bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Latent space models for network perception data
Authors: Sewell Daniel K.
Published: April 2019

Social networks, wherein the edges represent nonbehavioral relations such as friendship, power, and influence, can be difficult to measure and model. A powerful tool to address this is cognitive social structures (Krackhardt, D. (1987). Cognitive social structures.Social Networks,9(2), 109–134.), where the perception of the entire network is elicited from each actor. We provide a formal statistical framework to analyze informants’ perceptions of the network, implementing a latent space network model that can estimate, e.g., homophilic effects while accounting for informant error. Our model allows researchers to better understand why respondents’ perceptions differ. We also describe how to construct a meaningful single aggregated network that ameliorates potential respondent error. The proposed method provides a visualization method, an estimate of the informants’ biases and variances, and we describe a method for sidestepping forced-choice designs.
Clustering ensembles of social networks
Authors: Sweet Tracy M. , Flynt Abby , Choi David
Published: April 2019

Recently there has been significant work in the social sciences involving ensembles of social networks, that is, multiple, independent, social networks such as students within schools or employees within organizations. There remains, however, very little methodological work on exploring these types of data structures. We present methods for clustering social networks with observed nodal class labels, based on statistics of walk counts between the nodal classes. We extend this method to consider only non-backtracking walks, and introduce a method for normalizing the counts of long walk sequences using those of shorter ones. We then present a method for clustering networks based on these statistics to explore similarities among networks. We demonstrate the utility of this method on simulated network data, as well as on advice-seeking networks in education.
Geology and geochemistry of the Yuanjiacun banded iron formation in Shanxi Province, China: constraints on the genesis
Authors: Men Yekai , Wang Ende , Fu Jianfei , Jia Sanshi , You Xinwei , He Qiangwen
Published: April 2019

The Yuanjiacun banded iron formation (BIF) is hosted in lower Proterozoic metamorphic strata, and its structures are dominated by bands or streaks. Based on their differences in mineral compositions, the iron ores can be subdivided into haematite quartzite, magnetite quartzite, stilpnomelane magnetite quartzite and stilpnomelane haematite quartzite. The geochemical characteristics of the surrounding rocks show that the protoliths consisted of argillaceous and arenaceous sedimentary rocks. The predominant provenance was a high-maturity felsic sedimentary terrane. The absence of syn-depositional igneous rocks and the tectonic setting discrimination diagrams indicate that the Yuanjiacun BIF formed in a passive continental margin setting. Negligible terrigenous materials were involved in the precipitation of the Yuanjiacun BIF. The precipitation of the Yuanjiacun BIF was predominantly controlled by the mixing of seawater and hydrothermal fluids. Its metallogenic material originated from the leaching of mafic oceanic crust by hydrothermal fluids. The observed Ce anomaly deficiency and heavy Fe isotope enrichment indicate that the Yuanjiacun BIF formed in an anoxic marine environment. In a redox-stratified palaeo-ocean, the Yuanjiacun BIF formed in reducing seawater below the oxidation–reduction transition zone. The Si and O isotope compositions of quartz suggest that the formation of the Yuanjiacun BIF was closely related to submarine hydrothermal activity. The Si and Fe erupted from the seafloor and precipitated by supersaturation and biological oxidation under anoxic conditions, respectively.
Marine and plant-based n-3 PUFA and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Authors: Bork Christian S. , Venø Stine K. , Lasota Anne N. , Lundbye-Christensen Søren , Schmidt Erik B.
Published: April 2019

n-3 PUFA may exert favourable effects on several processes that may inhibit the atherosclerotic process. However, the role of n-3 PUFA in lowering the risk of atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) has been fiercely debated. In the present paper, we summarise the main findings from previous follow-up studies of intake and studies using adipose tissue as an objective biomarker to investigate exposure to n-3 PUFA in relation to ASCVD risk and discuss some perspectives for further research. The majority of previous studies investigating intake of marine- and plant-based n-3 PUFA have focused on CHD while other ASCVD such as ischaemic stroke and peripheral artery disease have been less studied. However, recent data from Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort suggest that marine n-3 PUFA may be inversely associated with risk of myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and peripheral arterial disease caused by atherosclerosis. The effect of the plant-derived n-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid on ASCVD is less clear and several gaps in the literature remain to be explored.
Morphological awareness and reading achievement in university students
Authors: Metsala Jamie L. , Parrila Rauno , Conrad Nicole J. , Deacon S. Hélène
Published: April 2019

We examined morphological awareness and reading achievement in university students in two ways. First, students with and without a self-reported history of reading difficulties were compared on word reading and text reading achievement, and on the reading-related skills of morphological awareness, orthographic processing, and phonological processing. Second, the unique contribution of morphological awareness to reading achievement was examined for a larger sample of first-year university students. Students with a self-reported history of reading difficulties (n = 54) showed moderate to large gaps in each area of reading achievement, and timed reading comprehension appeared more severely impaired than word-reading efficiency. These students had a deficit in morphological awareness that persisted even when (a) phonological awareness and orthographic processing skills, or (b) word-reading accuracy were statistically controlled. In the larger first-year sample (N = 211), morphological awareness contributed to variance in word reading beyond that accounted for by phonological awareness and orthographic processing. Furthermore, of the reading-related skills, only morphological awareness made a unique contribution to reading comprehension beyond variance accounted for by word reading. Taken together, these results demonstrate that morphological awareness makes unique contributions to university students’ reading achievement and is an additional difficulty for students with a self-reported history of reading difficulties.
Michael Bogdanov’s Iconoclastic Approach to Political Shakespeare
Authors: Freebury-Jones Darren
Published: April 2019

Between 1986 and 1989, Michael Bogdanov directed The Wars of the Roses (an ambitious seven-play Shakespeare cycle that won him the Olivier Award for Best Director in 1990), introducing an accessible and pertinent Shakespeare to 1980s audiences and paving the way for later politicized versions of Shakespeare’s plays – such as, recently, the New York Public Theater’s 2017 production of Julius Caesar. Following Bogdanov’s death in 2017, the time seems right for a new appraisal of his work as a radical, political director. The collection of Bogdanov’s personal papers at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust offers a unique opportunity to gain an insight into the director’s mind. The papers include annotated scripts, production records, prompt books, reviews, programmes, unpublished manuscripts, and two volumes of The Director’s Cut – documents spanning Bogdanov’s entire theatrical career. In this article Darren Freebury-Jones engages with these materials, as well as the influences of theoretical movements such as cultural materialism on the director’s approach, in order to shed light on the ways in which Bogdanov stimulated and inspired new readings of Shakespeare’s history plays.
Margaret Macnamara: a ‘New Woman’ of the Independent Theatre Movement
Authors: Lufkin Patricia
Published: April 2019

In this article Patricia Lufkin examines the work of Margaret Macnamara, a remarkable feminist playwright whose work has fallen into obscurity but who deserves attention as an important female participant in the Independent Theatre Movement and the Fabian Society. Macnamara’s associations and collaborations with key figures of the time, including George Bernard Shaw, are explored, and her progressive thought and participation in key organizations demonstrated. Importantly, Lufkin analyzes Macnamara’s play The Gates of the Morning (1908), highlighting its feminist critique of religion and its patriarchal influence. The critical response to her work was mixed, yet both positive and hostile reviews acknowledged that the play was a competent and stirring example of the new drama of progressive ideas, and helped to bring the ‘woman question’ to the forefront of people’s minds. Patricia Lufkin received her PhD from Louisiana State University, and is now teaching at Arkansas State University Mid-South. Her research focuses on early twentieth-century British theatre, most significantly on the life and work of Macnamara and Samuel Beckett.
Grotowski in New York City, 1993: Expectations, Hopes, and Stereotypes
Authors: Tyszka Juliusz
Published: April 2019

The legacy of Jerzy Grotowski twenty years after his death still presents a powerful challenge for theatre-makers, not only in experimental theatre, and theoreticians – which is also how it was during his life. This retrospect by Juliusz Tyszka on the Grotowski seminar organized by Robert Findlay and Robert Taylor for the Program in Educational Theatre, at New York University in February 1993, is a testimony to his achievements, offering insights into the opinions and reflections of American artists, critics, and scholars on the importance of Grotowski, and the impact of his theatrical output both on world theatre, and specifically in the US. Tyszka sets their views within the Polish background he shares with Grotowski. The climax of the seminar in a meeting with Grotowski himself, following a film recording of The Constant Prince, is fully described. In 1992/93 Juliusz Tyszka was a Fulbright visiting scholar in the Department of Performance Studies at NYU. He is an advisory editor of NTQ and a regular contributor to the journal. Since 2008 he has been Head of the Unit of Performance Studies, Institute of Cultural Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University at Poznań, Poland.
Multiple Robust High-degree Cubature Kalman Filter for Relative Position and Attitude Estimation of Satellite Formation
Authors: Li Ning , Ma Wentao , Man Weishi , Cao Liu , Zhang Hui
Published: April 2019

The High-degree Cubature Kalman Filter (HCKF) is proposed as a novel methodology based on the arbitrary degree spherical rule, which can achieve better performance than the traditional Kalman filter. However, it also has a large calculation burden when used in a high-dimension and high-degree of accuracy estimation system. The number of sampling points of an HCKF increases polynomially with increasing state-space dimensions, which further increases the calculation burden. The reduction of the number of the state-space dimensions is the main contribution of this study. A strategy for HCKF based on the partitioning of the state-space and orthogonal principle is introduced, referred to as the Multiple Robust HCKF (MRHCKF). It is shown that this technique can effectively reduce the calculation burden for the high-dimension system with robust performance. Numerical simulations are performed for the example of high-dimension relative position and attitude estimation to show that the proposed method can obtain nearly the same performance as the HCKF, while drastically reducing computational complexity.
An innovative approach for the assessment of mood disturbances in patients with eating disorders
Authors: Tecuta Lucia , Fava Giovanni Andrea , Tomba Elena
Published: April 2019

Objective.

Assessment of mood in eating disorders (EDs) has important clinical implications, but the current standard psychiatric classification (DSM-5) has limitations. The aim of the current study is to broaden the evaluation of depressive symptomatology by providing a comprehensive and innovative assessment approach in EDs through instruments that capture clinical phenomena of demoralization, subclinical distress, and psychological well-being.

Methods.

Seventy-nine patients who met diagnostic criteria for EDs of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fifth edition (DSM-5) were evaluated for depressive symptoms through Paykel’s Clinical Interview for Depression, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 for major depressive episode and persistent depressive disorder, and the Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research (DCPR) interview for demoralization. Further, self-report inventories encompassing psychological well-being and distress were used.

Results.

Guilt, abnormal reactivity to social environment, and depressed mood were the most common depressive symptoms in the sample. DSM-defined depressive disorders were found in 55.7% of patients. The DCPR-demoralization criteria identified an additional 20.3% of the sample that would have been undetected with DSM criteria. Both DSM and DCPR diagnostic categories were associated with compromised psychological well-being and distress. Demoralization, unlike depression, was not associated with the severity of ED symptomatology.

Conclusion.

The findings indicate that a standard psychiatric approach, DSM-5-based, captures only a narrow part of the spectrum of mood disturbances affecting patients with EDs. A broadened clinimetric assessment unravels the presence of demoralization and yields clinical distinctions that may entail prognostic and therapeutic differences among patients who would be otherwise simply labeled as depressed.
History and Church History in the Catholic Enlightenment
Authors: Printy Michael
Published: April 2019

More than a century ago, the German Catholic historian Sebastian Merkle made the case for a specifically Catholic engagement with the Enlightenment. His audience was largely Protestant academics, who assumed that Protestantism and modernity went hand in hand. But Merkle also refuted wholesale condemnations of the Enlightenment by conservative Catholics, who blamed the movement for the ills that had beset the Church since the French Revolution and which were at the root of the liberal attack on Catholicism up through the Kulturkampf. Merkle insisted that a moderate and constructive Catholic Enlightenment had embraced some aspects of modernity, and that it was important to acknowledge this historical reality in order to fully bring the Church into the modern age.
Highly compact GaN-based all-digital transmitter chain including SPDT T/Rx switch for massive MIMO applications
Authors: Hühn Florian , Wentzel Andreas , Heinrich Wolfgang
Published: April 2019

This paper presents a fully digital transmitter chain from baseband to antenna, including a modulator, two truly digital (i.e. fully switched) microwave power amplifiers and a transmit/receive switch. Both, amplifier and switch monolithic microwave integrated circuits were implemented in a GaN HEMT process. The novel amplifier design provides greatly reduced complexity, needing only three voltage sources. Measurements were conducted using 5, 20, and 100 MHz wide baseband signals. Carrier frequencies cover the 900 and 2000 MHz bands. For the 5 MHz BB signal an ACLR of over 52 dB is reached, fulfilling the 3GPP specs for base station use while still maintaining a final-stage drain efficiency of 46% at 6.5 dB peak to average power ratio. Full-scale output power at 30 V supply voltage was measured to exceed 3 W at 80% drain efficiency. Further features of this digital amplifier approach include small form factor and frequency agility, making it an ideal candidate for software defined radio.
No Difference in Magnesium Intake between Obese Women and Healthy Controls
Authors: Morais Jennifer Beatriz Silva , de Freitas Taynáh Emannuelle Coelho , Severo Juliana Soares , de Oliveira Ana Raquel Soares , Cruz Kyria Jayanne Clímaco , de Almendra Freitas Betânia de Jesus e Silva , Colli Célia , do Nascimento Marreiro Dilina
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Magnesium is a predominantly intracellular ion and plays an important role in energy metabolism and in the maintenance of energy homeostasis. This study aimed to estimate the dietary intake of magnesium and its association with adiposity parameters in obese women. This cross-sectional study included 125 women, aged between 20 and 50 years, who were divided into two groups: obese group (n = 62) and control group (n = 63). The control group was age-matched. Adiposity parameters determined were weight, body mass index and waist circumference as well as the intake of calories, macronutrients, and magnesium were calculated. The cut-off for obesity was body mass index between 30.0 and 39.9 kg/m2 and for control group was between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2 Food intake was calculated using 3-day food records, and energy consumption as well as the intake of macronutrients and magnesium was calculated using the NutWin software version 1.5. The reference values used were the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for macronutrients and the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for magnesium. The average levels of magnesium found in the diet were lower than those recommended (169.1 ± 64.5 mg Mg/day and 158.5 ± 42.9 mg Mg/day, for obese women and control group, respectively) and the differences between the groups were not statistically different (p > 0.05). The correlation analysis indicated that the association between the dietary intake of magnesium and adiposity was not significant. The results of this study indicate that dietary magnesium does not influence the adiposity parameters in obese women.
Ionospheric Response to the 21 May 2012 Annular Solar Eclipse Over Taiwan
Authors: Liu J. Y. , Yang S. S. , Rajesh P. K. , Sun Y. Y. , Chum J. , Pan C. J. , Chu Y. H. , Chao C. K. , Chang L. C.
Published: April 2019

An annular solar eclipse swept over Taiwan in the early morning on 21 May 2012. This provides an excellent opportunity to study ionospheric response to the solar eclipse mainly due to photochemical effects. Local ground‐based Global Positioning System receivers, an ionosonde, high frequency‐continue wave Doppler sounding systems, and very low frequency receivers are used to observe ionospheric eclipse signatures. These multiinstrument observations show that the extreme total electron content (TEC) depression lags the maximum obscuration by about 5–20 min, while the Doppler frequency shift decreases and increases (i.e., the ionosphere ascends and descends) during first contact‐maximum obscuration and maximum obscuration‐last contact, respectively. The ionosonde data well agree with the TEC and Doppler frequency shift observations. The results show that the extreme TEC depression lag (i.e., delay time) being inversely proportional to the associated maximum obscuration confirms that the photochemical process is essential in Taiwan during the 21 May 2012 annular solar eclipse. A theoretical derivation is proposed for the first time to explain the delay time due to pure photochemical process during solar eclipses.
Self‐Entrainment Motion of a Slow‐Moving Landslide Inferred From Landsat‐8 Time Series
Authors: Lacroix Pascal , Araujo Gael , Hollingsworth James , Taipe Edu
Published: April 2019

In mountainous environments, slow‐moving landslides (velocities <100 m/year) are a major concern for local populations. Rainfall is often the dominant forcing, and often result in major changes in kinematics which can mask smaller signals related to internal forcings. We focus here on a major (>40 Mm3) slow‐moving landslide in the desert of southern Peru and take advantage of this arid environment to study the internal processes affecting landslide kinematics. We first estimate the ground displacement from time series analysis of Landsat‐8 images, spanning a 5.7‐year period. Systematic artifacts in the optical time series are shown to correlate with topography, as well as vary seasonally. We apply a novel procedure for correcting these artifacts, which significantly reduces noise in the resulting time series, thereby allowing us to precisely resolve landslide displacements. We find landslide velocities of up to 35 m/year, with complex nonlinear interannual pattern, including a period of rapid acceleration. We validate our optically derived time series using Global Navigation Satellite System field measurements and find uncertainties (root‐mean‐square error) on the moving mass of 1.12 to 1.55 m. Sudden acceleration of the landslide body after March 2016 may originate from a mass collapse due to retrogression of the headscarp. By coupling sparse 3‐D Global Navigation Satellite System measurements with dense 2‐D optical time series data, we show that the headscarp retrogression acts like a wedge, resulting in domino‐like tilting of the downward blocks, and accelerates basal sliding over 2 years. These observations reveal that the dynamics of this retrogressive landslide are predominantly controlled by sediment supply and that succession of retrogressive and advancing motions is a self‐entrainment process.
ICEBEAR: An All‐Digital Bistatic Coded Continuous‐Wave Radar for Studies of the E Region of the Ionosphere
Authors: Huyghebaert Devin , Hussey Glenn , Vierinen Juha , McWilliams Kathryn , St‐Maurice J.‐P.
Published: April 2019

The Ionospheric Continuous‐wave E region Bistatic Experimental Auroral Radar (ICEBEAR) is a coherent scatter ionospheric radar. It operates at a frequency of 49.5 MHz, which is ideal for observing E region coherent echoes. The radar is located in Saskatchewan, Canada, and is operated by the University of Saskatchewan. The ICEBEAR system uses a continuous‐wave (CW) signal and requires isolation between the receiving and transmitting arrays. This was accomplished through a bistatic setup, where the receiver and transmitter are ≈240 km apart. Currently, the ICEBEAR system implements a pseudo random noise phase modulation on this CW signal to obtain 3‐km range resolution and 5‐s integration time images of E region ionospheric irregularities over a 600 km × 600 km field of view. The center of the field of view is located at ≈58°N, 106°W. The radar design allows for future improvements to temporal and/or spatial resolutions. Each site consists of a linear phased array with 10 equally spaced antennas. This, combined with modern digital radio hardware, provides azimuthal angle of arrival measurements at the receiving array and azimuthal transmission control at the transmitting array. This publication describes the radio hardware and signal processing used by the ICEBEAR radar and emphasizes the unique capabilities of the radar. First ICEBEAR observations from a Kp ≥ 4 event on 10 March 2018, are presented and shown to produce simultaneously the four types of previously characterized E region coherent scatter echoes.
Recent Global Cropland Water Consumption Constrained by Observations
Authors: Chen Yongzhe , Feng Xiaoming , Fu Bojie , Shi Weiyue , Yin Lichang , Lv Yihe
Published: April 2019

Under current global warming and accelerated population growth scenarios, cropland irrigation water consumption has become a central issue limiting the sustainability of coupled human‐natural systems. This study proposes a new estimate of recent global cropland water consumption constrained by observations and provides attributions for its recent trend. By incorporating observations, including extracted cropland leaf area index and irrigation threshold data, this study provides improved estimates of recent global cropland evapotranspiration and transpiration as well as irrigation water consumption and withdrawal. The global annual consumption and withdrawal of irrigation water are estimated to be approximately 874 and 1,867 km3 (in 2005), respectively. From 2000 to 2014, a rapid increase in cropland irrigation was detected, especially in water‐deficient areas (i.e., hyperarid, arid, and semiarid regions). Climate change, which mainly consists of rising temperature and reduced moisture conditions, is usually distinguished as the major driving factor. Human‐induced increases in crop canopy cover have also contributed to more irrigation in hyperarid and arid regions. This study also provides suggestions for water‐savings‐targeted cropland management in water‐deficient areas based on the transpiration ratio (i.e., ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration).
Self‐Similar Morphodynamics of Gilbert and Hyperpycnal Deltas Over Segmented Two‐Slope Bedrock Channels
Authors: Lai Steven Yueh Jen , Chiu Yi‐Juei , Wu Fu‐Chun
Published: April 2019

Delta progradation over segmented two‐slope bedrocks is prevalent in nature, where the bedrock slope upstream or downstream of the slope‐break knickpoint is steepened by continued tectonic uplift or subsidence. Understanding the morphodynamics of the most common types of delta in different slope settings is important for interpreting the observed delta progradation into reservoir and predicting delta evolutions under future tectonic/climate scenarios or anthropogenic interventions. Here, we present an experimental and analytical study demonstrating the morphological responses of Gilbert‐type and hyperpycnal deltas to variations of bedrock slopes. Steepening the upstream slope accelerates shoreline migration; steepening the downstream slope decelerates shoreline migration. In either case, the subaqueous volume is enhanced yet the subaerial volume is reduced. Both types of delta exhibit self‐similar morphologies when evolving over segmented bedrocks. Hyperpycnal deltas, through enhanced sediment fluxes driven by dense underflows, develop larger subaqueous volumes. We further demonstrate the underlying self‐similarities in sediment flux and bed growth rate that come into play for attaining the self‐similar morphologies. The combined effect of flowrate (Q) and sediment supply rate (I) may be characterized by a dimensionless Q/I ratio. Increasing Q/I advances the entire delta. For Gilbert deltas, shoreline migration accelerates with Q/I. For hyperpycnal deltas, shoreline migration exhibits a “first‐accelerate‐then‐decelerate” trend with Q/I in a limited range of slope combinations close to the single‐slope setting, indicating that the effect of Q/I emerges only when the two‐slope effect is weak or absent. Away from this near‐single‐slope range, the two‐slope effect becomes dominant, thus suppressing the effect of Q/I.
Seasonality of Intraseasonal Variability in Global Climate Models
Authors: Nakano M. , Kikuchi K.
Published: April 2019

The tropical intraseasonal (30–90 days) oscillation (ISO) displays distinctive behaviors in boreal summer and winter. How well each mode is simulated in climate models has been investigated; however, very few studies have examined whether these modes are simulated in appropriate season. Here we developed diagnostics to assess this aspect and applied these diagnostics to numerous atmosphere‐only and atmosphere–ocean‐coupled models. We found out that all models share serious biases and that they sometimes incorrectly simulate the boreal summer ISO mode even in boreal winter and underestimate the appearance frequency of the boreal summer ISO in boreal summer. Nearly all atmosphere‐ocean‐coupled models show some improvements in the ISO seasonality representation compared to their atmosphere‐only counterparts. It is suggested that good models for simulating the ISO seasonality have good life cycles for each ISO mode and that an accurate reproduction of the seasonal mean low‐level zonal wind is crucial.
Tremor and Inferred Slow Slip Associated With Afterslip of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake
Authors: Ohta Kazuaki , Ito Yoshihiro , Hino Ryota , Ohyanagi Shukei , Matsuzawa Takanori , Shiobara Hajime , Shinohara Masanao
Published: April 2019

Characterizing shallow interplate slip is essential for modeling the potential generation of megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis. Large postseismic crustal deformation caused by the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake suggests the occurrence of shallow afterslip, but it is unclear what kind of slip is dominant at the shallow plate interface. Here we report episodic tremor activity south of the primary rupture area based on ocean bottom seismometer observations. Five tremor episodes with recurrence intervals of ~60 days show migration behavior and shear mechanisms consistent with plate subduction, indicating the occurrences of the episodic slow slip events in the vicinity of the afterslip area. The association of slow slip events and afterslip sheds new light on the frictional nature and stress state of shallow megathrusts and may help predict the possible rupture extent of future earthquakes.
Origin of Shallow Volcanic Tremor: The Dynamics of Gas Pockets Trapped Beneath Thin Permeable Media
Authors: Girona Társilo , Caudron Corentin , Huber Christian
Published: April 2019

Linking volcano‐seismic signals with subsurface processes is crucial to improve the forecasting of volcanic eruptions. One of the most enigmatic signals is shallow volcanic tremor, a highly periodic ground vibration that is typically sourced beneath the crater of active volcanoes, is long lasting (from minutes to years), appears during unrest periods, and frequently precedes eruptions. In this paper, we demonstrate that shallow tremor can be produced by periodic pressure oscillations emerging spontaneously beneath permeable media (e.g., fractured magma caps). These pressure oscillations are the result of three concurrent processes: (a) the transient porous flow of gases through the permeable cap; (b) the temporary accumulation of these gases beneath the cap, forming a gas pocket; and (c) the random supply of volatiles from deeper levels. For highly permeable media (≥10−12 m2; realistic for shallow volcanic edifices), the pressure in subsurface gas pockets is governed by the equation of a linear oscillator; hence, under proper conditions, periodic pressure oscillations emerge during the transfer of gases from the Earth's interior to the surface. Our model is consistent with geophysical data showing that the tremor source is localized at a fixed region and can explain the main characteristics of ground vibrations, including frequency gliding, variations of seismic amplitude prior to eruptions, and the different types of tremor observed. For thin permeable caps (<100 m), we find that different eruption mechanisms (e.g., magma ascent vs. cap sealing) leave distinct footprints in the tremor properties, thus opening new perspectives to forecast the type and style of impending eruptions.
Oropharyngeal dysphagia management in cervical spinal cord injury patients: an exploratory survey of variations to care across specialised and non-specialised units
Authors: McRae Jackie , Smith Christina , Beeke Suzanne , Emmanuel Anton
Published: April 2019

Study design

A multi-centre online survey to staff working in specialised and non-specialised acute units.

Objectives

To identify clinical decisions and practices made for acute cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) patients with respiratory impairments and oropharyngeal dysphagia.

Settings

All hospital intensive care units in the UK that admit acute cervical spinal cord injury patients.

Methods

Online distribution of a 35-question multiple-choice survey on the clinical management of ventilation, swallowing, nutrition, oral hygiene and communication for CSCI patients, to multi-disciplinary staff based in specialised and non-specialised intensive care units across UK.

Results

Responses were received from 219 staff members based in 92 hospitals. Of the 77 units that admitted CSCI patients, 152 participants worked in non-specialised and 30 in specialised units. Non-specialised unit staff showed variations in clinical decisions for respiratory management compared to specialised units with limited use of vital capacity measures and graduated weaning programme, reliance on coughing to indicate aspiration, inconsistent manipulation of tracheostomy cuffs for speech and swallowing and limited use of instrumental assessments of swallowing. Those in specialised units employed a multi-discplinary approach to clinical management of nutritional needs.

Conclusions

Variation in the clinical management of respiratory impairments and oropharyngeal dysphagia between specialised and non-specialised units have implications for patient outcomes and increase the risk of respiratory complications that impact mortality. The future development of clinical guidance is required to ensure best practice and consistent care across all units.
Therapeutic targeting of BRCA1 and TP53 mutant breast cancer through mutant p53 reactivation
Authors: Na Bing , Yu Xin , Withers Tracy , Gilleran John , Yao Ming , Foo Tzeh Keong , Chen Chunxia , Moore Dirk , Lin Yong , Kimball S. David , Xia Bing , Ganesan Shridar , Carpizo Darren R.
Published: April 2019

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subset for which effective therapeutic approaches are needed. A significant proportion of TNBC patients harbor either germline or somatic mutations in BRCA1, or epigenetic silencing of BRCA1, which renders them deficient in DNA repair. Virtually all BRCA1 deficient breast cancers harbor mutations in TP53 suggesting that inactivation of p53 is a requirement for tumor progression in the setting of BRCA1 deficiency. Due to this dependency, we hypothesized that restoring wild type p53 function in BRCA1 deficient breast cancer would be therapeutic. The majority of TP53 mutations are missense, which generate a defective protein that potentially can be targeted with small molecules. Zinc metallochaperones (ZMCs) are a new class of anti-cancer drugs that specifically reactivate zinc-deficient mutant p53 by restoring zinc binding. Using ZMC1 in human breast cancer cell lines expressing the zinc deficient p53R175H, we demonstrate that loss of BRCA1 sensitizes cells to mutant p53 reactivation. Using murine breast cancer models with Brca1 deficiency, we demonstrate that ZMC1 significantly improves survival of mice bearing tumors harboring the zinc-deficient Trp53R172H allele but not the Trp53−/− allele. We synthesized a new formulation of ZMC1 (Zn-1), in which the drug is made in complex with zinc to improve zinc delivery, and demonstrate that Zn-1 has increased efficacy. Furthermore, we show that ZMC1 plus olaparib is a highly effective combination for p53R172H tumor growth inhibition. In conclusion, we have validated preclinically a new therapeutic approach for BRCA1 deficient breast cancer through reactivation of mutant p53.
Transcriptome Analyses of Heart and Liver Reveal Novel Pathways for Regulating Songbird Migration
Authors: Horton William J. , Jensen Matthew , Sebastian Aswathy , Praul Craig A. , Albert Istvan , Bartell Paul A.
Published: April 2019

Many birds undertake long biannual voyages during the night. During these times of the year birds drastically reduce their amount of sleep, yet curiously perform as well on tests of physical and cognitive performance than during non-migrating times of the year. This inherent physiological protection disappears when birds are forced to stay awake at other times of the year; thus these protective changes are only associated with the nocturnal migratory state. The goal of the current study was to identify the physiological mechanisms that confer protection against the consequences of sleep loss while simultaneously allowing for the increased physical performance required for migration. We performed RNA-seq analyses of heart and liver collected from birds at different times of day under different migratory states and analyzed these data using differential expression, pathway analysis and WGCNA. We identified changes in gene expression networks implicating multiple systems and pathways. These pathways regulate many aspects of metabolism, immune function, wound repair, and protection of multiple organ systems. Consequently, the circannual program controlling the appearance of the migratory phenotype involves the complex regulation of diverse gene networks associated with the physical demands of migration.
Author Correction: The distribution and lifetime of powerful radio galaxies as a function of environment and redshift
Authors: Garofalo David , Singh Chandra B. , Zack Alexa
Published: April 2019

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
Long intergenic non-coding RNAs regulate human lung fibroblast function: Implications for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Hadjicharalambous Marina R. , Roux Benoit T. , Csomor Eszter , Feghali-Bostwick Carol A. , Murray Lynne A. , Clarke Deborah L. , Lindsay Mark A.
Published: April 2019

Phenotypic changes in lung fibroblasts are believed to contribute to the development of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), a progressive and fatal lung disease. Long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) have been identified as novel regulators of gene expression and protein activity. In non-stimulated cells, we observed reduced proliferation and inflammation but no difference in the fibrotic response of IPF fibroblasts. These functional changes in non-stimulated cells were associated with changes in the expression of the histone marks, H3K4me1, H3K4me3 and H3K27ac indicating a possible involvement of epigenetics. Following activation with TGF-β1 and IL-1β, we demonstrated an increased fibrotic but reduced inflammatory response in IPF fibroblasts. There was no significant difference in proliferation following PDGF exposure. The lincRNAs, LINC00960 and LINC01140 were upregulated in IPF fibroblasts. Knockdown studies showed that LINC00960 and LINC01140 were positive regulators of proliferation in both control and IPF fibroblasts but had no effect upon the fibrotic response. Knockdown of LINC01140 but not LINC00960 increased the inflammatory response, which was greater in IPF compared to control fibroblasts. Overall, these studies demonstrate for the first time that lincRNAs are important regulators of proliferation and inflammation in human lung fibroblasts and that these might mediate the reduced inflammatory response observed in IPF-derived fibroblasts.
Mutation-specific peripheral and ER quality control of hERG channel cell-surface expression
Authors: Foo Brian , Barbier Camille , Guo Kevin , Vasantharuban Jaminie , Lukacs Gergely L. , Shrier Alvin
Published: April 2019

Impaired functional plasma membrane (PM) expression of the hERG K+-channel is associated with Long-QT syndrome type-2 (LQT2) and increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia. Reduced PM-expression is primarily attributed to retention and degradation of misfolded channels by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein quality control (QC) systems. However, as the molecular pathogenesis of LQT2 was defined using severely-misfolded hERG variants with limited PM-expression, the potential contribution of post-ER (peripheral) QC pathways to the disease phenotype remains poorly established. Here, we investigate the cellular processing of mildly-misfolded Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS)-domain mutant hERGs, which display incomplete ER-retention and PM-expression defects at physiological temperature. We show that the attenuated PM-expression of hERG is dictated by mutation-specific contributions from both the ER and peripheral QC systems. At the ER, PAS-mutants experience inefficient conformational maturation coupled with rapid ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. In post-ER compartments, they are rapidly endocytosed from the PM via a ubiquitin-independent mechanism and rapidly targeted for lysosomal degradation. Conformational destabilization underlies aberrant cellular processing at both ER- and post-ER compartments, since conformational correction by a hERG-specific pharmacochaperone or low-temperatures can restore WT-like trafficking. Our results demonstrate that the post-ER QC alone or jointly with the ER QC determines the loss-of-PM-expression phenotype of a subset of LQT2 mutations.
Prediction of a typhoon track using a generative adversarial network and satellite images
Authors: Rüttgers Mario , Lee Sangseung , Jeon Soohwan , You Donghyun
Published: April 2019

Tracks of typhoons are predicted using a generative adversarial network (GAN) with satellite images as inputs. Time series of satellite images of typhoons which occurred in the Korea Peninsula in the past are used to train the neural network. The trained GAN is employed to produce a 6-hour-advance track of a typhoon for which the GAN was not trained. The predicted track image of a typhoon favorably identifies the future location of the typhoon center as well as the deformed cloud structures. Errors between predicted and real typhoon centers are measured quantitatively in kilometers. An averaged error of 95.6 km is achieved for tested 10 typhoons. Predicting sudden changes of the track in westward or northward directions is identified as a challenging task, while the prediction is significantly improved, when velocity fields are employed along with satellite images.
First report of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- in free-ranging striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), Italy
Authors: Grattarola C. , Gallina S. , Giorda F. , Pautasso A. , Ballardini M. , Iulini B. , Varello K. , Goria M. , Peletto S. , Masoero L. , Serracca L. , Romano A. , Dondo A. , Zoppi S. , Garibaldi F. , Scaglione F. E. , Marsili L. , Di Guardo G. , Lettini A. A. , Mignone W. , Fernandez A. , Casalone C.
Published: April 2019

Between 2015 and the beginning of 2018 (January-March), 30 cetaceans were found stranded along the Ligurian Sea coast of Italy. Necropsies were performed in 22 cases and infectious diseases resulted the most common cause of death. Three striped dolphins, showed a severe coinfection involving the monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium (Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-). The isolates were characterized based on antimicrobial resistance, Multiple-Locus Variable-number tandem-repeat Analysis (MLVA) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). All isolates demonstrated the same multidrug resistant genotype (ASSuT isolates), showed three different MLVA profiles, two of which closely related, and were identified as Sequence Type 34. Moreover, Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) analysis confirmed strong correlations between two out of the three isolates. To our knowledge, S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-, one of the most common serovars in cases of human infection and food sources worldwide, has not previously been described in marine mammals, and reports of Salmonella-associated disease in free-ranging cetaceans are rare. These results highlight the role of cetaceans as sentinel species for zoonotic and terrestrial pathogens in the marine environment, suggest a potential risk for cetaceans and public health along the North Western Italian coastline and indicate cetaceans as a novel potential reservoir for one of the most widespread Salmonella serovars.
Functional compartmentalization in the hemocoel of insects
Authors: Pendar Hodjat , Aviles Jessica , Adjerid Khaled , Schoenewald Caroline , Socha John J.
Published: April 2019

The insect circulatory system contains an open hemocoel, in which the mechanism of hemolymph flow control is ambiguous. As a continuous fluidic structure, this cavity should exhibit pressure changes that propagate quickly. Narrow-waisted insects create sustained pressure differences across segments, but their constricted waist provides an evident mechanism for compartmentalization. Insects with no obvious constrictions between segments may be capable of functionally compartmentalizing the body, which could explain complex hemolymph flows. Here, we test the hypothesis of functional compartmentalization by measuring pressures in a beetle and recording abdominal movements. We found that the pressure is indeed uniform within the abdomen and thorax, congruent with the predicted behavior of an open system. However, during some abdominal movements, pressures were on average 62% higher in the abdomen than in the thorax, suggesting that functional compartmentalization creates a gradient within the hemocoel. Synchrotron tomography and dissection show that the arthrodial membrane and thoracic muscles may contribute to this dynamic pressurization. Analysis of volume change suggests that the gut may play an important role in regulating pressure by translating between body segments. Overall, this study suggests that functional compartmentalization may provide an explanation for how fluid flows are managed in an open circulatory system.
Intra- and interobserver reproducibility of pancreatic perfusion by computed tomography
Authors: Garcia Tiago S. , Engelholm Jean-Luc , Vouche Michaël , Hirakata Vânia N. , Leitão Cristiane B.
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study was to measure intra- and interobserver agreement among radiologists in the assessment of pancreatic perfusion by computed tomography (CT). Thirty-nine perfusion CT scans were analyzed. The following parameters were measured by three readers: blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), mean transit time (MTT) and time to peak (TTP). Statistical analysis was performed using the Bland-Altman method, linear mixed model analysis, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). There was no significant intraobserver variability for the readers regarding BF, BV or TTP. There were session effects for BF in the pancreatic body and MTT in the pancreatic tail and whole pancreas. There were reader effects for BV in the pancreatic head, pancreatic body and whole pancreas. There were no effects for the interaction between session and reader for any perfusion parameter. ICCs showed substantial agreement for the interobserver measurements and moderate to substantial agreement for the intraobserver measurements, with the exception of MTT. In conclusion, satisfactory reproducibility of measurements was observed for TTP in all pancreatic regions, for BF in the head and BV in the tail, and these parameters seem to ensure a reasonable estimation of pancreatic perfusion.
MeshMonk: Open-source large-scale intensive 3D phenotyping
Authors: White Julie D. , Ortega-Castrillón Alejandra , Matthews Harold , Zaidi Arslan A. , Ekrami Omid , Snyders Jonatan , Fan Yi , Penington Tony , Van Dongen Stefan , Shriver Mark D. , Claes Peter
Published: April 2019

Dense surface registration, commonly used in computer science, could aid the biological sciences in accurate and comprehensive quantification of biological phenotypes. However, few toolboxes exist that are openly available, non-expert friendly, and validated in a way relevant to biologists. Here, we report a customizable toolbox for reproducible high-throughput dense phenotyping of 3D images, specifically geared towards biological use. Given a target image, a template is first oriented, repositioned, and scaled to the target during a scaled rigid registration step, then transformed further to fit the specific shape of the target using a non-rigid transformation. As validation, we use n = 41 3D facial images to demonstrate that the MeshMonk registration is accurate, with 1.26 mm average error, across 19 landmarks, between placements from manual observers and using the MeshMonk toolbox. We also report no variation in landmark position or centroid size significantly attributable to landmarking method used. Though validated using 19 landmarks, the MeshMonk toolbox produces a dense mesh of vertices across the entire surface, thus facilitating more comprehensive investigations of 3D shape variation. This expansion opens up exciting avenues of study in assessing biological shapes to better understand their phenotypic variation, genetic and developmental underpinnings, and evolutionary history.