bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative and Qualitative Measures of Decomposition: Is There a Link?
Authors: Eaton Robert J. , Sanchez Felipe G.
Published: August 2019

Decomposition rates of loblolly pine coarse woody debris (CWD) were determined by mass loss and wood density changes for trees that differed in source of mortality (natural, girdle-poison, and felling). Specifically, three treatments were examined: (1) control (CON): natural mortality; (2) CD: 5-fold increase in CWD compared with the CON; and (3) CS: 12-fold increase in snags compared with the CON. The additional CWD in the CD treatment plots and the additional snags in the CS plots were achieved by felling (for the CD plots) or girdling followed by herbicide injection (for the CS plots) select trees in these plots. Consequently, mortality on the CD plots is due to natural causes and felling. Likewise, mortality on the CS plots is due to natural causes and girdle-poison. In each treatment plot, mortality due to natural causes was inventoried since 1997, whereas mortality due to girdle-poison and felling were inventoried since 2001. No significant difference was detected between the rates of decomposition for the CWD on these treatment plots, indicating that source of the tree mortality did not influence rates of decomposition once the tree fell. These experimental measures of decomposition were compared with two decay classification systems (three- and five-unit classifications) to determine linkages. Changes in wood density did not correlate to any decay classification, whereas mass loss had a weak correlation with decay class. However, the large degree of variation limits the utility of decay classification systems in estimating mass loss.
Estimating Fuel Consumption for the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina
Authors: Goodrick Scott L. , Shea Dan , Blake John
Published: August 2019

Recent changes in air quality regulations present a potential obstacle to continued use of prescribed fire as a land management tool. Lowering of the acceptable daily concentration of particulate matter from 65 to 35 μg/m3 will bring much closer scrutiny of prescribed burning practices from the air quality community. To work within this narrow window, land managers need simple tools to allow them to estimate their potential emissions and examine trade-offs between continued use of prescribed fire and other means of fuels management. A critical part of the emissions estimation process is determining the amount of fuel consumed during the burn. This study combines results from a number of studies along the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina to arrive at a simple means of estimating total fuel consumption on prescribed fires. The result is a simple linear relationship that determines the total fuel consumed as a function of the product of the preburn fuel load and the burning index of the National Fire Danger Rating System.
Evaluation of Loblolly Pine Management Regimes in Mississippi for Biomass Supplies: A Simulation Approach
Authors: Guo Zhimei , Grebner Donald , Sun Changyou , Grado Stephen
Published: August 2019

Alternative management regimes of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations were evaluated and compared for joint production of timber and biomass and exclusively for biomass production in Mississippi. The PTAEDA3.1 computerized yield simulator was used to predict growth effects of various site preparation techniques, initial planting densities, and thinning activities. Evaluation criteria included land expectation values (LEVs) and mean annual increment. Results indicated that sites with a site index of 50–70 (base age 25) yielded average annual stem residues of 0.86–1.20 tons/ac, from which 39.8–47.4 gallons of ethanol could be produced. Inclusion of pulpwood as a feedstock would approximately double biofuel production. Culminating sustainable annual outputs of total stem biomass exclusively for biofuel production using intensive site preparation was unprofitable on all sites because of high site preparation costs and low biomass prices. Sensitivity analyses indicated that LEVs and optimal management strategies were sensitive to changes in price of biomass relative to that of sawtimber. The rise of the relative biomass price would increase woody biomass availability for biofuels. It would also boost intensive management practices, such as intensive site preparation, closer initial tree spacings, earlier thinnings, and shorter rotation ages.
Growth of Longleaf and Loblolly Pine Planted on South Carolina Sandhill Sites
Authors: Cram Michelle M. , Outcalt Kenneth W. , Zarnoch Stanley J.
Published: August 2019

Performance of longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) were compared 15–19 years after outplanting on 10 different sites in the sandhills of South Carolina. The study was established from 1988 to 1992 with bareroot seedlings artificially inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) or naturally inoculated with mycorrhizae in the nursery. A containerized longleaf pine treatment with and without Pt inoculation was added to two sites in 1992. Effects of the Pt nursery treatment were mixed, with a decrease in survival of bareroot longleaf pine on two sites and an increase in survival on another site. The containerized longleaf pine treatment substantially increased survival, which led to greater volume compared with bareroot longleaf pine. Loblolly pine yielded more volume than longleaf pine on all sites but one, where survival was negatively affected by fire. Depth of sandy surface horizon affected mean annual height growth of both loblolly and longleaf pine. Height growth per year decreased with an increase in sand depth for both species. Multiple regression analysis of volume growth (ft3/ac per year) for both species indicated a strong relationship to depth of sandy soil and survival. After 15–19 years, loblolly pine has been more productive than longleaf pine, although longleaf pine productivity may be equal to or greater than that of loblolly pine on the soils with the deepest sandy surface layers over longer rotations.
Economic Impacts of Projecting Horizontal Angles to the Wrong Height When Conducting Point Sampling
Authors: VanderSchaaf Curtis L. , Jordan Lewis
Published: August 2019

Horizontal point sampling selects sample trees by projecting horizontal angles. In many inventories, angles are to be projected to dbh, or the diameter at 4.5 ft, but because of user error, angles are often projected to heights other than breast height. Thus, errors are made as to which trees should be sampled, probabilities of sampling individual trees are incorrect, and the basal area estimate does not truly correspond to dbh. The objective of this study was to determine the potential economic impacts of projecting angles at heights other than breast height when breast height is the desired height. Projections for two planting densities (400 and 1,000 seedlings per acre) and two ages (20 and 30) were used to establish virtual plantations, and sampling was conducted using 10 and 20 basal area factor prisms by projecting horizontal angles to four heights, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0 ft. A taper equation was used to estimate changes in diameter along the stem. For the stand conditions examined in this study, incorrectly projecting angles to heights other than breast height reduced timber appraisals by as much as $190/ac. Across many acres and stands, this type of nonsampling error can result in serious errors in valuing stumpage.
Longleaf Pine Root System Development and Seedling Quality in Response to Copper Root Pruning and Cavity Size
Authors: Sayer Mary Anne Sword , Sung Shi-Jean Susana , Haywood James D.
Published: August 2019

Cultural practices that modify root system structure in the plug of container-grown seedlings have the potential to improve root system function after planting. Our objective was to assess how copper root pruning affects the quality and root system development of longleaf pine seedlings grown in three cavity sizes in a greenhouse. Copper root pruning increased seedling size, the allocation of root system dry weight to the taproot, and the fraction of fibrous root mass allocated to secondary lateral roots compared with primary lateral roots. It decreased the allocation of root system dry weight to primary lateral roots and led to a distribution of root growth potential that more closely resembled the root growth of naturally sown seedlings. These effects of copper root pruning may benefit longleaf pine establishment. However, because copper root pruning increased competition for cavity growing space among the taproot and fibrous roots, we suggest that recommendations regarding cavity size and seedling quality parameters be tailored for copper-coated cavities.
Coarse Woody Debris in Southern United States Loblolly Pine Plantations: From Stand-Level to Regional Scales
Authors: Wang Huei-Jin , Radtke Philip J. , Prisley Stephen P.
Published: August 2019

Broad-scale estimates of coarse woody debris (CWD) yield across landscapes are somewhat rare, despite the importance of CWD in ecosystem functioning and its potential role in terrestrial carbon cycles. Yields of CWD were estimated at regional scales by linking a stand-level predictive model with regional forest inventory data for 11 states in the southern United States. We estimated that the accumulation of CWD in late-rotation loblolly pine plantations across the South totals 48.67 million metric tons of dry wood necromass, the carbon equivalent of 24.33 million metric tons. This represents annual CO2 emissions of 21 coal-fired power plants, or the amount of carbon sequestered each year in 7 million ha of pine forests. Confidence intervals for CWD dry weight per hectare generally did not exceed ±25% of the estimated values. Although county-level estimates were of higher uncertainty, the spatial pattern appeared to be relatively consistent with the extent of loblolly pine, with low yields near the extremes of the species' natural range and high yields in extensively forested portions of its range. Quantifying regional carbon stores of CWD with respect to stand-level management activities may improve accuracy of regional estimates and provide further insight into management effects on the carbon pool and the carbon cycle.
Nursery Weed Control with Herbicides or Fumigation—An Economic Evaluation
Authors: South David B. , Gjerstad Dean H.
Published: August 2019

Ten experiments conducted at seven southern nurseries over a 4-year period demonstrate that control of annual weeds with methyl bromide fumigation is economically unjustified. Total weed control costs with methyl bromide were 4 to 16 times more expensive than herbicides. Without exception, herbicides reduced weeding times, while fumigation reduced weeding times only in seven experiments. Methyl bromide fumigation can be justified when controlling pathogens or high populations of herbicide-resistant weed species.
The Effects of Root-Curling on Loblolly Pine
Authors: Hunter Serena C. , Maki T. E.
Published: August 2019

Loblolly pines with roots deliberately curled back at the time of planting performed comparably in survival and growth with properly slit-planted seedlings after 24 growing seasons in the Piedmont of North Carolina. Curled roots still maintained an abnormal external and internal appearance at age 7.
Deer Habitat on the Ocala National Forest: Improvement Through Forest Management
Authors: Harlow R. F. , Sanders B. A. , Whelan J. B. , Chappel L. C.
Published: August 2019

Because of a presumed decline in the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herd on the Ocala National Forest in central Florida, mast and available forage were assessed in the forest's two major habitats: sand pine-scrub oak (SP-SO) and longleaf pine-turkey oak (LLP-TO). Deer food was most abundant in young stands of SP-SO and LLP-TO and least abundant in 25- to 40-year-old stands of SP-SO and mature stands of turkey oak. Phosphorus was much lower in simulated diets from all SP-SO stands than the dietary requirement thought necessary for adult deer, perhaps partially accounting for the low reproductive rate on the forest. Availability of deer food can be increased in SP-SO habitat by thinning closed-canopy stands more than 30 years old and, in LLP-TO habitat, by prescribed burning of longleaf pine stands at least once every three years and by removing low-mast producers from mature stands of turkey oak.
Fall Fertilization Helps Longleaf Pine Nursery Stock
Authors: Hinesley L. Eric , Maki T. E.
Published: August 2019

Fall fertilization resulted in substantial overwinter dry weight gains and increases in nutrient content and concentrations in one-year-old longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) nursery stock. Recovery of applied nutrients in the seedling crop was greatest for N. In the field, height growth and the rate of emergence from the grass stage were improved as a result of fall fertilization in the nursery. This practice thus offers a means of increasing seedling size and nutrient reserves prior to out-planting on the relatively infertile sites where seedlings are normally established.
Assessing the Accuracy of a Sectional Pole, Haga Altimeter, and Alti-Level for Determining Total Height of Young Coniferous Stands
Authors: Bell John F. , Gourley Robert
Published: August 2019

The total heights of 35 Douglas-fir trees [Pseudo tsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] were measured with a sectional measuring pole, a Haga altimeter, and an alti-level. After the trees were measured by all three methods, they were felled and carefully measured. The sectional pole proved significantly more accurate than the alti-level, which was more accurate than the Haga altimeter. Because the sectional pole was only slightly slower to use than the other two indirect methods, it should be useful for inventory or research work.
Tree Volume and Taper Functions for Site-Prepared Plantations of Slash pine
Authors: Brister G. H. , Clutter J. L. , Skinner T. M.
Published: August 2019

Forest industry in the lower coastal plain of Georgia and Florida is becoming increasingly dependent on harvests from site-prepared plantations. Sound planning for utilization of this plantation resource requires the availability of adequate growth and yield information. This paper presents total and merchantable tree volume equations for cubic foot volumes outside- and inside-bark and taper relationships derived from these equations. The equations are based on 677 trees sampled from 174 site-prepared slash pine (Pinus Elliottii Engelm.) plantations in the flatwoods of Georgia and Florida.
Analysis of a Virginia Pine Seed Source Trial in the Interior South
Authors: Talbert John , White Gordon , Webb Charles
Published: August 2019

In a comparison of three diverse seed sources of improved Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) planted at two locations in north Alabama and south-central Tennessee, only stem straightness differences were statistically significant at six years of age. Families and seed sources tended to maintain the same ranking relative to each other at both locations. A majority of families performed significantly better than a Virginia pine commercial check lot, indicating substantial improvement in growth and straightness characteristics in one generation of selection. Two improved loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seed orchard mixes from the South Carolina Piedmont showed a 27-percent height advantage over the Virginia pine at age 6.
Survival and Height Growth of Sycamore Following Different Site-Preparation Treatments
Authors: Daniels K. R. , Sarigumba T. I.
Published: August 2019

Nursery-grown American sycamore (Plantanus occidentalis L.) seedlings were planted following four site-preparation treatments: solid harrow, harrow and bed, single bed, and double bed. Analysis of height and survival data collected six years after planting showed that site-preparation effects were masked by block-to-block variability. The data were reanalyzed excluding the block within which plot-to-plot variability was greatest. In the reanalysis the harrow and bed treatment was superior in its effect on sycamore height growth, but significantly more trees survived when single- or double bedding treatments were used. A soil profile analysis revealed that patches of low survival and poor tree growth were invariably associated with Mascotte soil, a spodosol, while the better growing trees were situated on Ocilla soil.
Site Preparation for Natural Regeneration of Slash Pine
Authors: McMinn James W.
Published: August 2019

The effects of site preparation and overstory density on establishment of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) seedlings in north Florida are evaluated. Scarification proved beneficial to seedling establishment while even a thin layer of litter proved detrimental. For natural regeneration, site preparation should be accomplished shortly before seedfall to minimize the litter cover and probably should result in a range in microrelief. Overstories up to 50 square feet of basal area per acre had no influence on seedling establishment or growth in the first 9 months.
Some Implications of Using Wood as Fuel
Authors: Murphey W. K. , Massey J. G. , Blankenthorn P. R. , Bowersox T. W.
Published: August 2019

In the current environment of rising fuel costs the use of wood for energy is becoming increasingly attractive. The present paper examines the economics of burning wet wood and the implications of using wood for fuel rather than for traditional, nonfuel products. Issues discussed include: (1) the effects of moisture content on available heat, (2) the effect of diverting wood from nonfuel markets, and (3) the economics of using logging or manufacturing residues for fuel.
Financial Return Estimates of Alternative Management Strategies for 9- to 15-Year-Old Southern Pine Plantations in Mississippi
Authors: Alig Ralph J. , Kurtz William B. , Mills Thomas J.
Published: August 2019

There was generally no significant difference in estimated present net worths (based on a 6-percent discount rate) between passive management and immediate treatment of 9- to 15-year-old southern pine plantations in Mississippi. The immediate management strategy only produced considerably larger financial returns in plantations that contained high hardwood basal areas. Management regimes that delayed treatment until the stand was 30 years of age produced lower financial returns than either the passive or immediate treatment regimes. Increases in site index and conifer stocking generally led to higher present net worths for all management strategies.
Survival Functions for Site-Prepared Slash Pine Plantations in the Flatwoods of Georgia and Northern Florida
Authors: Pienaar Leon V. , Shiver Barry D.
Published: August 2019

Survival functions are derived for site-prepared slash pine plantations in the flatwoods of Georgia and northern Florida. Two functions are presented. The first is a function which may be used with any planting-survival count or estimate. This function is probably most useful in conjunction with available yield-prediction systems (with stems/acre as an input) to evaluate alternative management strategies. The second function, the difference equation form of the first function, is most useful in predicting future growth and yield based on inventory data.
Thirty Years of Management on a Small Longleaf Pine Forest
Authors: Boyer William D. , Farrar Robert M.
Published: August 2019

A management demonstration in an understocked 40-acre tract of second-growth longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forest in south Alabama was begun in 1948. The management goal for this "farm forty" is to produce high-quality poles and logs on a 60-year rotation. Initial sawlog volume averaged 3,559 board feet per acre. Although periodic harvests removed 3,833 board feet per acre, standing volume after 30 years of management had increased to 5,408 board feet per acre. Over half the Forty has been harvested and naturally regenerated to longleaf, with the shelterwood system, and now supports stands ranging in size from grass-stage seedlings to small poles. Management costs have been minor. Continued management will lead to optimum stocking and a balanced distribution of age classes.
Sand Pine Performance on South Carolina Sandhills
Authors: McNab W. Henry , Carter Allen R.
Published: August 2019

Fifteen plantations of sand pine (Pinus clausa var. clausa (Chapm.) Vasey; P. clausa var. immuginata D. B. Ward) in the sandhills of South Carolina were examined. Stands ranged from 3 to 16 years of age, and sand depth ranged from 3.5 to more than 9 feet. Most stands were adequately stocked with more than 400 trees/acre. At this density, an average 14-year-old stand of sand pine produced an annual increment in excess of 60 ft³/acre of wood, which was approximately twice that of other commonly planted species. There were no serious problems from insects or diseases, and ice storms had not caused noticeable damage in the stands that were sampled.
A Comparison of Two Aerial Photo Volume Tables for Pine Stands in Central Mississippi
Authors: Smith James L. , Mead Roy A.
Published: August 2019

Two aerial photo volume prediction models, Avery's Composite Aerial Volume Table, and Mead's Quadratic Model, were compared using graphs and a small independent test set. The graphs indicated that Mead's model predicted higher merchantable volumes for pine stands in central Mississippi than did Avery's model. Both models tended to underpredict ground merchantable volume. However, only Avery's model underpredicted in a statistically significant manner. Even though the possibility of negative volume predictions exists when using Mead's Quadratic Model, it was deemed the superior model of the two investigated.
Urea and Ammonium Nitrate as Nitrogen Sources for Southern Pine Plantations
Authors: Ballard R.
Published: August 2019

Urea and ammonium nitrate, applied in February, June, and October, were compared as nitrogen fertilizer sources in 11 southern pine plantations ranging in age from 6 to 18 years old. Over a 4-year assessment period all but one of the plantations responded significantly to nitrogen fertilization. Differences between urea and ammonium nitrate were nonsignificant at all sites for all three dates of application. Average responses for February and October applications were quantitatively very similar at each site. However, at 3 of the 11 sites June applications of both urea and ammonium nitrate gave significantly poorer responses than February and October applications.
A Site-Index Function for Naturally Regenerated Longleaf Pine in the East Gulf Area
Authors: Farrar Robert M.
Published: August 2019

A site-index function is presented for naturally regenerated stands of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) in the East Gulf area. The equation resulted in minimum average differences in consecutive site-index estimates five years apart in 170 stands, when compared to two equations currently in use.
Stand Structure and Yield Relationships in a 20-Year-Old Loblolly Pine Spacing Study
Authors: Harms William R. , Lloyd F. Thomas
Published: August 2019

A loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) spacing study on a Piedmont site (SI 75, base age 25) had at age 20 a maximum yield of 49 cords per acre with a near maximum basal area of 187 square feet at a spacing of 8 x 8 feet. Comparative yields on the other spacings tested were: 6 x 6, 188 ft² and 43 cords; 10 x 10, 166 ft² and 45 cords; 12 x 12, 152 ft² and 43 cords. Sawtimber volume in trees larger than 9.5 inches in diameter rose from zero at 6 x 6 feet to almost 10,000 board feet per acre at 12 x 12 feet. Survival on the 6 x 6 plots was 71 percent; 8 x 8, 87 percent; 10 by 10, 92 percent; and 12 x 12, 93 percent.
Natural Regeneration of Loblolly Pine: A Sound Strategy for Many Forest Landowners
Authors: Langdon O. Gordon
Published: August 2019

The ecological and silvical characteristics of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) make it suitable for several evenaged methods of natural regeneration. The seed tree method can succeed if seed trees are released before the harvest cut to help provide sufficient seeds the first year after the harvest cut. The shelterwood method is recommended for the piedmont and other areas where seed production is erratic, for very wet sites on lower coastal plains where rising water table levels may impede seedling establishment, and for droughty sites where high overstory shelter may increase seedling survival. The seeds or seedlings-in-place variations of the clearcutting method are recommended where seed production is more than 30 thousand per acre and seedbeds have been prepared by prescribed burning or other methods and hardwood competition has been controlled.
Forestry Equipment Cost Index: 1968-1978
Authors: Tufts Robert A. , Izlar Bob , Simmons Don , Thurber John
Published: August 2019

Prices were obtained for selected pieces of forest management and harvesting equipment for the 1968 to 1978 period.¹ These prices were compared to the inflation rate. Forest management equipment prices increased faster in the 1968-78 period than inflation while the increase for harvesting equipment was not as great as inflation. The effect on the individual user depended on his equipment mix: the greater the proportion of management equipment the faster his purchase costs rose.
Volume and Weight Point-Sampling Factors for Red and White Oak and Maple in the Appalachian Region
Authors: Oderwald Richard G.
Published: August 2019

Point-sampling factors are presented for inside-and outside-bark cubic-foot volume, dry weight, and green weight to inside-and outside-bark top diameters for red and white oak and maple in the Appalachian region.
Supplemental Mass Pollination to increase Seed Yields in Loblolly Pine Seed Orchards
Authors: Bridgwater F. E. , Bramlett D. L.
Published: August 2019

Supplemental mass pollination was evaluated in a young and a mature loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seed orchard in two successive years. Supplemental mass pollination reduced both conelet and ovule abortion in one year in the young seed orchard and resulted in a 222 percent greater potential seed yield than untreated check ramets. The response was small and statistically nonsignificant in the other year. The potential seed yield was not increased in either year in the mature seed orchard.
High-Lead Yarding Costs in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Robinson Vernon L. , Fisher Edward L.
Published: August 2019

An analysis was made of the time devoted to the various work-and-delay elements of a high-lead cable logging operation. A comparison of the resulting costs per unit volume with those of a conventional logging system shows that in spite of inefficiencies, the cable system is competitive, with a difference of only $2.85 per Mbm (Doyle rule) between the costs of the two systems. With better preplanning of sets, better crew organization, and more experience with the equipment, the cable yarding costs can be expected to decline, making it a viable alternative to conventional logging in the Southern Appalachians.
Variation in Cold Resistance and Growth in
Eucalyptus viminalis
Authors: Jahromi Siroos T.
Published: August 2019

To isolate frost-hardy, fast-growing provenances of E. viminalis for the Southeastern United States, 98 seed lots were tested by International Paper Company during 1972-80. Annual rainfall and its seasonal distribution were not believed to be limiting factors in growing eucalypts in this region. However, freezing temperatures and their duration and fluctuations caused significant damage to many of the provenances. The degree of damage varied greatly among the provenances with the most frost-hardy sources not necessarily the best growers. Some individual trees performed well in both characteristics. Due to high variation in frost hardiness and growth, the actual yield of E. viminalis is much below the potential yield in the Southeast. Commerical reforestation using this species is not recommended unless more frost-hardy strains are developed through a genetic improvement program.
Cold Storage of Choctawhatchee Sand Pine Seedlings: Effect of Lifting Date and Length of Storage
Authors: Hebb Edwin A.
Published: August 2019

Cold storage was found to keep Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata Ward) seedlings in good condition for planting for as long as 12 weeks. Seedlings were lifted in mid-November, December, January, and February; stored in KP bags at temperatures in the thirties (°F) up to 12 weeks, and planted from November through May. Survival was good, averaging 90 percent despite significant differences in lifting date and storage interval. Survival was lower for seedlings stored longest. Those lifted early showed low survival only in the second installation of the study, where dormancy was delayed by warm, wet fall weather. Differences in survival could not be correlated with seedling size, morphology, or nutrient content, nor with temporary disruptions in the temperature regime of the cold storage unit due to heavy use or equipment failure.
Consideration of Organizational Structure and Design for Improved Efficiency in Southern Wood Departments
Authors: Eckstein Louis W.
Published: August 2019

This paper analyzes organizational structure of wood departments within major industrial timber companies in the South and the influence such structure can have on department operations, such as communications, coordination, and personnel management.¹ Relationships among positions within an organization focus on expected behavior of position holders, grouping of positions, and degree of decision-making authority allocated to positions (Ullrich and Wieland 1980). Organizational structure has a direct effect on performance, and the problem managers face is to maintain a structure which best accomplishes company goals and objectives in a changing environment.
Yard-to-Mill Woodflow Scheduling by Microcomputer
Authors: Hokans R. H. , Stuart W. B.
Published: August 2019

Scheduling yard-to-mill woodflows requires the regular attention of wood procurement managers. While the calculations are routine, they are sufficiently time consuming to preclude evaluation of more than a first-guess schedule. A computer program implemented on a microcomputer provides a cost-effective means of doing the calculations and choosing an operationally feasible least-cost solution to the scheduling problem.
Thinning Increases Forage Production in Southern Appalachian Cove Hardwoods
Authors: Beck Donald E.
Published: August 2019

Understory response was studied for six years after thinning cove hardwood stands in the mountains of western North Carolina and northern Georgia. Understory vegetation increased from an average 294 lb/acre before thinning to 512 lb/acre the first year after thinning. Average peak production of 692 lb/acre was reached in the third year, more than twice the prethinning production and began to decline in the fourth year. Both the level and duration of the increase were related to degree of thinning. The increased production included a variety of woody and herbaceous vegetation known to be heavily utilized by both deer and grouse. The thinnings resulted in significant, if temporary, improvement in habitat for these and perhaps other species.
Forest Industry's Management Assistance Programs for Nonindustrial Private Forests in Louisiana, 1980
Authors: Cleaves David A. , O'Laughlin Jay
Published: August 2019

All the major wood-based companies in Louisiana offered Management Agreement Programs (MAPs) to nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners in 1980. Five percent of all NIPF pinelands in Louisiana were enrolled in MAPs of the 11 companies that answered questions about the general features, extent, and possibilities for the future success of this type of program.
A Small Skidder for Thinning: The Holder A55 F Tractor
Authors: Lanford B. L. , Hoffman R. E. , Iff R. H.
Published: August 2019

The growing need for small equipment to thin young plantations prompted a study of a small skidder--the Holder A55 F. Time and production data were collected in a thinning application of the skidder equipped with a Farmi JL-30 cable winch. Cost averaged $15.63 per cunit for a 200-foot skid. The replacement of the winch with a small hydraulic grapple, such as the Power Tine Grapple, was simulated. Costs per unit volume were decreased by adding the grapple ($11.13 per cunit for a 200-foot skid).
Priorities for River Recreation Management in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Smith Alan C. , Wellman J. Douglas , Roggenbuck Joseph W. , Killeen Kevin
Published: August 2019

Research findings are presented on the river management preferences of a sample of Virginia canoeists. Results from a second study indicate how public resource managers in the Southern Appalachians rank the seriousness of social conflict associated with river recreation in the region. Comparisons of these data are made with a national survey and managerial assessments from the East and West. We conclude that in the Southern Appalachian region primary attention should be directed toward improving access and recreationist-landowner relations and controlling environmental degradation and development. Crowding is generally not considered an important problem and widespread application of use limitations is not now appropriate.
Carbofuran Affects Growth and Ectomycorrhizal Development of Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: DeBarr Gary L. , Marx Donald H.
Published: August 2019

Soil-incorporated carbofuran (Furadan®) at 0.44 g active ingredient (AI) per seedling reduced ectomycorrhizal development by Pisolithus tinctorius and growth of 1-0 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings after five months in a greenhouse test. Seedlings with P. tinctorius ectomycorrhizae and without carbofuran were significantly taller and had greater top, root, and total fresh weights than those with any other insecticide-symbiont combination. Ectomycorrhizal development by Thelephora terrestris was not significantly affected by carbofuran. Carbofuran, especially at 0.22 or 0.44 g AI per seedling, reduced seedling growth regardless of ectomycorrhizal status. Results of this greenhouse test suggest a biological interaction between carbofuran and ectomycorrhizal fungi; additional studies are needed to determine if this effect also occurs under field conditions. However, the use of this insecticide to control the Nantucket pine tip moth or the pales and the pitch-eating weevils in outplantings has the biological potential to decrease the benefits of specific ectomycorrhizae to the survival and growth of loblolly pine.
Effect of Crown Scorch on Survival And Growth of Young Loblolly Pine
Authors: Waldrop Thomas A. , Van Lear David H.
Published: August 2019

Unthinned, pole-size loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in the South Carolina Piedmont were burned at different seasons under minimal wind conditions to evaluate the effects of fire intensity on crown scorch. Needle drop, an indicator of crown scorch, was significantly greater on areas burned with medium- to high-intensity fires than on unburned plots. There was a direct relation between bark char height, beyond a threshold value of 3 feet, and crown scorch. Scorched needles fell within three weeks following fire. Moderate crown scorch had no detrimental effects on survival and growth of trees in the upper crown classes. Complete crown scorch resulted in the death of 20 and 30 percent of trees in the codominant and intermediate crown classes, respectively.
Early Results of a Slash Pine Variety Trial
Authors: Kraus John F. , Farge Timothy La
Published: August 2019

Open-pollinated seed from 15 slash pine seed orchards were tested at two locations, the flatwoods and lower piedmont, in Georgia. After five years in the field, there were significant differences in fusiform rust (Cronartium quercum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) infection at both locations, and in average total height in the lower piedmont. There was no significant difference for survival at either location. In general, good gains have been made for growth rate but some of these gains are offset by increased damage caused by fusiform rust.
Traits Measured on Seedlings Can Be Used to Select for Later Volume of Loblolly Pine
Authors: Robinson John F. , Van Buijtenen J. P. , Long Ernest M.
Published: August 2019

Seed was collected from individual trees in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands in southeast Texas. Although selection on seed characteristics proved ineffective as an indirect selection method for improving five-year volume, selection for seedling characteristics prior to outplanting proved very effective. Families selected in greenhouse and nursery beds averaged 36 percent greater volume after five years in the field than checklots from the same stands. Seed from the southernmost stands produced more volume than seed from more northern stands. Seed weights of selected families were significantly greater than those of appropriate checks.
Loblolly Pine Management and Utilization—State of the Art
Authors: Kellison R. C. , Gingrich Sam
Published: August 2019

The management and utilization of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were the topics of the Symposium on the Loblolly Pine Ecosystem (East Region) held in Raleigh, North Carolina, on December 8-10, 1982. The East Region is comprised of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. A second symposium is scheduled for spring 1984 to cover the remaining natural range of loblolly pine. Plantations constitute about 27 percent of the loblolly pine resource of the East Region, with about two-thirds of the area belonging to forest industry. Natural stands can be established for about one-third the cost of plantations, where plans are made for natural regeneration. Optimum value is realized from plantations where site preparation is complete and where pests, competing vegetation, and stocking are controlled. Genetically improved planting stock, fertilization, and thinning are integral parts of plantation forestry. Maintaining site productivity is one of the greatest challenges facing the forest industry.
Sand Pine Survival and Growth on Prepared and Unprepared Sites
Authors: Outcalt Kenneth W. , Brendemuehl Raymond H.
Published: August 2019

Sand pine seedlings were planted on sites prepared by double chopping and on unprepared sites in scrub oak stands in the northwest Florida sandhills. Although survival was lower on unprepared areas, plantations of both Ocala (Pinus clausa var. clausa Ward) and Choctawhatchee sand pine (P. clausa var. immuginata Ward) still had acceptable stocking on unprepared sites at age 10. Thus, both varieties can be successfully established by underplanting among scrub hardwoods. Chopping, however, increased height, diameter, and volume growth. Total stem volume per acre was three to four times greater on chopped sites, and this difference continues to increase. Therefore, chopping prior to planting sand pine on these areas should be economically advantageous.
Minisite Preparation for Summer Planting
Authors: Woods Frank W. , Hay Ronald L. , Irwin Gary H.
Published: August 2019

Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill) and pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) were planted on bare and grassed reclaimed strip-mine areas between 21 June and 5 July 1977. On both sites, tubelings of both species, inoculated with Pisohthus tinctorius [(Pers.) Coker & Couch] were planted in untreated (control) spoil and in holes (minisites) with highly amended spoil. Examinations made 14 months after planting revealed that: (1) minisite preparation improved seedling survival on grassed plots; (2) survival on bare control plots was better than on grassed control plots; and (3) frost heave was a greater problem on control plots than on minisites.
Forage Yields Improved by Site Preparation in Pine Flatwoods of North Florida
Authors: Lewis Clifford E. , Swindel Benee F. , Conde Louis F. , Smith Joel E.
Published: August 2019

In the 3 years following two methods of timber harvest, two intensities of site preparation, and planting of pines, yields of desirable forage plants increased four to sevenfold on flatwoods of north Florida. Vegetation on two watersheds was measured before clearcutting of pine stands and 1, 2, and 3 years after site preparation and planting. Woody competition remained suppressed after 3 years and forage yields averaged 1,400 lb/ac. The fear that site preparation for planting pines depletes forage appears to be unfounded.
A Billion Overtopped White Oak — Assets or Liabilities?
Authors: McGee Charles E. , Bivens Donald L.
Published: August 2019

Many mixed hardwood stands contain pole-sized white oak (Quercus alba L.) trees that are overtopped. A major decision to be made when these stands are regenerated is whether to cut the overtopped white oak or to retain them as crop trees. This study shows that growth and quality of released white oaks can be predicted from stem size, tree age, stem and crown quality, and the degree of release. Overall the study suggests that most overtopped white oaks are not good candidates for crop trees.
Slash Pine Plantation Site Index Curves for West Gulf
Authors: Zarnoch S. J. , Feduccia D. P.
Published: August 2019

New slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) plantation site index curves have been developed for the West Gulf. The guide curve is mathematically simpler than other available models, tracks the data well, and is more biologically reasonable outside the range of data.
Clearcutting Not Enough for Early Establishment of Desirable Species in Santee River Swamp
Authors: Gresham Charles A.
Published: August 2019

Woody species in a Santee River Swamp area were sampled before and three growing seasons after a summer clearcut. Basal area before harvest was 140 ft², 72% of which was sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), sugarberry (Celtis laevigata), ash (Fraxinus spp.), laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia), and water oak (Q. nigra). Sugarberry dominated the regeneration 3 years after harvest in all but the larger size classes. Reproduction less than 3-feet tall occurred on 39% of the sampled area while 69% of the sampled area contained one or more stems 3 feet or taller. Regeneration species composition and spatial distribution was not considered acceptable and was attributed to the lack of postharvest treatment. Shearing or prescribed fire is recommended to dispose of residual stems and logging slash. Subsequent planting seed or seedlings of cherrybark oak (Q. falcata var. pagodifolia), water oak, or sweetgum should ensure an acceptable species composition.
Double vs. Single-Row Pine Plantations for Wood and Forage Production
Authors: Lewis Clifford E. , Tanner George W. , Terry W. Stephen
Published: August 2019

To find planting patterns for growing high volumes of wood while maintaining forage for cattle and wildlife habitat, slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm) was planted in various configurations to increase the open space between rows while holding tree density constant. Thirteen years after planting, there were few significant differences in survival, height, and diameter; basal area and total wood volume were as good or greater in the 4 x 8 foot double-row configuration spaced 40 feet apart. Double-row configurations produced more forage than single-row. This configuration offers a high timber volume and forage mass alternative to the currently favored 8 x 12 foot spacing used for dual resource management.
Growth of Choctawhatchee Sand Pine Plantations in Georgia
Authors: Outcalt Kenneth W. , Brendemuehl Raymond H.
Published: August 2019

Surveys of established plantations of Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata Ward) on sandhills in 10 Georgia counties showed that the growth is nearly comparable to that observed on sandhills in Florida within the natural range of this variety. The observed growth is better than could be expected from other pine species on these excessively drained, infertile sites. Significant damage from insects, disease, or cold weather was not evident.
Impact of Feller Bunchers and Plantation Spacing on Thinning
Authors: Watson W. F. , Taylor S. C. , Weaver G. H. , Matthes R. K.
Published: August 2019

There are articulated rubber-tired machines which can selectively thin plantations effectively, if the plantations are established with wide rows with little deviation. The best time to thin to ensure good treatment is planting time. Considering effects of planting on later intermediate thinning treatments provides a greater selection of prescriptions when thinning is undertaken. Machines for selective thinning can best be improved by increasing their maximum angles of left and right articulation. If these angles could be safely increased on existing machines, significantly more marked trees could be removed by articulated feller bunchers in almost all spacings.
Survival and Growth of Loblolly Pine as Influenced By Seedling Grade: 13-Year Results
Authors: South David B. , Boyer James N. , Bosch Leonard
Published: August 2019

Results from a northcentral Louisiana loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) site (site index 94, base age 25) showed that seedling grade affected survival, height, and volume production. Survival of Grade 1 seedlings was significantly greater than cull seedlings and volume production from Grade 1 seedlings was 17.5% greater than that of Grade 2 seedlings. The present value of the additional wood produced at age 13 by Grade 1 seedlings (over that of Grade 2 seedlings) ranged from $50 to $139 per thousand seedlings. Average volume production for Grade 1 seedlings exceeded 30 m3/ha/yr (440 cubic feet per acre per year). To increase volume production, especially on high site land, Grade 1 seedlings should be planted. It is proposed that a portion of the nursery be sown at low densities (ca 200/m2) to provide the field forester with the option of planting a high proportion of Grade 1 seedlings.1
Results of a Tree Species Trial on a Recontoured Surface Mine in Southwestern Virginia
Authors: Torbert J. L. , Burger J. A. , Lien J. N. , Schoenholtz S. H.
Published: August 2019

Fifteen tree species, five pine and ten hardwood, were planted on a reclaimed, return-to-contour, strip-mine site in Wise County, Virginia. A systemic herbicide was sprayed on half of each of four experimental blocks prior to the second growing season. After three growing seasons, this treatment resulted in increased survival of five species. Black locust (Robina pseudoacacia) performed best with 90% survival and a tenfold increase in height. Other hardwoods that showed promise were black alder (Alnus glutinosa), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and cottonwood (Populus deltoides). As a group, the pines outperformed the hardwoods. Loblolly (Pinus taeda) and Virginia pine (Pinus Virginiana) were the fastest growing, and survival of each was signifcantly higher on the sprayed plots.
Skidder and Tire Size Effects on Soil Compaction
Authors: Greene W. Dale , Stuart William B.
Published: August 2019

Soil compaction in a Chewacla silt loam was significantly reduced by the use of larger tire sizes when the soil was moist (at its plastic limit). Reducing the skidder size slightly did not reduce soil compaction significantly. More important in determining compaction levels were soil moisture content and the number of trips the machine made across a site. Although larger tires can reduce soil compaction, reducing logging activity in wet soil or confining traffic to skid roads can minimize site damage.
Preharvest Herbicide Treatment Improves Regeneration in Southern Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Loftis David L.
Published: August 2019

Preharvest herbicide treatment of undesirable and unmerchantable vegetation was compared to postharvest felling. Ten years after the clearcut harvesting, the preharvest treatment had increased the number and proportion of desirable stems and decreased the number and proportion of undesirable sprouts in the dominant stand. Stands that developed after the preharvest herbicide treatment are dominated by single-stemmed desirable species, and excellent future stocking is assured. Because of the presence of undesirable sprout clumps, plots receiving the postharvest felling have an uncertain future. An effective preharvest treatment that costs about the same as postharvest felling is recommended.