bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corrigendum to: The impact of rabbit haemorrhagic disease on wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) populations in Queensland
Authors: Story G. , Scanlan J. , Palmer R. , Berman D.
Published: December 2004

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) escaped from quarantine facilities on Wardang Island in September 1995 and spread through South Australia to Queensland by December 1995. To determine the impact of this biological control agent on wild rabbit populations in Queensland, shot sample and spotlight count data were collected at six sites. RHDV spread across Queensland from the south-west to the east at a rate of at least 91 km month–1 between October 1995 and October 1996. The initial impact on rabbit density appeared highly variable, with an increase of 81% (255 ± 79 (s.e.) to 385 ± 73 rabbits km–2) at one site and a decrease of 83% (129 ± 27 to 22 ± 18 rabbits km–2) at another during the first outbreak. However, after 30 months of RHDV activity, counts were at least 90% below counts conducted before RHDV arrived. Using a population model to account for environmental conditions, the mean suppression of rabbit density caused by rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) was estimated to be 74% (ranging from 43% to 94% between sites). No outbreaks were observed when the density of susceptible rabbits was lower than 12 km–2. Where rabbit density remains low for long periods RHDV may not persist. This is perhaps most likely to occur in the isolated populations towards the northern edge of the range of rabbits in Australia. RHDV may have to be reintroduced into these populations. Further south in areas more suitable for rabbits, RHDV is more likely to persist, resulting in a high density of immune rabbits. In such areas conventional control techniques may be more important to enhance the influence of RHD.
Potential impact of aerial baiting for wild dogs on a population of spotted-tailed quolls (Dasyurus maculatus)
Authors: Murray Andrew J. , Poore Robert N.
Published: December 2004

The spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) is a threatened marsupial that inhabits forests in eastern Australia. In many of these forests the species is sympatric with populations of wild dogs (Canis lupus dingo, Canis familiaris and hybrids of the two), which are subject to poison-baiting programs. Many of these programs involve dropping meat baits injected with 6 mg of 1080 from helicopters. To date, the effect of this method on populations of spotted-tailed quolls has not been quantified. We carried out a simulated aerial baiting program using meat baits injected with a non-toxic baitmarker, Rhodamine B, which is laid down in the vibrissae of mammals ingesting baits. Of the 16 spotted-tailed quolls subsequently captured, 10 had Rhodamine B in their vibrissae. The potential impact that this level of bait uptake might have on a population of quolls is discussed.
On steady flows of fluids with pressure– and shear–dependent viscosities
Authors: Franta M. , Málek J. , Rajagopal K. R.
Published: December 2004

There are many technologically important problems such as elastohydrodynamics
which involve the flows of a fluid over a wide range of pressures. While the density
of the fluid remains essentially constant during these flows whereby the fluid can be
approximated as being incompressible, the viscosity varies significantly by several
orders of magnitude. It is also possible that the viscosity of such fluids depends on
the shear rate. Here we consider the flows of a class of incompressible fluids with
viscosity that depends on the pressure and shear rate. We establish the existence of
weak solutions for the steady flows of such fluids subjected to homogeneous Dirichlet
boundary conditions and to specific body forces that are not necessarily assumed to
be small. A novel aspect of the study is the manner in which we treat the pressure
that allows us to establish its compactness, as well as that of the velocity gradient.
The method draws upon the physics of the problem, namely that the notion of
incompressibility is an idealization that is attained by letting the compressibility of
the fluid to tend to zero.
The New Annalistic: A Sketch of a Theory of History
Authors: Hölscher Lucian
Published: December 2004

This article argues for the establishment of a new, “annalistic” model of history and historical investigation. This implies a new concept of historical event: instead of being seen as an element within a historical narrative, the historical event is defined as the common reference point of many narratives that can be told about it. The annalistic model also implies a new concept of historical change: instead of being defined as the change of an “object” within a set of given historical parameters, historical change has to be perceived as the change of parameters related to a given historical object. A new concept of history follows from the annalistic model: instead of history being a metaphysical unity of space and time (the destiny of mankind, the positivist's world of facts), in which everything is linked to everything, it is instead the product of historical judgment carried out by those who design stories about their own past, present, and future. To the “annalist” a world is imaginable in which no history has existed, exists, or will exist.

The article analyzes three aspects of the concept of historical time: it demonstrates the huge variety of temporal structures in history; it argues for the foundation of the representation of historical time in linguistic concepts; and it discusses the relationship of fictionality and reality in historical discourse. Finally, the annalistic model is compared to the traditional concept of history established by historicism in the nineteenth century.
Paradigmatic versus Historical Thinking: The Case of Rabbinic Judaism
Authors: Neusner Jacob
Published: December 2004

The idea of history, with its rigid distinction between past and present and its careful sifting of connections from the one to the other, came quite late onto the scene of intellectual life. Both Judaism and Christianity for most of their histories have read the Hebrew Scriptures from within an other‐than‐historical framework. They found in Scripture's words paradigms of an enduring present, by which all things must take their measure; they possessed no conception whatsoever of the pastness of the past. Rabbinic Judaism invented an entirely new way to think about times past and to keep all time—past, present, and future—within a single framework. For that purpose, a model was constructed, consisting of selected events held to form a pattern that imposes order and meaning on the chaos of what happens, whether past or present or future. Time measured in the paradigmatic manner is time formulated by a free‐standing, (incidentally) atemporal model, not appealing to the course of sun and moon, nor concerned with the metaphor of human life and its cyclicality. Not only so, but the paradigm obliterates distinctions between past, present, and future, between here and now and then and there. The past participates in the present, the present recapitulates the past, and the future finds itself determined, predetermined really, within the same free‐standing structure comprised by God's way of telling time.
More than Paradoxes to Offer: Feminist History as Critical Practice
Authors: Goodman Dena
Published: December 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man By Joan Wallach Scott
Leadership and Learning in Political Groups: The Management of Advice in the Iran‐Contra Affair
Authors: Kowert Paul A.
Published: December 2004

For over two decades, the theory of groupthink proposed by Irving Janis has remained the most prominent analysis of group dynamics in policy‐making. Suffering from its own popularity, groupthink has become a catch‐all phrase without a clear meaning. Moreover, theories of group decision‐making—even when applied to public policy‐making—have typically ignored political variables, focusing almost exclusively on psychological arguments. This article offers three more narrowly construed propositions about policy‐making groups: (1) that extremes in the distribution of power within a decision group reduces the integrative complexity of that group's deliberations and, thus, a leader's ability to learn; (2) that extremes in group size produce similar effects; and (3) that the integrative complexity of deliberations is improved when power concentration is appropriate to group size. An examination of the Reagan Administration's decision‐making in two phases of the Iran‐Contra affair lends support to these hypotheses and reveals the importance of political structure in decision group dynamics.
In the Image of the Triune God
Authors: Smail Thomas A.
Published: December 2004

This programmatic article addresses the question of how the creation of human beings in the image of God can be made specifically trinitarian. It does this by considering the ways in which human life can image forth the particular personal characteristics of each of the divine persons, and by examining how that imaging forth is distorted by the reality of sin.
The Travail of God
Authors: Rae Murray
Published: December 2004

Discussion of the doctrine of atonement in recent years has drawn attention to the metaphorical nature of the traditional language of atonement. Justice, victory and sacrifice are metaphors used extensively in the tradition to bear witness to the atoning death of Jesus Christ. This article considers whether there might be other metaphors also capable of serving the theological cause of witness to Christ's death. In particular it considers the metaphor of travail, and finds in the scriptures of both Old and New Testaments considerable warrant for speaking of the atonement in this way.
Design and Implementation of Return on Capital Employed Performance Indicators Within a Trading Regime: The Case of Executive Agencies
Authors: Rutherford Brian A.
Published: December 2004

The financial regime under which trading executive agencies operate implies that return on capital employed (ROCE) is used to indicate that revenues meet but do not exceed costs, including the cost of capital; that is, that there is neither cross‐subsidisation nor hidden taxation. This paper develops a model for measuring ROCE derived from this objective. It argues that users of ROCE indicators are likely to lack financial sophistication and to want to compare performance between entities, so that indicators should be clear, readily understandable and comparable. The range of measurement and presentation methods used in practice undermines clarity and comparability and some methods are inconsistent with the model. Performance is sometimes characterised as meeting the target when this is problematic. The paper also examines outturn performance and finds some very substantial excess returns, implying hidden taxation.
Performing ‘Ostalgie’: Leander Haussmann's Sonnenallee
Authors: Cooke Paul
Published: December 2004

The following article examines Leander Haußmann's hit youth comedy Sonnenallee (1999). In particular it attempts to challenge many reviewers who saw the film as nothing more than a self‐indulgent piece of ‘Ostalgie’ which trivialises the oppressive reality of life in the GDR. Instead, it argues that the film deliberately highlights the competing tensions at work within contemporary nostalgia for the East German state. On the one hand, Sonnenallee constructs ‘Ostalgie’ as a response to fears among many East Germans that the true nature of their everyday experience is being elided from the historical record. Through the use of an intricate network of Eastern and Western cultural references, the film attempts to counter this impulse by highlighting the importance of both these cultural traditions to youth in the GDR. In so doing the film translates the experience of East Germans into a cultural language that West Germans will understand, thereby ‘normalising’ this experience. On the other hand, and seeming to contradict this project, the film also challenges simplistically rose‐tinted views of the East. Consequently, the film forces the East German spectator to reflect upon, and ultimately reject, any manifestations of Ostalgie which would ostensibly call for a return to the GDR.
The Knockout Blow against the Import System: Admiralty Expectations of Nazi Germany's Naval Strategy, 1934–9*
Authors: Maiolo Joseph A.
Published: December 2004

This article examines the performance of the Admiralty in assessing the German navy's intentions and capabilities in the nineteen‐thirties. It demonstrates that the British Naval Staff developed through a methodical war planning process a distinct image of Germany's sea strategy. As the planning process advanced, the Naval Staff became convinced by a steady influx of reliable intelligence that German strategists intended in a future war to launch an aggressive air‐sea offensive against British sea lines of communication. British naval planners maintained that the only way in which German surface and subsurface forces could be made deadly was to combine them with a rapid all‐out air strike on the British import system. Germany did not launch this ‘knockout blow’ in 1939, but its elaboration by the Admiralty illustrates that the Royal Navy's appreciation of German strategy at sea was far more sophisticated, prudent and informed than historians have previously acknowledged.
The emotions in war: fear and the British and American military, 1914–45
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: December 2004

In modern warfare, technological innovations are applied to terrifying effect. On the machine-dominated battlefields of the twentieth century, the ability of individuals to master their emotions is crucial to the whole martial enterprise. Fear has widely been recognized as the most fraught of all emotions: it may stimulate combatants to fight and it may cause them to flee. This article examines the proliferation of theories about the nature of this emotion within the British and American forces during the First and Second World Wars. The military recognized the impact of new technologies upon human physiology and psychology, elaborated ways of interpreting the particular threat posed by ‘fear’ in modern conflicts, and prescribed ways of disciplining the emotional lives of combatants.
Sir Robert Walpole and Hanover*
Authors: Harding Nick
Published: December 2004

Historical commonplace notwithstanding, Sir Robert Walpole was not instinctively hostile to Hanover. On the contrary, he consistently argued that Britain's dynastic union with the Electorate should hurt neither country. Walpole and his surrogates formulated this policy to reconcile his early misgivings about Hanoverian influence during the Northern War with his later support for Hanover when endangered by British policy after 1725. Hanover's exposure to Britain's enemies and the accession of George II, whose German sentiments were initially less pronounced than his father's, temporarily combined to make the Electorate more popular. Walpole's policy served him well until the War of Austrian Succession, when the British public cared less for equity than for Hanoverian submission within dynastic union. A survey of his career, however, shows Sir Robert Walpole and British public opinion to have been more charitable towards Hanover than previously thought.
Teacher union responses to education reforms: job regulation and the enforced growth of informality
Authors: Ironside Mike , Seifert Roger , Sinclair Jackie
Published: December 2004

This article examines the school teacher union responses to education reforms. The removal of formal collective bargaining arrangements is strengthening the significance of the traditional union structures, and the responses reflect both the pressures of the reforms and the traditions of the three main unions
Size and effectiveness: a case study of a small union
Authors: Black John , Greene Anne‐Marie , Ackers Peter
Published: December 2004

This article challenges the conventional wisdom that increasing size is the key to effective trade union representation. We draw on case study research at the National Union of Lock and Metal Workers (NULMW), which has allowed certain assumptions about small and independent unions to be challenged and suggests some possible alternatives to concentration strategies as a response to a hostile environment
Human resource malpractice: the deregulation of health and safety at work in the USA and Britain
Authors: Bain Peter
Published: December 2004

Business deregulation has been an important and growing component of governmental policy in recent years, and workplace health and safety has not been immune from such pressures. The article analyses the origins and aims of the deregulation campaigns in the USA and Britain, the attitudes of employers and unions, and suggests that the issue is unlikely to disappear.
Conventional arbitration in the professional footballers’ labour market: an assessment of the FLAC experience
Authors: Speight Alan E. H , Thomas Dennis A.
Published: December 2004

This article describes the operations of the Football League Appeals Committee in determining ‘compensation’ fees for disputed transfers of ‘end of contract’ football players, and examines its settlements with respect to ‘case facts’ and ‘final offers’. The FLAC system has been generally viewed as fair in principle and its retention, in a post‐Bosman regime, should ensure the continuation of an interesting context in which to examine arbitration behaviour.
Labour management during recessions: Japanese manufacturing enterprises in the 1990s
Authors: Benson John
Published: December 2004

In the first half of the 1990s Japan experienced a prolonged recession. How have Japanese firms reacted to the changed economic context? Using identical surveys administered in 1991 and 1995 this article examines changes in labour management and strategy and concludes, despite some significant modifications, that the basic configuration of Japanese labour management has remained intact.
‘Neither rhetoric nor reality’ a comment on Turnbull and Wass
Authors: Renwick Douglas
Published: December 2004

In their article Peter Turnbull and Vicki Wass examine a model of ‘Marksist management’. This piece will argue, by means of deconstructing their model along the themes that they raised, that the evidence presented by the authors, and the conclusions that they draw from them, are flawed in three respects. They are as follows: first, the use of the dichotomy of ‘rhetoric’ versus ‘reality’ is a false one; second, the data are selected from employees at one store, and are thus an unrepresentative sample; third, the research methodology used does not account for differences between stores.
The emergence of a new industrial relations actor—the role of the citizens’ Advice Bureaux?
Authors: Abbott Brian
Published: December 2004

How do employees seek representation and how is workplace conflict resolved in the absence of trade unions? This article contributes to this debate by suggesting that employees are seeking advice and representation outside the traditional labour movement and from voluntary organisations such as the Cititzens’ Advice Bureaux (CABx).
Whither the Japanese employment system? The position of the Japan Employers’ Federation
Authors: Grønning Terje
Published: December 2004

This article analyses a policy of the Japanese Employers’ Federation regarding the ‘desired direction’ of the Japanese employment system. The analysis shows that the Federation in a number of respects advocates radical change, but also that the overall position regarding the relationship between continuity and change is of an ambiguous or unresolved character.
The health and safety system in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Koch Karl , Salter Nairn
Published: December 2004

This article examines the health and safety structures that have evolved in Germany since the early nineteenth century. The article relates these structures to some of the significant features, in particular the works council, of the German industrial relations system, and whilst demonstrating that the health and safety structures have helped to bring the accident rate under control, the conclusions are that these structures need to be reformed if this trend is to continue.
The reluctant bargainers? McDonald’s, unions and pay determination in Germany and the UK
Authors: Royle Tony
Published: December 2004

There is growing evidence that multinational enterprises (MNEs) increasingly develop organisation‐based employment strategies, which promote the transmission of employee relations practices across national borders. This article provides an analysis of one MNE’s employee relations practice and what appears to be its preference for operating, where possible, independently of national industrial relations systems. The findings, which draw on a UK/German comparison, raise a number of questions about the adequacy of even highly juridifed national systems to protect workers rights in practice.
Membership retention in the public sector
Authors: Waddington Jeremy , Kerr Allan
Published: December 2004

Based on a survey of UNISON members, this article examines the reasons underpinning membership retention in the public sector. It shows that collective reasons are central to retention and that packages of financial services have little impact on retention. An article to be published in the next issue of this journal develops the themes raised here by reference to a survey of union leavers.
Unfair to whom? Discipline and dismissal in small establishments
Authors: Earnshaw Jill , Marchington Mick , Goodman John
Published: December 2004

This article draws on data collected as part of a project investigating the role of workplace disciplinary and grievance procedures and their influence, if any, on employment tribunal claims of unfair dismissal. It focuses specifically on small firms and small sites of larger firms and examines the question of fairness from two perspectivesÂfirst, in relation to the managerial treatment of employees in matters of discipline, and secondly, by consideration of whether employment tribunals are unfair to small employers who defend claims.
Multinationals, international integration and employment practice in domestic plants
Authors: Edwards Tony
Published: December 2004

The article explores the diffusion of employment practices from the foreign operations of multinational companies to those in the home country. Specifically, it uses data from ten mini‐case studies to examine the type of multinational in which this phenomenon, termed ‘reverse diffusion’, is most likely to be found.
An epitaph to CROTUM and CPAUIA
Authors: Lockwood Graeme
Published: December 2004

This commemtary reviews the operation of the trade union commissioners abolished by the Employment Relations Act 1999, and the initiative to have new powers to the Certification Officer concerning the regulation of internal union affairs.
Legal aspects of employment change and their implications for management
Authors: Lewis Paul
Published: December 2004

This paper reports research which aims to identify and classify the legal issues raised on appeal in litigation arising from the management of employment change. It then considers the implications for management policy and practice. The most frequent legal issues were unilateral attempts at contractual change and unfair dismissal for redundancy.
International competition and pay, working time and employment: exploring the processes of adjustment
Authors: Arrowsmith James , Sisson Keith
Published: December 2004

The internationalisation of markets, competition and regulation is increasingly recognised. So far, however, debate about the effects has been largely speculative. This article examines the UK engineering industry. Survey evidence suggests that international comparisons are relatively unimportant, little benchmarking is going on and that stability characterises pay and working time arrangements. Further interview evidence explains that this is because pay and working time are set with employee expectations in mind, whereas it is the treatment of unit costs that reflects international pressures. As a consequence there has been substantial reductions in employment as well as some important changes in work organisation, even if there has been little change in pay or working time systems. In effect, it suggests that there is a form of ‘implicit contract’ taking place. A wider implication is that the main impetus for the ‘Europeanisation’ of industrial relations is likely to come from the growing convergence of costs rather than pressures for wage parity.
Third time lucky for statutory union recognition in the UK?
Authors: Wood Stephen , Moore Sian , Willman Paul
Published: December 2004

A third statutory trade union recognition procedure was introduced in the UK in 2000. This paper explores the scope for increased recognition, employers’ willingness to concede recognition, unions’ response to the procedure and, finally, the use of it so far. The paper concludes that, while the procedure may be sustainable in the long run, its direct impact on union membership and recognition may be minimal. The indirect effect, through voluntary recognition will be greater. But any reversal in union decline will ultimately be dependent upon successful union recruitment well beyond their conventional territories.
Some Landmarks of 100 Years of Scientific Personnel Selection at the Beginning of the New Century
Authors: Salgado Jesüs F.
Published: December 2004

Personnel selection as an applied domain of work and organizational psychology has over one century of scientific history. This paper presents a historical account of the last 100 years of personnel selection by presenting some of the more important landmarks of the discipline. This historical account includes events, theoretical contributions, and methodological advances that have consolidated the discipline as a scientific one. The paper also serves as an introduction to the second part of the special issue devoted to the presentation of the state‐of‐art of personnel selection at the beginning of the XXIst Century.
Measuring Counterproductivity: Development and Initial Validation of a German Self‐Report Questionnaire
Authors: Marcus Bernd , Schuler Heinz , Quell Particia , Hümpfner Gerhardt
Published: December 2004

This article describes the development and initial construct validation of a comprehensive self‐report measure of workplace counterproductivity. The instrument contains subscales for different targets of counterproductivity (organizational and interpersonal deviance, Robinson and Bennett 1995) as well as for different forms of manifestation (absenteeism, substance use, aggression, and theft, respectively) An empirical study (N = 174), conducted in one manufacturing and one retail organization, confirmed the intended internal structure by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Counterproductivity may best be described as a higher‐order behavioural construct loading on subdimensions carrying unique variance. In addition, an examination of outside variables showed that the best predictor of counterproductivity was self‐control, followed by integrity, whereas cognitive ability was largely unrelated to the construct. The opposite pattern of correlations occurred for productive performance behaviours, indicating that counterproductivity is a unique construct within the performance domain. Differences and similarities between the present measure and a recent independent development by Bennett and Robinson (2000) are discussed, along with conclusions for future research on the topic.
The development of Irish HRD professionals in comparison with European professionals: roles, outputs and competencies
Authors: O’Brien Geraldine , Thompson John E.
Published: December 2004

A study of Irish HRD professionals shows an excessive focus on the individual with an emphasis on instruction and facilitation. A study of four European countries shows their HRD professionals to be more organisationally focussed. The lack of consideration by the Irish HRD professionals of organisational competencies such as cost benefit analysis and industry understanding will inhibit their move from a transactional to strategic role. A modification to the ASTD model of a role in strategic HRD is suggested in addition to other uses of the Irish results.
In difficult times: influences of attitudes and expectations on training and redeployment opportunities in a hospital contraction programme
Authors: Hyman Jeff , Watson Sandra , Munro Pauline
Published: December 2004

This article explores reasons behind the low take–up of training and redeployment opportunities in a three–year downsizing programme in a National Health Service (NHS) mental health hospital. It examines these from an interpretive paradigm, identifying social–psychological effects on barriers and motivation to training and redeployment. In reporting factors that inhibit the movement of staff from the hospital the findings indicate that the direction of even a well–planned and positively intentioned programme can be confounded by the responses of employees faced with an uncertain future. When drawing up restructuring programmes involving retraining and redeployment, managers need to take into account the anticipated profound reactions of those affected.
Viet Nam: The development of national health insurance
Authors: Ron Aviva , Carrin Guy , Van Tien Tran
Published: December 2004

Since 1987, Viet Nam has been moving from a centrally planned to a market economy. The public sector became weaker, and public resources were no longer sufficient to respond to all healthcare needs. The government then recognized the need for cost‐sharing, and in August 1992 issued a national Health Insurance Decree calling for compulsory health insurance for salaried workers in both the public and private sectors. Voluntary membership for dependants, farmers and the self‐employed was also encouraged from the start. Currently, the number of insured persons reaches almost 9.5 million. Future challenges include the extension of coverage, especially to the low‐income rural and urban population, modification of provider payment methods so as to enhance cost‐containment, and organizational development in general.
The European Court of Justice and the free movement of patients in the European Union
Authors: Mossialos Elias , Palm Willy
Published: December 2004

At present, health policy in the European Union (EU) is being developed in an extremely disconnected fashion. EU member States independently develop their own health systems, based on the goals they wish to pursue, without really considering consistency with European Community (EC) law. The impact of European integration is, in turn, mainly indirect and has emerged from European Court of Justice (ECJ) rulings. These rulings have arisen either from considerations in other sectors or through the process of addressing particular issues within single cases, leaving major issues of applicability unresolved. The evolving issue of free movement of patients is instructive. While not completely outlawing the use of a prior authorization system, recent ECJ rulings have radically restricted member States' discretion to determine their own policies by requiring that their decisions be necessary, proportional and based on objective and non‐discriminatory criteria. By linking EEC Regulation 1408/71, on which cover for healthcare abroad has been traditionally based, with the free provision of services, the ECJ seems to have created difficulties and important uncertainties for the system of coordination of social security schemes.
The recalibration of the Danish old‐age pension system
Authors: Ploug Niels
Published: December 2004

Pension reform in Denmark in the 1990s is of general interest owing to the development of a system of funded, defined contribution pension schemes based on collective agreement between the parties in the labour market. The resulting pension system seems to hold some answers to the critique of funded pension schemes. This paper analyses the process which led to the 1991 pension reform and relates the discussions and solutions found in Denmark to the international debate on pension reform.
The importance of housing costs in cross‐national comparisons of welfare (state) outcomes
Authors: Ritakallio Veli‐Matti
Published: December 2004

Mainstream comparative research on welfare policy outcomes has focused mainly on the role of government benefits and resulting distributions of income. From the point of view of the economic well‐being of households, it is said that this narrow approach has produced results which have exaggerated the difference between continental western Europe and the New World. It has been argued that, to get fair results, comparative studies of welfare outcomes should take into account the differences in housing policies and structures of tenure. The ownership of private houses is more common in the New World nations than in Europe. Home ownership is thought to improve the economic well‐being of the typical poverty‐prone group, namely older people. This article tests how the cross‐national picture of poverty and inequality changes when we approach the economic well‐being of households on the basis of disposable incomes after housing costs instead of the traditional, purely income‐based approach. The empirical analysis shows that, instead of vast differences in inequality, poverty and, in particular, old‐age poverty, the real differences between Australia and Finland are only modest when housing costs are taken into account.
Appearance and Reality in Indian Politics: Making Sense of the 1999 General Election
Authors: Jenkins Rob
Published: December 2004

IT IS OFTEN SAID THAT INDIA'S POLITICS ARE NEVER QUITE WHAT THEY seem. If ever there were a banal statement about the collective life of a people this would have to qualify. The politics of any country, almost by definition, fails to represent the daily lives and struggles of ordinary people, and in most cases even the strivings of politicians themselves. Democratic politics is at least as much about distortion as representation – the projection of images to appeal to electorates, for instance, or the softening of policy stances to accommodate seemingly incompatible coalition partners. But ‘national’ politics in India, by which I mean the competition among political elites for control or inf luence over the institutions of the central state, is currently less representative than in any other non-authoritarian country one could imagine. Paradoxically, this is the result of a deepening, rather than a withering, of India's democracy – in particular, the tendency for marginalized groups to seek power on their own terms, through parties explicitly established to represent them, and for elections to be fought not as massive national referendums, but at levels much closer to people's own experience.
Argentina Becoming ‘Normal’: The 1999 Elections
Authors: Di Tella Torcuato S.
Published: December 2004

THE OCTOBER 1999 ELECTIONS HAVE RESULTED IN THE SECOND CHANGE ever from one political party to another since the inception of mass politics in Argentina in 1916. The first such change came in 1989 when the Peronist Carlos Menem took over from Radical Raúl Alfonsín.
Election Observers in Cambodia, 1998: What Can We Learn?
Authors: Brown MacAlister
Published: December 2004

COUNTRIES RIVEN BY INTERNAL CONFLICT HAVE INCREASINGLY SOUGHT to resolve their conf licts and establish stable government by conducting elections, which outside observers can verify as ‘free and fair’. The first highly successful such venture, in Nicaragua 1990, was followed by election operations by the UN in Ethiopia 1992, Angola 1992, El Salvador 1994, Mozambique 1994, South Africa 1994, Haiti 1995, Liberia 1997 and Cambodia 1993 and 1998. The degree of stability and reconciliation achieved by these operations has varied, but the recent election observer effort, in Cambodia (26 July 1998), had a disputed outcome, which raised fundamental questions concerning the efficacy of post-conf lict election monitoring.
Another Mexican Earthquake? An Assessment of the 2 July 2000 Elections
Authors: Craske Nikki
Published: December 2004

The Date 2 July 2000 Represented A True Watershed In Mexican politics. For the first time in post-revolutionary Mexico an opposition candidate won the presidential elections. Since 1988, opposition parties on the left and right have slowly eroded the stranglehold on electoral politics of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (the PRI), which has been in power since 1929. Vicente Fox Quesada's victory heralds the end of an era; or does it? A dominant theme in analyses of Mexican politics over the past twenty years has been the tension between continuity and change. In this article I argue that Fox's victory is an important, indeed essential, component of Mexico's slow democratization process; but it does not represent democracy in itself. There are three areas where the longer-term outcome of these elections will be measured: first there is the willingness of Fox to carry out further necessary reforms, particularly in the areas of judicial and fiscal reform. To date he has signalled that these will be important policies of his administration but we must wait for the results. Secondly, even where he is willing to deepen democratic reforms, one must ask to what extent will he be able to do so, both in terms of generating enough support within his own party and in overcoming resistance from the PRI, which still controls significant resources and retains a majority in the senate. And thirdly, it must be noted that Fox displayed some worrying tendencies towards populism in his presidential campaign which serve as a sobering reminder that his own democratic practices may be questionable.
The March 2000 General Election in Spain
Authors: Roller Elisa
Published: December 2004

España Va Bien. ‘Things Are Going Well In Spain.’ With This Simple yet somewhat unoriginal slogan, the incumbent conservative Partido Popular (PP) swept to victory by absolute majority in the 12 March 2000 general election in Spain. The PP's astounding victory may be attributed to several factors. First, its own well-organized campaign was based upon a strong leadership, something the two main leftist parties lacked. As the experience of the former centrist party, Unión Centro Democrático (UCD) shows, party leadership does matter. Secondly, leadership charisma, so important in the 1993 election when the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) managed to be re-elected despite worryingly high unemployment figures and a wave of political scandals, seemed to matter little or nothing in the March 2000 election. Effective management skills and strong leadership seem to have replaced populist charisma as a way to attract the average Spanish voter.
The Internal and External Face of New Labour's Political Economy
Authors: Coates David , Hay Colin
Published: December 2004

To Grasp Fully The Nature And Significance Of The Economic policies at the heart of dominant political projects, those policies have to be studied in the round. They have to be grasped as complex totalities which touch all aspects of the political agenda; and they have to be seen as constructed and contested wholes, whose contradictions, internal inconsistencies and conceptual limits are as vital to their trajectory as are their axioms, theories and content. Academically and professionally, the study of policy in this rounded way is often a more difficult task to complete than might be expected, in part because of the powerful divisions within and between the intellectual disciplines which comprise the social sciences.
The Italian General Election of 13 May 2001: Democratic Alternation or False Step?
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio , Gilbert Mark
Published: December 2004

On 13 May 2001, Italy Elected To Power A Centre-Right Coalition headed by the media magnate Silvio Berlusconi. Forza Italia, the political party founded by Berlusconi in 1994 when he first decided to enter politics, became the most widely supported political force in the country with almost 30 per cent of the popular vote. Forza Italia's success was partly a result of its ability to ‘cannibalize’ the votes of two of its smaller coalition partners, the Biancofiore, an electoral coalition between the Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) and the United Christian Democrats (CDU), and the Northern League (Lega Nord), both of whom saw their share of the vote fall sharply. The other party in Berlusconi's ‘House of Freedoms’ coalition, the National Alliance (AN), the formerly neo-fascist party that now sees itself as a pillar of the democratic right, held steady in electoral terms but remains very much a junior partner in the coalition.
Reconstructing Democracy: Current Thinking and New Directions
Authors: Saward Michael
Published: December 2004

Today's Democratic Theory Offers Sketches Of Tomorrow's democratic polity. How innovative, and how compelling, are the visions it offers us? This article explores possible democratic futures by scanning a selection of today's key democratic innovations –cosmopolitan, deliberative, ‘politics of presence’, ecological, associative and party-based direct models– in the light of a set of six central issues useful for examining the core aspects of democratic theories. It concludes by suggesting a way forward in which insights from diverse innovations might helpfully be accommodated within an overarching framework. Overall, it represents a deliberate attempt at a bird's eye view of the subject; the aim is to be suggestive rather than definitive. The scope of the analysis is broad but quite strictly qualified in the following ways: the six innovative ideas scrutinized arise from, and largely address, countries of the rich North rather than the developing South; they do not exhaust the range of current innovations in democratic theory; and they are based largely on English-language sources.
From ‘Organic’ Legislators to ‘Organicistic’ Interpreters: Intellectuals in Yugoslavia and Post‐Yugoslav States
Authors: Malešević Siniša
Published: December 2004

The article is divided into three parts. In the first part I review and compare the two leading sociological theories on intellectuals, those of Z. Bauman and A. Gramsci whose concepts are later critically examined to form the basis of my argument. The second part of the article draws on Gramsci's typology of organic and traditional intelligentsia and Bauman's distinction between interpreters and legislators in order to identify and assess the profile of the Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav intelligentsia. Here I argue that Yugoslavia lacked the category of traditional intellectuals (be they legislators or interpreters) and that the dominant type of Yugoslav intellectual was an ‘organic’ legislator. As a result, the post-Yugoslav states are also characterized by the lack of a traditional intelligentsia and thus in the early post-communist period only the former organic legislators have become ‘organicistic’ interpreters. The final part of the paper summarizes the findings and looks at their implications relating to Bauman's and Gramsci's concepts.
Sport, Prestige and International Relations
Authors: Allison Lincoln , Monnington Terry
Published: December 2004

In An Essay Written In The Mid-1980S Trevor Taylor Concluded that ‘. . . international relations scholars show little sign of seriously considering the place of sport in global human affairs’ and prescribed that ‘international relations should take more account of sport . . .’ We might have expected some change in the period since then, not least because the academic study of sport has established itself in such fields as politics and law and has made further advances in sociology and social history. The ‘myth of autonomy’ which suggested that sport should and did have little effect on other human activities has been largely undermined; indeed, we might argue that in some cases there has been an overreaction against it. Modern sport is increasingly and perhaps essentially international and has had an international dimension almost from the outset. It has developed highly autonomous international organizations, most notably the International Olympic Committee and FIFA, the international (association) football federation.
German Foreign and Security Policy after Kohl and Kosovo
Authors: Wood Steve
Published: December 2004

What Does A Government New To Office Do When The Idealistic principles that guided its members in opposition face the hard realities of power? Recent German experience in the realm of foreign policy provides an instructive case study – not least because Germany's history in the first half of the twentieth century has created tremendous sensitivities in this sphere. Following a history of opposition to German military participation in actions beyond the NATO area, the parties of Germany's political left were immediately confronted with the need to make decisions on foreign and security policy when they were elected to govern in 1998. Pacifist principles or aspirations proved unsustainable in practice, and a policy consistent with that pursued by the outgoing conservative-liberal coalition was adopted. The new government developed a pragmatic foreign policy, incorporating the use of military means, notwithstanding the existence of a domestic political culture suspicious of the employment of military force.
Coalitions, Voters and Party System Transformation in Post‐authoritarian Chile
Authors: Siavelis Peter M.
Published: December 2004

With The Inauguration Of The Socialist President, Ricardo Lagos, in March 2000 it would appear that the Chilean party system had come full circle since the 1973 coup that unseated the last Socialist President, Salvador Allende. Despite the Chilean military's efforts to eradicate the left during its almost seventeen years in power, a Socialist assumed the presidency only a dozen years after the electoral defeat of the military regime in 1988. In one sense, this success is a testament to the perseverance of the party of Allende, and the party system in general. Nonetheless, the Socialist Party, and indeed the Chilean party system, are quite distinct from the ethos of the Allende years of the early 1970s. At the same time, it is undeniable that there are striking continuities in terms of the number of political parties and patterns of partisan competition. Thus, how should one interpret the extent of transformation and continuity in the Chilean party system?
Inventors and New Venture Formation: the Effects of General Self–Efficacy and Regretful Thinking
Authors: Markman Gideon D. , Balkin David B. , Baron Robert A.
Published: December 2004

This research assesses two individual differences—general self–efficacy and regretful thinking—in the context of technological innovation. Results, obtained from a random sample of 217 patent inventors show that both general self–efficacy and regretful thinking distinguish inventors who started a business (i.e., technological entrepreneurs) from inventors who did not start a new business (i.e., technological nonentrepreneurs). More to the point, patent inventors, who at the time of our survey were actively involved in new business formation, tended to have significantly higher self–efficacy. Also, while technological entrepreneurs tended to have stronger regrets about business opportunities, technological nonentrepreneurs tended to have stronger regrets regarding career and education decisions. The two groups did not differ in terms of the quantity of these regrets. Implications for theory, practice, and future study of individual differences in entrepreneurship are discussed.