bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soft particles reinforce robotic grippers: robotic grippers based on granular jamming of soft particles
Authors: Götz Holger , Santarossa Angel , Sack Achim , Pöschel Thorsten , Müller Patric
Published: December 2021

Granular jamming has been identified as a fundamental mechanism for the operation of robotic grippers. In this work, we show, that soft particles like expanded polystyrene beads lead to significantly larger gripping forces in comparison to rigid particles. In contradiction to naive expectation, the combination of jamming and elasticity gives rise to very different properties of the jammed phase, compared to hard-particle systems. This may be of interest also beyond the application in robotic grippers.
Zkscan3 affects erythroblast development by regulating the transcriptional activity of GATA1 and KLF1 in mice
Authors: Li Zixuan , Sheng Binjie , Zhang Tingting , Wang Tian , Chen Dan , An Gangli , Wang Xingbing , Meng Huimin , Yang Lin
Published: December 2021

ZKSCAN3 encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor that regulates the expression of important genes and plays a significant role in tumor development, pathogenesis, and metastasis. However, its biological functions under normal physiological conditions remain largely unknown. In our previous studies, using flow cytometry, we found that the deletion of Zkscan3 may cause abnormal erythropoiesis. In this study, we found that, in a Zkscan3 knockout mice model, the number of splenic early-stage (basophilic-erythroblasts) and late-stage (chromatophilic-erythroblasts to polychromatophilic-erythroblasts through orthochromatophilic-erythroblasts) erythroblasts increased, whereas the number of late erythroblasts in the bone marrow decreased. Moreover, the phenotype was exacerbated after treating mice with phenylhydrazine (PHZ), which causes severe hemolytic anemia. In the knockout mice treated with PHZ, the percentage of reticulocyte in the peripheral blood conspicuously increased, whereas MCHC and red blood cells decreased. Then, we performed RNA-seq and quantitative-polymerase chain reaction assay and found that the expression of GATA1 and Tiam1 in erythroblasts were upregulated, whereas KLF1 was downregulated. Luciferase assays showed that Zkscan3 inhibited the transcription of GATA1 and Tiam1 and promoted the expression of KLF1. Additionally, ChIP and CO-IP results confirmed that Zkscan3 directly interacts with GATA1 and inhibits its transcriptional activity in MEL cells. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the significant role of Zkscan3 in physiological erythropoiesis through the interaction with GATA1, both at the DNA and protein level, and with Tiam1 and KLF1 at the DNA level.
Review and expert survey of allocation methods used in life cycle assessment of milk and beef
Authors: Kyttä Venla , Roitto Marja , Astaptsev Aleksi , Saarinen Merja , Tuomisto Hanna L.
Published: December 2021

Purpose

Beef and dairy production systems produce several by-products, such as fertilizers, bioenergy, hides, and pet foods, among which the environmental impacts arising from production should be allocated. The choice of allocation method therefore inevitably affects the results of life cycle assessment (LCA) for milk and beef. The aims of this study were to map out the different allocation methods used in dairy and beef LCA studies and to clarify the rationale for selecting a certain method.

Methods

A literature review was conducted to identify the different allocation methods used in LCA studies of milk and beef production and the products using beef by-products as a raw material. The justifications for the use of different methods in the studies were also collected. To map out the perspectives of LCA practitioners and further clarify the reasoning behind the use of certain allocation methods, a mixed method survey with quantitative questions and qualitative explanatory fields was sent to the authors included in the literature review.

Results and discussion

The literature review showed that the most commonly used allocation method between milk and meat was biophysical allocation, which is also the recommended method in LCA guidelines of milk production. Economic allocation was the second most common method, although the rationale for using economic allocation was weak. By-products, such as inedible body parts, were not considered in milk studies and were taken into account in only a small number of beef studies. This might be because most of the studies have cradle-to-farm gate system boundaries. According to the survey, a significantly higher share of LCA practitioners would allocate impacts also to these by-products.

Conclusions

The allocation is usually done between milk and meat, and other by-products are not taken into account. Since these materials are an unavoidable part of production and there are numerous uses for them, these outputs should be recognized as products and also taken into consideration in LCA studies.
Investigation on Impact of Heat Input on Microstructural, Mechanical, and Intergranular Corrosion Properties of Gas Tungsten Arc-Welded Ti-Stabilized 439 Ferritic Stainless Steel
Authors: Gupta Santosh K. , Patil Awanikumar P. , Rathod Ramesh C. , Tandon Vipin , Vashishtha Himanshu
Published: December 2021

In the present study, gas tungsten arc welding was employed to weld Ti-stabilized 439 ferritic stainless steel using 308L austenitic stainless steel filler electrode with varying heat input, i.e., low heat input (LHI) and high heat input (HHI). The optical microstructure revealed the formation of retained austenite (RA) and ferrite in the weld zone (WZ), whereas the peppery structure consisting of chromium-rich carbides were observed in the heat-affected zone for both the weldments. The volumetric fraction of RA was calculated using X-ray diffraction analysis. The RA’s content decreased, whereas grain size in WZ increased with an increase in heat input. The local misorientation and grain boundary distribution in the welded region was investigated by electron backscattered diffraction. The LHI weldment depicted the higher micro-hardness and tensile strength attributed to the higher content of RA as compared to HHI; however, the opposite trend was observed for the intergranular corrosion resistance.
Quantifizierung der Belastungen des Muskel-Band-Apparats im Schultergelenk von Speerwerfern
Authors: Köhler Hans-Peter , Hepp Pierre , Witt Maren
Published: December 2021

Hintergrund

Verletzungen der Schulter sind häufige Ursachen für den Verlust von Trainingszeit und Wettkampfpraxis. Dabei sind sowohl akute Verletzungen als auch langfristige Veränderungen der stabilisierenden Strukturen problematisch. Während über die Belastungssituation der Schulter im Baseball bereits einige Studien vorliegen, ist dies im Speerwurf bisher nicht der Fall, weder die Kinematik noch die Kinetik wurden bisher vollständig quantifiziert.

Ziel der Arbeit

Das Ziel der Arbeit bestand darin, die Belastung der Schulter im Speerwurf zu quantifizieren und somit einen Beitrag zu Identifikation von Verletzungsrisiken zu leisten.

Material und Methoden

Von 10 männlichen Speerwerfern wurden mithilfe eines Infrarotkamerasystems und 18 reflektierenden Markern an prominenten Körperpunkten die Bewegungsdaten erfasst. Diese Daten dienten unter Nutzung eines 5‑segmentigen Mehrkörpermodells dazu, die Kinematik und Kinetik des Schultergelenks zu modellieren. Aus den berechneten Verläufen wurden jeweils die Maxima extrahiert und einer Zusammenhangsprüfung zur Abwurfgeschwindigkeit unterzogen.

Ergebnisse

Die Sportler erreichten eine mittlere Abwurfgeschwindigkeit von 23,29 ± 2,17 ms−1. Die maximalen Gelenkwinkelgeschwindigkeiten lagen zwischen 445–4071 °/s in Abhängigkeit von der Bewegungsebene. Auch in den Gelenkbelastungen zeigten sich spezifische Unterschiede in den Ebenen (109–129 Nm).

Schlussfolgerung

Die Belastungssituation im Speerwurf unterscheidet sich im Vergleich zum Baseball. Während im Speerwurf verringerte Amplituden und Winkelgeschwindigkeiten auftreten, wird eine erhöhte Kraftanforderung sichtbar. Als mögliche Ursachen hierfür werden unterschiedliche Regelwerke diskutiert (Gerätegewicht/-dimensionen, Eingangsgeschwindigkeit).
Early Modern Herbals and the Book Trade
Authors: Neville Sarah
Published: December 2021

Between 1525 and 1640, a remarkable phenomenon occurred in the world of print: England saw the production of more than two dozen editions identified by their imprints or by contemporaries as 'herbals'. Sarah Neville explains how this genre grew from a series of tiny anonymous octavos to authoritative folio tomes with thousands of woodcuts, and how these curious works quickly became valuable commodities within a competitive print marketplace. Designed to serve readers across the social spectrum, these rich material artifacts represented both a profitable investment for publishers and an opportunity for authors to establish their credibility as botanists. Highlighting the shifting contingencies and regulations surrounding herbals and English printing during the sixteenth and early seventeenth century, the book argues that the construction of scientific authority in Renaissance England was inextricably tied up with the circumstances governing print.
This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core at doi.org/10.1017/9781009031615.
Negotiating Copyright in the American Theatre: 1856–1951
Authors: Salter Brent S.
Published: December 2021

Drawing on fascinating archival discoveries from the past two centuries, Brent Salter shows how copyright has been negotiated in the American theatre. Who controls the space between authors and audiences? Does copyright law actually protect playwrights and help them make a living? At the center of these negotiations are mediating businesses with extraordinary power that rapidly evolved from the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries: agents, publishers, producers, labor associations, administrators, accountants, lawyers, government bureaucrats, and film studio executives. As these mediators asserted authority over creativity, creators organized to respond, through collective minimum contracts, informal guild expectations, and professional norms, to protect their presumed rights as authors. This institutional, relational, legal, and business history of the entertainment history in America illuminates both the historical context and the present law. An innovative new kind of intellectual property history, the book maps the relations between the different players from the ground up.
Cities and News
Authors: Caimari Lila
Published: December 2021

This Element examines urban imaginaries during the expansion of international news between the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, when everyday information about faraway places found its way into newspapers all over the world. Building on the premise that news carried an unprecedented power to shape representations of the world, it follows this development as it made its way to regular readers beyond the dominant information poles, in the great port-cities of the South American Atlantic. Based on five case studies of typical turn-of-the-century foreign news, Lila Caimari shows how current events opened windows onto distant cities, feeding a new world horizon that was at once wider and eminently urban.
Resisting Extortion
Authors: Moncada Eduardo
Published: December 2021

Criminal extortion is an understudied, but widespread and severe problem in Latin America. In states that cannot or choose not to uphold the rule of law, victims are often seen as helpless in the face of powerful criminals. However, even under such difficult circumstances, victims resist criminal extortion in surprisingly different ways. Drawing on extensive fieldwork in violent localities in Colombia, El Salvador and Mexico, Moncada weaves together interviews, focus groups, and participatory drawing exercises to explain why victims pursue distinct strategies to resist criminal extortion. The analysis traces and compares processes that lead to individual acts of everyday resistance; sporadic killings by ad hoc groups of victims and police; institutionalized and sustained collective vigilantism; and coordination between victims and states to co-produce order in ways that both strengthen and undermine the rule of law. This book offers valuable new insights into the broader politics of crime and the state.
Astrophysical Magnetic Fields
Authors: Shukurov Anvar , Subramanian Kandaswamy
Published: December 2021

Magnetic fields permeate space and affect many major astrophysical phenomena, but they are often ignored due to their perceived complexity. This self-contained introduction to astrophysical magnetic fields provides both a comprehensive review of the current state of the subject and a critical discussion of the latest research. It presents our knowledge of magnetic fields from the Early Universe, their evolution in cosmic time through to their roles in present-day galaxies, galaxy clusters and the wider intergalactic medium, with attention given to both theory and observations. This volume also contains an extensive introduction into magnetohydrodynamics, numerous worked examples, observational and mathematical techniques and interpretations of the observations. Its review of our current knowledge, with an emphasis on results that are likely to form the basis for future progress, benefits a broad audience of advanced students and active researchers, including those from fields such as cosmology and general relativity.
Thermodynamics and Control of Open Quantum Systems
Authors: Kurizki Gershon , Kofman Abraham G.
Published: December 2021

The control of open quantum systems and their associated quantum thermodynamic properties is a topic of growing importance in modern quantum physics and quantum chemistry research. This unique and self-contained book presents a unifying perspective of such open quantum systems, first describing the fundamental theory behind these formidably complex systems, before introducing the models and techniques that are employed to control their quantum thermodynamics processes. A detailed discussion of real quantum devices is also covered, including quantum heat engines and quantum refrigerators. The theory of open quantum systems is developed pedagogically, from first principles, and the book is accessible to graduate students and researchers working in atomic physics, quantum information, condensed matter physics, and quantum chemistry.
Tandem cavity collapse in a high-speed droplet impinging on a constrained wall
Authors: Wu Wangxia , Wang Bing , Liu Qingquan
Published: December 2021

A focusing shock wave can be generated during the high-speed impact of a droplet on a$180^\circ$constrained wall, which can be used to realise energy convergence on a small scale. In this study, to realise high energy convergence and peak pressure amplification, a configuration of droplets embedded with cavities is proposed for high-speed impingement on a$180^\circ$constrained wall. A multicomponent two-phase compressible flow model considering the phase transition is used to simulate the high-speed droplet impingement process. The properties of the embedded cavities can influence the collapse pressure peak. The collapse of an embedded single air cavity or vapour cavity, as well as the cavities in a tandem array, is simulated in this study. The physical evolution mechanisms of the impinging droplet and the embedded cavities are investigated qualitatively and quantitatively by characterising the focusing shock wave generated inside the droplet and its interaction with different cavity configurations. The interaction dynamics between the cavities is analysed and a theoretical prediction model for the intensity of each cavity collapse in the tandem array is established. With the help of this theoretical model, the influencing factors for the collapse intensities of the tandem cavities are identified. The results reveal that the properties of the initial shock wave and the interval between the cavities are two predominant factors for the amplification of the collapse intensity. This study enhances the understanding of the physical process of shock-induced tandem-cavity collapse.
Exploiting self-organized criticality in strongly stratified turbulence
Authors: Chini Gregory P. , Michel Guillaume , Julien Keith , Rocha Cesar B. , Caulfield Colm-cille P.
Published: December 2021

A multiscale reduced description of turbulent free shear flows in the presence of strong stabilizing density stratification is derived via asymptotic analysis of the Boussinesq equations in the simultaneous limits of small Froude and large Reynolds numbers. The analysis explicitly recognizes the occurrence of dynamics on disparate spatiotemporal scales, yielding simplified partial differential equations governing the coupled evolution of slow large-scale hydrostatic flows and fast small-scale isotropic instabilities and internal waves. The dynamics captured by the coupled reduced equations is illustrated in the context of two-dimensional strongly stratified Kolmogorov flow. A noteworthy feature of the reduced model is that the fluctuations are constrained to satisfy quasilinear (QL) dynamics about the comparably slowly varying large-scale fields. Crucially, this QL reduction is not invoked as an ad hoc closure approximation, but rather is derived in a physically relevant and mathematically consistent distinguished limit. Further analysis of the resulting slow–fast QL system shows how the amplitude of the fast stratified-shear instabilities is slaved to the slowly evolving mean fields to ensure the marginal stability of the latter. Physically, this marginal stability condition appears to be compatible with recent evidence of self-organized criticality in both observations and simulations of stratified turbulence. Algorithmically, the slaving of the fluctuation fields enables numerical simulations to be time-evolved strictly on the slow time scale of the hydrostatic flow. The reduced equations thus provide a solid mathematical foundation for future studies of three-dimensional strongly stratified turbulence in extreme parameter regimes of geophysical relevance and suggest avenues for new sub-grid-scale parametrizations.
Instability of the attachment line boundary layer in a supersonic swept flow
Authors: Fedorov Alexander V. , Egorov Ivan V.
Published: December 2021

Theoretical analysis of attachment-line instabilities is performed for supersonic swept flows using the compressible Hiemenz approximation for the mean flow and the successive approximation procedures for disturbances. The theoretical model captures the dominant attachment-line modes in wide ranges of the sweep Mach number

${M_e}$

and the wall temperature ratio. It is shown that these modes behave similar to the first and second Mack modes in the boundary layer flow. This similarity allows us to extrapolate the knowledge gained for Mack modes to the attachment-line instabilities. In particular, we find that at sufficiently large

${M_e}$

, the dominant attachment-line instability is associated with the synchronisation of slow and fast modes of acoustic nature. Point-by-point comparisons of the theoretical predictions with the experiments of Gaillard et al. (Exp. Fluids, vol. 26, 1999, pp. 169–176) demonstrate that at

${M_e} > 4$

, the theory captures a significant drop of the transition onset Reynolds number, which is below the contamination criterion of Poll

$({R_\mathrm{\ast }} = 250)$

at

${M_e} > 6$

. This contradicts the generally accepted assumption that the attachment-line flow is stable for

${R_\mathrm{\ast }} \le 250$

. The theoretical critical Reynolds numbers lie well below the experimental transition-onset Reynolds numbers. Stability computations using the Navier–Stokes mean flow and accounting for the leading-edge curvature effect do not eliminate this discrepancy. Most likely, in the experiments of Gaillard et al., we face with an unknown effect that does not fit to the concept of transition arising from linear instability.
The dynamics of bouncing, partially coalescing, liquid metal droplets in a viscous medium
Authors: McGuan Ryan , Candler R. , Kavehpour H.P.
Published: December 2021

Planar partial coalescence is a phenomenon in which a droplet at a free surface or interface between two fluids coalesces into the plane surface producing a smaller droplet rather than coalescing completely. This smaller, ‘daughter’ droplet will be driven towards the interface by gravity and capillary forces resulting in a cascade effect of progressively small daughter droplets until the Ohnesorge Number approaches

$\sim$

1 and the cascade terminates with a full coalescence event. This paper utilizes a room temperature liquid metal alloy composed of gallium, indium and tin to study partial coalescence in a viscous quiescent medium and observed bouncing of the coalescing droplets on the interface. We observed the event using high speed videography measuring effects such as the droplet to daughter droplet ratio, droplet velocities, droplet bounce heights and coefficients of restitution for the bouncing event. An existing model (Honey & Kavehpour, Phys. Rev. E, vol. 73, 2006) from our group was used, validated and expanded upon to include buoyancy effects to estimate the initial velocity of the droplet and we developed two new models for the droplet travel and maximum bounce height. The first utilizes the Stokes model for drag to moderate success while the second utilizes a model from Beard & Pruppacher (J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 26, 1969, pp. 1066–1072) and a fourth-order Runge–Kutta numerical integration scheme to predict the droplet velocity and position as functions of time. Additionally the coefficient of restitution was determined from the model using a shooting method technique in tandem with measured data to find a coefficient of restitution value of

$A = 0.27 \pm 0.06$

. This ‘bouncing drop’ phenomenon continues in a quiescent viscous fluid to the sub-micron scale and was facilitated by the material properties of the liquid metal including the high density, moderate viscosity and particularly high interfacial tension.
Measuring the Tibetan nation: Anthropometry in 1950s Kalimpong
Authors: Koktvedgaard Zeitzen Miriam , Brox Trine
Published: December 2021

This article explores the anthropometric survey of 5,000 Tibetans by the ethnographer HRH Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark in the northeast Indian Himalayan town of Kalimpong in the 1950s, as part of the Third Danish Expedition to Central Asia. In the context of the crisis created by the Chinese incursion into Tibet in 1950, which pushed thousands of Tibetans into India, stationary field anthropometry, rather than a mobile expedition, became Prince Peter's principal entry into Tibetan worlds. This article explores the scientific paradigms underpinning his anthropometric survey at a time when anthropology had seemingly moved on theoretically and ethically, the historical conditions and contingencies of Prince Peter's research, and the survey's representations of Tibetan peoples and places. We argue that, while Prince Peter's understanding was in essence primordialist, linking particular peoples to particular places, in practice he took a more modernist approach to ‘Tibetaness’ as contingent upon historical processes. The article concludes by reflecting on the potential significance of this vast and unique collection of historic anthropometric data for Tibetans today.
Migration, Mobility and the Making of a Global Europe
Authors: Zahra Tara
Published: December 2021

In 2017–18, the Chinese artist Ai Weiwei created a special installation addressing the refugee crisis in Prague. ‘Law of the Journey’ consisted of an enormous black inflatable raft, crowded with inflatable rubber people wearing lifejackets. Their human forms were clear, but they lacked faces. The raft hung from the ceiling at an angle, casting a dark shadow over a list of quotations from thinkers and writers, beginning and ending with two locals: Franz Kafka and Václav Havel. A few isolated rubber tubes floated on the concrete floor next to the raft, with rubber humans reaching out to be saved. The exhibit conveyed both the desperation of the migrants and the inadequacy of the response.
Informal astronomy education in Bulgaria at the beginning of the XXI century: organization, continuum, results
Authors: Stoeva Penka , Stoev Alexey
Published: December 2021

The report shows the current opportunities for obtaining astronomical knowledge in school and outside it, through the use of non-formal education. These are school and extracurricular activities, schools, astronomical competitions and Olympiads, observation expeditions. For 25 years Bulgaria has been participating in the International Olympiads in Astronomy and Astronomy and Astrophysics with National Teams. The role and place of the system of Public Astronomical Observatories and Planetaria in the system of non-formal education in astronomy are discussed (In Bulgaria there are 7 Public astronomical observatories with a planetarium). Specialized activities in their school forms allow the formation of sustainable astronomical knowledge and observational habits.
La Serena School for Data Science: multidisciplinary hands-on education in the era of big data
Authors: Bayo A. , Graham M. J. , Norman D. , Cerda M. , Damke G. , Zenteno A. , Ibarlucea C.
Published: December 2021

La Serena School for Data Science is a multidisciplinary program with six editions so far and a constant format: during 10-14 days, a group of ∼30 students (15 from the US, 15 from Chile and 1-3 from Caribbean countries) and ∼9 faculty gather in La Serena (Chile) to complete an intensive program in Data Science with emphasis in applications to astronomy and bio-sciences.

The students attend theoretical and hands-on sessions, and, since early on, they work in multidisciplinary groups with their “mentors” (from the faculty) on real data science problems. The SOC and LOC of the school have developed student selection guidelines to maximize diversity.

The program is very successful as proven by the high over-subscription rate (factor 5-8) and the plethora of positive testimony, not only from alumni, but also from current and former faculty that keep in contact with them.
Reframing Pedagogy: Teaching Astronomy through STEAM Innovation
Authors: Chun-Long Sit Exodus
Published: December 2021

This contribution explores the reframing of promoting Astronomy as popular science, inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic. Through STEAM Innovation, integrating science and arts, such as Astro-Music and Space Art, would be a case in point of forced association. It redefines our methodology of Astronomy education and encourages the engagement of teachers from other disciplines. Supporting with user-centered design thinking, this pedagogy contributes effectively to the interactive teaching for solving real-life problems related to Astronomy.
Online Resources for Astronomy Education and Outreach
Authors: Impey Chris
Published: December 2021

The growth of the Internet has facilitated the easy availability of resources for teaching astronomy and doing astronomy outreach. This overview concentrates on resources that are free or open access. Basic teaching materials like textbooks and lab activities can be found, along with higher level items such as concept inventories and interactive instructional tools. There is also a small but growing research literature on astronomy instruction to be found online. Astronomers engaged in outreach can have access to large image collections, tools for doing citizen science, and planetarium apps. These resources are of enormous value to both novice and seasoned instructors, and anyone conveying the excitement of astronomy to a public audience.
Dark sky tourism and sustainable development in Namibia
Authors: Dalgleish Hannah S. , Mengistie Getachew M. , Backes Michael , Cotter Garret , Kasai Eli K.
Published: December 2021

Namibia is world-renowned for its incredibly dark skies by the astronomy community, and yet, the country is not well recognised as a dark sky destination by tourists and travellers. Forged by a collaboration between the Universities of Oxford and Namibia, together we are using astronomy as a means for capacity-building and sustainable socio-economic growth via educating tour guides and promoting dark sky tourism to relevant stakeholders.
Impact of language, culture and heritage on the way we learn and communicate Astronomy
Authors: Solís-Castillo Basilio
Published: December 2021

The language we speak, the culture in which we grew up and where we come from have a tremendous impact on the way we learn astronomy. Additionally, the historical predominance of Western culture has influenced the way our modern society sees the world, and of course, the sky. In this work, we will share author’s experience working as science advisor in an outreach institution, where he explored different strategies to reach diverse communities and bring astronomy closer to broader audiences.

Even though the construction of world-renowned astronomical observatories in Chile has boosted the interest in astronomy on the community, many challenges have not yet been addressed. One of them is to raise awareness about the ancestral heritage of Chilean’s first nations. Finally, we would like to highlight the importance of learning astronomy in our own language and therefore assure inclusion, diversity, and equity in our countries.
The vigorous development of data driven astronomy education and public outreach (DAEPO)
Authors: Li Shanshan , Cui Chenzhou , Qiao Cuilan , Fan Dongwei , Li Changhua , Xu Yunfei , Mi Linying , Yang Hanxi , Han Jun , Tao Yihan , He Boliang , Yang Sisi
Published: December 2021

Astronomy education and public outreach (EPO) is one of the important part of the future development of astronomy. During the past few years, as the rapid evolution of Internet and the continuous change of policy, the breeding environment of science EPO keep improving and the number of related projects show a booming trend. EPO is no longer just a matter of to teachers and science educators but also attracted the attention of professional astronomers. Among all activates of astronomy EPO, the data driven astronomy education and public outreach (abbreviated as DAEPO) is special and important. It benefits from the development of Big Data and Internet technology and is full of flexibility and diversity. We will present the history, definition, best practices and prospective development of DAEPO for better understanding this active field.
Cultural Astronomy for Inspiration
Authors: Gullberg Steven R.
Published: December 2021

Cultural astronomy is the study of the astronomy of ancient cultures and is sometimes called the anthropology of astronomy. The many ways that astronomy was used by ancient cultures are fascinating and this can be used to inspire interest in all astronomy, as well as astronomy in culture. Archaeoastronomy is interdisciplinary and among its practitioners are not only astronomers and astrophysicists, but also anthropologists, archaeologists, and Indigenous scholars. Much can be learned about ancient cultures though examination of how and why they used astronomy. This paper will highlight several examples that can capture public attention.
The inmate sky Astronomy in a juvenile detention institute
Authors: Casu Silvia , Luigi Deiana Gian , Molinari Emilio
Published: December 2021

We here present the general outline of the project “Open up, Sky!”, a pilot project of astronomy education in a Juvenile detention institution in Sardinia, Italy. The project is still in progress, and we report here the first preliminary results.
Meet the skies of the world first intercontinental-experimental course of teacher training in astronomy, of a cooperative and participatory type, in a time of physical distancing
Authors: Lanciano Nicoletta , Camino Néstor
Published: December 2021

For over 30 years, the MCE Sky Pedagogy Research Group (Italy) and Plaza del Cielo Complex (Argentina) had been offering teachers and educators many projects and activities related to training and teaching/learning processes having the sky and the study of the multiple relationships of humans with the sky as a focus of research. We have developed didactical methods based on direct experience, naked-eye activities, cooperation and exchange of experiences. The pandemic forced us to suspend the in-person meetings, which are at the center of our research in the Teaching of Astronomy, so we decided to react constructively exploring virtuality designing the course “Meet the skies of the world”. Two courses where developed from June to September 2020, each one having 4 virtual meetings of 2,5 hours each, with more than a hundred participants from different countries. A Level II course will be developed during the first semester of 2021.
21 Years Activity of the ITAU Activities
Authors: Baghbani Hasan , Rokni Mahdi , Tomita Akihiko , Hadizadeh Maryam
Published: December 2021

ITAU, the Iranian teacher’s astronomy union, has attempted for many years to introduce astronomy to the teachers and students not only in Iran but also around the world by providing various materials and projects. The primary goal of ITAU is also to protect the environment with a help of students; therefore, first, try to change the attitude of students. SINA, Student’s International Network for Astronomy, will follow the goals.
Astronomical Society of the University of Carabobo: scientific enculturation agent in Valencia city (Venezuela)
Authors: Ortega Alcides , Falcón Nelson
Published: December 2021

The Astronomical Society of the University of Carabobo (SAUC) is an activity of permanent scientific dissemination, which uses Astronomy as a tool for the scientific enculturation of the local population and non-formal teaching of Science and Technology. The SAUC base their Learning activities through the Bachelard epistemology and Morin pedagogy. Furthermore the focus of the dissemination and popularization of Astronomy must focus on knowledge for life and on overcoming epistemic obstacles between knowledge expert and knowledge taught. The SAUC’s activities are focused on holding Master Class, seminars, astronomy courses for amateurs; development of multimedia materials and the national astronomical ephemeris. The qualitative evaluation, after two decades of activities of the SAUC allows us to conclude that astronomy can affect as a motivating axis for cultural appropriation and scientific enculturation by broad sectors of the local community, regardless of age, gender, race, socio-economic activity, or ideological-cultural diversity.
The astronomical heritage of pre-Hispanic societies in Venezuela: Total Eclipses of Sun reported in Petroglyphs
Authors: Falcón Nelson , Ortega Alcides
Published: December 2021

Astronomical observations have been documented in pre-Hispanic cultures. However, little is known about the astronomical heritage of pre-Hispanic societies in Venezuela, since there are no evidence of an ancestral material culture as other regions of Meso and South America, and these native Venezuelan groups lacked a written, alphabetic or ideographic language. There are innumerable petroglyph deposits in almost all regions of Venezuela, especially near Lake Valencia (Carabobo state) and those of the Andean foothills (Barinas state). By means of computerized simulation and archaeoastronomy techniques, the occurrence of a total solar eclipse is verified: in July 1, 577 at the Vigirima site; and another total solar eclipse at noon on May 16, 1398 at the Bum Bum site. It is concluded that the contemplation of the total eclipses of the Sun, must lead to the need for communication and recording, and lacking any type of writing, they drew the phenomenon, using the techniques and means at their disposal: engraving on rocks.
Real data for astronomy class in the college and university
Authors: Villicana Pedraza Ilhuiyolitzin , Carreto Parra Francisco , Saucedo Morales Julio
Published: December 2021

Astronomy education is an efficient means of attracting more people to study science and not just astronomy. The diversity in the majors of the students allows us to expand the knowledge of astronomy to all fields. In this paper, we present our non-traditional method of using real data and observations for our College and University classes, it allows students to learn about the applications and how to use them to study the stars.
Estrelleros: Astronomy in hospitals
Authors: Delgado-Inglada Gloria , López-Cámara Diego , Farah Alejandro , Fuentes-Fernández Jorge , García Orlando , Keiman Carolina , Pacheco Tita L. , Ruíz-Díaz-Soto Jaime
Published: December 2021

This project is designed for children under 18 years that have to frequently visit hospitals or that have to endure long-term hospital stays. The aims are to entertain these children and their families, to increase their scientific culture, and to promote scientific vocations. So far we have visited one hospital in Mexico City bringing astronomy to the patients and their families. We have developed five hands-on activities and one musical activity that ensures that all the children can participate independently of their conditions. We plan to expand this project to other hospitals and other cities in the country. Our next challenge is to start virtual visits to hospitals.
TIEMPEROS: Meteorological specialists from the pre-hispanic indigenous cosmogony of Mexico, and the use of technology to promote astronomy and atmospheric sciences
Authors: Durán Cintia
Published: December 2021

The cult of the mountains, the wind and the request for “good rain” constitute today,the fusion of pre-Hispanic religious beliefs and meteorological knowledge in the agricultural development of central Mexico. Understanding this cult of the earth, from an indigenous perspective, led by certain specialists who have extensive knowledge of the landscape and meteorology, called Tiemperos, is a fundamental and necessary feature for the development of atmospheric sciences and the inclusion of rural villages in environmental research, carried out in certain areas of Mexico. Understanding the world in which these specialists are inserted is complex if one does not have a joint vision of the ethnographic data and the social relevance that the Tiemperos have on the communities. During 2018 I carried out an investigation on the request of rain and “goodweather” rituals that are carried out year after year in certain areas of central Mexico. From that initiative we developed an educational model and a prototype weather station that could be designed, built and adapted to the needs of each community, considering the traditions and teachings of the local Tiempero. Making use of microcontrollers, basic electronics, and a traditional indigenous technique, each station was built and designed with the people of the community where it would be installed, with the idea of involving and enriching scientific meteorological knowledge, which could be useful for each community. The project, still in development, included meteorological stations designed by the author and built by the communities, a series of educational exercises for children involved in the project and the proposal of a “goodweather” ritual using the data collected by the meteorological stations, with the intention of using technology and science-based information with traditional indigenous practices giving way to new forms of research and inclusion of science in remote communities in Mexico.
NASE workshop: Eclipses with models and camera obscura
Authors: Ros Rosa M. , García Beatriz , Moreno Ricardo , Romagnoli Claudia , Sebben Viviana
Published: December 2021

Ibn al-Haytham (known as Alhazen in occident), extensively studied the camera obscura phenomenon in the early 11th century. This instrument was used to obtain the projected image of a landscape on the screen and also was addopte by the scientists and famous painters along the centuries, to experiment with it until their final evolution as the modern photografic camera. The resource in the simple version of the “pinhole camera” can be used at the classroom to experience several phenomena, such us solar eclipses and Moon phases, and to each about optics and geometry. This contribution presents an application of this ingeniuos tool in the framework of solar eclipses, where the scale models are important to understand what really happens with the Sun-Earth-Moon system.
Our Sky, the Sky of Our Ancestors
Authors: César González-Garca A.
Published: December 2021

When we talk about Astronomy, we normally do not take into account that we are using a cultural specific way of understanding the sky. Astronomers, either professional, amateur or just lovers of the sky nowadays tend to approach the sky from the point of view of modern science. There, we approach the sky as something that needs to be explored, understood and explained.

However, this vision was not always like that, or even in other cultures is/was completely different. For centuries, the human being has comprehended the sky, its changes and constancies, as part of their world, as part of the environment, as part of their everyday life.

In this paper, I review a few of these different ways of approaching the sky in several cultures, from the Near East to Rome or the Andes and how we can use them today for education, outreach and heritage management.
ASTROMOVES: Astrophysics, Diversity, Mobility
Authors: Holbrook Jarita C.
Published: December 2021

The US astronomy/astrophysics community comes together to create a decadal report that summarizes grant funding priorities, observatory & instrumental priorities as well as community accomplishments and community goals such as increasing the number of women and the number of people from underrepresented groups. In the 2010 US National Academies Decadal Survey of Astronomy (NRC10), it was suggested that having to move so frequently which is a career necessity may be unattractive to people wanting to start a family, especially impacting women. Whether in Europe or elsewhere, as postdocs, astrophysicists will relocate every two to three years, until they secure a permanent position or leave research altogether. Astrophysicists do perceive working abroad as important and positive for their careers (Parenti02); however, it was found that the men at equal rank had not had to spend as much time abroad to further their careers (Fohl12). By implication, women need to work abroad longer or have more positions abroad to achieve the same rank as men. Astrophysicists living in the United Kingdom prefer to work in their country of origin, but many did not do so because of worse working conditions or difficultly finding a job for their spouse (Fohl14). In sum, mobility and moving is necessary for a career in astrophysics, and even more necessary for women, but astrophysicists prefer not to move as frequently as needed to maintain a research career. To gather more data on these issues and to broaden the discourse beyond male/female to include the gender diverse as well as to include other forms of diversity, the ASTROMOVES project was created which is funded through a Marie Curie Individual Fellowship. Though slowed down by COVID-19, several interviews have been conducted and some preliminary results will be presented.
Inclusive education and research through African Network of Women in Astronomy and STEM for GIRLS in Ethiopia initiatives
Authors: Pović Mirjana , McBride Vanessa , Muheki Priscilla , Ödman-Govender Carolina , Saad Somaya , Klutse Nana Ama Brown , Tsegaye Aster , Getachew Tigist , Kelemu Melody , Kibret Hanna , Tamirat Jerusalem , Telahun-Teka Deborah , Tesfaye Beza , Tigistu-Sahle Feven
Published: December 2021

The African Network of Women in Astronomy and STEM for GIRLS in Ethiopia initiatives have been established with aim to strengthen the participation of girls and women in astronomy and science in Africa and Ethiopia. We will not be able to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals without full participation of women and girls in all aspects of our society and without giving in future the same opportunity to all children to access education independently on their socio-economical status. In this paper both initiatives are briefly introduced.
The IAU Strategic Plan 2020–2030, a blueprint for forging a new social revolution in astronomy and for using astronomy as a tool for building a progressive society
Authors: Hearnshaw John B.
Published: December 2021

I discuss the second IAU Strategic Plan for the decade 2020–30 in the context of the overall evolution of the IAU in recent past decades. This article shows how the IAU has evolved dramatically since WW2. It is hardly recognizable in terms of its original organization and goals of a century ago. What was once an inward-looking body engaged purely with the procedures of astronomical research is now a dynamic and outward-looking organization, interacting with people, especially students and the public.

A large part of this success must be attributed to the IAU’s unique body of individual members, whose number has grown strongly in recent decades. It is the individual members, especially through the Commissions and Working Groups, who have promoted these enormous changes in the outlook of the Union. This is a model for other scientific unions to follow, and especially for the work to promote the careers of women in science, for promoting the careers of young astronomers, for bringing students into astronomy or into science in general, for helping people with disabilities to have careers in astronomy, for engaging with the public, and for helping to develop astronomy and science in developing countries.

Looking to the future, the IAU’s new Strategic Plan for the years 2020 to 2030 has five major goals for the coming decade: 1. The IAU leads the worldwide coordination of astronomy and the fostering of communication and dissemination of astronomical knowledge among professional astronomers. 2. The IAU promotes the inclusive advancement of the field of astronomy in every country. 3. The IAU promotes the use of astronomy as a tool for development in every country. 4. The IAU engages the public in astronomy through access to astronomical information and communication of the science of astronomy. 5. The IAU stimulates the use of astronomy for teaching and education at school level.

Future developments will also be engaging with the large number of amateur astronomers and helping to promote astro-tourism, which is perhaps the new frontier now growing rapidly around the world. The Strategic Plan is a blueprint for forging a social revolution in astronomy and for using astronomy as a tool for building a progressive society.
Solar eclipses as a chance for professional-amateur scientific collaboration
Authors: Hanaoka Yoichiro
Published: December 2021

Total solar eclipses are popular targets for amateur astronomers. At the same time, the eclipses are still scientifically important to observe the solar corona. Therefore, the eclipses are a good chance for amateurs to participate in scientific observations. In fact, some of amateur astronomers in Japan have been carried out scientific observations at the total solar eclipses collaborating with professional solar scientists over more than ten years. Some scientific results have been produced from the collaboration. We present here our collaborative activities as a practical example of citizen science.