bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infrapopulations ofProcamallanus elatensisFusco & Overstreet, (Nematoda: Camallanidae) in the rabbitfishSiganus rivulatus(Teleostei, Siganidae) from the Saudi coast of the Red Sea
Authors: Al-Jahdali Mohammed O.
Published: September 2011

Factors regulating gastrointestinal nematode infrapopulations are to a great extent density-dependent. Here, 23 natural infrapopulations (41–281 individuals) of the viviparous nematodeProcamallanus elatensis(Camallanidae) from the fishSiganus rivulatuswere found distributed in a well-defined fundamental niche (posterior 55% of the intestine). Immature worms were mostly found in the anterior third of this niche, while mature worms were found in aggregations posterior to them and followed by gravid females in the posterior 20% of the intestine. This distribution strongly suggests that worms migrate towards the posterior intestine while they mature, copulate and reproduce. In small infrapopulations, the sex ratios were distinctly female-biased and the number of gravid females was low. In large infrapopulations, the sex ratios were distinctly male-biased and the number of gravid females was high. However, the mean lengths of both immature males and females and mature females decreased dramatically as the infrapopulation size increased, while those of mature males increased significantly. These results strongly suggest intraspecific competition and density-dependent regulation of mean worm length, and the increase in the mean length of mature males strongly suggests intense sexual selection and competition between mature males. Production of larvae by female worms decreased significantly as the infrapopulation size increased, suggesting a density-dependent reduction in female worm fertility. The results are statistically significant and strongly suggest that infrapopulation self-regulation is through density-dependent mechanisms, in which development of immature worms, infrapopulation size, sex ratio, sexual selection and carrying capacity of the fundamental niche play essential roles in shaping and regulating the infrapopulations.
Description of early larval stages of Upogebia vasquezi (Gebiidea: Upogebiidae) reared in laboratory
Authors: de Oliveira Danielly Brito , Martinelli Jussara Moretto , Abrunhosa Fernando Araújo
Published: September 2011

Upogebia vasquezi inhabits the western Atlantic in the regions of southern Florida, the Bahamas, Central America and Brazil (from the States of Maranhão to São Paulo). Its occurrence has been extended to the coastal region of the State of Pará (northern Brazil). There are few descriptions of the larval development of the 116 known species of Upogebia. The present study offers the first description and illustrations of the first two larval stages (zoeas I and II) of U. vasquezi reared in laboratory. The larval features of U. vasquezi were compared with those of two other species of Upogebia, revealing very similar morphological characteristics among species in zoea I. The main variation in this larval stage was in the segmentation of the maxillulary endopod. In zoea II, the number of setae on the scaphognathite was different among some species of Upogebia. The present study contributes to the available literature on the identification of thalassinidean larvae.
Theology is ethics: how Karl Barth sees the good life
Authors: Alexis-Baker Andy
Published: September 2011

Since Immanuel Kant, moral reasoning has been divorced from classical theology and reinscribed onto self-contained individuals. Shorn of theological particularities, modern ethics tries to identify behaviours to which every right-thinking person can assent. A basic premise of classical moral philosophy, however, was that if we know who we are and what ourtelosis, then we can have a good idea of how we ought to act. In his christology, Barth reappropriates this classical view of ethics and situates it christologically. Because Jesus’ human nature finds its being andtelosin his divinity, Barth found an ethical pattern in theanhypostasis-enhypostasisdoctrine. Restoring people to their proper place as creatures rather than Kantian demi-gods, Jesus shows us what it means to be truly human by being obedient to the Father. We cannot divinise individuals or the church, but the church existsenhypostatically. Thisanhypostatic-enhypostaticchristological pattern orders our activities, making worship the first task of ethics. In prayer and in Sabbath keeping, Jesus shows us his utter dependence on God through supplication and rest. In these acts of worship, Christians act as they were created to act. We respond obediently to our Creator. But we also find an orientation towards other people in christology. Love of enemies has everything to do with the content and shape of God's command. It is involved in thetelosof human life in being Christ-like.
The explanatory gap is still there
Authors: Oberauer Klaus
Published: September 2011

I argue that O'Regan & Noë's (O&N's) theory is in a no better position than any other theory to solve the “hard problem” of consciousness. Getting rid of the explanatory gap by exchanging sensorimotor contingencies for neural representations is an illusion.
The «Argentine failure» from a comparative perspective: the role of total factor productivity
Authors: González Germán H. , Viego Valentina N.
Published: September 2011

The paper proposes an interpretation of the «Argentine failure» based on development accounting and econometrical approaches frequently used in the current cross-country income differentials literature. The main results are as follows: the development process of Canada — in term ofper capitaGDP –– moved away from that of Argentina around 1918, but there was a structural change in the determinants of aggregate productivity around 1935 that led Argentina to take a diverging path. Recovery — thanks to improved aggregate productivity –– was not possible after 1940. The results support the idea that Argentina fell into a «staple trap», while Canada embarked on a successful path due to the adjacency and political proximity with a larger and complementary economy.
Uniform global asymptotic stability for half-linear differential systems with time-varying coefficients
Authors: Onitsuka Masakazu , Sugie Jitsuro
Published: September 2011

The present paper deals with the following system:

where p and p* are positive numbers satisfying 1/p + 1/p* = 1, and ϕq(z) = |z|q−2z for q = p or q = p*. This system is referred to as a half-linear system. We herein establish conditions on time-varying coefficients e(t), f(t), g(t) and h(t) for the zero solution to be uniformly globally asymptotically stable. If (e(t), f(t)) ≡ (h(t), g(t)), then the half-linear system is integrable. We consider two cases: the integrable case (e(t), f(t)) ≡ (h(t), g(t)) and the non-integrable case (e(t), f(t)) ≢ (h(t), g(t)). Finally, some simple examples are presented to illustrate our results.
Avian conservation value of pine plantation forests in northern Vietnam
Authors: THINH VU TIEN , DOHERTY PAUL F. , HUYVAERT KATHRYN P.
Published: September 2011

Decline of native forest cover is a worldwide concern. Recently, overall forest cover in Vietnam has increased, but most of the increase has been attributed to plantations of non-native trees. The conservation value of these plantations for birds is unknown. We compared avian species richness in pine plantations to that in second-growth and mature native forests in Tam Dao National Park, Vietnam. Bird species were classified into two categories: forest specialists or forest generalists. To account for strong heterogeneity in detection probabilities, the number of species in each category was estimated using the Pledger-Huggins estimator. We estimated total species richness and number of forest specialist species to be highest in mature forest (191; 95% CI = 96, 287, and 88; 95% CI = 47, 129 respectively), lower in second-growth forest (158; 95% CI = 87, 245 and 58; 95% CI = 18, 98 respectively), and lowest in pine plantation (106; 95% CI = 52, 158 and 49; 95% CI = 2, 97 respectively). The estimated number of forest generalist species was similar between mature forest and second-growth forest (103; 95% CI = 17, 189 and 100; 95% CI = 42, 158, respectively) and least in pine plantation (57; 95% CI = 31, 82). The maintenance of native forest types should receive priority for conservation in Vietnam and pine plantations should be managed to provide additional structure in the hope of increasing species richness.
The Derivation without the Gap: Rethinking Groundwork I
Authors: Gaut Berys , Kerstein Samuel
Published: September 2011

At the core of Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals lies his ‘derivation’ of the categorical imperative: his attempt to establish that, if there is a supreme principle of morality, then it is this imperative. Kant's argument for this claim is one of the most puzzling in his corpus. The received view, championed by Aune and Allison, is that there is a fundamental gap in the argument, which Kant elides by means of a simple but deadly confusion, thus robbing the argument of all validity. We will here contest the received view, as well as Korsgaard's alternative interpretation of the argument. In place of these positions we will offer a reconstruction of the derivation which reveals its coherence and force. We will show that it illuminates some interesting grounds for rejecting certain candidates, including a utilitarian principle, for status as the supreme principle of morality. While certainly not free of all defects, the argument will be shown to be far more powerful and interesting than it has commonly been held to be.
How Bernard Williams Constructed his Critique of Kant's Moral Theory
Authors: Sullivan Roger J.
Published: September 2011

One of the more striking developments in contemporary philosophic discussions about morality has been the rise of anti-theory — the rejection of moral theories as ‘unnecessary, undesirable, and/or impossible’. Among those associated with this view have been Bernard Williams, John McDowell, Edmund Pincoffs and James Wallace.
Publisher backtracks on Times atlas claim of dramatic ice loss in Greenland
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2011

The newly revised Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World, which many people consider authoritative, includes a set of outstanding maps and illustrations with more than 25,000 mapping updates in addition to incorporating new information about environmental changes on the planet. However, a press release announcing the 13th edition of the atlas, published on 15 September, also indicates that Greenland's ice cover has shrunk by 15% since the publication of an earlier version of the atlas, in 1999. After some glaciologists sharply disputed that number, the atlas publisher, HarperCollins, issued a “clarification” on 20 September that apologizes for the press release but stands by the accuracy of the map. The press release for the atlas indicated that the new edition “has had to erase 15% of Greenland's once permanent ice cover—turning an area the size of the United Kingdom and Ireland ‘green’ and ice‐free. This is concrete evidence of how climate change is altering the face of the planet forever—and doing so at an alarming and accelerating rate.”
Dikes provide insight into early history of Mars
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: September 2011

New observations from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) show the presence of multiple magmatic intrusions in the Valles Marineris canyon on Mars. Flahaut et al. determined the composition of these dikes using CRISM data. They found that the composition and distribution of the dikes in ancient crust in the lower walls of Valles Marineris suggest that they were formed early in the history of Mars and may have played a significant role in the formation of the Valles Marineris. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL048109, 2011)
Refining the relationship between ocean color and salinity
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: September 2011

In the age of satellite sensors, ocean surface salinity detections have remained an elusive, yet important, property. Rivers discharge massive quantities of fresh water to the oceans every year, changing surface salinities and altering ocean circulation patterns. Researchers noticed that changes in surface salinity due to river discharge were often paced by the concentration of colored detrital matter (CDM), a more easily observable ocean property. They developed a technique to estimate surface salinity from CDM—a blanket term for dissolved organics, sediment, and other nonphotosynthetic particulate matter prevalent in river discharge. But the 2002 deployment of NASA's Aqua satellite, whose Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer‐Earth Observing System is able to directly estimate surface salinity, allowed Salisbury et al. to reassess the assumed linear relationship between CDM and salinity.
Dynamical transition of glasses: From exact to approximate
Authors: Mari Romain , Kurchan Jorge
Published: September 2011

We introduce a family of glassy models having a parameter, playing the role of an interaction range, that may be varied continuously to go from a system of particles in d dimensions to a mean-field version of it. The mean-field limit is exactly described by equations conceptually close, but different from, the mode-coupling equations. We obtain these by a dynamic virial construction. Quite surprisingly, we observe that in three dimensions, the mean-field behavior is closely followed for ranges as small as one interparticle distance, and still qualitatively for smaller distances. For the original particle model, we expect the present mean-field theory to become, unlike the mode-coupling equations, an increasingly good approximation at higher dimensions.
Electrochemical isothermal-capacitance-transient spectroscopy: A new depth profiling method of deep levels
Authors: Wang S. Q. , Lu F. , Oh D. C. , Chang J. H. , Hanada T. , Yao T.
Published: September 2011

The authors report on a new depth profiling method of deep levels, which we call electrochemical isothermal-capacitance-transient spectroscopy (EICTS). This is combined with electrochemical capacitance-voltage using the Schottky barrier of etchable electrolyte and isothermal-capacitance-transient spectroscopy using the capacitance-transient profile at a fixed temperature. We proved its validity by applying to the ZnSe:N epitaxial film of thickness of more than 1000 nm and comparing the characteristics of an obtained deep level with the results measured by conventional deep-level detection techniques. It is expected that EICTS is very effective to assess the deep levels of wide-bandgap semiconductors that suffer from various point defects and their complexes.
A state observer for the Virgo inverted pendulum
Authors: Accadia T. , Acernese F. , Astone P. , Ballardin G. , Barone F. , Barsuglia M. , Basti A. , Bauer Th. S. , Bebronne M. , Beker M. G. , Belletoile A. , Bitossi M. , Bizouard M. A. , Blom M. , Bondu F. , Bonelli L. , Bonnand R. , Boschi V. , Bosi L. , Bouhou B. , Braccini S. , Bradaschia C. , Branchesi M. , Briant T. , Brillet A. , Brisson V. , Bulik T. , Bulten H. J. , Buskulic D. , Buy C. , Cagnoli G. , Calloni E. , Canuel B. , Carbognani F. , Cavalier F. , Cavalieri R. , Cella G. , Cesarini E. , Chaibi O. , Chassande-Mottin E. , Chincarini A. , Chiummo A. , Cleva F. , Coccia E. , Cohadon P.-F. , Colacino C. N. , Colas J. , Colla A. , Colombini M. , Conte A. , Corsi A. , Coulon J.-P. , Cuoco E. , D’ Antonio S. , Dattilo V. , Davier M. , Day R. , De Rosa R. , Debreczeni G. , Del Pozzo W. , del Prete M. , Di Fiore L. , Di Lieto A. , Emilio M. Di Paolo , Virgilio A. Di , Dietz A. , Drago M. , Endrőczi G. , Fafone V. , Ferrante I. , Fidecaro F. , Fiori I. , Flaminio R. , Forte L. A. , Fournier J.-D. , Franc J. , Frasca S. , Frasconi F. , Galimberti M. , Gammaitoni L. , Garufi F. , Gáspár M. E. , Gemme G. , Genin E. , Gennai A. , Giazotto A. , Gouaty R. , Granata M. , Greverie C. , Guidi G. M. , Hayau J.-F. , Heidmann A. , Heitmann H. , Hello P. , Jaranowski P. , Kowalska I. , Królak A. , Leroy N. , Letendre N. , Li T. G. F. , Liguori N. , Lorenzini M. , Loriette V. , Losurdo G. , Majorana E. , Maksimovic I. , Man N. , Mantovani M. , Marchesoni F. , Marion F. , Marque J. , Martelli F. , Masserot A. , Michel C. , Milano L. , Minenkov Y. , Mohan M. , Morgado N. , Morgia A. , Mours B. , Naticchioni L. , Nocera F. , Pagliaroli G. , Palladino L. , Palomba C. , Paoletti F. , Parisi M. , Pasqualetti A. , Passaquieti R. , Passuello D. , Persichetti G. , Piergiovanni F. , Pietka M. , Pinard L. , Poggiani R. , Prato M. , Prodi G. A. , Punturo M. , Puppo P. , Rabeling D. S. , Rácz I. , Rapagnani P. , Re V. , Regimbau T. , Ricci F. , Robinet F. , Rocchi A. , Rolland L. , Romano R. , Rosińska D. , Ruggi P. , Sassolas B. , Sentenac D. , Sperandio L. , Sturani R. , Swinkels B. , Tacca M. , Taffarello L. , Toncelli A. , Tonelli M. , Torre O. , Tournefier E. , Travasso F. , Vajente G. , van den Brand J. F. J. , Van Den Broeck C. , van der Putten S. , Vasuth M. , Vavoulidis M. , Vedovato G. , Verkindt D. , Vetrano F. , Viceré A. , Vinet J.-Y. , Vitale S. , Vocca H. , Ward R. L. , Was M. , Yvert M. , Zadroźny A. , Zendri J.-P.
Published: September 2011

We report an application of Kalman filtering to the inverted pendulum (IP) of the Virgo gravitational wave interferometer. Using subspace method system identification techniques, we calculated a linear mechanical model of Virgo IP from experimental transfer functions. We then developed a Kalman filter, based on the obtained state space representation, that estimates from open loop time domain data, the state variables of the system. This allows the observation (and eventually control) of every resonance mode of the IP mechanical structure independently.
Viscosity measurements of liquids under pressure by using the quartz crystal resonators
Authors: Daridon J.-L. , Cassiède M. , Paillol J. H. , Pauly J.
Published: September 2011

A quartz crystal viscometer has been developed for measuring viscosity in liquids under pressure. It employs an AT-cut quartz crystal resonator of fundamental frequency 3 MHz inserted in a variable-volume vessel designed for working up to 80 MPa. Viscosity is determined by two methods from resonance frequency and bandwidth measurements along up to eight different overtones. The resonance frequency allows an absolute measurement of the viscosity but leads to an accuracy limited to 5% whereas the bandwidth technique which works in a relative way provides an accuracy of 2%. The techniques were tested by carrying out measurements in two pure compounds: heptane and toluene. Measurement results demonstrate the feasibility of the technique in this viscosity range. The apparatus was also used to determine the viscosity of n-decane with dissolved methane. The results obtained with these mixtures reveal the applicability of the apparatus for reservoir fluids study.
A road to hydrogenating graphene by a reactive ion etching plasma
Authors: Wojtaszek M. , Tombros N. , Caretta A. , van Loosdrecht P. H. M. , van Wees B. J.
Published: September 2011

We report the hydrogenation of single and bilayer graphene by an argon-hydrogen plasma produced in a reactive ion etching (RIE) system. Electronic transport measurements in combination with Raman spectroscopy are used to link the electric mean free path to the optically extracted defect concentration. We emphasize the role of the self-bias of the graphene in suppressing the erosion of the flakes during plasma processing. We show that under the chosen plasma conditions the process does not introduce considerable damage to the graphene sheet and that hydrogenation occurs primarily due to the hydrogen ions from the plasma and not due to fragmentation of water adsorbates on the graphene surface by highly accelerated plasma electrons. For this reason the hydrogenation level can be precisely controlled. The hydrogenation process presented here can be easily implemented in any RIE plasma system.
Spectroscopic and computational studies of matrix-isolated iso-CHBr3: Structure, properties, and photochemistry of iso-bromoform
Authors: George Lisa , Kalume Aimable , Esselman Brian J. , Wagner James , McMahon Robert J. , Reid Scott A.
Published: September 2011

Iso-polyhalomethanes are known reactive intermediates that play a pivotal role in the photochemistry of halomethanes in condensed phases. In this work, iso-bromoform (iso-CHBr3) and its deuterated isotopomer were characterized by matrix isolation infrared and UV/visible spectroscopy, supported by ab initio and density functional theory calculations, to further probe the structure, spectroscopy, and photochemistry of this important intermediate. Selected wavelength laser irradiation of CHBr3 isolated in Ar or Ne matrices at ∼5 K yielded iso-CHBr3; the observed infrared and UV/visible absorptions are in excellent agreement with computational predictions, and the energies of various stationary points on the CHBr3 potential energy surface were characterized computationally using high-level methods in combination with correlation consistent basis sets. These calculations show that, while the corresponding minima lie ∼200 kJ/mol above the global CHBr3 minimum, the isomer is bound by some 60 kJ/mol in the gas phase with respect to the CHBr2 + Br asymptote. The photochemistry of iso-CHBr3 was investigated by selected wavelength laser irradiation into the intense S0 → S3 transition, which resulted in back photoisomerization to CHBr3. Intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations confirmed the existence of a first-order saddle point connecting the two isomers, which lies energetically below the threshold of the radical channel. Subsequently, natural bond orbital analysis and natural resonance theory were used to characterize the important resonance structures of the isomer and related stationary points, which demonstrate that the isomerization transition state represents a crossover from dominantly covalent to dominantly ionic bonding. In condensed phases, the ion-pair dominated isomerization transition state structure is preferentially stabilized, so that the barrier to isomerization is lowered.
Temperature dependent phonon evolutions and optical properties of highly c-axis oriented CuGaO2 semiconductor films grown by the sol-gel method
Authors: Han M. J. , Jiang K. , Zhang J. Z. , Li Y. W. , Hu Z. G. , Chu J. H.
Published: September 2011

Transparent conductive CuGaO2 oxide films were prepared on sapphire substrates by the sol-gel method. The highly c-axis orientation and optical transparency (60%-80%) in the visible region were obtained. It indicates that the A1g phonon mode shifts about 20 cm−1 with the temperature due to the thermal expansion of the lattice and anharmonic phonon coupling. Moreover, temperature-dependent dielectric function has been investigated and three electronic transitions located at about 1.05, 2.67, and 3.99 eV can be uniquely assigned. It was found that the optical band gap of the CuGaO2 film decreases with the temperature, which mainly originated from the electron-phonon interactions.
Low cost fabrication and assembly process for re-usable 3D polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic networks
Authors: Land Kevin J. , Mbanjwa Mesuli B. , Govindasamy Klariska , Korvink Jan G.
Published: September 2011

A method to easily manufacture and assemble a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based microfluidic device is described. The method uses low cost materials and re-usable laser cut polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) parts. In addition, the thickness of PDMS layers can be controlled and both PDMS layer surfaces are flat, which allows for multi-layer PDMS structures to be assembled. The use of mechanical clamping to seal the structure allows for easy cleaning and re-use of the manufactured part as it can be taken apart at any time. In this way, selected layers can be re-used or replaced. The process described can be easily adopted and utilised without the need for any costly clean room facilities or equipment such as oxygen bonders, making it ideal for laboratories, universities, and classrooms exploring microfluidics applications.
On the spectra of nozzle-exit velocity disturbances in initially nominally turbulent, transitional jets
Authors: Bogey Christophe , Marsden Olivier , Bailly Christophe
Published: September 2011

In a recent paper by C. Bogey, O. Marsden, and C. Bailly [“Large-eddy simulation of the flow and acoustic fields of a Reynolds number 105 subsonic jet with tripped exit boundary layers,” Phys. Fluids 23(3), 035104 (2011)], simulation results were presented for round jets with tripped boundary layers, displaying nozzle-exit conditions typical of initially nominally turbulent, transitional jets, namely laminar mean velocity profiles and high fluctuation intensities. The velocity spectra evaluated just downstream of the nozzle exit are re-examined here with respect to literature data. They agree qualitatively very well with spectra obtained in a fully turbulent pipe flow using direct numerical simulation. The wave numbers dominating in the azimuthal direction are also consistent with measurements of spanwise energy distribution in fully turbulent boundary layers. The initial turbulent structures in the jets, therefore, appear to be organized similarly to those in fully developed wall-bounded flows.
Spin waves interference from rising and falling edges of electrical pulses
Authors: Hyun Kwon Jae , Subhra Mukherjee Sankha , Jamali Mahdi , Hayashi Masamitsu , Yang Hyunsoo
Published: September 2011

The authors have investigated the effect of the electrical pulse width of input excitations on the generated spin waves in a NiFe strip using pulse inductive time domain measurements. The authors have shown that the spin waves resulting from the rising- and the falling-edges of input excitation pulses interfere either constructively or destructively and have provided conditions for obtaining spin wave packets with maximum intensity at different bias conditions.
Structural transformation and charge transfer induced ferroelectricity and magnetism in annealed YMnO3
Authors: Liu Sheng-Hsu , Huang Jung-Chun-Andrew , Qi Xiaoding , Lin Wei-Jui , Siao Yu-Jhan , Lin Chun-Rong , Chen Jin-Ming , Tang Mau-Tsu , Lee Yu-Hua , Lee Jung-Chuan
Published: September 2011

Multiferroic materials such as YMnO3, which uniquely exhibit ferroelectricity and magnetism simultaneously, have been extensively studied for spintronic device applications. However, the origin of multiferroicity remains poorly understood. In this study, the structural phases of YMnO3 ceramics and their lattice distortions after careful annealing were investigated to explain the origins of their multiferroicity. A structural transition from the orthorhombic to the hexagonal phase was observed when the annealing temperature reached around 1100 °C. This structural transformation also results in a magnetic transition from 3D Mn-O-Mn to 2D Mn-O-Mn superexchange coupling. The ferroelectricity was enhanced by escalation of the structural distortion caused by the rising annealing temperature. The annealing effect also results in the re-hybridization of the electronic structure of YMnO3. X-ray absorption near-edge spectra suggest that there is charge transfer from the Y-OT (apical oxygen) bonds of Y 4d-O 2p hybridized states to the OT-Mn bonds of Mn 3d-O 2p hybridized states, which is responsible for the enhanced ferroelectricity. This approach could be used to probe the origin of the ferroelectricity and multiferroic properties in rare-earth manganites.
The direct and inverse problems of an air-saturated poroelastic cylinder submitted to acoustic radiation
Authors: Ogam Erick , Fellah Z. E. A
Published: September 2011

A wave-fluid saturated poroelastic structure interaction model based on the modified Biot theory (MBT) and plane-wave decomposition using orthogonal cylindrical functions is developed. The model is employed to recover from real data acquired in an anechoic chamber, the poromechanical properties of a soft cellular melamine cylinder submitted to an audible acoustic radiation. The inverse problem of acoustic diffraction is solved by constructing the objective functional given by the total square of the difference between predictions from the MBT interaction model and diffracted field data from experiment. The faculty of retrieval of the intrinsic poromechanical parameters from the diffracted acoustic fields, indicate that a wave initially propagating in a light fluid (air) medium, is able to carry in the absence of mechanical excitation of the specimen, information on the macroscopic mechanical properties which depend on the microstructural and intrinsic properties of the solid phase.
Aslian linguistic prehistory
Authors: Dunn Michael , Burenhult Niclas , Kruspe Nicole , Tufvesson Sylvia , Becker Neele
Published: September 2011

This paper analyzes newly collected lexical data from 26 languages of the Aslian subgroup of the Austroasiatic language family using computational phylogenetic methods. We show the most likely topology of the Aslian family tree, discuss rooting and external relationships to other Austroasiatic languages, and investigate differences in the rates of diversification of different branches. Evidence is given supporting the classification of Jah Hut as a fourth top level subgroup of the family. The phylogenetic positions of known geographic and linguistic outlier languages are clarified, and the relationships of the little studied Aslian languages of Southern Thailand to the rest of the family are explored.
Exploring probabilistic differences between genetically related languages
Authors: Wiechmann Daniel
Published: September 2011

The study proposes an analytical pipeline for quantitative corpus-based research in the domain of contrastive linguistic analysis. Specifically, it is proposed that a combination of conditional inference tree models for data exploration combined with subsequent statistical modeling via generalized linear models can help reveal and describe interesting contrasts between the languages under investigation. The main goal of this paper is to provide an approachable introduction into the rationale underlying these techniques and to illustrate their application on the basis of a contrastive analysis of English and German relative clause constructions.
‘It was Emma’s army who bullied that girl’
Authors: Karlsson Marie , Evaldsson Ann-Carita
Published: September 2011

In the present article, we explore identity making in narrative interaction in preadolescent girls’ friendship groups. The data draw on focus group discussions with three groups of preadolescent girls who in the presence of a moderator narrate different versions of an incident that was recognized as bullying by the authorities at their school. The constructions of multiple narrative versions of ‘what happened’ display the girls’ ongoing negotiation of potentially contradictive and multiple constructions of what it is (or should be) to be a girl, bully, victim, friend, etc. In so doing, the girls agentively position themselves vis-à-vis a normative discourse on bullying, based on predefined characterizations of individuals as either bullies or victims, that is being tested and put up for negotiation within and through narrative interaction.
Standardized relational pairs in interviews with former slaves
Authors: Van De Mieroop Dorien , Clifton Jonathan
Published: September 2011

We investigate the use of standardized relational pairs (SRPs) and the way narrators align with these in two interviews with former slaves which were conducted in the 1940s. In particular, we look at stories in which slaves are compared to animals, thus not only invoking the SRP master/slave, but also the SRP owner/property. On the one hand, the interviewees negotiate their alignment with the ‘slave-property’-part of the SRP depending on the type of story that is told, which is based on the narrator’s personal involvement. On the other hand, the slave owners remain noticeably absent throughout these stories and by rendering this part of the SRP almost invisible, the development of another SRP, namely that of perpetrator/victim, is avoided. As such, through these SRPs, the hegemonic order of the slave system is (re)constructed in these stories, while the interviewees’ shifting alignment with them shows an orientation to personal face concerns.
“If only” and “despite all”
Authors: Jansen Anne , Haavind Hanne
Published: September 2011

First-person narratives are meaning-making devices that can be used as powerful tools to direct developmental changes. For young people who have endured difficulties in their lives, the selection and configuration of such experiences may contribute in significant ways to how they come to understand themselves and what possibilities they hold. Repeated interviews with young people living in residential homes provided by Child Protection Services have demonstrated how the young people give accounts of their past and present as well as their future prospects. Some tell stories that speak of how things have turned out well despite everything that has troubled them. The hindrances to their development are turned around and adversity is spoken of as something from which they have benefitted. Others dwell on how things might have been better if only previous conditions had been otherwise. They get “stuck” because the things that could have made a difference belong to the past. The exploration of narrative configurations in the format of ”Despite all” and ”If only” may illuminate how personal accounts of events have significance in terms of subjectivation and further development. The configuration of self-narratives offers alternative understanding of how out- of-home placement sometimes fails as a measure to support development and how some young people manage despite adversity.
Constructing and pre-constructing coherent accounts of the social world
Authors: Levy Elena T.
Published: September 2011

This is a follow-up to an earlier article (Levy, 2008) on the microgenesis of narrative pre-construction (Labov, 2006) in elicited third-person retellings. As in the earlier study the focus is on the formation of anticipatory goal statements, summaries of characters’ motivations for their actions, feelings and beliefs. In the present study I examine how narrators construct inferences about characters’ mental states, comparing onto- and mesodevelopment in seven- and twelve-year olds’ repeated retellings of stories; especially the use of their own earlier speech to link descriptions of non-observable mental events to descriptions of observed activities. The data suggest the development of two discourse processes across both spans of time, one an expansion of discourse and the other a shrinking of it. The findings support the proposal that, in microgenesis, the ability to interpret events in advance of speaking results from the automatization of discourse activities learned during the long course of ontogenetic development (Werner and Kaplan, 1963; McNeill, 2005). This article presents an approach to studying the pre-construction of generalized interpretations of events, and in this sense to studying how discourse can serve a constitutive function.
The Origin of Consciousness
Authors: Cole Jonathan
Published: September 2011

This paper introduces the background to the debate addressed by the papers of this Special Issue of Pragmatics & Cognition. Starting with a definition of consciousness it traces some ways in which the term is applied; from clinical medicine, where it relates somewhat crudely to responsiveness to external stimuli, to more cognitive and philosophical aspects such as higher order consciousness and its content. It then discusses the relation of consciousness to brain anatomy, the neural correlates of consciousness, and its possible evolution. In the meeting which forms the basis for Frith’s core paper, Christof Koch also made important contributions, here précised. A discussion of the origins of consciousness in relation to the top-down and bottom-up models brought to the fore follows suit.
Defining consciousness
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: September 2011

I review the problem of how to define consciousness. I suggest that rather than continuing that debate, we should turn to phenomenological description of experience to discover the common aspects of consciousness. In this way we can say that consciousness is characterized by intentionality, phenomenality, and non-reflective self-awareness. I explore this last characteristic in detail and I argue against higher-order representational theories of consciousness, with reference to blindsight and motor control processes.
Large scale temporal coordination of cortical activity as prerequisite for conscious experience
Authors: Singer Wolf
Published: September 2011

Phenomenal awareness, the ability to be aware of one’s sensations and feelings, emerges from the capacity of evolved brains to represent their own cognitive processes by iterating and self-reapplying the cortical operations that generate representations of the outer world. Search for the neuronal substrate of awareness therefore converges with the search for the neuronal code through which brains represent their environment. The hypothesis is put forward that the mammalian brain uses two complementary representational strategies. One consists of the generation of neurons responding selectively to particular constellations of features, and is based on selective recombination of inputs in hierarchically structured feed-forward architectures. The other relies on the dynamic association of large numbers of distributed neurons into functionally coherent cell assemblies which as a whole represent a content of cognition. Arguments and data are presented in favor of the second strategy as the one according to which meta-representations that support awareness are established. My hypothesis is that such distributed representations self-organize through transient synchronization of the oscillatory activity. Evidence showing that similar brain states are required both for the occurrence of these synchronization phenomena and for awareness is provided.
Involuntary agent constructions are not directly linked to reduced transitivity
Authors: Fauconnier Stefanie
Published: September 2011

This paper investigates the morphosyntactic encoding of involuntary agent constructions (IACs), where a patient is affected by an involuntarily acting agent, using a sample of 150 languages. In contrast to what has been argued in earlier work, I show that the difference between IACs and their volitional, transitive counterparts is rarely situated on the level of agent case marking only. Instead, a much more common strategy for the marking of IACs involves the verb: IACs often have an anticausative instead of a regular transitive verb. I argue that anticausative verbs are used in IACs in order to represent the event as an uncontrolled event for which the involuntary agent is not responsible. Because these anticausative verbs happen to be intransitive, IACs can end up being intransitive as well. I argue, however, that this is not the result of a direct link between involuntary agents and reduced transitivity.
Center-Periphery Relations in Nineteenth-Century Iran
Authors: Bakhash Shaul
Published: September 2011

When Aqa Mohammad Shah Qajar overthrew the Zand dynasty and established himself on the Persian throne in 1794, large parts of the country were in the hands of tribal chieftains and local leaders. Aqa Mohammad himself had to fight several campaigns to assert his control over the provinces. Under his successors, further campaigns were waged to extend or, more frequently, to maintain or reassert central authority. In the second half of Naser al-Din Shah's reign (1848-1896), the authority of the central government appeared to observers to be more firm than in the early part of the century. But the hold of the center over the provinces, and particularly over the outlying areas, remained precarious. Any weakening of the center, deterioration of the financial situation, or other setback could potentially upset whatever delicate balance had been achieved between the center and the provinces and lead to a reassertion of provincial autonomy.
From Bazaar to Market: Foreign Trade and Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century Iran
Authors: Nashat Guity
Published: September 2011

During the nineteenth century, the bazaar remained the center of commercial activity in Iran. However, the traditional structure of Iranian economy and society began to be deeply affected by Iran's increasing involvement in the international market, so that by the end of the century there had been nearly a twelvefold increase in the volume of Iran's foreign trade. This was accompanied by a rise in the general level of prosperity in the country, and an almost doubling of its population. The groups most directly affected by these developments were the merchants and craftsmen and it was the emergence of a small capitalist class which wanted a share in the political process that greatly contributed to the rise and success of the constitutional movement. The impact of the demands of the international market on crafts and guilds damaged some of the textile industry but stimulated the rise of new crafts, such as those associated with the production and processing of opium and carpets.
Comments on “The Qajar Uymaq in The Safavid Period, 1500–1722”
Authors: McChesney R.D.
Published: September 2011

The study of Iranian history in the Safavid period is at a relatively rudimentary stage. Despite the wealth of chronicle, biographical, numismatic, documentary, and journalistic material available, few monographic studies of Safavid institutions have been produced. As Minorsky pointed out four decades ago, “not until all the available sources have been properly scrutinized and more material…discovered, shall we be able to get to the bedrock of social and economic conditions under the Safavids.”

His admonition holds true for political institutions as well. Certain fundamental features of the political life of Safavid Iran are well known to its students. But aside from the state structure itself, as analyzed by Minorsky in his translation of and commentary on the Tadhkirat al-muluk and in articles by Roger Savory and Ann K. S. Lambton, other aspects of political life—for instance the Safaviyya and the persistence of Sufi loyalties in political, life, the character and evolution of the qizilbash as a political party, the political integration of local aristocrats (e.g., the maliks of Farah and Sistan and the divs of Mazandaran), and the organization and functioning of tribal uymaqs—remain largely unstudied.
The Negative Images of Blacks In Some Medieval Iranian Writings
Authors: Southgate Minoo
Published: September 2011

In 1961, in my last year of high school in Tehran, I wrote two emotional poems inspired by current black liberation movements in Africa and America. Like most Iranians, I did not suspect that the Middle East was as guilty of racism against blacks as Europe and America were. Ironically, it was in New York, in the late ‘60s, that I came across medieval Iranian sources showing racism against blacks. I decided then to do a paper on the subject, but resisted the project for a decade. In November 1979, when Khomeini ordered the release of all blacks among the American hostages “because [blacks] are oppressed by American society”(The New York Times,November 19, 1979, A:12), I was finally prompted to undertake the present study, to set the record straight.
A Note on Babi and Baha'i Numbers in Iran
Authors: Smith Peter
Published: September 2011

It is not yet possible to say with any certainty what the total number of Babis may have been. According to the Bab himself, in a work written in the latter part of 1848, 100,000 adherents had been converted during the first four years of his career (MacEoin, 1982:117-18), a figure also referred to by the Russian Ambassador Dolgorukov in February 1849, by the Iranian chief minister, Amir Kabir (Dolgorukov, 1966:19), and by the British minister Sheil in May 1850 (Momen, 1981:7n). That this figure was very much a guess, at least where the two diplomats were concerned, is underlined by Sheil's reference to an alternative (but presumed to be less likely) figure of 50,000. Whatever the case, no detailed support for any figure can be supplied because of the semisecret nature of the Babi organization.
Isfahan 1881–1891: A Close-up View of Guilds and Production
Authors: Philipp Thomas
Published: September 2011

During the last third of the nineteenth century, Isfahan was the third largest city in Iran after Tehran and Tabriz. As was the case everywhere else in Iran, the process of economic linkage with Europe was beginning to have an impact on Isfahan, too. But the city was also caught in its own history and geography. It had lost its role as the center of political power in Iran and had experienced 150 years of sorry decline. In 1860 a German traveler noted:

The sight was exceedingly depressing. Instead of the magnificence we had expected we encountered a frightfully desolate place, where ruined and dilapidated houses, palaces, and mosques indicated the earlier delineation of streets and squares in the old royal city by their rubble only…. Long rows of collapsed houses were occasionally interrupted by inhabited houses.

It seems that not until 1880 was the population slowly increasing again.
Sorokin's Contribution to American Sociology
Authors: Oliner Samuel P.
Published: September 2011

I first heard of Pitirim A. Sorokin some twenty years ago as an undergraduate student. Although his name was frequently invoked by my sociology professors, it was just as frequently dismissed. Sorokin, I quickly learned, was outdated and irrelevant as far as sociology was concerned, and indeed, did not merit any of my serious reading attention. I must shamefacedly confess that I readily accepted this judgment. Its utterance admitted me into the ranks of the sociological cognoscenti of that time in one bold stroke, and simultaneously relieved me of the necessity of plowing through some thousands of pages of print which constituted the formidable quantity of Sorokin's publications. Hence, there is some degree of irony and more than an ordinary degree of pleasure in accepting the task of assessing Sorokin's contribution to American sociology. For as I have since learned, Sorokin made an enormous contribution to the development of the discipline–and his works will continue to do so in the future.
The Illiustratsiia Affair of 1858: Polemics on the Jewish Question in the Russian Press
Authors: Klier John D.
Published: September 2011

Writing in 1862, the testy Slavophile publicist and editor Ivan Aksakov complained:

The expressions: ‘idea of the age,’ ‘liberal idea,’ ‘human thought’ — act in our progressive society as some sort of scarecrow (pugalo), to frighten the most courageous critic. This is that sort of sign for which every lie is willingly concealed, a lie often not only not liberal and not humane, but forcibly disturbing and insulting to the rights of life, and the daily existence of the voiceless mass, to the advantage of the imaginarily-oppressed (mnimo-ugnetennyi), the clamerous, vocal minority …. As in the case of the Jewish Question, we only bow and scrape civilly and — it is necessary to recognize — not quite sincerely, before any new privilege for the [the Jews], not taking into account the significance and limits of such a privilege.
Report on Sociology in Soviet Ukraine
Authors: Simirenko Alex
Published: September 2011

It is often said that Western study of Soviet society is comparable to observing the tip of an iceberg. This analogy is not entirely appropriate since it ignores acts of deliberate camouflage and misinformation. This leads to a certain paradox. Although the greatest amount of available information covers the top of the iceberg, meaning Moscow, it also contains the greatest amount of deliberate misinformation. Information on areas such as Ukraine, however, is in shorter supply but at the same time it provides a more accurate picture, even if this picture is not an entirely clear one. This view suggests that sociology in Ukraine may reflect more accurately the state of sociology throughout the Soviet Union, even if it portrays a somewhat different picture than that generated by the Institute of Sociological Research in Moscow.