bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Checklists of Crustacea Decapoda from the Canary and Cape Verde Islands, with an assessment of Macaronesian and Cape Verde biogeographic marine ecoregions
Authors: GONZÁLEZ JOSÉ A.
Published: April 2018

The complete list of Canarian marine decapods (last update by González & Quiles 2003, popular book) currently comprises 374 species/subspecies, grouped in 198 genera and 82 families; whereas the Cape Verdean marine decapods (now fully listed for the first time) are represented by 343 species/subspecies with 201 genera and 80 families. Due to changing environmental conditions, in the last decades many subtropical/tropical taxa have reached the coasts of the Canary Islands. Comparing the carcinofaunal composition and their biogeographic components between the Canary and Cape Verde archipelagos would aid in: validating the appropriateness in separating both archipelagos into different ecoregions (Spalding et al. 2007), and understanding faunal movements between areas of benthic habitat. The consistency of both ecoregions is here compared and validated by assembling their decapod crustacean checklists, analysing their taxa composition, gathering their bathymetric data, and comparing their biogeographic patterns. Four main evidences (i.e. different taxa; divergent taxa composition; different composition of biogeographic patterns; different endemicity rates) support that separation, especially in coastal benthic decapods; and these parametres combined would be used as a valuable tool at comparing biotas from oceanic archipelagos. To understand/predict south-north faunal movements in a scenario of regional tropicalization, special attention is paid to species having at the Canaries their southernmost occurrence, and also to tropical African warm-affinity species.
A new species of Klabonosa Bouček (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) reared from eggs of Endochus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from India
Authors: GUPTA ANKITA , YESHWANTH H. M. , SURESHAN P. M.
Published: April 2018

The genus Klabonosa Bouček (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is recorded for the first time from the Oriental region, with both sexes of K. indica Gupta, Sureshan & Yeshwanth sp. n. reared from eggs of the assassin bug Endochus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) on Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Moraceae). The male is formally described and illustrated for the first time for the genus.
Revision of genus Acrozangis Breddin (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae) with description of a new species from India
Authors: SALINI S. , SCHMIDT C.
Published: April 2018

The genus Acrozangis Breddin, 1900 is revised from India, with description of a new species, Acrozangis dakshinae sp. nov. from southern India. As the holotype female specimen of the type species of Acrozangis, Acrozangis semiprasina Breddin, 1900, is destroyed, the male specimen assigned to A. semiprasina by Breddin (1900) has been designated as the neotype. Though Acrozangis superficially resembles the genera Cuspicona or Glaucias, the very distinct morphological characters such as the resting of the apex of basal abdominal tubercle on a groove of the posterior apex of sternal carina or in other words the apex of basal abdominal tubercle concealed by the posterior apex of metasternal carina and well developed mesosternal carina, lamellate anteriorly and not surpassing forecoxae make this genus unique. A. semiprasina Breddin, 1900 and C. antica Vollenhoven, 1868 were found to be subjective synonyms. The species C. antica Vollenhoven, 1868 is not congeneric to species of Cuspicona Dallas and hence transferred from Cuspicona to Acrozangis and proposed A. antica comb. nov. A lectotype for Cuspicona antica Vollenhoven, 1868 is also designated. A. semiprasina is proposed as a new synonymy to A. antica. The morphological characters support the placement of A. antica in the tribe Nezarini rather than in the Rhynchocorini (where Cuspicona is placed) are discussed.
Taracus aspenae, n. sp. (Opiliones: Taracidae) a new long-jawed harvestman from a cave in northeastern Oregon, U.S.A.
Authors: SHEAR WILLIAM A
Published: April 2018

A new species of long-jawed harvestman, Taracus aspenae n. sp. is described from Catherine Creek Ice Cave, near Le Grande, Union Co., Oregon, USA. The new species is closest to T. pallipes (Banks, 1894) and distinct from the likely sympatric T. gertschi Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942.
Wave Momentum Flux—A GARP Problem
Authors: Lilly D. K.
Published: April 2018

The energy and momentum removed from the troposphere and lower atmosphere by the breaking of large amplitude mountain lee waves may be a significant factor in the evolution and maintenance of the large-scale atmospheric circulation. A program is outlined for improving knowledge and understanding of this phenomenon and for incorporating its effects into numerical simulation and forecasting models.
A Satellite Study of Cloud Clusters over the Tropical North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Martin David W. , Suomi Verner E.
Published: April 2018

Signal enhancement is advanced as a method for isolating selected features of ATS images. The discussion covers enhancement theory, limitations, and one important application, the isolation of deep convection within tropical cloud clusters. Comparisons of brightness contoured ATS images with radar images from BOMEX test the validity of associating deep convection with very bright clouds. The enhancement technique is then applied in a census of Atlantic cloud clusters, and in case studies of individual clusters.

It is shown that in spite of difficulties involving control of the ATS signal, enhancement is an effective, precise tool for isolating selected features of ATS images. Comparisons of ATS and radar images establish a high correlation of bright areas on ATS with large radar echoes; therefore, enhanced ATS pictures emphasizing the upper levels of the brightness range effectively isolate deep convection. The brightness structure of convective clouds is such that they can be studied over a three-to four-hour period around local noon on pictures uncorrected for changes of incident and reflected radiation. A simple cosine law correction for incident radiation can appreciably extend this period.

The census and case studies show that the eastern Atlantic was at least as convectively active as the western Atlantic during June and July, 1969, and had a significantly greater total area of cloud clusters in 1969 and 1970. Convective cores have a great range of size, spacing, and lifetime: nevertheless, an ordering invariably can be perceived. This most often is in the form of lines or bands; waves, spirals, or solitary cores are also observed. Lifetimes are a few minutes to several hours or more; large cores last longer. Displacement of cloud clusters is accomplished by a complex combination of band and cell movement and propagation. Structure, as evidenced by core behavior, is varied and complex.
The Air Mass Transformation Experiment (AMTEX): Preliminary Results from 1974 and Plans for 1975
Authors: Lenschow D. H. , Agee E. M.
Published: April 2018

The first field phase of AMTEX was conducted during 14–28 February 1974 in the vicinity of the Southwest Islands of Japan, with the operational control center at Okinawa. Investigators from Japan, Australia, and the United States participated in the experiment. The measurements and synoptic situation during the field program as well as some preliminary results are presented. The weather was characterized by a warm period from 14 to 23 February, followed by a cold period from 24 to 28 February when extensive modification of the continental air took place.

Plans for the 1975 field program, scheduled for 16 February to 3 March, are discussed. No major changes from the 1974 program are expected in 1975.
Eddy Formation near San Simeon
Authors: Brandli Henry W. , Orndorff John W. , Guiberson Francis L.
Published: April 2018

A unique example of early morning and noontime very high resolution (0.62 km) visual satellite imagery is presented depicting a well-defined eddy over California coastal waters west of San Simeon. In addition to the low cloud vortex, the pictures vividly display the dissipation or movement of stratoform clouds. The synoptic situation during the occurrence of this eddy formation and cloud dissipation is also presented as a source of possible explanations of the cloud pattern.
Forecasting Skill of Beginners
Authors: Gedzelman Stanley David
Published: April 2018

A weather-forecasting contest was conducted at the City College of the City University of New York during the spring semester of 1977. The backgrounds of the participants were such that it was possible to classify each as either “experienced” or “inexperienced” and as either “educated” or “uneducated.” An analysis of the contest results suggested that, provided there is a basic meteorological education, 1) a beginner acquires much of the weather-forecasting skill he will ever have after making about 30 detailed forecasts, and 2) there appears to be a rather small advantage to being meteorologically educated, but the sample size was too small to determine the statistical significance of the advantage. The value of experience is, however, quite important for the more unusual weather situations. It also appears that the amount of effort and time spent preparing forecasts is of great importance.
Response Characteristics of a New Bidirectional Vane
Authors: SethuRaman S. , Tuthill W. A.
Published: April 2018

The design and construction of a bivane to measure horizontal and elevation angle fluctuations in the atmosphere are presented. Wind tunnel tests indicated a reasonably high-frequency response. Field comparisons with a commercially available instrument gave good results. A unique feature in the design of this bivane is its ruggedness in combination with good frequency response.
NASA's Participation in the AVE-SESAME ‘79 Program
Authors: Hill Kelly , Wilson Gregory S. , Turner Robert E.
Published: April 2018

NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) participated with its AVE (Atmospheric Variability Experiment) in a large interagency mesoscale and severe storms experiment identified herein as AVE-SESAME ‘79 (Atmospheric Variability Experiment-Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment 1979). A primary objective of NASA was to support an effort to acquire carefully edited sets of rawinsonde data during selected severe weather events for use in correlative and diagnostic studies with satellite and radar data obtained at approximately the same times. Data were acquired during six individual 24 h experiments on both the regional and storm scales over a network in the central United States that utilized approximately 20 supplemental rawinsonde sites meshed among 23 standard National Weather Service sites. Included among the six experiments are data obtained between 1200 GMT on 10 April and 1200 GMT on 11 April, encompassing the formation and development period for the tornado-producing systems that devastated Wichita Falls, Tex., and other sections of Oklahoma and Texas. The other dates for which data sets are available are 19–20 and 25–26 April, 9–10 and 20–21 May, and 7–8 June 1979.
Eighty-Five Percent and Holding—A Limit to Forecast Accuracy?
Authors: Smith Daniel L.
Published: April 2018

The significance of Percent Correct Scores for National Weather Service (NWS) probability of precipitation (PoP) forecasts is examined. It is shown that the areal variability of rainfall and the nature of PoP forecasts preclude the achievement of a score of 100%—even for the best possible forecasts. A maximum possible percent correct is defined and radar estimates of rainfall coverage are combined with actual forecasts to determine how closely NWS forecasters approached this limit. Day- and nighttime percent correct scores were 75% and 85%, respectively, for the data examined. These values were close to the respective maximum possible scores of 83% and 90%. Relatively small changes in forecasters' percent correct scores are considered in light of these findings.
Two Examples of Satellite Temperature Retrievals in the North Pacific1
Authors: Phillips Norman A.
Published: April 2018

TIROS-N data for 21 October 1979 indicate a stronger jet and cyclone vortex at 250 mb in the eastern Pacific than is suggested by forecast continuity and aircraft winds. NOAA-6 data for 29 January 1980 illustrates the problem of microwave temperature retrievals that are too low when precipitation is present. A preliminary test for the latter is outlined and recommended for users of the GWE Level lib satellite data.
Airborne Lidar Plume and Haze Analyzer (ALPHA-1)
Authors: Uthe Edward E. , Nielsen Norman B. , Jimison Walter L.
Published: April 2018

A new two-wavelength airborne lidar system has been constructed and field-tested. The system was designed to observe the distribution of particle concentrations over large regional areas. During a one-week field-test program, the system was used to observe boundary layer structure over the Los Angeles area and the downwind structure of particulate plumes from the Navajo (Page, Ariz.) and Four Corners (Farmington, N.Mex.) power plants. Data examples presented show the importance of terrain features in influencing particle concentration distributions over regional areas.
Does the Effect of a Time Limit for Testing Impair Structural Investigations by Means of Confirmatory Factor Models?
Authors: Schweizer Karl , Reiß Siegbert , Troche Stefan
Published: April 2018

The article reports three simulation studies conducted to find out whether the effect of a time limit for testing impairs model fit in investigations of structural validity, whether the representation of the assumed source of the effect prevents impairment of model fit and whether it is possible to identify and discriminate this method effect from another method effect. Omissions due to the time limit for testing were not considered as missing data but as information on the participants’ processing speed. In simulated data the presence of a time-limit effect impaired comparative fit index and nonnormed fit index whereas normed chi-square, root mean square error of approximation, and standardized root mean square residual indicated good model fit. The explicit consideration of the effect due to the time limit by an additional component of the model improved model fit. Effect-specific assumptions included in the model of measurement enabled the discrimination of the effect due to the time limit from another possible method effect.
I “suoni dei sensi” e le partiture sonore nella lingua di scena del teatro di Ruggero Cappuccio
Authors: Lucia Carmela
Published: April 2018

Obiettivo del saggio è presentare una prima analisi della lingua del teatro di Ruggero Cappuccio, autore multanime e poliedrico, considerato una delle voci più originali della drammaturgia contemporanea, non solo dell’area napoletana. Oggetto della ricerca sono due opere pubblicate Shakespea Re di Napoli (2002) e Le ultime sette parole di Caravaggio (2012), con un copione inedito, intitolato Circus Don Chisciotte (2017). Le scelte formali, fortemente ancorate alla dialettalità del napoletano, ma anche del siciliano e, con minore frequenza, del veneziano, si affrancano dalla koinè regionale del napoletano, perché superano la diglossia italiano-dialetto della drammaturgia di Eduardo, per dare corpo a una lingua di scena poetica, lontana dal realismo mimetico, resa attraverso un raffinato e originale mlange verbale carico di sonorità, con un ben consolidato livello di scelte pluristilistiche. La rilevanza attribuita alla phoné, reinventata in un’entitè reificata e palpabile, o caratterizzata da una grottesca materialità, dà luogo a partiture sonore e a una scrittura votata all’adibizione di misure poetiche e strutture melodiche, a una “lingua di scena”, fatta soprattutto di intarsi e parallelismi fonici, con prevalenza di couplingassonantici, per l’interferenza di registri tonali dissonanti e per l’esaltazione del patrimonio orale delle koinai regionali del repertorio italiano, spesso accostate all’inglese e allo spagnolo.
Beyond Hindu–Muslim unity: Gandhi, the Parsis and the Prince of Wales Riots of 1921
Authors: Patel Dinyar
Published: April 2018

Between 17 and 20 November 1921, Bombay was convulsed by the Prince of Wales Riots, which coincided with the arrival of the future King Edward VIII in the city. The riots constituted an extremely important moment in the Non-Cooperation Movement, the political transformation of Bombay and the development of M.K. Gandhi’s political thought. Additionally, the riots upturned familiar notions of communalism: angry at repeated violations of a hartal Gandhi declared for the day of the Prince’s arrival, Muslim and Hindu supporters of the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movements joined together to attack supposedly loyalist minorities, especially Parsis. Herein lay the riots’ broader significance. During the Non-Cooperation Movement, Gandhi had been keen to recruit the active support of the Parsi community. He was well aware of their financial and political clout and their leadership roles in liberal nationalist circles. Most Parsis, however, expressed strong reservations about Gandhi’s tactics, believing that a mass political movement under the banner of ‘Hindu–Muslim unity’ would be injurious to smaller minority communities. The riots, therefore, confirmed Parsis’ worst fears about Gandhi’s politics and their majoritarian implications. Gandhi, for his part, worked tirelessly to repair his relationships with the Parsis and reassure them of the Congress’ commitments towards minority rights. He reconsidered how smaller communities fit into India’s communal dynamics. By December 1921, Gandhi even unfurled a new slogan that was used towards the end of the Non-Cooperation Movement: ‘Hindu–Muslim–Sikh–Parsi–Christian–Jew unity’.
Book review: Amit Kumar Gupta, Crises and Creativities: Middle Class Bhadralok in Bengal c. 1939–52, Parimal Ghosh, What Happened to the Bhadralok and Tanika Sarkar and Sekhar Bandyopadhyay, eds., Calcutta: The Stormy Decades
Authors: Roy Tirthankar
Published: April 2018

Amit Kumar Gupta, Crises and Creativities: Middle Class Bhadralok in Bengal c. 1939–52, Delhi: Orient BlackSwan, 2009, 320 pp.

Parimal Ghosh, What Happened to the Bhadralok, Delhi: Primus Books, 2016, 200 pp.

Tanika Sarkar and Sekhar Bandyopadhyay, eds., Calcutta: The Stormy Decades, Delhi: Social Science Press, 2015, 474 pp.
Making Policy in the European Union: The Council Recommendation on the Drinking of Alcohol by Young People
Authors: Ugland Trygve
Published: April 2018

In 2001 the health ministers in the European Union (EU) adopted a Council of Ministers recommendation on the drinking of alcohol by young people. The present article discusses why and how it was adopted, as well as what the policy implications of this recommendation are for the member states. It illustrates how common action in the area of public health can be justified, as well as what role the various EU institutions play in this kind of decision-making process. It concludes that the political significance of this recommendation is determined to a large degree by how it will be followed up at the EU level.
An Assessment of the Representativeness of the SSI DA&A Study Panels
Authors: Wittenburg David , Stapleton David , Tucker Adam , Harwood Rick
Published: April 2018

In this study, we used data derived from SSA administrative records to compare the composition of study panels, study samples, and the national population of former recipients of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) for drug addiction and alcoholism (DA&A). We found that the panels represented the selected samples in the nine-study sites in terms of demographics, SSI program status, and medical eligibility. However, the selected samples varied in how well they represented their target populations. Additionally, compared with the national DA&A population, SSI Study respondents were more likely to be black, to abuse both drugs and alcohol, to be more concentrated in the 30-49 age range, and to have been medically eligible for SSI in January and June 1997. Thus while the SSI Study data can be used to draw inferences about former DA&A SSI-only recipients in the study catchment areas, results should not be assumed to apply to the national population of such recipients.
The Differential Effects of Exposure to “Youth-Oriented” Magazines on Adolescent Alcohol Use
Authors: Thomsen Steven R. , Rekve Dag
Published: April 2018

This study examines the effects of exposure to “youth-oriented” magazines on normative beliefs about teenage drinking, drinking expectancies, and drinking frequency during the past 30 days among a group of 972 seventh- and eighth-grade students from two Western U.S. states. Three magazine categories were considered: music/entertainment, sports, and men's lifestyle. Structural equation modeling was used to test the simultaneous influences (direct and indirect) of magazine exposure, religiosity, parental drinking, and the number of best friends who drink on the three outcome variables (normative beliefs, expectancies, and current drinking). Exposure to each magazine type was tested in a separate model. Men's lifestyle magazine reading frequency was positively associated (both directly and indirectly) with all three outcomes. Music and entertainment magazine reading was positively linked to normative beliefs and drinking expectancies, but was unrelated to drinking frequency in the past 30 days. Sports magazine reading was unrelated to the three outcomes.
The Harm-Reduction School of Thought: Three Fractions
Authors: Tammi Tuukka
Published: April 2018

Despite its relatively long history in the international drug policy field, the meaning of the term harm reduction is still disputed. From a description of the different actor-based footings of the international harm-reduction school of thought, the analysis concludes that the diverse conceptualizations of harm reduction are to be understood as interpretive frameworks that are functionally different according to the different types of actors and their social and professional positions. Three epistemic fractions of harm reduction are recognized: a professional new public health fraction; a mutual-help and identity movement fraction of the drug users; and a globally oriented fraction. It is argued that, rather than one, the international harm-reduction school of thought is a policy community of the three epistemic fractions that are in dialogue with each other and thus are constantly redefining the meaning of harm reduction.
Alcohol Point-of-Purchase Advertising and Promotions: Prevalence, Content, and Targeting
Authors: Howard Kim Ammann , Flora June A. , Schleicher Nina C. , Gonzalez Emily Mcchesney
Published: April 2018

Spending on non-traditional media such as point-of-purchase advertising and promotions continues to increase. Pro-alcohol messages are a concern since, alcohol advertising is positively associated with drinking and related problems. This is one of the first studies that assesses alcohol advertising and promotions at retail outlets. Within a census of alcohol outlets in 10 ethnically diverse urban California communities, alcohol advertising was found to be prevalent in stores and on the outside of restaurants and bars. Independently owned stores had the highest prevalence of advertisements. Alcohol and alcohol advertisements were commonly placed where youths were likely to see them. Models of color and cultural icons were frequently used to target advertisements to specific ethnic groups. Point-of-purchase advertising appears to be used to aggressively market alcohol and contribute to a pro-alcohol environment. Efforts to decrease and counteract this largely unregulated form of alcohol advertising seem warranted.
HCV (Hepatitis C Virus) Pre-Test and Post-Test Counseling Services at Drug Treatment Programs: Missed Opportunities for Primary Prevention
Authors: Munoz-Plaza Corrine E. , Strauss Shiela M. , Astone Janetta M. , Des Jarlais Don C. , Hagan Holly
Published: April 2018

Although drug users are at risk for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, many clients in drug treatment programs remain uninformed about their HCV serostatus. Consistent with established Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and counseling guidelines, recommendations for HCV testing procedures include the delivery of prevention messages targeting all high-risk clients. However, little research has determined whether HCV testing in these programs is accompanied by counseling for HCV antibody negative clients. In this article, we examine staff and client perceptions of pre-test and post-test counseling services at five drug treatment programs in the U.S. Some clients were dissatisfied with pre-test counseling at their programs and some HCV antibody negative clients indicated that they received minimal post-test counseling. Other participants reported that their programs did not offer any post-test counseling for HCV antibody negative clients. Gaps in the pre-test and post-test counseling services at drug treatment programs represent missed opportunities to communicate primary prevention messages to uninfected clients.
“Stuck Nose”: Experiences and Understanding of Petrol Sniffing in a Remote Aboriginal Community
Authors: Senior Kate , Chenhall Richard , Daniels Daphne
Published: April 2018

While petrol sniffing amonge Australian Aboriginal youth has received significant public and academic attention, the experience of petrol sniffing as articulated by sniffers themselves and community's perceptions of petrol sniffing have been underexplored. Through an ethnographic analysis of a remote Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory Australia, a range of perspectives on petrol sniffing are elucidated in order to understand both the experiences associated with sniffing and non-sniffers’ perceptions of the activity. We argue that contextualizing sniffing within the community is essential to understanding petrol sniffing, and hence to providing appropriate health interventions. It would be incorrect to presume a causal connection between the introduction of a petrol sniffing intervention, described in this article, and the sudden cessation of all petrol sniffing activities in late 2005. Rather, a number of factors and occurrences within the community combined with the effects of the intervention were associated with a significant decrease in petrol sniffing.
Fractional sliding mode control of wind turbine for maximum power point tracking
Authors: Ardjal Aghiles , Mansouri Rachid , Bettayeb Maamar
Published: April 2018

This paper deals with a nonlinear control algorithm based on a sliding mode theory to reach the maximum power point tracking of a variable-speed wind energy conversion system. The proposed method allows us to combine the sliding mode and fractional-order theory. The fractional-order component of the control law is introduced by a sliding surface. In order to validate this controller, fractional and integer sliding modes are developed. The proposed fractional-order sliding mode control law is tested in a Simulink/Matlab environment. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, suppression of the chattering phenomenon and robustness of the proposed controller compared to the integer sliding mode control law.
Hardware-in-the-loop simulation for the analyzing of smart speed control in highly nonlinear hybrid electric vehicle
Authors: Khooban Mohammad Hassan
Published: April 2018

Owing to the severe limitations imposed by the Intergovernmental panel on climate change and the rapid development of the automobile industry, the utilize of energy storage units in vehicle systems has been increasingly attracting attention. Hence, this study proposes a new fuzzy Proportional Derivative + Integral (PD+I) controller based on a non-integer system for the robust speed control of highly nonlinear hybrid electric vehicles. In order to have an optimal and adaptive controller, the controller coefficients are tuned online by a novel optimization algorithm, which is called Adaptive Black Hole. In addition, the performance and robustness of the proposed method are tested by the experimental data, the Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (SFTP - US06). In order to prove the superiority and effectiveness of the suggested novel smart controller, a valid comparison is conducted between the results of the proposed method and recent studies on the same topic like the Model Predictive Control and the conventional online fuzzy PD+I (OFPD+I) controllers. Finally, extensive studies and hardware-in-the-loop simulations are presented to prove that the proposed controller can track a desired reference signal with lower deviation and show that the performance of suggested method is more robust in comparison with the prior-art controllers for all the case studies.
Faculty Wellness: Educator Burnout among Otolaryngology Graduate Medical Educators
Authors: Kavanagh Katherine R. , Spiro Jeffrey
Published: April 2018

Objectives

Burnout is a well‐described psychological construct with 3 aspects: exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment. The objective of this study was to assess whether faculty members of an otolaryngology residency program exhibit measurable signs and symptoms of burnout with respect to their roles as medical educators.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional survey.

Setting

Otolaryngology–head and neck surgery residency program.

Subjects and Methods

Faculty members from an otolaryngology residency program, all of whom are involved in resident education, completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory–Educators Survey (MBI‐ES). The surveys were completed anonymously and scored with the MBI‐ES scoring key.

Results

Twenty‐three faculty members completed the MBI‐ES, and 16 (69.6%) showed symptoms of burnout, as evidenced by unfavorable scores on at least 1 of the 3 indices (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, or low personal accomplishment). The faculty consistently reported moderate to high personal accomplishment and low depersonalization. There were variable responses in the emotional exhaustion subset, which is typically the first manifestation of the development of burnout.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first application of the MBI‐ES to investigate burnout among otolaryngology faculty members as related to their role as medical educators. Discovering symptoms of burnout at an early stage affords a unique and valuable opportunity to intervene. Future investigation is underway into potential causes and solutions.
Preoperative Localization of Recurrence in the Thyroidectomy Bed Using a Radioactive Iodine125 Seed
Authors: Garner Hillary W. , Paz‐Fumagalli Ricardo , Young Geoffrey D.
Published: April 2018

Intraoperative localization of nonpalpable recurrent thyroid cancer has been reported using needle localization, intraoperative ultrasound (US), dye injection, and radio‐guided surgery. We describe the alternative technique of radioactive seed localization (RSL) in 3 patients with residual or recurrent papillary thyroid cancer. This technique has been used for many years in the setting of nonpalpable breast cancer, where it has been shown to be safe and has been associated with greater surgeon satisfaction as well as improved patient tolerability, cosmesis, and outcomes compared to needle localization. In addition, RSL allows complete decoupling of the radiology and surgery schedules. RSL was successful in our 3 patients with regard to safety, patient tolerability, and scheduling.
Clinical Subtyping of Ménière's Disease
Authors: Phillips John S. , Murdin Louisa , Rea Peter , Sutton Liam
Published: April 2018

Fundamentally, Ménière's disease is a constellation of symptoms and, as such, may represent the final common pathway for a number of disease processes, as opposed to being the consequence of a single isolated pathology. Within this type of consideration, much can be learned regarding the etiology, presentation, prognosis, and treatment of these individual conditions by applying subtyping techniques currently employed to better understand similar disease processes that are encountered in other allied fields of medicine. This commentary proposes the principles, required processes, and benefits of subtyping for Ménière's disease.
The feasibility of a randomised controlled trial to compare the cost-effectiveness of palliative cardiology or usual care in people with advanced heart failure: Two exploratory prospective cohorts
Authors: Johnson Miriam J , McSkimming Paula , McConnachie Alex , Geue Claudia , Millerick Yvonne , Briggs Andrew , Hogg Karen
Published: April 2018

Background:

The effectiveness of cardiology-led palliative care is unknown; we have insufficient information to conduct a full trial.

Aim:

To assess the feasibility (recruitment/retention, data quality, variability/sample size estimation, safety) of a clinical trial of palliative cardiology effectiveness.

Design:

Non-randomised feasibility.

Setting/participants:

Unmatched symptomatic heart failure patients on optimal cardiac treatment from (1) cardiology-led palliative service (caring together group) and (2) heart failure liaison service (usual care group).

Outcomes/safety:

Symptoms (Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale), Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, performance, understanding of disease, anticipatory care planning, cost-effectiveness, survival and carer burden.

Results:

A total of 77 participants (caring together group = 43; usual care group = 34) were enrolled (53% men; mean age 77 years (33–100)). The caring together group scored worse in Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (43.5 vs 35.2) and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (35.4 vs 39.9). The caring together group had a lower consent/screen ratio (1:1.7 vs 1: 2.8) and few died before approach (0.08% vs 16%) or declined invitation (17% vs 37%).

Data quality:

At 4 months, 74% in the caring together group and 71% in the usual care group provided data. Most attrition was due to death or deterioration. Data quality in self-report measures was otherwise good.

Safety:

There was no difference in survival. Symptoms and quality of life improved in both groups. A future trial requires 141 (202 allowing 30% attrition) to detect a minimal clinical difference (1 point) in Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale score for breathlessness (80% power). More participants (176; 252 allowing 30% attrition) are needed to detect a 10.5 change in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score (80% power; minimum clinical difference = 5).

Conclusion:

A trial to test the clinical effectiveness (improvement in breathlessness) of cardiology-led palliative care is feasible.
Aspects of stress in optimal shaft shoulder fillet
Authors: Pedersen Niels Leergaard
Published: April 2018

Shafts are among the most common machine elements. The typical shape used to reduce stress concentrations is circular arches due to the simplicity. A shaft is typically loaded by axial, bending, and torsional loads in different combinations. The stress concentration factors are found in tables and charts. The circular design is not optimal from a strength point of view, and the strength can be increased using shape optimization. It is in this article shown how the maximum stress from the combined loads can be minimized, when the shape is parameterized using the simple super ellipse. This makes the resulting optimized designs easily transferable to practical design. The stress evaluation is numerically performed using the finite element method using harmonic elements that facilitates an axisymmetric model although the loading is unsymmetric. The stresses are reduced by up to a factor of [Formula: see text].
The Assessment and Treatment of Antipsychotic-Induced Akathisia
Authors: Pringsheim Tamara , Gardner David , Addington Donald , Martino Davide , Morgante Francesca , Ricciardi Lucia , Poole Norman , Remington Gary , Edwards Mark , Carson Alan , Barnes Thomas R. E.
Published: April 2018

Background:

Akathisia is a common and distressing neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with antipsychotic medication, characterised by subjective and objective psychomotor restlessness. The goal of this guideline is to provide clinicians with recommendations on the assessment and treatment of akathisia.

Methods:

We performed a systematic review of therapeutic studies assessing the treatment of antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms. Forty studies on akathisia and 4 systematic reviews evaluating the adverse effects of antipsychotics were used in the formulation of recommendations. Studies were rated for methodological quality using the American Academy of Neurology Risk of Bias Classification system. The overall level of evidence classifications and grades of recommendation were made using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network framework.

Results:

As a good practice point, clinicians should systematically assess akathisia with a validated scale before starting antipsychotics and during antipsychotic dosage titration. For the management of akathisia, there was adequate evidence to allow recommendations regarding antipsychotic dose reduction, antipsychotic polypharmacy, switching antipsychotic medication, and the use of adjuvant medications including beta-blockers, anticholinergics, 5HT2A antagonists, benzodiazepines, and vitamin B6.

Conclusion:

The treatment of antipsychotic-induced akathisia should be personalised, with consideration of antipsychotic dose reduction, cessation of antipsychotic polypharmacy, and switching to an antipsychotic with a perceived lower liability for akathisia, before the use of adjuvant medications. The choice of adjuvant medications should favour the more established treatments, with careful consideration of contraindications and side effects. Limitations in the evidence should be acknowledged and prompt cautious prescribing, particularly with respect to the duration of use of adjuvant medications, is warranted.
A Study of the Carcinogenicity of Glycidol in Syrian Hamsters
Authors: Lijinsky William , Kovatch Robert M.
Published: April 2018

The industrial chemical glycidol is a directly acting mutagen and a broadly acting carcinogen in rats. It was administered to Syrian golden hamsters (20 male and 20 female) by gavage of 12 mg twice a week for 60 weeks. The total dose per animal was 1.45 g or 20 mmol. Survival was not different from control hamsters treated with corn oil/ethyl acetate. Of the treated males, 9 had tumors and 13 of the treated females had tumors, some of which were adrenal cortex tumors seen in controls. More tumors were seen in the glycidol-treated hamsters than in controls, but the spleen was the only notable target organ and the number of animals with spleen hemangiosarcomas was small. Glycidol appeared to be less carcinogenic in hamsters than in rats or mice.
The Effect of Duration of Exposure on Sulfuric Acid-Induced Pulmonary Function Changes in Asthmatic Adolescent Subjects: A Dose-Response Study
Authors: Koenig Jane Q. , Covert David S. , Larson Timothy V. , Pierson William E.
Published: April 2018

To evaluate the pulmonary effects of varying doses of sulfuric acid, adolescent subjects with asthma were exposed to 35 or 70 μg/m3 sulfuric acid for 45 or 90 min. Exposure was carried out during intermittent moderate exercise. The pulmonary functions measured before and after exposure were FEV1, FVC, and total respiratory resistance. The 45 min exposures were associated with larger decreases in FEV1 (-6% or -3%) than the 90 min exposures (-1% or +2%). Analysis of variance of the change in FEV1 among the exposures revealed that the 45 min exposure to 35 μg/m3 was significant (p = 0.03). The p value for 45 min exposure to 70 μg/m3 was not significant (p = 0.08). Using analysis of variance, neither of the 90 min exposures was associated with a significant decrease in FEV1 compared to air exposure. Also, none of the changes in FVC or RT was significant. When baseline to post-exposure changes were compared for each of the five test atmospheres using paired t tests, both of the 45 min exposures were associated with statistical significance (p < 0.001 for 35 μg/m3 and p < 0.005 for 70 μg/m3). This baseline to post exposure change was not statistically significant for the 90 min exposures. The reason for the lesser effect on pulmonary function at increased exposure duration is not known; it may be due to changes in either varying deposition patterns or changes in buffering capacity of the cells lining the airways. With respect to individual sensitivities to H2SO4, the data showed a significant consistency across test atmospheres.
Sexual Violence Among Male Inmates
Authors: Hilinski-Rosick Carly M. , Freiburger Tina L.
Published: April 2018

Inmate misconduct has been a widely studied topic for many decades. General studies of misconduct have found that there are certain factors that contribute to misconduct, including age, gender, sentence length, and facility type. Few studies, however, have examined the factors predicting sexual offenses in a prison conduct. Although many studies of victims of sexual offenses in prison have been conducted, there is a lack of studies examining the perpetrators of prison sexual violence. The current study attempted to expand this body of literature by examining the correlates of sexual misconduct among a sample of male inmates incarcerated in the state of North Carolina during 2010. Deprivation and importation theories of inmate behavior were used to guide the analysis, and measures of deprivation and importation factors were both included in the analytical models. Findings indicate that Black, nonmarried, younger inmates, who had more previous incarcerations and had been incarcerated longer, had greater odds of having a sexual infraction. Additional findings, as well as policy implications, are discussed.
The Power of the Powerless and Václav Havel’s “Responsibilityism”
Authors: Falk Barbara J.
Published: April 2018

Havel’s essay The Power of the Powerless is a key expression of Havel’s views on responsibility, particularly as personified in the greengrocer taking responsibility for his actions and his decision to authentically “live in truth.” Havel’s “responsibilityism” undergirds his argument that the powerless do indeed have power—although assuming this heavy responsibility is not for the faint-hearted. As a defense of “bottom-up” politics and a call to action in both authoritarian and depersonalized bureaucratic regimes, moreover, the essay remains relevant today, an important contribution to the canon of political theory.
The Sham, and the Damage, of “Living in Truth”
Authors: Ost David
Published: April 2018

This essay criticizes Havel’s famous “living in truth” paradigm and parable of the greengrocer as morally wrong, politically false, and complicit in the later emergence of a backlash against liberal intellectuals and democracy. By vilifying the weak, Havel disregards the role resources play in enabling opposition. By insisting that the opposite of living in truth is “obedience,” he disregards the particular weapons of the weak. Havel’s approach is contrasted with Polish versions of independent civic activism, whose intellectual theorists, understanding their privileged resources and making a calculated play for political influence, urged people to disobey but never derided anyone for not doing so. In the end, “living in truth” is seen as of little relevance to the success of past opposition, and Havel’s approach dangerous to hold up as a model.
The Power of the Powerless Revisited
Authors: Wilson Paul
Published: April 2018

This essay explores the paradoxical relationship between Václav Havel’s dramas and his essays, in particular, The Power of the Powerless. Havel’s plays aimed at creating a new community awareness of the “post-totalitarian” system in which people were trapped. His essays employ similar dramatic and analytic techniques to show a way out of that trap by “living within the truth,” that is, living in a way that exposes the mendacity of “post-totalitarianism” and spreads the virus of truth and change throughout society. The present essay argues that the ultimate aim of the “existential revolution” Havel calls for is in fact the regeneration and strengthening of civil society and the creation of institutions that serve people, not power. It concludes by looking at the continuing relevance of The Power of the Powerless today.
Use of echocardiography at diagnosis and detection of acute cardiac disease in youth with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Chang J C , Knight A M , Xiao R , Mercer-Rosa L M , Weiss P F
Published: April 2018

Objectives

There are no guidelines on the use of echocardiography to detect cardiac manifestations of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We quantify the prevalence of acute cardiac disease in youth with SLE, describe echocardiogram utilization at SLE diagnosis, and compare regional echocardiogram use with incident cardiac diagnoses.

Methods

Using the Clinformatics® DataMart (OptumInsight, Eden Prairie, MN) de-identified United States administrative database from 2000 to 2013, we identified youth ages 5–24 years with new-onset SLE (≥3 ICD-9 SLE codes 710.0, > 30 days apart) and determined the prevalence of diagnostic codes for pericardial disease, myocarditis, endocarditis, and valvular insufficiency. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with echocardiography during the baseline period, up to one year before or six months after SLE diagnosis. We calculated a regional echocardiogram utilization index, which is the ratio of observed use over the mean predicted probability based on all available baseline characteristics. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the association between regional echocardiogram utilization indices and percentage of imaged youth diagnosed with their first cardiac manifestation following echocardiography.

Results

Among 699 youth with new-onset SLE, 18% had ≥ 1 diagnosis code for acute cardiac disease, of which valvular insufficiency and pericarditis were most common. Twenty-five percent of all youth underwent echocardiogram during the baseline period. Regional echocardiogram use was positively correlated with the percentage of imaged youth found to have cardiac disease (ρ = 0.71, p = 0.05). There was up to a five-fold difference in adjusted odds of baseline echocardiography between low- and high-utilizing regions (OR = 0.19, p = 0.007).

Conclusion

Nearly one-fifth of youth with new-onset SLE have acute cardiac manifestations; however, use of echocardiograms at SLE diagnosis is highly variable. There may be incremental diagnostic value to early use of echocardiography, but prospective studies are needed to determine whether greater use of echocardiograms modifies outcomes.
Conceptual design conceptual scheme optimization based on integrated design objectives
Authors: Jiang Shaofei , Jing Liting , Peng Xiang , Chai Hao , Li Jiquan
Published: April 2018

In the early conceptual design process, a large number of conceptual schemes can be selected. However, existing studies primarily focused on mapping from the function to the principle solution and then evaluating the principle scheme. Currently, many concept selection methods are used for a small number of feasible schemes, thus not addressing a large number of initial conceptual schemes. As the scheme design is objective oriented, a reasonable design objective constraint should be considered when optimizing many schemes to avoid conflict between the conceptual scheme and the design objectives. This approach can quickly eliminate many unreasonable schemes produced by the principle of free combination. To address this problem, we propose a method for optimizing the conceptual design scheme based on integrated design objectives. First, the product design objectives and sub-objectives are obtained based on the functional requirements. A user requirement matrix is then created to cluster and analyse the sub-objectives. Second, a cooperative game model is created to coordinate sub-objective contradictions. Then, the game player and the strategy set are defined via secondary clustering, and the strategy utility is calculated to create a game utility matrix for each objective. Finally, the eigenfunction is analysed to obtain the strategy set satisfying the maximum requirement interest, which is applied in principle scheme optimization to quickly filter unreasonable schemes. The conceptual design of a transmission device is used as an example of the rapidly implemented optimization of the conceptual schemes.