bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological, clinical and molecular characterization of Lynch‐like syndrome: A population‐based study
Authors: Porkka Noora , Lahtinen Laura , Ahtiainen Maarit , Böhm Jan P. , Kuopio Teijo , Eldfors Samuli , Mecklin Jukka‐Pekka , Seppälä Toni T. , Peltomäki Päivi
Published: December 2018

Colorectal carcinomas that are mismatch repair (MMR)‐deficient in the absence of MLH1 promoter methylation or germline mutations represent Lynch‐like syndrome (LLS). Double somatic events inactivating MMR genes are involved in the etiology of LLS tumors. Our purpose was to define the clinical and broader molecular hallmarks of LLS tumors and the population incidence of LLS, which remain poorly characterized. We investigated 762 consecutive colorectal carcinomas operated in Central Finland in 2000–2010. LLS cases were identified by a stepwise protocol based on MMR protein expression, MLH1 methylation and MMR gene mutation status. LLS tumors were profiled for CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP) and somatic mutations in 578 cancer‐relevant genes. Among 107 MMR‐deficient tumors, 81 (76%) were attributable to MLH1 promoter methylation and 9 (8%) to germline mutations (Lynch syndrome, LS), leaving 14 LLS cases (13%) (3 remained unclassified). LLS carcinomas were diagnosed at a mean age of 65 years (vs. 44 years in LS, p < 0.001), had a proximal to distal ratio of 1:1, and all were BRAF V600E‐negative. Two somatic events in MMR genes were identifiable in 11 tumors (79%). As novel findings, the tumors contained an average of 31 nonsynonymous somatic mutations/Mb and 13/14 were CIMP‐positive. In conclusion, we establish the epidemiological, clinical and molecular characteristics of LLS in a population‐based study design. Significantly more frequent CIMP‐positivity and lower rates of somatic mutations make a distinction to LS. The absence of BRAF V600E mutation separates LLS colorectal carcinomas from MLH1‐methylated colorectal carcinomas with CIMP‐positive phenotype.
A survey of opinion and practice regarding prenatal diagnosis of vasa previa among obstetricians from Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Javid Nasrin , Hyett Jonathan A. , Walker Susan P. , Sullivan Elizabeth A. , Homer Caroline S.E.
Published: December 2018

Objectives

To define current obstetric opinion and clinical practice regarding the prenatal diagnosis of vasa previa in Australia and New Zealand.

Methods

A population‐based cross‐sectional survey of Fellows of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists was conducted from April to May, 2016. Descriptive analysis was used to define factors influencing opinion and practice regarding definition of vasa previa, attributable risk factors, and the value of screening.

Results

Overall, 453 respondents were included in the study. Two‐thirds (304/453; 67.1%) defined vasa previa as exposed fetal vessel(s) running over or within 2 cm of the internal os. A higher proportion of ultrasound specialists (30/65; 46.2%) preferred a broader definition as compared with generalists (115/388; 29.6%; P<0.001). Overall, Fellows were supportive (342/430; 79.5%) of both reporting ultrasound‐based risk factors at the 20‐week anomaly scan and targeted screening (298/430; 69.3%). Only 77/453 (17.0%) respondents recognized all five “known” risk factors for vasa previa.

Conclusions

There was a lack of consensus regarding the definition and diagnosis process for vasa previa. There was also a knowledge gap in risk factors for vasa previa that would inform a targeted screening policy. Nevertheless, support for targeted screening was strong from obstetricians who responded.
Silica/polycaprolactone nanofiber scaffold variants for human periosteal cell growth
Authors: Burton Christopher W. , DiFeo Childs Robin , McClellan Phillip , Yu Qing , Bundy Joshua , Gao Min , Evans Edward , Landis William
Published: December 2018

Polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber scaffolds with attached cadaveric human periosteum or its cells were investigated in this study as a tissue‐engineering approach to repair nonunion injuries of bone. Addition of silica nanoparticles (silica or nSiO2) to PCL scaffolds was examined for effects on the growth of human periosteal cells in vitro and in vivo. Electrospun PCL nanofiber (nanoPCL) scaffolds were fabricated with different silica contents (0, 0.5, and 1.0 wt %) and utilized as substrates on which periosteal cells were seeded. Human periosteal cell growth analyzed in vitro over 21 days with a PrestoBlue viability assay increased as a function of culture time on each of the three different silica/nanoPCL scaffolds. Cadaveric periosteum attached to nanoPCL scaffolds with or without silica was wrapped around allograft bone and implanted for 10 or 20 weeks in athymic (nude) mice. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses of these experiments in vivo confirmed the presence of viable cells populating the constructs after their retrieval from host mice. Osterix, a marker for osteoblasts, increased in retrieved constructs over time and indicated remodeling of the underlying allograft bone. Summary results suggest that silica/nanoPCL scaffolds may be utilized as substrates for periosteal cell and tissue expansion to augment and support clinical applications for treatment and healing of bone defects, including segmental bone injuries and nonunions. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 791–801, 2019.
Palyno‐anatomical studies of monocot taxa and its taxonomic implications using light and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Bahadur Saraj , Ahmad Mushtaq , Zafar Muhammad , Sultana Shazia , Begum Najla , Ashfaq Shomaila , Gul Saba , Khan Muhammad Saleem , Shah Syed Nasar , Ullah Fazal , Saqib Saddam , Ayaz Asma
Published: December 2018

Palyno‐anatomical study of monocots taxa using Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was first time conducted with a view to evaluating their taxonomic significance. Studied plants were collected from different eco‐climatic zones of Pakistan ranges from tropical, sub‐tropical, and moist habitats. The aim of this study is to use palyno‐anatomical features for the correct identification, systematic comparison, and investigation to elucidate the taxonomic significance of these features, which are useful to taxonomists for identifying monocot taxa. A signification variation was observed in quantitative and qualitative characters by using the standard protocol of light microscopy (LM) and SEM. Epidermal cell length varied from maximum inAllium griffthianum(480 ± 35.9) μm at the adaxial surface to minimum inCanna indica(33.6 ± 8.53) μm on abaxial surface. Maximum exine thickness was observed inCanna indica(4.46) μm and minimum inAllium grifthianum(0.8) μm. Variation was observed in shape and exine ornamentation of the pollen, shape of the epidermal cell, number, size, and type of stomata, guard cell shape, and anticlinal wall pattern. Based on these palyno‐anatomical features a taxonomic key was developed, which help in the discrimination of studied taxa. In conclusion, LM and SEM pollen and epidermal morphology is explanatory, significant, and can be of special interest for the plant taxonomist in the correct identification of monocots taxa.
Choosing Wisely campaigns globally: A shared approach to tackling the problem of overuse in healthcare
Authors: Born Karen B. , Levinson Wendy
Published: December 2018

Choosing Wisely, a campaign which launched in the United States in 2012, has now spread to over 20 countries around the world. Choosing Wisely campaigns share a core set of principles, which inform how campaigns operate and engage with physicians, clinicians, patients, and other stakeholders. This article will address the origins and motivation of Choosing Wisely campaigns, and what factors have supported their spread. It will also discuss how leaders of Choosing Wisely campaigns are collaborating on shared priorities.
Clinical practice guidelines for IgG4‐related sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: Kamisawa Terumi , Nakazawa Takahiro , Tazuma Susumu , Zen Yoh , Tanaka Atsushi , Ohara Hirotaka , Muraki Takashi , Inui Kazuo , Inoue Dai , Nishino Takayoshi , Naitoh Itaru , Itoi Takao , Notohara Kenji , Kanno Atsushi , Kubota Kensuke , Hirano Kenji , Isayama Hiroyuki , Shimizu Kyoko , Tsuyuguchi Toshio , Shimosegawa Tooru , Kawa Shigeyuki , Chiba Tsutomu , Okazaki Kazuichi , Takikawa Hajime , Kimura Wataru , Unno Michiaki , Yoshida Masahiro
Published: December 2018

IgG4‐related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4‐SC) is a distinct type of cholangitis frequently associated with autoimmune pancreatitis and currently recognized as a biliary manifestation of IgG4‐related disease. Although clinical diagnostic criteria of IgG4‐SC were established in 2012, differential diagnosis from primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma is sometimes difficult. Furthermore, no practical guidelines for IgG4‐SC are available. Because the evidence level of most articles retrieved through searching the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Igaku Chuo Zasshi databases was below C based on the systematic review evaluation system of clinical practice guidelines MINDS 2014, we developed consensus guidelines using the modified Delphi approach. Three committees (a guideline creating committee, an expert panelist committee for rating statements according to the modified Delphi method, and an evaluating committee) were organized. Eighteen clinical questions (CQs) with clinical statements were developed regarding diagnosis (14 CQs) and treatment (4 CQs). Recommendation levels for clinical statements were set using the modified Delphi approach. The guidelines explain methods for accurate diagnosis, and safe and appropriate treatment of IgG4‐SC.
M2b macrophage polarization and its roles in diseases
Authors: Wang Le-xun , Zhang Sheng-xi , Wu Hui-juan , Rong Xiang-lu , Guo Jiao
Published: December 2018

Macrophages play an important role in a wide variety of physiologic and pathologic processes. Plasticity and functional polarization are hallmarks of macrophages. Macrophages commonly exist in two distinct subsets: classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). M2b, a subtype of M2 macrophages, has attracted increasing attention over the past decade due to its strong immune-regulated and anti-inflammatory effects. A wide variety of stimuli and multiple factors modulate M2b macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo. M2b macrophages possess both protective and pathogenic roles in various diseases. Understanding the mechanisms of M2b macrophage activation and the modulation of their polarization might provide a great perspective for the design of novel therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to discuss current knowledge of M2b macrophage polarization, the roles of M2b macrophages in a variety of diseases and the stimuli to modulate M2b macrophage polarization.
NK cell recruitment in salivary glands provides early viral control but is dispensable for tertiary lymphoid structure formation
Authors: Pontarini Elena , Lucchesi Davide , Fossati-Jimack Liliane , Coleby Rachel , Tentorio Paolo , Croia Cristina , Bombardieri Michele , Mavilio Domenico
Published: December 2018

Salivary glands (SGs) represent a permissive site for several sialotropic viruses whose persistence is linked to the development of autoimmunity. Natural Killer (NK) cells play a key role in viral clearance but their involvement in viral infection control and in tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) development within SGs is unknown. By using an inducible model of TLS in the SGs of wild-type C57BL/6 mice, induced by the local delivery of a replication-defective adenovirus (AdV), we demonstrated that circulating NK cells are rapidly recruited to SGs and highly enrich the early inflammatory infiltrate prior to TLS development. NK cells migrating to SGs in response to AdV infection up-regulate NKp46, undergo proliferation, acquire cytotoxic potential, produce Granzyme-B and IFN-γ, and reduce viral load in the acute phase of the infection. Nonetheless, the selective depletion of both circulating and infiltrating NK cells in AdV-infected mice neither affect the development and frequency of TLS nor the onset of autoimmunity. These data demonstrate that, upon local viral delivery of AdV, peripheral NK cells homing to SGs can exert an early control of the viral infection but are dispensable for the formation of TLS and breach of immunologic tolerance.
The role of chlorine atom on the binding between 2‐phenyl‐1H‐benzimidazole analogues and fat mass and obesity‐associated protein
Authors: Li Junya , Wang Ying , Han Xinxin , Wang Ning , Yu Wenquan , Wang Ruiyong , Chang Junbiao
Published: December 2018

In this work, nine 2‐phenyl‐1H‐benzimidazole structural analogues were screened for potential inhibitor of the fat mass and obesity‐associated protein (FTO) by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The results show that the binding between 6‐chloro‐2‐phenyl‐1H‐benzimidazole (1d) and FTO was dominated by entropy. Results of enzymatic activity assays provided an IC50 value of 24.65 μM for 1d. Our previous results and comparison of nine structural analogues indicated that the chlorine atom was crucial for the binding of small molecules with FTO. The identification of novel small molecules may provide information for the design of FTO inhibitors and the treatment of leukemia.
Three‐dimensional ultrashort echo time (3D UTE) MRI of Achilles tendon at 4.7T MRI with comparison to conventional sequences in an experimental murine model of spondyloarthropathy
Authors: Dallaudière Benjamin , Trotier A. , Ribot E. , Verdier D. , Lepreux S. , Miraux S. , Hauger O.
Published: December 2018

Background

Due to the very short T2 of its components, the normal anatomy of Achilles enthesis is impossible to define with “conventional” long echo time (TE) T2 sequences. However, this is a common site affected by rheumatologic disease. Early abnormalities related to inflammatory processes are impossible to detect in this location.

Purpose

To assess the feasibility of a 3D‐UTE (ultrashort echo time) sequence to evaluate normal and pathological Achilles entheses, determining both anterior fibrocartilaginous and posterior collagenic portions at 4.7T, in a rat model of spondyloarthropathy (SpA) with histological correlation. To assess whether this sequence detects SpA enthesopathy prior to long TE T2 sequences, enabling disease monitoring.

Study Type

Prospective case–control study.

Animal Model

Twelve immunocompetent Wistar male rats imaged before (controls); the model was induced in eight rats (16 tendons) imaged at day 6, day 13, and day 21 with regular sacrifice for ex vivo imaging and histological correlation.

Field Strength

4.7T Bruker Biospec Systems. 3D balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) and 3D‐UTE sequences, performed at baseline (day 0, n = 12 animals / 24 tendons), day 6 (n = 8/16), 13 (n = 4/8), and day 21 (n = 2/4).

Assessment

Visual analysis and signal intensity measurements (signal to noise ratio, SNR) of both bSSFP and UTE images were performed by two independent musculoskeletal radiologists at different locations of the Achilles enthesis and preinsertional area.

Statistical Tests

Normal and pathological rat values were compared by Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests, as well as interobserver differences. MRI findings were compared against histological data.

Results

The 3D‐UTE sequence identified the anterior fibrocartilage and posterior collagenic areas of Achilles entheses in all cases. Visual analysis and signal intensity measurements distinguished SpA‐affected entheses from healthy ones at days 6 and 13 (P = 0.002 and P = 0.006, respectively). Neither the normal anatomy of the enthesis nor its pathological pattern could be identified on T2 bSSFP sequences.

Data Conclusion

Unlike bSSFP T2 sequences, 3D‐UTE sequences enable visualization of normal enthesis anatomy and early detection of abnormalities in pathological conditions.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:127–135.
Can MRI contribute to pulmonary nodule analysis?
Authors: Koo Chi Wan , Lu Aiming , Takahashi Edwin A. , Simmons Curtis L. , Geske Jennifer R. , Wigle Dennis , Peikert Tobias
Published: December 2018

Background

There is no accurate method distinguishing different types of pulmonary nodules.

Purpose

To investigate whether multiparametric 3T MRI biomarkers can distinguish malignant from benign pulmonary nodules, differentiate different types of neoplasms, and compare MRI‐derived measurements with values from commonly used noninvasive imaging modalities.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects

Sixty‐eight adults with pulmonary nodules undergoing resection.

Sequences

Respiratory triggered diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction (PROPELLER) fat saturated T2‐weighted imaging, T1‐weighted 3D volumetric interpolated breath‐hold examination (VIBE) using CAIPIRINHA (controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in a higher acceleration).

Assessment/Statistics

Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), T1, T2, T1 and T2 normalized to muscle (T1/M and T2/M), and dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) values were compared with histology to determine whether they could distinguish malignant from benign nodules and discern primary from secondary malignancies using logistic regression. Predictability of primary neoplasm types was assessed using two‐sample t‐tests. MRI values were compared with positron emission tomography / computed tomography (PET/CT) to examine if they correlated with standardized uptake value (SUV) or CT Hounsfield unit (HU). Intra‐ and interreader agreements were assessed using intraclass correlations.

Results

Forty‐nine of 74 nodules were malignant. There was a significant association between ADC and malignancy (odds ratio 4.47, P < 0.05). ADC ≥1.3 μm2/ms predicted malignancy. ADC, T1, and T2 together predicted malignancy (P = 0.003). No MRI parameter distinguished primary from metastatic neoplasms. T2 predicted PET positivity (P = 0.016). T2 and T1/M correlated with SUV (P < 0.05). Of 18 PET‐negative malignant nodules, 12 (67%) had an ADC ≥1.3 μm2/ms. With the exception of T2, all noncontrast MRI parameters distinguished adenocarcinomas from carcinoid tumors (P < 0.05). T1, T2, T1/M, and T2/M correlated with HU and therefore can predict nodule density. Combined with ADC, washout enhancement, arrival time (AT), peak enhancement intensity (PEI), Ktrans, Kep, Ve collectively were predictive of malignancy (P = 0.012). Combined washin, washout, time to peak (TTP), AT, and PEI values predicted malignancy (P = 0.043). There was good observer agreement for most noncontrast MRI biomarkers.

Data Conclusion

MRI can contribute to pulmonary nodule analysis. Multiparametric MRI might be better than individual MRI biomarkers in pulmonary nodule risk stratification.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018.
Perihematomal edema: Implications for intracerebral hemorrhage research and therapeutic advances
Authors: Selim Magdy , Norton Casey
Published: December 2018

In humans, perihematomal edema (PHE) is considered to be a radiological marker of secondary injury following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). There is also evidence that PHE might contribute to poor outcome in ICH patients. Given the rising interest in secondary injury after ICH as a therapeutic target, PHE is becoming increasingly used as a proof‐of‐concept surrogate measure to assess the potential efficacy of various therapeutic interventions in clinical trials. We review the pathophysiology of PHE and its evolution, its prognostic significance and relationship to clinical outcomes, and variabilities in its detection and measurement methodologies to determine the advantages versus shortcomings of using PHE as a translational target or radiological marker to examine the efficacy of interventions aiming to mitigate secondary injury in ICH.
Entrepreneurial insights into sustainable marketing: A case study of U.K. music festivals
Authors: Richardson Neil
Published: December 2018

Entrepreneurs organizing (or supplying) festivals must quickly align their values with changing consumer perceptions while engaging with a diverse range of stakeholders in an area of often outstanding natural beauty. Having analyzed data from entrepreneurs involved in running and/or delivering music festivals, this paper contributes to studies germane to sustainability by offering refined definitions of sustainable marketing (SM) and a new version of the sustainable marketing benchmarking framework. Although sustainability is a megatrend, SM is the orientation used by marketers who want their strategies to be predicated on the triple bottom line (TBL). As entrepreneurship springs from marketing, sustainable entrepreneurship springs from SM. Conflating existing stakeholder typologies with the attributes of the TBL (namely People‐Planet‐Profit) has identified unique positions thereby creating an original mapping or segmentation tool. Music festivals are worthy of study as the sector is complex and fast changing; hence, entrepreneurs organizing (or supplying) festivals must quickly align their values with changing consumer perceptions while engaging with a diverse range of stakeholders.
Perceptions of Pafos as European Capital of Culture: Tourism stakeholder and resident perspectives
Authors: Farmaki Anna , Christou Prokopis , Saveriades Alexis , Spanou‐Tripinioti Elena
Published: December 2018

The purpose of this paper is to qualitatively examine the perceptions of the residents of Pafos regarding the European Capital of Culture (ECoC) title awarded to the city in 2017, in response to the need for greater research on residents' perceptions within the context of cultural events. Utilizing the social exchange theory, the study identifies four types of residents based on their “perceptions” and “involvement in the tourism industry” and concludes that resident support of the ECoC initiative is impaired by the governance structure in place in the awarded city as well as factors emanating from the socio‐political environment.
Nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE) score outcomes after septorhinoplasty
Authors: Gerecci Deniz , Casanueva Fernando J. , Mace Jess C. , Annen Alvin , Barrett Dane M. , Kim Michael M. , Wang Tom D. , Smith Timothy L. , Loyo Myriam
Published: December 2018

Objectives/Hypothesis

The time interval at which Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scores stabilize after functional septorhinoplasty has not been determined. Our goal was to characterize longitudinal trends of patient‐reported outcomes of nasal obstruction using the NOSE survey instrument following functional septorhinoplasty.

Study Design

Prospective longitudinal cohort study.

Methods

Adult patients (≥18 years) with nasal obstruction who underwent functional septorhinoplasty by three different surgeons at a single academic, tertiary referral center were identified. NOSE scores were obtained preoperatively and prospectively during three postoperative intervals defined as early (1–3 months), middle (4–6 months), and late (≥10 months.) Longitudinal analysis included repeated measures analysis of variance and adjustments for multiple comparisons.

Results

A total of 49 patients met inclusion criteria. For the total cohort, mean NOSE scores significantly improved between preoperative and early postoperative evaluations (71.4, standard deviation [SD] ± 17.0 vs. 24.2, SD ± 19.5; P < .001) but did not significantly change between early and middle (20.6, SD ± 19.1; P = .543) or middle and late (23.1, SD ± 24.9; P > .999) time intervals.

Conclusions

Patients with nasal obstruction who undergo functional septorhinoplasty can be expected to have significant improvement in self ‐reported nasal obstruction as early as 1 to 3 months postoperatively with a continued, durable, long‐standing benefit lasting at least 10 months after surgery. Future studies can consider the 3‐month time frame as a proxy for 1 year outcomes to help reduce survey burden.

Level of Evidence

2c Laryngoscope, 129:841–846, 2019
In‐office procedures for the treatment of benign vocal fold lesions in the awake patient: A contemporary review
Authors: Shoffel‐Havakuk Hagit , Sadoughi Babak , Sulica Lucian , Johns Michael M.
Published: December 2018

Objectives

To review available information regarding in‐office procedures for benign vocal fold lesions (BVFL).

Methods

PubMed term search on office/awake laryngeal procedures for any of the following specific lesions: Reinke's edema (RE), polyps, nodules, varices, vocal process granuloma, and vocal fold (VF) scar.

Results

In‐office ablative and nonablative laser procedures have been described for BVFL, including RE, polyps, varices, and granuloma. Fiber‐based lasers used include potassium titanyl phosphate, pulsed dye laser, and more recently CO2. In‐office intralesional steroid injection (ISI) for BVFL targets the inflammatory process involved with the lesion and may induce regression of polyps, nodules, RE, and granuloma. Botulinum toxin‐induced “voice rest” has been described as adjunctive treatment for refractory VF nodules or vocal process granuloma. Most in‐office techniques for treating BVFL rely on induction of lesion regression rather than complete lesion removal, as in conventional operative microsurgery. When treating VF scarring, in‐office procedures aim to alter the wound‐healing process; ISI targets the inflammatory phase and angiolytic lasers target the proliferative phase.

Conclusion

In‐office procedures for BVFL apply new technology that can potentially lower risk and cost. Although numerous case series have shown the potential of these procedures, data that thoroughly compares outcomes with those of microlaryngoscopic techniques is needed.

Laryngoscope, 129:2131–2138, 2019
Length–volume relationship of lake phytoplankton
Authors: Mittler Udo , Blasius Bernd , Gaedke Ursula , Ryabov Alexey B.
Published: December 2018

Abstract

The shapes of phytoplankton units (unicellular organisms and colonies) are extremely diverse, and no unique relationship exists between their volume,
V, and longest linear dimension,
L. However, an approximate scaling between these parameters can be found because the shape variations within each size class are constrained by cell physiology, grazing pressure, and optimality of resource acquisition. To determine this scaling and to test for its seasonal and interannual variation under changing environmental conditions, we performed weighted regression analysis of time‐dependent length–volume relations of the phytoplankton community in large deep Lake Constance from 1979 to 1999. We show that despite a large variability in species composition, the
V(L) relationship can be approximated as a power law,
V~L
α, with a scaling exponent
α = 3 for small cells (
L < 25 μm) and
α = 1.7 if the fitting is performed over the entire length range, including individual cells and colonies. The best description is provided by a transitional power function describing a regime change from a scaling exponent of 3 for small cells to an exponent of 0.4 in the range of large phytoplankton. Testing different weighted fitting approaches we show that remarkably the best prediction of the total community biovolume from measurements of
L and cell density is obtained when the regression is weighted with the squares of species abundances. Our approach should also be applicable to other systems and allows converting phytoplankton length distributions (e.g., obtained with automatic monitoring such as flow cytometry) into distributions of biovolume and biovolume‐related phytoplankton traits.
A Self‐Delivery Chimeric Peptide for Photodynamic Therapy Amplified Immunotherapy
Authors: Cheng Hong , Fan Gui‐Ling , Fan Jing‐Hao , Zheng Rong‐Rong , Zhao Lin‐Ping , Yuan Ping , Zhao Xiao‐Ya , Yu Xi‐Yong , Li Shi‐Ying
Published: December 2018

In this paper, a self‐delivery chimeric peptide PpIX‐PEG8‐KVPRNQDWL is designed for photodynamic therapy (PDT) amplified immunotherapy against malignant melanoma. After self‐assembly into nanoparticles (designated as PPMA), this self‐delivery system shows high drug loading rate, good dispersion, and stability as well as an excellent capability in producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). After cellular uptake, the ROS generated under light irradiation could induce the apoptosis and/or necrosis of tumor cells, which would subsequently stimulate the anti‐tumor immune response. On the other hand, the melanoma specific antigen (KVPRNQDWL) peptide could also activate the specific cytotoxic T cells for anti‐tumor immunity. Compared to immunotherapy alone, the combined photodynamic immunotherapy exhibits significantly enhanced inhibition of melanoma growth. Both in vitro and in vivo investigations confirm that PDT of PPMA has a positive effect on anti‐tumor immune response. This self‐delivery system demonstrates a great potential of this PDT amplified immunotherapy strategy for advanced or metastatic tumor treatment.
Occurrence of Atlantic Sturgeon in the St. Marys River, Georgia
Authors: Fox Adam G. , Wirgin Isaac I. , Peterson Douglas L.
Published: December 2018

The Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus is an anadromous species that historically has been found along the Atlantic coast of North America from maritime Canada to the St. Johns River, Florida. Decades of overharvest and habitat loss has resulted in range-wide population declines, and in 2012 the species was listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act as five Distinct Population Segments (DPSs). The extirpation of several populations, including some in the South Atlantic DPS, was identified as an important consideration in the final determination to list this DPS as endangered. In the St. Marys River, Georgia, the second-most southern river within their historical range, Atlantic Sturgeon were thought to have been extirpated for several decades. The objectives of this study were to document the seasonal occurrence of Atlantic Sturgeon in the St. Marys River and to document any evidence of an extant population in the river. During the summers of 2013–2016, we set 533 nets and captured a total of 25 Atlantic Sturgeon, including several age-1, river-resident juveniles. Genetic analyses indicated that these juveniles were descendants of a remnant population that is distinct but more closely related to other populations within the South Atlantic DPS than those in more northern rivers. Using acoustic telemetry, we monitored the movements and habitat use of 14 individual sturgeon in the St. Marys River estuary. Acoustically tagged juveniles resided mainly within the St. Marys River main stem, but we did detect a number of adult migrants using Cumberland Sound on a seasonal basis. Our results indicate that Atlantic Sturgeon persist in the St. Marys River and that the estuary also provides seasonally important habitat for migrating adults from other populations.
6‐Gingerol Improves Ectopic Lipid Accumulation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle of Ageing Rats: Dual Stimulation of the AMPK/PGC‐1α Signaling Pathway via Plasma Adiponectin and Muscular AdipoR1
Authors: Liu Li , Yao Ling , Wang Shang , Chen Zhiwei , Han Tingli , Ma Peng , Jiang Lirong , Yuan Chunlin , Li Jinxiu , Ke Dazhi , Li Chunli , Yamahara Johji , Li Yuhao , Wang Jianwei
Published: December 2018

Scope

This study investigates the dual actions of 6‐gingerol in stimulating both plasma adiponectin and muscular adiponectin receptor signaling in naturally ageing rats.

Methods and results

Twenty‐two‐month‐old male SD rats were treated with 6‐gingerol (0.2 mg kg–1, once daily) for 7 weeks. 6‐Gingerol can attenuate age‐associated high plasma triglyceride, glucose, and insulin concentrations under fasting conditions as well as suppress the increase in the HOMA‐IR index and inhibit the decrease of muscular p‐Akt/Akt protein in ageing rats, which indicates an improvement of systemic and muscular insulin sensitivity. Accompanying these changes, treatment with 6‐gingerol attenuates excessive triglyceride accumulation, enhances mitochondrial function, and promotes a transition from a fast‐ to slow‐fiber type and muscle oxidative metabolism in the red gastrocnemius of ageing rats. More importantly, 6‐gingerol not only increases the plasma and adipose tissue adiponectin concentrations, but also elevates muscular AdipoR1 expression and activates downstream AMPK phosphorylation as well as upregulates PGC‐1α in vivo and in vitro.

Conclusion

6‐Gingerol may improve ectopic lipid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of ageing rats. These effects rely, at least in part, on the elevated plasma adiponectin concentration and muscle AdipoR1 level to dually activate the AMPK/PGC‐1α signaling pathway.
Design of a UWB biconical antenna with a lightning protection system for surveillance applications
Authors: Pantoja Juan P. , Oliveira Luciano P. de , Hernández‐Figueroa H. E. , Reis Edson C. dos
Published: December 2018

This article presents, to the best of our knowledge, the study, software simulation and fabrication of a biconical antenna with a lightning protection system operating in a wide frequency range from 20 MHz to 3 GHz. The purpose of this system is to provide protection against atmospheric electric discharge in regions with a high incidence of lightning.
Design of broadband and dual‐polarized dielectric‐filled pyramidal horn antenna based on substrate‐integrated waveguide
Authors: Du Heng , Yu Xutao , Zhang Hui , Chen Peng
Published: December 2018

A broadband and dual‐polarized dielectric‐filled pyramidal horn antenna based on substrate‐integrated waveguide technology is proposed for Ku‐band (uplink and downlink frequency) bands applications in this letter. The proposed antenna is manufactured by using low‐cost printed circuit boards process. The horn walls are formed by metalized rectangular slots, and the opening of the horn antenna is discretely flared from the bottom to the top layer. In addition, differential feeding networks based on substrate‐integrated coaxial line technology are adopted in the design to realize dual‐linear polarizations. The designed antenna produces horizontal polarized (HP) and vertical polarized (VP) waves in the frequency band of 12.25‐12.75 and 14.0‐14.5 GHz, respectively. The developed antenna has been fabricated and tested. According to the experimental results, the 10‐dB impedance bandwidth of 19.9% is achieved for the horn antenna, and an average gain of around 7.7 dBi with 12.3‐12.9 GHz for HP, and an average gain of around 9.2 dBi with 13.9‐14.5 GHz for VP. The proposed antenna element can be used in arrays to meet the requirements of low side lobes for horn arrays in satellite communications applications.
Quantitative myotonia assessment with a commercially available dynamometer in myotonic dystrophy types 1 and 2
Authors: Horáková Magda , Horák Tomáš , Parmová Olesja , Bednařík Josef , Voháňka Stanislav
Published: December 2018

Introduction: The objective of this study was to develop a simple method for quantitative assessment of myotonia in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and DM2, to compare the myotonia severity, and to correlate this objective outcome with a subjective scale, the Myotonia Behaviour Scale (MBS). Methods: A commercially available dynamometer was used for all measurements. The relaxation time after voluntary contraction was measured in 20 patients with DM1, 25 patients with DM2, and 35 healthy controls. Results: The average relaxation time was 0.17 s in controls, 2.96 s in patients with DM1, and 0.4 s in patients with DM2. The correlation between relaxation time and MBS score was significant, 0.627 in patients with DM1 and 0.581 in patients with DM2. Discussion: Our method provides a valid and reliable quantitative measure of grip myotonia suitable as an outcome measure in clinical trials and as part of routine examinations to gather data on the natural history of myotonic disorders. Muscle Nerve 59:431–435, 2019
The requirement for a disease‐specific patient‐reported outcome measure of dysphagia in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy
Authors: Côté Claudia , Gagnon Cynthia , Youssof Sarah , sKurtz Nicolette , Brais Bernard
Published: December 2018

Introduction: There is no patient‐reported outcome (PRO) questionnaire specifically designed to assess oropharyngeal dysphagia in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD). To select a suitable questionnaire, content validity of the existing questionnaires must be assessed. This study sought (1) to identify dysphagia‐related symptoms in OPMD and (2) to assess content validity of currently available PRO for the assessment of dysphagia severity in OPMD. Methods: A two‐step literature review was conducted of dysphagia‐related symptom identification and oropharyngeal dysphagia‐related PRO. Symptoms were validated with an expert panel by using a Delphi survey. Content validity of PRO questionnaires was documented through content analysis. Results: Ten PRO questionnaires were identified. None of the questionnaires cover the entire symptom spectrum in OPMD and thus lack content validity. Discussion: The development and validation of a new PRO questionnaire to assess dysphagia in OPMD is required to establish the importance of symptomatic relief from new treatments. Muscle Nerve 59:445–450, 2019
A study of prostate volumes in patients with spinal cord injury
Authors: Gofrit Ofer N. , Yutkin Vladimir , Pode Dov , Duvdevani Mordechai , Landau Ezekiel H. , Gielchinsky Ilan , Hidas Guy
Published: December 2018

Aims

To evaluate the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to deduce the role of the nervous system in this process.

Methods

Prostate volumes (PVs) of 65 men older than 30 years of age who sustained SCI were determined from CT scans. Correlations of PVs with SCI level, age, age during SCI and duration of paralysis were calculated.

Results

Average patient's age during SCI was 37.7 (±19) years and during measurement of PV 54.8 (±15.3) years. PVs of patients with SCI were similar to expected age‐adjusted volumes (29.7 ± 24 mL vs 29.9 ± 5.7 mL, P = 0.95). We dichotomized the cohort into two groups: High SCI (T5 and above) and low SCI (T6 and below) with almost identical: number of patients, age of SCI and duration of paralysis. Patients with lower injuries, had significantly smaller PVs when compared both to patients with higher injuries (19.4 ± 6.3 and 39.8 ± 30, P = 0.0006) and to age‐adjusted normal PVs (19.4 ± 6.3 and 29.2 ± 5.8, P = 0.0005). Correlation of PV with age was found in patients higher injuries (R2 = 0.26, p = 0.003) but not in patients with lower (R2 = 0.08, P = 0.11). Moreover, patients with lower SCI had significantly smaller prostate even compared to expected PVs during SCI (18.7 ± 4.6 cc vs 27.8 ± 6.9 cc, P = 0.00006).

Conclusions

Low SCI stops and reverses age related increase in PV. This phenomenon does not occur in high SCIs. This suggests that continuous support of the nervous system is essential for sustaining BPH and raises the possibility of finding a non‐hormonal pharmacological intervention for reversing BPH.
Which anticholinergic is best for people with overactive bladders? A network meta‐analysis
Authors: Herbison Peter , McKenzie Joanne E
Published: December 2018

Aim

To carry out a network meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of anticholinergic drug treatment for people with overactive bladders.

Methods

Comprehensive searches for relevant RCTs were carried out starting with RCTs included in previous systematic reviews with the last search in February 2017. Searches included terms for the anticholinergic drugs tolterodine, oxybutynin, trospium, propiverine, solifenacin, darifenacin, imidafenacin, and fesoterodine. Data was extracted from the systematic reviews or reports of studies for cure or improvement, voids per 24 hr, leakage episodes per 24 hr and dry mouth. Data was analysed using frequentist network meta‐analysis.

Results

128 studies were found. There was no clearly best treatment for cure or improvement. The differences between treatments for voids and leakages were small and unlikely to be of clinical importance. Transdermally delivered oxybutynin was clearly the best treatment for dry mouth but was still worse than placebo.

Conclusions

All the anticholinergic drugs were better than placebo but apart from dry mouth were similar in effect. Transdermal oxybutynin caused less dry mouth than the other treatments, so may be worth considering as the first treatment.
Comparing diagnostic accuracy of luminal water imaging with diffusion‐weighted and dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI in prostate cancer: A quantitative MRI study
Authors: Sabouri Shirin , Chang Silvia D. , Goldenberg S. Larry , Savdie Richard , Jones Edward C. , Black Peter C. , Fazli Ladan , Kozlowski Piotr
Published: December 2018

Luminal water imaging (LWI) is a new MRI T2 mapping technique that has been developed with the aim of diagnosis of prostate carcinoma (PCa). This technique measures the fractional amount of luminal water in prostate tissue, and has shown promising preliminary results in detection of PCa. To include LWI in clinical settings, further investigation on the accuracy of this technique is required. In this study, we compare the diagnostic accuracy of LWI with those of diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI in detection and grading of PCa. Fifteen patients with biopsy‐proven PCa consented to participate in this ethics‐board‐approved prospective study. Patients were examined with LWI, DWI, and DCE sequences at 3 T prior to radical prostatectomy. Maps of MRI parameters were generated and registered to whole‐mount histology. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of individual and combined MR parameters. Correlation with Gleason score (GS) was evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation test. The results show that area under the ROC curve (AUC) obtained from LWI was equal to or higher than the AUC obtained from DWI, DCE, or their combination, in peripheral zone (0.98 versus 0.90, 0.89, and 0.91 respectively), transition zone (0.99 versus 0.98, n/a, and 0.98), and the entire prostate (0.85 versus 0.81, 0.75, and 0.84). The strongest correlation with GS was achieved from LWI (ρ = −0.81 ± 0.09, P < 0.001). Results of this pilot study show that LWI performs equally well as, or better than, DWI and DCE in detection of PCa. LWI provides significantly higher correlation with GS than DWI and DCE. This technique can potentially be included in clinical MRI protocols to improve characterization of tumors. However, considering the small size of the patient population in this study, a further study with a larger cohort of patients and broader range of GS is required to confirm the findings and draw a firm conclusion on the applicability of LWI in clinical settings.
Hexanoyl chitosan/ENR25 blend polymer electrolyte system for electrical double layer capacitor
Authors: Winie Tan , Jamal Asheila , Saaid Farish Irfal , Tseng Tseung‐Yuen
Published: December 2018

Single salt polymer electrolytes based on hexanoyl chitosan‐ENR25 were prepared by employing LiN (CF3SO2)2 or LiCF3SO3 as the doping salt. Elastic property of hexanoyl chitosan was enhanced with the incorporation of ENR25. DSC studies revealed immiscibility of hexanoyl chitosan and ENR25, and dissolution of salt was favored in ENR25 phase. Conductivity enhancement was observed in the blends as compared with the neat hexanoyl chitosan. The maximum conductivities achieved for LiCF3SO3‐ and LiN (CF3SO2)2‐comprising electrolyte systems were 1.6 × 10−8 and 5.0 × 10−7 S cm−1, respectively. Deconvolution of spectra bands in the vas (SO2−) mode of LiN (CF3SO2)2 and vs (SO3−) mode of LiCF3SO3 has been carried out to estimate the relative percentage of free ions and associated ions. The findings were in good agreement with conductivity results. Electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) was fabricated with hexanoyl chitosan/ENR25 (90:10)‐LiN (CF3SO2)2‐EmImTFSI electrolyte and activated carbon‐based electrodes. The conductivity and electrochemical stability window of hexanoyl chitosan/ENR25‐LiN (CF3SO2)2‐EmImTFSI were ~10−6 S cm−1 and 2.7 V, respectively. The performance of the EDLC was analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge‐discharge (GCD). From GCD, the specific capacitance of EDLC was 58.0 F g−1 at 0.6 mA cm−2. The specific capacitance was found to decrease with increasing current density.
Morphology, thermal, and crystallization properties of poly(butylene succinate)‐grafted Nanocrystalline Cellulose by polymerization in situ
Authors: Tang Tao , Zhu Jiang , Wang Wentao , Ni Haitao
Published: December 2018

The compounds 1,4‐butanediol, succinic anhydride, and nanocellulose (NCC) were used to synthesize poly(butylene succinate)‐grafted Nanocrystalline Cellulose (PBS‐g‐NCC) nanocomposites via polymerization in situ. The resulting structures were examined by transmission electron microscopic (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), 1H and 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. TEM showed the cellulose to be nanoscale and SEM analysis indicated that 3 wt% NCC dispersed well in PBS matrix. 1H and 13C‐NMR analyses indicated the product to possess peaks characteristic of PBS. DSC analysis clearly showed that the NCC increased the PBS crystallinity when 3 wt% NCC was introduced into PBS matrixes by polymerization in situ, compared to pure PBS. TGA illustrated that the thermal stability of PBS‐g‐NCC was better than that of pure PBS, when 3 wt% NCC was added. XRD analysis suggested that 3 wt% NCC improved PBS crystallinity, which was in good agreement with the present DSC results. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:928–934, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Ventilation inhomogeneity is associated with OGTT‐derived insulin secretory defects in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Colombo Carla , Alicandro Gianfranco , Gambazza Simone , Mileto Palmiro , Mari Andrea , Grespan Eleonora , Nazzari Erica , Russo Maria Chiara , Battezzati Alberto
Published: December 2018

Progressive deterioration of β‐cell function is the main mechanism underlying diabetes in cystic fibrosis (CF). Diabetes negatively impacts the clinical status of CF patients years before its onset. We aimed to evaluate if OGTT‐derived indices of β‐cell function are associated with early markers of lung disease. We carried out a cross‐sectional study on 80 CF patients who performed OGTT, spirometry, and nitrogen‐multiple breath washout test. β‐cell glucose sensitivity and the insulinogenic indices were used as markers of β‐cell function and first‐phase insulin response to glucose stimulus. We used sex‐ and age‐adjusted multiple linear regression models to estimate the association between OGTT‐derived indices and lung function measures. An increment of β‐cell glucose sensitivity equal to its interquartile range was associated with an increase in ppFEV1 of 7.6 points (95%CI: 0.8; 14.4) as well as with a decrease in LCI of −1.96 units (95%CI: −3.40; −0.51) and in Scond of −0.016 L−1 (95%CI: −0.026; −0.007). The corresponding figures for insulinogenic index were: 8.6 (95%CI: 3.4; 13.9) for ppFEV1, −2.03 (95%CI: −3.13; −0.94) for LCI, and −0.014 L−1 (95%CI: −0.021; −0.071) for Scond. When adjusting also for 2‐h plasma glucose, both β‐cell glucose sensitivity and insulinogenic index remained inversely associated with Scond. Deterioration of β‐cell function is related to early lung disease in young patients with mild to normal pulmonary function. This relationship is independent from hyperglycemia and mainly involves conductive airways.