bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancer and Long-Term Expression Functions of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latency-Associated Promoter Are both Located in the Same Region
Authors: Berthomme Herve , Thomas Joëlle , Texier Pascale , Epstein Alberto , Feldman Lawrence T.
Published: July 2002

During herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) latent infection in vivo, the latency-associated promoter (LAP) is the only promoter to remain highly active long term. In a previous attempt to characterize LAP activity in vitro and in a mouse model, we showed that a 1.5-kb fragment called the long-term expression element (LTE), located immediately downstream from the transcriptional start site of LAP, was able to (i) increase gene expression in an orientation-independent manner, regardless of the cell type or the promoter used in vitro (enhancer activity) and (ii) keep LAP active during latency in vivo (long-term expression activity) (H. Berthomme, J. Lokensgard, L. Yang, T. Margolis, and L. T. Feldman, J. Virol. 74:3613–3622, 2000). To determine if these two functions could be separated genetically, we conducted a mutational analysis on the LTE and analyzed the effect on the LAP-LTE properties in both transient expression in cell culture and mouse dorsal root ganglia lytic and latent infection. In this report, we show that the first half of the LTE sequence, corresponding to the region previously described as LAP2 or exon1, encodes the enhancer function. This same region is also required to keep the LAP active during latency. These results exclude the intron region as containing any significant enhancer activity or any ability to keep the LAP active during latency. The results also show that these two functions have not been separated, leaving open the possibility that there is no long-term expression function per se but that the enhancer itself may function to keep the LAP active during latency by raising the level of expression to a detectable one. Further mutational analysis will be required to determine if these two potential functions continue to cosegregate.
Chimeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Containing Murine Leukemia Virus Matrix Assembles in Murine Cells
Authors: Reed Margaret , Mariani Roberto , Sheppard Liana , Pekrun Katja , Landau Nathaniel R. , Soong Nay-Wei
Published: July 2002

Murine cells do not support efficient assembly and release of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions. HIV-1-infected mouse cells that express transfected human cyclin T1 synthesize abundant Gag precursor polyprotein, but inefficiently assemble and release virions. This assembly defect may result from a failure of the Gag polyprotein precursor to target to the cell membrane. Plasma membrane targeting of the precursor is mediated by the amino-terminal region of polyprotein. To compensate for the assembly block, we substituted the murine leukemia virus matrix coding sequences into an infectious HIV-1 clone. Transfection of murine fibroblasts expressing cyclin T1 with the chimeric proviruses resulted in viruses that were efficiently assembled and released. Chimeric viruses, in which the cytoplasmic tail of the transmembrane subunit, gp41, was truncated to prevent potential interference between the envelope glycoprotein and the heterologous matrix, could infect human and murine cells. They failed to further replicate in the murine cells, but replicated with delayed kinetics in human MT-4 cells. These findings may be useful for establishing a murine model for HIV-1 replication.
Identification of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV)-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Epitopes and Evaluation of Reconstitution of KSHV-Specific Responses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Wilkinson John , Cope Alethea , Gill Jas , Bourboulia Dimitra , Hayes Peter , Imami Nesrina , Kubo Toru , Marcelin Anne , Calvez Vincent , Weiss Robin , Gazzard Brian , Boshoff Chris , Gotch Frances
Published: July 2002

Following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) has significantly declined in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-positive (HIV-1+) individuals and clinical remission is often observed. We hypothesize that these effects are partly due to anti-KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) immune restoration. Here, 15-mer overlapping peptides from proteins K12 and K8.1 were used to identify novel KSHV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes. Three immunogenic peptides, two lytic and one latent, were subsequently used to monitor the anti-KSHV CD8+T-cell responses in a cohort of 19 HIV-1+KSHV+/−KS+/−individuals during 52 weeks of HAART. KSHV and HIV-1 loads, KSHV antibody titers, and both CD4+and CD8+T-lymphocyte counts were enumerated. Prior to HAART, the total number of spot-forming cells (SFC) for all three peptides correlated with both CD4+and CD8+T-lymphocyte counts (P≤ 0.05) in the KSHV-positive KS-positive cohort (n= 11). Following 52 weeks of HAART, significant decreases in HIV-1 and KSHV loads were associated with significant increases in CD4+T-lymphocyte counts and number of SFC for the three KSHV-specific peptides. Although these increases were modest in comparison to the number of SFC observed with the HIV-1gagpeptide SLYNTVATL, they represented a fourfold increase from the baseline, continuing an upward trend to week 52.
Structural and Adsorption Effects of Some Thiopurine and Thiopyrimidine Derivatives on their Catalytic Activity at the Mercury Electrode
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed Sayed
Published: July 2002

6-Thiopurine, 6-thiopurine riboside, 6-thioguanine, 6-thioguanosine, 8-thioguanosine, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouridine, 2-thiocytosine and 2-thiocytidine are investigated by means of DC polarography and coulometry. In acid medium they give a typical catalytic hydrogen discharge wave, as shown by its parameters and the regeneration of the depolarizer during the electrode process. At pH values above 4.2 a second catalytic wave appears. Both catalytic waves possess pronounced surface characteristics, most likely due to adsorption of the molecules with differing orientations on the electrode surface. The catalytic wave overlaps the reduction wave, which is placed in evidence under conditions where the catalytic effect is absent. Under the same conditions, 2-thiouracil was found to be catalytically inactive, but it induces catalytic hydrogen evolution in Co(II)-containing ammonia buffer. The present results indicate that the position of thio group yields also such distinct change in the catalytic activity of the investigated compounds.
Design of Transition-Metal Oscillators Based on the Reduction of Permanganate Ions by Keto Dicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Melicherčík Milan , Mrákavová Marta , Nagy Arpád , Olexová Anna , Treindl Ľudovít
Published: July 2002

Permanganate chemical oscillators with some keto dicarboxylic acids in the presence of phosphoric acid in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) are described in terms of the phase diagrams in the [ketomalonic acid]o-ko, [oxalacetic acid]o-ko, and [α-ketoglutaric acid]o-ko planes, and in the [H3PO4]o-ko , [MnO4-]o-ko , temperature-ko planes. The results show that an optimum degree of stabilization of the Mn(IV) colloid, which may serve as a reservoir of solvated Mn(IV) ions participating in the elementary reaction steps, is a prerequisite for the oscillations in the MnO4--keto dicarboxylic acid system. A skeleton mechanism for permanganate oscillators with keto dicarboxylic acids involving five reaction steps is proposed.
The Potential-pH Diagram Depicting the Chemisorption of Two Species on the Uniformly Inhomogeneous Surface. The Sulfur and Hydrogen Chemisorption on the Platinum Electrode
Authors: Loučka Tomáš
Published: July 2002

General thermodynamic dependences were derived for the simultaneous chemisorption of two substances on the uniformly inhomogeneous surface. In terms of these dependences and on the basis of thermodynamic data available in the literature, the potential-pH diagram was calculated for the Pt-S-H2O system at 25 °C on considering the sulfur and hydrogen chemisorption.
NMR Determination of the Structure of Peracetylated Icariside B2 from Veratrum Lobelianum BERNH.
Authors: Suchý Václav , Buděšínský Miloš , Ubik Karel , Grančai Daniel , Földešiová Vlasta
Published: July 2002

rel(1S,4S,5R)-3,3,5-Trimethyl-4-[( 1E)-3-oxo-1-butenyl]-4,5-epoxy-cyclohexyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (I) was isolated from the aerial part of Veratrum lobelianum BERNH. The structure was derived mainly from detailed analysis of 1H and 13C NMR spectra of its acetylated derivative II. Compound I has been already reported under the name icariside B2in Epimedium grandiflorum MORR. var. thunbergianum (MIQ.) NAKAI.
Preparation and NMR Spectra of Substituted 2-(4-Nitrophenyl)imidazolinones
Authors: Sedlák Miloš , Halama Aleš , Kaválek Jaromír , Macháček Vladimír , Mitaš Petr , Štěrba Vojeslav
Published: July 2002

A series of 11 substituted 2-(4-nitrophenyl)imidazolinones have been prepared by base catalyzed cyclizations of substituted 2-(4-nitrobenzoylamino)alkanamides. At higher methoxide concentrations the cyclization can be accompanied by reduction of nitro group to azoxy group. All the substances prepared have been identified by 1H and 13C NMR spectra.
Effects of the Gas Phase Composition and Genesis of the Active Sodium Carbonate on Its Reactivity Towards Gaseous Mixture SO2 + NOx
Authors: Stejskalová Květoslava , Bach Pavel , Lippert Erich , Mocek Karel
Published: July 2002

The reactivity of the solid active sodium carbonate towards gaseous mixture SO2 + NOx has been measured in the dependence on oxygen and carbon dioxide contents and on genesis of the solid substance. The fixed bed flow reactor working under integral conditions has been used. It was found that the reactivity of the active sodium carbonate of the 1st generation towards gaseous mixture SO2 + NOx is higher than the reactivity of the active sodium carbonate of the 2nd generation. In the temperature range of 130-180 °C the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide have no decisive influence on the reactivity of the active sodium carbonate of the 1st generation.
Pyridoxine as a Substrate for Screening Synthetic Potential of Glycosidases
Authors: Weignerová Lenka , Suzuki Yukio , Huňková Zdenka , Sedmera Petr , Havlíček Vladimír , Marek Radek , Křen Vladimír
Published: July 2002

The reactions of glycosidases with pyridoxine were used for testing their ability to make new glycosidic bonds. Of 35 glycosidases examined, some exhibited regiospecificity towards one primary alcoholic group; glycosylation of phenolic hydroxyl group was not observed. A series of new glycosides of pyridoxine, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosides, α-D-manno- pyranosides, and one α-D-galactopyranoside were prepared and completely characterized by MS and NMR.
Synthesis of Carba Analogues of 2'-Deoxy-4'-C-(hydroxymethyl)nucleosides
Authors: Hřebabecký Hubert , Holý Antonín
Published: July 2002

Racemic dimethyl 2-hydroxy-4-[5-methyl-2(1H),4(3H)-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl]- (7a and 8a) and dimethyl 4-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-hydroxycyclopentane-1,1-dicarboxylates (7b and 8b) were prepared by addition of sodium salt of thymine and adenine, respectively, to dimethyl (Z)-(4-oxobut-2-en-1-yl)malonate (1). Reduction of the diesters with sodium borohydride in methanol in the presence of sulfuric acid gave corresponding racemic 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-4-[5-methyl-2(1H),4(3H)-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl]- (14a and 15a), 4-(6-aminopurin- 9-yl)-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentan-1-ol (14b and 15b), methyl (±)-cis-2-hydroxy- 1-hydroxymethyl-4-[5-methyl-2(1H),4(3H)-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl]- (13a), and methyl (±)-cis-4-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethylcyclopentan-1-carboxylate (13b), respectively.
Temperature and Oxygen Effect on Oscillations of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction with 2-Oxopentanedioic Acid as Substrate
Authors: Bala Daniela , Treindl Ľudovít
Published: July 2002

The temperature dependence of the influence of oxygen on the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) system with a Ce(IV)-Ce(III) redox catalyst and 2-oxopentanedioic acid as substrate and on the autocatalytic oxidation of Ce(III) ions with bromate was studied in detail. The influence of temperature on the induction period, the period of the second oscillation, duration and number of oscillations, and finally on the average frequency of oscillations, was investigated both in oxygen and in nitrogen. The corresponding activation parameters have been determined and discussed. The most pregnant effect of oxygen is observed on the temperature dependence of the duration and the number of oscillations. The value for enthalpy of activation is more than 50 kJ mol-1 higher in oxygen than in nitrogen. The presence of oxygen may generate chaotic behaviour or multi-mode oscillations since in the presence of oxygen, new intermediates in the BZ system are formed, thereby increasing its complexity.
Ortho Effect in Dissociation of Substituted N-Phenylbenzenesulfonamides
Authors: Nádvorník Jiří , Ludwig Miroslav
Published: July 2002

Twenty-five 2,2'-disubstituted N-phenylbenzenesulfonamides (2-X-C6H4SO2NHC6H4-Y-2') were synthesised and their purity checked by elemental analysis. This set of model substrates involved all possible combinations of methoxy, methyl, hydrogen, chloro, and nitro substituents. The dissociation constants of the sulfonamides were determined by potentiometric titration in methanol, pyridine, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetone, and acetonitrile. The dissociation constants pKHA obtained were correlated with various sets of substituent constants describing electronic and steric effects of the substituents, and the statistically treated data were used to discuss the contribution of the substituent effects in the dissociation and the difference between the effects transmitted from the two rings. A linear regression model explaining 99% of the variability of experimental data in all the solvents has been found and discussed. Moreover, the experimental data were also interpreted by the methods using latent variables, the principal component analysis (PCA) and conjugated deviation analysis (CDA), and two latent variables were shown to be statistically significant in the description of dissociation. The first obviously describes common action of electronic and steric effects of substituents; the other probably concerns a combined effect of substituent and solvent on the position of acid-base equilibrium.
Everyday ethics in an acute psychiatric unit
Authors: Grant V J , Briscoe J
Published: July 2002

The paper begins with a brief statement about the centrality of autonomy or self governance as a core ethical value in the interaction between health care worker and patient. Then there are three stories describing everyday interactions in an acute psychiatric unit. These are used to help unravel ethical issues relating to patient autonomy. Each story is analysed for its ethical components by describing the protagonists' different perspectives, and their reactions to the events. Attention is also paid to institutional policy. Suggestions are made for small changes in both staff behaviour and institutional procedures. Such changes could enhance rather than diminish patient autonomy.
Exposure to electromagnetic fields and suicide among electric utility workers: a nested case-control study
Authors: van Wijngaarden Edwin , Savitz David A , Kleckner Robert C , Cai Jianwen , Loomis Dana
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES

This nested case-control study examines mortality from suicide in relation to estimated exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in a cohort of 138 905 male electric utility workers.

METHODS

Case-control sampling included 536 deaths from suicide and 5348 eligible controls. Exposure was classified based on work in the most common jobs with increased exposure to magnetic fields and indices of cumulative exposure to magnetic fields based on a measurement survey.

RESULTS

Suicide mortality was increased relative to work in exposed jobs and with indices of exposure to magnetic fields. Increased odds ratios (ORs) were found for years of employment as an electrician (OR 2.18; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.25 to 3.80) or lineman (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.18 to 2.14), whereas a decreased OR was found for power plant operators (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.33 to 1.40). A dose response gradient with exposure to magnetic fields was found for exposure in the previous year, with a mortality OR of 1.70 (95% CI 1.00 to 2.90) in the highest exposure category. Stronger associations, with ORs in the range of 2.12–3.62, were found for men <50 years of age.

CONCLUSION

These data provide evidence for an association between occupational electromagnetic fields and suicide that warrants further evaluation. A plausible mechanism related to melatonin and depression provides a direction for additional laboratory research as well as epidemiological evaluation.
Non-fatal work related injuries in a cohort of Brazilian steelworkers
Authors: Schoemaker Minouk J , Barreto Sandhi M , Swerdlow Anthony J , Higgins Craig D , Carpenter Robert G
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES

Workers in the steel industry are exposed to various severe hazards. This study investigated risk factors for non-fatal injury occurring in the workplace and during travel to and from work in steelworkers in Brazil.

METHODS

Non-fatal work related injuries during employment from January 1977 to September 1992 were analysed in a cohort of 21 732 male workers in the steel plant of USIMINAS, Brazil.

RESULTS

There were 14 972 non-fatal injuries during follow up, with 10 891 injuries in the workplace and 4081 during travel to and from work (travel to work injury). The rate of injury in the workplace was 5.6/100 person-years and that of travel to work injury was 2.1/100 person-years. The most common injuries were to hands, arms, and eyes, with 90% of the eye injuries caused by a foreign body. Both rates of workplace and travel to work injury increased significantly with the number of injuries previously experienced, and decreased with number of years in employment and calendar period. The rates of travel to work injury also seemed to decrease with age, but age was not an independent predictor of workplace injury when we controlled for duration of employment. The rate of workplace injury was increased eightfold for workers who had experienced more than six previous injuries compared with those with no previous workplace injuries after adjusting for duration of employment and calendar period. Labourers were most at risk of workplace injury, with about eight injuries per 100 person-years. Travel to work injury was most common among support workers, with nearly half of the travel to work injuries affecting the eyes.

CONCLUSION

The rate of injury was high in these steelworks, both for workplace and travel to work injuries. Characteristics of the work areas and the employees can identify high risk groups; protective measures, safety, health training, and injury programmes should concentrate particularly on these groups. Prevention of eye injury needs special attention in steelworks.
Cross sectional and longitudinal study on selenium, glutathione peroxidase, smoking, and occupational exposure in coal miners
Authors: Nadif R , Oryszczyn M-P , Fradier-Dusch M , Hellier G , Bertrand J-P , Pham Q-T , Kauffmann F
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES

To understand the variations of selenium (Se) concentration relative to changes in occupational exposure to coal dust, taking into account age and changes in smoking habits in miners surveyed twice, in 1990 and 1994. To better understand the relation of Se concentration with glutathione peroxidase activities (GSH-Px) in these miners.

METHODS

In 1994, blood samples were obtained from active (n=131) and retired (n=40) miners without coal worker's pneumoconiosis, in whom Se concentration was available at both surveys and in whom International Labour Organisation (ILO) profusion grade had not been changed. Active miners were exposed to high dust concentrations (n=48) or low dust concentrations (n=83). Miners were classified into three subgroups according to their estimated cumulative exposure to dust, and into three subgroups according to their smoking habits.

RESULTS

Selenium concentration and GSH-Px activities were significantly lower in active than in retired miners (Se adjusted means: 62.6v72.2 ng/ml p=0.01). Moreover, Se concentration was lower in miners exposed to high compared with those exposed to low dust concentrations (adjusted means: 59.4v65.8). In miners exposed to high dust concentrations, Se concentration was significantly lower whereas erythrocyte GSH-Px activity was significantly higher in the subgroup with estimated cumulative exposure >68 mg/m3.y. In all miners, plasma GSH-Px activity was correlated with Se concentration (r=0.22, p<0.005). The 4 year Se changes were negatively related to exposure to high dust concentrations and positively related to change in exposure from high to retirement and to change from smoker to ex-smoker (p=0.01).

CONCLUSION

The variations of Se concentration in relation to changes in occupational exposure to coal dust and in smoking habits, and the close correlation found between plasma Se concentration and GSH-Px activity suggest that both are required in antioxidant defence. These results agree well with the hypothesis that the decrease in Se concentration reflects its use against reactive oxygen species generated by exposure to coal mine dust and by smoking.
Review of recent epidemiological studies on paternal occupations and birth defects
Authors: Chia S-E , Shi L-M
Published: July 2002

The main findings reported by recent epidemiological studies on paternal occupations and birth defects are reviewed, and the main limitations associated with these studies discussed. Epidemiological studies on paternal occupations and birth defects were reviewed for the period 1989 to 1999 inclusive. Systematic searches were made with search engines with related keywords. There were several common paternal occupations that were repeatedly reported to be associated with birth defects. These paternal occupations were janitors, painters, printers, and occupations exposed to solvents; fire fighters or firemen; and occupations related to agriculture. The common weaknesses in most of these studies include inaccurate assessment of exposures, different classification systems, different inclusion criteria of birth defects, and low statistical power. It is concluded that epidemiological studies, reported in the past decade, suggest that several common paternal occupations are associated with birth defects. Future studies could be focused on these specific, rather than general, occupational groups so that causative agents may be confirmed and thus enable appropriate preventive measures to be taken.
Effects of air pollution on general practitioner consultations for upper respiratory diseases in London
Authors: Hajat S , Anderson H R , Atkinson R W , Haines A
Published: July 2002

Objectives: Few published studies have examined the effect of air pollution on upper respiratory conditions. Furthermore, most epidemiological studies on air pollution focus on mortality or hospital admissions as the main health outcomes, but very rarely consider the effect in primary care. If pollution effects do exist then the public health impact could be considerable because of the many patient contacts involved. We investigated the relation between air pollution and upper respiratory disease as reflected in number of consultations made at family practices in London.

Methods: The study used non-parametric methods of analysis of time series data, adjusting for seasonal factors, day of the week, holiday effects, influenza, weather, pollen concentrations, and serial correlation.

Results: It was estimated that a 10–90th percentile change (13–31 μg/m3) in sulphur dioxide (SO2) measures resulted in a small increase in numbers of childhood consultation: 3.5% (95% confidence interval (95% CI 1.4% to 5.8%). Stronger associations were found in the case of a 10–90th percentile change (16–47 μg/m3) in fine particles (PM10) in adults aged 15–64 5.7% (2.9% to 8.6%), and in adults aged 65 and over: 10.2% (5.3% to 15.3%). In general, associations were strongest in elderly people, weakest in the children, and were largely found in the winter months for these two age groups, and in the summer months for adults aged 15–64. An apparent decrease in consultations was associated with ozone concentrations but this was most pronounced in colder months when ozone concentrations were at their lowest.

Conclusions: The results suggest an adverse effect of air pollution on consultations for upper respiratory symptoms, in particular in the case of PM10and SO2. The effects are relatively small; however, due to the many consultations made in primary care, the impact on demand for services could be considerable.
Sri Lankan health care provision and medical education: a discussion
Authors: Paskins Z
Published: July 2002

My elective was spent at a teaching hospital in Galle, in Sri Lanka. My time was spent shadowing final year students in the specialties of general medicine and paediatrics. This period provided me with much food for thought in comparing and contrasting the health service in Sri Lanka with that of the UK and also considering the differences in the style of medical education. In addition, during my stay, I was able to gain some appreciation of the political and organisational problems faced by a country in the midst of a civil war.

In this report, I have attempted to integrate an account of my observations with a discussion of the thoughts and emotions that I experienced while working in a developing country. Studying in Sri Lanka facilitated my appreciation of facets of British health care and medical education that I had not previously considered. However, fewer resources do not necessarily mean poorer patient care: could Britain have something to learn from the Sri Lankan Health Service?
Adenosine provokes diastolic dysfunction in microvascular angina
Authors: Vinereanu D , Fraser A G , Robinson M , Lee A , Tweddel A
Published: July 2002

Adenosine stress echocardiography was performed in nine patients (58 (±3) years, eight women) with documented microvascular angina. Global ventricular function was assessed by Tc99m blood pool imaging and Doppler, whereas longitudinal ventricular function was assessed by simultaneous tissue Doppler echocardiography of the lateral mitral annulus. Adenosine was infused incrementally to onset of chest pain in all patients. There was no significant change in global or longitudinal systolic function. Adenosine induced global diastolic dysfunction, demonstrated by blood pool imaging and by Doppler of the transmitral flow. All patients had long axis diastolic dysfunction at peak adenosine, revealed by a ratio of early to late diastolic velocity of lateral mitral annulus <1, which was absent at rest. Adenosine, as a stress agent, provokes regional and global diastolic dysfunction in microvascular angina, which may be a consequence of subendocardial ischaemia. Long axis diastolic dysfunction can be easily revealed by tissue Doppler of the lateral annular motion.
Crustal velocity structure from SAREX, the Southern Alberta Refraction Experiment
Authors: Clowes Ron M , Burianyk Michael JA , Gorman Andrew R , Kanasewich Ernest R
Published: July 2002

Lithoprobe's Southern Alberta Refraction Experiment, SAREX, extends 800 km from east-central Alberta to central Montana. It was designed to investigate crustal velocity structure of the Archean domains underlying the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. From north to south, SAREX crosses the Loverna domain of the Hearne Province, the Vulcan structure, the Medicine Hat block (previously considered part of the Hearne Province), the Great Falls tectonic zone, and the northern Wyoming Province. Ten shot points along the profile in Canada were recorded on 521 seismographs deployed at 1 km intervals. To extend the line, an additional 140 seismographs were deployed at intervals of 1.252.50 km in Montana. Data interpretation used an iterative application of damped least-squares inversion of traveltime picks and forward modeling. Results show different velocity structures for the major blocks (Loverna, Medicine Hat, and Wyoming), indicating that each is distinct. Wavy undulations in the velocity structure of the Loverna block may be associated with internal crustal deformation. The most prominent feature of the model is a thick (1025 km) lower crustal layer with high velocities (7.57.9 km/s) underlying the Medicine Hat and Wyoming blocks. Based on data from lower crustal xenoliths in the region, this layer is interpreted to be the result of Paleoproterozoic magmatic underplating. Crustal thickness varies from 40 km in the north to almost 60 km in the south, where the high-velocity layer is thickest. Uppermost mantle velocities range from 8.05 to 8.2 km/s, with the higher values below the thicker crust. Results from SAREX and other recent studies are synthesized to develop a schematic representation of Archean to Paleoproterozoic tectonic development for the region encompassing the profile. Tectonic processes associated with this development include collisions of continental blocks, subduction, crustal thickening, and magmatic underplating.
Interaction of vegetation control and fertilization on conifer species across the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Rose Robin , Ketchum J Scott
Published: July 2002

An experiment evaluating three levels of vegetation competition control (no control, 1.5 m2of vegetation control, and 3.3 m2of vegetation control), each with two fertilization treatments (fertilization at the time of planting with complete slow-release fertilizer (Woodace®IBDU), or no fertilization), was installed at five sites. Two of these sites were planted with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in the Oregon Coast Range, one with ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. Laws. & C. Laws.) in eastern Washington, one with western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in the coastal hemlock zone in Oregon, and one with coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.) in northern California. At four of the five sites, mean stem volume, basal diameter, and height of seedlings increased significantly with increasing area of weed control, and the magnitude of difference between treatments increased with time. Fertilization significantly increased seedling size only at the two sites with adequate soil moisture; increases were marginally significant at a third. Response to fertilization was less than from weed control and impacted growth for only the first year, whereas the influence of weed control continued to influence growth the entire length of the study (4 years). Area of vegetation control and fertilization did not interact significantly at any site.
A new paleoecological approach to reconstruct long-term history of spruce budworm outbreaks
Authors: Simard Isabelle , Morin Hubert , Potelle Bruno
Published: July 2002

A new paleoecological indicator was used for retracing the long-term history of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) outbreaks from forest humus. Macrofossil analyses were performed on 28 forest soil profiles (1020 cm) collected in four balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) stands located north of Lake Saint-Jean, Quebec. Direct evidence of the presence of spruce budworm was found. Few pupa fragments were present in the profiles, but the most abundant and well-preserved macrofossils collected were spruce budworm feces. The feces found were associated in part with the three outbreaks that occurred during the last century around 1914, 1952, and 1979. Good correspondence was obtained between the macrofossil results and the known dynamics of two stands, Lib20 and Lib23. However, the method failed to detect specific outbreaks in the other two stands, Lib21 and Lib24. A complementary macrofossil study was conducted on deeper humus profiles (4770 cm) collected on two islands of Mingan Archipelago. The outbreak history of the last century was retraced, and it was established that spruce budworm was present in the Mingan Archipelago since at least 1520 years BP. The greatest numbers of spruce budworm feces were found in the first 20 cm of the humus profiles corresponding approximately to the 20th century period. Afterward, an important reduction in numbers of feces was observed. This may be attributable to lower levels of spruce budworm populations before the 20th century or the intensification of decomposition with increasing humus depth.
The role of PI 3-kinase in EGF-stimulated jejunal glucose transport
Authors: Millar Grant A , Hardin James A , Johnson Leonard R , Gall D Grant
Published: July 2002

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) rapidly increases jejunal glucose transport. Signal transduction mechanisms mediating EGF-induced alterations in jejunal glucose transport remain to be determined. New Zealand White rabbit (1 kg) jejunal tissue was stripped and mounted in short-circuited Ussing chambers. The transport of tritiated 3-O-methylglucose was measured in the presence of the PKC agonist 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-DOG) or the inactive analog 1,3-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (1,3-DOG). Additional experiments examined the effect of the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine, the PLC inhibitor U73122, the MAPK inhibitor PD 98059, the G-protein inhibitor GDP-βS, the PI 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, or the microtubule inhibitor colchicine on EGF-induced jejunal glucose transport. Net jejunal 3-O-methylglucose absorption was significantly increased following specific activation of PKC. A PKC antagonist inhibited the EGF-induced increase in net 3-O-methylglucose transport, while PI 3-kinase inhibition completely blocked the EGF-induced transport increase. Inhibition of PLC, MAPK, G-proteins, and microtubules had no effect on EGF-stimulated increases in jejunal transport. We conclude that the effect of EGF on jejunal glucose transport is mediated at least in part by PKC and PI 3-kinase.Key words: glucose transport, epidermal growth factor, protein kinase C, PI 3-kinase.
WAVEGUIDES COUPLED THROUGH A SEMITRANSPARENT BARRIER: A BIRMAN–SCHWINGER ANALYSIS
Authors: EXNER P. , KREJČIŘÍK D.
Published: July 2002

The paper is devoted to a model of a mesoscopic system consisting of a pair of parallel planar waveguides separated by an infinitely thin semitransparent boundary modeled by a transverse δ interaction. We develop the Birman–Schwinger theory for the corresponding generalized Schrödinger operator. The spectral properties become nontrivial if the barrier coupling is not invariant with respect to longitudinal translations, in particular, there are bound states if the barrier is locally more transparent in the mean and the coupling parameter reaches the same asymptotic value in both directions along the guide axis. We derive the weak-coupling expansion of the ground-state eigenvalue for the cases when the perturbation is small in the supremum and the L 1-norms. The last named result applies to the situation when the support of the leaky part shrinks: the obtained asymptotics differs from that of a double guide divided by a pierced Dirichlet barrier. We also derive an upper bound on the number of bound states.
HAAG DUALITY IN CONFORMAL QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
Authors: BUCHHOLZ DETLEV , SCHULZ-MIRBACH HANNS
Published: July 2002

Haag duality is established in conformal quantum field theory for observable fields on the compactified light ray S1 and Minkowski space S1×S1, respectively. This result provides the foundation for an algebraic approach to the classification of conformal theories. Haag duality can fail, however, for the restriction of conformal fields to the underlying non-compact spaces ℝ, respectively ℝ×ℝ. A prominent example is the stress energy tensor with central charge c>1.
QUANTIZATION OF REDUCTIVE LIE ALGEBRAS: CONSTRUCTION AND UNIVERSALITY
Authors: TRUINI P. , VARADARAJAN V. S.
Published: July 2002

The present paper addresses the question of universality of the quantization of reductive Lie algebras. Quantization is viewed as a torsion free deformation depending upon several parameters which are treated formally and not as complex numbers. The coalgebra and algebra structures are shown to restrict very sharply the possibilities for the infinite series in the generators of the Cartan subalgebra. Under an Ansatz which can be viewed as requiring that the two Borel subalgebras are deformed as Hopf algebras we construct a multi-parameter quantization which has the required property of universality. We also show that such a quantization can be defined so that the algebra structure is the same as that of the standard one-parameter quantization, the remaining parameters being relegated to the coalgebra structure. We discuss an example in which only the latter parameters appear in the deformation. We then complete the study of the universal deformations by developing some aspects of the representation theory of the deformed algebras. Using this theory, especially the freeness of the irreducible modules, we prove the analogue of the Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem, and, as a consequence, the torsion freeness of the universal deformations.
IMPLEMENTATION OF ENDOMORPHISMS OF THE CAR ALGEBRA
Authors: BINNENHEI CARSTEN
Published: July 2002

The implementation of non-surjective Bogoliubov transformations in Fock states over CAR algebras is investigated. Such a transformation is implementable by a Hilbert space of isometries if and only if the well-known Shale-Stinespring condition is met. In this case, the dimension of the implementing Hilbert space equals the square root of the Watatani index of the associated inclusion of CAR algebras, and both are determined by the Fredholm index of the corresponding one-particle operator. Explicit expressions for the implementing operators are obtained, and the connected components of the semigroup of implementable transformations are described.
AN ISING INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO WALLS: COMPETITION BETWEEN TWO TENDENCIES
Authors: LEBOWITZ J.L. , MAZEL A.E. , SUHOV YU. M.
Published: July 2002

We consider a ferromagnetic Ising spin system, consisting of m+1, d-dimensional, layers with “–” boundary condition on the bottom layer and “+” on the top layer. When β is larger than βcr, the inverse critical temperature for the d-dimensional Ising model, the interface generated by the boundary conditions is expected to be halfway between bottom and top, for m odd, and just above or below the middle layer, for m even (each possibility with probability [Formula: see text]). In this paper, we prove the above assertion under the condition that β≥const . m and partly for β>βcr.
Asymptotic Completeness in Quantum Field Theory. A Class of Galilei-Covariant Models
Authors: Dereziński J.
Published: July 2002

We describe N-body scattering in the case of identical particles (bosons and fermions).
CONTRACTIONS OF LIE ALGEBRA REPRESENTATIONS
Authors: CATTANEO U. , WRESZINSKI W. F.
Published: July 2002

A theory of contractions of Lie algebra representations on complex Hilbert spaces is proposed, based on Trotter's theory of approximating sequences of Banach spaces. Its main distinguishing feature is a careful definition of the carrier space of the limit Lie algebra representation. A set of quite general conditions on the contracting representations, satisfied in all known examples, is proven to be sufficient for the existence of such a representation. In order to show how natural the suggested framework is, the general theory is applied to the contraction of [Formula: see text] into the Lie algebra [Formula: see text] of the 3-dimensional Heisenberg group and to the related study of the limit N→∞ of a quantum system of N identical two-level particles.
STABILITY OF GRAINS OF METALLIC OXIDES WITH A RUTILE STRUCTURE: A QUANTUM MECHANICAL STUDY
Authors: MAZZONE A. M.
Published: July 2002

The focus of this study is on the stability of grains of metallic oxides, i.e., TiO2 and SnO2 , with a rutile lattice. To this purpose, the grain binding and fragmentation energies have been evaluated quantum mechanically at semi-empirical level using the extended Debye–Hueckel approximation. The grain size and shape are variable and the shapes have been chosen to reproduce, with some approximation, realistic structures found in nanocrystalline technologies. The results show noticeable differences with respects to the known behavior of homonuclear structures. In fact, the grain stability generally increases with the cluster size, as in the homonuclear case. However, its primary dependence is on the oxygen content, rather than on the grain size. On the contrary, the density of states has a critical dependence on the cluster size and is almost equal for the two materials.
AN ARCHITECTURE OF FUSING COMMUNICATION AND EXECUTION FOR GLOBAL DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING
Authors: AMAMIYA MAKOTO , TANIGUCHI HIDEO , MATSUZAKI TAKANORI
Published: July 2002

We are pursuing the FUCE architecture project at Kyushu University. FUCE means FUsion of Communication and Execution. The main objective of our research is, as the name shows, to develop a new architecture that truly fuses communication and computation. The FUCE project develops a new on-chip-multi-processor and kernel software on it. We name the processor FUCE processor, and the kernel software as CEFOS (Communication and Execution Fusion OS).

The FUCE processor is designed as a network node processor to perform mainly switching/transmitting of messages/transaction and handling its contents. FUCE processor architecture is designed as a multiprocessor-on-chip to support the fine-grain multi-threading.

The kernel software CEFOS is also developed on the concept of multithreading. User and system processes are constructed as a set of threads, which are executed concurrently according to thread dependences.
OPERATOR PRODUCT EXPANSION IN SL(2) CONFORMAL FIELD THEORY
Authors: HOSOMICHI KAZUO , SATOH YUJI
Published: July 2002

In the conformal field theories having affine SL(2) symmetry, we study the operator product expansion (OPE) involving primary fields in highest weight representations. For this purpose, we analyze properties of primary fields with definite SL(2) weights, and calculate their two- and three-point functions. Using these correlators, we show that the correct OPE is obtained when one of the primary fields belongs to the degenerate highest weight representation. We briefly comment on the OPE in the SL (2,R) WZNW model.
IS THE COSMIC NO HAIR CONJECTURE TRUE IN THE EINSTEIN–MAXWELL-DILATON SYSTEM?
Authors: MAEDA KENGO , NARITA MAKOTO , SUZUKI SHINGO , TORII TAKASHI
Published: July 2002

We investigate the gravitational collapsing phenomenon in the spherically symmetric Einstein–Maxwell-dilaton system with a positive cosmological constant. As a preparation, we first study some general properties of the horizons in asymptotically de Sitter space–time and prove that the area of the horizons does not decrease and has an upper bound if the matter fields satisfy the dominant energy condition. By using these results, we analytically show that once gravitational collapse occurs from any initial data on a null hypersurface, the system of field equations breaks down inevitably in the domain of outer communications or the boundary, i.e. the black hole event horizon provided that a future null infinity ℐ+ exists, or the asymptotic structure at ℐ+ is broken and the universe will recollapse. In order to clarify which history does the universe trace, we perform a numerical simulation. Then, the dilaton field diverges faster than the logarithmic function almost uniformly and the asymptotic structure would be broken. This implies that the cosmic no hair conjecture is violated in the generalized theory of gravity.
Na59 Experiment at CERN
Authors: Unel G. , Apyan A. , Avakian R. O. , Ballestrero S. , Biino C. , Cenci P. , Connell S. H. , Eichblatt S. , Fonseca T. , Freund A. , Gianoli A. , Groess R. , Gorini B. , Ispirian K. , Ketel T. , Lopez A. , Luitz S. , Mikkelsen U. , Menichetti E. , Mikkelsen U. , Menichetti E. , Perego A. , van Rens B. , Sellschop J. P. F. , Sona P. , Strakhovenko V. , Uggerhøj E. , Velasco M. , Vilakazi Z. Z. , Wessely O.
Published: July 2002

Na59 Experiment at CERN-SPS aims for obtaining circularly polarized high energy photons (~100GeV) starting from an unpolarized electron beam. The basic principle of operation was predicted in 1962 by Cabbibo and has remained untested up to now. Among other physics goals, Na59 collaboration investigates usage of crystals for high energy photon polarimetry. This paper presents the experiment and summarizes some of the results obtained as of Autumn 2000.
A Novel Optical for ATLAS Pixel Detector
Authors: Gan K. K.
Published: July 2002

An optical package of novel design has been developed for the ATLAS pixel detector. The package contains two VCSELs and one PIN diote to transmit and receive optical signals. The design is based on a simple connector-type concept and is made of radiation-hard material. Several packages have been fabricated and show promising results.
MAGNET R&D FOR A FUTURE VLHC
Authors: AMBROSIO GIORGIO
Published: July 2002

Superconducting magnets are the underlying technology for all existing and future hadron colliders. A vigorous national R&D effort has been launched to improve magnet performance and reduce costs. Various designs are being considered including a low-field superferric magnet that could be the first step in a staged construction of a Very Large Hadron Collider. High-field magnets are being developed based on cosine-theta, block, and common-coil arrangements using both wind-and-react and react-and-wind fabrication techniques. A review of the different magnet R&D programs and the status of each is presented. An important part of the national effort is an R&D program to improve the performance and lower the cost of Nb3Sn superconducting wire.
THE BERRY PHASE AND MONOPOLES IN NON-ABELIAN GAUGE THEORIES
Authors: GUBAREV F. V. , ZAKHAROV V. I.
Published: July 2002

We consider the quantum mechanical notion of the geometrical (Berry) phase in SU(2) gauge theory, both in the continuum and on the lattice. It is shown that in the coherent state basis eigenvalues of the Wilson loop operator naturally decompose into the geometrical and dynamical phase factors. Moreover, for each Wilson loop there is a unique choice of U(1) gauge rotations which do not change the value of the Berry phase. Determining this U(1) locally in terms of infinitesimal Wilson loops we define monopole-like defects and study their properties in numerical simulations on the lattice. The construction is gauge dependent, as is common for all known definitions of monopoles. We argue that for physical applications the use of the Lorentz gauge is most appropriate. And, indeed, the constructed monopoles have the correct continuum limit in this gauge. Physical consequences are briefly discussed.
DISCRETE KAUP–NEWELL EQUATION, CANONICAL BÄCKLUND TRANSFORMATION AND BAXTER'S Q-OPERATOR
Authors: CHOUDHURY A. GHOSE , CHOWDHURY A. ROY
Published: July 2002

We consider the Bäcklund transformation (BT) for a discretized version of the integrable Kaup–Newell equation, obtained recently by Tsuchida through a generalization of the Ablowitz–Ladik equation. The canonical nature of the classical Bäcklund transformation is proved by determining a suitable generating function. The corresponding Q-operator is determined by means of a quantization procedure proposed by Sklyanin et al. The latter's connection with Baxter's t - Q relation is explored and a comparison with the corresponding relation for the Bethe eigenvalue is made by solving the quantum inverse problem.
TIME-DEPENDENT VARIATIONAL APPROACH TO BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATION
Authors: SALASNICH LUCA
Published: July 2002

We discuss the mean-field approximation for a trapped weakly-interacting Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) and its connection with the exact many-body problem by deriving the Gross–Pitaevskii action of the condensate. The mechanics of the BEC in a harmonic potential is studied by using a variational approach with time-dependent Gaussian trial wave-functions. In particular, we analyze the static configurations, the stability and the collective oscillations for both ground-state and vortices.