bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zero verb marking in Sranan
Authors: De Wit Astrid , Brisard Frank
Published: February 2014

In the Surinamese creole language Sranan, verbs in finite clauses that lack overt TMA-marking are often considered to be ambiguous between past and present interpretations (depending on the lexical aspect of the verb involved) or analyzed as having a perfective value. We claim that these verbs are in fact zero-marked, and we investigate the various uses of this zero expression in relation to context and lexical aspect on the basis of corpus data and native speaker elicitations. It is shown that existing analyses do not cover and unify all the various uses of the construction. We propose, as an alternative, to regard the zero form as present perfective marker, whereby tense and aspect are conceived of as fundamentally epistemic categories, in line with Langacker (1991). This combination of present tense and perfective aspect, which is regarded as infelicitous in typological studies of tense and aspect (cf. the ‘present perfective paradox’, Malchukov 2009), gives rise to the various interpretations associated with zero. However, in all of its uses, zero still indicates that, at the most basic level, a situation belongs to the speaker’s conception of ‘immediate reality’ (her domain of ‘inclusion’). This basic ‘presentness’ distinguishes zero from the past-tense markerben, which implies dissociation.
The magnetic field in HD 161701, the only binary system identified to consist of an HgMn primary and an Ap secondary
Authors: Hubrig S. , Carroll T. A. , González J. F. , Schöller M. , Ilyin I. , Saffe C. , Castelli F. , Leone F. , Giarrusso M.
Published: February 2014

Recently, we performed a complete study of the SB2 system HD 161701 with an orbital period of 12.5 d, consisting of an HgMn primary and a classical Ap secondary. Since this is the first system identified with this particular combination of peculiar stars, a study of the presence of a magnetic field in both components is of considerable interest to astronomers studying stellar magnetism and the impact of the presence of a magnetic field in binary systems. Apart from HD 161701, only one other close binary systems with a magnetic Ap component, the system HD 98088, is currently known. Using high accuracy radial velocity planet searcher (HARPS) polarimetric spectra obtained on six consecutive nights, we detect in the Ap component a mean longitudinal magnetic field of up to 200 G varying in strength over the orbital/rotational period. The magnetic field behaviour in this component is closely related to the position of the primary component, exhibiting negative polarity. There was no detection of any longitudinal magnetic field with an upper limit of ∼90 G in the primary.
Abundance Patterns in the Interstellar Medium of the S0 Galaxy NGC 1316 (Fornax A) Revealed with Suzaku
Authors: Konami Saori , Matsushita Kyoko , Nagino Ryo , Tashiro Makoto S. , Tamagawa Toru , Makishima Kazuo
Published: February 2014

The Suzaku X-ray satellite observed the nearby S0 galaxy NGC 1316, a merger remnant aged 3 Gyr. The total good exposure time was 48.7 ks. The spectra were well represented by a two-temperature thermal model for the interstellar medium (ISM) plus a power-law model. The cool and hot temperatures of the thermal model were 0.48$\ \pm\ $0.03 and 0.92$\ \pm\ $0.04 keV, respectively. The excellent spectral sensitivity of Suzaku enables us for the first time to measure the metal abundances of O, Ne, Mg, Si, and Fe in the ISM. The resultant abundance pattern of O, Ne, Mg, Si, and Fe is close to that of the new solar abundance determined by Lodders (2003, ApJ, 591, 1220). The measured abundance pattern is compared with those of elliptical galaxies and an S0 galaxy, observed with Suzaku. Considering metal-enrichment from present Type Ia supernovae, the near-solar abundance pattern of the ISM in NGC 1316 indicates an enhanced $\alpha/$Fe ratio of stellar materials in the entire galaxy, like in giant elliptical galaxies.
Lyman-α Emitters and Lyman-Break Galaxies at z = 3–6 in Cosmological SPH Simulations
Authors: Nagamine Kentaro , Ouchi Masami , Springel Volker , Hernquist Lars
Published: February 2014

We study the properties of Lyman-$\alpha $ emitters (LAEs) and Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) at $z$$=$ 3–6 using cosmological SPH simulations. We investigate two simple scenarios for explaining the observed Ly$\alpha $ and rest-frame UV luminosity functions (LFs) of LAEs: (i) the “escape fraction” scenario, in which the effective escape fraction (including the IGM attenuation) of Ly$\alpha $ photons is $f_{{\rm Ly}\alpha}$$\approx$ 0.1 (0.15) at $z$$=$ 3 (6), and (ii) the “stochastic” scenario, in which the fraction of LAEs that are turned on at $z$$=$ 3 (6) is ${C_{\rm stoc}}$$\approx$ 0.07 (0.2) after correcting for the IGM attenuation. Our comparisons with a number of different observations suggest that the stochastic scenario is preferred over the escape fraction scenario. We find that the mean values of stellar mass, metallicity and black hole mass hosted by LAEs are all smaller in the stochastic scenario than in the escape fraction scenario. In our simulations, the galaxy stellar mass function evolves rapidly, as expected in hierarchical structure formation. However, its evolution is largely compensated by a beginning decline in the specific star formation rate, resulting in little evolution of the rest-frame UV LF from $z$$=$ 6 to 3. The rest-frame UV LF of both LAEs and LBGs at $z$$=$ 3 and 6 can be described well by the stochastic scenario provided the extinction is moderate, $E$($B$$-$$V$) $\approx$ 0.15, for both populations, although our simulation might be overpredicting the number of bright LBGs at $z$$=$ 6. We also discuss the correlation function and bias of LAEs. The Ly$\alpha $ LFs at $z$$=$ 6 in a field-of-view of 0.2 deg$^2$ show a significantly larger scatter owing to cosmic variance relative to that in a $1\ $deg$^2$ field, and the scatter seen in the current observational estimates of the Ly$\alpha $ LF can be accounted for by cosmic variance.
Survey of Period Variations of Superhumps in SU UMa-Type Dwarf Novae. II The Second Year (2009–2010)
Authors: Kato Taichi , Maehara Hiroyuki , Uemura Makoto , Henden Arne , De Miguel Enrique , Miller Ian , Dubovsky Pavol A. , Kudzej Igor , Kiyota Seiichiro , Hambsch Franz-Josef , Tanabe Kenji , Imamura Kazuyoshi , Kunitomi Nanae , Takagi Ryosuke , Nose Mikiha , Akazawa Hidehiko , Masi Gianluca , Nakagawa Shinichi , Iino Eriko , Noguchi Ryo , Matsumoto Katsura , Fujii Daichi , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Ogura Kazuyuki , Ohtomo Sachi , Yamashita Kousei , Yanagisawa Hirofumi , Itoh Hiroshi , Bolt Greg , Monard Berto , Ohshima Tomohito , Shears Jeremy , Ruiz Javier , Imada Akira , Oksanen Arto , Nelson Peter , Gomez Tomas L. , Staels Bart , Boyd David , Voloshina Irina B. , Krajci Thomas , Crawford Tim , Stockdale Chris , Richmond Michael , Morelle Etienne , NovÁk Rudolf , Nogami Daisaku , Ishioka Ryoko , Brady Steve , Simonsen Mike , Pavlenko Elena P. , Ringwald Frederick A. , Kuramoto Tetsuya , Miyashita Atsushi , Pickard Roger D. , Hynek Tomáš , Dvorak Shawn , Stubbings Rod , Muyllaert Eddy
Published: February 2014

Continued from Kato et al. (2009, PASJ, 61, S395), we collected the times of superhump maxima for 68 SU UMa-type dwarf novae, mainly observed during the 2009–2010 season. The newly obtained data confirmed the basic findings reported in Kato et al. (ibid.): the presence of stages A–C and the predominance of positive period derivatives during stage B in systems with superhump periods shorter than 0.07 d. There was a systematic difference in the period derivatives for the systems with superhump periods longer than 0.075 d between this study and Kato et al. (ibid.). We suggest that this difference was possibly caused by a relative lack of frequently outbursting SU UMa-type dwarf novae in this period regime in the present study. We recorded a strong beat phenomenon during the 2009 superoutburst of IY UMa. A close correlation between the beat period and the superhump period suggests that the changing angular velocity of the apsidal motion of the elliptical disk is responsible for the variation of the superhump periods. We also described three new WZ Sge-type objects with established early superhumps and one with likely early superhumps. We suggest that two systems, VX For and EL UMa, are WZ Sge-type dwarf novae with multiple rebrightenings. The $O-C$ variation in OT J213806.6$+$261957 suggests that the frequent absence of rebrightenings in very short-$P_{\rm orb}$ objects can be the result of a sustained superoutburst plateau at the epoch when usual SU UMa-type dwarf novae return to quiescence, preceding a rebrightening. We also present a formulation for a variety of Bayesian extensions to traditional period analyses.
MOIRCS Deep Survey. X. Evolution of Quiescent Galaxies as a Function of Stellar Mass at 0.5 z 2.5
Authors: Kajisawa Masaru , Ichikawa Takashi , Yoshikawa Tomohiro , Yamada Toru , Onodera Masato , Akiyama Masayuki , Tanaka Ichi
Published: February 2014

We studied the evolution of quiescent galaxies at 0.5 $\lt$z$\lt$ 2.5 as a function of the stellar mass, using very deep NIR imaging data from the MOIRCS Deep Survey in the GOODS-North region. The deep NIR data allowed us to construct a stellar mass-limited sample of quiescent galaxies down to $\sim\ $10$^{10}\ M_{\odot}$, even at z$\sim\ $ 2, for the first time. We selected quiescent galaxies with age / $\tau$$\gt$ 6 by performing a SED fitting of the multi broad-band photometry from the $U$ to Spitzer 5.8$\ \mu$m bands with the population synthesis model of Bruzual and Charlot (2003, MNRAS, 344, 1000), where exponentially decaying star-formation histories are assumed. The number density of quiescent galaxies increases by a factor of $\sim\ $3 from 1.0 $\lt$z$\lt$ 1.5 to 0.5 $\lt$z$\lt$ 1.0, and by a factor of $\sim\ $10 from 1.5 $\lt$z$\lt$ 2.5 to 0.5 $\lt$z$\lt$ 1.0, while that of star-forming galaxies with age / $\tau$$\lt$ 4 increases only by factors of $\sim\ $2 and $\sim\ $3 in the same redshift ranges. At 0.5 $\lt$z$\lt$ 2.5, the low-mass slope of the stellar mass function of quiescent galaxies is $\alpha$$\sim\ $ 0–0.6, which is significantly flatter than those of star-forming galaxies ($\alpha$$\sim\ $$-$1.3–$-$1.5). As a result, the fraction of quiescent galaxies in the overall galaxy population increases with stellar mass in the redshift range. The fraction of quiescent galaxies at 10$^{11}$–10$^{11.5}\ M_{\odot}$ increases from $\sim\ $20%–30% at z$\sim\ $ 2 to $\sim\ $40%–60% at z$\sim\ $ 0.75, while that at 10$^{10}$–10$^{10.5}\ M_{\odot}$ increases from $\lesssim\ $5% to $\sim\ $15% in the same redshift range. These results could suggest that the quenching of star formation had been more effective in more massive galaxies at 1 $\lesssim\ $z$\lesssim\ $ 2. Such a mass-dependent quenching could explain the rapid increase in the number density of $\sim\ M^*$ galaxies relative to lower-mass galaxies at z$\gtrsim$ 1–1.5.
Early Science Result from the Japanese Virtual Observatory: AGN and Galaxy Clustering at z = 0.3 to 3.0
Authors: Shirasaki Yuji , Tanaka Masahiro , Ohishi Masatoshi , Mizumoto Yoshihiko , Yasuda Naoki , Takata Tadafumi
Published: February 2014

We present the result of a projected cross-correlation analysis of AGNs and galaxies at redshifts from 0.3 to 3.0. The Japanese Virtual Observatory (JVO) was used to obtain Subaru Suprime-Cam images and UKIDSS catalog data around AGNs. We investigated 1809 AGNs, which is about a ten-times larger sample than that used in previous studies on AGN–galaxy clustering at redshifts larger than 0.6; 90% of the AGN samples were optically-selected AGN from the SDSS and 2dF catalogs. The galaxy samples at low redshift include many redder objects from the UKIDSS survey, while at higher redshift they are mainly blue galaxies from Suprime-Cam. We found a significant excess of galaxies around the AGNs at redshifts from 0.3 to 1.8. For the low-redshift samples (z$\lt$ 0.9), we obtained a correlation length of $r_{0}$$=$ 5–6$\ h^{-1}$ Mpc ($\gamma$$=$ 1.8), which indicates that the AGNs at this redshift range reside in a similar environment around typical local galaxies. We also found that AGNs at higher redshift ranges reside in a denser environment than lower redshift AGNs. For z$=$ 1.3–1.8 AGNs, the cross-correlation length was measured as 11$^{+6}_{-3}\ h^{-1}$ Mpc ($\gamma$$=$ 1.8). Considering that our sample of galaxies is based on optical observations with Suprime-Cam at the redshift range, it is expected that blue star-forming galaxies comprise the majority of objects that are observed to be clustered around the AGNs. It has been successfully demonstrated that using the archive through the Virtual Observatory system can provide a powerful tool for investigating the small-scale environment of intermediate redshift AGNs.
Enrichment of Heavy Elements in the Red Giant S 15–19 in the Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
Authors: Honda Satoshi , Aoki Wako , Arimoto Nobuo , Sadakane Kozo
Published: February 2014

We determined the chemical abundances of the extremely metal-poor (EMP) star S 15–19 ([Fe$/$H] $=$$-$3.0) in the Sextans dwarf galaxy. While heavy neutron-capture elements (e.g., Ba) are generally deficient in EMP stars in dwarf galaxies, this object was shown to have an exceptional over-abundance of Ba ([Ba$/$Fe] $\sim$$+$0.5) by a previous study, which is similar to those of r-process-enhanced stars found in the field halo. Our new high-resolution spectroscopy for this object for the blue region, however, reveals that no clear excess of r-process elements, like Eu, appears in this object. Moreover, a significant excess of carbon ([C$/$Fe] $=$$+$1.0) and a deficiency of Sr ([Sr$/$Fe] $=$$-$1.4) are found for this object. Taking the variation of the radial velocities measured at the two different epochs into consideration, the origin of the excesses of heavy neutron-capture elements in S 15–19 is not the r-process, but is the s-process in an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star that was the binary companion (primary) of this object. Carbon- and s-process-enhanced material should have been transferred to the surface of S 15–19 across the binary system. These results are compared with carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars in the field halo.
Chromospheres in Metal-Poor Stars Evidenced from the He I 10830 Å Line
Authors: Takeda Yoichi , Takada-Hidai Masahide
Published: February 2014

Based on the near-IR spectra of 33 late-type stars in a wide metallicity range (mainly dwarfs and partly giants) obtained with IRCS$+$AO188 of the Subaru Telescope, we confirmed that the He I 10830 Å line is seen in absorption in almost all moderately to extremely metal-poor stars of thick disk and halo population (from [Fe$/$H] $\sim$  $-$0.5 down to [Fe$/$H] $\sim$  $-$3.7), the strength of which is almost constant irrespective of the metallicity. This is evidence that chromospheric activity at a basal level persists, even for such old stars, despite that their rotations are considered to be slowed down and incapable of sustaining a dynamo, suggesting that some kind of chromospheric heating mechanism independent of rotation/magnetism (e.g., acoustic heating) may take place.
Subaru Lightcurve Observations of Sub-km-Sized Main-Belt Asteroids
Authors: Dermawan Budi , Nakamura Tsuko , Yoshida Fumi
Published: February 2014

The currently known spin period vs size distribution of asteroids includes a very small number of sub-km-sized main-belt asteroids (MBAs). In order to get a better understanding of such objects, we conducted lightcurve observations using the wide-field camera (Suprime-Cam) of the 8.2 m Subaru telescope in 2001 October. We surveyed a sky field of 34$'$$\times$ 27$'$ near opposition and the ecliptic, covering a time-span of 8.3 hr for a single night, and detected 127 asteroids down to a limiting magnitude of $R$$\approx$ 24.6 mag (at a level of 90% fractional detection). Since the majority of our lightcurves consisted of data points of only a few tens, we took an approach with an emphasis on searching for a dominant period of a lightcurve using two independent periodogram codes, to ascertain the mutual consistency of the obtained results. In an attempt to estimate their period errors, we made extensive simulations using artificial lightcurve data, and found that most errors do not exceed $\sim$ 0.1 hr; this level of errors is sufficiently small for the purposes of this survey observation. Out of 68 main-belt asteroids showing reliable spin periods, 33 are found to be fast-rotator MBAs, whose spin periods range from 0.5 to 2.2 hr (hereafter asteroids with periods $\lt$ 2.2 hr are abbreviated as FRAs). This result is the first observational confirmation on the existence of FRAs among sub-km MBAs; those detected small MBAs fill up the region that used to be almost void of asteroids in the spin period vs size distribution. Regarding the shapes of those objects, which were inferred from their lightcurve amplitudes, we found a tendency that FRAs are more spherical than non-FRAs. Cumulative size distributions of the FRAs and non FRAs are also compared, but revealing no clear difference.
First On-Site Data Analysis System for Subaru/Suprime-Cam
Authors: Furusawa Hisanori , Okura Yuki , Mineo Sogo , Takata Tadafumi , Nakata Fumiaki , Tanaka Manobu , Katayama Nobuhiko , Itoh Ryosuke , Yasuda Naoki , Miyazaki Satoshi , Komiyama Yutaka , Utsumi Yousuke , Uchida Tomohisa , Aihara Hiroaki
Published: February 2014

We developed an automated on-site quick analysis system for mosaic CCD data of Suprime-Cam, which is a wide-field camera mounted at the prime focus of the Subaru Telescope, Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The first version of the data-analysis system was constructed, and started to operate in general observations. This system is a new function of observing support at the Subaru Telescope to provide the Subaru user community with an automated on-site data evaluation, aiming at improvements of observers' productivity, especially in large imaging surveys. The new system assists the data evaluation tasks in observations by the continuous monitoring of the characteristics of every data frame during observations. The evaluation results and data frames processed by this system are also useful for reducing the data-processing time in a full analysis after an observation. The primary analysis functions implemented in the data-analysis system are composed of automated realtime analysis for data evaluation and on-demand analysis, which is executed upon request, including mosaicing analysis and flat making analysis. In data evaluation, which is controlled by the organizing software, the database keeps track of the analysis histories, as well as the evaluated values of data frames, including seeing and sky background levels; it also helps in the selection of frames for mosaicing and flat making analysis. We examined the system performance and confirmed an improvement in the data-processing time by a factor of 9 with the aid of distributed parallel data processing and on-memory data processing, which makes the automated data evaluation effective.
Suzaku studies of luminosity-dependent changes in the low-mass X-ray binary Aquila X-1
Authors: Sakurai Soki , Torii Shunsuke , Noda Hirofumi , Zhang Zhongli , Ono Ko , Nakazawa Kazuhiro , Makishima Kazuo , Takahashi Hiromitsu , Yamada Shin'ya , Matsuoka Masaru
Published: February 2014

The neutron-star low-mass X-ray binary Aquila X-1 was observed by Suzaku seven times, from 2007 September 28 to October 30. The observations successfully traced an outburst decay in which the source luminosity decreased almost monotonically from ∼ 1037 erg s−1 to ∼ 1034 erg s−1, by ∼ 3 orders of magnitude. To investigate luminosity-dependent changes in the accretion geometry, five of the seven data sets with a typical exposure of ∼ 18 ks each were analyzed; the other two were utilized in a previous work (Sakurai et al. 2012, PASJ, 64, 72). The source was detected up to 100 keV in the second to the fourth observations, to 40 keV in the fifth, and to 10 keV on the last two occasions. All spectra were reproduced successfully by a Comptonized blackbody model with relatively high (≳ 2.0) optical depths, plus an additional softer optically-thick component. The faintest three spectra were reproduced alternatively by a single Comptonized blackbody model with a relatively low (≲ 0.8) optical depth. The estimated radius of the blackbody emission, including seed photons for the Comptonization, was 10 ± 2 km at a 0.8–100 keV luminosity of 2.4 × 1036 erg s−1 (the second to the fourth observations). In contrast, it decreased to 7 ± 1 km and further to 3 ± 1 km, at a luminosity of (4.8−5.2) × 1035 erg s−1 (the fifth observation) and ∼ 2 × 1034 erg s−1 (the sixth and seventh), respectively, regardless of the above model ambiguity. This can be taken as evidence for the emergence of a weak magnetosphere from the neutron star.
The AKARI Far-Infrared Surveyor young stellar object catalog
Authors: Tóth L. Viktor , Marton Gábor , Zahorecz Sarolta , Balázs Lajos G. , Ueno Munetaka , Tamura Motohide , Kawamura Akiko , Kiss Zoltán T. , Kitamura Yoshimi
Published: February 2014

We demonstrate the use of the AKARI all-sky survey photometric data in the study of galactic star formation. Our aim was to select young stellar objects (YSOs) in the AKARI Far-Infrared Surveyor (FIS) Bright Source Catalogue. We used AKARI/FIS and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) data to derive mid- and far-infrared colors of YSOs. Classification schemes based on quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) have been given for YSOs and the training catalog for QDA was the whole-sky selection of previously known YSOs (i.e., listed in the SIMBAD database). A new catalog of AKARI FIS YSO candidates including 44001 sources has been prepared; the reliability of the classification is over 90%, as tested in comparison to known YSOs. As much as 76% of our YSO candidates are from previously uncatalogued types. The vast majority of these sources are Class I and II types according to the Lada classification. The distribution of AKARI FIS YSOs is well correlated with that of the galactic ISM; local over-densities were found on infrared loops and towards the cold clumps detected by Planck.
The environment around the young massive star cluster RSGC 1 and HESS J1837−069
Authors: Fujita Yutaka , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Muller Erik , Kobayashi Naoto , Saito Masao , Yasui Chikako , Kikuchi Hiroki , Yoshinaga Keigo
Published: February 2014

We report on Mopra observations of the young massive star cluster RSGC 1, adjoined to and possibly associated with the gamma-ray source HESS J1837−069. We measure the CO (J = 1–0) distribution around the cluster and gamma-ray source, and find that the cluster is slightly higher than the velocity ranges associated with the Crux–Scutum arm. We reveal that the cluster is associated with much less molecular gas compared with other young massive clusters in the Galaxy, Westerlund 1 (Wd 1) and 2 (Wd 2), which also radiate gamma-rays. We find no other structures that would otherwise indicate the action of supernova remnants, and due to the lack of material which may form gamma-rays by hadronic interaction, we conclude that the gamma-rays detected from HESS J1837−069 are not created through proton–proton interactions, and may more plausibly originate from the pulsar that was recently found near RSGC 1.
Remarkable Predominance of a Small Number of Genotypes in Greenhouse Populations of Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Bardin Marc , Decognet Véronique , Nicot Philippe C.
Published: February 2014

Although Botrytis cinerea is known for its ability to produce high amounts of spores on diseased plants, enabling it to complete rapidly numerous developmental cycles in favorable environments, population genetics studies of this fungus indicate enormous diversity and limited clonal spread. Here, we report an exception to this situation in the settings of commercial tomato greenhouses. The genotypic characterization of 712 isolates collected from the air and from diseased plants, following the development of gray mold epidemics in four greenhouses in southern France, revealed the presence of a few predominant genotypes in a background of highly diverse populations. The comparison of genotypic profiles for isolates collected in the air or on the plants was compatible with the hypothesis of an entry in the greenhouse of substantial amounts of inoculum from the outside environment but it also highlighted the importance of secondary inoculum produced within the crop. The overall results of this work suggest that sporulation could be an important target for disease management strategies in the greenhouse.
Interplay of population genetics and dynamics in the genetic control of mosquitoes
Authors: Alphey Nina , Bonsall Michael B.
Published: February 2014

Some proposed genetics-based vector control methods aim to suppress or eliminate a mosquito population in a similar manner to the sterile insect technique. One approach under development in
Anopheles
mosquitoes uses homing endonuclease genes (HEGs)—selfish genetic elements (inherited at greater than Mendelian rate) that can spread rapidly through a population even if they reduce fitness. HEGs have potential to drive introduced traits through a population without large-scale sustained releases. The population genetics of HEG-based systems has been established using discrete-time mathematical models. However, several ecologically important aspects remain unexplored. We formulate a new continuous-time (overlapping generations) combined population dynamic and genetic model and apply it to a HEG that targets and knocks out a gene that is important for survival. We explore the effects of density dependence ranging from undercompensating to overcompensating larval competition, occurring before or after HEG fitness effects, and consider differences in competitive effect between genotypes (wild-type, heterozygotes and HEG homozygotes). We show that population outcomes—elimination, suppression or loss of the HEG—depend crucially on the interaction between these ecological aspects and genetics, and explain how the HEG fitness properties, the homing rate (drive) and the insect's life-history parameters influence those outcomes.
Modelling rogue waves through exact dynamical lump soliton controlled by ocean currents
Authors: Kundu Anjan , Mukherjee Abhik , Naskar Tapan
Published: February 2014

Rogue waves are extraordinarily high and steep isolated waves, which appear suddenly in a calm sea and disappear equally fast. However, though the rogue waves are localized surface waves, their theoretical models and experimental observations are available mostly in one dimension, with the majority of them admitting only limited and fixed amplitude and modular inclination of the wave. We propose two dimensions, exactly solvable nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation derivable from the basic hydrodynamic equations and endowed with integrable structures. The proposed two-dimensional equation exhibits modulation instability and frequency correction induced by the nonlinear effect, with a directional preference, all of which can be determined through precise analytic result. The two-dimensional NLS equation allows also an exact lump soliton which can model a full-grown surface rogue wave with adjustable height and modular inclination. The lump soliton under the influence of an ocean current appears and disappears preceded by a hole state, with its dynamics controlled by the current term. These desirable properties make our exact model promising for describing ocean rogue waves.
Mixed variational potentials and inherent symmetries of the Cahn–Hilliard theory of diffusive phase separation
Authors: Miehe C. , Hildebrand F. E. , Böger L.
Published: February 2014

This work shows that the Cahn–Hilliard theory of diffusive phase separation is related to an intrinsic
mixed variational principle
that determines the rate of concentration and the chemical potential. The principle characterizes a canonically compact model structure, where the two balances involved for the species content and microforce appear as the Euler equations of a variational statement. The existence of the variational principle underlines an
inherent symmetry
in the two-field representation of the Cahn–Hilliard theory. This can be exploited in the numerical implementation by the construction of time- and space-discrete
incremental potentials
, which fully determine the update problems of typical time-stepping procedures. The mixed variational principles provide the most fundamental approach to the finite-element solution of the Cahn–Hilliard equation based on
low-order
basis functions, leading to monolithic
symmetric algebraic systems
of iterative update procedures based on a linearization of the nonlinear problem. They induce in a natural format the choice of
symmetric solvers
for Newton-type iterative updates, providing a speed-up and reduction of data storage when compared with non-symmetric implementations. In this sense, the potentials developed are believed to be fundamental ingredients to a deeper understanding of the Cahn–Hilliard theory.
Pan-Atlantic analysis of the overlap of a highly migratory species, the leatherback turtle, with pelagic longline fisheries
Authors: Fossette S. , Witt M. J. , Miller P. , Nalovic M. A. , Albareda D. , Almeida A. P. , Broderick A. C. , Chacón-Chaverri D. , Coyne M. S. , Domingo A. , Eckert S. , Evans D. , Fallabrino A. , Ferraroli S. , Formia A. , Giffoni B. , Hays G. C. , Hughes G. , Kelle L. , Leslie A. , López-Mendilaharsu M. , Luschi P. , Prosdocimi L. , Rodriguez-Heredia S. , Turny A. , Verhage S. , Godley B. J.
Published: February 2014

Large oceanic migrants play important roles in ecosystems, yet many species are of conservation concern as a result of anthropogenic threats, of which incidental capture by fisheries is frequently identified. The last large populations of the leatherback turtle,
Dermochelys coriacea
, occur in the Atlantic Ocean, but interactions with industrial fisheries could jeopardize recent positive population trends, making bycatch mitigation a priority. Here, we perform the first pan-Atlantic analysis of spatio-temporal distribution of the leatherback turtle and ascertain overlap with longline fishing effort. Data suggest that the Atlantic probably consists of two regional management units: northern and southern (the latter including turtles breeding in South Africa). Although turtles and fisheries show highly diverse distributions, we highlight nine areas of high susceptibility to potential bycatch (four in the northern Atlantic and five in the southern/equatorial Atlantic) that are worthy of further targeted investigation and mitigation. These are reinforced by reports of leatherback bycatch at eight of these sites. International collaborative efforts are needed, especially from nations hosting regions where susceptibility to bycatch is likely to be high within their exclusive economic zone (northern Atlantic: Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Mauritania, Senegal, Spain, USA and Western Sahara; southern Atlantic: Angola, Brazil, Namibia and UK) and from nations fishing in these high-susceptibility areas, including those located in international waters.
Seasonality in communication and collective decision-making in ants
Authors: Stroeymeyt N. , Jordan C. , Mayer G. , Hovsepian S. , Giurfa M. , Franks N. R.
Published: February 2014

The ability of animals to adjust their behaviour according to seasonal changes in their ecology is crucial for their fitness. Eusocial insects display strong collective behavioural seasonality, yet the mechanisms underlying such changes are poorly understood. We show that nest preference by emigrating
Temnothorax albipennis
ant colonies is influenced by a season-specific modulatory pheromone that may help tune decision-making according to seasonal constraints. The modulatory pheromone triggers aversion towards low-quality nests and enhances colony cohesion in summer and autumn, but not after overwintering—in agreement with reports that field colonies split in spring and reunite in summer. Interestingly, we show that the pheromone acts by downgrading the perceived value of marked nests by informed and naive individuals. This contrasts with theories of collective intelligence, stating that accurate collective decision-making requires independent evaluation of options by individuals. The violation of independence highlighted here was accordingly shown to increase error rate during emigrations. However, this is counterbalanced by enhanced cohesion and the transmission of valuable information through the colony. Our results support recent claims that optimal decisions are not necessarily those that maximize accuracy. Other criteria—such as cohesion or reward rate—may be more relevant in animal decision-making.
Wet climate and transportation routes accelerate spread of human plague
Authors: Xu Lei , Stige Leif Chr. , Kausrud Kyrre Linné , Ben Ari Tamara , Wang Shuchun , Fang Xiye , Schmid Boris V. , Liu Qiyong , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Zhang Zhibin
Published: February 2014

Currently, large-scale transmissions of infectious diseases are becoming more closely associated with accelerated globalization and climate change, but quantitative analyses are still rare. By using an extensive dataset consisting of date and location of cases for the third plague pandemic from 1772 to 1964 in China and a novel method (nearest neighbour approach) which deals with both short- and long-distance transmissions, we found the presence of major roads, rivers and coastline accelerated the spread of plague and shaped the transmission patterns. We found that plague spread velocity was positively associated with wet conditions (measured by an index of drought and flood events) in China, probably due to flood-driven transmission by people or rodents. Our study provides new insights on transmission patterns and possible mechanisms behind variability in transmission speed, with implications for prevention and control measures. The methodology may also be applicable to studies of disease dynamics or species movement in other systems.
Vibrio ostreicida sp. nov., a new pathogen of bivalve larvae
Authors: Prado Susana , Dubert Javier , Romalde Jesús L. , Toranzo Alicia E. , Barja Juan L.
Published: February 2014

The taxonomic position of the bivalve pathogen PP-203T was studied together with those of two similar isolates (PP-200 and PP-204). The bacterial strains were isolated from samples of young oyster spat in a bivalve hatchery in Galicia (NW Spain), which was continually affected by outbreaks of disease and severe mortalities. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the three strains formed a cluster within the genus

Vibrio

and were most closely related to

Vibrio pectenicida

DSM 19585T (97.9 % similarity). Additional multilocus sequence analysis, including sequences of the housekeeping genes rpoA, recA, pyrH, gyrB and ftsZ, and DNA–DNA hybridization experiments indicated that the strains were distinct from currently known species of the genus

Vibrio

and confirmed the clustering of the three isolates. Several phenotypic features, such as growth in TCBS medium and nitrate reduction, proved useful for distinguishing the proposed novel species from its closest relatives. The findings support the description of a novel species to include the three isolates, for which the name Vibrio ostreicida sp. nov. (type strain PP-203T = CECT 7398T = DSM 21433T) is proposed.
Sinibacillus soli gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermotolerant member of the family Bacillaceae
Authors: Yang Guiqin , Zhou Shungui
Published: February 2014

Two Gram-staining-positive, rod-shaped and endospore-forming bacteria that represent a single species, designated strains GD05T and GD051, were isolated from a tropical forest soil and a hot spring sediment, respectively. Cells of both strains were facultatively anaerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, and could grow optimally at 50 °C, pH 8.0 and with 1 % (w/v) NaCl. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that these two isolates belonged to the family

Bacillaceae

, but did not show sequence similarities of more than 95 % to members of other related genera. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 43.7–44.1 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol, and the major menaquinone was MK-7. The peptidoglycan type was A1γ (meso-diaminopimelic acid direct). On the basis of this polyphasic taxonomic analysis, the novel strains represent a novel species of a new genus in the family

Bacillaceae

, order

Bacillales

, for which the name Sinibacillus soli gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GD05T ( = CCTCC AB 2013105T = KCTC 33117T).
Sulfated galactans isolated from the red seaweed Gracilaria fisheri target the envelope proteins of white spot syndrome virus and protect against viral infection in shrimp haemocytes
Authors: Rudtanatip Tawut , Asuvapongpatana Somluk , Withyachumnarnkul Boonsirm , Wongprasert Kanokpan
Published: February 2014

The present study was aimed at evaluating an underlying mechanism of the antiviral activity of the sulfated galactans (SG) isolated from the red seaweedGracilaria fisheriagainst white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in haemocytes of the black tiger shrimpPenaeus monodon. Primary culture of haemocytes fromPenaeus monodonwas performed and inoculated with WSSV, after which the cytopathic effect (CPE), cell viability and viral load were determined. Haemocytes treated with WSSV-SG pre-mix showed decreased CPE, viral load and cell mortality from the viral infection. Solid-phase virus-binding assays revealed that SG bound to WSSV in a dose-related manner. Far Western blotting analysis indicated that SG bound to VP 26 and VP 28 proteins of WSSV. In contrast to the native SG, desulfated SG did not reduce CPE and cell mortality, and showed low binding activity with WSSV. The current study suggests that SG fromGracilaria fisherielicits its anti-WSSV activity by binding to viral proteins that are important for the process of viral attachment to the host cells. It is anticipated that the sulfate groups of SG are important for viral binding.
Evolution of Gene Structural Complexity: An Alternative-Splicing-Based Model Accounts for Intron-Containing Retrogenes
Authors: Zhang Chengjun , Gschwend Andrea R. , Ouyang Yidan , Long Manyuan
Published: February 2014

The structure of eukaryotic genes evolves extensively by intron loss or gain. Previous studies have revealed two models for gene structure evolution through the loss of introns: RNA-based gene conversion, dubbed the Fink model and retroposition model. However, retrogenes that experienced both intron loss and intron-retaining events have been ignored; evolutionary processes responsible for the variation in complex exon-intron structure were unknown. We detected hundreds of retroduplication-derived genes in human (Homo sapiens), fly (Drosophila melanogaster), rice (Oryza sativa), and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and categorized them either as duplicated genes that have all introns lost or as duplicated genes that have at least lost one and retained one intron compared with the parental copy (intron-retaining [IR] type). Our new model attributes intron retention alternative splicing to the generation of these IR-type gene pairs. We presented 25 parental genes that have an intron retention isoform and have retained introns in the same locations in the IR-type duplicate genes, which directly support our hypothesis. Our alternative-splicing-based model in conjunction with the retroposition and Fink models can explain the IR-type gene observed. We discovered a greater percentage of IR-type genes in plants than in animals, which may be due to the abundance of intron retention cases in plants. Given the prevalence of intron retention in plants, this new model gives a support that plant genomes have very complex gene structures.
The BAF60 Subunit of the SWI/SNF Chromatin-Remodeling Complex Directly Controls the Formation of a Gene Loop at FLOWERING LOCUS C in Arabidopsis
Authors: Jégu Teddy , Latrasse David , Delarue Marianne , Hirt Heribert , Domenichini Séverine , Ariel Federico , Crespi Martin , Bergounioux Catherine , Raynaud Cécile , Benhamed Moussa
Published: February 2014

SWI/SNF complexes mediate ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling to regulate gene expression. Many components of these complexes are evolutionarily conserved, and several subunits of Arabidopsis thaliana SWI/SNF complexes are involved in the control of flowering, a process that depends on the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). BAF60 is a SWI/SNF subunit, and in this work, we show that BAF60, via a direct targeting of the floral repressor FLC, induces a change at the high-order chromatin level and represses the photoperiod flowering pathway in Arabidopsis. BAF60 accumulates in the nucleus and controls the formation of the FLC gene loop by modulation of histone density, composition, and posttranslational modification. Physiological analysis of BAF60 RNA interference mutant lines allowed us to propose that this chromatin-remodeling protein creates a repressive chromatin configuration at the FLC locus.
ArabidopsisDAYU/ABERRANT PEROXISOME MORPHOLOGY9 Is a Key Regulator of Peroxisome Biogenesis and Plays Critical Roles during Pollen Maturation and Germination in Planta
Authors: Li Xin-Ran , Li Hong-Ju , Yuan Li , Liu Man , Shi Dong-Qiao , Liu Jie , Yang Wei-Cai
Published: February 2014

Pollen undergo a maturation process to sustain pollen viability and prepare them for germination. Molecular mechanisms controlling these processes remain largely unknown. Here, we report an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, dayu (dau), which impairs pollen maturation and in vivo germination. Molecular analysis indicated that DAU encodes the peroxisomal membrane protein ABERRANT PEROXISOME MORPHOLOGY9 (APEM9). DAU is transiently expressed from bicellular pollen to mature pollen during male gametogenesis. DAU interacts with peroxisomal membrane proteins PEROXIN13 (PEX13) and PEX16 in planta. Consistently, both peroxisome biogenesis and peroxisome protein import are impaired in dau pollen. In addition, the jasmonic acid (JA) level is significantly decreased in dau pollen, and the dau mutant phenotype is partially rescued by exogenous application of JA, indicating that the male sterility is mainly due to JA deficiency. In addition, the phenotypic survey of peroxin mutants indicates that the PEXs most likely play different roles in pollen germination. Taken together, these data indicate that DAU/APEM9 plays critical roles in peroxisome biogenesis and function, which is essential for JA production and pollen maturation and germination.
A three-dimensional ZnIIcoordination framework: poly[[μ2-(E)-1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethene][μ4-(E)-2,2′-(diazene-1,2-diyl)dibenzoato][μ2-(E)-2,2′-(diazene-1,2-diyl)dibenzoato]dizinc(II)]
Authors: Yu Cai-Xia , Zhao Feng , Zhou Min , Zhi Dan-Feng , Liu Lei-Lei
Published: February 2014

In the title coordination polymer, [Zn2(C14H8N2O4)2(C12H10N2)]n, the asymmetric unit contains one ZnIIcation, two halves of 2,2′-(diazene-1,2-diyl)dibenzoate anions (denotedL2−) and half of a 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethene ligand (denoted bpe). The three ligands lie across crystallographic inversion centres. Each ZnIIcentre is four-coordinated by three O atoms of bridging carboxylate groups from threeL2−ligands and by one N atom from a bpe ligand, forming a tetrahedral coordination geometry. Two ZnIIatoms are bridged by two carboxylate groups ofL2−ligands, generating a [Zn2(CO2)2] ring. Each loop serves as a fourfold node, which links its four equivalent nodesviathe sharing of fourL2−ligands to form a two-dimensional [Zn2L4]nnet. These nets are separated by bpe ligands acting as spacers, producing a three-dimensional framework with a 4664topology. Powder X-ray diffraction and solid-state photoluminescence were also measured.
Understanding and predicting the combined effects of climate change and land‐use change on freshwater macroinvertebrates and fish
Authors: Mantyka‐Pringle Chrystal S. , Martin Tara G. , Moffatt David B. , Linke Simon , Rhodes Jonathan R.
Published: February 2014

Climate change and land‐use change are having substantial impacts on biodiversity world‐wide, but few studies have considered the impact of these factors together. If the combined effects of climate and land‐use change are greater than the effects of each threat individually, current conservation management strategies may be inefficient and/or ineffective. This is particularly important with respect to freshwater ecosystems because freshwater biodiversity has declined faster than either terrestrial or marine biodiversity over the last three decades.

This is the first study to model the independent and combined effects of climate change and land‐use change on freshwater macroinvertebrates and fish. Using a case study in south‐east Queensland, Australia, we built a Bayesian belief network populated with a combination of field data, simulations, existing models and expert judgment. Different land‐use and climate scenarios were used to make predictions on how the richness of freshwater macroinvertebrates and fish is likely to respond in future.

We discovered little change in richness averaged across the region, but identified important impacts and effects at finer scales. High nutrients and high runoff as a result of urbanization combined with high nutrients and high water temperature as a result of climate change and were the leading drivers of potential declines in macroinvertebrates and fish at fine scales.

Synthesis and applications. This is the first study to separate out the constituent drivers of impacts on biodiversity that result from climate change and land‐use change. Mitigation requires management actions that reduce in‐stream nutrients, slows terrestrial runoff and provides shade, to improve the resilience of biodiversity in streams. Encouragingly, the restoration of riparian habitats is identified as an important buffering tool that can mitigate the negative effects of climate change and land‐use change.
Sylvia Docker lecture: The practice, research, policy nexus in contemporary occupational therapy
Authors: Layton Natasha A.
Published: February 2014

Background/aim

In this era of evidence‐based practice, Australian occupational therapists largely accept scientific perspectives of the quality of evidence and ‘what makes a strong study’. Yet unequal power relationships are usual between funders who set the research agenda, researchers and people who are the subjects of research. Emerging policy now mandates partnerships with consumers in any health and research projects about them. Are we person‐centred in our research practices? What difference would increased consumer direction make to our research methods, scope and outcomes? This lecture describes some of the benefits and challenges of collaborative or inclusive research partnerships with consumers and outlines where this may take occupational therapy in future.

Methods

The disability community's calls for inclusive research will be contrasted with mainstream research approaches and with occupational therapy's commitment to person‐centredness. An example of inclusive research undertaken by the author and colleagues with disabilities which posed the question: ‘What difference does assistive technology make to life for people living with impairment?’ will be presented.

Results/Implications

Collaborative research is best conceptualised as a mutually productive journey, with many factors influencing how fully inclusive research principles can be realised. The possibilities and complexities of conducting research which has inclusive credentials are outlined.

Conclusion

Inclusive research principles provide a means to enact person‐centredness in research as well as practice. Following these principles challenges occupational therapy practitioners and researchers to address nexus issues: that is, intersections between and beyond research, policy and practice.