bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Pitfalls of Estimating and Using Standardized Reliability Coefficients
Authors: Raykov Tenko , Marcoulides George A.
Published: July 2020

The population discrepancy between unstandardized and standardized reliability of homogeneous multicomponent measuring instruments is examined. Within a latent variable modeling framework, it is shown that the standardized reliability coefficient for unidimensional scales can be markedly higher than the corresponding unstandardized reliability coefficient, or alternatively substantially lower than the latter. Based on these findings, it is recommended that scholars avoid estimating, reporting, interpreting, or using standardized scale reliability coefficients in empirical research, unless they have strong reasons to consider standardizing the original components of utilized scales.
Scarred objects and time marks as memory anchors: The significance of scuffs and stains in organisational life
Authors: Shortt Harriet , Izak Michał
Published: July 2020

This article lays the workplace under the microscope to examine how scuffs on floors and battered corners on desks – things we define as ‘scarred objects’ – become material autobiographical archives and are made into memory anchors by workers. We explore how these scarred objects, construed as insignificant by some, become integral to workers’ sense of memory and continuity. These scarred objects become time marks (Walsh, 1992) which provide a sense of embeddedness in an otherwise flexible, transient working world. We draw on material culture and sociological literatures, and the work of Burnett and Holmes (2001), to make sense of scarred objects in terms of their significance to workers as well as their construal of work and relationship to organisation mediated through memory. This article is based on empirical, visual data gathered from a 9-month study involving 43 hairdressers working in hair salons. We offer three contributions: first, we develop a new area of material studies, at a micro-level, that extends our understanding of objects in the workplace; second, we demonstrate how scarred objects anchor workers’ sense of memory; and third, we show the importance of scarred objects in the context of greater flexibility and liquidity in contemporary work.
Fear, xenophobia and collectivism as predictors of well-being during Coronavirus disease 2019: An empirical study from India
Authors: Ahuja Kanika K , Banerjee Debanjan , Chaudhary Kritika , Gidwani Chehak
Published: July 2020

Background:

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a global health threat. Biological disasters like this can generate immense prejudice, xenophobia, stigma and othering, all of which have adverse consequences on health and well-being. In a country as diverse and populous in India, such crisis can trigger communalism and mutual blame. Keeping this in context, this study explored the relationship between well-being and xenophobic attitudes towards Muslims, collectivism and fear of COVID-19 in India.

Methods:

The study was carried out on 600 non-Islamic Indians (231 males, 366 females and 3 others; mean age: 38.76 years), using convenience sampling. An online survey containing Fear of Coronavirus scale, Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale and Collectivism Scale was used. Xenophobia was assessed using two scales: generalized prejudice towards Muslims and specific xenophobic tendencies towards Muslims during COVID-19. The data were analysed using correlational methods and multiple regression.

Results:

The findings showed that positively significant relationship exists between well-being and age as well as with collectivism, while an inversely significant relationship between well-being and fear of COVID-19 was found. The results of the multiple regression analysis shows that fear of COVID-19, age, collectivism and generalized xenophobia, in the order of their importance, together contributed to nearly 20% of variance in well-being.

Conclusion:

The findings are reflective of the importance of collectivism in enhancing well-being in these times of uncertainty. Xenophobia, one of the common offshoots of pandemics, can also harm the overall well-being. Implications are discussed in the light of India’s diverse socio-religious background and global context.
Characterizing Symptoms of Cannabis Use Disorder in a Sample of College Students
Authors: Pellegrino Alexa J. , Duck Kerry D. , Kriescher Dylan P. J. , Shrake Mackenzie E. , Phillips Michael M. , Lalonde Trent L. , Phillips Kristina T.
Published: July 2020

Since the legalization of marijuana in several U.S. states in 2012, there has been concern about increases in the development of cannabis use disorder (CUD). The current study examined rates of CUD in Colorado college students who reported regular marijuana use and assessed a range of factors associated with CUD symptoms, including coping motives, concentrate/dab use, mental health concerns (depression, anxiety), age of regular marijuana use, and alcohol use. College students were recruited from a mid-sized university and completed a baseline assessment that included a marijuana urine screen. Participants reported a median of five CUD symptoms and 90% met criteria for CUD. After adjusting for covariates, the age of regular marijuana use was negatively associated with the number of CUD symptoms, while the average daily alcohol drinks was positively associated with the number of symptoms. Prevention and intervention efforts at the university level should be increased to reduce negative outcomes associated with problem marijuana use.
Living Through COVID-19: A Perspective From Hong Kong
Authors: Li Arthur Cheuk-Man
Published: July 2020

Hong Kong has been affected by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) since January 2020, almost 3 months earlier than most of the places around the globe. Once the epicenter of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak, the people of Hong Kong learned from their painful past and responded to the current epidemic quickly and accordingly. The creativity, mobility, compassion, and resilience demonstrated by Hong Kongers are understood and discussed through Viktor Frankl’s paradigm of the meaning triangle. The influence of COVID-19 on clinical practice, particularly the wearing of face masks during face-to-face therapy sessions is also briefly discussed.
“How Do You Think You Are Going to be a Pastor?”
Authors: Conner Benjamin T.
Published: July 2020

This article defamiliarizes the concept of vocation by attending to one individual’s process of discernment and the issues that that experience and reflection upon it raise for theologies of vocation and the institutions that sustain them. Drawing upon insights from persons with disabilities and disability studies, this article (dis)ables vocation.
Loop, Hook, Pull
Authors: Stewart Raedorah C.
Published: July 2020

As a disabled person, Psalm 139:13–14 has long presented as theologically problematic for me. How could “For you formed my inward parts; you knitted me together in my mother’s womb. I praise you, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made. Wonderful are your works; my soul knows it very well” fall as praise from my lips when as young as six years old I realized I was differently abled; and that with all of the shameful, negative connotations assumed with being so. The theological narrative about disability centered on sins of the mother, shame of the family, pity of the public, and sympathetically low expectations for achieving, excelling, and fitting into mainstream ableism. This article weaves biographical vignettes and theological reflections to develop a liberation hermeneutic for creating a narrative theology of disability in the church; challenges commonly held perceptions about disabled personhood; examines familiar efforts to enhance the worship experience for disabled persons; admonishes practices which inconvenience or otherwise undermine a disabled parishioner; and examines the efficacy of ministry accommodations to equip disabled persons to worship, serve, and lead in the church.
Reimagining the Healing Service
Authors: Stahl Devan
Published: July 2020

Services of healing and wholeness need to be reimagined so that they better represent various experiences of disability. This article begins with a brief historical survey of the ways in which healing services and anointings have been understood in the Christian tradition. While far from exhaustive, this history reveals the Christian notion of healing to be contentious and evolving. Next, I analyze how these historical understandings have come to shape the ways Christians understand disabilities in our modern culture as well as the mechanism by which healing is carried out. Finally, I provide tips for constructing non-ableist services of healing and wholeness.
From Inclusion to Leadership
Authors: Raffety Erin
Published: July 2020

Drawing on ethnographic research, Scripture, and theology, this article posits that Christian arguments for inclusion with people with disabilities often fail to undermine ideologies of normalcy lurking at the heart of redemption. By reading the healing of blind Bartimaeus (Mark 10:46–52) with the pitfalls of inclusion and current research in mind, I follow theologian Sharon V. Betcher in challenging readers to resist making disabled persons but “plot props” in able-bodied enlightenment, and let Jesus’ ministry direct us to Bartimaeus’ ministry in the text. I argue that in uplifting the faith and leadership of Bartimaeus, Jesus points to Bartimaeus as the protagonist, inviting us to perceive and receive the faithfulness and leadership of people with disabilities in their seeming disruptions and evident differences. In order to aid able-bodied people in apprehending the leadership of persons with disabilities, I draw on Rosemarie Garland-Thomson’s concept of disabled “misfitting,” a feminist materialist notion of disability that emphasizes the importance of context and materiality in disablement. Using the concept of misfitting to analyze ethnographic examples calls attention to the opportunities and possibilities created in disabled people’s leadership and challenges congregations to consider where their paradigms of leadership may still be oriented around ideologies of normalcy and practices of able-bodied inclusion. Indeed, congregations are invited to receive the work of the Spirit in persons with disabilities by entering into dignifying dialogue with new forms of ministry and leadership.
Environmental Concern and Destination Choices of Tourists: Exploring the Underpinnings of Country Heterogeneity
Authors: Campos-Soria Juan A. , Núñez-Carrasco J. Aníbal , García-Pozo Alejandro
Published: July 2020

This article analyzes the main determinants of pro-environmental concern of European tourists when they make holiday decisions. Tourist environmental concern depends not only on individual and travel-related attributes, but also on the characteristics of the tourists’ place of residence. Thus, this article simultaneously applies micro and macro approaches using hierarchical linear models, which can estimate variations in tourists’ environmental concern because of between-country and within-country differences. Specifically, the heterogeneous pattern across European countries in the level of environmental concern is mainly explained by between-country economic, cultural, and environmental differences. Within-country variability in the level of pro-environmental concern is mainly explained by individual and travel-related variables, and particularly by the characteristics of the destination. The results demonstrate that environmental concern varies depending on whether the destination is booked via a last-minute offer or not, whether it is a traditional or emergent destination, and whether the trip is abroad or domestic.
Inside and out: Knowing Chinese and US models of ministry
Authors: Rupp Daniel
Published: July 2020

Increasing numbers of US millennial missionaries are working alongside Chinese house church pastors in China, and conflicts between the two groups have been noted. To date, a majority of scholarly works have explored each of these group’s more surface-level needs, values, and preferences. This basic qualitative study seeks to describe differences in their tacitly held working models of ministry. Working models of ministry have been defined as taken-for-granted assumptions about what it means to be a minister. Analysis of qualitative data yielded from 16 semi-structured interviews resulted in a description of how each of these two groups have conceptualized ministry. In responding to different social contexts, each model has had a different structure, mechanism, and movement. Metaphorically, Chinese participants have been ministering as shepherds by establishing in-group boundaries, embodying clear direction, and taking responsibility for their flock’s growth. In contrast, millennial participants have been ministering as Sherpas by coming alongside those whom they are discipling, walking with them, and sharing burdens during the journey. This study recommends Chinese house church pastors adopt certain aspects of the US model as they lead millennial missionaries. This study also recommends millennial missionaries adopt certain aspects of the Chinese model as they disciple Chinese Christians.
Wasted Lives: Aging as an Incentive for Reconstruction of Desistance Intentions Among Older Adults in Prison
Authors: Avieli Hila
Published: July 2020

There is growing scholarly interest in older adults involved in crime and their lives in prison. However, the specific group of older adults who persistently offend (OAPO) and their desistance intentions has received little attention. The present study aims to explore the lived experiences of OAPO who intend to desist from crime. Seventeen OAPO were interviewed, and an interpretive phenomenological analysis approach was used to analyze the narratives they presented. Participants’ interviews revealed four superordinate themes: (1) insight and change in the lives of OAPO; (2) a series of losses lead to disillusionment with a life of crime; (3) desistance as the only alternative; and (4) fear of death in prison as a catalyst for desistance. The findings suggest that desistance intention among older adults in prison is an individualized process deeply affected by age-related motivations and dynamics.
Does Media Exposure Affect Financial Reporting Quality Through Auditors?
Authors: Cahan Steven F. , Chen Chen , Wang Rencheng
Published: July 2020

We examine whether the media has an indirect corporate governance effect on financial reporting quality (FRQ) that operates through auditors. This occurs because greater media coverage can magnify an auditor’s business risk by exposing the auditor to more potential litigation and reputation damage if an audit failure occurs. We use a path analysis to examine the direct and indirect channels of media corporate governance. We find a positive association between media coverage and FRQ that is mediated by audit fees, and the results are stronger for firms with greater incentives to engage in earnings manipulation. In contrast, we find no evidence that the media has a direct corporate governance effect on FRQ. Our results show how the media’s corporate governance reach can be extended by auditors who care about how media coverage impacts their risk level.
Investor Protection and the Substitution Effect of Corporate Governance and Product Market Competition on Firm Value
Authors: Rakestraw Joseph R.
Published: July 2020

International research has firmly established that a substitute relationship exists between corporate governance and product market competition on firm value. In this study, I reexamine this substitution effect in an international setting, allowing the relation to vary with investor protection. As hypothesized, I find that investors place a higher value on the substitution effect of corporate governance and product market competition in countries where the legal and regulatory mechanisms to protect investors are weak. This finding suggests that country-level investor protection has a moderating role in affecting the substitution between product market competition and corporate governance on firm value. These results, which are robust to several sensitivity tests and alternative specifications, are consistent with an equity agency cost benefit, resulting from product market competition and corporate governance, which is valued more by investors where investor protection is weak.
Validation of an Arabic Version of the Gifted Rating Scales–School Form
Authors: Hemdan Mohamed Ahmed Hassan , Omara Ehab Mohammed Naguib
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the Gifted Rating Scales–School Form (GRS-S) on a national sample of 907 students from Cycle 1 (Grades 1 to 4) and Cycle 2 (Grades 5 to 10) from five governorates in Oman (Muscat, Dhofar, Al-Batinah North, Al-Sharqiyah South, and Al-Dhahira). The replicability of the GRS-S factor structure was examined using the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The CFA results supported the six-factor solution of the original scale. Also, Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients of the GRS-S subscales ranged from .91 to .96. The criterion-related validity for the GRS-S scores was supported as statistically significant correlations were found between the GRS-S subscales and the Gifted and Talented Rating Scales–Second edition (GATES-2), students’ academic achievement, and the scores of the Profile of Creative Abilities (PCA) rating scale. The metric invariance results revealed that the six-factor structure of GRS-S was equally applicable across gender and grade levels.
Language transfer: a useful or pernicious concept?
Authors: Sharwood Smith Michael
Published: July 2020

Westergaard’s microcue account raises the question of the exact nature of language transfer in the acquisition of languages as well of how L1/Ln input interacts with the principles of universal grammar (UG) during processing. In order to consider in more detail the actual representation building, processing mechanisms that would be involved, her approach will be spelled out in terms of the Modular Cognition Framework (see Sharwood Smith, 2017; Sharwood Smith and Truscott, 2014; Truscott and Sharwood Smith, 2004, 2019). As well as identifying the way in which microcues would be constructed, this analysis in particular will have the effect of undermining the concept underlying the transfer metaphor as a way of characterizing crosslinguistic influence.
Foreign Direct Investment, Financial Development, and Economic Growth Nexus in Bangladesh
Authors: Siddikee Md. Noman , Rahman Mohammad Mafizur
Published: July 2020

This article aims to explore the short- and long-run impact of foreign direct investment (FDI), financial development (FD), capital formation, and the labor forces on the economic growth of Bangladesh. We applied the Granger causality test and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) for this study. The World Bank data for the period of 1990–2018 are taken into account for the analysis. Our findings suggest, in the long run, capital formation has a positive impact, and in the short run, it has a negative impact on gross domestic product (GDP) implying a lack of higher efficiency is persisting in capital management. Similarly, labor forces have an insignificant impact in the short run and a negative impact in the long run on GDP, which confirms the presence of a huge number of unskilled laborers in the economy with inefficient allocation. The impact of FD is found tiny positive in the short run but large negative in the long run on GDP indicating vulnerability of banking sector. These also confirm fraudulence and inefficient use of the domestic credit supplied to the private sector. The impact of FDI is approximately null both in the short and long run, indicating Bangladesh fails to achieve the long-term benefits of FDI. Finally, this study suggests using FDI more in the capital intensive project of the public–private partnership venture than infrastructural development only and also improving the credit management policy of the banking sector.

JEL Classifications: F21, F43, J21
Foreign Direct Investment Dependence and the Neglected Greenhouse Gas: A Cross-National Analysis of Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Developing Countries, 1990–2014
Authors: Mejia Steven Andrew
Published: July 2020

Scholars have long inquired the anthropogenic causes of greenhouse gas emissions. The majority of empirical work focuses on carbon dioxide and methane emissions, but limited attention is paid to nitrous oxide emissions. This is a crucial omission as nitrous oxide emissions are an extremely potent greenhouse gas and trigger ozone-depleting reactions upon reaching the atmosphere. Using a fixed effects panel regression of 106 developing countries, I estimate the effect of foreign direct investment dependence on nitrous oxide emissions. I find foreign capital dependency is positively associated with nitrous oxide emissions, supporting a refined ecostructural theory of foreign direct investment dependence. This analysis highlights the need for social scientists to consider the environmental impacts of the transnational organization of production beyond carbon dioxide emissions and methane emissions.
A New Tool for Assessing Older Adults’ Wireless Network Proficiency: The Wireless Network Proficiency Questionnaire
Authors: Roque Nelson A. , Boot Walter R.
Published: July 2020

Interacting with information communication technologies (ICTs) often requires proficiency with wireless networks. For older adults especially, lacking proficiency can lock them out of the many benefits afforded by these devices. In an older adult sample ( N = 203), we assessed reliability and validated a set of tools to assess wireless network proficiency: the Wireless Network Proficiency Questionnaire (WNPQ; 19 questions) and a short-form (WNPQ-8; eight questions). The WNPQ and WNPQ-8 were found to be reliable and valid, positively related to computer proficiency ( r = .63 for both) and mobile device proficiency ( r = .75, r = .74), and negatively related to age ( r = −.21, r = −.23). WNPQ scores predicted whether participants could report their Wi-Fi credentials (odd ratio = 1.17–1.73). We conclude that the WNPQ may serve as a useful tool for facilitating wireless network training and assessing proficiency in research.
Effect of Social Exclusion on Social Maladjustment Among Chinese Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model of Group Identification and Parent–Child Cohesion
Authors: Zhang Ye , Wang Kai
Published: July 2020

Social exclusion is a covert and widespread social behavior. Different from previous studies on the role of internal and social functions in the relationship between social exclusion and maladjustment, the study aims to explore the influence of individual interaction on the individual–group relationship as well as the impact of relationship changes on adolescent social maladjustment. Based on an integration of social information processing theory and social identification theory, we analyzed the association between social exclusion and adolescents’ social maladjustment, especially the mediating role of group identification and the moderating role of parent–child cohesion. Participants were 1,506 Chinese adolescents ( Mage = 16.18 years, SD = 0.81). The results demonstrated that the association between social exclusion and adolescent social maladjustment was partly mediated by group identification. Parent–child cohesion was found to moderate the direct effect and first half of mediating path after splitting gender variable. Our findings expand the extant insights on how social exclusion could contribute to adolescent social maladjustment and highlight the important role of father in later adolescence development.
Sexual Functioning and Satisfaction Among College Survivors of Sexual Violence: Examining PTSD Symptoms and Sexual Schemas
Authors: Lipinski Alexandra J. , Beck J. Gayle
Published: July 2020

Decreased sexual functioning is prevalent among female survivors of sexual violence yet psychological factors that contribute to sexual impairments in this population are understudied. To extend research in this area, the current study examined two psychological factors as they relate to sexual functioning concerns among 148 female survivors of sexual violence: severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs) and sexual self-schemas. Four domains of sexual functioning were examined: sexual desire, sexual arousal, sexual satisfaction, and orgasm functioning. It was predicted that PTSSs would be associated with a more negative sexual schema, which in turn, would be associated with decreased sexual functioning across the four domains. Using path analysis, PTSSs were found to be indirectly associated with decreased sexual satisfaction ( b = −.08, SE b = .04, p = .035), sexual arousal ( b = −.01, SE b = .001, p = .02), and reduced orgasm functioning ( b = −.01, SE b = .001, p = .002). Results also supported significant direct paths from PTSS to all sexual functioning variables. These results support that negative sexual self-schemas may be relevant to the co-association of PTSSs and reductions in sexual functioning and satisfaction.
The Prevalence of Interpersonal Violence (IPV) Against Women and its Associated Variables: An Exploratory Study in the Rongo Sub-County of Migori County, Kenya
Authors: Morris Miller , Okoth Vincent , Prigmore Heather L. , Ressler Daniele J. , Mbeya Julius , Rogers Ash , Moon Troy D. , Audet Carolyn M.
Published: July 2020

Interpersonal violence (IPV) within intimate partner relationships and gender-based violence remain major public health problems worldwide; 44.8% of Kenyan women have reported experiencing IPV beginning after the age of 15 years (National Bureau of Statistics Nairobi, Kenya, 2015). Combatting IPV and its sequelae is integral to promoting gender equality, a key target of the Sustainable Development Goals. We quantify the lifetime prevalence of IPV among women in two rural Kenyan communities, as well as factors associated with IPV in this area, such as educational attainment and severe depression. We conducted a cross-sectional population-based survey of households in the North and East Kamagambo wards of Migori County, Kenya in May 2018. A questionnaire regarding IPV was given to female respondents. Group-wise comparisons and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to describe community prevalence and factors associated with IPV against women. A total of 873 women completed questions about IPV, representing a population estimate of 11,252 women in the study area. Lifetime IPV prevalence in the study area was 60.3%. Variables associated with IPV included involvement in a polygamous marriage (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.13, 2.88]; p = .013), attaining six or fewer years of education (aOR: 1.84; 95% CI: [1.27, 2.66]; p = .001), and IPV exposure in girlhood (aOR: 1.59; 95% CI: [1.12, 2.28]; p = .011). IPV was independently associated with experience of emotional abuse (OR: 11.22; 95% CI: [7.02, 17.95]; p < .001) and severe depression (OR: 3.51; 95% CI: [1.03, 11.97]; p = .045). Violence against women is a public health emergency in Migori County, Kenya. Low educational attainment, IPV exposure in girlhood, and polygamy were significantly associated with experience of IPV. Our results provide hyper-local data necessary for targeted interventions and generalizable data with sampling methods for use by other implementing organizations in sub-Saharan Africa.
Experiences of Abused Muslim Women With the Australian Criminal Justice System
Authors: Ibrahim Nada
Published: July 2020

The confidence of intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors/victims in the criminal justice system (CJS) is important to consider when exploring intervention and prevention strategies toward deterring IPV. Information on the experiences of IPV survivors/victims with the justice system is greatly lacking. This issue is even more so for IPV survivors/victims for minority communities such as Australian–Muslims. The lack of cultural and religious sensitivity that many immigrant women experience with the CJS deters them from accessing the CJS. In addition, the contrast between the mediation processes in courts and those of religious requirements may make the mediation processes ineffective if they do not include the perpetrators in the mediation process. Furthermore, for many migrant women, their lack of knowledge about their rights under the Australian legal system renders them powerless to undertake active action against IPV in their relationships. Due to the lack of research on Muslim women’s experiences, it is difficult to ascertain how the justice system response can effectively address IPV issues for Australian Muslim women. It is therefore necessary to solicit Muslim women’s views and explore past experiences with the justice system to inform future reforms that will better meet the justice response needs of Muslim women in Australia. This article explores Muslim women’s positive and negative experiences with the justice system in response to their IPV victimization. It also investigates the constraints that have deterred Muslim women from seeking assistance from the Australian criminal justice system (ACJS), particularly in the reporting of intimate partner violence. The findings of this research give voice to Muslim women’s past experiences with the CJS. It is expected that the findings will influence practical outcomes that can facilitate strategies by the CJS to promote inclusiveness among Muslim women to increase their confidence in the CJS.
“Brothers in Arms”: Secondary Traumatization and Sibling Relationship Quality Among Siblings of Combat Veterans
Authors: Zerach Gadi , Milevsky Avidan
Published: July 2020

The aversive impact of exposure to combat and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on family members has been examined mainly among veterans’ partners and offspring. No study has examined secondary traumatization in veterans’ siblings and the role of relationship quality in these links. The present study aimed to assess secondary PTSD symptoms (PTSS) and general distress among siblings of combat veterans, and the role of sibling relationship quality in the association between veterans’ exposure to combat and PTSS and sibling secondary PTSS. A sample of 106 adult dyads of Israeli combat veterans and their closest in age siblings responded to self-report questionnaires in a cross-sectional study design. The rates of sibling secondary PTSS and general distress were relatively low. However, veterans’ exposure to combat and PTSS were positively related to siblings’ secondary PTSS. Importantly, veterans’ PTSS mediated the association between veterans’ exposure to combat and siblings’ secondary PTSS, only among sibling dyads with high levels of warmth and low levels of conflict in their relationship. Furthermore, the inclusion of siblings general distress contributed to heightened sibling secondary PTSS, but only the warmth dimension moderated the link between veterans’ PTSS and siblings’ secondary PTSS. Findings suggest that veterans’ PTSS is implicated in their siblings’ secondary PTSS. Veterans’ PTSS might also serve as a possible mechanism for the links between exposure to combat and siblings’ secondary PTSS. Moreover, relationship quality with a sibling veteran might take a toll in the form of siblings’ secondary PTSS following veteran military service.
A case study on particulate emissions from a gasoline plug-in hybrid electric vehicle during engine warm-up, taking into account start–stop operation
Authors: Lenz Martin , Cremer Moritz , Guse Daniel , Röhrich Henning , Pischinger Stefan
Published: July 2020

Concerning the discussions about emissions caused by individual mobility, it is foreseeable that future vehicle concepts will increasingly be based on hybrid powertrains. These systems lead to more complex operating scenarios, which have a significant influence on the resulting emissions of the engine. This work shows a case study and the results in the operation and emission behavior of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with a direct injection gasoline engine when operated in an internationally recognized driving cycle. The vehicle’s exhaust aftertreatment system consists of a three-way catalytic converter; a particulate filter is not installed. The emissions are analyzed with a focus on particulate number emissions (from soot), especially during the warm-up phase and the frequent start–stop events (in total, there are 12 internal combustion engine operating phases), which are typical for hybrid vehicles. The results show that approximately 50% of the emitted particulates have a smaller size, 23 nm (a very high number of particulates with a mean size of 10 to 15 nm are present), which are currently not regulated, but are expected to have a high risk of adverse health effects.
Technical report: Rapid intraoperative reconstruction of cranial implants using additively manufactured moulds
Authors: Beaulieu Katherine , Alkins Ryan , Ellis Randy E , Kunz Manuela
Published: July 2020

During craniotomies, a portion of the calvarium or skull is removed to gain access to the intracranial space. When it is not possible to re-implant the flap, surgeons may repair the defect intraoperatively or at a later date. With larger defects being more difficult to repair intraoperatively, we investigated a method for the creation of patient-specific moulds for ad hoc bone flap reconstruction using rapid prototyping. Patient-specific moulds were created based on light scanned models of the defect, using custom software and rapid prototyping. Polymethylmethacrylate bone implants were created for three retrospective craniotomy cases and evaluated based on original flap and skull reconstruction accuracy. Bone implants created using our moulding method reconstruct the original flap and skull with an average reconstruction accuracy of 0.82 and 1.3 mm, respectively. Average skull reconstruction accuracy obtained by surgeons performing freehand implant reconstruction was 1.49 mm. Time needed to generate moulds was between 2 h and 45 min and 6 h and 20 min. Improvements to current printing technology will make this procedure technically feasible for future cranial procedures.
Migraine Disability, Quality of Life, and Its Predictors
Authors: R. Pradeep , S. C. Nemichandra , S. Harsha , K. Radhika
Published: July 2020

Background: Migraine is the most disabling primary headache and is the second most prevalent primary headache affecting middle-aged females more. However, diagnosis and treatment of migraine persists to be inadequate. Despite being a major cause of disability, works done to understand the burden and impact of migraine on daily living remains sparse. Migraine negatively affects one’s sense of well-being in life, and understanding these factors will enable us to better manage the disease.

Objective: To estimate the severity of disability and impairment in quality of life (QOL) secondary to migraine. To enumerate and analyze the factors predicting severity of disability and impairment in QOL secondary to migraine.

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 108 consecutive migraineurs were studied. Headache impact, migraine disability, migraine-specific quality of life (MSQoL), and psychiatric comorbidities were studied using validated questionnaires.

Results: Migraine was seen in 89 females and 19 males with most being in the age group of 20–40 years. Headaches had considerable to relentless impact on the sufferers. Majority of them had a highly significant disability and negatively impacted “MSQoL,”, being affected in all the domains. There was also coexisting anxiety and depression with migraine.

Conclusion: Migraine was more frequently seen in young- and middle-aged females. The longer duration, more frequent migraine attacks, and headache with substantial to severe impact were predictors of both disability and detrimental effects on QOL in migraineurs. Comorbid psychiatric conditions were found to be a significant contributary factor.
The All-Affected Principle and the Question of Asymmetry
Authors: Bengtson Andreas
Published: July 2020

As a solution to the boundary problem, the question of who should take part in making democratic decisions, the all-affected principle has gained widespread support. An unexplored issue in relation to the all-affected principle is whether there is an asymmetry between being affected negatively and positively. Is it the case that only being negatively affected, and not positively affected, by a decision generates a claim to inclusion under the all-affected principle? I call this the question of asymmetry. Some answer the question of asymmetry affirmatively. I believe they are wrong and argue, instead, that we must answer this question by looking at the reasons underlying the all-affected principle. I identify two main reasons that have been proposed to underlie the all-affected principle—(1) the opportunity for interest protection and (2) self-government—and show why both of them entail that answering the question of asymmetry affirmatively is unfounded. The upshot is that both being affected negatively and positively by a decision should generate a claim to inclusion on the all-affected principle. This makes a difference for democratic decision making on contemporary issues such as immigration, climate, and welfare policy.
A Personality Trait-Based Network of Boredom, Spontaneous and Deliberate Mind-Wandering
Authors: Martarelli Corinna S. , Bertrams Alex , Wolff Wanja
Published: July 2020

This article reports the translation into German and validation of two self-report measures of mind-wandering and boredom (the Spontaneous and Deliberate Mind-Wandering Scales and the Short Boredom Proneness Scale). Confirmatory factor analyses provided support for the original conceptualization of the constructs. To evaluate measurement invariance across samples, data were collected in a German-speaking sample ( n = 418) and an English-speaking sample ( n = 364). The results indicated weak measurement invariance. To explore the interplay between mind-wandering and boredom, we performed an exploratory graph analysis in the entire sample ( N = 782), which revealed the structure of relationships between boredom and the two facets of mind-wandering. The results are discussed in the context of theoretical accounts of boredom and mind-wandering.
The management of vascular access in hemodialysis patients during the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic: A multicenter cross-sectional study
Authors: Shi Jia , Yan Jian-Jun , Chen Jian , Zhang Qing-Hong , Yang Yi , Xing Xue , Cheng An-Ying , Wang Ya-Nan , Xu Gang , He Fan
Published: July 2020

Background:

Coronavirus disease 2019 is an epidemic disease throughout the world. The management of vascular access during the epidemic is currently unknown.

Methods:

In this multicenter cross-sectional study, we collected vascular access data from hemodialysis patients treated at 44 hospitals in Hubei from 22 January to 10 March 2020. We estimated the management of vascular access during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak.

Results:

Of the 9231 hemodialysis patients included, 5387 patients (58.4%) were men and 2959 patients (32.1%) were older than 65 years. Arteriovenous fistula was the predominant type of vascular access, accounting for 76.5%; 496 patients (5.4%) developed vascular access complications; catheter flow reduction was the most common vascular access complication, and stenosis was the predominant complication among those with arteriovenous access. Overall, 280 vascular access sites were placed in patients newly diagnosed with uremia, of whom 260 (92.8%) underwent catheter insertion; 149 rescue procedures were carried out to treat the vascular access complications, which consisted of 132 catheters, 7 percutaneous transluminal angioplasties, 6 arteriovenous fistula repairs, and 4 arteriovenous fistulas. Occlusion of the arteriovenous access had the highest rescue rate (92.7%), while many other vascular access complications remained untreated; 69 and 142 patients were diagnosed with confirmed and suspected coronavirus disease 2019, respectively. A total of 146 patients died, of whom 29 patients (19.9%) died due to vascular access complications.

Conclusion:

Catheter flow reduction and stenosis of arteriovenous access were the major vascular access complications. Most of the vascular access sites established were catheters, and many of the vascular access complications remained untreated.
The contributions of oral language to English reading outcomes among young bilingual students in the United States
Authors: Huang Becky H , Bedore Lisa M , Niu Luping , Wang Yangting , Wicha Nicole Y Y
Published: July 2020

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions:

The current study examined the language-reading relationship for bilingual students in two grade levels (grades 1 and 3) and for two reading outcomes (decoding and comprehension) to understand the contribution of oral language in English reading. The study also explored the potential mediating role of oral language between language use, reading frequency, and reading outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach:

The study included 60 bilingual students from bilingual households that speak a language other than, or in addition to, English. All participants completed a battery of language and reading assessments and a background survey.

Data and analysis:

Three separate confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to derive an Oral Language factor (from oral language assessments), a Language Use factor, and a Reading Frequency factor (from survey items). A multivariate regression was conducted to investigate whether the language-reading relationship differed by grade and reading outcome. A multivariate mediation analysis was also conducted to examine whether the Oral Language factor mediates the effect of Language Use and Reading Frequency on reading outcomes.

Findings/conclusions:

Oral language proficiency significantly predicted both decoding and comprehension for both grades. Oral language also mediated the relationship between reading frequency and reading outcomes.

Originality:

This study investigates the contributions of oral language in young bilingual students’ English reading outcomes, which is an under-explored topic.

Significance/implications:

The results demonstrated the importance of oral language proficiency in bilingual students’ reading outcomes. Oral language plays a robust role in not only reading comprehension but also decoding. The study also clarified that the effects of reading frequency on reading outcomes are indirect and mediated via oral language. Improving bilingual students’ oral language proficiency coupled with promoting their reading frequency can help promote their reading outcomes.
Trumping the equality norm? Presidential tweets and revealed racial attitudes
Authors: Anspach Nicolas M
Published: July 2020

One noteworthy characteristic of Donald Trump’s candidacy and subsequent presidency is his willingness to use racial rhetoric. This is especially the case on Twitter, where he communicates directly with millions of followers. This article utilizes a survey experiment to understand how Trump’s tweets influence subjects’ revealed racial attitudes. Subjects are exposed to one of three tweets made by Trump: a control tweet about the economy, a tweet with an implicitly racist message, or a tweet with an explicitly racist message. Analyses indicate that while exposure to racist messages does not influence respondents’ issue prioritization, both implicitly and explicitly racist messages interact with racial resentment to increase the propensity to describe African-Americans in starkly stereotypical and negative language. These findings suggest that the norm of racial equality, long thought to dampen support for elites who invoke explicitly racist rhetoric, has weakened in the Trump era.
Mediated trust: A theoretical framework to address the trustworthiness of technological trust mediators
Authors: Bodó Balázs
Published: July 2020

This article considers the impact of digital technologies on the interpersonal and institutional logics of trust production. It introduces the new theoretical concept of technology-mediated trust to analyze the role of complex techno-social assemblages in trust production and distrust management. The first part of the article argues that globalization and digitalization have unleashed a crisis of trust, as traditional institutional and interpersonal logics are not attuned to deal with the risks introduced by the prevalence of digital technologies. In the second part, the article describes how digital intermediation has transformed the traditional logics of interpersonal and institutional trust formation and created new trust-mediating services. Finally, the article asks as follows: why should we trust these technological trust mediators? The conclusion is that at best, it is impossible to establish the trustworthiness of trust mediators, and that at worst, we have no reason to trust them.
Gasoline engine performance simulation of water injection and low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation using tabulated chemistry
Authors: Franken Tim , Mauss Fabian , Seidel Lars , Gern Maike Sophie , Kauf Malte , Matrisciano Andrea , Kulzer Andre Casal
Published: July 2020

This work presents the assessment of direct water injection in spark-ignition engines using single cylinder experiments and tabulated chemistry-based simulations. In addition, direct water injection is compared with cooled low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation at full load operation. The analysis of the two knock suppressing and exhaust gas cooling methods is performed using the quasi-dimensional stochastic reactor model with a novel dual fuel tabulated chemistry model. To evaluate the characteristics of the autoignition in the end gas, the detonation diagram developed by Bradley and co-workers is applied. The single cylinder experiments with direct water injection outline the decreasing carbon monoxide emissions with increasing water content, while the nitrogen oxide emissions indicate only a minor decrease. The simulation results show that the engine can be operated at λ = 1 at full load using water–fuel ratios of up to 60% or cooled low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation rates of up to 30%. Both technologies enable the reduction of the knock probability and the decrease in the catalyst inlet temperature to protect the aftertreatment system components. The strongest exhaust temperature reduction is found with cooled low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation. With stoichiometric air–fuel ratio and water injection, the indicated efficiency is improved to 40% and the carbon monoxide emissions are reduced. The nitrogen oxide concentrations are increased compared to the fuel-rich base operating conditions and the nitrogen oxide emissions decrease with higher water content. With stoichiometric air–fuel ratio and exhaust gas recirculation, the indicated efficiency is improved to 43% and the carbon monoxide emissions are decreased. Increasing the exhaust gas recirculation rate to 30% drops the nitrogen oxide emissions below the concentrations of the fuel-rich base operating conditions.