bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions Among the Institutionalized Elderly Population in Lebanon
Authors: Choufani Antoine , Folliguet Marysette , Chahine Nathalie , Rammal Sahar , Doumit Mounir
Published: June 2020

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and risk factors among the institutionalized elderly Lebanese population. A representative sample of 526 individuals (49% males and 61% females) aged 65 years and above was examined. A questionnaire and clinical examination were administered. Bivariate and multivariate regressions were carried out. The frequency of oral mucosal lesions was 22.8% and it was associated to the use, integrity ( p < .002), and hygiene level ( p < .047) of removable mandibular and maxillary prosthesis. Multiple regression analysis also predicted the relationship between the mandibular prosthesis hygiene level and the occurrence of mucosal lesions. The factors controlling the occurrence of oral mucosal lesion were mainly related to the level of oral care given to the individuals. Therefore, a proper oral health care system should be implemented in the Lebanese residential homes to ensure the well-being of the residing population.
Z V. State of Bihar: Reproductive Autonomy and State Liability
Authors: Satish Mrinal
Published: June 2020

In this case note, I analyse the judgement of the Supreme Court of India in Z v. State of Bihar. I focus on the important contribution that the case makes in the context of reproductive health rights of women, and in particular, victims of rape. I argue that the case provides a foundation for further development of the law on various issues of reproductive rights and compensation jurisprudence for state failures in guaranteeing statutory and constitutional rights of women, including victims of rape. I further argue that the case also provides a framework for adjudication of cases in the criminal justice system, which involve pregnant women.
Correction to: Leukemia inhibitory factor inhibits erythropoietin-induced myelin gene expression in oligodendrocytes
Authors: Gyetvai Georgina , Roe Cieron , Heikal Lamia , Ghezzi Pietro , Mengozzi Manuela
Published: June 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
Combined high-intensity interval training and green tea supplementation enhance metabolic and antioxidant status in response to acute exercise in overweight women
Authors: Ghasemi Elham , Afzalpour Mohammad Esmaeil , Nayebifar Shila
Published: June 2020

Thirty sedentary overweight women were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10), including HIIT + green tea, HIIT + placebo and green tea. The training program included 3 sessions/week HIIT while the supplement consuming groups took 3 * 500 mg of green tea tablets/day for 10 weeks. Results indicated that 10 weeks of HIIT and green tea meaningfully pronounced baseline serum levels of SIRT1 (P ≤ 0.0001), PGC-1α (P ≤ 0.0001) and CAT (P ≤ 0.0001). In addition, significant increase was observed in three indicators in HIIT + green tea group in comparison with two other research groups. Further, the responses of SIRT1 (P ≤ 0.01) and CAT (P ≤ 0.002) increased significantly to second acute exercise in all three groups. The combination of HIIT and green tea consumption may induce increasing SIRT1 and CAT in response to acute exercise and can improve antioxidant system, body composition and VO2 max results rather than green tea and training alone, in young sedentary overweight women.
Mental health and smoking cessation—a population survey in England
Authors: Brose Leonie S. , Brown Jamie , McNeill Ann
Published: June 2020

Background

To reduce inequalities between individuals with and without mental health problems, a better understanding is required of triggers and success of quit attempts among the third of smokers with mental health problems. The aim was to assess whether there are differences by mental health status in (i) triggers for quit attempts, (ii) use of evidence-based support (iii) and quit success.

Methods

Monthly cross-sectional household surveys of representative samples of the adult population in England. In 2016/2017, 40,831 adults were surveyed; 1956 who had attempted to stop smoking cigarettes in the past year were included. Logistic regressions assessed associations between mental health (ever diagnosis, past-year treatment, past-month distress), triggers, support used and quit success, adjusting for sociodemographic and smoking characteristics.

Results

Concern about future health, current health problems and expense of smoking were the most common triggers overall. For respondents with an ever diagnosis, past-year treatment or serious past-month distress, quit attempts were more frequently triggered by current health problems. Non-evidence-based support and e-cigarettes were used most often, and this did not differ by mental health status. Respondents with an ever diagnosis and moderate or serious distress were less likely to have used non-prescription nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Respondents with past-year treatment or serious distress were more likely to have used prescription medication/behavioural support. Quit success did not differ by mental health status. Compared with non-evidence-based support, non-prescription NRT conferred no benefit. There was some evidence that prescription medication/behavioural support was beneficial (depending on outcome and adjustment, ORs ranged from 1.46, 95% CI 0.92–2.31, to 1.69, 1.01–2.86). E-cigarettes were associated with higher success rates after adjustment for different indicators of mental health (ORs ranged from 2.21, 1.64–2.98, to 2.25, 1.59–3.18).

Conclusions

Smokers with mental health problems were more likely to have attempted to quit because of health problems and were more likely to have used gold standard support (medication and behavioural support) than other smokers. E-cigarettes were strongly associated with increased success and were used similarly by those with and without mental health problems, indicating that improved uptake of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation among smokers with mental health problems could help address inequalities.
COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study with focus on the over-80s and hospital-onset disease
Authors: Brill Simon E. , Jarvis Hannah C. , Ozcan Ezgi , Burns Thomas L. P. , Warraich Rabia A. , Amani Lisa J. , Jaffer Amina , Paget Stephanie , Sivaramakrishnan Anand , Creer Dean D.
Published: June 2020

Background

Data from the UK COVID-19 outbreak are emerging, and there are ongoing concerns about a disproportionate effect on ethnic minorities. There is very limited information on COVID-19 in the over-80s, and the rates of hospital-onset infections are unknown.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study from electronic case records of the first 450 patients admitted to our hospital with PCR-confirmed COVID-19, 77% of the total inpatient caseload to date. Demographic, clinical and biochemical data were extracted. The primary endpoint was death during the index hospital admission. The characteristics of all patients, those over 80 years of age and those with hospital-onset COVID-19 were examined.

Results

The median (IQR) age was 72 (56, 83), with 150 (33%) over 80 years old and 60% male. Presenting clinical and biochemical features were consistent with those reported elsewhere. The ethnic breakdown of patients admitted was similar to that of our underlying local population. Inpatient mortality was high at 38%.

Patients over 80 presented earlier in their disease course and were significantly less likely to present with the typical features of cough, breathlessness and fever. Cardiac co-morbidity and markers of cardiac dysfunction were more common, but not those of bacterial infection. Mortality was significantly higher in this group (60% vs 28%, p < 0.001). Thirty-one (7%) patients acquired COVID-19 having continuously been in hospital for a median of 20 (14, 36) days. The peak of hospital-onset infections occurred at the same time as the overall peak of admitted infections. Despite being older and more frail than those with community-onset infection, their outcomes were no worse.

Conclusions

Inpatient mortality was high, especially among the over-80s, who are more likely to present atypically. The ethnic composition of our caseload was similar to the underlying population. While a significant number of patients acquired COVID-19 while already in hospital, their outcomes were no worse.
Lower or higher HDL-C levels are associated with cardiovascular events in the general population in rural China
Authors: Yu Shasha , Guo Xiaofan , Li Guang Xiao , Yang Hongmei , Zheng Liqiang , Sun Yingxian
Published: June 2020

Background

The present study aims to estimate whether high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is correlated with cardiovascular events (CVEs) and cardiovascular mortality (CVM) in a large sample of the general population in rural areas of China.

Methods

Adult participants (n = 10,266, age = 53.79 ± 10.49 years; 46.5% men) were enrolled from the Northeast China Rural Cardiovascular Health Study (NCRCHS). Laboratory testing, blood pressure, weight, height, and questionnaires about socioeconomic status were collected.

Results

In all, 585 nonfatal or fatal CVEs and 212 cardiovascular deaths were documented during a 4.66-year follow-up. Compared to the reference groups (HDL-C between 1.5 and 1.99 mmol/L), either lower or higher levels of HDL-C were correlated with an increased incidence of CVEs but not CVM [hazard ratio (HR) the lowest = 1.369, 95% confidence interval, 1.007–1.861; HR the highest = 1.044, 0.509–2.231]. Elevated CVM was seen in the lowest HDL-C category (1.840; 1.121–3.021).

Conclusions

Lower or higher HDL-C was associated with a higher incidence of CVEs but not CVM in the general population of rural China. Perhaps if an appropriate level of HDL-C is maintained, CVEs can be effectively prevented.
Wnt-driven LARGE2 mediates laminin-adhesive O-glycosylation in human colonic epithelial cells and colorectal cancer
Authors: Dietinger Vanessa , García de Durango Cira R. , Wiechmann Svenja , Boos Sophie L. , Michl Marlies , Neumann Jens , Hermeking Heiko , Kuster Bernhard , Jung Peter
Published: June 2020

Background

Wnt signaling drives epithelial self-renewal and disease progression in human colonic epithelium and colorectal cancer (CRC). Characterization of Wnt effector pathways is key for our understanding of these processes and for developing therapeutic strategies that aim to preserve tissue homeostasis. O-glycosylated cell surface proteins, such as α-dystroglycan (α-DG), mediate cellular adhesion to extracellular matrix components. We revealed a Wnt/LARGE2/α-DG signaling pathway which triggers this mode of colonic epithelial cell-to-matrix interaction in health and disease.

Methods

Next generation sequencing upon shRNA-mediated silencing of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (qChIP) combined with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated transcription factor binding site targeting characterized LARGE2 as a Wnt target gene. Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis on size-fractionated, glycoprotein-enriched samples revealed functional O-glycosylation of α-DG by LARGE2 in CRC. The biology of Wnt/LARGE2/α-DG signaling was assessed by affinity-based glycoprotein enrichment, laminin overlay, CRC-to-endothelial cell adhesion, and transwell migration assays. Experiments on primary tissue, human colonic (tumor) organoids, and bioinformatic analysis of CRC cohort data confirmed the biological relevance of our findings.

Results

Next generation sequencing identified the LARGE2 O-glycosyltransferase encoding gene as differentially expressed upon Wnt activation in CRC. Silencing of APC, conditional expression of oncogenic β-catenin and endogenous β-catenin-sequestration affected LARGE2 expression. The first intron of LARGE2 contained a CTTTGATC motif essential for Wnt-driven LARGE2 expression, showed occupation by the Wnt transcription factor TCF7L2, and Wnt activation triggered LARGE2-dependent α-DG O-glycosylation and laminin-adhesion in CRC cells. Colonic crypts and organoids expressed LARGE2 mainly in stem cell-enriched subpopulations. In human adenoma organoids, activity of the LARGE2/α-DG axis was Wnt-dose dependent. LARGE2 expression was elevated in CRC and correlated with the Wnt-driven molecular subtype and intestinal stem cell features. O-glycosylated α-DG represented a Wnt/LARGE2-dependent feature in CRC cell lines and patient-derived tumor organoids. Modulation of LARGE2/α-DG signaling affected CRC cell migration through laminin-coated membranes and adhesion to endothelial cells.

Conclusions

We conclude that the LARGE2 O-glycosyltransferase-encoding gene represents a direct target of canonical Wnt signaling and mediates functional O-glycosylation of α-dystroglycan (α-DG) in human colonic stem/progenitor cells and Wnt-driven CRC. Our work implies that aberrant Wnt activation augments CRC cell-matrix adhesion by increasing LARGE/α-DG-mediated laminin-adhesiveness.

Graphical abstract
Simulation of human gait with body weight support: benchmarking models and unloading strategies
Authors: Apte Salil , Plooij Michiel , Vallery Heike
Published: June 2020

Background

Gait training with partial body weight support (BWS) has become an established rehabilitation technique. Besides passive unloading mechanisms such as springs or counterweights, also active systems that allow rendering constant or modulated vertical forces have been proposed. However, only pilot studies have been conducted to compare different unloading or modulation strategies, and conducting experimental studies is costly and time-consuming. Simulation models that predict the influence of unloading force on human walking may help select the most promising candidates for further evaluation. However, the reliability of simulation results depends on the chosen gait model. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: First, using human experimental data, we evaluate the accuracy of some of the most prevalent walking models in replicating human walking under the influence of Constant-Force BWS: The Simplest Walking model (SW), the Spring-Loaded Inverted Pendulum model (SLIP) and the Muscle-Reflex (MR) gait model. Second, three realizations of BWS, based on Constant-Force (CF), Counterweight (CW) and Tuned-Spring (TS) approaches, are compared to each other in terms of their influence on gait parameters.

Methods

We conducted simulations in Matlab/Simulink to model the behaviour of each gait model under all three BWS conditions. Nine simulations were undertaken in total and gait parameter response was analysed in each case. Root mean square error (mrmse) w.r.t human data was used to compare the accuracy of gait models. The metrics of interest were spatiotemporal parameters and the vertical ground reaction forces. To scrutinize the BWS strategies, loss of dynamic similarity was calculated in terms of root mean square difference in gait dynamics (Δgd) with respect to the reference gait under zero unloading. The gait dynamics were characterized by a dimensionless number Modela-w.

Results

SLIP model showed the lowest mrmse for 6 out of 8 gait parameters and for 1 other, the mrmse value were comparable to the MR model; SW model had the highest mrmse. Out of three BWS strategies, Tuned-Spring strategies led to the lowest Δgd values.

Conclusions

The results of this work demonstrate the usefulness of gait models for BWS simulation and suggest the SLIP model to be more suitable for BWS simulations than the Simplest Walker and the Muscle-reflex models. Further, the Tuned-Spring approach appears to cause less distortions to the gait pattern than the more established Counterweight and Constant-Force approaches and merits experimental verification.
Bioactive fluorenes. Part III: 2,7-dichloro-9H-fluorene-based thiazolidinone and azetidinone analogues as anticancer and antimicrobial against multidrug resistant strains agents
Authors: Hussein Essam M. , Alsantali Reem I. , Morad Moataz , Obaid Rami J. , Altass Hatem M. , Sayqal Ali , Abourehab Mohamed A. S. , Elkhawaga Amal A. , Aboraia Ahmed S. M. , Ahmed Saleh A.
Published: June 2020

Background

Thiazoles, thiazolidinones and azetidinones are highly ranked amongst natural and synthetic heterocyclic derivatives due to their great pharmaceutical potential.

Results

New thiazolidinone and azetidinone class of bioactive agents based on 4-(2,7-dichloro-9H-fluoren-4-yl)thiazole moiety have been successfully synthesized. 4-(2,7-dichloro-9H-fluoren-4-yl)thiazol-2-amine was synthesized and allowed to react with various aryl/heteroaryl aldehydes to afford the corresponding Schiff base intermediates. The target thiazolidinone and azetidinone analogues have derived from Schiff bases by their reactions with thioglycolic acid and chloroacetyl chloride, respectively. The newly synthesized compounds were then evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against some multidrug resistant strains and examined for cytotoxic activity against normal lung fibroblast (WI-38), human lung carcinoma (A549), and human breast carcinoma (MDA-MB-231) cell lines to develop a novel class of fluorene-based bioactive agents. The mode of action and the binding interaction of the synthesized compound with the active sites of dihydrofolate reductase enzyme were well identified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and molecular docking study.

Conclusion

Some of the synthesized compounds showed remarkable activity against A-549 and MDA-MB-231 when compared to Taxol, which was used as a reference drug. 2,7-dichloro-9H-fluorene-based azetidinones are more efficient as antimicrobial and anticancer agents compared to dichloro-9H-fluorene-based thiazolidinones derivatives.
Clinical characteristics and prognostic value of the KRAS G12C mutation in Chinese non-small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Liu Si-Yang , Sun Hao , Zhou Jia-Ying , Jie Guang-Ling , Xie Zhi , Shao Yang , Zhang Xian , Ye Jun-Yi , Chen Chun-Xiang , Zhang Xu-Chao , Zhou Qing , Yang Jin-Ji , Wu Yi-Long
Published: June 2020

Background

The KRAS mutation is the second most common genetic variant in Chinese non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. At the 2019th World Conference of Lung Cancer, the KRAS G12C-specific inhibitor AMG510 showed promising results in the phase I clinical trial. However, the frequency, clinical characteristics, and prognostic significance of the KRAS G12C mutation in Chinese NSCLC patients are rarely reported.

Methods

Next-generation sequencing was used to confirm the KRAS mutation status in 40,804 NSCLC patients from multiple centers (mCohort). Survival data were collected retrospectively from 1456 patients at one of the centers, the Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute (iCohort).

Results

In the mCohort, 3998 patients (9.8%) were confirmed to harbor a KRAS mutation, of whom 1179 (29.5%) had the G12C subtype. In the iCohort, 130 NSCLC patients (8.9%) had a KRAS mutation and 42 (32.3%) had the G12C subtype. The G12C subgroup included more male patients (85.2% vs 67.4%, P < 0.0001) and more smokers (76.2% vs 53.4%, P = 0.02) than did the non-G12C subgroup. Both the KRAS mutation group and KRAS G12C mutation subgroup were associated with a shorter median overall survival (OS) than wildtype tumors (15.1 vs 26.7 months, hazard ratio [HR]KRAS = 1.50, P = 0.002; 18.3 vs 26.7 months, HRG12C = 1.66, P = 0.007). In Cox regression analysis, smoking (HR = 1.39, P = 0.05) and stage IV disease (HR = 2.72, P < 0.001) remained as independent predictors of shorter OS. Both the KRAS mutation (HR = 1.30, P = 0.07) and KRAS G12C mutation (HR = 1.47, P = 0.07) reached borderline significance.

Conclusions

In the largest sample used thus for, our study found that approximately 10% of Chinese NSCLC patients had KRAS mutations. Of these, nearly 30% harbored the KRAS G12C mutation subtype, which was most common in male smokers. The KRAS G12C mutation is a biomarker of poor prognosis in Chinese NSCLC patients, which could potentially be improved by G12C-specific inhibitors in the future.

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Low rate of high-level athletes maintained a return to pre-injury sports two years after arthroscopic treatment for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome
Authors: Abrahamson Josefin , Lindman Ida , Sansone Mikael , Öhlin Axel , Jonasson Pall , Karlsson Jón , Baranto Adad
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The aim was to investigate the rate of athletes still active at their pre-injury sports level two years after arthroscopic treatment for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS), and examine this between different sports and gender, and its correlation to patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs).

Method

High-level athletes planned for arthroscopic treatment for FAIS were included prospectively in a Swedish hip arthroscopy registry between 2011 and 2017, and 717 met the inclusion criteria. Self-reported sporting activity was recorded preoperatively. The subjects answered PROMs, including the HSAS, iHOT-12 and HAGOS pre- and postoperatively.

Results

A total of 551 athletes (median age 26, interquartile range 20–34 years; 23% women) had completed follow-up PROMs, at mean 23.4 ± 7.2 months postoperatively. In total, 135 (24.5%) were active at their pre-injury level of sports at follow-up (RTSpre). Athletes ≤30 years at time of surgery (n = 366; median age 22 years) had higher rate of RTSpre (31.4%) compared with athletes > 30 years (n = 185; median age 40 years) (10.8%; p < 0.001). All athletes had improvements in iHOT-12 and HAGOS, two years postoperatively (p < 0.001), while RTSpre athletes reported significantly better PROMs, pre- and postoperatively, and had greater improvements two years postoperatively, compared with athletes not active at pre-injury level.

Conclusion

Only 25% of all high-level athletes and 31% of athletes ≤30 years were still active at their pre-injury sports level two years after arthroscopic treatment for FAIS. Athletes still active had significantly and clinically greater improvement regarding hip symptoms, function and quality of life, as compared with athletes not active at pre-injury level, two years postoperatively.
Active fault-diagnosis method using adaptive allocator and fault-tolerant adaptive control system design
Authors: Kawaguchi Natsuki , Araki Nozomu , Sato Takao , Kuroda Masaharu , Asami Toshihiko
Published: June 2020

A new approach to the active fault diagnosis (AFD) for input redundant plants is presented in this paper. A test signal which helps the diagnosis is injected to the plant in addition to nominal control input in the AFD typically. One feature of the proposed AFD is adaptive allocation of the test signal. The adaptive allocator which distributes the test signal and injects it to the redundant actuators is introduced in this paper. A fault-diagnosis (FD) system that estimates fault location and its magnitude from adaptive parameter of the adaptive allocator is constructed with a simple neural network (NN) model. Furthermore, a A fault-tolerant adaptive control system which includes the adaptive test signal allocator is designed based on the model reference adaptive control (MRAC) technique. The adaptive laws of the adaptive allocator and controller are derived by using a suitable Lyapunov function. By performing experiments using a two-input redundant plant, we show the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed AFD and MRAC system.
Correction to: Impact of transient temperature disturbance on the oxidative stress indices and glucose levels of juvenile Koi carps (Cyprinus carpio var koi)
Authors: Dasgupta Proteek
Published: June 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
Perinatal mental health around the world: priorities for research and service development in South America
Authors: Rondon Marta B.
Published: June 2020

Video Abstract

A video abstract can be found at: https://vimeo.com/bjpsych/bji-2020-9
Running for a Nation: The Remarkable Story of Ellison “Tarzan” Brown
Authors: Scott III Mack H.
Published: June 2020

On 20 April 1936, the Narragansett runner Ellison “Tarzan” Brown collapsed as he crossed the finish line winning the fortieth annual Boston Marathon. But for the runner and the indigenous community from which he hailed, the marathon meant much more than a race and victory and fame. Success in this renowned contest portended a pathway out of obscurity for a people who had, for more than fifty years, sought to proclaim the continuance of their collective indigenous identity in the wake of a forced detribalization by the state of Rhode Island. This article illuminates what Brown’s victory meant to and did for a small and mostly forgotten indigenous community. More specifically, it is about how Brown and other Narragansett parlayed the runner’s physical accomplishments into meaningful, community-wide social, economic, and political advancements.
“This Book Is Your Book”: Jesuit Editorial Policy and Individual Indigenous Reading in Eighteenth-Century Paraguay
Authors: Boidin Capucine , Cerno Leonardo , Vega Fabián R.
Published: June 2020

The authors underline the importance of the print Ara poru aguĭyey haba (meaning about the good use of time) for the Jesuit missions of Paraguay and the colonial Río de la Plata. Attributed to Father José Insaurralde, it is a two-volume devotional text entirely written in Guaraní that was published in Madrid in 1759 and 1760. Until now, literature has only approached the Ara poru in a superficial and external way, because it is written in a different way from the current ones. The unpublished translation of the summary and two preliminary warnings to readers reveal that it follows the structure of Ignacio de Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises. The authors of this article demonstrate that by the mid-eighteenth century, the Jesuit project was to produce an indigenous reader and devotee in the modern sense (individual reading and personal transformation).
The Sixteenth-Century Zinacantepec Census: Between Ethnohistory and Historical Demography
Authors: Megged Amos
Published: June 2020

While earlier census studies yielded population data mainly for the Tepetlaoztoc and Morelos regions of central Mexico during the 1530s and 1540s, this ethnohistoric study, based on a newly discovered manuscript, sheds light on household types and population density in the town of Zinacantepec by 1574. By comparing population figures, household types, and migration patterns, this article reconsiders how Aztec invasion, and thereafter the Spanish conquest, affected population movements and stability in the Valley of Toluca, a former Aztec stronghold in central Mexico. Furthermore, the nature of Toluca Valley habitats may prompt us to rethink about how we interpret the nature of indigenous demographic layouts before and after the Spanish conquest, whether its features be urban or rural.
The Late Masterwork of Gilles Deleuze
Authors: Schönher Mathias
Published: June 2020

This essay proposes that What Is Philosophy? (1991), written in collaboration with Félix Guattari, not only presents a summary of Gilles Deleuze’s late creative period and, to some extent, a recapitulation of his entire oeuvre but also constitutes his third masterwork. The essay begins by tracing Deleuze’s three periods, especially the development of his thought during the last period, and the process of writing his final book. Then it explores the inextricable connection between the method of creation that results from What Is Philosophy? and its stylistic devices. Through its refined composition and succinct prose, the book puts itself at the service of the approach that leads to bringing forth philosophical concepts, and it attunes the reader to the creative activity. Thus, like The Logic of Sense (1969) and A Thousand Plateaus (1980), it forms a masterwork in which Deleuze’s philosophical efforts that spanned a whole period are condensed and mobilized such that while reading one finds oneself exposed to these efforts and is forced to continue them.
I Assure You, We Have the Strictest Alien Act Possible!
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar
Published: June 2020

This essay tells the story of how Denmark transformed from a very welcoming and tolerant country to one whose prime ministers reassure its residents, “We have the strictest Alien Act possible.” The approach is genealogical, following Michel Foucault, and the empirical focal point is Danish immigration policies as they evolved from the late 1960s until today. This development culminates in the emergence of the “restrictionist policy paradigm,” which associates immigrants with risks like economic burdens, high unemployment levels, crimes, undemocratic attitudes, and the development of ghettos. From the perspective of the welfare project, the immigrants became “risky” as they were profiled in terms of their higher probability of developing suboptimal or dysfunctional behaviors that endanger the welfare state. The Danish experience is analyzed from a broader thesis on the welfare state as caught up between welfarist universality, industrial-capitalist expansion, and sovereign territoriality. Drawing on Foucault’s work, these different logics of statehood are analyzed as evolving constellations of law, discipline, and security. Danish immigration policy mutates over time so that policies of security premised on free circulation gradually give way to discipline and legal sovereignty that block, filter, and segregate immigrants. Alongside this movement toward territorial enclosure, the discursive construction of the immigrant changes fundamentally.
How affinity of the ELT-2 GATA factor binding to cis-acting regulatory sites controls Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal gene transcription
Authors: Lancaster Brett R. , McGhee James D.
Published: June 2020

We define a quantitative relationship between the affinity with which the intestine-specific GATA factor ELT-2 binds to cis-acting regulatory motifs and the resulting transcription of asp-1, a target gene representative of genes involved in Caenorhabditis elegans intestine differentiation. By establishing an experimental system that allows unknown parameters (e.g. the influence of chromatin) to effectively cancel out, we show that levels of asp-1 transcripts increase monotonically with increasing binding affinity of ELT-2 to variant promoter TGATAA sites. The shape of the response curve reveals that the product of the unbound ELT-2 concentration in vivo [i.e. (ELT-2free) or ELT-2 ‘activity’] and the largest ELT-XXTGATAAXX association constant (Kmax) lies between five and ten. We suggest that this (unitless) product [Kmax×(ELT-2free) or the equivalent product for any other transcription factor] provides an important quantitative descriptor of transcription-factor/regulatory-motif interaction in development, evolution and genetic disease. A more complicated model than simple binding affinity is necessary to explain the fact that ELT-2 appears to discriminate in vivo against equal-affinity binding sites that contain AGATAA instead of TGATAA.
Bite force and its relation to jaw shape in domestic dogs
Authors: Brassard Colline , Merlin Marilaine , Guintard Claude , Monchâtre-Leroy Elodie , Barrat Jacques , Bausmayer Nathalie , Bausmayer Stéphane , Bausmayer Adrien , Beyer Michel , Varlet André , Houssin Céline , Callou Cécile , Cornette Raphaël , Herrel Anthony
Published: June 2020

Previous studies based on two-dimensional methods have suggested that the great morphological variability of cranial shape in domestic dogs has impacted bite performance. Here we use a three-dimensional biomechanical model based on dissection data to estimate the bite force of 47 dogs of various breeds at several bite points and gape angles. In vivo bite forces for three Belgian Shepherd dogs were used to validate our model. We then used three-dimensional geometric morphometrics to investigate the drivers of bite force variation and to describe the relations between the overall shape of the jaws and bite force. The model output shows that bite force is rather variable in dogs and that dogs bite harder on the molar teeth and at lower gape angles. Half of the bite force is determined by the temporal muscle. Bite force also increased with size, and brachycephalic dogs showed higher bite forces for their size than mesocephalic dogs. We obtained significant covariations between the shape of the upper or lower jaw and absolute or scaled bite force. Our results demonstrate that domestication has not resulted in a disruption of the functional links in the jaw system in dogs and that mandible shape is a good predictor of bite force.
Imaging findings in coronavirus infections: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Franquet Tomas , Jeong Yeon Joo , Lam Hiu Yin Sonia , Wong Ho Yuen Frank , Chang Yeun-Chung , Chung Myung Jin , Lee Kyung Soo
Published: June 2020

During the first two decades of the 21st century, there have been three coronavirus infection outbreaks raising global health concerns by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the SARS-CoV-2. Although the reported imaging findings of coronavirus infection are variable and non-specific, the most common initial chest radiograph (CXR) and CT findings are ground-glass opacities and consolidation with peripheral predominance and eventually spread to involve both lungs as the disease progresses. These findings can be explained by the immune pathogenesis of coronavirus infection causing diffuse alveolar damage. Although it is insensitive in mild or early coronavirus infection, the CXR remains as the first-line and the most commonly used imaging modality. That is because it is rapid and easily accessible and helpful for monitoring patient progress during treatment. CT is more sensitive to detect early parenchymal lung abnormalities and disease progression, and can provide an alternative diagnosis. In this pictorial review, various coronavirus infection cases are presented to provide imaging spectrums of coronavirus infection and present differences in imaging among them or from other viral infections, and to discuss the role of imaging in viral infection outbreaks.
H σύγκρουση του Προέδρου της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας Σ. Κυπριανού με το κυπριακό κοινοβούλιο (1984- 1985) ως μορφή κρίσης του Κράτους
Authors: Σακελλαρόπουλος Σπύρος
Published: June 2020

Το 1984-1985 το κυπριακό πολιτικό σύστημα χαρακτηρίστηκε από τη σφοδρή αντιπαράθεση μεταξύ του Προέδρου της Δημοκρατίας Σ. Κυπριανού και του Κοινοβουλίου με θέμα το ενδεχόμενο επίλυσης του Κυπριακού. Πρόκειται για μια μορφή κρίσης του κράτους όπου η πίεση που δημιούργησε η ανακήρυξη του τουρκοκυπριακού ψευδοκράτους συνέβαλε στη διαμόρφωση μιας καινοφανούς συμμαχίας μεταξύ ΑΚΕΛ και ΔΗΣΥ. Τα δύο αυτά κόμματα επιχείρησαν, μέσω διαφόρων θεσμικών ενεργειών, να οδηγήσουν τον Κυπριανού σε παραίτηση. Αυτή η κατεύθυνση είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την προκήρυξη πρόωρων βουλευτικών εκλογών στις οποίες το ΑΚΕΛ σημείωσε σημαντική πτώση και το ΔΗΚΟ σοβαρή άνοδο.
Learning from Cochrane systematic reviews: what improvements do these suggest for the design of trials?
Authors: Pirosca Stefania , Clarke Mike , Treweek Shaun
Published: June 2020

Background: Many randomised trials have serious methodological flaws that fatally undermine their results, which makes the research wasteful. This is of concern for many, including those doing systematic reviews that include trials. Cochrane systematic reviews have a section called ‘ Implications for research’, which allows authors of the review to present their conclusions on how future research might be improved. Looking at these conclusions might highlight priority areas for improvement.

Methods: We focused on the Cochrane Schizophrenia Review Group and the Multiple sclerosis and rare diseases of the central nervous system Review Group (the MS Review Group).  Reviews with citation dates between 2009 and 2019 were identified and the recommendations of review authors in ‘ Implications for research’ were put into categories.

Results: Between 2009 and 2019 we identified 162 reviews for the Schizophrenia Review Group and 43 reviews for the MS Review Group. We created 22 categories of recommendations in total, of which 12 were common to both groups. The five most used categories were the same for both: better choice of outcomes; better choice of intervention/comparator; longer follow-up; larger sample size; use of validated scales.  Better choice of outcomes and/or intervention/comparator was recommended in over 50% of reviews. Longer follow-up and larger sample size were recommended in over a third, with use of validated scales being suggested in around a fifth of reviews. There was no obvious pattern of improvement over time for trials included in systematic reviews published by both groups.

Conclusions: We suggest that trialists working in these and other areas ask themselves, or are compelled to do so by others (e.g. funders), why they have chosen their outcomes, intervention and comparator, whether follow-up is long enough, if the sample size is big enough and whether the scales they choose to measure their outcomes are appropriate.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-harm and suicidal behaviour: protocol for a living systematic review
Authors: John Ann , Eyles Emily , McGuinness Luke A. , Okolie Chukwudi , Olorisade Babatunde K. , Schmidt Lena , Webb Roger T. , Arensman Ella , Hawton Keith , Kapur Nav , Moran Paul , O'Connor Rory C. , O’Neill Siobhan , Gunnell David , Higgins Julian P.T.
Published: June 2020

Background:The COVID-19 pandemic has caused widespread morbidity and mortality as well as disruption to people’s lives and livelihoods around the world; this has occurred as a result of both infection with the virus itself and the health protection measures taken to curb its spread. There are concerns that rates of suicide, suicidal behaviours and self-harm may rise during and in the aftermath of the pandemic. Given the likely rapidly expanding research evidence base on the pandemic’s impact on rates of suicide, suicidal behaviours and self-harm and emerging evidence about how best to mitigate such effects, it is important that the best available knowledge is made readily available to policymakers, public health specialists and clinicians as soon as is possible. To facilitate this, we plan to undertake a living systematic review focusing on suicide prevention in relation to COVID-19.

Method:Regular automated searches will feed into a web-based screening system which will also host the data extraction form for included articles. Our eligibility criteria are wide and include aspects of incidence and prevalence of suicidal behaviour, effects of exposures and effects of interventions in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, with minimal restrictions on the types of study design to be included. The outcomes assessed will be death by suicide; self-harm or attempted suicide (including hospital attendance and/or admission for these reasons); and suicidal thoughts/ideation. There will be no restriction on study type, except for single case reports. There will be no restriction on language of publication. The review will be updated at three-monthly intervals if a sufficient volume of new evidence justifies doing so.

Conclusions:Our living review will provide a regular synthesis of the most up-to-date research evidence to guide public health and clinical policy to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on suicide.

Protocol registration:PROSPEROCRD4202018332601/05/2020
Future scenarios for the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Switzerland: an age-structured model
Authors: Estill Janne , Venkova-Marchevska Plamenna , Roelens Maroussia , Orel Erol , Temerev Alexander , Flahault Antoine , Keiser Olivia
Published: June 2020

The recent lifting of COVID-19 related restrictions in Switzerland causes uncertainty about the future of the epidemic. We developed a compartmental model for SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Switzerland and projected the course of the epidemic until the end of year 2020 under various scenarios. The model was age-structured with three categories: children (0-17), adults (18-64) and seniors (65- years). Lifting all restrictions according to the plans disclosed by the Swiss federal authorities by mid-May resulted in a rapid rebound in the epidemic, with the peak expected in July. Measures equivalent to at least 90% reduction in all contacts were able to eradicate the epidemic; a 56% reduction in contacts could keep the intensive care unit occupancy under the critical level and delay the next wave until October. In scenarios where strong contact reductions were only applied in selected age groups, the epidemic could not be suppressed, resulting in an increased risk of a rebound in July, and another stronger wave in September. Future interventions need to cover all age groups to keep the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic under control.
A prospective evaluation of a change in attitude towards sexuality in medical students after their three years in medical college
Authors: Shah Dr. Shanaya , Patel Dr.  Ankita , Patel Dr. Kamlesh , Mehta Dr. Prakash
Published: June 2020

Aim of the study

Sexual health is central to holistic health care; studies indicate that health professionals are uncomfortable raising sexual issues partly because of their conservative sexual attitude. India hosts a multitude of social beliefs and cultural traditions. Everybody including Health professionals have certain beliefs hardwired into their mindsets, including attitude towards sexuality.
so we aim to study the change in students’ attitude towards various aspects of own and others-sexuality & to explore the gender difference in same.

Subject or material and methods

A prospective study was conducted in a medical college of Gujarat. The study was conducted in medical students in their 3rd year. Data were collected using Trueblood Sexual Attitudes Questionnaire and those were compared to the data of same students collected in their 1st year, in order to see the change in attitude toward sexuality. (Using paired & unpaired t test)

Results

The study showed that the students had a positive attitude towards own-sexuality for all domains, after 3 years in medical college. In attitudes towards others-sexuality, students still had a negative attitude towards masturbation & commercial sex. This change of attitude was statistically significant for all students, except in male students’ attitude towards others-sexuality.

Discussion

Sexual health related topics and frequent encounters with patients with different sexual health needs gave students a better understanding of same, but the results are still unsatisfactory.

Conclusions

It can be concluded that: The students had a positive attitude towards own-sexuality after 3 years in medical college. In attitude towards others-sexuality, students still had a negative attitude towards masturbation and commercial sex.
Investigating the mediational role of Intolerance of Uncertainty and its components in reducing symptoms of emotional disorders: A double-blind randomized clinical trial
Authors: Khakpoor Sahel , Mohammadi Bytamar Jahangir , Saed Omid
Published: June 2020

Aim of the study

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a transdiagnostic structure that plays an important role in developing and maintaining symptoms of emotional disorders. The current study was aimed to investigate the mediational role of IU and its components in reducing symptoms of emotional disorders.

Subject or material and methods

This was a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Based on the Beck anxiety inventory and Beck depression inventory 26 individuals were selected. They were randomly assigned into two groups of control and treatment (n=13) using random number generator 3.1.v software. The treatment group received 20 one-hour sessions of Uniﬁed Protocol (UP) for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders. Beck depression inventory, the Beck anxiety inventory, and Intolerance of uncertainty scale were performed in pre, post and three months follow-up. Data were analyzed by SPSS-20 software.

Results

After controlling the effect of IU, the results of one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed a significant reduction in the difference between the two groups (P<0.05); which means that IU can be considered as a mediator of reductions in anxiety and depression in UP. The results of the stepwise regression analysis indicated that prospective IU and inhibitory IU could explain 61.4% and 8.2% of variances in anxiety scores, respectively. In predicting changes in depression score, only inhibitory IU could explain depression variance (43.3%).

Discussion

The best predictor of the changes in the anxiety and depression are, respectively, prospective IU and inhibitory IU.

Conclusions

This study shows that UP may exert its effect by improving different components of IU.
Neurobiology of the association between non-suicidal self-injury, suicidal behavior and emotional intelligence: A review
Authors: Halicka Joanna , Szewczuk-Bogusławska Monika , Adamska Agnieszka , Misiak Błażej
Published: June 2020

Non-suicidal self-injuries (NSSI) and suicidal behaviours (SB) are common causes of serious medical problems leading to hospitalization or death in adolescents and young adults. The prevalence of NSSI in adolescents is estimated at 17-18% in general population and in 40% of psychiatric hospitalized patients. Nearly one million people worldwide die from suicide each year. The epidemiological data show that suicide is the fourth cause of death among children between 10 and 14 years old, the third cause among people aged 15-19 years old, the first or second among people 14-25 years old and the second among people 25-34 years old. Many psychological, psychiatric, genetic and demographic factors have been previously studied in order to assess risk factors leading to NSSI and SB. One of psychological factors influencing the engagement in NSSI and SB is emotional intelligence (EI), which is defined as collection of social skills. More frequent NSSI and SB have been found in individuals with low EI in previous studies. The relationship between SB, NSSI and underlaying neurotransmission and brain structures have been also extensively studied. Studies applying neuroimaging techniques show correlation between alterations of brain areas which are responsible for involving in self-injourous acts and suicidal behaviours and regions key to EI levels. Thus we aimed to review the neurobiological background of emotional intelligence and self-harm and discuss the current state of knowledge on its relationship
Reclassification to another sport using FC Berlin as an example
Authors: Kalinowski Paweł , Jerszyński Damian , Nowakowska Monika , Pietrzak Michał , Kalinowska Katarzyna
Published: June 2020

Education through sport is widely discussed in world literature. Sport theorists emphasize the importance of the long-term process of training a player for many years as a hierarchically complex system-structured task. Nevertheless, practical actions which are taken often differ from theoretical recommendations. In many countries due to cultural, technological or financial conditions, various systems of solutions are used.         On the basis of direct observation in one of the German teams, the article attempts to discuss the benefits of retraining young athletes for another sport. These actions are taken systematically. In addition, reference was made to the dangers arising from the use of commercialized sports activities for children and youth in Poland.           Bearing in mind both theoretical justifications and practical actions taken in the German team, one can observe the positive impact of correctly diagnosing the predisposition of children starting football training and retraining for other sports activities. In addition, based on the author's experience in training work in Germany, no negative impact on the functioning of sports training or education of such action through sport was observed.