bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A global dataset for lake physical variables from satellite measurements
Authors: Amadori Marina , Pinardi Monica , Giardino Claudia , Bresciani Mariano , Caroni Rossana , Greife Anne J. , Simis Stefan , Crétaux Jean-Francois , Carrea Laura , Yesou Herve , Duguay Claude , Albergel Clément , Alice Andral
Published: March 2024

The influence of climate change on freshwater ecosystems is becoming increasingly concerning worldwide. At the global level, lakes are facing rising temperatures, shifts in stratification phenology and precipitation patterns, and an increased frequency of extreme weather events. Understanding the long-term effects and the complex responses of lakes and inland waters in a changing environment is essential to managing water resources effectively and mitigating the effects of climate change. The preservation of freshwaters in good health status is a key issue for water potability, food and industry production, nature conservation, and recreation. To support the comprehension of this topic at a global scale, satellite technologies provide a unique source of data. Remote sensing can indeed enable long-term monitoring of freshwaters, supporting water managers' decisions providing data, and filling knowledge gaps to a better understanding of the regional and local areas most affected and threatened by health status degradation. With this aim, space agencies and the remote sensing community have joined the efforts to provide global, stable, consistent, and long-term products openly available and easily accessible to different kinds of users.In this contribution, we present the latest release of the dataset from the Lakes_cci project (funded by the European Space Agency), which provides the most complete collection of the Essential Climate Variable LAKES consisting of six thematic products (lake water extent and level, lake ice cover and thickness, lake surface water temperature, lake water-leaving reflectance). The dataset spans the time range 1992 to 2022 and includes over 2000 relatively large lakes, which represent a small fraction of the number of lakes worldwide but a significant portion of the global freshwater surface. The dataset has been already adopted by 27 (to date) studies from several disciplines since 2019, including (but not limited to) limnology, hydrology, atmospheric physics and climatology, freshwater ecology, and biology. A WebGIS portal allows users to discover most of the variables and extract small sections of data for download or plotting. The portal has already been used as a resource for training and education. Products also come with example scripts to help new users familiarize themselves with data extraction as well as with basic analyses. With this contribution, we aim to discuss how this kind of product can be useful to the several research communities involved, their limits, potential improvements and chances to further joint research also respect to the research community's expectations and needs.  
Recalibration of the intensity prediction equation in Italy using the Macroseismic Dataset DBMI15 V2.
Authors: Lolli Barbara , Gasperini Paolo , Vannucci Gianfranco
Published: March 2024

We re-compute the coefficients of the intensity prediction equation (IPE) in Italy using the data of the DBMI15 V2.0 intensity database and the instrumental and combined (instrumental plus macroseismic) magnitudes reported by the CPTI15 V2.0 catalog. We follow the same procedure described in a previous article, consisting of a first step in which the attenuation of intensity I with respect to the distance D from macroseismic hypocenter is referred to the expected intensity at the epicenter IEand a second step in which IEis related to the instrumental magnitude Mi, the combined magnitude Mc, the epicentral intensity I0 and the maximum intensity Imax, using error-in-variable (EIV) regression methods. The main methodological difference with respect to the original article concerns the estimation of the uncertainty of IEto be used for EIV regressions, which is empirically derived from the standard deviation of regression between IE and Miand also used for the regressions of IEwith Mc, I0 and Imax. In summary, the new IPE determined from DBMI15 V2.0 is                                        𝐼=𝐼𝐸−0.0081(𝐷−ℎ)−1.072[ln(𝐷)−ln(ℎ)] where 𝐷=√(𝑅2+ℎ2), h=4.49 km and IEcan be calculated from the intensity data distribution of the earthquake. If the intensity data distribution is not available, IEcan be calculated from the following relationships                                        𝐼𝐸=−2.578+1.867𝑀𝑤                                                      IE=I0                                       
The thermal and dynamic state of Europa’s ice shell: Revealed by global-scale convection models
Authors: Rückriemen-Bez Tina , Plesa Ana-Catalina , Byrne William , Hussmann Hauke , Benedikter Andreas
Published: March 2024

Europa’s hydro- and cryosphere is of primary interest in the quest for habitable environments in the solar system (e.g., [1]). The ice shell, which connects the potential subsurface ocean to the surface, may itself provide niches for life if liquid brine pockets can form and exist for extended periods of time. It is thus crucial to understand the thermal and dynamic state of the ice shell in order to characterize the existence and transport of liquid brines within the ice shell.Recent work by [2] and [3] investigated the effects of temperature dependent thermal conductivity (k) as well as heat capacity (cp) and a complex composite rheology on convection in the ice shell. In this work, we build upon these previous efforts by combining the influence of both - varying thermodynamic parameters and complex rheology - in geodynamic simulations performed with the convection code GAIA [4]. Instead of a temperature-dependent heat capacity, we investigate the effect of a temperature- and depth-dependent thermal expansivity (α), which is a crucial term in determining the buoyancy induced by temperature differences. We study the dynamic state (Nu-Ra scaling), the mechanical state (elastic thickness, brittle-to-ductile transition, deformation maps), and the thermal state (bottom and top boundary heat flux, occurrence of brines) of the ice shell for various setups (using both constant and variable α and k) and input parameters (ice shell thickness and grain size). For selected models, i.e. distinct thermal and dynamic states, we calculate the local two-way attenuation based on [5], [6]. The resulting two-way attenuation patterns will offer initial insights into the radar's ability to penetrate to the ice-ocean interface. If attenuation proves excessive due to the presence of hot thermal plumes, making the sampling of the ice-ocean interface unlikely, the patterns can still provide valuable insights into the dynamic state of Europa's ice shell. This includes parameters such as the thickness of the conductive layer (the so-called stagnant lid) that forms in the top part of the ice shell or the wavelength of convective structures deeper in the ice shell.References:[1] Coustenis & Encrenaz et al., 2013. [2] Carnahan et al. 2021. [3] Harel et al. 2020. [4] Hüttig et al., 2013. [5] Kalousova et al., 2017. [6] Soucek et al., 2023.
Ecohydrological modelling on peatlands: scoping review and application of three process-based models to Irish raised bog restoration
Authors: Silva Mariana
Published: March 2024

Peatland restoration and rehabilitation action has become more widely acknowledged as a necessary response to mitigating climate change risks and improving global carbon storage. Peatland ecosystems require restoration timespans on the order of decades and thus cannot be dependent upon the shorter-term monitoring often carried out in research projects. Hydrological assessments using geospatial tools provide the basis for planning restoration works as well as analysing associated environmental influences. “Restoration” encompasses applications to pre- and post-restoration scenarios for both bogs and fens, across a range of environmental impact fields. A scoping review was carried out to identify, describe, and categorise current process-based modelling uses in peatlands in order to investigate the applicability and appropriateness of eco- and/or hydrological models for northern peatland restoration. Two literature searches were conducted using the Web of Science entire database in September 2022 and August 2023. Of the final 211 papers included in the review, models and their applications were categorised according to this review’s research interests in 7 distinct categories aggregating the papers’ research themes and model outputs. Key themes emerging from topics covered by papers in the database included: modelling restoration development from a bog growth perspective; the prioritisation of modelling GHG emissions dynamics as a part of policymaking; the importance of spatial connectivity within or alongside process-based models to represent heterogeneous systems; and the emerging prevalence of remote sensing and machine learning techniques to predict restoration progress with little physical site intervention. Based on this assessment, CoupModel, DigiBog, and MPeat2D were calibrated for the case of Abbeyleix Bog, Co. Laois, Ireland (ongoing with results expected before April 2024). The exploration of subsequent simulations to represent varying peatland restoration conditions is discussed from an ecohydrological lens.
EMIT Global Dust Source and Emission Mineral Abundance Maps for Dust and Climate Modeling
Authors: Pérez García-Pando Carlos ,   EMIT Team
Published: March 2024

Soil dust aerosols, comprised of diverse minerals with varying relative abundances, particle size distribution (PSD), shape, surface topography, and mixing state, exert a significant influence on climate. Despite this complexity, conventional Earth System Models tend to assume a globally uniform dust aerosol composition, overlooking well-documented regional variations in the mineralogy of their sources. Existing models addressing dust mineralogical variations often rely on mineral abundance maps extrapolated from an insufficient and non-uniform set of soil sample analyses, especially scarce in arid and semiarid regions.This study introduces the first version of a series of global dust source and emission mineral abundance maps for dust and climate modelling built upon data from the Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) imaging spectrometer that is currently operational on the International Space Station (ISS). EMIT measures the spectral range from 0.38 to 2.50 microns through 285 contiguous spectral channels at a high spatial resolution of approximately 60 meters per pixel and ~77 km swath width. The EMIT ground system, utilizing Tetracorder, enables material identification and mapping on mineral spectra. EMIT provides quantitative maps for 10 critical minerals over dust sources pivotal for understanding interactions with the Earth System, with a specific emphasis on mapping iron oxides (hematite and goethite) to constrain the dust direct radiative effect.Our study offers a comprehensive overview of the diverse methods explored, challenges faced, and key assumptions made to provide quantitative dust source mineralogy. Notably, addressing the absence of information on quartz and feldspar, whose absorption features extend beyond the measured spectral range, poses a significant challenge. Methodologies range from a model that linearly relates mineral abundance to absorption-feature band depth, to more advanced models solving the non-linear multiple scattering radiative transfer problem, providing abundances across a broader range of conditions.Furthermore, the study provides insights into key assumptions guiding the derivation of mineral abundance maps for both clay and silt fractions of the soil. It also details methods rooted in brittle fragmentation theory, essential for estimating emitted size-resolved mineralogy, which is the critical input for Earth System Models.This research contributes to advancing our understanding of soil dust aerosols, laying the foundation for improved climate models that account for nuanced regional variations in mineralogical composition.
Testing the capability of the WRF model on representing temperature inversions in alpine basins and valleys
Authors: Perny Katharina , Formayer Herbert , Nadeem Imran
Published: March 2024

Persistent inversions and associated low wind situations during the winter months often lead to air pollution problems in alpine basins and valleys, regardless of emission levels. The aim of this work is to determine how well high-resolution simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are able to reproduce the occurrence and weather conditions during temperature inversions in complex topography.The city of Graz in south-eastern Austria often experiences increased strength and persistence of winter inversions due to its location and local topography. Experiments in this area with the WRF model show a better reproduction of these weather conditions when the shortwave radiation scheme Dudhia is used instead of the RRTMG, while variations in the microphysics and planetary boundary schemes did not lead to relevant changes in the model results.In a next step, additional basins and alpine valleys will be investigated to determine the influence of shape and extent of the topography on the results.The model is forced with the ECMWF-IFS analysis data with a spatial resolution of 9 km. Two one-way nested domains with resolutions of 3 and 1 km are used to investigate what resolution is required to adequately represent the local topographic effects. The model results are compared with station and radiosonde observations as well as with the analysis and nowcasting system INCA for Austria.
A comparative analysis of global models for riverine plastic input to the ocean
Authors: González-Fernández Daniel , Roebroek Caspar T.J. , Laufkötter Charlotte , van Emmerik Tim H.M. , Cózar Andrés
Published: March 2024

The plastic pollution crisis demands establishing a global science-policy framework to achieve a circular economy for plastics. Such a framework should be based on scientific evidence to evaluate the success of mitigating plastic pollution in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments. This work focuses on the role of rivers as main pathways connecting land-based plastic to the marine environment. Existing large-scale estimates of river plastic input to the ocean used different and contrasting choices in their modelling approaches, e.g., including highly variable number of rivers in the global outputs, differing item-to-mass conversion factors, and extrapolations from microplastic to macroplastic loads. We observed that estimates can diverge up to five orders of magnitude when global models are applied to individual rivers, denoting large uncertainties in the data and approaches used to extrapolate results for the most polluting rivers at World and European scales. These uncertainties would not allow for a quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of plastic mitigation measures, as the expected reduction of plastics in the environment would vary within a much lower range than the modelled estimates. The way forward to provide meaningful assessments involves collecting comparable data using harmonized sampling methods, increasing fundamental understanding of plastic transport and retention dynamics, and a better understanding of spatio-temporal variability of plastic transport in rivers.
Spectral signatures of submerged vegetation for remote sensing mapping and benthic coastal marine ecosystem quality assessment
Authors: Varini Fabrizio , Madonia Alice , Scanu Sergio , Piermattei Viviana , Marcelli Marco
Published: March 2024

In the context of international guidelines for the protection and conservation of biodiversity in natural environments, the assessment of the effects of human pressure on marine ecosystems assumes a key role. The scientific community has recognised Macroalgae and marine phanerogams as useful bioindicators, thanks to their considerable biomass, permanence, spectral retrieval and ease of identification. Remote sensing technology provides spatially synoptic and near real-time measurements that can be effectively used to detect pollution phenomena. However, remote sensing techniques, especially if applied in coastal areas, need correction and validation through in situ data collection.In the framework of the STOPP project “Strumenti e Tecniche di Osservazione della Terra in Prossimità e Persistenza” funded by Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), one of the main goals is the use of innovative aerial platforms, equipped with multispectral sensors, to monitor the impacts of anthropogenic pollution on benthic coastal marine ecosystems.In this work, we present the advances of the experimental activities aimed at analyzing the changes of the spectral signatures in response to different pollutant exposures in laboratory-controlled conditions, identifying the optimized protocol to detect the "target wavelengths" on seagrasses and macroalgae species. These results are useful for evaluating the feasibility of an innovative methodology for monitoring and mapping marine submerged vegetation through remote sensing.
STAC catalogs for time-varying in-situ data
Authors: Magin Justus
Published: March 2024

The ability to search a collection of datasets is an important factor for the usefulness of the data. By organizing the metadata into catalogs, we can enable dataset discovery, look up file locations and avoid access to the data files before the actual computation. Spatio-Temporal Asset Catalogs (STAC) is a increasingly popular language-agnostic specification and vibrant ecosystem of tools for geospatial data catalogs, and is tailored for raster data like satellite imagery. It allows for a search using a variety of patterns, including the spatial and temporal extent.In-situ data is heterogenous and would benefit from being cataloged, as well as the ecosystem of tools. However, due to the strict separation between the spatial and temporal dimensions in STAC the time-varying nature of in-situ data is not optimally captured. While for approximately stationary sensors like tide gauges, moorings, weather stations, and high-frequency radars this is not an issue (see https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-8096), it becomes troublesome for moving sensors, especially if the sensor moves at a high speed, covers big distances, or if the dataset contains a long time series.To resolve this, we extend the STAC specification by replacing the geojson data with the JSON-encoded ODC moving feature standard.
Investigating the Effect of Fracture Properties on Peclet Number of Enhanced Geothermal Systems
Authors: Khezri Khashayar , Jahangir Emad , Bruel Dominique , Abuaisha Murad
Published: March 2024

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms in subsurface environments is crucial for deep geothermal energy exploitation. Despite multiple studies on heat transfer in porous media, the combination of different heat transfer mechanisms with fracture networks leads to uncertainty in the temperature distribution in geothermal sites.More specifically, heat convection and conduction are two major mechanisms responsible for heat transfer in porous media. Conduction occurs through rock matrix and is more dominant than convection in intact rocks due to their low porosity. However, fracture networks in rocks increase fluid transfer in certain directions, making convection more important in heat transfer. At a certain point, it becomes difficult to identify which mechanism is more prevalent. Besides this difficulty, achieving a balance between these two key mechanisms and determining the optimal Peclet number is very crucial for the geothermal energy industry to extract adequate volume of water at the desired temperature, which is essential for smooth operation of geothermal systems. In this study, a two dimensional coupled thermo-hydraulic model in COMSOL is developed to simulate heat transfer mechanisms in enhanced geothermal systems on field scale. Characteristic time variables based on hydraulic and thermal diffusivities are defined to monitor heat distribution through the domain caused by each mechanism. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed to identify how the temperature is affected by rock (thermal and hydraulic) parameters and fracture patterns. The simulation results indicate that the Peclet number is highly dependent on fracture network.
Evaluating the trade-offs between precision, prediction lead time, transferability, and generalisation in data-driven models for wheat prediction in Morocco
Authors: Oulaid Bader , Milne Alice , Waine Toby , El Alami Rafiq , Corstanje Ron
Published: March 2024

Achieving precision in predicting wheat yields is a critical aspect of agricultural planning, risk mitigation and food security. Here, we present a methodological approach to study the trade-offs between precision, prediction lead time, generalisability, and transferability in wheat yield prediction across arid and semi-arid climates. The methodology leveraged Sentinel-2 satellite imagery for phenology extraction, focusing on derivatives to capture essential model features indicative of wheat growth in distinct climatic zones in Morocco. Model evaluation highlighted varied performances across models and regions, with Support Vector Regression excelling in arid regions (RMSE of 0.23 t.ha-1), while globally, Random Forest consistently outperformed the other models (i.e., Random Forest and Multiple Linear regression). Precision, crucial for capturing evolving growth dynamics, necessitated an increasing number of selected features as the crop progressed and more satellite imagery were available. However, this precision came with trade-offs. Model transferability faced substantial challenges, resulting in notable prediction errors (up to 72.8% decrease in RMSE) when models are transferred between climates. Generalised models revealed lower performances as compared to baseline models in arid climates, emphasizing limitations in leveraging broader training domains.
Nature-Based Solutions for stormwater management: A case study with Multi-Hydro in Parc Molière, France
Authors: Ávila Vasconcelos Ismael , Versini Pierre-Antoine , da Silva Rocha Paz Igor
Published: March 2024

Over the last few decades, the urban hydrological cycle has undergone significant changes due to the influence of the built environment, resulting in rapid runoff and increased risk of flooding. Faced with these challenges, nature-based solutions (NBS) are emerging as an appropriate response, especially in densely populated areas, facing the impacts of climate change and biodiversity loss. The application of green infrastructures, as evidenced by Parc Molière in Les Mureaux, France, with its 700 trees, 11,500 m² of flowerbeds, 8,700 m² of grassland and 5,000 m² of gardens, represents a sustainable approach to urban stormwater management. By reintroducing extensive impermeable areas to the open air, Parc Molière strengthens biodiversity, facilitates animal movement, promotes air cooling and reduces urban heat islands, while also modifying hydrological behavior. Carried out in the framework of the LIFE ARTISAN project, this study uses the Multi-Hydro software, developed at the École des Ponts ParisTech, to computationally model the Parc Molière area in two different scenarios: before and after the creation of the green spaces. Based on a fully distributed and physical hydrological model, Multi-Hydro is able to illustrate the influence of NBS by comparing the obtained simulations with instrumented hydrological data. The results should demonstrate that the NBS have a significant impact on peak flow and total runoff volume, mitigating the negative effects in an urban hydrological scenario.
Prediction of sill fjord basin water renewals and oxygen levels
Authors: Bettencourt João
Published: March 2024

The water in the basin of sill fjords is renewed occasionally. In some fjords, this renewal occurs irregularly while in others it has a more regular character. Independently of the renewal period, the renewal mechanism is thought to be common to all sill fjords: subsurface water outside of the fjord mouth lifted above the sill depth will trigger a renewal, provided that the lifted water mass is denser than the water in the basin. In Western Norway, the northerly, upwelling favorable winds that occur during Spring/Summer, provide a forcing for the uplifting of the isopycnals and bring dense, subsurface water to the upper water column, thereby creating the conditions for renewals to occur. The renewal of sill fjord basins is an important aspect of the fjord ecological condition because it supplies oxygen rich water to the fjord basin, whose oxygen is consumed by the degradation of organic matter during the stagnant periods. Byfjorden is the urban fjord in Bergen, Norway. It is heavily urbanized and has been consistently showing lower oxygen levels in its basin, which has ecological implications.Byfjorden’s basin water is regularly renewed between the months of March and August and a strong link to coastal and atmospheric variability is well known, which makes it an attractive choice for the application of Deep Learning to predict basin water renewal in sill fjords, in the context of the atmospheric and hydrographic setting of the Norwegian coast.In this work, the prediction of deep water renewal in Byfjorden and the basin’s oxygen levels is investigated with deep learning techniques. After a statistical study of oxygen variability correlation with wind forcing along the Norwegian coast, we develop and test a model to predict renewals and fill gaps in Byfjorden’s oxygenatio record.
Urban Surface Energy Flux Estimations Utilizing a Thermodynamic Analytical Framework
Authors: Gupta Mayank , Khandare Ajinkya , Ghosh Subimal
Published: March 2024

At the local scale, energy exchange shapes microclimates and ecosystems crucial for human health and well-being. For urban areas, the effect, such as Urban Heat Island, is directly manifested in these surface energy fluxes with contrasting responses in values between urban and rural areas. Although progress has been achieved in modeling the land surface energy balance, challenges arise from complex, variable parameterizations linked to surface and climate characteristics, introducing uncertainties. In this work, we utilized the thermodynamic theory that considers the land-atmosphere as a radiative-convective system to analytically estimate total turbulent heat flux and land surface heat storage flux for 20 Urban sites and compared them with Eddy covariance observations. The heat fluxes are determined only from four primary parameters: incoming and outgoing longwave and shortwave radiations at the terrestrial surface. Using the monthly averages derived from the total turbulent flux estimates at the eddy covariance sites, we observed root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 29.16 ± 11.3 Wm−2, a mean bias error (MBE) of -7.09 ± 19.6 Wm−2 and R2 value of 0.82 ± 0.16. We further tested the analytical estimates with land use land cover of Urban sites. Our findings illustrate the distribution of land surface heat storage flux estimates following land use land cover characteristics. The analytical estimates of heat fluxes for urban areas offer several advantages, such as ease of implementation and inexpensive computation, facilitating the evaluation of urban land use feedback for informed urban planning.
Geospatial and remote sensing analysis for earthquake risk management: The case study of Ancient Olympia archaeological site. 
Authors: Alatza Stavroula , Stasinos Nikolaos , Stathopoulos Nikolaos , Papakonstantinou Marietta , Tsoutsos Michail-Christos , Kontoes Charalampos
Published: March 2024

The Western Greece is one of the most tectonically active regions in the Mediterranean Sea, due to the subduction of the African plate underneath the Eurasian plate. The past years, major earthquakes occurred in Western Greece, causing destructions and casualties. Ancient Olympia, located in the North West of the Peloponnese in Western Greece, combines a great cultural background with natural beauty and is also associated with the Olympic Games. It is among the most visited archaeological sites in Greece, as it combines cultural tourism, eco-tourism and sports tourism. However, the complex tectonic field of Western Greece, including the broader area around Ancient Olympia, raises awareness and dictates the adoption of preventive and recovery measures in case of an earthquake risk in Western Peloponnese. Therefore, we propose an emergency and recovery plan for an earthquake risk scenario, that will be implemented in the broader area around the archaeological site of Ancient Olympia. Satellite and geospatial data are processed to extract all necessary thematic information. Additionally, multi-temporal InSAR analysis of Sentinel-1 images, is performed to identify areas exposed to ground deformation phenomena, therefore vulnerable during an earthquake. Detailed thematic information layers, combined with the identification of ground instabilities in the wider area around Ancient Olympia, will contribute to an efficient evacuation and reconstruction plan. Since cultural heritage sites are often exposed to various hazards, including geohazards, preparedness, risk assessment and emergency management near cultural heritage sites, is of great importance for their protection and preservation. AcknowledgementsThe research was funded by the Working Programme 2021 under the Caroline Herschel Framework Partnership Agreement on Copernicus User Uptake.
Investigating the distribution and residence time of carbon in the rhizosphere by image-based modelling at the pore-scale
Authors: Rötzer Maximilian , Prechtel Alexander , Lehndorff Eva , Ray Nadja
Published: March 2024

Mathematical models serve as valuable tools for unraveling the spatial heterogeneity and evolution of soil particles and carbon, particularly on the pore scale, that might be challenging to measure directly. The model we provide facilitates the exploration of interactions in the rhizosphere by the manipulation of different drivers and their parametrization. The focus of our study is on the residence time and spatial distribution of carbon originating from particulate organic matter and rhizodeposits. This process of turnover and distribution is influenced by a number of drivers. We provide insights into the role of some of these drivers across different stages of root growth, including carbon occlusion due to aggregation, chemical composition of rhizodeposits, and root morphology. We employ a spatially and temporally explicit mathematical model in which different components such as soil particles, carbon and a dynamic root interact. It is realized within a cellular automaton framework combined with an organic matter turnover model. Through numerical simulations, we track the temporal evolution of mineral soil particles bound by gluing agents. Spatially resolved datasets of soil texture and organic matter distribution are used to implement different soil types comparable with field experiments. Realistic parametrizations are derived from a laboratory experiment conducted in a rhizobox, measuring the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio at distinct temporal states of root growth and varying spatial distances from the biopore.We compare and quantify the individual impact that soil, root and rhizodeposit characteristics have on the residence time and dispersal of carbon. Using an image-based modeling approach, we gain insight into spatiotemporal patterns and analyze the properties of regions with low turnover, so-called cold spots. 
Reduction of seismic noise with depth - Characterisation of ambient seismic noise for surface and borehole stations at three candidate sites of the Einstein Telescope
Authors: Frietsch Michael , Forbriger Thomas , Giunchi Carlo , Di Giovanni Matteo , Naticchioni Luca , Rietbrock Andreas
Published: March 2024

The next generation gravitational wave detector Einstein Telescope (ET) is planned to be built at a depth of about 200 m to 300 m to significantly reduce the influence of ambient seismic noise with respect to current surface detectors. Three candidate sites for ET are currently under investigation: Sardinia (Italy), Lausitz (Germany), and the Euregio Meuse-Rhine (EMR, Netherlands, Belgium, Germany). Broadband downhole and surface seismometers have been installed at all three sites over the last couple of years which now allows the comparison of seismic noise levels and reduction with depth. Furthermore, we include the Sos Enattos mine in Sardinia, as an additional reference location. We see a significant reduction in seismic noise with depth over a broad frequency range above 1 Hz and below 0.1 Hz. The most significant noise reduction is observed in the frequency band between 3 to 30 Hz for which all sites reach a noise level below 10-7 m2 s-4 Hz-1 at depth. For the Lausitz and EMR sites we measure a reduction of seismic noise with depth of up to 40 dB while Sardinia shows an exceptionally low seismic noise above 2 Hz even below the NLNM but shows the smallest improvement with depth because noise levels are remarkably low at the surface. The noise can be attributed to various sources such as anthropogenic and ocean generated microseisms. The EMR and Lausitz sites show a clear reduction of seismic noise during nights and weekends. The day/night and week/weekend dynamic of cultural noise is not very pronounced for the Sardinia site. Our favoured explanation for the extremely low noise level in Sardinia is therefore the low level of anthropogenic noise. However, the ocean generated microseism is strongest at the Sardinia site due to the Mediterranean Sea that is located only a few tens of kilometers from the candidate site location. The exceptionally low ambient noise level in Sardinia at above 2Hz exposes the self-noise of the Trilium Slimline borehole seismometer and the noise floor of the CENTAUR digitizer as the limiting factor at frequencies above 4 Hz. 
Fracture and magma pathways development above sill like magmatic chambers in strike-slip setting
Authors: Staněk Martin , Závada Prokop , Krýza Ondřej
Published: March 2024

The Reykjanes Peninsula (RP) in southwestern Iceland represents a zone of oblique rifting where the divergent boundary of the Mid-Atlantic ridge is offset to the eastern Iceland along a left-lateral transform fault - the South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ). RP and the SISZ represent regions of the most abundant earthquake activity on Iceland, development of fissure arrays and occasional lava eruptions. A series of earthquake swarms at RP in the 2021-2023 period indicates development of distributed fracture networks along ENE direction of the transform fault and two new fissure arrays trending NE divided by a gap in seismicity. In the last 3 years, the volcanic activity culminated two times in volcanic eruptions, bringing magmas from Moho depth at 15 km.Inspired by the recent tectonic activity at RP, we conducted a series of analogue experiments consisting of a silicone magma chamber embedded in a photoelastic gelatine crust. The aim of our study is to constrain the links between the depth level of the magma chamber, the crustal scale fracture arrays, faults, magma pathways, superficial fractures and the location of related potential volcanic activity in a transform setting. Inducing strike slip deformation of the system, we explored the influence of shape and orientation of the magmatic chamber on the evolution and pattern of progressively developed fractures along the central shear domain. During the experiment, we captured the stress fringe patterns in the fractured gelatine. The surface deformation was traced by a stereoscopic digital image correlation (DIC) system employing two high-speed LaVision cameras. Analog magma spreading was traced using fluorescent dye mixed to the silicone or into the gelatine interlayer.Modelling results show that decoupling of the crust above the magma reservoir in strike-slip setting produces a domain with higher vorticity bounded by a conjugate set of tensional fractures. The largest open fractures initiate at and propagate from the intersection of the principal strike-slip fault plane with the vertical contact of the magma chamber and the surrounding crust. Including other open fractures, the orientation of the fracture set is oblique (~ 60°) to the fault plane. With formation approximately coeval to those of the fractures, fine wrinkles at the crust surface are observed with orientation of ~ 120° with respect to the fault plane.
Understanding the Regional Disparity of the Sea Level Rise during Altimetry Era
Authors: Deng Rong , Dong Wenjie
Published: March 2024

The application of satellite altimetry allows us to acquire global sea level height data with higher spatial and temporal resolution, enabling a systematic understanding of spatial differences in sea level rise. In our study, we reconstructed the barystatic sea level and steric sea level change during the altimetry era (1993-2022). This involved utilizing mass change data and ocean heat content data from various sources. Notably, we incorporated the latest observation and model-simulation data, ensuring coverage of the entire altimetry era compared with previous reconstructions. Based on altimetry-observed relative sea level change, the global sea level rise rate is 3.38 [3.09 3.68] mm/yr, the global barystatic and steric sea level change is 1.80 [1.45 2.15] mm/my, and 1.02 [0.67 1.37] mm/yr, respectively. Subsequently, we further analyzed the regional characteristics of these sea level rises.Over the past three decades, sea levels have exhibited a faster rate of increase in the western basins, as well as in the equatorial and mid-latitude region, surpassing the global average. Conversely, sea level rise at higher latitudes has been relatively slower than the global average. In the mid-low latitude regions, the higher rate of sea level rise is primarily dominated by the expansion of ocean water due to its heating. In high-latitude regions, the lower sea level rise rate is primarily attributed to the far-field effects of the melting of land ice. The distribution of halosteric sea level changes is nearly uniform across latitudes. However, in the western Atlantic, a significant counteracting effect against the rise in thermosteric sea level is observed. This is linked to the weakening Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC).Furthermore, we selected 8 regions, North Pacific (NP), South China Sea (SCS), Western Tropical Pacific (WTP), Bay of Bengal (BOB), Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO), Southwest Pacific (SWP), Gulf of Mexico (GOM), and North Atlantic (NA), with sea level rise rates faster than the global average. We analyzed the contributions of different components to the sea level rise in these areas. These regions are all adjacent to land or have a significant number of islands, the faster sea level rise poses a greater threat to the corresponding coastal areas. The contributions of barystatic and steric sea level components are approximately equal in most of these regions. However, in SCS and GOM, the contributions of the barystatic component exceed 60%. The halosteric sea level has a significant negative contribution to the sea level rise in the GOM and NA. The Antarctic Ice Sheet and Greenland Ice Sheet melting contribute to sea level rise in these regions by less than 15%, and more than 15%, respectively. The highest contribution of glacier melting is in the SCS, approximately 23%. Compared to the melting of land ice, changes in land water contribute limitedly to sea level rise in these regions. The contribution is less than 10%, except for in NA.
The potential impacts of climate change and forest management on water resources for micro-, meso- and macro-scale catchments in cold regions
Authors: Huang Shaochun , Eisner Stephanie , Wong Wai Kwok , Cattaneo Nicolas
Published: March 2024

Potential climate change impacts on water resources have been extensively assessed in Norway due to substantial changes in climate in the recent decades. However, the combined and isolated effects of forest and forest management have been rarely considered in the climate impact studies in Norway although about 38% of the land area is covered by forest. This study aims to improve hydrological impact projections in forest dominant catchments by considering the effects of forest growth and management and to attribute hydrological changes to climate and forest changes. The eco-hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model) was applied to simulate hydrological processes and extremes for two micro-scale, two meso-scale and two macro-scale catchments, accounting for the effects of spatial scale. The climate projections were generated by three EURO-CORDEX (Coordinated Downscaling Experiment for the European domain) regional climate models (RCMs) for two RCPs (Representative Concentration Pathways, RCP2.6 and RCP4.5) and were bias corrected using the quantile-mapping method. Forest development over time was simulated as a function of climate determining growth and SSP-dependent harvest levels determining wood outtake. The simulations were initialized with the forest status of the year 2020 and different forest types are distinguished according to structural characteristics represented by three key parameters: leaf area index, mean tree height and surface albedo. Preliminary simulation results show that there are minor changes (within ±5%) in hydrological processes under the combinations of the climate and forest scenarios for these catchments. Climate change is the major driver of hydrological change at the catchment scale whereas forest development mainly influences the spatial distribution of the hydrological fluxes. The results further indicate that forest growth under a warming climate helps to reduce the risk of the floods and drought slightly by reducing surface runoff in wet periods and increasing base flow in dry periods, respectively.
Uncovering the moisture and heat sources to croplands during agricultural failure events
Authors: Li Hao , Keune Jessica , Miralles Diego
Published: March 2024

Dry and hot climate anomalies threaten rainfed agricultural productivity worldwide. Land–atmosphere feedbacks play a critical role during these abnormal weather events; for example, dry soils reduce evaporation and enhance sensible heating over the land surface, thereby amplifying air temperatures and water deficits for crops, consequently leading to agriculture failure. Moreover, these anomalies of moisture and heat upwind can be translated into downwind regions, thus leading to the spatial propagation of crop-adverse climate conditions. In this presentation, we analyse precipitation and temperature anomalies associated with crop failure events over the world’s largest 75 rainfed breadbaskets. Then the spatio-temporal origins of moisture and heat over these breadbaskets are determined using a novel atmospheric Lagrangian modelling framework along with satellite observations. Results indicate that upwind and local land–atmosphere feedbacks together cause lower moisture and higher heat transport into these breadbaskets, leading to decreases in yield of up to 40%. By zooming into the Southeastern Australia wheat belt as an example, known for experiencing recurrent droughts and heatwaves, we provide a detailed analysis of the anomalies of water and energy fluxes and atmospheric circulation and their impacts on moisture and heat sources. We find a substantial impact of advection of dry and hot air from upwind terrestrial regions, particularly during crop failure events, i.e., 1994, 2002, and 2006. Persistent high-pressure systems significantly alter moisture and heat imports into the wheat belt during these events, with upwind drought conditions intensifying rainfall deficits and heat stress in the agricultural region.Our study suggests the potential for upwind land management to mitigate agricultural losses in rainfed, water-limited regions. Further understanding the intricate relationships between upwind and local influences on global breadbaskets, and specific regions like Southeastern Australia, may provide crucial insights for developing adaptive measures to avert food shortages in the face of a changing climate.
Spatial Generalization of 4DVarNet in ocean colour Remote Sensing
Authors: Dorffer Clément , Nguyen Thi Thuy Nga , Jourdin Fréderic , Fablet Ronan
Published: March 2024

4DVarNet algorithm is an AI based variational approach that performs spatiotemporal time-series interpolation. It has been used with success on Ocean Color satellite images to fill in the blank of missing data due to e.g., the satellites trajectories or the clouds covering. 4DVarNet has shown impressive interpolation performances compare to other classical approaches such as DInEOF.We propose to show that 4DVarNet is a flexible model that learns global dynamics instead of local patterns, thus enabling it to interpolate different type of data, i.e., data from different spatio-temporal domain and/or representing different variables, using the same pre-trained model.The core of our technique involves extrapolating the learned models to other, somewhat larger geographical areas, including the entire Mediterranean and other regions like the North Sea. We achieve this by segmenting larger areas into smaller and manageable sections, and then choosing a section to train the model. Finally the trained model is applied to each segment and seamlessly integrating the prediction results. This method ensures detailed and accurate coverage over extensive areas, significantly enhancing the predictive power of our models while maintaining low computational costs.Our results demonstrate that this approach not only outperforms traditional methods in terms of accuracy but also provides a scalable solution, adaptable to various geographical contexts. By leveraging localized training and strategic extrapolation, we offer a robust framework for ocean monitoring, paving the way for advanced satellite image applications in diverse settings.
A new approach of monitoring CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers from time-lapse gravity data
Authors: Milano Maurizio , Fedi Maurizio
Published: March 2024

Here we assessed surface gravity monitoring as tool for detecting the CO2 plume in deep saline aquifers during the injection and post-injection phases. We used the available benchmark model of the Johansen reservoir to conduct the simulation of CO2 storage at about 3 km of depth for 70 years and using different injection rates. We calculated the gravity response at surface from the estimated models of reservoir density and saturation at different time intervals. The forward calculation is achieved by assuming a tetrahedral mesh discretization, such as to ensure an accurate and detailed reconstruction of the complex reservoir.We proposed a new approach for monitoring the mass stored into the reservoir based on the DEXP method, which allows an effective reduction of interference effects from nearby sources and provide accurate results even when the anomaly is incompletely defined, due to a not proper areal coverage of the survey.This study clearly shows that the appropriate choice of the injection rate strongly impacts on the ability to recover useful gravity signal at the surface, beyond the measurement error threshold. We also provide an in-depth analysis of the effect of noise on the mass change estimates.Our approach could be a valid tool for conducting real time monitoring of the CO2 as it could accurately determine the effective mass stored in the reservoir. This is particularly important as it does not require information about the source and could make surface gravity surveying as an independent monitoring strategy.