bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diabetes and thyroid cancer mortality: a 12‐year prospective follow‐up of Taiwanese
Authors: Tseng Chin‐Hsiao
Published: March 2013

Background

The association between diabetes and thyroid cancer is rarely studied. This study evaluated thyroid cancer mortality trend in Taiwanese population, mortality rate ratios between diabetic patients and general population, and risk factors in diabetic patients.

Methods

In general population, age‐standardized trends were evaluated from 1995 to 2006. A total of 113,347 diabetic men and 131,573 diabetic women aged ≥ 25 years recruited during 1995–1998 were followed to 2006. Age‐ and sex‐specific mortality rate ratios were calculated and Cox's regression evaluated the risk factors.

Results

A steady trend of thyroid cancer mortality was observed in the general population. A total of 20 diabetic men and 45 diabetic women died of thyroid cancer, with overall mortality rate 2·32 and 4·26 per 100 000 person‐years, respectively. Mortality rate ratios showed positive association with magnitude increased with decreasing age: 1·85 (0·77, 4·43), 1·21 (0·54, 2·73), 2·53 (1·14, 5·59) and 5·80 (2·10, 16·01) for ≥ 75, 65–74, 55–64 and 25–54 years old, respectively, for men; and 0·78 (0·35, 1·74), 2·03 (1·31, 3·13), 2·99 (1·77, 5·04) and 5·34 (2·20, 13·00), respectively, for women. After adjustment, only age was significantly associated with thyroid cancer mortality. Sex, diabetes duration, diabetes type, body mass index, smoking, insulin use and area of residence were not significantly predictive for thyroid cancer mortality.

Conclusions

The annual thyroid cancer mortality during 1995–2006 in the Taiwanese general population has been steady. Our data suggest a higher risk in diabetic patients, with especially higher mortality rate ratios in younger age. Obesity, smoking and insulin use are not modifiable risk factor.
Should alternatives to conventional hospitalisation be promoted in an era of financial constraint?
Authors: Pericás Juan M. , Aibar Jesús , Soler Néstor , López‐Soto Alfonso , Sanclemente‐Ansó Carmen , Bosch Xavier
Published: March 2013

Background

Because the current economic crisis has led to austerity in health policies, with severe restrictions on public health care, avoiding unnecessary admissions and shortening hospital stays is rapidly becoming an urgent priority. Alternatives to hospitalisation replace or shorten hospital processes, including diagnosis, monitoring, treatment and follow‐up. This review aims to present the available evidence on alternatives to conventional hospitalisation for medical disorders; options for surgery, psychiatry and palliative care are largely excluded.

Materials and methods

Narrative review.

Results

The main alternatives to conventional hospitalisation include day centres (DC), quick diagnosis units (QDU), hospital at home (HaH) and, in some circumstances, telemonitoring. DC increase patient comfort, reduce costs and can improve efficiency. In generally healthy patients with suspected severe disease, QDU may be a good alternative to hospitalisation for diagnostic procedures. However, their cost‐effectiveness remains to be clearly proven. Randomised controlled trials have shown that hospital‐at‐home (HaH) can lead to earlier hospital discharges, improve outcomes and reduce costs in patients with prevalent chronic diseases. Although telemonitoring seems to be promising and its use is increasing, methodologically sounder studies with a higher level of evidence are needed to assess its clinical effectiveness.

Conclusions

Factors such as ageing, the need for an earlier diagnosis of suspected severe disease, the increasing complexity of medical care and the increasing costs of hospitalisation mean that, whenever possible, giving priority to less expensive alternatives to hospital admission, such as QDU, DC, HaH and telemedicine, is an urgent task in the current economic crisis.
Variation in morphological characteristics of Japanese fluvial sculpin related to different environmental conditions in a single river system in eastern Japan
Authors: Natsumeda Takaharu , Tsuruta Tetsuya , Takeshima Hirohiko , Awata Satoshi , Iguchi Kei'ichiro
Published: March 2013

Stream fish with low mobility are often restricted to a narrow range of a stream course, and their morphological characters tend to be affected substantially by the environmental conditions of their habitat. We examined the relationships between environmental conditions and morphological characters of Japanese fluvial sculpin (Cottus pollux), a small, benthic fish with low mobility, at seven tributaries of the same river system in eastern Japan. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) indicated significant morphological differences in sculpins amongst the seven tributaries, and over 80% of individuals were classified correctly in each tributary. The strong positive correlation/loadings on the first discriminant function (DF1: 49.9% of total variation) were anterior caudal peduncle depth (0.436) and caudal peduncle truss (0.387), both of which could be regarded as an attribute of caudal peduncle depth. The second discriminant function (DF2: 16.5% of total variation) had a high negative loading for distance between the posterior first dorsal fin and anterior anal fin (−0.454), which could be regarded as an attribute of body depth. Correlation analysis indicated that sculpin tended to have a lower caudal peduncle depth under faster bottom current velocities at the tributary scale. Individuals deviating substantially from the centroid of DF2 in each tributary had a poorer body condition. Our results suggest the possibility of changes in the morphological characters of Japanese fluvial sculpin in relation to environmental conditions even at the tributary scale within the same river system.
Calonectria metrosideri, a highly aggressive pathogen causing leaf blight, root rot, and wilt of Metrosideros spp. in Brazil
Authors: Alfenas R. F. , Pereira O. L. , Ferreira M. A. , Jorge V. L. , Crous P. W. , Alfenas A. C.
Published: March 2013

The genus Metrosideros includes several tree, shrub and vine species, native to the Pacific Islands. Seedlings from 25 seed lots of Metrosideros polymorpha and two seed lots of M. tremuloides with symptoms of root rot, stem girdling, wilting and round, purple leaf spots were observed in the Forestry Nursery at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil. In the original disease site, seedling mortality reached up to 71% in M. polymorpha and 34% in M. tremuloides. Single conidial cultures obtained from infected leaf, root and stem samples of M. polymorpha were used to identify the fungal species. Morphological characters and DNA sequences of four loci, containing partial sequences of β‐tubulin (TUB2), histone H3 (HIS3), calmodulin (CAL) and the elongation factor (tef‐1α) genes of three isolates, indicated that they belong to a new species, described here as Calonectria metrosideri sp. nov. Potting medium infestation and inoculation of seedlings of M. polymorpha with an inoculum suspension at 1 × 104 conidia ml−1 induced typical symptoms of the disease (leaf spots, root rot and wilt), similar to those observed under natural conditions. Calonectria metrosideri was re‐isolated, which fulfilled Koch's postulates, and confirmed its status as a pathogen.
The Effect of Social Hierarchy on Captive Coyote (Canis latrans) Foraging Behavior
Authors: Gilbert‐Norton Lynne B. , Wilson Ryan R. , Shivik John A.
Published: March 2013

Foraging efficiency of individuals in pack forming species may be influenced by social dynamics within a pack. The effects of social hierarchy in particular may influence individual foraging behavior in canids, such as coyotes (Canis latrans). To examine the impact of social hierarchy on foraging behavior, we tested 16 captive coyotes in eight naturally established dominant–subordinate pairs, using the guesser–knower paradigm. We measured the efficiency of subordinate coyotes to relocate a food resource when alone and then allowed pairs to forage together, such that subordinates had prior knowledge of food location but dominants did not. To determine whether (1) subordinates used a direct or discursive strategy to obtain food in the presence of a dominant and (2) dominants used an exploitative or independent strategy to obtain food in the presence of a subordinate with previous knowledge, we measured their search efficiency (e.g., correct choice of area, feeder, and latency to correct feeder). Results showed subordinates learned to relocate food and increase efficiency when alone. In a social context, however, subordinate efficiency decreased. That is, subordinates approached the correct area, but searched more feeders before finding the correct one. Dominants initially used an independent search strategy but then quickly displaced the subordinate and monopolized the resource, reducing subordinate efficiency further. Despite continual displacement and reduction in efficiency, subordinates did not alter their foraging strategy over time. Our results suggest prior information can improve individual foraging advantage, but that social status strongly impacts individual foraging efficiency in social species such as coyotes.
Targeting ALDH1A1 to treat pigmentary disorders
Authors: Kleszczynski Konrad , Slominski Andrzej T.
Published: March 2013

Clinical disorders related to skin pigmentation include hypo‐ or hyperpigmentation. Because they are difficult to treat, new approaches to develop safe pigment modulatory agents are needed. In the March issue of the journal, Paterson et al. (Exp Dermatol, 22, 2013) determined which aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) substrates and products regulate melanogenesis. The authors demonstrated that ALDH1A1 substrate 9‐cis retinal and its corresponding product 9‐cis retinoic acid potently induced the accumulation of MITF mRNA, tyrosinase mRNA and melanin. Despite depletion of ALDH1A1, there was observed decreased ability of 9‐cis retinal but not 9‐cis retinoic acid to stimulate melanogenesis, indicating that ALDH1A1 regulates melanogenesis by catalysing the conversion of 9‐cis retinal to 9‐cis retinoic acid. Additionally, potent ALDH1A1 inhibitor such as cyanamide or Angeli's salt significantly suppressed pigmentation in human skin cells. These findings provide new candidate agents for the treatment of hypo‐ or hyperpigmentation disorders, using novel pigmentation‐modulatory agents that target ALDH1A1.
Age‐related changes in the composition of the cornified envelope in human skin
Authors: Rinnerthaler Mark , Duschl Jutta , Steinbacher Peter , Salzmann Manuel , Bischof Johannes , Schuller Markus , Wimmer Herbert , Peer Thomas , Bauer Johann W. , Richter Klaus
Published: March 2013

The main function of the epidermis is to protect us against a multitude of hostile attacks from the environment. Its main cell type, the keratinocytes have a sophisticated system of different proteins and lipids available to form the cornified envelope, which is responsible for the barrier function of the skin. During ageing, dramatic changes are taking place. Some proteins of the SPRR‐, S100‐ and LCE3‐family are massively up‐regulated, whereas others like loricrin, filaggrin and the LCE1&2 protein families are significantly down‐regulated. The latter ones are known to be under control of calcium and/or ‘calcium response elements’. We were able to show that the calcium peak specific for the stratum granulosum, which is the site where loricrin and the LCE1&2 families are synthesized, is reduced during ageing. The resulting cornified envelope in old skin has an extensively changed composition on the molecular level compared to young skin. This knowledge is of critical importance to understand chronic wound formation and ulcers in old age.
Taking the Plunge: An Introduction to Undertaking Seascape Genetic Studies and using Biophysical Models
Authors: Liggins Libby , Treml Eric A. , Riginos Cynthia
Published: March 2013

The field of seascape genetics aims to evaluate the effects of environmental features on spatial genetic patterns of marine organisms. Although many methods of genetic analysis and inference appropriate to “marine landscapes” derive from terrestrial landscape genetics, aspects of marine living introduce special challenges for assessing spatial genetic variation. For instance, marine organisms are often highly dispersive, so that genetic patterns can be subtle, and the temporal variability of the marine environment makes these patterns difficult to characterise. Tools and techniques from oceanography can help describe the highly connected and dynamic nature of the marine environment. In particular, models incorporating physical oceanography and species attributes in realistic simulations (e.g. biophysical models) can help us understand this complex process and formulate spatially explicit biologically‐informed predictions of gene flow. Thus, researchers embarking on a seascape genetic study need a solid understanding of marine organisms and spatial genetics perhaps combined with knowledge of physical oceanography and ecological modeling. Although some researchers may acquire proficiency in all of these areas, seascape genetic studies incorporating biophysical modeling are likely to bring together groups of investigators with complementary expertise. This preliminary guide is intended to be a starting point for a reader new to either seascape genetics or biophysical models.
Seascape Genetics: Populations, Individuals, and Genes Marooned and Adrift
Authors: Riginos Cynthia , Liggins Libby
Published: March 2013

Seascape genetics is the study of how spatially variable structural and environmental features influence genetic patterns of marine organisms. Seascape genetics is conceptually linked to landscape genetics and this likeness frequently allows investigators to use similar theoretical and analytical methods for both seascape genetics and landscape genetics. But, the physical and environmental attributes of the ocean and biological attributes of organisms that live in the sea, especially the large spatial scales of seascape features and the high dispersal ability of many marine organisms, differ from those of terrestrial organisms that have typified landscape genetic studies. This paper reviews notable papers in the emerging field of seascape genetics, highlighting pervasive themes and biological attributes of species and seascape features that affect spatial genetic patterns in the sea. Similarities to, and differences from, (terrestrial) landscape genetics are discussed, and future directions are recommended.
Extending a Geographic Lens Towards Climate Justice, Part 1: Climate Change Characterization and Impacts
Authors: Burnham Morey , Radel Claudia , Ma Zhao , Laudati Ann
Published: March 2013

There has been a recent increase of interest within the academic literature on the justice issues posed by climate change and the human responses to its present and forecasted effects. This literature is partially shaped by debates from environmental justice scholarship, but also has roots in various subfields of geography. In two parts (here and in a subsequent article), we review and synthesize the recent literature by asking what climate justice concerns have been identified within three related realms: (i) the characterization of climate change itself and the assignment of responsibility for that change; (ii) the differential or uneven impacts of climate change; and (iii) the actions taken to address the problems associated with climate change, including mitigation and adaptation. Here, in Part 1, we provide a basic outline of justice concepts; we address the characterization of climate change and the associated discursive framings; and we discuss the uneven impacts of climate change with a focus on the conceptualization of vulnerability. We suggest that the field of geography has much to offer to the debate on climate justice because of its unique understandings of the human‐environment relationship based on a longstanding engagement with the spatiality and scale of environmental change, the corresponding human impacts, and the conceptual inseparability of nature and society. We identify, across Part 1 and Part 2, the need for a more comprehensive theory of justice to inform climate justice considerations – one that pays more attention to linked procedural, recognition, and scalar concerns.
Revascularization of an immature tooth with a necrotic pulp using platelet‐rich fibrin: a case report
Authors: Keswani D. , Pandey R. K.
Published: March 2013

Aim

To discuss the clinical and radiological outcome of a revascularization procedure in an immature tooth with a necrotic pulp using platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF), a second‐generation platelet concentrate.

A 7‐year‐old male reported with pain in the maxillary anterior region as a result of the injury to his immature right maxillary central incisor tooth. After preparation of the access cavity, the necrotic pulp was removed and the canal irrigated using 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution. The canal was then dried and packed with triantibiotic paste for 3 weeks. After removal of the antibiotic paste, a 5 mL sample of whole venous blood was drawn from the patient's forearm to prepare PRF. The freshly prepared PRF was condensed in the canal until the cementoenamel junction. Three millimetres of white MTA was placed directly over the PRF clot. Three days later, the tooth was restored using a permanent restoration. At 7‐, 12‐ and 15‐month recall, the tooth was asymptomatic with no sensitivity to percussion or palpation. At 12‐ and 15‐month follow‐up, the tooth responded positively to cold and an electric pulp test, and similarly to adjacent lateral incisor and canine teeth. Radiographic examination demonstrated continued thickening of root canal walls, root lengthening and apical closure.

Key learning point

Platelet‐rich fibrin might serve as a potentially ideal scaffold in revascularization of immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulps as it is rich in growth factors, enhances cellular proliferation and differentiation, and acts as a matrix for tissue ingrowth.
Potential application of Saccharomyces boulardii as a probiotic in goat's yoghurt: survival and organoleptic effects
Authors: Karaolis Constantinos , Botsaris George , Pantelides Iakovos , Tsaltas Dimitris
Published: March 2013

Potential application of Saccharomyces boulardii in yoghurts could offer an alternative probiotic product to people suffering from antibiotic‐associated diarrhoea whilst on treatment. Three different yoghurts were made using goat's milk. Yoghurt 1 was the control with only starter culture added to the milk. For Yoghurt 2, S. boulardii was added in parallel with the starter culture, and for Yoghurt 3, the yeast was added after the yoghurt was coagulated by the starter. Duplicate counts for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and S. boulardii alongside organoleptic assessment were carried out every 3 days following manufacture and storage at 6 °C. Our results demonstrate that S. boulardii can survive in high numbers for the period of 4 weeks tested without significant changes in taste. Very important is the fact that the presence of the yeast stimulated the survival of the LAB, which in both yeast yoghurts were significantly higher than in the control.
Effect of low‐energy X‐ray irradiation on physical, chemical, textural and sensory properties of Dates
Authors: Aleid Salah M. , Dolan Kirk , Siddiq Muhammad , Jeong Sanghyup , Marks Bradley
Published: March 2013

The effect of X‐ray irradiation as postharvest treatment on physical, chemical, textural and sensory attributes of Khalas dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) was investigated. The surface of dates was subjected to low‐energy X‐ray irradiation at 3, 5 and 7 KGy. While some physical and chemical properties of dates were significantly different between treatments (fruit hardness, crude protein, total fat, tannins, total fibre and insoluble fibre), there was no detrimental effect on the quality (crude fibre, soluble dietary fibre, sucrose, glucose, fructose, moisture, total soluble solids, pH, water activity, colour and sensory evaluation). The sensory acceptability of X‐ray irradiated dates was significantly lower at 5 and 7 KGy than for untreated control. Irradiation at 3 KGy did not contribute to significant changes in physical, chemical or textural properties of dates. Adaptation to low‐energy X‐ray irradiation can be used as a potential commercial treatment for retaining the quality and ensuring the safety of dates.
Functional properties and antioxidative activity of protein hydrolysates from toothed ponyfish muscle treated with viscera extract from hybrid catfish
Authors: Klomklao Sappasith , Benjakul Soottawat , Kishimura Hideki
Published: March 2013

Functional properties and antioxidative activity of a protein hydrolysate prepared from toothed ponyfish (Gazza minuta) muscle, using viscera extract from hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus × Clarias gariepinus), with a degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 70%, were investigated. The protein hydrolysate had a good solubility. It was soluble over a wide pH range (3–9), in which more than 77% solubility was obtained. The emulsifying activity index of the protein hydrolysate decreased with increasing concentration (P < 0.05). Conversely, the foaming abilities increased as the hydrolysate concentrations increased (P < 0.05). Protein hydrolysate exhibited the increases in 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing power (FRAP) and metal chelating activity as hydrolysate concentration increased (P < 0.05). ABTS radical scavenging activity of protein hydrolysate was stable when heated at 100 °C for 180 min and subjected to a wide pH range (1–11). Therefore, protein hydrolysate from the muscle of toothed ponyfish produced by viscera extract from hybrid catfish can be used as a promising source of functional peptides with antioxidant properties.
Influence of homogenisation conditions and drying method on physicochemical properties of dehydrated emulsions containing different solid components
Authors: Holgado Francisca , Márquez‐Ruiz Gloria , Dobarganes Carmen , Velasco Joaquín
Published: March 2013

Dehydrated o/w emulsions containing sodium caseinate and lactose (sample 1), and gelatine, sucrose and maltodextrin (DE 10) (sample 2) were used to study the influence of homogenisation conditions – homogenisation pressure (15 and 70 MPa) and number of passes (1 and 2) – and the drying method – spray‐drying vs. freeze‐drying – on physicochemical parameters, including oil microencapsulation efficiency (ME), oil droplet size in reconstituted emulsions, water activity, glass transition temperature, powder bulk density and time for emulsion reconstitution in water. Results showed that small and uniform oil droplets attained with increased homogenisation pressure were not sufficient for high oil encapsulation. The permeability of the solid wall to the extraction solvent appeared to be the dominant factor, and this may increase with homogenisation pressure. With the exception of oil droplet size in sample 1 and ME in sample 2, the drying method exerted larger changes in the physicochemical parameters studied than the homogenisation pressure. For sample 2, significant changes in the ME were not observed between the freeze‐dried and spray‐dried samples, even though a great emulsion destabilisation was observed in the reconstituted emulsion of the latter.
An audit tool for environmental measurement in the UK food sector
Authors: Salvá Marta , Jones Simon , Marshall Richard J. , Bishop Chris F. H.
Published: March 2013

An audit toolkit was developed to enable food companies to measure their suppliers in terms of environmental management. Environmental practices and performance metrics were audited using a customised survey that enabled the quantification of best practice, common practice and areas for improvement. It was tested on six suppliers to a major fresh food company. Key areas of best practice included separation and recycling of waste streams, efforts to reduce use of raw materials, energy, water, pesticides, herbicides and fertilisers. Some suppliers were working with stakeholders to reduce environmental impacts. The supplier with the best environmental performance had developed and implemented an Environmental Management Policy and was working towards ISO 14001 accreditation. The study identified four areas for improvement by the suppliers. These were the implementation of an Environmental Management System, the sourcing of more renewable materials and energy, the systematic measurement of the food miles of products and carbon and water footprinting.
Optimal Medical Treatment versus Carotid Endarterectomy: The Rationale and Design of the Aggressive Medical Treatment Evaluation for Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis (AMTEC) Study
Authors: Kolos Igor , Loukianov Mikhail , Dupik Nikolay , Boytsov Sergey , Deev Alexandr
Published: March 2013

Rationale

Carotid endarterectomy and medical therapy (aspirin) were shown superior to medical therapy alone for asymptomatic (⩾60%) carotid stenosis. The role of modern medical therapy (statins, antihypertensive treatment, and aspirin) in the treatment of such patients is undefined. Establishing the safety, efficacy, and durability of optimal medical therapy and lifestyle modification requires rigorous comparison with carotid endarterectomy in asymptomatic patients.

Aims

The objective is to compare the efficacy of carotid endarterectomy + optimal medical therapy versus optimal medical therapy alone in patients with asymptomatic (70–79%) extracranial carotid stenosis.

Design

The Aggressive Medical Treatment Evaluation for Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis study is a prospective, randomized, parallel, two-arm, multicenter trial. Primary end-points will be analyzed using standard time-to-event statistical modeling with adjustment for major baseline covariates. The primary analysis is on an intent-to-treat basis.

Study Outcomes

The primary outcome is nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and death during follow-up of up to five-years, and the secondary outcome includes death from any cause and stroke.
Novel prototype sewing device, EndoSew®, for minimally invasive surgery: an extracorporeal ileal conduit construction pilot study in 10 patients
Authors: Roth Beat , Birkhäuser Frédéric D. , Thalmann George N. , Zehnder Pascal
Published: March 2013

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

The EndoSew® prototype was first tested in a porcine model several years ago. The investigators found it both simple to master and reliable, its greatest advantage being a 2.4‐fold time saving compared with straight laparoscopic suturing. In addition to that publication, there is a single case report describing the performance of an open EndoSew® suture to close parts (16 cm) of an ileal neobladder. The time for suturing the 16 cm ileum was 25 min, which is in line with our experience. The knowledge on this subject is limited to these two publications.

We report on the first consecutive series of ileal conduits performed in humans using the novel prototype sewing device EndoSew®. The study shows that the beginning and the end of the suture process represent the critical procedural steps. It also shows that, overall, the prototype sewing machine has the potential to facilitate the intracorporeal suturing required in reconstructive urology for construction of urinary diversions.

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility and safety of the novel prototype sewing device EndoSew® in placing an extracorporeal resorbable running suture for ileal conduits.

Patients and Methods

We conducted a prospective single‐centre pilot study of 10 consecutive patients undergoing ileal conduit, in whom the proximal end of the ileal conduit was closed extracorporeally using an EndoSew® running suture.

The primary endpoint was the safety of the device and the feasibility of the sewing procedure which was defined as a complete watertight running suture line accomplished by EndoSew® only. Watertightness was assessed using methylene blue intraoperatively and by loopography on postoperative days 7 and 14.

Secondary endpoints were the time requirements and complications ≤30 days after surgery.

Results

A complete EndoSew® running suture was feasible in nine patients; the suture had to be abandoned in one patient because of mechanical failure.

In three patients, two additional single freehand stitches were needed to anchor the thread and to seal tiny leaks. Consequently, all suture lines in 6/10 patients were watertight with EndoSew® suturing alone and in 10/10 patients after additional freehand stitches.

The median (range) sewing time was 5.5 (3–10) min and the median (range) suture length was 4.5 (2–5.5) cm.

There were no suture‐related complications.

Conclusions

The EndoSew® procedure is both feasible and safe.

After additional freehand stitches in four patients all sutures were watertight.

With further technical refinements, EndoSew® has the potential to facilitate the intracorporeal construction of urinary diversions.
Lifecycle Portfolio Choice With Systematic Longevity Risk and Variable Investment—Linked Deferred Annuities
Authors: Maurer Raimond , Mitchell Olivia S. , Rogalla Ralph , Kartashov Vasily
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

This article assesses the impact of variable investment‐linked deferred annuities (VILDAs) on lifecycle consumption and portfolio allocation, allowing for systematic longevity risk. Under a self‐insurance strategy, insurers set premiums to reduce the chance that benefits paid exceed provider reserves. Under a participating approach, the provider avoids taking systematic longevity risk by adjusting benefits in response to unanticipated mortality shocks. Young households with participating annuities average one‐third higher excess consumption, while 80‐year‐olds increase consumption about 75 percent. Many households would prefer to participate in systematic longevity risk unless insurers can hedge it at a very low price.
Scenario Analysis in the Measurement of Operational Risk Capital: A Change of Measure Approach
Authors: Dutta Kabir K. , Babbel David F.
Published: March 2013

At large financial institutions, operational risk is gaining the same importance as market and credit risk in the capital calculation. Although scenario analysis is an important tool for financial risk measurement, its use in the measurement of operational risk capital has been arbitrary and often inaccurate. We propose a method that combines scenario analysis with historical loss data. Using the Change of Measure approach, we evaluate the impact of each scenario on the total estimate of operational risk capital. The method can be used in stress‐testing, what‐if assessment for scenario analysis, and Loss Given Default estimates used in credit evaluations.
Luminescence Properties and Energy Transfer of Ce3+,Tb3+‐Coactivatedβ‐SiAlON Phosphors
Authors: Yang Zhigang , Zhao Zhengyan , Shi Yurong , Wang Chuang , Wu Quansheng , Wang Yuhua
Published: March 2013

Using the solid‐state reaction method, Ce3+,Tb3+‐coactivated Si5AlON7 (Si6−zAlzOzN8−z, z = 1) phosphors were successfully synthesized. The obtained phosphors exhibit high absorption and strong excitation bands in the wavelength range of 240–440 nm, matching well with the light emitting‐diode (LED) chip. The ET from Ce3+ to Tb3+ ions in Si5AlON7:Ce3+,Tb3+ has been studied and demonstrated by the luminescence spectra and decay curves. Moreover, the phosphors show tunable emissions from blue to green by tuning the relative ratio of the Ce3+ to Tb3+ ions. Thermal quenching properties of Si5AlON7:Ce3+,Tb3+ had also been investigated and the quenching temperature is ~190°C. These results show that Si5AlON7:Ce3+,Tb3+ could be a promising candidate for a single‐phased color‐tunable phosphor applied in UV‐chip pumped LEDs.
TEM Study of the High‐Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Hot‐Pressed ZrB2–SiC Composites
Authors: Seong Young‐Hoon , Lee Seung Jun , Kim Do Kyung
Published: March 2013

The oxidation behaviors of ZrB2‐ 30 vol% SiC composites were investigated at 1500°C in air and under reducing conditions with oxygen partial pressures of 104 and 10−8 Pa, respectively. The oxidation of ZrB2 and SiC were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Due to kinetic difference of oxidation behavior, the three layers (surface silica‐rich layer, oxide layer, and unreacted layer) were observed over a wide area of specimen in air, while the two layers (oxide layer, and unreacted layer) were observed over a narrow area in specimen under reducing condition. In oxide layer, the ZrB2 was oxidized to ZrO2 accompanied by division into small grains and the shape was also changed from faceted to round. This layer also consisted of amorphous SiO2 with residual SiC and found dispersed in TEM. Based on TEM analysis of ZrB2–SiC composites tested under air and low oxygen partial pressure, the ZrB2 begins to oxidize preferentially and the SiC remained without any changes at the interface between oxidized layer and unreacted layer.
Preparation of SrSi2O2N2:Eu2+ Phosphor by SrSi Alloy Precursor and Its Long‐lasting Phosphorescence Properties
Authors: Zhang Haoran , Lei Bingfu , Qin Jinlan , Li Jinfang , Liu Yingliang , Liu Xiaotang , Zheng Mingtao , Xiao Yong , Dong Hanwu
Published: March 2013

Oxynitride long‐lasting phosphorescence (LLP) phosphor SrSi2O2N2:Eu2+ was prepared by a new method using SrSi alloy as a precursor. Its properties were systematically investigated utilizing XRD, photoluminescence, excited‐state decay curve, long‐lasting phosphorescence, and thermoluminescence spectrum. This phosphor was found to be well‐crystallized by calcinations of the Sr1−xEuxSi alloy and the SiO2 mixture at 1400°C for 3 h. After irradiation under the 280 nm UV light, the afterglow emission of Eu2+ (4f65d1 → 4f7) was obviously observed for at least 2 h in the limit of light perception of dark‐adapted human eyes (0.32 mcd/m2). Furthermore, the possible mechanism for the LLP of SrSi2O2N2:Eu2+ phosphor is also discussed in this article.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Graphene/Bi2WO6 Composite with High Adsorptivity and Photoactivity for Azo Dyes
Authors: Zhang Jiang , Huang Zheng‐Hong , Xu Yong , Kang Feiyu
Published: March 2013

Graphene/Bi2WO6 composites have been synthesized by hydrothermal reduction at 160°C for 24 h using ethanol as the reducing agent. All as‐prepared composites were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, FT‐IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, N2 adsorption, and photocatalytic activity evaluation. The effective charge separation of graphene/Bi2WO6 composites was caused by the electrical conduction of graphene which is the most important factor. The results have proved the formation of interfacial contact between graphene nanosheets and Bi2WO6 nanoplates. The adsorptivity for azo dyes was enhanced greatly with the introduction of graphene. The oxy‐functional groups located at the edges of graphene were responsible for the enhanced adsorptivity. As‐prepared graphene/Bi2WO6 composites exhibited enhanced light absorption from UV to visible‐light region. In addition, the introduction of graphene would also result in smaller crystalline size and lower crystallinity of Bi2WO6. Graphene/Bi2WO6 composites containing an appropriate amount of graphene were proved to exhibit higher adsorptivities and photocatalytic activities for azo dyes. High photocatalytic activities of graphene/Bi2WO6 composites were considered to be the synergetic effects of high adsorption, high light absorption, and high electrical conduction induced by the introduction of graphene.
Effect of Humidity Instability on Rehydroxylation in Fired Clay Ceramics
Authors: Drelich Jaroslaw , Bowen Patrick K. , Scarlett Timothy J.
Published: March 2013

Several samples of the XIX‐century Davenport pottery and XX‐century structural masonry were reheated at 500°C and then exposed to a humid gas of controlled relative humidity. Changes in the sample masses were recorded in response to both systematic and transient step changes in humidity. In addition, a reheated masonry sample underwent a sequence of soaking and drying and hundreds of hours of interactions with humid air in between these treatments to examine long‐term effects of extreme humidity fluctuations. All experimental results indicate that instantaneous humidity and the sample's hygral history have a negligible effect on the long‐term kinetics of mass gain. This important finding provides strong experimental support for the newly developed rehydroxylation (RHX) ceramic dating technique by proving that humidity affects physically bonded water in the ceramics, but has a negligible effect on chemically bonded water.
Probing the Conductance and Microstructure Heterogeneity of Si3N4/TiC‐Based Nanocomposite at the Nanoscale by Scanning Impedance Microscopy
Authors: Lee Alex C. , Su Po‐Jui , Liu Bernard H.
Published: March 2013

This study presents the results of atomic force microscopy (AFM)‐localized impedance measurements within Si3N4/glassy phase/TiC heterogeneous nanostructures. The three phases show significant differences in the charge‐transfer resistance and interface capacitance values detected on the plasma‐etching surface by an ultrasharp AFM, and these characteristics are helpful to understand the sintering behavior in spark plasma sintering. The effect of an electrical field may induce localized Joule heating on conductive nano‐TiC embedded in the Si3N4‐based matrix. The glassy phase doped with Ti and C, as observed by transmission electron microscopy, may promote electrowetting, leading to enhanced densification in the insulating/conductive ceramic nanocomposite system.
Personality Traits Associated with Occupational ‘Burnout’ in ABA Therapists
Authors: Hurt Amy A. , Grist Cathy Lann , Malesky Lann A. , McCord David M.
Published: March 2013

Background

Applied behaviour analysis (ABA) therapists typically work one‐to‐one with children with autism for extended periods of time, which often leads to high levels of job‐related stress, lower levels of job satisfaction, increased frequency of occupational ‘burnout’ and higher than average job turnover (Journal of Autism Development, 39, 2009 and 42). This is particularly unfortunate, in that these vulnerable clients need stability and consistency in care, both of which are empirically related to clinical outcomes (Journal of Autism Development, 39, 2009 and 42). It is reasonable to assume that some individuals, by virtue of their personal characteristics, are better suited to this type of work than are others.

Method

The purpose of the this study was to investigate associations between personality traits, using the five‐factor model of personality, and key job‐related variables, including burnout and job satisfaction, in a sample of therapists (n = 113) who work one‐to‐one with individuals diagnosed with autism.

Results

Significant correlations were found between Neuroticism and all three subscales of burnout (Exhaustion, Cynicism and Professional Efficacy). Extraversion and Conscientiousness were significantly negatively correlated with Cynicism and positively correlated with Professional Efficacy. Agreeableness was positively associated with Professional Efficacy. Job satisfaction was correlated positively with Extraversion and negatively with Neuroticism. Level of perceived personal and professional support partially mediated the effect of personality traits on job satisfaction.

Conclusions

These results may help to identify job applicants who are dispositionally less suited to this type of work, as well as currently employed therapists who are in need of support or intervention.
Advantages of a Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillator in LAMP2 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: ZAKI ALY , ZAIDI AMIR , NEWMAN WILLIAM G. , GARRATT CLIFFORD J.
Published: March 2013

S‐ICD in Danon Disease

Danon disease is a rare X‐linked lysosomal disease causing severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (LAMP2 cardiomyopathy) and an extremely poor prognosis in males, with several reported cases of sudden cardiac death despite the use of transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillators (TV‐ICD). We describe a case in which a TV‐ICD was unable to defibrillate induced ventricular fibrillation (VF), but a wholly subcutaneous system (S‐ICD) was successful in terminating induced VF and spontaneous ventricular tachycardia. These findings have relevance to the selection of device therapy in the management of these individuals and a wider group of young patients with severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Dabigatran versus Warfarin Therapy for Uninterrupted Oral Anticoagulation During Atrial Fibrillation Ablation
Authors: MADDOX WILLIAM , KAY G. NEAL , YAMADA TAKUMI , OSORIO JOSE , DOPPALAPUDI HARISH , PLUMB VANCE J. , GUNTER ALICIA , MCELDERRY H. THOMAS
Published: March 2013

Dabigatran versus Warfarin for AF Ablation

Background

Uninterrupted oral anticoagulant (OA) therapy with warfarin has become the standard of care at many centers performing catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). Compared with warfarin, dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of stroke in nonvalvular AF with similar bleeding risk. Few data exist on the safety profile of uninterrupted dabigatran therapy during AF ablation.

Methods

We compared the safety and efficacy of uninterrupted OA therapy with either warfarin or dabigatran in all patients undergoing AF catheter ablation at the University of Alabama at Birmingham between November 1, 2010 and January 31, 2012. All patients underwent a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) on the day of their ablation procedure to assess for the presence of intracardiac thrombi. All complications were identified and classified as bleeding, thromboembolic events, or other.

Results

There were 212 patients in the dabigatran group and 251 patients in the warfarin group. The groups were well matched. There were 3 complications in the dabigatran group and 6 in the warfarin group (P = 0.45). There were 2 bleeding complications in the dabigatran group and 6 in the warfarin group (P = 0.23). There was one thromboembolic complication (a possible TIA) in the dabigatran group and none in the warfarin group (P = 0.28).

Conclusion

The administration of dabigatran is as safe and effective as warfarin for uninterrupted OA therapy during catheter ablation of AF.
Optimal life‐history schedule in a metapopulation with juvenile dispersal
Authors: Cotto O. , Olivieri I. , Ronce O.
Published: March 2013

Previous models have predicted that when mortality increases with age, older individuals should invest more of their resources in reproduction and produce less dispersive offspring, as both their future reproductive value and their prospect of competing with their own sib decline. Those models assumed stable population sizes. We here study for the first time the evolution of age‐specific reproductive effort and of age‐specific offspring dispersal rate in a metapopulation with extinction‐recolonization dynamics and juvenile dispersal. Our model explores the evolutionary consequences of disequilibrium in the age structure of individuals in local populations, generated by disturbances. Life‐history decisions are then shaped both by changes with age in individual performances, and by changes in ecological conditions, as young and old individuals do not live on average in the same environments. Lower juvenile dispersal favours the evolution of higher reproductive effort in young adults in a metapopulation with extinction‐recolonization compared with a well‐mixed population. Contrary to previous predictions for stable structured populations, we find that offspring dispersal should generally increase with maternal age. This is because young individuals, who are overrepresented in recently colonized populations, should allocate more to reproduction and less to dispersal as a strategy to exploit abundant recruitment opportunities in such populations.
Validating the Interpretations and Uses of Test Scores
Authors: Kane Michael T.
Published: March 2013

To validate an interpretation or use of test scores is to evaluate the plausibility of the claims based on the scores. An argument‐based approach to validation suggests that the claims based on the test scores be outlined as an argument that specifies the inferences and supporting assumptions needed to get from test responses to score‐based interpretations and uses. Validation then can be thought of as an evaluation of the coherence and completeness of this interpretation/use argument and of the plausibility of its inferences and assumptions. In outlining the argument‐based approach to validation, this paper makes eight general points. First, it is the proposed score interpretations and uses that are validated and not the test or the test scores. Second, the validity of a proposed interpretation or use depends on how well the evidence supports the claims being made. Third, more‐ambitious claims require more support than less‐ambitious claims. Fourth, more‐ambitious claims (e.g., construct interpretations) tend to be more useful than less‐ambitious claims, but they are also harder to validate. Fifth, interpretations and uses can change over time in response to new needs and new understandings leading to changes in the evidence needed for validation. Sixth, the evaluation of score uses requires an evaluation of the consequences of the proposed uses; negative consequences can render a score use unacceptable. Seventh, the rejection of a score use does not necessarily invalidate a prior, underlying score interpretation. Eighth, the validation of the score interpretation on which a score use is based does not validate the score use.
Getting the Help We Need
Authors: Haertel Edward
Published: March 2013

In validating uses of testing, it is helpful to distinguish those that rely directly on the information provided by scores or score distributions (direct uses and consequences) versus those that instead capitalize on the motivational effects of testing, or use testing and test reporting to shape public opinion (indirect uses and consequences). Some uses and consequences, both direct and indirect, are intended; others are unintended. Unintended consequences pose greater challenges in test validation because they must be identified before they can be investigated. Validation of uses and consequences can employ theories and methods from various social science disciplines. Educational measurement is most closely allied with psychology and statistics, but sociologists, anthropologists, economists, linguists, and others also could help in theorizing and investigating the consequences of test use, especially indirect and unintended consequences.
Codon‐optimized expression of fish iridovirus capsid protein in yeast and its application as an oral vaccine candidate
Authors: Seo J Y , Chung H J , Kim T J
Published: March 2013

Fish iridovirus causes systemic disease with high morbidity and mortality in various species of wild and farm‐raised fish, resulting in severe economic losses. Recently, frequent outbreaks of iridovirus infection have occurred among cultured fish in many Asian countries, emphasizing the need for a protective vaccine programme or the development of a suitable therapy. In this study, we expressed a recombinant major capsid protein (rMCP) of rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) from yeast using codon optimization. The rMCP in yeast was added to feed in an attempt to induce intestinal mucosal immunity for protection against and/or to reduce the severity of fish iridovirus infection. We found that fish immunized orally with rMCP underwent a successful induction of antibodies (P < 0.05) and were protected (P = 0.0001) against viral challenge. Based upon these results, oral administration of immunogenic protein as an antigen can be considered a useful method for implementation of vaccine programmes against iridovirus as well as other marine viral diseases.