bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visual function changes in an animal model of retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: SEGURA CALVO F , LÓPEZ DE LA FUENTE C , SÁNCHEZ‐CANO A , FUENTES‐BROTO L , PÉREZ‐GARCÍA D , PINILLA I
Published: November 2013

Purpose To evaluate visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in pigmented P23H‐1 rats.

Methods The assessment of visual parameters was carried out using OptoMotry© system, CerebralMechanics Inc. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity curve were calculated. Eight pigmented heterozygous P23H‐1 rats were measured at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 postnatal days. Visual function of Long Evans rats was evaluated to provide a background for the study.

Results Age‐related losses in visual acuity were found: from 0.500 cyc/deg (P30) to 0.069 cyc/deg (P240). The same trend was observed in contrast sensitivity curve. Peaks from 54.56 (P30) to 1.00 (P210 and P240) were obtained for a spatial frequency of 0.089 cycles/degree. Both parameters began to decline at 30 days of age and continued until P240, when rats were euthanized for retinal immunohistochemistry. Visual acuity of Long Evans rats was close to 0.540 cyc/deg. Contrast sensitivity curve displayed a typical inverted‐U shape.

Conclusion Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity decrease while increasing age of the P23H‐1 rats. Similar results to control animals were found at P30. However, a gradual decrease in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity was observed from near normal at P30 to low levels at P240. It agrees with the progressive loss of photoreceptors.
A cone‐rod dystrophy patient with a homozygous RP1L1 mutation
Authors: KAMEYA S , KIKUCHI S , GOCHO K , KABUTO T , SUGAWARA Y , YAMAKI K , TAKAHASHI H
Published: November 2013

Purpose To describe a family with a cone‐rod dystrophy patient who has homozygous mutation of the RP1‐like protein 1 (RP1L1) gene.

Methods A family including a cone‐rod dystrophy patient underwent detailed ophthalmic clinical evaluations including high resolution cone photorecepor imaging with adaptive optics fundus camera. Mutation screening of the sequence of RP1L1 gene were performed by DNA sequencing analysis in this family members

Results A patient showed a mild reduction of cone and flicker response in full‐field electroretinogram (ERG). Her ERG also showed slight decrease in the amplitude of rod response. IS/OS junction and COST line in SD‐OCT images are severely disturbed. Response of multifocal ERGs (mfERGs) of the patient was severely reduced. A homozygous RP1L1 mutation (c.3628 T>C) was identified in the patient. The mutation c.3628 T>C in exon 4 resulted in the substitution of proline for serine at amino acid position 1210. This mutation was not reported in SNP database. The serine at position 1210 is well conserved among the RP1L1 family in other species. Four out of five computational assessment tools predicted that this mutation is damaging to the protein function. This mutation was not present in 460 control alleles. Family members with heterozygous S1210P mutation showed normal best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), SD‐OCT, mfERGs, and focal macular ERGs. Adaptive Optics (AO) images of the patient showed severe reduction of cone density and irregular cone mosaic despite family members with heterozygous S1210P mutation showed normal cone density and regular cone mosaic.

Conclusion We have demonstrated a possibility that autosomal recessive cone‐rod dystrophy may be caused by homozygous RP1L1 mutation.
Hunter Syndrome after 12 months of enzyme replacement treatment: A case report
Authors: HERRERA L , CRUZ N , CARAMELLO C , ZABADANI K , PINILLA I , ASCASO FJ , CRISTOBAL JA
Published: November 2013

Purpose Hunter syndrome (muchopolysaccharidosis type II) is a rare X‐linked‐recessive inherited disease caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate‐2‐sulfate leading to accumulation of dermatan‐sulfate (DS) and heparan sulfate (HS) in nearly all cell types. Described ophthalmic manifestations include exophthalmos, hypertelorism, pigmentary retinopathy, epiretinal membranes, scleral thickening, optic disc oedema and maculopathy. Currently, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human iduronate‐2‐sulphatase (idursulfase) is the treatment of choice. We present the case of a 26‐year‐old patient with Hunter syndrome after 12 months with ERT.

Methods Case report of a 26‐yearl‐old patient diagnosed with Hunter syndrome, treated with idursulfate during one year.

Results After 12 months with ERT the visual acuity, visual field study, ERG and funduscopic findings remained stable.

Conclusion Hunter syndrome is a severe multisystemic disease. ERT is an important therapy that can help improve, or stabilize, patients’ symptoms.
Examination of colour vision deficiency in different types retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: KOEV K , GEORGIEV R , CHERNINCOVA S
Published: November 2013

Purpose Investigation of the colour vision deficiency in different typees of retinitis pigmentosa (RP): autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X‐linked recessive, and isolated cases.

Methods Colour vision investigation was conducted on 42 patients (18 women, 24 men) with RP using the Farnsworth 28 HUE‐test, anomaloscope –IF‐2 Tomay, flicker threshold test, standard pseudoisochromatic table and Tritan Lantonie album. The age of the patients varied from 5 to 68 years (mean 39 ± 17, SD),

Results In 73,3 % of patients with RP we established acquired colour vision deficiency (dyschromatopsy) . Among the patients with aquired colour vision deficiency we found out using the above‐mentioned tests that 67,8% were with tritanopy, 19,3% were with manifested deuteranomaly and 12,9 % were with protanomaly. The type of dyschromatopsy does not show any relation to the age and visual aquity of patients. When no foveal lesion was apparent in patients with visual acuity better than 20/40, patients with autosomal dominant disease showed superior performance on color vision testing when compared to autosomal recessive, X‐linked recessive, and isolated cases. The Farnsworth 28 HUE test was more sensitive in detecting poor color vision performance than the anomaloscope –IF‐2 Tomay.

Conclusion We established a great percentile of patients with RP suffer from colour vision deficiency. Our study reveals that colour vision investigation has an important role in PR diagnosis.
DNA methytransferases are differentially expressed in human eyes
Authors: BONNIN N , BLANCHON L , BELVILLE C , CHIAMBARETTA F , SAPIN V
Published: November 2013

Purpose We studied DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) implicated in CpG methylation pattern. The aim of our work was to extensively check the presence of DNMT (mRNA and protein levels) and quantify their expressions in the anterior segment.

Methods mRNAs were extracted from human cornea, conjunctiva, capsule, trabeculum and from related cell lines (HCE, HTCE, CHANG and TM). cDNAs were generated by reverse transcription, quantified by amplification with specific primers for DNMT1, 3A, 3B and 3L and normalized to the housekeeping gene 36B4. For immunohistochemistry, normal human corneas were provided by the regional corneal graft bank. All proteins were detected by specific primary antibody for DNMT1, 3A, 3B and 3L (Santa‐Cruz®), negative control were done with a rabbit IgG antibody as primary one. Secondary antibody Cy3‐coupled was used.

Results All DNMT are expressed in the human eyes but at different levels. DNMT3L looks like to be the weakly expressed. All tested cell lines also expressed DNMTs. Quantitative RT‐PCR demonstrated strong differences between members and zones of expression of these DNMTs. Our transcripts results were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. All tested cell lines also expressed DNMTs. Quantitative RT‐PCR demonstrated strong differences between members and zones of expression of these DNA methyltransferases. Our transcripts results were confirmed by immunohistochemistry experiments on cornea sections.

Conclusion For the first time, an inventory of the DNMT expression in tissues and cells lines from human ocular anterior segment was performed. Future studies will certainly permit to demonstrate the presence of a direct link between a deregulation of the CpG methylation pattern and the already “well known” eye pathologies.
Association between endothelin receptor type A gene polymorphisms EDNRA (C+70G, C+1222T) and the endothelin‐1 plasma concentration in patients with normal tension glaucoma
Authors: WROBEL‐DUDZINSKA D , KOSIOR‐JARECKA E , LUKASIK U , KOCKI J , ZARNOWSKI T
Published: November 2013

Purpose The purpose of his study was to determine the prevalence of endothelin receptor type A gene polymorphisms EDNRA (C+70G, C+1222T) and its correlation to the plasma concentration of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) in patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG).

Methods The study enrolled 36 NTG patients including 23 women and 13 men. In order to analyze the frequency of polymorphic variants of endothelin receptor type A genes EDNRA (C+70G, C+1222T), DNA was isolated from peripheral blood and SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) genotyping was performed using RT‐PCR method (Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction). The plasma ET‐1 concentration was detected using an enzyme immunoassay.

Results Analysis of the prevalence of endothelin receptor type A gene polymorphisms EDNRA C+70G was: GG‐30,5%, CC‐14,0%, CG‐ 55,5%. The frequency of the genotype GG tended to be higher in women than in men (p=0,07). The prevalence of endothelin receptor type A gene polymorphisms EDNRA C+1222T was as follows: TT‐8,3%, CC‐33,3%, CT‐58,6%. The frequency of the genotype CC tended to be higher in women than in men (p=0,19). The mean ET‐1 level was 1,49±0,71 fmol/ml. The GG genotype of EDNRA C+70G was associated with higher plasma ET‐1 concentration in women group (p=0,02), moreover the CT genotype of EDNRA C+1222T was related to higher plasma ET‐1 concentration in women (p=0,006) and in men (p=0,02).

Conclusion In NTG patients the endothelin receptor type A gene polymorphisms EDNRA (C+70G, C+1222T) may have correlation with higher plasma ET‐1 concentration.
Intraocular foreign bodies on the Island of Sealand, a preventable serious eye disease
Authors: MELSOM H , LA COUR M
Published: November 2013

Purpose To estimate the incidence of ocular injuries with retained intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) in the Eastern region of Denmark, and presenting data on aetiology, management, functional and anatomical outcome of these injuries.

Methods Search in the national database registry from January 2001 to December 2006 (6 years). Data from matching patient records was recorded. Relevant patients were asked to participate in a late follow‐up clinical examination

Results 32 patients met inclusion criteria. 69% (22/32) patients participated in a final follow‐up examination, and data on the remainder was acquired through relevant patient records at various national clinics. Average follow‐up time was 5 years, 4 months. Estimated incidence of IOFBs in Eastern Denmark identified in this study was 0.154 per 100,000. All patients were male. Hammering was the most common mechanism of injury, occurring in 66% of patients. Endophthalmitis was diagnosed in 6% of patients at presentation. Best‐corrected visual acuity of the injured eye at final follow‐up was 0.5 or better in 47%, 0.5 to 0.1 in 19%, and worse than 0.1 in 34%. Anatomical success, defined as an attached retina and no intravitreal silicon oil, was achieved in 83%.

Conclusion The incidence of IOFBs in Denmark seems to be on par with similar recent studies. The demographics are typical for this type of ocular injury. A high rate of anatomical vitreoretinal success was achieved, while a good long term visual function was achieved in half the cases. A considerable proportion of patients sustain severe long‐term visual loss in the injured eye despite modern intraocular surgical techniques. Prevention through simple measures remains the mainstay of dealing with this typically work‐related and serious eye injury.
Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Gelatin from Chicken By‐Product
Authors: Almeida Poliana Fernandes , Lannes Suzana Caetano da Silva
Published: November 2013

Physicochemical properties of gelatin gels extracted from skins and tendons of chicken feet were characterized as an alternative to mammalian gelatin commonly used commercially. After extraction, the preparation of gels for analysis was made by dissolving the dry gelatin with two concentrations: 3.33 and 6.67% (w/w) in distilled water. The determination of gel strength and texture profile analysis was performed using texture analyzer. Gelatin showed high protein content and the value observed for gel strength was higher for the gelatin with concentration of 6.67% (294.78 g), classified as high bloom, while for the gelatin with concentration of 3.33% (96.47 g) was lower, low bloom. The hardness and chewiness increased significantly with increasing concentrations of gelatin and the gelatin with concentration (6.67%) behaved as a solid and it can be used in the preparation of gelatin gums, marshmallows, gelatin dessert among others that requiring high bloom.

Practical Applications

This research contributes to the knowledge about chicken feet gelatin from skin and tendons wastes, which can be an alternative to mammalian gelatin in the food industry making more effective use this underutilized resources. The collagen extraction provides a nobler destiny for chicken feet able to boost up the commercial values of these cheap and underutilized protein sources. This work also presents information not addressed on the gelatin from this raw material, such as parameters of texture profile and color, besides the specific characterization, considering the tissue and the extraction method used.
Effect of Chitosan/Nano‐Chitosan Composite Coating on Browning and Lignification of Fresh‐Cut Zizania latifolia
Authors: Luo Haibo , Jiang Li , Bao Yonghua , Wang Libin , Yu Zhifang
Published: November 2013

The effects of chitosan (CTS, 10 g/L) coating, alone or in combination with nano‐chitosan (N‐CTS, 1.5 g/L), on browning and lignification of fresh‐cut Zizania latifolia were investigated for 12 days at 1C. Results showed that the application of CTS and CTS/N‐CTS coating significantly retarded the increase in total color difference (ΔE) and lignin content and inhibited the activity of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase and peroxidase while improving that of superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, thus reducing malondialdehyde accumulation. The present findings indicate that CTS and CTS/N‐CTS coatings could retard browning and lignification of fresh‐cut Z. latifolia during storage at 1C. As the CTS/N‐CTS coating gives the better effect, it is suggested that the CTS/N‐CTS coating can be used for control of browning and lignification of fresh‐cut Z. latifolia.

Practical Applications

The presented study showed that CTS/N‐CTS coating could inhibit browning‐ and lignification‐related enzyme activity, induce higher antioxidant enzyme activity and reduce lipid peroxidation of fresh‐cut Z. latifolia during storage at 1C. These results suggested that the CTS/N‐CTS coating could effectively inhibit browning and lignification in fresh‐cut Z. latifolia, which provides a theoretical basis for commercial application.
Effect of liquid meals with different volumes on gastroesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Wu Keng‐Liang , Rayner Christopher K , Chuah Seng‐Kee , Chiu Yi‐Chun , Chiu King‐Wah , Hu Tsung‐Hui , Chiu Cheng‐Tang
Published: November 2013

Background and Aim

Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are often advised to avoid large meals, based on their complaints of increased symptoms after eating too much, and epidemiological evidence of a link between high volume intake and the presence of GERD. However, the precise effects of meal volume on gastroesophageal reflux have not been well studied. We aimed to clarify the effect of meal volume on acid regurgitation and symptoms in patients with GERD.

Methods

Fifteen patients (10 female, 5 male; mean 54 ± 10 years old) with GERD were studied twice each in random order, during 24 h ambulatory pH monitoring. On one day, they consumed a 600 mL liquid test meal three times (breakfast, lunch, and dinner), and on the other, they consumed a 300 mL test meal six times (breakfast, snack, lunch, snack, dinner, and snack). Gastric fundus and antral areas and antral contractions were measured by transabdominal ultrasound. Symptoms were recorded using questionnaires.

Results

During the 600 mL regimen, there were more reflux episodes (17 ± 4 vs 10 ± 2, P = 0.03) and a greater total acid reflux time (12.5 ± 5.9% vs 5.5 ± 3.6%; P = 0.045) than the 300 mL regimen. Both the cross‐sectional area of the gastric fundus (P = 0.024) and the number of antral contractions (P = 0.014) were greater for the 600 mL regimen.

Conclusions

Larger meals are associated with distension of the gastric fundus and an increase in gastroesophageal reflux when compared with smaller, more frequent meals.
Subclinical ketosis in dairy cows: prevalence and risk factors in grazing production system
Authors: Garro C. J. , Mian L. , Cobos Roldán M.
Published: November 2013

The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Subclinical ketosis (SCK) between 4 and 19 days in milk (DIM) in a grazing production system and investigate the importance of potential risk factors for SCK. This cross‐sectional study was conducted in dairy cows (n = 107), which had more of two parities. The concentration of β‐hydroxybutyric (BHB) in blood was quantified through a hand‐held meter. Potential risk factors evaluated were calving interval (CI), milk yield in previous lactation, metritis, dystocia, calf sex (male), parity (≤3 vs. ≥4) and pre‐partum body condition score (BCS ≤ 3.5 vs. ≥3.75). Prevalence of SCK was 10.3% (95% CI 4.7–15) between 4 and 19 DIM. Risk factors identified were the occurrence of both metritis and pre‐partum BCS ≥ 3.75. Cows with metritis had 4.9 (95% CI 1.17–20.98) times more risk of developing SCK than cows without metritis. And the cows with pre‐partum BCS ≥ 3.75 had 5.25 (95% CI 1.32–21.11) times more risk of developing SCK than cows with pre‐partum BCS ≤ 3.5. Metritis could induce a lower feed intake and promote the development of SCK. High pre‐partum BCS could induce a greater mobilization of body reserves altering liver function and aggravating post‐partum NEB. The results are indicative of the expected prevalence of SCK in grazing production system. Factors associated could help to identify cattle at risk of SCK and improve the management of strategies to limit the effects.
Transformative Lifestyle Change: key to sustainable weight loss among women in a post‐partum diet and exercise intervention
Authors: Bertz Fredrik , Sparud‐Lundin Carina , Winkvist Anna
Published: November 2013

The increase in overweight and obesity among women is a growing concern, and reproduction is associated with persistent weight gain. We have shown that dietary behavioural modification treatment, with or without exercise, results in weight loss and maintenance of weight loss. The aim of this study was to provide an explanatory model of how overweight and obese women achieve weight loss during, and after, participating in a post‐partum diet and/or exercise intervention. Using Grounded Theory, we performed and analysed 29 interviews with 21 women in a 12‐week Swedish post‐partum lifestyle intervention with a 9‐month follow‐up. Interviews were made after the intervention and at the 9‐month follow‐up. To overcome initial barriers to weight loss, the women needed a ‘Catalytic Interaction’ (CI) from the care provider. It depended on individualised, concrete, specific and useful information, and an emotional bond through joint commitment, trust and accountability. Weight loss was underpinned by gradual introduction of conventional health behaviours. However, the implementation depended on the experience of the core category process ‘Transformative Lifestyle Change’ (TLC). This developed through a transformative process of reciprocal changes in cognitions, emotions, body, environment, behaviours and perceived self. Women accomplishing the stages of the TLC process were successful in weight loss, in contrast to those who did not. The TLC process, dependent on initiation through CI, led to implementation and integration of recognised health behaviours, resulting in sustainable weight loss. The TLC model, including the CI construct and definition of barriers, facilitators and strategies provides an explanatory model of this process.
ICD Lead Parameters, Performance, and Adverse Events following Continuous‐Flow LVAD Implantation
Authors: THOMAS ISAC C. , CORK DAVID P. , LEVY ANDREW , NAYAK HEMAL , BESHAI JOHN F. , BURKE MARTIN C. , MOSS JOSHUA D.
Published: November 2013

Background

Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) in the months following continuous‐flow left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) implantation are common and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We sought to evaluate for changes in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) performance following LVAD implantation.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the ICD interrogation reports and medical records of patients who received a continuous‐flow LVAD at the University of Chicago Medical Center between January 2008 and December 2010. Patients who did not have an ICD prior to LVAD implantation were excluded.

Results

Forty‐four patients were included. Median right ventricular lead sensing amplitude decreased from 10.0 (interquartile range 7.6–13.6) mV prior to LVAD to 7.9 (5.9–9.3) mV after LVAD implantation (P < 0.01). Significant reductions in sensing threshold were associated with smaller lead diameters, smaller pace/sense electrode surface areas, and Medtronic ICD leads (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). Lead impedance and capture threshold did not change significantly. ICD‐related adverse events occurred in 30% of patients and led to ICD modification in 18% of patients.

Conclusions

Implantation of a continuous‐flow LVAD is associated with changes in the performance of preexisting ICDs. ICD‐related adverse events were encountered following LVAD implantation in this cohort, and at times resulted in invasive and noninvasive ICD system modification. Reductions in ICD sensing threshold after LVAD implantation may adversely affect ICD function. Formal ICD interrogation in addition to the regular follow‐up testing is warranted post‐LVAD.
Anesthetic considerations for neonates undergoing modified Blalock‐Taussig shunt and variations
Authors: Holtby Helen M.
Published: November 2013

The first Blalock‐Taussig (BT) shunt was reported in 1944, and during the last 70 years, the procedure has evolved with the development of new materials and devices, and surgical approaches. It has, however, remained central to the palliation of neonates with complex congenital heart disease. The indications have expanded from the original aim of alleviating cyanosis and the pathophysiological results of chronic hypoxemia. They now include lesions with single ventricles, and rehabilitation of small pulmonary arteries. The physiology and hemodynamics of BT shunt circulations are very complex, and adverse hemodynamic events can be difficult to recognize. The consequences of shunt failure can be fatal, and the mortality (3–15%) and morbidity remain distressingly high even in the current era. Neonates undergoing BT shunt procedures or undergoing noncardiac surgery with this anatomy are challenging for the anesthesiologists to manage. There is a significant incidence of periprocedural cardiac arrest, often related to myocardial ischemia. A clear understanding of the anatomy and physiology is important. Any discussion of BT shunt in the current era has to include consideration of hypoplastic left heart syndrome and ‘single ventricle’ physiology.
Coagulation and the surgical neonate
Authors: Arnold Philip D.
Published: November 2013

Both coagulopathy and abnormal thrombosis can complicate the anesthetic and surgical management of neonatal patients; however, the patterns of bleeding and thrombosis in neonates differ from those in adults or older children. Severe coagulopathic bleeding most commonly occurs during heart surgery and almost certainly contributes to morbidity and mortality in this population. Such severe bleeding is rare during other surgery; the exception is babies presenting to the operating room with established coagulopathy secondary to severe sepsis. Alternatively, pathological thrombosis will mainly occur in association with indwelling vascular access devices or surgically created vascular shunts. There are important differences between the coagulation system in neonates and older patients. The implication of this is that therapies established in other patient groups will not be optimal for neonates without adaptation. While evidence from high‐quality clinical trials is rarely available, an understanding of how coagulation in neonates differs can help to guide practice. This review will discuss important differences between the coagulation system of neonates and older patients and how these relate to newer models of coagulation. The emphasis will be on issues likely to impact on perioperative care. In particular, the management of severe bleeding, the manipulation of coagulation during heart surgery, and the management of coagulopathy in septic neonates will be discussed in detail.
Pathways to adulthood and their precursors and outcomes
Authors: Skogbrott Birkeland Marianne , Leversen Ingrid , Torsheim Torbjørn , Wold Bente
Published: November 2013

Norway has an extensive welfare system which may provide adolescents with many options and high levels of flexibility in terms of pathways to adulthood. This study aimed to describe Norwegian developmental pathways to adulthood, including changes in role statuses (such as living situations, education, work, marriage/cohabitation and parenthood) from 16 to 30 years of age, and their precursors and outcomes. Repeated measures latent class analysis of longitudinal data from 998 Norwegian individuals indicated three main pathways to adulthood among women and men. In both sexes, most individuals undertook a long period of education and postponed family formation. However, some individuals started working early, a group of women established families with partners and children early, and a group of men remained primarily single between 16 and 30 years of age. Furthermore, the results show that pathways to adulthood in Norway are surprisingly similar to pathways in other countries such as the US, UK and Finland. The results indicate that pathways to adulthood are influenced by social reproduction factors in a country with high levels of welfare benefits as well. In addition, the results suggest that pathways involving living with a partner and either higher education or work are associated with high life satisfaction at age 30.
Lateral Vibration Attenuation of Shafts Supported by Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing With Embedded Electromagnetic Actuators
Authors: Pizarro Viveros Henry , Nicoletti Rodrigo
Published: November 2013

Hydrodynamic tilting-pad bearings with electromagnetic actuators are designed to take advantage of the load-carrying capacity of the hydrodynamic bearing together with the actuation capacity of the electromagnets. Hence, actuators can be downsized because they do not work as bearings as it is the case of magnetic bearings. In this work, one presents the numerical and experimental analysis of rotor vibration attenuation using a tilting-pad journal bearing with embedded electromagnetic actuators when proportional-derivative (PD) control is implemented. Experimental results in the frequency domain show reductions in shaft-vibration amplitude of 11% for the rotating speed of 600 rpm and 18% for the rotating speed of 1100 rpm, with good agreement of the mathematical model. The actuation capacity of the bearing in study is compared to the capacity of other active bearings in literature, showing that the present bearing is competitive in terms of specific control capacity.
Nondestructive Detection of an Optical Photon
Authors: Reiserer Andreas , Ritter Stephan , Rempe Gerhard
Published: November 2013

Nondestructive Photon Detection

The click of a photon detector is the usual method for detecting a photon and can be sufficiently sensitive to detect even a single photon. Such a detection process is, however, destructive—the photon is annihilated.

Reiserer
et al.

(p.
1349
, published online 14 November) describe an experimental system capable of detecting a single photon without destroying it.
Pest or patient?
Authors: Fawcett Anne , Woon Sy
Published: November 2013

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘Pest or patient?’, was submitted by a reader and is presented and discussed by Anne Fawcett and Sy Woon. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘The cow that got up’, which was published in the October issue of In Practice, appears on page 615.

The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Social media made easy
Authors: McCallum Greig
Published: November 2013

Greig McCallum discusses how vet practices can make the most of social media to engage new customers, without necessarily having to apply too much effort.
Saving money on telecoms
Authors: Greenshaw John
Published: November 2013

Effective telecoms are a practice essential, but many veterinary practices might be paying for services that aren't well‐fitted to their needs. John Greenshaw explains how avoiding some of the common mistakes in choosing call plans, telecoms services and long‐term contracts can help practices save money and improve client communication.
Alpha2‐adrenoceptor agonists in small animal practice 2. Optimising clinical use
Authors: Flaherty Derek
Published: November 2013

Alpha2‐adrenoceptor agonists are widely used for premedication, sedation and provision of analgesia in small animal practice. The first article in this series, which was published in the October issue of In Practice (vol 35, pp 524‐530), explained how the pharmacological properties of these agents result in both their desirable and less‐desirable effects. This article focuses on the most appropriate ways to use them practically to optimise their clinical benefits.
Monitoring antimicrobial resistance inNeisseria gonorrhoeaein selected countries of the WHO South-East Asia Region between 2009 and 2012: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Bala Manju , Kakran Monika , Singh Vikram , Sood Seema , Ramesh V ,   Members of the WHO GASP SEAR Network
Published: November 2013

Objective

The aim of the present study was to retrospectively analyse the data reported on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) inNeisseria gonorrhoeaein six South-East Asia Region countries from 2009 to 2012 following the revitalisation of the WHO global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (GASP).

Methods

AMR data were generated for 7 antibiotics of 4675 isolates in 18 focal point laboratories using the calibrated dichotomous sensitivity (CDS) or Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) methods and minimal inhibitory concentration testing by Etest in some of the centres. The results were interpreted using the breakpoints recommended.

Results

High-level resistance to traditional antibiotics, penicillin (25% to 100%) and tetracycline (10% to 100%) and the previously recommended ciprofloxacin (38% to 100%) was observed in all the countries. Overall, >90% of less susceptible and resistant isolates to penicillin and ciprofloxacin were identified from 15 laboratories. Decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone and cefpodoxime was reported by nine and eight centres, respectively. Resistance to spectinomycin (0.6% to 10.5%) and azithromycin (<5%) was reported only by three centres. The increasing trends of resistance towards penicillin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin were demonstrated in Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka and Thailand, and no large intercountry variations were evident. Insignificant trends in decreased susceptibility towards ceftriaxone were reported.

Conclusions

Expansion of the WHO GASP facilitated enhanced AMR surveillance to meet the ongoing challenges of control of gonococcal AMR. The results highlight that the emergence of decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone and resistance to spectinomycin and azithromycin will unavoidably lead to loss of therapeutic options, and a search for new effective agents needs to be initiated to respond to the emergence of resistant isolates.
Trends in antimicrobial resistance inNeisseria gonorrhoeaein the USA: the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), January 2006–June 2012
Authors: Kirkcaldy Robert D , Kidd Sarah , Weinstock Hillard S , Papp John R , Bolan Gail A
Published: November 2013

Background

Neisseria gonorrhoeaehas progressively developed resistance to sulfonamides, penicillin, tetracycline and fluoroquinolones, and gonococcal susceptibility to cephalosporins has been declining worldwide.

Methods

We described trends in gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility in the USA from January 2006 through June 2012. Susceptibility data for cefixime, ceftriaxone, azithromycin, penicillin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin were obtained from the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), a sentinel surveillance system that monitors antimicrobial susceptibility in urethral gonococcal isolates collected from symptomatic men at 25–30 sexually transmitted disease clinics throughout the USA.

Results

The percentage of isolates with elevated cefixime minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (≥0.25 µg/mL) increased from 0.1% in 2006 to 1.4% in 2010–2011 and was 1.1% in the first 6 months of 2012. The percentage with elevated ceftriaxone MICs (≥0.125 µg/mL) increased from 0.1% in 2006 to 0.3%–0.4% during 2009 through the first 6 months of 2012. There were no temporal trends in the prevalence of elevated azithromycin MICs (≥2 µg/mL) (0.2%–0.5%). The prevalence of resistance remained high for penicillin (11.2%–13.2%), tetracycline (16.7%–22.8%) and ciprofloxacin (9.6%–14.8%).

Conclusions

The proportion of gonococcal isolates with elevated cephalosporin MICs increased from 2006 to 2010, but plateaued during 2011 and the first 6 months of 2012. Resistance to previously recommended antimicrobials has persisted. As the number of antimicrobials available for gonorrhoea treatment dwindles, surveillance systems such as GISP will be critical to detect emerging resistance trends and guide treatment decisions.
Feasibility and efficacy of a 12-week supervised exercise intervention for colorectal cancer survivors
Authors: Sellar Christopher M. , Bell Gordon J. , Haennel Robert G. , Au Heather-Jane , Chua Neil , Courneya Kerry S.
Published: November 2013

Exercise training improves health-related physical fitness and patient-reported outcomes in cancer survivors, but few interventions have targeted colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors. This investigation aimed to determine the feasibility and efficacy of a 12-week supervised exercise training program for CRC survivors. Feasibility was assessed by tracking participant recruitment, loss to follow-up, assessment completion rates, participant evaluation, and adherence to the intervention. Efficacy was determined by changes in health-related physical fitness. Over a 1-year period, 72 of 351 (21%) CRC survivors screened were eligible for the study and 29 of the 72 (40%) were enrolled. Two participants were lost to follow-up (7%) and the completion rate for all study assessments was ≥93%. Mean adherence to the exercise intervention was 91% (standard deviation = ±18%), with a median of 98%. Participants rated the intervention positively (all items ≥ 6.6/7) and burden of testing low (all tests ≤ 2.4/7). Compared with baseline, CRC survivors showed improvements in peak oxygen uptake (mean change (MC) = +0.24 L·min−1, p < 0.001), upper (MC = +7.0 kg, p < 0.001) and lower (MC = +26.5 kg, p < 0.001) body strength, waist circumference (MC = −2.1 cm, p = 0.005), sum of skinfolds (MC = −7.9 mm, p = 0.006), and trunk forward flexion (MC = +2.5 cm, p = 0.019). Exercise training was found to be feasible and improved many aspects of health-related physical fitness in CRC survivors that may be associated with improved quality of life and survival in these individuals.
Vertical uplift resistance of two closely spaced horizontal strip anchors embedded in cohesive–frictional weightless medium
Authors: Sahoo Jagdish Prasad , Kumar Jyant
Published: November 2013

The vertical uplift resistance of two closely spaced horizontal strip plate anchors has been investigated by using lower and upper bound theorems of the limit analysis in combination with finite elements and linear optimization. The interference effect on uplift resistance of the two anchors is evaluated in terms of a nondimensional efficiency factor (ηc). The variation of ηcwith changes in the clear spacing (S) between the two anchors has been established for different combinations of embedment ratio (H/B) and angle of internal friction of the soil ([Formula: see text]). An interference of the anchors leads to a continuous reduction in uplift resistance with a decrease in spacing between the anchors. The uplift resistance becomes a minimum when the two anchors are placed next to each other without any gap. The critical spacing (Scr) between the two anchors required to eliminate the interference effect increases with an increase in the values of both H/B and [Formula: see text]. The value of Scrwas found to lie approximately in the range 0.65B–1.5B with H/B = 1 and 11B–14B with H/B = 7 for [Formula: see text] varying from 0° to 30°.
Electroacupuncture at ST36 Increases Contraction of the Gastric Antrum and Improves the SCF/c-kit Pathway in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Chen Yan , Xu Juanjuan , Liu Shi , Hou Xiaohua
Published: November 2013

Electroacupuncture (EA) at ST36 is effective for improving gastric motility. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EA on gastric contraction and to determine whether interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are involved. Rats were randomized into control, diabetic (DM), diabetic with sham EA (DM + SEA), diabetic with low frequency EA (DM + LEA) and diabetic with high frequency EA (DM + HEA) groups. EA was performed everyday for four and eight weeks. Contractions in antrum strips were explored using the organ bath technique. Western blotting was employed to determine c-kit and transmembrane stem cell factor (M-SCF) expression in the gastric antrum, and levels of soluble stem cell factor (S-SCF) in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The distribution of ICCs was further assessed by immunohistochemistry. The results were as follows: (1) Contractions in the DM group were attenuated at four and eight weeks, but LEA and HEA restored the attenuated contraction. (2) ICCs were significantly decreased at eight weeks without alteration at four weeks in DM group, but were rescued in the LEA and HEA groups. (3) Whereas M-SCF and S-SCF in the DM group were slightly decreased at four weeks and were dramatically reduced at eight weeks, LEA and HEA markedly enhanced SCF at eight weeks. Collectively, the data suggest that in diabetic rats, LEA and HEA at ST36 could facilitate contraction of the gastric antrum, possibly by involving the SCF/c-kit pathway.
Cardioprotection of Vitexin on Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rat via Regulating Inflammatory Cytokines and MAPK Pathway
Authors: Dong Liu-Yi , Li Sheng , Zhen Yi-Lan , Wang Ya-Nan , Shao Xu , Luo Zhi-Gang
Published: November 2013

This study was conducted to demonstrate myocardial protective effects and possible underlying mechanisms of vitexin on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Occluding the anterior descending artery for 30 min and restoring blood perfusion for 60 min in rat established a model of myocardial I/R. The elevation of the ST segment of Electrocardiograph (ECG) was observed. The infarct size of the rat heart was assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining (TTC). LDH, CK, SOD activities and MDA content were determined. An immunohistochemical analysis was applied to measure the expression of myocardial NF-κBp65 and TNF-α. ERK/phospho-ERKand c-Jun/phospho-c-Jun protein expression was examined via Western Blot. Vitexin significantly reduced the elevation of the ST segment of ECG and myocardial infarct size. LDH and CK activities and MDA content were attenuated in serum, while SOD activity was markedly enhanced. Vitexin significantly attenuated I/R-induced increases of myocardial NF-κB and TNF-α. Moreover, Western Blot analysis presented that vitexin markedly enhanced the expression of phospho-ERK and weakened the expression of phospho-c-Jun compared to I/R group. The significant protective effect against myocardial ischemical/reperfusion injury in rat, which is exhibited by vitexin, may be related to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects by regulating inflammatory cytokines and the MAPK pathway.
Inhibitory Effects of BiRyuChe-Bang on Mast Cell-Mediated Allergic Reactions and Inflammatory Cytokines Production
Authors: Moon Phil-Dong , Choi Il Sang , Go Ji-Hyun , Lee Byong-Joo , Kang Sang Woo , Yoon Sunhee , Han Seung-Jun , Nam Sun-Young , Oh Hyun-A , Han Na-Ra , Kim Young-Sick , Kim Ju-Sung , Kim Myong-Jo , Jeong Hyun-Ja , Kim Hyung-Min
Published: November 2013

BiRyuChe-bang (BRC) is a Korean prescription medicine, which has been used to treat allergic rhinitis at Kyung Hee Medical Center. In this work, we investigated the effects of BRC on mast cell-mediated allergic reactions and inflammatory cytokines production, and identified the active component of BRC. Histamine release was measured from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs). Ear swelling and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) were examined in mouse models. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus A23187-induced inflammatory cytokines production was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used for the expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8. Activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB was analyzed by Western blotting. BRC significantly inhibited the compound 48/80-induced ear swelling response, histamine release from RPMCs, PCA activated by anti-dinitrophenyl IgE, and PMA plus A23187-induced inflammatory cytokines production (p < 0.05). In addition, BRC dose-dependently inhibited the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 as well as the activation of NF-κB in a human mast cell line, HMC-1 cells. BRC inhibited the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in mice induced with PCA. Several components of BRC, such as 1,8-Cineole, Linalool, Linalyl acetate, α-Pinene, and α-Terpineol, significantly inhibited the release of histamine from RPMCs (p < 0.05). Among these components, Linalyl acetate was the most effective for inhibiting histamine release. These results indicate that BRC has a potential regulatory effect on allergic and inflammatory reactions mediated by mast cells.
Inhibitory Effects of Brazilin on the Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Migration Induced by PDGF-BB
Authors: Guo Jing , Li Li , Wu Yu-Jie , Yan Yu , Xu Xiao-Na , Wang Shou-Bao , Yuan Tian-Yi , Fang Lian-Hua , Du Guan-Hua
Published: November 2013

Abnormal vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular diseases including atherosclerosis and restenosis. Brazilin isolated from the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L. has been reported to exhibit various biological activities, such as anti-platelet aggregation, anti-inflammation, vasorelaxation and pro-apoptosis. However, the functional effects of Brazilin on VSMCs remain unexplored. The present study investigated the potential effects of Brazilin on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB induced VSMC proliferation and migration as well as the underlying mechanism of action. VSMC proliferation and migration were measured by Crystal Violet Staining, wound-healing and Boyden chamber assays, respectively. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Enzymatic action of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was carried out by gelatin zymography. Expression of adhesion molecules, cell cycle regulatory proteins, the phosphorylated levels of PDGF receptor β (PDGF-Rβ), Src, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt were tested by immunoblotting. The present study demonstrated that pretreatment with Brazilin dose-dependently inhibited PDGF-BB stimulated VSMC proliferation and migration, which were associated with a cell-cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, a reduction in the adhesion molecule expression and MMP-9 activation in VSMCs. Furthermore, the increase in PDGF-Rβ, Src, ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation induced by PDGF-BB were suppressed by Brazilin. These findings indicate that Brazilin inhibits PDGF-BB induced VSMC proliferation and migration, and the inhibitory effects of Brazilin may be associated with the blockade of PDGF-Rβ - ERK1/2 and Akt signaling pathways. In conclusion, the present study implicates that Brazilin may be useful as an anti-proliferative agent for the treatment of vascular diseases.
EGB1212 Post-treatment Ameliorates Hippocampal CA1 Neuronal Death and Memory Impairment Induced by Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion
Authors: Yin Bo , Liang Hui , Chen Yigang , Chu Ketan , Huang Li , Fang Ling , Matro Erik , Jiang Weijian , Luo Benyan
Published: November 2013

Extracts of Ginkgo biloba have been used in traditional medicines for centuries, and have potential for clinical applications in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, standardized extracts have proven protective only as pre-treatments, and the major mechanisms of action remain unclear. We explored the potential of the novel extract EGB1212, which meets the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 31 standardization criteria for pharmaceutical use, as a post-treatment after global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (GCI/R) injury in a rat model. The pre-treated group was administered EGB1212 for 7 d prior to common carotid artery occlusion (i.e., ischemia, for 20 min). Post-treated rats received the same but starting 2 h after ischemia and continuing for 7 d. Seven days after GCI/R, brains of each group were processed for H&E staining of hippocampal CA1 neurons. Remaining rats underwent the Morris water maze and Y-maze tests of spatial learning and memory, beginning eight days after reperfusion. To assess hippocampal autophagy, light chain (LC)-3-I/LC3-II and Akt/pAkt were determined via a Western blot of rat hippocampi harvested 12, 24, or 72 h after reperfusion. EGB1212 pre- and post-treatments both improved neuronal survival and spatial learning and memory functions. Pre-treatment effectively reduced LC3-II levels and post-treatment resulted in significantly elevated pAkt levels. We conclude that EGB1212 exerted significant neuroprotection in GCI/R in both preventative and post-treatment settings. This extract shows great potential for clinical applications.