bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insoluble dietary fibers from Angelica keiskei by‐product and their functional and morphological properties
Authors: Xie Fan , Wang Yuqiang , Wu Jinhong , Wang Zhengwu
Published: July 2016

In this study, insoluble dietary fibers (IDFs) from the by‐product of the root, stem, and leaf parts of Angelica keiskei were prepared. The functions, chemical compositions, and morphology of IDFs were investigated. The IDFs showed relevant physicochemical and physiological properties, with the root and stem IDF (RIDF and SIDF) exhibiting relatively higher water holding (18.1 and 16.6 g/g), oil‐holding (18.1 and 18.6 mL/g), and swelling capacities (8.1 and 9.1 mL/g), as well as toxic ions (Pb, 1.71 and 1.70 mg/g; As, 5.37 and 4.01 mg/g) and fat adsorptions (16.3 and 16.7 g/g). The SIDF gave the highest bile acid salts adsorptions (sodium cholate: 240.7 mg/g; sodium glycocholate: 126.5 mg/g; sodium taurocholate: 189.8 mg/g), glucose adsorption (273.2 µmol/g), and α‐amylase inhibitory activity (29.1%). The RIDF and SIDF presented similar monosaccharide composition, thermal properties, chemical bonds and groups, and irregular, porous, and rough surfaces. The results showed that the obtained IDFs, especially for RIDF and SIDF, could be used as functional fiber ingredients in the food industry.
Transcending the prediction paradigm: novel applications of SHAPE to RNA function and evolution
Authors: Kutchko Katrina M. , Laederach Alain
Published: July 2016

Selective 2′‐hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) provides information on RNA structure at single‐nucleotide resolution. It is most often used in conjunction with RNA secondary structure prediction algorithms as a probabilistic or thermodynamic restraint. With the recent advent of ultra‐high‐throughput approaches for collecting SHAPE data, the applications of this technology are extending beyond structure prediction. In this review, we discuss recent applications of SHAPE data in the transcriptomic context and how this new experimental paradigm is changing our understanding of these experiments and RNA folding in general. SHAPE experiments probe both the secondary and tertiary structure of an RNA, suggesting that model‐free approaches for within and comparative RNA structure analysis can provide significant structural insight without the need for a full structural model. New methods incorporating SHAPE at different nucleotide resolutions are required to parse these transcriptomic data sets to transcend secondary structure modeling with global structural metrics. These ‘multiscale’ approaches provide deeper insights into RNA global structure, evolution, and function in the cell. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1374. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1374

This article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics, and Chemistry

RNA Evolution and Genomics > RNA and Ribonucleoprotein Evolution

RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA
Crouching theropod at the seaside. Matching footprints with metatarsal impressions and theropod authopods: a morphometric approach
Authors: ROMANO M. , CITTON P.
Published: July 2016

We compare theropod footprints with elongate metatarsal prints from central Italy with known autopod structures in major theropod groups, in order to more accurately define the trackmaker attribution. Our work, using morphometric analysis, shows the considerable potential of explorative methods such as PCA (principal component analysis) and cluster analysis when describing important characters for a given taxonomic group (body and ichnofossils) and identifying important anatomical regions. Moreover, the results of the analysis suggest that the putative trackmaker is likely a member of Ornithomimosauria, with significant affinities in the posterior autopod structure with the genus Struthiomimus. The fundamental importance of integrating both osteological and ichnological data, when investigating locomotor and behavioural hypotheses, is highlighted. This approach could also contribute positively to the complex cognitive process of trackmaker identification and be favourable for the attainment of a more natural definition of ichnotaxa.
Ethnicity and phonetic variation in Sheffield English liquids
Authors: Kirkham Sam
Published: July 2016

This article reports a study of acoustic phonetic variation between ethnic groups in the realisation of the British English liquids /l/ and /ɹ/. Data are presented from ‘Anglo’ and ‘Asian’ native speakers of Sheffield English. Sheffield Anglo English is typically described as having ‘dark’ /l/, but there is some disagreement in the literature. British Asian speakers, on the other hand, are often described as producing much ‘clearer’ realisations of /l/, but the specific differences between varieties may vary by geographical location. Regression analysis of liquid steady states and Smoothing Spline ANOVAs of vocalic–liquid formant trajectories show consistent F2−F1 differences in /l/ between Anglo and Asian speakers in non-final contexts, which is suggestive of a strong distinction between varieties in terms of clearness/darkness. There is also evidence of a polarity effect in liquids, with differing relationships between liquid phonemes in each variety: Asian speakers produce /l/ with higher F2−F1 values than /ɹ/, and Anglo speakers produce /ɹ/ with higher F2−F1 values than /l/. The results are discussed in terms of phonetic variation in liquids and socioindexical factors in speech production.
The Fasti for the Reign of Gaius
Authors: Gallivan P. A.
Published: July 2016

The consular fasti for the first two years of the reign of Gaius have their full complement of consuls. Degrassi lists them as follows:

37*

Cn. Acerronius Proculus, C. Petronius Pontius Nigrinus

k. Iul. C. Caesar Augustus Germanicus, Ti. Claudius Nero Germamicus

k. Sept. A. Caecina Paetus, C. Caninius Rebilus

38*

M. Aquila Iulianus, P. Nonius Asprenas

k. Iul. Ser. Asinius Celer, Sex. Nonius Quintilianus (Quinctilianus)

The most noteworthy feature about these years is that in 37 there is a change in the normal pattern for allocating consulships within each year. This pattern had been established by August in 5 B.C. In those years in which an ordinarius left office before the end of the year, he did so at the end of June and was replaced by a suffectus on the first day of July who remained in office for the remainder of the year. However since the year 37 saw the beginning of a new reign, the change is not difficult to explain. It is also noteworthy that Gaius and his uncle Claudius took office for only two months and then allowed A. Caecina Paetus and C. Caninius Rebilus to assume the consulships for which they had been designated. The year 38 shows a return to the regular pattern.
The Impact of Situation and Outlook Information in Corn and Soybean
Futures Markets: Evidence from WASDE Reports
Authors: Isengildina-Massa Olga , Irwin Scott H. , Good Darrel L. , Gomez Jennifer K.
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of situation and
outlook information from World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates
(WASDE) in corn and soybean futures markets over the period 1985 to 2006.
Results indicate that WASDE reports containing National Agricultural
Statistics Service (NASS) crop production estimates and other domestic and
international situation and outlook information have the largest impact;
causing return variance on report sessions to be 7.38 times greater than
normal return variance in corn futures and 6.87 times greater than normal
return variance in soybean futures. WASDE reports limited to international
situation information and domestic and international outlook information
have a smaller impact. The results show that the impact of WASDE reports has
increased over time.
Highly sensitive mass spectrometric detection of flunitrazepam using magnetic graphene framework enrichment
Authors: Wu Qiuhua , Cheng Si , Li Zhi , Chen Hao
Published: July 2016

A magnetic graphene framework material was prepared and used as a magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the preconcentration of flunitrazepam from beverage samples prior to high resolution mass spectrometric determination.
Aromatic oligureas as hosts for anions and cations
Authors: Connor Alan L. , Hu Ting , Detchou Cadnel S. F. , Liu Rui , Pulavarti Surya V. S. R. K. , Szyperski Thomas , Lu Zhonglin , Gong Bing
Published: July 2016

Intramolecularly H-bonded urea moieties of aromatic oligoureas bind anions in modest affinities. Extending backbone length results in a cation-binding cavity, allowing the resultant oligomer to bind both anions and cations.
Advanced hybrid battery with a magnesium metal anode and a spinel LiMn2O4 cathode
Authors: Pan Baofei , Feng Zhenxing , Sa Niya , Han Sang-Don , Ma Qing , Fenter Paul , Vaughey John T. , Zhang Zhengcheng , Liao Chen
Published: July 2016

Two Mg–Li dual salt hybrid electrolytes are developed, which exhibit excellent oxidative stability up to around 3.8 V (vs. Mg/Mg2+) on Al, and were successfully applied in hybrid Mg–Li cells with lithium-ion intercalation cathodes and magnesium metal anodes.
Gold-plated silver nanoparticles engineered for sensitive plasmonic detection amplified by morphological changes
Authors: Hobbs Krysten , Cathcart Nicole , Kitaev Vladimir
Published: July 2016

Morphological changes of gold-plated silver nanoparticles enhance SPR sensing.
A multiscale mechanism of drug release from polymeric matrices: confirmation through a nonlinear theoretical model
Authors: Bacaita E. S. , Agop M.
Published: July 2016

The overall release kinetics are obtained by composing “smaller kinetics” at scales appropriate for each phase of the release mechanism.
A stable and efficient 3D cobalt-graphene composite catalyst for the hydrolysis of ammonia borane
Authors: Li Mengxiong , Hu Jiantong , Lu Hongbin
Published: July 2016

We synthesized a PEI decorated GO 3D composite supported cobalt catalyst that showed high catalytic activity and stability for the hydrolysis of AB.
Photo-organocatalytic enantioselective α-hydroxylation of β-keto esters and β-keto amides with oxygen under phase transfer catalysis
Authors: Wang Yakun , Zheng Zehao , Lian Mingming , Yin Hang , Zhao Jingnan , Meng Qingwei , Gao Zhanxian
Published: July 2016

An efficient and enantioselective photo-organocatalytic α-hydroxylation of β-dicarbonyl compounds using molecular oxygen was extended.
Bioconjugation – using selective chemistry to enhance the properties of proteins and peptides as therapeutics and carriers
Authors: Gunnoo Smita B. , Madder Annemieke
Published: July 2016

Both peptide and protein therapeutics are becoming increasingly important for treating a wide range of diseases. Functionalisation of theseviasite-selective chemical modification leads to enhancement of their therapeutic properties.
Highly transmissive blue electrochromic polymers based on thieno[3,2-b]thiophene
Authors: Xu Panpan , Murtaza Imran , Shi Jingjing , Zhu Mengmeng , He Yaowu , Yu Hongtao , Goto Osamu , Meng Hong
Published: July 2016

Polymers based on a thieno[3,2-b]thiophene core modulated by alkylphenyl groups show high optical contrast and deep blue to highly transmissive electrochromic performances.
Accessing Centnerszwer's quasiracemate – molecular shape controlled molecular recognition
Authors: Spaniol Jacqueline M. , Wheeler Kraig A.
Published: July 2016

Reinvestigation of M. Centnerszwer's 1899 quasiracemate using tailor-made additives offers important insight to molecular shape directed supramolecular assemblies.
Highly selective and portable chemosensor for mercury determination in water samples using curcumin nanoparticles in a paper based analytical device
Authors: Pourreza Nahid , Golmohammadi Hamed , Rastegarzadeh Saadat
Published: July 2016

Curcumin nanoparticle (CURNs) are employed in a paper based analytical device (PADs) for monitoring Hg2+ concentration.
A greener approach for impressive removal of As(iii)/As(v) from an ultra-low concentration using a highly efficient chitosan thiomer as a new adsorbent
Authors: Singh Prem , Chauhan Kalpana , Priya Vishal , Singhal Rakesh Kumar
Published: July 2016

Contamination of ground water with arsenic is a serious problem all over the world.
Gelatin-based dissolvable antibacterial films reinforced with metallic nanoparticles
Authors: Shankar S. , Jaiswal L. , Selvakannan P. R. , Ham K. S. , Rhim J. W.
Published: July 2016

Six different types of nanoparticles (Au, Ag, Cu, AuAg, AuCu, and AgCu) were prepared using an aqueous extract of Artemisia scoparia and gelatin/nanoparticle composite films were prepared.
Substitution driven structural and magnetic properties and evidence of spin phonon coupling in Sr-doped BiFeO3 nanoparticles
Authors: Chauhan Sunil , Kumar Manoj , Pal Prabir
Published: July 2016

The manifestation of dimensionalities and Sr induced modifications in structural, vibrational and magnetic properties of Bi1−xSrxFeO3; (x = 0–0.25) nanoparticles synthesized by a tartaric acid based sol–gel route are reported.
Etherification to improve the performance of lignosulfonate as dye dispersant
Authors: Yu Lixuan , Yu Jue , Mo Wenjie , Qin Yanlin , Yang Dongjie , Qiu Xueqing
Published: July 2016

After etherification, the Ph-OH content decreases and the molecular weight of ESLs samples increases which lead to high performance.
Bis-naphthalimides bridged by electron acceptors: optical and self-assembly characteristics
Authors: Saini Ankita , Justin Thomas K. R.
Published: July 2016

The self-assembly of small organic molecules into molecular stacks plays a vital role in the construction of stable supramolecular structures.
The facile ionic liquid-assisted synthesis of hollow and porous platinum nanotubes with enhanced catalytic performances
Authors: Wu Zhu-Qing , Ji Yi-Gang , Zhai Ya-Nan , Li Shu-Ni , Lee Jong-Min
Published: July 2016

A facile one-pot synthetic method was developed to synthesize hollow and porous Pt nanotubes (Pt-HPNTs) using silica nanorods as a template, ionic liquid as a precipitator and reductant, and in situ generated KCl as an etching agent.
Modulation of opto-electronic properties of InSe thin layers via phase transformation
Authors: Osman Makkawi , Huang Yanmin , Feng Wei , Liu Guangbo , Qiu Yunfeng , Hu PingAn
Published: July 2016

Phase engineering of two-dimensional materials offers unique opportunities for acquiring novel opto-electronic properties and allows for the searching of outstanding candidates for applications in opto-electronic devices, catalysis, etc.
Resveratrol loaded PLGA:d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate blend nanoparticles for brain cancer therapy
Authors: Vijayakumar Mahalingam Rajamanickam , Kosuru Ramoji , Singh Sanjay Kumar , Prasad Chandra Bhushan , Narayan Gopeshwar , Muthu Madaswamy S. , Singh Sanjay
Published: July 2016

The systemic circulation time and biological half-life oftrans-Resveratrol (RSV) is enhanced using poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)–d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate blend nanoparticles (RSV-PLGA-BNPs).
Metal-free C–N bond formations: one-pot synthesis of pyrido[2′,1′:2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]cinnolines, benzo[4′,5']thiazolo- and thiazolo[2′,3′:2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]cinnolines
Authors: Kandimalla Satheeshkumar Reddy , Sabitha Gowravaram
Published: July 2016

An efficient one-pot synthesis of novel pyrido[2′,1′:2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]cinnoline derivatives has been achieved with moderate to good yields, with two C–N bond formations through C–H functionalization of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Identification of dipole disorder in low temperature solution processed oxides: its utility and suppression for transparent high performance solution-processed hybrid electronics
Authors: Banger Kulbinder , Warwick Christopher , Lang Jiang , Broch Katharina , Halpert Jonathan E. , Socratous Josephine , Brown Adam , Leedham Timothy , Sirringhaus Henning
Published: July 2016

Identification of long-lived dipole disorder in low-temp solution processed dielectrics, and it's suppression.
Thermoresponsive microgels at the air–water interface: the impact of the swelling state on interfacial conformation
Authors: Maldonado-Valderrama J. , del Castillo-Santaella T. , Adroher-Benítez I. , Moncho-Jordá A. , Martín-Molina A.
Published: July 2016

Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) is a new temperature-responsive type of polymer microgel with improved biocompatibility as compared to more commonly used poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM).
Low-temperature plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of tin oxide electron selective layers for highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells
Authors: Wang Changlei , Zhao Dewei , Grice Corey R. , Liao Weiqiang , Yu Yue , Cimaroli Alexander , Shrestha Niraj , Roland Paul J. , Chen Jing , Yu Zhenhua , Liu Pei , Cheng Nian , Ellingson Randy J. , Zhao Xingzhong , Yan Yanfa
Published: July 2016

PEALD deposition was used to reduce the effective deposition temperature of SnO2 electron selective layers without compromising the performance of perovskite solar cells.
Towards solution processable air stable p-type organic semiconductors: synthesis and evaluation of mono and di-fluorinated pentacene derivatives
Authors: Wasikiewicz Jaroslaw M. , Abu-Sen Laila , Horn Andrew B. , Koelewijn Jacobus M. , Parry Adam V. S. , Morrison John J. , Yeates Stephen G.
Published: July 2016

A series of mono and di-fluorinated soluble pentacene derivative organic semiconductors have been synthesised and subjected to a study of the relationship between molecular structure and thermal/photochemical stability.
Fluoreszenzoptische Bildgebung
Authors: Werner S. , Langer H.-E.
Published: July 2016

ICG-gestützte fluoreszenzoptische Bildgebung (fluoreszenzoptisches Imaging, FOI) ist eine neuere Technologie zur Entzündungsdiagnostik. Mit der Darstellung von (Neo)Angiogenese, Hypervaskularisation, Hyperämie und veränderter Kapillarpermeabilität stützt sie sich auf frühe pathomorphologische Veränderungen in der Pathogenese einer Arthritis. Umfangreiche Validierungsstudien gegenüber Arthrosonografie einschließlich Power-Doppler-Sonografie und MRT zeigen eine hohe Sensitivität und Spezifität. Die Methode erweitert das diagnostische Armamentarium insbesondere bei der Früharthritisdiagnostik, der Differenzialdiagnostik, der Verlaufsbeurteilung und beim Therapiemonitoring entzündlich-rheumatischer Erkrankungen und in der Kinderrheumatologie und eröffnet zum Teil neue diagnostische Fenster. Als lichtoptisches, fluorophor-gestütztes, mikroangiografisches Verfahren verwendet FOI andere physikalische Grundlagen als die herkömmliche Bildgebung und tritt damit nicht als konkurrierende Methode auf, sondern ergänzt die konventionellen Techniken in einem bislang nicht abgedeckten, speziellen diagnostischen Bereich.
Simultaneous depth-profiling of electrical and elemental properties of ion-implanted arsenic in silicon by combining secondary-ion mass spectrometry with resistivity measurements
Authors: Bennett N. S. , Wong C. S. , McNally P. J.
Published: July 2016

A method is proposed to extract the electrical data for surface doping profiles of semiconductors in unison with the chemical profile acquired by secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)—a method we call SIMSAR (secondary-ion mass spectrometry and resistivity). The SIMSAR approach utilizes the inherent sputtering process of SIMS, combined with sequential four-point van der Pauw resistivity measurements, to surmise the active doping profile as a function of depth. The technique is demonstrated for the case of ion-implanted arsenic doping profiles in silicon. Complications of the method are identified, explained, and corrections for these are given. While several techniques already exist for chemical dopant profiling and numerous for electrical profiling, since there is no technique which can measure both electrical and chemical profiles in parallel, SIMSAR has significant promise as an extension of the conventional dynamic SIMS technique, particularly for applications in the semiconductor industry.
Effect of turbulence on the dissipation of the space-charge wave in a bounded turbulent plasma column
Authors: Lee Myoung-Jae , Jung Young-Dae
Published: July 2016

The dispersion relation and the dissipation process of the space-charge wave propagating in a bounded plasma such as a cylindrical waveguide are investigated by employing the longitudinal dielectric permittivity that contains the diffusivity based on the Dupree theory of turbulent plasma. We derived the dispersion relation for space-charge wave in terms of the radius of cylindrical waveguide and the roots of the Bessel function of the first kind which appears as the boundary condition. We find that the wave frequency for a lower-order root of the Bessel function is higher than that of a higher-order root. We also find that the dissipation is greatest for the lowest-order root, but it is suppressed significantly as the order of the root increases. The wave frequency and the dissipation process are enhanced as the radius of cylindrical waveguide increases. However, they are always smaller than the case of bulk plasma. We find that the diffusivity of turbulent plasma would enhance the damping of space-charge waves, especially, in the range of small wave number. For a large wave number, the diffusivity has little effect on the damping.
Spatially resolved X-ray emission measurements of the residual velocity during the stagnation phase of inertial confinement fusion implosion experiments
Authors: Ruby J. J. , Pak A. , Field J. E. , Ma T. , Spears B. K. , Benedetti L. R. , Bradley D. K. , Berzak Hopkins L. F. , Casey D. T. , Döppner T. , Eder D. , Fittinghoff D. , Grim G. , Hatarik R. , Hinkel D. E. , Izumi N. , Kilkenny J. D. , Khan S. F. , Knauer J. P. , Kritcher A. L. , Merrill F. E. , Moody J. D. , Nagel S. R. , Park H.-S. , Salmonson J. D. , Sayre D. B. , Callahan D. A. , Hsing W. W. , Hurricane O. A. , Patel P. K. , Edwards M. J.
Published: July 2016

A technique for measuring residual motion during the stagnation phase of an indirectly driven inertial confinement experiment has been implemented. This method infers a velocity from spatially and temporally resolved images of the X-ray emission from two orthogonal lines of sight. This work investigates the accuracy of recovering spatially resolved velocities from the X-ray emission data. A detailed analytical and numerical modeling of the X-ray emission measurement shows that the accuracy of this method increases as the displacement that results from a residual velocity increase. For the typical experimental configuration, signal-to-noise ratios, and duration of X-ray emission, it is estimated that the fractional error in the inferred velocity rises above 50% as the velocity of emission falls below 24 μm/ns. By inputting measured parameters into this model, error estimates of the residual velocity as inferred from the X-ray emission measurements are now able to be generated for experimental data. Details of this analysis are presented for an implosion experiment conducted with an unintentional radiation flux asymmetry. The analysis shows a bright localized region of emission that moves through the larger emitting volume at a relatively higher velocity towards the location of the imposed flux deficit. This technique allows for the possibility of spatially resolving velocity flows within the so-called central hot spot of an implosion. This information would help to refine our interpretation of the thermal temperature inferred from the neutron time of flight detectors and the effect of localized hydrodynamic instabilities during the stagnation phase. Across several experiments, along a single line of sight, the average difference in magnitude and direction of the measured residual velocity as inferred from the X-ray and neutron time of flight detectors was found to be ∼13 μm/ns and ∼14°, respectively.
Flash boiling from carbon foams for high-heat-flux transient cooling
Authors: Engerer J. D. , Fisher T. S.
Published: July 2016

Flash boiling of a liquid pool results in an event characterized by rapid phase change and, as a result, high rates of expansion and cooling. Because of the potential advantages of such characteristics for convective heat transfer, flash boiling is considered here for the purpose of cooling transient heat loads. The event has the positive characteristics mentioned as well as rapid response (∼10 ms) and high initial rates of phase change, and then quickly decays to a steady-state regime analogous to pool boiling. The performance of the cooling mechanism is evaluated using an objective function derived from the effect of temperature on the efficiency of optical transmission in a diode-pumped solid-state laser. Statistical surrogate models based on the experimental results are used to predict optimal run conditions. Experiments using these predicted parameters show that flash boiling can maintain device temperature to within ±6.1 °C through a pulsed 5 s heat flux of 68 W cm−2 and to within ±1.4 °C for a heat flux of 39 W cm−2.
80 nm tunable DBR-free semiconductor disk laser
Authors: Yang Z. , Albrecht A. R. , Cederberg J. G. , Sheik-Bahae M.
Published: July 2016

We report a widely tunable optically pumped distributed Bragg reflector (DBR)-free semiconductor disk laser with 6 W continuous wave output power near 1055 nm when using a 2% output coupler. Using only high reflecting mirrors, the lasing wavelength is centered at 1034 nm and can be tuned up to a record 80 nm by using a birefringent filter. We attribute such wide tunability to the unique broad effective gain bandwidth of DBR-free semiconductor disk lasers achieved by eliminating the active mirror geometry.
Optimizing single-nanoparticle two-photon microscopy by in situ adaptive control of femtosecond pulses
Authors: Li Donghai , Deng Yongkai , Chu Saisai , Jiang Hongbing , Wang Shufeng , Gong Qihuang
Published: July 2016

Single-nanoparticle two-photon microscopy shows great application potential in super-resolution cell imaging. Here, we report in situ adaptive optimization of single-nanoparticle two-photon luminescence signals by phase and polarization modulations of broadband laser pulses. For polarization-independent quantum dots, phase-only optimization was carried out to compensate the phase dispersion at the focus of the objective. Enhancement of the two-photon excitation fluorescence intensity under dispersion-compensated femtosecond pulses was achieved. For polarization-dependent single gold nanorod, in situ polarization optimization resulted in further enhancement of two-photon photoluminescence intensity than phase-only optimization. The application of in situ adaptive control of femtosecond pulse provides a way for object-oriented optimization of single-nanoparticle two-photon microscopy for its future applications.
Transition metal redox and Mn disproportional reaction in LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 electrodes cycled with aqueous electrolyte
Authors: Zhuo Zengqing , Hu Jiangtao , Duan Yandong , Yang Wanli , Pan Feng
Published: July 2016

We performed soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (sXAS) and a quantitative analysis of the transition metal redox in the LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 electrodes upon electrochemical cycling. In order to circumvent the complication of the surface reactions with organic electrolyte at high potential, the LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 electrodes are cycled with aqueous electrolyte. The analysis of the transitional metal L-edge spectra allows a quantitative determination of the redox evolution of Mn and Fe during the electrochemical cycling. The sXAS analysis reveals the evolving Mn oxidation states in LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4. We found that electrochemically inactive Mn2+ is formed on the electrode surface during cycling. Additionally, the signal indicates about 20% concentration of Mn4+ at the charged state, providing a strong experimental evidence of the disproportional reaction of Mn3+ to Mn2+ and Mn4+ on the surface of the charged LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 electrodes.
Self healing of open circuit faults: With active re-configurability and mimicry of synaptic plasticity
Authors: Yaswant Vaddi , Kumar Amit , Sambandan Sanjiv
Published: July 2016

We discuss the self-repair of open faults in circuits using electrically conductive particles dispersed in an insulating fluid. The repair is triggered by the electric field developed across the open circuit in a current carrying interconnect and results in the formation of a bridge of particles across the gap. We illustrate and model the dynamics of the resistance of the self-healed route, Rb, in low field conditions. Furthermore, active control of Rb and active re-wiring are also demonstrated. Considering Rb to be akin to weights between nodes, the formation and re-wiring of routes and the control of Rb mimic synaptic plasticity in biological systems and open interesting possibilities for computing.
Kim model for flux-pinning-induced stress in a long cylindrical superconductor
Authors: Zeng Jun , Wang Xiaogui , Wu Huaping , Xue Feng , Zhu Jun
Published: July 2016

In this work, the flux-pinning-induced stress distribution in a circular cylinder of high-temperature superconductors is studied by adopting the Kim critical state model to describe the relationship between the magnetic flux density and induced current. Based on the plane strain approach, the analytic expressions of the radial and hoop stress in the cylinder are derived for the zero-field cooling and field cooling magnetization processes. It is shown that the stress distributions depend on the activation processes and the values of the dimensionless parameter p in the Kim model, and the overall maximums of the stresses appear at or near the center of the cylinder where cracking may be most likely initiated. In addition, the Kim model has wider applicability than the Bean model, and the influence of p on the stress depends on the activation process. Generally speaking, these results may be useful for understanding the magnetoelastic problem in practical application of bulk superconductors.
Effect of electrode material on characteristics of non-volatile resistive memory consisting of Ag2S nanoparticles
Authors: Jang Jaewon
Published: July 2016

In this study, Ag2S nanoparticles are synthesized and used as the active material for two-terminal resistance switching memory devices. Sintered Ag2S films are successfully crystallized on plastic substrates with synthesized Ag2S nanoparticles, after a relatively low-temperature sintering process (200 °C). After the sintering process, the crystallite size is increased from 6.8 nm to 80.3 nm. The high ratio of surface atoms to inner atoms of nanoparticles reduces the melting point temperature, deciding the sintering process temperature. In order to investigate the resistance switching characteristics, metal/Ag2S/metal structures are fabricated and tested. The effect of the electrode material on the non-volatile resistive memory characteristics is studied. The bottom electrochemically inert materials, such as Au and Pt, were critical for maintaining stable memory characteristics. By using Au and Pt inert bottom electrodes, we are able to significantly improve the memory endurance and retention to more than 103 cycles and 104 sec, respectively.
Compensatory lengthening
Authors: Abdoh Eman
Published: July 2016

This paper examines compensatory lengthening (henceforth CL) in child Hijazi Arabic within the framework of prosodic theory and moraic theory to see if children acquiring Arabic use CL in case of coda/vowel deletion. On the basis of cross-sectional and semi-longitudinal data collected from 20 children aged from 1;3 to 2;0, the study describes and analyzes two CL types, V-lengthening and C-lengthening, providing a mora-based analysis and examining adjacency and directionality factors. The study provides cross-linguistic evidence for the existence of CL in child Arabic. The subjects use CL early (1;3) and arguably follow a universal path in this respect. Their productions display moraic conservation, sensitivity to bimoraicity and word minimality. They also show a preference for left-to-right directionality in CL.
Relative clause attachment preferences in early and late Spanish-English bilinguals
Authors: Jegerski Jill , VanPatten Bill , Keating Gregory D.
Published: July 2016

Previous research on the interpretation of ambiguous relative clauses among bilinguals has suggested that a single attachment strategy is employed with both languages and that this preference is determined by language exposure (Dussias & Sagarra, 2007). However, most prior studies had targeted late bilinguals, so the present study sought to determine whether exposure is also critical with early bilinguals such as heritage speakers. Twenty-three heritage bilinguals and a comparison group of 21 late Spanish-English bilinguals completed off-line binary choice measures in both languages. The late bilinguals patterned with participants from prior research, showing a similar attachment preference in both of their languages. The heritage bilingual participants, however, exhibited distinct relative clause attachment preferences in each of their languages. Thus, it seems that early bilinguals can be more likely to use language-specific sentence comprehension strategies in each language, despite greater exposure to the majority language, which is more in line with a two-processor model of bilingual sentence comprehension.
Emerging trends with heritage language instructional practices
Authors: Fairclough Marta
Published: July 2016

Although the field of heritage language (HL) education is relatively new, the number of HL students and programs is rapidly increasing. Innovative research to identify teaching practices that better serve this student population is a priority. In this chapter, I present an overview of emerging trends within HL instructional practice. These practices are grouped into the following overlapping clusters that attempt to answer the questions of what to teach and how: (a) linguistic varieties; (b) use of technology; and (c) connections with home-language communities. Within each cluster, I briefly summarize some of the main points regarding advances in teaching practices presented in the chapters in this unit, pointing out the main advantages and challenges.
Identification and characterization of d-arabinose reductase and d-arabinose transporters from Pichia stipitis
Authors: Watanabe Seiya , Utsumi Yuki , Sawayama Shigeki , Watanabe Yasuo
Published: July 2016

d-xylose and l-arabinose are the major constituents of plant lignocelluloses, and the related fungal metabolic pathways have been extensively examined. Although Pichia stipitis CBS 6054 grows using d-arabinose as the sole carbon source, the hypothetical pathway has not yet been clarified at the molecular level. We herein purified NAD(P)H-dependent d-arabinose reductase from cells grown on d-arabinose, and found that the enzyme was identical to the known d-xylose reductase (XR). The enzyme activity of XR with d-arabinose was previously reported to be only 1% that with d-xylose. The kcat/Km value with d-arabinose (1.27 min−1 mM−1), which was determined using the recombinant enzyme, was 13.6- and 10.5-fold lower than those with l-arabinose and d-xylose, respectively. Among the 34 putative sugar transporters from P. stipitis, only seven genes exhibited uptake ability not only for d-arabinose, but also for d-glucose and other pentose sugars including d-xylose and l-arabinose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Inter-laboratory optimization of protein extraction, separation, and fluorescent detection of endogenous rice allergens
Authors: Satoh Rie , Teshima Reiko , Kitta Kazumi , Lang Gang-Hua , Schegg Kathleen , Blumenthal Kenneth , Hicks Leslie , Labory-Carcenac Bénédicte , Rouquié David , Herman Rod A , Herouet-Guicheney Corinne , Ladics Gregory S , McClain Scott , Poulsen Lars K , Privalle Laura , Ward Jason M , Doerrer Nancy , Rascle Jean-Baptiste
Published: July 2016

In rice, several allergens have been identified such as the non-specific lipid transfer protein-1, the α-amylase/trypsin-inhibitors, the α-globulin, the 33 kDa glyoxalase I (Gly I), the 52–63 kDa globulin, and the granule-bound starch synthetase. The goal of the present study was to define optimal rice extraction and detection methods that would allow a sensitive and reproducible measure of several classes of known rice allergens. In a three-laboratory ring-trial experiment, several protein extraction methods were first compared and analyzed by 1D multiplexed SDS-PAGE. In a second phase, an inter-laboratory validation of 2D-DIGE analysis was conducted in five independent laboratories, focusing on three rice allergens (52 kDa globulin, 33 kDa glyoxalase I, and 14–16 kDa α-amylase/trypsin inhibitor family members). The results of the present study indicate that a combination of 1D multiplexed SDS-PAGE and 2D-DIGE methods would be recommended to quantify the various rice allergens.
Alexithymia and Depersonalization in Child Sex Offenders: The Role of Emotion Regulation
Authors: Lichev Vladimir , Wolfradt Uwe
Published: July 2016

The aim of the present study is to examine the constructs of alexithymia and depersonalization in a sample of child sex offenders and a matched control group. Alexithymia and depersonalization are personality constructs that indicate deficits in the ability to regulate emotions. Forty child sex offenders and 59 matched control subjects completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-26), the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ), and the Scale of Depersonalization Experiences (SDPE). The child sex offenders reported significantly more depersonalization experiences than the control subjects. Moreover, the child sex offenders showed also higher levels of alexithymia than the control group. They were less capable of describing and regulating their feelings. Logistic regression showed that depersonalization is a better discriminatory factor for sexual offensive behavior than alexithymia. The results are discussed in relation to emotion regulation and sexual offending.
New principals, accountability, and commitment in low-performing schools
Authors: Shirrell Matthew
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine first-year principals’ sense-making about two potentially conflicting demands as they take over low-performing urban schools: the demand to exert control over their teachers’ practice, and the need to build their teachers’ trust, collegiality, and commitment.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study draws on a series of surveys and interviews with 12 first-year principals that took over some of the lowest-performing public schools in one large urban district.

Findings

– Some principals begin their first year seeing their work to build accountability and commitment as complementary, while others see these two areas as in tension. Principals remain relatively consistent in these approaches over their first year on the job, although some principals change their views, generally coming to see these two areas as increasingly separate over time.

Research limitations/implications

– Future work should examine principals’ work to balance the demands of accountability and commitment in a variety of organizational contexts.

Practical implications

– Principal preparation may benefit from training principals on the particular challenges they may face as they work with teachers in low-performing schools. Accountability systems may also seek to alter the demands placed on novice principals.

Originality/value

– Despite the centrality of principals to school improvement, the prevalence of high-stakes school accountability, and findings on the importance of commitment to school success, little empirical research has examined how principals make sense of the potentially conflicting demands of accountability and commitment in highly pressured circumstances.
The translation of leadership standards into leadership practices
Authors: Riveros Augusto , Verret Carolyne , Wei Wei
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– The guiding question of this study is: how is the Ontario Leadership Framework (OLF) translated into practices in elementary and secondary schools in the province of Ontario? The purpose of this paper is to provide a contextual account of the processes by which school leadership standards are incorporated into the practices of school administrators in the province of Ontario, Canada.

Design/methodology/approach

– This qualitative exploratory case study focusses on the incorporation of the OLF into the practices of school administrators in four secondary and five elementary schools in two large school boards. The data were collected through document analysis, observations registered in a field notes journal, and semi-structured interviews with principals and vice-principals. The data were coded into analytical categories and analyzed to identify emerging themes and patterns.

Findings

– The analysis identified two emerging themes that illustrated how school leaders translate leadership standards into practices: the first theme, the school leader as an emergent identity, demonstrated the intersections between standards and professional identities. The analysis showed that standards contribute to the configuration of the leader as a political actor in the school. The second theme, standards, and the configuration of leadership practices, offered insights about the intersections and disconnections between standards and leadership practices in the participant schools.

Originality/value

– This study aims to inform conversations between policy makers, practitioners, and scholars about leadership standards in schools. Given the saliency of the topic, this research aims to illuminate the often-unexplored nexus, policy-leadership, as well as to expand and enrich theoretical understandings of educational leadership by recasting leadership as a policy-bounded phenomenon.
Improving teaching capacity to increase student achievement
Authors: Lynch David , Smith Richard , Provost Steven , Madden Jake
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– This paper argues that in a well-organised school with strong leadership and vision coupled with a concerted effort to improve the teaching performance of each teacher, student achievement can be enhanced. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that while macro-effect sizes such as “whole of school” metrics are useful for school leaders in their professional development roles, there are important micro-conditions that can be uncovered in a more detailed analysis of student achievement data.

Design/methodology/approach

– Evidence of student achievement in a variety of standardised and non-standardised assessment tasks was subjected to examination in apost hoc, case study design. The assessment tasks were the South Australian Spelling Test Waddington Reading Test, a school-wide diagnostic writing task, teacher running records and National Assessment Program for Literacy and Numeracy. Performance in selected classrooms was compared on these tests utilising a variety of parametric quantitative statistics.

Findings

– School-based reform initiatives require external criteria on which to base decision making. Without such criteria based on data and the capacity to interpret it, interactions in the school culture have unanticipated consequences that have the potential to neutralise school improvement strategies. Further, findings suggest that fewer but sharper and quicker data collection tools are more valuable in such teacher decision making, but these require expertise to produce and interpret them.

Research limitations/implications

– This paper provides insights from one school, but the reported data are embedded in a sustained five year school reform programme.

Practical implications

– This paper documents a whole school organisational reform model devised by a school head and leadership team to improve student academic performance. The paper offers a process for developing a data-based school reform strategy for professional development to enhance both student achievement and school outcomes.

Social implications

– The paper outlines a model for school reform that is focused on all students increasing their academic outcomes. By emphasising collaborative teacher work based on research-justified teaching approaches, the model shows that social inequalities can be reversed.

Originality/value

– The paper outlines a whole of school reform model focused through a combination of distributed leadership, data-driven decision making, within a context of a coaching, mentoring and feedback regime for teachers. Together this model is an application of theoretical ideas to school reform.
Climate and atmospheric change impacts on sap‐feeding herbivores: a mechanistic explanation based on functional groups of primary metabolites
Authors: Ryalls James M. W. , Moore Ben D. , Riegler Markus , Bromfield Lisa M. , Hall Aidan A. G. , Johnson Scott N.
Published: July 2016

Global climate and atmospheric change are widely predicted to affect many ecosystems. Herbivorous insects account for 25% of the planet's species so their responses to environmental change are pivotal to how future ecosystems will function. Atmospheric change affects feeding guilds differently, however, with sap‐feeding herbivores consistently identified as net beneficiaries of predicted increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (eCO2). The mechanistic basis for these effects remains largely unknown, and our understanding about how multiple environmental changes, acting in tandem, shape plant–insect interactions is incomplete.

This study investigated how increases in temperature (eT) and eCO2 affected the performance of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) via changes in amino acid concentrations in the model legume, lucerne (Medicago sativa).

Aphid performance increased under eCO2 at ambient temperatures, whereby aphid fecundity, longevity, colonization success and rm increased by 42%, 30%, 25% and 21%, respectively. eT negated the positive effects of eCO2 on both fecundity and rm, however, and performance was similar to when aphids were reared at ambient CO2.

We identified discrete functional groups of amino acids that underpinned the effects of climate and atmospheric change, in addition to plant genotype, on aphid performance. Effects of eT and eCO2 held true across five M. sativa genotypes, demonstrating the generality of their effects.

Combining this knowledge with amino acid profiles of existing cultivars raises the possibility of predicting future susceptibility to aphids and preventing outbreaks of a global pest. Moreover, environmentally induced changes in the nutritional ecology of aphids have the capacity to change life‐history strategies of aphids and their direct and indirect interactions with many other organisms, including mutualists and antagonists.

A Lay Summary is available for this article.