bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XV.—Encystation and Reserve Food Formation in Trinema lineare, Penard
Authors: Dunkerly J. S.
Published: January 2013

In the early spring of 1922 I was working with my friend Mr R. A. Staig at the rearing of larvæ and eggs of Stomoxys calcitrans in horse dung from a farm. Some of the manure had been left in the incubator (which was maintained at 24° C.) after all larvæ had been raised from it. On examining the surface of the material, which had been kept damp, it was found to be swarming with small Oligochætes and a rich culture of a testaceous Rhizopod (fig. 1). This latter is 35μ × 17μ in size, and appears to be identical with the organism figured by Leidy (10) as Trinema enchelys. It seems certain that Leidy had placed different species under this one name, and Cash and Waite (2) have placed in the species lineare those forms which differ from T. enchelys in being of smaller size and in having a test very thin and composed of ill-defined plates, which can hardly be seen in most of the specimens mounted in balsam. The present organism then can be placed in this species, Trinema lineare, Penard.
XVIII.—The Igneous Geology of the Dalmeny District
Authors: Walker Frederick
Published: January 2013

Topography.—The extent of the area dealt with in this paper and the position in that area of the various igneous masses under consideration are indicated in the sketch-map (fig. 1). On both sides of the Firth of Forth the ground considered consists of low-lying, undulating, arable land intersected by numerous steep ridges. These ridges, which form conspicuous features in the landscape, indicate the outcrops of doleritic sills. They are often tree-clad, and frequently show lines of cliffs on one side. The ridge known as Mons Hill attains a height of 387 ft., which is the maximum for the district. Other conspicuous ridges occur at Craigie, Dundas, West Craigs, Lindsay's Craigs, and north of the Forth at Braefoot and Aberdour. Where the larger igneous masses reach the shore they tend to form rocky promontories, as, for instance, at Hound Point, Snab Point, and Braefoot. Rocky islets a short distance off shore may also be formed, a good example of which is seen at Hound Point.
XXII.—Geology of the Outer Hebrides. Part I.—The Barra Isles
Authors: Jehu T. J. , Craig R. M.
Published: January 2013

The Barra Isles are so designated after the largest member of the group, Barra or Barray. According to some authorities Barray is named after St Barr, who has always been regarded by the natives as the tutelary saint of the island and to whom the principal church is dedicated. A more probable derivation is that from its geographical position, i.e. from “Ay” or “I” (an island), and “Barr” (a head or point).
XXIII.—The Geology of Prince Charles Foreland, Spitsbergen
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: January 2013

Prince Charles Foreland is a long, narrow, mountainous island with a N.N.W. to S.S.E. extension, which lies parallel to the western mainland coast of Spitsbergen, but separated from it by the Foreland Sound, with an average width of ten miles. Its southern extremity lies on the same parallel of latitude as Mt. Alkhornet at the entrance to Ice Fiord, and its most northerly point on the same parallel of latitude as King's Bay. The island is thus about 54 miles long, and is on an average 5 miles wide, the maximum width of 6½ miles being attained near Pt. James Murray, and also south of Ferrier Haven. Its area is approximately 270 square miles (see map, fig. 1).
XXVI.—On Old Red Sandstone Plants showing Structure, from the Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part III. Asteroxylon Mackiei, Kidston and Lang
Authors: Kidston R. , Lang W. H.
Published: January 2013

Asteroxylon Mackiei was a plant of more complicated organisation and larger size than either Rhynia or Hornea, which have been described from the silicified peat-bed at Rhynie in the two preceding papers of this series. The generic name refers to the stellate outline of the xylem of the stem as seen in cross section, while the specific name commemorates the original discovery of the plant remains by Dr Mackie.
XIII.—Studies in Floral Morphology. III. The Flowering of Napoleona imperialis, Beauv
Authors: Thompson John M'Lean
Published: January 2013

In a former memoir published in these Transactions (30) the floral development of the “Cannon-Ball” tree, Couroupita guianensis, Aubl., was described. The most striking floral feature of this remarkable Myrtaceous genus is the androecium, the form, proportions, and position of whose parts produce a curious zygomorphy with cellular gigantism. The Lecythidean andrœcium, and the torus which bears it, were considered of systematic importance and of physiological interest, and deserving of special study with reference to the Myrtaceæ as a whole.
XVI.—On the Structure and Life-History of Metephelota coronata gen. nov., sp. nov. (Suctoria, Ephelotidæ)
Authors: Willis A. G.
Published: January 2013

The present paper records an investigation into a new and unusual suctorian, found epizoic on the cuticle of the Cirripede, Conchoderma aurita. The Cirripede host was obtained from a Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus), in the S. Pacific. The collection was made at the Whaling Factory Ship Southern Empress, by the Whaling Inspector, Commander H. Buckle, and the material was then sent to Britain with the collections of H.M.R.S. Discovery. The new form, Metephelota coronata, was first discovered by Professor H. Graham Cannon in the course of an anatomical study on Conchoderma. Recognising that M. coronata might be a new member of the Ephelotidæ (Collin, 1912), Professor Cannon, with great kindness, transferred the whole of the available material to me for further study. This has shown that the material consists of a single new species, generically distinct from Ephelota and Podocyathus, the two previously known genera of the Ephelotidæ.
XX.—The Geochemistry of some Caledonian Plutonic Rocks: A Study in the Relationship between the Major and Trace Elements of Igneous Rocks and their Minerals
Authors: Nockolds S. R. , Mitchell R. L.
Published: January 2013

The Caledonian plutonic rocks of Western Scotland form a well-defined group, ranging from ultrabasic to acid types, which have been studied in detail by a number of petrologists. They form intrusions of varying size, usually composite and frequently, at least, having the habit of ring complexes. The rock types include peridotites and pyroxenites, gabbros, hornblendite and appinite, appinitic diorites, pyroxene-mica diorites, hornblende-biotite diorite, various hornblende-biotite grandiorites, biotite adamellite and muscovite-biotite adamellite, while the final stage is represented by numerous veins of aplite and rare pegmatites.
XIX.—The Late-glacial History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland
Authors: Charlesworth J. K.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

From the abounding moraines, drainage features (fig. 21) and other marginal indications an attempt has been made to reconstruct the successive phases of the ice in its retreat into the corries of the Highlands and Islands (Pl. I). Two late-glacial stages are recognised. During the first, the Highland Glaciation, an ice-margin ran from the Orkney Islands across the mouth of the Moray Firth to the Buchan and out to sea north of Aberdeen. Twelve substages (A–L) of retreat, arbitrarily selected, have been traced through the country, except in the Moraineless West where they are unrepresented.

At the maximum of the second stage, the Moraine Glaciation, the ice readvanced to the line stage M (beaded line in Pl. I). The retreat from this line, the inner boundary of the Moraineless West and of the 100-foot raised beach (Pl. I), is divided into nine substages (N–V), based upon a consideration of snowlines. Substage N corresponds to the 50-foot raised beach, substage P to an important readvance.

The snowline throughout the late-glacial period ran in the west parallel with the meridians and rose eastwards. The disposition of the snowlines for stage M is given in fig. 22, p. 900.

The distribution of the ice in the British Isles during the North British, Highland and Moraine Glaciations is represented in fig. 23, p. 923.
XXI.—An Experimental Research on the Antagonism between the Actions of Physostigma and Atropia
Authors: Fraser Thomas R.
Published: January 2013

It is natural to suppose that soon after it became known that injurious effects follow the introduction of certain substances into the system, attempts were made to remedy these effects, and also to discover counteragents, or antidotes, to the hurtful substances. The success attending these attempts must, of necessity, have been closely related to the existing state of knowledge regarding the actions of active substances. When the effects of poisons were referred to supernatural manifestations, it was chiefly charms and superstitious rites that were trusted to as protectives and remedies. At a somewhat more advanced period in the progress of human knowledge, vague notions of physiological laws and processes supplied the indications of curative treatment.
X. —The Structure, Bionomics, and Forest Importance of Myelophilus minor Hart
Authors: Ritchie Walter
Published: January 2013

The two beetles Myelophilus minor Hart, and Myelophilus piniperda Linn, belong to the family Scolytidæ (the Ipidæ of Hagedorn), of the series Rhynchophora or snouted beetles.

The genus Myelophilus Eichhoff has the following characters: (1) the biting edges of the maxillæ are beset with spines, (2) third basal tarsal joint broadened out, (3) head with rostrum visible, (4) funiculus of antenna six-jointed, (5) club of antennæ not quite round but somewhat pointed at the apex, (6) head and thorax with outstanding hairs, (7) front edge of thorax not depressed in the middle.
XXVIII.—The Loss of Energy at Oblique Impact of Two Confined Streams of Water.
Authors: Gibson A. H.
Published: January 2013

When two jets or streams of water moving with equal or unequal velocities meet at an angle and combine to form one common stream, the impact is usually accompanied by loss of energy, which may be large if the velocities are high. If the jets are free (exposed to air on every side), the pressures are unaltered by impact, and the loss may be readily calculated in terms of the initial velocities and angle of inclination, by an application of the equations of energy and of momentum. Where the streams are confined before and after impact—as, for example, where the streams outflowing from the impeller of a centrifugal pump impinge on the more slowly moving body of water in the volute, or where the two streams combine in the mixing chamber of a jet pump or injector,—both pressures and velocities are altered by the impact, and the available data are insufficient to enable the magnitude of the losses to be predetermined from a priori reasoning.
VII.—The Pterobranchia of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902 to 1904).
Authors: Harmer S. F. , Ridewood W. G.
Published: January 2013

The genus Cephalodiscus was instituted by M'Intosh for a species, C. dodecalophus, which had been obtained by the Challenger Expedition. After the publication of the full account of this species, by M'Intosh and Harmer (87) in the Challenger Report, succeeding papers for nearly twenty years were all based on the original Challenger material. The subject was in particular re-investigated by Masterman in a series of papers (971, 972, 98, 99, 03). The Siboga report, published by Hakmer (05) in 1905, added three Oriental species to the genus. Schepotieff (05, 07, 08) devoted several papers to a further description of the Challenger material; while, more recently (09), he has described an interesting new species, C. indicus, from Ceylon. In 1906 Ridewood (06) described C. gilchristi from South Africa; and in the following year he gave an account (071) of the two species which had been dredged by the Discovery Expedition; and (072) of the development of the plumes in four species of Cephalodiscus. One of the Discovery species, C. nigrescens, had been described two years earlier by Lankester (05), in a preliminary paper; and Ridewood (12) has recently brought forward evidence to show that this species had been dredged by the Erebus and Terror Expedition in 1841 or 1842. In 1907 Andersson (07) added no less than six species to the genus, in describing the results of the Swedish South Polar Expedition, though we give some evidence (pp. 559–563) to show that one of them, C. inæquatus, is synonymous with C. hodgsoni, which had been described by Ridewood (071) earlier in the same year, from the Discovery collection. The most recent addition to the list of species has been given by Gravier (12), who has published an account of C. anderssoni, a new species which was obtained by the second French Antarctic Expedition.
8.—A Stratigraphical Revision of the Old Red Sandstone of North-eastern Caithness
Authors: Donovan R. Nowell , Foster Richard J. , Westoll T. Stanley
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The stratigraphy of the Old Red Sandstone between Latheron and Brough in north-eastern Caithness has been revised. Stratigraphical subdivision in this area is primarily based on variations in lithology but is supported by the recognition of distinct faunal assemblages. The terms Wick Flagstone and Thurso Flagstone are discarded both as Group and Formation names and in their place type sequences different from those given by the Survey are proposed on the basis of the more continuous exposure seen between Ellens Goe and Latheron in eastern Caithness and in the Ham/Scarfskerry area of northern Caithness. The revision has been facilitated by an analysis of the structure of the area which suggests that a variablec. east-west compression has been the dominant controlling factor in the development of the structure of Caithness.

As a result of the revision the position of the Achanarras Fish Bed is now clear. The Passage Beds Group is no longer considered a meaningful subdivision as it is partly overlain by and partly overlies this Fish Bed. The John o' Groats Sandstone Group is thought to probably overlie the Caithness Flagstones conformably.

The following major stratigraphical subdivisions are recognised:

D. John o' Groats Sandstone Group.

C. Upper Caithness Flagstone Group

(c) Mey Subgroup

(b) Ham-Scarfskerry Subgroup

(a) Latheron Subgroup.

B. Lower Caithness Flagstone Group (position of Achanarras Fish Bed)

(d) Robbery Head Subgroup

(c) Lybster Subgroup

(b) Hillhead Red Bed Subgroup

(a) Clyth Subgroup.

A. Sarclet Group.

A typographical device is used for formal description of formations and groups whose boundaries are truncated by faults.
11.—Some Observations on the Fertile Parts of Zosterophyllum myretonianum Penhallow from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Scotland
Authors: Edwards Dianne
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

New collections of Zosterophyllum myretonianum Penhallow have been made at a number of localities in the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. For the first time, details of the fructification are recorded and incorporated into an emended diagnosis of the species. A comparison with the remaining species of Zosterophyllum indicates that sporangial and stalk characteristics are most important in delimiting Z. myretonianum. Tentative explanations for the wide variation in the overall morphology of the fructifications are put forward.
XIX.—The Petrography of Jan Mayen
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: January 2013

Jan Mayen is so inaccessible and so infrequently visited that very little geological and petrographical work has been done on the island. Some rocks were collected during the Austrian “Pola Expedition” of 1882–3; and these were described by Scharizer as porphyritic olivine basalts, with one example of ægirine-trachyte. Four analyses were given, but their quality is so poor that they are practically useless for scientific discussion. Washington lists only one of these, and that among the analyses of inferior quality. The only modern petrographic work that has been done on Jan Mayen rocks is the description of an olivine-trachyandesite by Dr Holmes accompanied by a first-rate chemical analysis by Dr H. F. Harwood, which forms a valuable addition to the seven new analyses recorded in this paper.
I.—The Glacial Geology of the Southern Uplands of Scotland, West of Annandale and Upper Clydesdale
Authors: Charlesworth J. Kaye
Published: January 2013

The present paper embodies the results of an investigation into the glacial phenomena of the Southern Uplands of Scotland, west of Annandale and Upper Clydesdale.

The literature dealing with the glaciation of this extensive region is very meagre. Apart from the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Scotland, only a few and scattered papers and occasional references bear upon the subject. These will be noted in the course of the paper as occasion arises.
XX.—Geology of the Outer Hebrides. Part IV.—South Harris
Authors: Jehu T. J. , Craig R. M.
Published: January 2013

Harris is supposed to derive its name from the Gaelic “na hardibh,” a designation signifying “the heights.” The term is appropriate in that the most mountainous parts of the Long Island lie within its boundaries.

South Harris forms a natural geographical division for it is divided, from North Harris by a narrow neck of iand at Tarbert separating the eastern from the western seas. This isthmus is less than half a mile across. In addition to South Harris proper, this memoir deals also with the Isle of Scalpay and neighbouring islets off the north-east coast, the Isle of Taran-say on the north-west, and several islands off the south-west coast in the Sound of Harris, of which the principal ones are Ensay, Killegray, Groay, Lingay, and Gilsay.
VI.—The Primitive Conducting Mechanisms of the Vertebrate Heart. An Introduction to the Study of their Appearance and Development in Lepidosiren paradoxa
Authors: Jones Tudor
Published: January 2013

The arrangement of the structures subserving the phenomena of the heart-beat has long been the study of anatomists and morphologists. Current descriptions are incomplete in essential particulars, and much confusion and uncertainty has arisen from the well-known fact that apparently the structures which conduct the impulses initiating muscular contraction in other parts of the body are duplicated or supported, in the heart, by a specialised mechanism. This mechanism is said to consist of atypical muscular fibres, accompanied by nerves, and arranged in anatomically distinct portions, nodal and bundle. In the nodal portions of the mechanism the fibres are smaller than those of the myocardium, and form a close entanglement, probably syncytial; while in the bundle of His the fibres vary in size in different animals. Ventricular extensions, again of widely divergent types, are well known under the name of Purkinje fibres. While two nodal portions are described, one, the sino-atrial node, at the commencement of the venous portion of the heart, the other, the atrio-ventricular node, at the end of it, only one distinctive pathway establishing continuity throughout the special mechanism has been demonstrated, namely, the atrioventricular bundle of His. Subsidiary structures of a like kind have been demonstrated, for example Kent's accessory atrio-ventricular bundle, but “no distinctive pathway between the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes has yet been demonstrated,” although the results of experiment have indicated the probable existence of such a communication (9).
XXVII.—Stratigraphical Observations in the Stor Fjord Region of Spitsbergen
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: January 2013

The Stor Fjord is the great bight which is situated on the eastern side of the mainland of Spitsbergen, and separates it from the large Barents and Edge Islands which lie farther east (see map, fig. 1). It is widest towards the south, the distance between the South Cape of Spitsbergen and Negro Point on Edge Island being 107 miles. At its northern end the Stor Fjord narrows considerably and terminates in Heley (or Helis) Sound, which connects it with the Barents Sea by way of Olga Strait.
XXVIII.—The Poisoned Arrows of the Abors and Mishmis of North-East India, and the Composition and Action of their Poisons.
Authors: Fraser Thomas R.
Published: January 2013

1. The active ingredient of the poison of the Abor and Mishmi poisoned arrows is, in some of them, aconite, and, in others, croton oil. The former, apparently, is generally used by the Mishmis, and the latter by the Abors.

2. Although sufficient botanical materials have not been obtained to identify the species of aconite, the nature of the pharmacological action suggests that the species is one containing relatively more pseudo-aconitine than aconitine and, therefore, more resembling Aconitum ferox and A. heterophylloides than A. Napellus.

3. The arrow-poisons containing aconite were found to be much more lethal in warm-blooded animals than those containing croton; but the aconite-poisoned arrows that were examined carried usually too little aconite for a single arrow to produce death in man, even if the whole of the poison should be quickly absorbed.

4. The arrow-poisons containing croton, on the other hand, were found to be incapable of producing death in warm-blooded animals by the absorption of the poison into the circulation, and could do so only tardily by rendering the animal more susceptible to septicæmia, following inflammatory and even necrotic changes in the tissues into which the poison had been inserted.

5. While thus relatively inert in warm-blooded animals, and presumably, therefore, in man, the croton arrow-poison is extremely toxic in cold-blooded animals, being for them one of the most lethal of poisons, readily absorbable into the circulation and producing irritation and hæmorrhages in parts remote from the locality of insertion, and the latter, especially, in the alimentary canal. Remote effects may be produced even without any obvious evidence of local irritation in the place into which the poison has been inserted. These remarkable peculiarities in the action of the Government of India arrow-poison are reproduced by its ether extract and by the oil of Croton Tiglium.

6. Excepting failure to cause general action in warm-blooded animals, it is interesting to note that in many of their important effects, croton arrow-poisons as well as croton oil reproduce the effects of viperine venoms.
III. Remarks on the Transition Rocks of Werner
Authors: Allan Thomas
Published: January 2013

Although we have many writers on geological subjects, whose works are distinguished by ingenuity of doctrine, and novelty of opinion, and, among them, some who have made advances towards arrangement; it was reserved to the celebrated Werner, to introduce means, by which rocks might be described with some degree of precision. Many ingenious theories were invented, to account for their formation; but little or no attention was paid, to the acquirement of an accurate knowledge, either of their composition, or their relative position in nature; although these certainly appear to be the bases, on which such speculative opinions ought to be founded.
VI. An Account of some Geological Facts observed in the Faroe Islands
Authors: Mackenzie George Steuart
Published: January 2013

The singular appearances which were presented to my view by the Trap Rocks of Iceland, and the interest which they excited, made me resolve, as soon as I had given an account of that country to the public, to visit the Islands of Faroe. This expedition was undertaken, for the purpose of ascertaining, whether, in a Trap Country, where no traces of external volcanoes existed, any thing similar to the peculiar features of the rocks of Iceland was to be found. In the latter country were discovered a series of rocks, lying above the beds of Trap, which bore the most striking marks of igneous origin; in some instances having a perfect resemblance to ordinary Trap, and in others to the common Lavas of the country. The beds of Trap, and those above them, being separated by mechanical depositions of Tuffa (Trap-Tuff), led me to the conclusion, that the whole of the beds had been formed at the bottom of the sea, by successive eruptions of a submarine volcano.
XXVI.—On the Anatomical Type of Structure of the Human Umbilical Cord and Placenta
Authors: Simpson J. Y.
Published: January 2013

In the construction of the animal kingdom, Nature shows herself always provident and saving, both in the amount of organic matter which she uses, and in the complexity of the organic structures which she moulds out of that matter. She never employs any superfluous quantity of material, nor any superfluous quality of mechanism. If a low type of structure in an organ is sufficient for the due performance of the given function of that organ, she never resorts to a higher or more complex type. She does not build organs or animals with the higher organic types of nerves, capillaries, lymphatics, &c., when these organs or animals do not require for their function, or for their life, the special physiological action of nerves, capillaries, or lymphatics. She expends no unnecessary workmanship upon the vital machinery which she employs, nor does she ever add to it any unnecessary pieces of organic apparatus.
Abstract of Paper on the Meteorology of Ben Nevis in Clear and in Foggy Weather
Authors: Buchanan J. Y.
Published: January 2013

The publication by the Royal Society of Edinburgh of the hourly observations made at the observatory on the summit of Ben Nevis along with corresponding observations at Fort-William at the sea level is an important contribution to meteorological science. The study of this work reveals at once the important characteristic of the Ben Nevis Observatory. It is situated on a true peak, and that the highest point in the British Islands. Its height above the sea is such that it is usually enveloped in cloud, and its records are for the most part those of an observatory established in the clouds, and in an atmosphere habitually saturated with moisture.
XXXV.—On the most Volatile Constituents of American Petroleum
Authors: Ronalds Edmund
Published: January 2013

Crude American petroleum evolves, at ordinary temperatures, a quantity of combustible gas, which takes fire on contact with flame, and, when mixed in certain proportions with air, produces an explosive mixture. It is in consequence of this property that it has been thought necessary to pass a very stringent law, known as the Petroleum Bill, with a view of preventing accidents from the incautious storing and handling of the oil.

The more volatile liquid products obtained by distilling the crude oil are still more highly charged with combustible vapour, which, when these liquids are again distilled, escapes condensation even by the most powerful freezing mixtures.
V. An Account of the Hot Springs near Rykum in Iceland
Authors: Stanley John Thomas
Published: January 2013

Dear Sir,

I have been prevented hitherto, by various occupations, from acquitting myself of a promise you received from me, (I am ashamed to think how long a time since), that I would send you an account of the hot springs in Iceland, from whence the water was brought which you have lately analysed. I have trusted you would excuse a delay not altogether voluntary. It will be now my endeavour to gratify your curiosity as far as I am able; and to acquaint you with every particular, as well concerning the springs as the country near them, which I think you may find in the least interesting.
VIII. An Account of the Quassia Polygama, or Bitter-Wood of Jamaica; and of the Cinchona Brachycarpa, a new Species of Jesuit's Bark found in the same Island
Authors: Lindsay John
Published: January 2013

The Quassia Polygama has long been known in Jamaica, and in fome other islands in the West Indies, not only as an exexcellent timber, but as an useful medicine in putrid fevers and, fluxes. With us, it is called Bitter-wood, and in the Windward Islands, the Bitter Ash. The bark has for some time been prescribed by practitioners here, and exported to England in considerable quantities, for the purposes of the brewers of ale and porter. On these accounts, a fuller description of this plant than has hitherto appeared, will be acceptable to the botanist and the public at large.
XLI.—Description of a Double Holophote Apparatus for Lighthouses, and of a Method of Introducing the Electric or other Lights
Authors: Brewster David
Published: January 2013

In the year 1812 I described an apparatus, by which the light of the sun, or of any luminous body concentrated in the focus of an improved lens, could be returned by reflection from a spherical mirror into the same focus, thus increasing the light and heat produced by the cone of refracted rays. The apparatus contained also a double system of lenses and plain mirrors, by which additional beams of light could be concentrated in the same focus.

In 1827 I described the very same apparatus as applied in the dioptric system of lights, the whole of the light which issues from a lamp being thrown into one wide and parallel beam, constituting what has been called a holophote, now in use in every part of the world.
XLV.—On the Diurnal Variation of the Magnetic Declination at Trevandrum, near the Magnetic Equator, and in both Hemispheres
Authors: Broun John Allan
Published: January 2013

The first observations of the diurnal variation of magnetic declination, made near the equator, seem to have been those of Mr Macdonald, who observed in 1794–95 at Fort Marlborough, Sumatra, 3° 46′ S., and at St Helena. Two conclusions seem to have been deduced from these observations—1st, That near the equator the range of the diurnal variation was much smaller than in Europe; 2d, That the needle moved in opposite directions south of the equator and in Europe. This latter conclusion was made use of by M. Arago, in his report made in 1821, on the “Voyage de l'Uranie,” as the base of a hypothesis that there must be a line betwixt the two hemispheres on which the magnetic needle moves neither east nor west—that is, remains stationary. M. de Freycinet's observations showed that this line was not the terrestrial equator, and M. Arago supposed it must be the magnetic equator.
XXXI.—Solution of a Functional Equation, with its Application to the Parallelogram of Forces, and to Curves of Equilibration
Authors: Wallace William
Published: January 2013

Article 1. The introduction of the notion of a function of a variable quantity into the mathematics, without any regard to its particular form, has given vast extension to the science, and been the germ of some of its most important theories. The doctrine of curve lines, no doubt, produced that of functions, for the former may be made the visible expression of the latter: thus, either of the coordinates of a curve being taken as the representation of the variable, the other co-ordinate is a function of the variable; so also are the arc of the curve, and its area. Indeed, in contemplating functions, and discussing their properties, it is convenient to substitute in our reasonings the geometrical representation for the abstract notion of the function.
XXI. Notice regarding a Time-Keeper in the Hall of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Authors: Robison John
Published: January 2013

There being some peculiarities in the construction of the Clock lately set up in this room, which may prove to have considerable influence on the performance of such instruments, and also on their cost and duration, it is presumed that a short notice of them, together with a few preliminary observations, may not be deemed uninteresting to the Society.

An eminent philosopher, in a work recently published, has defined a clock to be “nothing more than a piece of mechanism, for counting the oscillations of a pendulum.” This definition cannot be considered as complete, as besides having to register the oscillations of its pendulum, a clock has to communicate successive impulses to it, to enable it to overcome the friction of its suspension, and the resistance of the air. If a maintaining power were not exerted by the clock, the pendulum would soon be brought to a state of rest.
VII. On Phosphuretted Hydrogen
Authors: Graham Thomas
Published: January 2013

Few substances have been made the subject of experimental inquiry more frequently than the compounds of phosphorus and hydrogen, and no subject is so remarkable for the various and conflicting results which it has presented to chemists of the greatest acuteness and practical skill. The obscurity which long hung over the subject has been dispelled, however, in a great measure, by the recent investigations of Henry Rose of Berlin. Although baffled in his early researches, that philosopher returned again and again to the subject, and at last succeeded in determining the chemical functions and true constitution of phosphuretted hydrogen. He has shewn it to be analogous to ammonia in chemical character and composition. But hitherto two compounds of phosphorus and hydrogen had generally been admitted to exist, which were believed to differ in composition, as they do in properties, one being spontaneously inflammable in atmospheric air, and the other not so. Rose establishes beyond all doubt that these gases are essentially of the same composition, and of the same specific gravity; and, indeed, that they are mutually convertible, each into the other, without any addition or subtraction of matter that could be perceived. In explanation of their possessing different properties, under the same composition, allusion is made by Rose to Isomerism, or the doctrine that two bodies may exist identical in composition, but differing in properties. Certainly the existence of two gases, constituted alike, and yet possessing different properties, if established, would afford a firm basis for this doctrine.
The Meteorology of Glen Nevis from October 1901 to February 1902
Authors: Mossman R. C.
Published: January 2013

While meteorological observations taken in deep narrow valleys are open to grave objection for many meteorological purposes, including the drawing of isobaric and isothermal charts, yet the study of the climatic features in such a locality presents several points of special interest. This is more notably the case in the present instance owing to the close proximity of the Ben Nevis Observatory and the low-level Observatory at Fort-William. As the latter was only about 4½ miles distant from the valley station, the peculiarities of the climatology of Glen Nevis could be studied with a confidence which would have been unattainable without this adjoining sea-level station.
XVII.—The Major Ultrabasic and Basic Intrusions of St Kilda, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Harding R. R.
Published: January 2013

The structures and mineralogy of the Tertiary ultrabasic and basic intrusions are described. The ultrabasic rocks are thought to be remnants of a layered intrusion which once extended from Hirta to Boreray, and which probably formed by crystal accumulation. The eucrites may represent higher levels of this intrusion. A 350 feet-thick, fine-grained margin is described from the East Glen Bay Gabbro. The metamorphism of the ultrabasic and eucritic rocks, and the formation of the Glacan Mor Complex, probably occurred in a basic environment, before intrusion of the first acid rocks on St. Kilda. Five major-element and twenty-two trace-element analyses are presented.
XVIII.—A Study of some Namurian Marine Faunas of Central Scotland
Authors: Wilson R. B.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The marine invertebrate macro-fossils of the principal marine bands of Namurian age in Central Scotland are described. The species identified are listed and the vertical and lateral distributions of some species within the region are discussed together with notes on the palæogeography and palœoecology. Notes on the morphology of certain species are given andCampylites carbonarius(McCoy),Dyscritella leeisp. nov.,Koninckopectengen. nov. (type speciesLimatulina scoticaHind),Myalina mitchellisp. nov.,Palœoneilo mansonisp. nov.,Paleyoldia macgregorisp. nov. andSchizodus portlocki(Brown) are described.
V.—The Explosion-breccia Pipes near Kentallen, Scotland, and their geological setting
Authors: Bowes D. R. , Wright A. E.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

More than twenty igneous intrusions, of widely varying composition and mainly in explosion-breccia pipes, cut the Appin Quartzite, Appin Limestone, Appin Phyllites and Cuil Bay Slates of the Dalradian Series which show evidence of a long and complex structural history. Early phases of tectonics and metamorphism (garnet-amphibolite facies) were followed by the dominant deformation of the region, referred to as main phase. The major structure of the Cuil Bay Synform, together with a series of parasitic folds, were developed during this phase together with a strong, retrogressive, regional cleavage. Late phase deformation acting prior to the development of the pipes produced steeply plunging open folds and box folds, of brittle type. The superimposition of these structures on main phase parasitic antiforms, in banded sequences of competent and incompetent units, produced dome-shaped structures with pipe-shaped zones of intensely fractured and brecciated rock. Late phase deformation after igneous intrusion was associated with the Great Glen Fault. The structural elements which exercised the dominant controls on the location and form of the pipes were the main phase regional cleavage, the main phase parasitic antiforms, the late phase steeply plunging open folds and the axial planes of the late phase box folds and open folds.

A generalized sequence of events for a number of the pipes is: (1) explosive activity with shattering and brecciation, (2) emplacement of variable but generally hornblende-rich igneous types, representing crystallization at high to moderate gas pressure, (3) the emplacement of augite diorites or kentallenites representing crystallization at low gas pressure and (4) the emplacement of generally small bodies of leucodiorite–granodiorite, possibly representing secondary hybrid liquids. The other pipes show one or more of these events and the sequence is that expected in volcanic activity associated with the build up and release of pressure on the breaching of structural traps (formed by the Appin Quartzite). Explosive activity took place on the sudden release of gas when the gas-charged basic magma moved into the dome-shaped interference structures with their pipe-shaped zones of much fractured and brecciated rock.
IX.—The Placoderm FishCoccosteus cuspidatusMiller ex Agassiz from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. Part I. Descriptive Morphology
Authors: Miles Roger S. , Westoll T. Stanley
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Coccosteus cuspidatusis shown to be the correct name for the arthrodire commonly referred to asCoccosteus decipiens.An almost complete account of the osteology of this species is given and aspects of the restored head, thoracic armour, fins and posterior unarmoured region, the dermal ornamentation, neuromast system and musculature are discussed; the snout, dermal bones of the palate and neural endocranium receive special treatment in view of the part these structures have played in the interpretation of the relationships of the Arthrodira. Changes in the proportions of certain bones during growth are noted and the mode of life is considered. The family Coccosteidae is redefined; the genusCoccosteusand the type speciesC. cuspidatusare defined and consideration is given to other species included in this genus.
X.—Kochiproductus coronussp. nov. from the Scottish Viséan and a Possible Mechanical Advantage of its Flange Structure
Authors: Shiells K. A. G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Kochiproductus coronussp. nov., a flanged buxtoniid from upper Viséan limestone of Ayrshire, Scotland, is described and a reconstruction attempted. The possible functions of the flange are discussed. Experiments carried out on a laminar flow table indicate that one effect of this structure would be to check the velocity of incoming feeding currents thus trapping sediment and dense particles on the lower flange but allowing the free inflow of food material.
I. On the Existence of Two New Fluids in the Cavities of Minerals, which are immiscible, and possess remarkable Physical Properties
Authors: Brewster David
Published: January 2013

In the year 1818, my attention was accidentally directed to the subject of water in crystallised bodies, by the explosion of a crystal of Topaz, which I had exposed to a red heat, for the purpose of expelling its colouring matter. This violent disruption of the specimen, which was shivered into a thousand films, of extreme tenuity, arose from the expansion of the imprisoned fluid, and induced me to institute a series of experiments, for the purpose of determining the nature of the fluid, the form of the cavities which contained it, and the arrangement of these cavities in reference to the crystalline form of the mineral.
IV. On the Formation of Chalcedony
Authors: Mackenzie G. S.
Published: January 2013

Although I possess a collection of specimens of Chalcedony, made expressly with the view to enable me to form some plausible theory of its formation; and; although my cabinet contains a variety of forms, perhaps unequalled in any other collection, I have, for many years, refrained from describing them, because the oftener I contemplated my specimens, the less able I found myself to apply any single agent, so that its operations alone could account for their forms. It is, indeed, very long since I entertained the opinion, that no hypothesis founded on the separate agency of heat or of water, could be satisfactory to speculative minds; and that geologists could never account for the formation of individual minerals, or of the rocks containing them, without combining the power of heat with that of water. But even this combination, though it can be easily conceived capable of forming many of the productions of the mineral kingdom, leaves numerous phenomena unexplained.
XXXII. On a new Photometer, founded on the Principles of Bouguer
Authors: Ritchie William
Published: January 2013

The celebrated Bouguer was the first who discovered the important fact, that the eye can detect a very small difference between two similar illuminated surfaces, when viewed at the same moment,—the only principle which has yet been applied with any degree of success, in determining the relative illuminating powers of artificial flames. The following is perhaps the most commodious application of this principle, to determine the relative illuminating powers of different artificial lights, particularly of coal and oil gas. The instrument, or photometer, which I employ for this purpose, is extremely simple. It consists of a rectangular box, about an inch and a half, or two inches square, open at both ends, and blackened within for the purpose of absorbing the stray-light.
XV. On the Action of Voltaic Electricity on Alcohol, Ether, and Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Connell Arthur
Published: January 2013

I was led into the following train of investigation from observing, that, when minute quantities of certain substances were dissolved in alcohol, and the liquid was acted on by a moderate voltaic power, evident signs of decomposition were exhibited by the evolution of elastic fluid at the negative pole. In investigating the nature of the changes produced, I was farther led to examine the action of voltaic electricity on a variety of alcoholic solutions, and also the agency of more powerful galvanic batteries on pure alcohol and on ether; and, ultimately, I was conducted into a field, into which I should have hesitated voluntarily to enter, namely, the voltaic decomposition of aqueous solutions, which has recently been investigated with so much success by a distinguished cultivator of science. In the following paper, it will be my object to give some account of the experiments which I have made on these different subjects, and of the results and views to which I have been led.
XXII. On Single and Correct Vision, by means of Double and Inverted Images on the Retinœ
Authors: Alison W. P.
Published: January 2013

In entering on a question which may be said to occupy a portion of the debateable land between Physiology and Metaphysics, it seems, in the first place, necessary to state with precision the nature of the difficulty, which has long been felt on this subject, and endeavour to determine the degree to which it is reasonable to expect, that this difficulty may be removed; and on these points there is such a discrepancy of opinion, even among the latest and most esteemed authors, as obviously to make farther inquiry desirable.

No one can be more thoroughly convinced than I am, of the utter futility and absurdity of all attempts “to shoot the gulf which separates the sensible world from the sentient soul.” In all our inquiries in the Physiology of the Nervous System, as connected with mental acts, we must keep in mind, that the end of these inquiries can only be, to determine the physical conditions under which the different mental phenomena take place; and those under which, when they have taken place, they affect the different organs of the body. The question, how it comes about, that when those conditions are fulfilled, these results follow, must be held, in every case, to be beyond our powers.
XV.—Results of the Makerstoun Observations, No. II. On the Relation of the Varitions of the Vertical Component of the Earth's Magnetic Intensity to the Solar and Lunar Periods
Authors: Broun J. Allan
Published: January 2013

The following results are deduced from the observations of the balance or vertical force magnetometer, which consists of a magnetic needle, balanced horizontally, and resting, by a knife-edged axle, on agate planes. Much doubt has been entertained as to this instrument's capability of shewing changes of moderate nicety, and it has been considered altogether unavailable for changes of long period: it has been shewn (Vol. XVI., p. 67), that there are several difficulties in the way of an accurate interpretation of the observations, independent of the instrumental capacity. If it be added, that disturbances seem to affect the daily means of the vertical component, in a more serious way than they do those of the horizontal component, it will be seen that there are a series of difficulties, which tend to render good and consistent results from the balance magnetometer nearly unattainable. It will be judged afterwards how far these difficulties have been overcome in the present instance.
XXVI.—The 364 Unifilar Knots of Ten Crossings, Enumerated and Described
Authors: Kirkman Thomas P.
Published: January 2013

The 119 subsolids (marked ss) and the 244 unsolids (marked us), of these unifilars are here arranged in lists according to their flaps. Fe is the number of flaps of e loops upon a knot; and the headings of the lists, as, e.g.10I, F2 = 1, F1 = 3, describe so far all the knots in the lists. Thus in 10I each has one 2-ple flap and three single ones. After the number in the list comes always the base on which the knot is constructed by the rules of my paper, XVII. in vol. xxxii. part ii. of the Trans. R. S. E.; and the reader who has that paper before him will find it easy to draw any knot on its base, nearly always there figured, by the first given flap, which is the leading one of the knot described; thus in 10I the first written flap is the double one, and in 10P, F3 = 1, F1 = 2, it is the triple one. The leading flap of a subsolid is always followed by a colon.
XXIX.—The Visual, Grating and Glass-lens, Solar Spectrum (in 1884)
Authors: Smyth C. Piazzi
Published: January 2013

Throughout the year 1884 the sun was seen over most countries under peculiar atmospheric circumstances; and these, instead of being confined to low altitudes, were never more conspicuous than during the summer of the year, and noon-tide of each day, and in the clear air on mountain heights of every country, whenever the sky was more or less free of actual clouds.

On such occasions then, the usual phenomenon to be noticed by the eye, was, that nothing like blue sky could be witnessed near the sun. But in place of that, there was a broad glare of whitish light extending for several degrees around the luminary; and beyond that range, or over 20 degrees distant from him, there spread a wide reddish haze, passing into purple, and at greater distances into blue, but nowhere a very decided and deep blue sky.