bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opposing white matter microstructure abnormalities in 22q11.2 deletion and duplication carriers
Authors: Seitz-Holland Johanna , Lyons Monica , Kushan Leila , Lin Amy , Villalon-Reina Julio E. , Cho Kang Ik Kevin , Zhang Fan , Billah Tashrif , Bouix Sylvain , Kubicki Marek , Bearden Carrie E. , Pasternak Ofer
Published: November 2021

Deletions and duplications at the 22q11.2 locus are associated with significant neurodevelopmental and psychiatric morbidity. Previous diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in 22q11.2 deletion carriers (22q-del) found nonspecific white matter (WM) abnormalities, characterized by higher fractional anisotropy. Here, utilizing novel imaging and processing methods that allow separation of signal contribution from different tissue properties, we investigate whether higher anisotropy is driven by (1) extracellular changes, (2) selective degeneration of secondary fibers, or (3) volumetric differences. We further, for the first time, investigate WM microstructure in 22q11.2 duplication carriers (22q-dup). Multi-shell diffusion-weighted images were acquired from 26 22q-del, 19 22q-dup, and 18 healthy individuals (HC). Images were fitted with the free-water model to estimate anisotropy following extracellular free-water elimination and with the novel BedpostX model to estimate fractional volumes of primary and secondary fiber populations. Outcome measures were compared between groups, with and without correction for WM and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes. In 22q-del, anisotropy following free-water elimination remained significantly higher compared with controls. BedpostX did not identify selective secondary fiber degeneration. Higher anisotropy diminished when correcting for the higher CSF and lower WM volumes. In contrast, 22q-dup had lower anisotropy and greater extracellular space than HC, not influenced by macrostructural volumes. Our findings demonstrate opposing effects of reciprocal 22q11.2 copy-number variation on WM, which may arise from distinct pathologies. In 22q-del, microstructural abnormalities may be secondary to enlarged CSF space and more densely packed WM. In 22q-dup, we see evidence for demyelination similar to what is commonly observed in neuropsychiatric disorders.
PURPL represses autophagic cell death to promote cutaneous melanoma by modulating ULK1 phosphorylation
Authors: Han Shuo , Li Xue , Wang Ke , Zhu Dingheng , Meng Bingyao , Liu Jieyu , Liang Xiaoting , Jin Yi , Liu Xingyuan , Wen Qian , Zhou Liang
Published: November 2021

Uncontrolled overactivation of autophagy may lead to autophagic cell death, suppression of which is a pro-survival strategy for tumors. However, mechanisms involving key regulators in modulating autophagic cell death remain poorly defined. Here, we report a novel long noncoding RNA, p53 upregulated regulator of p53 levels (PURPL), functions as an oncogene to promote cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasiveness, and inhibits cell death in melanoma cells. Mechanistic studies showed that PURPL promoted mTOR-mediated ULK1 phosphorylation at Ser757 by physical interacting with mTOR and ULK1 to constrain autophagic response to avoid cell death. Loss of PURPL led to AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of ULK1 at Ser555 and Ser317 to over-activate autophagy and induce autophagic cell death. Our results identify PURPL as a key regulator to modulate the activity of autophagy initiation factor ULK1 to repress autophagic cell death in melanoma and may represent a potential intervention target for melanoma therapy.
Autonomous extraction of millimeter-scale deformation in InSAR time series using deep learning
Authors: Rouet-Leduc Bertrand , Jolivet Romain , Dalaison Manon , Johnson Paul A. , Hulbert Claudia
Published: November 2021

Systematically characterizing slip behaviours on active faults is key to unraveling the physics of tectonic faulting and the interplay between slow and fast earthquakes. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), by enabling measurement of ground deformation at a global scale every few days, may hold the key to those interactions. However, atmospheric propagation delays often exceed ground deformation of interest despite state-of-the art processing, and thus InSAR analysis requires expert interpretation and a priori knowledge of fault systems, precluding global investigations of deformation dynamics. Here, we show that a deep auto-encoder architecture tailored to untangle ground deformation from noise in InSAR time series autonomously extracts deformation signals, without prior knowledge of a fault’s location or slip behaviour. Applied to InSAR data over the North Anatolian Fault, our method reaches 2 mm detection, revealing a slow earthquake twice as extensive as previously recognized. We further explore the generalization of our approach to inflation/deflation-induced deformation, applying the same methodology to the geothermal field of Coso, California.
Evolutionary metabolic landscape from preneoplasia to invasive lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Nie Meng , Yao Ke , Zhu Xinsheng , Chen Na , Xiao Nan , Wang Yi , Peng Bo , Yao LiAng , Li Peng , Zhang Peng , Hu Zeping
Published: November 2021

Metabolic reprogramming evolves during cancer initiation and progression. However, thorough understanding of metabolic evolution from preneoplasia to lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is still limited. Here, we perform large-scale targeted metabolomics on resected lesions and plasma obtained from invasive LUAD and its precursors, and decipher the metabolic trajectories from atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) to adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) and invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC), revealing that perturbed metabolic pathways emerge early in premalignant lesions. Furthermore, three panels of plasma metabolites are identified as non-invasive predictive biomarkers to distinguish IAC and its precursors with benign diseases. Strikingly, metabolomics clustering defines three metabolic subtypes of IAC patients with distinct clinical characteristics. We identify correlation between aberrant bile acid metabolism in subtype III with poor clinical features and demonstrate dysregulated bile acid metabolism promotes migration of LUAD, which could be exploited as potential targetable vulnerability and for stratifying patients. Collectively, the comprehensive landscape of the metabolic evolution along the development of LUAD will improve early detection and provide impactful therapeutic strategies.
A chickpea genetic variation map based on the sequencing of 3,366 genomes
Authors: Varshney Rajeev K. , Roorkiwal Manish , Sun Shuai , Bajaj Prasad , Chitikineni Annapurna , Thudi Mahendar , Singh Narendra P. , Du Xiao , Upadhyaya Hari D. , Khan Aamir W. , Wang Yue , Garg Vanika , Fan Guangyi , Cowling Wallace A. , Crossa José , Gentzbittel Laurent , Voss-Fels Kai Peter , Valluri Vinod Kumar , Sinha Pallavi , Singh Vikas K. , Ben Cécile , Rathore Abhishek , Punna Ramu , Singh Muneendra K. , Tar’an Bunyamin , Bharadwaj Chellapilla , Yasin Mohammad , Pithia Motisagar S. , Singh Servejeet , Soren Khela Ram , Kudapa Himabindu , Jarquín Diego , Cubry Philippe , Hickey Lee T. , Dixit Girish Prasad , Thuillet Anne-Céline , Hamwieh Aladdin , Kumar Shiv , Deokar Amit A. , Chaturvedi Sushil K. , Francis Aleena , Howard Réka , Chattopadhyay Debasis , Edwards David , Lyons Eric , Vigouroux Yves , Hayes Ben J. , von Wettberg Eric , Datta Swapan K. , Yang Huanming , Nguyen Henry T. , Wang Jian , Siddique Kadambot H. M. , Mohapatra Trilochan , Bennetzen Jeffrey L. , Xu Xun , Liu Xin
Published: November 2021

Zero hunger and good health could be realized by 2030 through effective conservation, characterization and utilization of germplasm resources1. So far, few chickpea (Cicerarietinum) germplasm accessions have been characterized at the genome sequence level2. Here we present a detailed map of variation in 3,171 cultivated and 195 wild accessions to provide publicly available resources for chickpea genomics research and breeding. We constructed a chickpea pan-genome to describe genomic diversity across cultivated chickpea and its wild progenitor accessions. A divergence tree using genes present in around 80% of individuals in one species allowed us to estimate the divergence of Cicer over the last 21 million years. Our analysis found chromosomal segments and genes that show signatures of selection during domestication, migration and improvement. The chromosomal locations of deleterious mutations responsible for limited genetic diversity and decreased fitness were identified in elite germplasm. We identified superior haplotypes for improvement-related traits in landraces that can be introgressed into elite breeding lines through haplotype-based breeding, and found targets for purging deleterious alleles through genomics-assisted breeding and/or gene editing. Finally, we propose three crop breeding strategies based on genomic prediction to enhance crop productivity for 16 traits while avoiding the erosion of genetic diversity through optimal contribution selection (OCS)-based pre-breeding. The predicted performance for 100-seed weight, an important yield-related trait, increased by up to 23% and 12% with OCS- and haplotype-based genomic approaches, respectively.
Simultaneous determination of pesticides from soils: a comparison between QuEChERS extraction and Dutch mini-Luke extraction methods
Authors: Vickneswaran Mathavan , Carolan James C. , White Blánaid
Published: November 2021

Dutch mini-Luke is more effective than QuEChERS for extracting pesticides such as prothioconazole from soil matrices.
Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of Cd, Hg and Pb from medicines prior to ICP OES determination according to the United States Pharmacopeia
Authors: Pinheiro Fernanda C. , Aguirre Miguel Ángel , Nóbrega Joaquim A. , Canals Antonio
Published: November 2021

A simple and sensitive DLLME procedure combined with ICP OES for trace determination of Cd, Hg and Pb in drug samples following USP requirements.
The rapid profiling and simultaneous determination of 12 major alkaloids in Nauclea officinalis by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS
Authors: Wang Guanghou , Wang Hongjin , Liu Huan , Wang Yue , Lin Ziwei , Sun Lixin
Published: November 2021

For the first time, we determined the phytochemical profile of alkaloids from N. officinalis using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS).
O-Protected NH-free hydroxylamines: emerging electrophilic aminating reagents for organic synthesis
Authors: Jinan Dilsha , Mondal Pinku Prasad , Nair Anagha Veluthanath , Sahoo Basudev
Published: November 2021

O-Protected NH-free hydroxylamines have emerged as electrophilic aminating reagents for constructing nitrogen-enriched compounds with high regio-, and stereoselectivity in the unprotected form, through biocatalysis, organo-, and metal catalysis.
Pd-catalyzed bidentate auxiliary assisted remote C(sp3)–H functionalization
Authors: Talukdar Kangkan , Shah Tariq A. , Sarkar Tanumay , Roy Subhasish , Maharana Prabhat Kumar , Punniyamurthy Tharmalingam
Published: November 2021

This article presents “state of art” trends in achieving the bidentate auxiliary assisted distal sp3 C–H functionalization beyond proximal sites. The substrate scope and mechanistic underpinnings of the key methodologies are highlighted.
Dendronized polydiacetylenes via photo-polymerization of supramolecular assemblies showing thermally tunable chirality
Authors: Liu Yanjun , Lin Yaodong , Cao Yuexin , Zhi Aomiao , Chen Jiabei , Li Wen , Demir Baris , Searles Debra J. , Whittaker Andrew K. , Zhang Afang
Published: November 2021

Dendronized polydiacetylenes showing thermoresponsiveness were fabricated via photopolymerization of assembled ribbons from amphiphilic dendronized diacetylene in aqueous solutions, which simultaneously showed thermally switchable chiralities.
Novel two-dimensional boron oxynitride predicted using the USPEX evolutionary algorithm
Authors: Popov Zakhar I. , Tikhomirova Kseniya A. , Demin Victor A. , Chowdhury Suman , Oganov Artem R. , Kvashnin Alexander G. , Kvashnin Dmitry G.
Published: November 2021

A non-honeycomb layered phase of boron nitride doped by oxygen predicted by USPEX.
Selective excitation of hydrogen doubles the yield and improves the robustness of parahydrogen-induced polarization of low-γ nuclei
Authors: Schmidt Andreas B. , Brahms Arne , Ellermann Frowin , Knecht Stephan , Berner Stephan , Hennig Jürgen , von Elverfeldt Dominik , Herges Rainer , Hövener Jan-Bernd , Pravdivtsev Andrey N.
Published: November 2021

We describe a new method for pulsed spin order transfer of parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) that enables high polarization in incompletely 2H-labeled molecules by exciting only the desired protons in a frequency-selective manner.
Computer-aided solvent screening for the fractionation of wet microalgae biomass
Authors: König-Mattern Laura , Linke Steffen , Rihko-Struckmann Liisa , Sundmacher Kai
Published: November 2021

Computational solvent selection enables the screening of more than 8000 solvent candidates for the fractionation of wet microalgal cells.
Atomic spectrometry update – a review of advances in environmental analysis
Authors: Bacon Jeffrey R. , Butler Owen T. , Cairns Warren R. L. , Cavoura Olga , Cook Jennifer M. , Davidson Christine M. , Mertz-Kraus Regina
Published: November 2021

This review covers advances in the analysis of air, water, plants, soils and geological materials by a range of atomic spectrometric techniques including atomic emission, absorption, fluorescence and mass spectrometry.
2,9-Dibenzo[b,def]chrysene as a building block for organic electronics
Authors: Gagnon Félix , Tremblay Vicky , Soldera Armand , Ocheje Michael U. , Rondeau-Gagné Simon , Leclerc Mario , Morin Jean-François
Published: November 2021

A new series of three donor–acceptor conjugated polymers based on a low-cost, easily accessible vat dye called Vat orange 1 have been prepared. The polymers have bandgap values ranging from 1.61 to 1.86 eV.
FeNb2O6/reduced graphene oxide composites with intercalation pseudo-capacitance enabling ultrahigh energy density for lithium-ion capacitors
Authors: Kong Shuying , Zhang Xu , Jin Binbin , Guo Xiaogang , Zhang Guoqing , Huang Huisheng , Xiang Xinzhu , Cheng Kui
Published: November 2021

FeNb2O6/reduced graphene oxide (FNO/rGO) hybrid material as a fast charge anode for LICs that provides a solution to overcome the discrepancy in kinetics between battery-type anodes and capacitive cathodes.
Biochemical property and gel-forming ability of mackerel (Auxis thazard) surimi prepared by ultrasonic assisted washing
Authors: Somjid Panumas , Panpipat Worawan , Petcharat Tanyamon , Chaijan Manat
Published: November 2021

Ultrasonic assisted washing (UAW) improved gel-forming ability of mackerel surimi. Washing time can be reduced up to 50% compared to the conventional washing.
Facile synthesis and nematicidal activity evaluation of thiophosphinyl amide [(Pz)2P(S)NHR] and thiophosphonyl diamide [(Pz)P(S)(NHR)2] (Pz = 1,3,5-trimethylpyrazole, R = biphenyl derivatives)
Authors: Chen Xiao , Lu Xiaogang , Liu Haibo , Wang Hongmei , Pei Chengxin
Published: November 2021

A series of SDHI (succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor)-like thiophosphinyl amide [(Pz)2P(S)NHR] and thiophosphonyl diamide [PzP(S)(NHR)2] compounds, where Pz = 1,3,5-trimethylpyrazole and N(H)R = derivatives of 2-aminobiphenyl, were synthesizedviaa facile two-step process. Some of their nematicidal activities towardsMeloidogyne incogitaare stronger than that of the amide analogue bixafen.
Speciation analysis the complexation of uranyl nitrate with tri-n-butyl phosphate in supercritical CO2
Authors: Zhu Liyang , Lan Youshi , Liu Qian , Hao Xuan , Zhou Jin , Yang Suliang
Published: November 2021

Uranyl nitrate complex with TBP in supercritical CO2 could form 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 species, and further generate 2 : 3 and 3 : 3 poly-core uranyl species.
Effects of thermal treatments on the hydrophobicity and anticorrosion properties of as-grown graphene coatings
Authors: Chang Wei , Popov Branko N. , Li Chen
Published: November 2021

Thermal treatments can significantly affect the anticorrosion properties and the subsequent surface hydrophobicity of graphene-metal systems with varied interfacial bonds.
Kinetic coherence underlies the dynamics of disordered proteins
Authors: Tenenbaum Alexander
Published: November 2021

In the phase space of a globular or intrinsically disordered protein, the momenta's dynamics is less chaotic than the coordinates' dynamics. When a protein is denaturated, a gain in kinetic coherence accompanies the loss of structural coherence.
A stable triplet diradical emitter
Authors: Feng Zhongtao , Chong Yuanyuan , Tang Shuxuan , Fang Yong , Zhao Yue , Jiang Jun , Wang Xinping
Published: November 2021

Stable borocyclic diradical emitters with a tunable ground state.
Dendritic polyelectrolytes with monovalent and divalent counterions: the charge regulation effect and counterion release
Authors: Xu Xiao , Jia Xu , Zhang Yuejun
Published: November 2021

The charge regulation and the release of counterions are extremely important and substantial in determining the charge state of polyelectrolytes and the interaction between polyelectrolytes and proteins.
An overview of porous silica immobilized amines for direct air CO2 capture
Authors: Cherevotan Arjun , Raj Jithu , Peter Sebastian C.
Published: November 2021

A comprehensive overview on porous silica immobilized amines as efficient materials for direct air CO2 capture.
Layer dependence of out-of-plane electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient in continuous mono- to multilayer MoS2 films
Authors: Lee Won-Yong , Kang Min-Sung , Park No-Won , Kim Gil-Sung , Nguyen Anh Duc , Choi Jae Won , Yoon Young-Gui , Kim Yong Soo , Jang Ho Won , Saitoh Eiji , Lee Sang-Kwon
Published: November 2021

We report on a direct comparison of the out-of-plane thermoelectric properties, such as Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity, of atomically thin MoS2 films.
A near infrared-II broad emission material with multi-spectral excitation and long persistent luminescence properties
Authors: Ding Xin , Zhang Qiang , Li Zhihua , Min Yu
Published: November 2021

NIGO: Cr3+, with infrared-II broad emission and long persistent luminescence properties, is studied in detail.
Asynchronous bumpless stabilisation of uncertain switched linear positive systems with mixed time delay and L1‐gain performance
Authors: Nojoumian Mohammad Ali , Ayati Moosa , Zakerzadeh Mohammad Reza
Published: November 2021

This paper investigates a bumpless transfer control problem for uncertain switched positive linear time‐delay systems (SPLTDSs) with discrete and distributed delays. The innovation of this study is to develop a linear feedback controller and design a switching law that ensures lower controller signal bumps due to the switches of the SPLTDSs and also guarantee the –gain performance of the system. To this end, a bumpless transfer performance is proposed, and stabilisation constraints for SPLTDSs with synchronous switching are developed. Dwell time criteria are utilised in the stability analysis. Also, the results are improved to cover the uncertain SPLTDSs with interval or polytopic uncertainties. Then, asynchronous switching is considered, and the proposed method is extended to deals with asynchronous switching mode. Asynchronous switching means switches of the controller have lagged behind the subsystem switches. All the stability conditions are derived by multiple co‐positive Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional for synchronous and asynchronous switching conditions. At last, two numerical examples are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method compared with the leading existing solutions.
Coverage analysis of intelligent reflecting surface systems in Rayleigh fading
Authors: Devapriya R. Dahlia , Sudharsan P. , Tellambura C.
Published: November 2021

Intelligent reflecting surfaces have attracted much attention recently as they can manipulate the wireless channel. However, the typical analysis of the downlink system considers the BS‐IRS‐UE link only. Apart from the BS‐IRS‐UE link, the BS‐UE link also exists. In this letter, closed‐form expressions are derived for coverage at the UE considering both these links. Simulations verify the derived expressions, which shed light on the impact of different parameters. Using the closed‐form expression for coverage, an accurate bound is derived for IRS coverage range, that is, the distance beyond which the coverage drops to zero.
The torque reversals of 4U 1626–67
Authors: Gençali A. A. , Niang N. , Toyran O. , Ertan Ü. , Ulubay A. , Şaşmaz S. , Devlen E. , Vahdat A. , Özcan Ş. , Alpar M. A.
Published: November 2021

We investigated the detailed torque-reversal behavior of 4U 1626–67 in the framework of the recently developed comprehensive model of the inner disk radius and torque calculations for neutron stars accreting from geometrically thin disks. The model can reproduce the relation between the torque and X-ray luminosity across the torque reversals of 4U 1626–67. Our results imply that: (1) rotational equilibrium is reached when the inner disk radius equals the co-rotation radius, rco, while the conventional Alfvén radius is greater than but close to rco; (2) both spin-up and spin-down torques are operating on either side of torque reversal; and (3) with the increasing accretion rate, the spin-up torque associated with accretion onto the star gradually dominates the spin-down torque exerted by the disk. The torque reversals are the natural outcome of transitions between the well-defined weak-propeller and spin-up phases of the star with a stable, geometrically thin accretion disk.
Comparison of Thrombotic Events and Mortality in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia and COVID-19: A Multicenter Observational Study
Authors: Cangemi Roberto , Calvieri Camilla , Falcone Marco , Cipollone Francesco , Ceccarelli Giancarlo , Pignatelli Pasquale , D'Ardes Damiano , Pirro Matteo , Alessandri Francesco , Lichtner Miriam , D'Ettorre Gabriella , Oliva Alessandra , Aronica Raissa , Rocco Monica , Venditti Mario , Romiti Giulio Francesco , Tiseo Giusy , Taliani Gloria , Menichetti Francesco , Pugliese Francesco , Mastroianni Claudio Maria , Violi Francesco
Published: November 2021

Background It is still unclear if patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have different rate, typology, and impact of thrombosis on survival.

Methods In this multicenter observational cohort study, 1,138 patients, hospitalized for CAP (n = 559) or COVID-19 (n = 579) from seven clinical centers in Italy, were included in the study. Consecutive adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) with confirmed COVID-19-related pneumonia, with or without mechanical ventilation, hospitalized from March 1, 2020 to April 30, 2020, were enrolled. COVID-19 was diagnosed based on the World Health Organization interim guidance. Patients were followed-up until discharge or in-hospital death, registering the occurrence of thrombotic events including ischemic/embolic events.

Results During the in-hospital stay, 11.4% of CAP and 15.5% of COVID-19 patients experienced thrombotic events (p = 0.046). In CAP patients all the events were arterial thromboses, while in COVID-19 patients 8.3% were venous and 7.2% arterial thromboses.

During the in-hospital follow-up, 3% of CAP patients and 17% of COVID-19 patients died (p < 0.001). The highest mortality rate was found among COVID-19 patients with thrombotic events (47.6 vs. 13.4% in thrombotic-event-free patients; p < 0.001). In CAP, 13.8% of patients experiencing thrombotic events died versus 1.8% of thrombotic event-free ones (p < 0.001). A multivariable Cox-regression analysis confirmed a higher risk of death in COVID-19 patients with thrombotic events (hazard ratio: 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.4–3.3; p < 0.001).

Conclusion Compared with CAP, COVID-19 is characterized by a higher burden of thrombotic events, different thrombosis typology and higher risk of thrombosis-related in-hospital mortality.
Survey of Microinvasive Glaucoma Surgery and Other Glaucoma Surgical Experience among United States Ophthalmology Residency Programs
Authors: Halenda Kevin M. , Lee Tae Jin , Sharma Ashok , Estes Amy J. , Bollinger Kathryn E.
Published: November 2021

Purpose The aim of the study is to assess the state of glaucoma surgical training in United States ophthalmology residency programs, including experience with microinvasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS).

Design The design of the study is anonymous, internet-based national survey.

Participants Current United States ophthalmology residents of residency programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME).

Methods An anonymous survey link was emailed to all 120 accredited United States ophthalmology residency programs inviting residents to participate in an assessment of residency glaucoma surgical experience. Survey responses were collected between January 21, 2019 and March 4, 2019 and analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Main Outcome Measures The main outcomes of the study are demographic information, practice intentions, and anticipated primary surgical experience with ACGME-required glaucoma procedures and MIGS procedures, as self-reported by U.S. ophthalmology residents.

Results Of the estimated 1,479 U.S. ophthalmology residents, 161 residents participated (10.9%). A total of 118 residents (73.2%) reported any degree of anticipated MIGS primary surgical experience during residency, with the iStent being the most familiar technique. The likelihood of any anticipated MIGS experience during residency was not significantly different by geographic region (p = 0.16), however, anticipated volume varied significantly (p = 0.037). Of the 113 respondents who reported an intention to manage glaucoma surgically in their eventual practice, 25 (22.1%) reported no anticipated primary MIGS experience during residency. 73.3% of residents anticipating MIGS experience anticipated 0 to 10 cases, with 42.9% anticipating less than 5 cases as primary surgeon.

Conclusion MIGs are not a required component of the glaucoma surgical curriculum for U.S. ophthalmology residents. Although the majority of ophthalmology residents surveyed intend to manage glaucoma surgically in eventual practice, most receive minimal experience with these novel techniques during residency. Surgical training is variable by geographic region.
CABG versus PCI in the Treatment of Unprotected Left Main Disease in Diabetics: A Literature Review
Authors: Lambert Daniel , Mattia Allan , Hsu Angel , Manetta Frank
Published: November 2021

The approach to left main coronary artery disease (CAD) in diabetic patients has been extensively debated. Diabetic patients have an elevated risk of left main disease in addition to multivessel disease. Previous trials have shown increased revascularization rates in percutaneous coronary intervention compared with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) but overall comparable outcomes, although many of these studies were not using the latest stent technology or CABG with arterial revascularization. Our aim is to review the most recent trials that have recently published long-term follow-up, as well as other literature pertaining to left main disease in diabetic patients. Furthermore, we will be discussing some future treatment strategies that could likely create a paradigm shift in how left main CAD is managed.
Applicant Perceptions Regarding the 2020 to 2021 Virtual Ophthalmology Residency Interview and Match Season
Authors: Shah Saumya M. , Barkmeier Andrew J. , Dalvin Lauren A. , Tooley Andrea A.
Published: November 2021

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has significantly impacted medical education, notably the mandate for all residency programs to implement virtual (rather than in-person) residency interviews. Understanding residency applicants' perceptions and approach to this novel virtual interview season will be beneficial as potential future interview formats are considered.

Objective The aim of this study was to examine perceptions of the 2020 to 2021 ophthalmology residency match applicants regarding the virtual interview season prior to the start of the interview season.

Patients and Methods Ophthalmology residency applicants during the 2020 to 2021 cycle were invited to complete the survey between October 20 and 29, 2020. Respondent demographic information, perceived importance of various application details in a normal versus virtual interview season, strengths and limitations of virtual interviews, and preferences for optimal virtual interview format were obtained.

Results There were 337 survey respondents, with at least 50% of the survey completed by 190 applicants (56%). Of these, 73% of respondents applied to more than 60 ophthalmology residency programs, and 78% felt that the evaluation of candidates would be impacted by the virtual interview format. Regardless of interview format, United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 score and letters of recommendation were perceived to be the two most important factors related to matching at an applicant's top ranked programs. The primary limitation of a virtual interview season was the inability to experience a program's culture in person, while largest strength was cost savings.

Conclusion The ophthalmology residency match is a competitive process made potentially more complex by a novel virtual interview format. A detailed postcycle analysis will be important to optimize future interview seasons.
Progress in deep Markov state modeling: Coarse graining and experimental data restraints
Authors: Mardt Andreas , Noé Frank
Published: November 2021

Recent advances in deep learning frameworks have established valuable tools for analyzing the long-timescale behavior of complex systems, such as proteins. In particular, the inclusion of physical constraints, e.g., time-reversibility, was a crucial step to make the methods applicable to biophysical systems. Furthermore, we advance the method by incorporating experimental observables into the model estimation showing that biases in simulation data can be compensated for. We further develop a new neural network layer in order to build a hierarchical model allowing for different levels of details to be studied. Finally, we propose an attention mechanism, which highlights important residues for the classification into different states. We demonstrate the new methodology on an ultralong molecular dynamics simulation of the Villin headpiece miniprotein.
Stochastic parallel optimization of an islanded microgrid under multiple source–load uncertainties
Authors: Sun Lu , Xu Qingshan , Zhao Jun , Ji Yongli
Published: November 2021

This paper proposes a stochastic parallel optimization approach for an islanded microgrid. The proposed approach solves two of the problems faced by such microgrids, namely, how to mitigate the adverse effects of multiple source–load uncertainties and how to accelerate the computation speed, by decomposing an entire microgrid into several entities, i.e., the utility and the end users. A chance constrained programming-based optimization model is established to address the former problem. By discretizing the continuous variables, the chance constraints of multiple uncertainties can be transformed into deterministic constraints. The second problem is solved by incorporating a new linear penalty function into the analytical target cascading method. With this proposed penalty function, the algorithm converges rapidly and the scheduling results for both the utility and the end users are obtained with low computational cost. A simulation is conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Dynamics and phase behavior of two-dimensional size-asymmetric binary mixtures of core-softened colloids
Authors: Padilla Luis A. , León-Islas Andres A. , Funkhouser Jesse , Armas-Pérez Julio C. , Ramírez-Hernández Abelardo
Published: November 2021

The self-assembly of binary colloidal mixtures provides a bottom-up approach to create novel functional materials. To elucidate the effect of composition, temperature, and pressure on the self-assembly behavior of size-asymmetric mixtures, we performed extensive dynamics simulations of a simple model of polymer-grafted colloids. We have used a core-softened interaction potential and extended it to represent attractive interactions between unlike colloids and repulsions between like colloids. Our study focused on size-asymmetric mixtures where the ratio between the sizes of the colloidal cores was fixed at σBσA=0.5. We have performed extensive simulations in the isothermal–isobaric and canonical (NVT) ensembles to elucidate the phase behavior and dynamics of mixtures with different stoichiometric ratios. Our simulation results uncovered a rich phase behavior, including the formation of hierarchical structures with many potential applications. For compositions where small colloids are the majority, sublattice melting occurs for a wide range of densities. Under these conditions, large colloids form a well-defined lattice, whereas small colloids can diffuse through the system. As the temperature is decreased, the small colloids localize, akin to a metal–insulator transition, with the small colloids playing a role similar to electrons. Our results are summarized in terms of phase diagrams.
Measurement techniques to improve the accuracy of x-ray mirror metrology using stitching Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensors
Authors: Adapa Bharath Reddy , Dovillaire Guillaume , Vivo Amparo , Perrin Francois , Mayer Rafael , Barrett Raymond
Published: November 2021

We describe the development of specific measurement protocols to improve the accuracy of surface metrology of x-ray mirrors using a dedicated commercial instrument based on wavefront sensing techniques. This instrument, SHARPeR, uses measurements from a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor combined with a sub-aperture stitching method to provide two-dimensional maps of the surface slope errors and can measure curved mirrors above 1 m radii. In this paper, we describe the results of measurement methods developed on a SHARPeR system installed at the European Synchrotron (ESRF) to reduce the contribution of systematic errors to measurements of strongly curved spherical and aspherical x-ray mirrors with intrinsic slope errors of the order of 100–200 nrad rms. We demonstrate how this commercial integrated instrument can provide measurements of these mirrors with comparable accuracy to those measured with a long trace profiler.
Hyper-Rayleigh scattering of adenine, thymine, and cytosine in neat water
Authors: Jonin Christian , Salmon Estelle , Brevet Pierre-François
Published: November 2021

The first hyperpolarizabilities of the DNA bases thymine and cytosine were determined by hyper-Rayleigh scattering in neat water despite their low solubility. Due to the low intensity levels collected, count statistics were performed instead of the standard dilution procedure. The first hyperpolarizabilities were found to be βThymine = (2.99 ± 0.44) × 10−30 esu for thymine and βCytosine = (3.35 ± 0.21) × 10−30 esu for cytosine. Due to its weak solubility, only an upper limit βAdenine < (1.82 ± 0.10) × 10−30 esu could be set for adenine. The first hyperpolarizability of guanine could not be measured because of its very weak solubility. Theoretical static and 800 nm dynamic first hyperpolarizability tensor elements were also computed with Gaussian 09 for comparison.
Anomalous temperature dependence of the experimental x-ray structure factor of supercooled water
Authors: Esmaeildoost Niloofar , Pathak Harshad , Späh Alexander , Lane Thomas J. , Kim Kyung Hwan , Yang Cheolhee , Amann-Winkel Katrin , Ladd-Parada Marjorie , Perakis Fivos , Koliyadu Jayanath , Oggenfuss Alexander R. , Johnson Philip J. M. , Deng Yunpei , Zerdane Serhane , Mankowsky Roman , Beaud Paul , Lemke Henrik T. , Nilsson Anders , Sellberg Jonas A.
Published: November 2021

The structural changes of water upon deep supercooling were studied through wide-angle x-ray scattering at SwissFEL. The experimental setup had a momentum transfer range of 4.5 Å−1, which covered the principal doublet of the x-ray structure factor of water. The oxygen–oxygen structure factor was obtained for temperatures down to 228.5 ± 0.6 K. Similar to previous studies, the second diffraction peak increased strongly in amplitude as the structural change accelerated toward a local tetrahedral structure upon deep supercooling. We also observed an anomalous trend for the second peak position of the oxygen–oxygen structure factor (q2). We found that q2 exhibits an unprecedented positive partial derivative with respect to temperature for temperatures below 236 K. Based on Fourier inversion of our experimental data combined with reference data, we propose that the anomalous q2 shift originates from that a repeat spacing in the tetrahedral network, associated with all peaks in the oxygen–oxygen pair-correlation function, gives rise to a less dense local ordering that resembles that of low-density amorphous ice. The findings are consistent with that liquid water consists of a pentamer-based hydrogen-bonded network with low density upon deep supercooling.
Singly Occupied Molecular Orbital−Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (SOMO−HOMO) Conversion
Authors: Murata Ryo , Wang Zhe , Abe Manabu
Published: November 2021

Singly occupied molecular orbital−highest occupied molecular orbital (SOMO−HOMO) conversion (inversion), SHC, is a phenomenon in which the SOMO is lower in energy than the doubly occupied molecular orbitals (DOMO, HOMO). A non-Aufbau electronic structure leads to unique properties such as a switch in bond dissociation energy and the generation of high-spin species on one-electron oxidation. In addition, the pronounced photostability of these species has been reported recently for application in organic light-emitting devices. In this review article, we summarise the chemistry of SOMO−HOMO converted (inverted) species reported to date.
Evidentiality in Selibu
Authors: Zhou Yang , Suzuki Hiroyuki
Published: November 2021

Selibu is a Mandarin-Khams Tibetan mixed language with about 900 native speakers in northwest Yunnan, People’s Republic of China. As a Form-Semantics mixed language, it derives most of its lexicon and grammatical morphemes from Southwest Mandarin and borrows its morphosyntactic and semantic structure from Alangu Tibetan. This article examines the contact-induced emergence of a five-category complex evidential system in Selibu with a detailed comparison with its source system in the model language, Alangu Tibetan. Our discussion focuses on the hybrid features of Selibu evidentiality in both forms and functions and also on its structural formation, which does not represent a Form-Semantics mixed type in this particular domain.
Research in data-driven learning
Authors: Boulton Alex
Published: November 2021

Data-driven learning (DDL) typically involves language learners consulting corpus data, either directly or via prepared materials, to answer questions about language. The approach has been mooted since the beginning of the modern era of corpus linguistics and has come to be associated with work by Tim Johns who coined the term in print in 1990. Since then, hundreds of studies have attempted to evaluate some aspect of DDL, giving rise to several reviews and syntheses. This paper introduces DDL and discusses the syntheses to date, before analysing a rigorous collection of 351 studies published up to and including 2018. While previous syntheses have evaluated the field, the objective here is to provide an overview of how researchers see DDL across the board, to identify more clearly what DDL actually looks like today, how it has evolved from its early beginnings in the 1980s, and to suggest avenues for future research in underexplored areas.
Looking back on 25 years of TaLC
Authors: McCarthy Michael , McEnery Tony , Mark Geraldine , Pérez-Paredes Pascual
Published: November 2021

This chapter is the result of a conversation between Professors Tony McEnery and Michael McCarthy, two of the greatest names in the fields of corpus linguistics and the corpus-based analysis and teaching of the English language. They share their views and experiences of the areas discussed in this volume, including the relationship between DDL and SLA research, the role of formulaic language, spoken language and pragmatics as areas of potential applications of learner corpus research (LCR) methods, the role of frequency in language learning and teaching and, among others, annotation.
L2 development of -ing clauses
Authors: Dirdal Hildegunn
Published: November 2021

Although -ing clauses are frequent in English, their acquisition has not received much attention, and there is a lack of longitudinal studies and detailed explorations of cross-linguistic influence. This longitudinal case study of five young Norwegian students reveals a developmental sequence for the syntactic roles of -ing clauses: complements of aspectual verbs > complements of other verbs and prepositions > bare adjuncts and postmodifiers of nouns > subjects. The sequence may arise from a combination of frequencies in the input and grammatical selection. Syntactic restrictions on Norwegian present participle clauses are not mirrored in the acquisition of -ing clauses, indicating that the students do not make an interlingual identification. Cross-linguistic influence is evident mainly in late acquisition and infrequent use of -ing clauses.
Data-driven learning
Authors: Liu Tanjun
Published: November 2021

This chapter investigates the effect of data-driven learning (DDL) by comparing the use of a new corpus tool, #LancsBox, with the use of a corpus-based collocations dictionary for academic collocation learning. Learners in the study improved their collocational knowledge by using #LancsBox, although not significantly. No improvement was found through consulting the collocations dictionary. The majority of learners believed that direct corpus consultation using concordance lines and collocation graphs facilitated their collocation learning, whereas learners in the dictionary group considered the use of a dictionary to be more beneficial for writing than learning collocations. Interestingly, learners from both groups reported that they would continue using the assigned tools in future language learning and teaching.
CEFR-J × 28
Authors: Tono Yukio
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the development of multilingual pedagogical resources that make use of functional descriptors such as vocabulary and grammar items aligned to the CEFR levels in English. CEFR-J × 28 is a project that sets out to create multilingual pedagogical resources for 28 languages based upon the resources developed for the CEFR-J, a localised version of the CEFR for English language teaching in Japan. The chapter discusses the original CEFR-J project and its accompanying resources such as word/phrase lists, grammar and text profiles. It describes how to convert English resources into multiple languages using machine translation and multilingual corpora. A discussion of the advantages of this approach as well as future work is provided. The chapter discusses a series of e-learning tools developed to support learners’ vocabulary and grammar learning as well as a web-based learner corpus collection tool for multilingual spoken and written production.
Categories at the interface of cognition and action
Authors: Barsalou Lawrence W.
Published: November 2021

Grounded cognition offers a natural framework for
studying categories that lie at the interface of cognition and action.
From this perspective, cognition emerges from the coupling of the
brain, the modalities, the body, and the environment. Situated action,
in particular, links these domains together, as perceived entities and
events in the world (e.g., hedonic stimuli, social agents) trigger
self-relevant responses (e.g., goals, values, identities, norms),
which in turn produce bodily states (e.g., affect, motivation) that
initiate actions (e.g., bodily actions, vocalizations) and ultimately
produce outcomes, again in the world (e.g., reward, punishment). Ad
hoc and goal-derived categories emerge between the internal cognitive
states and external physical states that arise during the pursuit of
situated action. Although these categories behave similarly in some
ways to conventional taxonomic categories (e.g., possessing graded
structure), they differ in others, especially in their dependence on
context (typically contexts of situated action). On many occasions,
these categories are constructed to support current situated action
(ad hoc categories), but when they become relevant to situated action
across many occasions, they become well-established in memory
(goal-derived categories). Across these categories, ideals play
central roles in determining graded structure, supporting the goals
that drive situated action. Event frames offer a natural means of
understanding how ad hoc and goal-derived categories become
constructed compositionally, and how they offer an interface between
cognition and the world, essentially providing coordinated patterns of
values for instantiating frame variables. Interestingly, this
frame-based account can be naturally implemented in the simulation
mechanisms of perceptual symbol systems, further grounding ad hoc
categories in relations between the brain, modalities, body, and world
during situated action.
Are new words predictable?
Authors: Zaefferer Dietmar
Published: November 2021

Research on neologisms has so far been dominated by
retrospective investigations (cf. e.g. Schmid 2008; Kerremans & Prokić 2018). By contrast,
the present study is probably the first to directly tap into speakers’
linguistic competence by eliciting names for unfamiliar entities.
Building on early assumptions by Darwin (1859, 1871) and others an evolutionary, fitness-based approach
is developed to predict und thus explain the selections made by groups
of German speakers of successful neologisms from self-generated pools.
Four main factors are identified as crucial: quantity (brevity),
quality (truthfulness), relation (distinctiveness) and manner
(attractiveness). In order to test the viability of the theory an
experiment is conducted and replicated. The results provide
preliminary support for the assumptions made.
The on-line construction of meaning in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Arcodia Giorgio Francesco
Published: November 2021

Mandarin Chinese employs a fairly wide range of
constructions to encode categories, and specifically ad
hoc categories. These include, for instance, a general
extender as 等等 děng(děng)
‘etc., and so on’, non-exhaustive connectives as 啊 ā…
啊 ā (see Zhang 2008), exemplifying
constructions, and so on. In this paper, I focus on the use of a
specific strategy of on-line category construction in Chinese, namely
postnominal relative clauses (RCs). Postnominal RCs are particularly
interesting since in Mandarin Chinese, as in nearly every Sinitic
language, normally all modifiers (including RCs) appear before the
head noun; it has been proposed that postnominal RCs are always added
as afterthoughts, to resolve a potentially ambiguous reference, or
just to narrow down the scope of predication (see Wang & Wu 2020).
I conduct a manual search of postnominal RCs in excerpts of
transcribed spoken dialogue from the National Broadcast Media Language
Corpus, and I propose an analysis of the use of postnominal RCs as
devices for on-line categorization, focussing on their interaction
with other strategies for category-building. I also discuss the
pragmatic and functional correlates of the use of postnominal RCs, as
opposed to canonical, prenominal RCs.