bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise do arco longitudinal medial em adolescentes usuárias de calçados de salto alto
Authors: João Sílvia Maria Amado , Cardillo Carla , Kieling Isadora , Pezzan Patrícia Angélica de Oliveira , Sauer Juliana Ferreira
Published: May 2012

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a influência do calçado de salto alto no arco longitudinal medial (ALM) do pé de adolescentes. Fizeram parte do estudo 82 adolescentes entre 13 e 20 anos, sendo 54 não usuárias (grupo controle - GC) e 28 usuárias (grupo experimental - GE) de calçado de salto alto. Foram obtidas as impressões plantares de ambos os pés para análise do ALM, antes e depois do uso de um calçado de salto alto padronizado por um período de 30 minutos. As impressões plantares foram avaliadas pelo índice de Chippaux-Smirak (ICS) e pelo arco de Cavanagh & Rodgers (ICR). O teste de Shapiro-Wilks foi utilizado para a verificação da normalidade dos dados. Variáveis paramétricas pareadas foram tratadas com o Teste t de Student pareado e as não-paramétricas com o teste de Wilcoxon. As comparações não-pareadas foram realizadas com o teste t de Student para as variáveis paramétricas e o de Mann-Withney para as não-paramétricas, com nível de significância de 0,05. Houve diferença no ALM entre os lados direito e esquerdo apenas no GC antes do uso do calçado. Na comparação entre antes e depois do uso do sapato, notou-se diferença apenas no pé esquerdo do GC pelo ICS. Já entre GC e GE, não houve diferença. Apesar dos resultados não evidenciarem alterações no ALM, deve-se lembrar que esta é uma medida estática, sendo necessários estudos do componente dinâmico e do uso do calçado de salto crônico para correlacionar com os achados deste trabalho.
Scaled-up commercial production of reactive magnesia cement pressed masonry units. Part II: Performance
Authors: Liska Martin , Al-Tabbaa Abir , Carter Kneale , Fifield John
Published: May 2012

Reactive magnesia cements have recently emerged as a potentially more sustainable and technically superior alternative to Portland cement as they set by absorbing carbon dioxide and as a result gain significant strength. This two-part publication investigates the application of reactive magnesia alone as the cement component in pressed masonry units and compares it to those containing Portland cement. Laboratory-scale production optimisation was performed followed by a scaled-up commercial production at the Forticrete plant in Dewsbury, West Yorkshire, UK. A range of aggregates were used in the blocks including natural aggregates, Lytag, an ash mix and a limestone mix. This paper, the second of a two-part publication, assesses the performance of the commercial blocks both in terms of strength and also microstructure and compares them with their corresponding laboratory samples. The compressive strength values reached by all the reactive magnesia blocks were higher, in some cases much higher, than those of their corresponding Portland cement blocks, highlighting the significant advantages of the former, the microstructure confirming that this is due to carbonation, by carbon dioxide sequestration, which was quantified as having been achieved to significant levels.
Development and testing of a prototype straw bale house
Authors: Wall Katharine , Walker Pete , Gross Christopher , White Craig , Mander Tim
Published: May 2012

This paper describes the research, development, construction and initial testing of an innovative low-carbon prototype house built using novel prefabricated straw bale panels. The use of straw as insulation provides an opportunity for value-added use of a widely available low-carbon co-product of farming. The research reported in the paper seeks to enhance the understanding and develop the modern mainstream acceptance and use of straw as a construction material in housing and other applications. The paper initially summarises development and construction of the panels and the house. Tests conducted on the panels and house reported in the paper include on-going durability assessment, fire resistance testing, acoustic transmittance testing, air permeability tests and thermal surveys.
Using a direct-drive motor to measure strain in triaxial tests
Authors: Teng Fu-Chen , Ou Chang-Yu
Published: May 2012

A newly designed triaxial testing system equipped with a high-precision servo motor and local strain sensors is developed to perform the triaxial test. The servo motor (a direct-drive motor) was used to provide the necessary axial displacement, and to measure the induced strain. A set of accessories for preparation of a specimen was used to eliminate bedding errors and tilting errors. Differences of strains measured through the direct-drive motor and the local strain sensor were studied by conducting triaxial tests on both reconstituted samples and tube samples of Taipei silty clay. The results of the tests show that effective confining pressures or shearing rates cause little difference in the strains measured in the two ways: the difference in strain was less than 6% at small strain. The variations in stiffness measured by the two methods at small strain were in the range −3% to +5%. The ratios of strain measured by the two methods near the failure state of the sample were close to 1. The results have shown that measuring axial strain by a direct-drive motor is reliable, and may be used to improve strain measurement for triaxial tests on soft clay under similar testing conditions.
Evaluation of ground freezing data from the Naples subway
Authors: Papakonstantinou Spyridon , Anagnostou Georgios , Pimentel Erich
Published: May 2012

The method of artificial ground freezing was employed to ensure stability and waterproofing of the platform and escalator tunnels in the Università station of the Naples underground. The paper presents the temperature histories monitored within the ground during the freezing process. Furthermore, the importance of the mineralogical composition of the ground is discussed and it is shown that the temperatures monitored can be interpreted numerically using the ‘Freeze' code, a thermo-hydraulic software developed at the ETH Zurich. The influence of important parameters, such as the spacing between the freeze pipes, the thermal conductivity of the ground and the time–development of cooling temperatures in the freeze pipes, is investigated and critically discussed in order to gain a better understanding of the thermal behaviour of the ground during artificial freezing with liquid nitrogen. ‘Freeze' software is a powerful tool for analysing field data for cases involving non-constant temperatures within freeze pipes.
Briefing: Serviceability of piles with negative skin friction
Authors: Ellis Ed A.
Published: May 2012

This briefing presents an approximate but simple approach to serviceability design of piles with negative skin friction. The method allows the capacity required in the underlying stable soil to be estimated directly from the allowable pile head settlement, soil settlement profile and distribution of shaft stress in the settling soil layer. The method is compared with another approach previously proposed in 2008.
Interfacial shear strength of silty sand–geogrid composite
Authors: Naeini Seyed Abolhasan , Khalaj Mohsen , Izadi Ehsan
Published: May 2012

This study has been carried out to investigate the interface shear strength of sand reinforced by high-density polyethylene cogged geogrid, with variation in fines content from 0 to 45%. To this end, a set of large direct shear tests (30 × 30 × 15 cm) was systematically conducted. The behaviour of sand and silty sand reinforced with a special type of cogged geogrid is studied in terms of interfacial shear strength of the soil. An analysis of test results indicates that the reinforcement improved the shearing behaviour of the sand and silty sand samples. Attaining the peak strength at greater shear strain due to reinforcement and lowering the post-peak loss of strength of specimens with higher silt content, compared to the specimens with lower silt content, are the indications implying that the reinforcement and increasing the silt content tend to transform the shearing behaviour of sand and silty sand specimens from a brittle to a ductile manner. The results also indicated that as the silt content increases up to 35%, the combined shear strength decreases. Further increase in the silt content made no significant change to the combined shear strength of the soil samples.
Unexploded ordnance risk assessment on Crossrail project in London – pre-empting best practice
Authors: Smith Phil , Lawrence Ursula , Terry Sarah , Cooke Simon
Published: May 2012

Site investigation works undertaken as part of the Crossrail cross-London railway project over the last 10 years have involved extensive intrusive works into the ground in areas of London which were known to have been heavily bombed during the Second World War. This bombing created a legacy of unexploded ordnance risk to such works. This paper explains how a procedure was developed to enable the risk to the ground investigation works to be assessed and for appropriate and effective measures to be identified where necessary to mitigate this risk. It is shown that the developed procedure is consistent with that now recommended by the Ciria guide on unexploded ordnance, and provides a practical illustration of how an appropriate risk assessment procedure can avoid extensive and unnecessary mitigation works on site, while ensuring that when mitigation measures are undertaken, it is where and when they are truly needed to enable work to progress safely.
Failure model of soil around enlarged base of deep uplift piles
Authors: Xu Hong-Fa , Yue Quentin Z. Q. , Qian Qi-Hu
Published: May 2012

This paper presents an investigation into the failure behaviours of low-cohesive (c ≤ 10 kPa) or non-cohesive (c = 0) soils around the enlarged bases of deep uplift piles. An axisymmetric elasto-plastic finite-element method is used for analysing displacements and plastic strains in the soil–pile system induced by uplifting. Numerical results are examined in detail to reveal the relationships of the accumulated equivalent plastic strain contours in soils and the uplift displacements of piles with the diameters of enlarged bases. The investigation finds that for the pile to reach ultimate uplift failure, the pile has to experience a large upward displacement. A serviceability failure limit of pile upward displacement equal to 10% of pile shaft diameter is adopted for determining pile uplift resistance capacity. At serviceability failure limit, examination of the accumulated equivalent plastic strain contours in the soils leads to the establishment of two logarithmic spiral functions for the estimation of the plastic zone envelope and the slip surface around the enlarged base. The plastic zone envelopes and slip surfaces are axisymmetrical, peach-shaped, closed and curved surfaces, completely beneath the ground surface. The models and functions have been used to formulate analytical solutions for estimating uplift resistance capacity for deep piles with enlarged bases.
Three-dimensional analyses of concrete piles in clayey soils
Authors: Moayed Reza Ziaie , Kamalzare Mehrad , Judi Arash
Published: May 2012

The behaviour of solid circular concrete piles in clayey soils under a combination of lateral and vertical loading was investigated by numerical analysis. Piles with different lengths were considered, and ultimate lateral bearing capacity was calculated. The model was verified on the basis of data obtained from a previously published full-scale pile load test. The effect of axial loading on the ultimate lateral bearing capacity has been previously investigated in only a few studies. In this paper, particular attention was devoted to the influence of axial loading on lateral bearing capacity. In addition, a comparison between Flac three-dimensional results and both Allpile and Broms approaches was performed.
Exstrophy of the Bladder
Authors: Mollohan Jeannie
Published: May 2012

Exstrophy of the bladder is a rare congenital defect that occurs when the abdominal wall and underlying structures, including the ventral wall of the bladder, fail to fuse in utero. As a result, the lower urinary tract is exposed, and the everted bladder appears through the abdominal opening. Various surgical interventions have been employed with variable success in the hope of achieving complete dryness, full control over delivery of urine, freedom from catheters and external appliances, and a protected upper urinary tract. The most popular surgical approach is the primary bladder closure with secondary bladder neck reconstruction. Comprehensive nursing, medical, and surgical care are necessary to preserve renal and sexual function. The many complex problems experienced by these infants and their families call for a multidisciplinary approach. This article reviews occurrence, clinical presentation, and management of exstrophy of the bladder.
Quotable Quotes from Transcriptions
Authors: Janes Marianne , Pinelli Janet
Published: May 2012

VERBAL COMMUNICATION IS EASY to misinterpret. In hospitals, misinterpretation can be exacerbated by many factors. People with accents from around the world dictate radiology reports, operative procedures, physical examinations, discharge summaries, and other documents for transcription. Some mumble. Others speak very quickly. In addition, terminology varies greatly among disciplines and specialties. It is amazing that the transcriptionists on the other end of the phone are generally able to transform these cryptic messages into coherent printed form. The few errors that do occur, however, can make for humorous reading—although not for accurate descriptions.
Adrenal Insufficiency in the Term and Preterm Neonate
Authors: Witt Catherine
Published: May 2012

The adrenal gland is part of the endocrine system and produces hormones that are essential for survival. The adrenal cortex, the largest part of the adrenal gland, produces three major hormones. Glucocorticoids regulate metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat and allow the body to respond to stress by increasing blood glucose levels and cardiac output. Mineralocorticoids regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and help maintain blood pressure. Androgens are responsible for sexual differentiation in the fetus.

Insufficient production of these hormones can occur for many reasons and can have a profound effect on the newborn. It is important for neonatal nurses to be familiar with signs and symptoms and appropriate treatment of adrenal insufficiency. This article explores causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of adrenal insufficiency in the newborn.
Peripheral Pulmonary Stenosis Murmurs
Authors: Ecord Jenny
Published: May 2012

QUESTION:WHAT IS A PERIPHERAL PULMONARY stenosis (PPS) murmur, and why is it so common in premature infants?
Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis
Authors: White Lisa
Published: May 2012

Hydrops fetalis is a relatively rare phenomenon that presents itself in the delivery room in an extremely acute manner. Prompt resuscitation, an understanding of the condition and its presentation, and immediate treatment can make the difference between life and death in these cases. The focus of this article is on nonimmune hydrops, the type of hydrops seen in the clinical setting. Maternal and fetal pathophysiology, current theories, diagnostic evaluations, neonatal pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, treatment options, pertinent research, and the needs of the family are discussed.
Development of Father-Infant Attachment in Fathers of Preterm Infants
Authors: Sullivan Jennifer
Published: May 2012

Purpose:To investigate the development of feelings of attachment between fathers and their preterm infants and to identify factors that help or hinder this process.

Design:A longitudinal descriptive design was used to obtain fathers!’ perceptions of their infants, feelings for their infants, and other related factors.

Sample:A convenience sample of 27 fathers of preterm infants was recruited.

Main Outcome Variable:The main outcome variable was the time at which fathers first held their infants.

Results:The earlier fathers held their babies, the sooner they reported feelings of warmth and love for them.
Saline for Peripheral Intravenous Locks in Neonates: Evaluating a Change in Practice
Authors: Sueppel Hanrahan Kirsten , Kleiber Charmaine , Berends Susan
Published: May 2012

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of saline versus 10 units/ml heparin for peripheral IV flushes in neonates.

Design: A nonexperimental group design was used to compare the longevity of heparin and saline IV locks. A research utilization method was chosen to increase the study power while simultaneously implementing a practice change and evaluating the outcomes. Power analysis showed that a sample size of approximately 120 per group was needed to decrease the risk of beta error to 0.1.

Sample: Subjects included neonates in the Special Care Nurseries at a Level III large midwestern university teaching hospital. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 123 neonates receiving 10 units/ml heparin flush into a peripheral IV. Practice was then changed to preservative- free normal saline, and data collection continued for 117 neonates.

Main Outcome Variable: IV catheter longevity.

Results: There was no significant statistical difference in IV catheter longevity between IV locks flushed with 10 units/ml heparin and those flushed with normal saline. Patient weight accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in IV catheter life.
Chest X-Ray Findings in Arteriovenous Malformation of the Great Vein of Galen
Authors: Carey Barbara
Published: May 2012

THE MOST COMMON NEONATAL intracranial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an aneurysm of the vein of Galen.1 This aneurysm presents in the immediate neonatal period in 90 percent of cases and predominantly affects males.2 The primary abnormality consists of multiple arterial feeding vessels joined via a nidus (central nucleus) to draining veins. The arterial vessels vary in structure from normally differentiated arteries to primitive vessels. Histology reveals arterial vessels that are dysplastic, dilated, and tortuous, with hyperplastic and disorganized smooth muscle fibers. The internal elastic lamina of these vessels is fragmented or absent. The veins are dysplastic with anomalous veinlike channels; reactive muscular hyperplasia; and degenerative changes of fibrosis, atrophy, thrombi, and calcification.3
Raising an NICU Orientee
Authors: Maguire Denise
Published: May 2012

NICU NURSES WITH LEADERSHIP skills must be able to recognize trends in peer behavior, values, and problem-solving techniques, as well as changes in culture as the staff evolves. Newly licensed nurses mature through predictable developmental phases. In fact, the similarities between orientees and preterm infants are remarkable. The amount of experience (gestational age) seems to inversely correlate with the number of developmental milestones to be achieved by both. In general, the less experience a nurse has, the more developmental milestones she must master. Sometimes this growth is painful, and sometimes nurses get stuck at a milestone.
Theophylline or Caffeine: Which Is Best for Apnea of Prematurity?
Authors: Gannon Barbara
Published: May 2012

Apnea of prematurity is a common problem of the premature infant under 30 weeks gestation. Theophylline and caffeine, two methylxanthines, are widely used to treat this condition. The drugs are equally effective in preventing apnea in the premature infant. Caffeine citrate has many advantages over theophylline, however, including once-aday dosing, more predictable plasma concentrations, earlier onset of action, and minimal side effects. Caffeine is therefore the initial drug of choice for apnea of prematurity.
Introduction to the Revised Neonatal Resuscitation Program Guidelines: Questions and Answers to Get You Started
Authors: Zaichkin Jeanette
Published: May 2012

In October, 2000, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Heart Association (AHA) introduced revised guidelines for the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP). These revisions affect the practice of neonatal resuscitation as well as the administrative components of the program. This article cannot address every program revision, but introduces the reader to how program changes occurred, guideline revisions that affect practice, and changes in NRP educational tools and resources.
Total Colonic Aganglionosis: A Case Study
Authors: Markham Lori
Published: May 2012

Total colonic aganglionosis (TCA) is a rare, hybrid form of Hirschsprung’s disease. It is a functional rather than mechanical obstruction, characterized by the absence of intrinsic ganglion cells in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the bowel wall. Ganglion cells regulate normal colonic peristaltic activity. Paucity of ganglion cells results in an aganglionic segment of bowel that is functionally abnormal and does not propagate the normal peristaltic wave that moves to it from the proximal ganglionic bowel. The lesion originates in the rectum and extends proximally over a variable distance of the bowel. The further the lesion extends, the more difficult the management becomes.

Clinical and radiologic findings can be useful in diagnosis, but they are not pathognomonic. The definitive diagnosis is made following suction biopsy of the rectum, colon, and ileum. Ultimate treatment for TCA is surgical, although no single surgical procedure has been proven superior. Total parenteral nutrition during the postoperative period is essential to ensure appropriate fluid and electrolyte status. Improvements in supportive care and earlier recognition and diagnosis of TCA in infants have led to a significantly increased rate of survival since the lesion was first recognized. The embryology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management prognosis, and outcome of TCA are discussed. A case study is presented.
Current and Emerging Treatment for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Braby Jeanne
Published: May 2012

Management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia has changed dramatically over the past couple of decades. Until the early 1980s, it was felt that the abdominal contents should be returned to the abdomen as soon as possible to allow the lungs to expand. It is now known that it is not the defect that causes respiratory distress, but the infant’s hypoplastic lungs and accompanying pulmonary hypertension. Advances in treatment and technology have contributed to changes in management. Ultrasonography now allows for early prenatal detection. Prenatal treatment modalities includein uterotracheal ligation and maternal antenatal steroids. Postnatal modalities have expanded to include permissive hypercapnia, high-frequency ventilation, inhaled nitric oxide, pharmacologic support, exogenous surfactant, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Liquid ventilation and lobar lung transplantation have also been tried. In spite of these advances, the overall survival rate remains about 63 percent.
The Softer Side of Leadership
Authors: Wisniewski Stephanie
Published: May 2012

MARGARET HOULIHAN, HEAD NURSE on the TV sitcom M*A*S*H*, is a perfect example of how nurse leaders used to be. Margaret is a dictator. When she faces a problem, she faces it alone, never involving her staff in finding a solution. Instead, Margaret sits up nights internalizing the problem, and later, she rudely barks her orders at the nursing staff. Margaret’s communications are unilateral; she gives orders and the staff listens. The staff nurses do not feel worthy enough to make suggestions or offer help because it is not Margaret’s style to listen. Kerfoot calls this type of leadership “command and control.”1 We can all probably name at least one controlling manager we have known. Many nurses today still prefer this structured style of leadership because accountability rests completely with the manager.
The FDA Drug Approval Process: Focus on Pediatric Labeling
Authors: Brummel Gretchen
Published: May 2012

MANY HEALTHCARE professionals are not familiar with the current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug approval process, especially with regard to the system’s impact on pediatric patients. This column reviews the definition of pediatric labeling and its importance in the treatment of children, the history of drug regulation legislation, and the current drug approval process, proposes explanations for the deficit in pediatric labeling, and describes the steps that have been taken to correct this deficit.
Kangaroo Mother Care During Phototherapy: Effect on Bilirubin Profile
Authors: Ludington-Hoe Susan , Swinth Joan
Published: May 2012

Purpose:To determine the safety and efficacy of allowing kangaroo mother care (KMC) one hour per day during the course of phototherapy using a fiberoptic phototherapy panel.

Sample:Thirty premature infants, 30–35 weeks gestation, <2,500 gm, who required phototherapy. Infants were randomized into three groups: (1) infants who received traditional bank or spotlight phototherapy 24 hours per day, (2) infants who received traditional phototherapy 23 hours per day and for the 24th hour lay prone on a fiberoptic phototherapy panel, and (3) infants who received traditional phototherapy 23 hours per day and for the 24th hour were given KMC with a fiberoptic phototherapy panel held against their back.

Outcome Variables:Nonparametric statistics were used for between-group comparisons on number of days of phototherapy, daily bilirubin decrement, and bilirubin profiles over the course of phototherapy.

Results:Groups did not differ in the number of days of phototherapy or in daily mean bilirubin decrement. The bilirubin profile for the KMC group showed a more shallow descent than did the profiles for the other groups, but a significant difference in decline was present only on day 4 of treatment (p= .05).

Conclusion:This pilot work suggests that KMC using a fiberoptic panel during phototherapy may be safe, but further study is needed.
Gestational Diabetes and Its Impact on the Neonate
Authors: Jones Carolyn
Published: May 2012

Gestational diabetes mellitus is a relatively common medical condition that was described as early as the nineteenth century. This article discusses the maternal and fetal pathophysiology and the impact of the maternal condition on the neonate. Fetal macrosomia and infant respiratory distress syndrome, cardiomyopathy, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, polycythemia, and hyperviscosity all can occur as a result of maternal hyperglycemia and are discussed in detail. Therapeutic approaches and treatment options for the mother, manifestations and diagnosis of the infant, and current research related to this condition are also included.
“Baby Steps” Neonatal Developmental Follow-Up
Authors: Wilson Jones Martha , McMurray Jennifer
Published: May 2012

AS NEONATAL NURSES, WE ARE oriented to the immediate emergencies and acute care issues in the NICU setting. The parents of the NICU infant, however, may be looking to the future and seeking information, reassurance, and, in some cases, guarantees. Therefore, as information becomes available to parents via the Internet and other sources, it is imperative that NICU nurses be more knowledgeable and aware of the various problems that may occur with NICU graduates as they grow and develop after discharge.
Tenderfoot Preemie vs a Manual Lancet: A Clinical Evaluation
Authors: Kellam Barbara , Waller Jennifer , McLaurin Christa , Schnaible Stephanie , Sacks Linda , Kathen Charmaine , Doster Charlotte , Youmans Michael
Published: May 2012

Purpose: To compare the amount of time required to collect a blood specimen, the number of heel punctures required, and the rate of hematology re-collections required when using a Monolet lancet vs a Tenderfoot Preemie device.

Design: Randomized, two-group, quasi-experimental.

Sample: Neonates with a birth weight >800 gm were eligible to participate in the study. Twenty subjects were randomized to the Monolet lancet (control) group and 20 to the Tenderfoot Preemie (experimental) group. A total of 157 blood specimens was collected, 89 of which were for hematology testing.

Results: For this sample population of preterm infants, less collection time was required, fewer heel punctures were necessary, and a lower re-collection rate occurred with use of the Tenderfoot Preemie than with use of the Monolet lancet.
Angry Families in the NICU
Authors: Griffin Terry
Published: May 2012

MRS. A. IS HOLDING HER PRETERM infant in kangaroo care when he begins to desaturate. The infant does not respond to an increase in oxygen administration or to repositioning and continues to desaturate. The nurse tells the mother that she must return the infant to his bed for further assessment. Mrs. A. relinquishes her son to the nurse but becomes upset. Raising her voice, she shouts that she is tired of being inconsequential to her son’s care. The nurse has been hovering over her, she yells, and she is tired of being helpless and insignificant. She storms from the room.
The Best NICU In America
Authors: Rait Charles
Published: May 2012

DURING A RECENT CONVERSATION WITH A HEAD NURSE, we started to reminisce about some of the units where we had worked. After thinking about our conversation for some time, I realized that I had the good fortune to have worked in the best NICU in the country. From 1980 to 1985, that was the NICU at Mount Zion Hospital in San Francisco.
Neural Cowpaths in the NICU
Authors: Maguire Denise
Published: May 2012

When nurses work in the same neonatal intensive care unit for many years, they tend to follow routines. They follow their schedule in a certain way, report to the next shift in a certain way, and proceed with their workload in a certain, predictable way. Because many of us are creatures of habit, the routines of the unit can be comforting. We like to know what to expect. Especially in a busy NICU, often subject to unknowns from the high-risk antepartum unit, the delivery room, and community hospitals, we relish the complacency of that which we can control.
Life-Sustaining Support: Ethical, Cultural, and Spiritual Conflicts Part I: Family Support— A Neonatal Case Study
Authors: Stutts Amy , Schloemann Johanna
Published: May 2012

As medical knowledge and technology continue to increase, so will types of life-sustaining support as well as the public’s expectations for use of this support with positive outcomes. Health care professionals will continue to be challenged by the issues surrounding the appropriate use of life-sustaining support and the issues it raises. This is especially apparent in the NICU. When parents’ belief systems challenge the health care team’s ethical commitment to beneficence and nonmaleficence, a shared decision-making model based on mutual understanding of and respect for different viewpoints can redirect the focus onto the baby’s best interest. This article addresses three questions:

1. How do nonmaleficence, beneficence, and concern about quality of life guide the use of life-sustaining support?

2. To what extent should parental autonomy and spirituality influence treatment decisions?

3. What efforts can the health care team make to support the family?
Almost 20 Years after a Traumatic Birth Experience: “Joshua is Doing Just Fine”
Authors: Spear Hila
Published: May 2012

This personal account is about a labor and delivery experience that brought together two women—the author, an obstetric nurse, and Mrs. Hamilton, the patient she cared for. This uneventful labor ended with the rapid delivery of Mrs. Hamilton’s second son, who experienced a nuchal cord injury. This narrative describes selected aspects of her labor and delivery experience as well as short- and long-term outcomes for her newborn son. The unique nurse-patient relationship with its focus on caring and support is emphasized, in an attempt to illustrate the value and power of nursing by sharing one’s own experiences of nursing practice.
The “Geriatric” NICU Patient
Authors: Wilson Jones Martha , McMurray Jennifer , Englestad Donna
Published: May 2012

AT ONE END OF THE NICU spectrum of patients is the acutely ill premature or term baby. This is the patient who requires the fast-paced and intellectually stimulating nursing care that often attracts NICU nurses to the specialty. At the other end of the spectrum is the chronically ill baby. This is the patient who is past the acute stage but is in the NICU for much longer than anyone expected because of a chronic medical condition. This category of infants includes those with chronic lung disease, tracheostomies with or without ventilator dependence, short-bowel syndrome, and other conditions that require continued specialized care. As they grow, these infants present with conditions that would normally be dealt with on a regular pediatric floor, in the pediatrician’s or primary care physician’s office, or in a neonatal follow-up clinic.
Salary or Hourly?
Authors: Maguire Denise
Published: May 2012

MOST STAFF NURSES—BUT NOT all—are paid as hourly workers. Some are paid instead on a salary basis, according to the work they do rather than to the exact number of hours spent on the job. Beyond the dollars involved, choosing an hourly or salaried system of pay affects how nurses view themselves as well as how others in the organization view them. It can also affect recruitment and retention of employees. Staff and managers need to know the advantages and disadvantages of each system and to discuss during administrative meetings which system to use.
The Latest in the Literature
Authors: Rasmussen Lynn
Published: May 2012

This column presents abstracts of recently published research studies and evidence-based practice guidelines of interest to those who care for neonates. These abstracts, printed as written by the authors, have been chosen from peer-reviewed journals with the attempt to provide readers ofNeonatal Network:®The Journal of Neonatal Nursingwith a timely glimpse at the state of the science. A short commentary regarding the studies and topics is provided.
Myths and Facts About Pain in Neonates
Authors: Sredl Darlene
Published: May 2012

THE PURPOSE OF THIS COLUMN is to examine some of the common myths and misconceptions about neonatal pain and to present facts found in clinical and evidence-based nursing research. Research shows that pain and stress in the preterm infant have both immediate and long-range deleterious effects.Nociceptionis the term frequently used to describe the neonate’s nerve perception of painful stimuli.1
A Review of the Management of Intersex
Authors: Calleja-Agius Jean , Mallia Petra , Sapiano Karen , Schembri-Wismayer Pierre
Published: May 2012

The birth of an individual with a blend of both male and female internal or external genitalia is known as an intersex condition. The incidence of genital anomalies is estimated to occur in 1 in 4,500 live births. Each intersex condition is determined by the external genital appearance, internal genital structures, and fertility potential. The main concept involved in the management of intersex is the establishment of an experienced multidisciplinary team. Management of intersex conditions is complex and involves a person’s gender identity, gender role behavior, sexual orientation, sexual functioning, and psychological adjustment. This review will outline the management of intersex in the light of the latest research. We focus on diagnosis, surgical techniques, and the psychological aspects that are encountered in the management of intersex.
Fouling behaviour of a reverse osmosis membrane by three types of surfactants
Authors: Kishimoto Naoyuki , Kimura Honami
Published: May 2012

The fouling behaviour of a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane by three types of surfactants and a countermeasure to the fouling were studied. The filtration experiments showed that the permeability during filtration depended on the surfactant concentration and the charge of surfactant. Higher surfactant concentration deteriorated the permeability due to the concentration polarization. A negatively charged anionic surfactant, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), had less influence on the permeability than cationic and non-ionic surfactants. As the RO membrane used in this research had a hydrophilic and negatively charged membrane surface, adsorption of the anionic surfactant was prevented by the electrostatic force between the membrane surface and the hydrophilic group of the surfactant. To control the fouling by the cationic and non-ionic surfactants, addition of SLS to the surfactant solution was tested. Consequently, the addition of excess SLS changed the surface charge of aggregates into more negative value and the permeability during filtration was successfully improved. Furthermore, the drop in pure water permeability after filtration was not observed by the addition of excess SLS. Thus, the modification of charge of solutes to the same sign of the membrane surface charge was thought to be useful to control a membrane fouling by surfactants.
Adsorption ability of the carbon black for nickel ions uptake from aqueous solution
Authors: Radjenovic Ankica , Malina Jadranka
Published: May 2012

Surface modification can be performed by adsorption of certain organic
compounds on the surface of carbon. The main objective of this work was to
compare the adsorption ability of acid-modified carbon black with the
non-modified one. Modification process was performed by adsorption of acetic
acid onto commercial carbon black surface. A batch adsorption system was
applied to study the both adsorption reaction, acetic acid and Ni(II)
adsorption onto the carbon black. Adsorption isotherms of acetic acid and
Ni(II) adsorption onto the non-modified and modified carbon black were
fitted by classical adsorption models, such as Freundlich and Langmuir
models. Modified carbon black surface become more active for Ni(II) ions
removal from aqueous solutions. The results showed that modification by
acetic acid increases the adsorption capacity of carbon black from 18.3823
mg Ni(II) g-1 to 86.9566 mg Ni(II) g-1. SEM analysis enabled the observation
of any surface changes in the carbon black that have occurred due to either
acid modification or Ni(II) adsorption.
Sensory and color properties of dietary cookies with different fiber sources during 180 days of storage
Authors: Popov-Raljic Jovanka , Mastilovic Jasna , Lalicic-Petronijevic Jovanka , Kevresan Zarko , Demin Mirjana
Published: May 2012

The aim of this study was to examine the sensory properties of dietary cookies produced with addition of different dietary fiber sources (inulin and ligofructose, oat flakes, mixture of oat flakes and wholemeal flour, wholemeal flour and mixture of wholemeal flour and carob flour), and to measure instrumentally color changes of cookies upper and lower surfaces, after storage at temperatures of 18-20?C for 180 days. Addition of inulin and oligfructose was determined to be the fiber source with the highest impact on sensory properties. Storage for 180 days expressed the highest influence on texture properties of dietary cookies regardless of applied dietary fiber source. Color differences calculated from measured color properties (psychometric light, L*, psychometric tone, a*, and psychometric chrome, b*) between products including different fiber sources were noticeable to extremely noticeable among products, with the most expressed difference registered for products containing carob flour.
Polyaza macroligands as potential agents for heavy metal removal from wastewater
Authors: Elizondo Martínez , Nájera Martínez , Pérez Rodríguez , Reyes Hinojosa , Río Del
Published: May 2012

Two polyaza macroligands N,N?-bis(2-aminobenzyl)-1,2- ethanediamine (L1) and
3,6,9,12-tetraaza-4(1,2),11(1,2)-dibenzo-1(1,3)- piridinaciclotridecafano
(L2) were characterized and investigated for their metal ion extraction
capabilities. The nature of all complexes was established by spectroscopic
techniques. The equilibrium constants were determined by spectrophotometric
and potentiometric techniques and the residual concentration of metals in the
solutions by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The capacity of the
ligands to remove heavy metals such as Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and
Pb(II) as insoluble complexes was evaluated in wastewater from industrial
effluents. These agents showed high affinity for the studied metals. The
values of equilibrium constants of the isolated complexes (between 1 x 104
and 2 x 107) demonstrated the feasibility of applying these chelating agents
as an alternative to remove heavy metals from industrial effluents.
The reception of Soviet music in the west: A history of sympathy and misunderstandings
Authors: Hakobian Levon
Published: May 2012

In this concise survey, the evolution of Western attitudes to Soviet music is
retraced: from a certain interest in the early Soviet avant-garde, through
?Cold War? attempts to keep alive the works banned under Stalin, to the
support of the Soviet avant-garde of the ?60-70s and the recent vogue for
Soviet music of a stylistically ?moderate? kind, which has never been popular
among Russian connoisseurs. Side by side with manifestations of sympathy,
some typical misunderstandings are pointed out.
Church music in the light of national legislation in the principality of Serbia and the Kingdom of Serbia
Authors: Peno Vesna
Published: May 2012

Officially, the Serbian Orthodox Church enjoyed a legally guaranteed status
throughout the 19th century and Orthodox faith was considered to be prevalent
both in the Principality of Serbia and in the Kingdom of Serbia.
Nevertheless, after gaining its autonomy within the Constantinople
Patriarchate in 1831 (under whose forced jurisdiction it had been since
1766), Knez Milos?s attitude and a number of state provisions led to the
unsparing diminishing of the Church authority together with frequent
subversions of the Church Canon law. Introduction of the constitutional and
legislative framework for the activities of the Serbian church, the
enforcement of institutionalized mechanisms of control, and above all, direct
interference of the State authorities in the elections of Church hierarchs
and their activities, marked relations of the Church and the State in the
19th century. ?Might makes right? rule was always on the State side.
Investigations so far have least examined those provisions of the Government
concerning general and theological education, in which church music also
found its place. Presentation and analysis of the facts about the beginnings
of organized music education go in favor of the existing findings on
concurrencies and discrepancies in two cultural policies - that of the State
and the one of the Church. Attitudes of the Sovereign and the Government
towards the educational process, so vital during the decades of the State
formation, are also indicative for affirmation of chanting practice and music
art in general, as are (non-) conflicting interests between the prelates and
distinguished public figures on one, and those in charge at the ministries on
the other side. This paper presents all relevant government legislations
regulating religious and music education at regular and theological schools.
Attempts of the Church dignitaries and learned Serbian musicians to raise the
level of music culture with the help of the State authorities are
particularly emphasized. The emphasis was especially on the promotion of
polyphonic church music and endeavors to print notated church chanting
books. All relevant direct and indirect contributors to the expansion of
church music are mentioned, among them especially music teachers at the
Theological high school in Belgrade. Eventually, the paper points to those
legal regulations which imposed on teachers certain duties related to
everyday church services and reactions of the teachers to those regulations.
Gubaidulina, misunderstood
Authors: Medic Ivana
Published: May 2012

Since the early 1980s Sofia Gubaidulina has received numerous accolades, and
her music has been performed and recorded worldwide. However, the critics'
reaction to her works has often been resoundly negative. In particular,
Western critics have been baffled by Gubaidulina?s penchant for long
durations, the employment of seemingly literal musical symbolism verging on
kitch and, last but not least, the composer?s religious fervour. Starting
from the reviews of two ambitious events that served as introductions of
Gubaidulina?s music to British audiences, I will discuss the main objections
directed towards her oeuvre and demonstrate that Gubaidulina?s idiosyncratic
compositional method has been misunderstood by British critics.
Accounting for detector crystal edge rounding in gamma-efficiency calculations theoretical elaboration and application in ANGLE software
Authors: Mihaljevic Nikola , Dlabac Aleksandar , Jovanovic Slobodan
Published: May 2012

In absolute and semi-empirical calculations of full gamma-energy peak
efficiencies (ep), geometrical/compositional data characterizing the detector
should be known in much detail. Among these, detector crystal edge rounding
(bulletization), if neglected, may lead to large systematic errors,
especially for low gamma-energies and close counting geometries. The errors
show quadratic dependence on the extent of bulletization (bulletization
radius). Mathematical/analytical solution to the problem - not reported so
far - is elaborated in the present work. Relevant mathematical formulae are
derived for a number of counting arrangements most frequently encountered in
gamma-spectrometry practice (point, disc, cylinder, and Marinelli sources).
These are subsequently programmed for numerical calculations and are now part
of commercially available ANGLE software. Extensive calculation testing is
performed for HPGe (both p- and n-type) and LEPD detectors (several sizes
each), with various sources (point, disc, cylinder, Marinelli) and counting
geometries (0-20 cm source-to-detector distance). Energy range considered
was 10-3000 keV. To elucidate the significance of the issue, an error
propagation study was conducted: results with bulletization taken into
account are compared to those when bulletization was neglected. Corresponding
errors are tabulated in an extensive Excel file. The file comprises about 152
000 error calculation results which are available for download; a few
characteristic ones are selected for presenting in the paper. ANGLE proved
handy (in programming) and fast (in calculations) when accomplishing this
task. The data convincingly illustrate the impact of detector bulletization
on gamma-efficiency and thus the need to account for. Even only slight
bulletization (1-2 mm bulletization radius) is not negligible in many
realistic counting situations. Reader/analyst can (1) compare his/her
counting situation with these data so as to get the first impression of the
problem and (2) use the mathematical model presented and/or ANGLE software to
address the issue.
Integrating four-dimensional geographical information and mobile techniques into radiological accident emergency response training
Authors: Tsai Ming-Kuan , Lee Yung-Ching , Lu Chung-Hsin , Chen Mei-Hsin , Chou Tien-Yin , Yau Nie-Jia
Published: May 2012

When radiological accidents occur, radioactive material may spread into the
atmosphere, causing large-scale and long-term contamination. To diminish the
effects of such accidents, researchers from many countries have investigated
training programs in emergency response to radiological accidents, especially
in the wake of several serious radiological accidents. Although many training
programs have been proposed, this study identifies two problems: the lack of
effective data representation and the lack of complete training records.
Therefore, by considering various requirements for relief and evacuation work
at radiological accident sites, it integrates four-dimensional geographical
information and mobile techniques to construct a training platform for
radiological accident emergency response. During training, groups of
participants learn to respond to simulated radiological accident scenarios.
Moreover, participants can use the training platform to review and discuss
training details. Judging by the results, the training platform has not only
increased the effectiveness of training programs, but also complied with
standard operating procedures for radiological accident emergency response in
Taiwan. In conclusion, this study could serve as a useful reference for
similar studies and applications.