bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corrosion of Ceramic Materials
Authors: Opila Elizabeth J. , Jacobson Nathan S.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Experimental Techniques

Oxidation of Silica‐Formers

Properties of Silica

Basic Oxidation Mechanisms of Silica Formers

Oxidation of Silicon

Oxidation of PureSiCin Dry Oxygen

Oxidation of PureSi3N4in Dry Oxygen

Oxidation ofSiCandSi3N4in the Presence of Low Level Impurities

Oxidation ofSiCandSi3N4Containing Sintering Aids

Oxidation of Silica Formers in Other Oxidants

Oxidation ofSi,SiC, andSi3N4in Water Vapor

Oxidation ofSiCinCO2

Cyclic Oxidation of Silica‐Formers

Effect of Oxidation on Fracture Strength of Silica‐Formers

Volatility

Direct Vaporization

Oxide–Substrate Reactions

Active Oxidation

Molten Salt Corrosion

Refractory Oxide Coatings on Silica‐Forming Ceramics

Oxidation of Alumina‐Forming Non‐oxides

Oxidation of AlN

Oxidation ofAl4C3

Boria‐Forming Ceramics

Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides

Transition Metal Carbides

Transition Metal Nitrides

Oxidation of Ceramics Forming Multi‐Component Scales

Mixed Oxide Scales

Transition Metal Borides

Oxidation of Complex Systems Resulting in Mixed Oxide Scales

Composites which form Compound Oxides

SiC‐ReinforcedAl2O3

Si2N2OZrO2

TiB2Al2O3

Composites which form Single Phase Oxide Solid Solutions

Ceramic Matrix Composites
Corrosion Engineering of Electronic and Photonic Devices
Authors: Sinclair J. D. , Comizzoli R. B. , Frankenthal R. P.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Understanding and Preventing Harmful Environmental Effects

Sources and Deposition of Contaminants

Effects of Environmental Contamination

Leakage Currents and Arcing Caused by Water‐Soluble Ionic Dust and Other Contaminants

Corrosion of Band Pass Filters by Electrical Discharges within the Cavity

Product Design and Materials Selection

Passivation Issues with Laser Facets

Threshold Voltage Shifts in Modulators

Metal Migration‐Induced Failures

Electrical Contacts and Metallic Joints

High Contact Resistance on Gold‐Plated Connector Contacts Caused by Pore‐Creep Corrosion

High Resistance Failures in Device Metallizations

High Contact Resistance in Relays with Gold–Silver Contacts

High Resistance Failures Due to Fretting Corrosion of Separable Connectors Using Tin Finishes

Corrosion of Low Coefficient of Expansion Alloys in Metal‐To‐Glass Seals

Corrosion by Impurities in Materials

Tarnishing and Cracking of Silver‐Plated Copper Cable Shield

Materials and Device Corrosion during Shipping and Storage

Other Electrochemical Corrosion Mechanisms

Corrosion of Gold Metallizations in the Absence of Contaminants

Galvanic Corrosion

Processing‐Related Corrosion Issues

Aluminum Corrosion inTi/TiN/Al/TiNMetallization

Micropitting of Aluminum During Processing of Integrated Circuits

Corrosion of Aluminum by Chlorinated Solvents

Corrosion Failures of Thin‐Film Tantalum Nitride Resistors

Reliability Testing and Prove‐In

General Aspects of Accelerated Life Testing

Fine Particle Testing

Ground Synthetic Dust Mixture

Atomized Spray Deposition

Test Chamber for Fine Particles

Conductive Anodic Filaments–A Flawed Prediction

Future Challenges

Acknowledgements
Synthesis of Abiotic Foldamers
Authors: Khan Anzar
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Phenylene Ethynylene Foldamers

Backbone Folding: Design Principle

General Synthesis

Representative Examples

Oligo(
meta
‐Phenylene Ethynylene)s (
Om
PEs
)

Oligo(

ortho

‐Phenylene Ethynylene)s (
Oo
PEs
)

Helical Aromatic Amides

Backbone Folding: Design Principle

General Synthesis

Representative Examples

Oligoaryl‐Dicarboxamides

Oligoquinoline‐Dicarboxamides

Oligoanthranilamides

Oligopyridine‐Dicarboxamides

Helical Aromatic Ureas

Backbone Folding: Design Principle

General Synthesis

Representative Examples

Oligoheterocyclic Ureas

Oligoaryl Ureas

Oligobenzoyl Ureas

Helical Aromatic Hydrazides

Backbone Folding: Design Principle

Synthesis

Heterocyclic Foldamers

Backbone Folding: Design Principle

Representative Examples

Oligopyridine‐Pyrimidines

Oligopyridine‐Pyridazines

Oligonaphthyridine‐Pyrimidines

1,4‐Disubstituted‐1,2,3‐Triazoles

Oligoindoles

Conclusions
Block Copolymers by Multi‐Mode Polymerizations
Authors: Tasdelen Mehmet Atilla , Yagci Yusuf
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Coupling Methods

Transformation Reactions

Transformations Involving Anionic and Controlled Radical Polymerization

Transformations Involving Cationic and Controlled Radical Polymerization

Transformations Involving Anionic and Cationic Polymerizations

Transformations Involving Metathesis Polymerization

Transformations Involving
Z
iegler–
N
atta Polymerization

Transformations Involving the Same Polymerization Mechanism

Dual Polymerizations

Conclusions
Recent Advances in
ADMET
Polycondensation Chemistry
Authors: Berda Erik B. , Wagener Kenneth B.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Functionalized Polyethylenes

Linear Ethylene/Vinyl Ether Copolymers

Linear Ethylene/Acrylic Acid Copolymers

Phosphonic Acid‐Functionalized Polyethylenes

Functional Polymers and Materials via
ADMET

“Latent Reactive” Polycarbosilane and Polycarbosiloxane Elastomers

Conjugated Polymers via
ADMET

Exotic Polymer Structures

Hyperbranched Architectures via
ADMET

Supramolecular Graft Copolymers

Daisy‐Chain Polymers

Summary and Outlook
Macromolecular Engineering via
RAFT
Chemistry: From Sequential to Modular Design
Authors: Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Blinco James P. , Perrier Sébastien
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Sequential Design

Molecular Weight Range

Functional Monomers: Possibilities, Limits, and Challenges

Block Copolymers: Combinations, Block Lengths, and Purities

Modular Design

End‐Group Chemistry

Ligation Protocols

Conclusions
Hyperbranched Polymers: Synthesis and Characterization Aspects
Authors: Voit Brigitte , Komber Hartmut , Lederer Albena
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthetic Methodologies

Step‐Growth Approaches

Chain‐Growth Approaches

Characterization Aspects

Substructures, Degree of Branching, and Structure Formation

Determination of Degree of Branching

Separation Techniques forhbPolymers

Molar Mass Separation and Detection

Multidimensionality of the Polydispersity

Size Determination and Scaling Parameters ofhbPolymers

Conclusions
Two‐Dimensional Polymers
Authors: Sakamoto Junji , Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Why 2‐DPolymers?

What Is Not Considered a 2‐DPolymer?

General Considerations on Rational 2‐DPolymer Synthesis

Approaches to 2‐DPolymers and Related Structures

Thermolytic Synthesis

Synthesis in the Flask

Synthesis in 2‐DConfinement

Polymerization at Gas/Liquid and Liquid/Liquid Interfaces

Polymerization in Layered Templates

Polymerization in Layered Monomer Assemblies

Polymerization on Solid Substrates

Miscellaneous

Conclusions and Outlook
Poly(para‐Phenylene Vinylene)s
Authors: Vilbrandt Nicole , Nickel Serena , Immel Stefan , Rehahn Matthias , Stegmaier Katja , Melzer Christian , von Seggern Heinz
Published: February 2013

This chapter provides a brief summary of the available synthetic methods leading to poly(p‐phenylene vinylene)s (PPVs), followed by a detailed discussion of the mechanism of PPV synthesis, employing the Gilch route. In the latter case,in situ‐generatedp‐quinodimethanes are shown to be the active monomers. Spontaneously formed diradicals initiate the chain growth, and are the reason why [2.2]paracyclophanes are formed as side products. Oxygen is identified as a highly efficient molar mass‐regulating agent, and evidence is provided as to whyE‐configured halide‐bearing vinylene moieties should be perceived as being among the most critical chain defects with respect to the efficiency and durability of (opto)electronic devices based on Gilch‐PPVs.
“Click” Chemistry in Polymer Science: CuAACand Thiol–Ene Coupling for the Synthesis and Functionalization of Macromolecules
Authors: Robb Maxwell J. , Hawker Craig J.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction and Perspective

1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition

Thiol–Ene Coupling

Polymers from “Click” Chemistry

“Click” Functionalization of Polymers

Chain‐End‐Functional Polymers

Polymers with Pendant Functionality

Graft Copolymers

“Grafting‐Onto” Strategy

Star Polymers

Dendritic Polymers

Dendrimers

Hyperbranched Macromolecules

Dendronized Polymers

Macrocyclic Polymers

Polymer Networks

Summary and Conclusions
Accelerated Approaches to Dendrimers
Authors: Valérie Walter Marie , Malkoch Michael
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Classification and Synthesis

Dendrimer Definitions

Dendritic Growth Approaches

Divergent Growth Approach

Convergent Growth Approach

Accelerated Synthesis of Dendrimers

The Need for Accelerated Synthesis

Definition of Accelerated Synthesis

Revised Synthetic Strategies for Dendrimers

Hypermonomer Strategy

Double‐Stage Convergent Growth

Double Exponential Growth

Orthogonal Approaches

Chemoselectivity

Orthogonal Growth of Dendrimers

Heteromultifunctional Dendrimers

One‐Pot Synthesis

Evolution of Synthetic Strategies for
Bis
‐
MPA
Dendrimers

Summary and Conclusions
Dendronized Polymers: An Approach to Single Molecular Objects
Authors: Khan Anzar , Zhang Baozhong , Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis

The Macromonomer Route

Homopolymers

Alternating Copolymers

Block Copolymers

Cyclic Polymers

Grafting‐From Route

Grafting‐To Route

Quantification of Thickness

Responsivity of Dendronized Polymers

Single Chain Folding

Thermal and Mechanical Responsiveness

Manipulation on Surfaces and Building Objects

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Polymer Synthesis: An Industrial Perspective
Authors: Koltzenburg Sebastian
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

About this Chapter

Why?

Thesis: There Are No Limits to the Fantasy of a Synthetic Polymer Chemist

Antithesis: We May Be Able to Synthesize Millions of New Polymers – But
Why
Should We Do So?

Synthesis

Polymer Chemistry in Two Dimensions: Coatings

Polymer Chemistry Going Broad: Effects of Molar Mass Distribution

Polymer Chemistry Meets The Life Sciences: Polymeric Drug‐Delivery Systems

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Microfabricated Porous Silk Scaffolds for Vascularizing Engineered Tissues
Authors: Wray Lindsay S. , Tsioris Konstantinos , Gil Eun Seok , Omenetto Fiorenzo G. , Kaplan David L.
Published: February 2013

There is critical clinical demand for tissue‐engineered (TE), 3D constructs for tissue repair and organ replacements. Current efforts toward this goal are prone to necrosis at the core of larger constructs because of limited oxygen and nutrient diffusion. Therefore, critically sized 3D TE constructs demand an immediate vascular system for sustained tissue function upon implantation. To address this challenge the goal of this project was to develop a strategy to incorporate microchannels into a porous silk TE scaffold that could be fabricated reproducibly using microfabrication and soft lithography. Silk is a suitable biopolymer material for this application because it is mechanically robust, biocompatible, slowly degrades in vivo, and has been used in a variety of TE constructs. Here, the fabrication of a silk‐based TE scaffold that contains an embedded network of porous microchannels is reported. Enclosed porous microchannels support endothelial lumen formation, a critical step toward development of the vascular niche, while the porous scaffold surrounding the microchannels supports tissue formation, demonstrated using human mesenchymal stem cells. This approach for fabricating vascularized TE constructs is advantageous compared to previous systems, which lack porosity and biodegradability or degrade too rapidly to sustain tissue structure and function. The broader impact of this research will enable the systemic study and development of complex, critically‐sized engineered tissues, from regenerative medicine to in vitro tissue models of disease states.
8p23.1 duplication detected by array‐CGH with complete atrioventricular septal defect and unilateral hand preaxial hexadactyly
Authors: Zhang Yanliang , Li Ya , Wang Yuming , Shan Bin , Duan Yong
Published: February 2013

8p23.1 duplication syndrome is a genomic condition with variable phenotype. Isolated 8p23.1 duplication is rare. Here, we report on additional isolated 8p23.1 duplication in a fetus with complete atrioventricular septal defect and right hand preaxial hexadactyly diagnosed by array comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH). Array‐CGH indicated an ∼1.43 Mb duplication between 8p23.1 olfactory receptor/defensin repeats (ORDRs) in this case, which contains 27 genes of which 21 are known and 6 are novel, including GATA4 and SOX7 and one micro‐RNA gene. In order to better understanding the genotype–phenotype association of 8p23.1 duplications, we summarized the present case and 10 previously reported patients with isolated 8p23.1 duplications between ORDRs and found that minor anomalies (6/11), congenital heart defect (6/11), developmental delay (5/11), and neurodevelopmental problems (5/11) are recurrent manifestations in 8p23.1 duplication patients. Thus, we suggest that 8p23.1 duplications between ORDRs generally result in clinical phenotypes and the phenotypes vary between patients. Because true duplications and euchromatic variants (EVs) of 8p23.1 are cytogenetically indistinguishable and usually lead to different clinical results, it is necessary to differentiate 8p23.1 duplications from EVs using molecular cytogenetic techniques. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maternal vitamin K deficient embryopathy: Association with hyperemesis gravidarum and Crohn disease
Authors: Toriello Helga V. , Erick Miriam , Alessandri Jean‐Luc , Bailey Diana , Brunetti‐Pierri Nicola , Cox Helen , Fryer Alan , Marty Denise , McCurdy Charles , Mulliken John B. , Murphy Helen , Omlor Joseph , Pauli Richard M. , Ranells Judith D. , Sanchez‐Valle Amarillis , Tobiasz Ana , Van Maldergem Lionel , Lin Angela E.
Published: February 2013

Chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP) is an etiologically heterogeneous disorder characterized by the radiographic finding of stippled epiphyses (punctate calcifications). It is often accompanied by a characteristic facial appearance, known as the Binder phenotype, which is attributed to hypoplasia of the nasal cartilages; abnormal distal phalanges (brachytelephalangy) are a common component manifestation as well. We report eight patients with a Binder phenotype with or without CDP who all shared a known or suspected maternal deficiency of vitamin K. We suspect that this phenotype is probably under recognized, and we hope to increase awareness about the maternal risk factors, especially hyperemesis gravidarum, which lead to nutritional deficiency. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thymidylate synthase polymorphisms and risks of human orofacial clefts
Authors: Shaw Gary M. , Yang Wei , Perloff Spencer , Shaw Nathan M. , Carmichael Suzan L. , Zhu Huiping , Lammer Edward J.
Published: February 2013

OBJECTIVE: Underlying mechanisms are unknown by which folic acid use in early pregnancy may reduce risks of orofacial clefts. Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) is a folate‐dependent enzyme that catalyzes reductive methylation of deoxyuridylate to thymidylate, thereby playing a central role in DNA synthesis and repair. We investigated two TYMS functional variants (a 28‐bp tandem repeat in the promoter enhancer region of the 5′‐UTR; and TYMS 1494del6 (rs16430): a 6‐bp deletion in the 3′‐UTR) for their risk of cleft palate (CP) and of cleft lip with/without CP (CLP). We investigated effect measure modification between these variants and maternal folate intake for cleft risk. DESIGN: This case‐control study included deliveries from July 1999 to June 2003 from select areas of California. Case groups included CLP or CP alone. Nonmalformed, liveborn controls were randomly selected. Maternal interviews provided information on vitamin use and dietary folate intake. DNA was derived from newborn bloodspots. RESULTS: Data were available for 304 CLP cases, 123 CP cases, and 581 controls. 1496del6 variants did not appear to influence risk of CP or CLP. Homozygosity for the 28‐bp VNTR variant influenced CP risk (odds ratios, OR = 1.8, 95% confidence interval, 1.1–3.1), particularly among Hispanic infants, OR 2.1 (1.0–4.6). Effect measure modification was observed between the 28‐bp VNTR and combined folate intake for CP with an OR of 10.0 (1.6–60.9). CONCLUSION: Although these findings are consistent with biological mechanisms, they were based on relatively small sample sizes and may represent false‐positive discoveries. Replication is warranted in other populations. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:95–100, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of remote ischemic preconditioning on serum troponin T level following elective percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Ahmed Rashed M. , Mohamed El‐Haddad A. , Ashraf Mostafa , Maithili Shenoy , Nabil Farag , Rami Raymond , Mohamed Tahir I.
Published: February 2013

Background

Elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with myocardial necrosis, as evidenced by troponin release, in approximately one‐third of cases. This is known to be linked with subsequent cardiovascular events. This study assessed the ability of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) to attenuate cardiac troponin T (cTnT) release after elective PCI.

Objective

Evaluation of effect of RIPC on myocardial markers following elective PCI.

Methods

One hundred and forty nine consecutive patients undergoing elective PCI with undetectable preprocedural cTnT were recruited. Subjects were randomized to receive RIPC (induced by three 5‐min inflations of a blood pressure cuff to 200 mm Hg around the upper arm, followed by 5‐min intervals of reperfusion) or control (cuff deflated) immediately before arrival in the cardiac catheterization room. The primary outcome was cTnT level at approximately 16 hr after PCI. Secondary outcomes included occurrence of postprocedural myocardial infarction (MI), CKMB levels at 16 hr after PCI and assessment of the inflammatory response as measured by C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels.

Results

The mean cTnT at 16 hr after PCI was lower in the RIPC group compared with the control group. (0.020 vs. 0.047 ng/ml; P = 0.047) Occurrence of postprocedural MI, CKMB and CRP levels did not differ in both groups (P = 0.097, 0.537, and 0.481 respectively).

Conclusion

The use of RIPC immediately prior to PCI attenuates procedure‐related cTnT release and does not affect occurrence of post procedural MI, CKMB, or CRP levels. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term clinical outcomes after unprotected left main coronary artery stenting in an all‐comers patient population
Authors: Ali Mohammed , Hanley Alan , McAdam Brendan , O'Hanlon Rory , Gumbrielle Thomas , Sheahan Richard , Foley David P.
Published: February 2013

Background

The goal of treating patients with coronary artery disease is to improve survival and relieve symptoms. Several studies have compared the safety and efficacy of left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenting and coronary‐artery bypass grafting in case control and randomized trials.

Objective

In this study we present the long term outcome of stenting unprotected LMCA stenosis in day to day practice in unselected patients.

Methods

One hundred and fifty eight patients were prospectively recruited with symptomatic unprotected LMCA stenosis undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Using the euroSCORE, each patient's surgical mortality risk was estimated. Study end‐points were any major adverse cardiac event (MACE) defined as cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or target lesion revascularization at follow‐up with either CABG or repeat PCI.

Results

The mean follow‐up was 54 ± 25 months. The mean euroSCORE was 10.6 ± 13.4 (0.9–71) and the mean SYNTAX score was 39.6 ± 10.7 (10–65). The MACE rate was 11.4% at a mean follow up of 54 months. Six (3.8%) patients suffered postprocedure myocardial infarction. There were 24 (15%) deaths of which 12 were cardiac (mean euroSCORE 21.6 ± 5.5 P < 0.001). Repeat angiography was performed in 88 (55.7%) patients. Seven (4.4%) patients had in‐stent restenosis; three occurred in BMS (P = 0.06). Two patients underwent revascularization with CABG and five had successful repeat PCI.

Conclusion

In this on‐going registry of high risk patients with LMCA stenosis, stenting was found to be safe and clinically effective in maintaining event‐free survival.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Physical Properties of Single Crystal PrCr2Al20 and CeM2Al20 (M: V, Cr): A Comparison of Compounds Adopting the CeCr2Al20 Structure Type.
Authors: Kangas Michael J. , Schmitt Devin C. , Sakai Akito , Nakatsuji Satoru , Chan Julia Y.
Published: February 2013

Crystals of LnTi2Al20 (Ln: La—Pr, Sm, Yb), LnV2Al20 (Ln: La—Pr, Sm), and LnCr2Al20 (Ln: La—Pr, Sm, Yb) are prepared from the elements by the flux growth method (alumina crucibles, 1423 K, slow cooling to 1023 K).
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Consideration on the Emission Properties of Eu2+‐Doped Li2BaMgP2O8 and Na2BaMgP2O8 Orthophosphates.
Authors: Yonesaki Yoshinori , Matsuda Chihiro , Dong Qiang
Published: February 2013

Li2BaMgP2O8 crystallizes in the trigonal space group P$\bar 3$ with Z = 1 (powder XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrathin Ca‐PO4‐CO3 Solid Solution Nanowires: A Controllable Synthesis and Full‐Color Emission by Rare‐Earth Doping.
Authors: Hui Junfeng , Yu Qiyu , Long Yong , Zhang Zhicheng , Yang Yong , Wang Pengpeng , Xu Biao , Wang Xun
Published: February 2013

Ultrathin Ca‐PO4‐CO3 solid solution nanowires are synthesized from aqueous solutions of Ca(NO3)2, Na2CO3, and Na3PO4 containing octadecylamine, EtOH, and oleic acid (autoclave, 90—220 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroxide Ion Conducting Antimony(V)‐Doped Tin Pyrophosphate Electrolyte for Intermediate‐Temperature Alkaline Fuel Cells.
Authors: Hibino Takashi , Shen Yanbai , Nishida Masakazu , Nagao Masahiro
Published: February 2013

A series of Sn1‐xMxP2O7 (M: V, Nb, Ta, Sb) compounds is synthesized by reaction of SnO2 and M2O5 in aqueous H3PO4 (alumina crucible, 650 °C, 2.5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Equilibrium Relations in the System TiO2/V2O5/P2O5 and Crystal Structure of a NASICON‐Related Vanadyl(V) Titanium(IV) Phosphate.
Authors: Titlbach Sven , Hoffbauer Wilfried , Glaum Robert
Published: February 2013

Crystals of (VO)Ti6(PO4)9 are prepared by solid state reaction of VOPO4 and Ti5O4(PO4)4 in a molar ratio of 3:1 (air, 1023 K, 14 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer‐Supported Hexaethylene Glycolic Ionic Liquid: Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Nucleophilic Substitutions Including Fluorinations.
Authors: Jadhav Vinod H. , Jeong Hwan‐Jeong , Lim Seok Tae , Sohn Myung‐Hee , Kim Dong Wook
Published: February 2013

Various nucleophilic substitution reactions using the corresponding alkali metal salts are performed in the presence of the title catalyst (I).
ChemInform Abstract: New Efficient Synthesis of Trisubstituted Imidazolidine‐2‐thiones and Thiazoles via Vinyliminophosphoranes.
Authors: Xie Hai , Liu Jian‐Chao , Wu Lei , Ding Ming‐Wu
Published: February 2013

Reaction of vinyliminophosphorane (I) with carbon disulfide gives intermediate isothiocyanate (III) which directly reacts with various aliphatic primary amines (IV) to afford the trisubstituted imidazolidinethiones (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Induced Regioselective Direct Alkylation of Azoles via in situ Formed Alkyliodide.
Authors: Chen Wenlin , Yan Rulong , Tang Dong , Guo Shuaibo , Meng Xu , Chen Baohua
Published: February 2013

Various azoles are directly alkylated by reaction with ketones in the presence of iodine via in situ formed alkyliodides.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Arylation of α‐Imino Esters.
Authors: Chen Jiayan , Lu Xiaoxia , Lou Wenyong , Ye Yong , Jiang Huanfeng , Zeng Wei
Published: February 2013

It is found that Pd(OAc)2 in combination with the oxazoline ligand BOX efficiently promote the asymmetric coupling of α‐imino esters with a number of arylboronic acids yielding arylglycine esters in good to high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed Anodic Oxidation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Finney Eric E. , Ogawa Kelli A. , Boydston Andrew J.
Published: February 2013

The direct anodic oxidation of the organocatalytically generated intermediate derived from the aldehyde and thiazolium perchlorate MTP or ITP (Breslow intermediates) in the presence of a variety of alcohols affords carboxylic acid esters without the use of exogenous oxidants.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of γ,δ‐Unsaturated β‐Amino Sulfones from Ellman′s N‐tert‐Butylsulfinyl Ketimines and Methyl Phenyl Sulfone.
Authors: Zhang Hua , Li Ya , Xu Fanghui , Ren Xin Feng , Wang Le , Zhou Pei , Sun Zhihua
Published: February 2013

A convenient procedure is presented for the base‐mediated addition of sulfone (II) to optically active ketimines to produce title compounds (III) with high diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of N‐Heterocyclic Chlorides and Bromides with Arylmagnesium Reagents.
Authors: Kuzmina Olesya M. , Steib Andreas K. , Flubacher Dietmar , Knochel Paul
Published: February 2013

The apolar cosolvent is essential to achieve high yields without formation of homocoupling by‐products.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Furans and Furanones from Sulfur Ylides.
Authors: Huang Xueliang , Peng Bo , Luparia Marco , Gomes Luis F. R. , Veiros Luis F. , Maulide Nuno
Published: February 2013

Doubly stabilized sulfonium ylides undergo an intra‐ or intermolecular coupling reaction with alkynes in the presence of modified gold catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Photodecarboxylative Addition of Carboxylates to Phthalimides: A Concise Access to Biologically Active 3‐(Alkyl and Aryl)methylene‐1H‐isoindolin‐1‐ones.
Authors: Hatoum Fadi , Engler Jana , Zelmer Christina , Wissen Johannes , Motti Cherie Ann , Lex Johann , Oelgemoeller Michael
Published: February 2013

A simple two‐step sequence provides the products with high (E)‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical and Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 3‐(Arylmethylene)isoindolin‐1‐ones from 2‐Formylbenzoic Acid.
Authors: Reyes‐Gonzalez Miguel Angel , Zamudio‐Medina Angel , Ordonez Mario
Published: February 2013

An efficient two‐step approach allows the synthesis of the title compounds, substructures of natural products and medicinal agents.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of New C2‐ and C1‐Symmetric Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, and Sulfur Derivatives and Analogues of TADDOL. Part 2. TADDAMIN‐Derived and Phosphorous‐Containing Compounds.
Authors: Pichota Arkadius , Gramlich Volker , Bichsel Hans‐Ulrich , Styner Thomas , Knoepfel Thomas , Wuensch Ralf , Hintermann Tobias , Schweizer W. Bernd , Beck Albert K. , Seebach Dieter
Published: February 2013

The crystal structures of ten of the more than 30 new TADDOL derivatives are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Multicomponent Strategy to Pentacyclic Pyrazole‐Fused Naphtho[1,8‐fg]isoquinolines Through Cleavage of Two Carbon—Carbon Bonds.
Authors: Hao Wen‐Juan , Xu Xiao‐Ping , Bai Hui‐Wen , Wang Shun‐Yi , Ji Shun‐Jun
Published: February 2013

The insertion of diaroylmethanes into the dione part of (I) proceeds under transition metal free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Evaluation of Electrophilic Heteroaromatic Substitution: Synthesis of Heteroaromatic‐Fused Pyrimidine Derivatives via Sequential Three‐Component Heterocyclization.
Authors: Wong Fung Fuh , Huang Yu‐Ying , Chang Chun‐Hsi
Published: February 2013

Treatment of 5‐aminopyrazoles, 5‐aminopyrimidines, 2‐aminopyrazines, 1‐aminonaphthalenes, 5‐amino‐ and 8‐aminoquinolines with formamide and PBr3 provides a new and efficient method to prepare heteroaromatic‐fused pyrimidines.
ChemInform Abstract: A Van Leusen Deprotection—Cyclization Strategy as a Fast Entry into Two Imidazoquinoxaline Families.
Authors: De Moliner Fabio , Hulme Christopher
Published: February 2013

Microwave‐assisted van Leussen three‐component condensation of amines with aldehydes and TosMic′s is followed by deprotection and cyclization to afford imidazoquinoxaline derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of Related Substances of Vardenafil, an Erectile Dysfunction Drug
Authors: Reddy Vajrala Venkata , Naga Mandava Venkata , Rao Brahmeswara , Reddy Ghanta Mahesh , Mukkanti Khagga , Reddy Ganta Madhusudhan
Published: February 2013

6 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Tertiary α‐Hydroxy Phosphonates Catalyzed by Carbohydrate/Cinchona Alkaloid Thiourea Organocatalysts.
Authors: Kong Shasha , Fan Weidong , Wu Guiping , Miao Zhiwei
Published: February 2013

The cyanation of β‐ketophosphonates with TmsCN in the presence of organocatalyst CCT and p‐nitrophenol as additive affords α‐trimethylsilyloxy‐α‐cyanophosphonates, which under acidic hydrolysis are quantitatively converted into the desired alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Cytotoxic Alcyonolide Congeners from an Okinawan Soft Coral Cespitularia sp.
Authors: Roy Prodip Kumar , Maarisit Wilmar , Roy Sona Rani , Taira Junsei , Ueda Katsuhiro
Published: February 2013

The four new diterpenes (I)‐(IV) and a known alcyonolide are isolated from the title plant.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Preparation of Resveratrol 3‐O‐β‐D‐Glucuronide (IV).
Authors: Jungong Christian S. , Novikov Alexei V.
Published: February 2013

involving the selective deacetylation of resveratol triacetate (II) with ammonium acetate as the key step
ChemInform Abstract: Acid‐Catalyzed Ether Rearrangement: Total Synthesis of Isomimosifoliol and (.+‐.)‐Dihydromimosifoliol.
Authors: Arava Veera Reddy , Malreddy Sashibhushan , Thummala Sreenivasulu Reddy
Published: February 2013

A new route for the total synthesis of isomimosifoliol (VII) and dihydromimosifoliol (IX) is developed involving the acid‐catalyzed rearrangement of ether (II) to phenols (III) and (IV) as the key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Fe3O4 Micron‐Spheres and Their Application in Removing Toxic Cr Ions from Polluted Water.
Authors: Liu Gang , Deng Quan , Wang Huimin , Kang Shenghong , Yang Yong , Ng Dickon H. L. , Cai Weiping , Wang Guozhong
Published: February 2013

The title particles are prepared from aqueous solutions of FeCl3, ascorbic acid, and urea (autoclave, 160 °C, 4 h) followed by annealing of the as‐obtained precursor at 400 °C for 4 h in argon.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Ammonium‐, Pyridinium‐, and Pyrrolidinium‐Based Sulfonamido Functionalized Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Saravanamurugan Shunmugavel , Fehrmann Rasmus , Riisager Anders
Published: February 2013

New ionic liquids (I)—(IV) are synthesized and their thermal characteristics are evaluated by DSC and thermogravimetric analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Transformations of Ecdysteroids in the Synthesis of Their Structural Analogues and Minor Phytoecdysteroids
Authors: Ves'kina N. A. , Odinokov V. N.
Published: February 2013

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemistry of Organic Selenium and Tellurium Compounds
Authors: Jaworski Jan S.
Published: February 2013

Review: 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Intermolecular Hydroacylation of C‐C π‐bonds in the Absence of Chelation Assistance
Authors: Leung Joyce C. , Krische Michael J.
Published: February 2013

Review: 145 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Small‐Volume Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Fratila Raluca M. , Velders Aldrik H.
Published: February 2013

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Theoretical Aspects of Indirect Spin‐Spin Couplings
Authors: Jazwinski Jaroslaw
Published: February 2013

Review: 137 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Benefits of Using Solid‐Phase Microextraction as a Greener Sample Preparation Technique
Authors: Bojko Barbara , Pawliszyn Janusz
Published: February 2013

Review: 19 refs.
Assessing the utility of cancer‐registry–processed cause of death in calculating cancer‐specific survival
Authors: Hu Chung‐Yuan , Xing Yan , Cormier Janice. N. , Chang George J.
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND:

Cancer registries use algorithms to process cause of death (COD) data from death certificates, but uncertainties remain regarding the accuracy and utility of those data in calculating cancer‐specific survival (CSS). Because it is impractical to reconfirm the COD through meticulous review of the primary medical records, the observed cancer deaths could be compared with the number of attributed deaths, as estimated by using a relative survival (RS) approach, to determine utility in CSS estimation.

METHODS:

Six major cancer types were evaluated using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data (1988‐1999 cohort). The COD utility was quantified by using the observed‐to‐expected ratio (O/E ratio) approach, which was calculated as the SEER‐documented observed number of cancer‐specific deaths divided by the number of expected deaths attributed to the malignancies as estimated using a RS approach. Favorable utility would have an O/E ratio close to 1.

RESULTS:

In total, 338,445 patients were identified; and their O/E ratios were 0.97, 0.98, 0.90, 1.07, 1.02, and 0.92 for breast, colorectal, lung, melanoma, prostate, and pancreas cancer, respectively. O/E ratios varied slightly with patients' age, race, and tumor stage, but not by sex. CSS for patients with lung cancer appeared to be overestimated considerably. Patients with multiple cancer diagnoses had poor O/E ratios compared with those who had only 1 cancer.

CONCLUSIONS:

The utility of COD in calculating CSS depended variously on the risk of cancer‐related mortality and nontumor factors. However, the impact of this variation on CSS generally was small. The current results indicated that the COD assigned by cancer registries has acceptable validity, and CSS is considered an acceptable surrogate for RS in most circumstances. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Carbohydrate‐Based Molecules for Molecular Imaging in Nuclear Medicine
Authors: Ribeiro Morais Goreti , Falconer Robert A. , Santos Isabel
Published: February 2013

This review covers published literature describing the synthesis of labeled carbohydrates for use in molecular imaging, with a particular focus on the use of nuclear techniques (PET, SPECT). Recent advances in the radiosynthesis of [18F]FDG (electrophilic vs. nucleophilic radiofluorinations), a PET radiotracer based on glucose and the most widely PET tracer currently in use for cancer and inflammatory disease diagnosis, is considered. The powerful impact of [18F]FDG in the clinic has prompted intensive research efforts into glucose‐based radiotracers for PET and SPECT imaging. These achievements are also reviewed, along with the use of glycopeptides for nuclear molecular imaging. Finally, recent work on the radionuclide labeling of nucleosides and glycoconjugates is discussed.
Chromosome numbers of Turkish Crocus (Liliiflorae, Iridaceae) and their geographical distribution
Authors: Schneider Ingo , Kerndorff Helmut , Pasche Erich
Published: February 2013

The genus Crocus is known for its widely varying chromosome numbers (from 2n = 6 to 2n = 70) with varying numbers occurring even within species, as it is the case for Crocus biflorus Miller (2n = 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24). After we found morphological diverse C. biflorus populations in Turkey doubts arose about their rank of being subspecies of the Italian C. biflorus (2n = 8). Here we publish the chromosome numbers for 76 populations of C. biflorus sensu lato distributed all over Turkey. The chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 8 to 2n = 36, with the higher numbers occurring in the mountain ranges of the Anatolian Diagonal and east of it, while lower numbers were found only southwest of these mountains. Closely related taxa with similar distribution mostly differ in their chromosome numbers. This led us to assume that chromosomal changes influence speciation processes in the genus. Therefore, chromosome numbers may represent an important character for the establishment of a new taxonomic treatment of the Crocus species, especially within section Nudiscapus. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
MMP‐3 mediates psychosine‐induced globoid cell formation: Implications for leukodystrophy pathology
Authors: Ijichi Kumiko , Brown Graham D. , Moore Craig S. , Lee Jean‐Pyo , Winokur Paige N. , Pagarigan Roberto , Snyder Evan Y. , Bongarzone Ernesto R. , Crocker Stephen J.
Published: February 2013

Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) or Krabbe disease, is a fatal demyelinating disease attributed to mutations in the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) gene. Loss of function mutations in GALC result in accumulation of the glycolipid intermediate, galactosylsphingosine (psychosine). Due to the cytotoxicity of psychosine, it has been hypothesized that accumulated psychosine underlie the pathophysiology of GLD. However, the cellular mechanisms of GLD pathophysiology remain unclear. Globoid cells, multinucleated microglia/macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS), are a defining characteristic of GLD. Here we report that exposure of primary glial cultures to psychosine induces the expression and the production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐3 that mediated a morphological transformation of microglia into a multinucleated globoid cell type. Additionally, psychosine‐induced globoid cell formation from microglia was prevented by either genetic ablation or chemical inhibition of MMP‐3. These effects are microglia‐specific as peripheral macrophages exposed to psychosine did not become activated or express increased levels of MMP‐3. In the brain from twitcher mice, a murine model of human GLD, elevated MMP‐3 expression relative to wild‐type littermates was contemporaneous with disease onset and further increased with disease progression. Further, bone marrow transplantation (BMT), currently the only therapeutically beneficial treatment for GLD, did not mitigate the elevated expression of MMP‐3 in twitcher mice. Hence, elevated expression of MMP‐3 in GLD may promote microglial responses to psychosine that may represent an important pathophysiological process in this disease and its treatment.
Origins of heat and freshwater anomalies underlying regional decadal sea level trends
Authors: Fukumori Ichiro , Wang Ou
Published: February 2013

Regional sea level changes often differ from global mean changes due to geographic variations in surface fluxes and to changes in ocean circulation. Here we study such regional sea level trends from 1993 to 2004 using a synthesis of observations and an ocean general circulation model. Unlike the global mean, steric changes dominate regional trends with negligible contributions from column‐integrated mass variations. Regional heat and freshwater anomalies underlying steric changes are in turn distinguished between redistribution of pre‐existing anomalies within the ocean and contributions from additional surface fluxes external to the ocean. Internal redistribution accounts for most regional trends but exceptions are found, most notably in the western tropical Pacific Ocean where a warming of external origin dominates the trend. On average, external thermosteric sea level trends are found to be positive in temperate regions while negative at higher latitudes with opposite trends found in halosteric anomalies of external origin.
Experimental demonstration of the role of cohesion in electrostatic dust lofting
Authors: Hartzell C.M. , Wang X. , Scheeres D.J. , Horányi M.
Published: February 2013

The cohesion between small dust particles plays an important role in determining the electrostatic force required to loft charged dust off a surface. On airless, celestial bodies, the cohesive bond between dust particles can be stronger than the gravitational force. Assuming that the charge on dust particles is given by Gauss' law, a theoretical model considering both cohesive and gravitational forces has predicted that intermediate‐sized particles require the smallest electric field strength to loft. We experimentally confirm that, for a given electric field, intermediate‐sized particles are lofted, while smaller and larger particles do not move.
Neural correlates of apathy revealed by lesion mapping in participants with traumatic brain injuries
Authors: Knutson Kristine M. , Dal Monte Olga , Raymont Vanessa , Wassermann Eric M. , Krueger Frank , Grafman Jordan
Published: February 2013

Apathy, common in neurological disorders, is defined as disinterest and loss of motivation, with a reduction in self‐initiated activity. Research in diseased populations has shown that apathy is associated with variations in the volume of brain regions such as the anterior cingulate and the frontal lobes. The goal of this study was to determine the neural signatures of apathy in people with penetrating traumatic brain injuries (pTBIs), as to our knowledge, these have not been studied in this sample. We studied 176 male Vietnam War veterans with pTBIs using voxel‐based lesion‐symptom mapping (VLSM) and apathy scores from the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), a structured inventory of symptoms completed by a caregiver. Our results revealed that increased apathy symptoms were associated with brain damage in limbic and cortical areas of the left hemisphere including the anterior cingulate, inferior, middle, and superior frontal regions, insula, and supplementary motor area. Our results are consistent with the literature, and extend them to people with focal pTBI. Apathy is a significant symptom since it can reduce participation of the patient in family and other social interactions, and diminish affective decision‐making. Hum Brain Mapp 35:943–953, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overlapping and segregated resting‐state functional connectivity in patients with major depressive disorder with and without childhood neglect
Authors: Wang Lifeng , Dai Zhengjia , Peng Hongjun , Tan Liwen , Ding Yuqiang , He Zhong , Zhang Yan , Xia Mingrui , Li Zexuan , Li Weihui , Cai Yi , Lu Shaojia , Liao Mei , Zhang Li , Wu Weiwei , He Yong , Li Lingjiang
Published: February 2013

Many studies have suggested that childhood maltreatment increase risk of adulthood major depressive disorder (MDD) and predict its unfavorable treatment outcome, yet the neural underpinnings associated with childhood maltreatment in MDD remain poorly understood. Here, we seek to investigate the whole‐brain functional connectivity patterns in MDD patients with childhood maltreatment. Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to explore intrinsic or spontaneous functional connectivity networks of 18 MDD patients with childhood neglect, 20 MDD patients without childhood neglect, and 20 healthy controls. Whole‐brain functional networks were constructed by measuring the temporal correlations of every pairs of brain voxels and were further analyzed by using graph‐theory approaches. Relative to the healthy control group, the two MDD patient groups showed overlapping reduced functional connectivity strength in bilateral ventral medial prefrontal cortex/ventral anterior cingulate cortex. However, compared with MDD patients without a history of childhood maltreatment, those patients with such a history displayed widespread reduction of functional connectivity strength primarily in brain regions within the prefrontal‐limbic‐thalamic‐cerebellar circuitry, and these reductions significantly correlated with measures of childhood neglect. Together, we showed that the MDD groups with and without childhood neglect exhibited overlapping and segregated functional connectivity patterns in the whole‐brain networks, providing empirical evidence for the contribution of early life stress to the pathophysiology of MDD. Hum Brain Mapp 35:1154–1166, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Irony comprehension: Social conceptual knowledge and emotional response
Authors: Akimoto Yoritaka , Sugiura Motoaki , Yomogida Yukihito , Miyauchi Carlos Makoto , Miyazawa Shiho , Kawashima Ryuta
Published: February 2013

Verbal irony conveys various emotional messages, from criticism to humor, that differ from the meaning of the actual words. To understand irony, we need conceptual knowledge of irony in addition to an understanding of context. We investigated the neural mechanism of irony comprehension, focusing on two overlooked issues: conceptual knowledge and emotional response. We studied 35 healthy subjects who underwent functional MRI. During the scan, the subject examined first‐person‐view stories describing verbal interactions, some of which included irony directed toward the subject. After MRI, the subject viewed the stories again and rated the degree of irony, humor, and negative emotion evoked by the statements. We identified several key findings about irony comprehension: (1) the right anterior superior temporal gyrus may be responsible for representing social conceptual knowledge of irony, (2) activation in the medial prefrontal cortex and the right anterior inferior temporal gyrus might underlie the understanding of context, (3) modulation of activity in the right amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus is associated with the degree of irony perceived, and (4) modulation of activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex varies with the degree of humor perceived. Our results clarified the differential contributions of the neural loci of irony comprehension, enriching our understanding of pragmatic language communication from a social behavior point of view. Hum Brain Mapp 35:1167–1178, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
KRAS gene amplification in colorectal cancer and impact on response to EGFR‐targeted therapy
Authors: Valtorta Emanuele , Misale Sandra , Sartore‐Bianchi Andrea , Nagtegaal Iris D. , Paraf François , Lauricella Calogero , Dimartino Valentina , Hobor Sebastijan , Jacobs Bart , Ercolani Cristiana , Lamba Simona , Scala Elisa , Veronese Silvio , Laurent‐Puig Pierre , Siena Salvatore , Tejpar Sabine , Mottolese Marcella , Punt Cornelis J.A. , Gambacorta Marcello , Bardelli Alberto , Di Nicolantonio Federica
Published: February 2013

KRAS mutations are the most common oncogenic event in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and their occurrence is associated with lack of response to anti epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeted therapies. Using preclinical models and patients' samples we recently reported that the emergence of KRAS mutations but also KRAS amplification is associated with acquired resistance to the EGFR inhibitors cetuximab or panitumumab. We reasoned that KRAS amplification may also be responsible for primary resistance to these agents. Furthermore, while the prevalence of KRAS mutations has been well established in CRC, little is known about the frequency of KRAS amplification in large CRC series. We performed a screening of 1,039 CRC samples to assess the prevalence of KRAS amplification in this tumor type and further evaluated the role of this genetic alteration on the sensitivity to anti EGFR therapies. We detected KRAS amplification in 7/1,039 (0.67%) and 1/102 evaluable CRC specimens and cell lines, respectively. KRAS amplification was mutually exclusive with KRAS mutations. Tumors or cell lines harboring this genetic lesion are not responsive to anti‐EGFR inhibitors. Although KRAS amplification is an infrequent event in CRC, it might be responsible for precluding response to anti‐EGFR treatment in a small proportion of patients.