bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mobilizing Marginal Resources for Public Events
Authors: Elbe Jörgen , Axelsson Björn , Hallén Lars
Published: May 2008

Marginal resources are important for organizers of public events. In the present context, marginal resources are defined as resources that providers can offer to events in periods when these resources cannot be put to productive use in their regular operations. Such marginal resources
are often mobilized through networks of social relationships when the resource providers regard a connection to the public event as being valuable. The mobilization of marginal resources is analyzed using a network approach and by analyzing the motives of the participating resource providers.
Cases involving two public events are presented in order to illustrate the mobilization and the development of patterns and routines over time. The cases indicate that resources are mainly mobilized through networking. Building and using the legitimacy of the event are important factors in
this process. The actors providing resources are motivated by a mix of interests, but most of them have an idealistic interest in the event. The mobilized resources are combined in ways that create economy of scope and scale for the organizer. Over time, a recurring event benefits from experience
and learned behavior among the actors involved. It seems to be easier to mobilize resources in a community where the actors, and clusters of actors, are well connected with each other.
Relationships and Networks for Shaping Events Tourism: An Australian Study
Authors: Stokes Robyn
Published: May 2008

This articles shows how convergent interviews were used to identify themes and issues and refine a theoretical framework for multiple case research in the events tourism domain. In particular, the research examined how and why interorganizational relationships of public sector events development agencies impact upon events tourism strategy making in Australia. The body of knowledge about interorganizational relationships and networks and tourism strategies, including events tourism, provided the platform to study four research issues. Findings showed that the public sector environment, a diversity of strategy forms and processes, a range of network and relationship characteristics, and incentives and disincentives for using networks in strategy making were valuable themes to investigate in the case research.
Predicting Exhibitor Levels of Satisfaction in a Large Convention Center
Authors: Breiter Deborah , Milman Ady
Published: May 2008

The objectives of this research project were to identify tangible and intangible elements of service that exhibitors encounter while they participate in a tradeshow, to rank their relative importance, and to measure to what extent these service elements were delivered by a convention
center. By understanding the importance/performance aspects of service from the customers' perspective, and the performance gaps, convention centers will be able to design and implement quality service assurance programs to maintain a competitive edge in the marketplace. Additionally, this
project sought to identify predictors of exhibitor satisfaction and intent to exhibit again at the facility.
Attitudes Toward Sponsorship at a State Sports Festival
Authors: Dees Windy , Bennett Gregg , Tsuji Yosuke
Published: May 2008

Sponsorships generate much needed revenue to produce the event, create awareness of the activity, and aid in its promotion. Because sponsorship is such an important facet of event production and execution, further investigation regarding the effectiveness of such activations on event
consumers (attendees) seems justified. The purpose of this study was to assess consumers' affective and behavioral responses to commercial sponsors at a state sports festival. Exploratory factor analysis revealed three distinct factors: attitude toward event, attitude toward commercialization,
and attitude toward behavioral intent. Regression analysis indicated that attitude toward commercialization and attitude toward event were both significant (p < 0.001) predictors of consumer purchase intentions at this state sports festival. Overall, the study revealed favorable
findings for this state sports festival and its constituents. Marketing implications and future research directions are discussed.
Festival Stakeholder Roles: Concepts and Case Studies
Authors: Getz Donald , Andersson Tommy , Larson Mia
Published: May 2008

In this exploratory research, multiple case studies of various types of festivals in two countries reveal how festival managers work with stakeholders and who they are. Stakeholders' roles are categorized as regulator, facilitator, coproducer, supplier, collaborator, audience, and the
impacted, and the results show clearly that key stakeholders take multiple roles affecting the organization. Practical implications are drawn for event managers regarding the identification, evaluation, and management of stakeholder relationships. Drawing on resource dependency and stakeholder
theories, a conceptual model is presented that illustrates the conclusion that festivals and events are produced within and by a set of managed stakeholder relationships. Recommendations are made for development of this line of research and theory building.
An Exploration of the Influence of Prior Visit Experience and Residence on Festival Expenditures
Authors: Boo Soyoung , Ko Dong-Woo , Blazey Michael A.
Published: May 2008

The importance of tourism expenditure has been recognized by the tourism industry. The purpose of this study was to examine how the traveler's past visitation experience and the distance traveled from their residence influenced expenditure amount upon repeat visit to a festival site.
Based on several tentative predictions, this study examined the patterns of tourist expenditures according to the variables of past visitation experience, residency, length of stay, purpose of visit, and selected demographic characteristics. An intercept technique was employed to query festival
attendees exiting the second World Festival for Island Cultures-Jeju. A total of 356 usable questionnaires was used for the analysis. The results led the authors to focus on the possibility that the time spent on site and its influence on expenditures may be attributable to antecedents other
than travel distance and prior visitation. Future studies on visitors' expenditure behavior in terms of psychological mechanism are indicated.
Affective Event and Destination Image: Their Influence on Olympic Travelers' Behavioral Intentions
Authors: Kaplanidou Kyriaki
Published: May 2008

Despite the growth of academic and business significance of sport tourism, little is known about the direct emotional experiences with sport events and their impacts on travelers' behavioral intentions. The purpose of this article is twofold: a) to examine whether Olympic travelers'
trip purpose and characteristics (e.g., age, previous visits, continent of residence) influence their affective event and destination images and b) to test the impact of affective destination and event images on Olympic travelers' intentions to return to the host destination, and to travel
to future Olympic Games. The results revealed Olympic travelers from different continents had different affective destination images, and that older travelers felt more positive about the image of the destination. Spectators perceived the event as more cheerful compared to tourists. Finally,
the perceived destination's excitement and pleasantness predicted Olympic travelers' intentions to return to Athens in the future. Specific recommendations are provided for destination and event marketers.
The Convention Industry in Galicia and Santiago de Compostela: Stakeholder Perceptions of Its Success and Potential for Growth
Authors: Morla Daniel M. , Ladkin Adele
Published: May 2008

The Autonomous Community of Galicia, Spain and its regional capital city Santiago de Compostela have a well-developed and successful convention industry. This research outlines the reasons for its success, and, taking a stakeholder perspective, explores ways in which the region can
ensure continued growth. Using primary data based on interviews with different stakeholders from the public and private sectors, a number of issues are examined in relation to potential for growth. These include the current perceptions of the destinations success, the role of the conference
and exhibition centers and promotion of the destination, increasing competition, and human resources. The study concludes with recommendations for improvements for the Galician convention industry, and a discussion of how these issues might be relevant for other convention destinations.
Service Quality in Arts Events: Operations Management Strategies for Effective Delivery
Authors: Beaven Zuleika , Laws Chantal
Published: May 2008

Recent debate on the quality of arts events has concentrated on the requirement to deliver against a complex range of political, social, and cultural criteria with an emphasis on the external partnerships that are forged. Yet those aspects of quality over which event organizers have
more direct control have been accorded minor examination. The authors believe that operational effectiveness is key to service quality in the cultural context, and seek to demonstrate that a balanced consideration of both process and product is vital to fully deliver quality arts events. This
article identifies areas of emergent research and practice and focuses on issues in the front-of-house environment where the breakdown of service quality is a real concern, using the experience of one UK not-for-profit arts organization as a case study to illustrate potential management responses.
The Distribution of Event Tickets
Authors: Smith Karen A.
Published: May 2008

The distribution of events is primarily equated with ticketing. Ticket distribution involves the booking and purchasing mechanisms that link the event and the attendees. This article analyses the distribution channel structures for three ticketed events in Wellington, New Zealand. It
takes a comparative approach and presents data from a survey of attendees at these events. Advance ticket buying behavior dominates with tickets mainly purchased through ticketing agents; in-person booking is preferred, followed by telephone, mail, Internet, and fax channels. Tickets are also
distributed direct to members and there is some bundling of packages through tourism intermediaries. Event attendees' preferences for different distribution channels are influenced by convenience, availability, membership relationships, personal service, and their location.
Market Segmentation by Activity Preferences: Validation of Cultural Festival Participants
Authors: Kim Kakyom , Sun Jonggab , Jogaratnam Giri , Oh Ick-Keun
Published: May 2008

The main purpose of this study was to determine the underlying dimensions associated with activities undertaken by festival visitors and to discover any significant differences in these dimensions by distinct types of visitors attending a national cultural festival. A total of 335 participants
obtained by a systematic random sampling method were used for analysis. Factor analysis delineated five possible activity factors and K-means cluster analysis distinguished three distinct groups of visitor. To examine the validity of the clusters, analysis of variance and discriminant analysis
were performed. The results of the two analyses showed that there were significant differences in the three clusters on the activity factors. Additionally, the chi-square statistic revealed that the three clusters were substantially different in age, total spending, and past visit. Based on
the significant findings, marketing implications and recommendations are discussed.
A Comparative Approach to Analyzing Local Expenditures and Visitor Profiles of two Wildlife Festivals
Authors: Hvenegaard Glen T. , Manaloor Varghese
Published: May 2008

Wildlife festivals are growing in popularity and warrant additional studies of festival visitors. However, comparisons of visitor demographics, motivations, activities, and local expenditure patterns between festivals are difficult because different methods of measurement are used.
By using a comparative approach, this study evaluates, with the same methods, the visitor characteristics of two similar wildlife festivals in Western Canada. While providing site-specific context, this study notes variations in total local expenditure patterns, visitor motivations, and visitor
activities that result from, in part, different visitor demographics, activities offered, other attractions, and rates of overnight stays. Visitors to these festivals were slightly older and had higher educational levels than the general public, which was consistent with visitors to other
wildlife festivals and ecotourists in general.
The Relationships Among Quality, Satisfaction, and Future Intention for First-time and Repeat Visitors in a Festival Setting
Authors: Lee Joohyun , Beeler Cheryl
Published: May 2008

This article compares two major systems of measurement in the service quality literature: disconfirmation measures and performance-only measures in a festival setting. It also examines the effect of service quality dimensions on satisfaction and future intentions in two service quality
measures for first-time and repeat visitors. The results show that the performance-only measure predicts a structural model better than the disconfirmation measure. There were differences between first-time and repeat visitors in terms of the strength of the relationship among service quality,
satisfaction, and future intention. First-time visitors were more likely than repeat visitors to count on the quality of the festival to be satisfied. On the other hand, repeat visitors were satisfied with factors other than service quality.
Identifying Social Consequences of Rural Events
Authors: Reid Sacha
Published: May 2008

Events have a range of consequences for host communities. While a number of researchers have focused upon impact assessment, there are some fundamental issues that require addressing. Firstly, most research investigating the social impacts of events use predefined quantitative assessment
techniques or tools. These tools limit the ability of respondents to indicate the diversity of social consequences that they may experience. Secondly, the labeling of social consequences as positive or negative fails to acknowledge the "shades of gray" that may exist. Thirdly, there is a lack
of research specifically investigating the social consequences of events within rural communities. Therefore, there is a need to identify a range of social consequences that occur as a result of hosting events, especially within rural communities. This is best achieved from the perspective
of those experiencing the phenomena, thus qualitatively. This article aims to address these gaps by examining the social consequences of rural events from an event stakeholder perspective within three rural communities of Southwest Queensland, Australia. Specifically, this article reports
on a number of social consequences identified that have been underutilized or discussed within the existing literature.
Social Dimensions of Community Festivals: An Application of Factor Analysis in the Development of the Social Impact Perception (SIP) Scale
Authors: Small Katie
Published: May 2008

The increasing popularity of festivals and events, coupled with their positive and negative impacts on host communities, has led to a growing body of research on the social impacts of festivals and events. To date, work by several authors represents research in impact scale development
specifically related to the social impacts of festivals and events. This article reports on the scale developed by Small and Edwards in 2003, now known as the Social Impact Perception (SIP) scale, which measures residents' perceptions of the social impacts resulting from community festivals.
The aim of this study was to test the SIP scale using a larger sample, allowing for further refinement of the scale using exploratory factor analysis. This research represents development of the SIP scale, and is in line with the refinement of other event impact scales, to which factor analysis
has also been applied. This represents the most recent stage of this research, which has the aim of refining the SIP scale and identifying the underlying dimensions of the social impacts of community festivals. Factor analysis identified six underlying dimensions of the social impacts of community
festivals: inconvenience, community identity and cohesion, personal frustration, entertainment and socialization opportunities, community growth and development, and behavioral consequences.
Culture and Authenticity in a Traditional Event: The Views of Producers, Residents, and Visitors in Barcelona
Authors: Richards Greg
Published: May 2008

Tourism is often seen as having a negative impact on the cultural content and "authenticity" of cultural events. However, there is a dearth of empirical studies on this issue and most research tends to focus on the attitudes of either the "residents" or "visitors" to festivals. This
article examines the views of cultural producers, local residents, and visitors to a traditional cultural event in Barcelona, Spain. Although "locals" and "visitors" both tend to view the event as "authentic" and its cultural content as "local," significant differences were found. Residents
tend to have a constructive view of authenticity linked to cultural and social references, whereas visitors employ a more existential view of authenticity related to their enjoyment of the event and experience of difference. Significant differences were also found between different visitor
groups and between different groups of residents, suggesting the need for more sophisticated analysis of the consumption of cultural festivals and its effects.
Access—A Research Agenda for Edinburgh Festivals
Authors: Carlsen Jack , Ali-Knight Jane , Robertson Martin
Published: May 2008

Festivals and events have assumed a prominent place in the social and economic fabric of Edinburgh, to a point where it now enjoys a reputation as a leading festival and event destination. In Edinburgh, as in other festival destinations, most of the research and evaluation effort has
been concerned with "proving" the economic benefits of individual events. The limitations of focusing on narrow economic outcomes are now widely recognized in terms of the comparability, reliability, and utility of the estimates produced. While the attention of stakeholders has been on economic
benefits, the very important cultural, community, and social benefits have been overlooked. Important issues such as engagement with the arts, community, cultural, social, and stakeholder benefits and disbenefits produced have yet to be researched in any systematic way. This article offers
a comprehensive research agenda for key festivals in Edinburgh and acts an introduction to this special issue. The research agenda is based on published articles (inclusive of those in this volume), existing strategies and documentation, and the editors' knowledge of and engagement with the
Edinburgh festival community. The agenda will be of interest to the numerous festivals and events stakeholders in Edinburgh as well as other destinations that are seeking to understand the social and cultural, as well the economic, dimensions of festivals.
Analyzing the Role of Festivals and Events in Regional Development
Authors: Moscardo Gianna
Published: May 2008

While tourism has a long history of use as a tool for regional development, events and festivals are a more recent policy option. In both cases the emphasis is often placed on the potential positive economic impacts. In both cases there has also been little research conducted into a
wider range of outcomes or into the factors and processes that contribute to these outcomes. This article examines the potential role of festivals and events in regional development with a particular focus on effects other than economic. The study reported here used a conceptual framework
developed to describe regional tourism development to explore 36 case studies describing festivals and events in a regional development context. The content analysis identified 13 themes as associated with the effectiveness of festivals and events in supporting regional development. These
themes were further organized according to their connections to the three key constructs of building social capital, enhancing community capacity, and support for non-tourism-related products and services. These constructs are then used to build a preliminary conceptual framework to understand
the role of festivals and events in regional development.
Knowledge Mapping for Safe Festivals and Events: An Ontological Approach
Authors: Singh Neha , Racherla Pradeep , Hu Clark
Published: May 2008

Knowledge has been viewed as one of the most important resources in organizations. Organizations are seen as knowledge creating entities where managing and sharing this knowledge is considered as the fundamental basis for creating sustainable competitive advantages. A consequence of
this realization is the tremendous growth in various methodologies and tools to manage organizational knowledge for the benefit of the organization. Ontologies are major tools that enable management of vast amounts of data and information to create concrete knowledge structures, which aid
users in exploring and understanding domain knowledge. The objectives of this article are: (1) to review the theoretical background of ontology and knowledge mapping, and (2) to present the procedures of constructing ontology for the domain of safety and security in event management. The ontology
forms the basis to develop eSAFE (online knowledge-based system for safe festivals and events), a platform for event and festival management professionals to share and advance their domain knowledge. The ontology provides a platform for knowledge mapping and knowledge search and retrieval.
Events Framed by the Mass Media: Media Coverage and Effects of America's Cup Preregatta in Sweden
Authors: Falkheimer Jesper
Published: May 2008

There are usually two arguments for the support of public opinion in arranging events: the event will yield economic benefits, and the event will attract journalists and gain media exposure leading to positive image effects. In this article the latter argument is analyzed in relation
to earlier research in media and communication studies and an empirical media analysis of the America's Cup preregatta that took place in Malmö, Sweden in 2005 is presented. It is concluded that generally held belief in media effects of events is oversimplified and that there is a need
to develop a political and public understanding of these processes. The empirical analysis shows that the preregatta media coverage was negative regionally while appearing neutral at the national and international levels.
Managing Special Events in the New Era of the Triple Bottom Line
Authors: Hede Anne-Marie
Published: May 2008

A new concept has emerged in special event research—the Triple Bottom Line (TBL). The TBL, borrowed from accounting and finance, amalgamates the social, economic, and environmental aspects of activities into one framework. Within the context of special events, the TBL has been
particularly linked to their evaluation. In this conceptual article it is argued that while this approach to event evaluation is useful, it is imperative that the underlying principles of the TBL be applied to the planning stage of special event management. This article proposes a framework
for this purpose that draws upon Stakeholder Theory. By using this framework, the underlying principles of the TBL can be implemented to special event planning so that the outcomes of special events can be enhanced for their stakeholders.
IT'S MOSTLY ABOUT ME: REASONS WHY VOLUNTEERS CONTRIBUTE THEIR TIME TO MUSEUMS AND ART MUSEUMS
Authors: EDWARDS DEBORAH
Published: May 2008

Museums and art museums make a significant contribution to the tourism and leisure industries. In Australia they contribute to the economic, social, and environmental sustainability of the communities and regions in which they are located. However, museums are facing challenges that
are leading them to rethink their products and services, to improve their economic position, and to remain competitive in the marketplace. In this climate of change, the role of the volunteer is growing increasingly important to the operation of museums and art museums. However, why persons
choose to volunteer for these attractions is not well understood. This article reports on initial findings from a wider study of volunteers in museums and art museums that was designed to explore volunteer motivation, expectations, values, and commitment. Factor analysis identified eight underlying
dimensions to volunteer motivation for individuals in this field. This article has three objectives: first, to set the sustainable context in which museums and art museums operate; secondly, to present the initial findings of volunteer motivation; and thirdly, to discuss the implications they
have for sustainable volunteer management.
RELEVANCE OF TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE REPORTING TO ACHIEVEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM: A SCOPING STUDY
Authors: DWYER LARRY
Published: May 2008

The tourism industry shares with local residents, governments, and community the obligation to protect and maintain the natural and cultural heritage resources of our planet, both to sustain economies and to be passed on unimpaired to future generations. The most comprehensive approach
to achieving sustainable operations (i.e., to integrate economic, environmental, and social thinking into core business activities) is the Triple Bottom Line (TBL), approach. TBL is a planning and reporting mechanism and decision-making framework used to achieve sustainable development in
both private and public sector organizations—an internal management tool as well as an external reporting framework. This scoping article has several aims. First, it sets out the nature of the TBL approach and its key components. Second, the article identifies the potential benefits
of the TBL approach to tourism organizations. Third, it will discuss the conditions necessary for integrating TBL into organization activities. Fourth, the article will discuss some challenges to tourism organizations in establishing TBL. Finally, some issues for further research will be highlighted.
SUSTAINABILITY IN A MATURE MASS TOURISM DESTINATION: THE CASE OF HAWAII
Authors: SHELDON PAULINE , KNOX JOHN M. , LOWRY KEM
Published: May 2008

This article describes the recent efforts of the state of Hawaii, USA, a mass tourism destination in the Pacific, to bring new understanding, knowledge, and policy to improve the quality and sustainability of tourism across the islands. The study, described in some detail in the article,
consisted of three main parts: an Infrastructure and Environmental Overview Study, an Economic and Environmental Assessment Modeling Study, and a Public Input and Socio-Cultural Impact Study. The methodology, results, and challenges experienced in each of the three studies are discussed. The
article also extrapolates the experience in Hawaii to other mass tourism destinations seeking to improve their sustainability.
ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING AND MEASURES AT SCANDIC HOTELS, SWEDEN
Authors: BOHDANOWICZ PAULINA , SIMANIC BRANKO , MARTINAC IVO
Published: May 2008

Mass tourism destinations and facilities, accounting for the most significant share of the global tourism market, are still largely managed with little or no environmental concern. The willingness and ability of facility management and staff to adopt greater environmental awareness
and responsibility is crucial in striving towards a higher degree of sustainability in the tourism sector. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the environmental proactiveness and ground-breaking work that has been carried out within the Scandic hotel chain over the past decade.
This is an account of how environmental responsibility can become a top corporate priority and lead to significantly decreased environmental impacts, excellent economic performance, and a considerably upgraded environmental image.
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CONTEXTS OF TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE PERFORMANCE AND REPORTING: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TOURISM SECTOR
Authors: FAUX JEFFREY
Published: May 2008

Triple Bottom Line (TBL) is defined and explained within the context of a broad philosophical approach to business and a more narrow perspective of reporting performance. The impact of the broader notion of sustainable development, with its macro- and microdimensions, on TBL, is also
discussed along with alternative ideological imperatives. The theoretical perspectives consider the effect of legitimacy and accountability theories on reporting and performance in the tourism sector. The operational level of TBL assumes the adoption of the responsible business philosophy
of being accountable for the economic, environmental, and social outcomes of the organization and moves the discussion along to the reporting of relevant issues and the determinants of quality reporting. The need for a reporting perspective is considered within the user, stakeholder, and societal
assurance perspectives. An example of the infancy of the process is demonstrated through a discussion of performance reporting by Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., an Australian company. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd. is a unique case as it generates revenue from tourism activities in order to support its primary
conservation objective.
THE COMMUNITY MODEL AND SUSTAINABILITY IN TOURIST DESTINATIONS: THE CASE OF THE DOLOMITES
Authors: FRANCH MARIANGELA , MARTINI UMBERTO , INVERARDI PIER LUIGI NOVI , BUFFA FEDERICA , MARZANI PIETRO
Published: May 2008

The aim of this article is to highlight the impact of mass ski tourism on the environment in the Dolomites (Italian Alps), where in winter the principal activities are snow sports. In implementing this development model the Dolomite region has achieved important results in terms of
numbers of tourists and economic development for entire localities. Nonetheless, some weaknesses in this model have come to light in terms of environmental, economic, and social sustainability. The eTourism research group (University of Trento, Italy) has carried out two field projects with
a view to understanding: 1) the importance of the variable “quality of environment” for the winter tourist when deciding on a destination, and similarly 2) how the major actors on the supply side approach local environmental issues. The results were used to formulate hypotheses
regarding possible alternatives to the mass ski model of development for new or developing destinations within the region.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AND INNOVATION IN MOBILE TOURISM SERVICES
Authors: LIBURD JANNE J.
Published: May 2008

This article examines some promising perspectives from a research project that is driven by an innovative research agenda to combine sustainable tourism and mobile information technology in rural and peripheral areas of Southern Denmark. Most technologically based innovation projects
tend to focus on the hardware, but the present project is concerned only with the content offered on the mobile platform. The frame of analysis and project objectives is presented through an outline of the defining characteristics of tourism innovation and sustainable tourism development.
Addressing the much neglected issues of equity, scale, and implementation, it is argued that the principles of sustainable tourism should be exercised in those metropolitan centers that generate the largest shares of international tourist arrivals and gross receipts. Also concerned with stakeholder
participation and ultimately quality of life in a mass tourism destination, a profile of the project team is provided. Finally, a sample will illustrate the expected outcome in a user scenario.
A FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN COMMUNITIES
Authors: DEERY MARG , JAGO LEO , FREDLINE LIZ
Published: May 2008

This article presents a framework for the development of social indicators to measure the impact of tourism on communities. It is a research project funded by Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre (STCRC) and emanates from the Green Globe 21 Standard that incorporates indicators
for the environmental impact of tourism and seeks to develop other indicators. The article provides the theoretical background to the concept of sustainable tourism and examines the preliminary findings of the key themes from some exploratory research. It also examines the main literature
in the field, extracts the key impacts such as overdevelopment, the relationship between tourists and residents, the management of tourist flows, and the facilities that are created as a result of increased tourism. These impacts are then examined against the exploratory research undertaken.
The article concludes with a potential list of indicators to be used for measuring the social and socioeconomic impacts of tourism on communities.
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF GERMAN HOTELS
Authors: CHEN JOSEPH S. , LEGRAND WILLY , SLOAN PHILIP
Published: May 2008

This study attempts to present a snapshot of the assessment of German hoteliers' efforts to prevent environmental degradation. It collects 41 questionnaires from the top mangers of independently owned hotels in Germany in 2004. The key findings of the study are presented in three areas:
the laundry and housekeeping services, the kitchen and restaurant operations, and guest and training issues. In general, the study finds that German hotels have strived to excel in the effort of tackling environmental issues regardless of whether the hotels participate in accreditation programs
or not. The study concludes that privately owned and operated hotels have been making an effort to create value in the customer's mind by undertaking environmental schemes at a departmental level.
Germany's Mosel Valley: Can Tourism Help Preserve Its Cultural Heritage?
Authors: Job Hubert , Murphy Ann
Published: May 2008

The Mosel Valley is Germany's fifth largest wine region. Its scenic winescape attracts thousands of visitors annually and the region is the most important tourist destination in the state of Rheinland-Pfalz. Focusing on the interdependent relationship between wine growing, wine tourism,
and endogenous regional development, this article provides a comprehensive overview of problems facing the region in view of the ongoing decline in wine production. In particular, the steep-slope terraced vineyards that define this winescape are increasingly being abandoned, as they are difficult
and costly to cultivate. Consequently, the primary pull factor for the tourism industry, the winescape, is endangered. In the past years a number of strategies seeking to revive wine production have been initiated at the grassroots level. In order to evaluate these measures and forecast future
trends, qualitative interviews were conducted with key stakeholders from the wine and tourism industries. Measures aimed at improving tourism supply are of specific interest—although relatively underdeveloped, tourism already contributes significantly to growers' income. By further exploiting
the benefits, planers hope that wine tourism will play a greater role in the protection of its own product base. Based on an in-depth assessment, the authors conclude that while tourism cannot single-handedly sustain the wine-growing tradition, it is an integral and indispensable component
of any future cultural heritage conservation strategies.
Wine Tourism Research: The State of Play
Authors: Mitchell Richard , Hall C. Michael
Published: May 2008

Research on wine tourism has expanded rapidly since the early 1990s with approximately two thirds of the literature coming from Australia and New Zealand, countries with not only substantial wine tourism but also a long record of wine marketing research. Of the remaining literature
the dominant source countries for research are Canada and the US. Seven themes are identified from the literature and are discussed in turn: the wine tourism product and its development; wine tourism and regional development; the size of the winery visitation market; winery visitor segments;
the behavior of the winery visitor; the nature of the visitor experience; and emerging area of research on the biosecurity risks posed by visitors. For each of the themes future research challenges and issues are identified. The review concludes by noting that although there is now a significant
catalogue of research in the field, methods are still relatively crude and studies still tend to be regionally focused and quite generic in nature. There is therefore a need not only to improve the means by which results from different locations and populations can be compared but also to
employ greater sophistication in the employment of qualitative and quantitative techniques in their examination.
Foods of Freedom: Juneteenth as a Culinary Tourist Attraction
Authors: Donovan Anne , de Bres Karen
Published: May 2008

Juneteenth originated in Texas as an African-American celebration of the end of slavery. As participation and interest has increased, this celebration has taken on broader functions, serving as homecoming and community celebrations. It is argued in this article that Juneteenth also
functions as a culinary tourist event, with barbecue being the major draw. Barbecue has been attributed to African-American slave cuisine and features prominently in Juneteenth celebrations. Research was conducted in Manhattan, Kansas in 2004 and 2005. Participant observation, interviews,
and archival/textual analysis were used to demonstrate the importance of barbecue as a regional food tourism attraction.
Local Food in Tourism: An Investigation of the New Zealand South Island's Bed and Breakfast Sector's Use and Perception of Local Food
Authors: Nummedal Margunn , Hall C. Michael
Published: May 2008

This study's aim was to investigate the New Zealand South Island's bed and breakfast (B&B) sector's use and perception of local food produce. In 2003 a survey was mailed to every South Island B&B listed in The New Zealand Bed & Breakfast Book. Of the total sample
of 570 B&Bs, 247 completed the questionnaire, providing a response rate of 43%. The results indicated that the B&B sector show a great overall interest in local foods. Not only did the majority of respondents indicate that they use a lot of local produce in their cooking, but they
also indicated that they would very much like to increase usage. Respondents also found it important to support local food producers. However, availability and reliability affect the sourcing of local produce. Respondents also undervalued their own role as promoters of local food towards visitors.
The study concludes that there is a need to "educate" members of local food networks, including the B&B sector, about the positive benefits of food and tourism relationships to all sectors, with respect to increased visitor interest and satisfaction as well as the development of longer-term
promotional and purchase relationships as part of the consumer value chain.
Select Michigan: Local Food Production, Food Safety, Culinary Heritage, and Branding in Michigan Agritourism
Authors: Che Deborah
Published: May 2008

Smaller US farms, such as those in Michigan where the average farm size is 215 acres, have been disproportionately impacted by declining agricultural commodity prices; the competition-driven need to adopt capital-intensive, large-scale production; and the globalization of agriculture.
Niche production and agritourism can provide Michigan farmers with the means to differentiate their products from cheaper out-of-state or imported produce. Using focus groups, this article illustrates how agritourism helps Michigan farmers sell their locally produced food at a premium, and
thus deal with declining commodity prices. Firstly, agritourism provides a venue for demonstrating how food is produced locally, which can help assure customers of its quality and safety. Secondly, it provides a means of sharing declining culinary knowledge and showing customers how to use
their locally produced fresh fruits and vegetables. Finally, agritourism fosters the positive reputation and branding of Michigan agricultural products, which, in addition to reinforcing current state agriculture and tourism marketing programs that emphasize Michigan's natural bounty, helps
keep land in production.
The Past as a Foreign Country: Nostalgia and Nationalism in Contemporary Japanese Tourism
Authors: Gerster Robin
Published: May 2008

The aim of this article is to explore how the contemporary Japanese sense of pervasive cultural loss is manifest in local tourist strategies and patterns. The two case studies it invokes for comparative purposes are the provincial cities of Takayama and Hiroshima. At first glance these
appear to be virtually antithetical: insular, traditional, antiquarian Takayama (the quintessence of old Japan), and outgoing, progressive, modernist Hiroshima (the first city of the nuclear age). Yet an ironic similarity binds the two cities in the manner in which they are packaged and promoted
for domestic as well as foreign tourist consumption. Both places illustrate a concrete deference to the past that articulates a profound sense of unease with the social and environmental conditions of contemporary Japan. The article concludes that the fetishization of Japanese heritage is
a symptom of a wide-spread and deep-seated anxiety about modernity and its consequences. As tourist constructions, both Takayama and Hiroshima are viewed as the projection of a very Japanese nexus of nostalgia and nationalism.
Japanese Runners in the Honolulu Marathon and Their Economic Benefits to Hawaii
Authors: Agrusa Jerome , Tanner John , Lema Dan
Published: May 2008

With close to 7 million visitors annually and approximately $10 billion in total expenditures per year, Hawaii has become very dependent on the tourism industry. Traditionally, Japanese visitors have dominated tourism in Hawaii, but lately their numbers have declined from the
record high levels of the 1990s. As the Japanese tourism market has dropped considerably, Hawaii is searching for innovative ways to help revive this economically significant tourism market. One solution may be to strategically market sports tourism in Hawaii. The purpose of this study was
to assess the economic benefits of the 2003 Honolulu Marathon by runners from Japan and their traveling companions on the city of Honolulu. Data used in this study was collected by distributing a research instrument in Japanese to Japanese-speaking marathon participants. The examination and
analysis of the results from this survey will assist in determining the economic significance of runners from Japan in the Honolulu Marathon on the state of Hawaii.
Investigating Japanese Travelers' Motives and Gift Buying on Leisure Travel to the United States
Authors: Nambu Takako , Vogt Christine A.
Published: May 2008

Japanese travelers are regarded as extensive travelers, high vacation spenders, and prolific purchasers of gifts for themselves and others. This article examines the relationship between motives for traveling to the US, specifically in the Southwest, and gift or souvenir purchasing
during vacations. Data were collected in the late 1990s with a sample of 600 Japanese travelers on group tours hosted by the Japanese Travel Bureau. Cultural and functional motives were examined on three levels of trip decision making: an overseas trip, a trip specifically to the US, and package
tour purchases, with controlling for first-time and repeat traveler segments for US trips. Cultural and functional motives were rated more important by first-time visitors than repeat visitors for overseas trip, US trip, and packaged trip decision making. Regression analyses showed motives
for US travel to be stronger predictors of brand-product souvenir buying (e.g., Clinique makeup, Levi's jeans) than destination-specific souvenirs (e.g., t-shirt from a national park store).
The Changing Gaze of Japanese Tourists
Authors: Shono Shumpei , Fisher David , McIntosh Alison
Published: May 2008

Urry's gazer metaphor for tourists has had a significant impact in tourism studies. The theory has been applied to conceptualize the nature of how tourists view and consume experiences at destinations. There is, however, a need to consider its relevance to non-European markets.
Specifically, this article challenges the stereotypical image of Japanese tourists as gazers, and analyzes the changing nature of the Japanese outbound tourism market. Japanese tourists are becoming more independent as a result of changes in Japanese culture and want experiences that go far
beyond a mere "gaze." Nevertheless, the "otherness" of what Japanese tourists encounter is still high. It is, therefore, argued here that what is needed is a greater understanding of the discourse that is occurring around culture and society in Japan to fully understand the transformation
of the gaze from a Japanese standpoint. Societal changes in Japan have coincided with tourists who are less passive but who are still bound up in cultural obligations. By understanding the similarities and differences of the metaphor of the gazer for Japanese and Western tourists a greater
understanding of the transformation of Japanese outbound tourism is achieved.
A Gourmet Trip: One Direction of Domestic Tourism in Japan
Authors: Tussyadiah Iis P.
Published: May 2008

In addition to the tradition of visiting onsen (hot springs), one of the major purposes of travel for leisure in Japan concerns the enjoyment of different cuisines. Such culinary tourism also involves the exploration and enjoyment of the variety found in food in relation to regional
cultural variations in Japan, especially where visitors from the large cities travel to rural areas. Indeed, culinary tourism has been a major factor in the development of some regions. In this article, the pattern of and trends in culinary tourism are described and explained.
The Nature of Japanese Travelers' Multidestination Trips in the United States
Authors: Hwang Yeong-Hyeon , Fesenmaier Daniel R.
Published: May 2008

This study seeks to understand the nature of travelers' decisions to visit multiple destinations during a trip. In order to do so, this study frames travelers' multidestination travel decisions as a result of the specifics of a trip, traveler characteristics, and destination characteristics.
For empirical investigation, the spatial behavior of Japanese travelers to the United States of America (US) was examined. Published US In-flight survey data from 1997 were used to test the study propositions. Analysis focused on the influence of independent variables on the probability of
visiting multiple states as compared to visiting a single state and, for multidestination trips, the likelihood of visiting more than one destination within a state versus across multiple states. The results of logistic analyses indicate that Japanese travelers' likelihood of visiting more
than one state in the US significantly differ by gender, age, the number of activities undertaken, the number of transportation types used, trip length, main purpose of trip, and by main destination region The probability of visiting multiple destinations across states, in comparison to within
a state, for Japanese travelers is significantly influenced by the number of previous visits to the US, the characteristics of the region in which the first stop was made, and main purpose of trip. This study suggests that considerations of destination characteristics, in addition to the specifics
of trip and traveler characteristics, needs to be made in modeling approaches to travelers' multidestination travel decisions. This study also argues that a travel decision to visit more than a destination within a state in the US represents a different decision task for Japanese travelers
from multidestination travel across several states.