bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus Mediates Grasp Execution, Independent of Requirement to Update: New Insights from Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Authors: Rice Nichola J. , Tunik Eugene , Grafton Scott T.
Published: August 2006

Although a role of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in grasping is becoming evident, the specific contribution of regions within the IPS remains undefined. In this vein, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was delivered to the anterior (aIPS), middle (mIPS), and caudal (cIPS) IPS in two tasks designed to dissociate the potential roles of the IPS in either grasp planning or execution (task 1) and its involvement in error detection or error correction (task 2). Determining the involvement of specific regions of the IPS in perceptual (planning and error detection) versus motor (execution and correction) components of grasping allowed us to assess the ecological validity of competing computational models attempting to simulate reach-to-grasp movements. In task 1, we demonstrate that, when no on-line adjustment is necessary, TMS to aIPS (but not mIPS or cIPS) disrupts grasping; this disruption is only elicited when TMS is applied during the execution (but not the planning) phase of the movement. Task 2 reveals that TMS to aIPS (but not mIPS or cIPS) disrupts grasping in the presence of a perturbation; this disruption is only elicited when TMS is applied during the error correction (but not error detection) phase of the movement. We propose that the specific contribution of the aIPS in grasping is in the on-line computation of a difference vector based on motor goal, efference copy, and sensory inputs. This computation is performed for both stable and perturbed motor goals.
Immune Cells Contribute to Myelin Degeneration and Axonopathic Changes in Mice Overexpressing Proteolipid Protein in Oligodendrocytes
Authors: Ip Chi Wang , Kroner Antje , Bendszus Martin , Leder Christoph , Kobsar Igor , Fischer Stefan , Wiendl Heinz , Nave Klaus-Armin , Martini Rudolf
Published: August 2006

Overexpression of the major myelin protein of the CNS, proteolipid protein (PLP), leads to late-onset degeneration of myelin and pathological changes in axons. Based on the observation that in white matter tracts of these mutants both CD8+ T-lymphocytes and CD11b+ macrophage-like cells are numerically elevated, we tested the hypothesis that these cells are pathologically involved in the primarily genetically caused neuropathy. Using flow cytometry of mutant brains, CD8+ cells could be identified as activated effector cells, and confocal microscopy revealed a close association of the T-cells with MHC-I+ (major histocompatibility complex class I positive) oligodendrocytes. Crossbreeding the myelin mutants with mice deficient in the recombination activating gene-1 (RAG-1) lacking mature T- and B-lymphocytes led to a reduction of the number of CD11b+ cells and to a substantial alleviation of pathological changes. In accordance with these findings, magnetic resonance imaging revealed less ventricular enlargement in the double mutants, partially because of more preserved corpora callosa. To investigate the role of CD8+ versus CD4+ T-lymphocytes, we reconstituted the myelin-RAG-1 double mutants with bone marrow from either CD8-negative (CD4+) or CD4-negative (CD8+) mice. The severe ventricular enlargement was only found when the double mutants were reconstituted with bone marrow from CD8+ mice, suggesting that the CD8+ lymphocytes play a critical role in the immune-related component of myelin degeneration in the mutants. These findings provide strong evidence that a primary glial damage can cause secondary immune reactions of pathological significance as it has been suggested for some forms of multiple sclerosis and other leukodystrophies.
What Shapes the West's Human Rights Focus?
Authors: Ron James , Ramos Howard , Rodgers Kathleen
Published: August 2006

The severity of abuse may be be less important than a nation's policy relevance to the West, the ability of journalists to investigate freely, and attention from rights activists.
Accelerators and politics in postwar Japan
Authors: LOW MORRIS F.
Published: August 2006

The destruction of Japan's cyclotrons by Occupation Forces after the Pacific War resulted in a major setback for experimental physics in that country. Key figures such as Yoshio Nishina, Sin-itirô Tomonaga, and Ryôkichi Sagane strived to help Japan rebuild its scientific infrastructure and regain some of its former eminence in the field, but in the wake of the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the atom had new meaning. Local residents objected to the establishment of the Institute for Nuclear Study in Tanashi, Tokyo. Despite their protests, construction went ahead and the Institute of Nuclear Study (INS) opened in 1955. Within a few years, physicists sought to establish a second major accelerator facility. Sectionalism among physicists and shortage of funds plagued attempts to establish the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK) which eventually came into being in 1970. This paper reveals some of the problems that physicists faced and how they sought to overcome them within the context of a defeated Japan, wary of military research, and desperately seeking to rebuild its economy. Physicists sought to influence the direction of science policy and to deal with the concerns of citizens in a newly democratic Japan.
Particle accelerators in Mexico
Authors: LARA MARÍA DE LA PAZ RAMOS
Published: August 2006

The first Van de Graaff particle accelerator in Latin America was installed at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) in 1952. This event marked the beginning of experimental nuclear physics, exclusively for peaceful purposes, in Mexico. The acquisition of this accelerator was fundamental for placing other accelerators into operation, which were used for both research and the resolution of national problems.
Interventions for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care
Authors: Stein Ruth E.K. , Zitner Lauren E. , Jensen Peter S.
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND. Depression in adolescents is underrecognized and undertreated despite its poor long-term outcomes, including risk for suicide. Primary care settings may be critical venues for the identification of depression, but there is little information about the usefulness of primary care interventions.

OBJECTIVE. We sought to examine the evidence for the treatment of depression in primary care settings, focusing on evidence concerning psychosocial, educational, and/or supportive intervention strategies.

METHODS. Available data on brief psychosocial treatments for adolescent depression in primary settings were reviewed. Given the paucity of direct studies, we also drew on related literature to summarize available evidence whether brief, psychosocial support from a member of the primary care team, with or without medication, might improve depression outcomes.

RESULTS. We identified 37 studies relevant to treating adolescent depression in primary care settings. Only 4 studies directly examined the impact of primary care–delivered psychosocial interventions for adolescent depression, but they suggest that such interventions can be effective. Indirect evidence from other psychosocial/behavioral interventions, including anticipatory guidance and efforts to enhance treatment adherence, and adult depression studies also show benefits of primary care–delivered interventions as well as the impact of provider training to enhance psychosocial skills.

CONCLUSIONS. There is potential for successful treatment of adolescent depression in primary care, in view of evidence that brief, psychosocial support, with or without medication, has been shown to improve a range of outcomes, including adolescent depression itself. Given the great public health problem posed by adolescent depression, the likelihood that most depressed adolescents will not receive specialty services, and new guidelines for managing adolescent depression in primary care, clinicians may usefully consider initiation of supportive interventions in their primary care practices.
Prevalence of Flat Foot in Preschool-Aged Children
Authors: Pfeiffer Martin , Kotz Rainer , Ledl Thomas , Hauser Gertrude , Sluga Maria
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVES. Our aim with this study was to establish the prevalence of flat foot in a population of 3- to 6-year-old children to evaluate cofactors such as age, weight, and gender and to estimate the number of unnecessary treatments performed.

METHODS. A total of 835 children (411 girls and 424 boys) were included in this study. The clinical diagnosis of flat foot was based on a valgus position of the heel and a poor formation of the arch. Feet of the children were scanned (while they were in a standing position) by using a laser surface scanner, and rearfoot angle was measured. Rearfoot angle was defined as the angle of the upper Achilles tendon and the distal extension of the rearfoot.

RESULTS. Prevalence of flexible flat foot in the group of 3- to 6-year-old children was 44%. Prevalence of pathological flat foot was <1%. Ten percent of the children were wearing arch supports. The prevalence of flat foot decreases significantly with age: in the group of 3-year-old children 54% showed a flat foot, whereas in the group of 6-year-old children only 24% had a flat foot. Average rearfoot angle was 5.5° of valgus. Boys had a significant greater tendency for flat foot than girls: the prevalence of flat foot in boys was 52% and 36% in girls. Thirteen percent of the children were overweight or obese. Significant differences in prevalence of flat foot between overweight, obese, and normal-weight children were observed.

CONCLUSIONS. This study is the first to use a three-dimensional laser surface scanner to measure the rearfoot valgus in preschool-aged children. The data demonstrate that the prevalence of flat foot is influenced by 3 factors: age, gender, and weight. In overweight children and in boys, a highly significant prevalence of flat foot was observed; in addition, a retarded development of the medial arch in the boys was discovered. At the time of the study, >90% of the treatments were unnecessary.
Decision Analysis in Planning for a Polio Outbreak in the United States
Authors: Jenkins Pamela C. , Modlin John F.
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. Global eradication of poliomyelitis may soon be achieved, but circulating polioviruses could reemerge years after eradication by reversion of live attenuated oral vaccine virus to a virulent form, laboratory stock mishandling, or bioterrorism. If a poliomyelitis outbreak occurs in the United States, access to a vaccine stockpile to interrupt viral spread will be necessary. Options for the stockpile include the inactivated polio vaccine and the live-attenuated trivalent and monovalent oral poliovirus vaccines. With differences in immunogenicity, adverse effects, availability, and other issues, the optimal vaccine choice for the stockpile is not clear. We sought to compare vaccine interventions for poliomyelitis outbreak control.

DESIGN. We applied decision analysis to 8 strategies for outbreak control: no intervention, 1 or 2 inactivated polio vaccine doses, 1 or 2 trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine doses, 1 or 2 monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine doses, and sequential inactivated polio vaccine-monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine. Historical data from outbreaks in developed countries were used to estimate the risk of paralytic disease after a hypothetical reintroduction of circulating polioviruses. The outcome measure was cases of paralytic poliomyelitis.

RESULTS. Monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine provided optimal outbreak control in most scenarios because of high seroconversion rates with 1 dose. Control provided by trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine and inactivated polio vaccine was equivalent at high vaccine coverage rates. At low intervention rates, trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine produced fewer paralytic cases than inactivated polio vaccine in highly immune populations but more cases than inactivated polio vaccine in poorly immunized groups because of secondary transmission of oral poliovirus vaccine virus and vaccine-derived viruses.

CONCLUSIONS. This model suggests that monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine would be the most advantageous vaccine for outbreak control. If a monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine stockpile is impractical, the optimal vaccine choice depends on the previous immunity and the anticipated intervention rates.
Cerebral Palsy Among Children Born After in Vitro Fertilization: The Role of Preterm Delivery—A Population-Based, Cohort Study
Authors: Hvidtjørn Dorte , Grove Jakob , Schendel Diana E. , Væth Michael , Ernst Erik , Nielsen Lene F. , Thorsen Poul
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. Our aim was to assess the incidence of cerebral palsy among children conceived with in vitro fertilization and children conceived without in vitro fertilization.

METHODS. A population-based, cohort study, including all live-born singletons and twins born in Denmark between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2000, was performed. Children conceived with in vitro fertilization (9255 children) were identified through the In Vitro Fertilization Register; children conceived without in vitro fertilization (394713) were identified through the Danish Medical Birth Register. Cerebral palsy diagnoses were obtained from the National Register of Hospital Discharges. The main outcome measure was the incidence of cerebral palsy in the in vitro fertilization and non-in vitro fertilization groups.

RESULTS. Children born after in vitro fertilization had an increased risk of cerebral palsy; these results were largely unchanged after adjustment for maternal age, gender, parity, small-for-gestational age status, and educational level. The independent effect of in vitro fertilization vanished after additional adjustment for multiplicity or preterm delivery. When both multiplicity and preterm delivery were included in the multivariate models, preterm delivery remained associated strongly with the risk of cerebral palsy.

CONCLUSIONS. The large proportions of preterm deliveries with in vitro fertilization, primarily for twins but also for singletons, pose an increased risk of cerebral palsy.
Differences in the Risk Associated With Head Injury for Pediatric Ice Skaters, Roller Skaters, and In-Line Skaters
Authors: Knox Christy L. , Comstock R. Dawn , McGeehan Jennifer , Smith Gary A.
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. The goals were to describe the epidemiologic features of pediatric skating-related injuries sustained from 1993 to 2003 and to compare ice skating–related injuries with roller skating–and in-line skating–related injuries.

METHODS. An analysis of pediatric skating-related injury data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission was performed.

RESULTS. An estimated 1 235 467 pediatric skating participants presented to hospital emergency departments with injuries between 1993 and 2003. These children had a mean age of 10.9 years (SD: 3.2 years; range: 1–18 years), and 50.0% were male. The most common mechanism of injury was a fall (83.1%). Ice skaters sustained a greater proportion of head injuries (13.3%), compared with roller skaters (4.4%) and in-line skaters (5.0%). Ice skaters also experienced a greater proportion of concussions (4.3%), compared with roller skaters (0.6%) and in-line skaters (0.8%). The proportion of facial injuries among ice skaters was greater than the proportions among roller skaters and in-line skaters. The majority of roller skating–and in-line skating–related injuries were upper-extremity fractures (53.9% and 59.7%, respectively). Children ≤6 years of age experienced a greater proportion of head and facial injuries than did older children in each skating activity.

CONCLUSIONS. The epidemiologic features of pediatric ice skating–related injuries differ from those of roller skating–and in-line skating–related injuries. Children should wear helmets during all recreational skating activities, especially ice skating, because of the risk of serious head injuries. Wrist guards should be worn to protect against the common upper-extremity fractures sustained during skating.
Individual and Combined Effects of Postpartum Depression in Mothers and Fathers on Parenting Behavior
Authors: Paulson James F. , Dauber Sarah , Leiferman Jenn A.
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND. Pediatric anticipatory guidance has been associated with parenting behaviors that promote positive infant development. Maternal postpartum depression is known to negatively affect parenting and may prevent mothers from following anticipatory guidance. The effects of postpartum depression in fathers on parenting is understudied.

OBJECTIVE. Our purpose with this work was to examine the effects of maternal and paternal depression on parenting behaviors consistent with anticipatory guidance recommendations.

METHODS. The 9-month-old wave of data from a national study of children and their families, the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, provided data on 5089 2-parent families. Depressive symptoms were measured with a short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Interviews with both parents provided data on parent health behaviors and parent-infant interactions. Logistic and linear regression models were used to estimate the association between depression in each parent and the parenting behaviors of interest. These models were adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic status indicators.

RESULTS. In this national sample, 14% of mothers and 10% of fathers exhibited levels of depressive symptoms on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale that have been associated with clinical diagnoses, confirming other findings of a high prevalence of postpartum maternal depression but highlighting that postpartum depression is a significant issue for fathers as well. Mothers who were depressed were ∼1.5 times more likely to engage in less healthy feeding and sleep practices with their infant. In both mothers and fathers, depressive symptoms were negatively associated with positive enrichment activity with the child (reading, singing songs, and telling stories).

CONCLUSIONS. Postpartum depression is a significant problem in both mothers and fathers in the United States. It is associated with undesirable parent health behaviors and fewer positive parent-infant interactions.
Characterization of Dermatoglyphics inPHOX2B-Confirmed Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome
Authors: Todd Emily S. , Scott Nicole M. , Weese-Mayer Debra E. , Weinberg Seth M. , Berry-Kravis Elizabeth M. , Silvestri Jean M. , Kenny Anna S. , Hauptman Susan A. , Zhou Lili , Marazita Mary L.
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. Individuals with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome have characteristic variants in the PHOX2B gene (primarily polyalanine expansion mutations). The PHOX2B gene acts as a transcriptional activator in the promotion of pan-neuronal differentiation in the autonomic nervous system during early embryologic development, with a primary role in the sympathetic noradrenergic phenotype in vertebrates. Because sympathetic innervation has been hypothesized to affect the development of dermatoglyphic pattern types, we hypothesized that individuals with PHOX2B-confirmed congenital central hypoventilation syndrome would have characteristic dermatoglyphic patterning and that the dermatoglyphic phenotype would be related to the disease-defining PHOX2B genotype.

METHODS. Dermatoglyphic pattern type frequency, left/right symmetry, and genotype/phenotype correlation were assessed for 33 individuals with PHOX2B-confirmed congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and compared with published control data.

RESULTS. Dermatoglyphic pattern type frequencies were altered in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome cases versus controls. In particular, there was an increase of arches in females and ulnar loops in males, with the largest differences for the left hand and for individuals with both congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and Hirschsprung disease. Dissimilarity scores between the congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and congenital central hypoventilation syndrome + Hirschsprung disease cases were not significantly different, nor were dissimilarity scores between all of the female and all of the male cases. No significant association was found between the number of polyalanine repeats in the PHOX2B genotypic category and dermatoglyphic pattern frequencies in the congenital central hypoventilation syndrome study groups.

CONCLUSIONS. These results represent the first report describing specific dermatoglyphic patterning in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and suggest a relationship between PHOX2B and the expression of dermatoglyphic pattern types. An expanded congenital central hypoventilation syndrome data set to include the full spectrum of PHOX2B mutations is necessary to further delineate the role of PHOX2B in dermatoglyphic patterning.
Deaths Resulting From Hypocalcemia After Administration of Edetate Disodium: 2003-2005
Authors: Brown Mary Jean , Willis Teresa , Omalu Bennet , Leiker Richard
Published: August 2006

From 2003 to 2005, deaths of 3 individuals as a result of cardiac arrest caused by hypocalcemia during chelation therapy were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Two were children, both of whom were treated with edetate disodium. At the time of this writing, the adult case was still under investigation. No previous cases of death resulting from hypocalcemia during chelation have been reported. From our experience and review of the literature, we suggest that health care providers who are unfamiliar with chelation consult an expert before undertaking treatment and that hospital formularies evaluate whether stocking edetate disodium is necessary, given the risk for hypocalcemia and the availability of less toxic alternatives.
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7): family princeps’ history, genealogy and geographical distribution
Authors: Linhares Salomão da Cunha , Horta Wagner Goes , Marques Júnior Wilson
Published: August 2006

We conducted a 320 year retrospective survey of the history and genealogy of a large Brazilian family with SCA7. The ancestral couple was from the State of Ceará, Brazil, and the genealogical tree was composed of 577 individuals, including 217 males (37.6%), 255 females (44.1%) and 105 individuals of unknown sex (18.1%). Based on collected information, the 118 individuals consistently affected were distributed in generations IV (n=2), V (n=28), VI (n=57), VII (n=25) and VIII (n=6) of the genealogical tree. Sixty affected members are alive, 37 of them (61.6%) live in the Northeast region, 12 (20%) in the Southeast, 9 (15%) in the Center-West and 2 (3.3%) in the North. This genealogical survey was based only on 4 of the 10 children of the ancestral couple since the destiny of the remaining 6 is unknown. We propose that other Brazilian families with SCA7 may have the same genetic origin.
Effect of glycemic state in rats submitted to status epilepticus during development
Authors: Santiago Joselita F.C. , Carvalho Fatima F. , Perosa Sandra R. , Siliano Marcelo R. , Cruz José Walber M.C. , Fernandes Maria José S. , Cavalheiro Esper A. , Amado Débora , Naffah-Mazzacoratti Maria da Graça
Published: August 2006

The effect of glycemic state on status epilepticus (SE) development was studied in animals of different ages, submitted to pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Groups: I- Rats with 9-day-old (P9): IA. Submitted to 1SE; IB. Saline-treated; IC. Induced- hyperglycemia; ID. Induced- hyperglycemia+SE; II- Rats submitted to three consecutive episodes of SE at P7, P8 and P9; III- Rats submitted to 1SE at P17; IV- Rats submitted to 1SE at P21. Hippocampal cell death and the expression of glucose transporter GLUT3 were analyzed in group I. The results demonstrated normoglycemia in the groups IA, IB and II, hypoglycemia in group III and hyperglycemia in group IV, showing that the glycemia during SE is age dependent. Induced hyperglycemia during SE in P9 protected the hippocampal neurons from death and both groups IC and ID presented increased GLUT3 expression, showing high glucose consumption by the hippocampus.
Papel do forame oval patente e da válvula de Eustáquio nos eventos tromboenbólicos
Authors: Magalhães Elza , Torreão Jorge , Costa Nila , Freitas Nelmacy , Melo Ailton
Published: August 2006

A associação entre forame oval patente (FOP) e embolia paradoxal é assunto já descrito na literatura médica. Quando não existe associação com aneurisma de septo atrial, surgem dúvidas quanto à origem do trombo devido à dificuldade que se tem de documentar a passagem de êmbolos vindos da circulação venosa pelo shunt direita-esquerda. Descrevemos quatro casos de eventos vasculares, cujos ecocardiogramas transesofágicos demonstraram a presença de trombo aderido ao FOP associado à válvula de Eustáquio proeminente na ausência de aneurisma de septo. Esse artigo visa ilustrar e chamar atenção para o potencial papel do FOP e da válvula de Eustáquio na ocorrência da embolia paradoxal
Estudo de membrana biológica em ratos na prevenção de fibrose pós laminectomia
Authors: Herculano Marco Antonio , Tella Jr Oswaldo Ignácio de , Prandini Mirto Nelso , Alves Maria Teresa de Seixas
Published: August 2006

Os autores investigaram a aplicação de uma membrana biológica, constituída de cortical óssea bovina descalcificada, em cirurgias de coluna vertebral de ratos, com o intuito de tratar o defeito ósseo minimizando ou impedindo a herniação do tecido muscular para dentro do canal raquidiano pós laminectomia, inibindo a formação de fibrose pós-operatória e avaliando a biocompatibilidade do material. O estudo foi feito utilizando-se de ratos Wistar-EPM, que após intervalos de 8, 16 e 24 semanas, foram sacrificados, sendo removidas as peças cirúrgicas para análise anatomopatológica. A membrana biológica evitou a herniação do tecido muscular para o canal raquidiano, sendo totalmente reabsorvida em todas as peças analisadas, demonstrando sua biocompatibilidade e favorecendo a neoformação óssea e evitando aderências.
Artefatos biológicos no EEG quantitativo
Authors: Anghinah Renato , Basile Luis I. , Schmidt Magali T. , Sameshima Koichi , Gattaz Wagner Farid
Published: August 2006

Estudamos, em 10 indivíduos adultos normais, o comportamento de cinco artefatos biológicos do eletrencefalograma (EEG): piscamento palpebral, fechamento forçado dos olhos, fechamento forçado da mandíbula, movimentos de língua e varredura horizontal dos olhos - tanto por análise visual como espectral - tanto com objetivo de verificar como esses artefatos são visualizados quando apresentados em mapas de potência da amplitude espectral. Observamos que os potenciais do espectro respeitavam a mesma disposição topográfica que os encontrados à análise visual do traçado. A análise visual do EEG é superior à quantitativa, para o reconhecimento de artefatos, porque preserva a visualização morfológica dos grafoelementos que deve ser feita obrigatoriamente no domínio do tempo, pois a sua correta identificação se perde no domínio da frequência. Devido a grande dificuldade de excluirmos totalmente os artefatos durante o registro do EEG e, por conseguinte, serem incluídos na análise quantitativa, é fundamental conhecermos como estes potenciais serão representados nos mapas quantitativos, para podermos identifica-los, evitando confundí-los com atividades patológicas do EEG.
Avaliação da fatigabilidade em pacientes com esclerose múltipla através do dinamômetro manual
Authors: Pavan Karina , Schmidt Kizi , Ariça Tatiana de Ambrosio , Mendes Maria Fernanda , Tilbery Charles Peter , Lianza Sergio
Published: August 2006

A fadiga é um dos mais freqüentes sintomas e incapacitantes na esclerose múltipla (EM). O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a fatigabilidade em pacientes com EM pela aplicação de exercícios isotônicos e isométricos com dinamômetro manual. Como resultados, a fatigabilidade, a força e o tempo máximo de isometria são semelhantes estatisticamente entre o grupo controle e o grupo de EM. Conclui-se que embora a queixa subjetiva de fadiga seja freqüente na EM, a fatigabilidade e a recuperação após o exercício demonstraram ser normais.
Peso de nascimento como preditor para a gravidade da lesão da substância branca cerebral neonatal
Authors: Argollo Nayara , Lessa Ines , Ribeiro Suely , Abreu Katiusha C. , Pinto Juliana M.S. , Faria Raquel P. , Telles Tatiana G. , Santos Gabriel B.
Published: August 2006

Para analisar a associação entre fatores natais com a gravidade da lesão da substância branca (LSB) cerebral neonatal, controlando o peso de nascimento, identificaram os neonatos pela ultra-sonografia craniana, que foram divididos em: aqueles com evolução da LSC para resolução da imagem ao ultra-som (menor gravidade) e, aqueles que evoluiram com formação de cistos e/ou ventriculomegalia e/ou hemorragia (maior gravidade). Doze variáveis (hiponatremia, anemia, infecção, retinopatia, displasia broncopulmonar, hipoalbuminemia, persistência do canal arterial, audiometria alterada, desconforto respiratório precoce, peso de nascimento <2500g, peso por categoria e prematuridade) tiveram diferenças entre os dois grupos (p<0,05), sendo que 9 (hiponatremia, infecção, retinopatia, hipoalbuminemia, persistência do canal arterial, desconforto respiratório precoce, baixo peso, prematuridade e peso por categorias) se mantiveram estatisticamente diferentes (p<0,01) após análise por regressão logística. Quando analisadas por categoria de peso de nascimento, nenhuma variável demonstrou significância estatística. O estudo sugere que o peso de nascimento é o maior fator - provavelmente o único - associado com gravidade da LSB cerebral neonatal.
Qualidade de vida e autismo
Authors: Elias Alexsandra V. , Assumpção Jr Francisco B.
Published: August 2006

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida (QV) de crianças com transtornos invasivos do desenvolvimento. MÉTODO: 20 meninos autistas, entre 4 e 12 anos, submetidos à escala de traços autísticos-ATA e a Vineland adaptive behavior scales, necessitando obter nesta, nível de desenvolvimento adaptativo igual ou maior que 70. Os dados sobre a QV foram obtidos pela Escala de Qualidade de Vida - AUQEI e comparados a partir da aplicação da Vineland e da AUQEI em 20 crianças normais, pareadas quanto a sexo e idade. RESULTADOS: Os índices da Vineland sugerem que crianças normais apresentam melhor desempenho adaptativo do que crianças autistas (p=0,0196). Nos dados sobre QV, verificou-se que os índices gerais são iguais para ambos os grupos, indicando QV positiva (p=0,744), entretanto no subdomínio autonomia, crianças autistas apresentaram índices mais elevados (p=0,0048). CONCLUSÕES: Crianças autistas apresentam índices QV iguais aos índices de crianças normais.
Aspectos epidemiológicos dos acidentes fatais a veículo a motor na cidade do Salvador (Bahia), Brasil
Authors: Pugliese Celso , Carvalho Fernando , Bião Dulce , Dias Celia Guimarães Netto
Published: August 2006

Foi realizado um estudo com o objetivo de descrever certos aspectos epidemiológicos dos acidentes de trânsito de veículo a motor, na cidade do Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, o qual envolveu coleta de informações no Departamento de Trânsito (DETRAN) e no Instituto de Medicina Legal. Ficou demonstrado que os acidentes de trânsito de veículo a motor são mais freqüentes ao fim da tarde e concentram-se, sobretudo, no fim de semana, isto é, sábado e domingo. Motoristas do sexo masculino foram muito mais freqüentemente envolvidos em acidentes de trânsito do que os do sexo feminino. Foi concluído que os acidentes fatais envolvendo pedestres constituem-se importante problema urbano necessitando cuidadosa atenção por parte de educadores e dos serviços públicos responsáveis pelo setor do trânsito. Foi sugerida a necessidade de melhorar e tornar mais uniforme o sistema de notificação e classificação dos acidentes de veículo a motor pelo DETRAN da cidade do Salvador.
Inquérito entre migrantes atendidos pela Central de Triagem e Encaminhamento, na capital do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: II. Aspectos bioquímicos da hipovitamionose A
Authors: Roncada Maria José
Published: August 2006

Foram estudados os níveis das concentrações séricas de caroteno e vitamina A em 1.097 migrantes nacionais em trânsito na Central de Triagem e Encaminho (CETREN), na Capital do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, no período de 18 de julho a 17 de agosto de 1972. Os resultados apontaram a existência de um problema de Saúde Pública em relação à vitamina A. Sugestões foram apontadas para diminuir a prevalência da hipovitaminose A nesse grupo populacional.
Influência da altura e ganho de peso maternos e de idade gestacional sobre o peso do recém-nascido: estudo de 3 grupos de gestantes normais
Authors: Siqueira Arnaldo Augusto Franco de , Ciari Junior Cyro , Almeida Pedro Augusto Marcondes de , Tanaka Ana Cristina d'Andretta , Montelone Pedro Paulo Roque , Arruda Júlio de Jesus Gonçalves de , Delascio Domingos
Published: August 2006

Foi estudada em 1.354 gestantes normais, a influência da altura e ganho de peso maternos e da idade gestacional sobre o peso do recém-nascido. Verificou-se que as gestantes que deixaram de ganhar peso em controles mensais e as que tinham 1,49 m ou menos de altura apresentaram maior risco de terem recém-nascido de baixo peso. O maior aumento de peso fetal ocorre entre a 36ª e 40ª semanas de gravidez. Foi construída uma curva ponderal para gestantes normais, que possibilita a identificação de gestantes desnutridas ou obesas. Foi testada a curva de crescimento intrauterino de Tanner e Thomson, verificando-se sua aplicabilidade em nosso meio.
Diagnóstico da situação de assistência pré-natal em uma divisão regional de saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Schor Néia , Giron Sueli Gandolfi , Siqueira Arnaldo Augusto Franco de , Ciari Junior Cyro , Almeida Pedro Augusto Marcondes de , Alvarenga Augusta Thereza de , Falcão Maria de Lourdes D'Amico
Published: August 2006

Tomando por base a importância do diagnóstico da situação de Saúde de uma área, para qualquer planejamento e avaliação de programas, foi feito um diagnóstico da área de pré-natal da Divisão Regional de Saúde-5, da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, utilizando modelo de "acreditação" e alguns itens de avaliação quantitativa. Foi diagnosticada a situação como sofrível, mostrando aumento da relação custo/benefício. Os itens que envolvem investimentos em dinheiro estavam razoavelmente preenchidos, porém, os serviços não funcionavam adequadamente por falta de programação e coordenação.
Perspectivas da participação dos hospitais gerais na assistência aos doentes de hanseníase
Authors: Guimarães Cid
Published: August 2006

Uma síntese histórica demonstra que o hospital tem voltado sua assistência para os aspectos da medicina curativa, para o que muito têm contribuído os progressos de diagnóstico e terapêutica. Os lazaretos e sua versão posterior, os hospitais de isolamento, por sua vez, colaboraram para que o hospital geral se mantivesse afastado, até recentemente, da assistência às doenças infecto-contagiosas e até o presente, ao mal de Hansen, sendo referidas as exceções de hospitais escolas de São Paulo. É destacada a importância da educação do corpo clínico, administração e pacientes dos hospitais, bem como do público em geral, como meio de tornar factível, a curto prazo, a integração da assistência dos portadores de hanseníase nos hospitais gerais. Como solução, é proposto o enfoque sistêmico, sendo ressaltado o valor da hanseníase ser considerada como componente normal da problemática geral de saúde e não como um aspecto isolado. As vantagens da adoção desse enfoque são apontadas, situando o hanseniano na multidão assistida pelos hospitais, de forma a torná-lo um paciente qualquer.
Identificação e avaliação dos fatores clínicos da gestação de alto risco
Authors: Almeida Pedro Augusto Marcondes de , Ciari Junior Cyro , Siqueira Arnaldo Augusto Franco de , Schor Néia , Giron Sueli Gandolfi , Tanaka Ana Cristina d'Andretta
Published: August 2006

É de grande importância atual, a identificação das gestantes de alto risco, no sentido de se poder oferecer uma eficiente assistência durante o ciclo gravídico puerperal. Nesse sentido objetivou-se facilitar tal identificação, estabelecendo uma tabela dividida em 4 grupos de fatores clínicos, que possam a vir determinar ou agravar a gestação de alto risco.
Inquérito entre migrantes atendidos pela Central de Triagem e Encaminhamento, na Capital do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: III. Aspectos alimentares
Authors: Roncada Maria José
Published: August 2006

Foi realizado um inquérito alimentar recordatório do tipo qualitativo, sobre o consumo de alimentos ricos em caroteno e vitamina A, e também sobre alimentos consumidos diariamente por migrantes em trânsito pela Central de Triagem e Encaminhamento, na Capital do Estado de São Paulo. O consumo dos alimentos fontes da pró-vitamina ou da vitamina A foi classificado em: nulo, esporádico e freqüente. Os alimentos habitualmente ingeridos foram classificados segundo as Regiões de procedência. Concluiu-se que a alimentação dos migrantes foi julgada insatisfatória no que se refere aos alimentos ricos em caroteno e vitamina A.
Saúde e desenvolvimento econômico: atualização de um tema
Authors: Araújo José Duarte de
Published: August 2006

Tendo em vista a importância das relações entre saúde e desenvolvimento econômico, foi feita uma revisão do tema destacando trabalhos publicados nas duas últimas décadas, tanto na literatura médica estrangeira como na nacional. A revisão revela uma tendência à análise objetiva do problema, mediante o uso de análise estatística sofisticada e métodos econométricos. Diante da carência deste tipo de estudos no Brasil, recomenda-se maior colaboração entre médicos, planejadores e economistas para realizar pesquisas que preencham esta lacuna.
Comparação entre duas técnicas sorológicas aplicados ao estudo do sangue ingerido por triatomíneos
Authors: Andrade José Carlos Rehder de , Silva Eduardo Olavo da Rocha e , Souza José Maria Pacheco de
Published: August 2006

Comparou-se a técnica de reação de precipitina em tubos capilares com a de imunodifusão em gel de agar, em papéis contendo sangue de aves (galos) ingerido por triatomíneos. Usaram-se 360 T. infestans e 270 P. megistus, estudando-se também a mortalidade comparativa das duas espécies. Os resultados sugerem que o método capilar apresenta ligeira vantagem. Quanto à mortalidade, a resistência ao jejum do T. infestans foi uniforme durante todo o tempo de observação, enquanto que, para o P. megistus a força de mortalidade foi pequena até o 50° dia de jejum, aumentando acentuadamente a seguir.
Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 1970 a 1975: estimativas populacionais
Authors: Pastorelo Edmur Flávio , Gotlieb Sabina Léa Davidson
Published: August 2006

São apresentadas estimativas populacionais segundo sexo e grupo etário para microrregiões homogêneas e Regiões Administrativas do Estado de São Paulo (Brasil), no período de 1970 a 1975 (1.° de julho).
Alcoolismo e sífilis: prevalência e alterações clínicas e bioquímicas hepáticas
Authors: Borini Paulo
Published: August 2006

Avalia-se a prevalência de sífilis em alcoolistas crônicos e as alterações hepáticas, clínicas e bioquímicas, em pacientes portadores de ambas entidades. A prevalência de sífilis em doentes com outros diagnósticos psiquiátricos foi tomada para comparação. Os pacientes eram assintomáticos ou oligossintomáticos com relação à disfunção hepática causada pelo alcoolismo e não apresentavam manifestações correspondentes aos estágios clínicos da sífilis. Duzentos e seis alcoolistas e 228 pacientes com distúrbios psiquiátricos foram submetidos a exame clínico e às reações sorológicas quantitativas de Wasserman e VDRL para diagnóstico de sífilis. Encontrou-se prevalência de soropositividade em 6,3% e 3,1% dos alcoolistas e doentes psiquiátricos, respectivamente. Nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significante foi observada entre os alcoolistas, com sorologias positivas e negativas para sífilis, quanto às frequências das manifestações clínicas e alterações bioquímicas indicativas de acometimento hepático.
The ecology of Triatoma sordida in natural environments in two different regions of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Diotaiuti L. , Loiola C.F. , Falcão P.L. , Dias J.C.P.
Published: August 2006

A study was undertaken about T. sordida in the natural environment in two different regions of the state of Minas Gerais: Itapagipe (Triângulo), an area of cerrado modified by the formation of fields of pasture and agriculture, and Mato Verde (north) an area of transition between caatinga and cerrado with profound deforestation in the last years due to the expansion of cotton cultivation. In both regions the principal ecotopes identified were hollow trees and the bark of live or dead trees, where the occurrence of a food source is not frequent. In this environment, the triatomines utilize various food sources; opposums appear to represent an important source of infection. In the north of Minas, a greater concentration of reservoirs and vectors was observed than in the Triángulo which could explain the higher level of infection of the triatomines in the north. Close attention to the process of domiciliation of T. sordida in the north of Minas is recommended where an extensive intervention by man in the natural environment has occurred and where a rise in the population of triatomines in the peridomestic environment has been observed in recent years.
Eliminação de Toxoplasma gondii pela urina de camundongos durante a fase aguda da infecção experimental
Authors: Rocha R.J. , Tafuri W.L. , Chiari C.A.
Published: August 2006

Camundongos albinos heterogenéticos da linhagem Swiss, foram experimentalmente infectados, via subcutânea, com taquizoítos de uma cepa de Toxoplasma gondii de baixa virulência. Todos morreram durante a fase aguda da infecção, entre 7 e 9 dias após a infecção (DAI). Demonstrou-se, utilizando a bioprova, que 80% dos animais eliminou T. gondii pela urina. Nos rins, observou-se, entre outras alterações, hemorragia intersticial intertubular e presença de hemácias íntegras nos espaços subcapsulares de Bowmann de alguns glomérulos. Discutiu-se sobre os possíveis mecanismos de eliminação de T. gondii na urina dos animais infectados. Analisou-se alguns aspectos relacionados com a eliminação de formas infectantes de T. gondii na urina destes animais e a transmissão da toxoplasmose na natureza
Comparative study on the localization of adult Schistosoma mansoni worms in albino mice anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, ether or chlorophorm
Authors: Machado e Silva José Roberto , Lima Maria Adriana Dias de , Rodrigues e Silva Rosângela , Maldonado Jr. Arnaldo , Presgrave Octávio Augusto França , Rey Luis
Published: August 2006

The effect of anesthetic drugs on the localization of adult worms in albino mice was compared. The animals with 56 days of infection were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, ether or chlorophorm. Perfusion was carried out immediately after, recovering the worms and classifying them in relation to their localization on the liver or portal vein and the mesenteric veins. Our results showed that pentobarbital sodium produced a greater displacement of the worms to the liver (89%) than ether (76%) and chlorophorm (34%) did, when compared to the control group (22%). The difference between pentobarbital sodium and ether was significant (p < 0.05). We suggest that anesthetic drugs may not be used in studies on the distribution of adult worms in several hosts.
Schistosoma mansoni: protective immunity in mice cured by chemotherapy at the chronic phase of the disease
Authors: Bezerra Fernando Schemelzer de Moraes , Coelho Paulo Marcos Zech , Tavares Carlos Alberto Pereira
Published: August 2006

Aiming at demonstrating a decrease of acquired immunity after chemotherapeutic cure, a group of mice was infected with 25 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae (LE strain). A part of these animals was treated with 400 mg/kg oxamniquine, at 120 days after infection. Challenge infections were carried out at 45, 90 and 170-day-intervals after treatment (185, 210 and 290 days after primoinfection, respectively). Recovery of worms at 20 days after reinfections showed that a residual immunity remains up to 90 days after treatment, and disappears at 170 days after cure. Using the ELISA method, it was possible to detect a decrease of antibody levels (total IgG) in the treated group, when antigens from different evolutive stages of S. mansoni were used. The epidemiological implications of the present results, and the possible mechanisms involved in the decrease of acquired immunity after treatment are discussed.
Desenvolvimento do Schistosoma mansoni na cavidade peritoneal de camundongos da linhagem AKR/J
Authors: Bicalho Rosilene S. , Melo Alan L. de , Pereira Leógenes H.
Published: August 2006

Cercárias de Schistosoma mansoni, inoculadas na cavidade peritoneal de camundongos da linhagem AKR/J, conseguiram sobreviver in situ e chegar à maturidade sexual. Ao contrário da linhagem convencional (SWISS), onde as fêmeas que se desenvolveram no peritônio não produziram ovos, 7,7% das fêmeas retiradas da cavidade peritoneal de camundongos AKR/J apresentavam ovo normal no útero. Os parasitos recuperados da cavidade peritoneal de ambas as linhagens não apresentaram pigmento hemoglobínico, indicando que os mesmos sobrevivem na cavidade peritoneal de camundongos sem a necessidade de ingestão de hemácias. O desenvolvimento do parasito na cavidade peritoneal de camundongos AKR/J, com produção de ovos normais, reforça os dados, já existentes na literatura, que mostram que o ciclo evolutivo do parasito pode ser completado sem a necessidade da fase pulmonar.
Experimental pulmonary schistosomiasis: lack of morphological evidence of modulation in schistosomal pulmonary granulomas
Authors: Souza Vidal Maura R. F. , Barbosa Jr. Aryon A. , Andrade Zilton A.
Published: August 2006

Numerous pulmonary schistosome egg granulomas were present in mice submitted to partial portal vein ligation (Warren's model). The granulomas were characterized by cellular aggregations formed within alveolar tissue. Main cellular types were macrophages (epithelioid cells), eosinophils, plasma cells and lymphocytes. These cells were supported by scanty fibrous stroma and exhibited close membrane contact points amongst themselves, but without forming specialized adhesion apparatus. When granulomas involved arterial structures, proliferation of cndothelial and smooth muscle cells occurred and fibrosis associated with angiogenesis became more evident. Granulomas formed around mature eggs in the pulmonary alveolar tissue presented approximately the same size and morphology regardless of the time of infection, the latter being 10, 18 and 25 weeks after cercarial exposure. This persistence of morphological appearance suggests that pulmonary granulomas do not undergo immunological modulation, as is the case with the granulomas in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the intestines. Probably, besides general immunological factors, local (stromal) factors play an important role in schistosomal granuloma modulation.
Immunomodulatory effect of glucan on the response to experimental antirabies vaccination
Authors: Tino Milene S. , Carrieri Maria L. , Zanetti Carlos R , Mendes Nelson F. , Pereira Octavio A.C.
Published: August 2006

The objective of lhe present study was to determine the stimulatory response to antirabies vaccination promoted by glucan in mice. Glucan increased both resistance to infection and antibody titres and this effect was more evident when glucan was used at dose of 0.5 mg, administered intraperitoneally before, during and after immunization and when the challenge virus was applied to the foot-pad.