bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design Guidelines for Distribution Systems as Developed and Used by an Investor‐Owned Utility
Authors: Wade Jeptha A.
Published: February 2018

The role of the investor‐owned water utility is exemplified by the experience of this multiunit utility in California that serves both residential as well as commercial users. Although in essence a private company, the utility is closely regulated by the state's Public Utilities Com.
Remote Control and Supervision of Distribution Systems
Authors: Stead Ivan W.
Published: February 2018

Most water‐distribution systems are unique and complex, presenting a challenge to designers, operators, and managers who wish to automate.
The AWWA Accreditation Program
Authors: Mees Quentin M.
Published: February 2018

It is the opinion of the AWWA Accreditation Com. that mandatory training with approved accreditation will result in a much improved training program for water‐utility personnel. Training and education are constant requirements of any profession or industry. Therefore, training programs should be accredited to ensure trainees of fruitful educational programs.
Training and Recruiting of Water‐Utility Personnel
Authors: Schwing Carl M.
Published: February 2018

A future manpower shortage within the water‐utility industry is a very genuine threat. To prevent the industry from suffering too severly from this future personnel shortage, college‐level training programs should be planned and expedited without delay.
Comparison of Corrosion‐Rate Measurements on Fresh vs Previously Polarized Samples
Authors: McClanahan Mark A. , Mancy K. H.
Published: February 2018

In order to simplify testing procedure the authors attempt to determine what effect, if any, applied potential excursions have on the corrosion rate of metal pipes under various chemical environments.
Electrical Grounding and Resulting Corrosion
Authors: Carlton E. E.
Published: February 2018

Connecting different metals together electrically for grounding purposes often results in corrosion problems on buried piping systems. The corrosion is caused by direct current flowing between dissimilar metals. When establishing grounded systems to protect persons and equipment, it is necessary to consider the means of minimizing corrosion of metals buried in the earth.
Cleaning and Lining Small‐Diameter Pipe
Authors: Dahl Robert
Published: February 2018

Tuberculation and corrosion from within have always caused problems for water mains, which result in a drastic reduction of main capacity. Replacing the main is a definite solution, but if cleaning and lining can be achieved at a lower cost and less inconvenience, then perhaps cleaning and lining is the better solution to the problem.
Interfacing Newly Developed Technology Within Present Wastewater Treatment Trains
Authors: Belfort Georges
Published: February 2018

In recent years new technology for treating water has been developed. Now the problem of integrating the new systems with the existing plant has arisen. This problem can be circumvented, however, if the facts presented here are kept in mind.
Organic Contaminants in Raw and Finished Water
Authors: Cameron Craig D. , Hoehn Robert C. , Strimaitis Janet Rawls
Published: February 2018

When consumers began complaining about the foul drinking water in Fairfax County, Va., water‐authority personnel initiated a program to monitor the malodorous contaminants in an attempt to eliminate them. Three methods employed in the process are detailed in this article in addition to the resultant analyses.
The Calcium Carbonate Ion‐Pair as a Limit to Hardness Removal
Authors: C. Fernando Cadena , Midkiff William S. , O'Connor George A.
Published: February 2018

The calcium carbonate ion‐pair is demonstrated to be the major component of hardness in aqueous solutions at high pH valves. Hardness due to calcium carbonate ion‐pairs cannot be removed with conventional lime‐soda ash water softening operations. This article considers the importance of ion‐pairs in water softening.
Water Reuse: Resource of the Future
Authors: Graeser Henry J.
Published: February 2018

Water reuse may be the only alternative available to the water‐supply industry if it is to maintain its present supply of water resources. But the industry must take the lead in the research that is necessary to perfect wastewater treatment processes.
Central Surveillance and Control of the City of Houston's Water System
Authors: Smith G H.
Published: February 2018

For a city the size of Houston, Tex., the central surveillance of its water system is necessarily becoming dependent upon computer technology. Through a combination of computer technology and the human element, the Houston Water Div. has initiated a surveillance program that could prove to be fail‐safe, economical, and dependable.
Removal of 2,4‐D and Other Persistent Organic Molecules From Water Supplies by Reverse Osmosis
Authors: Edwards Victor H. , Schubert Paul F.
Published: February 2018

Reverse osmosis is still one of the most promising techniques for removal of many refractory organics of intermediate to high molecular weight from water, and reuse of recovered byproducts is simpler than with carbon adsorption. This article presents a review of the ways those techniques are used.
Breakpoint Chlorination for Virus Inactivation
Authors: Culp Russell L.
Published: February 2018

An advanced waste‐treatment plant operated by the South Lake Tahoe Public Util. Dist. has been conducting research to improve viral‐inactivation processes. More research and professional awareness will be necessary if the industry is to continue improving the design and operation of water ‐ and wastewater treatment plants for better virus control.
Virus Removal by Chemical Coagulation
Authors: York David W. , Drewry William A.
Published: February 2018

Chlorination and conventional water‐treatment processes do not remove viruses from water supplies adequately. It is imperative that other methods be considered for purification of water supplies. One alternative is the removal of viruses by way of chemical coagulation and flocculation. This article discloses the results of a study involving chemical coagulation as a means of virus removal.
The Master Plan for Water‐Supply in the Regional Municipality of Ottawa – Carleton
Authors: Ayers Frank E.
Published: February 2018

Anticipating the inevitable, the Ottawa‐Carleton regional municipality has made provisions for a supply – and‐distribution water system to service the forecasted population. A short‐term and a long‐term plan have been developed to provide for the predicted water demand of more than half a million people.
Water‐Treatment Analysis by Gel Chromatography
Authors: Brodský Artur , Procházka Jiří
Published: February 2018

Chromatographic techniques are used by the authors to show that river‐water pollution can be sufficiently determined with regard to molecular fractions, thereby permitting suitable treatment.
Water‐Quality Requirements for the Dairy and Food Industries
Authors: Watson Kenneth S.
Published: February 2018

Many of the standards that govern the quality of tap water apply also to the water used in industry; however, purity is even more crucial in processing edible products. Because of possible adverse effects of various additional chemicals that might be added in processing, it is suggested that existing criteria be revised exclusively for the dairy and food industries.
Industry's Benefit From Municipal Water Softening
Authors: Cecil Lawrence K.
Published: February 2018

As a water shortage becomes more of a probability than a possibility, attitudes are being revised in regard to water‐recycling methods, which are, in turn, complex and problem‐plagued also.
The Necessity of Controlling Bacterial Populations in Potable Waters‐Bottled Water and Emergency Water Supplies
Authors: Geldreich Edwin E. , Nash Harry D. , Reasoner Donald J. , Taylor Raymond H.
Published: February 2018

Part of the Safe Drinking Water Act stipulates that communities provide for emergency supplies of water that are safely free of bacteria. This article, in addition to documenting findings about bacterial counts for bottled water, provides data and recommendations concerning emergency water supplies.
Optimal Pricing and Investment in Community Water Supply
Authors: Goolsby William
Published: February 2018

An attempt is made to show the interaction of pricing and investment policies under conditions of indivisibilities, cyclical demand, demand that grows over time, and economies of scale.* All of these factors should be taken into account by a metropolitan water supplier, with the possible exception of demand that grows over time. Also, these factors should be considered simultaneously since they are inextricably bound together.
Engineering Economics of Rural Systems: A New US Approach
Authors: Campbell Michael D. , Lehr Jay H.
Published: February 2018

The rural areas of the US have always been plagued with the difficulty of receiving services from public or private utilities. This article presents a view of engineering principles with regard to the problem as applied by the Natl. Demonstration Wtr. Project and the Com. on Rural Wtr. Local conditions and system design are explored and defined in both quantitative and qualitative terms.
Municipal Imposts and Levies for Ontario Water Utilities
Authors: Sears H. E.
Published: February 2018

Various impost* charges applied by about fifteen municipalities in Ontario for water‐utility purposes are summarized. Several of these municipalities are singled out for a more complete discussion, which is intended to be as factual and as impartial as the limited headings and descriptions will permit.
Water ‐ Department Office Procedure
Authors: Von Huben Harry R.
Published: February 2018

Unfortunately, there is no perfected method or ready‐made formula that would revolutionize and simplify consumer‐relations management. Presented in this article, however, are survey results and data that may aid management in formulating more realistic public‐relations policies.
Water Rationing on Okinawa
Authors: II Sidney B. Garland
Published: February 2018

Until the demand for water on Okinawa can be met, water rationing must be enforced for several months annually. Rationing plans include turning off the water for periods of up to 24 hr. The author describes precautions taken by the US Army.
Development and Management of Water Supply in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Lien‐Chuan
Published: February 2018

Like other underdeveloped countries of southeast Asia, Taiwan has traditionally been lacking in essential services such as a quality water supply to its population. Under the auspices of the Republic of China and with the assistance of more highly industrialized nations, the Provincial Government of Taiwan has implemented a long‐range program to improve its inadequate water‐supply system. Rapid population growth dictates the exigency of this plan.
Water‐Supply Dam for Abha Town
Authors: Shaikh Ahmad Hadi
Published: February 2018

In a very arid country like Saudi Arabia, the problem of water supply is acute. The Saudi government is tapping all possible sources of water to provide potable supplies for its people. Thus it has recently constructed a large water‐supply dam on wadi Abha for the expanding town of Abha.
Economic Benefits of Potable Water Supplies in Rural Areas of Developing Countries
Authors: Saunders Robert J.
Published: February 2018

That rural populations of Third World countries are in many cases unable to pay the full costs of water‐distribution systems has led to an increased effort to identify quantifiable benefits of the systems. Experience thus far has shown that the level of economic benefits resulting from improved rural water supplies depends upon how local health and employment are affected, which villages are selected to receive water first, and how the improved water supply affects population location and migration. Particularly important, however, are the ways in which rural water‐supply programs are administered and financed.
Some Surface Chemical Aspects in Turbidity Removal by Sand Filtration
Authors: Loganathan P. , Maier W. J.
Published: February 2018

In order to determine the effects of pH levels, ionic concentrations, and polymer dosages on surface chemical properties and the efficiencies of sand filters, a study was conducted at the Univ. of Minnesota using two anionic, two cationic, and two nonionic polymers.
Hydraulic Model Study of a Settling Basin
Authors: Humphreys Hubert W.
Published: February 2018

Laboratory studies were performed to discover if improvement of flow conditions in prototype settling basins improved quality of settled water applied to filters. Results showed model hydraulic performance was improved after modifications, and installation of these modifications in the prototype was recommended.
An Evaluation of Artificial Destratification for Control of Algal Blooms
Authors: Lorenzen Marc W. , Mitchell Ralph
Published: February 2018

Results of a study conducted by the New Hampshire Water Supply and Pollution Control Com. on a New Hampshire lake were used to evaluate a model previously developed to predict the effects of artificial destratification on algal production in impoundments. These results may be of help in water‐quality management decision‐making.
Finite‐Element Method for Water‐Distribution Networks
Authors: Collins Anthony G. , Johnson Robert L.
Published: February 2018

Over the past two decades, the finite‐element method has been increasingly used in a variety of engineering fields including structural analysis, solid mechanics, and soil mechanics. The method uses the relationship between the basic properties of each discrete element to define the behavior of that element. A solution for the response of the overall system, subject to a set of boundary conditions, is provided by solving a set of compatible simultaneous equations by matrix solution techniques.
Nitrate Determination With Indigo Carmine
Authors: Malý Josef , Fadrus Hubert
Published: February 2018

The experimental conditions necessary for the successful photometric determination of nitrate using indigo carmine is outlined in this article.
Chicago's Switch to Free Chlorine Residuais
Authors: Willey Benjamin F. , Duke Carlton M. , Rasho John
Published: February 2018

In previous years the City of Chicago practiced superchlorination prior to coagulation, Sedimentation, and filtration followed by postchlorination and ammoniation as water entered the distribution System. On Jan. 1, 1973, both Central and South Water Filtration Plants converted to providing free chlorine residuais throughout the city. This article discusses results of the full year of Operation.
Ultra‐High Rate Filtration Problems
Authors: Horváth Imre
Published: February 2018

The Darcy formula for calculating filtration rate based on hydraulic gradient is not applicable for conditions with a Reynold's number greater than four. This article describes a method for wider‐range applicability.
Organics, Water, and Health: A Reuse Problem
Authors: Reinhardt Arthur W. , Spath David P. , Jopling W. F.
Published: February 2018

Research needs, planned and unplanned augmentation, and public affairs are some of the aspects involved with water reuse in California and are discussed in the following.
Nitrate Removal by Anion‐Exchange Resins
Authors: Buelow Ralph W. , Kropp Kenneth L. , Withered Jerome , Symons James M.
Published: February 2018

Reported here are the results of a project that was intended to determine to what degree interferences would decrease nitrate‐removal capacity of a resin when treating various waters.
Development of Iron and Manganese Bacteria in Ranney Wells
Authors: Barbić Franc F. , Djindić Miodrag V. , Bracilović agomir M. , Djorolijevski Svetozar M. , Milčić Slobodanka B. , Veselinović Milorad J. , Krajinčanić Branka V. , Zivković Jordan S.
Published: February 2018

This article presents results of an investigation involving bacterioflora that influence the creation of ochre, or iron ore, in the Ranney wells in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. The qualitative and quantitative relations of the bacteria are discussed in relation to the physicalchemical characteristics of the water, specific yield, seasonal Variation, and other parameters.
National Organics Reconnaissance Survey for Halogenated Organics
Authors: Symons James M. , Bellar Thomas A. , Carswell J. Keith , DeMarco Jack , Kropp Kenneth L. , Robeck Gordon G. , Seeger Dennis R. , Slocum Clois J. , Smith Bradford L. , Stevens Alan A.
Published: February 2018

After EPA disclosed its findings of organic chemicals in New Orleans water, it was decided to conduct another, more inclusive study, with specific sites throughout the US designated as test areas. The following details the procedures of the testing and the findings of EPA's research team.
Design and Operation of High‐Rate Filters‐Part 2
Authors: Kawamura Susumu
Published: February 2018

This article, the second pari of a 3‐part article concerning filter design and Operation, discusses the filter‐washing process. Part 3 of the article will be presented in a future issue of the Journal.
The Water Supply of Rome
Authors: Abrahams Harold J.
Published: February 2018

The water delivery System developed by the Romans Stands as a monument to the engineering ability of that city‐state's water commisioners. This is an article about that System and, in particular, one of its ablest administrators—Frontinus
The Future of Water Resources in Northeastern Illinois
Authors: Ackermann William C.
Published: February 2018

Recognizing the threat of growing demands and shortages, the Illinois State Water Survey investigated several possibilities for increasing water supplies before the year 2020 for six Illinois counties.
Analytical Notes
Authors: Connors J. J. , Beland John
Published: February 2018

The authors of this note have commented that they would have preferred to see this communication incorporated into a section entitled “Analytical Notes” because the work has not been carried forward to the extent that the authors believe it deserves or that good scientific principles demand. However, they are of the opinion that their results should be disseminated so that corroborative efforts by others might be undertaken and the research extended. The Journal encourages other researchers who find themselves in a similar Position to emulate these authors.
Emergency‐Distribution‐System Operations in Cold Weather
Authors: Gros William F.H.
Published: February 2018

The following articles were presented during a Joint discussion that took place during the 1975 AWWA Annual Conference in Minneapolis, Minn. The purpose of the discussion was to present problems unique to the Operation of water Systems in cold weather and Solutions to those problems.
Winter Water‐Main‐Break Operations in Milwaukee
Authors: Miller N. E.
Published: February 2018

This article was presented during a joint discussion that took place at the 1975 AWWA Annual Conference in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Winter water main break operations in Milwaukee, Wisconsin are examined, covering such topics as emergency response, property damage cases, emergency aids, planned improvements, and new construction practices.
Comprehensive Water‐Supply Study for New York State
Authors: Bumstead John C.
Published: February 2018

The ten‐year New York State program of providing comprehensive water‐supply studies and reports by counties was concluded in 1974. This article gives background for the program, outlines the objectives, describes the procedure for processing the studies, reviews the findings, and presents conclusions and recommendations with respect to the program.
Shifting Land Use and the Effects on River Flow in Massachusetts
Authors: Patric James H. , Gould Ernest M.
Published: February 2018

A Century ago, land formerly cleared for agriculture in Massachusetts began reverting to forest. It was thought that decreasing streamflow contributed to the decline of water power as the prime energy source in Massachusetts. Some further speculation concerns Hydrologie effects of urbanization and of the 1938 hurricane on flow in these streams.
The Union Water System
Authors: Leslie Robert B.
Published: February 2018

Described here are the formation and expansion of the Union Water System which is the first major pipeline project of the Ontario Water Resources Com. The plant, located along the north shore of Lake Erie, uses the lake as its source of water. Seven original participants financed construction of the plant, which was opened in 1960; however, by 1965 the need for expansion was evident. This was accomplished by 1970 with the inclusion of two other participants in 1971 to help finance the program.
Federal‐State Water‐Rights Conflicts
Authors: Clark Robert Emmet
Published: February 2018

A continuing struggle between federal government and the states—particularly those of the West—is intensifying. Here is a concise review of history and historical law that have led to states in the West adopting their laws governing water rights, why laws differ between states, and why there are federal‐state conflicts.
Reserved Water Rights—A Solution Is Needed
Authors: Higginson R. Keith
Published: February 2018

The (ederal government has prior appropriation rights to waters within the country, but can it continue to modify its needs upward with time?
Health and Economic Aspects of Water Hardness and Corrosiveness
Authors: Hudson H. E. , Gilcreas F. W.
Published: February 2018

The following is published as the point of view of two respected members of the water profession. Its appearance in the Journal in no way implies either acceptance or rejection of these opinions by AWWA. To provide balance on the subject, the Journal requested comment from another highly respected water‐supply authority, Abel Wolman, whose comments appear on page 216 of this issue.
The Continuing Quest for Pure Water
Authors: Haney Paul D.
Published: February 2018

Concern for water quality is an ancient concept that has evolved into formulations of specific standards as evidenced by the following.
Plastic Water Meters
Authors: Lacina William V. , Coel J.B.
Published: February 2018

Small disc water meters made almost entirely of engineering thermoplastics are significantly affecting the water‐meter market as reported in the following.
Softening and Coagulation Sludge‐Disposal Studies for a Surface Water Supply
Authors: Burris Michael A. , Cosens Kenneth W. , Mair David M.
Published: February 2018

Because of increasing costs and decreasing storage locations, sludge disposal was becoming an even bigger problem than before for Columbus, Ohio, officials. A pilot‐plant study was commissioned to determine practical means to deal with this, and the results are particularized in the following.
Notes and Comments
Authors: White Geo. Clifford
Published: February 2018

The following is in answer to the preceding article by Robert C. Hoehn.
Effect of Ozonation on the Removal of Iron From a Ground Water
Authors: Cromley J. Timothy , O'Connor John T.
Published: February 2018

Organic compounds may interfere in the removal of iron from ground waters treated by the traditional sequence of aeration and filtration. Ozonation used in place of aeration may help to alleviate part of the organic‐interference problem.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Ramsey J.B.
Published: February 2018

Commenting on the preceding article, J.B. Ramsey notes that the relatively brittle cast‐iron housing covering the Z‐joint may not absorb stresses as well as claimed.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Singer Philip C. , Lawler Desmond F. , Babcock David B.
Published: February 2018

A discussion prepared in response to “National Organics Reconnaissance Survey for Halogenated Organics” by James M. Symons et al, which appeared in the Nov. 1975 issue of the JOURNAL.
Dam‐Safety Guidelines Questioned
Authors: Posey C.J.
Published: February 2018

The topic appearing in this commentary was selected by the AWWA Publications Advisory Com. on the basis of its timeliness and importance to the field. The contributor was solicited on the recommendations of the committee. The viewpoints expressed are those of the author and are not intended to reflect Association policy. Equal space for refutation will be provided in future JOURNAL issues. You are invited to respond.
A Case History of Making the Central City's Distribution System a Regional Facility
Authors: Herman James A. , Farr Walton
Published: February 2018

Individual problems of low pressure, inadequate capacity to meet large increases in projected needs, and dispersed service area impelled the City of Dayton, the City of Vandalia, and the County of Montgomery, Ohio, to coordinate planning and construction efforts to produce a regional water‐supply system which, with some additions, will be capable of meeting projected needs for 1990. This case study of the coordination process may suggest ways to alleviate problems in similar situations around the US.
The Addition of Chemicals to Apartment Water Supplies
Authors: McQuillan R.G. , Spenst P.G.
Published: February 2018

A cross‐connection control program revealed extensive use of chemical corrosion inhibitors in the apartment buildings of North York, a Toronto suburb. Pros and cons of chemical feeding are discussed.
The Impact of the Energy Problem on the Water‐Supply Field
Authors: Gols George
Published: February 2018

Equipment shortages and maintenance difficulties are predicted as energy shortfalls produce brownouts. Treatment facilities may need more fuel storage and perhaps on‐site generating capacity to supplement power supplies.
Pretreatment of the Metropolitan Toronto Water Supply Utilizing Ferric Chloride
Authors: Carnduff John A.
Published: February 2018

The treatment of high pH raw water with alum has produced problems with post‐precipitation of aluminum complexes which clog mains. So a series of jar tests was initiated with ferric chloride to determine the effectiveness of flocculation and the quality of filtered water produced. Successful results led to testing on a plant scale at the smallest of Toronto's treatment facilities. Dosages of ferric chloride necessary to produce high‐quality water were smaller than required for alum treatment, but the cost savings effected are a function of fluctuating commodity prices, so plant design should allow the use of either compound.
EFTS For Automatic Payment of Water Bills
Authors: Roeder Betty B.
Published: February 2018

An automatic billing and payment system utilizing an Electronic Funds Transfer system has lightened the workload and improved the cash flow of this utility.
Seamless Leakproof Lining for Linden Reservoir
Authors: Bumstead James H.
Published: February 2018

Leakage from a covered facility had reached 460 acre‐ft per year, when a polyurethane lining was installed after careful surface preparation. Leakage was reduced to approximately 14 000 gpd. The author discusses several advantages of the one‐component lining material.
Multiple Use of Distribution Reservoirs
Authors: Abplanalp Glen H.
Published: February 2018

Rising land costs and the heavy expense of covering distribution reservoirs suggest that multiple use facilities could be designed to produce revenues. High rise buildings sited over such reservoirs are the main possibility discussed here.
Maintenance Problems and Solutions for Prestressed Concrete Tanks
Authors: Crowley Francis X.
Published: February 2018

Some early prestressed concrete tanks were constructed before adequate knowledge of their properties was available. Current procedures, offered in this article by a member of the American Concrete Institute's Com. 344, which developed new standards, will help to ensure the long and maintenance‐free life the structures are capable of achieving.
New Directions in Bureau of Reclamation Policy
Authors: Fairchild Warren D.
Published: February 2018

A changing social climate giving rise to an emphasis on quality rather than quantity has required changes in Bu. of Reclamation projects and planning processes. Some of the new procedures and research efforts are described herein.
Land Subsidence Costs in the Houston‐Baytown Area of Texas
Authors: Jones Lonnie L. , Warren John P.
Published: February 2018

Pumping of groundwater has caused subsidence of as much as 9 ft in the Houston area. Costs for this water have not included damages caused by the subsidence. The authors developed an economic model based on damages reported in a survey; the model reveals that the substitution of surface for groundwater use in the area would provide a lowest‐cost alternative for water supply.
Chlorination of Organics in Drinking Water
Authors: Stevens Alan A. , Slocum Clois J. , Seeger Dennis R. , Robeck Gordon G.
Published: February 2018

Bench‐ and pilot‐scale investigations revealed the influence of precursor compound concentration, pH, type of disinfectant, and temperature on trihalomethane formation. Implications of the research for altering treatment procedures to reduce trihalomethane production are discussed.
A Rapid Method for Determining Calcium Oxide or Calcium Hydroxide in High‐Calcium Lime
Authors: Lawson William A.
Published: February 2018

This article gives specific directions for a method of determining calcium oxide or hydroxide. A statistical comparison of the results of the new EDTA method and the ASTM C25‐58 method is offered.
Cheap, Abundant Water: Good or Evil?
Authors: Guy Louis L.
Published: February 2018

Using water supply as a growth control took is unrealistic and dangerous. Serious conservation efforts, including public education, are the most practical and effective means to water supply safety.
Research—Key to Quality Water Supply in the 1980s
Authors: Ling Joseph T.
Published: February 2018

Pollution problems and deficient supplies may hamper the water‐treatment field in the 1980s. Putting the thrust of research into solving major problems and facing up to the natural laws that govern human endeavor are urged by the author. Members of AWWA, as experts in the field, will need to give counsel to legislators in the future.
A Public Education Campaign to Conserve Water
Authors: Brigham Arthur P.
Published: February 2018

A sewer crisis prompted a water‐saving program by the Washington Suburban San. Com. A series of efforts including extensive Publicity and the mailing of water saving kits has effected a substantial reduction in water use.
Frost Loadings on Underground Pipe
Authors: Smith W. Harry
Published: February 2018

Investigation disclosed that 60–70 per Cent of pipe failures in cold climates occur during the Winter and may coincide with the entry of frost into the earth above the pipe. Carefully controlled studies have shown that frost Penetration to 2 ft nearly doubles the vertical load on pipe with 4.5 ft of earth cover.
A Proposed Modification to the Classical Method of Calculating Alkalinity in Natural Waters
Authors: Jenkins Stephen R. , Moore Richard C.
Published: February 2018

A simple modification to the most widely used method of calculating alkalinity forms is proposed by the authors. Instead of assuming that hydroxide alkalinity and bicarbonate alkalinity do not exist simultaneously, as is done in the classical method, the proposed modification assumes them to be equal as Phenolphthalein alkalinity approximates one half of the total alkalinity. In the range of 0.4T ≤ P ≤ 0.6T, The modified method of calculation was determined to be 76 per cent more accurate than the classical method for data sets taken from past literature.
Analytical Note—A Method for Evaluating Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption Efficiency
Authors: Sylvia Albert E. , Bancroft Donald A. , Miller James D.
Published: February 2018

The Rapid Fluorescence Method was used to evaluate the relative adsorption efficiency of four types of commercially available granular activated carbon (GAC), demonstrating the existence of substantial differences in the GAC adsorption efficiency for organic compounds. With this method, purchasers of the substance can balance costs against removal efficiencies to determine the most economical purchase.
Notes and Comments — Corrosion Behavior of Ductile Cast‐Iron Pipe in Soil Environments
Authors: Crews D.L.
Published: February 2018

This article responds to the article “Corrosion Behavior of Ductile Cast‐Iron Pipe in Soil Environments” by W.F. Gerhold, which appeared in the December 1976 issue of JOURNAL AWWA, p. 674. The inadequacies of the testing procedures used by the National Bureau of Standards in its corrosion testing are insufficient sample size, irrelevant test soils, nonrepresentative ductile‐iron material, and omission of surface roughness measurements of the unexposed pipe. Confidence‐limit calculations and regression analysis are discussed.
The Meter Revolution
Authors: Snider H.E.
Published: February 2018

A review of the progress that has been made in metering recalls the introduction of horizontal turbine type meters, positive displacement type meters, multi‐jet vane type meters, and the use of synthetic polymers in meter construction. Future progress in metering might include “throw‐away” meters, and remote reading meters.
Analysis of a Water‐Meter Replacement Program
Authors: Orr Lyle E. , Enna Victor A. , Miller Marvin C.
Published: February 2018

Because significant revenues can be lost through inaccurate metering, the selection of accurate meters is very important to the water utility. One approach to this goal is to utilize the meter that is the most accurate for the longest period of time. This article compares several time frames for changing to magnetic drive meters, considered by the authors to be the most economical in the long term, from mechanical drive meters in terms of maintenance, repair, personnel, service life, and increased revenues.
Experiences With the New Grading Schedule
Authors: Bankston Leo V.
Published: February 2018

The following articles were presented during a joint discussion that took place during the AWWA Annual Conference in Minneapolis, Minn., sponsored by the AWWA Grading Schedule Com. The committee was appointed in late 1972 “to work in cooperation with the committee on grading schedule of the advisory engineering council; to review the grading schedule to determine its impact and application on water‐utility design, practice, and operation; and to assemble and disseminate information on related matters.” The purpose of the discussion, centered on experiences in Birmingham, Ala., Champaign, III., and Kansas City, Mo., was to stimulate questions and responses and provide input for committee action.
The Effects of a New Grading Schedule on an Illinois Water Utility
Authors: Shierry Robert S.
Published: February 2018

The Northern Illinois Water Corporation is an investor owned water utility and provides service to Urbana, Savoy, Bondville, the University of Illinois, and the area around these communities in addition to Champaign, Illinois. The area is served by eight fire departments, as well as five volunteer fire departments in the outlying area. The three major effects of grading schedule changes were rate of fire flow, duration of fire flow, and fire hydrant spacing.
Water Rates—An Evaluation of Options
Authors: Mann Patrick C.
Published: February 2018

The optimum rate structure depends on the criteria that are imposed in the rate‐determination process. Various rate‐structure options, such as flat charges, block rates, demand rates, and social pricing, are discussed with regard to cost of service, efficiency, equity, and feasibility. Such categories of criteria are neither absolute nor totally compatible; the selection and application of criteria for the development of a rate structure involves value judgements.
The Impact of Demand Modification
Authors: Kim Jae R. , McCuen Richard H.
Published: February 2018

Demand modification, a program that encourages reduced water consumption, seems to be the most feasible alternative to reducing the present trend of spiraling increases in water demand. Demand modification offers an opportunity to reduce both residential and commercial water demand by more than 30 per cent. These changes in demand may occur at the critical price, the flat rate price, or the price at the minimum quantity demanded. Such changes must be considered in water‐demand forecasting and in assessing the impact of demand‐modification programs.
Tomorrow's Rate Structures Today
Authors: Phillips Robert V.
Published: February 2018

In the changing social and economic climate of today, utility rate structures are a popular concern. The three major approaches to rate setting are rates based on historical costs, rates based on true cost, and rates based on social and political considerations. To deal with the myriad of pressures in the rate‐making process, the utility manager must understand old and new rate philosophies and their applicability to his system.
Notes and Comments—Analysis of Unaccounted‐for‐Water
Authors: Keller Charles W.
Published: February 2018

Subsequent to publication of the article “Analysis of Unaccounted‐for Water” by the author in the Mar. 1976 JOURNAL, the following additional information was developed.
Engineering and Research Programs of CIPRA
Authors: Smith W. Harry
Published: February 2018

CIPRA, a non‐profit research and engineering group, has investigated the many aspects of underground pipe environment, including corrosion protection and control, stray direct current analysis, loads caused by expansive soils, frost penetration and seismic occurrences.
Conventional Lime Soda Ash Softening vs Split Treatment at the Owosso, Mich., Water‐Treatment Plant
Authors: Singhal Ashok K.
Published: February 2018

In its 1970 expansion, Owosso adopted conventional lime–soda‐ash softening followed by recarbonation. The result: maintenance problems arose with sludge deposits in the recarbonation basin and the filter‐influent piping with substantial loss in filter efficiency index. In 1973 operation was changed from conventional to split treatment. Results were phenomenal.
Determination of Element Impurities in Water‐Treatment Chemicals
Authors: Altree‐Williams S. , Lewis K.W.
Published: February 2018

A method based on X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry has been developed to determine minor elements in solid water‐treatment chemicals. Elements (potassium and heavier elements) are detected from the qualitative X‐ray scan. Measurement of an element in all chemicals is done from a standard made up in one chemical only.
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson E.F.
Published: February 2018

Following graduation from Manhattan College with a Bachelor of Civil Engrg. degree and graduate studies in sanitary engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ., James J. Corbalis Jr. began what was to become a notable career in the water‐supply f ield. His first employment was with Wiley& Wilson, Consulting Engineers, in Lynchburg, Va., as a design engineer. He later became a sanitation of f icer for the Virginia State Dept. of Health, followed by a position as sanitary engineer for the County of Fairfax (Virginia.)

During WWII he served as an ensign with the US Navy, Civil Engrg. corps. After being discharged, he became a Consulting engineer for the Fairfax County Planning Com., then sanitary engineer for the County of Fairfax, and later engineer‐director for the City of Alexandria San. Auth. He presently is engineer‐director for the Fairfax County Water Auth.

Mr. Corbalis has a long list of professional affiliations which include: certified professional engr. (Civil), Virginia; honorary member, AWWA; diplomate, American Academy of Envir. Engrs.; member and past President, Virginia Soc. of Professional Engrs.; member and pastdirector. Natl. Soc. of Professional Engrs.; member and past chairman, Virginia Sect., AWWA; member and past President, Virginia Water Pollution Control Assn.; and member and past President, Virginia Water Pollution Control Assn.; and member and past President, Virginia Water and Sewer Auths. Assn. He is also a member of the Interstate Com. on the Potomac River Basin, and a member of the Technical Advisory Com., Water Resources Planning Bd., Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments.

In the following article, AWWA Exec. Dir. Eric Johnson questions Mr. Corbalis about the Fairfax County Water Auth. covering such topics as the formation of the authority, discussion of their Operations, water rights, rate setting, public relations efforts, and labor‐management relations.
CRT Displays—Solving Tomorrow's Water‐Distribution‐Control Problems Today
Authors: Gant John H.
Published: February 2018

The experience of the California Dept. of Water Resources with its State Water Project control System is used to demonstrate the application of cathode‐ray‐tube (CRT) devices and their adaptability.
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson E.F. , Patterson H.S.
Published: February 2018

In the following interview, Mr. Patterson answers questions asked by AWWA Exec. Dir. Eric Johnson concerning the Elizabethtown Water Co. Some of the areas touched upon include: basic management philosophy, advertising practices, employee salaries and unionization, training programs, and environmentalism.
VIEW POINT
Authors: Sloan Garrett , Gray Melvin W.
Published: February 2018

In 1974 studies organized and funded by the Research Foundation of the American Water Works Association focused on assessing and assigning priorities to research needs, especially taste and odor problems. Too much research has been of limited value and geared to specific enforcement activities by EPA.
Legal Counsel for Survival Through Troubled Water
Authors: Sawtelle Robert , Peterson Thomas H.
Published: February 2018

The use of legal counsel by a water‐utility is important to the utility's smooth operation in the face of such concerns as employment and discharge of personnel, union contracts, termination of service, and resolutions of the governing board.
Viruses in Water Supply
Authors: Fenters James D. , Reed Josephine M.
Published: February 2018

In comparison with information concerning bacterial contamination of water supplies, much less is known about viruses in water because few water systems determine the presence of viral pollutants in their supplies, although various techniques exist for delineating the presence of viruses. A summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques is given along with the recommendations of APHA concerning detection and control of waterborne viruses.
The Evolution of the Multi‐Jet Sleeve Valve
Authors: Watson William W.
Published: February 2018

The Metropolitan Water Dist. of Southern California has found the multi‐jet sleeve valve for the reduction of hydraulic gradient to be a versatile and reliable performer.
The Arguments Against Bidding for Professional Services
Authors: Rice Leonard
Published: February 2018

Bidding for professional services may result in cost savings and open competition, but selection procedures based on the experience, availability, and professional competence of the firms involved are a more realistic approach.
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson E. F. , Robinson J. L.
Published: February 2018

In the following interview J.L. Robinson, director of the Fort Worth (Texas) Water Dept., answers questions asked by Eric Johnson, executive director of AWWA. Some of the points discussed include: the history of the Fort Worth Water Dept., water rates, capital improvements programs, community relations, employee relations, energy considerations, and research programs.

Mr. Robinson received a BS degree in chemical engineering from the Univ. of Texas and is a registered professional engineer. He is a member of WPCF and a life member of AWWA. In 1967 he received the William D. Hatfield Award, and in 1975 he received the Arthur Sidney Bedell Award. He has held several regional and national offices in the water, wastewater, and pollution control fields.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Weand Barron L.
Published: February 2018

This comment pertains to an article that appeared in the Jan. 1977 Journal AWWA authored by Stephen R. Jenkins and Richard C. Moore and entitled “A Proposed Modification to the Classical Method of Calculating Alkalinity in Natural Waters.”
The Future of Small Community Water Systems
Authors: Wubbena Robert L.
Published: February 2018

With the passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) the future of small community water systems has been discussed. Government's responsibility is to help the systems become established and ensure the safety and reliability of the water served. The federal government should not become involved in either the management or financing of the operation of water systems.
Public Impact on Site Selection
Authors: Kelley William A. , Cleland James K.
Published: February 2018

The complete presentation of information concerning a water facility's need and development is essential for public cooperation.
An Electron Microscope Study of Asbestiform Fiber Concentrations in Rio Grande Valley Water Supplies
Authors: Oliver Timothy , Murr L.E.
Published: February 2018

No evidence of asbestiform fiber attributable to A–C pipe could be found for New Mexico water systems.
Industry View of Demand Metering
Authors: De Longe Harry C.
Published: February 2018

Open communications between industries and utilities, based on awareness of each others' needs and problems, will give proper analysis of demand metering's impact on individual plants.
Developing Drinking Water Standards
Authors: Tate Carol H. , Trussell R. Rhodes
Published: February 2018

Establishment of water‐quality standards that are effective without restricting new technologies requires dialogue among water‐supply practitioners and regulating agencies.
What Became of Sanitary Engineering?
Authors: Wolman Abel
Published: February 2018

This article explores reflections on changes and repeating patterns from the past in the concept and approach to environmental concerns.
Measurement of Trihalomethane and Precursor Concentration Changes
Authors: Stevens Alan A. , Symons James M.
Published: February 2018

Following from chloroform‐reduction programs, the proper measurement of trihalomethanes is essential to allow the determination of trihalomethane sources and the evaluation of their removal.
Compounds Resistant to Carbon Adsorption in Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Chow D.K. , David M.M.
Published: February 2018

The results of a study of compounds in municipal wastewater that are resistant to carbon‐adsorption treatment are reported with emphasis on organic compounds.
Quantitative Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds by GC–MS
Authors: Lingg Robert D. , Melton Robert G. , Kopfler Frederick C. , Coleman W. Emile , Mitchell Donald E.
Published: February 2018

Some results of the National Organlcs Reconnaissance Survey include quantitative analysis of nine volatile organic compounds by gas‐chromatography–massspectrometry with a computerized data system.
The Winter of 1976–77 in Cincinnati, Ohio
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: February 2018

A record cold spell brought unforeseen difficulties to Cincinnati's water works, prompting a crash program of thawing and repair to maintain services.
Balance in Training for Latin American Water and Wastewater Utilities
Authors: Carefoot Neil F.
Published: February 2018

Guidelines towards achieving adequate training for all water and wastewater personnel are suggested.
Insuring the Water Utility
Authors: Chase Thomas J.
Published: February 2018

Escalating costs of insurance and the inability to buy certain kinds of insurance are of increasing concern. The author outlines insurance cost trends, describes ways to reduce losses in areas of greatest cost, and highlights areas of insurance of particular interest to the water utility industry.
Reducing the Costs of Employee Health Insurance
Authors: Anderson Richard C.
Published: February 2018

The costs for employee health insurance benefits have spiralled in the last few years. The author outlines federal government action to reduce costs and cost‐containment methods that can be used by an individual employer.
A Utility's Preparation for a Major Earthquake
Authors: Anton Walter F.
Published: February 2018

A location on the brink of disaster requires foresight and preparation. One California water utility describes its planning for minimizing the effects of a major earthquake.