bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Borderline personality disorder in a community setting: service users' experiences of the therapeutic relationship with mental health nurses
Authors: Romeu‐Labayen Maria , Rigol Cuadra Maria Assumpta , Galbany‐Estragués Paola , Blanco Corbal Serafín , Giralt Palou Rosa Maria , Tort‐Nasarre Glòria
Published: April 2020

People with borderline personality disorder (BPD) suffer from severe symptoms and crises that put their lives at risk. BPD’s symptoms make it difficult for nurses to establish good therapeutic relationships with people who suffer from it, thus hindering their recovery and contributing to stigma. We explored the experiences of people with BPD who were under the care of mental health nurses at a community mental health centre and who reported a reduction in distress. Our goal was to identify the actions and psychotherapeutic factors of the therapeutic relationship that people with BPD considered to be useful in their recovery. Our qualitative approach made it possible for us to learn about individual experiences and meanings and describe the perception of participants. Our sample included 12 participants. Data consisted of qualitative interviews with all participants and nursing records for six of the participants. We conducted an inductive thematic content analysis, resulting in a hierarchical system of subthemes and themes. We found that participants considered the following psychotherapeutic actions to be useful in recovery: learning about the disorder, building trust, and being empowered through validation.
Pharmacokinetics of extended‐release ivermectin microspheres after oral administration to healthy pigs
Authors: Xu Ying , Zhang Shen , Qiu Yangyang , Yu Yang , Zhang Yunxiao , Huang Xianhui
Published: April 2020

We compared the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin premix and ivermectin microspheres in pigs after single and multiple administration regimes. In the single‐dose experiments, 24 piglets were randomly divided into three groups and given ivermectin at 0.3 mg/kg using (a) 1.0% ivermectin administered subcutaneously, (b) 0.25% ivermectin premix orally, and (c) 0.25% ivermectin microspheres orally. In the multiple‐dose experiment, 6 pigs in two equal groups received ivermectin premix and microspheres orally at 0.3 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days to monitor the valley plasma levels. The plasma samples were detected by fluorescence high‐performance liquid chromatography, and concentration–time data were fitted to a noncompartmental model. After oral administration of ivermectin microspheres at a single dose, the elimination rate constant (Kel), the half‐life (t1/2), the peak time (Tmax), the mean residence time (MRT), and the peak concentration (Cmax) were 0.012 ± 0.0031/hr, 59.94 ± 20.18 hr, 9.50 ± 0.93 hr, 55.96 ± 11.40 hr, and 37.75 ± 3.45 ng/ml, respectively. The Cmax of microspheres was not statistically different (p > .05) compared with that of premix groups (39.81 ± 5.83 ng/ml). Moreover, the AUC of the microcapsule groups was increased from 1,129.76 ± 245.62 to 1,607.33 ± 343.35 hr ng/ml compared with the premix groups, and the relative bioavailability increased by an average of 17.53% after oral administration with ivermectin microspheres. Multiple‐dose administration also indicated pigs fed with ivermectin microspheres can get a higher minimum steady‐state concentration and a longer maintenance time than ivermectin premix.
Maternal antiviral treatment safeguards infants from hepatitis B transmission in contingencies of delayed immunoprophylaxis
Authors: Li Yang , Wang Jie , Yu Yiqi , Qiu Chao , Li Zhonghua , Ling Qi , Zhang Guocui , Li Li , Gong Yinhua , Lu Qing , Cao Lifeng , Gu Ting , Wang Xin , Zhang Miaoqu , Zhang Qiran , Zhang Hanyue , Xu Bin , Shao Lingyun , Pu Yonglan , Zhang Wenhong
Published: April 2020

Background & Aims

Effectiveness of maternal antiviral prophylaxis in mother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been extensively explored in studies where standard immunoprophylaxis is well secured to the newborns. This real‐world study aims to test if maternal antiviral prophylaxis can safeguard the newborn when immunoprophylaxis administration was delayed or missed.

Methods

Hepatitis B surface antigen‐positive pregnant women were categorized into mothers with HBV DNA levels ≥2 × 105 IU/mL receiving nucleos(t)ide analogue during the third trimester; mothers with HBV DNA levels ≥2 × 105 IU/mL without antiviral treatment; and those with HBV DNA levels <2 × 105 IU/mL without antiviral treatment. The immunoprophylaxis procedure was collected and verified by the delivery medical document and logbook of biological product usage. The primary end point was the rate of chronic HBV infection (CHB) in infants.

Results

From 2011 to 2017, 251 mother‐child pairs were enrolled. Among 187 infants of mothers with HBV DNA levels ≥2 × 105 IU/mL, none developed CHB when mothers received antiviral treatment, as compared to 13.0% (10/77) of infants born to untreated mothers (P < .001). None of the infants of mothers with HBV DNA levels <2 × 105 IU/mL were infected. Stratified by the time of immunoprophylaxis administration after birth, maternal antiviral prophylaxis predominately benefited infants who failed to receive immunoprophylaxis within 24 hours (100% [6/6] vs 0% [0/2], P = .036) and those who received delayed immunoprophylaxis between 2 and 24 hours (18.8% [3/16] vs 0% [0/32], P = .032).

Conclusions

Antiviral prophylaxis in high viraemic mothers is effective in contingencies of missed or delayed neonatal immunoprophylaxis.
The dynamics of de‐delegation: A principal–agent explanation of the reversal of private authority in international sport governance
Authors: Geeraert Arnout , Drieskens Edith
Published: April 2020

What explains the reversal of transnational private rule‐making authority? Embedding constructivist insights within a rational principal–agent model, this article advances a five‐step sequential process that nuances the traditional explanation of delegitimation. It argues that entrepreneurs must first successfully promote the belief that the high costs of ineffective private policies follow from the private rule‐setter's flawed institutional attributes. Subsequently, a de‐delegation solution that minimizes transaction and uncertainty costs must be proposed. The examination of two cases in the field of international sport governance, namely the deliberate reversal of private authority in anti‐doping governance and the lack thereof in anti‐match‐fixing governance, lends support to these propositions. It sheds new light on the creation of the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) and explains why there will probably be no counterpart to fight match‐fixing.
Uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma without p16 (CDKN2A) expression: Heterogeneous causes of an unusual immunophenotype
Authors: Rokutan‐Kurata Mariyo , Minamiguchi Sachiko , Kataoka Tatsuki R , Abiko Kaoru , Mandai Masaki , Haga Hironori
Published: April 2020

Immunohistochemically p16 (CDKN2A)‐negative uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is uncommon, and there are few reports about its pathological features. This study explored the causes of p16 negativity in such cases. We analyzed diagnostic tissue samples of five cases of p16‐negative cervical SCC among 107 patients who underwent hysterectomy at Kyoto University Hospital between January 2010 and December 2015. The samples were subjected to immunohistochemical staining, in situ hybridization and a genetic analysis. Two of five cases were positive for human papilloma virus (HPV) by genotyping. One was positive for HPV56 with promoter hypermethylation of CDKN2A and co‐existing Epstein–Barr virus infection. Another was positive for HPV6 categorized as low‐risk HPV with condylomatous morphology. Among the remaining three cases, one had amplification of the L1 gene of HPV with promoter hypermethylation of CDKN2A and TP53 mutation, and one of the other two HPV‐negative cases had a homozygous CDKN2A deletion, while the other was positive for p53 and CK7. p16‐negativity of cervical SCC is often associated with an unusual virus infection status and CDKN2A gene abnormality.
Interest rate volatility and macroeconomic dynamics: Heterogeneity matters
Authors: Curran Michael , Velic Adnan
Published: April 2020

We examine the relation between real interest rate volatility and aggregate fluctuations for a diverse sample of countries. Compiling a new dataset including emerging and advanced countries, the substantial variation in our data yields novel results: (a) stochastic volatility outperforms Markov‐switching in representing interest rates, (b) some advanced economies can be more volatile than emerging markets, and (c) creditors take on more debt following volatility shocks. We show how an equilibrium business cycle model with uncertainty shocks can generate these facts. Sample heterogeneity produces significant parameter differences, playing an important role in distinguishing the effects of volatility shocks.
Covering the Dawsons: Racial Variation in Newspaper Framing of Urban Crime
Authors: Fields Corey D. , Newman Shelby
Published: April 2020

This article uses newspaper coverage of a case from Baltimore, Maryland, to explore racial variation in the rhetorical framing of urban crime. In October 2002, seven members of the Dawson family were murdered in a house fire. The murders became an expression of Baltimore’s character and the lives of its residents. After analyzing 206 newspaper articles about the case, we find stark differences in the way the case, its causes, and its consequences are presented to readers. Newspapers with primarily white audiences—both “mainstream” and “alternative” papers—present the case as a horrific, singular instance, placing responsibility on the perpetrator. In contrast, articles in African American newspapers offer a complex web of explanation, calling attention to the structural inequalities and disparate access to state resources. Whereas white newspaper portray the Dawson family as martyrs in the drug war, black newspapers position the family as part of a wider of community of African Americans who are victims of slack policing, racial discrimination, and negligent social policy. We argue that these rhetorical differences are more than cosmetic. Rather, they provide a framework for better understanding the relationship between the press and policy makers. Differences in coverage of the case also contribute to our understanding of why blacks and whites have fundamentally different understandings of race in the United States.
Statistical edutainment that counts
Authors: Pearl Dennis K. , Lesser Lawrence M.
Published: April 2020

The use of edutainment can help engage students in discussion and learning key concepts about the timely topic of doing a census, including its importance and challenges.
Characterization of hydrocarbon reservoir at field “B”, South Sumatera by using poisson impedance inversion
Authors: Rosid Mohammad Syamsu , Prasetyo Bagus Dwi , Trivianty Junita , Purba Humbang
Published: April 2020

The separation process of lithology and fluid reservoir is an important part in the characterization of reservoir. It will explain the physical properties of reservoir rock lithology and fluid content by integrating the geophysics and petrophysical data. This process is difficult to do in the field "B" by using parameters of acoustic impedance and lambda mu rho (LMR), because it still has a fairly high degree of ambiguity. Poisson impedance (PI) has been implemented as a solution to address the problem. In cross-plot between Acoustic Impedance (AI) and Shear Impedance (SI), a rotation of both axes was conducted according to the trend of lithology-fluid to satisfy the equation of PI = AI – cSI. To improve the accuracy of PI calculation, the value of c (optimization factor of rotation) was calculated through the method of TCCA (Target Correlation Coefficient Analysis). The correlation with to be predicted wells data then be done. Analysis of sensitivity parameter was performed on two wells in the field "B". Parameters Zp, Zs and density which obtained from the simultaneous inversion then transformed into PI.  PI models clearly showed the separation of rock lithology of hydrocarbon reservoir. Lithology impedance (LI) as a result of the PI-GR correlation was able to separate sand and shale very well. Similarly, the impedance Fluid (FI) as a result of PI-SW correlation was also able to separate the water content in the reservoir with high SW value relative to gas with a low value of SW. Hydrocarbon zone proven at 2360-2400 m. The slicing result of the volumes of Poisson impedance inversion has provided a clear distribution and interpretation of lithology and fluid content reservoir at the field "B" of South Sumatera.
Mechanical and degradation properties of polycaprolactone/ zeolite electrospun membrane
Authors: Iqhwan Rusli Muhammad Syhamiel , Hassan Mohd Izzat , Sultana Naznin , Ismail Ahmad Fauzi
Published: April 2020

Polycaprolactone (PCL) is one of the synthetic polymers used in biomedical applications.  PCL has several advantages including biocompatibility, biodegradability and mechanical flexibility. On the other hand, zeolites are microporous, aluminosilicate minerals commonly used as commercial adsorbents.  Electrospinning is a promising technique to produce membranes by applying high voltage electricity. In this research, an electrospinning technique was used to fabricate the electrospun membrane based on PCL and zeolite.  In order to produce electrospun membrane, 15% (w/v) of PCL polymer solution was dissolved in acetone and 20% (w/v) zeolite was incorporated into the PCL polymer solution.  The diameter range of fiber was 2-6 µm. Zeolite nanoparticles were distributed homogenously into the fibers.  EDX spectrum confirmed the presence of zeolite throughout the membrane. Mechanical testing revealed that the bi-layered membrane had better mechanical properties than only PCL and PCL/Zeolite membrane. In-vitro degradation experiment was carried out for 21 days and the membranes were characterized after the experiment. The membrane can be potentially used as microfiltration unit to entrap silver contaminants in drinking water.  Apart of that, the membranes are prepared with biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic materials which are eco-friendly.
Stability of cellulases in ionic liquids
Authors: Karim Latiffah , Shikh Zahari Shikh Mohd Shahrul Nizan
Published: April 2020

Lignocellulosic biomass has been used as an alternative source to food crops that serve as feedstock for bioenergy production. The conversion of biomass to bioenergy required pretreatment process. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been recognized as promising solvents that are capable of solubilizing and separating components of lignocellulosic biomass. This research focuses on understanding how ILs affects the activity of cellulases in the enzymatic saccharification process. Sigmacell cellulose was used in the enzymatic saccharification process inste. Two different ILs were added in the enzymatic saccharification mixtures and the activity of a mixture of commercially available cellulases was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure glucose release. Sulphate based ILs were more harmful for cellulase action than [EMIM][OAc]. [HBIM][HSO4] inactivated commercial cellulases (Celluclast®) and cellobiase (Novozyme188) in the enzymatic saccharification process. In this research, it was observed that the main factor that affects the activity of cellulase is pH.
Antioxidants and cactus extract enhances the sun protection factor of octocrylene and oxybenzone solution
Authors: Lim Jingyi , Chan Jie Yong , Wong Lai Chun
Published: April 2020

Ultraviolet (UV) filters such as octocrylene and oxybenzone in topical photoprotection products work effectively in absorbing UV radiation, thus minimizing sun damage to the skin. Antioxidants are incorporated into sunscreen products to enhance the photoprotection ability of the products. However, the effectiveness of the antioxidants on the sun protection factor (SPF) of UV filters is not well established. Hence in this study, the effect of caffeine, nicotinamide, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, and cactus extract on the SPF of octocrylene and oxybenzone were investigated. The UV absorbance of octocrylene (5 µg/mL) and oxybenzone (20 µg/mL) in 95% ethanol, with different concentrations of the antioxidants (0.1–100 µg/mL) and cactus extract were measured from 290-320nm. The UV absorbance values were converted to SPF values by the Mansur equation. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA test and Post Hoc test (Dundett T3 test) with a significance level of p<0.05 using SPSS software. The antioxidants and cactus extract were found to significantly increase the SPF of octocrylene and oxybenzone solutions in a concentration-dependent manner. Out of the antioxidants tested, β-carotene and α-tocopherol were the most effective antioxidants to increase the SPF of octocrylene solution and oxybenzone solutions, respectively. The results supported that it is beneficial to incorporate antioxidants and cactus extract into the formulation of topical photoprotection products.
Temperature dependence of power generation of empty fruit bunch (EFB) based microbial fuel cell
Authors: Ghazali Nazlee Faisal , Nik Mahmood Nik Azmi , Abu Bakar Noor Fadzilah , Ibrahim Kamarul Asri’
Published: April 2020

Microbial fuel cell has been considered a new emerging technology for renewable and sustainable electricity production. The energy can be extracted from organic waste materials which time independently increase in mass. In the present study, it was demonstrated that lignocellulosic material such as empty fruit bunch (EFB) can be used to produce electricity. Clostridium cellulolyticum and Bacilli E1 were used to activate EFB degradation and electricity generation respectively.  It was also demonstrated that the present EFB based MFC was affected in terms of power produced with much higher power was obtained at 37.5 ℃ with power value of 825 ± 3.08 mW/m2 compared to 25 and 50 ℃, which produced 756 ± 1.14 mW/m2 and 345 ± 1.78 mW/m2. At elevated temperature (50 ℃) showed decrease of power density value compared to lower temperature operated MFC, which is believed to be microbial metabolism dependent
Physical properties of bitumen containing diatomite and waste engine oil
Authors: Abdul Hassan Norhidayah , Ruzi Nur Azni , Mohd Shukry Nurul Athma , Putra Jaya Ramadhansyah , Hainin Mohd Rosli , Mohd Kamaruddin Nurul Hidayah , Abdullah Mohd Ezree
Published: April 2020

The addition of modifier, either to replace bitumen or as an additive, could potentially improve the performance of conventional bitumen used in road construction. This study characterizes the physical properties of bitumen 80/100 penetration grade modified with diatomite powder and waste engine oil (WEO). Different percentages of WEO i.e. 1%, 2%, and 3%, were added with 1% diatomite to the bitumen. The conventional and modified bitumen samples were tested for penetration, softening point, viscosity, and loss on heating. Results showed that the increase of WEO content, particularly at 3% in the modified bitumen, has softened the bitumen with lower softening point and higher loss on heating than the unmodified sample. In contrast, the diatomite powder has shown potential in reinforcing the bitumen structure at high temperature based on higher viscosity obtained at 165°C compared to conventional bitumen.
Phytosociometry, a new vision, for evaluating the potential of steppe rangelands and the sustainability of extensive sheep farming systems
Authors: Bouyahia Hadj , Benabdeli Kheloufi , Mahammadi Mohammed , Youcefi Mohammed Toufik
Published: April 2020

Some plant species are frequently found together under edaphic-climatic conditions, so similarity of presence and association becomes an indicator of ecosystem conditions. The idea of evaluation of the quality of rangelands by breeders in the steppe zone is quite different from those applied by academic methods, so the mentions "good, average, and poor" find a particular meaning for breeders, especially farmers, nomads, and transhumant. Surveys conducted on the sustainability of livestock systems in the steppe zone of Naâma have led to the importance of the Pole resources, especially pasture management. A high biomass does not necessarily mean a good pasture course, especially when toxic plants present, which hinder the exploitation of the rangeland. The knowledge of the plants, their stages of evolution, and their distribution, are indices of orientation for the use of the course and the duration of exploitation, of course among the connoisseur breeders. So, a new approach of course evaluation becomes a necessity to give an explanation to the reasoning of the direct operator who is the breeder. With this in mind, we proposed the phytosociometry method, based on the link between Bio-Marker and other annexations, a new method to determine the nature of phyto-association at the spatial scale in an arid environment, which can correct the vision of evaluation and estimation of the forage potential of a steppe rangeland.
Evaluation of nutritive values and consumer acceptance of sweet corn (Zea mays) juice as a recovery beverage for exercising people
Authors: Jusoh Normah , Ahmad Azimah , Tengah Ruaibah Yazani
Published: April 2020

Carbohydrate-protein (CP) drinks have been shown to exert better effect in promoting faster muscle recovery and rehydration in exercising individuals. However, not all active people, particularly Asians can consume milk-based CP drinks that would trigger symptoms of lactose intolerance and discomfort. Thus, this study aimed to assess the feasibility of sweet corn (Zea mays) beverage as an alternative recovery drink for active people due to its high content of carbohydrate and protein as well as lactose-free. The first phase of the study was the formulation of sweet corn juice that match the specific criteria for an effective recovery drink. Next, the study on the acceptance assessment of the new formulated sweet corn juice was conducted. The results show that the product contains high carbohydrate and protein contents which met the criteria for recovery beverage for active people. Besides, the results of sensory and hedonic evaluation demonstrate that the product was well-liked and accepted by majority of the consumers. To conclude, sweet corn juice which is lactose-free may offer extra benefits in such a way that it will provide alternative recovery drink that can be consumed by lactose intolerant active people.
Full-energy peak efficiency and response function of 1 cm3 CdZnTe detectors
Authors: Mohamad Tajudin Suffian , Namito Yoshihito , Sanami Toshiya , Hirayama Hideo
Published: April 2020

The energy dependence of the full-energy peak (FEP) efficiency and response function of 1 cm3 CdZnTe detectors that use gamma rays were investigated in the present study. Specifically, full-energy peaks from 60 keV to 1.3 MeV were evaluated. 214Am, 133Ba, 137Cs, 54Mn, and 60Co radionuclides with good source activities were employed. The results showed that the absolute peak efficiencies decreased at higher energies, and the calculated (EGS5 code) efficiencies were nearly 70% greater than the experimental values when above 100 keV photon. Below 100 keV, disagreement is within 35%. The measured and calculated peak efficiencies peak agreed within 5% in a wide energy range when the “effective” of the crystal area was down to 0.8 x 0.8 cm2. Agreement corresponding to response function curve at the region of interest (full-energy peak) and Compton plateau region for 137Cs achieved once considering the 0.8 x 0.8 cm2 effective area of the crystal and the source plastic casing. The results of the present study provided important insights on the calibration of the FEP efficiency as a function of the gamma ray energy. The detectors must be individually calibrated to obtain reliable results.
Endodontic root canal treatment performed by undergraduate dental students: Identification of technical standard and post-endodontic restorations
Authors: Mohammad Norazlina , Abd Fatah Faizah , Ghazali Norzalina , Muhamad Ahmad Zaim , Hamir Nurhidayah
Published: April 2020

Root canal treatment (RCT) is a procedure to eliminate pulpal diseases with the aim to promote healing of the periradicular tissue. The RCT conducted must be of high technical standard and achieve a good quality endodontic work (GQEW) to ensure successful outcome and prolonged retention of the teeth in oral cavity. Previous studies reported poor outcome of RCT conducted by the undergraduate dental students. There is limited report documented on the quality of RCT performed by the dental students in Malaysia. The aim of this study was to identify the technical standards of the RCT and types of post-endodontic restoration placed by USIM undergraduate dental students. The radiographic obturation quality from 274 root filled teeth were evaluated against several indices. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Post treatment radiographs indicated that 84.62% of the RCT have adequate density indicating good apical seal. Meanwhile, for obturation level, the root canal filling that ends 0-2mm (optimal), >2mm away (inadequate), and beyond apex (extrusion) were 84.59%, 5%, and 10.77%, respectively. Teeth with GQEW, having both adequate root filling length and complete obturation were found in 194 (74.6%) teeth. McNemar’s test revealed significant reduction in post-treatment periapical index (p<0.001) indicating good periapical healing. Permanent restoration was only placed in 48% of the teeth. In conclusion, the RCT conducted by USIM undergraduate dental students have a good technical standard. Placements of post-endodontic permanent restoration need to be emphasized in the curricular to ensure long-term success of the endodontically treated teeth.
Kick Detection Using Downhole Accelerometer Data
Authors: Samuel Robello
Published: April 2020

The high-frequency downhole vibration data include a greater amount of hidden information than the low-frequency surface data. This paper proposes the monitoring of high-frequency acceleration data for early kick detection. The trend of accelerator sensor values is monitored, rather than processed. When the gas, fluid, or oil kick occurs, the fluid influx reduces the viscosity of the fluid in annulus, which causes the degradation of the damping factor. The sensor installed on the drillpipe detects the velocity/acceleration change that results in the damping factor change. This approach includes an analytical model to calculate the effect of the damping ratio on the acceleration calculations. The fluid influx and migration in the wellbore strongly affect the damping factor. The paper presents a method of deconvoluting the sensor values that uses a combination of minimum entropy deconvolution and Teager-Kaiser energy operator to remove the noise, unwanted sensor values, and likelihood of false prediction. It is then proposed to calculate instantaneous jerk and jerk intensity at each depth. The trend of the final intrinsic mode functions (IMF) at each depth is continuously monitored to predict the formation influx, if any. A novel concept of monitoring the incremental IMF and IMF energy at each depth is introduced. This technique is shown to reveal a wealth of information and simplifies the process of monitoring and analyzing the vast amount of available data. The methodology developed is applied to extract the essential information from high-frequency vibration data to make real-time data monitoring straightforward, reliable, and fast.
Experimental Investigation of Vertical Downward Two-Phase Flow in Annulus
Authors: Coutinho Renato P. , Tornisiello Ligia , Waltrich Paulo J.
Published: April 2020

A limited amount of work exists on gas–liquid flow in vertical pipe annulus, and, to the knowledge of the authors, there is no work on the literature to characterize vertical downward two-phase flow in pipe annulus. In the petroleum industry, downward two-phase in annulus is encountered on liquid-assisted gas-lift (LAGL) unloading and production operations. This study presents experimental data for pressure gradient, liquid holdup, and flow regimes for vertical downward two-phase (air and water) flow in pipe annulus. Also, the applicability of two-phase flow models are evaluated. The experimental results show that the liquid holdup is consistently higher for downward flow in annulus than in pipes for the annular flow regime, and these differences are as high as 45%. When the flow regime map for downward flow in annulus is compared with the ones in the literature for flow in pipes, it is observed that the intermittent flow in pipes occurs at lower liquid velocities than flow in annulus. The comparison between experimental data and model results also shows some discrepancy for liquid holdup and pressure gradient. These differences are high for annular and intermittent flow regimes, with errors of 100% for the liquid holdup and 200% for pressure gradient. However, the errors for bubble flow regime are much smaller, generally lower than 20%.
Modeling Ultrasonic Elastic Waves in Fiber-Metal Laminate Structures in Presence of Sources and Defects
Authors: Tai Steffen , Kotobuki Fumika , Wang Lifu , Mal Ajit
Published: April 2020

This paper presents a modeling and simulation method for studying ultrasonic guided wave propagation in hybrid metal-composites, also known as fiber-metal laminates. The objective is to develop an efficient and versatile modeling tool to aid in the design of cost-effective nondestructive evaluation technologies. The global–local method, which combines finite element discretization and Lamb wave modal expansion is used. An extension to the traditional global–local method is made to couple the source problem with the scattering problem to deal with a surface source generating Lamb waves that interact with defects in multilayered structures. This framework is used to study the sensitivity of different excitation frequencies to ply gap defects of various sizes. The coupled model considers the transducer contact conditions and the ultrasonic system response in the Lamb wave excitation, along with the scattering phenomenon caused by the defects. This combined result is used to define the optimal excitation frequency for the strongest transmission or reflection for a given defect size that can be observed in a physical experiment. Such results can be applied to the design of a damage detection scheme in realistic aerospace structures.
District-Level Summertime Air-Conditioning Electricity Consumption and the Sensitivity of Peak Cooling Loads to Urban Weather Conditions in Beijing
Authors: Xu Xiaoyu , González Jorge E. , Miao Shiguang , Shen Shuanghe , Guo Wenli
Published: April 2020

Understanding how energy use responds to meteorological conditions is essential for anticipation of energy demands, which is of significance to maintain sufficient power supply and to prevent brownouts or blackouts during peak hours. Using the quarter-hourly and district-level electricity data for Beijing, this study calculates the district-varying cooling electric loads due to air-conditioning (AC) systems in five consecutive summers. Results show the occurrence of two major features that are common for summertime cooling loads in most districts, namely, double-peaked diurnal profiles and weekday–weekend fluctuations. With the increasing distance from the city core, the evening peak cooling load around 21:00 local time (LT) becomes more pronounced and comparable with its afternoon counterpart around 15:00 LT. Conversely, the weekday–weekend fluctuation is greatly weakened in suburban and rural districts due to the stable cooling demands on weekdays and weekends. The district-level sensitivity of peak cooling loads to surface meteorological factors is further investigated by linear regression analysis, and results show significant decreases from urban to rural districts. The correlation coefficients between peak cooling loads and heat index that combines air temperature and relative humidity reach up to 0.8–0.9 in most districts. If using air temperature or specific humidity solely, the coefficients of determination with peak cooling loads are roughly 0.1–0.3 smaller, possibly indicating the greater potential of heat index for effectively predicting peak cooling demands in Beijing.
A Hybrid Ray-Tracing Optical Model for Compound Parabolic Concentrators
Authors: Xu Donghao , Qu Ming , Yang Zhiyao
Published: April 2020

Compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), as a hybrid of the stationary and the tracking collectors, can collect both direct beam and diffuse radiation. CPCs are favorable choices for medium-temperature applications for their high thermal efficiency and their cost-effectiveness. Optical models are important tools to predict the solar concentrating capability of the CPC. Despite the numerous, optical models developed in the literature and used for parametric studies of the optical characteristics of CPCs, the angular optical properties of the glass envelope, reflector, and receiver are rarely included. Moreover, most existing optical modeling studies of CPCs did not consider or present the loss associated with the refraction in the glass envelope. This study aims to fill these gaps by developing a comprehensive CPC optical model with the capability of profile generation, hybrid ray-tracing (HRT), surface property simulation, and sky model. The HRT can achieve high accuracy using significantly fewer computation resources compared with Monte Carlo ray-tracing (MCRT) and was validated against tracepro. The new optical model incorporates angular and spectrum dependence of optical properties for refraction and reflection using multilayer thin-film theory. Finally, the proposed HRT model was used to analyze the error associated with neglecting geometric design parameters and angular dependency of optical properties in optical simulation. The results suggest that the gaps between the receiver, glass envelope, and the reflector, the refraction of the glass and angular dependence of transmittance, and absorptance should be included in simulation to avoid considerable errors.
Investigation of Riblet Geometry and Start Locations of Herringbone Riblets on Pressure Losses in a Linear Cascade at Low Reynolds Numbers
Authors: Liu Qiang , Zhong Shan , Li Lin
Published: April 2020

In this paper, the effects of an array of herringbone riblets with different riblet geometry (height and spacing) and start locations on the pressure losses in a cascade of diffuser blades are investigated over a range of low Reynolds numbers (0.50 × 105–1.00 × 105). The herringbone riblets with a given geometry are found to produce a profound modification to the wake structure above certain critical Reynolds numbers. It is also found that within the range of parameters tested an increase in riblet height and riblet spacing results in an onset of significant control effect at a lower Reynolds number, which is accompanied by a slight reduction in zone-averaged loss coefficient and flow turning angle. An upstream shift of the start position of the riblet array along the blades enables the riblets to become effective at a lower Reynolds number at the expense of a reduced loss reduction and flow turning angle. A semi-empirical relationship between the ratio of riblet height to local baseline boundary layer displacement thickness and the critical Reynolds number is established using the present experimental data. A preliminary methodology for designing the herringbone riblets to ensure an effective control of 2D flow separations around the mid-span of diffuser blades over a specified range of Reynolds numbers is also proposed.
Improving Heat Transfer of Plate-Fin Heat Sinks Using Through Rod Configurations
Authors: Abdelmohimen Mostafa A. H. , Algarni Salem , Almutairi Khalid , Ahmed Gulam M. S. , Irshad Kashif , Irfan Sayed A.
Published: April 2020

The performance of the heat sink has been investigated as using rods through its fins. The shear-stress transport k–ω model is selected to carry out this study. Two different flow directions have been studied. Four cases are represented, including the baseline case which has no rods through the fins. Two, four, and six rods are used through the fins. Thermal resistance, pumping power, and Nusselt number have been represented and discussed through this study. The results show that as the number of rods increases, the thermal resistance decreases while the required pumping power increases. The impinging flow direction shows higher performance as compared with the suction flow direction. As the Reynolds number increases, the Nusselt number increases for all studied cases. The optimum case along with the studied range of Reynolds number and number of rods is case-2 (has four rods through fins).
A Robust RCSA-Based Method for the In Situ Measurement of Rotating Tool-Tip Frequency Response Functions
Authors: Ji Yulei , Bi QingZhen , Yu Long , Ren Fei , Wang Yuhan
Published: April 2020

Measuring rotating tool-tip frequency response functions (FRFs) is difficult because of the fluted tip geometry. The methods based on receptance coupling substructure analysis (RCSA) can obtain rotating tool-tip FRFs with a few tests. Existing RCSA-based methods require at least one smooth rod for measurement and then mathematically calculate the desired rotating tool-tip FRFs. However, involving the inverse of the experimentally obtained FRFs matrix, these methods are susceptible to the measurement noise in the rotating structure. In addition, the inconsistency between the holder–tool and holder–rod connections is another uncertainty which impacts accuracy. This paper presents a robust RCSA-based method to obtain rotating tool-tip FRFs. It is found that tool-tip FRFs can be calculated from another point FRFs on the same assembly. Then, one point on the smooth cylindrical shank of the tool is selected for measurement. The measured FRFs, along with those from the theoretical tool model, calculate the rotating tool-tip FRFs. Compared with the previous methods, the proposed one does not require inverting the measured FRFs matrix, inherently avoiding amplification of measurement noise. Since the tool replacement is no longer required, in situ measurement is achieved to ensure the same holder–tool connection throughout the procedure. The proposed method is first validated in a numerical case and then verified experimentally by a commercial hammer and laser vibrometer. Both results show that the method is insensitive to the measurement noise and can obtain rotating tool-tip FRFs with considerable accuracy.
Supporting Deaf Students in Undergraduate Research Experiences: Perspectives of American Sign Language Interpreters
Authors: Ott Laura E. , Hodges Linda C. , LaCourse William R.
Published: April 2020

Deaf undergraduates are eager to engage in research but often feel marginalized due to lack of appropriate accommodations to allow for effective communication within heterogeneous research teams consisting of hearing peers and/or mentors. In this case study, we interviewed four American Sign Language (ASL) interpreters who provided full-time accommodations to teams consisting of one deaf student and two hearing peers during a six-week internship. We queried the interpreters on their role and experiences in supporting the research teams. Our findings indicate that the interpreters can be a valuable asset to heterogeneous teams by supporting both deaf and hearing individuals and advocating for the deaf student. That said, interpreters also had to overcome challenges unique to interpreting in the research environment, such as deciding when and how to interpret. The insights provided by the interpreters interviewed here are valuable as undergraduate research programs evaluate how to provide appropriate accommodations to deaf students engaged in research. In addition, they also highlight the need for research experience coordinators and mentors to consider supporting diverse teams in developing effective communication strategies and applying universal design for learning to the research environment.
Stable isotope niche convergence in coexisting native and non-native salmonids across age classes
Authors: Cucherousset Julien , Závorka Libor , Ponsard Sergine , Céréghino Régis , Santoul Frédéric
Published: April 2020

Niche divergence resulting from coevolution is commonly believed to favour coexistence among competing species; however, recent investigations have demonstrated that an unexpected niche convergence can occur when native and non-native species coexist. Yet, our understanding of the ontogenetic characteristics of this niche convergence remains limited. In the present study, we quantified the stable isotope niche of native brown trout (Salmo trutta) in allopatry and sympatry with non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) across four age classes. Our results demonstrated that brown trout displayed a stable isotope niche closer to brook trout in sympatry than in allopatry, which was likely driven by an increased consumption of terrestrial invertebrates by sympatric brown trout. Stable isotope niche overlap was the strongest for young-of-the-year individuals and the intensity of overlap between sympatric native brown trout and non-native brook trout decreased during ontogeny. These findings indicate that niche convergence between the species occur at the earliest age class of the native species and are maintained across ontogeny.
Ergodicity and large deviations in physical systems with stochastic dynamics
Authors: Jack Robert L.
Published: April 2020

In ergodic physical systems, time-averaged quantities converge (for large times) to their ensemble-averaged values. Large deviation theory describes rare events where these time averages differ significantly from the corresponding ensemble averages. It allows estimation of the probabilities of these events, and their mechanisms. This theory has been applied to a range of physical systems, where it has yielded new insights into entropy production, current fluctuations, metastability, transport processes, and glassy behaviour. We review some of these developments, identifying general principles. We discuss a selection of dynamical phase transitions, and we highlight some connections between large-deviation theory and optimal control theory.

Graphical abstract
Schistonchus macrophylla (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae): an enigmatic taxon from sycones of Ficus section Malvanthera in eastern Australia, with description of a new subspecies
Authors: Davies Kerrie A. , Bartholomaeus Faerlie , Li Dong Mei , Zhao Zeng Qi , Ye Weimin , Giblin-Davis Robin M.
Published: April 2020

Over a period of 15 years, Schistonchus was collected from sycones of Ficus subgenus Urostigma section Malvanthera in eastern Australia, and was found to occur widely. Here, Schistonchus macrophylla macrophylla is redescribed from F. macrophylla and F. superba, and a new subspecies, Schistonchus m. lightfooti subsp. n., from F. rubiginosa and F. superba. Schistonchus m. lightfooti subsp. n., is characterised by having a long post-vulval uterine sac (PUS) with thickened walls and a narrowly rounded or pointed distal tip, procorpus which is usually longer than the stylet length, pyriform metacorpus, trapezoid-shaped head capsule, papillae arranged as one large pair adcloacal, a large pair at mid-tail length, and a small pair near the tail tip, no caudal alae, and a spatulate tail tip in females; and was collected from Sydney in New South Wales (NSW) to southern Queensland. Schistonchus m. macrophylla is characterised by having a procorpus shorter than or equal to the stylet length, an ovoid metacorpus, rectangular-shaped head capsule, long PUS with thickened wall only at its distal tip, caudal alae, and papillae arranged as one pair precloacal, one small pair adcloacal, and a large pair at mid-tail length. It was collected in NSW.
The Boule of Baitolethepha (Beit-Nattif): Evidence for Village and Toparchy Administration in Judea
Authors: Ecker Avner , Zissu Boaz
Published: April 2020

A clay seal from the collection of the late professor Dan Barag bears an inscription The Boule of Baitolethepha. The village of Baitolethepha (Beit-Nattif/Pella) was the administrative center of a Toparchy in Judea. This seal seems to prove that central toparchy villages, at least in Roman period Judea, had local councils called boulai and that this type of institution was not exclusive to poleis.
Re-examining Ambrose’s Ep. 24. The Exceptional Case of the Bishop’s Hearing
Authors: Tone Hiroshi
Published: April 2020

Ep. 24 was not simply the record of the dispute and it was entangled with unclear sentences which sometimes confused previous researches. The present study will specify the cause of its confusion and will argue the possibility of the change of the point at issue. As a result, it becomes clear that the case of Ep. 24 was the exceptional one of the bishop’s hearing in which bishop’s judgement was tended to be unfair to one interested party and the result of its dispute was not necessarily dependent upon Ambrose’s authority as a bishop.
Sound across Languages
Authors: Ricci Ronit
Published: April 2020

In his insightful essay, “Silence Across Languages,” (1995) A.L. Becker suggested that every language consists of a particular balance between speech and silence: between what can be expressed in words and what must remain unspoken. One important implication of this fact, he further claimed, is that the different silences between and across languages make translation very difficult, if not utopian. Taking Becker’s essay as its starting point this essay explores the question of silence and sound in translation through a study of interlinear translation. An inter-linear translation in which each line is Arabic is followed by its translation into Malay constitutes a microcosm in which to view the act of translation from up close and in detail. The essay suggests that it is also a space in which silences are “not allowed,” or must be overcome, as these translations do not offer the luxury of adaptation and re-tellings where words, idioms, grammatical and syntactical elements can be glossed over, ignored or remain unheard. An interlinear space forces the scribe, translator, reader and listener to produce and pronounce the sounds of different languages even when they are “incompatible” and thus may overcome the silences, in however small a way, and offer us a paradigm of “sound across languages.”
From a simple to a complex aspectual system: Feature reassembly in L2 acquisition of Chinese imperfective markers by English speakers
Authors: Guo Yanyu
Published: April 2020

This article reports on an empirical study on the acquisition of Chinese imperfective markers ( zai, - zheP and - zheR) by English-speaking learners at three proficiency levels. Compared to English, Chinese has a richer imperfective aspect in terms of markers (forms) and features (meanings). Results are presented from a grammaticality judgment task, a sentence–picture matching task and a sentence completeness judgment task. We find that advanced learners are successful in reassembling additional semantic features (e.g. the [+durative] feature of zai and the [+atelic] feature of -zheP) when the first language (L1) and second language (L2) functional categories to which the to-be-added features belong are the same. However, advanced learners have problems in differentiating between the interpretations of the progressive zai and the resultant-stative - zheR, and are not sensitive to the incompleteness effect of - zheP, which indicates that discarding L1-transferred features is arduous for learners. Our findings, in general, support the predictions of the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis (Lardiere, 2009). In addition, there is some evidence obtained for L1 influence, which persists at an advanced stage.