bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O, Would Some Power . . .
Authors: Reed Elizabeth
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT  Levity is good therapy for a variety of ailments. Consultation or auditing visits were undoubtedly trying to staff and supervisors of public health nursing field offices. Elizabeth Reed, a frequent contributor of humor and feature articles to the original Public Health Nursing journal, was director of the Division of Health Information, State Board of Health, Florida when this essay was published in volume 44, issue 12 (1952). Reed asserted that her one‐min monologues were imaginary composites based on persons she had either known or about whom she had heard. In this segment, she took aim at nurse consultants. While the organization of services may have changed dramatically in the last 54 years, the personalities are perennially recognizable.
Fine mapping of genes on sheep chromosome 1 and their association with milk traits
Authors: Calvo J. H. , Martínez‐Royo A. , Beattie A. E. , Dodds K. G. , Marcos‐Carcavilla A. , Serrano M.
Published: February 2006

On the basis of comparative mapping between cattle/sheep and human for milk trait quantitative trait loci (QTL) on BTA3/OAR1, annexin A9 (ANXA9) and solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter), member 3 (SLC27A3) were selected as candidate genes for fat content (FC) in sheep milk. Two other genes in the same region, cingulin (CGN) and acid phosphatase 6, lysophosphatidic (ACP6), were also considered. DNA fragments of 1931 and 2790 bp corresponding to ANXA9 and SLC27A3 respectively were isolated, and 14 and 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) respectively were found in each gene. ANXA9, SLC27A3, CGN and ACP6 were localized to chromosome 1 between INRA006 and AE57 by linkage mapping using the International Mapping Flock. Across‐family analyses of a daughter design comprising 13 sire families revealed significant sire and SLC27A3 genotype‐nested‐within‐sire effects for FC. Within‐family analyses indicated significant regression coefficients for FC in four of six heterozygous sires. These results could reflect the existence of a QTL for FC linked to SLC27A3 in sheep.
Gene expression profiling of hereditary exencephaly in chickens
Authors: Jaszczak K. , Sazanov A. A. , Sacharczuk M. , Korczak M. , Sazanova A. L. , Parada R. , Malewski T.
Published: February 2006

In this preliminary study, differentially expressed genes were investigated in cranial tissues from chickens with hereditary exencephaly using cDNA microarrays containing 1152 genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Genes showing twofold or greater differences at P < 0.05 between affected and normal cranial cells were considered to be candidates for hereditary exencephaly in chicken. Eighteen ESTs (11 known genes/homologues) were upregulated and 108 ESTs (51 known genes/homologues) were downregulated. The EST AL584231 (ROS006C9), orthologous to human MTHFD1, a known candidate gene for human neural tube defects (NTDs), was expressed at the same level both in normal and affected chicken cranial tissues. ESTs AL584253 (ROS006F7, thioredoxin reductase 1) and AL585511 (ROS024H9, thioredoxin), both involved in NTD pathogenic pathways in mice, were downregulated and had mean ratios of 0.41 and 0.04 for expression in affected vs. normal cells respectively. Expression differences of these two ESTs were confirmed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. These data indicate that ESTs AL584253 and AL585511 are candidates for hereditary exencephaly in chickens.
The economics of treating chronic hepatitis C patients with peginterferon α‐2a (40 kDa) plus ribavirin presenting with persistently normal aminotransferase*
Authors: Hornberger J. , Farci P. , Prati D. , Zeuzem S. , Green J. , Patel K. K.
Published: February 2006

Summary.  Peginterferon α‐2a (40 kDa) plus ribavirin is effective at achieving sustained viral response compared with no treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and persistently normal aminotransferase levels (PNALT). The cost‐effectiveness of treating CHC in the setting of PNALT has not been assessed. Disease progression in patients with PNALT was simulated in a Markov model. The rate of fibrosis progression, quality of life and costs for each health state were based on literature estimates. The perspective of the Italian National Health Service was adopted and costs (€2003) and benefits were discounted at 3%. Sensitivity analyses were performed on important parameters. The primary analysis compared combination therapy with peginterferon α‐2a (40 kDa) plus ribavirin to no treatment in a cohort of patients with mean age 45 years, and was based on findings from a multinational, randomized trial in patients with PNALT. In genotype 1 patients, the risk of cirrhosis at 30 years is forecast to fall from 32% with no treatment to 19% with combination therapy, increasing quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) by 0.74 years at an incremental cost per QALY gained of €16 831. The 30‐year risk of cirrhosis in genotype 2 or 3 is projected to fall to 9% with combination therapy, an increase in QALYs of 1.34 years, at an incremental cost per QALY gained of €3000. Thus treatment of PNALT with peginterferon α‐2a (40 kDa) plus ribavirin is projected to reduce the incidence of cirrhosis, increase life expectancy and have an acceptable cost‐effectiveness ratio from a societal perspective.
Keeping a positive carbon balance under adverse conditions: responses of photosynthesis and respiration to water stress
Authors: Flexas Jaume , Bota Josefina , Galmés Jeroni , Medrano Hipólito , Ribas‐Carbó Miquel
Published: February 2006

Drought and salinity (i.e. soil water stress) are the main environmental factors limiting photosynthesis and respiration and, consequently, plant growth. This review summarizes the current status of knowledge on photosynthesis and respiration under water stress. It is shown that diffusion limitations to photosynthesis under most water stress conditions are predominant, involving decreased mesophyll conductance to CO2, an important but often neglected process. A general failure of photochemistry and biochemistry, by contrast, can occur only when daily maximum stomatal conductance (gs) drops below 0.05–0.10 mol H2O m−2 s−1. Because these changes are preceded by increased leaf antioxidant activities (gs below 0.15–0.20 mol H2O m−2 s−1), it is suggested that metabolic responses to severe drought occur indirectly as a consequence of oxidative stress, rather than as a direct response to water shortage. As for respiration, it is remarkable that the electron partitioning towards the alternative respiration pathway sharply increases at the same gs threshold, although total respiration rates are less affected. Despite the considerable improvement in the understanding of plant responses to drought, several gaps of knowledge are highlighted which should become research priorities for the near future. These include how respiration and photosynthesis interact at severe stress, what are the boundaries and mechanisms of photosynthetic acclimation to water stress and what are the factors leading to different rates of recovery after a stress period.
Suppression of pepperSGT1andSKP1causes severe retardation of plant growth and compromises basal resistance
Authors: Chung Eunsook , Ryu Choong‐Min , Oh Sang‐Keun , Kim Ryong Nam , Park Jeong Mee , Cho Hye Sun , Lee Sanghyeob , Moon Jae Sun , Park Seung‐Hwan , Choi Doil
Published: February 2006

SGT1 associates with suppressor of kinetochore protein (Skp1)‐Cullin‐F‐box (SCF)–ubiquitin‐ligase complexes playing important roles in controlling developmental processes and defense responses in plants, yeast, and human. In this study, full‐length cDNAs ofSgt1andSkp1orthologues were isolated from pepper (Capsicum annuumL.) to characterize their functions. Protein sequences of CaSgt1 and CaSkp1 showed high degrees of similarities with their homologues in other plant species. Southern blot analyses revealed thatCaSgt1was a single copy gene in the pepper genome, whereasCaSkp1corresponded to multi copy genes. Levels ofCaSgt1andCaSkp1mRNAs increased in pepper leaves in response to incompatible pathogen challenge or salicylic acid treatment. Silencing ofCaSgt1orCaSkp1using Tobacco rattle virus‐based virus‐induced gene‐silencing (VIGS) system resulted in severe dwarfism and final damping‐off symptom in the greenhouse. To identify factors determining damping‐off symptom inCaSgt1‐ orCaSkp1‐silenced plants, we employed VIGS under sterile conditions. Under such conditions, damping‐off symptom was not observed suggesting thatCaSgt1andCaSkp1play an essential role in plant growth and development as well as basal disease resistance in pepper plant.
A Serological Survey of Selected Pathogens in Wild Boar in Slovenia
Authors: Vengust G. , Valencak Z. , Bidovec A.
Published: February 2006

Serum samples collected from 178 shot wild boars (Sus scrofa) were tested for the presence of antibodies against classical swine fever virus, Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus, swine influenza virus, porcine parvovirus (PPV), swine vesicular disease virus, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Salmonella spp., Brucella spp. and Haemophilus parasuis (HPS) throughout Slovenia during the hunting season 2003/2004. The number of samples corresponds to 3% of the total hunting bag. By enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibodies against ADV were detected in 55 sera (31%), against PRCV in five sera (3%), PPV in 87 sera (49%), APP in 93 sera (52%), M. hyopneumoniae in 38 sera (21%), Salmonella spp. in 85 sera (47%) and HPS in 33 sera (18%).
Multidrug Resistance and Distribution of Salmonella Serovars in Slaughtered Pigs
Authors: Molla B. , Berhanu A. , Muckle A. , Cole L. , Wilkie E. , Kleer J. , Hildebrandt G.
Published: February 2006

The present study was undertaken to estimate the occurrence and distribution of multidrug resistance (MDR) among Salmonella serovars isolated from slaughtered pigs at Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. A total of 501 different samples were examined of which 42 (41.6%) of 101 mesenteric lymph nodes, 22 (21.8%) of 101 tongues, 17 (16.8%) of 101 caecal contents, 11 (11.1%) of 99 livers and two (2%) of 99 muscle (diaphragm and abdomen) samples were Salmonella positive. Of the 94 Salmonella isolates representing 15 different serovars, 69 (73.4%) were multidrug resistant (resistance to two or more antimicrobials). Among the Salmonella serovars a high level of MDR was observed in S. Hadar, S. Kentucky, S. Blockley and S. Enteritidis mainly to tetracycline (88.6%), streptomycin (82.9%), nitrofurantoin (74.3%), nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin (42.9% each), sulfisoxazole (21.1%) and spectinomycin (20%). The pattern of MDR varied from two to eight antimicrobials among the resistant Salmonella serovars. The common profiles of resistance among the MDR serovars were the combined resistance to nitrofurantoin, streptomycin and tetracycline (R type NitStrTet, 51.4%), ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin (R type CipNalNit, 10%), ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline (R type CipNalSptStrSulTet, 14.3%) and to ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, nitrofurantoin, streptomycin and tetracycline (R type CipKanNalNeoNitStrTet, 10%). Results of the present study indicate the widespread occurrence and distribution of MDR Salmonella serovars in slaughtered pigs which could be a potential source of human MDR Salmonella infections.
Prevalence of Antibodies to Pestiviruses in Goats in Austria
Authors: Krametter‐Froetscher R. , Loitsch A. , Kohler H. , Schleiner A. , Schiefer P. , Moestl K. , Golja F. , Baumgartner W.
Published: February 2006

Serological investigations were carried out to determine the prevalence of pestiviral infections in goats in Austria, and to investigate the possible relations to herd management practices. The prevalence of antibodies to pestiviruses was investigated in 549 goats in 80 flocks from four regions of Austria. The examination for antibodies was performed using an indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay detecting antibodies to the border disease virus (BDV) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). The observed individual prevalence was 11.5% and the flock prevalence was 31.3%. Comparative neutralization studies on the 63 seropositive samples with BVDV‐1, BVDV‐2 and the BDV yielded in 32 samples higher titres (4‐fold) to BVDV‐1 and in two samples to BDV. The remaining samples did not show distinct differences in antibody titres against the pestivirus strains tested because of the cross‐reactions. There was a significant (P < 0.05) association between the prevalence of antibodies to pestiviruses and the presence of cattle on the farm. Significant (P < 0.05) geographical variations in individual prevalence were obtained, ranging from 3.5% in lower Austria to 20.2% in Vorarlberg.
Oesophagoscopy and Detection of Viral Nucleic Acids in Oesophageal Biopsies – A Contribution to BVDV Diagnosis
Authors: Franz S. , Möstl K. , Benetka V. , Hofer J. , Baumgartner W.
Published: February 2006

The endoscopic appearance of the oesophagus of animals infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) but without signs of acute mucosal disease (MD) was investigated for any common or ‘early warning’ lesions. Thirty‐seven BVDV‐infected animals [36 persistently infected (PI) and one transiently infected] were examined clinically and endoscopically for typical erosions of the oronasal and oesophageal mucosa, respectively. During oesophagoscopy, mucosal biopsies were taken and tested for pestivirus‐specific nucleic acids by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The results were compared with those of RT‐PCR with various sample materials (blood, nasal and conjunctival swabs and faecal samples) usually used for routine diagnosis of BVDV infection. The average age of the 36 PI animals was 13.5 months, eight animals were 24 months or older. None of the PI animals had clinically visible erosions of the oronasal mucous membranes. During oesophagoscopy, all animals showed a reddening but unexpectedly no erosions or ulcerations of the oesophageal mucosa. Although in 21 of 36 PI animals all samples tested positive, the oesophageal biopsies were with no exception constantly RT‐PCR positive in contrast to all other materials investigated. Remarkably, in the transiently infected animal all samples tested negative except for the oesophageal biopsy. Hence, this infection would have been missed by conventional diagnostic sampling.
Effect of sildenafil on gastric emptying in healthy adults
Authors: Cho Seung Hyun , Park Hyojin , Kim Jung Hwan , Ryu Young Hoon , Lee Sang In , Conklin Jeffrey L
Published: February 2006

Background and Aim: Phosphodiesterase type 5 hydrolyzes and inactivates cyclic guanosine monophosphate produced by the nitric oxide‐stimulated guanylate cyclase. Sildenafil is a potent, reversible, and highly selective inhibitor of this phosphodiesterase. It causes smooth muscle relaxation by increasing intracellular concentrations of cyclic guanosine monophosphate. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that sildenafil alters gastric emptying and the intragastric distribution of food in healthy adults.

Methods: Nine normal subjects (mean age 28 years, range 25–33) were given a placebo or a tablet of sildenafil (50 mg) at different times along with radio‐opaque markers. A gastric emptying scan was used to calculate the t1/2for gastric emptying (the time taken for the initial radioactivity to fall by 50%). Intragastric food distribution was also assessed using the gastric emptying scan to calculate proximal gastric emptying t1/2, the proximal volume (the highest activity value in the proximal stomach at any time point in the study), and the distal volume (the highest activity value in the distal stomach at any time point in the study. Gastric emptying of an indigestible solid meal was assessed by calculating gastric clearance of radio‐opaque markers.

Results: Sildenafil did not change total gastric emptying or gastric clearance of radio‐opaque markers. It shortened the proximal T1/2, decreased proximal volume, and significantly increased distal volume.

Conclusion: Sildenafil alters the intragastric distribution of food rather than causing gastric stasis.
Endoscopic ultrasonograph evaluation of vascular structures in the gastric cardia predicts esophageal variceal recurrence following endoscopic treatment
Authors: Seno Hiroshi , Konishi Yasuhiro , Wada Manabu , Fukui Hirokazu , Okazaki Kazuichi , Chiba Tsutomu
Published: February 2006

Background and Aim:  In patients with portal hypertension, early recurrence of esophageal varices often occurs following endoscopic variceal ligation therapy or ligation and injection‐sclerotherapy combined treatment. To assess the recurrence risk following endoscopic treatment, this study investigated the association between recurrence‐free time and severity of esophagogastric vascular structures before treatment as determined by endoscopic ultrasonography.

Methods:  Sixty‐three patients with esophageal varices at high bleeding risk were treated by endoscopic variceal ligation therapy or ligation and injection‐sclerotherapy combined treatment. Before the treatment, conventional endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography with a 20‐MHz catheter probe were performed. Submucosal, perforating and adventitial veins in the esophagus and gastric cardia were examined. According to the endoscopic ultrasonography findings, the vascular structures were classified into two grades: mild and severe. The relationships between the endoscopic ultrasonography grades and variceal recurrence‐free time were analyzed by the Kaplan‐Meyer method.

Results:  Patients with severe as opposed to mild grade perforating veins in the gastric cardia had a significantly shorter recurrence‐free time (P < 0.05). Those with severe paracardial veins also had a significantly shorter recurrence‐free time (P < 0.01).

Conclusion:  Endoscopic ultrasonography analysis for gastric cardial vascular structures before endoscopic treatment can be useful to predict the recurrence of esophageal varices.
Effects ofSilybum marianumon serum hepatitis C virus RNA, alanine aminotransferase levels and well‐being in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Gordon Adam , Hobbs Daryl A , Bowden D Scott , Bailey Michael J , Mitchell Joanne , Francis Andrew JP , Roberts Stuart K
Published: February 2006

Background/Aims: Silybum marianumis a herbal preparation commonly used by subjects with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). The aims of this pilot study were to assess the efficacy and safety ofS. marianumon serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA, alanine aminotransferase levels and well‐being in patients with CHC.

Methods: Twenty‐four subjects with CHC were enrolled into a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study. Subjects received 12 weeks ofS. marianum(either 600 mg or 1200 mg/day) and placebo separated by a 4‐week washout interval. Baseline biochemical, virological, psychological and quality‐of‐life tests were performed, with biochemical tests repeated monthly, and HCV RNA titer and quality‐of‐life and psychological assessments repeated at the end of both treatment periods.

Results: Seventeen patients completed the trial. Mean changes in HCV RNA titers, serum ALT levels and Short Form‐36 scores were not significantly different for subjects onS. marianumcompared to those on placebo. There was no significant change in mean State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory State‐Anxiety scores onS. marianumfrom baseline. Adverse events were similar withS. marianumand placebo.

Conclusions: S. marianumis well tolerated in subjects with CHC, but does significantly affect serum HCV RNA, alanine aminotransferase levels, quality of life or psychological well‐being in subjects with this condition.
Expression of endothelin receptors in the gastric mucosa of portal hypertensive rats
Authors: Kai Seiichiro , Bandoh Toshio , Ohta Masayuki , Matsumoto Toshifumi , Tominaga Masayuki , Kitano Seigo
Published: February 2006

Background:  Portal hypertensive gastropathy is an abnormal circulatory state in gastric mucosa with vascular dilatation due to portal hypertension. The aim of the present study was to evaluate expression of endothelin receptors and their roles in the portal hypertensive gastric mucosa.

Methods:  Portal hypertensive rats were generated by staged portal vein occlusion. Expression of endothelin‐A receptor and endothelin‐B receptor mRNA was examined by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, and protein were examined by immunohistochemistry. The changes of mucosal microcirculation by endothelin receptor antagonists were measured with in vivo microscope.

Results:  Expression of endothelin‐A receptor mRNA was increased significantly in portal hypertensive rats in comparison with sham‐operated control rats (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in endothelin‐B receptor mRNA expression. Vessels of the gastric mucosa were dilated, and intravessel blood flow was increased significantly in the portal hypertensive group (P < 0.05). Diameters of mucosal vessels and blood flow were increased significantly by endothelin‐A receptor antagonist (BQ‐485) in the portal hypertensive rats. Endothelin‐B receptor antagonist (IRL‐1038) had no significant effect on mucosal microcirculation.

Conclusion:  These data suggest that increased expression of endothelin‐A receptor in the portal hypertensive gastric mucosa may be related to the regulation of gastric microcirculation.
Factors predicting success of endoscopic variceal ligation for secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding
Authors: Harewood Gavin C , Baron Todd H , Wong Kee Song Louis M
Published: February 2006

Introduction: Endoscopic obliteration of esophageal varices by endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) is an effective form of secondary prophylaxis. However, there is no consensus regarding the technical aspects of EVL for secondary prophylaxis. The present study compares the technical aspects of EVL (frequency of sessions, number of sessions and number of bands used) in patients who rebled following secondary prophylaxis of esophageal varices by EVL compared to those who did not rebleed.

Methods: All patients who underwent EVL for treatment of acute variceal bleeding followed by EVL for secondary prophylaxis and who subsequently developed recurrent variceal bleeding at Mayo Clinic, Rochester between January 1995 and May 2003 were identified. A control group of patients undergoing EVL for secondary prophylaxis who did not rebleed was identified.

Results: During the study period, 216 patients with acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage underwent emergent EVL treatment with follow‐up EVL for secondary prophylaxis, of whom 20 (9.3%) subsequently rebled. Both rebleeding and non‐rebleeding patient groups were well‐matched with respect to liver function (Child–Pugh class), number and size of variceal trunks, endoscopic stigmata of hemorrhage and beta‐blocker usage. The median interval between EVL sessions in the rebleeding group (2 weeks, interquartile range 0–2 weeks) was significantly shorter compared to the non‐rebleeding group (5 weeks, interquartile range 3–7 weeks;P = 0.004). Adjusting for age, gender, and Child–Pugh class, interbanding interval ≥ 3 weeks was associated with increased likelihood of not rebleeding, hazard ratio 3.84 (95% confidence interval: 1.69–11.79;P = 0.0007).

Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the importance of technical aspects of EVL on patient outcome, suggesting the benefit of longer interbanding intervals. Future prospective studies are required to define the optimal intersession interval. Standardizing procedural aspects of EVL will aid in objectively evaluating the benefit of this procedure when compared to other modalities such as medical treatment.
Multiple non‐tumorous arterioportal shunts due to chronic liver disease mimicking hepatocellular carcinoma: outcomes and the associated elevation of alpha‐fetoprotein
Authors: Takayasu Kenichi , Muramatsu Yukio , Mizuguchi Yasunori , Moriyama Noriyuki , Okusaka Takuji
Published: February 2006

Purpose:  To elucidate the morphologic appearance of small non‐tumorous arterioportal (AP) shunts mimicking hepatocellular carcinoma on helical computed tomography (CT), their associated outcomes, and their relationship with alpha‐fetoprotein levels in patients with chronic liver disease.

Materials and Methods:  Ten patients with multiple AP shunts on dynamic helical CT were evaluated. A non‐tumorous AP shunt was defined as no increase or spontaneous regression in size on follow‐up CT scans. The number and shape of shunts more than 5 mm in diameter were studied on a segment‐by‐segment basis on the initial CT scan, and compared with those on follow‐up CT scans. Alpha‐fetoprotein levels were measured at the same time as CT scanning was performed.

Results:  Ten patients with 86 AP shunts (range 0.5–3.8 cm; mean 1.2 cm) underwent arterial, portal and delayed phase imaging of the entire liver. The AP shunts were geographic (44%), round (33%) or wedge‐like (23%) in shape. All shunts changed from high‐ to iso‐attenuation on the delayed phase CT. A follow‐up CT (mean 73 days) revealed spontaneous disappearance in all but three (97%) of the 86 AP shunts. Furthermore, 16 new shunts appeared in different segments from the primary ones in four patients. The rapid elevation of alpha‐fetoprotein levels to 5–10‐fold higher than the baseline level was recognized at the same time as the initial appearance of AP shunts in three patients (30%). Further follow‐up CT scans detected solitary hepatocellular carcinomas in four patients at a mean 1283 days after the initial CT. The location of the hepatocellular carcinomas was quite different from those of the initially recognized AP shunts.

Conclusions:  Non‐tumorous AP shunts varied in CT appearance and demonstrated iso‐attenuation in the delayed phase, most of which disappeared within 4 months. For these multiple small stains in chronic liver disease, periodic follow‐up CT is recommended rather than alternative invasive interventions, even though there was an association with rapid elevation of alpha‐fetoprotein levels.
Tetracycline, metronidazole and amoxicillin‐metronidazole combinations in proton pump inhibitor‐based triple therapies are equally effective as alternative therapies against Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Matsushima Masashi , Suzuki Takayoshi , Kurumada Tomoyuki , Watanabe Sumio , Watanabe Kenichi , Kobayashi Kenji , Deguchi Ryuzo , Masui Aya , Takagi Atsushi , Shirai Takayuki , Muraoka Hiroe , Kobayashi Intetsu , Mine Tetsuya
Published: February 2006

Background:  A proton pump inhibitor (PPI)‐based triple therapy with clarithromycin (CAM) and amoxicillin (AMPC) is now a standard regimen for Helicobacter pylori (HP) eradication in Japan. However, the CAM‐resistant rate has increased recently and alternative therapies are sorely needed. Therefore the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the PPI–tetracycline (TC)–metronidazole (MNZ) regimen (the PTM regimen) as an alternative therapy in comparison with the PPI–AMPC–MNZ (PAM) regimen.

Methods:  Sixty‐four HP‐positive patients visiting the HP‐eradication clinic in Tokai University Hospital from July 1998 to March 2003 were treated with either PTM or PAM as alternative therapies. The HP eradication was assessed by urea breath test (UBT), HP stool antigen test, or HP culture method more than 2 months after completion of the treatments. The drug resistances against CAM, AMPC, TC, and MNZ were assessed by the agar dilution method.

Results:  Fifty‐six patients (26 PTM and 30 PAM) completed medication and evaluation of the eradication. The eradication rates of PTM were 82.8% (24/29) and 92.3% (24/26), while those of PAM were 74.3% (26/35) and 89.7% (26/29) by intention‐to‐treat and per‐protocol analysis, respectively. The differences between the regimens were not statistically significant. There were no severe adverse effects observed in either of the regimens. The drug‐resistance analyses showed 15 CAM‐ and one MNZ‐resistant cases but no TC or AMPC resistance in the available 25 samples.

Conclusion:  The PTM and PAM regimens were equally effective and safe as alternative HP eradication therapies. And PTM would be particularly useful in penicillin allergy cases.
Effect of combination therapy with ribavirin and high‐dose interferon‐α2b for 24 weeks in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Abe Shintaro , Narita Ryoichi , Oto Takeshi , Tabaru Akinari , Otsuki Makoto
Published: February 2006

Background and Aim:  The aim of the present study was to determine whether a 24‐week course of combination therapy with ribavirin and high‐dose interferon‐α2b (IFN‐α2b) could provide an acceptable treatment efficacy in chronic hepatitis C (CHC).

Methods:  Seventy‐six patients with CHC whose serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels were more than 100 kIU/mL on quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay were included. The patients were assigned to two different dose groups of IFN‐α2b: group A (n = 39) received 6 MU and group B (n = 37) received 10 MU. Each group received the dose daily for 14 days then three times per week for a total of 24 weeks. In addition, HCV genotype 1b patients in group A and group B were classified into group C (n = 20) and D (n = 29), respectively. All patients received 600 or 800 mg ribavirin per day.

Results:  Sustained response rates in group A were significantly higher than those in group B (66.7%vs 35.1%, intent‐to‐treat, P = 0.0060). However, sustained response rates in group C were not different from those in group D (45.0%vs 20.7%, intent‐to‐treat, P = 0.0696). The proportion of patients who discontinued the treatment or reduced drug dosage because of adverse events was significantly higher in group B than in group A (27.0%vs 7.69%, P = 0.0224).

Conclusion:  A 24‐week course of combination therapy with ribavirin and 6 MU IFN‐α2b had an acceptable efficacy with fewer adverse events than that with ribavirin and 10 MU IFN‐α2b in CHC.
Terlipressin versus albumin in paracentesis‐induced circulatory dysfunction in cirrhosis: A randomized study
Authors: Singh Virendra , Kumar Ramesh , Nain Chander Kanwal , Singh Baljinder , Sharma Arun K
Published: February 2006

Background:  Therapeutic paracentesis in patients with cirrhosis induces arterial vasodilatation, causes a decrease in effective arterial blood volume and leads to circulatory dysfunction, which can be prevented by intravenous albumin. However, the use of albumin, being a blood product, is controversial. Recently, terlipressin, a vasoconstrictor, has been successfully used to combat this adverse effect of therapeutic paracentesis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the preventive effect of terlipressin on paracentesis‐induced circulatory dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis after therapeutic paracentesis and compared with that of intravenous albumin.

Methods:  Forty patients with cirrhosis and tense ascites underwent therapeutic paracentesis with albumin or terlipressin in a randomized pilot study at a tertiary center. Effective arterial blood volume was assessed by measuring plasma renin activity at baseline and at 4–6 days after treatment.

Results:  Effective arterial blood volumes as indicated by plasma renin activity before and 4–6 days after paracentesis did not differ in the two groups (19.15 ± 12.1 to 20.33 ± 12.8 ng/mL per h, P = 0.46 in the albumin group; and 20.11 ± 10.6 to 21.08 ± 10.52 ng/mL per h, P = 0.44 in the terlipressin group). Plasma aldosterone concentrations before and 4–6 days after paracentesis were also similar in both groups (1334.75 ± 1058 to 1440.0 ± 1161 pg/mL, P = 0.06 in the albumin group; and 1473.0 ± 1168 to 1572.29 ± 1182 pg/mL, P = 0.24 in the terlipressin group). Both terlipressin and albumin prevented paracentesis‐induced renal impairment in these patients.

Conclusions:  Terlipressin may be as effective as intravenous albumin in preventing paracentesis‐induced circulatory dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis after therapeutic paracentesis.
Kupffer cell function during the erythocytic stage of malaria
Authors: Murthi Padma , Kalionis Bill , Ghabrial Hany , Dunlop Marjorie E , Smallwood Richard A , Sewell Richard B
Published: February 2006

Background and Aim:  Previous studies using isolated perfused rat liver in vivo have suggested that during the erythrocytic phase of malaria infection, overall phagocytosis by Kupffer cells is enhanced. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the individual phagocytic capacity and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion of isolated Kupffer cells in vitro, and the immunohistochemical characteristics of Kupffer cells in vivo.

Methods:  Malaria was induced in male Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 12) by inoculation with parasitized red cells containing Plasmodium berghei. Kupffer cells were isolated by centrifugal elutriation.

Results:  A significantly increased yield of Kupffer cells was obtained from malaria‐infected livers compared to controls (36.7 ± 4.5 vs 11.8 ± 1.1 ×106 cells, P < 0.0001, n = 12). There was an increased internalization by phagocytosis of [3H]‐BSA latex microspheres after 60 min in malaria‐infected Kupffer cells compared to controls (65.05 ± 1.5 vs 48.6 ± 0.7, P < 0.001, n = 12). PGE2 secretion into the cell culture medium was significantly suppressed in malaria‐infected Kupffer cells compared to controls (1167 ± 88 vs 4537 ± 383 pg per 106 cells, P < 0.001, n = 5). Staining of ED1, ED2 and PCNA was greater in malaria‐infected livers compared to control.

Conclusion:  The results indicate that the number of Kupffer cells is significantly increased and their phagocytic activity on a cell‐by‐cell basis is enhanced during the erythrocytic stage of malaria.
Measurement of faecal fat excretion: an evaluation of attitudes and practices of Australian gastroenterologists
Authors: Lust M. , Nandurkar S. , Gibson P. R.
Published: February 2006

Background: Although faecal fat excretion over 72 h is the gold standard for quantifying fat malabsorption, there has been a push from chemical pathology laboratories to discontinue this test, arguing that it is unreliable and of limited clinical value.

Aims: To assess attitudes, knowledge and practices of Australian gastroenterologists in relation to the test and to gauge opinion as to whether it should remain available.

Methods: A self‐administered questionnaire was developed to assess attitudes towards, patterns of use and understanding of 72‐h faecal fat collections. This was posted to all members of the Gastroenterological Society of Australia.

Results: Of 429 eligible gastroenterologists, 124 (29%) responded. Eighty‐two per cent utilized the test; 62% at least once per year. Main indications were suspected steatorrhoea (55%), unexplained chronic diarrhoea (39%) or weight loss (29%). Thirty‐eight per cent ordered the test to determine stool volume. Only 26% attempted to appropriately fat load patients and approximately half did not recognize the potential influence of medications and stool volume. This was also reflected in poor interpretation of results in specific clinical scenarios. Of those who use the test at least once per year, 97% wanted its continued availability and 51% felt their practice would be significantly affected if the test was discontinued.

Conclusions: Although continued availability of 72‐h faecal fat estimation is supported by many Australian gastroenterologists, the test appears to be often performed and interpreted suboptimally. Rather than discard the test, efforts should more appropriately be directed to improving baseline knowledge to ensure its optimal performance and interpretation. (Intern Med J 2006; 36: 77–85)
Do Eurozone Countries Cheat with their Budget Deficit Forecasts?
Authors: Brück Tilman , Stephan Andreas
Published: February 2006

The authors assess the political economy determinants of budget deficit forecast errors. Their econometric analysis indicates that Eurozone governments have manipulated deficit forecasts before elections since the introduction of the Stability and Growth Pact. The left‐right position and the institutional design of governments also affect the quality of deficit forecasts.
Institutional Trust and Subjective Well‐Being across the EU
Authors: Hudson John
Published: February 2006

This paper analyzes the impact of institutions upon happiness through their intermediary impact upon individual trust. The empirical work is based on Eurobarometer data covering the 15 countries of the EU prior to its expansion in 2004. With respect to trust, we present evidence that, although it is endogenous with respect to the performance of the institution, changes in the individual's personal circumstances can also have an impact, indicating that trust is not simply learned at an early age. Hence unemployed people tend to have lower levels of trust not only in the main economic institutions – government and the Central Bank – but in other state institutions too such as the police and the law. Trust also differs in a systematic manner with respect to education and household income, increases (decreases) in either increase (decrease) trust in most institutions. If we assume that more educated people make better judgments, this suggests that on average people tend to have too little trust in institutions. However, it is also possible that both of these variables impact on the interaction between institutions such as the police and other government agencies and the citizen, with prosperous, well educated people being at an advantage and possibly able to command more respect. Age too impacts on institutional trust. For the UN, the unions, big business, voluntary organizations and the EU, trust first declines and then increases with the estimated turning points ranging between 44 and 56 years. For most other organizations trust significantly increases with age. Turning to subjective well‐being, we find the standard set of socio‐economic variables to be significant. But the focus here is on the impact of institutional trust. We find that trust (mistrust) in the European Central Bank, the EU, national government, the law and the UN all impact positively (negatively) on well‐being. Hence overall our results support the conclusion that happiness does not solely lie within the realm of the individual, but that institutional performance also has a direct impact upon subjective well‐being.
Functional, Overlapping, Competing, Jurisdictions and Ethnic Conflict Management
Authors: Kyriacou Andreas P.
Published: February 2006

By allowing ethnic groups to organize areas important to them regardless of their geographic distribution, functional, overlapping and competing jurisdictions (FOCJ) have an important role to play in the management of ethnic conflict in plural societies. The functional devolution of powers which is intrinsic to FOCJ may be preferable to territorial devolution when minority groups are spatially dispersed or, when they are geographically concentrated but are in a numerical minority in their region. Even when minority groups are in a majority in their region functional rather than territorial devolution may dampen secessionist fears among members of the majority. A case can also be made for a degree of functional devolution to complement territorial devolution when territorial devolution to protect one minority leaves other ethnic groups in a minority situation. The application of FOCJ to the area of ethnic conflict management calls for institutional structures which take into account the possible efficiency of the monopoly supply of some public goods, the need to maintain ‘competitive equality’ among jurisdictions and the danger that the functional devolution which is inherent to FOCJ may harden group boundaries over time.
Cost and Benefits of Merger Control: An Applied Game Theoretic Perspective*
Authors: Postema Bas , Goppelsroeder Marie , van Bergeijk Peter AG
Published: February 2006

This paper discusses how simulation models based on game‐theoretic foundations can be used to arrive at an estimate of the net benefits of the merger control legislation. We illustrate our method using the Dutch new merger control legislation that was introduced in 1998. We analyse the effects of proposed mergers in four markets where 26 firms are operating and use a sample period of 5 years. Based on the results of these cases and using a cost benefit analysis, we estimate the net benefits of Dutch merger control at about a little more than €100 million a year during the first five years of merger control in The Netherlands.
Ray tracing through a schematic eye containing second‐order (quadric) surfaces using 4 × 4 matrix notation
Authors: Langenbucher Achim , Viestenz Arne , Viestenz Anja , Brünner Holger , Seitz Berthold
Published: February 2006

Ray tracing is used in ophthalmology for evaluation of the optical properties of the eye. We demonstrate an algebraic method for tracing a bundle of rays through the optical system of an eye containing aspheric surfaces. Restricting to second‐order surfaces (quadric surfaces) such as ellipsoids, paraboloids or hyperboloids, a surface is described by a 4 × 4 matrix. In this case, the normal vector can be derived analytically and the ray‐surface intersection is calculated by solving a quadratic equation. We applied this straightforward matrix‐based strategy to the spherical 4‐surface Le Grand schematic eye, and the Le Grand eye modified by Kooijman containing four aspheric surfaces. We calculated the spot diagram for the focal plane as well as a pre‐ and post‐focal plane for both model eyes, and found that the optical quality of the aspheric model characterized by the ray scatter in the spot diagram at the focal plane is much better than that of the spherical model. This calculation strategy may be helpful for evaluating the image distortion of decentred or tilted spherical or aspheric artificial intra‐ocular lenses.
Improvements in performance following optometric vision therapy in a child with dyspraxia
Authors: Hurst Caroline M. F. , Van de Weyer Sarah , Smith Claire , Adler Paul M.
Published: February 2006

SS, an 8‐year‐old boy with dyspraxia, presented for behavioural optometry assessment. He had been diagnosed with a subtle form of dyspraxia by his paediatric occupational therapist, based on poor proprioception, delayed bilateral integration and poor visual perception. A full visual assessment was carried out. SS was given a programme of reflex inhibition exercises for 3 months. Then, a programme of optometric vision therapy (OVT) exercises was prescribed at home and in practice for a period of 8 months. SS was assessed using a battery of occupational therapy Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT) before optometric intervention, and after OVT. There were significant improvements in fusional reserves, accommodative facility and oculomotor control of pursuit and saccadic eye movements. His reading level had changed by 4 years in 11 months. The SIPT results showed improvements in the visual and motor/visual perception subtests, confirming the significant changes in visual perceptual performance. Consideration is given to treatment modalities for dyspraxia, and the studies confirming their effectivity of approach. This case study provides evidence supporting the use of OVT eye exercises in dyspraxia, ocular motility, accommodative dysfunction, learning difficulties and sports performance. The need for further research and inter‐professional working is discussed.
Effects of task lighting on visual function in age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Haymes Sharon A. , Lee Jenny
Published: February 2006

The purpose was to investigate the effects of the spectral power distribution (SPD) and illuminance of task lighting on visual function in age‐related macular degeneration (ARMD) compared to normal healthy eyes. Twenty‐eight subjects with ARMD and 18 age‐matched normal subjects were studied. The effects on visual function were determined for four common task light sources: standard pearl coat incandescent (SP), daylight blue incandescent (DL), warm white fluorescent (WW) and cool white fluorescent (CW). Apart from a small, statistically significant improvement in contrast sensitivity with DL compared to SP lighting (0.5 dB, p = 0.01), there were no significant effects of SPD on other visual functions and no differences in the effects for subjects with ARMD and those with normal vision. Thus, for task lighting typically used in low vision rehabilitation, the SPD would seem to be of minimal clinical importance to visual function. However, increasing the task illuminance had a greater effect on visual function, in particular for subjects with ARMD (p < 0.01). For an increase in illuminance from 300 to 3000 lux, the mean increase in contrast sensitivity and near visual acuity was 1.5 dB and 0.13 log MAR, respectively. Although this effect is not large, we suggest that it is clinically relevant and supports the provision of additional task illuminance as an important part of low vision rehabilitation for patients with ARMD.
The effects of supplementation with lutein and/or zeaxanthin on human macular pigment density and colour vision
Authors: Rodriguez‐Carmona Marisa , Kvansakul Jessica , Alister Harlow J , Köpcke Wolfgang , Schalch Wolfgang , Barbur John L
Published: February 2006

Background:  Both yellow‐blue (YB) discrimination thresholds and macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measurements in the eye exhibit large variability in the normal population. Although it is well established that selective absorption of blue light by the macular pigment (MP) can significantly affect trichromatic colour matches, the extent to which the MP affects colour discrimination (CD) sensitivity remains controversial.

Objective:  In this study, we assess whether the variability in YB thresholds is attributable to differences in MPOD, both at the fovea and in the paracentral visual field. We also investigated whether higher levels of MP offer any advantage in other visual functions such as red‐green (RG) CD sensitivity.

Design:  CD thresholds and spatial MPOD profiles were measured in 24 normal trichromats supplemented with zeaxanthin (OPTISHARP™) and/or lutein. Novel stimulus conditions that isolate YB and RG chromatic mechanisms were employed and MPOD profiles were measured up to an eccentricity of 8°.

Results:  The data reveal an increase in MPOD in the supplemented subjects that was almost uniform within a centre region around the fovea subtending ±4°. RG sensitivity was high in all subjects with thresholds well within the normal range. Unexpectedly, YB thresholds were also normal and showed no correlation with MPOD. A model for threshold CD based on appropriate combinations of cone contrast signals was developed to explain the experimental findings.

Conclusions:  YB thresholds remain unaffected by supplementation with lutein and/or zeaxanthin rather, at increased MPOD levels, RG vision tends to be improved. The model accounts for the absence of correlation between MPOD and YB thresholds and predicts a marginal improvement in RG discrimination when MPOD is high.