bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
H
erbert,
E
dward,
L
ord
H
erbert of
C
herbury
Authors: Fleck Andrew
Published: May 2017

Edward, Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1582–1648) was the eldest son of a Welsh literary family who gained a reputation as the ‘learned Lord Herbert’. A courtier, soldier, and diplomat, as well as a philosopher, historian, and linguist, Herbert wrote Latin and English poetry for a coterie audience. More famous in his lifetime than his younger brothers, the poet George Herbert and the master of the revels Henry Herbert, the learned lord's reputation rested on his philosophical quest for Truth. Although interest in his irenic philosophy has waned and the reputation of his younger brother George's poetry has further eclipsed Lord Herbert's reputation, the peer's verse shows him to be one of the better poets of the early seventeenth century, and his fascinating
Autobiography
provides a vivid glimpse into the lives of the period's aristocracy.
H
obbes,
T
homas
Authors: Warren Christopher N.
Published: May 2017

The fame of Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) rests chiefly on his authorship of controversial works of political theory such as
De cive (The citizen
) (1642) and
Leviathan
(1651). However, Hobbes's wide‐ranging interests and publications defy modern categories of scholarship. Hobbes was a polymath. Treatises on optics, mathematics, theology, literary theory, jurisprudence, and physical mechanics occupy substantial portions of his corpus. Although he can now hardly be separated from the aphorism ‘nasty, brutish, and short’ – an incomplete account of
Leviathan
's conjectural description of life in the pre‐civil state of nature – Hobbes has also been called ‘gripping’ by the likes of Jacques Derrida (2009) and a ‘master of nuance and innuendo’ by the contemporary poet Geoffrey Hill (2008). Hobbes's further interest to students of English Renaissance literature includes his thought on rhetoric, wit, representation, language, and authority.
H
orman,
W
illiam
Authors: Knight Sarah
Published: May 2017

William Horman (1457–1535) was a leading educationalist of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Born in Salisbury, Wiltshire, he entered Winchester College, Oxford, as a scholar in 1468. From Winchester he progressed to New College, Oxford: he matriculated in 1475, became a fellow, graduated BA in 1480 and MA in about 1483. His academic and ecclesiastical career kept pace at Oxford during the early 1480s: he was ordained as subdeacon in 1486 and as priest soon afterwards. In 1486 he resigned his New College fellowship and left Oxford for Eton College and a schoolmaster's career. He received from Eton the Norfolk benefice of East Wretham in 1494. Horman left Eton to take up the headmastership of Winchester in 1495, but returned in 1501 as a college fellow, remaining there for the remainder of his life (Orme 2004).
H
oward,
A
nne, Countess of
A
rundel
Authors: Monta Susannah Brietz
Published: May 2017

Anne Dacre Howard, countess of Arundel, a lifelong supporter of Catholic writers and activities in England and abroad, was born on 31 March 1557, to Thomas Lord Dacre and his second wife Elizabeth. After her father's death, her mother married Thomas Howard, fourth duke of Norfolk. At 12, she was married to the duke's eldest son and heir, Philip Howard, then earl of Surrey. She formally converted to Catholicism in 1582 or 1583. Within two months she was presented for recusancy (non‐attendance at legally required Church of England services). She was placed under house arrest in the home of Sir Thomas Shirley; when her first child, a daughter, was born in 1583, she was baptized a Protestant against her mother's wishes. Howard was at liberty by September 1584 after Sir Francis Walsingham's intervention. In September 1584 the Jesuit William Weston received her husband into the Catholic Church. The earl attempted to flee the realm in April 1585 but was arrested; Queen Elizabeth I did not allow Anne to see her husband again. Her son, Thomas Howard, earl of Arundel, was born in July 1585 and became a famous collector and patron of the arts. Upon the queen's death, Howard's situation improved. In 1624 James I allowed her to move her husband's remains from the Tower to West Horsley, Surrey, and then to Arundel Castle. She lived to see two Catholic queens on England's throne, dying in April 1630.
H
ume,
A
nna
Authors: Carlson Brooke A.
Published: May 2017

Anna Hume, whose birth and death dates are unknown, was the daughter of David Hume of Godscroft (1558–1629), poet, historian, and essayist. Her brother, James, was a mathematician and medical doctor, who wrote scientific treatises in Latin and French, as well as poetry. Hume is believed to have been responsible for editing and publishing her father's
History of the houses of Douglas and Angus
, as well as for providing English translations of the Latin in the text. The Douglas family tried to stop the publication of the
History
, and Hume herself appears to have disliked the work. Hume is also author of a translation of the first three books of Francesco Petrarch's
Trionfi
, entitled
Triumphs of love: chastity: death
and published in Edinburgh. Her
Triumphs
appeared with the same publisher (Evan Tyler), and in the same year (1644), as her father's
History
.
H
utchinson,
L
ucy
Authors: Scott‐Baumann Elizabeth
Published: May 2017

Lucy Hutchinson (1620–81) was a seventeenth‐century republican and Puritan, whose full stature and range as a writer has come to light only since the 1990s. Known to historians for her detailed, partisan account of the Civil War in
Memoirs of the life of Colonel Hutchinson
(composed in the 1660s, partly based on draft material from the 1640s), she is now recognized as the author of a satirical poem on Oliver Cromwell, one of the earliest translations into English of Lucretius’
De rerum natura
, a major biblical epic
Order and disorder
(1679), a series of elegies on her husband's death, and a theological prose work, as well as an autobiography of which only a fragment remains. Hutchinson was writing from the 1630s until her death, with
Order and disorder
the only work printed in her lifetime.
J
ohnson,
R
ichard
Authors: Davis Alex
Published: May 2017

Richard Johnson (
fl
. 1592–1622) is best known as the author of two of the best‐selling works of fiction published during the early modern period. The first part of
The most famous history of the seaven champions of Christendom
was published 1596, with a sequel added in 1597; together, they went through over 20 editions before the end of the seventeenth century.
The most pleasant history of Tom a Lincolne
, also in two parts, the first from 1599, went through at least 11. Both these texts continued to be printed, either complete or in adapted form, into the eighteenth century and even beyond. Critical accounts of Johnson's work have therefore been dominated by efforts to explore the character and implications of this overwhelming popular success.
J
onson,
B
en
Authors: Sanders Julie
Published: May 2017

Ben Jonson (1572–1637) was a playwright, poet, and masque‐maker; born into a non‐elite family, he nonetheless rose to positions of favour, especially at the Jacobean court. Benjamin Jo[h]nson was born, it is believed, on 11 June 1572. The
h
was dropped from the spelling of his name later in life, in a move presumed by many to constitute an effort to claim a higher social status. Possibly a descendant of a Scottish Borders family, the Johnstones, Ben's father died a month before he was born and his mother remarried soon after. Her second marriage was to a master bricklayer, possibly the Hartshorn Lane building contractor Robert Brett, and this family event appears to have initiated for Jonson a relationship with the Tylers' and Bricklayers' Company that was to be sustained into later life, even though he was mocked by fellow playwrights for his lowly origins. That his life and works are so often described in terms of a ‘career’ is one indicator of the conscious ways in which this playwright‐poet shaped his own life story.
K
nox,
J
ohn
Authors: Sweetnam Mark S.
Published: May 2017

As a reformer, preacher, galley slave, exile, and royal adviser, John Knox (c. 1510–72) led an extraordinarily active life, which was remarkable for its impact as well as for its activity. In the centuries since his death, Knox has been recognized as having had a profound and fundamental influence on Scottish and international Presbyterianism and on the Scottish nation.
L
anyer,
A
emilia
Authors: Schnell Lisa J.
Published: May 2017

Born Aemilia Bassano, Aemilia Lanyer (also Lanier) (1569–1645) was the second daughter of Baptista Bassano and Margaret Johnson. Although not of the ruling class, Lanyer was brought up in the court of Queen Elizabeth I: her father was one of the queen's musicians. Like many of the court musicians of his time, Bassano was Italian – he was described in his will as ‘a native of Venice’ – and perhaps also Jewish (although this has been disputed by Alessio Ruffatti [1996–98]). England was not at all a hospitable place for Jews in the sixteenth century, but the queen's musicians seem to have been considered a sort of exception to the official policy of intolerance.
L
ilburne,
J
ohn
Authors: Foxley Rachel
Published: May 2017

John Lilburne (c. 1615–57) was a political activist and radical sectarian best known as one of the leaders of the Leveller movement of the mid‐ to late 1640s. A prolific pamphleteer whose output could not be stemmed by frequent imprisonment, he publicized his tribulations in print and made them emblematic of the oppressions first of the godly and then of the ‘free‐born Englishman’. Though a less than systematic thinker, and an erratic stylist, he contributed a distinctive strand to Leveller thought and offered his readers a vigorous model of political engagement.
L
illy,
W
illiam
Authors: Peacey Jason
Published: May 2017

William Lilly (1602–81) was the seventeenth century's pre‐eminent astrologer and political prophet, a pamphleteer and journalist of some note, and the author of an invaluable autobiography. Born in 1602, the son of a Leicestershire yeoman, Lilly was educated by two eminent Puritans, John Brinsley and Arthur Hildersham, but, being too poor to attend university, he became a household servant to a prominent London salter. Lilly married his master's widow in 1627, the first of three marriages which brought financial stability if not always happiness, and then embarked upon astrological study before settling in Walton‐on‐Thames, Surrey. Recognizing that there was money to be made in London after 1640, Lilly befriended a host of powerful political figures, and began one of the most successful literary careers of the era. He began producing almanacs in 1644, with
Merlinus Anglicus junior
, eventually settling upon the title
Merlini Anglici ephemeris
, which appeared annually from 1647 until his death, and also wrote occasional pamphlets, such as
A prophecy of the White King
(1644),
The starry messenger
(1645),
Monarchy or no monarchy in England
(1651), and an important textbook,
Christian astrology
(1647). Lilly also dabbled in journalism, with
Mercurius Britannicus
(1648). A zealous Parliamentarian, albeit one repeatedly at odds with the authorities, he survived the Restoration relatively unscathed, although his past and his writings occasionally brought him trouble, not least for apparently predicting the Great Fire of London (1666), and his almanacs were heavily censored by Sir Roger L'Estrange. Having left London during the plague of 1665, Lilly remained in the country until his death in 1681.
L
ok,
A
nne
Authors: Coles Kimberly Anne
Published: May 2017

Anne Vaughan Lok (or Lock or Locke) (c.1530–1590/1607) is the author of arguably the first sonnet sequence in English – and this is possibly the least important constituent of her cultural contribution. Lok appended the sequence, itself a poetic transcription of Psalm 51, to her translation of a collection of the
Sermons of John Calvin, upon the song that Ezechias made after he had bene sicke
(1560). While the innovation of the sonnet sequence is, of itself, important, hers is not the work that probably influenced the later sonnet sequences of Philip Sidney or Edmund Spenser. The only poem she can be said to have definitively influenced is Thomas Norton's translation of Psalm 51. Rather, Lok's contribution lies in her influence upon the development of Protestant devotional lyric – lyric poetry based upon scriptural material or expressing a religious experience. Her son Henry Lok is frequently taken as a precedent in studies that trace the emergence of the religious sonnet sequence in England (Lewalski 1979; Roche 1989). But the 1560 sonnet sequence of his mother, ‘A meditation of a penitent sinner’, has recently replaced Henry's work in this narrative as the significant starting point for the development of religious lyric in England (Roche 1989; Spiller 1997).
L
yly,
J
ohn
Authors: Stewart Alan
Published: May 2017

John Lyly (1554–1606) was an Elizabethan author whose prose writings enjoyed incredible popularity, and whose plays have been seen as paving the way for the comedies of William Shakespeare. Lyly was perhaps born in Rochester, Kent, where his father worked in 1550, or in Canterbury, also in Kent, where a younger brother was born in 1562. He was the eldest of eight children born to Peter Lyly and Jane Burgh. His paternal grandfather was William Lily, the humanist contemporary of Thomas More and John Colet, who was high master of St Paul's School from 1509 to 1522/23, and author of a ubiquitous grammar textbook. An uncle, George Lily, was secretary to Reginald Pole, and a canon of Canterbury Cathedral under Mary; his father served under archbishop of Canterbury Matthew Parker as a registrar or notary (Hunter 2004).
M
arkham,
G
ervase
Authors: Lopez Jeremy
Published: May 2017

‘Mistresse … my birth is not hid, nor mine actions concealed, mine estate hath no couerture but the ayre, nor my priuate wealth any pursse but mens knowledges … [W]ith vertue I seeke to win you, with vertue I will euer keepe you, and till vertue shall be vtterly consumed, I will be euer faithfull.’ These lines are from a letter written by Gervase Markham (?1568–1637), a now obscure author whose literary output modern scholars have unanimously declared ‘astonishing’ in its range and diversity. Besides two plays, numerous poems, and a prose sequel to Sir Philip Sidney's
Arcadia
, Markham published books on horsemanship, farming, veterinary medicine, fishing, cookery, and military history and tactics.
M
arprelate,
M
artin
Authors: Navitsky Joseph
Published: May 2017

The pseudonymous ‘Martin Marprelate’ was the authorial persona behind a 1588–89 propaganda campaign to promote church reform by critiquing the supremacy of the Elizabethan episcopate. Conceived by Presbyterian extremists, the Marprelate enterprise produced seven satirically abusive publications – six pamphlets and a broadsheet – known as the ‘Marprelate tracts’. Marprelate's works were printed in secret on a portable press, illegally distributed through a network of agents, and regarded as the most infamous writings of their day. The authorities seized the press in August 1589 but not before Marprelate, whose name became a watchword for irreverent scurrility, had scandalized the nation with his witty and insulting condemnations of the bishops. The controversy surrounding Marprelate and his protest lingered for years, with the memory of his exploits influencing contemporary debates on religious reform, political expression, and the uses – and misuses – of satire.
M
arshall,
W
illiam
Authors: Ahnert Ruth
Published: May 2017

William Marshall (d. ?1540), a lawyer and minor royal official, gained prominence as a translator and publisher of reformist texts. He issued a total of 11 titles between 1534 and 1538 (concentrated mainly in the period 1534–35), of which his most influential publication was his English Primer. Marshall's output was dominated by his own translations, but also included works by others, such as William Turner's translation of a Latin version of the Swiss reformer Joachim Vadianus's treatise
Vom alten und neuen Gott
(1534). As with this publication, many of Marshall's books espouse a militantly Protestant doctrine, including translations of Martin Luther and Martin Bucer, but when they were first published they provoked surprisingly little reaction from the authorities.
Marvell,Andrew
Authors: McDowell Nicholas
Published: May 2017

Andrew Marvell (1621–78) is generally acknowledged to be the finest lyric poet of the mid‐seventeenth century, and his ‘An Horatian ode upon Cromwell's return from Ireland’ (1650) is often described as the greatest political poem in English. The widespread appreciation of Marvell's qualities as a poet developed only in the twentieth century and was advanced in particular by T. S. Eliot's treatment of Marvell in his hugely influential 1921 essays ‘Andrew Marvell’ and ‘The metaphysical poets’. From his death in 1678 until the late nineteenth century Marvell was known rather for his activities as the member of parliament for Hull in the Restoration and as the writer of prose satires challenging the corruption of Restoration politics and arguing for religious toleration. Marvell's star as a poet rose as the modernist movement looked to separate poetry from history and as the founders of English as a university discipline sought to establish practical criticism as its distinguishing mode of enquiry. Marvell the ‘metaphysical’ lyric poet rose to prominence as ‘the creator of an acutely private art’, valued by intellectuals who ‘felt a severance from the civilization that both created and threatened them’ (Everett 1991). In the twenty‐first century, however, scholars have in the main sought to recover both the interest and importance of Marvell's political activities and prose writings, and to contextualize his political poetry within the complicated historical events and diverse allegiances of the 1640s and 1650s. While historicist scholars have looked to bring the lyric poet and political pamphleteer together and to make sense of Marvell's career as a whole, the lyric verse that used to receive most attention, such as the ‘green’ pastoral poems, has been less to the fore in recent critical work. However, those scholars who would recover the place of Marvell's poems in history or would reconstruct his biography still find themselves faced with the opaque relationship between private and public in the life and work of a secretive man who did not put any of his lyric poems into print in his lifetime, and about whom we still do not know basic biographical facts such as when he wrote most of his verse or whether he was married. Indeed the ‘ambiguity’ of Marvell's verse celebrated by critics like William Empson (1930) has found its biographical correlative in ingenious speculation about Marvell's political allegiances and sexual preferences. Understanding Marvell presents a stringent challenge to both the biographer and the literary critic.
Middleton,Thomas
Authors: Munro Lucy
Published: May 2017

Best known for tragedies such asThe changelingandWomen beware womenand as the author ofA game at chess, the most famous theatrical cause célèbre of the English Renaissance, Thomas Middleton (1580–1627) was one of the most skilful and versatile dramatists of his day. He was baptized at St Lawrence Jewry in the City of London on 18 April 1580, the son of William Middleton, a wealthy London bricklayer and builder who had a coat of arms and owned property in Shoreditch and Lime‐house, and Anne Snow. His father's death in January 1586 and his mother's remarriage to Thomas Harvey the following November plunged the family into a prolonged series of lawsuits. In April 1598 Middleton entered Queen's College, Oxford, but he seems to have left without completing his degree. In 1601 he was described as being ‘in London daily accompanying the players’, and the records kept by the theatrical entrepreneur Philip Henslowe show that he was writing for one of the London companies, the Admiral's Men, by 1602. Around this time he married Mary Magdalen Marbeck, sister of one of the Admiral's Men and granddaughter of the composer and organist John Marbeck. By 1604 he was writing for the Children of Paul's, one of London's all‐boy theatre companies, and for Prince Henry's Men (as the Admiral's Men had become after the accession of James I). He later worked for the Children of the Queen's Revels, the King's Men, Prince Charles's Men, and the two companies successively patronized by James I's daughter, Princess Elizabeth. Alongside his work for the commercial theatre Middleton wrote a number of non‐dramatic pamphlets and poems, and he was one of the foremost writers of civic pageants in the 1610s and 1620s; he also held the post of chronologer to the City of London from 1620. In August 1624 his playA game at chesswas performed for nine days in a row – a then unprecedented run – by the King's Men. Satirizing current events and contemporary politicians through the metaphor of a chess game, the play caused a scandal which led to the King's Men being called before the Privy Council to explain themselves and, apparently, to Middleton's incarceration in the Fleet prison. His career in the commercial theatre seems to have ended withA game at chess;his last known work was on a lord mayor's show in October 1626. Middleton was buried at St Mary's, Newington Butts, across the river Thames from the City of London, on 4 July 1627.
M
ildmay,
G
race
Authors: Hellwarth Jennifer Wynne
Published: May 2017

Lady Grace Mildmay (1552–1620) was one of four children born to Lady Anne and Sir Henry Sharington of Lacock Abbey in Wiltshire. She had an elder brother and sister and one younger sister and, though she was a member of the landed upper class, she was not an active participant in courtly pursuits. She was also a practising Protestant during the nascent years of the Protestant Church of England. In certain respects, Lady Grace Mildmay's upbringing and daily life were unremarkable for an Elizabethan woman of her status, for she had what was considered to be a standard education. She and her younger sister were supervised and tutored by Mistress Hamblyn, her father's niece, and were educated both in academic studies (reading, writing, arithmetic) and in ‘domestics’ (manners, music, needlework, religion). In addition, Grace received training in the making and administering of medicinal remedies and treatments. In 1567, at the unusually young age of 15, Grace married the 20‐year‐old Anthony Mildmay (the average age of marriage being early to mid‐twenties for women and mid‐ to late twenties for men). Sir Anthony spent much of their marriage abroad, and they were married for 50 years until his death in 1617. They had one child, Mary, born in 1582. Grace died on 27 July 1620 in Apethorpe, Northamptonshire, where she had moved upon her marriage.
Milton,John
Authors: Gregory Tobias B.
Published: May 2017

John Milton (1608–74) was born in London on 9 December 1608. His father John was a scrivener (preparer of legal documents), moneylender, and accomplished amateur musician; of his mother Sara little is known. The young Milton was educated by private tutors and at St Paul's School. He entered Christ's College, Cambridge in 1625, receiving his BA in 1629 and his MA in 1632. After Cambridge, Milton spent the next six years living with his parents. In this period he read deeply in the classics and composed his first major poems, the masqueComusin 1634, and the pastoral elegyLycidasin 1637. In 1638–39 Milton toured the Continent for 15 months, including stays in Florence, Rome, Naples, and Venice. He and his Latin verses were well received in Florentine literary circles; he also met Hugo Grotius in Paris, Cardinal Francesco Barberini in Rome, and Torquato Tasso's former patron G. B. Manso in Naples. Upon his return to London in the autumn of 1639, Milton became schoolmaster to a small number of pupils, including his two nephews. Shortly thereafter he wrote the first of his polemical works, five fervently anti‐episcopal tracts published in 1641–42.
N
ashe,
T
homas
Authors: Mentz Steve
Published: May 2017

Thomas Nashe (1567–c.1601) was baptized in Lowestoft, Suffolk. The son of a curate, he entered St John's College, Cambridge as a sizar around 1581, and earned his BA in 1586. Nashe left Cambridge in 1588 and moved to London. His literary career in print began quickly, with a combative preface to Robert Greene's
Menaphon
appearing in 1589, and his own euphuistic (and probably Cambridge‐written)
The anatomie of absurditie
in 1589. He was the likely author of the anti‐Marprelate tract
An almond for a parrat
(1590), credited to ‘Cutbert Curryknave’, and he wrote a preface to an unlicensed edition of Philip Sidney's
Astrophil and Stella
(1591). During the 1590s, he authored a series of more substantial pamphlets, including the popular portrait of urban London
Pierce Penilesse
(1592); the play
Summers last will and testament (
1592; published 1600);
Christes teares over Jerusalem
(1593), whose satirical content earned him a spell in Newgate prison;
The terrors of the night
and
The unfortunate traveller
(both 1594). He also circulated in manuscript the erotic verse ‘Choice of valentines’, also titled ‘Nashe his dildo’. He notoriously engaged the Cambridge academic Gabriel Harvey, and his brother Richard, in a long‐running print controversy, in the books
Strange newes
(1593), the preface to
Christes teares
, and
Have with you to Saffron‐walden
(1596). The 1599 Bishops' Ban ended this quarrel by banning both Nashe's and Harvey's books. In 1597 Nashe co‐authored with Ben Jonson the controversial play
The Isle of Dogs;
Jonson was gaoled, and Nashe fled to Great Yarmouth in Norfolk. His last work, a celebration of the red herring of Yarmouth,
Nashes Lenten stuffe
, appeared in 1599. Nashe's final movements are unknown, but he was dead by 1601, when he was eulogized in Charles Fitzgeoffrey's
Affaniae
.
N
eville,
H
enry
Authors: Houston Chloë
Published: May 2017

The republican politician and writer Henry Neville (1619–94) produced a relatively small number of printed works, but played a significant role in political life in the later seventeenth century, especially as a member of parliament in the late 1640s and 1650s, and as a promoter of the proposals of fellow republican James Harrington. Neville came from a Berkshire family that was part of the county's gentry and had long been involved in politics; following a period of time at Oxford (at Merton College and University College), he travelled on the Continent in the early 1640s, serving in local government on his return (Mahlberg 2009). His earliest writings are political satires which ridicule women linked to the Parliamentary side and have been characterized by one critic as ‘egregiously sexist’ (Boesky 1995):
The parliament of ladies
was published anonymously in 1647 and
Newes from the New‐Exchange: or, the common wealth of ladies
in two editions in 1650. In 1649 Neville was chosen as a recruiter member of parliament, serving on committees including the Council of State, but in 1654 he was banished from London for being ‘obnoxious to Cromwell’ (von Maltzahn 2004). Following Cromwell's dissolution of the Rump Parliament in 1653, Neville was critical of the Protectorate, and was not successful in becoming member of parliament for Reading until 1658, after Cromwell's death.
Newsletters
Authors: Kyle Chris R.
Published: May 2017

Renaissance England avidly consumed news. From the bawdy ballads about the sexual peccadillos of senior government ministers to the printed newspapers of the 1620s that drily reported on the Thirty Years' War, news reached everywhere from the village square and raucous alehouse to the parlours of aristocratic houses. But the articulation and transmission of news in England was closely watched by the government. Writing about current events could be a dangerous pastime, and there was strict state control of the output of the printing press. Except in the cases of moralizing tales of repentant criminals or strange occurrences in the countryside, the printing of domestic news was banned in England. Somewhere between the extremes of gossip and, after 1620, newspaper war reports sat (somewhat awkwardly at times) the manuscript newsletter.
N
orden,
J
ohn
Authors: Edwards Jess
Published: May 2017

John Norden (c. 1547–1625) was a devotional writer, chorographer, surveyor, and advocate for the surveyor's art. Born to a genteel family in Somerset, he entered Hart Hall, Oxford in 1564, taking his BA in 1568 and his MA in 1573. Norden married, had at least two sons, one of whom worked with him on some of his surveys, and died in 1625.
O
sborne,
D
orothy
Authors: Eardley Alice
Published: May 2017

The letters from Dorothy Osborne (1627–95) to William Temple, composed between 1652 and 1654 (now British Library, Additional MS 33975), have received widespread critical praise since they first appeared in print, appended to Thomas Peregrine Courtenay's biography of Temple in 1836. They provide an invaluable snapshot of the social and political circumstances of Interregnum England and pay testament to the sophisticated level of compositional skill that it was possible for a seventeenth‐century woman to acquire.
P
arker,
H
enry
Authors: Felch Susan M.
Published: May 2017

Henry Parker (1480/81–1556), created tenth Baron Morley in 1518, may have played significant political and diplomatic roles in the courts of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I, but is best known as a translator of Latin and Italian texts as well as an early imitator of Italian lyric poetry. Henry Parker was born to Sir William Parker and Alice Lovel. As a boy he served Lady Margaret Beaufort, the mother of Henry VII, and moulded himself to her learned and sincere piety. His marriage to Lady Margaret's grand‐niece Alice St John helped to secure his fortunes, as did the marriages of his daughters Jane and Margaret to members of the Boleyn family. When Jane's husband, George Boleyn, Lord Rochford, was accused of treason in 1536, however, Morley served on the panel that convicted him.
P
onet,
J
ohn
Authors: Rankin Mark
Published: May 2017

John Ponet (c.1514–56), Protestant reformer, controversialist, and political theorist, is best known for proposing a systematic theory of disobedience against unjust kingship. His work was influential in shaping early modern resistance theory and affords an extremely evocative framework for understanding treatment of this subject in literary works by Shakespeare and others.
Recipe Books
Authors: Goldstein David B.
Published: May 2017

In a sense, nearly every book published in the Renaissance was a collection of recipes – a set of instructions for performing a particular task. Poetry aimed to impart both ethics and pleasure, religious texts taught proper belief, and conduct books instructed the reader in comportment and social behaviour. What separates recipe books, or ‘books of receipts’ as they were more commonly known, is their form rather than their didacticism. Although the books might include other materials, they all featured detailed instructions on how to combine a set of ingredients to produce some sort of material substance, in a manner that could be replicated. Most recipe books focused upon cookery, physic, alchemy, and chemistry, or a combination of all of these – only towards the end of the period did these begin to look like separate areas of knowledge.
Rich,Barnabe
Authors: Maley Willy
Published: May 2017

Barnabe Rich (1542–1617), best known for providing source material for Shakespeare's plays, is one of those minor Renaissance writers who turned his hand to a variety of trades: army captain, political polemicist, Protestant propagandist, planter pamphleteer, religious controversialist, romance writer, military theorist and practitioner, cultural commentator, crown informer, and expert on Irish affairs. He is thought to be Essex‐born; little is known of Rich's early life, but he became a prolific and influential writer. From the early 1570s till the last year of his life, he published some 26 tracts and treatises, covering five sometimes overlapping categories: military tracts, romances, books of information, social satire, and Irish chronicle. The alternative title of his last pamphlet,The Irish hubbub, or the English hue and crie(1617), reflects his characteristically playful tone, which has caused his work to be viewed as more lightweight than it is.
R
ich,
M
ary
Authors: Connolly Ruth
Published: May 2017

The collection of manuscripts by Mary Rich (1625–78) constitutes one of the largest extant archives of its kind for an early modern female writer. Her introspective diaries, autobiography, and scriptural meditations reflect a devout Protestant spirituality constructed through personal reading, sermon‐going, and ‘good conversation’ and sharpened by the tensions of a difficult and often unhappy marriage. Her writings illustrate the heightened emotion that accompanied early modern religious practices and her repeated and at times contradictory retelling of her own life in a variety of genres underscores the emergent but still unfixed characteristics of early modern life‐writing.
R
oper,
M
argaret
Authors: Jones Mike Rodman
Published: May 2017

Margaret Roper (1505–44) is a key figure in the history of early modern women's writing. Unusually talented in humanist learning, she is best known both as a translator of Erasmus and as a vital mediator of the textual, political, biographical, and even physical remains of her father, Thomas More. Through her marriage to William Roper in 1521, she also became one of the most important sources for his (and subsequently Nicholas Harpsfield's) biography of More.
R
oper,
W
illiam
Authors: Jones Mike Rodman
Published: May 2017

William Roper (?1495–1578) was the author of one of the classic English biographies,
The lyfe of Sir Thomas Moore
(c.1557), which had a substantial impact on all later writing about More. Roper's biography has influenced two key memorializations of Thomas More: one in the Tudor era, Nicholas Harpsfield's
The life and death of Sir Thomas Moore, knight
(1556/ 57), and the second in our own time, Robert Bolt's A
man for all seasons
(1960). It has played a key role in constructing the iconic figure of one of Renaissance England's most recognizable writers.
S
helton,
M
ary
Authors: Powell Jason
Published: May 2017

A cousin of Anne Boleyn, Mary Shelton (1510/15–1570/71) was an important member of a circle of literate and literary women at the court of Henry VIII whose other participants included Mary (Howard) Fitzroy, sister of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, and the king's niece Margaret (Douglas) Howard. Shelton's handwriting survives in the Devonshire manuscript (British Library, Additional MS 17492) of coterie verse which includes poems by Thomas Wyatt and Surrey, as well as numerous verses by anonymous contemporary poets. Her parents, Sir John and Anne Shelton, supervised the household of Princesses Mary and Elizabeth, and Shelton was apparently writing or collecting poetry while serving as one of Anne Boleyn's maids: the queen herself rebuked Shelton for writing idle poetry in her prayer‐book. Perhaps a mistress of the king in 1535, Shelton was rumoured to be a candidate for queen after Jane Seymour's death. A later relationship with Thomas Clere (d.1545) led to a mention of her in Surrey's elegy on Clere (‘Norfolk sprang thee’), and she was thought to have been exchanging ‘secrets’ with Surrey before his arrest in 1546 (Heale 2004). Thus, Mary Shelton was very much at the heart of Henrician literary culture during a climactic and important period in its development. Less clear are the particularities of her role in that culture beyond the obvious fact of her association with the Devonshire manuscript.
S
owernam,
E
ster
Authors: Henriksen Erin
Published: May 2017

Ester Sowernam is the pseudonymous author of one of the first defences of women published in England and a participant in the Swetnam Controversy of 1615–20. Sowernam's
Ester hath hang'd Haman: or an answere to a lewd pamphlet, entituled, the arraignment of women, with the arraignment of lewd, idle, froward, and unconstant men, and husbands
(1617) was the second published response under a woman's name to Joseph Swetnam's
The araignment of lewde, idle, froward and unconstant women
(1615). Swetnam's indictment of women also generated responses from Constantia Munda, Rachel Speght, and the anonymous authors of the play
Swetnam the woman‐hater, arraigned by woman
(1620).
S
tarkey,
T
homas
Authors: Jones Grace
Published: May 2017

Thomas Starkey (c.1495–1538) was a humanist political theorist. He received his education at Oxford, then spent most of the 1520s in Italy in the service of a nobleman, Reginald Pole. In Italy he learned about different theories of government, gaining in particular an understanding of classical republicanism (Mayer 2002). He returned to England during the turbulent years of the Reformation and worked for a time for Henry VIII's minister Thomas Cromwell. He maintained a fairly favourable existence at court until he was accused of being involved in an alleged plot to depose Henry VIII in 1538, and was indicted for treason. However, he was never prosecuted, and died of natural causes a few months before the summons.
T
aylor,
J
eremy
Authors: McDowell Nicholas
Published: May 2017

Jeremy Taylor (c.1613–67) was an influential Church of England divine and, after the Restoration, a bishop in the north of Ireland. He was also the author of a range of devotional works which have long been admired for their prose style: Samuel Taylor Coleridge thought Taylor one of the four greatest writers in English alongside William Shakespeare, Francis Bacon, and John Milton. More recently, there has been interest in the heterodox theological speculation of a figure long thought to embody orthodoxy.
T
ourneur,
C
yril
Authors: Britton Dennis Austin
Published: May 2017

Very little is known about the life of Jacobean playwright and poet Cyril Tourneur (d.1626). The scant biographical information that exists illustrates that Tourneur was primarily a public servant and military man; it seems that he wrote literary works only when unoccupied with state or military affairs. Nothing is known about his life before 1613, when he was employed as the official courier to Brussels. A 1614 letter describes Tourneur as then employed by the Cecil family, and sometime prior to that he worked for Sir Francis Vere. Tourneur accompanied Sir Edward Cecil on the 1625 expedition to Cadiz as secretary of the Council of War and the Marshal's Court. Returning from the expedition, Cecil's ship became infested with plague. Tourneur and other sick passengers disembarked at Kinsale, Ireland, where he died on 28 February 1626.
T
usser,
T
homas
Authors: Wilson‐Lee Edward
Published: May 2017

Thomas Tusser (c. 1524–80) is the author of the phenomenally popular collection of agrarian verse which came eventually to be called
Five hundreth points of good husbandry
, which was published in a succession of authorial revisions between 1557 and 1580. Tusser's poems, which combine advice on cultivation and housekeeping in a framework based on the farming year and the housewife's day, have recently drawn scholarly interest owing to the first‐hand testimony they offer of rural life during a tumultuous period of land reform and internal migration. Scholars are also interested in them for the record they provide of an agrarian time‐frame which can also be found in the writing of canonical writers, including Shakespeare.
T
yrwhit,
E
lizabeth
Authors: Felch Susan M.
Published: May 2017

Elizabeth Tyrwhit (c. 1510–78), a member of Katherine Parr's court, is best known as the compiler of a Protestant prayer‐book and as governess to the Princess Elizabeth. Tyrwhit was born in Brede, Sussex to Sir Goddard Oxenbridge and his second wife, Anne Fiennes. By 1537 she was serving at the court of Henry VIII and by 1539 was married to Robert Tyrwhit, a relation of Katherine Parr's first husband, Edward Borough. Following Parr's marriage to Henry VIII in 1543, Robert was made master of the horse and later steward of Parr's household; Elizabeth served as a lady of the queen's privy chamber. Elizabeth Tyrwhit participated in the evangelical circle that Parr encouraged at the court. When these activities led to informal charges against the queen, Tyrwhit was among the ladies implicated by Stephen Gardiner and Thomas Wriosthesley.
Walwyn,William
Authors: Foxley Rachel
Published: May 2017

William Walwyn (1600–81) was one of the most effective advocates of religious toleration during the English Civil War period, and one of the major leaders of the Leveller movement. His pamphlets drew on popular and satirical styles, but he created a written persona which was patient, rational, and humane as well as ironic, standing out from the riotous pamphlet warfare of the 1640s through its studied gentleness. Born in 1600 of a Worcestershire gentry family, Walwyn was apprenticed in London, becoming a master weaver and subsequently a prosperous freeman of the Merchant Adventurers’ Company. In the latter part of his life he wrote medical treatises. He died in 1681.
W
eamys,
A
nna
Authors: Knight Jeffrey Todd
Published: May 2017

Anna Weamys (
fl
. 1650–51) was the author of
A continuation of Sir Philip Sydney's Arcadia
(1651), one of three extant printed sequels to Sidney's prose romance and the only one written by a woman. Little information on Weamys's life and work exists outside the
Continuation
(whose title page represents the author only as ‘Mrs A. W.’), but according to the volume's prefatory materials, she was young, unmarried, and well‐connected in Royalist literary circles when she wrote. Weamys was an educated gentlewoman, possibly the daughter of Dr Ludowick Weames (d.1659), a Church of England clergyman from Essex. Patrick Cullen (1994) suggests a birth date of around 1630. The date of her death is not known.
W
ebster,
J
ohn
Authors: Wilson Luke
Published: May 2017

The reputation of John Webster (1578/80–? 1638) as a playwright rests primarily on his two great tragedies,
The white devil
(1612) and
The Dutchesse of Malfy
(c. 1613), which in their poetry and characterization are often compared to Shakespeare but which are distinguished by their satirical bent, their macabre tonality, and their powerfully equivocal treatment of female characters. Webster also collaborated extensively, early in his career with Thomas Dekker, and later with Thomas Middleton, Thomas Heywood, and others, and was sole author of two additional plays,
The devils law‐case
(c. 1615) and the lost
Guise
(c.1615). He published a poem on the death of Prince Henry and a lord mayor's pageant, and contributed to the sixth edition of Sir Thomas Overbury's
Characters
.
W
hichcote,
B
enjamin
Authors: Mukherjee Ayesha
Published: May 2017

Benjamin Whichcote (1609–83), was a student and fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, a centre of Puritan thought in the early seventeenth century. Known for his religious rationalism, he was tutored by Anthony Tuckney and subsequently formed his own circle including John Smith, John Worthington, Ralph Cudworth, Peter Sterry, and Nathaniel Culver‐well – the so‐called Cambridge Platonists. This group incorporated members of Whichcote's family – his niece Mary (married to Worthington), his sister Elizabeth Foxcroft, and her husband and son. In 1645, Whichcote was appointed provost of King's College and, in 1650, vice‐chancellor of Cambridge University. His influential weekly lectures at Trinity Church were considered dangerous by his former tutor Tuckney, while others admired his moral energy in ‘those wild and unsettled times’, when he was said by archbishop of Canterbury John Tillotson to have brought more students ‘to a sober sense of religion than any man in that age’ (Tillotson 1683).
W
hite,
R
obert
Authors: Shohet Lauren
Published: May 2017

Robert White (
fl
. 1617) was the headmaster of a London school for gentlewomen, the Deptford Ladies’ Hall, in the early seventeenth century. We have no certain details about his background or personal life, but we do know that White wrote a masque called
Cupids banishment
, which was performed before Queen Anna in June 1617. White's text, in turn, is our primary source of information about the school where he was master. The Deptford Ladies’ Hall seems to have been one of the fashionable suburban academies that flourished in the early seventeenth century (Clark 1977); this one may have offered a substantive education as well (McManus 2003). The masque is preserved in a beautiful manuscript now in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York (MA 1296). Its careful preparation is consistent with manuscripts of other masques that were crafted for patrons or participants, as souvenirs. This manuscript of
Cupids banishment
belonged to Sir Richard Browne, who as a boy acted the part of Diana in the masque, then bequeathed the text to his daughter (who married the diarist John Evelyn). Like many masques, it was not printed in its own era; it can be read today in the editions of McGee (1988) or Cerasano and Wynne‐Davies (1996).
W
ilson,
T
homas
Authors: Wilson Emma Annette
Published: May 2017

Statesman and humanist scholar Thomas Wilson (c. 1523/24–81) survived exile in Italy and imprisonment by the Papal Inquisition to achieve a powerful position on Elizabeth I's Privy Council. More than just a skilful politician, Wilson was a pioneer of vernacular pedagogy, producing the first comprehensive English language textbooks on the subjects at the core of humanist curricula, logic, and rhetoric,
The rule of reason
(1551) and
The arte of rhetorique
(1553). These texts paved the way for future advocates of vernacular education, and in a period when virtually all advanced learning was carried out in Latin, Wilson's texts achieved unusual popularity, continuing to be reprinted until the 1580s.
W
ither,
G
eorge
Authors: O'Callaghan Michelle
Published: May 2017

George Wither (1588–1667), as his biographer Charles Hensley noted (1969), was a ‘tireless pamphleteer’, publishing over 70 separate works during a career that spanned the reigns of the early Stuart kings, the Civil Wars, the Commonwealth, and the Restoration. The eldest son of a country gentleman, he was born in 1588, at Bentworth, Hampshire, and entered Magdalen College, Oxford, around 1604. He left without a degree, however, and transferred to Lincoln's Inn from a minor inn of chancery in 1615. He began making a name for himself as a poet in his early twenties, and published regularly throughout the 1610s and 1620s. It was the Civil Wars and Commonwealth that heightened Wither's sense of his prophetic calling and spurred him into action: the vast majority of his works – in which he used the pamphlet to respond to rapidly changing events – date from the 1640s until his death in 1667.
W
otton,
H
enry
Authors: Fleck Andrew
Published: May 2017

Although his fame rests on diplomatic service for King James VI and I and his administration of Eton College, Henry Wotton (1568–1639) also wrote a small collection of occasional verse, and his development as a poet was heavily influenced by his friendship with John Donne.
F
rondihabitans
Authors: Kämpfer Peter , Glaeser Stefanie P.
Published: May 2017

Fron.di.ha'bi.tans. L. n.
frons
,
frondis
a leaf, foliage; L. part. adj.
habitans
inhabiting; N.L. part. adj. used as a masc. n.
Frondihabitans
inhabitant of leaves, leaf dweller.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Frondihabitans

Phylogenetically the genus
Frondihabitans
belongs to the phylum
Actinobacteria
, class
Actinobacteria
, order
Micrococcales
, and family
Microbacteriaceae
. The type species is
Frondihabitans australicus
. Currently four species are assigned to the genus. Cells are Gram‐stain‐positive short irregular‐shaped rods. Nonspore‐forming. No mycelium is produced. Aerobic. Mesophilic. Temperature range for growth 15–37°C. Catalase‐positive and oxidase‐negative. Cells are nonmotile with no flagella. A range of carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids are metabolized. The cell‐wall peptidoglycan type is B2β and contains
L
‐ornithine. The major cellular fatty acid is C
18:1
ω7
c
. Menaquinones MK‐7 and MK‐8 are present. Glycolipids, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and three unidentified phospholipids are present.

Type species
:
Frondihabitans australicus
Greene, Euzéby, Tindall and Patel 2009, 448
VP
.

Number of species with validated names: 4.