bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogeophysical investigations of the former S-3 ponds contaminant plumes, Oak Ridge Integrated Field Research Challenge site, Tennessee
Authors: Revil A. , Skold M. , Karaoulis M. , Schmutz M. , Hubbard S. S. , Mehlhorn T. L. , Watson D. B.
Published: July 2013

At the Oak Ridge Integrated Field Research Challenge site, near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, contaminants from the former S-3 ponds have infiltrated the shallow saprolite for over 60 years. Two- and three-dimensional DC-resistivity tomography is used to characterize the number and location of the main contaminant plumes, which include high concentration of nitrate. These contaminant plumes have typically an electrical resistivity in the range 2–20 ohm-m while the background saprolite resistivity is in the range 60–120 ohm-m, so the difference of resistivity can be easily mapped using DC-resistivity tomography to locate the contaminant pathways. We develop a relationship to derive the in situ nitrate concentrations from the 3D resistivity tomograms accounting for the effect of surface conductivity. The footprint of the contamination upon the resistivity is found to be much stronger than the local variations associated with changes in the porosity and the clay content. With this method, we identified a total of five main plumes (termed CP1 to CP5). Plume CP2 corresponds to the main plume in terms of nitrate concentration (∼50,000 [Formula: see text]). We also used an active time constrained approach to perform time-lapse resistivity tomography over a section crossing the plumes CP1 and CP2. The sequence of tomograms is used to determine the changes in the nitrate concentrations associated with infiltration of fresh (meteoritic) water from a perched aquifer. This study highlights the importance of accounting for surface conductivity when characterizing plume distributions in clay-rich subsurface systems.
Phase III Study of Afatinib or Cisplatin Plus Pemetrexed in Patients With Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinoma With EGFR Mutations
Authors: Sequist Lecia V. , Yang James Chih-Hsin , Yamamoto Nobuyuki , O'Byrne Kenneth , Hirsh Vera , Mok Tony , Geater Sarayut Lucien , Orlov Sergey , Tsai Chun-Ming , Boyer Michael , Su Wu-Chou , Bennouna Jaafar , Kato Terufumi , Gorbunova Vera , Lee Ki Hyeong , Shah Riyaz , Massey Dan , Zazulina Victoria , Shahidi Mehdi , Schuler Martin
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The LUX-Lung 3 study investigated the efficacy of chemotherapy compared with afatinib, a selective, orally bioavailable ErbB family blocker that irreversibly blocks signaling from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB1), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/ErbB2), and ErbB4 and has wide-spectrum preclinical activity against EGFR mutations. A phase II study of afatinib in EGFR mutation–positive lung adenocarcinoma demonstrated high response rates and progression-free survival (PFS).

Patients and Methods

In this phase III study, eligible patients with stage IIIB/IV lung adenocarcinoma were screened for EGFR mutations. Mutation-positive patients were stratified by mutation type (exon 19 deletion, L858R, or other) and race (Asian or non-Asian) before two-to-one random assignment to 40 mg afatinib per day or up to six cycles of cisplatin plus pemetrexed chemotherapy at standard doses every 21 days. The primary end point was PFS by independent review. Secondary end points included tumor response, overall survival, adverse events, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs).

Results

A total of 1,269 patients were screened, and 345 were randomly assigned to treatment. Median PFS was 11.1 months for afatinib and 6.9 months for chemotherapy (hazard ratio [HR], 0.58; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.78; P = .001). Median PFS among those with exon 19 deletions and L858R EGFR mutations (n = 308) was 13.6 months for afatinib and 6.9 months for chemotherapy (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.65; P = .001). The most common treatment-related adverse events were diarrhea, rash/acne, and stomatitis for afatinib and nausea, fatigue, and decreased appetite for chemotherapy. PROs favored afatinib, with better control of cough, dyspnea, and pain.

Conclusion

Afatinib is associated with prolongation of PFS when compared with standard doublet chemotherapy in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma and EGFR mutations.
Association Between Red and Processed Meat Intake and Mortality Among Colorectal Cancer Survivors
Authors: McCullough Marjorie L. , Gapstur Susan M. , Shah Roma , Jacobs Eric J. , Campbell Peter T.
Published: July 2013

Purpose

Red and processed meat intake is convincingly associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence, but its impact on prognosis after CRC diagnosis is unknown. We examined associations of red and processed meat consumption, self-reported before and after cancer diagnosis, with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among men and women with invasive, nonmetastatic CRC.

Patients and Methods

Participants in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort reported information on diet and other factors at baseline in 1992-1993, 1999, and 2003. Participants with a verified CRC diagnosis after baseline and up to June 30, 2009, were observed for mortality through December 31, 2010.

Results

Among 2,315 participants diagnosed with CRC, 966 died during follow-up (413 from CRC and 176 from cardiovascular disease [CVD]). In multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models, red and processed meat intake before CRC diagnosis was associated with higher risks of death as a result of all causes (top v bottom quartile, relative risk [RR], 1.29; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.59; Ptrend = .03) and from CVD (RR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.00 to 2.67; Ptrend = .08) but not CRC (RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.51; Ptrend = 0.54). Although red and processed meat consumption after CRC diagnosis was not associated with mortality, survivors with consistently high (median or higher) intakes before and after diagnosis had a higher risk of CRC-specific mortality (RR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.11 to 2.89) compared with those with consistently low intakes.

Conclusion

This study suggests that greater red and processed meat intake before diagnosis is associated with higher risk of death among patients with nonmetastatic CRC.
Dielectric Properties of One-dimensional Water Clusters Confined in the Porous Crystal, [Co3(2,4-pydc)2(µ3-OH)2]·9H2O (2,4-pydc: pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylate)
Authors: Zhou Biao , Kobayashi Akiko , Kobayashi Hayao
Published: July 2013

The dielectric properties of the one-dimensional (1D) water clusters confined in the porous crystal, [Co3(2,4-pydc)2(µ3-OH)2]·9H2O, were examined. The dielectric constant (ε′) decreased abruptly below 200 K, where the first-order phase transition occurred. The results of molecular dynamics simulations suggested freezing of the molecular motion of the guest water molecules, forming 1D water clusters at 200 K. ε′ (10 kHz) increased sharply above 300 K and became as high as 500 at 383 K. The hysteresis loop observed at 340 K indicated the antiferroelectric state of the guest water system.
Stability, orientation and position preference of the stem region (residues 689-703) in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) envelope glycoprotein E2: a molecular dynamics study
Authors: Akbar Rahmad , Jusoh Siti Azma
Published: July 2013

Envelope glycoproteins of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) play an important role in the virus assembly and initial entry into host cells. Conserved charged residues of the E2 transmembrane (TM) domain were shown to be responsible for the heterodimerization with envelope glycoprotein E1. Despite intensive research on both envelope glycoproteins, the structural information is still not fully understood. Recent findings have revealed that the stem (ST) region of E2 also functions in the initial stage of the viral life cycle. We have previously shown the effect of the conserved charged residues on the TM helix monomer of E2. Here, we extended the model of the TM domain by adding the adjacent ST segment. Explicit molecular dynamics simulations were performed for the E2 amphiphilic segment of the ST region connected to the putative TM domain (residues 683-746). Structural conformation and behavior are studied and compared with the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-derived segment of E2 (2KQZ.pdb). We observed that the central helix of the ST region (residues 689 - 703) remained stable as a helix in-plane to the lipid bilayer. Furthermore, the TM domain appeared to provide minimal contribution to the structural stability of the amphipathic region. This study also provides insight into the orientation and positional preferences of the ST segment with respect to the membrane lipid-water interface.
Termination of the right of ownership to the land plot as a subjective right
Authors: Авдонина Ольга , Avdonina Olga
Published: July 2013

Projected changes in the Civil Code of Russia will make significant amendments to the section on content ownership. However, many issues despite their discussion, have remained controversial. The autor proves in the special nature of the subjective rights of termination of ownership of land; estimates the expected division of ownership into title and actual.
The internal liberty in structure of law
Authors: Шафиров Владимир , Shafirov Vladimir
Published: July 2013

The prevailing opinion is that the law (the external sphere of human liberty and morality) is internal. This can be explained by the fact that morals can not simply be obey, they must become an internal conviction. It is impossible to make a person be guided by the motive of duty in subjection to the law or to perform it in good

conscience. Therefore, for the law, it is only important (even formal) performance of duties. The article explains the fallacy of view to the law only as the sphere of external liberty.
About the notion of legality
Authors: Станкин Алексей , Stankin Aleksey
Published: July 2013

This article deals with basic approaches to the definition of legality by Soviet and Russian scientists. The author gives a new argument that the legality is first of all compliance with the Russian Constitution, federal laws and other legal acts based on them by the citizens, organizations, state authorities, local authorities and officials.
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES OF PROCEDURAL VIOLATIONS
Authors: Липинский Дмитрий , Lipinskiy Dmitriy , Чуклова Елена , Chuklova Elena
Published: July 2013

The article investigates the characteristics of procedural offences as generalizing category that includes the criminal procedural, civil procedural and arbitration procedural violations. The authors come from a narrow understanding of procedural violations,

which are defined not every violation of the legal process. Particular attention is given to magnetization process of delivered offenses of abuse of rights.
Mediation Development and Training Practices Compared: Improving Teaching Techniques for Mediation Trainers in Russia and the U.S.A. (part 2)
Authors: Владимирова Маргарита , Vladimirova Margarita
Published: July 2013

This article compares Russian and USA mediation

regulations and explores what the new field of

mediation education in Russia can be learnt from the USA. The autor explores the history of developing and the place of the new Russian mediation law and how it fits within the Russian legal system. The article examines crosscultural perspectives of teaching mediation and explains the current goals of mediation courses into the USA and Russia, attempts to understand the system of teaching mediation in different law systems and explains the current goals of these courses.
A LUMP-INTEGRAL MODEL FOR FREEZING AND MELTING OF A BATH MATERIAL ONTO A PLATE SHAPED SOLID ADDITIVE IN AN AGITATED BATH
Authors: Chandra Singh Umesh , Prasad Anant , Kumar Arbind
Published: July 2013

A lump integral model is developed for freezing and melting of the bath material onto thesurface of a plate shaped additive immersed in an agitated melt bath. It exhibits the dependenceof this occurrence on independent parameters-the initial temperature, θai of the additive, the bathtemperature, θb , the Biot number, Bi the property ratio, B and the Stefan number, St and yieldsclosed-form solutions for time variant frozen layer thickness, ξ around the additive and heatpenetration depth, η in the additive. In the solutions, B, Bi, θb and θai appear as a conductionfactor, Cof that ranges from 0 to ∞. The frozen layer thickness per unit St with respect to Coftakes time τcmax=1/3 for its maximum growth whereas this maximum thickness ξ*cmax becomes(1- θai)/3. The total time of the growth of the maximum frozen layer thickness with itssubsequent melting, τct is 4/3 when the heat penetration depth reaches the central axis of theplate additive, η=1. When Cof →0 signifying highly agitated bath (h→∞) or additive preheatedto the freezing temperature of the bath material, no freezing of the bath material occurs. For thebath at the freezing temperature of the bath material, the frozen thickness is also obtained. Themodel is validated by reducing the present problem to heating of the plate additive subjected to aconstant temperature maintained at the freezing temperature of the bath material.
DEVELOPMENT OF CYCLIC SLIP BANDS IN UFG COPPER IN GIGACYCLE FATIGUE
Authors: Navrátilová Lucie
Published: July 2013

Ultrafine-grained (UFG) copper studied in this paper was produced by equal channel angularpressing (ECAP) method and tested in gigacycle fatigue region. In contrary to conventionalgrain size copper, the appearance of cyclic slip bands is quite rare and surface relief does notform well below the fatigue limit. The cyclic slip bands develop in regions of near-by orientedgrains, where the neighbouring grains have very simmilar disorientation. Length of the cyclicslip bands substantially exceeds the average grain size of UFG Cu. No grain coarsening due tocycling was observed. Development of damage, which finally results in fatigue crack initiation,was observed below the surface relief.
NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE ROLLING PROCESS OF INTERNAL TOOTHING OF TOOTHED WHEEL RIMS
Authors: Tomczak Janusz
Published: July 2013

This paper presents results of numerical analysis of rolling process of internal toothing. Numerical simulations of the rolling process were made basing on finite element method (FEM), using commercial software DEFORM-3D in version 10.0. Geometrical models applied in FEM calculations were discussed in details. Calculations were made in three dimensional state of strain with consideration of thermal phenomena. During research works, geometrical parameters of obtained parts were analyzed, distributions of effective strain, effective stress and temperatures as well as the process force parameters were given. Next, the influence of particular process parameters on tools durability and the possibility of presence of phenomena disturbing the process stability were discussed. Described results of numerical research confirm the possibility of forming of internal toothing by means of rolling methods and constitute the introduction for a more complex analysis of metal forming processes of internal toothing.
EFFECT OF ELECTRODE FORCE ON FRACTURE TYPE OF DQSK STEEL RESISTANCE SPOT WELDS
Authors: Pouranvari Majid , Ranjbarnoode Eslam
Published: July 2013

Failure mode is a qualitative measure of resistance spot weld performance. To ensure reliability of resistance spot welds during vehicle lifetime, process parameters should be adjusted so that the pullout failure mode is guaranteed. In this paper, the effect of electrode force on the failure mode of drawing quality specially killed (DQSK) steel resistance spot welds during the quasistatic tensile-shear test is investigated. Results showed that there is a minimum weld nugget size to ensure pullout failure mode. It was found that increasing electrode force decreases fusion zone size and therefore leads to transition of failure mode from pullout to interfacial mode.
THERMAL TREATMENT OF STAINLESS STEEL DUSTS FOR LEACHING
Authors: Aromaa Jari , Galfi Istvan , Stefanova Anna , Forsén Olof
Published: July 2013

Many pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical and combined processes have been developed to allow better utilization of steelmaking dusts. The dusts contain metals and compounds that can harm the processes and one of these elements is zinc that is present in the flue dusts as zincite ZnO and franklinite ZnFe2O4. The effect of alkaline roasting on the dissolution of stainless steel flue dusts in acid and alkaline leaching was studied. The extraction of zinc from EAF dust was not significantly improved in alkaline leach (40 – 50 %) but there was indication of better extraction in acid leach (over 90 %). No improvement in extraction from AOD dust was seen either in alkaline (max. 58 %) or acid leach (max. 72 %). The acid leach of synthetic ferrite resulted in less than 32 % Zn recovery, and this must be studied further to find out the effect of franklinite in the dusts.
X – RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF SLUDGE AND DUST PRODUCED IN STEELWORKS
Authors: Černík Martin , Mašlejová Alica , Hrabčáková Lucia
Published: July 2013

Before handling, storage, disposal, these wastes need to be analyzed. In many cases, it is not enough to know only their chemical composition, but it is necessary to determine their mineralogical composition, or to know exactly what is their crystallographic structure. This can be well done using X – ray diffraction device. Examples of sludge from Steelshop and Tin Mill, and dust from Sintering and Steelshop demonstrate current opportunities of X – ray diffraction. The analysis was done using programs of "search - match" type with diffraction database PDF2 – 2004 and crystallographic COD database. Diffraction records were refined by Rietveld method in the TOPAS program.
MANGANESE RECOVERING FROM ALKALINE SPENT BATTERIES BY AMMONIUM PEROXODISULFATE
Authors: Macolino Paola , Manciulea Adriana Loredana , Michelis Ida De , Silviu Anton Muresan , Ilea Petru , Veglio Francesco
Published: July 2013

The process of manganese removal from spent battery leaching solutions, with ammonium peroxodisulfate, prior to recovery of zinc by electrolysis is presented. The experiments were carried out according to a 23 full factorial design considering ammonium peroxodisulfate concentration, temperature and pH as factors investigated. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out on the precipitation yields of Mn and Zn after 30 min, 1h, 2h and 3h of reaction. Optimal conditions for obtaining Mn as MnO2 have been 20 % (NH4)2S2O8, 90 °C and pH 6. Data from XRF and AAS during the reaction at different time are presented to analyse the kinetic behaviour of the system. The MnO2 precipitated and solutions were characterized by XRF and XRD. The solid samples were kept at 800 °C for 1 h to produce chemical manganese dioxide (CMD) and were characterized by cyclic voltammetry for their electrochemical activity. The overall results denoted that chemical oxidation of manganese from spent batteries leaching solutions with ammonium peroxodisulfate is a suitable method for manganese recovery as MnO2 prior zinc recovery by electrolysis, also to produce of a suitable product (CMD), in other words, it could be used in a process for recycling spent batteries.
In the Year 1789
Authors: McCarthy Steven
Published: July 2013

In the Year 1789 is a poster series that addresses the uniquely American challenge of gun control, as notions of gun ownership are tied to history, patriotism and national mythologies concerning freedom and morality. The posters, cut by computer-guided laser, leverage two qualities to convince viewers to consider the issue. The use of Baskerville typeface, with its tested perceptions of credibility, and images embodying rhetoric’s tenets of ethos, logos and pathos combine to make a rational and emotional appeal.
Topological Hochschild homology and the Bass trace conjecture
Authors: Berrick A. J. , Hesselholt Lars
Published: July 2013

We use the methods of topological Hochschild homology to shed new light on
groups satisfying the Bass trace conjecture. Factorization of the
Hattori–Stallings rank map through the Bökstedt–Hsiang–Madsen cyclotomic
trace map leads to Linnell's restriction on such groups. As a new consequence
of this restriction, we show that the conjecture holds for any group G
wherein every subgroup isomorphic to the additive group of rational numbers
has nontrivial and central image in some quotient of G.
An estimate on the heat kernel of Schrödinger operators with non-negative
potentials on nilpotent Lie groups and its applications
Authors: Liu Yu , Huang Jizheng , Dong Jianfeng
Published: July 2013

In this paper we investigate the heat kernel of
the Schrödinger operator

L
=
-

Δ
G

+
W

$L=-\Delta _G+W$

on the nilpotent Lie
group G, where Δ
G
is the sub-Laplacian on G and the
non-negative potential W belongs to the reverse Hölder class
B

q
1
. The main aim of the paper is to give a pointwise
estimate for the heat kernel of Schrödinger operators with
non-negative potentials on the nilpotent Lie group G. As its
applications, we obtain the Lp
estimates for parabolic
Schrödinger operators with certain non-negative potentials.
Mimêsis and the Platonic Dialogue
Authors: Tsouna Voula
Published: July 2013

Abstract: The Republic is notorious for its attack against poetry and the final eviction of the poets from the ideal city. In both Book III and Book X the argument focuses on the concept of mimêsis, frequently rendered as ‘imitation’, which is partly allowed in Book III but unqualifiedly rejected in Book X. However, several ancient authors view Plato’s dialogues as products of mimêsis and Plato as an imitator. Plato himself acknowledges the mimetic character of his enterprise and invites us to compare and contrast his own mimêsis with the imitations of painters and poets. The main issue addressed in this paper is both systematic and historical: just what sort of mimêsis occurs in Plato’s dialogues and, moreover, whether and why, by the criteria that Plato’s Socrates sets out in the Republic, Platonic mimêsis may not be subject to the very same criticisms directed against Homer and the tragedians. There will emerge a radical and systematic contrast between the works of the poets, as they are assessed in the Republic, and Plato’s own writings, as they present themselves to their readers. That contrast appears to be deliberate and suggestive of the view that Plato’s dialogues (and perhaps, more generally, genuine philosophical works) ought to replace poetry as elements of proper education and civic cohesion.
An Ethical Theory in the Old Academy
Authors: Lautner Péter
Published: July 2013

Abstract: By examining the passage on virtues in the Epinomis, possibly by Philip of Opus, I aim to show that the ethical theory expounded there differs both from the account of the Laws and from the notions we find in the fragmentary evidence concerning the Old Academy. Unlike the account in the Laws the unity of virtue is provided, not by justice, but by piety interpreted as a virtue involving mathematics, especially astronomy. The peculiar importance of mathematics in virtue is not attested in any of the other authors of the Old Academy.
Crack Propagation Fracture Toughness of Several Wood Species
Authors: Wilson Elijah , Mohammadi Meisam Shir , Nairn John A.
Published: July 2013

In materials with process zones, such as fiber-bridging zones in wood, it is crucial to characterize fracture toughness as a function of crack growth, known as the material's R curve. Here, a new fracture testing protocol developed to measure continuous R curves was used on six different species of solid wood—Douglas fir, Ponderosa pine, cedar, hemlock, balsa, and oak. Importantly, the new method uses monotonic loading, because unloading phases, as used in prior R curve methods, might damage the bridging fibers and alter subsequent toughness results. The crack length was recorded by a synchronized, automated imaging system. The solid wood R curves were measured for cracks running parallel to the wood grain direction with the crack plane normal to the radial direction (RL cracks) or normal to the tangential direction (TL cracks). The R curves for all species rose as a consequence of fiber bridging. TL toughness rose faster then RL toughness and therefore for long cracks TL toughness was higher for all species except cedar. The toughness trended upward as the density increased. Density had a much larger effect on fiber-bridging effects (i.e., the rise of the R curve) than it did on initiation toughness (i.e., the start of the R curve).
Comparison of Laboratory and Field Aging Properties of Different Asphalt Binders
Authors: Biligiri Krishna Prapoorna , Way George Bert
Published: July 2013

In the past four decades, many states in the United States, including Arizona, have successfully used modified binders such as asphalt rubber (AR), defined by ASTM D6114, to reduce pavement distress and associated maintenance costs. The main objective of this study was to understand the aging characteristics of unaged and aged neat asphalt and AR binders using more than 25 years' worth of data from field and laboratory studies covering over 157 test sections in Arizona and 318 binder types with 957 data points. Trend relationships of the routine binder test results for neat and AR binders with respect to age were developed and resulted in fair correlations. AR binders had higher core-aged penetration and very low viscosities at all time-scales relative to neat binders. Furthermore, the performance grade system's shear modulus G*–phase angle δ relationship for the neat binders was excellent and rational with respect to aging. G* and δ for the neat binders were mathematically related to the routine microviscosity test. The inverse relationship of age versus microviscosity relative to δ exemplified that with an increase in the binder (micro)viscosity, the material showed increased elastic behavior. In a well-connected analysis using special sections of neat and AR binders, (i) neat binder data were positioned in close proximity to the δ–age relationship within the pressure aging vessel (PAV) long-term aging zone, validating that the PAV method ostensibly used for neat binders is rational and represents 8 to 10 years of aging and 15 % cracking; and (ii) AR binder data were not near the laboratory δ–age relationship, indicative of the fact that the viscous component (δ) symbolizing the aging phenomenon altered at a slower rate for AR than for the neat binders. Although the overall findings represent limited AR data, this study has provided a fair understanding of the aging characteristics of the two different binders.
IGF2 revs the steroidogenesis engine
Authors: Comstock Clay E S , Knudsen Karen E
Published: July 2013

Molecular understanding of how prostate cancers evade hormone therapy greatly increased over the last several years, and the realization that de novo steroidogenesis plays a significant role in tumor progression and therapeutic bypass has led to development of promising new therapeutics. In the April 2013 issue of Endocrine-Related Cancer, Lubik et al. revealed a new molecular pathway by which the IGF2 can ignite the de novo steroidogenesis engine and promote molecular events associated with tumor progression.
Pediatric and Neonatal Interfacility Transport: Results From a National Consensus Conference
Authors: Stroud Michael H. , Trautman Michael S. , Meyer Keith , Moss M. Michele , Schwartz Hamilton P. , Bigham Michael T. , Tsarouhas Nicholas , Douglas Webra Price , Romito Janice , Hauft Sherrie , Meyer Michael T. , Insoft Robert
Published: July 2013

The practice of pediatric/neonatal interfacility transport continues to expand. Transport teams have evolved into mobile ICUs capable of delivering state-of-the-art critical care during pediatric and neonatal transport. The most recent document regarding the practice of pediatric/neonatal transport is more than a decade old. The following article details changes in the practice of interfacility transport over the past decade and expresses the consensus views of leaders in the field of transport medicine, including the American Academy of Pediatrics’ Section on Transport Medicine.
All-Terrain Vehicle–Related Nonfatal Injuries Among Young Riders in the United States, 2001–2010
Authors: Shults Ruth A. , West Bethany A. , Rudd Rose A. , Helmkamp James C.
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE:

To estimate the numbers and rates of all-terrain vehicle (ATV)–related nonfatal injuries among riders aged ≤15 years treated in hospital emergency departments (EDs) in the United States during 2001–2010.

METHODS:

National Electronic Injury Surveillance System–All Injury Program data for 2001–2010 were analyzed. Numbers and rates of injuries were examined by age group, gender, primary body part injured, diagnosis, and hospital admission status.

RESULTS:

During 2001–2010, an estimated 361 161 ATV riders aged ≤15 years were treated in EDs for ATV-related injuries. The injury rate peaked at 67 per 100 000 children in 2004 and then declined to 42 per 100 000 children by 2010. The annualized injury rate for boys was double that of girls (73 vs 37 per 100 000). Children aged 11 to 15 years accounted for two-thirds of all ED visits and hospitalizations. Fractures accounted for 28% of ED visits and 45% of hospitalizations.

CONCLUSIONS:

The reasons for the decline in ATV-related injuries among young riders are not well understood but might be related to the economic recession of the mid-2000s and decreased sales of new ATVs. Although many states have regulations governing children’s use of ATVs, their effectiveness in reducing injuries is unclear. Broader use of known effective safety measures, including prohibiting children aged ≤15 years from riding adult-sized ATVs, always wearing a helmet while riding, not riding on paved roads, and not riding as or carrying a passenger could additionally reduce ATV-related injuries among children. Last, more research to better understand ATV crash dynamics might lead to safer designs for ATVs.
Proposed integrated road surface management system for small municipalities
Authors: Mubaraki Muhammad
Published: July 2013

Assessment of road surface condition is a crucial part of pavement management systems (PMS). A comprehensive assessment of the road surface condition in a metropolitan area will result in the efficient allocation of resources and a successful road surface maintenance plan. This process is usually undertaken either through manual inspection, which is highly demanding in terms of manpower, or it is outsourced to specialised companies that use highly sophisticated and expensive equipment. Usually large cities and municipalities can afford to outsource this task. However, small cities and municipalities cannot afford either the automated or the manual method due to their limited resources. The objective of this paper is to make a reasonable compromise between cost and accuracy by developing an economical system for making an initial assessment of the condition of road surfaces. The initial assessment will be automated to cover the jurisdiction of the municipality. Following the results of the initial assessment, decision-makers will then be able to identify the areas that will need further manual assessment. The results of the system will be tested and validated using manual inspection. The final product of the proposed integrated PMS will be a working prototype that can be mounted on a passenger car or light truck.
Nursing Staff’s Understanding Expressions of People With Advanced Dementia Disease
Authors: Eggers Thomas , Ekman Sirkka-Liisa , Norberg Astrid
Published: July 2013

People with advanced dementia disease (ADD) are known to have communication difficulties and thus it presents a challenge in understanding the expressions of these people. Because successful communication presupposes cooperation at least between 2 individuals, both individual’s actions must be acknowledged. The aim of this study is to describe nursing staff’s ways of understanding the expressions of people with ADD when communicating with them. Interviews from 8 nursing staff were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Two themes were constructed: “Being in communication” and “Doing communication.” Being in communication means that nursing staff perceive people with ADD as being capable of communication. Doing communication means that nursing staff attempt different individualized strategies to understand what people with ADD communicate. Good care of people with ADD presupposes nursing staff that are willing and able to relate to other people and to maintain good care for people with ADD continuous education and supervision are needed.
Key Strategies in the Heat Management for Steamflooding Projects, Teca Field Application
Authors: Erika Margarita Trigos-Becerra , Silvis-Fernanda Rueda-Neira , Edwin Rodriguez-Paredes , Juan-Eduardo Rivera-de-la-Ossa , Naranjo-Suárez Carlos Eduardo
Published: July 2013

A number of publications (Valbuena, 2009; Haroun, 2008; Schoofs, 2010; Meshal, 2009) have shown the application and also the relevance of heat management in steamflooding projects. This concept is based on the understanding of the process phases and the identification of energy requirements at each phase, which leads to avoid the loss of energy. Based on field experience at Duri (Ziegler, 1993) and Kern River (Gael, 1994) is easy to recognize that the best strategy varies according to the particular characteristics of the reservoir.

In Colombia there are some reservoirs with presence of interbedded shale and a long history of steam cycles stimulation, thereby research using numerical simulation to determine the best scenarios for steam flooding implementation was conducted. A deep analysis taking into consideration, injection rate, well spacing, selective injection strings technology, partial interval completion as a strategy of delaying the steam breakthrough in the production well and finally, strategies of heat management such as periodic reduction of the injection rate and scheduled shutdown of injection well were evaluated.

The final results showed eight possible implementation scenarios that later will be compared from an economic perspective to identify the ideal scenario for field implementation. Simulation results showed that high injection rate (700 BWE/day-well) in patterns of 2.5 acres produced the highest incremental production, yielding an accumulation of about two million of oil barrels over a period of 10 years. Unfortunately, this production is associated with a high cumulative steam oil ratio (cSOR) near to 13. The best strategy to reduce cSOR was the periodic reduction of injection rate reaching a cSOR ratio of 11. The time of evaluation of the project was identified as one of the most influential parameters for the establishment of the heat management strategy.
Design, Operation, and Laboratory Work for Single-Well Tracer Test Campaign in Handil Field Indonesia
Authors: Mechergui A.. , Agenet N.. , Romero C.. , Nguyen M.. , Batias J..
Published: July 2013

This paper focuses on the design, the operation and the laboratory work needed for performing a successfull Single Well Tracer Test (SWTT) campaign in the Handil mature field Indonesia. Three tests have been performed in different waterflooded reservoirs to assess the repartition of Remaining Oil Saturation (ROS) in the field.

An extensive laboratory work has been performed prior to tests to screen chemicals that could be used and then to measure the two main parameters needed for the design of the tests: the partitioning coefficient of the primary tracer between water and oil (Kd) and the hydrolysis reaction rate (kH) of the primary tracer into the water. Measurements were performed at reservoir temperature and pressure conditions using recombined live oil sample and recombined brine with respect to the salinity of each reservoir. Results indicate very low discrepancy of Kd value between reservoirs (4 to 5), while kH show a strong linear dependency with salinity (from 0.12 to 0.45 day−1). To take into account the presence of trapped gas saturation, we measured also the partitioning coefficient of AcOET between the water and the gas phase at reservoir pressure and temperature. As expected the Kd water/gas was low compare to the water/oil with a value of 0.5.

Tests were performed in parallel after the installation and the calibration of laboratory equipments and the commissionning of the injection barge. The tracer profiles quality recorded from the three tests was very good with high tracer recovery and low scattering data. However the interpretation was challenging, and numerical simulation was necessary to handle non ideal phenomenan occurring during these tests and to get reliable ROS estimation. The ROS values range between 20-30% which allows moving forward in the identification of potential EOR reservoir candidates and locations of future pilot zones for the more promising EOR processes.
Case History: Monitoring Gas (CO2) Flood in a Carbonate Reservoir with a New Slim Multidetector Pulsed Neutron Tool
Authors: Kwong Kwokshan , Liu Zhipeng , Guo Weijun , Jacobson Larry
Published: July 2013

In mature fields, optimization of CO2 flood and tertiary oil recovery demand accurate and consistent formation evaluation in producing wells. The complex well history—including near-wellbore (NWB) stimulation and recompletion for flood injection—often poses challenges to interpretation. Conventional water saturation (Sw) from resistivity based saturation modeling is of large uncertainty because of reservoir heterogeneity: variable M, N, and Rw parameters. Often, openhole (OH) logs might not even be available.

To address these challenges, a new multidetector pulsed-neutron tool (MDPNT) has been designed to enhance radial measurement sensitivity. In this paper, case histories are examined to illustrate a consistent workflow for deriving calibrated cased-hole (CH) porosity from capture gamma ratios and gas saturation from gas saturation gate (SATG) response of the MDPNT. The SATG curve computed as the ratio between inelastic counts and slow capture counts from a single gamma detector has reduced lithology and water salinity dependences compared to traditional saturation analysis using a PNT.

CH MDPNT accurately identify CO2 breakthrough and monitor CO2 saturation changes. Time lapse use of MDPNT and log interpretation guides conformance work design to improve aerial and vertical sweep efficiency in the field.
EOR Strategies for a Conventional Heavy Oil Reservoir with Large Aquifer in Greater Fula Oilfield, Sudan
Authors: Wu Yongbin , Li Xiuluan , Liu Shangqi , Ma Desheng , Jiang Youwei
Published: July 2013

Thermal recovery technology particularly cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) is always an effective means to develop the conventional heavy oil reservoirs, which can be validated from literature. While most of the heavy oil reservoirs developed by CSS are the thick, well-deposited, high quality reservoirs and there are no much reports of producing oil from mid-depth oil reservoirs with large acquifers.

In this paper, according to the petrophysical properties and geologic characteristics of the target block F in Greater Fuld oilfield in Sudan, based on the oil test results, detailed 3D geologic model is established and the type well model for CSS and SF is extracted, to study the real performance with the real geological properties.

The development zone, the perforation strategies, the cylic steam injection quantity, the steam injection rate, soak time, and cyclic period are optimized for CSS. Based on the production performance of CSS, the optimal cycles of CSS followed by SF is determined. And the wellpattern and well spacing, the parameters of SF such as unit steam injection rate, steam quality, effects of bottom acquifer on the SF are also simulated and optimized. The simulation results indicate that the thermal recovery technique especially 4 cycles of CSS followed by SF can acquire satisfied performance, which shows an effective and economic future in the development of the heavy oil deposits in Greater Fula Oilfield.
Optimization of Gas Utilization to Improve Recovery at Hibernia
Authors: Lawrence J. J. , Sahoo Hemant , Teletzke Gary F. , Banfield Jessica , Long Jamie M. , Maccallum Nicholas , Noseworthy Ryan J. , James Lesley A.
Published: July 2013

The Hibernia oil field is located in the North Atlantic Ocean over 300 km from St. John's, Newfoundland. The field consists of numerous fault blocks undergoing conventional gas or water injection. The gas injection process is proving to be very efficient providing high recoveries in individual blocks. Expansion of gas injection through conventional development or EOR may potentially provide significant benefits if optimized correctly under a limited gas supply. The need to understand the relative benefits of gas injection into one block versus another has increased and necessitated a full gas utilization study. One EOR option being considered is water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection in some blocks.

The objective of the study is to establish a field-wide improved recovery plan based on integrated laboratory, reservoir simulation, pilot, gas supply, and infrastructure studies. This paper will describe the integrated study plan and current progress.

The Gas Utilization Optimization Project entails three broad phases: 1) Study Phase; 2) WAG Pilot Execution; and 3) Field-Wide EOR Development. The primary focus at this point is the Study Phase, which will include laboratory studies, reservoir simulation studies, pilot engineering studies, and gas supply and infrastructure assessment.

The laboratory studies are being performed to develop a better understanding of PVT, EOR, and SCAL as it applies to the WAG pilot and field-wide development. The reservoir simulation studies provide a basis for the design of the EOR pilot and the field-wide development plan. Pilot engineering must be performed to ensure the pilot will provide the information necessary to make business decisions on future development. Assessing gas supply and infrastructure is essential to understanding gas availability, value, and opportunities for enhancement. This phase is particularly important for remote locations where external gas supplies are limited.

This study provides a template for obtaining and integrating information and data necessary to design, evaluate, and implement a gas injection project for improved oil recovery.
Developing and Piloting Water Treatment Technologies to Address Offshore EOR Challenges
Authors: Henthorne Lisa , Martin Chris , Johnson Holly
Published: July 2013

Water-based Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technologies such as Low Salinity Flooding (LSF), Chemical EOR (CEOR), and steam-flooding have been growing in popularity over the years, and are generating new opportunities for the water treatment sector as a result. Water treatment technologies have the unique capability to address equipment and system requirements which are characteristic of EOR projects. However, these technologies typically have little to no history of application in the upstream oil and gas industry. This limited level of experience may impact EOR project budgets and schedules, particularly in offshore applications where weight and footprint availability are of critical value.

In Southeast Asia, two offshore projects are investigating the use of customized water to maximize oil recovery in CEOR applications. In the first project, two CEOR programs consisting of vastly different water quality cocktails are under consideration, one of which incorporates produced water into its water source. In the second project, injection water quality with an ultra-low hardness level is desired, in order to prevent potential precipitation in the reservoir. In both cases, water treatment infrastructure must be capable not only of producing the intended injection water quality, but it must do so consistently in response to potential changes in the quality of the source water used.

This paper describes the results of pilot testing of two typical water treatment technologies, Reverse Osmosis (RO) and unique nanofiltration membranes, to produce a variety of injection water chemistries for CEOR and LSF applications. These applications include ultra-low hardness, high salinity; and low hardness, low salinity injection water. The testing confirms the ability of new water treatment technologies to solve challenging issues that arise in EOR applications, particularly those in offshore applications that must respond to varying needs of reservoirs and footprint/weight limitations.
Integration of Geological & Coupled 3D Geomechanical Modelling to Evaluate Gas Injection Risk - A Due-Diligence Study Prior to iWAG Injection Development for the Bokor Field, Offshore Malaysia
Authors: Press D. J. , Pang C. M. , Meyer J.. , Roh C. H.
Published: July 2013

As part of the development planning of an alternating water and gas injection scheme for Enchance Oil Recovery in the Bokor Field, a risk evaluation study was carried out to assess the likelihood of injection gas migration from the reservoir to the seabed. This hazard was identified as a principal HSE risk to the platform installations by the Bokor Field development team. A work flow was constructed which involved the integration of geological and petrophysical based seal evaluations with coupled fluid-stress geomechanical modeling of the depletion and injection processes over the life of the field to determine reservoir shale seal efficiency and gas leakage risks due to both hydraulic fracturing and fault reactivation. The coupled geomechanical modeling process incorporated, not only the resulting pressure changes arising due to depletion and injection within the reservoir, but also utilized a consolidation scheme to model the imposed pore pressure changes within the overburden arising due to stress transfer, and the subsequent dissipation of these excess pore pressures with time.

Evidence of fault related gas migration in the geological past is seen by the presence of a shallow gas cloud identified on seismic data sitting above the crest of the structure. The scope of the study included the evaluation of this cloud on various vintages of seismic from 1976 to 2011 to determine whether the size and geometry of the gas cloud was related to previous field development.

The study clearly demonstrates the application of coupled geomechanical modeling in assessing surface and subsurface risks resulting from field development.