bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurological Disturbances
Authors: Paice Judith A
Published: November 2023

Myoclonus is frequently seen in palliative care settings, particularly during the final days of life. If left untreated, this neurological disturbance may progress to seizures. Seizures also may occur due to central nervous system (CNS) lesions, metabolic disorders, or medications. A third neurological disturbance, spasticity, involves involuntary movements that may produce discomfort and fatigue. Astute palliative care clinicians can prevent some of these disorders and treat those that cannot be prevented. Patient and family involvement is mandatory since comfort and safety issues are prevalent with all three syndromes.
Urgent Syndromes at the End of Life
Authors: Watson Ashby C
Published: November 2023

Hallmarks of palliative care are skilled assessment and rapid evaluation and management of symptoms that impact negatively on patient and family quality of life. This chapter addresses select syndromes that unless recognized and treated promptly will cause unnecessary suffering for the patient and family.
Sedation for Refractory Symptoms and Terminal Weaning
Authors: Knight Patti , Espinosa, Laura A , Bruera Eduardo
Published: November 2023

In the United States, approximately 2.5 million people die each year, with 60% of those deaths occurring in hospitals. These statistics are alarming and support the public’s concern for the dying. The results of a survey by the Last Acts Coalition, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, suggested that the public feels that deaths in hospital settings are not well managed; 93% of respondents stated that it was “very important” or “somewhat important” to improve how the health care system cares for dying Americans. This survey also stated that patients and their family members clearly want to be involved in decision-making (42%) and to be comfortable at the end of life, with well-managed symptoms (39%) and with care that does not exhaust their life savings (73%).
The Meaning of Hope in the Dying
Authors: Ersek Mary
Published: November 2023

Hope has long been recognized as fundamental to the human experience. Many authors have contemplated hope, extolling it as a virtue and an energy that brings life and joy. From called hope “a psychic commitment to life and growth.” (p. 12). Some authors assert that life without hope is impossible.
Planning for the Actual Death
Authors: Berry Patricia , Griffie Julie
Published: November 2023

Issues and needs at the time of death are exceedingly important and, at the same time, exceedingly personal. Although the physiology of dying may be the same for most expected deaths, the psychological, spiritual, cultural, and family issues are as unique and varied as the patients and families themselves. As death nears, the goals of care must be discussed and appropriately redefined. Some treatments may be discontinued, and symptoms may intensify, subside, or even appear anew. Physiological changes as death approaches must also be defined, explained, and interpreted to the patient, whenever possible, as well as to the patient’s family, close others, and caregivers. The nurse occupies a key position in assisting patients’ family members at the time of death by supporting or suggesting death rituals, caring for the body after death, and facilitating early grief work. Most of the focus on death and dying in the past has been on dying in general, making the need for a chapter focused specifically on the actual death even more important.
Elderly Patients
Authors: Derby Susan , O’Mahony Sean
Published: November 2023

Aging is a normal process of life, not a disease, and infirmity and frailty do not always have to accompany being old. It is expected that most of us will live well into our 70s or 80s, and the aging of the population is projected to continue well into the 21st century. Projected growth for the elderly population is staggering. During the next 20 years, the fastest-growing segment of the population will be in the group aged 85 years and older. During the past decades, this increase in life expectancy has been mainly due to improvements in sanitation and infectious-disease control through vaccinations and antibiotics. Presently, the older population is growing older because of positive trends in the treatment of chronic diseases— cardiovascular and neurological, as well as cancer. This “swelling” of the older segment of the population reinforces the need for nurses, physicians, and all health care professionals to understand the special palliative care needs of the elderly. In our society, the majority of people who have chronic disease are elderly. One of the major differences from younger groups in treating illness in the elderly population is the need for extensive family support and care during the last weeks and months of life.
Home Care
Authors: Milone-Nuzzo Paula , McCorkle Ruth
Published: November 2023

Originally, palliative care in home care nursing was associated with patients who were clearly near the end of life. The contemporary philosophy of palliative care had its beginnings in England in 1967, when Dame Cicely Saunders founded St. Christopher’s Hospice. Home and respite care continue to be a major component of that program. Palliative care, by definition, focuses on the multidimensional aspects of patients and families, including physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and interpersonal components of care. These components of care need to be instituted throughout all phases of the illness trajectory and not only at the point when patients qualify for hospice services. Palliative care also needs to be given across a variety of settings and not be limited to inpatient units.
The Emergency Department
Authors: Campbell Margaret , Zalenski Robert
Published: November 2023

Each year, there are 110 million visits to emergency departments (EDs) in the United States, and almost 1% or approximately 1 million of these visits result in death in the ED or hospital. The emergency team in a busy ED typically perform or withholds attempts at resuscitation several times during an 8-to 12-hour shift. Emergency physicians and nurses traditionally view themselves as foot soldiers in the trenches fighting against the enemy, dying and death. The criterion of success is whether the patient was admitted to the hospital or discharged to the community alive. Death is regarded as failure; it may be blamed on the disease or the patient’s response, but must not be blamed on a clinician’s lack of willingness to “do everything” to keep the ED patient alive. In this view, every ED case can be dichotomized into success or failure based on whether the patient left the ED with a pulse.
Pediatric Care: Transitioning Goals of Care in the Emergency Department, Intensive Care Unit, and In Between
Authors: Levetown Marcia
Published: November 2023

Palliative care is comprehensive, interdisciplinary care focused primarily on promoting quality of life for patients and families living with a life-threatening illness. It can and should occur from the earliest recognition of a life-threatening condition and can be concurrent with efforts to prolong life. Palliative care is as applicable in the ED and in the ICU setting as it is in the home. This is a critically important issue for children who die, since the vast majority of childhood deaths occur in an ICU setting. In fact, Wanzer and colleagues state: As sickness progresses toward death, measures to minimize suffering should be intensified. Dying patients may require palliative care of an intensity that rivals that of curative efforts. Even though aggressive curative techniques are no longer indicated, professionals and families are still called on to use intensive measures— extreme responsibility, extraordinary sensitivity, and heroic compassion.
Nursing Research
Authors: Ferrell Betty R , Grant Marcia
Published: November 2023

The words of Field and Cassel, from a 1997 report of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) on improving care at the end of life, capture the breadth of palliative care research. Uniform agreement across disciplines and among authors confirms the paucity of palliative care research and the resultant absence of a scientific foundation for practice, which affects the care of patients at the end of life. Better patient care depends on both the quantity and the quality of palliative care research.
Delivering Palliative Care in Challenging Settings and to Hard-to-Reach Populations
Authors: Byock Ira , Twohig Jeanne
Published: November 2023

High-quality hospice programs represent a gold standard for comprehensive care for people who are dying. In the United States, hospice use has increased among cancer patients and other defined patient groups. However, even the most innovative hospice organizations meet barriers in attempting to serve patient populations in acute care hospitals, particularly academic research and teaching hospitals, and in highly technical environments such as renal dialysis units and intensive care units. Hospice is also challenged to deliver care in geographically isolated rural communities and for socioeconomically isolated populations served by “safety net” facilities, such as impoverished inner-city residents, military veterans, and prison inmates.
The Way Forward
Authors: Williamson Peter
Published: November 2023

None of the models for the final common pathway of schizophrenia described thus far can approach the explanatory power that the circulatory system offers for heart failure. Yet we have some emerging principles. It seems highly likely that there is some deficit in either GABAergic or NMDA receptor circuitry related to an early neurodevelopmental genetic, viral, or hypoxic anomaly. The deficit is then manifested with cortical pruning at around adolescence, leading to dysregulation of dopamine release, particularly in response to stress. Whether there are further degenerative changes after the onset of illness remains debatable, but there is certainly ample evidence that the loss of gray matter proceeds for several years in many patients.
1846-1878
Authors: Ellis Katharine
Published: November 2023

When a novelty threatens to alter the balance of cultural power by be coming mainstream, voices are likely to be raised in protest. So it was with early music in mid-nineteenth-century Paris. As I have argued elsewhere, some objections were practical: that the music of living, and particularly French, composers, was being squeezed out of pro grams as the average age of the works being performed increased. And there were also cynics such as Léon Escudier, whose well-aimed sarcasm had the capacity to touch raw nerves.
1878-1900
Authors: Ellis Katharine
Published: November 2023

Few could have predicted the impact of the six organ recitals that Alexandre Guilmant organized for the Exposition Universelle of 1878. Free of charge, and each featuring a different organist, they attracted near-capacity audiences to the vast Salle des Fêtes at the Trocadéro, where a new 60-stop Cavaillé-Coll organ had been installed. Here, in the only Paris concert hall with an organ permanently in situ, Guilmant began what was to be a twenty-year exploration of the organ repertory of Handel, Bach, Buxtehude, Frescobaldi, Clérambault, and modern composers (including himself).
La musique française at the Crossroads
Authors: Ellis Katharine
Published: November 2023

Not since the Terror had there been a period more humiliating than the bloody internal strife of the Paris Commune; not until 1940 would there be anything to compare with the ignominy of defeat at Prussian hands in a mere six weeks in the summer of 1870. The fall out from both was considerable. The perception that Germany had a braver and better-prepared (and therefore implicitly, more masculine) army than the French drained the confidence of a nation whose pride in being a significant military force had hitherto been bolstered by memory of victorious campaigns under Napoleon I. Culture, too, came under scrutiny as a potential source of national weakness.
Discovery and Justification
Authors: Salmon Wesley C
Published: November 2023

In his splendid introduction to Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science , Volume V (Steuwer 1970), Herbert Feigl rightly stresses the central importance of the distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification. These terms were introduced by Hans Reichenbach to distinguish the social and psychological facts surrounding the discovery of a scientific hypothesis from the evidential considerations relevant to its justification. The folklore of science is full of dramatic examples of the distinction, for example, Kepler’s mystical sense of celestial harmony (Pannekoek 1961, 235) versus the confrontation of the postulated orbits with the observations of Tycho Brahe; Kekule’s drowsing vision of dancing snakes (Partington 1964, 553ff.) versus the laboratory confirmation of the hexagonal structure of the benzine ring; Ramanujan’s visitations in sleep by the Goddess of Namakkal (Hardy et al. 1927, xii) versus his waking demonstrations of the mathematical theorems. Each of these examples offers a fascinating insight into the personality of a working scientist, and each provides a vivid contrast between those psychological factors and the questions of evidence that must be taken into account in order to assess the truth or probability of the result. Moreover, as we all learned in our freshman logic courses, to confuse the source of a proposition with the evidence for it is to commit the genetic fallacy.
The “Partial-Entailment” Theory
Authors: Salmon Wesley C
Published: November 2023

Ever since the famous H2O papers of the 1940s (Hempel 1943, 1945; Helmer and Oppenheim 1945; Hempel and Oppenheim 1945), Carl G. Hempel has been closely associated with the concepts of confirmation and logical probability. His intriguing “paradoxes of confirmation” have brought forth an avalanche of responses, and more keep coming. Some of the conditions of adequacy he enunciated, especially the “equivalence condition,” are central to current controversies (see, e.g., Wallace 1966; Hanen 1967; Smokler 1967). Moreover, he has, in the meantime, continued to make significant contributions to inductive logic (Hempel 1960, 1966), as well as to such closely allied topics as the nature of theories and inductive (statistical) explanation (Hempel 1962a; 1965b, pts. III and IV).
Confirmation and Relevance
Authors: Salmon Wesley C
Published: November 2023

Item: One of the earliest surprises to emerge from Carnap’s (1950b, 1962b, sec. 110A) precise and systematic study of confirmation was that the initially plausible Wittgenstein confirmation function c was untenable. Carnap’s objection rested on the fact that c precludes “learning from experience” because it fails to incorpo- rate suitable relevance relations. Carnap’s alternative confirmation function c * was offered as a distinct improvement because it does sustain the desired relevance relations.
Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Typologies and Characteristics of Batterers
Authors: Hamberger L Kevin
Published: November 2023

Perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) comprise a heterogeneous group based on personality style and violence profile. Understanding male batterers requires multidimensional assessment of psychological, demographic, cultural, and attitudinal variables. Male batterers will respond to questions about IPV.
Maxillofacial Injuries in Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Wilson Sharon R , Dodson Thomas B , Halpern Leslie R
Published: November 2023

A paucity of evidence-based data exists with respect to the epidemiology and mechanisms of maxillofacial injuries associated with victims of intimate partner violence (IPV). Specific clinical approaches aid the healthcare provider in the identification of victims of IPV who present with maxillofacial injuries, including physical examinations and imaging and diagnostic surveys using head, neck, and facial injury location as a risk predictor. Using maxillofacial injuries as a sole risk predictor for an IPV-related injury etiology has statistical limitations and pitfalls; however, using these tools can increase the sensitivity and specificity of this risk predictor.
Long-term Healthcare Intervention Models
Authors: Zink Therese , Lloyd Karen
Published: November 2023

Often intimate partner violence (IPV) is nonemergent, and care can be planned over time. Self-management by the patient should be encouraged, tailoring interventions to meet the unique needs of victims. Community partners must be engaged, and health systems should reach out to define how agencies and the health system can partner to care for victims of IPV. The health system’s role is to make IPV a priority by setting policies and systems to identify and track IPV, train staff, and measure, monitor, and provide feedback on outcomes. New challenges and opportunities include learning to work with new partners, addressing ethical dilemmas, outlining evaluation and research plans, and sorting through the financial implications.
Frankfurt Style Compatibilism
Authors: Fischer John Martin
Published: November 2023

Many philosophers have worried that God’s existence (understood in a certain way) or causal determinism ( the doctrine that nonrelational features of the past, together with the laws of nature, are causally sufficient for all truths about the present and future) would rule out moral responsibility. One influential reason for this discomfort, although certainly not the only reason, is that it is plausible to suppose that God’s existence (construed in a certain way) or causal determinism would rule out “genuine” alternative possibilities. If moral responsibility requires this sort of alternative possibility (at least at some relevant point along the path to behavior), then it would seem that God’s existence or causal determinism would be incompatible with moral responsibility.
Responsibility And Manipulation
Authors: Fischer John Martin
Published: November 2023

A compatibilist about causal determinism and moral responsibility wishes to say that the mere fact that the behavior in question is the product of a causally deterministic sequence does not imply that the agent cannot legitimately be held morally responsible for it. At the same time, the compatibilist typically is willing to concede that certain sorts of causal sequences undermine moral responsibility. Certain kinds of “manipulation” that bypass or somehowsupersede or fundamentally distort the human capacity for practical reasoning are salient examples of responsibility-undermining factors. Now the challenge is to explain the difference between those sequences that undermine responsibility and those that are consistent withit (and, indeed, confer it).
‘Dithyrambic Fervour’ The Lyric Voice of The Prelude
Authors: Jacobus Mary
Published: November 2023

Looking Back to the excitement with which The Prelude had begun—a mood later described as one of ‘distraction and intense desire’ (XIII, 374)—book 7 starts by recalling the ‘dithyrambic fervour’ of the opening book.
Poly(ester-acrylate/amine) Dendrimers
Authors: Tomalia Donald A , Nixon Linda S
Published: November 2023

Structure This dendrimer family is synthesized by the direct Michael addition of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) or pentaerythritol tetra-acrylate (PTA) type branch cell reagents to either alkyl amines or poly(alkylene) amines under carefully controlled conditions. Various shaped (i.e. cone-like or ellipsoidal), high multiplicity, acrylate terminated, generation = 1, PEA dendrimers are obtained depending on the nature of the core. Secondary amines (i.e. morpholine) readily undergo Michael addition to these dendritic acrylates to produce morpholine-terminated dendrimers (Figure 1). Dendrimers derived from α, ω-alkylene diamine cores exhibited very low viscosities compared to equivalent molecular weight linear analogs or mixtures with reactive diluents. (i.e. Table 1 and Figures 2 and 3). Furthermore, under UV conditions, the PEA dendritic acrylates cured dramatically faster either neat or with reactive diluents compared to linear analogs.
Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)
Authors: Peters Edward N
Published: November 2023

General Information PPE polymers have found broad use in polymer blends or alloys.(1’5) PPE forms rather rare miscible, single-phase blends with polystyrene over the entire range of composition. PPE blends with impact polystyrene are often referred to as ‘modified PPE’ resins and are characterized by ease of processing, high impact strength, outstanding dimensional stability at elevated temperatures, long-term stability under load (creep resistance), and excellent electrical properties over a wide range of frequencies and temperatures. Another unique feature of modified PPE resins is their ability to make chlorine/bromine-free flame retardant (ECO-label compliant) grades. PPE alloys with polyamides and polypropylene are available which exhibit chemical resistance and dimensional stability at elevated temperatures. PPE macromonomers are available for enhancement of the performance of thermoset resins.
Poly(dimethylsilylene)
Authors: West Robert
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Precursor to silicon carbide ceramics via intermediate pyrolysis to polycarbosilane.(1) Properties of Special Interest Relatively low cost, compared with other polysilanes. For general information about polysilane polymers see the entry for Poly(methylphenylsilylene) in this handbook.
Poly(di-n-pentylsiloxane)
Authors: Godovsky Yuli K , Papkov Vladimir S
Published: November 2023

Properties of Special Interest Low glass transition temperature, mesophase behavior
Poly(erucic acid dimer anhydride)
Authors: Domb Abraham J , Langer Robert
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Biodegradable polymer for controlled drug delivery in a form of implant, film, or injectable microspheres (e.g., Septacin™–gentamicin-loaded linked beads for the treatment of chronic bone infections). Properties of Special Interest Anhydride copolymers of erucic acid dimer (EAD) with aliphatic diacids such as sebacic acid (SA) degrade in a physiological medium to EAD and SA. Matrices of the copolymers loaded with dissolved or dispersed drugs degrade in vitro and in vivo to constantly release the drugs for periods from 1–12 weeks.
Poly(ethyl acrylate)
Authors: Wen Jianye
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Coatings, textile finishing, paper saturants, leather finishing, oil-resistant and high temperature resistant elastomers Properties of Special Interest A rubber-like, considerably softer, and more extensible polymer compared to poly(methyl acrylate); have superior resistance to degradation and show remarkable retention of their original properties under use conditions.
Poly(ethylene imine)
Authors: Wu Sizhu , Madkour Tarek M
Published: November 2023

Major Applications PEI offers potential cosmetic uses and new directions for clear antidandruff hair products and antiperspirants. Also used as a wet-strength agent in the paper-making process, a flocculating agent with silica sols, and in the coating of composite hollow-fiber membranes. PEI is obtained by cationic ring-opening polymerization of ethyleneimine. Properties of Special Interest A special highly branched poly(ethylene amine). A cationic surfactant with natural affinity for hair and skin. A chelating agent with the ability to complex with heavy metal salts such as zinc and zirconium salts.
Poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane)
Authors: Manners Ian
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Electroactive gels for photonic crystal displays, plasma etch resists, and catalyst precursors (2,4,5). Properties of Special Interest Low cost. Ease of Synthesis. Interesting redox properties, high refractive index, photoconductor. Precursors to CSiFe solid state ceramic materials. Block copolymers known.
Poly(N-vinyl carbazole)
Authors: Ko John H
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Incorporated in ABS (≥80%). Appliances, housewares, packing materials, automotive features, industrial applications, medical devices, and custom molding products. Properties of Special Interest Rigidity, resistance to heat and chemicals (acids, alkalis, fat, grease, oil, gasoline, alcohol, and some solvents), and high optical clarity.
Poly(vinylferrocene)
Authors: Manners Ian
Published: November 2023

Class Inorganic and Semi-Inorganic Polymers Structure [(C5H5)Fe(C5H4)CHCH2)]n Properties of Special Interest Low cost. Interesting redox properties.
Poly(4-vinyl pyridine)
Authors: Owus Osei A , Ko John H
Published: November 2023

Major Application Poly (4-vinylpyridine) P4VP with its nucleophilic and weakly basic ring nitrogen has found uses in the areas of metal recovery (complex), and pollution control for removal of acidic and neutral materials. It is also used as an acid scavenger and catalyst and catalyst support. Commercial resin beads are mostly prepared by suspension polymerization with crosslinker such as divinylbenzene.(1,2)
Styrene-acrylonitrile polymers
Authors: Wang Shuhong
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Incorporated in ABS (≥80%). Appliances, housewares, packing materials, automotive features, industrial applications, medical devices, and custom molding products. Properties of Special Interest Rigidity, resistance to heat and chemicals (acids, alkalis, fat, grease, oil, gasoline, alcohol, and some solvents), and high optical clarity.
Syndiotactic Polystyrene
Authors: Masamoto Junzo , Iwamoto Takashi
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Poly(vdf-hfp) is a synthetic, noncrystalline polymer that exhibits elastomeric properties when cross-linked. Known to be chemically inert, it is designed for demanding service applications in hostile environments and commonly used as a sealant in hot and corrosive environments,(1,3) such as used in aircraft, aerospace, chemical and petroleum industries. Also used for biomedical applications as coatings.(4)
The-Twisted Matrix: Dream,Simulation, Or Hybrid?
Authors: Clark Andy
Published: November 2023

The Matrix is a computer-generated dreamworld built to keep us under control.

-Morpheus, early in The Matrix

In dreaming, you are not only out of control, you don’t even know it I was completely duped again and again the minute my pons, my amygdala, my perihippocampal cortex, my anterior cingulate, my visual association and parietal opercular cortices were revved up and my dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was muffled.
Artificial Ethics
Authors: Driver Julia
Published: November 2023

The significance of The Matrix as a movie with deep philosophical overtones is well recognized. Whenever the movie is discussed in philosophy classes, comparisons are made with Descartes’s Meditations, particularly the dream argument and the evil-genius scenario, both of which are intended to generate skeptical doubt. How do we know, for example, that we are awake now, rather than merely dreaming? How do we know that our thoughts are not being manipulated, and that our perceptions of “reality” are accurate? The Matrix makes these doubts stand out vividly.
Jazz Anecdotes
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

This second edition will feature new anecdotes involving Benny Goodman, Billy Taylor, Jackie Gleason, Duke Ellington, Wynton Marsalis and many more as well as a new foreword by Crow. “Read this somewhere where you’re not afraid to be seen laughing out loud....Everyone should be able to find something to like in this rich collection”--Library Journal “A scintillating omnium gathering of jazz talk.” --Washington Post “Guarantees up to a thousand laughs...recommended without reservation.”--Los Angeles Times “The intense sociological hothouse that was the jazz and commercial music world has cooled down greatly over the years, but it’s important to have books like this to remind us how exciting and invigorating those days were....Don’t let it slip by.”--Allegro
The Word “Jazz”
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

In a book titled Jazz Anecdotes, it seems appropriate to let one chapter deal with the word “jazz” itself. Many attempts have been made to pin down the origin of the word, none completely successful. Some scholars have detected roots in Africa and Arabia, and others hold, with perhaps a little more evidence, that it stems from the French verb jaser, meaning “to chatter.” There are speculations that the word arose from corruptions of the abbreviations of the first names of early musicians: “Charles” (Chas.) or “James” (Jas.). Another source claims that a Chicago musician called Jasbo Brown was the genesis of the term. Some historians find origins in slang terms for semen (gism, jasm). It is true that “jazzing” was widely used as a word meaning fornication, but no one has been able to determine for sure that this usage preceded the musical reference. Some early jazz musicians have remembered hearing “jazz” used erotically in both New Orleans and San Francisco around the turn of the century.
Pianos
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

The piano is an important element in most jazz groups, but jazz pianists are lucky if they find a good one to play when they arrive at work. It is necessary to spend money to own and properly maintain a good piano. Regular maintenance is needed to offset wear and tear on strings and playing mechanisms. At the very least a piano should be frequently tuned. Many proprietors of jazz clubs and restaurants seem to find it difficult to resist the temptation to skimp when buying and maintaining a piano. A cheap piano is not constructed to take the punishment of constant use. In the classic story, a club owner receives a complaint from his pianist about the condition of his piano, and says, “Don’t worry, I’m having it painted tomorrow.” The joke does not exaggerate reality. Many owners would begrudge the paint. Piano soloists with the leverage of stardom are able to specify the brand and dimensions of the piano that must be provided for them when they appear. Less fortunate pianists have often opted for electronic keyboards, usually not because they prefer them, but because they find them more bearable than untuned acoustic pianos with keys that refuse to respond to normal touch.
On the Road
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Most jazz musicians have found it necessary to keep moving in order to make a living. A band might get lucky and stay in the same club for a month or two, but most jazz establishments prefer a more frequent change of attractions. When bands were in demand during the swing era, the most profitable schedule for bandleaders was a constant string of one-nighters. Sometimes the string got so long that the musicians fell into a road trance, never seeing any more of the places they stopped than the hotel room, the diner, and the bandstand. Phil Woods proposed a curriculum for teaching young students of jazz about the realities of the road: If I taught at a school, I would charter a bus and after I picked out my A-lab band, I would get this bus and I’d get all the kids and I’d have them get their libraries together and their music stands. I’d get uniforms for them. Have them get all their crap together, pack, get on the bus, close all the blinds, and just drive around the campus for about eight hours—don’t go anywhere, no visual delights to intrigue them. Get off the bus, set up, pick out a set, tune up, put their uniforms on.
Cutting Contests
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Musical rivalry has existed ever since there first were two musicians who played the same instrument. In the early days of jazz, where ensemble playing was the game, rivalry existed mainly between bands. Baby Dodds describes an early form of competition in New Orleans: Sometimes the groups would have several bands in a parade. Then the main band had to start first and finish last and all the other bands had to go through this leading band at the end of the parade. Of course the head band would always be the best. And it was one of the most exciting things I ever did to play music and go through another band that was playing. The main band was lined up on both sides and we had to go between them and keep playing. I remember the first time it happened. My snare drum was a four-inch drum, and this fellow had a six-inch snare drum. When we got going through I couldn’t hear my drumming anymore so I didn’t know what I was doing. And I picked up with the other drummer who was playing six-eight in contrast to the two-four time we had been playing.
52nd Street
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

In the 1930s and ‘40s New York’s 52nd Street was the jazz mecca. There were nightclubs and restaurants in most of the brownstones that lined the two-block strip, and most of them featured jazz groups. Willie “The Lion” Smith tells how the first jazz club on the Street got started: In those days the two long blocks on Fifty-second Street from Fifth Avenue to Seventh Avenue were packed with those old-fashioned brownstone houses. Damn near every one had a blind pig or speakeasy hidden away somewhere. Some of them were fancy while others were just a onetime bedroom without beds. You got the same bad whisky in them all. Several of the musicians were working in the big radio studios. They couldn’t wait to get loose from the job and run over to a speak for a taste. They made one place their second home, stashed their instruments there, took telephone calls from chicks that they didn’t dare receive at home, and even used the place for a mailing address.
Jazz Records
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

The recording industry developed at the same time that jazz was developing. The profits that could be made from exploiting the novelty of recorded sound caused the birth of many record companies, all eager to find marketable talent. Some early jazz artists turned down offers to record because they were afraid that recordings would make it easier for their competitors to copy their work, and some rightly suspected that musicians would eventually be competing for work with their own recordings. The value of records as a means to build a musical reputation was overlooked until the Original Dixieland Jazz Band’s recordings popularized that group almost overnight. H. O. Brunn describes some of the problems at the first date at Victor with the ODJB: The stamping of a foot would be heard very clearly, and at this time they had not yet discovered a method of “erasing” an unwanted sound from a record. For this reason LaRocca was not allowed to “stomp off” his band in the usual fashion. Instead, the musicians were instructed to watch the red signal light, count two after it came on, and then begin playing. It is indeed miraculous that they were able to start out together, and even more of a wonder that they immediately fell into the same tempo.[Musicians are not awed by these “miracles.” Ed.]
Bessie Smith
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Bessie Smith, the Empress of the Blues, was appreciated by the jazz musicians of her day, and she used a number of them on her recordings. One of them was Louis Armstrong, who said: already been ordered, but the doctor could see that Bessie was in danger of bleeding to death. He was attempting to put her into the back of his car (she weighed about two hundred pounds at the time), when another car rammed into the back of his car, wrecking it completely. Five minutes later, the ambulance arrived and rushed Bessie to the Negro ward of the G. T. Thomas Hospital in Clarksdale, where one of the town’s best surgeons amputated her arm. She died fifteen minutes past noon that same day. The doctors reported that her death was probably due more to her internal injuries than to the loss of blood.
Coleman Hawkins and Lester Young
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Coleman Hawkins practically invented the jazz tenor saxophone and set the mold for a generation of reed players that followed him. Known as “the father of the tenor saxophone,” his contemporaries called him “Bean,” because of his knowledge of chords and the masterful inventions he played on them. He was one of the few giants of the swing era to respond favorably to the innovations of the young bebop players. Eddie Barefield remembered working with Hawkins in New York: He never liked to look back at things. We used to do an arrangement on the “St. Louis Blues.” In rehearsal Hawk said, “We’ll play it with an old ragtime feeling, a corny feeling, and everybody take a ragtime solo.” When they got to his solo, he just went on and played. I said, “Hawk, why don’t you play one of them old Fletcher Henderson slaptongue solos that you used to play?” He says, “I never played like that. I never played anything like that.” I said, “Okay, I’ll bring you a record tomorrow.” And I brought “Dicty Blues,” where he was slap-tongueing. He said, “No, man, that wasn’t me. I don’t want to hear that.”
Charles Mingus
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Charles Mingus was an accomplished bassist and an imaginative composer. A warm, engaging man when at ease with friends, he could quickly become bellicose and menacing when he felt threatened. He was outspoken about discrimination against blacks and particularly black artists. He displayed high energy and sensitivity, righteous anger, pride, ambition, and an attractive artistic madness, but he often seemed naïve in his confrontations with the music business establishment. Many of the dragons he fought were real; some existed only in his imagination. His book Beneath the Underdog purports to be an autobiography but should not be read for factual content. It is more a dream narrative charting the turmoil that complicated this artist’s inner life. Pepper Adams got a chance to see Mingus’s book when it was still in manuscript form: I didn’t read the whole thing, you know. That was enormous. Five big notebooks, typewritten, before they were published. Some of it was very interesting, some was excruciatingly dull, some was highly self-serving, and some was the sexual fantasies and lies he’d been telling for twenty years. And it was basically those things that the editor chose to print.
Genomic Perspectives of Human Development
Authors: Kumar Dhavendra
Published: November 2023

Disorders that affect tissue differentiation, organogenesis, and morphogenesis constitute a significant proportion of human genetic disease. These disorders may result from any of the known genetic mechanisms and occur singly, in combination with other malformations, or complicated with systemic manifestations. Clinical and laboratory analyses of these disorders have led to the emergence of the clinical field of dysmorphology. Clinical dysmorphology is now an integral part of medical genetics. All practicing clinical geneticists and genetic counselors are required to have the basic skills in order to deal with patients who present with a developmental malformation that may occur either singly or as part of a recognizable dysmorphic syndrome (Jones, 1997). During the past two decades, dysmorphologists have delineated a large number of malformation syndromes that comprise multiple malformations affecting unrelated organs and tissues. Researchers and clinicians continue to generate more information, and the number of related syndromes continues to increase. Dedicated dysmorphology databases [London dysmorphology database (LDDB), GeneEye, Pictures of standardized syndromes and undiagnosed malformations (POSSUM)] are now available to help clinical geneticists and related professionals carry out searches. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the developmental pathology and possible causes of some of these syndromes, there remains a huge gap in our understanding of abnormal human development.
The Epilepsies
Authors: Gardiner Mark
Published: November 2023

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological problems, affecting an estimated 50 million people worldwide. It is defined as a predisposition to recurrent unprovoked epileptic seizures, which are the clinical manifestations of transient abnormalities of neuronal activity in the cerebral cortex. Epileptic seizures represent a transient malfunction that can occur in any mammalian brain and may be provoked by a wide variety of factors from mechanical trauma to hypoglycemia. As might be anticipated in such a complex organ, their manifestations are highly variable, from the well-known, generalized tonic–clonic seizure or ‘‘grand-mal’’ convulsion in which consciousness is lost and the limbs shake, to brief sensory or cognitive disturbances only apparent to the patient. Epileptic seizures fall into two main categories: generalized, which begin simultaneously in both cerebral hemispheres, and partial (or focal), which originate in one or more localized foci in the brain.
Neuropsychiatric Diseases II: Mood Disorders
Authors: Kumar Dhavendra
Published: November 2023

Disorders of mood affect all people irrespective of age, gender, culture, religion, and social and working background. Although, women are thought to have two to three times higher prevalence of mood disorders, a number of studies have failed to providea proof for this. It is probably due to the fact that women tend to seek medical help more frequently compared with men. Depression is a term used to classify persons suffering from a prolonged disturbance of mood (Reilly, 2004). It is not uncommon and the prevalence is rising at an alarmingly rapid rate. Some health economists are convinced that by 2020 depression will rank second only to coronary heart disease in its economic impact on society.
Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Cookson William OC
Published: November 2023

Asthma is a disease of the airways of the lung. Inflammation and intermittent constriction of these airways give rise to symptoms of wheeze, cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Chronic disease may lead to airway scarring and irreversible airflow limitation. Asthma affects 155 million individuals in the world. Asthma is most prevalent in children and young adults and in 90% of cases is associated with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions to common inhaled proteins, which are called allergens. Typical allergen sources include house dust mite (HDM), grass pollens, and animal danders (sheddings from skin and fur). The word ‘‘atopy’’ (originally meaning ‘‘strange disease’’) is now commonly used to indicate the presence of positive prick skin tests to allergens, or elevations of the total or specific serum IgE.
Complex Skin Diseases I: Psoriasis
Authors: Veal Colin , Burden David
Published: November 2023

Psoriasis is one of the most common immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, affecting 2%–3% of Caucasian populations. It manifests in the skin as extremely well demarcated, red plaques covered in silver-colored scales. There is considerable variation in the psoriasis phenotype between individuals and in the same individual at different times. Chronic plaque psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris) accounts for approximately 80% of disease and presents with plaques of variable diameter most frequently affecting the scalp, extensor aspects of elbows and knees, and the sacrum (Fig. 32–1). Guttate psoriasis presents with the synchronous development of many small papules of psoriasis over the trunk and proximal limbs, often in childhood and following a sore throat (Fig. 32–2). When the majority of the skin surface is affected, the disease is called erythrodermic psoriasis (Fig. 32–3). In some, rather than red scaly plaques, the disease is characterized by the presence of readily visible pustules (Fig. 32–4). These either affect large areas of skin (generalized pustular psoriasis) or are restricted to smaller areas (localized pustular psoriasis), usually the palms and soles (palmoplantar pustulosis). Approximately 30% of those affected by psoriasis also develop a distinctive seronegative spondyloarthropathy.
Stem Cell Genomics and Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Gaughwin Phil , Tam Wai-Leong , Lim Bing
Published: November 2023

The goal of this chapter is to examine the relevance of genome biology in accelerating the application of stem cells in human therapy. We will first discuss how stem cells may be defined and consider their relevance to clinical medicine as transplantable cell types for tissue repair, as well as experimental models for addressing fundamental mechanisms of disease. The therapeutic manipulation of somatic stem cells, their tissue niches, the clinical and research potential of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and their animal model correlate, mouse ESCs, will be highlighted.
Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues (ELSI)
Authors: Parker Michael
Published: November 2023

The increasing availability of high-throughput genomic technologies such as those developed for the Human Genome Project has led to qualitative and quantitative changes on a previously unparalleled scale in the processes of biological and biomedical science and to research endeavors: often of international, consortial and industrial dimensions. For example, concerted and coordinated efforts have led to successful completion of human haplotype mapping and to significant advances in malaria research. In addition to the potential benefits of their use in medical research, genomic technologies, a rapidly changing technological playing-field, also have the potential to revolutionize medical practice more directly through the development of faster and more sensitive methods of clinical diagnosis and screening. Whilst inevitably bringing in their wake significant economic, social, educational, and workforce challenges for clinical laboratories and health service providers, such techniques are nevertheless likely to greatly enhance the clinical tools available in genetics and to bring significant benefits to patients and their families. This chapter explores some of the ethical and social dimensions of these developments in relation to the potential benefits, and the challenges in the use of genomics in research and clinical practice and identifying key questions relating to their governance.
Opioid Tolerance
Authors: Mao Jianren , Chen Lucy
Published: November 2023

The development of opioid tolerance is an intrinsic pharmacological phenomenon of opioid receptors following exposure to opioid agonists (O’Brience, 1996; Reisine and Pasternak, 1996). Although the time course and degree of opioid tolerance vary in clinical settings, profound tolerance to opioid analgesics sometimes necessitates an opioid dose escalation in order to achieve the clinical analgesic effect of opioids. Opioid dependence is also an intrinsic phenomenon of opioid receptors, which may or may not be associated with the development of opioid tolerance. This chapter will focus on the clinical features of opioid tolerance, its cellular mechanisms, and clinical management.
The Pathophysiology of Chronic Pain
Authors: Brookoff Daniel
Published: November 2023

Life is full of physical pain. Normal pain is a life-sustaining protective mechanism and is not a disease. Dysfunction of normal pain mechanisms can give rise to chronic pain. We are coming to understand that chronic pain is a legitimate medical disorder worthy of medical treatment. This life is full of physical pain, but that doesn’t mean that it has to be full of physical suffering. One of the duties with which medical caregivers have been charged since antiquity is the alleviation of suffering. The Hippocratics taught us that it is the suffering individual that physicians must face, not just the pain (Rey, 1995). It is terribly unfortunate that people seeking relief for chronic pain are often mistaken for drug abusers, when these two conditions are often quite opposite. People with chronic pain who have been shut out from their lives by meaningless physical suffering seek medical treatment in order to rejoin their families and their communities. Substance abusers may take the same drugs in order to escape their families, their communities and—ultimately—their lives, which are filled with existential suffering.