bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact des activités anthropiques sur la diversité ligneuse et la structure de Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn. C.F. dans le Chantier d’Aménagement Forestier de Cassou (Burkina Faso)
Authors: Kagambega François
Published: December 2020

Au Burkina Faso, les unités d’aménagements forestiers (UAFs) sont confrontées à une forte pression anthropique qui cause la dégradation des ressources ligneuses dont Vitellaria paradoxa est l’une des espèces surexploitées. Afin de contribuer à la gestion durable de ces UAFs, il s’avère nécessaire d’analyser l’impact des pressions anthropiques sur la phytodiversité et la dynamique de Vitellaria paradoxa. Ainsi, des facteurs tels que l’agriculture, la coupe illégale de bois, le pâturage et les feux non autorisé ont été évalués dans l’UAF 2, l’UAF B et l’UAF C, et des inventaires forestiers y ont été conduits.

Les résultats montrent que le pâturage et les feux non autorisé ont été les facteurs les plus fréquents dans les UAFs, surtout dans l’UAF C (> 90%) alors que les autres facteurs ont été plus observés dans l’UAF 2. La phytodiversité mesurée est presque similaire dans les UAFs avec toutefois des indices de diversité plus élevés dans l’UAF 2. La structure de V. paradoxa montre une prédominance d’individus jeunes dans les UAFs et des densités plus élevées dans l’UAF C tandis que sa régénération est plus importante dans l’UAF 2. L’état sanitaire de l’espèce est globalement satisfaisant bien que la principale menace soit l’infestation des Loranthaceae, plus importante dans l’UAF 2 (7%).

L’exploitation durable des UAFs nécessite la mise en œuvre d’un programme de conservation avec une forte implication des populations riveraines.
Intraspecific habitat adaptation: How the germinability of herbaceous plant seeds change due to environmental conditions in West African savannas
Authors: E. Schmidt-Groh Susanna , Bernhardt-Römermann Markus , Thiombiano Adjima , Hahn Karen
Published: December 2020

Knowledge about the herbaceous layer in relation to environmental factors in West African savannas is still scarce. Early life-cycle events like germination of the herbaceous species are of special interest, as these stages can play critical roles in establishing of the plants and determine population and community dynamics. We aim to assess intraspecific differences in the germinability of herbaceous savanna species with respect to environmental conditions to reveal adaptations in this early life cycle stage. The study was conducted in the Sudanian savanna of Burkina Faso in West Africa. We collected seeds of two annual herbs (Chamaecrista mimosoides, Spermacoce stachydea) along a climatic gradient from different habitats and land use types and conducted germination experiments under equal conditions in climate chambers. For both species several environmental factors showed a significant impact on the germination rates. While higher precipitation caused an increase in the germination rate only for S. stachydea, habitat conditions had a significant influence for both species. Intermediate habitats with balanced soil moisture caused an enhancement of the germination success. Moreover shrub cover had a positive effect on the germinability of C. mimosoides, whereas the germinability of S. stachydea decreased due to an increasing herbaceous cover. The study showed that certain environmental factors are able to modify the intraspecific variability of the germinability trait, which might affect the establishment of the species populations.
Indigenous knowledge and local practices concerning the endemic plant Ipomoea beninensis Akoègn., Lisowski & Sinsin (Convolvulaceae): an initial assessment for its conservation in Benin
Authors: Dassou Hospice Gbèwonmèdéa , Idohou Rodrigue , Adomou Aristide Cossi , Ouachinou Jéronime Marie-Ange Sènami , Yédomonhan Hounnankpon
Published: December 2020

Ipomoea beninensis Akoègn., Lisowski & Sinsin (Convolvulaceae) is the only endemic plant known for Benin. To date, no data exist on its usages, distribution, abundance, and threats. An improved understanding of indigenous knowledge and of local practices can provide insight into how the species could be sustainably conserved. We interviewed 114 local residents for collecting ethnobotanical and ethnoecological data in six sites known to host the species. Data were processed by calculation of descriptive statistics and variance and multivariate analyses. A total of twelve uses were reported. Among them, treatment of varicella (19%), malaria (18%) and fodder (17%) were the most recurrent. These mainly involve use of the species rootstock. Almost all respondents mentioned decline of the species in natural habitats. None of them was aware about the endemic status of the species. Consequently, negative practices toward the protection of I. beninensis were prevalent among local residents. Several conservation measures are proposed to ensure the longterm survival of I. beninensis.
Professionalitätsentwicklung in der allgemeinen, öffentlichen Erwachsenenbildung für Inklusion – ein Systematisierungsversuch der Fortbildungspraxis an Volkshochschulen
Authors: Krähling Simone
Published: December 2020

Die allgemeine, öffentliche Erwachsenenbildung folgt traditionell dem (inklusiven) Prinzip einer Bildung für Alle. Fragen der Bildungsbenachteiligung, Zielgruppendifferenzierung oder Heterogenität werden sowohl in der Wissenschaft als auch in der Praxis virulent. Diskussionen über eine Steigerung der Bildungsteilnahme von Menschen mit Behinderung finden hingegen eher zögerlich statt und werden vermehrt seit der Ratifizierung der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention in Deutschland geführt. Die Qualifizierung des Personals – häufig konkretisiert in Fortbildungen – stellt dabei ein zentrales Element für eine inklusive Ausrichtung der allgemeinen, öffentlichen Erwachsenenbildung dar. Der Beitrag behandelt die Frage, wie sich die aktuelle Fortbildungspraxis zu Inklusion gestaltet. Auf der Grundlage empirischer Teilergebnisse eines Projekts zur inklusiven Erwachsenenbildung werden Umsetzungsrealitäten vorgestellt und Impulse für eine Professionalitätsentwicklung diskutiert. Die Befunde beziehen sich auf das institutionelle Feld von Volkshochschule und werden am Beispiel der Fortbildungspraxis von Kursleitungen eruiert. Aus einer Organisationsperspektive werden Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen einer Professionalitätsentwicklung für eine inklusive Erwachsenenbildung – im Besonderen von Lehrpersonal an Volkshochschulen – erfasst.Abstract

General public adult education traditionally follows the (inclusive) principle of education for all. Questions of educational disadvantage target group differentiation or heterogeneity are virulent in both science and practice. Discussions about increasing the participation of people with disabilities are rather hesitant and have been held more and more since the ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Germany. The qualification of staff often specified in further training is a key element for the inclusive orientation of general public adult education. The article deals with the question of how the current training practice on inclusion is organised. On the basis of empirical partial results of a project on inclusive adult education implementation realities are presented and impulses for a professional development are discussed. The findings relate to the institutional field of adult education centres and are determined by using the example of the continuing training practice of course leaders. From an organisational perspective opportunities and challenges for professional development for inclusive adult education in particular teaching staff at adult education centres are covered.
Sensitivity of Northern Highbush Blueberry Cultivars to Soil Water Deficits during Various Stages of Fruit Development
Authors: Almutairi Khalid F. , Bryla David R. , Strik Bernadine C.
Published: December 2020

In many regions, water limitations are increasing because of frequent and persistent droughts and competition for water resources. As a result, growers in these regions, including those producing blueberries, must limit irrigation during drier years. To identify the most critical periods for irrigation, we evaluated the effects of soil water deficits during various stages of fruit development on different cultivars of northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The study was conducted for 2 years in western Oregon and included two early season cultivars, ‘Earliblue’ and ‘Duke’, a midseason cultivar, ‘Bluecrop’, and two late-season cultivars, ‘Elliott’ and ‘Aurora’. Volumetric soil water content and stem water potentials declined within 1 to 2 weeks with no rain or irrigation in each cultivar and were lowest during the later stages of fruit development. Water deficits reduced berry weight by 10% to 15% in ‘Earliblue’ and ‘Elliott’ when irrigation was withheld in the second year during early or late stages of fruit development and by 6% to 9% in ‘Aurora’ when irrigation was withheld in either year during the final stages of fruit development. However, water deficits only reduced yield significantly in ‘Aurora’, which produced 0.8 to 0.9 kg/plant fewer fruit per year when irrigation was withheld during fruit coloring. In many cases, water deficits also reduced fruit firmness and increased the concentration of soluble solids in the berries, but they had inconsistent effects on titratable acidity and sugar-to-acid ratios. As a rule, water deficits were most detrimental during later stages of fruit development, particularly in midseason and late-season cultivars, which ripened in July and August during the warmest and driest months of the year.
Busy Boards, Firm Performance and Operating Risk
Authors: Lee Kin-Wai , Lok Char-Lee
Published: December 2020

Using a sample of listed firms in Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, this article examines the association between busy board of directors and firm performance. We offer three results. First, we find that firm performance (measured by operating profitability and market-to-book equity) is negatively associated with busy boards. Second, we find that firms with busy boards have higher operating risk (measured by volatility of return on assets, volatility of stock returns and volatility of operating cash flow). Third, we find that the association between firm performance and busy boards is conditional on the firm’s life cycle stage. For firms in the growth stage, busy boards are beneficial to firm performance suggesting that the experience knowledge and reputation accumulated with multiple directorships help busy directors to more effectively advise these firms. In contrast, for firms in the maturity stage of their life cycle, busy boards are detrimental to firm performance suggesting the monitoring role of board is weakened by multiple directorships.
City Information Modelling: A Conceptual Framework for Research and Practice in Digital Urban Planning
Authors: Gil Jorge
Published: December 2020

The digitalization of the urban development process is driven by the need for informed, evidence-based, collaborative and participative urban planning and decision-making, epitomized in the concept of Smart Cities. This digital transformation is enabled by information technology developments
in fields such as 3D city models, Digital Twins, Urban Analytics and Informatics, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Planning Support Systems (PSS). In this context, City Information Modelling (CIM) has recently emerged as a concept related to these various technological driving forces.
In this article, we review the state of the art of CIM (definitions and applications) in the academic literature and propose a definition and a general conceptual framework. By highlighting how the different disciplines are related to each other within this conceptual framework, we offer a
context for transdisciplinary work, and focus on integration challenges, for research and development, both in academia and industry. This will contribute to moving forward the debate on digitalization of the built environment development process in the field of Smart Cities.
Integrated Multimedia City Data: Exploring Learning Engagement and Greenspace in Glasgow
Authors: Lido Catherine , Mason Phil , Hong Jinhyun , Gorash Nadiia , Anejionu Obinna C.D. , Osborne Michael
Published: December 2020

This paper showcases a holistic, data-led, analytical approach to complex research questions about the associations between learning engagement and green spaces, and uses this exemplar to reflection, and make recommendations relevant to, future implementation of CIM approaches to aspects
of urban inclusion. This research offers a holistic picture of educational engagement, digital use, sustainability, cultural and civic participation, and transportation, employing data from diverse strands of the Integrated Multimedia City Data (iMCD) project in the Glasgow city region. This
includes a household survey, individuals' travel diaries and GPS trails around the city, linked to other urban administrative datasets on area deprivation and greenspace. Triangulated findings from iMCD data indicate that greenspace is generally positively related to adult learning engagement
(in particular, less formal learning), highlighting the value to urban planners of considering varied types of data capture for lifelong learning, with linkage to more objective measures of active mobility (e.g. walking) around the city. iMCD, in line with CIM approaches, offers an interdisciplinary
bridge to address healthy ageing and educational inclusion. Insights generated in a CIM-based context can help education policymakers, city planners, and other educational stakeholders reconsider resource and infrastructure allocation, for instance, in promoting lifelong learning engagement
for adults in urban settings.
Data-Informed Urban Design: An Overview of the Use of Data and Digital Tools in Urban Planning and Design
Authors: Gösta Alexander , Agi André , Flårback Jacob , Karlsson Jesper , Simonsson Ellen
Published: December 2020

This article aims to map how different digital tools can be useful for architects and how they might affect their work processes. Researchers and professionals were interviewed to investigate what they found valuable to measure, which methods they used within their analyses, as well
as the opportunities and risks they see for the future of the field with regards to digital tools. As part of the survey, a workshop was held with architects and project managers examining the possibilities of connecting existing methods and tools to the sustainability certification system,
City Lab Action Guide, and through that, to achieve a more ambitious set of sustainability goals for the projects. Findings from the study indicate that there are risks associated with giving data an increasingly important role in the design work. A working model never provides the full truth
but is inherently limited by its constraints. It is important to acknowledge that all angles and aspects of a problem can never be represented in a model. Another possible risk identified lies in the quality of, and access to, data. In a scenario where data plays an increasingly important
role, it is not only the quality of the datasets that is of utmost importance, but it is equally important that the urban planners who request the analyses ask the questions first, and then collect the necessary data, instead of vice versa.
Comparison of the impact of lending and inflation rates on economic growth in Vietnam and China
Authors: Van Dinh Doan
Published: December 2020

Inflation and lending rates are two important macroeconomic indicators as they affect economic growth. The correlation between the inflation rate and the lending rate in Vietnam and China is analyzed to determine whether the lending rate causes inflation or not. An ordinary least square model (OLS) and a unit root test are applied to check the correlation and cointegration related to the inflation and lending rates to avoid spurious regression. The research time series data were collected from 1996 to 2017. The correlation of Vietnam’s variables is 56%, the correlation of China’s variables is 55%, which is a close correlation. The empirical cointegration test results for Vietnam and China are suitable for two research models. The relationship between these two indicators influences each other. In the short term, inflation stimulates economic growth through loose monetary policy through the lending rate. However, in the long term, if the money supply increases continuously, inflation will slow economic growth and increase bad debt. The empirical results are to make accurate forecasts and determine monetary policy for micro-managers who set the goal of sustainable economic growth and have a strategy for economic development in the short and long term.
O CUIDADO E A REDUÇÃO DE DANOS COMO PROMOTORES DE SAÚDE NO TERRITÓRIO DA CRACOLÂNDIA
Authors: Camargo Paola De Oliveira , De Oliveira Michele Mandagará , Ramos Camila Irigonhé , Pereira Gabriela Botelho
Published: December 2020

O presente estudo buscou compreender as questões que envolvem as condições de saúde e de doença das pessoas que usam drogas e/ou se encontram em situação de rua no território da Cracolândia. Foi realizada observação participante e a construção de diário de campo, assim como entrevistas etnográficas com os participantes. Estes foram as pessoas que estavam no território da Cracolândia e os redutores de danos que trabalhavam no local. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se o Interpretativismo, ou Teoria Interpretativa. Os resultados demonstraram que o território da Cracolândia pode apresentar circunstâncias que geram doenças, mas também ser um local de promoção da saúde e cuidado.
Building peer social support as a mental disorder solution for the blind
Authors: Habibah Umi , Sucipto Ade
Published: December 2020

Blind people are people with disabilities due to the dysfunction of the sense of vision, this condition triggers the birth of various mental disorders. This qualitative study tries to examine the mental problems of blind vision disorders in the Sahabat Mata Semarang Community and the solutions the management is trying to overcome. The results of the study show that mental disorders with visual impairments include difficulties in adapting to the environment, anxiety about the future of a career and soul mate, prolonged stress due to dependence on others and no economic independence, and do not yet have self-acceptance. One of the efforts undertaken by the management of this community is to build peer social support, namely support provided by fellow blind people in the form of emotional support, appreciation support, structural support, information support, and real assistance. The various supports are built by holding regular recitals, monthly community meetings, and building good interpersonal relationships. Such peer social support, felt blind can provide alternative solutions and a variety of mental disorder problems they experience.
Branding and modification of consumer behavior during the cardinal transformation of economy
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Cherenkov Vitally I. , Karpova Svetlana V. ,   The Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Tanichev Alexander V. ,   Baltic State Technical University “VOENMEH” named after D. F. Ustinov
Published: December 2020

By applying the thesis about branding as a modificer of consumer behavior under the impact of cardinal changes of the world economy this paper extends our understanding of branding dualism that could lead to sustainable consumption as well as to unsustainable one. The purpose of this paper is to provide knowledge about impacts of two megatrends of the modern world economy on consumer behavior while the world/domestic product market is transforming into the simulacra market, and to contribute to the current discourse about marketing ideology (in other terms — consumerism), irrational consumption, and overconsumption that are stemmed from the profit-oriented marketing wherein the branding plays a role of the powerful booster of unsustainable consumption. Finally, an appeal to academia has been made to search for effective ways to apply branding tools for achieving the goal of sustainable consumption and production. Thematic content analysis explores multiple (mainly international) sources focused on topics of sustainable development, digital transformation, semiotics and emerging simulacrum market, dualism of branding, marketing ideology and consumerism related to modifying the model of consumer behavior. These sources were analyzed through a sustainable development goals lens. Th e research has identified two directions of the branding impact on consumer behavior due to the phenomenon of branding dualism — towards the sustainable consumption or vice versa depending on accepting or rejecting the sustainability branding strategy, respectively. By applying semantic concepts, the simulacra market paradigm diff erent from the real market paradigm is used to assess contemporary changes in consumer behavior. This unconventional investigation into the branding dualism, including the impact of the above-mentioned trends on it, extends the understanding of the marketing up to the sphere of consumer society ideology and highlights the importance of sustainability branding for achieving the goal of sustainable consumption. By integrating semantics concepts into the marketing discipline, this paper explores the dual role of branding in modifying the model of consumption under the impact of world economy megatrends and provides suggestions for business and academia about how best to overcome perceived barriers to sustainable consumption. These insights have relevance to dissimilarities between social consequences of branding in the frame of micromarketing and macromarketing or macrosocial marketing and could help alter consumption practices to make them more sustainable.
From digital divide to consumer adoption of smart city solutions: A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Malchenko Yulia A.
Published: December 2020

The research dedicated to the digital divide has been on the rise over the last three decades, although the individual level of such a phenomenon remains underexplored. This is in line with the citizen-centric trend noted in the research pertaining to consumer reluctance to adopt digital innovations aimed to improve the quality of life as part of smart city solutions. According to studies, consumer participation in development and modification of smart city solutions, for which a city provides the required access and infrastructure, tends to augment their value for consumers thereby boosting their willingness to accept those smart city solutions. By intertwining these research streams, the article explores the factors determining the individual level of digital divide which relates to consumer adoption of smart city solutions through the bibliometric and systematic literature review analysis. The paper aims to propose the antecedents and factors of consumer adoption of smart city solutions based on Motivation, Opportunity, Ability framework underlying the digital divide phenomenon. The results revealed the factors related to motivation, cognition and competence which are to be considered conjointly rather than step-wise. Due to the multifaceted nature of smart city solutions, motivation is triggered by various factors discussed by behavioural, innovation diffusion and technology acceptance theories. By definition, smart city solutions derive from the extant solutions of urban challenges. Hence, competence is related to the previous experience, whereas cognition and willingness to innovate refer to the intention to adopt novel smart city solutions. Theoretically, the study provides propositions to further empirical research in the consumer smart city solutions adoption field. Managerially, it presents the factors to be considered prior to launching smart city solutions.
Cross-functional teams as an instrument for the development of company’s knowledge potential
Authors:   Ural State University of Economics, Kalabina Elena G. , Belyak Olga Yu. ,   LLC Prosoft-Systems
Published: December 2020

The aim of the paper is to examine the process of concurrent engineering in cross-functional teams and their role in the formation of knowledge potential of a company. Concurrent engineering in cross-functional teams is presented as an alternative to the traditional approach to the development of innovative products. In this study, organizational, activity and functional approaches were used, as well as the methods of analysis, deduction and generalization. The authors analyze the essence and features of concurrent engineering in the context of cross-functional teams. The necessity of considering cross-functional teams from the perspective of the community determining identity, common interests in a team, its relative integrity is established. The research has shown the importance of cross-functional teams in the development and formation of company’s knowledge potential. The article discusses various coordination mechanisms operating in cross-functional teams. The analysis of the features of cross-functional teams allows us to determine that they are built on the principles of adhocracy and impact the development of knowledge potential of companies significantly. However, cross-functional teams require a special management approach. The paper presents directions for further development of the research such as empirical analysis of the influence of various coordination mechanisms on knowledge sharing in a cross-functional team. The results of the study contribute to further research on cross-functional teams and effective knowledge sharing.
INGARDEN’S HUSSERL: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE 1915 REWIEW OF THE LOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Authors:   Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Macau, BYRNE THOMAS
Published: December 2020

This essay critically assesses Roman Ingarden’s 1915 review of the second edition of Edmund Husserl’s Logical Investigations. I elucidate and critique Ingarden’s analysis of the differences between the 1901 first edition and the 1913 second edition. I specifically examine three tenets of Ingarden’s interpretation. First, I demonstrate that Ingarden correctly denounces Husserl’s claim that he only engages in an eidetic study of consciousness in 1913, as Husserl was already performing eidetic analyses in 1901. Second, I show that Ingarden is misguided, when he asserts that Husserl had fully transformed his philosophy into a transcendental idealism in the second edition. While Husserl does appear to adopt a transcendental phenomenology by asserting–in his programmatic claims–that the intentional content and object are now included in his domain of research, he does not alter his actual descriptions of the intentional relationship in any pertinent manner. Third, I show Ingarden correctly predicts many of the insights Husserl would arrive at about logic in his late philosophy. This analysis augments current readings of the evolution of Ingarden’s philosophy, by more closely examining the development of his largely neglected early thought. I execute this critical assessment by drawing both from Husserl’s later writings and from recent literature on the Investigations. By doing so, I hope to additionally demonstrate how research on the Investigations has matured in the one hundred years since the release of that text, while also presenting my own views concerning these difficult interpretative issues.
THE INGARDENIAN DISTINCTION BETWEEN INSEPARABILITY AND DEPENDENCE: HISTORICAL AND SYSTEMATIC CONSIDERATIONS
Authors:   Faculty of Philosophy, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, PIWOWARCZYK MAREK
Published: December 2020

In this paper I present the Ingardenian distinction between inseparability and dependence. My considerations are both historical and systematic. The historical part of the paper accomplishes two goals. First, I show that in the Brentanian tradition the problem of existential (or broadly: ontological) conditioning was entangled into parts—whole theories. The best examples of such an approach are Kazimierz Twardowski’s theory of the object and Edmund Husserl’s theory of parts and wholes. Second, I exhibit the context within which Ingarden distinguished inseparability and dependence. Moreover, Ingarden’s motivations are presented: the problem of understanding the Husserlian concept of “immanent transcendence,” the issue of the existence of purely intentional objects, and finally the problem of the relationship between individual objects and ideas. The systematic part deals with the ambiguity of Ingarden’s definition of inseparability. I seek to improve this definition by reference to the distinction (made by Ingarden himself) between absolute and summative wholes. I also present some divisions of inseparability and dependence and investigate whether these types of existential conditioning are reflexive, symmetric, or transitive.
ON ROMAN INGARDEN’S CONCEPTION OF ONTIC FOUNDATIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY: RESPONSIBILITY AS FOUNDATION OF ONTOLOGY?
Authors:   Vilnius University Center for Religious Studies and Research, SODEIKA TOMAS
Published: December 2020

The Polish phenomenologist Roman Ingarden gained recognition primarily due to his research on aesthetics. However, he considered the ontology to be the main area of his philosophical interests. At the beginning of his scientific career, Ingarden realized that he could not agree with his teacher Edmund Husserl, who considered phenomenology as a transcendental philosophy. From Ingarden’s point of view, the fallacy of this approach lies in the fact that it leads to metaphysical idealism and makes it impossible to grasp the difference between real-life objects and intentional objects, i.e. objects generated by pure consciousness. In his main work Controversy over the Existence of the World (Der Streit um die Existenz der Welt), Ingarden tried to identify the difference between the ontological structures of real and intentional objects, expecting in this way to uphold the legitimacy of a realistic point of view and to prove that the real world is not a product of pure consciousness, but exists independently of him. Nevertheless, the result achieved by using the existential and formal ontological analysis of the a priori structures of various objects turned out to be insufficient to refute Husserl’s transcendental idealism. The article focuses on the last lifetime publication of Ingarden—his book On Responsibility. Its Ontic Foundations (Über die Verantwortung. Ihre ontischen Fundamente) published in 1970. Since this work is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of responsibility, it may seem that here we are dealing primarily with research on ethics. The article attempts to show that the book can be read as an ontological study that continues the “debate about the existence of the world,” i.e. as an attempt to prove the reality of the world. However, this proof is no longer based on an analysis of the a priori structures of various objects, but on a direct experience of responsibility.
VIRTUAL OBJECTS: BECOMING REAL
Authors:   Faculty of Administration and Social Science, Warsaw University of Technology, SKOWRON BARTOLOMIEJ
Published: December 2020

From an ontological point of view, virtuality is generally considered a simulation: i.e. not a case of true being, and never more than an illusory copy, referring in each instance to its real original. It is treated as something imagined — and, phenomenologically speaking, as an intentional object. It is also often characterized as fictive. On the other hand, the virtual world itself is extremely rich, and thanks to new technologies is growing with unbelievable speed, so that it now influences the real world in quite unexpected ways. Thus, it is also sometimes considered real. In this paper, against those who would regard virtuality as fictional or as real, I claim that the virtual world straddles the boundary between these two ways of existence: that it becomes real. I appeal to Roman Ingarden’s existential ontology to show that virtual objects become existentially autonomous, and so can be attributed a form of actuality and causal efficaciousness. I conclude that the existential autonomy and actuality of virtual objects makes them count as real objects, but also means that they undergo a change in their mode of existence.
ROMAN INGARDEN’S CONCEPT OF THE FILMIC WORK OF ART: STRATA, SOUND, SPECTACLE
Authors:   Department of Philosophy, Purdue University, LUZECKY ROBERT
Published: December 2020

In the present paper, I suggest a modification to some aspects of Ingarden’s analyses of the sound-synchronized filmic work of art. The argument progresses through two stages: (1) I clarify Ingarden’s claim that the work of art is a stratified formation in which the various aspects present objectivities; (2) I elucidate and critically assess Ingarden’s suggestion that the filmic work of art is a borderline case in respect to other types of works of art—paintings and literary works. Here, I identify a problem with Ingarden’s claims about the function of sound in the concretized filmic work’s presentation of its fictive world. Ingarden identifies the presented universe of the filmic work of art as a habitus of reality, but Ingarden seems oddly conflicted with respect to his notion of habitus. I argue that this stems from Ingarden’s conceptualization of the filmic work of art as primarily composed of the stratum of represented “visible aspects” in both the cases of the silent film and the sound-synchronized film, and his restriction of the role of phonetic content in the latter. I suggest that were we to reconceptualise the role of aurally presented phonetic content in the concretized sound-synchronized film, we could better understand how film has the seeming magical capacity to transfix us.
THE WORLD OUTSIDE THE WINDOW: THE PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION OF THE ARTICLE “DEFENESTRATION” BY MARС RICHIR
Authors:   National Research University «Higher School of Economics», MIKHAYLOV DENIS
Published: December 2020

This paper is a presentation of Russian translation of the article « La Défenestration » (1971) by Marc Richir. In this paper we depict the philosophical context in which the article was written and define its place in the totality of Richir’s works. Our main goal is to help the reader to understand the features of Richir’s complex thought and to give explicit definition to the term “defenestration.” The defenestration, understood as a philosophical concept, is a process of reconsideration of major phenomenological presuppositions. Thus, we distinguish three main steps of defenestration basing on Richir’s critique of previous phenomenologists: 1) the abolition of the transcendental ego as a structure external to “the world”; 2) the rejection of the universe of beings as the one and only universe people inhabit (moreover, such a universe of beings should not be anymore considered as homogenous space of representation); 3) rethinking the phenomenalisation on the basis of “nothing” (rien) as a primary universe and, therefore, overcoming the classical dualism of the sensible and the intelligible. We conclude that by analyzing systems of previous philosophers through the concept of defenestration Richir in this early work determines the direction of his future philosophical research.
Studies of Ornament: Main Trends and Prospects
Authors:   St. Petersburg Stieglitz State Academy of Art and Design, Palaguta Ilia V.
Published: December 2020

The analysis of the ornament is the key issue in the studies of the applied decorative art. Nevertheless, the principal points pertaining to the nature of ornament, its expressivity, semantics, compositional principles and cultural value, have only been covered intermittently. This is primarily due to the disengagement of the various academic fields involved in the studies of ornament: art history, cultural anthropology, ethnography, archeology, etc. It seems important to synthesize the methods and approaches as well as set up the basis for developing the general principles for the studies of ornament, that would take into account all its various aspects. The definition of ornament through its decorative function does not encompass its essential features: rhythm, meter, and symmetry. Ornament can be considered as a strategy of visualizing rhythm and can be regarded as a specific art form. Apart from the formal trend, based on systematization of ornaments, the approaches to ornament as the basis of ethnocultural reconstructions play a prominent part. Studies concerning the semantics of ornament offer a whole range of opinions, but the widespread notion that ornament is a set of signs and symbols calls for a critical reappraisal. At the same time, ornament plays an important part in the process of intercultural and intracultural communications on the level of signal and index, being a special kind of “art-rhythm”. The interdisciplinary approach opens a much broader range of ideas concerning the options for studying ornaments and offers solutions for subsequent research. One of the most promising possibilities is the comprehensive and cross-cultural analysis of ornament as the element of a communication system, based on the search for the links between the development of the ornamental traditions and styles as well as the developments in the other spheres of human culture.
From “Sarskaya Road” to “Victory Avenue”. The Architectural Ensemble of Moskovsky Avenue in Saint Petersburg
Authors:   St. Petersburg Repin State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, Lisovskii Vladimir G. , Speranskaya Varvara S. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Potapov Vasilii S. ,   St. Petersburg Repin State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture
Published: December 2020

The article contains a brief overview of the history of the formation of the architectural ensemble of Moskovsky Avenue in Saint Petersburg — one of the major highways in the southern districts of the city. The role of regular urban planning techniques is noted in the process of organizing the main part of the modern highway, starting from Sennaya Square. The highway from the moment of its inception has served as part of a lengthy route important for the whole country, connecting Saint Petersburg with Moscow and Kiev. The process of gradual changes in the architectural characteristics of the avenue in the 19th century is traced, when the composition of the following sections of the highway was formed — from the Fontanka to the square at the Moscow Triumphal Gate. The historical and symbolical emphasis of the Gate is emphasized. The focus of the article is on the part of avenue that was created in the middle of the twentieth century in the neoclassical style of that time. The results of a large competition for the development of planning projects of the highway, conducted when the avenue was named after Joseph Stalin, are briefly reviewed. The authors analyze the spatial structure of the highway, the developed nature of which makes it possible to compare Moskovsky Avenue to Nevsky Avenue. It is shown that the very use of the patterns specific to the order system allowed for the creation of an ensemble, whose solemn character is consonant with the theme of victory in the war of 1941–1945. The authors evaluate the creative contribution of a number of Soviet architects and sculptors in the creation of the ensemble. The article also explores examples of the contemporary urban development of the neighboring city blocks and evaluates the level of their compatibility with the task of preserving the ensemble as an art monument of its time.
Subjective life quality, psychological well-being and attitude to the time perspective as well as age among pensioners leading different lifestyles
Authors:   Institute of Psychology RAS, Pavlova Nadezhda , Sergienko Elena ,   Institute of Psychology RAS
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the subjective assessment peculiarities of psychological and physical health components as indicators of life quality in correlation with psychological well-being, time perspective and subjective age in the late ontogenesis stage (58–93 years). The analysis of general patterns was carried out by age groups: 58–64, 65–74 and 75–93 years old, as well as lifestyle: elderly non-working people who receive home-based social services and elderly non-working people which lead an active lifestyle. It is shown that subjective indicators of life quality are at a rather low level and they decrease with age. However, the level of overall psychological well-being and its components correspond to a high and medium interval. The prevailing time orientations are “Positive past” and “Future” (the nearest time perspective); a balanced time perspective was found in a third of respondents. In assessing subjective age, there is a positive illusion which consists of perceiving oneself as being younger than the chronological age. An active lifestyle contributes to maintaining higher assessments of life quality level, orientation towards the future and a positive illusion of assessing subjective age. It is observed that people living with relatives or a caregiver, in comparison with those living alone, have a higher level of life quality and higher scores on the “Positive relationships with others” indicator of “Psychological well-being scale”. The period of 64–75 years is characterized by higher indicators of life quality, psychological well-being and the predominance of a balanced time perspective. Among the studied factors, psychological well-being is most closely correlated with the self-assessment of health (physical and psychological components). The time perspective is more correlated with the psychological component of health, while the subjective age is associated with the physical component. At the same time, there is a group specificity in the number and nature of correlations, depending on age and lifestyle, which indicates the role of subjective and objective factors in psychological well-being.
Psychotherapy targets for comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder in cancer patients
Authors:   V. M. Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health, Vasilieva Anna , Karavaeva Tatiana ,   V. M. Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health, Mizinova Elena ,   V. M. Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health, Lukoshkina Ekaterina ,   V. M. Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health
Published: December 2020

The article describes the main psychotherapeutic targets and individual psychological characteristicsof cancer patients with comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), using the example of breast cancer, prostate cancer, and rectal cancer patients in remission following surgery (mastectomy, prostatectomy, and colostomy). The study was carried out at N. N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology. The experimental group consisted of 40 patients with breast cancer, 32 patients with prostate cancer, and 19 patients with rectal cancer, in accordance with the selection criteria and based on a specialized questionnaire designed to detect symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (Trauma Screening Questionnaire). A control group, for comparison, was comprised of 51 women with breast cancer, 53 patients with prostate cancer, and 22 patients with rectal cancer who showed signs of constructively coping with cancer. The assessment of individual psychological characteristics of patients in these nosological groups was carried out using a battery of experimental psychological techniques. In order to enhance the adaptive capacity of the personality in patients with oncological diseases, to prevent the likelihood of developing PTSD, and develop the effectiveness of treatment, the following general psychotherapeutic targets were identified: intrapsychic maladaptive type of response to the disease, excessive fixation on the disease and care during illness; low risk tolerance manifested by patients’ reluctance to act in the absence of reliable guarantees of success; destructive and deficient personality functions; shortage of positive cognitive representations of the world and themselves; destructive guilt associated with the illness and family relationships; excessive desire for autonomy and independence that reduces the possibility of receiving social support.
Features of structure of intellectual development of children of preschool and younger school age with the expressive language disorder (the general speech underdevelopment)
Authors:   School No. 25 of the Petrograd district of St. Petersburg, Nold Natalia , Skochilov Roman ,   St. Petersburg State University, Berezina Tatiana ,   Additional Education Center of Diagnostics and Counseling, Psychological, Educational, Medical and Social Care of the Petrograd District of St. Petersburg “Psychological and Pedagogical Center ‘Health’”, Ilyina Margarita ,   Additional Education Center of Diagnostics and Counseling, Psychological, Educational, Medical and Social Care of the Petrograd District of St. Petersburg “Psychological and Pedagogical Center ‘Health’”
Published: December 2020

The article presents the results of a study concerning the features of level and structural characteristics of intellectual development for children aged 4 to 11 year and have general speech underdevelopment (GSU) at 1–4 levels. The level of intellectual development of children was measured by Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISC or WPPSI). The assessment of speech development and designation of the child’s speech development to a particular level was carried out by a speech therapist. A comparative analysis revealed significant differences in the level and structural characteristics of the intellectual development of children with a general speech underdevelopment, and children without speech disorders. The indicator of verbal intelligence according to WISC and WPPSI among children with GSU is significantly lower than in children without speech disorders. The greatest extent significant differences find out between children with GSU and children without speech disorders by “Similarities” subtest. In addition, within themselves the group of children with GSU is heterogeneous. The indicator of verbal intelligence in children with GSU level 1 is significantly lower than in children with GSU at levels 2–4. Children with GSU from levels 1–3 perform significantly worse on the “Similarities” subtest than children with GSU level 4. Sufficient differences were obtained between the results of children with GSU level 1 and children with GSU from levels 2–4 when performing the “Digit Span” subtest. There were no significant differences in indicators of nonverbal intelligence between the control and experimental groups. Significant differences were found between children with GSU at levels 1–2 and children without speech disorders in indicators of general intellectual development. The results of the study may be of practical importance in the diagnosis of children with speech impairments and the correctional work with children in this category.