bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New hydroplastic structures of the Eocene Rus Soft-sediment Detachment (Eastern Saudi Arabia) and their contribution to the dating of the Zagros Collision
Authors: Osman Mutasim , Tranos Markos
Published: March 2022

The Eocene Lower and Middle members of Rus Formation are exposed at the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) campus and contain 'odd' structural features. Previously, such structures were overlooked or misinterpreted by other researchers. In this study, we interpret these structures as hydroplastic kinematic indicators in the basal part of the Middle Rus Member. Their occurrence is related to the Rus soft-sediment detachment, a major displacement zone at the boundary/interface between the Lower and Middle Rus. The structures are fist-sized vugs coupled with carrot- or comet-trail imprints (VCT structures), previously translated calcite geodes. VCT structures demonstrate NNW (345°) transport/slip and are found on flat to low-dipping surfaces characterized as Y, R, and P shears according to the Rus detachment orientation. The Andersonian transtension stress regime is indicated by palaeostress analysis, but it was not enough to activate the Rus soft-sediment detachment. The negative effective principal stress σ3' and the exceptionally low frictional coefficient generated by fluid pressure resulted in detachment activity. Because it reveals the Arabian platform's instability in the larger area of the Dammam Dome during the Late Eocene, the soft-sediment Rus detachment can be considered a 'sensitive stress sensor' for the Zagros collision. The beginning of the Zagros collision, which was previously thought to occur during the Oligocene based on the well-known pre-Neogene unconformity, is credited with this instability.
On gravity wave parameterisation in vicinity of low-level blocking...
Authors: Geldenhuys Markus
Published: March 2022

The current orographic gravity wave drag parameterisation in the vicinity of low-level blocking is inadequate. Reducing the gravity wave amplitude (and thereby reducing the gravity wave drag) by assuming an effective mountain height dependent on the blocking depth is not realistic, yet this is implemented in most orographic gravity wave drag parameterisation schemes. The blocking layer acts as a sloped dynamic barrier that uplifts the air similarly to the mountain slope. Through a variety of mechanisms low-level blocking can induce more gravity waves or gravity waves with a higher momentum flux (compared to the current representation by parameterisation schemes). One possible solution is to modify the parameterisation scheme to not reduce the gravity wave momentum flux by the blocking depth. More realistic parameterisation schemes are likely to improve the models' performance.
A flexible approach for evaluating the value of probabilistic forecasts for different decision types and risk averse decision-makers
Authors: Laugesen Richard , Thyer Mark , McInerney David , Kavetski Dmitri
Published: March 2022

Forecasts have the potential to improve decision-making but have not been widely evaluated because current forecast value methods have critical limitations. The ubiquitous Relative Economic Value (REV) is limited to binary decisions, cost-loss economic model, and risk neutral decision-makers. Expected Utility Theory can flexibly model more real-world decisions, but its application in forecasting has been limited and the findings are difficult to compare. To enable a systematic comparison of these methods a new metric, Relative Utility Value (RUV), is developed based on Expected Utility Theory. It has the same interpretation as REV but is more flexible and able to handle a wider range of real-world decisions because all aspects of the decision-context are user-defined. Also, when specific assumptions are imposed it is shown that REV and RUV are equivalent. We demonstrate the key differences and similarities between the methods with a case study using probabilistic subseasonal streamflow forecasts in a catchment in the Southern Murray-Darling Basin of Australia. This showed that for most decision-makers the ensemble forecasts were more valuable than a reference climatology for all lead-times (max 30 days), decision types (binary, multi-categorical, and continuous-flow), and levels of risk aversion. Risk aversion had a mixed impact across the different decision-types and the key driver was found to be the specific decision thresholds relative to the damage function. The generality of RUV makes it applicable to any domain where forecast information is used for making decisions, and the flexibility enables forecast assessment tailored to specific decisions and decision-makers. It complements forecast verification and enables assessment of forecast systems through the lens of customer impact.
Significance of micro-and macrofauna from seeps along the Israeli coast (Palmahim Disturbance).
Authors: Beccari Valentina , Basso Daniela , Panieri Giuliana , Almogi-Labin Ahuva , Makovsky Yizhaq , Hajdas Irka , Spezzaferri Silvia
Published: March 2022

Cold seeps are important biodiversity hotspots, which support unique communities in the deep sea. The occurrence of living or fossil chemosymbiotic molluscs and low oxygen tolerant benthic foraminifera in the sediments, in association with other seepage related features (e.g. aragonite, authigenic carbonate crusts) are important indications of active or past fluid seepage.
The EU Eurofleets2 SEMSEEP Cruise on the R/V Aegaeo along the Israeli coasts (2016) provided sea floor data and sediments for this study.
Three deep-sea cores from representative environments from the Palmahim Disturbance, (coral-transition area, pockmark area and Gal-C channel area) spanning the last 5000 BP were investigated for pteropods, benthic foraminifera and molluscs and cross-analysed with ROV videos and surface samples.
The coral-transition core (AG16-20-BC1b) shows a sharp increase in low-oxygen benthic foraminifera (representing 100% of the faunal assemblage), no agglutinants, pyritized tubes and euhedral gypsum crystals in its bottom part. This evidence together with the low values of δ13C of C. oolina give indication that a short-lived advective fluid flux occurred approximatively at 3500 BP. Only few small individuals of the chemosymbiotic bivalve Isorropodon perplexum Sturany, 1896 have been observed above this interval, showing that the chemosynthetic environment was not conducive for the development of a full chemosymbiotic benthic community.
Similarly, evidences of methane emission have been observed in the pockmark core (AG16-23-BC2). Pteropods molds, composed by aragonite needles and High-Mg calcite crystals are present at the base of the core. Aragonite precipitates during advective emissions, when the Sulfate Methane Transition Zone (SMTZ) is located cm to dm below the seafloor, therefore the presence of pteropod molds recrystallized in aragonite is an important evidence that an advective emission occurred. However, these molds co-occur with authigenic carbonate crusts, shrimp claws, low-oxygen tolerant benthic foraminifera and a mature association of chemosymbiotic molluscs (including vesicomyids, lucinids, mytilids and thyasirids). Typically, these organisms are sustained by a moderate, diffusive, pervasive and persistent fluid flow. Therefore, we suggest that this environment was dynamic and supporting advective and diffusive emissions that were able to sustain recruitment and development of mature chemosymbiotic faunal assemblage. 

This research was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) project Ref. 200021_175587, samples were collected during the EUROFLEETS2 SEMSEEP cruise that was funded by the European Union FP7 Programme under grant agreement n° 312762.
The observationally constrained shape distributions of atmospheric dust
Authors: Huang Yue , Kok Jasper F.
Published: March 2022

Global aerosol models and retrieval algorithms of remote sensing products generally approximate dust aerosols as spherical or spheroidal particles. However, measurements show that dust aerosols deviate substantially from spherical and spheroidal shapes, as ratios of dust length to width (the aspect ratio) and height to width (the height‐to‐width ratio) deviate substantially from unity. Here, we quantify dust asphericity by compiling dozens of measurements of aspect ratio and height‐to‐width ratio across the globe. We find that the dust length is on average 5 times larger than the height and that aerosol models and retrieval algorithms underestimate this asphericity by a factor of ~3 to 5. We find little difference in the average shape of North African dust and Asian dust, although North African dust becomes more aspherical during transport, whereas Asian dust might become less aspherical. We further find that both aspect ratio and height-to-width ratio show little dependence on dust particle size. These findings enable simple parameterizations of dust shape distributions that can be considered approximately representative of the global population of atmospheric dust.

We use these globally representative dust shape distributions to quantify the effects of dust asphericity on deposition and optics. We find that accounting for dust asphericity increases the gravitational settling lifetime by ~20%, which helps explain the underestimation of coarse dust transport by models. We further find that, relative to the ellipsoidal dust optics accounting for realistic dust asphericity, the spherical dust optics used in models  underestimate dust mass extinction efficiency, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry factor for almost all dust sizes at both shortwave and longwave spectra. The ellipsoidal dust optics can reproduce the measured scattering matrix of feldspar and linear depolarization ratio substantially better than the spheroidal dust optics used in most retrieval algorithms. Thus, the globally representative dust shape distributions have a strong potential to improve global aerosol models and retrieval algorithms of remote sensing products.
Participatory rainfall monitoring: strengthening hydrometeorological risk management and community resilience in Peru
Authors: Arestegui Miguel , Ordoñez Miluska , Cisneros Abel , Madueño Giorgio , Almeida Cinthia , Aliaga Vannia , Quispe Nelson , Millán Carlos , Lavado Waldo , Huaman Samuel , Phillips Jeremy
Published: March 2022

Heavy rainfall, floods and debris flow on the Rimac river watershed are recurring events that impact Peruvian people in vulnerable situations.There are few historical records, in terms of hydrometeorological variables, with sufficient temporal and spatial accuracy. As a result, Early Warning Systems (EWS) efficiency, dealing with these hazards, is critically limited.

In order to tackle this challenge, among other objectives, the Participatory Monitoring Network (Red de Monitoreo Participativo or Red MoP, in spanish) was formed: an alternative monitoring system supported by voluntary community collaboration of local population under a citizen science approach. This network collects and communicates data captured with standardized manual rain gauges (< 3USD). So far, it covers districts in the east metropolitan area of the capital city of Lima, on dense peri-urban areas, districts on the upper Rimac watershed on rural towns, and expanding to other upper watersheds as well.

Initially led by Practical Action as part of the Zurich Flood Resilience Alliance, it is now also supported by SENAMHI (National Meteorological and Hydrological Service) and INICTEL-UNI (National Telecommunications Research and Training Institute), as an activity of the National EWS Network (RNAT).

For the 2019-2022 rainfall seasons, the network has been gathering data and information from around 80 volunteers located throughout the Rimac and Chillon river watersheds (community members, local governments officers, among others): precipitation, other meteorological variables, and information regarding the occurrence of events such as floods and debris flow (locally known as huaycos). SENAMHI has provided a focalized 24h forecast for the area covered by the volunteers, experimentally combines official stations data with the network’s for spatial analysis of rainfall, and, with researchers from the University of Bristol, analyses potential uses of events gathered through this network. In order to facilitate and automatize certain processes, INICTEL-UNI developed a web-platform and a mobile application that is being piloted.

We present an analysis of events and trends gathered through this initiative (such as a debris flow occurred in 2019). Specifically, hotspots and potential uses of this sort of refined spatialized rainfall information in the dry & tropical Andes. As well, we present a qualitative analysis of volunteers’ expectations and perceptions. Finally, we also present a meteorological explanation of selected events, supporting the importance of measuring localized precipitation during the occurrence of extreme events in similar complex, physical and social contexts.
Mathematical vector framework for gravity-specific land surface curvatures calculation from triangulated irregular networks
Authors: Hu Guanghui , Xiong Liyang , Tang Guoan
Published: March 2022

Land surface curvature (LSC) is a basic attribute of topography and influences local effects of gravitational energy and surface material transport. However, the calculation of LSCs based on triangulated irregular networks (TINs) has not been fully studied, which restricts further geoscience studies based on TIN digital elevation models (DEMs). The triangular facets and vertices of a TIN are both expressions of the land surface; therefore, based on their adjacency relationship, the LSCs can be calculated. In this study, we propose a mathematical vector framework to enhance LSC system theory. In this framework, LSC can be calculated based on both triangular facets and vertices, and the selection of weighting methods in the framework is flexible. We use the concept of the curvature tensor to interpret and calculate the commonly used LSC, which provides a new perspective in geoscience research. We also investigate the capacity of the TIN-based method to perform LSCs calculations and compare it with grid-based methods. Based on a mathematically simulated surface, we reach the following conclusions. First, the TIN-based method has similar effects on the scale to the grid-based methods of EVANS and ZEVENBERGEN. Second, the TIN-based method is less error sensitive than the grid-based methods by the EVANS and ZEVENBERGEN polynomials for the high error DEMs. Third, the shape of the TIN triangles exerts a great influence on the LSCs calculation, which means that the accuracy of LSCs calculation can be further improved with the optimized TIN but will be discontinuous. Based on three real landforms with different data sources, we discuss the possible applications of the TIN-based method, e.g., the classification of land surface concavity–convexity and hillslope units. We find that the TIN-based method can produce visually better classification results than the grid-based method. This qualitative comparison reflects the potential of using TINs in multiscale geoscience research and the capacity of the proposed TIN-based LSC calculation methods. Our proposed mathematical vector framework for LSCs calculations from TINs is a preliminary approach to mitigate the multiple-scale problem in geoscience. In addition, this research integrates mathematical vector and geographic theories and provides an important reference for geoscience research.

 
Using a Water Budget Approach to Quantify Inflow and Infiltration Impacts on Urban Streamflow
Authors: Diem Jeremy , Pangle Luke , Milligan Richard , Adams Ellis
Published: March 2022

Human activities can have substantial impacts on watersheds, and a dominant, yet understudied, impact on urban watersheds is the inflow and infiltration (I&I) of water into sewage infrastructure. This study uses a water-budget approach to quantify the magnitude of I&I and its effects on streamflow. The analysis is performed over the 2013-2020 period on 90 watersheds in the Atlanta, Georgia USA metropolitan statistical area (MSA), which has a humid subtropical climate. The following annual totals are determined for each watershed: precipitation, water leakage from municipal sources, actual evapotranspiration (AET), water withdrawals, and observed stream discharge. AET is the most difficult component to estimate, therefore, multiple models are used to estimate AET totals, and reference watersheds are used to adjust the totals. Predicted discharge is estimated by subtracting known water outputs from the water inputs, and I&I was the difference between predicted discharge and observed discharge. The most I&I-impacted watersheds are those with the largest I&I to stream discharge ratios. Mean annual totals for precipitation and supply-pipe loss for those watersheds are 1,498 mm and 39 mm, respectively. Mean annual totals for AET, stream discharge, and I&I, are 737 mm, 534 mm, and 267 mm. Therefore, the mean I&I to streamflow ratio for the ten most I&I-impacted watersheds is 0.51 (i.e., I&I is 51% of streamflow). Mean population densities, percent developed, and percent imperviousness for the ten watersheds are as follows: 1,308 people per km2, 60%, and 37%, respectively. I&I is strongly positively correlated with the above three urbanization variables. Regression analyses show that population density explains approximately 50% of the variation in I&I and is the best predictor of I&I. The most urbanized watersheds in the Atlanta MSA have relatively low population densities compared to typical urban watersheds globally, so it remains to be seen if the regression model can be used in locales with much higher population densities. Nevertheless, these results are supported by previous findings in the eastern United States and the results should be transferrable to most urban watersheds there, while the general approach for quantifying I&I should be applicable globally.
CitcomSVE: A Three-dimensional Finite Element Software Package for Modeling Planetary Mantle’s Viscoelastic Deformation in Response to Surface and Tidal Loads 
Authors: Zhong Shijie , Kang Kaixuan , Aa Geruo , Qin Chuan
Published: March 2022

This article presents a comprehensive benchmark study for the newly updated and publicly available finite element code CitcomSVE for modeling dynamic deformation of a viscoelastic and incompressible planetary mantle in response to surface and tidal loading. A complete description of CitcomSVE’s finite element formulation including calculations of the sea-level change, polar wander, apparent center of mass motion, and removal of mantle net rotation is presented. The 3-D displacements and displacement rates and the gravitational potential anomalies are solved with CitcomSVE for three benchmark problems using different spatial and temporal resolutions: 1) surface loading of single harmonics, 2) degree-2 tidal loading, and 3) the ICE-6G GIA model. The solutions are compared with semi-analytical solutions for error analyses. The benchmark calculations demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of CitcomSVE. For example, for a typical ICE-6G GIA calculation with a 122-ky glaciation-deglaciation history, time increment of 100 years, and ~50 km (or ~0.5 degree) surface horizontal resolution, it takes ~4.5 hours on CPU 96 cores to complete with about 1% and 5% errors for displacements and displacement rates, respectively. Error analyses shows that CitcomSVE achieves a second order accuracy, but the errors are insensitive to temporal resolution. CitcomSVE achieves the parallel computation efficiency >75% for using up to 6,144 CPU cores on a parallel supercomputer. With its accuracy, computing efficiency and its open-source public availability, CitcomSVE is a powerful tool for modeling viscoelastic deformation of a planetary mantle in response to surface and tidal loading problems. 
Electromagnetic radiation emitted at fundamental and harmonic plasma frequencies by weak electron beams in inhomogeneous solar wind plasmas : 2D PIC simulations
Authors: Krafft Catherine , Savoni Philippe
Published: March 2022

Two-dimensional Particle-In-Cell simulations are performed to study the electromagnetic radiation emitted at fundamental and harmonic plasma frequencies by a weak electron beam propagating in a background plasma with random density fluctuations, in solar wind conditions relevant to Type III solar radio bursts. The simulations use a panel of physical and numerical parameters that were not reached in previous works and involve self-consistently varying random plasma density fluctuations in an exceptionally large and well resolved simulation box. The dynamics of the waves, the beam and the inhomogeneous plasma are calculated over several thousands of plasma periods. For relevant comparisons, simulations with and without applied density fluctuations are performed for the same parameters. For the first time, the essential impact of density fluctuations of average levels of a few percent of the background plasma on the physical mechanisms driving the generation of electromagnetic waves is shown. Not only wave nonlinear interactions contribute to the generation of such emissions, but also processes of Langmuir waves' transformations on the density fluctuations.
Rupture of serpentinized mantle wedge by self-promoting carbonation: insights from Sanbagawa metamorphic belt
Authors: Okamoto Atsushi , Oyanagi Ryosuke , Yoshida Kazuki , Uno Masaoki , Shimizu Hiroyuki , Satish-Kumar Madhusoodhan
Published: March 2022

The slab-mantle interface is one of the most active sites of fluid-rock interaction, which affects the mass transfer and mechanical properties along subduction zone megathrust. However, the effects of CO2 fluids and carbonation/decarbonation reactions on seismic activity are still poorly understood. In addition, although mantle peridotite is known as a large sink of CO2, the nature of carbonation at mantle wedge condition remains unconstrained. In this study, we show the characteristics of carbonation of serpentinite body from the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt, Kanto Mountain, Japan [1]. The Higuchi serpentinite body (8 x15 m) is mainly composed of antigorite, and has not relics of olivine and pyroxenes. Massive antigorite parts are segmented by talc + carbonates (magnesite, dolomite and calcite) veins. At the boundary between serpentinite body and pelitic schists, actinolite-chlorite schist and chlorite rocks were formed. The location, depleted composition of Cr-rich spinel in the Higuchi body and temperature of ~400 ˚C of carbonation suggest that this body was originated from the leading edge of the mantle wedge. The carbon and oxygen stable isotope compositions of carbonates within the Higuchi body reveal that carbonic fluid was derived from carboniferous materials in sediments. Carbonation of serpentinite body is characterized by gains of CO2, silica and Ca, and losses of H2O and Mg. The thermodynamic calculations on mineral-fluid equilibria reveal that (1) the carbonic fluid produced under the oxidizing conditions (QFM +0.3) explains the systematic mineralogical variations within the Higuchi body, and that (2) carbonation of serpentinite proceeded with solid volume contraction, high fluid pressure and high mobility of Mg, which is largely consistent with the experimental carbonation at the mantle wedge condition [2]. This is consistent with the tree-like patterns of carbonate veins within the Higuchi body. Brittle failure to form carbonate veins was followed by a viscos flow of carbonate and talc. We infer that episodic infiltration of oxidizing fluids causes self-promoting carbonation of mantle wedge with solid volume change, which could affect the mechanical properties of slab-mantle interface.

[1] Okamoto, A, et al., 2021. Com Env Earth, 58, 4831-4839. doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00224-5

[2] Sieber et al. 2020. J. Petrol., 1-24. doi: 10.1093/petrology/egaa035
Enhancing Kathmandu’s Urban Design Through Implementation of Green Infrastructures
Authors: Shrestha Rupesh , Jüpner Robert , Thaler Thomas
Published: March 2022

Urban areas provide a range of benefits to sustain human livelihood and contribute to human well-being through urban ecosystem services. Open spaces in core urban areas of Kathmandu valley in Nepal carries multiple advantages of stimulating social cohesion, offers safe area immediately after a crisis induced by natural hazards, contributes in environmental improvement and mitigates urban flooding. In most urban areas of Nepal, unplanned urbanization has resulted in alteration of landscapes from permeable vegetated surfaces to a series of impervious interconnected surfaces resulting in large quantities of stormwater runoff, requiring wider implementation of water sensitive urban design. After 2015 Gorkha earthquake, several blue-green infrastructure projects are implemented by local governments inside Kathmandu valley in open spaces. This paper presents application examples of green infrastructure projects and through case studies provides a framework for optimization of green infrastructure systems in Nepal. The paper also provides a practitioners perspective on the current state of knowledge, highlights technical challenges in green infrastructure implementation in Kathmandu and points out recommendations to overcome them.
Climate storylines for AMOC tipping in response to increasing greenhouse gases
Authors: Wood Richard
Published: March 2022

Many generations of climate general circulation models (GCMs) have suggested that a radical reorganisation (tipping) of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is unlikely in the 21st Century in response to the greenhouse gas emissions pathways considered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Yet some studies suggest that GCMs as a class may represent an AMOC that is biased towards excessive stability. If this is the case then simply looking at AMOC response in the ensemble of current GCMs may give a misleading picture of the possible future pathways of the AMOC.

In this study we use a simple coupled climate model, including both the thermal and water cycle responses to greenhouse gas increase, to explore beyond the range of the current ensemble of ‘best estimate’ GCMs. What would the climate system need to look like in order for AMOC tipping to be a plausible outcome? We find that tipping behaviour would require key parameters controlling the response of the hydrological cycle to surface warming to be towards the edge of plausible ranges.

While AMOC tipping remains a ‘High Impact, Low Likelihood’ outcome, our results extend current knowledge by showing how AMOC tipping could occur in response to greenhouse gas forcing (as opposed to the common idealisation of ‘water hosing’ experiments). The results also show how monitoring key parameters of the climate system may over time allow the possibility of tipping to be more confidently assessed.
Benefits and drawbacks of employing the carbonate shell of brachiopods as an archive of δ18O seasonality: facts and clues from the living Calloria inconspicua (Sowerby, 1846)
Authors: Garbelli Claudio , Lamare Miles D. , Harper Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2022

The carbonate shell of rhynchonelliformean brachiopods is a relevant archive of seawater temperature / δ18O for the Phanerozoic. However, its application to investigate seasonality is under-exploited despite its wide employment to reconstruct the chemical conditions of past oceans. Indeed studies of brachiopod sclerogeochemistry are still rare compared to some other biogenic archives. In order to better understand if ontogenetic time-series faithfully record the seasonal variability of the surrounding environment, we investigated the incorporation of δ18O in the shell (δ18Oshell) of a modern temperate brachiopod species, Calloria inconspicua, living in the intertidal zone of Otago Harbor (New Zealand).  After reconstructing the life history and ontogenetic age using morphological features of the valves, carbonate samples were collected from the inner fibrous layer along the maximum growth axis with a sub-millimetric resolution. Databases provided environmental parameters of seawater for comparison, and time-series of δ18Ofor equilibrium calcite (δ18Oeq) were estimated using salinity and temperature data. Results reveal that maxima and minima of δ18Oshell are well related to morphological markers highlighting yearly growth steps. The count of yearly cycles allowed an estimate of the timing of shell secretion and comparison with the estimated δ18Oeq of the surrounding environment.

We found that C. inconspicua can be a robust archive for seasonal variation since it records with high fidelity the local condition of seawater in certain phases of its life. Although the application of the brachiopod shells in sclerogeochemistry and studies of past seasonality is promising, future researches should consider a few potential drawbacks which need to be taken into consideration. These include the fact that growth rate changes over the life-span and that shell is not deposited throughout the entire year (leading to under-estimation of the full seasonal range). Additionally, it is important to ensure that sampling does not sample different thickness within the shell, this returning time-averaged values. Knowledge of likely general biology, population composition, life cycle and shell structure are important prerequisites for the interetation of δ18O time-series measured on fossil brachiopod shells.
Fractal dimension of fault systems and its constranits on the formation of gold deposit in Kalamaili area, Eastern Junggar
Authors: Sun Wenjie , Wu Zhiping , Jiang Yanliang , Cheng Yanjun
Published: March 2022

Kalamaili area is located in the northeastern margin of Junggar Basin, which recognized as the richest gold deposit area of China. The fault systems and the fractal dimension of the area are complex and play a significant control on the deposits of the gold mine. However, the fractal dimension of the study area has not been carried out, and the previous studies lack of the analysis on the relationship between the fractal dimension of fault systems and the distribution of the gold deposit. Therefore, further studies on the fractal dimension of fault systems and its constranits on the formation of gold deposit in Kalamaili area are needed. In our study, we used the box-counting method to analyze the fractal dimension of fault systems, and correlate the relationship between the fractal dimension of fault systems and the formation of gold deposit. The results show that: (1) The fractal dimension of all faults is 1.421, and faults with different strike have various fractal dimension. In detail, the fractal dimension of NW-striking faults is 1.382, fractal dimension of NWW-striking faults is 1.223, fractal dimension of the EW-striking faults is 0.998, and the fractal dimension of the NE-striking faults is 0.960. The fractal dimension values of NW-striking faults are greater than the standard value of fractal dimension (1.22-1.38). (2) Based on the fractal dimension analysis of the fault systems, the geological bodies distributed along the NW-striking faults should have good connectivity, which improve the migration and accumulation of the gold mineralization hydrothermal fluid. The supposed relationship between the NW-striking faults and the gold deposit distribution of our study is coincided with the nature examples of the study area. Based on the exploration of the gold deposit in the study area, most of the gold deposit is distributed along the NW-striking Kalamaili fault, Qingshui-Sujiquan fault, and the associated secondary faults of the two faults.
An Empirical Approach for Developing Vulnerability Functions of critical infrastructures to Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Liu Kai , Zhu Jiatong , Wang Ming
Published: March 2022

Tropical cyclones pose great risks to infrastructures. We used records of road and electric power system damage from TC events in Hainan Province, China, to construct vulnerability models that quantify the relationship between road and electric power system damage level and different TC intensity measures. These measures include cumulative precipitation and maximum wind speed, as well as their joint effect. We found that the derived vulnerability model of the joint effect of precipitation and wind speed outperforms models constructed with single TC intensity measures. The derived functions show a good fit to the observed data and can provide an accurate estimate of road and electric power system damage from TCs, as validated by historical damage records.

 
Effects of increased aerosol emissions over Asia on global sea-surface temperatures
Authors: Pietschnig Marianne , Olivié Dirk , Moseid Kine Onsum , Hofer Stefan , Madan Gaurav , Lacasce Joseph Henry , Storelvmo Trude
Published: March 2022

Recent studies have revealed biases in sea surface temperature trends in CMIP6 between about 1970 and 2015, and other studies have suggested a possible lack of aerosol emissions over Asia in the same period. Motivated by these findings, we investigate the effect of doubling anthropogenic aerosol emissions over Asia from 1950 onward on sea surface temperatures in NorESM2-LM. While the perturbation of historical aerosol emissions does not yield a robust improvement in modeled sea surface temperature trends, we discover other changes which are worthy of further investigation: 

 

We find that the ocean heat transport decreases significantly in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, which is counter-intuitive given the increasing temperature gradient between the tropics and the polar regions due to the enhanced aerosol emissions.

When doubling SO2 emissions, we find increases in Southern Hemisphere sea surface temperatures in contrast to cooling in the Northern Hemisphere. 

Furthermore, we compare the fully-coupled simulations to atmosphere-only simulations where historical sea surface temperatures are prescribed and the same perturbation of aerosol emissions over Asia is imposed. The atmosphere-only simulations show much weaker changes in cloud cover compared to the fully-coupled simulations. Hence, sea surface temperature changes – possibly caused by changes in the oceanic circulation – must play an important role in setting the atmospheric response.
Effects of future freshwater forcing from ice sheet mass loss in a high-resolution climate model
Authors: Jüling André , Le Bars Dewi , Lambert Erwin , Devilliers Marion , Drijfhout Sybren
Published: March 2022

The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are losing mass to the ocean. This additional freshwater flux to the ocean is only expected to increase in the future, but it is usually not included in current climate model simulations as ice sheets are not modelled interactively. However, this freshwater flux will influence multiple aspects of the climate response. We develop a plausible, future freshwater forcing scenarios for both ice sheets and use a high-resolution, eddy-permitting version of EC-Earth3 to simulate the response to a high emission scenario. We investigate the effect of this additional freshwater on sea ice, ocean circulation, surface temperatures, and sea level by comparing the simulations to the HighResMIP EC-Earth3 simulations without ice sheet mass loss.
Extreme heat impacts on food security in Africa
Authors: Tuholske Cascade , Latka Catharina , Baylis Kathy , Blekking Jordon , Green Rachel , Kim Manny , Anderson Patrese , Caylor Kelly , Funk Chris
Published: March 2022

Extreme hot-humid heat impacts both urban and rural livelihoods, reducing labor output and damaging health. As such, increasing exposure to hot-humid heat may be reducing food security for both rural and urban household in Africa. Yet, due to a lack of fine-resolution meteorological data, we have a poor understanding of where urban and rural exposure to hot-humid heat is impacting food security across the continent’s diverse geographies. To fill this gap, using more than 20,000 geo-located surveys from the Demographic and Health Survey Program, we map how the spatial relationship between household-level food security and heat exposure has varied among rural and urban populations since the 1980s. We document spatial and temporal heterogeneity, identifying areas of concern where dangerously hot-humid heat is increasingly co-impacting both urban and rural food security outcomes. Given that hot-humid heat waves will worsen across much of Africa as we warm our climate, our results add to growing calls for effective extreme heat warning systems, including seasonal forecasts, tailored to reduce the impacts of hot humid-heat for all people, regardless of where they live.
Assessing centralized water supply systems in rural settlements of Kazakhstan
Authors: Kurbanaliyev Mukanovich Rauan , Raikhan Rymbaevna Beisenova , Rumiya Maratovna Tazetdinova
Published: March 2022

The Sustainable Development Goals established worldwide targets for access to drinking water and sanitation by all. The progress toward these goals, aided by international monitoring, has helped to reduce global disease burden and improve quality of life. Safe drinking water and sanitation are critical determinants of human health and well-being, and the international community has lately deemed their human rights. This research aims at assessing the access to drinking water and sanitation services at the individual home level in the rural villages of Nothern Kazakhstan that either used to have access to piped water systems or currently can enjoy the water from the centralized water systems. The questionnaire was conducted in 10 villages of Pavlodar region to identify the access to drinking water and sanitation services as well as perceived satisfaction with the water source, additionally water samples from existing water sources were analysed. The results show that every fourth household used water from the centralised system. At the same time, every household had a complaint about the water from the system, namely, every fourth has complained about the turbidity of the water, 30% of households were unhappy with the smell and the same amount of households found water very hard. As the raw water source for the centralised systems is underground water, the water quality analysis has shown that the pH fluctuates between 3.90 and 8.96 with an average value of 7.79, which indicates the different nature of the groundwater in the study area.

Half of the respondent households used water from private boreholes where more than half connected water to the house and enjoyed the tap water. Still, 8% of the households used water from an open-source - the Irtysh river. All the above-mentioned households have access to piped water while using the other alternative water sources. All the investigated rural settlements had only private houses and about 82% of the households had toilets outside. 2,3 % of the households had only toilets at home connected to the centralized sewer system and 15% of the households had toilets inside the house connected to septic tanks. This means that more than half of households are still inaccessible for full sanitation and hygiene. In Kazakhstan's rural communities with the access to centralized water systems the disparity in access to better drinking water and sanitation does exist. Monitoring within-country disparity in these metrics can help Kazakhstan achieve progress toward the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by identifying neglected regions and implementing strategies to reduce access disparities.
Global Multi-Resolution Topography (GMRT) Synthesis – Tools and Workflows for Processing, Integrating and Accessing Multibeam Sonar Data
Authors: Ferrini Vicki , Morton John , Drennon Hayley , Uribe Rafael , Miller Emily , Martin Tinah , Nitsche Frank , Goodwillie Andrew , Carbotte Suzanne
Published: March 2022

The Global Multi-Resolution Topography (GMRT) Synthesis is a multi-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) developed at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University. The data synthesis is maintained in three projections and is managed with a scalable global architecture and tiling scheme.  Primary content assembled into GMRT includes a curated multibeam bathymetry component that is derived from processed swath files and is gridded at ~100m resolution or better. These data are seamlessly assembled with other publicly available gridded data sets, including bathymetry and topography data at a variety of resolutions.  GMRT delivers the best resolution data that have been curated for a particular area of interest, and allows users to extract custom grids, images, points and profiles.

Most data processing and curation effort for GMRT is focused on cleaning and reviewing ship-based multibeam sonar data to facilitate gridding at their full spatial resolution. In addition to  performing standard data cleaning and applying necessary corrections to data, GMRT tools are used to review and assess swath data in the context of the existing data synthesis. This approach ensures that data are fit for purpose and will integrate well with existing content, and is especially well-suited for ensuring the quality of data acquired during transits. GMRT tools and workflows used for data cleaning and assessment have recently been adapted for distributed use to enable the broader community to leverage this approach, streamlining the data pipeline and ensuring high quality processed swath data can be delivered to public archives. This presentation will include a summary of GMRT tools, opportunities, and lessons learned.
Probing the rheology of the lithosphere using earthquake seismology
Authors: Craig Tim
Published: March 2022

Earthquakes provide a crucial way of probing the deformation style, strength, and stress state of the lithosphere.  In this talk, I will outline ways in which we can use careful analysis and precise seismological observations of earthquakes, particularly those at moderate magnitudes (M ~5-6), to map out how stress is supported in the lithosphere, and how the rheology of the lithosphere can vary in both space and time, summarising our current understanding of the controls on the distribution of earthquakes.  I will draw on examples from a range of regional studies, and outline what conclusions we can draw about the geological and geodynamic controls on the distribution of earthquakes in each region, and the variation on the style of deformation within the lithosphere.  I will also discuss areas in which our current understanding of the distribution of earthquakes remains unable to explain some observations, and challenges for the future.
Impact of volcanic eruptions in CMIP6 decadal prediction systems: a multi-model analysis
Authors: Bilbao Roberto , Athanasiadis Panos , Hermanson Leon , Mignot Juliette , Sospedra-Alfonso Reinel , Swingedouw Didier , Wu Xian , Ortega Pablo
Published: March 2022

In recent decades three major volcanic eruptions of different intensity have occurred: Mount Agung (1963), El Chichón (1982) and Mount Pinatubo (1991), with reported climate impacts on seasonal-to-decadal timescales and providing a high prediction potential. The Decadal Climate Prediction Project component C (DCPP-C) includes a protocol to investigate the impact of such volcanic eruptions on decadal prediction, which consists in performing initialised sets of predictions just before the three historical volcanic eruptions, but in which the volcanic aerosol forcing is excluded. The impact of the volcanic eruptions is therefore determined by comparing these new forecasts with those included in the corresponding retrospective prediction experiment DCPP-A, which include historical volcanic aerosol forcing. Here we present the results from six CMIP6 decadal prediction systems (CanESM5, CESM1, EC-Earth3, HadGEM3, IPSL-CM6A and CMCC-CM2-SR5). The global mean temperature cooling is comparable among models and consistent with previous studies. The surface temperature response pattern in the first years is similar across all the models and for the individual volcanic eruptions. At later forecast times (years 6-9), differences among the models and eruptions emerge. Preliminary results show that the volcanic eruptions impact the atmospheric and oceanic dynamics, as shown in previous studies, although some differences across models emerge, specifically on the ocean overturning and gyre circulation changes.
A litre-scale turbulence facility for microorganism-flow interactions
Authors: Wheeler Jeanette D. , True Aaron C. , Michalec François-Gaël , Holzner Markus , Stocker Roman , Crimaldi John P.
Published: March 2022

Bacteria and phytoplankton are abundant in aquatic environments, forming the base of the food web and mediating elemental cycling at a global scale. Understanding the interactions these microorganisms have with their turbulent fluid environments is an active area of research, largely conducted in laboratory-based flow experiments. In this work, we provide an open-source design and rigorous flow characterization for a 1L, dual oscillating grid turbulence facility, the smallest volume facility to date which produces near-isotropic, homogeneous turbulence. We optimized the tank geometry (grid-to-grid and grid-to-wall spacing), the grid geometry (for both classical and fractal grids: effective mesh size, blockage ratio, and fractal grid parameters), and the grid forcing regimes (for both coupled, antiphase and decoupled, randomized forcing: frequency range, stroke range, and randomized forcing parameters) to minimize mean flows and to produce acceptably homogeneous and isotropic turbulence within the unique constraints of a litre-scale volume. We acquired particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements for both classical and fractal grids across a wide range of grid forcing regimes. We discuss the resulting length- and timescales relevant to microorganism-flow interactions, from the integral to the Kolmogorov scales. Finally, we discuss how the range of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rates achieved across the operational space of the facility mimics oceanographic turbulence in a range of in situ conditions, from the nearshore to the open ocean. This facility meets a long-standing need in the oceanography community in which feasible experimental working volumes are constrained by labor-intensive culturing requirements for large volumes of aquatic bacteria and phytoplankton.
Mid-Brunhes Transition caused by Antarctic ice sheet melting during MIS11c
Authors: Zhang Xu , Barker Stephen , Werner Martin , Sun Yuchen , Tzedakis Chronis
Published: March 2022

Interglacial intensity in past 800 kyr is characterized by a transition, about 430 kyr ago, between the older ones, which were relatively cool and low sea level, and the more recent ones, which were relatively warm and high sea level. This transition, as identified in Antarctic ice core and benthic calcite d18Oc records, corresponds to the so-called mid-Brunhes Transition (MBT). However, its origin and underlying dynamics remain elusive. Here we show, based on a start-of-art, stable water isotope enabled climate model, that additional ice volume to the present-day levels should be considered in order to reproduce the systematic enrichment in interglacial d18Oc before the MBT. This extra ice of ~18 e.s.l.m. likely exists in the Antarctic, which in turn weakens vertical mixing in Southern Ocean, potentially accounting for the low interglacial atmospheric CO2 levels prior to the MBT. Our results further indicate that during MIS11c the unique climate background leads to extra Antarctic ice sheet melting, eventually giving rise to a systematic change in interglacial climate and hence accounting for the MBT.