bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geostrophic adjustment with gyroscopic waves: barotropic fluid without the traditional approximation
Authors: Reznik G. M.
Published: March 2014

We study geostrophic adjustment in rotating barotropic fluid when the angular speed of rotation $\boldsymbol{\Omega}$ does not coincide in direction with the acceleration due to gravity; the traditional and hydrostatic approximations are not used. Linear adjustment results in a tendency of any localized initial state towards a geostrophically balanced steady columnar motion with columns parallel to $\boldsymbol{\Omega}$. Nonlinear adjustment is examined for small Rossby numbers Ro and aspect ratio $H/L$ ($H$ and $L$ are the layer depth and the horizontal scale of motion), using multiple-time-scale perturbation theory. It is shown that an arbitrary perturbation is split in a unique way into slow and fast components evolving with characteristic time scales $(\mathit{Ro}f)^{-1}$ and $f^{-1}$, respectively, where $f $ is the Coriolis parameter. The slow component does not depend on depth and is close to geostrophic balance. On times $O(1/f\, \mathit{Ro})$ the slow component is not influenced by the fast one and is described by the two-dimensional fluid dynamics equation for the geostrophic streamfunction. The fast component consists of long gyroscopic waves and is a packet of inertial oscillations modulated by an amplitude depending on coordinates and slow time. On times $O(1/f\, \mathit{Ro})$ the fast component conserves its energy, but it is coupled to the slow component: its amplitude obeys an equation with coefficients depending on the geostrophic streamfunction. Under the traditional approximation, the inertial oscillations are trapped by the quasi-geostrophic component; ‘non-traditional’ terms in the amplitude equation provide a meridional dispersion of the packet on times $O(1/f\, \mathit{Ro})$, and, therefore, an effective radiation of energy from the initial perturbation domain. Another important effect of the non-traditional terms is that on longer times $O(1/f\, \mathit{Ro}^{2})$ a transfer of energy between the fast and the slow components becomes possible.
A Model for Christendom? Erasmus, Poland, and the Reformation
Authors: Louthan Howard
Published: March 2014

This article examines the close ties that developed between Desiderius Erasmus and the Polish kingdom and the implication of these relationships on our understanding of the religious landscape of late medieval and early modern Europe. Few regions embraced Erasmus as enthusiastically as Poland, and nowhere else did he have such a concentration of allies positioned at the highest levels of society including the king himself. More than any other figure from western Europe, Erasmus helped shape the intellectual and religious agenda of the Polish kingdom during this period. A close analysis of this relationship expands our understanding of Reformation Europe in a number of critical ways. It brings Poland, normally viewed peripherally in this period, into key debates and discussions of the Reformation. Erasmus's relationship with Poland also speaks to wider issues and processes of change in the Christian world. As confessional distinctions were becoming more pronounced in the 1520s and 1530s and hope for ecclesial reunion receded, Erasmus looked to Poland as a model for Christendom. He held up the kingdom as an example of how difference could be accommodated and compromise could be reached through wise leadership in church and state.
From Italy to Harvard: George LaPiana and Catholic Modernism
Authors: Clark Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2014

Modernism: What was it? When was it? Does Modernism name “a break with the past,” proclaim the present as “qualitatively distinct and new”—or is Modernism's self-representation as an “ideology of rupture, opposition, and anti-institutionality” over-hyped? And when was the “when” of Modernism? Do Modernism's origins trace back to the era of Romanticism? Or to the 1880s and Baudelaire? Or to 1913 and Stravinsky's “Rite of Spring”? Or to 1922: the publication ofUlysses, “The Waste Land,” and theTractatus Logico-Philosophicus?
Measuring ERCC1 protein expression in cancer specimens: Validation of a novel antibody
Authors: Smith David Hersi , Fiehn Anne-Marie Kanstrup , Fogh Louise , Christensen Ib Jarle , Hansen Tine Plato , Stenvang Jan , Nielsen Hans Jørgen , Nielsen Kirsten Vang , Hasselby Jane Preuss , Brünner Nils , Jensen Sussie Steen
Published: March 2014

Platinum chemotherapy remains part of standard therapies in the management of a variety of cancers. Severe side effects and a high degree of resistance to platinum drugs have led numerous researchers to search for predictive biomarkers, which could aid in identifying patients that are the most likely to respond to therapy. The ERCC1-ERCC4 endonuclease plays a critical role in the repair of platinum-DNA damage and has widely been studied in relation to sensitivity to platinum chemotherapy. The standard method to evaluate ERCC1 protein expression is through the use of immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibody 8F1, an antibody that was recently found to bind an unrelated protein. The present study determines the specificity of a novel antibody, monoclonal antibody 4F9 and presents a method to evaluate ERCC1 expression in colorectal tumor specimens. Using relevant cell lines as controls, the specificity of antibody 4F9 was tested by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Scoring guidelines to aid in the evaluation of ERCC1 tumor expression were developed and evaluated in archival formalin-fixed paraffin embedded colorectal cancer specimens. Antibody 4F9 was found to be specific by all methods applied and it was possible to evaluate the ERCC1 expression in the majority (85%) of colorectal cancer tumor specimens.
Comparison of different sample preparation procedures for multiclass determination of selected veterinary drug, coccidiostat and insecticide residues in eggs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Piatkowska Marta , Jedziniak Piotr , Zmudzki Jan
Published: March 2014

QuEChERS and zirconium-coated silica SPE in a multiresidue method for the analysis of veterinary drug residues and other contaminates in eggs by LC-MS/MS.
LOC-SERS: towards point-of-care diagnostic of methotrexate
Authors: Hidi I. J. , Mühlig A. , Jahn M. , Liebold F. , Cialla D. , Weber K. , Popp J.
Published: March 2014

Methotrexate (MTX), an antifolate antibiotic, is detected using a lab-on-a-chip deviceviasurface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (LOC-SERS) in the therapeutic range of 10 μm to 0.1 μm.
Modelling the effects of salt solutions on the hydration of calcium ions
Authors: Di Tommaso Devis , Ruiz-Agudo Encarnación , de Leeuw Nora H. , Putnis Andrew , Putnis Christine V.
Published: March 2014

Molecular dynamics simulations of several alkali–halide solutions show the dramatic effect of the solution composition on the ligand-exchange dynamics and hydrogen-bond network around calcium ions.
Monoacylglycerol gel offers improved lipid profiles in high and low moisture baked products but does not influence postprandial lipid and glucose responses
Authors: Wright Amanda , Pinto Christine , Tulk Hilary , McCluskey Julie , Goldstein Avi , Huschka Brittany , Marangoni Alejandro , Seetharaman Koushik
Published: March 2014

Structured emulsions, including monoacylglycerol (MAG) gels, are of interest as alternatives to shortenings rich in saturated andtransfatty acids (SFA and TFA).
Oxidovanadium(iv), oxidomolybdenum(vi) and cobalt(iii) complexes of o-phenylenediamine derivatives: oxidative dehydrogenation and photoluminescence
Authors: Chaudhuri Satyabrata , Bera Sachinath , Biswas Manas Kumar , Roy Amit Saha , Weyhermüller Thomas , Ghosh Prasanta
Published: March 2014

Oxidovanadium(iv),cis-dioxidomolybdenum(vi) amide complexes and cobalt(iii) imine complex of ano-phenylenediamine derivatives are reported.
NBS-promoted halosulfonylation of terminal alkynes: highly regio- and stereoselective synthesis of (E)-β-halo vinylsulfones
Authors: Gao Yang , Wu Wanqing , Huang Yubing , Huang Kefan , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: March 2014

An efficient NBS-promoted method for the synthesis of (E)-β-halo vinylsulfones with high yield and selectivity has been developed.
Zeolites and related sorbents with narrow pores for CO2 separation from flue gas
Authors: Cheung Ocean , Hedin Niklas
Published: March 2014

Adsorbents with small pores are especially relevant for capturing carbon dioxide at large emission sources.
Multiwall carbon nanotube ensembled biopolymer electrode for selective determination of isoniazid in vitro
Authors: Satyanarayana M. , Reddy K. Koteshwara , Gobi K. Vengatajalabathy
Published: March 2014

A reagent-free electrochemical biosensor is fabricated for the sensitive determination of the important anti-tubercular drug isoniazid directly from spiked drug formulations and undiluted artificial urine samples.
Doping a novel controlled/“living” radical for the polymerization of a lauryl methacrylate monolithic column for improving column efficiency
Authors: Chen Zongbao , Ye Qing
Published: March 2014

A comparison of the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of a lauryl methacrylate monolithic column for capillary electrochromatography.
UV-mediated tuning of surface biorepulsivity in aqueous environment
Authors: Weber Theresa , Meyerbröker Nikolaus , Hira Nuruzzaman Khan , Zharnikov Michael , Terfort Andreas
Published: March 2014

The absence or presence of oxygen during the UV irradiation is decisive for the loss of biorepulsivity in OEG-terminated SAMs.
Immobilizing Ni nanoparticles to mesoporous silica with size and location control via a polyol-assisted route for coking- and sintering-resistant dry reforming of methane
Authors: Xie Ting , Shi Liyi , Zhang Jianping , Zhang Dengsong
Published: March 2014

Highly dispersed Ni nanoparticles in mesoporous silica were achieved via using polyol as new delivery conveyors and removable carbon templates.
Formation of polycrystalline TiO2 on the ablated surfaces of RbTiOPO4 single crystals by thermal annealing
Authors: Carvajal J. J. , Raj Kumar G. , Massons J. , Vázquez de Aldana J. R. , Gallardo I. , Moreno P. , Roso L. , Díaz F. , Aguiló M.
Published: March 2014

A combination of laser ablation and thermal annealing allows one to coat the surface of a RbTiOPO4 crystal with TiO2 nanoparticles.
Cobalt(iii) sepulchrate complexes: application as sustainable oxidative catalysts
Authors: Ribeiro Susana , Cunha-Silva Luís , Balula Salete S. , Gago Sandra
Published: March 2014

The application of cobalt sepulchrate (sep) complexes as active and robust homogeneous catalysts is reported here for the first time, as well as the crystal structure of the [Co(sep)]2(SO4)3·10H2O compound.
Incorporation of a self-aligned selective emitter to realize highly efficient (12.8%) Si nanowire solar cells
Authors: Um Han-Don , Park Kwang-Tae , Jung Jin-Young , Li Xiaopeng , Zhou Keya , Jee Sang-Won , Lee Jung-Ho
Published: March 2014

A highly efficient silicon nanowire solar cell has been developed by integrating a self-aligned selective-emitter that spontaneously decouples the emitter and metallization regions.
Gamma-irradiation induced direct fabrication of SERS-active Ag nanoparticles on glass substrates
Authors: Zhao Hongtao , Li Zhigang , Zhang Nan , Li Siwei , Xiong Lu , Liu Shuai , Jin Wen , Kang Leilei , Xu Ping
Published: March 2014

SERS-active Ag nanoparticles are directly fabricated on glass substrates through a gamma-irradiation induced reduction technique.
Spectral properties of 4-(4-hydroxy-1-naphthylazo)benzenesulfonic acid and its application for colorimetric determination of trace Fe3+
Authors: Hu Lei , Nie Li , Xu Guangnian , Shi Han , Xu Xiaoqing , Zhang Xiangzhong , Yan Zhengquan
Published: March 2014

A multifunctional dye, 4-(4-hydroxy-1-naphthylazo)benzenesulfonic acid was identified and synthesized and used to determine trace Fe3+in three real environmental water samples. The mechanism of action between the dye and Fe3+ion is discussed in detail.
Structural prediction, analysis and decomposition mechanism of solid M(NH2BH3)n (M = Mg, Ca and Al)
Authors: Wang Kun , Arcisauskaite Vaida , Jiao Jian-She , Zhang Jian-Guo , Zhang Tong-Lai , Zhou Zun-Ning
Published: March 2014

Crystal structures of multivalent metal amidoboranes (CaAB, MgAB, AlAB) with their thermodynamic properties and dehydrogenation mechanisms have been obtained theoretically.
The fire retardant mechanism of ethylene vinyl acetate elastomer (EVM) containing aluminium trihydroxide and melamine phosphate
Authors: Hoffendahl C. , Fontaine G. , Duquesne S. , Taschner F. , Mezger M. , Bourbigot S.
Published: March 2014

The fire retardant mechanism of ethylene vinyl acetate containing aluminum trihydroxide and melamine phosphate was investigated.
Convergent, asymmetric synthesis of vicinal amino alcohols via Rh-catalyzed addition of α-amido trifluoroborates to carbonyls
Authors: Buesking Andrew W. , Ellman Jonathan A.
Published: March 2014

The convergent, asymmetric synthesis of vicinal amino alcohols is achieved by the Rh-catalyzed addition of α-amido trifluoroborates to carbonyl compounds.
Superhydrophobic fabrics for oil–water separation through a diamond like carbon (DLC) coating
Authors: Cortese Barbara , Caschera Daniela , Federici Fulvio , Ingo Gabriel M. , Gigli Giuseppe
Published: March 2014

Diamond-like carbon (DLC)-coated cotton textiles showing both superhydrophobic and superoleophilic properties exhibit highly controllable, energy-efficient oil–water separation.
A particle swarm optimization approach for permutation flow shop scheduling problem
Authors: Radha Ramanan T. , Iqbal Muhammed , Umarali K.
Published: March 2014

Flow shop scheduling problem (FSSP) is a combinatorial optimization problem. This work, with the objective of optimizing the makespan of an FSSP uses a particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach. The problems are tested on Taillard’s benchmark problems. The results of Nawaz, Encore and Ham (NEH) heuristic are initialized to the PSO to direct the search into a quality space. Variable neighbourhood search (VNS) is employed to overcome the early convergence of the PSO and helps in global search. The results are compared with standalone PSO, traditional heuristics and the Taillard’s upper bounds. Five problem set are taken from Taillard’s benchmark problems and are solved for various problem sizes. Thus a total of 35 problems are solved. The experimental results show that the solution quality of FSSP can be improved if the search is directed in a quality space based on the proposed PSO approach (PSO-NEH-VNS).
Domain wall assisted ordering of coupled nanomagnets
Authors: Varga E. , Csaba G. , Bernstein G. H. , Porod W.
Published: March 2014

This paper experimentally demonstrates that the stray field of a propagating domain wall can switch coupled nanomagnets to an antiferromagnetically ordered ground state. In our experiment, two nanomagnets placed side-by-side together with an input magnet form a coupled pair, or short wire segment. This structure is placed in close vicinity to a magnetic wire, which carries the domain wall. The local field of the wall is shown to influence the magnetic state of the magnets. This can be exploited for energy-efficient clocking of Nanomagnet Logic devices since the nucleation of the domain wall requires less external field than switching the single-domain nanomagnet directly with the external field.
Estimating uncertainties in statistics computed from direct numerical simulation
Authors: Oliver Todd A. , Malaya Nicholas , Ulerich Rhys , Moser Robert D.
Published: March 2014

Rigorous assessment of uncertainty is crucial to the utility of direct numerical simulation (DNS) results. Uncertainties in the computed statistics arise from two sources: finite statistical sampling and the discretization of the Navier–Stokes equations. Due to the presence of non-trivial sampling error, standard techniques for estimating discretization error (such as Richardson extrapolation) fail or are unreliable. This work provides a systematic and unified approach for estimating these errors. First, a sampling error estimator that accounts for correlation in the input data is developed. Then, this sampling error estimate is used as part of a Bayesian extension of Richardson extrapolation in order to characterize the discretization error. These methods are tested using the Lorenz equations and are shown to perform well. These techniques are then used to investigate the sampling and discretization errors in the DNS of a wall-bounded turbulent flow at Reτ ≈ 180. Both small (Lx/δ × Lz/δ = 4π × 2π) and large (Lx/δ × Lz/δ = 12π × 4π) domain sizes are investigated. For each case, a sequence of meshes was generated by first designing a “nominal” mesh using standard heuristics for wall-bounded simulations. These nominal meshes were then coarsened to generate a sequence of grid resolutions appropriate for the Bayesian Richardson extrapolation method. In addition, the small box case is computationally inexpensive enough to allow simulation on a finer mesh, enabling the results of the extrapolation to be validated in a weak sense. For both cases, it is found that while the sampling uncertainty is large enough to make the order of accuracy difficult to determine, the estimated discretization errors are quite small. This indicates that the commonly used heuristics provide adequate resolution for this class of problems. However, it is also found that, for some quantities, the discretization error is not small relative to sampling error, indicating that the conventional wisdom that sampling error dominates discretization error for this class of simulations needs to be reevaluated.
Portable digital lock-in instrument to determine chemical constituents with single-color absorption measurements for Global Health Initiatives
Authors: Vacas-Jacques Paulino , Linnes Jacqueline , Young Anna , Gerrard Victoria , Gomez-Marquez Jose
Published: March 2014

Innovations in international health require the use of state-of-the-art technology to enable clinical chemistry for diagnostics of bodily fluids. We propose the implementation of a portable and affordable lock-in amplifier-based instrument that employs digital technology to perform biochemical diagnostics on blood, urine, and other fluids. The digital instrument is composed of light source and optoelectronic sensor, lock-in detection electronics, microcontroller unit, and user interface components working with either power supply or batteries. The instrument performs lock-in detection provided that three conditions are met. First, the optoelectronic signal of interest needs be encoded in the envelope of an amplitude-modulated waveform. Second, the reference signal required in the demodulation channel has to be frequency and phase locked with respect to the optoelectronic carrier signal. Third, the reference signal should be conditioned appropriately. We present three approaches to condition the signal appropriately: high-pass filtering the reference signal, precise offset tuning the reference level by low-pass filtering, and by using a voltage divider network. We assess the performance of the lock-in instrument by comparing it to a benchmark device and by determining protein concentration with single-color absorption measurements. We validate the concentration values obtained with the proposed instrument using chemical concentration measurements. Finally, we demonstrate that accurate retrieval of phase information can be achieved by using the same instrument.
Segregation time-scale in bi-disperse granular flows
Authors: Staron L. , Phillips J. C.
Published: March 2014

Using a discrete simulation method, we investigate numerically two-dimensional bi-disperse chute flows formed of a layer of larger grains overlaid by a layer of smaller grains, and analyze their evolution for different slopes and different volume fraction of large beads. As size segregation occurs, the vertical position of the centre of mass of the large beads is shown to increase exponentially with time with a typical time scale decreasing with their volume fraction. A simple model balancing lift and drag forces acting on large particles recovers this dynamics, successfully predicts the typical time scale of segregation, and permits to relate this typical time scale to the flow dynamics.
Remote driving of multiple magnetic domain walls due to topological interaction
Authors: Purnama I. , Murapaka C. S. , Lew W. S. , Ono T.
Published: March 2014

We present a method to drive multiple domain walls in the absence of direct current application in a coupled nanowire system. The domain walls were driven by a combination of remote coupling and exchange repulsion force from the domain wall compressions. The domain walls were compressed as they were unable to annihilate each other due to having similar topological charges. The compressions are present between the subsequent domain walls, which allow them to be driven as a group in the coupled nanowire system.
Giant spin torque in hybrids with anisotropic p-d exchange interaction
Authors: Korenev V. L.
Published: March 2014

Control of magnetic domain wall movement by the spin-polarized current looks promising for creation of a new generation of magnetic memory devices. A necessary condition for this is the domain wall shift by a low-density current. Here, I show that a strongly anisotropic exchange interaction between mobile heavy holes and localized magnetic moments enormously increases the current-induced torque on the domain wall as compared to systems with isotropic exchange. This enables one to control the domain wall motion by current density 104 A/cm2 in ferromagnet/semiconductor hybrids. The experimental observation of the anisotropic torque will facilitate the integration of ferromagnetism into semiconductor electronics.
Communication: Origin of the difference between carbon nanotube armchair and zigzag ends
Authors: Li Yunguo , Ahuja Rajeev , Larsson J. Andreas
Published: March 2014

In this work, we have found that the difference between armchair and zigzag ends of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) does not pertain at close study for individual bonds and thus alternative strategies need to be developed to reach the ultimate goals in selective growth. Based on first-principles simulations, the difference between binding strengths for CNTs of different chirality was investigated using hydrogen dissociation energies at their passivated ends. When all H atoms are removed collectively we find the well-known difference: that armchair bonds are much weaker than zigzag ones, which is typically seen for both CNT ends and graphene edges. However, when individual H atoms are removed we find almost no difference in hydrogen dissociation energies, small difference in bond lengths, which by association means small difference in C–C and M–C binding energies. We show convincingly that the difference in binding energy between armchair and zigzag ends is due to a fragment stabilization effect that is only manifested when all (or several neighbouring) bonds are broken. This is because at armchair ends/edges neighbouring dangling bonds can pair-up to form C≡C triple bonds that constitute a considerable stabilization effect compared to the isolated dangling bonds at zigzag ends/edges. Consequently, in many processes, e.g., catalytic growth where bonds are normally created/broken sequentially, not collectively, the difference between armchair and zigzag ends/edges cannot be used to discriminate growth of one type over the other to achieve chiral selective growth. Strategies are discussed to realize chirality selective growth in the light of the results presented, including addition of C2-fragments to favor armchair tubes.
The Evolution and Planning of Hierarchical Transport Networks
Authors: de Martinis Valerio , Pagliara Francesca , Wilson Alan
Published: March 2014

The continuing growth of urban regions coupled with their strong interactions with transportation systems places great emphasis on the coevolution of these systems. In this paper we introduce three developments. First, as a preliminary, the dynamic model of the evolution of retail structure is extended to show how hierarchies emerge. Secondly, these ideas are applied to a model of the evolution in transport networks. Thirdly, it is shown that such a model can be translated into a planning context and the notion of an explicitly hierarchical dynamic model is introduced. An example of the use of such a model of evolution within a network planning context is presented. This explores the planning of network evolution in a case study of Naples arising from a new harbour which is under construction. The model provides a new method for transport system planning through combining the insights from dynamic modelling, particularly with respect to the sequencing of investment, with the practicalities of budget constraints.
Influence of method of wheat inclusion and pellet diameter on performance, nutrient utilisation, digestive tract measurements and carcass characteristics of broilers
Authors: Singh Y. , Ravindran V.
Published: March 2014

The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of method of wheat inclusion and pellet diameter on performance, nutrient utilisation, digestive tract development and carcass characteristics of broilers. The experimental design was a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, which included three diet forms, namely ground wheat (GW) and 200 g/kg whole wheat (WW) replacing GW before or after pelleting, and two pellet diameters (3.0 and 4.76 mm). Experimental diets were offered ad libitum from Day 11 to Day 35 post-hatch. Pellet durability index was higher (P < 0.05) in GW diets and deteriorated (P < 0.05) with pre-pelleting inclusion of WW when the larger die was used. Larger pellet diameter increased (P < 0.05) the weight gain and lowered (P < 0.05) feed per gain of birds fed diets with GW and post-pellet inclusion of WW. However, in birds fed diets with pre-pelleting inclusion of WW, the larger pellet diameter lowered (P < 0.05) feed intake and weight gain, and increased (P < 0.05) feed per gain. Relative gizzard weight was increased (P < 0.05) by larger pellet diameter with pre-pelleting inclusion of WW, but was unaffected (P > 0.05) in diets containing GW or post-pellet inclusion of WW. Irrespective of the method of WW inclusion, larger pellet diameter increased (P < 0.05) the apparent metabolisable energy and ileal starch digestibility. Larger pellet diameter was associated with reductions (P < 0.05) in the relative length and weight of all components of the digestive tract in GW-fed birds, but had no effect (P > 0.05) on these parameters in birds fed WW diets. Larger pellet diameter increased (P < 0.05) carcass yield in the GW group, reduced (P < 0.05) in the pre-pelleting WW group and had no effect in the post-pelleting WW group. Overall, these results showed that the effect of pellet diameter on broiler performance varied depending on the form of wheat and method of WW inclusion. Adverse effects on weight gain in the pre-pelleting WW group were due primarily to reduced feed intake resulting from poor pellet quality.
Structure and composition of forest floor fuels in long-unburned Jeffrey pine–white fir forests of the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA
Authors: Banwell Erin M. , Varner J. Morgan
Published: March 2014

In spite of the mechanistic links between forest floor fuels and fire behaviour and effects, little information is available on their composition and structure. We collected fuels from well-developed forest floors in four long-unburned Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi)–white fir (Abies concolor) forests in the Lake Tahoe Basin in California and Nevada. We measured forest floor (litter, fermentation and humus, where present) load, depth, bulk density and mineral ash content at the base of each tree, near the crown drip line and beyond the crown in open gaps (n=40 Jeffrey pine, 40 white fir). We found substantial variability in composition between the two conifers’ forest floor fuels and across species. Forest floor was mounded near tree stems, with the majority of the depth (and mass) composed of fermentation fuels. Humus was present across spatial locations, but was patchier with increasing distance from trees. Ash content varied between trees (fir>pine) and with depth (humus>fermentation>litter). Results highlight the high spatial variation in forest floor fuels and underscore the need for building a greater understanding of forest floor fuels in long-unburned sites.
Nomads, warriors and bureaucrats: nation-building and film in post-Soviet Kazakhstan
Authors: Isaacs Rico
Published: March 2014

Nation-building is a process which is often contested, not just among different ethnicities within a nation-state, but also among the titular ethnic majority. This article explores the contested nature of the nation-building process in post-Soviet Kazakhstan through examining cinematic works. Utilizing a post-modern perspective which views nations and national identity as invented, imagined and ambivalent it identifies four discursive strands within recent post-Soviet Kazakh cinema pertaining to nationhood and national identity (ethno-centric, civic, religious and socioeconomic). Rather than viewing government-sponsored efforts of identity formation in cinema as a top-down process in which the regime transmits its version of nationhood and identity, the discursive strands revealed in this article illustrate there are varying understandings of what constitutes the nation and national identity in Kazakh cinematic works. Furthermore, the strand which focuses on the socioeconomic tensions of modern nation-building in Kazakhstan uncovers how film is used as a site for dissent and social critique of Kazakhstan's modern political condition. What the article illuminates is how discourses related to nation-building can be both competing and complementary and that nation-building is a fluid and transgressive process in which among the titular majority there is no fixed unambiguous understanding of nationhood and national identity.
Subcutaneous Treprostinil is Well Tolerated with Infrequent Site Changes and Analgesics
Authors: White R. James , Levin Yana , Wessman Kathleen , Heininger Antonia , Frutiger Karen
Published: March 2014

Continuous prostanoid infusions are recommended for patients with advanced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Infusion site pain has discouraged some physicians from considering subcutaneous (SQ) treprostinil therapy even though it has safety and convenience advantages over intravenous epoprostenol. We conducted a 1‐year prospective study of patients utilizing SQ treprostinil. We provided counseling on infrequent site changes and a written analgesic protocol including narcotics. After placement of a new site, subjects recorded daily pain scores and analgesic use. Twenty‐six of 29 patients consented, including 4 patients who had recently started therapy. They returned 203 diaries, and we captured every site change in a diary. Sixteen subjects returned 8 or fewer diaries during 12 months, and 20% of diaries documented only mild discomfort. The majority of diaries documented brief periods of severe pain, but this had generally abated by day 7. Contrary to published guidelines, infusion site pain was independent of treprostinil dose in a rigorous analysis. There were 3 significant local reactions but no systemic illness. No subject discontinued SQ treprostinil because of site discomfort. Subjects reported satisfaction with their treatment using a validated assessment, and quality‐of‐life scores were favorable. A strategy emphasizing infrequent site changes and early analgesia can facilitate use of SQ treprostinil. These data may allow physicians to consider treprostinil earlier in the treatment algorithm for this fatal disease.
Severe Mitral Regurgitation Unmasked after Bilateral Lung Transplantation
Authors: Udoji Timothy N. , Force Seth D. , Pelaez Andres
Published: March 2014

A 33‐year‐old female patient with advanced idiopathic pulmonary artery hypertension underwent bilateral lung transplantation. The postsurgical course was complicated by prolonged mechanical ventilation and acute hypoxemia with recurrent episodes of pulmonary edema. An echocardiogram revealed improved right‐sided pressures along with a dilated left atrium, a structurally normal mitral valve, and a new posterior‐oriented severe mitral regurgitation. The patient's condition improved after treatment with arterial vasodilators and diuretics, and she has remained in World Health Organization functional class I after almost 36 months of follow‐up. We hypothesize that cardiac ventricle remodeling and a geometric change in mitral valve apparatus after transplantation led to the hemodynamic changes and recurrent pulmonary edema seen in our patient. Our case is, to our knowledge, the second report of severe valvular regurgitation in a structurally normal mitral valve apparatus in the postoperative period and the first of a patient to be treated without valve replacement.
A Unique Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cell Niche Revealed by Weibel‐Palade Bodies and Griffonia Simplicifolia
Authors: Wu Songwei , Zhou Chun , King Judy A. C. , Stevens Troy
Published: March 2014

Pulmonary endothelium displays considerable heterogeneity along the vascular axis, from arteries to capillaries to veins. Griffonia simplicifolia is a lectin that recognizes pulmonary microvascular endothelium with preference over extra‐alveolar endothelium in both arteries and veins, yet the precise vascular location where this phenotypic shift occurs is poorly resolved. We gelatin‐filled the circulation and agaroseloaded the airways and then labeled the lung with Griffonia lectin to enable visualization of the endothelial transition zone. Endothelium in vessels with internal diameters less than 38 μm were uniformly Griffonia positive, whereas vessels with internal diameters greater than 60 μm were always Griffonia negative. Two populations of endothelium were identified in vessels ranging from 38 to 60 μm in diameter, including some that were positive and others that were negative for binding to G. simplicifolia. To better resolve this endothelial transition zone, we performed morphology studies to measure the distribution of Weibel‐Palade bodies (WPbs), since WPbs are present in conduit vessel endothelium and absent in capillary endothelium. WPbs were found in endothelium with vascular dimensions as small as 18 μm in diameter but were not found in capillaries. Thus, we identify with precision that the endothelial phenotype transition from a cell that does not interact with Griffonia lectin to one that does occurs in blood vessels with internal diameters of approximately 38 μm, and we reveal an unappreciated vascular zone, between 18 and 38 μm in diameter, where endothelium both is Griffonia positive and possesses WPbs.
A Report on the Use of Animal Models and Phenotyping Methods in Pulmonary Hypertension Research
Authors: Lawrie A.
Published: March 2014

The failure to translate positive results from preclinical studies into new clinical therapies is a major problem throughout medical research. Specifically, in pulmonary hypertension, numerous research studies have shown beneficial effects of new therapies in experimental models, but these have largely failed to translate into clinical benefit in human trials. This is undoubtedly due, at least in part, to inadequacies of the models, but while monogenic animal models will never fully recapitulate human disease, they do still provide the best platform on which to test novel therapeutic agents. In the postgenomic era, there is emphasis on a greater understanding of disease pathogenesis, which has subsequently led to the development of both new targets and new models in which to test them. The evolution of new technologies means that we are now better equipped to phenotype these models, but the level of detail provided varies dramatically throughout the literature. However, subtle variances in experimental methods can make comparing data/findings between research laboratories difficult and are a possible contributing factor to variance between preclinical and clinical data. The aim of this report was to capture information on current practice for use of the growing array of animal models, to help movement toward developing guidelines and standards for the “best” use of animal models of pulmonary hypertension.
Revisiting the biharmonic equation modelling electrostatic actuation in lower dimensions
Authors: Guo Zongming , Lai Baishun , Ye Dong
Published: March 2014

Let

B
⊂

R

N

B \subset \mathbb {R}^N

be the unit ball. We study the structure of solutions to the semilinear biharmonic problem
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartLayout Enlarged left-brace 1st Row 1st Column normal upper Delta squared u equals lamda left-parenthesis 1 minus u right-parenthesis Superscript negative p Baseline 2nd Column a m p semicolon in upper B comma 2nd Row 1st Column 0 greater-than u greater-than 1 2nd Column a m p semicolon in upper B comma 3rd Row 1st Column u equals partial-differential Subscript nu Baseline equals 0 left-parenthesis resp period tilde u equals normal upper Delta u equals 0 right-parenthesis 2nd Column a m p semicolon on partial-differential upper B comma EndLayout">

{

Δ
2

u
=
λ
(
1
−
u

)

−
p

a
m
p
;

in 

B

,

0
>
u
>
1

a
m
p
;

in 

B

,

u
=

∂
ν

=
0

(

resp.~

u
=
Δ
u
=
0

)

a
m
p
;

on 

∂
B

,

\begin {cases} \Delta ^2 u=\lambda (1-u)^{-p} & \text {in $B$},\\ 0>u>1 & \text {in $B$},\\ u=\partial _\nu =0\; (\text {resp.~$u = \Delta u = 0$}) & \text {on $\partial B$}, \end {cases}

\]
where

p
,
λ
>
0

p, \lambda >0

, which arises in the study of the deflection of charged plates in electrostatic actuators. We study in particular the structure of solutions for

N
=
2

N=2

or

3
3

and show the existence of mountain-pass solutions under suitable conditions on

p
p

. Our results contribute to completing the picture of solutions in previous works. Moreover, we also analyze the asymptotic behavior of the constructed mountain-pass solutions as

λ
→
0

\lambda \to 0

.
Modeling Conjunctive Water Use as a Reciprocal Externality
Authors: Taylor R. Garth , Schmidt Robert D. , Stodick Leroy , Contor Bryce A.
Published: March 2014

A reciprocal externality is created in the conjunctive use of hydrologically connected surface and ground water. Hydrologic and economic modeling are integrated to conduct basin‐wide cost benefit analysis to address the market failure of reciprocal conjunctive use externalities. An n‐node partial equilibrium model was formulated in which economic equilibrium was defined by a system of complementary slackness equations. The general model was applied to a three‐node example of a ground water pumper that enjoys the positive externality of canal seepage while inflicting a negative externality of pumping‐induced seepage upon a canal water user. Exogenous demand, supply, and canal conveyance variables were parameterized using site‐specific functional forms and data. The example was solved using mixed complementary programming for the endogenous equilibrium water prices which in turn were used to calculate consumer and producer surplus in the respective surface and ground water markets. A Pigouvian tax/subsidy policy was contrasted against two real‐world policies; eliminating the externality through conservation infrastructure and aquifer recharge. The Pigouvian tax/subsidy aligns prices to erase the wedge between social and private costs. The reciprocal externality produces feedback between the surface and ground water markets that reinforces or cancels the tax/subsidy effect. The recharge payment prices canal seepage via a payment from pumper to canal user that matches the decrease in total pumping cost attributable to the seepage resulting from canal diversion. The Pigouvian tax/subsidy yielded the highest social welfare, followed by the aquifer recharge payment. Conserving water by lining the leaky canal decreased social welfare.
Thermal and Chemical Evolution of X-Ray Clusters of Galaxies
Authors: Fukumoto Junji , Ikeuchi Satoru
Published: March 2014

The thermal and chemical evolution of X-ray clusters of galaxies is explored, pursuing the chemical evolution and gas ejection of member galaxies. We take into account the gas-ejection processes from galaxies to intracluster space by galactic winds powered by supernovae and ram-pressure stripping. The main results are as follows: 1) The metal supply from elliptical galaxies dominates over that of spirals and there is a possibility that ram pressure stripping had occurred at the same or in an earlier epoch than galactic winds in ellipticals. 2) The iron abundance of the intracluster medium (ICM) depends strongly on the initial mass function, but weakly on the star-formation rate of ellipticals, and intermediately on the wind epoch in ellipticals and the cluster richness. 3) The contribution to the ICM from galaxies is much smaller than that of primordial gas.
Physical Quantities of Hotspots of Strong Radio Sources
Authors: Takarada Katsuo
Published: March 2014

It has recently been reported that X-ray emission from the hotspots of Cygnus A has been detected. Inverse Compton scattering of radio photons in the hotspots by relativistic electrons is able to account for the observed X-ray intensity. On the basis of the beam model of strong double radio sources, and taking into account the results of X-ray observations, we give the expressions for physical quantities of hotspots in terms of only the observed quantities. We applied the results to the hotspots of Cygnus A. The beam model gives consistent values for hotspot A. For hotspot D, however, it remains a difficulty on the beam velocity.
Discovery of a New SU UMa-Type Dwarf Nova, V1113 Cygni
Authors: Kato Taichi , Nogami Daisaku , Masuda Seiji , Hirata Ryuko
Published: March 2014

A faint dwarf nova, VI113 Cyg, was observed for five nights during its long outburst in 1994 September. V-band CCD photometry revealed superhumps with a period of 0.0792 (±0.0001)d. This finding confirms V1113 Cygni as being a new member of SU UMa-type dwarf novae. VI113 Cyg is unique among SU UMatype dwarf novae with similar superhump periods in that this star shows both a short (∼ 10 d) outburst recurrence time and a large (∼ 6 mag) outburst amplitude, which seem to imply discordant mass-transfer rates. A possible explanation of this phenomenon is briefly discussed.
Type-Ia Supernova SN 1995D in NGC 2962: Optical V, R, and I Band Photometry and Spectra
Authors: Sadakane Kozo , Yokoo Takeo , Arimoto Jun-ichi , Matsumoto Katsura , Honda Satoshi , Tanabe Kazuhito , Wakamatsu Ken-ichi , Nishida Mitsugu , Yoshida Michitoshi , Takada-Hidai Masahide
Published: March 2014

Optical light curves in the V, R, and I bands, starting 10 days before the maximum light, and the optical spectra near to the V maximum phase of supernova SN 1995D in NGC 2962 are presented. The spectra taken near to the optical maximum are similar to the prototypical type-la supernova SN 1981B, and show no trace of the interstellar Nal D line. The expansion velocity at the maximum phase was 10000 ± 200 km s-1. The supernova reached maximum light in the I band about four days earlier than in the V band. A distinct secondary peak is observed in the / band about 30 days after the V maximum. This secondary peak occurred about one week delayed from the published template light curve. A clear shoulder is detected in the R band light curve corresponding to the secondary peak in the I band. The initial rate of decline is slow [Δm15(V) = 0.66 mag], and it is suggested that the supernova belongs to a group of the intrinsically brightest type-la supernovae. From the initial declining rate in the V band, we estimated the absolute magnitude Mv to be −18.8 ± 0.3 mag, and the distance modulus of the parent galaxy (NGC 2962) to be 32.2 ± 0.3 mag.
On the Spectral Slopes of Hard X-Ray Emission from Black Hole Candidates
Authors: Ebisawa Ken , Titarchuk Lev , Chakrabarti Sandip K.
Published: March 2014

In the high state of black hole candidates, in which 2-10 keV luminosity is relatively high, the energy index of the power-law like hard X-ray emission above ˜ 10 keV is typically ˜ 1.5. On the other hand, in the low state, the hard X-ray energy index is 0.3–0.9. In this paper, we suggest that this difference of the hard X-ray spectral slopes may be due to two different Comptonization mechanisms. We propose that, in the high state, the hard component is governed by the Comptonization due to the bulk motion of the almost freely falling (convergent accretion) flow close to the black hole, rather than thermal Comptonization. The spectral slope of the hard component is insensitive to the disk accretion rate governing the soft component, hence is nearly invariant in spite of the soft component variations. The power-law component due to the bulk motion Comptonization has a sharp cut-off at around the electron rest mass energy, which is consistent with high energy observations of the high state. In the low state, the spectrum is formed due to thermal Comptonization of the low-frequency disk radiation by a sub-Keplerian component (possibly undergoing a centrifugally-supported shock) which is originated from the Keplerian disk. In the limit of low disk accretion rate, the power law index is uniquely determined by the mass accretion rate of the sub-Keplerian component.
In-Orbit Performance of the Gas Imaging Spectrometer onboard ASCA
Authors: Makishima Kazuo , Tashiro Makoto , Ebisawa Ken , Ezawa Hajime , Fukazawa Yasushi , Gunji Shuichi , Hirayama Masaharu , Idesawa Eriko , Ikebe Yasushi , Ishida Manabu , Ishisaki Yoshitaka , Iyomoto Naoko , Kamae Tsuneyoshi , Kaneda Hidehiro , Kikuchi Ken'ichi , Kohmura Yoshiki , Kubo Hidetoshi , Matsushita Kyoko , Matsuzaki Keiichi , Mihara Tatehiro , Nakagawa Ken'ichiro , Ohashi Takaya , Saito Yoshitaka , Sekimoto Yutaro , Takahashi Tadayuki , Tamura Takayuki , Tsuru Takeshi , Ueda Yoshihiro , Yamasaki Noriko Y.
Published: March 2014

The in-orbit performance and calibration of the Gas Imaging Spectrometer (GIS), located on the focal plane of the X-ray astronomy satellite ASCA, are described. An extensive in-orbit calibration has confirmed its basic performance, including a position resolution of 0.6 mm (FWHM) and an energy resolution of 7.8% (FWHM), both at 6 keV. When combined with the X-ray telescope, the GIS sensitivity range becomes 0.7-10 keV. The in-orbit non X-ray background of the GIS has been confirmed to be as low as (5-9) × 10−4 cs−1 cm−2 keV−1 over the 1-10 keV range. The long-term detector gain has been stable within a few % for nearly 3 years. Extensive observations of the Crab Nebula and other sources have provided accurate calibrations of the position response, photometric capability, dead time, and timing accuracy of the GIS. Furthermore, the overall energy response, including the temporal and positional gain variations and the absolute gain scale, has been calibrated to ∼ 1%. Thus, the GIS is working as an all-round cosmic X-ray detector, capable of X-ray imagery, fine X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photometry with a flux dynamic range covering more than 5 orders of magnitude, and fast X-ray photometry with a time resolution up to 60 μs.
Detection of Excess Hard X-Ray Emission from the Optical Jet Galaxy NGC 1097
Authors: Iyomoto Naoko , Makishima Kazuo , Fukazawa Yasushi , Tashiro Makoto , Ishisaki Yoshitaka , Nakai Naomasa , Taniguchi Yoshiaki
Published: March 2014

Using the ASCA observatory, X-ray observations were made of the spiral galaxy NGC 1097, which exhibits four optical jets. Hard X-ray emission from a point-like source at the nucleus was detected at a 2–10 keV luminosity of 1× 1041 erg s−1 for an assumed distance of 24 Mpc. The 2–10 keV spectrum was well fitted with a power-law of photon index ∼ 1.8. Although no X-ray variability was detected during a ∼ 40 ks pointing, the observed X-ray to optical luminosity ratio of NGC 1097 is too high for the X-ray emission to be explained by an assembly of discrete X-ray sources. From our results and optical activity, the existence of a low-luminosity active galactic nucleus (LLAGN) is strongly suggested. In the soft X-ray band (0.5−2 keV) a thin thermal emission with a temperature kT ∼ 0.6 keV was also detected, which is understood to be emission from hot gas associated with starburst activity.