bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence over a period of 8 years of patterns of prescribing palizivumab for patients with and without congenitally malformed hearts, and in admissions to paediatric intensive care
Authors: Turner Alastair , Begg Colin , Smith Benjamin , Coutts Jonathan
Published: May 2009

Objectives

To describe the pattern of prescribing for palivizumab in the Glasgow area over the period 1999 through 2007, and to compare recent prescribing to the current recommendations by the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation of the United Kingdom Department of Health. Our secondary objective was to describe admissions to paediatric intensive care in patients with respiratory syncytial virus receiving palivizumab.

Setting

Tertiary children’s hospital out-patient immunisation clinic and paediatric intensive care unit.

Design

Prospective analysis of prescribing and admissions data for the period 1999 through 2007.

Outcome measures

Number of prescriptions and admissions to the paediatric intensive care unit.

Results

The number of children receiving palivizumab annually initially rose more than 5-fold, from 17 in the season of 1999 and 2000 versus 115 in 2004 and 2005, although it has declined in the past 2 years, to 63 in 2006 and 2007, following publication of the recommendations of the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation established by the United Kingdom Department of Health. There has been no significant change in demographics of patients during this period. Prior to publication of these recommendations, 35 of 44 (80%) patients with congenitally malformed hearts who received palivizumab in the season of 2005 and 2006 deviated from the current recommendations, compared to 5 of 51 (10%) who received palivizumab for non-cardiac indications. No patients who received palivizumab required admission to the paediatric intensive care unit with proven respiratory syncytial virus infection over the 8 year period.

Conclusions

The number of children receiving palivizumab initially increased significantly, although it has now fallen following implementation of national recommendations. Much prescribing, particularly for children with congenitally malformed hearts, did not fulfil current recommendations. The absence of admissions to paediatric intensive care reflects the success of targeted immunisation in our population.
Experimental study on self‐accelerating turbidity currents
Authors: Sequeiros Octavio E. , Naruse Hajime , Endo Noritaka , Garcia Marcelo H. , Parker Gary
Published: May 2009

A self‐accelerating current is a particle‐driven gravity flow moving on a sloping bottom whose velocity increases in the downstream direction as a result of increasing suspended sediment concentration due to sediment entrainment from the bed. This implies that the net balance between deposition from the current onto the bed and erosion into the flow must be favorable to the latter; thus, a larger mass of particles is being picked up into suspension than is settling out. The self‐accelerative stage cannot continue indefinitely. Either the downstream bed slope drops off to the point where self‐acceleration cannot be maintained or an autosuspensive stage may be reached where the net balance between deposition and erosion is zero and the channel bed is partially or completely free of alluvium. Once such a state is reached on a constant bed slope, the current can persist indefinitely without any external supply of energy other than the potential energy offered by the slope itself. This paper documents experimental turbidity currents composed of lightweight plastic particles ranging from 20 to 200 μm with a specific density between 1.3 and 1.5. These particles were either noncohesive or slightly cohesive. The experiments were performed in a 15‐m long flume with a bottom slope of 0.05. Self‐acceleration of the head of the flow was achieved in some of the tests reported here. Measurements of velocity and suspended sediment taken at different stages of head evolution document this self‐acceleration. In addition, these measurements are in agreement with previous empirical studies relating to head thickness, concentration, velocity, and water depth. Stratigraphic analysis of the deposit shows the key role bed material plays in determining whether a given turbidity current will or will not accelerate. This factor ties the dynamics of a self‐accelerating current to the existence of deposits laid down by antecedent currents. The conditions of the present tests appear to fulfill previous autosuspension criteria relating to flow velocity, particle settling velocity, and bed slope. Densimetric Froude number similarity analysis is used to estimate equivalent parameters for field scale turbidity currents.
Fine structure of the low‐latitude mesospheric turbulence
Authors: Das Uma , Sinha H. S. S. , Sharma Som , Chandra H. , Das Sanat K.
Published: May 2009

Rocket‐borne measurements of electron density were conducted from Sriharikota (13.7°N, 80.2°E) to study the fine structure of low‐latitude mesospheric neutral turbulence. Spectra of electron density fluctuations were obtained using the continuous wavelet transform (CWT), and the turbulence parameters were estimated. The present study shows that turbulence is not present continuously in the mesosphere but exists in layers of different thicknesses varying from 100 m to 3 km, interspersed by regions of stability. The most important results are the following: (1) Identification of thin layers of turbulence with 100–200 m of thickness over low latitudes. These thin layers are found to lie on the edges of the thick layers of turbulence. (2) Sharp gradients in turbulence parameters at the edge regions are detected from experimental observations for the first time. This was seen earlier in simulation studies only. (3) Satellite‐observed temperatures show enhanced gravity wave activity, and it is suggested that deep convections over the continental landmass in the lower atmosphere are the major source of these gravity waves responsible for generation of turbulence.
Personal‐computer‐based system for real‐time reconstruction of the three‐dimensional ionosphere using data from diverse sources
Authors: Fridman Sergey V. , Nickisch L. J. , Hausman Mark
Published: May 2009

We present new capabilities of our system for monitoring the ionosphere over a fixed geographical area with dimensions of the order of several thousand kilometers. The system employs a nonlinear representation for electron density that ensures a nonnegative solution. The multidimensional nonlinear inverse problem is efficiently solved using a combination of the Newton‐Kontorovich method and Tikhonov's regularization technique for ill‐posed problems. The system is able to utilize a variety of types of ionospheric data, which are as follows: networks of ground‐ and space‐based (satellite mounted) dual‐frequency GPS receivers provide time series of oblique absolute total electron content (TEC) and/or relative TEC data (directly calculated from the raw dual‐frequency group delays and phase delays, respectively), TEC data from ground‐ or space‐based receivers operating with dual‐frequency beacons mounted on low‐Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, vertical TEC data from orbiting radio altimeters (such as Jason satellite), in situ electron density data from plasma probes on LEO satellites (such as Challenging Minisatellite Payload for Geophysical Research and Application), and electron density profiles from sounders. The resulting solution for the distribution of electron density is guaranteed to be smooth in space and time and to agree with all input data within errors of measurement. Real time performance is attained on a single personal computer with 5 min data refreshment period. Operation of the system is tested on real data with various data types simultaneously present. A new form of the stabilizing functional is developed to ensure reasonable assimilation of the in situ electron density data.
Groundwater economics: An object‐oriented foundation for integrated studies of irrigated agricultural systems
Authors: Steward David R. , Peterson Jeffrey M. , Yang Xiaoying , Bulatewicz Tom , Herrera‐Rodriguez Mauricio , Mao Dazhi , Hendricks Nathan
Published: May 2009

An integrated foundation is presented to study the impacts of external forcings on irrigated agricultural systems. Individually, models are presented that simulate groundwater hydrogeology and econometric farm level crop choices and irrigated water use. The natural association between groundwater wells and agricultural parcels is employed to couple these models using geographic information science technology and open modeling interface protocols. This approach is used to study the collective action problem of the common pool. Three different policies (existing, regulation, and incentive based) are studied in the semiarid grasslands overlying the Ogallala Aquifer in the central United States. Results show that while regulation using the prior appropriation doctrine and incentives using a water buy‐back program may each achieve the same level of water savings across the study region, each policy has a different impact on spatial patterns of groundwater declines and farm level economic activity. This represents the first time that groundwater and econometric models of irrigated agriculture have been integrated at the well‐parcel level and provides methods for scientific investigation of this coupled natural‐human system. Results are useful for science to inform decision making and public policy debate.
Annealing behavior of atomic layer deposited HfO2 films studied by synchrotron x-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence small angle scattering
Authors: Green M. L. , Allen A. J. , Jordan-Sweet J. L. , Ilavsky J.
Published: May 2009

New results are presented for the annealing behavior of ultrathin complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) gate dielectric HfO2 films grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD). A series of ALD HfO2 dielectric films has been studied by a combination of x-ray reflectivity (XRR) and grazing-incidence small-angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) measurements. By using these techniques together, we have shown that the surface, interfaces, and internal structure of thin ALD films can be characterized with unprecedented sensitivity. Changes in film thickness, film roughness, or diffuseness of the film/substrate interface as measured by XRR are correlated with the corresponding changes in the internal film nanostructure, as measured by GISAXS. Although the films are dense, an internal film structure is shown to exist, attributed primarily to ≈2 nm “missing island” porosity features close to the substrate; these are most likely associated with coalescence defects as a result of initial ALD growth, as they are not observed in the upper regions of the film. Some 8–9 nm heterogeneities are also present, which may indicate a widespread modulation in the film density pervading the entire film volume, and which likely also give rise to surface roughness. Comparison of the data between different scattering geometries and among a carefully designed sequence of samples has enabled important insights to be derived for the annealing behavior of the ALD HfO2 films. The main effects of single, brief, high temperature excursions to above 900 °C are to anneal out some of the fine voids and reduce the mean roughness and interfacial diffuseness of the film. These changes are indicative of densification. However, depending on the film thickness, the annealing behavior at temperatures between 650 and 800 °C is quite different for single excursion and cyclic anneals. Particularly for thin, just-coalesced films, XRR indicates marked increases in the film thickness and in the mean roughness/diffuseness dimension for cyclic anneals. GISAXS also shows an increase, rather than a reduction, in the void microstructure under these conditions. These changes in the film microstructure appear sufficient to overcome the expected film densification at elevated temperatures with implications for the gate dielectric performance of the films after extended high temperature exposure and cycling, as may occur during gate dielectric fabrication.
Structure and electronic properties of conducting, ternary TixTa1−xN films
Authors: Matenoglou G. M. , Lekka Ch. E. , Koutsokeras L. E. , Karras G. , Kosmidis C. , Evangelakis G. A. , Patsalas P.
Published: May 2009

We report on the electronic structure and optical properties of conducting ternary transition metal nitrides consisting of metals of different groups of the periodic table of elements. For the study of the bonding, electronic structure, and optical properties of conducting TixTa1−xN film growth, optical spectroscopy and ab initio calculations were used. Despite the different valence electron configuration of the constituent elements, Ta(d3s2) and Ti(d2s2), we show that TiN and TaN are completely soluble due to the hybridization of the d and sp electrons of the metals and N, respectively, that stabilizes the ternary TixTa1−xN systems to the rocksalt structure. The optical properties of TixTa1−xN have been studied using spectroscopic methods and detailed electronic structure calculations, revealing that the plasma energy of the fully dense TixTa1−xN is varying between 7.8 and 9.45 eV. Additional optical absorption bands are manifested due to the N p→Ti/Ta d interband transition the t2g→eg transition due to splitting of the metals’ d band, with the major exception of the Ti0.50Ta0.50N, where the eg unoccupied states are not manifested due to the local structure of the ternary system; this finding is observed for the first time and proves previous assignments of optical transitions in TaN.
Direct evidence for electric field assisted dissolution of Au nanoparticles on glass surface
Authors: Zou Zhiyu , Wang Qiang , Chen Xiangjun , Qu Shiliang
Published: May 2009

Spherical gold (Au) nanoparticles are formed onto glass surface by sputtering of Au foil and the following annealing process. By employing electric field assisted annealing of above as-prepared samples, the original spherical Au nanoparticles are dissolved to lunar-eclipselike structure and even fully dissolved. When applied voltages are increased in steplike feature, spikelike sharp current increase is observed at every voltage step, and it is followed by a rather long current decaying process. The spikelike current increase indicates the onset of electronic transport, leading to Au nanoparticles polarization and ionization. Long current decaying process is assigned to the electronic conduction from cathode to recombine with as-ionized positive charges, along with Au cationic transport resulting in dissolution of Au atoms from the nanoparticles. Our current study provides straightforward evidence of electric field assisted dissolution of Au nanoparticles on glass surface.
A density functional theory study of the correlation between analyte basicity, ZnPc adsorption strength, and sensor response
Authors: Tran N. L. , Bohrer F. I. , Trogler W. C. , Kummel A. C.
Published: May 2009

Density functional theory (DFT) simulations were used to determine the binding strength of 12 electron-donating analytes to the zinc metal center of a zinc phthalocyanine molecule (ZnPc monomer). The analyte binding strengths were compared to the analytes’ enthalpies of complex formation with boron trifluoride (BF3), which is a direct measure of their electron donating ability or Lewis basicity. With the exception of the most basic analyte investigated, the ZnPc binding energies were found to correlate linearly with analyte basicities. Based on natural population analysis calculations, analyte complexation to the Zn metal of the ZnPc monomer resulted in limited charge transfer from the analyte to the ZnPc molecule, which increased with analyte-ZnPc binding energy. The experimental analyte sensitivities from chemiresistor ZnPc sensor data were proportional to an exponential of the binding energies from DFT calculations consistent with sensitivity being proportional to analyte coverage and binding strength. The good correlation observed suggests DFT is a reliable method for the prediction of chemiresistor metallophthalocyanine binding strengths and response sensitivities.
The irreducible bundle: Further structure in the kinetic energy distribution
Authors: Jones Travis E. , Eberhart Mark E.
Published: May 2009

Modern molecular sciences are often concerned with the properties and dynamics of chemical bonds. With the ability to experimentally measure charge density, there is a pressing need to find the relationships between charge density and the properties of chemical bonds. Here we show molecules can be partitioned into unique bond volumes characterized by well defined properties. Moreover, this partitioning recovers unrecognized structure in the kinetic energy distribution.
The influence of space charge shielding on dielectric multipactor
Authors: Chang C. , Liu G. Z. , Tang C. X. , Yan L. X.
Published: May 2009

A model of space charge influenced by multipactor electrons and plasma has been established. The positive space charge potential/field for vacuum dielectric multipactor is analytically studied. After considering the plasma, the positive space charge field is further shielded, and multipactor saturates at higher surface accumulated field, compared with that for only considering multipactor electrons. The negative space charge potential/field for dielectric breakdown at high pressure is analyzed. It is found that the negative potential can be nonmonotonously varied, forming a minimum potential well.
Tunneling and delocalization effects in hydrogen bonded systems: A study in position and momentum space
Authors: Morrone Joseph A. , Lin Lin , Car Roberto
Published: May 2009

Novel experimental and computational studies have uncovered the proton momentum distribution in hydrogen bonded systems. In this work, we utilize recently developed open path integral Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics methodology in order to study the momentum distribution in phases of high pressure ice. Some of these phases exhibit symmetric hydrogen bonds and quantum tunneling. We find that the symmetric hydrogen bonded phase possesses a narrowed momentum distribution as compared with a covalently bonded phase, in agreement with recent experimental findings. The signatures of tunneling that we observe are a narrowed distribution in the low-to-intermediate momentum region, with a tail that extends to match the result of the covalently bonded state. The transition to tunneling behavior shows similarity to features observed in recent experiments performed on confined water. We corroborate our ice simulations with a study of a particle in a model one-dimensional double well potential that mimics some of the effects observed in bulk simulations. The temperature dependence of the momentum distribution in the one-dimensional model allows for the differentiation between ground state and mixed state tunneling effects.
Growth of Si0.75Ge0.25 alloy nanowires in a separated H-field by microwave processing
Authors: Dube Charu Lata , Kashyap Subhash C. , Dube D. C. , Agarwal D. K.
Published: May 2009

This paper presents a rapid and novel technique of growing nanowires of Si0.75Ge0.25 alloy at 900 °C in less than 10 min by processing the constituents in a TE011 single mode cylindrical resonant cavity, operated at 2.45 GHz and ∼300 W. The microstructural, crystal structural, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of the nanowires have been carried out to establish their dimensions, crystallographic structure, and composition, respectively. It is proposed that the growth of nanowires is due to electromagnetic field assisted morphological transformation.
High order Chin actions in path integral Monte Carlo
Authors: Sakkos K. , Casulleras J. , Boronat J.
Published: May 2009

High order actions proposed by Chin have been used for the first time in path integral Monte Carlo simulations. Contrary to the Takahashi–Imada action, which is accurate to the fourth order only for the trace, the Chin action is fully fourth order, with the additional advantage that the leading fourth-order error coefficients are finely tunable. By optimizing two free parameters entering in the new action, we show that the time step error dependence achieved is best fitted with a sixth order law. The computational effort per bead is increased but the total number of beads is greatly reduced and the efficiency improvement with respect to the primitive approximation is approximately a factor of 10. The Chin action is tested in a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator, a H2 drop, and bulk liquid H4e. In all cases a sixth-order law is obtained with values of the number of beads that compare well with the pair action approximation in the stringent test of superfluid H4e.
A spatial light modulator for terahertz beams
Authors: Chan Wai Lam , Chen Hou-Tong , Taylor Antoinette J. , Brener Igal , Cich Michael J. , Mittleman Daniel M.
Published: May 2009

We design and implement a multipixel spatial modulator for terahertz beams using active terahertz metamaterials. Our first-generation device consists of a 4×4 pixel array, where each pixel is an array of subwavelength-sized split-ring resonator elements fabricated on a semiconductor substrate, and is independently controlled by applying an external voltage. Through terahertz transmission experiments, we show that the spatial modulator has a uniform modulation depth of around 40% across all pixels, and negligible crosstalk, at the resonant frequency. This device can operate under small voltage levels, at room temperature, with low power consumption and reasonably high switching speed.
Genetic variation within species of the nematode genus Cloacina (Strongyloidea:Cloacininae) parasitic in the stomachs of rock wallabies, Petrogale spp. (Marsupialia:Macropodidae) in Queensland
Authors: Chilton Neil B. , Huby-Chilton Florence , Johnson Peter M. , Beveridge Ian , Gasser Robin B.
Published: May 2009

Four morphospecies of Cloacina, parasitic nematodes in the stomachs of rock wallabies (Petrogale spp.) from Queensland, were compared genetically using sequence data of the two internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The results suggest that two geographically isolated populations of C. ernabella from P. purpureicollis were genetically distinct. Based on the autapomorphic species concept, these two C. ernabella populations represented different species. For the three other nematode morphospecies, there were genetic differences among individuals of a morphospecies present in different species of host. The results suggest that each may represent a complex of sibling species, with a different species present in each species of rock wallaby examined for that morphospecies. In the C. caenis and C. pearsoni complexes, the lineage present in P. purpureicollis from western Queensland represents a sister taxon to those in the P. pencillata complex from the east coast. In the C. robertsi complex, the taxon parasitic in P. persephone represents the sister taxon to those in the P. pencillata complex and in P. purpureicollis. C. robertsi was found for the first time in P. purpureicollis from Winton in central Queensland, suggesting contact in the recent past between populations of P. purpureicollis and a member of the P. penicillata complex.
Body size, food habits, reproduction and growth in a population of black whip snakes (Demansia vestigiata) (Serpentes:Elapidae) in tropical Australia
Authors: Fearn S. , Trembath D. F.
Published: May 2009

Two species of large black whip snakes (Demansia vestigiata and D. papuensis) are morphologically and ecologically similar and have broadly overlapping distributions. A long history of taxonomic difficulties has meant that most previous taxonomic and ecological studies comprise composite samples of both taxa. Here, we provide ecological data (body sizes, food habits, reproduction and inferred growth rates) collected from captured and road-killed specimens from a tropical population of D. vestigiata at Townsville, north-eastern Queensland, Australia. Males attain larger body sizes and have longer tails than females. All food items were ectotherms (lizards and frogs). Female reproductive cycles were strongly seasonal. Clutch size is significantly positively related to maternal body size. Egg dimensions, clutch mass and neonatal size are reported. Inferred growth rates indicate that sexual maturation is attained at ~21 months for females.
ATP8B1 is essential for maintaining normal hearing
Authors: Stapelbroek Janneke M. , Peters Theo A. , van Beurden Denis H. A. , Curfs Jo H. A. J. , Joosten Anneke , Beynon Andy J. , van Leeuwen Bibian M. , van der Velden Lieke M. , Bull Laura , Oude Elferink Ronald P. , van Zanten Bert A. , Klomp Leo W. J. , Houwen Roderick H. J.
Published: May 2009

ATP8B1 deficiency is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in
ATP8B1
, which encodes the putative phospatidylserine flippase ATP8B1 (formerly called FIC1). ATP8B1 deficiency is primarily characterized by cholestasis, but extrahepatic symptoms are also found. Because patients sometimes report reduced hearing capability, we investigated the role of ATP8B1 in auditory function. Here we show that ATP8B1/Atp8b1 deficiency, both in patients and in
Atp8b1
G308V/G308V
mutant mice, causes hearing loss, associated with progressive degeneration of cochlear hair cells. Atp8b1 is specifically localized in the stereocilia of these hair cells. This indicates that the mechanosensory function and integrity of the cochlear hair cells is critically dependent on ATP8B1 activity, possibly through maintaining lipid asymmetry in the cellular membranes of stereocilia.
The tyrosine phosphatase PTPRD is a tumor suppressor that is frequently inactivated and mutated in glioblastoma and other human cancers
Authors: Veeriah Selvaraju , Brennan Cameron , Meng Shasha , Singh Bhuvanesh , Fagin James A. , Solit David B. , Paty Philip B. , Rohle Dan , Vivanco Igor , Chmielecki Juliann , Pao William , Ladanyi Marc , Gerald William L. , Liau Linda , Cloughesy Timothy C. , Mischel Paul S. , Sander Chris , Taylor Barry , Schultz Nikolaus , Major John , Heguy Adriana , Fang Fang , Mellinghoff Ingo K. , Chan Timothy A.
Published: May 2009

Tyrosine phosphorylation plays a critical role in regulating cellular function and is a central feature in signaling cascades involved in oncogenesis. The regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation is coordinately controlled by kinases and phosphatases (PTPs). Whereas activation of tyrosine kinases has been shown to play vital roles in tumor development, the role of PTPs is much less well defined. Here, we show that the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase delta (PTPRD) is frequently inactivated in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a deadly primary neoplasm of the brain.
PTPRD
is a target of deletion in GBM, often via focal intragenic loss. In GBM tumors that do not possess deletions in
PTPRD
, the gene is frequently subject to cancer-specific epigenetic silencing via promoter CpG island hypermethylation (37%). Sequencing of the
PTPRD
gene in GBM and other primary human tumors revealed that the gene is mutated in 6% of GBMs, 13% of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, and in 9% of lung cancers. These mutations were deleterious. In total,
PTPRD
inactivation occurs in >50% of GBM tumors, and loss of expression predicts for poor prognosis in glioma patients. Wild-type
PTPRD
inhibits the growth of GBM and other tumor cells, an effect not observed with
PTPRD
alleles harboring cancer-specific mutations. Human astrocytes lacking
PTPRD
exhibited increased growth. PTPRD was found to dephosphorylate the oncoprotein STAT3. These results implicate
PTPRD
as a tumor suppressor on chromosome 9p that is involved in the development of GBMs and multiple human cancers.
Insightful problem solving and creative tool modification by captive nontool-using rooks
Authors: Bird Christopher D. , Emery Nathan J.
Published: May 2009

The ability to use tools has been suggested to indicate advanced physical cognition in animals. Here we show that rooks, a member of the corvid family that do not appear to use tools in the wild are capable of insightful problem solving related to sophisticated tool use, including spontaneously modifying and using a variety of tools, shaping hooks out of wire, and using a series of tools in a sequence to gain a reward. It is remarkable that a species that does not use tools in the wild appears to possess an understanding of tools rivaling habitual tool users such as New Caledonian crows and chimpanzees. Our findings suggest that the ability to represent tools may be a domain-general cognitive capacity rather than an adaptive specialization and questions the relationship between physical intelligence and wild tool use.
Workaholism and work–life imbalance: Does cultural origin influence the relationship?
Authors: Aziz Shahnaz , Adkins Carrie T. , Walker Alan G. , Wuensch Karl L.
Published: May 2009

In recent years, workaholism has become prevalent throughout organizations and has captured the attention of organizational leaders as well as the academic and scientific communities. Most research in this area has focused on the negative consequences of workaholism, specifically work–life imbalance. One area of research that has largely been ignored is the potential influence of demographic variables on the relationship between workaholism and work–life imbalance. Therefore, the current study focused on how cultural origin might influence the intensity of this relationship. Based on relative deprivation theory and previous empirical work, it was expected that cultural origin would moderate the relationship between workaholism and work–life imbalance. Specifically, it was predicted that Caucasian participants would score higher on levels of workaholism than Black participants, and that the relationship between workaholism and work–life imbalance would be stronger for Caucasians than for Blacks. The results revealed that high levels of workaholism were significantly correlated with high levels of work–life imbalance. However, results also indicated that cultural origin did not moderate the relationship between workaholism and work–life imbalance, and there was no significant mean difference between Caucasian and Black participants on our measure of workaholism. These findings are important in that it is essential for employers to be aware of workaholic tendencies so they can better handle the negative consequences that result for the organization, and to also help promote the well‐being of their employees.
Dragons, spheres, and flashlights: appropriate research approaches for studying workplace spirituality
Authors: Braud William
Published: May 2009

Transpersonal psychology studies experiences in which one’s sense of identity; stage of development; state of consciousness; and ways of knowing, being, and doing can be expanded beyond those typically considered in conventional psychology. It addresses issues of spirituality,
ego‐transcendence, wisdom, psychospiritual growth and development, personal and societal transformation, and wholeness. Its new forms of transpersonal inquiry similarly expand research praxis by extending the types of topics and questions that may be explored; the ways data can be collected,
treated, and reported; the disciplines, time‐frames, and experiences that can inform the research project; and the ways the investigator’s own personal and spiritual nature and processes can enhance research. This article addresses ways in which transpersonal inquiry can supplement
more established quantitative and qualitative research approaches in exploring workplace spirituality by including spiritually related practices of the researcher in the research enterprise and by its greater emphasis on values and transformation.
Markers of the heart: finding spirituality in a bus marked “Tourist”
Authors: Blomfield Bridget
Published: May 2009

This paper details the experiences of 12 American college students as they travel through India, Thailand and Taiwan studying Buddhism for a semester. The paper discusses their joys and frustrations as they search for spirituality and meaning in a bus marked “Tourist”. The
students share their feelings about being tourists, contrasting their desires to have an academic and spiritual experience as they visit sacred sites working with local scholars and religious practitioners. They struggle with their privledge and express their shame at seeing the economic inconsistencies
and disparities of locals.As the semester ends, the students become increasingly self‐reflective, embodying humility and compassion. They are transformed as they see the contradictions of religion and culture. Implications for tourism management are offered, as well as an examination
of the cross‐cultural issues of being a Westerner on a guided spiritual quest in an Eastern setting.
Spiritual journey to Hajj: Australian and Pakistani experience and expectations
Authors: Haq Farooq , Jackson John
Published: May 2009

This paper explores and examines the interesting and important phenomenon of Hajj from a marketing strategy and ethnographic perspective. There has been little academic qualitative research from a marketing strategy perspective on Hajj (once a year Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca), examining
the perceptions of Muslims going on this significant spiritual journey. This paper also attempts to contribute to the theory on spiritual tourism and journeys and the marketing of spiritual tourism, by focusing on Hajj as both an outstanding spiritual journey and a product/service.This
paper is part of a wider research project conducted to study marketing strategies in spiritual tourism, and focuses on the outbound markets of Australia and Pakistan. The paper presents a qualitative study of the perceptions and attitudes of Muslims towards their journey of Hajj; the investigation
is carried out from the perspective of two different and parallel cultures, i.e. Muslim Australians and Muslim Pakistanis. In order to gain a comparative perspective, this study concentrates on the attitudes of Pakistani Muslims residing in Pakistan and in Australia. The social surrounds of
the two populations are further described within the contexts of East/West, individualism/collectivism, and free criticism/authority acceptance. The findings of the research were further dissected and analysed to segment the customers of Hajj and to propose more effective marketing strategies
for Hajj in Australia and Pakistan. It was found that the use of modern marketing concepts and tools was very helpful in giving a better perspective of the enormous business aspects of Hajj.
Aging, women and health: From the pains of imprisonment to the pains of reintegration
Authors: Shantz Laura R. , Frigon Sylvie
Published: May 2009

In this article, we examine the ways in which older women’s experiences of imprisonment, aging, and health impact their lives. Specifically, we focus on the community reintegration experiences of older women who have served long prison sentences, exploring the lasting effects of imprisonment and aging on their physical and mental health. Two separate Canadian studies of reintegration, consisting of interviews with older reintegrating women, as well as the professionals who assist them in the community, are used to highlight older women’s reintegrations. While researchers have argued that older women should face fewer challenges during reintegration and are more likely to succeed in the community than other reintegrating populations, we find that they experience many difficulties and barriers linked to their age, health and gender.
The prevalence of thyroid disorders among sexual and violent offenders and their co‐occurrence with psychological symptoms
Authors: Langevin Ron , Langevin Mara , Curnoe Suzanne , Bain Jerald
Published: May 2009

The prevalence of thyroid abnormalities among 831 sexual, violent, and non‐violent non‐sex offenders was found to be greater than found in the general population. Thyroid abnormalities were most common among violent offenders and among sex offenders who victimized children. Thyroid disorders were associated with psychotic diagnoses, delusions, mania, suicidal thoughts, and showed a trend to more suicide attempts. These disorders were undiagnosed in 49.1% of the cases prior to the present clinical assessment. Of these, 59.3% faced their first criminal charges, and the undiagnosed thyroid abnormalities may be important in the offenders’ treatment and may be possible legal mitigating factors in some offenses. Results indicate that a routine endocrine evaluation with blood tests would be a valuable addition to the assessment of violent and sexual offenders.
Paradiplomacy and Climate Change: American States as Actors in Global Climate Governance
Authors: Eatmon Thomas D.
Published: May 2009

American states have taken the lead in US climate policy over the past decade, implementing the goals of the Kyoto Protocol in the absence of ratification by the federal government. These developments serve as practical models for post-Kyoto climate policy and have theoretical implications for the treatment of atypical non-state actors in the study of global climate governance. The entrance of sub-national actors into foreign policy, or paradiplomacy, is examined in this study to highlight the international implications of climate policy adoption among the American states. A typology of American state actions is presented, and future options for bottom-up climate policy in the United States are considered.
C.G. Jung: Freud's heir or Janet's? The influence upon Jung of Janet's dissociationism
Authors: Monahan Paula A.
Published: May 2009

‘What Jung called “complex” was originally nothing but the equivalent of Janet's “subconscious fixed idea”’, says Henri Ellenberger in his magisterial bookThe discovery of the unconscious, the work which first resurrected Pierre Janet's memory after decades of virtual oblivion. My purpose in this article will be to discuss the influence of Janet, with whom Jung studied in Paris in the winter semester of 1902–1903, upon the overall development of Jung's thought, and in particular upon his complex theory. Whilst the groundbreaking work of John Haule has gone some way to highlighting the importance of Janet's influence upon Jung, I hope to demonstrate that a further analysis of Janet's thought in the Jungian corpus gives promise of yielding many more insights into Jung's own thought, insights which might also contribute to the burgeoning research into dissociative disorders that has been taking place in recent decades.
Analysis of geometric variations in high-power tokamak divertors
Authors: Umansky M.V. , Bulmer R.H. , Cohen R.H. , Rognlien T.D. , Ryutov D.D.
Published: May 2009

Quantitative assessment of the performance of high-power tokamak divertors for a range of geometric variations is conducted using the MHD code Corsica (Crotinger et al 1997 Technical Report LLNL) and edge transport code UEDGE (Rognlien et al 1992 J. Nucl. Mater.
196–198 347). In a multi-parametric study the divertor performance is compared for a high-power tokamak with standard and snowflake (Ryutov 2007 Phys. Plasmas
14 064502) configurations for the same core plasma parameters. Divertor and edge quantities that are varied include x-point flux expansion, shape of target plates, and radiating impurity species and concentrations. For a range of studied cases, in the snowflake the peak heat load on the target plates is significantly reduced compared with the standard divertor due to larger plasma-wetted area and a larger fraction of power radiated in the edge.
Internal transport barrier dynamics with plasma rotation in JET
Authors: de Vries P.C. , Joffrin E. , Brix M. , Challis C.D. , Crombé K. , Esposito B. , Hawkes N.C. , Giroud C. , Hobirk J. , Lönnroth J. , Mantica P. , Strintzi D. , Tala T. , Voitsekhovitch I.
Published: May 2009

At JET the dynamics of internal transport barriers (ITBs) has been explored by trying to decouple the effects of heating on the one hand and torque on the other with the ultimate objective of identifying the minimum torque required for the formation of transport barriers. The experiments shed light on the physics behind the initial trigger for ITBs, which often shows to be linked to the shape of the q profile and magnetic shear, while the further development was influenced by the strength of the rotational shear. In discharges with a small amount of rotational shear ITBs were triggered, which suggest that the overall rotational shear is not the dominant factor in the triggering process. However, the subsequent growth of the barrier was limited if the rotational shear was too low at the time of triggering. This growth phase may be highly non-linear, with several possible positive feedback loops, such as the increases in the toroidal and poloidal component of the rotational shear caused by the ITB itself.
Essential Features of the Class V Myosin from Budding Yeast forASH1mRNA Transport
Authors: Bookwalter Carol S. , Lord Matthew , Trybus Kathleen M.
Published: May 2009

Myo4p, a single-headed and nonprocessive class V myosin in budding yeast, transports >20 different mRNAs asymmetrically to the bud. Here, we determine the features of the Myo4p motor that are necessary for correct localization of ASH1 mRNA to the daughter cell, a process that also requires the adapter protein She3p and the dimeric mRNA-binding protein She2p. The rod region of Myo4p, but not the globular tail, is essential for correct localization of ASH1 mRNA, confirming that the rod contains the primary binding site for She3p. The requirement for both the rod region and She3p can be bypassed by directly coupling the mRNA-binding protein She2p to Myo4p. ASH1 mRNA was also correctly localized when one motor was bound per dimeric She2p, or when two motors were joined together by a leucine zipper. Because multiple mRNAs are cotransported to the bud, it is likely that this process involves multiple motor transport regardless of the number of motors per zip code. Our results show that the most important feature for correct localization is the retention of coupling between all the members of the complex (Myo4p–She3p–She2p–ASH1 mRNA), which is aided by She3p being a tightly bound subunit of Myo4p.
Cdh1 Regulates Cell Cycle through Modulating the Claspin/Chk1 and the Rb/E2F1 Pathways
Authors: Gao Daming , Inuzuka Hiroyuki , Korenjak Michael , Tseng Alan , Wu Tao , Wan Lixin , Kirschner Marc , Dyson Nicholas , Wei Wenyi
Published: May 2009

APC/Cdh1 is a major cell cycle regulator and its function has been implicated in DNA damage repair; however, its exact role remains unclear. Using affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry, we identified Claspin as a novel Cdh1-interacting protein and further demonstrated that Claspin is a novel Cdh1 ubiquitin substrate. As a result, inactivation of Cdh1 leads to activation of the Claspin/Chk1 pathway. Previously, we demonstrated that Rb interacts with Cdh1 to influence its ability to degrade Skp2. Here, we report that Cdh1 reciprocally regulates the Rb pathway through competing with E2F1 to bind the hypophosphorylated form of Rb. Although inactivation of Cdh1 in HeLa cells, with defective p53/Rb pathways, led to premature S phase entry, acute depletion of Cdh1 in primary human fibroblasts resulted in premature senescence. Acute loss of many other major tumor suppressors, including PTEN and VHL, also induces premature senescence in a p53- or Rb-dependent manner. Similarly, we showed that inactivation of the p53/Rb pathways by overexpression of SV40 LT-antigen partially reversed Cdh1 depletion–induced growth arrest. Therefore, loss of Cdh1 is only beneficial to cells with abnormal p53 and Rb pathways, which helps explain why Cdh1 loss is not frequently found in many tumors.
Sequencing of DSM‐IV criteria of nicotine dependence
Authors: Kandel Denise B. , Hu Mei‐Chen , Yamaguchi Kazuo
Published: May 2009

Aims  To determine whether there is a sequence in which adolescents experience symptoms of nicotine dependence (ND) as per the DSM‐IV.

Design  A two‐stage design was implemented to select a multi‐ethnic target sample of adolescents from a school survey of 6th–10th graders from the Chicago Public Schools. The cohort was interviewed at home five times with structured computerized interviews at 6‐month intervals over a 2‐year period.

Participants  Subsample of new tobacco users (n = 353) who had started to use tobacco within 12 months prior to wave 1 or between waves 1 and 5.

Measurements and statistical methods  Monthly histories of DSM‐IV symptoms of ND were obtained. Log‐linear quasi‐independence models were estimated to identify the fit of different cumulative models of progression among the four most prevalent dependence criteria (tolerance, impaired control, withdrawal, unsuccessful attempts to quit), indexed by specific symptoms, by gender and race/ethnicity.

Findings  Pathways varied slightly across groups. The proportions who could be classified in a progression pathway not by chance ranged from 50.7% to 68.8%. Overall, tolerance and impaired control appeared first and preceded withdrawal; impaired control preceded attempts to quit. For males, tolerance was experienced first, with withdrawal a minor path of entry; for females withdrawal was experienced last, tolerance and impaired control were experienced first. For African Americans, tolerance by itself was experienced first; for other groups an alternative path began with impaired control.

Conclusions  The prevalence and sequence of criteria of ND fit our understanding of the neuropharmacology of ND. The order among symptoms early in the process of dependence may differ from the severity order of symptoms among those who persist in smoking.
Virtual glioblastoma: growth, migration and treatment in a three‐dimensional mathematical model
Authors: Eikenberry S. E. , Sankar T. , Preul M. C. , Kostelich E. J. , Thalhauser C. J. , Kuang Y.
Published: May 2009

Objectives:  Glioblastomas are aggressive primary brain cancers that are characterized by extensive infiltration into the brain and are highly resistant to treatment. Through mathematical modelling, we model the process of invasion and predict the relative importance of mechanisms contributing to malignant invasion. Clinically, we predict patterns of tumour recurrence following various modes of therapeutic intervention.

Materials and methods:  Our mathematical model uses a realistic three‐dimensional brain geometry and considers migrating and proliferating cells as separate classes. Several mechanisms for infiltrative migration are considered. Methods are developed for simulating surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Results:  The model provides clinically realistic predictions of tumour growth and recurrence following therapeutic intervention. Specific results include (i) invasiveness is governed largely by the ability of glioblastoma cells to degrade and migrate through the extracellular matrix and the ability of single migrating cells to form colonies; (ii) tumours originating deeper in the brain generally grow more quickly than those of superficial origin; (iii) upon surgery, the margins and geometry of resection significantly determine the extent and pattern of postoperative recurrence; (iv) radiotherapy works synergistically with greater resection margins to reduce recurrence; (v) simulations in both two‐ and three‐dimensional geometries give qualitatively similar results; and (vi) in an actual clinical case comprising several surgical interventions, the model provides good qualitative agreement between the simulated and observed course of the disease.

Conclusions:  The model provides a useful initial framework by which biological mechanisms of invasion and efficacy of potential treatment regimens may be assessed.