bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3D‐Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationships: Nonlinear Dependence Described Directly from 3D Structures Using a Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) Approach
Authors: Kim Ki Hwan
Published: September 2008

The applicability of the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) approach to describe the parabolic or bilinear dependence of biological activity on hydrophobicity in 3D quantitative structure‐activity relationships (QSAR) has been investigated. Molecular fields calculated with a H2O probe produced significant correlations with excellent cross‐validation. The results indicate that the CoMFA approach is an excellent methodology for describing nonlinear effects in 3D QSAR studies.
Fuzzy Adaptive Least Squares and Its Application to Structure‐Activity Studies
Authors: Moriguchi Ikuo , Hirono Shuichi , Liu Qian , Nakagome Izumi
Published: September 2008

Fuzzy adaptive least squares (FALS91), a pattern recognition method for analyzing structure‐activity rating data to generate QSAR models, has been developed. A novel feature of FALS91 is that the degree to which each sample belongs to its activity class is given using a fuzzy membership function. This paper first describes the algorithm and calculation procedure of FALS91, and then shows its application to the correlation of structure with the activity rating of 31 calmodulin inhibitors and 29 α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactones with allergenic activity. Considerably high reliability was shown in both recognition and leave‐one‐out prediction of the FALS91 analyses.
The Use of Computerized Molecular Structure Scanning and Principal Component Analysis to Calculate Molecular Descriptors for QSAR
Authors: Hemken Heinz G. , Lehmann F. Pedro A.
Published: September 2008

A simple computerized molecular structure scanning method was developed for generating a large, fixed number of calculated structural variables based on model structures derived from force‐field and quantum mechanics methods. These were reduced to one or a few parameters for QSAR studies by means of principal component analysis. When analyzed by principal component regression, the resulting descriptors summarize such gross features as electron distribution and substituent shape and volume very well. For two data sets (some substituted amphetamine hallucinogens and some dihydropyridine vasodilators), these calculated parameters were at least equivalent in their ability to model drug potency to those commonly used in QSAR.
QSAR and Molecular Modelling Studies on Histamine H1‐Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Laak Anton M. Ter , van Drooge Marc J. , Timmerman Hendrik , den Kelder Gabrielle M. Donné‐Op
Published: September 2008

In this review article all relevant QSAR and molecular modelling studies that have been performed on both classical and non‐classical histamine H1‐antagonists are evaluated. Comparison of the results from these studies gives more insight into the physico‐chemical and conformational features that define receptor binding of H1‐antagonists. QSAR analyses indicate that at least seven classes of classical H1‐antagonists bind at the same receptor site. For these compounds a basic amino‐group, an aromatic ring (the so‐called “cis”‐ring) and a hydrophobic group (at the position of the so‐called “trans”‐ring) are essential for receptor binding. Similarities in the QSAR equations of diphenhydramines, mono‐phenyl analogues of diphenhydramines and benzimidazoles show that hydrophobic and steric factors are important for binding at the “trans”‐ring location. In literature it has been suggested that both aromatic rings of the non‐classical OPPI compounds can be superimposed in a folded conformation on the “cis”‐ and “trans”‐ring of the classical H1‐antagonist model. Although this idea remains interesting, QSAR data indicate that the proposed superimposition is probably not valid.

Most molecular modelling studies performed on H1‐antagonists appear to have major draw‐backs: (1) e.g. only crystal structures were studied andor (2) antagonists were superimposed on the agonist histamine, whereas no experimental evidence is available that agonists and antagonists occupy similar receptor sites and/or (3) not all low energy conformations were considered. The most important conclusion that can be drawn from these modelling studies is that the optimal distance between the basic nitrogen atom and one of the aromatic rings is around 6 Å. Furthermore, two models of the H1‐antagonist binding site based on superimposition of antagonists on the classical semi‐rigid compound cyproheptadine are compared. It is concluded that cyproheptadine with the piperidylene ring in a boat conformation can be be used as a template for further modelling studies.
Development and validation of an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of cocaine and its main metabolite, benzoylecgonine, in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Barroso M. , Dias M. , Vieira D. N. , Queiroz J. A. , López‐Rivadulla M.
Published: September 2008

A new, simple and rapid procedure has been developed and validated for the determination of cocaine and its main metabolite, benzoylecgonine, in human hair samples. After extraction from within the hair matrix by a mixture of methanol/hydrochloric acid (2:1) at 65°C for 3 h, and sample cleanup by mixed‐mode solid‐phase extraction (SPE), the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), after derivatization with N‐methyl‐N‐(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide with 5% chlorotrimethylsilane. Using a sample size of only 20 mg of hair, limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) were, respectively, 20 and 50 pg/mg for cocaine, and 15 and 50 pg/mg for benzoylecgonine, achieving the cut‐off values proposed by the Society of Hair Testing for the analysis of these compounds in hair. The method was found to be linear (weighing factor of 1/x) between the LOQ and 20 ng/mg for both compounds, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9974 to 0.9996 for cocaine; and from 0.9981 to 0.9994 for benzoylecgonine. Intra‐ and interday precision and accuracy were in conformity with the criteria normally accepted in bioanalytical method validation. The sample cleanup step presented a mean absolute recovery greater than 90% for both compounds. The developed method may be useful in forensic toxicology laboratories for the analysis of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in hair samples, taking into account its speed (only 3 h are required for the extraction of the analytes from within the matrix, whereas 5 h or even overnight extractions have been reported) and the low limits achieved (using a single quadrupole mass spectrometer, which is available in most laboratories). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What do they know? The effects of outside director acquisition experience on firm acquisition performance
Authors: McDonald Michael L. , Westphal James D. , Graebner Melissa E.
Published: September 2008

This article contributes to the literature on board effectiveness by being perhaps the first to systematically examine how the nature of outside directors' prior experience, and resulting expertise, will influence the performance of a focal firm's strategic initiatives. Our theoretical model is grounded in the psychological literature on expertise and its role in group decision making effectiveness. We focus on outside director expertise in acquisition decision making, and its implications for the performance of the acquisitions of a focal firm. Our conceptual framework indicates that directors will develop expertise in making particular kinds of acquisition decisions (e.g., related or unrelated acquisitions or acquisitions in specific industries or product markets) through their past experiences at other firms with decisions about those specific types of acquisitions, and we predict that this experience and expertise will have positive effects on the performance of a focal firm's acquisitions. We extend our theoretical model to consider the conditions under which relevant director experience will prove most beneficial. Our model predicts that outside director acquisition expertise will deliver the greatest benefits when the focal firm's board is independent from management. We find empirical support for all of our hypotheses. In considering how and when director experience and resulting expertise may influence the performance of corporate acquisitions, our theory and results help to highlight a potential second main focus for research on the long‐standing question of what factors render boards of directors effective. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Which country matters? Institutional development and foreign affiliate performance
Authors: Chan Christine M. , Isobe Takehiko , Makino Shige
Published: September 2008

This article investigates the effect of the level of institutional development of host countries on the level of and variation in foreign affiliate performance. Institutional development is defined as the extent to which the economic, political, and social institutions in a host country are developed and are favorable for foreign affiliates. A longitudinal analysis of over 30,000 foreign affiliate‐year cases that include 6,985 foreign affiliates in 38 host countries between 1996 and 2001 shows that foreign affiliate performance varies noticeably both across and within host countries. The results suggest that the level of institutional development, as determined by the Institutional Development Index (IDI), a new measurement developed in this study, has a strong negative curvilinear relationship with the variation in foreign affiliate performance and a negative effect on the level of foreign affiliate performance. The implications for future research, practice, and policymaking are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International knowledge sourcing: evidence from U.S. firms expanding abroad
Authors: Chung Wilbur , Yeaple Stephen
Published: September 2008

Recent research demonstrates that firms, motivated by national differences in technical activity, expand abroad to source unique knowledge. Extant research suggests that firms use a knowledge sourcing strategy to ‘catch up’ with competitors and to obtain ‘technical diversity.’ We widen the investigation by suggesting that firms also use knowledge sourcing as a springboard to reduce their next generation R&D costs–that firms would seek out similar R&D activity to combine with their own. Using unique data that encompasses the multitude of countries where U.S. firms invest, we test the importance of these explanations. Measuring knowledge via patent stocks, we find that country‐industries with larger stocks and greater technical similarity to the United States are more attractive. These findings suggest that an important explanation for firms investing abroad is not catching up or technologically diversifying, but is using similar R&D efforts of others to overcome fixed R&D cost hurdles. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why do patterns of environmental response differ? A stakeholders' pressure approach
Authors: Murillo‐Luna Josefina L. , Garcés‐Ayerbe Concepción , Rivera‐Torres Pilar
Published: September 2008

The objective of this article is to analyze the strategies or patterns of adaptation of firms for responding to environmental requirements or expectations. We specifically analyze the influence of the different pressure agents or stakeholders on the degree of proactivity of these patterns. We therefore propose and validate four types of environmental response pattern, representing particular configurations of both the scope of environmental objectives and their allocation of internal resources. The analysis, which is focused on a sample of 240 industrial firms, provides empirical evidence enabling us to identify, understand, and evaluate the impact of stakeholders on the choice of environmental response pattern. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmentally Responsive Core/Shell Particles via Electrohydrodynamic Co‐Jetting of Fully Miscible Polymer Solutions
Authors: Kazemi Abbass , Lahann Joerg
Published: September 2008

Herein it is demonstrated that electrohydrodynamic co‐jetting is not limited to Janus‐type particles, but can also be used for the preparation of core/shell particles. Using side‐by‐side flow of miscible polymer solutions, electrohydrodynamic co‐jetting offers an elegant and scalable route towards preparation of core/shell particles with otherwise difficult‐to‐prepare particle architectures, including particles with hydrophilic shell and core. Throughout this study, electrohydrodynamic co‐jetting of aqueous solutions consisting of a mixture of PAAm‐co‐AA and PAA is used, and a range of different types of particles with distinct compartments are observed. Transition from Janus particles to core/shell particles appears to be caused by changes in the relative conductivity of the two jetting solutions. After crosslinking, the core/shell particles are stable in aqueous solution and exhibit reproducible swelling behavior while maintaining the original core/shell geometry. In addition, the pH‐responsiveness of the particles is demonstrated by repeatedly switching the environmental pH between 1.3 and 12. Moreover, the core/shell particles show surprising uptake selectivity. For instance, a 450% increase in uptake of 6‐carboxyfluorescein over rhodamine B base is found.
Formation of Bubbles and Droplets in Parallel, Coupled Flow‐Focusing Geometries
Authors: Hashimoto Michinao , Shevkoplyas Sergey S. , Zasońska Beata , Szymborski Tomasz , Garstecki Piotr , Whitesides George M.
Published: September 2008

This paper describes the mechanism of formation of bubbles of nitrogen in water containing Tween 20 as a surfactant, and of droplets of water in hexadecane containing Span 80 as a surfactant. The study of these microfluidic systems compares two or four flow‐focusing generators coupled through shared inlets, supplying the continuous phase, and through a common outlet channel. The processes that form bubbles in neighboring generators interact for a wide range of flow parameters; the formation of bubbles alternates in time and space, and the bubbles assemble into complex patterns in the outlet channel. The dynamics of formation of bubbles in these systems are stable for long time (at least 10 min). For a certain range of flow parameters, the coupled flow‐focusing generators exhibit two stable modes of operation for a single set of flow parameters. The dynamics of formation of droplets of water in hexadecane by the coupled flow‐focusing generators are simpler – the adjacent generators produce only monodisperse droplets over the entire range of flow parameters that are explored. These observations suggest that the mechanism of interaction between coupled flow‐focusing generators relies on the compressibility of the dispersed phase (e.g., the gas or liquid), and on variations in pressure at the flow‐focusing orifices induced by the breakup of bubbles or droplets.
On the stability of some relay‐type regulation system
Authors: Appell J. , Pryadko I.N. , Sadovsky B.N.
Published: September 2008

This note is concerned with the stability problem for solutions of a system which arises in the mathematical modelling of a temperature regulation device. It is well‐known that, for autonomous systems, a periodic regulation process can be asymptotically stable only if it is stationary. In this paper we consider the case where the “heating” equation is time‐dependent. We show that in this case, under suitable hypotheses, the solution is asymptotically stable, and we also give estimates for approximations of solutions.
Risk Factors for Lateral Cervical Lymph Node Involvement in Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Alfalah Haitham , Cranshaw Isaac , Jany Thomas , Arnalsteen Laurent , Leteurtre Emmanuelle , Cardot Catherine , Pattou François , Carnaille Bruno
Published: September 2008

Background

Metastases from follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) are usually blood borne and far less to lymph nodes (LN). The present study was designed to evaluate the factors that are associated with LN metastases in patients operated on for FTC.

Methods

A retrospective review of 70 patients (25 men; mean age, 47 (range, 14–92) years) operated on between January 1995 and December 2005 for FTC was undertaken. All patients had histopathology study of the regional LN and postoperative radioiodine scintigraphy. According to LN invasion, they were divided into two groups in which various parameters were compared.

Results

The length of follow‐up was 52 (range 17–108) months. A total of 375 LN were examined from ipsilateral neck side and 87 LN from the contralateral side. LN metastases were found in five (7%) cases: all ipsilateral. Comparing data from the patients with and without LN metastases, respectively, age was 60 and 47 years (p = 0.12), male/female ratio was 1/4 and 24/41 (p = 0.44), tumor size was 68 and 37 mm (p < 0.01), tumor differentiation (well/moderate) was 3/2 and 25/19 (p = 0.89), distant metastases were detected in 1 and 8 cases (p = 0.72). The tumor size was >40 mm in 35 (50%) patients. All patients with LN metastases were found in this group (5/35; 14%).

Conclusions

Follicular thyroid carcinoma results in metastases to regional lymph nodes in 7% of cases but only to the ipsilateral neck side. Tumor size is the only factor that impacts it. We do not recommend lymph node dissection in follicular thyroid carcinomas <4 cm.
Drawbacks of Surfactant Presence on the Dissolution and Mechanical Properties of Detergent Tablets: How to Control Interfaces by Surfactant Localization
Authors: Chantraine Florence , Viana Marylène , Pouget Christelle , Brielles Nelly , Mondain‐Monval Olivier , Branlard Paul , Rubinstenn Gilles , Chulia Dominique
Published: September 2008

The aim of this study is to limit the hurdles generated by the presence of a surfactant, i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), in effervescent detergent tablets containing a chlorine provider. The results are highlighted by investigating the tablet's functional characteristics (mechanical strength, disintegration time). A second objective is to increase the surfactant content of the tablet in order to improve the cleaning properties of the detergent formula without retaining the previous drawbacks. For low tablet porosity, mechanical properties are damaged by the presence of 2% of SDS and while disintegration through an erosion mechanism is slowed down. Experimental evidence indicated that these phenomena are associated with the coexistence of SDS and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (DCCNa). Their separation by locating SDS in the tablet core was encouraging but had limited value due to the slow dissolution of the SDS core. The problem was solved when 2% SDS was concentrated on one face of the tablet; however, a higher concentration induced a delayed disintegration due to the progressive erosion of SDS, which behaved as a massive solid. The coating of the tablet with SDS was beneficial because the dissolution of the film delayed effervescence and consequently disintegration. Neither coating the SDS particles with cellulosic film nor including them in zeolite was an appropriate solution. On the other hand, segregating SDS and DCCNa by placing them in separate layers of the tablet produced very conclusive results when microcrystalline cellulose and an effervescent system were added to the SDS. Furthermore, this bilayer tablet allowed the SDS content to be increased while a satisfactory tensile strength and a low disintegration time were retained.
Regiospecific Enzymatic Oxygenation of cis‐Vaccenic Acid in the Marine Phototrophic Bacterium Erythrobacter sp. strain MG3
Authors: Rontani J.‐F. , Koblížek M.
Published: September 2008

The fatty acid composition of the marine phototrophic bacterium Erythrobacter sp. strain MG3 was analysed. The involvement of an unusual enzymatic peroxidation of the allylic carbon 10 of cis‐vaccenic acid in this strain was confirmed. This process, which seems to be a characteristic of some aerobic and anaerobic phototrophic bacteria, appeared to also act on the allylic carbon 10 of octadeca‐5,11‐dienoic acid. Enzymatic degradation of 10‐hydroperoxyoctadec‐11(cis)‐enoic acid resulting from the peroxidation of cis‐vaccenic acid mainly involves reduction to the corresponding hydroxy acid (probably catalysed by peroxygenases) and cleavage to the corresponding oxoacid, which is then biohydrogenated. Abiotic degradation of this hydroperoxide involves allylic rearrangement to 10‐hydroperoxyoctadec‐11(trans)‐enoic and 12‐hydroperoxyoctadec‐10(trans)‐enoic acids and cyclisation to the very unusual 7,10‐epoxyoctadec‐11(cis)‐enoic acid. Several tests carried out at different periods of growth and under different growth conditions allowed to show that the induction of this enzymatic peroxidation process strongly depends on the physiological state of the cells and is enhanced during C‐limitation and at low temperatures.
Multidisciplinary management of clubfeet using the Ponseti method in a district general hospital setting
Authors: Kampa Rebecca , Binks Katherine , Dunkley Mia , Coates Christopher
Published: September 2008

Purpose

Idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) is a relatively common complex deformity of the foot that can be successfully managed by the Ponseti method. The purpose of this study was to see if the latter can be effectively administered by non-medical specialists outside a specialist or teaching hospital setting.

Method

Retrospective review of 24 children (39 feet) with idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus managed by a physiotherapist-led service in a district general hospital.

Results

The median Pirani score at presentation was 4.5 (mean 4.2, range 1.5–6). The median Pirani score for feet requiring tenotomy was 6 (4.5–6), whereas feet not requiring tenotomy had a median Pirani score of 2.5 (1.5–5). A total of 18 feet (46%) underwent an Achilles tenotomy. Foot correction was achieved with an average of 3.4 (2–6) cast changes in the non-tenotomy group, and an average of 7.5 (5–13) in the tenotomy group. Successful initial correction of the deformity was achieved in 37 (95%) of the feet studied. One patient (2 feet, 5%) failed local conservative management, requiring tertiary referral. Two children (2 feet) have relapsed, requiring further serial casting. No children required open surgical release. Follow-up was for a mean of 31 months (17–50).

Conclusions

Early results suggest that a combined consultant/physiotherapist-delivered Ponseti service can be effectively and successfully administered in a district general hospital.
Left ventricular solid body rotation in non‐compaction cardiomyopathy: A potential new objective and quantitative functional diagnostic criterion?
Authors: van Dalen Bas M. , Caliskan Kadir , Soliman Osama I.I. , Nemes Attila , Vletter Wim B. , ten Cate Folkert J. , Geleijnse Marcel L.
Published: September 2008

Background:

Left ventricular (LV) twist originates from the interaction between myocardial fibre helices that are formed during the formation of compact myocardium in the final stages of the development of myocardial architecture. Since non‐compaction cardiomyopathy (NCCM) is probably caused by intrauterine arrest of this final stage, it may be anticipated that LV twist characteristics are altered in NCCM patients, beyond that seen in patients with impaired LV function and normal compaction.

Aims:

The purpose of this study was to assess LV twist characteristics in NCCM patients compared to patients with non‐ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and normal subjects.

Methods and results:

The study population consisted of 10 patients with NCCM, 10 patients with DCM, and 10 healthy controls. LV twist was determined by speckle tracking echocardiography. In all controls and DCM patients, rotation was clockwise at the basal level and counterclockwise at the apical level. In contrast, in all NCCM patients the LV base and apex rotated in the same direction.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that ‘LV solid body rotation’, with near absent LV twist, may be a new sensitive and specific, objective and quantitative, functional diagnostic criterion for NCCM.
Is ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope) associated with right ventricular oxidative metabolism in patients with congestive heart failure?
Authors: Ukkonen Heikki , Burwash Ian G. , Dafoe William , de Kemp Robert A. , Haddad Haissam , Yoshinaga Keiichiro , Davies Ross A. , Gannon Edward K. , DaSilva Jean N. , Beanlands Rob S.B.
Published: September 2008

Background:

The relationship between minute ventilation and the rate of CO2 elimination (VE/VCO2 slope) is associated with mortality in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). The VE/VCO2 slope ≥ 34 denotes a poor prognosis and has been proposed to reflect abnormalities in pulmonary perfusion.

Aims:

To study whether increased VE/VCO2 slope is associated with elevated right ventricular (RV) oxidative metabolism relative to the left ventricle (LV).

Methods:

21 patients with stable NYHA II–III CHF underwent symptom limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Dynamic [11C]acetate positron emission tomography (PET) was used to measure oxidative metabolism (kmono) of the LV and RV. Corrected RV oxidative metabolism (RVOx) was calculated as RV/LV kmono ratio.

Results:

Peak VO2 was 16.2±4.1 ml/min/kg and the VE/VCO2 slope was 33.4±6.1. LV and RV kmono were 0.046±0.009 and 0.037±0.007 min−1, respectively, with a RVOx of 0.83±0.17. There was a good correlation between RVOx and the VE/VCO2 slope (r=0.61, p=0.0034). RVOx was 0.77±0.16 in patients with a VE/VCO2 slope <34 and 0.93±0.16 in patients with VE/VCO2 slope ≥34 (p=0.047).

Conclusion:

RVOx correlates with VE/VCO2 slope in CHF patients. This supports the hypothesis that pulmonary vascular resistance is a determinant of the VE/VCO2 slope.
Imaging the assembly and disassembly kinetics of cis‐SNARE complexes on native plasma membranes
Authors: Bar-On Dana , Winter Ulrike , Nachliel Esther , Gutman Menachem , Fasshauer Dirk , Lang Thorsten , Ashery Uri
Published: September 2008

Mild sonication of eukaryotic cells produces native plasma membrane sheets that retain their docked organelles, cytoskeleton structures and cytoplasmic complexes. While the delicate organization of membranous protein complexes remains undisturbed, their inner plasmalemmel leaflet can be rapidly exposed to bathing solutions, enabling specific biochemical manipulations. Here, we apply this system to track membrane‐biochemistry kinetics. We monitor soluble NSF‐attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex assembly and disassembly on the plasma membrane at high time resolution. The results suggest two‐phase kinetics for the assembly process and dependence of the disassembly kinetics on both N‐ethyl maleimide‐sensitive factor (NSF) and soluble NSF‐attachment protein (
urn:x-wiley:00145793:media:feb2s0014579308007710:feb2s0014579308007710-math-si7
‐SNAP) concentrations.
Alcohol and nicotine consumption exacerbates choroidal neovascularization by modulating the regulation of complement system
Authors: Kaliappan Sankaranarayanan , Jha Purushottam , Lyzogubov Valeriy V. , Tytarenko Ruslana G. , Bora Nalini S. , Bora Puran S.
Published: September 2008

Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that alcohol and nicotine consumption increased MAC deposition and VEGF expression in laser spots. Expression of CD59 by RT‐PCR and Western blot was drastically reduced in the animals that were fed with alcohol, nicotine and alcohol and nicotine compared to those fed with water alone and this was associated with exacerbation of CNV.
Vitamin E dependent microRNA regulation in rat liver
Authors: Gaedicke Sonja , Zhang Xiangnan , Schmelzer Constance , Lou Yijia , Doering Frank , Frank Jan , Rimbach Gerald
Published: September 2008

Dietary vitamin E (VE) is known to regulate gene expression by altering mRNA concentrations. Recently, microRNA (miRNA) have been discovered as a means of posttranscriptional gene regulation. Since the effect of VE on miRNA regulation is unknown, we fed rats for 6 months diets deficient or sufficient in VE and determined hepatic concentrations of miRNA involved in processes previously associated with VE (lipid metabolism, miRNA‐122a; cancer and inflammation, miRNA‐125b). VE‐deficiency resulted in reduced concentrations of miRNA‐122a and miRNA‐125b. The findings of the present study demonstrate that differences in dietary VE may affect hepatic miRNA concentrations in vivo.
Bioluminescence imaging of hepatitis B virus enhancer and promoter activities in mice
Authors: Du Juan , Zhou Yong , Fu Qiu-Xia , Gong Wei-Li , Zhao Fang , Peng Jian-Chun , Zhan Lin-Sheng
Published: September 2008

By bioluminescence imaging and hydrodynamic gene transfer technology, the activities of hepatitis B virus (HBV) promoters and the effects of HBV enhancers on these promoters in mice under true physiological conditions have been assessed. Our studies reveal that either of the two HBV enhancers can stimulate HBV major promoter activity in hepa 1–6 cells (in vitro) and in mouse liver (in vivo), and the enhancer effects on the three promoters (S1, S2 and X promoter) are markedly greater in vivo than in vitro. The two HBV enhancers have no cooperative action on HBV promoters in vitro or in vivo.
Effectiveness, safety, and acceptability of cryotherapy by midwives for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in Maharashtra, India
Authors: Nene Bhagwan M. , Hiremath Pragna S. , Kane Subhadha , Fayette Jean‐Marie , Shastri Surendra S. , Sankaranarayanan Rengaswamy
Published: September 2008

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and acceptability of cryotherapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) when provided by trained midwives in rural India.

Method

Women with colposcopic findings of CIN lesions suitable for ablative treatment received cryotherapy from trained midwives before the biopsy results were known. Cure rates, adverse effects, and complications were assessed and factors influencing cure rates were evaluated by tests. Cure was defined as no clinical or histologic evidence of CIN lesions 6 or more months after treatment.

Results

Of 1068 women treated with cryotherapy, 728 had histologically proven CIN in their pretreatment biopsy specimens; of the 574 reporting for follow‐up, 538 (93.7%) were cured (95% confidence interval [CI], 92.1%–96.3%). Cure rates were 96.4% (95% CI, 94.6%–98.1%) for CIN 1 and 82.1% (95% CI, 74.7%–89.4%) for CIN 2 and CIN 3 lesions combined. Minor adverse effects were documented in 5.2% of the women.

Conclusion

Cryotherapy provided by midwives was found to be safe, effective, and acceptable by the women.
Surgical results of the intraoral removal of the submandibular gland
Authors: Hong Ki Hwan , Yang Yun Su
Published: September 2008

Objectives

Most patients with benign submandibular disorders have been treated surgically without difficulty via the transcervical approach. An alternative to the standard transcervical approach has been reported such as an intraoral approach.

Subjects and Methods

Retrospective chart review of the 77 patients with benign submandibular disorders. All patients underwent an excision of the submandibular gland via intraoral approach.

Results

Early postoperative complications developed in 74.0% of the temporary lingual sensory paresis followed by 70.1% of temporary limitation of tongue movement. However, these complications soon resolved in all patients spontaneously. Two cases of postoperative bleeding and 1 case of abscess formation were developed. Whereas late complications developed in 4 cases of residual salivary gland and abnormal sense of mouth floor and 1 case of gustatory sweating (Frey's) syndrome.

Conclusion

The major advantages of this approach are no external scar, no injury to the marginal mandibular nerve. The disadvantage is a more difficult dissection to transcervical approach before proper expert, especially in the severe adhesion of salivary gland to surrounding tissue.
Research priorities in spasmodic dysphonia
Authors: Ludlow Christy L. , Adler Charles H. , Berke Gerald S. , Bielamowicz Steven A. , Blitzer Andrew , Bressman Susan B. , Hallett Mark , Jinnah H.A. , Juergens Uwe , Martin Sandra B. , Perlmutter Joel S. , Sapienza Christine , Singleton Andrew , Tanner Caroline M. , Woodson Gayle E.
Published: September 2008

Objective

To identify research priorities to increase understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and improved treatment of spasmodic dysphonia.

Study Design and Setting

A multidisciplinary working group was formed that included both scientists and clinicians from multiple disciplines (otolaryngology, neurology, speech pathology, genetics, and neuroscience) to review currently available information on spasmodic dysphonia and to identify research priorities.

Results

Operational definitions for spasmodic dysphonia at different levels of certainty were recommended for diagnosis and recommendations made for a multicenter multidisciplinary validation study.

Conclusions

The highest priority is to characterize the disorder and identify risk factors that may contribute to its onset. Future research should compare and contrast spasmodic dysphonia with other forms of focal dystonia. Development of animal models is recommended to explore hypotheses related to pathogenesis. Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of spasmodic dysphonia should provide the basis for developing new treatment options and exploratory clinical trials.

Significance

This document should foster future research to improve the care of patients with this chronic debilitating voice and speech disorder by otolaryngology, neurology, and speech pathology.
Saccular damage in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss without vertigo
Authors: Hong Seok Min , Byun Jae Yong , Park Chan Hum , Lee Jun Ho , Park Moon Suh , Cha Chang Il
Published: September 2008

Objective

Saccule could be damaged in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSHL) with vertigo and with high‐frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Thus, the saccule might be deteriorated subclinically in ISSHL cases without vertigo. Therefore, we investigated saccular damage in ISSHL patients without vertigo through vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP).

Study Design

A prospective study.

Subjects and Methods

Fifty‐two patients with ISSHL without vertigo were enrolled in the study. We identified VEMP in patients with ISSHL and analyzed the association of VEMP with initial hearing threshold, each threshold according to frequency, the type of audiogram, and hearing recovery.

Results

For cases with absent VEMP, we found significant differences between patients with 90 dB or more hearing loss and those with a hearing loss less than 55 dB with frequencies over 1000 Hz. Patients with profound hearing loss presented significantly high abnormal and absent VEMP than patients with audiograms of other types.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that the subclinical deterioration of the saccular neuroepithelium is associated with patients with ISSHL having profound hearing loss at the high frequency.
Paranasal sinus mucoceles with skull‐base and/or orbital erosion: Is the endoscopic approach sufficient?
Authors: Sautter Nathan B. , Citardi Martin J. , Perry Julian , Batra Pete S.
Published: September 2008

Objective

The objective of this study was to review the management of paranasal sinus mucoceles with skull‐base and/or orbital erosion in the endoscopic era.

Study Design

A retrospective data analysis.

Methods

A chart review was performed on 57 patients treated from January 2001 to March 2007.

Results

The average age at the time of presentation was 50.6 years with a 1:1 male: female ratio. The most common site was the frontal sinus (54.4%), followed by frontoethmoid (29.8%) and sphenoid (8.8%). Areas of erosion included skull base (40.4%), orbit (50.9%), and both orbit and skull base (8.8%). Endoscopic drainage using image guidance was used in all 57 patients without complications. Fifty‐six cases (98.2%) had a functionally patent mucocele opening with a median follow‐up of 15 months.

Conclusions

The endoscopic approach can be safely used for the management of mucoceles with skull‐base and/or orbital erosion. Open adjunct approaches can be avoided in most cases.
Effect of endoscopic sinus surgery on irradiation‐induced rhinosinusitis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Hu Ko‐Hsin , Tan Ching‐Ting , Lin Kai‐Nan , Cheng Ya‐Jian , Huang Hung‐Meng
Published: September 2008

Objectives

We evaluated the effect of endoscopic sinus surgery on irradiation‐induced rhinosinusitis of the maxillary‐sinus mucosa among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Design

Surgical outcomes were evaluated by changes to the ultrastructure of the antral mucosa and nasomucociliary clearance.

Methods

Twenty‐one NPC patients with irradiation‐induced chronic sinusitis were enrolled in the study, along with five controls. Specimens were taken from 42 maxillary sinuses during surgery and 1 year after surgery. Saccharin transit time was measured before the initial surgery and 1 year after surgery.

Results

In the postoperative cases, we found a decrease in the number of the submucosal gland openings (P < 0.05), the cilia in the antral mucosa regenerated (P < 0.05), and the saccharin transit time reduced (P < 0.05); the number of goblet cells did not change.

Conclusion

Endoscopic sinus surgery is an effective treatment for irradiation‐induced rhinosinusitis in NPC patients, improving ventilation and drainage of the paranasal sinuses, and facilitating regeneration of the sinus mucosa.
Second free tissue transfers in head and neck reconstruction
Authors: McCarn Kate E. , Ghanem Tamer , Tartaglia Jennifer , Gross Neil , Andersen Peter , Wax Mark K.
Published: September 2008

Objective

As the era of free tissue transfer for head and neck reconstruction matures, more patients are requiring second resections and reconstructions. Our objective was to evaluate: patient characteristics, reconstructive options, flap survival, perioperative morbidity, and mortality.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Subjects and Methods

Sixty‐five patients underwent a second free tissue transfer separate from the time of the primary flap.

Results

The most common (53%) reason for a second flap was tumor recurrence. The most common flaps used were radial forearm and fibula in both the first and second reconstructions. Larger flaps were used in the second reconstruction. Inhospital mortality was 4.6 percent; medical complications occurred in 5 percent of patients. Flap survival was 97 percent; 13 percent of second flaps returned to the operating room for complications. Eight patients had a third free flap.

Conclusion

A second free tissue transfer is a viable resource in head and neck reconstruction. Acceptable rates of flap survival and complications are encountered.
The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in port‐wine stains
Authors: Vural Emre , Ramakrishnan Jeevan , Cetin Neslihan , Buckmiller Lisa , Suen James Y. , Fan Chun‐Yang
Published: September 2008

Objective

To investigate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGF‐R2) in port‐wine stains (PWSs).

Design

An immunohistochemistry (IHC) study on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded specimens.

Methods

Representative sections from surgical resection specimens of 12 PWS patients and 12 control specimens stained with routine IHC by using polyclonal anti‐VEGF and anti–VEGF‐R2 antibodies. Slides were evaluated semiquantitatively for the intensity of staining for VEGF and VEGF‐R2 by using a scoring system varying from 0 to 3+.

Results

PWS specimens showed statistically significant overexpression of both VEGF and VEGF‐R2 molecules when compared with control specimens (P < 0.005).

Conclusions

VEGF and its receptor may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PWS. It is possible that PWS may progress by hyperplasia in addition to hypertrophy. VEGF‐R blockade may have a potential role as a targeted approach in the treatment of this disfiguring condition in the future.
Dose‐related effect of intranasal corticosteroids on treatment outcome of persistent allergic rhinitis
Authors: Kirtsreesakul Virat , Chansaksung Prichaya , Ruttanaphol Suwalee
Published: September 2008

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy of the self‐adjustable dosing regimen and explore potential dose‐response relationships of intranasal corticosteroids in persistent allergic rhinitis.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Subjects and Methods

Sixty‐nine persistent allergic rhinitis patients were treated with 220 mcg of intranasal triamcinolone acetonide for 28 days. Patients with mild, intermittent symptoms were instructed to use the medication only after symptoms occurred once a day. Patients with symptoms that lasted more than 1 day and/or interrupted daily activities/sleep were instructed to continue the morning daily dose until they were symptom‐free for 24 hours before stopping usage.

Results

All nasal symptom scores and peak expiratory flow index (PEFI) showed statistically significant improvements after treatment. At 28 days after treatment, the number of puffs and weight of steroids used were positively correlated with percentages of improvement in total symptoms score (TSS) and PEFI (ρ = 0.529, r = 0.571 and ρ = 0.350, r = 0.509 respectively). When at least 1400 mcg or 44 puffs were used, 60% TSS and 10% PEFI improvement were achieved.

Conclusion

A self‐adjustable dosing approach proved to be an efficacious approach to controlling allergic rhinitis.
Endoscopic management of subglottic stenosis
Authors: Bakthavachalam Sivi , McClay John E.
Published: September 2008

Objectives

Determine the effectiveness of endoscopic surgical treatment of subglottic stenosis (SGS) in children as a primary surgical modality to prevent laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) and as treatment for restenosis following primary LTR to prevent revision LTR.

Patients

Children undergoing various endoscopic surgical treatments from 1989 to 2006 for SGS.

Results

The number of children and success rates per grade of SGS and the number of procedures required to produce a successful result in 29 children initially managed endoscopically included grade I, three of three (100%), 1.3 procedures; grade II, eight of nine (88%), 2.6 procedures; and grade III, 13 of 17 (76%), 3.5 procedures. Of 102 patients undergoing open LTR, 56 of 102 required endoscopic interventions and 41 of 56 (73%) children were treated successfully.

Conclusion

Endoscopic intervention can be used to manage SGS either as a primary intervention or to treat reobstruction and restenosis following an open reconstructive procedure. Success rates decline as the severity of stenosis increases.
Extracts from The Cochrane Library: Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis
Authors: Burton Martin J. , Kuppersmith Ronald B. , Rosenfeld Richard M.
Published: September 2008

The “Cochrane Corner” is a quarterly section in the Journal that highlights systematic reviews relevant to otolaryngology–head and neck surgery, with invited commentary to highlight implications for clinical decision making. This installment features a Cochrane Review entitled “Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis,” which concludes a small treatment effect in patients with uncomplicated acute sinusitis in a primary care setting with symptoms for more than seven days.
The Qualities of Leadership: Direction, Communication, and Obfuscation
Authors: DEWAN TORUN , MYATT DAVID P.
Published: September 2008

What is leadership? What is good leadership? What is successful leadership? Answers emerge from our study of a formal model in which followers face a coordination problem: they wish to choose the best action while conforming as closely as possible to the actions of others. Although they would like to do the right thing and do it together, followers are unsure about the relative merits of their options. They learn about their environment and the likely moves of others by listening to leaders. These leaders bridge differences of opinion and become coordinating focal points. A leader's influence increases with her judgement (her sense of direction) and her ability to convey ideas (her clarity of communication). A leader with perfect clarity enjoys greater influence than one with a perfect sense of direction. When followers choose how much attention to pay to leaders, they listen only to the most coherent communicators. However, power-hungry leaders who need an audience sometimes obfuscate their messages, but less so when their followers place more emphasis on conformity than on doing the right thing.
Retesting Selectorate Theory: Separating the Effects ofWfrom Other Elements of Democracy
Authors: MORROW JAMES D. , DE MESQUITA BRUCE BUENO , SIVERSON RANDOLPH M. , SMITH ALASTAIR
Published: September 2008

Kevin Clarke and Randall Stone (2008) offer a methodological critique of some of our tests of the selectorate theory inThe Logic of Political Survival(Bueno de Mesquita et al.2003). We accept their critique of residualization for control variables in those tests, but reject the contention that the size of the winning coalition does not predict the provision of public goods and private benefits. We present new tests that control for elements of democracy other than W and that do not use residualization. These new tests show that selectorate theory is strongly and robustly supported. Our measure of the size of the winning coalition is in the theoretically predicted direction and is statistically significant for 28 out of 31 different public goods and private benefits. Aspects of democracy not contained in the selectorate theory explain less of the variance than does the theory's core factor, namely, winning coalition size, for 25 of the 31 public goods and private benefits.
SCHREIER CONDITIONS ON CHIEF FACTORS AND RESIDUALS OF SOLVABLE-LIKE GROUP FORMATIONS
Authors: KAPLAN GIL , LEVY DAN
Published: September 2008

Let α be a formation of finite groups which is closed under subgroups and group extensions and which contains the formation of solvable groups. Let G be any finite group. We state and prove equivalences between conditions on chief factors of G and structural characterizations of the α-residual and theα-radical of G. We also discuss the connection of our results to the generalized Fitting subgroup of G.
Effect of calcium salts of a mixture of conjugated linoleic acids containingtrans-10,cis-12 in the diet on milk fat synthesis in goats
Authors: Shingfield Kevin J. , Rouel Jacques , Chilliard Yves
Published: September 2008

Dietary supplements of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) containingtrans-10,cis-12 CLA decrease milk fat secretion in the lactating cow and sheep, but their effects on mammary lipogenesis in the goat are less well defined. Eight lactating goats were used in two 4 × 4 Latin-square experiments with 14 d experimental periods to examine the effects of calcium salts of CLA methyl esters (CaCLA) containingtrans-10,cis-12 on milk fat synthesis. Experimental treatments consisted of incremental inclusion of 0, 30, 60 or 90 g of CaCLA/d (corresponding to 7·47, 14·9 and 22·4 g/d oftrans-10,cis-12 CLA) offered during the first 10 d of each experimental period that replaced maize grain in concentrates (Experiment 1) or calcium salts of palm oil fatty acids (Experiment 2). Relative to the control, inclusion of 30, 60 or 90 g CaCLA/d in the diet reduced milk fat yield by 19·8, 27·9 and 32·3 % and 17·5, 39·0 and 49·3 % in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Decreases in milk fat were due to reductions in the secretion of fatty acids synthesisedde novorather than the uptake of fatty acids from the peripheral circulation. Indirect comparisons with the studies in the lactating cow indicated a lower efficacy of CaCLA supplements on mammary lipogenesis in the goat. In conclusion, CaCLA in the diet inhibits milk fat synthesis in the goat, responses that are dependent on the supply of dietary fatty acids, with evidence that the caprine is less sensitive to the anti-lipogenic effects oftrans-10,cis-12 CLA compared with the bovine or ovine.