The GEM‐T2 Gravitational Model
Authors: Marsh J. G. , Lerch F. J. , Putney B. H. , Felsentreger T. L. , Sanchez B. V. , Klosko S. M. , Patel G. B. , Robbins J. W. , Williamson R. G. , Engelis T. L. , Eddy W. F. , Chandler N. L. , Chinn D. S. , Kapoor S. , Rachlin K. E. , Braatz L. E. , Pavlis E. C. 
Published: February 2008

GEM‐T2 is the latest in a series of Goddard Earth models of the terrestrial gravitational field. It is the second in a planned sequence of gravity models designed to improve both the modeling capabilities for determining the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite's radial position to an accuracy of 10‐cm RMS and for defining the long‐wavelength geoid to support many oceanographic and geophysical applications. GEM‐T2 includes more than 6OU coefficients above degree 36, the limit for GEM‐T1, and provides a dynamically determined model of the major tidal components which contains 90 terms. Like GEM‐T1, it was produced entirely from satellite tracking data. GEM‐T2 however, now uses nearly twice as many satellites (31 versus 17), contains 3 times the number of observations (2.4 million), and has twice the number of data arcs (1130). GEM‐T2 utilizes laser tracking from 11 satellites, Doppler data from four satellites, two‐ and three‐way range rate data from Landsat‐1, satellite‐to‐satellite tracking data between the geosynchronous ATS 6 and GEOS 3, and optical observations on 20 different orbits. This observation set effectively exhausts the inclination distribution available for gravitational field development from our historical data base. The recovery of the higher degree and order coefficients in GEM‐T2 was made possible through the application of a constrained least squares technique using the known spectrum of the Earth's gravity field as a priori information. The error calibration of the model was performed concurrently with its generation by comparing the complete model against test solutions which omit each individually identifiable data set in turn. The differences between the solutions isolate the contribution of a given data set, and the magnitudes of these differences are compared for consistency against their expected values from the respective solution covariances. The process yields near optimal data weights and assures that the model will be both self‐consistent and well calibrated. GEM‐T2 has benefitted by its application as demonstrated through comparisons using independently derived gravity anomalies from altimelry. Results for the GEM‐T2 error calibration indicate significant improvement over previous satellite‐only GEM models. The accuracy assessment of the lower degree and order coefficients of GEM‐T2 shows that their uncertainties have been reduced by 20% compared to GEM‐T1. The commission error of the geoid has been reduced from 160 cm for GEM‐T1 to 130 cm for GEM‐T2 for the 36 × 36 portion of the field. The orbital accuracies achieved using GEM‐T2 are likewise improved. This is especially true for the Starlette and GEOS 3 orbits where higher‐order resonance terms not present in GEM‐T1 (e.g., terms with m = 42,43) are now well represented in GEM‐T2. The improvement in orbital accuracy of GEM‐T2 over GEM‐T1 extends across all orbit inclinations. This confirms our conclusion that GEM‐T2 offers a significant advance in knowledge of the Earth's gravity field.