bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Судьба имперских кодификационных проектов: адат и шариат в Казахской степи
Authors: Сартори Паоло , Шаблей Павел
Published: September 2015

The article tells the story of a series of attempts by Russian imperial authorities to codify the customary law of the Kazakh nomads, from the 1780s to the 1850s. Similar projects were undertaken by other colonial powers of the time seeking to integrate local legal regimes into the imperial legal system, thus strengthening control over the colonies. Unlike more successful Russian experiments with standardizing and codifying customary law ( adat ) in the Caucasus, in the Kazakh steppe no officially recognized collection of adats was produced. The main reason for this failure should be sought in the very success of the fieldwork produced by Russian Orientalists, assigned the task of studying Kazakh customary law, and the progress of Russian legal expertise. After the 1830s, Russian jurists began differentiating between tribal customs ( adat s) and Muslim Sharia law as two main sources of local customary law in Asian regions of the empire. The increasingly nationalizing worldview of the regime and the educated society advanced the political agenda of codifying the “national” customs of the Kazakhs while muting the influence of the Sharia as a universalizing ideology – the chief rival to the empire’s own universalizing and assimilating policy. At the same time, scholars working on codification projects had realized that in practice Sharia was inseparable from adats and the entire system of traditional administration of justice in the steppe. This brought them repeatedly into conflict with the authorities. The most spectacular instance of such a conflict discussed in the article in details was one between the author of the most comprehensive collection of the Kazakh customary law, Efim (Iosif) Osmolovskii and his supervisor, a renowned Orientalist himself, Vasilii Grigoriev. Aware not only of the intrinsic interconnectedness of adat and Sharia but also of the futility of attempts to distill some universal single “common law” shared by all the tribal and regional groups of Kazakhs, Osmolovskii produced a complex and nuanced compendium of Kazakh legal norms, sensitive to local variations. Grigoriev had his own highly ideological vision of the prospects of eventual Kazakh Russification, and therefore deemed the work of Osmolovskii extremely subversive for the plans of Kazakh assimilation and de-Islamization. When transferred to St. Petersburg, he purloined the collection – the official document commissioned by the government – and all the preparatory materials, making sure that they would never become available to administrators or scholars. The purely theoretical distinction between the Sharia and adat, and the nationalizing and anti-Islamic drive of the Russian authorities resulted in a peculiar politics of reconstructing the pure legal traditions of the Kazakh people as the foundation of their Russified future.
Underemployment in Latin America
Authors: Caceres Luis Rene , Caceres Susan Ann
Published: September 2015

Economics literature has paid relatively little attention to the study of underemployment, which is defined as the situation of an individual who works less than 35 hours a week, but wants to work more hours. This can be explained by the scarcity of data on underemployment, and by the fact that labor statistics treat it as employment, and thus its numbers may not create so much expectation as those of unemployment. The study of underemployment is important in view of its relation to poverty, especially as it affects women, and because of the psychological damages that result to underemployed individuals, particularly young people. This paper analyzes the behavior of underemployment in a sample of five Latin American countries by means of the estimation of an unrestricted vector auto-regressive (VAR) model using 2000-2008 panel data from five Latin American countries. The variables included in the VAR are: the unemployment and underemployment rates, female and male participation rates, and the indexes of formal employment and the real wage. Impulse response functions are analyzed to make inferences about the behavior of the variables in response to shocks to one of them. In addition, the paper develops models to represent the existence of participation and poverty traps, which, respectively, result from the interaction between unemployment, economic growth, inequality and participation and from the interplay between underemployment, poverty and children’s school desertion. The main results show that there exists an inverse relationship between formal employment and underemployment; that underemployment and female participation have persistent responses to shocks to unemployment; female and male participation decrease in response to a shock to the real wage; and underemployment and unemployment have persistent response to shocks to female participation. In general terms, the results show different responses along gender lines. Another result was that underemployment is the initial means of adjustment to recessionary periods and as such it is an early warning indicator of rising unemployment. The results show the prevalence of the discouraged and additional worker phenomena in the sample countries. The results have shown that underemployment can lead to persistent poverty and that it acts as a break on economic growth, which indicate the necessity of eliminating labor market segmentation by gender and directing attention to the particular needs of women (as well as those of young people, the elderly, the disabled, and ethnic minorities) with respect to their labor market participation.
Pension accounting disclosures and stock market reactions
Authors: Lode Nor Asma , Yusof Mohd Atef Md
Published: September 2015

The Malaysian Accounting Standard Board ‘MASB’ issued FRS 119 ‘Employee Benefits’ which became effective for periods beginning on or after 1 January 2010. This standard is further superseded by MFRS 119 (i.e. as amended by IASB in June 2011) with effect from 1 January 2013. Hence, the present study provides evidence on the practice of pension accounting disclosures after the implementation of FRS 119 ‘Employee Benefits’ and their stock market reactions ‘cumulative market adjusted return’. The study reveals that seventy (70) companies have adopted Defined Benefit (DB) pension schemes based on the annual reports for the year 2009. Among these companies, seven (7) companies have pension assets disclosures while another 63 companies pension liabilities disclosures. The pension accounting disclosures related to actuarial gains and losses are only provided by 29 Malaysian companies. In addition, multivariate analysis provides interesting results that indicate pension liabilities disclosures are significant variables in relation to CMAR. These findings may suggest that DB pension schemes with high disclosures of pension liabilities are less likely contributing to high value of CMAR. In this context, the users of corporate financial statements could be expected (1) to value the amount of pension liabilities more than amount of pension assets among DB pension schemes adopters; and (2) higher amount of pension liabilities may result in lower CMAR among DB pension schemes adopters in Malaysia. On the other hand, pension assets disclosures which are positively and significantly associated to CMAR indicate that the higher of pension assets disclosed in by DB pension adopters in the financial statements, the higher of CMAR will be offered by Malaysian listed companies. These disclosures of pension asset could help the aging population in planning the retirement needs in the future. In addition, users of financial statements may be worth to be attentive and wacthful in relation to the amount of pension assets which are disclosed in the annual reports in order to make decision on buying and selling of company securities.
The effect of Market structure on the integration of rice prices with paddy prices and its impact on farmers family income in the Kroya district, indramayu regency, Indonesia
Authors: Makbul Yogi , Pradono Pradono , Ratnaningtyas Sudrajati , Dwiyantoro Pringgo
Published: September 2015

One way to increase the paddy farmers family incomes is to increase the rice price. This is based on the assumption that the increase in the rice price will subsequently increase the paddy price, which, in turn, will increase the family incomes of paddy farmers. This assumption is valid when there is integration between the rice and paddy prices; such integration occurs within a free and competitive market structure. This study aims to find evidence that the market for farmers with small areas of land is not a “free and competitive market” but a “monopsony”, in which increases in rice prices will not increase the farmers family incomes. This is an important scientific finding for suggestion in food policy. The research method is survey, with proportional stratified random sampling. The objects research is small farmers, medium farmers and large farmers in Kroya subdistrict, Indramayu Regency, Indonesia. The reason for choosing this area is this area is ultimate producers paddy in Indonesia. After calculation from minimum number sample formula, then number sample for small farmers is 48, for medium farmers is 39, and large farmers is 16 farmers. The analysis for rice price integration with paddy price is regression analysis, if regression estimate is significant it can be concluded the paddy price is influenced by rice price. Paddy price to farmers family income impact Analysis is done by a difference test, between the rice prices, before and after the increases in the prices. If farmers income is different it be concluded the rice price have an impact to farmers family income. The research finding is, for the small farmers, their paddy price is not influenced by the market rice price. The market structure for small farmer is a near monopsony. The paddy price influenced by the rice price is only for middle and large farmers. The free and competitive market structure is only for the large farmers. It is only large and middle farmers feels the impact of rice price to farmers family income; In another hand, the increase of rice price do not have such an impact for family incomes of the small farmers. The reason for it, is because revenue from the increasing paddy price do not cover the increasing of family expediture from the increasing rice price. The policy implication from this research sugest is, the policy of increasing rice price to increasing farmer’s family income is a bad policy. This is because the policy increasing rice don’t affect for small farmer’s family income. The increasing rice price only affect for middle and larger farmer’s family income. According BPS (2014), 57 percent farmer’s in Indonesia is a small farmers, that mean increasing rice price only increasing less a half number of farmer’s family income income in Indonesia.
Productivity and efficiency impacts of urea deep placement technology in modern rice production: An empirical analysis from Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Sanzidur , Barmon Basanta K.
Published: September 2015

Rice is the most dominant field crop in Bangladesh covering 75% of the total cultivated area and consumes 80% of the total fertilizers alone. Nevertheless, the productivity of rice in Bangladesh remains one of the lowest in the world. Urea, the main source of nitrogen (N), plays a key role in rice production, is required in large amount, is the most limited nutrient and also suffers from heavy system losses when applied in the puddle field. A worldwide crisis of urea fertilizer in 2008 spurred the need to economize on its use with urgency. The Urea Deep Placement (UDP) technology is aimed at increasing N fertilizer use efficiency in rice production and thus holds the promise to economize on the use of a very important but finite resource (i.e., urea) while improving rice productivity. The present study econometrically measures the impact of recently introduced UDP technology on productivity and efficiency of modern rice cultivation at the farm-level in Bangladesh using a stochastic production frontier approach. Data were collected from Shimlagachi village in Sharsha upazilla (sub-district) of Jessore district, located 225 km southwest of capital Dhaka. A total of 100 farmers using UDP technology and another 100 farmers using conventional urea to produce rice in both Boro (dry winter) and Aman (monsoon) seasons were randomly selected. Detailed input-output data including socio-economic information of the farmers were collected through administering a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The survey was conducted during May-June 2013. Results reveal that net profit, productivity and technical efficiency are significantly higher for the farmers using UDP technology as compared with the conventional urea users. On average, productivity of UDP farmers is 13% higher (estimated at 7164 kg/ha and 5242 kg/ha for Boro and Aman seasons, respectively) than the conventional urea users. Profitability is also higher for UDP farmers (BCR estimated at 1.36 and 1.08 for Bor o and Aman seasons, respectively) than the conventional urea users (BCR estimated at 1.17 and 0.99 for Boro and Aman seasons, respectively). Finally, technical efficiency is 12% higher (estimated at 0.93) for the UDP farmers. However, the relative gain from UDP technology adoption is significantly higher in Boro season as compared with Aman season. The key policy conclusion is that the UDP technology should be disseminated widely with urgency so that Bangladesh can improve its food security by significantly increasing rice productivity while at the same time economize on the use of N fertilizer nutrient.
Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior in the context of hiring Malaysians with disabilities
Authors: Ang Magdalene C.H. , Ramayah T. , Amin Hanudin
Published: September 2015

Employers’ negative attitudes and unfounded concerns about hiring disabled workers are contributing factors to high unemployment rates among the disabled population. Employers view disabled workers are unproductive and consider as liabilities to their companies. The negative perceptions among employers explain why those persons with disabilities (PWDs) are likely not hired by companies in Malaysia although they have sufficient qualifications for the jobs offered. In particular, hiring PWDs is a missing dimension in the employment context in Malaysia. Employers are viewed to practice discrimination in developing their employment policy for those PWDs even those PWDs are significant to their companies’ performance. Hence, employers’ unwillingness to hire PWDs contributes to the untapped pool of labor, leading to high unemployment rates among PWDs. Within a modified theory of planned behavior (TPB) framework, this paper is aimed at validating the claim that employer attitudes towards persons with disabilities (PWDs) are significantly relevant as they can either positively or negatively influence intention to hire the Malaysians with disabilities. The TPB provides the theoretical foundation for the current study. Data were obtained using a survey which garnered the participation of 200 employers in East Malaysia. The modified TPB model was examined using partial least squares (PLS) method. The PLS is chosen because of two main reasons. Firstly, the PLS requires minimal demand on the residual distribution, measurement scales and sample size. Secondly, the PLS is easily conducted using two stages, namely, measurement model and structural analysis. Using PLS, the current study finds that all constructs’ items are valid, reliable and suitable in the current context. At the structural level, this study discovers significant effects of subjective norm and perceived behavioral control on attitudes. Attitudes, in turn, influence intention to hire. Our results suggest that the TPB constructs are adequate to explain the hiring Malaysians with disabilities in the context of Malaysia. Notably, attitudes mediate the relationships between the independent variables (i.e., subjective norm and perceived behavioral control) and the dependent variable (i.e., intention to hire). Considering attitudes as a mediator in the current context provides further refinement to the TPB. In all, the results indicate that all the hypothesized relationship in the core model was confirmed. The results provide valuable insights, which may help, increase PWDs’ employment by addressing negative managerial attitudes towards PWDs. This study offers guidelines on the formation of pro-hiring attitudes towards PWDs and the significance of subjective norm as an attitude-shaping mechanism.
The Effect of Shocks on Household Consumption in Rural Nigeria
Authors: Shehu Abdulaziz , Sidique Shaufique F.
Published: September 2015

Farm households in rural areas of Nigeria are naturally prone to various forms of idiosyncratic and covariate shocks. The frequent occurrence of shocks among the households coupled with lack of effective shock coping mechanisms in the region has made the households vulnerable to poverty. Idiosyncratic shocks affects only an individual household, for example illness or death of a household member. On the other hand, covariate shocks impinge an impact on a larger group of population in the same area at the same time, for instance adverse weather condition. In the absence of functioning formal coping mechanisms, the households resort to borrowing, adjustment in food intake, sale of goods or removing children from formal school. However, little is known about the impact of shocks on household consumption. To contribute to literature, this paper used the nationally representative survey data of rural farm household in Nigeria to empirically examine the effect of both idiosyncratic and covariate shocks on their consumption expenditure, using ordinary least square method. The least square method deemed to be appropriate for the analysis because of the exogeneity nature of shocks to consumption. In contrast to the existing works, the study measures shock as a continuous variable and also disaggregated the sample into and non-poor households on the basis of world poverty line of $ 1.20 per day with a view to recommend possible social protection measures to cope with adverse effect of shocks on household consumption. The framework of the study was developed from Permanent income hypothesis which postulates that any transitory changes in income will not have no any effect on permanent income and hence on actual consumption. The result of the ordinary least square regression used in the analysis revealed that whilst idiosyncratic and climatic shocks have no significant effect on household consumption, price shock is having a significant negative impact on household consumption. Further, the result of disaggregated sample suggests that that the non-poor households are able to adequately insure against the effect of idiosyncratic shocks as well as the climatic shock on their consumption while the poorer ones had not been able to insure against the effect of shocks related to death, livestock loss, climate change and price changes on their consumption. This implies that both poor and non-poor farm households should be provided with an adequate and effective social protection measures that would mitigate the effect of shocks on their consumption and welfare.
Revisiting the relationship between internal marketing and external marketing: The role of customer orientation
Authors: Saad Norizan Mat , Hassan Siti Hasnah , Shya Liew Mei
Published: September 2015

The strands of research performed on internal marketing (IM) and external marketing (EM) effectiveness have grown independently from each other, meaning that the way in which they are linked remains a mystery. Scholars have also pointed out that IM is the missing half of the marketing concept. In other words, scholars have argued that IM is the implementation segment of marketing orientation. This will, to a greater extent, result in the effectiveness of EM. There is currently no clear evidence to show how IM and EM are linked. Thus, this research aims to examine the relationship between the effectiveness of IM and EM with customer orientation being considered the missing link (mediator) between both variables. This research is mainly a hypothetico-deductive design which employ survey questionnaire. The population was large-sized manufacturing organizations which were located in Penang, Malaysia. Judgmental sampling was employed from Federation of Malaysia Manufacturers (FMM) Directory. Snowballing method was also used because some respondents were referred by the initial respondents. The contact persons at the respective entities were contacted either in person or by email. Weekly follow-ups were then made either by email or telephone to ensure that the data collection was progressing well. Out of the 250 individuals who had been provided with sets of questionnaires, a total of 110 (i.e. 44.0%) responded. All measurements items were developed from previous study with some modifications to suit the current research. In summation, the results of this study have shown that IM was found to be significantly related to customer orientation and EM effectiveness. Customer orientation was also found to be significantly related to EM effectiveness. Finally, it has been discovered that customer orientation mediated the relationship between IM and EM effectiveness. The findings of this study support the theoretical model on IM and EM effectiveness (product activities, pricing activities, promotion activities and distribution activities), with customer orientation being the mediator. i.e., customer orientation is the missing link between IM and EM effectiveness (product activities, pricing activities, promotion activities and distribution activities). Based on simple regression, the results have shown that IM is significantly related to product activities, pricing activities, promotion activities and distribution activities respectively. The results explain that IM is the right strategy to apply to large-sized manufacturing organizations. The implementation of IM practices will, furthermore, lead to enhancement of customer orientation and hence effectiveness of product activities, pricing activities, promotion activities and distribution activities.
Combining local and global markets in asset pricing in emerging markets: Evidence from three BRICS nations
Authors: Hakim Shabir Ahmad , Hamid Zarinah , Meera Ahamed Kameel Mydin
Published: September 2015

Asset pricing models, originally designed for the US market, assume sufficiency of local market in capturing systematic market risk in the stock returns. The models were extended to other developed markets that are fully integrated with the US market by replacing the local market with the global market. However, the ability of these models to capture systematic risks and explain stock returns in emerging markets is undermined by emerging markets’ partial integration with and structural differences from the developed markets. In these markets, relying only on local or global market is expected to cause loss of valuable return-relevant information leading to inaccuracies in the return estimates. To customize the asset pricing models to emerging markets settings, we propose combining local and global markets in the models. In this regard, we extend Koedijk et al. model by replacing global instruments with global market portfolio to propose a two-factor CAPM, and Fama & French three-factor model by adding global market portfolio as the fourth factor. We test the proposed models in three BRICS nations, China, India, and South Africa, using ten-year, monthly data from January 2004 to December 2013 on non-financial firms with positive equity holdings. We apply Fama & French double sort on size and book to market value of equity on listed firms to construct nine dependent portfolios. The sort procedure is also used to construct two portfolios—SMB and HML—used along with market portfolios as explanatory variables in Fama & French models. The test results of the models reveal differences in the behaviors of the markets studied. The Chinese market behaves like a fully segmented market wherein local market portfolio subsumes the effect of the global market in both models. On the other hand, the South African market acts like a partially integrated market where both local and global market portfolios have significant impact on the stock returns. The Indian market behaves like a segmented market in two-factor model and like a partially-integrated market in the four-factor model. Hence, we conclude that incorporation of local and global markets in asset pricing in emerging markets in necessary to insure against inaccuracies in the stock return estimates. The proposed models provide investors and investment managers with tools for gauging risks involved in investing in emerging markets and making well-informed investment decisions.
The impact on health of recurring migrations to the United States
Authors: Ortmeyer David L. , Quinn Michael A.
Published: September 2015

Considerable research has focused on whether or not immigrants’ health declines to match that of comparable native-born people. This immigrant health convergence is hypothesized to be driven by immigrants’ acculturation to American society and habits. This is particularly problematic for a country such as the United States which combines a high number of immigrants, bad health habits among the native born, and an expensive health care system. Previous research in this literature uses the duration of an immigrant’s current stay in the United States as the measure of exposure to acculturation. Using the duration of the immigrant’s current stay in the United States implicitly assumes one long-term move. However, the largest immigrant group in the United States (Mexicans) is characterized by a pattern of repeated migration trips. This paper separates out the effects of migration duration and lifetime cumulative experience for Mexican immigrants to the United States. The empirical analysis is carried out using data from the Mexican Migration Project. The Mexican Migration Project has been collecting data on Mexican immigrants to the United States since the mid-1980s. Empirical results find that while overall time spent in the United States supports the acculturation hypothesis, single-trip migration duration has the opposite effect. The positive impact of single-trip duration on health is likely caused by recovery time needed to compensate for difficult crossings into the United States which have an even harsher effect on health if the individual undertakes short, repeated migrations. We also find that having Latino friends improves health while Anglo friends cause faster convergence and worse long-term health impacts. Both support the acculturation hypothesis. Results suggest that researchers need to focus on the cumulative impact of time spent in the United States rather than relying on just the duration of the latest trip. This suggests a much larger negative effect of migration on health than studies relying solely on migration duration. In the case of repeated migration patterns, this imposes costs on both the health care systems of the destination (USA) and source (Mexico) countries. Repeated immigration to the United States can result in acculturation which causes bad health habits to be brought back to Mexico, along with the accompanying costs these incur.
Does organizational culture moderate the relationship between ISO 9000 soft factors and organizational performance?
Authors: Saad Rohaizah , Asaad Mohd Norhasni Mohd
Published: September 2015

The effective quality management system implemented can lead to improve the performance of organization and also enhance their competitive advantage in the global market. The inconsistent findings from published works on the relationship between ISO 9000 and organizational performance may due to the commitment to implement the ISO 9000 requirements or the culture that is established in the organization. Limited research has been done as well focusing only on the soft factors of ISO 9000 and organizational performance moderated by organizational culture. There are numbers of previous studied on soft factors but the factors are mainly derived from total quality management (TQM) factors. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine the influence of organizational culture on the relationship between ISO 9000 soft factors and organizational performances. The respondents for this study are from the automotive companies in Malaysia. The questionnaire consists of 74 measured items using 5-point Likert scale are mail to 162 companies based on random sampling from 275 population size. Thirty-three companies responded to the questionnaires, which represent 20% of the samples selected. The data collected was analysed based on Rasch Analysis Model using WINSTEPS 3.69.1.16 as an analysis tool to perform Rasch analysis. The logit value is used instead of the ordinary number. This logit value is used as the unit of measurement, since it is obtained for a linear interval scale. This research employs Modern Test Theory (MTT) in examining the level of soft factors being implemented in the Malaysian automotive companies. The finding revealed that the organizational culture was an obstacle to the relationship between the soft factors of ISO 9000 and organizational performance. In addition to that, the result also revealed that an organization with a high ability in overcoming the organizational culture and resource management items especially employee empowerment and teamwork had a higher possibility to improve their organizational performance. Rewards, clear sense of responsibility and authority will increase employee motivation towards work. This study focuses exclusively on the soft factors of ISO 9000 requirements. However, there are other factors such as measurement and analysis, product realization and documentations etc., which may help the organizations to improve their performance. The finding of this research may assist the organization in designing the human resources policy which related to employee career enhancement. Motivated workers will increase organization efficiency and will lead to increase in organizational performance.
The returns to education in Indonesia: Post reform estimates
Authors: Purnastuti Losina , Salim Ruhul , Joarder Mohammad Abdul Munim
Published: September 2015

The profitability of an investment in education in Indonesia has been a discussed issue for the past decades. Both Deolalikar (1993) and Duflo (2001) provided comprehensive estimates of returns to investment in education in Indonesia and both of them argued that schooling was a profitable investment. This paper updates the evidence on the profitability of an investment in education in Indonesia, using OLS and IV approaches. It describes the statistical relationship among market earnings, years of schooling, age and job tenure (experience), and quadratics of age and tenure, marital status, male-female and rural-urban dummies. In the analysis, we use primary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey 4 (IFLS4). IFLS4 is a nationally representative sample comprising 13,536 households and 50,580 individuals, spread across provinces on the islands of Java, Sumatra, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi. The earnings function is estimated on three samples: a combined sample of males and females (with a female intercept shift term), and separate samples of male and female workers. The empirical results show that the returns to schooling in Indonesia are 4.72 per cent for the combined sample, 4.36 per cent for males, and 5.26 per cent for females. However, the relationship between years of schooling and earnings is not statistically significant in any of the IV estimations. We also make comparisons with the findings of Duflo (2001), based on earlier data for 1995. These comparisons enable an assessment of any changes in the ability bias over this period of market reform. The IV estimates are the same as, or greater than, the OLS estimates. This is consistent with the literature for developed countries, and suggests that ability does not attract a wage premium but may be correlated with the instruments. Although adopting the IV approach increases the estimated returns to schooling in Indonesia, these returns remain low compared to other Asian as well as less developed countries. Therefore, the market-oriented economic reforms that has been going on over the past several decades should be evaluated by the policy makers considering whether these reforms generating higher jobless growth or not and take proper policy measure, if there is any.
Spillover from oil market to stock market in Nigeria: Evidence from granger causality in risk
Authors: Richard Olayeni O. , Philip Olofin O.
Published: September 2015

It has been stated that the activities of the commercial banks on the Nigerian stock market exposed the economy to global economic crisis. This view is premised on the huge and disproportionate investment of the Nigerian commercial banks in the oil and gas sector, which was directly affected by the recession between 2007 and 2009. With falling oil price and asset value of the banks, the resulting mismatch in the balance sheets of these banks resulted in financial and economic crisis. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) consequently responded by reconsolidating banking sector for effective monitoring. This study then examines the impact of global risk exposure on Nigerian economy by focusing on the connection between oil price and stock market activity. The study employs the method of Granger causality in risk. This method is used to infer the predictive information in risk of one variable from another. It makes use of the sample cross-correlation function (CCF) of the binary indicators for value at risk (VaR). The study successfully implements the method for the relationship between oil price and stock returns for Nigeria. This study uses daily data over the period January 2, 2003 through December 31, 2013. To clean the data of the holiday effects of daily data, we apply the Gallant-Rossi-Tauchen filter. The data were then transformed to obtain their daily returns by computing the first difference of their natural logarithm in percentage. The study finds that oil price return causes stock returns in extreme risk. This phenomenon is found absent prior to January 1, 2007 but present in the sub-sample between January, 2007 and December, 2013. The results indicate that the sudden and unprecedented fall in crude oil price during the global recession between 2007 and 2009 undermined the balance sheets of banks in Nigeria. The study further finds that the market participants not only care about the changes in the oil price and stock index but also in the rate of change in them. The study indicates the need to consolidate the financial sector for effective monitoring and to reduce the exposure to global risk in particular to oil price movement. The study suggests that the policymakers must avail themselves necessary forecasting tools to gauge the immediate and differed spillovers between the stock and the oil markets, and that the current bank consolidation policy should be made more effective to enhance monitoring.
Sex Scandals and Papist Plots: The Mid-Nineteenth-Century World of an Irish Nurse in Quebec
Authors: Chilton Lisa
Published: September 2015

Jane Hamilton left Ireland for Canada in 1849. Upon her arrival at Quebec City, she settled into employment as a nurse at the Quebec Marine and Emigrant Hospital where she quickly gained the respect of the doctors and patients with whom she worked. Yet in spite of her reputation as the hospital’s most competent, well-liked nurse, Hamilton became the focus of an aggressive smear campaign. Slanderous gossip suggesting that she had engaged in illicit sexual relations with doctors, and that she had facilitated death-bed conversions of patients to the Roman Catholic faith, took on a life of its own. Ultimately, due in part to the scandal associated with Hamilton, the colonial government was forced to open an official investigation into the management of the hospital. This article considers the social politics involved in this case, giving particular attention to the work of British imperialism on social relations in mid-nineteenth-century Quebec.
Sanitizing The Domestic: Hygiene and Gender in Late Colonial Bengal
Authors: Prasad Srirupa
Published: September 2015

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries there was an unprecedented wave of publications on health and hygiene in Bengali. In these publications, the household, or the “domestic,” was advocated as a crucial site for the practice of health and hygiene. This article analyzes the writings of Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay, Radha Gobinda Kar, and Saratkumari Chaudhurani, three well-known writers and educators who wrote extensively on health, hygiene, and domesticity during this period. It argues that the idea and practice of Hindu middle-class domesticity underwent a radical transformation as a result of its intersection with discourses of hygiene. In particular, it shows how two concepts, “cleanliness” and “care,” which were central to discourses on hygiene, were reformulated as identifying signs of upper caste Bengali domesticity. It further argues that because cleanliness and care were believed to be achieved through the figure of the modern woman or nurse, these debates were also inherently gendered.
“As Potent a Prince as Any Round About Her”: Rethinking Weetamoo of the Pocasset and Native Female Leadership in Early America
Authors: Martino-Trutor Gina M.
Published: September 2015

In the conflict known as King Philip’s War (1675–1676), a coalition of Native American nations fought to check English expansion in New England. Leading the Native coalition were Philip, head of the Wampanoag Confederacy, and the female sachem Weetamoo, leader of the Pocasset member-nation of the Wampanoag. A remarkable number of sources describing Weetamoo’s life and leadership have survived, offering a rare opportunity to study the wide range of roles a female sachem assumed in peacetime and war. A woman of rank in the seventeenth century, Weetamoo ruled at a time when many Indigenous and European societies agreed that a woman’s claims to status and lineage could overcome the social limitations of gender. This article examines Weetamoo’s leadership and the pivotal roles she and other women of rank played in contests for power. It also encourages scholars to reevaluate Native women’s political and military influence in early America more broadly.
Dode Akabi: A Reexamination of the Oral and Textual Narrative of a “Wicked” Female King
Authors: Odamtten Harry N. K.
Published: September 2015

This article is a deconstruction of the received oral tradition about Naa Dode Akabi I, a female King of the Ga people in the modern nation of Ghana, West Africa. It offers a critical reexamination of the existing oral and textual narratives of Dode Akabi I, while analyzing gendered inversions in Ga society during Akabi’s leadership of the Ga in the seventeenth century. It furthermore illuminates the evolution of the place of women in Ga civic structure and the rights of succession within an acknowledged patrilineal polity. This article is situated within larger methodological paradigms and the historiography of female leadership in West Africa. In examining the history of Akabi, this work synthesizes several historiographies on Ga and the Atlantic World, and makes an important contribution to African gender and women’s history.
Sensing Sentience and Managing Microbes: Lifedeath in the Slaughterhouse
Authors: Wentworth Kara
Published: September 2015

This essay explores the details of how life and death are separated and managed on a small slaughterhouse kill floor, arguing that these practices cast animals, consumers, microbes, and kill floor workers as killable, protectable, or manageable.
Of Wonder and Encounter: Textures of Human and Nonhuman Relationality
Authors: Dominique Hétu
Published: September 2015

The novels Sous Béton by Karoline Georges and Room by Emma Donoghue dramatize moments of wonder in meaningful encounters between children and nonhuman figures. This essay argues that this sense of wonder renders possible an “endless process of becoming” in life-threatening situations of emotional and corporeal vulnerability (McCann 499).
Our Sovereign Others: Phantasms, Heidegger, Animality
Authors: Fics Ryan C.P.
Published: September 2015

This essay considers the relationship that Derrida explores in The Beast & the Sovereign, Volume II between Robinson Crusoe’s fantasy of a “living death” and Martin Heidegger’s structure of the “as such.” I make the case that what Derrida refers to as the auto-hetero-affective dimension of the phantasm involves a very dangerous yet fruitful mode of critique.
Individuated Embodiment and Action: Interrogating Roberto Esposito’s Negative Self
Authors: Calcagno Antonio
Published: September 2015

This essay argues that the resistance of the negative self to politicization that Roberto Esposito posits requires a more robust account for the facticity of individual embodiment and agency, which ultimately challenge the originary space that characterize Esposito’s claims about possible sites of resistance.
Lost in Liminal Space: Amnesiac and Incognizant Ghosts in Korean Drama
Authors: Lee Sung-Ae
Published: September 2015

Some recent Korean TV drama series have developed narratives that centre on amnesiac or incognizant ghosts. Because of their crucial acts of forgetting and miscomprehension, these ghosts may be used to figure the social injustices and repressed traumas that haunt contemporary South Korean society.
Democracy, Climate Change, and Environmental Justice
Authors: Fritsch Matthias
Published: September 2015

Taking its cue from Derrida’s rethinking of political life as lifedeath , this essay argues that taking turns helps in conceptualizing the intra- and inter-generationally shared nature of democratic institutions. However, the generational taking turns with democratic power must be thought in conjunction with an environmental turning: not only do human generations seek to share sovereignty over subjects and the earth, but such human sovereignty is dependent upon a lateral turning with the earth.
“La Barque ouverte”: Dire la traversée du bateau négrier dans Le Quatrième Siècle d’Édouard Glissant
Authors: Chapon Cécile
Published: September 2015

L’œuvre d’Édouard Glissant explore le gouffre des bateaux négriers comme une expérience fondatrice des peuples caribéens, d’abord marquée par la rareté des témoignages directs. Dans Le Quatrième Siècle , Glissant construit la mémoire de la Traite à partir d’un processus de transmission, du vieux quimboiseur papa Longoué au jeune Mathieu Béluse, à travers l’histoire familiale de leurs deux lignées antagonistes. Si l’enfant raisonne encore en termes de catégories héritées des livres d’histoire occidentaux, la parole enchevêtrée du conteur, qui fait voir l’expérience singulière de la traversée des deux ancêtres, se constitue en mémoire poétique. Ainsi, il réinvente le passé, mais ce savoir fictionnel, témoignage paradoxal de celui qui voit sans avoir vécu, est aussi valable que la précision chiffrée des registres et des datations. Grâce à cette “vision prophétique du passé,” la traversée cesse d’être une rupture irreprésentable, dans la mesure où l’inconnu devient un mode de connaissance poétique.
Triple posture testimoniale de Véronique Tadjo dans L’Ombre d’Imana. Voyages jusqu’au bout du Rwanda
Authors: Mizouni Sophia
Published: September 2015

Suite au génocide du Rwanda, les critiques se sont penchés particulièrement sur la problématique du témoignage en s’interrogeant sur qui pouvait attester de cet événement et tenter une récupération mémorielle. Cet article examine la position testimoniale particulière de Véronique Tadjo qui écrit sous la plume d’un témoin direct, d’un témoin indirect et d’un témoin in absentia dans L’Ombre d’Imana. Voyages jusqu’au bout du Rwanda . Par l’analyse des procédés narratologiques et stylistiques de cette œuvre, et par l’évaluation d’une auteure sous un angle éthique, je soutiens que cette combinaison testimoniale crée un mémorial littéraire où se superposent des couches temporelles. Cet article met en lumière une corrélation, jusqu’à présent négligée par les critiques, entre position multi-testimoniale et temporalité par rapport aux événements rwandais.
Plus haut que les flammes: “Ton poème a surgi de l’enfer”
Authors: Dolce Nicoletta
Published: September 2015

Le recueil Plus haut que les flammes de Louise Dupré évoque un univers infernal. Revenue d’une visite du camp d’Auschwitz, une femme se tient debout face à la folie meurtrière du monde. Son poème, alors, résonne au-dessus des incendies afin de voir haut et loin dans l’avenir. L’analyse de Plus haut que les flammes permettra d’approfondir la notion de témoin in absentia . Quelle posture adopte cette femme face aux carnages du monde? De quoi témoigne-t-elle alors qu’elle n’était pas sur les lieux du crime? Quelle est sa relation au récit, à l’histoire événementielle et à la mémoire? Enfin, quel langage emploie-t-elle pour dire l’irreprésentable? C’est à ces questions que répondra le présent article.
“Une malédiction pesait”: Le Temps et le traumatisme dans Traversée de la mangrove
Authors: Zander J. Selene
Published: September 2015

Dans une île caribéenne où le colonialisme et l’esclavage ont fleuri pendant des siècles, leur héritage pernicieux reste inscrit de façon indélébile sur les sujets. Comme la mangrove emblématique des Antilles, les graines de violence parsemées par l’histoire guadeloupéenne étendent leurs rhizomes dans toutes les directions. Ainsi que nous le rappelle René Girard, la possibilité de la violence est contenue par le rituel sacrificiel d’un bouc émissaire. Pour Girard, puisque la violence est toujours présente chez l’homme, le sacrifice évite à la violence de se propager de façon frénétique. Dans le roman de Maryse Condé, Traversée de la mangrove , la société guadeloupéenne est imprégnée par des “germes de violence” épistémique et symbolique (Girard 33). Cette contribution souhaite examiner si cette violence est vraiment contenue par le bouc émissaire ou bien si le poids du passé empêche la traversée de la mangrove.
Who Benefits from SAT Prep?: An Examination of High School Context and Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Park Julie J. , Becks Ann H.
Published: September 2015

We examine how high school resources are linked to participation in forms of SAT prep; we also examine the impact of SAT prep on SAT scores and how it varies for students of different races. Students with more highly educated parents, more financial resources, and who attend schools with higher participation in AP courses are more likely to take more elite forms of test prep and obtain higher scores. However, not all students benefit equally from SAT prep; gains associated with SAT prep appear to be driven by East Asian American participation in private courses. Implications for equity are discussed.
The Effect of Participating in Indiana’s Twenty-first Century Scholars Program on College Enrollments
Authors: Toutkoushian Robert K. , Hossler Don , DesJardins Stephen L. , McCall Brian , Canche Manuel Gonzalez
Published: September 2015

Our study adds to prior work on Indiana’s Twenty-first Century Scholars(TFCS) program by focusing on whether participating in—rather than completing—the program affects the likelihood of students going to college and where they initially enrolled. We first employ binary and multinomial logistic regression to obtain estimates of the impact of the program without controlling for self-selection into the program and find that signing up for the TFCS program has a relatively small effect on whether students go to college and where they enroll. We then used alternative statistical approaches to reduce the bias due to self-selection into the TFCS program. Although the estimated program effects after accounting for self-selection were larger than in the earlier models, they were still notably smaller than reported in prior studies of the program.