bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sobre Edmund Gurney
Authors: Berrios German E.
Published: June 2013

O artigo que se segue é importante por ter redirecionado o estudo das alucinações para longe do contexto médico estreito que havia sido construído por Esquirol, Baillarger e Michéa (Berrios, 1996). A morte prematura de seu autor, um homem de Cambridge de raro talento, privou a epistemologia inglesa de um paladino importante.
Efeito de inibidores da peroxidase sobre a conservação de raízes de mandioca in natura
Authors: Ramos Paula Acácia Silva , Sediyama Tocio , Viana Anselmo Eloy Silveira , Pereira Danilo Manuel , Finger Fernando Luiz
Published: June 2013

A alta perecibilidade da mandioca (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) in natura faz com que o consumo seja feito dentro de um período curto após a colheita. A principal causa de perda se deve à deterioração fisiológica, atribuída à atividade da enzima peroxidase (E.C.1.11.1.7). Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito combinado de diferentes inibidores da peroxidase nas concentrações de 1, 5 e 10 mM em raízes da variedade Cacau Amarela. As raízes foram tratadas por uma hora em soluções com ácido ascórbico, bissulfito de sódio, sódio, Na2-EDTA, L-cisteína e SDS, e armazenadas a 25 °C por seis dias. A cada dois dias, foram realizadas análises visuais e retiradas amostras para posterior avaliação da peroxidase. Todos os tratamentos foram eficientes em aumentar a vida de prateleira das raízes de mandioca in natura em até quatro dias. O tratamento com ácido ascórbico e bissulfito de sódio a 10 mM e L-cisteína a 5 mM foram eficientes em aumentar a vida de prateleira em até seis dias. No segundo dia de armazenamento, houve redução na atividade da peroxidase em relação ao controle, em todas as concentrações dos inibidores aplicados.
Eficiência de materiais encapsulantes naturais e comerciais na liberação controlada de probiótico encapsulado
Authors: Laurenti Elisa , Garcia Sandra
Published: June 2013

O probiótico composto por Saccharomyces cerevisiae foi encapsulado pelo método de imobilização em cubos de ágar-ágar, em diferentes gomas comerciais e mucilagens, com o objetivo de proporcionar liberação controlada do microrganismo durante simulação gastrointestinal in vitro. Foram utilizados ágar-ágar (A-A), alginato (ALG), iota-carragena (I-CAR), goma arábica (ARA), taro (TARO), inhame (INH), linhaça (LIN) e quiabo (QUI) como materiais encapsulantes. Durante a simulação, foi realizada a contagem da levedura liberada das diferentes matrizes e a viabilidade do probiótico não encapsulado. Para analisar e diferenciar os tratamentos, foram obtidas imagens por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As células não encapsuladas apresentaram viabilidade de 94 % (p < 0,05). Os tratamentos apresentaram a seguinte ordem crescente de liberação da levedura: QUI<LIN<ALG<INH<ARA<I-CAR<A-A<TARO. Através das microfotografias, não foi possível diferenciar os tratamentos, porém todos os materiais encapsulantes envolveram as leveduras, conferindo proteção física. No exterior da matriz de encapsulação, foi possível observar a presença de poros e fissuras, o que pode ter favorecido a difusão das células para o meio externo. Concluiu-se que a mucilagem de quiabo demonstrou ser um material encapsulante alternativo natural e mais eficiente do que as gomas comumente usadas no mercado.
Comportamento reológico de suco misto elaborado com frutas tropicais
Authors: Bezerra Carolina Vieira , Silva Luiza Helena Meller da , Costa Rebeca Desireé Sousa da , Mattietto Rafaella de Andrade , Rodrigues Antonio Manoel da Cruz
Published: June 2013

Neste trabalho, foi determinado o comportamento reológico do suco misto obtido a partir de uma mistura de frutas tropicais, mediante um viscosímetro de cilindros concêntricos, no intervalo de temperatura de 10 ºC a 60 ºC. Os modelos Lei da Potência e Mizrahi-Berk foram ajustados aos dados experimentais. Os modelos mostraram-se adequados para descrever o comportamento reológico do suco misto, de acordo com os parâmetros estatísticos de ajuste. O produto apresentou índice de comportamento menor do que 1 (um), caracterizando a pseudoplasticidade do suco. Os índices de comportamento de consistência decresceram com o aumento da temperatura. O efeito da temperatura no comportamento reológico do suco foi descrito por uma equação análoga à de Arrhenius e discutida em termos de energia de ativação (Ea). Os valores de Ea variaram de 4,27 a 4, 66 kcal.gmol-1, com o aumento da taxa de deformação.
A experiência ético-formativa da psicanálise e a interlocução com Kant
Authors: Corbiniano Simone Alexandre Martins
Published: June 2013

Compreende-se com Lacan que a ética não se dispõe ao simples fato de ter obrigações, porquanto ela está intrinsecamente ligada à própria estrutura do desejo. A experiência ética funda a possibilidade de um possível rompimento sublimatório com o instituído, e está na origem motivadora de toda ação do sujeito, afirmando-se assim como uma experiência ético-formativa. A ética da psicanálise entrevê o que pode ser um bem para o sujeito, com todas as contradições, lacunas e problemas que disso provém. Tal reflexão tem por base O Seminário, livro 7- A Ética da Psicanálise, de Jacques Lacan, obra em que o autor se põe no horizonte da ética, discutindo questões ligadas aos conceitos de das Ding, de lei moral kantiana, e de sublimação.
Educar: da alteridade ao estilo
Authors: Monteiro Elisabete Aparecida
Published: June 2013

No conjunto de pesquisas em educação escolar identifica-se a crença de que a solução dos impasses na transmissão consiste na criação de novas metodologias de ensino. A presente pesquisa propõe redimensio nar tal confiança e a compreende como uma ilusão sobre a possibilidade de controle dos resultados na transmissão da cultura na escola. Trata-se de um aprofundamento na noção de estilo no âmbito da tarefa do educador, a partir das proposições psicanalíticas. A psicanálise compreende que sustentar a transmissão significa suportar uma posição que exige a renúncia dos ideais de perfeição. O sujeito está implicado em todo ato e, na transmissão, isso se traduz na relação singular do educador com o conhecimento: seu estilo.
Alteridade e adolescência: uma contribuição da psicanálise para a educação
Authors: Santos Eliane Gomes dos , Sadala Maria da Gloria Schwab
Published: June 2013

Pretendemos com este artigo contribuir para o campo da Educação, utilizando algumas formulações teóricas da Psicanálise referentes à alteridade e à adolescência. O tema da alteridade é fundamental nas investigações e práticas tanto da Educação como da Psicanálise, principalmente se considerarmos os processos psíquicos, próprios da adolescência, que envolvem importantes elaborações relacionadas à questão da alteridade. As articulações propostas neste artigo poderão contribuir significativamente para a prática dos educadores em geral, em especial, com adolescentes, esclarecendo a importância da alteridade e seu papel na adolescência.
Significados da pragmática linguística na formação de leitores
Authors: Berticelli Ireno Antônio , Schiavini Daniela Paula
Published: June 2013

O texto se propõe a analisar as possibilidades oferecidas pela pragmática linguística na qualificação de leitores, tanto de textos convencionais, quanto das novas formas textuais que os meios de comunicação oferecem. O público-alvo são os formadores de leitores, bem como todos os interessados em aperfeiçoar-se no ato de ler, em sentido amplo. Sob o ponto de vista teórico, utilizaram-se os aportes da pragmática linguística austiniana e de algumas ferramentas advindas da fenomenologia, sobretudo na forma praticada na pós-modernidade, sem se desviar do escopo do artigo, que é a formação de leitores.
Educação e imagens na sociedade do espetáculo: as pedagogias culturais em questão
Authors: Carvalho Alexandre Filordi de
Published: June 2013

O artigo analisa as razões pelos quais a cultura de imagens se faz presente nos agentes simbólicos da atual cultura, fomentando experiências e estratégias educativas que se difundem para além das fronteiras da educação formal. A hipótese é a de que toda análise crítica dirigida às pedagogias culturais viabilizam condições para que as estratégias educacionais também utilizem componentes imagéticos presentes nos agentes simbólicos da cultura. Para tanto, será analisada a cultura das imagens na perspectiva da Sociedade do Espetáculo (2000), e as razões pelas quais a análise crítica das pedagogias culturais se tornam essenciais no campo da educação, desafiando as próprias práticas educacionais atuais.
A condição de aluno-professor de língua inglesa em discussão: estágio, identidade e agência
Authors: Jordão Clarissa Menezes , Bührer Édina Aparecida Cabral
Published: June 2013

O Estágio Curricular Supervisionado envolve situações conflitantes relacionadas à condição do licenciando como aprendiz e professor, em especial no caso da licenciatura em língua inglesa. Este texto aborda o posicionamento dos licenciandos ora como alunos, ora como professores, e os conflitos que esta posição híbrida, em não sendo reconhecida como tal, pode ocasionar. A partir da leitura de teorias pós-coloniais como as de Bhabha, Hall e Derrida, concluímos que este espaço, quando explicitado como um lócus de enunciação que coloca o aluno-professor em um lugar de hibridização, oferece uma oportunidade de exercício de agência aos sujeitos nesta etapa de sua formação.
The Development and Testing of the Nurses’ Cardiac Triage Instrument
Authors: Arslanian-Engoren Cynthia , Hagerty Bonnie M.
Published: July 2013

Rapid recognition and treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) reduces morbidity and mortality. Although emergency department (ED) nurses are often the first provider to evaluate individuals and are in a prime position to initiate MI guideline recommendations, no valid and reliable instrument was found to quantify their decision-making processes. The purpose of this study was to develop and test the psychometric properties of a new theoretically driven, empirically based instrument for measuring nurses’ cardiac triage decisions. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected using a mailed survey. There were 158 ED nurses who completed a mailed questionnaire. Factor analysis revealed three factors (patient presentation, unbiased nurse reasoning process, and nurse action) with good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .903, .809, .718) and sample adequacy (KMO = .758) of the 30-item instrument. The newly developed instrument has the potential to improve patient outcomes surrounding early MI identification and treatment.
Effect of Continuous, Trapped, and Flowing Gas on Performance of Alkaline Surfactant Polymer ASP Flooding
Authors: Farajzadeh R.. , Ameri A.. , Faber M. J. , Van Batenburg D. W. , Boersma D. M. , Bruining J..
Published: July 2013

Alkali Surfactant Polymer (ASP) flooding has traditionally been considered in tertiary mode, i.e., after a reservoir has been sufficiently water flooded. In screening studies experiments are usually conducted under two-phase flow conditions, i.e., in the absence of a gas phase in the rock.

In practice, oil reservoirs might contain some gas. In areas in the world, where gas flaring is not allowed and an infrastructure for gas transportation is not present, re-injection of produced gas is a common practice. Moreover, when the reservoir is depressurized below bubble point a gas phase will be created.

To the best of our knowledge, there are no data in the literature concerning the influence of in-situ gas phase (continuous or trapped) on the performance of ASP floods. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate how the presence of a free (non-dissolved) gas phase affects ASP flood performance. To this end, several experiments were carried out to evaluate different conditions, where free gas was present, either flowing or trapped.

We found that the ultimate residual oil saturation in most experiments is similar to the case without gas. When free gas is present in the porous medium, the oil-bank production occurs earlier, because a large fraction of the gas remains trapped and therefore the "effective" pore volume for liquid flow is reduced. When the gas and the ASP solution are co-injected, the oil is mostly produced in emulsion form as gas enhances mixing of the in-situ fluids. Trapped gas could lead to an efficient oil recovery, depending on the amount of trapped gas: the lower the trapped gas saturation the better the oil recovery.
Laboratory Investigation of Factors Affecting CO2 Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery
Authors: Liu Keyu , Clennell Ben , Honari Abdolvahab , Sayem Taschfeen , Rashid Abdul , Wei Xiaofang , Saeedi Ali
Published: July 2013

A series of laboratory investigation on factors affecting Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery and CO2 geo-sequestration were conducted. The coreflooding experiments were done using a relatively heavy crude oil (18& API), a number of brines of 0.18%-2.5% NaCl and varieties of cores with a range porosity and permeability from 15% and 17 mD to 19% and 330 mD under some typical reservoir pressure-temperature condition of 1164-3300 psi and 50-83 &C. Factors affecting CO2 enhanced oil and gas recovery including the effects of the petrophysical properties of the reservoir rocks, formation water salinity, reservoir pressure, the Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP), total volume (PV) injected and injection rate and gravity segregation.

Excellent recovery factors in the range of 27%-34% Original Oil In Place (OOIP) and almost 100% gas recovery were achieved through immiscible and miscible CO2 flooding. Some of the coreflooding experiments were monitored with a medical CT in real time. The coreflooding experiments have shown that (1) reservoir petrophysical properties with permeability difference of up to an order of magnitude do not affect the CO2 EOR factor; (2) variable EOR can be achieved both at reservoir pressures below or above the CO2-oil MMP; (3) Incremental oil recovery is proportional to the pore volume (PV) of CO2 injected up to 3PV; (4) No significant additional recovery was observed beyond the MMP; (5) CO2-Water alternating gas (WAG) flooding can be quite effective in EOR in terms of the less amount of CO2 injected as compared to that for the single CO2-water flooding to achieve the same EOR; (6) there is no benefit to use low-salinity CO2 WAG flooding; (7) the optimum injection rate in the laboratory is around 1 cc/minute. These finding may provide some useful insight and guide for the field application of CO2 enhanced oil and gas recovery; (8) During enhanced gas recovery using supercritical CO2, gravity segregation may occur in some porous-permeable reservoir with denser supercritical CO2 preferentially enter through the bottom of the reservoir.
Enhancing Value of Polymer Flood Project with Proactive Well and Reservoir Management
Authors: Choudhuri Biswajit , Kalbani Ali , Cherukupalli Pradeep Kumar , Ravula Chakravarthi , Hashmi Khalid , Jaspers Henri
Published: July 2013

In viscous oil reservoirs, Polymer flooding is often used to improve oil recovery either after a short period of waterflooding or as a tertiary recovery process following extensive period of waterflood. After six years of water flooding in a major reservoir in Sultanate of Oman having viscous oil (90cp), a field development plan was developed to implement polymer flooding in this reservoir with anticipated incremental oil recovery of around 10% over and above that of waterflood. Necessary facilities were constructed, injection and production wells were drilled, completed, converted and the polymer flood project was initiated and ongoing since the last three years through 27 polymer injectors. By implementing proactive Well and Reservoir Management (WRM) strategies, the actual oil recoveries have been better than predicted levels so far. It is demonstrated here that proactive well and reservoir management through proper well and reservoir surveillance and dynamic adjustment of injection and production rates play a very important role in improving the performance of polymer floods as in waterfloods.

Well and Reservoir Management (WRM) principles in case of a polymer flood are similar to that of high mobility ratio waterfloods with some additional aspects that are specific to a polymer flood scenario. Polymer chemical costs, its higher viscosity and non Newtonian fluid flow behavior all create unique conditions that are nonexistent in normal waterfloods. This, in turn, dictates the strategies and methods employed to optimize polymer flood performance. This paper details successful implementation of proactive WRM strategy that has played a key role in sustaining production from this polymer flood field to date. It describes the pattern management processes to optimize pattern wise polymer injection and oil recoveries, conformance control measures implemented to increase sweep and oil recovery, innovative surveillance techniques to monitor fracture growth in polymer injection wells and for evaluation and optimization of production/injection profiles. Production wells and facilities issues arising from polymer breakthrough are being addressed to mitigate any adverse effects.
Investigation of Economic Uncertainties of CO2 EOR and Sequestration in Tight Oil Formations
Authors: Ghaderi S. M. , Clarkson C. R. , Taheri S.. , Chen S..
Published: July 2013

Advancement in drilling and production technologies, such as horizontal drilling with multi-stage fracturing, has enabled commercial production from more challenging reservoirs, namely, tight oil formations. However, high capital costs and relatively low recovery narrow the profit from such reservoirs. CO2 EOR has provided not only an excellent opportunity to unlock more oil production, but also a chance to sequestrate more CO2 to reduce environmental footprint. However, profitability of CO2 EOR processes could rely heavily on market conditions.

While CO2 EOR reserves and CO2 storage can be quantified through compositional simulation, thorough economic analyses need to be conducted to evaluate the viability of a CO2 EOR project. The complexity of this study can be reduced significantly through experimental design. Randomized economic uncertainties, such as commodity prices, royalty scheme and incentives, CO2 sequestration credits, capital and operating cost structure, CO2 price, etc. can also be investigated with Monte Carlo simulation. This coupled approach allows us stochastically to sensitize the probability of each parameter and quantify their financial impacts on CO2 EOR projects. This methodology is extremely valuable in the assessment of risks in business, especially when uncertainties are high or the problem is rather complex, such as CO2 EOR/sequestration in tight oil reservoirs.

The remaining oil in tight oil formation, after primary and water flood, is still significant. Hence, CO2 EOR has attracted attentions from industrial partners and government regulatory bodies. This paper provides a rigorous workflow for the industry on how to appraise such projects, as well as a perspective for the governing bodies of how to transform their policies and incentives when market conditions change.
Analytical Model To Predict the Effect of Pipe Friction on Downhole Fluid Temperatures
Authors: Kumar Aniket , Samuel Robello
Published: June 2013

The advent of deviated, horizontal, and extended-reach drilling has led to increased frictional forces acting between the drillstring and the wellbore wall. Wellbore mechanical friction attributable to pipe rotation or to torque and drag plays a significant role in drilling operations and is considered to influence the downhole temperatures of the drilling fluid. An analytical model to estimate the influence of this pipe friction will help in providing a better physical insight to understand the downhole borehole conditions as well as in realizing the effect of its underlying parameters.

This study aims to develop a simple mathematical model to analyze the heat generated downhole from the drillstring and borehole contact and then predict its influence on the temperature of the drilling fluid during a drilling operation at any depth in the well. The model presents a steady-state solution for heat transfer between the drillstring and the fluids in the drillpipe and annulus, as well as for heat transfer between the annular fluid and the formation. The heat generated from friction has been modeled by use of the torque acting on the drillstring as a result of contact forces. A linear temperature gradient for the formation and a constant borehole-wall temperature has been assumed to simplify the model. Frictional pressure losses in the drillpipe, in the annulus, and across the bit have been incorporated in the model because they contribute to the heat generated downhole. The temperature profile of the drilling fluid has been estimated both in the annulus and inside the drillpipe for the entire well profile under consideration.

This paper will present the derivations of the generalized heat-transfer model and its validation by use of two practical drilling scenarios. Two different field cases, one for a deviated well and the other for a horizontal well, have been presented, and the estimated temperature profile by use of the model is compared with the actual temperature measured downhole by use of measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tools. The increase in temperature for a particular depth in the well for the entire bit run has also been presented as another successful application of this model. The impact of drilling parameters on temperatures has also been analyzed and can be used effectively to maintain a better check on undesired temperatures.

This simple analytical model can be suitably applied to field cases on the basis of the well profile and can be effectively used to predict the maximal temperatures to be encountered downhole while drilling ahead as planned. An accurate estimation of maximal temperatures will help us prevent severe downhole friction heating in the future.
Effectiveness of Prolonged Exposure for PTSD in Older Veterans
Authors: Yoder Matthew S. , Lozano Brian , Center Kristy B. , Miller Aaron , Acierno Ron , Tuerk Peter W.
Published: June 2013

Exposure-based therapy is an effective treatment for PTSD, including combat-related PTSD. However, questions remain within PTSD treatment literature and among front-line clinicians about the appropriateness of exposure-based therapies for older adults. The current study examined the effectiveness of Prolonged Exposure (PE) in reducing PTSD and depression symptoms in a sample of 65 Veterans age 60 and older who were diagnosed with PTSD via structured clinical interview. In addition to within-subject repeated measure analyses, the entire intent to treat sample was compared to treatment completers. Within group d-type effect sizes across both groups were large (1.13–1.90) and the retention rate was high (85%). Importantly, no adverse medical or psychiatric events were reported over the course of the study. Results are discussed and limitations, along with future directions, are presented.
Switching to Ziprasidone in the Clinical Practice Setting: An Open-Label Study
Authors: Fraile Miguel Gutiérrez , de la Gándara Martín Jesús J. , García Julio Bobes
Published: June 2013

Objective:

This observational study evaluates the long-term outcome of switching to ziprasidone in patients with schizophrenia in the clinical practice setting.

Methods:

Patients (208) with schizophrenia who had been switched to ziprasidone monotherapy due to partial response or tolerability problems were followed for 1 year. Efficacy was assessed at baseline and months 1, 3, and 12 with Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Clinical Global Impression-severity (CGI-S), and CGI-improvement. Quality of life, functionality, and safety measures, including metabolic parameters, were also assessed; 195 subjects comprised the per protocol analysis population.

Results:

A reduction ≥ 30% in BPRS total score was observed in 42.5% of the subjects. Mean scores of the BPRS (global and positive and negative clusters), CGI-S and CGI-I significantly decreased at endpoint ( p < 0.001). Ziprasidone treatment was also associated with statistically significant improvements in the GAF, WHO-DAS-II, and SF-12. After 1-year follow-up, a mean weight decrease of −1.6 kg ( p < 0.05) was observed. Mean levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides also decreased ( p < 0.01) while HDL cholesterol levels increased ( p < 0.05) at endpoint. No significant changes in mean glucose levels at study end were detected.

Conclusion:

These findings suggest that switching to ziprasidone is effective and well tolerated in patients with schizophrenia requiring a change in antipsychotic medication.
Competence of Medical Students and Residents in Psychiatry regarding Spirituality, at a South African School of Clinical Medicine
Authors: van Rensburg Bernard Janse , Szabo Christopher P. , Poggenpoel Marie , Myburgh Chris
Published: June 2013

Objective:

Elsewhere, curricula for undergraduate and postgraduate psychiatry have been extended to include the role of spirituality. It has also become important to establish how, within accepted professional boundaries, spirituality should be incorporated appropriately into the current model for South African practice and training. The objectives included exploring, analyzing, and describing the views and experience of local academic psychiatrists on this topic.

Methods:

This study was designed as an explorative, descriptive, phenomenological qualitative investigation. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with individual academic specialist psychiatrists as the primary data source.

Results:

Data saturation was achieved after 13 interviews. “ Training of spirituality in psychiatry” emerged as one of six main themes from the integrated interview and literature content. All participants proposed that spirituality must be included in undergraduate medical and specialist psychiatric training. They have suggested that a mentorship model should be considered, which implies the reorientation of the teachers of psychiatry in this regard.

Conclusions:

This view concurred with the international medical literature, recommending that spirituality has to be incorporated into specialist psychiatric practice and training, but within professional boundaries and with all faith traditions and belief systems considered equally.
The Unjustified Classification of Kidney Donors as Patients with CKD
Authors: Matas Arthur J. , Ibrahim Hassan N.
Published: June 2013

Unilateral nephrectomy for kidney donation results in loss of about 30% of baseline GFR, leaving some donors with GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, the threshold for the diagnosis CKD. This has resulted in insurability problems for some donors. This article reviews the definition of CKD, risks associated with CKD, and large follow-up studies on the vital status and risk of ESRD in kidney donors. It also provides evidence that kidney donors, despite having reduced GFR, are not at increased risk for CKD-associated morbidity and mortality. Epidemiologic studies, most with follow-up <10 years, have shown an association between GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and higher mortality and progression to ESRD. Low GFR in the absence of any other markers for kidney disease, however, conveys attenuated or minimal risk. Of note, studies of long-term kidney donor outcomes (6–45 years) have not shown excess mortality or ESRD. The limitation of the collective evidence is that the increased risks associated with GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 were demonstrated in much larger cohorts than those reported for kidney donor outcomes, but donor outcome studies have substantially longer follow-up. On the basis of current findings, kidney donors with low GFR and no other signs of kidney disease should not be classified as having CKD. This is definitely not the reward they deserve, and, more important, the implications of reduced GFR in donors are not associated with unfavorable outcomes.
Piecewise Analysis of Patient Survival after Onset of AKI
Authors: Zhang Jane H. , Palevsky Paul M. , Chertow Glenn M. , Hartigan John , O’Connor Theresa Z. , Guarino Peter , Zhou Bingqing
Published: June 2013

Background and objectives

AKI affects approximately 2%–7% of hospitalized patients and >35% of critically ill patients. Survival after AKI may be described as having an acute phase (including an initial hyperacute component) followed by a convalescent phase, which may itself have early and late components.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Data from the Veterans Affairs/National Institutes of Health Acute Renal Failure Trial Network (ATN) study was used to model mortality risk among patients with dialysis-requiring AKI. This study assumed that the mortality hazard can be described by a piecewise log-linear function with change points. Using an average likelihood method, the authors tested for the number of change points in a piecewise log-linear hazard model. The maximum likelihood approach to locate the change point(s) was then adopted, and associated parameters and standard errors were estimated.

Results

There were 1124 ATN participants with follow-up to 1 year. The mortality hazard of AKI decreased over time with inflections in the rate of decrease at days 4, 42, and 148, with the sharpest change at day 42. The daily rate of decline in the log of the hazard for death was 0.220 over the first 4 days, 0.046 between day 4 and day 42, 0.017 between day 42 and day 148, and 0.003 between day 148 and day 365.

Conclusions

There appear to be two major phases of mortality risk after AKI: an early phase extending over the first 6 weeks and a late phase from 6 weeks to 1 year. Within the first 42 days, this can be further divided into hyperacute (days 1–4) and acute (days 4–42) phases. After 42 days, there appear to be early (days 42–148) and late (after day 148) convalescent phases. These findings may help to inform the design of AKI clinical trials and assist critical care physicians in prognostic stratification.
Discrimination of mineral waters using near infrared spectroscopy and aquaphotomics
Authors: Muncan Jelena , Matija Lidija , Simic-Krstic Jovana , Nijemcevic Srecko , Koruga Djuro
Published: July 2013

Despite that water is one of the most studied materials today its dynamic
properties are still not well understood. Water state in human organism is of
high importance for normal healthy functioning of human body. Different kinds
of water are usually classified according to its present solutes, and
concentrations of these solutes, but though it is known that water molecules
can form clusters around present solutes, classification of waters based on
types of water molecular organization and present clusters is not present in
current literature. In this study we used multivariate analysis for
classification of commercial mineral waters based on their near infrared
spectra (NIR). Further, we applied Aquaphotomics, a new approach for
interpretation of near infrared spectra of water, which gives insight into
organization of water molecules in each of these waters.
The features of economic behavior of the urban population in the ethnic the region of Kashubia (Kashuby / Cassubia)
Authors: Czapliński Paweł , Szymańska Wioletta
Published: July 2013

The article refers to the economic analysis of behavior of the urban population living in the ethno-region of Kashubia. The study measured the intensity of local entrepreneurship in the cities, the effectiveness of obtaining EU funds, as well as the assessment of the local units’ own income. The study was conducted in three spatial dimensions, treating the Tri-City, the cities of Kashubia and the remaining cities of Pomerania as separate entities. The analysis showed a clear separation of the Tri-City as a metropolitan area and the main center of economic growth, accumulating the largest share of economic, social and innovation capital. In almost every respect, the Kashubian cities confirmed a strong concern for the development of local entrepreneurship, which makes them more dynamic in comparison to other cities of Pomerania.
Placebo, Nocebo, and Expectations: Leveraging Positive Outcomes
Authors: Benz Laurence N. , Flynn Timothy W.
Published: June 2013

As physical therapists, have we fully understood how we consciously or unconsciously shape patient expectations and thus influence outcomes through placebo (positive) or nocebo (negative) pathways? Have we internalized how our framing of patient problems and our resultant verbal and nonverbal clinical behavior influence patient outcomes? Perhaps most importantly, have we fully embraced placebos as an effective tool in our physical therapy treatment toolbox?

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(7):439–441. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.0105
In Memoriam: A Tribute to Robin McKenzie, Musculoskeletal Visionary
Authors: May Stephen , Werneke Mark
Published: June 2013

We are saddened by the passing of Robin Anthony McKenzie on May 13, 2013.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(7):442. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.0106
Tools for Observational Gait Analysis in Patients With Stroke: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ferrarello Francesco , Bianchi Valeria Anna Maria , Baccini Marco , Rubbieri Gaia , Mossello Enrico , Cavallini Maria Chiara , Marchionni Niccolò , Di Bari Mauro
Published: June 2013

Background

Stroke severely affects walking ability, and assessment of gait kinematics is important in defining diagnosis, planning treatment, and evaluating interventions in stroke rehabilitation. Although observational gait analysis is the most common approach to evaluate gait kinematics, tools useful for this purpose have received little attention in the scientific literature and have not been thoroughly reviewed.

Objectives

The aims of this systematic review were to identify tools proposed to conduct observational gait analysis in adults with a stroke, to summarize evidence concerning their quality, and to assess their implementation in rehabilitation research and clinical practice.

Methods

An extensive search was performed of original articles reporting on visual/observational tools developed to investigate gait kinematics in adults with a stroke. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data, assessed quality of the included studies, and scored the metric properties and clinical utility of each tool. Rigor in reporting metric properties and dissemination of the tools also was evaluated.

Results

Five tools were identified, not all of which had been tested adequately for their metric properties. Evaluation of content validity was partially satisfactory. Reliability was poorly investigated in all but one tool. Concurrent validity and sensitivity to change were shown for 3 and 2 tools, respectively. Overall, adequate levels of quality were rarely reached. The dissemination of the tools was poor.

Conclusions

Based on critical appraisal, the Gait Assessment and Intervention Tool shows a good level of quality, and its use in stroke rehabilitation is recommended. Rigorous studies are needed for the other tools in order to establish their usefulness.
Factors Associated With Paraspinal Muscle Asymmetry in Size and Composition in a General Population Sample of Men
Authors: Fortin Maryse , Yuan Yan , Battié Michele C.
Published: June 2013

Background

Paraspinal muscle asymmetry in cross-sectional area (CSA) and composition have been associated with low back pain and pathology. However, substantial multifidus muscle asymmetry also has been reported in men who were asymptomatic, and little is known about other factors influencing asymmetry.

Objective

The goal of this study was to identify behavioral, environmental, and constitutional factors associated with paraspinal muscle asymmetry.

Design

A cross-sectional study of 202 adult male twins was conducted.

Methods

Data were collected through a structured interview, physical examination, and magnetic resonance imaging. Measurements of multifidus and erector spinae muscle CSA and the ratio of fat-free CSA to total CSA were obtained from T2-weighted axial images at L3–L4 and L5–S1.

Results

In multivariable analyses, greater asymmetry in multifidus CSA at L3–L4 was associated with lower occupational physical demands and less disk height narrowing. Handedness was the only factor associated with multifidus muscle CSA asymmetry at L5–S1. For the erector spinae muscle, greater age, handedness, and disk height narrowing were associated with CSA asymmetry at L3–L4, and sports activity, handedness, disk height narrowing, and familial aggregation were associated with CSA asymmetry at L5–S1. In multivariable analyses of asymmetry in muscle composition, familial aggregation explained 7% to 20% of the variance in multifidus and erector spinae muscle side-to-side differences at both levels measured. In addition, handedness and pain severity entered the model for erector spinae muscle asymmetry at L5–S1, and disability, handedness, and disk height narrowing entered the model for multifidus muscle asymmetry at L5–S1.

Limitations

Reliance on participants' recall for low back pain history, occupation, and physical activity levels was a limitation of this study.

Conclusions

Few of the factors investigated were associated with paraspinal muscle asymmetry, and associations were inconsistent and modest, explaining little of the variance in paraspinal muscle asymmetry.
Participation Following Knee Replacement: The MOST Cohort Study
Authors: Maxwell Jessica L. , Keysor Julie J. , Niu Jingbo , Singh Jasvinder A. , Wise Barton L. , Frey-Law Laura , Nevitt Michael C. , Felson David T.
Published: June 2013

Background

Participation is an important, yet seldom studied, outcome after total knee replacement (TKR).

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent and predictors of participation and participation restriction among people after TKR.

Materials and Methods

This study investigated the changes in pain, function, and participation scores (measured using a subscale of the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument) from pre-TKR to ≥1 year post-TKR among a subsample of participants from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST) longitudinal cohort (MOST is funded by the National Institutes of Health). The proportions of individuals with participation restriction pre-TKR and ≥1 and ≥2 years post-TKR were calculated for all participants and for important demographic subgroups. The association between demographic and clinical factors and participation was estimated using linear regression. The association between demographic and clinical factors and participation restriction was estimated using logistic regression.

Results

There were 292 individuals with outcome data ≥1 year post-TKR. Of these, 218 (75%) had data pre-TKR and ≥1 year post-TKR and 160 (55%) had data ≥2 years post-TKR. There were mean improvements in pain, function, and participation at ≥1 and 2 years. However, approximately 30% of the study sample had participation restriction pre-TKR and post-TKR, and the proportion decreased significantly only for those <65 years old. Non-whites had a higher proportion of participation restriction than any other subgroup (41% ≥1 year, 48% ≥2 years). Female sex and non-white race were associated with a worse participation score, and several demographic and modifiable factors were associated with participation restriction following TKR.

Limitations

The time between pre-TKR and post-TKR assessment varied across study participants, and data were not available on their rehabilitation utilization.

Conclusions

Although there was a mean increase in participation ≥1 year following TKR, participation restriction was common. The likelihood of low participation was increased among women, non-whites, and those with depressive symptoms, severe pain in either knee, or worse pre-TKR function.
Teachers’ Support of Students’ Vocabulary Learning During Literacy Instruction in High Poverty Elementary Schools
Authors: Carlisle Joanne F. , Kelcey Ben , Berebitsky Dan
Published: June 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine third-grade teachers’ support for students’ vocabulary learning in high poverty schools characterized by underachievement in reading. We examined the prevalence and nature of discourse actions teachers used to support vocabulary learning in different literacy lessons (e.g., phonics); these actions varied in the cognitive demands placed on the students. Results showed that teachers rarely engaged students in cognitively challenging work on word meanings. Various lesson features and student and teacher characteristics were associated with teachers’ support for students’ vocabulary learning (e.g., teachers’ knowledge about reading). A major finding was that the extent of teachers’ support of their students’ vocabulary learning was significantly related to gains in reading comprehension across the year.
Solid Versus Semi-solid Fermentation of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.)
Authors: Karki Dhan Bahadur , Kharel Ganga Prasad
Published: June 2013

Effects of solid versus semi-solid fermentations on the chemical and organoleptic qualities of finger millet Jand were studied. Millet was fermented under solid and semi-solid states by using defined fermentation starter and the Jand was subjected to chemical and sensory analyses. Results indicated that except on moisture and alcohol contents, semi-solid fermentation reflected a significant effect (p<0.05) on the chemical characteristics of millet Jand. TSS, acidity and ester contents increased substantially in semi-solid fermentation as compared to solid-state one. Millet fermented with 50% water addition had more than 2-folds higher total acidity than that of solid-state fermented and every 50% increase in water addition nearly doubled the fixed acidity of the products. No remarkable improvement on the chemical and sensory quality of millet Jand was found by using semi-solid state fermentation. J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 6 (31-35), 2010 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v6i0.8257
Chemical, Functional and Nutritional Characteristics of Weaning Food Formulations
Authors: Kumkum Rashmi , Gowda Chikke , Khanam Anjum , Swamylingappa Bhagya
Published: June 2013

Two ready to eat weaning food formulations have been developed based on oilseed. Wheat, green gram Dhal, sugar and cereal malt have been incorporated to provide 15-17% protein and 360-380 Kcal of energy and fortified with vitamins and minerals to meet the recommended daily allowance. The physico-chemicals, functional and nutritional characteristics of the formulations were evaluated. The chemical score indicated that sulphur containing amino acids were first limiting amino acid in both the formulations. However, the calculated nutritional indices: essential amino acid index, nutritional index biological value and C-PER were higher for formula-II. The rat bioassay showed higher PER (2.07) for formula-II. Sensory studies confirmed that the products were acceptable with a shelf life of one year under normal storage conditions. The product could be served in the form of porridge with water/milk or in the form of small Laddu. J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 6 (36-42), 2010 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v6i0.8258
Survey on Production, Marketing and Consumption of Gundpak: A Traditional Khoa Based Milk Product of Nepal
Authors: Acharya Pushipa Prasad , Kharel Ganga Prasad , Bhandari Megharaj
Published: June 2013

This study aims to explore a traditional technology of Gundpak production, marketing and consumption in Nepal. The major ingredients used for Gundpak production are Khoa, sugar, ghee and gum, while minor ingredients are dried fruits, nuts, watermelon seeds, battisa powder, Jesthalangwadi etc. The annual production of Gundpak in Kathmandu valley has been estimated approximately 579.1MT and sales about 550.4MT with a worth of NRs. 192.5 million. Mainly, there are two varieties of Gundpak named as normal and medicinal. Majority of Gundpak producers sale their product in an open tray called Kisti. However, some manufacturers started to pack the product into plastic containers with varying sizes. The shelf-life may vary i.e. one week in summer and two weeks in winter at ambient condition. The market products were found inconsistent in chemical compositions and other quality characteristics. Therefore, there is an urgent need of process optimization as well as quality standardization of Gundpak production in commercial scale. J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 6 (43-52), 2010 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v6i0.8259
Quality Changes of Burger from Vegetable, Wheat Flour, Rice Flour with Fat Emulsion during Frozen Storage
Authors: De Silva Ganeesha , Marapana Upul , Kalubowila Anton , Lalantha Nirosh , Seresinhe Thaksala
Published: June 2013

Animal ScienceChanges in physico-chemicals, microbial and sensory quality of newly formulated veggie burgers prepared from rice flour, wheat flour with (RW5E) and without (RI0E) fat emulsion, rice flour isolated soya protein (ISP) with (RI5E) and without (RI0E) fat emulsion were periodically analyzed during frozen storage at -18°C for 90 days. Sensorial attributes were altered with fat emulsion and rice flour wheat flour addition (p<0.05). RW5E was found to be the best sample based on sensory method. Further proximate analysis revealed that RW5E had gained 51.68% moisture, 8.38% fat, 48.33% TS, 36.84% ONF and 3.1% ash after 90 days of storage and RW5E was the best option to lessen purge and increase WHC followed by others. The results of microbial, pH and peroxide value indicated that all four products were well within the recommended standards. This study indicated that the addition of RW5E to veggie burger exhibited reasonable shelf-life and acceptable in terms of nutritional value and sensory attributes. J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 6 (65-68), 2010 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v6i0.8262
Preparation and Quality Evaluation of Mozzarella Cheese from Different Milk Sources
Authors: Bhattarai Rewati Raman , Acharya Pushpa Prasad
Published: June 2013

Three mozzarella cheeses were prepared from three different milk sources i.e. cow (C), buffalo (B) and their mix (A) milks using DL (Streptococcus lactis and cremoris; S. Diacetalactic, Leuconostoc cremoris) and yoghurt cultures. Milk was standardized to C/F: 0.90/0.92 and process optimized for using all milk sources. The samples were analyzed for physico-chemical and functional properties, sensory attributes and protein and fat losses. Except ash and yield at 50% moisture; fat, protein, actual yield, pH, acidity and moisture were significantly influenced by milk sources. From sensory result, cow and mix cheeses were significantly superior, whereas functional properties were superior for cow cheese but buffalo and mix cheeses had higher nutritive value. From overall comparison, cow mozzarella cheese was ranked most suitable for pizza topping. J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 6 (94-101), 2010 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v6i0.8268
Benzoic Acid Residue in Nepalese Fruits and Vegetable Products
Authors: Rai Krishna Prasad , Shrestha Sovati , Lama Jiwan Prava , Shrestha Binaya Prasad
Published: June 2013

The research was carried out first time in Nepal to study the residue level of benzoic acid in fruits and vegetable products by HPLC method. Altogether, 40 different samples of pickles, tomato ketchups, jam and some fresh condiments were analyzed. The maximum concentration of benzoic acid (2192.4mg/kg) was found in pickles made in household level, while minimum quantity (10.29mg/kg) was found in jam product. Altogether, 19.35% of samples analyzed were found to be contaminated with higher quantity of benzoic acid as comparing to mandatory standard of Nepal. Individually, 33.33%, 10.00% and 11.11% of samples were found to be substandard for pickles, tomato ketchups and jam respectively. Apparently, pickle samples were found to have higher amount of benzoic acid as compare to others and no any evidence for natural contamination of benzoic acid in vegetable products was observed. Furthermore, a simple water extraction method for sample preparation and new HPLC procedure was established as a routine method for benzoic acid analysis. J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 6 (110-113), 2010 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v6i0.8271