bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three‐Dimensional Fluorescent Imaging to Monitor the Dynamic Distribution of Organic Additives in Polymers
Authors: Huang Dandan , Zhang Lijuan , Sun Shihao , Li Peng , Fu Yingjie , Tian Rui , Lu Chao
Published: February 2023

Organic additives were dynamically distributed in the polymer, tailoring the micro‐structure and macro‐performances of organic‐organic composites. However, it remains a challenge to provide a direct and spatial monitoring of organic additives inside polymer matrix. Herein, we introduced the confocal laser scanning microscopy to visualize the three‐dimensional and dynamic distribution of organic additives inside the polymer, taking amino silicone oil (ASO) in polyethylene as a model. The ASO was crosslinked under thermal treatment, exhibiting green fluorescence. Such a fluorescent variation of ASO can be monitored in a three‐dimensional space, and the dynamic distribution of ASO could be visualized and quantified by the fluorescence volume of the cross‐linked ASO. Dynamic studies showed that the reaction rates increased from 1.5×10−5 s−1 at 40 °C to 5.2×10−5 s−1 at 100 °C. The variations of reaction rates for ASO well explained the promoted mechanical properties for the composites. Our findings could provide the detailed understandings for the relation between the distribution of organic additives and macroscopic properties for organic‐organic composites.
Light Driven ZnO/AuNP Micro/Nanomotor with Controlled Rotation and Phototaxis
Authors: Han Xiaoxia , Chen Zongchen , Liu Yingying , Song Bo , Zhang Hui , Dong Bin
Published: February 2023

Light driven micro/nanomotor (MNM) has shown great potential in applications such as active matter, biomedicine, etc. However, it is still challenging to achieve novel movement behaviors with good controllability and precision. In this work, we have achieved the controlled motion behavior of the light‐driven MNM consisting of ZnO microrod with decorated gold nanoparticle (AuNP). By adjusting the irradiation condition, the ZnO/AuNP MNM is able to rotate around the center, rotate around one end, rotate to a designated angle, move in helical or translational fashion. The movement relies on the self‐electrophoresis, the self‐thermophoresis or their combination. We believe that this work not only sheds light on the regulation of the movement behaviors of light driven MNMs but also provides new ideas for the development of MNMs with self‐adaptive features.
Exploration of Some Bis‐Sulfide and Bis‐Sulfone Derivatives as Non‐Classical Aldose Reductase İnhibitors
Authors: Türkeş Cüneyt , Demir Yeliz , Biçer Abdullah , Cin Günseli Turgut , Gültekin Mehmet Serdar , Beydemir Şükrü
Published: February 2023

Aldose reductase (AR, ALR2; EC 1.1.1.21), an enzyme that converts glucose to fructose on the polyol pathway, is an important member of the Aldo‐keto reductase superfamily. ALR2 is part of the rate‐limiting step, which is associated with diabetic complications in this process, and plays a role in regulating reactive oxygen species induced by growth factors and cytokines. Despite the fact that sulfides and sulfones have been discovered to have a variety of other biological functions, in the current study, we assessed the ALR2 inhibitory potential of the derivatives of bis‐sulfide (5 a–i) and bis‐sulfone (6 a–i) in order to further our interest in designing and discovering powerful ALR2 inhibitors. The results of the biological investigations showed that all of the derivatives exhibit activity against ALR2, with KI values ranging from 0.53±0.03 to 4.20±0.06 μM. Among these agents, 2,6‐bis((4‐chlorophenyl)(phenylthio)methyl)cyclohexan‐1‐one (5 h), 2,6‐bis((3‐nitrophenyl)(phenylthio)methyl)cyclohexan‐1‐one (5 c), and 2,6‐bis((3‐chlorophenyl)(phenylthio)methyl)cyclohexan‐1‐one (5 g) exhibited prominent inhibitory activity with KI constants of 0.53±0.03 μM, 0.65±0.04 μM, and 0.71±0.05 μM, respectively, against ALR2 and were found to be more potent than epalrestat (KI=0.79±0.01 μM) is currently, the only ALR2 inhibitor (ALR2I) utilized in treatment. Additionally, in silico molecular docking experiments were carried out to explain how these bis‐sulfides (5 a–i) and bis‐sulfones (6 a–i) interacted with the target enzyme ALR2′s binding site. According to the ADME‐Tox study, these compounds are predicted to be ALR2Is with appropriate drug‐like characteristics. The study‘s findings on sulfides and sulfones could be exploited to create innovative therapeutics that prevent diabetes complications.
Diagnosis and management of isthmocele (Cesarean scar defect): a SWOT analysis
Authors: Dominguez J. A. , Pacheco L. Alonso , Moratalla E. , Carugno J. A. , Carrera M. , Perez‐Milan F. , Caballero M. , Alcázar J. L.
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this State‐of‐the‐Art Review was to provide a strategic analysis, in terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT analysis), of the current evidence regarding the management of uterine isthmocele (Cesarean scar defect). Strengths include the fact that isthmocele can be diagnosed on two‐dimensional transvaginal ultrasound, and that surgical repair may restore natural fertility potential and prevent secondary infertility, as well as reduce the risk of miscarriage and other obstetric complications. However, there is a lack of high‐quality evidence regarding the best diagnostic method and criteria, as well as the potential benefits of surgical repair with respect to fertility. There is a need for experienced surgeons skilled in the various isthmocele repair techniques. Isthmocele repair does not prevent the need for Cesarean delivery in subsequent pregnancies. There is increasing awareness regarding the accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound in diagnosing isthmocele. This may lead to surgical correction and prevention of obstetric and perinatal complications in subsequent pregnancies, including Cesarean scar pregnancy. Regarding threats, the existence of different surgical techniques means that there is a risk of selecting an inadequate approach if the type of isthmocele and the patient's characteristics are not considered. There is a risk of overtreatment when asymptomatic defects are repaired surgically. Finally, there is an absence of cost‐effectiveness analyses to justify routine repair. Thus, while there are many data suggesting that isthmocele has an adverse effect on both natural fertility and the outcome of assisted reproduction techniques, high‐quality evidence to support surgical isthmocele repair in all asymptomatic patients desiring future fertility are lacking. There is increasing agreement to recommend hysteroscopic repair of isthmocele as a first‐line approach as long as the residual myometrial thickness is at least 2.5–3.0 mm. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Cerebral volume is unaffected after pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Canjels L. P. W. , Alers R. J. , van de Ven V. , Hurks P. P. M. , Gerretsen S. C. , Brandt Y. , Kooi M. E. , Jansen J. F. A. , Backes W. H. , Ghossein‐Doha C. , Spaanderman M. E. A.
Published: February 2023

Objectives

Pre‐eclampsia has been associated with cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and/or psychological complaints. Signs of altered brain morphology and more white‐matter hyperintensities (WMHs) during and shortly after pre‐eclampsia have been observed in some, but not all, studies. We compared volumes of cerebral structures and the number of WMHs between formerly pre‐eclamptic women and those with normotensive gestational history and assessed the effect of age on brain volumes.

Methods

Structural 7‐Tesla magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed in 59 formerly pre‐eclamptic women (aged 37 ± 6 years, 0.5–16 years postpartum) and 20 women with a history of normotensive pregnancy (aged 39 ± 5 years, 1–18 years postpartum). Fazekas scores were obtained to assess WMH load. Volumes of the whole brain, gray and white matter, brain lobes, and ventricular and pericortical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces were calculated after semiautomatic segmentation. Group differences were analyzed using ANCOVA and Bayes factors. Results were adjusted for age, educational attainment, presence of current hypertension and total intracranial volume. The effect of age on cerebral volumes was analyzed using linear regression analysis.

Results

No changes in global and local brain volumes were observed between formerly pre‐eclamptic and control women. Also, no difference in WMH load was observed. Independent of pre‐eclamptic history, gray‐matter volume significantly decreased with age, while ventricular and pericortical CSF space volumes significantly increased with age.

Conclusions

Volumetric changes of the cerebrum are age‐related but are independent of pre‐eclamptic history in the first two decades after childbirth. No evidence of greater WMH load after pre‐eclampsia was found. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Confined placental mosaicism: placental size and function evaluated on magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Dyhr J. J. , Linderoth I. R. , Hansen D. N. , Frøkjær J. B. , Peters D. A. , Sinding M. , Sørensen A.
Published: February 2023

Objectives

Evidence regarding placental function in pregnancies complicated by confined placental mosaicism (CPM) is conflicting. We aimed to compare placental function between CPM and non‐CPM pregnancies prenatally and at birth. A secondary objective was to evaluate the relationship between placental function and chromosomal subtype of CPM.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of pregnancies with CPM and control pregnancies delivered at a tertiary hospital in Denmark between 2014 and 2017. Placental volume and placental transverse relaxation time (T2*) were estimated on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fetal weight and uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA‐PI) were estimated on ultrasound and fetoplacental ratio was assessed on MRI and at birth. These estimates of placental function were adjusted for gestational age and compared between groups using the Wilcoxon rank‐sum test. Within the group of CPM pregnancies, measures of placental function were compared between those at high risk (chromosome numbers 2, 3, 7, 13 and 16) and those at low risk (chromosome numbers 5, 18 and 45X).

Results

A total of 90 pregnancies were included, of which 12 had CPM and 78 were controls. MRI and ultrasound examinations were performed at a median gestational age of 32.6 weeks (interquartile range, 24.7–35.3 weeks). On MRI assessment, CPM placentae were characterized by a lower placental T2* Z‐score (P = 0.004), a lower fetoplacental ratio (P = 0.03) and a higher UtA‐PI Z‐score (P = 0.03), compared with non‐CPM placentae. At birth, the fetoplacental ratio was significantly lower (P = 0.02) and placental weight Z‐score was higher (P = 0.01) in CPM pregnancies compared with non‐CPM pregnancies. High‐risk CPM pregnancies showed a reduced placental T2* Z‐score (P = 0.003), lower birth‐weight Z‐score (P = 0.041), earlier gestational age at delivery (P = 0.019) and higher UtA‐PI Z‐score (P = 0.028) compared with low‐risk CPM pregnancies. Low‐risk CPM pregnancies did not differ in any of these parameters from non‐CPM pregnancies.

Conclusions

CPM pregnancies are characterized by an enlarged and dysfunctional placenta. Placental function was highly related to the chromosomal type of CPM; placental dysfunction was seen predominantly in high‐risk CPM pregnancies in which chromosomes 2, 3, 7, 13 or 16 were involved. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
The Dynamics of the Green Policies in Papua Land: A Political Economy Study
Authors: Sari Yulia Indrawati
Published: February 2023

The provincial governments of Papua and West Papua have expressed their commitments and enacted policies to develop Papua Land in a sustainable manner through the issuance of Papua 2100 Vision, the 2019 Manokwari Declaration, and the ‘green’ spatial plan of Papua province. However, the implementation of these policies in balancing protection of forests and improvement of livelihood of indigenous Papuans has been slow. By employing a political economy approach, the study explores how interactions between the political economy structure, institutions, and actors have resulted in slow implementation of such commitments, particularly in reviewing the compliance of land-based industry licenses and acknowledging customary (adat) areas. The study was conducted between February 2020 and March 2021 and encompassed approximately 50 key informant interviews – including donors, civil society organizations, adat leaders, national and subnational governments, observers, academics, and journalists – and document review. The findings of this study suggest that the reform is mainly driven by development partners and limited numbers of bureaucrats that align with the indigenous Papuans’ interest to protect their land from outsiders. The small coalitions were successful in focusing their effort to enact green policies in the two provinces. However, the study highlights constraints faced by these actors to turn the policies into actions: (1) the existence of wide array of powerful actors – non-Papuans and Papuans – with strong economic and political interests identified at central, provincial, and regency level to hinder the enforcement of problematic land-based licenses and clarify adat areas; (2) the absence of broad-based political support. These have hampered the implementation of the green policies under the two aspects above. This study recommends reviewing policy at the national level to create enabling environment for green policies implementation in both provinces, e.g., to review the Omnibus Law, supporting the regency-level actors to accelerate issuance of the perda PPMHA and local-level regulations on adat-managed areas, supporting licenses review in Southern part of Papua Province to limit the operation of these businesses to expand in forest areas and disrespect adat rights over their lands, and exploring engagement with the opposing parties at all administrative level.
Coordination Challenges Facing Effective Flood Governance in the Ciliwung River Basin
Authors: Clegg Georgina , Haigh Richard , Amaratunga Dilanthi , Rahayu Harkunti Pertiwi
Published: February 2023

The Ciliwung River in Java, Indonesia, is known to cause frequent flooding in the downstream capital city of Jakarta. From source to mouth the river flows through several administrative units. Indonesia’s decentralised governance structure means that each unit has the authority to develop its own plans and to address its own objectives. Not only that, but flood management spans many sectors, and these sectors need to work together throughout the decentralised governance system. This can pose a significant challenge to achieving integrated river management to mitigate flooding, where plans need to be carefully coordinated and high levels of collaboration are required. This chapter examines the current governance arrangements in the Ciliwung River Basin, to understand what challenges may be preventing successful coordination of flood management. The findings of the study are based on a systematic review of the literature conducted within the frame of the NERC and RISTEK-BRIN funded project: Mitigating hydrometeorological hazard impacts through improved transboundary river management in the Ciliwung River Basin. The findings suggest several issues that restrict the effectiveness of coordination for flood mitigation in the Ciliwung Basin. Imprecisely defined roles and responsibilities, issues including lack of capacity at the local level, insufficient coordination between local administrations, and limitations to the function of coordination platforms are some of the challenges identified. The findings highlight that coordination challenges do not only exist at basin scale, but that coordination issues beyond the basin can also have an impact. Overall, the chapter presents insights into the coordination challenges facing flood governance in urban transboundary basins. It also provides insights for practitioners on what aspects of river governance may need to be improved to support flood risk reduction, as well as potential topics for future research.
Transformative Solutions in the Global South: Addressing Solid Waste Management Challenges in Jakarta Through Participation by Civil Society Organizations?
Authors: Abdulnabi Ali Abeer , Golbert Yuliya , Reksa Abdul Fikri Angga , Kretzer Michael M. , Schweiger Stefan
Published: February 2023

Global solid waste generation is steeply increasing. Currently, high-income countries are responsible for the utmost per capita waste generation, but as economies of the Global South are growing rapidly, their waste is expected to triple by 2050. Simultaneously, countries such as Indonesia did not manage to align their socio-economic development with a sustainable solid waste management (SWM) and therefore contribute significantly to waste debris. Community participation is recognized by governments and civil society actors as an inclusive and transformative tool to manage exacerbating environmental issues. Urban regions intensify the challenges of solid waste generation, as is the case in Jakarta. Therefore, sustainable waste management is subject to an increasing number of civil society organizations. The study analyzed how participative processes within SWM efforts in Jakarta are executed, to investigate potentials and obstacles that evolve during the implementation. Another aim was to explore the heterogenous perspectives of participation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with civil society actors, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs), social enterprises, and waste banks to get insights into participatory procedures in Jakarta. The results reveal that the waste problems in Jakarta are complex, interrelated, and multi-layered. While participatory procedures have been acknowledged by the organizations to be highly relevant for waste management, such approaches should be adapted depending on the local circumstances and actors. Some of the obstacles and limitations include deficiency of infrastructure for SWM, lack of government engagement, and general awareness. Therefore, participatory formats should be combined, e.g., with suitable structures and balanced engagement of all relevant actors. Among others, further empirical research is needed to get a better understanding of the effectiveness of participation for efforts addressing environmental pollution. Such research can reveal (hidden) potentials of participative formats for sustainable waste management in urban or metropolitan areas in the Global South.
Climate Action in a Far-Flung Archipelagic Nation: Outlining Challenges in Capacity-Building
Authors: Karuniasa Mahawan , Indrawan Mochamad , Haryanto Joko Tri , Rulliadi Dudi , Hindarto Dicky Edwin , Bassar Emilia , Halimatussadiah Alin , Impron  , Aldrian Edvin , Atmoko Andreo Wahyudi
Published: February 2023

This climate action study illustrates the issues of capacity-building in the highly complex governance setting of Indonesia’s more than 500 districts, each with their specific issues around mitigation and adaptation that pose challenges for both top-down and, equally important, bottom-up approaches. Some regions have made commendable progress; however, there is benefit in ensuring that the progress in one region is sufficient to establish it as a benchmark for others. Institutionalization of capacity-building is key in highlighting the role of civil society networks—especially those that can reach the far-flung districts of Indonesia—in creating trust in the regions where they are distributed.
Strategy for Sustainable Urban Climate Mitigation: Kupang City Climate Risk Assessment
Authors: Ridwansyah Muhammad , Bennett Christopher , Telupere Franky M. S. , de Rozari Philiphi , Asfahani Fadwa R. , Qalbi Utari N. , Kanzil Achmad F.
Published: February 2023

Kupang City is one of the cities in Indonesia that is vulnerable to disasters caused by climate change, mainly prolonged dry season, strong winds, and increasing GHG emissions. These disasters will significantly affect all aspects of life, such as ecosystems, property, and infrastructure. This vulnerability is worsened by increasing urbanization, which creates additional risks for many people. This also can be explained by the growing number of motorized vehicles, which caused an increase in NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide). Data shows that a higher concentration of NO2 was found on roadsides, amounting to 22,16 μg/m3. Therefore, in this study, the geographical, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics of Kupang City were analyzed to find the shortcomings and the challenges faced by Kupang City in order to implement policies related to climate risk reduction. This study aims to investigate the status of the current phenomenon by using descriptive design. Based on the literature analysis, it was found seven priority sectors, which considered able to resolve the disasters and challenges caused by climate change. The seven sectors are climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, water and sanitation, energy and transportation, solid waste management/municipal waste, sustainable use of resources, GHG emission inventory, and financing.
Conceptual Design of Sustainable Governance by VIDEL (Virtual Dashboard of Environmentally Logistics-Port-City): A Case Study of Jakarta and Tanjung-Priok Port
Authors: Santoso M. Iman , Suroso Djoko Santoso Abi , Fitriyanto Muhammad S. , Suroso Muhammad S. P. A. , Krumme Klaus , Melkonyan-Gottschalk Ani , Noche Bernd
Published: February 2023

The dimensions of the triple bottom-line approach to sustainable development contain inherent conflicting goals in implementation. In cases of urban development around the world, this is exemplary for settings in major port cities. Here, mostly economically oriented infrastructure requirements of the ports meet more comprehensive concerns of sustainable urban development. There are incoherent governance systems: Ports are often involved in higher-level national planning hierarchies, while urban development is predominantly locally controlled. This is also the case in Jakarta Megapolitan with Tanjung Priok Port, Indonesia, the most prominent and still expanding national seaport. The port expansion is also aimed to be a significant hub in one of the world’s maritime axes, which refers to vast urban growth. However, the entire urban economic effects are uncertain, for example, concerning urban diseconomies of scale or rebound effects, such as traffic congestion, social segregation, conflicts, or the digital divide. Urbanization and the contemporary patterns of economic growth are drivers of environmental vulnerability of both parties. This study serves to overcome fragmented approaches by using a holistic, sustainable governance transition process for integrating urban and port-industry governance concepts. A novel online platform, VIDEL (Virtual Dashboard of Environmentally Logistics-Port-City), is designed as a smart system that engages all stakeholders. This platform binds the requirements and interests as well as harmonizing actors in the interactions of urban with port and industry to secure innovative and environmental-friendly way. It will become a digital control tower for sustainable governance system in a port-city.
Community-Based Fire Management and Peatland Restoration in Indonesia
Authors: Nurhidayah Laely , Astuti Rini , Hidayat Herman , Siburian Robert
Published: February 2023

Indonesia suffers from recurrent land and forest fires due to anthropogenic disturbances, such as land clearing and peatland drainage for agricultural activities and expansion of large-scale plantation. The Indonesian government launched a restoration program in 2016 to restore degraded peatlands and prevent fires. Community Fire Brigades or Masyarakat Peduli Api (MPA) is the forefront actor in community-based fire management and plays a significant role in fire prevention and peatland restoration at the local level in Indonesia. This paper examines community’s perspectives and opinions on the role and challenges of community-based fire management and peatland restoration. The paper draws from case studies of six villages situated at two fire-prone provinces in Riau and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. We employ the cohesive fire management strategy model as a lens to understand the challenges and effectiveness of a community-based fire management strategy in Indonesia. The cohesive fire management strategy focuses on three key areas: creating a resilient landscape, developing fire adaptive communities, and implementing a fire management strategy. We found that MPAs face diverse challenges that reduce their capacity to prevent and control forest and land fires. One of the most common challenges faced by the MPAs is the lack of financial support for routine operation and maintenance of peatland rewetting infrastructures. Meanwhile, at the broader community level, the absence of affordable no-burning technology for land clearing and the lack of reward and punishment system have hampered efforts to reduce fire incidents. We suggest that the Indonesian government prioritizes funding support for MPAs to ensure the effective operationalization of community-based fire management in fire-prone provinces. We also suggest the need for the private sector and NGOs to step in to address the gap in support for community-based fire management and peatland restoration.
Die Lehrperson als Golem oder Galatea – Quellen der Erwartungen
Authors: Hackbart Marcel
Published: February 2023

Das transaktionale Modell von Nickel (1985) beschreibt die Lehr-Lern-Interaktion als gegenseitige Wechselwirkung. Somit haben theoretisch auch die (Kompetenz-)Erwartungen der Lernenden an Lehrpersonen einen Einfluss auf das Lernen und Lehren. Befunde zu Lehrenden(kompetenz)erwartungen und deren Quellen sind, wie bereits ausgeführt, zahlreich. Doch wie werden Lehrpersonen wahrgenommen? Im Rahmen des stereotype content model werden Lehrpersonen zumeist mittelhoch bis hoch warm beschrieben.
Fragestellung und Überblick über die geplanten Studien
Authors: Hackbart Marcel
Published: February 2023

Wie aufgezeigt, ist die Lehr-Lern-Interaktion und -Beziehung komplex und dynamisch sowie wesentlich für erfolgreiches Lehren und Lernen. Auch Hattie (2015) beschreibt die Lehr-Lern-Beziehung als eine der bedeutsamsten Variablen für die Lernendenleistungen und -einstellungen (Rang 11). Unterschiedliche theoretische Ansätze zeigen die Komplexität der Lehr-Lern-Interaktion auf.
Studie 1 – Stereotypbasierte Kompetenzerwartungen an Lehrkräfte: Geschlecht und Unterrichtsfach
Authors: Hackbart Marcel
Published: February 2023

Das Geschlecht einer Lehrkraft kann eine Rolle spielen, um Kompetenzerwartungen bei Lernenden zu induzieren. Das Bild der Lehrkraft in der Schule hat sich von einem klassischen „männlichen Beruf“ zu einem „weiblichen“ entwickelt und weibliche Lehrpersonen sind zahlenmäßig in der deutlichen Mehrheit an deutschen allgemeinbildenden Schulen (73 % der Lehrkräfte sind weiblich; Statistisches Bundesamt, 2020d).
Studie 2 – Stereotypbasierte Kompetenzerwartungen an Lehrkräfte: Geschlecht, Unterrichtsfach und Schulform
Authors: Hackbart Marcel
Published: February 2023

Die zweite Studie sollte weitestgehend die Hypothesen zu Geschlechts-Professions-Assoziationen der ersten Studie mit einem bildreizunabhängigen Design erneut überprüfen.
Studie 3 – Nonverbales Verhalten in Abhängigkeit von Kompetenzerwartungen
Authors: Hackbart Marcel
Published: February 2023

Zusammenfassungwe

Wenn Lehrpersonen eine Kompetenzerwartung an Lernende ausgebildet haben, wird diese über das Verhalten der Lehrpersonen an die Lernenden vermittelt. Schon Rosenthal und Jacobson (1971) argumentierten, dass sich Lehrkräfte, die eine*einen intellectual bloomer (schnellentwickelndes Kind) erwarteten, diesem Kind freundlicher und unterstützender begegneten. Diese Annahmen konnten meta-analytisch von Harris und Rosenthal (1985; Rosenthal, 1994; vgl. Ludwig, 2018) bestätigt werden, indem sie vier Faktoren als bedeutsam für die Vermittlung von Erwartungen ausmachten: die Atmosphäre (climate), das Feedback, den Input der Lehrpersonen und die Output-Möglichkeiten.
Zusammenfassende Diskussion der Ergebnisse
Authors: Hackbart Marcel
Published: February 2023

Ausgehend vom transaktionalen Modell der Lehr-Lern-Interaktion von Nickel (1985), wurde der in der (Pädagogischen) Psychologie weitestgehend vernachlässigten Frage nachgegangen, wie Lernendenkompetenzerwartungen an Lehrpersonen wirken. Lehrendenerwartungen zeigen sich als ein interaktionaler Baustein, der das Angebot der Lehrpersonen an Lernende beeinflusst. Besonders wenig ist über die Wirkung der Lernendenkompetenzerwartungen, insbesondere auf Lehrpersonen, bekannt.
Limitationen und Stärken
Authors: Hackbart Marcel
Published: February 2023

Studienspezifische Limitationen sind bereits in den jeweiligen Kapiteln diskutiert worden. Im Folgenden sollen übergreifende Limitationen aufgezeigt werden, die die Interpretation der Ergebnisse beeinflussen. Hier sind insbesondere sechs Aspekte zu berücksichtigen: (1.) Die ersten drei Studien fokussieren Lehrkräfte in allgemeinbildenden Schulen und die vierte Studie wurde im Hochschulkontext durchgeführt.
Praktische und theoretische Ableitungen
Authors: Hackbart Marcel
Published: February 2023

Zusammengefasst weisen die Befunde der durchgeführten Studien auf einen Effekt der Lernendenkompetenzerwartungen an Lehrpersonen auf das Erleben und Verhalten von sowohl Lernenden als auch Lehrpersonen hin. Die Effektstärken und Zusammenhänge waren jedoch mehrheitlich klein, insbesondere in Bezug auf das nonverbale Verhalten der Lernenden und auch hinsichtlich des Erlebens der Lehrpersonen. Nichtsdestotrotz kann abgeleitet werden, dass hohe Lernendenkompetenzerwartungen im Zusammenhang mit positiven und erwünschten Lehr-Lern-Interaktionen stehen.
Klassifikation von Erwartungseffekten
Authors: Hackbart Marcel
Published: February 2023

Es können drei unterschiedliche Klassen von Erwartungseffekten unterschieden werden: (1.) selbstbezogene Erwartungseffekte, (2.) fremdbezogene Erwartungseffekte und (3.) Erwartungs-Erwartungseffekte. Für diese Klassifikation wurde die ursächliche Erwartung für eine selbsterfüllende Prophezeiung herangezogen, im Prozess können aber weitere Erwartungseffekte relevant sein (Beispiel Pygmalion-Effekt s. Kapitel 6). In „natürlichen“ Situationen, also außerhalb von experimentellen Untersuchungen, sind somit die Effekte nicht immer eindeutig zu unterscheiden und können je nach Interpunktion unterschiedlich interpretiert werden. Die drei Klassen sollen im Folgenden überblicksartig kurz mit den zugeordneten Effekten skizziert werden.
Der Pygmalion-Effekt
Authors: Hackbart Marcel
Published: February 2023

Der bereits erwähnte und kurz beschriebene Pygmalion-Effekt und damit die selbsterfüllenden Prophezeiungen im Lehr-Lern-Kontext wurden durch das Oak School-Experiment von Rosenthal und Jacobson (1966, 1971) bekannt und berühmt. Die sogenannte Oak School stand in einer größeren Stadt und die meisten Schüler*innen stammten aus der „unteren Klasse“, wobei niemand aus besonders prekären Verhältnissen stammte. Im Mai 1964 wurden im Rahmen einer Studie der „Harvard National Science Foundation“ mehr als 500 Kinder in Kindergartenklassen bis zur Klassenstufe 5 mit dem test of general ability (TOGA; bestehend aus einem Reasoning- und einem verbalen Subtest) überprüft (Vortest).
Stereotypbasierte Lehrendenerwartungen
Authors: Hackbart Marcel
Published: February 2023

Kompetenzerwartungen von Lehrpersonen an Lernende können auf einer Reihe von Informationen beruhen, darunter auf Berichten von Kolleg*innen oder Erzählungen von Erziehungsberechtigten bzw. Angehörigen. Ohne solche Informationen spielen insbesondere Stereotype eine Rolle: Die stereotypen Bilder von Angehörigen bestimmter sozialer Gruppen gehen mit Eigenschaftszuschreibungen und somit auch mit Erwartungshaltungen einher. In einer Meta-Analyse von Südkamp et al. (2012) konnte ein relativ hoher Zusammenhang zwischen der Lehrendeneinschätzung zur Leistung von Lernenden und der tatsächlichen akademischen Leistung der Lernenden ausgemacht werden (r = .63).
Toric G-solid Fano threefolds
Authors: Cheltsov Ivan , Dubouloz Adrien , Kishimoto Takashi
Published: February 2023

We study toric G-solid Fano threefolds that have at most terminal singularities, where G is an algebraic subgroup of the normalizer of a maximal torus in their automorphism groups. All varieties are assumed to be projective and defined over the field of complex numbers.
Comparative analysis of the structural solutions of bearing vibration test equipment used in quality control procedures
Authors: Wrzochal Mateusz
Published: February 2023

The paper provides a comprehensive and detailed description of design solutions of industrial rolling bearing vibration measurement systems used in quality control. The aim of the proposed article was to recognise what design solutions are used among such stands, to make a theoretical analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each type of solution, as well as an attempt to identify such solutions, the application of which will allow high metrological properties to be achieved. The article is a starting point for the design of new equipment intended for the bearing industry. A theoretical analysis has been made of the most important components of the devices, such as the spindle assembly, drive assembly, clamp assembly, sensor assembly, and data transmission assembly. In the analysis, pictures showing the devices manufactured by various companies from all over the world were included. With the analysis carried out, further experimental work is possible. The analysis presented in the paper allows criteria to be established for the selection of test stands for comparative tests (tests of systems of different design, evaluation, and comparison of indications). It is also possible to relate the measurement result to the design of the device in use. The result of the analysis is the establishment of a design base, which will provide guidance for the construction of improved vibration measurement devices for the bearing industry.
Slipping while counting: gaze–gait interactions during perturbed walking under dual-task conditions
Authors: Müller Carl , Baumann Thomas , Einhäuser Wolfgang , Kopiske Karl
Published: February 2023

Walking is a complex task. To prevent falls and injuries, gait needs to constantly adjust to the environment. This requires information from various sensory systems; in turn, moving through the environment continuously changes available sensory information. Visual information is available from a distance, and therefore most critical when negotiating difficult terrain. To effectively sample visual information, humans adjust their gaze to the terrain or—in laboratory settings—when facing motor perturbations. During activities of daily living, however, only a fraction of sensory and cognitive resources can be devoted to ensuring safe gait. How do humans deal with challenging walking conditions when they face high cognitive load? Young, healthy participants (N = 24) walked on a treadmill through a virtual, but naturalistic environment. Occasionally, their gait was experimentally perturbed, inducing slipping. We varied cognitive load by asking participants in some blocks to count backward in steps of seven; orthogonally, we varied whether visual cues indicated upcoming perturbations. We replicated earlier findings on how humans adjust their gaze and their gait rapidly and flexibly on various time scales: eye and head movements responded in a partially compensatory pattern and visual cues mostly affected eye movements. Interestingly, the cognitive task affected mainly head orientation. During the cognitive task, we found no clear signs of a less stable gait or of a cautious gait mode, but evidence that participants adapted their gait less to the perturbations than without secondary task. In sum, cognitive load affects head orientation and impairs the ability to adjust to gait perturbations.
Substratum selection in coral reef sponges and their interactions with other benthic organisms
Authors: González-Murcia Saúl , Ekins Merrick , Bridge Tom C. L. , Battershill Christopher N. , Jones Geoffrey P.
Published: February 2023

Substratum preferences and contact interactions among sessile organisms can be a major determinant of biotic gradients in the structure of benthic communities on coral reefs. Sponges are a substantial component of these communities, but their substratum requirements and interactions with other benthic taxa are poorly understood. Here, we quantified sponge substratum preferences and interactions from 838 randomly selected photo-quadrats across different depths (5, 10 and 15 m), exposure (sheltered and exposed), and substratum topography (horizontal, inclined and vertical surfaces) on coastal coral reefs in Kimbe Bay. A high proportion (55%) of sponge colonies were associated with dead coral, unconsolidated coral rubble (7%) and calcium carbonate rock (CaCO3 rock) (7%), even though they represented only 10%, 4% and 1% of the available substratum, respectively. Sponges interacted most frequently with algae (~ 34%), corals (~ 30%) and crustose coralline algae (CCA ~ 19%) that represented ~ 46%, ~ 18% and ~ 14% of the substratum cover, respectively. The microhabitat preferences of sponges and frequency of interactions with other taxa were mostly consistent across various exposure, depth and substratum topography conditions. Most interactions appeared to be “stand-offs” (71%) which are interactions with no clear winner or loser. However, when overgrowth occurred, sponges were usually winners, overgrowing corals (92%), CCA (81%) and macroalgae (65%). Three sponge species Dysidea sp1, Lamellodysidea cf. chlorea and Lamellodysidea chlorea accounted for 51% to 96% of the overgrowth of sponges over algae, corals and CCA, but there was no one species found to always win or lose. Our results suggest that sponges avoid other biological substrata by preferentially settling on dead coral, coral rubble and CaCO3 rock, but when they do come into contact with algae and corals, they frequently overgrow their spacial competitors.
Associations of psychiatric disease and ageing with FKBP5 expression converge on superficial layer neurons of the neocortex
Authors: Matosin Natalie , Arloth Janine , Czamara Darina , Edmond Katrina Z. , Maitra Malosree , Fröhlich Anna S. , Martinelli Silvia , Kaul Dominic , Bartlett Rachael , Curry Amber R. , Gassen Nils C. , Hafner Kathrin , Müller Nikola S. , Worf Karolina , Rehawi Ghalia , Nagy Corina , Halldorsdottir Thorhildur , Cruceanu Cristiana , Gagliardi Miriam , Gerstner Nathalie , Ködel Maik , Murek Vanessa , Ziller Michael J. , Scarr Elizabeth , Tao Ran , Jaffe Andrew E. , Arzberger Thomas , Falkai Peter , Kleinmann Joel E. , Weinberger Daniel R. , Mechawar Naguib , Schmitt Andrea , Dean Brian , Turecki Gustavo , Hyde Thomas M. , Binder Elisabeth B.
Published: February 2023

Identification and characterisation of novel targets for treatment is a priority in the field of psychiatry.FKBP5is a gene with decades of evidence suggesting its pathogenic role in a subset of psychiatric patients, with potential to be leveraged as a therapeutic target for these individuals. While it is widely reported thatFKBP5/FKBP51 mRNA/protein (FKBP5/1) expression is impacted by psychiatric disease state, risk genotype and age, it is not known in which cell types and sub-anatomical areas of the human brain this occurs. This knowledge is critical to propelFKBP5/1-targeted treatment development. Here, we performed an extensive, large-scale postmortem study (n = 1024) ofFKBP5/1, examining neocortical areas (BA9, BA11 and ventral BA24/BA24a) derived from subjects that lived with schizophrenia, major depression or bipolar disorder. With an extensive battery of RNA (bulk RNA sequencing, single-nucleus RNA sequencing, microarray, qPCR, RNAscope) and protein (immunoblot, immunohistochemistry) analysis approaches, we thoroughly investigated the effects of disease state, ageing and genotype on corticalFKBP5/1 expression including in a cell type-specific manner. We identified consistently heightenedFKBP5/1 levels in psychopathology and with age, but not genotype, with these effects strongest in schizophrenia. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq; BA9 and BA11) and targeted histology (BA9, BA24a), we established that these disease and ageing effects onFKBP5/1 expression were most pronounced in excitatory superficial layer neurons of the neocortex, and this effect appeared to be consistent in both the granular and agranular areas examined. We then found that this increase inFKBP5levels may impact on synaptic plasticity, asFKBP5gex levels strongly and inversely correlated with dendritic mushroom spine density and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in superficial layer neurons in BA11. These findings pinpoint a novel cellular and molecular mechanism that has potential to open a new avenue of FKBP51 drug development to treat cognitive symptoms in psychiatric disorders.
Clustering of antipsychotic-naïve patients with schizophrenia based on functional connectivity from resting-state electroencephalography
Authors: Ambrosen Karen S. , Fredriksson Fanny , Anhøj Simon , Bak Nikolaj , van Dellen Edwin , Dominicus Livia , Lemvigh Cecilie K. , Sørensen Mikkel E. , Nielsen Mette Ø. , Bojesen Kirsten B. , Fagerlund Birgitte , Glenthøj Birte Y. , Oranje Bob , Hansen Lars K. , Ebdrup Bjørn H.
Published: February 2023

Schizophrenia is associated with aberrations in the Default Mode Network (DMN), but the clinical implications remain unclear. We applied data-driven, unsupervised machine learning based on resting-state electroencephalography (rsEEG) functional connectivity within the DMN to cluster antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia. The identified clusters were investigated with respect to psychopathological profile and cognitive deficits. Thirty-seven antipsychotic-naïve, first-episode patients with schizophrenia (mean age 24.4 (5.4); 59.5% males) and 97 matched healthy controls (mean age 24.0 (5.1); 52.6% males) underwent assessments of rsEEG, psychopathology, and cognition. Source-localized, frequency-dependent functional connectivity was estimated using Phase Lag Index (PLI). The DMN-PLI was factorized for each frequency band using principal component analysis. Clusters of patients were identified using a Gaussian mixture model and neurocognitive and psychopathological profiles of identified clusters were explored. We identified two clusters of patients based on the theta band (4–8 Hz), and two clusters based on the beta band (12–30 Hz). Baseline psychopathology could predict theta clusters with an accuracy of 69.4% (p = 0.003), primarily driven by negative symptoms. Five a priori selected cognitive functions conjointly predicted the beta clusters with an accuracy of 63.6% (p = 0.034). The two beta clusters displayed higher and lower DMN connectivity, respectively, compared to healthy controls. In conclusion, the functional connectivity within the DMN provides a novel, data-driven means to stratify patients into clinically relevant clusters. The results support the notion of biological subgroups in schizophrenia and endorse the application of data-driven methods to recognize pathophysiological patterns at earliest stage of this syndrome.
Integrating avatar technology into a telemedicine application in heart failure patients
Authors: Gingele Arno Joachim , Amin Hesam , Vaassen Aniek , Schnur Ivana , Pearl Cathy , Brunner-La Rocca Hans-Peter , Boyne Josiane
Published: February 2023

Background

Heart failure is a severe condition and telemedicine can improve the care of heart failure. Many patients are unable to use telemedicine applications due to visual impairment and limited health-related literacy. Avatar technology might help to overcome these limitations.

Methods

A telemedicine application was combined with a nurse avatar and offered to heart failure outpatients for 3 months. System usability and patient satisfaction were evaluated monthly by the system usability score (maximum score=100) and the patient satisfaction scale (maximum score=50).

Results

In total, 37 heart failure patients were enrolled. The mean system usability score after 1 month was 73 (standard deviation=24) and 72 (standard deviation=10) after 3 months of follow-up, which was not significantly different (p = 0.40). The mean patient satisfaction scale after 1 month was 42 (standard deviation=5) and 39 (standard deviation=8) after 3 months, which was not significantly different (p = 0.10).

Conclusion

A nurse look-a-like avatar integrated into a telemedicine application was positively assessed by heart failure patients. Future studies are warranted to clarify the role of avatar technology in telemedicine.
Short-term hepatocyte function and portal hypertension outcomes of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for decompensated hepatitis C-related cirrhosis
Authors: Kotani Kohei , Enomoto Masaru , Uchida-Kobayashi Sawako , Tamori Akihiro , Yukawa-Muto Yoshimi , Odagiri Naoshi , Motoyama Hiroyuki , Kozuka Ritsuzo , Kawamura Etsushi , Hagihara Atsushi , Fujii Hideki , Kageyama Ken , Yamamoto Akira , Yoshida Atsushi , Higashiyama Shigeaki , Kawabe Joji , Kawada Norifumi
Published: February 2023

Background

It is unclear whether hepatocyte function and/or portal hypertension improves if a sustained virologic response (SVR) is achieved with direct-acting antivirals in patients with decompensated hepatitis C-related cirrhosis.

Methods

We examined the safety and efficacy of a 12-week course of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) in 20 patients with decompensated hepatitis C-related cirrhosis. We also investigated changes in the hepatocyte receptor index (LHL15) and blood clearance index (HH15) by Tc-99 m-galactosyl human serum albumin scintigraphy, liver stiffness measurement (LSM) by transient elastography, and hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) in patients who achieved an SVR at 24 weeks after treatment (SVR24).

Results

One patient discontinued treatment because of rectal variceal hemorrhage, and 19 patients completed treatment. SVR24 was achieved in 17 patients (89%). Median LHL15 increased from 0.72 pre-treatment to 0.82 after SVR24 (p = 0.012), and median HH15 decreased from 0.82 pre-treatment to 0.76 after SVR24 (p = 0.010). The percentage of patients with LSM ≥ 20 kPa was 90% before treatment and remained at 90% after SVR24. However, the percentage with severe portal hypertension (defined as HVPG ≥ 12 mmHg) decreased from 92% pre-treatment to 58% after SVR24 (p = 0.046). Patients with a decreased HVPG from pre-treatment to after SVR24 had a smaller pre-treatment spleen volume than those with an increased HVPG (median, 252 vs. 537 mL, p = 0.028).

Conclusion

Achieving SVR24 with SOF/VEL treatment in patients with decompensated hepatitis C-related cirrhosis can be expected to improve hepatocyte function and portal hypertension on short-term follow-up.