bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversity and variability analysis for yield parameters in rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes
Authors: Chandramohan Y. , Srinivas B. , Thippeswamy S. , Padmaja D.
Published: June 2016

The analysis of variance revealed presence of significant variability among the 44 genotypes of rice for all the traits except for number of effective bearing tillers per plant. Higher magnitude of PCV and GCV were recorded for all the characters studied. Additive gene action was predominant for the traits, number of grains per panicle and 1000 grain weight. Based on D2 analysis the genotypes were grouped into 11clusters. On the basis of inter cluster distance genotypes from clusters IV and V followed by V and IX could be used as parents for future hybridization programme. Cluster mean analysis revealed the genotypes, JGL 21820 and JGL 21849 could be used in breeding programme for obtaining high yielding super fine grain segregants. Days to 50% flowering and 1000 grain weight manifested highest contribution towards total divergence, thus, these traits could be given due importance for further crop improvement.
Effect of growth retardants on growth, flowering and physiological characteristics of olive cultivar Leccino under rain-fed conditions of Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Kumar*1 Arun , Sharma N
Published: June 2016

A field experiment was carried out during two consecutive years to ascertain the influence of paclobutrazol and cycocel on growth, cropping and water relations in olives. The trial was undertaken at the Olive Development Centre, Kigus, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh. In this experiment eight treatments viz., PP333 at 2 and 4 g a.i. tree-1 applied once in November or December as soil drench and cycocel at 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm applied as foliar spray each year, two weeks after flowering to the trees of olive cultivar Leccino, with three replications in a randomized block design. Growth retardants have a great potential on controlling the growth, water relations and improving cropping parameters in rain fed conditions. During the study, PP333 at 4 g a.i tree-1 when applied in November as soil drench decreased growth (15.69 cm), length of internodes (1.84 cm), leaf area (4.60 cm2), stomatal size (13.61 µm), water potential (-15.69 bar), transpiration rate (0.160 m mol m-2 s-1), endogenous GA3 (9.61hg/g fresh weight), stomatal conductance (1.51 mol m-2s-1) and increased leaf thickness (0.62 cm), leaf chlorophyll content (3.05 mg/g fresh weight), photosynthesis (24.62 µ mol m-2 s-1), osmoprotectants that is. Proline (2717 µg/g) and ABA (60.74 (hg/g fresh weight), flowering intensity (0.65 %) and fruit set (7.57%), and thus might be helpful in mitigating water stress under rain fed conditions.
Response of fodder maize to different levels of nitrogen under various planting methods
Authors: Jassal Rupinder Kaur , Singh* Avtar , Kang J.S. , Singh Thakar
Published: June 2016

The experiment was conducted to find out the planting method and nitrogen level for enhancing the seed yield of fodder maize (Zea mays L.). The treatment comprised of three planting methods as zero tillage (ZT), conventional tillage (CT) and bed planting (BP) and four nitrogen levels (0, 100, 125 and 150 kg N/ha). Successive increase of 25kg N/ ha has significantly increased the seed and stover yield of maize with which significantly higher values of plant height, stover yield and shelling percentage was obtained.
Effect of sowing dates and spacing on broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) seed production
Authors: Gogoi* S. , Das Milu R. , Bora P. , Mazumdar N. , Das1 B.K.
Published: June 2016

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2010 to 2013 to find out the optimum time of sowing and plant spacing for broccoli (var. KTS-1) seed production. Seedlings raised by sowing on four different dates viz. 10th October, 30th October, 20th November and 10th December were transplanted at two spacing viz. 45 cm x 45 cm and 60 cm x 45 cm. Yield and yield attributing characters were significantly influenced by the treatments. Sowing on 10th October produced the highest head yield (137.81q/ha) while 10 December sowing produced the lowest head yield (6.75 q/ha) of broccoli. Closer spacing (45 cm x 45 cm) gave significantly higher head yield (88.28 q/ha) than planting at 60 cm x 45 cm distance. The highest seed yield (177 kg/ha) was obtained on planting 10 October sown seedlings at 45 cm x 45 cm distance and was the most remunerative (B: C ratio of 6.44) among all the treatment combinations. Plants from delayed sowing of 20th November and 10th December failed to produce viable seeds under agro-climatic condition of Assam.
Stage-wise nutrient status of leaf and soil of Alphonso mango grown in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra, India
Authors: Joshi* N.S. , Prabhudesai S.S. , Burondkar M.M. , Gokhale N.B. , Pujari K.H. , Dhekale J.S.
Published: June 2016

For the present investigation, the soil and leaf samples were collected from four mango orchards of Ratnagiri district at five serial stages namely, after harvest of the fruits of previous season, after application of fertilizers, pre-flowering, full flowering and marble stage of fruit for two successive years. The soil and leaf samples were analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. Available phosphorous content in soil and total phosphorous and potassium content in leaf were observed to be ‘low’. The deficiency of phosphorous content of soil and leaf at all the locations and potassium content of leaf at Dapoli and Pangari locations suggested a necessity of an improved supply of these nutrients through application of additional fertilizers. From the investigation, higher nutrient content of soil and leaf was observed at orchards having higher and systematic application of nutrients. A decline of the soil nutrients and rise of leaf nutrients during pre-flowering, flowering and fruit developmental stages was noticed. This indicated that during reproductive stages, supply of nutrients through leaves would be more effective and efficient than through soil. In general, a positive and significant correlation between soil and leaf nutrients at various stages indicated a positive effect of applied fertilizers through soil in increasing the nutrient status of leaf. From the aforesaid findings, it can be concluded that the appropriate nutrient management in case of Alphonso mango is crucial for maintaining optimum nutrient status of soil and leaf.
Productivity, relative yield and plant growth of forage corn intercroppedwith soybean under different crop combination ratio
Authors: Baghdadi Ali , Halim Ridzwan A. , Othman Radziah , Yusof Martini Mohammad , Atashgahi Ali Reza Mahdavi
Published: June 2016

An experiment was carried out to evaluate influence of different crop combination ratios of corn and soybean in terms of forage yield in corn-soybean intercropping. The experiment compared both corn and soybean as monocultures and in different intercropping ratios from 25:75, 50:50 and 75:25 of corn to soybean. The crop combination ratio had significant effects on physiological traits and dry matter yield of forage. The ratio of 75:25 and 50:50 recorded DM yields similar to those of monocropped corn (14.77 t/ha). Relative yield total (RYT) values of intercropping were higher than that of monocrop corn and soybean. Mixtures with 50:50 combination ratio had higher mean total relative yield values (1.15) in comparison with the other ratios. Land equivalent ratio (LER) increased with corn-soybean intercropping and the highest total LER value was recorded with 50:50 ratio (1.13). The crop ratio of 50:50 gave the best combination based on DM yield, relative yield, LER of the combined forage.
Evaluation of morphological diversity of field pea [Pisum sativum subsp.arvense (L.)] germplasm under sub-tropical climate of Manipur
Authors: Bhuvaneswari*1 S. , Sharma1 Susheel Kumar , Punitha1 P. , Shashidhar2 K.S. , Naveenkumar3 K.L. , Prakash1 Narendra
Published: June 2016

An investigation was carried out to evaluate 51 diverse field pea genotypes at Langol Research farm, ICAR, RC, NEH region, Manipur centre for nine yield related quantitative traits and four morphological qualitative traits for practical field pea improvement in Manipur. The combined analysis of variance of genotypes for all the nine traits was found to be significant. The amount of variability in one variable as a linear function of another variable was also measured through phenotypic and genotypic correlation among nine quantitative traits. The pod number per plant, seed number per pod and 100 seed weight showed significant positive correlation with seed yield per plant both at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Multivariate analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that three principal components (PCs) accounted for greater than 75% of the total variation. The genotypes were grouped into seven clusters using distance based Agglomerative “Average linkage” method. Three genotypes IPF-5-19, EC-8495, HUDP-15 belonging to cluster II and DDR-30, early maturing variety belonging to Cluster VI were found promising in terms of seed yield for the region.
Incidence and characterization of pigeonpea stem rot disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (lib.) de bary in North Eastern Plain Zone of India
Authors: Gupta* Ashish Kumar , Choudhary Ravish , Bashyal1 Bishnu Maya , Solanki2 Ishwar Singh
Published: June 2016

The incidence of Sclerotinia rot disease was recorded on various pigeonpea cultivars from flowering initiation to pod formation stage during the years 2012-13 and 2013-14. Critical symptoms of the disease were observed as formation of cottony white mycelium along with number of sclerotia on infected tissues. The pathogen was characterized on the basis of morphological and pathological traits. The cool wet winter with average minimum and maximum temperatures (9.2 and 21.0 ºC) and more than 93% relative humidity play an important role for stem rot disease development and spread in pigeonpea crop. The pigeonpea cultivar, ‘ICPL-151’ showed maximum disease incidence, twig infection and yield losses up to 73.35%, 23.58% and 15.70%, respectively, while ‘Kudrat’ and ‘MAL-13’ cultivars were found completely resistant to the disease.
Influence of seed polymer coating with micronutrients and foliar spray on seed yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Shinde Pavan , Doddagoudar S.R. , Vasudevan S.N.
Published: June 2016

A field experiment was conducted at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur to study the influence of seed polymer coating with micronutrients and foliar spray on seed yield of chickpea. The experiment consisted of seventeen different seed polymer coating and foliar spray treatments with various combinations of ZnSO4, boron, ammonium molybdate, FeSO4 including control. Among the different treatments imposed, seed polymer coating ( @ 6 ml/kg) of chickpea seeds with the combination of ZnSO4 + Boron + Ammonium molybdate + FeSO4 (each @ 2 g/kg) of seed along with two foliar sprays (0.5 % + 0.2 % + 0.1 % + 0.5 %, respectively, ZnSO4 and FeSO4 in EDTA form) at an interval of 10 days during flowering stage (50 and 60 DAS) recorded significantly higher leaf area index, chlorophyll content, plant height, effective root nodules plant-1, pods plant-1, seed yield compared to all other treatments and control.
Stability for disease, genotype x environment interaction for yield and its components in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]
Authors: S Muniswamy , Lokesha R. , . Yamanura , . Ramesh , Diwan J.R.
Published: June 2016

The material for study of genotype x environment (G x E) interaction comprised of 23 genotypes, which were tested in four environments, during kharif-2012 and 2013 at two locations in Agricultural Research Station, Kalaburagi and Raddevadgi located in north eastern dry zone (Zone 2) of Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in lattice design with two replications. Highly significant differences among genotypes were observed for all the characters except number of pods per plant and yield per plant. Environmental +(Genotype x Environment) interaction was significant for days to 50 per cent flowering, day to maturity, plant height, pod bearing length, number of pods per plant and seed yield per plant. The variance due to pooled deviation was highly significant for all the characters which reflect the presence of sufficient genetic variability in the material. Stability parameters for seed yield per plant indicated that ASHA(ch) was stable and desirable, followed by RVK-275 and GRG-811 which were specifically adopted for favourable and poor environments respectively. Two years of field screening for Fusarium wilt (FW) and Sterility Mosaic Disease (SMD) yielded three genotypes viz., GRG-811, GRG-2009 and ASHA for resistance to Fusarium wilt and moderate resistance to SMD. Hence, these genotypes can be used directly as a variety or choice of parent for hybridization programme.
Effect of sulphur and iron fertilization on performance and production potential of urdbean [Vigna Mungo (L.) Hepper] and nutrients removal under inceptisols
Authors: Singh Onkar , Kumar Satendra , Dwivedi1* Ashish , Dhyani B. P. , Naresh1 R. K.
Published: June 2016

At the present time, incessant cereal-cereal cropping along with haphazard use of nutrients including micronutrients is posing menace to agricultural sustainability and environmental safety. Thus, the present investigation was conducted during kharif season 2013 on sandy loam soil of S.V.P.U.A and T Meerut (Uttar Pradesh) to evaluate sulphur and iron fertilization on performance and production potential vis-à-vis nutrient removal by using F test. The data on active growth and yield with their contributing trait were calculated on net plot area basis (18 m2). Moreover nutrient content in plant, qualities and available soil nutrient status were recorded as per the standard procedure. The experimental results revealed that plant height, number of branch per plant and dry weight at 30 and 60 DAS, number of nodules per plant, number of pods per plant, qualities and nutrient contents were affected significantly by different sulphur and Iron levels. Application of RDF along with sulphur 40 kg ha-1 and Fe 2.5 kg ha-1 gave the maximum grain yield (10.83 q ha-1) which increased by 83.56% over control, besides it also improved all growth attributes at 30 and 60 DAS and number of pods per plant. Furthermore, grain yield was positively related with number of branches, number of nodules at 60 DAS (42.46) and number of pods (45.90). The maximum total uptake of P, K, S and Fe by urdbean was recorded as 5.34 kg ha-1, 30.21 kg ha-1, 5.22 kg ha-1, 871.57 g ha-1 respectively by using RDF + Sulphur 40 + Fe 5.0 kg ha-1, whereas maximum total N uptake (60.03 kg ha-1) was noticed under RDF + Sulphur 40 + Fe 2.5 kg ha-1. It is a legume crop so it is tremendously eco-friendly and useful for sustainable agriculture and soil health.
Aerodynamic properties of Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) Seeds
Authors: Dilmac Mesut , Tarhan Sefa , Polatci Hakan
Published: June 2016

Aerodynamic properties of agricultural materials are the physical properties considering the reaction of agricultural material piles or seeds against airflow. The airflow resistance of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seed piles was experimentally determined and mathematically modeled for two different moisture contents (11.4 % and 25.8% w.b.) for the superficial air velocities ranging from 0.0225 to 1.395 m3·m−2·s−1. Modified Shedd’s equation and Hukill-Ives equation can be interchangeably used to design aeration systems for the storage and drying bins of faba bean seeds. The terminal velocity values are 11.68 and 12.87 m·s−1 for the moisture contents of 11.4% and 25.8% (w.b.), respectively. The drag coefficient values are 1.02 and 0.88 for the moisture contents of 11.4% and 25.8% (w.b.), respectively. Moisture content increased terminal velocity but decreased drag coefficient.
Cowpea yield under the influence of cropping system, location and nitrogen fertilization
Authors: Sebetha Erick , Modi Albert
Published: June 2016

Yield production of cowpea depends largely on the environmental factors, cropping systems and soil type of the location. In this way, an experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction effect of cropping system, location, season and nitrogen fertilization on cowpea yield. The study comprised of three cropping systems (Maize-cowpea rotation, monocropping cowpea and intercropped cowpea), three locations (Potchefstroom, Taung, and Rustenburg, South Africa) and two rates of nitrogen fertilizers applied in kg ha−1 at each site (0 and 20 at Potchefstroom, 0 and 17 at Rustenburg, 0 and 23 at Taung). A factorial experiment randomized in complete block design with three replications was conducted during 2011/12 and 2012/13 planting seasons. The measured yield and yield components were pod length, seed per pod, pods mass at harvest, grain yield and field biomass yield. Cowpea planted on monocropping and rotational systems had significantly (P < 0.05) higher seed number per pod at harvest, grain yield and field biomass yield than cowpea planted on intercropping. The interaction of location x season plays a vital role on cowpea production by increasing yield. A single cultivar might differ significantly across different locations due to different soil types and climatic factors.
Effect of knowledge on adoption and performance of legume fodder (berseem cv. Vardan) under field conditions
Authors: Singh Khajan , Chakravarty Ritu , Singh A. Shyam , Rani Kavita , Wadkar S. K.
Published: June 2016

The adoption of complete package of practices on farmer's fields gave higher economic return rather than when practices were adopted partially. The yield of green legume fodder berseem cv. vardan was compared on farmer’s field with the yield of unidentified varieties. The performance of berseem cv. Vardan showed better results as compared to the unidentified varieties sown under field conditions. The data were recorded from all the selected farmers and compared the same with of green fodder. The knowledge of farmers regarding growing of high yielding variety of berseem fodder two crops was measured and it was observed that majority of the farmers (66%) were in the category of medium knowledge level. Maximum fodder requirement through out the year was fulfilled from the sugarcane and other crops such as wheat and paddy straw etc. So, only limited area in the selected village Lalukheri was put under fodder crops cultivation. All the selected farmers perceived that fodder yields of Vardan Berseem were high as compared to unidentified varieties grown on their fields. Knowledge level was positively and significantly correlated with variables such as education (0.778), family education status (0.526), income (0.387) and extension contact (0.566). The other variables such as age, caste, size of holding, and social status were not significantly correlated.
O BALANCED SCORECARD EM ORGANIZAÇÕES SEM FINS ECONÔMICOS: UM ESTUDO DE CASO
Authors: Rosa Marcelo Medeiros da , Petri Sérgio Murilo , Bianco Patrícia , Dias Ibsem Agrello
Published: June 2016

Este artigo objetiva evidenciar a aplicabilidade do Balanced Scorecard (BSC) em organizações sem fins econômicos por meio da apresentação de uma pesquisa desenvolvida em uma fundação educacional. Metodologicamente, este artigo é classificado como descritivo e exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, sob a forma de um estudo de caso. Como resultado, percebe-se que o BSC pode ser utilizado como uma ferramenta de gestão para entidades sem fins econômicos, uma vez que as interações causa-efeito demonstradas por meio dos painéis e do mapa estratégico da organização estudada contribuíram para a tradução da estratégia em metas mensuráveis e a ligação lógica entre os objetivos, os indicadores de desempenho e os resultados esperados, facilitando a compreensão, o controle e a execução das metas traçadas.
Nonhuman Primates and Humanized Mice for Studies of HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors: A Review
Authors: Hassounah Said A. , Mesplède Thibault , Wainberg Mark A.
Published: June 2016

Since the discovery of the first inhibitors of HIV replication, drug resistance has been a major problem in HIV therapy, due, in part, to the high mutation rate of HIV. Therefore, the development of a predictive animal model is important to identify impending resistance mutations and to possibly inform treatment decisions. Significant advances have been made possible through use of nonhuman primates infected by SIV, SHIV, and stHIV-1, and use of humanized mouse models of HIV-1 infections. In this review, we describe some of the findings from animal models used for the preclinical testing of integrase strand transfer inhibitors as well as other antiretroviral drugs. These models have led to important findings about the potential role of integrase strand transfer inhibitors in both the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Addressing Future Epidemics: Historical Human Rights Lessons from the AIDS Pandemic
Authors: Mehta Ambar , Quinn Thomas C.
Published: June 2016

Introduction: The Ebola epidemic in West Africa sparked many ethical and polarizing public health questions on how to adequately control transmission of the virus. These deliberations had and will continue to influence patients, healthcare workers, public perceptions of disease, and governmental responses. Such extensive and potential ramifications warranted an analysis of prior epidemics to sufficiently inform policy makers and prepare them and other authorities for future epidemics. We analyzed how the general public, medical institutions, federal government, and patients themselves responded during the early stages of the AIDS pandemic in two different countries and cultures, the United States and India.Discussion: Our analysis identified four key findings pertaining to the human rights of patients and healthcare workers and to the crucial roles of the government and medical community. The first demands that authoritative officials acknowledge the presence of high-risk behaviors and properly educate the public without stigmatizing groups of individuals. For this task, the medical community and federal government must form and display to the public a respectful and collaborative partnership towards battling the epidemic. These two synergistic endeavors will then allow appropriate officials to implement effective, yet civil, interventions for limiting transmission. Finally, the same officials must ensure that their interventions maintain the human rights of high-risk populations and of healthcare workers.Conclusions: Applying these findings to future epidemics of infectious diseases can aid policy makers in navigating complicated ethical and public health questions, and help prevent them from repeating past mistakes in handling epidemics.
Buryat-Mongol and Alash Autonomous Movements before the Soviets, 1905-1917
Authors: Sablin Ivan , Korobeynikov Alexander
Published: June 2016

Despite the Stalinist myth, it was not the Bolsheviks but Indigenous intellectuals who introduced autonomy as a form of post-colonial settlement during the crisis and collapse of the Russian Empire to Siberia and Central Asia. Employing a comparative perspective, this article traces the development and implementation of two autonomous projects in Asian Russia. The Buryat-Mongol and Kazakh (Alash) Indigenous intellectuals synthesized local ideas and the globally circulating notions of national self-determination, enlightenment and democracy when articulating political unity of Indigenous peoples in national terms. By advocating their broader representation in existing and envisioned power structures they fought against discrimination and protected native languages and other forms of cultural expression from assimilation. This article shows that these Indigenous intellectuals were not silent recipients of the policies coming from the imperial and post-imperial centers but actively engaged in designing and ensuring the future of their communities.
Influence of the flower stage and culture medium on the induction of somatic embryogenesis from anther culture in Tunisian grapevine cultivars
Authors: Bouamama Badra , Ben Salem-Fnayou Asma , Ben Jouira Hatem , Ghorbel Abdelwahed , Mliki Ahmed
Published: June 2016

Aims: The aim of this research is to identify the optimal flower developmental stage, in order to establish an efficient regeneration protocol via somatic embryogenesis in several local grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars, using anther culture.

Methods and results: Immature anthers sampled on fruity cuttings, at three flower developmental stages were cultured on three media [MS (1962), NN (1969) and CP (1987)] to which several phytohormonal combinations were added. Anthers, sampled at the « separated floral buds » stage, corresponding to the tetrad stage of microsporogenesis revealed to be the most appropriate for somatic embryogenesis compared to anthers sampled at the « separated clusters » and « early bloom » stages. Therefore, a unique medium, CP (1987) supplemented with 9 μM of 2,4-D and 11.35 μM of thidiazuron was established for the induction as well as the development of somatic embryos.

Conclusion: The identification of an appropriate flower developmental stage and the optimization of a unique medium allowed establishing a reliable and repetitive regeneration system via somatic embryogenesis, in several local grapevine cultivars.

Significance and impact of study: These embryogenic lines would be particularly appropriate as a target for the genetic transformation, directed towards the induction of tolerance to several biotic and abiotic stresses as well as for bioprospecting.
Gelatine, casein and potassium caseinate as distinct wine fining agents: different effects on colour, phenolic compounds and sensory characteristics
Authors: Braga Asençao , Cosme Fernanda , Ricardo-da-Silva Jorge Manuel , Laureano Olga
Published: June 2016

Aims: Describe and compare some characteristics, such as molecular weight (MW) distribution and surface charge density of commercial protein fining agents and to enhance the understanding of their effect on wine chemical and sensory characteristics.

Methods and results: Protein (casein, potassium caseinate and gelatine) MW distribution was characterised by electrophoresis. These proteins were added to a red and a white wine, in order to evaluate its effect on colour, phenolic compounds and sensory attributes.

Conclusion: A band at 30.0 kDa characterised casein and potassium caseinate. Gelatines showed polydispersion on the MW distribution, gelatine GSQ on the higher MW (> 43.0 kDa) and gelatine GL on the lower MW (< 43.0 kDa). Despite the fact that casein and potassium caseinate had similar MW distribution, casein decreased essentially the monomeric ((+) - catechin and (-) - epicatechin) while the potassium caseinate showed a lower influence on these compounds. Also, among the two gelatines used, a different behaviour was observed. The gelatine characterised by a polydispersion below 43.0 kDa depleted more the polymeric tannin fractions than the gelatine characterised by a polydispersion above 43.0 kDa. That gelatine has also decreased colour intensity and coloured anthocyanins of red wine but the hue remains unchanged. Addition of fining agents did not affect greatly the concentration of monomeric anthocyanins. Sensory analysis showed that wines fined with the different proteins presented distinct characteristics.

Significance and impact of study: The knowledge of the physico-chemical characteristics, such as MW distribution and surface charge density, is important for wine fining optimisation and consequently for the wine quality.
Estimating spatial and temporal variations in solar radiation within Bordeaux winegrowing region using remotely sensed data
Authors: Bois Benjamin , Wald Lucien , Pieri Philippe , Van Leeuwen Cornelis , Commagnac Loïc , Chery Philippe , Christen Maxime , Gaudillère Jean-Pierre , Saur Etienne
Published: June 2016

Aims: This paper presents a study of spatial and temporal variations in solar radiation for the Bordeaux winegrowing region, over a 20 year period (1986-2005).

Methods and results: Solar radiation data was retrieved from the HelioClim-1 database, elaborated from Meteosat satellite images, using the Heliosat-2 algorithm. Daily data was interpolated using ordinary kriging to produce horizontal solar radiation maps at a 500 m resolution. Then using a digital elevation model, 50 m resolution daily solar radiation maps with terrain integration were produced for the period 2001-2005. The long term (20 year) analysis of solar radiation at low spatial resolution (500 m) showed a west to east decreasing gradient within the Bordeaux winegrowing region. Mean August-to-September daily irradiation values, on horizontal surface, were used to classify the Bordeaux winegrowing region into three zones: low, medium, and high solar radiation areas. This initial zoning was downscaled to 50 m resolution, applying a local correction ratio, based on 2001-2005 solar radiation from the inclined surface analysis. Grapevine development and maturation potential of the different zones of appellation of origin of Bordeaux winegrowing regions are discussed in relation with this zoning.

Conclusion: Solar radiation variability within the Bordeaux winegrowing region is mainly governed by terrain slopes and orientations, which induce considerable variations within the eastern part of Bordeaux vineyards. Significance and impact of study: Solar radiation has a major impact on vineyard water balance, grapevine development and berry ripening. However, irradiation data is seldom available in weather stations records. This paper highlights the need for high resolution mapping of solar radiation that uses remote sensing and terrain effect integration for agroclimatic studies in viticulture.
Evaluation of low-energy demand adaptive mechanisms in Sangiovese grapevine during drought
Authors: Palliotti Alberto , Silvestroni Oriana , Petoumenou Despoina , Vignaroli Silvia , Berrios Julian Garcia
Published: June 2016

Aims: The aim of this paper is to evaluate the photoinhibition capability, CO2 fixation activity and some adaptive mechanisms external to the photosystem II reaction centres in Sangiovese grapevine subjected to drought conditions.

Methods and results: The diurnal time courses of gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were monitored on free (natural position) and artificially retained (horizontal) leaves in Sangiovese potted vines maintained at 90 % and 40 % of maximum water availability from fruit-set to veraison. Changes in leaf and shoots characteristics were also monitored. Under drought, the inhibition of photosystem II in Sangiovese leaves may be severe and persistent according to leaf position (basal leaves with chlorosis and necrosis) and ability to avoid direct light (medial leaves with a more vertical position followed by lower temperatures and higher CO2 fixation capability and water use efficiency during the hottest hours of the day).

Conclusion: In the Sangiovese leaves developed under drought, the protective effect of increasing leaf angle with a more vertical position and the energy costs saved by reducing photosynthetic pigments formation, changing leaf optical properties, diminishing xylem and shoot growth and leaf area development and limiting down-regulation of photoassimilation help maintain high physiological efficiency in all the distal leaves. Significance and impact of study: The results indicate that cultivar Sangiovese exhibit high adaptation to dry conditions.
Influence of foliar applications of humic acids on yield and fruit quality of table grape cv. Italia
Authors: Ferrara Giuseppe , Brunetti Gennaro
Published: June 2016

Aims: The responses in growth, yield and quality components of a Vitis vinifera cultivar (Italia) to the foliar applications of two humic acids extracted from a soil and a compost have been studied.

Methods and results: The foliar applications of the two humic acids were performed in two years and six different dates of the season. Both humic acids were tested at two different concentrations, 5 and 20 mg/L. Throughout the trial, different analyses were performed (SPAD, chlorophyll content, titrable acidity, soluble sugars, pH, yield). Grapevines treated with the two humic acids exhibited both significant increases in total chlorophyll content and reductions of the chlorophyll a/b ratio. Application of humic acids significantly decreased titrable acidity and increased °Brix/acidity ratio. Generally, the treatments with humic acids significantly increased berry size, and as a consequence the yield.

Conclusions: Humic acids exerted some positive effects (chlorophyll content, acidity, berry size) in Italia table grape. Better results were obtained when the compost humic acid was sprayed.

Significance and impact of study: This study gives new information about the positive effects of foliar application of humic acids, active components of soil and compost organic matter, on yield and fruit quality of table grape. In organic viticulture humic acids may find a valid and appropriate application for a technical and economical use.
Volatile profile characterization of young Cabernet-Sauvignon wines from a new grape growing region in Brazil
Authors: Falcão Leila Denise , De Revel Gilles , Perello Marie-Claire , Riquier Laurent , Rosier Jean-Pierre , Ayrton Auzani Uberti Antônio , Bordignon-Luiz Marilde Terezinha
Published: June 2016

Aims: Volatile fractions were characterized for Cabernet Sauvignon wines from four different sites in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, a new grape growing region. Soil characteristics of the different sites were also assessed.

Methods and results: A total of 49 volatile compounds were determined in these wines by gas chromatography coupled to FID, FPD detectors and to mass spectroscopy. Principal component analysis correctly classified the wines for 2004 vintage according to their origin. a-Ionone and b-ionone were present in concentrations inversely proportional in the wines; in both vintages, furaneol® and geraniol were strongly negatively correlated.

Conclusion: Vineyard location had a strong influence on the volatile wine fraction. The varietal volatile compounds were a key factor in differentiating wines according to the sites.

Significance and impact of study: The importance of the volatile compounds to the overall quality of wines it's already known. Santa Catarina State is a new grape growing region in Brazil that has a varied orography and its climate strongly depends on elevation. Grapes harvested from climatically different regions produce very different wine characteristics. Therefore the need for volatile profiles of Cabernet-Sauvignon wines recently produced at Santa Catarina State had significant enological and economic importance.
Viticultural terroirs in Stellenbosch, South Africa. II. The interaction of Cabernet-Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc with environment
Authors: Carey Victoria Anne , Archer Eben , Barbeau Gérard , Saayman Dawid
Published: June 2016

Aims: A terroir can be defined as a grouping of homogenous environmental units, or natural terroir units, based on the typicality of the products obtained. Terroir studies therefore require an investigation into the response of grapevines to the natural environment.

Methods and results: A network of plots of Sauvignon blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon were delimited in commercial vineyards in proximity to weather stations and their response monitored for a period of seven years. Regression tree methodology was used to determine the relative importance of the environmental and management related variables and to determine regression trees for each dependent variable. Excepting for scion clone, which had a high relative importance for bunch mass of Sauvignon blanc and yield to pruning mass index of Cabernet Sauvignon, no other nonenvironmental variable included in the analyses appeared to have a strong effect on grapevine performance and wine character. The performance of Cabernet-Sauvignon was related to the potassium content of the subsoil and climate (temperature and rainfall) of the season. The performance of Sauvignon blanc appeared to be related to soil texture, wind exposure and temperature of the site and season, both during the green berry growth stage and the month prior to ripening.

Conclusions: From the results presented, it appears that environmental parameters have an overriding effect on the performance of both Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc but that these two cultivars react differently to environmental stimuli.

Significance and impact of study: These results should contribute to the identification of viticultural terroirs with specific agronomic potential for Cabernet-Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc.
Effects of timing of leaf removal on yield, berry maturity, wine composition and sensory properties of cv. Grenache grown under non irrigated conditions
Authors: Tardáguila Javier , Diago María Paz , Martínez de Toda Fernando , Poni Stefano , Vilanova Mar
Published: June 2016

Aims: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of timing of leaf removal on yield components, berry sensory characteristics, composition and sensory properties of Vitis vinifera L. Grenache wines under non-irrigated conditions.

Methods and results: The effects of timing of defoliation (fruit set and veraison) on yield components, berry maturity, wine composition and sensory properties of head trained, non irrigated, Grenache vines grown in Rioja appellation were studied. Leaf removal did not significantly modify total leaf area per vine as well as yield components. Grenache berries from early defoliated vines achieved the highest skin and technological maturity. Wine parameters, such as alcohol content, pH, titratable acidity, tartaric acid and total polyphenol index were unaffected by defoliation. Conversely, early leaf removal carried out at fruit set, significantly reduced the malic acid content of the wine and enhanced its colour intensity. Aroma complexity, mouthfeel, tannin quality and persistence were found to be significantly higher in the wine corresponding to the early leaf removal treatment. This was also the most preferred wine in terms of overall value.

Conclusion: This article shows that timing of leaf removal had a marked effect on berry maturity, wine composition and sensory properties of Grenache wines made from grapes grown under dry-farmed conditions.

Significance and impact of study: The results suggest that the timing of defoliation induces significant changes in Grenache wine composition and its sensory attributes. Late leaf removal was much less effective than early leaf removal in affecting final wine composition and quality. Grenache wine from the early defoliation treatment was rated the most preferred as of global value.
Is it possible to assess the spatial variability of vine water status?
Authors: Acevedo-Opazo César , Tisseyre Bruno , Ojeda Hernán , Ortega-Farias Samuel , Guillaume Serge
Published: June 2016

Aims: Plant water status monitoring during the vineyard growth cycle constitutes a basic parameter for both harvest quality and vineyard management. Unfortunately, the plant water status measurement requires skills and heavy devices which drastically limit the number of repetitions either in space or in time. Moreover, due to the significant spatial variability in viticulture, extrapolation of one local measurement to a larger scale, vine field or vineyard, is difficult. Therefore, the design of tools and methods to characterize and to assess the spatial variability of plant water status constitutes a big challenge. The aim of this paper is to propose an approach allowing the spatial variability of the plant water status to be assessed.

Methods and results: This work proposes a complete literature review of previous works using different approaches to assess the vine water status. Based on this review, it leads to a conceptual approach considering the Spatial (S) and Temporal (T) variability of the plant water status assessment at a whole vineyard scale. This paper is divided into three sections: (i) description of plant water status reference methods based on direct measurements on the plant, (ii) plant water status assessment methods based on auxiliary information (i.e. weather, soil and plant vegetative expression), and finally (iii) a proposal for combining local reference measurement and auxiliary information to characterize the spatial variability of the vine water status at the vineyard scale.

Conclusion: Taking into account restrictive assumptions, this paper points out the possibility to provide relevant spatial assessment of the vine water status. This possibility is illustrated with a simple example.

Significance and impact of the results: This work gives an answer to the significant problem of vine water status assessment over space. It proposes an approach based on high spatial resolution auxiliary information to extrapolate a measurement (PLWP or SWP) made at a given time on a reference site. This proposal determines the different steps for further investigations aiming at proposing a spatial model of vine water status.
Aroma potential of three autochthonous grapevine varieties from Tunisia
Authors: Souid Imène , Hassene Zemni , Sánchez Palomo Eva , Pérez-Coello Maria Soledad , Ghorbel Abdelwahed
Published: June 2016

Aims: The aim of the present work is to characterize the aromatic profiles of three Tunisian autochthonous grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties (Asli, Beldi and Ferrani).

Methods and results: The GC-MS analysis of the autochthonous grapevine varieties studied allowed identifying 38 volatile compounds in the free fraction and 36 glycosidically bound aroma compounds. Volatile C6 compounds were typical for the studied varieties especially for Asli variety. The analysis of the liberated aglycones through enzymatic hydrolysis show that a-terpineol and cis linalool oxide pyran that did not appear as free aroma compounds were found with significantly highest concentration in Asli grape juice. Also, 3-oxo-a-ionol and 3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-b-ionol were found only under their glycosidically bound forms with significantly higher concentrations in Asli and Ferrani than in Beldi grape juices.

Conclusion: The results obtained in the present work show qualitative and quantitative differences in the aroma profiles among the studied varieties. However, non-terpenyl compounds were the most abundant aroma substances in the three studied varieties.

Significance and impact of the study: The present work characterize, for the first time, the aromatic profiles of three Tunisian autochthonous grapevine varieties (Asli, Beldi and Ferrani) and constitutes a major contribution to the aroma chemistry of these three grape varieties.
Gender Variation And The Impact Of Gas Flarig On Cardiopulmondry Parameters Of Residents In Gas Flaring Communities In South-South Nigeria
Authors: Irikefe Ovuakporaye Simon , Chukwuka Igweh John. , Peter Aloamaka Chukwuemeka
Published: June 2016

The study determined gender variation on cardiopulmonary parameters-blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate and peak expiratory flow rate of residents in gas flaring communities compared with non-gas flared communities. The ex post facto study carried out using a stratified random sampling method involving five hundred and four (504) residents in the gas flaring communities and five hundred (504) in the non - gas flaring communities comprising 564 males and 444 females. Samples for this study were taken from five states in the South-South geopolitical states of Nigeria. The electronic blood pressure kit was used to measure blood pressure and respiratory rate while the peak flow rate was measured with a peak flow metre and respiratory rate was measured manually. Data generated were expressed as mean ± SD. Significance difference between means was determined by student t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). SPSS 20 software was used for statistical analysis. A level of p≤0.05 was accepted as significant. Findings indicate that mean diastolic pressure was higher in males (10.96%) than females (5.05%). The pulse rate (36.07%) and the respiratory rate (19.38%) of the female residents in the gas flared environments was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the male residents (13.53% and 13.64% respectively), with the female subject more impacted. The mean Peak Expiratory Flow Rate was higher in male (11.06%) residents with females (9.7%) more impacted. This study has shown that gender variation impacted on cardiopulmonary parameters of residents in gas flaring communities in south-south Nigeria
The Moderating Effect of Firm Characteristics on the Relationship between Strategic Change and Performance of Firms in the Alcohol Industry in Kenya
Authors: Okonda Michael Washika , Ojera Dr. Patrick B. , Ochieng Dr. Isaac O.
Published: June 2016

This paper examines the moderating effect of firm characteristics on the relationship between strategic change and performance of firms in the alcohol industry in Kenya. The alcohol industry makes a substantial contribution to the country's GDP. For instance, the East Africa Breweries Limited (EABL), Kenya was feted by KRA as the second top tax payer to the government for the 2011/2012 financial year. However, clear picture of the moderating influence of firm characteristics on the relationship between strategic change occasioned Alcoholic Drinks Control Act (ADCA), 2010 and performance has not emerged from previous studies. Specifically, the study investigated the effect of managerial capabilities, product dimensions and brand portfolio on performance of alcohol industry in Kenya. Previous studies dwelt on effect of limited aspects of strategic change such as marketing leaving out critical aspects like scope of strategies, resource deployment patterns and competitive advantages and the moderating effect of firm characteristics. The study was underpinned by the Resource-Based Theory (RBT). The study adopted a mixed method survey research design using qualitative and quantitative methods. The population was 25 local firms registered by Kenya Revenue Authority by 2012 and approved by National Authority for the Campaign Against Alcohol and Drug Abuse, (NACADA) by 2015. A saturated sample consisted of 100 respondents to get primary data. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses that firm characteristics moderate the relationship between strategic change and performance. The R2 after incorporating interaction effect was .682 (p=.004) and ΔR2=.033(p=004) implying firm characteristics significantly moderate the relationship.