bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Charting the global footprint of borderline oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (BORSA): the first systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Engku Abd Rahman Engku Nur Syafirah , Irekeola Ahmad Adebayo , Yamin Dina , Elmi Abdirahman Hussein , Chan Yean Yean
Published: December 2024

Borderline oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (BORSA) has been a persistent yet under-researched concern in the realm of antibiotic resistance, characterized by unique resistance mechanisms and potential for severe infections. This systematic review and meta-analysis consolidates data from 29 studies encompassing 18,781 samples, revealing a global BORSA prevalence of 6.6% (95% CI [4.0–10.7]). The highest prevalence was found in animals (46.3%), followed by food (8.9%), and humans (5.1%). Notably, significant regional disparities were observed, with Brazil exhibiting the highest prevalence at 70.0%, while The Netherlands reported just 0.5%. These findings underscore the multifaceted nature of BORSA epidemiology, influenced by local antibiotic usage practices and healthcare infrastructures. The analysis also reveals substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 96.802%), highlighting the need for improved reporting practices and tailored surveillance protocols that account for the specific contexts of each study. As antibiotic resistance continues to escalate, understanding BORSA’s global footprint is crucial for informing targeted interventions and optimizing antibiotic stewardship programs. This study fills critical gaps in current knowledge of BORSA and highlights the need for coordinated efforts among researchers, healthcare providers, and policymakers to develop effective strategies for addressing the rising threat of antibiotic-resistant pathogens like BORSA, including further exploration of its genetic and phenotypic characteristics.
Ontogenetic feeding shifts in two thresher shark species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve
Authors: Arnés-Urgellés Camila , Galván-Magaña Felipe , Elorriaga-Verplancken Fernando R. , Delgado-Huertas Antonio , Páez-Rosas Diego
Published: December 2024

Background

The morphology and hunting behavior of thresher sharks make them easily distinguishable. These species are distributed across the Tropical Pacific Ocean feeding on squid and small fish. However, ontogenetic changes in their feeding strategies and habitat use are still unknown in this region.

Methods

We examined the δ13C and δ15N signatures in vertebral collagen from populations of Alopias pelagicus and Alopias superciliosus inhabiting the Galapagos Marine Reserve, focusing on three maturity stages: neonate, juvenile and adult. The vertebrae samples were taken from the seizure of illegal fishing activities carried out by a foreign fleet within the Galapagos archipelago. A total of thirty-three vertebrae from A. pelagicus and twenty-one from A. superciliosus were analyzed.

Results

Both species displayed significant differences in their δ15N values (p < 0.001), but not in δ13C (p = 0.230), suggesting a similar habitat use, but different prey consumption. Throughout their ontogeny, A. pelagicus displayed isotopic differences (p < 0.001), where neonates showed lower δ13C values and higher δ15N values compared to juveniles, probably because they still reflect the isotopic signatures of their mothers even after the first year of life. This study highlights trophic differences between both species, accompanied by an ontogenetic variation in A. pelagicus, aspects that allow us to understand the role of these species within the dynamics of the Eastern Tropical Pacific ecosystem.
The effect of blankholder pressure on the amount of springback in the U-draw bending process
Authors: Fejkiel Romuald
Published: December 2024

Springback in sheet metal forming processes is a phenomenon that makes it difficult to obtain products with the desired geometry. This paper presents the results of research on the effect of the blankholder pressure on the elastic deformations of sheets during the forming of strip specimens (50 mm wide and 400 mm long) into U-shaped components. A special die was developed for the forming of sheet metals under variable blankholder pressure conditions in the range between 1 and 3 MPa. Three grades of sheets with significantly different properties were used as the research material: 6063 aluminium alloy, S235JR structural steel and X46Cr13 stainless steel. The research was conducted under dry friction conditions. The elastic deformations of the sheet metal in the U-draw bending process were of a different character in the punch radius and die radius areas. In the area of the punch edge, the springback coefficient decreased with increasing blankholder pressure. This relationship was observed for all the tested materials. In the area of the die edge, a decrease in the value of the bending angle was generally observed in relation to the bending angle in the loaded state.
Engaging Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC) Members in Conservation Training Programs: A Case Study from Kerala, India
Authors: Victor Reshma A , Anilkumar A. , K. P Smitha , Thampi Roshni
Published: December 2024

The participation of BMC members in training programs on biodiversity conservation holds immense importance in fostering effective stewardship of natural resources. These training initiatives equip BMC members with essential knowledge, skills, and tools necessary for understanding and addressing biodiversity challenges within their communities. By enhancing their capacity, BMC members can play a pivotal role in implementing conservation strategies, promoting sustainable practices, and safeguarding local ecosystems. Moreover, their active involvement in training programs fosters collaboration, knowledge sharing, and collective action, thereby strengthening the overall effectiveness of biodiversity conservation efforts at the grassroots level. Ultimately, BMC member participation in training programs not only enhances their capabilities but also contributes significantly to the conservation and sustainable management of biodiversity resources for present and future generations. The BMC member's participation in training programmes on biodiversity conservation was investigated in this study. Based on the biodiversity richness and ecological sensitivity four blocks each were selected purposively from low lands of Kannur and Alappuzha districts, mid lands of Kollam and Malappuram districts and the high ranges of Wayanad and Idukki districts of Kerala. A sample of 180 BMC members were selected from the 6 districts for the study. The results of the study indicate that approximately 18.89 per cent of BMC members have not received any training on biodiversity conservation. In contrast, 40 per cent of the members have participated in two training sessions, while 32.22 per cent have attended at least one training program on the subject. Only 8.89 per cent of the members have participated in three or more training programs related to biodiversity conservation. These findings suggest that there is a need to enhance the participation of BMC members in training programs related to biodiversity conservation. Increasing the number of training sessions and ensuring the availability of relevant resources can help enhance the capacity of BMC members to implement conservation strategies, promote sustainable practices, and safeguard local ecosystems.
Maximizing SME Performance through Strategic Management Accounting in a Competitive Environment (Case Study in SME Indonesia)
Authors: Krisdiyawati  , Maulidah Hikmatul
Published: December 2024

The practice and application of strategic management accounting has entered various types of industries, be it manufacturing, trade or service industries. This study aims to determine the effect of competitive environment on SME performance through strategic management accounting practices as mediation. The sampling method used is the purposive sampling technique. Data collection used a survey method by distributing questionnaires using instruments that were delivered directly to SME owners in Tegal City, and obtained 70 respondents. The data analysis technique used was the Structural Equation Model (SEM) with the help of the PLS application. Hypothesis testing is found in the output path coefficients and it is concluded that the competitive environment, strategic management accounting has a positive effect on SME performance. Meanwhile, the competitive environment also has a positive effect on strategic management accounting. This shows that information generated from strategic management accounting is very much needed by organizations in a competitive environment to be able to support improving SME performance.
Investigating the Effectiveness of TikTok in Promoting Public Awareness and Engagement on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures in Nigeria
Authors: Nwafor Gideon U. , Aghaebe Sandra E. , Bartholomew Chinenye E. , Umuze Anthonia N.
Published: December 2024

TikTok is a social media platform that has gained immense popularity worldwide due to its short-form videos. With its increasing user-base in Nigeria, TikTok can be an effective tool to promote public awareness and engagement in climate change adaptation and mitigation measures. However, there is limited research on the effectiveness of TikTok in promoting these measures in Nigeria. The objective of this library research study was to investigate the effectiveness of TikTok in promoting public awareness and engagement in climate change adaptation and mitigation measures in Nigeria. The study aimed to explore the various ways TikTok can be utilized to increase public engagement and inspire action towards climate change adaptation and mitigation measures in Nigeria, as well as identify the limitations and challenges associated with its use in Nigeria. Anchored on the Uses and Gratifications theory, the study employed a systematic review of literature published on TikTok videos related to climate change in Nigeria. The study's findings indicate that TikTok can be an effective tool in promoting public awareness and engagement in climate change adaptation and mitigation measures in Nigeria. TikTok can increase public engagement as it offers a visual and interactive medium of conveying information effectively. The study identified successful strategies for creating climate change-related content and specific features of TikTok that can be useful in promoting climate change awareness. However, the study also identified limitations associated with the use of TikTok in Nigeria, including limited access to the internet and smartphones, low levels of literacy, and lack of expertise in content creation. The study concludes that TikTok can be an effective tool in promoting public awareness and engagement in climate change adaptation and mitigation measures in Nigeria.
Effect of Cadmium Chloride Administration and Restraint Stress Model on Cardiac Function of Female Wistar Rats
Authors: Owolabi Gbenga Opeyemi , Jejelaye Esther Atinuke , Offiong Innocent Effiom
Published: December 2024

Psychological stress which is becoming an epidemic due to continental economic meltdown, wars, climate change, disasters has reached a point of global health concern and can be mimicked in rats by restraint stress model. Cadmium chloride is a heavy metal salt whose exposure can be through inhalation, drinking contaminated water, sheltering and watering. This study therefore evaluated the combined effects of restraint stress and cadmium chloride on cardiac function of female Wistar rats. Twenty four female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of six rats each. Control (CTL) group received only water and animal feed ad libitum. Restraint stress (RSS) group was restrained using wire mesh for 30 minutes each day for 21 days. Cadmium chloride (CDC) group received 100mg/kg b.w of Cadmium chloride orally and daily for 21 days. Restraint stress and Cadmium chloride group (RSC) was restrained for 30 minutes and received Cadmium chloride (100mg/kg) daily for 21days. Twenty four hours after the last procedures, the ECG of the rats was taken and then all rats were anesthetized and their blood collected for biochemical assay. Their hearts were also removed for histology studies. The result showed that restraint stress and cadmium chloride caused an altered electrical conductivity of the heart independently and their combination caused an exacerbated effect. The serum troponin I (cTnI), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Creatine kinase (CK) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in RSS and CDC groups when compared with the control however the LDH level was significantly higher in the RSC group when compared with other groups. Histology of the hearts of the rats indicated that both restraint stress and cadmium chloride caused necrosis in the hearts of the rats. In conclusion, the combined exposures to cadmium chloride administration and restraint stress have exacerbated deleterious effects on cardiac function of female Wistar rats.
Transition Beyond Petroleum: Prospects and Challenges for Sustainable Life on a Resource- Scarce Planet
Authors: E.Rajasekaran  , R.Meenal  , R.Devprakash  , R.Indupriya
Published: December 2024

The depletion of petroleum resources has brought humankind to a critical juncture, threatening economic stability, ecological balance and potentially life itself due to cascading environmental impacts. As petroleum reserves dwindle, the existence of complex life on Earth faces challenges, including climate change and diminishing biodiversity. This article explores beyond the scientific basis of alternative life-sustaining possibilities and technologies to counter the detrimental effects of petroleum scarcity. Drawing on emerging bioengineering and energy innovations, we examine potential solutions for sustaining life, transitioning to renewable energy sources and developing new forms of resilient ecosystems.
Assessment of Forest Composition, Structure and Biomass Dynamics Using Permanent Plot Inventories in Yellapur Forest Division, India
Authors: Koppad A. G. , Gowda Gowri B , Rachana  , Das Anup
Published: December 2024

This study assesses the forest composition, structure and biomass dynamics in the Yellapur Forest Division using permanent plot inventories. Located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, the Yellapur region features diverse forest types, including tropical dry deciduous and semi-evergreen forests. Permanent plots were established to evaluate tree species distribution, structural attributes and biomass dynamics. The volume and biomass were calculated based on species-specific allometric equations. Results revealed significant differences in forest structure across forest types. Tropical dry deciduous forests exhibited lower tree density (250 trees per hectare) and biomass (55 tons per hectare) compared to semi-evergreen forests, which had higher tree density (350 trees per hectare) and biomass (95 tons per hectare). Biomass volume in the tropical dry deciduous forests was reduced by 15-18 percent in areas impacted by anthropogenic activities such as logging and grazing. The semi-evergreen forests showed a higher carbon stock, with biomass volume accounting for 140 tons per hectare, while tropical dry deciduous forests had a reduced biomass volume of 110 tons per hectare. Species composition in semi-evergreen forests was dominated by Shorea robusta, Terminalia arjuna and Tectona grandis, while tropical dry deciduous forests were characterized by species such as Ziziphus mauritiana and Anogeissus latifolia. The study also highlighted a significant decline in biomass in degraded areas, emphasizing the impact of human-induced disturbances on carbon sequestration. The results suggest that degradation has led to a 12-15 percent reduction in forest biomass volume, with substantial implications for carbon storage and forest health. This research underscores the importance of permanent plot inventories for understanding biomass dynamics and highlights the need for effective forest management strategies to mitigate degradation and enhance carbon storage in these ecosystems.
Population Dynamics, Incidence and Damage of Myzus persicae on Capsicum annuum under Polyhouse Conditions in Kashmir Valley
Authors: Nowsheen Malik , Khan Akhtar Ali , Mushtaq Tahmina , Pathania S. S.
Published: December 2024

An experiment was conducted to assess the population dynamics, incidence, leaf damage and severity of green peach aphid (M. persicae) infesting on capsicum (Capsicum annum) under polyhouse condition in Kashmir valley. The present studies revealed that M. persicae was associated with the capsicum crop throughout the growing season with significant crop damage by the pest. Infestations including pest incidence, damage and severity of aphid forms commenced from early crop stage and thereafter, the population of aphid nymphs, apterous and alate forms gradually increased and peak in the 1st fortnight of August (32nd Standard Meteorological Week) and decline at the time of maturely of crop. Further correlation studies revealed that population of M. persicae exhibited statistically significant positive correlation with temperature and a non-significant negative correlation with Relative humidity.
Genetic Variability and Heritability in Bitter Gourd for better Yield and Quality under Sodic Soil
Authors: Kumanan K. , Vijayalatha K.R. , Ahamed A. Sabir
Published: December 2024

Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) is a tropical and subtropical vine widely grown in Asian and African countries. This study evaluates thirty genotypes of bitter gourd for about eight quantitative characters under sodic soil during 2022-23. The evaluation was carried out using Randomized Block Design with three replications. All the parameters exhibited significant differences among the genotypes. The genotype MCPKM-04 recorded for the highest number of fruits and fruit yield while MCPKM-19 recorded superiority in terms of earliness. The quality parameters viz., ascorbic acid and phenol content observed highest in the genotype MCPKM-05. Yield parameters viz., number of fruits, fruit weight and fruit yield exhibited higher GCV, while close association of GCV and PCV were observed in all the studied parameters suggesting that the variations are only due to genetic differences and not due to environment.
Coat-protein Gene Based Identification and Characterization of Yellow Mosaic Virus Infecting Blackgram in Northern Karnataka, India
Authors: B V Swapna , G U Prema
Published: December 2024

Aims: Coat-protein (CP) based identification and characterization of yellow mosaic virus infecting blackgram.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out during Kharif 2023 at College of Agriculture, Vijayapur.
Methodology: The whole genomic DNA was isolated from the leaf tissues of both healthy blackgram plants and plants infected with the yellow mosaic virus by using a modified CTAB method. Specific primers for YMV were tried to amplify coat protein region of blackgram YMV.
Results: Sequence analysis revealed that the CP gene of the begomovirus under study shared 99.8 per cent similarity with MYMV Shivamogga isolate (OM106035.1) at the nucleotide level. When comparing the deduced amino acid sequences of individual proteins from YMV infecting blackgram at Vijayapur with those of other begomoviruses, the highest identity was found with the MYMV Shivamogga isolate (OM106035.1), showing 84.59 per cent similarity. A phylogenetic tree constructed based on the full-length coat protein gene sequence of MYMV, along with 37 other Geminivirus sequences, formed two major clusters in which MYMV-Vijayapur isolate appeared in Cluster I.
Conclusion: The results of the current study, based on similarities in coat protein sequence at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels, as well as phylogenetic analysis, confirmed the prevalence of MYMV strain rather than MYMIV, HgYMV and DoYMV in blackgram in northern parts of Karnataka.
Seed Hardening, Foliar Spraying and their Combined Effect on Yield and Yield Attributes of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Different Seasons
Authors: Patel K. U. , Macwan S. J. , Thounaojam A. S.
Published: December 2024

The experiment was conducted during the summer and kharif seasons of 2022 using a Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The study examined two factors: seed hardening, with nine levels, and foliar application of Chlorocholine chloride (CCC) at a concentration of 500 mg/L, with two levels. Results indicated that the treatment involving seed hardening with GA3 of 100 mg/L, combined with the foliar application of CCC, led to a significant increase in the number of pods per plant (35.14), pod yield per plant (36.74 g), seed yield per plant (19.97 g), seed yield per hectare (2255.02 kg), and harvest index (28.30). Conversely, the control, which did not receive any seed hardening or CCC treatment, showed the lowest performance in all measured traits, highlighting the importance of these interventions in maximizing crop yield.
Assessing Farmers' Buying Behavior and Challenges in Adopting Organic Fertilizers: A Case Study from Banaskantha District, Gujarat, India
Authors: Jaimin Joshi , Patel Deval B.
Published: December 2024

The adoption of organic fertilizers in India has seen significant growth, driven by increasing consumer awareness of the environmental impact of chemical fertilizers and government policies promoting sustainable agriculture. This study explores the buying behaviour and challenges faced by farmers in Deesa and Palanpur talukas, Banaskantha district, Gujarat regarding their use of organic fertilizers. Through interviews with 200 farmers, findings reveal that although a majority express strong interest in organic fertilizers, they face significant challenges, including poor efficiency, delayed effects, and limited knowledge of proper use. Understanding these obstacles is crucial for developing policies that promote sustainable agriculture in India. A descriptive research design was employed, utilizing both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected using a semi-structured schedule, while secondary data were obtained from literature, government publications, and online sources. The sampling method involved purposive selection of farmers with knowledge of organic farming practices from ten randomly selected villages in the two talukas. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Weighted Average Mean method. The results showed that the majority of farmers (53.5%) were in the age range of 36-50 years. Most farmers (48%) had an annual income between Rs. 100,000 and Rs. 500,000, with 44.5 per cent having an education level below SSC. The primary occupation was a combination of agriculture and animal husbandry (54.5%). Land holdings are mostly below 5 acres (49 %), and the main crops are wheat (35.5 %) and potato (27 %). Organic fertilizer is primarily purchased from retail outlets (69 %), with past experience being the most important factor influencing purchases (WAM score 4.800), followed by dealer recommendations (WAM score 4.500). A significant 94.5 per cent of farmers express a strong interest in purchasing organic fertilizers. Challenges include poor efficiency and delay effects of organic fertilizers, along with a notable lack of knowledge on their effective use.  Understanding the socio-economic characteristics, buying behaviour, and challenges faced by farmers in these regions is crucial for developing strategies to promote the adoption of organic fertilizers and contribute to sustainable agriculture in India. The study suggests targeted education and support initiatives to enhance adoption rates and improve the efficacy of organic farming practices.
Verhältnis zwischen MStV und DSA in Bezug auf die Regulierung von Medienintermediären
Authors: Schumacher Yannick
Published: December 2024

Im Oktober 2024 wollen die Bundesländer den Fünften Medienänderungsstaatsvertrag in Kraft setzen und diesen an den zu Beginn des Jahres in Kraft getretenen Digital Services Act der Europäischen Union anpassen. Dabei stellt sich insb. die Frage, ob die Regulierung von Medienintermediären im Rahmen des MStV einer Anpassung bedarf.
Pressefreiheit in historischen Dokumenten — „[...] aus Furcht heraus ihre Arbeit machen“ – Johann Andreas Georg Friedrich von Rebmann (1768–1824) und sein politisches Glaubensbekenntnis
Authors: Gergen Thomas
Published: December 2024

Das Zitat des Untertitels „[...] aus Furcht heraus ihre Arbeit machen“ entstammt der Feder des Publizisten und Juristen Johann Andreas Georg Rebmann (1768-1824). Der Beitrag greift Rebmanns nahezu unbekannte Schrift „Censur oder Preßfreiheit?“ auf, mit der er sein damals wie heute interessantes politisches Glaubensbekenntnis verfasst hat - mit eindeutigen Empfehlungen für die Regierungsarbeit. Pressefreiheit, Zensur und Urheberrecht (Letzteres als Teilgebiet des geistigen Eigentums) hängen im 19. Jahrhundert eng zusammen. Lag zunächst das ausschließliche Recht zur Vervielfältigung und Verbreitung von Werken bei den einzelnen Verlegern, beruhte die Wende vom Verleger- zum Autorenschutz auf der Anerkennung der werkschöpferischen Arbeit des Urhebers. Das entstandene Werk durfte der Verleger gegen Honorar verwerten, so dass die Arbeit der Autoren einen Wert bzw. Gegenwert erhielt. Betonen die Common-Law-Länder das vom Verleger erworbene Verlagseigentum (Copyright, ownership of the copy), fußt die kontinentaleuropäische Entwicklung auf der naturrechtlich begründeten Verbindung zwischen Schöpfer und seinem Werk. Diese Beobachtung gilt für alle Druckwerke, Bücher wie die Presse. 200 Jahre nach Rebmanns Tod stellen sich nach wie vor Grundsatzfragen der Garantie und der Einschränkung der heute verfassungsrechtlich verbürgten Pressefreiheit. Grund genug, den Autor im Spiegel seines Texts in Erinnerung zu rufen.
Die virtuelle Hauptversammlungssaison 2024 der DAX-Familie aus empirischer Sicht — Modalitäten, Gestaltungsvarianten, Trends und Best Practice der präsenzlosen Aktionärstreffen der Börsenunternehmen der DAX‑, MDAX- und SDAX-Indizes
Authors: Danwerth Christopher
Published: December 2024

Nach Inkrafttreten des § 118a AktG rechtzeitig vor der Hauptversammlungssaison 2023 kann nun bereits die zweite Saison virtueller Hauptversammlungen auf Grundlage des verstetigten, aktienrechtlichen Rahmens ausgewertet werden. Untersucht wurden vorliegend die Einberufungen virtueller Hauptversammlungen der Börsenunternehmen der DAX‑, MDAX- und SDAXIndizes, die zwischen dem 1.9.2023 und 30.8.2024 einberufen und abgehalten wurden. Im Ergebnis hatte die virtuelle Hauptversammlung einen leicht geringeren Durchdringungsgrad als im Rahmen der Hauptversammlungssaison 2023. Mit Blick auf die Best Practice lassen sich leichte Tendenzen zu einer eher emittentenfreundlichen Ausgestaltung der Hauptversammlungsmodalitäten beobachten. Diese Erkenntnis darf aber nicht darüber hinwegtäuschen, dass die virtuelle Hauptversammlung ihren Platz in der Praxis der Aktionärstreffen gefunden hat: Knapp die Hälfte aller Hauptversammlungen der Unternehmen der DAX-Familie wurden während der Hauptversammlungssaison 2024 ohne physische Aktionärspräsenz abgehalten.
Barrierefreiheit, Rechtstexte und „Leichte Sprache“ – Pflicht für „Leichte Sprache“ bei AGB & Co?
Authors: Güster Florian
Published: December 2024

Mit dem Barrierefreiheitsstärkungsgesetz (BFSG), das am 28.6.2025 in Kraft tritt, soll die Barrierefreiheit von Produkten und Dienstleistungen in Deutschland deutlich verbessert werden. Das Gesetz setzt die EU‑Richtlinie 2019/882 (European Accessibility Act) in nationales Recht um und zielt darauf ab, Menschen mit Behinderungen eine gleichberechtigte Teilhabe zu ermöglichen. Dies betrifft sowohl den digitalen als auch den physischen Raum, den Zugang zu Alltagsprodukten und insbesondere auch E-Commerce-Websites. Die Bedürfnisse von Menschen mit Behinderungen sollen bereits im Designprozess oder durch spätere Anpassungen berücksichtigt werden. Auch andere Menschen mit funktionellen Einschränkungen sollen davon (mit-)profitieren. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt der Inklusion ist grundsätzlich auch die sprachliche Zugänglichkeit von Informationen, welche bei Webseiten der öffentlichen Hand u.a. durch die Verwendung von Leichter Sprache erreicht wird. Daher stellt sich insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit dem Inkrafttreten des BFSG in der Rechtsberatungspraxis die Frage, ob „Leichte Sprache“ künftig auch dort und insbesondere in dort enthaltenen juristischen Texten wie AGB, Widerrufsbelehrungen, Impressen und Datenschutzerklärungen verpflichtend wird. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen und die möglichen Auswirkungen des Inkrafttretens des BFSG auf die Praxis der Rechtskommunikation.
VAT in the Digital Age (ViDA) 2.0 — Die Richtlinie zur Änderung der Mehrwertsteuervorschriften für das digitale Zeitalter v. 30.10.2024 und ihre Auswirkungen auf das nationale Umsatzsteuerrecht
Authors: Nieskens Hans
Published: December 2024

Der nachfolgende Beitrag analysiert die vom Rat am 5.11.2024 (politisch) verabschiedete Richtlinie zur Änderung der Mehrwertsteuervorschriften für das digitale Zeitalter (ViDA) mit den drei Kernbereichen - elektronische Rechnung im standardisierten Format und digitales Meldepflichtensystem, Ausweitung und Verbesserung der Regelungen zur einzigen Anlaufstelle und der Ausweitung der Einbeziehung der Plattformwirtschaft in die Fiktion einer Liefer- und Dienstleistungskette - im Detail. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde dabei auf die durch das Wachstumschancengesetz bereits mit Wirkung zum 1.1.2025 verabschiedeten nationalen Regelungen zur elektronischen Rechnung und ihrer Kompatibilität zu den neuen ViDA-Regelungen gelegt.
Sensitivity analysis of Monte Carlo model of a gantry‐mounted passively scattered proton system
Authors: Baradaran‐Ghahfarokhi Milad , Reynoso Francisco , Prusator Michael T. , Sun Baozhou , Zhao Tianyu
Published: January 2020

Purpose

This study aimed to present guidance on the correlation between treatment nozzle and proton source parameters, and dose distribution of a passive double scattering compact proton therapy unit, known as Mevion S250.

Methods

All 24 beam options were modeled using the MCNPX MC code. The calculated physical dose for pristine peak, profiles, and spread out Bragg peak (SOBP) were benchmarked with the measured data. Track‐averaged LET (LETt) and dose‐averaged LET (LETd) distributions were also calculated. For the sensitivity investigations, proton beam line parameters including Average Energy (AE), Energy Spread (ES), Spot Size (SS), Beam Angle (BA), Beam Offset (OA), and Second scatter Offset (SO) from central Axis, and also First Scatter (FS) thickness were simulated in different stages to obtain the uncertainty of the derived results on the physical dose and LET distribution in a water phantom.

Results

For the physical dose distribution, the MCNPX MC model matched measurements data for all the options to within 2 mm and 2% criterion. The Mevion S250 was found to have a LETt between 0.46 and 8.76 keV.μm–1 and a corresponding LETd between 0.84 and 15.91 keV.μm–1. For all the options, the AE and ES had the greatest effect on the resulting depth of pristine peak and peak‐to‐plateau ratio respectively. BA, OA, and SO significantly decreased the flatness and symmetry of the profiles. The LETs were found to be sensitive to the AE, ES, and SS, especially in the peak region.

Conclusions

This study revealed the importance of considering detailed beam parameters, and identifying those that resulted in large effects on the physical dose distribution and LETs for a compact proton therapy machine.
Mechanical Control of Periodic Precipitation in Stretchable Gels to Retrieve Information on Elastic Deformation and for the Complex Patterning of Matter
Authors: Morsali Mohammad , Khan Muhammad Turab Ali , Ashirov Rahym , Holló Gábor , Baytekin H. Tarik , Lagzi Istvan , Baytekin Bilge
Published: January 2020

Material design using nonequilibrium systems provides straightforward access to complexity levels that are possible through dynamic processes. Pattern formation through nonequilibrium processes and reaction–diffusion can be used to achieve this goal. Liesegang patterns (LPs) are a kind of periodic precipitation patterns formed through reaction–diffusion. So far, it has been shown that the periodic band structure of LPs and the geometry of the pattern can be controlled by experimental conditions and external fields (e.g., electrical or magnetic). However, there are no examples of these systems being used to retrieve information about the changes in the environment as they form, and there are no studies making use of these patterns for complex material preparation. This work shows the formation of LPs by a diffusion–precipitation reaction in a stretchable hydrogel and the control of the obtained patterns by the unprecedented and uncommon method of mechanical input. Additionally, how to use this protocol and how deviations from “LP behavior” of the patterns can be used to “write and store” information about the time, duration, extent, and direction of gel deformation are presented. Finally, an example of using complex patterning to deposit polypyrrole by using precipitation patterns is shown as a template.
Synthesis of 3‐Keto Pyridines from the Conjugated Allenone – Alkynylamine Oxidative Cyclization Catalyzed by Supported Au Nanoparticles
Authors: Fragkiadakis Michael , Kidonakis Marios , Zorba Leandros , Stratakis Manolis
Published: January 2020

Recyclable supported Au nanoparticles on TiO2 catalyze the cyclization of N‐propargyl or N‐homopropargyl β‐enaminones followed by dehydrogenation (aromatization) leading to substituted 3‐keto pyridines or 4‐picolines in very good yields. This pathway is in contrast to their known cyclization in the presence of Au(I) or Au(III) catalysts which provides 1,4‐oxazepines, instead. The enaminones are formed in situ upon mixing a conjugated allenone or allenyl ester with the alkynylamine, thus the pyridine‐forming transformation is typically a one pot process.

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A General Approach to Direct Growth of Oriented Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheets on Reduced Graphene Oxides
Authors: Liu Chao , Huang Xiaodan , Liu Jizi , Wang Jing , Chen Zibin , Luo Rui , Wang Chaohai , Li Jiansheng , Wang Lianjun , Wan Jingjing , Yu Chengzhong
Published: January 2020

Ultrathin metal–organic framework nanosheets (UMOFNs) deposited on graphene are highly attractive, however direct growth of UMOFNs on graphene with controlled orientations remains challenging. Here, a low‐concentration‐assisted heterogeneous nucleation strategy is reported for the direct growth of UMOFNs on reduced graphene oxides (rGO) surface with controllable orientations. This general strategy can be applied to construct various UMOFNs on rGO, including Co‐ZIF, Ni‐ZIF, Co, Cu‐ZIF and Co, Fe‐ZIF. When UMOFNs are mostly attached perpendicularly on rGO, a 3D foam‐like hierarchical architecture (named UMOFNs@rGO‐F) is formed with an open pore structure and excellent conductivity, showing excellent performance as electrode materials for Li‐ion batteries and oxygen evolution. The contribution has provided a strategy for improving the electrochemical performance of MOFs in energy storage applications.
Trends of folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine levels in different trimesters of pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Mishra Jyoti , Tomar Abhilasha , Puri Manju , Jain Anju , Saraswathy K.N.
Published: January 2020

Objective

To evaluate the effect of folate and vitamin B12 levels on pregnancy progression and outcomes.

Methods

The present study is a prospective follow up study of 100 pregnant women. Biochemical investigations (plasma homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 levels) were performed on all pregnant women in first, second, and third trimesters. Nonparametric tests were used to compare the differences in median levels and odds ratio analysis for the assessment of the risk between the selected biomarkers and adverse pregnancy progression and outcomes.

Results

The pregnant women at their first antenatal care visit were found to be predominantly folate replete (97%) and vitamin B12 deficient (60%). Hyperhomocysteinemia in first and second trimesters was found to pose more than 3‐fold increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes (P = .006 and .0002, respectively). Low birth weight (LBW) was found to be the most common adverse pregnancy outcome (52%), and was significantly associated with vitamin B12 deficiency in the first and second trimesters (82%, P < .0001; 71.4%, P = .04, respectively).

Conclusion

The vitamin B12 deficiency is more common among Indian pregnant women as compared to folate deficiency. Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for pregnancy complications. Vitamin B12 deficiency in first and second trimesters is associated with LBW babies.
Pyridinium‐functionalized metalloporphyrins as bifunctional catalysts for cycloaddition of epoxides and carbon dioxide
Authors: Yi Jiajia , Sun Shu , Li Zhonglu , Gao Xuyun , Sun Xuzhuo , Wang Ning , Li Jun
Published: January 2020

New pyridinium‐functionalized metalloporphyrins MEtPpBr4 (M = Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+; EtPp = 5, 10, 15, 20‐tetra(4‐(3‐(N‐ethyl‐4‐pyridyl)pyrazolyl)phenyl)porphyrin) were synthesized as bifunctional catalysts for the cycloaddition reactions of epoxides and CO2. The effects of catalyst loading, CO2 pressure, reaction temperature and time on catalytic activity were investigated. ZnEtPpBr4 (1) and CoEtPpBr4 (2) exhibited efficient activities in the cycloaddition reactions of various epoxides with CO2 as at 120 °C under 2 MPa of CO2 pressure without solvent. Most of corresponding cyclic carbonates could be obtained in almost quantitative yields and > 99.9% selectivity with molar ratio of epoxide/catalyst 2222 after 8 hr of reaction.
Simulated and observed air temperature trends in the eastern Adriatic
Authors: Radilović Slavko , Koračin Darko , Denamiel Cléa , Belušić Danijel , Güttler Ivan , Vilibić Ivica
Published: January 2020

Climate predictions of air temperature in coastal regions represent a great challenge due to the complex interactions among the atmosphere, sea, and land. With approximately 1,200 islands, the Adriatic is a region with a strong land‐sea contrast, land‐atmosphere feedback, and intense air‐sea interaction. Because the Mediterranean has been regarded as a “hot spot” for climate change, regional climate models can be used to provide insight into a more realistic representation of small‐scale weather and climate structure and variability. This advantage is due to the better representation of complex topography, developed coastlines, and land‐sea contrasts, which are important for investigating air temperature trends. The use of regional climate models together with high‐resolution reanalyses and observations in assessments of climate variability and climate change is highly valuable for understanding climate processes at regional scales. The present study focused on air temperature and its trends calculated from measurements and simulated by eight regional climate models from the EURO‐CORDEX database; these data were represented by UERRA reanalyses and E‐OBS gridded data. In the evaluation period (1989–2008), the models' RMSEs were fairly small, in the range 0.5–1.5°C, compared to the historical period (1961–2005), with RMSEs greater than 1.75°C. However, the models showed small absolute trend differences (up to 0.12°C·decade−1 for the historical period). The ensemble means in both periods showed an accuracy improvement of 15–20% compared to the individual models. The models exhibited more success in terms of representing the main statistics and variability of the air temperature structure than in reproducing the temperature trends over 45 years, especially in the northern Adriatic, where there is complex coastal topography and significant seasonal variability in the wind regime. The reanalyses well represented temperature structure but showed less success in explaining the temperature trends than the results from the measured data.
Expression of ESAT‐6 antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in broccoli: An edible plant
Authors: Saba Kiran , Sameeullah Muhammad , Asghar Asba , Gottschamel Johanna , Latif Sara , Lössl Andreas Günter , Mirza Bushra , Mirza Osman , Waheed Mohammad Tahir
Published: January 2020

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The development of an effective and economical vaccine for controlling TB is essential especially for developing countries. Edible plants can serve as biofactories to produce vaccine antigens. In this study, 6 kDa early secretory antigenic target (ESAT‐6) of M. tuberculosis was expressed in Brassica oleracea var. italica via Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation to facilitate oral delivery of antigen. ESAT‐6 gene was cloned using Gateway® cloning strategy. Transformation and presence of transgene was confirmed through PCR. Expression level of transgene was calculated via quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) and the maximum integrated transgene number was two. Maximum amount of total soluble fraction of ESAT‐6 was evaluated by immunoblotting, estimated to accumulate up to 0.5% of total soluble protein. The recombinant ESAT‐6 protein was further purified and detected using silver staining and Western blotting. ESAT‐6 protein induced humoral immune response in mice immunized orally and subcutaneously. The expression of M. tuberculosis antigen in edible plants could aid in the development of cost‐effective and oral delivery of an antigen‐based subunit vaccine against TB. To the best our knowledge, it is the first report of expression of a vaccine antigen in broccoli.
Comparison of the biomarkers for targeted therapies in primary extra‐mammary and mammary Paget's disease
Authors: Gatalica Zoran , Vranic Semir , Krušlin Božo , Poorman Kelsey , Stafford Phillip , Kacerovska Denisa , Senarathne Wijendra , Florento Elena , Contreras Elma , Leary Alexandra , Choi April , In Gino K.
Published: January 2020

Background

Primary Extra‐mammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a very rare cutaneous adenocarcinoma affecting anogenital or axillary regions. It is characterized by a prolonged course with recurrences and eventually distant metastatic spread for which no specific therapy is known.

Methods

Eighteen EMPD (13 vulvar and five scrotal) and ten mammary Paget's disease (MPD) cases were comprehensively profiled for gene mutations, fusions and copy number alterations, and for therapy‐relevant protein biomarkers).

Results

Mutations in TP53 and PIK3CA were the most frequent in both cohorts: 7/15 and 5/15 in EMPD; 1/6 and 4/7 in MPD HER2 gene amplification was detected in 4/18 EMPD (3 vulvar and 1 scrotal case) in contrast to MPD where it was detected in the majority (7/8) of cases. TOP2A gene amplification was seen in 2/12 EMPD and 1/6 MPD, respectively. Similarly, no difference in estrogen receptor expression was seen between the EMPD (4/15) and MPD (3/10). Androgen receptor was also expressed in the majority of both cohorts (12/16 EMPD) and (7/8 MPD).Here ARv7 splice variant was detected in 1/7 EMPD and 1/4 MPD cases, respectively. PD‐L1 expression on immune cells was exclusively observed in three vulvar EMPD. In contrast to MPD, six EMPDs harbored a “high” tumor mutation burden (≥10 mutations/Mb). All tested cases from both cohorts were MSI stable.

Conclusions

EMPD shares some targetable biomarkers with its mammary counterpart (steroid receptors, PIK3CA signaling pathways, TOP2A amplification). HER2 positivity is notably lower in EMPD while biomarkers to immune checkpoint inhibitors (high TMB and PD‐L1) were observed in some EMPD. Given that no consistent molecular alteration characterizes EMPD, comprehensive theranostic profiling is required to identify individual patients with targetable molecular alterations.
An Expedient Synthesis of Flexible Nucleosides through Enzymatic Glycosylation of Proximal and Distal Fleximer Bases
Authors: Vichier‐Guerre Sophie , Ku Therese C. , Pochet Sylvie , Seley‐Radtke Katherine L.
Published: January 2020

The structurally unique “fleximer” nucleosides were originally designed to investigate how flexibility in a nucleobase could potentially affect receptor–ligand recognition and function. Recently they have been shown to have low‐to‐sub‐micromolar levels of activity against a number of viruses, including coronaviruses, filoviruses, and flaviviruses. However, the synthesis of distal fleximers in particular has thus far been quite tedious and low yielding. As a potential solution to this issue, a series of proximal fleximer bases (flex‐bases) has been successfully coupled to both ribose and 2′‐deoxyribose sugars by using the N‐deoxyribosyltransferase II of Lactobacillus leichmannii (LlNDT) and Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). To explore the range of this facile approach, transglycosylation experiments on a thieno‐expanded tricyclic heterocyclic base, as well as several distal and proximal flex‐bases were performed to determine whether the corresponding fleximer nucleosides could be obtained in this fashion, thus potentially significantly shortening the route to these biologically significant compounds. The results of those studies are reported herein.
Unexpected Effect of Intramolecular Phenolic Group on Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Guo Kai , Li Xialiang , Lei Haitao , Zhang Wei , Cao Rui
Published: January 2020

Iron porphyrin 1 with appending phenolic group was synthesized and examined as electrocatalyst for the carbon dioxide reduction (CO2RR). Unexpectedly, the chloride salt 1‐Cl is much less active as compared to iron porphyrin 2‐Cl, the structural analogue lacking the hanging phenolic group. By using the triflate salts, 1‐OTf is three times more active than 1‐Cl, while 2‐OTf displays the same activity as 2‐Cl for CO2RR. The observed trend 1‐OTf>2‐OTf=2‐Cl>1‐Cl indicates that the phenolic group has both positive effect as local proton donating site and unexpected negative effect on electrocatalytic CO2RR.
The characterization of isobaric product ions of fentanyl using multi‐stage mass spectrometry, high‐resolution mass spectrometry and isotopic labeling
Authors: Davidson J. Tyler , Sasiene Zachary J. , Jackson Glen P.
Published: January 2020

This study uses a combination of multi‐stage mass spectrometry (MSn), accurate mass measurements – with high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) – and isotopic labeling to characterize the fragmentation behavior of fentanyl and 4‐ANPP. By understanding the fragmentation behavior of fentanyl and its analogs in more detail, toxicologists and seized drug analysts will be better poised to identify new and emerging fentalogs, which are increasingly common and deadly adulterants in the growing opioid crisis. Throughout the literature the product ion at m/z 188 is often the most abundant fragment in the mass spectrometric analysis of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, and this fragment is used for both qualitative and quantitative determinations. Our work shows there are at least three different structures for the isobaric fentanyl product ions at m/z 188, and they each form and fragment via different pathways. The development of fragmentation mechanisms to explain the observed fragmentation pathways of fentanyl and its main precursor 4‐ANPP helps contribute to the advancement of knowledge about fentanyl fragmentation and could provide important information for the identification of future fentanyl analogs.