bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Livestock Systems and Concurrent Challenges: A Mini Review
Authors: Kumar Pramod
Published: May 2022

The economy of sustainable livestock relies on production and consumption of quality products in the market. The by-product should be evaluated technically for preparation, production practices and marketing endeavours for maintaining its yield and demand in the open market for attributes of livestock systems. To fulfil the attribute, there is requirement of a system consisting of high genetic material and high producing animals. Now a days, many scheme and experiment trials funded by central, or state government are carried out in different zones of India and abroad for identification of these traits. There is need to understand the failure of any product in market and their acceptance in the society.
Pre and Post Global Financial and Economic Crisis on Nigerian Economy
Authors: Areghan Isibor
Published: May 2022

The study examined the 2007/2008 pre and post global financial and economic crises, plus the post pandemic era and how it has impacted the Nigerian economy. Secondary data was gathered and analyzed using the regression analysis. Finds showed that the pre-global economic and financial crisis had no major effect on the Nigerian economy while the post-world economic and financial crisis had a huge influence on Nigeria's economy. The study therefore recommended that policy-makers should find ways to control monetary and financial policies such as interest rate by decreasing them in order to make money for the existence, growth and creation of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Performance assessments in college admission: Designing an effective and equitable process
Authors: Badrinarayan Aneesha
Published: May 2022

At the same time that many colleges and universities are seeking new ways to more equitably admit and support students, a growing number of schools and districts are using performance assessments to prepare for and monitor deeper learning in high school. Performance assessments measure students’ knowledge, skills, and abilities by asking students to use them in the real-world contexts in which they are required. Student performance on well-designed assessments provides a reflection of deeper learning practices and offers rigorous and equitable ways to surface important academic and nonacademic knowledge and skills.
Some aspects of broad-scale cloud distribution over Indian Ocean during Indian Southwest Monsoon Season
Authors: SRINIVASAN V
Published: May 2022

Satellite cloud information and ship data collected during the I.I.O.E. period are utilised to study the broad-scale cloud distribution over Indian Ocean during Indian southwest monsoon season, Examination of a large number of satellite observed cloud patterns over the Indian Ocean during the southwest monsoon season reveals some aspects of broad-scale cloud features. These features are looked in to in relation to the low level wind field and an attempt is made to establish a linkage between the cloud field and the wind field. Analysis of I.I.O.E. ship data collection also lends support to the conclusions derived from satellite data. Certain features of equatorial cloud distribution are also pointed out. The difference in the cloud distribution between tropical Atlantic and Pacific and tropical Indian Ocean is adduced to the differences in sea surface temperature distribution as well as geographical distribution of land and sea areas.
Troughs on either side of the equator and vortices embedded in them and relation between transport of moisture across the equator and the rainfall on the West Coast of India
Authors: DESAI BN
Published: May 2022

A critical examination has been made of Raman's paper of (1965) on the subject and it is shown of that his streamlines and interpretations of the IIOE data discussed by him, are not acceptable.
Correlation between Clear Air Turbulence and Temperature Gradients At standard isobaric levels
Authors: BHASKARARAO NS , SADAGOPAN A
Published: May 2022

The forecasting offices which render service to turbo-prop and jet, aircraft have to indicate the probable area of Clear Air Turbulence (CAT} and If possible the Inter Sity of the CAT which is likely to be encountered Results by the aircraft. Forecasting of CAT from synoptic data is beset with many problems which have been discussed in Section 2 of this paper. There is, however, an apparent correlation between the occurrence of CAT and the increase of thermal gradient. This was statistically tested in the tested in the case of all flights for which post-fight reports were available at the Main Meteorological Office, Santacruz for the year 1964. The results of the test are discussed in this paper. Briefly the results show that the method based on thermal gradients is a good guide for delineating probable areas of CAT occurrence but the method was not very sensitive for discriminating different intensities of CAT. The method has a good potentiality to be used as a forecasting tool.
A case study or the Westerly Jet over Trivandrum
Authors: GUPTA MG
Published: May 2022

A study has been made of the formation of a cut off low in a westerly trough at 500.mb near Trivandrum, with an associated westerly jet over it, during the period II to 13 December 1958. In addition to this localized jet over Trivandrum, there were also two other jots over the country.
Interaction of the summer monsoon current with water surface Over the Arabian Sea
Authors: DESAI BN
Published: May 2022

A critical examination has been made of the papers Colon (1964) and Bunker (19651 on the subject. Bunker’s data are for days when there were weal monsoon conditions as Judged from subsequent rainfall on the west coast of the Peninsula; Colon's data are for active or strong monsoon conditions on the west coast. Convergence in lower levels in the eastern Arabian Sea within about 500 km of the coast due to falling jet velocities or decrease in speeds cannot alone explain the large amounts of rainfall over the area and the coast. Presence of (1) characteristic airmass stratification over the Arabian sea and (2) the Western Ghats, is largely responsible for considerable precipitation over and off the coast and in making the moist current about 6.0 km deep over the Peninsula. The inversion is due to airmasses and not due to subsidence.

 

            A model for vertical distribution of airmasses over the Arabian Sea when there is characteristic airmass stratification during active or strong monsoon conditions on the West coast is suggested and data for variations of low level jet given by Bunker are discussed with reference to the same.
Water balance of Prosopis spicigera community
Authors: KRISHNAN A , BLAGOVESCHENSKY EN , RAKHECHA P
Published: May 2022

An experiment on water balance of Prosopis spicigera community was conducted at the research farm of the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur. The experimental site is a typical habitat of the community with sandy to sandy loam Boll. Chrono Isopleths were drawn for the soil moisture observations taken during 1963 and 1964 and the water content in mm for every 50-cm layer from surface to 2-metre depth have been presented. Seasonal soil moisture changes occurring till the onset of monsoon, during monsoon and after monsoon have been discussed. Various water balance components such as evapotranspiration and run-off etc have been presented for different periods in the growing season of the vegetation, The evapo-transpiration of the community in the sandy soils of Rajasthan during the months other than the monsoon months i3 surprisingly low, Prosopis spiciyera trees extract moisture not only from a very wide area but also take the same from the layers below the kankar zone usually at 1 to 2-metre depth below which their roots penetrate. The role of condensation of water in vapour phase for the arid zone communities has been indicated.
Clube-empresa no Brasil: um fenômeno geográfico
Authors: Ferreira Jonathan , Motta Luciano de Campos Prado
Published: May 2022

Este artigo analisa a emergência dos clubes-empresas no território brasileiro, a partir da lógica neoliberal e do período de financeirização da economia mundial. Por clube-empresa entende-se uma entidade de prática desportiva que adota como tipologia jurídica o modelo de sociedade empresarial. O surgimento desse fenômeno está diretamente relacionado com a conjuntura econômica e, especialmente no Brasil, apresenta-se como um fenômeno geográfico de característica ímpar. A pesquisa oportunizou o levantamento de todos os clubes-empresas brasileiros, chegando-se a mais de uma centena. A partir dessa sistematização e do cruzamento de outros dados (capital social, proprietários, competições participantes, etc.), foi possível, de modo geral, determinar que os clubes-empresas: (i) estão localizados em regiões de maior densidade técnica-informacional; (ii) são clubes com baixo investimento financeiro; (iii) e, apoiados em pessoas físicas, voltados estritamente a uma lógica de acumulação incipiente.
DESIGN OF COMPOSITE NANO INK BASED WEARABLE ANTENNA FOR E-TEXTILE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Subitha D. , Dinesh K. N V S S , phanikumar A. Koushik , Rajasekhar P.
Published: May 2022

This paper presents a design of composite nano ink based wearable antenna for e-textile applications. Wearable antenna is designed to function while being worn. It is commonly used in wearable wireless communication and biomedical systems. For this study we are using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) software tool cotton is as substrate with permittivity and loss tangent 1.6mm and 0.02 respectively. For improvement of high gain and low SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) we are using EBG(Electromagnetic Bandgap) & VIA techniques.
The General Court’s Judgment in Engie: The Non-application of a National GAAR Confers State Aid
Authors: Broe Luc De , Massant Mélanie
Published: May 2022

In this article, the authors discuss the unprecedented alternative line of reasoning of the European Commission and the General Court in the Engie-case, according to which the non-application of the Luxembourg General Anti-Abuse Rule (‘GAAR’) is considered state-aid. Engie had set up a complex intra-group financing structure between Engie-companies located in Luxembourg, which was endorsed by tax rulings issued by the Luxembourg tax authorities. The European Commission found the structure abusive on the basis of the GAAR and decided that the Luxembourg tax authorities had granted state aid to Engie by not applying the GAAR and endorsing the abusive structure in the tax rulings. The General Court agreed. The article starts with an overview of the facts (section 2) and then discusses the decision of the European Commission (section 3) and the judgement of the General Court (section 4), focusing on the alternative line of reasoning, i.e., the non-application of the GAAR. In the last section some observations are made on the General Court’s judgement.

Engie-case – State aid – non-application GAAR – tax avoidance – tax rulings – selective advantage – General Court – Commission Decision – ZORA – national mismatch
The Danish Income-Cap Regulation in the Power Supply Sector
Authors: Gram Mortensen Bent Ole
Published: May 2022

The break-even principle (a cost-based regulation approach) has been a fundamental principle for the price regulation of the Danish utilities for several decades. Following the liberalization of parts of the energy sector, this regulation has been supplemented with new instruments to regulate monopoly areas.

This form of regulation was introduced in connection with a new electricity supply regulation from 1999. The detailed design of the income-cap regulation has been left to the Minister responsible for the energy sector and the supervisory authority (currently the Danish Utility Regulator (DUR)).

Income-cap regulation of power grids has given rise to several challenges. Thus, the specific design of the revenue framework has been changed several times. At the same time, however, some experience has been gained with the administrative handling of this form of regulation. Several cases have, in the absence of administrative courts in Denmark, been dealt with by the Danish Energy Board of Appeals (EBA).

Since the introduction of revenue frameworks, the power (electricity) sector has changed. Furthermore, the sector must now adapt to the green transition, which will require capacity expansion at both transmission and distribution levels, or other measures to be taken to prevent bottlenecks in the system. In this article the income-cap experience will be discussed.

Income-cap, grid companies, green transition, electricity, power supply, utilities
The Advent of Electricity Liberalization in Cyprus. Critical Analysis of the Current State and Charting a Path to Liberalization
Authors: Michail Costas
Published: May 2022

Cyprus is an island situated in the Easter Mediterranean and member of the European Union. Cyprus maintains an effective monopoly in electrifying the island chiefly by entrusting the electrification to the Cyprus Electricity Authority, a semi-governmental organization. The Electricity Authority aggregates all key functions for generating and ultimately matching the load. The electricity is mainly produced by burning petrol, mazut, at the power plants. Cyprus has recently passed Laws to enable liberalization of its electric industry. In the body of this research paper, we will unveil the current state of the electricity industry in Cyprus by expanding on the electricity state owned company, the regulatory Authority and the new Laws enabling the liberalization pathway. Then we focus on key ingredients in liberalizing electricity industry. The key focus of this article will be to appraise the Cyprus new Laws, outlining the positive conditions and stress the persisting barriers and provide recommendations.
Oferta de arbitragem e consentimento diferido
Authors: Gil Felippe Juliana
Published: May 2022

This article aims to explore the expression of the parties’ consent to arbitration at separate moments, one from the offer, which contains the arbitration clause, and the other through the acceptance. The study analyzes consent beyond the explicit form, addressing its tacit form and the conclusive behavior. The offer to arbitrate is then compared to the provision of arbitration in an adhesion contract according to Brazilian law. The existence of such an offer on investment arbitration, competition law and the capital market are also examined. This work seeks to endorse the choice of arbitration through a meeting of wills revealed on different occasions and the observation of the parties’ behavior when interpreting consent.

Offer to arbitrate; consent; arbitration agreement; adhesion; acceptance.
Arbitrabilidade dos litígios com empresas estatais à luz da jurisprudência do TCU e do STJ
Authors: De Assis Luiz Eduardo Altenburg
Published: May 2022

The objective of this paper is to provide an analysis concerning some criteria adopted by Brazilian courts in matters of arbitrability of disputes involving state-owned companies. To this end, I initially examine the characteristics of the legal regime of state-owned companies. Then, the evolution of the jurisprudence of the Federal Court of Accounts and the Superior Court of Justice is examined, with the aim of identifying the main controversial issues regarding the use of arbitration by public agencies. In the last part, the article focuses on three criteria adopted by Brazilian case law to deny the arbitrability of disputes with state-owned companies: a) the distinction between state-owned companies providing public services and those exploiting economic activities; b) the discrimination between main and support activities of the state-owned companies; and c) the extension of the statutory arbitration clause to the controlling shareholder of the state-owned company. In the end, it is concluded that arbitration is an adequate and necessary instrument for the persecution of public interests that legitimizes the State’s entrepreneurship, although its consolidation still demands the overcoming of traditional dogmas of the Brazilian administrative law that are incompatible with the business ends of the state-owned companies.

Arbitration; Public Administration; state-owned companies; arbitrability.
Droit climatique et du droit des investissements: de la friction à la coordination
Authors: Hamida Walid Ben
Published: May 2022

Arbitration; Public Administration; state-owned companies; arbitrability.
Alegada inconstitucionalidade do artigo 189, iv, do cpc. Sigilo dos processos judiciais que versem sobre arbitragem. Publicidade. Confidencialidade. Interesse social. Revisão do mérito da sentença arbitral. Brasil. Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo. 1ª Câmara Reservada de Direito Empresarial. Agravo de Instrumento nº 2263639-76.2020.8.26.0000. Rel. Des. Cesar Ciampolini. J. 02.03.2021
Authors: Jaques Betyna
Published: May 2022

Arbitration; Public Administration; state-owned companies; arbitrability.
Transbarge Navegacion S.A. v. Serviço de Navegação da Bacia do Prata S.A. Ajuizamento de demandas judiciais na existência de cláusula compromissória. Renúncia tácita à convenção de arbitragem. Impossibilidade de posterior invocação da cláusula compromissória. Nemo potest venire contra factum proprium. Boa-fé objetiva Brasil. Superior Tribunal de Justiça. 3ª Turma. Recurso Especial nº 1.894.715/MS (2019/0152051-6). Rel. Min. Paulo de Tarso Sanseverino. J. 17.11.2020
Authors: Petter Eduardo Leardini
Published: May 2022

Arbitration; Public Administration; state-owned companies; arbitrability.
Arbitrabilidade objetiva e administração pública: quais matérias podem ser arbitradas?
Authors: Sarra De Deus Adriana Regina
Published: May 2022

Arbitrations involving Brazilian State Entities still give rise to a fertile field to academic research, so that the present essay intends to examine issues that arise when concretely applying objective arbitrability criteria to assess whether a determined act practiced by a State Entity can or cannot be judged in arbitration. In order to achieve that purpose, the adoption of the dichotomy between acta jure gestionis and acta jure imperii as the criterion to assess objective arbitrability is justified. Based on that, the State prerogatives set forth in art. 104 of Act no. 14.133/2021 are individually examined, as well as their respective provisions in Act no. 13.303/2016, concluding whether each one of them fulfills or not the requirements of objective arbitrability. The analysis encompasses not only legal scholars’ books and essays, but also relevant Brazilian case law on the issue. Finally, the conclusions recall the current status of the Brazilian law on objective arbitrability regarding conflicts involving State Entities and addresses some comments de lege ferenda.

State Entities; arbitration; objective arbitrability; state prerrogatives; acta jure gestionis; acta jure imperii.
Do we need an exclusionary rule in international arbitration?
Authors: Carneiro Lima Matheus
Published: May 2022

A common aspect of modern adjudicatory dispute resolution procedures is that a final decision is issued after the production and analysis of evidence. As a consequence, various domestic legal systems developed their own rules regarding the collection and admissibility of evidence, accounting for policy considerations that are in great part common, but in other parts can diverge greatly between systems, including concerning exclusionary rules. Attorneys and arbitrators at times feel tempted to apply these same domestic exclusionary rules in international arbitrations when faced with evidence obtained by illegal or otherwise questionable means. However, the application of exclusionary rules created in domestic systems not only may not be compatible with international arbitrations, but it might also go against the very policy considerations that led to the creation of these exclusionary rules.

Adjudication; evidence; exclusionary rule; international arbitration; comparative law; Brazilian law; American Law.
Consensus Decision-Making and Legislative Inertia at the WTO: Can International Law Help?
Authors: Beviglia Zampetti Americo , Low Patrick , Mavroidis Petros C.
Published: May 2022

The recent emergence of Joint Statement Initiatives (JSIs) – that is, negotiating initiatives among a subset of the World Trade Organization (WTO) membership – has reignited the debate over lawmaking in the WTO. As things stand, the WTO operates on the basis of a widespread expectation that consensus needs to be achieved for any decision to be taken. Agreements that produce rights and obligations only among a subset of the membership (‘plurilaterals’, or Annex 4 agreements) are also subject to the consensus rule and thus remain exceptional. Are JSIs the first move towards redressing the current equilibrium in favour of agreements among a subset ofWTO members and, if so, can they be integrated within the current regime absent amendments? Even though consensus decision-making does not necessarily lead to failed negotiations, it is undoubtedly a significant contributory factor when parties hold diverse and unaligned priorities. Contracts signed in the WTO involve increasingly heterogeneous players with diverse priorities. In this article, we argue that the first-best approach to moving away from the current legislative stasis at the multilateral level is to acknowledge that it is high time to consider how to allow an additional degree of ‘variable geometry’ within the multilateral trading system. A textual legal basis for this approach, however, is missing within the WTO legal order. An acceptable alternative would be to acknowledge that the WTO adjudicators (WTO panelists and Appellate Body members), and not the members, will be the ultimate gatekeepers deciding whether agreements among a subset of members can coexist as part of the current multilateral trade framework understood within the context of international law. A necessary precondition for this alternative approach to flourish will, of course, be the resolution of the current judiciary crisis of the WTO. In either scenario, what will matter at the end of the day is that inter se agreements (that is, agreements among a subset of the WTO membership) will not affect the enjoyment of acquired rights by non-participants nor frustrate the objectives of the multilateral trading system.
Interpreting GATS Schedules: Saudi Arabia and Crude Oil Energy Services
Authors: Zedalis Rex J.
Published: May 2022

The world has become increasingly sensitive to the need to shift away from the utilization of crude oil and other fossil fuels. Nonetheless, the former continues to be a major contributor to the energy industry. Many crude oil-rich nations rely on foreign suppliers to provide them with production know-how and technology services within the ambit of the 1994 General Agreement on Trade in Services. While the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) contains several obligations of importance, the focus here is on the agreement’s market access and national treatment obligations. More narrowly, the Schedule of service sector commitments agreed to by Saudi Arabia, the world’s single largest crude oil exporter, is examined in the context of three important sectors essential to the crude oil industry. The examination is conducted through the lens of the basic interpretive principles articulated in and gleaned from the small handful of World Trade Organization (WTO) adjudicative decisions addressing the matter of GATS Schedule interpretation. This approach illustrates how those principles operate in the context of real language deployed in the actual Schedule of an important energy supplier.

market access, national treatment, MA, NT, ‘bound’, ‘unbound’, ‘none’, horizontal, engineering, mining, construction, pipelines, Vienna Convention, CPC, Sectoral Classification, Article XVI, Article XX, Saudi Arabia
TV Quotas Under the AVMS Directive After Brexit
Authors: Dillon Thomas
Published: May 2022

The European Union (EU)’s Audiovisual Media Services Directive 2010/13/EU (AVMS Directive) requires broadcasters to seek to ensure that a majority of transmission time is dedicated to ‘European works’. The definition of eligible works for this cultural quota includes states party to the European Convention on Transfrontier Television (ECTT), of which twenty EU Member States and the UK are among the members. EU broadcasters can hence satisfy the quota with UK works. It appears, however, that post-Brexit the European Commission contemplates an attempt to exclude UK works from the definition, so as to enlarge the share of the market available to EU Member State producers. This article examines that ambition against the obligations of the EU and its Member States under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the ECTT, concluding that several obstacles stand in the way of achieving that policy goal.

AVMS, ‘Television without Frontiers’, European works, broadcasting quota, Brexit, GATS
EU Merger Control Between Law and Discretion: When Is an Impediment to Effective Competition Significant?
Authors: Colomo Pablo Ibáñez
Published: May 2022

This paper considers the interpretation of the substantive test laid down in Article 2 of Regulation 139/2004. It focuses on horizontal mergers in the so-called ‘gap’ cases, which would not result in the creation or the strengthening of a (single or collective) dominant position. In its practice and soft law instruments, the Commission has construed Article 2 in such a way that virtually any transaction involving actual or potential competitors could lead to a finding of a significant impediment to effective competition. Under this approach, the substantive test would be fulfilled, in principle, in every horizontal merger. In CK Telecoms, the General Court crafted an alternative framework that is capable of meaningfully constraining administrative action and ensures that judicial review in EU merger control remains effective.

EU merger control, horizontal mergers, judicial review, issues of law, discretion, separation of powers, CK Telecoms, SIEC test, telecommunications, Airtours
EU Competition Law: An Unaffordable Luxury in Times of Crisis?
Authors: Massey Patrick , Mcdowell Moore
Published: May 2022

The paper rejects arguments advanced in some quarters for a relaxation of EU competition policy to promote economic recovery. Economic theory and historical experience indicate that competition is likely to assist rather than impede recovery. While the Covid-19 induced recession necessitated increased State Aid, there is a serious risk that such aid will seriously distort competition within the internal market, given differences in the financial capacity of Member States to support businesses. The paper argues that policies designed to promote national champions and greater self-sufficiency are not justified and that action to secure reciprocal market access for EU exports is preferable to protectionist measures. An important lesson from the financial crisis is that actions based on immediate needs are a poor substitute for policy intervention based on sound economic analysis.

1: Recession response, 2: NIRA, Glass-Steagal, 3: Competition Policy, 4: Firm Failure, 5: Industrial Policy, 6: State Aid, 7 National Champions, 8: Trade Policy, 9: Research and Innovation, 10: EU Temporary Framework
International Co-operation on Competition Law Enforcement: A Breakthrough?
Authors: Dhanjee Rajan
Published: May 2022

Section F of the UN Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices (‘UN Set’) deals with international measures, including consultations and co-operation among competition authorities for enforcement against anti-competitive practices, particularly for developing countries’ benefit. The 2020 Eighth Review Conference on the UN Set adopted Guiding Policies and Procedures under section F (‘GPP’). While it contains few norms, this non-binding instrument provides principles and a pedagogical guide for enforcement co-operation, encourages positive responses to co-operation requests, and strengthens the consultations mechanism and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) secretariat’s supporting role. The GPP’s siting within the UNCTAD and UN Set contexts provides legitimacy, inclusivity, mandates, resources, a secretariat – and thus the best available multilateral framework for developing and transition countries to mobilize publicity, dialogue, and persuasion to strengthen enforcement co-operation in this area for their benefit. The GPP therefore constitutes a breakthrough, while how far or when its potential will be fulfilled will depend upon the building-up of shared perceptions of common interest, mutual trust and mutual benefit among competition authorities- something which UNCTAD could promote through action at the national and international levels. Initial signs provide hope that good progress can be achieved.

UN Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles, Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices, enforcement against anti-competitive practices, UN 2020 Eighth Review Conference, Guiding Policies and Procedures, UNCTAD, multilateral framework, vertical restraints, enforcement cooperation, developing countries
Procedural Rights and Obligations of Third Parties in Antitrust Investigations and Proceedings by the European Commission
Authors: Wils Wouter
Published: May 2022

This Article provides a systematic overview of the procedural rights and obligations of third parties in investigations and proceedings conducted by the European Commission for the enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. Third parties are all natural or legal persons, undertakings and associations of undertakings other than those under investigation. This article examines the possibilities for third parties to inform the European Commission about a suspected infringement and to trigger an investigation by the European Commission; the obligations and rights of third parties when responding to requests for information sent to them by the European Commission, when participating in interviews, and when submitting to inspections conducted by the European Commission; the possibilities for third parties to obtain information about pending proceedings and to express their views in them; the rules on the use of languages; and the protection of business secrets and other confidential information, and the restrictions on the use of information obtained by third parties through their participation in the European Commission’s proceedings.

Procedural rights and obligations, Third parties, Antitrust proceedings and investigations, European Commission, Enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU, Informants, Requests for information, Inspections, Use of languages, Protection of confidential information
BRICS Development (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) in Global Political Economic Rules
Authors: Da SILVA Gustavo Gil
Published: May 2022

BRICS is an organization to accommodate and accommodate the industrial threshold countries at the time (10 years ago), and the first time the term was used by US economist Jim O'Neal, an economist with global financial company Goldman Sachs, in 2001. BRIC is an acronym from Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The BRICS leaders insist that this group will be a force of change. BRICS countries want themselves as spokespersons for developing countries. The BRICS countries together now represent almost one fifth of the global economy.
China and The Power of A New Economic Hegemony
Authors: Duc Min Nguyen
Published: May 2022

The result of the break up of the Soviet Union empire in 1990 saw the emergence of China as the sole super power which still clings to the Communist ideology. China thus has the potential of taking over the previously held role of the Soviet Union. The re-emergence of China in the international arena after a long period of isolation may create a great impact on other super powers. China's intention and aspiration to be a new economic hegemonic power not only at regional but also at global levels makes China a country to be reckoned with. The writer will seek to discuss in this article three factors that contribute to China's economic success; firstly, the developments that have taken place in the transformation of China's economic policy from centrally controlled economy to that of the open and free economy as implemented by the Chinese leadership as part of their efforts to generate economic activities and increased competitiveness; secondly, the efforts in safeguarding China's interests in the WTO; and lastly, the role of Hong Kong's and Macau's participation in China's economic development.
Cooperation of the Government of the Central African Republic and UNICEF in Handling Cases of Recruitment of Child Soldiers in the Central African Republic
Authors: Ayman Adel
Published: May 2022

Continous humanitarian crisises in the Central African Republic are instigated by the armed conflicts involving underage combatants also known as child soldiers. Set against this phenomenon, the Goverment of Central African Republic is trying to overcome the issue by initiating collaboration with UNICEF, hoping to put an end to the use and recruitment of said underage soldier operating and fighting throughout the territory of the Central African Republic. The objective of this research is to analyze the existing collaboration between the Republic of Central Africa and UNICEF by firstly, describing the conflict in the Central African Republic and then followed by tabling the factors that enable the recruitment of the children of the war, and as well providing anlayses on the UNICEF’s role in hattling the case of child soldier recruitment and the obstacles that the organization has to endure from its attempt of doing so in the region of Central African Republic. This research employs qualitative method by collecting data from books, NGO’s reports, and mass media. The explanation about the collaboration between UNICEF and the Central African Republic is given by utilizing the standpoint of Liberalism together with the perspectives of the concepts of Cooperation and International Organization, respectively. This research concludes that the presence of a number of obstacles in the collaborative work between UNICEF and the Goverment of Central African Republic has been the primary reason that made the collaboration between the two actors, arguably, has not been entirely and fully succesful.
Early results of the distally based medial hemisoleus muscle flap in high-risk patients: A case series
Authors: Lance  , Paul  , Peter  , Coleman
Published: May 2022

The lower one-third of the leg, ankle, and posterior heel are devoid of robust soft tissue coverage. Coverage of exposed tendons, hardware, and bone can be challenging. The distally based medial hemisoleus flap is a viable option for soft tissue coverage. The medial hemisoleus flap is supplied by perforators from the posterior tibial artery. Complications of the flap are low, ranging around 8-20%; the most common complication is partial necrosis due to venous congestion. Patients with comorbidities are more prone to partial or complete flap loss and subsequent major amputation. The purpose of this study is to present a case series of medial hemisoleus flaps in high-risk patients with follow-up of 40-52 weeks. We present a case series of five multi-comorbid patients that underwent treatment of osteomyelitis for posterior heel wounds or chronic ankle wounds due to Charcot deformity. Patients were treated with surgical debridement, pathogen directed parenteral antibiotic therapy if indicated, deformity correction, if applicable, and distally based medial hemisoleus flap coverage of wounds. In contrast to free flaps, it allows for shorter operating time and does not necessitate microsurgical experience. The flap has a relatively low complication rate in the literature. In the setting of venous congestion and partial flap necrosis, this can often be managed with various techniques to prevent total flap loss. At follow-up of at least 40 weeks, the medial hemisoleus is a reliable procedure for soft tissue coverage of the lower leg, ankle, and posterior heel.
Access to podiatric healthcare in Los Angeles county and health disparities
Authors: Guzzardo Michael
Published: May 2022

This study examined the geographic distribution of podiatric medical services in Los Angeles County, with consideration of the health inequalities occurring throughout the county. Podiatry was the chosen field of interest because it is a medical specialty in high demand within medically underserved communities. Regions lacking providers were isolated and the demographic data of these areas were explored in detail to examine a relationship between access to healthcare and health disparities. The demographic data used included public data maps portraying race, income, education, economic hardship, age, air quality, life expectancy, population density and access to retail food stores.
Subtalar realignment arthrodesis in the mid-stage neurogenic cavovarus foot
Authors: Hatch Daniel , Cordoba Aniela , Hurley Meghan , Smith Abigail
Published: May 2022

Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) disease is a progressive neuromuscular disorder that is often the underlying condition involved in the development of a symptomatic cavovarus foot. End-stage foot deformities frequently result in triple arthrodesis procedures performed later in the disease process. The main surgical goal is to achieve a stable, plantigrade foot. Ideally, treatment would avoid triple arthrodesis as this procedure increases adjacent joint demands and expedites development of resultant arthrosis. Some authors have stated that earlier intervention by tendon balancing techniques may alleviate the need for joint fusions in the future. Therefore, the timing of surgical intervention is paramount in the medical decision making process. Our case series reviews mid-stage cavovarus progression in patients with pedal instability and gait disturbances. Realignment subtalar arthrodesis is utilized to improve Kite’s angle, reduce heel varus and re-establish subtalar joint (STJ) stability.  Tendon balancing procedures should be performed in conjunction with STJ arthrodesis in order to achieve long standing correction and hopefully prevent the future need for conversion to triple arthrodesis.
Nano-oligosaccharide factor (sucrose octasulfate dressing based on technology lipido-colloid, TLC-NOSF) in the management of diabetes related diabetic foot ulcers.
Authors: Wenge Chen , Xingbo Yang , Jin Zhao , Hanwei Zhao , Qi Liu , Galea Emilio
Published: May 2022

The ever-increasing numbers of people suffering from diabetes mellitus is alarming. This intensification has also seen an upsurge in diabetes related lower extremity complications. This poses a rise in the burden on health care professionals who treat these wounds, an increase in financial burdens to health care systems, as well as a decrease in the health-related quality of life of the sufferers. An evidence-based standard of care in the management of these patients, such as recommendations by the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF), is of utmost importance. Local wound therapy in the form of dressings, has been found to be beneficial in improving wound healing rates. Nano-oligosaccharide factor (sucrose octasulfate dressing based on technology lipido-colloid, TLC-NOSF) is one such treatment that is backed by evidence including double-blind randomised control trials and recommendations by international bodies such as the IWGDF. This paper portrays three cases from Harbin City, China, where the TLC-NOSF dressing was evaluated in patients suffering from diabetic foot ulcers.
MRI fusion biopsy vs transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy -A literature review
Authors:   Carol Davila Central University Emergency Military Hospital, Bucharest, Rădulescu Constantin A , Rădulescu Mihai F ,   Saarbrucken, Germania, Ciucă Gina A ,   Carol Davila Central University Emergency Military Hospital, Bucharest, Mischianu Dan ,   Carol Davila Central University Emergency Military Hospital, Bucharest,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Current diagnosis of prostate cancer is based on transrectal ultrasound guided random biopsies. These procedures alongside with the discovery of PSA lead to a tremendous improvement of prostate cancer diagnosis rate in the last decades. Random ultrasound guided biopsy has its minuses and several attempts were made to improve the detection rate of the disease. MRI-US fusion targeted biopsies is one of them. Aim: This paper is a literature review of several important European studies and tries to draw a conclusion for the usefulness of MRI-US image fusion prostate biopsy in improving prostate cancer detection Material and methods: We have analyzed 5 papers published since 2013 which compare random ultrasound biopsies with MRI-US fusion. The analyzed parameters were clinical significant cancer detected as described by the study and any cancer detected Results: All 5 papers show superiority in cancer detection rates for both clinically significant and any cancer. Conclusions: MRI-US is a useful tool for improving detection rate of clinically significant prostate cancer.
Detection of epidermoid squamous-cell carcinoma by laser induced autofluorescence -preliminary results
Authors:   Carol Davila Central University Emergency Military Hospital, Bucharest, Costin Romeo , Tozar Tatiana ,   National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele, Zainea V ,   Institute of Phonoaudiolology and ENT Functional Surgery “Prof.Dr. D. Hociota”, Bucharest, Pîrvulescu Ruxandra ,   Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Andrei I R ,   National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele, Hainăroșie R ,   Institute of Phonoaudiolology and ENT Functional Surgery “Prof.Dr. D. Hociota”, Bucharest
Published: May 2022

Epidermoid squamous-cell carcinoma is by far the most common malignant tumor of larynx (95-96%), representing 1.6-2% of cancers in men and 0.2-0.4% of malignancies in females, with a world growing incidence and a slight dominance in urban areas. By exposing cells and tissues to UV light, the excitation of naturally occurring chromophores occurs in part by non-radiative deactivations, in part via fluorescence emission. Using laser induced autofluorescence (LIAF) in natural tissues not impregnated with photosensitizers as a noninvasive autofluorescence technique for both diagnosis and intraoperative assessments of laryngeal cancer we can improve the tumor malign identification in vivo. A total of three laryngeal biopsies (i.e. three pairs of tissues, each pair containing a healthy and a tumor tissue sample extracted from the same patient) were considered in this study. The samples were collected from patients previously diagnosed with stage T3 laryngeal carcinoma. Immediately after the surgery fragments of normal tissue and neoplastic tissue were collected, fragments of which later, after freezing, were sectioned in 25-30 μm thickness slices and stretched to quartz slides. All samples were subjected to controlled laser irradiation using a pulsed diode laser (λ=375nm, pulse width=87ps, frequency 31MHz) and the autofluorescence and its lifetime were collected using two optical fibers (inner diameter 400µm and 1500µm, respectively) positioned in a 45 o geometry. The signals were recorded using a spectrograph and a photo-sensor module, the output of which was fed to a digital oscilloscope. We assessed the impact of laser induced autofluorescence and autofluorescence lifetime measurements in order to identify the differences between healthy and tumoral laryngeal tissue and outlining them, in terms of differences between the laser autoinduced fluorescence averaged intensity. The results determined the usefulness of laser induced spectroscopy in the diagnosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, discriminating between the malignant and normal tissue by analyzing the differences in spectral autofluorescence intensity and autofluorescence lifetime. Acknowledgements: This work has been financed by the National Authority for Research and Innovation in the frame of Nucleus programme -contract 4N/2016 and the project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0922. The authors thank Prof. M. L. Pascu for permanent support in performing this research.
Capabilities of identification and confirmation of bacterial biological agents
Authors:   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Popescu Diana , Necșulescu Marius ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ionescu Lucia ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bicheru Simona ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dumitrescu Gabriela ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ordeanu Viorel ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Published: May 2022

Military Medical Service is able for detection, identification and confirmation of biological agents; it is part of medical protection against CBRN weapons. We are specialized capabilities for in vitro tests, under construction, the maximum containment laboratory designed for work with Risk Group Microorganisms. An efficient primary containment system must be in place, consisting of oneor a combination of the following: Class III safety cabinet laboratory, passage of two doors, suit, laboratory, controlled access, controlled air system. Negative pressure in the facility, supply and exhaust air must be HEPA-filtered, decontamination of effluents, sterilization of waste and materials, airlock entry ports for specimens, materials and animals must be provided etc. Complementary is an Animal facility for in vivo tests. This is suitable for work with animals that are deliberately inoculated with microorganisms in Risk Group.
Risk factors and quality of life in late-life depressive disorders
Authors:   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vasiliu Octavian , Vasile Daniel ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Published: May 2022

Late-life major depression is a high-incidence and difficult-to-treat affective disorder. Diagnosis of major depression in old age could also could be a challenge, due to aspects like (1) there is a higher vulnerability to the stigma of depression in this population, (2) hypochondriac ideation and somatic symptoms are the main symptoms, while depressive disposition or anhedonia are under-reported by such patients, (3) differential diagnosis includes various organic diseases, but also several psychiatric disorders, like neurocognitive disorders, organic affective disorders, drug induced affective disorders etc. Reduction of social relationships caused by retirement and loss of spouse and friends, as well as a decrease of personal income could precipitate or maintain depressive disorders during late-life. Quality of life in patients diagnosed with depressive major disorders is a rarely monitored parameter, although its importance for case management could not be overemphasized. A reduction of life quality correlates with a poorer functional prognosis, persistence of neglected residual symptoms, low adherence to treatment plan.