bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE MIYAKE EVENT IN 993 CE RECORDED IN OAK SUB-ANNUAL TREE RINGS FROM KUJAWY (POLAND)
Authors: Rakowski Andrzej , Krąpiec Marek , Huels Matthias , Pawlyta Jacek , Wiktorowski Damian
Published: July 2022

This article presents measurements of the radiocarbon (14C) concentration in sub-annual tree rings. Samples of earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) from dendrochronologically dated tree rings (English oak, Quercus robur) from Kujawy, near Kraków (Poland), spanning the years of 990–997 CE, are extracted and their 14C content is measured at the Center for Applied Isotope Studies at the University of Georgia, USA. The EW and LW data show a gradual increase in the Δ14C values between 991–995 CE, which are similar to those observed by Rakowski et al. (2018). An increase of 10.3 ± 2.6‰ in Δ14C for the EW data, and 8.6 ± 2.6‰ for the LW data has been recorded for this period. Using this data, it is possible to estimate the time period for when a major historical event occurred, which seems to have been in the late summer (September –2/+1 month) of 993 CE.
Quantification of the effect of host patch configuration on the abundance of Bemisia tabaci in central Argentina: a multimodel inference approach
Authors: Grilli Mariano P. , Bruno Marina , Fachinetti Romina
Published: July 2022

Bemisia tabaci is a complex of species, which is considered the most common and important pest of a wide range of crops belonging to many different botanical families. In Argentina, this species is recognized as a vector of geminiviruses, and Middle East-Asia Minor 1, Mediterranean, New World and New World 2 have been found to coexist in the same area. Landscape elements, like habitat patch area and isolation, define the habitat configuration and have a direct effect on insect populations between and within host patches. In this paper, we analyse the effect of potato patch configuration on the distribution and abundance of B. tabaci. Potato patches were identified using Landsat TM5 and TM7 images, and a supervised classification was performed to quantify the spatial distribution of the patches in the whole study area. Potato patch metrics were estimated using Fragstats 4.4. Generalized linear mixed models were employed to analyse the relationship between whiteflies and landscape configuration, through a multimodel inference approach, finding that B. tabaci abundance and landscape metrics were very variable. After a multimodel selection process, we found that perimeter-to-area ratio and Euclidean distance between patches were the variables that best explained whitefly abundance in potato patches. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Preventing violence and generating humane values: Healing and
reconciliation in Rwanda
Authors: Staub Ervin
Published: July 2022

Cet article examine les racines de la violence entre les groupes et les
moyens de prévenir une nouvelle flambée de violence, en prenant le Rwanda
pour principal exemple. Il analyse aussi la manière d'élever les enfants
afin qu'ils adoptent des valeurs d'humanité et agissent conformément aux
principes humanitaires, ce qui réduira les risques de violence entre les
groupes. La dépréciation de l'autre, une tradition de dépréciation dans la
culture, les conséquences psychologiques du harcèlement passé, et une
évolution au cours de laquelle les individus et les groupes changent du fait
de lews propres actions violentes et préjudiciables sont du nombre des
facteurs qui ont favorisé le génocide. Seules la guérison des rescapés,
profondément marqués par leur situation de victimes, et celle des auteurs et
des membres de leur groupe, dont la violence ou la passivité est la cause de
grandes blessures psychologiques, peuvent prévenir une nouvelle flambée de
violence. Ces guérisons permettent d'entrevoir une réconciliation. Diverses
interventions au Rwanda sont évoquées. Centrées sur la population en
général, les dirigeants nationaux, les journalistes et d'autres, elles
visent à promouvoir la guérison et la réconciliation. Une évaluation
expérimentale de l'une d'entre elles a mis en évidence des résultats
positifs. L'accent est mis sur la nécessité de comprendre les origines de la
violence, en particulier les causes profondes du génocide au Rwanda, pour
favoriser la guérison, la réconciliation ainsi que la prise de mesures de
prévention par les dirigeants. Le fait de susciter chez les enfants un
sentiment de compassion « inclusive » qui s'étende auxpersonnes
n'appartenant pas au groupe, et le rôle de la satisfaction des besoins
psychologiques essentiels sont examinés. L'affermissement du courage moral
qui rend plus probable une observation active et celui de l'altruisme né de
la souffrance sont aussi examinés.
COVID-19 preventive measures coincided with a marked decline in other infectious diseases in Denmark, spring 2020
Authors: Nielsen Rikke Thoft , Dalby Tine , Emborg Hanne-Dorthe , Larsen Anders Rhod , Petersen Andreas , Torpdahl Mia , Hoffmann Steen , Vestergaard Lasse Skafte , Valentiner-Branth Palle
Published: July 2022

We aimed to descriptively analyse the possible impact of the national COVID-19 interventions on the incidence of common infectious diseases in Denmark during spring and summer 2020. This observational study focused on national register data on infections caused by 16 different bacterial and viral pathogens. We included new cases registered between 1 January 2016 and 31 July 2020. The weekly number of new cases were analysed with respect to the COVID-19-related interventions introduced during 2020. We found a marked decrease in infections associated with droplet transmission coinciding with the COVID-19 interventions in spring and summer 2020. These included decreases in both viral and bacterial airway infections and also decreases in invasive infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis. There was also a reduction in cases associated with foodborne transmission during the COVID-19 lockdown period. We found no effect of the lockdown on infections by invasive beta-haemolytic streptococci group B, C and G, Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia, Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Clostridioides difficile. In conclusion, we found that the widespread interventions such as physical distancing, less travel, hygiene measures and lockdown of schools, restaurants and workplaces together coincided with a marked decline in respiratory infections and, to a smaller extent, some foodborne-transmitted infections.
Pour une classification sémantique des noms en français appuyée sur des tests linguistiques
Authors: Haas Pauline , Barque Lucie , Huyghe Richard , Tribout Delphine
Published: July 2022

Cet article propose une méthode de classification sémantique des noms qui repose sur l’application de tests distributionnels. Sont présentées 14 classes sémantiquement simples regroupées en trois pôles : (i) les noms dénotant des entités (commecerf, pont, table), (ii) les noms dénotant des situations (commepromenade, intelligence, délabrement) et (iii) les noms relevant de classes en marge des deux précédentes (commeminute, hypothèse, euro). S’y ajoutent 7 classes complexes permettant de rendre compte du sens hybride que présentent nombre de noms, tel que, par exemple, le nomdépositionqui renvoie de manière combinée à une action et à un objet cognitif (Elle a lu la déposition effectuée par le jeune homme). Cette classification permet non seulement d’attribuer aux noms, de manière contrôlée, des types sémantiques linguistiquement pertinents, mais également de traiter les différents cas de noms à sens multiples (homonymie, polysémie, hybridité).
As New Hampshire Goes (in January) …
Authors: Norpoth Helmut
Published: July 2022

For all the signs of a dead heat in the horserace polls and strong hints of a victory for
Senator John Kerry in exit polls on Election Day itself, the reelection of George W. Bush
proved predictable from a model with a leading indicator available as far back as January.
The forecast published in the October 2004 issue of PS was initially posted
on January 29, 2004, the day after the New Hampshire Primary. It claimed, with 95%
certainty, that President George W. Bush would defeat Democrat John Kerry in November. The
forecast, which was not subject to any revision throughout the remainder of the election
year, gave Bush 54.7% and Kerry 45.3% of the major-party vote. It missed the actual division
of the major-party vote by a little more than one unit of the forecast error (2.7). All in
all, a satisfactory performance of the model.
Improving the Quality of Survey Research in Democratizing
Countries
Authors: Seligson Mitchell A.
Published: July 2022

The dramatic expansion of democratic regimes throughout the world has produced a boom in
the field of survey research. There are at least six reasons for this boom. First, democracy
brings with it elections, and with elections, parties and candidates who want to know where
and how to campaign and contributors who want to know on which “horse” to place their bets.
Second, democratic governments care very much about public opinion since not only does their
reelection depend upon the public will, but their ability to govern depends to a great
degree on how well they are able to gauge public reaction to their policies. Third,
democratic governments want objective information to help them plan their programs and to be
able to gauge their impacts once implemented. Fourth, international donors increasingly
carry out surveys of “users” or potential users of public services to help them plan their
investment strategies. Fifth, international donors regularly examine
program impacts as a means of evaluating project success and as a means of targeting future
grants and loans. Finally, within the field of political science at least, there is a
growing consensus that political culture matters for sustaining democracy and that the
entire “democracy game” goes beyond finding the right institutions to having citizens
believe in democratic principles. There is, of course, no unanimity on this point, raised so
forcefully years ago in Dahl's “Preface to Democratic Theory,” and there will be those among
the “new institutionalists” who entirely dismiss the role of what Dahl called the “consensus
on the polyarchal norms” (1956, 135). Yet, broadly speaking, it is fair to say that most
democracy experts would agree that in democracies, the public matters; publics vote,
protest, and even rebel, and to exclude them in the calculus of the study of democratic
consolidation is to risk missing an important part of the story.
A Theme of Equality in Campaigns and Elections
Authors: Just Marion
Published: July 2022

Elections are the chief mechanisms of popular consent and political accountability in democracy. As recent history attests: “elections in the democratic context can have significant implications for the makeup of a nation's ruling circle and the character of its policies” (Ginsberg 1982, viii). While American elections are undeniably consequential, they fail on the democratic standard of equality. The American electorate is class biased—and more so than in other advanced democracies. Research for more than 50 years has shown that large numbers of Americans don't vote and that voters and nonvoters are drawn from different income and educational strata (Leighley and Nagler 1992). The burning issue of American elections is how to make the electorate more representative of the population as a whole. Courses on American elections, however, devote little time to turn-out and still less on how to mobilize non-voters. Instead, the lion's share of the typical syllabus is devoted to the presidential campaign process. The emphasis on “hoopla” (Patterson 1980) cannot help but feed student conceptualization of politics as a game, rather than an essential social enterprise. If our goal as teachers of political science is to bring students into the world of constructive democratic citizenship, then we must discuss with our students what is at stake in American elections.
Examining the Impact of the Wahlke Report: Surveying the Structure of the Political Science Curricula at Liberal Arts and Sciences Colleges and Universities in the Midwest
Authors: Ishiyama John
Published: July 2022

In recent years, sparked by the path-breaking reports issued by the American Association of Colleges and Universities (AACU) in 1991 (Wahlke 1991), the political science profession has paid an increasing amount of attention to the relationship between the structure of the political science major and student learning outcomes. A few studies have recently sought to examine this relationship empirically (Breuning, Parker, and Ishiyama 2001; Ishiyama and Hartlaub 2003; Ishiyama and Breuning 2003). However, these studies have focused largely on using the political science curriculum as an independent variable (i.e., affecting student outcomes) and in most cases have been limited to one or two institutions (with the exception of Ishiyama 2004). No study has broadly and systematically examined variations in curricular design across several institutions, nor has any study examined which factors affect how institutions have structured their majors in the way they have. This paper addresses this dearth by broadly surveying a number of liberal arts and sciences colleges and universities across 10 Midwestern states (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio, and Wisconsin) to determine how many political science programs structure their majors in ways according to the recommendations made by the Wahlke report.
Ralph Bunche: Academic Excellence and Global Responsibility
Authors: Henry Charles P.
Published: July 2022

The pioneering career of Ralph Johnson Bunche in political science can only be briefly
summarized in this limited space. Fortunately, an increasing number of works published in
the last decade are rescuing his legacy for new generations. I have chosen to focus my
comments on three aspects of his career: his education, his contributions to Howard
University, and his contributions to the discipline of political science. (For his
contributions to the APSA, see Henry 1983.)
Jewel Limar Prestage: Political Science Trailblazer and the Mother of Black
Political Science
Authors: Martin Shiela Harmon
Published: July 2022

Jewel Limar Prestage recently retired from academia after five decades of a professional
career as a political scientist. Through teaching, mentoring, research, and service, she has
had a profound influence in the political science discipline and on the lives of thousands
of students.
The Careers of African American Political Scientists, 1934–1960: Early Careers
of Twiley and Lucius Barker
Authors: Preston Michael B.
Published: July 2022

It is indeed an honor and privilege for me todiscuss the careers of two outstanding early
black political scientists—Twiley and Lucius Barker. They have both singularly and jointly
plowed and tilled the fields for other young black political scientists to follow. I
consider myself as one of their followers—young I am not, but a follower I am.
Trade-Offs of Using Adjuncts
Authors: Geiger Shirley M.
Published: July 2022

Today's department chairs are attempting to “do more with less,” in response to budget
cuts, disappearing faculty lines, legislators and administrators who think faculty have it
too easy, and an increasingly diverse student population which wants classes offered at
non-traditional times. In such times, hiring adjunct professors to help cope seems to be the
best way to respond to these demands. Too often, though, the crunch of time does not allow
for careful weighing of the advantages and disadvantages of hiring adjuncts. In this
article, I lay out some of the tradeoffs of the apparently simple act of finding “someone to
cover the course.” Concerns about the tradeoffs in the use of part-time and adjunct faculty
are not new to the American Political Science Association. In 1997, APSA was one of 10
academic associations that accepted the invitation of the American Historical Association to
convene in Washington, D.C., to discuss the “growing use of part-time and adjunct faculty.”
In my comments, I will rely heavily upon their articulation of the tradeoffs of using
adjuncts as well as the Department Chair Online Resource Center sponsored by the American
Council on Education. [Note: APSA has subsequently joined with other associations to form
the Coalition on the Academic Workforce (CAW) to explore issues related to academic
employment of adjuncts. See www.academicworkforce.org].
Faculty Development in an Era of Resource Constraints
Authors: Baumer Donald C.
Published: July 2022

Institutional support for faculty development within higher education has increased
greatly at many colleges and universities over the last 10–15 years. In the 1970s, and
continuing through much of the 1980s, the big concern among top administrators about faculty
seemed to be that too many were tenured. Heavily tenured departments were seen by many as a
source of stagnation and low productivity. Thus, rather than emphasizing programs for
faculty development, many institutions sought ways to insure that faculty would retire. But,
as the number of actual and foreseeable faculty retirements ballooned in the 1990s, a new
concern arose: recruiting and retaining high quality faculty members. Faculty development
became trendy. Helping new faculty members be the best they could be made sense to
administrators and trustees.
Leslie C. Eliason
Authors: Anderson Karen , Goldman Emily O.
Published: July 2022

Leslie C. Eliason, associate professor in the Graduate School of International Policy
Studies (GSIPS) at the Monterey Institute for International Studies (MIIS), passed away on
April 12, 2004 after a short illness. She was only 44.
Report of the Editor of Perspectives on Politics,
2003–2004
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer L.
Published: July 2022

Perspectives on Politics opened for business on June 1, 2002, and has
published two complete volumes of four issues each. My first full report as editor covered
submissions and, where possible, their disposition from June 1, 2002, through July 31,
2003. This report covers the succeeding year, ending on July 31, 2004.
Congressional Fellows Learn about Congress and Each Other at
Orientation
Authors: Dougherty Sarah Mi Ra
Published: July 2022

Each September, Director Jeff Biggs flips through his vast mental Rolodex in search of
speakers for the November orientation. Based on his list, he knits a tentative schedule and
sends letters of invitation requesting that individuals participate on such-and-such a date.
To our continual surprise and gratification, this tactic almost always works. When speakers
must decline, our presumption is usually rewarded with generosity as speakers offer their
expertise for another occasion. Thus, despite the logistical difficulty of bringing together
over 80 experts, a coherent, informative, and often entertaining orientation emerges in time
for each new class of Fellows. The 2004–2005 orientation was no exception.
My Congressional Fellowship Experience
Authors: Yousseff Ezzat Ibraham Mikhail
Published: July 2022

As a former assistant producer for BBC News' Middle East bureau in Jerusalem, I brought an
intimate awareness of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to the office of Rep. Howard Berman
(CA-28), where I've been working as an APSA Congressional Journalism Fellow. I chose to work
for Rep. Berman because of his outstanding reputation as a thoughtful and vigorous
legislator in foreign affairs. As a senior member of the International Relations Committee
and ranking member of the Middle East and Africa Subcommittee, Berman is directly involved
in setting policy on the issues I've covered as a journalist for years.
My Fellowship Experience
Authors: Moscardelli Vin
Published: July 2022

On the morning of March 10, 1967, the Springfield Union reported that
University of Massachusetts Assistant Professor David Mayhew had received a Congressional
Fellowship from the American Political Science Association (APSA). The
Union stated that the Fellowship was designed to give “outstanding young
political scientists [and] journalists … practical knowledge of the legislative process.” In
the story, Mayhew provided the above quotation about the New Zealand-like quality of
Congress. For over half a century, APSA's Congressional Fellowship Program (CFP) has made it
possible for political scientists to “be there,” thus enhancing our collective ability to
“be sure what it's like.”
Association between the dietary inflammatory index and disability in Japanese older people
Authors: Masuda Momoka , Natsuhara Kazumi , Sueyoshi Shuji , Odani Shingo , Yagyu Fumihiro , Tadokoro Kiyoshi , Ohnishi Mayumi , Nakao Rieko , Goto Chiho , Umezaki Masahiro
Published: July 2022

Objectives:

To examine the demographic and lifestyle characteristics related to the dietary inflammatory index (DII™) score and to evaluate the association between DII score and disability among older people in Japan.

Design:

Cross-sectional design. The DII score was calculated from nutrient intake information obtained from a FFQ. Disability was assessed using the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence questionnaire. Overall disability and disability in each component of everyday competence, that is, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), intellectual activities and social participation, were assessed. Those with a deficit in one or more activities were defined as disabled.

Setting:

Five non-urban areas in Japan.

Participants:

A total of 1642 Japanese older people aged 65 years or older.

Results:

Women, residents of Oga-shi, and those with a higher education and greater frequency of shopping followed a more anti-inflammatory diet, while those living alone and residents of Minamiawaji-shi had higher dietary inflammation. A pro-inflammatory diet was associated with higher odds of overall disability and disability in each component of competence: overall disability, OR (95 % CI) = 1·26 (1·16, 1·36); IADL disability, OR (95 % CI) = 1·16 (1·07, 1·26); disability in intellectual activities, OR (95 % CI): 1·30 (1·20, 1·40); and disability in social participation, OR (95 % CI) = 1·20 (1·11, 1·29).

Conclusions:

Sex, living alone, education, frequency of shopping and area of residence were shown to be determinants of DII score in Japanese older people. DII score was positively associated with disability.
Les Conventions de Genève de 1949: une percée décisive (seconde
partie)
Authors: Rey-Schyrr Catherine
Published: July 2022

At the outbreak of the Second World War, international humanitarian law
was made up of the various Hague Conventions of 1907 and the two 1929 Geneva
Conventions, none of which dealt in a satisfactory manner with the risks
faced by the civilian population. Experience during the war made a major
revision of international humanitarian law a priority after 1945. This
articles traces the history of that endeavour up to the adoption by a
diplomatic conference, on 12 August 1949, of the four Geneva Conventions for
the protection of war victims. Particular emphasis is laid on the link
between the ICRC's wartime experience with the inadequate law of the day and
the negotiations for new legal provisions. The second part of the article
identifies the major advances represented by the 1949 Geneva Conventions,
one of the more important being the fact that the law's scope was extended
to non-international armed conflicts. Though making no claim to perfection,
the new Geneva Conventions nevertheless laid a sound basis on which adequate
solutions may be found when military considerations and humanitarian
exigencies clash.
The evolution of individual criminal responsibility under international law
Authors: Greppi Edoardo
Published: July 2022

Bien que l'idée de la responsabilité pénale individuelle pour des violations du droit international soit ancienne, ce sont en fait les procès contre les grands criminels de guerre, è l'issue de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, qui en ont fait une réalité incontestable et incontéstee. L'auteur retrace l'évolution de la notion de crime international jusqu'à nos jours, en rappelant les premières expériences faites au Moyen- Âge, puis, en examinant la jurisprudence des Tribunaux de Nuremberg et de Tokyo, l'activité des Tribunaux ad hoc pour l'ex-Yougoslavie et le Rwanda, et les dispositions prises pour établir la Cour pénale internationale. Un intérêt particulier est porté au développement de la notion de «crime contre l'humanite». Le renforcement de l'idée de la responsabilité individuelle et sa concrétisation sur le plan pénal mettent également en évidence les liens qui existent entre le droit international humanitaire et les droits de l'homme.
New rules for the protection of cultural property in armed conflict
Authors: Henckaerts Jean-Marie
Published: July 2022

Le Deuxième Protocole à la Convention de La Haye de 1954 pour la protection des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé a été adopté le 26 mars 1999, à l'issue de deux semaines de négotiations, par une Conférence diplomatique qui s'est tenue à La Haye. L'auteur a suivi, pour le CICR (qui avait le statut d'observateur à la Conférence diplomatique) les débats relatifs à ce Deuxième Protocole ainsi que son adoption. Le présent article a pour but de mettre en évidence les principaux développements juridiques contenus dans le Deuxième Protocole. Il fait mention, en outre, de certains points d'accord qui ont été reconnus à la Conférence diplomatique mais qui ne sont pas apparus en tant que tels dans le texte même du Protocole, ni dans l'Acte final de la Conférence.
Conflict in the Balkans: Human tragedies and the challenge to independent
humanitarian action
Authors: Krähenbühl Pierre
Published: July 2022

Cet, articel, dû à la plume d'un des responsables de l'action
humanitaire du CICR dans les Balkans, décrit quelques-unes des principales
problématiques vécues dans le cadre du conflit du Kosovo en 1999. Il revient
également sur les limites des différentes interventions, politiques,
militaires et humanitaires, sur la décennie écoulee, qui n'ont pas réussi à
épargner aux peuples des Balkans les horreurs et la souffrance qu'on
connaît. Lie CICR, quant à lui, a été confronté à des dilemmes majeurs dans
son action sur le terrain et l'article retrace une partie de cette
expérience. Un des éléments clés était bel et bien le défi de confirmer
l'identité de l'action indépendente du CICR dans un environnement
humanitaire en transformation. Face à ces dilemmes, l'auteur conclut son
analyse par une réflexion sur la notion de légitimité du geste à but
humanitaire.
Common Article 1 of the Geneva Conventions revisited: Protecting collective interests
Authors: de Chazournes Laurence Boisson , Condorelli Luigi
Published: July 2022

Avec l'article premier commun aux Conventions de Genève et au Protocole additionnel I, les États parties à ces traités « s'engagent à respecter et à faire respecter [les obligations humanitaires] en toutes circonstances ». En engageant la responsabilité de la communauté des États parties aux principaux traités humanitaires à prendre les mesures qui s'imposent pour assurer le respect du droit humanitaire par un Etat tiers (notamment si cet État est une partie à un conflit armé), cette disposition contribue à la constitution d'un ordre public international. Les auteurs examinent tout d'abord les nouveaux développements par rapport à l'obligation de respecter le droit humanitaire (jurisprudence du Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie, nouvelles règles pour les opérations militaires conduites sous l'autorité des Nations Unies, etc.). Ils se penchent ensuite sur la pratique récente concernant l'obligation de faire respecter le droit international humanitaire, sans cacher les problèmes qui se posent, notamment pour l'indépendance de l'action humanitaire par rapport aux pouvoirs politiques.
Intervention armée des forces de l'OTAN au Kosovo
Authors: Kovács Péter
Published: July 2022

This article first considers how to explain the applicability of
international humanitarian law to NATO's armed intervention in the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo crisis. Despite the fact that NATO,
as a regional governmental organization, is not a party to the various
treaties of humanitarian law, the individual States participating in the
campaign were bound to respect international humanitarian law in its
entirety. In the author's opinion the United States, though not party to the
1977 Additional Protocol I, has unilaterally agreed to respect the content
of these new rules on the conduct of military operations — it has
incorporated many of them in its own military regulations - and was
therefore bound to abide by them. In this context, the author also discusses
the latest developments with regard to the applicability of international
humanitarian law to forces acting under UN authority. The article finally
examines the way the international rules affecting the conduct of military
operations were respected by the intervening forces, with particular
emphasis on the well publicized failures.
Peace-enforcement actions and humanitarian law: Emerging rules for
“interventional armed conflict”
Authors: Hoffman Michael H.
Published: July 2022

Au cours des dernières années, le Conseil de sécurité a autorisé, à
plusieurs reprises, le recours à la force en vertu du chapitre VII de la
Charte des Nations Unies. D'autres actions militaires collectives contre un
État ont eu lieu en dehors du cadre fixé par la Charte (par exemple,
l'intervention de l'OTAN au Kosovo). Les questions de savoir si le droit
international humanitaire est applicable et quelle en est la justification
ont suscité de longue date des débats, sans qu'une reponse acceptée par tous
y soit donnée. En examinant la pratique des États, l'auteur arrive à la
conclusion que, faute d'une codification explicite du droit international
applicable à ces actions, les normes du droit international humanitaire sont
tout de même invoquées par les forces qui partidpent à de telles opérations
militaires. Les règles, publiées récemment par le secrétaire général des
Nations Unies sous le titre «Respect du droit international humanitaire par
les forces des Nations Unies», semblent confirmer ce constat.
Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord: déclaration par le Comité
international de la Croix-Rouge
Authors: Sommaruga Cornelio
Published: July 2022

Je voudrais d'abord très vivement remercier le Conseil de l'Atlantique
Nord de m'avoir invité à m'adresser à vous à un moment aussi capital de
l'histoire. Nous parvenons au terme d'une année qui a été marquée par le
50e anniversaire des Conventions de Genève de 1949,
et bien sûr celui de l'OTAN, et nous voyons poindre l'aube du nouveau
millénaire. Le moment est venu aussi de procéder à une évaluation de la
crise des Balkans, un événement qui a retenu toute l'attention de la
communauté internationale, y compris l'OTAN et le CICR. Enfin, comme vous le
savez probablement, c'est aussi pour moi un moment très particulier, car
dans quelques jours je laisserai la présidence du CICR à mon successeur, M.
Jakob Kellenberger. J'ai occupé ce poste pendant 12 ans, et j'arrive
maintenant au terme de mon troisième mandat.
Significance of the Geneva Conventions for the contemporary world
Authors: Schindler Dietrich
Published: July 2022

L'évolution du droit international humanitaire au cours des cinquante dernières années a été caractérisée par deux orientations contradictoires. La première est le progrès considérable intervenu dans cette partie du droit international. Le droit international humanitaire est aujourd'hui l'une des branches du droit international dont les règles sont les plus exhaustives: la plupart des aspects de la protection des personnes dans les conflits armés et de la conduite des hostilités ont fait l'objet de dispositions détaillées. En outre, les Conventions de Genève de 1949 ont acquis une reconnaissance pratiquement universelle. Un grand nombre de leurs dispositions sont maintenant reconnues comme étant des règles du droit coutumier et font partie dujus cogens.Ce succès remarquable contraste toutefois avec la seconde orientation, à savoir les violations flagrantes des Conventions et l'augmentation inquiétante du nombre d'actes inhumains et cruels commis au cours des conflits armés des dernières années. Les catastrophes humanitaires causées par la guerre sont devenues l'un des problèmes majeurs de notre temps. Il est évident que les dispositions juridiques n'ont pas toujours donné les résultats que l'on attendait d'elles au moment de leur adoption. À cet égard, l'évolution des Conventions de Genève au cours des cinquante dernières années est marquée à la fois par le succès et l'échec. —L'auteur examine d'abord l'évolution normative du droit international humanitaire depuis 1949, puis analyse les causes des violations massives qui ont été commues pendant h même période.
Observance by United Nations forces of international humanitarian
law
Authors: Annan Kofi A.
Published: July 2022

The Secretary-General, for the purpose of setting out fundamental
principles and rules of international humanitarian law applicable to United
Nations forces conducting operations under United Nations command and
control, promulgates the following:

The fundamental principles and rules of international humanitarian law
set out in the present bulletin are applicable to United Nations forces when
in situations of armed conflict they are actively engaged therein as
combatants, to the extent and for the duration of their engagement.
Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court: The Elements of War Crimes: Part II: Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in international and non-international armed conflicts
Authors: Dörmann Knut
Published: July 2022

Dans un article publié dans le numéro de septembre 2000 de la Revue, l'auteur examinait les résultats des travaux de la Commission préparatoire de la Cour pénale internationale chargée d'élaborer les éléments des crimes de guerre qui compléteront les dispositions du Statut de Rome et se rapportent aux violations graves des Conventions de Genève et de son Protocole additionnel I. La présente contribution continue l'analyse des travaux de la Commission et porte plus particulièrement sur les éléments des autres violations graves des lois et coutumes applicables aux conflits armés, de caractère international ou non international. Se référant à l'ensemble des travaux de la Commission préparatoire, l'auteur rappelle que les «éléments des crimes» ne créent pas un nouveau droit mais constituent plutôt un instrument qui aidera les juges dans l'interprétation du droit en vigueur. Compris dans ce sens, le résultat est positif.
Women and war: the detention of women in wartime
Authors: Lindsey Charlotte
Published: July 2022

The Women and War Project unit has been conducting a study of the impact
of armed conflict on women and the normative and operational responses to
their needs by the ICRC in carrying out its activities. This study will be
published in 2001 and forms the basis for the implementation of a specific
pledge on women and war made by the ICRC at the 27th International
Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (Geneva, 1999) for four years
from the year 2000. In that pledge, the ICRC undertook to increase its
promotion both of the protection accorded to women by international
humanitarian law and of the prohibition of sexual violence. It will also
endeavour to ensure that all its protection, health and assistance
activities appropriately meet the needs of women war victims in order to
alleviate their plight.
The ICRC's position on “humanitarian intervention”
Authors: Ryniker Anne
Published: July 2022

• International humanitarian law cannot serve as a basis for armed
intervention in response to grave violations of its provisions; the use of
force is governed by the United Nations Charter.

• It is not for the ICRC to pronounce on the legality or legitimacy of
such intervention.

• International humanitarian law applies when intervention forces are
engaged in hostilities with one or more of the parties to the
conflict.

• The ICRC seeks to promote the term “armed intervention in response to
grave violations of human rights and of international humanitarian
law”.
Promoting the teaching of international humanitarian law in universities:
the ICRC's experience in Central Asia
Authors: Vierucci Luisa
Published: July 2022

Depuis quelques dix ans, le CICR s'est engagé dans la promotion de
l'enseignement du droit international humanitaire au niveau universitaire.
Cette activité fait partie de son programme de diffusion, élément essentiel
pour faire connaître le contenu du droit humanitaire à ceux qui sont ou
seront chargés de sa mise en œuvre. L'article de Luisa Vierucci présente ces
projets dans les États nouvellement indépendants d'Asie centrale. À l'époque
soviétique, les universités de la région n'enseignaient pas le droit
international, et encore moins le droit international humanitaire. Un
délégué du CICR spécialement préparé à cette tâche a apporté son aide aux
autorités des différents pays pour former les enseignants dans cette
discipline très spécialisée. Il a également conseillé les autorités
universitaires dans la préparation des programmes d'enseignement et mis à
leur disposition une documentation en la matière. Aujourd'hui, le droit
international humanitaire est ainsi enseigné dans les universités de l'Asie
centrale.
The cross-fertilization of international humanitarian law and international refugee law
Authors: Jaquemet Stephane
Published: July 2022

Les liens entre le droit international des réfugiés et le droit international des droits de l'homme sont étroits. Il en est de même entre le droit international des réfugiés et le droit international humanitaire. À l'aide de deux exemples, l'auteur met en évidence l'interdépendance de ces deux branches du droit. Il démontre d'abord que la situation juridique de la victime d'un conflit armé et celle du réfugié ne sont pas identiques, même si elles sont étroitement liés, et soulève ainsi la question de l'application cumulative des deux orders juridiques. Il examine ensuite un deuxième point d'interaction entre ces deux ordres, à savoir le sort juridique des personnes qui ont fui leur pays d'origine à cause de violations graves du droit international humanitaire (crimes de guerre) et établit finalement que droit humanitaire et droit des réfugiés non seulement peuvent s'appliquer simultanément, mais encore s'influencent mutuellement.
UNHCR and ICRC in the former Yugoslavia: Bosnia-Herzegovina
Authors: Young Kirsten
Published: July 2022

L'action menée par le HCR pendant les différentes étapes du conflit des
Balkans, en Bosnie-Herzégovine notamment, compte parmi les plus importantes
et les plus difficiles de son histoire. En Bosnie-Herzégovine, le HCR et le
CICR travaillérent côte à côte, et cela dans un contexte qui relevait avant
tout des competénces du CICR, puisqu'il s'agissait du sort des populations
civiles au corns d'un conflit armé — celui des personnes déplacées en
l'occurrence. L'auteur examine les activités au cours desquelles les deux
institutions collaborérent harmonieusement, mais également celles où il y
eut divergence de vue dans l'approche des problèmes à résoudre. Finalement,
les deux institutions ressentirent la même déception en constatant
l'incapacité de ºla politique» a trouver une solution pacifique aux conflits
et devant l'obligation qui leur jut faite d'affronter seules la souffrance
des victimes.
La Croix-Rouge suisse et l'aide aux réfugiés et aux migrants
Authors: Bender Philippe
Published: July 2022

Since its foundation in 1866 the Swiss Red Cross has been actively
involved in caring for refugees who fled their countries of origin to
neutral Switzerland. During the various wars in Europe in the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries, and above all the Second World War, the Swiss Red Cross
set up shelters for thousands of refugees, with particular emphasis on care
for children. With the fall of the Iron Curtain in the heart of Europe and
especially the growing influx of migrants from the south, the Swiss Red
Cross has had to find different ways of helping with refugee crises. The
article discusses the various steps in this ongoing process of adapting its
policy to new circumstances.
Rôle du CICR en matière de prévention des conflits armés: possibilitiés
d'action et limites
Authors: Blondel Jean-Luc
Published: July 2022

The ICRC's role and ability to help prevent the outbreak of armed
conflict have always been a matter for concern and consideration. As early
as 1863, in the debate which led to the foundation of the Red Cross and Red
Crescent Movement, Gustave Moynier drew attention to the link between
preventive action and assistance for victims of armed conflict. The notion
of prevention has become rather broad, and the article spells out the
different meanings given to it by scholars and practitioners. In addition, a
wide range of practical methods and techniques have been worked out. The
ICRC's role and possibilities will doubtless always be rather limited.
However, since its Avenir project of 1997 to determine its future course of
action, much thought has gone into identifying just what the ICRC can do to
help prevent the outbreak of armed conflict. Moreover, with its humanitarian
activities in armed conflict the ICRC may contribute to ending hostilities
and reaching a settlement, and thereby prevent a resumption of
conflict.
The 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons: A useful framework
despite earlier disappointments
Authors: Mathews Robert J.
Published: July 2022

La Convention sur l'interdiction ou la limitation de l'emploi de
certaines armes classiques qui peuvent être considérées comme produisant des
effets traumatiques excessifs ou comme frappant sans discrimination (du 10
octobre 1980) a établi le cadre juridique pour non seulement interdire
certaines armes particulièrement cruelles mais encore, et surtout, en
limiter l'emploi. l'article retrace l'histoire de ce traité et rappelle
l'évolution qu'il a connue depuis 1980 à travers, notamment, l'adoption d'un
nouveau protocole sur les armes à laser aveuglantes et le renforcement du
Protocole II (relatif aux mines terrestres). Toutefois, après l'interdiction
complète des mines antipersonnel par le traité d'Ottawa en 1997, peut-on
encore justifier l'approche choisie par la Convention de 1980, à savoir la
limitation dans l'emploi ? L'auteur répond par l'affirmative.
The creation and control of places of protection during United Nations peace operations
Authors: Oswald Bruce M.
Published: July 2022

La création de zones protégées est un moyen de mettre la population civile à l'abri des hostilités. Cet article examine le régime juridique de la création et du contrôle de zones protégées lors des opérations de paix des Nations Unies. L'auteur se penche sur le droit international et la pratique des États dans les cas où les forces des Nations Unies ont, en application du Chapitre VII de la Charte, établi et contrôlé des zones protégées, sans le consentement de certaines ou de l'ensemble des parties au conflit. Il étudie en outre les éléments juridiques, sur lesquels se fondent les forces des Nations Unies pour créer et contrôler des zones protégées, alors qu'aucun mandat ne leur a été explicitement donné. L'auteur conclut que les casques bleus peuvent, dans certaines circonstances, être juridiquement fondés à agir de la sorte même s'ils n'ont pas un mandat explicite du Conseil de sécurité.
Prévention des déplacements forcés de population – possibilitiés et limites
Authors: Mangala Jack M.
Published: July 2022

Since the end of the Cold War, the prevention of forced displacement has become a key topic of humanitarian agencies and international political bodies. Though alluring as a human and political solution, it still lacks adequate theoretical analysis. The article examines the challenges and hazards entailed by the emergence of this new concept, which appears to be both multidimensional in its objective and application and controversial in terms of its potential impact on certain norms and principles of international law. For all its many possibilities, the prevention of forced displacement is also a risky concept whose limitations should induce humanitarian operators to handle it with great care and restraint.
Humanitarian activities of the German Red Cross in the Balkans – An evaluation
Authors: Eberwein Wolf-Dieter , Götze Catherine
Published: July 2022

Le présent article se fonde sur une étude que la Croix-Rouge allemande a commandée sur son action dans les Balkans. Après quelques considérations d'ordre méthodologique, les auteurs analysent le contexte dans lequel la Croix-Rouge allemande a déployé ses activités enfaveur des populations des différents pays de la région. La collaboration avec les autres Sociétés nationales fait l'objet d'un examen approfondi, suivi de propositions concrètes en vue d'un renforcement des liens entre une Société nationale de l'extérieur et les Croix-Rouges de la région. Les auteurs insistent tout particuliérement sur la nécessite d'améliorer les capacités en matière de planification et de gestion des actions humanitaires, tant du côté des Sociétés nationales des pays bénéficiaires que de celui des Sociétés nationales participantes.
Sequence stratigraphy and microplankton palaeoenvironmental dynamics across the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: INGRAMS Stephen , JOLLEY David W. , SCHNEIDER Simon
Published: July 2022

The Jurassic to Cretaceous strata exposed in the Rollrock Section, Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Canada, represent one of the northernmost continuous outcrops spanning this poorly understood transition. The Oxfordian–Valanginian mudstones of the Rollrock Section were deposited in a shallow marine environment and, as such, provide the ideal lithology to investigate the response of high latitude dinoflagellate cyst populations to the frequent environmental perturbations of this time. Using a multivariate statistical approach, distinct palaeoecologically significant groups are identified and directly linked to time and palaeoenvironments, allowing for the reconstruction of underlying long term palaeoenvironmental trends. These palaeoenvironmental trends are identified to be driven by sequence stratigraphic cycles. For the first time, fourth order sequences are recorded from this pivotal period in the Sverdrup Basin and reveal an additional level of short term climatic events that complicate the identification of long term trends. The relationship existing between marine phytoplankton and climate is utilised to decipher the interplay of long-term and short-term climate fluctuations, distinguishing them from evolutionary trends. Two groups of dinoflagellate cysts, identified by process morphology, are recorded to act as environmental proxies. High percentages of proximochorate dinoflagellate cysts, such as Trichodinium erinaceoides, indicate more proximal, high energy, nutrient rich conditions and are dominant in fourth order transgressive systems tracts. High percentages of chorate dinoflagellate cysts, such as Oligosphaeridium complex, signify distal, low energy, nutrient depleted conditions and are dominant in fourth order highstand systems tracts.