bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison between a switching controller and two LTI controllers for a class of LTI plants
Authors: Santarelli Keith R. , Dahleh Munther A.
Published: March 2008

We consider the design of three different control architectures for a step response tracking problem within a class of linear time‐invariant (LTI) plants. Our goal is to motivate the use of a particular switching architecture that has been the subject of our prior work. We present the design of the particular switching architecture that we use and characterize its step response performance (measured in terms of the percentage overshoot and 1% settling time of the step response). We then compare the response of the switching controller with two other forms of LTI control in a servo configuration, one in which the order of the controller is constrained to be first order (which matches the order of the dynamics of the switching controller) and one in which the order of the controller is unconstrained. We will show that the switching architecture can outperform first‐order LTI control, first in the context of a particular example. We shall then provide a weak generalization to extend this result to a more general class of plants. We shall also show that, while the LTI control of unconstrained order can outperform the switching architecture, the performance improvement is bounded (in a sense to be defined). Moreover, one method of designing close‐to‐optimal controllers will be discussed, which yields controllers of very high order. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An application of multivariate ranks to assess effects from combining factors: Metal exposures and semen analysis outcomes
Authors: Ramamoorthi R. V. , Rossano M. G. , Paneth N. , Gardiner J. C. , Diamond M. P. , Puscheck E. , Daly D. C. , Potter R. C. , Wirth J. J.
Published: March 2008

In studies of environmental effects on human health outcomes, it is often difficult to assess the effects of a group of exposure variables when the individual exposures do not appear to have statistically significant effects. To address this situation, we propose a method of U‐scores applied to subsets of multivariate data. We illustrate the usefulness of this approach by applying it to data collected as part of a study on the effects of metal exposure on human semen parameters. In this analysis, profiles (pairs) of metals containing copper and/or manganese were negatively correlated with total motile sperm and profiles containing copper were negatively correlated with sperm morphology; profiles containing selenium and chromium were positively correlated with total motile sperm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An overview on the ancient goldsmith's skill and the circulation of gold in the past: the role of x‐ray based techniques
Authors: Guerra Maria Filomena
Published: March 2008

From the study of coins and casted simple objects to intricate jewellery comprising many diverse parts joined together, analytical queries on ancient goldwork concern the description of the manufacturing techniques, the identification of the authenticity and the localisation of the exploited sources of gold. Through the examination of the objects by x‐ray radiography and the non‐destructive elemental analysis of the gold alloys – by XRF, SEM‐EDX, PIXE and SR‐XRF, x‐ray based techniques have always played an important role in the study of cultural heritage and, in particular, of goldwork.

The aim of this article is to give a short overview of the use of the most established scientific‐based techniques in the study of goldwork, with special outlining on the limitations, advantages and applications of x‐ray based techniques. Two applications illustrate both the potential of examination techniques to identify the authenticity of gold jewellery and the importance of combining examination techniques and elemental analysis to describe the fabrication stages of goldwork. At last, a third example shows the significant socio‐economical assumptions developed by determining the characteristic trace elements of gold when coinages are considered. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gilding and silvering surface decoration techniques, and copper provenance studies of the tomb of D. Afonso of Portugal (15th century)
Authors: Borges Rui , Tissot Isabel , Seruya Ana Isabel , C. Silva Rui J. , Fragoso Sara , Maduro Belmira , Pais Alexandre
Published: March 2008

The tomb of D. Afonso of Portugal (1390‐1400), king D. João I first born raises questions about the production of its different elements, which according to their typology were not all made simultaneously. The singularity of both the composition of the metal and the type of techniques ‐ fire gilding and amalgam silvering ‐ used in the decoration of some elements causes difficulties in the attribution of the tomb to a Flanders or to a Portuguese workshop.

The aim of this work is to attribute to the tomb a possible production origin based on the study of the copper provenance. Special attention was given to decorative techniques because these could bring further information about the production of the elements. For these purposes PIXE and SEM‐EDS analysis were used.

PIXE analysis revealed the importance given to the choice of an almost pure copper for the tomb pieces, since it has a direct consequence in the manufacture and decorative techniques. It also allowed concluding that the composition of the pieces correlates very well with the coins minted during D. Afonso V period, further studies being necessary to compare the results with objects from Flanders.

Analysis by SEM/EDS characterized the gilded coating as being made of a layer of Au + Hg applied by fire amalgam. In the silvered coating, the existence of two separate layers characterises the silvering technique as having been executed by the application of an Ag + Hg amalgam, on top of a first layer of Au + Hg, also applied by amalgam. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fundamental parameter approach to XRF spectroscopy measurements of arsenic in polyester resin skin phantoms
Authors: Gherase Mihai Raul , Fleming David E. B.
Published: March 2008

A fundamental parameter (FP) approach that explicitly incorporates the energy‐broadening response of the detector was developed. The ratio between Kα fluorescence peak area and the sum of coherently and incoherently scattered peak areas was used as an indicator of trace element concentration. The peak ratio was theoretically calculated using the FP method. The energy‐broadening response curve of the Si(Li) detector was estimated by matching the theoretical and experimental values of this ratio. The method was implemented for the analysis of the K‐shell x‐ray fluorescence (K‐XRF) spectra of six polyester resin samples corresponding to six different arsenic concentrations. A 109Cd radioactive source provided the excitation radiation for spectra acquisition. The predicted detector energy resolution expressed as full width at half‐maximum (FWHM) for Fe Kα fluorescence peak (208 ± 5 eV at 6.4 keV) and As Kα fluorescence peak (222 ± 5 eV at 10.5 keV) were in agreement with the experimental measurements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of the New Copper Tetraphosphonate Cu2[(HO3PCH2)4C6H2]·2H2O
Authors: Kaempfe Paulina , Stock Norbert
Published: March 2008

Following the strategy of using polyfunctional phosphonic acids for the synthesis of three‐dimensional metal phosphonates, the ethyl ester of a tetraphosphonic acid, i. e. 1,2,4,5‐(Et2O3PCH2)4C6H2, was used in the hydrothermal synthesis of the new copper tetraphosphonate, Cu2[(HO3PCH2)4C6H2]·2H2O (1). The in situ hydrolysis of the ethyl ester leads to the acid (1,2,4,5‐(H2O3PCH2)4C6H2) which reacts with the Cu2+ ions to form the green coarse‐crystalline product. The title compound is the first fully characterized copper tetraphosphonate. Its structure was solved from single crystal data (1: triclinic, $\rm P{\bar 1}$, a = 4.9262(10), b = 8.1890(16), c = 11.800(2) Å, α = 71.17(3), β = 89.15(3), γ = 88.56(3)°, V = 450.39(16) Å3, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0284, wR2 = 0.0682). The structure is built up from edge‐sharing CuO5 polyhedra each containing a single H2O molecule. Thus, dimeric [Cu2O8] units are formed. In the second coordination sphere of each of the Cu2+ ions four HO3PCH2R units are observed. The [Cu2O8] polyhedra are connected to eight other [Cu2O8] polyhedra by these organic linkers and a three‐dimensional framework structure is formed. Thermogravimetric, magnetic, and temperature dependent powder XRD measurements and the Raman‐spectrum are also presented.
LixNayBa14LiN6: New Representatives of the Subnitride Family
Authors: Smetana Volodymyr , Babizhetskyy Volodymyr , Simon Arndt
Published: March 2008

Three new metal‐rich phases, Li4Na11Ba14LiN6, Li5Na10Ba14LiN6 and Na14Ba14LiN6 have been prepared and their crystal structure determined. According to single crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction data, all compounds crystallize with cubic unit cells (Li4Na11Ba14LiN6: $F{\bar 4}{\rm 3}m$, a = 17.874(2) Å, Z = 4, V = 5710(1) Å3; Li5Na10Ba14LiN6: $F{\bar 4}{\rm 3}m$, a = 17.799(1) Å, Z = 4, V = 5638.7(6) Å3; Na14Ba14LiN6: $Fm{\bar 3}m$, a = 17.7955(5) Å, Z = 4, V = 5635.6(2) Å). The last mentioned compound crystallizes in the Na14Ba14CaN6 type, and both Li4Na11Ba14LiN6 and Li5Na10Ba14LiN6 have related structures. These compounds open a series of metal‐rich Ba nitrides, containing the new Ba14LiN6 cluster.
Heterobimetallic Complexes: Substitution Effects in the [Tetracarbonylrhodiumbis{μ‐(diphenylphosphino)}{μ‐(η:η2‐(4‐diphenylphosphino‐κP)‐2‐methyl‐oxobutyl)}molybdenum](Mo‐Rh) System
Authors: Coutinho Kevin J. , Dickson Ron S. , Koutsantonis George A. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: March 2008

Syntheses of the array of heterobimetallic complexes [(OC)3M(μ‐PPh2)2(μ‐O‐C(CHMe(CH2)2PPh2)RhL], M = Cr, Mo, W, L = tBuNC, are described, extending the previous study of the counterpart array for L = CO. A single crystal X‐ray structure determination is reported for the M = Mo adduct, enabling comparison with its previously reported L = CO counterpart, for which an improved redetermination is also reported. In the present complex the tBuNC ligand is found to be much more weakly bound (Rh‐C 2.026(5) Å) than the carbonyl group it displaces (Rh‐C 1.945(2) Å) with concomitant minor impact on the remainder of the rhodium ambience.
Dichalcogenide Cleavage and Carbonyl Insertion Reactions on a Dirhodium Bond
Authors: Devery Michael P. , Dickson Ron S. , Fallon Gary D. , Koutsantonis George A. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: March 2008

The reaction of the binuclear rhodium complex [(η−C5H5)2Rh2(μ‐CO)(μ‐η1:η1‐C2(CF3)2)] with a series of dichalcogenides, R2E2 (E = S, Se, Te; R = Me, Et, i‐Pr, Ph, Fc; not all combinations) has provided mixtures of complexes, the majority of which have been characterized by standard spectroscopic techniques. These complexes arise as a consequence of carbonyl substitution followed by chalcogen‐chalcogen bond cleavage giving [(η−C5H5)2Rh2(μ‐ER)2(μ‐η1:η1‐C2(CF3)2)], possibly concomitant with CO insertion into a Rh‐C2(CF3)2 bond of the product in some cases, giving [(η−C5H5)2Rh2(CO)(μ‐ER)2(μ‐η1:η1‐C2(CF3)2C(O))] (E = Se, Te; R = Me, Et, i‐Pr, Ph, Fc; not all combinations). In the case of Te2R2 the dichalcogenide products have been structurally characterized for the carbonyl insertion product (for R = Et) and the simple cleavage case (for R = i‐Pr). In both, the putative m‐symmetry is broken by substituent dispositions and, in the R = Et adduct, torsion in the fluorocarbon skeleton.
[(C6F5)2IF2][BF4], the First Salt with the Electrophilic Cation [(C6F5)2IF2]+: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Structure
Authors: Frohn Hermann‐Josef , Wenda André , Flörke Ulrich
Published: March 2008

The substitution of hypervalently bonded fluorine atoms in C6F5IF4 was performed with C6F5BF2 and resulted in the new salt [(C6F5)2IF2][BF4]. The iodonium(V) salt was characterized by multi‐NMR and Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray crystal structure analysis. The fluorinating ability of the new electrophilic cation [(C6F5)2IF2]+ was exemplified in reactions with monovalent iodine compounds (C6F5I, p‐FC6H4I, and I2) and with electron‐poor tri(organyl)pnictanes ER3 (E = P, As, Sb, Bi; R = C6F5). In a heterogeneous reaction with CsF in MeCN the [(C6F5)2IF2]+ cation forms the dinuclear [{(C6F5)2IF2}2F]+ cation.
Mercuric Bis(N‐imino‐methyl‐formamidate), Hg(Imf)2
Authors: Nockemann Peter , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd
Published: March 2008

Single crystals of mercuric bis(N‐imino‐methyl‐formamidate), Hg(Imf)2, were obtained from aqueous solutions of 1,2,4‐triazole and Hg(NO3)2·2H2O. The crystal structure [monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 499.6(2), b = 1051.2(4), c = 711.1(3) pm, β = 117.55(1)°, Z = 2, R1 for 890 reflections with I0>2σ(I0): 0.0369] contains linear centrosymmetric Hg(Imf)2 molecules with Hg–N distances of only 203.5(7) pm. Two plus two intra‐ and intermolecular nitrogen atoms add to an effective coordination number of 6.
Tetrakis(acetonitrile)‐dibromo‐nickel(II)‐di‐acetonitrile, [Ni(CH3CN)4Br2]·2CH3CN
Authors: Getsis Anna , Mudring Anja‐Verena
Published: March 2008

[Tetrakis(acetonitrile)‐dibromo‐nickel(II)]‐di‐acetonitrile was obtained from a solution of nickel(II) dibromide in acetonitrile at 258 K. The crystal structure [monoclinic, P21/n (no.14), a = 1005.5(5), b = 831.3(5) , c = 1131.7(5) pm, β = 106.263(5)°, V = 908.1(8)·106 pm3, Z = 2, R1 for 1580 reflections with I0>2σ(I0): 0.0505] contains sixfold coordinated NiII atoms. Two trans coordinating bromide anions and four equatorial acetonitrile molecules form an elongated octahedron around the central NiII atom. [Ni(CH3CN)4Br2] octahedra are connected via hydrogen bonds to neighboring octahedra as well as to solvate acetonitrile molecules.
Indium(I) Tetraiodoaluminate, InAlI4
Authors: Timofte Tudor , Mudring Anja‐Verena
Published: March 2008

Indium(I) tetraiodoaluminate, InAlI4, was obtained from the respective molar amounts of In, InI3 and AlI3 at 553 K. The crystal structure [monoclinic, P21/m (no. 11), a = 713.5(4), b = 1182.2(3), c = 1108.3(6) pm, β = 96.32(6)°, V = 1013.2(8)·106 pm3, Z = 4, R1 for 981 reflections with I0>2σ(I0): 0.0404] contains discrete indium(I) cations and tetraiodoaluminate anions. No evidence was found for a stereochemical activity of the In‐5s2 electron pair. InAlI4 (Person code mP24) represents a new structure type within the ABX4 structure family.
Surgery and Radiofrequency Ablation for Treatment of Liver Metastases from Midgut and Foregut Carcinoids and Endocrine Pancreatic Tumors
Authors: Eriksson John , Stålberg Peter , Nilsson Anders , Krause Johan , Lundberg Christina , Skogseid Britt , Granberg Dan , Eriksson Barbro , Åkerström Göran , Hellman Per
Published: March 2008

Background

Many neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) have a tendency to metastasize to the liver. In case of limited number of metastases, liver surgery or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) may result in apparently total clearance of metastases. However, it is not clear whether such therapy will provide symptom reduction or increased survival.

Methods

Seventy‐three patients with foregut (n = 6) or midgut carcinoids (n = 37) or endocrine pancreatic tumors (n = 28), and two patients with NETs without discernable origin were studied. Symptoms were evaluated using a Symptom Severity Score. Liver surgery was performed in 42 operations and RFA on 205 lesions.

Results

Apparently total clearance of liver metastases was attained in 1 of 6 patients with foregut carcinoids, 15 of 37 with midgut carcinoids, and 13 of 28 with EPT. Symptom improvement was noted in 12 of 17 (70.6%) patients with carcinoid syndrome, and 75% also reduced their 5‐HIAA and P‐CgA by at least 50%. Patients with nonfunctioning EPT generally had no improvement of symptoms after surgical/RFA liver treatment, but eight patients had functioning EPT, and four of these reduced their biochemical markers by at least 50%. NETs with higher Ki67 index tended to recur more often. Complications occurred in 9 of 45 open surgery procedures, and in 8 of 203 RFA procedures.

Conclusions

Treatment of liver metastases is successful in midgut carcinoid patients with limited liver metastases. Patients with foregut carcinoid and EPTs recur more often, possibly related to higher Ki67 index, and treatment of liver lesions less often reduces symptoms. Liver resections and RFA may be safely performed, and RFA is associated with few complications.
What is new in uremic toxicity?
Authors: Vanholder Raymond , Van Laecke Steven , Glorieux Griet
Published: March 2008

Uremic syndrome results from a malfunctioning of various organ systems due to the retention of compounds which, under normal conditions, would be excreted into the urine and/or metabolized by the kidneys. If these compounds are biologically active, they are called uremic toxins. One of the more important toxic effects of such compounds is cardio-vascular damage. A convenient classification based on the physico-chemical characteristics affecting the removal of such compounds by dialysis is: (1) small water-soluble compounds; (2) protein-bound compounds; (3) the larger “middle molecules”. Recent developments include the identification of several newly detected compounds linked to toxicity or the identification of as yet unidentified toxic effects of known compounds: the dinucleotide polyphosphates, structural variants of angiotensin II, interleukin-18,p-cresylsulfate and the guanidines. Toxic effects seem to be typically exerted by molecules which are “difficult to remove by dialysis”. Therefore, dialysis strategies have been adapted by applying membranes with larger pore size (high-flux membranes) and/or convection (on-line hemodiafiltration). The results of recent studies suggest that these strategies have better outcomes, thereby clinically corroborating the importance attributed in bench studies to these “difficult to remove” molecules.
Surface Melting in Alkane Emulsion Droplets as Affected by Surfactant Type
Authors: Gülseren İbrahim , Coupland John N.
Published: March 2008

The influence of surfactant type (Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween 60, Tween 80, Brij 58, Triton X‐100, SDS, STS) on the crystallization and melting characteristics of emulsified (mean droplet diameter 0.52 μm) n‐octadecane and n‐eicosane were studied using microcalorimetry. The melting point (~37 °C) of the eicosane droplets was higher than the crystallization point (~24 °C) and was not affected by the surfactant selected. There was a similar separation between the crystallization (~14 °C) and melting (~28 °C) point of the emulsified octadecane however the details of the transitions was affected by the surfactant selected. For Tween 40 and Brij 58‐stabilized droplets there was a split peak on crystallization which we attribute to a surface heterogeneous nucleation mechanism. Only these surfactant‐alkane combinations had a split peak on melting. The size of the lower temperature fraction decreased with droplet size suggesting another surface effect. However, the size of the surface layer was calculated to be many times the length of the surfactant tail suggesting the crystal structure was modified by the nucleation mechanism.
Surgical Patient Education Related to Smoking
Authors: Lauerman Cecelia J.
Published: March 2008

ESTIMATES INDICATE THAT ONE MILLION patients who smoke present annually in the United States for some form of surgical intervention. Smoking is a known cause of respiratory complications, hemodynamic fluctuations, and delayed wound healing.

A LITERATURE SEARCH REVEALED a small number of available studies that address the education provided to surgical patients who smoke.

INFORMATION ABOUT THE EFFECTS of smoking on surgical outcomes is not routinely provided to smokers. Determining the best methods by which to provide smoking cessation counseling will help increase patients' chances for a positive surgical outcome.
A randomized comparative study of prophylactic oxytocin versus ergometrine in the third stage of labor
Authors: Orji Ernest , Agwu Felix , Loto Olabisi , Olaleye Oladapo
Published: March 2008

Objective

To compare the effect of prophylactic use of oxytocin and ergometrine in management of the third stage of labor.

Methods

A prospective randomized study of 600 women assigned to receive either oxytocin or ergometrine in the third stage of labor. Outcome measures were the predelivery and 48‐hour postdelivery hematocrit, duration of the third stage, specific side effects, and incidence of postpartum hemorrhage. Statistical analyses were done using thettest for continuous variables andχ2test for categorical variables. The level of significance was set atP< 0.05.

Results

There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in maternal age, gestational age, duration of third stage, birth weights, risk for retained placenta, manual removal of placenta, or need for additional oxytocics. Patients in the ergometrine group were at significant risk for nausea, vomiting, headaches, and elevated blood pressure (P= 0.0001).

Conclusion

Oxytocin is as effective as ergometrine at reducing the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage, but without the undesirable side effects of nausea, vomiting, and elevated blood pressure associated with ergometrine.
Peripartum hysterectomy in Taiwan
Authors: Jou Hei‐Jen , Hung Hsin‐Wen , Ling Pei‐Ying , Chen Shih‐Ming , Wu Shiao‐Chi
Published: March 2008

Objective

To investigate the incidence and associated risk factors for peripartum hysterectomy in singleton pregnancies.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of all women with singleton pregnancies admitted for delivery in 2002 taken from the National Healthcare Insurance database. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for maternal and hospital characteristics using logistic regression.

Results

There were 287 peripartum hysterectomies in 214 237 singleton pregnancies (0.13%). Cesarean delivery, vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC), and repeat cesarean delivery had higher hysterectomy rates than vaginal delivery, with adjusted ORs of 12.13 (95% CI 8.30–17.74), 5.12 (95% CI 1.19–21.92), and 3.84 (95% CI 2.52–5.86), respectively. Pregnancies complicated with placenta previa, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and premature labor were associated with significantly increased risks for peripartum hysterectomy (P< 0.05).

Conclusion

Risk factors for peripartum hysterectomy included cesarean delivery, VBAC, repeat cesarean, placenta previa, GDM, and premature labor. VBAC and repeat cesarean had a similar risk.
Effects of a psychological intervention on depression in infertile couples
Authors: Noorbala Ahmad A. , Ramazanzadeh Fatemeh , Malekafzali Hossein , Abedinia Nasrin , Forooshani Abbas R. , Shariat Mamak , Jafarabadi Mina
Published: March 2008

Objective

To determine factors affecting depression in infertile couples and the impact of a psychological intervention before or during infertility treatment.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional study with 638 infertile couples assessed for depression, 140 couples with a member who had a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score of 17 or higher were randomized to receive psychological treatment either before or during infertility treatment. Logistic regression was performed to eliminate confounding factors.

Results

Depression was initially found in 48% of women and 23.8% of men. The mean ± SD Beck scores fell from 18.7 ± 9.7 to 10.7 ± 5.8 (P < 0.001) in the group psychologically treated before they received infertility treatment.

Conclusion

The psychological intervention was found useful in alleviating depression in infertile couples before they received infertility treatment.
Advance of alpine glaciers during final retreat of the Cordilleran ice sheet in the Finlay River area, northern British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Lakeman Thomas R. , Clague John J. , Menounos Brian
Published: March 2008

Sharp-crested moraines, up to 120 m high and 9 km beyond Little Ice Age glacier limits, record a late Pleistocene advance of alpine glaciers in the Finlay River area in northern British Columbia. The moraines are regional in extent and record climatic deterioration near the end of the last glaciation. Several lateral moraines are crosscut by meltwater channels that record downwasting of trunk valley ice of the northern Cordilleran ice sheet. Other lateral moraines merge with ice-stagnation deposits in trunk valleys. These relationships confirm the interaction of advancing alpine glaciers with the regionally decaying Cordilleran ice sheet and verify a late-glacial age for the moraines. Sediment cores were collected from eight lakes dammed by the moraines. Two tephras occur in basal sediments of five lakes, demonstrating that the moraines are the same age. Plant macrofossils from sediment cores provide a minimum limiting age of 10,550–10,250 cal yr BP (9230±5014C yr BP) for abandonment of the moraines. The advance that left the moraines may date to the Younger Dryas period. The Finlay moraines demonstrate that the timing and style of regional deglaciation was important in determining the magnitude of late-glacial glacier advances.
On the Lie-formality of Poisson manifolds
Authors: Sharygin G. , Talalaev D.
Published: March 2008

In the present note we prove formality of the differential graded Lie algebra of de Rham forms on a smooth Poisson manifold.
On codihedral module for *-Hopf algebras
Authors: Popelensky Th. Yu.
Published: March 2008

We construct dihedral and reflexive cohomology theories for *-Hopf algebras. This generalizes the Connes–Moscovici construction of cyclic cohomology for Hopf algebras.
From medicine to natural philosophy: Francis Hauksbee's way to the air-pump
Authors: BRUNDTLAND TERJE
Published: March 2008

Francis Hauksbee (1660–1713) is well known for his double-barrelled air-pump. However, the origin of this pump, and Hauksbee's background, are often described as a mystery. This text seeks to dispel the riddle. It is argued that Hauksbee's competence as an exceptional maker of air-pumps was developed between 1699 and 1703 as a result of his experiences with the construction, manufacturing and sale of cupping-glasses. His cupping utensils embodied a new design, where syringes were used to evacuate the glasses, instead of the traditional way by fire or mouth suction. These syringes, which in fact were small air-pumps, were perfected between 1699 and 1701. A larger syringe, introduced in 1701, served as a transition from the cupping-syringe to his first air-pump for use in natural philosophy. This syringe was described as a ‘combined engine’, which could serve as an air-pump, a condensing engine and a syringe for injecting air, wax or mercury into pathological specimens. Hauksbee's first air-pump was a single-barrelled model introduced in 1702, based on the combined engine. Its various features, such as easy and convenient leak-tightening, exact pressure measurements by an in-built barometer and an air-inlet function for readmission of air into the receiver, are discussed. Finally, it is shown that these activities gave Hauksbee the reputation of being an outstanding instrument-maker, years before the double-barrelled air-pump was in sight.
Hypolipidaemic and anti-atherosclerotic effects of lupin proteins in a rabbit model
Authors: Marchesi Marta , Parolini Cinzia , Diani Erika , Rigamonti Elena , Cornelli Lorena , Arnoldi Anna , Sirtori Cesare R. , Chiesa Giulia
Published: March 2008

The biological activities of a protein isolate from lupin (Lupinus albus) were studied in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. Focal plaque development was induced at both common carotid arteries by perivascular injury. After surgery, animals were fed three different diets for 90 d, all with 1 % cholesterol, 15 % SFA and 20 % protein; the protein source was casein (CAS), lupin proteins (LUP) or 50 % CAS+50 % LUP (CAS+LUP). Lower cholesterolaemia was detected in the LUP v. the CAS group at 60 and 90 d of treatment ( − 40·3 and − 33·5 %, respectively; P < 0·05). Cryosection analyses of the carotids indicated a significant reduction in focal lesion progression in the LUP v. the CAS group ( − 37·4 %; P < 0·05). In summary, in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis, a protein isolate from L. albus reduced cholesterolaemia and exerted a remarkable protective activity against atherosclerosis progression.
THE WIDENING GYRE: COUNTER-TERRORISM, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE RULE OF LAW
Authors: Chaskalson Arthur
Published: March 2008

There are two themes that recur in previous Sir David Williams lectures. First, that it is a considerable honour to be invited to give the lecture. Secondly, that it is a daunting task to do so in the presence of Sir David, particularly in a field in which he has expertise. Since that covers most of the law there is no escape from this dilemma. Let me then acknowledge the privilege of having been asked to give this year's lecture, and confess that it is with some trepidation that I do so. The subject, terrorism and human rights, is not exactly uncharted territory. When I looked into the internet for some guidance on what might be relevant to terrorism and human rights, the response to my Google search informed me that in .03 seconds 32,900,000 references had been found. This seemed to indicate that it was unlikely that I would be able to say anything that has not already been said. But there are some subjects that are of such importance that there is value in reminding ourselves of the issues that are at stake, and if necessary for that purpose, repeating what others have said. And it is with that in mind that I approach my chosen topic.
A NORMATIVE ACCOUNT OF DEFENCES TO RESTITUTIONARY LIABILITY
Authors: Grantham Ross , Rickett Charles
Published: March 2008

The modern law of unjust enrichment is unique in many respects. In one sense, it is the newest and most significant development in the private law for a very long time. While it can claim ancient roots, as a discrete body of law unjust enrichment has only emerged from the long shadows of the law of contract in the last 20 years. The development and content of the law of unjust enrichment has, to a greater extent than perhaps anywhere else in the private law, been driven and shaped by academic rather than judicial influences. The law of unjust enrichment is also distinguished from the other principal heads of civil obligation in that its focus is on stripping the defendant of gains made rather than making good losses suffered by the plaintiff. Perhaps most controversially, the role or function of unjust enrichment may differ from the other principal parts of the private law in that the source of the entitlement protected is not found within the law of unjust enrichment, but in other areas of the law.
COMPETING CONCEPTIONS OF MODERN DESERT: VENGEFUL, DEONTOLOGICAL, AND EMPIRICAL
Authors: Robinson Paul H.
Published: March 2008

The dispute over the role desert should play, if any, in assessing criminal liability and punishment has a long and turbulent history. “Deserved punishment” - referred to variously as desert, just punishment, retributive punishment, or simply “doing justice” - has moved to center stage in the UK and is on its way in the US, both in academic debate and in real world institutions.
Homogeneous turbulence in ferrofluids with a steady magnetic field
Authors: SCHUMACHER KRISTOPHER R. , RILEY JAMES J. , FINLAYSON BRUCE A.
Published: March 2008

The general equations necessary for a basic theoretical interpretation of the physics of turbulence in ferrofluids are presented. The equations are examined and show multiple novel turbulence aspects that arise in ferrofluids. For example, two new modes of turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate occur, and unique modes of energy conversion (rotational to/from translational kinetic energy and magnetic energy to/from turbulent kinetic energy) are exhibited in turbulent ferrofluid flows. Furthermore, it is shown that potential models for turbulence in ferrofluids are complicated by additional closure requirements from the five additional nonlinear terms in the governing equations. The equations are applied to turbulence of a ferrofluid in the presence of a steady magnetic field (as well as the case of no magnetic field) in order to identify the importance of the new terms. Results are presented for the enhanced anisotropy in the presence of a magnetic field, and results show how turbulence properties (both classical ones and new ones) vary with the strength of the magnetic field. Three different equations for the magnetization are examined and lead to different results at large magnitudes of the applied magnetic field.
Spatially distributed control for optimal drag reduction of the flow past a circular cylinder
Authors: PONCET PHILIPPE , HILDEBRAND ROLAND , COTTET GEORGES-HENRI , KOUMOUTSAKOS PETROS
Published: March 2008

We report high drag reduction in direct numerical simulations of controlled flows past circular cylinders at Reynolds numbers of 300 and 1000. The flow is controlled by the azimuthal component of the tangential velocity of the cylinder surface. Starting from a spanwise-uniform velocity profile that leads to high drag reduction, the optimization procedure identifies, for the same energy input, spanwise-varying velocity profiles that lead to higher drag reduction. The three-dimensional variations of the velocity field, corresponding to modes A and B of three-dimensional wake instabilities, are largely responsible for this drag reduction. The spanwise wall velocity variations introduce streamwise vortex braids in the wake that are responsible for reducing the drag induced by the primary spanwise vortices shed by the cylinder. The results demonstrate that extending two-dimensional controllers to three-dimensional flows is not optimal as three-dimensional control strategies can lead efficiently to higher drag reduction.
Onset of motion of a three-dimensional droplet on a wall in shear flow at moderate Reynolds numbers
Authors: DING HANG , SPELT PETER D. M.
Published: March 2008

We investigate the critical conditions for the onset of motion of a three-dimensional droplet on a wall in shear flows at moderate Reynolds number. A diffuse-interface method is used for this purpose, which also circumvents the stress singularity at the moving contact line, and the method allows for a density and viscosity contrast between the fluids. Contact-angle hysteresis is represented by the prescription of a receding contact angle θRand an advancing contact angle value θA. Critical conditions are determined by tracking the motion and deformation of a droplet (initially a spherical cap with a uniform contact angle θ0). At sufficiently low values of a Weber number,We(based on the applied shear rate and the drop volume), the drop deforms and translates for some time, but subsequently reaches a stationary position and attains a steady-state shape. At sufficiently large values ofWeno such steady state is found. We present results for the critical value ofWeas a function of Reynolds numberRefor cases with the initial value of the contact angle θ0=θRas well as for θ0=θA. A scaling argument based on a force balance on the drop is shown to represent the results very accurately. Results are also presented for the static shape, transient motion and flow structure at criticality. It is shown that at lowReour results agree (with some qualifications) with those of Dimitrakopoulos & Higdon (1998,J. Fluid Mech. vol. 377, p. 189). Overall, the results indicate that the critical value ofWeis affected significantly by inertial effects at moderate Reynolds numbers, whereas the steady shape of droplets still shows some resemblance to that obtained previously for creeping flow conditions. The paper concludes with an investigation into the complex structure of a steady wake behind the droplet and the occurrence of a stagnation point at the upstream side of the droplet.
A rotating fluid cylinder subject to weak precession
Authors: MEUNIER PATRICE , ELOY CHRISTOPHE , LAGRANGE ROMAIN , NADAL FRANÇOIS
Published: March 2008

In this paper, we report experimental and theoretical results on the flow inside a precessing and rotating cylinder. Particle image velocimetry measurements have revealed the instantaneous structure of the flow and confirmed that it is the sum of forced inertial (Kelvin) modes, as predicted by the classical linear inviscid theory. But this theory predicts also that the amplitude of a mode diverges when its natural frequency equals the precession frequency. A viscous and weakly nonlinear theory has therefore been developed at the resonance. This theory has been compared to experimental results and shows a good quantitative agreement. For low Reynolds numbers, the mode amplitude scales as the square root of the Reynolds number owing to the presence of Ekman layers on the cylinder walls. When the Reynolds number is increased, the amplitude saturates at a value which scales as the precession angle to the power one-third for a given resonance. The nonlinear theory also predicts the forcing of a geostrophic (axisymmetric) mode which has been observed and measured in the experiments. These results allow the flow inside a precessing cylinder to be fully characterized in all regimes as long as there is no instability.
What we imagine versus how we imagine, and a problem for explaining counterfactual thoughts with causal ones
Authors: Herrmann Winston Chang and Patricia
Published: March 2008

Causal and counterfactual thoughts are bound together in Byrne's theory of human imagination. We think there are two issues in her theory that deserve clarification. First, Byrne describes which counterfactual possibilities we think of, but she leaves unexplained the mechanisms by which we generate these possibilities. Second, her exploration of “strong causes” and enablers gives two different predictions of which counterfactuals we think of in causal scenarios. On one account, we think of the counterfactuals which we have control over. On the other, which counterfactuals we think of depends on whether something is a strong cause or an enabler. Although these two accounts sometimes give the same predictions, we present cases in which they differ, and we would like to see Byrne's theory provide a way of reconciling these differences.
Beyond rationality: Counterfactual thinking and behavior regulation
Authors: Epstude Kai , Roese Neal J.
Published: March 2008

Counterfactual thinking may be described as disciplined, realistic, and rational, but we move a step further to describe a theoretical perspective centering on behavior regulation. According to this perspective, counterfactual thinking primarily centers on coordination of ongoing behavior. In short, most “if only” thoughts in daily life center on the acquisition of goals; hence, counterfactual thinking may be illuminated by considering the large literature on goal cognition.
Semifactual: Byrne's account of even-if
Authors: Handley Simon J. , Feeney Aidan
Published: March 2008

Byrne's approach to the semifactual conditional captures the reasoning data. However, we argue that it does not account for the processes or principles by which people arrive at representations of even-if conditionals, upon which their reasoning is said to be based. Drawing upon recent work on the suppositional conditional we present such an account.
Differential focus in causal and counterfactual thinking: Different possibilities or different functions?
Authors: Mandel David R.
Published: March 2008

In The Rational Imagination, Byrne proposes a mental models account of why causal and counterfactual thinking often focus on different antecedents. This review critically examines the two central propositions of her account, finding both only weakly defensible. Byrne's account is contrasted with judgment dissociation theory, which offers a functional explanation for differences in the focus of causal and counterfactual thinking.
Is considering true possibilities a truly explanatory principle for imaginative thought?
Authors: Ward Thomas B.
Published: March 2008

Byrne (2005) demonstrates that reasoning and imagination are logical and governed by the same processing principles. In extending those principles to other forms of imaginative functioning, however, problems arise. The meaning of “true possibility” is stretched, and the causal role of the principles is not well established. Nevertheless, consideration of the extent to which ordinary cognitive processes govern creative functioning is valuable.
On weak non-equivalence of wavelet–like systems in L1
Authors: GOGYAN SMBAT , WOJTASZCZYK P.
Published: March 2008

We show that in $L_1(\R)$ the Haar wavelet basis is not equivalent to any permutation with any signs of the Strω wavelet basis. We also construct a Haar-type system in L1[0,1] which is not equivalent to any subsequence with signs of the classical Haar basis.
Spatial and temporal patterning of bank vole demography and the epidemiology of the Puumala hantavirus in northeastern France
Authors: AUGOT D. , SAUVAGE F. , BOUE F. , BOULOY M. , ARTOIS M. , DEMERSON J. M. , COMBES B. , COUDRIER D. , ZELLER H. , CLIQUET F. , PONTIER D.
Published: March 2008

Epidemiological data from bank voles,Myodes glareolus, naturally infected by the hantavirus Puumala (PUUV) were collected by a capture–mark–recapture protocol from 2000 to 2002 in the French department of Ardennes. Four monitored trapping sites were established in two forests located in two cantons (Flize and Monthermé). We captured 912 bank voles corresponding to 557 different individuals during 8820 trapping nights for an overall trapping success of 10·34%. The average PUUV seroprevalence was 22·4%. Characteristics of the system reported in North European countries are confirmed in France. PUUV seroprevalence and abundance of rodents appeared weakly linked. Adult voles were more frequently antibody-positive, but no difference between sexes was established. Anti-PUUV seropositive voles were captured and high seroprevalence was observed from both forests, without human infection reported in Flize canton during the study. One site among the four exhibited peculiar infection dynamics, where vole weight and infection risk were negatively correlated.
Absence ofMycobacterium bovisinfection in dogs and cats residing on infected cattle farms: Michigan, 2002
Authors: WILKINS M. J. , BARTLETT P. C. , BERRY D. E. , PERRY R. L. , FITZGERALD S. D. , BERNARDO T. M. , THOEN C. O. , KANEENE J. B.
Published: March 2008

A cross-sectional field study was performed to evaluate infection in dogs and cats living on farms withMycobacterium bovis-infected cattle. The purpose was to determine pet infection status and assess their risk to farm families and/or tuberculosis-free livestock. Data and specimens were collected from 18 cats and five dogs from nine participating farms. ELISA testing forM. bovisandM.aviumwas conducted. Fifty-one biological samples were cultured; all were negative forM. bovis, although otherMycobacteriumspecies were recovered. No radiographic, serological or skin test evidence of mycobacterial infection was found. These negative results may be due to the low level ofM. bovisinfection in the cattle and the limited duration of exposure of pets to infected cattle residing on the same farm. No evidence was found to indicate that pets residing onM. bovis-infected Michigan cattle farms pose a risk to humans orM. bovis-free livestock; however, precautionary advice for farm owners was provided.
Dengue virus in Mexican bats
Authors: AGUILAR-SETIÉN Á. , ROMERO-ALMARAZ M. L. , SÁNCHEZ-HERNÁNDEZ C. , FIGUEROA R. , JUÁREZ-PALMA L. P. , GARCÍA-FLORES M. M. , VÁZQUEZ-SALINAS C. , SALAS-ROJAS M. , HIDALGO-MARTÍNEZ A. C. , PIERLÉ S. AGUILAR , GARCÍA-ESTRADA C. , RAMOS C.
Published: March 2008

Individuals belonging to five families, 12 genera, and 19 different species of bats from dengue endemic areas in the Gulf and Pacific coasts of Mexico were examined by ELISA, RT–PCR, and for the presence of dengue virus (DV) NS1 protein. Nine individuals from four species were seropositive by ELISA: three insectivorous,Myotis nigricans(four positives/12 examined),Pteronotus parnellii(3/19), andNatalus stramineus(1/4), and one frugivorousArtibeus jamaicensis(1/35) (12·86% seroprevalence in positive species). DV serotype 2 was detected by RT–PCR in four samples from three species (all from the Gulf coast – rainy season): two frugivorous,A. jamaicensis(2/9), andCarollia brevicauda(1/2), and one insectivorous,M. nigricans(1/11). The latter was simultaneously positive for NS1 protein. DV RT–PCR positive animals were all antibody seronegative.M. nigricansshowed positive individuals for all three tests. This is the first evidence suggesting the presence of DV in bats from Mexico.
Binocular rivalry between identical retinal stimuli with an induced color difference
Authors: HONG SANG WOOK , SHEVELL STEVEN K.
Published: March 2008

An open question in color rivalry is whether alternation between two colors is caused by a difference in receptoral stimulation or a difference in the neural representation of color appearance. This question was examined with binocular rivalry between physically identical lights that differed in appearance due to chromatic induction. Perceptual alternation was measured between gratings of the same chromaticity; each one was presented within a different patterned surround that caused the gratings, one to each eye, to appear unequal in hue because of chromatic induction. The gratings were presented dichoptically with binocular disparity so the rivalrous gratings appeared in front of the surround. Perceptual alternation in hue was found for the two physically identical chromaticities. Stereoscopic depth also was perceived, corroborating binocular neural combination despite color rivalry (Treisman, 1962). The results show that color rivalry is resolved after color-appearance shifts caused by chromatic context, and that color rivalry does not require competing unequal cone excitations from the rivalrous stimuli.
Neural models and physiological reality
Authors: LEE BARRY B.
Published: March 2008

Neural models of retinal processing provide an important tool for analyzing retinal signals and their functional significance. However, it is here argued that in biological reality, retinal connectivity is unlikely to be as specific as ideal neural models might suggest. The retina is thought to provide functionally specific signals, but this specificity is unlikely to be anatomically complete. This is illustrated by examples of cone connectivity to macaque ganglion cells. For example, cells of the magnocellular pathway appear to avoid short-wavelength cone input, so that such input is negligible under normal conditions. However, there is anatomical, physiological, and psychophysical evidence that under special conditions, weak input may be revealed. Second, ideal models of how retinal information is centrally utilized have to take into account the biological reality of retinal signals. The stochastic nature of impulse trains modifies signal-to-noise ratio in unexpected ways. Also, non-linearities in cell responses make, for example, multiplexing of luminance and chromatic signals in the parvocellular pathway impracticable. The purpose of this analysis is to show than ideal neural models must confront an often more complex and nuanced physiological reality.