bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge can wait? The epistemic conversion of new beat reporters
Authors: Mishaly Tal , Reich Zvi
Published: September 2024

This study shows how, during the turbulent period of their initial months on the job, new beat reporters experience a shift in their basic approach to knowledge. This new epistemic approach encompasses two interconnected shifts: From seeing self-knowledge as a necessity to reliance on sources’ knowledge, and from prioritizing content knowledge to prioritizing journalistic knowledge. Findings suggest that reporting without knowledge isn’t a bug, but rather a major feature of news reporting; that at least during reporters’ first years, the main epistemic challenge is reporting despite the lack of beat knowledge; and that the foundations of source-reporter relations are laid down when the latter are at their weakest point in terms of power and knowledge, enabling sources’ to gain a dominant position in shaping the reported realities.
Far-right cooperation: Gender, political networks, and the cordon sanitaire in the European Parliament
Authors: Finnsdottir Maria Sigridur
Published: September 2024

Even as the far-right parties of Western Europe have made broad electoral gains, mainstream parties continue to enact a cordon sanitaire, effectively curtailing their legislative impact. Any potential ability of women far-right politicians to cooperate across party lines would open up important political opportunities not available for them within the far right. This article seeks to address the following question: are women of the far right able to cooperate with members of other political parties in ways that their men colleagues cannot? Using a network analysis of motion co-authorship across three sessions of the European Parliament, I find that there is a double marginalization of far-right women politicians – as women in far-right politics, and as far-right politicians in the European Parliament – which results in women politicians who lack influence within their parties, and within the European Parliament more broadly.
Small and medium enterprises meet the metaverse. A study of the wine industry
Authors: Bartoli Chiara , Baccelloni Angelo , Mattiacci Alberto , Ungaro Leonardo
Published: September 2024

This study aims to enrich the knowledge of the technology adoption by small and medium enterprises, by focusing on the metaverse phenomenon and the implementation of metaverse projects by small and medium-sized enterprises through the lens of the technology life cycle theory. It adopts a qualitative approach based on multiple-case analysis to examine and categorize 28 metaverse experiences created by wine businesses. The work provides a framework for the metaverse experimentations by firms which is structured around three different stages of metaverse, that are (1) the isolated metaverse, (2) the integrated metaverse, and (3) the augmented metaverse, corresponding to different degrees of integration of the technology in the user experience according to the level of interaction and immersiveness that is generated. This study also identifies the boundaries of metaverse settings by determining, from an experiential perspective, which experiences cannot be defined as belonging to the metaverse sphere. The analysis showcases the patterns toward the metaverse technology adoption by businesses and provides an interpretation of the different types of metaverse experiences that can be integrated into the business strategies of small and medium-sized enterprises. It also highlights the obstacles that preside over the wide adoption of the metaverse technology by firms.
How might shared decision-making meetings reduce the need for children to be in care? A rapid realist review
Authors: Stabler Lorna , O'Donnell Chloe , Forrester Donald , Diaz Clive , Willis Simone , Brand Sarah
Published: September 2024

Meetings to enhance shared decision-making, such as family group conferences, potentially contribute to enhancing meaningful involvement of families. Such meetings are also claimed by some to reduce the need for children to be in care, either by increasing support from family for parents or by identifying care from within the family network. This rapid realist review aims to develop an understanding of how meetings that facilitate shared decision-making between professionals and families might work to safely reduce the need for children to be in care. It identifies mechanisms that are thought to make a difference and contextual factors that influence the impact of identified mechanisms.

Findings

A comprehensive search of academic and gray literature identified 64 documents spanning seven types of shared decision-making meetings. Data from these papers were collected using an iterative process of juxtaposition, comparison, contrast, and combination with a developing program theory. Data from the literature was supplemented with consultation to ensure relevance to the UK setting. The review identified three key mechanisms that made shared decision-making meetings more likely to be effective in safely reducing children's entry to care: enabling participation and engagement; building trust and reducing shame; enabling participation in decision-making processes. It describes how these work before, during, and after meetings.

Applications

The findings help us understand the complicated research findings about the relationship between meetings and care entry and provide a theory about what is needed to make such meetings work that is of practical use for practice and future research
Turning the tables or business as usual? COVID-19 as a catalyst in North–South research collaborations
Authors: Ansoms An , Bashizi Anuarite , Adili Amani Romuald , Baraka Akilimali Joel , Bisimwa Matabaro Lionel , Kaningu Bushenyula Parfait , Mutabesha David , Nabintu Sylvie Bashizi , Ndayikengurutse Guillaume , Nsabimana Joseph , Polepole Patient
Published: September 2024

Since February 2020, we have witnessed COVID-19 profoundly disturb ongoing research dynamics – including research collaborations between the Global North and the Global South. Reduced international and regional mobility obliged research collaborations to reinvent their modalities. The role of field-based researchers (those physically ‘there’) has never been more crucial. This article draws on the testimonies of researchers from the African Great Lakes region to reflect on the positionality of field-based researchers in North–South research collaborations throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Their embeddedness in the field foregrounded their complementary strengths in interactions with scholars from the Global North. We also illustrate how vulnerabilities – both unstable employment and field-related risks – were unevenly shared by partners in the Global South and the Global North. In conclusion, the COVID-19 experience inspired us to adhere to new collaboration modalities that move beyond post-colonial dynamics in North–South research collaborations.
“How can you think about losing your mind?”: A reflexive thematic analysis of adapting the LivDem group intervention for couples and families living with dementia
Authors: Woodstoke Natasha S. , Winter Beth , Dodd Emily , Cheston Richard
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Despite the psychological challenges that dementia creates, comparatively little attention has been paid to how individuals or families can be helped to adjust to dementia. One of the few interventions to do this is the Living well with Dementia (LivDem) post-diagnostic course. LivDem focuses on supporting individuals to talk more openly about their dementia. However, while family supporters attend preliminary and follow up sessions, their role is limited and finding a way for them to be more actively involved might enhance the impact of the intervention and make it more flexible. We therefore set out to explore how the current LivDem intervention could be adapted for couples and families. Method: We completed eleven semi-structured interviews and focus groups with four groups of stakeholders: people living with dementia and their families: LivDem facilitators; researchers in this area; and psychotherapists with experience of working with couples or families living with dementia. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Four main themes were generated: “Hear the impact on everybody”; People who are “ready to do that”; “It’s such a fine line”; and “You deal with it in your family”. Participants emphasised that the intervention needs to be delivered by willing and skilled facilitators to people who are ready to talk in their family context; and this intervention needs to be embedded within connected services. Conclusions: Stakeholders felt that it would be possible to adapt the LivDem model for couples and families so long as a number of conditions were met. An adapted family or couple version of LivDem has the potential to facilitate improved adaptation to dementia and to be incorporated into dementia pathways and delivered with the NHS and the voluntary sector. Further research is needed to establish the feasibility of such an intervention.
The Immigration–Crime Nexus: Inner and Outer Containment Buffer or A Push Toward Delinquency
Authors: Hsieh Ming-Li , Shih Meng Ru
Published: September 2024

The ongoing debate over the immigration–crime nexus has continued to attract a wide range of research efforts in the criminal justice field. To build on these initiatives, this study not only examines the relationship between immigrants and adolescent crime but also explores attributes derived from containment effects that may contribute to or shield individuals from deviant behavior in America. Results showed that both immigrant and native-born adolescents share similar external attributes rather than internal traits that affect delinquency. For instance, inherent immigration status and identity is relatively more influential on self-reported substance problems among immigrant youth compared to their native-born counterparts. Interestingly, among external attributes, immigrant and native-born adolescents are responsive to legitimate opportunity and neighborhood order in different ways which thrust them into different deviant pathways.
Collagen-Based Vascular Closure Device Multicenter Italian Experience in Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair Compared With Suture-Mediated Closure Vascular Device
Authors: Panagrosso Marco , Cavallo Eduardo , Bracale Umberto Marcello , Peluso Antonio , Silvestri Olga , Intrieri Francesco , Molinari Vincenzo , Esposito Antonio , Trimarchi Santi , Settembrini Alberto Maria , Lomazzi Chiara , La Barbera Gaetano , Carbonari Luciano , Angelini Andrea , Morelli Irene , Centonza Eleonora , Berchiolli Raffaella , Troisi Nicola , Scarati Valentina , Artini Valerio , De Vivo Salvatore , Volpe Pietro , Massara Mafalda , Martelli Eugenio
Published: September 2024

Purpose:

The Manta Vascular Closure Device is a novel collagen-based vascular closure device that has been designed specifically for closure of large-bore percutaneous arterial accesses. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the immediate and 30-day outcome of Manta at the completion of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) or thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). The hypothesis is that Manta is not inferior in obtaining hemostasis compared with the Perclose ProGlide Suture-Mediated Closure System device.

Materials and Methods:

We recruited all the percutaneous accesses for (T)EVAR performed from January 2021 to April 2023 by all the Italian Divisions of Vascular Surgery using Manta at the time of data collection (May 2023). The primary outcome is to evaluate the incidence of complications at the puncture site after Manta implantation and at 1 month, and compare this with ProGlide. We applied the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) criteria for observational studies.

Results:

Overall, 524 consecutive femoral accesses for (T)EVAR procedures were collected: 355 in the Manta cohort and 169 in the ProGlide cohort, respectively. The size of the sheath was 17.2±2.7 Fr for Manta, 15.7±2.3 Fr for ProGlide (p<0.001). No statistically significant differences between the groups regarding age, sex, body mass index, ultrasound-guided access, femoral calcifications, intraoperative, and 30-day complications. Successful arterial closure at groin puncture sites for (T)EVAR using Manta is 90.5% and 93.1% using ProGlide. Freedom for any reintervention for any complication is 95.5% for Manta and 96% for ProGlide.

Conclusion:

The 2 vascular closure devices have proved to be similar in terms of complications, without any statistically significant difference, although the median size of the sheaths for (T)EVAR was statistically significantly larger when Manta has been used, compared with ProGlide.

Clinical Impact

Manta® is effective in the hemostasis of the access sites following the completion of (T)EVAR in this multicenter, retrospective, case-control study on 524 percutaneous femoral accesses. Compared to the more popular Proglide®, the average size of the introducers in the Manta® group was significantly larger than in the Proglide® group.
Community Activation to TrAnsform Local sYSTems (CATALYST): A Qualitative Study Protocol
Authors: LeBrón Alana M. W. , Michelen Melina , Morey Brittany , Montiel Hernandez Gloria I. , Cantero Patricia , Zárate Salvador , Foo Mary Anne , Peralta Samantha , Chow Jacqueline J. , Mangione Julia , Tanjasiri Sora , Billimek John
Published: September 2024

Community Health Workers, promotores, and navigators (henceforth, CHWs) emerged as critical members of the public health workforce addressing social, economic, and health inequities worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. While there is increased appreciation for and utilization of CHW models, and recognition of the importance of tailoring and innovating these models during the pandemic, few studies have examined the processes of change by which CHW models operated during the COVID-19 pandemic and factors that facilitated or constrained CHW health equity efforts. This protocol paper describes and reflects on the research methodology used in our qualitative study focused on CHWs. The CATALYST study aims to examine the roles that CHWs served during the COVID-19 pandemic and facilitators and barriers related to CHW health equity strategies. This qualitative study incorporates the lived experiences of CHWs, low-income communities of color whom CHWs engaged, and institutional representatives and policymakers familiar with locally implemented CHW models during the pandemic. Through a community-based participatory research process, this study involves an abductive qualitative approach to data collection and analysis. We integrate community member expertise alongside CHW and health equity frameworks in designing the research questions and data collection process. Additionally, we use an analytic approach that combines inductive (drawn from qualitative data) and deductive codes (drawn from theoretical frameworks and practice-based evidence integrated through a participatory research process) and nimbly leverages flexible coding to address inductive themes and practice-based questions. Our collaborative process offers concrete strategies to develop qualitative research protocols with community partners, with evidence used to inform policy, programmatic, and relational changes to support and amplify CHW models to promote community health and health equity.
Can a leader be authentic and cruel? What happens when a vice becomes a virtue
Authors: Sewell Graham
Published: September 2024

There is now a substantial literature on the desirability of authentic leadership. While the concept has its critics, overwhelming this literature sees authentic leadership as a virtuous practice that benefits all: the leaders themselves, their followers, and the organizations they lead. But what if were possible for a leader to be seen as both authentic and cruel? For this to happen it would require a vice to be reconstrued as a virtue. Drawing on the work of Judith Shklar, I argue that it is indeed possible for a leader to be both authentic and cruel under circumstances where cruelty is seen by followers as a legitimate means to a desirable end. I support this claim by examining the way that some political leaders advocate cruelty toward refugees in the name of the common good. Shklar has shown that, under such circumstances, a leader is more likely to be challenged by their followers for being hypocritical (the antipode of authenticity) than for being cruel. From this I draw conclusions about the nature of authentic leadership as a performative and productive practice. I end by encouraging research on the organizational and institutional antecedents that enable leaders who are deemed to be authentic to thrive, even when they act cruelly.
Diagnosing Behçet’s disease in the presence of pulmonary a﻿rtery aneurysm and systemic symptoms: A case report
Authors: Bani Odah Ali , Awashra Ameer , Sawaftah Zaid , Sawafta Ahmed , Sawafta Omar , Khamaysa Jehad , Abdalqader Mohammed , Ghannam Yazan
Published: September 2024

Behçet’s disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder that often presents with a triad of uveitis, oral aphthous ulcers, and genital ulcerations, along with systemic manifestations such as vascular involvement. We report a case of a 36-year-old male with a significant smoking history who presented with recurrent hemoptysis and a progressive cough, leading to the diagnosis of Behçet’s disease. Physical examination and imaging studies revealed aphthous and genital ulcerations, erythematous nodules, and a pulmonary artery aneurysm. Elevated inflammatory markers supported the diagnosis and treatment with methylprednisolone and infliximab resulted in clinical improvement. The management of pulmonary artery aneurysm in Behçet’s disease includes both medical and interventional strategies, with endovascular interventions like coil embolization being crucial for managing life-threatening hemoptysis or aneurysm rupture.
Primary Healthcare Providers’ Activities in Linking Patients With Chronic Diseases to Community Organizations: A Scoping Review
Authors: Grgurevic Nevena , Chouinard Maud-Christine , Ellefsen Édith , Hudon Émilie , Hudon Catherine
Published: September 2024

Context:

Aging and increasing comorbidities in the population are leading to more complex care for patients and primary healthcare providers. Community organizations (COs) may play a role in the services offered to support patients with chronic diseases (PCDs) but there are currently no clear guidelines to support primary healthcare providers in linking patients to COs.

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to describe the role of primary healthcare providers regarding linking PCDs to COs by: (1) describing linking activities; and (2) identifying the main facilitators and barriers associated with these activities.

Methods:

This scoping review was based on the Arksey and O’Malley method, completed by Levac, Colquhoun, and O’Brien. Related keywords were used in 7 databases to search relevant studies. After the initial screening, 135 full texts were assessed for eligibility by 2 reviewers using inclusion/exclusion criteria. Empirical studies describing activities performed by primary healthcare providers in linking PCDs to COs or describing facilitators or barriers to linking activities were included. Studies describing activities linking to other services than COs or located in emergency departments were excluded.

Results:

In total, 28 studies were included. Information reported in the studies was classified into 8 main linking activities: capacity development, patient identification, assessment, information, planning, referral, follow-up, and collaboration. Facilitators and barriers to these activities were related to intrapersonal characteristics of providers and patients, professional practice, work environment, relationships, and external influences. Healthcare providers’ involvement was often adapted according to their field of practice.

Conclusion:

This scoping review details the role of primary healthcare providers when linking PCDs to COs in a collaborative and interdisciplinary context, which can be adapted to clinical practice by providers, experts, or stakeholders to support improvement in chronic care management.
Recognizing and Treating Major Depression in Fibromyalgia: A Narrative Primer for the Non-Psychiatrist
Authors: Munipalli Bala , Chauhan Mohit , Morris Anjali M. , Ahmad Ridwan , Fatima Maliha , Allman Madeleine E. , Niazi Shehzad K. , Bruce Barbara K.
Published: September 2024

Fibromyalgia (FM) affects 2% to 8% of the general population. FM patients often experience self-stigma and feel rejected by healthcare providers and families, resulting in isolation and distressing symptoms of pain, fatigue, and poor cognitive functioning, increasing the risk of depressive symptoms. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is the most common comorbidity in FM patients (Any depression: 43%; MDD: 32%). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a common genetic risk loci for major depression and fibromyalgia. Given that even minor symptoms of depression worsen the outcomes of FM patients, clinicians are challenged to identify and manage depression in these patients. However, due to overlapping symptoms, limited screening, and contamination bias, MDD often goes undiagnosed and presents a critical challenge. Unrecognized and untreated MDD in FM patients can exacerbate fatigue, sleep disturbances, and pain, reduce physical functioning, and increase the risk of developing comorbid conditions, such as substance abuse and cardiovascular disease. These comorbidities are associated with a lower treatment response rate, a higher dropout rate, and a greater risk of relapse. Clinicians may effectively identify and treat MDD in FM patients with appropriate pharmacologic agents combined with aerobic exercise and cognitive-behavioral therapies for core FM symptoms, thus significantly reducing symptom severity for both MDD and FM. Such a comprehensive approach will result in a much-improved quality of life. MedLine content was searched via PubMed to identify eligible articles between 1995 and 2023 using search terms fibromyalgia, major depressive disorder, and treatment of depression in fibromyalgia, and the most current information is presented. In this primer for clinicians caring for FM patients, we describe clinically relevant pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic management approaches for treating MDD in FM patients.
Employee Assistance Programs for Indigenous People in the Workplace
Authors: Chu Hui-Chuang , Chen Yin-Che , Hsing Chih-Pin
Published: September 2024

According to a survey regarding indigenous employment, in Taiwan, a high proportion of indigenous people are engaged in construction work compared with the overall population. However, among indigenous construction workers, 56.15% have received no occupational safety or health training, and 9.39% have encountered occupational accidents in their workplaces. Therefore, this study aimed to develop employee assistance programs (EAPs) for indigenous workers in Taiwan by focusing on three dimensions—namely work, life, and health—and by establishing corresponding implementation paths for these EAPs. A modified Delphi method was adopted to screen EAP measures for the workplaces of indigenous workers, and a formal evaluation followed. Subsequently, the analytic hierarchy process was employed to calculate the overall weights among the factors in order to discern the relative importance of each factor in achieving the target goal or to resolve target problems and establish an order of priority. The results indicated that health was the most important of the three dimensions of indigenous EAPs, followed by the life dimension and then the work dimension. Compared with previous studies regarding Han Taiwanese workers, mental health services in the health dimension were particularly important in the present study. Finally, regarding the health dimension, this study suggests developing mental health services that respect indigenous culture and therefore are appropriate for indigenous people, such as the establishment of drug and alcohol addiction support groups and mental health service systems. In addition, corresponding welfare measures can be offered to enhance people’s motivation to change.
What Makes an International Student in the U.S. Have Less Psychological Distress?
Authors: Salerno Kirsten Calleja , Tuason Ma. Teresa , Stanton Bridget , Buchanan Sara
Published: September 2024

This study aims to identify which factors predict psychological distress among international college students attending American universities. International students experience unique stressors, as well as bring with them their own enculturation: culture of origin identity, language, and competence when acculturating. To get a comprehensive picture, we collected survey data on demographics, acculturation, stress, anxiety, depression, and symptomatology from N = 146 college students ( n = 51 international students; n = 95 U.S. citizens) from three universities in the southeastern United States. For international students, increased acculturation to the U.S. (English proficiency and culture competence) is related to decreased symptomatology and anxiety. Additionally, international students’ competencies in culture of origin are significantly associated with competencies in U.S. acculturation. Regression analyses indicated that among international students, higher U.S. acculturation and lower stress, significantly predicted less anxiety; lower stress significantly predicted less symptomatology. Implications for higher education and future research are discussed.
Waterpipe Smoking and Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: A Pilot Study
Authors: Ishak Hala , Sunna Tarek P. , Assaf Sara A. , Banna Hanin , Khouzami Riad A. , Wang Zhi , Zaatari Ghazi , Rahme Diana , Sakr Carine J.
Published: September 2024

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Objective

The objective of this study is to investigate the association of waterpipe smoking with lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD).

Methods

This is a retrospective chart review study. A total of 286 adults who underwent a lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at a tertiary medical center were included and divided into three groups. Group 1 (n = 125) included non-smokers, group 2 (n = 80) smoked cigarettes only, and group 3 (n = 81) smoked waterpipe only. The intervertebral discs were graded using the Pfirmann disc degeneration grading system.

Results

The study showed higher lumbar disc degeneration scores for waterpipe and cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers at all spinal levels. Specifically, post hoc analysis showed that there was a significant difference at L1-L2 between cigarette smokers and non-smokers ( P = 0.007) and between waterpipe smokers and non-smokers ( P = 0.013), and a significant difference at L3-L4 and L4-L5 between non-smokers and cigarettes smokers ( P < .001 and P = .029 respectively).

Conclusion

Waterpipe smoking is associated with lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration.
Telepalliative Care in Home-Based Nursing Care for Older Adults With Metastatic Cancer Post COVID-19: An Ethnoscientific Study
Authors: Sathiyamas Jinpitcha , Mingmalairak Chatchai , Rungroungdouyboon Bunyong , Sri-Ngernyuang Chawakorn
Published: September 2024

Introduction

The post-COVID-19 pandemic caused the whole world to make several changes to the nursing healthcare system. This sudden shift raised questions about telepalliative care in home-based nursing care in the context of healthcare utilization, including meeting the needs of older adults with metastatic cancer. The evidence suggests that telepalliative care in home-based nursing care is acceptable to most advanced practice nurses, but the extent of their use for metastatic cancer patients has not been defined.

Objectives

To explore the use of telepalliative care in home-based nursing care for older adults with metastatic cancer in central Thailand following the post-COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

A qualitative approach with an ethnoscientific design was used to collect data from a purposive sample of 15 advanced practice nurses from May to September 2023. The interview transcripts were analyzed using componential analysis (core coding, categorizing, theme, and emerging theory).

Results

The componential analysis revealed two themes of telepalliative care in home-based nursing care for older adults with metastatic cancer in the post COVID-19 pandemic. The first theme is telepalliative care delivery, with subthemes of delivering practice, nurse-mediated feedback and supportive care, remote monitoring of real-time emergencies, and transferring medical data. The second theme is advanced practice nurses’ (APN) role in telepalliative nursing care, including the subthemes of virtual monitoring, life-threatening cancer, side effects, caregiving capacity, continuity of care, and long-term care services. The study found that caregiving capacity, continuity of care, and long-term care services were formed of telepalliative care in home-based nursing care for cancer patients following the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusion

Telepalliative care in home-based nursing care is effective in delivering services to older adults with metastatic cancer during the post-COVID-19 pandemic. The findings suggested that remote monitoring of real-time emergencies, life-threatening cancer, and long-term care services are part of telepalliative care in home-based nursing care. Adapting the telepalliative competency standards of advanced practice nurses is needed to ensure high-quality healthcare access for older adults with metastatic cancer during the post-COVID-19 pandemic.
Investigating urban morphological drivers of household water use in developing economies: A structural equation model approach
Authors: Alam Tazyeen , Banerjee Ankhi
Published: September 2024

Urban populations are snowballing, increasing household (HH) water consumption. The growing housing density, the expanding infrastructure, and altered land use patterns place increasing pressure on the water supply and usage. This makes it harder for urban HHs to obtain clean water and worsens water scarcity, with infrastructural and environmental implications for highly populated metropolitan areas. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the impact of urban morphology on household water use in a developing economy using a Structural Equation Model (SEM), specifically within the growing urban centres surrounding Kolkata in South Bengal. The primary hypothesis projects an increase in urban morphological indicators and HH characteristics that significantly affect water use. The findings reveal that increases in urban morphological indicators are associated with a 34.2% decrease in HH water use, highlighting the importance of urban planning strategies that emphasize compact and diverse urban forms. This work highlights new ways of building cities that consider morphological aspects and allow cities to expand in a way that conserves HH water while being resilient to rapid urban change.
Racial Differences in Breast Cancer Survival Between Black and White Women According to Tumor Subtype: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Torres Juliana M. , Sodipo Michelle O. , Hopkins Margaret F. , Chandler Paulette D. , Warner Erica T.
Published: September 2024

PURPOSE

Despite effective early-detection approaches and innovative treatments, Black women in the United States have higher breast cancer mortality rates compared with White women. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the extent of disparities in breast cancer survival between Black and White women according to tumor subtype.

METHODS

A comprehensive database search was performed for full-text, English-language articles published from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2022. Included studies compared survival between Black and White female patients with breast cancer within subtypes defined by hormone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/neu (HER2; now known as ERBB2) status. Random-effects models were used to combine study-specific results and generate pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs for breast cancer–specific or overall survival (OS). A protocol for this review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021268212).

RESULTS

Eighteen studies including 228,885 (34,262 Black; 182,466 White) patients with breast cancer were identified. Compared with White women, Black women had a higher risk of breast cancer death for all tumor subtypes. The summary risk of breast cancer death was 50% higher among hormone receptor-positive HER2-negative [HER2–] tumors (RR, 1.50 [95% CI, 1.30 to 1.72]), 34% higher for hormone receptor+/HER2+ (RR, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.10 to 1.64]), 20% higher for hormone receptor–negative (–)/HER2+ (RR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.00 to 1.43]), and 17% higher among individuals with hormone receptor–/HER2– tumors (hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.25). Black women also had poorer OS than White women for all subtypes.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest there are both subtype-specific and subtype-independent mechanisms that contribute to disparities in breast cancer survival between Black and White women, which require multilevel interventions to address and achieve health equity.
How Racialized Approaches to Opioid Use Disorder and Opioid Misuse Management Hamper Pharmacoequity for Cancer Pain
Authors: Jones Katie Fitzgerald , Liou Kevin T. , Ashare Rebecca L. , Worster Brooke , Yeager Katherine A. , Merlin Jessica , Meghani Salimah H.
Published: September 2024

@JCO_ASCO paper focuses on racialized approaches to OUD and opioid misuse as underappreciated drivers of disparities in cancer and recs a path forward.
Financial Toxicity Screening Preferences in Patients With Breast Cancer
Authors: Gharzai Laila A. , Liu Yingzhe (Alex) , Sun Zequn , Mady Leila J. , Mohn Michelle , Larson Alexis , Kircher Sheetal , Yanez Betina , Carlos Ruth C. , Pottow John , Jagsi Reshma , Sadigh Gelareh
Published: September 2024

PURPOSE

Financial toxicity is an important issue in cancer that affects quality of life and treatment adherence. Screening can identify patients at risk but consensus on appropriate timing or methods is lacking.

METHODS

We sent an anonymous survey to e-mail subscribers of a nationwide breast cancer–specific philanthropic organization in July 2023 asking about financial toxicity screening preferences. Frequencies, percentages, and medians were calculated for categorical and continuous variables.

RESULTS

Of 5,774 potential participants, 738 respondents with a confirmed cancer diagnosis participated (12.7% response rate). Participants were 93% female (n = 690), had a median age of 50 years (IQR, 44-57), were 57% non-Hispanic White (n = 418), 20% Black/African-American (n = 149), 9.2% Hispanic (n = 68). 93% confirmed a breast cancer diagnosis (n = 689), and 54% were currently undergoing treatment (n = 400). Most indicated not being asked about financial stressors by (58%, n = 425) and not receiving assistance from their care team (68%, n = 498). Most preferred for providers to reach out regarding financial needs (83%, n = 615). Most wished for these discussions to take place early (when first diagnosed [45%, n = 334] or when treatment selected [37%, n = 275]) and to be asked frequently (each appointment [42%, n = 312] or once per month [36%, n = 268]). Participants felt most comfortable discussing financial needs with a social worker or patient/financial navigator (92%, n = 679), in person (75%, n = 553), or via telephone (65%, n = 479).

CONCLUSION

Patients in this sample primarily consisting of women with breast cancer desired financial screening to occur early, often, and to be initiated by their providers. Patient preferences can inform optimal implementation of financial toxicity screening practices. Continued work refining best practices for financial toxicity screening should incorporate these patient preferences.
Infrared optical spectra of a silicene quantum dot modulated by spin-orbit coupling and uniaxial strain
Authors: Chen Feng , Qi Fenghua , Jin Guojun
Published: September 2024

We theoretically study the electronic structure and light absorption spectra of a triangular silicene quantum dot (TZSQD) modulated by spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and the uniaxial strain from a symmetry point of view. After considering the SOC, the symmetry of the system decreases and the degenerate energy level split, creating the absorption peaks in the far-infrared region and some multimodal structures in the near-infrared region and visible region. In addition, the intensity of the SOC also affects the degree of splitting of the energy levels, which makes the absorption peaks in the far-infrared region blueshift to the mid-infrared region, and absorption edge in the near-infrared region redshift to the mid-infrared region. We also find that when a uniaxial strain and SOC coexist at the same time, the symmetry of the system is further reduced and the number of absorption peaks is increased. Moreover, the uniaxial strain intensity can efficiently regulate the frequency position of the absorption edge in the near-infrared region, and make its spectral range greatly expanded.
When the Dead Cry: Crime, Population, and Popular Literature in Early Modern Southwark
Authors: Oldenburg Scott
Published: September 2024

Drawing on parish registers, records from the assizes, and an anonymous ballad, this article reconstructs the events surrounding the murder of John Clarke by his own master, silk weaver Richard Price. Price, it turns out, had killed before, and in many respects fits what we would today call a serial killer. The article thus examines the way parish registers might usefully be supplemented by legal and literary texts to get at not only the births, marriages, and deaths of parishioners in the aggregate but also their lived experience, how they responded to tragedy not on the nearby stage but in their neighborhood. The article thus argues for the importance of careful examination of the archives to understand the lives of ordinary people in the early modern period, and the article further suggests a symbiotic relationship between “big data” and microhistory.
Labor and Social Reproduction in an Industrializing English Village, ca. 1680–1780
Authors: Hindle Steve
Published: September 2024

The relationship between the historical demography and social history of early modern England is long and complex. In the early stages of their development in the 1960s and ’70s, the two disciplines were entwined, working beneficially together in a historiographical project that enriched understandings of the social consequences of population increase in the sixteenth century and its stagnation in the seventeenth. Over time, however, the two methodologies have become estranged. This essay attempts a reunification of the two subdisciplines by offering a microhistory of demographic and social change in an exceptionally well-documented rural community in England, the parish of Chilvers Coton (Warwickshire). In focusing on the changing occupational structure of this industrializing village, the discussion puts human flesh on the bare bones of demographic analysis and reconstructs the ways in which social formations were reproduced, not only through the compensated labor of adult males, but also through the informal, unpaid work of women that made such “breadwinning” work possible.
ПСИХОЛОГИЯ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ: ЛИЧНОСТЬ, ОБЩЕСТВО, ГОСУДАРСТВО
Authors: KISLYaKOV P.A. , SAENKO A.Yu. , MEERSON A.L.S.
Published: September 2024

В учебном пособии рассматриваются теоретические и прикладные аспекты психологии информационной безопасности исходя из особенностей ее обеспечения в отношении личности, общества, государства. Особое внимание уделяется психологическим рискам цифровой социализации и внедрения искусственного интеллекта. Учебное пособие адресовано студентам, аспирантам, адъюнктам психологических специальностей и направлений подготовки, а также всем, кто занимается изучением вопросов информационно-психологической безопасности.
Forecasting Urban Traffic States with Sparse Data Using Hankel Temporal Matrix Factorization
Authors: Chen Xinyu , Zhao Xi-Le , Cheng Chun
Published: September 2024

Forecasting urban traffic states is crucial to transportation network monitoring and management, playing an important role in the decision-making process. Despite the substantial progress that has been made in developing accurate, efficient, and reliable algorithms for traffic forecasting, most existing approaches fail to handle sparsity, high-dimensionality, and nonstationarity in traffic time series and seldom consider the temporal dependence between traffic states. To address these issues, this work presents a Hankel temporal matrix factorization (HTMF) model using the Hankel matrix in the lower dimensional spaces under a matrix factorization framework. In particular, we consider an alternating minimization scheme to optimize the factor matrices in matrix factorization and the Hankel matrix in the lower dimensional spaces simultaneously. To perform traffic state forecasting, we introduce two efficient estimation processes on real-time incremental data, including an online imputation (i.e., reconstruct missing values) and an online forecasting (i.e., estimate future data points). Through extensive experiments on the real-world Uber movement speed data set in Seattle, Washington, we empirically demonstrate the superior forecasting performance of HTMF over several baseline models and highlight the advantages of HTMF for addressing sparsity, nonstationarity, and short time series.

History: Accepted by Ram Ramesh, Area Editor for Data Science & Machine Learning.

Funding: This research was supported by the Institute for Data Valorisation, the Interuniversity Research Centre on Enterprise Networks, Logistics and Transportation, the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 12371456, 72101049, 72232001], the Sichuan Science and Technology Program [Grant 2024NSFJQ0038], and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [Grant DUT23RC(3)045].
Combining Precision Boosting with LP Iterative Refinement for Exact Linear Optimization
Authors: Eifler Leon , Nicolas-Thouvenin Jules , Gleixner Ambros
Published: September 2024

This article studies a combination of the two state-of-the-art algorithms for the exact solution of linear programs (LPs) over the rational numbers in practice, that is, without any roundoff errors or numerical tolerances. By integrating the method of precision boosting inside an LP iterative refinement loop, the combined algorithm is able to leverage the strengths of both methods: the speed of LP iterative refinement, in particular, in the majority of cases when a double-precision floating-point solver is able to compute approximate solutions with small errors, and the robustness of precision boosting whenever extended levels of precision become necessary. We compare the practical performance of the resulting algorithm with both pure methods on a large set of LPs and mixed-integer programs (MIPs). The results show that the combined algorithm solves more instances than a pure LP iterative refinement approach while being faster than pure precision boosting. When embedded in an exact branch-and-cut framework for MIPs, the combined algorithm is able to reduce the number of failed calls to the exact LP solver to zero while maintaining the speed of the pure LP iterative refinement approach.

History: Accepted by Antonio Frangioni, Area Editor for Design and Analysis of Algorithms: Continuous.

Funding: The work for this article has been conducted within the Research Campus Modal funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) [Grants 05M14ZAM and 05M20ZBM].
Workforce Configuration in Charity Settings: A Forward-Looking Approach
Authors: Wu Chao , Eftekhar Mahyar , Uichanco Joline
Published: September 2024

Problem definition: Volunteers, the primary workforce for many charities, represent a complex labor pool; they are unreliable and exhibit substantial heterogeneity in both performance and affinity to the organization. Additionally, many volunteers engage not only to contribute but also to immerse themselves in a volunteering experience that, if rewarding, can inspire them to become future donors. However, practical approaches to volunteer management commonly neglect these traits and the consequential impact that tactical decision-making can have on nurturing potential future donations. Methodology/results: Building on a previous study, we propose a forward-looking volunteer scheduling model that accounts for the heterogeneity among volunteers, mitigates both understaffing and overstaffing costs, and explicitly correlates individual time contribution with their monetary donations. We provide analytical solutions when the charity can reliably estimate distributions (e.g., uniform distribution) from data and suggest a distribution-free method to offer actionable insights where data are limited or uncertain. Managerial implications: At the strategic level, by viewing volunteers as potential donors, the optimal staffing strategy balances meeting the charity’s labor needs and maximizing volunteers’ satisfaction, as this satisfaction influences their likelihood of becoming future donors. We show that charities could avert substantial losses by adopting an integrative approach, thereby challenging conventional organizational structures that compartmentalize volunteer and donor management. Our model suggests that building robust data infrastructures can significantly advance the charity’s core mission. Paradoxically, efforts to increase labor productivity may inadvertently undermine this objective. At the operational level, we provide an Excel-based decision support tool and a decision-tree framework to navigate optimal policies, determining when and how a charity can rely on episodic (less reliable) volunteers. Our results confirm that reducing uncertainty in volunteer turnout benefits charities. However, we also find that when labor value is low, episodic volunteers are preferred, whereas formal (reliable) volunteers are favored when labor value is high.

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0363 .