bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A method permissive to fixation and permeabilization for the multiparametric analysis of apoptotic and necrotic cell phenotype by flow cytometry
Authors: Mariotti Sabrina , Pardini Manuela , Teloni Raffaela , Gagliardi Maria Cristina , Fraziano Maurizio , Nisini Roberto
Published: October 2017

Annexin‐V/propidium iodide method (A‐V/PI) is a common flow cytometric method for the multiparametric analysis of cells in apoptosis. However, A‐V/PI does not permit fixation and/or permeabilization of cells making impossible evaluation of intracellular markers, restricting the analysis in a narrow time frame after staining and excluding the possibility to study pathogen‐infected cells. We developed a method permitting fixation and permeabilization of stained cells: Fixed Apoptotic/Necrotic (FAN) cells test. FAN relies on the same principle of A‐V/PI, but uses reagents that maintain their binding and fluorescence characteristics after fixation/permeabilization: a fluorochrome‐labeled anti‐phosphatidylserine antibody and fluorescent amine‐binding dyes. FAN was tested to discriminate apoptotic and necrotic cells using different stimuli on several cell types and results were always comparable to those obtained using A‐V/PI. FAN, unlike A‐V/PI, permitted to correlate cell death with intracellular and surface markers expression and to perform cytometry even two weeks after sample preparation. As fixation of stained cells inactivates infective pathogens, we used FAN in an in vitro model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection of macrophages to monitor cellular infection and cell death induction. Using a red‐fluorescent Mtb, fluorochrome labeled anti‐TNF‐α and anti‐MHC class II monoclonal antibodies, FAN permitted to establish that the extent of macrophage death correlates with intracellular Mtb content and that dying cells accumulate TNF‐α and down‐modulate MHC class II molecules. Results suggest that FAN may represent an additional tool to study programmed cell death particularly useful when fixation procedures are required for a safe infected sample analysis or to comparatively analyze multiple samples. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Effects of micronized and nano-copper azole on marine benthic communities
Authors: Ho Kay T. , Portis Lisa , Chariton Anthony A. , Pelletier Marguerite , Cantwell Mark , Katz David , Cashman Michaela , Parks Ashley , Baguley Jeffrey G. , Conrad-Forrest Nathan , Boothman Warren , Luxton Todd , Simpson Stuart L. , Fogg Sandra , Burgess Robert M.
Published: October 2017

The widespread use of copper nanomaterials (CuNMs) as antibacterial and antifouling agents in consumer products increases the risk for metal contamination and adverse effects in aquatic environments. Information gaps exist on the potential toxicity of CuNMs in marine environments. We exposed field-collected marine meio- and macrobenthic communities to sediments spiked with micronized copper azole (MCA) using a novel method that brings intact benthic cores into the laboratory and exposes the organisms via surface application of sediments. Treatments included field and laboratory controls, 3 spiked sediments: low-MCA (51.9 mg/kg sediment), high-MCA (519 mg/kg sediment), and CuSO4 (519 mg/kg sediment). In addition, single-species acute testing was performed with both MCA and CuSO4. Our results indicate that meio- and macrofaunal assemblages exposed to High-MCA and CuSO4 treatments differed significantly from both the laboratory control and the low-MCA treatments. Differences in macrofauna were driven by decreases in 3 Podocopa ostracod species, the bivalve Gemma gemma, and the polychaetes Exogone verugera and Prionospio heterobranchia relative to the laboratory control. Differences in the meiofaunal community are largely driven by nematodes. The benthic community test results were more sensitive than the single-species test results. Findings of this investigation indicate that CuNMs represent a source of risk to marine benthic communities comparable to that of dissolved Cu. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:362–375. Published 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Cytoarchitectonically‐driven MRI atlas of nonhuman primate hippocampus: Preservation of subfield volumes in aging
Authors: Kyle Colin T. , Stokes Jared , Bennett Jeffrey , Meltzer Jeri , Permenter Michele R. , Vogt Julie A. , Ekstrom Arne , Barnes Carol A.
Published: October 2017

Identification of primate hippocampal subfields in vivo using structural MRI imaging relies on variable anatomical guidelines, signal intensity differences, and heuristics to differentiate between regions (Yushkevich et al., 2015a). Thus, a clear anatomically‐driven basis for subfield demarcation is lacking. Recent work, however, has begun to develop methods to use ex vivo histology or ex vivo MRI (Adler et al., 2014; Iglesias et al., 2015) that have the potential to inform subfield demarcations of in vivo images. For optimal results, however, ex vivo and in vivo images should ideally be matched within the same healthy brains, with the goal to develop a neuroanatomically‐driven basis for in vivo structural MRI images. Here, we address this issue in young and aging rhesus macaques (young n = 5 and old n = 5) using ex vivo Nissl‐stained sections in which we identified the dentate gyrus, CA3, CA2, CA1, subiculum, presubiculum, and parasubiculum guided by morphological cell properties (30 μm thick sections spaced at 240 μm intervals and imaged at 161 nm/pixel). The histologically identified boundaries were merged with in vivo structural MRIs (0.625 × 0.625 × 1 mm) from the same subjects via iterative rigid and diffeomorphic registration resulting in probabilistic atlases of young and old rhesus macaques. Our results indicate stability in hippocampal subfield volumes over an age range of 13 to 32 years, consistent with previous results showing preserved whole hippocampal volume in aged macaques (Shamy et al., 2006). Together, our methods provide a novel approach for identifying hippocampal subfields in non‐human primates and a potential ‘ground truth’ for more accurate identification of hippocampal subfield boundaries on in vivo MRIs. This could, in turn, have applications in humans where accurately identifying hippocampal subfields in vivo is a critical research goal.
Reactivity of Nitroalkyl Anions Addition to Substituted Benzylidenecyanoacetates: Electrophilicity Parameters and Free Energy Relationships
Authors: Azaiez K. , Dhahri N. , Boubaker T.
Published: October 2017

The kinetics of the reactions of benzylidenecyanoacetates 1a–d (X = H, Me, OMe, and NMe2) with nitroalkyl anions 2a–c have been studied in aqueous solution at 20°C. The second‐order rate constants are used to evaluate the electrophilicity parameter E of these series of Michael acceptors 1a–d according to the linear free enthalpy relationship log k (20°C) = sN (E + N). The measured E values were found to cover a domain of reactivity, ranging from −10.07 for the most reactive electrophile 1a (X = H) to −14.04 for the less electrophile 1d (X = NMe2). Mayr's approach was found to correctly predict the rate constants for the reactions of these series of olefins 1a–d with the hydroxide ion in water and 50% water–50% acetonitrile at 20°C. Analysis of the kinetic measurements using the Brönsted relationship shows that βnuc values remain remarkably constant for changes in the nature of the substituent X. A notable finding of this work is perhaps provided by the observed large changes in the electrophilicity parameter E on going from benzylidenecyanoacetates 1 to their analogues benzylidenemalonates 3 (ΔE ∼ 9.06–10.48), whereas the replacement of second CO2Et group by the CN group in 1 to give benzylidenemalononitriles 4 has little effect on electrophilic reactivity, i.e., ΔE ∼ 0.65–0.95. This abnormal pattern in the E values has been attributed to the resonance interaction and salvation effects. On the other hand, the effect of benzylidenecyanoacetate substituents on the electrophilic reactivity was examined quantitatively on the basis of the electrophilicity parameter E, leading to linear correlation of E with Hammett–Brown substituent constants (). More importantly, the four electrophiles have comparable log ko values, which are located at a relatively low level, i.e., log ko ≤ 4–5, in the intrinsic reactivity scale.
Simultaneous measurement of bacterial abundance and composition in response to biochar in soybean field soil using 16S rRNA gene sequencing
Authors: Liu Xiaorui , Li Jia , Yu Lu , Pan Hong , Liu Haiyang , Liu Yimeng , Di Hongjie , Li Yong , Xu Jianming
Published: October 2017

Biochar is an important soil conditioner. However, we have limited understanding of biochar effects on the microbial community traits of the rhizosphere and bulk soil in the field. The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of biochar amendment on microbial abundance and community in the rhizosphere and bulk soils in soybean‐growing fields. We applied 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing with an internal standard gene to quantitatively investigate biochar‐mediated changes in microbial composition and abundance in rhizosphere and bulk soils. The results indicated that the absolute abundance of bacterial taxa with internal standard can be more informative in describing soil microbial population distribution. A linear discriminant analysis effect size differential analysis showed that the biochar amendment significantly altered the soil microbial abundance and community composition. The bacteria in the rhizosphere soil showed more clear responses to biochar addition than the bacteria in the bulk soil. These results highlight the enhanced effect by biochar on bacterial population distribution in the rhizosphere. 16S rRNA gene sequencing with internal standard gene represents an effective method that can substantially improve 16S‐seq based microbiome studies by determining the 16S rRNA gene abundance and bacterial community composition simultaneously.
Putting an end to download‐and‐go: The website's role in a content marketing ecosystem
Authors: Wilcock Jacob
Published: October 2017

Key points

Publishers must think of their websites as marketing tools as well as content delivery systems.

The five major strategies of content marketing are promotion, personalization, targeting, consumerization, and analysis and optimization.

Publishers must treat readers as customers, not simply as end users.

Content marketing is about the environment in which content exists, as well as the form that it takes.

To compete with pirate sites, publishers need to provide a richer user experience.

Content marketing benefits authors and readers as well as publishers.

Readers want the same enjoyable user experience and tailored content on all sites they visit.

Content marketing can increase site traffic, lengthen visits, boost revenues, thwart piracy, and heighten brand impact.
The Power of Default on Reddit: A General Model to Measure the Influence of Information Intermediaries
Authors: Jürgens Pascal , Stark Birgit
Published: October 2017

Information intermediaries like search engines and social networks can represent a source of bias for recipients. Their algorithms, especially concerning filtering, sorting, and personalization, are assumed to skew the representation of news topics and thus create media effects in their own right. Largely as a result of methodological challenges, existing studies have often tested isolated hypotheses without covering the full effects chain from content production to reception by the user. However, the preselection of content performed by intermediaries is only relevant if users choose to rely on it, an assumption that so far lacks broad empirical evidence. Based on a broad review of existing study designs, this article develops a general intermediary effects model. From this model, researchers can derive empirical study designs that capture and differentiate the individual effects of filtering, sorting, and personalization. We then apply the model in an assessment of the news aggregator Reddit's change in capacity to influence its users’ information selection. Using counterfactual time series decomposition, we show that changing the sections of the website included in the start page by default can lead to large changes in attention paid to content. These findings substantiate existing assumptions about the power of information intermediaries to shape the information environments of their users.
Transforming with a Soft Touch: Comparing Four Learning Networks
Authors: Goldstein Bruce Evan , Chase Claire , Frankel‐Goldwater Lee , Osborne‐Gowey Jeremiah , Risien Julie , Schweizer Sarah
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we consider how learning networks build capacity for system transformation. We define learning networks as inter‐organizational voluntary collaboratives that nurture professional expertise and describe their potential to catalyse systemic change by disrupting old habits, fostering new relationships, and providing freedom to experiment. We conducted a parallel study of four learning networks, which vary in age since founding from 2 to 25 years, applying three exploratory questions across our cases. We conclude by considering how learning networks can foster transformative capacity within social‐ecological systems when they are designed and facilitated with a soft touch so that network members in different sites have the freedom to define their place and purpose within their system, as well as their role in bringing about a desired transformation. We suggest that system transformation is not just the sum of similar efforts at different sites and scales or a least common denominator between them but is emergent from interaction between the partially shared understandings of actors within and between sites, and across network scales. A well‐designed network is a learning system that encompasses these multiple perspectives, and good netweaving mediates different ways of system knowing without collapsing them into one perspective. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Misoprostol treatment vs expectant management in women with early non‐viable pregnancy and vaginal bleeding: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial
Authors: Fernlund A. , Jokubkiene L. , Sladkevicius P. , Valentin L.
Published: October 2017

Objective

To compare vaginal misoprostol treatment with expectant management in early non‐viable pregnancy with vaginal bleeding with regard to complete evacuation of the uterine cavity within 10 days after randomization.

Methods

This was a parallel randomized controlled, open‐label trial conducted in Skåne University Hospital, Sweden. Patients with anembryonic pregnancy or early fetal demise (crown–rump length ≤ 33 mm) and vaginal bleeding were randomly allocated to either expectant management or treatment with a single dose of 800 μg misoprostol administered vaginally. Patients were evaluated clinically and by ultrasound until complete evacuation of the uterus was achieved (no gestational sac in the uterine cavity and maximum anteroposterior diameter of the intracavitary contents < 15 mm as measured by transvaginal ultrasound on midsagittal view). Follow‐up visits were planned at 10, 17, 24 and 31 days. Dilatation and evacuation (D&E) was recommended if miscarriage was not complete within 31 days, but was performed earlier at patient's request, or if there was excessive bleeding as judged clinically. Analysis was by intention to treat. The main outcome measure was number of patients with complete miscarriage without D&E ≤ 10 days.

Results

Ninety‐four patients were randomized to misoprostol treatment and 95 to expectant management. After exclusion of three patients and withdrawal of consent by two patients in the expectant management group, 90 women were included in this group. Miscarriage was complete ≤ 10 days in 62/94 (66%) of the patients in the misoprostol group and in 39/90 (43%) of those in the group managed expectantly (risk difference (RD) = 23%; 95% CI, 8–37%). At 31 days, the corresponding figures were 81/94 (86%) and 55/90 (61%) (RD = 25%; 95% CI, 12–38%). Two patients from each group underwent emergency D&E because of excessive bleeding and one of these in each group received blood transfusion. The number of patients undergoing D&E at their own request was higher in the expectantly managed group, 15/90 (17%) vs 3/94 (3%) in the misoprostol group (RD = 14%; 95% CI, 4–23%), as was the number of patients making out‐of‐protocol visits, 50/90 (56%) vs 27/94 (29%) (RD = 27%; 95% CI, 12–40%). Compared with the expectant management group, more patients in the misoprostol group experienced pain (71/77 (92%) vs 91/91 (100%); RD = 8%; 95% CI, 1–17%) and used painkillers (59/77 (77%) vs 85/91 (93%); RD = 17%; 95% CI, 5–29%). No major side effect was reported in any group.

Conclusions

In women with early non‐viable pregnancy and vaginal bleeding, misoprostol treatment is more effective than is expectant management for complete evacuation of the uterus. Both methods are safe but misoprostol treatment is associated with more pain than is expectant management. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Is adaptation reducing vulnerability or redistributing it?
Authors: Atteridge Aaron , Remling Elise
Published: October 2017

As globalization and other pressures intensify the economic, social and biophysical connections between people and places, it seems likely that adaptation responses intended to ameliorate the impacts of climate change might end up shifting risks and vulnerability between people and places. Building on earlier conceptual work in maladaptation and other literature, this article explores the extent to which concerns about vulnerability redistribution have influenced different realms of adaptation practice. The review leads us to conclude that the potential for adaptation to redistribute risk or vulnerability is being given only sparse—and typically superficial—attention by practitioners. Concerns about ‘maladaptation’, and occasionally vulnerability redistribution specifically, are mentioned on the margins but do not significantly influence the way adaptation choices are made or evaluated by policy makers, project planners or international funds. In research, the conceptual work on maladaptation is yet to translate into a significant body of empirical literature on the distributional impacts of real‐world adaptation activities, which we argue calls into question our current knowledge base about adaptation. These gaps are troubling, because a process of cascading adaptation endeavors globally seems likely to eventually re‐distribute risks or vulnerabilities to communities that are already marginalized and vulnerable. We conclude by discussing the implications that the potential for vulnerability redistribution might have for the governance of adaptation processes, and offer some reflections on how research might contribute to addressing gaps in knowledge and in practice. WIREs Clim Change 2018, 9:e500. doi: 10.1002/wcc.500

This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation
Uses of dynamic simulation to predict thermal‐energy performance of buildings and districts: a review
Authors: Castaldo Veronica Lucia , Pisello Anna Laura
Published: October 2017

The design of sustainable constructions also resilient to climate change has become a challenging issue given the increasing greenhouse emissions rate imputable to the built environment in urban areas. In this context, dynamic simulation models represent a suitable tool to support the design from very preliminary phases, since they allow an accurate prediction of the constructions requirements, their environmental performance, and indoor comfort conditions for their occupants. Therefore, starting from specific inputs, that is, weather conditions, construction technologies, materials, energy systems, operation settings, occupancy, and so forth, it is possible to estimate the realistic building energy performance. Moreover, the calibration procedures allow making the model even more representative of the field conditions of a construction. Given the massive progress carried out by the scientific community during the last decades, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the different building dynamic simulation approaches and available tools. While previous review studies focused on single separated aspects of dynamic simulations approaches, that is, calibration methods, software, simulation of single building energy systems, the aim of the present review is to propose a more holistic approach by investigating the recent scientific progress in simulating realistic dense urban environments. In this view, the review focus bridges the gap between the simulation at single‐building level and simulation at the increasingly important neighborhood scale by showing the multiple benefits deriving from using dynamic simulation tools at district level, for a more reliable investigation of building performance in their urban context, where more than 50% of the global population worldwide currently lives. WIREs Energy Environ 2018, 7:e269. doi: 10.1002/wene269.

This article is categorized under:

Energy and Urban Design > Systems and Infrastructure

Solar Heating and Cooling > Climate and Environment

Energy Efficiency > Climate and Environment

Energy Efficiency > Science and Materials
Preoperative Imaging Overestimates the Tumor Size in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms Associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
Authors: Polenta V. , Slater E. P. , Kann P. H. , Albers M. B. , Manoharan J. , Ramaswamy A. , Mahnken A. H. , Bartsch D. K.
Published: October 2017

Background

Radiological tumor size of non‐functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (Nf‐pNENs) associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a crucial parameter to indicate surgery. The aim of this study was to compare radiological size (RS) and pathologic size (PS) of MEN1 associated with pNENs.

Methods

Prospectively collected data of MEN1 patients who underwent pancreatic resections for pNENs were retrospectively analyzed. RS was defined as the largest tumor diameter measured on endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT). PS was defined as the largest tumor diameter on pathological analysis. Student’s t test and linear regression analysis were used to compare the median RS and PS. p < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Forty‐four patients with a median age of 37 (range 10–68) years underwent primary pancreatic resections for pNENs. Overall, the median RS (20 mm, range 3–100 mm) was significantly larger than the PS (13 mm, range 4–110 mm) (p = 0.001). In patients with pNENs < 20 mm (n = 27), the size difference (median RS 15 mm vs PS 12 mm) was also significant (p = 0.003). However, the only modality that significantly overestimated the PS was EUS (median RS 14 mm vs 11 mm; p = 0.0002). RS overestimated the PS in 21 patients (21 of 27 patients, 78%). Five of 11 patients (12%) with a Nf‐pNEN and a RS > 20 mm had in reality a PS < 20 mm. MRI was the imaging technique that best correlated with PS in the total cohort (r = 0.8; p < 0.0001), whereas EUS was the best correlating imaging tool in pNENs < 20 mm (r = 0.5; p = 0.0001).

Conclusion

Preoperative imaging, especially EUS, frequently overestimates the size of MEN1‐pNENs, especially those with a PS < 20 mm. This should be considered when indicating surgery in MEN1 patients with small Nf‐pNENs.
Optimization of C16 and C18 fatty alcohol production by an engineered strain of Lipomyces starkeyi
Authors: McNeil Bonnie A , Stuart David T
Published: October 2017

The oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi was engineered for the production of long-chain fatty alcohols by expressing a fatty acyl-CoA reductase, mFAR1, from Mus musculus. The optimal conditions for production of fatty alcohols by this strain were investigated. Increased carbon-to-nitrogen ratios led to efficient C16 and C18 fatty alcohol production from glucose, xylose and glycerol. Batch cultivation resulted in a titer of 1.7 g/L fatty alcohol from glucose which represents a yield of 28 mg of fatty alcohols per gram of glucose. This relatively high level of production with minimal genetic modification indicates that L. starkeyi may be an excellent host for the bioconversion of carbon-rich waste streams, particularly lignocellulosic waste, to C16 and C18 fatty alcohols.
Ecological variables determining the presence of lizards in the Sistan region, Eastern Iran
Authors: Sanchooli Nasser
Published: October 2017

Climate condition is an important key affecting species presence, especially for reptiles. Precipitation and temperature are especially important environmental factors to consider. In the present study, I collected as many presence records as possible for seven lizard species from the Sistan region and analyzed them in relation to environmental variables using the maximum entropy algorithm. According to the analysis, temperature seasonality affected the distributions of three species (Eremias fasciata, Ophiomorus tridactylus, Teratoscincus bedriagai) and precipitation affected the presence of four species (Ablepharus pannonicus, Bunopus tuberculatus, Cyrtopodion scabrum, Trapelus agilis). The most important variable affecting E. fasciata and O.tridactylus (23% of contribution) is isothermality. For T. bedriagai, temperature seasonality was more important (32% contribution). Annual precipitation was the most highly contributed variable for A. pannonicus. Precipitation of the wettest month has a high contribution for the other species, representing 49, 48, and 54% for B. tuberculatus, C. scabrum and T. agilis, respectively.
Weekly observations of online survey metadata obtained through home computer use allow for detection of changes in everyday cognition before transition to mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Seelye Adriana , Mattek Nora , Sharma Nicole , Riley Thomas , Austin Johanna , Wild Katherine , Dodge Hiroko H. , Lore Emily , Kaye Jeffrey
Published: October 2017

Introduction

Subtle changes in instrumental activities of daily living often accompany the onset of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) but are difficult to measure using conventional tests.

Methods

Weekly online survey metadata metrics, annual neuropsychological tests, and an instrumental activity of daily living questionnaire were examined in 110 healthy older adults with intact cognition (mean age = 85 years) followed up for up to 3.6 years; 29 transitioned to MCI during study follow‐up.

Results

In the baseline period, incident MCI participants completed their weekly surveys 1.4 hours later in the day than stable cognitively intact participants, P = .03, d = 0.47. Significant associations were found between earlier survey start time of day and higher memory (r = −0.34; P < .001) and visuospatial test scores (r = −0.37; P < .0001). Longitudinally, incident MCI participants showed an increase in survey completion time by 3 seconds per month for more than the year before diagnosis compared with stable cognitively intact participants (β = 0.12, SE = 0.04, t = 2.8; P = .006).

Discussion

Weekly online survey metadata allowed for detection of changes in everyday cognition before transition to MCI.
Thegensand Intestate Inheritance in the Early Republic
Authors: Bartlett Charles
Published: October 2017

This paper attempts to gauge the ability of thegensto influence the affairs of its members by tracing the development of the rules governing intestate inheritance. It will argue that, although the power of thegensin this area of the law did eventually give way to a more centralised and stronger state, a development which has been documented in other areas of Roman society as well, thegenswas nonetheless able to continue to exert an influence on its members for some considerable time. The present study will analyse several cases to argue this point and examine both the means by which this centuries-long change took place, as well as highlight a period that witnessed a potential acceleration of the trend away from gentilicial importance. Finally, it will return to the circumstances of early Rome, the focal point for this volume, and offer some cautionary notes for thinking about the period that was in many ways the starting point for these developments.
A Troubled Beginning: Rome and its Reluctant Allies in the Fourth Centurybc
Authors: Helm Marian
Published: October 2017

This article examines the origins of the Roman alliance system in the second half of the 4th century. The significance of the allies for the creation of a Mediterranean empire is undisputed; allied troops provided the Roman Republic with a manpower reservoir unmatched by any of its opponents. However, the stunning achievement of incorporating defeated foes into the military in equal numbers to Roman troops has been somewhat neglected and been taken as a given fact. A careful analysis of the years following the Latin War and the Samnite Wars reveals a constellation which does not suggest that the immediate creation of a more or less beneficial system of alliances was a primary Roman objective. Instead it will be argued that the evidence indicates a rather different development, where the challenge of organising and integrating the captured territory was a dynamic and at times arduous process, for which the setbacks – and indeed the crisis – of the so-called Second Samnite War served as a major catalyst.
Authors, Archaeology, and Arguments: Evidence and Models for Early Roman Politics
Authors: Armstrong Jeremy , Richardson J. H.
Published: October 2017

Ancient history begins and ends with the ancient evidence. The evidence represents not only the foundation of the discipline, but the material out of which any argument must be built, and it is not possible to go further than it allows. This is part of the reason why the nature and value of the evidence for early Rome have long been, and remain, matters of considerable and sometimes contentious debate. The best evidence, simply because it is contemporary, is arguably the archaeological, but the sorts of questions that archaeological evidence can answer are often of little help when it comes to matters such as the politics and political structures of early Rome, which are the focus of this collection. For such matters, it is still necessary to work with the literary evidence. However, since the historical value of the literary evidence is so hotly contested, the uses to which that evidence is put and the conclusions that are drawn from it inevitably vary considerably. Despite more than a century of research, there is still nothing even remotely resembling a consensus on how the literary sources should best be handled. This paper explores some of the problems with the evidence for early Rome, considers something of the limits and uses of that evidence, as well as introduces the contributions that make up this collection of studies on power and politics in early Rome.
Lars Porsenna and the Early Roman Republic
Authors: Ridley Ronald T.
Published: October 2017

A dominant and fascinating figure at the very beginning of the Republic is Porsenna, king of Clusium. He has been a focus of attention since the Renaissance and for the following seven centuries. Fashions in interpretation have come and gone. This essay surveys those interpretations, and attempts to sum up the complexities of contemporary scholarship.
The Consulship of 367bcand the Evolution of Roman Military Authority
Authors: Armstrong Jeremy
Published: October 2017

A tension exists within the literary sources for early Rome, between the supposedly static nature of military authority, embodied by the grant ofimperiumwhich was allegedly shared both by archaicregesand republican magistrates, and the evidence for change within Rome’s military hierarchy, with the early republican army being commanded by a succession of different magistrates including the archaicpraetores, the so-called ‘consular tribunes,’ and the finally the consuls and praetors of the mid-fourth centuryBC. The differences between the magistracies and the motivations driving the evolution of the system have caused confusion for both ancient and modern writers alike, with the usual debate being focused on the number of officials involved under each system and Rome’s expanding military and bureaucratic needs. The present study will argue that, far more than just varying in number, when viewed against the wider backdrop of Roman society during the period, the sources hint that the archaicpraetoresand consular tribunes might have exercised slightly different types of military authority – possibly distinguished by the designationsimperiumandpotestas– which were unified under the office of the consulship of 367BC.1The changes in Rome’s military hierarchy during the fifth and fourth centuriesBCmay therefore not only indicate an expansion of Rome’s military command, as is usually argued, but also an evolution of military authority within Rome associated with the movement of power from thecomitia curiatato thecomitia centuriata.
Layer formation in horizontally forced stratified turbulence: connecting exact coherent structures to linear instabilities
Authors: Lucas Dan , Caulfield C. P. , Kerswell Rich R.
Published: October 2017

We consider turbulence in a stratified ‘Kolmogorov’ flow, driven by horizontal shear in the form of sinusoidal body forcing in the presence of an imposed background linear stable stratification in the third direction. This flow configuration allows the controlled investigation of the formation of coherent structures, which here organise the flow into horizontal layers by inclining the background shear as the strength of the stratification is increased. By numerically converging exact steady states from direct numerical simulations of chaotic flow, we show, for the first time, a robust connection between linear theory predicting instabilities from infinitesimal perturbations to the robust finite-amplitude nonlinear layered state observed in the turbulence. We investigate how the observed vertical length scales are related to the primary linear instabilities and compare to previously considered examples of shear instability leading to layer formation in other horizontally sheared flows.
Mechanism of aeroacoustic sound generation and reduction in a flow past oscillating and fixed cylinders
Authors: Hattori Yuji , Komatsu Ryu
Published: October 2017

The aeroacoustic sound generated in a flow past two cylinders, one of which is oscillating and the other is fixed, is studied by direct numerical simulation. This problem involves key ingredients of the aeroacoustic noise generated from wind turbines, helicopters, axial flow fans and other turbomachinery: flow, a moving body and a fixed body. The corrected volume penalization method is successfully applied to resolve the sound pressure of aeroacoustic waves as a solution of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations. The sound pressure was shown to be in good agreement with the prediction by the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings aeroacoustic analogy, which takes account of the cylinder motion, confirming the accuracy of the corrected volume penalization method. Prior to the case of two cylinders, sound generation in flow past a single oscillating cylinder is considered. The fluid motion can be either periodic or non-periodic depending on the frequency and the amplitude of cylinder oscillation. The acoustic power is significantly reduced when the fluid motion locks in to a frequency lower than the natural frequency of vortex shedding from a fixed cylinder. When a fixed cylinder is added, the acoustic power depends strongly on the distance between the cylinders, since that determines whether synchronization occurs and the phase difference between the three forces: the lift forces exerted on the two cylinders and the inertial force due to volume displacement effect of the oscillating cylinder. In particular, significant sound reduction is observed when the fixed cylinder is placed upstream and the frequency of the cylinder oscillation is set to the frequency for which the acoustic power is minimized in the single-cylinder case.
Global stability of axisymmetric flow focusing
Authors: Cruz-Mazo F. , Herrada M. A. , Gañán-Calvo A. M. , Montanero J. M.
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we analyse numerically the stability of the steady jetting regime of gaseous flow focusing. The base flows are calculated by solving the full Navier–Stokes equations and boundary conditions for a wide range of liquid viscosities and gas speeds. The axisymmetric modes characterizing the asymptotic stability of those flows are obtained from the linearized Navier–Stokes equations and boundary conditions. We determine the flow rates leading to marginally stable states, and compare them with the experimental values at the jetting-to-dripping transition. The theoretical predictions satisfactorily agree with the experimental results for large gas speeds. However, they do not capture the trend of the jetting-to-dripping transition curve for small gas velocities, and considerably underestimate the minimum flow rate in this case. To explain this discrepancy, the Navier–Stokes equations are integrated over time after introducing a small perturbation in the tapering liquid meniscus. There is a transient growth of the perturbation before the asymptotic exponential regime is reached, which leads to dripping. Our work shows that flow focusing stability can be explained in terms of the combination of asymptotic global stability and the system short-term response for large and small gas velocities, respectively.
Strouhal–Reynolds number relationship for flow past a circular cylinder
Authors: Jiang Hongyi , Cheng Liang
Published: October 2017

The Strouhal–Reynolds number ($St{-}Re$) relationship for flow past a circular cylinder in the low $Re$ range of $Re\leqslant 1000$ is investigated through two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) direct numerical simulations (DNS). An improved method is proposed for the determination of the separating velocity and the wake width to allow for a better estimation of the wake Strouhal number $St^{\ast }$. For $Re$ in the extended laminar regime calculated by 2D DNS, the $St^{\ast }$ values are found to be more uniform than the original $St$ for the 2D flow. It is also found that the $St^{\ast }$ values for the 2D and 3D flows agree well in the laminar regime of $Re$ up to approximately 270. In addition, uniform $St^{\ast }$ values are also obtained for different mode A and mode B flow structures triggered artificially by using different cylinder span lengths in DNS. It is demonstrated that the drop in $St$ (with respect to its 2D counterpart) with the development of different 3D wake structures is due to the decrease in the separating velocity and the increase in the wake width for a 3D flow, rather than the existence of a particular wake structure such as pure mode A or vortex dislocation. However, as the wake flow becomes increasingly turbulent with further increase in $Re$, the $St^{\ast }$ value for the 3D flow increases gradually and deviates from its 2D counterpart, since for turbulent 3D flows the vortex shedding frequency scales on a length smaller than the wake width.
Simple soldiers? Blurring the distinction between compulsion and commitment among Rwandan rebels in Eastern Congo
Authors: Hedlund Anna
Published: October 2017

Media descriptions of the conflicts in the Eastern Congo usually depict violent events as being systematic attacks by rebels and militias (perpetrators) on the civilian population (victims). While much attention has been given to the victims of such violence, less effort has been made to understand the perspectives and underlying motives for violence of those who are actively engaged in fighting the war. Using anthropological arguments, this article argues that the use of the terms ‘perpetrator’ and ‘victim’ are scientifically problematic when attempting to explain contemporary conflict(s) in the Eastern Congo and other similar war situations in Africa. Based on ethnographic fieldwork among the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), whose leadership was an orchestrating agent in the genocide in Rwanda in 1994, I demonstrate that not only is the victim/perpetrator dichotomy unclear, but also that combatants may frequently regard themselves as being both victims and perpetrators at one and the same time. I argue that the main factor behind this dual identity is that, while combatants in the Congo may be under a compulsion to commit violence, they may simultaneously be fully committed to their armed group and to its collective political ideology. While our conventional understanding of the membership of armed groups tends to make a sharp distinction between compulsory participation and commitment to a cause, I show how, in the context of the Eastern Congo, these categories are not, in fact, mutually exclusive.
Governing access to gold in Ghana: in-depth geopolitics on mining concessions
Authors: Luning Sabine , Pijpers Robert J.
Published: October 2017

Studies of articulations between large- and small-scale mining have overlooked the subterranean dimension of extraction and ignored how mining companies and artisanal miners cohabit in places with long histories of small-scale mining and are affected by their different capacities to access specific mineral deposits. Drawing on a study of two gold concessions in Ghana, this article focuses on three factors that influence modalities of governing access to gold in such sites: the stage of a mining operation, the local socio-political context, and the characteristics of the subterranean structure. We call the combination and interplay of these factors ‘in-depth geopolitics’. The article shows how this interplay affects the strategies used by both large- and small-scale miners to work out arrangements of cohabitation and ways of governing access, control and maintenance to gold in spatial settings where both types of gold mining occur side by side. By tracing ethnographically the variations of ‘in-depth geopolitics’, this article critically engages with ideas of subterranean sovereignty, mining enclaves, state–company–community relations, and the socio-spatial characteristics of mining concessions.
Charismatic discipleship: a Sufi woman and the divine mission of development in Senegal
Authors: Hill Joseph
Published: October 2017

Midwife Rokhaya Thiam joined the Fayḍa Tijāniyya Sufi Islamic movement in 2005 and soon became aware of her divine mission to found the Association Mame Astou Diankha. This organization provides free medical services to needy people and organizes economic development projects for women. Rokhaya Thiam exemplifies a broader trend of ‘hybrid’ religious subjects in the Fayḍa Tijāniyya movement who embed neoliberal notions such as ‘development’ and individual entrepreneurial initiative into mystical notions of selfhood, agency and moral order. Such charismatic disciples seem to approach discipleship in liberal fashion, pursuing an individualized mission in contrast to the classic Sufi disciple who passively follows instructions from the shaykh. However, these disciples defy reduction to individual, neoliberal subjectivity, subsuming their agency under a larger spiritual entity responsible for revealing and realizing their mission. This article asks whether such hybridities may be intrinsic to neoliberal subjecthood, which entails being shaped by neoliberal power and knowledge while domesticating them to other ends, rather than being exceptions that emerge on the still-enchanted edges of neoliberalism.
Ellen Fitzpatrick, The Highest Glass Ceiling: Women's Quest for the American Presidency.
Authors: Yeager Mary A.
Published: October 2017

The Highest Glass Ceiling appeared just before the 2016 election. Hillary's ghost hovers. The U.S. presidency remains a male stronghold with its glass ceiling intact. Fitzpatrick and her publisher undoubtedly saw opportunity in a probable Clinton victory. There is a brief prologue and epilogue about Clinton that bookends the biographies of three other women who competed for the presidency in different eras: Victoria Woodhull, the Equal Rights Party candidate in 1872; Margaret Chase Smith, the 1964 Republican nominee; and Shirley Chisholm, the 1972 Democratic challenger.
Genome-wide association study for resistance to cassava root rot
Authors: BRITO A. C. , OLIVEIRA S. A. S. , OLIVEIRA E. J.
Published: October 2017

Cassava root rot (CRR) disease associated with a complex of soil pathogens has caused great yield losses in the crop. The objective of the current work was to obtain insights about the genetic architecture of CRR resistance caused byFusarium(dry root rot – DRR),Phytophthora(soft root rot – SRR) and Botryosphaeriaceae (black root rot – BRR) species, using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Phenotyping data of 263 accessions (artificial inoculation) and 14 094 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (missing data <0·10 and minor allele frequency >0·05) were used. The severity of CRR in peel and pulp was variable among accessions, but the pathogens that caused DRR were more aggressive. Broad-sense heritability ($h_g^2 $) was of medium magnitude for all groups of resistances for pathogens, with variation from 0·16 ± 0·019 (Fspp Pulp) to 0·31 ± 0·028 (Fspp Peel). The kinship matrix was used to correct for stratification as well as for clustering the accessions. Overall, this analysis showed that there was no relationship between agronomic traits and resistance to CRR and the four clusters obtained from kinship matrix. The GWAS identified 38 significant SNPs, of which eight and 22 are related to the severity of DRR in the pulp and peel, respectively. The other eight SNPs were associated with SRR-peel (1), SRR-pulp (1), BRR-peel (3) and BRR-pulp (3). Half of the SNPs associated with CRR resistance have functional annotations related to defence and response to pathogen attack as well as general cellular processes. The current study revealed that resistance to CRR is controlled by multiple loci with small effects, and significant SNPs can be used to identify putative genes that control these traits.
NOLLI & CO.: LA SCALA DELLA PIANTA MARMOREA SEVERIANA
Authors: de Caprariis Francesca
Published: October 2017

L'articolo analizza i manoscritti di Diego de Revillas conservati nella Biblioteca della British School at Rome relativi alla pianta marmorea severiana e alla sua sistemazione nei Musei Capitolini nel 1742.

Essi forniscono ulteriori dati su questo assai discusso lavoro, intrapreso da Giovan Battista Nolli sotto la supervisione di Alessandro Gregorio Capponi e Revillas. In particolare i documenti di Revillas gettano nuova luce sul modo in cui è stata risolta (in modo non corretto) la riduzione in scala della Forma Urbis.