bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of channel sandbody distribution in the lower section of Sifangtai Formation at the southern end of Chang Placanticline in Songliao Basin
Authors: Zhu Wenping , Sun Axiang , Liu Xiaowen , Shi Shangming , Wei Huabin
Published: August 2021

The channel sand bodies in the lower section of the Sifangtai Formation in the Songliao Basin are rich in uranium resources. The development of channel sand body distribution prediction is of great significance for guiding the exploration of sandstone-type uranium deposits. In this study, the wave-indicated inversion technology was used to predict the thickness of the sand body, the root mean square amplitude attribute was used to identify the plane shape of the river channel, and the seismic facies analysis and tracking technology of the section was used to identify the channel period and finely describe the channel distribution. The results show that there are two stages of channel sand bodies in the lower part of Sifangtai Formation, and the sand bodies are distributed in a wide range. The maximum thickness of single stage sand bodies is about 15m, with an average of 8 meters. The thickness of the sand body where the two phases of the river are superimposed is the largest, up to 28m, which is a favorable ore-bearing location revealed by current exploration.
Treatments of produced water in oilfield: A comprehensive review
Authors: Chen Lingyun , Li Zhigang , Liu Qian
Published: August 2021

Substantial produced water in oilfield need to be treated. Treatment mechanism such as adsorption, flotation, filtration, desalination, etc. are described. Based on the mechanisms, process and technology, tools and facility for produced water treatment are compared. Technology selection method and requirements are discussed. Multiple processes combination is discussed and considered as promising.
A study on the evolution mechanism of agricultural landscape pattern of Dadu River Valley in Danba Region
Authors: Tian Linlu , Wu Jiajin , Li Minqing , Xia Chunwei , Cao Jianpeng , Wang Changliu
Published: August 2021

Taking the Dadu River Basin in the Danba area of Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan Province as the research area, based on the 2013 and 2016 Landsat8 remote sensing images, the temperature vegetation drought index (TVDI) method is used to divide the Dadu River dry valley into 6 arid gradient regions. Using ArcGIS10.5 software and Fragstats4.2 software to calculate the landscape pattern index of different arid gradient areas in different years, combined with the survey results of agricultural policies, development models, and agricultural landscape patterns in key regions, analyze the evolution of agricultural landscape patterns under different drought gradients. The results show that, except for other forestlands, the degree of landscape fragmentation is decreasing year by year on the gradient of light and moderate drought, and the degree of spatial heterogeneity is higher. On the gradient of extreme drought, the degree of landscape fragmentation is higher, and the degree of spatial heterogeneity is lower.
Approaches for forecasting of socioeconomic impacts to the spread of COVID-19 with territorial differences of Russian regions
Authors: Devyatkin Dmitry , Otmakhova Yulia , Usenko Natalia
Published: August 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought severe demographical, socioeconomic, and territorial impacts. Those challenges require the world community to develop both response measures and anticipation of new threats. Therefore, creating the modern tools to forecast various indicators of the impact intensity pandemic becomes important and relevant for consideration and evaluation of interregional differences. This paper presents deep neural network models to predict a viral pandemic's effects in the regional cluster of Moscow and its neighbors. They are based on recurrent and Transformer-like architectures and utilize the attention mechanism to consider the features of the neighbor regions and dependencies between various indicators. These models are trained on heterogeneous data, including daily cases and deaths, the diseased age structure, transport, and hospital availability of the regions. The experimental evaluation shows that the demographic and healthcare features can significantly improve the accuracy of economic impact prediction. We also revealed that the neighboring regions' data helps predict the outburst's healthcare and economic impact. Namely, that data helps to improve accuracy for both the number of infected and the unemployment rate. The impact forecasting would help to develop strategies to reduce inter-territorial inequality due to the pandemic.
Territorial inequality: an agent-based approach in modelling of social policy
Authors: Novikova Tatyana
Published: August 2021

The article proposes a methodological approach for assessing the territorial inequality based on an agent-oriented spatial model. The main decisions are made in the model at the microeconomic level by households and enterprises with spatial coordinates. Then they are aggregated to the level of regions, industries and the economy as a whole. The evaluation of the indicators according to the criterion of social justice is carried out using two groups of methods: firstly, statistical, primarily the Gini coefficients (which are based on the households’ incomes in regions or country as a whole), and secondly, methods for constructing isoelastic social welfare functions at the national and regional or zonal levels, which are based on the households’ utility functions and include the inequality rejection coefficient. Each value of the coefficient corresponds to a certain concept of social justice. This second group of methods is related to the original approach of the author. The model simulates the development of the government social policy, which is carried out by changing taxes and transfers and taking into account the degree of territorial inequality. Model calculations consider pensions and five types of monetary transfers in a fixed structure: unemployment benefits, child benefits, poverty benefits, social aid and basic income benefits. In a series of experiments, the effect on territorial inequality of changes in the total value of social transfers (with their fixed structure) and tax rates in accordance with the proportionality coefficients was assessed. It is used as a toolkit for changing the system of taxes and transfers and for supporting social policy to reduce spatial inequalities in Russia.
University collaboration for co-designing sustainable urban areas
Authors: Čajka Peter , Grebennikova Veronica , Vu Hoang Manh Trung , Ngo Van Tran
Published: August 2021

Our article tackles the timely and important issue of the university collaboration aimed at shaping up the sustainable urban areas and contributing to their development through the teaching and research. Universities provided qualified labour force, yield novel research solutions and act as hubs for entrepreneurial activity in urban areas. In this article, we show that even though most of the universities are concentrated in large urban centres and capital regions, many of them are located in small rural areas and have a profound effect on them. We also demonstrate the impact of universities on the sustainable development which is done through the sustainable education as well as the R&D approaches. These effects are very relevant for the co-designing of sustainable rural areas that can follow the principles of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals and the green policies imposed by the majority of the local and central governments around the world.
Regional imbalances in the localization of creative capital
Authors: Suvorova Arina
Published: August 2021

In the context of the changing role of non-material factors of development, creativity becomes an obligatory feature of a competitive economic system. This study is intended to characterize the features of the localization of creative capital in Russia. During the study, the features of the placement of components that form creative capital (associated with the cultural potential of a territory, the entrepreneurial activity of people, and innovation) were analyzed. The paper uses the statistical data of Federal State Statistics Service on the processes occurring in the regions. The methodological basis of the study is a cartographic analysis, as well as an analysis of indicators that make it possible to assess the level of inter-territorial inequality and the degree of concentration of resources. It was found that the localization of the elements of each of them has its own specifics: the least homogeneous is the space of implementation of innovative processes, while the difference between regions in the parameters of entrepreneurial activity is not so pronounced. This allows concluding that there is no single algorithm for the spatial location of creative capital. It has also been found that while the capital cities (Moscow and St. Petersburg) are clear centers for the localization of creative capital, the scale of other major cities in the country does not always allow them to act as points of attraction for creative resources.
Impact of industrial specialization and economic development on income inequality in the regions of Russia
Authors: Davidson Natalia , Bakhteyev Stepan , Turkanova Sophia
Published: August 2021

The degree of income differentiation depends on many factors, including the level of regional economic development, production structure and industrial specialization. In this paper, we assess the impact of the industrial specialization of Russian regions on income inequality measured by the Gini coefficient. Based on the regional data over the period 2005 to 2018, we build an econometric model applying the Arellano-Bover / Blundell-Bond estimation method. We use shares of the main industries in gross regional product to describe production structure of regions. The modelling results show that the classic Kuznets curve is not empirically supported for the regions of Russia. Besides, we find that the larger the share of mining, manufacturing, construction, trade and financial sector in GRP, the higher the inequality in the region, while the share of agriculture does not affect it significantly.
Konzept und Inhalt des Expertenstandards Entlassungsmanagement in der Pflege
Authors: Nöst Stefan
Published: August 2021

Mit dem DNQP-Expertenstandard Entlassungsmanagement verfügt die Pflege über ein Instrument, das dabei hilft, Kinder und Jugendliche nach einem Krankenhausaufenthalt kontinuierlich weiter zu versorgen. Der folgende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Inhalte.
Intensity comparison between UV lamps and plasma emission for air purification studies
Authors: Piferi C. , Brescia A. , Riccardi C.
Published: August 2021

We compared spectra and intensity light of different sources, such as a UV-A lamp, a UV-C lamp, and a visible bulb, and atmospheric nonthermal plasma emission. Spectroscopic measurements were performed with an optical emission spectrometer and radiometric measurements with a radiometer to which UV-A, UV-C, and visible probes were coupled to measure the light intensity per unit surface. For each light source, we measured the emission spectrum and light intensity using different probes and also varying the relative distance. The nonthermal atmospheric plasma was generated by means of a surface barrier dielectric discharge varying the relevant parameters. This work allowed us to create the experimental setup suitable for further studies on volatile organic compound abatement by plasma-catalysis processing and compared it to the photocatalysis techniques based on UV and visible lamps.
Efficient integration of transmembrane domains depends on the folding properties of the upstream sequences
Authors: Janoschke Marco , Zimmermann Mirjam , Brunauer Anna , Humbel Raffael , Junne Tina , Spiess Martin
Published: August 2021

Significance

The topology of membrane proteins is defined by the successive integration of α-helical transmembrane domains at the Sec61 translocon. For each polypeptide segment of ∼20 residues entering the translocon, their combined hydrophobicities were previously shown to define membrane integration. Here, we discovered that different sequences preceding a potential transmembrane domain substantially affect the hydrophobicity threshold. Sequences that are rapidly folding, intrinsically disordered, very short, or strongly binding chaperones allow efficient integration at low hydrophobicity. Folding deficient mutant domains and artificial sequences not binding chaperones interfered with membrane integration likely by remaining partially unfolded and exposing hydrophobic surfaces that compete with the translocon for the emerging transmembrane segment, reducing integration efficiency. Rapid folding or strong chaperone binding thus promote efficient integration.
Conditions for metachronal coordination in arrays of model cilia
Authors: Meng Fanlong , Bennett Rachel R. , Uchida Nariya , Golestanian Ramin
Published: August 2021

Significance

Motile cilia can coordinate with each other to beat in the form of a metachronal wave, which can facilitate the self-propulsion of microorganisms such as
Paramecium
and can also be used for fluid transport such as mucus removal in trachea. How can we predict the collective behavior of arrays of many cilia coordinated by hydrodynamic interactions, and in particular, the properties of the emerging metachronal waves, from the single-cilium characteristics? We address this question using a bottom-up coarse-graining approach and present results that contribute to understanding how the dynamical self-organization of ciliary arrays can be controlled, which can have significant biological, medical, and engineering implications.
Erwinia herbicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Erwinia herbicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Saprophytic on a wide variety of plants; frequently mistaken for a pathogen. DISEASE: Probably none. In many cases where this organism was originally thought to be pathogenic the true pathogens have since been found. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Very widespread, probably world-wide.
Ascosphaera apis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Ascosphaera apis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Apis mellifera
and
Megachile
spp. DISEASE: Chalkbrood of the honey bee (
Apis mellifera
) with a few poorly documented records on leaf cutting bees
Megachile
spp. (Melville & Dade, 1944) and
M
.
internis
(Baker & Torchio, 1968). The spores are ingested by young larvae and germinate in the gut, breaking out of the hind end when larvae are sealed in their cells prior to pupation. If one strain only is present this forms the typical chalkbrood. If both strains are present a layer of grey cysts forms on the surface of the larva. Larvae are most susceptible at 3-4 days old and are then chilled briefly immediately after sealing. Although fatal to the larvae, this rarely destroys a whole colony and individual dead larvae are ejected by the bees. Ascospores persist many years providing periodic trouble in adverse conditions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe; USA. Until 1968 chalkbrood was considered to be a European disease and it was only in 1971 that it became recognised as of economic importance in USA (Hitchcock & Christensen, 1972). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores within the cells of the comb to young larvae. From hive to hive probably by robber bees. More prevalent in cold, wet summers.
Beauveria bassiana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Beauveria bassiana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS & SUBSTRATA: All stages of insects of all groups; lungs of wild rodents, nasal swab of horse; man; giant tortoise. The fungus overwinters in vegetable matter and is found in the soil. DISEASE: The fungus has been known since 1835 as the cause of the muscardine disease of silkworms. Although
B. bassiana
has multiplied in bees in laboratory tests it has so far not been recorded from bees in nature (Bailey, 1971). According to Wasti & Hartman (1975) penetration of the cuticle of gypsy moth (
Porthetria dispar
[Lymantria dispar]
) larvae takes place 24 h after 2nd instar larvae have crawled over a culture of
B. bassiana
and within 64h the interior of the insect is completely filled with hyphae. These authors also note penetration of the gut wall. Fargues & Vey (1974), who sprayed conidia on to 3rd instar larvae of
Leptinostarsa decemlineata
(Colorado beetle), showed that conidia germinate on the surface of the integument, penetrate the loosening skin, and blastospores develop in the moulting fluid, infecting the new integument as it forms. Some individuals cannot finish the moult, in others the delicate new skin ruptures and hyphae enter the haemolymph. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide.
Puccinia evadens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia evadens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of
Baccharis: B. articulata, B. consanguinea, B. dracunculoides, B. floribunda, B. halimifolia, B
.
pilularis, B. platypoda, B. rosmarinifolia, B. salicina, B. sarothroides, B. thesioides
. DISEASE: Rust of
Baccharis
species. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America, Southern USA, particularly California southward to New Mexico and Virginia to Florida; Central America (Mexico) and West Indies; South America. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been made; presumably spores are disseminated by air currents and water splash.
Mycovellosiella cajani
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Sutton B. C.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Mycovellosiella cajani
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cajanus, Callicarpa, Desmodium
and
Solanum verbascifolium
. DISEASE: Causes a minor leaf spot of pigeon pea. The spots are usually small, round with an indefinite margin and are usually pale brown in the centre with a darker border. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: East Africa, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, West Indies, Venezuela, Mauritius, India, Pakistan, Burma and Taiwan. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia and may carry over on crop debris.
Mycovellosiella nattrassii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Sutton B. C.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Mycovellosiella nattrassii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Solanum melongena
and
S. incanum
. DISEASE: Causes circular yellow patches on upper leaf surface with sporulation on the lower leaf surfaces. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Sabah, China, Nepal, Kenya. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores.
Phoma caricae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Phoma caricae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Carica papaya
. DISEASE: Black leathery rot of fruit, sunken bleached rot of young stems and leaf petioles and brown and white spot of leaves. On half-grown fruit the first visible symptom is a small circular water-soaked spot which slowly enlarges and darkens whilst the fruit is still immature but develops more rapidly as the plant tissues break colour. Within 2 weeks the lesion may reach 5 cm diam., become sunken and brownish-black in colour. On leaves, spots on both upper and lower surfaces are brown with a darker margin but gradually turn white as they dry out. On flowers the visible symptoms are brown decayed areas. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritius, Rhodesia, Tanzania, Togo, Sudan, Zambia); Asia (India, Nepal, Thailand); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, West Irian, Hawaii); Central America (Honduras); South America (Ecuador: Quito). TRANSMISSION: Probably by water splash and contact; infection through both wounded and unwounded surfaces (17, 627).
Rhabdocline pseudotsugae subsp. pseudotsugae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Millar C. S. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Rhabdocline pseudotsugae subsp. pseudotsugae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pseudotsuga menziesii, P. menziesii
var.
caesia, P. menziesii
var.
glauca
. DISEASE: Needle cast, needle blight or mottled needle cast. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Europe (Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands, Norway), North America (Canada: British Columbia, USA: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington). TRANSMISSION: by air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.
Phacidium pini-cembrae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Millar C. S. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Phacidium pini-cembrae
[Phacidium infestans]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus cembra, P. sibirica
. DISEASE: Snow blight of pine. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Austria, Italy, Switzerland, USSR). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid or wet weather.
Septoria cannabis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria cannabis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Cannabis sativa
(hemp). DISEASE: White leaf spot or leaf blight of hemp. Symptoms usually appear on basal leaves as round or ellipsoidal to polygonal, whitish or ochraceous yellow lesions with a conspicuous dark brown border. Affected leaves become curled and withered up towards the edges and fall prematurely leaving much of the lower part of the stem defoliated (15, 97, 805). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, Europe and North America (CMI Map No. 477, ed. 1, 1971). New records not mapped are: Asia (Kashmir, Pakistan). TRANSMISSION: Detailed studies have not been reported but conidia are presumed to be disseminated by rain-splash and wind blown water. The fungus could also be carried over in crop residues.
Septoria passifloricola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria passifloricola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Passiflora brasiliensis
(=
P. alata
),
P. edulis, P. macrocarpa, P. quadrangularis, P. quitensis
. DISEASE: Leaf, blossom, fruit and stem spot (22, 393; 35, 588). Leaves, blossoms, fruit skin and stems are all susceptible to attack. The visible symptoms on leaves are circular to irregular, light brown, sharply defined, necrotic lesions reaching 5-10 mm diam., surrounded by a yellowish zone. Severe attacks may result in premature drop of leaves and blossoms. On blossoms the disease lesions are somewhat similar to those on leaves, the primary infection of the calyx may extend to the stalks, resulting in the premature shedding of flowers. On the immature fruits more or less circular sharply demarcated brown spots tend to coalesce to form large irregular necrotic, somewhat depressed patches of a hard consistency. On the young stems, the lesions appear as small, irregularly circular to elongated water-soaked areas. When stems of young plants are affected, they may gradually become engirdled by a band of necrotic tissue, as a result of which young stems may wither and die (22, 393-394). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand); Central America and West Indies (Trinidad); South America (Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Rainfall and temperatures have been claimed to be decisive factors in the epidemiology and dissemination of the disease. Conidia within pycnidia on infected leaves stored under dry laboratory conditions were reported to show a reduction in their germinative capacity after three months. Conidia maintained under such conditions have been claimed to be non-viable after five months (Louw, 1941). It has been presumed that large amounts of pycnidia generated saprophytically on infected, prematurely dropped leaves trapped by the dense growth of the vines and protected from desiccation might have a significant effect on the initiation of epidemics.
Basidiophora entospora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Basidiophora entospora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Aster chilensis, A. cordifolius, A. douglasii, A. novae-angliae, A. novi-belgii, A. oblongifolius, A. puniceus, A. sagittifolius, Callistephus chinensis, Conyza bonariensis, C. canadensis, Erigeron philadelphicus, Felicia bergeriana, Rudbeckia speciosa, Solidago rigida
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of asters. Seedlings in flats and plants in the open may be attacked. On
Aster novae-angliae
the fungus tends to infect along the midrib and the adjacent lamina becomes yellow and finaly brown. All lower leaves on these plants may die. The sporangiophores develop on the undersurface of these leaves and form a sparse white covering. The degree and type of infection differs with the host plant and on a variety of
Aster novi-belgii
the disease symptoms were recorded as lesions which spread diffusely over the leaf surface and showed very little necrosis (24, 5). Laboratory inoculations with spores of
B. entospora
showed it to be very pathogenic on leaves and stems of King asters (
Callistephus chinensis
) while flowers were not infected. The foliage of
Chrysanthemum morifolium
'White Iceberg' was not susceptible to
B. entospora
(48, 328). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Iraq); Australasia (New Zealand); Europe (Britain, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania); N. America (Canada, USA); S. America (Ecuador). TRANSMISSION: No reports, but presumably by resting spores, which are formed freely in infected leaves, being carried in plant debris to the soil. In Canada the pathogen is found on the wild
Aster cordifolius
which may act as a reservoir of infection.
Peronospora manshurica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora manshurica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: soyabean (
Glycine max
). DISEASE: Downy mildew of soyabean. Small discrete pale to bright yellow spots (2-8 mm diam.) are formed on the upper leaf surface. The size of the spots varies both with the severity of the attack and with the race of pathogen involved (33, 525). In a heavy infection the whole leaf area is affected and shrivels and dies. The conidiophores form a greyish-purple down on the lower leaf surface beneath these spots. Pods can become infected, without showing external symptoms, and the seeds invaded. Oospores develop on the seed surface and appear as a milky white crust consisting of a mass of the hyaline spherical resting spores. Plants developing from oospore encrusted seed may be systemically infected, remain small and stunted and die early. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map No. 268, ed. 3, 1979. Latvia (Serzane, 1962), Ryukyu Islands (Nuttonson, 1952) and Sweden (Gustavsson, 1959) should be added. TRANSMISSION: Usually by seed infected with oospores which form a crust on the seed coat or, very rarely, on the cotyledons. The pathogen can also be spread by oospores remaining on plant debris in the soil. Systemically infected plants develop and the conidia which form on their leaves initiate infection in the surrounding crop. Method of detecting oospores on soyabean seed are described by Pathak
et al.
(57, 5214). Their studies also indicate that oospores on the seed may remain viable foe to 8 years.
Erwinia nigrifluens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Erwinia nigrifluens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Juglans regia
. DISEASE: Bark canker of walnut. Irregular, dark brown, necrotic areas are formed in the bark of the trunk and large branches. The full extent of a canker is not visible from the surface, but its presence is usually known by exudation of a dark-coloured liquid which stains the bark. Lesions start as small spots in the phelloderm (just below the outer, corky bark). These extend and coalesce, but do not usually penetrate far inwards. Occasionally a radial split occurs in the tissues and a pocket of watery exudate is formed. Penetration may be enough to kill the phloem at these points. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (California). TRANSMISSION: The disease has been found associated with the wounds caused by sap-sucking birds, and it seems likely that they can transmit the disease. The main agent in mechanized orchards is probably the mechanical harvester as has been shown for
E. rubrifaciens
(56, 5825).
Erwinia quercina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Erwinia quercina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Quercus agrifolia
and
Q. wislizenii
. DISEASE: 'Drippy nut' of oak. The first visible signs are darkening and oozing at insect punctures in the acorns. The oozing is copious and often becomes a nuisance with shade trees. It may continue for several weeks, being frothy and sticky in dry weather, and more fluidal or watery in humid weather. The acorns may show some rot. After the acorn has fallen, the cup may produce ooze. The disease occurs in late summer when day temperatures average about 29°C. Shoot blighting has been produced by inoculation, but this symptom has not been reported to occur naturally. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (California). TRANSMISSION: The bacteria enter the acorns through holes made by insects, mainly cynipid wasps (
Cynipidae
), which may be primary vectors. When ooze is present the bacteria will find their way into uninfected holes by downwash, rain splash, dew or other moisture.
Penicillium glabrum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium glabrum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found in soil, cereals, cereal crops etc. (Pitt, 1980). DISEASES: On man: It has been implicated in suberosis, a respiratory disease of workers in the cork industry (Avila & Lacey, 1974). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, particularly in acid forest soils.
Penicillium roquefortii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium roquefortii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily on cheese, but also in cool stored foods (Pitt, 1980). DISEASES: On man:
P. roquefortii
is implicated in cheese workers' lung disease (RMVM 19, 2232). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, although primarily a cheese-producing mould, it is also an active agent of biodeterioration.
Inocybe terrigena
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Treu R.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Inocybe terrigena
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Ectomycorrhizal, under conifers. DISEASE: None. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe. TRANSMISSION: Via airborne basidiospores.
Mortierella alpina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Mortierella alpina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: From soil. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; encountered as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Canada, China, Corsica, Cyprus, Gibraltar, Hungary, India, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, Spain, Sweden, UK, former USSR, USA (Alaska, Colorado, New York, North Carolina, Washington). TRANSMISSION: Movement of soil, or water-borne dispersal of sporangiospores.
Mortierella polycephala
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Mortierella polycephala
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: From soil. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; encountered as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Belgium, China, France, Gibraltar, India, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, UK, Ukraine, former USSR. TRANSMISSION: Movement of soil, or water-borne dispersal of sporangiospores.
Mucor piriformis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Mucor piriformis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: From decaying fruit (apple, goosberry, nectarine, peach, pear, plum, strawberry, etc.) and soil. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; encountered as a secondary invader or as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Austria, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Rumania, Russia, UK, USA (Alabama, California, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Washington). TRANSMISSION: Movement of soil, or water-borne dispersal of sporangiospores.
Pseudospiropes arecacensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Leung H. Y. M. , Goh T. K. , Hyde K. D.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudospiropes arecacensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Licuala ramsayi, Livistona chinensis
(
Arecaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Hong Kong. TRANSMISSION: Not reported, but almost certainly by air-borne or splash-dispersal of conidia.
Fusarium globosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium globosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Zea mays
. DISEASE: None known. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Republic of South Africa (Transkei). TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed locally by water flow and splash droplets.
Hypoderma hederae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Hypoderma hederae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Most commonly encountered fruiting on dead fallen petioles and paler portions of dead fallen leaves usually trapped above the ground among
Hedera
stems, particularly where the plant grows luxuriantly on old drystone walls away from heavy traffic; also occasionally found on dead attached leaves where
Hedera
grows over bare rock, for example on limestone pavements or rocky limestone or chalk soils, where it sometimes looks like it is causing a serious disease of the plant; probably always fruiting within 12 months of leaf death. HOSTS:
Hedera helix
(leaf, petiole),
Hedera
sp. (leaf, petiole). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Algeria, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, UK (England, Scotland, Wales), Ukraine (Crimea). Unsuccessful searches in Ukraine (Kiev Oblast, Zakarpatska Oblast). Altitude records exist up to 1800m (Greece), 1580m (Spain), 600m (Ukraine) and 370m (UK). Most records of
Hypoderma hederae
are from north-western Europe, with additional records often from higher altitudes in Mediterranean areas, including north Africa. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions. In the temperate northern hemisphere, ascocarps probably mostly open in late summer and early autumn.
Hypohelion scirpinum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Hypohelion scirpinum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Hypohelion scirpinum
usually occurs on dead fallen stems and leaves of
Schoenoplectus lacustris
. Virtually nothing is known about the ecology of this fungus, except for Ingold's observation that its life cycle is entirely aquatic. It seems likely however that, like many other members of the
Rhytismataceae
, the fungus colonizes the living plant, then fruits on those leaves and stems after they have died. HOSTS:
Arundinaria macrosperma
(stem),
Plantae
gen. indet. (leaf),
Schoenoplectus lacustris
(stem, dead floating stem),
Scirpus lacustris
var.
occidentalis
(stem),
S. validus
(stem),
Scirpus
sp. (stem). Almost all records are from
Schoenoplectus lacustris
, many of the others are misidentifications or synonyms for this plant. The record on
Arundinaria
is questionable. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Belgium, Canada (Saskatchewan), France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Russia (Tver Oblast), Sweden, UK (England), Ukraine, USA (Dakota, Mississippi). A temperate northern hemisphere species of low altitude, not very acidic wetlands and slow flowing rivers. Rather infrequently recorded, with numbers of records declining, and some unsuccessful searches for this fungus in apparently suitable habitats in recent years. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions.
Helicosingula leucadendri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Taylor J. E. , Crous P. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Helicosingula leucadendri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Leucadendron tinctum, Leucadendron
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South Africa. TRANSMISSION: Probably splash-dispersal.
Mycosphaerella bellula
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Taylor J. E. , Crous P. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella bellula
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Leucospermum
spp.,
Protea cynaroides, P. neriifolia, P. repens, Protea
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South Africa, Hawaii. TRANSMISSION: Wind borne spores.
Meliola agavicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez M. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Meliola agavicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Meliola agavicola
is found on living leaves of
Agave
plants weakened as a consequence of other factors like pests or diseases. It produces chlorotic zones under and around the colonies. HOSTS:
Agave brittoniana, A. shaferi
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cuba. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.
Meliola mangiferae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez M. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Meliola mangiferae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Meliola mangiferae
, as with the family
Meliolaceae
in general, is found on living leaves parasitizing the epidermis and sometimes deeper tissues, but without production of obvious disease symptoms. HOSTS:
Mangifera indica, M. rigida
and
Mangifera
sp. (Hansford, 1961). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil, British Guiana, Costa Rica, Cuba, India, Indonesia (Java), Jamaica, Malaysia, Panama, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Surinam, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela.
Meliola mangiferae
is found in practically all areas of mango cultivation, with the exception of Africa and Australia (Hansford, 1961). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.
Meliola orchidacearum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez M. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Meliola orchidacearum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Although
Meliola orchidacearum
is a leaf-parasite, colonized plants do not show symptoms of any disease. HOSTS:
Encyclia cochleata
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cuba, Dominican Republic. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.
Valsa ambiens subsp. ambiens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayova V. P. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Valsa ambiens subsp. ambiens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: The anamorph can occasionally be found on dying twigs and the fungus is therefore probably a weak parasite. HOSTS: Numerous woody angiosperms but not on
Acer saccharum
and
A. platanoides
in North America (Spielman, 1985). In general, collections of
V. ambiens
on
Acer
are now referred to
V. ambiens
subsp.
leucostomoides
, and this treatment is accepted here.
Valsa ambiens
subsp.
ambiens
has probably the widest host range within the genus. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Without a full revision of specimens identified only as
Valsa ambiens
, it is not possible to provide a detailed breakdown of geographical distribution. Spielman (1985), however reported distribution to be worldwide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia and ascospores in humid conditions.
Valsa malicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayova V. P. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Valsa malicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Valsa malicola
is associated with dieback of
Malus
twigs, especially weakened by other factors, for example when frozen, burnt, wounded, injured by insects or attacked by other pathogens. HOSTS: On dead or dying twigs of
Malus
species, and other Maloideae (
Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Cydonia, Pyracantha, Pyrus, Rosa
). The fungus can also be found on other members of the Rosaceae (e.g.
Prunus
), but only infrequently, and mainly as the anamorph. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Republic of Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia. Europe: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Rumania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine. North America. TRANSMISSION: Both conidia and ascospores are air-borne, especially under humid conditions. Brightly coloured droplets or tendrils of conidia are often exuded from conidiomata after rain.
Valsa salicina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayova V. P. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Valsa salicina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Nothing is known about the relation between this fungus and the plants it inhabits. HOSTS: On dead fallen or attached twigs of
Salix
species; also possible on
Alnus glutinosa, Carpinus betulus, Ligustrum vulgare, Populus nigra, Rosa canina
and
Ulmus carpinifolia
[Ulmus minor]
(Urban, 1958). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Armenia, Kazakhstan, Russia. Europe: Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Rumania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine. North America. TRANSMISSION: Both conidia and ascospores are air-borne, especially under humid conditions.
Microsphaera sparsa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Heluta V. P. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Microsphaera sparsa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Powdery mildew of
Viburnum
species only. Mycelium, conidiophores and conidia can develop visibly only on the upper surface of leaves, but damage is usually not substantial and the ornamental quality of plants is rarely significantly harmed. HOSTS:
Viburnum acerifolium, V. affine, V. alnifolium, V. cassinoides, V. cotinifolium, V. dentatum, V. dilatatum, V. erosum, V. foetidum, V. lentago, V. opulus, V. opulus
var.
americanum (V. trilobum), V. phlebotrichum, V. plicatum, V. prunifolium, V. pubescens, V. rafinesquianum, V. rufidulum, V. sargentii, V. scabrellum, V. sieboldii, V. trilobum, V. tinus, V. wrightii
. [Type host -
Viburnum lentago
] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (temperate areas only): China, Republic of Georgia, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia (Altai, Russian far east, North Osetia, western Siberia). Australasia: New Zealand (introduced). Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Russia (European part), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey (European part), Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. North America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: By wind-dispersed conidia. The rôle of ascospores in disease transmission is unknown, although it has been supposed that they can cause the initial stage of the disease.
Stigmina glomerulosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Stigmina glomerulosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: causing minute leaf spots. HOSTS:
Juniperus communis
. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE: Denmark. NORTH AMERICA: USA, Canada.
Stigmina palmivora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Stigmina palmivora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Causing minute leaf spots. HOSTS:
Borassus aethiopium, B. flabellifer, Livistona rotundifolia, Phoenix acaulis, P. canariensis, P. reclinata, P. sylvestris
. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zimbabwe. ASIA: Burma, India, Pakistan. EUROPE: Austria, 'Bohemia', 'Moravia'.