bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS KADAR BIOETANOL HASIL FERMENTASI DARI NIRA NIPAH (Nypa fruticans wurmb) ASAL PAPUA
Authors: Runtuboi Sefnat Sopater , Pulung Maria Ludya , Somar Evelina
Published: May 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kadar etanol dalam nira nipah hasil fermentasi. Penelitian ini meliputi penyiapan bahan baku, fermentasi, destilasi dan hasil destilasi dianalisis dengan metode kromatografi gas. Fermentasi dilakukan selama 2, 5, 7 hari, bioethanol yang dihasilkan dipilih kadar tertinggi untuk selanjutnya didestilasi. Kadar tertinggi proses fermentasi yaitu pada hari ke-5 dengan kadar 18%. Didapat hasil destilasi akhir yaitu 117 mL dengan kadar 94% dari volume awal fermentasi 4,2 L berdasarkan pengukuran menggunakan alcoholmeter sedangkan analisis dengan kromatografi gas menghasilkan kadar 93,9%. Densitas bioetanol yaitu 0,8232 gr/mL. Hasil pengukuran waktu retensi menunjukan sampel memiliki waktu retensi yang hampir sama dengan etanol standar yakni sampel 3,761 etanol standar 3,764. Dari data waktu retensi dapat disimpulkan bahwa sampel adalah etanol.  Kadar etanol dalam sampel berdasarkan analisis dengan kromatografi gas yaitu 93,9%.
EVALUASI HIDROLOGI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI WOSI DALAM MENGHADAPI CURAH HUJAN EKSTRIM
Authors: Pamuji Khristian Enggar , Hardianti Hardianti
Published: May 2021

Daerah Aliran Sungai Wosi merupakan DAS yang berada di Distrik Manokwari Barat, Kabupaten Manokwari, Papua Barat. Dalam dekade terakhir, DAS Wosi telah menjadi sumber bencana bagi sebagian penduduk yang tinggal di sekitar atau di daerah hilir sungai Wosi. Ketika curah hujan tinggi, Sungai Wosi tidak dapat menampung debit aliran air, sehingga bencana banjir tidak dapat dihindarkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik DAS Wosi, menentukan kapasitas tampung maksimum sungai dan mengevaluasi peranan atau fungsi hidrologis DAS Wosi dalam mencegah banjir.

Daerah penelitian berada di Daerah Aliran Sungai Wosi Kabupaten Manokwari. Penelitian ini dimulai dengan pengumpulan data serta analisis data primer dan data sekunder. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa data curah hujan Manowkari, dimensi sungai dan data spatial tutupan lahan di DAS Wosi. Data-data tersebut kemudian digunakan untuk mengetahui karakteristik hidrologi sungai, debit puncak aliran dan kapasitas tapung maksimum sungai.

Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukan bahwa pada beberapa titik pengamatan, kapasitas tampung maksimum sungai lebih kecil dari debit puncak aliran permukaan. Debit puncak ini didominasi oleh aliran permukaan yang berasal dari daerah yang tertutup semak belukar/alang-alang. Meskipun tutupannya hanya 41 % dari total luasan DAS, namum semak belukar/alang-alang telah menyumbang 48 % dari total debit air yang masuk kedalam Sungai Wosi. Hasil evaluasi menunjukan bahwa fungsi hidrologis DAS Wosi sebagai penyangga kejadian puncak hujan dan pengendali banjir saat curah hujan lebat atau ekstrim kurang berfungsi dengan baik.
MATRIKS BAKU UNTUK TRANSFORMASI LINIER PADA RUANG VEKTOR DIMENSI TIGA
Authors: Friantika Khasnah Aris , Monim Harina O. L. , Hilum Rium
Published: May 2021

The linear transformation is a function relating the vector   ke . If , then the transformation is called a linear operator. Several examples of linear operators have been introduced since SMA such as reflexive, rotation, compression and expansion and shear. Apart from being introduced in SMA, these linear operators were also introduced to the linear algebra course. Linear transformations studied at the university level include linear transformation in finite dimension vector spaces . The discussion includes how to determine the standard matrix for reflexive linear transformations, rotation, compression and expansion and given shear. Through the column vectors of reflexive, rotation, compression and expansion and shear, a standard matrix of 2x2 size is formed for the corresponding linear transformation. however, in this study, the authors studied linear transformations in dimensioned vector spaces . The results of this study are if known  is a vector space with finite and  the standard matrix for reflexivity, rotation, expansion, compression and shear is obtained. Each of these linear transformations is performed on x-axis, y-axis and z-axis on  to get column vectors. The column vectors as a result of the linear transformation at form the standard matrix for the corresponding linear transformation in the vector space. The standard matrix for linear transformations in the vector space  is obtained by determining reflexivity, rotation, expansion, compression and shear. The process of obtaining a standard matrix for linear transformation is carried out by rewriting the standard basis, determining the column vectors, and rearranging them as the standard matrix for each linear transformation in the vector space
AIR LIMBAH LAUNDRY : KARAKTERISTIK DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP KUALITAS AIR
Authors: Yuliana Yuliana , Langsa Markus Heryanto , Sirampun Alfhons D.
Published: May 2021

At present the laundry business is one of the promising businesses with targeted consumers from the upper middle class who do not have much time to wash clothes at home. Like other industries, laundry also produces wastewater that can have a negative impact on the environment if it is not managed properly. This study characterizes laundry wastewater and looks at its effect on the quality to the groundwater/wells close to the laundry business. Water samples include TSS, TDS, Turbidity, pH , COD, BOD, Phosphate, and Detergent parameters analyzed according to SNI and/or the HACH method (DR3900). Characterization of the laundry wastewater samples show a high level of detergent and phosphate parameters ranging from 27,7-39,4 mg/L and 6,1-27,1 mg/L, respectively with the highest levels corresponds to Laundry wastewater samples at Jalan Baru. The detergent and phosphate contents in all well water samples are still below the required quality standard. Although the concentrations of parameters analysed in the laundry wastewater  are very high and above the guidance, it is obvious from the well water samples results that there is no effect of laundry waste waters to the quality of ground waters.
MODEL DAN PELUANG TERJADINYA HUJAN BERDASARKAN KELEMBABAN MENGGUNAKAN REGRESI LOGISTIK BINER DI KABUPATEN MANOKWARI
Authors: Ardianty Inayatul Farach , Anggriyani Indah Ratih
Published: May 2021

Manokwari Regrency has a tropical climate. This results in significant rainfall. One factor that stimulates rain is humidity. By using binary logistic regression, the model an chance of rainfall based on humidity can be determined. Logistic regression analysis is used to determine the relationship between categorical  scale response variables and numeric or categoric scale explanatory variables. If response variable used is nominal scale with  two possoble value (0 and 1), then it is called binary logistic regression. Estimation of the model  is done by logit  transformation. The model produce in this  study is g(x) = -23.443 + 0.289  humidity. The accuracy of the model is 70.4 percent and the probability of rain for humidity lowering one unit will be reduced to 0.74.
KAJIAN TENTANG VARIASI KONSENTRASI NaCl DENGAN KETERSEDIAAN ENERGI LISTRIK PADA SEL VOLTA Cu-Zn
Authors: Winarsih Tria , Erari Ishak Semuel , Muslimin Abdul Muis
Published: May 2021

Kajian Tentang Variasi Konsentrasi NaCl Dengan Ketersediaan Energi Listrik Pada Sel Volta Cu-Zn bertujuan untuk menganalisa hubungan antara jumlah sel volta Cu-Zn terhadap besar arus listrik dan tegangan listrik, perubahan arus listrik, tegangan listrik dan daya listrik terhadap waktu, jumlah akumulasi energi pada sel volta Cu-Zn terhadap beberapa konsentrasi NaCl (0,001M; 0,01M; 0,1M; 1M; 10M). Hasil penelitian ini diketahui semakin tinggi konsentrasi NaCl maka  tegangan yang dihasilkan semakin kecil sebaliknya jika konsentrasi NaCl tinggi maka arus listrik yang dihasilkan semakin meningkat. Pada penelitian ini konsentrasi NaCl yang paling baik adalah dengan konsentrasi 1 M dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi NaCl lainnya.
STUDI KUANTITAS DAN KUALITAS MATA AIR KOBARI JAYA SEBAGAI SUMBER AIR BAKU DI KABUPATEN SUPIORI PROVINSI PAPUA
Authors: Morin Jacson Victor , Santi Darma
Published: May 2021

A study on the quantity and quality of the Kobari Jaya spring in Supiori Regency has been conducted. Research on the quality test of Kobari Jaya springs has never been conducted. This study uses descriptive methods and laboratory tests and uses a comparative method of test results against the quality standard value based on PERMENKES No. 492 Tahun 2010 tentang Persyaratan Air Minum. The test results show that the average meets quality standards. The instruments used to test water samples include AAS and UVVis spectrophotometer. Several parameters such as pH, COD, BOD, DO, Phosphate, Fecal Coliform and Total Coliform exceed the predetermined quality standard values. The cause of this high parameter occurs naturally. The test results concluded that the Kobari Jaya spring is very suitable to be used as a source of raw water supply in the Kobari Jaya area in particular and the Supiori area in general
PEMBUATAN SISTEM VAKUM OTOMATIS GAS H2S BERBAHAN TiO2-Ni/Al2O3 TERKONEKSI ARDUINO UNO PADA LABORATORIUM KIMIA
Authors: Morin Jacson Victor , Santi Darma
Published: May 2021

Research has been carried out on the H2S gas sensor made of TiO2-Ni/Al2O3 which is connected to an automatic vacuum. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the variation of Ni doping metal levels were 20 mg / gram TiO2. The semiconductor material synthesis method used the sol gel method with TTiP precursor which was made at pH 7. Coating of the sol gel solution on the Al2O3 substrate used a dip coater with a decrease speed of 1 cm / minute and was carried out 7 times of immersion. The characterization of synthetic results used UVVis, XRD, FTIR and SEM-EDX. The band gap value resulting from Ni doping is 2.75 eV from 3.2 eV, XRD identification shows that TiO2 is anataseic and detected at 2θ. FTIR data also supports XRD results with detection of TiO2, Ni-O, NiTiO3, Ti-O-Ni, and Ti-O-Ti groups. TiO2-Ni / Al2O3 sensor test results are very sensitive and selective to H2S gas. Arduino Uno sensor and microcontroller connectivity can change the unit of resistance into a unit of ppm concentration and can drive the exhaust (vacuum) automatically in the laboratory room or chemical storage space when there is H2S.
POTENSI KITOSAN DARI LIMBAH CANGKANG UDANG Penaeus monodon ASAL BINTUNI SEBAGAI BIOSORBEN LIMBAH ORGANIK DAN LOGAM BERAT PADA LIMBAH CAIR PLTD MANOKWARI
Authors: Rumaropen Lancyfolia , Mangallo Bertha , Islam Muhammad Fajar
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this research is  to study the potency of chitosan synthesis of shrimp shells from Bintuni as a biosorbent of organic compound and heavy metal compound. The main procedure of chitosan synthesis is completed by insulating chitin from shrimp shells and then chitin is deacetilated to transform chitin to be chitosan. The wastewater were characterized to know the concentration of Total Organic Carbon (TOC), fat oil, and Zinc metal and studied the adsorption of each compound at 0,1; 0,5; 1; 2g  dosage chitosan.  Adsorption study result showed that chitosan can adsorb the fuel oil and Zinc metal which contained in wastewater. However, it was not adsorb the TOC compound. The yield of chitosan is 46,88%. Increasing the chitosan by up to 2 g resulted  in the creasing of the adsorption effectiveness up to 99,09% for the fuel oil and 69,28%  for Zinc. The maximum chitosan adsorption capacity accomplished at 0,1gram  chitosan in 100 mL wastewater.
Special Challenges in dealing the COVID-19 Pandemic in Swiss Prisons
Authors: Wegel Melanie , wardak sabera , Meyer Darleen Jennifer
Published: May 2021

Within a research project, funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation the implementation of COVID-19 prevention strategies in prisons allover Switzerland were focused. This paper presents an example of the prevention strategy of a closed prison, which faced particular challenges in the implementation of social distancing measures due to its special architecture and limited space.
Long-range dependence, QoS and self-similar time series in computer networks
Authors: Millán Ginno
Published: May 2021

This paper studies and analyses the behavior of the Long-Range Dependence in network traffic after classifying traffic flows in aggregated time series. Following Differentiated Services architecture principles, the generic Quality of Service applications that requirements and use the transport control protocol, a basic classification criterion of time series is established. Using the fractal theory, the resulting time series are analyzed. The Hurst exponent is estimated and used as a measure of traffic burstiness and Long-Range Dependency in each traffic class. The traffic volume per class is also measured. The study uses traffic traces collected at the core switch at the Electric Engineering Department at Universidad de Santiago de Chile in different periods of network activity.
ACQUIRING VOCABULARY THROUGH SHORT STORY
Authors: Suparno Angelina
Published: May 2021

This paper aims at increasing vocabulary through short story for secondary students in Indonesia. The paper was designed in the form of Classroom Action Research. It was conducted in two cycles; each cycle consisted of planning, acting, observing, and Reflecting. The analyst utilized perception and test to gather the information. The aftereffects of the principal spelling quiz showed that from 36 students, there were 16 students out of 36 who got scores of least 70. It was equivalent to 44.4%%. In cycle 2, the absolute number of students who got the scores of 70 or higher was 29. It was equivalent to 80.5%. The consequence of this examination showed that Short Story was viable to expand students' vocabulary stock.
FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (ICFARS) April 2021, Berlin - Germany: collection of scientific papers / OEAPS OU.; editorial board: Flora Bertrand (editor-in-chief) [and others]. - Tallinn, Estonia: OEAPS OU., 2021. 100 P.
Authors: Muratbekova Sarakul Abishovna , Erzhanova Zhanna Borisovna , Sayakova Bakytzhan Muratbekovna , Serikbayeva Ulzhamilya Bibatyrovna , Baigaskina Zhuldyz Kenzhetaevna , Kudryashov Alexander
Published: May 2021

Conference paper Covered by Leading Indexing Databases Open European Academy of Public Sciences aims to have all of its journals covered by the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) and Scopus and Web of Science indexing systems. Several journals have already been covered by SCIE for several years and have received official Impact Factors. Some life science related journals are also covered by PubMed/MEDLINE and archived through PubMed Central (PMC). All of our journals are archived with the Spanish and Germany National Library.All Content is Open Access and Free for Readers Journals published by Open European Academy of Public Sciences are fully open access: research articles, reviews or any other content on this platform is available to everyone free of charge. To be able to provide open access journals, we finance publication through article processing charges (APC); these are usually covered by the authors’ institutes or research funding bodies. We offer access to science and the latest research to readers for free. All of our content is published in open access and distributed under a Creative Commons License, which means published articles can be freely shared and the content reused, upon proper attribution. Open European Academy of Public Sciences Publication Ethics StatementOpen European Academy of Public Sciences is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Open European Academy of Public Sciences takes the responsibility to enforce a rigorous peerreview together with strict ethical policies and standards to ensure to add high quality scientific works to the field of scholarly publication. Unfortunately, cases of plagiarism, data falsification, inappropriate authorship credit, and the like, do arise. Open European Academy of Public Sciences takes such publishing ethics issues very seriously and our editors are trained to proceed in such cases with a zero tolerance policy. To verify the originality of content submitted to our journals, we use iThenticate to check submissions against previous publications.Mission and ValuesAs a pioneer of academic open access publishing, we serve the scientific community since 2009. Our aim is to foster scientific exchange in all forms, across all disciplines. In addition to being at the root of Open European Academy of Public Sciences and a key theme in our journals, we support sustainability by ensuring the longterm preservation of published papers, and the future of science through partnerships, sponsorships and awards.
EFFECTS OF DIABETIC CAMP ON SELF EFFICACY AMONG MIDDLE-AGED AND ELDERL Y PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Rustam Junaidy
Published: May 2021

Introduction: The benefits of Diabetic Camp as known can be applied to promote knowledge and self management among diabetes people. Nevertheless, empirical data of its effect on diabetes self-efficacy are still limited, especially on middle aged and elderly people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Objectives: The purpose of this intervention study was to investigate the change of self-efficacy among middle-aged and elderly people living with type 2 DM after attending camp. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was used. Eighty-four participants were recruited form two public health center in Bukittnggi City West Sumatra Indonesia were randomly assigned into either the experimental group (n=42) or control group (n=42) by matching technique based on gender , age, and duration of illness. The experimental group participated in diabetic camp for two days continuing with weekly follow up for over 1 month while those in the control group participated in routine activities. Outcome was measured by using Self-efficacy Questionnaire for Diabetes at the first day before receiving the intervention as pretest data, and on the four weeks after the intervention was completed as the posttest data. The reliability of the Self-efficacy Questionnaire for Diabetes with Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.81. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed to analyze the data. Results: Mean of self-efficacy score in the experimental group after receiving the intervention was significantly higher than those in the control group (t =4.27; p<0.05). The mean of self-efficacy score after receiving the intervention in the experimental group was increased significantly from before receiving the intervention (t = 8.15; p<0.05). Conclusions: The results showed that Diabetic camp was effective in promoting self-efficacy of middle-aged and elderly people with type 2 DM. Thus, this diabetes care program can be recommended for practice
Differential expression of G protein-coupled receptor associated sorting protein 2 in cancers of the breast.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: May 2021

Breast cancer affects women at relatively high frequency (1). We mined published microarray datasets (2, 3) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the systems level genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with breast cancer. We report here significant differential expression of the gene encoding G protein-coupled receptor associated sorting protein 2, GPRASP2, when comparing primary tumors of the breast to the tissue of origin, the normal breast. GPRASP2 was also differentially expressed in the tumor cells of patients with triple negative breast cancer. GPRASP2 mRNA was present at significantly lower quantities in tumors of the breast as compared to normal breast tissue. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of GPRASP2 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with overall survival in black patients with high mutational burden, demonstrating a relationship between primary tumor expression of a differentially expressed gene and patient survival outcomes influenced by race and mutational burden. GPRASP2 may be of relevance to initiation, maintenance or progression of cancers of the female breast.
Homeland
Authors: pAIJO  , Press Bennsoevedia
Published: May 2021

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Differential expression of the FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 6 in cancers of the breast.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: May 2021

Breast cancer affects women at relatively high frequency (1). We mined published microarray datasets (2, 3) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the systems level genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with breast cancer. We report here significant differential expression of the gene encoding the FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 6, FXYD6, when comparing primary tumors of the breast to the tissue of origin, the normal breast. FXYD6 mRNA was present at significantly lower quantities in tumors of the breast as compared to normal breast tissue. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of FXYD6 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with overall survival in patients with luminal A subtype cancer, demonstrating a relationship between primary tumor expression of a differentially expressed gene and patient survival outcomes influenced by molecular subtype. FXYD6 may be of relevance to initiation, maintenance or progression of cancers of the female breast.
GAME TEBAK WARNA MEMANFAATKAN KOMUNIKASI SERIAL UNTUK PENGIRIMAN PERINTAH
Authors: saleh akuwan
Published: May 2021

Pembuatan software game semakin berkembang seiring meningkatnya teknologi komputer grafik dan hardware untuk mempercepat proses kecepatan visual yang cukup tinggi menjadikan game lebih interaktif dan nyata. Tetapi game untuk anak-anak yang memiliki nilai pendidikan relatif sedikit. Pada paper ini telah dibuat sebuah game pendidikan 2D yang bertujuan memberikan pembelajaran pengenalan warna pada anak-anak usia 3-6 tahun. Game pengenalan/tebak warna ini didesain menggunakan library openGL, dimana pemain menebak dengan menekan push button pada bagian hardware, data dari button dikirimkan secara serial ke komputer dan software mengaktifkan informasi suara yang menyebutkan nama warna tersebut dalam bahasa inggris.. Warna yang ditebak akan menuju ke kotak tujuan apabila tebakan benar dan warna tidak bergerak jika tebakan salah. Berdasarkan pengujian diperoleh hasil akurasi respon perpindahan blok warna jika penekanan push button sesuai adalah 100%, pemain anak usia 3-6 tahun diperoleh rata-rata keberhasilan sebesar 69.7% dimana parameter yang diuji berupa kemampuan anak dalam menyebutkan warna dalam bahasa Indonesia sebesar 83.1%, kemampuan anak menyebutkan warna dalam bahasa inggris sebesar 52.5%, dan keberhasilan dalam penekanan push button yang benar sebesar 55%. Sehingga disain dan informasi suara pada game ini dapat membantu anak dalam pengenalan nama warna dalam bahasa inggris.
The influence of crustal strength on rift geometry and development – Insights from 3D numerical modelling
Authors: Phillips Thomas , Naliboff John , McCaffrey Ken , Pan Sophie , van Hunen Jeroen
Published: May 2021

The lateral distribution of strength within the crust is non-uniform, dictated by crustal lithology and the presence and distribution of heterogeneities within it. During continental extension, areas of crust with distinct lithological and rheological properties manifest strain differently, influencing the structural style, geometry and evolution of the developing rift system. Here, we use 3D thermo-mechanical models of continental extension to explore how pre-rift upper crustal strength variations influence rift physiography. We model a 500x500x100 km volume containing 125 km wide domains of mechanically ‘Strong’ and ‘Weak’ upper crust along with two reference domains, based upon geological observations of the Great South Basin, New Zealand, where extension occurs perpendicular to distinct geological terranes and parallel to terrane boundaries. Crustal strength is represented by varying the initial strength of 5 km3 blocks. Extension is oriented parallel to the domain boundaries such that each domain is subject to the same 5 mm/yr extension rate. Our modelling results show that strain initially localises in the Weak domain, with faults initially following the distribution of Initial Plastic Strain before reorganising to produce a well-established network, all occurring in the initial 100ky timestep. In contrast, little to no localisation occurs in the Strong domain, which is characterised by uniform strain. We find that although faults in the Weak domain are initially inhibited at the terrane boundaries, they eventually propagate through and ‘seed’ faults in the relatively stronger adjacent domains. We show characteristic structural styles associated with ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ crust and relate our observations to rift systems developed across laterally heterogeneous crust worldwide, such as the Great South Basin, NZ, and the Tanganyika rift, East Africa.
On the Land Emissivity Assumption and Landsat-Derived Surface Urban Heat Islands: A Global Analysis
Authors: Chakraborty TC , Lee Xuhui , Ermida Soﬁa , Zhan Wenfeng
Published: May 2021

The prescription of surface emissivity (ε) strongly controls satellite-derived estimates of land surface temperature (LST). This is particularly important for studying surface urban heat islands (SUHI) since built-up and natural landscapes are known to have distinct ε values. Given the small signal associated with the SUHI compared to LST, accurately prescribing urban and rural ε would improve our satellite-derived SUHI estimates. Here we test the sensitivity of SUHI to the ε assumption made while deriving LST from Landsat measurements for almost 10,000 global urban clusters for summer and winter days. We find that adjusting the ε values from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) dataset based on pixel-level normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) increases the summer to winter contrast in daytime SUHI, which has been shown in previous studies. Overall, the difference between the two methods of prescribing ε, one from ASTER and one after NDVI-adjustment, is moderate; around 10% during summer and around 20% during winter, though this difference varies by climate zone, showing higher deviations in polar and temperate climate. We also combine five different methods of prescribing emissivity to provide the first global estimates of SUHI derived from Landsat. The global ensemble mean SUHI varies between 2.42 °C during summer to 0.46 °C in winter. Regardless of the surface emissivity model used, compared to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra observations, Landsat data show higher SUHI daytime intensities during summer (by more than 1.5 °C), partly due to its ability to better resolve urban pixels. We also find that the ε values prescribed for urban land cover in global and regional weather models are lower than the satellite-derived broadband ε values. Computing sensitivities of urban and rural LST to ε, we demonstrate that this would lead to overestimation of SUHI by these models (by around 4 °C for both summer and winter), all else remaining constant. Our analysis provides a global perspective on the importance of better constraining urban ε for comparing satellite-derived and model-simulated SUHI intensities. Since both the structural and geometric heterogeneity of the surface controls the bulk ε, future studies should try to benchmark the suitability of existing LST-ε separation methods over urban areas.
Deep learning, past present and future: An odyssey
Authors: Ulhaq Anwaar
Published: May 2021

Machine learning has grown in popularity and effectiveness over the last decade. It has become possible to solve complex problems, especially in artificial intelligence, due to the effectiveness of deep neural networks. While numerous books and countless papers have been written on deep learning, new researchers want to understand the field's history, current trends and envision future possibilities. This review paper will summarise the recorded work that resulted in such success and address patterns and prospects.
Who Is and Is Not "Average'"? Random Effects Selection with Spike-and-Slab Priors
Authors: Rodriguez Josue E. , Williams Donald Ray , Rast Philippe
Published: May 2021

Mixed-effects models are often employed to study individual differences in psychological science. Such analyses commonly entail testing whether between-subject variability exists and including covariates to explain that variability. We argue that researchers have much to gain by explicitly focusing on the individual in individual differences research. To this end, we propose the spike-and-slab prior distribution for random effect selection in (generalized) mixed-effects models as a means to gain a more nuanced perspective of individual differences. The prior for each random effect is a two-component mixture consisting of a point-mass `spike' centered at zero and a diffuse `slab' capturing non-zero values. Effectively, such an approach allows researchers to answer questions about particular individuals; specifically, "who is average?" in the sense of deviating from an average effect, such as the population-averaged slope. We begin with an illustrative example, where the spike-and-slab formulation is used to select random intercepts in logistic regression. This demonstrates the utility of the proposed methodology in a simple setting while also highlighting its flexibility in fitting different kinds of models. We then extend the approach to random slopes that capture experimental effects. In two cognitive tasks, we show that despite there being little variability in the slopes, there were many individual differences in performance. In two simulation studies, we assess the ability of the proposed method to correctly identify (non-)average individuals without compromising the mixed-effects estimates. We conclude with future directions for the presented methodology.
Developmental co-occurrence of psychopathology dimensions in childhood
Authors: Allegrini Andrea , van Beijsterveldt Toos , Boomsma Dorret , Rimfeld Kaili , Pingault Jean-Baptiste , Plomin Robert , Bartels Meike , Nivard Michel Guillaume
Published: May 2021

BackgroundComorbidity between psychopathologies may be attributed to genetic and environmental differences between people as well as causal processes within individuals, where one pathology increases risk for another. Disentangling between-person (co)variance from within-person processes of psychopathology dimensions across childhood may shed light on developmental causes of comorbid mental health problems. Here, we aim to determine whether and to what extent directional relationships between psychopathology dimensions within-person, and between individuals within families, play a role in comorbidity.MethodsWe conducted random intercepts cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) analyses to unravel the longitudinal co-occurrence of child psychopathology dimensions, jointly estimating between-person and within-person processes from childhood to early adolescence (age 7 to 12). We further developed an extension of the model to estimate sibling effects within-family (wf-RI-CLPM). Analyses were separately conducted in two large population-based cohorts, TEDS and NTR, including parent-rated measures of child problem behaviours based on the SDQ and CBCL scales respectively. ResultsWe found evidence for strong between-person effects underlying the positive intercorrelation between problem behaviours across time. Beyond these time-varying within-person processes accounted for an increasing amount of trait variance, within- and cross-trait, overtime in both cohorts. Lastly, by accommodating family-level data, we found evidence for reciprocal directional influences within sib-pairs longitudinally. ConclusionsOur results indicate that within-person processes partly explain the co-occurrence of psychopathology dimensions across childhood, and within sib-pairs. Analyses provided substantive results on developmental processes underlying comorbidity in behavioural problems. Future studies should consider different developmental timeframes to shed more light on the processes contributing to developmental comorbidity.
Expression of negative connotation in stable analogies associated with vegetables: on the example of Uzbek and Korean languages
Authors: Young Jo Min
Published: May 2021

This article discusses the stable analogies of vegetables in Uzbek and Korean. The common features and differences between Uzbek and Korean language cultures, such as pepper, potatoes and onions, are highlighted. However, the various associations associated with these analogy standards and the negative connotations they represent are analyzed.
God’s Caring Vice-Regent: The Lutheran Transformation of the Senecan Ideal of the Benevolent Monarch as the Basis of Absolutism and Social Responsibility
Authors: Kristian Holm Bo
Published: May 2021

This article centres on the role of the Lutheran confession in societal development in the Nordic countries, especially Denmark. Using the concept of social imaginaries, it argues that the Lutheran Reformation refined a monarchical ideology already existent in ancient Roman stoicism that both moved society toward absolutism and emphasized the government’s responsibility for social welfare. This thesis is documented by examples of royal ideology from material in the Danish national archives. The use of Denmark as a case exemplifies how confession can play a formative role for society and, at the same time, offers new material for the correct interpretation of Luther’s two kingdoms doctrine as an ontology and a world view.
Effects of Desflurane Versus Propofol Anesthesia on Regional Cerebral Oxygenation during Spinal Surgery in the Prone Position
Authors: Chrysoula Stachtari , Eleni Koraki , Chrysoula Stachtari , Stella Bagntasarian , Anna Gkiouliava , Freideriki Sifaki , Zoi Stergiouda , Ioannis Kapsokalyvas , Stavros Chatzopoulos
Published: May 2021

Context: Postural change during anaesthesia has a complex effect on systemic and cerebral circulations. Aim: The goal of the study was to evaluate the effects of desflurane and propofol on cerebral oxygenation during spinal surgery in the prone position.
Settings and Design: A prospective randomized double-blinded trial.
Methods and Materials: Fifty-two patients scheduled for spinal surgery were randomly allocated to propofol (n=25) and desflurane (n=27) groups. Anaesthetic agents were maintained to obtain a bispectral index of 50-55. SAP, DAP, HR, SPO2, ETCO2 and right and left rSO2 were assessed at seven-time points: supine position without oxygen administration (T1), supine position with oxygen administration (T2-baseline), intubation in the supine position (T3), just after prone positioning (T4), 10 minutes after prone positioning (T5), at the end of surgery in the prone position (T6) and at the end of anaesthesia in the supine position (T7). PCO2, PO2 and Hb partial were also recorded at T3 and T7.
Results: Demographic data, pre-oxygenation hemodynamic variables and rSO2 were comparable between the groups. There was no significant difference between groups in SAP, DAP, HR, SPO2, and ETCO2 (p=0.095, p=0.061, p=0.357, p=0.088, p=0.328 respectively). PCO2, PO2 and Hb were not significant different between groups (p=0.542, p=0.394, p=0.768 respectively). rSO2 values were not significantly different between groups. In the propofol group, right rSO2 was significantly higher at T3 (p=0.017) and significantly lower at T5 (p=0,019) and at T6 (p=0,028) compared to baseline. Left rSO2 decreased significantly from baseline at T5 (p=0.026) in the propofol group. Left and right rSO2 in the desflurane group decreased significantly from baseline at T5 (p=0.0004 and p=0.0115).
Conclusion: In the prone position, desflurane and propofol were associated with a significant decrease in rSO2 without differences between these anaesthetics.
Infrahepatic Implantation of an Ectopic Pregnancy
Authors: Kern Peter , Ulrich Paula , Kimmig Rainer , Kern Peter
Published: May 2021

Background: Ectopic pregnancies occur predominantly in the fallopian tubes or ovaries. Very rarely, the distal part of the greater omentum may have close contact to the fallopian tubes and implantation of the embryo may occur in this part of the greater omentum. In the absence of signs of pregnancy in the uterus or the fallopian tubes, the greater omentum has to be closely examined for ectopic pregnancy.
Case Presentation: A 22-year-old woman in her 4th week of pregnancy presents with spotting and severe pain in the right lower abdomen with a history of 2 cesarean sections. The sonographic examination showed a normal uterus with a thin endometrial line. The uterine cavity did not present with any signs of a gestational sac. A great amount of free fluid in the Douglas cavity suspicious of a hemoperitoneum. ßhCG-values in serum was highly elevated up to 16749 mU/ml and confirmed the suspicion of an ectopic pregnancy. A diagnostic laparoscopy was performed, during which a blood clot reaching from the right lower abdomen to the greater omentum was detected. After removing the blood clot, a normal-sized uterus with regular ovaries and no signs of a pregnancy in the fallopian tubes were seen. However, an abdominal adhesion in the right upper part of the omentum close to the liver with bleeding was seen. While examining the abdominal cavity for the cause of bleeding, a small cystic lesion adherent to the greater omentum – close the offspring from the colon – representing an ectopic pregnancy became apparent. A partial omentectomy of 9,5 cm x 5,5 cm x 2,5 cm was performed with the finding of trophoblast and embryoblast implantated in the infrahepatic part of the greater omentum.
Conclusion: In cases of ectopic pregnancy with hemoperitoneum, special care has to be taken examining not only the fallopian tubes or ovaries but also the greater omentum, which may harbour an implanted trophoblast and embryoblast – even in the upper part directly beneath the liver – as presented in this case. In cases of ruptured ectopic pregnancy of the greater omentum, the cases may be dealt with laparoscopic partial omentectomy if the case is early detected.
“Non-Parasitic” and “Non-Iatrogenic” Chyluria: Its Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Prontera Pier Paolo , Rinaldi Marco , Prontera Pier Paolo , Saverio Grossi Francesco , Spilotros Marco , Lucarelli Giuseppe , Rienzo Gaetano De , Ditonno Pasquale , Battaglia Michele
Published: May 2021

Chyluria occurs in all its forms with milky urine, recurrent episodes of acute urinary retention, left renal colic and proteinuria. In non-parasitic or iatrogenic diseases, it is secondary to communicate between the cisterna system of the chyli and the lymphatics of the calyx system of the left urinary tract with a retrograde passage of a kilo and its appearance in the urine which therefore take on a milky appearance [1, 2]. Sometimes, episodically, especially after the ingestion of a high-fat meal, the quantity of kilo is so abundant that it can cause obstruction of the upper urinary tract and of the bladder, resulting in renal colic or acute urinary retention that may require their unblocking with double J stent or bladder catheter [3, 4]. After conservative attempts with a fat-free diet or with the parenteral diet, in case of their failure, surgery must be performed by performing a para-aortic and renal hilum lymphadenectomy and, in severe cases, with intraperitonealization of the kidney and left ureter. This is the case of the patient reported below and successfully treated recently with an innovative “open” surgical technique.
Biological efficiency of lipids in rainbown trout flesh depending on protein levels in feeds
Authors:   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kondratiuk V. M. , Ivaniuta A. O. ,   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine
Published: May 2021

The article considers the effect of using complete feeds with different protein levels on the biological efficiency of rainbow trout flesh lipids. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effect of different levels of commercial rainbow trout’s protein nutrition on the fatty acid composition of flesh lipids and their biological effectiveness. For this purpose, five experimental groups were formed by the method of analogues. The experiment lasted 210 days and was divided into two periods: equalization (10 days) and basic (200 days). During the equalization period, the experimental fish consumed feed of the control group. In the main period, the level of protein in experimental feeds for different experimental groups of trout ranged from 44 to 52% per 1 kg. Rainbow trouts were fed 4–6 times a day during the experimental period, at regular intervals during the day. The required amount of feed was calculated according to the indices of individual fish weight and ambient temperature at the time of feeding. Commercial second-summer trouts were reared in ponds with an area of 100 m2 at the fish-holding density of 50 specimens/m2 and the water level of 1 m. The total number of trout in the experimental studies was 25 thousand specimens. It has been established that the consumption of compound feed with different levels of crude protein by second-year rainbow trout significantly affects the changes in the fatty acid composition of their flesh. As a result of the study it was found that the dominant fatty acids are oleic (C18: 1) - 14.44–18.92 % and palmitoleic (C16: 1) - 5.19–11.09 %. The increase in the level of crude protein in the feed of commercial rainbow trout to 52 % contributed to an increase in the content of saturated fatty acids in flesh by 7.9 % compared to the control. It has also been found that the use of compound feeds with a high level of protein nutrition lead to a decrease in the content of stearic acid in flesh. The results of experimental studies showed that among the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipids of rainbow trout’s flesh, the highest content beloned to linoleic fatty acid (C18: 2) – 1.76–2.2 %.
RESEARCH OF THE ATTITUDE OF THE HOST POPULATION TO MIGRANTS IN 2015 AND 2020 (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF CHELYABINSK)
Authors: Goncharenko K.
Published: May 2021

According to the demographic forecast of the development of Russia until 2035, the population of Russia will continue to decline, the trend of low fertility and high mortality will continue, the rate of the Russian leadership on attracting migrants, which will not only save, but also increase the population of Russia [1].

But with an increase in the flow of migrants from the CIS, interethnic and interfaith conflicts are aggravated, growing into serious conflicts like France, Germany, and the United States. In order to reduce tensions and prevent acute conflicts between the host population and migrants, it is necessary to build two-way work to reduce tensions. One of the forms of identifying tensions is to interview the host population.

The purpose of this survey is to identify the characteristics of the attitude of the host population towards migrants from the CIS countries in dynamics, using the example of the city of Chelyabinsk.
ON THE POSSIBILITY OF FORMING A GLOBAL CIVILIZATION
Authors: Stamova R. , Sadykova T.
Published: May 2021

The article analyzes the possibility of forming a single global civilization. Until relatively recently, it seemed that such a civilization is not only possible, but also intensively formed under the dominant influence of Western civilization. However, the failure of the Western "project" is now quite obvious, as is the policy of multiculturalism proclaimed and implemented by a large group of European States. This circumstance gave the impression that the formation of a single universal civilization is in principle impossible. While the problem is the time frame in which this process should have been concluded, and not the process itself, which is steadily leading to the creation of a global civilization.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE ENTROPY PARAMETER FOR TARGET DETECTION ON THE BACKGROUND CLUTTER
Authors: Pham T. , Nguyen T. , Nguyen V.
Published: May 2021

The paper proposes a method to improve the performance of target detection on the background clutter using the standard deviation of polarization entropy H parameter. The performance of target detection is analyzed with different types of target, on the background clutter models Rayleigh, Weibull and Laplace. Also examined the special case when the target has the same H parameter as the background clutter. The results showed that the performance of the method using the standard deviation of H in the target detection on the background clutter has increased significantly compared to the case where only the H parameter is used.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE APPLICATION OF MICROELEMENT ADDITIVES WHEN DEVELOPING MULTI-COMPONENT MELIORANTS FOR USE ON GRAY FOREST SOILS RYAZAN REGION
Authors: Ilinskiy A.
Published: May 2021

The specificity of the soil formation conditions of the gray forest soils of the Ryazan region predetermined the low content of some microelements (for example, cobalt and molybdenum) in them, which take an active part in metabolism and enzymatic reactions. Their shortage leads not only to a decrease in the yield, but also to a sharp deterioration in its quality. In case of their deficiency in the basic components of complex ameliorants, it is recommended to provide for their additional introduction into the fertilizer in the form of chelate complexes.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS (TOGO)
Authors: Malacoubame K. , Hanchar A.
Published: May 2021

The conservative approach to development sustainability focuses primarily on the preservation of resources and transmitting them to future generations, while at the same time the main objective of the system is to reproduce and renew the natural resources already used. The evolutionary approach; considers a development from the perspective that global changes are occurring in the environment. It consists of making adjustments, which in turn will allow the evolution of the trajectory of society as a whole.
ABOUT SOME APPROACHES TO ANALYSES OF CORRUPTION
Authors: Vakurin A. А.
Published: May 2021

The different approaches to the analysis of corruption are regarded in the article, because of the complex character of the corruption, the main factors of which are not only criminal law violations but also transitional nature of the economy, mass consciousness stereotypes, and the attempts to manipulate in the interests of clans struggle. It is observed that the informal economy contribute to the stability of the corruptive mechanism. It is emphasized the necessity to take complex actions to the corruption not only with methods of enforcement units but also in the first place with prevention methods, such as economic and politic methods.
CAUSING PROPERTY DAMAGE BY DECEPTION OR ABUSE OF CONFIDENCE: CRIMINAL LEGAL ANALYSIS OF ARTICLE 165 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Gladkikh V.
Published: May 2021

The article discusses the theory and practice of applying Art. 165 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which provides for liability for causing property damage by deception or abuse of trust. The problems of delimiting the article under consideration with related compositions (Articles 159, 160 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) are noted, measures are proposed to improve the criminal law.