bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scattering of Low-Mode Internal Waves at Finite Isolated Topography
Authors: Legg Sonya
Published: October 2013

A series of two-dimensional numerical simulations examine the breaking of first-mode internal waves at isolated ridges, independently varying the relative height of the topography compared to the depth of the ocean h0/H0; the relative steepness of the topographic slope compared to the slope of the internal wave group velocity γ; and the Froude number of the incoming internal wave Fr0. The fraction of the incoming wave energy, which is reflected back toward deep water, transmitted beyond the ridge, and lost to dissipation and mixing, is diagnosed from the simulations. For critical slopes, with γ = 1, the fraction of incoming energy lost at the slope scales approximately like h0/H0, independent of the incoming wave Froude number. For subcritical slopes, with γ < 1, waves break and lose a substantial proportion of their energy if the maximum Froude number, estimated as Frmax = Fr0/(1 − h0/H0)2, exceeds a critical value, found empirically to be about 0.3. The dissipation at subcritical slopes therefore increases as both incoming wave Froude number and topographic height increase. At critical slopes, the dissipation is enhanced along the slope facing the incoming wave. In contrast, at subcritical slopes, dissipation is small until the wave amplitude is sufficiently enhanced by the shoaling topography to exceed the critical Froude number; then large dissipation extends all the way to the surface. The results are shown to generalize to variable stratification and different topographies, including axisymmetric seamounts. The regimes for low-mode internal wave breaking at isolated critical and subcritical topography identified by these simulations provide guidance for the parameterization of the mixing due to radiated internal tides.
Development and Analysis of the Systematically Merged Atlantic Regional Temperature and Salinity Climatology for Oceanic Heat Content Estimates
Authors: Meyers P. C. , Shay L. K. , Brewster J. K.
Published: October 2013

An oceanic climatology to calculate upper-ocean thermal structure was developed for application year-round in the North Atlantic Ocean basin. The Systematically Merged Atlantic Regional Temperature and Salinity (SMARTS) Climatology is used in a two-layer model to project sea surface height anomalies (SSHA) into the water column at ¼° resolution. SMARTS blended monthly temperature and salinity fields from the World Ocean Atlas 2001 (WOA01) and Generalized Digital Environmental Model (GDEM) version 3.0 based on their performance compared to in situ measurements. Daily mean isotherm depths of 20°C (D20) and 26°C (D26) (and their mean ratio), reduced gravity, and mixed layer depth (MLD) were estimated from the climatology. This higher-resolution climatology resolves features in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), including the Loop Current (LC) and eddy shedding region.

Using SMARTS with satellite-derived SSHA and SST fields, daily values of isotherm depths, mixed layer depths, and ocean heat content (OHC) were calculated from 1998 to 2012. OHC is an important scalar when determining the ocean’s impact on tropical cyclone intensification, because it is a better predictor of SST cooling during hurricane passage. Airborne- and ship-deployed expendable bathythermographs (XBT), long-term moorings, and Argo profiling floats provided over 50 000 thermal profiles to assess satellite retrievals of isotherm depths and OHC using the SMARTS Climatology. The OHC calculation presented in this document reduces errors basinwide by 20%, with a 35% error reduction in the GOM.
Do fixed-term and temporary agency workers feel socially excluded? Labour market integration and social well-being in Germany
Authors: Gundert Stefanie , Hohendanner Christian
Published: October 2013

In this study we examine how employment insecurity affects social exclusion using data from the German panel study PASS. Assuming that secure employment is an important condition for the subjective feeling of social affiliation, we compare unemployed individuals and those in fixed-term, temporary agency or permanent employment. Applying hybrid random effects regression models we find that temporary workers feel less affiliated to society than permanent workers. This finding cannot be fully explained by economic and social resources or job status. We discuss alternative mechanisms, such as reduced life-course predictability and processes of social exclusion at the workplace.
Late-modern hipsters
Authors: Schiermer Bjørn
Published: October 2013

The article deals with the cultural significance of a new figure in late-modern Western culture: the hipster. The current hipster culture, so I argue, can be used as a magnifying glass that makes impending changes to our conception of culture and of cultural development visible. It ushers in broader cultural and social changes: different relations among generations, new ways of relating to technology and media, new ways of being together, and new phenomenologies and sensibilities. After a first outline of the figure of the hipster, I mark out two salient traits to hipster culture: its redemptive gesture toward the objects of the recent past and its predilection for irony. The article seeks to unfold hipster culture and sociality in an ongoing dialogue with sociological theory in general and conventional ways of thinking subculture in particular.
There Was A Country: Achebe’s Final Work
Authors: Chambers Douglas B
Published: October 2013

Even at a perfunctory level, a comparative look at the conflicts that took place in the US between the Union and the Confederacy and the one between Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra in 1966–1970 reveals enough to corroborate Chinua Achebe’s bold charge made in his last book, There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra, that the Igbo have been wrongly persecuted in Nigeria. Confirmatory pointers to hatred and resentment of the Igbo can still be gleaned long after the Biafra War. So are those that indicate continuing marginalization of and refusal to reintegrate the Igbo, and the areas that made up the Republic of Biafra.
Exploring the Determinants of Job Satisfaction of Civil Servants in Beijing, China
Authors: Yang Xingkun , Wang Weijie
Published: October 2013

Chinese civil servants work in institutional and cultural contexts that are very different from those of their Western counterparts. Very little research has been done to study their job satisfaction. This paper attempts to fill the gap by analyzing data from a survey of 800 civil servants in Beijing. Fifteen independent variables are clustered into three categories: job characteristics, organizational-environmental factors, and personal characteristics. Ordinary least squares regression is used to analyze the relationship between job satisfaction and independent variables. Results show that all six job characteristics such as task variety and salary exert statistically significant influences over the dependent variable; two organizational-environmental factors, work environment safety and relations with coworkers, are also statistically significant in the model. Personal characteristics such as gender exert nominal effects. Implications for practice and further research are also discussed based on the results of regression analysis.
Toward Inclusive Growth
Authors: Rodríguez-Pose Andrés , Tselios Vassilis
Published: October 2013

Economic and social cohesion at a regional level is one of the main objectives of the European Union (EU). The European regional development policy aims to promote a harmonious, balanced, and sustainable development through inclusive growth. Yet, while economic cohesion, proxied by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, has attracted significant attention with most studies finding little regional convergence since 1985, social cohesion has been virtually ignored. This article tries to cover this gap by asking the question of whether regional convergence in social welfare, measured by Amartya Sen’s welfare index, has taken place across regions of the EU-15. Using panel data models with or without spatial interaction effects, we find that the absence of convergence in GDP per capita is not matched in terms of social welfare. Welfare levels have converged significantly across European regions and this convergence has been built on a series of structural and institutional factors, among which female participation in the labor force is the most relevant.
Valuing Commercial Spaces in Multistory Buildings Using a Three-level Mixed-effects Modeling Approach
Authors: Yoo E.-H. , Lee C.-R. , Park K.-H.
Published: October 2013

The location of commercial spaces in multistory buildings affects their values. We developed a three-level mixed-effects spatial hedonic model in which the nested structure of individual commercial units in multistory buildings is explicitly taken into account in the price determination process. The proposed modeling framework is intuitive and flexible from both substantive and technical perspectives, as evidenced by its diverse extensions to accommodate both the spatial autocorrelation and the complex heteroscedasticity inherent in property values. A unique data set based on the assessed values of commercial properties and officetels, collected by the National Tax Service of Korea in 2012, is merged with structural and location information on buildings for a case study. We found both the floor level and building effects are important factors when valuing commercial units in multistory buildings. We show that model fit is significantly affected if the spatial autocorrelation at the individual level is not included in hedonic price models.
Social Capital and Self-Rated Health Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China
Authors: Shen Yuying , Yeatts Dale E. , Cai Tianji , Yang Philip Q. , Cready Cynthia M.
Published: October 2013

This study examined the association between social capital, at both the individual and the community level, and self-rated health among older adults in China. Using data from the 2008 Pilot Survey of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, a series of multilevel logistic models were estimated in SAS 9.2. The association between social capital and self-rated health was examined among 996 adults aged 45 or older from two provinces in China, while controlling for demographic characteristics and socioeconomic variables. Our results suggest the significant association between certain aspects of social capital, at both the individual and the community level, and self-rated health. The individual-level social capital in the form of perceived help in the future and the social capital of community in the form of the availability of amenities and associations within the community were significantly related to self-rated health. A significant cross-level interaction effect between individual- and community-level social capital was also observed.
Religion and Child-Rearing Values in Turkey
Authors: Acevedo Gabriel A. , Ellison Christopher G. , Yilmaz Murat
Published: October 2013

Numerous studies have examined the connection between religion and child-rearing values—operationalized in terms of the importance placed on specific traits in children—in the United States and other mainly Christian societies. Much of this work involves the relative priority placed on “intellectual heteronomy” (obedience to authority) versus “intellectual autonomy” (thinking for oneself). Here, we augment this work focusing on Turkey, a predominantly Muslim society. Using data from the World Values Survey ( n = 3,401), findings indicate that religious factors are strong positive predictors of the emphasis on (a) obedience to authority and (b) good manners, but inversely associated with an emphasis on (a) intellectual independence and (b) imagination. The estimated net effects of religion are strongest and most consistent for intellectual autonomy. Furthermore, the links between religious variables and child-rearing orientation are robust across age/cohort, gender, and educational categories. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Prosthesis-sparing aortic root replacement following aortic valve replacement
Authors: Takano Tamaki , Wada Yuko , Seto Tatsuichiro , Terasaki Takamitsu , Fukui Daisuke , Amano Jun
Published: October 2013

Reoperation on the aortic root is considered to be challenging because of high hospital mortality. Prosthesis-sparing aortic root replacement, in which the aortic prosthesis is preserved during reoperation, and could avoid passing sutures through the weakened aortic annuls after the initial prosthesis has been removed. We report 3 cases of prosthesis-sparing aortic root replacement. Prior procedures were aortic valve replacement and the Bentall operation 14 to 35 years previously. Postoperative courses were uneventful, with no signs of pseudoaneurysm or valve malfunction observed during follow-up periods of 93 to 360 days.
Stroke volume paradox in heart failure: mathematical validation
Authors: Adhyapak Srilakshmi M , Parachuri V Rao
Published: October 2013

Background

In some patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, despite large increases in ventricular size with decreased cardiac output, the paradox of preserved stroke volume has been observed. Following surgical ventricular restoration, despite marked improvements clinically and in ventricular volumes and ejection fraction, a decrease in stroke volume was observed.

Methods

101 consecutive patients with postinfarction left ventricular aneurysms were studied by 2-dimensional echocardiography and contrast ventriculography at baseline, and 57 of these patients at 1.7 to 2.2 years (mean 1.95 ± 0.44 years) after surgical ventricular restoration.

Results

Surgical ventricular restoration resulted in a decrease in end-diastolic volume index of 40.2 mL (95% confidence interval: 33.6–46.7) and stroke volume index of 10.0 mL (95% confidence interval: 6.6–13.5), and an increase in ejection fraction of 6.7% (95% confidence interval: 5.5–7.9). The stroke volume index had a significant linear relationship with the end-diastolic volume index at rest in patients with end-diastolic volume index <150 mL ( r = 0.64, p < 0.001). In patients with end-diastolic volume index >150 mL, this linear relationship was not seen. The change in end-diastolic volume index and stroke volume index had a significant linear relationship ( r = 0.72, p < 0.001) that persisted at 1.95 years after surgery.

Conclusions

In ischemic cardiomyopathy, stroke volume increases linearly with increases in end-diastolic volume up to a certain magnitude of end-diastolic volume, beyond which it decreases. Hence, following surgical ventricular restoration, decreases in stroke volume are not a reflection of impaired cardiac function.
Efficacy of arginine supplementation for the treatment of air leakage
Authors: Obuchi Toshiro , Imakiire Takayuki , Yoneda Satoshi , Iwasaki Akinori
Published: October 2013

Background

recently, the role of the amino acid arginine in wound healing has been emphasized. We studied whether postoperative enteral arginine supplementation can contribute to the resolution of prolonged air leakage after lung resections.

Methods

42 patients undergoing lung resection at our institutions from 2009 to 2012 were enrolled in this study. In these patients, continuous air leakage in the expiratory phase was identified on the day of surgery and on the following day. The patients were divided into 2 groups; the first group included 21 patients consuming 3 packs of an arginine supplement beverage daily postoperatively, and the second group (control) included 21 patients who did not consume any additional supplements. The durations of air leakage and chest tube drainage were compared between the two groups.

Results

the mean durations of air leakage and chest tube drainage were shorter in the arginine supplementation group (4.4 vs. 6.7 days, p = 0.010; 6.5 vs. 8.3 days, p = 0.042, respectively).

Conclusion

postoperative enteral arginine supplementation may contribute to stopping air leaks after lung surgery.
Atrial natriuretic peptide property on the ischemic myocardium inducing HSP72
Authors: Olivito Silvio , Chello Massimo , Covino Elvio , Mastroroberto Pasquale
Published: October 2013

Background

the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of atrial natriuretic peptide on ischemic myocardium through the induction of heat-shock protein 72.

Methods

30 isolated rabbit hearts perfused on isolated heart apparatus were randomly assigned to receive either warm Krebs-Henseleit solution with 1 µmol L−1 atrial natriuretic peptide ( n = 15) or warm Krebs-Henseleit solution without atrial natriuretic peptide ( n = 15) in preischemic, ischemic, and postischemic conditions. In all rabbit hearts, global ischemia was produced by clamping the aortic and atrial inflow lines. Concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide were measured in hearts with left ventricular dysfunction following ischemia, and correlated with the hypertrophic growth sustained by overexpression of heat-shock protein 72 microRNA-133.

Results

the levels of atrial natriuretic peptide were markedly higher in the group that received atrial natriuretic peptide, and strongly correlated with both band lengths of heat-shock protein 72 and overexpression of microRNA-133 in the hypertrophic myocyte.

Conclusions

perfusion levels of atrial natriuretic peptide induce increased expression of heat-shock protein 72 microRNA-133 in dysfunctional left ventricle.
A variant “no-patch” technique for surgery of left ventricular aneurysms
Authors: Evora Paulo Roberto B , Bassetto Solange , Junior Lafaiete Alves
Published: October 2013

A variant “no-patch” technique for the surgical treatment of left ventricular aneurysms is described. The entire operation is performed using a single suture tied after the 2 encircling stitch adjustments and at the final external suture. Before the second encircling pursestring stitch, scar tissue circular plication is carried out. The final closure is completed by an out-out suture that ensures hemostasis. Finally, it is emphasized that the no-patch surgical strategy has the indirect advantage of saving time because the stitches are performed in a continuous manner.
Restoration of the coagulation cascade on CPB: a case report
Authors: Lilly KJ , Pirundini PA , Fox AA , Body SC , Shaw C , Rizzo RJ
Published: October 2013

Coagulopathy can sometimes be observed when CPB times are prolonged. Correction of coagulopathy post CPB can present the surgical team with a number of challenges, including right ventricular volume overload, hemodilution, anemia and excessive cell salvage with further loss of coagulation factors. Restoration of the coagulation cascade on CPB may help to avoid these issues. This case report is of a 64-year-old male with a delayed diagnosis of aortic dissection. The patient presented to the cardiac surgery operating room with hepatic and renal shock/failure, with the resulting coagulopathy. The described technique is representative of a technique that we sometimes employ to restore the clotting mechanism before separating from bypass.
Trends in place-based economic strategies: England’s fixation with ‘fleet-of-foot’ partnerships
Authors: Pugalis Lee , Townsend Alan R
Published: October 2013

The form of place-based economic strategy that is the focus of this paper is ‘fleet-of-foot’ partnership arrangements. Contributing to the theorisation of these institutional configurations, which are propounded by some as more flexible and responsive than democratic-administrative alternatives, the paper investigates the empirical situation in England that has unfolded over recent years. Tracing the recent historical evolution of sub-national structures that could be considered ‘fleet-of-foot’, the paper analyses the implications for place-based economic strategies at large. Through an analysis of Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs), the paper examines the extent to which the conceptual principles underpinning the notion of ‘fleet-of-foot’ arrangements have informed the configuration of LEPs, emphasising the importance of the legacy of past political constructions. Drawing attention to some of the primary weaknesses of ‘fleet-of-foot’ arrangements, the paper concludes that there are some inherent limitations to the present configuration of LEPs. These impede such partnerships in opening up space for a richer constellation of actors to participate in governance forums across flexible and functional geographies, or achieve efficient outcomes. More broadly, the paper contributes to the literature on place-based economic strategies and contemporary trends in economic development.
Improving breast cancer detection using ultrasonography in asymptomatic women with non-fatty breast density
Authors: Korpraphong Pornpim , Limsuwarn Panida , Tangcharoensathien Woranuj , Ansusingha Tamnit , Thephamongkhol Kullathorn , Chuthapisith Suebwong
Published: October 2013

Background

Mammography (MX) is a reliable modality for detection of breast cancer in asymptomatic women. Use of additional whole breast ultrasonography (US) for breast cancer screening is widely recognized, in particular in women with dense breast parenchyma.

Purpose

To determine the subgroup of women, according to breast density and age, who receive most benefit from US following MX for detection of breast cancer in an asymptomatic condition.

Material and Methods

The study was conducted in asymptomatic women who had non-fatty breast parenchyma using MX and US during January 2006 and December 2007. Mammographic breast density was classified as recommended by ACR BI-RADS lexicon. Non-fatty breast referred to D2, D3, and D4. US was performed by the same radiologists who interpreted MX with a handheld machine during the same visit. Data on demographics, cancer detection rate (CDR), and incremental cancer detection rate (ICDR) were analyzed using 95% confident interval (CI).

Results

Of 14,483 breast cancer screenings in women who had non-fatty breast density, 115 cancers were documented. The mean age of cancer patients was 49.6 years. Of 115 cancers, 105 were evidenced on images (31 with MX alone, 19 with US alone, and 55 with both MX and US). Overall CDR was 7.9 per 1000 examination (95% CI, 6.5–9.5). CDR for MX only (MX-CDR) was 6.5 per 1000 examinations (95% CI, 5.2–7.9). Additional US could significantly improve CDR ( P < 0.001; 95% CI, 0.9–2.2); US-ICDR was 1.4 per 1000 examinations. According to age group, the group of 40–59 years had statistically significant improvement of ICDR ( P < 0.001). The ICDR was highest in D4 breast density (D4) (US-ICDR = 2.5 per 1000 examinations).

Conclusion

Use of US adjunct to MX for detection of breast cancer in asymptomatic non-fatty, average-risk women for detection of breast cancer is a promising diagnostic procedure. A significant benefit was documented, in particular, in women aged 40–59 years old, and in women with D4 breast density.
CT angiography for pulmonary embolism detection: the effect of breathing on pulmonary artery enhancement using a 64-row detector system
Authors: Renne Julius , Falck Christian von , Ringe Kristina Imeen , Raatschen Hans-Jürgen , Wacker Frank , Shin Hoen-Oh
Published: October 2013

Background

Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is used most often in routine clinical practice for the assessment of a suspected pulmonary embolism. The diagnostic accuracy relies on sufficient contrast enhancement. Purpose: To evaluate whether image acquisition during shallow breathing can improve the image quality in patients with insufficient contrast enhancement during breath-hold examinations.

Material and Methods

A total of 2786 CT pulmonary angiographies, acquired on a 64-row CT during deep-inspiration breath-hold, were reviewed. Twenty-four examinations were considered non-diagnostic due to poor contrast enhancement in the pulmonary arteries (PA), although they showed preserved vascular enhancement of the superior vena cava (SVC) and the ascending aorta (AO). Eleven flawed CTPA examinations, including severe breathing artifacts and incorrect triggering were excluded. In 13 of the remaining patients, the examination was repeated during shallow breathing. Vascular contrast enhancement was compared between both scans by measuring the relative enhancement within the SVC, the main PA, and the AO. Image quality was scored by two, clinically experienced radiologists. The values are given as median and [25th;75th] quartile.

Results

There was a significant difference in the CT values for the PA between the repeated scans ( P = 0.0002, Wilcoxon test), and with the CTPA in deep-inspiration showing a median enhancement of 97 HU (59–173), compared with 303 HU (239–385) in the CTPA acquired during free breathing. The differences for both the AO ( P = 0.54) and the SVC ( P = 0.78) were not significant. Scoring for the attenuation quality rose significantly ( P = 0.0002) and no severe motion artifacts were detected on either scans.

Conclusion

If there is insufficient pulmonary artery enhancement during CTPA, attenuation of the pulmonary arteries can be improved by acquisition during shallow breathing and is without significant loss of the overall diagnostic image quality.
Imaging characteristics of primary intracranial teratoma
Authors: Liu Zhenyin , Lv Xiaofei , Wang Wensheng , An Jie , Duan Fuhong , Feng Xia , Chen Xinjian , Ouyang Bing , Li Songtao , Singh Sristi , Qiu Shijun
Published: October 2013

Background

Primary intracranial teratomas are rare intracranial neoplasms, and are subdivided into mature, immature, and those with malignant transformation. To date, only a few studies of teratoma imaging have been reported.

Purpose

To describe and characterize the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a series of 18 patients (16 men/boys and 2 women/girls; mean age, 14.5 years) with pathologically proven teratomas.

Material and Methods

Findings from medical records and imaging examinations in 18 patients with pathologically confirmed intracranial teratomas from 2001 to 2011were retrospectively reviewed at our two institutions. Two radiologists evaluated the lesion location, shape, size, number, edge, homogeneous or heterogeneous appearance, attenuation, signal intensity, and degree of enhancement.

Results

All tumors were located within the pineal ( n = 13), parasellar ( n = 2), or suprasellar ( n = 3) regions. The lesions appeared of mixed intensity on MRI, reflecting the histologic heterogeneity, including fibrosis, fatty tissue, calcification, cysts, and keratinocytes. In mature teratomas ( n = 9), seven of nine tumors showed non-enhanced multilocularity or heterogeneous enhancement of the cyst wall on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (T1W) images. Two of nine tumors showed moderate, heterogeneous enhancement in the solid portion of the lesion; whereas in immature ( n = 7) or malignant transformation ( n = 2) teratomas, heterogeneous, ring-like, intratumoral patchy enhancement was noted on T1W images with contrast.

Conclusion

Primary intracranial teratomas are usually localized in the pineal and the suprasellar regions, and often present an ovoid or lobulated mass with or without multilocularity on MRI. Marked enhancement of the solid portion or the thick wall of the tumor was the key feature for distinguishing mature teratoma and malignant teratoma.
Categorizations of physical gesture in piano teaching: A preliminary enquiry
Authors: Simones Lilian , Schroeder Franziska , Rodger Matthew
Published: October 2013

The significance of the “physicality” involved in learning to play a musical instrument and the essential role of teachers are areas in need of research. This article explores the role of gesture within teacher–student communicative interaction in one-to-one piano lessons. Three teachers were required to teach a pre-selected repertoire of two contrasting pieces to three students studying piano grade 1. The data was collected by video recordings of piano lessons and analysis based on the type and frequency of gestures employed by teachers in association to teaching behaviours specifying where gestures fit under (or evade) predefined classifications. Spontaneous co-musical gestures were observed in the process of piano tuition emerging with similar general communicative purposes as spontaneous co-verbal gestures and were essential for the process of musical communication between teachers and students. Observed frequencies of categorized gestures varied significantly between different teaching behaviours and between the three teachers. Parallels established between co-verbal and co-musical spontaneous gestures lead to an argument for extension of McNeill’s (2005) ideas of imagery–language–dialectic to imagery–music–dialectic with relevant implications for piano pedagogy and fields of study invested in musical communication.
Combined flow in musical jam sessions: A pilot qualitative study
Authors: Hart Emma , Di Blasi Zelda
Published: October 2013

Despite extensive research into the phenomenon of flow, there has been a comparative deficit in literature relating to the experience of shared or combined flow. This pilot study explored the subjective experience of combined flow in musical jam sessions, with particular emphasis on delineating the characteristics, outcomes, and practical applications unique to combined flow. In-depth semi-structured interviews were held with six musicians who had extensive experience of group jam sessions. Grounded theory analysis of interview data identified two major themes; the experience of combined flow as a sequential progression through a set of stages; and the inter-subjectivity of the experience leading to the development of empathy between group members. A major finding was that the combined flow experience discussed by musicians met many of the criteria for classification as a flow experience, while also having the unique positive outcome of empathy development.
‘Capital’s charity’
Authors: Livingstone Nicola
Published: October 2013

Charity has become ubiquitous in contemporary capitalism. It is an inculcated moral concept, a symbolic representation of ‘the good’, accepted without question. But is charity so simple and straightforward? This polemic offers a starting point, proposing the reconsideration of an apparently embedded social concept, and the reassessment of preconceived and presumptuous notions of what charity represents.
Money as social power: The economics of scarcity and working class reproduction
Authors: Hampton Matt
Published: October 2013

This article suggests that commodity exchange mediated through the money-form is a fundamental moment in the process of forming the capitalist relations of exploitation and domination. Money is re-examined as a moment of social power to command living labour, enforcing the moment of alienation that gives rise to the fundamental commodity within capitalism – labour-power. This article argues that this power is not intrinsic to money, but exists via a socially constructed scarcity mediated through the dynamics of working class reproduction. The article finally suggests that this understanding of money as the power to command labour can be identified in economic theory from mercantilism to the marginal revolution and beyond.
The political economy of public sector trade union militancy under Keynesianism: The case of local government
Authors: Gill-McLure Whyeda
Published: October 2013

Public service labour’s distinctiveness is insufficiently understood or recognised; and in its ad hoc growth under liberal ideologies of state intervention (those of Mill and Keynes), it has been treated both as if it were and were not public service labour. This paper teases out some of the crucial links between liberal ideologies of state intervention and the social praxis of public service unionism, outlining the latter’s historical struggle against this paradoxical treatment, which culminated in 1970s militancy. The paper supports this argument with a Marxist analysis of public sector labour, drawing on Polanyi’s ‘double-movement’ to understand the limitations of liberal ideologies of state intervention.
Cars and consumption
Authors: Newman Daniel
Published: October 2013

Cars are increasingly accepted as a socio-environmental problem. However, they are rarely considered as a political problem. This article critiques the dominant trend for research into supposedly more sustainable alternatives to the present car system, such as electric vehicles, taking to task the major theoretical school that attempts to lead this charge. In so doing, it recognises car ownership of any variety as embroiled in the culture of consumption, and suggests that any attempt to overcome the trouble with cars will also require a fundamental reappraisal of our consumption patterns.
Furan matrix and flax fibre as a sustainable renewable composite: Mechanical and fire-resistant properties in comparison to phenol, epoxy and polyester
Authors: Crossley Richard , Schubel Peter , Stevenson Anthony
Published: October 2013

Due to environmental and fossil fuel supply concerns, polyfurfuryl alcohol or ‘furan’ resin has recently gained attention as a renewable alternative thermoset resin with reduced CO2 emissions in comparison to the existing petrochemical-based systems. When combined with natural flax fibres, it offers the potential to produce a fully bio-derived sustainable composite with structural mechanical capabilities and fire-resistant properties. In this study, the mechanical properties of furan flax and E-glass fibre laminates are characterised and directly compared to polyester, epoxy and phenolic laminates produced using identical reinforcing fibres and methods. In addition, the acidity and fire-resistant properties are also compared. Furan resin E-glass laminates were found to have mechanical properties comparable to existing resin systems with excellent fire-resistant properties, which are equal to that of phenolic and exceeding polyester and epoxy performance. However, both phenolic and furan flax laminates were found to give reduced mechanical performance in comparison to polyester and epoxy. This reduction in strength was attributed mostly to micro voids surrounding elementary flax fibres believed to be the result of post-cured fibre shrinkage due to moisture uptake.
Qualification of a composite system for pipeline repairs under dry, wet, and water-submerged conditions
Authors: Djukic Luke P , Leong Alan YL , Falzon Paul J , Leong KH
Published: October 2013

A new glass/epoxy prepreg system has been developed as a solution to a long-standing challenge of corrosion and other damage, such as gouging and denting, sustained by piping, pipelines, and risers. The system has been designed to be applicable in the majority of operational conditions encountered in the oil and gas sector, encompassing onshore as well as offshore environments. This paper discusses the comprehensive qualification process undertaken to enable the repair of wall-thinning defects (Type A) and through-wall defects (Type B). The results show that the composite system meets the requirements of ISO/TS 24817 and so also concurrently complies with ASME PCC-2.
Mechanical and rheological response of polypropylene/boehmite nanocomposites
Authors: Pedrazzoli D , Tuba F , Khumalo VM , Pegoretti A , Karger-Kocsis J
Published: October 2013

In this study, the influence of synthetic boehmite alumina nanoparticles with various surface treatments on the morphology, crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of polypropylene copolymer nanocomposites was studied. In particular, a series of polypropylene/boehmite alumina nanocomposites, containing up to 10 wt% of untreated and of octylsilane-functionalized boehmite alumina nanoparticles, were prepared by melt compounding and film blowing. A third type of composite was produced by incorporation of boehmite alumina nanoparticles treated with benzene sulfonic acid. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that boehmite alumina nanoparticles were finely and uniformly dispersed, though agglomerated, in the polypropylene nanocomposites. Surface-treated boehmite alumina nanoparticles were better dispersed in the matrix than the untreated boehmite alumina nanocomposites. The melt viscosity of nanocomposites remained unaltered or decreased by nanofiller incorporation at low concentration (2.5 and 5 wt%), while it slightly increased at higher concentrations (10 wt%). Uniaxial tensile tests indicated that the nanoparticles can induce a remarkable stiffening effect even at a rather low filler content, especially in the case of surface-treated particles. The plane stress fracture toughness of the material, evaluated by the essential work of fracture approach, showed a noticeable improvement due to boehmite alumina incorporation, with an optimal effect for a filler concentration of about 2.5 wt%.
Effect of alumina nanoparticle on the tribological performance of automotive brake friction materials
Authors: Etemadi H , Shojaei A , Jahanmard P
Published: October 2013

Brake friction materials filled with nanoalumina were produced by both conventional and solvent-assisted mixing methods. It was shown that nanoalumina loading led to the reduction of friction coefficient and improvement in mechanical, wear and thermal behaviors. Such behavior was attributed to the role of nanoalumina in producing stable friction layer and easy conduction path in matrix. It was postulated that nanoalumina is able to attach on the surface of microalumina facilitating the rolling of microalumina at interface. Solution-processed samples exhibited lower improvement in tribological and mechanical properties compared to the conventional mixing due to the limited interaction between the nanoalumina and other ingredients.
Interface enhancement of carbon fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites with sizing agent containing carbon nanotubes
Authors: Zijian Wu , Linghui Meng , Li Liu , Zaixing Jiang , Lixin Xing , Dawei Jiang , Yudong Huang
Published: October 2013

A liquid sizing agent containing carbon nanotubes was prepared for carbon fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composite applications. The formation of chemical bonds among vinyl-functionalized carbon nanotubes, vinyl-functionalized carbon fibers, and unsaturated polyester in the coating was due to the radial polymerization process. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that a thin layer of unsaturated polyester coating containing carbon nanotubes was grafted on the surface of carbon fiber uniformly. Dynamic contact angle measurements, before and after sizing treatment, demonstrated an improvement in the surface energy and wettability that related to the increase of the polarity of sized fiber surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used for surface functional group analysis of carbon fibers. Force modulation atomic force microscope (AFM) images indicated that an interface with local stiffness softer than that of carbon fiber and harder than that of matrix was gained. Results of the mechanical property tests showed that interlaminar shear strength increased from 46.7 to 64.5 MPa by 38% without sacrificing base fiber strength, and the impact resistance was increased simultaneously.
Street Standards as Parking Policy
Authors: Guo Zhan , Schloeter Luis
Published: October 2013

This paper examines the parking mandate in residential street standards in the United States. Based on literature review and a national survey of ninety-seven principal cities in the top fifty-two metro areas, it reveals two unjustified assumptions behind the mandate: traffic lanes must maintain continuous alignment even with limited, slow traffic; and parking demand must be satisfied with dedicated parking lanes in absence of price. The mandate is likely to force markets to oversupply parking and undersupply housing. The paper calls for removal of the parking mandate from street standards and deregulation of the residential street parking market.
Chronic exposure of Rutilus rutilus caspicus fingerlings to ambient copper
Authors: Hoseini Seyyed Morteza , Rajabiesterabadi Hamid , Kordrostami Sara
Published: October 2013

An 8-week trial was conducted to investigate the effect of ambient copper (Cu) on growth performance, physiological characteristics and stress resistance of Caspian roach, Rutilus rutilus caspicus. Fish were exposed to 0 (control), 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06 ppm Cu, and their food intake and growth performance were fortnightly recorded. Also, serum cortisol, glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and sodium (Na) levels were determined after 2 and 8 weeks exposure to ambient Cu. At the end of trial, serum total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin–globulin ratio (A:G) levels, whole body proximate composition and stress tolerance of the fish were measured. Results showed that Cu exposure resulted in a significant suppression in food intake after 2 weeks, which was eliminated after 4 weeks in 0.02 ppm groups and after 6 weeks in 0.04 and 0.06 ppm groups. Cu exposure brought about an inferior growth that recovered in line with the experiment progression, following a dose-dependent manner. Cu-exposed fish showed a dose-dependent increase in serum cortisol, glucose and ALT as well as decrease in serum Na, after 2 weeks. These parameters showed a full recovery in 0.02 ppm group and a partial recovery in 0.04 and 0.06 ppm groups, at the 8th week. Significant suppression in serum total protein, albumin, globulin and A:G levels and whole body dry matter, lipid and protein levels as well as stress resistance was observed in 0.04 and 0.06 ppm groups. It is concluded that Cu exposure could adversely affect growth performance, physiological characteristics and stress resistance of Caspian roach, which might affect its ecological features.
Effect of feeding graded doses of citrinin on apoptosis and oxidative stress in male Wistar rats through the F1 generation
Authors: Singh Nittin Dev , Sharma Anil Kumar , Dwivedi Prabhaker , Leishangthem Geeta Devi , Rahman Shafiqur , Reddy Jamuna , Kumar Manoj
Published: October 2013

The objective of the present study was to study the effect of graded doses of citrinin (CIT) on apoptosis and oxidative stress in male Wistar rats till F1 generation. The animals were divided into four groups comprising 25 males and 25 females each, that is, group I: 1 ppm CIT; group II: 3 ppm CIT; group III: 5 ppm CIT; and group IV was kept as a control. The male and female animals of all the groups were kept separately and were fed basal rations containing the above-mentioned concentrations of CIT for 10 weeks. After 10 weeks, male and female animals of respective groups were kept for mating (one male/two females). After getting 10 pregnant females, the males were killed. These 10 pregnant females were allowed to give birth to young ones (F1 generation) naturally which were fed CIT in the above-mentioned doses till the age of 6 weeks and then were killed. Apoptosis was analysed in kidneys, liver and testes by DNA ladder pattern, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labelling assay and Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Besides, tissue oxidative stress was also analysed. It was concluded in the present study that CIT induces its toxic effects till F1 generation, and apoptosis and oxidative stress both play a very important role in toxicity. The effect of CIT was observed in a dose-dependent manner. However, in kidneys, both the mechanisms (apoptosis and oxidative stress) play their role in inflicting renal damage, while in liver only reactive oxygen species play a major role. Finally, the CIT toxicity did not lead to apoptosis and oxidative stress in male gonads till F1 generation.
Allelopathic effect of methanolic extracts of genetically modified and non-genetically modified canola on soybean
Authors: Syed Kashmala , Shinwari Zabta Khan
Published: October 2013

This study on the effect of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM canola on soybean was carried out for physiological and biochemical biosafety assessment of GM canola. Methanolic extracts of GM and non-GM canola were assessed on seed germination and growth of soybean ( Glycine max L.) under sterilized conditions. The extracts applied were of 3, 5, and 10% concentrations. The results showed that methanolic extracts of both GM and non-GM canola improved the germination percentage. However, germination rate index was significantly decreased with concomitant increase in mean germination time of soybean. A significant rate of decrease was observed in root fresh weight while increase in shoot length took place; when treatment of GM canola extracts were applied, however, no effect was observed in shoot fresh weight. A significant increase in protein contents, as well as phenolic, carotenoids, proline, and chlorophyll a content, was observed when different GM canola treatments (3, 5, and 10%) were applied to soybean; however, a significant rate of reduction in chlorophyll b content was observed by the application of GM canola treatment. Similar results were observed for superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities. A significant increase in the sugar content levels was observed when GM canola treatments (3, 5, and 10%) were applied to soybean.
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Pattern Recognition in Pol III-Related Leukodystrophies
Authors: Piana Roberta La , Tonduti Davide , Dressman Heather Gordish , Schmidt Johanna L. , Murnick Jonathan , Brais Bernard , Bernard Genevieve , Vanderver Adeline
Published: October 2013

Pol III-related leukodystrophies are caused by mutations in POLR3A and POLR3B genes and all share peculiar imaging and clinical features. The objectives of this study are (1) to define the neuroradiologic pattern in a cohort of POLR3A and POLR3B subjects and (2) to compare the neuroradiologic pattern of Pol III-related leukodystrophies with other hypomyelinating disorders. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations of 13 patients with POLR3A and POLR3B mutations and of 14 patients with other hypomyelinating disorders were analyzed. All the subjects with Pol III-related leukodystrophies presented hypomyelination associated with T2 hypointensity of the thalami and/or the pallida. Twelve subjects (92%) presented T2 hypointensity of the optic radiations. Cerebellar atrophy was observed in most patients (92%). The combination of the analyzed criteria identified patients with Pol III-related leukodystrophies with a sensitivity of 84.6% and a specificity of 92.9%.
Exogenous Vasopressin-Induced Hyponatremia in Patients With Vasodilatory Shock
Authors: Salazar Miguel , Hu Bee Bee , Vazquez Joyce , Wintz Ruth L. , Varon Joseph
Published: October 2013

Vasopressin has gained wide support as an adjunct vasopressor in patients with septic shock. This agent exerts its vasoconstriction effects through smooth muscle V1 receptors and also has antidiuretic activity via renal V2 receptors. This interaction with the renal V2 receptors results in the integration of aquaporin 2 channels in the apical membrane of the renal collecting duct leading to free water reabsorption. Thus, water intoxication with subsequent hyponatremia, although rare, is a potentially serious side effect of exogenous vasopressin administration. We present 2 patients who developed hyponatremia within hours of initiation of vasopressin infusion. Extensive diuresis followed its discontinuation with subsequent normalization of serum sodium. One of the patients required the use of hypertonic saline for more rapid normalization of serum sodium due to concerns for potential seizure activity. A review of the literature relevant to the incidence of vasopressin-induced hyponatremia is provided as well as discussion on additional factors relevant to septic shock that should be considered when determining the relative risk of hyponatremia in patients receiving vasopressin.