bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recovery of microorganisms on fabric materials after low water temperature washing with non-oxidizing acidic bleaching formulation by culture method
Authors: Lee Jaesung , Lopes John A. , Pascall Melvin A.
Published: September 2014

The recovery of microorganisms to different fabrics was evaluated after a washing process combined with a food-grade non-oxidizing acidic formulation and low washing water temperature. Cotton, polyester and a polyester/cotton blend fabric samples were inoculated with Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, then dried for 1 day. They were separately placed in a simulated fabric washer and decontaminated for 1 and 10 min with the acidic formulation at 23 °C water washing temperature. The combination of direct detecting and dilution methods was used to detect survivors on fabrics. The use of ≥0.1% acidic formulation in the washing process significantly increased the efficacy of the washing for all fabric samples. Microorganisms on the cotton and mixed fabric appeared to bind more strongly and were more resistant to the washing process. No viability was observed on the fabric swatches at 1 cfu/sample detection limit when the washing process was combined with 0.5% acidic formulation in the 10 min washing cycle. These findings can be used to increase the efficiency of sanitizing fabrics in an environmentally friendly way, for remove harmful microorganisms from them and reduce cross-contamination.
Human adenovirus (HAdV), human enterovirus (hEV), and genogroup A rotavirus (GARV) in tap water in southern Brazil
Authors: Kluge M. , Fleck J. D. , Soliman M. C. , Luz R. B. , Fabres R. B. , Comerlato J. , Silva J. V. S. , Staggemeier R. , Vecchia A. D. , Capalonga R. , Oliveira A. B. , Henzel A. , Rigotto C. , Spilki F. R.
Published: September 2014

The effects of viral gastroenteritis are more devastating in children than in any other age category. Thus, children exposed to the consumption of low quality water are at an increased risk of infection, especially in regions where sanitation is inadequate. The present study aimed to provide a survey of the occurrence of representative enteric viruses: human adenovirus (HAdV), human enteroviruses (hEV), and genogroup A rotavirus (GARV) in tap water samples collected in public schools located at six municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Seventy-three schools were included in the study and tap water samples were analyzed by conventional PCR for the presence of HAdV, hEV, and GARV genomes. hEV showed the highest detection rate (27.4%), followed by HAdV (23.3%), and GARV (16.4%). New approaches to water monitoring should be considered to promote a better water quality and reduce the risk of waterborne diseases, especially considering drinking water to be served to vulnerable individuals.
Investigation and control of a Norovirus outbreak of probable waterborne transmission through a municipal groundwater system
Authors: Giammanco Giovanni M. , Di Bartolo Ilaria , Purpari Giuseppa , Costantino Claudio , Rotolo Valentina , Spoto Vittorio , Geraci Gaetano , Bosco Girolama , Petralia Agata , Guercio Annalisa , Macaluso Giusi , Calamusa Giuseppe , De Grazia Simona , Ruggeri Franco M. , Vitale Francesco , Maida Carmelo M. , Mammina Caterina
Published: September 2014

During March 2011 an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in Santo Stefano di Quisquina, Agrigento, Sicily, Italy. Within two weeks 156 cases were identified among the 4,965 people living in the municipality. An epidemiological investigation was conducted to characterize the outbreak and target the control measures. A case was defined as a person developing diarrhea or vomiting during February 27–March 13, 2011. Stool specimens were collected from 12 cases. Norovirus (NoV) genotype GII.4 variant New Orleans 2009 was identified in stool samples from 11 of 12 cases tested (91.7%). Epidemiological investigations suggested a possible association with municipal drinking water consumption. Water samples from the public water system were tested for NoV and a variety of genotypes were detected during the first 3 months of surveillance, including GII.4 strains belonging to different variants from that involved in the gastroenteritis outbreak. Contamination of the well and springs supplying the public water network was eventually thought to be the source of the NoV contamination.
Selection of an appropriate risk assessment tool for waste water risk abatement planning: an eThekwini case study
Authors: Singh A.
Published: September 2014

A Wastewater Risk Abatement Plan (WWRAP) has become an integral part in the operation of wastewater treatment plants across South Africa with the introduction of the Green Drop initiative. With each successive Green Drop season the WWRAP has become more of a focal point of the assessments and is intended to engender a more risk aware and risk averse philosophy into the operation of wastewater plants. The WWRAP, itself, is intended to be used as a tool to prioritize the deployment of limited resources and funds to achieve better compliance and management of wastewater treatment plants across the country. This is only effective if the method used for rating risk successfully identifies risks inherent on the plants. In essence the WWRAP will not achieve its objectives unless risks are properly identified. This paper explores the two successive WWRAPs produced by the eThekwini Municipality and the evolution of the risk rating systems employed. In 2011 the eThekwini Municipality's WWRAP was based on a modified risk matrix as proposed in the Draft Guidelines for the development of WWRAPs by DWA and the WRC. While the results of this assessment generally correlated with the Department of Water Affairs' Cumulative Risk Rating assessments, the rating system was based primarily on health targets and as a result was ineffectual as a tool for prioritization of resources. In 2012 with the next revision of the WWRAP there was a need to further ‘tweak’ the risk matrix used in order to more accurately reflect and identify risks on the various plants. This entailed increasing the complexity of the risk rating methodology and care was taken to ensure usability while still enhancing the efficacy of the risk assessment process. It was decided that ‘Administrative’ or ‘Reputational’ risk be taken into account when evaluating risk at the various plants and the risk assessment matrix was adjusted accordingly. It was decided that both administrative and reputational risk could be adequately represented by the influence that a particular risk had on the Affairs' potential Green Drop score. Multiple permutations and approaches were evaluated to determine which method would best reflect the ‘on the ground situation’. Using the new rating system, a total of 1,235 low risks were identified over the previous year's 913, medium risks numbered 223 over the 17 from 2011 and 105 high risks were identified for 2012 as compared to 2011 where no high risks were identified at all. The new rating system was thus deemed a more appropriate tool for the prioritization of resources for the municipality.
Computational fluid dynamics aided optimisation of liquid state antiseptic injection to water networks
Authors: Gönczi Gábor
Published: September 2014

Waterworks mostly use chlorine as an antiseptic substance. It can be added in gaseous or liquid form. The simplest technique is to use gaseous injection but it carries the most risk as chlorine gas is highly toxic. Therefore, the current trend is to switch to the much safer hypo doser technology, whereby the hypo is injected into the water pipes with injector tubes, similarly to chlorination but the mixing of the antiseptic liquid is more problematic. Correct placement of the inlet and measurement points is indispensable. With the help of the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation not only can the flow of the specific water pipe be modelled but also mixing of the antiseptic fluid can be modelled, thereby the measurement and inlet points can be installed at the optimal locations. In very short pipe sections with a limited amount of pipe length to achieve proper mixing the use of static mixers was suggested. Efficiency of the static mixers is variable and they increase the pressure loss on the specific water pipe section, which inflicts additional energy costs. With the help of CFD modelling, the fluid dynamic phenomena (vortices, backflows, etc.) on these pipe sections can be utilised to help mixing of the antiseptic substance meaning the use of static mixers can be avoided.
A Study of Taiwanese Teens' Traditional and Cyberbullying Behaviors
Authors: Yang Shu Ching , Lin Chia-Ying , Chen An-Sing
Published: September 2014

This study examined several types of teen behaviors, specifically bullying, being bullied, and witnessing bullying, and analyzed teens' judgments of the seriousness of the bullying. A Bullying Behaviors Scale (BBS) was designed to investigate both traditional bullying (TB) and cyberbullying (CB) behaviors among teens in grades 5 through 11. The study also explored the prevalence of both types of bullying according to gender and grade. Descriptive statistics revealed that TB and CB were moderately prevalent among teens, with CB occurring less frequently than traditional bullying. Verbal bullying was the most common form of TB for victims, bullies, and bystanders, followed by relational and physical bullying. Bullying events were found to be more prevalent among boys than girls and were more frequently experienced by older children than younger children for almost all types of TB and CB. The only exception was physical bullying, whose victims tended to be younger. The study concludes by discussing suggestions for further research.
Assimilation of New Hires in Public Accounting
Authors: Church Pamela H.
Published: September 2014

In spite of vast resources committed to orientation programs, many promising recruits never fully assimilate into public accounting firms. The resulting impact on commitment and early turnover can be devastating for individuals and firms. This study uses in-depth personal accounts of current and former employees to derive a model that may assist firms and their employees. Participants asserted that diverse measures, including careful job choice by recruits, daily supervision and team building, partners' involvement with new hires, and predictable periods of normalcy, can assist in new hires' adaptation to large public accounting firms.
Remediating Past Images. The Temporality of “Found Footage” in Gábor Bódy’s American Torso
Authors: Pieldner Judit
Published: September 2014

Along Laura U. Marks’s thoughts on the “disappearing image” as embodied experience, the article proposes to bring into discussion particular modes of occurrence of “past images,” whether in form of the use of archival/found footage or of creating visual archaisms in the spirit of archival recordings, within the practice of the Hungarian experimental film making of the 1970s and 1980s, more speciflcally, in Gábor Bódy’s films. The return to archival/found footage as well as the production of visual archaisms reveal an attempt of remediation (Bolter and Grusin) that goes beyond the cultural responsibility of preservation: it confronts the film medium with its materiality, historicity, and temporality, and creates productive tensions between the private and the historical, between the pre-cinematic and the texture of motion pictures, between the documentary value of the image and its rhetorical dimension. The paper argues that the authenticity of the moving image in Gábor Bódy’s American Torso (Amerikai anzix, 1975) is achieved through a special combination of the immediacy and the hypermediacy of experience. Bódy’s interest in “past images” goes beyond the intention of experimentation with the medium; it is aimed at a profound, reconsidered archaeology of the image and a distinct sensing of the cinema.
Quasi-Bodies and Kafka’s Castle in Sion Sono’s Crime Noir Guilty of Romance (2011)
Authors: Kuo Chia-wen
Published: September 2014

Sion Sono’s Guilty of Romance (Koi no tsumi, 2011) was adapted from an actual crime in Tokyo’s love hotel: an educated woman (a prostitute at night) was found decapitated and her limbs were re-assembled with a sex-doll. Sono renders this through his cinematic narrative blurring the distinction between true crime and fictional sin like Rancière’s idea that everything is a narrative dissipating the opposition between “fact and fiction,” and “quasi-body” becomes a product of human literarity while an imaginary collective body is formed to fill the fracture in-between. In Sono’s story, the victim is a literature professor tormented by an incestuous desire for her father, whose favorite book is Kafka’s Castle. Thus she compares the love-hotel district where she turns loose at night as a castle of lusts. Here the narrative becomes a collective body that puppeteers human “quasi-bodies” in a Kafkaesque spatio-temporal aporia, and time’s spatialized horizontally with the germs of desire spread like a contagion on a Deleuzian “plane of immanence.”
Sensations of the Past: Identity, Empowerment, and the British Monarchy Films
Authors: Győri Zsolt
Published: September 2014

Royal bio-pics have always enjoyed a high priority among cinematic representations of British history and taken a lion’s share in defining Britishness to audiences at home and abroad. These historical narratives never render national identity by capturing the past of historians, instead reconstruct the past as a mirror of contemporary reality and in a way as to satisfy their audience’s demand for both romantic qualities and antiquarian nostalgia, for sensations they regard their own. The author’s basic assumption is that such cinema does not represent history but exploits spectatorial desire for a mediated reality one inhabits through the experience of an empowered identity. The first part of the article examines how private-life films (a subgenre of royal bio-pics) mythologized and idealized Tudor monarchs in the 1930s, while in the second part, contemporary representatives of the subgenre are analysed as they portray the challenges of the Monarchy in its search for a place within modern British identity politics. Analysed films include The Private Life of Henry VIII (Alexander Korda, 1933), The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (Michael Curtiz, 1939), Mrs Brown (John Madden, 1997), The Queen (Stephen Frears, 2006), and The King’s Speech (Tom Hooper, 2010).1
The Machine Translation Leaderboard
Authors: Matt Post , Adam Lopez
Published: September 2014

Much of an instructor's time is spent on the management and grading of homework. We present the Machine Translation Leaderboard, a platform for managing, displaying, and automatically grading homework assignments. It runs on Google App Engine, which provides hosting and user management services. Among its many features are the ability to easily define new assignments, manage submission histories, maintain a development / test set distinction, and display a leaderboard. An entirely new class can be set up in minutes with minimal configuration. It comes pre-packaged with five assignments used in a graduate course on machine translation.
An Open-Source Web-Based Tool for Resource-Agnostic Interactive Translation Prediction
Authors: Daniel Torregrosa , Mikel L. Forcada , Juan Antonio Pérez-Ortiz
Published: September 2014

We present a web-based open-source tool for interactive translation prediction (ITP) and describe its underlying architecture. ITP systems assist human translators by making context-based computer-generated suggestions as they type. Most of the ITP systems in literature are strongly coupled with a statistical machine translation system that is conveniently adapted to provide the suggestions. Our system, however, follows a resource-agnostic approach and suggestions are obtained from any unmodified black-box bilingual resource. This paper reviews our ITP method and describes the architecture of Forecat, a web tool, partly based on the recent technology of web components, that eases the use of our ITP approach in any web application requiring this kind of translation assistance. We also evaluate the performance of our method when using an unmodified Moses-based statistical machine translation system as the bilingual resource.
Seoseid puistu juurdekasvu ja koosseisu vahel hariliku männi (Pinus sylvestris L.) enamusega segametsades / Relationships between stand volume growth and composition in mixed stands dominated by Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
Authors: Lilleleht Ando
Published: September 2014

Relationships between the volume growth of mixed stands and their species composition were analyzed in order to examine the so-called “mixture effect” on stand productivity. The influence of co-species was studied using multiple linear regression analysis. Stand level basal area and height growth models were constructed in order to find out which stand characteristics can be used to describe mixture-effects. The study material originates from the Estonian network of permanent forest growth plots, only stands consisting of mainly (≥ 50% of volume) Scots Pine with Norway spruce and/or Birch spp. as co-species were used. Sample size was 139 5-year measurement periods on 88 plots; stand ages range from 14 to 167 years. The study results indicate that an increasing proportion of birch in the stand causes a negative effect on both basal area and height growth. Spruce seems to be a weaker competitor than other pines as its trend in the model is positive. Also, height growth is more rapid when the mean diameter of spruce is smaller than that of pine. Species composition coefficients for co-species (calculated by standing volume) proved to be the most significant variables that describe stand composition in the models
Metsa lehepinnaindeksi kaardistamine lennukilidari, satelliidipiltide ja maapealsete mõõtmiste abil Järvselja VALERI testalal / Leaf area index mapping with airborne lidar, satellite images and ground measurements in Järvselja VALERI test site
Authors: Kodar Ave , Lang Mait , Arumäe Tauri , Eenmäe Alo , Pisek Jan , Nilson Tiit
Published: September 2014

The aim of this study was to compile the leaf area index (LAI) map of a 3×3 km VALERI test site in Järvselja, Estonia. Canopy transmittance measurements of LAI by LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzers and digital cameras supplied with fisheye converters were carried out on 42 elementary sampling units at ground level and at breast height level. The vegetation LAI was estimated as a sum of the tree canopy true green LAI obtained from the inversion of canopy gap fraction data and of the ground vegetation effective LAI. Red channel from SPOT-4 HRV-IR image and airborne lidar data based canopy transmittance were used for up-scaling. The LAI map was compared with standard LAI products from Terra MODIS and ENVISAT MERIS. We found that lidar data based LAI estimate on up-scaled map saturated at high values (LAI > 4.5) compared to the LAI estimates based on SPOT-4 HRV-IR red channel. Validation of MODIS LAI product revealed substantial underestimates of LAI compared to the up-scaled field measurements and rather large random noise. ENVISAT MERIS LAI product was more similar to up-scaled field measurements; however, rather large unexpected random variations exist in its time series.
Evaluation of the basal area growth models in the Finnish stand simulator MOTTI with data from the Estonian network of permanent forest growth plots / Soome puistukasvusimulaatori MOTTI rinnaspindala juurdekasvumudelite prognoositäpsuse hindamine Eesti metsa kasvukäigu püsiproovitükkide võrgustiku mõõtmisandmete põhjal
Authors: Lilleleht Ando , Sims Allan , Kiviste Andres , Hynynen Jari , Lehtonen Mika
Published: September 2014

Forest management has become a more complex issue than it has ever been before. Foresters need to fulfill the demands of several interest groups, often which are conflicting. Finding the balance between different management objectives can be facilitated with the use of decision support systems. Since no decision support systems have been developed in Estonia, the aim of this study is to assess the applicability of the Finnish stand growth simulator MOTTI in Estonia. The evaluation focuses on the basal area growth models; the data used originates from the Estonian network of permanent forest growth plots. Tree-level bias models were constructed for all major tree species in order to assess model performance. Also, bias was examined visually with the use of residual plots. Results show that bias levels and variables which contribute to bias differ by species. Based on the fit statistics of the bias models, Common aspen shows the highest bias level whereas the growth of Gray alder seems to be predicted most accurately. Although model performance is decent for a model that is used outside of its application limits, calibration should still be considered as a prerequisite to implement the MOTTI system in Estonian forestry practice.
Leadership in Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Contribution to the Millenium Development Goal 5
Authors: Taylor DJ
Published: September 2014

DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11131 Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 1-2
Use of Misoprostol in the Management of Early Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Gurung G , Rana A , Baral J
Published: September 2014

Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of Misoprostol administered vaginally to assist complete evacuation in early pregnancy losses (incomplete abortion, missed abortion and blighted ovum). Methods: It is a descriptive study conducted in the Department of Ob/Gyn and Emergency Department Tribhuvan University Teaching hospital. All women with clinical/USG diagnosis of incomplete abortion, missed abortion and blighted ovum ≤12 weeks POG either from last menstrual period (LMP) or USG were inserted tab. misoprostol 800 mcg in the posterior fornix. Same dose was repeated when the evacuation was incomplete on day 3 of follow-up. Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) was offered on day 14 if evacuation was incomplete or any complications like excessive bleeding/severe pain occurred during this period. Results: A hundred and thirty three women with incomplete/missed/blighted ovum were reported, of which 112 (84.3%) were analyzed as 21(15.7%) lost to follow up. Among the 112, 51 (45.5%) were incomplete abortion, 34(30.3%) blighted and 27 (24.1%) missed abortion. Complete evacuation was achieved in 98/112 (87.5%) cases [73 (65%) cases with single dose & 25(22.3%) with double doses]. Evacuation was failed in 14(12.5%) cases [incomplete abortion 6 (42%), blighted 7 (50%) & missed abortion 1 (7.1%)]. Failure for complete evacuation (n=14) related to gestational age: 10-12 weeks 9/14(64%), 7-9 weeks 5 (35%) and none in the ≤6 weeks. Although the plan was to evacuate on day 14 of follow-up for incomplete evacuation which was applicable only in 11(78.5%) cases, 3(21.5%) cases were surgically (MVA) treated beforehand (2 for excessive bleeding, 1 for severe pain). No severe complications and side effects requiring treatment were observed. Conclusions: Vaginal Misoprostol is proved to be effective and safe in cases of incomplete abortion, missed abortion and blighted ovum. In the cases that failed to achieve complete evacuation by medical means using misoprostol were subjected to surgical manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) on day 14 of follow-up. DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11133   Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 9-13
Non-descent Vaginal Hysterectomy: Safety and Feasibility
Authors: Saha R , Shrestha NS , Thapa M , Shrestha J , Bajracharya J , Padhye SM
Published: September 2014

Aims: To assess safety and feasibility of non-descent vaginal hysterectomy. Methods: A hospital based prospective study was conducted at the department of obstetrics and gynecology of Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2011. All the patients undergoing non -descent vaginal hysterectomy for benign indication, without suspected adnexal pathology were included in the study. Vaginal hysterectomy was done in usual manner. In bigger size uterus morcellation techniques like bisection, debulking, myomectomy, slicing, or combination of these were used to remove the uterus. Data regarding age, parity, uterine size ,estimated blood loss, length of operation, complication and hospital stay were recorded. Results: A total of 50 cases were selected for non-descent vaginal hysterectomy. Among them 43 cases successfully underwent non-descent vaginal hysterectomy. Commonest age group was (41-45 years) i.e. 40%. All patients were parous. Uterus size was <10 weeks in 27 cases and >10 weeks in 23 cases. Commonest indication was leiomyoma of uterus (63%). Mean duration of surgery was two hours. Mean blood loss was 205.26ml. Reasons for failure to perform NDVH was difficulty in opening pouch of Douglas in three cases. In rest of four cases there was difficulty in reaching the myoma and transverse diameter was too large so as to prevent descent of the uterus. The most common complication was post –operative pain in 23% of cases. Febrile morbidity was present in 4.6% of cases. Blood transfusion was required in seven cases. Average duration of hospital stay was three days. Conclusions: Vaginal hysterectomy for benign gynecological causes other than prolapse is safe and feasible. For successful outcome size of uterus, size in all dimensions and location of fibroid should be taken into consideration.Today in the era of minimally invasive surgery, non descent vaginal hysterectomy needs to be considered and seems to be a safe option. DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11134   Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 14-16
Hysterotomy- Indications and Associated Complications: An Indian Teaching Hospital Experience
Authors: Siwatch S , Sehgal E , Goyal LD
Published: September 2014

Aims: To analyze the incidence, indications, period of gestation and associated morbidity and mortality of hysterotomy in a tertiary care hospital in India. Methods: Ten year inpatient records of abortions and hysterotomies at a tertiary care government teaching hospital in North India were reviewed and analyzed. Results: The incidence of hysterotomy at our institute was 1.1% of all abortions. Fifty two hysterotomies were performed. Majority of the women were multigravidas and in the second trimester of pregnancy. Haemorrhage due to placenta previa was the commonest indication for surgery. Failed induction for medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) and previous caesarean were the other common causes. Hysterotomy was associated with considerable morbidity. Conclusions: Abortion in any trimester may be associated with need for surgical intervention which may be associated with serious morbidity.DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11136 Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 17-20
Obstetric Outcome of Teenage Pregnancy
Authors: Kayastha S , Pradhan A
Published: September 2014

Aims: To assess the prevalence of teenage pregnancies and to compare the obstetric performance of teenage pregnant woman with that of adult pregnant woman. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital from August, 2010 to February, 2012 (one and half year duration). All the teenage pregnancies were included and outcomes were compared with adult (20-24 years) pregnancies, selected randomly who had delivered during the same period of time. The patient characteristics (age, gravidity, parity, gestation age) and obstetric outcome (medical and obstetrical complications, mode of delivery, complications during delivery, fetal outcome, birth weight) were compared between the two groups. Statistical analysis was preformed using PHSTATZ and Z test for proportion. Results: There were total 2708 deliveries during the study period, out of which teenage pregnancy was 264 (9.7%). There were 69(26.1%0) teenage mothers of age 16 to 17 years and 195(73.9%) of age group 18 to 19 years. As expected, maximum patients in the test group i.e. teenagers were primigravida as compared to control group. (90.1% vs. 68.5%). As for mode of delivery, normal delivery in test and control was 82.9% vs 81.1% (p=0.56) and rate of cesarean delivery was similar 10.2% and 10.7%, (p=0.84) in both the groups. The incidence of instrumental delivery was more in control group although it was not statistically significant( 0.7% vs 2.2%, p=0.16). Preterm delivery was 3.0% in teenage as compared to control which is 2.2%. The percentage of intrauterine fetal death was 0.7% vs 0% in test and control group (p=0.15). Proportion of low birth weight babies in test and control group was 7.2% vs 5.9% (p=0.55). Similarly pregnancy related complications were also compared in teenage and control groups. It was found that postpartum hemorrhage occurred more in teenage pregnancy 1.8% vs 0.7% (p=0.84) but statistically not significant. Incidence of hypertensive disorders was 6.4% and 5.6% (p=0.66) in test and control group. Proportion of babies with intrauterine growth restriction was 3.0% in test and 1.1% (p=0.009) in control, the only parameter that is statistically significant. Fetal congenital anomaly was 0.7% vs 0.4% (p=0.54) Conclusions: Teenage pregnancy can have an equally good outcome if we give good obstetric care and encourage institutional delivery. DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11139 Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 29-32
Missed Diagnosis of a Heterotopic Pregnancy with Tubal Rupture: A Case Report
Authors: Sharma B
Published: September 2014

We report a combined intra-uterine and ruptured tubal pregnancy following ovulation induction by clomiphene citrate(CC).She was a 35 year old multigravida who presented with a ruptured tubal pregnancy and underwent right salphingectomy. Three months later, she presented with amenorrhea from the time of operation and an intra-uterine pregnancy was confirmed. Previous ultrasound at her initial presentation, did not reveal an intra-uterine pregnancy. The second ultrasound dating indicated that the intra-uterine conception had occurred before the tubal pregnancy was diagnosed. Therefore, a high index of suspicion for heterotopic pregnancy is needed in woman taking ovulation inducing drugs. DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11142   Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 40-42
Rectovaginal Fistula of Different Etiologies: Clinical Case Reports
Authors: Mitra P , Mukherjee S , Hassan H , Soreng PS , Adhikari S , Roy TK
Published: September 2014

We report three cases of recto vaginal fistula (RVF) due to different etiologies. First case was due to sexual trauma (vaginal intercourse) which is not very common. The second case was due to obstetric trauma (the most common etiology of RVF) and the third case was caused by chronic lower genito-urinary infection in a HIV positive lady. We have included the successful surgical procedures of first two cases. But the repairing of the third case was failed hence planned to operate after six months. DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11143   Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 43-46
Increased Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis as a Result of 5- Oxoproline (Pyroglutamic Acid) in Pregnancy: A Case Report
Authors: Sathiyathasan S , Jeyanthan K , Soper H , Hamid R
Published: September 2014

Accumulation of 5- Oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) is a rare cause of severe, high anion gap metabolic acidosis in adults. A 21 year old lady presented at 39 weeks gestation in her first pregnancy with 2 weeks history of shortness of breath. Arterial blood gas showed metabolic acidosis. Urine and serum samples were taken which showed an increase in the serum level of 5- Oxoproline -creatinine ratio indicating pyroglutamic metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis that is caused by 5- oxoproline results from disruption of the gamma glutamyl cycle. Glutamile synthetase (GS) deficiency is an autosomol recessive disorder. With GS deficiency, reduced glutathione levels increases gamma glutamile synthetase activity, and the resulting gamma - glutamile cystine levels are converted to 5-oxoproline.Suspicion for 5-oxoproline-associated high anion gap metabolic acidosis should be made when the cause of high anion gap metabolic acidosis remains poorly defined. DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11144   Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 47-49
Very High CA125 due to Non-neoplastic Lesion of Ovary
Authors: Bista KDB
Published: September 2014

High CA-125 levels have been strongly associated with ovarian malignancy. But due to nonspecific nature of this tumor marker it has been found to be raised to high levels above 1000u/Ml even in some non neoplastic conditions which have to be kept in mind. A young woman was found to have very high Ca125 levels of 3500u/Ml after rupture of endometrioma. Endometrioma, pelvic inflammatory disease, abdominal tuberculosis are some of the nonneoplastic conditions associated with very high levels of Ca125. DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11146   Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 52-54
Malignant Leiomyoblastoma: An Incidental Diagnosis
Authors: Ray S , Basak S , Chatterjee P
Published: September 2014

DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11147   Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 55-56
Puerperal Uterine Inversion
Authors: Jha M , Jha R
Published: September 2014

DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11148 Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 57-58
Vulval Lymphangiomas Mimicking Genital Herpes : A Need for Vigilance
Authors: Al Aboud K
Published: September 2014

DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11149 Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 59-60
Cadaveric Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Begum Shahanaz
Published: September 2014

Abstract not available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20499 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2013, Vol. 11 No. 1 pp 01
Morphological Study of Human Kidney  A Post Mortem Study
Authors: Hassan SM Nurul , Ahamed Borhan Uddin , Azad Md Abul Kalam , Khalil Mansur , Khalil Mohsin
Published: September 2014

Context: Retroperitoneal location of kidney implies much difficulties in management of renal diseases, specially for surgeons. Appropriate knowledge on three dimensional morphological status of kidney may be helpful for successful surgery of this region. So this study was performed to evaluate the age related changes in length, breadth and thickness of kidney collected from Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A cross sectional analytical type of study was conducted at the department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. A total of 70 (seventy) fresh human of right & left kidneys of both sexes were collected from the morgue of Mymensingh Medical College. The selected cases were between 5 to 60 years of age. The samples were divided into 3 different age groups (A: 05-15 years, B: 16-35 years, C: 36- 60 years) to observe the variations in length, breadth and thickness of kidney. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in the values of length, breadth and thickness among these groups except the difference of values regarding breadth and thickness between group C & A which were not significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: There were changes in the values of length, breadth and thickness of kidneys DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20500 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2013, Vol. 11 No. 1 pp 3-6
Significance of Sacral Index in Estimation of Sex in Sacra of Cadavers in Bangladesh
Authors: Kamal AHM Mostafa , Ara Shamim , Hoque Md Mesbahul , Khatun Khadeza , Rahman Kazi Afzalur
Published: September 2014

Context : The bones of the body are the last to pass away after death, next to enamel of teeth. Hence, in establishing the personal identity with respect to sex, age and stature, medico legal experts, anatomists and anthropologists use the skeletal materials for giving their opinion. Sex-dependent differences have been noted in the pelvic bone anatomy, and so differences exist in male and female sacrum. The aim of this study was to collect data regarding morphometric measurements of maximum length and breadth of sacrum and to find out possible variations of sacral index in different individuals in relation to sex. Material and Methods: A Cross-sectional, analytical type of study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, on 172 (one hundred seventy two) adult human dry sacra of unknown sex. The study samples were distributed in male and female sex groups by discriminant function analysis. All the samples were studied morphologically. Sacral length and breadth were measured with the help of digital slide calipers. Result : The mean sacral index in male and female were 97.88±6.16 % and 112.69±10.17 % respectively. Female has the greater sacral index than male (P<0.001) Conclusion: Sexing of sacrum, by sacral index method is relevant and significant DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20502 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2013, Vol. 11 No. 1 pp 11-14
Morphological Study of Human Parathyroid Glands  A Postmortem Study
Authors: Mahbub Sabiha , Ara Shamim , Nurunnabi Abu Sadat Mohammad , Alim Abdul , Ahmed Rukshana , Alam Md Jahangir , Nahar Yesmin
Published: September 2014

Context: The parathyroid gland, the last major organ to be recognized in humans is an essential endocrine gland. The hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland provides a powerful mechanism for controlling extracellular calcium and phosphate concentration. Detailed morphological knowledge of parathyroid gland is essential for proper diagnosis and management of parathyroid diseases. Materials & Methods: A cross sectional, analytical type of study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, on parathyroid glands of 60 (sixty) Bangladeshi people in different age groups. Total 207 (two hundred and seven) parathyroid glands were taken from these 60 (sixty) cadavers. The samples were collected from the unclaimed dead bodies were under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine of Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into three different age groups ranging from 15 to 75 years. The groups were group A (10-30 years), group B (31-60 years) and group C (61-90 years). All samples were studied morphologically. Results: In the present study of 60 cadavers, 207 parathyroid glands were identified in relation to posterior border of thyroid lobe. In this study the mean SD length of parathyroid glands ranged from 3.36 ± 1.11 to 9.25 ± 1.71 mm, breadth of parathyroid glands ranged from 2.50 ± 0.58 to 5.33 ± 1.53 mm and thickness of parathyroid glands ranged from 1.25 ± 0.50 to 2.83 ± 0.29 mm. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20503 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2013, Vol. 11 No. 1 pp 15-18
Length and Depth of the Central Sulcus: A Postmortem Study
Authors: Fatema Kanij , Ara Shamim , Rahman Mushfika , Afroz Halima , Sultana Anjuman Ara , Pal Dipali Rani
Published: September 2014

Context: The central sulcus, which is located between the primary motor and primary somatic sensory cortex is an important structure and landmark of the cerebral hemisphere. Morphology of the central sulcus varies with age, sex, manual skill, handedness and in many diseases. This study is carried out to establish a normal standard in different age groups in length and depth of the central sulcus. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, analytical type of study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, on one hundred and forty (140) on human cerebral hemispheres. The samples were divided into four different age groups i.e. Group A (20-29 years), Group B (30-39 years), Group C (40-49 years) and Group D (50-59 years). All the samples were studied morphologically. Results: The mean length of central sulcus was 102.89±3.55 mm to 96.83±3.92 mm in male and 98.00±5.17 mm to 96.29±2.56 mm in female. Depth of the central sulcus was 20.02±2.41 mm to 21.50±2.21 mm in male and 20.50±2.57 mm to 21.36±1.87 mm in female. The difference in mean length of the right central sulcus between male and female was statistically significant in group A (p<0.05) and B (p<0.05). The difference in mean depth of the central sulcus between male and female was not statistically significant in any age groups. No significant difference was found between right and left hemisphere for both length and depth of the central sulcus. The difference in mean length and depth of the central sulcus between different age groups for both left and right hemisphere was not statistically significant in any age group. Conclusion: The length and depth of the central sulcus showed gradual decreasing values with advancing age. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20504 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2013, Vol. 11 No. 1 pp 19-24
Variation in Weight of the Human Pituitary Gland in Different Age & Sex
Authors: Rahman Mushfika , Ara Shamim , Akter Farhana , Afroz Halima , Sultana Anjuman Ara , Yousuf Abul Kalam Mohammad , Akhter Jesmin
Published: September 2014

Contrext: The pituitary gland produces several hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and reproduction. Deviations from the normal functions of the gland certainly derange the harmony of life. Therefore, this study is important to identify variation in the weight of human pituitary gland in relation to age and sex. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional analytical type of study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, on sixty (40 of male and 20 of female) human pituitary glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies that were under examination in the morgue of department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into four groups. i.e. Group-A (20-29 years), Group-B (30-39 years), Group-C (40-49 years) and Group-D (50-59 years). The weight of the gland with the stalk was measured by means of a digital electric balance. Results: In male the mean± SD weight of the pituitary gland was found 355.56 ± 49.78, 261.18 ± 52.31, 244.44 ± 51.26 and 210 ± 18.71 mg in group A, B, C and D respectively. In female the mean± SD weight was 381.11 ± 14.53 mg, 345 ± 19.27 mg and 313.33 ± 11.53 mg in group A, B, and C respectively. Conclusion: The weight of the pituitary gland showed gradual decreasing values with advancing age. The mean ± SD weight of male gland in this study was significantly lower than that of female glands. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20505 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2013, Vol. 11 No. 1 pp 25-29
Comparison of the Foot Height, Length, Breadth and Types between Santhals and Bangalees of Pirganj, Rangpur
Authors: Ahmed Sultan , Akhter Afruza Bulbul , Anwar Selina , Begum Anjum Ara , Rahman Khalilur , Saha Narayan Chandra
Published: September 2014

Context: The structural and functional components of the foot are composed of highly refined interrelated segments which provide a stable base for supporting the body in both load support and shock absorption during standing, running, walking and jumping. The study was aimed to measure the foot of adult Santhal males of Pirganj upazilla, Rangpur to find out to racial characteristics of their own and compare with Bangalee adult males of the same area. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 60 (sixty) adult male Santhals and 120 (one hundred and twenty) adult male Bangalees. Foot length, foot breadth and foot height was measured. Foot index was calculated and foot shape was determined. Results: Height, length and breadth of foot were higher in Bangalees than Santhals and showed a significantly higher value for the foot length. Regarding the foot shape, slender foot was found more in Bangalees but most of these two groups have standard foot shape. Conclusion: In the present study significantly higher value of foot length and higher percentage of slender foot in Bangalees but higher percentage of broad foot among the Santhals were found . Slender foot in Bangalees may be due to less weight bearing habit than Santhals. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20506 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2013, Vol. 11 No. 1 pp 30-33
Medical Undergraduates Residual Knowledge of Structural, Functional and Clinical Aspects of Cell and Histology at Recall and Understanding Levels
Authors: Amin Nahid Farhana , Akter Manowara , Kabir Mohammed Humaun , Shamim Khondker Manzare
Published: September 2014

Context: The importance of the knowledge of Cell and Histology in grasping the paraclinical and clinical sciences by medical undergraduates is understandable. The rapidly changing scenario of the concepts of teaching-learning and assessment demands assessing the status of undergraduates residual knowledge from the viewpoint of teachers, curriculum planners and educational researchers. Materials and methods: Answering text-based (60%) and illustration-based (40%) single-sentence True/ False questions was attempted by 373 undergraduates who had completed the Cell and Histology portion of their course 3 to 6 months earlier in two government and two private medical colleges of Bangladesh. There were structurally-oriented (46.67%), functionally-oriented (43.33%) and clinically-oriented (10%) questions addressing mainly recall (58%) and understanding (40.67%) levels of cognitive domain. Comparisons were made among the numbers of correct answers to different types of question using ANOVA Post Hoc and t test, as applicable. Results: The mean frequency of correct response was 54.25%. Significantly more (p= 0.00) correct responses were recorded for the clinically-oriented (62.47%) and functionally-oriented (54.46%) questions than for the structurally-oriented (52.62%) questions. There were significantly (p= 0.00) fewer correct responses for the understanding-level questions (51.13%) than for the recall-level questions (56.65%). Conclusion: These results suggest that the residual knowledge of Cell and Histology in the undergraduates, though not very rich, may be governed both by a sense of relevance and by memorisation. Further study with a larger sample can add to these results to dictate curriculum modification and implementation, regarding teaching and assessment, in making learning more relevant and less memorisation-dependent. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20507 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2013, Vol. 11 No. 1 pp 34-43
Multi System Involvement due to Acute Methanol Toxicity in a Young Male
Authors: Islam Syed Fazlul , Ahmed AH Hamid , Nomani Bokhtiare Mohammad Shoeb , Morshed Syed Mahbub , Islam Syed Mahtab Ul
Published: September 2014

A young male who had history of ingestion of methanol developed severe anorexia, nausea, and profuse vomiting after a short period. After evaluation he was found to develop severe renal failure, metabolic acidosis & dyselectrolemia. He was given haemodialysis for several sessions. Few days later he developed weakness and blurred vision. Neurological evaluation showed toxic neuropathy. In spite of giving haemodialysis near about three months his renal function did not improved. Renal biopsy showed features suggestive of acute cortical necrosis. He was declared a case of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) & an arterio-venus fistula was created in his left forearm for maintenance of haemodialysis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20508 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2013, Vol. 11 No. 1 pp 44-47