bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marked differences in the structures and protein associations of lymphocyte and monocyte CD4: Resolution of a novel CD4 isoform
Authors: Lynch Garry W , Turville Stuart , Carter Brooke , Sloane Andrew J , Chan Albert , Muljadi Nick , Li Shan , Low Loretta , Armati Patricia , Raison Robert , Zoellner Hans , Williamson Peter , Cunningham Anthony , Church W Bret
Published: December 2005

The structures, molecular interactions and functions of CD4 in a subset of T lymphocytes have been well characterized. The CD4 receptors of other cell types have, however, been poorly documented. We have previously shown that lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages differ in their expression of CD4 monomers and dimers. In the present study, we have shown further significant differences. Variability in the blocking of CD4 mAb binding by sulfated polyanions indicated differences in exofacial CD4 structures. In contrast to the well‐documented 55 kDa monomers in lymphocytic cells, monocytic cells were found to coexpress two monomer isoforms: the 55 kDa form and a novel 59 kDa species. Experimental uncoupling of CD4 disulfides indicated that the oxidized 55 kDa monomer could be converted to the 59 kDa form. This was achieved by chemical reduction of purified native or recombinant CD4, or in cell transfection experiments by mutation of cysteine to alanine in domain 1 (D1) (Cys16 or Cys84) and in domain 4 (D4) (Cys303 or Cys345). All of these modifications promote CD4 distension on SDS–PAGE analysis and indicate that, when CD4 inter‐β‐sheet disulfides in the D1 and D4 Ig folds are disrupted, there is an unravelling of the oxidized form to an extended 59 kDa unfolded state. We hypothesize that this may be a transition‐state, structural‐intermediate in the formation of disulfide‐linked homodimers. Also identified were CD4‐tyrosine kinase dissimilarities in which lymphocyte CD4 associated with Lck, but monocyte CD4 associated with HcK. These findings show that there is complex heterogeneity in structures and interactions in the CD4 of T lymphocytes and monocytes.
Mechanisms of strain‐dependent development of mast cells from mouse splenocytes
Authors: Hu Zhi‐Qing , Zhao Wei‐Hua , Shimamura Tadakatsu
Published: December 2005

Mast cell development from spleen cells was not triggered by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) or dibutyryl cAMP (db‐cAMP) during a 12 day culture when the spleen cells were obtained from C57BL/6N and DBA/1 mice, but mast cells did develop when the spleen cells were obtained from C3H/HeN, BALB/c and ICR mice. A lack of endogenous IFN‐γ in the initial 2 days of the culture period was responsible for the failure. This was confirmed by adding neutralizing anti‐IFN‐γ antibody and rIFN‐γ to the cultures and by determining IFN‐γ levels in the spleen cell cultures. Th1 cells in the spleens of C57Bl and DBA/1 mice were much more sensitive to PGE1 and db‐cAMP than Th1 cells from other inbred mice strains, and consequently, IFN‐γ production was inhibited in spleen cell cultures of C57BL and DBA/1 mice on addition of PGE1 or db‐cAMP. Furthermore, the different sensitivities of Th1 cells to PGE and db‐cAMP were dependent on the different levels of IL‐12 p40 monomers or homodimers in the spleen cell cultures. As the endogenous specific inhibitors of IL‐12 p70 (heterodimers of p40 and p35), large amounts of IL‐12 p40 monomers or homodimers in the spleen cell cultures of C57BL and DBA/1 mice enhanced the ability of PGE1 and db‐cAMP to inhibit IFN‐γ production by antagonizing the activity of IL‐12 heterodimers. These results indicate that the strain‐dependent development of mast cells from mouse splenocytes is related to endogenous IFN‐γ levels, which are regulated by PGE, db‐cAMP, IL‐12 p70 and IL‐12 p40.
Neuroprotective effects of green and black teas and their catechin gallate esters against β‐amyloid‐induced toxicity
Authors: Bastianetto Stéphane , Yao Zhi‐Xing , Papadopoulos Vassilios , Quirion Rémi
Published: December 2005

Teas represent a large family of plants containing high amounts of polyphenols that may confer health benefits in various diseases. Recently, it has been hypothesized that tea consumption may also reduce the risk of age‐related neurodegenerative pathologies. Considering the deleterious role of β‐amyloid (Aβ) in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we investigated green and black tea extracts and flavan‐3‐ols (present as monomers and dimers in green and black forms, respectively) against toxicity induced by Aβ‐derived peptides using primary cultures of rat hippocampal cells as model. Both green and black tea extracts (5–25 µg/mL) displayed neuroprotective action against Aβ toxicity. These effects were shared by gallic acid (1–20 µm), epicatechin gallate (ECG; 1–20 µm) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG; 1–10 µm), the former being the most potent flavan‐3‐ol. In contrast, epicatechin and epigallocatechin were ineffective in the same range of concentrations. Moreover, only tea flavan‐3‐ol gallate esters (i.e. ECG, EGCG) and gallic acid inhibited apoptotic events induced by Aβ25‐35. Interestingly, EGCG and gallic acid inhibited Aβ aggregation and/or the formation of Aβ‐derived diffusible neurotoxin ligands. Taken together, these results indicate that the catechin gallates (through the galloyl moiety) contribute to the neuroprotective effects of both green and black teas. Moreover, the protective effect of EGCG is likely to be associated, at least in part, with its inhibitory action on Aβ fibrils/oligomers formation. These data also support the hypothesis that not only green but also black teas may reduce age‐related neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD.
Comparative anatomy of the ciliary body of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) and selected species
Authors: Natiello Michelle , Lewis Patricia , Samuelson Don
Published: December 2005

Objective  To examine the anatomy of the ciliary body in the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), paying close attention to its vascularization and to compare to those of its distant relative, the African elephant (Loxodonta africana), the amphibious hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) and the aquatic short‐finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus).

Procedure  Specimens from each species were preserved in 10% buffered formalin, and observed stereomicroscopically before being embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained by Masson trichrome, hematoxylin and eosin, and periodic acid‐Schiff for light microscopic evaluation.

Results  The network of blood vessels in the ciliary processes of the West Indian manatee appear to have an intricate pattern, especially with regard to venous outflow. Those of the elephant are slightly less complex, while those of the hippopotamus and whale have different vascular patterns within the ciliary body. Musculature within the ciliary body is absent within the manatee and pilot whale.

Conclusions  In general, there appears to be a direct relationship between the increased development of vasculature and the loss of musculature within the ciliary bodies of the aquatic and amphibious mammals presently studied. Specifically, the ciliary body of the West Indian manatee has a comparatively unique construction, especially with regard to its vasculature.
Ocular signs of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis: a retrospective study in dogs from Barcelona, Spain
Authors: Leiva Marta , Naranjo C. , Peña M. T.
Published: December 2005

Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is a tick‐borne disease caused by the rickettsia Ehrlichia canis. Ocular lesions are a common feature of the disease and can be present in all stages. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence, type and response to treatment of ocular lesions associated with monocytic ehrlichiosis in 46 affected dogs presented to the Autonomous University of Barcelona‐Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UAB‐VTH) from January 2000 to December 2002. Dogs were included in the study only if they had a positive serologic test for E. canis and information about the clinical outcome was available. Eighteen breeds were represented, with the German Shepherd dog (n = 6) being the most common. There were 25 intact and three castrated males, and 16 intact and two neutered females. Twenty dogs (43.4%) were between 5 and 10 years old. Seventeen dogs (37% of all cases of monocytic ehrlichiosis diagnosed during the study period) had ocular signs, and 11 dogs (64.7% of the ocular cases) had only ocular lesions without apparent systemic signs. Exudative retinal detachment was the most common ocular manifestation; other prevalent findings included anterior exudative uveitis and optic neuritis. Five of the 17 cases with ocular lesions (29.4%) had ocular bleeding disorders (hyphema or retinal hemorrhages). All the dogs with ocular disease presented with bilateral signs. Dogs with posterior segment disease had titers against E. canis that were ≥ 1 : 320, while lower titers were noted in dogs with anterior exudative uveitis. Two dogs presented with chronic autoimmune panuveitis after ehrlichiosis treatment. Canine ehrlichiosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of exudative retinal detachment and anterior uveal inflammatory lesions.
Approximation of a Variable Density Cloud of Points by Shrinking a Discrete Membrane
Authors: Esteve Jordi , Brunet Pere , Vinacua Àlvar
Published: December 2005

This paper describes a method to obtain a closed surface that approximates a general 3D data point set with nonuniform density. Aside from the positions of the initial data points, no other information is used. Particularly, neither the topological relations between the points nor the normal to the surface at the data points are needed. The reconstructed surface does not exactly interpolate the initial data points, but approximates them with a bounded maximum distance. The method allows one to reconstruct closed surfaces with arbitrary genus and closed surfaces with disconnected shells.
Refractory Calculation‐induced Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Mikati Mohamad A. , Shamseddine Alhan N.
Published: December 2005

Summary:  We report a case with calculation‐induced idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) that, unlike most patients with IGE, was refractory to medications. This patient had a family history of (1) a similar condition in a relative of hers who, however, did not have identical manifestations, and (2) a mother who had migraine. Our observations illustrate that the occurrence of IGE in families usually follows rather complex patterns of inheritance and that some of them can be refractory to therapy.
Neonatal Epilepsy Syndromes and GEFS+: Mechanistic Considerations
Authors: Burgess Daniel L.
Published: December 2005

Summary:  Genetic analyses of familial epilepsies over the past decade have identified mutations in several different ion channel genes that result in neonatal or early‐onset seizure disorders, including benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC), generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), and severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI). These genes encode voltage‐gated Na+ channel subunits (SCN1A, SCN2A, SCN1B), voltage‐gated K+ channel subunits (KCNQ2, KCNQ3), and a ligand‐gated neurotransmitter receptor subunit (GABRG2). While the opportunity to genotype patients for mutations in these genes can have an immediate and significant impact on our ability to diagnose and provide genetic counseling to patients, the ultimate goal is to use this molecular knowledge to develop effective treatments and cures for each disorder. This will necessitate elucidation of the molecular, cellular, and network mechanisms that translate ion channel defects into specific epilepsy phenotypes. The functional analysis of epileptogenic channel mutations in vitro and in vivo has already provided a vast amount of raw biophysical data, but attempts to interpret these data to explain clinical phenotypes so far appear to raise as many questions as they answer. Nevertheless, patterns are beginning to emerge from these early studies that will help define the full scope of the challenges ahead while simultaneously providing the foundation of future efforts to overcome them. Here, I discuss some of the potential mechanisms that have been uncovered recently linking mutant ion channel genes to neonatal epilepsy syndromes and GEFS+.
Genetic Focal Epilepsies: State of the Art and Paths to the Future
Authors: Andermann Frederick , Kobayashi Eliane , Andermann Eva
Published: December 2005

Summary: The concept of genetic focal epilepsies is relatively new as compared to awareness of the importance of genetic factors in the generalized epilepsies. However, in the past decade, there has been increasing recognition of families with dominantly inherited partial epilepsies.

 Better definition of the phenotypes allows identification of distinct syndromes. The main familial focal epilepsies are autosomal‐dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE), familial mesial TLE (FMTLE), familial lateral TLE (FLTLE), and familial partial epilepsy with variable foci (FPEVF).

 The only genes identified so far are those for ADNFLE and FLTLE. In these disorders, functional studies are the next step and could provide advances leading to clarification of the pathophysiology as well as to new therapeutic strategies. At present, we can provide genetic counseling and a more accurate prognosis for most of the familial focal epilepsies. Greater awareness of the genetic basis in this group of disorders by the treating physicians is essential for identification of new families. This will allow further linkage studies, candidate gene screening, and identification of new genes, which will hopefully result in genetically based prevention and treatment.
Mortality of Epilepsy from National Vital Statistics and University Epilepsy Clinic in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Jing‐Jane
Published: December 2005

Summary:  Purpose: Where population‐based studies of epilepsy mortality are impossible to conduct, other sources of data must be considered. We provide descriptive data on mortality and causes of death for epilepsy in Taiwan.

Methods: Two settings in Taiwan were used. First, we evaluated the mortality ratio for epilepsy, using the national vital statistics for 1996 with the total population of Taiwan as the denominator. Second, we evaluated mortality in a cohort of prevalent epilepsy cases from a University outpatient clinic. For both, proportionate mortality was calculated to determine the relative contributions of different causes of death in epilepsy.

Results: One hundred and sixty‐two deaths were correctly coded under ICD code 345 from the 1975 detailed diagnostic listing during the 1‐year period of 1996. Epilepsy was the diagnosis in 0.8 deaths/100,000 population. Over an 11‐year period, there were 54 deaths (0.9%) among 1,224 prevalent epilepsy cases from a University clinic during 5,704 person‐years of follow‐up. The most common underlying cause of death was epilepsy‐related death in 129 (79.6%) out of 162 deaths from the vital statistics data. There were 13 deaths unrelated to epilepsy (8.0%). Acute reactive seizure as the cause of death was found in 9 patients (5.6%). The leading cause of death in the epilepsy clinic was disease unrelated to epilepsy in 21 deaths (38.9%), epilepsy‐related death in 12 patients (22.2%), and death related to the cause of epilepsy in 9 patients (16.7%).

Conclusion: Data derived from vital statistics are inadequate to evaluate mortality in people with epilepsy.
Mortality of Epilepsy in Developing Countries
Authors: Carpio A. , Bharucha N. E. , Jallon P. , Beghi E. , Campostrini R. , Zorzetto S. , Mounkoro P. P.
Published: December 2005

Summary:  During the last two decades, there has been a renewed interest in studying epidemiology of epilepsy in developing countries. While there are data on prevalence of epilepsy from many developing countries, there is very little information on the mortality of epilepsy in these same populations. This is because incidence studies of epilepsy are difficult to perform, death certificates are unreliable and often unavailable, and the cause of death is difficult to determine. We report on several studies of mortality in epilepsy in developing countries: Ecuador; the Parsi community of Bombay; a semiurban community in Vasai, India; Mali; Martinique; and Africa. Overall, these studies in general illustrate excess mortality among people with epilepsy when compared with the general population.
Mortality after a First Episode of Status Epilepticus in the United States and Europe
Authors: Logroscino Giancarlo , Hesdorffer Dale C. , Cascino Gregory , Hauser W. Allen , Coeytaux Alessandra , Galobardes Bruna , Morabia Alfredo , Jallon Pierre
Published: December 2005

Summary:  Objective: In the last decade several studies have been published on incidence, etiology, and prognosis of status epilepticus (SE) with population‐based data from the United States and Europe. The aim of this review is to summarize the available information on the epidemiology of SE and to outline the sources of the variability in reported mortality after SE.

Methods: Comparison of mortality studies in SE from the United States and Europe.

Results: The incidence of SE is lower in Europe (9.9–15.8/10,000) than in the United States (18.3–41/100,000). The overall mortality after SE is similar in the two U.S. studies: the case fatality is 21% in Rochester, and 22% in Richmond. All European studies excluded SE after anoxic encephalopathy following cardiac arrest. This exclusion may partly explain the lower case fatality (around 10%) found in two of the European studies. The study from Bologna showed the highest case fatality (33%) even after exclusion of anoxic encephalopathy. The mortality in acute symptomatic SE was higher than for other forms of SE across all studies.

Conclusions: Short‐term mortality after SE occurs mainly in the acute symptomatic group. Based on published data, it is not clear if differences in early management and medical treatment have any impact on prognosis or whether the differences can be attributed only to differences in distribution of the underlying causes in acute symptomatic SE. Future studies should address this issue.
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy: A Review of Incidence and Risk Factors
Authors: Tomson Torbjorn , Walczak Ted , Sillanpaa Matti , Sander Josemir W. A. S.
Published: December 2005

Summary:  Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the most important direct epilepsy‐related cause of death. However, SUDEP is rare in patients with new onset epilepsy and in patients in remission. Incidence is about 0.35 cases/1,000 person‐years in population‐based incidence cohort of epilepsy. Incidence is considerably higher in patients with chronic epilepsy, 1–2/1,000 person‐years, and highest with severe, refractory seizures, 3–9/1,000. The highest rates occur from 20 to 40 years. Most SUDEP appears seizure‐related. When witnessed, the fatal event generally occurred in association with generalized tonic–clonic seizure. Two recent case–control studies suggest that seizure frequency is the strongest risk factor for SUDEP: relative risk = 23 (95% CI = 3.2–170) for persons with ≥1 seizure during the year of observation versus seizure‐free patients. Onset of epilepsy at an early age and long duration of the disorder are other risk factors. Although SUDEP has not been associated with the use of any particular antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), some case–control studies have pointed to an association between SUDEP and polytherapy with AEDs and frequent dose changes independent of seizure frequency. Although recent epidemiological studies have been helpful in identifying patients at risk for SUDEP, providing clues to mechanisms behind SUDEP, no single risk factor is common to all SUDEP, suggesting multiple mechanisms or trigger factors. Seizure control seems of paramount importance to prevent SUDEP. Further large‐scale case–control studies are needed to assess the role of AEDs in order to form a basis for treatment strategies aiming at seizure control and prevention of SUDEP.
Different Patterns of the Fall of Impedance as the Result of Heating During Ostial Pulmonary Vein Ablation: Implications for Power Titration
Authors: REITHMANN CHRISTOPHER , REMP THOMAS , HOFFMANN ELLEN , MATIS TOMAS , WAKILI REZA , STEINBECK GERHARD
Published: December 2005

Background: A variety of strategies have been proposed to avoid the risks of pulmonary vein ablation for atrial fibrillation. The fall of impedance during radiofrequency catheter ablation can be used as a real time measure of tissue heating. The aim of this study was to analyze the impedance fall during ostial pulmonary vein ablation and to evaluate whether adjusting power to the fall of impedance may contribute to a reduction of the risk of complications.

Methods: Analysis of biophysical parameters of ablation and determination of ostial diameters during follow‐up were performed in 70 patients undergoing impedance‐guided segmental ostial pulmonary vein ablation. Repeat radiographic angiography, local electrograms, and baseline impedance were the criteria to define the position of the 4‐mm electrode tip at atrial sites or inside the proximal pulmonary veins.

Results: Energy application inside the proximal pulmonary veins led to an increased impedance fall inside the first 5–10 mm of the pulmonary veins (1.1 ± 0.5 Ω/W) as compared to ablation at atrial sites (0.7 ± 0.3 Ω/W) (P < 0.01). The analysis of temperature and impedance fall during ostial ablation demonstrated an increased impedance fall with heating at sites inside the proximal pulmonary veins (1.5 ± 0.6 Ω/ °C) as compared to atrial sites (1.2 ± 0.5 Ω/ °C) (P < 0.001). The regression lines analyzing these correlations indicated that adjusting power to a maximum impedance fall of 20 Ω would limit heating at pulmonary venous sites to lower temperatures (average maximum temperature: 48 °C) than at atrial sites (average maximum temperature: 63 °C). The ablation strategy used for segmental ostial ablation in 70 patients, which involved power limitation to a maximum impedance fall of 20 Ω, allowed isolation of 89% of targeted pulmonary veins with a low rate of impedance rises (0.3% of applications). No pulmonary vein stenoses >30% were detected by follow‐up computed tomography analysis.

Conclusions: An increased impedance fall as the result of heating during ostial ablation was found inside the proximal pulmonary veins as compared to atrial sites. Adjusting power to the fall of impedance during segmental ostial pulmonary vein ablation contributes to the prevention of overheating inside the pulmonary veins and may lower the risk of coagulum formation and pulmonary vein stenosis.
Ventricular Fibrillation in Two Cases with Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Mechanical Alternans
Authors: KODAMA MAKOTO , RAMADAN MAHMOUD M. , MITSUMA WATARU , OKAMURA KAZUKI , KASHIMURA TAKESHI , TACHIKAWA HITOSHI , ITO MASAHIRO , FUSE KOICHI , HIRONO SATORU , OKURA YUJI , KATO KIMINORI , HANAWA HARUO , WATANABE KENICHI , AIZAWA YOSHIFUSA
Published: December 2005

Clinical implication of mechanical alternans is yet unclear. It may suggest the risk for sudden death in patients with chronic heart failure. Two cases with dilated cardiomyopathy showed mechanical alternans during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. They suddenly died due to ventricular fibrillation before the induction of β‐blocker therapy. Patients with mechanical alternans should be treated under intense monitoring until the induction of β‐blocker therapy.
Atypical Left Bundle Branch Block in Dilative “Burned‐Out” Phase of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: BENEZET‐MAZUECOS JUAN , IBANEZ BORJA , FARRE JERONIMO
Published: December 2005

We present the case of a 70‐year‐old man admitted in congestive heart failure. The patient was diagnosed 22 years ago of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC). ECG showed a very peculiar and pathological form of left bundle branch block (LBBB). 2D‐echocardiogram revealed a dilated left ventricle (LV) and ejection fraction of 25%. LV remodeling represents an important component of the pathophysiology of HC and, paradoxically, some patients develop LV wall thinning, systolic dysfunction, and congestive heart failure (in the absence of coronary artery disease). This evolution is designated as “end‐stage” or “burned‐out”
phase. We present this rare LBBB and his pathological evolution along the time as unique manifestation of this “burned‐out” phase. The mechanism of this wall thinning remains unclear but changes in ECG may alert us about it.
Changes in the jaws in chronic renal insufficiency and haemodialysis. Report of a case
Authors: Söderholm Göran , Lysell Leif , Svensson ÅUke
Published: December 2005

Abstract Description of a case of renal insufficiency. Demonstration in a series of radiographs from 1964–1972 of distinct changes in the radiodensity of the jaws and periodontium during the course of the disease and especially after its treatment by haemodialysis.
Vascular reactions in the periodontal ligament incident to trauma from occlusion
Authors: Svanberg Gunnar , Lindhe Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract The experiments were performed in 13 dogs; nine of the animals had initially a healthy periodontium and four had experimental periodontitis. Trauma from occlusion was created in all dogs according to a technique described previously. The dogs were sacrificed after 7, 14, 30 and 180 days of the experiment. Prior to sacrifice colloidal carbon was injected intravenously. The degree of vascular labelling and leucocyte infiltration as well as osteoclastic activity and the size of the marginal periodontal ligament were assessed in biopsy sections. The findings showed that dogs with a healthy periodontal lesion (Group A) differed in their reactions to a jiggling type of occlusal trauma when compared to dogs with an established periodontal lesion (Group B). Whereas the periodontal ligament in Group A had become adapted to the altered occlusion by the end of 6 months of experiment, that of Group B still showed increased vascular leakage, leucocyte migration and osteoclastic activity.
New periodontal attachment procedure based on retardation of epithelial migration
Authors: Ellegaard Birgit , Kauring Thorkild , Löe Harald
Published: December 2005

Abstract A new attachment procedure based on retardation of epithelial downgrowth was used for the surgical treatment of 88 intrabony periodontal defects. Split flaps were made at the vestibular and oral aspect of the intrabony defect leaving a layer of connective tissue on the bone and corresponding to the missing bony walls. Granulation tissue was removed from the defect and the root surface planed. After transplantation of autogenous cancellous bone grafts from edentulous ridges, the defect was covered with a free palatal graft which was sutured to the adjacent, attached gingiva and underlying periosteum. The grafted area was covered with telfa and Coe pack was applied for 1–2 weeks. This procedure and a modification of it resulted in a markedly greater zone of new attachment when compared with traditional flap surgery. Residual pockets deeper than 3 mm were found in only 10 per cent of the defects treated by the soft tissue grafting technique.
Alveolar defects in human skulls
Authors: Davies R. M. , Downer M. C. , Hull P. S. , Lennon M. A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The prevalence and intra‐oral distribution of dehiscences and fenestrations was determined in 398 19th Century British skulls. The percentage of teeth and skulls with dehiscences and fenestrations decreased with age and over half of the affected skulls, with the exception of the oldest age group, had two or more defects. Dehiscences were consistently observed on the mandibular canines and first premolars and the maxillary canines and first molars. Fenestrations were found most frequently on the maxillary first molars and the mandibular lateral incisors and canines.
The effect of a preventive programme on dental plaque, gingivitis and caries in schoolchildren. Results after one and two years
Authors: Axelsson Per , Lindhe Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract The effect on plaque, gingivitis and dental caries of regularly repeated professional mechanical tooth cleaning combined with topical application of monofluoro‐phosphate was tested in a group of 192 schoolchildren, 7–14 years of age, during a 2‐year trial. They were divided into test and control groups.

A baseline examination revealed that the test and control groups had a very similar oral hygiene status, degree of gingival inflammation and caries experience. Once every second week during the 2‐year period the children of the test groups were given professional oral prophylaxis including careful tooth cleaning and topical application of 5 % sodium mono‐fluorophosphate. Once every month, the children of the control groups brushed their teeth at school, under supervision, using a 0.2 % sodium fluoride solution.

The results after 1 and 2 years of experiment indicate that the test group children had low Plaque Index scores (∼ 0.3), only negligible signs of gingivitis (∼ 0.25) and very low caries increment (0.1 new carious surface per year). The control group children had higher Plaque Index scores (∼ 1.0), showed signs of gingivitis (∼ 0.75), and developed on an average 3.1 new carious surfaces per year.

It is suggested that the efficacy of public health programmes, based on professional tooth cleaning and topical fluoride administration, should be tested in larger groups of children and adults.
Clinical evaluation of free connective tissue grafts used to increase the width of keratinised gingiva
Authors: Edel Alan
Published: December 2005

Abstract Fourteen sites were chosen in eight subjects where pre‐operatively less than 2 mm of keratinised gingiva was present and associated with pocketing of less than 1.0 mm Three methods were used to provide gingival connective tissue for grafting which facilitated primary closure at the donor site. The pre‐operative width of keratinised gingiva was measured by means of a Williams probe from the gingival margin to the mucogingival junction to the nearest 0.5 mm. This was repeated immediately post‐operatively, and at 1, 2, 5, 10, and 12 weeks, and at 6 months. The results showed that a statistically significant increase in width of keratinised attached gingiva could be achieved with this method and the resultant tissue was histologically normal.
Ultrasonics in periodontics
Authors: Suppipat Nophadol
Published: December 2005

Abstract The vibrating tips of ultrasonic instruments have been shown to remove deposits mechanically. Calculus removal is equally effective with ultrasonic or hand instruments, whereas stain removal has been shown to be better with the former. It has been observed that ultrasonic instruments remove heavy supragingival calculus faster than hand instruments. According to the evidence available most patients and operators prefer ultrasonic scaling to hand scaling. The effect of in vivo ultrasonic scaling on root surface has not been established. Various factors possibly influencing the occurrence of tooth surface roughness subsequent to ultrasonic scaling have been pointed out. No harmful effects have been found in the adjacent periodontal structures following ultrasonic instrumentation. However, it has been suggested that the cavitation spray accompanying ultrasonic instrumentation may carry pathogenic organisms. The advantages and the disadvantages of ultrasonic instruments have been evaluated.
Coronally repositioned periodontal flap.
Authors: Bernimoulin J.‐P. , Lüscher B. , Mühlemann H. R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract After increasing the width of the attached gingiva by free palatal mucosa transplants, 20 procedures with coronal flap repositioning were performed on 41 teeth with gingival recessions in 13 young adults. The amount of gingival recession and the clinical gingival sulcus depth were measured pre‐operatively and 1, 6 and 12 months after surgery; the amount of osseous dehiscence was measured during surgery. No significant differences were found among reduction values of gingival recession by reattachment 1, 6 and 12 months post‐operatively. Although a significant correlation was found between the degree of gingival recession preoperatively and 1 month post‐operatively, none was found between the amount of alveolar bone dehiscence and gingival recession 1 month post‐operatively.
Gingival vasculature around erupting deciduous teeth of dogs and cats
Authors: Hock Janet
Published: December 2005

Abstract The presence of plaque and of overt inflammation, occurring with eruption of deciduous teeth in dogs and cats 2–14 weeks old, were related to the concomitant gingival vascular morphology, using vital microscopy, perfusion and histological techniques. Although localised, acute inflammation accompanied plaque formation at the time of weaning, it seldom developed into chronic inflammation. The onset of overt chronic inflammation was not related to tooth eruption or to events associated with formation of the gingiva. Infiltration of gingival tissue by chronic inflammatory cells occurred in only a few specimens and was associated with increased plaque and replacement of the gingival vessel network by loop patterns.
Effect of professional tooth cleaning on healing after periodontal surgery
Authors: Nyman Store , Rosling Bengt , Lindhe Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract The investigation was undertaken to find out whether favourable conditions for healing after periodontal surgery would develop in patients whose oral hygiene was professionally maintained at a high standard. The study was performed on 20 patients with advanced periodontal disease. Following an initial examination, comprising plaque index and gingival index scoring, measurement of pocket depths and loss of attachment, the patients were randomly distributed between a test and a control group. The patients first received detailed instructions for oral hygiene and were then subjected to periodontal surgery with the reverse bevel flap procedure. After surgery, the patients of the test group received professional cleaning of the teeth once every 2 weeks. The patients of the control group were recalled for scaling of the teeth once every 6 months. All patients were re‐examined after 6, 12 and 24 months.

It was found that the control patients were unable to maintain a high standard of oral hygiene with the result that the treatment of the periodontal disease failed. The patients of the test group maintained a high standard of oral hygiene, and the treatment of the periodontal disease was, therefore, successful.
Periodontal changes during chronic benign granulocytopenia in childhood A case report
Authors: Lampert F. , Fesseler A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This report describes two children with chronic benign granulocytopenia, suffering from gingivitis and marginal periodontitis in the deciduous dentition. The radicular areas of the attached gingiva were well delineated against the alveolar and papillary mucosa.
Effect of chlorhexidine on dental plaque formation under periodontal pack
Authors: Plüss Edith M. , Engelberglr Peter R. , Ratehcschak Klaus H.
Published: December 2005

Abstract In a first experiment, no appreciable differences in plaque formation under periodontal packs were observed in subjects rinsing with and without 0.2 % chlorhexidine digluconate. In a second experiment, one gram periodontal packs were coaled with 15 to 20 mg of chlorhexidine dihydrochloride powder prior lo application and allowed to remain in situ for 4 days. Significantly less plaque formed under periodontal packs with chlorhexidine powder than with control packs. Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride powder may be recommended under periodontal packs for reduction of microbial plaque.
A method for evaluation of periodontal problems on extracted teeth
Authors: Waerhaug Jens
Published: December 2005

Abstract It is shown that many periodontal problems can be evaluated by examining stained, extracted teeth. Presence or absence of gingival inflammation around the tooth before extraction can be established after extraction on the basis of presence or absence of plaque. Loss of attachment and its relationship to local etiological factors can also be established. The method is particularly useful for experimental investigation on periodontal problems in man.
Testing therapeutic measures for controlling chronic gingivitis in man: A suggested protocol
Authors: Cowell C. R. , Saxton C. A. , Sheiham A. , Wagg B. J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract A protocol is presented for the clinical evaluation of agents used to control chronic gingivitis in man. Assessment is divided into three phases of increasing duration which are the initial screening of products over 1 month, the main gingivitis trial lasting at least 6 months and judging the effect of the product in preventing periodontitis which is extended for at least 3 years. The advances in data processing have made it possible to collect information separately on the three parameters of gingival inflammation.
Minor self‐inflicted injuries to the gingivae
Authors: Stewart D. J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Three young patients with gingival injuries that were self‐inflicted by a fingernail habit are presented. In each case the habit, which was provoked by a pre‐existing locus of irritation, was stopped as soon as the locus (or trigger) was identified and treated. A distinction is drawn between these types of cases, (gingivitis artefacta minor), and those of gingivitis artefacta major where the habit is more deeply entrenched and the implications more serious.
Plaque‐removing effect of a toothbrush, dental floss, and a toothpick
Authors: Schmid Max O. , Balmelli Oreste P. , Saxer Ulrich P.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The ability of three different oral hygiene devices to remove 2‐day‐old bacterial deposits was evaluated on 21 young adults with healthy periodontia. On buccal tooth surfaces, the cleaning effect of a multitufted nylon brush was superior to that of a wooden toothpick or unwaxed denial floss. On lingual surfaces, the toothpick was as effective as the brush. On the visible portions of proximal surfaces, all three devices were equally efficient.

A combined cleaning exercise with all three instruments together yielded significantly hotter results than did the use of each single device. Eight subjects were able to remove all disclosable deposits.
Radiographs in periodonties
Authors: Lang Niklaus P. , Hill Roger W.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Intraoral radiographs are widely used in periodontal diagnosis and research. However, accurate radiographic interpretation is only possible with high quality images. Some of the technical and geometric variables to consider have been presented.

Early periodontal lesions are not detected in radiographs. The amount of periodontal destruction in more advanced disease is generally underestimated. The accurate topography of periodontal pockets and the buccal and lingual aspects of the teeth cannot be visualized. Clinical probing is therefore a prerequisite for a complete periodontal diagnosis. However, radiographs are a valuable adjunct for the periodontal diagnosis and the diagnosis of trauma from occlusion. With standardized systems, radiographs may furnish additional quantitative data in clinical research.
The effect of partial dentures and chlorhexidine gluconate gel on plaque accumulation in the absence of oral hygiene
Authors: Addy M. , Bates J. F.
Published: December 2005

Abstract A study was made of the effect of wearing partial dentures upon plaque accumulation in a group of 24 partial denture wearers, when oral hygiene procedures were withdrawn. The modifying effect of a 1% chlorhexidine gluconate gel on this plaque accumulation was measured. Plaque accumulation was measured at the end of four different denture‐wearing regimens each 3 days in length. The wearing of a partial denture either day only or day and night, significantly increased plaque accumulation over not wearing a denture. There was no significant difference between plaque accumulation with day wear and day and night wear. The increase in plaque accumulation with day and night wear resulted from an equal and significant increase in both buccal and lingual plaque accumulation. Chlorhexidine gluconate in the form of a gel significantly reduced plaque accumulation during daytime wear. These results tend to confirm that plaque control is a major factor in determining the long‐term effects of partial dentures upon the periodontal structures and emphasize the importance of oral hygiene in partial denture wearers.
Gingival recession and tooth mobility
Authors: Bernimoulin Jean‐Pierre , Curilović Zvonimir
Published: December 2005

Abstract Tooth mobility measurements were carried out on 107 teeth with gingival recession in 20 subjects. Alveolar bone dehiscence around 43 of these teeth was measured during flap surgery in 13 subjects. No significant correlation was found between gingival recession and tooth mobility, and between tooth mobility and alveolar bone dehiscence. A positive, significant correlation was present between gingival recession and bone dehiscence. In 17 of the subjects, tooth mobility of 29 homologous contralateral teeth with and without gingival recession was compared. The difference was not significant. The role of trauma from occlusion in the etiology of gingival recession is questioned.
The relative effectiveness of plaque removal by the Proxabrush® and rubber cone stimulator*
Authors: Nayak Ramnath P. , Wade A. Bryan
Published: December 2005

Abstract The effectiveness of two agents in plaque removal from the proximal surfaces of teeth was studied in 30 subjects with large interproximal spaces. The Proxabrusb® was more effective than the rubber cone stimulator in its ability to remove proximal plaque, but neither achieved complete removal. Both agents cleaned incisor teeth better than posterior teeth, mesial surfaces better than distal surfaces, facial halves better than lingual halves and coronal halves better than apical halves of proximal surfaces. No differences in gingival health were detected. A majority of the patients preferred the Proxabrush.
Periodontal considerations for functional utilization of a retained root after furcation management
Authors: Polson Alan M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The rationale for periodontal treatment in this case was that inflammatory perio‐dontal disease can be arrested by creating a dento‐gingival anatomy which is accessible for daily plaque removal techniques and that hypermobility per se does not mandate splinting to adjacent, less mobile teeth. These principles were applied to the management of a maxillary molar with advanced furcation involvement. In order to resolve the furcation problem it was necessary to amputate the palatal and disto‐buccal root which resulted in retention of the mesio‐buccal root. Although this retained root was hypermobile, this was not reason in itself to justify splinting. Splinting would be necessary only if the mobility interfered with masticatory function or increased progressively. Since this would not be known until the behavior of the tooth was observed in function, the root was restored as an independent unit. The occlusion was designed so that the crown had no premature contacts in the retruded or intercuspal positions and no non‐working side contacts in lateral excursion. The margins of the crown were kept supragingival. In the weeks following crown placement, no increase in mobility occurred although the tooth was in full masticatory Function. One year later there had been no change in the mobility status. It was concluded that the retained mesio‐buccal root which had reduced periodontal support and a degree of hyper‐mobility was capable of independent function. No periodontal breakdown occurred due to this mobility. Furthermore, efficient removal of plaque prevented recurrence of inflammatory periodontal disease and, in the presence of this plaque control, root caries did not develop after placing the crown margins in a supragingival location.
The plaque‐inhibiting effect of copper amalgam
Authors: Hyyppä Tuula , Paunio Keuo
Published: December 2005

Abstract In order to assess whether copper amalgam accumulates less bacterial plaque than silver amalgam, 14 copper amalgam cervical restorations were placed in 10 patients. Control silver amalgam fillings were placed in homologous teeth of the same jaw. To evaluate the amount of plaque, the stained areas on the amalgams were analyzed from photographs with a planimetric method. Further quantitative analyses of plaque growth on copper amalgam were carried out with microbiological methods, for which a new group of 10 patients was selected. Cervical cavities were prepared on both sides of the jaw. Specimens of copper amalgam and silver amalgam restorations were placed on opposite sides. The plaque was collected after 2 and 3 days and cultivated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions on blood agar plates and on Mitis Salivarius Agar. The results of both methods show a very significant inhibition of plaque growth on copper amalgam.

These results were confirmed by scanning electron micrographs which showed that copper amalgam only had plaque on small areas. The plaque appeared in band formations arranged irregularly on the surface. Higher magnifications revealed a filamentous structure with predominating coccoid organisms. Scanning electron micrographs also showed that pellicle formation, which is considered to be necessary for bacterial adherence to the surface, took place on both amalgams.
Juvenile periodontitis: Skeletal bone mineral content
Authors: Wowern Nina Von , Stoltze Kaj
Published: December 2005

Abstract No analysis of the skeletal bone mineral content in patients with juvenile periodontitis seems to be available. The purpose of the present analysis, therefore, was to determine, on the basis of estimation of the skeletal bone mineral content (BMC), if an osteopenia is present in patients with juvenile periodontitis. The material consisted of 30 subjects without known systemic diseases: one group of 15 patients with juvenile periodontitis and a control group of 15 subjects with normal periodontal conditions. Test‐ and control subjects were paired according to sex, age, height, and weight. Each group comprised four men and 11 women aged 18‐31 years. The bone mineral content (BMC) was estimated by gamma‐ray photon absorptiometry of both forearms, expressed (in arbitrary units) as the mean value of 6 scans of each forearm. No significant differences were found between the total average of the 6 scans from right and left forearms or between the total mean value for BMC in the test‐ and in the control group. Conclusively, the analysis shows that the BMC values lie within normal limits in patients with juvenile periodontitis. Therefore, a generalized osteopenia does not seem to be a contributory factor in this disease.
Growth of plaque while chewing sucrose and sorbitol flavoured gum
Authors: Ainamo Jukka , Sjöblom Monica , Ainamo Anja , Tiainen Leena
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim of the study was to assess the claimed toothcleansing effect of sorbitol and sucrose flavoured chewing gums. A total of 24 dental students participated in a double‐blind, four times crossed over clinical trial during which each student chewed both types of gum for 4 days each. No other means to clean the teeth were allowed during the test periods. Two 4‐day periods of no oral hygiene and no chewing were used as controls indicating the normal growth rate of plaque. The results confirmed earlier observations that sorbitol flavoured gum does neither increase or decrease plaque formation. Chewing of sucrose gum, however, was found to promote the growth rate of plaque. The cleansing effect of the gums was also tested on the plaque formed during the 4‐day no‐oral‐hygiene periods. In this part of the study the chewing of 10 pieces of sorbitol flavoured gum during a time period of 3 h did not significantly reduce the plaque scores, while the sucrose flavoured gum, correspondingly used, again resulted in a statistically significant increase in the amount of bacterial deposits. Because of the rapid reaction of the plaque to sucrose flavoured gum, so‐called sugarless substitutes were recommended for those who insist on chewing.