bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MKPM: Multi keyword-pair matching for natural language sentences
Authors: Lu Xin , Deng Yao , Sun Ting , Gao Yi , Feng Jun , Sun Xia , Sutcliffe Richard
Published: May 2021

Sentence matching is widely used in various natural language tasks, such as natural language inference, paraphrase identification and question answering. For these tasks, we need to understand the logical and semantic relationship between two sentences. Most current methods use all information within a sentence to build a model and hence determine its relationship to another sentence. However, the information contained in some sentences may cause redundancy or introduce noise, impeding the performance of the model. Therefore, we propose a sentence matching method based on multi keyword-pair matching (MKPM), which uses keyword pairs in two sentences to represent the semantic relationship between them, avoiding the interference of redundancy and noise. Specifically, we first propose a sentence-pair-based attention mechanismsp-attentionto select the most important word pair from the two sentences as a keyword pair, and then propose a Bi-task architecture to model the semantic information of these keyword pairs. The Bi-task architecture is as follows: 1. In order to understand the semantic relationship at the word level between two sentences, we design a word-pair task (WP-Task), which uses these keyword pairs to complete sentence matching independently. 2. We design a sentence-pair task (SP-Task) to understand the sentence level semantic relationship between the two sentences by sentence denoising. Through the integration of the two tasks, our model can understand sentences more accurately from the two granularities of word and sentence. Experimental results show that our model can achieve state-of-the-art performance in several tasks. Our source code is publicly available1.
Model risk in mean-variance portfolio selection: an analytic solution to the worst-case approach
Authors: Baviera Roberto , Bianchi Giulia
Published: May 2021

In this paper we consider the worst-case model risk approach described in Glasserman and Xu (Quant Finance 14(1):29–58, 2014). Portfolio selection with model risk can be a challenging operational research problem. In particular, it presents an additional optimisation compared to the classical one. We find the analytical solution for the optimal mean-variance portfolio selection in the worst-case scenario approach and for the special case with the additional constraint of a constant mean vector considered in Glasserman and Xu (Quant Finance 14(1):29–58, 2014). Moreover, we prove in two relevant cases—the minimum-variance case and the symmetric case, i.e. when all assets have the same mean—that the analytical solutions in the alternative model and in the nominal one are equal; we show that this corresponds to the situation when model risk reduces to estimation risk.
A Neural Network Based System for Efficient Semantic Segmentation of Radar Point Clouds
Authors: Cennamo Alessandro , Kaestner Florian , Kummert Anton
Published: May 2021

The last decade has witnessed important advancements in the field of computer vision and scene understanding, enabling applications such us autonomous vehicles. Radar is a commonly adopted sensor in automotive industry, but its suitability to machine learning techniques still remains an open question. In this work, we propose a neural network (NN) based solution to efficiently process radar data. We introduce RadarPCNN, an architecture specifically designed for performing semantic segmentation on radar point clouds. It uses PointNet$$++$$

+
+

as a building-block—enhancing the sampling stage with mean-shift—and an attention mechanism to fuse information. Additionally, we propose a machine learning radar pre-processing module that confers the network the ability to learn from radar features. We show that our solutions are effective, yielding superior performance than the state-of-the-art.
The Influence of Gas–Liquid Interfacial Transport Theory on Numerical Modelling of Plasma Activation of Water
Authors: Silsby J. A. , Simon S. , Walsh J. L. , Hasan M. I.
Published: May 2021

Plasma activated water has shown great promise in a number of emerging application domains; yet the interaction between non-equilibrium plasma and liquid represents a complex multiphase process that is difficult to probe experimentally, necessitating the development of accurate numerical models. In this work, a global computational model was developed to follow the concentrations of aqueous reactive species in water treated using a surface barrier discharge in ambient air. While the two-film theory has long superseded other methods of modelling mass transfer in such areas of research as environmental and aerosol science, plasma modelling studies continue to use equilibrium and one-film theories. The transport of reactive species across the gas–liquid interface was therefore treated using the one-film and two-film theories, with the results compared to ascertain which is most appropriate for PAW modelling studies. Comparing the model-predicted concentrations to those measured, it was shown that concentrations of aqueous H+ and NO3− ions were better represented by the two-film theory, more closely fitting experimental measurements in trend and in magnitude by a factor of ten, while HNO2 and NO2− showed a slightly worse fit using this theory. This is attributed to the assumption in two-film theory of a gas-phase stagnant film which provides additional resistance to the absorption of hydrophilic species, which is absent in the one-film theory, which could be improved with a more accurate value of the Sherwood number for each species.
Computationally Efficient Multiscale Neural Networks Applied to Fluid Flow in Complex 3D Porous Media
Authors: Santos Javier E. , Yin Ying , Jo Honggeun , Pan Wen , Kang Qinjun , Viswanathan Hari S. , Prodanović Maša , Pyrcz Michael J. , Lubbers Nicholas
Published: May 2021

The permeability of complex porous materials is of interest to many engineering disciplines. This quantity can be obtained via direct flow simulation, which provides the most accurate results, but is very computationally expensive. In particular, the simulation convergence time scales poorly as the simulation domains become less porous or more heterogeneous. Semi-analytical models that rely on averaged structural properties (i.e., porosity and tortuosity) have been proposed, but these features only partly summarize the domain, resulting in limited applicability. On the other hand, data-driven machine learning approaches have shown great promise for building more general models by virtue of accounting for the spatial arrangement of the domains’ solid boundaries. However, prior approaches building on the convolutional neural network (ConvNet) literature concerning 2D image recognition problems do not scale well to the large 3D domains required to obtain a representative elementary volume (REV). As such, most prior work focused on homogeneous samples, where a small REV entails that the global nature of fluid flow could be mostly neglected, and accordingly, the memory bottleneck of addressing 3D domains with ConvNets was side-stepped. Therefore, important geometries such as fractures and vuggy domains could not be modeled properly. In this work, we address this limitation with a general multiscale deep learning model that is able to learn from porous media simulation data. By using a coupled set of neural networks that view the domain on different scales, we enable the evaluation of large ($$>512^3$$

>

512
3

) images in approximately one second on a single graphics processing unit. This model architecture opens up the possibility of modeling domain sizes that would not be feasible using traditional direct simulation tools on a desktop computer. We validate our method with a laminar fluid flow case using vuggy samples and fractures. As a result of viewing the entire domain at once, our model is able to perform accurate prediction on domains exhibiting a large degree of heterogeneity. We expect the methodology to be applicable to many other transport problems where complex geometries play a central role.
Micro productive failure and the acquisition of algebraic procedural knowledge
Authors: Ziegler Esther , Trninic Dragan , Kapur Manu
Published: May 2021

Productive failure has shown positive effects on conceptual and transfer measures, but no clear effects on procedural measures. It is therefore an open question whether, and to what extent, productive failure methods may be used to enhance the learning of procedural skills. A typical productive failure study focuses on a single, complex concept; in contrast, procedural knowledge generally consists of a series of less-complex procedural steps. In this study, failure occasions were adapted to specifically fit procedural knowledge by introducing procedural problems prior to the formal instruction of relevant principles. These procedural problems offered brief but multiple occasions for failure, which we call micro productive failure. A total of 85 sixth-graders were introduced to algebraic expression simplification by providing problem-solving prior to instruction (PS-I condition), compared to providing problem-solving after instruction (I-PS condition). Findings reveal a stable effect of offering micro productive failure occasions for procedural learning; however, as anticipated, there were no effects on conceptual or transfer measures.
Labor clauses in trade agreements: Hidden protectionism?
Authors: Carrère Céline , Olarreaga Marcelo , Raess Damian
Published: May 2021

We explore the impact of the introduction and design of labor clauses (LCs) in preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on bilateral trade flows over the period 1990–2014. While it is not a priori clear if the inclusion of LCs in PTAs will decrease or increase bilateral trade, we expect the direction of trade to matter, that is, we expect to observe the (negative or positive) impact of LCs in the South-North trade configuration. We also expect, in that configuration, stronger LCs to yield stronger (negative or positive) effects on bilateral trade flows. Using a novel dataset on the content of labor provisions in PTAs, we find in line with our first expectation that while the introduction of LCs has on average no impact on bilateral trade flows, it increases exports of low and middle-income countries with weaker labor standards in North–South trade agreements. Consistent with our second expectation, this positive impact is mostly driven by LCs with institutionalized cooperation provisions. In contrast, LCs with strong enforcement mechanisms do not have a statistically significant impact on exports of developing countries in North–South PTAs. The results are inconsistent with the ideas that LCs are set for protectionist reasons or have protectionist effects, casting doubt on the logic for the reluctance of many developing countries to include LCs in their trade agreements.
Equal chances, unequal outcomes? Network-based evolutionary learning and the industrial dynamics of superstar firms
Authors: Schulz Jan , Mayerhoffer Daniel M.
Published: May 2021

With the advent of platform economies and the increasing availability of online price comparisons, many empirical markets now select on relative rather than absolute performance. This feature might give rise to the ‘winner takes all/most’ phenomenon, where tiny initial productivity differences amount to large differences in market shares. We study the effect of heterogeneous initial productivities arising from locally segregated markets on aggregate outcomes, e.g., regarding revenue distributions. Several of those firm-level characteristics follow distributional regularities or ‘scaling laws’ (Brock in Ind Corp Change 8(3):409–446, 1999). Among the most prominent are Zipf’s law describing the largest firms‘ extremely concentrated size distribution and the robustly fat-tailed nature of firm size growth rates, indicating a high frequency of extreme growth events. Dosi et al. (Ind Corp Change 26(2):187–210, 2017b) recently proposed a model of evolutionary learning that can simultaneously explain many of these regularities. We propose a parsimonious extension to their model to examine the effect for deviations in market structure from global competition, implicitly assumed in Dosi et al. (2017b). This extension makes it possible to disentangle the effects of two modes of competition: the global competition for sales and the localised competition for market power, giving rise to industry-specific entry productivity. We find that the empirically well-established combination of ‘superstar firms’ and Zipf tail is consistent only with a knife-edge scenario in the neighbourhood of most intensive local competition. Our model also contests the conventional wisdom derived from a general equilibrium setting that maximum competition leads to minimum concentration of revenue (Silvestre in J Econ Lit 31(1):105–141, 1993). We find that most intensive local competition leads to the highest concentration, whilst the lowest concentration appears for a mild degree of (local) oligopoly. Paradoxically, a level playing field in initial conditions might induce extreme concentration in market outcomes.
Magnetic resonance cisternography imaging findings related to the leakage of Gadolinium into the subarachnoid space
Authors: Nakamichi Rei , Taoka Toshiaki , Kawai Hisashi , Yoshida Tadao , Sone Michihiko , Naganawa Shinji
Published: May 2021

Purpose

To identify magnetic resonance cisternography (MRC) imaging findings related to Gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) leakage into the subarachnoid space.

Materials and methods

The number of voxels of GBCA leakage (V-leak) on 3D-real inversion recovery images was measured in 56 patients scanned 4 h post-intravenous GBCA injection. Bridging veins (BVs) were identified on MRC. The numbers of BVs with surrounding cystic structures (BV-cyst), with arachnoid granulations protruding into the superior sagittal sinus (BV-AG-SSS) and the skull (BV-AG-skull), and including any of these factors (BV-incl) were recorded. Correlations between these variables and V-leak were examined based on the﻿ Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to investigate the predictive performance of GBCA leakage.

Results

V-leak and the number of BV-incl were strongly correlated (r = 0.609, p < 0.0001). The numbers of BV-cyst and BV-AG-skull had weaker correlations with V-leak (r = 0.364, p = 0.006; r = 0.311, p = 0.020, respectively). The number of BV-AG-SSS was not correlated with V-leak. The ROC curve for contrast leakage exceeding 1000 voxels and the number of BV-incl had moderate accuracy, with an area under the curve of 0.871.

Conclusion

The number of BV-incl may be a predictor of GBCA leakage and a biomarker for waste drainage function without using GBCA.
Dynamics of a discrete-time pioneer–climax model
Authors: Gilbertson Nora M. , Kot Mark
Published: May 2021

We present a simple mathematical model for the dynamics of a successional pioneer–climax system using difference equations. Each population is subject to inter- and intraspecific competition; population growth is dependent on the combined densities of both species. Nine different geometric cases, corresponding to different orientations of the zero-growth isoclines, are possible for this system. We fully characterize the long-term dynamics of the model for each of the nine cases, uncovering diverse sets of potential behaviors. Competitive exclusion of the pioneer species and of the climax species are both possible depending on the relative strength of competition. Stable coexistence of both species may also occur; in two cases, a coexistence state is destabilized through a Neimark–Sacker bifurcation, and an attracting invariant circle is born. The invariant circle eventually disappears into thin air in a heteroclinic or homoclinic bifurcation, leading to the sudden transition of the system to an exclusion state. Neither global bifurcation has been observed in a discrete-time pioneer–climax model before. The homoclinic bifurcation is novel to all pioneer–climax models. We conclude by discussing the ecological implications of our results.
Comprehensive Management of Daily Living Activities, behavioral and Psychological Symptoms, and Cognitive Function in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Chinese Consensus on the Comprehensive Management of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Jia Jianjun , Xu Jun , Liu Jun , Wang Yongjun , Wang Yanjiang , Cao Yunpeng , Guo Qihao , Qu Qiuming , Wei Cuibai , Wei Wenshi , Zhang Junjian , Yu Enyan
Published: May 2021

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cognitive disorder in the elderly. Its main clinical manifestations are cognitive decline (C), behavioral and psychological symptoms (B), and a decline in the activities of daily living (A), also known as ABC symptoms. Early identification and evaluation of ABC symptoms are helpful for establishing the accurate diagnosis, comprehensive treatment, and prognosis of AD. To guide Chinese clinical practice for optimization of the comprehensive management of AD, in 2018, The Academy of Cognitive Disorder of China gathered 22 neurologists and gerontologists in China to build a consensus on the comprehensive management of AD. Based on a review of the evidence, the consensus summarizes the pathogenesis, pathological changes, clinical manifestations, evaluation, diagnosis, drug and non-drug treatment, and patient care for AD. Focus group discussion was used to establish a flowchart of comprehensive ABC management for AD patients. The new consensus provides a feasible AD management process for clinicians.
ScOSA system software: the reliable and scalable middleware for a heterogeneous and distributed on-board computer architecture
Authors: Lund Andreas , Haj Hammadeh Zain Alabedin , Kenny Patrick , Vishav Vishav , Kovalov Andrii , Watolla Hannes , Gerndt Andreas , Lüdtke Daniel
Published: May 2021

Designing on-board computers (OBC) for future space missions is determined by the trade-off between reliability and performance. Space applications with higher computational demands are not supported by currently available, state-of-the-art, space-qualified computing hardware, since their requirements exceed the capabilities of these components. Such space applications include Earth observation with high-resolution cameras, on-orbit real-time servicing, as well as autonomous spacecraft and rover missions on distant celestial bodies. An alternative to state-of-the-art space-qualified computing hardware is the use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components for the OBC. Not only are these components cheap and widely available, but they also achieve high performance. Unfortunately, they are also significantly more vulnerable to errors induced by radiation than space-qualified components. TheScOSA (Scalable On-board Computing for Space Avionics) Flight Experimentproject aims to develop an OBC architecture which avoids this trade-off by combining space-qualified radiation-hardened components (the reliable computing nodes, RCNs) together with COTS components (the high performance nodes, HPNs) into a single distributed system. To abstract this heterogeneous architecture for the application developers, we are developing a middleware for the aforementioned OBC architecture. Besides providing an monolithic abstraction of the distributed system, the middleware shall also enhance the architecture by providing additional reliability and fault tolerance. In this paper, we present the individual components comprising the middleware, alongside the features the middleware offers. Since theScOSA Flight Experimentproject is a successor of theOBC-NGand theScOSAprojects, its middleware is also a further development of the existing middleware. Therefore, we will present and discuss our contributions and plans for enhancement of the middleware in the course of the current project. Finally, we will present first results for the scalability of the middleware, which we obtained by conducting software-in-the-loop experiments of different sized scenarios.
Dual-purpose production of eggs and meat — Part 1: cockerels of crosses between layer and meat breeds achieve moderate growth rates while showing unimpaired animal welfare
Authors: Baldinger Lisa , Bussemas Ralf
Published: May 2021

The use of modern chicken genotypes with high egg or meat performance results in the ethically unacceptable practice of culling day-old male layer chicks because of their inefficient fattening performance. Dual-purpose genotypes with a balanced performance profile for both eggs and meat are one option to avoid this practice. In this study, four chicken crosses of a layer breed (White Rock or New Hampshire) and the meat breed Bresse Gauloise were compared under the conditions of organic agriculture. Purebred Bresse Gauloise and the layer hybrid Lohmann Sandy served as controls. Part 1 of this study focused on the fattening performance of the cockerels, which were reared together with the pullets. The birds were housed in a floor system (9.9–20.7 kg live weight per m2 at the end of week 15) with access to a green outdoor run. Live weight of the crosses before slaughter at the age of 15 weeks ranged between 2355 and 2447 g and did not differ significantly between the genotypes. With average daily gains of 22.1–22.8 g, the crosses grew slower than Bresse Gauloise males (26.1 g) but faster than Lohmann Sandy males (15.9 g). Welfare assessment indicated a generally high level of welfare with no foot pad lesions or hock burns on any of the cockerels. Fattening dual-purpose cockerels can therefore be an ethically desirable option with a high level of animal welfare and a better fattening performance than in male layer chicks, but still requires more resources than the fattening of specialised broilers.
Some q-supercongruences modulo the square and cube of a cyclotomic polynomial
Authors: Guo Victor J. W. , Schlosser Michael J.
Published: May 2021

Twoq-supercongruences of truncated basic hypergeometric series containing two free parameters are established by employing specific identities for basic hypergeometric series. The results partly extend twoq-supercongruences that were earlier conjectured by the same authors and involveq-supercongruences modulo the square and the cube of a cyclotomic polynomial. One of the newly provedq-supercongruences is even conjectured to hold modulo the fourth power of a cyclotomic polynomial.
Religious identity, social space, and discourses of religious education reform in Scotland and Malawi: a Bourdieusian analysis
Authors: Matemba Yonah H.
Published: May 2021

This article analyses the complexities of religious identity and stakeholder discourse concerning religious education (RE) reform in Scotland and Malawi. Drawing on Bourdieu’s concept of ‘social space’, it explicates the extent to which religious identity and conflicts over symbolic power in the social space of RE reform engender polarised debates imbricated by entrenched ideological positions because agents’ discourse in the social space draw on elements of their particular culture, tradition, spiritualties, and theologies. A comparative analysis of qualitative data from Scotland and Malawi reveals stakeholders’ reflections, frustrations, and insights on the conflicting nature of religious identity in the discourse of RE reform in a social space where symbolic struggles are inimical to the production of common sense. Despite the data arising from two countries with different socio-cultural contexts—one African and religiously conservative (Malawi), the other European and secular-liberal (Scotland)—the findings reveal similar challenges regarding how agents engage with RE reform in the social space, and the complications that religious identity engenders in that dynamic.
Is academia becoming more localised? The growth of regional knowledge networks within international research collaboration
Authors: Fitzgerald John , Ojanperä Sanna , O’Clery Neave
Published: May 2021

It is well-established that the process of learning and capability building is core to economic development and structural transformation. Since knowledge is ‘sticky’, a key component of this process is learning-by-doing, which can be achieved via a variety of mechanisms including international research collaboration. Uncovering significant inter-country research ties using Scopus co-authorship data, we show that within-region collaboration has increased over the past five decades relative to international collaboration. Further supporting this insight, we find that while communities present in the global collaboration network before 2000 were often based on historical geopolitical or colonial lines, in more recent years they increasingly align with a simple partition of countries by regions. These findings are unexpected in light of a presumed continual increase in globalisation, and have significant implications for the design of programmes aimed at promoting international research collaboration and knowledge diffusion.
Blockade of fructose transporter protein GLUT5 inhibits proliferation of colon cancer cells: proof of concept for a new class of anti-tumor therapeutics
Authors: Włodarczyk Jakub , Włodarczyk Marcin , Zielińska Marta , Jędrzejczak Bartłomiej , Dziki Łukasz , Fichna Jakub
Published: May 2021

Background

Despite the fact that colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men and women, its current treatment remains unsatisfactory and therefore novel studies proposing new approaches are necessary. A high sugar diet is believed to promote carcinogenesis. Fructose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract by members of the glucose transporter family—GLUT. The aim of the study was to characterize the expression of GLUT5 at mRNA level in CRC patients. Moreover, our goal was to elucidate the molecular role of GLUT5 in CRC and assess whether GLUT5 inhibitor may affect the viability of colon cancer cells.

Methods

The expression of GLUT5 at mRNA level was characterized based on 30 samples from resected colorectal cancers and 30 healthy colonic mucosa specimens from surgical margins. The inhibitory effect of N-[4-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nitrophenyl]-1,3-benzodioxol-5-amine (MSBNA) was assessed on a colon cancer cell line, HT-29, and normal colon epithelium cells—CCD 841 CoN Cells.

Results

GLUT5 expression was found in 96.7% of cancer specimens and only in 53.3% of healthy mucosa fragments. In cancer tissue, real-time PCR analysis showed almost 2, fivefold (p< 0.001) increase of GLUT5 mRNA expression level compared with the healthy intestinal mucosa. GLUT5 inhibitor, MSNBA (10 µM) significantly decreased the viability of colon cancer cells, while barely affected the viability of normal colon epithelium cells.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that a strong focus should be put on GLUT5 and its inhibitors for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in CRC.
Proximal Extracapsular Tunneling: A Simple Technique for the Management of Impending Cylinder Erosion and Complications Related to Corporal Dilation
Authors: Clavell-Hernández Jonathan
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Impending cylinder erosion and floppy glans secondary to an undersized penile prosthesis are rare complications that can cause cosmetic deformity and patient discomfort.

Aim

To demonstrate a technique for the management of impending cylinder erosion and floppy glans secondary to cylinder under-sizing.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 6 patients who required the proximal extracapsular tunneling technique during penile prosthesis revision surgery.

Main Outcome Measure

Main outcome was successful placement of a penile prosthesis with proper cylinder placement.

Results

Mean patient age for these 6 patients was 71.2 years (64–86 y). After a mean follow-up of 6.6 months, all 6 patients who underwent this procedure had a functional penile prosthesis without evidence of recurrence.

Conclusion

The proximal extracapsular tunneling technique is a simple approach performed through a single incision that can be used for proper cylinder replacement during penile prosthesis revision surgeries. It may be utilized for the management of impending cylinder erosion and other cases with coporal dilation-related complications in which the surgical pseudo-capsule has already formed around the implant. This technique can be safely performed without the need of a distal counter-incision on the penis.
Education, Ethics, and History: The Peer Review Process in the US
Authors: Richmond Bryan K. , Welsh David
Published: May 2021

Despite the near-universal acceptance of the benefits of a sound peer review process (PRP), the topic of peer review remains a source of controversy among surgeons. The current PRP is plagued by heterogeneity across different hospital and institutional systems. These inconsistencies, combined with a perceived lack of fairness inherent to the PRP in some institutions, led to concerns among practicing surgeons. In this review of the relevant literature on the PRP, we attempted to provide some context and insight into the history of the PRP, its role, its shortcomings, its potential abuses, and some key requirements for its successful execution.
Alternatives to surgery in children with mild OSA
Authors: Gozal David , Ismail Mahmoud , Brockmann Pablo E.
Published: May 2021

Precision medicine requires coordinated and integrated evidence‐based combinatorial approaches so that diagnosis and treatment can be tailored to the individual patient. In this context, the treatment approach to mild obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is fraught with substantial debate as to what is mild OSA, and as to what constitutes appropriate treatment. As such, it is necessary to first establish a proposed consensus of what criteria need to be employed to reach the diagnosis of mild OSA, and then examine the circumstances under which treatment is indicated, and if so, whether and when anti‐inflammatory therapy (AIT), rapid maxillary expansion (RME), and/or myofunctional therapy (MFT) may be indicated.
Adenotonsillectomy in high risk patients: Hematologic abnormalities and COVID‐19 considerations
Authors: Ruiz Ryan , Dedhia Kavita
Published: May 2021

Adenotonsillectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures performed by otolaryngologists. It is vital that surgeons are aware of the risks in performing this surgery especially during the COVID‐19 pandemic and in children with hematologic disorders. In this review we describe common hematologic disorders often noted in pediatric patients undergoing this procedure, as well as proper screening and management of these patients. In addition, we also address the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic and some measures to help mitigate the risks of this procedure during this time.
The Other Classical Musics
Authors: Reynolds Dwight , DeVeaux Scott , Hewett Ivan , Hughes David , Katz Jonathan , Kouwenhoven Frank , Knight Roderic , Labaree Robert , Marcus Scott , Miller Terry E. , Sumits Will , Sorrell Neil , Widdess Richard , Youssefzadeh Ameneh
Published: May 2021

What is classical music? This book answers the question in a manner never before attempted, by presenting the history of fifteen parallel traditions, of which Western classical music is just one. Eachmusic is analysed in terms of its modes, scales, and theory; its instruments, forms, and aesthetic goals; its historical development, golden age, and condition today; and the conventions governing its performance. The writers are leading ethnomusicologists, and their approach is based on the belief that music is best understood in the context of the culture which gave rise to it . By including Mande and Uzbek-Tajik music - plus North American jazz - in addition to the better-known styles of the Middle East, the Indian sub-continent, the Far East, and South-East Asia, this book offers challenging new perspectives on the word 'classical'. It shows the extent to which most classical traditions are underpinned by improvisation, and reveals the cognate origins of seemingly unrelated musics; it reflects the multifarious ways in which colonialism, migration, and new technology have affected musical development, and continue to do today. With specialist language kept to a minimum, it's designed to help both students and general readers to appreciate musical traditions which may be unfamiliar to them, and to encounter the reality which lies behind that lazy adjective 'exotic'.MICHAEL CHURCH has spent much of his career in newspapers as a literary and arts editor; since 2010 he has been the music and opera critic of The Independent. From 1992 to 2005 he reported on traditional musics all over the world for the BBC World Service; in 2004, Topic Records released a CD of his Kazakh field recordings and, in 2007, two further CDs of his recordings in Georgia and Chechnya. Contributors: Michael Church, Scott DeVeaux, Ivan Hewett, David W. Hughes, Jonathan Katz, Roderic Knight, Frank Kouwenhoven, Robert Labaree, Scott Marcus, Terry E. Miller, Dwight F.Reynolds, Neil Sorrell, Will Sumits, Richard Widdess, Ameneh Youssefzadeh
Nonconformist Writing in Nazi Germany
Authors: Klapper John
Published: May 2021

Studies of literary responses to National Socialism between 1933 and 1945 have largely focused on exiled writers; opposition within Germany and Austria is less well understood. Yet in both countries there were writers who continued to publish imaginative literature that did not conform to Nazi precepts: the authors of the so-called Inner Emigration. They withdrew from the regime and sought to express their nonconformity through camouflaged texts designed to offer sensitized readers encouragement, reassurance, and consolation.

This book provides a critical, historically informed reassessment of these writers. It is innovative in scope, in its use of little-known sources, in placing authors and texts in a detailed social and political context, and in analyzing seminal topoi and tropes of oppositional discourse. One of the most extensive studies of the topic in German or English, it provides a state-of-the-art text for literary historians, scholars, and students of German literature, but also, thanks to its accessibility and translation of all material, serves as an introduction for English-speaking readers to this poorly understood group of writers. Two contextualizing chapters are followed by chapters devoted to Werner Bergengruen, Stefan Andres, Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen, Gertrud von le Fort, Reinhold Schneider, Ernst Jünger, Ernst Wiechert, and Erika Mitterer.

John Klapper is Professor in the Department of Modern Languages at the University of Birmingham, UK.
Data-driven sparse reconstruction of flow over a stalled aerofoil using experimental data
Authors: Carter Douglas W. , De Voogt Francis , Soares Renan , Ganapathisubramani Bharathram
Published: May 2021

Recent work has demonstrated the use of sparse sensors in combination with the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to produce data-driven reconstructions of the full velocity fields in a variety of flows. The present work investigates the fidelity of such techniques applied to a stalled NACA 0012 aerofoil at

$ {Re}_c=75,000 $

at an angle of attack

$ \alpha ={12}^{\circ } $

as measured experimentally using planar time-resolved particle image velocimetry. In contrast to many previous studies, the flow is absent of any dominant shedding frequency and exhibits a broad range of singular values due to the turbulence in the separated region. Several reconstruction methodologies for linear state estimation based on classical compressed sensing and extended POD methodologies are presented as well as nonlinear refinement through the use of a shallow neural network (SNN). It is found that the linear reconstructions inspired by the extended POD are inferior to the compressed sensing approach provided that the sparse sensors avoid regions of the flow with small variance across the global POD basis. Regardless of the linear method used, the nonlinear SNN gives strikingly similar performance in its refinement of the reconstructions. The capability of sparse sensors to reconstruct separated turbulent flow measurements is further discussed and directions for future work suggested.
Contracts of Inattention
Authors: Kahan Marcel , Gulati Mitu
Published: May 2021

The standard paradigm of contracting assumes that parties will revise subsequent contracts if a court interpretation of a clause does not reflect their intent. This assumption, however, often does not match behavior—particularly, in boilerplate contracts. We examine the aftermath of an (in)famous 2016 case, Wilmington Savings Fund v. Cash America, to unpack possible reasons for this mismatch between theory and practice. We find evidence of a phenomenon in contracts that involves sophisticated parties who are nevertheless not represented by their own lawyers, lack full awareness of the fine print of the contractual terms, and, having devoted little attention to them, may be eclectic as to their meaning when they enter into these contracts. In these contracts, which we call contracts of inattention, a gap between lawyers’ understanding of a provision and the understanding of market participants is prone to emerge. The potential for such gaps has implications for how courts should interpret contracts of inattention and for how market participants will react to court rulings.
The inflation of human rights: A deconstruction
Authors: Theilen Jens T.
Published: May 2021

There is widespread anxiety about human rights ‘inflation’: positing too many human rights, it is said, will lead to their devaluation. This article seeks to disentangle the inflation objection from other concerns about rights expansionism and to critically assess it. It considers the scope and implications of the inflation objection by reference to several issues – e.g., which modes of human rights proliferation it covers and which restrictions follow from it – and argues that it is characterized by a formal emptiness since it lacks any specific criteria to indicate which human rights lead to inflation and which do not. The formal emptiness of the inflation objection does not, however, mean that it is politically neutral, for despite its inability to generate closure it does generate a sense of closure by drawing strict boundaries around the corpus of ‘proper’ human rights. This sense of closure, the article argues, entrenches currently dominant (neo)liberal understandings of human rights while generating suspicion of claims to far-reaching social transformation. In light of this, an alternative to the anti-inflation mindset is suggested: a mindset of wonder, which understands human rights claims outside of dominant understandings not as a threat, but as an opportunity to question the status quo.
Complete atrio-ventricular heart block, a not to be forgotten complication in transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect – a case report and review of literature
Authors: Leong Ming Chern , Alwi Mazeni
Published: May 2021

Device occlusion of perimembranous ventricular septal defect is gaining popularity with the emergence of newer, softer occluders and improved technical know-how. We report a 26-year-old lady with a moderate size perimembranous ventricular septal defect who had a new onset of bundle branch block shortly after device closure. The patient subsequently developed a complete atrio-ventricular heart block.
Association of Ventilation during Initial Trauma Resuscitation for Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Howard Mary Beth , McCollum Nichole , Alberto Emily C. , Kotler Hannah , Mottla Mary E. , Tiusaba Laura , Keller Susan , Marsic Ivan , Sarcevic Aleksandra , Burd Randall S. , O’Connell Karen J.
Published: May 2021

Objectives:

In the absence of evidence of acute cerebral herniation, normal ventilation is recommended for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite this recommendation, ventilation strategies vary during the initial management of patients with TBI and may impact outcome. The goal of this systematic review was to define the best evidence-based practice of ventilation management during the initial resuscitation period.

Methods:

A literature search of PubMed, CINAHL, and SCOPUS identified studies from 2009 through 2019 addressing the effects of ventilation during the initial post-trauma resuscitation on patient outcomes.

Results:

The initial search yielded 899 articles, from which 13 were relevant and selected for full-text review. Six of the 13 articles met the inclusion criteria, all of which reported on patients with TBI. Either end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) or partial pressure carbon dioxide (PCO2) were the independent variables associated with mortality. Decreased rates of mortality were reported in patients with normal PCO2 or ETCO2.

Conclusions:

Normoventilation, as measured by ETCO2 or PCO2, is associated with decreased mortality in patients with TBI. Preventing hyperventilation or hypoventilation in patients with TBI during the early resuscitation phase could improve outcome after TBI.
The Jewish Ḥāfeẓ: Classical New Persian Literature in the Judeo-Persian Garšūni Literary Tradition
Authors: FARRIDNEJAD SHERVIN
Published: May 2021

The immensity of the corpus and diversity of genres of Classical New Persian in Judeo-Persian garb is remarkable, comprising a wide-ranging multitude of genres from translations of the Tanakh and rabbinic works to chronicles, lexicographies, religious poetry, translations of medieval Hebrew poems, and a large corpus of non-Jewish Classical Persian literature transcribed in Hebrew script. Yet, Judeo-Persian literary corpora remain incompletely catalogued as well as unsatisfactorily studied. While detailed studies of the genres of Judeo-Persian literature-in-transcription, as well as comparisons with literature in the common Perso-Arabic script, are still desiderata, this article aims to undertake a preliminary survey of the extant Judeo-Persian versions of the Dīvān of Šams od-Dīn Moḥammad Ḥāfeẓ of Shiraz (d. 792/1390) and address some contextual aspects of its popularity among Iranian Jewry.
Validierung einer Skala zur Erfassung der kollektiv-moralischen Einstellung in Sportgruppen (KMES)
Authors: Manges Theresa , Walter Nadja , Elbe Anne-Marie
Published: May 2021

Zusammenfassung. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt eine Skala zur Erhebung der kollektiv-moralischen Einstellung einer Gruppe für den deutschsprachigen Sport- und insbesondere Dopingkontext vor und überprüft sie hinsichtlich ihrer Testgütekriterien. Die KMES wurde auf der Grundlage der Collective Moral Motivation Scale aus der englischsprachigen Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie entwickelt und anschließend anhand einer Gesamtstichprobe von 545 Personen (Substichprobe 1 und 3: Nachwuchsleistungsathlet_innen; Substichprobe 2: Sportstudierende) validiert. Eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse bestätigt das postulierte eindimensionale Konstrukt, welches eine exzellente interne Konsistenz und eine akzeptable Retest-Reliabilität aufweist. Darüber hinaus zeigt die KMES Kriteriumsvalidität, indem sie die Außenkriterien antisoziales Verhalten und Dopingabsichten vorhersagen kann sowie erwartungskonforme Zusammenhänge zum motivationalen Trainingsklima abbildet. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die KMES zur Erfassung von Werten auf kollektiver Ebene eingesetzt werden kann. Dies könnte vor allem in Anti-Doping-Studien neue Einblicke generieren.
Atmosphere‐Ionosphere (A‐I) Coupling as Viewed by ICON: Day‐to‐Day Variability Due to Planetary Wave (PW)‐Tide Interactions
Authors: Forbes Jeffrey M. , Zhang Xiaoli , Heelis Roderick , Stoneback Russell , Englert Christoph R. , Harlander John M. , Harding Brian J. , Marr Kenneth D. , Makela Jonathan J. , Immel Thomas J.
Published: May 2021

Coincident Ionospheric Connections Explorer (ICON) measurements of neutral winds, plasma drifts and total ion densities (:=Ne, electron density) are analyzed during January 1–21, 2020 to reveal the relationship between neutral winds and ionospheric variability on a day‐to‐day basis. Atmosphere‐ionosphere (A‐I) connectivity inevitably involves a spectrum of planetary waves (PWs), tides and secondary waves due to wave‐wave nonlinear interactions. To provide a definitive attribution of dynamical origins, the current study focuses on a time interval when the longitudinal wave‐4 component of the E‐region winds is dominated by the eastward‐propagating diurnal tide with zonal wavenumber s = −3 (DE3). DE3 is identified in winds and ionospheric parameters through its characteristic dependence on local solar time and longitude as ICON's orbit precesses. Superimposed on this trend are large variations in low‐latitude DE3 wave‐4 zonal winds (±40 ms−1) and topside F‐region equatorial vertical drifts at periods consistent with 2‐days and 6‐days PWs, and a ∼3‐day ultra‐fast Kelvin wave (UFKW), coexisting during this time interval; the DE3 winds, dynamo electric fields, and drifts are modulated by these waves. Wave‐4 variability in Ne is of order 25%–35%, but the origins are more complex, likely additionally reflecting transport by ∼20–25 ms−1 wave‐4 in‐situ winds containing strong signatures of DE3 interactions with ambient diurnal Sun‐synchronous winds and ion drag. These results are the first to show a direct link between day‐to‐day wave‐4 variability in contemporaneously measured E‐region neutral winds and F‐region ionospheric drifts and electron densities.
Aquifer Diffusivity Estimation Through Joint Inversion of the Amplitude Ratios and Time Lags of Dominant Frequencies of Fluctuating Head
Authors: Sobolevskaia Valeriia , Cardenas M. Bayani , Hasanov Azar K. , Knappett Peter S. K.
Published: May 2021

This note introduces the estimation of aquifer diffusivity (D) through simultaneous inversion of the attenuation and lag of multiple head fluctuation frequencies due to a dynamic source or boundary, that is, a river. Spectral analysis, with optimized moving time window length and step size, was used to extract the dominant constituents and their attenuation through space; the cross‐power spectral density method was used to determine time lags. The Jacob‐Ferris analytical model was then used for inverting forD. Unlike most similar applications to date, here we propose using all frequencies with robust signal‐to‐noise ratios (five total in our test cases) and both the amplitude attenuation and time lag in the inversion. The method was implemented using observations from wells in the banks of the fluctuating Meghna River in Bangladesh that is connected with a semi‐confined sandy alluvial aquifer. The estimatedDusing the technique provides estimates that are very similar to those from pumping tests. The estimates are more accurate compared to previous implementation of the Jacob‐Ferris model on the same data that used only a dominant frequency's amplitude attenuation or time lag. The workflow and codes for the analysis are provided for straightforward implementation of the robust and cost‐effective method.