bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ammonothermal Synthesis and Optical Properties of Ternary Nitride Semiconductors Mg‐IV‐N2, Mn‐IV‐N2 and Li‐IV2‐N3 (IV=Si, Ge)
Authors: Häusler Jonas , Niklaus Robin , Minár Ján , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: December 2017

Grimm–Sommerfeld analogous nitrides MgSiN2, MgGeN2, MnSiN2, MnGeN2, LiSi2N3 and LiGe2N3 (generally classified as II‐IV‐N2 and I‐IV2‐N3) are promising semiconductor materials with great potential for application in (opto)electronics or photovoltaics. A new synthetic approach for these nitride materials was developed using supercritical ammonia as both solvent and nitride‐forming agent. Syntheses were conducted in custom‐built high‐pressure autoclaves with alkali metal amides LiNH2, NaNH2 or KNH2 as ammonobasic mineralizers, which accomplish an adequate solubility of the starting materials and promote the formation of reactive intermediate species. The reactions were performed at temperatures between 870 and 1070 K and pressures up to 230 MPa. All studied compounds crystallize in wurtzite‐derived superstructures with orthorhombic space groups Pna21 (II‐IV‐N2) and Cmc21 (I‐IV2‐N3), respectively, which was confirmed by powder X‐ray diffraction. Optical bandgaps were estimated from diffuse reflectance spectra using the Kubelka–Munk function (MgSiN2: 4.8 eV, MgGeN2: 3.2 eV, MnSiN2: 3.5 eV, MnGeN2: 2.5 eV, LiSi2N3: 4.4 eV, LiGe2N3: 3.9 eV). Complementary DFT calculations were carried out to gain insight into the electronic band structures of these materials and to corroborate the optical measurements.
Molecular Viscosity Sensors with Two Rotators for Optimizing the Fluorescence Intensity‐Contrast Trade‐off
Authors: Lee Seung‐Chul , Lee Chang‐Lyoul , Heo Jeongyun , Jeong Chan‐Uk , Lee Gyeong‐Hui , Kim Sehoon , Yoon Woojin , Yun Hoseop , Park Sung O , Kwak Sang Kyu , Park Sung‐Ha , Kwon O‐Pil
Published: December 2017

Invited for the cover of this issue is the collaborative team of the groups of O‐Pil Kwon at Ajou University, Chang‐Lyoul Lee at Advanced Photonics Research Institute (APRI), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Sehoon Kim at Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hoseop Yun at Ajou University, and Sang Kyu Kwak at Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST). The image depicts fluorescent molecular rotors by introducing two rotational groups with high fluorescence contrast and cellular fluorescence imaging for mapping cellular viscosity. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201704036.
Rational Design of Organically Functionalized Polyoxopalladates and Their Supramolecular Properties
Authors: Yang Peng , Li Hui , Ma Tian , Haso Fadi , Liu Tianbo , Fan Linyuan , Lin Zhengguo , Hu Changwen , Kortz Ulrich
Published: December 2017

The SrII‐centered 12‐palladate(II) open‐cube {SrPd12(OAc)3} has been systematically evolved by substitution of the three acetate ligands by a library of saturated carboxylic acids with increasing chain lengths leading to four novel polyoxopalladates(II) with the formula [SrPd12O6(OH)3(PhAsO3)6(L)3]4− (SrPd12L3, L=CnH2n+1COO, n=2 to 5). These first examples of surfactant‐type polyoxopalladates with a hydrophilic metal‐oxo unit and three hydrophobic alkyl chains were characterized in the solid state (single‐crystal XRD, FTIR, TGA), in solution (1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy), and in the gas phase (ESI‐MS). The two polyanions SrPd12L3 with chain lengths of 5 and 6 are the first examples of polyoxopalladates that are soluble and stable in organic media. The Na salts of the amphiphilic polyoxopalladates SrPd12L3 were shown to self‐assemble into “blackberry”‐type spherical supramolecular structures in dilute solutions, of which an unusual “volcano”‐shaped trend of assembly size versus solvent polarity is chiefly influenced by directional hydrogen bonding interactions.
Synthesis and Evaluation of N‐Phenylpyrrolamides as DNA Gyrase B Inhibitors
Authors: Durcik Martina , Tammela Päivi , Barančoková Michaela , Tomašič Tihomir , Ilaš Janez , Kikelj Danijel , Zidar Nace
Published: December 2017

ATP‐competitive inhibitors of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV are among the most interesting classes of antibacterial drugs that are unrepresented in the antibacterial pipeline. We developed 32 new N‐phenylpyrrolamides and evaluated them against DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial activities were studied against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacterial strains. The most potent compound displayed an IC50 of 47 nm against E. coli DNA gyrase, and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5 μm against the Gram‐positive Enterococcus faecalis. Some compounds displayed good antibacterial activities against an efflux‐pump‐deficient E. coli strain (MIC=6.25 μm) and against wild‐type E. coli in the presence of efflux pump inhibitor PAβN (MIC=3.13 μm). Here we describe new findings regarding the structure–activity relationships of N‐phenylpyrrolamide DNA gyrase B inhibitors and investigate the factors that are important for the antibacterial activity of this class of compounds.
Cancer cachexia: Are we ready to take a step forward?
Authors: Crawford Jeffrey
Published: December 2017

The field of cancer cachexia at both the preclinical and clinical levels will benefit from the further investigation and refinement of its mechanisms and further study of potential agents to define the best treatment outcomes for patients. In the meantime, the availability of anamorelin, a promising agent in the clinic, would be extremely valuable to move that research forward.

See also pages 606‐16.
Anamorelin (ONO‐7643) for the treatment of patients with non–small cell lung cancer and cachexia: Results from a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicenter study of Japanese patients (ONO‐7643‐04)
Authors: Katakami Nobuyuki , Uchino Junji , Yokoyama Takuma , Naito Tateaki , Kondo Masashi , Yamada Kouzo , Kitajima Hiromoto , Yoshimori Kozo , Sato Kazuhiro , Saito Hiroshi , Aoe Keisuke , Tsuji Tetsuya , Takiguchi Yuichi , Takayama Koichi , Komura Naoyuki , Takiguchi Toru , Eguchi Kenji
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Cachexia, described as weight loss (mainly in lean body mass [LBM]) and anorexia, is common in patients with advanced cancer. This study examined the efficacy and safety of anamorelin (ONO‐7643), a novel selective ghrelin receptor agonist, in Japanese cancer patients with cachexia.

METHODS

This double‐blind clinical trial (ONO‐7643‐04) enrolled 174 patients with unresectable stage III/IV non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and cachexia in Japan. Patients were randomized to daily oral anamorelin (100 mg) or a placebo for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change from the baseline LBM (measured with dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry) over 12 weeks. The secondary endpoints were changes in appetite, body weight, quality of life, handgrip strength (HGS), and 6‐minute walk test (6MWT) results.

RESULTS

The least squares mean change (plus or minus the standard error) in LBM from the baseline over 12 weeks was 1.38 ± 0.18 and −0.17 ± 0.17 kg in the anamorelin and placebo groups, respectively (P < .0001). Changes from the baseline in LBM, body weight, and anorexia symptoms showed significant differences between the 2 treatment groups at all time points. Anamorelin increased prealbumin at weeks 3 and 9. No changes in HGS or 6MWT were detected between the groups. Twelve weeks' treatment with anamorelin was safe and well tolerated in NSCLC patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Anamorelin significantly increased LBM and improved anorexia symptoms and the nutritional state, but not motor function, in Japanese patients with advanced NSCLC. Because no effective treatment for cancer cachexia is currently available, anamorelin can be a beneficial treatment option. Cancer 2018;124:606‐16. © 2017 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Is less more? Comparing chemotherapy alone with chemotherapy and radiation for high‐risk grade 2 glioma: An analysis of the National Cancer Data Base
Authors: Jhaveri Jaymin , Liu Yuan , Chowdhary Mudit , Buchwald Zachary S. , Gillespie Theresa W. , Olson Jeffrey J. , Voloschin Alfredo D. , Eaton Bree R. , Shu Hui‐Kuo G. , Crocker Ian R. , Curran Walter J. , Patel Kirtesh R.
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

The addition of chemotherapy to adjuvant radiotherapy (chemotherapy and radiation therapy [CRT]) improves overall survival (OS) for patients with high‐risk grade 2 gliomas; however, the impact of chemotherapy alone (CA) is unknown. This study compares the OS of patients with high‐risk grade 2 gliomas treated with CA versus CRT.

METHODS

Patients with high‐risk grade 2 gliomas (subtotal resection or age ≥ 40 years) with oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas, or mixed tumors were identified with the National Cancer Data Base. Patients were grouped into CA and CRT cohorts. Univariate analyses and multivariate analyses (MVAs) were performed. Propensity score (PS) matching was also implemented. The Kaplan‐Meier method was used to analyze OS.

RESULTS

A total of 1054 patients with high‐risk grade 2 gliomas were identified: 496 (47.1%) received CA, and 558 (52.9%) received CRT. Patients treated with CA were more likely (all P values < .05) to have oligodendroglioma histology (65.5% vs 34.2%), exhibit a 1p/19q codeletion (22.8% vs 7.5%), be younger (median age, 47.0 vs 48.0 years), and receive treatment at an academic facility (65.2% vs 50.3%). The treatment type was not a significant predictor for OS (P = .125) according to the MVA; a tumor size > 6 cm, astrocytoma histology, and older age were predictors for worse OS (all P values < .05). After 1:1 PS matching (n = 331 for each cohort), no OS difference was seen (P = .696) between the CA and CRT cohorts at 5 (69.3% vs 67.4%) and 8 years (52.8% vs 56.7%).

CONCLUSIONS

No long‐term OS difference was seen in patients with high‐risk grade 2 gliomas treated with CA versus CRT. These findings are hypothesis‐generating, and prospective clinical trials comparing these treatment paradigms are warranted. Cancer 2018;124:1169‐78. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Impact of latency time on survival for adolescents and young adults with a second primary malignancy
Authors: Goldfarb Melanie , Rosenberg Aaron S. , Li Qian , Keegan Theresa H. M.
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

The adverse impact of second primary malignancies (SPMs) on survival is substantial for adolescents and young adults (AYAs; ie, those 15‐39 years old). No studies have evaluated whether the latency time between the first malignancy (the primary malignancy [PM]) and the SPM affects cancer‐specific survival (CSS).

METHODS

A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression with Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data for 13 regions from 1992 to 2008 was used to ascertain whether the latency time (1‐5 vs ≥ 6 years) to the development of an SPM affected the CSS and overall survival with respect to either the PM or SPM for AYAs with common SPMs.

RESULTS

The majority of 1515 AYAs with an SPM had their PM diagnosed between the ages of 26 and 39 years (74.2%) and an SPM diagnosed within 1 to 5 years (72.9%) of the PM's diagnosis. Overall, AYAs that developed an SPM 1 to 5 years after the diagnosis (vs ≥ 6 years) had an increased risk of death from cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 2.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.92‐3.29) as well as any cause (HR, 2.60; 95% CI, 2.04‐3.32). Specifically, for AYAs with an SPM that was leukemia or a colorectal, breast, or central nervous system malignancy, a shorter latency time (1‐5 years) from their PM diagnosis was associated with an overall significantly increased risk of death (2.6‐fold) from either their PM or that particular SPM. However, latency did not appear to affect the CSS with respect to either the PM or SPM for AYA patients with a lymphoma or sarcoma SPM.

CONCLUSIONS

Most AYAs who develop an SPM do so within 1 to 5 years of their primary cancer diagnosis, and they have an increased risk of death from cancer in comparison with AYAs with an SPM developing after longer survivorship intervals. Cancer 2018;124:1260‐8. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Characterization of the canine rostral ventricular‐subventricular zone: Morphological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and neurosphere assay studies
Authors: Fernández‐Flores Francisco , García‐Verdugo José Manuel , Martín‐Ibáñez Raquel , Herranz Cristina , Fondevila Dolors , Canals Josep María , Arús Carles , Pumarola Martí
Published: December 2017

The mammalian ventricular‐subventricular zone (V‐SVZ) presents the highest neurogenic potential in the brain of the adult individual. In rodents, it is mainly composed of chains of neuroblasts. In humans, it is organized in layers where neuroblasts do not form chains. The aim of this study is to describe the cytoarchitecture of canine V‐SVZ (cV‐SVZ), to assess its neurogenic potential, and to compare our results with those previously described in other species. We have studied by histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), electron microscopy and neurosphere assay the morphology, cytoarchitecture and neurogenic potential of cV‐SVZ. Age groups of animals were performed. Histological and ultrastructural studies indicated that the cV‐SVZ is organized in layers as in humans, but including migratory chains as in rodents. Neural progenitors were organized in niches in the subependymal area and a decline in their number was observed with age. Adult‐young dogs contained migratory cells capable to expand and differentiate in vitro according with previous results obtained in rodents, primates, humans, pigs, and dogs. Some adult animals presented perivascular niches outside the V‐SVZ. Our observations evidence a great similarity between canine and human V‐SVZ indicating that the dog may be better representative of neurogenic events in humans, compared with rodents. Accordingly with our results, we conclude that dogs are a valuable animal model of adult neurogenesis in comparative and preclinical studies.
Visual CAPTCHA application in linguistic cryptography
Authors: Ogiela Urszula , Takizawa Makoto , Ogiela Lidia
Published: December 2017

This paper presents an idea of linguistic cryptography and linguistic techniques for data analysis. The main aspects are using parts of divided information to reconstruct them. Linguistic techniques dedicated to cryptography, as well as secret splitting and sharing, are very useful to secure all information and all parts of them. Very important aspects of cryptographic algorithms are played by techniques of data division as well as data splitting and information sharing algorithms. Those methods allow the distributed data within a different selected group of secret trustees. In this paper, authors described algorithms of using those methods for linguistic data sharing techniques. In those methods, CAPTCHA analysis plays an important role. All secret parts of information can be written by using any parts of the selected CAPTCHA procedures.
Improving HSAPO‐34 Methanol‐to‐Olefin Turnover Capacity by Seeding the Hydrocarbon Pool
Authors: Bollini Praveen , Bhan Aditya
Published: December 2017

Seeding the hydrocarbon pool before exposure to methanol ensures the presence of active olefinic and aromatic chain carriers in the HSAPO‐34 cavity before the first methanol‐to‐olefin turnover. The primordial hydrocarbon pool enables the introduction, at low turnover numbers, of chain propagation steps that compete with methanol transfer dehydrogenation‐mediated chain termination steps, thereby increasing the fraction of converted methanol used for productive turnovers during methanol‐to‐olefin catalysis over HSAPO‐34. Seeding the hydrocarbon pool results, concurrently, in higher light‐olefin yields and lower rates of carbon loss. The increasing relative preponderance of methanol transfer dehydrogenation steps with increasing methanol pressure renders seeding more effective at higher methanol pressures. Under the conditions used in this study, seeding appears to accelerate the buildup of the hydrocarbon pool without significantly altering its composition. The results reported here outline a strategy for mitigating the deleterious effects of methanol transfer dehydrogenation reactions while reemphasizing their primacy in effecting catalyst deactivation during methanol‐to‐olefins conversion.
Protein Abundance of Clinically Relevant Drug‐Metabolizing Enzymes in the Human Liver and Intestine: A Comparative Analysis in Paired Tissue Specimens
Authors: Drozdzik Marek , Busch Diana , Lapczuk Joanna , Müller Janett , Ostrowski Marek , Kurzawski Mateusz , Oswald Stefan
Published: December 2017

This work revises and complements existing findings on the distribution of drug‐metabolizing enzymes in the first‐pass effect organs. We explored gene expression (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) and protein abundance (liquid chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry) of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8/9/19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4/5, UGT1A1/3, UGT2B7/15 in the liver, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon in paired tissues from nine organ donors. All proteins were detected in the liver, but in the intestine CYP2C9/19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4/5, UGT1A1/3, and UGT2B7 were found. CYP3A4 showed comparable abundance in the liver and jejunum, whereas other enzymes were markedly higher in the hepatic tissue. Nearly all detected enzymes showed their highest abundance in the jejunum. Significant correlations between mRNA and protein levels in liver or intestine were found for most enzymes. CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 protein abundance, but not other enzymes, were significantly correlated in the liver and the small intestine. Our data may contribute to an improved understanding of hepatic and intestinal drug metabolism.
Influence of Ammonia Flow on Microstructural Properties of Polar GaN Layers Grown by HTVPE on Sapphire Substrates
Authors: Barchuk Mykhailo , Motylenko Mykhaylo , Lukin Gleb , Röder Christian , Pätzold Olf , Rafaja David
Published: December 2017

In this contribution, the correlation between the microstructure of thin gallium nitride films and the ammonia flow applied during their growth by high‐temperature vapor phase epitaxy is described. The films were grown directly on (001)‐oriented sapphire substrates. Their microstructure was investigated using high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy and micro‐Raman spectroscopy. The ammonia flow was found to affect the residual stress, the density of threading dislocations, the density of basal‐plane stacking faults and the density of inversion domain boundaries. It is shown that the ammonia flow is an important parameter of the deposition process that can be used to reduce concurrently the residual stress and the density of microstructure defects.
Electrocatalytic Alloys for CO2 Reduction
Authors: He Jingfu , Johnson Noah J. J. , Huang Aoxue , Berlinguette Curtis P.
Published: December 2017

Electrochemically reducing CO2 using renewable energy is a contemporary global challenge that will only be met with electrocatalysts capable of efficiently converting CO2 into fuels and chemicals with high selectivity. Although many different metals and morphologies have been tested for CO2 electrocatalysis over the last several decades, relatively limited attention has been committed to the study of alloys for this application. Alloying is a promising method to tailor the geometric and electric environments of active sites. The parameter space for discovering new alloys for CO2 electrocatalysis is particularly large because of the myriad products that can be formed during CO2 reduction. In this Minireview, mixed‐metal electrocatalyst compositions that have been evaluated for CO2 reduction are summarized. A distillation of the structure–property relationships gleaned from this survey are intended to help in the construction of guidelines for discovering new classes of alloys for the CO2 reduction reaction.
Approaches to Electrolyte Solvent Selection for Poly‐Anthraquinone Sulfide Organic Electrode Material
Authors: Phadke Satyajit , Cao Mingli , Anouti Mérièm
Published: December 2017

Organic materials such as polyanthraquinone sulfide (PAQS) are receiving increased attention as electrodes for energy storage systems owing to their good environmental compatibility, high rate capability, and large charge‐storage capacity. However, one of their limitations is the solubility in organic solvents typically composing the electrolytes. Here, the solubility of PAQS was tested in 17 different solvents using UV/Vis spectroscopy. The results show that PAQS exhibits a very wide range of solubility according to the nature of the solvent and the obtained trend agrees well with the predictions from Hansen solubility analysis. Furthermore, the transport properties (conductivity, σ, and viscosity, η) of selected electrolytes composed of non‐solubilising solvents with 1 m LiTFSI are compared and discussed in the temperature range from −40 °C to 80 °C. In the second part of this study, the electrochemical characterization of PAQS as electrode material in selected pure or mixture of solvents with 1 m LiTFSI as salt was made in half‐cells by a galvanostatic method. In a methylglutaronitrile (2MeGLN)‐based electrolyte that exhibits low solubility of PAQS, it appears that the capacity fade is intricately linked to the large irreversibility of the second step of the redox process. Although the standard cyclic carbonate solvents mixture (ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate) led to rapid capacity fade in the initial 10–15 cycles owing to their high solubilising ability. Finally, it is shown that a pure linear alkylcarbonate (dimethyl carbonate) or binary mixture of ether‐based (dioxolane/dimethoxy ethane) electrolyte is much more compatible for enhanced capacity retention in PAQS with more than 120 mAh g−1 for 1000 cycles at 4 C.
VS4 Nanoparticles Anchored on Graphene Sheets as a High‐Rate and Stable Electrode Material for Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Pang Qiang , Zhao Yingying , Yu Yanhao , Bian Xiaofei , Wang Xudong , Wei Yingjin , Gao Yu , Chen Gang
Published: December 2017

The size and conductivity of the electrode materials play a significant role in the kinetics of sodium‐ion batteries. Various characterizations reveal that size‐controllable VS4 nanoparticles can be successfully anchored on the surface of graphene sheets (GSs) by a simple cationic‐surfactant‐assisted hydrothermal method. When used as an electrode material for sodium‐ion batteries, these VS4@GS nanocomposites show large specific capacity (349.1 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles), excellent long‐term stability (84 % capacity retention after 1200 cycles), and high rate capability (188.1 mAh g−1 at 4000 mA g−1). A large proportion of the capacity was contributed by capacitive processes. This remarkable electrochemical performance was attributed to synergistic interactions between nanosized VS4 particles and a highly conductive graphene network, which provided short diffusion pathways for Na+ ions and large contact areas between the electrolyte and electrode, resulting in considerably improved electrochemical kinetic properties.
Web of cybersecurity: Linking, locating, and discovering structured cybersecurity information
Authors: Takahashi Takeshi , Panta Bhola , Kadobayashi Youki , Nakao Koji
Published: December 2017

Cybersecurity is one of the main concerns of many organizations today, and accessibility to cybersecurity information in a timely manner is crucial to maintaining cybersecurity. Various repositories of cybersecurity‐related information are publicly available on the Internet. However, users are unaware of many of them, and it is impractical for them to keep track of all of them. Cybersecurity information stored in these repositories must be able to be located and accessed by the parties who need it. To address this issue, this paper proposes a mechanism of linking, locating, and discovering various cybersecurity information to improve its accessibility in a timely manner. This mechanism allows us to locate various cybersecurity information having different schemata by generating metadata with which a list of cybersecurity information is managed. The information structure incorporated in this mechanism is unique, and it makes our mechanism flexible and extensible. The structure consists of categories and formats that are linked to each other. The mechanism can propagate information updates to minimize the risk of obsolete information. This paper also introduces a prototype of the mechanism to demonstrate its feasibility, and it analyzes the mechanism's extensibility, scalability, and information credibility. Through this study, we aim to improve the accessibility of cybersecurity information on the Internet and facilitate information sharing beyond organizational borders, with the eventual goal of creating a web of cybersecurity.
Joint DOA and Doppler frequency estimation of coherent and/or same‐direction signals
Authors: Shan Zebiao , Liu Xiaosong , Wang Chunyang , Shi Hongwei , Shi Yaowu
Published: December 2017

The smart antenna is one of the most attractive technologies in mobile communications. In this paper, a modified 2D multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm based on eigenspace is presented to jointly estimate the directions of arrival and Doppler frequencies for the coherent and/or same‐direction signals. First, a modified 2D MUSIC (MMUSIC) algorithm is provided using the conjugate data to cope with the estimation for the case of coherent signals and/or same‐direction signals. Then on this basis, we derive an eigenspace‐based MMUSIC (ES‐MMUSIC) algorithm, which uses the information of both signal and noise subspaces. The ES‐MMUSIC algorithm can also estimate signals power. Besides, this method has no influence on directions of arrival and Doppler frequencies estimation of uncorrelated signals; in the meanwhile, the computational complexity will have no obvious increase as well. Finally, the results of several contrastive numerical simulations demonstrate the superiority of the ES‐MMUSIC algorithm compared with the MMUSIC algorithm.
Effect of mother's voice on neonatal respiratory activity and EEG delta amplitude
Authors: Uchida Mariko O. , Arimitsu Takeshi , Yatabe Kiyomi , Ikeda Kazushige , Takahashi Takao , Minagawa Yasuyo
Published: December 2017

While the influence of the mother's voice on neonatal heart‐rate response and its relevant activity on cerebral cortex and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are well known, few studies have assessed its influence on respiratory activity. We investigated the relationship among the respiration rate, the delta wave amplitudes through electroencephalography, and the basal state of ANS through the respiratory variability index while 22 full‐term neonates hear their mother's voice and an unknown voice. It was found that when respiratory variability was large, a transient (<5 s) change in respiration rates was observed in response to an unknown voice, while a greater increase in the delta wave amplitude was observed in the frontal lobe than the parietal one in response to the mother's voice. Conversely, when respiratory variability was small, a sustained increase (>10 s) in respiration rates was observed in response to the mother's voice, while a greater increase in the delta wave amplitude was found in both the frontal and parietal lobes. These results suggest that the basal state of ANS influences the latency of increases in respiration rates. Furthermore, induced by the mother's voice, transient increases in respiration rates are reduced in association with frontal lobe activity, and sustained increases in respiration rates are promoted in association with frontal and parietal lobe activities.
Eating pathology in midlife women: Similar or different to younger counterparts?
Authors: Jenkins Paul E. , Price Tom
Published: December 2017

Objective

This study examined potential similarities and differences between women with eating disorders (EDs) in midlife and their younger counterparts.

Method

Seven hundred and three women assessed by a specialist eating disorder service were divided into three groups based on age (18–25, 25–40, and 40+) and compared on a number of clinical and demographic measures. Distribution of ED diagnoses was also examined between groups.

Results

Midlife women were less likely to receive a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and more likely to receive a diagnosis of binge‐eating disorder than their younger counterparts. Duration of illness was longer and age of ED onset later in the midlife group but no differences were seen on measures of global ED pathology, psychosocial impairment, or psychological distress.

Discussion

This study adds to the developing literature concerning EDs in midlife women, although further work is needed to support the findings presented here and to examine profiles of males presenting to treatment centers.
Changing methodology results in operational drift in the meaning of leaf area index, necessitating implementation of foliage layer index
Authors: Rapson Gillian L.
Published: December 2017

Leaf area index (LAI) was developed to describe the number of layers of foliage in a monoculture. Subsequent expansion into measurement by remote‐sensing methods has resulted in misrepresentation of LAI. The new name foliage layer index (FLI) is applied to a more simply estimated version of Goodall's “cover repetition,” that is, the number of layers of foliage a single species has, either within a community or in monoculture. The relationship of FLI with cover is demonstrated in model communities, and some potential relationships between FLI and species’ habit are suggested. FLIcomm is a new formulation for the number of layers of foliage in a mixed‐species’ community. LAI should now be reserved for remote‐sensing applications in mixed communities, where it is probably a nonlinear measure of the density of light‐absorbing pigments.
Separating the effects of water quality and urbanization on temperate insectivorous bats at the landscape scale
Authors: Li Han , Kalcounis‐Rueppell Matina
Published: December 2017

Many local scale studies have shown that bats respond to water quality degradation or urbanization in a species‐specific manner. However, few have separated the effects of urbanization versus water quality degradation on bats, in single city or single watershed case studies. Across North Carolina, USA, we used the standardized North American Bat Monitoring Program mobile transect protocol to survey bat activity in 2015 and 2016 at 41 sites. We collected statewide water quality and urban land cover data to disentangle the effects of urbanization and water quality degradation on bats at the landscape scale. We found that statewide, water quality degradation and urbanization were not correlated. We found that bats responded to water quality degradation and urbanization independently at the landscape scale. Eptesicus fuscus and Lasiurus cinereus negatively responded to water quality degradation. Lasiurus borealis and Perimyotis subflavus positively responded to water quality degradation. Lasionycteris noctivagans did not respond to water quality degradation but was more active in more urbanized areas. Tadarida brasiliensis positively responded to urbanization and was less active in areas with degraded water quality. We show that bat–water quality relationships found at the local scale are evident at a landscape scale. We confirm that bats are useful bioindicators for both urbanization and water quality degradation. We suggest that water quality can be used to predict the presence of bat species of conservation concern, such as P. subflavus, in areas where it has not been studied locally.
Offspring of older parents are smaller—but no less bilaterally symmetrical—than offspring of younger parents in the aquatic plant Lemna turionifera
Authors: Ankutowicz Eric J. , Laird Robert A.
Published: December 2017

Offspring quality decreases with parental age in many taxa, with offspring of older parents exhibiting reduced life span, reproductive capacity, and fitness, compared to offspring of younger parents. These “parental age effects,” whose consequences arise in the next generation, can be considered as manifestations of parental senescence, in addition to the more familiar age‐related declines in parent‐generation survival and reproduction. Parental age effects are important because they may have feedback effects on the evolution of demographic trajectories and longevity. In addition to altering the timing of offspring life‐history milestones, parental age effects can also have a negative impact on offspring size, with offspring of older parents being smaller than offspring of younger parents. Here, we consider the effects of advancing parental age on a different aspect of offspring morphology, body symmetry. In this study, we followed all 403 offspring of 30 parents of a bilaterally symmetrical, clonally reproducing aquatic plant species, Lemna turionifera, to test the hypothesis that successive offspring become less symmetrical as their parent ages, using the “Continuous Symmetry Measure” as an index. Although successive offspring of aging parents older than one week became smaller and smaller, we found scant evidence for any reduction in bilateral symmetry.
Detection and persistence of environmental DNA from an invasive, terrestrial mammal
Authors: Williams Kelly E. , Huyvaert Kathryn P. , Vercauteren Kurt C. , Davis Amy J. , Piaggio Antoinette J.
Published: December 2017

Invasive Sus scrofa, a species commonly referred to as wild pig or feral swine, is a destructive invasive species with a rapidly expanding distribution across the United States. We used artificial wallows and small waterers to determine the minimum amount of time needed for pig eDNA to accumulate in the water source to a detectable level. We removed water from the artificial wallows and tested eDNA detection over the course of 2 weeks to understand eDNA persistence. We show that our method is sensitive enough to detect very low quantities of eDNA shed by a terrestrial mammal that has limited interaction with water. Our experiments suggest that the number of individuals shedding into a water system can affect persistence of eDNA. Use of an eDNA detection technique can benefit management efforts by providing a sensitive method for finding even small numbers of individuals that may be elusive using other methods.
Magnetization Reversal of Nd‐Fe‐B Thin Film under a Nanosecond Pulse Magnetic Field
Authors: KADONOSAWA KAZUYA , KIKUCHI NOBUAKI , GOTO RYOTA , OKAMOTO SATOSHI , KITAKAMI OSAMU
Published: December 2017

The magnetization reversal process of Nd‐Fe‐B magnets has been long discussed. Since the elemental steps of the magnetization reversal process such as a nucleation of reversed embryo and a wall depinning are the events as small as nanometer scale and as fast as nano/sub‐nanosecond time scale, the study on the magnetization reversal with these space and time regions is essentially important. In this work, a generation of large amplitude nanosecond pulse field and a fabrication of Nd‐Fe‐B nanodot were examined, and then the magnetization reversal process of the Nd‐Fe‐B nanodot under the nanosecond pulse field was investigated. Combination of a Blumlein transmission line and a micro‐coil enables to generate a pulse field of 0.87 T in amplitude and 6 ns in width. It was clearly demonstrated that the reversed domain evolution in the dot under the pulse field was quite different from that under the static field, probably owing to the dispersion of energy barrier of each elemental magnetization reversal step.
Valence‐Tautomerism‐Driven Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution in Cobalt‐Bound Tetrabromocatecholate Ligands – Influence of Positive Charge at the Ligand Backbone on Phenoxazinone Synthase Activity
Authors: Panja Anangamohan , Frontera Antonio
Published: December 2017

The mononuclear CoIII complex [Co(Br3Cat‐py)2(py)2]Cl·8H2O (1, py = pyridine, Br3pyCatH2 = 3,5,6‐tribromo‐4‐pyridiniumcatechol) was synthesized through the reaction of CoCl2·6H2O with tetrabromocatechol in the presence of an excess of pyridine at elevated temperature. The solid‐state structure was determined by X‐ray crystallography, which disclosed the valence‐tautomerism‐induced aromatic nucleophilic substitution of the tetrabromocatecholate ligands by pyridine. A cyclic voltammetry study revealed the redox flexibility of both the transition‐metal centre and the coordinated redox‐active ligand in this complex. Moreover, 1 exhibits moderately strong catalytic activity and mimics the function of phenoxazinone synthase. A detailed kinetic study disclosed that the extra positive charges at the ligand backbone resulting from the substitution of the Br atoms by pyridyl groups could play an anchoring role for the stabilization of the complex–substrate intermediate. This process resembles those in biological systems, in which the extraordinary catalytic activities of metalloenzymes in various biochemical processes are associated with substrate recognition and the stabilization of the reactive intermediates through diverse supramolecular forces. DFT calculations at the M06‐2X/6‐31+G* level of theory were used to support the mechanistic aspects related to both the redox‐driven aromatic nucleophilic substitution and the biomimetic catalysis.
Further Representatives of the Type RE3[Si5N9O] (RE = Dy–Er, Yb)
Authors: Wilhelm Dominik , Seibald Markus , Baumann Dominik , Wurst Klaus , Huppertz Hubert
Published: December 2017

The isotypic series of the oxonitridosilicates RE3[Si5N9O] (RE = Dy–Er, Yb) was synthesized via solid‐state reactions at high temperatures using a radio‐frequency furnace. The crystal structures were solved and refined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and powder X‐ray diffraction data. Further characterizations were performed using vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), REM‐EDX measurements, lattice energy calculations (MAPLE), charge distribution (CHARDI), and bond‐valence sum calculations (BVS). The compounds RE3[Si5N9O] (RE = Dy–Er, Yb) crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pbcm (no. 57) (Z = 4) with the following lattice parameters: Dy3[Si5N9O]: a = 4.9865(3), b = 16.1633(9), and c = 10.6651(6) Å; Ho3[Si5N9O]: a = 4.9758(3), b = 16.1332(7), and c = 10.6312(5) Å; Er3[Si5N9O]: a = 4.9682(2), b = 16.1029(5), and c = 10.5995(3) Å; Yb3[Si5N9O]: a = 4.9473(2), b = 16.0622(5), and c = 10.5431(4) Å. The four isotypic compounds consist of a network of corner sharing SiN4 and SiN3O tetrahedra. N[2] and N[3] interconnecting nitrogen atoms build five‐membered rings, hosting the rare earth cations.
Synthesis and Characterization of Tungsten Nitrido Amido Guanidinato Complexes as Precursors for Chemical Vapor Deposition of WNxCy Thin Films
Authors: Nolan Michelle M. , Touchton Alexander J. , Richey Nathaniel E. , Ghiviriga Ion , Rocca James R. , Abboud Khalil A. , McElwee‐White Lisa
Published: December 2017

Tungsten nitrido amido guanidinato complexes of the type WN(NR2)[(NR′)2C(NR2)]2 (R = Me, Et; R′ = iPr, Cy) were synthesized as precursors for aerosol‐assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) of WNxCy thin films. The reaction of tungsten nitrido amido complexes of the type WN(NR2)3 (R = Me, Et) with two equivalents of a carbodiimide R′N=C=NR′ (R′ = iPr, Cy) resulted in two insertions of a carbodiimide into W–N(amido) bonds, affording bis(guanidinato) amido nitrido tungsten complexes. These compounds were characterized by 14N NMR, indicating distinctive chemical shifts for each type of N‐bound ligand. Crystallographic structure determination of WN(NMe2)[(NiPr)2C(NMe2)]2 showed the guanidinato ligands to be non‐equivalent. The complex WN(NMe2)[(NiPr)2C(NMe2)]2 was demonstrated to serve as a precursor for AACVD of WNxCy thin films, resulting in featureless, X‐ray amorphous thin films for growth temperatures 200–400 °C.
Reversing Size‐Dependent Trends in the Oxidation of Copper Clusters through Support Effects
Authors: Mammen Nisha , Spanu Leonardo , Tyo Eric C. , Yang Bing , Halder Avik , Seifert Sönke , Pellin Michael J. , Vajda Stefan , Narasimhan Shobhana
Published: December 2017

Having the ability to tune the oxidation state of Cu nanoparticles is essential for their utility as catalysts. The degree of oxidation that maximizes product yield and selectivity is known to vary, depending on the particular reaction. Using first principles calculations and XANES measurements, we show that for subnanometer sizes in the gas phase, smaller Cu clusters are more resistant to oxidation. However, this trend is reversed upon deposition on an alumina support. We are able to explain this result in terms of strong cluster‐support interactions, which differ significantly for the oxidized and elemental clusters. The stable cluster phases also feature novel oxygen stoichiometries. Our results suggest that one can tune the degree of oxidation of Cu catalysts by optimizing not just their size, but also the support they are deposited on.
Phosphorus as Lone Pair Donor and Ligand Acceptor: A Paddlewheel with Ru←P Axis
Authors: Gericke Robert , Wagler Jörg
Published: December 2017

[Ru(PyO)2(nbd)] (1) (PyO = 2‐pyridyloxy, nbd = norbornadiene) and PhP(PyO)2 react with formation of complex [PhP(µ‐PyO)3Ru(κ‐PyO)] (2), which features a Ru–P bond between a pentacoordinate P atom and a hexacoordinate Ru atom, bridged by three PyO ligands. Addition of CO leads to opening of the Ru(κ‐PyO) chelate with formation of complex [PhP(µ‐PyO)4Ru(CO)] (3), a paddlewheel‐shaped complex with a Ru–P bond between a hexacoordinate P atom and a hexacoordinate Ru atom, bridged by four PyO ligands. In complexes 2 and 3 the P atom serves as a lone pair donor toward Ru. Interestingly, the P atom also serves as a ligand acceptor, thus enhancing its coordination number and generating a coordination site at Ru. These complexes were studied by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and quantum chemical calculations (NBO/NLMO analyses).
A One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyranocoumarins Through Microwave‐Promoted Propargyl Claisen Rearrangement/Wittig Olefination
Authors: Schmidt Bernd , Schultze Christiane
Published: December 2017

The reaction between propargyl ethers of hydroxybenzaldehydes and the ylide ethyl (triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetate was carried out under microwave irradiation to regioselectively afford angular pyranocoumarins. The chromene and coumarin heterocyclic scaffolds were simultaneously formed in the same synthetic step without changing the reaction conditions. The natural products seselin, braylin, and dipetalolactone were among the products synthesized by this method.
The benefits of studying immigration for social psychology
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel
Published: December 2017

This Agenda article argues that studying the continuing world‐wide migration and the resulting cultural diversity has specific benefits for social psychology: it raises new questions for the field, introduces new topics of research, and challenges conventional ways of thinking. The argument is developed in relation to four issues. The first one relates to the literature on ethnic and civic nationhood and the importance for social psychology to study citizenship and lay understandings of genetics. The second issue relates to the social psychological literature on threat and prejudice and the relative lack of interest in prosocial behavior and intergroup toleration. Third, the limiting implications of the majority–minority schematic framework that dominates in social psychology are discussed. Finally, the relevance of studying immigration for the evidentiary value movement that has developed in response to the current ‘crisis’ in (social) psychology is discussed.
Nickel/Copper Bilayer‐modified Screen Printed Electrode for Glucose Determination in Flow Injection Analysis
Authors: Salazar P. , Rico V. , González‐Elipe Agustín R.
Published: December 2017

This work reports about the performance of a Ni/Cu‐modified screen printed electrodes (SPE/Ni/Cu), prepared by physical vapor deposition (PVD) in an oblique angle configuration (OAD), for non‐enzymatic glucose sensing applications. SPE/Ni/Cu electrodes showed an excellent reversibility and a catalytic behavior for detection of glucose that were controlled by the diffusion of reactants up to the active sites at the electrode surface. The study with a flow injection analysis (FIA) setup of the main experimental variables affecting the detection process has shown that the developed electrode system had an excellent glucose sensitivity of 1.04 A M−1cm−2 (R2:0.999), a linear response up to 1 mM, a limit of detection of 0.33 μM and a time of analysis of ca. 30 s per sample. The selectivity of the sensor was checked against various interferences, including ascorbic acid, uric acid, acetaminophen and other sugars, in all cases with excellent results. The feasibility of using this sensor for practical applications was successfully confirmed by determining the glucose concentration in different commercial beverages.
Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Silver Nanodendrites Implemented in Polylactide‐Thiacalix[4]arene Copolymer for the Electrochemical Determination of Tryptophan
Authors: Porifreva A. V. , Gorbatchuk V. V. , Evtugyn V. G. , Stoikov I. I. , Evtugyn G. A.
Published: December 2017

Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified by new polymeric materials obtained from oligolactides by cross‐linking with tetracarboxylated thiacalix[4]arene in cone, partial cone and 1,3‐alternate configurations and then silver was deposited by potential cycling in the pores of the polymer film. The modified electrode showed highly sensitive and selective signal toward tryptophan which was irreversibly oxidized on the coating due to Ag+ assisted accumulation in the surface layer. The role of macrocycle configuration and conditions for Ag nanodendrites formation are described. Granulation of the polymer films caused by the macrocycles improves both the conditions for silver deposition and tryptophan determination. The electrochemical sensor developed makes it possible to determine from 0.1 to 100 μM of tryptophan with the limit of detection down to 0.03 μM. No interference with oxidation of other amino acids (phenylalanine, histidine, cysteine and tyrosine) was found. The electrochemical sensor developed was validated in the determination of tryptophan sedative medication “Formula of calmness” in the presence of vitamins B5 and B6.
Describing Ion Exchange at Membrane Electrodes for Ions of Different Charge
Authors: Zdrachek Elena , Bakker Eric
Published: December 2017

It is well‐documented in the literature that the Nikolsky‐Eisenman equation cannot accurately describe the equilibrium of ion exchange at membrane electrodes for ions of different charge. Despite this, unfortunately, it is still widely used owing to the complexity of the more rigorous formalism developed by Bakker et al. in 1994. Here, different available approaches are presented in a unified manner and compared. This includes two different approximations that are equally appropriate for cases of low level of interference where the extent of ion‐exchange is comparatively small, one of which is introduced here for the first time. The comparison also considers the permutated form of the Nikolsky‐Eisenman equation, where the primary ion is treated as the interfering ion and vice versa. As the permutated form gives a deviation from the thermodynamic model that is opposite that of the regular Nikolsky‐Eisenman equation, the two can be combined to give a semi‐empirical equation that is surprisingly close to the thermodynamic model and that comprises a single equation for any charge combination. The different choices presented here may be helpful to solve more complex theoretical problems, as for example in the modeling of the time dependence of the electrode response by numerical simulation where the interfacial step condition is a unique and difficult feature of the calculation.