bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Abominatron
Authors: Glinsky Albert
Published: November 2022

Bob prepares for Herb Deutsch’s visit. Precedents for Bob’s work are Cahill’s Telharmonium, RCA’s Mark I and II, and Harald Bode’s “System Synthesizer,” the latter being a particular inspiration to Bob, with its modular design and voltage controlled amplifier. Bode’s invention led Bob to a key stroke of insight concerning the exponential relationships in both music and engineering. From there, it was clear to Bob how to proceed: he would build a system with modular design, driven by voltage control. When Herb arrived in Trumansburg, Bob showed him his setup of two voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs), a voltage controlled amplifier (VCA), and a keyboard. During their time together, a rudimentary envelope generator was added. The two then showed the contraption at the University of Toronto Electronic Music Studio (UTEMS), which resulted in an invitation to present the invention—now dubbed “the Abominatron”—at the Audio Engineering Society.
Hallucinations for Your Ear
Authors: Glinsky Albert
Published: November 2022

Chapter 10 introduces the West Coast electronic music scene, including the San Francisco Tape Music Center, and the major people behind it: Ramon Sender, Morton Subotnick, and Pauline Oliveros, plus the psychedelic hippie culture. The Tape Music Center applied to the Rockefeller Foundation on May 20, 1965, for funding; that application, among other evidence, shows that Don Buchla was a year behind Bob Moog in developing synth technology. Back on the East Coast, Bob was close to giving up on his business when the musician Paul Beaver contacted him (in 1967), offering to represent Bob on the West Coast. The two met at the AES convention in California. Beaver was so impressed by Bob’s equipment that he immediately used it on a recording session for a new album, Zodiac Cosmic Sounds. Seven weeks later, Beaver was manning a Moog booth at the Monterey Pop Festival. This was the turning point in Bob’s career.
The Star Collector
Authors: Glinsky Albert
Published: November 2022

Chapter 11 begins with the incursion of West Coast electronic musicians into East Coast culture. Morton Subotnick’s Silver Apples of the Moon was a hit at the Electric Circus nightclub, where it was previewed before its release on Nonesuch. Bob was still taking on any job that would pay the bills. Richard Teitelbaum commissioned a module that, when hooked up to his body, allowed him to make music driven by the central nervous system. Composer Max Brand commissioned a gargantuan custom instrument—the Moogtonium. And the NY Research Group was suing Bob over their long-overdue project. In spite of Bob’s preference for classical music, his instrument was entering the pop scene (with The Doors, Monkees, Byrds, Simon & Garfunkel) as well as film (The Trip). And it was often being used to replace musicians, a practice that disturbed Bob. During this period the Moog’s third daughter, Michelle, was born.
Long Live the Moog!
Authors: Glinsky Albert
Published: November 2022

Chapter 12 develops the cultural milieu of the late 1960s, when classical music mingled freely with popular music. Carnegie Hall hosted “An Electric Christmas,” an assemblage of synthesizers, a medieval ensemble, and a rock group, presented by the Electric Circus. New York Times critic Donal Henahan declared the mashup the “avant-groove.” Into this atmosphere stepped Wendy Carlos with an entire album of Bach rendered on a synthesizer. Switched-On Bach hit a nerve, and within months its sales were so large that it crossed over from the classical into the pop charts. A major article in the New York Times positions Bob as the poster boy for the synthesizer. Paul Beaver and Bernie Krause joined forces to create The Nonesuch Guide to Electronic Music, a compendium of electronic effects that gave names to specific sounds and formulas, for Jac Holzman’s Elektra Records. It found particular use in commercial music.
Hello, HAL
Authors: Glinsky Albert
Published: November 2022

Chapter 13 reconstructs some of Bob’s most successful years. On the pop side, the Rolling Stones’ Mick Jagger bought a Moog. The Beatles’ George Harrison purchased a Moog IIIp and Bernie Krause ushered it to London, training Harrison in its use. Bob appeared with Wendy Carlos on the nationally aired Today Show, and the Moog was featured in one of Leonard Bernstein’s Young People’s Concerts, broadcast nationally, and syndicated to 40 countries. Gershon Kingsley, a classical musician who worked on Broadway and composed pop tunes, had a Moog hit with his “Pop Corn,” and used the Moog for religious services he dubbed “Shabbat for Today.” Dick Hyman released the first Moog jazz album. On the classical side, composers Jon Weiss and David Borden joined Bob’s Trumansburg studio. Borden in particular would go on to become a major advocate for the Moog. Eugene Zumchak became Bob’s first engineer hire, developing the Moog sequencer module.
Mini and the Beast
Authors: Glinsky Albert
Published: November 2022

David Van Koevering offered a barter: he’d take Bob’s instruments on tour in exchange for free equipment. The Synthesizer 10 appealed to him for its convenience and portability—features lacking in Bob’s modular equipment. Keith Emerson pioneered live Moog modular performances (with the Nice at Royal Festival Hall; with Emerson, Lake, & Palmer at the Isle of Wight; and on recordings like “Lucky Man”). Emerson called the Moog “the beast,” for its size and complexity. Gershon Kingsley presented Moog modulars at Carnegie Hall. But Bill Hemsath’s Min A and Mini B prototypes appealed to players as smaller, practical synths for concerts. David Borden was the first to test-drive the Min A with his Mother Mallard ensemble, and Chris Swansen used it at the Daniel Berrigan rally at Cornell. Sun Ra premiered the Mini B at the Red Garter, followed by Dick Hyman at the Eastman School.
Comes Now the Defendant
Authors: Glinsky Albert
Published: November 2022

By January 1994, a bitter separation began. Bob fled to friends practicing New Age rituals. Leaving the Cove, he rented a room from Ileana Grams, a UNCA philosophy professor. He fell in love with Ileana, moved in with her, and rediscovered his Judaism with her and her daughter, Miranda. Shirley Jacobs Moog died in 1994, leaving Bob a large inheritance. Bob and Shirleigh were divorced in 1995. Bob transferred Big Briar to Riverside Drive in Asheville, hiring a staff including his former UNCA student Steve Dunnington, and released the Etherwave theremin, but profit was elusive. Bob was featured in Steven M. Martin’s documentary, Theremin: An Electronic Odyssey. Unbeknownst to Bob, the remaining Moog inventory was auctioned; the trademark lapsed and a line of applicants sought it. Bob, desperate for income, testified in court for Casio that synthesizers were machines, not musical instruments. Bob and Ileana married in a Jewish wedding.
Contemporary Support the Troops Discourse and Practice
Authors: Millar Katharine M.
Published: November 2022

This chapter shifts into a detailed empirical examination of the manifestation of support the troops discourses and practices in the US and UK during the early years of the so-called global war on terror, 2001–2010. It examines constructions of (a) who is expected to support the troops; (b) why people are meant to support the troops; (c) how people express their support for the troops; and (d) the primary reasons—or antagonists—that cause the troops to need support. The data are presented in chart form and contextualized with illustrative quotations in order to generate the central narratives of troop support in the US and UK, respectively. While these narratives reflect some continuity in gendered notions of liberal martial citizenship, they do not offer a stable consensus. Instead, supporting the troop discourse is characterized by an ongoing process of contestation and fragmentation over the meaning of supporting the troops.
The Meaning(s) of Support
Authors: Millar Katharine M.
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines the meanings of support and society’s martial obligations in support the troops discourse. It finds that dominant contractual, stereotypically liberal notions of support for the troops—that individuals owe the troops support—fail to reconcile cultural myths and expectations of masculine martial service with the contemporary experience of war. Liberal discourses demonstrate a clear gendered civilian anxiety: a sense that non-serving civilians are doing something wrong. The balance of the chapter identifies two alternative ideal-typical logics of support—communitarian and altruistic—within the broader discursive formation. These logics of support are responses to gendered civilian anxiety and attempts to recoup claims to normative citizenship and normative heteromasculinity (while fleeing femininity). These three logics of gendered obligation do not supplant the mythical, gendered military contract but amend it, preserving its ideological viability. Support, not military service, is now the sine qua non of normative masculinity and citizenship.
The Meaning of Support for War Opposition
Authors: Millar Katharine M.
Published: November 2022

This chapter uncovers the way the mandatory nature of supporting the troops conditions dissent. It examines the use of support the troops discourse by a variety of US and UK antiwar and peace NGOs. Support the troops discourse is represented as beyond politics. Dissent is not only politically foreclosed, but its absence is actively lauded as an obligation of normative, gendered membership in the political community. Pragmatic antiwar calls to support the troops and bring them home, though logical in attempting to get a fair hearing, reify the idea that the troops must be supported. Instances of resistance—challenges to the assumption that one must support the troops—are written off as offensive instances of bad taste. Socially intelligible opposition to the use of force is therefore sharply constrained, as martial obligation makes it possible to contest one war, on behalf of the troops, but not the practice of war itself.
Roman Fasces in the Medieval and Renaissance Eras
Authors: Brennan T. Corey
Published: November 2022

In the medieval period, the word “fasces” never fully fell out of Latin use, at least in a general sense of “supreme power” or “official honors.” Nor did the term “lictor,” because of its appearance in scripture, which preserved understanding of this attendant’s punitive role. Renaissance humanists mostly grasped the meaning of the “fasces.” Yet other than an isolated Anglo-Saxon representation of the fasces, artistic renderings of the fasces were slow to come—not until the last quarter of the fifteenth century, where they tend to signify the exercise of authority and the administration of justice. The artist Raphael (1483–1520), however, took a pronounced interest in the details of the Roman fasces, which he prominently incorporated into two high-profile Vatican commissions, which spectacularly reintroduced the fasces into the iconographic mainstream. In the next decades, papal efforts to control the administration of law in Rome culminated in a celebratory painting with—for the first time—the fasces as a key component in an elaborate allegorical scene. It was a powerful cardinal-nephew of Pope Paul III Farnese (reigned 1534–1549) who commissioned this piece in 1544 from Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574). Through this artist’s rendering of “Farnese Justice,” the fasces entered the rapidly expanding repertory of “emblems,” i.e., symbolic images with a moralizing purpose, a growth industry in the first half of the sixteenth century. Indeed, four popes over the next two centuries had their tombs adorned with the rods and axe as a symbol of justice, starting with that of Paul III himself.
American Fasces
Authors: Brennan T. Corey
Published: November 2022

After 1789, America’s early leaders, architects, and artists leveraged direct knowledge of classical antiquity (including the fable in Aesop that involved a fasces-like bundle of sticks), but also observed what individuals in Britain and France had made and were making of the emblem in the public sphere. Indeed, a major role in this iconographic effort was played by foreigners, culminating with Italian-born sculptor Enrico Causici (1790–1833), who was the first to introduce a representation of the fasces into the United States Capitol building (1817–1819). Starting in the early 1830s, escalating conflict over slavery raised questions about the long-term stability of the American union, and caused the fasces—now widely understood as the unity symbol par excellence—to proliferate, in everything from campaign broadsides to high art. By the mid-1850s, Southerners for their part seem to have regarded the fasces, especially when joined with a liberty cap, as promoting the abolitionist cause. Once actual civil war broke out between North and South in 1861, and especially after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln in April 1865, the emblem grew only more powerful as a marker of American union. Decades later, this understanding recommended the fasces to Adolph A. Weinman (1870–1952) for his design of the “Mercury” 10-cent piece first issued in 1916, and to the designers of the Lincoln Memorial (dedicated in 1922) in their tribute to the slain president who had preserved the United States.
Introduction
Authors: Fettweis Christopher J.
Published: November 2022

This initial chapter outlines the project and explains what grand strategy is: the art of marshaling resources to pursue national goals. It first helps leaders identify and prioritize their ends or why to act; it then prescribes how to attain those goals—the ways and means to employ. Two examples of poor grand strategy (World War I and the Lord’s attempts to free His people from Egypt) are reviewed. The chapter then briefly explains each part of the logic of grand strategy, and then reviews what cases will be examined in the pages to come and the logic behind their inclusion.
“Under the Dictation of Fleishman”
Authors: Viola Lynne
Published: November 2022

Viola, in Chapter 5, examines the case against O. S. Fleishman, the head of the Skvirskii district NKVD in Kiev Oblast, and M. M. Krivtsov, a district-level regular policeman mobilized to work in the NKVD during the mass operations. The chapter offers a view of the Great Terror at the district and village levels, demonstrating the role of “witnesses” and the use of regular policemen in mass operations. Fleishman, who did not admit guilt, claimed to be following orders, as did the policemen working under him who declared that they did everything “under the dictation of Fleishman.” Tried in August 1940, Fleishman was sentenced to eight years and Krivtsov to six years in the Gulag.
Brokers With(out) Authority?
Authors: Cadge Wendy
Published: November 2022

This chapter focuses on the work of chaplains, conceiving it along a continuum from tasks reflecting less to more integration in the institutions in which they take place. Chaplains in healthcare organizations do the broadest range of tasks and are most integrated or embedded in their settings. They are followed by military chaplains, those working in higher education, and those in municipal settings. Prison chaplains—arguably the most physically embedded—tend to be more restricted to rituals, ceremonies, limited counseling, and bearing witness. The chapter argues that institutional setting, more than religious or other individual characteristics, plays the largest role in shaping the work of chaplains, and it shows how chaplains negotiate these roles relationally in their day-to-day work.
Sources and Methods of Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda
Authors: Abdelnour Mohammed Gamal
Published: November 2022

This chapter initiates the process of constructing a systematic theory of Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda by focusing on two goals. First, it identifies not only the sources to be consulted in the process of deriving Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda but also how this derivation may take place and the exegetical and theological challenges that may face us. Second, drawing primarily on al-Ghazālī, some of the problems of dealing with scriptural texts will be raised, mainly addressing the methods of interpretations lying between esotericism and exotericism, asking: How do we know if we are not falling into either of these two extremes in our pursuit of Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda?
From Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa to Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda
Authors: Abdelnour Mohammed Gamal
Published: November 2022

This chapter is formed of two sections. The first section “interrogates” the classical theory of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa and critiques it on account of its ḥudūd-centeredness and its reducing of the function of Maqāṣid to mere “preservation” as compared to functions of “acquisition” and “promotion.” The second section moves from “interrogation” to “generation,” whereby it attempts to “generate” the overriding general objective of Islamic theology, namely, the objective that is invoked and observed across the entire body of Islamic theology, which, I argue, is the pursuit, perseveration, and promotion of Truth (al-Ḥaqq). In doing so, I draw, not “theological,” but “methodical” inspirations from the Kantian distinction between the “phenomenon” (the way we see things) and the “noumenon” (the-thing-in-itself), with a view to using theology as a “handmaiden” to the Ultimate Truth, as opposed to being employed as a “superintendent” to it.
Why Does Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda Matter?
Authors: Abdelnour Mohammed Gamal
Published: November 2022

This chapter comes near the end of this monograph to show how the need for Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda becomes evident when Shiite-Wahhabi relations are considered. The chapter begins by dispelling the common claim that Ibn Ḥanbal and Ibn Taymiyya have contributed to the worsening of Sunni-Shiite relations and will show that it is rather the Wahhabi non-maqāṣidī approach that tended to feed such narratives of hate. The chapter then proceeds to show how a maqāṣidī-oriented approach to Islamic theology, embodied in al-Ghazālī’s canon of interpretation, ʿAbduh’s Theology of Unity, and Shaltūt’s initiatives, may be used to help alleviate the heated relations between these theological trends.
Introduction
Authors: Kirp David , Wechsler Marjorie , Gardner Madelyn , Tinubu Ali Titilayo
Published: November 2022

Theories about how to improve education have pitted disruptors operating outside the world of schools—those who support quick fixes like technology and new structures such as charter schools and vouchers—against many educators inside the school system, who are working toward steady, research-informed approaches that address individual students’ needs and close opportunity gaps. An examination of the impact of disruption in education, business, and other sectors reveals that disruption rarely creates the promised benefits, and can actually have unintended negative consequences. In contrast, effective organizations focus on a long-term vision, employing an incrementalist, bottom-up strategy to reach those objectives. Three school districts—Roanoke, Virginia; Union, Oklahoma; and Union City, New Jersey—demonstrate the power of slow, steady change. Over time, each has significantly improved graduation rates and essentially eliminated opportunity gaps.
Conclusion
Authors: Kirp David , Wechsler Marjorie , Gardner Madelyn , Tinubu Ali Titilayo
Published: November 2022

The accomplishments of Union, Oklahoma; Union City, New Jersey; and Roanoke, Virginia demonstrate that incremental reform, rather than disruption, enables a district to regularly revisit its policies and practices, making steady improvements that increase graduation rates and shrink or eliminate opportunity gaps. Rather than operating in isolation, successful districts make good use of partnerships with parents, local organizations, and political leaders. They embrace the idea that all students can learn, and they aim to graduate 100 percent of their students. They pay attention to each student’s needs, creating an environment that gives students the understanding that they are respected members of the school community—that they belong—and can engage in academic and extracurricular activities that excite them. Principals and superintendents rely on the expertise of their staff and base their decisions on data, not bias or hunch. Their efforts for change are sustained over time.
Ambivalence
Authors: Coates D. Justin
Published: November 2022

This chapter offers an account of ambivalence. To begin, it distinguishes between ambivalence and several related phenomena: being indecisive, being uncertain, being unsettled, being wavering, being weak-willed, and having mixed feelings. Unlike these forms of agential conflict, ambivalence necessarily implicates inner states of the agent (e.g., what she loves, values, cares about, etc.). Moreover, the conflict that one experiences when ambivalent is not one that lends itself to neat or tidy resolution, as might be the case in instances of indecision or uncertainty. On the resulting account, ambivalence is a form of inner conflict that the agent experiences as being irresolvable without value remainder.
Resolving the Will
Authors: Coates D. Justin
Published: November 2022

The Resolution Argument purports to show that we are able to fully resolve our wills in cases of practical conflict only if we come to wholeheartedly identify with one of the conflicting motives (as well as the course of action that that motive rationalizes). The reason for this is that in the absence of wholehearted resolution with respect to one of our conflicting motives, the motive that in fact moves us to act lacks normative or action-guiding authority. So because the ambivalent agent acts on a motive that lacks normative authority, she is not autonomous. Against this argument, the chapter argues that resolution of the sort that is necessary for autonomy only requires agents to be normatively competent. Ambivalence does not preclude normative competence, so it poses no threat for autonomy.
Affirmation and Ambivalence
Authors: Coates D. Justin
Published: November 2022

The Affirmation Argument begins with a Nietzschean premise according to which our choices are meaningful for us only if we can wholeheartedly affirm them. Yet when we are ambivalent we are not able to fully affirm our motives or choices considered individually or our lives considered as a whole. Therefore, the ambivalent life cannot be uniquely meaningful in the way it is possible for a wholehearted life to be. In response to this argument, this chapter first argues that given the significance we tend to attach to affirmation, it’s not clear why ambivalent affirmation wouldn’t be meaning-generating at least to some degree. It then argues that there are important cases in which an ambivalent affirmation of one motive over another is enhances meaningfulness.
Ambivalence without Self-Defeat
Authors: Coates D. Justin
Published: November 2022

The Argument from Self-Defeat purports to show that ambivalence undermines the possibility of integrity. This chapter considers a version of this argument that can be traced back to Plato but has contemporary support in the work of Christine Korsgaard. According to this version of the Argument from Self-Defeat, ambivalence is a threat to well-functioning agency because a fragmented will inevitably issues in actions that involve pernicious forms of self-betrayal. In response, the chapter argues that this initial version of the argument fails to show that ambivalence is self-defeating because it rests on mistaken psychological and normative commitments. It then considers a second version of the argument found in the work of Harry Frankfurt.
Normative Competence and Ambivalence
Authors: Coates D. Justin
Published: November 2022

What is well-functioning agency? This chapter argues that a necessary condition on well-functioning agency is normative competence. According to this understanding, normative competence involves three essential capacities: being sensitive to normatively significant facts, being attuned to the degree to which those facts bear on the agent’s practical situation, and being disposed to regularly act on the basis of such facts in accordance with their weightiness. The chapter argues that in the face of many practical conflicts, normative competence on the part of the agent will require her to be responsive to competing reasons, and for that responsiveness to be present in how she executes her choice. An upshot of this, the chapter concludes, is that normative competence sometimes requires agents to be ambivalent.
Introduction
Authors: Bendroth Margaret
Published: November 2022

The introduction acquaints readers with the major themes of the book, beginning with the complicated tensions around the role of women in mainline Protestant churches in the mid-twentieth century. Though women outnumbered men in nearly every denomination, and despite the power they had amassed in the missionary organizations they founded, funded, and administered, churchwomen had to treat lightly. They had to find a way to win equality without raising fears of feminization among the male minority that still hung on to leadership. The introduction also provides an overview of the scholarly literature on mainline Protestantism, and of the relatively small but important discussion of feminization in American religion. Finally, the introduction opens a larger question of emotional pain, the possibility of anger among churchwomen who were deeply loyal to Protestant institutions, but routinely barred from positions of leadership.
The Gender of Efficiency
Authors: Bendroth Margaret
Published: November 2022

Helen Barrett Montgomery was a prominent Baptist laywoman, a biblical scholar, the first female president of the Northern Baptist Convention, and an undisputed leader of the women’s missionary movement. She was also one of the first to recognize the threat that denominational restructuring posed to the financial and institutional autonomy of those organizations. This brief portrait shows Montgomery at the pinnacle of her career, as Protestant laywomen celebrated the missionary movement’s joyous Jubilee in 1910. At the same time, however, Montgomery was becoming aware of the growing negativity among male missionary leaders toward women’s organizations, which they viewed as a drain on denominational expenses and a source of unnecessary competition.
Liberating the Ladies’ Aid
Authors: Bendroth Margaret
Published: November 2022

Chapter 3 describes the new role for Protestant laywomen that emerged in the late 1920s and 1930s. The “churchwoman” was no longer interested in missionary work alone, or even a separate sphere within the church. Inspired by the ecumenical movement’s vision of Christian unity, a new generation sought involvement in the whole of the churches’ mission in the world. This chapter describes the early stages of the transition from missions to a larger agenda, and focuses on two important new organizations, United Church Women and the Methodist Women’s Division of Christian Service. It argues that these efforts, which, especially in the Methodist case, involved both northern and southern denominations, expanded and redefined traditional mainline Protestant boundaries.
Is the Church Male or Female?
Authors: Bendroth Margaret
Published: November 2022

This short vignette describes a confrontation in 1944 between Anna Canada Swain, then president of the Northern Baptist Convention, and fundamentalists in Minnesota, an episode that demonstrates the careful, nondirective leadership she pursued.
Forming the Question
Authors: Bendroth Margaret
Published: November 2022

Chapter 6 surveys the role of women in the ecumenical movement, beginning with its inception in the early twentieth century and culminating in the inaugural meeting of the World Council of Churches in 1948. The ecumenical movement was fundamentally wary of women, convinced that any talk of equality would damage the larger cause of Christian unity. Yet in the years after World War II, European churchwomen were restless for change, and angry at conservative rebuffs. This chapter follows the work of Twila Cavert, wife of a leading American ecumenist, in getting things started, convening a gathering of American and European churchwomen at Baarn, in the Netherlands, before the Amsterdam meeting of the World Council of Churches.
Pursuing Answers
Authors: Bendroth Margaret
Published: November 2022

Chapter 7 covers a developing conversation about gender during the early years of the World Council of Churches (WCC). The women who led this conversation emphatically did not want to create a “women’s department” within the WCC. Instead they envisioned a model of cooperation between the sexes, in which men were equally invested in righting injustices. First titled the Commission (later Committee) on the Life and Work of Women in the Church, and then the Department of Cooperation between Men and Women in Church and Society, this feminist ecumenism opened an important new round of theological conversation about gender roles. It also posed a direct challenge to American churchwomen, regarding the whole idea of separate women’s organizations as a “shadow church” accepting influence rather than demanding real power and leadership.
Finding Feminism
Authors: Bendroth Margaret
Published: November 2022

Chapter 9 analyzes the reasons for the long delay in achieving women’s ordination, and the forces that finally brought it about. Two decisive influences came from outside mainline Protestant circles. The first came from the World Council of Churches, from women disillusioned with the possibility of cooperation between the sexes and demanding equality. The other came from Roman Catholic women, who unlike their Protestant peers, had a solid contingent of educated professionals—nuns and sisters—and in the wake of Vatican II, a clear view of masculine misogynism. Mainline Protestant feminism was late in coming, and required a sharp turn from the previous generation’s strategy of cooperation and parallel institution building. It is not surprising, therefore, that the new generation of feminists saw themselves as pioneers, not finishing the work of their predecessors but beginning something completely novel.
Afterword
Authors: Bendroth Margaret
Published: November 2022

This portrait centers on an incident in 1969, when Presbyterian churchwoman Cynthia Wedel was about to be elected president of the National Council of Churches (NCC), the first woman to achieve this honor. The meeting was a sustained uproar, however, repeatedly interrupted by activists protesting the Vietnam War, and then by Black churchmen with a Manifesto and a direct demand that the NCC elect Albert Cleage. In the course of events, Wedel was literally kidnapped and detained in a hotel room, told to stand down from the election in deference to Cleage. She refused and became NCC president, but as a woman in leadership—and representative of an older nonfeminist generation—had to walk a fine line, one that was familiar to the other women described in previous portraits.
The Agrarian Policy of the Senate between Hannibal and the Gracchi
Authors: Balbo Mattia
Published: November 2022

This chapter addresses the policy undertaken by the Senate in order to manage the agrarian developments in Italy in the second century. First it considers the specific social, demographic, and economic background in which some provisions are introduced. Competition for land appears to be a key feature of the period. Ancient sources attest at least three levels of competition in the use of Italian lands: competition between large owners and smallholders, competition between slaves and free manpower, and competition between different modes of exploitation. Roman agrarian policy in the second century bce offers a very complex scenario, with a variety of social actors and needs at stake. Indeed, the Roman Senate adopts various measures, which may be interpreted as responses to shifting circumstances. However, there are some consistent elements that may be understood as part of a general policy. For instance, the res publica is often interested in claiming ownership of land to which it is entitled and in using the uectigalia to keep public revenues in balance, especially after the collection of tributum was suspended in Italy. At the same time, the specific interest of the Senate—which in the second century assumed wide-ranging powers of direction in agrarian matters—in stimulating land exploitation across Italy emerges. These two aims were in fact complementary, even though they were the cause of contrasts, and responded to the need of managing a complex landscape in transformation.
The Political Culture of Coinage
Authors: Termeer Marleen
Published: November 2022

The introduction of the denarius system during the Second Punic War represents a major step in the monetization of the Roman world. The following century saw a great influx of wealth and growth of the urban population on the Italian peninsula. This chapter analyzes how the introduction of the denarius system and its subsequent development reflect and constitute important developments in Rome’s political culture, focusing on two main changes: the introduction of the denarius system itself, and the appearance of private denarius types in the 130s, which was accompanied by a decrease in bronze coinage production. Two main questions are investigated. First, what do the coins tell us about political decision-making processes, and the way coinage helped to define the res publica? Second, who was the audience for the messages on the coins, and how do they relate to the Roman political body? The introduction of a fixed “state emblem” on the denarius coinage was an innovative move away from previous coin-producing practices, and can be read in relation to the conscious development of a Roman civic identity. The change to private types implies a decrease in the importance of Roman civic identity as communicated on coins, and more attention for the families and individuals that constitute Rome as a political entity. This change was restricted to silver coins, however. The bronze coins tell a different story: the Roman types stay the same, but production decreases, while a variety of local productions on the Italian peninsula are widely used.
Public Buildings and Urban Landscape
Authors: de Caprariis Francesca
Published: November 2022

Among the several—and sometimes dramatic—defining moments in the urban history of Rome, the first half of the second century bce has long been recognized as a pivotal one, marking the transformation from city-state to Hellenistic capital. Demographic growth together with an impressive inflow of wealth, much of it spent on public buildings or on public decor, were the driving forces behind an intense building activity contracted by censors and aediles that recreated the urban center, the forum with the commercial buildings nearby, streets, sewers, and the river port. Monuments and temples built by victorious imperatores bear witness to a period of architectural innovation and of intense aristocratic competition. New typologies of buildings emerge and reveal through their names a foreign—mostly Greek—influence. Within this well-established picture in modern scholarship, single aspects of this phenomenon and its consequences on the urban fabric have been investigated: its suddenness, the cultural impact, and the social and demographic one. A view from the Tiber—proposed in this chapter—is an excellent perspective for a critical reappraisal of the literature of this defining period, because while the general picture is clear, the details (literary sources, archaeology, recent topographical debates) are much more complicated. The focus will be on the port infrastructure in general—from the Aventine plain up to the Circus Flaminius riverfront—and notably on the Naualia question. The identification of the huge Testaccio building is particularly useful for trying to understand the port system of Republican Rome and its growth.
The Administration of the Imperium Romanum in the Second Century bce
Authors: Bellomo Michele
Published: November 2022

This chapter gives a brief summary of how the imperium Romanum—interpreted as the sum of the imperia that were granted year after year to magistrates, promagistrates, and priuati—was administered during the second century bce, and notably how discussions on provincial administration shaped the foreign and especially the domestic political debate. If, on one hand, the proliferation of practices like the prorogatio imperii, or the granting of commands to priuati, gave Rome the instruments with which it could pursue a very large-scale expansionist policy, on the other hand they provoked strong and harsh debates within the senatorial elite that paved the way for its subsequent crisis.
Legislation, Politics, and Social Change in the Early Second Century bce
Authors: Lanfranchi Thibaud
Published: November 2022

This chapter reconsiders the increasingly important role conferred upon legislation at the end of the Republic. After a general account of this legislation, it focuses on legislation regarding private law. From a quantitative point of view, there was indeed a significant increase in the number of legislative measures; the second century marks the beginning of this increase in the number of laws, and legislative activity began to grow rather strongly, peaking with the Gracchan legislation. The second century also displays an increase in the use of plebiscites. The fact that the tribunician legislation is so well represented can only accentuate the idea that, even before the Gracchi, it occupied a special place in the first half of the second century. This quantitative presentation is then combined with a more qualitative approach, especially focusing on legislation on private law. A significant number of such measures are suddenly documented in our sources in the second century. The chapter first deals with the lex Laetoria. This law is then analyzed in parallel with the lex Atilia and the leges Furia and Voconia. The lex Atilia organized a new form of guardianship for impuberes, whereas the leges Furia and Voconia regulated bequests, donations, and inheritance. Barely ten years later, the lex Vilia Annalis established the cursus honorum for the first time by setting minimum legal ages. These measures appear to form a fairly coherent pattern, which aims at framing a whole series of practices that were previously rather free (or dependant on mos).
“So . . . Who Is Your Audience?”
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2022

This chapter studies an area of philosophy apparently closer to other forms of investigation: the philosophy of science. It poses a question: For whom do philosophers of science write? Three answers are considered: philosophers, scientists, and members of the broader public concerned with some area(s) of the sciences. After reviewing the recent history of the subject, the question is answered. Philosophy of science may sometimes benefit philosophy—but that is worthwhile only if the areas it helps to advance are themselves worth pursuing. It can aid the sciences in a number of ways. Perhaps its most important task is to help the public understanding of science. Although philosophy of science has sometimes been successful in all three ways, the report card isn’t perfect: it needs improvement.
The Whole Function of Philosophy
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2022

This chapter offers an account of “the whole function of philosophy.” It elaborates William James’s thought of philosophy as aiming to help people sort out their “somewhat chaotic” views of “the frame of things.” Philosophy is viewed as contributing to large questions of the age, as assisting a wide variety of forms of inquiry, and as a synthetic venture, directed at resolving the confusions arising in various domains of life. Philosophy works among disciplines, not striving for a special kind of knowledge, but as offering concepts, analogies, and lines of reasoning that prove useful in many attempts to make sense of our place in the world.
Grounding and Reduction
Authors: Marmor Andrei
Published: November 2022

The kind of metaphysical inquiry we seek in the social context is inevitably drawn to an Aristotelian framework of a hierarchical picture of reality, whereby some aspects of it are more foundational than others. This chapter aims to explain this intuition by utilizing some of the recent literature on grounding and reduction. The main conclusion of the chapter is that we have good reasons to keep the distinction between metaphysical grounding, whereby “A is X in virtue of A being Y,” and identity relations of the type “A just is B” or “to be an F just is to be G,” and that this distinction can be utilized to distinguish between two types of reductive explanations: reduction by way of complete grounding and reduction as metaphysical identity. Subsequent chapters will show that some of the confusions about the possibility of reductive explanations in social ontology can be avoided by relying on this distinction between two types of reduction.
Rationalizing Practices
Authors: Marmor Andrei
Published: November 2022

It is often thought that any philosophical account of a social practice needs to offer the kind of explanation that would rationalize the practice for its participants, make it intelligible to them why they engage in it, and what the point of it is, for them. I call this the internal rationalization constraint. My main argument in this chapter is that a reductive metaphysical explanation of a social practice is not subject to the internal rationalization constraint, and that this is one of the main differences between a metaphysical theory of social practices and a hermeneutical one. I use some of the key debates about the nature of law as my main example, arguing that legal positivism is a metaphysical grounding-reductive theory of law, and as such, not subject to the internal rationalization constraint. Dworkin’s hermeneutical critique of legal positivism clearly takes the rationalization of the practice for its participants as an important objective, but then it must also rely on a different, essentially normative methodological framework.
Introduction
Authors: Efrat Asif
Published: November 2022

The opening chapter introduces the reader to the book’s subject matter: transnational litigation and the political controversies it raises. The chapter first lays out the primary questions motivating the book, as well as the book’s theoretical approach and argument, drawing on the concept of ethnocentrism. This is followed by an overview of the seven empirical chapters. The introduction concludes with an examination of the book’s place in the broader literature. Specifically, we explain how the book differs from and contributes to four bodies of scholarly work: studies of transnational litigation, studies of international law, studies of judicial globalization, and studies examining the domestic sources of international cooperation.
Theorizing Cooperation on Transnational Litigation
Authors: Efrat Asif
Published: November 2022

This chapter offers a theoretical framework for analyzing the politics of transnational litigation. While there are good reasons for a state to cooperate on litigation by accepting the authority of a foreign legal system, this chapter argues that cooperation might be obstructed by ethnocentrism, that is, the tendency to partition the world into “us-against-them”: virtuous in-groups and nefarious out-groups. For the ethnocentric, the foreign legal system constitutes a threat to the home country or its citizens. The chapter outlines the domestic political debate between those who subscribe to the ethnocentric view of foreign justice and those who reject it. This leads to a set of nine theoretical propositions to guide the book’s empirical analysis.
Exercising Jurisdiction over “Bad Apples”
Authors: Efrat Asif
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines the British debate over the legal treatment of Britons who fought for ISIS in Syria and Iraq: should they face trial in the UK? Viewing these foreign fighters as dangerous persons who offended British values, the government insisted they should be prosecuted outside Britain. This shows that the intensity of ethnocentric concerns may vary with the identity of the actors subjected to foreign legal authority. While troops are seen as deserving strong protections from foreign justice (the subject of Chapter 3), individuals who betrayed their country, such as foreign terrorist fighters, might be left to the mercy of foreign courts that lack due process.
Extradition Reconsidered
Authors: Efrat Asif
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines the British debate over extradition to the United States as well as extradition to European Union members through the European Arrest Warrant. The critics—in particular, Conservative members of parliament, NGOs, and certain media outlets—argued that British citizens deserve British justice and should be tried at home. They also raised specific complaints noting perceived incompatibilities between British justice and foreign justice. From concerns about the harshness of U.S. criminal justice to denunciations of human rights standards in certain EU countries, extradition critics exhibited ethnocentric thinking as they considered deviations from British legal standards to be indications of unfairness. Defenders of Britain’s extradition arrangements criticized the ethnocentric tendency to think that the British legal system is best. This demonstrates how different actors within a country may vary significantly in their evaluation of the differences among legal systems.
Judgments, Jurisdiction, and Juries
Authors: Efrat Asif
Published: November 2022

This chapter explains why the courts of Continental Europe often refuse to enforce American judgments. The unwelcoming attitude toward U.S. judgments stems from the European view of American civil justice as marred by significant unfairness. The analysis focuses on three expressions of perceived unfairness in U.S. law: punitive damages, pretrial discovery, and personal jurisdiction. Punitive damages offend the separation between the private law of torts and criminal law in Europe’s civil-law systems. Discovery reflects a mistrust of authority and a belief in litigant activism—in contrast to the more bureaucratic legal model of the civil law. Their quest for clarity, certainty, and predictability leads Europeans to reject the American notion of personal jurisdiction, which builds on broad, open-ended terms. The chapter concludes with the efforts to establish a global convention on the enforcement of foreign judgments.
A Quantitative Look at Cooperation on Litigation
Authors: Efrat Asif
Published: November 2022

This chapter shows quantitatively that states prefer partners whose legal rules and institutions are like their own: greater dissimilarity in substantive legal rules or in legal procedures and institutions reduces the likelihood of cooperation between two countries. In forging mutual legal assistance treaties (MLATs), states that rank high on judicial independence tend to choose partners whose courts are similarly independent or who belong in the same legal tradition as themselves. Legal-system similarity also fosters cooperation in the return of abducted children—children taken abroad by a parent without the knowledge or consent of the left-behind parent. In cooperation under the Hague Convention on Child Abduction, states prefer partners that are close to themselves in the quality of the rule of law as well as women’s rights and equality.
Conclusions and Implications
Authors: Efrat Asif
Published: November 2022

The concluding chapter examines the broader implications of the book for several bodies of literature—first and foremost, the literature on international law and international relations. Whereas the IL/IR literature focuses on vertical interactions between the international legal system and domestic legal systems, this book analyzes horizontal interactions between domestic legal systems as a key dimension of legal globalization that the literature has thus far neglected. The book’s insights also offer a deeper understanding of crossborder cooperation among courts. Finally, this chapter lays out some key implications for policy. As cooperation on litigation might face a domestic backlash that could disrupt the cooperative efforts, we examine what governments can do to avoid such a backlash and build public support for cooperation.