bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of passive uterine straightening during intrauterine insemination on pregnancy rates and ease of technique
Authors: Ayas Selcuk , Gurbuz Ayse , Ayaz Reyhan , Asoglu Mehmet Reşit , Selcuk Selcuk , Alkan Akif , Eren Sadiye
Published: November 2011

Aim:  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of passive uterine straightening during intrauterine insemination (IUI).

Material and Methods:  A randomized controlled trial was conducted at Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Pediatric Research and Training Hospital. Participants were 460 women with unexplained infertility. Interventions were IUI by passive straightening of the uterus by means of bladder filling, or IUI performed with an empty bladder. Main outcome measures included pregnancy rate and difficulty of IUI.

Results:  Four hundred and sixty couples were allocated: 230 couples were allocated to the full bladder group, and 230 couples were allocated to the empty bladder group (control). The pregnancy rate was higher in the full bladder group than in the empty bladder (control) group (P = 0.03, 13.5% vs 7.4%; relative risk [RR] 1.95 for pregnant patients; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.048–3.637). The risk of undergoing difficult IUI was higher in the empty bladder group than the full bladder group (P < 0.001; 10.0% vs 37.8%, RR 0.18 for difficulty IUI; 95% CI 0.11–0.30). The clinical pregnancy rate was also higher in the group of patients who had easy IUI than in the group of patients who had difficult IUI (P < 0.05, 12.7% [42/331] vs 5.5% [6/110]); RR 2.51 for pregnancy; 95% CI 1.04–6.09).

Conclusion:  Passive straightening of the uterus makes the procedure less difficult and improves the clinical pregnancy rate.
Laparoscopic management of large ovarian tumors: Clinical tips for overcoming common concerns
Authors: Hong Jin Hwa , Choi Joong Sub , Lee Jung Hun , Son Chang Eop , Jeon Seung Wook , Bae Jong Woon
Published: November 2011

Aim:  This study was performed to assess the feasibility and efficacy of laparoscopic management for patients with large ovarian tumors.

Material and Methods:  A retrospective analysis was performed of the medical records of 52 women who underwent laparoscopic surgery for large ovarian tumors whose maximum diameter was ≥15 cm and a low possibility of malignancy.

Results:  The median age of patients was 35 years (range 18–84), median body mass index was 22.4 kg/m2 (range 12.4–31.5) and 18 patients had previous operative history. The median tumor diameter was 17 cm (range 15–40). There were no conversions to laparotomy and perioperative complications. The median operating time, estimated blood loss, and hospital stay were 80 min (range 25–225), 100 mL (range 50–500) and 3 days (range 2–14), respectively. The operative procedures performed were salpingo–oophorectomy (n = 26), ovarian cystectomy (n = 16), laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy with unilateral or bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy (n = 9), and laparoscopically assisted staging surgery (n = 1). The histopathological results were mucinous cystadenoma (n = 25), mature cystic teratoma (n = 9), serous cystadenoma (n = 6), endometrioma (n = 5), mucinous borderline tumor (n = 4), follicular cyst (n = 2), and clear cell carcinoma (n = 1).

Conclusion:  Laparoscopic management of large ovarian tumors is feasible and efficient with appropriate patient selection and experience of surgeons.
Retracted: Placental alpha‐microglobulin‐1 rapid immunoassay for detection of premature rupture of membranes
Authors: Phupong Vorapong , Sonthirathi Vatinee
Published: November 2011

The following article from the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, ‘Placental alpha‐microglobulin‐1 rapid immunoassay for detection of premature rupture of membranes’ by Vorapong Phupong and Vatinee Sonthirathi, published online on 9 November 2011 in Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com), and in Volume 38, Number 1, pp. 226–230, has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, Shiro Kozuma, and Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd. The retraction has been agreed to due to inaccurate results caused by the unintentional mishandling of the tests used in the study.
Trade credit and company performance during the 2008 financial crisis
Authors: Kestens Katrien , Van Cauwenberge Philippe , Bauwhede Heidi Vander
Published: November 2011

We investigate whether the 2008 financial crisis had an impact on companies’ trade credit, and whether changes in trade credit mitigated the crisis’s impact on firm profitability. We document that the availability of trade credit decreased, and that this decline is more pronounced, the higher the companies’ pre‐crisis reliance on short‐term debt. We further report evidence that the redistribution hypothesis holds during crisis periods. Finally, we show that the crisis had a negative impact on company performance, but that this impact was lower (greater) for firms that report an increase in trade receivables (payables) in crisis compared to pre‐crisis periods.
Overexpression of GCN2‐type protein kinase in wheat has profound effects on free amino acid concentration and gene expression
Authors: Byrne Edward H. , Prosser Ian , Muttucumaru Nira , Curtis Tanya Y. , Wingler Astrid , Powers Stephen , Halford Nigel G.
Published: November 2011

A key point of regulation of protein synthesis and amino acid homoeostasis in eukaryotes is the phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) by protein kinase general control nonderepressible (GCN)‐2. In this study, a GCN2‐type PCR product (TaGCN2) was amplified from wheat (Triticum aestivum) RNA, while a wheat eIF2α homologue was identified in wheat genome data and found to contain a conserved target site for phosphorylation by GCN2. TaGCN2 overexpression in transgenic wheat resulted in significant decreases in total free amino acid concentration in the grain, with free asparagine concentration in particular being much lower than in controls. There were significant increases in the expression of eIF2α and protein phosphatase PP2A, as well as a nitrate reductase gene and genes encoding phosphoserine phosphatase and dihydrodipicolinate synthase, while the expression of an asparagine synthetase (AS1) gene and genes encoding cystathionine gamma‐synthase and sulphur‐deficiency‐induced‐1 all decreased significantly. Sulphur deficiency–induced activation of these genes occurred in wild‐type plants but not in TaGCN2 overexpressing lines. Under sulphur deprivation, the expression of genes encoding aspartate kinase/homoserine dehydrogenase and 3‐deoxy‐D‐arabino‐heptulosonate‐7‐phosphate synthase was also lower than in controls. The study demonstrates that TaGCN2 plays an important role in the regulation of genes encoding enzymes of amino acid biosynthesis in wheat and is the first to implicate GCN2‐type protein kinases so clearly in sulphur signalling in any organism. It shows that manipulation of TaGCN2 gene expression could be used to reduce free asparagine accumulation in wheat grain and the risk of acrylamide formation in wheat products.
Role of the hypothalamus in the neuroendocrine regulation of body weight and composition during energy deficit
Authors: Sainsbury A. , Zhang L.
Published: November 2011

Energy deficit in lean or obese animals or humans stimulates appetite, reduces energy expenditure and possibly also decreases physical activity, thereby contributing to weight regain. Often overlooked in weight loss trials for obesity, however, is the effect of energy restriction on neuroendocrine status. Negative energy balance in lean animals and humans consistently inhibits activity of the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐thyroid, ‐gonadotropic and ‐somatotropic axes (or reduces circulating insulin‐like growth factor‐1 levels), while concomitantly activating the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, with emerging evidence of similar changes in overweight and obese people during lifestyle interventions for weight loss. These neuroendocrine changes, which animal studies show may result in part from hypothalamic actions of orexigenic (e.g. neuropeptide Y, agouti‐related peptide) and anorexigenic peptides (e.g. alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone, and cocaine and amphetamine‐related transcript), can adversely affect body composition by promoting the accumulation of adipose tissue (particularly central adiposity) and stimulating the loss of lean body mass and bone. As such, current efforts to maximize loss of excess body fat in obese people may inadvertently be promoting long‐term complications such as central obesity and associated health risks, as well as sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Future weight loss trials would benefit from assessment of the effects on body composition and key hormonal regulators of body composition using sensitive techniques.
The role of targeted chemical proteomics in pharmacology
Authors: Sutton Chris W
Published: November 2011

Traditionally, proteomics is the high‐throughput characterization of the global complement of proteins in a biological system using cutting‐edge technologies (robotics and mass spectrometry) and bioinformatics tools (Internet‐based search engines and databases). As the field of proteomics has matured, a diverse range of strategies have evolved to answer specific problems. Chemical proteomics is one such direction that provides the means to enrich and detect less abundant proteins (the ‘hidden’ proteome) from complex mixtures of wide dynamic range (the ‘deep’ proteome). In pharmacology, chemical proteomics has been utilized to determine the specificity of drugs and their analogues, for anticipated known targets, only to discover other proteins that bind and could account for side effects observed in preclinical and clinical trials. As a consequence, chemical proteomics provides a valuable accessory in refinement of second‐ and third‐generation drug design for treatment of many diseases. However, determining definitive affinity capture of proteins by a drug immobilized on soft gel chromatography matrices has highlighted some of the challenges that remain to be addressed. Examples of the different strategies that have emerged using well‐established drugs against pharmaceutically important enzymes, such as protein kinases, metalloproteases, PDEs, cytochrome P450s, etc., indicate the potential opportunity to employ chemical proteomics as an early‐stage screening approach in the identification of new targets.
Gallium compound GaQ3‐induced Ca2+ signalling triggers p53‐dependent and ‐independent apoptosis in cancer cells
Authors: Gogna Rajan , Madan Esha , Keppler Bernhard , Pati Uttam
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A novel anti‐neoplastic gallium complex GaQ3 (KP46), earlier developed by us, is currently in phase I clinical trial. GaQ3 induced S‐phase arrest and apoptosis via caspase/PARP cleavage in a variety of cancers. However, the underlying mechanism of apoptosis is unknown. Here, we have explored the mechanism(s) of GaQ3‐induced apoptosis in cancer cells, focusing on p53 and intracellular Ca2+ signalling.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH GaQ3‐induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis were determined in cancer cell lines, with different p53 status (p53+/+, p53−/− and p53 mutant). Time course analysis of intracellular Ca2+ calcium release, p53 promoter activation, p53‐nuclear/cytoplasmic movements and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were conducted. Ca2+‐dependent formation of the p53–p300 transcriptional complex was analysed by co‐immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Ca2+ signalling, p53, p300 and ROS were serially knocked down to study Ca2+–p53–ROS ineractions in GaQ3‐induced apoptosis.

KEY RESULTS GaQ3 triggered intracellular Ca2+ release stabilizing p53–p300 complex and recruited p53 to p53 promoter, leading to p53 mRNA and protein synthesis. p53 induced higher intracellular Ca2+ release and ROS followed by activation of p53 downstream genes including those for the micro RNA mir34a. In p53−/− and p53 mutant cells, GaQ3‐induced Ca2+‐signalling generated ROS. ROS further increased membrane translocation of FAS and FAS‐mediated extrinsic apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study disclosed a novel mechanism of Ca2+‐signalling‐mediated p53 activation and ROS up‐regulation. Understanding the mechanism of GaQ3‐induced apoptosis will help establish this gallium‐based organic compound as a potent anti‐cancer drug.
Understanding the first steps in embryonic stem cell exit from the pluripotent state
Authors: Luckey C. John , Lu Yu , Marto Jarrod A.
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND: We are interested in understanding how a given cell type, in response to external cues from its environment, makes the decision to differentiate. In the case of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), the key external factor that maintains their undifferentiated state is the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). LIF removal causes mESCs to exit their pluripotent state and differentiate into more restricted precursors. Although LIF is known to activate multiple different phosphorylation cascades, the mechanisms by which its removal leads to mESC differentiation are not well understood.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In order to identify the molecular events that occur upon LIF removal, we developed a set of novel experimental approaches that allowed identification and quantification of global phosphorylation changes that occur when mESCs are deprived of LIF. These included growth of mESCs on permeable membranes and development of a robust and sensitive phospho‐proteomics platform to quantify early signaling events.

RESULTS: In addition to the well‐characterized tyrosine 705 phosphorylation of STAT3, LIF removal results in the rapid phosphorylation of multiple other proteins known to regulate the mESC self‐renewal on both tyrosine, serine, and threonine residues. We hypothesize that these unique posttranslational modifications help drive the exit of mESCs from the pluripotent state.

CONCLUSIONS: Our data set the stage for future studies investigating the functional role of these phosphorylation events in mESCs. These studies were greatly facilitated by the National Blood Foundation, whose support in the crucial initiation phase of these studies was invaluable.
Urban Minority Women's Perceptions of and Preferences for Postpartum Contraceptive Counseling
Authors: Yee Lynn , Simon Melissa
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Focused antenatal contraceptive counseling about postpartum contraception may reduce the risk of contraceptive nonuse and misuse, although the optimal timing, content, and communication style of such counseling remain controversial. This study used an in‐depth, qualitative approach in a population of young, postpartum, urban, minority group women in order to examine women's perspectives toward the optimal provision of comprehensive contraceptive counseling.

Methods: Brief surveys and semistructured interviews were conducted with 30 consenting postpartum women. In‐person, one‐on‐one interviews were then reviewed for themes, by using an iterative process. Qualitative analysis techniques identifying emergent themes were applied to interview data.

Results: In this cohort of African American (63%) and Hispanic (37%) women (median age 26 y), 73% had unplanned pregnancies. Women preferred frequent, short sessions of provider‐initiated comprehensive contraceptive counseling throughout the antepartum period with reinforcement of decisions during the postpartum period. Participants valued patient‐centered counseling that was inclusive of all appropriate methods and personalized to individual needs.

Discussion: We recommend that frequent, provider‐initiated, multiple‐modality discussions of appropriate postpartum contraceptive options should take place throughout pregnancy in an open, individualized manner. Further work should address the long‐term effects of improved patient‐centered antenatal contraceptive counseling on rates of unintended pregnancy.
A Pilot Study Evaluating a Telephone‐Based Exercise Intervention for Pregnant and Postpartum Women
Authors: Lewis Beth A. , Martinson Brian C. , Sherwood Nancy E. , Avery Melissa D.
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Exercise during pregnancy is associated with reduced rates of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, anxiety, insomnia, and excessive weight gain. Continued exercise during the postpartum period is important for healthy weight loss and reduced anxiety. Unfortunately, pregnant and postpartum women are significantly less active than nonpregnant women. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate a telephone‐based exercise intervention designed for pregnant and postpartum women.

Methods: Healthy women (N = 37) who were pregnant (16 weeks’ gestation or less) or postpartum (6 months or less) participated in a 3‐month, telephone‐based exercise intervention based on the transtheoretical model and social cognitive theory. Exercise was assessed by using the 7‐Day Physical Activity Recall Interview.

Results: Pregnant participants significantly increased their exercise from a mean (standard deviation [SD]) of 60.47 (63.1) minutes per week at baseline to 132.9 (82.3) minutes at 3 months, F(1,13) = 9.96, P < .01. Postpartum participants significantly increased their exercise from a mean (SD) of 68.9 (63.5) minutes per week at baseline to 123.8 (48.8) minutes at 3 months, F(1,15) = 6.56, P < .05.

Discussion: Participants responded positively to the intervention by significantly increasing their exercise levels. There is a need for a large, randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of telephone‐based exercise interventions for pregnant and postpartum women.
Perineal Analgesia With an Ice Pack After Spontaneous Vaginal Birth: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Leventhal Lucila Coca , de Oliveira Sonia Maria Junqueira Vasconcellos , Nobre Moacyr Roberto Cuce , da Silva Flora Maria Barbosa
Published: November 2011

Introduction: This study evaluated the effectiveness of an ice pack applied for 20 minutes to alleviate perineal pain after spontaneous vaginal birth.

Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial at the Amparo Maternal Birth Center in São Paulo, Brazil. Study participants included 114 nulliparous women divided into 3 groups (n = 38 per group): experimental (ice packs on the perineum), placebo (water packs at set temperature), and control (no treatment).

Results: A numerical scale (0 to 10) was used for pain assessment. A comparison of the average pain at the beginning and after 20 minutes showed a significant reduction of pain (P < .001) in the 3 groups, and the experimental group had a lower average score for pain compared with the control group (1.6 versus 3.3, P = .032).

Discussion: The use of ice packs for 20 minutes was effective for perineal pain relief after vaginal birth.
Maternal Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone and the Use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Independently Predict the Occurrence of Preterm Birth
Authors: Latendresse Gwen , Ruiz Roberta Jeanne
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Studies support the premise that chronic maternal stress may trigger a premature sequence of physiologic events ending in preterm birth (PTB). Furthermore, chronic stress is highly correlated with depression and anxiety, which also are associated with PTB. However, some studies report that medication status rather than depression and/or anxiety may reflect the risk for PTB. Although the purpose of this small, preliminary study was to evaluate the association between chronic maternal stress and PTB, this report focuses on the unexpected finding of the association between maternal use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and PTB.

Methods: A prospective cohort study of 100 pregnant women included measures of contributors to chronic maternal stress and corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH). Demographic and behavioral data included smoking, substance use, and use of medications for depression and anxiety.

Results: Pregnant women who used SSRIs to treat depression and/or anxiety were nearly 12 times more likely to give birth before term when compared with women who did not use these medications. Women with CRH levels in the fourth quartile were 6 times more likely to give birth before term when compared with women whose CRH levels were in the lower 3 quartiles. No associations were found between SSRI use and CRH levels.

Discussion: Associations between PTB and maternal use of SSRIs are not understood. It is important not to alter current approaches to the treatment of depression and anxiety without thorough discussion with women regarding the potential benefits and harms of various treatment options.
Stressful Childbirth Situations: A Qualitative Study of Midwives
Authors: Halperin Ofra , Goldblatt Hadass , Noble Anita , Raz Iris , Zvulunov Irit , Liebergall Wischnitzer Michal
Published: November 2011

Introduction: This study aimed to explore clinical life‐threatening childbirth situations, which midwives perceive as extremely stressful, and to identify how midwives cope with those experiences.

Methods: Participants were 18 midwives employed in 6 labor and delivery units in Israeli hospitals. Individual semistructured, in‐depth interviews were conducted wherein participants were asked to describe an extremely stressful situation that they had experienced, their significant feelings associated with the event, their coping strategies, and their support systems.

Results: Thematic content analysis revealed 2 themes, with each consisting of 4 categories. The first theme focused on reactions to stressful childbirth situations and their impact on midwives. Categories were: functioning professionally in an unexpected reality, emotional reactions, physical reactions, and long‐term effects. The second theme related to coping with stressful situations, focusing on coping difficulties, and suggestions for change. Categories were: midwives’ coping difficulties, their colleagues’ reactions, their feelings about supervisory staff support, and their suggestions for meeting expressed needs.

Discussion: Stressful childbirth situations can have a long‐term impact on midwives’ professional and personal identities. Midwives need to feel supported and valued in order to deal with emotional stress. Incorporating clinical supervision by experienced midwives can serve as a supportive framework for other midwives.
Racial Discrimination and the Black‐White Gap in Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Review
Authors: Giurgescu Carmen , McFarlin Barbara L. , Lomax Jeneen , Craddock Cindy , Albrecht Amy
Published: November 2011

Introduction: The purpose of this integrative review was to evaluate what is known about the relationship between racial discrimination and adverse birth outcomes.

Methods: A search of the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO was conducted. The keywords used were: preterm birth, premature birth, preterm delivery, preterm labor, low birth weight, very low birth weight, racism, racial discrimination, and prejudice. Ten research studies were reviewed. All of the studies included African American women in their samples, were conducted in the United States, and were written in English. We did not limit the year of publication for the studies. Data were extracted based on the birth outcomes of preterm birth, low birth weight, or very low birth weight.

Results: A consistent positive relationship existed between perceptions of racial discrimination and preterm birth, low birth weight, and very low birth weight. No relationship was found between racial discrimination and gestational age at birth.

Discussion: Future research should explore the effects of racial discrimination as a chronic stressor contributing to the persistent gap in birth outcomes between racial groups.
Spectrum of Anxiety Disorders: Diagnosis and Pharmacologic Treatment
Authors: Karsnitz Deborah Brandt , Ward Sheila
Published: November 2011

Nearly 30% of women experience an anxiety disorder at some time during their lives, and there is increasing evidence that anxiety disorders are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Despite increased media coverage regarding anxiety disorders, women are reluctant to discuss signs and symptoms of anxiety with family or health care providers. Additionally, despite ongoing research and improved educational curricula, primary care and women's health care providers find diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders challenging. This article reviews the diagnostic features and pharmacologic treatment options for the most common anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The impact of anxiety disorders on pregnancy and guidelines for management are presented.
Developing a Reproductive Life Plan
Authors: Files Julia A. , Frey Keith A. , David Paru S. , Hunt Katherine S. , Noble Brie N. , Mayer Anita P.
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this article is 2‐fold: to emphasize the importance of a reproductive life plan and to define its key elements. We review the 2006 recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) regarding ways to improve the delivery of preconception health care to women in the United States, with particular focus on encouraging individual reproductive responsibility throughout the life span and on encouraging every woman to develop a reproductive life plan. We propose recommendations for the content of a reproductive life plan and explore ways to incorporate the guidelines from the CDC into clinical practice. By encouraging women to consider their plans for childbearing before they become pregnant, clinicians have the opportunity to influence behavior before pregnancy, which may decrease the incidence of unintended pregnancies and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Postpartum Depressive Symptomatology: Results from a Two‐Stage US National Survey
Authors: Tatano Beck Cheryl , Gable Robert K. , Sakala Carol , Declercq Eugene R.
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Up to 19% of new mothers have major or minor depression sometime during the first 3 months after birth. This article reports on the prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms and risk factors obtained from a 2‐stage US national survey conducted by Childbirth Connection: Listening to Mothers II (LTM II) and Listening to Mothers II Postpartum Survey.

Methods: The weighted survey results are based on an initial sample of 1573 women (1373 online, 200 telephone interviews) who had given birth in the year prior to the survey and repeat interviews with 902 women (859 online, 44 telephone) 6 months later. Three main instruments were used to collect data: the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS), the Patient Health Questionnaire‐2 (PHQ‐2), and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale‐Self Report (PSS‐SR).

Results: Sixty‐three percent of the women in the LTM II sample screened positive for elevated postpartum depressive symptoms with the PDSS, and 6 months later 42% of the women in this sample screened positive for elevated postpartum depressive symptoms with the PHQ‐2. A stepwise, multiple regression revealed 2 variables that significantly explained 54% of the variance in postpartum depressive symptom scores: posttraumatic stress symptom scores on the PSS‐SR and health promoting behaviors of healthy diet, managing stress, rest, and exercise.

Discussion: The high percentage of mothers who screened positive for elevated postpartum depressive symptoms in this 2‐stage national survey highlights the need for prevention and routine screening during the postpartum period and follow‐up treatment.
Vicious Dogs Part 2: Criminal Thinking, Callousness, and Personality Styles of Their Owners
Authors: Schenk Allison M. , Ragatz Laurie L. , Fremouw William J.
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  Every year over 885,000 dog bites require serious medical attention. Based on human injury and insurance claims, six dog breeds were designated as “vicious” (Akitas, Chows, Dobermans, Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and Wolf‐mixes). This study was conducted to expand on previous research examining antisocial tendencies and personality styles of people choosing to own vicious breeds. Seven hundred and fifty‐four college students completed a questionnaire assessing type of dog owned, criminal thinking, callousness, personality, alcohol usage, and deviant lifestyle behaviors. Vicious dog owners reported significantly higher criminal thinking, entitlement, sentimentality, and superoptimism tendencies. Vicious dog owners were arrested, engaged in physical fights, and used marijuana significantly more than other dog owners. However, the homogeneous sample utilized could impact the generalizability of these findings. Choosing to own a vicious dog may be a “thin slice” indicator of more antisocial tendencies.
Developmental Validation of the AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® Plus PCR Amplification Kit: An Established Multiplex Assay with Improved Performance
Authors: Wang Dennis Y. , Chang Chien‐Wei , Lagacé Robert E. , Calandro Lisa M. , Hennessy Lori K.
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  Analysis of length polymorphism at short tandem repeat (STR) loci utilizing multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) remains the primary method for genotyping forensic samples. The AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® Plus PCR Amplification Kit is an improved version of the AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® PCR Amplification Kit and amplifies the core CODIS loci: D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, CSF1PO, FGA, TH01, TPOX, and vWA. Additional loci amplified in the multiplex reaction are the sex‐determinant, amelogenin, and two internationally accepted loci, D2S1338 and D19S433. While the primer sequences and dye configurations were unchanged, the AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® Plus PCR Amplification Kit features an enhanced buffer formulation and an optimized PCR cycling protocol that increases sensitivity, provides better tolerance to PCR inhibitors, and improves performance on mixture samples. The AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® Plus PCR Amplification Kit has been validated according to the FBI/National Standards and Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) guidelines. The validation results support the use of the AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® Plus PCR Amplification Kit for human identity and parentage testing.
Defining a periodontitis case: analysis of a never‐treated adult population
Authors: Baelum Vibeke , López Rodrigo
Published: November 2011

Aim

The purpose of the present study was to assess the extent to which the three periodontitis case definition systems proposed by van der Velden, Tonetti & Claffey and Page & Eke identify the same cases in a population of never‐treated adults with limited tradition for oral hygiene procedures.

Material and Methods

Based on data on clinical attachment level (CAL), probing pocket depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) of four sites in all teeth present among 1,130 adult Kenyans we classified the population according to the three case definition systems, and according to the occurrence of the concomitant presence of CAL and BOP at the site level.

Results

The case definitions by Tonetti & Claffey and by Page & Eke yielded similar results, which were also quite similar to the results of simply identifying a case of periodontitis as a person having at least one site showing both CAL ≥ 4 mm and BOP.

Conclusions

The results indicate that it should be feasible for the periodontal community to reach an agreement over the distinction between a case and a non‐case. The classification system proposed by van der Velden is better suited for providing clinicians with a clear image of the case.
Retrobulbar primitive neuroectodermal tumor in a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Banlunara Wijit , Tsuboi Masaya , Uchida Kazuyuki , Kongmekee Piyaporn , Ngamsuk Piyanee , Nakayama Hiroyuki
Published: November 2011

Background  A 2.8‐year‐old female captive‐bred common squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) showed exophthalmos of the right eye, and the eye was surgically enucleated. A tumor mass was found in the eye.

Methods  Formalin‐fixed tumor samples were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically for diagnosis.

Results  The retrobulbar tumor mass adhered to the sclera and infiltrated the choroid. Histopathologically, tumor cells were pleomorphic, arranged in a sheet pattern, and mimicked primitive neuroectodermal cells. The tumor cells were strongly positive for precursor neuronal cell markers (beta III tubulin, neuron‐specific enolase, vimentin, nestin, doublecortin, oligo2, and S‐100), but negative for mature cell markers (cytokeratin, neurofilament, and glial fibrillary acidic protein) and a retinoblastoma marker (rhodopsin).

Conclusions  This is the first reported case for the retrobulbar location of primitive neuroectodermal tumor in non‐human primates.
Lipid metabolism and other metabolic changes in vervet monkeys experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Authors: Gaithuma A.K. , Karanja S.M. , Ngotho M. , Maathai R.G. , Kagira J.M. , Maina N.W.N.
Published: November 2011

Background  Human African trypanosomiasis is associated with metabolic changes which have not been well characterized.

Methods  Chlorocebus aethiops were experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and late‐stage disease induced at 28 days post‐infection. Ear prick blood for glucose determination and blood samples were obtained at weekly intervals for 56 days. Analysis was carried out using dry chemistry analysis.

Results  In early infection, there was a significant increase in creatine kinase, while during early and transitional stage of infection there was a significant decrease in glucose and high‐density lipoprotein and an increase in triglyceride levels. In the late stage, there was a significant increase in both total cholesterol and LDL levels.

Conclusions  Further investigations should focus on levels of total cholesterol during the follow‐up period in curatively treated vervet monkeys. Apart from their importance in disease staging, the changes in lipids levels may also affect the pharmacokinetics of some trypanocides.
Consistent seed bank spatial structure across semi‐natural habitats determines plot sampling
Authors: Plue Jan , Hermy Martin
Published: November 2011

Question

Seed bank sampling remains a critical bottleneck to the quality of studies investigating community patterns in the seed bank. The main cause is a large knowledge gap in two aspects critical to sampling, i.e. spatial autocorrelation and species–area relations. The central question of this study is how the seed bank of a single plot should be sampled, in order to obtain more precise estimates on plot seed bank characteristics, without resorting to a disproportionate investment of available resources. Similar seed bank samples may then enable better plot‐based statistical inference of ecological patterns in the seed bank in community ecology studies.

Location

Semi‐natural habitats in Flanders (Belgium) and northern France.

Methods

We investigated the fine‐scale spatial structure of individual seed banking species across 12 2.1 m × 2.1 m plots in three widespread habitats: temperate forest, grassland and heathland. Soil core samples (128) were collected in each plot, using a combined systematic (64) and random design (64). This enabled both geostatistical analyses of the fine‐scale spatial structure of individual species–plot combinations as well as the calculation of sampled‐based species rarefaction curves.

Results

Fine‐scale (i.e. within plot) spatial seed bank structure was detected in all plots in each habitat, in at least one or usually more plant species. Over half of the species records displayed significant spatial structure – visible as a random distribution of seed clusters – with medium to strong spatial dependence between point observations of a species of ca. 30 cm. Species rarefaction curves did not attain an asymptote at the actual sampling intensity of 128 samples. Seven out of 12 extrapolated species rarefaction curves did reach an asymptote in less than 384 samples.

Conclusions

Using these consistent results in spatial structure and species–area relations across habitats, we present a method of how researchers can develop a tailor‐made seed bank design to accommodate their individual needs, abiding by simple predefined boundaries. When the tailored design samples ca. 3% of a plot surface area along a systematic grid with a mesh width of at least 30 cm, these studies will potentially significantly increase the comparability among future seed bank community studies in semi‐natural habitats.
Construction and humanization of a functional bispecific EGFR × CD16 diabody using a refolding system
Authors: Asano Ryutaro , Nakayama Makoto , Kawaguchi Hiroko , Kubota Tsuguo , Nakanishi Takeshi , Umetsu Mitsuo , Hayashi Hiroki , Katayose Yu , Unno Michiaki , Kudo Toshio , Kumagai Izumi
Published: November 2011

We previously reported the construction and activity of a humanized, bispecific diabody (hEx3) that recruited T cells towards an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) positive tumor. Herein, we describe the construction of a second functional, fully humanized, anti‐EGFR bispecific diabody that recruits another subset of lymphocyte effectors, the natural killer cells, to EGFR‐expressing tumor cells. After we confirmed that an anti‐EGFR × anti‐CD16 bispecific diabody (Ex16) consisting of a previously humanized anti‐EGFR variable fragment (Fv) and a mouse anti‐CD16 Fv had growth inhibitory activity, we designed a humanized anti‐CD16 Fv to construct the fully humanized Ex16 (hEx16). However, the humanized form had lower activity for inhibition of cancer growth. To restore its growth inhibitory activity, we introduced mutations into the Vernier zone, which is located near the complementarity‐determining regions and is involved in their binding activity. We efficiently prepared 15 different hEx16 mutants by expressing each chimeric single‐chain component for hEx16 separately. We then used our in vitro refolding system to select the most functional mutant, which had a growth inhibitory effect comparable with that of the commercially available chimeric anti‐EGFR antibody, cetuximab. Our refolding system could aid in the efficient optimization of other proteins with heterodimeric structure.
Impact of Hurricane Dean (2007) on Game Species of the Selva Maya, Mexico
Authors: Ramírez‐Barajas Pablo J. , Islebe Gerald A. , Calmé Sophie
Published: November 2011

We assessed the effects of a high‐intensity hurricane on the abundance of nine game species in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. We sampled 370 km of linear transects in the 3 yr before the hurricane (i.e., 2003–2005), and 315 km in 3 yr after the hurricane (2008–2010). Relative track abundances of all species declined by two‐thirds of their prehurricane values. Abundances of Central American agouti Dasyprocta punctata, white‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus, paca Cuniculus paca, and Great Curassow Crax rubra declined significantly after the hurricane swept the area. Relative track abundances showed a negative, but nonsignificant trend for Ocellated Turkey Meleagris ocellata, white‐nosed coati Nasua narica, brocket deer Mazama sp., and collared peccary Pecari tajacu. Only nine‐banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus showed a significant increase in abundance. Strictly frugivore and habitat specialist species were more affected than omnivores and habitat generalist species. These latter characteristics, or their combination, seemed advantageous to withstand the stress of habitat disturbance. The trend of posthurricane recovery was incipient for affected species, and it was significant for five species after the impact. Overall, most frugivores and habitat specialists did not reach their prehurricane relative track abundances, and Great Curassow showed no recovery trend. The future expectation of increased frequency and intensity of hurricanes might have severe effects on such species.
SOURCE DIVERSITY OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION DURING MEAL PREPARATION
Authors: EL‐TRAS WAEL F. , TAYEL AHMED A. , EL‐KADY NEVEIN N.
Published: November 2011

Potential sources of Toxoplasma gondii infection, as a foodborne zoonotic disease, and suggested control strategies, were investigated. Samples of fresh buffalo meat (FBM) and imported frozen buffalo meat (IFBM), raw vegetables (RVs) and irrigation water (IW) were examined for the presence of T. gondii infective stages. Serum samples from housewives, regarding their gloves usage, were serologically inspected for T. gondii antibodies. The prevalence of T. gondii tissue cysts in FBM and IFBM were 15.4 and 0%, respectively. FBM had an increased risk of 18.60 times than IFBM. The prevalence of T. gondii tissue cysts in RV and IW were 13 and 16.7%, with 0.78 times increased relative risk, respectively. The total antibodies were significantly differed between nonglove users and glove users, with seropositivities of 31 and 10.3%, respectively. Soaking of RV in water at 65C or in vinegar solution at 45C for 1 min was an effective treatment for complete elimination of the contaminant T. gondii oocysts.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Meat products processed from imported frozen buffalo meat could be regarded as safe for toxoplasmosis transmission in Egypt. Freezing of fresh meat at −20C prior to processing could be advised as a protective technique for inactivating potential Toxoplasma cysts. Wearing of protective gloves is recommended for housewives' protection from T. gondii transmission during meal preparation. Raw vegetables (RVs) could be considered as potential sources for toxoplasmosis transmission. RV soaking in water at 65C or in vinegar solution at 45C for 1 min is highly suggested for inactivating the sporulated oocysts of T. gondii.
Influenza viruses in Thailand: 7 years of sentinel surveillance data, 2004–2010
Authors: Chittaganpitch Malinee , Supawat Krongkaew , Olsen Sonja J. , Waicharoen Sunthareeya , Patthamadilok Sirima , Yingyong Thitipong , Brammer Lynnette , Epperson Scott P. , Akrasewi Passakorn , Sawanpanyalert Pathom
Published: November 2011

Please cite this paper as: Chittaganpitch et al. (2012) Influenza viruses in Thailand: 7 years of sentinel surveillance data, 2004–2010. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(4), 276–283.

Background  The re‐emergence of avian influenza A (H5N1) in 2004 and the pandemic of influenza A (H1N1) in 2009 highlight the need for routine surveillance systems to monitor influenza viruses, particularly in Southeast Asia where H5N1 is endemic in poultry. In 2004, the Thai National Institute of Health, in collaboration with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, established influenza sentinel surveillance throughout Thailand.

Objectives  To review routine epidemiologic and virologic surveillance for influenza viruses for public health action.

Methods  Throat swabs from persons with influenza‐like illness and severe acute respiratory illness were collected at 11 sentinel sites during 2004–2010. Influenza viruses were identified using the standard protocol for polymerase chain reaction. Viruses were cultured and identified by immunofluorescence assay; strains were identified by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Data were analyzed to describe frequency, seasonality, and distribution of circulating strains.

Results  Of the 19 457 throat swabs, 3967 (20%) were positive for influenza viruses: 2663 (67%) were influenza A and able to be subtyped [21% H1N1, 25% H3N2, 21% pandemic (pdm) H1N1] and 1304 (33%) were influenza B. During 2009–2010, the surveillance system detected three waves of pdm H1N1. Influenza annually presents two peaks, a major peak during the rainy season (June–August) and a minor peak in winter (October–February).

Conclusions  These data suggest that March–April may be the most appropriate months for seasonal influenza vaccination in Thailand. This system provides a robust profile of the epidemiology of influenza viruses in Thailand and has proven useful for public health planning.
Optimization of Microwave‐Assisted Extraction of Anthocyanins from Mulberry and Identification of Anthocyanins in Extract Using HPLC‐ESI‐MS
Authors: Zou Tangbin , Wang Dongliang , Guo Honghui , Zhu Yanna , Luo Xiaoqin , Liu Fengqiong , Ling Wenhua
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  Anthocyanins are naturally occurring compounds that impart color to fruits, vegetables, and plants. This study aims to optimize the microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) conditions of anthocyanins from mulberry (M. atropurpurea Roxb.) using response surface methodology (RSM). A Box–Behnken experiment was employed in this regard. Methanol concentration, microwave power, and extraction time were chosen as independent variables. The optimized conditions of MAE were as follows: 59.6% acidified methanol, 425 W power, 25 (v/w) liquid‐to‐solid ratio, and 132 s time. Under these conditions, 54.72 mg anthocyanins were obtained from 1.0 g mulberry powder. Furthermore, 8 anthocyanins were identified by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ESI‐MS) in mulberry extract. The results showed that cyanidin‐3‐glucoside and cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside are the major anthocyanins in mulberry. In addition, in comparison with conventional extraction, MAE is more rapid and efficient for extracting anthocyanins from mulberry.
Varying the Temperature of the Liquid Used for High‐Pressure Processing of Prerigor Pork: Effects on Fresh Pork Quality, Myofibrillar Protein Solubility, and Frankfurter Textural Properties
Authors: Souza C.M. , Boler D.D. , Clark D.L. , Kutzler L.W. , Holmer S.F. , Summerfield J.W. , Cannon J.E. , Smit N.R. , McKeith F.K. , Killefer J.
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  The objective was to evaluate high‐pressure processing (HPP) with varying liquid (water) temperatures on pork quality and textural properties of frankfurters. HPP pressurization liquid temperatures were 15.5 °C (HPP Low) and 29.4 °C (HPP Med). Analyses were conducted using paired boneless loins and paired boneless hams. Loins were evaluated for pH, purge loss, objective color, subjective color, firmness; and changes in color after a bloom period. Eight independent batches (2 batches each of HPP Low, paired untreated, HPP Med, and paired untreated) of frankfurters were manufactured from the outside portion of the ham and the knuckle. Both HPP treatments resulted in higher (P < 0.05) ultimate pH and less (P < 0.05) purge loss of the loin. Loin tenderness was not different among either HPP treatment temperature groups when compared to untreated controls except HPP Med chops were more tender (P = 0.02) than untreated controls. Salt‐soluble protein extractability of inside ham muscles was lower (P < 0.05) for both HPP treatment levels when compared to untreated controls, but was not different between the 2 HPP treatment levels. Textural properties of frankfurters were not different for either HPP treatment group when compared to its respective untreated control for any parameter except springiness. HPP Low frankfurters had lower (P = 0.10) springiness values than untreated controls. Fracturability of HPP Med samples was lower (P = 0.12) than untreated controls. Overall, HPP caused higher ultimate pH and increased water‐holding capacity, but did not affect tenderness of fresh meat or textural properties of frankfurters.

Practical Application:  HPP can be used on prerigor pork as means to improve fresh pork quality. Loins from HPP‐treated pork sides had higher ultimate pH values and less package purge loss. Tenderness values were not affected positively or negatively by HPP treatment. The high pH and water‐holding capabilities of treated samples have positive implications for further processing applications. Frankfurter textural properties suggest emulsified products can be made with pressurized pork without sacrifice to the textural profile.