bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary dynamics of leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinases and related genes in plants: A phylogenomic approach
Authors: Shi Tao , Huang Hongwen , Sanderson Michael J. , Tax Frans E.
Published: February 2014

Leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) receptor‐like kinases (RLKs), evolutionarily related LRR receptor‐like proteins (RLPs) and receptor‐like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) have important roles in plant signaling, and their gene subfamilies are large with a complicated history of gene duplication and loss. In three pairs of closely related lineages, including Arabidopsis thaliana and A. lyrata (Arabidopsis), Lotus japonicus, and Medicago truncatula (Legumes), Oryza sativa ssp. japonica, and O. sativa ssp. indica (Rice), we find that LRR RLKs comprise the largest group of these LRR‐related subfamilies, while the related RLCKs represent the smallest group. In addition, comparison of orthologs indicates a high frequency of reciprocal gene loss of the LRR RLK/LRR RLP/RLCK subfamilies. Furthermore, pairwise comparisons show that reciprocal gene loss is often associated with lineage‐specific duplication(s) in the alternative lineage. Last, analysis of genes in A. thaliana involved in development revealed that most are highly conserved orthologs without species‐specific duplication in the two Arabidopsis species and originated from older Arabidopsis‐specific or rosid‐specific duplications. We discuss potential pitfalls related to functional prediction for genes that have undergone frequent turnover (duplications, losses, and domain architecture changes), and conclude that prediction based on phylogenetic relationships will likely outperform that based on sequence similarity alone.
Choline‐mediated modulation of hippocampal sharp wave–ripple complexes in vitro
Authors: Fischer Viktoria , Both Martin , Draguhn Andreas , Egorov Alexei V.
Published: February 2014

The cholinergic system is critically involved in the modulation of cognitive functions, including learning and memory. Acetylcholine acts through muscarinic (mAChRs) and nicotinic receptors (nAChRs), which are both abundantly expressed in the hippocampus. Previous evidence indicates that choline, the precursor and degradation product of Acetylcholine, can itself activate nAChRs and thereby affects intrinsic and synaptic neuronal functions. Here, we asked whether the cellular actions of choline directly affect hippocampal network activity. Using mouse hippocampal slices we found that choline efficiently suppresses spontaneously occurring sharp wave–ripple complexes (SPW‐R) and can induce gamma oscillations. In addition, choline reduces synaptic transmission between hippocampal subfields CA3 and CA1. Surprisingly, these effects are mediated by activation of both mAChRs and α7‐containing nAChRs. Most nicotinic effects became only apparent after local, fast application of choline, indicating rapid desensitization kinetics of nAChRs. Effects were still present following block of choline uptake and are, therefore, likely because of direct actions of choline at the respective receptors. Together, choline turns out to be a potent regulator of patterned network activity within the hippocampus. These actions may be of importance for understanding state transitions in normal and pathologically altered neuronal networks.

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In this study we asked whether choline, the precursor and degradation product of acetylcholine, directly affects hippocampal network activity. Using mouse hippocampal slices we found that choline efficiently suppresses spontaneously occurring sharp wave–ripple complexes (SPW‐R). In addition, choline reduces synaptic transmission between hippocampal subfields. These effects are mediated by direct activation of muscarinic as well as nicotinic cholinergic pathways. Together, choline turns out to be a potent regulator of patterned activity within hippocampal networks.
Coping, subjective burden and anxiety among family caregivers of older dependents
Authors: del‐Pino‐Casado Rafael , Pérez‐Cruz Margarita , Frías‐Osuna Antonio
Published: February 2014

Aims and objectives

To investigate relationships between anxiety and stressors, coping and subjective burden and to contribute to defining factors related to anxiety among family caregivers of older dependents.

Background

Despite the studies analysing factors related to anxiety in caregivers, there is not enough evidence about this issue.

Design

Cross‐sectional design.

Methods

Data from 140 family caregivers (convenience sample) were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients and path analysis. Socio‐demographic data and several scales (Barthel Index, Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, Cummings Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Brief COPE, Caregiver Strain Index and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) were used to collect data.

Results

Stressors (psychiatric and psychological symptoms and number of assisted activities of daily living), emotion‐focused coping, dysfunctional coping and subjective burden were related to greater anxiety. Subjective burden mediated the effects of psychiatric and psychological symptoms on anxiety and partially mediated the effects of dysfunctional coping on anxiety.

Conclusions

Stressors, dysfunctional coping and subjective burden were identified as factors related to anxiety. The mediating role of subjective burden in the relationship between dysfunctional coping and anxiety was supported. The effect of dysfunctional coping on anxiety was independent of the stressors.

Relevance to clinical practice

These conclusions justify several recommendations regarding nursing interventions for family caregivers of older dependents: (1) stressors, dysfunctional coping and subjective burden can be used in clinical practice for early detection of and early intervention for anxiety; (2) to prevent subjective burden and anxiety, approach‐coping skills should be promoted through interventions such as problem‐solving, positive reappraisal, assertiveness and control of negative thoughts; (3) these interventions for dysfunctional coping should be systematically developed for individuals with dysfunctional coping regardless of the level of stressors and/or the possibility of respite.
How do Australian palliative care nurses address existential and spiritual concerns? Facilitators, barriers and strategies
Authors: Keall Robyn , Clayton Josephine M , Butow Phyllis
Published: February 2014

Aims and objectives

To investigate the facilitators, barriers and strategies that Australian palliative care nurses identify in providing existential and spiritual care for patients with life‐limiting illnesses.

Background

Palliative care aims to be holistic, incorporating all domains of personhood, but spiritual/existential domain issues are often undertreated. Lack of time and skills and concerns for what you may uncover hamper care provision.

Design

A qualitative study through semistructured interviews.

Methods

We interviewed 20 palliative care nurses from a cross section of area of work, place of work, years of experience, spiritual beliefs and importance of those beliefs within their lives. Questions focused on their current practices of existential and spiritual care, identification of facilitators of, barriers to and strategies for provision of that care. Their responses were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis.

Results

The nurses' interviews yielded several themes including development of the nurse–patient relationship (14/20 nurses), good communication skills and examples of questions they use to ‘create openings’ to facilitate care. Barriers were identified as follows: lack of time (11/20 nurses), skills, privacy and fear of what you may uncover, unresolved symptoms and differences in culture or belief. Novel to our study, the nurses offered strategies that included the following: undertaking further education in this area, being self‐aware and ensuring the setting is conducive to in‐depth conversations and interactions and documentation and/or interdisciplinary sharing for continuity of care.

Conclusion

Palliative care nurses are well placed to provide existential and spiritual care to patients with the primary facilitator being the nurse–patient relationship, the primary barrier being lack of time and the primary strategy being undertaking further education in this area.

Relevance to clinical practice

These findings could be used for nurse‐support programmes, undergraduate or graduate studies or communication workshop for nurses.
Living longer at home: a qualitative study of older clients' and practical nurses' perceptions of home care
Authors: Turjamaa Riitta , Hartikainen Sirpa , Kangasniemi Mari , Pietilä Anna‐Maija
Published: February 2014

Aims and objectives

To identify descriptions of older (75+) home care clients and practical nurses regarding the current structure of home care available for older clients and the elements promoting the ability of clients to continue living at home.

Background

The ageing population is a major global challenge in social and health care. In many countries, the focus of care for older clients has shifted from institutional care towards a model of home care. Increasing attention has been paid to maximising the resources of older clients and aiming to support their living at home for as long as possible.

Design

A descriptive qualitative study

Methods

Data were collected from individual interviews by using videotaped home care visits as a tool for stimulated recall interviews. Two groups of participants were interviewed: 14 practical nurses and 23 older clients. Data were analysed by using the inductive content analysis.

Results

Both participant groups, practical nurses and older home care clients, described home care as organisationally driven, but highlighted the importance of individual encounters. In addition, both groups noted that clients' living at home can be supported by offering individually designed care. Individually designed care refers to showing respect to clients' opinions and promoting their individual resources.

Conclusion

In order to be able to promote older home clients' living at home, the provided home care needs to be individually designed and must take into account clients' resources and their perspectives of meaningful and inspirational activities.

Relevance to clinical practice

The information produced by this study can be used to promote older clients' living at home for as long as possible. Therefore, practical nurses are required the ability to recognise older clients' individual resources and design individual care plans accordingly.
Mild Encephalitis/Encephalopathy with Reversible Splenial and Cerebellar Lesions (MERS Type II) in a Patient with Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
Authors: Gawlitza Matthias , Hoffmann Karl‐Titus , Lobsien Donald
Published: February 2014

The typical form of mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion—called MERS type I—is characterized by a singular, reversible lesion in the midline of the splenium. Very rarely, additional lesions with similar signal characteristics can occur in other brain areas, which is then referred to as MERS type II. We present the case of a patient with a reversible splenial lesion and concomitant reversible cerebellar lesions within the scope of an atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).
POPULATION DENSITY IN A CENTRAL‐PLACE SYSTEM
Authors: Papageorgiou Yorgos Y.
Published: February 2014

The existing empirical literature about polycentric population density has focused on the urban scale, and the alternative models proposed in that context have been justified using heuristic arguments. This paper describes how polycentric density distributions can, in general, be endowed with a theoretical framework which differs from the existing literature with respect to the treatment of centers: instead of assuming that they represent places of work, it assumes they are places that provide goods and services to households. This imposes a hierarchical structure on the model, which allows replacing the set of distances to all centers (typically used in the existing literature as the same explanans irrespectively of location) with a smaller set of distances that corresponds to the number of levels in the hierarchy and varies with location. The central‐place framework used also provides a direct link between a polycentric model and the Clark formula, in the sense that the latter can emerge through a smoothing procedure of the former. Finally, in the context of central places, the scope of related empirical investigations can be extended naturally from the urban to the regional scale. This is the scale of a simple test presented here, which has been specifically included to support the corresponding theoretical arguments about the structure of a polycentric density gradient. The paper concludes with some expected problems and advantages of applying these ideas to the urban scale.
ESTIMATORS OF BINARY SPATIAL AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELS: A MONTE CARLO STUDY
Authors: Calabrese Raffaella , Elkink Johan A.
Published: February 2014

The goal of this paper is to provide a cohesive description and a critical comparison of the main estimators proposed in the literature for spatial binary choice models. The properties of such estimators are investigated using a theoretical and simulation study, followed by an empirical application. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper that provides a comprehensive Monte Carlo study of the estimators' properties. This simulation study shows that the Gibbs estimator performs best for low spatial autocorrelation, while the recursive importance sampler performs best for high spatial autocorrelation. The same results are obtained by increasing the sample size. Finally, the linearized general method of moments estimator is the fastest algorithm that provides accurate estimates for low spatial autocorrelation and large sample size.
Enzogenol improves diabetes-related metabolic change in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice, a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Bang Chae-Young , Choung Se-Young
Published: February 2014

Objectives

Dietary use of pine bark extract has been associated with reduced risk of inflammation and diabetes. In this study, we investigated the antidiabetic effects of enzogenol, proanthocyanidins-rich bioflavonoid extract derived from the pine bark of New Zealand Pinus radiata trees, using C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice.

Methods

After 1-week acclimation period, the db/db mice were divided into vehicle-treated, Enzogenol-treated (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg; EZ) and positive control (tea polyphenol 50 mg/kg; TPP) groups.

Key findings

The administration of EZ improved the glucose tolerance and lowered the glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C), insulin and glucagon levels in blood. Interestingly, EZ and TPP treatments resulted in reduced hepatic free fatty acid, cholesterol and triglyceride levels in db/db mice. EZ and TPP treatments significantly elevated hepatic AMPK activity, and the expression of proteins related to glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism, such as glucokinase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase protein level with a simultaneous reduction of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase protein expression. In addition, the EZ administration groups had an increased hepatic glycogen synthase expression in db/db mice.

Conclusions

These results suggest that EZ may be beneficial in improving insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetic mice by enhancing the glucose and lipids metabolism.
Melatonin inhibits MUC5AC production via suppression of MAPK signaling in human airway epithelial cells
Authors: Shin In‐Sik , Park Ji‐Won , Shin Na‐Rae , Jeon Chan‐Mi , Kwon Ok‐Kyoung , Lee Mee‐Young , Kim Hui‐Seong , Kim Jong‐Choon , Oh Sei‐Ryang , Ahn Kyung‐Seop
Published: February 2014

Mucus acts as a primary defense system in the airway against various stimuli. However, excess mucus production causes a reduction in lung function via limitation of the airflow in the airway of patients suffering from asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, we evaluated the effects of melatonin on the production of MUC5AC, a major constituent of the mucin that is secreted from the airway, using epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐stimulated NCI‐H292 cells, a human mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line, and an ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced asthma murine model. Melatonin treatment significantly reduced the mRNA and protein levels of MUC5AC and reduced interleukin (IL)‐6 production in EGF‐stimulated H292 cells. Melatonin markedly decreased the phosphorylation of MAPKs, including ERK1/2, JNK, and p‐38, induced by EGF stimulation. These findings were consistent with the results using MAPK inhibitors. Particularly, co‐treatment with melatonin and a MAPK inhibitor more effectively suppressed MAPK phosphorylation than treatment with a MAPK inhibitor alone, which resulted in a reduction in MUC5AC expression. In the asthma murine model, melatonin‐treated mice exhibited a marked reduction in MUC5AC expression in the airway compared with the OVA‐induced mice. These reductions were accompanied by reductions in proinflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory cell infiltration. Collectively, these findings indicate that melatonin effectively inhibits MUC5AC expression. These effects may be closely associated with the inhibition of MAPK phosphorylation. Furthermore, our study suggests that melatonin could represent a potential therapeutic for chronic airway diseases, such as asthma and COPD.
Social climate of acute old age psychiatry inpatient units: staff perceptions within the context of patient aggression
Authors: McCann T. , Baird J. , Muir‐Cochrane E. C.
Published: February 2014

Accessible summary

A positive ward social climate or atmosphere can help prevent aggression and improve patient outcomes in old age psychiatry inpatient settings.

The study of staff perceptions of social climate took place in three old age psychiatry inpatient units in Melbourne, Australia.

Clinical staff respondents, comprising mainly mental health nurses, perceived the social climate of the units was generally positive, though there were some concerns about patient and staff safety.

Respondents held a less favourable view of how patients cared about each other but a more favourable disposition about how staff cared about patients.

Patient aggression occurs in old age psychiatry and is contrary to their recovery and to the well‐being of staff. A favourable social climate can contribute to a reduction in aggression. The aim of this study was to examine the perceptions of clinical staff about the social climate of acute old age psychiatry inpatient units. Eighty‐five clinicians were recruited from these facilities. They completed a survey questionnaire about the social climate or ward atmosphere of inpatient units. The findings showed that, to some extent, respondents' perceived patient cohesion and mutual support were evident, units were perceived somewhat positively as safe environments for patients and staff, and the ward climate helped meet patients' therapeutic needs. Overall, clinicians were somewhat positive about the social climate of the units, and this has implications for the perception of aggression in old age psychiatry inpatient settings. As there is a direct relationship between social climate and aggression, clinicians should consider adopting a broad‐based, person‐centred approach to the promotion of a favourable social climate in old age psychiatry inpatient settings.
Obesity in show cats
Authors: Corbee R. J.
Published: February 2014

Obesity is an important disease with a high prevalence in cats. Because obesity is related to several other diseases, it is important to identify the population at risk. Several risk factors for obesity have been described in the literature. A higher incidence of obesity in certain cat breeds has been suggested. The aim of this study was to determine whether obesity occurs more often in certain breeds. The second aim was to relate the increased prevalence of obesity in certain breeds to the official standards of that breed. To this end, 268 cats of 22 different breeds investigated by determining their body condition score (BCS) on a nine‐point scale by inspection and palpation, at two different cat shows. Overall, 45.5% of the show cats had a BCS > 5, and 4.5% of the show cats had a BCS > 7. There were significant differences between breeds, which could be related to the breed standards. Most overweight and obese cats were in the neutered group. It warrants firm discussions with breeders and cat show judges to come to different interpretations of the standards in order to prevent overweight conditions in certain breeds from being the standard of beauty. Neutering predisposes for obesity and requires early nutritional intervention to prevent obese conditions.
A retrospective evaluation of doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy for dogs with right atrial masses and pericardial effusion
Authors: Ghaffari S. , Pelio D. C. , Lange A. J. , Arndt J. W. , Chretin J. D. , Fiocchi S. C. , Bianco D. , Nakamura R. K.
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE

To report the outcome of doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy as the sole treatment for dogs with echocardiographically identified right atrial masses and pericardial effusion.

METHODS

A retrospective study of case records of dogs with right atrial masses treated with doxorubicin. Dogs were excluded from the study if they had any type of surgery performed such as pericardiectomy or right atrial mass resection, or if their chemotherapy protocol did not include doxorubicin. The data collected included signalment, history, physical examination findings, diagnostic test results and long‐term survival.

RESULTS

Dogs with right atrial masses and pericardial effusion that received doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy alone had a median survival of 139 · 5 days (range 2 to 302 days). Chemotherapy side effects were frequent but mild.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy alone appears to be a viable treatment option for dogs with echocardiographically identified right atrial masses and pericardial effusion.
Sexual Dysfunctions and Sexual Quality of Life in Men with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Lew-Starowicz Michal , Rola Rafal
Published: February 2014

Introduction

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most frequent diseases of the central nervous system and usually occurs at the age when people would be expected to be in the prime of their sexual lives. Clinicians working in this field commonly concentrate on the classical neurological deficits and often overlook symptoms that seriously affect the quality of life, such as sexual dysfunction (SD). Sexual functioning of MS patients remains poorly understood.

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SDs, their relationship with demographic factors, and sexual quality of life in men with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods

Sixty-seven patients from the National Multiple Sclerosis Center were interviewed, completed the questionnaires, and underwent neurological assessment.

Main Outcome Measures

Primary outcome measures included the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), the Sexual Quality of Life Questionnaire (SQoL), and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS).

Results

The most common complaints were erectile dysfunction (52.9%), decreased sexual desire (26.8%), and difficulties in reaching orgasm (23.1%) or ejaculation (17.9%). The severity of SD had a clear impact on sexual quality of life, especially in the domains of erectile function and intercourse satisfaction. However, neither IIEF nor SQoL scores were correlated with age, time since onset of MS symptoms, or EDSS scores. Only 6% of the patients had ever discussed their concerns with a medical professional or undergone sexual therapy.

Conclusions

SD is highly prevalent but commonly overlooked in MS patients and has a significant impact on their sexual quality of life. The data support a multifactorial etiology of SD in MS. More focus on SD and use of appropriate screening tools in clinical practice with MS patients are recommended.
Atrial Fibrillation Cycle Length and Atrial Size in Horses with and without Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation after Electrical Cardioversion
Authors: De Clercq D. , Decloedt A. , Sys S.U. , Verheyen T. , Van Der Vekens N. , van Loon G.
Published: February 2014

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) cycle length (CL) and atrial size have been used in humans to characterize electrical and structural remodeling to predict outcome of cardioversion ofAFand risk forAFrecurrence (rAF).

Hypothesis

Atrial fibrillation cycle length can be determined in horses withAF, andAFCLand atrial size are related to risk forrAF.

Animals

Eighteen horses with naturally occurringAFthat were successfully converted to sinus rhythm (SR) by transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC).

Methods

Prospective study. Horses with severe valvular regurgitation, left atrial enlargement, or that required sedation for catheter placement were excluded. In all horses intra‐atrial electrograms were recorded and estimatedAFduration and echocardiographic parameters were determined beforeTVEC. The follow‐up time was 1 year afterTVEC.

Results

Atrial fibrillation cycle length could be determined in all horses. TheAFCLand the shortest 5th percentile (p5)AFCLin horses withrAF(n = 6 or 33%) were (mean ± SD) 157 ± 28 and 134 ± 24 milliseconds, respectively, and in those maintainingSR(n = 12 or 67%) 166 ± 13 and 141 ± 13 milliseconds, respectively. Significant parameters to predictrAFwere (1) the ratios of the p5AFCLto the left atrium (LA) sizes corrected to the size of aorta (AO) and (2)LAsizes corrected to the size ofAO.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

BeforeTVEC, assessment ofLAsize and atrial electrophysiologic characteristics might help to identify horses at increased risk forAFrecurrence.
Immunohistochemical Expression of Potential Therapeutic Targets in Canine Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Campos M. , Ducatelle R. , Kooistra H.S. , Rutteman G. , Duchateau L. , Polis I. , Daminet S.
Published: February 2014

Background

Thyroid carcinoma is a common endocrine tumor in the dog. Local invasive growth frequently precludes surgical excision and, in up to 38% of dogs, the tumor has already metastasized by the time of diagnosis. Therefore, it is important to investigate new treatment modalities that may be useful for the large number of dogs with inoperable tumors or metastatic disease.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To investigate the immunohistochemical expression of potential therapeutic targets in canine thyroid tumors.

Animals

74 dogs with thyroid neoplasia.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry was performed for thyroglobulin, calcitonin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), p53, cycloxygenase‐2 (cox‐2), and P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp).

Results

Fifty‐four (73%) tumors were classified as follicular cell thyroid carcinomas (FTCs) and 20 (27%) as medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs). Eighty percent of FTCs and all MTCs had a high percentage (76–100%) of neoplastic cells immunopositive for VEGF. Thirteen percent of FTCs and 50% of MTCs expressed cox‐2. Seven percent of FTCs and 70% of MTCs expressed P‐gp. No tumor was immunopositive for p53 expression. Expression of VEGF (P = .034), cox‐2 (P = .013), and P‐gp (P < .001) was significantly higher in MTCs compared to FTCs.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

VEGF is a potential therapeutic target in both FTC and MTC in dogs. Cox‐2 and P‐gp may be useful molecular targets in canine MTC.
“Cos he's my favourite character!” A children's rights approach to the use of popular culture in teaching literacy
Authors: Dunn Jill , Niens Ulrike , McMillan Dorothy
Published: February 2014

The current educational climate of concern for children's achievement in literacy has resulted in a plethora of policies aimed at raising standards. Considerable research has been carried out in the field of popular culture and its potential for motivating and engaging children in literacy learning. However, there has been little research on children's views on this issue. This study was influenced both by the changing perceptions of childhood and by Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. A variety of participatory methods was used to gather views from children and a Children's Research Advisory Group was also asked to assist with developing the research methods and interpreting the data. The results show that when children are given a choice, popular culture features strongly in what they would like to write about. All children demonstrated their diverse knowledge and enjoyment of a wide range of popular culture. This small‐scale study provides valuable insights into children's views on the use of popular culture for the teaching of writing and raises challenging questions for policy and practice in the continuous quest for a meaningful curriculum for contemporary children, which will ultimately raise standards in literacy.
CD24 Ala57Val polymorphism is associated with spontaneous viral clearance in the HCV‐infected Chinese population
Authors: Sun Haibo , Pan Yu , Wu Ruihong , Lv Juan , Chi Xiumei , Wang Xiaomei , Tu ZhengKun , Zhong Jin , Sun Bing , Liu Yang , Jiang Jing , Niu Junqi
Published: February 2014

Background & Aims

Host immune response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a vital factor involved in both viral clearance and liver disease pathogenesis. CD24 plays an important role in inflammation and immune response and CD24 polymorphisms are associated with risk and progression of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Our study evaluated whether CD24 polymorphisms affect HCV clearance.

Methods

We genotyped 544 chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients, 78 spontaneous hepatitis C clearance (SHC) patients and 215 healthy controls for CD24 gene variants at positions −P534, P170, P1527 and IFNL3 rs12979860 by pyrosequencing. In CHC patients, 362 individuals were treated with a recombinant IFN‐α2b/ribavirin combination for 48 weeks and were followed up for an additional 24 weeks. Lymphocyte CD24 expression was analysed by flow cytometry.

Results

We show that P170 CT and CT/TT genotypes were over‐represented in the SHC group compared to CHC patients (62.8% vs. 47.2% and 75.6% vs. 60.3%, for respective polymorphisms). In multivariate logistic analysis, P170 (CD24 Ala57Val) polymorphism was an independent predictor of SHC (adjusted OR = 2.11, 95%CI = 1.19–3.73, P = 0.010 for CT genotype; OR = 2.01, 95%CI = 1.15–3.49, P = 0.014 for CT/TT genotype). No significant associations were found between the CD24 polymorphisms and treatment‐induced viral clearance in log‐rank analysis and Cox regression analysis. Patients with the CT/TT genotype had greater T‐cell CD24 expression than patients with the CC genotype.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that CD24 Ala57Val polymorphism and associated variations in CD24 expression may be an important predictor for SHC, but have no effect on antiviral drug treatment response in Chinese CHC patients.
Liver regeneration and energetic changes in rats following hepatic radiation therapy and hepatocyte transplantation by 31P MRSI
Authors: Landis Charles S. , Zhou Hongchao , Liu Laibin , Hetherington Hoby P. , Guha Chandan
Published: February 2014

Background & Aims

Radiation‐induced liver damage (RILD) is a poorly understood and potentially devastating complication of hepatic radiation therapy (RT) for liver cancers. Previous work has demonstrated that hepatocyte transplantation (HT) can ameliorate RILD in rats. We hypothesized that RT inhibits generation of cellular ATP and suppresses hepatic regeneration.

Methods

To study the metabolic changes that occur in RILD with and without HT, 31P MRSI data were acquired in rats treated with partial hepatectomy (PH) alone, PH with hepatic irradiation (PHRT) or PHRT with HT (PHRT+HT).

Results

Both [γ ‐ATP] and ATP/Pi 31P MRSI signal ratio initially decreased and subsequently returned to baseline levels within 2 weeks after PH, which is consistent with other published data. Persistently reduced [γ‐ATP] and ATP/Pi 31P MRSI signal ratio were observed in rats up to 20 weeks after PHRT. However, progressive increases in [γ ‐ATP] were observed over time in the group of rats receiving PHRT+HT. Normal [γ ‐ATP] was observed 20 weeks after PHRT+HT (vs. PH alone), although, ATP/Pi levels did not return to normal after PHRT +HT. Ex vivo histological studies were performed to confirm liver repopulation with transplanted hepatocytes and the amelioration of pathologic changes of RILD.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that 31P MRSI can be used to monitor the progress of RILD and its amelioration using transplanted hepatocytes to simultaneously restore metabolic function while replacing host hepatocytes damaged by RT.
Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the deceased donor: impact on early post‐transplant liver allograft function
Authors: Mangus Richard S , Fridell Jonathan A , Kubal Chandrashekhar A , Davis Jason P , Joseph Tector A.
Published: February 2014

Background & Aims

Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels are frequently elevated with liver injury and such elevations are common in deceased organ donors. The impact of this injury on early liver allograft function has not been well described. This study analyses the immediate function and 1‐year graft and patient survival for liver allografts stratified by peak serum ALT levels in the deceased donor.

Methods

The on‐site organ procurement records for 1348 consecutive deceased liver donors were reviewed (2001–2011). Serum ALT was categorized into three study groups: normal/mild elevation, 0–499 μ/L; moderate elevation, 500–999 μ/L (>10× upper limit of normal) and severe elevation, ≥1000 μ/L (>20× upper limit of normal). Outcomes included early graft function and graft loss, and 1‐year graft and patient survival.

Results

Distribution of subjects included: normal/mild, 1259 (93%); moderate, 34 (3%) and severe, 55 (4%). Risk of 30‐day graft loss for the three study groups was: 72 (6%), 3 (9%) and 3 (6%) (P = 0.74). Graft and patient survival at 1 year for the three groups was: normal/mild, 1031 (87%), 1048 (88%); moderate, 31 (91%), 31 (91%) and severe, 43 (88%), 44 (90%) (P = 0.71, 0.79). Cox proportional hazards modelling of survival while controlling for donor age and recipient model for end‐stage liver disease score (MELD) demonstrates no statistically significant difference among the three study groups.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates clinical equivalence in early graft function and 1‐year graft and patient survival for donor livers with varying peak levels of serum ALT. These donor allografts may, therefore, be utilized successfully.
Patent Licensing with Bertrand Competitors
Authors: Colombo Stefano , Filippini Luigi
Published: February 2014

This paper analyses an optimal two‐part licensing scheme based on ad valorem royalties within a differentiated Bertrand duopoly where the innovator is also the downstream producer, and compares it with the optimal two‐part per‐unit royalty mechanism. After showing that the optimal two‐part ad valorem licensing scheme reduces to a pure ad valorem royalty scheme, we show that per‐unit contracts are typically preferred to ad valorem contracts by the patentee, as, under price competition, the per‐unit royalty has a stronger strategic effect than the ad valorem royalty. In contrast, welfare is higher under the ad valorem contract than under the per‐unit mechanism.
Intestinal microbiota in fishes: what's known and what's not
Authors: Clements Kendall D. , Angert Esther R. , Montgomery W. Linn , Choat J. Howard
Published: February 2014

High‐throughput sequencing approaches have enabled characterizations of the community composition of numerous gut microbial communities, which in turn has enhanced interest in their diversity and functional relationships in different groups of vertebrates. Although fishes represent the greatest taxonomic and ecological diversity of vertebrates, our understanding of their gut microbiota and its functional significance has lagged well behind that of terrestrial vertebrates. In order to highlight emerging issues, we provide an overview of research on fish gut microbiotas and the biology of their hosts. We conclude that microbial community composition must be viewed within an informed context of host ecology and physiology, and that this is of particular importance with respect to research planning and sampling design.
Accommodation and the politics of fiscal equalization in multinational states: The case of Canada
Authors: Béland Daniel , Lecours André
Published: February 2014

The politics of accommodation in multinational states sometimes features an important, yet often overlooked, fiscal dimension. In fact, the scholarly literature on the accommodation of nationalist movements emphasizes territorial autonomy, access to power and representation within central institutions, and the promotion of the state national identity, but it is virtually silent on how patterns of territorial fiscal redistribution, and more specifically programs of horizontal fiscal equalization, may contribute to accommodating sub‐state nationalism. This article looks at the Canadian case and analyses the multidimensional relationship between equalization policy and Québécois nationalism. It explains how a key motivation behind the creation of Canada's fiscal equalization program in 1957 was to “end” the institutional and political isolation of Québec and how equalization may have, thereafter, contributed to making Québec's secession less appealing to a good number of Quebeckers than it would have been in the absence of this program. Simultaneously, the article discusses how equalization may have contributed to a certain political backlash against Québec in the other provinces, thus providing mixed evidence in the assessment of the accommodation potential of equalization policy.
‘Singing oneself into a nation’? Estonian song festivals as rituals of political mobilisation
Authors: Brüggemann Karsten , Kasekamp Andres
Published: February 2014

This article argues that Estonian song festivals were a powerful ritual of political mobilisation. Throughout their history, however, they had to be accommodated to narratives of ruling regimes. Taking Patrick Hutton's concept of such events as a ‘moment of memory’ with which images of the past are being reconstructed in a selective way, song festivals are on each occasion made to suit present needs. During the history of Estonian nationhood, these needs have been guided first and foremost by forms of political authority: during years of independence, the festivals were to serve different purposes than under imperial or Soviet Russian rule. Thus, the concept of ‘singing oneself into a nation’, popular in Estonian history textbooks, is only partly true. Although the performance of the festival changes only slightly through the years, its political significance changes enormously.
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders accompanying subarachnoid hemorrhage and reversible white matter lesions
Authors: Shirai Shinichi , Mito Yasunori , Nojo Tatsuru , Yaguchi Hiroaki , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Sato Kazunori , Hirotani Makoto , Kano Takahiro , Yabe Ichiro , Sasaki Hidenao
Published: February 2014

A 48‐year‐old man was admitted to Tomakomai City Hospital, Tomakomai, Japan, because of intractable hiccups and nausea, and orthostatic hypotension. Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings showed a dorsal medullary lesion. Respiratory failure occurred, and he underwent tracheotomy and mechanical ventilation when magnetic resonance imaging showed subarachnoid hemorrhage in addition to enlarged medullary lesions. Serum anti‐aquaporin‐4 antibody was positive and the cerebrospinal fluid was bloody. We diagnosed meuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders complicating subarachnoid hemorrhage. He was treated with a steroid. Although extensive white matter lesions occurred transiently, the patient was discharged from the hospital when he became able to walk with the use of the walker on the 52nd day. We suggest that the subarachnoid hemorrhage and transient white matter lesions were associated with vascular damage associated with the meuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
Expressions of hope in paediatric intensive care: a reflection on their meaning
Authors: O'Brien Rowena
Published: February 2014

Background

The bedside vigil maintained by parents of critically ill children is fuelled by faith, hope and love. While faith and love are generally accepted without question, maintaining hope in the face of almost certain loss can be seen as misguided, almost worse than no hope at all.

Aim

The aim of this article is to reflect on the issues arising for health care professionals when parents' expressions of hope seem to cast doubt on their understanding of a poor prognosis for their child.

Method

Using Gibbs' model of reflection (1988), an episode of care will be explored, with the intention of resolving this perceived conflict between expression and understanding.

Conclusions

By demonstrating that hopeful statements do not necessarily conflict with an accurate understanding of prognosis, nurses and other health care staff can be freed from the emotional constraints this tension causes them and focus on meeting the needs of the patient and their family.

Relevance to clinical practice

Despite the fact that communication skills are taught in clinical training, practitioners may feel underequipped to sensitively confront the challenges posed in caring for dying children and their families. In taking a closer look at what parents' expressions of hope might mean, we can remove barriers to understanding in the parent‐practitioner relationship and provide care that meets their intricate needs.
Disease duration determines health‐related quality of life in adult eosinophilic esophagitis patients
Authors: van Rhijn B. D. , Smout A. J. P. M. , Bredenoord A. J.
Published: February 2014

Background

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the esophagus characterized by relapsing symptoms of dysphagia. The quality of life (QoL) of EoE patients is impaired, but risk factors for impaired QoL have not been identified. The chronic nature of the disease, requiring multiple endoscopies and long‐term treatments, and its social implications may be important factors underlying the impaired QoL of EoE patients. We aimed to determine which clinical factors influence the QoL in EoE patients.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, we consecutively included 74 adult patients (age 40.3 ± 13.6years, 23% female) diagnosed with EoE according to current guidelines. Patients filled out the SF‐36 health‐related QoL questionnaire and a questionnaire for assessing clinical data. Patients' SF‐36 scores were compared with norm scores from a reference population of 1742 randomly selected subjects.

Key Results

In EoE patients, vitality (62.1 ± 22.3 vs 68.6 ± 19.3, p = 0.015) and general health (64.4 ± 24.2 vs 70.9 ±20.6, p = 0.024) domains of QoL were decreased, the latter primarily in the 18–25 year age group (50.1 ± 30.5 vs 77.9 ± 17.2, p = 0.006). Disease duration is a risk factor for a low mental component summary score, as identified by univariate regression analysis (OR 1.064 (CI: 1.003–1.128), p = 0.038).

Conclusions & Inferences

The QoL is particularly impaired in young adult EoE patients. Disease duration determines the mental QoL. This study offers additional insight into the impact of EoE on patients' lives and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosing and adequately treating EoE.
Biomechanical properties of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit cuticle during development are modulated by changes in the relative amounts of its components
Authors: España Laura , Heredia‐Guerrero José A. , Segado Patricia , Benítez José J. , Heredia Antonio , Domínguez Eva
Published: February 2014

In this study, growth‐dependent changes in the mechanical properties of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cuticle during fruit development were investigated in two cultivars with different patterns of cuticle growth and accumulation.

The mechanical properties were determined in uniaxial tensile tests using strips of isolated cuticles. Changes in the functional groups of the cuticle chemical components were analysed by attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR).

The early stages of fruit growth are characterized by an elastic cuticle, and viscoelastic behaviour only appeared at the beginning of cell enlargement. Changes in the cutin:polysaccharide ratio during development affected the strength required to achieve viscoelastic deformation. The increase in stiffness and decrease in extensibility during ripening, related to flavonoid accumulation, were accompanied by an increase in cutin depolymerization as a result of a reduction in the overall number of ester bonds.

Quantitative changes in cuticle components influence the elastic/viscoelastic behaviour of the cuticle. The cutin:polysaccharide ratio modulates the stress required to permanently deform the cuticle and allow cell enlargement. Flavonoids stiffen the elastic phase and reduce permanent viscoelastic deformation. Ripening is accompanied by a chemical cleavage of cutin ester bonds. An infrared (IR) band related to phenolic accumulation can be used to monitor changes in the cutin esterification index.
Thyroid hormone signaling in energy homeostasis and energy metabolism
Authors: McAninch Elizabeth A. , Bianco Antonio C.
Published: February 2014

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a significant role in diverse processes related to growth, development, differentiation, and metabolism. TH signaling modulates energy expenditure through both central and peripheral pathways. At the cellular level, the TH exerts its effects after concerted mechanisms facilitate binding to the TH receptor. In the hypothalamus, signals from a range of metabolic pathways, including appetite, temperature, afferent stimuli via the autonomic nervous system, availability of energy substrates, hormones, and other biologically active molecules, converge to maintain plasma TH at the appropriate level to preserve energy homeostasis. At the tissue level, TH actions on metabolism are controlled by transmembrane transporters, deiodinases, and TH receptors. In the modern environment, humans are susceptible to an energy surplus, which has resulted in an obesity epidemic and, thus, understanding the contribution of the TH to cellular and organism metabolism is increasingly relevant.
Birthweight and the risk of atopic diseases: the ISAAC Phase III study
Authors: Mitchell Edwin A. , Clayton Tadd , García‐Marcos Luis , Pearce Neil , Foliaki Sunia , Wong Gary ,   ISAAC Phase Three Study Group
Published: February 2014

Background

The association between birthweight and asthma, eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis is conflicting.

Aims

To examine the association between birthweight and symptoms of asthma, eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis.

Methods

Parents or guardians of children aged 6–7 yr completed written questionnaires about symptoms of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema, and several risk factors, including birthweight.

Results

There were 162,324 children from 60 centres in 26 countries. Low birthweight (<2.5 kg) was associated with an increased risk of symptoms of asthma (current wheeze odds ratio = 1.20; 95% confidence interval = 1.12–1.30). Low birthweight was associated with a lower risk of eczema ever. Low birthweight was not associated with rhinoconjunctivitis. Large babies (birthweight ≥4.5 kg) were not associated with any of these outcomes.

Conclusions

This study has confirmed that low birthweight is a risk factor for symptoms of asthma, but not for rhinoconjunctivitis. The findings for eczema are equivocal.