bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breeches and Breaches: Cross-Dress Theater and the Culture of Gender Ambiguity in Modern France
Authors: Berlanstein Lenard R.
Published: June 2009

Cross dressing is about deliberately traversing meaningful boundaries. The cultural critic, Marjorie Garber, argues that Western civilization has long been obsessed with transvestite behavior. Garber's wide-ranging analysis (from Shakespeare to Madonna) stresses the disruptive aspect of the phenomenon, which, she claims, precipitates a “category crisis” by exposing the futility of all binary oppositions, including those of gender. Could cross dressing ever have been a commonplace part of the notoriously cautious bourgeois culture of nineteenth-century France? The very idea seems implausible on the surface, but in fact the mainstream stage presented the opportunity to see an enormous amount of transvestite performance (travesti). It consisted not simply of plays within which characters disguise themselves as the other sex. In hundreds of French plays before and after the Revolution, actresses assumed male roles, and, to a more limited extent, actors took female parts. Playwrights and producers, more concerned with fame and success than with social commentary, turned out a stream of such transvestite spectacles.
Capturing the Land: Kipsigis Narratives of Progress
Authors: Donovan Michael
Published: June 2009

The modern world is composed of unstable landscapes in which boundaries, horizons, and attendant possibilities of living in the world change with dizzying rapidity. Likewise, the experience of modernity is often described in terms of peoples' attenuated attachments to the places they inhabit (Jameson 1991; Harvey 1989; Soja 1989). Such tenuous, at times chimeric, connections between persons and places, to up the ante between subjectivity(ies) and the place-bound artifice of habit and custom, pose some pressing analytical challenges to those who are interested in cultural description.
Geography as Destiny: Cities, Villages and Khmer Rouge Orientalism
Authors: McIntyre Kevin
Published: June 2009

“The red, red blood splatters the cities and plains,” cried the national anthem of Democratic Kampuchea. “The blood spills out into great indignation and a resolute urge to fight,” it “liberates us from slavery.” The image in the anthem was not simply symbolic. Upon taking power in April 1975, the Khmer Rouge emptied the cities and towns of Cambodia, initiating a three-year regime of terror that leveled the country economically, culturally, and physically. In this typhoon of tragedy, nearly two million people died, swept aside in a whirlwind of social upheaval.
Between being wise and acting wise: A hidden conditional in some constructions with propensity adjectives
Authors: OSHIMA DAVID Y.
Published: June 2009

This paper develops a semantic analysis of three constructions: (i) the subject-oriented adverb construction (Wisely, John left early), (ii) the ‘Adj+toInf’ construction (John was wise to leave early), and (iii) the ‘Adj+ofNP’ construction (It was wise of John to leave early), which all involve three semantic components: (i) an individuala(John), (ii) a propertyP1that describes a mental/behavioral propensity (wise), and (iii) another propertyP2which typically describes an action (leave early). I argue that the three constructions share a meaning along the lines of ‘P2(a), and from this it is possible to infer thatP1(a)’, whereP1is forced to receive the transitory interpretation, but they differ as to which component they assert/presuppose. I further demonstrate that this analysis allows us to solve two well-known semantic puzzles concerning these constructions (the ‘entailment puzzle’ and the ‘embeddability puzzle’). The three constructions are highly amenable to the Construction Grammar approach, because their meaning cannot be derived from the intuitive meanings of their constituents and regular semantic rules only. I provide formal analyses of the three constructions in the framework of Sign-Based Construction Grammar (SBCG).
The phonology of Second Occurrence Focus
Authors: FÉRY CAROLINE , ISHIHARA SHINICHIRO
Published: June 2009

This paper investigates the question of whether and how ‘Second Occurrence Focus’ (SOF) is realized phonetically in German. The apparent lack of phonetic marking on SOF has raised much discussion on the semantic theory of focus (Partee 1999, Rooth 1992). Some researchers have reported the existence of phonetic marking of SOF in the postnuclear area (Rooth 1996, Beaver et al. 2007). In our experimental study with German sentences, we examined sentences both with prenuclear SOF and with postnuclear SOF, comparing them with their first occurrence focus (FOF) and non-focus counterparts. The results show that the phonetic prominence of focus (higher pitch/longer duration) is realized differently according to the type of focus as well as according to the position of the target expression. We account for these differences by considering several phonetic effects, those that are information-structure-related and those that are phonologically motivated.
Multiple dependencies and the role of the grammar in real-time comprehension
Authors: WAGERS MATTHEW W. , PHILLIPS COLIN
Published: June 2009

Wh-dependencies are known to be formed rapidly in real-time comprehension. The parser posits the location of gap sites in advance of the bottom-up evidence for missing constituents, and must therefore have a means of deciding when and where to project dependencies. Previous studies have observed that the parser avoids building ungrammatical wh-dependencies, for example, by restricting the search for gap sites from island domains. This paper tests the stronger claim that constraints are not merely respected, but that grammatical knowledge actively prompts the construction of some representations in advance of the input. Three self-paced reading experiments examined patterns of wh-dependency formation in multiple-dependency constructions: obligatory across-the-board (ATB) extraction from coordinated verb phrases, and from optional parasitic gaps in post-verbal adjunct clauses. The key finding is that comprehenders immediately enforce the requirement for extraction from coordinates, and hence actively search for multiple gap sites within a coordinate VP; but they do not search for post-verbal parasitic gaps. This difference cannot be attributed to relative differences in acceptability, as comprehenders rated both of these multiple-gap constructions equally highly, nor can it be explained by general parsing incentives to develop maximal incremental interpretations of partial strings. More plausibly, the difference reflects the deployment of detailed grammatical knowledge in a parser that is motivated to satisfy structural licensing requirements in real time.
Spatial and temporal variations of microphytoplankton composition related to hydrographic conditions in the Gulf of Gabès
Authors: Drira Zaher , Bel Hassen Malika , Hamza Asma , Rebai Ahmed , Bouain Abderrahmen , Ayadi Habib , Aleya Lotfi
Published: June 2009

The spatial and temporal variations of the microphytoplankton communities were examined during four oceanographic cruises conducted between July 2005 and March 2007 aboard the RV ‘Hannibal’. Water thermal stratification started in May–June, and a thermocline established at 20 m depth, but ranged between 25 m during July and more than 30 m during September. The high concentrations of chlorophyll-awere observed during the May–June semi-mixed conditions and were mainly correlated with the concentrations of phosphate, suggesting a potential limitation by this nutrient. The Bacillariophyceae were dominant in the coastal samples, whereas they declined in the offshore area, most likely due to silicate shortage. Cyanobacteriae developed over semi-mixed conditions and at the thermocline depth. Relatively constant abundance of dinoflagellates was observed during the sampling periods from the coast to the offshore area, mainly explained by the high diversity species of this group. The results suggest that some phytoplankton taxa are generally adapted to specific hydrological conditions, whereas the dinoflagellates did not seem to follow this trend. Our findings have important biogeochemical implications in relationship with the export fluxes of the particulate matter throughout the water column.
Ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions are not suitable for intra- or inter-specific phylogeny reconstruction in haplosclerid sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae)
Authors: Redmond Niamh E. , McCormack Grace P.
Published: June 2009

Sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS-1 and ITS-2) were employed to investigate relationships between putatively very closely related species of marine haplosclerids and to investigate the species status ofHaliclona cinerea. Results indicate that intra-genomic and intra-specific levels of diversity are equivalent, and sequences from multiple clones from a number of individuals of a single species could not be separated on phylogenetic trees. As a result, the ITS regions are not suitable markers for population level studies in marine haplosclerids. Sequences of these regions were highly species specific, and large differences were found between species. ITS sequences from threeCallyspongiaand threeHaliclonaspecies could not be aligned successfully and therefore this locus could not be used to investigate relationships between these putative close relatives. However, ITS sequences retrieved fromone H. cinereawere very different from sequences generated from otherH. cinereaindividuals indicating that this species comprises more than one taxon.
Three new species of Iberian cheilostomate Bryozoa
Authors: Reverter-Gil Oscar , Souto Javier , Fernández-Pulpeiro Eugenio
Published: June 2009

Three new species of Iberian cheilostomate bryozoans are described from material held in our own collection as well as in the bryozoan collection in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. Chaperiopsis hirsuta sp. nov., from the Mediterranean, is the second species of this genus in European waters. Metroperiella gay sp. nov. and Schizoporella artabra sp. nov. are described from material collected in Galicia (north-western Spain).
Cetacean strandings on the coast of Ceará, north-eastern Brazil (1992–2005)
Authors: Meirelles Ana Carolina O. , Monteiro-Neto Cassiano , Martins Aline M.A. , Costa Alexandra F. , Barros Helen M.D.R. , Alves Maria Danise O.
Published: June 2009

This study reviews and updates information on cetacean strandings in the state of Ceará, Brazil (02°30′S 41°15′W– 04°30′S 36°45′W), comprising 573 km of coastline. In the years 1992–2005, there were 252 cetacean stranding events, representing 19 species: three species of Balaenopteridae, three Physeteridae, two Kogiidae, two Ziphiidae and 11 Delphinidae. Three species comprised the majority (78.9%) of stranding events: estuarine dolphin,Sotalia guianensis(61.9%); sperm whale,Physeter macrocephalus(10.3%); and rough-toothed dolphin,Steno bredanensis(6.7%). There was an increasing trend in the number of cases reported in the first five years with a highest frequency achieved in 1996. Stranding events occurred throughout the year, with the lowest frequency occurring in the autumn (March–May). Approximately 4% of the events were attributed to natural causes while 24.6% were human-related, mainly incidental captures. Meat removal for human consumption or bait was recorded in 6.7% of events. In the study area,Sotalia guianensis,P. macrocephalusandSteno bredanensiswere the most abundant cetacean species, whereasLagenodelphis hosei,Pseudorca crassidens,Orcinus orca,Kogia sima,Mesoplodon europaeus,Balaenoptera acutorostrataandBalaenoptera bonaerensisare probably rare in the area.
Symposium 5: Joint BAPEN and Nutrition Society Symposium on ‘Feeding size 0: the science of starvation’ Severe malnutrition: therapeutic challenges and treatment of hypovolaemic shock
Authors: Maitland Kathryn
Published: June 2009

The systematic failure to recognise and appropriately treat children with severe malnutrition has been attributed to the elevated case-fatality rates, often as high as 50%, that still prevail in many hospitals in Africa. Children admitted to Kilifi District Hospital, on the coast of Kenya, with severe malnutrition frequently have life-threatening features and complications, many of which are not adequately identified or treated by WHO guidelines. Four main areas have been identified for research: early identification and better supportive care of sepsis; evidence-based fluid management strategies; improved antimicrobial treatment; rational use of nutritional strategies. The present paper focuses on the identification of children with sepsis and on fluid management strategies.
Russia and the International Polar Year, 1882–1883
Authors: Tammiksaar Erki , Sukhova Natalia G. , Stone Ian R.
Published: June 2009

While it is well known that the originator of the plans for the first International Polar Year was Carl Weyprecht, and that Georg Neumayer was important in guiding the project in its early stages and to eventual fruition, the pivotal role of Heinrich Wild, who became chairman of the International Polar Commission, and was a member of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences and of the Russian Geographical Society, has been largely overlooked in this context. Furthermore the important work undertaken by the Russian scientific establishment with regard to the project is also little known. This paper seeks to throw light on these matters. Because of the difference in 12 days in the Russian and European calendars in the 19th century, for the sake of clarity, only the new (European) calendar is employed in the text.
Editorial
Authors: BURNARD PAMELA , SPRUCE GARY
Published: June 2009

In this issue, we witness different ways in which to illuminate the changing relationship between music education research and practice and how that relationship is understood. In studies drawn from as far as afield as Belgium, USA, Canada, and including the UK, authors locate current debates about practice within a range of theoretical frames of reference (including Foucalt, Marx, Piaget, Vygotsky) and relate their work to a range of contested areas. The articles move between self-reflection (in rehearsal contexts) to teacher reflection (on teaching composing and movement) to reflective research techniques which look at how children make sense of their musical listening through figurative representations or musical mapping tasks. We are also invited to consider afresh Orff and Kodaly from critical theorist standpoints.
UNIFORM CONVERGENCE RATES OF KERNEL ESTIMATORS WITH HETEROGENEOUS DEPENDENT DATA
Authors: Kristensen Dennis
Published: June 2009

The main uniform convergence results of Hansen (2008,Econometric Theory24, 726–748) are generalized in two directions: Data are allowed to (a) be heterogeneously dependent and (b) depend on a (possibly unbounded) parameter. These results are useful in semiparametric estimation problems involving time-inhomogeneous models and/or sampling of continuous-time processes. The usefulness of these results is demonstrated by two applications: kernel regression estimation of a time-varying AR(1) model and the kernel density estimation of a Markov chain that has not been initialized at its stationary distribution.
Now you hear it, now you don't: Vowel devoicing in Japanese infant-directed speech
Authors: FAIS LAUREL , KAJIKAWA SACHIYO , AMANO SHIGEAKI , WERKER JANET F.
Published: June 2009

In this work, we examine a context in which a conflict arises between two roles that infant-directed speech (IDS) plays: making language structure salient and modeling the adult form of a language. Vowel devoicing in fluent adult Japanese creates violations of the canonical Japanese consonant–vowel word structure pattern by systematically devoicing particular vowels, yielding surface consonant clusters. We measured vowel devoicing rates in a corpus of infant- and adult-directed Japanese speech, for both read and spontaneous speech, and found that the mothers in our study preserve the fluent adult form of the language and mask underlying phonological structure by devoicing vowels in infant-directed speech at virtually the same rates as those for adult-directed speech. The results highlight the complex interrelationships among the modifications to adult speech that comprise infant-directed speech, and that form the input from which infants begin to build the eventual mature form of their native language.
Segmental production in Mandarin-learning infants
Authors: CHEN LI-MEI , KENT RAYMOND D.
Published: June 2009

The early development of vocalic and consonantal production in Mandarin-learning infants was studied at the transition from babbling to producing first words. Spontaneous vocalizations were recorded for 24 infants grouped by age: G1 (0 ; 7 to 1 ; 0) and G2 (1 ; 1 to 1 ; 6). Additionally, the infant-directed speech of 24 caregivers was recorded during natural infant–adult interactions to infer language-specific effects. Data were phonetically transcribed according to broad categories of vowels and consonants. Vocalic development, in comparison with reports for children of other linguistic environments, exhibited two universal patterns: the prominence of [ɛ] and [ə], and the predominance of low and mid vowels over high vowels. Language-specific patterns were also found, e.g. the early appearance and acquisition of low vowels [ɑ]. Vowel production was similar in G1 and G2, and a continuum of developmental changes brought infants' vocalization closer to the adult model. Consonantal development showed two universal patterns: labials and alveolars occurred more frequently than velars; and nasals developed earlier than fricatives, affricates and liquids. We also found two language-specific patterns: alveolars were more prominent than labials and affricates developed early. Universal and language-specific characteristics in G1 continued to be prominent in G2. These data indicate that infants are sensitive to the ambient language at an early age, and this sensitivity influences the nature of their vocalizations.
Children's preference for HAS and LOCATED relations: A word learning bias for noun–noun compounds
Authors: KROTT ANDREA , GAGNÉ CHRISTINA L. , NICOLADIS ELENA
Published: June 2009

The present study investigates children's bias when interpreting novel noun–noun compounds (e.g.kig donka) that refer to combinations of novel objects (kig and donka). More specifically, it investigates children's understanding of modifier–head relations of the compounds and their preference for HAS or LOCATED relations (e.g. a donka that HAS a kig or a donka that is LOCATED near a kig) rather than a FOR relation (e.g. a donka that is used FOR kigs). In a forced-choice paradigm, two- and three-year-olds preferred interpretations with HAS/LOCATED relations, while five-year-olds and adults showed no preference for either interpretation. We discuss possible explanations for this preference and its relation to another word learning bias that is based on perceptual features of the referent objects, i.e. the shape bias. We argue that children initially focus on a perceptual stability rather than a pure conceptual stability when interpreting the meaning of nouns.
Oviductal cells and early conception
Authors: Bongso Ariff
Published: June 2009

The ability to bypass the oviduct by fertilizing human oocytes in vitro and then transferring the ensuing embryos into the uterine environment to produce pregnancies that can be carried to term (assisted reproductive technology, ART) has made the real functional significance of the fallopian tube come under debate. The question has been raised as to whether the oviduct is a simple conduit, providing for the transport of gametes and embryos, or whether it has any functional relevance to early conception. In the field of ART, some reports claim that transfer of embryos either to the uterus or to the oviduct yield similar results, while a greater amount of evidence confirms that tubal transfers are associated with higher pregnancy and take home baby rates, suggesting that unknown factors in the oviduct favour fertilization and embryo viability. This review attempts to provide some answers to questions about the role of oviductal cells in vivo during early conception and in vitro in the field of ART.
Hysteroscopic surgery: possibilities, limitations and future
Authors: de Blok S , Wamsteker K
Published: June 2009

With hysteroscopic surgery, specific endoscopic approaches can be applied in selected cases avoiding the need for classical open surgery or even hysterectomy. The development of these surgical procedures has resulted in an increasing interest in the use of diagnostic hysteroscopy in order to identify that intrauterine pathology which is suitable for endoscopic treatment.
Pharmacokinetics of gonadotropin therapy
Authors: Levy Tally , Ben-Rafael Zion
Published: June 2009

Ovulation is the result of an integrated action of the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries. During the process, gonadal steroids, peptides and growth factors are produced and influence the synthesis and release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These latter compounds play a crucial role in folliculogenesis and are frequently used in the management of infertility.
The role of interleukins in the ovary
Authors: Simón C , Tsafriri A , Pellicer A , Polan ML
Published: June 2009

A brief look at the history of cytokine research shows that the term ‘lymphokine’ was first described in 1969 as the product of sensitized lymphocytes exposed to specific antigens. To eliminate the incorrect notion that such proteins can be produced only by lymphocytes, Cohenet al.(1974) proposed the term ‘cytokines’ to indicate their production also by nonlymphoid cells.2After a long-persisting reluctance, it seems that ‘cytokine’ is becoming the prevalent term for these proteins. Meanwhile, a group of participants at the Second International Lymphokine Workshop held in 1979 proposed the term ‘interleukin’ in order to develop, ‘a system of nomenclature based on the protein's ability to act as communication signals between different populations of leukocytes’.3They introduced the names IL-I and IL-2 for two important cytokines. Since then the number of described interleukins reached 16 and this number may increase. Furthermore, notwithstanding this previous notion, interleukins are now known to be produced in a variety of tissues other than leucocytes and affect the functions of many and diverse somatic cell types (e.g. IL-1 or IL-6). Therefore, while many cytokines are now termed as interleukins, others continue to be known by their old names [e.g. tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)], suggesting that they had been recognized earlier, but all of them are included under the generic name of cytokines.
Putative intraovarian regulators
Authors: Adashi Eli Y , Rohan Richard M
Published: June 2009

Ovarian folliculogenesis is an exponential process marked by dramatic proliferation and differentiation of the somatic and germ cell elements of the follicle. Although the central roles of gonadotropins and of gonadal steroids in this explosive agenda are well accepted, the variable fate of follicles afforded comparable gonadotropic stimulation suggests the existence of additional intraovarian modulatory systems. Accordingly, consideration must be given to another set (or sets) of regulatory principles that may provide these missing modulatory loops. The work of multiple contributors favors the hypothesis that these modulatory loops are comprised of a host of peptidergic principles which engagein situin the modulation of ovarian growth and function. In its capacity as an intraovarian regulator, a given agent may be acting independently of, as an amplifier of, as an attenuator of, or even as a mediator of, gonadotropin action. Together, gonadotropins, steroids, and locally derived peptidergic principles form a triad that modulates the growth and differentiation of ovarian follicles (Figure 1).
Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists and hormone replacement theory
Authors: Chang R Jeffrey
Published: June 2009

It has been clearly demonstrated that GnRHa is a powerful suppressant of ovarian steroidogenesis and, as a result, provides alternative strategies in dealing with certain gynaecological disorders. A concern for the deleterious effects of oestrogen deprivation is underscored by the potential long-term application of these compounds. Available studies indicate that concomitant HRT, whether physiological or pharmacological, may be utilized with good results. However, there is a great need to further explore the benefit and risks of supplementation therapy.
The ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Authors: Gianaroli L , Ferraretti AP , Fiorentino A
Published: June 2009

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an iatrogenic complication induced by exogenous administration of substances that are used to stimulate follicular growth and ovulation. There has only been one reported incidence of a spontaneous occurrence of OHSS and that was in 1992. The crucial event in the development of the syndrome is the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), although several studies have reported the onset of OHSS after gonadotropin stimulation despite withholding HCG. OHSS is represented by a broad spectrum of clinical and laboratory manifestations which, in the severest form, can induce a life-threatening condition.
Metabolic aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Wild Robert A
Published: June 2009

Metabolic abnormalities in patients with PCO syndrome demand that we change our clinical approach to PCO syndrome. No longer should the approach be short-term and driven by symptoms, rather it must recognize that PCO syndrome is a chronic disorder. Associated metabolic abnormalities may have long-term sequelae and their recognition influences not only how we evaluate patients, but also how we implement prevention. Observational, interventional, epidemiological and now mechanistic studies need to focus on interactive issues. Outcome study results are awaited to determine the likelihood of sequelae and to optimize preventive strategies. The PCO paradigm is a complex biological experiment on nature that offers a superb opportunity to begin to understand the many ways in which hormones affect atherogenesis. It is important to understand the clinical syndromes encompassed in this paradigm. Atherogenic consequences are still responsible for the majority of deaths in the industrialized world!
The role of antiphospholipid antibodies in reproductive failure
Authors: Branch D Ware , Hatasaka Harry H
Published: June 2009

The relationship between antiphospholipid antibodies and the clinical features of placental insufficiency, pre-eclampsia, and fetal loss has emerged as one of the most exciting new observations in obstetrics in the last 15 years. Antiphospholipid syndrome is the only convincing ‘immunologic’ disturbance of pregnancy affecting the fetus other than anti-erythrocyte or antiplatelet alloimmunization disorders, and it is now routine to test patients with fetal loss for the two best characterized antiphospholipid antibodies, lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin. Although there is no proven mechanism for fetal loss, treatment of antiphospholipid antibody-positive mothers during pregnancy with heparin improves pregnancy outcome.
Exploration of biomarkers for total fish intake in pregnant Norwegian women
Authors: Brantsæter Anne Lise , Haugen Margaretha , Thomassen Yngvar , Ellingsen Dag G , Ydersbond Trond A , Hagve Tor-Arne , Alexander Jan , Meltzer Helle Margrete
Published: June 2009

Objective

Few biomarkers for dietary intake of various food groups have been established. The aim of the present study was to explore whether selenium (Se), iodine, mercury (Hg) or arsenic may serve as a biomarker for total fish and seafood intake in addition to the traditionally usedn-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA.

Design

Intake of fish and seafood estimated by an FFQ was compared with intake assessed by a 4 d weighed food diary and with biomarkers in blood and urine.

Setting

Validation study in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa).

Subjects

One hundred and nineteen women.

Results

Total fish/seafood intake (median 39 g/d) calculated with the MoBa FFQ was comparable to intake calculated by the food diary (median 30 g/d,rS= 0·37,P< 0·001). Erythrocyte DHA and blood Hg, Se and arsenic concentrations were positively correlated with intake of fish and seafood, but the association for DHA was weakened by the widespread use of supplements. The main finding was the consistent positive association between the intake of fish/seafood and blood arsenic concentration. In multivariate analyses, blood arsenic was associated with blood Hg and fish and seafood intake. In these models, arsenic turned out to be the best indicator of intake of fish and seafood, both totally and in subgroups of fish/seafood intake.

Conclusions

While DHA reflected the intake of fatty fish andn-3 PUFA supplements, blood arsenic concentration also reflected the intake of lean fish and seafood. Blood arsenic appears to be a useful biomarker for total fish and seafood intake.
Parenting practices are associated with fruit and vegetable consumption in pre-school children
Authors: O’Connor Teresia M , Hughes Sheryl O , Watson Kathy B , Baranowski Tom , Nicklas Theresa A , Fisher Jennie O , Beltran Alicia , Baranowski Janice C , Qu Haiyan , Shewchuk Richard M
Published: June 2009

Objective

Parents may influence children’s fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption in many ways, but research has focused primarily on counterproductive parenting practices, such as restriction and pressure to eat. The present study aimed to assess the association of diverse parenting practices to promote F&V and its consumption among pre-school children.

Design

An exploratory analysis was performed on cross-sectional data from 755 Head Start pre-school children and their parents collected in 2004–5. Data included parent practices to facilitate child F&V consumption (grouped into five categories); parent-reported dietary intake of their child over 3 d; and a number of potential correlates. K-means cluster analysis assigned parents to groups with similar use of the food parenting practice categories. Stepwise linear regression analyses investigated the association of parent clusters with children’s consumption of F&V, after controlling for potential confounding factors.

Results

A three-cluster solution provided the best fit (R2 = 0·62), with substantial differences in the use of parenting practices. The clusters were labelled Indiscriminate Food Parenting, Non-directive Food Parenting and Low-involved Food Parenting. Non-directive parents extensively used enhanced availability and teachable moments’ practices, but less firm discipline practices than the other clusters, and were significantly associated with child F&V intake (standardized β = 0·09, P < 0·1; final model R2 = 0·17) after controlling for confounders, including parental feeding styles.

Conclusions

Parents use a variety of parenting practices, beyond pressuring to eat and restrictive practices, to promote F&V intake in their young child. Evaluating the use of combinations of practices may provide a better understanding of parental influences on children’s F&V intake.
Measurement of Automotive Catalyst Washcoat Loading Parameters by Microscopy Techniques
Authors: Plummer H.K. , Jr. R.J. , Baird R.H. , Hammerle A.A. , Adamczyk J.D.
Published: June 2009

Abstract: Washcoat loading on automotive exhaust catalysts is normally determined, in production, by a weight gain procedure, which gives an accurate measure of washcoat weight present on an individual catalyst but does not address such parameters as uniformity of washcoat loading and geometric surface area within the monolith. Both issues are important factors that affect the catalytic activity (especially during catalyst lightoff) and catalyst cost (due to a thick, less functional washcoat) in an automotive exhaust system. Washcoat loading also plays a role in post-use analysis to determine possible reasons for changes (i.e., loss) in catalytic activity. For the post-use examinations weighing techniques are not useful since the washcoat cannot be preferentially removed and part of the weight gain is due to contamination from the combustion process. In the present work a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) X-ray mapping, light microscopy, and digital image processing was used. Two methods have been demonstrated for the determination of the density of calcined alumina washcoats. Additionally, a method has been developed to determine catalyst washcoat loading, either on a sampling basis after manufacture or in studies of catalysts after use. Methods also have been developed to determine other important parameters such as monolith wall thickness, percent open area in a catalyst monolith, geometric surface area, and hydraulic diameter. A linear correlation has been shown between hydrocarbon conversion efficiency and measured geometric surface area, with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.84.
Some Useful Sources
Authors: McCall Vikki
Published: June 2009

The following section provides a guide to sources on Scottish devolution. This includes key references from the larger UK-wide literature on devolution, which offer comparative analysis between Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and England. Regarding devolution sources, the literature available can go out of date very quickly but the list below aims to provide both the most up-to-date useful sources and earlier readings that are still relevant and offer a comprehensive look at Scottish devolution within a social policy context.
Random hypergraphs in pseudofinite fields
Authors: Beyarslan Özlem
Published: June 2009

We prove thatn-hypergraphs can be interpreted in e-free perfect PAC fields in particular in pseudofinite fields. We use methods of function field arithmetic, more precisely we construct generic polynomials with alternating groups as Galois groups over a function field.
Cognitive errors assessed by observer ratings in bipolar affective disorder: relationship with symptoms and therapeutic alliance
Authors: Kramer Ueli , Bodenmann Guy , Drapeau Martin
Published: June 2009

The construct of cognitive errors is clinically relevant for cognitive therapy of mood disorders. Beck's universality hypothesis postulates the relevance of negative cognitions in all subtypes of mood disorders, as well as positive cognitions for manic states. This hypothesis has rarely been empirically addressed for patients presenting bipolar affective disorder (BD). In-patients (n= 30) presenting with BD were interviewed, as were 30 participants of a matched control group. Valid and reliable observer-rater methodology for cognitive errors was applied to the session transcripts. Overall, patients make more cognitive errors than controls. When manic and depressive patients were compared, parts of the universality hypothesis were confirmed. Manic symptoms are related to positive and negative cognitive errors. These results are discussed with regard to the main assumptions of the cognitive model for depression; thus adding an argument for extending it to the BD diagnostic group, taking into consideration specificities in terms of cognitive errors. Clinical implications for cognitive therapy of BD are suggested.
Psychopharmaka im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Libal Gerhard , Schmeck Klaus
Published: June 2009

Deutlich stärker als im Erwachsenenbereich ist der Einsatz von psychopharmakotherapeutischen Substanzen im Kindes- und Jugendalter nach wie vor umstritten. Immer wieder kommt es in Fernsehen und Printmedien zu sensationsheischenden Berichten über die negativen Auswirkungen einer psychopharmakotherapeutischen Behandlung von Kindern und Jugendlichen, wobei häufig auch von pharmakologisch geschulten Fachleuten (ohne kinder- und jugendpsychiatrische Fachkenntnisse) die Ernsthaftigkeit (und damit auch Behandlungsbedürftigkeit) von psychischen Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter in Frage gestellt werden („Modekrankheiten“). Gerade vor diesem Hintergrund ist die Evidenzbasierung unseres Handelns bei der medikamentösen Behandlung von Kindern und Jugendlichen umso wichtiger. Wirksame Medikamente müssen von unwirksamen unterschieden werden (z. B. SSRI vs. TCA bei der Behandlung von depressiven Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen), und die Vor- und Nachteile einer solchen Behandlung müssen gemeinsam mit dem Patienten und seiner Familie sorgfältig abgewogen werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag soll allen ärztlichen Kollegen, die eine Psychopharmakotherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen durchführen, eine rationale Grundlage ihres Handelns ermöglichen und Hinweise dafür geben, welche Substanzen mit welchen Vor- und Nachteilen eingesetzt werden können.
Spezielle Arzneimittelinteraktionen
Authors: Eckert Anne
Published: June 2009

Aufgrund der häufig vorliegenden internistischen Komorbidität bei psychiatrischen Patienten, aber auch der Notwendigkeit einer Kombinationstherapie mit anderen Psychopharmaka wie z. B. die Kombination von Antidepressiva mit Benzodiazepinen oder Neuroleptika bei Vorliegen einer bestimmten Indikationsstellung bzw. Therapieresistenz, treten Interaktionen, die den Metabolismus der einzelnen Substanzen beeinflussen, sehr häufig auf und führen meist zum Anstieg der unerwünschten Arzneimittelwirkungen. Aufgrund unseres heutigen Wissensstandes über die wichtigen am hepatischen Arzneimittelmetabolismus beteiligten Cytochrom-P450-Isoenzyme sind solche Interaktionen häufig vorhersagbar, und mit der vorherigen Wahl des geeigneten, an die individuelle Situation und Begleitmedikation des Patienten angepassten Medikamentes vermeidbar. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden daher medikamentöse Wechselwirkungen von Psychopharmaka vorgestellt unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Substanzen aus der Gruppe der Antidepressiva der zweiten Generation (SSRI’s), neuerer Antidepressiva (SNRI’s: Venlafaxin and Duloxetin; Bupropion, Mirtazapin, Trazodon), neuer atypischer Antidepressiva (Agomelatin) und atypischen Antipsychotika der neuen Generation (Aripiprazol, Paliperidon).
Individualisierte Schulung und Beratung auf der Intensivpflegestation bei Patienten mit akutem Koronarsyndrom: Ein Pilotprojekt zur Forschungsanwendung
Authors: Weibel Lukas , Schäfer Ursi Barandun , Imhof Romy Mahrer
Published: June 2009

Patientinnen und Patienten mit akutem Koronarsyndrom werden im Verlauf ihres Spitalaufenthaltes über ihre Erkrankung und deren Therapie meist nur nach subjektivem Gutdünken der Betreuenden informiert. Es erfolgt keine systematische Einschätzung des individuellen Informationsbedürfnisses der Betroffenen zu einem frühen Zeitpunkt der Hospitalisierung. In einem Pilotprojekt wurde auf einer kardiologischen Intensivpflegestation eines Universitätsspitals die Informationsbedürfnisse mittels des Cardiac Patients Learning Needs Inventory (CPLNI) systematisch erhoben und eine erste Schulung und Beratung zu den dringendsten Informationsbedürfnissen angeboten. Abschließend wurden die Patientinnen und Patienten nach der Anwendbarkeit des Fragebogens, ihrer Zufriedenheit mit der Schulung und Beratung sowie ihrem subjektiv empfundenen Wissenszuwachs befragt. Die Analyse erfolgte mittels deskriptiver Statistik und Inhaltsanalyse. Fünf Patientinnen und fünf Patienten (zwischen 38 und 78 Jahren) mit akutem Koronarsyndrom wurden in das Pilotprojekt eingeschlossen. Die Informationsbedürfnisse konnten von den Patientinnen und Patienten gut benannt werden. Die Befragten gaben nach einer Schulungsintervention an, dass das Wissensdefizit reduziert wurde und ihre Zufriedenheit mit dem Angebot hoch war. Basierend auf diesen ersten positiven Resultaten wird eine Implementierung der frühen systematischen Erfassung der Informationsbedürfnisse und individualisierten Schulung bei Patienten mit akutem Koronarsyndrom auf der Intensivstation empfohlen.
Highly Sr radiogenic tholeiitic magmas in the latest inter‐Plinian activity of Santorini volcano, Greece
Authors: Vaggelli G. , Pellegrini M. , Vougioukalakis G. , Innocenti S. , Francalanci L.
Published: June 2009

Mineralogical, geochemical, and melt inclusion analyses have been performed on scoria samples from a small scoria fall deposit interbedded between the Cape Riva (21 ka) pyroclastic deposits and the Minoan (3.6 ka) Plinian eruptions of Santorini volcano and located near the resort of Imerovigli (25°25′14″/36°26′01″, WGS84), close to the town of Phira. The scoria samples are basaltic andesites with normally zoned olivine, reversely zoned pyroxenes, and variably zoned plagioclase. Olivine contains two types of melt inclusions. Type I inclusions, hosted in cumulus Fo85–90 olivine, are primitive low‐K basalts with MgO 6–7 wt % and contain volatile element abundances of about 500 ppm F, 1000 ppm Cl, and 1300 ppm S. Low abundance of incompatible elements and rare earth element patterns indicate an arc tholeiitic composition. The δ18O in host olivine is low (5.3‰) and lower than the value for the groundmass (6.5‰), whereas 87Sr/86Sr of the type I inclusions is rather high (0.70579) and higher than the whole rock and groundmass values (0.70465 and 0.70468, respectively). Type II inclusions, hosted in Fo80–83 olivine rims, are calc‐alkaline andesites and have low volatile contents. Interstitial glasses (groundmass) are similar in composition to the type II inclusions. We propose that the tholeiitic, high Sr radiogenic, type I primitive magma was generated by high partial melting degrees of a mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB)‐like mantle wedge metasomatized by subducted sediment melts and minor aqueous fluids. The input amount of sediment melts and the degree of mantle melting decreased with time, providing the parental magmas of the calc‐alkaline, less Sr radiogenic, type II andesitic melts. The scoria fall eruption was fed by hybrid magma with multiple generations of olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase growth and occurred a short time after the mixing process. This magma was probably last stored in a small side reservoir, separated from the Cape Riva and maybe from the Minoan reservoirs and was emplaced from a subaerial vent close to Imerovigli by a Strombolian‐type ephemeral eruption.
Investigations of the March 2006 African dust storm using ground‐based column‐integrated high spectral resolution infrared (8–13 μm) and visible aerosol optical thickness measurements: 1. Measurement procedures and results
Authors: Thomas M. , Gautier C. , Ricchiazzi P.
Published: June 2009

The infrared (IR) aerosol optical thickness (AOT) spectra of Saharan dust measured during the Portable Infrared Aerosol Transmission Experiment (PIRATE) are reported. Saharan dust optical thickness (extinction) spectra from 8 to 13 μm were obtained using column‐integrated solar transmission measurements in Puerto Rico in July 2005 and Senegal in January and March 2006 (during a dust plume) using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The FTIR measured the solar spectral irradiance in the IR in the presence of Saharan dust, and the AOT was determined by comparing the measured spectra to modeled downwelling spectra without dust for the same atmospheric temperature profile, solar zenith angle, water vapor, and ozone concentrations. The modeled dust‐free spectra are generated using the Santa Barbara Disort Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) program. The measured dust AOT is compared with modeled AOT spectra obtained using Mie theory with dust indices of refraction from Volz and Fouquart with assumed lognormal size distributions. When the visible AOT values from nearby Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sensors are compared to the IR AOT values, results from various dust loadings show that the IR dust AOT at 9.5 μm is typically only one third that of the visible (670 nm) dust AOT, but there is some evidence that this ratio could increase for larger dust size distributions. The surface IR dust forcing is determined to be about −0.4 W/m2 by summing the dusty and clear irradiance differences.
Source origins, modeled profiles, and apportionments of halogenated hydrocarbons in the greater Pearl River Delta region, southern China
Authors: Guo H. , Ding A. J. , Wang T. , Simpson I. J. , Blake D. R. , Barletta B. , Meinardi S. , Rowland F. S. , Saunders S. M. , Fu T. M. , Hung W. T. , Li Y. S.
Published: June 2009

We analyze 16‐month data of 13 major halocarbons measured at a southern China coastal site in the greater Pearl River Delta (PRD). A total of 188 canister air samples were collected from August 2001 to December 2002. Overall inspection indicated that CH2Cl2, C2Cl4, and C2HCl3 had similar temporal variations while CFC‐11, CFC‐12, and CFC‐113 showed the same emission patterns during the sampling period. Diurnal variations of halocarbons presented different patterns during ozone episode days, mainly related to emission strength, atmospheric dispersion, and photochemical lifetimes. For further statistics and source appointment, Lagrangian backward particle release simulations were conducted to help understand the potential source regions of all samples and classify them into different categories, including local Hong Kong, inner PRD, continental China, and marine air masses. With the exception of HCFC‐142b, the mixing ratios of all halocarbons in marine air were significantly lower than those in urban and regional air (p < 0.01), whereas no significant difference was found between urban Hong Kong and inner PRD regional air, reflecting the dominant impact of the greater PRD regional air on the halocarbon levels. The halocarbon levels in this region were significantly influenced by anthropogenic sources, causing the halocarbon mixing ratios in South China Sea air to be higher than the corresponding background levels, as measured by global surface networks and by airborne missions such as Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific. Interspecies correlation analysis suggests that CHCl3 is mainly used as a solvent in Hong Kong but mostly as a feedstock for HCFC‐22 in the inner PRD. Furthermore, CH3Cl is often used as a refrigerant and emitted from biomass/biofuel burning in the inner PRD. A positive matrix factorization receptor model was applied to the classified halocarbon samples in the greater PRD for source profiles and apportionments. Seven major sources were identified and quantified. Emissions from solvent use were the most significant source of halocarbons (71 ± 9%), while refrigeration was the second largest contributor (18 ± 2%). By further looking at samples from the inner PRD and from urban Hong Kong separately, we found that more solvent was used in the dry cleaning industry in Hong Kong, whereas the contribution of cleaning solvent in the electronic industry was higher in the inner PRD. Besides the two common sources of solvent use and refrigeration, the contributions of biomass/biofuel burning and feedstock in chemical manufacturing was remarkable in the inner PRD but negligible in Hong Kong. These findings are of help to effectively control and phase out the emissions of halocarbons in the greater PRD region of southern China.