bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Claude Lorrain Mirror
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

In the late 18th century, aesthetes would tour the countryside to view scenes in a device called the Claude Lorrain mirror. The Claude Lorrain mirror was a black convex mirror that was stored in a padded case. Viewers would set up the scene with great care, holding the mirror before them and looking at the scene behind them in reflection, as if arranging the shoot for a photograph. But there was no way that they could subsequently record the scene, since the samera had not yet been invented, and so they only had their memories of the image so carefully created. How did these devices work, and why did people use them?
Trojans under the Influence of Atomism (Epic Winners)
Authors: Gorey Matthew M.
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines scenes in the Aeneid in which Trojan characters are associated with Lucretian atomic imagery. It argues that atomic imagery is used to portray moments of hesitation, difficulty, and doubt for the poem’s protagonists, when they risk straying from their fated mission to found a new city in Latium. Atomic imagery appears during the sack of Troy in Book 2, during the plague on Crete in Book 3, and in descriptions of Aeneas’ indecision in Books 4, 5, and 8. Atomic imagery serves an important thematic function in these scenes, connecting Aeneas’ confusion to Epicurean cosmology in a way that emphasizes both its randomness and its incompatibility with Rome’s imperial destiny.
Leaks of Classified Information
Authors: Morell Michael
Published: April 2021

This essay assesses the motivation of leakers, the damage from leaks, and the responsibilities of journalists and the Intelligence Community. The essay argues that leaks generally have nothing to do with government wrongdoing, leakers are rarely motivated by a belief that the public needs to know about government wrongdoing, though leakers often claim to be, and the damage to the security and economy of the country from leaks is tremendous. News organizations should take seriously the potential damage from publication of classified information and should weigh the public good against that potential damage to national security. The Intelligence Community should build relationships with the media based on honesty and trust, so they will be seen as acting in good faith when they ask the media not to publish classified information for security reasons. All leakers should be prosecuted, so there can be an assessment of whether those who claim they acted for the public good actually did so.
Forcing the Better Argument
Authors: Pineda Erin R.
Published: April 2021

This chapter details the outward-facing dynamics of civil disobedience by examining the tactics employed in the 1963 Birmingham Campaign. Though Birmingham is often memorialized as the pinnacle of nonviolent and properly civil disobedience in the United States, the tactics that the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) deployed there trouble the easy distinction between persuasion and coercion, nonviolence and force. Activists in Birmingham described and defended their actions as crisis-generating—what this chapter calls the tactics of disruption and the tactics of disclosure. In a society shaped by white supremacy, black activists knew that they would have to arrest the attention of white citizens—disrupt everyday routines, violate norms of comportment, and involve spectators in a dramatic conflict—in order to create the space for persuasion to do its work. They had to force the better argument.
The Wretched Atom
Authors: Hamblin Jacob Darwin
Published: April 2021

After the Second World War, the United States offered a new kind of atom that differed from the bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This atom would cure diseases, produce new foods, make deserts bloom, and provide abundant energy for all. It was an atom destined for the formerly colonized, recently occupied, and mostly non-white parts of the world that were dubbed the “wretched of the earth” by Frantz Fanon. The “peaceful atom” had so much propaganda potential that President Dwight Eisenhower used it to distract the world from his plan to test even bigger thermonuclear weapons. His scientists said the peaceful atom would quicken the pulse of nature, speeding nations along the path of economic development and helping them to escape the clutches of disease, famine, and energy shortfalls. That promise became one of the most misunderstood political weapons of the twentieth century. It was adopted by every subsequent US president to exert leverage over other nations’ weapons programs, to corner world markets of uranium and thorium, and to secure petroleum supplies. Other countries embraced it, building reactors and training experts. Atomic promises were embedded in Japan’s postwar recovery, Ghana’s pan-Africanism, Israel’s quest for survival, Pakistan’s brinksmanship with India, and Iran’s pursuit of nuclear independence. As The Wretched Atom shows, promoting civilian atomic energy was an immense gamble, and it was never truly peaceful. American promises ended up exporting violence and peace in equal measure. While the United States promised peace and plenty, it planted the seeds of dependency and set in motion the creation of today’s expanded nuclear club.
Introduction
Authors: Lauve-Moon Katie
Published: April 2021

This chapter begins with a narrative of gathering at the Nevertheless, She Preached conference. It offers a more personal connection to those experiencing gendered hurdles associated with the stained-glass ceiling, introduces the research setting, and presents the research questions. It also introduces the notion of sexism without sexists and connects this phenomenon to sexist patterns within progressive religious congregations as well as broader society. The chapter presents current national statistics demonstrating women pastors’ underrepresentation in other predominantly Christian denominations as well as the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship specifically, surveys existing research on the stained-glass ceiling, and identifies the gaps in the literature. Finally, this introductory chapter provides a historical overview of the theoretical framework of gender structure. Given that this book is intended for those studying gender as well as religious professionals and churchgoers, time is allowed for dismantling gender essentialism and explaining the concepts of gender, gendered organizations, and gender structure. Additionally, the introduction provides a description of the methodology and the congregations included in the study and concludes with chapter summaries.
The Body
Authors: Lauve-Moon Katie
Published: April 2021

Chapter 4 illustrates how congregants’ perceptions of women’s bodies prove incongruent with their preferred conceptions of authority and leadership. It then draws on interview data to show how women pastors are simultaneously expected to conceal and accentuate their femininity, are sexualized by male congregants as they engage in leadership tasks, and face organizational expectations about their weight and appearance that are often contradictory. Moreover, this chapter demonstrates how gendered congregational perceptions related to the body create impossible and additional expectations for women pastors that are not applied in the evaluation of male pastors’ performances. Finally, this chapter highlights how women maneuver through these organizational barriers in ways that are perhaps necessary to succeed but ultimately reinforce the inequitable gender structure of these congregations.
Building Cumulative Culture
Authors: Sterelny Kim
Published: April 2021

This chapter begins with a discussion of methodological issues about historical reconstruction and scenario-building. To what extent can a theory of the emergence of human social behaviour be empirically constrained? What is known (and what is not known) of the behaviour of early humans? The chapter then turns to a substantive project: developing an account of the gradual expansion of cultural learning in the hominin lineage, and of the archaeological signatures of a gradual increase in bandwidth and reliability of that learning. The emphasis in this chapter is the importance of cultural learning in making cooperation increasingly profitable.
Institutional Networks
Authors: Bell Christopher
Published: April 2021

Chapter 6 offers a discussion of the several monasteries and chapels that have strong connections to Nechung Monastery, and which form a larger ritual hegemony that reinforces the dominance of the Dalai Lamas’ state cult. These centers predominantly include institutions that have ties to other monasteries or are older than Nechung yet were brought into its liturgical and iconographic orbit, such as Meru Nyingpa, Gadong Monastery, Tsel Yangön, and Karmasha Chapel. Smaller chapels like Banakzhöl have more direct influence, but all of them evince an increase in ritual ties to the Five King Spirits, their retinue, and to the cult of Nechung more explicitly. This connection began in the seventeenth century and expanded in the following centuries under the administration of later Dalai Lamas.
Economics of Faith
Authors: Chung-Kim Esther
Published: April 2021

This book addresses the role of religious reformers in the development of poor relief in the sixteenth century. During the Reformation, religious leaders served as catalysts, organizers, stabilizers, and consolidators of various programs to alleviate poverty. Although once in line with religious piety, voluntary poverty was no longer a spiritual virtue for many religious reformers. Rather, they imagined social welfare reform to be an integral part of religious reform and worked to modify existing common chests or establish new ones. As crises and migration exacerbated poverty and caused begging to be an increasing concern, Catholic humanists and Protestant reformers moved beyond traditional almsgiving to urge coordination and centralization of a poor relief system. For example, Martin Luther promoted the consolidation of former ecclesiastical property in the poor relief plan for Leisnig in 1523, while Juan Luis Vives devised a new social welfare proposal for Bruges in 1526. In negotiations with magistrates and city councils, reformers shaped various local institutions, such as hospitals, orphanages, job creation programs, and scholarships for students, as well as developed new ways of supporting foreigners, strangers, and refugees. Religious leaders contributed to caring for the vulnerable because poverty was a problem too big for any one group to tackle. As religious options multiplied within Christianity, one’s understanding of community would determine the boundaries, albeit contested and sometimes fluid, of responsible poor relief.
Heinrich Bullinger
Authors: Chung-Kim Esther
Published: April 2021

Although Ulrich Zwingli started the Swiss Reformation in Zürich, his successor Heinrich Bullinger was the main stabilizer for the reform movement during his forty-plus years as chief minister from 1532 to 1575. Bullinger’s advocacy through his sermons and speeches (Fürträge) before the city council regularly reminded the politicians of their duty to care for the poor. Although the Zurich council circumscribed the role of ministers to spiritual matters, Bullinger believed that ensuring a proper poor relief system was an important part of the pastors’ ministry to the people. Because church funds were in secular control, Bullinger’s involvement in poor relief emerged from his development as a church leader in which he justified his social-political critiques against the lack of effective poor relief based on Scripture, church history, Christian ethics, and socioeconomic needs. His persistence urged the Zürich council to reconsider and revise its poor relief policies to include poverty prevention.
The Religious Experience Communal Prayer and Group Identity
Authors: Hoffman Michael
Published: April 2021

This chapter describes the religious experience in sectarian environments as expressed by the participants themselves. This chapter provides essential texture to the analysis by allowing worshipers to speak for themselves. Using responses from open-ended interview questions in both Lebanon and Iraq, it reveals the ways in which communal worship promotes sectarian solidarity and group-centric political preferences. The Lebanese interviews illustrate the link between communal worship and political preferences. Distinct themes emerged between sects; while communal prayer heightened sectarian identity for all sects, each sect reported different political messages. For Christians, the emphasis was on preserving their community's privileges in a changing political landscape. For Sunnis, the emphasis was on avoiding divisions imposed from outside. For Shi`a, political messages stressed political and economic marginalization and called for an end to the sectarian system. In each of these cases, interviews indicated that religious-political messaging in places of worship clearly reflects political circumstances and sectarian interests, a relationship explored in-depth in subsequent chapters.
Religious Parties and Religious Organizations: The Fruits of Partnership
Authors: Yadav Vineeta
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses the strategic challenges that religious parties face as they look to survive and succeed politically in Muslim-majority countries. It identifies national, private, da ‘wa organizations and Sufi orders as the religious lobbies of interest in these countries. It discusses the institutional interests and policy preferences of these religious lobbies and how they strategize to achieve them. It introduces the concept of socioeconomic institutionalization of religious organizations, discusses why these organizations want to increase it, and how higher socioeconomic institutionalization translates into increased capacity and effectiveness in lobbying for religious organizations. Finally, it argues that given their mutual ideological and policy interests, religious parties and religious organizations are natural partners in politics. It also discusses why secular parties and nonreligious organizations are unreliable partners for religious organizations and religious parties respectively.
The Fall of an Icon: The Decline in Civil Liberties in Turkey
Authors: Yadav Vineeta
Published: April 2021

This chapter continues the analysis of the Turkish case by testing whether the two conditions stated in Hypothesis 2—religious parties in government, and highly institutionalized religious organizations—predict a decline in civil liberties in Turkey. It identifies two distinct periods corresponding to the presence of highly institutionalized religious organizations in the (i) absence and (ii) presence of religious parties in government. According to the argument articulated in Hypothesis 2, civil liberties should only decline for religious reasons starting in 2003 when the religious AKP came to power in the context of highly institutionalized religious organizations and both conditions were satisfied in Turkey. The chapter uses additional evidence from the survey of 200 Turkish politicians, analytical narratives from Turkish political history, and quantitative data to test support for Hypothesis 2 and its corollaries in Turkey and finds strong support for them.
Conclusion: Summary and Implications for Future Research
Authors: Yadav Vineeta
Published: April 2021

This chapter first provides a summary of the book’s main arguments and findings and then discusses their scope. It presents evidence that these arguments may be useful in understanding the preferences, choices, and consequences of religious parties and religious organizations well beyond Muslim-majority countries. It then discusses some of the nuances and variations that future research must examine in order to further improve our understanding of the social and political implications of the rise of religious parties. This include addressing the role of militant groups, ideological differences, external donors, and unpacking the internal dynamics of coalitions and parties. Finally, it illustrates how the findings in this book regarding the behaviors of religious parties and religious lobbies can be used to address specific outstanding questions in institutions, comparative politics, and political economy, including judicial independence, the strength of populist movements, democratic backsliding, and environmental policies.
Music for Others
Authors: Myrick Nathan
Published: April 2021

Musical activity is one of the most ubiquitous and highly valued forms of social interaction in North America—from sporting events to political rallies, concerts to churches. Its use as an affective agent for political and religious programs suggests that it has ethical significance, but it is one of the most undertheorized aspects of both theological ethics and music scholarship. Music for Others: Care, Justice, and Relational Ethics in Christian Music fills part of this scholarly gap by focusing on the religious aspects of musical activity, particularly on the practices of Christian communities. It is based on ethnomusicological fieldwork at three Protestant churches and interviews with a group of seminary students, combined with theories of discourse, formation, response, and care ethics oriented toward restorative justice. The book argues that relationships are ontological for both human beings and musical activity. It further argues that musical meaning and emotion converge in human bodies such that music participates in personal and communal identity construction in affective ways—yet these constructions are not always just. Thus, Music for Others argues that music is ethical when it preserves people in and restores people to just relationships with each other, and thereby with God.
Different Memories, Different Worlds
Authors: Wertsch James V.
Published: April 2021

The chapter begins with an illustration of a “mnemonic standoff” between the author and Vitya, a Soviet friend from the 1970s, over the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. The two are stunned that they had such different accounts of “what really happened,” and this leads to three general questions: 1. How is it that there can be such strong disagreement between entire national communities about the past? 2. Why were Vitya and I so certain that our accounts of the events in 1945 were true? 3. What deeper, more general commitments of a national community led to the tenacity with which we held our views? The remaining sections of the chapter address why national memory, as opposed to other forms of collective memory, deserves special attention, what a “narrative approach” to national memory is, and how disciplinary collaboration is required to deal with such questions. It then turns to three illustrations that help clarify the conceptual claims. The first involves American and Russian national memory of World War II, the second focuses on differences between Chinese and American memory of the bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade in 1999, and the third examines how Russian national memory is used as a lens for interpreting contemporary events in Russia and Georgia. Final sections of the chapter introduce the notion of narratives as “equipment for living” in national memory.
Selectivity and Emplotment in National Memory
Authors: Wertsch James V.
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses how narrative tools serve to select and neglect information in national memory. This view contrasts with standard assumptions about how the process is primarily a matter of top-down coercion by state authorities. Instead, it is argued that all parties in a national community, including state authorities, do their thinking and speaking with the help of narrative tools, giving an essential role to bottom-up cultural and psychological forces. The section “Resources for Selectivity in National Memory” examines selecting events and actors in accordance with what Zerubavel terms “mnemonic focusing.” In the USSR this often involved “blank spots” where events were airbrushed from official memory. Official Soviet accounts of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact are used to illustrate that even suppressing concrete details in a specific memory may do little to change the underlying narrative template of a national community. “Privileged event narratives” (PENs) represent a combination of a specific narrative and narrative template that yields a powerful lens through which events are remembered. For Russians, World War II is a PEN that is used to interpret many events, whereas for the Chinese the Century of Humiliation is a PEN. Finally, evidence from a survey study of “Selective Memory and National Narcissism” in connection with World War II is presented. This study involved 11 nations and reveals surprising findings about how Russian national memory contrasts with that of virtually every other nation. This may reflect the power of Hollywood and American culture of memory more generally.
Introduction
Authors: Banner Stuart
Published: April 2021

This book is about a fundamental change in American legal thought that took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Before the change, natural law played an important role in our legal system. Lawyers believed that human affairs were governed in significant part by laws of nature, laws that could be discovered in much the same way as the natural laws governing the nonhuman realm. After the change, lawyers believed that all the rules of the legal system are created by humans. This book will explain the functions natural law performed, why lawyers stopped using it, and how those functions came to be performed once natural law was no longer a component of the legal system.
Double-Ventriloquism andAegyoinOverwatch
Authors: Dunkel William , Trammell Aaron
Published: April 2021

This chapter considers how South Korean identity is represented in the online video game Overwatch through a close reading of the character D.Va. The term “double-ventriloquism” is proposed to explain the simultaneous representation of South Korean youth culture and an assumed North American player within D.Va’s vocal utterances. Through the combination of the audio generated by the game engine and the actions of the player, D.Va communicates messages of instruction, cheer, and defeat. Speaking through action and flavor dialogue, D.Va becomes recognizable as a sexy, cute, young, and techno-forward character whose character and persona the player audience connects with. However, they remain ignorant of the combined corporate and political interests of the creators. This chapter argues that, through “double ventriloquism,” D.Va manifests both North American game company Blizzard Entertainment’s (which owns Overwatch) financial interest and the South Korean state’s interest in exporting Korean cool to an American audience.”
“You’re the Puppet”
Authors: Kessler Sarah
Published: April 2021

In primetime US political discourse, across liberal and conservative outlets alike, accusations of puppetry and ventriloquism proliferate. Despite invoking an anachronism, the ventriloquial metaphor furnishes a reliable means of discrediting presidential candidates and presidents-elect by conjuring the figure of the dummy who speaks in a voice not his own. At the same time, the presidential voice’s constant mediation invites material comparisons to the channeling of voices through dummy and human bodies practiced in stage ventriloquism. This chapter examines how technologies of the voice, from microphones to speech aids such as earpieces and teleprompters, have figured into popular framings of the last three US presidents as speaking puppets, arguing that bipartisan charges of ventriloquism reflect twinned national-cultural anxieties about the voice’s constitutive mediation and power’s constitutive decentralization in late capitalism. Through analyses of liberal speculations about George W. Bush’s use of listening devices, conservative claims about Barack Obama’s dependence on teleprompters, and bipartisan responses to Donald Trump’s self-presentation as a leader whose mediated voice remains perpetually unfiltered, the chapter proposes a new theory of the politics of voice that acknowledges the voice’s technicity and power’s distribution.
Square pianos and piano-organs
Authors: Adelson Robert
Published: April 2021

Today the word ‘piano’ connotes a large instrument with a powerful sonority, capable of doing battle with an entire orchestra in a romantic concerto. There are various features of the modern piano responsible for this image, including a case with a long wing shape reinforced by a cast iron frame, and the high degree of string tension that this frame makes possible. None of these features were present on pianos in eighteenth-century France, where the most common model was the rectangular-shaped piano carré (square piano), whose sound was scarcely more powerful than that of a harp. Before the French Revolution, the Erard firm produced square pianos and hybrid piano-organs. During this period, the Erards strengthened their ties with the French court, which resulted in several exceptional instruments made for Marie-Antoinette.
Harps, the Revolution, and London
Authors: Adelson Robert
Published: April 2021

For the Erard firm, the late 1780s was not only a fecund period for the manufacture of square pianos and piano-organs; it was also the time when Sébastien Erard launched his career as a harp maker. Over the course of his career Sébastien would become as innovative in harp manufacture as he was for the piano: his mechanism of forked discs and his system of double action are still at the basis of today’s models. However, Sébastien embarked upon harp building at the worst possible moment: the French Revolution would prove so disruptive for his new endeavour that he would be obliged to take the drastic step of opening a new branch in London. For this reason, harps, the Revolution, and the London enterprise are inextricably linked in the history of the Erard firm.
Gifts for Haydn, Beethoven, and many others
Authors: Adelson Robert
Published: April 2021

At the same time that Erard grand pianos were gaining a foothold in France, they were also finding enthusiasts abroad, even in places where there were established local builders. The Erards shipped grand pianos to both Haydn and Beethoven, instruments that would have an important influence on foreign piano building and piano music. Beethoven’s Erard piano in particular influenced numerous works he composed in the following years. The circumstances surrounding Beethoven’s acquisition of his Erard piano have been the subject of much debate among musicologists. Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it had been thought that Beethoven received the piano as a gift in recognition of his international stature as a composer, as had presumably been the case for Haydn. More recently, it has been argued that the Erard ledgers prove that Beethoven, then a little-known and largely unappreciated composer in France, ordered the piano from Erard, but never paid for it. A closer reading of the Erard ledgers, however, reveals that the piano was indeed a gift from the Erards to Beethoven, although perhaps not for the reasons that had previously been assumed.
Family strains and secrets
Authors: Adelson Robert
Published: April 2021

During the years following the invention of the double-escapement action, Sébastien became too ill to manage the operations of the firm. With Sébastien indisposed, Jean-Baptiste took a more active role in the inventive work, and in particular with refinements to the double escapement action. Jean-Baptiste’s death in 1826, however, left Sébastien and Pierre deeply uneasy about the future of their family enterprise. Pierre understood that in order to ensure the perennity of the Erard firm he needed a successor, because the workers trained at the London branch would not necessarily be as motivated as would an Erard family member to invest their efforts and capital in the firm. Since Sébastien remained single, and Céleste childless and in any case living in Berlin, far from the family enterprise, Pierre would have certainly felt pressure to marry and found a family. However, Pierre’s homosexuality, kept secret from his family and only recently discovered, made marriage and the subsequent transmission of the family enterprise to a potential heir problematic. When Pierre returned to Paris after his father’s death, he came to the realisation that his father had been a poor manager who left the firm in a disastrous financial state. As a result, Sébastien threatened to close the Paris branch, but in the end maintained it while making drastic reductions in the workforce.
Afterword
Authors: Adelson Robert
Published: April 2021

In December 2018, Queen Elizabeth II recorded her annual televised Christmas broadcast while seated in front of an astonishingly ornate Erard piano purchased by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert from the London branch of the firm in 1856. The piano immediately became a symbol of excess and luxury in a time of social turmoil. The ‘gold piano affair’ reminds us that Erard pianos are more than just beautiful objects. They are musical instruments that can evoke a lost sound world. They are artefacts that carry traces of a rich history of creativity and inventiveness and the patronage that made such innovation possible. They are relics that remind us of the musicians who played them and who composed for them. And they are also precious reminders of one exceptional family and their passion for the piano.
Rhetorical Economy in Augustine's Theology
Authors: Gronewoller Brian
Published: April 2021

Augustine of Hippo (AD 354–430) studied and taught rhetoric for nearly two decades until, at the age of thirty-one, he left his position as professor of rhetoric in Milan to embark upon his new life as a Christian. But this was not a clean break. Previous scholarship has done much to show us that Augustine integrated rhetorical ideas about texts and speeches into his thought on homiletics, the formation of arguments, and scriptural interpretation. Over the past few decades a new movement among scholars has begun to show that Augustine also carried rhetorical concepts into areas of his thought that were beyond the typical purview of the rhetorical handbooks. This study contributes to this new movement by providing a detailed examination of Augustine’s use of the rhetorical concept of economy in his theologies of creation, history, and evil, in order to gain insights into these fundamental aspects of his thought. Ultimately, this book finds that Augustine used rhetorical economy as the logic by which he explained a multitude of tensions within, and answered various challenges to, these three areas of his thought as well as others with which they intersect—including his understandings of providence, divine activity, and divine order.
Augustine’s Use of Rhetorical Economy in His Theology of Creation
Authors: Gronewoller Brian
Published: April 2021

Chapters 3–5 form a second unit (Part II) which provides insights into fundamental aspects of Augustine’s thought by demonstrating and analyzing his use of rhetorical economy in his theology of creation, his theology of history, and his theodicy. In Chapter 3 close readings of On Genesis against the Manichaeans 1.21.32 and Sermon 29D.4–7 reveal that Augustine utilizes rhetorical economy as the logic by which he justifies his positions on the goodness of all creation and God’s providence over all human affairs against seeming counterevidence from daily life presented by his opponents. An analysis of On Order 1.7.18 then indicates that Augustine’s utilization of rhetorical economy in his theology of creation derives from his integration of rhetorical economy into the heart of his concept of order.
Augustine’s Use of Rhetorical Economy in his Theodicy
Authors: Gronewoller Brian
Published: April 2021

Chapter 5 demonstrates that Augustine utilizes rhetorical economy to explain God’s providence over that which does not come from God—evil. The first section provides a reading of On Genesis against the Manichaeans 1.3.5 which indicates that part of Augustine’s solution—the separation between the acts of creating and arranging—is a logical separation based upon the first two principal parts of rhetoric, invention (inuentio) and arrangement (dispositio). The second section then argues, by means of a close reading of On Free Choice 3.9.27, that Augustine utilizes rhetorical economy as the logic by which he explains how God’s providence harmonizes with the source of sin, free will, by defining God’s providence according to the divine activity of arrangement rather than production.
Sebastian Castellio’s Liberal Challenge
Authors: Bruening Michael W.
Published: April 2021

Sebastian Castellio presented to French-speaking Protestants a vision of Christianity fundamentally different from that of Calvin. His vision was based on a belief in the opacity of Scripture and thus the temporary, provisional nature of any claims to religious truth. This need for doubt in Christianity led Castellio to his famous opposition to religious persecution and to his praise of reason as the ultimate arbiter in questions of religious truth. Castellio’s opposition to religious persecution emerged most strongly in his criticism of the execution of Michael Servetus, but he continued for the rest of his career to fight with Calvin and Theodore Beza over that issue, as well as others, such as biblical interpretation, predestination, and justification. Unlike recent studies that have downplayed Castellio’s role as a forerunner of liberal Protestantism, this book argues that he should, in fact, be viewed as such.
Verbal complexes in Thai
Authors: Thepkanjana Kingkarn , Uehara Satoshi
Published: April 2021

This chapter investigates the serial verb constructions (SVC) in Thai, where the predicate takes the structure [V1 NP1 V2 (NP2)]. Focusing on a type of two-component SVC in which one component verb is the head and the other the modifier, we attempt to pinpoint those SVCs that correspond semantically to the Indian-type vector compound verbs, differentiating them from the Chinese-type resultative serial verbs. The V2 verbs, which are drawn from a limited set of verbs, modify the main verbs in V1 in terms of grammatical aspectual meanings or pragmatic meanings. The grammatical aspectual meaning of V2 is a part of the propositional meaning of the verbal complex and is relatively easy to identify. Most V2s in Thai verbal complexes modify V1s in terms of pragmatic specifications, which are rather difficult to spell out, and can be omitted without affecting the propositional meaning. These V2s are considered analogous to vector verbs.
Discounting under Risk
Authors: Ferranna Maddalena
Published: April 2021

The debate on the economics of climate change has focused primarily on the choice of the social discount rate, which plays a key role in determining the desirability of climate policies given the long-term impacts of climate damages. Discounted utilitarianism and the Ramsey Rule dominate the debate on discounting. The chapter examines the appropriateness of the utilitarian framework for evaluating public policies. More specifically, it focuses on the risky dimension of climate change, and on the failure of utilitarianism in expressing both concerns for the distribution of risks across the population and concerns for the occurrence of catastrophic outcomes. The chapter shows how a shift to the prioritarian paradigm is able to capture those types of concerns, and briefly sketches the main implications for the choice of the social discount rate.
The Puzzle of Inefficacy
Authors: McPherson Tristram
Published: April 2021

We appear to have reasons to act in light of the relationship between our choices and the horrors of factory farming or the escalating bad effects of climate change, even if we are unable to mitigate those bad effects through our individual choices. This idea can seem puzzling in two ways. First, it can seem puzzling how to explain these reasons, given our inefficacy. Second, it can seem that these reasons, even if they existed, would have to be vanishingly weak. This chapter develops a solution to this puzzle that appeals to a novel explanation of why a feature counts as a focal point in the explanation of ethical properties. This solution is applied to show how our relationship to certain social patterns can explain our reasons to respond to facts about factory farming and climate change, mentioned above.
Introduction
Authors: Cohn Margit
Published: April 2021

The introduction to the book offers a short overview of the contents of the book. This book is a treatise on the executive branch, which addresses, theoretically and comparatively, the nature of the executive as a body that is the dominant player in the public and political sphere but is also required, under the separation of powers principle, to be subservient to the law made by legislature according to the constitution of a polity. Three arguments are made in the book. First, to grasp the nature of executive power, one should reject hierarchic accounts of the public sphere: searches for the wielder of the final word should be replaced by a model which rests on networks and inter-branch tensions. Secondly, under this ‘internal tension’ vision of constitutionalism, the executive branch is to be considered as concurrently subservient to law and dominant over it. Finally, much of public law is shaped in ways that enable this seeming contradiction. The thirteen forms of ‘fuzzy’ law presented in the book, generated by constitutions, legislators, and executives, enable the executive to act relatively unfettered without losing the legitimacy arising from the existence of formal law, which, in effect, sets limited constraints on executive action. Ranging from open-ended or semi-written constitutions to unapplied legislation, these forms of legality span both constitutional and administrative aspects of public law. The introduction briefly discusses the structure of the book, which is divided into four parts.
The viability of Weak emergence
Authors: Wilson Jessica M.
Published: April 2021

Wilson considers and responds to a range of objections to the schema for Weak emergence and the associated ‘subset of powers’-based approach to realization. These include that satisfaction of the conditions in the schema is compatible with anti-realism about, reductionism about, or physical unacceptability of the emergent entities or features, or is not necessary for physically acceptable emergence. Each challenge admits of one or more responses available on any sensible implementation of the schema for Weak emergence; certain additional responses draw on features of Wilson’s preferred accounts of Weak emergence, appealing to the determinable/determinate relation or to an elimination of degrees of freedom.
(In)vulnerable inflected infinitives as complements to modals
Authors: Sitaridou Ioanna
Published: April 2021

The paper presents data from Galician and Romeyka which show that inflected infinitives do appear as non-attitude complements contra most existing accounts, more specifically as complements to modal and (some) volitional predicates that induce obligatory semantic control. Based on Landau’s (2015) argument that [+Agr] is irrelevant for non-attitude complements, it is argued that the phi-features on the inflected infinitives in non-attitude complements are redundant; in more technical terms, affixes expressing these features are dissociated morphemes, which are not interpreted at LF but are inserted at PF instead. For this reason, they crucially appear in monoclausal contexts, i.e., in complements to modals: in this context, in which the complement has no external argument (via lexical restructuring), these morphemes express a copy of a relevant subject Agr on the modal that is valued in syntax. From this also follows why they are vulnerable to change, essentially, because they contribute nothing.
Featural dynamics in morphosyntactic change
Authors: Nowenstein Iris Edda , Ingason Anton Karl
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines Icelandic Dative Substitution (DS) and argues that two of its diachronic side effects, referred to as Person-Specific Retention and an Elsewhere Condition Death Rattle, are explained by the way in which formal features constrain the trajectory of morphosyntactic change. The study is based on naturally occurring data and a recent language acquisition experiment and the analysis draws on weighted grammatical rules as well as Yang’s Tolerance Principle. It is argued that DS does not necessarily involve a change in the syntax, but should rather be viewed as a change in the interpretation of syntactic information at the interface with morphology, resulting in variability on the surface. The results are analyzed in the context of recent theories on specialization in linguistic change and the dynamics of variation in individuals.
Regular syntactic change and syntactic reconstruction
Authors: Hale Mark , Kissock Madelyn
Published: April 2021

The widespread adoption of the Chomsky-Borer Hypothesis, with its assumption of a crosslinguistically (and thus diachronically stable) syntactic computational system, removes an explanation for syntactic change the once widely-invoked concept of a ‘syntactic parameter’. This chapter explores some of the implications of this conceptual shift for an acquisition-driven model of syntactic change. It then leverages that discussion to explore some central issues surrounding syntactic reconstruction –especially the so-called ‘correspondence problem’, attempting to bring to light some previously underdiscussed aspects of what it means to stand ‘in correspondence.’
Selling Sex
Authors: Hearne Siobhán
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores the lives and challenges of women who sold sex in the late Russian Empire by looking at the different ways in which registered prostitutes defined themselves, and how they were defined by those in authority. Some women who sold sex were urban workers who fought for their rights to be upheld and called out the illegal application of regulation. Others were migrant seasonal workers, who sold sex for a few months or weeks at a time, before moving on to a new place or job. The imperial police often conflated ‘promiscuous’ behaviour with prostitution and registered women as prostitutes against their will. This chapter incorporates women who sold sex into wider labour and migration histories of the late imperial period and pays attention to the interplay between policing practices and ideas regarding gender and sexuality.
Managing Commercial Sex
Authors: Hearne Siobhán
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on individuals who facilitated the commercial sex transaction in late imperial Russia, namely brothel madams, pimps, and those who rented their properties to registered prostitutes. It examines the complex relationship between brothel madams and the police, as well as addressing the various roles given to madams in official legislation: guardians of public health, watchdogs, and money-makers for the local government. Brothel madams provided lucrative income for the authorities, both formally through taxation and informally through bribes and cash gifts. The rules of regulation enforced a paternalistic relationship between madams and registered prostitutes, as well as providing ample opportunity for exploitation. Finally, the chapter examines hidden managers, in the form of pimps and procurers, and their cultural significance in the late imperial period.
Living with Commercial Sex
Authors: Hearne Siobhán
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on the experience of living in towns and cities in the late imperial period, when prostitution was a visible component of urban life. It examines the different unsuccessful policies employed by the imperial state to enforce the spatial segregation of registered prostitutes and attempts to render brothels invisible on the urban landscape. Official efforts to push lower-class sexuality to the spatial margins are also addressed, particularly policies of zoning and brothel ranking. Some landlords frequently complained to the police about the negative impact of nearby brothels on their rental prices, whereas others helped women who sold sex to resist some of the residency restrictions placed upon them by the police. Ultimately, officialdom’s attempts to limit the visibility of prostitution were spectacularly unsuccessful, as commercial sex was visible everywhere across the Empire’s towns and cities at the turn of the twentieth century.
Non-local form factors in flat and curved spacetime
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L.
Published: April 2021

This chapter is devoted to the direct explicit calculations of non-local form factors in two-point functions in real scalar field theory. Two simple examples in flat spacetime demonstrate the relationship between logarithmic ultraviolet (UV) divergences in the cut-off and dimensional regularizations, which is used for deriving the form factors. The chapter then shows how one can establish the direct relation between logarithmic UV divergences and the logarithmic behavior of the momentum-dependent non-local form factors in the UV. In the low-energy (infrared) limit, it is possible to observe quadratic decoupling with respect to the mass of the quantum field. In curved space, analogous results are reproduced using the generally covariant heat-kernel solution. Calculations are given in full details.
General notions of perturbative quantum gravity
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L.
Published: April 2021

This chapter introduces the topic of perturbative quantum gravity. Symmetry analysis of classical gravitational models shows that quantum gravity is a Yang-Mills theory. Using power counting, depending on the choice of the action, all possible models are classified as non-renormalizable, renormalizable or superrenormalizable versions of quantum gravity. Gauge fixing in quantum gravity is described, and the bilinear forms needed to analyze the propagators of the quantum metric are calculated. The propagators of the quantum metric are then obtained for a generic model of quantum gravity, using the Barnes-Rivers projectors. In addition, gravitational waves and the notion of the graviton are briefly described.
Final remarks on Part II
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L.
Published: April 2021

This brief concluding chapter summarizes the general situation in semiclassical theory and quantum gravity. Even in the framework of the usual perturbative quantum field theory, there are several approaches leading to theoretically satisfactory models of quantum gravitational effects, starting from quantum field theory in curved spacetime. Here, the expression “satisfactory” does not mean perfectness, as there is no theoretically perfect model of quantum gravity. The chapter then goes on to review the main unsolved problems of quantum gravity, such as higher-derivative ghosts and instabilities and the cosmological constant problem. It concludes with the hope that the basic aspects of the models presented in this book will be useful for anyone who intends to start working in this fascinating area.
The Anglo-Nigerian Defence Agreement
Authors: Wyss Marco
Published: April 2021

The British government only agreed to Nigerian independence once the colonial secretary and the minister of defence had secured a Nigerian commitment to a defence agreement in 1958. But by setting a date for independence, Britain lost a substantial degree of leverage. Meanwhile, the Nigerian government came under pressure; indirectly from the rise of pan-Africanism and non-alignment, and directly from the emergence of an opposition following the elections of 1959. The negotiations for the actual defence agreement thus became more arduous for the British. The combined strength of the ruling parties, the Northern People’s Congress (NPC) and the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), eventually assured its safe passage in the Nigerian parliament. But simultaneously, it exposed the Balewa government to criticism that it undermined Nigeria’s independence and declared foreign policy of non-alignment.