bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exposure of Caged Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) to Investigate Dispersion of Miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon in Outdoor Habitats in St. Lucia
Authors: Upatham Edward Suchart
Published: June 2009

1. Laboratory studies showed two types of cages to be suitable for exposing uninfected B. glabrata in field habitats as a means of locating S. mansoni miracidial infestations.

2. Tests conducted in tanks under simulated field conditions showed that miracidia moved away from the point of inoculation in non-random fashion and congregated at the margins of the tanks.

3. In a natural habitat, miracidia located and infected caged snails at distances of 33 cm vertically and 106·7 cm horizontally.

4. The pattern of infection was similar in the simulated field and field experiments, but field infection rates were lower.

5. For transmission studies in field habitats, caged laboratorybred snails should be placed at the margin of the habitat to ensure the maximum snail-miracidium interaction.
A Study of Host-Parasite Relationships. The Potatoroot Eelworm (Heterodera rostochiensis) in Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and Tomato
Authors: Doncaster C. C.
Published: June 2009

Larvae of Heterodera rostochiensis have penetrated S. nigrum, quickly caused necrosis in the invaded roots and usually themselves suffered degeneration, which it is believed has led to their death. In these cases the region of the intestine apparently becomes devoid of food reserves and the subcuticular layers of the body wall degenerate into irregular strands of tissue. Only of the order of 0.5 per cent, completed the second moult in eight weeks, while the same stage was reached in tomatoes in a little over two weeks. Many larvae apparently do not develop at all. Tomato roots react to invasion by becoming swollen, and necrosis is less in evidence than in black nightshade.
Continuous feed medication with thiabendazole for the removal of Hymenolepis nana, Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera in naturally infected mice
Authors: Taffs L. F.
Published: June 2009

A medicated diet containing 0.3% thiabendazole fed continuously to 26 mice for 7 days removed 9 out of 11 (82%) Hymenolepis nana, (one tapeworm remaining in each of two mice), 17 out of 17 (100%) Syphacia obvelata and 8 out of 8 (100%) Aspiculuris tetraptera infections. By contrast in 26 non-treated mice 9 out of 10 Hymenolepis, 17 out of 18 Syphacia and 8 out of 8 Aspiculuris infections persisted through the 7 day treatment period, and at post mortem examination 38 Hymenolepsis, 1,562 Syphacia and 4,911 Aspiculuris worms were recovered. In a second experiment 100% removal of 23 Hymenolepis and 20 Syphacia infections was obtained after 14 days medication of 38 mice. High activity against both roundyvorms and tapeworms of mice was thus obtained using one single drug. Some unexplained deaths amongst inbred strain C3H/Hef Nimr mice occurred within seven day's of the continuous medication.
A comparison of Sudanese and South African strains ofSchistosoma haematobium
Authors: James C. , Webbe G.
Published: June 2009

The worm recoveries of two different strains ofSchistosoma haematobiumfrom male hamsters and their egg-laying capacities are studied. The infection rates obtained, the growth of worms and the distribution of eggs in hamster tissues are compared with those previously described for other strains ofS. haematobium.

Previous studies have shown that different geographical strains ofSchistosoma haematobiumhave specific characteristics which reflect the infra-specific variations of this complex species (Webbe and James, 1971a, b; James and Webbe, 1973). The present paper records further observations on two strains of the parasite from the Sudan (Khartoum) and South Africa (Nelspruit).
A Comparison of Eģyptian and East African Strains ofSchistosoma haematobium
Authors: James C. , Webbe G.
Published: June 2009

The worm recoveries of two strains of S.haematobiumfrom male hamsters and their egg laying capacities are studied. The infection rates obtained, the size of worms, and the number of testes and the distribution of eggs in hamster tissues are compared with those described for other strains of S.haematobium. It is emphasized that infra-specific variations in the host may also, in part, account for many of the differences that are attributed to different geographical strains of the parasite.
Studies onOnchocerca gutturosa(Neumann, 1910) and its Development inSimulium Ornatum(Meigen, 1818). 4. Systematics ofO. gutturosa
Authors: Eichler D. A.
Published: June 2009

The morphologies of the adult worms and microfilariae ofOchocercafound in the neck and gastro-splenic region of cattle in southeast England were compared. It is concluded that they are forms of the same species.
Two Consecutive Transfers ofHeterakis gallinarum: Effects on Caceal Worms and on Histomonads
Authors: Lund Everett E. , Chute Anne M.
Published: June 2009

Heterakis gallinarumknown to transmitHistomonas meleagridiswere transferred when 10 and 14 days old from chicken to chicken to chicken, chicken to chicken to turkey, and in other combinations of these 2 hosts. Results were compared throughout with those attending single transfers of worms and no transfer at all.H. meleagridiswas liberated and became detectable in as little as 24 hours in some recipient birds. Recipient chickens some times developed infections withH. meleagridiseven though the protozoan had never been found in either the original donors of 10-day larvae or donors of 14-day worms.

Recovery of matureHeterakis gallinarumfrom recipients of 10-day larvae was about 1 1/2 times that from birds in which heterakids developed from hatching to maturity without being disturbed. Transferred worms were 10–17% larger at maturity, suggesting that a single transfer at 10 days was less detrimental than uninterrupted development in the partially immunized bird. Recovery ofH. gallinarumfrom turkey recipients of 10-day larvae equalled that from comparable chicken recipients, but turkey recipients of 14-day heterakids yielded fewer heterakids than did their chicken counterparts, whether 1 or 2 transfers had been made.
Parasitological and Pathological Observations on Schistosoma bovis Sonsion, 1876, in Calves, Sheep and Goats in Iran
Authors: Massoud J.
Published: June 2009

Seven calves, 5 sheep, 2 goats and one buffalo calf were exposed to S. bovis cercariae in the laboratory. The prepatent period varied from 44–45 days in calves, 47–50 days in sheep to 47–48 days in goats. The recovery rate of adult worms was 62.1% in calves, 41.4% in sheep and 67.3% in goats. The infection rates were much higher than those obtained by previous workers, possibly because of a superior technique. One buffalo calf was exposed to S. bovis cercariae but showed no signs of infection.

The mean daily egg output per gram of faeces was 75 in calves, 60 in sheep and 75 in goats. The daily egg output in the faeces per individual female worm was 106 in calves, 52 in sheep and 48 in goats at 9 weeks after exposure to cercariae. The number of eggs passed in the faeces decreased in calves and increased in sheep as the duration of infection was prolonged.
On Some Known and New Species of the Family Tetrameridae Travassos, 1914, from Indian Birds
Authors: Sultana Ameer
Published: June 2009

A solitary male and two females were collected from the Indian Sand-Martin, Riparia paludicola brevicaudata. The male worm was present in the lumen, and the blood red females were embedded in cysts formed in the walls of the proventriculus.
Fluorescent Antibody Studies in vitro on Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782
Authors: Taffs L. F. , Voller A.
Published: June 2009

The immunology of Ascaris suum was studied in vitro using the fluorescent antibody technique. Fluorescein isothiocyanate labelling of globulin was used in the direct and indirect method and by a combination of both methods.

Fluorescein labelled antibody was incorporated into precipitates at the mouth, excretory pore, anus and on the cuticle of third stage larvae.

The possible intercuticular localization of fluorescent antibody in moulting larvae and fluorescence of the ends of broken larvae were further observed.

Circumlarval precipitates did not form nor did the larvae fluoresce in normal serum.

The results indicate (1) that antigenic sites are located at the natural orifices and cuticle and (2) that the dead internal tissues and possibly the moulting substance are also antigenic.
The Dimorphism ofPolystoma integerrimum(Frolich) Rudolphi and Its Bearing on Relation ships within the Polystomatidae: Part III
Authors: Williams Joan B.
Published: June 2009

A redescription is given of the morphology of the bladder (normal) and branchial (neotenic) forms and the structure'of the larva ofPolystoma integerrimum, including a description of the histological changes accompanying digestion, and an account of the peripheral sensory system of the bladder adult.
A discussion of the relationship between Hepatojarakus malayae Yeh, 1955 and H. bandicoti Sood & Parshad, 1973 (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea)
Authors: Anderson Irmgard G. , Gibbons Lynda M.
Published: June 2009

SpecimensHepatojarakus malayaeYeh, 1955 andH. bandicotiSood & Parshad, 1973 arc illustrated and their measurements tabulated.H. bandicotiis considered a synonym ofH. malayae.
Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809, det. Krabbe, 1878): length distribution and viability of L3 of known minimum age from herring Clupea harengus L
Authors: Smith John W.
Published: June 2009

Third-stage larvae (L3) of Anisakis simplex of a known minimum age of 60 to 61 weeks, the oldest of which may have spent at least three years in herring, were artificially excapsulated in saline and appeared healthy. A small proportion succccded in penetrating the gut wall of rats. The length distribution of L3 of minimum age 18 to 23 weeks did not differ significantly from that of larvae of minimum age 60 to 61 weeks.
Efficacy of UV-irradiated larval vaccine of Ancylostoma ceylanicum (Looss, 1911) in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)
Authors: Menon Sushila , Bhopale M. K.
Published: June 2009

A vaccination trial in golden hamsters with UV-irradiated infective larvae of Ancylostoma ceylanicum was attempted. One oral vaccination of hamsters with 100 infective larvae irradiated by means of UV-tube (390 nm) at different time intervals induced the development of resistance. As the time exposure of irradiation was increased, there was a corresponding decrease in the subsequent worm establishment. A high level of protection afforded by larvae irradiated for 15min UV-exposure was recorded giving 99·0% and 95·0% worm reduction against the challenge doses of 100 and 1000 normal larvae respectively. There was no marked difference in worm establishment in hamsters vaccinated either orally or subcutaneously, followed by oral challenge. In the vaccinated hamsters, the manifestations of resistance at 15 min UV-exposure were shown by marked reduction in worm establishment and highly reduced epg in pellets with significantly higher blood haemoglobin levels compared with those given normal larvae as vaccine and challenge controls.
Experimental infection of pups with Ancylostoma caninum larvae from an abnormal host, the chicken
Authors: Mittra S. , Sasmal N. K.
Published: June 2009

The migration and distribution of Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the tissues of chickens, infected orally with 1,000 larvae, were studied. Larval yield at necropsy from different organs after digestion with artificial gastric juice revealed a 62·9% recovery four hours after inoculation, followed by a sharp decline to 5·4% at 72 hours. Larvae were found in the heart within four hours, the lungs within eight hours and the liver within 12 to 18 hours but no larvae were recovered from the spleen, kidney or brain. Migration in the muscles of head, neck, thorax and abdomen was detected at 12 hours and was maximal at 36 hours. The establishment of patent infection in the definitive host was studied by feeding infected chicks to hookworm-free pups (one chick/pup) 48 hours, 7 days and 14 days after infection. The mean worm burden at necropsy was highest (15) in the pups fed with chicks 48 hours after infection and was three and nil in the other groups respectively.
The comparative efficacy of oxfendazole administered as bolus and suspension to naturally infected sheep in Greece
Authors: Himonas C. A. , Theodorides J.
Published: June 2009

In a flock of 20 ewes naturally infected with those parasites of sheep most common in Greece, and kept indoors during the whole trial, oxfendazole at the dose rate of approximately 2–9 and 2–8 mg/kg body-weight was tested as a 4 g bolus containing 112 mg active ingredient and a 2–265% suspension. The evaluation of its efficacy was based on the necropsy findings which were also supported by faecal egg counts. No differences in efficacy were noticed between the two formulations of the drug. Both bolus and suspension proved to be 100% effective against Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis and Chabertia ovina. The efficacy against Cooperia oncophora, Nematodirus spathiger, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Oesophagostomum columbianum and Moniezia expansa could not be evaluated, because these species, though not found in any of the treated animals, were found in fewer than three controls.
Quantitative studies on Heterakis gallinarum infections in the common fowl, Gallus gallus L.
Authors: Fine Paul E. M.
Published: June 2009

The fertility, mortality, and migration patterns of Heterakis gallinarum were studied in chickens with concomitant Parahistomonas wenrichi infections. H. gallinarum females were found to produce approximately 936 ova per day, when 50 days of age, and a total of 34,000 to 86,000 ova in a lifetime. There was no evidence of differential mortality between the sexes, nor of a preference for either the left or the right caecal organ of chickens. Both male and female worms are capable of migrating between caeca, and are especially prone to do so when in the absence of individuals of the opposite sex.
Nasitrema attenuata (Trematoda) infection of Tursiops truncatus and its potentialities as an aetiological agent of chronic pulmonary lesions
Authors: Kumar V. , Vercruysse J. , Kageruka P. , Mortelmans J.
Published: June 2009

Two cases of Nasitrema sp (Trematoda) infection of the bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, are reported and N. attenuata is briefly redescribed. The adults of the trernatode occurring in the nasal sinuses and posterior nasal passage of the dolphins are considered as practically harmless for the host but their eggs, aspirated deep into the bronchial tree, may initiate a foreign-body type of inflammatory reaction in the lungs and continuous aspiration of such eggs may provoke a chronic pneumonic condition.
Xeroradiographic visualization of trichinae in polar bear muscle
Authors: Nelson G. S. , Keymer I. F. , Rogers Rosemary , Davis R.
Published: June 2009

Gould (1970) stated that “asyet,roentgenographic technics cannot demonstrate trichinae in skeletal muscle”. We have found no report of X-ray film demonstration of Trichinella cysts in muscle in the literature to date. Rogers et al. (1975) used the technique of xeroradiography to show living and calcified filarial worms (Brugia pahangi) in the infected lymphatics of cats and we have had an opportunity to use this method to examine calcified Trichinella cysts in infected muscle.
A Helminth Survey of Sheep and Goats in Cyprus. Part II. Age Distribution and the Severity of Infection with Gastro-Intestinal Parasites
Authors: Le Riche P. D. , Efstathiou G. C. , Altan Y. , Campbell J. B.
Published: June 2009

889 alimentary tracts from sheep and goats were examined for worms during 1970 and 1971.

The severity of infection with each of the worm species is discussed and it is concluded that infections with Ostertagia spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. are the most important and that Haemonchus contortus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum and Chabertia ovina are of secondary importance.

The animals were divided into different age groups and a study was made of the severity of mixed infections in each group. The point system adopted by Parnell et al. (1954) was used for the study.

The most unexpected finding was that lambs and kids under 8 months old rarely suffered from infections of any significance. Infections built up slowly after that age. It was therefore presumed that animals remained vulnerable to infections at a much later age than in other countries.

Infections that might cause sub-clinical disease were seen in 31% of all animals and heavier infections were seen in 20% of the animals. This was considered a conservative estimate and shows the importance of gastro-intestinal parasites in sheep and goats in Cyprus.

Adult sheep appeared to be more heavily infected than goats, although some differences in animal husbandry between the two may have contributed to this.

From this study of age distribution, it was found that the autumn peak in the infection rate was not caused by the infection of young animals, which remained low at this time of the year.
Characostomum howelli n.sp. (Nematoda: Strongylidae) from the Giant African Rat Cricetomys gambianus and other Helminths from Tanzania
Authors: Khalil L. F.
Published: June 2009

5 males and 5 females of this species were collected from the intestine of the giant African rat Cricelomys gambianus from Minaki Secondary School, near Pugu, Tanzania. Some of the specimens have parts of the host's intestinal wall tissues in their buccal capsules and some specimens have the anterior part of the intestine dark in colour. This may suggest that these nematodes attach themselves to their host's intestinal wall and probably feed on its blood.

The elongated body is cylindrical, tapering at both ends, the anterior end recurved dorsally. The cuticle is transversely striated and the buccal aperture is round, lacking a radial crown but the cuticle of the external surface of the buccal capsule forms several annular thickenings around the buccal aperture. There are 4 main external cuticular bands extending to near the buccal aperture. The buccal capsule is funnel-shaped with extremely thick and highly chitinized walls, the dorsal wall notably shorter than the ventral. The thickness of the walls is uneven, with maximum thickness posteriorly. The capsule lacks teeth and the dorsal oesophageal gland terminates near the anterior edge of the buccal capsule. The oesophageal funnel is chitinized. The oesophagus is claviform owith a wider posterior part and ends in a triradiate valve.
Bigalkenema curvispiculum sp. nov. (Nematoda, Trichostrongylidae) from East African Game Animals, with a Redescription of the Female of Kobusinema banagiense Gibbons, 1972
Authors: Gibbons Lynda M.
Published: June 2009

Bigalkenema curvispiculum sp. nov. is described from specimens collected from the abomasa of Aepyceros melampus, Damaliscus korrigum, Connochaetes taurinus, Gazella granti and G. thomsonii in Serengeti, Tanzania and Gazella thomsonii in Kenya. It differs from the other species of the genus in the shape and appearance of the spicules, their distinct branching, and the inward curving of the two main divisions of the dorsal ray.

The female of Kobusinema banagiense is redescribed and this species is reported for the first time from Alcelaphns bnselaphus jacksoni in Uganda.
Nematospiroides dubius in the jidd, Meriones unguicalatus: stimulation and expression of acquired immunity
Authors: Behnke Jerzy M. , Hannah John
Published: June 2009

Acquired immunity to Nematospiroidcs dubius was studied in the jird. It was found that a primary infection comprising one or two worms was highly immunogenic and the animals were resistant to challenge infection. Abbreviated infections in which the adult worms were eliminated by treatment with pyrantel also elicited strong resistance to challenge indicating that larval parasites as well as adults were involved in acquired immunity. A small proportion of adult worms completed their development in immune jirds and was recovered 11 days after the challenge infection. However, these worms were rapidly eliminated and few survived to day 16. Trickle infections in which the jirds were exposed to very low numbers of worms at regular intervals were unsuccessful in prolonging the duration of a primary infection. It was concluded that the
remarkable sensitivity of the jird to infection with N. dubius should enable small quantities of fractionated parasite derived material to be screened for immunogenicity in this host.
A Note on the Development of the Metacercarial Cyst of Holostephanus lühei Szidat, 1936
Authors: Pike Alan W.
Published: June 2009

Cercaria spatulata is synonymized with Holostephanus lühei on the basis of the close morphological similarity between naturally occurring cysts of H. lühei and those experimentally reared from C. spatidata in Pygosteus pungitius. Observations on metacercariae from one day to ten weeks old showed that development of the cyst is completed within six weeks. The completed cyst is wider and its internal diameter smaller than young stages, which suggests that the metacercaria shrinks during development and that the cyst expands inwards to occupy the space left. The cyst is deposited within two to three weeks and increases in width as the metacercaria contracts during development.
Occurrence of the Metacercariae, of Cotylurus erraticus (Rudolphi, 1809) Szidat, 1928 (Digenea: Strigeidae) in Brown Trout Salmo trutta L., and Rainbow Trout S. gairdneri Richardson, 1836, from Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex
Authors: Wootten R.
Published: June 2009

Brown and rainbow trout from Hanningf?eld Reservoir, Essex and rainbow trout from associated raceways were found to be infected with the metacercariae of Cotyluriis erraticus throughout 1968. Both o brown and rainbow trout of age 2+ introduced into the reservoir in the spring became heavily infected with C. erraticus during their first summer in the reservoir. Rainbow trout were more heavily infected than brown trout. Infection increased with age in rainbow trout but this was not apparent in brown trout. The metacercariae are almost completely restricted to the pericardial cavity of the trout. The life-cycle of C. erraticus in Hanningfield possibly involves gulls as final hosts and the gastropod Valvata piscinalis as first intermediate host. C. erraticus has probably been introduced into the reservoir in infected trout from outside sources, or by infected avian final hosts.
The bionomics of the free-living larvae and the transmission of Dictyocaulus filaria between lambs in North-East England
Authors: Gallie G. J. , Nunns V. J.
Published: June 2009

The bionomics of the free-living larvae of Dictyocaulus filaria on pasture, and the transmission of infection between lambs, were studied during different seasons of the year m North-East England.

The rate of development of first-stage larvae to the third stage took 4–9 days in late spring and summer, 1½–4 weeks in autumn and 5½–7 weeks in winter. The proportion of first-stage larvae developing to the third stage ranged from 10–28% in autumn and winter, and 2–25% in spring and summer. The rate of mortality of the third-stage larvae was approximately logarithmic in nature, although the survival time was shorter in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. Third-stage larvae were able to survive from autumn until the spring of the following year in sufficient numbers to perpetuate transmission but not to cause clinical disease.
Preliminary observations on the distribution, definitive hosts and possible relation with other schistosomes, of Schistosoma margrebowiei, Le Roux, 1933 and Schistosoma leiperi, Le Roux, 1955
Authors: Pitchford R. J.
Published: June 2009

In attempting to define the south western limits of the distribution of Schistosoma margrebowiei and S. leiperi and investigating their apparent limited distribution in relation to their snail hosts it was found that there was little overlap in the distribution of S. margrebowiei and S. leiperi and that of the human parasites S. haematobium and S. mansoni, and no overlap with S. mattheei within the area surveyed. It is suggested that the presence of either or both lechwe schistosomes prevented the development of the human parasites and in addition, prevented the development of S. mattheei in certain areas inhabited or surrounded by certain Kobus spp.
Attempts to infect small laboratory animals with the infective larvae of Onchocerca lienalis
Authors: Townson S. , Bianco A. E. , Owen Dawn
Published: June 2009

All the natural hosts of Onchocerca parasites are large animals (MULLI-R, 1979) andthere is, therefore an urgent need to develop a small animal model for onchoccrciasis,preferably one that employs a strain of inbred host. Rodents have been usedsuccessfully as experimental hosts for the microfilariac of O. guiturosa (sec NELSON et al. 1966), O. cervicalis (see RAbalais, 1974), O. armilluta (see EL Bihari & Hussein, 1975) and O. ijibsoni (see Beveridge et al., 1980) but there have been few publishedattempts to infect these hosts with infective-stage larvae.
Hydatid disease in man in the Negev region of Israel: a retrospective study of histologically proven cases 1970–1979
Authors: Gross Ellis M. , Alkan Michael , Torok Viola
Published: June 2009

Echinococcosis in man and animals has been reported to be endemic in the Middle East(MAIOSMAN et al., 1977). As a result of this report and recent interest by the WorldHealth Organization to define more clearly the problem of hydatid disease in theMiddle East, the incidence of hydatid cysts found at surgery and at autopsy in theNcgcv region of Israel was retrospectively examined for the years 1970–1979.
Resistance toFasciola hepaticain sheep harbouring primarySchistosoma bovisinfections
Authors: Monrad J. , Christensen N. Ø. , Nansen P. , Frandsen F.
Published: June 2009

A substantial level of resistance to a lictcrologous challenge with Fasciola hepatica was demonstrated insheep harbouring primary non-patent (two- to three-week-old) and newly patent (seven- to cight-wcck-old)Schistosoma hovis infections, the liver-fluke burdens being reduced by 70% and 93%, respectively, ( p< 0·01) inthese groups compared with that of the challenge control group.
Cotugnia digonopora: carbohydrate metabolism and effect of anthelmintics on immature worms
Authors: Pampori N. A. , Singh Govind , Srivastava V. M. L.
Published: June 2009

Cotugnia digonoporaconsumes, in 24 hours, glucose equivalent to 38% of its body-weight and converts it into metabolites. The Krebs' cycle is insignificant in the breakdown of glucose because very little CO2 is formed. Ether-cxtractablc acids account for most of the consumed sugar, confirming that metabolism is predominantly anaerobic. Glucose is assimilated as glycogen rather than as nucleic acids, lipids and proteins.

Niclosamidc, praziquantel and mebendazole strongly inhibit uptake of glucose by the parasite. A considerable increase in the production of lactic acid over that of ether-soluble and volatile acids under the influence of these drugs, suggests a rhange in the catabolism of sugar towards homolactate fermentation.
Scanning electron microscope studies of the mucosa of rats infected withHymenolepis dimlnuta(Cestoda)
Authors: Martin Jean , Holland Celia
Published: June 2009

The intestinal morphology or rats given one, 10 or 100 cysticercoids ofHymenolepis diminutawas examined by scanning electron microscopy. The presence of this tapeworm causes extensive villous atrophy and fusion. The most extreme changes in mucosal architecture were observed adjacent to the mature proglottides of the worm and in these areas the villi were reduced either to flattened plate-like structures or to low irregularly shaped undulations. The presence of one largeH. diminutaresulted in more severe pathological damage than caused by several smaller worms. Colonization of the upper region of the ileum by long filamentous bacteria was also observed in rats infected withH. diminuta.
The relationship between the size of Lymnaea truncatula naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica and the intensity and maturity of the redial infection
Authors: Smith Gary
Published: June 2009

Of the 2,652 Lymnaea truncatula collected from sites in Cumbria and Gwynedd during 1973–75, when the Prevalence of fascioliasis in the primary host was low and declining, only 123 were infected with Fasciola hepatica. Dissection of these snails revealed that the proportion infected, the mean redial burden and the Proportion of mature rediae in each snail increased with shell length.

The results are compared with a similar data set acquired when the prevalence of infection in both the Primary and intermediate hosts was uncharacteristically high. Although the results are qualitatively similar, there are important quantitative differences. The mean redial burden of infected snails at times of high disease Prevalence was generally twice as high as that reported in the present study. It is suggested that differences in habitat microclimate could not account entirely for the observed differences in redial burden and the role of multiple miracidial infection is discussed.
Surface waves in magnetized quantum electron-positron plasmas
Authors: MISRA A.P. , GHOSH N.K. , SHUKLA P.K.
Published: June 2009

The dispersion properties of electrostatic surface waves propagating along the interface between a quantum magnetoplasma composed of electrons and positrons, and vacuum are studied by using a quantum magnetohydrodynamic plasma model. The general dispersion relation for arbitrary orientation of the magnetic field and the propagation vector is derived and analyzed in some special cases of interest (viz. when the magnetic field is directed parallel and perpendicular to the boundary surface). It is found that the quantum effects facilitate the propagation of electrostatic surface modes in a dense magnetoplasma. The effect of the external magnetic field is found to increase the frequency of the quantum surface wave. The existence of a singular wave on the boundary surface is also proved, and its properties are analyzed numerically. It is shown that the new wave characteristics appear due to the Rayleigh type of the wave.
Group structure of Sotalia guianensis in the bays on the coast of Paraná State, south of Brazil
Authors: de Fatima Filla Gislaine , de Araujo Monteiro-Filho Emygdio Leite
Published: June 2009

To determine the group structure of Sotalia guianensis on the coast of Paraná State, two bays, Baía de Paranaguá and Baía de Guaratuba, were surveyed between March 1999 and February 2000 and between July 2002 and June 2003 respectively. The heterogeneity of the studied areas was considered a relevant factor, therefore these areas were sectored and each sector was investigated independently. The surveys were carried out through boat line transects and all the animals were registered, even those localized between two transects. The records were taken for the quantity of groups as well as for the amount of individuals in each group and, whenever possible, the individuals were classified as calves or adults. The data were treated both separately and comparatively between the two bays and amongst the sectors of each bay. In Baía de Paranaguá, 735 individuals were registered, divided into 253 groups which varied from 2 to 37 individuals for an average of 2.9 individuals per group. Most of the groups presented a family formation (59.29%) and were observed during the morning. The individuals that were clearly identified as calves represented 24% of the total (176 individuals), adults 55% (405 individuals) and 21% (154 individuals) were impossible to determine. In Baía de Guaratuba, only 32 S. guianensis individuals were observed and distributed into 14 groups for an average of 2.13 individuals per group. These groups varied from 2 to 6 individuals mostly in family formations (50%). The same quantity of individuals and groups was observed during different periods of the day. Of the 32 sampled individuals, 25 (78%) were adults, only one was a calf (3%) and 6 (19%) were undetermined.
Description of the reproductive tract and gonad histology of a second form of hermaphroditism in the Port Jackson sharkHeterodontus portusjacksoni
Authors: Jones Ashlee A. , Potter Ian C.
Published: June 2009

Sampling of commercial fisheries bycatch in south-western Australia has yielded a second and different form of hermaphrodite of the Port Jackson sharkHeterodontus portusjacksoni. Its total length (706 mm) and weight (2740 g) fall within the range of those of mature males, but below those of mature females. The left clasper was similar to that of normal mature males, whereas the right clasper was far smaller, had a poorly-developed rhipidion groove and lacked a spur. The body cavity possessed a testis on the left, an ovotestis on the right, and contained sperm ducts, oviducal glands and uteri on both sides. As with normal mature males, the testis and the testicular component of the ovotestis contained germ cells in various stages of spermatogenesis, including late stage spermatids. The ovarian component of the ovotestis contained 14 follicles that were larger (5–9 mm diameter) than those of normal females of similar size, which were immature, but far smaller than those of normal mature females. Six of those follicles were atretic. The widths of the left and right oviducal glands and uteri were far greater than those of normal females of similar size, but similar to those of normal mature females. Thus, although gonadal maturation had progressed further in the testis and the testicular component of the ovotestis than in the ovarian component of the ovotestis, the oviducal glands and the uteri of the hermaphrodite were of similar size to those of normal mature females and were far better developed than those of normal females of similar length, which are immature.
Haemogregarina anarrhichadis from Anarrhichas lupus, the Catfish
Authors: Henry Herbert
Published: June 2009

The haemogregarine which is the subject of the present communication was obtained in material collected by me during two voyages made in a trawler in July 1910, round the Shetlands and the north coast of Scotland. It was found in large adult specimens of catfish (Anarrhichas lupus), taken by otter trawl from a depth of 50 to 80 fathoms, in the vicinity of Fair Isle and Foula, and on Whitenhead Bank about nine miles to the N.N.E. of Cape Wrath. Catfish taken near Rhona and Sulisker in the Atlantic showed no infection, but the number of fish examined was so small that one could not assume the infection to be absent in this locality.
The Herter Lectures. I. Spirochaetosis. Lecture delivered on the Herter Foundation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., 8 October, 1912
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

Under the term “Spirochaetosis” are included those diseases of man and animals due to the spiral microorganisms known as spirochaetes. I shall confine myself to those which produce blood infection—the relapsing fevers—in which a remarkable periodic increase and decrease in the number of the spirochaetes is observable corresponding to alternating rises and falls of the host's body-temperature. Authority is divided as to whether the spirochaetes are Protozoa or Bacteria, and the matter is a fruitful theme of discussion upon which I shall not enter here. Judged, however, from their pathological effects and their prompt reactions to immune sera and certain drugs, they show a pronounced affinity to Protozoa and exhibit phenomena not hitherto observed in Bacteria.
Damage to surface membrane ofSchistosoma mansoniby pristane (2,6,10,14 tetramethyl pentadecane) and other hydrophobic compounds
Authors: Kusel J. R. , Stones L. , Tetley L.
Published: June 2009

Intraperitoneal injection of cercariae into pristane (2, 6, 10, 14 tetramethyl pentadecane)-primed Balb/c mice led to greatly diminished numbers of portal and peritoneal worms compared with untreated mice. Schistosomula taken from the peritoneal cavity of pristane-primed mice carried globules of pristane on their surfaces, were contracted and were permeable to Trypan blue. Pristane globules bound also to adult wormsin vitroandin vivocausing rapid damage to the surface membrane. Hydrophobic compounds other than hydrocarbons either bound without causing gross damage, or did not bind to the adult worms.51Cr release studies showed that pristane had no effect on the permeability of human erythrocytes, while causing significant release from both schistosomula and adult worms. The binding of hydrocarbon globules to a variety of other parasites did not occur. The binding ofn-[1-14C]hexadecane to adultSchistosoma mansoniwas significantly decreased by extraction of the parasite with organic solvents or treatment with staphylococcal δ toxin, which interacts with phospholipids in the membrane. Possible mechanisms of damage of the parasite by the hydrocarbons are discussed.
In vitro cloning of animal-infective bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Hirumi H. , Hirumi K. , Doyle J. J. , Cross G. A. M.
Published: June 2009

Clones of animal-infective bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei (stocks S.427 and LUMP 227) were made by transferring a single organism from bloodstream-form cultures into each well of Microtest II Tissue Culture Plates containing bovine fibroblast-like feeder cells. When the number of trypanosomes increased to 102–103/well on days 4–16, they were transferred into plastic T-25 culture flasks also containing feeder cells and fresh medium. Cultures were thereafter maintained by partially replacing the trypanosome suspension with the same volume of fresh medium (diluting the density to 2–5 × 105 trypanosomes/ml) every 24 h. Sub-cultivations could be made by transferring 1–2 ml of the trypanosome suspension to a new culture flask at 4–5 day intervals. A total of 42 clones in the 3 series TC221, TC52 and TC227, carrying variable antigen types (VATs) 221, 052 and ILTat 1·4, respectively, have been established. Average population doubling times for clones of TC221, TC52 and TC227 were 8·7, 14·5 and 15·5 h respectively. Of 35 populations examined, 34 clones retained the original specificity of their VATs for at least 8–32 days from cloning. One cloned population of TC52 consisted of 99·8% VAT 052 and 0·2% VAT 221 at the time when the first VAT test was made on day 18.
Passive protection of mice against infection withTrypanosoma cruziwith plasma: the use of blood- and vector bug-derived trypomastigote challenge
Authors: McHardy N.
Published: June 2009

A study was made of the protective effects of plasma (CMP) from mice convalescent from infection withTrypanosoma cruzi. A single dose of CMP was injected into mice infected with blood trypomastigotes of 1 of each of 5 strains ofT. cruzi. Protection was greatest with strains BG, M1 and Y, and least with strain Peru. Strain Tulahuen was of intermediate susceptibility. The protective effect of CMP was found to be similar in mice infected by metacyclic trypomastigotes harvested from vector bugs and mice infected by blood trypomastigotes. Plasma (IMP) from mice hyperimmunized with 6 doses of a killedT. cruziepimastigote vaccine with saponin as an adjuvant gave no protection against challenge with strain Y, although a group of mice hyperimmunized in parallel with those from which IMP was taken were strongly resistant to challenge.
Studies of antigens inPlasmodium yoelii
Authors: Panton Lindsey J. , Knowles G. , Walliker D.
Published: June 2009

The inheritance of an antigen designated Py-1 in the rodent malaria parasitePlasmodium yoeliihas been investigated. A cross was made between 2 lines differing in the electrophoretic mobility and quantity of Py-1 detected by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In 10 clones isolated from the progeny of the cross the level of Py-1 always correlated with the virulence of the infection and it was concluded that these characters were different phenotypic effects of the same gene mutation. The electrophoretic mobility of Py-1 segregated independently of the virulence character and was therefore controlled by a different gene. These two antigenic markers also recombined with isoenzyme and drug-sensitivity characters distinguishing the parent lines.
Tenebrio molitor(Coleoptera): effect of metacestodes ofHymenolepis diminuta(Cestoda) on haemolymph amino acids
Authors: Hurd Hilary , Arme C.
Published: June 2009

Haemolymph free amino acids (HFAAs) in adultTenebrio molitorvaried in concentration with beetle age. Between 9 and 30 days post-emergence the concentration range was 34–94 mMwith a peak occurring in 15-day-old insects. Much of this age-related variation was due to changes in the concentration of a single amino acid, proline. An analysis of concentrations of individual HFAAs in 15-day-old beetles, following infection with metacestodes ofHymenolepis diminuta, revealed that changes in female insects are more marked than those occurring in males. In the former, changes occurred in the concentration of 9 amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, arginine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, proline and alanine/citrulline) whereas in the latter only 4 amino acids were affected (threonine, glycine, histidine and arginine). It is suggested thatH. diminutamay interact with the endocrine system of its beetle host.
Pathophysiology ofHymenolepis diminutainfections inTenebrio molitor:effect of parasitism on haemolymph proteins
Authors: Hurd Hilary , Arme C.
Published: June 2009

The effects of metacestodes ofHymenolepis diminutaon haemolymph proteins ofTenebrio molitorare restricted to female hosts. In beetles aged 15 days post-emergence, and harbouring 12-day-old metacestodes, haemolymph concentration is 46·7% higher than in non-infected animals and similar effects are found in longer standing infections. Electrophoresis of haemolymph revealed the presence of 13 bands. Densitometric analysis showed that only band 2/3 was significantly elevated in infected hosts although band 7/8 also showed an increase. These bands were also present in egg homogenates and are thought to be vitellogenins. It is therefore proposed that the excess protein found in infected beetles is a female-specific protein resulting from an interaction between the parasite and the host endocrine system.
Trichuris muris: structure and formation of the egg-shell
Authors: Preston C. M. , Jenkins T.
Published: June 2009

The development of the egg-shell of the trichuroid nematode, Trichuris muris, was observed by light and electron microscopy. Initial stages of shell formation occurred immediately following sperm entry into the oocyte in the spermatheca of the female worm. The external vitelline layer separated from the oolemma, reticulate oocyte granules were discharged into the resultant perivitelline space and stored glycogen contributed to the formation of the chitinous shell. A lipid layer developed between the inner surface of the chitinous layer and the oolemma. The fully formed egg-shell thus comprised an external vitelline layer, a middle chitinous layer and an inner lipid layer. The outer vitelline layer resembled a unit membrane with strands of particulate material attached to its outer surface. The middle chitinous layer was composed of chitin microfibrils encased in a protein coat; the sheets of microfibrils were arranged as parallel lamellae forming a helicoidal architecture. The inner lipid layer contained a variable number of loosely arranged strands of electron-opaque and less-opaque material.
Parasite density and the fecundity of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats
Authors: Kino Hideto
Published: June 2009

The larval output of Angiostrongylus cantonensis at different initial densities in rats was examined throughout the reproductive life-span of the worms using a modified dilution technique. With an initial density of 2 worms the mean duration of larval output was 414·2 days. The output was at a level above 50000 larvae/female/day from 15 to 45 weeks after infection. The mean total output was 18·9×106 larvae/female. The larval output/female decreased with an increase in the worm burden and also with the passage of time after infection. The longevity of host rats also decreased with increasing worm density and many of the heavily infected rats died early during infection. These results suggest that worm density has an effect on the fecundity of this parasite, and that the effects may be due to fibrous changes in host lung tissue but not changes in the physiology of the worms. It is also suggested that density-dependent effects on fecundity play a role in the population dynamics of both the parasite and host as regulatory mechanisms in the field.
Taenia ovis recombinant vaccine – ‘quo vadit’
Authors: Rickard M. D. , Harrison G. B. L. , Heath D. D. , Lightowlers M. W.
Published: June 2009

Several years have elapsed since the publication by Johnson et al. (1989) of the cloning of a recombinant antigen from the cestode parasite Taenia ovis which stimulated high levels of protective immunity in sheep. A great deal of subsequent research and development was necessary to bring the fledgling vaccine to the point of being a registered commercial product. The results of these subsequent studies are dealt with briefly in this paper, including the results of field trials. The T. ovis vaccine was registered by the New Zealand Animal Remedies Board in February 1994. Where then is the commercial product ? This paper gives a background to market problems which have emerged through the politics (and realities) of the NZ T. ovis control campaign. It serves as notice that the best science dedicated to producing vaccines or products for parasitic, or other, diseases often faces significant hurdles in the real world of commerce and politics.
The development of oral vaccines against parasitic diseases utilizing live attenuatedSalmonella
Authors: Chatfield S. N. , Roberts M. , Dougan G. , Hormaeche C. , Khan C. M. A.
Published: June 2009

Genetically defined, live attenuatedSalmonellavaccines are proving useful both as oral vaccines against salmonellosis and for the development of multivalent vaccines based on the expression of heterologous antigens in such strains. Several candidate attenuatedS. typhistrains are at present being evaluated as new single dose oral typhoid vaccines in human volunteers. The emergence of such a vaccine will facilitate the development of multivalent vaccines for humans. Many antigens from different infectious organisms have been expressed in attenuatedSalmonella. A focus of this work has been on developing vaccines against parasitic diseases. This review will summarize the efforts that have been made in this area.
A Critical Review of Our Present Knowledge of the Haemoflagellates and Allied Forms
Authors: Patton W. S.
Published: June 2009

A large number of the trypanosomes and allied flagellates are now known to be the causal agents of some of the most fatal diseases of man and of the lower animals. The study of these parasites during the past fifteen years has truly made phenomenal strides, and at the present time it holds a position of commanding interest. Novy (1907) in a recent paper aptly states the reason for this active research when he says, “It is not merely because six or seven of these diseases have been recognised in domestic animals in Asia, Africa and South America. It is not wholly due to the discovery of a human form of the disease, but rather to the fact that the mastery by man of whole regions is called into question. The successful contest with malaria and yellow fever has now given place to the fight with trypanosomiasis and upon the issue of this struggle depends to a large extent the destiny of Equatorial Africa.”
A Note on the Spirochaete present in Ulcerative Granuloma of the Pudenda of Australian Natives
Authors: Bosanquet W. Cecil
Published: June 2009

Early in January of the present year Professor Minchin kindly gave me for examination a portion of tissue and a mounted section taken from a case of the above disease and sent him by Dr J. Burton Cleland, then of Perth, W. Australia. The tissue was already embedded in paraffin, and both it and the section were stained by Levaditi's method and showed the presence of numerous spirochaetes.