bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ADX
Florence Facility
Authors: Tietjen Grant
Published: July 2017

The United States Penitentiary Administrative Maximum (
ADX
) Facility located in Florence, Colorado, was built in 1994. It is the highest security prison in the Federal Bureau of Prisons, receiving the designation as a super maximum prison. Inmates housed in
ADX
are classified as too high a security risk to be housed in a conventional maximum security prison. The
ADX
employs the highest security measures allowed by the United States' criminal justice system. Inmates are placed in solitary confinement in meticulously designed individual cells. Exhaustive effort is placed on attention to detail in regards to security measures, with a nearly 1.5:1 staff to inmate ratio. While an inmate escape or escape attempt has never occurred at the
ADX
, many inmate‐based federal lawsuits and allegations have been lodged against the prison in regards to the physical, mental, and social effects of solitary confinement.
Correctional Officers
Authors: Webb Megan
Published: July 2017

In 2014, the United States housed more than 2.2 million inmates in correctional facilities, including jails, as well as state, federal, and private prisons. Correctional officers are responsible for maintaining security and order inside these correctional facilities. Because many facilities are understaffed, officers are often responsible for overseeing many inmates on their own, resulting in a high‐stress and high‐risk work environment. Correctional officers historically have been white men, but in recent years there has been steady growth in the number of women employed in correctional facilities. Low pay, high stress, and institutional factors contribute to high turnover rates of correctional officers. Many researchers have examined the effects of individual level factors, organizational structure, and professional orientations of officers on their willingness to use physical force and to control inmate behavior.
Drug Treatment Programs
Authors: Griffin O. Hayden
Published: July 2017

Attitudes towards drug use and abuse have evolved considerably in the United States. These perceptions have ranged anywhere from drug use being a relatively minor medical condition, or even socially acceptable, to drug use being a significant social problem that is only stopped through harsh punishments and lengthy prison sentences. However, over time, the criminal justice system has experimented with three major initiatives to treat drug abusers: drug maintenance programs, civil commitments and other forms of mandatory inpatient treatment, and drug courts.
Fines
Authors: O'Malley Pat
Published: July 2017

Fines constitute the predominant criminal law sanction in most countries, with the exception of the United States, although, even there, fines are common for traffic offenses and corporate crimes. Uniquely when compared with other criminal punishments, fines may be paid by someone other than the offender, thus giving them a regulatory rather than morally punitive character. Because money does not carry the same ideological weight as deprivation of liberty or corporal punishment, fines have been associated with widespread reductions in the formal and ceremonial procedures of law. In addition, because they produce revenue rather than impose costs on the state, they are attractive sanctions wherever large numbers of offences are at issue. While significant sources of resistance exist, these characteristics suggest that the use of fines will become even more pervasive in the future.
Braithwaite,John
Authors: Edelman Meredith
Published: July 2017

John Braithwaite is a widely cited Australian interdisciplinary scholar, best known among criminologists for his work on restorative justice and responsive regulation. He is also a brilliant social theorist whose work engages the domains of criminal justice, regulation, and peace building with a strong normative outlook. He is the founder of the Regulatory Institutions Network at the Australian National University, where he is currently a distinguished professor.
Death Penalty
Authors: Wells Makeela J.
Published: July 2017

The death penalty is the most severe and controversial punishment in the criminal justice system of the United States. It is considered to be the ultimate form of punishment, and has been described in some of the earliest historical documents around the world. Death penalty advocates claim that the punishment may serve as a general and specific deterrent to violent crimes. Methods of execution have varied, with some considered to be more cruel and inhumane than others.
Clemmer,Donald
Authors: Connor David Patrick , Denton Amanda N.
Published: July 2017

As one of the first sociologists to use the prison environment as a realm for major academic inquiry, Donald Clemmer may be considered a pioneer in the field of corrections. He was among the first to comprehensively explore and write about the emotional, psychological, and social impacts of confinement on incarcerated individuals. He made a lasting impression with the publication in 1940 ofThe Prison Community, in which he devised the termprisonizationto describe how inmates adjusted to the reality of living in correctional institutions.
Counseling Programs
Authors: Hong Chui Wing
Published: July 2017

Criminal justice personnel, such as social workers and correctional officers, have been asked to identify effective programs and interventions to work with offenders within the community and in institutions. Several researchers have attempted to review a large number of empirical studies to examine what types of programs are most likely to be successful, and to identify the key strategies in designing successful counseling programs. Based on the literature search, five specific approaches – relationship‐based counseling, pro‐social modeling, motivational interviewing, cognitive‐behavioral theory, and crisis intervention – will be introduced in this entry. Some emerging considerations in counseling practice will also briefly be highlighted.
B
entham,
J
eremy
Authors: Jackson Melinda R. , Green Dari
Published: July 2017

Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher and prison reformer. He is mainly known for his principle of utilitarianism, which assesses actions of others based upon their consequences. Bentham believed that all matters at issue were to be determined or dictated rigorously on the basis of how consequences influenced general utility. He produced works that contributed to a variety of topical areas, including criminology, criminal justice, and political science. Each of his works was at the intersection of politics and humanity, and many still have influence in policy today. Bentham's philosophy and writings have had a large influence on criminal justice systems across the globe.
Conover:
Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing
Authors: Smith Candace L.
Published: July 2017

When it comes to understanding life inside prison, the experiences of inmates often receive the majority of attention. Interested in finding out more about those who are responsible for managing prisoners' everyday lives, journalist Ted Conover sought to learn what prison is like from the perspective of a correctional officer. After finding that becoming a correctional officer would be the only way for him to glean this knowledge, Conover spent nearly a year training and working at New York's infamous Sing Sing Correctional Facility as a “newjack,” prison slang for a rookie correctional officer. During his time at the maximum security prison, he came to appreciate the many obstacles faced by correctional officers, in both their professional and personal lives. Using participant observation, Conover sheds light on an occupation that is often stereotyped but less commonly receives the critical analysis that it deserves.
Deaf Inmates
Authors: Feldman David M.
Published: July 2017

Deaf individuals held within the correctional system present a unique challenge for administration and staff, correctional officers, and other relevant professionals. Daily activities, treatment, rehabilitation, and other facets of corrections will likely be influenced by the Deaf inmate's linguistic and cultural needs. The term “Deaf,” with its capitalized “D,” demonstrates that Deafness is viewed from a cultural and sociolinguistic framework. The Deaf community reflects a distinct subculture; however, the unique subcultural and linguistic characteristics generate difficulties for Deaf individuals held in correctional settings and for those correctional officials who job it is to manage those incarcerated both on a daily and administrative level. Literature on the subject of Deaf offenders in correctional settings is incomplete. However, it has been well documented in other settings that specialized training and knowledge skills are essential in order to work productively with Deaf offenders or suspects at various stages of the judicial process. This entry describes the characteristics of culturally Deaf individuals in order to better understand the differences and special needs of this population in correctional settings.
C
rofton,
S
ir
W
alter
Authors: Piper Doshie , Alaniz Heather
Published: July 2017

Sir Walter Crofton's Irish penal system has been attributed as the forerunner of modern‐day indeterminate sentencing and parole. Crofton's ideals and implementations to Ireland's prison system were greatly influenced through the work of Alexander Maconochie's “marks system.” Crofton used Maconochie's works, factoring in a system which included both punishment and reform, using a three‐stage systematic approach as a model for penal reform. The three stages of Crofton's reform system included a major punishment stage, followed by two institutional incentive stages. Expanding on Crofton's Irish system, the New York legislators created statutes allowing institutions in the state to release any inmate early when they had completed the majority of their sentences and while portraying good behavior.
D
iyarbakır
P
rison
Authors: Henninger Alana M. , Eski Beril
Published: July 2017

The Diyarbakır Prison, located in the city of Diyarbakır in southeastern Turkey, has a dark history. Labeled as one the world's worst prisons by
Time
magazine, individuals incarcerated in this prison in the early 1980s were subjected to horrendous acts of torture and human rights violations following the 1980 military coup. Conflict between prison staff and inmates in 1996 led to an investigation and trial by the European Court of Human Rights in the early 2000s. Although the prison is currently in use, plans have been made to build a new prison and to turn the Diyarbakır Prison into a museum dedicated to the tragic events that occurred during the “Period of Barbarity.”
C
arandiru
P
enitentiary,
B
razil
Authors: Espin Johanna
Published: July 2017

The Carandiru Penitentiary was the prison complex with the largest population in Latin America during the 1980s and 1990s. It housed more than 8,000 inmates, although it had capacity for only 4,000. The Carandiru Penitentiary became internationally renowned in 1992 for more than its overcrowding issues. What started as a simple fight between two prisoners over a soccer game ended up causing a huge prison riot, with 111 inmates dead as a result of a military police intervention. This event highlighted the prison crisis that has been affecting Brazil, as well as the even broader need of reform to the criminal justice system.
D
rapchi
P
rison,
T
ibet
Authors: Bolin Riane M.
Published: July 2017

Drapchi Prison, located in Lhasa, is the largest prison in Tibet, China. It has become known as Tibet's most dreaded prison, owing to numerous allegations of abuse and brutality. Originally constructed as a military garrison, it was converted into a temporary prison during the 1959 Tibetan uprising. In 1965, it was officially opened as a prison. It is said to house approximately 1,000 inmates. Though not confirmed by the Chinese government, it is estimated that a large portion of the prison population consists of political prisoners. To date, little information exists on the history of Drapchi Prison or those who are imprisoned there; however, many groups, including the Tibetan Center for Human Rights and Democracy, continue to work hard to uncover the secrets of Drapchi Prison.
C
anada, Corrections in
Authors: Winterdyk John
Published: July 2017

Historically, Canada's corrections system was influenced by former colonial affiliation with England. The
British North America Act
of 1867 laid the skeleton framework for the correctional model in Canada today. As evidenced in virtually every other jurisdiction around the world, Canada's adult and juvenile correctional philosophy and practices have seen many changes since they were both established. Today, corrections for adults in Canada can be characterized as a system that is oriented toward assisting inmates with rehabilitation and safe reintegration into the community, while for young offenders it has been characterized as representing a modified justice model. Consistent with its past, both correctional models continue to evolve.
Educational and Vocational Programs
Authors: Martin Simone
Published: July 2017

Educational and vocational programs that provide inmates with skills training and job readiness classes are essential policies that can increase post‐release employment opportunities, promote successful re‐entry, and reduce recidivism. However, challenges such as state and federal cuts to vocational training for inmates, employment restrictions such as criminal background checks, and the elimination of Pell Grants for prisoners, have impacted the effectiveness of educational and vocational correctional programs in the United States. While the need for more comprehensive and empirical research is being increasingly recognized, additional efforts need to be made in order to significantly reduce the rate of recidivism among ex‐inmates. This entry provides an in‐depth analysis of the evolution of the policy's adoption, the policy's explicit and implicit rationale, constitutional challenges to the policy, and evidence‐based research on these programs.
Deterrence
Authors: Schwendau Angie
Published: July 2017

Deterrence is a term commonly used by criminal justice professionals to indicate that people have desisted from committing crime. Certain, swift, and severe punishment serves as a caution to would‐be offenders contemplating crime. Deterrence is often understood through a rational choice framework, which suggests that offenders weigh the advantages and disadvantages before deciding whether to commit a crime.
Drug Use among Inmates
Authors: Cooper Danielle T.
Published: July 2017

The issue of drug use is one that plagues many inmates who are incarcerated in the United States. Previous policy changes have criminalized substance abuse and the result has been an increase in the number of inmates with substance abuse issues. As the problem of substance abuse continues to grow in these facilities, the call for increased treatment options has grown as well.
D
urkheim, Émile
Authors: Runell Lindsey Livingston
Published: July 2017

Émile Durkheim was a French sociologist who achieved prominent recognition for his contributions to sociological research and theory. This entry draws from key theoretical foundations set forth in some of his most renowned publications to demonstrate ways in which his academic accomplishments have influenced contemporary sociological methods and practices. The purpose is to explore an important historical context which continues to frame modern sociology.
Affect and Incident Participation Restriction in Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Vaughan Molly W. , LaValley Michael P. , Felson David T. , Orsmond Gael I. , Niu Jingbo , Lewis Cora E. , Segal Neil A. , Nevitt Michael C. , Keysor Julie J.
Published: July 2017

Objective

Participation restriction, common among people with knee osteoarthritis (OA), may be influenced by affect. We examined the risk of incident participation restriction over 84 months conferred by positive and negative affect among people with knee OA.

Methods

Participants were from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study and had or were at high risk of knee OA. Participation restriction was measured using the Instrumental Role Limitation subscale of the Late‐Life Disability Index, and affect was measured using the positive affect and depressed mood subscales of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Robust Poisson regression was used to calculate the risk of incident participation restriction over 84 months conferred by combinations of low and high positive and negative affect, adjusting for covariates.

Results

Of 1,810 baseline participants (mean age 62.1 years, 56% female), 470 (26%) had incident participation restriction over 84 months. Participants with low positive affect had 20% greater risk of incident participation restriction than those with high positive affect; participants with high negative affect had 50% greater risk of incident participation restriction compared to those with low negative affect. Participants with both low positive and high negative affect had 80% greater risk of incident participation restriction compared to other combinations of positive and negative affect.

Conclusion

Low positive and high negative affect, both alone and in combination, increase the risk of participation restriction among adults with knee OA. Efforts aimed at preventing participation restriction in this population should consider these mood states.
Ensuring Community Participation During Program Planning: Lessons Learned During the Development of a HIV/STI Program for Young Sexual and Gender Minorities
Authors: Bauermeister José A. , Pingel Emily S. , Sirdenis Triana Kazaleh , Andrzejewski Jack , Gillard Gage , Harper Gary W. ,   the Michigan Forward in Enhancing Research and Community Equity (MFierce) Coalition
Published: July 2017

Highlights

Intervention development is enriched when community–academic partnerships participate in the planning process.

Few studies depict the systematic process undertaken to ensure community input during a program planning effort.

Multi‐sector participation was used to identify two structural‐level HIV/STI prevention interventions.

We share best practices that might benefit other coalitions working with sexual and gender minorities.
European LeukemiaNet study on the reproducibility of bone marrow features in masked polycythemia vera and differentiation from essential thrombocythemia
Authors: Kvasnicka Hans Michael , Orazi Attilio , Thiele Juergen , Barosi Giovanni , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos E. , Vannucchi Alessandro M. , Hasserjian Robert P. , Kiladjian Jean‐Jacques , Gianelli Umberto , Silver Richard , Mughal Tariq I. , Barbui Tiziano
Published: July 2017

The purpose of the study was to assess consensus and interobserver agreement among an international panel of six hematopathologists regarding characterization and reproducibility of bone marrow (BM) histologic features used to diagnose early stage myeloproliferative neoplasms, in particular differentiation of so‐called masked/prodromal polycythemia vera (mPV) from JAK2‐mutated essential thrombocythemia (ET). The six members of the hematopathology panel evaluated 98 BM specimens independently and in a blinded fashion without knowledge of clinical data. The specimens included 48 cases of mPV according to the originally published hemoglobin threshold values for this entity (male: 16.0–18.4 g/dL, female: 15.0–16.4 g/dL), 31 cases with overt PV according to the updated 2016 WHO criteria, and 19 control cases. The latter group included cases of JAK2‐mutated ET, primary myelofibrosis, myelodysplastic syndrome, and various reactive conditions. Inter‐rater agreement between the panelists was very high (overall agreement 92.6%, kappa 0.812), particularly with respect to separating mPV from ET. Virtually all cases of mPV were correctly classified as PV according to their BM morphology. In conclusion, a central blinded review of histology slides by six hematopathologists demonstrated that highly reproducible specific histological pattern characterize PV and confirmed the notion that there are no significant differences between mPV and overt PV in relation to BM morphology.
RNF213 variants in a child with PHACE syndrome and moyamoya vasculopathy
Authors: Schilter Kala F. , Steiner Jack E. , Demos Wendy , Maheshwari Mohit , Prokop Jeremy W. , Worthey Elizabeth , Drolet Beth A. , Siegel Dawn H.
Published: July 2017

Segmental infantile hemangiomas (IH) can be associated with congenital anomalies in a regional distribution. PHACE refers to large cervicofacial segmental IH in association with congenital anomalies of the aortic arch and medium‐sized arteries of the head and neck, as well as structural anomalies of the posterior fossa and eye. A subset of PHACE patients have arterial anomalies that progress to moyamoya vasculopathy (MMV). MMV is defined as stenosis of the supraclinoid segment of the internal carotid arteries and/or their major branches, with subsequent development of a compensatory collateral vessel network. We describe a patient with MMV and segmental IH on the back and lower body who meets diagnostic criteria for PHACE based on a posterior segment eye anomaly and cerebral arterial anomalies. Whole exome sequencing demonstrated two inherited heterozygous variants in RNF213. Variants in RNF213 are associated with increased susceptibility to MMV. Our findings suggest that RNF213 variants may play a role in the development of MMV in patients with hemangioma syndromes associated with congenital cerebral arterial anomalies.
Juvenile‐onset generalized lipodystrophy due to a novel heterozygous missense LMNA mutation affecting lamin C
Authors: Patni Nivedita , Xing Chao , Agarwal Anil K. , Garg Abhimanyu
Published: July 2017

The LMNA gene contains 12 exons and encodes lamins A and C by alternative splicing within exon 10. While mutations in lamin A specific residues cause several diseases including lipodystrophy, progeria, muscular dystrophy, neuropathy, and cardiomyopathy, only three families with mutations in lamin C‐specific residues are reported with cardiomyopathy, neuropathy, and muscular dystrophy so far. We now report two brothers with juvenile‐onset generalized lipodystrophy due to a lamin C‐specific mutation. The proband, a 23‐year‐old Caucasian male was reported to have generalized lipodystrophy at 3 weeks of age, developed diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and liver problems and died with complications of cirrhosis, and kidney failure. His younger brother, a 37‐year‐old Caucasian male developed generalized lipodystrophy around 2 years of age and was diagnosed with diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, fatty liver, and hypertension at 36 years of age. Their father also died of end stage renal disease at age 52 years. Exome sequencing of the proband revealed an extremely rare missense heterozygous variant c.1711_1712CG>TC; p.(Arg571Ser) in LMNA which was confirmed by Sanger sequencing in both the patients. Interestingly, the mutation had no effect on mRNA splicing or relative expression of lamin A or C mRNA and protein in the lymphoblasts. Our observations suggest that mutant lamin C disrupts its interaction with other cellular proteins resulting in generalized lipodystrophy due to defective development and maintenance of adipose tissue.
Homozygous null variant in CRADD, encoding an adaptor protein that mediates apoptosis, is associated with lissencephaly
Authors: Harel Tamar , Hacohen Nuphar , Shaag Avraham , Gomori Moshe , Singer Amihood , Elpeleg Orly , Meiner Vardiella
Published: July 2017

Lissencephaly is a severe malformation of cortical development, most often attributed to abnormalities in neuronal migration. It is associated with a severe prognosis including developmental delay, intellectual disability, and seizures. Lissencephaly can be reliably diagnosed during late gestation by neurosonography or fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We report two sibling male fetuses who were diagnosed with delayed cortical sulcation highly suggestive of lissencephaly during late pregnancy. After receiving genetic counseling, the parents elected to terminate the pregnancies based on the neuroradiological findings and the associated severe prognosis. Whole exome sequencing (WES) of an affected fetus, and subsequent Sanger sequencing of the second fetus, revealed a homozygous frameshift variant in CRADD, which encodes an adaptor protein that interacts with PIDD and caspase‐2 to initiate apoptosis. Biallelic variants in this gene have been recently reported to cause “thin” lissencephaly and intellectual disability. Interestingly, the allegedly healthy father was also found to be homozygous for the variant, prompting evaluation by brain MRI which revealed hypogyration. This study underscores the phenotypic variability of pathogenic variants in CRADD and the challenges of prenatal genetic counseling.
Hydrodynamic Approach to Electronic Transport in Graphene
Authors: Narozhny Boris N. , Gornyi Igor V. , Mirlin Alexander D. , Schmalian Jörg
Published: July 2017

The last few years have seen an explosion of interest in hydrodynamic effects in interacting electron systems in ultra‐pure materials. In this paper we briefly review the recent advances, both theoretical and experimental, in the hydrodynamic approach to electronic transport in graphene, focusing on viscous phenomena, Coulomb drag, non‐local transport measurements, and possibilities for observing nonlinear effects.
Facile one‐step synthesis of Nd‐doped BiOCl nanoparticles with the excellent photocatalytic behavior
Authors: A. Gnanaprakasam , V. M. Sivakumar , M. Thirumarimurugan
Published: July 2017

Pure and (1 and 2%) neodymium (Nd)‐doped BiOCl photocatalysts were successfully synthesized via facile one‐step solvothermal method. The structure, morphology, and composition of the synthesized materials were investigated by using X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The optical property of the material was investigated by diffusive reflectance spectra and photoluminescence emission spectroscopic analyses. The studies revealed that structural and optical properties of the catalyst have been greatly influenced by Nd doping. The photocatalytic activity of pure and Nd‐doped BiOCl was investigated by using Brilliant Green dye under UV–visible light. © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. StartCopText© 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental stress cracking (ESC) resistance of polycarbonate/SiO2 nanocomposites in different media
Authors: Nomai Jiraporn , Schlarb Alois K.
Published: July 2017

Polycarbonate (PC) nanocomposites containing different nano‐SiO2 contents were prepared using a twin‐screw extruder followed by injection molding. The mechanical behavior and environmental stress cracking (ESC) resistance of the nanocomposites were investigated. Compared to neat PC, the incorporation of nanofiller leads to a slight improvement in Young's modulus, tensile strength, and notched impact strength properties. Interestingly, the nanofiller enhanced the environmental stress cracking resistance of PC in different fluids (isopropanol, methanol, aqueous urea solution, and deionized water) vastly. The correlation of the mode I critical stress intensity factor with the Hansen solubility parameter shows a very good agreement for different fluids and thus allows the prediction of the stress cracking behavior as a function of the filler content for different stress‐cracking agents. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45451.
A novel colorimetric fluorescence sensor for Fe3+ based on quinoline Schiff base
Authors: Li Bin , Tian Jianfei , Zhang Dan , Tian Fuli
Published: July 2017

A novel fluorescent sensor bearing a quinoline and an anisidine moiety has been developed for highly selective detection of Fe3+, which shows photo‐induced electron transfer (PET) behavior induced by Fe3+. Binding of Fe3+ to the sensor induced the electron of C = N group transfer from quinoline to iron, the result exhibits fluorescent enhancement. With the features of easy synthesis, simple structural skeleton and excellent sensing ability, the newly synthesized chemosensor also applied as a highly selective fluorescent probe in complex samples containing various competitive metal ions. The probe could fulfill various needs in biological and environmental fields.
Bimetallic Platinum‐Tin Nanoparticles on Hydrogenated Molybdenum Oxide for the Selective Hydrogenation of Functionalized Nitroarenes
Authors: Shu Yijin , Chan Hang Cheong , Xie Lifang , Shi Zhangping , Tang Yi , Gao Qingsheng
Published: July 2017

The hydrogenation of functionalized nitroarenes to the corresponding anilines is of great importance in the fine chemical industry and requires high‐performance catalysts with a good activity and selectivity. Herein, hydrogenated MoOx (H‐MoOx) supported bimetallic Pt‐Sn (Pt‐Sn/H‐MoOx) was developed to accomplish selective and efficient hydrogenation. In the case of 4‐nitrostyrene, an outstanding selectivity to 4‐vinylaniline (≈93 %) with a high turnover frequency (0.094 s−1) was achieved under mild conditions (T=30 °C, P
=1 atm). The metal–support interactions contributed to the efficient turnover on the ultrafine nanoparticles, and the atom‐rearranged bimetallic Pt‐Sn surface promoted the selectivity because of the preferred adsorption of the nitro group. The good efficiency for various functionalized nitroarenes further verified the promise of Pt‐Sn/H‐MoOx in chemoselective hydrogenation.
Two‐Enzyme Hydrogen‐Borrowing Amination of Alcohols Enabled by a Cofactor‐Switched Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Authors: Thompson Matthew P. , Turner Nicholas J.
Published: July 2017

The NADPH‐dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus (TeSADH), displaying broad substrate specificity and low enantioselectivity, was engineered to accept NADH as a cofactor. The engineered TeSADH showed a >10 000‐fold switch from NADPH towards NADH compared to the wildtype enzyme. This TeSADH variant was applied to a biocatalytic hydrogen‐borrowing system that employed catalytic amounts of NAD+, ammonia, and an amine dehydrogenase, which thereby enabled the conversion a range of alcohols into chiral amines.
The stability of the transcriptome during the estrous cycle in four regions of the mouse brain
Authors: DiCarlo Lisa M. , Vied Cynthia , Nowakowski Richard S.
Published: July 2017

We analyzed the transcriptome of the C57BL/6J mouse hypothalamus, hippocampus, neocortex, and cerebellum to determine estrous cycle‐specific changes in these four brain regions. We found almost 16,000 genes are present in one or more of the brain areas but only 210 genes, ∼1.3%, are significantly changed as a result of the estrous cycle. The hippocampus has the largest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (82), followed by the neocortex (76), hypothalamus (63), and cerebellum (26). Most of these DEGs (186/210) are differentially expressed in only one of the four brain regions. A key finding is the unique expression pattern of growth hormone (Gh) and prolactin (Prl). Gh and Prl are the only DEGs to be expressed during only one stage of the estrous cycle (metestrus). To gain insight into the function of the DEGs, we examined gene ontology and phenotype enrichment and found significant enrichment for genes associated with myelination, hormone stimulus, and abnormal hormone levels. Additionally, 61 of the 210 DEGs are known to change in response to estrogen in the brain. 50 of the 210 genes differentially expressed as a result of the estrous cycle are related to myelin and oligodendrocytes and 12 of the 63 DEGs in the hypothalamus are oligodendrocyte‐ and myelin‐specific genes. This transcriptomic analysis reveals that gene expression in the female mouse brain is remarkably stable during the estrous cycle and demonstrates that the genes that do fluctuate are functionally related.
Parallelization of skyline probability computation over uncertain preferences
Authors: Zhu Haoyang , Zhu Peidong , Li Xiaoyong , Liu Qiang , Xun Peng
Published: July 2017

Query processing over uncertain preferences is very common in real‐life situations, because many times, we cannot model users' preferences as strict partial orders. In this paper, we investigate skyline queries over uncertain preferences. The latest state‐of‐the‐art algorithm, called Usky‐base algorithm, makes significant advances. However, it still needs to be perfected in 2 aspects. (1) Theoretic analysis: The correctness of the algorithm is not fully verified. (2) Efficiency: Due to the heavy calculation introduced by adopting inclusion‐exclusion principle to express the skyline probability, it needs massive time when computing skyline probabilities for large data sets. To address the above 2 concerns, we first review the Usky‐base algorithm and lemmas it based on. Then we propose a novel parallel algorithm, called Parallel‐sky, to compute skyline probability of a given object. Moreover, we propose an adding algorithm and a deleting algorithm to deal with dynamic scenarios where new objects are added in and outdated objects are deleted out. Furthermore, we extend our algorithm from computing skyline probability of a given object to all objects in a data set. We conduct extensive experiments on real and synthetic data sets to validate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposals.
Web‐based visual data exploration for improved radiological source detection
Authors: Weber Gunther H. , Bandstra Mark S. , Chivers Daniel H. , Elgammal Hamdy H. , Hendrix Valerie , Kua John , Maltz Jonathan S. , Muriki Krishna , Ong Yeongshnn , Song Kai , Quinlan Michael J. , Ramakrishnan Lavanya , Quiter Brian J.
Published: July 2017

Radiation detection can provide a reliable means of detecting radiological material. Such capabilities can help to prevent nuclear and/or radiological attacks, but reliable detection in uncontrolled surroundings requires algorithms that account for environmental background radiation. The Berkeley Data Cloud (BDC) facilitates the development of such methods by providing a framework to capture, store, analyze, and share data sets. In the era of big data, both the size and variety of data make it difficult to explore and find data sets of interest and manage the data. Thus, in the context of big data, visualization is critical for checking data consistency and validity, identifying gaps in data coverage, searching for data relevant to an analyst's use cases, and choosing input parameters for analysis. Downloading the data and exploring it on an analyst's desktop using traditional tools are no longer feasible due to the size of the data. This paper describes the design and implementation of a visualization system that addresses the problems associated with data exploration within the context of the BDC. The visualization system is based on a JavaScript front end communicating via REST with a back end web server.
Synthesis and Ball Milling Effect on Thermal Conductivity of PbTe Based Alloys
Authors: Królicka Aleksandra K. , Mirowska Aleksandra , Materna Andrzej , Piersa Mirosław
Published: July 2017

Lead chalcogenide (PbTe) nanopowders doped with chromium, iodine, silver and lanthanum were obtained by ball‐milling ingots grown by the vertical Bridgman technique. These nanopowders were subsequently subjected to consolidating by cold pressing technique and further sintering in a furnace (CPS). In the present work, the effect of ball milling time and second phases on the microstructure and the eventual crystallite size is analyzed. The thermal conductivity versus temperature measurements were conducted and showed decrease in κ values with milling time. The lowest obtained thermal conductivity values were as follows: κ = 0.4W/mK and κ = 0.26W/mK for PbTe:Cr, I and PbTe:Ag,La materials, respectively. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed for the samples after different milling time. In order to determine the size of the obtained powder particles the particle size analysis measurements were performed using optical microscopy (Clemex vision software) and X‐ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD).
Maternal cortisol slope at 6 months predicts infant cortisol slope and EEG power at 12 months
Authors: St. John Ashley M. , Kao Katie , Liederman Jacqueline , Grieve Philip G. , Tarullo Amanda R.
Published: July 2017

Physiological stress systems and the brain rapidly develop through infancy. While the roles of caregiving and environmental factors have been studied, implications of maternal physiological stress are unclear. We assessed maternal and infant diurnal cortisol when infants were 6 and 12 months. We measured 12‐month infant electroencephalography (EEG) 6–9 Hz power during a social interaction. Steeper 6‐month maternal slope predicted steeper 12‐month infant slope controlling for 6‐month infant slope and breastfeeding. Steeper 6‐month maternal slope predicted lower 6–9 Hz power. Six‐month maternal area under the cuve (AUCg) was unrelated to 12‐month infant AUCg and 6–9 Hz power. Psychosocial, caregiving, and breastfeeding variables did not explain results. At 6 months, maternal and infant slopes correlated, as did maternal and infant AUCg. Twelve‐month maternal and infant cortisol were unrelated. Results indicate maternal slope is an informative predictor of infant physiology and suggest the importance of maternal physiological stress in this developmental period.
A neutral view of the evolving genomic architecture of speciation
Authors: Southcott Laura , Kronforst Marcus R.
Published: July 2017

Analyses of genomewide polymorphism data have begun to shed light on speciation and adaptation. Genome scans to identify regions of the genome that are unusually different between populations or species, possibly due to divergent natural or sexual selection, are widespread in speciation genomics. Theoretical and empirical work suggests that such outlier regions may grow faster than linearly during speciation with gene flow due to a rapid transition between low and high reproductive isolation. We investigate whether this pattern could be attributed to neutral processes by simulating genomes under neutral evolution with varying amounts and timing of gene flow. Under both neutral evolution and divergent selection, simulations with little or no gene flow, or with a long allopatric period after its cessation, resulted in faster than linear growth of the proportion of the genome lying in outlier regions. Without selection, higher recent gene flow erased differentiation; with divergent selection, these same scenarios produced nonlinear growth to a plateau. Our results suggest that, given a history of gene flow, the growth of the divergent genome is informative about selection during divergence, but that in many scenarios, this pattern does not easily distinguish neutral and non‐neutral processes during speciation with gene flow.
Habitat selection by Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is primarily driven by avoidance of human activity during day and prey availability during night
Authors: Filla Marc , Premier Joseph , Magg Nora , Dupke Claudia , Khorozyan Igor , Waltert Matthias , Bufka Luděk , Heurich Marco
Published: July 2017

The greatest threat to the protected Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Central Europe is human‐induced mortality. As the availability of lynx prey often peaks in human‐modified areas, lynx have to balance successful prey hunting with the risk of encounters with humans. We hypothesized that lynx minimize this risk by adjusting habitat choices to the phases of the day and over seasons. We predicted that (1) due to avoidance of human‐dominated areas during daytime, lynx range use is higher at nighttime, that (2) prey availability drives lynx habitat selection at night, whereas high cover, terrain inaccessibility, and distance to human infrastructure drive habitat selection during the day, and that (3) habitat selection also differs between seasons, with altitude being a dominant factor in winter. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed telemetry data (GPS,VHF) of 10 lynx in the Bohemian Forest Ecosystem (Germany, Czech Republic) between 2005 and 2013 using generalized additive mixed models and considering various predictor variables. Night ranges exceeded day ranges by more than 10%. At night, lynx selected open habitats, such as meadows, which are associated with high ungulate abundance. By contrast, during the day, lynx selected habitats offering dense understorey cover and rugged terrain away from human infrastructure. In summer, land‐cover type greatly shaped lynx habitats, whereas in winter, lynx selected lower altitudes. We concluded that open habitats need to be considered for more realistic habitat models and contribute to future management and conservation (habitat suitability, carrying capacity) of Eurasian lynx in Central Europe.
State of the States' Teacher Evaluation and Support Systems: A Perspective From Exemplary Teachers
Authors: Goe Laura , Wylie E. Caroline , Bosso David , Olson Derek
Published: July 2017

As states reconsider their current evaluation systems, stakeholders are offering their views about what revisions should be made to existing measures and processes. This report offers a unique perspective to these conversations by capturing and synthesizing the views of some of America's exemplary teachers: State Teachers of the Year (STOYs) and STOY finalists from every part of the country (hereafter referred to as STOYs). Given their recognition as effective practitioners and advocates, their involvement in policy‐oriented discussions at various levels, and their overall impact on their respective educational environments, the experiences of STOYs with teacher evaluation and professional support systems provide a unique look into the myriad systems that are now being scrutinized. Accordingly, their insights and recommendations should serve to inform state and local discussions. An executive summary is available at https://www.ets.org/Media/Research/pdf/RR‐17‐30_Executive_Summary.pdf.
Enhancing egress drills: Preparation and assessment of evacuee performance
Authors: Gwynne S.M.V. , Kuligowski E.D. , Boyce K.E. , Nilsson D. , Robbins A.P. , Lovreglio R. , Thomas J.R. , Roy‐Poirier A.
Published: July 2017

This article explores how egress drills—specifically those related to fire incidents—are currently used, their impact on safety levels, and the insights gained from them. It is suggested that neither the merits of egress drills are well understood, nor the impact on egress performance well characterized. In addition, the manner in which they are conducted varies both between and within regulatory jurisdictions. By investigating their strengths and limitations, this article suggests opportunities for their enhancement possibly through the use of other egress models to support and expand upon the benefits provided. It is by no means suggested that drills are not important to evacuation safety—only that their inconsistent use and the interpretation of the results produced may mean we (as researchers, practitioners, regulators, and stakeholders) are not getting the maximum benefit out of this important tool. © 2017 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Fire and Materials StartCopText© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Description of late onset neutropenia in indolent lymphoma patients treated with bendamustine plus rituximab
Authors: Verriere B. , Gastaud L. , Chamorey E. , Peyrade F. , Deletie E. , Bouredji K. , Quinsat D. , Schiappa R. , Thyss A. , Re D.
Published: July 2017

Bendamustine (B) associated with rituximab (R) is widely described in literature for the management of patients with chronic lymphoid leukaemia (CLL) and indolent non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. Safety data regarding late hematotoxicity such as late onset neutropenia (LON) are scarce. The aim of our study was to assess the incidence and to identify risk factors for LON in patients with indolent non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and CLL treated with B and R (B‐R).

One hundred forty five patients were treated with B‐R as first or second line. Patients with neutropenia prior induction treatment, treated beyond second line and relapsing within 3 months after the end of induction treatment, were excluded. Patients receiving at least 1 cycle of B‐R and having LON during follow‐up period were included and considered as eligible for toxicity assessment. A complete blood count was performed 4 weeks after the last cycle of induction treatment and thereafter every 3 months for 1 year.

Thirty six patients were identified in our cohort (incidence of 25%), mostly affected by CLL (n = 11) and follicular lymphoma (FL) (n = 15). During follow‐up, 84 events of LON were recorded, 61% and 39% were of grades 1/2 and 3/4, respectively. No episode of febrile neutropenia was documented. Amongst 13 of the 15 patients with FL undergoing R maintenance, 8 had treatment discontinuation because of LON. Median time for LON (grade > 2) and time to recovery (grade < 3) were of 11.2 and 17.3 weeks, respectively. One year after B‐R induction, LON persisted in 4 patients. The risk of LON was increased both in patients with FL or CLL and performance status >1.

The LON in B‐R treated patients is clinically relevant. Close clinical and biological follow‐up and treatment prophylaxis (eg, valaciclovir and cotrimoxazole) especially for FL patients undergoing maintenance with R monotherapy seems relevant.
Biomarkers of the alcohol hangover state: Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS)
Authors: Mackus Marlou , van de Loo Aurora J. A. E. , Raasveld S. Jorinde , Hogewoning Anna , Sastre Toraño Javier , Flesch Frits M. , Korte‐Bouws Gerdien A. H. , van Neer Renier H. P. , Wang Xiaochun , Nguyen Thomas T. , Brookhuis Karel A. , Kraneveld Aletta D. , Garssen Johan , Verster Joris C.
Published: July 2017

Introduction

The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) as biomarkers of the hangover state.

Methods

Thirty‐sixhealthy social drinkers participated in this study, being of naturalistic design. Eighteen participants experience regular hangovers (the hangover group), whereas the other 18 claim to not experience a hangover (the hangover‐immune group). On a control day (alcohol‐free) day and a post‐alcohol day, urine EtG and EtS concentrations were determined and hangover severity assessed.

Results

Urinary EtG and EtS concentrations were significantly increased on post‐alcohol day compared to the control day (p = .0001). Both EtG and EtS concentrations did not significantly correlate with the overall hangover score, nor with the estimated peak blood alcohol concentrations and number of alcoholic drinks. EtG correlated significantly only with the individual hangover symptom “headache” (p = .033; r = .403). No significant correlations were found with the EtG to EtS ratio. EtG and EtS concentrations significantly correlated with urine ethanol concentrations.

Conclusions

Although urine EtG and EtS concentration did not significantly correlate to estimated peak blood alcohol concentrations or the number of alcoholic drinks consumed, a significant correlation was found with urine ethanol concentration. However, urine EtG and EtS concentrations did not significantly correlate with overall hangover severity.