bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Authors: Brooke Christopher
Published: November 2017

This chapter tracks the changing fortunes of a fundamental opposition between more Stoic and more Augustinian perspectives on human life, showing that as the seventeenth century gave way to the eighteenth, the patterns of Augustinian anti-Stoicism had often found expression in a more secular, Epicurean register. What Jean-Jacques Rousseau attempts, more strenuously than any other thinker of the period, is an extraordinary synthesis of Epicurean, Augustinian, and Stoic argumentative currents. In common with the modern Epicureans, Rousseau uses claims about self-love to illuminate all areas of human behaviour in modern times. But by presenting that self-love as inflamed amour-propre, Rousseau tilts sharply towards the more critical Augustinians than towards those Epicurean writers who were making their apology for commercial society.
Keeping Company with Ghosts
Authors: Chen Janet Y.
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows how the GMD regime proved incapable of coping with increasing urban disorder in both Shanghai and Beijing. With refugees from battleground areas in the countryside continuously fleeing to the cities, the municipal governments tried to use relief agencies to serve both charitable and punitive purposes. In Beijing, desperate refugees starved in winter shelters and workhouses. In Shanghai, conditions in government institutions were equally deplorable, and many of the destitute preferred the squalor of their own straw huts to relief based on the deprivation of freedom. Thousands of refugees also forced their way into the coffin repositories of native place associations, choosing to “keep company with ghosts” rather than submit to government custody. By 1949, these grim examples of suffering fatally exposed the Nationalist government's inability to fulfill its own commitments.
A New Deal for the Alien
Authors: Fox Cybelle
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the Social Security Act and the disparate treatment of blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants in the administration of Social Security, Unemployment Insurance, Aid to Dependent Children, and Old Age Assistance. Though framed as legislation that would help the “average citizen,” scholars have shown that the Social Security Act in fact excluded the vast majority of blacks from the most generous social insurance programs, relegating them to meager, decentralized, and demeaning means-tested programs. European immigrants, by contrast, benefited from many of the provisions of the Social Security Act, and in at least some respects, they benefited more than even native-born whites. The net result of these policies was that blacks were disproportionately shunted into categorical assistance programs with low benefit levels, European immigrants were disproportionately covered under social insurance regardless of citizenship, and Mexicans were often shut out altogether.
Constitutional “Attachment”: Identifying the Content of One’s Commitment
Authors: Levinson Sanford
Published: November 2017

Chapter 3 considered the merits of loyalty oaths in general. It left unexamined an assumption of the debate about requiring such oaths—that they have some genuine content. This chapter examines that assumption: What exactly is one affirming when pledging loyalty to the Constitution or announcing one’s “constitutional faith”? It is possible that the national covenant is without content, or at least is unspecifiable? The chapter includes an intensive examination of one particular case requiring what might be termed as a “meta-analysis” of the Constitution. The subject matter of the case involves the meaning of the “attachment” to the Constitution required in order to become a naturalized citizen of the United States.
Writing Rights
Authors: Dudziak Mary L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter details Marshall's role as British officials and Africans began crafting a rule of law to guide Kenya's future. As an American, Marshall might seem like an intruder in a conversation, in essence, between British ruler and subject. But his presence was a marker of an era. His nation had thrown off British rule, an example that inspired the new generation. As rights became a central issue, Marshall found himself front and center. He was tasked with drafting a bill of rights. This was not a neat and tidy task, confined to the pristine world of legal analysis. And the document would not inscribe rights that would last forever. Instead, it was bricks-and-mortar work, the laying of a political foundation. The Bill of Rights was most importantly a commitment on the part of the parties to each other, a commitment to politics. To craft rights was to help build a nation.
Epilogue
Authors: Dudziak Mary L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter details events following Marshall's appointment to the Supreme Court. As a Supreme Court justice, Marshall worked on the problem of race in America. His life's focus became undoing the constitutional embodiment of Jim Crow, surely one of the impediments to equality. However, moving the nation toward a fuller vision of racial justice in the 1960s required other tools than those Marshall possessed, and this required a deeper commitment from a broader political coalition. What had once seemed possible was out of reach by 1968. A nation torn apart over war and divided over domestic politics was not to be united around the vision of its 1960s leaders. It was a cruel irony that in shining a light on the cities, the Kerner Commission Report seemed a reverse echo of Brown: “Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal.”
The Institution of Meter
Authors: Martin Meredith
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins with a discussion of metrical mastery, outlining the way that Robert Bridges's intervention in his best-selling treatise Milton's Prosody expanded and popularized the theories that he and Gerard Manley Hopkins discussed together. It shows how Bridges and his influential competitor, George Saintsbury, were jostling for position during the height of the prosody wars between 1900 and 1910, and how their successes and failures characterize much of our contemporary thinking about early twentieth-century prosody. Author of the three-volume History of English Prosody (1906–10), Saintsbury was a prime mover in both the foundation of English literary study and the institutionalization of the “foot” as the primary measure of English poetry. Infused with Edwardian-era military rhetoric, Sainstbury's foot marched to a particularly English rhythm, which he traced through the ages with wit and martial vigor.
The Discipline of Meter
Authors: Martin Meredith
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks closely at the rise of state-funded English education to uncover the disciplinary role that poetry played. It shows how the naturalization of English “meter” was a crucial part of the English literary curriculum. “Meter” is placed in quotation marks because the “meter” that emerges in the state-funded classroom has little to do with the prosody wars going on outside its walls. Educational theorist Matthew Arnold's cultural metrics, in which poetry by Shakespeare, for instance, will subtly and intimately transform a student into a good citizen, is replaced by a patriotic pedagogy wherein verses written in rousing rhythms are taught as a naturally felt English “beat.” It suggests that poet and educational theorist Henry Newbolt's figure of the “drum” performed a naturalized rhythm that brought England together as a collective. The collective mass identification with (and proliferation of) patriotic verses created an even sharper divide between the high and low, elite and mass, private and public cultures of poetry in the early twentieth century.
Why Adjudicate?
Authors: Davis Christina L.
Published: November 2017

The World Trade Organization (WTO) oversees the negotiation and enforcement of formal rules governing international trade. Why do countries choose to adjudicate their trade disputes in the WTO rather than settling their differences on their own? This book investigates the domestic politics behind the filing of WTO complaints and reveals why formal dispute settlement creates better outcomes for governments and their citizens. It demonstrates that industry lobbying, legislative demands, and international politics influence which countries and cases appear before the WTO. Democratic checks and balances bias the trade policy process toward public lawsuits and away from informal settlements. Trade officials use legal complaints to manage domestic politics and defend trade interests. WTO dispute settlement enables states and domestic groups to signal resolve more effectively, thereby enhancing the information available to policymakers and reducing the risk of a trade war. The book establishes this argument with data on trade disputes and landmark cases, including the Boeing-Airbus controversy over aircraft subsidies, disagreement over Chinese intellectual property rights, and Japan's repeated challenges of U.S. steel industry protection. The book explains why the United States gains better outcomes for cases taken to formal dispute settlement than for those negotiated. Case studies of Peru and Vietnam show that legal action can also benefit developing countries.
The Democratic Propensity for Adjudication
Authors: Davis Christina L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the democratic propensity for adjudication by conducting a statistical analysis of the use of adjudication by eighty-one states during the period 1975–2004. It uses the data to explore different dimensions of democratic politics and whether demand for adjudication reflects electoral preference for free trade, legal norms, or accountability mechanisms arising from legislative constraints on executive autonomy. The domestic constraints hypothesis receives support from evidence that states with high checks and balances at home are the most frequent users of adjudication. The chapter also shows that the same dynamic generates a positive correlation between democracy and the likelihood of a state to be targeted as a defendant in World Trade Organization (WTO) disputes. The pattern of trade disputes is shaped by domestic politics in terms of institutions of the complainant and defendant and by geopolitics in terms of alliance relations between trade partners.
The Reluctant Litigant: Japanese Trade Policy
Authors: Davis Christina L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Japanese trade policy to promote market access for exports. It considers how the delegation of authority to the bureaucracy influences the choice of trade strategies by Japan. The Japanese legislature grants considerable autonomy to the bureaucracy for management of foreign trade policy. As a result, there should be lower demand for adjudication and less politicization of case selection. Compared to the United States, the chapter shows that Japan follows a more selective adjudication strategy and initiates only a few cases for large industries with less obvious political influence on selection. Analysis of a number of case studies reveal the absence of political pressure on the country's foreign economic policy. The chapter also looks at a dataset of trade barriers that represent potential trade disputes.
International Monitors as Reinforcement
Authors: Kelley Judith G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter studies how international monitors may improve elections and when their efforts may be more likely to succeed or fail. It argues that monitors can indeed improve elections, but their influence is conditioned by domestic and international factors. In reality, monitors play a reinforcement role by building on existing domestic potential and enhancing the effectiveness of other international leverage. International election monitors can improve the quality of elections through two main mechanisms. First, monitors can alter incentives by increasing the risk of exposure, signaling increasing international cost, increasing domestic cost, or increasing the incentives for honesty. Second, monitors can alter the domestic conditions by recommending legal and institutional changes, and by teaching new norms and building capacity and skills that reinforce good electoral practices.
Modern America
Authors: Crowe Justin
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the specialization of the federal judiciary from the start of World War II in 1939 to the election of Bill Clinton's presidential successor in 2000. Coming out of the New Deal, politicians of modern America broadened the institutional portfolios of courts and judges with a series of specialized functions and individuals. This deepening of the bureaucratic tendency toward division of labor cemented the key role played by judicial power in modern governance. The chapter discusses the three stages in which judicial institution building occurred during this period: the enhancement and expansion of judicial adjuncts to execute administrative duties for and to relieve the growing caseload burden on federal district court judges; the reorganization of existing courts and judges in order to develop and utilize expertise to handle patent law; and the creation of a new tribunal to provide judicial scrutiny over domestic surveillance and intelligence gathering.
Ethnicity by Fiat
Authors: Hansen Thomas Blom
Published: November 2017

This chapter narrates the story of how the Asiatic question was configured in South Africa from the 1860s to the present as a question of necessary containment of culturally alien people. It describes how the township of Chatsworth was set up, imagined, and framed as a purely Indian space over decades of tense and often antagonistic tussle between policy makers and social activists. The chapter also looks at how specific methods of policing contributed to the current mythology of the Indian township during apartheid as fundamentally safe, as a place where “we never locked our doors.” It draws on official documents, newspapers, and governmental publications, as well as a range of narratives by older residents of Chatsworth.
Domesticity and Cultural Intimacy
Authors: Hansen Thomas Blom
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how the space of the township gradually became marked and coded as a space that was interior to Indian life. It traces the emergence of the figure of the charou in the township as the constant other of the emergent, respectable Indian community in Chatsworth. Mainly based on archival material, narratives, and ethnographic material, the chapter also shows how the older figure of the “coolie”—the stereotyped, lower-caste plantation worker—gives way to a new and deracinated menace within the township that is equated with “backwardness” and stubborn, traditional conservatism, which needs to be reformed in order for the community to fully evolve.
Realities of Provincial Government
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how Byzantine administration worked on the ground in the provinces of Hellas and Peloponnesos during the period 1180–1204. The Byzantine Empire was governed through a complex administrative system, predominantly military in nature, within which civilian and ecclesiastical sectors played a key role. The theme of Hellas and Peloponnesos was created in the first half of the eleventh century when the two provinces were combined into a single unit. It was administered by both military and civil appointees. The chapter considers the administrative structure of provincial government, focusing on the triad of military, civilian, and ecclesiastical administration. It also discusses the diocese under the metropolitan of Athens that extended over central Greece, along with the local government officials of Hellas and Peloponnesos.
The Ecclesiastical Organization of Central Greece at the Time of Michael Choniates
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the ecclesiastical organization of Central Greece at the time when Michael Choniates was Metropolitan of Athens (1182–1205). Using new evidence from the Codex Atheniensis 1371, it considers the state of the Byzantine church in Central Greece during the period. The Codex Atheniensis is a manuscript that contains a Notitia episcopatuum (list of metropolitans and bishops subject to the patriarchate of Constantinople). To establish the ecclesiastical sees in Central Greece at the end of the twelfth century, it is necessary to distinguish between several Notitiae. The evidence suggests that at least ten new bishoprics had been created in Central Greece since the time of the Emperor John Tzimiskes. The chapter argues that these new bishoprics were created to meet an immediate need—an expanding Orthodox population. An expanding population, combined with a developing economy, indicates that Central Greece was possibly experiencing prosperity.
The Collapse of the Byzantine Empire in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the collapse of the Byzantine Empire in the twelfth century. Between the tenth and twelfth centuries, the Byzantine state machinery was extremely sophisticated. It directed a systematic foreign policy and maintained a developed network of diplomatic relations with neighboring powers, controlled the minting and circulation of a stable gold currency, and ran a complex bureaucratic administration. However, the empire's economic organization was primitive. The chapter analyzes the fiscal and commercial aspects of the economic organization of a provincial area of the Byzantine Empire under the Angeloi during the period 1185–1204. It suggests that the conquest and sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade constitutes a collapse and disappearance of the empire in 1204, and that the establishment of a Latin Empire on Byzantine territory signals a definite break with the former Byzantine organization.
Prologue: Arguing about (the Irish) Race
Authors: Nelson Bruce
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins with a discussion of the issue of race and the controversy it has generated over the last several decades. It then sets out the book's focus, namely the evolution of Irish nationalism (and Irish racial identity) in the context of powerful global phenomena such as slavery and abolition, the British Empire, and the class and national struggles of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The goal is to interrogate the stereotype of Ireland as a self-contained “Holy Island” by focusing on elements of the nationalist movement that turned outward to a global arena of suffering and struggle and affirmed that “[our] sympathy with distress ... extends itself to every corner of the earth.” An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
“The Blood of an Irishman”
Authors: Nelson Bruce
Published: November 2017

This chapter traces the English construction of the Irish race, from the “incomplete conquest” in the sixteenth century to the completion of the process in the seventeenth century. By the 1690s, the English had constructed the foundations of an enduring and multifaceted Protestant Ascendancy. The seventeenth century was marked by two major wars, one of them lasting more than a decade. It was also marked by successive waves of dispossession, which ultimately meant that almost all Catholics east of the River Shannon ceased to be landowners. Increasingly, it appeared that Ireland was a nation defined by a fundamental antagonism between Irish Catholics and English (and Irish) Protestants. The events that played the key role in consolidating this perception were the Catholic rebellion of 1641 and the Cromwellian invasion of 1649.
“From the Cabins of Connemara to the Kraals of Kaffirland”
Authors: Nelson Bruce
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Irish nationalism in the context of the British Empire and its rapid expansion in the second half of the nineteenth century. It focuses on Michael Davitt, who participated in the South African War. Davitt became a bitter opponent of British foreign policy and a war correspondent for American and Irish newspapers. He had long been committed to an essentialist discourse of Anglo-Saxon versus Celt that required the demonization of the Saxon for his manifold sins. While Davitt became famous for his opposition to anti-Semitism and support for the aboriginal peoples of Australia and New Zealand, we must also recognize that in romanticizing the Boers as heroic victims of British imperialism he allowed himself to demonize their black African adversaries in ways that not only distorted historical reality but also reflected the intense racism of his time.
Epilogue: The Ordeal of the Irish Republic
Authors: Nelson Bruce
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses events surrounding the Irish Republican government's signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty on December 6, 1921. The treaty granted Ireland dominion status but stopped far short of recognizing the “isolated Republic” that the members of Dáil Éireann and the Irish Republican Army had sworn a solemn oath to uphold. Almost immediately, the treaty divided the republican movement, and by the time it was ratified by a narrow margin in early January 1922, Ireland was drifting toward civil war. The acrimonious treaty debate, the descent into fratricidal warfare that pitted former comrades against each other; the gratuitous violence that took the lives of leading republicans such as Michael Collins, Harry Boland, Erskine Childers, and Liam Mellows—all of this left an indelible imprint on the Irish psyche and affected politics in Ireland for much of the twentieth century. It is fair to say that from the moment the treaty was signed, the republican movement was engulfed by an internal crisis of direction and morale from which it never fully recovered.
Introduction
Authors: Fefferman Charles , Graham C. Robin
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter begins with a brief definition of conformal geometry. Conformal geometry is the study of spaces in which one knows how to measure infinitesimal angles but not lengths. A conformal structure on a manifold is an equivalence class of Riemannian metrics, in which two metrics are identified if one is a positive smooth multiple of the other. In [FG], the authors outlined a construction of a nondegenerate Lorentz metric in n+2 dimensions associated to an n-dimensional conformal manifold, which they called the ambient metric. This association enables one to construct conformal invariants in n dimensions from pseudo-Riemannian invariants in n+2 dimensions, and in particular shows that conformal invariants are plentiful. The formal theory outlined in [FG] did not provide details. This book provides these details. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Poincaré Metrics
Authors: Fefferman Charles , Graham C. Robin
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the formal theory for Poincaré metrics associated to a conformal manifold (M, [g]). It shows that even Poincaré metrics are in one-to-one correspondence with straight ambient metrics, if both are in normal form. Thus, the formal theory for Poincaré metrics is a consequence of the results of Chapter 3. The derivation of a Poincaré metric from an ambient metric was described in [FG], and the inverse construction of an ambient metric as the cone metric over a Poincaré metric was given in § 5 of [GrL].
Unrivalled Influence
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This book explores the exceptional roles that women played in the vibrant cultural and political life of medieval Byzantium. This book evokes the complex and exotic world of Byzantium's women, from empresses and saints to uneducated rural widows. Drawing on a diverse range of sources, the book sheds light on the importance of marriage in imperial statecraft, the tense coexistence of empresses in the imperial court, and the critical relationships of mothers and daughters. It looks at women's interactions with eunuchs, the in-between gender in Byzantine society, and shows how women defended their rights to hold land. The book describes how women controlled their inheritances, participated in urban crowds demanding the dismissal of corrupt officials, followed the processions of holy icons and relics, and marked religious feasts with liturgical celebrations, market activity, and holiday pleasures. The vivid portraits that emerge here reveal how women exerted an unrivalled influence on the patriarchal society of Byzantium, and remained active participants in the many changes that occurred throughout the empire's millennial history. The book brings together the author's finest essays on women and gender written throughout the long span of her career. This volume includes three new essays published here for the very first time and a new general introduction. It also provides a concise introduction to each essay that describes how it came to be written and how it fits into her broader views about women and Byzantium.
Women in Byzantium
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a 2009 lecture titled “We Are All Children of Byzantium”, given at the 19th Annual Runciman Lecture at King's College London. The lecture discussed the gendered character of the imperial court in Constantinople, which brought into focus a set of forces from Roman law to Greek education and Christian monogamy that permitted the quite exceptional, continuous influence of women at the center of the Byzantine Empire through its 1,100 years. Although the empire shared an overwhelmingly patriarchal culture and forms of male domination and female marginalization found in all premodern societies, women can frequently be seen to exercise power. How was it that women so often exercised influence over the millennial empire?
The Imperial Feminine in Byzantium
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes the cultural heritage, the imperial precedents, and variety of visual models on which powerful Byzantine empresses could draw. In particular, it demonstrates that by the eighth and ninth centuries there were significant resources available that might permit imperial authority to adopt feminine forms. The reason for this chronological framework lies in the prominence of two empresses, Irene and Theodora, during the periods of iconoclasm (roughly calculated from 730 to 843). Both reversed bans imposed on the veneration of icons. Irene set a precedent by summoning the Seventh Ecumenical Council held in 787, which justified icons and restored them to a central position in the church, while Theodora is commemorated as a saint for her role in ending the second phase of iconoclasm in 843.
The Many Empresses of the Byzantine Court (and All Their Attendants)
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers moments when the Byzantine court appeared to contain many empresses. In the political ideology of the Byzantine Empire, there was place for only one ruler, the emperor “crowned by God” and blessed by the church, who united all his subjects within the known world, oikoumene. And while many conflicts and civil wars were fought over the succession, once an emperor had been crowned in Constantinople his authority was greatly enhanced over the imperial court as well as his uncrowned rivals. As the structures of imperial court life evolved, two factors materialized into greater significance: the presence of an empress, usually the emperor's wife, became essential to court rituals; and an empress had to take charge of the female sector of the court. When two women were elevated to the same position of empress, it was necessary for one to be designated as the official holder of the title, which could provoke immense rivalry.
Theophano
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter investigates the education of Byzantine princesses in general. It examines the preparation they received in order to fulfill their specific tasks, in addition to acting as ambassadors for Byzantium, and thus securing the alliances of cooperation or at least peace, which was the aim of formal diplomacy. Clearly, no two Byzantine princesses were ever the same. But within the formal diplomatic requirements of the term, they had to conform to certain expectations, to meet certain criteria, to fit a preconceived model. Here, the chapter considers the parameters of this model and then tries to discover how well Theophano fitted them.
Toleration and Repression within the Byzantine Family
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the concepts of toleration and repression in the Byzantine context. It begins by surveying the framework of patriarchy inherited from Late Antiquity and then proposes several areas of research. Within the household and family, any attempt to study toleration and repression has to be considered under the omnipotent authority of the pater familias. How does this power repress different family members? Do any of them manage to subvert this authority? In hagiographical sources in particular women appear trying to circumvent the patria potestas, especially when it has condemned them to a life they do not wish to lead. Is this more frequently imagined than put into effect? The problematic nature of these stories requires careful textual analysis. Nonetheless, all types of sources concur in the critical power of fathers to decide how the other members of the family shall behave in order to maintain and expand family wealth and resources through strategic marriage alliances.
The Icon Corner in Medieval Byzantium
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

From classical times onward, one of the basic tasks of women was to take care of the household lares, representatives of the ancient gods, whose presence was felt to protect and assist the family. In every dwelling with a hearth female members attended these deities with appropriate rituals. In the form of statuettes, often gilded, as well as framed wooden panel paintings, local deities occupied a prominent domestic space long into the Christian era. When the family converted to Christianity the ancient household gods were replaced by Christian icons, which took over the same role and protected the same space. It seems likely that women's responsibility for, and devotion to, the household protectors was transferred from the old deities to the new Christian God. Although there is no direct evidence for a removal of the older representations in order to institute new ones, when icons are later found in a domestic setting, they are in precisely that part of the home that is the particular preserve of women. It is this association between domestic cult and the veneration of icons in Byzantium that this chapter explores.
Entry and Exit
Authors: Hall John A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how the rules of civility can vary, making them at times very hard to understand, let alone to accept. A contrast is drawn between the differential abilities of the European Union and the United States to “let in” immigrants so as to create one out of many—an area in which the contemporary United States far outperforms Europe. Civil nationalism is profoundly to be desired, but it is also rather hard to achieve. It is interesting to discover that the United States is more of a pioneer in this regard than European countries. However, both these great areas of the North have at their respective hearts a good deal of background homogeneity.
Intelligence in States
Authors: Hall John A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at the great contribution of Raymond Aron to the understanding of civil behavior between states. Aron's contribution to the theory of international relations goes well beyond what can usefully be termed “simple” realism. He offered a sophisticated version of that basic approach, at once more complex and more meritorious. Two elements are involved: first, the pure logic of realism, and then, necessarily deriving from it, the sociological elements that Aron brought into realism, not to deny or to replace the basic insights of that theory but rather to improve it by better explaining both the escalation to extremes and the periods of diminished conflict that mark the historical record. Both elements combine to form not just a descriptive system but a prescriptive view as to how one should conduct oneself. What is at issue is civility and prudence.
With the Same Voice
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Cicero’s use of oratory as a means of establishing a connection between his subject matter, philosophy, and traditional public life. The emphasis is on the connection between philosophy and rhetoric as disciplines and the continuity between Cicero the orator and statesman and Cicero the philosopher. The chapter first considers how Cicero leverages the connection between Academic Skepticism and rhetoric, in contrast to the alienating thought and style of the Stoics exemplified by the person of Cato the Younger. The discussion focuses on the preface to the Paradoxa Stoicorum, which uses the figure of Cato the Younger to work out the relationship between philosophy and active political practice. Drawing on the preface to book one of De Natura Deorum and the preface to book one of Tusculan Disputations, the chapter concludes with an assessment of the continuity between Cicero the orator and Cicero the philosopher.
Reading a Ciceronian Preface
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the preface as an interactive process, a journey during which the author strives to win over the reader so as to obtain a favorable reception for his text before the reader actually encounters the body of the work. It considers the importance of Cicero’s insertion of his project into the social institution of amicitia and the way in which texts associated with circles of amicitia establish relations between an author and his readers. It also discusses Cicero’s invoking of tradition in the form of quotations, allusions, and the choice of dialogue characters. To illustrate Cicero’s overall rhetorical strategy and to reconstruct the step-by-step progression that he creates for the ideal reader approaching his work, the chapter offers a reading of the prefaces to Topica and De Senectute.
Philosophy after Caesar
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the transformation in Cicero’s philosophical project following the change in his political circumstances after the death of Julius Caesar. It begins with a reading of the preface to book two of De Divinatione, Cicero’s first public reflection on the state of the project at the time of Caesar’s death. It then considers the treatises that followed, arguing for a gradually evolving new direction, along with the trajectory in Cicero’s choices of dedicatees that sheds further light into the evolution of his thinking about the place of philosophy in his overall plans. It concludes with a reading of the prefaces to the three books of the De Officiis. Whereas De Oratore and De Re Publica are dedicated to Quintus, De Officiis is dedicated to Marcus the Younger.
Ottoman Sources and the Question of Their Being Purged
Authors: Akçam Taner
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how the demise of the Ottoman state led to a succession of ethnic and religious groups playing out their struggles for independence on its shrinking stage against a backdrop of forced population exchanges, deportations, massacres, and ethnic cleansing. As the last of the great early modern empires, the Ottoman state entered its long nineteenth century trailing the heritage of Byzantium but lacking the means of modernization. Without the requisite political and social structures and public consensus of a nation-state, “the Muslim Third Rome” could no longer bind together the diverse groups that peopled its vast territory. The logic of the nation-state utterly contradicts that of empire. Whereas an empire, by definition, encompasses a number of territories and diverse peoples, a nation-state is circumscribed by two clearly defined boundaries: geographical and social.
Demographic Policy and the Annihilation of the Armenians
Authors: Akçam Taner
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers how the annihilation of the Armenians, as an outcome of a sequence of decisions, led to questions arising about the possible relationship between demographic policy and genocidal practice. It argues that there was such a causal relationship. Demographic anxieties shaped the Armenian deportations: the population ratios where Armenians were deported and where they remained were decisive, and the deportations were carried accordingly. Only three factors appear to have prevented the ethnic cleansing of the Ottoman Greeks from escalating into genocide: the Great War had not yet begun, there was a country to which the Greeks could be expelled, and the Armenian-inhabited regions to the east were potentially subject to Russian occupation and eventual Armenian statehood.
The Tales of Innocent Persecuted Heroines and Their Neglected Female Storytellers and Collectors
Authors: Zipes Jack
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with a significant, but obfuscated category of nineteenth-century folk and fairy tales that deserves greater attention: tales told, collected, and written by women. Hardly anyoneknows anything about the tales of Laura Gonzenbach, Božena Němcová, Nannette Lévesque, and Rachel Busk, despite the great advances made in feminist studies that led to the rediscovery of important women European writers of fairy tales from the seventeenth century to the present. Not only are the tales by Gonzenbach, Němcová, Lévesque, and Busk pertinent for what they reveal about the beliefs and customs of specific communities in the nineteenth century and about the role of women, but they are also valuable in the study of folklore for elucidating the problematic aspects of orality and literacy, and the interpretation of particular tale types such as the innocent persecuted heroine.
Science
Authors: James Harold
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to the next generation, and examines the business ethic and the political and personal life of Friedrich Alfred Krupp. Friedrich Alfred Krupp is described a rather kind and gentle person who tried to improve relations with the workforce, who also reflected endlessly about the problems of his age and tried to find answers based on modern science. Furthermore, the chapter shows that, in just the same way as the regime of Alfred Krupp had seemed to mirror the establishment of the German Empire and the Bismarckian political settlement, Friedrich Alfred's world corresponded to that of Wilhelmine Germany, and Wilhelminism was above all about size and power.
Large-Scale Continuous-Time Interconnected Dynamical Systems
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Nersesov Sergey G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter extends classical dissipativity theory to vector dissipativity for addressing large-scale continuous-time interconnected dynamical systems using vector storage functions and vector supply rates. In particular, it develops an energy flow modeling framework for large-scale dynamical systems based on vector dissipativity notions. Using vector storage functions and vector supply rates, the chapter shows that the dissipativity properties of a composite large-scale system are determined from the dissipativity properties of the subsystems and their interconnections. It also derives extended Kalman–Yakubovich–Popov equations, in terms of the subsystem dynamics and interconnection constraints, characterizing vector dissipativeness via vector system storage functions. In addition, feedback interconnection stability results are developed for large-scale nonlinear dynamical systems using vector Lyapunov functions. These results are specialized to passive and nonexpansive large-scale dynamical systems.
Control of Large-Scale Dynamical Systems via Vector Lyapunov Functions
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Nersesov Sergey G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the notion of a control vector Lyapunov function as a generalization of control Lyapunov functions, showing that asymptotic stabilizability of a nonlinear dynamical system is equivalent to the existence of a control vector Lyapunov function. These control vector Lyapunov functions are used to develop a universal decentralized feedback control law for a decentralized nonlinear dynamical system that possesses guaranteed gain and sector margins in each decentralized input channel. The chapter also describes the connections between the notion of vector dissipativity and optimality of the proposed decentralized feedback control law. The proposed control framework is then used to construct decentralized controllers for large-scale nonlinear dynamical systems with robustness guarantees against full modeling uncertainty.
Finite-Time Stabilization of Large-Scale Systems via Control Vector Lyapunov Functions
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Nersesov Sergey G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter develops a general framework for finite-time stability analysis based on control vector Lyapunov functions. Specifically, it develops a vector comparison system whose solution is finite-time stable and relates this finite-time stability property to the stability properties of a nonlinear dynamical system using a vector comparison principle. The results are specialized to the case of a scalar Lyapunov function to obtain universal finite-time stabilizers for nonlinear systems that are affine in the control. Finally, the utility of the proposed framework is demonstrated using two numerical examples: the first involves a large-scale dynamical system with control signals for each decentralized control channel as a function of time; the second example considers control of thermoacoustic instabilities in combustion processes.
Festivals in Late Medieval and Early Modern Spain: An Introduction
Authors: Ruiz Teofilo F.
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of festivals in late medieval and early modern Spain. Whether meant to impress and lord over neighbors, friends, or foes, or to promote and enhance royal or princely power, celebrations in the late medieval and early modern periods were, as they are today, inextricably linked to the exercise and experience of power. This book focuses on Philip II's 1585–86 journey throughout Spain. Reading accounts of the royal entries, Carnivals, and other festivities that took place during Philip II's perambulations throughout his Iberian realms or on his visits to trans-Pyrenean imperial lands as a prince, one is forcefully struck by the ageless quality of what were essentially political and cultural performances.
The Meaning of Festivals: A Typology
Authors: Ruiz Teofilo F.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a typology of the diversity of ludic events, their origins, and evolution in late medieval and early modern Spain. There has long been an argument that Spanish festivals, celebratory cycles, and chivalrous activities, such as the tournament, did not originate in the peninsula but were most often imported from elsewhere. Festivities are, of course, as old as humanity itself. They are, in some ways, an aspect of that ludic drive that articulates the human need for play. At the individual, family, or community level, celebrations have played, and continue to play, a significant role in social relations, linking networks of individuals into temporary cohesive units. A birth, a coming of age, a wedding, a death, and all the high points of the life cycle call for some kind of ritual marking. Depending on wealth and social standing, these celebrations may be either exaggerated displays of one's lofty position or humble affairs.
The Structure of the Late Medieval and Early Modern Royal Entry: Change and Continuity
Authors: Ruiz Teofilo F.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the different elements of royal and princely entries, examining each of the different components of a formal entry. These elements include the reception of the king, the entrance to the city, the procession through the city, and the ceremonies at the church. Common to all the entries and royal or princely visits was the reception outside the city. This reception heralded the coming of a ruler or visiting prince, and, at their most basic level, represent an act of courtesy. Meanwhile, the symbolic moment when the royal personage actually entered the city through its main gate was laden with important symbolic and political meanings. This is followed by a regal procession through the city and the royal entry's conclusion at the cathedral or the town's main church.
Fear of the Thirty Years War
Authors: Lederer David
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the relationship between fears and crises by focusing on the Thirty Years War. It considers how the war evoked a universal fear response and highlights expressions of preexisting apocalyptic fears in the material context of a long-term crisis. It also examines universal and traditional elements in contemporary portrayals of fear aroused by the specific events of the war. During the Thirty Years War, the body politic often appeared twisted, contorted, or monstrous in form, suggesting a fearful condition affecting society as a whole. In other words, the body functioned as a repository of fear during the conflict. The chapter argues that the linchpin of the relationship between crises and fear during the Thirty Years War was their literal embodiment by contemporary political culture and a peculiar understanding of history.
The Persecuted Body
Authors: Mcalister Melani
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the politics of fear underlying the antipersecution discourse that revolved around evangelical Christians at the turn of the twenty-first century. A video made by the U.S.-based Christian evangelical group Voice of the Martyrs showed that Christians are being persecuted all around the world. By the turn of the twenty-first century, a passionate concern with the persecution of Christians united conservatives as well as liberal and moderate evangelicals. The chapter shows how antipersecution discourse resulted in the passage of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998. It also considers the significance of spectacles of the violated body to the discourse of persecution and how intense attention to Christian persecution created a tension for evangelicals between the universalizing language of human rights and a specific commitment to the “persecuted body” of Christ. Finally, it explores how evangelicals' attention to Christian persecution intersects with Islamic concerns.
Fear of the Past
Authors: Etkind Alexander
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the representation of Soviet terror in post-Soviet culture. It proposes a new concept, that of memory-dread, to analyze how Russians perceive the Soviet terror. It interprets the fearful visions of post-Soviet writers, fimmakers, and intellectuals as a territory of memory-dread, a space of the undead. Recognizing ghosts, spirits, vampires, dolls, and other man-made and man-imagined simulacra that carry the memory of the unburied Soviet dead, the chapter develops a theory of cultural memory as consisting of three elements that are intimately connected: monuments (hardware), texts (software), and specters (ghostware). It also discusses three stages in the Russian memory of the so-called “unjustified repressions”: denial, repression, and interpretation. Finally, it considers the carnivalesque dynamics of the post-catastrophic melancholia, along with Magical Historicism in the post-Soviet novel.
New Leisure in South Beirut
Authors: Deeb Lara , Harb Mona
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains the history of the Islamic milieu, and describes its changing relationship to Dahiya and a new generation of pious Shi'i Muslims. This history will provide an understanding of how political contingency, urbanization, economic mobility, and generational shifts have combined to produce an environment ripe for the development of leisure. It also considers transnational influences on leisure, and a general sense of the infitah, or “opening up,” of Hizbullah and Dahiya as conditions for these new leisure desires and sites. The most visible of these changes is of course Hizbullah's popularity along with its incorporation into the social and spatial fabric of Dahiya and Lebanon.