bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic anomalies associated with abundant production of pyrrhotite in a sulfide deposit in the Okinawa Trough, Japan
Authors: Honsho Chie , Yamazaki Toshitsugu , Ura Tamaki , Okino Kyoko , Morozumi Haruhisa , Ueda Satoshi
Published: August 2023

We report here results from a deep‐sea magnetic survey using an autonomous underwater vehicle over the Hakurei hydrothermal site, in the middle Okinawa Trough. Magnetic inversion revealed that the Hakurei site is associated with well‐defined high‐magnetization zones distributed within a broad low‐magnetization zone. Results from rock magnetic measurements, performed on sulfide ore samples obtained by drilling, showed that some samples possessed extremely high natural remanent magnetization (NRM) (as much as 6.8–953.0 A/m), although most of the measured samples had much lower NRM. These high‐NRM samples were characterized by high Königsberger ratios (101−103), indicating much larger NRM than induced magnetization, and contained pyrrhotite as the only magnetic mineral. This suggests that NRM carried by pyrrhotite is the source of the observed magnetic anomalies. The wide range of NRM intensity was considered to be due to a highly heterogeneous distribution of pyrrhotite, because pyrrhotite was commonly identified in both the high‐NRM and low‐NRM samples. Pyrrhotite production may have been occasionally drastically increased, with highly magnetic ores formed as a result. Rapid burial of active vents may result in the creation of an extensive reducing environment under the seafloor, which is favorable to pyrrhotite production, and may also prevent oxidation of pyrrhotite by isolating it from seawater. Because the magnetization intensity of sulfide ores was highly variable, it would not be straightforward to estimate the quantity of ore deposits from the magnetic anomalies. Nevertheless, this study demonstrates the usefulness of magnetic surveys in detecting hydrothermal deposits.
Incidence of Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia in Patients With ANCA‐Associated Vasculitis Initiating Therapy With Rituximab or Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Nettleton Elizabeth , Sattui Sebastian E. , Wallace Zachary , Putman Michael
Published: August 2023

Objective

This manuscript assesses the incidence of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) among patients receiving contemporary treatment regimens for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis (AAV) and adverse events associated with PJP prophylaxis.

Methods

Incident users of rituximab or cyclophosphamide for AAV were identified in the TriNetX electronic health records database from 2011 to 2022. The incidence rates (IRs) of PJP in the first 6 months of induction therapy with rituximab and/or cyclophosphamide and during postinduction maintenance therapy with rituximab were calculated. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of adverse events commonly associated with PJP prophylaxis.

Results

We identified 1,461 AAV cases who received induction therapy with rituximab (69.7%), cyclophosphamide (18.9%), or both (11.4%). Prophylaxis prescribed within 30 days of induction included trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (30.7%), atovaquone (5.4%), dapsone (3.8%), and pentamidine (0.8%). During induction therapy, 10 cases of PJP were identified (IR 15.0 cases per 1,000 patient‐years); no deaths occurred. In adjusted analyses, those who received prophylaxis had a higher risk of leukopenia (HR 3.1; 95% CI 1.1–8.6), rash (HR 1.9; 95% CI 1.0–3.6), and nephropathy (HR 2.6; 95% CI 1.3–5.1) than those who did not. During rituximab maintenance therapy (n = 709), five cases of PJP were identified (IR 2.1 cases per 1,000 person‐years), one of whom died during the hospitalization associated with a PJP diagnosis.

Conclusion

Rates of PJP in patients with AAV were lower than previously observed, and few cases occurred during rituximab maintenance therapy. PJP prophylaxis was associated with adverse events.
Selectfluor Mediated Regioselective Annulation Using Imidazopyridines, Acetophenones and DMF as Carbon Synthon
Authors: Kalari Saradhi , Rani Potluri Vijaya , Choudhari Dnyaneshwar J. , Balasubramanian Sridhar , Rode Haridas B.
Published: August 2023

A Selectfluor mediated regioselective π‐extended [3+1+1] annulation using imidazopyridines, acetophenones and DMF as carbon source has been realized. The current route compared to traditional π‐extended annulation reaction utilizes commercially available acetophenones as a cyclic partner and offers three C−C bond formations. This reaction displayed good functional group tolerance wherein DMF served as a carbon synthon. Five‐membered bridged chroman‐4‐one derivative of imidazopyridine has been achieved with 2‐hydroxy acetophenone, wherein DMF acted as a dual carbon synthon and offered four C−C and one C−O bond formation in one‐pot.
Durable Multiblock Poly(biphenyl alkylene) Anion Exchange Membranes with Microphase Separation for Hydrogen Energy Conversion
Authors: Ma Yichang , Hu Chuan , Yi Guiqin , Jiang Zhangtang , Su Xiangyu , Liu Qinglin , Lee Ju Yeon , Lee So Young , Lee Young Moo , Zhang Qiugen
Published: August 2023

Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) and water electrolysis (AEMWE) show great application potential in the field of hydrogen energy conversion technology. However, scalable anion exchange membranes (AEMs) with desirable properties are still lacking, which greatly hampers the commercialization of this technology. Herein, we propose a series of novel multiblock AEMs based on ether‐free poly(biphenyl ammonium‐b‐biphenyl phenyl)s (PBPA‐b‐BPPs) that are suitable for use in high performance AEMFC and AEMWE systems because of their well‐formed microphase separation structures. The developed AEMs achieved outstanding OH− conductivity (162.2 mS cm−1 at 80 °C) with a low swelling ratio, good alkaline stability, and excellent mechanical durability (tensile strength >31 MPa and elongation at break >147 % after treatment in 2 M NaOH at 80 °C for 3750 h). A PBPA‐b‐BPP‐based AEMFC demonstrated a remarkable peak power density of 2.41 W cm−2 and in situ durability for 330 h under 0.6 A cm−2 at 70 °C. An AEMWE device showed a promising performance (6.25 A cm−2 at 2 V, 80 °C) and outstanding in situ durability for 3250 h with a low voltage decay rate (<28 μV h−1). The newly developed PBPA‐b‐BPP AEMs thus show great application prospects for energy conversion devices.
Von bis‐Olefin‐abgeleitete kristalline, diradikalische Schlenk‐Kohlenwasserstoffe mit einem Triplett‐Grundzustand
Authors: Saha Priyanka , Chrysochos Nicolas , Elvers Benedict J. , Pätsch Sebastian , Uddin Sk Imraj , Krummenacher Ivo , Nandeshwar Muneshwar , Mishra Anshika , Raman Karthik V. , Rajaraman Gopalan , Prabusankar Ganesan , Braunschweig Holger , Ravat Prince , Schulzke Carola , Jana Anukul
Published: August 2023

Beschrieben wird ein modularer Ansatz für die Synthese von kristallinen, diradikalischen Schlenk‐Kohlenwasserstoffen ausgehend von m‐Phenylen‐verbrückten, elektronenreichen bis‐Triazaalkenen. Das Auftreten eines Halbfeldsignals im EPR‐Spektrum bestätigt die diradikalische Natur sowie den Triplett‐Zustand der Spezies. Dass der Triplett‐Zustand auch dem Grundzustand entspricht, wird durch eine computergestützte Analyse untermauert. Um die Modularität des Ansatzes zu belegen, wurde zudem eine 4,6‐Dimethyl‐m‐Phenylen‐Brücke als Verbindung zwischen den beiden Alken‐Motiven untersucht. Der sterische Anspruch der beiden 4,6‐Dimethyl‐Gruppen führt zu einer substantiellen Rotation der Substituenten an den radikalischen Zentren relativ zum koppelnden m‐Phenylen‐Motiv. Daraus ergibt sich eine Verringerung der Spin‐Delokalisierung, was in einer signifikant reduzierten Austauschkopplung zwischen den ungepaarten Spinzuständen resultiert. Bemerkenswerterweise, konnten wir erstmalig und dies 108 Jahre nach der Synthese des m‐Phenylen‐Bis(Diphenylmethyl)‐Diradikals durch Schlenk ein Derivat mit der gleichen m‐Phenylen‐Brücke zwischen zwei radikalischen Zentren in kristalliner Form isolieren.
Highly Durable PtNi Alloy on Sb‐Doped SnO2 for Oxygen Reduction Reaction with Strong Metal‐Support Interaction
Authors: Fang Liwei , Wang Shengsen , Lu Yiqing , Deng Chengwei , Sun Liping , Cheng Yuanhui
Published: August 2023

Carbon‐supported Pt is currently used as catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells but is handicapped by carbon corrosion at high potential. Herein, a stable PtNi/SnO2 interface structure has been designed and achieved by a two‐step solvothermal method. The robust and conductive Sb‐doped SnO2 supports provide sufficient surfaces to confine PtNi alloy. Moreover, PtNi/Sb0.11SnO2 presents a more strongly coupled Pt‐SnO2 interface with lattice overlap of Pt (111) and SnO2 (110), together with enhanced electron transfer from SnO2 to Pt. Therefore, PtNi/Sb0.11SnO2 exhibits a high catalytic activity for ORR with a half‐wave potential of 0.860 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a mass activity of 166.2 mA mgPt−1@0.9 V in 0.1 M HClO4 electrolyte. Importantly, accelerated degradation testing (ADT) further identify the inhibition of support corrosion and agglomeration of Pt‐based active nanoparticles in PtNi/Sb0.11SnO2. This work highlights the significant importance of modulating metal‐support interactions for improving the catalytic activity and durability of electrocatalysts.
Elektrische Leitfähigkeit des Graphits
Authors: Ryschkewitsch Eugen
Published: August 2023

1. Der spezifische elektrische Widerstand der einheitlichen Graphitkristalle in der Hauptebene, auf den Würfel von 1 cm Kantenlänge bezogen, beträgt bei o° 0,39·10‐4 Ω.

2. Der Temperaturkoeffizient des Graphitwiderstandes ist positiv und in der Nähe von 0° demjenigen der meisten Metalle annähernd gleich.
Die Chemisorption als Initialvorgang der Reaktionen von Gasen mit Festkörpern
Authors: Engell H.‐J.
Published: August 2023

Reaktionen von Gasen mit Festkörpern verlaufen in der Folge: Stoßvorgang — Adsorption — Chemisorption — Reaktion. Adsorption und Chemisorption unterscheiden sich qualitativ und quantitativ hinsichtlich der Wechselwirkung von Adsorbens und Adsorbat. Einige Meßverfahren zur Ermittlung von Art und Ausmaß der Wechselwirkung werden besprochen.

Für Bestimmungen der Wechselwirkung bei der Chemisorption von Gasen an Metallen eignen sich besonders dünne Metall‐Aufdampfschichten und Messungen im Feldemissionsmikroskop. Die Chemisorption von Gasen an Halbleitern bewirkt wegen der vergleichsweise geringen Ladungsträgerkonzentrationen in Halbleitern Veränderungen, die von der Oberfläche aus weiter in den Festkörper hineinreichen. Die hier anwendbaren Meßverfahren, die Zeitgesetze des Ablaufs der Chemisorption und die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung einiger einfacher Systeme werden erörtert. Als Folgevorgänge der Chemisorption treten bei halbleitenden Verbindungen auch Transportvorgänge in den oberflächennahen Bereichen der Kristalle auf.
Untersuchung an sauren Oberflächenoxyden des Kohlenstoffs
Authors: Boehm H. P. , Diehl E.
Published: August 2023

Mikrokristalliner Kohlenstoff wurde bei etwa 420 °C mit O2 oxydiert. Dabei entstehen sauer reagierende Oberflächenoxyde (bzw. Hydroxyde bei H2O‐Zutritt), die vorwiegend an den Rändern der Kohlenstoff‐Sechseckschichten gebunden sind.

Die sauren Gruppen besitzen unterschiedliche Acidität. Die Neutralisation mit verschieden starken Basen deutet darauf hin, daß mehrere (mindestens vier) saure Gruppen in äquivalenten Mengen vorliegen, also vermutlich einer größeren Gruppierung angehören. Dieses Ergebnis, das bei mehreren oxydierten Kohlenstoffen erhalten wurde, wurde durch das Verhalten bei weiteren Reaktionen, z. B. der Methylierung oder der Umsetzung mit SOCl2 oder NH3 bestätigt. Die sauren Gruppen entsprachen nur 25–30% des Sauerstoffgehaltes. Eine Zuordnung der verschiedenen Aciditäten zu bestimmten funktionellen Gruppen wird diskutiert.
Über die Geschwindigkeit der CaCO3‐Zersetzung in Abhängigkeit vom CO2‐Druck
Authors: Cremer E. , Nitsch W.
Published: August 2023

Es wurde die Kinetik der thermischen Zersetzung von Kalzit und von CaCO3‐ „Präparaten”︁ definierter Herstellung untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Zersetzungsgeschwindigkeit von Kalzit durch die druckabhängige Keimbildung und die ebenfalls druckabhängige Wachstumsreaktion der CaO‐Phase bestimmt wird. Demgegenüber ist die Druckabhängigkeit der CaO‐Keimbildung beim Abbau der „Präparate”︁ vernachlässigbar klein. Man kann daher aus den Abbaukurven der „Präparate”︁ die Druckabhängigkeit der Wachstumsreaktion für sich erfassen und erhält eine lineare Abhängigkeit der Oxydwachstumsreaktion vom reziproken CO2‐Druck. Es werden die Bedingungen festgelegt, bei denen die Reaktion der Phasengrenzfläche proportional und daher nach einer 2/3‐Ordnung verläuft. Aus dem abgeleiteten Reaktions‐mechanismus erhält man in Übereinstimmung mit dem Experiment eine Formel für die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit, der bei der Reaktion

magnified image
Kristallographische Flächenspezifität der Adsorption an Übergangsmetallen. Untersuchungen mit dem Feldelektronenmikroskop
Authors: Rootsaert W. J. M. , Vanreijen L. L. , Sachtler W. M. H.
Published: August 2023

Die Möglichkeiten, die die Feldelektronenmikroskopie zur Erforschung der Adsorptionsvorgänge bietet, werden besprochen. Als Beispiele werden die Ergebnisse für die Adsorption von Wasserstoff und Xenon an Wolfram geschildert. In beiden Fällen zeigt sich eine ausgeprägte Flächenspezifität der Adsorption. Die Ursachen dieser Erscheinung werden diskutiert.
Über den sterischen Verlauf der Kontakteliminierung von HCl aus Menthylchlorid und Neomenthylchlorid
Authors: Andréu P. , Bussmann E. , Noller H. , Sim† S. K.
Published: August 2023

An mehreren Salzkatalysatoren wurde die Kontakteliminierung von HCl aus gasförmigem Menthylchlorid und Neomenthylchlorid im Temperaturbereich von 80–320°C untersucht. Die Messungen wurden im strömenden System durchgeführt, und zwar teils bei 6 Torr in einer hierfür gebauten Apparatur, teils in einem Trägergasstrom von Helium unmittelbar in einem Gaschromatographen. Bei beiden Substraten ist das Hauptprodukt 3‐Menthen. Während es bei Neomenthylchlorid Primärprodukt ist, entsteht es aus Menthylchlorid über 2‐Menthen als Zwischenprodukt. Die Kontakteliminierung verläuft demnach, wie Eliminierungen in flüssiger Phase, nach einem trans‐Mechanismus.
Heterogen‐katalytische Gasreaktionen im Blasensäulenreaktor
Authors: Kölbel H. , Maennig H.‐G.
Published: August 2023

Es wurde die Kinetik der Äthylenhydrierung an in Kohlenwasserstoffen suspendiertem Raney‐Nickel im kontinuierlich durchströmten Blasensäulenreaktor bei Normaldruck und Temperaturen zwischen 30°C und 100°C gemessen. Für kinetische Messungen in solchen Systemen wurden Methoden entwickelt. Die Wechselwirkung zwischen der Reaktion am Katalysator und dem Stoffübergang von der Gasphase in die Flüssigkeit wurde als Funktion von Temperatur, Durchsatz und Katalysatorkonzentration untersucht. Die bruttokinetischen Reaktionsordnungen und effektiven Aktivierungsenergien sind Funktionen der Rückvermischung in der Säule. Im Bereich der Hemmung durch den Stofftransport ist der Stoffübergang des H2 vom Gas in die Flüssigkeit geschwindigkeitsbestimmender Schritt.
Zum Mechanismus des Transportes adsorbierbarer Gase in Poren
Authors: Haul R. , Moesta H.
Published: August 2023

Es wurde die Strömung von Argon im Knudsen‐Bereich bei tiefen Temperaturen nach verschiedenen Methoden untersucht. Aus Messungen an porösen SIO2‐Preßlingen kann der Beitrag der Oberflächendiffusion zum Gesamt‐Transport ermittelt werden. Die dabei nach einer Druckausgleichsmethode und auf Grund von Adsorptionsgeschwindigkeits‐Messungen gefundenen Diffusionskoeffizienten stimmen gut überein und liegen bei Bedeckungsgraden in der Nähe der vollbesetzten Monoschicht in der Größenordnung derjenigen in Flüssigkeiten.

Aus dem Anlaufvorgang der Molekularströmung in einem engen Spalt zwischen Glasflächen, die im Ultra‐Hochvakuum entgast wurden, konnten Verweilzeiten der adsorbierten Argonatome ermittelt werden. Diese liegen bei Temperaturen zwischen 77 und 99 °K in der Größenordnung 10−5 bis 10−6 sec und entsprechen einer Aktivierungsenergie von 1,7 kcal/Mol. Aktivierungsentropien für den Desorptionsvorgang werden unter Berücksichtigung der Eigenschwingungszeit der adsorbierten Argonatome diskutiert.
The Intermolecular Proton‐Relaxation Rate in Diamagnetic Electrolyte Solutions
Authors: Hertz H. G.
Published: August 2023

The intermolecular nuclear magnetic relaxation rate of the proton in the water molecules of diamagnetic electrolyte solutions is calculated. The relaxation process is due to the magnetic dipole‐dipole interaction. The present treatment is an extension of the method developped by Torrey. The most important feature of the present paper is the inclusion into the theory of the rotational diffusive motion of the rigid hydration spheres. The results given may be easily extended to protons in non‐aqueous solvent molecules of moderate size.
Korrelation zwischen NMR‐Daten und thermodynamischen Größen Das System Dimethylformamid‐Benzol
Authors: Radeglia R.
Published: August 2023

Die Differenz der chemischen Verschiebungen der beiden Methylgruppen des Dimethylformamids wird als Indikator für die Solvatation (Koordinationszahl und Solvatationsgrad) des Amids durch Benzol herangezogen. Die Konzentrationsabhängigkeit dieser Verschiebungsdifferenz läßt Rückschlüsse auf Orientierungseffekte in der Mischphase zu und kann mit dem Aktivitätskoeffizienten des Dimethylformamids korreliert werden.
Thermoelectric Power of Molten Salt ‐ Metal Solutions, I, Bi + BiBr3 Solutions
Authors: Ichikawa Kazuhiko , Shimoji Mitsuo
Published: August 2023

The determination of thermoelectric power of Bi + BiBr3 was made between 10 and 100 mole‐% Bi, and 300 and 550 °C. The initial thermoelectric power (uncorrected for the contribution of the tungsten leads) and the stationary‐state potential respectively ranged from ‐ 132 to 45 μ V/deg and from ‐ 594 to 41 μV /deg. The results are discussed in terms of irreversible thermodynamics. The formulation for the electronic part of thermoelectric powers is shown on the basis of the scattering electron model as well as hopping electron model. In particular the data in metal‐rich region can rather quantitatively be estimated on the basis of the scattering electron model due to Ziman. The ionic contribution to thermoelectric powers may be discussed on the basis of the free volume theory of Cohen and Turnbull and the concept of Macedo and Litovitz for the viscosity of liquids.
A Pulsed NMR Study of Rotational Diffusion in ClO3F
Authors: Farrar T. C. , Maryott A. A. , Malmberg M. S.
Published: August 2023

Pulsed NMR studies to measure T1 of 35Cl and 19F for a sample of neat ClO3F over the entire liquid range (130 to 368 K) were carried out. The chlorine nucleus is relaxed entirely by the quadrupole interaction and since e2qQ for 25Cl is known it is possible to determine experimentally the correlation time for molecular orientation τ0,2. The fluorine relaxation is dominated by the spin‐rotation interaction. With T1 data for 19F and an independent knowledge of the effective spin‐rotation constant, the angular momentum correlation time τJ can be determined experimentally. The results for this quasi spherical model are in accord with rotational diffusion theory and Hubbard's relation. τΘ,2τJ = 1/6k T, at temperatures near the melting point and they agree over the entire liquid range with the extended treatment of McClung.
Effects of Hydrophobic Interactions on Dynamics in Aqueous solutions Studied by EPR [1]
Authors: Jolicoeur Carmel , Friedman Harold L.
Published: August 2023

The EPR spectra of several aqueous solutions of mixtures of hydrophobic species such as t‐butanol or Bu4 NBr with a nitroxide free radical probe 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐piperidone‐N‐oxide have been analyzed in an attempt to learn about the local effects produced by hydrophobic solutes on the water structure and about the dynamics of the interactions among hydrophobic particles in water. Effects characteristic of hydrophobic interactions are identified by comparison of the spectra with those of solutions of the probe in aqueous glycerol at the same viscosity. The probe studied here exhibits several interesting effects which may be associated with its interaction with clusters of hydrophobic species but seems less sensitive to the effects of pair interaction with a single other hydrophobic particle, except perhaps the ion B(C6H5)4−.
Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation in solutions of Proteins and Polypeptides
Authors: Kimmich R. , Noack F.
Published: August 2023

We report on recent proton relaxation dispersion measurements in solutions of serum albumin and poly‐γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate. Apart from a “high‐field” and a “low field”‐dispersion region in aqueous serum albumin solutions, which may be connected with a “liquid state” and a “solid state” type induction signal, solutions of poly‐γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate show remarkable differences of the relaxation behaviour in the helix and in the random coil conformation.
Ultrasonic Absorption and Molecular Motion in Ionic solutions
Authors: Breitschwerdt K. G.
Published: August 2023

A model of the structural relaxation processes in ionic solutions is presented with which the absolute values of the structural absorption as a function of ion concentration and temperature for different types of ions can be described quantitatively. An analysis of the ultrasonic absorption in aqueous solutions of alkali halides with this model yields information concerning the kinetic properties as well as the number of solvent molecules at various distances from the ions. The sets of relaxational parameters obtained are consistent with other available experimental data of water and of the solutions, such as total compressibility, molar volume, thermal expansion coefficient, specific heat, and radial distribution data.
The Dynamics and Structure of Water and Ionic solutions by Neutron Inelastic Scattering Spectroscopy
Authors: White J. W.
Published: August 2023

Using incoherent inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy we have investigated the frequency spectrum of water and ionic solutions between circa 5 · 1010 sec−1 and 1013 sec−1. A new spectrometer with high incident intensity and line resolution has been used in a systematic study of the dynamics of water, of solutions of structure forming and structure breaking ions and the dynamics of the ion tetramethylammonium dissolved in H2O and D2O. These studies give a comprehensive picture of motions in ionic solution and the results can be related to measurements by nuclear magnetic resonance (e.g. diffusion measurements and correlation time measurements).

The use of D2O as a solvent for highly proton containing ions such as tetramethyl ammonium has proved particularly valuable. Here the scattering from the protons in the tetramethyl ammonium ion dominates scattering from the rest of the solution, including the solvent, and it is possible to follow the motion of the ion independently of the solvent. These results have been related to studies in our group on water and ionic solutions in thin layers of silicate and mica like minerals.
Critical Phenomena in Very Small Spin Systems
Authors: Binder K.
Published: August 2023

The discontinuities observable at second order phase transitions (e.g. the divergence of the specific heat) can occur only if the size of the considered system is very large (strictly speaking, infinite). Therefore some pronounced modifications of critical phenomena have to be expected in very small systems. We investigate these modifications by numerical calculations (using mainly the Monte Carlo method) for the case of both Ising S = 1/2 and classical Heisenberg spin systems (the total number of spins in the considered systems being in the range from 10 to 103). Assuming systems with free surfaces one finds also a pronounced dependence on the shape of the system. The shape dependence of the energy can be related to the reduction of the ground state energy of the system. Considering the behaviour of the energy, specific heat, and magnetization, one observes both a rounding of the critical anomalies and a shift to lower temperatures. This behaviour is in good agreement with the conclusions which can be drawn from the wellknown behaviour of the exactly soluble two‐dimensional Ising S = 1/2 model. The results for the three‐dimensional systems presented here give information concerning the rounding phenomena which should be observable at the “phase transition” of superparamagnetic grains or similar systems.
Study of a Critical Binary Mixture by Means of Light Scattering
Authors: Volochine B.
Published: August 2023

After a short review of the most important theoretical results, we report a set of experimental data obtained on a critical binary mixture of aniline‐cyclohexane. These results confirm the theoretical values of the critical exponents predicted by the theory.
Diffusion and Thermal Diffusion in the Critical Region of Binary Fluid Systems
Authors: Haase R.
Published: August 2023

We discuss diffusion (including sedimentation) and thermal diffusion in the critical region (both for liquid‐liquid and vapour‐liquid equilibria) of binary fluid systems. In particular, we present diagrams and discussions of experimental values of diffusion coefficients, sedimentation coefficients, and thermal diffusion factors for the liquid systems n‐hexane + nitrobenzene (with upper consolute point) and water + triethylamine (with lower consolute point), both at 1 bar, and for the fluid system methane + propane at about 73°C in the critical vaporization region. In the last case, we check a formula proposed by the author in 1950.
Études ultrasonores et changements de phase
Authors: Joffrin J.
Published: August 2023

Dans cet article on donne une vue générate des mécanismes qui expliquent l'interaction des ultrasons et des fluctuations critiques. Dans une première partie, on compare les résultats obtenus avec les méthodes de diffusion de la lumière et de diffusion des neutrons.

La deuxième partie esquisse les théories thermodynamiques valables dans la limite des basses fréquences.

Enfin la troisième partie présente la théorie des modes couplés et souligne les différences avec les théories précédentes.
Measurement of Small‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering of the Al‐Zn‐Alloy of Critical Composition Near the Critical Temperature of Precipitation
Authors: Würz U.
Published: August 2023

The small‐angle x‐ray scattering from polycrystalline Al‐39.5 at% Zn foils was measured between about 390°C and 340°C. It turns out that the theory of Krivoglaz and of Münster and Sagel is not adequate for the interpretation of the results: The modulated structure predicted by Khachaturyan manifests itself by sharp maxima of the scattering intensity.
Advances in screening, synthesis, modification, and biomedical applications of peptides and peptide aptamers
Authors: Liu Yijie , Lu Xiaoling , Chen Meilun , Wei Zheng , Peng Guangnan , Yang Jie , Tang Chunhua , Yu Peng
Published: August 2023

Peptides and peptide aptamers have emerged as promising molecules for a wide range of biomedical applications due to their unique properties and versatile functionalities. The screening strategies for identifying peptides and peptide aptamers with desired properties are discussed, including high‐throughput screening, display screening technology, and in silico design approaches. The synthesis methods for the efficient production of peptides and peptide aptamers, such as solid‐phase peptide synthesis and biosynthesis technology, are described, along with their advantages and limitations. Moreover, various modification techniques are explored to enhance the stability, specificity, and pharmacokinetic properties of peptides and peptide aptamers. This includes chemical modifications, enzymatic modifications, biomodifications, genetic engineering modifications, and physical modifications. Furthermore, the review highlights the diverse biomedical applications of peptides and peptide aptamers, including targeted drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutic. This review provides valuable insights into the advancements in screening, synthesis, modification, and biomedical applications of peptides and peptide aptamers. A comprehensive understanding of these aspects will aid researchers in the development of novel peptide‐based therapeutics and diagnostic tools for various biomedical challenges.
Influence du Soufre et de L'oxygène sur les Vibrations CH2 Dans des Composés Hétérocycliques Saturés
Authors: Tarte P. , Laurent P. A.
Published: August 2023

The CH2 stretching and bending frequencies have been studied with good resolving power in O‐ and S‐ heterocyclic saturated molecules. Sulfur has a marked lowering effect (∼ 40 cm–1) on the bending frequency of neighbour CH2 groups. This vibration is not significantly altered by the vicinity of one oxygen atom; it is shifted towards higher frequencies, however, in the group.

The behaviour of the stretching frequencies is not well understood but here also, perturbations by sulfur are observed. Previous work and conclusions of Pozefsky and Coggeshall are briefly discussed.
Étude Théorique de Structures Moléculaires au Moyen de Calculateurs Électroniques
Authors: Leroy G.
Published: August 2023

La structure électronique de plusieurs molécules conjuguées a été déterminée par la méthode LCAO MO en effectuant une itération double portant d'une part sur les charges, d'autre part sur les indices de liaison.
Analysis of genetic factors associated with fatty liver disease‐related hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kogiso Tomomi , Ogasawara Yuri , Horiuchi Kentaro , Taniai Makiko , Tokushige Katsutoshi
Published: August 2023

Aim

Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PNPLA3 and hydroxysteroid 17‐beta dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13) genes are associated with fatty liver disease (FLD) progression and carcinogenesis. In the present study, we evaluated the characteristics of Japanese FLD patients according to HSD17B13 polymorphisms.

Methods

We enrolled 402 patients who were clinically and pathologically diagnosed with FLD (alcoholic: 63 cases, nonalcoholic: 339 cases) at our hospital in 1990–2018 (228 males; median age: 54.9 [14.6–83.6] years). FLD patients with HSD17B13 A/A (212 cases) and others (A/AA or AA/AA; 190 cases) were compared.

Results

Compared to patients with HSD17B13 A/A and others, those with the A/A genotype showed increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (A/A vs. others; 18.4% vs. 9.5%, p = 0.01), cardiovascular diseases (14.2% vs. 4.2%, p < 0.01), and hypertension (56.6% vs. 47.4%, p = 0.06). In patients without A/A, the HCC incidence was significantly reduced in those with alcohol‐related FLD, fibrosis‐4 index <2.67, and the PNPLA3 CC genotype; however, there was no significant difference in nonalcoholic‐FLD. Patients without HSD17B13 A/A showed severe steatosis (77% vs. 88.6%, p < 0.01). New HCC developed in 11 cases and the 5–year incidence rate of HCC was 3.3% in patients with both PNPLA3 GG/GC and HSD17B13 A/A, which was significantly higher than the rate for those with other SNP profiles (0.6%, p = 0.03).

Conclusions

Inhibiting HSD17B13 activity may prevent HCC development, particularly in alcohol‐related FLD and low‐risk patients. Therefore, combinations of SNPs and other risk factors can be used for screening FLD–HCC.
Revealing metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer master regulator through lncRNAs‐centered regulatory network
Authors: Ferraz Rafaella Sousa , Cavalcante João Vitor Ferreira , Magalhães Leandro , Ribeiro‐dos‐Santos Ândrea , Dalmolin Rodrigo Juliani Siqueira
Published: August 2023

Background

Metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is an aggressive form of cancer unresponsive to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) that spreads quickly to other organs. Despite reduced androgen levels after ADT, mCRPC development and lethality continues to be conducted by the androgen receptor (AR) axis. The maintenance of AR signaling in mCRPC is a result of AR alterations, androgen intratumoral production, and the action of regulatory elements, such as noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs are key elements in cancer signaling, acting in tumor growth, metabolic reprogramming, and tumor progression. In prostate cancer (PCa), the ncRNAs have been reported to be associated with AR expression, PCa proliferation, and castration resistance. In this study, we aimed to reconstruct the lncRNA‐centered regulatory network of mCRPC and identify the lncRNAs which act as master regulators (MRs).

Methods

We used publicly available RNA‐sequencing to infer the regulatory network of lncRNAs in mCRPC. Five gene signatures were employed to conduct the master regulator analysis. Inferred MRs were then subjected to functional enrichment and symbolic regression modeling. The latter approach was applied to identify the lncRNAs with greater predictive capacity and potential as a biomarker in mCRPC.

Results

We identified 31 lncRNAs involved in cellular proliferation, tumor metabolism, and invasion‐metastasis cascade. SNHG18 and HELLPAR were the highlights of our results. SNHG18 was downregulated in mCRPC and enriched to metastasis signatures. It accurately distinguished both mCRPC and primary CRPC from normal tissue and was associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell‐matrix adhesion pathways. HELLPAR consistently distinguished mCRPC from primary CRPC and normal tissue using only its expression.

Conclusion

Our results contribute to understanding the regulatory behavior of lncRNAs in mCRPC and indicate SNHG18 and HELLPAR as master regulators and potential new diagnostic targets in this tumor.
The tryptophan–kynurenine pathway in immunomodulation and cancer metastasis
Authors: Basson Charlise , Serem June Cheptoo , Hlophe Yvette Nkondo , Bipath Priyesh
Published: August 2023

Introduction

The activation of the kynurenine pathway in cancer progression and metastasis through immunomodulatory pathways has drawn attention to the potential for kynurenine pathway inhibition. The activation of the kynurenine pathway, which results in the production of kynurenine metabolites through the degradation of tryptophan, promotes the development of intrinsically malignant properties in cancer cells while facilitating tumour immune escape. In addition, kynurenine metabolites act as biologically active substances to promote cancer development and metastasis.

Methods

A literature review was conducted to investigate the role of the tryptophan‐kynurenine pathway in immunomodulation and cancer metastasis.

Results

Evidence suggests that several enzymes and metabolites implicated in the kynurenine pathway are overexpressed in various cancers. As such, the tryptophan pathway represents a promising target for cancer treatment. However, downstream signalling pathways, including aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation, have previously induced diverse biological effects in various malignancies, which resulted in either the promotion or the inhibition of metastasis.

Conclusion

As a result, a thorough investigation of the kynurenine pathway and its regulatory mechanisms is necessary in order to properly comprehend the effects of kynurenine pathway activation involved in cancer development and metastasis.
Synthesis, Docking Studies and Evaluation of Chalcones as Anti‐Helicobacter pylori and antitumoral Agents
Authors: Pereira de Oliveira Borlot Jessica Rodrigues , Schlittler dos Santos Luna , Schwarzt Sampaio Guilherme José , Santos Borges Augusto , Rodrigues Ricardo Pereira , de Cássia Ribeiro Gonçalves Rita , Bezerra dos Santos Reginaldo , Kitagawa Rodrigo Rezende
Published: August 2023

Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric epithelium of 50 % of world population and it is the main etiological agent of human chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. In this study, we synthesized and characterized a series of 14 chalcones and evaluated their anti‐H. pylori, NO inhibition (in vitro and in silico), and AGS cells cytotoxic effects. Compounds 3b and 3h showed MIC of 8 μg/mL. We observed structure‐activity relationships, mainly related to the influence of methoxy substituent at C‐2 (3b) and the nitro group at C‐4 (3h) in chalcone scaffold. The fourteen chalcones inhibited the NO production in LPS‐stimulated macrophages and showed potential for interaction on the active site of the iNOS enzyme. Finally, 3b and 3h showed the highest selectivity to the AGS cell lines. Thus, ours results suggest 3b and 3h as potential candidates for design of new and effective agents against H. pylori and related diseases.
Catalytic Conversion of Levulinic Acid to Pyrrolidone under Mild Conditions with Disordered Mesoporous Silica‐Supported Pt Catalyst
Authors: Liu Ziyue , Yan Long , Jiang Qian , Huang Yuhui , Yang Chengmei , Wang Chenguang , Lu Xi , Ma Longlong , Zhang Qi
Published: August 2023

Catalytic conversion of biomass‐derived levulinic acid (LA) into high‐valued 5‐methylpyrrolidones has become an attractive case in studies of biomass utilization. Herein, we developed a disordered mesoporous Pt/MNS catalyst for this reductive amination process under room temperature and atmospheric pressure of hydrogen. The disordered mesoporous structures in support of Pt/MNS catalyst led the formation of highly dispersed Pt species via confinement effect, providing high specific area for enhancing the catalytic sites. With the synergistic effect between highly dispersed Pt species and mesoporous structures, 5‐methylpyrrolidones were successfully synthesized from biomass‐derived LA and primary amines with high selectivity. Mechanism studies indicated that introducing protonic acid would promote the reductive‐amination process, and enamine intermediates could be detected during the in‐situ DRIFT tests. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation confirmed that the hydrogenation of enamine intermediate was more accessible than that of imide intermediates, leading the excellent performance of the Pt/MNS catalyst. This work provided a green method to produce 5‐methylpyrrolidone and revealed the impact of catalyst structural characteristics on the reaction process.
Responses to bright light exposure in individuals with binge‐spectrum eating disorders characterized by high dietary restraint and negative affect
Authors: Kambanis P. Evelyna , Bottera Angeline R. , De Young Kyle P.
Published: August 2023

Objective

Circadian rhythm disruptions are associated with binge eating, can be causal of negative mood, and may be corrected with bright light exposure. A subtype of individuals with binge‐spectrum eating disorders are characterized by combined high dietary restraint and negative affect. These individuals have higher eating disorder psychopathology and poorer treatment response. We aimed to test the targeted effects of morning bright light exposure on individuals with binge‐spectrum eating disorders, hypothesizing significant reductions in binge eating for those characterized by high dietary restraint and negative affect.

Methods

Participants (N = 34 females with binge‐eating disorder and bulimia nervosa) used a morning bright light and normal light for 10 consecutive days each, in randomized order. They completed the Change in Eating Disorder Symptoms (CHEDS) scale at baseline, day 12 (when they switched lamps), and day 22. We conducted moderation analyses, clustering data by person, controlling for order, and examining the effect of light condition on binge eating according to baseline restraint and negative affect.

Results

At high levels of combined dietary restraint and negative affect, participants experienced a reduction in binge eating and food preoccupation following exposure to morning bright light. There were no changes in restrictive eating, body preoccupation, body dissatisfaction, or body checking following exposure to morning bright light for these individuals.

Discussion

These findings suggest that morning bright light may be a useful adjunct to empirically supported eating disorder treatments that target binge eating, especially for individuals characterized by the difficult to treat restraint/negative affect subtype.

Public Significance

At high levels of combined dietary restraint and negative affect, participants with binge‐spectrum eating disorders experienced a reduction in binge eating and food preoccupation following exposure to morning bright light. These findings suggest that morning bright light may be a useful adjunct to empirically supported eating disorder treatments that target binge eating, especially for individuals characterized by the difficult‐to‐treat restraint/negative affect subtype.
Ambition‐driven aggression in response to significance‐threatening frustration
Authors: Resta Elena , Kruglanski Arie W. , Ellenberg Molly , Pierro Antonio
Published: August 2023

Conceptualizing aggression as elicited by the significance‐reducing effects of frustration, and ambition as reflecting the quest for significance, we tested the role of ambition in the frustration–aggression relationship. Study 1 (N = 249) found that ambitious individuals are more sensitive to significance‐threatening frustration. Study 2 (N = 413) found that significance‐reducing (vs. non‐reducing) frustration leads to more aggressiveness through significance loss and that ambitious individuals react to significance‐reducing frustration more aggressively. Study 3 (N = 248) replicated this relation and demonstrated that the aggressiveness of ambitious individuals in reaction to significance‐reducing frustration is not related to their trait aggression. Study 4 (N = 196) showed that it is also unrelated to their trait‐level frustration, and Study 5 (N = 172) replicated the relation between ambition and aggression consequent significance‐reducing frustration with a different methodology. This research supports the notion that an aggressive response to frustration pertains to the significance‐reducing nature of the frustration, and that ambition is a moderator of this relation.
Actualising power sharing in community‐led initiatives: Insights from community‐based organisation leaders in Chicago, USA
Authors: Grant Alexis , Hebert‐Beirne Jeni , Lofton Saria , Floyd Brenikki , Stiehl Emily , Kim Sage
Published: August 2023

There is an increasing call for a governmental organisations such as local health departments and federal health and human service agencies to partner with community based organisations (CBOs) for health promotion. There is a large body of literature suggesting that CBOs need capacity building or empowerment to do this work, but less literature about the necessary culture shift at governmental organisations who fund public health work. This study aimed to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of CBO leadership who do not want to partner with state funders, and understand which structures and practices demonstrate power‐sharing in a community‐led approach. We conducted six interviews with community‐based organisation leaders and conducted a thematic analysis and a secondary, inductive discourse analysis of the transcripts to analyse why organisations chose not to apply for a government funded initiative and how they talked about power‐sharing for community‐led public health. Themes about the decision for CBOs to apply to the public health funding initiative: how it related to the CBO's scope of work, meeting the needs of the community, having the technical capacity, and cross‐cutting themes of putting the community first and having a long‐term positive impact. Organisations rejected the opportunity for this funding due to poor fit, even if they could fulfil the scope of work. A community‐led approach was described as one that includes the government giving up control, creating spaces for meaningful participation and power‐sharing, and systems demonstrating trust in CBOs. These findings reiterate that in order for public health to be community‐led, there needs to be system‐wide transformation and intentional investment that supports an infrastructure for community‐led public health. State funders can learn from practices in trust‐based philanthropy, such as flexible funding and reporting requirements. The results of this study can support the wider participation of CBOs in collaboration with state actors, maximising the transformative potential of collaboration, ultimately transforming power structures and advancing health equity.
Supporting teachers' professionalism: A legacy of Kenneth Goodman
Authors: Gilles Carol
Published: August 2023

Whole language (WL), emerging in the late 1970s, was a theory‐in‐practice, grass‐roots teachers' movement that dramatically changed classrooms worldwide. With an emphasis on student‐centered, meaning‐focused, experiential, and interactive engagement with the curriculum, this movement offered more choices and possibilities for classroom teachers and students. Using a systematic historical and archival inquiry of the written words of Ken Goodman, considered the founder of WL, and selected archival documents, I describe his influence on WL teachers' professionalism from mid‐1970s through mid‐1990s. Through his research, writings, and presentations, he positioned teachers as informed, empowered creators of curricular knowledge, instead of passive consumers and script‐followers. Pantić's (2017) model of teacher agency for social justice frames this inquiry and further explicates how WL teachers became agentic. The study concludes with reminders of Goodman's influence today. His respect and subsequent actions to further teachers' agency provides guidance as we address contemporary teacher challenges.
Evaluation of the white matter integrity in morbidly obese patients before and after bariatric surgery; a diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Atasoy Bahar , Balsak Serdar , Donmez Zeynep , Yurtsever Ismail , Yabul Fatma , Akcay Ahmet , Atila Naz , Cesme Dilek Hacer , Toluk Ozlem , Alkan Alpay
Published: August 2023

Purpose

To investigate the difference in FA (Fractional anisotropy), ADC (Apparent diffusion coefficient), RD (Radial diffusivity) and AD (axial diffusivity) values of white matter (WM) tracts in morbidly obese subjects before and after bariatric surgery (BS).

Materials and Methods

A group of thirty‐nine morbidly obese subjects are evaluated before and 4–6 months after BS. ADC, FA, RD and AD values of 17 distinct neuroanatomic localizations are measured and DTI parameters are analyzed.

Results

Following the BS, the patients' mean BMI decreased from 47.665.21 to 31.723.97. A significant difference is displayed between the pre‐surgery and post‐surgery FA values of SLF, SFOF, ALIC, fornix, ILF, CST, MCP (p = 0.010, p < 0.001, p = 0.048, p = 0.014, p = 0.012, p = 0.012, p = 0.040 respectively). Following BS, decrease in FA values in the mentioned areas are detected. ADC values obtained from MCP are significantly lower in the post‐BS period compared to pre‐BS period (p = 0.018). There was a statistically significant difference between the pre‐surgery and post‐surgery AD values of SLF, SFOF, ILF, ALIC, EC, CST, and MCP (p = 0.001, p = 0.022, p = 0.001, p = 0.011, p = 0.001, p = 0.000, p = 0.000, respectively). Following the BS, AD values of the SLF, SFOF, ILF, ALIC, EC, CST, and MCP are decreased. RD values measured from GCC are significantly lower in the post‐BS period compared to pre‐BS period (p = 0.008).

Conclusion

Our study supported the hypothesis of the BS‐induced reversibility of the low‐grade inflammation in WM tracts in the morbidly obese group following BS. Our DTI results may represent the subacute period findings of the reversal of low‐grade inflammation after BS.