bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clavibacter
Authors: Saddler Gerard S. , Kerr Ellen M.
Published: July 2015

Cla.vi.bac'ter. L. n.
clava
cudgel; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Clavibacter
club‐shaped rod.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Clavibacter

Pleomorphic rods
(0.4–0.75 × 0.8–2.5 µm), often in angular,
V‐formations
with no marked rod–coccus development cycle. Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast, nonmotile, and nonsporeforming. Obligate aerobes; growth factors are required for growth.
Acid production from carbohydrates is slow and weak
; acid is produced aerobically from glucose and glycerol. No acid is produced from adonitol, esculin,
meso
‐inositol, melezitose, β‐methyl‐
D
‐glucoside, raffinose, rhamnose, or ribose. Nitrate and nitrite are not reduced or utilized; casein is not hydrolyzed. Catalase‐positive; oxidase, lipase, tyrosinase, and ureasenegative. Optimum growth temperature 20–29°C; maximum temperature for growth is 35°C.
The cell‐wall peptidoglycan
,
based on the presence of 2
,
4‐diaminobutyric acid
(
DAB
),
is type B2
γ. Mycolic acids are not found. Nonhydroxylated fatty acids, specifically iso‐methyl and anteiso‐methyl branched chains fatty acids, predominate. Phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and some unknown glycosyldiacylglycerols are the major polar lipids. Spermidine and spermine are the major polyamines with minor amounts of putrescine.
Isoprenoid quinones
,
comprising menaquinones with 9 isoprene units
(
MK‐9
)
predominate
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 65–75.

Type species
:
Clavibacter michiganensis
corrig. (Smith 1910) Davis, Gillaspie, Vidaver and Harris 1984, 113
VP
(
Bacterium michiganense
Smith, 1910, 794;
Corynebacterium michiganense
Jensen 1934, 47).
Cryobacterium
Authors: Suzuki Ken‐ichiro
Published: July 2015

Cry.o.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. n.
kruos
icy cold; L. neut. n.
bacterium
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Cryobacterium
a cold (preferring) rod.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Cryobacterium

Pleomorphic
,
motile or nonmotile rod
. Nonsporeforming. Branching occurs in the early growth phase.
Gram‐stain‐positive
,
sometimes variable
. Rod forms occur in old culture. Optimal growth temperature ranges from 9–28°C.
Strictly aerobic
. Catalase‐positive. Starch is hydrolyzed, sometimes weak reaction. Gelatin not hydrolyzed. Hydrolysis of casein and DNA are variable among species. Acid is produced from several sugars. The amino acids of cell‐wall peptidoglycan are

l

‐
2
,
4‐diaminobutyric acid
, alanine, glycine, and glutamic acid. Rhamnose and fucose are characteristic cell‐wall sugars; cell‐wall acyl type is acetyl (
Cryobacterium psychrophilum
). Glucose and ribose are the characteristic whole cell sugars (
Cryobacterium mesophilum
and
Cryobacterium psychrophilum
). The main cellular fatty acids are iso‐ and anteiso‐branched acids, predominantly 12‐methyl tetradecanoic acid (C
15:0
anteiso). The major menaquinone(s) are
MK‐10 or MK‐11 and MK‐12
. Mycolic acids are absent. The polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and one or more unidentified glycolipids.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 65–70.

Type species
:
Cryobacterium psychrophilum
(
ex
Inoue and Komagata 1976) Suzuki, Sasaki, Uramoto, Nakase and Komagata 1997, 477 (“
Curtobacterium psychrophilum
” Inoue and Komagata 1976, 166).
Frigoribacterium
Authors: Kämpfer Peter
Published: July 2015

Fri.go.ri.bac'te.ri.um. L. n.
frigor
frost, cold; L. neut. n.
bacterium
small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Frigoribacterium
a small rod growing in the cold.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Frigoribacterium

Gram‐stain‐positive
, nonsporeforming, motile, irregular‐shaped rods, the
cell division zone being thicker than the poles of the cell
. No mycelium is produced. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase‐negative. Growth on complex media is observed in a temperature range of 2–25°C. Optimum 4–10°C.

The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
D
‐lysine as a diamino acid

. The
glycan moiety of the peptidoglycan contains acetyl residues
. The
major isoprenoid quinone is menaquinone MK‐9
. Mycolic acids are not present.
Diphosphatidylglycerol
,
phosphatidylglycerol
,
and an unknown glycolipid
were detected in the polar lipid extracts. The main cellular fatty acids are C
15:0
anteiso, C
16:0
iso, and C
16:0
).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): ~71.

Type species
:
Frigoribacterium faeni
Kämpfer, Rainey, Andersson, Nurmiaho Lassila, Ulrych, Busse, Weiss, Mikkola and Salkinoja‐Salonen 2000, 362
VP
.
Frondihabitans
Authors: Greene Anthony C. , Patel Bharat K. C.
Published: July 2015

Fron.di.ha'bi.tans. L. n.
frons
,
frondis
a leaf, foliage; L. part. adj.
habitans
inhabiting; N.L. part. adj. used as a masc. n.
Frondihabitans
inhabitant of leaves, leaf dweller.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Frondihabitans

Gram‐stain‐positive
short irregular‐shaped rods
. Nonspore‐forming. No mycelium is produced.
Aerobic
.
Mesophilic
. Temperature range for growth
15–37
°
C
.
Catalase‐positive
and oxidase‐negative. Cells are nonmotile with no flagella. A range of carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids are metabolized. The cell‐wall peptidoglycan
type is B2
β

and contains
L
‐ornithine

.
The major cellular fatty acid is C

18
:
1

ω

7
c

,
and menaquinones MK‐7 and MK‐8
are present. Glycolipids, disphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and three unidentified phospholipids are present.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 71–72.

Type species
:
Frondihabitans australicus
Greene, Euzéby, Tindall and Patel 2009, 448
VP
.
Humibacter
Authors: Nunes Olga C. , Manaia Célia M.
Published: July 2015

Hu.mi.bac'ter. L. masc. n.
humus
earth, soil and, in earth sciences or agriculture, humus; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Humibacter
rod living in the humus.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Humibacter

Cells are motile Gram‐stain‐positive short rods (0.6 × 1.3 µm), forming coryneform V‐shape cells only during the early stages of growth. Mesophilic and strictly aerobic chemo‐organotroph. Reacts positively for
catalase
, β‐
galactosidase
,
urease
, and
Voges–Proskauer
tests. Is able to
hydrolyze esculin
and to
reduce nitrate
but not nitrite. Cytochrome
c
oxidase
tests
negative
. The peptidoglycan contains the diamino acid
ornithine
in combination with
2
,
4‐diaminobutyric acid
. The major quinones are the
menaquinones 11
and
12
. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis positions this genus in a group of Gram‐stain‐positive bacteria within the family
Microbacteriaceae
. Isolated from sewage sludge compost produced in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Northern Portugal.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 67.6.

Type species
:
Humibacter albus
Vaz‐Moreira, Nobre, Ferreira, Schumann, Nunes and Manaia 2008b, 1016
VP
.
Okibacterium
Authors: Evtushenko Lyudmila I.
Published: July 2015

O.ki.bac.te'ri.um. N.L. n.
Oka
the name of the river; L. neut. n.
bacterium
small rod and, in biology, a bacterium (so called because the first ones observed were rod‐shaped); N.L. neut. n.
Okibacterium
a bacterium isolated from plants collected near the river Oka.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Okibacterium

Small irregular rods
(mean 0.4–0.6 × 0.7–1.5 µm).
In older cultures
,
ovoid or irregular coccoid cells predominate and occur mostly singly or in pairs
. A distinct rod–coccus growth cycle is not observed. No marked motility or primary branching. Cell‐wall architecture is typical of
Gram‐stain‐positive
bacteria,
but cells are readily decolorized
. Nonsporeforming. Non‐acid‐fast.
Chemo‐organotroph with a respiratory type of metabolism
. Catalase and oxidase‐positive. Oxidative acid production from some carbohydrates. Mesophilic; optimum temperature ~24–27°C.
The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains lysine as the diamino acid
along with alanine, glycine, glutamic acid,
homoserine
,
and
the
glycolyl type of muramic acid
.
Major menaquinones are MK‐10 and MK‐11
. Saturated fatty acids with anteiso‐methyl branched chains predominate (more than 70%). Mycolic acids are absent. Polar lipids comprise diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and a variety of glycolipids.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 67.

Type species
:
Okibacterium fritillariae
Evtushenko, Dorofeeva, Krausova, Gavrish, Yashina and Takeuchi 2002, 992
VP
.
Phycicola
Authors: Veríssimo António
Published: July 2015

Phy.ci'co.la. L. n.
phycos ‐i
seaweed; L. masc. suffix. ‐
cola
inhabitant; N.L. masc. n.
Phycicola
inhabitant of seaweed.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Phycicola

Cell morphology varies from rod‐shaped (0.4–0.5 × 0.8–1.2 µm) to coccoid cells (0.18–0.33 µm in diameter).
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Rod‐shaped cells are motile whereas the coccoid forms are nonmotile. Nonsporeforming. Chemo‐organotrophic. Oxidase‐negative and catalase‐positive. The cell‐wall peptidoglycan is of the
B‐type containing 2
,
4‐diaminobutyric acid
(DAB) as the diagnostic amino acid. Fatty acids are predominantly anteiso‐branched, namely C
15:0
anteiso and C
17:0
anteiso. Mycolic acids are not present. The respiratory quinones are unsaturated
menaquinones
,
predominantly MK‐11
(
71
%), but MK‐10 (15%), MK‐12 (9%), and MK‐9 (5%) are also present in lesser amounts.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69.8.

Type species
:
Phycicola gilvus
Lee, Lee, Seo, Schumann, Kim and Lee 2008, 1321
VP
.
Pseudoclavibacter
Authors: Manaia Célia M. , Nogales Balbina , Nunes Olga C.
Published: July 2015

Pseu.do.cla.vi.bac'ter. Gr. adj.pseudêsfalse; N. L. masc. n.Clavibactera bacterial generic name; N.L. masc. n.PseudoclavibacterfalseClavibacter.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Pseudoclavibacter

Rod‐shaped cells. Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonsporeforming.Nonmotile. Strictly aerobic. The optimal growth temperature is 30°C. Catalase‐positive.Chemo‐organotrophic. Nitrate is not reduced.The diamino acid 2,4‐diaminobutyric acid (DAB) is present in the peptidoglycan. The muramic acid of the peptidoglycan is of the acetyl type.The major respiratory quinone is MK‐9. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The major cellular fatty acids are 12‐methyl‐tetradecanoic acid (C15:0anteiso), 14‐methyl‐pentadecanoic acid (C16:0iso), and 14‐methyl‐hexadecanoic acid (C17:0anteiso).

DNA G+C content(mol%): 67.

Type species:Pseudoclavibacter helvolusManaia, Nogales, Weiss and Nunes 2004, 787VP.
Rathayibacter
Authors: Evtushenko Lyudmila I. , Dorofeeva Lubov V.
Published: July 2015

Ra.thay.i.bac'ter. N.L. n.RathayaRathay, referring to E. Rathay, Australian plant pathologist who first isolated strains of the genus; N.L. masc. n.bacterrod; N.L. masc. n.Rathayibactera rod isolated by Rathay.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Rathayibacter

Young cells areirregular, straight to slightly curved rods, most of which are 0.5–0.7 µm in diameter and ~1.1–2.0 µm in length,with bluntly rounded ends. Cells are often disposed at an angle to each other, giving V‐formsor sometimes more complex angular arrangements.In older cultures, coccobacillaric forms usually predominant. Nonmotile. Nonsporeforming. Capsule is produced. Stains Gram‐positivebut not acid‐fast.Lysozyme resistant. Chemo‐organotrophs. Obligately aerobic, having arespiratory type of metabolismwith oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Catalase‐positive.Oxidase reaction is usually negativeor weakly positive.Nutritionally exacting, most strains require vitamins and amino acids for growth. Growth moderate to good on standard laboratory media based on peptone, yeast extract, and glucose at near neutral pH. Colonies are yellow or rose‐orange to pink. Acids are produced oxidatively and rather weakly from carbohydrates.Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite; nitrite is not reduced. Mesophilic. Optimum temperature ~24–27°C; no growth at 7°C or 37°C.

DNA G+C(mol%): 60–69.

Type species:Rathayibacter rathayi(Smith 1913) Zgurskaya, Evtushenko, Akimov and Kalakoutskii 1993, 146VP(“Aplanobacter rathayi” Smith 1913, 926; “Phytomonas rathayi” Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Hunton 1923, 192;Corynebacterium rathayiDowson 1942, 313; “Pseudobacterium rathayi” Krasil'nikov 1949, 225; “Corynebacterium michiganensepv.rathayi” Dye and Kemp 1977, 578;Clavibacter rathayiDavis, Gillespie, Vidaver and Harris 1984, 113).
Rhodoglobus
Authors: Sheridan Peter P.
Published: July 2015

Rho.do.glo'bus. Gr. n.
rhodon
the rose; L. masc. n.
globus
ball; N.L. masc. n.
rhodoglobus
red ball.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Rhodoglobus

Slender thin rods
(0.15–0.2 × 1–1.2 µm)
with bulbous protuberances are seen at all stages of growth
. The protuberances are of a mean diameter of 0.8 µm.
Cells are
aerobic,
Gram‐stain‐positive
, easily decolorized,
motile, nonsporeforming, and grow aerobically between −2 and 21°C, with optimal growth at 18°C
. They do not exhibit a marked rod–coccus cycle. Colonies are smooth, round, convex, non‐slimy,
translucent red
, and small in size (2–3 mm in diameter). Positive enzymic activity is shown for alkaline phosphatase (weak), catalase, β‐galactosidase (weak), α‐ and β‐glucosidase, pyrazimidase, and pyrrolidonylarylamidase, but are negative for β‐glucuronidase,
N
‐acetyl‐β‐glucosidase, nitrate reductase, and urease. Gelatin is not hydrolyzed, nor is acid formed from glucose, glycogen, lactose, maltose, mannitol, ribose, sucrose, or xylose.

Cell walls contain ornithine as the diagnostic amino acid. The major menaquinones are MK‐11 and MK‐12. The predominant fatty acids are C
15:1

anteiso,

C
15:0

anteiso,

C
17:0

anteiso,

and C
16:0

iso. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicates that the genus
Rhodoglobus
is a member of the family
Microbacteriaceae
and related to, but distinct from, organisms belonging to the genera
Agreia
,
Leifsonia
, and
Subtercola
.

Alignments of the 16S rRNA gene sequences contain a 13 base pair insertion in the
Rhodoglobus
sequence

that is found only in the gene sequences of a few related organisms (
Leifsonia aurea
,
Leifsonia rubra
, and
Subtercola frigoramans
).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 62.

Type species
:
Rhodoglobus vestalii
Sheridan, Loveland‐Curtze, Miteva and Brenchley 2003, 992
VP
.
Subtercola
Authors: Kämpfer Peter
Published: July 2015

Sub.ter'co.la. L. prep.
subter
below, underneath; L. masc. suff. ‐
cola
inhabitant; N.L. masc. n.
subtercola
the one who lives underneath.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Subtercola

Short irregular rods
, 0.2–0.4 × 0.6–1.6 µm, often occurring singly or in v‐forms.
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Nonencapsulated. Nonmotile. Nonsporeforming. Aerobic. The colonies are circular, convex, smooth, and pale to bright yellow, depending on the medium.
Growth occurs best at 15–17
°
C
,
but is also observed in the temperature range 2–28
°
C
. The cell‐wall diamino acid is
diamino butyric acid
(
DAB
).
The main cell‐wall amino acids are alanine
,
glycine
,

threo

‐
3‐hydroxy‐glutamic acid
,
and DAB
. The peptidoglycan type is B2γ. The polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unknown phospholipid, and two glycolipids. The main cellular fatty acids are 12‐methyltetradecanoic acid (C
15:0
anteiso), 14‐methylpentadecanoic acid (C
16:0
iso), and 14‐methylhexadecanoic acid (C
17:0
anteiso).

The whole‐cell methanolysates of
Subtercola
species contain 1

,
1‐dimethoxy‐anteiso‐pentadecane
(
C

15
:
0

anteiso DMA)
and 1
,
1‐dimethoxy‐iso‐hexadecane
(
C

16
:
0

iso DMA)
as major components in amounts comparable to those of fatty acids
. No mycolic acids are present. The major isoprenoic quinones are MK‐9 and MK‐10.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 64–68.

Type species
:
Subtercola boreus
Männistö, Schumann, Rainey, Kämpfer, Tsitko, Tiirola and Salkinoja‐Salonen 2000, 1737
VP
.
Yonghaparkia
Authors: Yoon Jung‐Hoon
Published: July 2015

Yong.ha.park'i.a. N.L. fem. n.
Yonghaparkia
named after Yong‐Ha Park, a Korean microbiologist who proposed the family
Microbacteriaceae
and has contributed significantly to bacterial systematics.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Yonghaparkia

Cells are short rods or rods, 0.2–0.4 × 0.6–1.4 mm under optimal growth conditions. Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonsporeforming. Nonmotile. Strictly aerobic. The cell‐wall peptidoglycan type is B2γ and contains the dipeptide
D
‐Glu–
D
‐2,4‐diaminobutyrate (
D
‐DAB) with Gly in position 1 and
L
‐DAB in position 3. The predominant menaquinone is MK‐12. A significant amount of MK‐11 is also present. The fatty acid profile consists of branched and straight‐chain fatty acids; predominant fatty acids are C
15:0
anteiso, C
16:0
iso, and C
17:0
anteiso.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 71.1–71.6.

Type species
:
Yonghaparkia alkaliphila
Yoon, Kang, Schumann and Oh 2006b, 2418
VP
.
Citricoccus
Authors: Busse Hans‐Jürgen , Kämpfer Peter
Published: July 2015

Ci.tri.coc'cus. L. n.
citrus
lemon, citron or citrus, an African tree; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
a sphere; N.L. masc. n.
Citricoccus
lemon‐yellow‐pigmented coccus.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Micrococcaceae / Citricoccus

Cocci, occurring singly, in short chains or in clusters, about 1 µm in diameter; cells are nonmotile, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐spore‐forming, and aerobic. Oxidase‐negative and catalasepositive.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 63.8–68.

Type species
:
Citricoccus muralis
Altenburger, Kämpfer, Schumann, Steiner, Lubitz and Busse 2002, 2099
VP
.
Nesterenkonia
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko
Published: July 2015

Ne.ste.ren.ko'ni.a. N.L. fem. n.
Nesterenkonia
honoring Olga Nesterenko, a Ukrainian microbiologist.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Micrococcaceae / Nesterenkonia

Cells may consist of short rods sometimes showing branching, or of cocci. Gram‐stain‐positive. Non‐encapsulated. Endospores are not formed.
Chemo‐organotrophic
;
metabolism is strictly respiratory
. Aerobic. Catalase‐positive. Moderately halophilic or halotolerant. Some species are alkaliphilic or alkalitolerant. Mesophilic.
Peptidoglycan type is A4α
(

l

‐
Lys–Gly
–

l

‐
Glu
,

l

‐
Lys
–

l

‐
Glu
or

l

‐
Lys–Gly
–

d

‐
Asp
). Mycolic acids are absent.
Menaquinones with seven
,
eight
,
and nine completely unsaturated isoprene units
(
MK‐7
,
MK‐8
,
and MK‐9
)
predominate
. The phospholipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol. The cellular fatty acids are iso and anteiso‐branched fatty acids, with C
15:0
anteiso and C
17:0
anteiso predominating. Phylogenetically a member of the family
Micrococcaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 64–72.

Type species
:
Nesterenkonia halobia
Stackebrandt, Koch, Gvozdiak and Schumann 1995, 689
VP
; basonym
Micrococcus halobius
Onishi and Kamekura 1972, 235
AL
.
Yaniella
Authors: Schumann Peter
Published: July 2015

Ya.ni.el'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Yaniella
named after Sun‐Chu Yan (1912–1994), a Chinese microbiologist who devoted his life to the study of actinomycete taxonomy and antibiotics.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Micrococcaceae / Yaniella

Cells are nonmotile, aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, nonspore‐forming, coccoid or oval, about 0.4–0.8 µm in diameter, and occur singly or in clusters. Moderately
halophilic or halotolerant
.
Oxidase negative
and
catalase positive
. Cell‐wall peptidoglycan
type
is
A4
α,
L
‐
Lys
←
Gly
←
L
‐
Glu
. Whole‐cell sugars are xylose, mannose, and galactose. Phospholipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, one unknown phospholipid, and one unknown glycolipid. Predominant
menaquinones
are
MK‐8 and MK‐9 or MK‐8
. Major cellular fatty acids are C
15:0
anteiso and C
15:0
iso or C
15:0
anteiso. The description is based on those of the species
Yaniella halotolerans
(Li et al., 2004a) and
Yaniella flava
(Li et al., 2005c).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 53–58.

Type species
:
Yaniella halotolerans
(Li, Chen, Xu, Zhang, Schumann, Tang, Xu and Jiang 2004a) Li, Zhi and Euzéby 2008b, 526
VP
(
Yania halotolerans
Li, Chen, Xu, Zhang, Schumann, Tang, Xu and Jiang 2004a, 530).
Zhihengliuella
Authors: Busse Hans‐Jürgen
Published: July 2015

Zhi.heng.li.u.el'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Zhihengliuella
named after Zhi‐Heng Liu (1940–), a Chinese microbiologist who devotes himself to the study of actinomycete taxonomy.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Micrococcaceae / Zhihengliuella

Gram‐stain‐positive, mesophilic and aerobic. Cells are
non‐motile, non‐spore‐forming, short rods
(0.6–1.0 × 1.5–2.0 µm). Catalase‐positive and oxidase‐negative. The
peptidoglycan type is A4
,
L
‐lys–
L
‐ala–
L
‐glu. The predominant
menaquinones
are
MK‐9 and MK‐10
; MK‐8 occurs in smaller amounts. The
major fatty acids
are

C
15:0

anteiso and C

15:
0

iso,

or C
15:0

anteiso and C

17:
0

anteiso. The major
polar lipids
are
phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol. Diagnostic cell‐wall sugars
are
tyvelose and mannose
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 66.5–70.3 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Zhihengliuella halotolerans
Zhang, Schumann, Yu, Liu, Zhang, Xu, Stackebrandt, Jiang and Li 2007, 1018
VP
.
Cellulosimicrobium
Authors: Schumann Peter , Stackebrandt Erko
Published: July 2015

Cel.lu.lo.si.mi.cro'bi.um. N.L. n.cellulosumcellulose; N.L. neut. n.microbium, microbe; N.L. neut. n.Cellulosimicrobiumcellulose microbe.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Promicromonosporaceae / Cellulosimicrobium

Gram‐stain‐positive, but cells are very readily decolorized. In young cultures, a substrate mycelium is produced which fragments later into irregular, curved, and club‐shaped rods which may be arranged in V forms. After exhaustion of the medium, the rods are transformed into shorter rods or even spherical cells. Do not form endospores. Not acid‐fast. Motile or nonmotile. Chemo‐organotrophic; metabolism respiratory and facultatively anaerobic. Acid produced from several carbohydrates. Catalase positive. Nitrate reduction is positive or negative.Cellulolytic.Peptidoglycan contains l‐lysine;the interpeptide bridge consists of d‐Ser–d‐Asp orL‐Thr–d‐Asp,type A4α.Major menaquinone is MK‐9(H4),and predominating fatty acids are C15:0anteiso,C15:0iso,C16:0iso,and C17:0anteiso. Whole‐cell sugars are galactose, rhamnose, glucose, fucose, and mannose or galactose and ribose; one type strain contains only galactose. Phylogenetically, a member of the familyPromicromonosporaceae.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 72.9–76.5 (Tm).

Type species:Cellulomicrobium cellulans(Metcalfe and Brown 1957) Schumann, Weiss and Stackebrandt, 2001, 1009VP(Nocardia cellulansMetcalfe and Brown 1957).
Isoptericola
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko , Schumann Peter
Published: July 2015

I.sop.te.ri'co.la. N.L. n.
Isoptera
order of termites; L. masc. or fem. suff. ‐
cola
(from L. masc. or fem. n.
incola
), inhabitant; N.L. masc. n.
Isoptericola
inhabitant of termites.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Promicromonosporaceae / Isoptericola

Gram‐stain‐positive. Cells rod‐shaped, V‐shaped, or coccoid and
nonmotile
.
Primary mycelium may be formed
.
Cellulolytic and xylanolytic
; facultatively anaerobic, acid is produced from some carbohydrates.
The peptidoglycan type is A4
α,

l

‐
Lys
←

d

‐
Asp
,
variation A11
.
31
.
N
‐glycolylmuramic acid, mycolic acids, and hydroxy fatty acids are absent. The acyl type is acetyl. Whole cell sugars are galactose, rhamnose, and glucose (ratio 4:2:1); ribose and minor amounts of mannose may occur.
The main menaquinones are MK‐9
(

H
2

)
and
/
or MK‐9
(

H
4

).
Major fatty acids are C

15
:
0

anteiso and C

15:
0

iso. Some strains have in addition C
16:0
, C
17:0
anteiso, and C
14:0
and in some strains C
16:0
iso. Smaller amounts of C
14:0
iso, C
17:0
iso, and C
15:0
are present. The
phospholipids include phosphatidylglycerol
,
diphosphatidylglycerol
,
and phosphatidylinositol
; unknown glycolipids and/or phospholipids may occur.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70.0–74.1 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Isoptericola variabilis
(
Cellulosimicrobium variabile
Bakalidou, Kämpfer, Berchtold, Kuhnigk, Wenzel and König 2002, 1189
VP
) Stackebrandt, Schumann and Cui 2004, 686
VP
.
Rarobacter
Authors: Kämpfer Peter
Published: July 2015

Ra.ro.bac'ter. L. adj.
rarus
curious; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
masculine form from Gr. neut. n.
baktron
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
rarobacter
curious rod.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Rarobacteraceae / Rarobacter

Cells are irregular rods, 0.2–0.3 × 0.8–1.0 µm.
Gram‐stain‐positive
,
but readily decolorized
.
Not acid‐fast
.
Motile by multitrichous flagella
. Nonsporeforming. Optimal temperature is 30°C, and optimal pH is 6–8 for growth.
Facultatively anaerobic
. Chemo‐organotrophic.
Mesophilic
.
Requires hemin of hemoproteins for growth
. Ammonium salts are utilized as nitrogen source, but nitrate is not utilized. Acid is produced aerobically and anaerobically from
D
‐glucose and
D
‐mannose, but not from
L
‐arabinose or
L
‐rhamnose. Organic acids studied thus far are not assimilated. Starch, casein, and gelatin are hydrolyzed, but cellulose is not hydrolyzed. Oxidase‐positive.

Diamino acid of cell wall is
L
‐ornithine

.

Amino acid composition of the cell‐wall peptidoglycan is
D
‐Ala

,

l

‐
Ala
,

d

‐
Glu
,

and
L
‐Orn

(

and
D
‐Ser

)
corresponding to type A4
β. Mycolic acids and cell‐wall teichoic acids are lacking. Branching fatty acids of the iso and anteiso types (C
16:0
iso and C
15:0
anteiso) predominate. Major
menaquinone is MK‐9
(

H
4

).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 64.6–66.1.

Type species
:
Rarobacter faecitabidus
Yamamoto, Sato, Saito, Hasuo, Tadenuma, Suzuki, Tamaoka and Komgata 1988, 10
VP
.
Haloactinobacterium
Authors: Tang Shu‐Kun , Zhi Xiao‐Yang , Li Wen‐Jun
Published: July 2015

Ha.lo.ac.ti.no.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. n.
hals
,
halos
salt; Gr. n.
actis
,
actinos
a ray; L. neut. n.
bacterium
a rod; N.L. neut. n.
Haloactinobacterium
a halophilic actinobacterium.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Ruaniaceae / Haloactinobacterium

Short rods. Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonmotile. Moderately halophilic. Facultatively anaerobic in the presence of KNO
3
. The peptidoglycan is type A4α with
L
‐Lys–
L
‐Glu interpeptide bridges.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68–69.

Type species
:
Haloactinobacterium album
Tang, Zhi, Wang, Wu, Lee, Kim, Lou, Xu and Li 2010, 2118
VP
.
Actinocatenispora
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Ac.ti.no.ca.te.ni.spo'ra. Gr. n.
aktis ‐inos
ray; L. n.
catena
chain; Gr. n.
spora
seed and in biology a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Actinocatenispora
spore chain‐producing ray (fungus).

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Actinocatenispora

Gram‐stain‐positive
. Nonmotile.
Aerobic
.
Sporeforming
branching substrate hyphae; mycelia are yellow to vivid orange in color. Aerial hyphae or vegetative mycelium bear spore chains consisting of more than 10 spores. Cylindrical spores (0.3–0.4 × 0.5–1.0 µm) have a smooth surface. Cell wall contains glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid. The
N
‐acyl group of the cell‐wall muramic acid is glycolyl. Characteristic whole‐cell sugars are arabinose and xylose. Possess phospholipid pattern type II; cellular phospholipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, phosphatidylglycerol and unidentified ninhydrin‐negative phospholipids. The predominant fatty acids are iso‐ and anteiso‐methyl branched acids. Major menaquinone is MK‐9(H
4
). Mycolic acids are not detected.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72.0–74.3.

Type species
:
Actinocatenispora thailandica
Thawai, Tanasupawat, Itoh and Kudo 2 0 0 6a, 1793
VP
.
Catellatospora
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: July 2015

Ca.tel.la.to.spo'ra. L. n.
catella
small chain; Gr. n.
spora
a seed and in biology a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Catellatospora
(organism forming) small chain of spores.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Catellatospora

Gram‐stain‐positive, forming chains of nonmotile spores that arise singly or in tufts from vegetative hyphae. Vegetative hyphae are branched but not fragmented. Substrate mycelia are light yellow to bright yellow. Aerial mycelia are absent.
Aerobic
and
chemo‐organotrophic
.
Mesophilic
.
Catalase‐positive
. The diagnostic amino acids of the peptidoglycan are

meso

‐
diaminopimelic acid
and 3‐hydroxydiaminopimelic acids. The muramic acid
N
‐acyl type is glycolyl. The cell‐wall hydrolysates contain arabinose, galactose, ribose, mannose, glucose and xylose. Rhamnose is present in some species. Mycolic acids are not present. The major fatty acids are C
17:0
, C
17:1
ω8
c
, C
15:0
iso and C
16:0
iso. The polar lipids can include phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides.
Menaquinone MK‐9
(

H
4

) is the major menaquinone. Species of the genus have been isolated from sandy and woodland soils from Japan and Bangladesh. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny the species of the genus form a distinct lineage within the family
Micromonosporaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70.7–71.4.

Type species
:
Catellatospora citrea
Asano and Kawamoto 1986, 516
VP
.
Catenuloplanes
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Ca.te.nul.o.plan'es. L. fem. n.
catenula
short chain; Gr. masc. n.
planes
a wanderer; N.L. masc. n.
Catenuloplanes
a short chain wanderer; intended to signify a motile short chain.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Catenuloplanes

Gram‐stain‐positive
. Not acid‐fast.
Strictly aerobic
.
Forms branching and non‐fragmenting vegetative hyphae
. Aerial mycelium is rudimentarily developed or absent. If produced, spores are arranged in chains, which arise from the vegetative hyphae or are formed on the rudimentary aerial hyphae. The spore chains are aggregated into clusters and may be enveloped by outer sheaths. The configuration of spore chains is curly or spiral with one or two turns and sometimes branched, The spores are rod‐shaped, straight or curved (0.6–0.8 × 2–4 µm) with smooth surfaces, and motile by means of peritrichous flagella.

Cell‐wall type is VI and the peptidoglycan contains
D
‐glutamate

,

D

‐
serine
,

L

‐
serine
,
glycine
,

D

‐
alanine
,

and
L
‐lysine

.
Cell‐wall sugars are mannose
,
xylose
,
ribose and glucose
. The muramic acid in the glycan moiety is N‐glycolated. The Mycolic acids are absent. Major menaquinones are MK‐10(H
4
) and MK‐11(H
4
); some strains may also possess small amounts of MK‐10, MK‐10(H
2
), MK‐10(H
8
), MK‐10(H
6
), MK‐11(H
2
) and MK‐11(H
6
). The major cellular fatty acids are C
18:1
, C
16:0
, and C
17:0
anteiso. Small amounts of C
17:0
, C
16:1
, C
16:0
iso, and C
18:0
may also be present. The diagnostic phospholipid is phosphatidylcholine.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70.0–72.0.

Type species
:
Catenuloplanes japonicas
Yokota, Tamura, Hasegawa and Huang 1 9 93, 810
VP
.
Krasilnikovia
Authors: Seshadri Susmitha
Published: July 2015

Kra.sil.ni.kov'i.a. N.L. fem. n.
Krasilnikovia
referring to N.A. Krasil'nikov, a Russian actinomycetologist who contributed to the taxonomy of the family
Micromonosporaceae
.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Krasilnikovia

Aerobic
with
branching hyphae
.
Gram‐type positive
. Nonacid‐fast. Pseudosporangia on short sporangiophores contain
oval to reniform
,
nonmotile spores
with a smooth surface. Growth occurs between
20–37
°
C
and
pH 5–9
. Did not grow on 3% NaCl. Cell wall contains

meso

‐
diaminopimelic acid
. Major whole‐cell sugars are galactose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, ribose, and glucose. The major menaquinone is
MK‐9
(

H
6

),
and
the predominant fatty acids are
C

16
:
0

iso,
C

14
:
0

iso and
C

18
:
1

(ω

9
c

). Phosphatidylethanolamine is the diagnostic phospholipid.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 71.

Type species
:
Krasilnikovia cinnamomea
Ara and Kudo 2007, 2449
VP
(Effective publication: Ara and Kudo 2007a, 8.).
Longispora
Authors: Takahashi Yōko , Matsumoto Atsuko
Published: July 2015

Lon.gi.spo'ra. L. adj.
longus
long; Gr. fem. n.
spora
seed and in biology a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Longispora
long spore.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Longispora

Leathery colonies.
Aerial hyphae bear long spore‐chains of more than 20 spores on the tips of short sporophores
that branch from the vegetative mycelia. No fragmentation of vegetative mycelia.
No sporangia
,
synnemata
,
or sclerotia formed
. Cells are Gram‐stain‐positive, aerobic, non‐acid‐fast and
nonmotile
. Cell‐wall peptidoglycans contain

meso

‐
diaminopimelic acid
(
DAP
), glycine, and alanine. Arabinose, galactose, and xylose are detected in whole‐cell hydrolysates. The acyl form of muramic acid in the peptidoglycans is
glycolyl
. Predominant menaquinones are
MK‐10
(

H
4

)
and MK‐10
(

H
6

); MK‐10(H
8
) is a minor component. Mycolic acids are not detected. Diagnostic phospholipid is phosphatidylethanolamine (phospholipid type II). Mesophilic.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Longispora albida
Matsumoto, Takahashi, Shinose, Seino, Iwai and Ōmura 2003, 1558
VP
.
Luedemannella
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Lu.e.de.man.nel'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Luedemannella
here refering to George M. Luedemann, a Russian actinomycetologist who contributed to the taxonomy of family
Micromonosporaceae
.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Luedemannella

Single or clustered spherical to irregular sporangia
(
variable in size
, ~
3
.
0–5
.
0
μ
m
)
with branched hyphae
,
forms a non‐fragmenting substrate mycelium
.
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Nonmotile.
Aerobic
. Forms nonmotile spherical to oval shaped spores (0.2–0.4 µm) with a smooth surface and loosely arranged in sporogenous hyphae. Temperature range for growth 20–37°C, pH range 5–9, NaCl tolerance <3%. Cell wall contains the diamino acid
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid. The
N
‐acyl group of muramic acid is glycolyl. Mycolic acids are not present. MK‐9(H
6
) and MK‐9(H
4
) are the major menaquinones, and small amounts of MK‐9(H
2
) and MK‐9(H
8
) are present. Polar lipid profile comprises phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 71.

Type species
:
Luedemannella helvata
Ara and Kudo 2007c, 1372
VP
.
Polymorphospora
Authors: Tamura Tomohiko
Published: July 2015

Po.ly.mor.pho.spo'ra. Gr. adj.
polumorphos
multiform; Gr. fem. n.
spora
seed, and in biology, a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Polymorphospora
polymorphic spore.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Polymorphospora

Gram‐stain‐positive, not acid‐fast, producing a fine, nonfragmenting, branching mycelium. Strictly aerobic.
Short spore chains
develop on short sporophores on the substrate mycelium. Immature spores are
oval or of various shapes
, and
short rods
are formed (0.6–0.9 × 0.8–1.5 µm wide) on maturation. Spores are
nonmotile
. Optimum temperature for growth generally ranges between 20 and 30°C. Cell wall contains
D
‐glutamate, glycine,
D
‐alanine, and
meso
‐diaminopimelate. Mannose, 3‐
O
‐methylmannose, glucose, and galactose are detected as whole‐cell sugars. The predominant cellular fatty acid is C
16:0
iso, followed by C
17:1
and C
17:0
anteiso. The major menaquinones are MK‐10(H
6
), MK‐10(H
4
), MK‐9(H
6
), and MK‐9(H
4
). Phosphatidylethanolamine is present as the diagnostic phospholipid, whereas phosphatidylcholine is absent (phospholipid pattern type PII). The acyl type of the cell wall is glycolyl. Mycolic acid is absent.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70–71 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Polymorphospora rubra
Tamura, Hatano and Suzuki 2006, 1963
VP
.
Salinispora
Authors: Jensen Paul R. , Maldonado Luis A. , Goodfellow Michael
Published: July 2015

Sa.li.ni.spo'ra. L. adj.
salinus
saline; Gr. fem. n.
spora
a seed and, in bacteriology, a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Salinispora
a spore‐forming bacterium originating from a saline habitat, indicating the marine habitat of the organism.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Salinispora

Obligately aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast, nonmotile actinomycetes that form extensively branched substrate hyphae carrying single or clusters of smooth‐surfaced spores, which may be sessile or borne on short sporophores
. Vegetative hyphae are finely branched but do not show any fragmentation. Strains grow well at 10–30°C and pH 7–12. Colonies range from bright to pale orange and dark brown changing to black as they sporulate with no aerial mycelia observed. Brown diffusible pigments that darken agar media are normally produced.

Whole‐organism hydrolysates are rich in
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid and contain major amounts of arabinose, galactose, and xylose

.
The muramic acid moiety of the peptidoglycan is glycolated
.
Cells contain
:
diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol as major polar lipids
;
tetrahydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units as the predominant isoprenologue
;
and complex mixtures of saturated iso‐ and anteiso‐fatty acids but lack mycolic acids
.
Do not grow when seawater is replaced with deionized water in standard complex growth media
. The phylogenetic position of
Salinispora
, as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, is in the family
Micromonosporaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69.4–69.5 (from genome sequences).

Type species
:
Salinispora arenicola
Maldonado, Fenical, Jensen, Kaufman, Mincer, Ward, Bull and Goodfellow 2005, 1764
VP
.
Spirilliplanes
Authors: Tamura Tomohiko
Published: July 2015

Spi.ril.li.plan'es. N.L. dim. neut. n.
spirillum
a small spiral; Gr. masc. n.
planes
a wanderer; N.L. fem. (
sic
) n.
Spirilliplanes
an organism with wandering cells, in spirals.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Spirilliplanes

Gram‐stain‐positive, not acid‐fast, producing a fine, nonfragmenting, branching mycelium. Strictly aerobic. The aerial hyphae
aggregate into clusters resembling coils
(Figure 1), but true sporangia are not observed; 14‐d‐old cultures grown on inorganic salts‐starch agar have hyphae arranged in spirals of 5–10 turns with several spores per chain. Spores are ovals or short rods (0.5–0.7 × 0.7–1.0 µm) with smooth surfaces. Upon immersion in water or phosphate buffer containing soil extract,
motile spores
are released from spore chains, but in many instances motility begins over 30–60 min after spore release.
Polar flagella
are present in motile spores. In general, the vegetative mycelia are yellow to orange and aerial hyphae are white. Cell wall contains
D
‐glutamate, glycine,
D
‐alanine, and
meso
‐diaminopimelate. Mannose, 3‐
O
‐methylmannose, glucose, xylose, and galactose are detected in the whole‐cell sugars. C
17:1
, C
17:0
, C
15:0
anteiso, C
15:0
iso, and C
16:0
iso are present as major cellular fatty acids. The major menaquinone is MK‐10(H
4
); small amounts of MK‐10(H
6
) and MK‐10(H
8
) are also present. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol are diagnostic phospholipids (phospholipid pattern type PII). The acyl type of the cell‐wall polysaccharides is glycolyl. Mycolic acid is absent.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Spirilliplanes yamanashiensis
Tamura, Hayakawa and Hatano 1997, 102
VP
.
Virgisporangium
Authors: Tamura Tomohiko
Published: July 2015

Vir.gi.spo.ran'gi.um. L. n.
virga
a slender green branch, rod; N.L. neut. n.
sporangium
(from Gr. n.
spora
a seed and, in biology, a spore; Gr. n.
angeion
vessel) sporangium (spore‐containing vessel); N.L. neut. n.
Virgisporangium
an organism with rod‐shaped sporangia (spore‐containing vessels).

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Virgisporangium

Gram‐stain‐positive, not acid‐fast, produces a fine, nonfragmenting, branching mycelium. Strictly aerobic.
Slender sporangia
are formed on short sporangiophores on the substrate mycelium (Figure 230 and Figure 231). Each sporangium typically contains a single row of
six or more spores
. Spores are oval or short rods (0.6–0.9 × 0.8–1.5 µm) and exhibit motility. Cell wall contains
D
‐glutamate, glycine, alanine, and 3‐OH‐diaminopimelate. Mannose, 3‐
O
‐methylmannose, rhamnose, glucose, arabinose, xylose, and galactose are present in whole‐cell hydrolysates. The major cellular fatty acid is C
17:0
anteiso. The major menaquinones are MK‐10(H
4
) and MK‐10(H
6
). Phosphatidylethanolamine is present as the diagnostic phospholipid (phospholipid pattern type PII). The acyl type of the cell wall is glycolyl. Mycolic acid is not detected.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 71 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Virgisporangium ochraceum
Tamura, Hayakawa and Hatano 2001, 1815
VP
.
Aestuariimicrobium
Authors: Seshadri Susmitha
Published: July 2015

A.es.tu.a.ri.i.mi.cro'bi.u.m. L. n.
aesturarium
part of the sea coast which, during the flood‐tide, is overflowed, but at the ebb‐tide is left covered with mud or slime, a tidal flat; N.L. neut. n.
microbium
microbe; N.L. neut. n.
Aestuariimicrobium
a microbe isolated from a tidal flat.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Propionibacteriaceae / Aestuariimicrobium

Short to coccoid nonsporeforming rods
. Cells are nonflagellated and stain
Gram‐positive
.
Aerobic
. Growth occurs between 4–40°C with
30
°
C as the optimal temperature
. The optimal pH range for growth is 7.5–8.5. Colonies are pigmented yellow. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite.
Catalase‐positive
. The major
menaquinone is MK‐9
(

H
4

) and the
predominant fatty acid is C

15
:
0

antesio.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68.8–69.2.

Type species
:
Aestuariimicrobium kwangyangense
Jung, Kim, Song, Lee, Oh and Yoon 2007, 2117
VP
.
Luteococcus
Authors: Tamura Tomohiko
Published: July 2015

Lu.te.o.coc'cus. L. adj.
luteus
yellow; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
(from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
grain, seed) coccus; N.L. masc. n.
Luteococcus
yellow coccus.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Propionibacteriaceae / Luteococcus

Gram‐stain‐positive coccus or pleomorphic rod
. Spherical cells are 0.7–1.0 µm in diameter and occur
singly
,
in pairs
,
or in tetrads
. Nonsporeforming. Colonies are circular and smooth and may be cream colored to yellow.
Facultatively anaerobic
. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Urease‐negative. The cells may or may not reduce nitrate to nitrite. Starch is hydrolyzed. Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80 are not hydrolyzed. Acid is produced from glucose and some other sugars. Propionic acid is the major product formed from glucose. Optimum growth temperature is 26–28°C.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 64–67.

Type species
:
Luteococcus japonicus
Tamura, Takeuchi and Yokota 1994, 355
VP
.
Microlunatus
Authors: Hanada Satoshi , Nakamura Kazunori
Published: July 2015

Mi.cro.lu.na'tus. Gr. adj.
mikros
small; L. masc. adj.
lunatus
half moon‐shaped; N.L. masc. n.
Microlunatus
small moon‐like microorganism.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Propionibacteriaceae / Microlunatus

Coccoid or spherical cells
, 0.3–2.0 µm in diameter. Occurs singly and in pairs. Occasionally forms clusters. Some species show rod‐shaped morphology.
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Nonmotile. Nonsporeforming. Catalase‐positive.
Mesophilic
. Good growth occurs at 20–30°C.
Aerobic and chemo‐organotrophic
. The following sugars and sugar alcohols can support good growth: glucose, arabinose, mannose, maltose, melibiose, rhamnose, and sorbitol. Some species reduce nitrate under anaerobic conditions and accumulate phosphate inside cells. The major quinone is MK‐9(H
4
). The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
LL
‐diaminopimeric acid. The major fatty acids are C
15:0
anteiso, C
15:0
iso, and C
16:0
iso. Isolated from activated sludge in wastewater treatment system, soil, spawn of a mushroom, and an indoor wall.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 65.1–70.9.

Type species
:
Microlunatus phosphovorus
Nakamura, Hiraishi, Yoshimi, Kawaharasaki, Masuda and Kamagata 1995, 21
VP
.
Propionimicrobium
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko
Published: July 2015

Pro.pio.ni.mi.cro'bi.um. N.L.
acidum propionicum
propionic acid; N.L. neut. n.
microbium
(from Gr. adj.
mikros
small and Gr. n.
bios
life) a microbe; N.L. neut. n.
Propionimicrobium
propionic acid‐producing microbe.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Propionibacteriaceae / Propionimicrobium

Pleomorphic rods
, 0.5–0.8 × 1–2.5 μ, often diphtheroid or clubshaped.
Cells may be coccoid
. They may occur singly, in pairs or short chains, in V or Y configurations, or in clumps. Gram‐stain‐positive, nonmotile, nonsporeforming chemo‐organotroph.
Anaerobic
.
Fermentation end products include propionic acid
,
acetic acid
,
succinic acid
,
iso‐valeric acid
,
and lesser amounts of formic acid
. One out of two strains is catalase‐positive. The major menaquinone is MK‐9(H
4
).
The peptidoglycan contains lysine and aspartic acid
(
Lys–Asp type
). Major fatty acids are C
18:1
ω9
c
, C
15:0
anteiso, and C
16:0
. The genus is a member of the family
Propionibacteriaceae
Delwiche (1957), emend. Stackebrandt, Rainey and Ward‐Rainey (1997)
in
Rainey, Ward‐Rainey and Stackebrandt (1997).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 53–56.

Type species
:
Propionimicrobium lymphophilum
(Torrey 1916) Stackebrandt, Schumann, Schaal and Weiss 2002, 1926
VP
(“
Bacillus lymphophilus
” Torrey 1916;
Propionibacterium lymphophilum
Johnson and Cummins 1972, 1057).
Actinokineospora
Authors: Labeda David P.
Published: July 2015

Ac.ti.no.ki.ne.o.spo'ra. Gr. n.
aktis ‐inos
ray; Gr. v.
kineo
to set in motion; Gr. fem. n.
spora
seed and in biology a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Actinokineospora
actinomycete bearing zoospores.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Actinokineospora

Forms hyphae (approx. 0.5 µm in diameter) that differentiate into a vegetative mycelium that penetrates the agar medium and forms colonies on the surface; aerial mycelium arises from the colony.
Aerial hyphae bear chains of conidia capable of forming flagella in an aqueous environment
. Gram‐stain‐positive. Catalase‐positive. Aerobic.

The cell wall contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid along with glycine

,

d

‐
glutamic acid
,

and
L
‐alanine

,
properties characteristic of type A1
γ
peptidoglycan
.
The characteristic whole‐cell sugars are arabinose and galactose
,
but very little arabinose is found in purified cell walls
.
The phospholipid pattern consists of significant amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine along with diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol
.
The principal menaquinone is MK‐9
(

H
4

). Phylogenetically, within the the order
Pseudonocardiales
based on 16S rRNA gene sequences.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72.0 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Actinokineospora riparia
Hasegawa 1988a, 449
VP
(Effective publication: Hasegawa 1988b, 33.).
Actinosynnema
Authors: Labeda David P.
Published: July 2015

Ac.ti.no.syn'ne.ma. Gr. n.
actis
,
actinos
ray; Gr. adv.
syn
together; Gr. n.
nema, nematos
thread; N.Gr. n.
synnema
, threads wrapping together, synnema; N.L. neut. n.
Actinosynnema
indicates a synnema‐forming actinomycete.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Actinosynnema

Fine hyphae (about 0.5 µm in diameter) are
differentiated into substrate mycelium
, with long branching hyphae that penetrate the agar and also grow into and
form synnemata
,
dome‐like bodies
,
or flat colonies on the agar surface
,
and aerial hyphae
(0.5–1.0 µm in diameter)
that arise from synnemata
,
dome‐like bodies
,
or flat colonies
.
The aerial hyphae bear chains of spores capable of forming flagella in an aqueous environment
.

The cell walls contain major amounts of
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid

(

meso

‐
DAP
), glutamic acid, alanine, glucosamine, and muramic acid.
The whole‐cell sugar pattern consists of galactose and mannose
.
Principal phospholipids include phosphatidylethanolamine
,
phosphatidylethanolamine containing 2‐hydroxy fatty acids
,
and diphosphatidylglycerol
.
Menaquinones are predominantly MK‐9
(

H
4

),
with some MK‐9
(

H
6

). Gram‐stain‐positive. Non acid‐fast. Catalase‐positive. Aerobic. Mesophilic. Most strains isolated directly from plant tissue. Phylogenetically nearest neighbors are the genera
Lechevalieria
and
Lentzea
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 71–73 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Actinosynnema mirum
Hasegawa, Lechevalier and Lechevalier 1978, 305
AL
.