bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Vibration Analysis of a Functionally Graded Plate
Authors: Diambu Alif Ngimbi , Çevik Mehmet
Published: August 2021

Functionally Graded (FG) materials are recent types of engineering materials developed as a solution for applications where a couple of relevant properties of different materials are desired in a single continuous composite structure. In these materials, properties are patterned in a way to insure a gradient and continuous property transition direction-wise. This study is a contribution in the literature among other studies but provides an additional understanding of FG Plate structures vibrational behavior in terms of natural frequencies and modal shapes. For this end, an FG plate is modelized and analyzed using Ansys APDL. Two boundary conditions (all sides clamped “CCCC” and two parallel sides clamped with two others free “CCFF”) for the same plate element and two power law indices “n” are considered. Results are compared with those in the literature and conclusions are drawn accordingly.
Çinko Oksit (ZnO) Nanoparçacıklarla Katkılandırılarak Üretilen Feldspatik Cam-Seramiklerin Karakterizasyonu
Authors: Aykaç Ahmet , Kestane Gizem , Sütçü Mücahit
Published: August 2021

Seramikler farklı oranlarda olmak üzere feldspat, kuvars ve kilden oluşmaktadır. Feldspatik içerikli cam seramikler, yapılarının amorf ve kristal fazlar içermesi nedeniyle özellikle dental uygulamalarda tercih edilmektedir. Nanoteknoloji tıp, ambalaj paketleri, inşaat, boya, nanosensör, elektronik uygulamalar, ilaç taşıyıcı sistemler, biyobozunur malzemeler, yenilenebilir filmler gibi çok çeşitli uygulamalarda kullanılmaktadır. Nanoteknolojinin insan hayatına girmesiyle endüstriyel alanda yeni nesil malzemeler üretilmeye başlamıştır. Nanopartiküller boyutları 100 nanometreden küçük parçacıklar olarak adlandırılmaktadır ve yüksek yüzey alanı/hacim oranına sahip olmaları nedeniyle birçok uygulama alanında tercih edilmektedir. Özellikle çinko oksit (ZnO) nanoparçacıklar eşsiz fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklere sahip olduğu için elektronik, piezoelektrik ve optik cihazların yanı sıra gaz sensörleri, biyosensörler, güneş pilleri, kozmetik ürünleri gibi birçok alanda kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmada feldspatik esaslı cam seramik malzemesinin ZnO NP ile katkılandırılarak üretilmesi amaçlanmıştır ve bu amaçla feldspatik esaslı cam seramik malzemesinin karakterizasyon çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Feldspatik esaslı amorf cam tozu, çöktürme yöntemiyle sentezlenen ZnO NP ile %0.1 ile %1 oranları arasında katkılandırılarak ZnO NP/Feldspatik cam seramik malzemesi elde edilmiştir. ZnO NP ve feldspatik cam seramikten elde edilen numuneler, homojen bir şekilde karıştırıldıktan sonra 40OC’de etüvde bekletilerek preslenmiştir. Preslenen numuneler amorf halden kısmi kristallendirilmesi için iki kademeli ısıl işlem ile cam-seramik hale getirilmiştir. Üretilen numunelerin karakterizasyon çalışmaları kapsamında taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile nanoparçacıkların yüzey morfolojileri, X-ışını kırınımı analizi (XRD) ile malzemenin kristallografik özellikleri, eş zamanlı termal analiz sistemi (SDT) ile malzemenin ağırlık değişimi ve ısı akışı gibi özellikleri sıcaklığın ve zamanın fonksiyonu olarak, parçacık boyut analizi (DLS) ile nanoparçacıkların boyutları incelenmiştir. Tüm bu çalışmalar ışığında ZnO NP ile katkılandırılmış cam seramik malzemesinin ülkemiz ekonomisine katkı sağlayacağına ve yapılacak olan yeni çalışmalara ışık tutacağına inanıyoruz.
The Contribution of Riparian Zone on Urban Ecosystems through Climate Change Urban Adaptation Process
Authors: Gündel Hande , Önaç Ayşe Kalaycı
Published: August 2021

The riparian zone plays a crucial role in the development and transformation of cities. This zone dramatically changes cities both ecologically and economically and is one of the cornerstones of the future scenarios of the city. These areas constitute significant emphasis throughout the city by providing wildlife, improving the water quality, reducing flood areas, and creating social activity areas in the city. Besides, it influences land use, transportation, energy efficiency, social life. The riparian zones are one of the most significant components of the cities that mitigate the climate change effects. Because, the existence of water creates microclimatic conditions around the cities and this conserves the heat island effect, greenhouse effect, and also air pollution. The deterioration of the sustainability of this important backbone throughout the city causes an important loss in terms of urban ecosystems. Because it is an important connection of natural life and urban life, and any deterioration causes two important characters to be separated from one another. In this regard, ensuring water management in the city is a crucial issue in terms of urban habitat. In the scope of this study, research was conducted on the contribution of riparian zone to the urban ecosystem and also how the presence of this backbone system in the city transforms the urban areas was discussed.
Valuation of Cavities in the Lungs Among HIV/TB Patients
Authors: Masterova I. Yu. , Degtyareva S. Yu. , Narkevich A. N. , Shlykova L. A. , Zaitseva E. V. , Gavrilov P. V.
Published: August 2021

Early diagnosis of respiratory tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients improves the prognosis of recovery and reduces mortality. The emergence of cavities is one of the patterns of the progression of pulmonary tuberculosis. The article analyzes the results of examination of HIV-infected tuberculosis patients with cavities. We estimate the data of anamnesis, the disease clinic and immune status. The retrospective study included patients of the Leningrad region with HIV/TB with early respiratory tuberculosis from 2014 to 2016 (n = 852). We identified a clear relationship between chemoprophylaxis and antiretroviral therapy on developing tuberculosis non-cavity, but no direct relationship was found with widespread or disseminated TB. We also obtained a significantly relationship between the bacterial excretion and the detection of destruction in the lung tissue on the background a pronounced decrease in the immune status (CD4 100 cells/μl or less). There are statistically significant decreases in the frequency of cavities of respiratory tuberculosis and the proportion of etiologically verified cases is in case in the suppression of immunity (CD4 100 cells/μl or less). However, the relationship between early mortality from tuberculosis (during the first year) and pulmonary tuberculosis with cavities was not obtained.
Stress Echocardiography with Adenosinethreephosphate and Atrial Pacing in Diagnosis of Late Coronary Shunts Stenosis
Authors: Talanova A. V. , Lezhnev D. A. , Mikheev N. N.
Published: August 2021

The aim of the study was to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of stress echocardiography (stress echoCG) with combination of high doze АТР and atrial pacing in diagnosis of late coronary shunts stenosis.

48 men aged from 45 to 64 (48,4 ± 1,6 years), 36 patients undergone mammarocoronary shunting, 12 patients undergone auto venous shunting. Stress echoCG with combination of high doze ATP and atrial pacing suggested shunts lesions in 44 patients, in 8 cases previously intact coronary arteries, approved with coronary angiography. Coronary angiographies reviled no coronary lesions in 24 patients > 70 % shunts restenosis, in 22 coronary stenosis from 50 up to 70 %. Accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of stress- EchoCG with combination of stress-agents in coronary shunts restenosis, as well as stenosis of previously intact coronary arteries were 100 %.
Changes in Hemodynamic Parameters in Various Morphological Changes in the Kidney Transplant in Children
Authors: Pykov M. I. , Ektov D. B.
Published: August 2021

Ultrasound scanning is one of the main methods of instrumental examination of patients after allogenic transplantation of kidney. The main reasons of dysfunction of the kidney transplant in long posttransplantation term are acute or chronic rejection, as well as acute and chronic nephrotoxicity of calcineurin inhibitors. The study includes an analysis of the medical history of 130 children with end-stage chronic renal failure who underwent 130 allogeneic kidney transplants from a posthumous donor. There were analyzed the results of 231 percutaneous puncture biopsies and ultrasound studies of renal transplants. The analyzed data of morphological studies are divided into 4 groups:

1st group — there are no morphological changes affecting graft function;

2nd group — morphological signs of calcineurin toxicity;

3rd group — borderline damage of the graft;

4th group — acute and chronic graft rejection;

5th group — non-specific tubulointerstitial sclerosis and tubular atrophy.

Indices of resistance and pulsation measured at the level of the renal artery and interlobular arteries tended to decrease in the kidneys with immunological influence and remained stable in other morphological groups. This means that, the higher the degree of hyalinosis of the arteries, the lower the indices of resistance and pulsation indices measured at the level of the common renal artery and interlobular arteries. The revealed tendency of a decrease in the values of the resistance index and the pulsation index at the level of the common renal artery of the interlobular arteries can be considered as one of the initial ultrasound signs that allow to speak of a decrease in the elasticity of the vascular wall. Normal indices of renal hemodynamics do not exclude the presence of pathological processes leading to graft dysfunction.
PHASE REARRANGEMENT IN LOCAL BALANCED HYDROGEOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS AS A OF FLUID EARTHQUAKE PRECURSORS MECHANISM OCCURRENCE
Authors: ABDULLAEV A. U.
Published: August 2021

Scientists all over the world are making tremendous efforts to solve the problem of earthquake prediction. Dozens of different phenomena and signs that could serve as precursors of earthquakes are found. But these effects were very unstable and had a mosaic character in the propagation of development and time. They appeared not always and not before every major earthquake. There are many cases where earthquakes occurred without the manifestation of any precursors. Such non-stationary phenomena do not allow formulating adequate strong earthquakes preparing models and their methods of predicting. Among well-studied and encouraging earthquake precursors, hydrogeodynamic and hydrogeochemical anomalies are considered to be the most promising, which has a sufficiently substantiated scientific background. In this class of precursors, the mechanism of their formation during the preparation of earthquakes remains debatable. There are several problems due to abnormal concentration sources and their transport during a little time period in the observation points. In the proposed work, it is proved that the main mechanism of the occurrence of exotic transient fluid anomalies is the interphase rearrangement in the local balanced hydrogeochemical system as a reaction to strong earthquakes factors preparing influence. The internal phase reorganization in the hydrogeochemical system is realized through structural relaxation as a result of the occurrence of rapid physicochemical reactions exchange.
STUDYING THE EFFECT OF MULTICOMPONENT PICKLE ON THE QUALITY OF COOKED AND SMOKED HORSE MEAT PRODUCT
Authors: KALDARBEKOVA M. , UZAKOV Y. , CHERNUKHA I. , KURMANBEKOVA A. , JETPISBAYEVA B.
Published: August 2021

The multicomponent pumping pickle containing protein and carbohydrate components injected into the muscle tissue of horse meat, followed by massaging, tends to tenderize meat and improve the organoleptic characteristics of the finished product. Analysis of the data obtained showed that the introduction of additives to the multicomponent pickle contributed to the moisture-holding process in horse meat. An important physical and chemical indicator of meat products is the moisture-holding ability, which affects the consistency of finished products and the process of their microbiological spoilage since the amount of unbound moisture depends on the growth of the number of microorganisms. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of pH in meat technology, as the pH value determines the suitability of raw meat for processing. The maximum increase in the moisture-binding capacity of the control sample of horse meat up to 70% is achieved through 90 minutes of massaging, and then there is a decrease in the hydrophilicity of the system due to the physical destruction of muscle fibers. The pH value correlates with the moisture-binding capacity of raw materials and affects the safety of the product and its storage capacity. The relationship of pH and moisture- holding ability with the consistency of meat is not in doubt. In this regard, in the course of experimental studies, pH, moisture-holding ability and puncture voltage were determined. In Sample 1, which contained an extract from Goji berries, the water-holding capacity is increased by 3.4%. In Samples 2 (contained buckwheat flour) and 3 (contained an extract from Goji berries and buckwheat flour), with the combined use of buckwheat flour and goji berries, which demonstrated high swelling properties, the water-holding capacity increases by 6.1% and 7.2%, respectively additional 2.7% and 3.8%. The obtained data showed that the introduction of vegetable additives has a positive effect on the consistency of cooked-smoked meat product, in the prototypes on structural and mechanical properties, as well as shear force in the prototypes which has been reduced by 7, 13 and almost 20%, respectively.
ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF PRECISION AGRICULTURE PROJECT IN KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: AITKHOZHIN S. K. , BALKIBAYEVA A. M. , RAMAZANOVA R. H. , YERMEKOV F. K. , KARSYBAYEVA K. A.
Published: August 2021

The matter of the effectiveness of applying smart technologies in agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan will be of interest to the academic community, regardless of territorial affiliation. The relevance of the research is in the need to inform farmers on the efficiency of such technologies and how to use them. Economic valuation, cost-benefit analysis were used to compare traditional and digital agricultural technologies in grain production. Wealthy farmers from developed countries widely use digital technology, reducing operating costs for wage labour and productive resources. In this research, the authors attempted to prove the hypothesis of significant economic and environmental efficiency in the application of precision technologies. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the results of the application of precision farming tools from an economic standpoint, these results can contribute to the study of the efficiency of digital technologies at the global and local levels. This research displays that with application of modern digital technologies in production, under certain circumstances, a farm can increase wheat yield by at least 25-30%. Gross profit with traditional technologies in agriculture amounted to 31 US dollars per hectare, while application of digital technologies brought 54 US dollars per hectare.
SULFATE ION IN THE GROUNDWATER IN THE BASIN OF MAYMA RIVER (NORTHERN ALTAI, RUSSIA)
Authors: KOCHEEVA N. A. , ROLDUGIN V. V. , KATZ V. E. , MANANKOVA T. I.
Published: August 2021

he relevance of the investigated problem is that the majority of the world's population suffers from a lack of drinking water. A significant part of the water on the surface of the Earth is characterized by low quality and is not suitable for home use. That is why it is important to investigate the causes of changes in the qualitative composition of water and find ways to influence it. The aim of the article is to study the content of sulfate ion in the waters of Northern Altai by the example of the Maima river basin. The data was analyzed from two different sources in two laboratories for more accurate results. The study showed that the content of sulfate ions in water is influenced by such factors as precipitation, geological features, landscape features. Different temperature and humidity conditions at different times of the year also affect this indicator. Ice and snow can accumulate sulfate ions created by anthropogenic factors, and, accordingly, during melting, sulfate ions get into groundwater and river waters. The studied indicator is also affected by air temperature and groundwater temperature, the increase of which can be caused by earthquakes. Due to the large number of factors affecting the content of sulfate ion in water, it is rather difficult to determine the exact cause of significant fluctuations. Therefore, the work proves the importance of a comprehensive analysis of factual materials and the study of all of the above factors. Article materials can be useful in further studying the qualitative composition of the waters of the Northern Altai, as well as for their practical application to improve the composition of drinking water.
EXPERIMENTAL FINDING OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS AND THEORETICAL MODELING OF CRACK PROPAGATION PROCESSES IN CARBON FIBER SAMPLES UNDER CONDITIONS OF ADDITIVE PRODUCTION
Authors: DOBRYANSKIY V. N. , RABINSKIY L. N. , TUSHAVINA O. V.
Published: August 2021

The relevance of the problem stated in this article is that the development of aerospace technology increased the demand for good quality materials. An important issue is ensuring durability in conditions of longterm loads and in conditions of damage development. One of the criteria that ensure the toughness of the material is crack resistance. The aim of the work is to study the interlayer crack resistance (fracture toughness) under loading under conditions of separation and transverse shear, interlayer strength, as well as the effect of temperature on interlayer strength, mechanical tensile properties. A comparison of the values of interlayer crack resistance GIС (separation) and GIIС (shear) and of mechanical tensile properties and interlayer strength of carbon fiber samples is made. The main methods for studying this problem were the short-beam method, the DCB method, the ENF method. The results of the experimental data were compared with modeling the processes of the appearance and development of cracks in the finite element complexes ABAQUS and Ansys based on the VVCT models, cohesive elements. Deviations from the experiment were found and conclusions were drawn that the point of application of the load had to be shifted from the edge of the sample, which will reduce the initial separation and increase the stiffness of the sample. Due to the fact that the cohesion zone model is very sensitive to input parameters, it is necessary to know many parameters and take into account a large number of factors. The practical importance of this work is to show how to use the VCCT model to obtain the critical load of the germination of the first crack. The research technique can be used for further experiments, including simulation further stratification with low inaccuracy.
INFLUENCE OF THE USE OF CARAPA GUIANENSIS OIL (ANDIROBA OIL) COMPARED WITH COMMERCIAL CUTTING FLUID IN THE TURNING PROCESS OF THE ABNT 1045 STEEL GRADES
Authors: BOTELHO T. I. M. , FIGUEIREDO G. S. , PRAXEDES F. M. , TEIXEIRA J. V. U. , MONTEIRO E. B.
Published: August 2021

The increasing technological advances obtained both in the development of new materials and of machine tools increased the demand for the machining processes and in addition, the use of increased cutting fluids. However, it’s necessary to have characteristics that don’t harm the environment and the operator. In machining processes, cutting fluids, when properly chosen and applied, may reflect benefits during the manufacturing process. This work evaluated the performance of a commercial cutting fluid by comparing it with vegetable oil extracted from carapa guianensis in the abnt 1045 steel turning process. The cutting speed (vc), tool feed (f) and depth (ap) and the influence of the use of both of them on the metal was verified with the following variables: chip analysis, surface finish, cutting temperature and tool wear. It was observed that with the use of andiroba oil, better chip was generated for the safety of the operator, higher cutting temperatures in the piece, higher tool wear and better surface finish with a difference of 23% compared to commercial cutting fluid. Thus, the fluid from andiroba based on the conventional application demonstrated a viable alternative in the turning process of abnt 1045 steel, because it’s biodegradable and reduces petroleum-based cutting fluids.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF ELEMENTS OF DISTANCE EDUCATION IN THE LEARNING PROCESS
Authors: AITBAYEVA B. M. , MAULENOVA A. M. , AKHMETZHANOVA Z. B , KENZHEBEKOVA Z. A. , RAKHIMBAYEVA B. O.
Published: August 2021

Distance education is essentially the basis for the development of educational institutions that provide innovative services, which cannot be obtained elsewhere. It is believed that distance education is a substitute for the traditional as part of simplifying and cheapening the learning process. At the same time, the leading global trends suggest the need for the development of elements of self-education and the expansion of the geographical nature of educational offers. The relevance of the study is that it is necessary to distinguish between the use of distance education methods in the traditional sphere and the sphere of training professionals. The paper presents the concept of the need to integrate elements of distance education in the process of preparing university teachers. The authors believe that teachers in drawing up courses and applying learning technologies use the same techniques as in distance learning. Therefore, the use of distance learning technologies can be shown as the basis for the development of advanced training programs and additional professional education. The authors proposed a study on the need and sufficiency of the use of distance education technologies and the possibilities for their integration into the process of postgraduate education. The practical significance of the work is determined by the fact that the possibilities of self-development of teachers are fully disclosed, not only as subjects of the educational process but also as subjects of training.
LINEARIZATION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY OVER THE PACIFIC OCEAN ON THE EQUATORIAL LINE
Authors: DÍEZ C. M. , SOLANO C. J.
Published: August 2021

The atmosphere system is ruled by the interaction of many meteorological parameters, causing a dependency between them, i.e., moisture and temperature, both suitable in front of any anomaly, such as storms, hurricanes, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. So, understanding perturbations of the variation of moistness along the time may provide an indicator of any oceanographic phenomenon. Annual relative humidity data around the Equatorial line of the Pacific Ocean were processed and analyzed to comprehend the time evolution of each dataset, appreciate anomalies, trends, histograms, and propose a way to predict anomalous episodes such ENSO events, observing abnormality of lag correlation coefficients between every pair of buoys. Datasets were taken from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean / Triangle Trans-Ocean Network (TAO/TRITON) project, array directed by Pacific Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC). All the datasets were processed, and the code was elaborated by the author or adapted from Mathworks Inc. Even occurrences of relative humidity in the east side of the Pacific Ocean seem to oscillate harmonically, while occurrences in the west side, do not, because of the size of their amplitudes of oscillations. This fact can be seen in the histograms that show Peak shapes in the east side of the ocean, and Gaussians in the west; lag correlation functions show that no one pair of buoys synchronize fluctuations, but western buoys are affected in front of ENSO events, especially between 1997-98. Definitely, lag correlations in western buoys are determined to detect ENSO events.
ARE PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY DIFFERENT REGARDING RENAL ULTRASOUND PARAMETERS AND DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY FINDINGS COMPARED WITH RENAL HISTOPATHOLOGY?
Authors: GHADI A. , BAGHERI S. M. , HORI H. , ROOSTAEE A. , GHADAMZADEH M.
Published: August 2021

Ultrasonography (US) findings and Doppler sonography of renal vessels can provide useful information on the structural and vascular supply of patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this study was to compare the US findings of patients with diabetic nephropathy with the pathologic findings of their renal biopsy. In this descriptive study, US parameters including resistivity index (RI), renal size and volume and cortical and medullary echogenicity, and histopathological findings of renal biopsy (fibrosis, inflammation and chronicity) of 60 patients (27 women and 33 men) with diabetic nephropathy admitted in Hasheminejad kidney center (HKC) of Tehran were extracted and analyzed. Of 60 patients, interstitial fibrosis (IF) in 47 patients, interstitial inflammation (II) in 50 patients and signs of chronicity in 43 patients in pathology report were observed. Patients with IF had larger renal length, higher sinus volume, coarse echogenicity, and abnormal medullary echogenicity, significantly. The presence of II was associated with larger renal length, higher renal and sinus volume, higher cortical echogenicity, and more patients with coarse echogenicity and abnormal medullary echogenicity. The observation of chronicity was significantly correlated with higher sinus volume and more patients with irregular renal rim. According to the findings of this study, renal length and volume, renal sinus volume, and the presence of coarse echogenicity and abnormal medullar echogenicity strongly correlate with renal histopathologic findings in patients with diabetic nephropathy. RI is not a suitable marker for identifying tubulointerstitial changes in these patients.
FORMATION OF THE SUPERSONIC HETEROGENEOUS STREAMS IN THE GASDYNAMIC ACCELERATORS WITH GREAT ELONGATION
Authors: NIKITIN P. V. , RABINSKIY L. N. , TUSHAVINA O. V.
Published: August 2021

The present article describes results of the experimental and theoretical investigation of gas dynamics and heat exchange in the course of a supersonic flow of the gas-powder mixture within the axially symmetric gas-dynamic accelerators, which have small critical cross-sections (dcritical from 1 to 3 mm) and substantial elongation (L/dcritical from 70 to 200). The necessity of performance of such investigations was determined by two aspects. The first is the development of the innovative technologies with the purpose of formation of the heat-resistant coatings and other coatings with various functions and necessary properties (formation of such coatings with the help of supersonic heterogeneous streams). The second is the creation of the supersonic heterogeneous streams, which are required for the development of experimental investigations of processes of the erosive and corrosive wear of structural components of the high-speed air vehicles, which conduct flights in atmospheric anomalies (rain clouded sky and dust-in-air conditions). This study describes the entire cycle of the experimental investigations, which were performed with the purpose of construction of the more reliable mathematical model of flow of the nonisentropic heterogeneous streams in the gas-dynamic accelerators with great elongation. The viscous gas flow parameters were calculated using the classical model of a flat boundary layer. The value of the characteristics of the carrier gas flow, the dispersion of particles and their material for accelerating particles in a heterogeneous flow were found out. The study showed that the design of gasdynamic micro accelerators must be carried out taking into account the increase in the thickness of the boundary layer along the walls of the particle accelerator. In addition, this article presents a more detailed description of gas dynamics of flow and heat exchange of the heterogeneous mixtures within supersonic gasdynamic accelerators with mass concentration of the powder particles ("К-phase") in the stream up to 15%.
USE OF SLUDGE FROM SANITARY SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS (S.T.P) AND THEIR USE AS RAW MATERIAL IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS
Authors: TARABAI M. K. , AZEVEDO S. G. de
Published: August 2021

This paper discusses a possible solution regarding the final disposal of sludge from Sanitary Sewage Treatment Stations (ET), aiming at environmental preservation. The solid waste generated after the wastewater treatment processes is highly contaminating and detrimental to the area in which it is deposited. Given this, the use of sludge with the application of reuse techniques becomes pertinent, both from the economic point of view and from the ecological point of view. By replacing the use of aggregates from mineral deposits, the main clay raw material in the manufacture of ceramic products (Vieira, 2000), by the treated sludge of WWTP we will save on the sources of granular materials. Aiming its reintegration to the production cycle through the introduction of sludge as raw material incorporated in the ceramic mass in the manufacture of hollow bricks, the viability of use was verified through performance analysis, compared to the control brick made of pottery, without the addition of sludge. Specimens were prepared with three types of samples: 90% clay and 10% sludge; 80% clay and 20% sludge; 70% clay and 30% sludge. Mass loss, water absorption index and compressive strength tests were performed. As for the tests, the specimens with 10% and 20% of sludge were the ones that had better adaptation to the technical requirements, but because it is a larger volume of the residue for the application of reuse techniques, the brick with 20% sludge dosage. is the most suitable. NBR7.171, November 1992: Ceramic Block for masonry; Specification NBR 6.461, June 1983: Masonry Ceramic Block - Compressive Strength Check: Test Method; NBR 8.947, November 1992: Ceramic Tile- Determination of Mass and Water Absorption: Test Method. As for the tests, the specimen with 20% of sludge was the one that had the best adaptation to technical and environmental requirements. The present article approaches a possible solution regarding the destination of the sludge coming from Sanitary Sewage Treatment Stations, aiming at environmental preservation. Aiming at its reintegration into the productive cycle through applications of reuse techniques, the sludge became raw material when the ceramic mass was incorporated into the brick fabrication. Three types of samples were elaborated: 90% of clay and 10% of mud; 80% clay and 20% sludge; 70% clay and 30% sludge. As for the tests, the test specimen with 20% of sludge was the one that had more adequacy to the technical and environmental requirements.
APPLICATION OF THE POSTULATE OF NONEQUILIBRIUM TO CALCULATE THE NONEQUILIBRIUM OF SYSTEMS OF DISSIMILAR GASES AND LIQUIDS
Authors: RYNDIN Vladimir V
Published: August 2021

The postulate of nonequilibrium is at the heart of the second law of thermodynamics. According to this postulate, there is a real property of matter – “nonequilibrium,” which characterizes the uneven distribution of matter and motion in space. All processes (reversible and irreversible) can occur only in nonequilibrium systems. As a quantitative characteristic of the nonequilibrium of the system, the maximum work that can be performed during the transition of the nonequilibrium system to the equilibrium state is considered. The only formulation of the second law is given. When real (irreversible) processes occur, the nonequilibrium of the isolated system decreases, and in reversible processes, the nonequilibrium in the system of locally equilibrium subsystems does not change (the increment of one kind of the nonequilibrium entirely compensated by a decrease in the disequilibrium of some other kind). When the system reaches an equilibrium state, the disequilibrium disappears, and all processes cease. The article provides a calculated confirmation of the theoretical provisions of the concept of nonequilibrium and its mathematical apparatus by examples of determining the loss of the nonequilibrium of system when an isothermal mixing of dissimilar gases, and changes of nonequilibrium of system "pure solvent – solution" in the transition of part of the solvent in the solution. The mixing of the same gases leads to the Gibbs paradox, which is also considered in this paper. The concept of nonequilibrium was developed and the quantitative characteristics (measures) of nonequilibrium of the system were introduced allow to study nonequilibrium systems consisting of locally equilibrium subsystems in the sections of classical thermodynamics as simply as individual equilibrium systems.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECT OF H9N2 INFLUENZA VIRUS ON APOPTOSIS OF TESTICULAR CELLS IN CHICKEN EMBRYO USING SYBR-GREEN REAL-TIME PCR
Authors: NAZARABADI Roshanak Bahrami , MEHRABANPOUR Mohammad Javad , EDALATMANESH Mohammad Amin , SHARIATI Mehrdad
Published: August 2021

Influenza viruses can induce cell death in their host through apoptosis or necrosis.The H9N2 is a subtype of the Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) that can cause severe damage to reproductive organs of laying hens. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the H9N2 influenza virus on apoptosis of testicular cells in chicken embryos. To this end, A/Chicken/Tehran/ZMT-101/99(H9N2) was inoculated to 210 embryonated fifteen-day-old eggs laid by SPF hens. Then, according to the experiment design, live embryos were dissected on the 19th and 21st days of fetal life and on the 25th day after birth for pathological and molecular studies and evaluation of gene expression in testicular tissue. Dissected tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and studied under an optical microscope at 400x magnification. For molecular studies, viral RNA was extracted from testicular tissues, replicated by RT-PCR, and finally evaluated H9N2. Then, the genes expression involved in the testicular tissue cells apoptosis was evaluated through real-time PCR. Pathological studies indicated that H9N2 caused lesions in testicular tissue orchitis, seminiferous, and nephritis of the host. Molecular studies also showed that H9N2 replication in the host body increases BAX and Caspase 3 expression and reduces the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. These changes in gene expression increased apoptosis and induced cell death in the host. In summary, the study findings suggested that H9N2 can increase the expression of pro-apoptotic genes and reduce the expression of anti-apoptotic genes, resulting in severe destruction of testicular tissue caused by cell apoptosis.
EXTRACTION AND DETERMINATION OF TEBUCONAZOLE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES FROM THE CITY OF KERBALA, IRAQ AND IN ITS FORMULATION USING HIGH- PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC)
Authors: SHAHEED Ihsan Mahdi , DHAHIR Saadiyah Ahmed
Published: August 2021

The triazole, tebuconazole pesticide, was determined in its formulation and also in the river water samples collected from different agriculture areas in the Iraqui city of Kerbala using developed high-performance liquid chromatography method(HPLC) with UV-visible detection, The mobile composition phase was a mixture of acetonitrile:methanol (50:50 v/v) and the column was C18 (250 cm x 4.6 mm,5μm). Also modified dispersive liquidliquid microextraction (DLLME), which is regarded as an ecological -friendly method, was used for the extraction of tebuconazole from water samples using acetonitrile and chloroform as solvents extraction and dispersive agent, respectively. Linearity to maintain the calibration curve was achieved from (0.1-70) μg.mL-1 with a limit of detection(0.053) μg.mL-1 and limit of quantification (0.174) μg.mL-1. Three spiked levels of concentration (1.0, 5.0, and 10) μg.mL-1 were used for the validation of the method. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) was (0.294- 0.813)%, and the percentage recovery was (100.001-100.005). The formulation studies for two different concentrations (10 and 40) μg.mL-1, which prepared from tebuconazole formulation (Raxil ODS2 2%), gave acceptable percentage recovery between (98.956-99.833). The developed method can be used accurately for the determination of tebuconazole in water samples and in the formulation of tebuconazole effectively.
INVESTIGATION OF PERMANENT STRAINS IN NANOMODIFIED COMPOSITES AFTER MOLDING AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
Authors: BABAYTSEV Arseniy V , KUZNETSOVA Ekaterina L , RABINSKIY Lev N , TUSHAVINA Olga V
Published: August 2021

This work investigates the effect of carbon nanomodification on the residual stress-strain state (SSS) after molding. One of the ways to reduce residual stresses and deformities is nanomodification. The main objective was to determine the degree of influence of the nanomodification parameters on the residual SSS. Within the framework of this study, 4 slabs were made. Two slabs are made of a conventional binder with laying [010/9010] and [010/4510] and two slabs of a modified binding material with the same layer structure. For the fabricated plates, deflections were measured on each of the four sides, during which residual strains were obtained in the panels of nanomodified carbon fiber for the considered layings with and without modified binding material. To analyze the residual stress-strain state, a numerical and analytical calculation was performed. The numerical calculation was carried out by means of the finite element method for the case when the slab is fixed at the point of the geometric center, with no power load, and the temperature load is a difference of 100 °C. An analytical calculation was carried out for the case when the slab is free from fastening and external power load, and the temperature load is a difference of 100°C. During the study, variants of the physicomechanical properties of the monolayer were obtained using the Digimat software and the Mori-Tanaka averaging method. The results obtained by analytical and numerical methods have a good correlation between each other, and in the course of comparison with the experiment, a method for calculating the characteristics of the monolayer that was closest to the experimental result was determined. On the basis of the obtained results, conclusions were made on the possibility of reducing residual SSS and deformation in structures with asymmetric reinforcement schemes using a matrix containing carbon nanoparticles.
PEDAGOGY OF CALCULUS IN INDIA: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION
Authors: ALAM Ashraf
Published: August 2021

When students learn a calculus construct, both a concept image as well as a concept definition is imprinted in their mind, and because of it, concrete and real-life examples become a prerequisite for a contextually rich learning environment for the abstractions inherently present in calculus. In the light of aforementioned propositions, the current study focusses on delving into several issues, few of the prominent ones include the epistemological nature of calculus curriculum in India’s senior-secondary schools, role of Indian calculus teachers in students’ cognition, possibility of enumeration of characteristics of a successful calculus teacher with regards to India’s socio-cultural milieu, challenges regarding complete immersion of calculus in manipulation of symbols that eventually give rise to cognitive obstacles, interrelationship between teachers’ calculus content knowledge and their pedagogical practices, effect of secondary school calculus on performance of Indian students’ college calculus, and the nature of effect on Indian learners having calculus in school on their procedural and conceptual performance. For this extensive study, data were collected from PGTs and Assistant/Associate Professors having more than 8 years of calculus teaching experience drawn from 76 different schools, colleges and universities belonging to 23 different states and union territories of India. A total of 323 teachers took part in this study. Multiple methods of data collection were used including naturalistic observation, structured interviews, classroom observations, focussed group interviews, and informal
discussions, and these were done both before and after the classroom teaching. The researcher transcribed the interviews, identified emerging and repeated themes, and used NVivo and Concordance software to conduct content and classroom discourse analysis, with simple counting methods and applied grounded theory approach using which empirical data were thematically categorized and in the process of it, employed the induction approach. The researcher analyzed the transcripts using N5 (NUD*IST 5.0; QSR International, Melbourne) with the grounded theory approach. This research study is purely qualitative in nature and its framework lies within the interpretative paradigm. The current study was carried out between June 2016 and March 2019. Findings indicate that there are lots of cognitive obstacles in understanding the concepts inbuilt in calculus: two of the prominent ones that came out from the study include the one related to intuitions and the other related to linguistic/representational aspects.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOCHTHONOUS BREEDS OF RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN BY MICRONUCLEAR TEST
Authors: MARZANOV Nurbiy S , MARZANOVA Saida N , BAITLESSOV Yerbulat U , BOZYMOVA Aigul K , DAVLETOVA Ainur M
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the results of the micronucleus test in two well-known autochthonous sheep breeds of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan: Romanov and Edilbay. In Romanov sheep, the highest rates of micronucleus occurrence were found in lambs (8.7 ± 0.9 ‰), than in producing rams (5.6 ± 0.03 ‰) and ewes (4.8 ± 0.3 ‰). The Edilbay breed has the differences in micronucleus test results in erythrocytes are most pronounced between two intrabreed types: “Birlik” and “Suyunduk”. The breeding plant “Birlik” is located in the Ural, the West Kazakhstan region. “Suyunduk” type of Edilbay breed sheep are raised in the breeding plant “Makash” in the Atyrauz region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, located near the Azgir nuclear test site. The difference in the micronucleus test is due to the fact that sheep of the “Suyunduk” type are exposed to environmental stress factors due to the proximity of places with high levels of radionuclide contamination. The constant action of natural selection contributes to the reproduction of animals with increased resistance to environmental stress factors. This explains the low occurrence of cells with cytogenetic abnormalities in sheep of the “Suyunduk” Edilbay breed sheep type. This type has a higher potential for adaptation to adverse breeding conditions than the Birlik type of Edilbay breed
sheep. The high level of micronucleus test indicators in sheep of the Romanov breed is associated with the peculiarities of gender and age groups, and also the environmental stress of climatic conditions in Central Russia. A classification of micronucleus is proposed. It is believed that large and medium-sized micronucleus are formed by the action of various mutagens on the body, causing a large in the division of individual chromosomes in metaphase and anaphase. Small micronucleuses indicate a decrease in potential cell viability.
UTILIZATION OF Salacca zalacca SEEDS AS CHROMIUM(VI) ADSORBENTS
Authors: BAEHAKI Farhan , RUDIBYANI Ratu Betta , AENI Suci Rizki Nurul , PERDANA Ryzal , AQMARINA Shindy Nur
Published: August 2021

The Chromium(VI) waste treatment system in the textile industry activities in Indonesia is an environmental problem that really needs attention. This is because Chromium(VI) is a heavy metal that falls into the category of hazardous and toxic materials. So that it can have a negative impact on the environment and health of the body. One simple processing effort to reduce the amount of Chromium(VI) in waste is the biosorption method using organic adsorbents. One of these organic adsorbents is Salacca zalacca seeds. Salacca zalacca seeds can be used as an alternative adsorbent because they have cellulose fibers that can adsorb Chromium(VI) ions in waste. This research was conducted using a sample of clothing coloring waste obtained from one of the textile engineering schools in Bandung, Indonesia. In addition, research was also conducted on determining the right dosage so that the adsorption results were maximal. The results showed that Salacca zalacca seed powder was able to adsorb as much as 76.21% of the amount of Chromium(VI) in 100 mL of waste samples with a dose of 4 grams. These results indicate the level of effectiveness and proper absorption of powdered Salacca zalacca seeds. So that this method can be used as an alternative method to treat Chromium(VI) waste in a simpler and cheaper way.
TOTAL PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDATING CAPABILITY OF PEARL PINEAPPLE AND HAWAIIAN PINEAPPLE
Authors: OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR Charles Ivo de , OIVEIRA Gustavo Félix , REZENDE Gláucia Aparecida Andrade , ALVES Blyeny Hatalita Pereira
Published: August 2021

The pineapple is praised for its aroma, flavor, and nutritional value. Researches of food composition and bioactive substances gained more space in the academic environment due to a more current severe concern of maintaining a healthier lifestyle. The objective of this paper was to quantify the presence of total phenolic compounds and to evaluate the antioxidant activity in vitro in the peel and pulp of two pineapples varieties: the Abacaxi Pérola and Abacaxi Havaiano (Ananas comosus), cultivated and commercialized at the region of the Triângulo Mineiro and Southern of Goiás. This region was chosen due to its geographic proximity to the city of Itumbiara, and for being a region with an outstanding production of the subject two varieties. The content of total phenolic compounds was evaluated using the Folin-Ciocauteau method and the antioxidant activity was assessed using the free radical scavenging method (DPPH • - 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazil). The tests showed values of 72.53 to 143.90 mg GAE / 100g for each sample, for the aqueous extract and from 62.04 to 165.47 mg GAE / 100g of sample, the highest values being found for the bark extracts. For the test carried out with DPPH, to check the antioxidant activity of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts, significant consumption of the DPPH reagent was not observed. The reading was performed for 1 hour without the measured value undergoing substantial changes. Therefore further studies need to be carried out to elucidate the antioxidant activity in pineapples.