bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF AUTONOMY: A MOTIVATIONAL MODEL
Authors: Yanay Niza
Published: May 2006

This paper argues for a pluralistic, experientially constructed self-concept of autonomy that is embodied in self-feelings and is motivationally defined. Such a motivational model of autonomy is proposed in place of the commonly accepted personality-based model, grounded in the analytic tradition in psychology. Using the self-concept approach of the interpretative school as a springboard, the paper reconceptualizes autonomy as constructed within specific social conditions. On the basis of female experience, autonomy is conceived of as a self-authoring experience emanating from the struggle to meet one's needs and achieve one's significant goals. The notions of struggle and significant goals are suggested as key concepts viable for a motivational theory of autonomy.
CONCERN FOR APPROPRIATENESS, RELIGIOSITY, AND GENDER AS PREDICTORS OF ALCOHOL AND MARIJUANA USE
Authors: Bliss Stephen K. , Crown Cynthia L.
Published: May 2006

The validity of the Concern for Appropriateness Scale (CAS) as a direct or indirect predictor of alcohol and marijuana use in college students was investigated in this study. Specifically, the study examined whether the CAS, by itself, predicted self-reported alcohol and marijuana and
whether it interacted with gender and/or religiosity to predict alcohol and marijuana use. The Ss were 143 undergraduate students, and it was found that the CAS directly predicted marijuana use and also interacted with religiosity in the prediction of marijuana use. The results also indicated
that the CAS did not directly predict alcohol use, but the CAS interacted with gender and religiosity in the prediction of alcohol use. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for validity of the CAS as an index of social anxiety.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN STRESS, ILLNESS AND COPING RESOURCES AMONG THE NIGERIAN ELDERLY
Authors: Sijuwade Philip O.
Published: May 2006

Since studies have found only a moderate relationship between life change and illness, researchers have begun to study “coping resources” that facilitate adjustment to life events. Using a sample of 115 elderly residing in the small city of Awe in the Southwestern part of Nigeria, this study examines the relationship between life change and illness for each sex to determine if elderly men and women differ in their vulnerability to life change stress and to identify differences in what serves as a coping resource. The results suggest that elderly women are more responsive to life changes. For women, marriage and self-efficacy were exacerbators; for men, having a confidant exacerbated illness. Resources functioning as coping facilitators for young age groups potentially function as coping inhibitors when related to the largely negative/uncontrollable events of old age. In addition, the sexes may differ in the factors that serve as coping resources.
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF A SELF-REPORT SUICIDE IDEATION SCALE FOR USE WITH ADOLESCENTS
Authors: De Man A. F. , Leduc C. P.
Published: May 2006

English-Canadian high school students (60 boys, 51 girls) participated in a study of the reliability and validity of a self-report version of the Scale for Suicide Ideation. Item analysis, coefficient alpha, and split-half coefficient suggested good reliability. Correlations with selected
personality variables were obtained. Associations were found between suicide ideation and measures of self-esteem, external locus of control, anomy, negative stress, and depression. The scale's correlational characteristics agreed with findings reported in the literature.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN REACTIONS TO FEMALE VICTIMS
Authors: Drout Cheryl E. , Gaertner Samuel L.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship of gender and level of belief in the just world to reactions to victims. Eighty-six female and sixty-five male college students were led to believe that their partner in a study of work groups was a victim of a sexual
assault. A gender difference in the choice of specific justice-restoring strategies was observed. While high just-world males provided significantly more help to victims than controls and low just-world males did not differentiate, female subjects distanced themselves from victims by perceiving
them to be less similar to themselves than controls. Findings are discussed in relation to evidence that attempts to restore justice may evoke a multitude of cognitive and behavioral responses.
SOCIAL DISTANCE AMONG CAUCASIAN-CANADIANS AND ASIAN, LATIN-AMERICAN AND EASTERN EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS IN QUEBEC: A TWO-PART STUDY
Authors: Jerabek I. , De Man A. F.
Published: May 2006

Caucasian Canadians and Asian, Latin-American, and Eastern European immigrants (N=109) participated in a two-part study of inter-group social distance. In the first part, ANOVA showed that of the four groups, Asians reported the greatest social dist ance toward others, whereby they did not differentiate between the three out -groups. Next were the Latin-Americans who preferred Caucasian Canadians over Eastern Europeans and Asians. Eastern Europeans in turn felt closest to Caucasian Canadians and less close to Latin-Americans and Asians. Caucasian Canadians reported the smallest overall social distance; they did not differentiate between the three out-groups. As target group, Caucasian Canadians were more preferred than were Asians, Latin-Americans, and Eastern Europeans. The latter three groups in turn received greatest sympathetic understanding from Caucasian Canadians. In the second part, analyses of the data of the four groups combined indicated that individuals with limited education, low family income, and high authoritarianism perceived greater social distance between themselves and members of out-groups.
CONCERN FOR SELF-PRESENTATION AND SELF-CONGRUENCE: SELF-MONITORING, MACHIAVELLIANISM, AND SOCIAL CONFLICTS
Authors: Leone Christopher , Corte Victoria
Published: May 2006

It was predicted that high self-monitors experience self-presentational conflicts whereas low self-monitors experience self-congruence conflicts. It was also predicted that low self-monitors who were Machiavellian would experience self-presentational conflicts like their high self-monitoring
counterparts. Participants read eight scenarios involving social conflicts in four different contexts and indicated which of two conflicts in each scenario they themselves would experience. Participants were then classified as high or low in self-monitoring and in Machiavellianism. Although
there was an unexpected prevalence of self-congruence conflicts, the results were consistent with our hypotheses. Alternative explanations and future research directions are discussed.
ATTACHMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF BLAME IN DATE RAPE SCENARIOS
Authors: Sheldon-Keller Adrienne , Lloyd-Mcgarvey Elizabeth , West Malcolm , Canterbury R.J.
Published: May 2006

In a questionnaire survey, 2060 students entering university rated various written scenarios involving “date rape.” Each rater rated the behavior of both the aggressor and the victim for how “excusable” his/her behavior was, on a 7-point scale. Half of the
students in the sample received a version of the questionnaire in which the aggressor and victim were in a long-term dating relationship; the other raters received a version in which the aggressor and victim were casual friends. Males rated the behavior of the aggressor as more excusable and
the behavior of the victim as less excusable in the scenario in which the couple were dating steadily than in the scenario in which they were friends. These results are discussed in light of attachment theory.
CULTURAL AND STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF JUSTICE REACTIONS IN THE ECONOMIC DOMAIN
Authors: Lee Jason S. , Stolte John F.
Published: May 2006

We examine cultural and structural perspectives on the determination of distributive justice reactions to economic inequality. The cultural perspective emphasizes consensus and shared norms of justice acquired through uniform socialization processes. The structural perspective emphasizes
variance rather than consensus; it highlights the instrumental use of justice norms to service position-based self-interest. We evaluate the two perspectives using 1980 Detroit Area Study data. Although we find strongest support for the structural perspective, we are unable to reject the cultural
point of view entirely. We conclude that social position is a critical correlate of economic justice reactions, but we also argue that culture and structure, though analytically distinct, function intricately and jointly to determine justice reactions.
PARENTAL CONSIDERATIONS WHEN CHOOSING HIGH SCHOOLS FOR THEIR CHILDREN
Authors: Schmida Mirjam , Katz Yaacov J.
Published: May 2006

The aim of the present study was to examine the pattern of parental choice of high schools for their children, bearing in mind their socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. A representative heterogeneous sample of parents of 220 8th grade boys and girls, who served as the research sample
in the study, responded to the Parental Choice of School Scale. Statistical analyses of the results indicate that middle and upper-middle socioeconomic status parents of Western ethnic origin are characterised by parental choice based on intrinsic parental resources as well as on high level
school prestige. Parents from the lower-middle and lower socioeconomic status and of Oriental ethnic origin were typified by parental choice of high schools based on extrinsic parental resources without the school prestige factor being taken into account. Parents of heterogeneous socioeconomic
status and of Mixed ethnic origin took a “middle of the road” attitude and were characterised by parental choice of high schools that integrated the choices typifying parents of Western and Oriental ethnic origin.
MENOPAUSAL WOMEN AND THE WORK ENVIRONMENT
Authors: High Robert V. , Marcellino Patricia A.
Published: May 2006

A survey was taken of working, post-menopausal women, concerning their menopausal symptoms. The survey addressed itself to any difficulties the women may have faced in the work environment as a result of their menopausal symptoms. The final sample consisted of N = 89 completed survey
instruments. In addition to night sweats and hot flashes, other symptoms reported by at least 40% of the women included weight gain, irritability, depression, bloating, and mood changes. These symptoms were reported as being disruptive to their lives by 47% of the respondents,
with 30% indicating that their job performance had been adversely affected. The symptoms of irritability and mood changes showed significant correlations with job performance. The sample was further analyzed with regard to whether the respondent was in a managerial or non-managerial
position. Excluding the expected night sweats and hot flashes, the non-managerial group showed a significantly higher percentage reporting each symptom in seven of the eight symptoms listed.
EFFECTS OF CONFEDERATE AND SUBJECT GENDER ON CONFORMITY IN A COLOR CLASSIFICATION TASK
Authors: Collin Charles A. , Di Sang Fred , Malik Rajesh
Published: May 2006

Thirty-four college students were asked to classify ambiguous colors (e.g., blue-green) into their components (e.g., blue or green). They did this first while alone and later with confederates who opposed their previous answers. It was found that most subjects conformed to some degree,
with results matching those of classic conformity studies. An ANOVA indicated that female subjects conformed more than males, but that there were no differences based on the gender of the confederates. An interpretation based on superior female emotional sensitivity is offered as an alternative
to past explanations of this recurring gender difference.
EFFECTS OF ENTERTAINMENT AND ENJOYMENT OF TELEVISION PROGRAMS ON PERCEPTION AND MEMORY OF ADVERTISEMENTS
Authors: Norris Claire E. , Colman Andrew M.
Published: May 2006

This study focuses on the hypothesis that entertainment and enjoyment properties of television programs have effects on recall, recognition, and perception of accompanying advertisements similar to the effects of program involvement reported by Norris and Colman (1993). Ninety-nine
subjects each watched one of three television programs accompanied by six unfamiliar advertisements and then responded to questionnaires designed to measure perceptions of the programs and advertisements and memory for the advertisements. Correlations between program ratings and memory for
advertisements were consistently negative but nonsignificant, and program ratings showed no consistent relationship with perceptions of the advertisements. The results provide no evidence that program entertainment and enjoyment, in contrast to involvement, influence advertisement effectiveness,
which suggests that observed context effects depend on the predictor variables investigated.
PERCEPTIONS OF POWER: A COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Aguinis Herman , Nesler Mitchell S. , Quigley Brian M. , Tedeschi James T.
Published: May 2006

Upper level college students in the United States (N=28) were presented with vignettes describing a manager as possessing either (a) high coercive and reward power, or (b) low coercive and reward power. The manipulation of these two power bases had a significant impact on all five of French and Raven's (1959) power bases (i.e., referent, coercive, expert, legitimate, and reward). Moreover, population effect size estimates (eta-squares) were noticeably large, ranging from. 17 to.68. These findings are interpreted utilizing a cognitive perspective, and expanding the construct of cognitive structures to the realm of social power.
DISSOCIATION IN ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND BULIMIA NERVOSA
Authors: Schumaker John F. , Warren William G. , Schreiber Gwenda S. , Jackson Craig C.
Published: May 2006

The present study employed the Riley Questionnaire of Experiences of Dissociation in order to assess degree of dissociation in females diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and bulimia. The subjects consisted of 26 anorexic and 18 bulimic females, and a non eating-disordered control group
of 22 females. Results indicated that eating disordered subjects, considered together, had significantly higher dissociation scores than the non eating-disordered control group. Additionally, when considered separately, both the anorexic and bulimic groups had significantly higher dissociation
scores than the control subjects. No significant difference was found in the level of dissociation between anorexic and bulimic groups. These findings are discussed in relation to previous investigations and implications for possible future research and treatment.
PRIVACY PREFERENCES AND CLASSROOM SEAT SELECTION
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: May 2006

The relationship between privacy preferences and the location of selected seats in a classroom was investigated. Subjects were 17 men and 34 women in an undergraduate psychology class. The location of the seat selected in a rectangular classroom was described according to depth: front,
middle, and back. Privacy preferences were measured using Marshalls (1974) Privacy Preference Scale. Those who opted to sit in the back were significantly higher on the Not Neighboring and Seclusion scales.
STRUCTURE AND PROCESSING OF THE PERCEIVED ATTITUDES OF OTHERS: BEYOND “LIBERAL” AND “CONSERVATIVE”
Authors: Grant Malcolm J. , Edward Hannah T. , Ross Abraham S. , Button Cathryn M.
Published: May 2006

Button et al. (1993a) have recently proposed that a Liberal-Conservative dimension and a Traditional-Radical dimension underly people's perceptions and understanding of others' attitudes. The present study examined implications of this two-dimensional model for how people process attitudinal information. Subjects formed impressions of target persons whose attitudes varied inconsistency on one or both of the critical dimensions. On both dimensions, subjects took longer to assimilate inconsistent than consistent information. Compared to consistent attitudes, inconsistent ones were rated as fitting less well with subjects' overall impressions of the targets. In addition, comparisons of fit ratings given to particular attitude combinations provided support for Button's two-dimensional model and contradicted two alternative one-dimensional models. Possible connections between Button's model and those related to attitude activation, heuristic and systematic processing, and trait impressions are discussed.
PUNISHMENT HISTORY AND ADULT ATTITUDES TOWARDS VIOLENCE AND AGGRESSION IN MEN AND WOMEN
Authors: Macintyre Daniel I. , Cantrell Peggy J.
Published: May 2006

Some sociological and psychological theories view physical punishment as a form of violence which promotes violent behavior and attitudes in children. However, it is used by 90% of American parents. The long-term impact of such widespread reliance on physical punishment on children's
lives is largely speculative, as there is a paucity of empirical research in this area.The current study examines reported types of punishment during childhood and adult attitudes towards violence and interpersonal aggression. Differences in men and women are also examined. Two hundred
and forty college students participated. Men and women reported different histories of punishment type, and differed in attitudes towards violence and interpersonal aggression. No relationship was found between punishment history and current attitudes towards violence and interpersonal aggression.
HOW YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN ASSESS PARENTS OF A CHILD SUICIDE VICTIM
Authors: Ellis Son B. , Lane Debra
Published: May 2006

Research in the area of attitudes toward child suicide may aid professionals in helping grieving friends and families and help pinpoint areas where more education maybe needed. This study examined the differences between young men and women in their blaming of parents for a child's
suicide. A total of 124 people read one of three scenarios and answered the Youth Suicide Scale (YSS). Results revealed men to be more blaming of parents of a child suicide than were women. There was no main effect for the age of the victim in the scenarios when using the total YSS score,
but when using only question four, replicating past use of the YSS, subjects blamed the parents of the 10 year old more than the other two age groups.
RESISTANCE AND MOTIVATION - MORAL, POLITICAL OR PERSONAL? ISRAELI SOLDIERS AS SELECTIVE CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS DURING THE INTIFADA
Authors: Linn Ruth
Published: May 2006

A person's belief in the moral character of his own act is surely not the only court before which that act may be judged. While a reflective conscience is a necessary court, and a very important one, it is not a sufficient one. The audience would want to know whether the individual was acting conscientiously, and whether this way of acting might have moral and/or political motivation. The following paper utilizes Cohen's model for identification of the motivatio n for conscientious disobedience and develops a model of a personally motivated refusal as well.
SEXUAL DESIRE AND THE DISSIPATION OF ANGER AROUSAL THROUGH HUMOR APPRECIATION; GENDER AND CONTENT ISSUES
Authors: Prerost Frank J.
Published: May 2006

Previous empirical investigations have shown that an individuals approach to sexual activity and fantasy is related to the level of sexual desire. The appreciation of humor with sexual or aggressive content can be influenced by a state of sexual or aggression arousal which can then
be influenced by enjoying those forms of humor. This study examined the effects of presenting humor with either sexual, aggressive or neutral content to angered and non-angered males (N=180) and females (N=180) who were differentiated for their level of sexual desire. High sexual desire subjects
showed greatest enjoyment of sexual humor, but males showed the highest levels of appreciating aggressive humor. The high sexual desire subjects were able to diminish their anger through appreciation of either sexual or aggressive humor content.
DISSOCIATION AND DEPRESSION IN EATING DISORDERS
Authors: Schumaker John F. , Warren William G. , Carr Stuart C. , Schreiber Gwenda S. , Jackson Craig C.
Published: May 2006

Measures of dissociation and depression were obtained from 26 women with anorexia nervosa, 18 with bulimia nervosa, and 31 non eating disordered controls using the Questionnaire of Experiences of Dissociation (Riley, 1988) and the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock
& Erbaugh, 1961). Eating disordered subjects scored significantly higher on both dissociation and depression than non eating disordered subjects. A moderate positive correlation was found between dissociation and depression in both the anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa groups. The data
are discussed in terms of previous research and possible future studies. The necessity for further enquiry of the role of dissociation in the etiology of eating disorders is underscored.
MANAGERS' INTENTIONS TO BE ASSESSED FOR NATIONAL VOCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS: AN APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
Authors: Norman Paul , Bonnett Celia
Published: May 2006

Conducted in a single organization in the U.K., the present study applied the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to the prediction of managers' intentions to be assessed for level 4 of the recently introduced national vocational qualification, and in doing so sought to identify the
factors important in influencing managers' (n=106) decisions. The TPB was found to account for 31% of the variance in managers' intentions to be assessed, with attitudes towards assessment, perceptions of normative pressure and perceptions of control all emerging as significant
independent predictors. When other work-related factors were considered, age also emerged as a predictor variable with younger managers being more likely to intend to be assessed. These results, when considered in conjunction with other studies which have employed the earlier Theory of Reasoned
Action, suggest that the Theory of Planned Behavior may provide an appropriate framework for understanding and predicting workrelated decisions and behavior.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THE MULTIFACTORIAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF GENDER CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Aube Jennifer , Norcliffe Hilary , Koestner Richard
Published: May 2006

Two studies examined the relation of gender-related physical characteristics (such as a deep voice or broad shoulders) to other aspects of gender. The first study used an open-ended survey to identify physical characteristics and mannerisms that are associated with judgements of masculinity and femininity in men and women. In a second study, subjects' gender-related physical attributes and mannerisms were coded during a five minute videotaped interaction and related to other aspects of gender such as personality traits, interests and role behaviors, gender identity, and gender adequacy. The results showed that gender-related physical attributes were consistently associated with other gender characteristics for men but not women. The studies suggest that physical characteristics and mannerisms should be included as an important component in the emerging multifactorial conception of gender identity.
LIFE EVENTS, CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT, ACHIEVEMENT EXPECTATION, AND DEPRESSION AMONG EARLY ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Cheung Siu-Kau
Published: May 2006

Recent studies have consistently found that recent life events are related to depressive symptoms among children and adolescents. A supportive environment is frequently demonstrated to moderate the impact of life events. However, most of the studies focus only on the family environment,
while the school environment is grossly neglected. The present study examines the effect of social support and achievement efficacy on depression and its possible moderating role among 3,582 early adolescents. It is found that a supportive environment and a sense of achievement expectation
have a direct beneficial effect on adolescents, but only achievement expectation demonstrates the moderating effect. The implications of the findings are discussed.
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN ELECTRODERMAL LABILITY
Authors: Cruz Maribel H. , Larsen Randy J.
Published: May 2006

This study examined relationships between individual differences in the spontaneous fluctuation rate of electrodermal activity (EDA lability) and a battery of personality measures. In contrast to previous work, which emphasizes cognitive correlates of EDA lability, in this study a broad-band
personality inventory and specific emotion-relevant personality dispositions were administered. A sample of 62 male and female undergraduates completed a battery of personality questionnaires and a laboratory session where spontaneous, nonspecific skin conductance responses were recorded while
the subject was at rest in a sound attenuated and dimly lit room. The strongest personality correlate of resting EDA lability, consistent across sexes, was neuroticism (N), with a high N Ss exhibiting more spontaneous sympathetic nervous system activity than low N Ss. Beyond Neuroticism, other
results reveal a different pattern of personality correlates of EDA lability in men and women. Discussion focuses on possible sources for this sex difference.
ISSUES REGARDING THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL CONSEQUENCE OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT
Authors: Ralston Roy W
Published: May 2006

Perception of interactional cues across gender and the consequent impact on degrees of perceived sexual harassment are examined within an evolving American organizational/institutional context. The socialization process is seen to differentiate perspectives influencing contrasting
masculine and feminine perceptual parameters increasing the probability of misperception of interactional cues (to include potentially offensive/harassing behavior) across gender. The effects of allegations of sexual harassment transcend the interpersonal interactions/working relationships
within the specific encounters in question facilitated by the redefinition of collective personality structures contributing to the directed redistribution of structural/organizational power.
DEVELOPMENTAL TEASING ABOUT PHYSICAL APPEARANCE: RETROSPECTIVE DESCRIPTIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS WITH BODY IMAGE
Authors: Cash Thomas F.
Published: May 2006

Among the potential influences on body-image development are experiences of appearance-related teasing and criticism during childhood or adolescence. The present study of 111 female college students examined the recollection of such experiences. Persistent appearance teasing/criticism
was commonly recalled and its physical foci were diverse, though facial characteristics and weight were apparently most often targeted. Peers were deemed the worst perpetrators of appearance teasing/criticism, yet family members, especially brothers, were also often implicated. Women who
reported having had more prevalent and distressing experiences of this nature currently held more dissatisfying and disturbing body images.
VALIDATION OF THE EP4 NEUROTICISM SUBSCALES USING A JAPANESE SAMPLE
Authors: Loo Robert
Published: May 2006

Recently, researchers have been examining the structure of the Neuroticism (N) scale in the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Several have proposed that the N scale reflects two distinct components. The purpose of the present study was to provide a cross-cultural examination
of the dual nature of the EPQ's N scale using a sample of 246 Japanese undergraduates. This study found support for Roger and Morris' (1991) position that the N scale reflects a “Social Sensitivity” and a “Moodiness” component. There was also some support
for Francis' (1993) sex-related component (N-S) but not the sex-free component (N-A). Concerns were raised over the psychometric properties of the scale especially the internal consistency reliability.
‘NEW RACISM’, SELF-ESTEEM, AND ETHNIC RELATIONS AMONG MINORITY AND MAJORITY YOUTH IN THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: Verkuyten M. , Masson K.
Published: May 2006

In Western Europe the concept of ‘new racism’ has emerged. The idea of the incompatibility of different cultures is central to this concept, and this idea leads to the abnormalization and exclusion of ethnic minority groups. This paper studies this form of ethnic prejudice
and several of its correlates among ethnic majority and minority youth. The results show, first, that majority youth were more prejudiced than minority youth. Second, that among majority youth prejudice correlated positively with personal self-esteem as well as with self-esteem as an ethnic
group member, whereas among minority youth a negative association was found. Third, among majority youth positive ingroup evaluation in combination with prejudice was found, whereas among minority youth a more positive ingroup evaluation was associated with less prejudice. Fourth, among majority
youth prejudice was very strongly correlated with a measure of social distance, with rate of voluntary inter-ethnic contacts, and with level of outgroup formation. Among minority youth these associations were much weaker.
STATUS INTEGRATION AND SUICIDE AMONG NATIVE AMERICAN WOMEN
Authors: Young Thomas J. , French Laurence
Published: May 2006

The present study sought cross-cultural replication of studies reporting positive correlations for the percent of women in the labor force and suicide rates for men, supporting status integration theory. Contrary to expectations, data from the U.S. Indian Health Service areas yielded
a significant, positive Pearson correlation coefficient for women but a nonsignificant correlation for men. Implications for cross-cultural research on status integration and suicide are discussed.
THE MULTIFACTORIAL ACHIEVEMENT SCALE AS A PREDICTOR OF SALARY GROWTH AND MOTIVATION AMONG MIDDLE-MANAGERS
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: May 2006

Sixty-nine middle managers employed by an Australian manufacturing company completed the 49-item Multifactorial Achievement Scale (MAS) designed to assess six discrete aspects of need for achievement, and indicated the size of their salary increases since joining the firm. Superior ratings of their work motivation were also obtained. A principal components factor analysis yielded a single factor that accounted for 61.4 percent of the variance, rather than the six factors hypothesized to underlie the MAS. However, significant correlations were obtained between most of the subscales of the MAS an index of salary growth and the ratings of work motivation. These findings are interpreted as offering support to the MAS as an alternative scale for assessing need for achievement among managerial samples.
THE EFFECTS OF MORTALITY SALIENCE ON PERSONALLY-RELEVANT PERSUASIVE APPEALS
Authors: Solomon Sheldon , Greenberg Jeff , Psyzczynskii Tom , Pryzbylinski Janine
Published: May 2006

The effects of mortality salience on personally-relevant persuasive appeals were investigated by exposing subjects to strong or weak arguments about a personally-relevant issue by an expert or nonexpert source following a mortality salience or control induction, and then measuring subjects'
attitudes about that issue. A significant mortality salience X argument source X strength of arguments interaction was found. In control conditions, subjects were more persuaded by strong than weak arguments when the source of the persuasive appeal was a nonexpert, but not when the source
was an expert. Conversely, when mortality was made salient, subjects were more persuaded by strong than weak arguments when the source of the appeal was an expert, but not when the source was a nonexpert. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, and directions
for future research are considered.
SPONTANEOUS RESPONSES TO THINKING ABOUT DISEASE DETECTION AND HEALTH PROMOTION BEHAVIORS
Authors: Millar Murray G. , Millar Karen U.
Published: May 2006

In the present study, we examined whether the Health Belief Model (HBM) variables were appropriate for understanding thought about different types of health behaviors. It was predicted that thought about performing a disease detection behavior would produce more responses referring
to susceptibility and severity than thought about health promotion behaviors. Ninety-five participants indicated their spontaneous responses to thought about five disease detection behaviors or five health promotion behaviors. Responses were content analyzed for references to HBM variables.
As expected, participants who considered disease detection behaviors made significantly more references to perceived severity and personal susceptibility than participants who considered health promotion behaviors.
PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DUTCH FOOTBALL FANS AND NONFANS
Authors: Russell Gordon W. , Goldstein Jeffrey H.
Published: May 2006

The present study provided a comparison of Dutch football fans (N=60) with nonfans (N=43) using an individual differences approach. While football supporters scored higher on a measure of psychopathy, there was no difference on an assault scale. Within the sample of fans, both assault
scores and anticipating a “hard fought” match were positively related to fans' self-reported likelihood of involving themselves in a fight. Additionally, those most supportive of their team expressed a greater likelihood of joining in a disturbance. The results were discussed
in the light of recent findings with Canadian ice hockey spectators.
ATTITUDES AND PERSONALITY TRAITS OF FEMALE ADULT VICTIMS OF CHILDHOOD ABUSE: A COMPARISON OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND INCARCERATED WOMEN
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , Maksymchuk Lesa L. , Antonowicz Daniel
Published: May 2006

A survey of 39 University undergraduate female students and 13 incarcerated female victims was undertaken to investigate the personality traits of victims of sexual abuse. The University population was comprised of 24 non-victims and 15 victims. A comparison of the three groups was
completed with a battery of psychometric tests examining personality style, and a survey of their attitudes toward sexual offenders. Significant differences emerged on trait and state anxiety; on clinical scales of the MMPI, and the hostility scale of the Suicide Probability Scale. There was
unanimous agreement among all three groups surveyed (100%) that sex offenders should receive treatment. Moreover, there was also a consensus amongst university students (100%) that sex offenders should be incarcerated for two years or more, whereas only 53.8% of incarcerated
victims considered a sentence of two or more years appropriate.
CONFORMITY AND INDEPENDENCE REVISITED
Authors: Neto Felix
Published: May 2006

This study aimed at investigating whether conformity in the experimental setting suggested by Asch was particularly related to American culture and less likely to be replicable elsewhere - e. g. in Portugal - as has been suggested more recently. Thus, Asch's classic conformity
and independence experiment was replicated, using women psychology students in a Portuguese university as minority of one, unanimous majority group, and control Ss. The original procedure was re-enacted as similarly as possible using a computer program. Among “critical” Ss 59%
conformed at least once, 28% yielded three to twelve times. Among control Ss 27% erred at least once, 3.3% made more than three errors. These differences between critical and control Ss were significant. Thus, recent university students in Portugal showed that the degree
of conformity to a unanimous peer-group opinion remains observable. They reported considerable distress under the group pressure.
CANADIANS' BELIEF IN CATHARSIS
Authors: Russell Gordon W. , Arms Robert L. , Bibby Reginald W.
Published: May 2006

A national sample (N=3,815) of 15 to 19-year-old Canadian high school students responded to a questionnaire that assessed attitudes toward contemporary social problems, e.g., violence in schools, against women and that associated with youth gangs. Beliefs in catharsis were measured
by asking respondents to indicate the extent to which participating in, and observing, aggression, reduces one's level of aggression. Males provided stronger support than females for the beliefs that participation in, and the observation of, aggressive activity reduces subsequent aggression.
The perceived seriousness of social problems that involve elements of violence was unrelated to beliefs about participation in aggressive activity. However, a strong pattern of associations demonstrated that those holding cathartic beliefs with respect to the observation of aggression perceived
the social problems as less serious.
ACCULTURATION AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS AS DETERMINANTS OF DEPRESSION AMONG PUERTO RICANS IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Canabal Maria E. , Quiles Jose A.
Published: May 2006

This paper examines the relationship between degree of acculturation and depression among Puerto Ricans in the United States, controlling for other personal and socio-economic variables. The data analyzed came from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES), 198284. For this study a sample of 1,519 of Puerto Ricans 20 years old or older was analyzed using regression (OLS) procedures. The findings of this study did not confirm the assumption that the higher the degree of acculturation among Puerto Ricans the higher the degree of social behavioral adjustment. Rather the data showed that socioeconomic variables such as poverty status and unemployment have a much stronger impact on depression symptoms than acculturation.
CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON ELDER ABUSE AS A FAMILY DILEMMA
Authors: Sijuwade Philip O.
Published: May 2006

Comparative studies of cases by type of elder abuse disclosed distinct profiles of abuse, neglect, and financial exploitation. Physical and psychological abuse were more closely associated with the problems of perpetrators than the victim. Victim-perpetrator dependency, perpetration psychopathology, and care giver stress, emerge from the comparative studies as major risk factors for elder mistreatment with substance abuse and social isolation as serious contributing elements. Elder abuse challenges belief in the sanctity of the home and the inherent goodness of man. Also, it raises basic ethical and legal dilemmas regarding the elder's right to self determination and society's desire to intervene. To arrive at a better understanding of this difficult problem, the experience of all countries will be needed.
BASIC TEMPERAMENT COMPONENTS OF LONELINESS, SHYNESS, AND CONFORMITY
Authors: Mehrabian Albert , Stefl Catherine A.
Published: May 2006

The PAD Temperament Model provides a general framework for personality description and consists of three nearly independent dimensions: Trait Pleasure-displeasure, Trait Arousability, and Trait Dominance-submissiveness. The present study analyzed the Shyness, Loneliness, and Conformity
scales within the PAD Model. Shyness resembled trait anxiety and neuroticism and was composed of unpleasant, arousable, and submissive characteristics, with submissiveness the strongest and arousability the weakest components. Loneliness, like depression, was composed of unpleasant and submissive
qualities, although submissiveness was a much weaker component of loneliness than of depression. A new Conformity Scale evidenced a strong negative correlation with Trait Dominance and was independent of Trait Pleasure and Trait Arousability. Implications of the findings for clinical intervention
were discussed.
PREMENSTRUAL SYMPTOMS AND THE FEMALE EMPLOYEE
Authors: High Robert V. , Marcellino Patricia A.
Published: May 2006

A survey was taken of working women concerning any premenstrual symptoms they may have experienced and the self-reported effects) on their job productivity. The sample consisted of n = 197 completed survey instruments. The most commonly listed symptoms (listed by more than 50%
of the respondents) were: irritability, bloating, mood changes, depression, weight gain, headaches, and anger. These symptoms were reported as affecting job performance by 57% of the women and 40% indicated feeling less productive during the onset of premenstrual symptoms. The
symptoms of mood changes, irritability, anger, and depression were significantly correlated with lower job performance as reported by the women. When the sample was divided into three groups based on age, there were no significant differences in the reporting of premenstrual symptoms and the
severity of the symptoms. However, the three groups did show significant differences in the way the symptoms were reported to have affected their job performance. The younger group of women had a significantly higher proportion of respondents reporting that their premenstrual symptoms were
adversely affecting their lives and job performance/productivity. Finally, when the sample was divided between managerial and non-managerial women, no significant differences were found.
SELF-ESTEEM, AND SELF-CONCEPT CLARITY IN CHINESE STUDENTS
Authors: Nicholas Hamid P. , Cheng Christopher
Published: May 2006

Critical self-framing factors and salient self-referent attributes were examined for their usefulness in predicting global self-esteem. On twelve attributes 186 Hong Kong Chinese students rated their self-view, the importance of each attribute, and their certainty of possessing each
attribute. Self-rating was related to self-esteem in a simple unitary manner. Importance of attribute contributed little to the analysis while certainty was related to self-esteem only for students with strongly positive self-views. A pattern of difference in emphasis for high and low self-esteem
students on social attributes was clearly distinguishable. The results are discussed in terms of their cultural implications and strategy for maintaining self-esteem.
VULNERABILITY TO STRESS AS A FUNCTION OF AGE, SEX, LOCUS OF CONTROL, HARDINESS AND TYPE A PERSONALITY
Authors: Clarke David E.
Published: May 2006

Vulnerability to stress as a function of age, sex, health locus of control, hardiness and Type A behavior was examined by multiple regression analysis of scores from scales completed by 283 university students. Only age and hardiness contributed significantly but minimally to variance
in vulnerability. Young and hardy students had better health habits than older or less hardy ones. The means and standard deviations of scores on the vulnerability and personality type scales were very low. Scales appropriate for the New Zealand population need to be developed and standardized
to provide reliable measures of personal variables associated with stress.
“THUS WE LIVE, FOREVER TAKING LEAVE”: THE LAUNCHING STAGE IN THE ISRAELI FAMILY
Authors: Lomranz Jacob
Published: May 2006

This study conceptualized family launching processes and investigated the reactions of Israeli parents to the conscription of their eldest son into the army, an event normatively initiating launching in the Israeli family. On the basis of family life cycle and adult developmental theory, parents' reactions were conceptualized in terms of two major launching-related tendencies:Holding, andReleasing. A specially constructed Holding/Releasing Questionnaire (HRQ), was administered to 160 couples whose eldest son had been serving in the army for 20 months or less. Results showed no correlation between Holding and Releasing, suggesting two independent and complementary forces in the launching process. Releasing was generally adopted more strongly than Holding, mothers being higher on Holding than fathers. Both, Holding and Releasing correlated negatively with education, and Holding also correlated negatively with personal well-being. The relationships between the HRQ and country of origin, attitudes and relevant past experience, revealed certain gender differences. Findings are discussed in light of launching processes, family theory and developmental interpretations of this major transition in the adult and family life cycle, with reference to the specific cultural context as well as to more general implications.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN OVERT AND COVERT MEASURES OF SEXISM
Authors: Weber Deanne L. , Joel Wade T.
Published: May 2006

The present research was conducted to examine individual differences in responses to overt and coven measures of sexism. First, 25 women and 16 men rated the negative content of sexist statements in order to create a covert and an overt measure of sexism. Next, an additional group of
35 men and-74 women responded to these measures in order to determine the relationships between sex, educational maturity, political party affiliation, participation in a gender awareness course, willingness to help a woman in the future and covert and overt sexism. Main effects for sex of
respondent, and enrollment in a gender awareness course were hypothesized such that men, and students not enrolled in a gender awareness course would score higher than women, and students in a gender awareness course on both measures with scores for the covert measure being highest. Additionally,
sex by political party affiliation, sex by educational maturity, and sex by willingness to help a woman in the future interactions were hypothesized such that conservative men, men with less educational maturity, and men unwilling to help a woman in the future would score higher than women
in each case. Once again for each interaction men's scores for the coven items were hypothesized to be highest. Results obtained partially supported the hypotheses. Main effects for sex, and willingness to help a woman in the future, and a sex by enrollment in a gender awareness course
interaction occurred. Results are discussed in terms of existing research and the lack of awareness of sexism in current society.
RECONCEPTUALIZING THE PRIVATE SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS SUBSCALE
Authors: Kingree J.B. , Barry Ruback R.
Published: May 2006

Three studies, part of a larger investigation of the effects of self-help groups, examined the structure of the private self-consciousness scale (Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975). Two of these studies sampled children of alcoholics enrolled in an urban university and one sampled
participants in a substance abuse treatment program. Factor analyses and correlational patterns across the three studies revealed that the private self-consciousness measure is composed of two orthogonal subscales, suggesting that the continued use of the entire 10-item private self-consciousness
measure is inappropriate.
GENDER AND THE PATHWAYS TO SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING
Authors: Forest Kay B.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to explore gender differences in the pathways to life satisfaction and happiness. The analysis focused on the effects of undesirable events and the intervening influences of subjective assessments and social statuses. Using GSS(NORC) date from 1987–1990
(women=915 and men=700) findings suggest that men and women are more similar than different in their responses to undesirable life events. Modifying influences, however, appear to reject some gender-role effects. Women also experienced a persistent influence from distal events on life satisfaction,
while men were more responsive to recent conditions in terms of global happiness. Overall, there was mixed support for gender differences found elsewhere in the life events literature.
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF SELF-MONITORING AND GENDER TO PREADOLESCENTS' FRIENDSHIP EXPECTATIONS
Authors: Broderick Patricia C. , Beltz Catherine M.
Published: May 2006

The contributions of self-monitoring and gender to preadolescent friendship expectations were explored in a sample of 200 fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth grade students. Chum pairs were identified on the basis of mutuality and stability in order to examine relationships between dyads
in friendship expectations. Goals of the study were essentially exploratory because of the limited data base on self-monitoring in children. Girls had higher levels of self-monitoring and were more likely to be part of a chum pair. Younger students were more likely to expect overt expressions
of friendship. The relationship predicted between dyads in their level of self-monitoring, as found in adult friendships, was not present in preadolescents. Certain trends in the friendship expectations of high and low self-monitors were suggestive of the conceptual understanding of the self-monitoring
construct.