bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Identity of the common Dipterous Parasite of the Larva of Diatraea saccharalis, Fabr., in the Northern Provinces of Argentina
Authors: Box Harold E.
Published: July 2009

The first reference to the existence in Argentina of the parasite that is the subject of the present article appears to be that of Messrs. Rosenfeld & Barber, who, for lack of a more exact determination, referred to it as “ el parásito díptero ” or “ el díptero.” Some time after the appearance of their publication, these entomologists sent specimens to the late Dr. Frederick Knab, who determined them as Sarcophaga ochropyga, van der Wulp ; these specimens had been reared from Diatraea saccharalis, Fabr. (sugar-cane moth borer) at the Tucumán Agricultural Experiment Station, and were later incorporated in the collection of that institution under the “ accession number 47,” and bore labels indicating Dr. Knab's identification.
New Curculionidae (Col.) from Cacao and Camphor
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K.
Published: July 2009

Ischnotrachelus theobromae, sp. n.

♀. Derm black, covered with dense pale green scaling, varying to dull coppery ; the head and legs normally coppery.

Head with the frons convex, raised much above the level of the eyes, and with a very shallow transverse impression on the vertex ; the eyes much less prominent than usual, as in I. viridipennis, Fst. Rostrum longer than broad, parallel-sided, and set with short stout erect setae ; the dorsum without distinct carinae, its lateral margins not angulated but rounded off, with a fine median stria in the basal half and a low carina at the apex ; the scrobes strongly curved downwards in the basal half and there adjoining the lower margin of the eye. Antennae with the scape somewhat compressed, strongly dilated from the middle to the apex, and with its dorsal edge markedly sinuate ; the funicle short and thick, widening distally, joint 1 longer than 2+3, 2−7 all transverse. Prothorax slightly longer than broad, gently rounded laterally, widest beyond the middle, and without any apical constriction ; the apex a little narrower than the base and dorsally with a dense fringe of recumbent scale-like setae, the postocular vibrissae obsolete ; the dorsum comparatively smooth, the sculpture being hidden by the scaling, with a mere trace of an abbreviated median stria near the base ; the setae very short and recumbent behind, becoming slightly longer and suberect anteriorly. Scutellum minute or obsolete. Elytra rather narrow, oblong-ovate, with a shallow transverse impression at the base so that the margin is slightly raised ; the striae and punctures almost entirely obliterated by the dense scaling ; the intervals each with a row of small subrecumbent setae ; the scales (like those on the prothorax) irregularly rounded and each with a shallow central puncture. Legs with a sharp tooth on all the femora ; the anterior pairs of tibiae strongly denticulate, the hind pair with much smaller teeth.
The first Stage Larva of Lac Insects
Authors: Mahdihassan S.
Published: July 2009

Imms & Chatterjee in their classical study of the lac insect say : “ In the newly hatched larvae the sexes are indistinguishable by any external characters and it is not until after metamorphosis has set in that the separation into sexes becomes evident. We have examined a large number of the newly hatched larvae of Tachardia lacca and other Coccids and have been unable at this stage to find any external manifestation of the sexes.” There is not a word separating the first from the second sentence of the above statement, yet Negi, in his recent contribution on the lac insect, who also quotes Imms' & Chatterjee's first sentence, erroneously credits the second part of their statement to me. Further, in my paper on lac insects there is a photographic reproduction (Pl. ix, fig. 26) of two larvae of different sexes which are only four days old. Again, figs. 17 and 18, on Plate vi, are male and female larvae, which have been only 24 hours on the tree and are for all purposes identical with crawling larvae.
Notes on Australian Culicidae (Dipt.)
Authors: Taylor Frank H.
Published: July 2009

The writer some years ago described a mosquito under the name of Dixomyia elegans, the type of which remained unique until May, 1927, when a few adults, larvae and pupae were collected. The larvae and pupae were found in hoof-holes made by cattle on the edge of a swamp. The water in these holes contained a considerable amount of decaying vegetable matter and was comparatively clear. It was not examined for algae, except that both Nitella and Chara were noted as being absent. The B. D. H. Universal Indicator gave a colour change of greenish-yellow (7·0–7·5) in all samples of water tested for pH.
Mosquitos from the Solomon Islands
Authors: Paine R. W. , Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

During the course of work on coconut pests in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate, from August to October, 1928, I took the opportunity to make a collection of mosquitos. Ten weeks were spent in the country, but most of this time was occupied in travelling round the group on brief visits to many islands, and on only two occasions were more than three days spent in any one locality. It was not possible, therefore, to make anything like an exhaustive collection of the mosquito fauna.
The Asiatic and African Species of the Genus Elasmus, Westw. (Hym., Chalcid.)
Authors: Ferrière Ch.
Published: July 2009

Up to 1909, the date of publication of the volume on Chalcididae in the Genera Insectorum, the genus Elasmus, Westw., was considered to be distributed only in Europe and America. In his list of species Schmiedeknecht mentioned only a single Asiatic species, E. anticles, Walk., from India, and no Australian or African species. At that date two other oriental species were already known, the one described, but not named, by Zehntner from Java (1900), and the other from the Philippine Islands, E. philippinensis, Ashmead (1904).
Seven new Species of Braconidae
Authors: Wilkinson D. S.
Published: July 2009

Apanteles pistrinariae, sp. n.

♀. Black ; scape, mouthparts (or at least palpi), tegulae, costal veins, legs and abdomen entirely (except as follows), red testaceous ; hind tarsi, extreme apex of hind tibiae, extreme base of hind coxae, occasionally very slightly darkened ; 1st and 2nd tergites, and ovipositor sheaths, black ; 3rd tergite dark red, at least darker than ventrites and apical tergites ; flagellum brown ; stigma, metacarp, and most other veins, brown or light reddish brown.
On a Collection of Thysanoptera from South Australia
Authors: Morison Guy D.
Published: July 2009

I am indebted to the Imperial Bureau of Entomology and to Mr. F. Laing, of the British Museum, for submitting to me for classification two small lots of Thysanoptera collected by Messrs. G. Samuel and J. G. Bald, of the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia.
On some Egg-parasites from Africa
Authors: Ferrière Ch.
Published: July 2009

♀. Head shining green; face and front with purplish shine. Thorax orange-yellow, with a small black spot on each side of the pronotum; mesopleurae and propodeon slightly brownish. Abdomen aeneous-black, with dark green shine near the end; first segment (except two brown spots at the sides) and second segment (except hind border) whitish. Valvae of ovipositor white. Antennae brown, with scape and pedicel yellow. Wings dark brown, with the base and a bent stripe in the middle hyaline. Legs brownish yellow, with the trochanters and tip of tibiae and tarsi clearer yellow; base of hind coxae and a stripe on the inner side of middle and hind femora dark brown.
Preliminary Note on Leaf-crinkle of Cotton in the Gezira Area, Sudan
Authors: Kirkpatrick T. W.
Published: July 2009

Owing to the wide divergences of opinion at present current among those in the Sudan who are interested in leaf-crinkle of cotton, it is thought that the present paper, incomplete as it is, may be of some value in indicating what little knowledge has so far been obtained by observations and direct controlled experiments, and in outlining the more obvious and important directions in which further investigations should proceed.
The Breeding in Nature of Phlebotomus argentipes, Ann. & Brun.
Authors: Shortt H. E. , Smith R. O. A. , Swaminath C. S.
Published: July 2009

The importance that has attached to the genus Phlebotomus in connection with its rôle as a possible vector of infections with various members of the family Trypanosomidae has led in recent years to an intensive study of this genus. This study has been pursued chiefly in two directions, viz., the differentiation of species and the possible rôle played by some of these in the transmission of trypanosome infections.
A new Moth Borer of Sugar-cane in Argentina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Box Harold E.
Published: July 2009

♂. Palpus light buff. Antennal shaft honey-yellow with sparse light buff scales. Head and thorax light buff tinged with warm buff. Tergum cartridge-buff, proximal two segments warm buff; pectus cartridge-buff. Legs light buff. Venter light buff. Fore wing light buff tinged with warm buff; veins slightly infuscate; a fuscous black discocellular dot; two series of fuscous dots on the veins beyond the cell, the first deeply bowed (concavity basad) from vein 7 to vein 2, sometimes forming a fuscous line continuing beyond vein 2 and bending to run obliquely into inner margin just before middle; the second series less deeply bowed, from vein 8 to vein 2; a terminal series of interneural black dots. Hind wing whitish, slightly tinged with cartridge-buff, tinged with light buff along costa; faint traces of fuscous interneural terminal dots. Underside of fore-wing light buff tinged along costa and sometimes beyond cell with warm buff; of hind wing whitish tinged with cartridge-buff, costa suffused with light buff. Expanse 30 mm.
A new Thrips-eating Gall Midge, Thripsobremia liothripis, gen. et. sp. n. (Cecidomyidae)
Authors: Barnes H. F.
Published: July 2009

It has been my privilege through the courtesy of the Imperial Institute of Entomology to examine specimens of a midge which was found predacious on Liothrips urichi, Karny, in Trinidad by Mr. H. W. Simmonds, and originally discovered by Mr. F. W. Urich.
Factors influencing the Interaction of insecticidal Mists and flying Insects
Authors: David W. A. L.
Published: July 2009

An attempt has been made to assemble the important factors concerned with the atomisation of a kerosene spray and to consider the behaviour of the spray alone, and in its relation with an insect flying through it.

The degree of atomisation attained by the spray gun is dependent upon nozzle design, the spraying pressure, the relative rate of liquid and air flow through the nozzle and such physical properties of the spray fluid as viscosity and surface tension.

All atomisers produce droplets of a variety of sizes which leave the gun with a considerable velocity and are carried along by the air current. At this stage they are at their maximum size and possess their maximum velocity so that the chance of impacting with an insect is great. Later on when the droplets have lost much of their velocity and volume (if they contained a non-volatile insecticide they will have become much more concentrated), they are much less likely to impact. It can thus be seen that a non-toxic carrier can increase apparent toxicity of a spray mist by assisting in the production of the momentum necessary for impaction (David and Bracey, 1944). On the other hand a reduction in the size of the droplet decreases the rate of loss from the air space by precipitation. In connection with evaporation the enormous change in concentration which occurs should be borne in mind. Within a few minutes the smallest droplets will have entirely evaporated, leaving only the non-volatile solute and before this stage is reached the droplet will have become super-saturated. Finally this non-volatile solute will exist as minute nuclei which, when they result from a fairly typical insecticidal formula containing up to say 5 per cent. nonvolatile material, may be so small as to settle only very slowly.

Regarding the response of the insect to the spray mist, it may be said that this depends upon the resistance of the insect and the dose of insecticide picked up. Since the spray mist takes some time to distribute evenly and since it is more easily picked up during or immediately after spraying and by insects in flight, it can be seen that the dose received by individual insects will vary a good deal unless the insects behave identically so that under these conditions there is little correlation between the comparative effect recorded on individuals and their relative innate resistance.

To the above remarks arising out of the theoretical discussion which formed the first part of this paper must be added the following conclusions from the experimental work.
Tests on Clothing impregnated with DDT as an anti-louse Measure
Authors: Musgrave A. J.
Published: July 2009

Simple tests have been done to appraise the value of garments impregnated with DDT as an anti-louse measure. It is very toxic to the body louse but its action is relatively slow. Woollen and cotton fabrics can be impregnated with it.

No estimate can be given of the precise length of the insecticidal life of a garment because of variations in wear, etc. But garments have been found to have o·1 per cent. DDT remaining after five launders and three weeks' wear. The minimum safe degree of impregnation as an anti-louse measure appears to be o·1 per cent. By the use of simple biological tests reasonably accurate assessments of the chemical content of garments can be made.

DDT is to some extent resistant to high temperatures. It is suggested that the chief cause of loss of insecticidal power is due to loss of nap. Impregnated garments transfer their insecticidal power to uriimpregnated garments kept in contact with them.

Results show that subsequent mortality is complete or very high among lice which have crawled for three hours on fabrics impregnated with DDT at rates between o·1 and 1·75 per cent. Signs of poisoning may take six hours to be manifested in the louse.

The results obtained with a sleeve test compared very closely with those obtained by the box method used chiefly in this work.

The theory is put forward that DDT enters the body louse through its tactile sense organs.
The Mosquitoes of Bwamba County, Uganda
Authors: Haddow A. J.
Published: July 2009

1. The taxonomy and bionomics of the eight species and subspecies ofEretmapoditesfound in the Bwamba County, Uganda, are discussed.

2. Experiments are described to show that the larvae of these species are predatory, sometimes very actively so.

3. The females of all the Bwamba species bite man by day, sometimes in large numbers.

4. The larva and pupa ofE. inornatus, Newst.; larva, pupa, and adult female ofE. penicillatus, Edw.; larva, pupa, and adults ofE. ferox, sp.n.; and larva and pupa ofE. leucopussubsp.productus, Edw., are described for the first time, special reference being paid to the range of individual variation. The taxonomy of the various previously described species is also treated briefly.

5. Keys are provided for the identification of the known larvae, pupae, males, and females. These keys have been prepared in order to include the new material, and to delete certain unreliable characters previously regarded as of specific value.
Eradication of Glossina in the Naboggo Valley, Gold Coast
Authors: Stewart J. L.
Published: July 2009

This work was found necessary when the Pong-Tamale Veterinary Laboratory and Livestock Farms were built in 1930–31 in the Naboggo Valley. The site was chosen because of ample water and abundant available ground.
A new Method of trapping Flies
Authors: Golding F. D.
Published: July 2009

(1) An adhesive made from 3 or 4 parts (according to the temperature) of the coagulated latex of Carpodinus hirsuta and I part of either shea butter (from Butyrospermum parkii) or palm oil (from Elaeis guineënsis) was found to be very effective against both house-flies in kitchens and Stomoxys spp. in pig pens.

(2) In kitchens, wires (diameter 4 mm.) were treated with the adhesive and suspended over the table on which food was prepared. The wires should be renewed every three or four days when flies are abundant and once a week when the infestation is light.

(3) At Ibadan in 1943, house-flies were abundant from early March to late July; the maximum house-fly infestation of both kitchens and pig pens occurred during the second week of May. The upward trend in adult incidence first became evident in mid-February of both 1943 and 1944 and appeared to be correlated with a rise in temperature at that time.

(4) Ten wires treated with adhesive were suspended under the eaves of each pig pen. Each pen consisted of a covered pen and an open yard divided by a half-wall; a screen made of oil palm fronds was erected above the half-wall with the object of making the innerpen sufficiently dark to deter flies from entering it. About half a million flies (about 27·5 per cent. Stomoxys spp.) were trapped in12 pens in a period of 112 weeks.

(5) Stomoxys spp. (principally S. nigra, Macq.) were abundant between early June and mid-August in 1943 and between early June and late November in 1944. In 1943 there was a short dry season between 25th July and 12th September, whilst in 1944 there was no break in the rains. There is a marked correlation between rainfall and the incidence of S. nigra. Heavy rainfall soaks straw round the stock-yards, heaps of weeds, etc., which decompose and provide suitable media for larval development.
Laboratory Studies on the Bionomics of the Rat Fleas,Xenopsylla brasiliensis, Baker andX. cheopis, Roths
Authors: Edney E. B.
Published: July 2009

1. The paper describes work carried out to find the causes of certain discrepancies in the results of longevity experiments on rat-fleas.

2. The following factors were found to reduce significantly the survival period of unfed adult fleas:—

Rearing larvae together rather than in separate tubes; Parent fleas over 11 days old; Using very fine rather than coarse sand as a matrix for larval food; Drying the blood for larval food by baking rather than in a vacuum over sulphuric acid at room temperature.

3. The following factors were found to have no significant effect upon adult longevity:—

Contamination of larval food by mice and their droppings;

Presence or absence of adult flea faeces in larval food.

4. The effect upon the weight of larvae and the duration of the larval period of some of the above-mentioned factors is described. The female larval period is shown to be shorter than that of the male under all conditions used.

5. It is confirmed that there is no significant difference between the longevity of male and female adults which have fed once or not at all, and that females which have fed frequently before starvation live longer than males.

6. Well developed, unfed, laboratory-bred adult fleas live longer than those which have fed once before starvation, and the latter live longer than those which have fed several times.

7. There is some evidence that unfed wild-caught fleas live longer than wildcaught fleas which have fed, but this needs confirmation.

8. All the available information regarding factors affecting adult longevity is summarised in a table.
Toxicity of DDT applied to Limewash
Authors: Habaway A. , Barlow F.
Published: July 2009

Reports on the effectiveness of DDT applied to the limewashed interiors of buildings have been conflicting. This question is of importance in the tropics where so many European houses are limewashed. Laboratory tests recorded here were made to determine, firstly, how effective DDT was when applied to limewash, and, secondly, the cause of any loss of toxicity.
An annotated List of Insects associated with Ground-nuts in East Africa
Authors: Jepson W. F.
Published: July 2009

It is now more than ten years since the publication of Harris' list of insects injurious to native food crops in Tanganyika (Harris 1937). It may be well to recall the view expressed in his introduction “… these crops … have achieved, within the limits of their present distribution, an equilibrium with their insect pests. Where there is no reasonable return for his labours, the native has ceased to grow a particular crop. This equilibrium is unstable, since pests increase in numbers at intervals owing to a variety of causes …”.
A biological Test for assessing the acaricidal Properties of DDT and “Gammexane” Preparations
Authors: Laws S. G.
Published: July 2009

When DDT and “Gammexane” were first used in Uganda for work on tick control, the absence of a rapid and simple chemical test made it necessary to evolve a biological method which would assess the killing power of the preparations in use. Such a method, if it is to be employed to assess the results of field work, should satisfy the following conditions;

(a) ticks should receive an initial wetting with the preparation comparable to that received when cattle are dipped or sprayed, and

(b) remain on a moist surface for a few hours, and then for a longer period in contact with the dried deposit, as in the case of the animal after it has been dipped or sprayed.
A simple Method for breeding the House-fly, Musca domestica, L., in the Laboratory
Authors: Hafez M.
Published: July 2009

Various substances have been used by different workers as substrata for breeding the house-fly under laboratory conditions. Horse manure was recommended by Hutchison (1916), Glaser (1924), Grady (1928), Derbeneva (1935) and Kusina (1936). A mixture of horse manure and hog manure was used by Hockenyos (1931). Feldman-Muhsam (1944) obtained the best breeding results by using cow dung. Pig dung was preferred by Lörincz & Makara (1935). Lodge (1918) reared house-flies on a mixture of casein, bread, water and banana. Richardson (1932) used another mixture of wheat bran, alfalfa meal, diamalt, yeast and water. Kobayashi (1935) used a by-product of soya beans. Basden (1947) in his large scale experiments, necessitating about 2,500 flies daily, used a mixture of middlings, grass meal, tap water, dry malt extract and dried yeast.
Some Difficulties in determining by Means of Field Samples the true Value of Parasitic Control
Authors: Simmonds F. J.
Published: July 2009

Investigations on the possible biological control of a particular insect pest usually have as their object the discovery of parasitic or predacious species which, when liberated in a different area without their own natural enemies, will in time bring about an economic reduction in the numbers of the pest concerned. Hence it is desirable to have some standard of comparison between various parasites attacking a pest of their efficiency as controlling agents. The standard normally used is that of the percentage of hosts in a certain stage found to be attacked by a given parasite species. Samples of host material are taken in the field and either dissected or reared in the laboratory. In either case the parasite species present are noted, the percentage of the hosts parasitised by each species worked out (together with the figures for hyperparasitism, if any) and a comparison made between them as to their relative value as controlling agents. Often such estimations of the value of a parasite species are based on a few small localised collections of field material; but apart from any criticism arising from a statistical consideration of the methods of sampling there are certain difficulties of a biological nature inherent in the estimation of the degree of control exerted by individual parasite species, Some of these Will be outlined below.
Some further isolated Generations of Tsetse Flies
Authors: Jackson C. H. N.
Published: July 2009

Glossina morsitans and G. swynnertoni were allowed to emerge for three days from pupae placed in each other's habitats and in that of G. pallidipes.

The morsitans in the habitat of swynnertoni were in poorer condition, and survived less well, than in the previous year. This may have been because the release was done a little later in the season, or because the freshly emerged flies were not up to the nutritional standards of a year or two before.

They were, however, nearly as heavy, in later life, as wild morsitans in their own home, and this is contrary to previous experience.

In relation to initial weight, swynnertoni, whether in their own home or as aliens in the habitats of other species, were heavier than morsitans, and in fat and water the alien swynnertoni were heavier than the native ones. However, the difference between the two species may possibly be caused by the fact that swynnertoni, after taking its first meal, cannot apparently fall much below its initial weight at emergence, as morsitans and particularly pallidipes are able to do, so that very hungry morsitans may be represented by swynnertoni which have been cut off by death, and are not available to the catchers.

The males of morsitans and swynnertoni are relatively inactive in early life, which has an important bearing on estimates of population and mean life made from marked flies. The females on the contrary are relatively inactive in later life.

Generally the relation between wing-fray and age found in the previous year is confirmed, except one aberrant result when swynnertoni was released in the habitat of morsitans. Scanty data suggest that the rate of wing-fray during the rainy season is not very different. As before, the females, especially in later life, fray their wings more slowly than the males.

Teneral (unfed) flies below the average size are comparatively non-viable, and about 10 per cent, are too small to survive to obtain their first meal. There is no suggestion that the same applies to non-tenerals.

The external morphology of early larvae is described; the first instar is provided with an egg-tooth in the mouth, which makes it incapable of feeding. Both the first and the second instars are spiny.

Although copulation between morsitans and swynnertoni is random, insemination from interspecific matings often fails, and the sterile egg is aborted. In such cases the left ovary ovulates before the normal time.

The flies and pupae live at about the temperature of the standard climate as recorded in a Stevenson screen ; possibly the flies are a little cooler and the pupae a little hotter.
The Anopheles of Tambunan, North Borneo
Authors: McArthur John
Published: July 2009

Tambunan is an elevated and isolated plain in the interior of North Borneo, occupied by irrigated paddy cultivation, surrounded by jungle-covered hills, and inhabited by a primitive native population subject to severe malaria.

The Malaria Research Department of North Borneo carried out surveys in this locality during 1939–42 for larval and adult Anopheles as part of an investigation into the causes and control of malaria in Borneo. The main findings of this work, and the incrimination of A. leucosphyrus, Dön., as a vector of malaria, have been described elsewhere (McArthur 1947), but brief accounts are given below of the habits and characteristics of the Anopheles in the locality.
The taxonomic Status of Drosicha stebbingi (Green) and Drosicha mangiferae (Green) (Hem., Coccid.)
Authors: Latif Abdul
Published: July 2009

Green (in Stebbing, 1902) described a species collected by Stebbing at Dehra Dun in 1899 as Monophlebus stebbingi. The principal diagnostic character of this species was the presence of six fleshy tassels at the caudal extremity of the male (fig. 1, a). Green (in Stebbing, 1903) proposed the name Monophlebus stebbingi var. mangiferae for a form found on mango in the Shalimar Gardens near Lahore in which the adult male carried eight fleshy caudal tassels. Later (1908) he described material from the Shalimar Gardens on mango as Monophlebus stebbingi var. octocaudata.
Trunk Absorption of a Systemic Chemical by Coffee
Authors: Bond J. A. B.
Published: July 2009

The systemic insecticide Hanane (mainly bisdimethylamino fluorophosphine oxide) is readily absorbed by the trunk of a coffee tree and translocated to the foliage when the bark is lightly scraped and the chemical applied in solution on a pad of absorbent material covered with a waterproof skin to prevent evaporation.

Smaller dosages of Hanane are required to give equivalent control of Planococcus kenyae (Le Pelley), or to cause a similar degree of phytotoxic damage, by this method than by soil treatment.

Abrasion or removal of the bark before application enables a greater absorption of the chemical but leads to serious phytotoxic damage by a comparatively low dosage.
Field Observations on the Cacao Mirids, Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. and Distantiella theobroma (Dist.), in the Gold Coast
Authors: Williams G.
Published: July 2009

The two species of Mirids, Sahlbergella singularisHagl. and Distantiella theobroma (Dist.), are important pests of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in the Gold Coast. The damage sustained by the cacao is due, in part, to the direct effects of feeding by these insects, but more to the subsequent invasion of the resulting lesions by the weakly pathogenic fungus, Calonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & Br.) Sacc.

In the field, Mirid damage may be classified into three categories. “Blast” is the result of light diffuse attack and is so named because of its similarity to fire damage. “Stagheaded cacao” is more severe, the trees showing numeroussmall crown branches but forming a poor canopy. “Mirid pocket” describes severe damage, normally limited to a small area, the trees losing the crown completely and the polelike trunks bearing numerous lateral chupons. In general, stagheaded symptoms are more prevalent where cacao is grown without shade, and pockets where cultivation of cacao utilises shade trees.

Consideration of the factors associated with Mirid damage shows that it is correlated with breaks in the cacao canopy. Evidence is brought forward to suggest that such breaks normally precede, rather than result from, Mirid attack. The canopy itself is unsuitable for the development of either species, the major part of the population being confined to the sub-canopy levels. The initial causes of the breaks are, most frequently, the die-backs associated with swollen shoot or with adverse water relations. The falling of shade trees causes a number of breaks, and, where cacao is grown without shade, the Mirids themselves may be a cause.

The most important single factor influencing the form of the cacao canopy, and thus the course of Mirid attack, is the amount of overhead shade, particularly that provided by trees little taller than the cacao itself. Shade which is too dense causes etiolation of the cacao and thus renders it susceptible to attack, the resulting damage generally taking the form of a pocket. Shade which is too sparse does not shield the cacao from the adverse effects of exposure. The Mirid damage in such areas generally assumes the stagheaded form.

It is suggested, from field experiments, that the invasion by Mirids of areas suitable for colonisation is not by random movements, but is determined by the change in some physical factor resulting from the broken canopy. Changes in light intensity are the most obvious results of such breaks, but further experiments are needed to determine which is the operating factor.

Degraded cacao is prevented from recovery, not by Mirid attack alone, but by the interaction of it with the presence of C. rigidiuscula, and by increased exposure.

The sampling methods employed are described, and the bearing of the results upon control measures is discussed.
Field Observations on the Bean Seed Fly (Seed Corn Maggot), Chortophila cilicrura, Rond., and C. trichodactyla, Rond.
Authors: Miles Mary
Published: July 2009

Field observations on C. cilicrura and C. trichodactyla have shown that in Britain the larvae feed on beans, peas, cabbages, kale, cauliflowers, leeks, onions, cucumbers and lettuce. The importance of C. cilicrura as a pest of beans in spring was well known; its attack on cucumbers was suspected but had not been verified; but the infestation of leeks and brassicas in summer and spring cabbages in autumn had not hitherto been recorded in Britain. An association of larvae of C. cilicrura with rotting vegetation has not so far been established.

Descriptions of adult and larval stages are given. Diagrams are given to illustrate specific differences between larvae of C. cilicrura and those of the onion fly, Hylemyia antiqua.

Field observations have shown that C. cilicrura is on the wing from March to October and there is some evidence of slight activity during the winter months. There are 3–4 generations a year, and peak periods of fly activity occur during mid-April to mid-May, late June to early July, and in fine weather throughout the period August to October.

Larvae have been taken throughout the period May to December. Peak periods of larval activity occur from mid-May to early June on beans, peas, cucumbers and cruciferous crops, during July on leeks and cruciferous crops, and during September to November on spring cabbages.

The close relationship between cultural practice in south Worcestershire and the occurrence of high populations of C. cilicrura is discussed.

A summary of control measures devised by other investigators is given. Modifications of cultural practice that would be likely to reduce attack by C. cilicrura are suggested. Results of preliminary trials with naphthalene and DDT emulsion are given.
Two new Gall Midges from Mauritius
Authors: Barnes H. F.
Published: July 2009

Specimens of a Stenodiplosis were received early in 1942 from Mr. A. Moutia labelled “no. 73, ex inflorescence of Stenotaphrum dimidiatum, Mauritius (Reduit), xii.1940.” In a subsequent letter, dated 25th May, 1942, Mr. Moutia stated that the midges were reared in the laboratory from material collected in the fields. He also gave the information that the grass, S. dimidiatum, forms about 40–50 per cent. of the pastures in Mauritius and, though its main mode of reproduction is by its root stock and cuttings, the dispersion of its seeds may to some extent help in bringing a profuse and thick layer of growth.
The Propagation of insect Parasites on unnatural Hosts
Authors: Simmonds F. J.
Published: July 2009

When an insect parasite successfully attacks a host in the natural environment, the criterion of success being the development of the parasite progeny to maturity, the species attacked is described as a “natural host.” Parasites are used in biological control work with respect to their natural hosts. However, when the mass breeding of parasites for field distribution has to be carried out, the provision of natural hosts in sufficient quantity is in many cases difficult or impossible, unless they can be easily obtained in large numbers from the field. But some of these hosts have only a single generation a year. Others live in the larval stage in parts of growing plants which cannot be satisfactorily handled so as to produce mass infestations; on the other hand, attempts to rear such insects on detached fragments of plant tissue often result in heavy mortality. Other hosts which are very satisfactory for parasite propagation in some respects, become very susceptible to epidemics of disease when kept in large numbers in confinement. Even without these difficulties, the propagation in the laboratory of large numbers of natural hosts is often tedious and expensive.
The Influence of Drought on the Survival of Eggs of Austroicetes cruciata, Sauss. (Orthoptera) in South Australia
Authors: Birch L. C. , Andrewartha H. G.
Published: July 2009

Drought is the only factor in the environment of the eggs of Austroicetes cruciata that is likely to cause a high mortality rate of the eggs in the field.

The eggs may be exposed to drought at various stages of their development. The probability of high mortality due to exposure to drought during the winter is considered to be negligible.

The probability of a high mortality rate due to drought when the nymphs are hatching is unimportant. From an analysis of the meteorological records for 50 years, it was estimated that high mortality rates from this cause may occur 12 times in a thousand years at Hawker and less frequently elsewhere in the grasshopper belt.

The eggs are exposed to the most severe hazards during the summer. An analysis of the meteorological records shows that severe mortality rates may have occurred as a result of drought in the summer from one to seven times during the 50 years 1891–1940, depending upon the district.
Ceratopogonidae collected in Trinidad from Cacao Flowers
Authors: Macfie J. W. S.
Published: July 2009

All the specimens referred to below were collected by Mr. A. F. Posnette in Trinidad, British West Indies, during December 1943 or in January 1944, and were sent by him to the Imperial Institute of Entomology, London, for identification, because some of them, he thought, were of importance in the pollination of cacao flowers. The majority (46) had been found actually in cacao flowers, and all but one of these were referable to the two species, Forcipomyia quasi-ingrami, Macfie (38) and Lasiohelea nana, Macfie (7). It was these two species which Mr. Posnette believed to be “of great economic importance in Trinidad as pollinators of cacao.” The single exceptional specimen, which did not belong to either of these two species, was probably a small example of Lasiohelea stylifer, Lutz. With these insects were sent a few (8) other specimens from moss on the trunk of a cacao tree. They were, however, quite different species, namely, an Atrichopogon, a Stilobezzia, and a Dasyhelea. The following notes may facilitate the ready recognition and further study of these small insects.
Diapause in the Eggs of Austroicetes cruciata, Sauss. (Acrididae) with particular Reference to the Influence of Temperature on the Elimination of Diapause
Authors: Andrewartha H. G.
Published: July 2009

Diapause should not be confused with simple inhibition of growth due to cold.

The embryo of the grasshopper, Austroicetes cruciata, enters a state of diapause a few days after the egg is laid. The diapause is obligate like that found in the eggs of Circotettix, rather than facultative like that found in the larvae of Platyedra. These types of diapause should be regarded as two extremes of the one phenomenon rather than two distinct phenomena.

Diapause was eliminated when the egg was exposed to adequate low temperature for an adequate period when the embryo was at a suitable stage of development. If the period at low temperature was inadequate, or if the embryo was not at a suitable stage of development when the exposure to low temperature occurred, diapause was only partially eliminated. In such cases, the exposure to low temperature resulted in an abnormal growth by the embryo when the egg was returned to a favourable high temperature, but development was not completed.

The influence of low temperature on the elimination of diapause was due chiefly to changes which occurred in the yolk during exposure to low temperature. Thus yolk which had been modified in this way became suitable for the nourishment of the embryo, and it no longer obstructed katatrepsis. This explanation of the nature of the obligate diapause in the eggs of Austroicetes brings this phenomenon into line with the facultative diapause in the larvae of Platyedra, which has been shown to be associated with the nourishment of the larva.

Diapause was eliminated most rapidly at temperatures between 6°C. and 13°C. The embryo grew most rapidly at about 30°C. ; below 13°C. growth practically ceased. The absence of overlapping of the temperature ranges for these two processes may explain the presence of diapause in Austroicetes. The occurrence of a less pronounced diapause in the eggs of Melanoplus may be due to a partial overlapping of the temperature range for the two processes. Similarly the absence of diapause in the eggs of Locusta may be explained on the assumption that in this species the two processes proceed over the same temperature range.
The Toxicity of some common Fumigants to Body Lice
Authors: Busvine J. R.
Published: July 2009

An outbreak of body lice might require several control measures according to circumstances. Two types of fumigant action have been investigated in the laboratory and the field :—

(1) House fumigation for disinfesting typhus-contaminated premises.

Lice were fairly similar to bed-bugs in their resistance to the fumigants tested. In practice, 16 oz./l,000 cubic feet of hydrogen cyanide will kill lice and eggs : 2 lb. of sulphur/1,000 cubic feet is also successful if the wind is not strong.

(2) Bin fumigation of garments by saturated vapours.

The saturated vapours of solids such as naphthalene and paradichlorbenzene are extremely slow in action ; even with 20 hours exposure at 20°C. they are unreliable. Liquids such as heavy naphtha or trichlorethylene are much more promising.

For reading and criticising this paper I am grateful to Professor Buxton in whose department the work was done. My thanks are also due to the Medical Research Council for a grant.
A Synopsis of the African Species of Meteorus (Hym., Braconidae)
Authors: Nixon G. E. J.
Published: July 2009

This short review is incomplete in so far as it deals only with the material received by the Imperial Institute of Entomology for identification and that which is contained in the collections of the British Museum. A list of the species unknown to me is given at the end of the paper.

Nine new species and one new variety are described.
The Larvae of the Lepidoptera associated with stored Products
Authors: Hinton H. E.
Published: July 2009

During the last year, while I was engaged in work on stored product pests for the Infestation Branch of the Ministry of Food, the necessity arose for identifying Lepidopterous larvae damaging stored food. It was soon found that with few exceptions the available descriptions of these larvae are quite inadequate, as they are usually based entirely on colour, and it became necessary to employ more precise methods. The arrangement of the setae (chaetotaxy) together with other structural characters proved to be reliable for distinguishing the species. By these means those concerned should be able to identify without undue difficulty most of the moth larvae they are likely to encounter. Altogether 35 out of some 70 species which have been found associated with stored products in all parts of the world, can be positively identified by means of the keys and descriptions given in this paper. These 35 species include all the more important British ones and seven which have not yet been recorded in Britain,viz. : Celama sorghiella(Riley),Cryptoblabes gnidiella(Mill.),Acrobasis caryae, Grote,A. juglandis(Le Baron),Etiella zinckenella(Treit.),Pyroderces rileyi(Wals.), andAnchonoma xeraula, Meyr.

The data concerning the distribution have been supplied by Dr. A. Steven Corbet and Mr. W. H. T. Tarns and are based on authentic material in the British Museum. The order in which the families and lower systematic categories are arranged in the keys and descriptions is governed only by convenience and not by phylogenetic considerations,e.g., the most primitive family, Tineidae, is dealt with last.
An Account of Schistocerca flavofasciata (De Geer 1773) in Trinidad (Orthoptera : Acrididae)
Authors: Kevan D. Keith McE.
Published: July 2009

The genus Schistocerca is one of very great economic importance, since it includes the Desert locust of the Old World, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) and the South American locust, S. paranensis (Burm.). It was therefore considered of value to study the life history of one of the solitary species living in Trinidad, and the present investigations were made during 1942 at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture at St. Augustine.

The climate of Trinidad is humid tropical. The annual rainfall over nineteen years at St. Augustine averaged 68·4 inches, but in the north-east of the Island the rainfall is over 100 inches per annum, falling to below 60 inches on the West coast. The rainy season usually begins about June, with a break in August or September, and lasts till the end of the year or the early part of January. November may be taken as one of the wettest months with a rainfall of about 11·5 inches (at St. Augustine), while more than half an inch is not usual for April. The humidity in November averages about 85 per cent. in the morning and 77 per cent. in the afternoon, but it is still high in April, being 75 per cent. and 64 per cent. for morning and afternoon respectively. The night humidities are even higher. The temperature remains practically constant throughout the year, averaging about 84°F. (29°C.) during the day, and 74°F. (23·3°C.) at night. The temperature may reach 95°F. (35°C.) during the day in the dry season, but it seldom falls as low as 65°F. (18·3°C.) at night.
The Penetration of Derris through the Spiracles and Cuticle ofMelophagus ovinus, L.
Authors: Webb J. E.
Published: July 2009

InMelophagus ovinus, derris dust is shown to be absorbed through the spiracles and tracheal system. The amount of dust entering the tracheae is governed by the structure of the inspiratory spiracles and the rate of flow of the inspired air.

Factors stimulating the rate of respiration of the insect—i.e., increased muscular activity, the presence of 5 per cent. carbon dioxide and a rise in temperature, increase the rate of entry of derris into the body.

Penetration of derris takes place slowly through the external cuticle at 30° C., but not at all at 20°C. It is postulated that the entry of derris through the cuticle probably depends on the hardness of the lipoid layer.
Insectary Rearing of Anopheles pharoensis
Authors: Theodor O. H. , Parsons B. T.
Published: July 2009

A cage colony of Anopheles pharoensis, Theo., was established in September, 1943. The methods used were mainly those described by Hackett in his paper on the Malaria Station in Tirana, read at the Amsterdam Malaria Congress in 1938.
Fruit-piercing Lepidoptera in Nigeria
Authors: Golding F. D.
Published: July 2009

Damage to citrus fruits by Noctuid moths is known to occur at Ibadan and Agege (about 14 miles north of Lagos). The majority of the observations recorded in this paper were made on Moor Plantation, Ibadan, during the 1938 and 1939 seasons. Box (1942) describes the crop ripening, in the Gold Coast, between April and August as the Main crop, and that ripening between September and December as the Mid crop; in Nigeria, the bulk of the citrus ripens during the latter period, which is known as the Main crop. In this paper the terms wet season and dry season crops are employed.
Note sur l'emploi de la pasteque, Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae) dans la preparation des appats empoisonnes
Authors: Mallamaire A.
Published: July 2009

Durant l'année 1943, au cours de la campagne de lutte contre le criquet pèlerin (Schistocerca gregaria, Forsk.) il a été fait un large emploi des fruits de la pastèque (Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad.) dans les régions sahéliennes de l'Afrique Occidentale Française, des côtes de la Mauritanie à la rive occidentale du lac Tchad.