bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensible Objects
Authors: Hahn Tomie , Jordan J. Scott
Published: August 2017

This chapter integrates ethnographic techniques, cognitive science, and enactive theory to examine the phenomenology dynamics that emerge during spontaneous interaction in a newly developed practice called banding. Specifically, participants are connected to each other via large rubber bands. An enactivist analysis of participants’ journals reveals participants undergo intense intercorporeal experiences with properties that are: disorienting; multiscale; conjure intercorporeal surprise and discovery; undergo patterns of change, in both groups and individuals; give rise to intercorporeal trust; and entail intercorporeal shifts in identity. The paper analyses how these properties might reflect the intercorporeal nature of everyday experiences.
More than a Body
Authors: Malafouris Lambros , Koukouti Maria Danae
Published: August 2017

Merging notions of materiality and intercorporeality is becoming increasingly important in archaeology and anthropology, as material culture has brought the materiality of bodies and the materiality of things back to the center of attention. Material Engagement Theory (MET) offers a new approach to the study of the nature of interactions and relational transactions of people and things as well as understanding their role in shaping the mind. Using the example of pottery making, this paper explores how the material world now becomes an inseparable component of the way we think; mind and matter are one and must be studied as such. This is a new emphasis on the priority of material engagement as a prereflexive, preverbal capacity for basic thought through, with, and about things which emerges from our bodily engagement with the world. It resonates, extends, and complements the concept of “intercorporeality” (intercorporéité) as advanced by French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty.
Wild Meaning
Authors: Jordan J. Scott , Mays Chris
Published: August 2017

Given the contemporary dominance of empiricism in the debate regarding bodies and meaning, the present paper projects Merleau-Ponty’s notion of intercorporeality into that debate. It does so via wild systems theory, a recently-developed approach to bodies and meaning. This theory defends Merleau-Ponty’s notion of inherently meaningful bodies by (1) rejecting the notion of subject-object divides, and (2) describing the inherent relationality of bodies and their relationships with objects and other bodies. The paper then examines the intercorporeal nature of words. This is explored as a means of completing Husserl’s mission to reestablish philosophy as an expression of experience by experience (i.e., wild meaning).
Introduction
Authors: Williams Gareth D.
Published: August 2017

ON MAY 4, 1492, Pietro Bembo (1470–1547), that flamboyant young Venetian patrician and future cardinal, at last set foot in the city of Messina after an arduous journey by land and sea from Venice.1 He had traveled to Sicily with Angelo Gabriele, his friend from boyhood,...
From Memory to Modernity
Authors: Williams Gareth D.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 2 builds on the mnemonic significance of the Etna Idea as traced in Chapter 1, partly by relating Pietro Bembo’s activation of literary memory on Etna to the Classical phenomenon of mnemonic topography, or the embedding of the socio-historical, cultural, and literary past into descriptions of material landscape. De Aetna is also viewed in Chapter 2 in relation to the Renaissance tradition of travel writings that combined topographical surveillance with the visitation of antiquity in merging past and present, or in connecting place description with antiquarian recovery. A further memory function of De Aetna lies in its possible dialogue with, and even its direct response to, Petrarch’s celebrated account of his ascent of Mont Ventoux in 1336. The chapter duly visits that account, but as part of a larger attempt to locate Pietro’s Etna adventure within the broader history of mountaineering and the mixed attitudes to mountains from antiquity to the sixteenth century.
Activations of Landscape in De Aetna
Authors: Williams Gareth D.
Published: August 2017

The father-son relationship recurs as the central theme of Chapter 6, in which Etna powerfully symbolizes the generational tensions—Bernardo Bembo committed to traditional Venetian patrician civic duty, Pietro far more ambivalent about that calling—that underlie (and gently qualify) their congenial exchanges in De Aetna. Bernardo views Etna with studied detachment, resisting its wonder by systematically explaining its workings in terms of volcanic typology; Pietro’s Etna is as much a mountain of the mind as it is a formidable physical challenge. Bernardo objectifies nature; Pietro views Etna with a far more subjective eye for fabulist projection on to its slopes, for engaging with its air of mystery and enchantment, and above all for making the mountain his own as a figurative locus of self-expression. If Bernardo expounds de Aetna, Pietro exults de sua Aetna; whereas Bernardo deciphers the mountain, Pietro encrypts it in his own code of fantasy.
Singleness and the Church
Authors: Bennett Jana Marguerite
Published: August 2017

Christians ought to be the people who most support singleness, given what scripture and tradition suggests—but they do not. Despite the fact that almost half of all Americans are single, singleness remains an often-overlooked oddity in American culture and in Christian communities. This book examines a variety of forgotten ways of being single: never-married, casual uncommitted relationships, committed unmarried relationships, same-sex attracted singleness, widowhood, divorce, and single parenting. Each chapter focuses on a different way of being single that draws together cultural commentary and Christian debate. Each chapter also features a holy guide—a person who lived that way of being single—who offers a new perspective on singleness, the church, and what it means to be a single Christian disciple. By considering all these states of single life, perhaps the contemporary church can learn how to be more appreciative and responsive to Christian singleness. A good theology of singleness is crucial for the well-being of Christian community. I argue that, in fact, for much of Christian tradition, Christians have been thinking about singleness in far more diverse ways than contemporary Christians think about singleness. This book therefore provides a starting point for restoring singleness, in all its amazing varieties, to its rightful place in Christian tradition.
Friendship: Same-Sex Attracted, Single, and Aelred of Rievaulx
Authors: Bennett Jana Marguerite
Published: August 2017

Christians who are same-sex attracted but single find themselves in a hard theological space. If they are remaining single, they often don’t fit the mold of contemporary LGBTQ+ activism surrounding marriage. Yet they often also face discrimination and hostility from their Christian communities. Using the voices of contemporary same-sex attracted single people, as well as the twelfth-century monk Aelred of Rievaulx, I discuss the significance of spiritual friendship. Aelred developed his idea of spiritual friendship, which has been taken up by several LGBTQ+ single people as providing a helpful way forward. Spiritual friendship is also a great gift for the church and needs to be taken far more seriously.
Introduction
Authors: Rogers Holly
Published: August 2017

The Introduction situates the subsequent chapters within the wider discourses on music and the moving image, and on experimental film. It identifies several threads that run through the book, most of which concern the identification of a critical space that opens up between previously constructed binaries when audiovisuality is treated experimentally: between music and noise, active and passive consumption, popular and avant-garde practices and audiovisual synchronicity and dissonance. Despite the divergent practices of experimental film’s many histories, these threads enable the identification of persistent and common forms of sonic innovation.
Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean
Authors: Arnold Felix
Published: August 2017

Palaces like the Aljafería and the Alhambra rank among the highest achievements of the Islamic world. In recent years archaeological work at Córdoba, Kairouan and many other sites has vastly increased our knowledge about the origin and development of Islamic palatial architecture, particularly in the Western Mediterranean region. This book offers a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of Islamic palace architecture in Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and southern Italy. The author, who has himself conducted archaeological field work at several prominent sites, presents all Islamic palaces known in the region in ground plans, sections and individual descriptions. The book traces the evolution of Islamic palace architecture in the region from the 8th to the 19th century and places them within the context of the history of Islamic culture. Palace architecture is a unique source of cultural history, offering insights into the way space was conceived and the way rulers used architecture to legitimize their power. The book discusses such topics as the influence of the architecture of the Middle East on the Islamic palaces of the western Mediterranean region, the role of Greek logic and scientific progress on the design of palaces, the impact of Islamic palaces on Norman and Gothic architecture and the role of Sufism on the palatial architecture of the late medieval period.
The Age of the Great Caliphates (900–1000 CE)
Authors: Arnold Felix
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses how competition between two Islamic empires launched a Golden Age for palatial architecture in the Western Mediterranean during the Tenth Century. Trying to outdo rivals and attain global representation, the Fatimid caliphs of North Africa and the Umayyad caliphs of Córdoba founded palatial cities on a scale not seen before in the west, and realized ambitious building projects. Each developed its own style of architecture, based in part on Abbasid prototypes, in part on local traditions. Prominent Fatimid sites include Mahdīya, Manṣūriya, Raqqāda, Aǧdābiyā, and Ašīr. For the Umayyads, the cities of Córdoba and Madīnat az-Zahrā’ as well as their “suburban” surroundings included architectural feats like the Dār al-Mulk, the Salón Rico, and the Munyat ar-Rummāniya. Together the achievements of both dynasties evince the increased importance of the beholder’s perspective in the Islamic architecture of the West— a development which may have influenced art in the Renaissance.
Introduction
Authors: Elkins Nathan T.
Published: August 2017

Although Nerva’s reign is largely the province of historians, owing to the lack of state-sanctioned art from his short reign, his coinage is very diverse and has been an untapped resource for studying contemporary “self-representation” in this period. It is argued that the emperor did not necessarily formulate coin iconography or messaging, as often assumed, but that it was directed at him, as were contemporary panegyric and poetry. He was, however, not the only audience. Coins were used by people throughout Roman society and so deploying quantitative and finds-based methods informs what images played the biggest role in contemporary praise and rhetoric and, to some degree, at what populations they were targeted.
American Opinion on Trade
Authors: Guisinger Alexandra
Published: August 2017

American Opinion on Trade: Preferences without Politics explains how American voters form opinions on trade policy and why those preferences can remain at odds with policy choices of political actors and parties who depend on their votes. The book shows that Americans weave together distinct and at times countervailing beliefs about trade’s effect on themselves, their communities, and the country. Initial chapters describe gender, race, and community based sources of protectionist sentiment. Later chapters focus on media and campaign portrayals of trade and their influence on Americans’ continued negative perception of the effect of trade on American jobs even as the United States continues to promote policies sustaining globalization. The final chapter discusses the difficulty faced by politicians and parties navigating these diverse and malleable sources of trade sentiment, particularly when encumbered with voting histories supportive of trade liberalization. It identifies party convergence on trade as a source of the diminished salience in American politics and compares the American experience with that of eight other advanced industrial economies. The book concludes by noting the potential for the reemerging influence of trade policy, particularly in light of the return of trade discourse in the 2016 Presidential campaigns.
Trade Preferences and Politics
Authors: Guisinger Alexandra
Published: August 2017

Chapter 3 introduces a novel theoretical model and empirical test for explaining variations in individuals’ expressed support for trade protection. Drawing on original survey data from 2006 and 2010, the chapter describes the state of Americans beliefs about the costs and benefits of trade for themselves, their community, and the country. To understand the sources of variation in these beliefs, the chapter offers a description of information environment on trade policy: how information sources have changed in content and influence over time; how information influence may vary across different groups of individuals; and how individuals may hold countervailing beliefs about the effect of trade on their own and others’ economic outcomes. The chapter offers a new composite individual-sociotropic model of trade opinion that integrates potential variation in beliefs and incorporates the potential for ambivalence as well as strong support or opposition to trade protection. The chapter concludes by testing the implications of the model on the relationship between individuals’ beliefs about trade’s effects on themselves and others and their stated preference for trade protection.
Economic Vulnerability, Self-Interest, and Individual Trade Preferences
Authors: Guisinger Alexandra
Published: August 2017

Chapter 4 provides an original explanation both for why women and minorities are more likely to express protectionist sentiments and for why those protectionist sentiments are not reflected in their voting. The chapter provides an extension of standard models of individual economic well-being to consider trade’s effect not only on wages but also on employment volatility, which is increased by openness to foreign trade. The chapter offers analysis of original survey data from 2006 and 2010 and three decades of American National Election Studies to confirm the previously observed gender gap and newly identified racial gap in trade preferences. The chapter then presents two experimental surveys testing alternative causal mechanisms for the divides. Both experiments vary the type of information provided to respondents about trade partners and potential benefits of trade. In both cases, experiments show stability in women and non-whites preferences for trade and variability in white men’s preferences. Next, the chapter reinvestigates the salience of trade by gender and racial groupings and shows low salience among women and non-whites. The chapter concludes with a description of who might benefit from women and minorities stable preferences and why so few organizations seek to do so.
National Innovation Systems
Authors: Cowhey Peter F. , Aronson Jonathan D.
Published: August 2017

Innovation is the key driver of economic prosperity. It is the product of an ecosystem of at least five interlinked building blocks: social networks and dynamic labor markets, shared assets that lower costs for innovative companies, flexible business models, financial models to support innovation, and appropriate government policies. National innovation systems transform periodically and public policy significantly influences their evolution. Since 1945, the United States has had two dominant systems of innovation. The first relied on vertically integrated firms such as AT&T or DuPont. More recently a second system, the Silicon Valley model of venture capital dominated. A comparison of the U.S. system with that of Korea shows how other countries have adapted the U.S. innovation system to their circumstances.
The Spiritual Lives of Young African Americans
Authors: Wright Almeda
Published: August 2017

The Spiritual Lives of Young African Americans unearths the ways that African American Christian youth separate their lives and spirituality into mutually exclusive categories, with the result that their religious beliefs and practices do not directly impact their experiences of communal and systemic injustices. Yet this work argues that youth can and do teach the church and society myriad lessons through their theological reflections and actions. This book takes seriously the harsh realities of African American youth, who are often marginalized and even dehumanized within society and religious institutions. It draws upon in-depth theological reflection with adolescents and recent research on adolescent spirituality to examine the crucial role of spirituality in adolescent identity formation and the practical ways that youth negotiate the world around them. Listening to the voices of young African Americans, including activist and poets, pushes us to consider specific examples of fragmentation, including how young African Americans can reconcile their faith in God with their experiences of police brutality and ongoing violence. In conversation with young African Americans, this book also mines the resources of African American religious and theological traditions, and shows how collectively they can help youth to navigate fragmentation and respond to systemic injustice. In particular, abundant life, or choosing the way of life abundant, offers a vision of life and hope for young people who are too often surrounded by death. This work concludes with a critical pedagogy for integrating spirituality and fostering abundant life with African American youth.
Nice Story, but So What?
Authors: Arras John D. , Childress James , Adams Matthew
Published: August 2017

This chapter explores the recent shift that has occurred in bioethics away from the pursuit of objectivity or truth. Instead, the emphasis has increasingly been on narrative ethics, an approach that argues for a view of ethics as being primarily local and contingent. The chapter begins by outlining the central features of narrative ethics, explaining both the conception of narrative as the grounds for moral principles and the connections between narrative ethics and postmodernism. The chapter then outlines some problems that arise for the method of narrative ethics, such as the threat of subjectivism and the dangers of fetishizing “little narratives” at the expense of broader social understanding and critique.
Time in the Blues
Authors: Simon Julia
Published: August 2017

Time in the Blues presents an interdisciplinary analysis of the specific forms of temporality produced by and reflected in the blues. Often described as immediate, spontaneous, and intense, the blues focus on the present moment, creating an experience of time for both performer and listener that is inflected by the material conditions that gave rise to the genre. Examining time as it is represented, enacted, and experienced through the blues engages questions concerning how material conditions in the early twentieth century shaped a musical genre. The formal characteristics of the blues—ostinato patterns, cyclical changes, improvisation, call and response—emerge from and speak to economic, social, and political relations under Jim Crow segregation. A close examination of the structuring of time under sharecropping, convict lease, and migration reveals their significance to aesthetic constraints in the blues. Likewise, contexts and frames of reception, such as traveling shows, advertisements for 78 rpm records, and a sense of tradition structure the experience of time for an audience of listeners. Blues music provides a rich and complex articulation of a dynamic form of resonant temporality that speaks against the dominant culture through its insistence on the present moment. Ultimately, Time in the Blues, argues for the relevance, significance, and importance of time in the blues for shared values of community and a vision of social justice.
Time, Tradition, Performance, and the Aesthetic Object
Authors: Simon Julia
Published: August 2017

The final chapter addresses the temporality of a genre based on tradition. Working from conceptions of tradition gleaned from the epic and historical chronicle, and of modern anxieties about the weight of the past, reveals a resonating, vibrant, multi-temporal field for the blues that employs meta-textual references to the tradition to create ironic distance. Tracing the genealogy of a riff from Robert Johnson’s “If I Had Possession Over Judgment Day” to Muddy Waters’s “Rollin’ and Tumblin’, ” through to Nick Moss and the Flip Tops’ “The Money I Make” reveals the dynamic forms of temporal simultaneity that define the blues as a genre. An investigation of improvisation foregrounds the historical rootedness of all creative expression, while the necessary interplay between tradition and reception enables a final interrogation of the relationship between individual and community in the blues.
The Invulnerability of Integrity
Authors: Ing Michael D. K.
Published: August 2017

This chapter looks at arguments for the invulnerability of integrity as articulated by early Confucians and later Confucian interpreters. It begins by sketching out a tension found throughout the early literature: namely, a conflict between desiring to transform society and desiring to maintain one’s integrity. This conflict occurs in situations where transforming society entails colluding with immoral leaders in government or otherwise violating standards of ethical action. The texts and interpreters argue that only highly cultivated moral agents, or sages, are able to effectively navigate these situations such that they maintain their integrity but also act on their desire to transform society. Sages “balance” these difficult situations by means of moral deliberation, or quan權‎. This chapter details two theories of moral deliberation made by Confucian interpreters to show how arguments for the invulnerability of integrity developed within the tradition.
The Sorrow of Regret
Authors: Ing Michael D. K.
Published: August 2017

This chapter and the next chapter describe the role of regret in early Confucian thought. In light of the previous two chapters, this chapter demonstrates that moral distress in early Confucian texts is best understood in terms of regret. The chapter begins by characterizing regret with regard to sorrow, resentment, and a longing for things to be otherwise and then demonstrates the ways in which the moral agent sorrows over his inability to tend to values in difficult situations. More specifically, it examines portrayals of Kongzi as he strives (and fails) to bring about the Confucian dao道‎. In doing this, the chapter explores an event purported to have taken place toward the end of Kongzi’s life—the discovery of a mythical animal called a lin麟‎, which represents Kongzi’s potential to transform the world. Kongzi’s connection to this animal as well as his reaction to its discovery and death is also examined.
Conclusion
Authors: Ing Michael D. K.
Published: August 2017

This conclusion discusses the value of vulnerability. Expanding on the description of vulnerability provided in the introduction, it articulates a Confucian account of vulnerability that adds to the conversation in three ways: (a) it foregrounds the notion of vulnerability as an essential characteristic of human beings; (b) it stresses that vulnerability is good in instrumental and intrinsic ways (instrumentally it enables values such as morality, trust, and maturity and intrinsically vulnerability is a kind of caring about things; to be vulnerable is to be in a state of care—a condition of caring about people or things); (c) it provides a robust notion of self-cultivation designed to foster an optimal degree of vulnerability by means of ritual practice. The majority of the conclusion explores the instrumental and intrinsic values of vulnerability.
The Manufacture of Orthodoxy
Authors: Hughes Aaron W.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 4 begins with the notion that even after the rise of Islam and its political dominance in the region, Judaism remained poorly or underdefined, with many groups exploring different paradigms of leadership and structures of authority. All of this was to change with the career of Saadya Gaon (882–942), who tried to establish a theological clarity when it came to what Judaism was or ought to be. In so doing, however, he adopted the literal (Arabic) and metaphorical (kalāmic) language of Islam. This adoption facilitated the creation of an “Islamic Judaism.” This was not only phenomenologically similar to what Muslim thinkers were creating at the same time, in the same place, and in response to similar threats to authority, but also real and historical in the sense that Judaism was fundamentally “Islamic” in its description and orientation.
Modernist Forms in a Jewish State
Authors: Kosstrin Hannah
Published: August 2017

Focusing on Sokolow’s work in Israel, this chapter highlights tensions between American Jewishness and Israeliness through critical response to her dances Dreams (1961), Opus ’63 (1963), Forms (1964), and Odes (1964). It introduces the term “sabra physicality” to describe the performative qualities of defiant vulnerability that dancers in Sokolow’s Israeli company Lyric Theatre introduced into her oeuvre. With financial support from the American Fund for Israeli Institutions (America–Israel Cultural Foundation), Sokolow was part of the North American influence building Israeli art and cultural institutions as postwar alliances formed between the United States and Israeli governments. This chapter further shows Sokolow’s role in disseminating American modern dance through the bodies of her students abroad, through her work with the Inbal Yemenite Dance Group (Inbal Dance Theater) and Lyric Theatre. In turn, the way those dancers performed Graham’s technique and Sokolow’s choreography changed American modernism.
No Fists in the Air
Authors: Kosstrin Hannah
Published: August 2017

The Epilogue glosses political and artistic repercussions for Anna Sokolow during the mid-to-late Cold War era. Negotiating the twilight of the Old Left and the rise of the New Left after the 1962 founding of Students for a Democratic Society, Sokolow was caught between aesthetic changes from revolutionary modernism to Vietnam War–era postmodern impetuses. This was manifested most clearly in the upset surrounding Sokolow’s choreography for the musical Hair (1967). The Epilogue argues that Sokolow’s social–choreographic values continue to be passed down through new generations of dancers as they learn her repertory in times and places removed from the dances’ premieres, and in doing so the dances kinesthetically inform their dancers of their historical contexts within a new era. Finally, the Epilogue poses questions mediating the politics of dances’ residue.
An introduction to deep learning on biological sequence data: examples and solutions
Authors: Jurtz Vanessa Isabell , Johansen Alexander Rosenberg , Nielsen Morten , Almagro Armenteros Jose Juan , Nielsen Henrik , Sønderby Casper Kaae , Winther Ole , Sønderby Søren Kaae
Published: August 2017

Motivation

Deep neural network architectures such as convolutional and long short-term memory networks have become increasingly popular as machine learning tools during the recent years. The availability of greater computational resources, more data, new algorithms for training deep models and easy to use libraries for implementation and training of neural networks are the drivers of this development. The use of deep learning has been especially successful in image recognition; and the development of tools, applications and code examples are in most cases centered within this field rather than within biology.

Results

Here, we aim to further the development of deep learning methods within biology by providing application examples and ready to apply and adapt code templates. Given such examples, we illustrate how architectures consisting of convolutional and long short-term memory neural networks can relatively easily be designed and trained to state-of-the-art performance on three biological sequence problems: prediction of subcellular localization, protein secondary structure and the binding of peptides to MHC Class II molecules.

Availability and implementation

All implementations and datasets are available online to the scientific community at https://github.com/vanessajurtz/lasagne4bio.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Horizontal and vertical movements of white marlin, Kajikia albida, tagged off the Yucatán Peninsula
Authors: Vaudo J J , Byrne M E , Wetherbee B M , Harvey G M , Mendillo A , Shivji M S
Published: August 2017

The white marlin, Kajikia albida, is a highly migratory, prized sport fish of conservation concern. Improved understanding of white marlin ecology, including habitat use, will inform management measures. To improve white marlin movement knowledge in a region with limited information, we tagged 18 individuals off the eastern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico with pop-up satellite archival transmitters. Tracks lasting 9–328 d, yielded data across 1277 d, and covered distances of 891–10 579 km. Horizontal movements varied greatly with ten individuals remaining in the Gulf of Mexico/northwestern Caribbean and eight individuals entering the western North Atlantic. Although white marlin experienced a temperature range of 10.0–33.6 °C, the majority of time was spent in waters >24 °C. Marlin displayed diel diving patterns with deeper dives occurring more frequently during the daytime. As water columns warmed, dive duration, maximum daily depth, and dive depth all increased. As a result, 18% of the time was spent at depths >100 m in the warmest water columns compared with <1% in the coldest water columns. Although the thermal characteristics of the water column greatly influence white marlin diving behaviour, the generally shallow distributions provide a way of separating white marlin from important fishery species.
Online physician ratings fail to predict actual performance on measures of quality, value, and peer review
Authors: Daskivich Timothy J , Houman Justin , Fuller Garth , Black Jeanne T , Kim Hyung L , Spiegel Brennan
Published: August 2017

Objective

Patients use online consumer ratings to identify high-performing physicians, but it is unclear if ratings are valid measures of clinical performance. We sought to determine whether online ratings of specialist physicians from 5 platforms predict quality of care, value of care, and peer-assessed physician performance.

Materials and Methods

We conducted an observational study of 78 physicians representing 8 medical and surgical specialties. We assessed the association of consumer ratings with specialty-specific performance scores (metrics including adherence to Choosing Wisely measures, 30-day readmissions, length of stay, and adjusted cost of care), primary care physician peer-review scores, and administrator peer-review scores.

Results

Across ratings platforms, multivariable models showed no significant association between mean consumer ratings and specialty-specific performance scores (β-coefficient range, −0.04, 0.04), primary care physician scores (β-coefficient range, −0.01, 0.3), and administrator scores (β-coefficient range, −0.2, 0.1). There was no association between ratings and score subdomains addressing quality or value-based care. Among physicians in the lowest quartile of specialty-specific performance scores, only 5%–32% had consumer ratings in the lowest quartile across platforms. Ratings were consistent across platforms; a physician’s score on one platform significantly predicted his/her score on another in 5 of 10 comparisons.

Discussion

Online ratings of specialist physicians do not predict objective measures of quality of care or peer assessment of clinical performance. Scores are consistent across platforms, suggesting that they jointly measure a latent construct that is unrelated to performance.

Conclusion

Online consumer ratings should not be used in isolation to select physicians, given their poor association with clinical performance.
Cervical Spine Deformity—Part 3: Posterior Techniques, Clinical Outcome, and Complications
Authors: Tan Lee A , Riew K Daniel , Traynelis Vincent C
Published: August 2017

The goals of cervical deformity surgery include deformity correction, restoration of horizontal gaze, decompression of neural elements, spinal stabilization with a biomechanically sound construct, and meticulous arthrodesis technique to prevent pseudoarthrosis and minimizing surgical complications. Many different surgical options exist, but selecting the correct approach that ensures the optimal clinical outcome can be challenging and often controversial. In this last part of the cervical deformity review series, various posterior deformity correction techniques are discussed in detail, along with an overview of surgical outcome and postoperative complications.
Systematic Stereotactic Error Reduction Using a Calibration Technique in Single-Brain-Pass and Multitrack Deep Brain Stimulations
Authors: Park Seong-Cheol , Lee Jung Kyo , Kim Seok Min , Choi Eu Jene , Lee Chong Sik
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

A calibration technique that shifts the frame coordinates from the intended coordinates to correct a systematic stereotactic error has been reported for single-brain-pass deep brain stimulation.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the intercenter reproducibility of this method for deep brain stimulation.

METHODS

A total of 310 leads from 166 patients undergoing surgery were analyzed, including 220 multitrack (primarily 3-track) subthalamic nucleus leads, 17 single-brain-pass subthalamic nucleus leads, and 73 single-brain-pass globus pallidus interna leads. We adopted the previously reported calibration factors. Calibration shifts the frame coordinates from the target coordinates to the left, anterior, and inferior directions by 0, 0.5, or 1 mm, respectively, according to the arc angles in each axis. We analyzed 9 subgroups of single-brain-pass, multitracks, operated sides, technical, and instrumental variations.

RESULTS

In total, the stereotactic error decreased from 1.5 ± 0.8 mm in the distance to the frame coordinates (error calculation before using the calibration technique) to 1.1 ± 0.6 mm in the distance to the intended target coordinates (error after using the calibration technique, 28% reduction, P < .000001). Frame-related errors were 0.1 to 0.3 mm when measured with the stereotactic simulator. The reduction of stereotactic errors by the calibration technique (median 0.4 mm, 0.1-0.7 mm, median 28%, 7%-45% in each subgroup) was significant in 8 of the 9 subgroups (P < .05).

CONCLUSION

Calibration is an effective and reproducible method for reducing systematic stereotactic errors both in single-brain-pass and multitrack deep brain stimulations, as well as in both sides using various instrumental and technical conditions.
The Anatomy of Financial Crises and the Role of Monetary Policy
Authors: Siklos Pierre L.
Published: August 2017

Crises come in a variety of forms. A focus on the incidence of financial crises underemphasizes the cross-border element in financial crises. How important is the exchange-rate regime in monetary policy strategies? Is the EMU experience a cautionary tale? The exchange-rate regime matters less than we think because financial globalization has conspired to effectively reduce the scope for an independent monetary policy. The EMU is unlikely to survive in its current form. Politicians seek coordinated solutions in a system that is built on policy cooperation. International coordination is only practical in emergency or crisis conditions. Cooperation is desirable only if common standards or objectives are combined with escape clauses to render them realistic. This is a goal worth pursuing. Exiting from post-GFC is a reminder that the focus on policy spillovers is misplaced. Business cycles are rarely synchronized and there cannot be a one-size fits all monetary policy.
Giving
Authors: Gallagher Sally K.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 6 takes up a second dimension of congregational culture—giving—and assesses the ways in which joining shapes men’s and women’s involvement both within and beyond their individual congregations. We begin with a review of what clergy would like to see happening within their congregations and move on to explore narratives of involvement, volunteering, and ideas about the articulation of faith to politics and social change. In each of these domains, we assess gender overlap and diversity in giving—whether financially or as volunteers within these congregations’ programs of service, or in broader political and social involvement.
Nata Deverbal Nominalizations
Authors: Déchaine Rose-Marie , Si Dayanqi , Gambarage Joash J.
Published: August 2017

In Nata, an endangered Eastern Bantu language (E45) spoken in the Mara region of Tanzania, deverbal nominalizations present certain properties. Morphologically, they consist of four morphemes, ordered left to right: (i) a phonologically predictable pre-prefix; (ii) an N-Class prefix; (iii) a verb stem; (iv) a harmonic final vowel (FV) suffix. Semantically, Nata nominalizations fall into three classes: entity-denoting, state-denoting, and event-denoting. Syntactically, (i) entity Ns have a singular/plural distinction, but event Ns are number-neutral; (ii) entity Ns cannot be modified by an adverb, but event Ns can be; (iii) entity Ns optionally introduce an internal argument, while event Ns do so obligatorily. It is proposed that Nata nominalization construal arises compositionally via features introduced by the final vowel (ACTOR, THEME, EVENT), and features introduced by the N-class prefix (HUMAN, NON-HUMAN). Nata confirms the relevance of proto-roles and event arguments and shows that the event/entity partition is derived compositionally.
Busy Intersections
Authors: Childs G. Tucker
Published: August 2017

This chapter reports on the applicability of a pedagogical model for use in West Africa that is drawn from adult literacy practices in the United States. It proposes bridging the gaps between linguists, teachers, and community organizers, and building on the ethnographic skills of language documenters. One increasingly important goal of language documentation has been creating and mobilizing documentation in support of pedagogy or even as a social movement. A documentary perspective is here synthesized with an adult literacy one, fitted to the context of West Africa, to offer some guidelines for revitalization efforts.
Theory and Description
Authors: Bassene Mamadou , Safir Ken
Published: August 2017

Jóola-Eegimaa, an endangered Atlantic (Niger-Congo) language, has a rich agglutinative morphology resulting in complex words that often permit multiple readings. The regularity and limitations of these ambiguities suggests they are generated by a speaker’s systematic knowledge. Preserving that knowledge demands not simply cataloguing outward forms but also understanding the organizing principles that permit using that knowledge creatively. Investigation of Eegimaa verb stem structure shows that the superficial linear order of stem affixes, seemingly not compositionally transparent, arises from syntactic movement of sub-stem morphemes in a way that preserves the underlying structure necessary for compositional interpretation. Under this analysis a copy of complex v movement is left behind and has the right contents to predict patterns of possible and impossible verb reduplication. Such research can reveal how general features of the language faculty interact with specific lexical properties of morphemes to predict the order and interpretation of verb stem morphology.
Contributions of Micro-comparative Research to Language Documentation
Authors: Marlo Michael R.
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the symbiotic relationship of linguistic description and comparative research. Linguistic typology relies on detailed studies of individual languages, and grammatical description of endangered and non-endangered languages benefits from prior and concurrent study of closely related languages and the identification of parameters of similarity and difference. This view is supported by discussion of phenomena in Bantu languages, including tone and reduplication with considerable micro-parametric variation, particularly involving object markers. Two case studies are presented: (i) exceptional tonal properties of the first person singular object prefix N- and the reflexive marker di-i- in Yao, and (ii) exceptional patterns of reduplication involving /i/-initial verbs in Buguumbe Kuria which suggest a connection with the reflexive. Knowledge of analogous patterns in other languages informs the description and analysis of each language, and each case expands knowledge of the typology of patterns of exceptional object marking in Bantu languages, aiding future description of other languages.
Unmasking the Bantu Orthographic Vowels
Authors: Gambarage Joash J.
Published: August 2017

Bantu vowel phonemes are reflexes of the Proto-Bantu seven-vowel system /*i *ɪ *
ε‎
*a *ɔ *ʊ *u/. While lax high vowels were supplanted in some systems because of vowel mergers in the first two degrees /*i *ɪ/ and /*u *ʊ/, lax mid vowels /
ε‎
ɔ/ are attested across most Bantu languages either underlyingly or at surface. Widespread use of roman orthographic vowels has left the phonemic status of mid vowels fuzzy. Here the orthography is treated as a “mask” disguising the phonetic quality of vowels, to be “unmasked” with the help of proper documentation and description. With examples from endangered Bantu languages of Tanzania and from Swahili current vowel documentation methodologies and theoretical approaches for unmasking are discussed. The distribution of mid vowels is characterized with a theory of markedness which contributes to understanding why lax mid vowels may be either triggers or targets of harmony and why a low vowel may be opaque or transparent to harmony.
Parish and Place
Authors: Bruce Tricia Colleen
Published: August 2017

The Catholic Church stands at the forefront of an emergent majority-minority America. Parish and Place tells the story of how the largest US religion is responding at the local level to unprecedented cultural, racial, linguistic, ideological, and political diversification among American Catholics. Specifically, it explores bishops’ use of personal parishes—parishes formally established not on the basis of territory, but purpose. Today’s personal parishes serve an array of Catholics drawn together by shared identities and preferences rather than shared neighborhoods. Their contemporary application permits Catholic leaders to act upon the perceived need for named, specialist organizations alongside the more common territorial parish, designed to serve all in its midst. Parish and Place documents the US Catholic Church’s earlier move away from national parishes and more recent renewal of the personal parish as an organizational form. In-depth interviews and national survey data detail the rise and rationale behind new parishes for the Traditional Latin Mass, for Vietnamese Catholics, for Black Catholics, and more. Featuring insights from bishops, priests, and diocesan leaders throughout the United States, chapters offer a rare view of institutional decision-making from the top. The book is at once a demonstration of structural responses to diversity across wider conceptions of space, and a look at just how far fragmentation can go before it challenges cohesion and unity.
Introduction
Authors: Bruce Tricia Colleen
Published: August 2017

This chapter introduces the phenomenon of personal parishes in contemporary American Catholicism. Personal parishes organize Catholics on the basis of purpose rather than territory. They cluster local Catholics by ethnicity, liturgical preference (including for the Traditional Latin Mass), social justice orientation, and more. In making room for diverse expressions of Catholicism, personal parishes represent a structural response to heterogeneity from the top. Their patterns of use over time showcase organizational changes to how bishops structure local Catholicism. National parishes were once commonplace; today, a growing number of dioceses introduce personal parishes for new purposes. This chapter previews the remaining content of the book as well as briefly summarizing the mixed methodological approach upon which this research is based.
Decisions
Authors: Bruce Tricia Colleen
Published: August 2017

This chapter offers an insider look at how bishops make decisions to establish personal parishes, or not. No formal policy exists to regulate when and why bishops choose to start personal parishes, resulting in a high level of local discretion. Both top-down and grassroots sources influence personal parish outcomes. From the top, documents out of the Vatican and the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops introduce personal parishes as one option among others. Interviews with bishops reveal key criteria they identify as prerequisites for personal parish establishment. From below, local Catholics mobilize, petition, and fundraise to convey parish need. Personal parish outcomes reveal that bishops assess an interlocking parish landscape and subjective considerations of lay need. Institutional authorities circumscribe lay preferences for local religious organization.
The King’s Most Loyal Subjects
Authors: Ricketts Mónica
Published: August 2017

Prior to the eighteenth century, Spain and the Spanish Empire lacked centralized and well-organized forces, both on land or sea. As a result, the Crown was able to find space in its military organizational efforts for substantial reform. In the 1760s, in the context of major imperial wars, Bourbon officers implemented an intense military reform in central areas of the empire, such as Cuba and Peru, expanded the size and power of the army and ensured that loyal military officers occupied leading positions of power. In Peru, the military became an attractive institution for Indians and castas (people of mixed descent), allowing them to climb higher on the social and political ladder. Conflicts and tensions arose in central areas of Spanish dominion. These problems were salient in the viceroyalty of Peru, where the reform was implemented and the armies expanded in the context of a new scale of international wars.
Hedge Funds Fundamentals
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Filbeck Greg
Published: August 2017

This chapter provides background material for understanding the multifaceted nature of hedge funds. The first section begins by defining a hedge fund, followed by a discussion of distinguishing characteristics, benefits and risks, history of hedge funds, hedge fund investment strategies, funds of funds, hedge fund performance, and hedge fund biases, including selection bias, survivorship bias, backfill bias, and liquidation bias. The next section discusses the purpose of the book followed by sections on its distinguishing features and the intended audience. The chapter then outlines the six major parts of the book, including an abstract for each of the remaining 29 chapters. These six parts are (1) background, (2) structure of hedge funds, (3) investment strategies of hedge funds, (4) risk and regulation, (5) hedge fund performance, and (6) issues, trends, and future prospects of hedge funds. The final section offers a summary and conclusions.