bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lingual Discrimination of Angular Changes of a Grooved Line by Normal Subjects
Authors: Williams William N. , La Pointe Leonard L. , Riski John E.
Published: September 2011

To explore the perceptual characteristics of the oral region, 20 young adults were required to trace lingually a groove scored in a plastic disc and report its horizontal or vertical orientation. Performance was significantly better ( P < .001) in perceiving orientation around the horizontal plane than around the vertical. An angular deviation of 30° was required before all Ss could detect that the groove was not in the horizontal or vertical plane. No significant difference ( P > .05) was found in performance by males and females.
Field-Dependence and Performance on a Writing Task
Authors: Berent Stanley
Published: September 2011

Timed writing samples were obtained from 50 female psychiatric inpatients. Patients were assigned on the basis of their scores on the rod-and-frame rest to extreme field-dependent and field-independent groups. Compared to field-independent persons, the field-dependent patients took significantly greater times to complete the writing task. In spite of the longer times, three independent raters found the field-dependent writing less legible, less well oriented on the page, less neat, and generally poorer in over-all quality than the field-independent writing. Findings are discussed in terms of possible dominant (left) cerebral hemisphere involvement in field-dependence.
IES Test Performance by Learning Disabled Boys
Authors: Stawar Terry L. , Lamp Robert E.
Published: September 2011

The IES Test was administered to 40 learning disabled boys and 20 control Ss to test the hypothesis that learning disabled children manifest higher levels of impulsivity and lower levels of ego functioning than normal Ss. Of the eight comparisons made in regard to ego and impulse score means, all were in the predicted direction, with four statistically significant ( p ≤ .05). No differences in superego functioning were predicted or found. Implications of the findings for remedial programs were discussed.
Linguistic Description and Auditory Perception
Authors: Taylor L. J. , Gandy L. J. , Dark G.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effect of occupational background of engineers, musicians and secretaries upon their verbal description of tones differing in pitch, intermittency and modulation. In the experiment, where no cues were provided, Ss, regardless of occupation, displayed little consistency in responses. Ss' responses were classified into three broad categories: onomatopoeic, illustrative, and physical. Engineers tended to favour illustrative responses, secretaries the onomatopoeic responses, and the musicians the physical responses. Musicians utilized physical responses significantly more often than the other two groups.
Circadian Variation of Critical Flicker Frequency among Children
Authors: Musumeci Marilyn , Misiak Henryk
Published: September 2011

Circadian changes in CFF thresholds of 28 children, 14 boys and 14 girls, were investigated. Binocular thresholds were obtained by the method of limits from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. in 5 sessions, spaced 3 hr. apart. A diurnal effect was found, namely, a rise and a decline in CFF values with a peak at 12 p.m. ( p < .01). Though an additional rise in CFF was noted at 6 p.m., this trend was not significant. It was concluded that CFF fluctuated with time of day and that these fluctuations should be explored in relation to other physiological and psychological functions subject to circadian effects.
Extraversion and Auditory Sensitivity to High and Low Frequency
Authors: Stelmack Robert M. , Campbell Kenneth B.
Published: September 2011

The sensitivity of 10 extraverts, 10 ambiverts, and 10 introverts to auditory stimuli was determined by a signal detection procedure. Under the low-frequency condition, introverts were significantly more sensitive than extraverts. Under the high-frequency condition, extraverts showed a significant increase in sensitivity, the introverts tended to show a relative decrease in sensitivity. Results endorse Eysenck's proposed relation of extraversion and the reticular formation arousal system.
Perceptual-Motor Performance on the Vane and Bender Tests as Related to Two Socio-Economic Classes and Ages
Authors: Willis Diane J. , Pishkin Vladimir
Published: September 2011

The Bender-Gestalt test, Vane Kindergarten test, and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test were administered to 60 middle-class and 60 lower-class male and female Caucasian children attending kindergarten, first and second grades of a public school system. Results of the comparative study confirm that perceptual and linguistic differences exist between middle-class and lower-class children, favoring middle-class children, and lend support to the usefulness of the Vane Kindergarten Test as a screening test for screening the intellectual-academic potential of young children.
Types of Overinclusion and Emotional Arousal
Authors: Honess T. , Nichols K. A.
Published: September 2011

Test scores from chronic schizophrenics are presented which add evidence for the concept of overinclusion as a complex set of phenomena which involve different subtypes variously related to one another and variously modified by emotional state.
Relative Efficiency of Visual, Auditory and Combined Modes of Presentation in Learning of Paired-Associates
Authors: McCall James , Rae Gordon
Published: September 2011

57 Ss were used in a 3-factor experimental design to investigate the effects of three methods of presentation (visual, auditory, audio-visual), two levels of meaningfulness, and number of learning trials on the learning of paired-associates. A recall paired-associate paradigm was used. Significant interactions were obtained between method × meaningfulness and meaningfulness × trials. The three main effects all produced significant differences. Analysis suggested that visual presentation was superior to auditory which was, in turn, superior to a combined mode of presentation. Results are discussed in terms of Broadbent's theoretical model of the perceptual system.
Visual Memory: Accuracy of Decisions of Familiar-Novel for Tachistoscopically Presented Stimuli
Authors: Franken R. E. , Rowland G. L.
Published: September 2011

Accurate familiar-novel decisions about complex visual stimuli are possible with 20-msec. presentations and are asymptotic by 500 msec. Decisions of novelty are more accurate than decisions of familiarity at all durations of exposure. Lower over-all accuracies for familiar decisions resulted from the high rates of error for certain familiar stimuli.
Pairwise Dominance and Social Preference in Squirrel Monkeys
Authors: Clark Dennis L. , Kessler Karen L.
Published: September 2011

5 male and 5 female squirrel monkeys, previously dominance tested, were observed in a noncompetitive social preference situation. Following nonsocial adaptation trials, all possible pairs of monkeys were observed, one pairmate serving as S and the other as a stimulus animal in a free-choice preference test. Ss' latencies to enter the apparatus and activity levels were greatly reduced by the addition of social partners. While social choices were largely uninfluenced by the dominance of the stimulus animal, the sex of the stimulus monkey proved to be an effective variable in that females elicited more approach behaviors than males. These results are consistent with previous studies of squirrel monkeys' preferences measured in noncompetitive social situations.
Effects of N2O on Responses of Divers to Personality Tests
Authors: Biersner R. J. , Edwards D. , Bailey L. W.
Published: September 2011

30 Navy divers were studied in a repeated-measures design to determine the personality effects of breathing N2O, simulating air at approximately 210 feet below sea level. The Hand Test was used to measure personality changes. The number of interpersonal responses made on N2O was initially high and stable. Concern about the environment decreased on N2O. The major findings of less environmental attention, increased interpersonal responsiveness, and withdrawal were discussed in relationship to divers' personalities and to the procedures necessary to diving safety.
Usefulness of the Memory-for-Designs Test in Assessing Mild Organic Complications in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Shearn Charles R. , Berry David F. , Fitzgibbons David J.
Published: September 2011

The Memory-for-Designs Test (MFD) was administered to three matched groups of Ss aged 40 yr. or older: psychiatric patients suspected of organicity on initial clinical examination, patients not suspected of organicity, nonhospitalized normals. No Ss had known brain damage. Patients suspected of organicity and normals differed significantly in mean MFD score. There were no other group differences. 4 mo. later, the same patients were again classified as (currently) suspected or not suspected of organicity. Group means on the original MFD scores were compared. The reconstituted “suspected” group differed significantly from the other two groups, which did not differ from each other, suggesting that initial MFD score predicts more accurately later psychiatric classification than does initial psychiatric classification.
Involvement in Antipollution Activities and Perceived Negative Consequences from Pollution
Authors: Levenson Hanna
Published: September 2011

Members of an antipollution group considered pollution a significantly higher priority problem and believed to a significantly greater degree that they would be negatively affected by pollution than nonmembers.
Within-Cell vs Over-All Correlations in the Analysis of Factor Variance
Authors: Caldwell Michel
Published: September 2011

The advantage of using Winer's (1962) within-cell correlations in the analysis of factor variance (Pinneau, et al., 1966a, 1966b, 1966c) was discussed as well as the conservative bias that theoretically exists in such a procedure. Then a Monte Carlo study was described which examined the extent of this bias for first, second, and third component ratios. Suggestions for dealing with of avoiding the problem of the bias were outlined.
Lateral Eye-Movement Consistency is Related to Academic Aptitude
Authors: Weiten Wayne , Etaugh Claire
Published: September 2011

Individuals who move their eyes consistently in one direction in response to reflective questions ( ns = 22, 23) score significantly higher on the Scholastic Aptitude Test than those who are inconsistent in direction of eye-movement ( ns = 14, 7). The results suggest that degree of cerebral lateralization is related to academic aptitude.
Strategies of Children during Performance of a Self-Paced Activity
Authors: Foster Larry E. , Ellis Michael J.
Published: September 2011

This study asked whether children, when performing self-paced work, would stop to rest rather than slow the work rate, as has been demonstrated in adults. 6 boys were tested individually for four testing periods during a self-paced bicycle ergometer ride. Eight characteristics of self-paced activity were computed and analyzed for each testing period. The characteristics were analyzed in a trials-subjects design to determine the stability of their strategies for accomplishing a fixed quality of work. It was determined that the total ride time and rate were held relatively constant with an increase or decrease in the number of stops and/or the total stopping time.
Differential Effects of Verbal Mediation on Learning and Transfer of a Complex Perceptual Skill
Authors: Berry Gene A. , Prather Dirk C. , Bermudez John M.
Published: September 2011

60 male Ss were randomly placed in one of four groups and learned a range-estimation task. One group learned this task by strictly trial-and-error methods using performance feedback. Group Trial-and-error-verbalization learned by trial-and-error methods but were required to verbalize their perception of target size. Group Cue were given a strong prompt on training trials and no feedback. Group Cue-verbalization were given the prompt and required to verbalize their perception of target size. Verbalization caused a significant decrement in performance on transfer of the learned skill ( p < .01). The Trial-and-error group's performance was significantly better than that of other groups ( p < .001). The decrement in performance caused by prompting and verbalization of this perceprual skill was discussed.
Personal Hygiene Cues in Impression Formation
Authors: Worrall Norman , Taylor Vanessa M. , Ricketts Jennifer P. , Jones Ann P.
Published: September 2011

From four groups of Ss same- and opposite-sex evaluations of how negative grooming cues (breath odour; sweat odour; dirty fingernails; dandruff) are weighted in forming unfavourable impressions were obtained. Both sexes used these cues in a similar way when evaluating the opposite sex but quite differently when evaluating their own sex.
Effects of Familiarity, Verbal Response, and Practice on a Visual Search Task
Authors: Lajoy Ronald J. , Seethoff Patrick M.
Published: September 2011

The effects of familiarity, type of verbal response by the E, and practice on a visual search task were investigated by randomly assigning 42 Ss to bi-variant conditions in a discrete search task of 20 trials. Search time for familiar English letters was significantly faster than for unfamiliar Greek letters; there was a significant decrease in search time over trials; and type of verbal response, as well as interactions, produced no significant effects. Relationships with Neisser's (1967) theoretical and empirical work were discussed.
Comparison of Selected Perceptual and Personality Variables among College Men, Deviant and Non-Deviant in Hair Length
Authors: Larsen Jean P. , White Barbara A.
Published: September 2011

The study sought to determine differences on selected perceptual and personality variables between two groups of college men, deviant and non-deviant in hair length. Male students, 30 in each group, were administered measures of field dependence, psychological security-insecurity, and interpersonal values measuring six critical areas of value: Support, Conformity, Recognition, Independence, Benevolence, Leadership. Deviant Ss were significantly more field independent than non-deviant Ss; they assigned significantly more value to Independence and less value to Recognition and Conformity than the non-deviant Ss. No difference was found between the groups in regard to psychological security.
Age, Ability and Positioning Variables Influencing Pupils' Judgments of the Size of the Müller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Simon A. , Ward L. O.
Published: September 2011

80 high school pupils of 11 to 14 were tested on the Müller-Lyer illusion. No differences in susceptibility to the illusion attributable to age or reading ability were found but the direction of the starting point significantly affected performance.
Analysis of WISC Coding: 5. Prediction of Coding Performance
Authors: Lyle J. G. , Johnson E. G.
Published: September 2011

The performance of WISC Coding of 85 fourth grade children was predicted in terms of two previously identified components: writing speed and associate learning. These components were found to be orthogonally related and of about equal predictive importance. A significant sex difference in coding performance favoring girls was discovered.
Patterns of Cognitive Impairment in Children with Suspected and Documented Neurological Dysfunction
Authors: Black F. William
Published: September 2011

WISC Verbal-Performance discrepancy, Vocabulary-Block Design discrepancy, and Similarities-Object Assembly discrepancy were investigated in matched samples of 25 normal, suspected neurological dysfunction, and documented neurological dysfunction children. The results suggest a continuum of deficit in these samples ranging from normal performance by normal controls to moderate impairment in Ss with documented neurological dysfunction. The suspected neurological dysfunction sample occupied a median position in the continuum as predicted. An analysis of WISC IQ and subtest scores in the three samples also supported the predicted continuum of deficit. Specific WISC subtest comparisons may be of some research and clinical utility in the prediction of neurological dysfunction in pediatric patients.
Emergent Properties of Visual Patterns at Sizes well above Threshold
Authors: Thurmond John B. , Menzer George W. , Rebbin Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

Discrimination performance of two classes of patterns (histoforms and polygons) was determined as a function of the size of the forms at three levels of complexity (4, 6, and 8 columns or angles). The visual angle subtense of the stimulus forms was varied over a range of sizes from near threshold (1.88 min.) to well above it (16.56 min.). The important finding is that below a visual angle of 8 min. discrimination of the form is essentially identical in terms of both accuracy and speed of identification. At angular sizes above 8 min. consistent differences in the rate of processing the two classes of forms emerged. The results were interpreted as indicating that identification performance depends on “emergent features” of the forms as they increase in size.
The Uses Test
Authors: Dennis Wayne
Published: September 2011

The Uses Test consists of 50 questions of the type, “What is so and so for?.” The 50 referents in the questions are believed to be almost universally familiar to children and hence suitable for administration almost anywhere. Experience with them indicates that this is true. The 7 scoring categories yield meaningful scores and are useful for group comparisons.
Perception and Conservation of Length: Comparative Study of Rwandese and French-Canadian Children
Authors: Pinard Adrien , Lavoie Guy
Published: September 2011

3 groups of children (64 urban French-Canadians, 62 rural schooled Rwandese, 64 rural unschooled Rwandese) were tested on their conservation and perception of length in order to determine whether Piaget's (1969) interpretation of the relation between the two tasks might be generalized to children differing in ethnic origin, urbanization, and schooling The results did not confirm Piaget's main findings on the importance of the upper protruding line and on the superiority of preoperational over operational children in the perceptual estimation of length. In spite of wide difference between the three groups on the perceptual task (overestimation of the variable line by French-Canadians, overestimation of the standard by schooled Rwandese, no systematic error in unschooled Rwandese) and on the conceptual task (operational level attained first by French-Canadians, then by schooled Rwandese and finally by unschooled Rwandese), the perception of length was not decisively influenced by the protrusion of the upper line and was significantly better for operational than for preoperational children for all three groups.
Interpretation of d' Values Obtained from a Multi-Target Confidence-Rating Procedure
Authors: Heron R. M. , Adam J. A.
Published: September 2011

Two Os made identifications and certainty ratings for five Canadian traffic signs under a theory of signal detectability confidence-rating paradigm. The data showed a strategy from the theory of signal detection for the task as a whole but not for each separate target. Rather than referring to five separate signal and noise distributions, Os apparently used a single-decision axis for their judgments. This outcome suggests the need for clarification of the meaning of individual d' values obtained by a multi-target confidence-rating procedure, based on theory of signal detectability.
Recognition Memory for Compound Tones and for Single Tones as a Combination
Authors: Juhasz J. B. , White K. G. , Gosling H. A.
Published: September 2011

Recognition memory was examined for compound tone stimuli comprising 2 single sine-wave tones, and for 2 single tones, in the context of compound-tone comparison stimuli. Identification of a compound tone was highly accurate, but when two separate tones were to be recognized as a combination, recognition accuracy was low.
Open-Area Education: An Advantage or Disadvantage for Beginners?
Authors: Bell Anne E. , Switzer Fred , Zipursky Myrna A.
Published: September 2011

112 beginners in traditional classrooms and 57 in an open-area school within the same middle-class area were apparently well matched in perceptual, motor and cognitive skills at school entry. Statistical analysis of first-year achievement showed that while no significant differences in number concept were observed, the traditional group were more highly proficient readers ( p < .001) than the children in open-area class who showed a failure rate double that of their traditional peers. Reasonable proficiency in perceptual, motor and intellectual skills was a necessary but not sufficient condition for success in reading in the open-area class. The egocentric, behaviorally immature child had a better chance of success in the traditional class. Furthermore, there was no indication that any advantage accrues even to the well-integrated child in the open-area system in his beginning year.
Does the Effect of Pacing Speech with a Miniature Metronome on Stuttering wear Off?
Authors: Trotter William D. , Silverman Franklin H.
Published: September 2011

The findings of four studies concerned with the “long-term” impact of pacing speech with a miniature electronic metronome on stuttering are summarized.
Lateral Eye-Movement as Related to Mathematical and Musical Problem Solving
Authors: Weiten Wayne , Etaugh Claire
Published: September 2011

39 Ss were asked to solve arithmetic problems and identify melodies. More lateral eye-movements were made to the right on arithmetic questions than on musical ones, in line with previous findings. Contrary to prediction, neither speed nor accuracy in answering was related to direction of eye-movement for either type of question.
Verbal and Imaginal Coding of Words and Pictures
Authors: Tatum B. Charles , Friden Thomas P.
Published: September 2011

2 experiments were conducted to determine whether words and pictures are coded and processed in different fashions. In Exp. I, reaction times (RTs) of same-different judgments were recorded for pairs of words which differed in syllable length (1 vs 3). RTs were longer for the three-syllable than the one-syllable words, indicating a sequentially organized verbal code. Exp. II employed a pictorial representation of the words used in Exp. I. There was no correlation between RTs and the syllable length of the picture names in Exp. II, suggesting that S employed an imaginal code for the pictures which involved parallel, rather than sequential, processing. The results of both studies were taken as support for Paivio's (1971) dual-coding hypothesis.
Olfactory Stimulus Control Evaluated in a Small Animal Olfactometer
Authors: Slotnick Burton M. , Nigrosh Barry J.
Published: September 2011

A fully automated air-stream olfactometer and test chamber are described. Studies with rats using a discrete trials, go, no-go training procedure demonstrate that olfactory discriminations are acquired rapidly and, under appropriate conditions, with few or no errors. During training, the rat makes an easily measured stimulus sampling response on each trial (sniffing at the air inlet port). Sampling duration varies with problem difficulty and provides a valuable adjunctive measure of discrimination behavior.
Effects of Uniforms on Perceptions of Pictures of Athletes
Authors: Harris Mary B. , Ramsey Sandra , Sims Diana , Stevenson Marcia
Published: September 2011

Four pairs of pictures of female athletes in or out of uniform were rated on a 7-point scale by 271 female high school students and 26 female high school teachers on the dimensions of professionalism, team spirit, coordination, natural ability, over-all ability and muscular strength. Athletes were rated more favorably when dressed in uniforms by both groups on all dimensions, although several of the comparisons failed to reach statistical significance. The strongest effects were found for the variables of total score, over-all ability, professionalism and team spirit; the weakest effects were for coordination, muscular strength and natural ability.
Studies of Auditory-Visual Differences in Human Time Judgment: 1. Sounds are Judged Longer than Lights
Authors: Goldstone Sanford , Lhamon William T.
Published: September 2011

Prior studies have repeatedly shown that short sounds were judged to be of longer duration than physically equivalent lights. Six experiments are reported which confirm the robustness of this auditory-visual difference in time judgment and highlight two factors which contribute to its continued presence, movement for vision and intensity for audition.
Effect of White Noise on Attention as a Function of Manifest Anxiety
Authors: Basow Susan A.
Published: September 2011

The effect of white noise on attention-task performance was examined as a function of the manifest-anxiety level of 30 male undergraduates with concurrent physiological recordings made. Noise interacted with manifest anxiety on two of the four attention tasks such that Ss low in anxiety improved with noise while moderately anxious Ss deteriorated with noise and highly anxious Ss remained the same. Noise had no lasting effect on heart race, skin potential, or attentional performance in general, leading to the conclusion that noise may function either as a distractor or as a behavioral arouser. Some support was gained for the inverted-U hypothesis relating arousal to performance.
Development of a Group Test for Assessing Perceptual Abilities
Authors: Mc Daniel Ernest D.
Published: September 2011

A motion picture test of perceptual abilities has been developed for use with elementary school children. The test has two parts. In Part 1 the child must identify a hidden stimulus figure within one of four designs. In Part 2 the child must identify from four alternatives a figure formed by separate lines which have been presented successively. The test is a self-administering 16-mm sound film and requires about 30 min. of total testing time.
Firstborns, Only Children, Sex, and Three Dependency Measures
Authors: Andrews Rhoda , Brown Evan
Published: September 2011

Only children and firstborns of siblings, men and women ( N = 7; N = 28), were compared (2 × 2) on dependency measures of embedded figures (interaction and main effects significant), rod-frame (sex effect), and self-endorsement social dependency tests (sex effect). The correlation of .56 for embedded figures with rod-frame scores was significant.
Reversal of the Energy Metabolism Responses to Endurance Training by Weight Loading
Authors: Kennedy Crawford , Van Huss Wayne D. , Heusner William W.
Published: September 2011

6 university team distance runners were randomly placed into experimental and control groups to determine the effect of progressive overloading with weights upon selected training responses. Both groups received identical training for 8 wk. with the exception that three days each week the experimental Ss wore weighted wristlets, anklets, and belts. Pre- and posttest energy metabolism measures were taken during and following both a low-intensity 15-min. run (9.7 km/hr, 0% grade) and a high-intensity run to exhaustion (16.1 km/hr, 9% grade). The energy metabolism responses to endurance training were significantly reversed by the progressive overloading with weights. The energy cost of the low-intensity run was increased and an unexpected shift toward greater anaerobic metabolism was observed.
Strategy of Multiple-Baseline Evaluation: Illustrations from a Summer Camp
Authors: Rickard Henry C. , Taylor Nancy C.
Published: September 2011

Control of two different classes of desirable summer camp behavior was demonstrated in a multiple-baseline design. The advantages of the multiple-baseline strategy in short-term treatment programs were discussed.
Developmental Trends of Visual Feedback Control in Copying and Handwriting Performances of Children Aged 7 through 11 Years
Authors: Søvik Nils
Published: September 2011

According to a neurogeometric motion theory, S would experience changes in normal feedback information as perturbations in executing copying and handwriting activities. Sensory feedback mechanisms in such psycho-motor skill performances seem to depend on perceptual-motor abilities and thus play an important role in such behavior. Hence, a parallel developmental trend regarding feedback control in copying/handwriting behavior was expected. A study organized as a two-way design with 48 students aged 7 to 11 yr. was carried out. The results showed that different forms of displaced feedback had different negative effects on accuracy and speed in copying/handwriting performances, whereas an improved feedback control in the same functions could be observed from CA 7 to 11. No interaction effects were found between the two independent factors under research.
Individual Shifts and the Group-Shift Phenomenon
Authors: Fischer Donald G. , Burdeny Terry C.
Published: September 2011

The effect of group composition on individual decisions was investigated by having nine 3-man groups discuss caution-oriented life dilemma items. Results indicated: (1) that there are individual changes in decision which are not reflected in an over-all group change; (2) stability of decisions is influenced by item orientation; (3) that majority position exerts disproportionate influence on group decisions; (4) that homogeneous groups do not shift; and (5) that conformity, compromise and attitude change effects are evident. Results were discussed in terms of their relevance to a number of theories.
Influence of Transcendental Meditation upon Autokinetic Perception
Authors: Pelletier Kenneth R.
Published: September 2011

Unpaid, normal volunteers (20 men and 20 women) were administered the autokinetic test, the embedded-figures test (EFT), and the rod-and-frame test (RFT) prior to meditation instruction. After 3 mo. of instruction in Transcendental Meditation, Ss were retested and demonstrated increased ego distance and field independence on all of the above tests. These variations in an autonomic, enduring response clarify several issues in research on perceptual style and meditation.
Time Taken to Switch Attention between Modalities as a Function of Mental Effort
Authors: Meiselman Karin C.
Published: September 2011

The time taken to switch attention between modalities was measured by giving 15 Ss an RT task having conditions of certainty and uncertainty. The task was repeated twice with positive and negative reinforcement contingent upon giving faster RTs than in the previous session. RTs were reduced ( p < .01), and the measure of switching time also decreased ( p < .05). It was suggested that the effort induced by the reinforcement conditions decreased the time taken to switch attention between modalities (light and tone).
Concerning Intrasubject Measurements of Successive Lingual Vibrotactile Responses
Authors: Telage Kal M. , Fucci Donald
Published: September 2011

Ascending lingual vibrotactile thresholds were obtained for 110 Ss under test-retest conditions. Each condition included two different threshold criteria for frequencies 200 and 400 Hz, respectively. Although differential threshold responses were observed between frequencies, means and standard deviations remained consistent for both conditions. Reliability coefficients indicated good intra-subject consistency for successive threshold measurements.
Race of Examiner and Performance on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: A Replication
Authors: Solkoff Norman
Published: September 2011

As in a previous study of a Buffalo, New York sample of 108 black and white boys and girls, there is no evidence in the present research conducted with a St. Louis sample, that white examiners depressed the WISC performance of black children. Where there were significant race of child × race of examiner interactions, the black children achieved their highest scores with a white examiner.
Sex Differences in Performance on the Stroop Color and Word Test
Authors: Golden Charles J.
Published: September 2011

Despite the wide use of the Stroop in psychological research there has been relatively little work on the effect on the test of demographic variables. No research to date has examined the effect of sex on pure scores of interference. The present study examined this question as well as general effects of 219 Ss' sex on Stroop performance. The results indicated better performance by females on the two color cards, but no difference on pure measures of performance. The implications were discussed.
Cognitive Differentiation in a Geriatric Population
Authors: Tramer Richard R. , Schludermann Eduard H.
Published: September 2011

This study tested the differentiation hypothesis in a geriatric population. 94 male, elderly patients were administered the Colored Progressive Matrices (a test of intellectual ability), the Children's Embedded-figures Test, and a socializing scale. A correlation of 0.58 ( p < .01) between field dependence and intellectual ability was similar to that previously obtained with younger age groups. A positive correlation of 0.22 ( p < .05) between field dependence and socializing was contrary to theoretical expectation.
Heightened Sexual Interest and Sleep Disturbance
Authors: Zarcone V. , De La Pena A. , Dement W. C.
Published: September 2011

The study demonstrates a behavioral effect of selective sleep disturbance in normal human Ss. Ten male Ss were selectively REM-deprived for two nights by awakening them at the onset of REM sleep. In addition, there were baseline and non-REM awakening conditions. Heightened sexual interest was defined by the number of film frames (using a Mackworth camera) in which Ss fixated on parts of the female figure in photographs. The largest mean difference in sexual interest was found between baseline and REM-deprivation. Both the non-REM awakenings and REM-sleep deprivation enhanced sexual interest. The failure to demonstrate a significant difference between REM-deprivation and non-REM awakenings may be due to the fact that Ss were REM-sleep-deprived in both conditions. It is suggested that REM-sleep loss may lead to increased selective attention and preoccupation with any cues which are usually interesting.
Sex Differences in Field Dependence-Independence between the Ages of 3 and 6
Authors: Coates Susan
Published: September 2011

The present study analyzed sex differences in field dependence-independence between the ages of 3 and 6 yr., using the Preschool Embedded-figures Test. Results indicated that at age 5 girls were significantly more field-independent than boys.
Effect of Delay of Feedback and Type of Movement on Laterally Displaced Vision
Authors: Wong S. F. , Borresen C. R.
Published: September 2011

144 Ss were run in an experiment investigating the effects of type of movement (active vs passive), type of feedback (none, delayed, immediate) and the interaction effect on laterally displaced vision. The main hypothesis was that delayed feedback would be particularly effective under the condition of passive movement. While the main hypothesis was not supported, several secondary ones were supported. The hindering effect of the lack of significance of the main effect of type of movement on other hypotheses was pointed out
Leveling-Sharpening Revisited
Authors: Pritchard David A.
Published: September 2011

20 positive lag scorers and 20 negative lag scorers were administered an adjective-rating task to test the hypothesis that these two groups differ on non-sequential judgment tasks as well as on the sequential criterion task. Results confirmed that the two groups differed in the dispersion of their ratings of the non-sequential stimuli. Discussion suggested that the lag score is saturated with an individual difference variable which is common to both sequential and non-sequential judgment tasks and is thus a confounded measure of leveling-sharpening.
Contrast Effects in the Response to Art
Authors: Lindauer Martin S. , Dintruff Diane D.
Published: September 2011

Slides of traditional and abstract paintings were rated for either preference or complexity by 120 Ss following their earlier exposure to a contrasting series of slides of another type of art. Traditional art was liked more when it followed abstract art than when it was viewed after its own type of art. Abstract art, on the other hand, was liked less when it followed traditional art than when it followed the same type of art. Complexity judgments for both types of art, compared to their ratings without an earlier contrasting series, increased after seeing another type of art, although traditional art increased more than abstract art did. These findings were related to several theoretical approaches to cognition, general psychology, aesthetics, and the practical problems of art education. The research also illustrates that the humanistic content of experimental psychology can be broadened by including aesthetics and that experimental aesthetics can be liberalized by using slides showing real art.
Organizational Properties in a Cutaneous Memory-Scanning Task
Authors: Thorson Gary
Published: September 2011

An experiment investigated the notion that organizational properties operate in a memory-scanning task using cutaneous stimuli. The results indicated that the open-closed nature of the positive set is a significant factor in a cutaneous memory-scanning task. Set-size was not a significant factor. The data suggest there are some organizational processes in a cutaneous memory-scanning cask, however, these processes do not seem to be completely analogous to those used in visual and auditory memory-scanning tasks.
Curved Contours and the Associative Response
Authors: Zusne Leonard
Published: September 2011

72 random polygons and their curvilinear transformations were exposed for 3 sec. to 40 subjects who produced written associations during a 10-sec. interval. The number of associations varied, in general, directly with the amount of curved contour as well as with the degree of contour dispersion. The amount of variance accounted for by these two variables was small, however. Differences in curvature produced much greater differences in the content of the associations, greater degrees of curvature evoking more associations that were curved, man-made objects or living things and fewer associations that were straight-edged, man-made objects. A significant and inverse relationship was also established between contour dispersion and associations that were nonliving, natural objects. It is concluded that physical form dimensions, especially curvature, affect less the association value (connotative meaning) of visual forms and much more their denotative meaning.
Effects of Group and Relationship on Perceptions of Stability
Authors: Foster Sue , Lindskold Svenn
Published: September 2011

Introductory psychology students, 52 men and 52 women, made estimates of the consistency of a decision-maker in 24 hypothetical social influence situations. The decision-maker was either a group or an individual, and the petitioner who was attempting to influence a change in decisions was in either a weak or equal status relationship with the decision-maker. As hypothesized, subjects predicted that group decision-makers would be less likely to change than would individual decision-makers. Subjects also predicted greater consistency on the part of the decision-maker when the petitioner was weak than when he was equal in status with the decision-maker. There were interaction effects of sex of subject and sex of characters on stability predictions.
A Method of Collecting Similarities Data Which Allows Analysis by Diverse Multidimensional Scaling Techniques
Authors: Clark Andrew K.
Published: September 2011

An experimental technique is described which provides similarity data suitable for analysis by various scaling techniques. Analysis of experimental data indicated that the method produced group data of acceptable reliability, but only 3 out of 4 dimensions were recovered on a complex stimuli configuration.
Social Desirability and Self-Reports of Mood: A Rejoinder
Authors: Gorman Bernard S. , Wessman Alden E. , Ricks David F.
Published: September 2011

Warehime and Jones found moderate correlations between social desirability and short-term mood level scores on the Wessman-Ricks Personal Feeling Scales. They suggested that it might be valuable to study patterns of dissimulation in self-reports of immediate feeling states. In the present authors' studies involving long-term mood reports and multivariate methods, social desirability was shown to have a moderately weak relationship with measures of mood level and mood variability. Under conditions of confidentiality and good rapport, repeated self-reports of mood appeared to share more variance with important personality characteristics and situational influences than with social desirability per se.
Short-Term Motor Memory in Korsakoff Patients
Authors: Cermak Laird S. , Uhly Barbara
Published: September 2011

10 amnesic alcoholic Korsakoff patients were compared with 10 chronic alcoholics for their ability to retain a simple motor movement over either a 10- or 20-sec. interval. During this interval the opportunity for rehearsal was minimized by having the patients engage in either a verbal or a motor distractor task. Under both conditions the Korsakoff patients were impaired relative to the control subjects, with very little difference between the two types of interference. It was concluded that Korsakoff patients have a short-term motor retention deficit that cannot be explained simply as an inability to mediate the task verbally.
Pleasingness vs Interestingness of Visual Stimuli with Controlled Complexity: Their Relationship to Looking Time as a Function of Exposure Time
Authors: Smets Gerda
Published: September 2011

Ss take more time to perceive interesting/displeasing stimuli than uninteresting/pleasing ones. This is consistent with the results of former experiments. However we used a different operationalization of looking time, based on binocular rivalry. Each of six stimulus pairs was presented in a stereoscope. One member of each pair was interesting but displeasing in comparison to the other member. Stimulus complexity was under control. Due to binocular rivalry Ss perceived only one pattern a time. 20 Ss were asked to indicate which pattern they actually saw by pushing two buttons. For each stimulus pair was registered how long each button was pushed during each of six successive minutes. Unlike other operationalizations this one is less dependent on S's determination of what stimulus will be looked at or for how long. It has the advantage that it is bound up more exclusively with relations of similarity and dissimilarity between stimulus elements. It allows manipulation of exposure time in a systematic and continuous way. There is no significant interaction between looking and exposure time.
Successive Processing of Color and Form from Brief Visual Displays
Authors: Gummerman Kent
Published: September 2011

Visual processing of multidimensional stimuli was explored with a task designed to determine the number of separable perceptual stages operating and the nature of their relationship. Displays containing 2 rows of 5 randomly selected letters were presented briefly. In half the displays, 1 of the 10 letters was red and the other 9 black; in the remaining displays, all 10 letters were black. Ss made two responses to each display: color detection, in which the presence or absence of a red letter was judged, and letter naming, in which Ss reported as many letters as they could. The findings suggested that the two tasks were performed by separate perceptual mechanisms and the selection of letters to be named could be influenced by the information acquired by the color-detection mechanism.
Measurement of Subvocal Speech: Correlations between Two Muscle Leads and between Two Recording Methods
Authors: Garrity Linda I.
Published: September 2011

Electromyographical (EMG) activity was recorded from both the lip and the chin speech muscles of 46 preschool children while they silently memorized names of pictures in a memory task. Correlations between responses from the lip and chin muscle channels, performed for each trial, were high. A more sensitive measurement procedure of squaring and integrating voltages was used to quantify EMG activity. Correlations per each trial of squared, integrated voltages with amplitude of the single highest pen deflections (a commonly used measurement in studies of subvocal speech) were somewhat lower than desirable; correlations with amplitude of the five highest pen deflections were noticeably higher.
Duration of Stimulus Presentation and Screening for Perceptual Disabilities
Authors: Rohr Michael E. , Ayers Jerry B.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of increasing the stimulus-presentation time of a motion picture test for identifying perceptual disabilities in the performance of Ss in regular first and fourth grade classrooms and on a sample of Ss in special education classes who had been identified as having varying degrees of perceptual deficiencies. The length of stimulus presentation increased the total performance of Ss on the motion picture test but did not add to the value of the instrument as a screening device.
Locus of Control and Mode of Reinforcement
Authors: Kumchy C. Gayle , Rankin Robert E.
Published: September 2011

24 male internals and 24 male externals performed a pursuit-rotor task under conditions of task reinforcement or combined reinforcement (task and verbal reinforcements). Verbal reinforcement was praise from the experimenter; task reinforcement was a buzzer heard when the stylus contacted the target. Analysis yielded a significant interaction effect of I-E × Trials × Mode of Reinforcement. Externals performed better with combined reinforcement whereas, internals performed equally well under both conditions. Mode of reinforcement may enter differential performance by internals and externals.
Clarity, Controllability, and Emotional Intensity of Image: Correlations with Introversion, Neuroticism, and Subjective Anxiety
Authors: Euse Franklin J. , Haney Jack N.
Published: September 2011

Clarity, controllability, and associated affect of visual imagery were intercorrelated with measures of neuroticism, extraversion, and state-trait anxiety for 43 men and 66 women undergraduates. Resulting coefficients indicated high, neuroticism, introversion, and anxiety were all associated with poor clarity and controllability of image. Results were interpreted to suggest that anxiety acts as a mediating variable for clarity and controllability of image.
Comparison of Rorschach Anatomy Responses from Psychosomatic Out-Patients and a Matched Group of Psychiatric Controls
Authors: Wagner Edwin E. , Williams Linda
Published: September 2011

35 out-patient Ss with demonstrable psychosomatic symptoms were matched with 35 psychiatric out-patients with “milder” forms of psychopathology, i.e., neurosis, personality disorders and latent schizophrenia. The psychosomatic group showed significantly more anatomy responses on the Rorschach but there was much overlap, leading to the conclusion that anatomy does not directly reflect simply psychosomatic disturbances but, rather, is associated with psychodynamics which tend to underlie psychosomatic illnesses.
Motor and Perceptual Determinants of Performance on the Bender-Gestalt and the Beery Developmental Scale by Retarded Males
Authors: Liemohn Wendell , Wagner Patrick
Published: September 2011

The Bender Visual-motor Gestalt Test and Beery's Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration were administered to 51 educable mentally retarded boys ranging in age from 72 to 161 mo. These scores were compared with scores boys received on three gross motor tasks by computing simple correlation coefficients and multiple regression coefficients with Bender and Beery's tests as dependent variables. The simple rs were similar but order of inclusion of independent variables in the regression analysis suggests differences.