bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilization of allopurinol in the Australian community
Authors: Chung Y. , Lu C. Y. , Graham G. G. , Mant A. , Day R. O.
Published: April 2008

Background:  International data suggest that suboptimal use of allopurinol is common. Allopurinol dose should be lower in renal impairment, but higher when gout is not controlled. The aim of the study was to examine trends in the usage of allopurinol in the Australian community.

Methods:  Community dispensing data on the urate‐lowering drugs allopurinol and probenecid were obtained from databases kept by Medicare Australia and the Drug Utilization Sub‐Committee, for January 1992 to December 2005.

Results:  Allopurinol comprised 98.4% of all prescriptions for urate‐lowering drugs dispensed during 2005. Most prescriptions were for allopurinol 300 mg, but there was a steady shift towards use of allopurinol 100 mg in all states and territories over the period of the study. There were marked variations in prescribing rates across the country. New South Wales had the highest rate of subsidized prescribing for allopurinol 300 mg (39.3 per 1000 population). Tasmania had the highest rate for allopurinol 100 mg (14.3 per 1000 population), which coincided with an educational programme to decrease allopurinol dose in patients with renal impairment. Prescribing rates in the Northern Territory were substantially lower than all other regions, at 10.8 and 3.3 prescriptions per 1000 population for allopurinol 300 and 100 mg, respectively.

Conclusion: 
The increased uptake of allopurinol 100 mg suggests greater adherence to dosing guidelines and that there is value in educational programmes to optimize drug usage. Variability in utilization rates across regions indicates the need for research on factors responsible. Precise understanding of dosing trends requires access to deidentified, individual dosing data.
Adverse effects of dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 inhibition in rodents revisited
Authors: Burkey B. F. , Hoffmann P. K. , Hassiepen U. , Trappe J. , Juedes M. , Foley J. E.
Published: April 2008

Aim:  To evaluate the association between inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)‐8 and/or DPP‐9 organ toxicities and mortality in rodents.

Research Design and Methods:  The relative selectivity of the DPP‐4 inhibitor, vildagliptin, was determined by comparing its KI (concentration of compound yielding 50% inhibition of the enzyme) values for inhibition of recombinant human DPP‐4, DPP‐8 and DPP‐9 assessed in vitro. In experiments performed in vivo, vildagliptin was administered by gavage for 13 weeks, at doses up to 1500 mg/kg/day in CD‐1 mice and at doses up to 900 mg/kg/day in Wistar rats. Plasma concentrations of vildagliptin were assessed at week 12, and toxicities previously ascribed to inhibition of DPP‐8 and/or DPP‐9 were assessed at week 13.

Results:  The KI values for vildagliptin‐induced inhibition of DPP‐4, DPP‐8 and DPP‐9 were 3, 810 and 95 nM respectively. The mean plasma concentration 24 h after dose after 12‐week daily dosing with 1500 mg/kg/day in mice was 2279 nM. The mean plasma drug level 24 h after dose after 12‐week daily dosing with 900 mg/kg/day in rats was 5729 nM. These high doses maintained plasma drug levels well above the KI values for DPP‐8 and DPP‐9 throughout a 24‐h period. At these high doses, the toxicities of a selective DPP‐8/DPP‐9 inhibitor that were reported previously (100% mortality in mice, alopecia, thrombocytopenia, reticulocytopenia, enlarged lymph nodes, splenomegaly and 20% mortality in rats) were not observed.

Conclusions:  Inhibition of DPP‐8 and DPP‐9 per se does not lead to organ toxicities and mortality in rodents. Thus, a mechanism other than DPP‐8/DPP‐9 inhibition likely underlies the toxicity previously reported to be associated with a selective DPP‐8/DPP‐9 inhibitor.
Parental Depressive Symptoms, Children's Representations of Family Relationships, and Child Adjustment
Authors: Cummings E. Mark , Schermerhorn Alice C. , Keller Peggy S. , Davies Patrick T.
Published: April 2008

This study extends the investigation of family process models of parental dysphoria and child adjustment, by examining depressive symptoms in both fathers and mothers, and by examining children's representations of family relationships as possible explanatory mechanisms. Participants were 232 children (Time 1 mean age: 5.99; 105 boys, 127 girls) and their cohabiting parents, who participated for three consecutive years. Children's internal representations of multiple family relationships were assessed by means of a story stem completion task. Structural equation modeling indicated that children's inter‐parental and attachment representations are part of the process whereby parental depressive symptoms influence child externalizing symptoms. Maternal depressive symptoms also predicted changes in children's representations of marital and attachment relationships over time. The implications for family process models of relations between parental depressive symptoms in community samples and child development are discussed.
Family Relations and the Adjustment of Young Children of Mexican Descent: Do Family Cultural Values Moderate These Associations?
Authors: Gamble Wendy C. , Modry‐Mandell Kerri
Published: April 2008

This study examined the role of family cultural values as moderators of the association between family relations and the adjustment of young children. Fifty‐five families of Mexican descent with young children enrolled in Head Start programs in the Southwest participated. Mothers provided information about closeness of the mother–child relationship, warmth in the sibling relationship, child behavior problems, and familism and simpatía, or two cultural values associated with families of Mexican origin. The children's preschool teachers provided information about child emotional adjustment and social functioning with peers six months later. Familism was found to act as a moderator, whereby warmth and closeness in family relationships coupled with the endorsement of a family cultural value that complements these relationship characteristics was associated with more optimal functioning in preschool classrooms. Results demonstrate the need to evaluate family cultural values or beliefs systems in conjunction with qualities of family relationships as determinants of children's developmental outcomes. Specifically, familism emerged as a family characteristic capable of promoting young children's adjustment within and beyond the family context.
Retrenching or renovating the Australian welfare state: the paradox of the Howard government's neo‐liberalism
Authors: Mendes Philip
Published: April 2008

Most conventional studies of the former Australian Liberal–National Coalition government refer to its neo‐liberal ideological agenda: its concern to reduce government interference with free market outcomes by restricting access to social security payments. That analysis suggests a substantial retrenchment of the Australian welfare state based on redirecting responsibility for the disadvantaged from government to corporations, private individuals and families. Yet there is increasing evidence from reliable sources that the government has not reduced social expenditure, and that increasing resources have been directed, particularly via the family payments system, towards some disadvantaged groups such as low‐income families and the aged. Utilising the theory of the US political scientist Paul Pierson, this article explores the joint paradox of Australian neo‐liberalism: the punitive treatment of some disadvantaged groups such as the disabled and lone parents versus the generosity towards other groups and, more generally, the growth rather than decline in social expenditure. The author asks what this paradox tells us about the likely future of the welfare state in Australia and elsewhere.
How does economic globalisation affect the welfare state? Focusing on the mediating effect of welfare regimes
Authors: Kim Tae Kuen , Zurlo Karen
Published: April 2008

In recent years the impact of globalisation on the welfare state has become a major issue in comparative policy studies. Some empirical studies demonstrate a negative relationship between globalisation and the welfare state, while others show adverse findings or a non‐significant relationship. The impact of globalisation, however, can be neither uniform nor unidirectional because of the differences in the political economies of individual welfare states. Welfare regimes reflect qualitative differences in arrangements of welfare institutions and the associated enduring configuration of the welfare nexus, suggesting that welfare regimes may influence the impact of globalisation on the welfare state. We scrutinise the relationship between globalisation and the welfare state by sampling 18 affluent countries from 1980 to 2001 and concentrating on the mediating effect of three welfare regime types. Our study provides a comprehensive examination of the relationship between globalisation and the welfare state using a state‐of‐the‐art analytical technique – the mixed‐effect model. Findings suggest that welfare regimes respond differently to the impact of globalisation and therefore mediate the relationship between globalisation and the welfare state. Globalisation negatively affects the welfare state in a social democratic regime, while it marginally affects the welfare state in liberal and conservative regimes.
Determining socio‐demographic predictors of treatment dropout: results in a therapeutic community
Authors: López‐Goñi José J. , Fernández‐ Montalvo Javier , Illescas Cristina , Landa Natalia , Lorea Iñaki
Published: April 2008

This article presents a study of a number of socio‐demographic factors that predict treatment dropout from a residential substance use disorder programme in Spain (Proyecto Hombre Therapeutic Community). A sample of 430 patients (173 who completed treatment and 257 who dropped out of treatment) was assessed at entry to the therapeutic community programme in order to collect information on socio‐demographic characteristics of the participants. According to the results obtained, factors that predicted treatment dropout included younger age, male gender and previous treatment history in the Proyecto Hombre therapeutic community. Patients with these characteristics were at significantly greater risk of dropping out of treatment. The implications of these results for further research and clinical practice are commented upon.
Inhibition of MMP‐3 or ‐9 suppresses lipopolysaccharide‐induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS in microglia
Authors: Woo Moon‐Sook , Park Jin‐Sun , Choi In‐Young , Kim Won‐Ki , Kim Hee‐Sun
Published: April 2008

Recently, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are emerging as important molecules in neuroinflammation as well as neuronal cell death. However, the role of MMPs in activated microglia remains unclear. In the present study, we found that expressions of MMP‐1, ‐3, ‐8 and ‐9 were significantly induced by single or combined treatment of immunostimulants lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) in primary cultured microglia and BV2 microglial cells. Inhibition of MMP‐3 or ‐9 significantly suppressed the expression of iNOS and pro‐inflammatory cytokines and the activities of NF‐κB, AP‐1, and MAPK in LPS‐stimulated microglia. The results suggest that MMP‐3 and ‐9 both mediate LPS‐induced inflammatory reactions. Inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by N‐acetyl‐cysteine or diphenylene iodonium significantly suppressed the expression of MMP‐3, MMP‐9, NO and TNF‐α in LPS‐stimulated microglia, suggesting that ROS is an early signaling inducer in LPS‐stimulated microglial cells. MMP inhibitors also suppressed ROS production, suggesting a cross‐talk between ROS and MMPs. Collectively, the present study demonstrates that MMP‐3 and MMP‐9 play a role as inflammatory mediators in activated microglia. Pharmacological intervention of MMPs especially MMP‐3 and ‐9 would be a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in the CNS caused by over‐activation of microglial cells.
Post‐endocytic fates of δ‐opioid receptor are regulated by GRK2‐mediated receptor phosphorylation and distinct β‐arrestin isoforms
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqing , Wang Feifei , Chen Xiaoqing , Chen Yuejun , Ma Lan
Published: April 2008

Once internalized, some G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) can recycle back to the cell surface, while some of them are delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Because recycling and degradation represent two opposing receptor fates, understanding the mechanisms that determine post‐endocytic fate of GPCRs is of great importance. Our recent work has verified that agonist‐induced internalization of δ‐opioid receptor (DOR) employs both phosphorylation‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms in HEK293 cells. To investigate whether these two internalization mechanisms work differently in receptor regulation, we monitored receptor post‐endocytic fates using flow cytometry, surface receptor biotinylation and radioligand binding assays. Results showed that the internalized wild type DOR could either recycle to the cell surface or be degraded. Mutant DOR M4/5/6, which lacks all three G protein‐coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) phosphorylation sites, could also internalize upon agonist challenge although in a reduced level as compared with the wild type counterpart. However, the internalized mutant DOR could not recycle back to the cell surface and all mutant DOR was degraded after internalization. Inhibition of GRK2 expression by GRK2 RNAi also strongly attenuated recycling of DOR. Furthermore, overexpression of GRK2, which significantly increased receptor phosphorylation and internalization, also targeted more internalized receptors to the recycling pathway. These data suggest that GRK2‐catalyzed receptor phosphorylation is critically involved in DOR internalization and recycling, and the phosphorylation‐independent internalization leads to receptor degradation. Data obtained from β‐arrestin1 and β‐arrestin2 RNAi experiments indicated that both β‐arrestin1 and β‐arrestin2 participate in phosphorylation‐dependent internalization and the subsequent recycling of DOR. However, phosphorylation‐independent internalization and degradation of DOR were strongly blocked by β‐arrestin2 RNAi, but not β‐arrestin1 RNAi. Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time that GRK2 phosphorylation‐dependent internalization mediated by both β‐arrestin1 and β‐arrestin2 leads DOR to recycle, whereas GRK2‐independent internalization mediated by β‐arrestin2 alone leads to receptor degradation. Thus, the post‐endocytic fate of internalized DOR can be regulated by GRK2‐catalyzed receptor phosphorylation as well as distinct β‐arrestin isoforms.
Effects of Experimental Burning on Individual Performance and Population Structure of Two Rare Plants of Northcentral Washington
Authors: Harrod Richy J. , Halpern Charles B.
Published: April 2008

Prescribed burning is used widely for ecological restoration but its consequences for rare plants are not well understood. We compared effects of experimental burning in spring and fall on survival, individual performance, and population structure of Long‐sepaled globe mallow (Iliamna longisepala (Torr.) Wiggins) and Thompson’s clover (Trifolium thompsonii (Morton)), two rare endemic forbs of eastern Washington. We sampled three populations of each species before and for 2 years after treatment. Survival of mature plants of both species was high. Trifolium seedlings that emerged after treatment showed greater survival in burned plots than in controls. For both species, changes in plant size, morphology, and reproductive allocation differed little among treatments. For Trifolium, plant density was largely unaffected by treatment, but for Iliamna, fall burning stimulated greater germination than did spring burning (although subsequent drought resulted in high mortality). Our results suggest that prescribed fire can be used with neutral or positive effects on both species. Season of burning has little influence on survival and performance of extant plants, but fall burning can increase population size in Iliamna by stimulating germination of buried seed. For Trifolium, frequent or more intense fire may be needed to reduce competition and maintain conditions for population persistence.
An Evaluation of Revegetation Success on Bauxite Residue
Authors: Courtney Ronan , Mullen George , Harrington Tom
Published: April 2008

The current study was undertaken to evaluate the success of a revegetation program on three sites within the Bauxite Residue Disposal Area at the Aughinish Alumina Ltd. refinery. This was achieved by determining botanical diversity, substrate conditions, and plant uptake. Two sites revegetated in 1999, with and without the use of gypsum, were assessed and compared to a site revegetated in 1997. Compared to an initial 6 species used in seeding, a total of 47 species were recorded growing on the three sites with greatest diversity on the 1997 site. There was limited variation in the residue properties of the three treatments indicating that diversity was most influenced by succession and not substrate conditions. Limited available manganese was found in all treatments and significantly lower exchangeable magnesium in the gypsum‐amended treatment. Exchangeable sodium, aluminum, and pH in the substrate were not at levels of concern. Appreciable nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were found as a result of a fertilizing program. Dominant species in the 1999 treatments,Holcus lanatusandTrifolium pratense, were analyzed for elemental composition. Compared to previous studies, foliar nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium were adequate and sodium levels were low. Manganese and magnesium levels were low, and availability should be assessed as part of the monitoring program. Furthermore, the effect of a fertilizing regime on plant uptake and substrate conditions needs to be assessed.
Insurance Against Climate Change and Flooding in the Netherlands: Present, Future, and Comparison with Other Countries
Authors: Botzen W. J. W. , Van Den Bergh J. C. J. M.
Published: April 2008

Climate change is projected to cause severe economic losses, which has the potential to affect the insurance sector and public compensation schemes considerably. This article discusses the role insurance can play in adapting to climate change impacts. The particular focus is on the Dutch insurance sector, in view of the Netherlands being extremely vulnerable to climate change impacts. The usefulness of private insurance as an adaptation instrument to increased flood risks is examined, which is currently unavailable in the Netherlands. It is questioned whether the currently dominant role of the Dutch government in providing damage relief is justified from an economic efficiency perspective. Characteristics of flood insurance arrangements in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France are compared in order to identify possible future directions for arrangements in the Netherlands. It is argued that social welfare improves when insurance companies take responsibility for part of the risks associated with climate change.
Gender‐Dependent Differences in Echocardiographic Characteristics of Murine Hearts
Authors: Baumann Patricia Q. , Sobel Burton E. , Tarikuz Zaman A.K.M. , Schneider David J.
Published: April 2008

Gender‐dependent differences in echocardiographic characteristics of the heart have been thought to exist in human subjects, but comparisons have been difficult because of potential confounders such as differential prevalence of occult disease. Little data are available characterizing echocardiographic descriptors in normal experimental animals despite wide use of this modality. Accordingly, we characterized systolic and diastolic criteria of cardiac function echocardiographically in C57BL6 and BalbC age‐matched mice to determine whether results in males and females differed. Left ventricular dimensions in absolute terms were lower, transmitral valve A‐waves smaller and isovolumic relaxation time greater in females. When dimensional data were normalized for body weight, differences persisted but were directionally opposite. Thus, detection of abnormalities in cardiac function echocardiographically in various strains of mice requires establishing reference values that are gender as well as strain specific. Furthermore, the results suggest that gender‐dependent differences are likely to be present in other species, including humans, and accordingly, that normal values should be established separately for males and females.
Observance of Antiplatelet Therapy after Stent Implantation in Patients under Chronic Oral Anticoagulant Treatment
Authors: VALENCIA JOSÉ , MAINAR VICENTE , BORDES PASCUAL , PINEDA JAVIER , GÓMEZ SILVIA , SOGORB FRANCISCO
Published: April 2008

Purpose: Patients undergoing coronary stenting must take dual antiplatelet therapy during a variable period. The combination of chronic oral anticoagulants (COA) with antiplatelet therapy has been related to an increased risk of hemorrhage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of the antiplatelet therapy observance in those patients and the incidence of adverse events after 1 year.

Methods: Patients with prior COA treatment with coronary lesions suitable for stenting were included. Clinical assessment was performed on admission, with follow‐up at 1, 6, and 12 months. Antiplatelet and COA treatment, adverse cardiac events, and hemorrhagic episodes were registered.

Results: A total of 70 patients were included. Mean age was 70.5 ± 8.7 years. The most common cause of COA was atrial fibrillation. Conventional stents were used in 40% and drug‐eluting stents (DES) in 60%. Treatment at discharge was: ASA + clopidogrel + COA 64.2%, ASA + clopidogrel 25.4%, COA + clopidogrel 7.5%, and COA + ASA 3%. Observance of antiplatelet and COA therapy at 1‐6‐12 month follow‐up after conventional stent was: COA 73.1‐70.8‐69.6%; ASA 92.3‐75.4‐65.2%; clopidogrel 92.3‐62.5‐43.5%. In patients receiving DES, it was: COA 76.9‐78.9‐80.6%, ASA 79.5‐65.8‐55.7%, and clopidogrel 94.9‐84.2‐61.1%. Dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with DES over these periods was taken in 79.5‐51.4‐27.8%, respectively. The incidence of adverse events was minor bleeding 11.4%, major bleeding 8.6%, myocardial infarction 4.3%, stent thrombosis 1.4%, and death 12.8%.

Conclusions: There is a great variability in the treatment prescribed at discharge. Low observance with dual antiplatelet therapy has been detected in these patients, particularly after DES implantation, and they present a very high rate of complications in the follow‐up.
Bayesian Distributed Lag Models: Estimating Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Daily Mortality
Authors: Welty L. J. , Peng R. D. , Zeger S. L. , Dominici F.
Published: April 2008

SummaryA distributed lag model (DLagM) is a regression model that includes lagged exposure variables as covariates; its corresponding distributed lag (DL) function describes the relationship between the lag and the coefficient of the lagged exposure variable. DLagMs have recently been used in environmental epidemiology for quantifying the cumulative effects of weather and air pollution on mortality and morbidity. Standard methods for formulating DLagMs include unconstrained, polynomial, and penalized spline DLagMs. These methods may fail to take full advantage of prior information about the shape of the DL function for environmental exposures, or for any other exposure with effects that are believed to smoothly approach zero as lag increases, and are therefore at risk of producing suboptimal estimates. In this article, we propose a Bayesian DLagM (BDLagM) that incorporates prior knowledge about the shape of the DL function and also allows the degree of smoothness of the DL function to be estimated from the data. We apply our BDLagM to its motivating data from the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study to estimate the short‐term health effects of particulate matter air pollution on mortality from 1987 to 2000 for Chicago, Illinois. In a simulation study, we compare our Bayesian approach with alternative methods that use unconstrained, polynomial, and penalized spline DLagMs. We also illustrate the connection between BDLagMs and penalized spline DLagMs. Software for fitting BDLagM models and the data used in this article are available online.
Analysis of Capture–Recapture Models with Individual Covariates Using Data Augmentation
Authors: Royle J. Andrew
Published: April 2008

SummaryI consider the analysis of capture–recapture models with individual covariates that influence detection probability. Bayesian analysis of the joint likelihood is carried out using a flexible data augmentation scheme that facilitates analysis by Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, and a simple and straightforward implementation in freely available software. This approach is applied to a study of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) in which auxiliary data on a continuous covariate (body mass) are recorded, and it is thought that detection probability is related to body mass. In a second example, the model is applied to an aerial waterfowl survey in which a double‐observer protocol is used. The fundamental unit of observation is the cluster of individual birds, and the size of the cluster (a discrete covariate) is used as a covariate on detection probability.
Managing the Hazard of Marine Oil Pollution in Alaska
Authors: Busenberg George J.
Published: April 2008

This study examines the development of safeguards against marine oil pollution in Alaska since the 1989 Exxon Valdez disaster, in which oil spilled from the tanker Exxon Valdez polluted more than 2,000 kilometers of Alaskan coastline. Since 1989, a series of enduring institutional reforms have contributed to major enhancements in the safeguards against the continuing hazard of marine oil pollution in Alaska. This study is the first to comprehensively examine these new institutions and safeguards in two regions of Alaska with marine oil transportation systems. The major oil production streams of Alaska are transported through these two regions. In comparing the development of oil pollution safeguards in these two regions, this study finds a pattern of enduring yet unequal policy reforms.
Chlorhexidine with an anti discoloration system after periodontal flap surgery: a cross‐over, randomized, triple‐blind clinical trial
Authors: Cortellini Pierpaolo , Labriola Antonella , Zambelli Raffaella , Pini Prato Giovanpaolo , Nieri Michele , Tonetti Maurizio S.
Published: April 2008

The use of chlorhexidine (CHX) has been recommended for a number of clinical applications including plaque control in the post‐operative period. However, the use of CHX is burdened by some side effects that could affect the compliance of the patient. The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate the side effects, the staining in particular, the patient acceptance, and the efficacy of a 0.2% CHX mouthwash containing an anti discoloration system (ADS) compared with a 0.2% CHX alone, after periodontal flap surgery.

Material and Methods: This single‐centre, cross‐over, triple‐blind randomized clinical trial was carried out on 48 consecutive patients. After periodontal flap surgery, the patients were prescribed to rinse two times per day for 1 min for 1 week with 10 ml of test or control CHX, contained in anonymous bottles coded K or M and assigned randomly. No brushing and interdental cleaning of the surgical area was allowed. At week 1, after suture removal, patients received full‐mouth prophylaxis and were given a second anonymous bottle, reversing the products, with the same instructions as at baseline. Patients resumed tooth‐brushing but not interdental cleaning. At the end of week 2, prophylaxis was repeated, mouth rinsing was discontinued and patients resumed normal oral hygiene. At weeks 1 and 2, the following variables were recorded: presence of pigmentation, gingival parameters at the surgically treated sites (gingival inflammation, tissue inflammation around the sutures, gingival swelling and presence of granulation tissue), patient perception and acceptance of the 2 mouthwashes.

Results: Forty‐seven patients completed the study. The difference between treatments related to gingival variables was not statistically significant. The test CHX caused consistently less pigmentations than the control CHX in all the evaluated areas of the dental surfaces (odds ratio (OR)=0.083 p<0.0001 in the incisal area, OR=0.036 p<0.0001 in the approximal area and OR=0.065 p<0.0001 in the gingival area). The CHX ADS was found to be more tolerated by patients than the control mouthwash and to cause less food alteration, less alterations to the perception of salt and to be less irritant for the oral tissues.

Conclusions: (1) CHX ADS caused less pigmentation, was burdened by less side effects and was more agreeable than the control CHX; (2) CHX ADS was as effective as CHX without ADS in reducing gingival signs of inflammation in the post‐surgical early healing phase; (3) the use of CHX ADS could be of value in treatment protocols in which the patient compliance with a CHX mouthwash prescription is relevant.
Pleomorphic angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma: a case confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis for EWSR1 rearrangement
Authors: Weinreb Ilan , Rubin Brian P. , Goldblum John R.
Published: April 2008

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) is a neoplasm of uncertain histogenesis with intermediate malignant potential. It occurs in superficial soft tissues in any age group and at any body site, although the typical example occurs on extremities in children/young adults. The neoplasm is usually composed of a bland histiocytoid proliferation of cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm forming a syncytium, often surrounded by a dense fibrous pseudocapsule and lymphoid infiltrate, with abundant intralesional hemorrhage forming blood‐filled spaces. AFH may show striking pleomorphism and mitotic activity, and such cases can lead to confusion with other atypical mesenchymal lesions, including pleomorphic sarcomas. Recent findings have shown that a majority of cases of AFH have translocations involving the EWSR1 or FUS genes. We present a diagnostically challenging case of AFH with pleomorphic features and minimal lymphoid and angiomatoid changes involving the superficial subcutis and deep dermis on the scalp of an 8‐year‐old boy. “Areas with typical AFH morphology were identified and the diagnosis confirmed with identification of an EWSR1…” rearrangement detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Pleomorphic AFH should be included in the differential diagnosis of atypical mesenchymal tumors of skin and superficial subcutis and molecular testing may prove helpful in this regard.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Alterations in RCAS1 Serum Concentration Levels During the Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Lack of Analogical Changes in Ovarian Endometriosis
Authors: Wicherek Lukasz
Published: April 2008

Problem  The selective suppression phenomenon of the cytotoxic immune response may be brought about by an increase in sRCAS1 blood serum concentration. Such an increase has been observed during cancer progression and decidualization. The aim of this study has been to evaluate alterations in RCAS1 blood serum concentration in women during normal menstrual cycle (NMC) phases and to compare the levels found with those in patients with ovarian endometriosis.

Method of study  The sRCAS1 blood serum concentration level was determined for both 147 patients with ovarian endometriosis and a healthy control group.

Results  Fluctuations in sRCAS1 blood serum concentration levels correlating with the NMC phases were demonstrated. The highest level of sRCAS1 was found during menstruation and the lowest during the proliferative cycle phase. However, no such fluctuations correlating with menstrual cycle phases were observed in the patients with endometriosis. The level of sRCAS1 in patients with endometriosis remained almost constant. Moreover, the sRCAS1 blood serum concentration level has been shown to increase, as ovarian endometriosis progresses.

Conclusion  RCAS1 blood serum concentration may be a useful indicator of the selective suppression of the immune cytotoxic cell phenomenon associated with the development of endometriosis.
Gene expression silencing with ‘specific’ small interfering RNA goes beyond specificity – a study of key parameters to take into account in the onset of small interfering RNA off‐target effects
Authors: Vankoningsloo Sébastien , de Longueville Françoise , Evrard Stéphanie , Rahier Pierre , Houbion Andrée , Fattaccioli Antoine , Gastellier Mélanie , Remacle José , Raes Martine , Renard Patricia , Arnould Thierry
Published: April 2008

RNA‐mediated gene silencing (RNA interference) is a powerful way to knock down gene expression and has revolutionized the fields of cellular and molecular biology. Indeed, the transfection of cultured cells with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is currently considered to be the best and easiest approach to loss‐of‐function experiments. However, several recent studies underscore the off‐target and potential cytotoxic effects of siRNAs, which can lead to the silencing of unintended mRNAs. In this study, we used a low‐density microarray to assess gene expression modifications in response to five different siRNAs in various cell types and transfection conditions. We found major differences in off‐target signature according to: (a) siRNA sequence; (b) cell type; (c) duration of transfection; and (d) post‐transfection time before analysis. These results contribute to a better understanding of important parameters that could impact on siRNA side effects in knockdown experiments.
Design of the Economic Evaluation for the Interventional Management of Stroke (III) Trial
Authors: Mauldin Patrick D. , Simpson Kit N. , Palesch Yuko Y. , Spilker Judy S. , Hill Michael D. , Khatri Pooja , Broderick Joseph P.
Published: April 2008

Rationale

Stroke is a common and costly condition where an effective early treatment may be expected to affect patients' future quality of life, the cost of acute medical treatment, and the cost of rehabilitation and any supportive care needed for their remaining lifetime. To assist in informing discussions on early adoption of potential treatments, economic analyses should accompany investigations that seek to improve outcomes for stroke patients.

Aims

The primary aim is to assess whether i.v./i.a. rt-PA therapy is cost-effective at 3 months compared with i.v. rt-PA, and provides cost-savings or is cost-neutral by 12 months. Design Cost-effectiveness of the two treatment arms will be measured at months 3, 6, 9, and 12. Cost-effectiveness will be calculated using
Left ventricular function in the post‐infarct failing mouse heart by magnetic resonance imaging and conductance catheter: a comparative analysis
Authors: Winter E. M. , Grauss R. W. , Atsma D. E. , Hogers B. , Poelmann R. E. , Van Der Geest R. J. , Tschöpe C. , Schalij M. J. , Gittenberger‐de Groot A. C. , Steendijk P.
Published: April 2008

Aim:  Murine myocardial infarction (MI) models are increasingly used in heart failure studies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and pressure–volume loops by conductance catheter (CC) enable physiological phenotyping. We performed a comparative analysis of MRI vs. CC to assess left ventricular (LV) function in the failing mouse heart.

Methods:  MI was created by LAD ligation. MRI (day 14) and CC (day 15) were used to determine LV end‐diastolic volume (EDV), end‐systolic volume (ESV) and ejection fraction (EF).

Results:  Pooled data yielded moderate‐to‐strong linear correlations: EDV: R = 0.61; ESV: R = 0.72; EF: R = 0.81. We analysed three groups, no MI (sham, n = 10), small MI (<30% of LV, n = 14) and large MI (>30%, n = 20). Volumes and EF were consistently lower by CC than by MRI, but group differences were evident for both techniques. Receiver‐operating characteristic analysis indicated good sensitivity and specificity for both techniques, with superior results for MRI.

Conclusions:  CC and MRI are highly valuable for evaluation of LV volume and function. MRI is recommended for longitudinal studies, accurate absolute volumes and anatomical information. Unique features of CC are its online signal with high temporal resolution, and advanced analysis of LV function and energetics.
Social Psychological Face Perception: Why Appearance Matters
Authors: Zebrowitz Leslie A. , Montepare Joann M.
Published: April 2008

We form first impressions from faces despite warnings not to do so. Moreover, there is considerable agreement in our impressions, which carry significant social outcomes. Appearance matters because some facial qualities are so useful in guiding adaptive behavior that even a trace of those qualities can create an impression. Specifically, the qualities revealed by facial cues that characterize low fitness, babies, emotion, and identity are overgeneralized to people whose facial appearance resembles the unfit (anomalous face overgeneralization), babies (babyface overgeneralization), a particular emotion (emotion face overgeneralization), or a particular identity (familiar face overgeneralization). We review studies that support the overgeneralization hypotheses and recommend research that incorporates additional tenets of the ecological theory from which these hypotheses are derived: the contribution of dynamic and multi‐modal stimulus information to face perception; bidirectional relationships between behavior and face perception; perceptual learning mechanisms and social goals that sensitize perceivers to particular information in faces.
Intraoperative efficacy of recombinant activated factor VII in a microcythemic patient: a case report
Authors: DAVID ANTONIO , LUCCHETTI BRUNA , SINARDI ANGELO U.
Published: April 2008

Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) was initially developed for the treatment of hemorrhagic episodes in hemophilic patients with inhibitors to factors VIII and IX. After its introduction, it has also been used off‐label to enhance hemostasis in bleeding episodes not responsive to conventional therapy. Evidence so far indicates that the use of rFVIIa in hemophilic and nonhemophilic patients is both safe and effective in controlling bleeding. However, no data exist for the use of rFVIIa in critical bleeding in microcythemic (beta‐thalassemia) patients. We report a case of uncontrolled intra‐abdominal hemorrhage during urgent explorative laparotomy, 10 days after endoscopic sphincterotomy and open coledocotomy in the treatment of common bile duct lithiasis following colecystectomy, in a microcythemic patient. While the conventional methods to achieve hemostasis failed, the use of rFVIIa successfully controlled the bleeding. Further research is needed to determine the use of rFVIIa in microcythemic patients.
One-Dimensional Analysis of Full Load Draft Tube Surge
Authors: Chen Changkun , Nicolet Christophe , Yonezawa Koichi , Farhat Mohamed , Avellan Francois , Tsujimoto Yoshinobu
Published: April 2008

One-dimensional stability analysis of a hydraulic system composed of a penstock, a runner, and a draft tube was carried out to determine the cause of the full load draft tube surge. It is assumed that the cavity volume at the runner exit is a function of the pressure at the vortex core evaluated from the instantaneous local pressure at the runner exit and an additional pressure decrease due to the centrifugal force on the swirling flow. It was found that the diffuser effect of the draft tube has a destabilizing effect over all flow rates, while the swirl effects stabilize∕destabilize the system at larger∕smaller flow rates than the swirl-free flow rate. Explanations of the destabilizing mechanism are given for the diffuser and swirl flow effects.
Near Surface Velocity Distributions for Intermittent Separation of Turbulent Boundary Layers
Authors: Sandborn V. A.
Published: April 2008

At the location of intermittent turbulent boundary layer separation a finite positive mean surface shear stress still exists. It is demonstrated that viscous coordinates and a mixing length turbulent model may still be used at the location of intermittent separation. The large scale turbulent mixing in the separation region appears to require the universal mixing constant, K, increases with Reynolds number. Once true zero-mean-surface-shear-stress separation occurs, the mixing length model for the turbulent flow near the surface is no longer valid and a constant eddy viscosity is indicated.
Thermo-Fluid Dynamic Design Study of Single and Double-Inflow Radial and Single-Stage Axial Steam Turbines for Open-Cycle Thermal Energy Conversion Net Power-Producing Experiment Facility in Hawaii
Authors: Schobeiri T.
Published: April 2008

The results of the study of the optimum thermo-fluid dynamic design concept are presented for turbine units operating within the open-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion (OC-OTEC) systems. The concept is applied to the first OC-OTEC net power producing experiment (NPPE) facility to be installed at Hawaii’s Natural Energy Laboratory. Detailed efficiency and performance calculations were performed for the radial turbine design concept with single and double-inflow arrangements. To complete the study, the calculation results for a single-stage axial steam turbine design are also presented. In contrast to the axial flow design with a relatively low unit efficiency, higher efficiency was achieved for single-inflow turbines. Highest efficiency was calculated for a double-inflow radial design, which opens new perspectives for energy generation from OC-OTEC systems.
A Knowledge-Based Approach to Preliminary Design of Structures
Authors: Fleming J. , Elghadamsi E. , Tanik M.
Published: April 2008

Computers have been used extensively for the analysis, detailed design and drawing production of structures. However, they have not been utilized effectively in the preliminary design stage. During this stage, the structural framing schemes that are likely to offer an optimum solution for the given design constraints are identified. Once an appropriate framing scheme is selected, an analytical model which requires initial member sizes is developed to investigate the behavior and performance of the structure under the design loads. An engineer may have to perform an approximate analysis to select the preliminary member sizes; however, experienced engineers may be able to make a reasonable estimate of the required sizes using their past experience with similar structures. A prototype computer-based design tool that utilizes past engineering experience for selecting initial member sizes of structures has been developed and is described in this paper. This tool is applicable to the design of various types of structures through the use of knowledge base techniques.
The Diffusivity of Methane Into Air Within Vertical Tubes
Authors: Petela R. , Karim G. A.
Published: April 2008

An experimentally based effective diffusivity for methane is derived. Its application for predicting the concentration changes following the release of methane upwards into air at constant temperature and pressure within a vertical cylinder is then examined. Examples relating to the formation and dissipation of flammable mixtures following the release of methane into air are presented and discussed.
Application of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics in Second Law Analysis
Authors: Sun Z. F. , Carrington C. G.
Published: April 2008

We examine the exergy balance of a multi-component fluid subject to viscous dissipation processes, heat transfer by conduction, heat transfer by radiation, matter diffusion and chemical reactions. The differential equations for exergy balance in the fluid formalize the relationship between the exergy input/output approach to second law analysis and the entropy generation procedure using the Gouy-Stodola theorem. The balance relations for mass, momentum, energy and entropy are used to establish the validity conditions for the exergy balance equations. In particular, we define the role and significance of the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. The general functions and restrictions of nonequilibrium thermodynamics within second law analysis are also discussed.
Investigation of SPM Mooring Tension and Barge Orientation With Wind, Waves and Strong Current
Authors: Osborne G. , Latorre R.
Published: April 2008

The vessel moored to a single-point mooring is subjected to the combined action of current, wind and waves. In this paper the vessel orientation and corresponding mooring line loads are examined in terms of the magnitude of the current force to the total force acting on the vessel. The results of systematic computer calculations are presented to show that there is relatively small influence when the ratio of current force to wind/wave forces is below 0.1. Graphs useful for preliminary design are introduced to illustrate this point. The estimates are compared with model test results showing reasonable agreement.
Liquid Hold-Up, Pressure Drop, and Velocity Profiles in Steady Uniform Stratified Flow
Authors: Hansen E. A. , Vested H. J.
Published: April 2008

A two-dimensional model to predict flow behavior for stratified smooth and stratified wavy two-phase flow is presented. The velocity profiles in both the liquid and the gas are assumed to be described by a sum of two logarithmic velocity profiles, and the interface is treated as a moving wall. From the requirement that the velocity profiles near the wall and the interface approach the classic logarithmic profiles, a closed equation system is obtained, and by solving these equations the total flow is described. The principle behavior of the liquid hold-up as a function of the governing flow parameters is examined for a plane duct. Approximations for circular pipes are also presented. The calculated results are compared with experimental data, and the agreement for stratified smooth flow is very good.
A Thermal Analysis of Hot Oiling
Authors: Arnold F. C.
Published: April 2008

The injection of hot oil to clean the formation and tubing of accumulated paraffin has been used for many years in petroleum production. Although effective in freeing tubulars immobilized by paraffin deposits, formation damage has been attributed to hot oiling when the oil reaching the formation face is at a temperature below the paraffin cloud point. The differential equations describing hot oil injection through the casing-tubing annulus were solved using finite difference mathematics and the model was verified using data from field studies. Model studies indicated that rapid cooling of the injected fluid frequently results in fluid temperatures below geothermal in the lower reaches of wells of even moderate depth. Injection through centralized tubing provides a conduit for effective transmission of thermal energy along the entire depth of the tubing and to the formation face. Injection through tubing is modeled and verified by field experiment. A parametric study of operating parameters is included.
A Hybrid Experimental-Numerical Test Specimen for Laminated Composite Materials
Authors: Rule W. K. , Weeks G. E.
Published: April 2008

A new technique is described for determining all four elastic constants of a lamina from a single laminated specimen of arbitrary, symmetric lay-up. This specimen is subjected to three different loading conditions, and the experimental data is reduced by means of a finite element analysis. The testing procedure for the specimen is relatively easy, which can result in considerable time and cost savings over traditional methods. The new specimen generates biaxial stress states. Thus, the material properties determined from such a configuration may be more appropriate for later use in structural analysis than those determined from traditional specimens with uniform uniaxial stress states.