bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive immune‐mediated host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii is governed by the NF‐κB regulator Bcl‐3 in dendritic cells
Authors: Tassi Ilaria , Claudio Estefania , Wang Hongshan , Tang Wanhu , Ha Hye‐lin , Saret Sun , Sher Alan , Jankovic Dragana , Siebenlist Ulrich
Published: April 2015

The atypical IκB family member Bcl‐3 associates with p50/NF‐κB1 or p52/NF‐κB2 homodimers in nuclei, thereby either positively or negatively modulating transcription in a context‐dependent manner. Previously we reported that Bcl‐3 was critical for host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii. Bcl‐3‐deficient mice succumbed within 3–5 weeks after infection, correlating with an apparently impaired Th1‐type adaptive immune response. However in which cell type(s) Bcl‐3 functioned to assure resistance remained unknown. We now show that Bcl‐3 expression in dendritic cells is required to generate a protective Th1‐type immune response and confer resistance to T. gondii. Surprisingly, mice lacking Bcl‐3 in dendritic cells were as susceptible as mice globally deficient for Bcl‐3. Furthermore, early innate defenses were not compromised by the absence of Bcl‐3, as initial production of IL‐12 by dendritic cells and IFN‐γ by NK cells were preserved. However, subsequent production of IFN‐γ by CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cells was compromised when dendritic cells lacked Bcl‐3, and these mice succumbed at a time when T‐cell‐mediated IFN‐γ production was essential for host resistance. These findings demonstrate that Bcl‐3 is required in dendritic cells to prime protective T‐cell‐mediated immunity to T. gondii.
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells induce immunosuppressive IL‐10‐producing Th1 cells via the Notch pathway
Authors: Neumann Katrin , Rudolph Christine , Neumann Christian , Janke Marko , Amsen Derk , Scheffold Alexander
Published: April 2015

Under homeostasis, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) shift intrahepatic T‐cell responses towards tolerance. However, the role of LSECs in the regulation of T‐cell‐induced liver inflammation is less clear. Here, we studied the capacity of LSECs to modulate pro‐inflammatory Th1‐cell differentiation in mice. Using in vitro co‐culture systems and subsequent cytokine analysis, we showed that LSECs induced high amounts of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 in developing Th1 cells. These LSEC‐stimulated Th1 cells had no pro‐inflammatory capacity in vivo but instead actively suppressed an inflammatory Th1‐cell‐induced delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction. Blockage of IL‐10 signaling in vivo inhibited immunosuppressive activity of LSEC‐stimulated Th1 cells. We identified the Notch pathway as a mechanism how LSECs trigger IL‐10 expression in Th1 cells. LSECs expressed high levels of the Delta‐like and Jagged family of Notch ligands and induced expression of the Notch target genes hes‐1 and deltex‐1 in Th1 cells. Blockade of Notch signaling selectively inhibited IL‐10 induction in Th1 cells by LSECs. Our findings suggest that LSEC‐induced IL‐10 expression in Th1 cells via the Notch pathway may contribute to the control of hepatic inflammatory immune responses by induction of a self‐regulatory mechanism in pro‐inflammatory Th1 cells.
Terpenyl Selenides: Synthesis and Application in Asymmetric Epoxidation
Authors: Banach Anna , Ścianowski Jacek , Uzarewicz‐Baig Magdalena , Wojtczak Andrzej
Published: April 2015

Synthesis of terpenyl selenides derived from limonene, menthol, caranol, and myrtanol is described. Three methodologies for the synthesis of terpenyl selenonium salts are compared. The results of selenium‐mediated epoxidation through the use of isoselenocineole derived from limonene and methyl terpenyl, phenyl terpenyl, diterpenyl selenides, and selenonium salts are presented. The influence of solvent, counteranion, and diastereomeric purity of selenonium salt on the enantioselectivity of the epoxidation reaction is discussed.
Phospholane‐Catalyzed Wittig Reaction
Authors: Werner Thomas , Hoffmann Marcel , Deshmukh Sunetra
Published: April 2015

We identified 2‐phenylisophosphindoline 2‐oxide as a suitable and potentially tunable catalyst for the catalytic Wittig reaction of aldehydes with activated organohalides. This catalyst was obtained by a straightforward two‐step synthesis. Trimethoxysilane proved to be an efficient reducing agent for the in situ generation and regeneration of the catalyst from the corresponding phosphane oxide. Sodium carbonate was identified as a suitable base for the transformation. It is noteworthy that the particle size of the sodium carbonate had a tremendous effect on the outcome of the reaction. Under the optimized reaction conditions, 23 aldehydes were converted into the corresponding alkenes in high isolated yields of up to 88 %. Moreover, an asymmetric catalytic Wittig reaction was performed for the desymmetrization of a prochiral diketone.
Synthesis of Diiodinated Biphenyls and Iodinated meta‐Terphenyls by Regioselective Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions of 5‐Substituted 1,2,3‐Triiodobenzenes
Authors: Al‐Zoubi Raed M. , Al‐Jammal Walid K. , El‐Khateeb Mohammad Y. , McDonald Robert
Published: April 2015

A variety of 2,3‐diiodinated biphenyl and iodinated meta‐terphenyl derivatives were synthesized by a regioselective Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction of 5‐substituted 1,2,3‐triiodobenzenes. By using 1 equiv. of arylboronic acid, the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction yielded 2,3‐diiodinated biphenyl derivatives with excellent regioselectivity. The coupling reaction predominantly occurred at the terminal position of the 5‐substituted 1,2,3‐triiodobenzene, which is the less sterically hindered and more electronically deficient site. With 2 equiv. of arylboronic acids, the one‐pot reaction provided iodinated meta‐terphenyls in good yields. This facile and efficient one‐step method is also quite general in scope as well as scalable.
Electropolymerized Eugenol‐MWNT‐Based Electrode for Voltammetric Evaluation of Wine Antioxidant Capacity
Authors: Ziyatdinova Guzel , Kozlova Ekaterina , Budnikov Herman
Published: April 2015

Eugenol electropolymerization conditions on multiwalled carbon nanotube based glassy carbon electrode (MWNT/GCE) have been found. The polyeugenol/MWNT/GCE shows reversible redox steps of o‐quinone fragment in acidic media. Natural phenolic antioxidants are oxidized on polyeugenol/MWNT/GCE at 0.52 V excluding resveratrol (0.62 V). Differential pulse voltammetry on polyeugenol/MWNT/GCE was applied for the evaluation of wine antioxidant capacity (AOC). The AOC was expressed in catechin equivalents per 1 L of wine. The linear dynamic range is 1.00–250 µM with LOD and LOQ of 0.21 and 0.71 µM of catechin, respectively. Positive correlations for AOC with antioxidant activity (r=0.9840) and total phenolics content (r=0.9944) were observed.
Simple, Rapid and Sensitive Electrochemical Method for the Determination of the Triketone Herbicide Sulcotrione in River Water Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Stanković Dalibor M. , Mehmeti Eda , Svorc Lubomir , Kalcher Kurt
Published: April 2015

We report a novel, simple, rapid and sensitive electrochemical method for the determination of sulcotrione, a member of the relatively new class of triketone herbicides, using differential pulse voltammetry on a glassy carbon electrode. Its electrochemical behavior including influences of electrolyte composition, pH and scan rate was studied to select optimal experimental parameters for its determination. In BrittonRobinson buffer at pH 3 sulcotrione provided a well‐defined reduction peak at −0.84 V (vs. Ag/AgCl electrode), with good repeatability (relative standard deviation of 2.3 % for 8 measurements at 10 µM concentration level). With optimized parameters differential pulse voltammetry rendered two linear concentration ranges from 0.2 to 2 µM and from 2 to 50 µM with a detection limit of 0.05 µM. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to the determination of sulcotrione in spiked river water samples with satisfactory recoveries (93–109 %). The developed method may represent a simple, rapid and sensitive alternative to highly toxic mercury electrodes and chromatographic methods.
Effects of cell detachment methods on the dielectric properties of adherent and suspension cells
Authors: Mahabadi Sina , Labeed Fatima H. , Hughes Michael P.
Published: April 2015

Cell analyses such as flow cytometry, dielectrophoresis, and some patch‐clamp techniques require that cells be in monodisperse suspension in order for analysis to occur. Where cells have a normally adherent phenotype in vivo, this requires that cells be removed from the surface of the culture flask or vessel. This can be achieved in many ways, but most commonly either by the use of a dissociation medium of some form, or by scraping the cells from the surface. Both methods have potential drawbacks; chemical methods may alter the properties of the cells to such a degree that the measurement might be regarded as meaningless, whilst scraping could cause physical damage to the structure of the cells. In this paper, we use dielectrophoresis to analyse the electrical properties of two adherent cell lines detached by multiple methods, and compare these against a control cell line of suspension cells, examined in both the native state and when subject to the same chemical treatments. The results indicate that most chemical agents do not alter the electrophysiology of cells directly, though they may trigger some potential cell deterioration processes such as apoptosis in the cells. This can be observed in the production of apoptotic body‐like particles and the alteration of cytoplasmic conductivity (which has been associated with apoptotic water efflux). However, cells detached by scraping exhibited statistically significant differences in their electrophysiological properties when compared to those detached by the chemical methods, indicating that this method is unsuitable for detachment of adherent cells prior to analysis of isolates suspension cells.
Structural variation mutagenesis of the human genome: Impact on disease and evolution
Authors: Lupski James R.
Published: April 2015

Watson‐Crick base‐pair changes, or single‐nucleotide variants (SNV), have long been known as a source of mutations. However, the extent to which DNA structural variation, including duplication and deletion copy number variants (CNV) and copy number neutral inversions and translocations, contribute to human genome variation and disease has been appreciated only recently. Moreover, the potential complexity of structural variants (SV) was not envisioned; thus, the frequency of complex genomic rearrangements and how such events form remained a mystery. The concept of genomic disorders, diseases due to genomic rearrangements and not sequence‐based changes for which genomic architecture incite genomic instability, delineated a new category of conditions distinct from chromosomal syndromes and single‐gene Mendelian diseases. Nevertheless, it is the mechanistic understanding of CNV/SV formation that has promoted further understanding of human biology and disease and provided insights into human genome and gene evolution. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 56:419–436, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contact sensitization to fragrance mix I and II, to Myroxylon pereirae resin and oil of tupentine: multifactorial analysis of risk factors based on data of the IVDK network
Authors: Uter Wolfgang , Fieβler Cornelia , Gefeller Olaf , Geier Johannes , Schnuch Axel
Published: April 2015

Fragrances are among the most common contact sensitizers. Changes in exposure lead to subsequent changes of sensitization incidence; patterns of exposure may be reflected in certain surrogate markers such as affected anatomical site or occupation. The objective of this study was to provide current results on sensitization prevalences to the fragrance allergy screening markers of the patch test baseline series, on time trends and on risk factors associated with sensitization. Data of all patients tested between 1999 and 2012 with fragrance mix I (8% petrolatum (pet.) n = 130 325), fragrance mix II (14% pet., since 2005, n = 81 290), Myroxylon pereirae resin (25% pet., n = 130 258) and oil of turpentine (10% pet., n = 131 595), respectively, in the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK, www.ivkd.org) were subject to descriptive and log‐binomial regression analysis. Overall, 16.31% of patients had a positive patch test reaction to at least one of the four markers. The prevalence to each of the four single markers was 8.71, 4.87, 8.36 and 1.95%. A peculiar downward trend of FM I until around 2006/2007 with subsequent increase, both significant, was noted. Mostly, sensitization risk was higher in older patients and females, and was to a varying extent associated with certain anatomical sites. The mostly stable or even increasing time trends warrant further in‐depth research into causative exposures, addressing the effectiveness of (self‐) regulation, aggregate exposure and ‘cocktail effect’. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HVDC to Grow Rapidly
Authors: Kell Dan
Published: April 2015

In the late 1880s, the war of the currents was waged by Nikola Tesla, who promoted AC current, and Thomas Edison, who promoted DC current. Ultimately, transmitting power over long distances with AC became the norm. This development was due to the ability to step up and step down the voltage through power transformers, which yielded a much lower cost of operation of AC over DC and led to the widespread acceptance of AC power transmission over DC. This could have spelled the end of DC transmission, but in the 1930s, through the use of mercury arc valves, it was shown that AC voltage could be transformed to higher levels of DC voltage.
Kernel Approach for Modeling Interaction Effects in Genetic Association Studies of Complex Quantitative Traits
Authors: Broadaway K. Alaine , Duncan Richard , Conneely Karen N. , Almli Lynn M. , Bradley Bekh , Ressler Kerry J. , Epstein Michael P.
Published: April 2015

The etiology of complex traits likely involves the effects of genetic and environmental factors, along with complicated interaction effects between them. Consequently, there has been interest in applying genetic association tests of complex traits that account for potential modification of the genetic effect in the presence of an environmental factor. One can perform such an analysis using a joint test of gene and gene‐environment interaction. An optimal joint test would be one that remains powerful under a variety of models ranging from those of strong gene‐environment interaction effect to those of little or no gene‐environment interaction effect. To fill this demand, we have extended a kernel machine based approach for association mapping of multiple SNPs to consider joint tests of gene and gene‐environment interaction. The kernel‐based approach for joint testing is promising, because it incorporates linkage disequilibrium information from multiple SNPs simultaneously in analysis and permits flexible modeling of interaction effects. Using simulated data, we show that our kernel machine approach typically outperforms the traditional joint test under strong gene‐environment interaction models and further outperforms the traditional main‐effect association test under models of weak or no gene‐environment interaction effects. We illustrate our test using genome‐wide association data from the Grady Trauma Project, a cohort of highly traumatized, at‐risk individuals, which has previously been investigated for interaction effects.
Prospective study of breast cancer in relation to coffee, tea and caffeine in Sweden
Authors: Oh Jin‐Kyoung , Sandin Sven , Ström Peter , Löf Marie , Adami Hans‐Olov , Weiderpass Elisabete
Published: April 2015

Studies of coffee and tea consumption and caffeine intake as risk factors for breast cancer are inconclusive. We assessed coffee and tea consumption, caffeine intake, and possible confounding factors among 42,099 women from the Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health study, the participants of which were aged 30–49 years at enrollment in 1991–1992. Complete follow‐up for breast cancer incidence was performed through 2012 via linkage to national registries. Poisson regression models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for breast cancer. During follow‐up 1,395 breast cancers were diagnosed. The RR was 0.97 (95% CI 0.94–0.99) for a 1‐unit increase in cups of coffee/day, 1.14 (95% CI 1.05–1.24) for a 1‐unit increase in cups of tea/day, and 0.97 (95% CI 0.95–1.00) for a 100 mg/day increase in caffeine intake. Although the RR for no consumption (RR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.69–1.08), a group with a relatively small number of women, was not statistically significant, women with higher consumption had a decreased breast cancer risk (3–4 cups/day: RR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.76–1.00; ≥5 cups/day: RR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.70–0.94) compared to women consuming 1–2 cups of coffee/day. Compared to no consumption, women consuming >1 cups tea/day showed an increased breast cancer risk (RR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.00–1.42). Similar patterns of estimates were observed for breast cancer risk overall, during pre‐ and postmenopausal years, and for ER+ or PR+ breast cancer, but not for ER− and PR− breast cancer. Our findings suggest that coffee consumption and caffeine intake is negatively associated with the risk of overall and ER+/PR− breast cancer, and tea consumption is positively associated with the risk of overall and ER+/PR+ breast cancer.
Integrated pathway and epistasis analysis reveals interactive effect of genetic variants at TERF1 and AFAP1L2 loci on melanoma risk
Authors: Brossard Myriam , Fang Shenying , Vaysse Amaury , Wei Qingyi , Chen Wei V. , Mohamdi Hamida , Maubec Eve , Lavielle Nolwenn , Galan Pilar , Lathrop Mark , Avril Marie‐Françoise , Lee Jeffrey E. , Amos Christopher I. , Demenais Florence
Published: April 2015

Genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) have characterized 13 loci associated with melanoma, which only account for a small part of melanoma risk. To identify new genes with too small an effect to be detected individually but which collectively influence melanoma risk and/or show interactive effects, we used a two‐step analysis strategy including pathway analysis of genome‐wide SNP data, in a first step, and epistasis analysis within significant pathways, in a second step. Pathway analysis, using the gene‐set enrichment analysis (GSEA) approach and the gene ontology (GO) database, was applied to the outcomes of MELARISK (3,976 subjects) and MDACC (2,827 subjects) GWASs. Cross‐gene SNP–SNP interaction analysis within melanoma‐associated GOs was performed using the INTERSNP software. Five GO categories were significantly enriched in genes associated with melanoma (false discovery rate ≤ 5% in both studies): response to light stimulus, regulation of mitotic cell cycle, induction of programmed cell death, cytokine activity and oxidative phosphorylation. Epistasis analysis, within each of the five significant GOs, showed significant evidence for interaction for one SNP pair at TERF1 and AFAP1L2 loci (pmeta‐int = 2.0 × 10−7, which met both the pathway and overall multiple‐testing corrected thresholds that are equal to 9.8 × 10−7 and 2.0 × 10−7, respectively) and suggestive evidence for another pair involving correlated SNPs at the same loci (pmeta‐int = 3.6 × 10−6). This interaction has important biological relevance given the key role of TERF1 in telomere biology and the reported physical interaction between TERF1 and AFAP1L2 proteins. This finding brings a novel piece of evidence for the emerging role of telomere dysfunction into melanoma development.
Physical Organic ChemistryDevelopment and Perspectives
Authors: Mayr Herbert
Published: April 2015

Original documents by L. P. Hammett and C. K. Ingold are presented which elucidate the origin of physical organic chemistry in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The field gained fast popularity, and within four decades created the presently accepted mechanistic model of organic chemistry. As the focus of research in organic chemistry shifted to synthesis around 1970, physical organic chemistry lost visibility, though mechanistic investigations became integral aspects of synthetic method development. While important subdisciplines of physical organic chemistry, e. g., supramolecular chemistry or mechanistic enzymology, continued to develop under separate headings, the systematic use of newly developed techniques (gas phase chemistry, laser spectroscopy, matrix isolation) is expected to lead to a renaissance of classical physical organic chemistry.
Use of Large‐Scale Data Sets to Study Educational Pathways of American Indian and Alaska Native Students
Authors: Faircloth Susan C. , Alcantar Cynthia M. , Stage Frances K.
Published: April 2015

This chapter discusses issues and challenges encountered in using large‐scale data sets to study educational experiences and subsequent outcomes for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) students. In this chapter, we argue that the linguistic and cultural diversity of Native peoples, coupled with the legal and political ways in which education has been used to acculturate and assimilate them, makes it imperative that a full range of social, cultural, and demographic variables be collected and that these data be analyzed, using a theory of change that emphasizes the strengths of AI/AN students and their communities rather than their perceived deficits. We envision this theory of change espousing the use of data to critically unpack and respond to the role of language and culture in shaping pathways to success in education and beyond for AI/AN students. We conclude with recommendations for constructing and analyzing large‐scale data sets to better represent the diversity of cultures and experiences among AI/AN students.
Using Big (and Critical) Data to Unmask Inequities in Community Colleges
Authors: Rios‐Aguilar Cecilia
Published: April 2015

This chapter presents various definitions of big data and examines some of the assumptions regarding the value and power of big data, especially as it relates to issues of equity in community colleges. Finally, this chapter ends with a discussion of the opportunities and challenges of using big data, critically, for institutional researchers.
Digital Game‐Based Learning
Authors: Spires Hiller A.
Published: April 2015

Just as literacy practices are contextualized in social situations and relationships, game players establish shared language and understandings within a game; in essence, they gain fluency in specialized languages. This commentary explores the importance of digital game‐based learning for schooling, the relationship between game‐based learning, and results from Crystal Island, a NSF‐funded research project on digital gameplay. Suggestions for how teachers can use games in the classroom are highlighted.
Physicochemical properties and responses in microcirculation of native tapioca starch‐based plasma expander
Authors: Chatpun Surapong , Meesane Jirut , Rujirojindakul Pairaya
Published: April 2015

Plasma expanders (PEs) such as hydroxyethyl strach are widely used for volume replacement. The plantation and production of tapioca in Thailand is abundant which may provide a new source for PEs starch with novel properties. This work investigated the properties and circulatory effects of native tapioca starch‐based PE (TPE). Various formulations of mixture between native tapioca starch and 0.9% sodium chloride solution were prepared and characterized in order to obtain the proper physicochemical and rheological properties. About 1% concentration by weight per volume of TPE was compared with 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 in 0.9% sodium chloride (HES130/0.4) using an acute hemodilution by 40% of blood volume in an animal protocol. TPE had higher turbidity and viscosity but lower colloid osmotic pressure compared with HES 130/0.4. The in vivo study demonstrated that Golden Syrian hamsters hemodiluted with TPE maintained a mean arterial blood pressure and no significant difference compared to HES 130/0.4. The arterial vasodilation and functional capillary density in the animals hemodiluted with TPE had higher values than in the animals hemodiluted with HES 130/0.4. Although the in vivo study reported positive results using this native tapioca starch‐based PE, the product needs work to improve some of its physiochemical properties. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 395–401, 2016.
Soft hydrogels interpenetrating silicone—A polymer network for drug‐releasing medical devices
Authors: Steffensen Søren L. , Vestergaard Merete H. , Møller Eva H. , Groenning Minna , Alm Martin , Franzyk Henrik , Nielsen Hanne M.
Published: April 2015

Materials for the next generation of medical devices will require not only the mechanical stability of current devices, but must also possess other properties such as sustained release of drugs in a controlled manner over a prolonged period of time. This work focuses on creating such a sophisticated material by forming an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) material through modification of silicone elastomers with a poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)‐based hydrogel. IPN materials with a PHEMA content in the range of 13%–38% (w/w) were synthesized by using carbon dioxide‐based solvent mixtures under high pressure. These IPNs were characterized with regard to microstructure as well as ability of the hydrogel to form a surface‐connected hydrophilic carrier network inside the silicone. A critical limit for hydrogel connectivity was found both via simulation and by visualization of water uptake in approximately 25% (w/w) PHEMA, indicating that entrapment of gel occurs at low gel concentrations. The optimized IPN material was loaded with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, and the resulting drug release was shown to inhibit bacterial growth when placed on agar, thus demonstrating the potential of this IPN material for future applications in drug‐releasing medical devices. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 402–410, 2016.
Bioinspired synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals in the presence of collagen and l‐arginine: Candidates for bone regeneration
Authors: Brasinika Despoina , Tsigkou Olga , Tsetsekou Athena , Missirlis Yiannis F.
Published: April 2015

This work aims at the bioinspired synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals in the presence of both collagen and l‐arginine, in an effort to obtain a homogeneous hybrid material, having a bone‐like nanostructure. Collagen (Col) is the most commonly utilized protein in most species of life, while l‐arginine (Arg) encourages cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation on HAp surfaces. Transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze surface morphology and structure of nanocrystals obtained under different synthesis conditions. It was shown that collagen and arginine content affect HAp crystallization. Collagen has an inhibition effect since HAp crystal size is reduced with the increase of collagen content. The presence of arginine is crucial as a critical content exists (Ca2+:Arg = 1:1) under which HAp nanocrystals coexist with brushite. Under the optimum synthesis conditions (HAp/Col weight ratio 70/30 and Ca2+:Arg molar ratio 1:1) HAp nanoplates of a uniform size (around 10 × 10 nm) were obtained. The biocompatibility of this hybrid powder was assessed using human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Cell response in terms of MSC attachment (scanning electron microscopy) and viability/proliferation (Alamar Blue) demonstrated a noncytotoxic effect of the new material. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 458–469, 2016.
A Green Synthesis of Substituted Coumarins Using Nano Graphene Oxide as Recyclable Catalyst
Authors: Khodabakhshi Saeed , Marahel Farzaneh , Rashidi Alimorad , Abbasabadi Masoud Khaleghi
Published: April 2015

One‐pot synthesis of some pyranocoumarins and biscoumarins using graphene oxide nanosheets as efficient catalyst has been investigated. The green methods offer appealing attributes such as excellent yields, short reactions times, use of a safe and recyclable catalyst, and a simple workup procedure.
Synthesis, Electrochemical and Luminescence Studies of Nickel and Vanadium Complexes Containing Tetradentate Schiff Base Ligand with N2O2 Donor Atoms
Authors: Shafaatian Bita , Maasoumi Elham
Published: April 2015

A symmetrical tetradentate Schiff base ligand was derived by the condensation of ortho‐vanillin and thiourea in 2:1 molar ratio and adjusted pH. Nickel and vanadyl complexes were obtained using the template method by the reaction of ortho‐vanillin and thiourea with Ni(OAc)2. 4H2O and VO(acac)2 (2:1:1 molar ratio) in absolute ethanol and adjusted pH. The Schiff base ligand and its complexes have been characterized by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, UV/Vis, elemental analysis and conductometry measurements. In nickel and also vanadyl complexes the ligands were coordinated to the metals via the imine N and enolic O atoms. The complexes have been found to possess 1:1 metal to ligand stoichiometry and the molar conductance data revealed that the metal complexes were non‐electrolytes. The nickel and vanadyl complexes exhibited tetrahedral and square pyramidal coordination geometry, respectively. The emission spectra of the ligand and its complexes were studied in DMSO. Electrochemical properties of the ligand and its complexes were also investigated in the DMF solvent at the 150 mVs‐1 scan rate. The ligand and its complexes showed irreversible processes at this scan rate.
Equitably Colored Balanced Incomplete Block Designs
Authors: Luther Robert D. , Pike David A.
Published: April 2015

In this paper, we determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an equitably ℓ‐colorable balanced incomplete block design for any positive integer. In particular, we present a method for constructing nontrivial equitably ℓ‐colorable BIBDs and prove that these examples are the only nontrivial examples that exist. We also observe that every equitable ℓ‐coloring of a BIBD yields both an equalized ℓ‐coloring and a proper 2‐coloring of the same BIBD.
Risk managers' descriptions of programs to support second victims after adverse events
Authors: White Andrew A. , Brock Douglas M. , McCotter Patricia I. , Hofeldt Ron , Edrees Hanan H. , Wu Albert W. , Shannon Sarah , Gallagher Thomas H.
Published: April 2015

Guidelines call for healthcare organizations to provide emotional support for clinicians involved in adverse events, but little is known about how these organizations seek to meet this need. We surveyed US members of the American Society for Healthcare Risk Management (ASHRM) about the presence, features, and perceived efficacy of their organization's provider support program. The majority reported that their organization had a support program, but features varied widely and there are substantial opportunities to improve services. Provider support programs should enhance referral mechanisms and peer support, critically appraise the role of employee assistance programs, and demonstrate their value to institutional leaders.
Using the apparent diffusion coefficient to identifying MGMT promoter methylation status early in glioblastoma: importance of analytical method
Authors: Rundle‐Thiele Dayle , Day Bryan , Stringer Brett , Fay Michael , Martin Jennifer , Jeffree Rosalind L. , Thomas Paul , Bell Christopher , Salvado Olivier , Gal Yaniv , Coulthard Alan , Crozier Stuart , Rose Stephen
Published: April 2015

Introduction

Accurate knowledge of O6‐methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) gene promoter subtype in patients with glioblastoma (GBM) is important for treatment. However, this test is not always available. Pre‐operative diffusion MRI (dMRI) can be used to probe tumour biology using the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC); however, its ability to act as a surrogate to predict MGMT status has shown mixed results. We investigated whether this was due to variations in the method used to analyse ADC.

Methods

We undertook a retrospective study of 32 patients with GBM who had MGMT status measured. Matching pre‐operative MRI data were used to calculate the ADC within contrast enhancing regions of tumour. The relationship between ADC and MGMT was examined using two published ADC methods.

Results

A strong trend between a measure of ‘minimum ADC’ and methylation status was seen. An elevated minimum ADC was more likely in the methylated compared to the unmethylated MGMT group (U = 56, P = 0.0561). In contrast, utilising a two‐mixture model histogram approach, a significant reduction in mean measure of the ‘low ADC’ component within the histogram was associated with an MGMT promoter methylation subtype (P < 0.0246).

Conclusion

This study shows that within the same patient cohort, the method selected to analyse ADC measures has a significant bearing on the use of that metric as a surrogate marker of MGMT status. Thus for dMRI data to be clinically useful, consistent methods of data analysis need to be established prior to establishing any relationship with genetic or epigenetic profiling.
Current topics in active and intelligent food packaging for preservation of fresh foods
Authors: Lee Seung Yuan , Lee Seung Jae , Choi Dong Soo , Hur Sun Jin
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current packaging systems, e.g. active packaging and intelligent packaging, for various foods. Active packaging, such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), extends the shelf life of fresh produce, provides a high‐quality product, reduces economic losses, including those caused by delay of ripening, and improves appearance. However, in active packaging, several variables must be considered, such as temperature control and different gas formulations with different product types and microorganisms. Active packaging refers to the incorporation of additive agents into packaging materials with the purpose of maintaining or extending food product quality and shelf life. Intelligent packaging is emerging as a potential advantage in food processing and is an especially useful tool for tracking product information and monitoring product conditions. Moreover, intelligent packaging facilitates data access and information exchange by altering conditions inside or outside the packaging and product. In spite of these advantages, few of these packaging systems are commercialized because of high cost, strict safety and hygiene regulations or limited consumer acceptance. Therefore more research is needed to develop cheaper, more easily applicable and effective packaging systems for various foods. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Change in soil organic carbon between 1981 and 2011 in croplands of Heilongjiang Province, northeast China
Authors: Li Lu‐Jun , Burger Martin , Du Shu‐Li , Zou Wen‐Xiu , You Meng‐Yang , Hao Xiang‐Xiang , Lu Xin‐Chun , Zheng Lin , Han Xiao‐Zeng
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is fundamental for mitigating climate change as well as improving soil fertility. Databases ofSOCobtained from soil surveys in 1981 and 2011 were used to assessSOCchange (0–20 cm) in croplands of Heilongjiang Province in northeast China. Three counties (Lindian, Hailun and Baoqing) were selected as typical croplands representing major soil types and land use types in the region.

RESULTS

The changes inSOCdensity (SOCD) between 1981 and 2001 were −6.6, −14.7 and 5.7 Mg C ha−1in Lindian, Hailun and Baoqing Counties respectively. The totalSOCstorage (SOCS) changes were estimated to be −11.3, −19.1 and 16.5% of those in 1981 in the respective counties. The results showed 22–550% increases inSOCSin rice (Oryza sativaL.) paddies in the three counties, but 28–33% decreases in dry cropland in Lindian and Hailun Counties. In addition, an increase of 11.4 Mg C ha−1inSOCDwas observed in state‐owned farms (P< 0.05), whereas no significant change was observed in family‐owned farms.

CONCLUSION

Soil C:N ratio and initialSOCDrelated to soil groups were important determinants ofSOCDchanges. Land use and residue returning greatly affectedSOCchanges in the study region. To increase the topsoilSOCD, the results suggest the conversion of dry croplands to rice paddies and returning of crop residue to soils. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Introgression of blast resistance genes into the elite rice variety MR263 through marker‐assisted backcrossing
Authors: Hasan Muhammad M , Rafii Mohd Y , Ismail Mohd Razi , Mahmood Maziah , Alam Md Amirul , Abdul Rahim Harun , Malek Mohammad A , Latif Mohammad Abdul
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

Blast caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is a significant disease threat to rice across the world and is especially prevalent in Malaysia. An elite, early‐maturing, high‐yielding Malaysian rice variety, MR263, is susceptible to blast and was used as the recurrent parent in this study. To improve MR263 disease resistance, the Pongsu Seribu 1 rice variety was used as donor of the blast resistance Pi‐7(t), Pi‐d(t)1 and Pir2‐3(t) genes and qLN2 quantitative trait locus (QTL). The objective was to introgress these blast resistance genes into the background of MR263 using marker‐assisted backcrossing with both foreground and background selection.

RESULTS

Improved MR263‐BR‐3‐2, MR263‐BR‐4‐3, MR263‐BR‐13‐1 and MR263‐BR‐26‐4 lines carrying the Pi‐7(t), Pi‐d(t)1 and Pir2‐3(t) genes and qLN2 QTL were developed using the simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers RM5961 and RM263 (linked to the blast resistance genes and QTL) for foreground selection and a collection of 65 polymorphic SSR markers for background selection in backcrossed and selfed generations. A background analysis revealed that the highest rate of recurrent parent genome recovery was 96.1% in MR263‐BR‐4‐3 and 94.3% in MR263‐BR‐3‐2.

CONCLUSION

The addition of blast resistance genes can be used to improve several Malaysian rice varieties to combat this major disease. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Development and validation of a quantification method for ziyuglycoside I and II in rat plasma: Application to their pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Ye Wei , Fu Hanxu , Xie Lin , Zhou Lijun , Rao Tai , Wang Qian , Shao Yuhao , Xiao Jingcheng , Kang Dian , Wang Guangji , Liang Yan
Published: April 2015

This study provided a novel and generally applicable method to determine ziyuglycoside I and ziyuglycoside II in rat plasma based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. A single step of liquid–liquid extraction with n‐butanol was utilized, and ginsenoside Rg3 was chosen as internal standard. Final extracts were analyzed based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Thermo Golden C18 column, and the applied gradient elution program allowed for the simultaneous determination of two ziyuglycosides in a one‐step chromatographic separation with a total run time of 10 min. The fully validated methodology for both analytes demonstrated high sensitivity (the lower limit of quantitation was 2.0 ng/mL), good accuracy (% RE ≤ ± 15) and precision (% RSD ≤ 15). The average recoveries of both ziyuglycosides and internal standard were all above 75% and no obvious matrix effect was found. This method was then successfully applied to the preclinical pharmacokinetic studies of ziyuglycoside I and ziyuglycoside II. The presently developed methodology would be useful for the preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic studies for ziyuglycoside I and ziyuglycoside II.
Optimized hydrolysis and analysis of Radix Asparagi polysaccharide monosaccharide composition by capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Chen Jiye , Yang Feifei , Guo Huaizhong , Wu Fang , Wang Xiaohuan
Published: April 2015

Using orthogonal design, optimized conditions for the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide from Radix Asparagi were determined, as well as its monosaccharide composition. Optimized hydrolysis conditions were a temperature of 100°C in 1.5 M sulfuric acid solution for 5 h. The resulting monosaccharides were derivatized with 1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐5‐pyrazolone, then separated by capillary zone electrophoresis in 40 mM sodium tetraborate buffer (pH 10.1), and detected by ultraviolet absorption at 245 nm. Results indicate that the polysaccharide from Radix Asparagi is composed of xylose, arabinose, glucose, rhamnose, mannose, galactose, glucuronic acid, and galacturonic acid, which differs from published findings. Moreover, xylose, glucuronic acid, and galacturonic acid have not been previously reported in Radix Asparagi polysaccharide. This method is simple, fast, and yields a highly efficient separation. As well, these findings can be applied to quality control of Radix Asparagi and for in‐depth study of the biological activity of Radix Asparagi polysaccharide.
Biomechanical evaluation of human and porcine Auricular cartilage
Authors: Zopf David A. , Flanagan Colleen L. , Nasser Hassan B. , Mitsak Anna G. , Huq Farhan S. , Rajendran Vishnu , Green Glenn E. , Hollister Scott J.
Published: April 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

The mechanical properties of normal auricular cartilage provide a benchmark against which to characterize changes in auricular structure/function due to genetic defects creating phenotypic abnormalities in collagen subtypes. Such properties also provide inputs/targets for auricular reconstruction scaffold design. Several studies report the biomechanical properties for septal, costal, and articular cartilage. However, analogous data for auricular cartilage are lacking. Therefore, our aim in this study was to characterize both whole‐ear and auricular cartilage mechanics by mechanically testing specimens and fitting the results to nonlinear constitutive models.

Study Design

Mechanical testing of whole ears and auricular cartilage punch biopsies.

Methods

Whole human cadaveric ear and auricular cartilage punch biopsies from both porcine and human cartilage were subjected to whole‐ear helix‐down compression and quasistatic unconfined compression tests. Common hyperelastic constitutive laws (widely used to characterize soft tissue mechanics) were evaluated for their ability to represent the stress‐strain behavior of auricular cartilage.

Results

Load displacement curves for whole ear testing exhibited compliant linear behavior until after significant displacement where nonlinear stiffening occurred. All five commonly used two‐term hyperelastic soft tissue constitutive models successfully fit both human and porcine nonlinear elastic behavior (mean R2 fit >0.95).

Conclusions

Auricular cartilage exhibits nonlinear strain‐stiffening elastic behavior that is similar to other soft tissues in the body. The whole ear exhibits compliant behavior with strain stiffening at high displacement. The constants from the hyperelastic model fits provide quantitative baselines for both human and porcine (a commonly used animal model for auricular tissue engineering) auricular mechanics.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:E262–E268, 2015
Laser‐assisted cartilage reshaping for protruding ears: A review of the clinical applications
Authors: Leclère Franck Marie , Vogt Peter M. , Casoli Vincent , Vlachos Spiros , Mordon Serge
Published: April 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

In 2006, our institute reported the first clinical use of laser‐assisted cartilage reshaping (LACR) for protruding ears. Since then, the technique has been developed and refined. This article reviews the literature on the clinical application of LACR.

Study Design

Literature review.

Methods

A MEDLINE literature search was performed on LACR combined with cross‐referencing. The period of search was 1993 to 2014. Search terms used were: laser, cartilage reshaping, protruding ears, LACR.

Results

Only seven clinical studies using three different wavelengths were found in the literature: 1,064 nm (Nd:YAG), 10,600 nm (CO2), and 1540 nm (Er:Glass). Clinical outcomes, laser wavelength and parameters, and patient satisfaction are discussed in each case.

Conclusions

The success rate for ear reshaping achieved with LACR appears promising. The use of this noninvasive technique will increase in the near future.

Level of Evidence

Laryngoscope, 125:2067–2071, 2015
RAI thyroid bed uptake after total thyroidectomy: A novel SPECT‐CT anatomic classification system
Authors: Zeuren Rebecca , Biagini Agnese , Grewal Ravinder K. , Randolph Gregory W. , Kamani Dipti , Sabra Mona M. , Shaha Ashok R. , Tuttle R. Michael
Published: April 2015

Objective

Recent, more selective use of radioactive iodine (RAI) has led to reevaluation of the clinical importance of achieving complete total thyroidectomy with minimal residual normal thyroid tissue. We utilize the improved localization by post‐RAI remnant ablation, single photon emission computerized tomography‐computed tomography (SPECT‐CT) to define specific anatomic sites of residual RAI‐uptake foci after total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and to provide a novel classification system relating uptake to thyroid anatomy and preservation of adjacent neural structures.

Study Design

Retrospective.

Method

Radioactive iodine‐uptake foci in thyroid bed were localized by SPECT/CT imaging at the time of RAI remnant ablation in 141 DTC patients undergoing total thyroidectomy.

Results

Minimal residual RAI uptake (median 0.32% at 24 hours) in the thyroid bed was detected by diagnostic planar whole body scans in 93% and by posttherapy SPECT/CT imaging in 99% of subjects. Discrete RAI uptake foci were identified on the SPECT/CT imaging at Berry's ligament (87%), at superior thyroid poles (79%), in paratracheal‐lobar regions (67%), in isthmus‐region (54%), and in pyramidal lobe (46%). Despite the residual foci, the nonstimulated thyroglobulin (Tg) prior to remnant ablation (with a median thyroid‐stimulating hormone of 0.36 m IU/L) was < 0.6 ng/mL in 53% and < 1 ng/mL in 73% of cases.

Conclusion

After extracapsular total thyroidectomy, highly sensitive detection tools identify microscopic residual RAI avid foci in thyroid bed in the majority of patients. These foci can be classified as 1) neural‐related and 2) capsule‐related. These common residual foci have no relationship to postoperative Tg, suggesting that attempts at radical removal of thyroid tissue in these locations may not be warranted.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:2417–2424, 2015
Evaluation of routine contrast swallow following total pharyngolaryngectomy and free jejunal transfer
Authors: Fujiki Masahide , Miyamoto Shimpei , Hayashi Ryuichi , Sakuraba Minoru
Published: April 2015

Objective

Anastomotic leakage is a serious complication following total pharyngolaryngectomy (TPL) and free jejunal transfer (FJT). Although routine radiological assessment using contrast swallow is widely performed postoperatively for the detection of anastomotic leakage before oral intake, the accuracy remains unclear. We evaluated the clinical usefulness of routine contrast swallow for screening of anastomotic leakage.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 232 patients who had undergone TPL and FJT from 2009 to 2013. Initial contrast swallow was performed near the seventh postoperative day in patients without a history of radiation for head and neck region preoperatively and near the 14th postoperative day in patients with a history. The accuracy of routine contrast swallow was calculated.

Results

Clinical anastomotic leakage occurred in 12 patients (5.2%); of these, anastomotic leakage was detected by initial contrast swallow in six patients. The sensitivity and specificity of contrast swallow were 50.0% and 99.1%, respectively.

Conclusion

Contrast swallow has low sensitivity and a high false‐negative rate for the diagnosis of clinical leakage after TPL and FJT, and routine contrast swallow was insufficient for the screening of anastomotic leakage. Therefore, contrast swallow should be performed in a targeted fashion for patients with clinical signs of anastomotic leakage.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:2280–2283, 2015