bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cortical Bone Allografting in the Horse
Authors: JONES ROBERT D. , MILNE DENNIS W. , FETTER ART W.
Published: February 2008

Half and full cylindrical frozen cortical bone allografts were transplanted into groups of horses. All horses accepted, resorbed, and began replacement of their grafts to varying degrees, according to frequent radiographic and monthly histologic evaluation. Clinically, all the recipients appeared to return to varying degrees of function. This method of bone allografting is suggested as an adjunct to current methods of fracture fixation in the horse.
Removal of Canine Renal Calculi by Pyelolithotomy
Authors: GREENWOOD KENNETH M. , D.V.M. CLARENCE A. RAWLING
Published: February 2008

The operative technique of pyelolithotomy for the removal of renal calculi in the dog is described. Three selected cases are used to illustrate its application. Pyelolithotomy may be a better technique than nephrolithotomy for the removal of renal calculi that have enlarged the renal pelvis and proximal ureter outside the confines of the renal parenchyma.
Atlantoaxial Instability: A Ventral Surgical Technique for Decompression, Fixation, and Fusion
Authors: SORJONEN D. C. , SHIRES PETER K.
Published: February 2008

Atlantoaxial stability was evaluated in 12 surgically stabilized dogs and 6 control dogs after odontoidectomy and dorsal atlantoaxial ligament separation. The atlantoaxial instabilities were stabilized with transarticular pins from a ventral approach. Cancellous bone grafts harvested from the proximal humerus were used to promote joint fusion. Good joint stability, alignment, and early fusion were documented clinically, radiographically, and histopathologically in stabilized dogs. Because of our consistent results despite variable pin angles, we recommend this technique for use in dogs with atlantoaxial instability requiring surgical stabilization.
Current Techniques for Evaluation of Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: RUCKER NOLAN C. , Lumb William V. , SCOTT ROBERT J.
Published: February 2008

Spinal cord injuries have been evaluated in the past chiefly on the basis of subjective tests. New electronic techniques are now coming into clinical use which allow objective testing of afferent and efferent conduction through long spinal cord tracts. With continued research, it is probable that diagnosis and prognosis of spinal cord injuries can be made with a high degree of confidence.
Autogenous Fat Grafts to Prevent Recurrence following Surgical Correction of Growth Deformities of the Radius and Ulna in the Dog
Authors: D.V.M. ELLOTT CRAIG
Published: February 2008

The use of autogenous fat grafts as interpositional material to prevent the regrowth of bone is discussed. Four cases from a series of ten are presented to illustrate the use of autogenous fat grafts as an aid in preventing recurrence following surgical correction of growth deformities of the radius and ulna. Surgery consisted of removing a segment of ulna and filling the defect with an autogenous fat graft to prevent the ulna from reuniting. Partial ulnar ostectomy was combined with radial osteotomy when indicated.
Treatment of Degenerative Joint Disease of the Horse: A Review and Commentary
Authors: AUER JOERG A. , FACKELMAN G. E.
Published: February 2008

Some of the predisposing factors for the development of degenerative joint disease, such as fatigue, early training, conformation defects, and others, are outlined. Swimming, a controlled weight‐bearing exercise, is discussed and strongly recommended for treatment of degenerative joint disease in the horse. A brief review of counterirritants and vesicants, as well as current therapeutic suggestions, are presented. Cryotherapy, which is a relatively new form of counterirritation, is discussed. The benefits and limitations of radiation therapy are briefly discussed, and gamma rays are felt to be superior to x‐rays. The most frequently used antiinflammatory drugs are discussed, and the two main categories, corticosteroids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, are presented in detail. Among the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, hyaluronic acid, DMSO, and superoxide dismutase are presented and their mode of action, as well as benefits and disadvantages, are evaluated. Joint lavage is an effective tool in the management of joint disease, because it removes degenerative debris and inflammatory cells from the joint. The management of degenerative joint disease generally involves more than one of the therapeutic regimens mentioned. On the other hand, there is not a single treatment combination that is superior in all situations. The clinician treating degenerative joint disease must select the treatment regimen that works best for him and for the case to be treated. Such a choice must be based on a thorough understanding of applicable therapeutic agents and modes of physical therapy.
Medial Epicondyle Osteotomy as an Approach to Repair of Medial Femoral Condyle Fractures in the Dog
Authors: DALY WILLIAM R. , TARVIN GUY B.
Published: February 2008

Fracture of the medial femoral condyle in three dogs is described. This injury resulted in lateral (varus) instability, which was difficult to differentiate from a lateral collateral ligament tear. Radiographs and surgical exploration were necessary to differentiate the two conditions. A medial femoral epicondyle osteotomy was used in two cases to expose the fracture. This exposure technique is advantageous because it allows early return to functional use of the injured limb by eliminating postoperative splintage.
Treatment of Fractures of the Sacrum and Sacrococcygeal Region
Authors: TAYLOR ROBERT A.
Published: February 2008

A technique of sacral nerve decompression for sacrococcygeal fractures on luxations is presented. Anatomic and neurologic considerations are discussed forthe dog and thecat. This procedure was used ineleven clinical cases, with six animals showing complete fecal and urinary continence. Three of the remaining cases made incomplete recoveries but were manageable at home.
Bypass Surgery for Intestinal Occluding Abscesses in the Equine: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: TAYLOR T. S. , MARTIN M. T. , McMULLAN W. C.
Published: February 2008

The medical management of two horses with small intestine occluding abdominal abscesses was supported by surgical bypasses. In the first case the small intestine was transected proximal to the abscess and an end‐to‐side anastomosis performed distally; in the second case a side‐to‐side anastomosis was performed without bowel transection. The results suggest bowel transection with an end‐to‐side anastomosis to be the preferred procedure.
In Vitro Analysis of Two Canine Pelvic Osteotomy Techniques
Authors: PIJANOWSKI GERALD J. , TARVIN GUY B. , SOMMER HENRY J.
Published: February 2008

The ability of two canine pelvic osteotomy techniques to provide lateral rotation of the acetabulum was compared in vitro using an instrumented spatial linkage to measure acetabular displacement. Technique 1 was a double osteotomy and technique 2 was a triple osteotomy. We demonstrated that technique 1 provided more lateral rotation of the acetabulum. Both techniques provided a large amount of acetabular an‐teversion. No relationship could be found between pelvic morphometry and final acetabular position. We concluded that the surgeon is the primary factor controlling final acetabular position.
Lag Screw Fixation of a Patellar Fracture in a Horse
Authors: ALDRETE A. V. , MEAGHER D. M.
Published: February 2008

A vertical fracture involving the medial one‐third of the patella of a yearling filly was successfully treated by lag screw fixation. Three months postoperatively the fracture was healed and the filly was clinically sound.
Urethral Calculi in Five Horses
Authors: TROTTER GAYLE W. , BENNETT D. G. , BEHM RUSSEL J.
Published: February 2008

Urinary calculi are not uncommon in many domestic animals and man. Urethral calculi, however, occur infrequently in horses relative to other domestic species. Of 14 cases of urinary calculi in horses admitted to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital during the past eight years, nine had cystic calculi, one had a ureteral calculus, and five had urethral calculi. One case had a cystic and a urethral calculus. The clinical findings, medical and surgical management, and postoperative results in five cases of urethral calculi are reviewed in this article.
A Procedure for Permanent Tracheostomy and Its Effects on Tracheal Mucosa
Authors: HEDLUND CHERYL S. , TANGNER C. H. , MONTGOMERY DONALD L. , HOBSON H. P.
Published: February 2008

Permanent tracheostomies were performed on six dogs which were evaluated clinically and histologically. One dog had abnormal tracheal cartilages and died following tracheal collapse three days postoperatively. Problems with coughing, swallowing, and infection were not noted in the remaining five dogs. The exposed tracheal epithelium temporarily underwent squamous metaplasia but returned to a relatively normal appearance within 16 weeks.
Misapplication of Subcutaneous Pedicle Flaps in the Dog
Authors: PAVLETIC MICHAEL M.
Published: February 2008

Subcutaneous pedicle flaps were created in 21 dogs, 1) with an intact underlying panniculus muscle, 2) with a severed panniculus muscle, and 3) devoid of an underlying panniculus muscle. The survival rates of the resultant grafts were evaluated over a minimum of ten days. All 19 subcutaneous pedicle flaps survived when the underlying panniculus muscle was intact. Nineteen of 23 flaps with a severed panniculus muscle, however, developed necrosis. The survival rates between these two groups were significantly different (p < 0.01). Eight of 14 flaps developed without an underlying panniculus muscle underwent necrosis. Their survival rate was significantly different from flaps with an intact panniculus muscle (p < 0.01) but not significantly different from flaps without an intact panniculus muscle (p < 0.1). Four of 23 subcutaneous pedicle flaps with severed panniculus muscles and six of 14 flaps without an underlying panniculus muscle survived, despite apparent vascular compromise. Six of these grafts survived by accidental incorporation of a direct cutaneous artery and vein beneath the graft. Results from this experiment indicate that subcutaneous pedicle flap development in the dog has a high incidence of necrosis unless a panniculus pedicle to the overlying skin is preserved. As such, they have no advantage in the dog over safer and simpler closure techniques, which preserve the cutaneous circulation.
Evaluation of Stainless Steel Nerve Caps for Palmar Digital Neurectomy
Authors: BRAMLAGE L. R. , GABEL A. A. , KUHN W. E.
Published: February 2008

Stainless steel nerve caps for application to the proximal nerve stump during palmar digital neurectomy were examined. Six experimental horses and three clinical patients underwent palmar digital neurectomy using the capping technique. Good results were obtained on the experimental horses; however, when the caps were used on the clinical patients, lameness appeared in two of three horses after hard work. The caps were considered unacceptable for clinical use.
Controlling Peritoneal Adhesions
Authors: HENDERSON R. A.
Published: February 2008

The normal peritoneum heals in five to seven days regardless of the size of the defect, because it does not heal by epithelial migration, as does skin, but heals by deposition of cells on the wound, or proliferation from within the wound depths. Adhesion formation provides vascular support to injured tissue and isolates contaminant substances. Adhesions are stimulated by serosal injury, tissue anoxia, or foreign material which act alone or in combination to inhibit locally the plasminogen‐plasmin (fibrinolytic) system. Proper surgical technique can reduce the formation of useless or pathological adhesions, or promote adhesions where desired, as with the antral tube gastropexy.
Transarticular Application of the Kirschner‐Ehmer Splint
Authors: BJORLING DALE E. , TOOMBS JAMES P.
Published: February 2008

Transarticular application of the Kirschner‐Ehmer (K‐E) splint provides for rigid stabilization of periarticular injuries. It prevents further trauma to injured tissues, facilitates management of concurrent soft tissue injuries, and in certain cases is clearly superior to other methods of articular stabilization.
Healing of Cortical Bone Grafts in the Dog The Role of Azathioprine
Authors: ADEYANJU BAYO J. , BUTLER HUGH C. , LEIPOLD HORST W.
Published: February 2008

Sixteen unrelated beagles, randomly divided into groups of four, were used in evaluating the role of therapeutic immunosuppression in the healing of fresh cortical bone allografts over a 16‐week period. The four groups included: nontreated allograft, treated allograft, nontreated autograft, and treated autograft. A 2.7‐cm tibial cortical graft was fixed orthotopically using a dynamic compression plate. Healing was evaluated by radiography and by gross and histologic studies at 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks after surgery. The treated dogs were immunosuppressed with azathioprine for eight weeks postsurgery. The conclusions were that: temporary immunosuppression did not significantly alter healing of fresh cortical bone autografts; healing of fresh cortical bone allografts in immunosuppressed dogs was similar to healing of fresh cortical bone autografts; slight differences were observed in the healing of bone grafts in all groups after eight weeks; and cellular reaction typical of graft rejection was found in nontreated allografts, but healing still occurred.
Partial Ulnar Osteotomy With Free Autogenous Fat Grafting for Treatment of Radius Curvus in the Dog
Authors: VANDEWATER ANN , OLMSTEAD MARVIN L. , STEVENSON SHARON
Published: February 2008

The efficacy of free autogenous fat grafts in inhibiting healing of partial ulnar ostectomies was investigated. Fat grafts did impede or prevent bone union in the treated ulnar ostectomies. Protection from forced weight bearing on the operated limb by splinting minimized varus deformity of the radius and ulna, and enhanced the survival of the fat graft and the formation of an ulnar nonunion. The procedure was then applied to treatment of radius curvus resulting from surgically induced premature distal ulnar physeal closure. Partial ulnar ostectomy with free autogenous fat grafting released the ulnar restraint on radial growth and allowed partial correction of the degree of radial curve associated with premature distal ulnar physeal closure.
Locking Loop Tendon Suture Use in Repair of Five Calcanean Tendons
Authors: TOMLINSON JAMES , MOORE ROBERT
Published: February 2008

The locking loop tendon suture is demonstrated. Five cases of its use in both acute and chronic lacerations of the calcanean tendon are presented. The results in all five cases were excellent. Advantages of this suture pattern include preservation of the intrinsic blood supply of the tendon, gap formation produced only with extreme load, simple and rapid placement of the suture, and reduction in adhesions. This suture pattern also can be used for other tendons.
Management of Perianal Fistulae A Retrospective Study of 23 Cases
Authors: ELKINS A. D. , HOBSON H. P.
Published: February 2008

The records of all dogs surgically treated for perianal fistulae during a S‐year period were reviewed. The findings indicated that perianal fistulae occur predominantly in middle aged, intact male German shepherd dogs. The dogs were treated by superficial surgical excision of the involved skin, anorectal mucosa, and anal sacculectomy. Deeper fistulous tracts were flushed two to three times weekly with 10% Lugol's solution until healed by granulation. Fecal incontinence, the most common postoperative complication, was seen initially in 20% of cases. Fifty per cent of these animals regained fecal continence by the sixth month postoperatively, at which time they were considered acceptable house pets. The complication rate with this treatment regimen was less than that reported for techniques in which all diseased tissue is surgically excised.
Surgical Treatment of a Palmar Midsagittal Fracture of the Proximal Second Phalanx in a Horse
Authors: MODRANSKY PAULA D. , GRANT BARRIE D. , RANTANEN NORMAN W. , COREY DOUGLAS G.
Published: February 2008

Second phalangeal fractures have been classified as either simple or multiple and have been managed in a variety of ways. The removal of small osteochondral fragments originating from the palmar midsagittal aspect of the proximal second phalanx is reported. This lesion has been described as a coincidental finding unrelated to lameness. Based on our clinical finding of lameness in this case and the response to an intraarticular injection of anesthetic, excision of the fragment was elected. However, the importance of confirming the significance of a radiographic lesion with local anesthesia prior to surgical intervention must be stressed.
Premature Closure of the Distal Radial Physis in the Dog A Review of Eleven Cases
Authors: VANDEWATER ANN , OLMSTEAD MARVIN L.
Published: February 2008

Premature distal radial physeal closure, while not as commonly diagnosed as premature closure of the distal ulnar physis, presented a surgical problem in the 11 cases reviewed. The diagnosis was suggested by clinical signs including lameness, angular deformity of the forelimb, pain, crepitation, and limited range of motion in the elbow. Radiographic examination confirmed the diagnosis. Surgical treatment depended on the abnormalities present. Two animals with growth potential were treated by resecting the restricting physeal bone bridge and placing an autogenous fat graft in the defect. Corrective osteotomy procedures for seven animals with total closure of the physis were directed toward re‐establishing functional elbow anatomy by radial osteotomy or correcting angular limb deformity with an oblique radial osteotomy. Two animals did not receive treatment. Surgical treatment resulted in improved use of the forelimb.
A Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy and Tissue Reaction of Four Antiseptics on Canine Wounds
Authors: AMBER E. I. , HENDERSON R. A. , SWAIM S. F. , GRAY B. W.
Published: February 2008

Three concentrations of povidone iodine, chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride, and a pluronic polyol were tested for antimicrobial efficacy and tissue reaction in wounds inoculated with Staphyloccocus aureus.

Five paired incisions were created on the back of each of 16 dogs in four treatment groups. Five wounds were inoculated with beta‐hemolytic, coagulase positive S. aureus (109 organisms); the contralateral wounds were not inoculated. After two hours, three wounds on each side were irrigated with antiseptic in low, medium, or high concentrations; another was irrigated with physiological saline; and one was left untreated. One hundred ml of solution was applied in each instance with a syringe and needle at approximately 8 psi.

Tissue bacteria were quantitated immediately following irrigation. The wounds were sutured with 5/0 monofilament stainless steel and bandaged. After 48 hours, the dogs were euthanized and signs of wound infection were recorded. Wound bacteria were quantitated again, and sections of the wounds were removed for examination by light microscopy.

Antiseptics were significantly effective (p < 0.01) in reducing the bacterial population in contaminated wounds when compared to control wounds on the same dog. High antiseptic concentrations were more effective than low concentrations. At 48 hours, the bacterial population was significantly lower in wounds treated with chlorhexidine or benzalkonium chloride compared with povidone iodine or pluronic polyol. The antiseptics caused no significant difference (p < 0.01) in tissue reaction in noninoculated wounds. Chlorhexidine (0.5 or 1.0%) was the most effective antiseptic under the conditions used.
The Mesh Expansion Method of Suturing Wounds on the Legs of Horses
Authors: BAILEY J. V. , JACOBS K. A.
Published: February 2008

Wound closure utilizing tension‐relieving incisions located in the skin adjacent to the wound of horses was evaluated in three experiments. Healing of lower limb wounds was compared in four treatment groups; wounds sutured under tension, wounds sutured with 7 mm and 10 mm tension relieving incisions, and unsutured controls. The wounds sutured using 10 mm tension relieving incisions healed significantly faster than the other three groups (p > 0.05). The mesh expansion technique was further evaluated in four‐week‐old granulating wounds. The technique was found to be unsuccessful because the tension relieving incisions that were used were too small and postoperative support was inadequate. The technique was evaluated in two clinical patients, both of which had large metatarsal lacerations. Tension relieving incisions of approximately 15 mm were made and full leg walking bar casts were applied. Both wounds had healed almost completely on removal of the casts four weeks postoperatively.
Surgical Repair of a Perforated Gastric Ulcer in a Foal
Authors: PROBST CURTIS W. , SCHNEIDER ROBERT K. , HUBBELL JOHN A. E. , HART E. C.
Published: February 2008

An 11‐day‐old Thoroughbred colt was presented because of acute colic and a swollen right carpus. Exploration of the abdomen revealed peritonitis secondary to a perforated gastric ulcer. The ulcer was repaired, and the peritoneal cavity was lavaged. The foal recovered from the perforated ulcer but was euthanized one and a half months later because of progressive septic arthritis.
Static Strength Evaluation of Six External Skeletal Fixation Configurations
Authors: EGGER ERICK L
Published: February 2008

The relative strength of six different configurations of external skeletal fixation was determined by subjecting them to axial compression, and shear and torsion forces while measuring the load they would sustain before failing. The double clamp, single connecting bar, double connecting bar, quadrilateral frame, full pin splintage and three‐ dimensional tent configurations were found to be successively stronger in all three of the tests with the exception of the quadrilateral frame being more resistant to shear force than the full pin splintage configuration.
Intracaval Repair of a Persistent Ductus Venosus in a Dog
Authors: RAWLINGS CLARENCE A. , WILSON SHEILA A.
Published: February 2008

A persistent ductus venosus was diagnosed in a 4‐month‐old Old English sheepdog. Total occlusion of blood flow to the liver was achieved through heparinization, hepatic artery occlusion, and placement of bypass cannulas from the portal vein and caudal vena cava to the right atrium. Intracaval closure of the ductus venosus then was accomplished. Despite postoperative complications of continued hemorrhage and acute renal uremia, the animal recovered. The neurologic abnormalities exhibited before surgery resolved, and the dog became more active and gained weight. The dog died due to undetermined causes three months after surgery. The ductus venosus was found to be closed, and the liver was markedly increased in size at necropsy.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Gastropexy Techniques in the Dog
Authors: LEVINE STEPHEN H. , CAYWOOD DENNIS D.
Published: February 2008

The relative strength of adhesions created by three different gastropexy techniques in dogs was evaluated two and six months following surgery. Tube gastrostomy formed a stronger adhesion (p>.001) when compared with simple gastropexy and permanent gastropexy two months after operation. In a smaller number of animals examined at six months, no difference in strength was noted between permanent gastropexy and tube gastrostomy.
Interobserver Variation in the Measurement of the Femoral Angle of Inclination
Authors: HAUPTMAN JOE
Published: February 2008

Ventrodorsal radiographs of the hips of 12 dogs were obtained. Copies of the radiographs were circulated to eight people with instructions for measurement of the angle of inclination of the femoral head and neck by two methods. A high degree of interobserver variation was found with both methods of measuring the angle of inclination.
Partial Laryngectomy in the Dog II. Immediate Increase in Glottic Area Obtained Compared With Other Laryngeal Procedures
Authors: HARVEY COLIN E.
Published: February 2008

Partial laryngectomy, arytenoid disarticulation/lateralization, and arytenoidopexy were performed on cadavers from normal dogs. The change in glottic cross‐sectional area was calculated from photographs. Partial laryngectomy and unilateral lateralization resulted in a 70 to 80% increase in glottic area. Bilateral lateralization resulted in a significantly greater increase (180%).
Surgical Treatment of Colic Results in 181 Horses
Authors: DUCHARME NORMAND G. , HACKETT RICHARD P. , DUCHARME GILES R. , LONG SUSAN
Published: February 2008

A retrospective study was performed of 181 horses that underwent an exploratory celiotomy because of acute abdominal disease. Forty‐four horses died or were euthanized during surgery. Of the 137 horses that recovered from anesthesia, 72 died of associated diseases or complications, 86 were discharged from the hospital of which 60 survived at least 7 months. Horses with disorders affecting the small intestine had a significantly lower survival rate. Causes of death early in the postoperative period included long bone fracture, shock, ileus, gastric rupture, and peritonitis. After discharge from the hospital, deaths were attributed to colic of unknown cause, malabsorption syndrome, adhesive small bowel obstruction, small and large intestinal volvulus, perforated bowel, and laminitis. Of the 60 horses that were alive at the time of survey, 93.3% had returned to their previous use. A second occurrence of the initial acute abdominal disease was not documented in any horse.
Mark Allam Lecture—1983: Postsurgical Convalescence
Authors: ALLAM MARK WHITTIER
Published: February 2008

A discussion of postsurgical convalescence as presented before the New York Academy of Sciences is reviewed with an update and a detailed discussion of some factors that influence immediate postsurgical recovery.
Subtotal Intracapsular Prostatectomy Results in Normal Dogs
Authors: ROBERTSON JOHN J. , BOJRAB M. JOSEPH
Published: February 2008

Subtotal intracapsular prostatectomy was performed on five normal dogs. All dogs were maintained for 60 days postoperatively. No urinary abnormalities were noted following surgery with the exception of transient urinary incontinence in one dog that lasted for 7 days. Upon termination of the study, the prostatic urethra had reepithelized in all dogs where a dorsal strip of epithelium was left in place during surgery.
Luxation of the Canine Shoulder Joint to Maximize Exposure for Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans
Authors: HOWARD PAUL E.
Published: February 2008

Luxation of the humeral head by internal rotation of theforelimb with the shoulder joint in flexion will maximize exposure of the humeral head for treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the canine shoulder. The procedure was performed on 51 normal dogs and on 13 shoulders of 11 dogs with osteochondritis dissecans. Postoperative evaluation was obtained in all 51 normal dogs and 8 clinical patients. Postoperative seromas were seen in two dogs; one was presumed to be due to reaction to the suture material used, and the other to unrestricted exercise during the immediate postoperative period. There were no other complications. The time for recovery to normal ambulation was similar to those reported for other approaches.
Diaphragmatic Advancement for Defects of the Caudal Thoracic Wall in the Dog
Authors: ARONSOHN MICHAEL
Published: February 2008

Reconstruction of the caudal thoracic wall using the technique of diaphragmatic advancement is described in two dogs. The technique effectively reestablishes integrity of the thoracic cavity following resection of the thoracic wall supported by ribs 9 through 13. The diaphragm is incised near its peripheral attachments, advanced forward, and sutured to the epaxial musculature and the intercostal muscles of the most caudal intact rib. Diaphragmatic advancement is simple to perform and gives satisfactory cosmetic results, eliminating the need for more complex procedures such as tissue grafts or the use of prosthetic materials.
Electrohydraulic Shock‐wave Lithotripsy in Experimental Canine Struvite Bladder Stone Disease
Authors: SENIOR DAVID F.
Published: February 2008

Electrohydraulic shock‐wave lithotripsy (EHL), the fragmentation of urinary stones with hydraulic shock waves, was performed through a cystoscope in two female dogs with surgically implanted struvite bladder stones. Stone fragmentation was achieved after about an hour, but complete removal of fragments by irrigation through the cystoscope sheath was not successful. After the procedure, small stone fragments and pieces of the shock‐wave electrode remained in the bladders of both dogs. All stone fragments and electrode pieces were spontaneously voided by one dog; further cystoscopy was required in the other dog to remove three larger stone fragments with a stone basket, and pieces of the electode with grasping forceps. Bladder‐stone removal in the female dog by EHL, irrigation, and using a stone basket is technically feasible, but requires expensive equipment.
Evaluation of Prognostic Factors for Growth Following Distal Femoral Physeal Injuries in 17 Dogs
Authors: BERG R. JOHN , EGGER ERICK L. , KONDE LINDA J. , McCURNIN DENNIS M.
Published: February 2008

Seventeen dogs that had incurred Salter Type I or II injuries to the distal femoral physis were evaluated clinically and radiographically for evidence of altered growth of the femur or tibia. Some degree of femoral growth disturbance was found in 82.4% of the dogs; the mean extent of decreased growth was 6.7%. Obvious clinical lameness resulted from the leg length discrepancy in three dogs. Several factors were evaluated statistically as predictors of growth disturbance; the age of the animal at the time of injury appeared to have the most prognostic importance. Factors found not to be as significant were the adult size of the animal, the type of Salter fracture incurred, the displacement of the fracture, the time lag between injury and surgery, and the method of fracture fixation employed. Compensatory overgrowth of the tibia in response to decreased growth of the femur was a rare finding.
Multiple Intramedullary Wire Fixation of a Radial Fracture in a Dog
Authors: MATTHIESEN DAVID T.
Published: February 2008

Multiple intramedullary wire fixation infrequently can be used as an alternative technique to plating, transfixation devices, single intramedullary pinning, or external coaptation for some radius and ulna fractures.

This report describes a comminuted fracture of the radius and ulna with fissures and comminution extending too far into the proximal radius for effective application of a bone plate or Kirschner‐Ehmer apparatus. Resulting fracture instability and collapse prohibited effective use of external coaptation as a primary means of fixation. The radial fracture was repaired and stabilized with full cerclage wires and multiple intramedullary Kirschner wires. The dog was using the leg normally 12 months following surgery.
Open Peritoneal Drainage in Experimental Peritonitis in Dogs
Authors: ORSHER ROBERT J. , ROSIN EBERHARD
Published: February 2008

Peritonitis was induced In 12 dogs by creation of an avascular jejunal loop. After 24 hours, the avascular jejunal loop was removed, and purulent material was removed by aspiration. The abdominal incision in six experimental dogs was left open under a bandage, while the incision was closed in six control dogs. All six open abdomen, and four control, dogs survived the 8 days of the study. The number of bacteria in the peritoneal exudate in experimental animals was less than in control animals. At the end of the 8 day study, experimental animals were more active, had better appetites, and were less likely to have fever, vomition, diarrhea, and dehydration. Experimental animals weighed significantly less than control animals. There were no differences between groups with respect to biochemical and hematologic parameters. At necropsy, experimental animals had fewer adhesions and less peritoneal fluid accumulation than control animals. Complications of open peritoneal drainage included persistent fluid loss, weight loss, adhesions of abdominal viscera to the bandage, and contamination of the peritoneal cavity with cutaneous organisms.
Ulnar Subluxation Following Repair of a Fractured Radius in a Foal
Authors: STOVER SUSAN M. , RICK MARK C.
Published: February 2008

Compression plating of a transverse mid‐diaphyseal radial fracture in a 4‐month‐old Arabian filly resulted in subluxation of the ulna. Two screws transfixed the radius to the ulna and resulted in synostoses. This was followed by uncoordinated growth of the radius and ulna, and subluxation of the ulna. Progressive remodeling of the ulna subsequently reestablished articular congruity between the humerus and ulna.
Surgical Repair of Metacarpal Condylar Fractures with Palmar Osteochondral Comminution in Two Thoroughbred Horses
Authors: ADAMS STEPHEN B. , TURNER TRACY A. , BLEVINS WILLIAM E. , SHAMIS LARRY D.
Published: February 2008

Complete displaced lateral condylar fractures of the metacarpus with triangular osteochondral fragments at the palmar articular surface occurred in two Thoroughbred horses. The condylar fractures were repaired with cortical bone screws following removal of the osetochondral fragments via a dorsal arthrotomy and distraction of the condyles. One horse raced successfully after surgery, and the other is being used successfully as an English pleasure mount.
Sacroiliac Fracture‐Separation in the Dog: A Study of 92 Cases
Authors: DECAMP CHARLES E. , BRADEN TERRANCE D.
Published: February 2008

The case records of 92 consecutive dogs that suffered sacroiliac fracture‐separation were examined. Seventy‐seven per cent (71 of 92) had unilateral sacroiliac injury and 23% (21 of 92) had bilateral sacroiliac injury. Of the unilateral cases, 93% (66 of 71) of the dogs had associated acetabular, ilial, femoral, or tibial fractures; coxofemoral luxations; or cruciate injuries. Eighty‐five per cent (78 of 92) of the dogs had either bilateral sacroiliac injury or unilateral sacroiliac injury and other orthopedic injuries of the opposite limb, thus disabling both hind limbs.

Sixty‐five per cent (60 of 92) of the dogs received lag screw fixation of the sacroiliac joint. Of 29 dogs that were re‐radiographed on an average of 437 days following fixation, 38% (11 of 29) showed evidence of loosening of the lag screw fixation.a

Screws that were placed in the body of the sacrum in some dogs resulted in the fewest loosened fixations (12%, 2 of 17), compared to other locations of screw placement. The fixation had loosened in 7% (1 of 14) of dogs that had a cumulative screw depth/sacral width of 60% or more, compared with 48% of dogs (10 of 21) where cumulative screw depth was less than 60%. The number of screws per fixation and whether the separation was fully reduced or not did not affect whether the fixation loosened.
Nasopharyngeal and Middle Ear Polypoid Masses in Five Cats
Authors: BRADLEY RICHARD L. , NOONE KATHLEEN E. , SAUNDERS GEOFFREY K. , PATNAIK AMIYA K.
Published: February 2008

Five cats with nasopharyngeal and middle ear polypoid masses are presented. The clinical signs included nasal discharge, sneezing, labored breathing, swallowing difficulty, and voice changes. Diagnosis was made by radiography and oropharyngeal examination. Surgical mangement consisted of local nasopharyngeal polyp resection in all cats, combined with ventral bulla osteotomy in three cats. Recurrence resulted in two of the five cats in which incomplete nasopharyngeal removal was performed initially, but not in the cats treated by bulla osteotomy. Four of the five cats were clinically normal 7 to 14 (median 13) months following surgery. The fifth cat had mild upper respiratory airway noise at 7 months. The histopathologic diagnosis of these growths was inflammatory tissue.
The Use of Prophylactic Penicillin in Orthopedic Surgery: A Clinical Trial
Authors: HOLMBERG DAVID L.
Published: February 2008

Thirty dogs presented for open surgical repair of fractures were treated with prophylactic penicillin. Thirty other dogs with fractures were not given antibiotics. Each animal was monitored by clinical signs and deep aspiration culture, and followed for 6 months or until the fracture had healed and the implants had been removed.

No statistically significant difference was found in the number of clinical infections or positive bacterial cultures for each group. Differences in results between categories, such as type of injury, implants used, and surgeon, also were not statistically significant.
Partial Gastrectomy as Treatment of Gastric Volvulus Results in 30 Dogs
Authors: MATTHIESEN DAVID T.
Published: February 2008

Of 285 dogs with gastric volvulus treated surgically, 30 (10.5%) required partial gastrectomy because of necrosis along the greater curvature of the body or fundic region of the stomach. Initially, the 30 dogs were treated with intravenous administration of lactated Ringer's solution, antibiotics, and corticosteroids. The stomach was decompressed with an oral gastric tube or by percutaneous gastrocentesis. Diagnosis of gastric volvulus was made by abdominal radiography and confirmed at surgery. At surgery, the stomach was decompressed and repositioned. Gastric viability was determined by evaluation of serosal color and perfusion, vascular patency, the degree of active bleeding from the incised gastric wall, and by palpation of the gastric wall; intravenous fluorescein dye evaluation was performed in some dogs. Twenty‐seven dogs developed postoperative complications, 19 (63%) of which died. Eleven dogs recovered.
Vascularized Patellar Tendon Graft Technique for Cranial Cruciate Ligament Substitution in the Dog—Vascular Evaluation
Authors: BOUDRIEAU R. J. , KADERLY R. E. , ARNOCZKY S. P. , HOHN R. B. , OLMSTEAD M. L.
Published: February 2008

A method of repair of the dog's cranial cruciate ligament, using a vascular patellar tendon* graft (VPT), is described. The vascular anatomy of the graft was evaluated in an experimental study in 18 dogs. The blood supply to the VPTs was evaluated at various intervals from 0 to 16 weeks and was found to be preserved in all but two of the specimens examined. It was concluded that the VPT technique could maintain vascularity to the graft from the onset.
The Canine Urethra: A Comparison of First and Second Intention Healing
Authors: WALDRON DON R. , HEDLUND CHERYL S. , TANGNER C. H. , WATTERS JOHN , TURK JIM , COX HOLLIS UTAH
Published: February 2008

Urethrotomy was performed on 12 normal male dogs at the base of the os penis. The surgical site was allowed to heal by second intention in six dogs, and suture closure of the urethral mucosa, tunica albuginea, and subcuticular tissue was performed in six dogs. All dogs were maintained for 60 days postoperatively. Packed cell volume and serum total protein were measured before surgery and at 2, 4, 7, 14, and 60 days postoperatively. Suture closure of the urethra resulted in less hemorrhage during the postoperative recovery period. Urethral mucosal irregularity was seen in urethrograms performed on all operated dogs 60 days postoperatively. Urethral stricture was not observed in any of the dogs in this study.
Holding Power of Orthopedic Screws in Equine Third Metacarpal and Metatarsal Bones: Part II. Adult Horse Bone
Authors: YOVICH JOHN V. , TURNER A. S. , SMITH F. W.
Published: February 2008

Comparison was made of the holding power of 5.5 and 4.5 mm cortical orthopedic screws inserted into third metacarpal and metatarsal cadaver bones from 3‐ and 8‐year‐old horses. The tensile strength of these screws was tested mechanically. In nine comparative trials of these screws, 5.5 mm screws pulled out of bone in five trials at an average of 116.0 kg tensile force and broke in four trials at an average of 1383.2 kg. A 4.5 mm screw pulled out of bone at 834.5 kg in one trial, and screws broke at an average of 849.2 kg in eight trials. The larger 5.5 mm screw required a significantly greater (p = 0.022) pullout force than the mean force at 4.5 mm screw breakage. Fixation failure was due to screw breakage or bone shear, with 5.5 mm screws occasionally creating bone fragmentation during pullout. The average tensile breaking strengths of the 5.5 mm screws (1391.4 kg) and 4.5 mm screws (832.7 kg) determined mechanically were similar to forces at screw breakage during pullout testing in bone. Since the 5.5 mm screws have greater holding power and tensile strength than 4.5 mm screws, the use of the 5.5 mm screw in fracture repair in adult horses is recommended.
Evaluation of Fenestration for Treatment of Degenerative Disc Disease in the Caudal Cervical Region of Large Dogs
Authors: LINCOLN JAMES D. , PETTIT GHERY D.
Published: February 2008

Seventeen large dogs (15 Doberman pinschers, one Labrador retriever, and one German short‐haired pointer) with pain and gait abnormalities resulting from caudal cervical intervertebral disc degeneration were treated by disc fenestration. Four dogs recovered completely, two dogs appeared to have recovered but nerve root compression and pain returned 3 years later, five did not recover completely or did not improve, and six became progressively worse. In the dogs that recovered, preoperative myelograms showed that traction on or flexing the neck relieved the spinal cord compression. Such manipulation did not relieve slight persistent compression in the dogs that did not improve nor did it relieve severe compression by disc herniation or spinal canal stenosis in the dogs that became progressively worse. The return of nerve root compression after 3 years in two dogs was attributed to incomplete removal of dorsal anulus fibrosus. It was concluded that disc fenestration alone provided inadequate treatment of caudal cervical degenerative disc disease in large dogs.
Inclination and Anteversion Angles of the Femoral Head and Neck in the Dog Evaluation of a Standard Method of Measurement
Authors: MONTAVON P. M. , HOHN R. B. , OLMSTEAD M. L. , RUDY R. L.
Published: February 2008

The inclination and anteversion angles of the femoral head and neck in 30 mongrel dogs were determined using a radiographic biplanar technique. The angle of anteversion of the 30 necropsy specimens was measured directly and compared with the in vivo radiographic measurements.

The average value for the angles of anteversion, inclination, and corrected real angles of inclination were 31.3°, 148.8°, and 144.7°, respectively. Graphs were established using existing trigonometric relations to facilitate the analysis. The method used was found to be simple, reliable, and accurate. The mean difference between the indirect radiographic biplanar technique and direct measurements on isolated bones was ° 1.5°. The difference between the mean values of anteversion angles determined after radiographic biplanar technique and direct bone measurements was not significant (p > 0.05).
Incarceration of Small Intestine Through Rents in the Gastrosplenic Ligament in the Horse
Authors: YOVICH JOHN V. , STASHAK TED S. , BERTONE ALICIA L.
Published: February 2008

Incarceration of the small intestine through a rent in the gastrosplenic ligament was diagnosed in five horses. Three affected horses were mature males and two were mature females. Persistent moderate to severe abdominal pain, elevated heart rate, congested mucous membranes, serosanguineous peritoneal fluid, and distended small intestine on rectal examination were consistent findings.

Exploratory celiotomy or gross necropsy examination showed the incarcerated intestine to be distal jejunum or ileum. In all horses, the intestine had herniated cranially through the rent in the gastrosplenic ligament. The incarcerated intestine was situated lateral to the stomach and craniolateral to the spleen. Three horses underwent exploratory celiotomy, and the incarcerated small intestine was reduced by gentle traction and then resected. Two of these horses were alive more than 2 years postoperatively without recurrence of signs of abdominal pain, and one was euthanized because of dehiscence of the abdominal incision. Two horses were euthanized without surgical intervention, and necropsy examination revealed a recent rent in the gastrosplenic ligament. This condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of causes of small intestinal strangulation and obstruction in the horse.
Mechanical Testing and Evaluation of Eight Synthetic Casting Materials
Authors: BARTELS KENNETH E. , PENWICK ROGER C. , FREEMAN LYN J. , LOWERY RICHARD L. , ALEXANDER TOM , APPLEMAN KENT , BLOUNT CATHRYN
Published: February 2008

Eight synthetic casting materials were evaluated with respect to tensile and fatigue strengths, exothermicity (evolution of heat during polymerization), permeability (porosity), radiolucency, and cost. Strength determination for a five‐layer sample included measurement of the ultimate load at which a material failed, the ability to absorb energy, and the stiffness a material possessed after application of a cyclic stress. Results indicated that Vet Cast was superior with respect to tensile and fatigue strengths. The exothermic reaction associated with the “curing” or polymerization process was evaluated and not considered excessive although Ultra Cast attained a temperature of 48.0°C and was uncomfortable to handle during application. Permeability was determined. Delta Lite and Hexcelite NS were the most permeable materials and dried more rapidly and thoroughly after immersion than the other casting materials. Hexcelite NS was considered the least radiolucent material and was the most expensive material studied. Each of the synthetic casting materials demonstrated superiority in one or more of the categories tested. No one product demonstrated consistent superiority in criteria appropriate for clinical application.
The Cryosurgical Treatment of Pigmentary Keratitis in Dogs An Experimental and Clinical Study
Authors: HOLMBERG D. L. , SCHEIFER H. B. , PARENT J.
Published: February 2008

Forty normal dogs were exposed to double freezes of a 1 cm diameter area of their central corneas using a liquid nitrogen spray. Postoperative sequelae and final histopathologic results were evaluated. All eyes suffered epithelial damage and developed corneal edema, but dogs followed for 3 weeks returned to a normal or near normal condition. Nine clinical cases of pigmentary keratitis were subsequently treated by cryosurgery. The complications following this technique were similar to those seen in the experimental dogs. Reduction in corneal pigmentation and improvement of vision occurred in all cases.
Open Abdominal Drainage in the Treatment of Generalized Peritonitis in 25 Dogs and Cats
Authors: WOOLFSON JOEL M. , DULISCH MARY L.
Published: February 2008

The case records of 20 dogs and 5 cats that were managed by open peritoneal drainage for generalized peritonitis were reviewed. Although the underlying causes varied, diffuse septic peritonitis was present in all animals. The abdominal incision was closed loosely at the time of the first surgical procedure, and a sterile abdominal wrap was maintained throughout the postoperative period. The abdomen was closed completely in a second surgical procedure performed 2 to 9 days later.

The overall mortality rate was 48%. Most deaths occurred before secondary closure of the abdomen was performed. Complications of open peritoneal drainage were hypopro‐teinemia and nosocomial contamination.