bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organisational Geographies of Finance: Opening the Black Box of Global Investment Banks
Authors: Heinemann Tim
Published: January 2014

For some time, economic geographers have been interested in the geographies of transnational corporations. However, these debates have not yet included a discussion of the geographies of global investment banks. This paper seeks to open the black box of global investment banks. It shows that although our understanding of the geographies of financial markets was advanced over the recent years, a discussion of the internal relations of banks remain on the agenda. To understand the investment strategy and practice of banks, it is necessary to understand the different forms of knowledge practices alongside its social and spatial division of labour. I argue that the creation of knowledge within banks is shaped not only by the local context but also through the occupational specialisms. I will conclude that a non‐uniform view of financial market institutions is essential: it allows a clearer picture of the actors who are involved in the internal decision‐making processes of global investment banks. In turn this provides an idea of the responsibilities and influence of specific actors with respect to banks' investment practices.
Urban Political Ecology: Environmental Imaginary, Governance, and the Non‐Human
Authors: Gabriel Nate
Published: January 2014

Urban political ecology (UPE) has established a firm foothold as urban environments have become increasingly relevant for both academics and for the broader environmental movement. Over the last decade, UPE has established a position that took as its starting point the tightly interwoven status of “socionature”, coupling a critical stance on urban environments through a theorization of society in which the “urban” is a distinct historical expression of capitalism. More recently, some in UPE have voiced the concern that this approach places too heavy an emphasis on structural capitalist forces and have begun to reexamine and push further UPE's engagement with post‐structuralism and post‐humanism. This paper explores three such moves: the first is a resurgence in interest in environmental imaginaries; the second is a closer engagement with the extensive literature on urban governance; the last is a new form of engagement with post‐humanism, specifically the theoretical implications of including non‐human agency into accounts of urban political ecologies.
Lynching and Power in the United States: Southern, Western, and National Vigilante Violence
Authors: Belew Kathleen
Published: January 2014

Lynching has shaped U.S. history and identity from the colonial era to the present. Recent scholarship has expanded the periodization and geographical definition of lynching to encompass not only the South from 1880 to 1930, but also acts of vigilante violence in the West that span a much longer history. New scholarship treats the terrorizing and regulatory functions of lynching, but also the work that such violence does in creating and upholding different kinds of power. Such attention to the constitutive power of violence signals a momentous turn in the historiography, one that promises to connect histories of vigilantism with those of empire, torture, war, rape, and other kinds of violence.
Spare Ribs? Early Modern Female Monasticism in the East Slavic Lands
Authors: Charipova Liudmila V.
Published: January 2014

In contrast to the robust state of research on female Catholic monasticism in Central and Western Europe, Italy and the Iberian Peninsula, the history of Orthodox and Greek Catholic convents in the Balkans and Eastern Europe remains a largely uncharted field of study. Although historical archives in those parts of Europe offer rich pickings of first‐class documentary material, the lack of up‐to‐date research methodologies in post‐Socialist countries, the current stunted condition of pre‐modern Slavic studies in Western Europe and occasional problems of archival access create obstacles against the development of this promising area of research. However, characteristic of a strong element of human interest, research on early modern women's monasticism of the Eastern Rite, has the potential to broaden the awareness of the place women held in European societies and cultures of the past and contribute to a more nuanced understanding of it at present.
Application of bone marrow samples for discrimination of acute promyelocytic leukemia from other types of acute leukemia using the routine automated hematology analyzer
Authors: Jang M. J. , Choi H. W. , Lee S. Y. , Lee O. J. , Kim H. R. , Shin J. H. , Suh S. P. , Ryang D. W. , Shin M. G.
Published: January 2014

Introduction

Unreported parameters produced by automated blood cell counter, particularly large unstained cells (LUC) and delta neutrophil index (DNI), indicated the presence of immature and possibly abnormal cell populations in white blood cell population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the laboratory performance for discrimination of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells from other types of leukemia cells and clinical value of LUC and DNI parameters in bone marrow (BM) samples of patients with acute leukemia.

Methods

A total of 73 BM samples of patients with various type of acute leukemia were analyzed. LUC and DNI parameters were determined by an automated hematology analyzer (ADVIA 120; Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, New York, NY, USA). Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U methods. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, survival analysis, and Cox proportional hazard model were used to evaluate the clinical implication.

Results

There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between APL group and other group in the DNI and LUC values except for DNI between APL group and non‐APL myeloid leukemia group. The area under curve of LUC was larger than that of DNI from the ROC analysis for discrimination between APL group and other group. High LUC value was associated with the increased risk of adverse outcomes and the worse overall survival in patients with acute leukemia.

Conclusion

Delta neutrophil index and LUC in BM showed discriminating power of APL cells from other leukemia cells.
Sarah and Her Sisters: Letters, Emotions, and Colonial Identities in the Early Modern Atlantic World
Authors: Van Gent Jacqueline
Published: January 2014

This article uses letters by indigenous converts to explore how early modern Moravian missions in the Atlantic imagined themselves as emotional communities. Moravian missions were the most successful Protestant mission enterprise in the Atlantic and established numerous missions across several empires and vastly different indigenous cultures. By comparing the letters from indigenous converts across the Atlantic rim (North America, Caribbean and Greenland) I argue that indigenous people used the medium of the written letter to participate in an imagined emotional community of Moravians while at the same time they negotiated inescapable social and gendered differences in very specific colonial contexts.
A meta‐analytic review of the relationship between emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion
Authors: Kenworthy Jared , Fay Cara , Frame Mark , Petree Robyn
Published: January 2014

This meta‐analysis examined the relationship between emotional dissonance and burnout. We collected 57 independent samples that included self‐report measures of emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion from 16,165 employees. As predicted, a reliable relationship (r = .34) between the two variables was found, indicating that employees who “fake” their emotions at work also suffer from emotional exhaustion, a key component of job burnout. Moderation analyses indicate that effect sizes strengthen as an increasing function of publication year, and are strongest in police work, compared with other service job types. As predicted from a gender role perspective, effect sizes are more pronounced as the percentage of women increases in a sample. Results suggest that emotional dissonance may be added to the growing list of job stressors that lead to emotional exhaustion.
Detection of D‐penicillamine in skin lesions in a case of dermal elastosis after a previous long‐term treatment for Wilson's disease
Authors: Neri I. , Gurioli C. , Raggi M.A. , Saracino M.A. , Morganti E. , Bugamelli F. , de Ponti F. , Vaccari S. , Patrizi A. , Balestri R.
Published: January 2014

Background

Skin adverse events associated with D‐Penicillamine (DPA) are common and multi‐faceted, although the presence of DPA or its metabolites has never been documented in the skin, because of inherent difficulties in determining its tissue levels. Thus, the association between DPA and DPA‐related dermatoses has been only hypothesized on the basis of careful history, clinical observation and typical histopathological findings.

Objective

To detect DPA in biopsy specimens in a unique case of 25‐year‐late‐onset elastosis perforans serpiginosa and pseudo‐pseudoxanthoma elasticum associated with a history of long‐term high dose DPA, by applying a recently described analytical method to assess the presence of DPA in skin.

Methods

We used a reliable analytical method based on high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with amperometric detection to look for the presence of DPA in skin biopsy specimens.

Results

A chromatographic peak corresponding to DPA was evidenced in some affected skin samples collected from the patient.

Conclusion

We documented the effective presence and the persistence after 25 years of DPA in the skin of a woman affected by elastotic cutaneous change due to a long‐term therapy with DPA. This report provides further evidence of the relationship between DPA deposit in affected skin and clinical manifestation.
Atlantic wolf‐fish Anarhichas lupus population diversity: growth and maturation
Authors: Gunnarsson Á.
Published: January 2014

Biological data from 1125 female Atlantic wolf‐fish Anarhichas lupus were collected during 2002–2006 at their main spawning and fishing grounds in Iceland. The results demonstrated substantial annual variation in growth and maturity of female A. lupus. The fast growing females mature earlier than the slow growing ones. In addition, females mature at a larger size and greater age in warmer temperatures than colder ones. There was a strong negative relationship between temperature and growth, which may indicate that the sea temperature west of Iceland has risen above the optimum for growth of female A. lupus and thereby reduced the reproductive potential of the species.
Asymmetric Complements in a Vertically Differentiated Market: Competition or Integration?
Authors: Tarola Ornella , Vergari Cecilia
Published: January 2014

We study the effects of integration of asymmetric complements when they are vertically differentiated. While confirming the standard effects of integration, namely the internalization of the double marginalization externality and the reduction of competition, we point out a new positive quality effect, due to an increase in the average quality of the goods on sale. We also characterize the conditions under which integration turns out to be optimal for both firms' and consumers. We thus provide valuable directions for competition agencies when considering the joint ownership in vertically differentiated markets.
Behavioral and brain measures (N400) of semantic priming in patients with schizophrenia: Test–retest effect in a longitudinal study
Authors: Besche‐Richard Chrystel , Iakimova Galina , Hardy‐Baylé Marie‐Christine , Passerieux Christine
Published: January 2014

Aim

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether deficits in the behavioral and/or N400 semantic priming (SP) effect observed in patients with schizophrenia constitute a stable cognitive feature of the disorder or whether they may be influenced by the severity of each individual's symptomatology.

Methods

A 1‐year test–retest study was conducted on 15 patients with schizophrenia and 10 healthy participants who performed an SP task. Both behavioral measures and event‐related potentials measures of SP were recorded twice (test and retest sessions).

Results

At test, patients exhibited a deficit in SP as was revealed by both the behavioral and the event‐related potentials measures of the amplitude of the N400 component. At retest, behavioral SP remained impaired, whereas N400 SP was significantly improved.

Conclusion

These results provide evidence that SP impairments in schizophrenia as measured by N400 should not be considered as stable cognitive markers of the disorder. The behavioral and the N400 measures of SP indicated different levels of sensitivity to subtle cognitive and brain processes, which are subject to change over the clinical course of schizophrenic disorder.
Reflective Pathways: Analysis of an Urban Science Teaching Field Experience on Noyce Scholar‐Science Education Awardees' Decisions to Teach Science in a High‐Need New York City School
Authors: Bischoff Paul , French Paul , Schaumloffel John
Published: January 2014

Awardees of the National Science Foundation's Noyce Scholars funds are required to teach science in high‐need urban or rural school districts upon graduation. The purpose of this research was to analyze the reflective considerations that distinguish preservice Noyce Scholar science education majors committed to teaching in high‐need New York City (NYC) schools from those committed to high‐need rural careers. Essays designed to expose their (n = 22) considerations of teaching in NYC written before, immediately after, and two weeks following a one‐week cultural and science teaching internship experience were coded to reveal distinguishing reflective thought patterns. The results showed that those (16/22) whose final essay showed commitment to NYC teaching viewed themselves positively as NYC teachers and that increases in positive self‐perceptions were paralleled by increases in affinity toward living in NYC and NYC schools. Those not inclined to NYC teaching (6/22) expressed increasingly negative views of themselves as NYC teachers, NYC life, and urban education generally. The research provides insights into what Noyce Scholar undergraduates in science education think about when considering a teaching career in urban school districts.
Associations between presence of handwashing stations and soap in the home and diarrhoea and respiratory illness, in children less than five years old in rural western Kenya
Authors: Kamm K. B. , Feikin D. R. , Bigogo G. M. , Aol G. , Audi A. , Cohen A. L. , Shah M. M. , Yu J. , Breiman R. F. , Ram P. K.
Published: January 2014

Objective

We tested whether soap presence in the home or a designated handwashing station was associated with diarrhoea and respiratory illness in Kenya.

Methods

In April 2009, we observed presence of a handwashing station and soap in households participating in a longitudinal health surveillance system in rural Kenya. Diarrhoea and acute respiratory illness (ARI) in children < 5 years old were identified using parent‐reported syndromic surveillance collected January–April 2009. We used multivariate generalised linear regression to estimate differences in prevalence of illness between households with and without the presence of soap in the home and a handwashing station.

Results

Among 2547 children, prevalence of diarrhoea and ARI was 2.3 and 11.4 days per 100 child‐days, respectively. Soap was observed in 97% of households. Children in households with soap had 1.3 fewer days of diarrhoea/100 child‐days (95% CI −2.6, −0.1) than children in households without soap. ARI prevalence was not associated with presence of soap. A handwashing station was identified in 1.4% of households and was not associated with a difference in diarrhoea or ARI prevalence.

Conclusions

Soap presence in the home was significantly associated with reduced diarrhoea, but not ARI, in children in rural western Kenya. Whereas most households had soap in the home, almost none had a designated handwashing station, which may prevent handwashing at key times of hand contamination.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Ranavirus Isolated from Chinese Giant Salamander (
Andrias davidianus
)
Authors: Wang Na , Zhang Min , Zhang Lifeng , Jing Hongli , Jiang Yulin , Wu Shaoqiang , Lin Xiangmei
Published: January 2014

A ranavirus (RV) was isolated from Chinese giant salamanders (
Andrias davidianus
) in China in 2010 and provisionally designated
Andrias davidianus
ranavirus (ADRV). The complete genome sequence is 106,719 nucleotides long. Genomic sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that ADRV has a high degree of conservation with other RVs.
Genome Sequence of WAU86/88-1, a New Variant of Vaccinia Virus Lister Strain from Poland
Authors: Mavian Carla , López-Bueno Alberto , Alcamí Antonio
Published: January 2014

The poxviruses Warsaw Agricultural University 86 (WAU86) and 88-1 (WAU88-1) were isolated in 1986 to 1988 from separate outbreaks in laboratory mice in Poland and described as ectromelia virus isolates. The genome sequences of these poxviruses reveal that they are almost identical and represent a novel variant of the vaccinia virus Lister strain.
Draft Genome Sequence of Clostridium mangenotii TR, Isolated from the Fecal Material of a Timber Rattlesnake
Authors: McLaughlin Richard W. , Cochran Philip A. , Dowd Scot E. , Andersen Kylie , Anderson Nichole , Brennan Rachel , Brook Nicole , Callaway Tracie , Diamante Kimberly , Duberstine Annie , Fitch Karla , Freiheit Heidi , Godlewski Chantel , Gorman Kelly , Haubrich Mark , Hernandez Mercedes , Hirtreiter Amber , Ivanoski Beth , Jaminet Xochitl , Kirkpatrick Travis , Kratowicz Jennifer , Latus Casey , Leable Tiegen , Lingafelt Nicole , Lowe DeAnna , Lowrance Holly , Malsack Latiffa , Mazurkiewicz Julie , Merlos Persida , Messley Jamie , Montemurro Dawn , Nakitare Samora , Nelson Christine , Nye Amber , Pazera Valerie , Pierangeli Gina , Rellora Ashley , Reyes Angelica , Roberts Jennifer , Robins Shadara , Robinson Jeshannah , Schultz Alissa , Seifert Sara , Sigler Elona , Spangler Julie , Swift Ebony , TenCate Rebecca , Thurber Jessica , Vallee Kristin , Wamboldt Jennifer , Whitten Shannon , Woods De'andrea , Wright Amanda , Yankunas Darin
Published: January 2014

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Clostridium mangenotii
strain TR, which was isolated from the fecal material of a timber rattlesnake. This bacterium is nonpathogenic but contains 68 genes involved in virulence, disease, and defense.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Asaia
sp. Strain SF2.1, an Important Member of the Microbiome of
Anopheles
Mosquitoes
Authors: Shane Jackie L. , Bongio Nicholas J. , Favia Guido , Lampe David J.
Published: January 2014

Asaia
spp. are abundant members of the microbiota of
Anopheles
mosquitoes, the principle vectors of malaria. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Asaia
sp. strain SF2.1. This strain is under development as a platform to deliver antimalarial peptides and proteins to adult female
Anopheles
mosquitoes.
Epithelioid cotyledonoid leiomyoma of uterus
Authors: Chawla Indu , Bhardwaj Minakshi , Sareen Neetu , Khattar Nikhil
Published: January 2014

A 42-year-old para 2 women underwent laparotomy with a preoperative diagnosis of leiomyoma uterus and ovarian endometrioma. At laparotomy, uterus was 12-week size and bilateral tubes and ovaries were normal. There was a large friable reddish-brown mass dissecting the leaves of broad ligament with extension into pelvic cavity and retroperitoneal spaces. Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with resection of tumour was performed as there was concern about the possibility of malignancy. Histopathological examination revealed a cotyledonoid leiomyoma epithelioid variant. These tumours, though benign, raise the possibility of malignancy at the time of surgery due to their bizarre and sarcoma-like appearance. It is important for the pathologist and gynaecologist to be aware of this rare variant of leiomyoma to avoid an overtreatment
Spontaneous fistulisation of infected walled-off necrosis (WON) into the duodenum in a patient following acute necrotising pancreatitis
Authors: Boopathy Vinoth , Balasubramanian Padhmini , Alexander Thomas , Koshy Roshini
Published: January 2014

Infected walled-off necrosis (WON), previously referred to by various terminologies including pancreatic abscess, is one of the well-known local complications of acute necrotising pancreatitis. Very rarely they can spontaneously rupture or fistulise into adjacent structures, leading to either further complications or resolution. More often these events lead to complications rather than resolution of the condition. We report a case of an infected WON following an episode of acute necrotising pancreatitis with spontaneous fistulisation into the duodenum resulting in a complete resolution of the symptoms.
Deaths due to injury, including violence among married Nepali women of childbearing age: a qualitative analysis of verbal autopsy narratives
Authors: Houston Kiely T , Surkan Pamela J , Katz Joanne , West Keith P , LeClerq Steven C , Christian Parul , Wu Lee , Dali Sanu M , Khatry Subarna K
Published: January 2014

Objectives

Self-harm and interpersonal violence are important causes of death among women in Nepal. We analysed prospectively collected data to investigate the extent and nature of injury-related deaths among married women aged 15–49 years, recorded through verbal autopsy in rural Sarlahi District, Nepal.

Methods

Verbal autopsies were systematically collected on all deaths of married women of reproductive age (15–49 years) over a 3-year period (1994–1997) as part of a randomised community-based trial of maternal vitamin A and β-carotene supplementation. This analysis included a three-way comparison of verbal autopsy data: qualitative free-response narratives, closed-ended responses, and physician-assigned consensus cause of death.

Results

We focused on 46 of 559 deaths (8.2%) that were determined to be injury-related. Of the 46, 28% were identified as intentionally self-inflicted, and 11% as intentionally inflicted by another. Inconsistencies were noted between verbal autopsy reports of causes of deaths and physician assessments. Conflicts within the family figured prominently in the narratives. Women with unstable family situations and suffering from mental illness were often described as having experienced violent deaths.

Conclusions

Findings highlight that intervention efforts might be necessary especially in situations where there are poor family dynamics or mental health issues in order to prevent potential intrafamily violence and possible death. Results also point to the need for further documentation of violent deaths in rural Nepal.
Cardiorespiratory, anaesthetic and recovery effects of morphine combined with medetomidine and alfaxalone in rabbits
Authors: Navarrete‐Calvo R. , Gómez‐Villamandos R. J. , Morgaz J. , Manuel Domínguez J. , Fernández‐Sarmiento A. , Muñoz‐Rascón P. , López Villalba I. , Del Mar Granados M.
Published: January 2014

Ten New Zealand White rabbits were used in a crossover experimental study: 200 µg/kg medetomidine and 1 (M1) or 2 mg/kg (M2) morphine were administered intramuscularly. After preoxygenation, anaesthesia was induced with alfaxalone at 10 mg/kg intravenously. The trachea was intubated and 60 per cent oxygen provided. Heart and respiratory rates (HR and RR), direct arterial pressures (APs), arterial pH (pHa), PaO2, PaCO2 and SaO2 were taken at baseline, after premedication and every 10 minutes during the 90 minutes following induction. The times to return the ear pinch, toe pinch and righting reflexes were recorded. Data were analysed using a two‐way analysis of variance and a paired samples t test. Compared to baseline values, HR, RR, APs, PaO2 and SaO2 decreased significantly after premedication in both groups. Postinduction apnoea of 20±10 with M1 and 27±18 minutes with M2 was experienced following alfaxalone administration, intermitent positive pressure ventilation was applied until spontaneous breathing efforts appeared. Cardiovascular variables, RR and pHa remained below, and PaCO2 over baseline values during the anaesthetic period. No significant differences were observed in the recovery times. Morphine at 1 or 2 mg/kg combined with medetomidine and alfaxalone in rabbits produced a suitable level of anaesthesia, although profound cardiorespiratory depression was found.
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERIZATION OF PIPELINED S-BOX IMPLEMENTATIONS FOR THE ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD
Authors: WANG CHENG , HEYS HOWARD M.
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we present a comprehensive investigation of the influence of pipeline configurations on the performance of ASIC implementations of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) substitution box (S-box) based on a composite field structure. We consider pipeline configurations for the S-box with a typical composite field structure by varying the number of pipeline stages and the placement approach of pipeline registers. Besides the conventional placement approach at the component level of the S-box, we adopt a new placement approach at the gate level to achieve a fine-grained pipeline. The performance of the pipelined S-boxes is characterized based on a 90-nm standard cell CMOS technology. The characterization shows that there is notable performance improvement in timing, area, power and/or energy efficiency by using an appropriate configuration compared with other configurations including non-pipelined implementations. These results are strong evidence that pipelined S-box implementations are not only suitable for high throughput AES implementations, but also valuable to resource-efficient AES implementations. In addition, it is also shown that pipelining provides many more performance options that allow more flexible implementation of the AES S-box compared with non-pipelined implementations.
Role of innate immunity and altered intestinal motility in LPS- and MnCl2-induced intestinal intussusception in mice
Authors: Killoran Kristin E. , Miller Amber D. , Uray Karen S. , Weisbrodt Norman W. , Pautler Robia G. , Goyert Sanna M. , van Rooijen Nico , Conner Margaret E.
Published: January 2014

Intestinal intussusception (ISS) commonly causes intestinal obstruction in children. One mechanism that has been proposed to cause ISS is inflammation-induced alteration of intestinal motility. We investigated whether innate inflammatory factors or altered motility is required for induction of ISS by LPS. We compared rates of ISS among BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, mice lacking lymphocytes or depleted of phagocytes, or mice with defects in the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway following administration of LPS or the Ca2+analog MnCl2. At 6 or 2 h after administration of LPS or MnCl2, respectively, mice underwent image analysis to assess intestinal contraction rate or laparotomy to identify ISS. LPS-induced ISS (LPS-ISS) was observed in BALB/c mice, but not in C57BL/6 mice or any BALB/c mice with disruptions of TLR4 signaling. LPS-induced serum TNF-α, IL-6, and nitric oxide (NO) and intestinal NO levels were similar in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The rate of LPS-ISS was significantly reduced in phagocyte-depleted, but not lymphocyte-deficient, mice. Intestinal contraction rates were reduced in LPS-ISS-susceptible BALB/c mice, but not in LPS-ISS-resistant C57BL/6 or TLR4 mutant mice, suggesting a role for reduced intestinal contraction rate in LPS-ISS susceptibility. This was tested with MnCl2,a Ca2+antagonist that reduced intestinal contraction rates and induced ISS, irrespective of mouse strain. Therefore, LPS-ISS is initiated by innate immune signaling that requires TLR4 and phagocytes but may be independent of TNF-α, IL-6, and NO levels. Furthermore, alteration of intestinal motility, specifically, reduced intestinal contraction rate, is a key factor in the development of ISS.
Exercise-induced AMPK activation does not interfere with muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training in men
Authors: Lundberg Tommy R. , Fernandez-Gonzalo Rodrigo , Tesch Per A.
Published: January 2014

As aerobic exercise (AE) may interfere with adaptations to resistance exercise (RE), this study explored acute and chronic responses to consecutive AE (∼45 min cycling) and RE (4 × 7 maximal knee extensions) vs. RE only. Ten men performed acute unilateral AE + RE interspersed by 15 min recovery. The contralateral leg was subjected to RE. This exercise paradigm was then implemented in a 5-wk training program. Protein phosphorylation, gene expression, and glycogen content were assessed in biopsies obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle of both legs immediately before and 3 h after acute RE. Quadriceps muscle size and in vivo torque were measured, and muscle samples were analyzed for citrate synthase activity and glycogen concentration, before and after training. Acute AE reduced glycogen content (32%; P < 0.05) and increased ( P < 0.05) phosphorylation of AMPK (1.5-fold) and rpS6 (1.3-fold). Phosphorylation of p70S6K and 4E-BP1 remained unchanged. Myostatin gene expression was downregulated after acute AE + RE but not RE. Muscle size showed greater ( P < 0.05) increase after AE + RE (6%) than RE (3%) training. Citrate synthase activity (18%) and endurance performance (22%) increased ( P < 0.05) after AE + RE but not RE. While training increased ( P < 0.05) in vivo muscle strength in both legs, normalized and concentric torque increased after RE only. Thus AE activates AMPK, reduces glycogen stores, and impairs the progression of concentric force, yet muscle hypertrophic responses to chronic RE training appear not to be compromised.
Bookmarking Target Genes in Mitosis: A Shared Epigenetic Trait of Phenotypic Transcription Factors and Oncogenes?
Authors: Zaidi Sayyed K. , Grandy Rodrigo A. , Lopez-Camacho Cesar , Montecino Martin , van Wijnen Andre J. , Lian Jane B. , Stein Janet L. , Stein Gary S.
Published: January 2014

The regulatory information for phenotype, proliferation, and growth of normal and tumor cells must be maintained through genome replication in the S phase and cell division during mitosis. Epigenetic mechanisms that include DNA methylation, posttranslational modifications of histones, selective utilization of histone variants, and inheritable RNA molecules play pivotal roles in maintaining cellular identity through mitotic divisions. Recent studies demonstrate that mitotic occupancy of genes, which are determinants of cell fate, growth, and proliferation, by lineage-restricted transcription factors is a key epigenetic mechanism for retention and transmission of cellular expression memory. Evidence is emerging for the presence of distinct transcriptional regulatory microenvironments in mitotic chromosomes in which the genes bookmarked for reactivation postmitotically reside. Importantly, some oncoproteins are present in mitotic microenvironments where they occupy target genes during mitosis and may contribute to perpetuating the transformed phenotype. We discuss emerging regulatory implications of epigenetically bookmarking genes during mitosis for physiologic control as well as for the onset and progression of cancer. Cancer Res; 74(2); 420–5. ©2014 AACR.
Urinary Tobacco Smoke–Constituent Biomarkers for Assessing Risk of Lung Cancer
Authors: Yuan Jian-Min , Butler Lesley M. , Stepanov Irina , Hecht Stephen S.
Published: January 2014

Tobacco-constituent biomarkers are metabolites of specific compounds present in tobacco or tobacco smoke. Highly reliable analytic methods, based mainly on mass spectrometry, have been developed for quantitation of these biomarkers in both urine and blood specimens. There is substantial interindividual variation in smoking-related lung cancer risk that is determined in part by individual variability in the uptake and metabolism of tobacco smoke carcinogens. Thus, by incorporating these biomarkers in epidemiologic studies, we can potentially obtain a more valid and precise measure of in vivo carcinogen dose than by using self-reported smoking history, ultimately improving the estimation of smoking-related lung cancer risk. Indeed, we have demonstrated this by using a prospective study design comparing biomarker levels in urine samples collected from smokers many years before their development of cancer versus those in their smoking counterparts without a cancer diagnosis. The following urinary metabolites were associated with lung cancer risk, independent of smoking intensity and duration: cotinine plus its glucuronide, a biomarker of nicotine uptake; 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and its glucuronides (total NNAL), a biomarker of the tobacco carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK); and r-1-,t-2,3,c-4-tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (PheT), a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). These results provide several possible new directions for using tobacco smoke–constituent biomarkers in lung cancer prevention, including improved lung cancer risk assessment, intermediate outcome determination in prevention trials, and regulation of tobacco products. Cancer Res; 74(2); 401–11. ©2014 AACR.
The Role of the Home-Based Provider in Disaster Preparedness of a Vulnerable Population
Authors: Wyte-Lake Tamar , Claver Maria , Griffin Anne , Dobalian Aram
Published: January 2014

Background: Veterans receiving home-based primary care (HBPC) are an especially vulnerable population served by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) due to high rates of physical, functional, and psychological limitations. These vulnerabilities may prevent these persons from being adequately prepared for disasters. HBPC providers connect the community-dwelling population with their regional health care system and thus are appropriate partners for assessing preparedness. The limited literature on this topic suggests that there are issues with the development and implementation of emergency management plans, dissemination to staff, and inconsistencies with preparedness strategies across agencies. Objective: To further explore identified issues regarding emergency management planning for patients receiving medical care in their home, including ways in which policy and procedures support the routine assessment of disaster preparedness for patients. Methods: This exploratory pilot project, carried out in a single VHA HBPC program located in an urban area, involved seven 15- to 25-min semistructured interviews with practitioners and leadership. Transcripts of the interviews were analyzed using content analysis techniques to develop themes to describe information obtained through the interviews. Results: Six themes emerged from the data: (1) a national policy regarding the inclusion of disaster preparedness assessment in routine HBPC assessment exists in only a skeletal manner and individual HBPC programs are tasked with developing their own policies; (2) the tools used at the initial assessment were rudimentary and, in some cases, individually developed by providers; (3) the comprehension of criteria for assigning risk categories (i.e. acuity levels) varied among providers; (4) the primary challenges identified by respondents to patient engagement in emergency preparedness activities included cognitive impairments, patients' willingness to invest in preparedness activities, and limited resources; (5) providers received limited formal training on how to prepare their patients for a disaster, and (6) provider recommendations included training to focus on better strategies to get patients to participate, more consistent time spent on patient education, formalization of the initial assessment, and having emergency preparedness be formally addressed on a more consistent basis. Conclusion: Formal standardized strategies regarding disaster preparedness assessment for HBPC patients, which leave room for flexibility in consideration of local factors, could assist in creating more comprehensive emergency management planning agendas and community collaboration.
FLow-Induced PRotrusions (FLIPRs)
Authors: Tersteeg Claudia , Heijnen Harry F. , Eckly Anita , Pasterkamp Gerard , Urbanus Rolf T. , Maas Coen , Hoefer Imo E. , Nieuwland Rienk , Farndale Richard W. , Gachet Christian , de Groot Philip G. , Roest Mark
Published: January 2014

Rationale:

Platelets are the most important cells in the primary prevention of blood loss after injury. In addition, platelets are at the interface between circulating leukocytes and the (sub)endothelium regulating inflammatory responses.

Objective:

Our aim was to study the dynamic process that leads to the formation of procoagulant and proinflammatory platelets under physiological flow.

Methods and Results:

In the present study, we describe the formation of extremely long, negatively charged membrane strands that emerge from platelets adhered under flow. These flow-induced protrusions (FLIPRs) are formed in vitro on different physiological substrates and are also detected in vivo in a mouse carotid injury model. FLIPRs are formed downstream the adherent and activated platelets and reach lengths of 250 μm. FLIPR formation is shear-dependent and requires cyclophilin D, calpain, and Rac1 activation. It is accompanied by a disassembly of the F-actin and microtubule organization. Monocytes and neutrophils roll over FLIPRs in a P-selectin/P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1–dependent manner, retrieving fragments of FLIPRs as microparticles on their surface. Consequently, monocytes and neutrophils become activated, as demonstrated by increased CD11b expression and L-selectin shedding.

Conclusions:

The formation of long platelet membrane extensions, such as the ones presented in our flow model, may pave the way to generate an increased membrane surface for interaction with monocytes and neutrophils. Our study provides a mechanistic model for platelet membrane transfer and the generation of monocyte/neutrophil–microparticle complexes. We propose that the formation of FLIPRs in vivo contributes to the well-established proinflammatory function of platelets and platelet-derived microparticles.
Allometric Dose Retranslation Unveiled Substantial Immunological Side Effects of Granulocyte Colony–Stimulating Factor After Stroke
Authors: Wagner Daniel-Christoph , Pösel Claudia , Schulz Isabell , Schicht Gerda , Boltze Johannes , Lange Franziska , Scheibe Johanna , Möller Karoline , Weise Gesa
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—

Granulocyte colony–stimulating factor (GCSF) showed robust neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties after stroke in rodents but failed to meet study end points in patients. Because immunologic side effects of GCSF may have escaped preclinical testing because of nonallometric dose translation, we hypothesized those as possible reasons.

Methods—

Stroke was induced in C57BL/6 mice by 45-minute filament middle cerebral artery occlusion. GCSF was administered at 50 and 832.5 μg/kg body weight. Treatment was controlled by vehicle injection, sham surgery, and naive animals. Immune cell counts were assessed in blood, spleen, and brain by multidimensional flow cytometry 1 day after stroke.

Results—

High-dose GCSF significantly altered myeloid and T-cell subpopulations in blood and spleen and caused a tremendous increase of monocytes/macrophages infiltrating the ischemic brain.

Conclusions—

Dose-dependent immunomodulation superimposes central nervous system-specific effects of GCSF after stroke. Adaption of dose or treatment time may overcome this drawback.
Addition of Hyperacute MRI Aids in Patient Selection, Decreasing the Use of Endovascular Stroke Therapy
Authors: Wisco Dolora , Uchino Ken , Saqqur Maher , Gebel James M. , Aoki Junya , Alam Shazia , George Pravin , Newey Christopher R. , Man Shumei , Tateishi Yohei , McNeil Julie , Winfield Michelle , Cheng-Ching Esteban , Hui Ferdinand K. , Toth Gabor , Bain Mark , Rasmussen Peter A. , Masaryk Thomas , Ruggieri Paul , Hussain Muhammad Shazam
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—

The failure of recent trials to show the effectiveness of acute endovascular stroke therapy (EST) may be because of inadequate patient selection. We implemented a protocol to perform pretreatment MRI on patients with large-vessel occlusion eligible for EST to aid in patient selection.

Methods—

We retrospectively identified patients with large-vessel occlusion considered for EST from January 2008 to August 2012. Patients before April 30, 2010, were selected based on computed tomography/computed tomography angiography (prehyperacute protocol), whereas patients on or after April 30, 2010, were selected based on computed tomography/computed tomography angiography and MRI (hyperacute MRI protocol). Demographic, clinical features, and outcomes were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

Results—

We identified 267 patients: 88 patients in prehyperacute MRI period and 179 in hyperacute MRI period. Fewer patients evaluated in the hyperacute MRI period received EST (85 of 88, 96.6% versus 92 of 179, 51.7%;
P
<0.05). The hyperacute-MRI group had a more favorable outcome of a modified Rankin scale 0 to 2 at 30 days as a group (6 of 66, 9.1% versus 33 of 140, 23.6%;
P
=0.01), and when taken for EST (6 of 63, 9.5% versus 17 of 71, 23.9%;
P
=0.03). On adjusted multivariate analysis, the EST in the hyperacute MRI period was associated with a more favorable outcome (odds ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–10.6;
P
=0.03) and reduced mortality rate (odds ratio, 0.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.03–0.37;
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—

Implementation of hyperacute MRI protocol decreases the number of endovascular stroke interventions by half. Further investigation of MRI use for patient selection is warranted.
Utricularia julianae (Lentibulariaceae), a new species from the savannas of the Oyapock River, French Guiana
Authors: Delprete Piero G.
Published: January 2014

Utricularia julianae, a new species from the savannas near the Oyapock River, French Guiana, is here described and illustrated. The new species is most similar to U. tenuissima, from which it can be easily distinguished by the leaves and stolons apparently lacking (vs. leaves few and on the stolons, the stolons few or lacking, in U. tenuissima), traps ellipsoid, 0.3 mm long, with 4–5 capilliform appendages (vs. ovoid, 0.3–0.8 mm long, with 1 dorsal and 2 ventral slender appendages), corolla upper lip limb deeply bilobed (vs. broadly ovate to round), spur saccate, perpendicular to the lower lip (vs. spur narrowly cylindrical, parallel to the lower lip), among other characters. In addition, the capsules of U. julianae and U. tenuissima are unique within the genus, by being very narrowly ovoid, dehiscing by a single longitudinal slit, and with a placenta projecting outside the dehisced capsule. On the basis of their numerous morphological similarities and their peculiar capsule shape and dehiscence, the new species is tentatively placed within sect. Martinia, which P. Taylor described to accommodate U. tenuissima.
Understanding Residents’ Perception Changes toward a Mega-Event through a Dual-Theory Lens
Authors: Li Xiang (Robert) , Hsu Cathy H. C. , Lawton Laura J.
Published: January 2014

This study attempts to integrate social exchange theory (SET) and social representations theory (SRT) in understanding residents’ perception changes throughout a mega-event’s full life cycle. A three-wave survey approach was employed to track local residents’ evolving attitudes toward the 2010 Shanghai Expo. Results showed that Shanghai residents’ perceived impacts at the community level were more positive than at the individual level. Residents’ visit status (i.e., whether they attended the event or not) did not appear to substantially influence their perceptions of impacts at either level, albeit attendees did demonstrate more favorable attitudes on several aspects. Most residents held similar perceptions at the beginning of and six months after the Expo had concluded, but their perceptions at the Expo’s conclusion were the most negative. This study supports that SET and SRT are distinctly operative in different contexts but can complement each other in explaining residents’ perception changes.
The Influence of Remoteness and Isolation in the Rural Accommodation Rental Price among Eastern and Western Destinations
Authors: Santana-Jiménez Yolanda , Sun Ya-Yen , Hernández Juan M. , Suárez-Vega Rafael
Published: January 2014

Experiencing the context of a rural environment is the fundamental aspect of rural travel. In order to estimate quantitative influences of the rural environment, this paper proposes to proxy rurality through two indicators: isolation and remoteness. The estimation of a hedonic pricing model with the use of both Geographic Information Systems and spatial econometrics allows obtaining the specific influence of these factors on rural lodging room prices. The methodology is applied to two tourist destinations with similar characteristics from Eastern (Taiwan) and Western (Spain) cultures. Results show that visitors’ preferences for isolation are significant but differ between these two regions. The main reasons that explain this divergence are population density differences between origin and destination, domination of international versus domestic visitors, and the intrinsic destination characteristics and perceived image. Managerial recommendations on how to emphasize the factors in the promotion of accommodation services are derived from the present study.
Modality in Philippine English
Authors: Collins Peter , Borlongan Ariane Macalinga , Yao Xinyue
Published: January 2014

The diachronic study of Philippine English (PhilE) has recently become possible through the compilation of a PhilE corpus (Phil-Brown) at De La Salle University. The period of time defined by Phil-Brown (whose sampling period was the late 1950s to the early 1960s) and ICE-Phil, the Philippines component of the International Corpus of English (comprising texts sampled in the early 1990s), covers most of the period of time over which there has been general recognition of the existence of PhilE as a World English. Based on a selection of texts from these two corpora, we examined recent changes in the use of a set of modals ( may, might, must, ought to, shall, and should) and quasi-modals ( be able to, be going to, be supposed to, have to, need to, and want to), investigating their frequency differences, genre variation, and semantic differentiation, and comparing the findings with those for British and American English of the same period. It was found that, in general, PhilE does not closely follow either British English or American English, with distinctive patterns identified both at the macro level of the overall rates of change for the modals and quasi-modals considered as two sets, and at the micro level of frequency changes of the individual items, thereby providing support for locating PhilE in the phase of “endonormative stabilization” of Schneider’s evolutionary scale. Nevertheless, there are certain areas where PhilE appears to have been striving to “catch up” with American English over the thirty-year period, suggesting that it may not yet be ready to completely renounce its exonormative allegiance to its postcolonial “parent.”
Quasi-modals and Modals in Australian English Fiction 1800-1999, with Comparisons across British and American English
Authors: Collins Peter
Published: January 2014

This article seeks to extend beyond the almost exclusive concentration in studies of grammatical change over the Late Modern English period on British and American English. It traces the fortunes in Australian English of four quasi-modals that have been grammaticalizing rapidly over this period ( have to and have got to representing the domain of necessity/obligation, and want to and be going to representing volition/prediction), comparing them with semantically related modals ( must, should, ought to, will, and shall). Data are derived from two recently compiled corpora, COOEE and AusCorp, which together cover the period of approximately two centuries from the foundation of the first British colony in Australia in 1788 to the present day. Comparisons drawn with British and American English for the same period using data from the ARCHER corpus show Australian English evolving in the same general direction as the two longer-established varieties, but its endonormative independence being asserted in its users’ more extreme dispreference for the modals and their reluctance to embrace the quasi-modals as enthusiastically as users of American English.