bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pre‐Hispanic Beer in Coastal Peru: Technology and Social Context of Prehistoric Production
Authors: Moore Jerry D.
Published: November 2004

The native Andean beer, chicha, played a variety of roles in pre‐Hispanic Peruvian societies. Commonly made from maize, chicha was both the everyday beverage and an essential element in ritual and social interactions. Most important, political leaders had to reward corvée labor groups with chicha and food as part of the “hospitable repayment” lords were obligated to provide their subjects. The article describes an archeological investigation of chicha production in a non‐elite residential sector at Manchan, the Chimu Empire's (A.D. 900–1470) regional center in the Casma Valley of the Peruvian North Coast. Two issues are considered: the technical process and the social context of chicha‐making. In both cases, ethnohistoric and ethnographic data are used to develop archeological correlates for different aspects of the technology and social context of chicha‐making. The archeological data indicate that (1) the equipment for chicha‐making was generally available, (2) different households episodically produced large quantities of chicha, and (3) this production took place within a self‐sufficient household and without extensive state involvement by the Chimu Empire.
Form or Function: A Comparison of Expert and Novice Judgments of Similarity Among Fish
Authors: Boster James S. , Johnson Jeffrey C.
Published: November 2004

Ethnobiologists debate whether folk biological classifiers are natural historians attending primarily to the morphology of organisms or are pragmatists concerned primarily with utility. We argue that this question is best understood as a problem in intracultural variation: the relative importance of form and function depends on who is asked to judge the similarity of organisms as well as how they are asked to judge it. We find that expert fishermen judge similarities among fish on both functional and morphological criteria, while novices judge on morphological criteria alone and thereby approach the scientific classification of fish more closely than experts. Experts also vary more than do novices, presumably because they control more different kinds of knowledge on which to base a similarity judgment.
Primitive Warfare and the Ratomorphic Image of Mankind
Authors: Robarchek Clayton A.
Published: November 2004

The most influential current explanations of preindustrial violence and warfare see it as determined by factors and forces entirely external to human beings and their motives and purposes. This article critically examines the most prominent of these approaches—behavioristic, sociobiological, and ecological‐functional—and some of the assumptions underlying them. Then, drawing on ethnographic data from a society known for its peacefulness—the Semai Senoi—the article offers an alternative conception of action, one that views human behavior, including warfare and nonviolence, as purposive, and that sees human beings as active decision makers picking their ways through fields of options and constraints in pursuit of individually and culturally defined goals in a culturally constituted reality which they themselves are actively constructing.
The Paradoxical Anthropology of Leslie White
Authors: Barrett Richard A.
Published: November 2004

The many contradictions in the anthropology of Leslie White derive mainly from the fact that he embraced two contradictory models of culture: the sui generis conception that he received from his Boasian education, and the materialist‐utilitarian framework that developed out of his concern with cultural evolutionism. White never reconciled the two, but in any instance of conflict he gave preference to the sui generis, Boasian‐derived conception. This led him eventually to repudiate significant aspects of his utilitarian‐adaptive framework.
Seasonally, Labor Scheduling, and Agricultural Intensification in the Nigerian Savanna
Authors: Stone Glenn Davis , Netting Robert McC. , Stone M. Priscilla
Published: November 2004

Human labor is the primary factor of production in indigenous agricultural systems, yet the organization and scheduling of labor, and effect of agricultural intensification on these processes, remain poorly understood. While most theoretical and empirical studies have emphasized overall labor input and efficiency, this study of the Kofyar of Nigeria analyzes the scheduling and mobilization of labor in ecological context. Detailed labor diaries for a sample of households over an entire agricultural cycle reveal intricate schedules that balance the labor demands of a variable crop complex with a set of complementary mechanisms for mobilizing labor. With rising population density and market impetus, the Kofyar have increased gross labor inputs, adjusted crop mixes to reduce weekly fluctuations in labor, and extended the agricultural season. Labor demands are met by three social mechanisms of labor mobilization, which offer varying sizes of labor pool, degree of flexibility, and type of compensation.
Regional Comparison of the Shapes of Later Acheulean Handaxes
Authors: Wynn Thomas , Tierson Forrest
Published: November 2004

This article documents an unexpected regional difference in the shapes of later Acheulean hand‐axes. Almost 1,200 handaxes from 17 sites located in Europe, East Africa, India, and the Near East were measured using a polar coordinate technique and compared using discriminant analysis and analysis of variance. One group of handaxes, those from Israel, clearly stood apart. The reasons for this distinction are unclear but may relate to raw material, time, or, perhaps, cultural tradition.
The Mother of Invention: Evolutionary Theory, Territoriality, and the Origins of Agriculture
Authors: Rosenberg Michael
Published: November 2004

This article argues that recent attempts to view the evolution of culture in purely selectionist terms ignore the role of stress in generating purposeful innovation and rely excessively on random processes to generate the requisite behavioral variability. Consequently, selectionist models for the origins of agriculture are inadequate. They fail to explain why people would engage in behaviors (in this case those being selected for) when such behaviors may be viewed as undesirable. This article proposes that in certain contexts population pressure will produce increasingly rigid hunter‐gatherer territorial systems, because such systems would resolve the resulting conflicts. It further proposes that, once instituted, territorial systems constrain subsequent behavioral responses to growing population pressure, and ultimately make food production inescapable in a still more limited number of contexts.
Evolution of the Human Capacity for Beliefs
Authors: Goodenough WardH.
Published: November 2004

Evolution of the human capacity for beliefs is considered in relation to the emergence in human phylogeny of the ability to formulate propositions, evaluate their worth as bases for action, and make emotional attachments to them. Most of the relevant capabilities had appeared in primate evolution before the emergence of the Hominidae. The combination of capabilities peculiar to evolving hominines was that involved in the development of language, which ontogenetic evidence suggests began as a tool for implementing intentionality in social interaction; the subsequent elaboration of language was associated with later reportorial and narrative uses.
Migration in Archeology: The Baby and the Bathwater
Authors: Anthony David W.
Published: November 2004

Migration has been largely ignored by archeologists for the last two decades. Yet prehistoric demography and population studies are accepted as central concerns, and neither of these can be studied profitably without an understanding of migration. Recent books by Rouse and Renfrew have resurrected migration as a subject of serious analysis. It is proposed here that systems‐oriented archeologists, in rejecting migration, have thrown out the baby with the bathwater. Traditional archeological approaches to migration fall short because a methodology for examining prehistoric migration must be dependent upon an understanding of the general structure of migration as a patterned human behavior. Aspects of such a structure are suggested and an application to a particular case in Eastern Europe is described.
The Organization of Refuse Disposal and Ceramic Production within Contemporary Mexican Houselots
Authors: Arnold Philip J.
Published: November 2004

Ethnoarcheological investigations have indicated that refuse is differentially treated within domestic compounds. One contributing factor appears to be the amount of area available for activities within the houselot. This possibility is discussed using two sets of data: the system of houselot refuse disposal and the organization of household‐level ceramic production. Houselot maintenance, as reflected in the composition and distribution of refuse items found across the patio, varies as a function of effective patio area. The use of kilns versus open firing in these households is also sensitive to available area within the residential compound. The findings underscore the important relationship between spatial constraints and the organization of waste management and craft production within the domestic setting.
Dowry as Female Competition
Authors: Gaulin Steven J. C. , Boster James S.
Published: November 2004

Boserup (1970) views dowry as a payment made by women to guarantee future support for them and their children under circumstances where their own contributions to subsistence are relatively small. We call this the labor‐value model. Here, building on the polygyny threshold theory from behavioral ecology (Orians 1969), we view dowry as a reproductive tactic used by prospective brides and their kin to attract the wealthiest bridegrooms. Our model predicts dowry in stratified, nonpolygynous societies where the desirability of wealthy males is not reduced by diversion of resources to additional wives and their children. We call this the female‐competition model. We use discriminant analysis to test both these models on the 1,267 societies of the Ethnographic Atlas. While both models perform better than chance, the female‐competition model is clearly superior. It accurately predicts the occurrence of dowry in nearly 95% of societies and identifies coding errors in the Standard Cross‐Cultural Sample with extreme efficiency.
American Indian Population Recovery following Smallpox Epidemics
Authors: Thornton Russell , Miller Tim , Warren Jonathan
Published: November 2004

Scholars generally agree that American Indian populations were reduced substantially following European contact by a variety of Old World diseases. However, scholarly attention has been devoted almost exclusively to ascertaining mortality during smallpox and other disease episodes and its impact on population size, as typified in “working backwards” to ascertain earlier population size. American Indian populations were dynamic entities, and were constantly changing as members were born, died, or migrated, even if population size from one year to the next was relatively constant. The interaction of disease, mortality, and fertility as well as the age structure of mortality and resulting rates of population growth influenced changes in American Indian population size following experiences with any particular disease. These factors operated to produce either greater or lesser declines than simple mortality rates would suggest. This article presents simulations developed to understand changes in American Indian population size following hypothetical episodes of smallpox.
Compositional Analysis and “Sources” of Pottery: An Ethnoarcheological Approach
Authors: Arnold Dean E. , Neff Hector , Bishop Ronald L.
Published: November 2004

One of the important assumptions of compositional analysis is that the elemental composition of an artifact reflects the source of the materials used to make it. Thus, pottery from a particular source will be chemically similar to the raw materials from that source. This “commonsense” assumption seems beyond dispute, but the fact that pottery is a mixture of clay, water, and often temper added by the potter, complicates the interpretation of compositional data from ceramics. This article examines the relationship between potters' behavior in obtaining and using raw materials, on the one hand, and the chemical composition of their finished pottery, on the other, by comparing the elemental composition of ethnographic pottery and raw materials from contemporary pottery‐making communities in the Valley of Guatemala. The results of this research show that the relationship between pottery and its constituent raw materials is not as obvious as was first supposed. The article concludes with an alternative approach to compositional analysis that is more in line with the realities of real‐world pottery production.
Myth, Experiment, and the Reinvention of Polynesian Voyaging
Authors: Finney Ben
Published: November 2004

Experimental canoe voyages between Hawai'i, Tahiti, and Aotearoa (New Zealand) indicate that proponents of the “mythical” view of voyaging traditions cannot casually dismiss their historical basis because they believe it impossible for canoes navigated without instruments to have been intentionally sailed over such long distances. Furthermore, the key role of Hawaiians in this reinvention of Polynesian voyaging, and in particular their efforts to extend the sailing and navigational trials far beyond the original experimental plan, point toward a more Polynesian interpretation of voyaging traditions than one developed solely through Western analytical approaches.
On Cultural Psychology
Authors: Cole Michael
Published: November 2004

Acts of Meaning. Jerome Bruner. Jerusalem‐Harvard Lectures. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990. 200 pp. $19.95 (cloth).

Cultural Psychology: Essays on Comparative Human Development. James W. Stigler, Richard A. Shweder, and Gilbert Herdt, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 636 pp. $59.50 (cloth), $19.95 (paper).

Human Behavior in Global Perspective: An Introduction to Cross‐Cultural Psychology. Marshall H. Segall, Pierre R. Dasen, John W. Berry, and Ype H. Poortinga. Pergamon General Psychology Series, 160. New York: Pergamon Press. 458 pp. $48.50 (cloth), $24.50 (paper).
Sociability in Old Female Japanese Monkeys: Human versus Nonhuman Primate Aging
Authors: PAVELKA MARY S. MCDONALD
Published: November 2004

Over a period of 20 months, 18 aged and 22 non‐aged semi‐free ranging female Japanese monkeys were observed, and a total of 440 hours of focal animal data were collected. The goal of the study was to investigate the reported pattern of disengagement in old female monkeys. For each subject female, two sociability scores were calculated: the total number of other animals with whom time was spent in affiliative social interaction, and the total amount of time spent in affiliative social interaction. These data were analyzed in order to determine any change in sociability based on age. No relationship was found between age and sociability. The absence of a pattern of decreased social interaction with advancing age in these monkeys is discussed in terms of the methodological differences with earlier studies. It is suggested that the life of nonhuman primates may be essentially continuous from the attainment of adulthood to death, with no recognizable social stage for the elderly, at least in terms of sociability and isolation. Menopause, awareness of mortality, and interindividual dependence are three elements of the human life course that appear to be absent in this troop of Japanese monkeys, and these are discussed as key elements that may render the later portion of the human life course to be very different from that of monkeys, and possibly from that of all other primates.
Risk Perception Mapping: Using Ethnography to Define the Locally Affected Population for a Low‐Level Radioactive Waste Storage Facility in Michigan
Authors: STOFFLE RICHARD W. , TRAUGOTT MICHAEL W. , STONE JOHN V. , MCINTYRE PAULA D. , JENSEN FLORENCE V. , DAVIDSON CARLA C.
Published: November 2004

The concept of a “risk perception shadow” (RPS) has been suggested to describe the geocultural area in which a locally affected population perceives itself to be at risk from a proposed project. Generally such projects involve potentially dangerous substances or activities. The initial conceptualization of an RPS was developed during the social assessment of a proposed Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) in Michigan. This article describes an effort at mapping and analyzing an RPS produced by a proposal to site a low‐level radioactive waste (LLRW) storage facility in Michigan. A unique sampling technique was used to define the boundary of the generally concentric RPS. Risk perception mapping (RPM) is suggested as a rapid and efficient method for defining locally affected populations for social impact studies.
The Customs of Conflict Management among Corporate Executives
Authors: Morrill Calvin
Published: November 2004

This article examines the customs of conflict management among executives at the tops of two large business organizations. The argument advanced here derives from the notion that conflict management varies with the informal norms that govern interpersonal networks. Ethnographic, social network, and perceptual data collected in the present investigation suggest that where executives experience fragmented and atomized interpersonal networks, they are more likely to manage conflict without confrontation than in networks of strongly and densely connected individuals. The results of this study carry implications for the relationship between attitudes and behaviors among corporate managers regarding conflict management, for the normative bases of decision making, and for the “fit” between social context and routine conflict management.
Status and Power in Classic Maya Society: An Archeological Study
Authors: Hendon Julia A.
Published: November 2004

This article uses archeological data to examine how social relations allocate economic and political power in ancient complex societies. Based on recent excavations in the Copan Valley, Honduras, the socioeconomic organization of the basic residential group is reconstructed and the existence of a pervasive social hierarchy demonstrated. I argue that during the Late and Terminal Classic periods, the Maya were organized into a series of internally ranked and externally stratified status lineages (Goldman 1970) that structured social, economic, and political relationships.
The Ideology of Authority and the Power of the Pot
Authors: Pauketat Timothy R. , Emerson Thomas E.
Published: November 2004

Ramey Incised pots appear to have been manufactured at and dispersed from centers of chiefly authority during the 11th‐12th centuries A.D. in a portion of the Mississippi Valley. Based on an analysis of motif design, meaning, and the archeological context of vessels, an elite ideology appears indicated in which chiefly lords were the mediators of the cosmos. This archeological perspective in political ideology begins to address the larger questions of the long‐term dynamics of pre‐state polities.
Subsistence, Technology, and Adaptive Variation in Middle Paleolithic Italy
Authors: Stiner Mary C. , Kuhn Steven L.
Published: November 2004

This collaborative study addresses questions about variation in behavior within the Middle Paleolithic period of west‐central Italy. The findings are directly relevant to the evolutionary “fate” of Neandertals and the appearance of anatomically modern humans in Europe. Analyses focus on variation in a number of dimensions of subsistence and technology, including patterns of ungulate procurement, food transport, and tactics of stone tool manufacture and use. All of these dimensions exhibit marked, possibly “vectored” change in the study area between 110,000 and 35,000 years ago. Interpretations of the archeological data are supported by independent studies linking food search, procurement, and transport behaviors to ecological rules affecting all large terrestrial predators. In this way, variation observed in the faunal and lithic data sets can be shown to reflect startling diversity in the responses of Mousterian hominids to the world around them. The data provide important insights into the nature of adaptive “raw material” already in place during the Middle Paleolithic, the foremost conclusion of this study. That this variation in resource exploitation and land use also appears directional is more difficult to evaluate. It could be explained by hominids' adjustments to local changes in coastal habitat as sea level regressed or, alternatively, an evolutionary shift in hominid capabilities. The first interpretation is preferred, on the basis of available evidence, but cannot be advanced as a certain conclusion. This question provides much stimulus for continued research in the study area and other regions, using the methods presented.
A Model for Exploring the Optimal Trade‐off between Field Processing and Transport
Authors: Metcalfe Duncan , Barlow K. Renee
Published: November 2004

Archeologists have long assumed that transport considerations have been important in structuring various aspects of the archeological record. An optimality model, derived from the principles of evolutionary ecology, is presented to investigate the trade‐off between field processing and transport for central place foragers. The model implicates (1) the time required to make a round‐trip and (2) the relationship between time spent field processing and increase in the utility of the transported load as the two critical factors determining what parts of resources are likely to be returned to a residential camp.
Contested Pasts and the Practice of Anthropology
Authors: Hill Jonathan D.
Published: November 2004

With this issue, the editors of the American Anthropologist introduce the first Contemporary Issues Forum, “Contested Pasts and the Practice of Anthropology.” We find it incumbent upon the flagship journal of the profession to encourage productive discussion of current issues of relevance to anthropologists and the public. The editors have targeted broadly significant and controversial topics as foci for the forums with a view to encouraging productive dialogue. With this initial forum we open an arena for debate regarding anthropological practice and discourse and their consequences in the contemporary period of ethnic resurgence and (neo)colonial disempowerment. We recognize the debated nature of these issues and the potential importance of such controversies to the profession. Commentary on the forum papers from the readership of the American Anthropologist is welcome.
The Ecology of Wealth‐in‐People: Agriculture, Settlement, and Society on the Perpetual Frontier
Authors: Nyerges A. Endre
Published: November 2004

For the Susu of northwestern Sierra Leone, rural settlement dynamics reflect a frontier culture history and the perpetuation of frontier sociopolitical arrangements in village life. Under frontier conditions people are wealth. The competition among male elders for wealth‐in‐people is a major determinant of village movements and the organization and deployment of agricultural labor. In this article, I explore the implications of frontier social arrangements, as illustrated in the careers and lives of individual elder men, for the ecology of swidden agriculture. One significant result is a competitive scramble for labor, which both hinders crop production and leads to problems of intensification and resource degradation. I conclude that local problems of resource management are the result of individual efforts to achieve and maintain social position in the context of established systems of hierarchy.
Distinguished Lecture in General Anthropology: The Anthropology of Trouble
Authors: Rappaport Roy A.
Published: November 2004

This essay was presented as the Distinguished Lecture in General Anthropology at the 91st Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, December 4, 1992, in San Francisco, California.
Secrecy, Ambiguity, and the Everyday in Kabre Culture
Authors: Piot Charles D.
Published: November 2004

Secrecy, the intentional concealing of information, is very much a part of everyday life and discourse among the Kabre of northern Togo (West Africa). This article proposes an interpretation of Kabre everyday secrecy that relies on indigenous understandings and attempts to move beyond the functionalist assumptions of many previous analyses of secrecy in Africa. It also raises more general questions about theories of culture that ignore the everyday and that fail to come to terms with the negotiated meanings and the indirect types of communication that constitute everyday social relations.
Tokenism
Authors: Michalowski Piotr
Published: November 2004

Before Writing, Volume 1: From Counting to Cuneiform. Denise Schmandt‐Besserat. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992. 288 pp.

Before Writing, Volume 2: A Catalog of Near Eastern Tokens. Denise Schmandt‐Besserat. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992. 452 pp.
Differentiating Women/Bodies of Knowledge
Authors: Dominguez Virginia R.
Published: November 2004

Writing Women's Worlds: Bedouin Stories. Lila Abu‐Lughod.

Baladi Women of Cairo: Playing with an Egg and a Stone. Evelyn A. Early.

A World of Difference: Islam and Gender Hierarchy in Turkey. Julie Marcus.
Film Reviews
Authors: Ruby Jay
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Chang, 1927, 70 minutes, black and white, a film by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack.

Grass, 1925, 70 minutes, black and white, a film by Merian C. Cooper, Ernest B. Schoedsack, and Marguerite Harrison.

In the Land of the War Canoes, 1914, 47 minutes, black and white, a film by Edward C. Curtis.

The Silent Enemy, 1930, 84 minutes, black and white with original color tints, a film by H. P. Carver.

Simba: The King of Beasts, 1928, 83 minutes, black and white, a film by Martin Johnson and Osa Johnson.

90° South, 1933, 72 minutes, black and white, a film by Herbert G. Ponting.

Tabu, 1931, 82 minutes, black and white, a film by F. W. Murnau.

With Byrd at the South Pole, 1930, 82 minutes, black and white, a film by Willard Van der Veer and Joseph Rocker.
Material Culture, Geographic Propinquity, and Linguistic Affiliation on the North Coast of New Guinea: A Reanalysis of Welsch, Terrell, and Nadolski (1992)
Authors: Moore Carmella C. , Romney A. Kimball
Published: November 2004

Welsch et al. (1992) study the frequency of occurrence of 47 artifact types across 31 villages on the North Coast of New Guinea. They find variation in assemblages of material culture to be associated with geographic propinquity only, with linguistic relations having virtually no effect. Our reanalysis, which suggests that language and propinquity have equally strong effects, has important theoretical implications for the study of culture, past and present. In addition, we present a new analysis of the differential distribution of material artifacts among village sites.
Whose Cultural Studies?
Authors: Rosaldo Renato
Published: November 2004

What follows is the text of a talk given to literary scholars at a December 1992 Modern Language Association forum called “Cultural Studies and the Disciplines: Are There Any Boundaries Left?” It reflects on the possibilities and anxieties aroused by cultural studies for anthropologists and ethnic studies faculty. It also tries to explain the potential of anthropology and ethnic studies to members of English departments who, at times, see themselves as the owners of cultural studies.
Kevin: On the Transfer of Emotions 866
Authors: Crapanzano Vincent
Published: November 2004

A white Rhodesian living in South Africa tells an ethnographer the story of his experiences as a charismatic Christian and a veteran of warfare involving terrorism. Like a testimony, the story is designed to produce an effect on its hearer. With an ethnopsychiatric approach, such a story must be understood dialogically, as an exchange in which a game of “who has the emotion” is played.
Bad Day at Bukit Pekan
Authors: Dentan Robert Knox
Published: November 2004

The Senoi Semai of Malaysia have acquired a reputation as one of the most nonviolent peoples known to anthropology. This essay explores the question of Semai violence through interviews with men who have committed homicide while in a state of possession, and with a participant in a 1949 massacre of Chinese villagers that was carried out in retaliation for a raid on a Semai village by Chinese Communist insurgents. In Semai storytelling violence is recounted with relish, while first‐person accounts of violent acts are descriptively revealing but emotionally neutral.
Race and Three Models of Human Origin
Authors: Lieberman Leonard , Jackson Fatimah Linda C.
Published: November 2004

The future of the race concept depends in part upon the interpretations made of the molecular, biochemical, and anatomical evidence for the recent origins of Homo sapiens. Evidence of the decline of the concept among physical anthropology professors and in texts and research publications is presented, along with four reasons for the change. Three models regarding recent human origins are reviewed, each of which uses race as a descriptive term for a population aggregate. Each model carries implications that could strengthen or weaken the racial interpretation of human origins and the race concept. The phylogenetic status of Homo erectus outside of Africa is contingent in part upon the outcome of this debate.
Unstable Households in a Stable Kalahari Community in Botswana
Authors: KENT SUSAN
Published: November 2004

Diachronie research at Kutse, a recently sedentary Kalahari community, demonstrates the dynamic processes inherent during the shift from nomadism to sedentism. Observations indicate that sharing networks, and friendships that structure such networks, organize spatial patterning and camp interaction. Sedentism and aggregation combine to create tensions surrounding sharing that lead to violence and the need for a community‐wide sanctioned arbitrator. Without such a mediator of disputes the community cannot remain aggregated. Once political leaders or mediators arise, the emphasis on extreme egalitarianism changes. The Kutse community nucleus has dispersed as a result of resource depletion and, more importantly, social concerns. The conspicuous lack of architectural or spatial differentiation at Kutse is a reflection of the community's strongly egalitarian emphasis.
Book Review Essays
Authors: Gates Hill
Published: November 2004

Gender Relations in China: Gender and Power in Rural North China. Ellen R. Judd.

Gender Relations in China: Engendering China. Women, Culture, and the State. Christina K. Gilmartin, Gail Hershatter, Lisa Rofel, and Tyrene White, eds.
American Anthropology as Foreign Policy
Authors: Borneman John
Published: November 2004

Abstracts

In the United States, the discipline of English literature and language has cohered around modeling domestic policy, while anthropology has cohered around modeling foreign policy. This is illustrated by way of anthropology's relation to the conceptual apparatus created in United States Indian policy as part of a global strategy in mapping foreignness. The author suggests an alternative outline for a history and calls for an expanded and self‐conscious (re)vision of anthropology's role in constituting international order.
The Shifting Middle Ground: Amazonian Indians and Eco‐Politics
Authors: CONKLIN BETH A. , GRAHAM LAURA R.
Published: November 2004

Abstracts

Over the past decade in Brazil, the convergence between international environmentalism and indigenous cultural survival concerns led to an unprecedented internationalization of local A native struggles. The Indian‐environmentalist alliance has benefited both parties, but recent events suggest that it may be unstable and may pose political risks for native people. The limitations of transnational symbolic politics as a vehicle for indigenous activism reflect tensions and contradictions in outsiders' symbolic constructions of Indian identity.
The Woman in the Surgeon's Body: Understanding Difference
Authors: Cassell Joan
Published: November 2004

Praxis is not simply about learning cultural rules by rote, it is about coming to an understanding of social distinctions through your body.

Much of clinical and practical knowledge [in medicine] is embodied knowledge‐knowledge sensed through and with the body. This includes senses of sight, sound, touch, smell.
Above and Below: Toward a Social Geometry of Header
Authors: Gilmore David D.
Published: November 2004

For modem common sense, hierarchy is a ladder ofcommandin which the lower rungs are encompassed in the higher ones in regular succession.

It is significant that we say that something is “high” or “superior”‐or conversely “base” or “inferior”‐without considering why what we most praise (goodness, strength, and so on) must be located high.
The Racialization of a Debate: TheCharreada asTradition or Torture
Authors: Nájera‐Ramírez Olga
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTS

This essay examines the debate concerning the treatment of animals in the charreada, or Mexican rodeo. Focusing on the language used in reporting the event, the author demonstrates how this debate has become racialized in the English‐language media because of the tendency to identify the issue of animal abuse in rodeos as an exclusively Mexican practice.
East African Politics
Authors: Vincent Joan
Published: November 2004

The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya. Angelique Haugerud

Networks of Dissolution: Somalia Undone. Anna Simons
Anthropology in the New Melanesia
Authors: Roscoe Paul B.
Published: November 2004

Social Reproduction and History in Melanesia: Mortuary Ritual, Gift Exchange, and Custom in the Tanga Islands. Robert J. Foster

Nation Making: Emergent Identities in Postcolonial Melanesia. Robert J. Foster
"Real Belizean Food": Building Local Identity in the Transnational Caribbean
Authors: Wilk Richard R.
Published: November 2004

Food and cooking can be an avenue toward understanding complex issues of cultural change and transnational cultural flow. Using examples from Belize, I discuss the transformation from late colonial times to the present in terms of hierarchies of cuisine and changes in taste. In recent Belizean history, food has been used in personal and political contexts to create a sense of the nation at the same time that increased political and economic dependency has undercut national autonomy. I suggest several possible ways to conceptualize the complex and contradictory relationship between local and global culture, [consumption, cuisine, foodways, Belize, colonialism]
The Sociodrama of Presidential Politics: Rhetoric, Ritual, and Power in the Era of Teledemocracy
Authors: McLeod James R.
Published: November 2004

In this paper I examine the American presidential campaign cycle as a series of ritualized sociodramas. Examples are used from the campaigns of 1988, 1992, and 1996 to illustrate the role of ritual, rhetoric, symbol, and media in the process of presidential power acquisition. These political processes are analyzed utilizing the concepts of sociodrama and rituals of rebellion extant in the literature of political anthropology. Specific cases such as the bus tours of the Clinton campaign, the Willie Horton commercials of the Bush campaign, and the case of Murphy Brown are examined in detail. The goal of the paper is to render an anthropological perspective on the process of choosing the American President in the era of teledemocracy. [American presidential campaign, ritual, rhetoric, symbol, media]
Cognitive Aspects of Step‐ Terms in American Kinship
Authors: Widmer Eric , Romney A. Klmball
Published: November 2004

In this article we extend the study of judged similarity among kinship terms from consanguineal to stepterms. Based on a sample of college students, we present a Euclidean representation of American kinship terms that shows that the distinction between consanguineal terms and step‐ terms is crucial. This representation matches predictions from the componential analysis paradigm and is shared by respondents of both genders with different ethnicities and first languages spoken. [American kinship, stepfamilies, correspondence analysis, consanguinity]
Pacific Voices
Authors: Dobkins Rebecca J.
Published: November 2004

Pacific Voices: Worlds within Our Community. Burke Museum of Natural and Cultural History, Seattle, Washington, permanent installation.
The View from Madisonville: Protohistoric Western Fort Ancient Interaction Patterns.
Authors: Brown James A.
Published: November 2004

The View from Madisonville: Protohistoric Western Fort Ancient Interaction Patterns. Penelope Ballard Drooker. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1997.390 pp.
The Cutting Edge and the History of Anthropology
Authors: Durrenberger E. Paul
Published: November 2004

The Craft of Inquiry: Theories, Methods, Evidence. Robert R. Alford. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.168 pp.

. History of Anthropological Theory. Paul Erickson with Liam D. Murphy. Calgary, Alberta: Broadview Press, 1998. 254 pp.

An Introduction to Theory in Anthropology. Robert Layton. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.242 pp.
Changing Perspectives on the Archaeology of the Central Mississippi Valley.
Authors: Muller Jon
Published: November 2004

Changing Perspectives on the Archaeology of the Central Mississippi Valley. Michael J. O'Brien and Robert C. Dunnell. eds. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998. 386 pp.
Phonologies of Asia and Africa, vols. 1 and 2.
Authors: Odden David
Published: November 2004

Phonologies of Asia and Africa, vols. and 2. Alan S. Kaye. ed. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1997. 1,041 pp.
Linguistics at Work: A Reader of Applications.
Authors: Johnstone Barbara
Published: November 2004

Linguistics at Work:. Reader of Applications. Dallin D. Oaks. ed. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace, 1998. 758 pp.
Native People of Southern New England, 1500–1650.
Authors: Dincauze Dena F.
Published: November 2004

Native People of Southern New England, 1500‐1650. Kathleen J. Bragdon. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996. 301 pp.
Cultural Diversity in the U.S. South: Anthropological Contributions to a Region in Transition.
Authors: McDonogh Gary W.
Published: November 2004

Cultural Diversity in the U.S. South: Anthropological Contributions to. Region in Transition. Carole E. Hill and Patricia D. Beaver. eds. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998. 204 pp.
Material Cultures: Why Some Things Matter.
Authors: Liechty Mark
Published: November 2004

Material Cultures: Why Some Things Matter. Daniel Miller. ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. 244 pp.
The Bajau Laut: Adaptation, History, and Fate in a Maritime Fishing Society of South‐Eastern Sabah.
Authors: Nimmo H. Arlo
Published: November 2004

The Bajau Laut: Adaptation, History, and Fate in. Maritime Fishing Society of South‐Eastern Sabah. Clifford Sather. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. 359 pp.
Indigenous Peoples and the State: Politics, Land and Ethnicity in the Malayan Peninsula and Borneo.
Authors: Nicholas Colin , Yong Carol
Published: November 2004

Indigenous Peoples and the State: Politics, Land and Ethnicity in the Malayan Peninsula and Borneo. Robert L. Winzeler. ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Council on Southeast Asia Studies, 1997. 316 pp.
Postconquest Coyoacan: Nahua‐Spanish Relations in Central Mexico, 1519–1650.
Authors: Bradley Richard
Published: November 2004

Postconquest Coyoacan: Nahua‐Spanish Relations in Central Mexico, 1519‐1650. Rebecca Horn. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997. 356 pp.
From Savage to Negro: Anthropology and the Construction of Race, 1896–1954.
Authors: Harrison Faye V.
Published: November 2004

From Savage to Negro: Anthropology and the Construction of Race, 1896‐1954. Lee D. Baker. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 325 pp.
She Comes to Take Her Rights: Indian Women, Property, and Propriety.; Womanhood in the Making: Domestic Ritual and Public Culture in Urban South India.; Women, Family, and Child Care in India: A World in Transition.
Authors: Miller Barbara D.
Published: November 2004

She Comes to Take Her Rights: Indian Women, Property, and Propriety. Srimati Basu. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999. 306 pp.

Womanhood in the Making: Domestic Ritual and Public Culture in Urban South India. Mary Elizabeth Hancock. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999. 286 pp.

Women, Family, and Child Care in India:. World in Transition. Susan C. Seymour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.323 pp.
The Social Life of Stories: Narrative and Knowledge in the Yukon Territory.; Northern Passage: Ethnography and Apprenticeship among the Subarctic Dene.
Authors: Smith Daved M.
Published: November 2004

The Social Life of Stories: Narrative and Knowledge in the Yukon Territory. Julie Cruikshank. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. 211 pp.

Northern Passage: Ethnography and Apprenticeship among the Subarctic Dene. Robert Jarvenpa. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1998. 210 pp.
Haa Aani, Our Land: Tlingit and Haida Land Rights and Use.
Authors: Mills Antonia
Published: November 2004

Haa Aani, Our Land: Tlingit and Haida Land Rights and Use. Walter R. Goldschmidt and Theodore H. Haas. edited with an introduction by Thomas F. Thornton. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998. 219 pp.
Food and Love: A CulturaJ History of East and West.
Authors: Trubek Amy B.
Published: November 2004

Food and Love:. CulturaJ History of East and West. Jack Goody. New York: Verso, 1998. 305 pp.
Remotely Global: Village Modernity in West Africa.
Authors: Jackson Michael
Published: November 2004

Remotely Global: Village Modernity in West Africa. Charles Piot. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. 220 pp.
Cadres and Kin: Making a Socialist Village in West China, 1921–1991.
Authors: Du Shanshan
Published: November 2004

Cadres and Kin: Making. Socialist Village in West China, 1921–1991. Gregory A. Ruf. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998. 249 pp.
Anthropology! Distinguished Lecture—2000
Authors: Nader Laura
Published: November 2004

The transformation of anthropology in the twenty‐first century can be seen in new mixes between anthropology's subfields and between anthropology and our publics interested in theory, research, and the practical. For most of the twentieth century anthropology was marked by increasing specialization. Now there is a reassembling that is more inclusive of all humankind. There is a reconnection of the particular and the universal, the local and the global, nature and culture. Fragmentation and holism move us back and forth, yet an anthropological perspective on the new technologies affecting the nature of nature, the forms of globalization, the environment, and intellectual property requires the use of all the anthropologies. Each epistemology privileges different aspects of reality. Anthropology, among the first of the "new" sciences rather than the last of the "old," is exploring new ways to understand the human condition writ large, [nature, culture, holism, epistemologies, new mixes]
Reforming Women in the United States and Aotearoa/New Zealand: A Comparative Ethnography of Welfare Reform in Global Context
Authors: Kingfisher Catherine , Goldsmith Michael
Published: November 2004

Historically, the United States and Aotearoa/New Zealand symbolize opposite poles of an individualist‐collectivist welfare state continuum. Until recently, Aotearoa/New Zealand was known as a "cradle‐to‐grave" welfare state, with "universal" employment and coverage in health and education. U.S. history, in contrast, is marked by an unabashed individualism and a residualist approach to welfare. Recent neoliberal reforms, however, have engendered a convergence between the two countries in the conceptualization and organization of assistance for poor single mothers. Most notable are the "workfare" provisions of legislative changes made in 1996 in the two countries, which work to reconstitute poor mothers as potential able‐bodied workers. In this article we analyze welfare reform in the United States and Aotearoa/New Zealand, with particular reference to how poor single mothers respond to, comply and cope with, or resist neoliberal strategies. Analysis is based on participant‐observation, interviews, and focus groups conducted between 1989 and 1999. [welfare reform, neoliberalism, globalization, gender, the United States, Aotearoa/New Zealand]
Transforming the Safety Net: Responses to Medicaid Managed Care in, Rural and Urban New Mexico
Authors: Horton Sarah , McCloskey Joanne , Todd Caroline , Henriksen Marta
Published: November 2004

In this article we examine the impact of Medicaid managed care on safety net organizations in New Mexico and their ability to maintain their traditional mission of charity care. We address two particular areas of concern that have arisen in the literature on Medicaid managed care. First, analysts have debated under what circumstances safety net organizations are better positioned to survive under market competition without abandoning their social orientation. Second, analysts have suggested that populations in rural areas may be more disadvantaged under Medicaid managed care due to its intensification of already‐existent barriers to access. By comparing the differential ability of safety net organizations in rural and urban New Mexico to buffer their patients from potentially harmful effects of Medicaid managed care, we identify factors that place these safety nets particularly at risk. We find that a rural location, lack of affiliation with a larger organization, and lack of recourse to charitable funding are "risk factors" determining who sinks—and who floats—in this new competitive health care system, [privatization of health care, Medicaid safety net organizations, managed care, resistance, ruralurban]
A Month in the Life of Ephtim D.: A Portrait of a Bulgaria Pensioner.
Authors: Simic Andre , Moore Sadie
Published: November 2004

. Month in the Life of Ephtim D.:. Portrait of. Bulgaria Pensioner. 1999. 56 minutes, color. video by Asen Balikci. For more information, contact Documentary Education Resources, 101 Morse Street, Watertown, MA 02472; 617‐926‐0491; docued. der. org.
Available Light: Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics
Authors: Strong Pauline Turner
Published: November 2004

Available Light: Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics. Clifford Geertz. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. 27 lpp.
Gesture in Naples and Gesture in Classical Antiquity
Authors: Prost Jack H.
Published: November 2004

Gesture in Naples and Gesture in Classical Antiquity. Andrea de Jorio. Adam Kendon. trans. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. 517 pp.
Shamans versus Pirates in the Amazonian Treasure Chest
Authors: Conklin Beth A.
Published: November 2004

This article explores how the recent rise of shamans as political representatives in Brazil addresses tensions and contradictions associated with the internationalization of indigenous rights movements. Identity politics and transnational organizational alliances concerning issues of environmentalism and human rights have greatly expanded the political leverage and influence of indigenous activism. However, some transnational environmentalist discourses collide with Brazilian discourses of national sovereignty, and the 1990s witnessed a nationalist backlash against Indians, whom politicians, military leaders, and media commentators have frequently portrayed as pawns of foreign imperialists. Opponents of indigenous rights also seized on apparent contradictions between rhetoric and action to discredit indigenous claims to environmental resources. The analysis examines how the shift to redefine knowledge as the core of indigenous identity circumvents some of these liabilities by shifting the basis for indigenous rights claims from environmental practices to environmental knowledge. As shamans mobilize and speak out against the threat of biopiracy, they blunt the nationalist backlash, repositioning indigenous peoples as defenders of the national patrimony and solid citizens of the Brazilian nationstate. [Keywords: Brazil, indigenous peoples, identity politics, shamans, biopiracy]