bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Standards for Private-Sector Financial Institutions and the Management of Cultural Heritage
Authors: Mason Andrew R. , Ying Meng
Published: January 2020

Financial institutions typically avoid projects that will have a significant adverse effect on cultural heritage because it creates unwelcome risk and can affect their reputation. For bank clients, adverse project effects on cultural heritage can result in reputation risk, impede access to finance and insurance, increase operational costs, and jeopardize on-time and on-budget delivery of projects. To address this risk, financial institutions implement environmental and social policy frameworks that include specific requirements for the consideration of cultural heritage. This article examines the place of cultural heritage in the lending practices of 25 of the world's largest private-sector banks and its relevance for heritage practitioners who may be retained to provide advice, review or undertake fieldwork, and prepare studies in keeping with the private-sector bank policies and external standards described. The article concludes with a recommended best practice for private-sector financial institutions, a call to action for heritage practitioners to advocate for robust safeguards, and a call for support of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals by both heritage practitioners and private-sector financial institutions.
Wittgenstein on Going On
Authors: Ginsborg Hannah
Published: January 2020

In a famous passage from the Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein describes a pupil who has been learning to write out various sequences of numbers in response to orders such as “+1” (for the natural numbers) and “+2” (for the series 0, 2, 4, 6, 8…). He has shown himself competent for numbers up to 1000, but when we have him continue the “+2” sequence beyond 1000, he writes the numerals 1004, 1008, 1012. As Wittgenstein describes the case:

We say to him, “Look what you’re doing!” — He doesn’t understand us. We say “You should have added two; look how you began the series!” — He answers: “Yes! Isn’t it right? I thought that’s how I should [sollen] do it. — Or suppose he were to say, pointing to the series, “But I went on in the same way!”

(PI §185)1

The passage continues:

— It would now be no use to us to say “But don’t you see…?” — and repeat for him the old explanations and examples. — In such a case, we might perhaps say: this person naturally understands our order, once given our explanations, as we would understand the order “Add 2 up to 1000, 4 up to 2000, 6 up to 3000, and so on.”

(ibid.)
Exploring Stroke Outcomes Following a Door-to-Needle Quality Improvement Project
Authors: Alcock Susan , Sawatzky Jo-Ann V. , Strome Trevor , Doerksen Kathy
Published: January 2020

Background:

Although stroke rates in Canada are expected to increase dramatically over the next decade, time-driven hyperacute stroke care with thrombolysis increases the likelihood of a good clinical outcome. Following a period of suboptimal performance results for stroke care, our tertiary care center undertook a door-to-needle (DTN) quality improvement initiative. The purpose of our study was to determine if the resulting improved median DTN times and greater proportion of patients treated within 60 minutes of arrival at our emergency department were associated with improved clinical outcomes.

Methods:

Guided by the Donabedian quality framework, we retrospectively reviewed charts of consecutive patients (n = 324) who received thrombolysis pre- and post-quality improvement initiative. Data on patient characteristics, and process and outcome measures were collected. Primary study outcomes included mortality, adverse events, discharge location, and independence at discharge. Data analysis compared proportions with Chi Square and means using the two-tailed t-test and a 0.05 level of significance.

Results:

Median DTN times and the percentage of cases with a DTN ≤60 minutes improved significantly post-intervention (p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality decreased (p = 0.013), and the proportion of favorable versus unfavorable discharge locations improved (p = 0.005). Mortality rates for all study patients with DTN ≤60 versus >60 minutes were also significantly lower (p = 0.044) post-intervention.

Conclusions:

Our quality improvement initiative resulted in timelier care and positively influenced clinical outcomes. This study highlights the need for ongoing, innovative investment strategies to ensure timely hyperacute stroke care and optimal patient outcomes.
Product behavior complexity metric for early prioritization of tolerance analysis tasks
Authors: Bjarklev Kristian , Eifler Tobias , Mortensen Niels Henrik , Linnebjerg Steven , Ebro Martin
Published: January 2020

In order to reduce the time spent on tolerance analysis, it is necessary to correctly identify and prioritize the key characteristics of the product. For multiple-state mechanisms, a systematic procedure for doing this is lacking. We present a new complexity metric for multiple-state mechanisms based on the product behavior, describing the impact of geometrical variation. The sequence of the structural state transitions is linked to the product composition, enabling a clear prioritization of variation-critical states and interfaces. The approach is applied on an industrial case and verified based on a comparison with the company-specified priority tolerance calculations.
Law enforcement and mental health clinician partnerships in global mental health: outcomes for the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model adaptation in Liberia, West Africa
Authors: Boazak Mina , Yoss Sarah , Kohrt Brandon A. , Gwaikolo Wilfred , Strode Pat , Compton Michael T. , Cooper Janice
Published: January 2020

Background

The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model is a law enforcement strategy that aims to build alliances between the law enforcement and mental health communities. Despite its success in the United States, CIT has not been used in low- and middle-income countries. This study assesses the immediate and 9-month outcomes of CIT training on trainee knowledge and attitudes.

Methods

Twenty-two CIT trainees (14 law enforcement officers and eight mental health clinicians) were evaluated using pre-developed measures assessing knowledge and attitudes related to mental illness. Evaluations were conducted prior to, immediately after, and 9 months post training.

Results

The CIT training produced improvements both immediately and 9 months post training in knowledge and attitudes, suggesting that CIT can benefit law enforcement officers even in extremely low-resource settings with limited specialized mental health service infrastructure.

Conclusion

These findings support further exploration of the benefits of CIT in highly under-resourced settings.
14C Dated Chronology of the Thickest and Best Resolved Loess/Paleosol Record of the LGM from SE Hungary Based on Comparing Precision and Accuracy of Age-Depth Models
Authors: Sümegi Pál , Gulyás Sándor , Molnár Dávid , Szilágyi Gábor , Sümegi Balázs P , Törőcsik Tünde , Molnár Mihály
Published: January 2020

The Madaras profile found at the northernmost fringe of Bácska loess plateau is one of the thickest and best-developed last glacial loess sequences of Central Europe. The 10-m profile corresponds to a period between 29 and 12 b2k. To unravel feedback to small-scale centennial climatic fluctuations at our site, recorded in the Greenland ice and North Atlantic marine cores, construction of a reliable chronology is needed. Reliability is expressed in terms of best achievable chronological precision. Accuracy however is based on choosing the model best describing the sedimentological features of our profile. Five different age-depth models had constructed and compared relying on 1514C dates using various statistical, probabilistic approaches to choose the model with the highest achievable precision. Accuracy was also evaluated using accumulation rates against stratigraphy. Models constructed using the computer program Bacon performed best in terms of achieving the best possible stratigraphic accuracy. Seven meters of the profile represents the period of the LGM. The average sedimentation time was 16.8 yr/cm with the highest confined to the period of the LGM. Calculated average sedimentation rates were 4 times higher than previously reported. The peak accumulation periods are dated to the nadir of the LGM.
Mega-Events, Urban Space, and Social Protest: The Olympia 2000 Bid in Reunified Berlin, 1990–1993
Authors: Johnson Molly Wilkinson
Published: January 2020

This article explores the competing visions of urban planning that influenced newly reunified Berlin's highly contested bid, undertaken between 1990 and 1993, to host the 2000 Olympic Games. The governing city parliament coalition, mainstream media, and private corporations embraced the Games as the key to Berlin's future. The Olympics would draw investors, reunify infrastructure, foster a common “Berlin” identity among newly reunited Berlin's residents, upgrade borderland spaces and eastern neighborhoods, and boost Berlin's prominence as a global city. Alternatively, numerous protesters from both East and West, proclaiming their right to provide meaningful input into the uses of urban space, staged creative protest actions highlighting the negative social, political, and environmental effects of the proposed Games on Berlin and its neighborhoods. Ultimately, supporters and opponents diverged on the matter of who had the right to determine the use of urban space: the city government and private corporations or city residents who believed they knew best what benefited their own neighborhoods. In the end, Berlin lost its bid to host the 2000 Olympic Games. Nonetheless, creative resistance efforts designed to offer democratic alternatives to growth- and investment-oriented urban planning and to protect residents’ rights to codetermine urban space, often emerging in response to planned mega-events and large development projects, persist more than two decades later, not only in Berlin but in other major metropolises around the globe.
Mining-contaminated estuaries of Cornwall – field research laboratories for trace metal ecotoxicology
Authors: Rainbow Philip S.
Published: January 2020

A century or so after the cessation of almost all mining in Cornwall, certain estuaries still have extremely high sediment concentrations of toxic trace metals, particularly copper and arsenic, but also lead and zinc. These high trace metal loadings in the sediments are to a large degree bioavailable to the local infauna, especially sediment-ingesting invertebrates. Some sediment trace metal bioavailabilities are so high as to be of ecotoxicological concern, with deleterious effects on the local biota at levels of biological organization up to and including changed community structure. The estuaries of interest here are those of the Rivers Carnon (Restronguet Creek), Tamar (and Tavy), Gannel, West Looe and Hayle. These estuaries are especially attractive field sites for comparative trace metal ecophysiology and ecotoxicology research for they lack the confounding presence of other anthropogenic contaminants inevitably present in most estuaries in the developed world. The estuaries also offer a range of combinations of different trace metals and a comparative gradient of sediment bioavailabilities of these trace metals.
Legal aspects of transboundary water management: An analysis of the intergovernmental institutional arrangements in the Okavango River Basin
Authors: Mogomotsi Goemeone E.J. , Mogomotsi Patricia K. , Mosepele Ketlhatlogile
Published: January 2020

The Okavango River Basin is a transboundary basin which serves as an important source of water resources for three riparian Southern African states, namely Angola, Botswana, and Namibia. If not properly managed, the Okavango River Basin is a potential source of conflict amongst the three countries. In order to reduce the likelihood of disputes among riparian states, the Governments of Angola, Botswana, and Namibia have signed and ratified an agreement establishing the institutional framework for the management of the shared water resources. This article discusses the legal aspects of the institutional arrangements in the Okavango River Basin. It highlights the importance of river basin organizations in the effective management of transboundary watercourses. This article concludes that the institutional arrangements between the riparian states with access to the Okavango River provide the framework for resolving possible disputes peacefully. Further, it concludes that these institutional arrangements promote co-operation over the management of the shared water resources.
“Why and how did this happen?”: development and evaluation of an information resource for parents of children with CHD
Authors: Hunt Alexis V. , Hilton Desiree C. K. , Verrall Charlotte E. , Barlow-Stewart Kristine K. , Fleming Jane , Winlaw David S. , Blue Gillian M.
Published: January 2020

Background:

The causes of CHD are complex and often unknown, leading parents to ask how and why this has happened. Genetic counselling has been shown to benefit these parents by providing information and support; however, most parents currently do not receive this service. This study aimed to develop a brochure to determine whether an information resource could improve parents’ knowledge about CHD causation and inheritance and increase psychosocial functioning.

Methods:

In development, the resource was assessed against several readability scales and piloted. Parents of children attending preadmission clinic for surgery were included. Assessments occurred pre- and post-receiving the information resource using a purpose-designed knowledge measure and validated psychological measures.

Results:

Participant’s (n = 52) knowledge scores increased significantly from the pre-questionnaire (
${\overline x}\, = \,5/10$
, sd = 2.086) to post-questionnaire (
$\overline x\, = \,7.88/10$
, sd = 2.094, p < 0.001), with all aware that CHD can be caused by genetic factors after reading the brochure. Perceived personal control also increased from pre- (
$\overline x\, = \,11.856/18$
, sd = 4.339) to post-brochure (
$\overline x\, = \,14.644/18$
, sd = 3.733, p < 0.001), and many reported reduced feelings of guilt. No negative emotional response to the brochure was reported. The information provided was considered relevant (88%), reassuring (86%), and 88% would recommend the brochure to other parents. However, some wanted more emotional support and assistance in what to tell their child.

Conclusions:

Use of the information resource significantly enhanced parents’ knowledge of CHD causation and increased their psychosocial functioning. It is a valuable resource in the absence of genetic counselling; however, it should not replace formal genetic counselling when required.
Structural Properties and ELNES of Polycrystalline and Nanoporous Mg3N2
Authors: Wenzel Olivia , Rein Viktor , Popescu Radian , Feldmann Claus , Gerthsen Dagmar
Published: January 2020

Nanoporous, high-purity magnesium nitride (Mg3N2) was synthesized with a liquid ammonia-based process, for potential applications in optoelectronics, gas separation and catalysis, since these applications require high material purity and crystallinity, which has seldom been demonstrated in the past. One way to evaluate the degree of crystalline near-range order and atomic environment is electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a transmission electron microscope. However, there are hardly any data on Mg3N2, which makes identification of electron energy-loss near-edge structure (ELNES) features difficult. Therefore, we have studied nanoporous Mg3N2with EELS in detail in comparison to EELS spectra of bulk Mg3N2, which was analyzed as a reference material. The N-K and Mg-K edges of both materials are similar. Despite having the same crystal structure, however, there are differences in fine-structural features, such as shifts and absences of peaks in the N-K and Mg-K edges of nanoporous Mg3N2. These differences in ELNES are attributed to coordination changes in nanoporous Mg3N2caused by the significantly smaller crystallite size of 2–6 nm compared to the larger (25–125 nm) crystal size in a bulk material.
RANK GENERATING FUNCTIONS FOR ODD-BALANCED UNIMODAL SEQUENCES, QUANTUM JACOBI FORMS, AND MOCK JACOBI FORMS
Authors: BARNETT MICHAEL , FOLSOM AMANDA , WESLEY WILLIAM J.
Published: January 2020

Let $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}(m,n)$ (respectively, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}(m,n)$) denote the number of odd-balanced unimodal sequences of size $2n$ and rank $m$ with even parts congruent to $2\!\!\hspace{0.6em}{\rm mod}\hspace{0.2em}4$ (respectively, $0\!\!\hspace{0.6em}{\rm mod}\hspace{0.2em}4$) and odd parts at most half the peak. We prove that two-variable generating functions for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}(m,n)$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}(m,n)$ are simultaneously quantum Jacobi forms and mock Jacobi forms. These odd-balanced unimodal rank generating functions are also duals to partial theta functions originally studied by Ramanujan. Our results also show that there is a single $C^{\infty }$ function in $\mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}$ to which the errors to modularity of these two different functions extend. We also exploit the quantum Jacobi properties of these generating functions to show, when viewed as functions of the two variables $w$ and $q$, how they can be expressed as the same simple Laurent polynomial when evaluated at pairs of roots of unity. Finally, we make a conjecture which fully characterizes the parity of the number of odd-balanced unimodal sequences of size $2n$ with even parts congruent to $0\!\!\hspace{0.6em}{\rm mod}\hspace{0.2em}4$ and odd parts at most half the peak.
The trade-off between pension costs and salary expenditures in the public sector
Authors: Kim Dongwoo , Koedel Cory , Xiang P. Brett
Published: January 2020

We examine pension-cost crowd out of salary expenditures in the public sector using a 15-year data panel of state teacher pension plans spanning the Great Recession. While there is no evidence of salary crowd out prior to the Great Recession, there is a shift in the post-recession years such that a 1% (of salaries) increase in the annual required pension contribution corresponds to a decrease in total teacher salary expenditures of 0.24%. The effect operates through changes to the size of the teaching workforce, not changes to teacher wages. An explanation for the effect heterogeneity pre- and post-recession is that public employers are less able to shield the workforce from pension costs during times of fiscal stress. This problem is exacerbated because unlike other benefit costs, such as for health care, pension costs are countercyclical.
Costs and liabilities of US public pension systems in a low-return environment
Authors: Chen Gang , Matkin David , Kang Hyewon
Published: January 2020

In recent years, a growing number of capital market professionals have projected a low-return environment in US investment portfolios – where returns in most asset classes are expected to drop below historical rates. While these specific forecasts may not fully materialize, it is natural for cyclical investment markets to go through extended periods of lower returns, creating significant risks for public pension systems which rely on investment returns to sustain their long-term solvency and offset budgetary contributions. This paper uses a simulation method to examine the long-term effect of a low-return environment on the unfunded liabilities and contribution costs of US public pension systems while considering the moderating effects of asset allocation strategies, amortization approaches, and contribution policies.
Genetic erosion in traditional rice agro-ecosystems in Southern Philippines: drivers and consequences
Authors: Zapico Florence L. , Dizon Josefina T. , Borromeo Teresita H. , McNally Kenneth L. , Fernando Edwino S. , Hernandez Jose E.
Published: January 2020

This paper examines genetic erosion in rice landraces thriving in traditional smallholder agricultural systems in the Sarangani uplands, Philippines. In these marginal areas, the crop is closely interwoven with tribal culture and is vital in ensuring food security among upland households. Field visits unveiled high varietal diversity for upland rice and a rich tapestry of indigenous knowledge associated with its cultivation and use. Study results, however, revealed the tapering of the crop's genetic base due to farmers' changing priorities, pest infestation, weakening seed supply systems, shift to cash crops, natural calamities, environmental degradation, government programmes and peace and order problems. Consequently, these pressures undermined traditional agricultural systems in Sarangani upland communities causing food and water scarcity, hunger and suffering on a catastrophic scale. Interdisciplinary strategies aimed at simultaneously averting further varietal losses and environmental degradation while improving human well-being are therefore warranted. Furthermore, making traditional rice farming a lucrative endeavour will induce the younger generation to remain in the uplands and choose farming as a profession. This way, biocultural restoration of agriculture will be attained and the continued presence of the tribal groups in the Sarangani uplands will be ensured for a very long time.
Patients' Satisfaction With the Therapeutic Relationship and Therapeutic Outcome Is Related to Suicidal Ideation in the Attempted Suicide Short Intervention Program (ASSIP)
Authors: Ring Mariann , Gysin-Maillart Anja
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Background: The therapeutic alliance may be a moderating factor of outcome in the Attempted Suicide Short Intervention Program (ASSIP). Aims: This study investigates the two components of the therapeutic alliance, patients' satisfaction with the therapeutic relationship and therapeutic outcome and their associations with suicidal ideation over time. Method: A total of 120 patients (55% female; mean age = 36 years) with a history of attempted suicide were randomly allocated to either the intervention group ( N = 60) or the control group ( N = 60). Patients' satisfaction with the therapeutic relationship and outcome were measured with the two subscales of the Helping Alliance Questionnaire. The Beck Scale of Suicide Ideation was used to measure suicidal ideation in this 24-month follow-up study. Results: The ASSIP group showed that patients' satisfaction with therapeutic relationship and outcome increased significantly from the first to the third session. Higher satisfaction with therapeutic outcome correlated significantly with lower suicidal ideation at follow-up. Conversely, the control group showed no significant results. Limitations: The collaborative approach adopted in the initial clinical interview of the control group could possibly have influenced the results of both scales. Conclusion: In particular, the component satisfaction with therapeutic outcome seems crucial to the subjectively perceived satisfaction of treatment and is associated with lower suicidal ideation over time. Thus, an enhanced understanding of components of the therapeutic alliance plays an important role in the development of interventions for suicidal patients.
Evaluation of the Impact of the PABBS Suicide Bereavement Training on Clinicians' Knowledge and Skills
Authors: McDonnell Sharon , Nelson Pauline A. , Leonard Sarah , McGale Barry , Chew-Graham Carolyn A. , Kapur Nav , Shaw Jenny , Smith Shirley , Cordingley Lis
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Background: Health-care professionals do not routinely receive training on how best to support parents bereaved by suicide. Evidence-based training – Postvention Assisting Those Bereaved by Suicide (PABBS) – was designed to address this gap. Aims: The study aimed (a) to pilot PABBS training and evaluate its perceived effectiveness (impact on self-reported knowledge, skills and confidence) in managing suicide bereavement; and (b) to explore training acceptability. Method: A pre- and postevaluation design was used. Professionals attended intensive, structured 1-day PABBS training comprising: didactic/interactive teaching; practice-orientated activities supported with real-life materials and a manual/workbook. Evaluation forms completed immediately before and after training analyzed: (a) self-reported changes in knowledge, skills, and confidence (perceived effectiveness of training); and (b) the acceptability of training. Results: In total, 62 professionals completed training. Perceived knowledge, skills, and confidence improved after training as did self-reported understanding, motivation to learn more, and intention to change practice. Training was highly rated, particularly the evidence-based, real-life materials, with some suggestions for improvement. Limitations: Self-selected sample and reliance on self-report measures are the study's limitations. Conclusion: PABBS training may help address gaps in professionals' capacity to support parents bereaved by suicide. The evidence-based content was highly acceptable and appeared to be a key ingredient in effecting self-reported changes in attitudes/intentions.
What Can We Learn From X‐Ray Fluorescence Core Scanning Data? A Paleomonsoon Case Study
Authors: Gebregiorgis D. , Giosan L. , Hathorne E. C. , Anand P. , Nilsson‐Kerr K. , Plass A. , Lückge A. , Clemens S. C. , Frank M.
Published: January 2020

X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanning of marine and lake sediments has been extensively used to study changes in past environmental and climatic processes over a range of timescales. The interpretation of XRF‐derived element ratios in paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic studies primarily considers differences in the relative abundances of particular elements. Here we present new XRF core scanning data from two long sediment cores in the Andaman Sea in the northern Indian Ocean and show that sea level related processes influence terrigenous inputs based proxies such as Ti/Ca, Fe/Ca, and elemental concentrations of the transition metals (e.g., Mn). Zr/Rb ratios are mainly a function of changes in median grain size of lithogenic particles and often covary with changes in Ca concentrations that reflect changes in biogenic calcium carbonate production. This suggests that a common process (i.e., sea level) influences both records. The interpretation of lighter element data (e.g., Si and Al) based on low XRF counts is complicated as variations in mean grain size and water content result in systematic artifacts and signal intensities not related to the Al or Si content of the sediments. This highlights the need for calibration of XRF core scanning data based on discrete sample analyses and careful examination of sediment properties such as porosity/water content for reliably disentangling environmental signals from other physical properties. In the case of the Andaman Sea, reliable extraction of a monsoon signal requires accounting for the sea level influence on the XRF data.
Episodic Occurrence of Field‐Aligned Energetic Ions on the Dayside
Authors: Yue Chao , Bortnik Jacob , Zou Shasha , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Foster John C. , Coppeans Thomas , Ma Qianli , Zong Qiugang , Hull A. J. , Henderson Mike , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Spence Harlan E.
Published: January 2020

The tens of kiloelectron volt ions observed in the ring current region at L ~ 3–7 generally have pancake pitch angle distributions, that is, peaked at 90°. However, in this study, by using the Van Allen Probe observations on the dayside, unexpectedly, we have found that about 5% time, protons with energies of ~30 to 50 keV show two distinct populations, having an additional field‐aligned population overlapping with the original pancake population. The newly appearing field‐aligned populations have higher occurrence rates at ~12–16 magnetic local time during geomagnetically active times. In particular, we have studied eight such events in detail and found that the source regions are located around 12 to 18 magnetic local time which coincides with our statistical result. Based on the ionospheric and geosynchronous observations, it is suggested that these energetic ions with field‐aligned pitch angle distributions probably are accelerated near postnoon in association with ionospheric disturbances that are triggered by tail injections.
Experimental Reactivation of Shear‐fractured Berea and Boise Sandstones by Brine or Liquid CO2 Injection at Depth
Authors: Velcin Helene , Dautriat Jeremie , Sarout Joel , Esteban Lionel , Godel Belinda
Published: January 2020

Injection‐driven reactivation of fractured/faulted reservoirs is a key concern in the design and safe operation of water/CO2 injection projects. Here, a new laboratory testing protocol is devised by which the reactivation conditions are quantified, providing pivotal data for effective risk assessment/management. We simulate a field injection operation in the laboratory on prefaulted Berea and Boise sandstones subjected to stress/pressure conditions prevalent at 2 km depth. The protocol consists of two key stages: (i) drained normal faulting: triaxial shear failure induced by increase of the overburden stress; and (ii) injection‐driven reactivation of the faulted rock by pore pressure increase. Injection is conducted with either brine or liquid CO2. The data show that at 2 km depth, (i) shear fracturing and subsequent faulting occurs when the differential stress reaches 36–46 MPa for Boise, or 96–98 MPa for Berea, and (ii) subsequent reactivation triggers when the pore fluid over‐pressure reaches 4–5 MPa, regardless of the injected fluid or specific sandstone tested. Spatiotemporal monitoring of the concomitant microseismic activity proves effective in time‐lapse imaging the structural changes leading to the triaxial faulting of the intact rock, or to the reactivation of the prefaulted rock. Microseismic imaging suggests that (i) initial shear faulting results in a single slip surface, consistent with brittle (Berea) or semibrittle (Boise) failure; (ii) upon injection‐induced reactivation at 2 km depth, the preexisting fault ruptures and slips first, before a new and steeper fracture nucleates, progressively propagates, then slips; and (iii) dynamic slip transfer occurs from the preexisting to the newly formed fault.
Variations of the North Equatorial Current Bifurcation and the SSH in the Western Pacific Associated With El Niño Flavors
Authors: Wang Xin , Tong Bo , Wang Dongxiao , Yang Lei
Published: January 2020

This study presents different variations of the North Equatorial Current Bifurcation (NECB) in the development of the canonical El Niño, the Central Pacific El Niño I (CP‐I El Niño), and the Central Pacific El Niño II (CP‐II El Niño) in autumn and investigates the dynamic mechanism by analyzing Simple Ocean Data Assimilation data sets. It is suggested that the meridional shifts of the NECB are negatively related to the sea surface height (SSH) near the coast of the Philippines. The NECB shifts northward in autumn of the development phase of both canonical and CP‐II El Niño events, whereas it moves insignificantly for CP‐I El Niño events. During the development phase of canonical and CP‐II El Niños, the remote positive wind stress curl anomalies in the central and western tropical Pacific between 12°N and 15°N are responsible for the variations of the NECB, which can induce the westward Rossby waves of negative SSH anomalies and thus result in the northward shift of the NECB several months later. However, the local wind stress curl anomalies near the Philippine coast are significantly negative and result in locally positive SSH anomalies for CP‐I El Niños. Such anomalous positive SSHs are offset by the negative counterparts that result from the remote wind forcing in the western tropical Pacific. Therefore, the meridional shifts of the NECB are not significant in autumn for CP‐I El Niños. A one and a half layer‐reduced gravity model is used to conduct experiments to further confirm the above results.
Interdecadal Change in the Relationship of the Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclogenesis Frequency to Tropical Indian and North Atlantic Ocean SST in Early 1990s
Authors: Wu Renguang , Cao Xi , Yang Yiya
Published: January 2020

The present study investigates reasons of interdecadal changes in the relationship between the western North Pacific (WNP) tropical cyclone (TC) genesis and tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) and tropical North Atlantic Ocean (TNA) sea surface temperature (SST) in early‐1990s. It is found that the above interdecadal changes are related to changes in the coherence of TIO and TNA SST variations with equatorial central‐eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) SST variations. During 1970s through mid‐1980s, TIO and TNA SSTs tend to vary in phase with EPO SST on both interannual and interdecadal time scales. The combined effects of TIO and EPO SST anomalies induce opposite environment and TC changes in southeastern and northwestern WNP, leading to a weak correlation of basin‐wide WNP TC and TIO SST. Similarly, TNA and EPO SST anomalies induce opposite environment and TC changes in northeastern and southeastern WNP and thus basin‐wide WNP TC‐TNA SST correlation is weak. During late 1990s through early 2000s, TIO and EPO SST variations have a weak coherence due to their opposite relations on interannual and interdecadal time scales. TIO SST anomalies alone induce anomalous circulation over most WNP so that basin‐wide WNP TC‐TIO SST relationship is strong. The interannual and interdecadal SST variations remain coherent in TNA and EPO but with a switch of sign in their relationship in early 1990s. TNA and EPO SST anomalies induce same environment and TC changes in northeastern and southeastern WNP, and thus, basin‐wide WNP TC‐TNA SST relationship is strong. Numerical model experiments validate the importance of coherent regional SST anomalies.
Introduction to Special Collection: “Bridging Weather and Climate: Subseasonal‐to‐Seasonal (S2S) Prediction”
Authors: Lang Andrea L. , Pegion Kathleen , Barnes Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2020

This article acts as an introduction to the JGR‐Atmospheres Special Section titled “Bridging Weather and Climate: Subseasonal‐to‐Seasonal (S2S) Prediction”. It outlines the major findings of the articles published in the Special Section as well as discusses organized national and international efforts to advance subseasonal‐to‐seasonal prediction research.
Plio‐Pleistocene Variability of the East Pacific Thermocline and Atmospheric Systems
Authors: Ronge T. A. , Nürnberg D. , Tiedemann R.
Published: January 2020

The transition from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene was accompanied by major tectonic reorganizations of key oceanic gateways. In particular, the gradual closure of the Panama Gateway and the constriction of the Indonesian Gateway significantly affected the structure of the Pacific thermocline. In the East Pacific, the thermocline shoaled from an early Pliocene El Niño‐like depth to its modern state, which had significant implications for global climate. Here we use Mg/Ca temperature estimates from subsurface and thermocline dwelling foraminifera to reconstruct the meridional Plio‐Pleistocene evolution of the Southeast Pacific thermocline, in relation to atmospheric circulation changes. In combination with similar reconstructions from the north‐equatorial Pacific, our data indicate a change in the thermocline, responding to the northward displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone/South Pacific High system between ~3.8 and 3.5 Ma. After 3.5 Ma, we record a second major phase of thermocline shoaling, which points to the Intertropical Convergence Zone/South Pacific High‐system movement toward its modern position along with the gradual cooling of the Northern Hemisphere and its associated glaciation. These findings highlight that a warming globe may affect equatorial regions more intensively due to the potential temperature‐driven movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone/South Pacific High and their associated oceanic systems.
An Empirical Reevaluation of Streamflow Recession Analysis at the Continental Scale
Authors: Tashie Arik , Pavelsky Tamlin , Band Lawrence E.
Published: January 2020

Streamflow recession analysis is a widely used hydrologic tool that uses readily available discharge measurements to estimate otherwise unmeasurable watershed‐scale properties, predict low flows, and parameterize many lumped hydrologic models. Traditional methods apply the simplifying assumptions of outflow from a Boussinesq aquifer, which predicts the slope of the recession curve relating streamflow to its derivative in log‐log space to decrease from early‐stage to late‐stage recession. However, this prediction has not been validated in actual watersheds. Also, recent studies have shown that slopes of observed recession events are often much greater than traditional methods that predict with data point clouds. We analyze recession behavior of 1,027 streams from across the continental United States for periods of 10 to 118 years, identifying over 155,000 individual recession events. We find that the average slope of observed recession events is greater than that of the point cloud for all streams. Further, recession slopes of observed events decrease with time in only 10% of cases and instead increase with time in 74% of cases. We identify only nine watersheds where observed streamflow behavior often conforms to the predictions of traditional recession analysis, each of which is arid and flat with low permeability. Analysis of our extensive empirical results with a regionalization of catchment hydrologic characteristics indicates that heterogeneity of subsurface flow paths increases the nonlinearity and convexity of observed recession, likely as a function of watershed memory. The practical implications of our analysis are that streamflow is more stable during periods of extended drought than generally predicted.
Chloride Balance in Freshwater System of a Highly Anthropized Subalpine Area: Load and Source Quantification Through a Watershed Approach
Authors: Nava V. , Patelli M. , Bonomi T. , Stefania G. A. , Zanotti C. , Fumagalli L. , Soler V. , Rotiroti M. , Leoni B.
Published: January 2020

Recent studies have highlighted an increase of chloride in many lakes worldwide, with negative effects on chemical and physical properties of inland waters and freshwater biota. In this study, we assessed the long‐term trend (1993–2017) of chloride in Lake Iseo, located in the midlatitudes, and analyzed its relationship with discharge data of the inflows and hydrological and hydroclimatic changes. Additionally, we performed a specific annual survey, collecting water samples at a biweekly frequency in tributaries, calculating chloride load, and comparing the result with the chloride increase observed in lacustrine water. The combined use of Geographic Information System (GIS) and multivariate analyses allowed identification of possible sources of chloride and their seasonal dynamic within the mixed‐land‐use watershed: impervious surface and deicing salt, population and sewage effluents, livestock, and rainwater. Their potential contribution to total mass balance was assessed, cross‐checking the results between chloride source evaluation and load estimation. Chloride load from wastewater treatment plants played an important role, albeit we highlighted that the main source was the road deicing salt, with a primarily winter contribution. The increased anthropization in the watershed was likely the main cause of the chloride enhancement. This study demonstrates that the problem of salinization can also affect lakes located in the midlatitude areas and provides a reproducible method for the identification and quantification of the different sources. Our results will help to better understand the potential sources of salinity in rivers that may reveal processes controlling the salinization of freshwater systems, with implications for future management practices.
Random Fields Simplified: Preserving Marginal Distributions, Correlations, and Intermittency, With Applications From Rainfall to Humidity
Authors: Papalexiou Simon Michael , Serinaldi Francesco
Published: January 2020

Nature manifests itself in space and time. The spatiotemporal complexity of processes such as precipitation, temperature, and wind, does not allow purely deterministic modeling. Spatiotemporal random fields have a long history in modeling such processes, and yet a single unified framework offering the flexibility to simulate processes that may differ profoundly does not exist. Here we introduce a blueprint to efficiently simulate spatiotemporal random fields that preserve any marginal distribution, any valid spatiotemporal correlation structure, and intermittency. We suggest a set of parsimonious yet flexible marginal distributions and provide a rule of thumb for their selection. We propose a new and unified approach to construct flexible spatiotemporal correlation structures by combining copulas and survival functions. The versatility of our framework is demonstrated by simulating conceptual cases of intermittent precipitation, double‐bounded relative humidity, and temperature maxima fields. As a real‐word case we simulate daily precipitation fields. In all cases, we reproduce the desired properties. In an era characterized by advances in remote sensing and increasing availability of spatiotemporal data, we deem that this unified approach offers a valuable and easy‐to‐apply tool for modeling complex spatiotemporal processes.
Magnitude and heterogeneity of brain structural abnormalities in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a meta-analysis
Authors: Rogdaki Maria , Gudbrandsen Maria , McCutcheon Robert A , Blackmore Charlotte E , Brugger Stefan , Ecker Christine , Craig Michael C , Daly Eileen , Murphy Declan G M , Howes Oliver
Published: January 2020

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with a number of volumetric brain abnormalities. The syndrome is also associated with an increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. An earlier meta-analysis showed reduced grey and white matter volumes in individuals with 22q11.2DS. Since this analysis was conducted, the number of studies has increased markedly, permitting more precise estimates of effects and more regions to be examined. Although 22q11.2DS is clinically heterogeneous, it is not known to what extent this heterogeneity is mirrored in neuroanatomy. The aim of this study was thus to investigate differences in mean brain volume and structural variability within regions, between 22q11.2DS and typically developing controls. We examined studies that reported measures of brain volume using MRI in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and PsycINFO from inception to 1 May 2019. Data were extracted from studies in order to calculate effect sizes representing case–control difference in mean volume, and in the variability of volume (as measured using the log variability ratio (lnVR) and coefficient of variation ratio (CVR)). We found significant overall decreases in mean volume in 22q11.2DS compared with control for: total brain (g = −0.96;p < 0.001); total grey matter (g = −0.81,p < 0.001); and total white matter (g = −0.81;p < 0.001). There was also a significant overall reduction of mean volume in 22q11.2DS subjects compared with controls in frontal lobe (g = −0.47;p < 0.001), temporal lobe (g = −0.84;p < 0.001), parietal lobe (g = −0.73;p = 0.053), cerebellum (g = −1.25;p < 0.001) and hippocampus (g = −0.90;p < 0.001). Significantly increased variability in 22q11.2DS individuals compared with controls was found only for the hippocampus (VR, 1.14;p = 0.036; CVR, 1.30;p < 0.001), and lateral ventricles (VR, 1.56;p = 0.004). The results support the notion that structural abnormalities in 22q11.2DS and schizophrenia are convergent, and also to some degree with findings in autism spectrum disorder. Finally, the increased variability seen in the hippocampus in 22q11.2DS may underlie some of the heterogeneity observed in the neuropsychiatric phenotype.
DNA methylation markers in the diagnosis and prognosis of common leukemias
Authors: Jiang Hua , Ou Zhiying , He Yingyi , Yu Meixing , Wu Shaoqing , Li Gen , Zhu Jie , Zhang Ru , Wang Jiayi , Zheng Lianghong , Zhang Xiaohong , Hao Wenge , He Liya , Gu Xiaoqiong , Quan Qingli , Zhang Edward , Luo Huiyan , Wei Wei , Li Zhihuan , Zang Guangxi , Zhang Charlotte , Poon Tina , Zhang Daniel , Ziyar Ian , Zhang Run-ze , Li Oulan , Cheng Linhai , Shimizu Taylor , Cui Xinping , Zhu Jian-kang , Sun Xin , Zhang Kang
Published: January 2020

The ability to identify a specific type of leukemia using minimally invasive biopsies holds great promise to improve the diagnosis, treatment selection, and prognosis prediction of patients. Using genome-wide methylation profiling and machine learning methods, we investigated the utility of CpG methylation status to differentiate blood from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) from normal blood. We established a CpG methylation panel that can distinguish ALL and AML blood from normal blood as well as ALL blood from AML blood with high sensitivity and specificity. We then developed a methylation-based survival classifier with 23 CpGs for ALL and 20 CpGs for AML that could successfully divide patients into high-risk and low-risk groups, with significant differences in clinical outcome in each leukemia type. Together, these findings demonstrate that methylation profiles can be highly sensitive and specific in the accurate diagnosis of ALL and AML, with implications for the prediction of prognosis and treatment selection.
Correction: PDGFB-expressing mesenchymal stem cells improve human hematopoietic stem cell engraftment in immunodeficient mice
Authors: Yin Xiuxiu , Hu Linping , Zhang Yawen , Zhu Caiying , Cheng Hui , Xie Xiaowei , Shi Ming , Zhu Ping , Zhao Xueying , Chen Wanqiu , Zhang Lu , Arakaki Cameron , Hao Sha , Wang Mei , Cao Wenbin , Ma Shihui , Zhang Xiao-Bing , Cheng Tao
Published: January 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Coherent acoustic control of a single silicon vacancy spin in diamond
Authors: Maity Smarak , Shao Linbo , Bogdanović Stefan , Meesala Srujan , Sohn Young-Ik , Sinclair Neil , Pingault Benjamin , Chalupnik Michelle , Chia Cleaven , Zheng Lu , Lai Keji , Lončar Marko
Published: January 2020

Phonons are considered to be universal quantum transducers due to their ability to couple to a wide variety of quantum systems. Among these systems, solid-state point defect spins are known for being long-lived optically accessible quantum memories. Recently, it has been shown that inversion-symmetric defects in diamond, such as the negatively charged silicon vacancy center (SiV), feature spin qubits that are highly susceptible to strain. Here, we leverage this strain response to achieve coherent and low-power acoustic control of a single SiV spin, and perform acoustically driven Ramsey interferometry of a single spin. Our results demonstrate an efficient method of spin control for these systems, offering a path towards strong spin-phonon coupling and phonon-mediated hybrid quantum systems.