bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Depression
Authors: A-Tjak Jacqueline , Hayes Louise
Published: September 2022

Depressive disorders most commonly refer to either dysthymia, a persistent or chronic form of mild depression, or major depressive disorder. The two primary symptom clusters are depressed mood and loss of interest/pleasure. Comorbid conditions account for the largest portion of the adverse impact of depression. One of the most influential and researched treatments for this disorder is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). This therapy is often the therapy of choice, with about two-thirds of those suffering from depression benefiting from it. Of growing importance in the treatment of depression is acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), which has been shown to be as efficacious as CBT. The ACT model consists of six interrelated processes: experiential avoidance, fusion, attachment to a conceptualized self, loss of contact with the present moment, loss of contact with values, and lack of valued action. The body of research on depression and its purported mechanisms can inform the ACT model of psychological flexibility and inflexibility and could influence ACT treatment. The paradox of treating it as a diagnostic category can be addressed via a transdiagnostic perspective.
Familial Roles, Responsibilities, and Solidarity in Diverse African Societies
Authors: Evans Ruth , Diop Rosalie Aduayi , Kébé Fatou
Published: September 2022

Familial roles and responsibilities, household structures, and support networks are changing in many African societies in response to global and local processes. These include the economic restructuring, chronic poverty, urbanization and rapid technological change, chronic health emergencies, and migration that is affecting many African societies. This chapter explores contrasting contexts affected by such challenges in East and West Africa by focusing on the disruptions and changes in familial responsibilities caused by the death of a family member. Women’s and children’s crucial roles in caring for sick, disabled, and older family members and orphaned siblings are increasingly recognized in the HIV epidemic in East Africa. Maternal kin, particularly grandmothers, have filled in gaps, providing care for orphaned children that was conventionally provided by paternal kin in patrilineal societies. The chapter reflects on the policy implications of these changes in terms of social protection and the care of vulnerable family members.
Electoral Systems in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Caramani Daniele
Published: September 2022

Electoral systems are rules for organizing elections and allocating seats in legislatures. As a core feature of the distribution of power in representative democracy, their choice is a matter of contestation between parties and candidates that anticipate consequences under conditions of uncertainty about electoral outcomes. The chapter addresses the origins of diverging electoral systems in different countries during the processes of enfranchisement and liberalization at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. Historical political economy combines structural and actor-oriented perspectives to explain the shift from majoritarian systems to proportional representation under the threat that workers’ parties posed to liberal and conservative elites and, more generally, under growing district competition, which elites could not counter through alliances between them. Pressure for reform became stronger with the nationalization of politics, especially in coordinated market economies with corporatist bargaining traditions where interest-based social partners were no longer able to secure representation in the legislature through single-member districts.
Geographies of Job Quality
Authors: Weller Sally , Barnes Tom , Kimberley Nicholas
Published: September 2022

For geographers, issues of job quality are considered in conjunction with wider questions of how people live in households and communities. This binds questions about the quality of jobs to wider questions about where, why and who holds which jobs. After explaining this perspective, the chapter introduces five areas of geographical research in which questions of job quality are central: regional polarization; global production networks; global care chains; platforms and the gig economy; and the potentials of labour agency. The conclusion emphasizes that job quality depends on the job, the worker and context, which, like all labour market processes, are inherently spatial and unavoidably place based.
The Cornerstone of Job Quality
Authors: Albin Maria , Mathieu Chris , Takala Esa-Pekka , Theorell Töres
Published: September 2022

This chapter argues that Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is the foundational element of job quality as it aims to prevent work-related harm to employees, thereby sustaining health and productivity by securing physical and psychic labour capacity. Thus, OSH is both of overriding value in itself as well as instrumental in the work context. The core of this chapter revolves around central current topics and future concerns in three primary dimensions of OSH—chemical and biological hazards, ergonomics, and psychosocial concerns. The chapter evidences the continuous tension in reconciling three different objectives: securing health and safety for employees; efficient productivity; and feasible implementation of monitoring and regulation. This takes place in a dynamic environment where new hazards are discovered or arise due to changes in work as well as advances in scientific knowledge about the causes of illnesses, diseases and accidents. In this complex environment, awareness and acceptance of scientific knowledge needs to be created, often in terms of standards and regulation, raising the issues of individual variation and cumulative effects from multiple hazards from workplace and wider exposures. An optimal approach to OSH not only concerns eliminating and reducing adverse factors but also stimulation of regenerative and protective biological processes.
Innovation and Job Quality
Authors: de Bustillo Rafael Muñoz , Grande Rafael , Fernández-Macías Enrique
Published: September 2022

The aim of this chapter is twofold. First, it is intended as a reflection about the interactions between innovation and job quality. The chapter argues that there are several different channels of transmission going from innovation to job quality and vice versa. In the first place, technological (and organizational) change leads to higher productivity, what we could call a ‘productivity dividend’, and to higher job quality, mostly by allowing wage increases and lower working hours. In the second place, technological innovation changes the nature of jobs, also affecting job quality by modifying working conditions. In the third place, technological innovation alters the structure of the economy through structural change, also affecting overall job quality as job quality is different in the different industries of the economy. Last, intrinsic job quality might itself be a driver of innovation. Secondly, we will test some of the potential interactions between innovation and job quality analysed in the first part of the chapter using the 2010 wave of the European Working Conditions Survey that for the first (and so far the last) time includes information about innovation and computerization by the firms.
Understanding Differences and Trends in Job Quality
Authors: Hauff Sven , Kirchner Stefan
Published: September 2022

An increasing number of studies are focusing on cross-national differences and trends in job quality. However, current research provides little consensus about the conceptualization and analysis of job quality. In this chapter we show how conceptualizations of job quality differ in cross-national research. In addition, we identify and discuss the analytical and methodological approaches that are undertaken to study cross-national differences and trends in job quality. Building on these analyses, we argue that the evaluation of work and employment conditions is always embedded in a specific context, that is the specific institutional and cultural conditions in a country at a specific time. Therefore, it is very difficult to have a common concept of job quality. This must not be interpreted as an obstacle, but as an opportunity for a more comprehensive understanding about the cross-national differences and trends in job quality.
Understanding Job Quality Using Qualitative Research
Authors: Knox Angela , Wright Sally
Published: September 2022

Extending research from traditional labour market analysis on the quantity of jobs to encompass the quality of jobs is important for individuals, firms, economies and societies. To date, qualitative research has progressed our understanding of job quality by producing critical insights regarding the consequences of job quality, changes in job quality and the concept of job quality itself. While a distinction is made in the literature between objective and subjective components of job quality, additional qualitative research that distinguishes explicitly between the objective, subjective and integrated components of job quality facilitates more precise conceptualization and more effective operationalization of job quality.
Job Quality as the Realization of Democratic Ideals
Authors: Godard John
Published: September 2022

This chapter argues that a major problem with the job quality literature has been its tendency to focus at the individual rather than societal level. It then establishes the basis for a societal level approach, arguing that it is necessary to identify generally agreed ‘civic principles’ (e.g., freedom, justice, community) that represent ideals of democratic societies and can be seen as indicators of the democratic quality of employment in those societies. Next, it outlines an institutional environments approach to theorize variation in the attainment of these principles and, more generally, in employment systems. It concludes by arguing that this approach might form the basis for a normative paradigm for the future of work, one that is grounded in philosophy as well as empirical observation.
The Federal System and the Länder
Authors: Benz Arthur
Published: September 2022

The federal system of Germany is unique in several respects. Governments of the Länder mainly implement federal law and depend to a considerable extent on shared taxes determined by federal legislation. In return, Länder governments participate in federal legislation. This sharing of powers has historical roots and is difficult to change. Efforts to reform the federal constitution or the Länder territories ended with limited amendments. Legal scholars and political scientists have criticized the overlapping responsibilities of federal and Länder governments and the ineffective outcomes of joint decisions, compelling governments aligned to competing parties to find agreements. However, research has also revealed that actors found ways to adjust power sharing and patterns of governance to changing societal and political conditions. The federal system has remained stable, but constitutional amendments of the last two decades have increased its rigidity. This chapter summarizes the historical legacies, the institutions and their operation, and the evolution of the federal system and the role of the Länder. This outline also illustrates different research perspectives on German federalism.
Germany’s Trading System and Export-Driven Economy
Authors: Busch Andreas
Published: September 2022

The German economy is one of the largest measured by GDP, ranking fourth in the world (after the US, China, and Japan) and first in Europe. One of its hallmarks is its strength in international trade, resulting in an economy strongly interwoven with the global economy and leaving its mark on the structure of the economy. This chapter looks at the historical trajectory of the German economy, the theoretical approaches put forward to analysing it, and structural change over time. It also discusses the persistent tendency to run substantial current account surpluses which intermittently trigger political controversies with trading partners, but also domestically.
Germany’s Banking and Financial System
Authors: Jacob Janine
Published: September 2022

The German financial system is characterized by a large, three-pillar banking sector that dominates the way financial business is being conducted in the country. Although it has undergone significant changes since the foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) in 1949, the foundational element of the three-pillar banking sector has remained remarkably intact and continues to define the entire financial system. This chapter describes the three-pillar banking structure in Germany, including its historical roots, legal basis, and characteristic structural features. It outlines the three essential periods that have shaped the modern German financial system: the age of the ‘traditional’ bank-based system between the foundation of the FRG and the 1980s; the movement away from a bank-based system towards a hybrid model between the late 1980s/early 1990s until the 2008 global financial crisis; and the post-financial crisis period. It furthermore discusses the challenges that lie ahead and the potential future development of the German financial sector.
Demographics and Generational Transition and Politics
Authors: Sackmann Reinhold
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers Germany’s demographic structure and the country’s generational politics. Both are quite unusual in comparison to other OECD countries. With regard to demographic ageing, Germany is on average one of the oldest societies in the world. Germany is also characterized by a low fertility rate that is well below replacement level. Equally important for an analysis of generational politics is the discontinuous historical process Germany experienced during the late twentieth century. Three system changes have prepared the ground for a very specific generational landscape, which is only partially paralleled in other countries in the world. These system changes were the transition from the Nazi regime to democracy in West Germany in 1945, as well as the shift from fascist to a communist government in East Germany in the same year, and a change from communist one-party rule to a democratic market economy in East Germany in 1990. What have been the effects of these extraordinary historical and demographic transitions? In this chapter the specific demographic and generational situation is analysed by a) clarifying the concepts of generation and cohort; b) giving an overview of the developments and causes of fertility, mortality, and migration patterns in Germany; c) describing the major societal generations after 1960; d) typifying major discourses on demographic subjects in recent decades; and e) analysing the effects these developments have had on generational politics.
Religion and the Churches
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Müller Olaf
Published: September 2022

This essay examines the legal, social, and cultural situation of the churches and religion in Germany as well as the development of the religious landscape against the background of overarching social trends. After a brief introduction to central concepts and terms, the essay first identifies some historical milestones that were decisive for the constitution of churches and religion today, which are indispensable for understanding the current situation. Next, on the basis of empirical data, the evolution of the churches in the two German states from the post-war period to reunification, as well as the religious development in Germany as a whole since 1989/90 are examined in more detail. The chapter concludes with a summary providing an outlook on current problems in this area.
German Art After 1990
Authors: Deshmukh Marion F.
Published: September 2022

Germany’s aesthetic history, like its political history during the course of the twentieth century, has had a fraught legacy and its complex history continues to cast long shadows to this day. In summarizing cultural trends since unification, history will never be far from the analysis since it begins at the exact moment of the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989. This essay describes the major post-1990 trends not only in the visual arts, but also in photography and equally importantly, in the politics of museum curating and museum renovation. For it was due to the latter activities that some German artists were favoured over others and received critical notice which advanced their careers. The politics of museum curating along with the renovation of existing museums and the construction of new museums has become an important national project in the united Federal Republic. In the meantime, many of the country’s artists and their rich variety in artistic styles and approaches—performance artists, painters, sculptors, photographers, and others—have achieved much international and also public acclaim.
German Foreign Policy
Authors: Moroff Holger
Published: September 2022

Both West and East Germany were children of the Cold War. With its end East joined West. It was a prelude to eleven more formerly communist countries in Eastern and Southeastern Europe joining first NATO and then the European Union (EU) during the following two decades. These were by far the two most important foreign policy aims of a united Germany. War has become unthinkable among EU members; the rule of law and human rights have taken centre stage. Equally important has been the reconceptualization of politics, including international politics, as a multilateral problem-solving exercise. Such a conception, however, is not shared by many authoritarian countries or politicians, who prefer to view foreign policy as a zero-sum game. This chapter looks at the historical roots of German foreign policy from Sonderweg to a new normalcy, focusing on the importance of human rights and rhetorical action as they surround the birth of the new Germany in 1990. Their repercussions are analysed by focusing on five exemplary cases of German foreign policy since then. They are the two US-led wars in Iraq, the Balkan conflicts, 9/11, the Euro sovereign debt crisis, and Germany’s policies towards the civil war in Libya. These cases shed light on a reluctant hegemon who diligently avoids unilateral actions and military interventions.
Germany and EU Foreign Policy
Authors: Harnisch Sebastian
Published: September 2022

Germany’s policy towards the European Union (EU)’s evolving foreign policy manifests itself in different dimensions of the EU’s foreign policy process. As a member state of the EU, Germany frequently but not always supports the establishment of new norms and institutional structures, thus either seeking to strengthen or weaken EU competences vis-à-vis member states and entities (polity). Similar to other member states, the biggest economic power in the EU also either seeks to bolster or undercut, or otherwise influence the process of EU foreign policy coordination through using unilateral means or colluding with outside powers, such as the US, Russia, or China (politics). Last but not least, Berlin may or may not support a common or joint policy decision or strategy of the EU towards a specific conflict, i.e. the Yugoslavian wars, or a policy area such as migration. This chapter examines different concepts of how to tackle the interaction between German and EU foreign policy, dwelling on theoretical explanations and the empirical work done on different regional and functional policies. It also assesses Germany’s constitutional policy towards the Common European Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), focusing on the role of societal actors in the process. The chapter also traces Germany’s substantial policy contribution in a number of cases, testing the hypothesis that Germany’s CFSP policy has become more intergovernmental over time.
Three Chancellors and Russia
Authors: Szabo Stephen F.
Published: September 2022

The German relationship is the key to the future of European security and was shaped by three German Chancellors since Germany reunified in 1990. It went from an atmosphere of hope, cooperation, and compromise under Helmut Kohl to economic cooperation under Gerhard Schroeder, and finally to one of disillusionment and resistance under Angela Merkel. Two Russian leaders, Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin were keys to the evolution and deterioration of the relationship. The constant factor has been geoeconomics, or the balancing of an important energy and economic partnership with strategic concerns. It has been based in a changing power balance which has shifted towards Germany. German policy has been transformed from one of a modernization partnership and a belief that economic engagement would modernize and democratize Russia to one of selective engagement and the use of economic sanctions in the wake of the Ukraine crisis.
The End of the Cold War and the Process of German Unification
Authors: Stiglich Larissa R.
Published: September 2022

This essay offers an examination of the economic, political, diplomatic, social, and cultural causes for the fall of the Berlin Wall, the disintegration of state socialism in East Germany, and the unification of the two Germanys. While early interpretations of these events assigned disproportionate credit to the US for ‘winning’ the Cold War, more recent scholarship understands the fall of the Wall and the end of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) as resulting from a complex combination of the external pressures of a shifting international context, failure of the party leadership from above, and social pressure and revolt from below. The essay traces these short- and long-range causes, while simultaneously emphasizing the contingency of events. The diplomacy of high-ranking politicians, the spontaneous decisions on the part of individual historical actors, and the actions of East Germans dissidents and protestors all served integral roles in the course of events. Finally, the essay touches on some of the initial difficulties of the triple transition from a planned to a market economy, from communism to democracy, and from a divided to a united Germany.
The Study of Political Participation Across Research Traditions
Authors: Giugni Marco , Grasso Maria
Published: September 2022

This chapter introduces The Oxford Handbook of Political Participation. One of the aims of this Handbook is to bring together two research traditions from political science and sociology, bridging research in political sociology and social movement studies, thus further developing the links between the disciplines that have only recently begun to emerge. After delimiting the boundaries of the subject matter by addressing definitional matters, the chapter presents the content of the Handbook by discussing a number of key issues in the study of political participation: how this topic is addressed by different disciplines and from different theoretical arguments; the variety of methodological approaches scholars adopts to study it; the different modes of participation; the role of context; the determinants and process of political participation; its macro-level and micro-level outcomes; and some current trends and future directions
Marxist Approaches to the Study of Political Participation
Authors: Cox Laurence , Nilsen Alf G.
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses the contributions of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and later Marxists to understanding political participation. It argues that Marxism is fundamentally historical, so that rather than assuming a fixed and general institutional situation across states and periods, the Marxist contribution can best be expressed as empirical questions about popular participation in specific contexts. The expectation is one of popular attempts to assert participation in decision-making, with institutional forms shaped by the outcome of such struggles between social movements from below and the agency of the powerful. This argument is illustrated with examples from the struggle for democracy in Europe since the nineteenth century, the changing nature of political participation in postcolonial India, “the world’s largest democracy,” and popular politics in the age of austerity.
Bridging Rationalist, Structuralist, and Culturalist Approaches to the Study of Political Participation
Authors: Hooghe Marc
Published: September 2022

Political participation is, by definition, a multifaceted social phenomenon, and different theoretical approaches in participation studies tend to focus on one of these facets. This chapter argues that the meso-level (organizations, mobilization campaigns …) offers most opportunities to combine different theoretical perspectives to the study of political participation. While acknowledging that specific theoretical perspectives can be antagonistic, e.g., between rational theory and cultural approaches, it is also pointed out that a comprehensive study of political participation will require at least some dialogue between different perspectives or even theoretical integration. The chapter closes with the development of an integrated model, combining individual, cultural, and structural elements in one comprehensive model that can enable future scholars to explain the success of participation and mobilization in various contexts. Especially when the effects of political participation are the topic under investigation, it seems imperative to develop such an integrated model.
Protest Participation
Authors: Giugni Marco , Grasso Maria
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines protest participation as a distinct mode of political participation. The chapter addresses four key questions: What is protest participation? How can it be studied? Who engages in it? How can it be explained? Furthermore, we discuss the role of context for protest participation, including how patterns of protest may differ between democratic and nondemocratic states, as well as how protest participation has transformed over time, both in the long and in the shorter run. The chapter makes two key arguments about protest participation. Firstly, concerning its definition, we stress the fact that what is meant by protest participation changes over time and therefore analytical tools must adapt to these changes. Secondly, concerning its explanation, we argue that, while there are different approaches and research traditions stressing different explanatory factors – we can distinguish in this regard between macro-structural, social-psychological, and predispositional accounts –, some points of convergence exist amongst them and therefore we need to combine those approaches and traditions in order to reach a better understanding of why and how people engage in protest activities. The transformation of political participation is also discussed.
Personality, Motives, and Political Participation
Authors: Ackermann Kathrin
Published: September 2022

This chapter reviews and discusses research on personality, motives, and political participation. It introduces the concepts of personality and motives and discusses their role within participation research. In particular, the literature on personality traits (“Big Five”) and civic engagement is summarized showing that openness to experience and extraversion are the most important correlates of political participation. Regarding motives, the focus is on the role of political interest, political knowledge, political efficacy, and partisanship as factors that promote political action. Beyond reviewing the existing literature, the chapter argues that the link between psychological factors, like personality traits and motives, and political participation is likely to be context dependent. Empirical analyses shown in this chapter lend support to this argument.
Mobilization and Political Participation
Authors: Bridgman Aengus , Stolle Dietlind
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides an assessment of the current research on how people are mobilized into political action. We consider three key mobilization spheres: voluntary associations, informal social ties, and digital networks. Each of the three mobilizational spheres is discussed in detail and the findings, strengths, and weaknesses of empirical work is assessed. Within each sphere, we elaborate mobilization and demobilization processes including socialization of trust and cooperative norms, recruitment, civic skills, identities, information, and network characteristics such as composition. Finally, the chapter evaluates gaps in the research agenda and concludes with suggestions for future research.
Anthropology and Political Participation
Authors: Eckert Julia M.
Published: September 2022

From an anthropological perspective, political participation can be defined as all action that attempts to have part in deciding upon one’s collective circumstances. It encompasses all practices that engage with the order of things to impact on it, also those not usually identified with participation in a political system. Anthropologists consider historically changing ways of how membership in polities is formed and study diverse imaginations of political community that are articulated in practices of political participation, not only those of the nation state or its parts, nor only small-scale local ones, but addressing at times the political order of world society. Political participation for anthropologists is thus defined not by its method or its addressee; nor is it restricted to formal citizenship; rather, it is all action in respect to power, which lays claim to the promise of self-determination, and the power to define that very “self”.
Geography and Political Participation
Authors: Pattie Charles J.
Published: September 2022

Abstract: This chapter examines the various ways in which the concerns of academic geography help illuminate understandings of political participation. Features of the physical environment, from weather conditions to the distance potential participants may have to travel to take part in political action, have some effect on participation. But the major geographical effects reflect the compositional make-up of the communities in which political action takes place, and wider contextual influences related to local climates of opinion, peer pressure, and mobilization in place. While compositional effects reflect who lives where (and the extent to which the individuals in each place are themselves inclined to participate, contextual effects involve individuals’ reaction to the real and perceived actions, beliefs, and norms of others in their community regarding political action.
Rational Choice Theory and Political Participation
Authors: Whiteley Paul F.
Published: September 2022

This chapter evaluates the use of rational choice theory to explain political participation in light of recent research into human decision-making in psychology and neuroscience. It finds that the rational choice model, which is based on an axiomatic approach to theory-building, fails to explain why individuals participate in politics. Part of this is due to a deductive approach to theory-building derived from economic methodology which is at odds with reality, but also to problems associated with rational choice models which are not adequately dealt with in their application. That said, rational choice accounts of participation provide an important normative explanation of the problems facing citizens when they are deciding to participate. In particular, the approach helps to identify contradictions in the relationship between individual and collective decision-making.
Editor’s Introduction
Authors: Klein Alexander Mugar
Published: September 2022

In this editor’s introduction, I offer a brief overview of William James’s intellectual biography, touching on his most celebrated books and on his international accolades. A characteristic feature of James’s lifetime corpus is a rhetorical tendency to present ideas in the context of a dense web of interlocutors. I introduce a computational metric called “dialogic density” to provide an objective measure of this distinctive style. I then explain the book’s structure and outline each chapter’s contributions. Given the dialogic density of James’s writing, the book devotes several sections to considering James’s intellectual relationships with other figures, living and dead. Other parts of the book are devoted to thematic exploration of James’s oeuvre.
Cognitive Development
Authors: Michal Audrey , Fansher Madison , Sun Xin , Zhang Han , Shah Priti
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the development of three foundational cognitive processes that are relevant for learning in general and for math learning in particular: executive functions, long-term memory, and visuospatial thinking. The chapter begins by reviewing both traditional and state-of-the-art research methods that psychologists use to address questions relating to both cognitive development and learning. Next, the chapter includes a review of behavioral and neural evidence for each of the constructs of interest; an overview of how these processes develop with age; and a discussion of how these processes can inform learning, with a particular focus on K–12 math instruction. Additionally, each section describes how the development of these processes is influenced by environmental factors, such as socioeconomic status, sleep, and parenting, as well as individual variation and atypical development. Finally, the chapter offers evidence-based suggestions for improving both general learning, such as study habits and planning; and math learning, such as reasoning about fractions and algebra.
Étude de cohorte portant sur le lien entre les symptômes d’inattention et d’hyperactivité chez les enfants, les symptômes d’internalisation et la parentalité attentive durant la pandémie de COVID-19
Authors: O’Reilly Hannah , Rogers Maria , Ogg Julia , Ritchie Tessa , Whitley Jessica , Santuzzi Alecia , Shelleby Elizabeth C
Published: September 2022

Objectifs

Les rapports de difficultés de santé mentale chez les enfants canadiens se sont multipliés durant la pandémie de COVID-19, et les nouvelles recherches laissent croire que les enfants qui manifestent des symptômes marqués d’inattention et d’hyperactivité ont été disproportionnellement touchés. En conséquence, la pandémie a aussi eu un effet délétère sur les familles. Cette étude visait à : 1) examiner si les symptômes d’inattention et d’hyperactivité chez les enfants au début de l’année scolaire 2020-2021 étaient associés à la parentalité attentive (ou parentalité en pleine conscience) à la fin de l’année scolaire; et 2) examiner si les symptômes de dépression et d’anxiété chez les enfants à la fin de l’année ont tempéré cette association.

Méthodes

Les parents de 114 jeunes enfants d’une grande ville canadienne ont participé à cette étude durant l’hiver 2020 et le printemps 2021. Les parents ont répondu à plusieurs échelles d’évaluation dans le but de mesurer la symptomatologie de la santé mentale des enfants et l’attention dans les pratiques de parentalité.

Résultats

Les symptômes d’inattention et d’hyperactivité chez les enfants étaient significativement associés négativement à la parentalité attentive durant l’année scolaire, et les symptômes de dépression chez les enfants ont tempéré ce lien. En particulier, lorsque les symptômes de dépression étaient légers ou moyens chez les enfants, on a observé que des symptômes plus marqués d’inattention et d’hyperactivité étaient liés à un faible niveau de parentalité attentive. Par ailleurs, lorsque les symptômes dépressifs étaient marqués chez les enfants, les symptômes d’inattention et d’hyperactivité n’avaient aucune valeur prédictive sur la parentalité attentive.

Conclusions

La santé mentale des enfants, à savoir les symptômes d’inattention/hyperactivité et de dépression, est liée aux difficultés de parentalité attentive durant la pandémie de COVID-19. Ces résultats pourraient indiquer aux médecins quelles familles nécessitent plus de soutien durant la pandémie.
La rhinorrhée isolée en cas d’infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire par rapport à ceux d’âge scolaire
Authors: Proulx Catherine , Autmizgine Julie , Drouin Olivier , Panetta Luc , Delisle Gaelle A , Luu Thuy Mai , Quach Caroline , Kakkar Fatima
Published: September 2022

Objectifs

Il est prioritaire de dépister et d’isoler rapidement les cas de SRAS-CoV-2 dans les milieux scolaires et les milieux de garde pour éviter de nouvelles éclosions. La présente étude visait à comparer les manifestations cliniques des infections par le SRAS-CoV-2 diagnostiquées chez des enfants d’âge préscolaire (moins de cinq ans) à celles des enfants d’âge scolaire (cinq ans ou plus), et notamment la probabilité qu’ils éprouvent un symptôme isolé comme une rhinorrhée ou un mal de gorge.

Méthodologie

Les chercheurs ont procédé à une étude rétrospective des enfants (de 18 ans ou moins) qui ont reçu un diagnostic de SRAS-CoV-2 à la clinique ambulatoire de COVID-19 ou à l’urgence du Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine de Montréal, au Québec, entre février et mai 2020.

Résultats

Des 3 789 enfants soumis au dépistage, 105 (3 %) ont reçu un résultat positif au SRAS-CoV-2, et 104 ont été inclus dans l’analyse (49 de moins de cinq ans et 55 de cinq ans ou plus). La fièvre était le principal symptôme initial dans les deux groupes d’âge, mais en l’absence de fièvre, la majorité des cas (92 %) ressentait une combinaison d’au moins deux symptômes. La présence d’un seul symptôme isolé était peu courante (moins de 5 % des cas). Par-dessus tout, aucun enfant des deux groupes d’âge n’a souffert de rhinorrhée ou de mal de gorge isolé.

Conclusion

Les manifestations cliniques de la COVID-19 ne sont pas tout à fait les mêmes chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire et les enfants d’âge scolaire, mais dans les deux groupes d’âge, la rhinorrhée isolée n’était pas une manifestation de l’infection par le SRAS-CoV-2. Ces résultats pourraient contribuer à orienter les critères de dépistage et d’exclusion dans les milieux de garde et les milieux scolaires.
Les profils de santé mentale des enfants et adolescents autistes pendant la pandémie de COVID-19
Authors: Charalampopoulou Marina , Choi Eun Jung , Korczak Daphne J , Cost Katherine T , Crosbie Jennifer , Birken Catherine S , Charach Alice , Monga Suneeta , Kelley Elizabeth , Nicolson Rob , Georgiades Stelios , Ayub Muhammad , Schachar Russell J , Iaboni Alana , Anagnostou Evdokia
Published: September 2022

Objectifs

Les confinements dans les provinces canadiennes ont malmené la santé mentale des enfants pendant la pandémie de COVID-19, et les enfants autistes y ont été particulièrement vulnérables. La présente étude visait à recenser les sous-groupes d’enfants autistes ayant des profils distincts de modification à leur santé mentale, afin de comprendre les facteurs propres aux enfants, aux parents et au système qui y sont associés et d’éclairer de futures interventions.

Méthodologie

Les chercheurs ont extrait les données d’une vaste cohorte ontarienne (n=1 570), dont faisaient partie 265 enfants autistes (âge moyen=10,9 ans, 76 % de sexe masculin). Ils ont utilisé l’analyse des nuées dynamiques pour répartir les profils de santé mentale distincts en six mesures (humeur, anxiété, symptômes de trouble obsessionnel-compulsif, irritabilité, inattention, hyperactivité) et ont examiné les différences entre les groupes. Ils ont également étudié les caractéristiques des enfants qui ont accédé à des services aigus en santé mentale.

Résultats

Le nombre optimal de grappes était fixé à deux. La première incluait ceux qui avaient éprouvé une détérioration de leur santé mentale dans les six mesures (61,3 %, intervalle de confiance à 95 %=54,9 à 67,4) et la seconde, les jeunes dont la santé mentale n’avait pas changé (38,7 %, intervalle de confiance à 95 %=32,6 à 45,1). Des facteurs étaient associés à la détérioration de la santé mentale des enfants : plus de symptômes internalisés préexistants et de forts taux de stress liés à la COVID-19. Les problèmes de santé mentale des parents et les facteurs propres aux systèmes, tels que la perte de soutien à l’apprentissage, l’accès aux médecins et les difficultés matérielles, étaient aussi liés à cette détérioration. L’accès à des services aigus en santé mentale découlait d’abord de l’insécurité financière et de la perte de services.

Conclusions

Plus de la moitié des enfants autistes ont éprouvé une détérioration de leur santé mentale, et les caractéristiques individuelles (troubles de santé mentale préexistants, stress lié à la COVID-19), parentales (santé mentale des parents) et systémiques (perte de services et difficultés matérielles) y étaient reliées, ce qui ouvrait la voie à des interventions cliniques et politiques multiniveaux.
La prestation de soins virtuels et novateurs dans un centre pédiatrique canadien de soins tertiaires
Authors: Goldbloom Ellen B , Buba Melanie , Bhatt Maala , Suntharalingam Sinthuja , King W James
Published: September 2022

Les systèmes de santé et les travailleurs de la santé se sont rapidement adaptés à la prestation des soins virtuels pendant cette période sans précédent. Les programmes cliniques ont adopté divers modèles de soins virtuels pour maintenir l’accès, économiser l’équipement de protection individuelle et limiter la propagation des maladies infectieuses. Dans le présent article, les auteurs décrivent d’abord le contexte de prestation des soins pédiatriques pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 au Canada, laquelle a propulsé la prestation des soins virtuels. Ils résument ensuite la préparation, la mise en œuvre et les effets bénéfiques des programmes de soins virtuels utilisés actuellement au Centre hospitalier pour enfants de l’est de l’Ontario (CHEO), tant pour les patients hospitalisés que non hospitalisées, notamment dans les cliniques ambulatoires, aux urgences et au sein du programme de santé mentale. Ils soulignent les moyens transférables et particuliers qu’a retenus le CHEO pour intégrer la prestation des soins virtuels, que ce soit au moyen de sa structure de gouvernance, de la participation des intervenants – y compris les patients, les proches, les travailleurs de la santé et le personnel –, de la préparation et de l’utilisation des outils de télésanté et des approches novatrices de soins aux patients qui ont besoin d’une évaluation physique. Ils concluent en présentant leur vision de l’avenir des soins virtuels, qui feront partie de l’arsenal des soins pédiatriques après la pandémie de COVID-19, mais qui devront être soumis à un cadre commun d’évaluation.

Fait important, la mise en œuvre rapide d’un modèle de soins principalement virtuels au CHEO a favorisé le maintien d’un volume élevé de soins pédiatriques de qualité. Selon les auteurs, bon nombre de ces programmes devraient être conservés et le seront bel et bien après la pandémie. Il est essentiel d’adopter une approche exhaustive et unifiée de l’évaluation pour obtenir des résultats constructifs qui inspireront des modèles de prestation des soins pérennes, incluant les soins virtuels, et qui contribueront à garantir le meilleur pronostic possible pour les patients.
Survival and prognostic factors from a multicentre large cohort of unselected Italian systemic sclerosis patients
Authors: Cacciapaglia Fabio , Airò Paolo , Fornaro Marco , Trerotoli Paolo , De Lorenzis Enrico , Corrado Addolorata , Lazzaroni Maria Grazia , Natalello Gerlando , Montini Fabio , Altomare Alberto , Urso Livio , Verardi Lucrezia , Bosello Silvia Laura , Cantatore Francesco Paolo , Iannone Florenzo
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Survival and death prognostic factors of SSc patients varied during the past decades. We aimed to update the 5- and 10-year survival rates and identify prognostic factors in a multicentre cohort of Italian SSc patients diagnosed after 2009.

Material and methods

Patients who received a diagnosis of SSc after 1 January 2009 and were longitudinally followed up in four Italian rheumatologic centres were retrospectively assessed up to 31 December 2020. Overall survival of SSc patients was described using the Kaplan–Meier method. Predictors of mortality at 10-year follow-up were assessed by the Cox regression model. A comparison of our cohort with the Italian general population was performed by determining the standardized mortality ratio (SMR).

Results

A total of 912 patients (91.6% females, 20% dcSSc) were included. Overall survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 94.4% and 89.4%, respectively. The SMR was 0.96 (95% CI 0.81, 1.13), like that expected in the Italian general population. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH) significantly reduced survival (P < 0.0001). Main death predictors were male gender (HR = 2.76), diffuse cutaneous involvement (HR = 3.14), older age at diagnosis (HR = 1.08), PAH (HR = 3.21), ILD-associated PH (HR = 4.11), comorbidities (HR = 3.53) and glucocorticoid treatment (HR= 2.02).

Conclusions

In the past decade, SSc patients have reached similar mortality of that expected in the Italian general population. Male gender, diffuse cutaneous involvement, comorbidities and PAH with or without ILD represent the main poor prognostic factors.
A Possible White Matter Compensating Mechanism in the Brain of Relatives of People Affected by Psychosis Inferred from Repeated Long-Term DTI Scans
Authors: Caspi Yaron
Published: September 2022

Background and Hypothesis

An existing model suggests that some brain features of relatives of people affected by psychosis can be distinguished from both the probands and a control group.  Such findings can be interpreted as representing a compensating mechanism.

Study Design

We studied white matter features using diffusion tensor imaging in a cohort of 82 people affected by psychosis, 122 of their first-degree relatives, and 89 control subjects that were scanned between two to three times with an interval of approximately 3 years between consecutive scans. We measured both fractional anisotropy and other standard diffusivity measures such as axial diffusivity. Additionally, we calculated standard connectivity measures such as path length based on probabilistic or deterministic tractography. Finally, by averaging the values of the different measures over the two or three consecutive scans, we studied epoch-averagely the difference between these three groups.

Study Results

For several tracts and several connectivity measures, the relatives showed distinct features from both the probands and the control groups. In those cases, the relatives did not necessarily score between the probands and the control group. An aggregate analysis in the form of a group-dependent score for the different modes of the analysis (e.g., for fractional anisotropy) supported this observation.

Conclusions

We interpret these results as evidence supporting a compensation mechanism in the brain of relatives that may be related to resilience that some of them exhibit in the face of the genetic risk they have for being affected by psychosis.