bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strain profile of (001) silicon implanted with nitrogen by plasma immersion
Authors: Díaz B. , Abramof E. , Castro R. M. , Ueda M. , Reuther H.
Published: May 2007

In this work, we investigate the strain and defect state of silicon implanted with nitrogen by plasma immersion ion implantation, with doses between 4.5×1016 and 8.7×1016 cm−2. For this purpose, we have used Auger electron spectroscopy, x-ray reflectivity, and high-resolution x-ray diffraction. Auger spectra showed that nitrogen concentration profiles broaden and shift deeper into the substrate as the dose increases. High oxygen concentration in the first 20 nm suggested the presence of an amorphous oxide layer at the sample surface, which was confirmed by x-ray reflectivity measurements. Reciprocal space maps revealed a tensile strain perpendicular to the surface, while no in-plane strain was detected. Since no significant diffuse scattering was found, randomly distributed point defects must be predominant in the strained region compared to large displacement field defects such as clusters and dislocations. ω∕2θ scans around (004) Bragg reflection were fitted using dynamical theory of x-ray diffraction. The strain profiles obtained from the best fits correlated well with nitrogen concentration depth profiles, signaling interstitial nitrogen as the main source of strain.
Linear neoclassical tearing mode in tokamaks
Authors: Shaing K. C.
Published: May 2007

The growth rate of linear tearing modes in tokamaks is calculated including the neoclassical dissipation mechanism. It is found that when the growth rate is much smaller than the ion-ion collision frequency, the growth rate is reduced approximately by a factor of (Bp∕B)2∕5 from its standard value, and when the growth rate is much larger than the ion-ion collision frequency, the growth rate is reduced by a factor [ε∕(1.6q2)]1∕5. Here, Bp is the poloidal magnetic field strength, B is the magnetic field strength, ε is the inverse aspect ratio, and q is the safety factor. The width of the resistive layer is broadened when compared to that of the standard theory. In both limits, the growth rate and the resistive layer width only depend on Bp and are independent of B. The growth rates in the plateau regime and for the inertia dominant modes are also presented.
Thermodynamic performance of a laser cryocooler
Authors: Wu Feng , Chen Lingen , Wu Shuang , Sun Fengrui
Published: May 2007

The quantum dynamic action of a laser cooling system is analyzed by means of a simplified luminescence center model with ground state and excited state in this paper. The thermodynamic performance of a laser cryocooler is described by solving quantum master equation. The cooling load and the coefficient of performance of the cooler are obtained by using finite time thermodynamics. Some features of the system under the weak coupling and under the intense coupling conditions are discussed.
Partial decoupling between strain and polarization in mono-oriented Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 thin film
Authors: Janolin Pierre-Eymeric , Fraisse Bernard , Le Marrec Françoise , Dkhil Brahim
Published: May 2007

The structural evolution of epitaxial mono-oriented (i.e., with the c axis perpendicular to the interface) ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 thin film has been investigated, using high-resolution, temperature dependent, x-ray diffraction. The full set of lattice parameters was obtained; it allowed to estimate the variation of the polarization as a function of temperature, underlying the difference between the polarization-induced tetragonality and the elastic one. The temperature evolution of the misfit strain has been calculated and found to be in good agreement with the theoretical temperature-misfit strain phase diagram.
Electrodeposition of Pd nanoparticles on single-walled carbon nanotubes for flexible hydrogen sensors
Authors: Sun Yugang , Wang H. Hau
Published: May 2007

Single-walled carbon nanotubes on thin plastic substrates have been decorated with Pd nanoparticles through a simple electrochemical deposition process and have been used to fabricate high-performance hydrogen sensors with excellent mechanical flexibility. The typical flexible sensors exhibit sensitivity (i.e., the change of resistance) of ∼75% for 0.05% hydrogen in air and response time of ∼3s for 1% hydrogen at room temperature. The performance of the as-fabricated devices keeps essentially unchanged even when they are bent to curving profile with bending radius of 7.5mm and after they are operated for 2000cycles of bending/relaxing.
Quantitative determination of tip parameters in piezoresponse force microscopy
Authors: Kalinin Sergei V. , Jesse Stephen , Rodriguez Brian J. , Eliseev Eugene A. , Gopalan Venkatraman , Morozovska Anna N.
Published: May 2007

One of the key limiting factors in the quantitative interpretation of piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is the lack of knowledge on the effective tip geometry. Here the authors derive analytical expressions for a 180° domain wall profile in PFM for the point charge, sphere plane, and disk electrode models of the tip. An approach for the determination of the effective tip parameters from the wall profile is suggested and illustrated for several ferroelectric materials. The calculated tip parameters can be used self-consistently for the interpretation of PFM resolution and spectroscopy data, i.e., linear imaging processes.
Correlation of crystalline and structural properties of C60 thin films grown at various temperature with charge carrier mobility
Authors: Singh Th. B. , Sariciftci N. S. , Yang H. , Yang L. , Plochberger B. , Sitter H.
Published: May 2007

Transistors fabricated from C60 films grown by hot wall epitaxy at higher substrate temperature, showed an order of magnitude increased charge carrier mobility up to 6cm2∕Vs. In this letter, the authors present an extensive study of morphology and crystallinity of the fullerene films using atomic force microscopy and grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction. A clear correlation of crystalline quality of the C60 film and charge carrier mobility was found. A higher substrate temperature leads to a single crystal-like faceted fullerene crystals. The high crystalline quality solely brings a drastic improvement in the charge carrier mobility. A gate voltage independent mobility is also observed in these devices which can be attributed to the highly conjugated nature of the C60 thin film.
Evidence of bidomain structure in double-perovskite La2CoMnO6 thin films
Authors: Singh M. P. , Charpentier S. , Truong K. D. , Fournier P.
Published: May 2007

The authors report structural, magnetic, and electrical properties of parasitic phase-free, well-ordered epitaxial La2CoMnO6 films. Despite their single ferromagnetic transition around 240K, they demonstrate that they possess a bidomain structure with distinct magnetic characteristics. The B-site ordering in the films is achieved by growing the films at relatively high temperatures (∼800°C) and O2 pressures (∼600mTorr). Films exhibit a maximum 5.8μB∕f.u. saturation magnetization and magnetic easy axis parallel to SrTiO3 (110). The origin of the bidomain structure is briefly discussed.
Anisotropy of the angular distribution of fragment ions in dissociative double photoionization of N2O molecules in the 30–50eV energy range
Authors: Alagia M. , Candori P. , Falcinelli S. , Lavollée M. , Pirani F. , Richter R. , Stranges S. , Vecchiocattivi F.
Published: May 2007

The double photoionization of N2O molecules by linearly polarized light in the 30–50eV energy range has been studied by coupling ion imaging technique and electron-ion-ion coincidence. For the two possible dissociative processes, leading to N++NO+ and O++N2+, angular distributions of ionic fragments have been measured, finding an evident anisotropy. This indicates that the molecules ionize when their axis is parallel to the light polarization vector and the fragments are separating in a time shorter than the dication rotational period. The analysis of results provides, in addition to the total kinetic energy of ionic fragments, crucial information about the double photoionization dynamics.
Community Participation in the Real World: Opportunities and Pitfalls in New Governance Spaces
Authors: Taylor Marilyn
Published: May 2007

The shift from government to governance in recent years has created significant new opportunities for people from disadvantaged communities to participate in the decisions that affect them. However, the weight of evidence over the years suggests that these communities have remained on the margins in partnerships and other initiatives. Governmentality theory helps to explain the ways in which state power persists even when governing is increasingly devolved; however, it also allows for the possibility of 'active subjects', who can shape and influence the new spaces into which they have been invited. This article draws on a range of evidence from the literature and from the author's own research in the UK to consider the challenges for communities of 'governing beyond the state'.
Commercial Sub-markets in Suburban Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Authors: Margulis Harry L.
Published: May 2007

In this study, auditor appraisal real property tax data are aggregated and used to identify high and low intensities of commercial activities in census tracts. Then, the tracts are cross-classified by standard occupation classification (SOCs) categories. A discriminant analysis is performed to test whether differences actually exist in tract intensities based on the SOCs. The discriminant function correctly classified 80.0 per cent of the low- and 68.2 per cent of the high-intensity cases. An analysis of SOC percentage distributions in Cleveland, the suburban commercial sub-markets and the balance of the county reveals that jobs are more highly concentrated in the county than in the city. An index of specialisation shows that sub-markets are highly specialised in 10 of 21 SOCs, while an index of entropy shows that the sub-markets are relatively identical in occupational structure. Lastly, a multivariate analysis of variance is performed comparing the sub-markets, firm and housing characteristics, and the SOC categories. The sub-markets are largely undifferentiated on the basis of firm characteristics, but the E/R ratios, the number of housing units and the total square footage of housing space indicate that the sub-markets are somewhat different in housing characteristics. Nonetheless, all of the sub-markets have job-housing imbalances. Continuing decentralisation of population and jobs ensures that speculators and developers will expand and infill suburban sub-market clusters to the detriment of Cleveland's CBD and the chagrin of its political leaders.
Assessing the Environmental Consequences of Major Sporting Events: The 2003/04 FA Cup Final
Authors: Collins Andrea , Flynn Andrew , Munday Max , Roberts Annette
Published: May 2007

Policy-makers are increasingly interested in the wider ramifications of sporting events, including the environmental impacts of event visitation. This paper demonstrates how two separate though related methodologies were used to inform conclusions on the economic and environmental impacts related to event visitation. The approaches used to assess the case event were environmental input-output tables and ecological footprint analysis. Combining these tools provided valuable insights into a series of economic and environmental impacts, together with an appreciation of the global significance of average visitor consumption patterns associated with a high profile event, the 2004 Football Association (FA) Cup Final. The paper demonstrates how these tools can be used to provide valuable intelligence for policy-makers.
Determining Optimal Building Height
Authors: Chau Kwong-Wing , Wong S.K. , Yau Y. , Yeung A.K.C.
Published: May 2007

The paper examines how building height is determined in the absence of building height regulatory restrictions. A model is developed for determining optimal height using simple neo-classical economic analysis; this is then tested using empirical data from Hong Kong. The results show that the observed building heights are consistent with the optimal height predicted by the model. In addition, it was also found that the point of optimality varied positively with the quality of the external environment. An important practical implication is that town planners and policy-makers can make use of the model as a benchmarking tool to assess and quantify the effect of imposing or relaxing height restrictions.
Cursory Connections: Urban Ties of the New Middle Class in Rotterdam
Authors: van der Land Marco
Published: May 2007

Highly educated professionals and managers have played an important part in the economic transformation of cities into consumption milieux. Nowadays, this new middle class is still considered a great potential contributor to vital cities, as consumers, as a workforce and as participants in civil society. Having witnessed increasing independence from central government over recent years, cities increasingly depend on their presence. However, until now, the new middle class mostly lives outside the city and appears to be highly mobile. The paper examines the urban ties of the new middle class, all working in Rotterdam, but living in as well as outside the city. This happens in an ideal-typical way, utilising three principles along which urban ties are formed: proximity, participation and consumption. The paper claims that, in the urban ties of the new middle class, in addition to the principles of proximity and participation, (symbolic) consumption constitutes an important and underestimated contribution.
Allocating Pupils to Their Nearest Secondary School: The Consequences for Social and Ability Stratification
Authors: Allen Rebecca
Published: May 2007

This study examines the proposition that secondary school choice in England has produced a stratified education system, compared with a counterfactual world where pupils are allocated into schools based strictly on proximity via a simulation that exploits the availability of pupil postcodes in the National Pupil Database. The study finds current levels of sorting in the English secondary school system-defined as pupils who do not attend their proximity allocation school-to be around 50 per cent, but estimates that only one-in-five pupils are potentially active in sorting between non-faith comprehensive schools. School segregation is almost always lower in the proximity counterfactual than in the actual data, confirming that where pupils are sorting themselves into a non-proximity school, it does tend to increase social and ability segregation. The difference between school and residential segregation is greatest in urban areas and LEAs with many pupils in grammar and voluntary-aided schools.
The Bottom-Up Mandate: Fostering Community Partnerships and Combating Economic Distress in Chicago's Empowerment Zone
Authors: Oakley Deirdre , Tsao Hui-shien
Published: May 2007

The Empowerment Zone and Enterprise Community Initiative (EZ/EC), funded by Congress in 1994, offered geographically targeted funding and tax incentives to distressed urban communities in the US. The mandated community involvement component of the programme was meant to separate it from traditional economic development initiatives, aligning it more fully with the core goals of community economic development. Did the programmatic strategies emphasise economic development more than fostering community partnerships or vice versa? The paper examines how much emphasis was actually placed on fostering community partnerships in the programme. It also assesses how effective this initiative was at achieving socioeconomic gains. Findings indicate that the more traditional community and economic development strategies received the majority of funding, despite the mandated requirement of building community partnerships. Nevertheless, the initiative resulted in modest decreases in poverty and unemployment. The lack of emphasis on the fostering of community partnerships in Chicago's zone did not render the initiative ineffective.
Constructing Racism in Sydney, Australia's Largest EthniCity
Authors: Forrest James , Dunn Kevin
Published: May 2007

Contemporary Australia is in a contradictory situation as a nation where multiculturalism co-exists with various forms of what are collectively called racisms. Based on a survey of Sydney residents, this study uses a social constructivist approach to investigate the nature and sociospatial context of racist attitudes in Sydney, Australia's largest EthniCity. Results show a mix of compositional (aspatial) and contextual (spatial) associations with racisms. The former indicate a general but inconsistent relationship between socioeconomic status and tolerance, and also between cultural diversity and tolerance. The latter, however, reveal place-based cultures of tolerance and intolerance cutting across compositional relationships. A geography of racism in Sydney therefore adds a level of understanding which cannot be obtained from aspatial analysis alone. This helps to understand the complexity of local political cultures and can assist with the formulation of anti-racism interventions.
Comment on Rhodes et al. (2005): Some Further Thoughts on Assessing the Effects of Area-based Initiatives on Local Outcomes
Authors: O'Reilly Dermot
Published: May 2007

This comment looks at the findings presented by Rhodes et al. (2005) in relation to the effects of seven SRB case studies on local outcomes. It questions their selective discussion of the positive outcomes relative to the national benchmarks they present and their aggregation of the theories of change, the outputs and the outcomes from the programme; it also raises some further methodological considerations relevant to the evaluation of area-based initiatives. In conclusion, this comment argues that the ability for evaluations of ABIs to show their precise contributions to outcomes is seriously constrained by both methodological and practical considerations.
The phonological loop unmasked? A comment on the evidence for a “perceptual-gestural” alternative
Authors: Baddeley Alan D. , Larsen Janet D.
Published: May 2007

Jones et al. (Jones, Hughes, & Macken, 2006; Jones, Macken, & Nicholls, 2004) identify the interaction between phonological similarity, articulatory suppression, and stimulus presentation mode in verbal short-term memory as potentially providing important support for the phonological loop hypothesis. They find such an interaction but attribute it to “perceptual organization masquerading as phonological storage”. We present data using shorter letter sequences and find clear evidence of the interaction predicted by the phonological loop hypothesis, which, unlike the evidence of Jones et al., is not limited to recency, and which provides continued support for the phonological loop hypothesis.
Two dissociable aspects of feeling-of-knowing: Knowing that you know and knowing that you do not know
Authors: Liu Yan , Su Yanjie , Xu Guoqing , Chan Raymond C. K.
Published: May 2007

Feeling-of-knowing judgement is traditionally regarded as a unitary cognitive process. However, recent research suggests that knowing that you know (positive feeling-of-knowing) and knowing that you do not know (negative feeling-of-knowing) have different neural substrates (Luo, Niki, Ying, & Luo, 2004). In the present study, we used a paradigm adapted from Koriat and Levy-Sadot (2001) to examine whether positive feeling-of-knowing and negative feeling-of-knowing were mediated by distinct cognitive processes. We found that positive and negative feeling-of-knowing were dissociated during immediate feeling-of-knowing judgements (i.e., preliminary feeling-of-knowing) and delayed feeling-of-knowing judgements (i.e., postretrieval feeling-of-knowing). At the judgement intervals, positive feeling-of-knowing was based on partial recovery of the nonrecalled targets, whereas negative feeling-of-knowing was determined by familiarity with the retrieval cues. Our results suggest that feeling-of-knowing is a heterogeneous process.
Ritual Performance and Ritual Practice: Teaching the Multiple Forms and Dimensions of Ritual
Authors: Ekstrom Linda , Hecht Richard D.
Published: May 2007

This chapter reflects upon the chapter's authors' experience in teaching a course on religion and contemporary art, and how they seek to help students understand the ritual dimensions of religion and contemporary art practice. The chapter considers two rituals, one from the celebration for the feast day of the Virgin of Guadalupe and the other a performance by two art students. The chapter attempts to understand these two very different ritual forms through a series of theoretical frames drawn from the study of religion and the interpretation of contemporary art. The ritual practices of three well-known contemporary artists — Guillermo Gómez-Peña, Liza Lou, and Marina Abramovic — are discussed. The works of these artists are strikingly different, but each holds together, in practice and form, the transcendence and immanence of the sacred, and their work expands the range and breadth of the understanding of ritual.
The Play of the Mother
Authors: Erndl Kathleen M.
Published: May 2007

This chapter explores questions of Hindu women's power in connection with goddess possession rituals in the Kangra Valley area of Himachal Pradesh, North India. In Kangra, it is not uncommon for women to become possessed by a goddess, to speak with her voice, and to act as healers and mediums in their communities. Possession grants householder women opportunities to travel beyond their domiciles and form a female community with other women, however temporary. This in turn may provide women access to advice, support, or even material assistance. These ritual spaces are “cracks” in a patriarchal system that cannot be completely controlled by patriarchal norms and that provide outlets for women's creativity and interconnection.
Performing Arts, Re‐forming Rituals
Authors: Narayanan Vasudha
Published: May 2007

This chapter addresses the expression of Hindu women's religiosity through music and dance. It is argued that in contemporary Hinduism the performing arts, which are essentially forms of religious performance, may serve as vehicles not only for women's religious expression, but also for dynamic social commentary and reform. Examples include dancers like Mallika Sarabhai and Chandralekha, who use dance to highlight women's issues and to express themes of anguish and strength. As authors, performers, and consumers of the performing arts, women may engage music and dance both to express their own subjectivities and to help effect social change.
External Liberalization in Asia, Post‐Socialist Europe, and Brazil
Authors: Lance Taylor
Published: May 2007

This chapter begins with a discussion of the main focus of this volume, namely, the experiences of fourteen countries with external liberalization, focusing on Asian transition economies. It describes the methodology used in the studies, the effects of external liberalization, and current account liberalization. The experiences of specific countries are analyzed.
External Liberalization, Growth, and Distribution in China
Authors: Li Shantong
Published: May 2007

This chapter examines the effects of external liberalization on China's economic growth, employment, and income distribution. The sections are organized as follows. Section 1 describes China's macro environment following trade liberalization. Section 2 reviews China's experience with liberalization. Section 3 analyzes the macro impact of liberalization through a decomposition of aggregate demand. Section 4 focuses on the distributive effects of liberalization through a decomposition of employment and productivity. The social impact of liberalization is dealt with in Sections 5 and 6.
External Liberalization, Growth, and Distribution in the Philippines
Authors: Bautista Carlos C. , Lim Joseph Y.
Published: May 2007

This study examines the effects on growth and distribution of external liberalization efforts in the Philippines. The second section describes Philippine economic performance, starting from the time the country acquired its independence. However, the main focus of the study is from 1980 to the present, because this was when the reforms were put in place. The third section analyzes distribution effects through a decomposition of employment to provide a better understanding of the distributional effects of liberalization and deregulation. The final section discusses areas for further research and makes a conclusion.
External Liberalization, Growth, and Distribution: The Polish Experience
Authors: Podkaminer Leon
Published: May 2007

This chapter examines the effects of external liberalization in Poland. It begins with a discussion of a general macroeconomic history of Poland. Section 2 discusses distribution and inequality. Section 3 considers the dynamics of unemployment. Section 4 examines labor productivity, employment, and output.
Turkey, 1980–2000: Financial Liberalization, Macroeconomic (In)Stability, and Patterns of Distribution
Authors: Boratav Korkut , Yeldan Erinc
Published: May 2007

This chapter examines the facts and processes characterizing the dynamic macroeconomic adjustments in Turkey since the start of its reforms toward global integration. The study is organized as follows. Section 2 focuses on the analytics of macro adjustments of the two distinct (i.e., 1980-1988/1989 and 1989-2000) phases of liberalization. Section 3 quantifies the macro adjustments via a set of decomposition exercises and traces the evolution of real output and sources of aggregate demand. Microlevel adjustments and related decomposition exercises, in turn, are investigated in Section 4 for the manufacturing sector. The distributional effects of liberalization of commodity trade and finance are summarized in Section 5, and Section 6 gives a conclusion.
Keeping Your Balance
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: May 2007

This chapter focuses on the existence of Nash equilibria. The existence problem is first introduced with pure-strategy reaction curves for Noisy and Silent Duel. A proof of John Nash's existence theorem is then sketched using the Kakutani fixed-point theorem. The latter may be deduced from Brouwer's more famous fixed-point theorem. A sketch of a proof of Brouwer's theorem is offered using the fact that Hex cannot end in a draw. Games often have many Nash equilibria, which creates an equilibrium selection problem. Various possible approaches to the equilibrium selection problem are reviewed, including the evolutionary approach and Thomas Schelling's notion of a focal point.
Repeating Yourself
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: May 2007

This chapter studies games played by the same players over and over again. The strategies in repeated games are modeled as finite automata, and a version of the folk theorem is proved. This says that full cooperation can be sustained as an equilibrium outcome in a repeated situation under suitable conditions. The folk theorem is perhaps the most important result that game theory has to offer to social philosophy. Its relevance to social contract theory is briefly explored by showing how it can explain such emergent phenomena as trust, authority, and altruism. The chapter ends by drawing attention to the fact that Axelrod's claims for the strategy tit-for-tat are seriously misleading.
Knowing What to Believe
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: May 2007

This chapter describes John Harsanyi's theory of so-called games of incomplete information using Poker as a motivating example. The chapter begins by analyzing a simplified version of Von Neumann's second Poker model. The general theory of incomplete information is then described. Russian Roulette and Cournot Duopoly with incomplete information about costs are used as examples. Harsanyi's purification of mixed strategies is briefly described. The finitely repeated Prisoner's Dilemma, in which the number of repetitions is not common knowledge, is given as an example with incomplete information about the rules of a game.
Just Playing?
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: May 2007

This chapter offers an approach to applying game theory to David Hume's ideas on moral philosophy. It begins by explaining how the Humean approach allows a different interpretation of experimental results in games like the Ultimatum Game compared to that taken for granted in classical economics. It then briefly reviews ideas from orthodox social choice theory as a preliminary to arguing that making interpersonal comparisons of utility is necessary for a full analysis of fairness norms. Harsanyi's theory of interpersonal comparison is then introduced. Harsanyi's utilitarian theory and Rawls' egalitarian theory are discussed. The chapter ends with an account of an experiment that is intended to illustrate how fairness norms may evolve over time.
Taking Charge
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: May 2007

This chapter introduces mechanism design, which is the subject wherein games are designed so that rational play results in socially desirable outcomes. The judgment of Solomon from the Bible is used as an introductory example. The principles of mechanism design are then described. The use of the revelation principle is illustrated with an extended analysis of the Street Lamp Problem. The Clarke-Groves mechanism is briefly described. Finally, a critical review of implementation theory is offered that emphasizes its differences from mechanism design and its shortcomings.
Introduction
Authors: Garces-Foley Kathleen
Published: May 2007

This introductory chapter begins with an analysis of the readiness of American Christians for multiethnic churches, fifty years after the beginning of the civil rights movement. It then discusses the Evergreen Baptist Church and the evangelical racial reconciliation movement. The current state of race relations is assessed, followed by an overview of the book's chapters.
Afterword
Authors: Virani Shafique N.
Published: May 2007

Three concepts in particular played a major role in the Ismaili survival of the Mongol depredations: taqiyya (precautionary dissimulation); the Ismaili da'wa, which literally means “summons”; and the soteriological dimension of the imamate. The latter was exceptionally important as it emphasized the role of the Imam of one's time in leading the adept to salvation and a mystical recognition of God.
Introduction
Authors: Poceski Mario
Published: May 2007

This introductory chapter discusses the main focus of the book — the Hongzhou school, which, under the leadership of Mazu Daoyi (709-788) and his disciples, replaced the various traditions of early Chan and dominated the Chan movement for nearly a century, from around the aftermath of the An Lushan rebellion (755-763) until after the Huichang-era (841-845) persecution of Buddhism. As Mazu and his leading disciples came to occupy central positions within the Chan movement, stories about their spiritual exploits became prominent in traditional Chan lore. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
The Life and Times of Mazu Daoyi
Authors: Poceski Mario
Published: May 2007

This chapter covers Mazu Daoyi's monastic career, starting with his initial engagement with Buddhism as a young man and his monastic ordination in his native Sichuan. His early travels and studies, his establishment of monastic communities in Fujian and Jiangxi, his gradual rise to fame, and eventually his death in Hongzhou as a revered religious leader with large monastic and lay followings are described. The exploration of Mazu's monastic life situates his activities within the context of the local communities where he lived and his interactions with other monastic and lay individuals.
Conclusion
Authors: Poceski Mario
Published: May 2007

This concluding chapter presents a synthesis of the topics discussed in the preceding chapters. This book represents an attempt to take another look at the mid-Tang period and recover significant aspects of Tang religious history. Its portrayal of the Hongzhou school challenges popular views and prevalent notions about the history and character of Tang Chan, thereby further undermining the myth of Chan's uniqueness that still permeates many discussions of Chan/Zen history, literature, and teachings. Concerning the centrality of the Hongzhou school in subsequent historical narratives and demarcations of Chan orthodoxy, a rethinking of its growth and character along the lines suggested in this volume has wide-ranging ramifications for reinterpreting the beliefs and ideologies of the later Chan/Zen traditions throughout East Asia.
Visions of Awakening Space and Time
Authors: Leighton Taigen Dan
Published: May 2007

As a religion concerned with universal liberation, Zen grew out of a Buddhist worldview very different from the currently prevalent scientific materialism. Zen cannot be fully understood outside of a worldview that sees reality itself as a vital, dynamic agent of awareness and healing. This book explicates that worldview through the writings of the Zen master Eihei Dōgen (1200-1253), considered the founder of the Japanese Sōtō Zen tradition, which currently enjoys popularity in the West. The Lotus Sutra, arguably the most important Buddhist scripture in East Asia, contains a famous story about bodhisattvas (enlightening beings) who emerge from under the earth to preserve and expound the Lotus teaching in the distant future. The story reveals that the Buddha only appears to pass away, but actually has been practicing, and will continue to do so, over an inconceivably long life span. The book traces commentaries on the Lotus Sutra from key East Asian Buddhist thinkers, including Daosheng, Zhiyi, Zhanran, Saigyo, Myoe, Nichiren, Hakuin, and Ryokan. But the main focus is Eihei Dōgen, whose profuse, provocative, and poetic writings are important to the modern expansion of Buddhism to the West. Dōgen's use of this sutra expresses the critical role of Mahnullynullna vision and imagination as the context of Zen teaching, and his interpretations of this story furthermore reveal his dynamic worldview of the earth, space, and time themselves as vital agents of spiritual awakening. The book argues that Dōgen uses the images and metaphors in this story to express his own religious worldview, in which earth, space, and time are lively agents in the bodhisattva project. Broader awareness of Dōgen's worldview and its implications can illuminate the possibilities for contemporary approaches to primary Mahnullynullna concepts and practices.
Selected East Asian Interpretations of the Story
Authors: Leighton Taigen Dan
Published: May 2007

This chapter traces responses and commentaries to the Lotus Sutra, especially to Chapters 15 and 16, from a series of prominent East Asian Buddhist teachers. Included are early Chinese teachers Daosheng, Zhiyi, and Zhanran; Dōgen's rough contemporaries in Japan, Saigyō, Myōe, and Nichiren; and the commentaries of later Japanese Zen figures Hakuin, Ryōkan, and the modern master Shunryū Suzuki. Among the major issues that these contrasting responses address are the nature of the earth and the practice relationship to this world; the manner in which this Lotus Sutra story applies to later, ongoing practice; and the nature of the Buddha himself in the light of this story.
Forbidden Fruit
Authors: Regnerus Mark D.
Published: May 2007

Americans remain deeply ambivalent about teenage sexuality. Many presume that such uneasiness is rooted in religion. This book tackles such questions as: how exactly does religion contribute to the formation of teenagers' sexual values and actions? What difference, if any, does religion make in adolescents' sexual attitudes and behaviors? Are abstinence pledges effective? Who expresses regrets about their sexual activity and why? The book combines analyses of three national surveys with stories drawn from interviews with over 250 teenagers across America. It reviews how young people learn, and what they know about sex from their parents, schools, peers, and other sources. It examines what experiences teens profess to have had, and how they make sense of these experiences in light of their own identities as religious, moral, and responsible persons. The author's analysis discovers that religion can and does matter. However, the analysis finds that religious claims are often swamped by other compelling sexual scripts. Particularly interesting is the emergence of what the author calls a “new middle class sexual morality”, which has little to do with a desire for virginity but nevertheless shuns intercourse in order to avoid risks associated with pregnancy and STDs. And strikingly, evangelical teens aren't less sexually active than their non-evangelical counterparts, they just tend to feel guiltier about it. In fact, the analysis finds that few religious teens have internalized or are even able to articulate the sexual ethic taught by their denominations. The only-and largely ineffective-sexual message most religious teens are getting is: “don't do it until you're married”. Ultimately, the author concludes, religion may influence adolescent sexual behavior, but it rarely motivates sexual decision making.
Introduction
Authors: Regnerus Mark D.
Published: May 2007

This introductory chapter begins with an analysis of adolescent sexuality in the United States today. It then discusses the effect of religion on adolescent sexuality, and the rationale behind the decision to study this topic. An overview of the succeeding chapters and an introduction to adolescent religiosity are presented.
Motivating Sexual Decisions
Authors: Regnerus Mark D.
Published: May 2007

This chapter traces the development of adolescent heterosexual ethics and norms, including their motivations to avoid sex or engage in sex. It documents what types of adolescents are likely to take abstinence pledges, how well they work, and the sexual and familial idealism they portray. It also explores the popular but vaguely defined theme of “emotional readiness” as a barometer of sexual preparedness.
Imitation Sex and the New Middle‐Class Morality
Authors: Regnerus Mark D.
Published: May 2007

This chapter evaluates alternate expressions of sexual activity, such as pornography and oral and anal sex. It explores in some detail the preference for replacing vaginal sexual intercourse with forms of sexual expression less threatening to future prospects for material success. It concludes that there is evidence of an emerging middle-class sexual morality among some American teenagers.
The Passions of Christ in High-Medieval Thought
Authors: Madigan Kevin
Published: May 2007

Theologians have always struggled to understand how humanity and divinity coexisted in the person of Christ. Proponents of the Arian heresy, which held that Jesus could not have been fully divine, found significant scriptural evidence of their position. The defenders of orthodoxy, such as Hilary of Poitiers, Ambrose of Milan, Jerome, and Augustine, believed that these biblical passages could be reconciled with Christ's divinity. Medieval theologians such as Peter Lombard, Thomas Aquinas, and Bonaventure, also grappled with these texts when confronting the rising threat of Arian heresy. They too faced the need to preserve Jesus' authentic humanity and to describe a mode of experiencing the passions that cast no doubt upon the perfect divinity of the Incarnate Word. However, they also confronted an additional obstacle. The medieval theologians had inherited from the Greek and Latin fathers a body of opinion on the passages in question, which by this time had achieved normative cultural status in the Christian tradition. However, the Greek and Latin fathers wrote in a polemical situation, responding to the threat to orthodoxy posed by the Arians. As a consequence, they sometimes found themselves driven to extreme and sometimes contradictory statements. These statements seemed to their medieval successors either to compromise the true divinity of Christ, his true humanity, or the possibility that the divine and human were in communication with or metaphysically linked to one another. As a result, medieval theologians also needed to demonstrate how two equally authoritative but apparently contradictory statements could be reconciled. This book examines the arguments that resulted from these dual pressures and finds that, under the guise of unchanging assimilation and transmission of a unanimous tradition, there were in fact many fissures and discontinuities between the two bodies of thought, ancient and medieval. Rather than organic change or development, the book finds radical change, trial, novelty, and even heterodoxy.
Humanity, Divinity, and Biblical Exegesis in Early Arian Thought
Authors: Madigan Kevin
Published: May 2007

This chapter talks about Arian, including less well known Latin Arian sources. It analyzes how the Arians interpreted these texts, shows why they thought it theologically necessary to analyze them as they did, and to hint at the dismay caused in the developing pro-Nicene party. This chapter starts the argument of the book that the Arians — long after they ceased to be a political or social force in Western Europe — served as silent interlocutors for the great medieval authors under consideration here.
Conclusion: The Passions of Christ in Ancient and Medieval Thought
Authors: Madigan Kevin
Published: May 2007

This concluding chapter begins with a discussion of the major focus of this study, which is what Cardinal Newman — thinking of the difference between the earliest expression of a dogma and its developed form — called a “prima facie dissimilitude” between the two. It is argued that whatever one might think of the great Cardinal Newman's theory of dogmatic development and whatever of the history of Christian thought it might be believed to elucidate, it simply cannot begin to do justice to the evidence considered in this study. Time and again, “prima facie” dissimilitudes have been seen between an ancient Christological doctrine and its medieval development. However, closer inspection and analysis have revealed, that in virtually all these cases, the “dissimilitude” was very far from superficial.
Divide and Conquer
Authors: Boeri Tito , Castanheira Micael , Faini Riccardo , Galasso Vincenzo , Barba Navaretti Giorgio , Stéphane Carcillo , Haskel Jonathan , Nicoletti Giuseppe , Perotti Enrico , Scarpa Carlo , Tsyganok Lidia , Wey Christian
Published: May 2007

This chapter considers instances in which widening the political base for reform may still be desirable, but is practically unfeasible. This scenario typically emerges when the benefits from reform are dispersed among many economic agents, postponed to future generations, or are highly uncertain — as, for example, with the liberalization of a ‘strategic’, traditionally highly regulated market — where costs are highly visible and relatively concentrated. Since buying out the opposition of vested interests is too costly or would largely limit the scope for reform, policy-makers must resort to a different strategy. The recipe adopted by successful policy-makers — particularly when liberalizing nonmanufacturing industries — is to ‘divide and conquer’. This strategy aims at disentangling entrenched vested interests by concentrating the costs of the reform on particular groups.
Introduction
Authors: Zaum Dominik
Published: May 2007

This introductory chapter discusses the objectives and the scope of the book, and argues for the importance of a normative approach to international administrations. It explores three important methodological questions: first, in what ways can norms affect the activities of international administrations; second, how can we conceptualize and operationalize the ‘international community’ that creates and staffs these international administrations; and third, the selection of case studies.
The Scope and Value of the Artistic Image
Authors: Crowther Paul
Published: May 2007

This chapter develops all the book's themes further still through a sustained consideration of the aesthetic as it is developed through style in the making of artistic images. The scope of the image is shown to include even abstract works of visual art. Such works are to be understood as images of a ‘contextual space’, which subtends and sustains the normal perception of the visual field. In this chapter, considerable use is made of some important ideas from Gadamer to elucidate the ontology of the artistic image, and how these involve important contrasts between high art and other forms of making are considered. Attention is paid to the qualified role of formal values and expressive values in judgements of artistic merit.
Twofoldness: Pictorial Art and the Imagination
Authors: Crowther Paul
Published: May 2007

This chapter gives an analysis of the distinctive ontology of pictorial art. It is argued that the ‘twofoldness’ of pictorial art enables us to become conscious not only of imagination per se, but also of the specific characteristics which allow it to function as a necessary condition of experience. This is shown through a general theory of the transcendental significance of imagination, which further develops the theory broached in previous chapters. Arguments are then formulated to show that the images of visual art are based on stylistic interpretation, and that this exemplifies a distinctive relation between picturing on the one hand, and imagination and self-consciousness on the other.
Between Language and Perception: Literary Metaphor
Authors: Crowther Paul
Published: May 2007

This chapter analyses metaphor as a kind of junction between rational articulation and perception. It argues that the tensional structure of metaphor embodies a constant in human experience, which is capable of being expressed in different ways under different historical conditions; and that literary metaphor is the clearest exemplar of this. To establish these claims, the logic of metaphor in linking perception and predication is addressed. It is argued that this is the focus of the literary metaphor's distinctive character. This argument is followed up by sustained analysis of the ancient Greek poet Archilochus' use of metaphor to provide a ‘case history’ of metaphor with canonic value as well as artistic importance.
Conclusion: The Status and Future of Art
Authors: Crowther Paul
Published: May 2007

This chapter summarizes the central argument of the book as a whole and considers it in relation to some broader questions, most notably artistic value's deservedly high cultural status, and its relation to controversies concerning the end of art. It is argued that each individual contribution to a medium offers a new way — however slight — of experiencing the world. When artistic refinement or innovation is of a fundamental kind, then one has the excitement of seeing highly significant new ways of configuring the medium and world flowing out of these. The artwork is always to some degree an inert material object; but in its style of imagery and originality it exemplifies the power and potential of freedom.
Fragmented France
Authors: Hayward Jack
Published: May 2007

For centuries, France has struggled to impose unity upon its diverse components. Its leaders have defined its identity by opposition to the ‘Anglo-Saxons’: first England, then Britain and the USA. After exploring France's self-image by contrast with the Anglo-American counter-identity, Part One deals with the unfinished revolution from 1789 to 1878 when the Third Republic achieved relative stability. After examining the variety of symbolic representations of French exceptionalism in search of democratic legitimacy and national unanimity, the enduring divisions in French society are explained in their ideological, social, religious, territorial, and political aspects. Emphasis is given to writers and intellectuals in expressing these cleavages. Part Two relates French political paralysis to the slowness of socio-economic modernization and the polarizing role of intellectuals in perpetuating varieties of Left and Right battles over who personified anti-France. The adversarial character of French party politics fluctuated between the rhetorical revolutionary and reactionary extremes and the conservative or reformist realities. The colonial and international role of France is described, while the protectionist aversion to competitive global capitalism results in reluctant adaptation to forces beyond French control.