identifying tracer and pollutant sources in drainage networks from point observations using an efficient convex unmixing scheme
Authors: Lipp Alex , Barnes Richard
Published: February 2023

Water and sediment transport minerals, micro-plastics, heavy-metals, pathogens, DNA, RNA, and emerging contaminants through river networks. We would like to use point observations of these concentrations to determine where and how much of these are entering the network. However, downstream samples are mixtures of all the potential upstream sources. Separating out the contribution of an individual source requires "unmixing" the network's waters or sediments.Here, we describe a very efficient approach to perform such an unmixing, identifying the contribution from each nested sub-catchment in a drainage basin. First, we abstract the sub-catchments defined by our sampling sites into a directed acyclic graph. Each node (sub-catchment) in the graph is defined as having an upstream area, which we know, and a tracer source concentration, whose value we want to find. If we assume that when two rivers meet their tracers' fluxes are combined conservatively then downstream concentrations are the mixture of all upstream concentrations, weighted by upstream area.To solve for the source concentration of each sub-catchment we define a convex optimisation problem, minimising the relative difference in the predicted and observed tracer concentration at each sample site. Due to its convexity, this optimisation problem can be solved in less than a second for networks of a 100 nodes. Uncertainties can be estimated using a Monte-Carlo style approach. We have made an open-source, Python implementation of this algorithm available on GitHub. This implementation requires as input (1) a spreadsheet containing sample site locations and observed tracer concentrations and (2) a D8 flow-direction raster map. This is a powerful approach for locating and quantifying the sources of conservatively mixed tracers or pollutants in drainage networks.
Gaps in Attribution for the Next UK Climate Change Risk Assessment
Authors: Betts Richard , Mudhar Regan , Mitchell Dann , Stott Peter
Published: February 2023

We will present findings from a comprehensive review of the detection and attribution of climate change in the UK, including both recent and past events within the observation record. We will highlight where there are notable gaps, including those that can and cannot be closed with existing data and/or attribution techniques.This systematic review of detection and attribution literature will feed into a report, with a database of supporting evidence, to inform the Climate Change Committee’s upcoming UK Climate Change Risk Assessment. The first part of the review will cover the detection and attribution of weather and climate changes in the UK, relevant to specific Climate Impact Drivers, while the second will cover societal, infrastructural, economic, and biodiversity impacts associated with these. As part of this, we will identify variables which are key drivers of multiple impacts, and, importantly, where further attribution analysis is needed, especially when the impacts are critical for UK risk.
Spatial complementary of offshore wind farm Iberian Peninsula sites based on COSMO-REA6 high-resolution reanalysis.
Authors: López-Franca Noelia , Gaertner Miguel Ángel , Sánchez Enrique , Gallardo Clemente , Molina María Ofelia , Ortega María , Gutiérrez Claudia
Published: February 2023

The energy transition is a fundamental endeavour in the way towards a zero-carbon future that will allow us to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. There are plans at a European Union level and, also at Iberian Peninsula (IP) one, to strongly increase the installed wind power capacity by 2030, with the aim by 2050 of making Europe the first climate-neutral continent. Onshore wind and solar photovoltaic are currently by far the main renewable technologies installed on the IP, receiving other potential dispatchable energy resources such as offshore wind less attention. This resource should also be considered due to its high energy potential and the increasing difficulty of finding suitable land for new onshore wind farms. Although some areas, such as the western IP, show high potential, there are important spatial constraints for the deployment of floating offshore wind towers, related to wind infrastructure technologies and legislative limits. Together, wind power generation is, by nature, complex, irregular and hard to be forecasted. Thus, increasing interconnections between regions can dampen the impact of wind variability on local wind power generation. An analysis of the spatial complementarity of the top potential floating offshore wind farm sites across IP is then proposed in this work. For this purpose, hourly wind fields from COSMO-REA6 very high resolution reanalysis (0.055º) in the 1995-2018 period were used to compute the wind capacity. The wind speed was vertically interpolated to the hub height of 105 meters of a reference turbine at each grid point between the levels 36-39 (approximately 35 to 178 meters) of the reanalysis by a cubic polynomial function using the least squares fit. Then, a total of 55 potential locations of Iberian commercial floating wind farm projects were manually collected, mainly from publicly available information. Of these, ten potential sites were chosen by applying a methodology that finds the combination of sites that minimizes the coefficient of variation of the aggregate wind power. The first results indicate that, in the period considered, it is more advantageous for the Iberian electricity system to build wind farms farther apart, giving priority to wind farm projects located in the northeast and northwest coastal corners of IP. Thus, as more distant sites are added, the coefficient of variation decreases more than the capacity factor. This behaviour varies slightly by season, with the variation decreasing the most in winter and the capacity factor decreasing the most in summer.
Anthropogenic Fingerprint on Recent Changes in Typhoon Heavy Rainfall beyond Tipping-Point
Authors: Kim Hyungjun , Utsumi Nobuyuki
Published: February 2023

The impact of climate change on typhoon is of great concern in the East Asia. In particular, typhoon heavy rainfall has a destructive impact on our society and economy since they are many megacities along the coastal regions. Although observations suggest significant changes in typhoon heavy rainfall, the contribution of anthropogenic forcing has not been determined.In this study, we show that anthropogenic global warming has a substantial impact on the observed changes in typhoon heavy rainfall in the western North Pacific region. Observational data show that, in general, typhoon heavy rainfall has increased (decreased) in coastal East Asia (tropical western North Pacific) during latter half of 20th Century and onward. A similar spatial distribution is found in the “Anthropogenic fingerprint”, difference between Earth systems with and without human-induced greenhouse gas emission, from a set of large ensemble climate simulations. This provides evidence to support that the significant increase in the frequency of typhoon heavy rainfall along coastal East Asia is not explained solely by natural variability. Further, the results show that since mid-1970s, the signal of “Anthropogenic fingerprint” has been increasing rapidly and departs from natural variability in early-2000s.Reference:Utsumi, N., & Kim, H. (2022). Observed influence of anthropogenic climate change on tropical cyclone heavy rainfall. Nature Climate Change, 12(5), 436–440. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01344-2
AwesomeGeodataTable - Towards a community-maintained searchable table for data sets easily usable as predictors for spatial machine learning
Authors: Nölscher Maximilian , Cooke Anne-Karin , Willkommen Sandra , Gomez Mariana , Broda Stefan
Published: February 2023

In the field of spatial machine learning, access to high-quality data sets is a crucial factor in the success of any analysis or modeling project, especially in subsurface hydrology. However, finding and utilizing such data sets can be a challenging and time-consuming process. This is where AwesomeGeodataTable comes in. AwesomeGeodataTable aims to establish a community-maintained searchable table of data sets that are easily usable as predictors for spatial machine learning starting with the focus on subsurface hydrology. With its user-friendly interface and currently small but growing number of data sets, AwesomeGeodataTable will make it easier for researchers and practitioners to find and use the data they need for their work. It brings the usability of existing data set collections to a next level through adding features for filtering and searching meta information on data sets. This talk will introduce attendees to the AwesomeGeodataTable project, its goals and features, and how they can get involved in maintaining and extending its database and expanding its features and user experience. Overall, AwesomeGeodataTable is a valuable resource for anyone working in the field of spatial machine learning, and we hope to see it become a widely used and respected resource in the community.
Crustal thickness estimation and interpretation in Greenland from space gravity data.
Authors: Cambier Florent , Llubes Muriel , Seoane Lucia , Darrozes José
Published: February 2023

Uses of recent gravity data, from Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellites, are an effective solution to obtain stable data over Greenland. Here, we used the GOCO06s and EGM2008 gravity models, as well as topography and ice thickness data from BedMachine v4, to reverse the complete Bouguer anomaly and obtain the thickness of the Greenlandic crust. Our results indicate an average thickness ranging between 45 and 47 ±4.5 km, with thin zones of 40 to 44 ±4.5 km and thick structures varying from 48 ±4.5 km up to 57 ±4.5 km. Our results are consistent with other studies albeit locally different on the coasts. A geological interpretation of our results has been completed and infer the presence of the Archean craton, the Paleoproterozoic domain, the Caledonian and Ellesmerian orogens, as well as another structure that could correspond to Paleo-Neoproterozoic basins.