bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calixcorrole
Authors: Larsen Simon , Pérez Bjørn Cicerôn Lukas , Ghosh Abhik
Published: March 2023

We recently reported that DDQ-mediated oxidative coupling of pyrrole to a free-base meso-triarylcorrole in dichloromethane at room temperature results in the near-instantaneous formation of pyrrole-appended isocorroles. Herein we report that the use of refluxing dichloromethane and longer reaction times result in the oxidative addition of a second molecule of pyrrole, affording a novel isoporphyrinoid macrocycle-calixcorrole – in up to 47% yield.
Commemoration for Jack Dunitz’s 100th Birthday on 29 March 2023 — Famous Friends
Authors: Dunitz Jack David
Published: March 2023

I intend to set down here some details of my interaction with these remarkable men and women. Since their scientific merits are well known, I need not discuss them here but shall restrict myself as far as possible to my own personal interaction with them. In the first place, I wish to stress that I have never “collected” Nobel Prize winners, never tried to contact scientists simply because they were already in this elevated category. With one or two exceptions, the scientists I mention in these pages had not yet made the journey to Stockholm at the time I became acquainted with them. Rather, it seems that throughout my career I have had the good fortune to have had contact with people who were destined to make important contributions to the progress of science. Lucky Jack!
Kernel Fisher Dictionary Transfer Learning
Authors: Shi Linrui , Zhang Zheng , Fan Zizhu , Xi Chao , Li Zhengming , Wu Gaochang
Published: March 2023

Dictionary learning is an efficient knowledge representation method that can learn the essential features of data. Traditional dictionary learning methods are difficult to obtain nonlinear information when processing large-scale and high-dimensional datasets. While most dictionary learning algorithms are based on the assumption that the training data and test data have the same feature distribution, which is not always true in practical applications. To address the above problems, we propose the Kernel Fisher Dictionary Transfer Learning (KFDTL) algorithm. First, we map each sample to high-dimensional space through kernel mapping and use any dictionary learning algorithm to learn the essential features. Then, the feature-based transfer learning method is performed to predict the labels of the target samples. This method includes three main contributions: (1) KFDTL constructs a discriminative Fisher embedding model to make the same class samples have similar coding coefficients; (2) Based on the relationship between profiles and atoms, KFDTL constructs an adaptive model that adapts source domain samples to target domain samples; (3) The kernel method is used to efficiently solve nonlinear problems. Experiments on a large number of public image datasets have proved the effectiveness of the proposed method. The source code of the proposed method is available at
https://github.com/zzfan3/KFDTL
.
Security Threats, Countermeasures, and Challenges of Digital Supply Chains
Authors: Hammi Badis , Zeadally Sherali , Nebhen Jamel
Published: March 2023

The rapid growth ofInformation Communication Technologies (ICT)has impacted many fields. In this context, the supply chain has also quickly evolved toward the digital supply chain where digital and electronic technologies have been integrated into every aspect of its end-to-end process. This evolution provides numerous benefits such as profit maximization, loss reduction, and the optimization of supply chain lead times. However, the use of such technologies has also considerably opened up various security threats and risks which have widened the attack surface on the entire end-to-end supply chain. We present a holistic survey on supply chain security. We discuss the different security issues and attacks that target the different supply chain technologies. Then, we discuss various countermeasures and security solutions proposed by academic and industry researchers to mitigate the identified threats. Finally, we provide some recommendations and best practices that can be adopted to achieve a secure supply chain.
Modeling the Impacts of Structural Heterogeneities on the Reaction-Transport Coupling in Porous Electrodes of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Shan Qiang , Liu Yuwen , Chen Shengli
Published: March 2023

Structural optimization of porous electrodes has been a practical route to improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Currently, this relies mainly on the structure-featureless pseudo-two-dimension (P2D) model in the theoretical aspect, which is inherently contradictory to the emphasis on the importance of electrode structure. Herein, a 2D pore-scale LIBs model based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and the galvanostatic simulation scheme are established. The model is used to investigate the effects of physical structures on the coupling between ions transport and electrochemical reactions in porous electrodes, and the results are compared with a P2D model on the same electrode. The results show that for battery systems composed of homogeneously distributed structures, the LBM model gives nearly identical results to that of the P2D model. However, for battery systems with heterogeneously structured electrodes, obvious difference from the prediction of P2D model are obtained, especially at high C-rates. The P2D model significantly underestimates the structure-sensitive transport-reaction coupling and the non-uniform utilization of active materials, even when using the physical tortuosity based on electrode structure. These results emphasize the significance of developing a pore-scale model of LIBs based on realistic physical structure for the design of LIBs with satisfactory performance.
Development of Silicon Polymer Electrodes with a Hybrid Polymer Electrolyte for All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Göttlinger Mara , Amrhein Simon , Piesold Christian , Weller Mario , Peters Simone , Giffin Guinevere A.
Published: March 2023

The development of solid-state lithium-ion batteries is a promising step to meet the increasing demand for safe batteries with a high energy density. In this work, silicon electrodes containing an organic/inorganic hybrid polymer electrolyte (HPE) are reported. Depending on the conducting salt and the inclusion of an ionic liquid (IL), the HPE exhibits an ionic conductivity between 0.24 ± 0.11 mS cm−1 and 0.94 ± 0.07 mS cm−1 at 60 °C. The achievable capacity in Si/HPE/Li cells depends strongly on the C-rate and the areal capacity of the electrodes, as well as on the electrolyte and electrode composition. Among the cells tested, those with an HPE containing lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) and no IL exhibit the highest capacity retention and average coulombic efficiency. The use of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and/or the addition of an IL enables higher electrode loadings, however at the expense of capacity retention. Si electrodes with a higher Si content show an improved cell performance compared to those with less Si. A combination of electrodes containing 75 wt% silicon with an HPE with LiFSI and IL reaches a high capacity of approx. 1500 mA h gSi
−1 at 0.1 C with a capacity retention of 74% after 100 cycles.
Developmental changes in electrophysiological properties of auditory cortical neurons in the Cntnap2 knockout rat
Authors: Mann Rajkamalpreet S. , Allman Brian L. , Schmid Susanne
Published: March 2023

This study shows that neurons in the auditory cortex of Cntnap2 knockout rats are hyperexcitable only during the juvenile age, whereas resulting changes in synaptic input persist in the adult. In conjunction with a previous study, the present results indicate that it is not the genes alone, but also the influence of pre- and postnatal environment, that shape neuronal function, highlighting the importance of early intervention in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Assessing shoulder muscle stretch reflexes following breast cancer treatment and postmastectomy breast reconstruction
Authors: Lulic-Kuryllo Tea , Leonardis Joshua M. , Momoh Adeyiza O. , Lipps David B.
Published: March 2023

Shoulder muscle stretch reflexes may be impacted following postmastectomy breast reconstruction and chemoradiation. Here, we examined short- and long-latency shoulder muscle stretch reflexes in two experiments following common breast reconstruction procedures and chemoradiation. We show impairments in pectoralis major stretch reflexes following postmastectomy breast reconstruction and pectoralis major and deltoid muscle stretch reflexes following chemoradiation. These findings indicate that breast cancer treatments alter the regulation of shoulder muscle stretch reflexes.
Weak evidence for neural correlates of task-switching in macaque V1
Authors: Lange Richard D. , Gómez-Laberge Camille , Berezovskii Vladimir K. , Pletenev Anton , Sherdil Ariana , Hartmann Till , Haefner Ralf M. , Born Richard T.
Published: March 2023

Converging evidence suggests that decision processes affect sensory neural activity, and this has informed numerous theories of neural processing. We set out to replicate and extend previous results on decision-related information and noise correlations in V1 of macaque monkeys. However, in our data, we find little evidence for a number of expected effects. Our null results therefore call attention to differences in task training, stimulus design, recording, and analysis techniques between our and prior studies.
Patients with Hypocortisolism Treated with Continuous Subcutaneous Hydrocortisone Infusion (CSHI): An Option for Poorly Controlled Patients
Authors: Mortensen Malene Lyder , Ornstrup Marie Juul , Gravholt Claus H.
Published: March 2023

Objective. Despite appropriate oral glucocorticoid replacement therapy, patients with hypocortisolism often suffer from impaired health and frequent hospitalizations. Continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion (CSHI) has been developed as an attempt to improve the health status of these patients. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of CSHI to conventional oral treatment on hospitalizations, glucocorticoid doses, and subjective health status. Patients. Nine Danish patients (males: 4 and females: 5) with adrenal insufficiency (AI) were included, with a median age of 48 years, due to Addison (n = 4), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (n = 1), steroid induced secondary adrenal insufficiency (n = 2), morphine induced secondary adrenal insufficiency (n = 1), and Sheehan’s syndrome (n = 1). Only patients with severe symptoms of cortisol deficit on oral treatment were selected for CSHI. Their usual oral hydrocortisone doses varied from 25–80 mg per day. The duration of follow-up depended on when the treatment was changed. The first patient started CSHI in 2009 and the last in 2021. Design. A retrospective case series comparing hospitalizations and glucocorticoid doses before and after treatment with CSHI. In addition, patients were retrospectively interviewed about their health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after the change of treatment modality. Results. Patients significantly reduced their daily dose of glucocorticoids by 16.1 mg (

p
=
0.02

) after changing to CSHI. The number of hospital admission due to adrenal crisis decreased by 1.3 per year on CSHI, which was a 50% reduction (

p
=
0.04

). All patients found it easier to handle an adrenal crisis with CSHI, and almost all patients found it easier to overcome everyday activities and had fewer symptoms of cortisol deficit such as abdominal pain and nausea (7-8 out of 9 patients). Conclusions. The change of treatment from conventional oral hydrocortisone to CSHI resulted in a reduced daily dose of glucocorticoids and a reduced number of hospitalizations. Patients reported regain of energy, achievement of better disease control, and better handling of adrenal crisis.
Proximate Chemical Analysis and Effect of Age and Height of Oxytenanthera abyssinica on Fiber Morphology and Chemical Compositions for Pulp and Paper Production Potential
Authors: Worku Limenew Abate , Bachheti Rakesh Kumar , Tadesse Mesfin Getachew , Bachheti Archana
Published: March 2023

This study examined the chemical composition, fiber morphology, and physical properties of Oxytenanthera abyssinica culm to assess its pulping potential. Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) and Franklin’s methods have been used for experiments. The statistical analysis showed that the chemical composition of O. abyssinica is influenced by the age of the plant. The amount of cellulose in the culm increases with age, while hand extractive content decreases with age. The average chemical content of the three years aged O. abyssinica was

49.26
±
0.13

 wt%,

21.31
±
0.15

 wt%, and

20.63
±
0.12

 wt% for cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents, respectively. A significant difference exists between 1, 2, and 3-year aged plants (

P
<
0.05

) in cellulose, lignin, ash, and extractive content. The position of the culm also affects the fiber morphology of O. abyssinica. The fiber’s length, diameter, cell wall thickness, and lumen diameter increase from top to bottom, whereas the flexibility and slenderness ratio decrease. The average fiber morphology of O. abyssinica was flexibility ratio (

0.72
±
0.10

), Runkel ratio (

0.35
±
0.10

), slenderness ratio (

109.98
±
0.21

), lumen diameter (

15.63
±
0.03

 μm), cell wall thickness (

2.74
±
0.03

 μm), fiber length (

2.40
±
0.10

 mm), and fiber diameter (

21.83
±
0.09

 μm). The above data showed that the mean value of the fiber length of the plant is greater than 1.5 mm, the Runkel ratio was less than 1, and the slenderness ratio was greater than 70 standard values. The result also showed that the average bulk density and the moisture content were 660 kg/m3 and 9.6%, respectively. Although O. abyssinica is widely grown in the study area, no comprehensive studies have been carried out on fiber morphology, chemical composition, and physical properties based on age and height. Thus, this research was carried out to study the plant’s fiber characteristics to assess its suitability for pulp and paper production. Based on the above data, the 3-year aged bottom part of O. abyssinica is recommended for more yield pulp and high-quality paper production than the first and second-year aged plant.
Cucurbita maxima Seeds Reduce Anxiety and Depression and Improve Memory
Authors: Wahid Shahana , Alqahtani Ali , Khan Rafeeq Alam
Published: March 2023

The current study was planned to assess the neuropharmacological benefits of the Cucurbita maxima seed. These seeds have been conventionally used for the nutritional as well as amelioration of various diseases. However, there was a need to provide a pharmacological basis for such use. Four central nervous system-related functions, that is, anxiety, depression, memory, and motor coordination, were evaluated, and the levels of brain biogenic amines were also assessed. Anxiety was evaluated through selected experimental models, such as light and dark apparatus, elevated plus maze, head dip, and open field test. The head dip test was mainly used to assess exploratory behavior. Depression was assessed by two animal models, that is, the forced swim test and tail suspension test. Memory and learning ability were assessed by the passive avoidance test, stationary rod apparatus, and Morris’s water maze test. Motor skilled learning was assessed by stationary rod and rotarod apparatus. Reversed phase high-pressure liquid chromatography was used to determine biogenic amine levels. Results reveal that C. maxima exhibited anxiolytic and antidepressant effects with memory improvement. There was a reduction in the weight of the animal following chronic administration. Furthermore, no remarkable effects were observed on motor coordination. Norepinephrine was found elevated, which may be linked to its antidepressant effects. These biological effects of C. maxima may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites, such as cucurbitacin, beta-sitosterol, polyphenolic compounds, citrulline, kaempferol, arginine, β-carotene, quercetin, and other antioxidants. The outcomes of the present study authenticate that the chronic use of C. maxima seeds reduces the intensity of neurological problems like anxiety and depression.
Differential Occurrence Characteristics and Influence Factors of Reservoir Movable Fluids in Tight Gas: A Case Study of Shan 1 Reservoir in Yanchang Area
Authors: Liu Jiangbin , Wu Xiaobin
Published: March 2023

The occurrence characteristic of movable fluid is a crucial index for tight sandstone reservoir evaluation, and the study of the differential occurrence of reservoir movable fluid is vitally important for the exploration and development of tight gas. Therefore, on the basis of casting thin section, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, high-pressure mercury injection, and nuclear magnetic resonance testing, the differential occurrence characteristics and influencing factors of reservoir movable fluid are analyzed based on the reservoir of Shan 1 reservoir. The results show that the main types of Shan 1 reservoir are lithic quartz sandstone and lithic sandstone, and intergranular solution pores and cutting solution pores are mainly developed in Shan 1 reservoir in Yanchang area. The movable fluid saturation of Shan 1 reservoir is 21.64%~69.62%, and the average of the movable fluid saturation is 35.32%. Most of the

T

2

spectra are unimodal. According to the pore development, the reservoir is divided into four types, and fluid flow property in reservoir varies with the difference of reservoir pore development. Sandstone types, reservoir porosity, permeability, pore type, pore throat parameters, and cement content affect movable fluid saturation. The pores provide the main space for the movable fluid. The better the development of intergranular solution pores, the larger the average pore throat radius and the higher the movable fluid saturation of the reservoir. The higher the content of the calcite, the more obvious pore loss of the reservoir and the lower movable fluid saturation in the reservoir. The higher the content of illite, the worse the pore evolution and the lower fluid flow property in reservoir.
Study of the Modal Evolution of the Causal Relationship between Crude Oil, Gold, and Dollar Price Series
Authors: Jia Yanjing , Dong Zhiliang , An Haigang
Published: March 2023

The rise and fall of crude oil prices, gold prices, and US dollar exchange rates is of great significance to investors. It is necessary to explore the evolution characteristics of the causal relationship between crude oil, gold, and US dollar, so as to provide reference for investors. We selected the ICE Brent crude oil continuous futures, the ICE WTI crude oil continuous futures, the NYMEX light crude oil continuous futures, the COMEX gold continuous futures, and the US dollar index as the research objects. Based on the theory of pattern causality, the causal relationship between crude oil, gold, and US dollar is divided into positive causal relationship (T), negative causal relationship (F), and disordered causal relationship (D). The causal modal evolution network of crude oil and gold prices against the US dollar index (BWCGG-U) and the causal relationship modal evolution network of the US dollar index on the price of crude oil and gold (U-BWCGG) were constructed. Complex network and sliding window are used to study the evolution characteristics of short-term causality between crude oil and gold and US dollar in 60 days. The results show that (1) the modes of causality between crude oil, gold, and the US dollar index are constantly changing, with a few key modes. The key modes are often transmitted to themselves. (2) The most critical modes of two networks are all FFFF, and the negative causality between gold and the US dollar index is more stable. Investors based on the gold (dollar index) price to judge the dollar index (gold futures) investment program are more reliable. (3) When crude oil and gold show causal modes of FFFF and DDDF, respectively, the emergence and transformation of the modes can be maintained for a period of time to provide a certain guarantee for investors’ investment. However, its internal conversion rate is high, which needs to be judged in combination with the actual situation to improve the forecasting ability.
Eco-Sanitary Regionalization of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in the Western Palearctic Realm as a Tool for the Stewardship of African Swine Fever
Authors: Aguilar-Vega Cecilia , Muñoz-Pérez Carolina , Sánchez-Vizcaíno José Manuel , Martínez-Avilés Marta , Bosch Jaime
Published: March 2023

African swine fever (ASF) is a viral hemorrhagic disease affecting domestic and wild suids, with catastrophic socioeconomic impact worldwide. In the European scenario, wild boar (Sus scrofa) actively contributes to the maintenance and spread of the disease. In this study, we applied a multivariate clustering method to define ecoregions in the western Palearctic realm based on ecological and sanitary aspects of ASF in wild boar. Beforehand, we performed a principal components analysis for the eight selected variables. An analysis of the countries was carried out in terms of the extent of ecoregions and ASF notifications. After clustering, we identified nine eco-regions that showed important differences based on the used eco-sanitary variables. Several ecoregions stand out in the country and notification analysis for retaining the most ASF cases and being present in their surrounding locations. Here, we developed a cartographical tool to understand patterns in the distribution and spread of ASF in wild boar at the European level, as well as improve prevention, control, surveillance plans, and eradication strategies, especially future vaccination programs once a safe and effective vaccine is available.
Comparative Study on the Neutronic Performance of Thermal and Fast Molten Salt Reactors under Once-Through Fuel Cycle
Authors: Yu Changqing , Zhu Guifeng , Liu Yafen , Yan Rui , Zou Yang
Published: March 2023

Once-through molten salt reactors have the advantages of easy availability of fuel, nuclear nonproliferation, and low technical difficulty. It is expected to be the earliest commercial molten salt reactor fuel cycle mode. The current research on the neutronic performance of the once-through fuel cycle mainly focuses on the thermal spectrum range, and broader spectrum research needs to be carried out further. In particular, the fuel utilization characteristics of molten salt fast reactors in once-through fuel cycle are not yet clear. In addition, small modular design is one of the trends of molten salt reactor development, and small modular design under thermal and fast spectrum has different advantages and needs further comparative analysis. In this paper, the single lattice, bare reactor, and core with reflector models are used to compare the neutronic performance in once-through fuel cycle from thermal to fast spectrum, which includes burnup, variation of fuel salt composition and volume with burnup, temperature reactivity coefficient, neutron irradiation lifetime, and small modular size. The results show that the burnup increases first, then decreases, and then increases again with the increase of the average lethargy causing fission (EALF). For small-scale molten salt reactors, the difference in fuel utilization under thermal and fast spectra is small. However, for large-scale reactors, the burnup under fast spectrum is significantly higher than that under thermal spectrum. When the EALF is large enough, and the neutron loss ratio is small enough, the breed-and-burn (BNB) fuel cycle mode can be realized, and then, the fuel utilization will be significantly improved. In the fast spectrum reactors, the HN and volume of molten salt change violently because of the longer burnup period. Based on the infinite single lattice model, the temperature reactivity coefficient increases first, then decreases, and increases again with EALF. It is negative over the entire energy spectrum. In addition, the small modular designs are discussed by the bare reactor model, and the neutron irradiation lifetime of the materials is analyzed by the core model with a reflector.
Race, Ethnicity, and the Case for Intersectional Water Security
Authors: Harrington Cameron , Montana Phellecitus , Schmidt Jeremy J. , Swain Ashok
Published: March 2023

This Forum article reports on a meta-review of more than 19,000 published works on water security, of which less than 1 percent explicitly focus on race or ethnicity. This is deeply concerning, because it indicates that race and ethnicity—crucial factors that affect the provision of safe, reliable water—continue to be ignored in academic and policy literatures. In response to this finding the Forum calls for building intersectional water security frameworks that recognize how empirical drivers of social and environmental inequality vary both within and across groups. Intersectional frameworks of water security can retain policy focus on the key material concerns regarding access, safety, and the distribution of water-related risks. They can also explicitly incorporate issues of race and ethnicity alongside other vectors of inequality to address key, overlooked concerns of water security.
Evaluation of the Ice Particle Simulation of Microphysics Schemes with Aircraft Measurements of a Stratiform Cloud in North China
Authors: Hua Shaofeng , Chen Baojun , Liu Yubao , Chen Gang , Yang Yang , Dong Xiaobo , Zhao Zhen , Gao Yang , Zhou Xu , Zhang Rong , Duan Jing
Published: March 2023

Airborne microphysical measurements of a frontal precipitation event in North China were used to evaluate five microphysics schemes for predicting the bulk properties of ice particles. They are the Morrison and Thompson schemes, which use predetermined categories, the 1-ice- and 2-ice-category configurations of the Predicted Particle Properties (P3) scheme and the Ice-Spheroids Habit Model with Aspect-Ratio Evolution (ISHMAEL) scheme, which model the evolution of particle properties, and the spectral bin fast version (SBM_fast) microphysics scheme within the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. WRF simulations with these schemes successfully reproduced the observed temperature and the liquid and total water content profiles at corresponding times and locations, allowing for a credible comparison of the predictions of particle properties with the aircraft measurements. The simulated results with the 1-ice-category P3 scheme are in good agreement with the observations for all the particle properties we examined. The 2-ice-category P3 scheme overestimates the spectrum width and underestimates the number concentration, which can be alleviated by reducing the ice collection efficiency. The simulation with the SBM_fast scheme deviates from the observed ice particle size distributions since the mass–diameter relationship of snow-sized particles adopted in this scheme may not be applicable to this stratiform cloud case.
Winter Precipitation Responses to Projected Arctic Sea Ice Loss and Global Ocean Warming and Their Opposing Influences over the Northeast Atlantic Region
Authors: Yu Hao , Screen James A. , Hay Stephanie , Catto Jennifer L. , Xu Mian
Published: March 2023

Using a large ensemble of simulations from the Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) and phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), we compare the response of winter-mean precipitation and daily extremes across the Northern Hemisphere to future Arctic sea ice loss and global ocean warming. The North Atlantic is simulated to become drier in response to future Arctic sea ice loss, with reduced precipitation intensity and more dry days. A wetting response to sea ice loss is simulated over the midlatitude Atlantic Ocean. These responses are robust across the eight models analyzed, albeit with differences in their magnitude and spatial pattern. The precipitation response to global ocean warming is broadly opposite in sign, but larger in magnitude, compared to the response to sea ice loss, over these regions. The precipitation responses to both sea ice loss and ocean warming are strongly related to coincident changes in storm density and intensity. More specifically, there is an equatorward shift of the North Atlantic storm track in response to sea ice loss, and a northeastern extension of the North Atlantic storm track and a weakening of the Mediterranean storm track in response to ocean warming. The linear combination of the responses of future Arctic sea ice loss and global ocean warming explain well the spatial pattern of the precipitation change at 2°C global warming projected in CMIP6. Our results suggest that the projected future precipitation change over the North Atlantic reflects a “tug of war” between Arctic sea ice loss and global ocean warming, but the latter dominates over the former.
Analyzing Tornado Warning Performance during Individual Storm Life Cycles
Authors: Chamberlain Josué U. , Flournoy Matthew D. , Krocak Makenzie J. , Brooks Harold E. , Anderson-Frey Alexandra K.
Published: March 2023

The National Weather Service plays a critical role in alerting the public when dangerous weather occurs. Tornado warnings are one of the most publicly visible products the NWS issues given the large societal impacts tornadoes can have. Understanding the performance of these warnings is crucial for providing adequate warning during tornadic events and improving overall warning performance. This study aims to understand warning performance during the lifetimes of individual storms (specifically in terms of probability of detection and lead time). For example, does probability of detection vary based on if the tornado was the first produced by the storm, or the last? We use tornado outbreak data from 2008 to 2014, archived NEXRAD radar data, and the NWS verification database to associate each tornado report with a storm object. This approach allows for an analysis of warning performance based on the chronological order of tornado occurrence within each storm. Results show that the probability of detection and lead time increase with later tornadoes in the storm; the first tornadoes of each storm are less likely to be warned and on average have less lead time. Probability of detection also decreases overnight, especially for first tornadoes and storms that only produce one tornado. These results are important for understanding how tornado warning performance varies during individual storm life cycles and how upstream forecast products (e.g., Storm Prediction Center tornado watches, mesoscale discussions, etc.) may increase warning confidence for the first tornado produced by each storm.

Significance Statement

In this study, we focus on better understanding real-time tornado warning performance on a storm-by-storm basis. This approach allows us to examine how warning performance can change based on the order of each tornado within its parent storm. Using tornado reports, warning products, and radar data during tornado outbreaks from 2008 to 2014, we find that probability of detection and lead time increase with later tornadoes produced by the same storm. In other words, for storms that produce multiple tornadoes, the first tornado is generally the least likely to be warned in advance; when it is warned in advance, it generally contains less lead time than subsequent tornadoes. These findings provide important new analyses of tornado warning performance, particularly for the first tornado of each storm, and will help inform strategies for improving warning performance.
Assimilation of Coyote Small Uncrewed Aircraft System Observations in Hurricane Maria (2017) Using Operational HWRF
Authors: Sellwood Kathryn J. , Sippel Jason A. , Aksoy Altŭg
Published: March 2023

This study presents an initial demonstration of assimilating small uncrewed aircraft system (sUAS) data into an operational model with a goal to ultimately improve tropical cyclone (TC) analyses and forecasts. The observations, obtained using the Coyote sUAS in Hurricane Maria (2017), were assimilated into the operational Hurricane Weather Research and Forecast (HWRF) system as they could be in operations. Results suggest that the Coyote data can benefit HWRF forecasts. A single-cycle case study produced the best results when the Coyote observations were assimilated at greater horizontal resolution with more relaxed quality control (QC) than comparable flight-level high-density observations currently used in operations. The case study results guided experiments that cycled HWRF for a roughly 4-day period that covered all Coyote flights into Maria. The cycled experiment that assimilated the most data improved initial inner-core structure in the analyses and better agreed with other aircraft observations. The average errors in track and intensity decreased in the subsequent forecasts. Intensity forecasts were too weak when no Coyote data were assimilated, and assimilating the Coyote data made the forecasts stronger. Results also suggest that a symmetric distribution of Coyote data around the TC center is necessary to maximize its benefits in the current configuration of operational HWRF. Although the sample size was limited, these experiments provide insight for potential operational use of data from newer sUAS platforms in future TC applications.

Significance Statement

This study represents the first time that observations from a small uncrewed aircraft system (sUAS) have been assimilated into an operational numerical model. Including these data was shown to have potential for improving forecasts of tropical cyclone track and intensity. The data were obtained using the Coyote sUAS, but these results are expected to be applicable to newer platforms that will be operational soon.
Communicating about Extreme Heat: Results from Card Sorting and Think-Aloud Interviews with Experts from Differing Domains
Authors: Sutton Jeannette , Waugh Nicholas , Olivas Savannah
Published: March 2023

Climate trends indicate that extreme heat events are becoming more common and more severe over time, requiring improved strategies to communicate heat risk and protective actions. However, there exists a disconnect in heat-related communication from experts, who commonly include heat-related jargon (i.e., technical language), to decision-makers and the general public. The use of jargon has been shown to reduce meaningful engagement with and understanding of messages written by experts. Translating technical language into comprehensible messages that encourage decision-makers to take action has been identified as a priority to enable impact-based decision support. Knowing what concepts and terms are perceived as jargon, and why, is a first step to increasing communication effectiveness. With this in mind, we focus on the mental models about extreme heat among two groups of domain experts—those trained in atmospheric science and those trained in emergency management—to identify how each group understands terms and concepts about extreme heat. We use a hybrid data collection method of open card sorting and think-aloud interviews to identify how participants conceptualize and categorize terms and concepts related to extreme heat. While we find few differences within the sorted categories, we learn that the processes leading to decisions about the importance of including, or not including, technical information differ by group. The results lead to recommendations and priorities for communicating about extreme heat.

Significance Statement

Effective communication between domain experts is a priority for informed decision-making under extreme weather conditions. As severe heat events increase in frequency and severity, the ability to communicate about heat and its impacts in a clear manner will become vital to life safety. The use of jargon-filled technical, scientific language can serve as a barrier to understanding and engagement, delaying decision-making and action. By identifying how extreme heat terms and concepts are understood among domain experts, risk communicators can determine where to focus on the development of plain language messaging, which improves decision support and decision-making.
Zolpidem in Elderly Patients With Acute Treatment Resistant Catatonia: A Case Report
Authors: Wendt Lisa , Hornung Monika , Sami Rayyan
Published: March 2023

Catatonia is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-fifth Edition (DSM-5) as the presence of 3 or more of the following symptoms: catalepsy, waxy flexibility, stupor, agitation, mutism, negativism, posturing, mannerisms, stereotypies, grimacing, echolalia, and echopraxia. Screening instruments, such as the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS) or the Northoff Catatonia Scale, are utilized to screen and track the severity and course of symptoms. The primary pharmacologic treatment for catatonia is the lorazepam challenge test. Second-line pharmacologic therapies are indicated when patients have an insufficient response to benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). In this case report, we report a case of a geriatric patient given high-dose zolpidem as an alternative agent with cardiac contraindications to ECT.
Purchasing Under the Influence of Alcohol: The Impact of Hazardous and Harmful Patterns of Alcohol Consumption, Impulsivity, and Compulsive Buying
Authors: Harnish Richard J. , Ryerson Nicole C. , Tarka Piotr
Published: March 2023

The current research examined how hazardous and harmful patterns of alcohol consumption, problematic online shopping when drinking alcohol, impulsivity, and compulsive buying were associated with and predicted the frequency of making purchases while under the influence of alcohol. A sample of American adults between the ages of 25 and 64 who reported having at least one drink per week over the past 6 months were surveyed. Regression-based path modeling revealed for those who made online purchases while moderately intoxicated, hazardous and harmful patterns of drinking alcohol and, problematic online shopping when drinking alcohol, predicted the frequency of making purchases while intoxicated. For those who made online purchases while heavily intoxicated, hazardous and harmful patterns of drinking alcohol, impulsivity, problematic online shopping when drinking alcohol, and compulsive buying predicted the frequency of making purchases while intoxicated. We explain our findings by suggesting individuals engage in frequent drunk purchases because they are motivated to alleviate their negative mood states.
Trust Institutions, Perceptions of Economic Performance, and the Mitigating Role of Political Diversity in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Diop Samba , Asongu Simplice A.
Published: March 2023

Several previous studies have explored the relationship between trust and socio-economic conditions but do not attempt to examine channels through which the relation operates. In this paper, we examine how political fractionalization mitigates the positive relationship between trust institutions and national economic performance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using Round 7 data of Afrobarometer in over 1000 districts in 34 countries, we find that trust institutions positively and significantly affect economic performance. Nevertheless, the positive effect is attenuated in districts with a high level of political diversity. More specifically, a higher level of trust is associated with lower economic performance at a higher level of political fractionalization and vice versa, with a steady linear decrease of the estimated coefficients. Policy implications are discussed.
The Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Access to Oncology Care Among the Poor and Vulnerable in Morocco
Authors: Chadia Zahouani , Hassane Annaji , Ahmed Ouazzani
Published: March 2023

By 2030, 70% of cancer-related deaths and 60% of new cases are expected to occur in southern countries, where the incidence of cancer is predicted to rise. Certainly, the socioeconomic impact, early deaths, and years of productive life wasted as a result of cancer sickness cause family poverty and completely destroy the development efforts of African nations (Circ, 2008; Breakaway, 2009). Thus, seeking oncology care is a complex process influenced by a multitude of factors; most studies carried out on cancer have shown a strong association between socio-economic factors and survival. Thereby; this study is carried out with the aim of identifying socio-economic factors; among other factors; influencing access to oncology care among poor and vulnerable patients with medical coverage (RAMED) in Morocco. To do this, we used a nonprobability sample of the accidental type of 180 patients treated in a public oncology hospital in the Fès-Meknes region. The data are from a primary survey administered to patients, during the month of June 2021. The results obtained show that access to oncology care among Ramedist cancer patients in Morocco is significantly influenced by socio-economic, cultural, geographical, and organizational factors.
Anufɔ-English Codeswitching in Informal Settings Among the Anufɔ People of Ghana
Authors: Oppong-Adjei Daniel , Yaw-kan Joseph Peter
Published: March 2023

In Ghana, most of the recent studies on codeswitching (CS) have largely considered formal settings like religious centers (specifically the church) and the educational arena (specifically classrooms). Such studies show that CS is common in the classroom and churches and has academic and religious implications. In the general Ghanaian context, most of the CS situations among the major indigenous languages like the Akan, Ga, and Ewe investigated also report the effects of this language phenomenon on such languages. The CS situation among the “not widely spoken” indigenous languages such as Anufɔ is still opened to scholarship. The paper scrutinizes the employment of CS in informal settings among the Anufɔ people in Ghana. It employs ethnographic data collection techniques for the analysis. The analysis is framed within the Markedness Model of using CS in conversations. The study reveals that CS involving Anufɔ and English is linguistically and sociopsychologically motivated by such factors as: (i) vocabulary/lexical gap; (ii) language incompetence; (iii) preference for English; (iv) clarity and repetition; and (v) unintentional/subconscious habit. The effect of this CS situation is the emergence of a kind of Anufɔ/English language. This study is a contribution to the CS studies in Ghana.
Football Fitness as a meaningful driver of occupational identity in female breast cancer survivors
Authors: Thomsen Sidsel Damsgaard , Garboe Freja Alexandra Schjødt , Enemark Larsen Anette , Uth Jacob , Krustrup Peter , Madsen Esben Elholm
Published: March 2023

Introduction:

While exercise after breast cancer treatment is important, some breast cancer survivors (BCS) find it difficult to maintain motivation for physical activity (PA).

Objectives:

To investigate Danish female BCS’ motivation to play Football Fitness (FF) after the termination of a research project (Football Fitness After Breast Cancer), and whether the participation influenced occupational identity and adaptation.

Methods:

Two qualitative focus group interviews with seven female BCS (53 ± 5 years; Mage ± SD) were performed. The interviews were analyzed to identify the forms of motivation experienced according to Self-Determination Theory using thematic analysis.

Results:

Due to increasing connections and recognition of one another, FF gradually became meaningful and a part of the women’s occupational identity. They experienced increasing cohesion and competence through common experiences, thus increasingly identifying as a unit. The women reported that they gradually adopted healthier lifestyles by participating in FF, which positively impacted other diagnoses for some.

Conclusion:

Recognition of one another impacted intrinsic motivation. Similarly, as the women felt more competent playing FF, it became a part of their occupational identity leading to an effective adaptation. Access to FF as an integral part of rehabilitation for female BCS may be a way to support long-term PA and to adapt a new occupational identity.
Light Weight Deflectometer Evaluation of Low-Volume Road Structural Deterioration under Rapidly Increased Traffic Patterns
Authors: Ordaz Margarita , Doyle Jesse D. , Howard Isaac L.
Published: March 2023

When evaluating low-volume road (LVR) condition, there is not a tremendous emphasis on structural capacity, since deterioration is typically caused by environmental factors. However, in cases where LVRs experience rapidly increased traffic loading, structural condition becomes important. The research objective was to determine whether the light weight deflectometer (LWD) can be used as a structural evaluation tool for LVRs. This study explored three major factors that affect measurement of flexible pavement structural capacity: load-induced deterioration (e.g., rutting and cracking), soil moisture, and asphalt temperature. Four full-scale flexible pavement test items were constructed with varying base-course materials and layer thickness typical of LVR. Instrumentation was installed during construction to monitor moisture content, temperature, and ambient weather conditions. Accelerated traffic was applied with a 4-axle military truck. A total of 10,000 cumulative vehicle passes were completed. Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and LWD testing equipment were utilized to measure pavement structural condition at selected traffic intervals. The LWD was shown applicable for LVRs experiencing accelerated traffic. The LWD is portable and is more efficient for LVRs when high rut depths are permitted. The LWD tracked trends of the FWD; therefore, the LWD, based on these experiments, can be recommended for use in lieu of FWD to assess structural condition in some LVR conditions.
Toward a Field of Labor Activism
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J. , Trongone Sara Gia
Published: March 2023

A recent upsurge in organizing by workers in the United States presents an opportunity to reconsider the state and fate of the US labor movement. We argue that the conceptual apparatus of strategic action fields offers a tool to contextualize this development. In particular, it shines light upon categorization struggles, delegation of labor within the field, relationships among labor organizations, and strategies to change the rules of the field-game. Interpreting the trends reported by the Worker Empowerment Research Network through the lens of field theory cannot predict the future but can make sense of present obstacles and opportunities.
Periodontal Pocket Therapy Using a Class IV Dental Diode Laser in Dogs: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Zuckerman Ilana , Force Judy , Hanlon Alexandra L. , Lozano Alicia J. , Ji Wenyan , Anderson Jamie G.
Published: March 2023

Class IV dental diode lasers have been introduced as a nonsurgical therapy for periodontal pockets in veterinary and human dentistry. This retrospective case series evaluates the use of Class IV dental diode laser therapy for abnormal periodontal pockets in a specialty veterinary dental practice. A hypothesis that the Class IV diode dental laser is a useful adjuvant modality in canine periodontal pocket therapy in the reduction of clinical pocket depth was made. This article discusses and demonstrates diode laser use in periodontal pocket therapy in a specialty veterinary dental practice and reviews the current literature. Inclusion in this study was limited to client-owned dogs with noted periodontal pocketing on any tooth type between 3 and 6 mm, which were treated with closed root planing (RP/C) and laser therapy who returned in 6 to 7 months for recheck of the pockets from the years 2017 to 2020. Twelve patients met the inclusion criteria. A total of 128 periodontal pockets were included in the study. Each periodontal pocket was a case receiving therapy. The mean periodontal pocket depth before the treatment is measured as 3.35 mm. The mean pocket depth of the periodontal pockets following treatment was 0.59 mm. The mean improvement in periodontal pocket depths after diode laser therapy when considering patient and tooth number using linear mixed-effects modeling was 2.63 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.81-3.46, P < .0001). No statistically significant results were observed for pocket type, as P values were greater than .05.