bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of temperature on host plant‐specific leaf‐ and root‐feeding performances: a comparison of grape phylloxera biotypes C and G
Authors: Wilmink Jurrian , Breuer Michael , Forneck Astrid
Published: August 2021

Grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae), is a destructive pest for global viticulture. With the grafting of the susceptible cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., Vitaceae) on top of tolerant Vitis spp. rootstock, root infestation no longer causes vine death. These tolerant rootstock vines are hybrids of American species that are often highly susceptible to leaf infestation. Though leaf infestation is normally rarely seen on V. vinifera, some commercial vineyards have been showing high intensities of leaf galls for many years. In this study, two possible factors are investigated to explain these anomalies: (1) intra‐specific differences in phylloxera host plant specialization, and (2) improved environmental settings for infestation due to temperature increase. To study the former, a phylloxera biotyping assay was conducted after whole‐plant (both root and leaf) infestations, and for the latter, a temperature increase simulation was performed with potted plants in climate chambers. Both assays also contained a phylloxera control biotype C, obtained from an American rootstock hybrid (Vitis berlandieri Planch. × Vitis riparia Michx.). The biotyping assay showed that field‐sampled populations from V. vinifera leaf galls had innate advantages to infest the leaves of this host plant species compared to those of the American rootstock hybrid. This is therefore the first study to categorize a phylloxera population as biotype G, using controlled experimental conditions with biological pest control. At moderate temperatures (22 °C), infestation was similar as in the biotyping assay, but at higher temperatures (27 °C), biotype G seems to lose its comparative advantage to infest V. vinifera leaves. Specifically, at higher temperatures, insect performance in terms of leaf gall intensity, development, and egg‐laying of both biotype G and C is improved on American rootstock hybrids and worsened on V. vinifera compared to infestations at moderate temperatures. We discuss possible explanations for these findings and how these experimental results may be extrapolated to field settings.
Whose speeches impact European markets: ECB's or the national central banks'?
Authors: Anand Abhinav , Basu Sankarshan , Pathak Jalaj , Thampy Ashok
Published: August 2021

We quantify the tone from the speeches of the European Central Bank (ECB) as well as that from the national central banks of six leading European nations and analyze its role in explaining the returns of their respective stock market indices. Using recent innovations in financial text analysis, we find evidence that except for France, all nations' stock indices are significantly associated with the tone of speeches delivered by either the national banks or the ECB (or both). For France, the national stock index volatility is found to be associated with its national central bank speech tone.
The treatment of anogenital extramammary Paget's disease as part of a multidisciplinary approach: The use of Mohs surgery moat method with CK7
Authors: Brough Kevin , Carley Sama K. , Vidal Nahid Y.
Published: August 2021

Although most cases of extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) are localized to the intraepidermal, the extensive subclinical extension can lead to high rates of marginal recurrence with wide local excisions and topically destructive treatments. Recurrence rates of EMPD treated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) without immunohistochemical staining are better but variable. Here, we describe our multidisciplinary approach for treating large EMPD tumors of the anogenital region involving critical anatomy using MMS for peripheral margin clearance (moat method) and intraoperative CK7 immunostaining. Our clinical pearls for the management of anogenital EMPD are based on 53 multidisciplinary cases treated at the author's institution between 2014 and 2020.
LncRNA00492 is required for marginal zone B‐cell development
Authors: Wang Faming , Cui Dongya , Zhang Qingyun , Shao Yingying , Zheng Baijiao , Chen Liling , Luo Yao , Yuan Liudi , Wang Demin
Published: August 2021

B‐cell development undergoes a series of steps from the bone marrow to the secondary lymphoid organs. A defect in B‐cell development can lead to immunodeficiency or malignant disorders, such as leukaemia or lymphoma. Long non‐coding RNAs have been reported to act as important regulators of many pathological processes. However, very little is known regarding the role of lncRNAs during B‐cell development and the regulation of their expression. In this study, we explored the expression and role of lncRNA Gme00492 in B‐cell development. We observed that lnc00492 was highly expressed in B‐cell development and primarily expressed in the nucleus. Lnc00492‐deficient mice had fewer marginal zone B cells in the spleen, likely due to a developmental block. Importantly, lnc00492 interacts with CTBP1 and targets it for ubiquitination and degradation during B‐cell development, whereas the transcriptional corepressor factor CTBP1 plays a critical role in Notch2 signalling. Thus, we identified a novel regulatory axis between lnc00492 and CTBP1 in B cells, suggesting that lnc00492 is essential for marginal zone B‐cell development.
DUSP7 inhibits cervical cancer progression by inactivating the RAS pathway
Authors: Bai Huimin , Song Meiying , Jiao Ruili , Li Weihua , Zhao Jing , Xiao Meizhu , Jin Mulan , Zhang Zhengyu , Deng Haiteng
Published: August 2021

To determine the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between paired samples of cervical cancer (CC) and paracancerous tissue by quantitative proteomics and to examine the effects of DUSP7 expression on the tumorigenesis and progression of CC. Proteomic profiles of three paired samples of CC and paracancerous tissue were quantitatively analysed to identify DEPs. The relationship between DEP expression and patient clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis was evaluated. The effects of the selected DEPs on CC progression were examined in SIHA cells. A total of 129 DEPs were found. Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining analyses confirmed the results from quantitative proteomic analysis showing that the selected DEP, HRAS, P‐ERK1/2, and PLD1 levels were increased, whereas the DUSP7 level was decreased in CC tissue compared with the paired normal paracancerous tissues. The IHC results from the CC TMA analysis showed that the decreased expression of DUSP7 (p = 0.045 and 0.044) was significantly associated with a tumour size >2 cm and parametrial infiltration. In addition, the decreased expression of DUSP7 and increased expression of p‐ERK1/2 were adversely related to patient relapse (p = 0.003 and 0.001) and survival (p = 0.034 and 0.006). The expression of HRAS and p‐ERK1/2 was decreased in DUSP7‐SIHA cells compared with NC‐SIHA cells (p = 0.0003 and 0.0026). Biological functions in vitro, including invasion, migration and proliferation and tumour formation in vivo were decreased in DUSP7‐SIHA cells (all p < 0.05) but increased in shDUSP7‐SIHA cells (all p < 0.05). DUSP7 inhibits cervical cancer progression by inactivating the RAS pathway.
Uniform and targeted informative advertising with asymmetric customer loyalty
Authors: Arnold Michael , Schmidbauer Eric , Zhang Lan
Published: August 2021

We model optimal firm pricing and advertising intensity strategies under both uniform and targeted advertising regimes in a duopoly market in which firms have asymmetric loyal market shares and must engage in costly informative advertising to attract customers. In addition to loyal customers who only purchase from their preferred firm, there are shoppers who purchase at the lowest advertised price. Under uniform advertising, prices are communicated to the entire market while under targeted advertising the firm can limit advertising to its own loyal customers or to its loyal customers and the shoppers. Our main results explore the strategic trade‐off between advertising intensity and price competition and demonstrate how optimal firm pricing, advertising strategies, and equilibrium outcomes differ with the relative size of a firm's loyal market and with the advertising regime. We also show that targeted advertising may or may not increase social welfare, and that it increases consumer surplus only if the cost of advertising is sufficiently high. In addition, it is possible that the firm with the larger loyal market earns lower profits under targeted rather than uniform advertising. Notwithstanding this, in an extension we show firms generally have an incentive to invest ex‐ante in targeting technology.
Competitive response to unbundled services: An empirical look at Spirit Airlines
Authors: He Lei , Kim Myongjin , Liu Qihong
Published: August 2021

In 2010, Spirit Airlines announced that it would start charging passengers for carry‐on baggage. Using a vector of route‐level characteristics, we construct a matched group consisting of routes which best match those served by Spirit (the treated group). We then run a difference‐in‐difference estimation using the treated and matched group, and examine the impact of Spirit's baggage fee policy on its rivals' ticket prices. Our results show that Spirit's rivals reduce their prices by about 5.8% after Spirit charges carry‐on baggage fee. We also look into potentially heterogeneous responses across different types of rivals. There is no significant difference in how low‐cost carriers and legacy carriers respond to Spirit's policy change. However, relative to non‐subcontracting carriers, those which subcontract operations to regional carriers reduce their prices further by more than 10%, including average prices (linear or log) and various other points on the price distribution. We also develop a stylized theory model to help better understand our empirical findings.
Increasing Access to Medications and Devices for the Care of Low‐Risk Childbearing Families: An Analysis of Existing Law and Strategies for Advocacy
Authors: Effland Kristin J. , Hays Karen , Zell Britney A. , Lawal Tara K. , Grantham Rhonda L. , Koontz Megan
Published: August 2021

Limited access to medications and devices relevant to the care of low‐risk childbearing families acts as a barrier to the successful integration of high‐quality midwifery care into health care systems. Families who live in clinically underserved areas, whether urban or rural, are particularly in need of perinatal professionals who can provide comprehensive care. This article reviews existing US laws that impact whether families who choose community‐based care with direct entry midwives have access, through their chosen provider, to the medications and devices relevant to their normal perinatal and postpartum care. Scope of practice and practice authority are considered as they relate to access to medications and devices primarily for certified professional midwives and state‐licensed midwives. These professionals are the primary health care providers offering community‐based care and birth at home and in freestanding birth centers. Washington state laws are compared and contrasted with laws from other states and jurisdictions, with the aim of identifying ways to improve service delivery for families who choose community‐based midwifery care. Recent and historical efforts to expand Washington state's midwifery drugs and devices formulary are described. This discussion outlines the Washington context for direct entry community midwifery practice, highlights relevant legal examples, and describes current and future efforts around quality improvement. Information from a midwifery clinic serving some of Washington's most vulnerable pregnant and postpartum families allows for an exploration of the role that access to essential medications and devices might play in supporting midwives to address health inequities. Ideal statutory and regulatory language, lessons learned from an analysis of Washington's experience, and strategies to overcome barriers are described to aid and inspire midwifery advocates in other jurisdictions who want to increase access and enhance their ability to offer current evidence‐based care. Policy makers can improve health, health equity, consumer choice, and access to evidence‐based care by using ideal legal language for midwifery practice authority.
Activation of nucleus accumbens μ‐opioid receptors enhances the response to a glycaemic challenge
Authors: Koekkoek Laura L. , Kool Tess , Eggels Leslie , van der Gun Luna L. , Lamuadni Khalid , Slomp Margo , Diepenbroek Charlene , Serlie Mireillle J. , Kalsbeek Andries , la Fleur Susanne E.
Published: August 2021

Opioids are known to affect blood glucose levels but their exact role in the physiological control of glucose metabolism remains unclear. Although there are numerous studies investigating the peripheral effects of opioid stimulation, little is known about how central opioids control blood glucose and which brain areas are involved. One brain area possibly involved is the nucleus accumbens because, as well as being a key site for opioid effects on food intake, it has also been implicated in the control of blood glucose levels. Within the nucleus accumbens, μ‐opioid receptors are most abundantly expressed. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the role of μ‐opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens in the control of glucose metabolism. We show that infusion of the μ‐opioid receptor agonist [d‐Ala2, N‐MePhe4, Gly‐ol]‐enkephalin (DAMGO) in the nucleus accumbens by itself does not affect blood glucose levels, but it enhances the glycaemic response after both an insulin tolerance test, as well as a glucose tolerance test. These findings indicate that the nucleus accumbens plays a role in the central effects of opioids on glucose metabolism, and highlight the possibility of nucleus accumbens μ‐opioid receptors as a therapeutic target for enhancing the counter‐regulatory response.
What does schedule fit add to work–family research? The incremental effect of schedule fit on work–family conflict, schedule satisfaction, and turnover intentions
Authors: Piszczek Matthew M. , Martin James E. , Pimputkar Avani S. , Laulié Lyonel
Published: August 2021

In recent years, the person–environment fit framework has become increasingly popular as a lens for understanding the work–family interface. However, the mechanisms that link objective work–family person–environment fit to individual outcomes are poorly understood, and little person–environment fit research has focused on work schedules despite their importance for employee management of work and family roles. Moreover, it is unclear whether schedule fit contributes to individual outcomes over and beyond schedule characteristics such as flexibility and control. The present study explains how employee objective schedule fit relates to individual turnover intentions through work‐to‐family conflict and schedule satisfaction in a study of 608 retail employees. Results show that objective work–family schedule fit has statistically significant relationships with employee outcomes independent of the effects of schedule control and flexibility, but that these relationships are relatively weak. These results establish that schedule fit is a facet of work–family person–environment fit beyond more generally desirable schedule characteristics, but that it may be useful to examine only in limited contexts. The results also contribute to the understanding of the cognitive mechanisms linking objective environmental characteristics to employee outcomes.

Practitioner points

The ability to work a schedule that meets preferences for days and shifts (hours) is related to better worker outcomes.

This effect holds even when considering employees’ control over their schedule and its flexibility.

Employees’ schedules are a starting point for forming their attitudes and behaviours related to the work–family interface, which may shape future turnover cognitions.
Dual and duelling purposes: An exploration of educators' perspectives on the use of reflective writing to remediate professionalism in residency
Authors: Moniz Tracy , Melro Carolyn M. , Warren Andrew , Watling Chris
Published: August 2021

CONTEXT

Professionalism lapses have high stakes for learners and educators. Problems with professionalism, unless appropriately and effectively remediated, may portend serious problems in practice. Yet, remediation for unprofessional behaviour is particularly challenging—and understudied. Increasingly, educators are turning to reflective writing as a remediation strategy in residency, yet little is known about what educators expect reflective writing to accomplish, how they choose reflective writing tasks, why they use reflective writing, or how they evaluate whether a learner has met expectations. We aimed to understand why and how postgraduate medical educators use reflective writing as an educational intervention to remediate professionalism.

METHOD

In this constructivist grounded theory study, we interviewed 13 medical education professionals with experience using reflective writing to remediate professionalism across five Canadian medical schools. Data collection and analysis occurred iteratively using constant comparison to identify themes and to understand the relationships among them.

RESULTS

Medical educators reported using reflective writing as a learning tool to develop insight and as an assessment tool to unearth evidence of insight. The goal of learning may compete with the goal of assessment, creating tension that leads to uncertainty about the sincerity, quality and effectiveness of reflective writing as well as concerns about learner safety. Educators reported uncertainty about whether learners write to pass or to introspect and about how to judge the effectiveness of reflective writing as a learning tool. They expressed concern about creating a safe environment for learners—one that enables the genuine reflection required for insight development—while meeting requirements of remediation.

CONCLUSIONS

Educators express ambivalence about using reflective writing to remediate professionalism in residency. Understanding the potential and pitfalls of reflective writing may inform more tailored and effective approaches to remediate professionalism.
Percutaneous Cerclage Wiring Combined with Cephalomedullary Nailing for Irreducible Subtrochanteric Fractures
Authors: Kang Shi‐Jie , Bao Fei‐Long , Huang Dong‐Sheng , Jiang Tao , Hu Yi‐Ming , Li Jian‐Min , Liu Tao
Published: August 2021

Objective

To explore the surgical method, operation essentials and the clinical effect of the treatment of irreducible subtrochanteric femoral fractures by percutaneous cerclage wiring and Cephalomedullary nail.

Method

From February 2016 to October 2019, 17 cases of irreducible subtrochanteric femoral fractures (SFFs) treated via a minimally invasive wire system and intramedullary nail fixation were reviewed retrospectively. Ten male and seven female patients were involved. The average age was 59.88 ± 16.13 years, ranging from 41 to 94 years. Among the patients, seven were injured in traffic accidents, five fell from a standing height, and five injured themselves from falling. The cases were classified based on the Seinsheimer classification. Specifically, five cases were type IIIA, five cases were type IIIB, one case was type IV, and six cases were type V. According to the AO/OTA classification, 10 cases were 32B3, and seven cases were 32C3. During surgery, the patients were placed on a traction bed andattempted closed reduction. For those patients whose closed reduction failed confirmed by fluoroscopy, we performed a small anterolateral incision through which a self‐made minimally invasive percutaneous wire introducer (passer; patent Z: 2016 2 1002800.8) was employed for temporary fixation with a wire. A double‐stranded steel wire was introduced into a self‐made wire traction and lifting device (patent ZL 2020 2 0205658.7), the wire was pulled vertically and firmly fixed. Then an long InterTan nail was used for the fixation. The following information was recorded: (i) length of the invasive incision, (ii) blood loss on the third day after surgery, (iii) operation time; and (iv) maximum displacement and angulation of the fracture ends of the x‐rayed front and side fractures before and after surgery and the maximum displacement and formation of the three‐dimensional CT‐scanned fracture ends in the coronal plane, sagittal plane, and cross section before and after surgery.

Result

A total of 15 of the 17 patients were followed for 12 to 24 months. The 15 patients recovered, but one died from pulmonary infection 1 year after surgery. In the postoperative X‐ray and three‐dimensional CT observation reduction treatment, fracture displacement was less than 5 mm, each plane angle was less than 10 degrees, and postoperative fracture healing time was 3 to 14 months, with an average of 4.19 ± 4.04 months. The postoperative Harris hip function score ranged from 66 to 95 points, with an average of 80.81 ± 9.67 points. In terms of clinical outcomes, 11 cases were excellent, four cases were satisfactory, and one case was fair.

Conclusion

For refractory subtrochanteric fractures, percutaneous wiring combined with Cephalomedullary nail fixation is a minimally invasive, rapid, and effective method, which can achieve satisfactory results in clinical practice and is worth promoting.
Multilayer regulatory landscape during pattern‐triggered immunity in rice
Authors: Tang Bozeng , Liu Caiyun , Li Zhiqiang , Zhang Xixi , Zhou Shaoqun , Wang Guo‐Liang , Chen Xiao‐Lin , Liu Wende
Published: August 2021

Upon fungal and bacterial pathogen attack, plants launch pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI) by recognizing pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to defend against pathogens. Although PTI‐mediated response has been widely studied, a systematic understanding of the reprogrammed cellular processes during PTI by multi‐omics analysis is lacking. In this study, we generated metabolome, transcriptome, proteome, ubiquitome and acetylome data to investigate rice (Oryza sativa) PTI responses to two PAMPs, the fungi‐derived chitin and the bacteria‐derived flg22. Integrative multi‐omics analysis uncovered convergence and divergence of rice responses to these PAMPs at multiple regulatory layers. Rice responded to chitin and flg22 in a similar manner at the transcriptome and proteome levels, but distinct at the metabolome level. We found that this was probably due to post‐translational regulation including ubiquitination and acetylation, which reshaped gene expression by modulating enzymatic activities, and possibly led to distinct metabolite profiles. We constructed regulatory atlas of metabolic pathways, including the defence‐related phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis and linoleic acid derivative metabolism. The multi‐level regulatory network generated in this study sets the foundation for in‐depth mechanistic dissection of PTI in rice and potentially in other related poaceous crop species.
Negative performance feedback, CEO tenure, and punctuated equilibrium innovation
Authors: Chen Weihong , Zhong Xi , Lv David Diwei
Published: August 2021

Based on the insights of the behavioral theory of the firm and the agency theory, we explore the impact of negative performance feedback (NPF) on the dynamic equilibrium between exploitative and exploratory innovation. Using the 2007–2020 listed Chinese A‐share high‐tech manufacturing companies as a research sample, our study finds that NPF has a significant positive impact on the punctuated equilibrium innovation of firms. Moreover, we find that the chief executive officer’s (CEO) existing tenure weakens the above‐mentioned relationship, whereas CEO’s expected tenure strengthens it.
Mind what teacher says: Teachers’ propensity for mental‐state language and children's theory of mind in middle childhood
Authors: Lecce Serena , Ronchi Luca , Devine Rory T.
Published: August 2021

This study examined the link between theory of mind (ToM) in middle childhood and teachers’ propensity for mental‐state language and self‐reported conversational‐instruction strategies. Multilevel analyses on 430 Italian children (221 girls, Mage  = 9.34 years, SD  = .63, Range: 7.95–11.43 years) from 27 primary‐school classrooms and their teachers showed that: (i) there were striking between‐classroom differences in children's ToM; (ii) teachers’ propensity for mental‐state language (β = .14) and self‐reported conversational‐instruction strategies (β = .16) were uniquely associated with pupils’ ToM even when child‐related (i.e., age, verbal ability, number of siblings and SES) and teacher‐related variables (i.e., ToM, verbal ability and years of experience) were controlled; and (iii) the association between self‐reported conversational‐instruction strategies and ToM was significant in older children and smaller classrooms. These findings extend socio‐cultural accounts of ToM by showing a developmental continuity of environmental effects on children's ToM.
The COVID‐19 pandemic and government responses: A gender perspective on differences in public opinion
Authors: Stockemer Daniel , Plank Friedrich , Niemann Arne
Published: August 2021

Objective

The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) crisis has led to shutdowns of the cultural, associational, and economic life in many parts of the world and had a severe impact on gender relations in many societies. This study engages with gender differences in public support of severe infringements of personal and economic freedoms.

Methods

We use data from an original survey conducted by CINT in the United States and Germany in June 2020. Descriptive statistics both aggregated for the two countries and then split by country as well as multinomial logistic regression analyses gauge gender differences in support of COVID‐19 related confinement measures.

Results

Men and women rather converge on the level of risk COVID‐19 might cause to their health and economic situation, but the two sexes still differ in their assessment of their preferred government reaction to the disease. Women are approximately one‐third more likely to advocate stricter infringements, compared to men. This finding illustrates that while both sexes share similar risk evaluations, women are more prudent for their health than men.

Conclusion

With this study, we add to the literature on risk aversion and gender differences. In a pandemic situation, women appear to be more risk averse than men.
Epidemiology, risk factors, and association of antifungal prophylaxis on early invasive fungal infection in heart transplant recipients
Authors: Yetmar Zachary A. , Lahr Brian , Brumble Lisa , Gea Banacloche Juan , Steidley D. Eric , Kushwaha Sudhir , Beam Elena
Published: August 2021

Background

Invasive fungal infection (IFI) in heart transplant recipients is associated with poor outcomes. Estimated risk of 1‐year IFI in heart transplant recipients is 3.4–8.6% with risk factors inconsistently identified in previous studies. The role of antifungal prophylaxis is unclear. The transplant program at Mayo Clinic provides 6 months of universal azole prophylaxis for those heart transplant recipients in Arizona. We sought to define risk factors for 1‐year IFI and determine the effect of antifungal prophylaxis.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing heart transplantation at Mayo Clinic from January 2000 to March 2019. We analyzed demographics, details of transplant hospitalization, antifungal prophylaxis, and fungal infection. Multivariable Cox analyses were performed to identify risk factors of 1‐year IFI and impact of IFI on posttransplant mortality.

Results

A total of 966 heart transplant recipients were identified with a median age of 56 years (IQR 47, 62). A total of 444 patients received antifungal prophylaxis. Over 1‐year follow‐up, 62 patients developed IFI with a cumulative incidence of 6.4%. In multivariable analysis, factors associated with IFI were renal replacement therapy (RRT) (HR 3.24, 95% CI 1.65–6.39), allograft rejection (HR 2.33, 95% CI 1.25–4.34), and antifungal prophylaxis (HR 0.32, 95% CI 0.11–0.96). RRT was also associated with invasive mold infection (HR 3.00, 95% CI 1.29–6.97).

Conclusions

RRT and allograft rejection after transplantation are associated with 1‐year IFI, and RRT is also associated with invasive mold infection. Antifungal prophylaxis appears to be protective and further study is needed in the heart transplant population.
Is the Mind a Network? Maps, Vehicles, and Skyhooks in Cognitive Network Science
Authors: Hills Thomas T. , Kenett Yoed N.
Published: August 2021

Cognitive researchers often carve cognition up into structures and processes. Cognitive processes operate on structures, like vehicles driving over a map. Language alongside semantic and episodic memory are proposed to have structure, as are perceptual systems. Over these structures, processes operate to construct memory and solve problems by retrieving and manipulating information. Network science offers an approach to representing cognitive structures and has made tremendous inroads into understanding the nature of cognitive structure and process. But is the mind a network? If so, what kind? In this article, we briefly review the main metaphors, assumptions, and pitfalls prevalent in cognitive network science (maps and vehicles; one network/process to rule them all), highlight the need for new metaphors that elaborate on the map‐and‐vehicle framework (wormholes, skyhooks, and generators), and present open questions in studying the mind as a network (the challenge of capturing network change, what should the edges of cognitive networks be made of, and aggregated vs. individual‐based networks). One critical lesson of this exercise is that the richness of the mind as network approach makes it a powerful tool in its own right; it has helped to make our assumptions more visible, generating new and fascinating questions, and enriching the prospects for future research. A second lesson is that the mind as a network–though useful–is incomplete. The mind is not a network, but it may contain them.
Biomechanical evaluation of bovine stifles stabilized with an innovative braided superelastic nitinol prosthesis after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament
Authors: Constant Caroline , Braïlovski Vladimir , Wagnac Éric , Petit Yvan , Desrochers André , Nichols Sylvain
Published: August 2021

Objective

To determine the stability bovine stifles stabilized with nylon or nitinol superelastic prostheses after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL).

Study design

Ex vivo study.

Sample population

Stifles (n = 15) harvested from adult bovine cadavers.

Methods

The stifles were randomly assigned pairwise to a ligament reconstruction technique (n = 5): (1) and (2) Hamilton's technique using a prosthesis made of 24 nitinol strands (0.39 mm) braided at 40°or single 600‐lb test nylon implant, and (3) nitinol prosthesis placed in femoral and tibial bone tunnels (bone‐to‐bone). Craniocaudal tibial translation at ±2000 N was applied to the tibia, and mediolateral angular displacement via measured under torsional tibial loading at ±60 Nm on three occasions: intact CCL, transected, and stabilized. Outcomes were evaluated with a mixed effect linear model for repeated measures.

Results

Bone‐to‐bone using nitinol was the only repair that decreased tibial translation after CCL transection (p = .001) with a 23% change magnitude compared with intact CCL. Hamilton was the only stabilization reestablishing angular displacement, similar to intact CCL (p = .109 and .134 for nitinol and nylon). Bone‐to‐bone nitinol stabilization decreased angular displacement after CCL‐transection with an 8% change magnitude (p = .040) without returning to normal values.

Conclusion

CCL replacement with nylon did restore joint stability. Nitinol prostheses passed through single femoral and tibial bone tunnels (bone‐to‐bone) were the only techniques reducing tibial translation.

Clinical significance/impact

Bone‐to‐bone stabilization with a nitinol prosthesis may be considered as an alternative to nylon for CCL replacement in cattle. These results provide evidence to justify clinical evaluation in cattle undergoing CCL replacement.
Does Supplemental Estrogen Improve Bone-Related Symptoms of Female Athlete Triad in Female Athletes? A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Hollenczer Elizabeth , Esposito Angelica , Moore Erin M.
Published: August 2021

Clinical Scenario: Due to the Female Athlete Triad (Triad) being a 3-pronged syndrome, treatments can vary depending on the symptoms that clinicians focus on. With reproductive and bone health compromised, assessment and recovery methods include monitoring menstrual regularity and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. Low levels of estrogen have demonstrated negative effects on bone mineral density (BMD). Clinical Question: Does supplemental estrogen improve BMD in athletes with Female Athlete Triad symptoms? Summary of Key Findings: Supplemental estrogen does improve BMD with estrogen patches demonstrating increased improvement compared with oral contraceptive pills. Clinical Bottom Line: Restoration of regular menstruation, improvement of BMD, and ensuring optimal energy levels is the best approach for treating Triad symptoms. Transdermal patches are a new treatment option that address both menstrual function and BMD but still require further research. Strength of Recommendation: Available studies demonstrated a level 2 evidence for supplemental estrogen (oral contraceptive pills and estrogen patches) providing improvements for bone health related to the Triad.
RNA editing restricts hyperactive ciliary kinases
Authors: Li Dongdong , Liu Yufan , Yi Peishan , Zhu Zhiwen , Li Wei , Zhang Qiangfeng Cliff , Li Jin Billy , Ou Guangshuo
Published: August 2021

RNA editing restricts ciliary kinases

Ciliary kinases are essential for cilia formation and function, but it remains unknown how their activities are regulated in vivo. Li
et al
. created roundworm animal models carrying hyperactive ciliary kinases that disrupt cilia. Their genetic suppressor screens revealed that loss of an RNA adenosine deaminase, which catalyzes adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, rescued ciliary abnormalities. They found that kinase hyperactivation caused this RNA adenosine deaminase to edit kinase RNA and impair kinase RNA splicing and translation, thereby downregulating ciliary kinases from nuclei. These results suggest that ciliopathies may be treated by targeting the pathways outside of cilia. —DJ
Geometric deep learning of RNA structure
Authors: Townshend Raphael J. L. , Eismann Stephan , Watkins Andrew M. , Rangan Ramya , Karelina Masha , Das Rhiju , Dror Ron O.
Published: August 2021

Machine learning solves RNA puzzles

RNA molecules fold into complex three-dimensional shapes that are difficult to determine experimentally or predict computationally. Understanding these structures may aid in the discovery of drugs for currently untreatable diseases. Townshend
et al
. introduced a machine-learning method that significantly improves prediction of RNA structures (see the Perspective by Weeks). Most other recent advances in deep learning have required a tremendous amount of data for training. The fact that this method succeeds given very little training data suggests that related methods could address unsolved problems in many fields where data are scarce. —DJ
Highly conductive and elastic nanomembrane for skin electronics
Authors: Jung Dongjun , Lim Chaehong , Shim Hyung Joon , Kim Yeongjun , Park Chansul , Jung Jaebong , Han Sang Ihn , Sunwoo Sung-Hyuk , Cho Kyoung Won , Cha Gi Doo , Kim Dong Chan , Koo Ja Hoon , Kim Ji Hoon , Hyeon Taeghwan , Kim Dae-Hyeong
Published: August 2021

Thin, sensitive skin electronics

The properties of the human sense of touch, including high sensitivity to differences in temperature, pressure, or surface roughness, are challenging to replicate in robotics because skin materials must be highly conductive, stretchable, and thin. Jung
et al
. developed a process to assemble nanomaterials as a monolayer that is partially embedded in an ultrathin elastomer. The process works by depositing a mixed solvent containing nanostructured silver and/or gold, along with elastomer, onto deionized water. This results in a layer of nanoparticles residing at the interface coating with elastomer, which is further densified by the addition of surfactant. The process is scalable, and the resulting elastomer membranes can be transferred to other substrates. —MSL
Allow “nonuse rights” to conserve natural resources
Authors: Leonard Bryan , Regan Shawn , Costello Christopher , Kerr Suzi , Parker Dominic P. , Plantinga Andrew J. , Salzman James , Smith V. Kerry , Stoellinger Temple
Published: August 2021

“Use-it-or-lose-it” requirements should be reconsidered
Complete Genome and Methylome Analysis of the Box-Shaped Halophilic Archaeon Haloarcula sinaiiensis ATCC 33800
Authors: Fomenkov Alexey , DasSarma Priya , Kennedy Sean P. , Roberts Richard J. , DasSarma Shiladitya
Published: August 2021

The genome of halophilic archaeon
Haloarcula sinaiiensis
ATCC 33800 was sequenced and assembled and comprises seven replicons. Four m6A and one m4C modified motifs and their responsible methyltransferase genes have been identified in the genome by single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and bioinformatic analysis.
Identification of an
mcr
-9-Carrying Salmonella enterica Serotype Heidelberg Strain Isolated from Blood
Authors: Abdullah Khansaa , Iwen Peter C. , Abdalhamid Baha
Published: August 2021

Salmonella enterica
, represented by a large number of serotypes, can cause a broad variety of diseases that range from mild gastroenteritis to severe systemic infections. This report provides a draft genome sequence of an
mcr
-9-encoding
Salmonella
serotype Heidelberg strain isolated from blood.
Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in the British Isles
Authors: Stiefel Gary , Alviani Cherry , Afzal Nadeem A , Byrne Aideen , du Toit George , DunnGalvin Audrey , Hourihane Jonathan , Jay Nicola , Michaelis Louise Jane , Erlewyn-Lajeunesse Michel
Published: August 2021

Background

Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a delayed type of food allergy, most often seen in infancy. We aimed to estimate its incidence, to describe common food triggers and the patient journeys of this rare but serious condition.

Design

We undertook a prospective epidemiological survey of FPIES using the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit.

Setting

UK and Ireland.

Participants

A survey of all paediatricians over 13 months between January 2019 and February 2020.

Main outcome measures

204 cases were reported, 98 (48%) meeting case definition, giving an incidence of 0.006% for England based on 93 cases.

Results

98 patients reported 135 trigger foods, 27% (26 of 98) had multiple food triggers. Common food triggers included cow’s milk (24%, 33 of 135), fruits and vegetables (19%, 26 of 135), hen’s egg (16%, 22 of 135) and fish (14%, 19 of 135). In 46% (41 of 90), the initial trigger food had been ingested three or more times before diagnosis, with a median diagnostic delay of 7.9 months (3.0, 17.3). Half (50 of 98) were admitted, yet only 5% (5 of 98) received appropriate acute treatment with ondansetron. Most cases were diagnosed by an allergy specialist (74 of 98, 76%), within a median of 7.5 (3.0, 13.3) miles from home.

Conclusion

The incidence of FPIES was significantly lower than expected across the whole of the British Isles. Most reports were of cases local to specialist allergy centres, with delays in diagnosis. This suggests under-recognition of FPIES in frontline clinical setting where education of healthcare professionals is required to improve recognition, earlier diagnosis and treatment.
Posterior hip dislocation associated with concomitant ipsilateral femoral head and shaft fractures: an unusual combination of injuries
Authors: Chouhan Deepak , Behera Prateek , Ansari Mohammed Tahir , Digge Vijay Kumar
Published: August 2021

The combination of posterior hip dislocation with an ipsilateral femoral head and shaft fractures is unusual. While cases of concomitant fractures of femoral head and shaft have been previously reported, the treatment of such injuries is challenging. Presence of an associated hip dislocation further complicates the matter. A timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial to have a good outcome.

We are presenting the case of a 20-year-old man who sustained a traumatic posterior hip dislocation with ipsilateral femoral shaft and femur head fractures. After reducing the hip, we fixed the femoral shaft with a retrograde femur nail and the femoral head by the trochanteric flip approach in the same sitting. The patient returned to his pre-injury occupation after 4 months. He has been doing well until his last follow-up, 1 year after the surgery, thus emphasising the utility of following basic principles of trauma management in the management of unusual injuries.
Long-term echocardiographic follow-up of a patient with constrictive pericarditis treated with antituberculosis drugs and pericardiectomy
Authors: Saeed Sahrai , Haaverstad Rune , Blomberg Bjørn , Bleie Øyvind , Lunde Torbjørn
Published: August 2021

A middle-aged man presented to the Department of Medicine of our hospital due to exertional dyspnoea, ascites and peripheral oedema. He was later transferred to the Department of Heart Disease as his echocardiography indicated constrictive pericarditis, confirmed by cardiac MRI and cardiac catheterisation. After a thorough investigation, his constrictive pericarditis was assumed to be caused by tuberculosis. He was treated with antituberculosis therapy followed by successful surgical subtotal pericardiectomy, leading to immediate improvement of haemodynamics, regression of symptoms and recovery of cardiac function. The patient remained stable at 5-year echocardiographic follow-up with no evidence of diastolic dysfunction.
Umbilical artery lactate levels and associated maternal and newborn characteristics at Mulago National Referral Hospital: a cross-sectional observational study
Authors: Ogik Victor , Muyingo Mark , Musooko Moses , Nankunda Jolly
Published: August 2021

Objective

To determine the maternal and newborn characteristics associated with high umbilical artery lactate levels at Mulago National Referral Hospital.

Design

Cross-sectional observational study.

Setting

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at a national referral hospital located in the capital of Uganda, Kampala.

Participants

We randomly selected 720 pregnant mothers at term who presented in labour and their newborn babies.

Primary outcome

Umbilical artery lactate level.

Results

During the study, there were 579 vaginal deliveries (18 instrumental) and 141 caesarean sections which met the inclusion criteria. One hundred and eighty-seven neonates (187) had high arterial lactate levels. The following factors were associated with an increased likelihood of high lactate concentration: male sex (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.71; 95% CI 1.16 to 2.54; p<0.05), primigravidity (aOR=2.78; 95% CI 1.89 to 4.08; p<0.001), meconium-stained liquor (aOR=5.85; 95% CI 4.08 to 8.47; p<0.001) and administration of oxytocin (aOR=1.97; 95% CI 1.00 to 3.77; p<0.05).

Conclusion

About a fifth of the babies born in Mulago National Referral Hospital during the study period had high umbilical artery lactate. The maternal-fetal factors significantly associated with high umbilical artery lactate levels included: baby’s sex, mother’s gravidity, meconium-stained amniotic fluid and oxytocin administration during labour.
SafeFit Trial: virtual clinics to deliver a multimodal intervention to improve psychological and physical well-being in people with cancer. Protocol of a COVID-19 targeted non-randomised phase III trial
Authors: Grimmett Chloe , Bates Andrew , West Malcolm , Leggett Samantha , Varkonyi-Sepp Judit , Campbell Anna , Davis June , Wootton Stephen , Shaw Clare , Barlow Rachael , Ashcroft Joanna , Scott Andrew , Moyes Helen , Hawkins Lesley , Levett Denny Z H , Williams Fran , Grocott Michael P W , Jack Sandy
Published: August 2021

Introduction

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus) on individuals with cancer has been profound. It has led to increased anxiety, distress and deconditioning due to reduced physical activity. We aim to investigate whether SafeFit, a multimodal intervention of physical activity, nutrition and psychological support delivered virtually by cancer exercise specialists (CES), can improve physical and emotional functionings during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods and analysis

A phase III non-randomised intervention trial, target recruitment of 1050 adults with suspected or confirmed diagnosis of cancer. All recruited participants will receive the multimodal intervention delivered by CES for 6 months. Sessions will be delivered 1-to-1 using telephone/video conferencing consultations. CES will work with each participant to devise a personalised programme of (1) physical activity, (2) basic dietary advice and (3) psychological support, all underpinned by behaviour change support.

Primary outcome

Physical and emotional functioning as measured by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ-C30). Secondary outcomes: overall quality of life measured by EORTC-QLQ-C30 and EQ-5D-5L, health economics, patient activation, self-efficacy to self-manage chronic disease, distress, impact of COVID-19 on emotional functioning, self-reported physical activity, functional capacity and nutrition. Adherence to the intervention will also be measured and a process evaluation conducted.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research Authority (reference number 20/NW/0254). Results of this trial will be disseminated through publication of peer-reviewed articles, presentations at scientific conferences, and to the public and people with cancer in collaboration with our patient and public involvement representatives and partners.

Trial registration number

NCT04425616.
Effects of a waiting list control design on alcohol consumption among online help-seekers: protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Bendtsen Marcus , Ulfsdotter Gunnarsson Katarina , McCambridge Jim
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Sparse attention has been given to the design of control conditions in trials, despite their important role as contrasts for novel treatments, and thus as a key determinant of effect sizes. This undermines valid inferences on effect estimates in trials, which are fundamentally comparative in nature. Such challenges to understanding also makes generalisation of effect estimates complex, for example, it may not be clear to what degree real-world alternatives to the novel treatments in pragmatic trials are similar to the control conditions studied. The present study aims to estimate the effects of being allocated to a waiting list control condition.

Methods and analysis

Individuals searching online for help to reduce their drinking will be invited to take part in a study. Individuals aged 18 years or older, who in the past month consumed six or more drinks on one occasion, or consumed 10 or more drinks the past week, will be eligible to participate. Both groups will receive identical feedback and advice on behaviour change; however, one group will be informed that they have to wait 1 month for the intervention materials. One month postrandomisation, participants will receive an email with the follow-up questionnaire measuring the primary outcomes: (1) frequency of heavy episodic drinking (defined as at study entry) in the past month; and (2) overall past week alcohol consumption. Differences between groups will be analysed using negative binomial regression models estimated using Bayesian inference. Recruitment will begin in October 2021. A Bayesian group sequential design will be employed to determine when to end enrolment (expected to be between 500 and 1500 individuals).

Ethics and dissemination

The study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority on 2021-01-25 (Dnr 2020–06267). Findings will be disseminated in open access peer-reviewed journals no later than 2023.

Trial registration trial

ISRCTN14959594; Pre-results.