bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPLEMENTATION OF LECITHINASE ACTIVITIES BY CLOSELY RELATED PSEUDOMONADS: ITS TAXONOMIC IMPLICATION
Authors: Bates Janice L. , Liu Pinghui V.
Published: January 2020

Bates, Janice
L. (University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Ky.)
and Pinghui V. Liu
. Complementation of lecithinase activities by closely related pseudomonads: its taxonomic implication. J. Bacteriol.
86:
585–592. 1963.—A lecithinase activity was demonstrated by a mixture of cell-free extracts from two strains of closely related pseudomonads, neither of which was able to show this activity when grown alone. One component, from B-2265 (
Pseudomonas aureofaciens
var.
nonliquefaciens
), was heatlabile, nondialyzable, and antigenic. The other component, from 22/3 (
P. fluorescens
), was relatively heat-stable, nondialyzable, and nonantigenic. Antisera produced with the component of B-2265 alone neutralized the activity of the complete enzyme made up with both components, as well as that of similar enzymes of related species, such as
P. aureofaciens, P. chlororaphis
, and
P. fluorescens
. The taxonomic implication of these findings is discussed. The suggestion is made that determination of the serological specificity of an enzyme or its antigenic subunits is a more reliable criterion for establishing relationships of bacterial strains than methods depending on the overall similarity of biochemical activities.
ABSCESS-FORMING FACTOR(S) PRODUCED BY
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
I
Authors: Lam Gow T. , Sweeney Francis J. , Witmer Charlotte M. , Wise Robert I.
Published: January 2020

Lam, Gow
T. (Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.),
Francis J. Sweeney, Jr., Charlotte M. Witmer, and Robert I. Wise
. Abscess-forming factor(s) produced by
Staphylococcus aureus
. I. Collodion bag implantation technique. J. Bacteriol.
86:
611–615. 1963.—A collodion bag with a pore size sufficiently large to permit the diffusion of the staphylococcal extracellular products, but small enough to retain bacterial cells, was developed from a mixture of collodion and flexible collodion. These collodion bags were filled with various staphylococcal components and bacterial cells, and then implanted for 5 days into the peritoneal cavities of Swiss albino mice and four strains of inbred mice. It was found that live organisms, cell wall, and extracellular products promote an abscesslike formation around the collodion bags. The bags were surrounded with a thick layer of fibrous tissue and infiltrated with leukocytes. The exudate was free from bacterial cells. In contrast, no encapsulation occurred when the bags were filled with sterile culture medium, saline, or extracellular products which were free from coagulase after filtration through a Millipore filter.
PROBABLE IDENTITY OF A GROUP D HEMOLYSIN WITH A BACTERIOCINE
Authors: Brock Thomas D. , Davie Joseph M.
Published: January 2020

Brock, Thomas
D. (Indiana University, Bloomington)
and Joseph M. Davie
. Probable identity of a group D hemolysin with a bacteriocine. J. Bacteriol.
86:
708–712. 1963.—All strains of
Streptococcus zymogenes
(
S. faecalis
var.
zymogenes
) produce a bacteriocine which is active against lactic acid bacteria and most other grampositive bacteria. Mutants which have lost the hemolytic characteristic lose at the same time their bacteriocine-producing ability. A strain which was resistant to the bacteriocine but which was nonhemolytic and nonbacteriocinogenic was irradiated, and two hemolytic mutants were isolated from it. These mutants were also bacteriocinogenic. Thus, the two activities are gained or lost together by mutation. Both activities are destroyed by chloroform vapors and are antagonized by lecithin. Both activities are destroyed at the same rate by treatment at 45 C under mildly acid conditions, and both activities are stable when heated in agar. The two activities are produced in parallel during the growth cycle, and disappear in parallel. The possible ecological role of a substance which is both a hemolysin and a bacteriocine is discussed.
BACTERIAL NUCLEOTIDASES
Authors: Kohn J. , Reis J. L.
Published: January 2020

Kohn
, J. (Queen Mary's Hospital, London, England)
and J. L. Reis
. Bacterial nucleotidases. J. Bacteriol.
86:
713–716. 1963.—The 3- and 5- nucleotidase activity in various bacterial species was investigated. Both enzymes were found in bacterial extracts in varying proportions. The nucleotidases were found to be very active in
Proteus vulgaris
, in which organism they were studied in detail. The relative activities, the pH optima, and the effect of metal ions were investigated. It was concluded that bacterial 3- and 5-nucleotidases are distinct and separate enzymes.
KINASES OF
STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS
I
Authors: Moore L. Daneo , O'Kane D. J.
Published: January 2020

Moore, L. Daneo
(University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia)
and D. J. O'Kane
. Kinases of
Streptococcus faecalis
. I. Enzyme localization. J. Bacteriol.
86:
766–772. 1963.—Cell-free extracts of
Streptococcus faecalis
10C1 were found to contain a membrane-associated, particulate hexokinase with activity toward glucose, fructose, mannose, and, to a lesser extent, galactose, gluconate, and mannitol. In addition, the cell cytoplasm contained kinases specific for fructose, mannose, and galactose. No specific kinases were found for gluconate or mannitol, although in the presence of mannitol adenosine triphosphate was utilized by a cytoplasmic fraction. The possibility is discussed that the main pathways of gluconate and mannitol metabolism are oxidation followed by phosphorylation.
TRANSFORMATION OF
BACILLUS SUBTILIS
TO MOTILITY AND PROTOTROPHY: MICROMANIPULATIVE ISOLATION OF BACTERIA OF TRANSFORMED PHENOTYPE
Authors: Stocker B. A. D.
Published: January 2020

Stocker
, B. A. D. (Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, Calif.). Transformation of
Bacillus subtilis
to motility and prototrophy: micromanipulative isolation of bacteria of transformed phenotype. J. Bacteriol.
86:
797–804. 1963.—A nonmotile (nonflagellated,
fla
−
)
try
−
strain of
Bacillus subtilis
was transformed to
fla
+
and to
try
+
by wild - type deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at comparable rates. Bacteria of
fla
+
phenotype were recognized by their motility approximately 3 hr after uptake of DNA, and bacteria of
try
+
phenotype at about the same time by their elongation into filaments in a medium lacking tryptophan. Of phenotypically transformed bacteria of each sort isolated by micromanipulation, the majority produced only transformed progeny, a mixture of transformed and untransformed, or a mixture of two kinds of transformant. Some produced only untransformed progeny, or progeny transformed only at a locus linked to that concerned in their phenotypic transformation. In a few clones, some partial heterozygotes were present even ten generations after DNA uptake. In nonmotile clones derived from motile isolates, the unilinear transmission of motility to one to four descendants was detected; it is attributed to persistence of a corresponding number of units of some product of an unincorporated
fla
+
gene, probably flagella or cell walls each carrying several flagella. No pedigrees indicating unilinear transmission of an unincorporated
fla
+
gene were observed.
DENATURATION AND RENATURATION OF MALIC DEHYDROGENASE IN A CELL-FREE EXTRACT FROM A MARINE PSYCHROPHILE
Authors: Burton Sheril D. , Morita Richard Y.
Published: January 2020

Burton, SherilD. (Oregon State University, Corvallis),and Richard Y. Morita. Denaturation and renaturation of malic dehydrogenase in a cell-free extract from a marine psychrophile. J. Bacteriol.86:1019–1024. 1963.—Malic dehydrogenase from a marine psychrophilic vibrio (PS 207) was found to be heat-sensitive at 30 C, the maximal growth temperature for the organism. Initial denaturation was reversible, with maximal renaturation occurring when the denatured enzyme was slowly cooled in the presence of mercaptoethanol, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and malate. No renaturation occurred when these compounds were added after slow cooling, or when the renaturation mixture was rapidly cooled. Mercaptoethylamine, cysteine, glutathione, or mercaptoacetic acid could not replace mercaptoethanol. The kinetics of denaturation and renaturation suggest the presence of several malic isozymes each with different heat labilities, or that these processes are occurring in several distinct steps.
DIALYSIS FLASK FOR CONCENTRATED CULTURE OF MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Gerhardt Philipp , Gallup D. M.
Published: January 2020

Gerhardt, Philipp
(The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor),
and D. M. Gallup
. Dialysis flask for concentrated culture of microorganisms. J. Bacteriol
86:
919–929. 1963.—A twin-chambered dialysis flask was designed with a supported membrane clamped between a reservoir of medium in the bottom and a small volume of culture above, the unit being mounted on a shaking machine to provide aeration and agitation. The performance of different dialysis membranes and membrane filters was compared in glucose-diffusion and bacterial-culture tests. Some of the variables in dialysis culture were assessed and the growth response was characterized, with
Serratia marcescens
as the test organism. The general usefulness and concentrating effect of dialysis culture were demonstrated in trials with 16 representative types of microorganisms. Dialysis culture was shown to be especially suitable for producing dense populations of cells or their macromolecular products in an environment free from complex medium constituents, for removing toxic products that limit growth or fermentation, and for supplying oxygen by diffusion without the damage from usual aeration procedures.
β-ETHYLMALATE SYNTHETASE
Authors: Rabin Robert , Reeves Henry C. , Ajl Samuel J.
Published: January 2020

Rabin, Robert
(Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa.),
Henry C. Reeves, and Samuel J. Ajl
. β-Ethylmalate synthetase. J. Bacteriol.
86:
937–944. 1963.—
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, when grown in an inorganic salts medium with butyrate as the sole carbon source, produced an enzyme which catalyzed the condensation of butyryl coenzyme A (CoA) and glyoxylate to form β-ethylmalic acid. Maximal activity was found in the 40 to 60% (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
fraction of cell-free extracts. Mg
++
was stimulatory, and the optimal pH was 8.0 to 8.5. β-Ethylmalic acid-
C
14
was demonstrable in paper chromatograms when either glyoxylate-
1-C
14
or butyryl CoA-
3-C
14
was included in complete systems incubated anaerobically. When either glyoxylate, butyryl CoA, or enzyme was omitted, β-ethylmalate was not detected. Further evidence that β-ethylmalic acid-
C
14
was the product of the condensation of butyryl CoA-
3-C
14
and nonlabeled glyoxylate was provided by synthesis of the derivative 5-ethyluracil-
C
14
. The derivative was recrystallized to constant specific activity and identified by its melting point and spectral properties.
INHIBITION OF THE PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISM
MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM
BY CERTAIN POLYENE ANTIFUNGAL ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: Lampen J. Oliver , Gill James W. , Arnow Peter M. , Magana-Plaza I.
Published: January 2020

Lampen, J. Oliver
(Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.),
James W. Gill, Peter M. Arnow, and I. Magana-Plaza
. Inhibition of the pleuropneumonia-like organism
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
by certain polyene antifungal antibiotics. J. Bacteriol.
86:
945–949. 1963.—The growth of
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
, a sterol-requiring pleuropneumonia-like organism (PPLO), was inhibited by certain polyene antifungal antibiotics at the following concentrations: filipin, 0.5 μg/ml; amphotericin B, 3 μg/ml; and fungichromin, 10 μg/ml. The inhibition of the organism was due to fungicidal action of the polyenes rather than to decreased availability of the sterol. The PPLO rapidly bound nystatin (NY), but was relatively insensitive to this antifungal agent or to
N
-acetyl-candidin (NAC). Even with a comparatively small inoculum, 100 μg of NY per ml or 50 μg of NAC per ml, were required to inhibit growth. In contrast,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, growing under similar conditions, was completely inhibited by 3 μg of NY or NAC per ml. Filipin, however, was effective against both organisms, inhibiting PPLO and yeast at 0.5 μg/ml and 3 μg/ml, respectively. The relative insensitivity of PPLO to NY was not the result of protection by the sterol present in the growth medium. These organisms, incubated for 2 hr in sterol-free buffer in the presence of 20 μg of NY per ml showed little, if any, inhibition of growth when transferred to growth medium. Under the same conditions, more than 99% of a yeast suspension was killed. It is suggested that the PPLO are primarily sensitive to the disruptive action on the cell membrane which is characteristic of the smaller polyenes (34 to 37 carbon atoms).
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ALPHA-HEMOLYSIN II
Authors: Marucci Americo A.
Published: January 2020

Marucci, Americo
A. (Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, N.Y.). Mechanism of action of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin. II. Analysis of the kinetic curve and inhibition by specific antibody. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1189–1195. 1963.—At least two steps are necessary before the rabbit erythrocyte is lysed by staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin. The first step involves the reaction of alpha-hemolysin with the red cell. The second step, leading to the release of hemoglobin, is an intrinsic reaction of the damaged red cell and takes place without further participation of hemolysin. The speed of this intrinsic reaction is temperature-dependent. Erythrocytes taken from the same rabbit do not vary in their susceptibility to the alpha-hemolysin. From the results of the experiments described herein, a preliminary hypothesis on the mechanism of action of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin is given.
INDUCTION OF LACTOSE UTILIZATION IN
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: McClatchy J. K. , Rosenblum E. D.
Published: January 2020

McClatchy
, J. K. (The University of Texas, Dallas),
and E. D. Rosenblum
. Induction of lactose utilization in
Staphylococcus aureus
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1211–1215. 1963.—Adaptation to the utilization of lactose by
Staphylococcus aureus
has been compared with that by
Escherichia coli
. Lactose and galactose were found to be efficient inducers of the β-galactosidase and the postulated galactoside-permease of
S. aureus
; the thiogalactosides, active as gratuitous inducers for
E. coli
, were inactive and inhibited induction of staphylococci by lactose and galactose. Mutants lacking β-galactosidase or galactoside-permease, as well as a constitutive mutant for lactose utilization, were isolated. Like that in
E. coli
, the genetic system of staphylococcus seems to consist of two structural genes for the synthesis of the two enzymes and at least one regulatory gene simultaneously controlling the expression of the structural genes. The mutants were grouped by cross-transduction studies in three loci corresponding to the three phenotypes. Mutants of the pleiotropic locus were also isolated.
RECIPIENT ABILITY OF
SALMONELLA TYPHOSA
IN GENETIC CROSSES WITH
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Johnson E. M. , Falkow Stanley , Baron L. S.
Published: January 2020

Johnson
, E. M. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.),
Stanley Falkow, and L. S. Baron
. Recipient ability of
Salmonella typhosa
in genetic crosses with
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
54–60. 1964.—
Salmonella typhosa
strain 643WS
r
was mated with
Escherichia coli
Hfr strains W1895 and Hayes, with single marker selection for the
E. coli
genes
lac
+
(lactose utilization) and
ara
+
(arabinose utilization). Four classes of
Salmonella
hybrids were obtained, each class possessing one marker derived from one
E. coli
parent. In a series of eight genetic crosses, in which each hybrid class was remated with each of the Hfr strains, recipient ability of the hybrids was increased only when their substituted
E. coli
genetic section matched the lead region of the Hfr chromosome. Data obtained from replica plating indicated that the
S. typhosa
643WS
r
population is probably homogeneous with respect to its initial ability to mate with
E. coli
. Transfer of the
F-lac
element was found to occur only slightly less efficiently from an
E. coli
F′ donor to
S. typhosa
than it did to an
E. coli
F
−
strain. This indicated that
E. coli
is able to conjugate almost as effectively with
S. typhosa
as it does intraspecifically. However, failure to detect β-galactosidase production by merozygotes derived from an
E. coli
Hfr W1895 ×
S. typhosa
mating indicated that transfer of chromosomal
lac
+
may be impaired.
GENETIC LINKAGE OF MUTATIONAL SITES AFFECTING SIMILAR CHARACTERS IN PNEUMOCOCCUS AND STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Ravin Arnold W. , De Sa Joscelyn D. H.
Published: January 2020

Ravin, ArnoldW. (University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y.),and Joscelyn D. H. De Sa. Genetic linkage of mutational sites affecting similar characters in pneumococcus and streptococcus. J. Bacteriol.87:86–96. 1964.—By interspecific transformation, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) determinants conferring resistance to high levels of streptomycin in pneumococcus were found to be allelic with DNA determinants conferring low levels of streptomycin resistance in the Challis and NBSI strains of streptococcus. The reciprocal transformation (low resistance pneumococcus × high resistance streptococcus) led to the same conclusion. In addition, determinants controlling resistance to erythromycin in pneumococcus and the Challis strain of streptococcus were found to become closely linked after interspecific transformation. Modifier genes influencing the phenotype conferred by mutations at the streptomycin-resistance locus differentiate species to a certain extent. The results demonstrate that transformations between pneumococcus and streptococcus are not due to episomes, but involve recombinational events in which genetic material of the host species is replaced by homologous material that performed a similar function in the donor species.
PATHWAYS OF GLUCOSE CATABOLISM IN
BACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: Goldman Manuel , Blumenthal Harold J.
Published: January 2020

Goldman, Manuel
(The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor),
and Harold J. Blumenthal
. Pathways of glucose catabolism in
Bacillus cereus
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
377–386. 1964.—Estimates by a radiorespirometric method of the pathways of glucose catabolism of resting-cell suspensions of
Bacillus cereus
strain terminalis indicate that the Embden-Meyerhof pathway predominates at every stage of development, including the sporogenic and germinative phases. At the filamentous, granular, forespore, and transitional stages, 98% of the glucose was catabolized by the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, and the remainder by the hexose monophosphate oxidative pathway. Estimates of the pathways in resting spore-suspensions arrested at defined stages of development indicate that 20% of the glucose was catabolized through the hexose monophosphate pathway in germinated spores, and 10% in the swollen and elongated stages of postgermination. In cells which had completed the first cell division, the figure fell to about 2%, a level similar to that found for vegetative cells at later stages of development. The key Embden-Meyerhof enzymes, hexokinase, phosphohexoisomerase, phosphofructokinase, and aldolase, as well as several other enzymes, were present at all stages of germination and postgerminative development, supporting the radioisotopic data obtained with whole cells. As indicated by the release of C
14
O
2
from glucose-
6-C
14
, terminal respiration of resting-cell suspensions operates maximally in vegetative cells at the granular, fore-spore, and transitional stages. There was marked inhibition of terminal respiration during the development of spores into vegetative cells. Only slight activity occurred in the earliest vegetative stages, and maximal operation developed after about ten cell divisions. Fumarase was absent in spores until sometime late in the elongation stage. At this point, a weak but definite activity appeared which increased during later stages of development so that, by the end of about the sixth cell division, fumarase had a specific activity about 80 times that observed at elongation.
ROOT NODULE SYMBIOSIS I. L
Authors: Silver Warren S.
Published: January 2020

Silver, Warren
S. (University of Florida, Gainesville). Root nodule symbiosis. I. Endophyte of
Myrica cerifera
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
416–421. 1964.—Electron microscopy of 0.1-μ thick sections of root nodules, fixed with permanganate and embedded with methacrylate, showed that infected plant cells were filled with a mycelial endophyte. The endophyte was filamentous, 1 μ in diameter, septate, and had an enlarged, club-shaped terminus. Although structurally the endophyte strongly resembles an actinomycete, it was not isolated in pure culture on a variety of appropriate media.
COMPARISON OF SOME PROPERTIES OF
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
ISOLATED FROM INFECTIONS IN PERSONS WITH AND WITHOUT CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: Doggett Robert G. , Harrison Gunyon M. , Wallis Everett S.
Published: January 2020

Doggett, Robert
G. (Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research, Houston),
Gunyon M. Garrison, and Everett S. Wallis
. Comparison of some properties of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
isolated from infections in persons with and without cystic fibrosis. J. Bacteriol.
87:
427–431. 1964.—
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, isolated from the respiratory tract of a group of patients diagnosed as having cystic fibrosis (CF) of the pancreas, attained the ability to produce in its capsule a material which was insoluble in certain organic solvents, such as ethanol. The capsule obtained from
P. aeruginosa
isolated from infected individuals who did not have CF was ethanol-soluble. This alcohol-insoluble mucoid from the CF
P. aeruginosa
could be demonstrated to persist after sequential subcultures of this organism. The relative viscosity and carbohydrate moiety of this insoluble mucoid fraction of
P. aeruginosa
from individuals with CF differed from that of the non-CF
P. aeruginosa
soluble mucoid fraction.
INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS VIRUS REPLICATION, CYTOPATHOLOGY, AND PLAQUE FORMATION IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF NUCLEIC ACID ANALOGUES
Authors: Stevens Jack G. , Groman Neal B.
Published: January 2020

Stevens, Jack
G. (University of Washington, Seattle),
and Neal B. Groman
. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus replication, cytopathology, and plaque formation in the presence and absence of nucleic acid analogues. J. Bacteriol.
87:
446–453. 1964.—Cytopathology induced by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus was correlated with the one-step growth cycle. Nuclear alterations, including the development of inclusion bodies, preceded the appearance of virus. It was found that similar effects occurred in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR), compounds which depress the yield of “standard” virus from a range of 116 to 500 to less than 0.5 plaque-forming units per cell. As with known members of the herpesvirus group, IBR virus plaques developed and enlarged indefinitely in the presence of specific antibody. An analysis of the mechanism operative in this process was undertaken. The evidence suggested that neither viral nor subviral particles capable of replicating “standard” virus passed between cells during the first 8 hr of infection. This is the time preceding the release of extracellular virus from initially infected cells. With BUDR and FUDR, it was shown that plaques also developed in this system in the virtual absence of production of “standard” infectious virus. However, a class of analogue-dependent virus was found which may have been at least partly responsible for plaque formation in the analogue-treated system. The relative contributions of subviral particles or of a self-sustaining molecular disorganization to the process have not been completely assessed as yet.
CONTINUOUS IN VITRO CULTIVATION OF SPHERULES OFCOCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS
Authors: Breslau Abraham M. , Kubota Mike Y.
Published: January 2020

Breslau, AbrahamM. (Veterans Administration Center and University of California Los Angeles Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, Calif.), and Mike Y. Kubota. Continuous in vitro cultivation of spherules ofCoccidioides immitis. J. Bacteriol.87:468–472. 1964.—Spherules ofCoccidioides immitiswere grown in vitro in continuous culture for more than 4 years. Cultures were grown in modified Converse medium in a modified Lubarsky and Plunkett culture tube incubated at 40 C under increased CO2tension. Spherules that had transformed from hyphae were freed from mycelial fragments, and were allowed to settle to the bottom of the tube. The mycelium which normally degenerated at 40 C was removed repeatedly with a syringe and needle until the culture was almost pure spherules. For continuous culture, 10 to 12 ml of old medium were removed, and were replaced by fresh medium previously bubbled with a mixture of 20% carbon dioxide and 80% air.
STORAGE OF
MYCOPLASMA
STRAINS
Authors: Kelton William H.
Published: January 2020

Kelton, William
H. (National Animal Disease Laboratory, Ames, Iowa). Storage of
Mycoplasma
strains. J. Bacteriol.
87:
588–592. 1964.—Survival of
Mycoplasma
strains (19 of avian origin, 3 human, 3 canine, and 1 saprophyte) in the lyophilized state and at various storage temperatures was studied. The effect of alternate freezing and thawing was also studied. All strains survived the freeze-drying process and at least 3 or 4 years of storage in the lyophilized state. At −26 C, they survived for at least 10 months, but changes were noted in colony size and growth rate of cultures stored longer than 10 months. At −65 C, however, there was little loss in viable numbers from 12 months of storage, and no changes in the organisms were apparent. There was considerable variation from strain to strain in resistance to alternate freezing and thawing. Of 16 strains tested, 13 withstood the freezing and thawing better than did the bacterium
Escherichia coli
. At 5 C, again, there was considerable variation in survival between strains. The saprophytic strain, C-15, showed no apparent loss after 9 weeks at 5 C. Most other strains showed rather rapid loss of viable numbers when stored at 5 C.
NATURE OF THE DETERMINANT CONTROLLING PENICILLINASE PRODUCTION INSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Harmon Shirley A. , Baldwin Jack N.
Published: January 2020

Harmon, ShirleyA. (Ohio State University, Columbus),and Jack N. Baldwin. Nature of the determinant controlling penicillinase production inStaphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol.87:593–597. 1964.—From three penicillinase-producing strains ofStaphylococcus aureus38 penicillin-sensitive mutants were isolated. With phages 80 and 53 of the International Typing Series, each of these mutants was a competent recipient of the penicillinase marker from the parent strains. Although numerous reciprocal transductions were performed between penicillin-sensitive mutants, no penicillinase-producing recombinants were observed. Reversion of the penicillinase-negative mutants to capacity to produce penicillinase was never observed. When tested for 50 distinctive physiological characteristics, the mutants generally were similar to the parent strains except for resistance to penicillin. One penicillin-sensitive mutant failed to produce detectable amounts of five exoenzymes. By treating resistant strains with acridine orange, it was possible to isolate sensitive strains at a frequency that was 60 times greater than the spontaneous mutation rate. Thus, the determinant controlling the capacity of strains ofS. aureusto produce penicillinase appears to be a cytoplasmic element.
FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE REDUCTASE FROM
SALMONELLA GALLINARUM
Authors: Zancan Glaci T. , Bacila Metry
Published: January 2020

Zancan, Glaci
T. (Universidade do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil),
and Metry Bacila
. Fructose-6-phosphate reductase from
Salmonella gallinarum
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
614–618. 1964.—A fructose-6-phosphate reductase present in cell-free extracts of
Salmonella gallinarum
was purified approximately 42 times. The optimal pH for this enzyme is 8.0. The enzyme is specific for fructose-6-phosphate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The dissociation constants are 1.78 × 10
−4
m
for fructose-6-phosphate and 8.3 × 10
−5
m
for NADH. The Q
10
, reaction order, and equilibrium constant were determined. The enzyme is sensitive to
p
-chloromercuribenzoic acid, but not to
o
-iodosobenzoic acid nor to
N
-ethylmaleimide.
CELL-WALL COMPOSITION AND OSMOTIC FRAGILITY OF SELECTED MARINE BACTERIA
Authors: Sud I. J. , Tyler M. E.
Published: January 2020

Sud
, I. J. (University of Florida, Gainesville),
and M. E. Tyler
. Cell-wall composition and osmotic fragility of selected marine bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
87:
696–700. 1964.—Cell-wall composition of three marine pseudomonads, selected to represent a spectrum of osmotic fragilities, was determined and compared with that of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. The walls of the marine bacteria were composed predominantly of lipoprotein. No sugars, except glucosamine, were detected, and the reducing values were similar to the respective hexosamine values. These varied from 0.9 to 1.8%, the most osmotically fragile marine bacterium possessing the lowest amount of hexosamine in the wall. Possible relationship between wall hexosamine content and osmotic fragility was indicated.
SPECIFIC, SOLUBLE FACTOR INVOLVED IN SEXUAL AGGLUTINATION OF THE YEAST
HANSENULA WINGEI
Authors: Taylor Neil W.
Published: January 2020

Taylor, Neil
W. (Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Ill.). Specific, soluble factor involved in sexual agglutination of the yeast
Hansenula wingei
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
863–866. 1964.—A factor was liberated by snail enzymes from unisexual mating type 5 of
Hansenula wingei
NRRL Y-2340. This factor is the (or a) factor on type 5 involved in sexual agglutination of
H. wingei
because it agglutinates only the active opposite mating type; it is absorbed appreciably only by the active opposite mating type; and it is inactivated by a mercaptan, the same agent which inactivates sexual agglutination in type 5. The sedimentation rate of the factor, 31 Svedbergs, indicates it to be soluble.
INFLUENCE OF NONIONIC SURFACTANTS ON BACTERIOPHAGE INFECTIONS
Authors: Rose Michael J. , Aron Stephen A. , Janicki Bernard W.
Published: January 2020

Rose, Michael J., Jr.
(Veterans Administration Hospital, Washington, D.C.),
Stephen A. Aron, and Bernard W. Janicki
. Influence of nonionic surfactants on bacteriophage infections. I. Effect of Triton WR-1339 on T
2
coliphage infection. J. Bacteriol.
87:
933–938. 1964.—Plaques formed by T
2
phage on cultures of
Escherichia coli
strain B from nutrient broth which contained 0.5% Triton WR-1339 were considerably smaller than those formed on cultures from control broth. Pretreatment of phage particles with Triton did not result in small plaques. Results of population studies showed that treated and control cultures had the same growth rates. Similarly, characteristic physiological reactions of treated cultures were the same as those of the controls. Investigation of the phage growth cycle demonstrated that neither the adsorptive phase nor the latent period was affected by cultivation of the host in Triton. However, the burst size of treated cultures was significantly less than that of control cultures. Analysis of the one-step growth curve data showed that Triton did not inhibit bursting of infected cells. It was concluded that the smaller plaque size was a reflection of a reduced yield of mature virulent phage particles from the Triton-treated cultures.
RELATION OF PYROGENIC AND EMETIC PROPERTIES OF ENTEROBACTERIACEAL ENDOTOXIN AND OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN
Authors: Martin William J. , Marcus Stanley
Published: January 2020

Martin, William
J. (College of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City),
and Stanley Marcus
. Relation of pyrogenic and emetic properties of enterobacteriaceal endotoxin and of staphylococcal enterotoxin. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1019–1026. 1964.—The pyrogenic, endotoxic fraction of enterobacteriaceal organisms, isolated in a relatively impure or purified state, is both pyrogenic in rabbits and cats as well as emeticogenic in cats in microgram amounts. Employing classical methods for preparation of enterobacteriaceal endotoxin from known enterotoxic strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
yielded preparations with less than one-hundredth the activity of the enterobacteriaceal material. However, a purified enterotoxin material from an
S. aureus
strain, with protein-like rather than polysaccharidelike properties, was found to be both pyrogenic and emeticogenic in microgram amounts. These results suggest the probability that the enterobacteriaceal pyrogenemetic substance(s) is a significant part of the whole cell, whereas the staphylococcal enterotoxin is elaborated as a metabolic product which apparently does not accumulate in the whole cell.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURES ABOVE THE MAXIMUM FOR GERMINATION ON THE ENDOSPORE OF
BACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: Knaysi Georges
Published: January 2020

Knaysi, Georges
(Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.). Effects of temperatures above the maximum for germination on the endospore of
Bacillus cereus
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1129–1136. 1964.—This is chiefly a study of heat activation and of the instability observed in spores of
Bacillus cereus
exposed to high temperatures. Temperatures up to 80 C for periods up to 6 hr were used. The spores were in colonies grown on collodion films, and were observed with the phase microscope, in dark contrast, for any evidence of change in their optical properties, the structure of their spodograms, and any other evidence of germination or growth. Exposure of the endospores to 80 C for 4 hr or more, whether in distilled water or in glucose broth, entirely eliminated stage II (
i.e
. the germcell stage, when the germinating spore begins to grow), and also tended to render the spores unstable and to produce uniformly dark spodograms. This instability involves some destructive processes and is not equivalent to normal entry into stage I (the initial stage). True heat-activation seemed to take place at a stage prior to the one which yielded uniformly dark spodograms. It was shown to consist of two factors: accumulation of germination-promoting components of the medium and activation of some spore components involved in germination. Activation of the medium components by preheating did not stimulate the spores of the strain employed. Unstable or activated spores can not be instantaneously stabilized, deactivated, or their changes arrested by exposure to acid buffers. It is concluded that the optimal temperature for activation, without danger of injury to the spore, in a given strain, is just above the maximum for stage I in that strain.
FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH OF
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
L FORMS ON SEMIDEFINED MEDIUM
Authors: Banville Robert R.
Published: January 2020

Banville, Robert
R. (The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C.). Factors affecting growth of
Staphylococcus aureus
L forms on semidefined medium. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1192–1197. 1964.—A semidefined agar medium was found suitable for production and cultivation of the L form of
Staphylococcus aureus
. In semidefined liquid medium, growth of the L form took place in the form of a sediment containing large masses of cells, but heavy and diffuse growth occurred in the same medium with 0.05% agar. The optimal pH for L-colony formation on solid medium was 6.5. More L colonies developed on 0.75% agar than at higher agar concentrations. L colonies developed in greater numbers on pour plates than on streak plates, and in some cases more L colonies appeared under anaerobic incubation. L-colony formation appeared to be inhibited by sodium citrate. The vitamin requirements of the L forms studied were similar to those of the classical form.
INCORPORATION OF THYMIDINE AND AMINO ACIDS INTO DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID AND ACID-INSOLUBLE CELL STRUCTURES IN PNEUMOCOCCAL CULTURES SYNCHRONIZED FOR COMPETENCE TO TRANSFORM
Authors: Ephrussi-Taylor Harriett , Freed Barbara A.
Published: January 2020

Ephrussi-Taylor, Harriett
(Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio),
and Barbara A. Freed
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1211–1215. 1964.—Pneumococcal cultures, in which competence to transform develops in an acute, synchronous fashion toward the end of growth of the cultures, show an arrest in lysine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble residues during the competent period. Thymidine incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid is momentarily halted after the development of maximal competence. It is suggested that competence is associated with a brief arrest of normal cell-wall synthesis.
COMPARISON OF CYTOCHROMES IN MYCOBACTERIA GROWN IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Authors: Kusaka Takashi , Sato Ryo , Shoji Ko
Published: January 2020

Kusaka, Takashi
(National Institute for Leprosy Research, Tokyo, Japan),
Ryo Sato, and Ko Shoji
. Comparison of cytochromes in mycobacteria grown in vitro and in vivo. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1383–1388. 1964.—Spectrophotometric investigations were made on cell suspensions or particulate fractions of four species of mycobacteria which had been cultivated in vitro. The results obtained indicated the presence in
Mycobacterium smegmatis
of cytochromes of the
a, b
1
, and
c
types, as well as a CO-binding pigment similar to cytochrome
o
; in BCG and
M. avium
, cytochromes of the
a, b
, and
c
types were present; and, in
M. paratuberculosis
, cytochromes of the
a, b
1
, and
c
types were present. Although no clear interrelations were evident between the cytochrome patterns of these organisms and the ease with which they can be cultivated in vitro, it was found that the total reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase activity of the particulate fraction was remarkably low in
M. paratuberculosis
, which can be grown in vitro only with great difficulty. The cells of BCG grown in vivo and those of
M. lepraemurium
isolated from leprous nodules of mice were found to be completely deficient in cytochrome pigments.
REVERSAL BY FERRIC IRON OF SERUM INHIBITION OF RESPIRATION AND GROWTH OFBACILLUS SUBTILIS
Authors: Bornside George H. , Merritt Christopher B. , Weil Alice C.
Published: January 2020

Bornside, GeorgeH. (Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans),Christopher B. Merritt, and Alice C. Weil. Reversal by ferric iron of serum inhibition of respiration and growth ofBacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol.87:1443–1451. 1964.—The inhibitory effect of serum and serum fractions on oxygen consumption byBacillus subtiliswas assayed manometrically; the inhibitory effect on growth was measured by a tube dilution assay, pour plates, and turbidimetrically. Although rabbit serum possessed high antirespiratory and bactericidal activity, a two-fold dilution of serum eliminated antirespiratory activity, but did not affect bactericidal activity. The bactericidal effect of rabbit serum was detected immediately upon mixture of serum and bacilli, but the antirespiratory effect was usually discernible after 2 hr. By these methods of assay, there was no statistically significant association between bactericidal and antirespiratory activities. This lack of close association between antirespiratory and bactericidal activities of serum was attributed to basic differences in the assay procedures, because bacterial growth during the manometric procedure itself was proportional to oxygen consumption. In these latter experiments, therefore, serum antirespiratory activity was proportional to serum bactericidal activity. Alcoholic fractionation of serum indicated that the antirespiratory agent was a globulin, but study of globulins from man and animals failed to identify any single globulin consistently as the antirespiratory agent. However, a highly purified preparation of human 7S γ-globulin exhibited the greatest specific antirespiratory activity, as well as completely inhibiting growth and respiration. Antirespiratory activity was slightly diminished after rabbit serum was heated at 56 C for 30 min, and appeared to be related to levels of unsaturated transferrin. Reversal of antirespiratory activity was obtained by addition of iron in excess of the amount needed to saturate transferrin; no reversal was obtained with aluminum, magnesium, manganese, copper, cobalt, or zinc. The effect of iron was on the serum and not on the bacilli. Oxygen consumption byB. subtiliswas actually stimulated by highly purified rabbit transferrin. The antirespiratory agent was a serum globulin which was heat-stable and inactivated by iron, but was not transferrin.
DEVELOPMENT OF L-TYPE GROWTH IN
NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE
CULTURES
Authors: Dienes Louis , Bandur Bojana M. , Madoff Sarabelle
Published: January 2020

Dienes, Louis
(Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass.),
Bojana M. Bandur, and Sarabelle Madoff
. Development of L-type growth in
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
cultures. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1471–1476. 1964.—Strains of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(22) were studied immediately after isolation from patients. After 24 to 48 hr of incubation, the cocci in the cultures of several strains grew spontaneously into large bodies which later autolyzed. Usually, a secondary growth of cocci started in the autolyzed colonies. Microscopy of the cultures suggested that the cocci were reproduced inside the large bodies or that they originated from tiny L-type colonies. When exposed to penicillin or glycine, all viable cocci grew to large bodies, and after inoculation into the medium many large bodies started to produce L-type colonies. These usually remained small, but their morphology and growth properties corresponded to the early type of L growth. Typical L-type colonies with the usual appearance and structure were observed in two cases, but further cultivation in transfer was not successful.
FINE STRUCTURE OF
BRUCELLA SUIS
SPHEROPLASTS
Authors: Hines William D. , Freeman Bob A. , Pearson Gary R.
Published: January 2020

Hines, William
D. (University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.),
Bob A. Freeman, and Gary R. Pearson
. Fine structure of
Brucella suis
spheroplasts. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1492–1498. 1964.—Spheroplasts of
Brucella suis
, prepared by treatment with penicillin and glycine, and normal cells were sectioned and studied by electron microscopy. These spheroplasts differed from the normal cell in that they were greatly expanded and coccoid in shape. The cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane were more easily demonstrated in the spheroplasts. The cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane of normal cells appeared structureless, but in the spheroplasts both were shown to consist of two dark layers sandwiching a lighter layer. The cytoplasm of the spheroplasts was more dilute than that of normal cells and, in the case of glycine-induced spheroplasts, tended to aggregate.
TRANSFORMATION TO PROTOTROPHY AND POLYGLUTAMIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN
BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS
Authors: Leonard C. Gomez , Mattheis D. K. , Mattheis M. J. , Housewright R. D.
Published: January 2020

Leonard, C. Gomez
(U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), D. K.
Mattheis, M. J. Mattheis, and R. D. Housewright
. Transformation to prototrophy and polyglutamic acid synthesis in
Bacillus licheniformis
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
220–225. 1964.—Growth conditions necessary for transformation to prototrophy of 14 auxotrophs of
Bacillus licheniformis
were studied. The unexpected finding of different growth requirements by each auxotroph for the development of transformable cells is discussed. Under optimal growth conditions for a serine-deficient mutant transformation frequencies of 0.1% were obtained. A medium for transformation of competent cells in liquid suspensions is described. In addition, this report presents evidence for the transformation of three nonencapsulated mutants of
B. licheniformis
for the ability to synthesize polyglutamic acid (capsular material).
NUTRITIONAL MUTATIONS AND TRANSDUCTION BY ULTRAVIOLET-INACTIVATED PHAGE IN
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Carere A. , Spada-Sermonti Isabella
Published: January 2020

Carere, A., and Isabella Spada-Sermonti
(Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy). Nutritional mutations and transduction by ultraviolet-inactivated phage in
Staphylococcus aureus
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
226–232. 1964.—By use of a semisynthetic medium, various nutritional mutants of
Staphylococcus aureus
80 were isolated. Most of them require purine derivatives. From their mutation pattern, it may be inferred that guanine can be converted to both guanilic and adenilic acid, and adenine to the latter only. Guanosine, hypoxanthine, and inosine appear to be intermediate in the synthesis of adenilic acid from exogenous guanine. Transduction of several nutritional markers was obtained by streaking phage 80 obtained from the donor strain onto selective media heavily seeded with the recipient strain. To prevent lysis, the phage was previously ultraviolet-inactivated.
ACTIVATION OF BACTERIAL ENDOSPORES
Authors: Keynan A. , Evenchik Z. , Halvorson H. O. , Hastings J. W.
Published: January 2020

A.
Keynan
(Israel Institute of Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel), Z.
Evenchik, H. O. Halvorson, and J. W. Hastings
. Studies on the activation of bacterial endospores. J. Bacteriol.
88:
313–318. 1964.—Heat activation of bacterial endospores was imitated by suspending spores in reducing agents (mercaptoethanol or thioglycolate) or in a pH less than 4.5. Urea (6
m
) had no effect on spores. In addition to the well-known activation at 65 C for 45 min, spores were also activated by exposure to 34 C for 48 hr. The activation by heat and by reducing agents was reversible; the reverse reaction was temperature-dependent. No reversion occurred at −20 C, whereas at 28 C the spores reversed to their original dormant state within 72 hr.

It is suggested that the heat-activation phenomenon could be explained by assuming that heat or reducing agents change the tertiary structure of a protein responsible for the maintenance of the dormant state by reducing the disulfide linkages which stabilize the protein in a specific configuration. The partial denaturation of this protein is reversible by reoxidation of the reduced disulfide bonds.
EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDES OF
AZOTOBACTER VINELANDII
Authors: Cohen Gary H. , Johnstone Donald B.
Published: January 2020

Cohen, Gary
H. (University of Vermont, Burlington),
and Donald B. Johnstone
. Extracellular polysaccharides of
Azotobacter vinelandii
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
329–338. 1964.—Extracellular polysaccharides synthetized by
Azotobacter vinelandii
strains 155, 102, and 3A were shown to be carboxylic acid heteropolysaccharides of apparent high molecular weight. Cells were grown in a nitrogen-free, mineral broth medium with 2% sucrose. Extracellular slime was recovered by centrifugation and purified by repeated alcohol precipitation and Sevag deproteinization. Capsular polysaccharide was recovered from washed cells by mild alkaline digestion. Methods of isolation and purification appeared to provide polysaccharide showing no evidence of heterogeneity when examined by chemical and physical methods. Infrared analysis of purified slime from the three strains suggested fundamental structural similarities. Colorimetric, paper chromatographic, and enzymatic analyses on both intact and acid-hydrolyzed slime polysaccharide indicated that the polymers contained in common galacturonic acid, [α]
d
-glucose, and rhamnose at a ratio of approximately 43:2:1, as well as a hexuronic acid lactone, probably mannurono-lactone. However, as shown by chemical and infrared analysis, minor differences did exist; namely, slime from strain 155 and 102 contained
o
-acetyl groups, whereas slime from strain 3A contained none. A sialic acid-like component (1.5% of dry weight of the polysaccharide, calculated as
N
-acetyl neuraminic acid), was found only in the slime of strain 155. Capsular polysaccharide composition closely resembled that for slime. It is of interest that the major slime components were identical whether the energy source provided for the cells was sucrose, glucose, fructose, or ethanol.