bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La categoría de producto y el mensaje transmitido en la publicidad infantil de alimentos
Authors: González Díaz Cristina
Published: March 2011

El presente artículo, contextualizado bajo la  preocupación de la obesidad infantil y  la acusación que desde numerosos sectores se ejerce sobre la publicidad, ha pretendido desarrollar un marco teórico donde se expusieran las  investigaciones que sobre el binomio publicidad infantil de alimentos – obesidad se han realizado; así como aquellas donde se dejaba evidencia de la limitada influencia que la misma podía realizar sobre el menor en lo concerniente a consumo de alimentos, y los numerosos factores necesarios para poder hablar de causantes directos de la problemática de la obesidad. El objetivo sobre el que subyace el trabajo trata de analizar los tipos de productos que más presión publicitaria ejercen así como los mensajes sobre los que versa su estrategia comunicativa para así poder observar si realmente la publicidad infantil está copada por productos poco saludables o recomendables en la dieta del menor y observar qué tipo de temática comunicativa  impregna este tipo de productos.
La infografía digital en el ciberperiodismo
Authors: Valero Sancho José Luis
Published: March 2011

La infografía digital ha aparecido a finales del pasado siglo XX, en el contexto del desarrollo de tecnologías de la comunicación, para instalarse como una de las más importantes formas de presentación informativa y documental. El vertiginoso salto comunicativo que han supuesto los cibermedios, no ha sido menor en uno de sus productos estrella que mejor les representa, como es la infografía digital.
Sin embargo, en momentos de transición no puede desarrollarse bien, pues no se le reconoce lo suficiente, ni se le elabora con criterios comunicativos, ni los lectores acceden fácilmente a ella, ni se le da un papel protagónico en las informaciones o los medios.
Los profesionales de la infografía digital, formados a menudo en las escuelas de arte, se encuentran en el dilema de elaborar productos comunicativos precisos, sacrificando la belleza u otras formas de expresión estética. Por ello su tarea de formación es múltiple pues se han situado en una profesión muy compleja.
La infografía digital, precisamente por sus posibilidades cinéticas, puede presentarse como una de las mejores formas de mostrar o relatar la actualidad. Así permite presentaciones temáticas descriptivas, narrativas e incluso interpretativas sin más limitaciones que las propias de los grandes medios audiovisuales.
Todo parece indicar que no le ha llegado todavía su mayoría de edad y, pese a su juventud, se encuentra en el camino de constituirse en una importante forma de presentación, e incluso un género informativo de características propias, reconocidas por los lectores.
Linking carbon and water cycles using stable isotopes across scales: progress and challenges
Authors: Werner C. , Badeck F. , Brugnoli E. , Cohn B. , Cuntz M. , Dawson T. , Gessler A. , Ghashghaie J. , Grams T. E. E. , Kayler Z. , Keitel C. , Lakatos M. , Lee X. , Máguas C. , Ogée J. , Rascher K. G. , Schnyder H. , Siegwolf R. , Unger S. , Welker J. , Wingate L. , Zeeman M. J.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool for tracing biogeochemical processes in the carbon and water cycles. One particularly powerful approach is to employ multiple isotopes where the simultaneous assessment of the D/H,18O/16O and/or 13C/12C in different compounds provide a unique means to investigate the coupling of water and carbon fluxes at various temporal and spatial scales. Here, we present a research update on recent advances in our process-based understanding of the utilization of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen isotopes to lend insight into carbon and water cycling. We highlight recent technological developments and approaches, their strengths and methodological precautions with examples covering scales from minutes to centuries and from the leaf to the globe.
PHASE SELECTIVE LOCALIZATION OF FILLER IN TERNARY RUBBER BLENDS
Authors: Le H. H. , Ilisch S. , Heidenreich D. , Osswald K. , Radusch H-J.
Published: March 2011

The present work introduces a new concept based on the analysis of the rubber–filler gel for the determination of the phase selective filler localization in ternary rubber blends. Natural rubber (NR)/styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR)/ethylene–propylene rubber (EPDM) blends filled with silica were the focus of the experimental investigations. Because of the higher wetting rate of the NR component to silica, in the first stage of the preparation of SBR/NR/EPDM blends, more silica is found in the NR phase than in the SBR and EPDM phase. In the subsequent stage, silica is transferred from the NR phase to the SBR phase until the loosely bound NR-layer at the silica surface is fully replaced by SBR molecules. An extremely low amount of silica was found in the EPDM phase because of the poor EPDM–silica interaction. After a long mixing time, a large amount of silica whose surface was not yet wetted by any rubber phase could be found in the composites that can lead to fatal effects on the mechanical performance of the composites.
MICRODISPERSION OF SILICA IN TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS ABOVE THE PERCOLATION THRESHOLD BY TEM IMAGE MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Julve Daniel , Menéndez Miguel , Pérez Jorge , Ramos José
Published: March 2011

Dispersion values in rubber are usually subjective values or the result of a comparison against empirical standards. we present a method to measure the filler dispersion in rubber compounds reinforced beyond the percolation threshold. Applying this method to an actual technical formulation with high filler loading, the dispersability of different silica grades, as well as the effect of coupling agent concentration in the dispersion has been showed. To carry out the measurements, the finished rubber is sliced in very thin films and then examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Those images are processed to obtain information on the filler aggregation properties. As expected, the highly dispersible silica presents a smaller aggregate size and more contact surface with the rubber than the conventional and easily dispersible grades. In addition, increasing the amount of silane does diminish the aggregate size but with a lesser effect than that of the silica grade.
EFFECT OF BENZOTHIAZOLOYLTHIAZOLES AS SECONDARY ACCELERATORS IN THE SULFUR VULCANIZATION OF NATURAL RUBBER
Authors: Reshmy R. , Nirmal R. , Prasanthkumar S. , Thomas K. Kurien , Thomas Molice , Nair T. Muraleedharan , Sulekha A.
Published: March 2011

The vulcanization of natural rubber and a blend of natural rubber and reclaimed rubber by using binary accelerator systems containing a novel series of benzothiazoloylthiazole as secondary accelerator (SA) has been studied. These secondary accelerators were synthesized by a green chemical method under solvent-free conditions, by the irradiation of microwaves (180 W). The synergistic effect of the SA with N-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolsulfenamide as primary accelerator was studied at 150 °C. These binary systems were effective in reducing the cure time and improving the rheometric and mechanical properties. These SAs were found to be effective in reducing the cure time with a minimal amount of 0.5 phr, but commercially available SAs such as thioureas and tetramethylthiuram disulfide were reported to show reduction in cure time only by increasing the amount of SA. Mechanical properties such as hardness, abrasion loss, tensile strength, percentage strain at break, and modulus at different elongations 100, 200, and 300% were evaluated and found to be immensely improved. The improved mechanical properties were also shown to be at par with crosslink densities (1/2Mc) of different mixes.
HIGH-THROUGHPUT KINETIC STUDY OF PEROXIDE CURING OF EPDM RUBBER
Authors: Kranenburg Johannes M. , Van Duin Martin , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: March 2011

Mixing of EPDM and a peroxide curative via a solution route and subsequent curing were performed in a downscaled set-up. The resulting vulcanizates were characterized by a down-scaled hardness measurement and by Raman spectroscopy in a high-throughput experimentation compatible approach. The characterization results obtained on these vulcanizates agreed well with those obtained on corresponding vulcanizates prepared via conventional mill mixing. By indentation on vulcanizates cured for various curing times, a rheometer curve could be constructed. The conversion of the EPDM unsaturation and, thus, the extent of the addition reactions was quantified by Raman spectroscopy. Using both the indentation and the Raman data, the cross-link density resulting from combination reactions was estimated.
Mutation Analysis of the APC Gene in a Chinese FAP Pedigree with Unusual Phenotype
Authors: Chen S. , Zhou J. , Zhang X. , Zhou X. , Zhu M. , Zhang Y. , Ma G. , Li J.
Published: March 2011

Background and Aim. Germline mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene cause familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), an autosomal dominant inherited disease mainly characterized by colorectal adenomatous polyposis. Genetic studies of FAP have shown that somatic APC mutations are dependent on the position of the germline APC mutation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying these genotype-phenotype associations for APC in Chinese remain largely unknown. Patients and Methods. In this study, we investigated the APC gene mutation in a Chinese FAP family by systematic screening with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC), and DNA sequencing. Promoter methylation was detected by methylation-specific PCR. Results. The identical germline mutation c.1999 C>T (Q667X) of APC was identified in 5 affected members, among which 2 members carried somatic mutations of APC, one with promoter hypermethylation and the other with loss of wild-type allele in their adenomas. The somatic mutations were shown connected with the disease severity, demonstrating a unique genotype-phenotype association in this FAP pedigree. Conclusion. The study revealed the existence of novel pathogenic mutations in Chinese patients with FAP. Somatic mutations are of particular interest because of the unusual phenotypic features shown by patients.
An Open-Label Pilot Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Virgin Coconut Oil in Reducing Visceral Adiposity
Authors: Liau Kai Ming , Lee Yeong Yeh , Chen Chee Keong , Rasool Aida Hanum G.
Published: March 2011

Introduction. This is an open-label pilot study on four weeks of virgin coconut oil (VCO) to investigate its efficacy in weight reduction and its safety of use in 20 obese but healthy Malay volunteers. Methodology. Efficacy was assessed by measuring weight and associated anthropometric parameters and lipid profile one week before and one week after VCO intake. Safety was assessed by comparing organ function tests one week before and one week after intake of VCO. Paired t-test was used to analyse any differences in all the measurable variables. Results. Only waist circumference (WC) was significantly reduced with a mean reduction of 2.86 cm or 0.97% from initial measurement (P=.02). WC reduction was only seen in males (P<.05). There was no change in the lipid profile. There was a small reduction in creatinine and alanine transferase levels. Conclusion. VCO is efficacious for WC reduction especially in males and it is safe for use in humans.
Quantum Electrical Standards
Authors: Piquemal François
Published: March 2011

Electrical metrology entered a quantum era on 1 January 1990, the date on which the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) recommended that the quantum Hall effect (QHE) and the Josephson effect (JE) be taken as the primary standards of resistance and voltage, respectively. These phenomena link these electrical quantities directly to the Planck constanthand the elementary chargee, through the von Klitzing constantRKand the Josephson constantKJ, which are presumably equal toh/e2and 2e/h, respectively. They insure for the corresponding units, the ohm and the volt, a high level of reproducibility and a unique representation all over the world. Moreover, with the development of electromechanical systems such as a calculable capacitor or a watt balance, the use of these quantum standards allows the determination of the key constants of the quantum mechanics, such as the fine structure constant α = μ0c/(2h/e2) and the Planck constant. Similarly, the Coulomb blockade of single‐electron tunneling could be a basis for a quantum current standard whose amplitude is equal to the product of the elementary charge and a frequency. It provides the third leg of the quantum metrological triangle and makes a direct determination of the elementary charge possible. This chapter gives an overview of the quantum Hall resistance standards and the Josephson voltage standards and the prospect of new quantum standards based on the Coulomb blockade. The experiments aimed at determining the involved fundamental constants and at checking their consistency in terms of the Planck constant and the elementary charge are described and discussed.
Uncertainty
Authors: Siebert Bernd R. L. , Sommer Klaus‐Dieter
Published: March 2011

On the basis of the modern uncertainty approach represented by the “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (GUM), a first supplement to the GUM and related publications of members of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM), the chapter explains the basic ideas and provides guidance on uncertainty evaluation. The standard GUM procedure for evaluating uncertainty is explicated in detail as an appropriate method for linear or nearly linear problems. A Monte Carlo method (MCM) is introduced as the tool of choice for all problems that cannot be treated properly with that standard procedure. The procedures presented are in essence based on Bayesian probability theory. The so‐called error approach is briefly summarized in an Appendix. An extensive glossary lists the most often used symbols, acronyms, and scientific terms.
Chemical Analysis Metrology
Authors: Rubinson Kenneth A.
Published: March 2011

Measurement in chemical analysis requires at its base validation of analytical methods. Validation shows that the measurement of content is correct for a specific type of material within some limit of uncertainty, where the uncertainty is due to random variation after any bias of the measurement is removed. Analyses involve sampling, sample preparation, use of standards, and an assay method that is applied to measure the content. Statistical evaluation of the results in each step can combined to evaluate the overall validty of the measurement.
Hepatitis Viruses
Authors: Zuckerman Arie J
Published: March 2011

Viral hepatitis, characterised by inflammation of the liver and necrosis of hepatocytes, results from infection with viruses from several different families. The essentially hepatotropic viruses include a range of five different unrelated human pathogens: hepatitis A, B, C, D and E.

Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem. The World Health Organisation estimates that 1 in 12 of the human population has been infected with the hepatitis viruses. Over one‐third of the world population, some two billion people, have been infected withhepatitis B virus, and four million cases of acute hepatitis B occur every year. Reliable estimates for infection with hepatitis A, C, D and E are not available.

Hepatitis causes considerable morbidity and mortality, from both acute infection and chronic sequelae. It is estimated that there are over 350 million carriers ofhepatitis B virusworldwide, and some 250 million carriers ofhepatitis C virus.

Key Concepts:

Viral hepatitis remains a major public health problem with considerable morbidity and mortality.

Persistent infection may progress to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and primary liver cancer.

Liver cancer is the seventh most common cancer in males and the ninth most common cancer in females.

Strategies for the prevention of viral hepatitis are still evolving, for example, effective vaccines and universal immunisation.

There is an urgent need to develop vaccines against infection with hepatitis C virus and hepatitis E virus infection in some developing regions of the world.

There is an urgent need to develop and apply new and more effective antiviral drugs.

The need to implement some basic public health measures to reduce the burden of infection with the hepatitis viruses, for example, social conditions and health education.

Paid blood donations, which are known to carry a high risk of transmissible viral infections, should be prohibited by law.

It is essential that national public health authorities ensure the safety of injections, as the estimated total burden of infection due to unsafe injection practices in developing countries (WHO study, 2000) is 21 million cases of hepatitis B; 2 million cases of hepatitis C and 260 000 cases of HIV infection.

Control of viral hepatitis will lead to a highly significant improvement of health in all countries.
Cytogenetic Techniques
Authors: Hsieh Chih‐Lin
Published: March 2011

Cytogenetics is the study of the genetic material in cells at the light microscopic level, with the goal of achieving optimal resolution for chromosomes or regions of chromosomes on a macrolevel. The traditional techniques of banding allow global analysis of chromosomal structure and have wide applications in clinical diagnosis as well as research. Cytogenetic techniques are gaining in power and usefulness with the development of new detection methods utilising computer technology and molecular tools in the past two decades. The availability of molecular tools has expanded the resolution and capability of cytogenetic analysis. With discovery of genetic changes in various genetic disorders and cancers in the recent years, new developments in molecular cytogenetics provide high‐resolution view of specific genomic regions and facilitate rapid clinical diagnosis.

Key Concepts:

Conventional cytogenetic techniques apply to the examination of metaphase chromosomes and provide a survey of the global integrity of genetic material in proliferating cells.

Molecular cytogenetic techniques facilitate focal analysis of genomic alternations in both dividing and nondividing cells.

The conventional and the molecular cytogenetic techniques complement each other to achieve a more complete analysis of the genome, and cannot replace each other at present time.
Factor V Leiden
Authors: Dahlbäck Björn
Published: March 2011

Factor V (FV) Leiden is the most common genetic risk factor for venous thrombosis in western societies. It is caused by a single point mutation in the coagulation factor V gene (

F5

), which results in the replacement of arginine at position 506 with a glutamine. Arginine 506 constitutes one of three cleavage sites in FV for the anticoagulant activated protein C (APC) and FV Leiden is resistant to APC cleavage at this site. This causes an imbalance between pro‐ and anticoagulant forces and as a result a lifelong hypercoagulable state that increases the risk of venous thrombosis. The FV Leiden mutation is the result of a single mutation event that is estimated to have occurred around 25000 years ago in a Caucasian ancestor. The prevalence of the mutation varies between zero and 15% in different ethnic populations.

Key Concepts:

Blood coagulation is controlled by anticoagulant pathways.

Venous thrombosis is a multifactorial disease.

Multiple genetic factors contributes to the risk of venous thrombosis.

Protein C, protein S, TFPI (tissue factor pathway inhibitor) and antithrombin are the main anticoagulant proteins in plasma.

Factor V is an important blood coagulation protein, which after its activation by thrombin functions as cofactor to factor Xa in the activation of prothrombin.

Factor V can be both pro‐ and anticoagulant.

APC resistance caused by a single factor V gene (f5) mutation is the most common genetic risk factor.

Factor V Leiden is the result of a single mutation event that took place around 20–25000 years ago.

Factor V Leiden is mainly present in Caucasians.

The Factor V Leiden mutation results in the replacement of Arg506 with a Gln.

One of the APC (activated protein C) cleavage sites in FV (at Arg506) is lost because of the Factor Leiden mutation.
Crystallins
Authors: de Jong Wilfried W , Lubsen Nicolette H
Published: March 2011

‘Crystallins’ are defined as the abundant water soluble proteins of the eye lens. The α‐, β‐ and
γ‐crystallins
are found in all vertebrate lenses, including those of the lamprey, and must have been recruited as lens proteins in the ancestral vertebrate. The two
α‐crystallins
are members of the small heat‐shock protein family. The six
β‐crystallins
and the eight (depending on species)
γ‐crystallins
are closely related in structure and probably evolved by gene duplication and fusion from a common ancestor. Expression of the ubiquitous crystallins is limited to the lens, with the exception of
αB‐crystallin
, which abounds in brain and muscle and is stress inducible. Additional and unrelated types of crystallins are phylogenetically restricted. These crystallins are identical to housekeeping proteins and usually encoded by the same genes.

Key Concepts:

Lens proteins must last the lifetime of the organism and must be highly stable.

The β‐ and γ‐crystallin gene families originated in the ancestral vertebrate.

The exact protein composition of a lens determines the optical properties and changes with an organism's habitat.
Neuroblastoma
Authors: Lau Loretta MS , Irwin Meredith S
Published: March 2011

Neuroblastoma, the third most common childhood tumour, originates from the sympathetic nervous system. Neuroblastoma is well known for its diverse clinical behaviour, ranging from spontaneous regression or maturation to aggressive metastatic disease. Neuroblastoma biology is complex and heterogeneous. The identification of genetic changes (
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) ploidy,

MYCN

amplification and aberrations of chromosome 1p, 11q and 17q) and clinical variables (e.g. age and stage) that are highly predictive of outcome has facilitated stratification of patients into prognostic subsets and delivery of risk‐adapted therapies. However, the key events that govern neuroblastoma initiation, differentiation or progression remain elusive. To date, no single oncogene or tumour suppressor gene has been identified in the majority of neuroblastoma tumours. Furthermore, despite recent improvements with the addition of immunotherapy the survival for high‐risk neuroblastoma patients remains low and will require identification of novel therapeutic targets. The ultimate goal is to provide individualised assessment and therapy based on both the genetic variables of the patient as well as the tumour.

Key Concepts:

Neuroblastoma has diverse clinical behaviour and heterogeneous biology.

Amplification of the
MYCN
gene in neuroblastoma is prototypic for recurrent amplification of a proto‐oncogene in human cancers.

Both germline and somatic
ALK
mutations are present in neuroblastoma.

Specific genetic changes, such as MYCN amplification, or loss of heterozygosity of 1p or 11q are highly predictive of poor prognosis.

Neuroblastoma treatment involves risk‐adapted therapy, where patients are stratified into risk groups based on both clinical variables and tumour biology and the goal of current treatment strategies is to use these prognostic factors to decrease the intensity of therapy delivered to low and intermediate risk patients.

The current International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) Staging System utilises age, disease stage, tumour histology,
MYCN
status, DNA ploidy, aberrations of chromosome 11p to assign pre‐treatment risk groups.

DNA copy number alterations of primary tumours allow the identification of two subgroups: (1) whole chromosome gains that result in hyperdiploidy are usually present in favourable prognosis tumours and (2) segmental chromosomal aberrations (e.g. MYCN amplification) are usually associated with poor prognosis tumours.

Immunotherapy with anti‐GD2 antibody and cytokines following stem cell transplant has led to the first major improvement in survival for patients with high‐risk neuroblastoma in the past two decades.
Proteorhodopsin
Authors: Miyake Sou , Stingl Ulrich
Published: March 2011

The membrane‐bound protein Proteorhodopsin (PR) is a simple light‐dependent proton pump. The single gene that encodes PR was detected in 2000 on genomic fragments of heterotrophic marine bacteria. Over the following years, researchers realised that the majority of bacteria in the photic zone (where light is present) of nearly all oceanic water bodies possess this protein. The high abundance of closely related PR genes in only distantly related bacteria is very likely due to frequent lateral gene transfer. Experiments with PR‐containing pure cultures did not show uniform results on improved growth upon illumination, indicating a functional diversity that probably depends on environmental nutrient conditions. In most cases, PR will help bacteria to produce additional energy without the need of oxidising organic carbon. This energy can be used to grow better, move faster or survive longer during starvation periods.

Key Concepts:

Most marine bacteria in surface waters contain proteorhodopsin, a protein that is closely related to other rhodopsins of Archaea and Eukarya.

Proteorhodopsin is a light‐dependent proton pump.

The huge phylogenetic diversity of PRs in the environment might reflect to some degree a functional diversity as well.

Environmental conditions have an impact on the function of PR for the residing bacteria.

The activity of PR can result in enhanced growth, faster movement or extended starvation survival.

The simplicity of the PR photosystem makes it an interesting target for biotechnological exploitation.
Micro
RNAs
in Cancer
Authors: Munker Reinhold , Calin George A
Published: March 2011

Initially considered an epiphenomenon, micro
ribonucleic acids
(also called miRNAs) and other small noncoding RNA molecules are now considered major players in cell biology. MiRNAs regulate gene expression through effects on translation, transcription and chromatin modification. Multiple miRNAs are dysregulated in human cancer and affect the proliferation and apoptosis, metastatic behaviour, invasiveness and phenotype of cancer cells. Virtually every cell type and cancer have a particular expression pattern of miRNA expression. This miRNA profile permits to classify cancer and often gives prognostic information. Profiling based on miRNAs may be more specific and robust than profiling based on mRNAs. MiRNAs can be studied in virtually all tissues including plasma. More work is necessary, but miRNAs have already improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of cancer and appear promising for diagnostic purposes as biomarkers and for the development of new genetic treatments.

Key Concepts:

MicroRNAs regulate gene expression.

MicroRNAs are important in the pathogenesis and progression of human cancer.

MicroRNAs can function as tumour suppressors and as tumour promoters (oncomirs).

MicroRNAs can serve as biomarkers for cancer and may become useful for the treatment of cancer.
Automated Protein Production Technologies
Authors: Owens Raymond J , Diprose Jonathan
Published: March 2011

The automation of recombinant protein production enables the rapid and parallel processing of multiple products. Laboratory robotic systems have been developed that deliver a range of automated protein production technologies, including expression screening in both cell‐based and cell‐free systems. Liquid handling robotics are routinely used in the small‐scale purification of proteins in parallel based on affinity capture methods typically on metal chelating matrices. Multidimensional chromatography has also been automated enabling complex protein purification strategies to be carried out with little manual intervention. The increasing use of cell‐based assays in discovery projects has driven the development of dedicated robotic systems for handling the culture of mammalian cells. Critical to the successful implementation of laboratory automation is the development of an information management system to ensure the recording of data and tracking of samples generated during the process of protein production.

Key Concepts:

The automation of recombinant protein production enables the rapid and parallel processing of multiple products.

Automation can be beneficial in both cost and reproducibility.

The automation of liquid handling tasks involving either cells, nucleic acids or protein samples is central to all laboratory robotic systems.

Using modular robotics enables workflow changes to be introduced without the need to rebuild a complete system.

Managing the increased volume of data arising from automation can be a problem in its own right.

The biggest benefits come from integrating automated systems with electronic Laboratory Information Management Systems.

Analysis of the large datasets collected can lead to tools that predict how an untested protein will behave.
Friction Ridge Examination:
ACE
‐
V
Documentation
Authors: Maceo Alice
Published: March 2011

Documentation of ACE‐V during the examination of friction ridge evidence serves many purposes. Documentation permits the case analyst to recall the information relied upon during the examination process (anatomical source, distal orientation, search parameters, target data, corresponding detail, distortion concerns, etc.); it permits a reviewing analyst to assess the interpretation of the friction ridge detail by the case analyst; it provides the courts with a demonstrable basis for conclusions; and it provides management a tool to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the analysts. Documentation extends beyond charted images and includes documented protocols regarding ACE‐V by management. Greater transparency further enables the quality system in a latent print unit to detect, correct, and prevent errors
Mass Spectrometry and Gas‐Phase Ion Chemistry of Organomanganese Complexes
Authors: Palii Sergiu P. , Zagorevskii Dmitri V.
Published: March 2011

This review (782 references) represents an exhaustive up‐to‐date survey of literature on mass spectrometry and gas‐phase ion chemistry of organomanganese complexes. Fundamental physico‐chemical characteristics of organomanganese ionic species, as well as the gas‐phase reactions resulting in the dissociation or formation of manganese‐carbon bond(s) are examined. Circa 300 examples of ion/molecule reactions characterizing the reactivity of Mn+, positively or negatively charged manganese clusters, as well as neutrals, cations and anions of various Mn‐containing species (including coordinatively unsaturated ones) are summarized. A variety of studies involving tandem mass spectrometry, neutralization‐reionization mass spectrometry, collision‐induced dissociation, multiple‐photon dissociation, IRMPD spectroscopy and theoretical calculations for organomanganese ion structure characterization are discussed. Additionally, analytical applications of mass spectrometric techniques to the characterization of compounds containing a MnC bond are reviewed. These include a number of relatively simple mononuclear complexes, polynuclear clusters, complexes incorporating organometallic units bridged with organic fragment(s), bifunctional compounds containing organometallic and classical Werner‐type coordination sites, fullerenes or planar polyaromatic hydrocarbons with an organomanganese fragment attached to them, manganospiralenes, manganoscorpionates, supramolecular entities, cymantrene‐peptide bioconjugates, etc.
Arterial Pressure Monitoring in Mice
Authors: Zhao Xin , Ho David , Gao Shumin , Hong Chull , Vatner Dorothy E. , Vatner Stephen F.
Published: March 2011

The use of mice for the evaluation and study of cardiovascular pathophysiology is growing rapidly, primarily due to the relative ease of developing genetically engineered mouse models. Arterial pressure monitoring is central to the evaluation of the phenotypic changes associated with cardiovascular pathology and interventions in these transgenic and knockout models. There are four major techniques for measuring arterial pressure in the mouse: tail‐cuff system, implanted fluid‐filled catheters, Millar catheters, and implanted telemetry systems. Here we provide protocols for their use and discuss the advantages and limitations of each of these techniques. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:105‐122. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mouse Strains and Genetic Nomenclature
Authors: Guénet Jean‐Louis , Benavides Fernando J.
Published: March 2011

In this article we describe the main characteristics and peculiarities of the different strains and stocks of laboratory animals from the genetic point of view. We explain how they are produced and maintained as well as their advantages and disadvantages in the context of animal experiments. We also provide some guidance to make the best possible choice when establishing an experimental protocol.Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:213‐238. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dynamics of Polar Surfaces on Ceria Nanoparticles Observed In Situ with Single‐Atom Resolution
Authors: Möbus Günter , Saghi Zineb , Sayle Dean C. , Bhatta Umananda M. , Stringfellow Andrew , Sayle Thi X.T.
Published: March 2011

Atomic hopping processes on ceria nanoparticle surfaces are observed by in situ phase contrast high‐resolution electron microscopy with an aberration‐corrected imaging lens. It is shown that single‐atom resolution is possible, and single‐atom dynamics for cerium are observable. Discrete changes in contrast and discrete positional changes of contrast maxima can be safely interpreted as visual fingerprints of atomic displacements. Both single‐atom movements and spontaneous sequential relocations of entire atomic rows are observed. Exclusive occurence of the effect on {100} type facets indicates polar dipole field mediated atomic rearrangements, while {111} facets are found to be stable. Molecular modelling confirms that the relocations follow genuine pathways involving partially occupied oxygen‐terminated surfaces, by means of temperature induced fluctuations. A series of images tracks the detailed atomic motions over a time of 120 s and quantifies the ratio of reversible atom hopping versus atom ablation.
Magnetochromatic Microcapsule Arrays for Displays
Authors: Zhu Cun , Xu Wenyu , Chen Liangshui , Zhang Wendong , Xu Hua , Gu Zhong‐Ze
Published: March 2011

An approach to construct displays based on magnetochromatic microcapsules with narrow size distribution has been proposed. These magnetochromatic microcapsules are fabricated by a microfluidic technology. The shell layer of the obtained microcapsule is composed of transparent photocurable ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA) resin while the core is formed by the aqueous droplet containing monodisperse magnetic nanospheres. The capsule size, shell thickness, and morphology can be easily controlled by the flow rates during the fabrication. In the multipixel array formed by these microcapsules, each microcapsule acts as an individual display unit. The nanospheres in the core droplet can be influenced by an external magnetic field, forming ordered structures which determine light diffraction; therefore, various distinct colors are observed according to the intensity of the external magnetic field. These microcapsules have the advantage of long time stability, viewing angle independence, and dynamic tunable optics.
The Actual Active Species of Sulfur‐Modified Gold‐Supported Palladium as a Highly Effective Palladium Reservoir in the Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling
Authors: Hoshiya Naoyuki , Shuto Satoshi , Arisawa Mitsuhiro
Published: March 2011

The actual active species of the recently developed sulfur‐modified, gold‐supported palladium material, S‐modified Au‐supported Pd (SAPd), with one of the lowest Pd‐releasing levels and high recyclability in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling, was investigated. Also, SAPd was found to work repeatedly as an excellent Pd reservoir for liquid‐phase combinatorial synthesis.
Base‐Catalyzed Cascade 1,3‐H Shift/Cyclization Reaction to Construct Polyaromatic Furans
Authors: Wang Ya‐Hui , Liu Heng , Zhu Li‐Li , Li Xiao‐Xiao , Chen Zili
Published: March 2011

A convenient new method was developed to prepare unfused polyaromatic furan derivatives from diynyl‐1,6‐diols through a novel base‐catalyzed cascade 1,3‐H shift/cyclization process. Deuterium experiments were performed to determine that the 1,3‐H shift was the rate‐determining step.
Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2010 revision
Authors: Warman Matthew L. , Cormier‐Daire Valerie , Hall Christine , Krakow Deborah , Lachman Ralph , LeMerrer Martine , Mortier Geert , Mundlos Stefan , Nishimura Gen , Rimoin David L. , Robertson Stephen , Savarirayan Ravi , Sillence David , Spranger Juergen , Unger Sheila , Zabel Bernhard , Superti‐Furga Andrea
Published: March 2011

Genetic disorders involving the skeletal system arise through disturbances in the complex processes of skeletal development, growth and homeostasis and remain a diagnostic challenge because of their variety. The Nosology and Classification of Genetic Skeletal Disorders provides an overview of recognized diagnostic entities and groups them by clinical and radiographic features and molecular pathogenesis. The aim is to provide the Genetics, Pediatrics and Radiology community with a list of recognized genetic skeletal disorders that can be of help in the diagnosis of individual cases, in the delineation of novel disorders, and in building bridges between clinicians and scientists interested in skeletal biology. In the 2010 revision, 456 conditions were included and placed in 40 groups defined by molecular, biochemical, and/or radiographic criteria. Of these conditions, 316 were associated with mutations in one or more of 226 different genes, ranging from common, recurrent mutations to “private” found in single families or individuals. Thus, the Nosology is a hybrid between a list of clinically defined disorders, waiting for molecular clarification, and an annotated database documenting the phenotypic spectrum produced by mutations in a given gene. The Nosology should be useful for the diagnosis of patients with genetic skeletal diseases, particularly in view of the information flood expected with the novel sequencing technologies; in the delineation of clinical entities and novel disorders, by providing an overview of established nosologic entities; and for scientists looking for the clinical correlates of genes, proteins and pathways involved in skeletal biology. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cushing syndrome secondary to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion
Authors: Ejaz Shamim , Vassilopoulou‐Sellin Rena , Busaidy Naifa L. , Hu Mimi I. , Waguespack Steven G. , Jimenez Camilo , Ying Anita K. , Cabanillas Maria , Abbara Maher , Habra Mouhammed Amir
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND:

Cushing syndrome (CS) secondary to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion (EAS) has been described in association with a variety of tumors. The current experience with this syndrome was based on a few case series and individual case reports. Limited data were available about the tumors associated with CS‐EAS in a cancer center setting. In this report, the authors have described their experience with CS‐EAS at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center to further enhance the current understanding and management of this syndrome.

METHODS:

This was a retrospective review of 43 patients with CS‐EAS who were diagnosed between 1979 and 2009 at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.

RESULTS:

Different neuroendocrine tumors were associated with CS‐EAS. Twenty‐one patients (48.9%) had tumors located in the chest cavity, with bronchial carcinoid and small cell lung cancer representing the 2 most common causes. The ACTH source remained occult in 4 patients (9.3%) despite extensive workup. Clinical presentation varied, and the classic features of CS were not evident in some patients. Death occurred in 27 patients (62.8%), and the median overall survival was 32.2 months. Major morbidities included new‐onset or worsening hyperglycemia (77%), symptomatic venous thromboembolism (14%), and infections (23%).

CONCLUSIONS:

In patients with CS‐EAS who attended a comprehensive cancer center, tumors originating in the chest cavity were the leading tumors associated with this syndrome. The authors suspect that CS‐EAS is under reported because of the atypical presentation in some patients. Thus, they suggest careful evaluation of patients with neuroendocrine tumors to avoid missing coexisting CS‐EAS. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Higher rate of BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer over time
Authors: Mathur Aarti , Moses Willeford , Rahbari Reza , Khanafshar Elham , Duh Quan‐Yang , Clark Orlo , Kebebew Electron
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND:

The incidence of thyroid cancer has doubled over the past decade. The reason for this dramatic increase in incidence is controversial. Some investigators have suggested that the increased incidence is because of increased detection of small primary tumors as a result of diagnostic scrutiny. Conversely, some investigators have demonstrated an increased incidence across all tumor sizes, suggesting that other factors may play a role. This study was undertaken to investigate the clinical, pathologic, and molecular changes present in papillary thyroid cancer over a 15‐year period during which the incidence of papillary thyroid cancer doubled.

METHODS:

A total of 628 patients with conventional papillary thyroid cancer and 228 tumor samples from a single institution were analyzed from 1991 to 2005. Time‐trend analyses of demographic, clinical, pathologic, and tumor genotype were performed over three 5‐year time periods: group I (1991‐1995), group II (1996‐2000), and group III (2001‐2005).

RESULTS:

The authors found no differences in age, sex, ethnicity, primary tumor size, rate of extrathyroidal invasion, or overall TNM cancer stage among the 3 time groups. The rate of BRAF V600E mutation was significantly higher in group III (88% BRAF V600E positive) as compared with groups I and II (51% and 43%, respectively) (P < .001). The rate of all the common somatic mutations was also significantly higher in group III (92% positive) as compared with groups I and II (68% and 64%, respectively) (P < .002).

CONCLUSIONS:

The rate of BRAF V600E mutation increased significantly over a 15‐year period at the authors' institution. The findings suggest that a higher rate of BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer may contribute to the increasing incidence of thyroid cancer. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Circular Dichroism of a Finite Number of Identical Chromophores in a Helical Arrangement
Authors: Dick Bernhard
Published: March 2011

Compact expressions to calculate the transition energies, absorption line strengths, and rotational line strengths of circular dichroism for the excitonic states in a helical arrangement of N identical chromophores are presented. The absorption spectrum A(ν) and the CD spectrum C(ν) are given in terms of the same function G(ν,α) as ${A\left( \nu \right) = a_1 G\left( {\nu ,0} \right) + a_2 G\left( {\nu ,\alpha } \right)}$, ${C\left( \nu \right) = \left( {s_1 - s_2 } \right)G\left( {\nu ,0} \right) + s_2 G\left( {\nu ,\alpha } \right) + s_3 {d \over {d\alpha }}G\left( {\nu ,\alpha } \right)}$. The function G(ν,α) depends only on the helical angle α and the number N of interacting chromophores. An analytical expression can be given when only next‐neighbor interactions are considered. All other structural parameters of the system (e.g. orientation of transition dipoles and the translation vector of the helix) enter only into the prefactors aj and sj.
High CD133 expression levels in gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Authors: Bozzi Fabio , Conca Elena , Manenti Giacomo , Negri Tiziana , Brich Silvia , Gronchi Alessandro , Pierotti Marco A. , Tamborini Elena , Pilotti Silvana
Published: March 2011

Background:

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) have activating KIT or PDGFRA gene mutations. Imatinib mesylate, which targets KIT and PDGFRA, is effective in treating GISTs, but 90% of GIST patients become imatinib‐resistant as a result of acquiring secondary KIT mutations. Recent findings suggest that tumour growth can be driven by mutated self‐renewing progenitors known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are believed to be present in all neoplastic proliferations and are thought to accumulate mutations. It is therefore possible that the acquisition of secondary KIT mutations during imatinib treatment may occur in putative GIST CSCs.

Methods:

Using flow cytometry, in vivo murine xenografts and molecular characterization, we tried to identify putative GIST CSCs by looking for the occurrence of common CSC markers such as KIT, CD133, CD90, CD44, and CD34 in 18 surgical samples obtained from nine untreated and nine imatinib‐treated KIT‐mutated GIST patients.

Results:

The results indicated the homogeneous and previously unreported expression of CD133 (18/18), CD90 (15/16), and CD44 (12/14), together with KIT (18/18) and CD34 (13/18). This profile is similar to that identified in bone marrow mesenchymal progenitors and does not seem to be significantly modified by imatinib as only marginal changes in KIT and CD133 expression (P ≤0.05, Mann‐Whitney test) were found in the treated samples.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that GISTs are a clonal expansion of quite primitive cells that strictly depend on KIT oncogenic addiction, and have no cancer/stem cell component that can be detected by means of the antigens used in this study. © 2011 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Immunophenotypic signatures of benign and dysplastic granulopoiesis by cytomic profiling
Authors: Finn William G. , Harrington Alexandra M. , Carter Kevin M. , Raich Raviv , Kroft Steven H. , Hero Alfred O.
Published: March 2011

Background:

The role of flow cytometry (FCM) in diagnosing myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) remains controversial, because analysis of myeloid maturation may involve subjective interpretation of sometimes subtle patterns on multiparameter FCM.

Methods:

Using six‐parameter marker combinations known to be useful in evaluating the myeloid compartment in MDS, we measured objective immunophenotypic differences between non‐neoplastic (n = 25) and dysplastic (n = 17) granulopoiesis using a novel method, called Fisher information nonparametric embedding (FINE), that measures information distances among FCM datasets modeled as individual high‐dimensional probability density functions, rather than as sets of two‐dimensional histograms. Information‐preserving component analysis (IPCA) was used to create information‐optimized “rotated” two‐dimensional histograms for visualizing myelopoietic immunophenotypes for each individual sample.

Results:

There was a consistent trend of segregation of higher‐grade MDS (RAEB and RCMD) from benign by FINE analysis. This difference was accentuated in cases with morphologic dysgranulopoiesis and in cases with clonal cytogenetic abnormalities. However, lower grades of MDS or cases that lacked morphologic dysgranulopoiesis showed much greater overlap with non‐neoplastic cases. Two cases of reactive left shift were consistently embedded within the higher‐grade MDS group. IPCA yielded two‐dimensional histogram projections for each individual case by relative weighting of measured cellular characteristics, optimized for preserving information distances derived through FINE.

Conclusions:

Objective analysis by information geometry supports the conclusions of previous studies that there are immunophenotypic differences in the maturation patterns of benign granulopoiesis and high grade MDS, but also reinforces the known pitfalls of overlap between low‐grade MDS and benign granulopoiesis and overlap between reactive granulocytic left shifts and dysplastic granulopoiesis. © 2011 International Clinical Cytometry Society