bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The New Middle East
Authors: Gelvin James L.
Published: November 2020

Since Muhammad Bouazizi set himself on fire in Tunisia on December 17, 2010, galvanizing the Arab uprisings that continue today, the entire Middle East landscape has changed in ways that were unimaginable years before. In spite of the early hype about a so-called "Arab Spring" and the prominence observers gave to calls for the downfall of regimes and an end to their abuses, most of the protests and uprisings born of Bouazizi's self-immolation have had disastrous results across the whole Middle East. While the old powers reasserted their control with violence in Egypt and Bahrain, Libya, Yemen, and Syria have virtually ceased to exist as states, torn apart by civil wars. In other states, namely Morocco and Algeria, the forces of reaction were able to maintain their hold on power, while in the "hybrid democracies" of Lebanon, Palestine, and Iraq, protests against government inefficiency, corruption, and arrogance have done little to bring about the sort of changes protesters have demanded. Simultaneously, ISIS, along with other jihadi groups (al-Qaeda, al-Qaeda affiliates, Ansar al-Shariahs, etc.) has thrived in an environment marked by state breakdown. This book explains these changes, outlining the social, political, and economic contours of what some have termed "the new Middle East." One of the leading scholars of modern Middle Eastern history, James L. Gelvin lucidly distills the political and economic reasons behind the dramatic news arriving each day from Syria and the rest of the Middle East. He shows how and why bad governance, stagnant economies, poor healthcare, climate change, population growth, refugee crises, food and water insecurity, and war increasingly threaten human security in the region.
The Syria Imbroglio
Authors: Gelvin James L.
Published: November 2020

How did the Syrian uprising begin?

Syria

The Syrian uprising has been going on for such a long time, and has engendered so much violence and destruction, that it is not easy to remember its beginnings. Those beginnings, as cliché would...
Human Security in the New Middle East
Authors: Gelvin James L.
Published: November 2020

What is “human security”?

When the term “security” is used among policy makers and political scientists, more often than not it refers to the security of states, not the security of those who live within them. The term “human security” was therefore invented to...
Women's Sports
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: November 2020

Although girls and women account for approximately 40 percent of all athletes in the United States, they receive only 4 percent of the total sport media coverage. SportsCenter, ESPN’s flagship program, dedicates less than 2 percent of its airtime to women. Local news networks devote less than 5 percent of their programming to women’s sports. Excluding Sports Illustrated’s annual "Swimsuit Issue," women appear on just 4.9 percent of the magazine’s covers. Media is a powerful indication of the culture surrounding sport in the United States. Why are women underrepresented in sports media? Sports Illustrated journalist Andy Benoit infamously remarked that women’s sports "are not worth watching." Although he later apologized, Benoit’s comment points to more general lack of awareness. Consider, for example, the confusion surrounding Title IX, the U.S. Law that prohibits sex discrimination in any educational program that receives federal financial assistance. Is Title IX to blame when administrators drop men’s athletic programs? Is it lack of interest or lack of opportunity that causes girls and women to participate in sport at lower rates than boys and men? In Women’s Sports, Jaime Schultz tackles these questions, along with many others, to upend the misunderstandings that plague women’s sports. Using historical, contemporary, scholarly, and popular sources, Schultz traces the progress and pitfalls of women’s involvement in sport. In the signature question-and-answer format of the What Everyone Needs to Know® series, this short and accessible book clarifies misconceptions that dog women’s athletics and offers much needed context and history to illuminate the struggles and inequalities sportswomen continue to face. By exploring issues such as gender, sexuality, sex segregation, the Olympic and Paralympic Games, media coverage, and the sport-health connection, Schultz shows why women’s sports are not just worth watching, but worth playing, supporting, and fighting for.
Gender and Sport
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: November 2020

Do the terms “sex” and “gender” mean the same thing?

The terms “sex” and “gender” are often used interchangeably, but there are important differences between them. Sex refers to biological or physiological characteristics that define male and female. As discussed in Chapter 6,...
Professional Opportunities
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: November 2020

What is the status of women in coaching positions?

Before the passage of Title IX in 1972, women coached more than 90 percent of women’s intercollegiate teams. In 2016, just over 40 percent of those programs had a woman at the helm. According to the...
Moving On
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: November 2020

If sport provides so many benefits, why don’t all girls and women participate?

As mentioned throughout this book, there are many physical, mental, and social benefits that come from playing sport. In brief, those who play sports suffer fewer health problems, are more confident, learn...
Nigeria
Authors: Campbell John , Page Matthew T.
Published: November 2020

As the “Giant of Africa,” Nigeria is home to about twenty percent of the population of Sub-Saharan Africa, serves as Africa’s largest producer of oil and natural gas, comprises Africa’s largest economy, and represents the cultural center of African literature, film, and music. Yet it is plagued by problems that keep it from realizing its potential as a world power. Boko Haram, a radical, Islamist insurrection centered in the northeast of the country, is a pervasive security challenge, as is the continuous restiveness in the Niger Delta, the heartland of Nigeria’s petroleum wealth. The former seeks to destroy the secular Nigerian state; the latter reflects the popular sentiment in the region that the Nigerian people are entitled to a greater share of the wealth it produces. There is also persistent violence associated with land and water use, ethnicity, and religion. In Nigeria: What Everyone Needs to Know, John Campbell and Matthew Page provide a rich contemporary overview of this crucial African country. Delving into Nigeria’s recent history, politics, and culture, this volume tackles essential questions related to widening inequality stemming from Nigeria’s oil wealth, its historic 2015 presidential election, the persistent security threat of Boko Haram, rampant government corruption, human rights concerns, and the continual conflicts that arise in a country that is roughly half Christian and half Muslim. With its continent-wide influence in a host of areas, Nigeria’s success as a democracy is in the fundamental interest of its African neighbors, the United States, and the international community. This book will provide interested readers with an accessible, one-of-a-kind overview of this significant country.
The Economics of Oil
Authors: Campbell John , Page Matthew T.
Published: November 2020

Despite its huge agricultural potential and flourishing service sector, Nigeria’s economy remains addicted to petroleum revenues. They are one of the country’s few sources of foreign exchange, indirectly drive many other sectors of the economy, and account for almost all government income. As global...
Nigeria’s Security Challenges
Authors: Campbell John , Page Matthew T.
Published: November 2020

Some of Nigeria’s greatest security threats—such as Boko Haram and militancy in the oil-rich Niger Delta—routinely grab international headlines. Others, like deadly communal conflict and violent crime, rarely do. Nevertheless, these security challenges have something in common: all are a product of Nigerian state...
Nigeria of the Future
Authors: Campbell John , Page Matthew T.
Published: November 2020

What does Nigeria’s future hold? Will spiraling population growth, unchecked urban expansion, and the negative effects of climate change hold the country back? Or will technological innovation, better governance, and a more empowered and engaged citizenry take it to new heights? As complex and...
China in the 21st Century
Authors: Wasserstrom Jeffrey N. , Cunningham Maura Elizabeth
Published: November 2020

In this fully revised and updated third edition of China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know® , Jeffrey Wasserstrom and Maura Elizabeth Cunningham provide cogent answers to the most urgent questions regarding the newest superpower, and offer a framework for understanding China’s meteoric rise from developing country to superpower. Focusing their answers through the historical legacies--Confucian thought, Western and Japanese imperialism, the Mao era, and the massacre near Tiananmen Square--that largely define China’s present-day trajectory, Wasserstrom and Cunningham introduce readers to the Chinese Communist Party, the building boom in Shanghai, and the environmental fall-out of rapid Chinese industrialization. They also explain unique aspects of Chinese culture such as the one-child policy, and provide insight into Chinese-American relations, a subject that has become increasingly fraught during the Trump era. As Wasserstrom and Cunningham draw parallels between China and other industrialized nations during their periods of development, in particular the United States during its rapid industrialization in the 19th century, they also provide guidance on the ways we might expect China to act in the future vis-à-vis the United States, Russia, India, and its East Asian neighbors. Updated to include perspectives on Hong Kong’s shifting political status, as well as expanding on President Xi Jinping’s time in office, China in the 21st Century provides a concise and insightful introduction to this significant global power.
Schools of Thought
Authors: Wasserstrom Jeffrey N. , Cunningham Maura Elizabeth
Published: November 2020

Who was Confucius?

Confucius (551–479 b.c.e.) was a teacher and philosopher who lived during the Zhou (Chou
1
) Dynasty (1045–256 b.c.e.), in what is known as the Spring and Autumn Era (722–476 b.c.e.). As with those of...
Imperial China
Authors: Wasserstrom Jeffrey N. , Cunningham Maura Elizabeth
Published: November 2020

What were the main early dynasties?

A standard way to break up Chinese history is to start with 221 b.c.e., the year that Qin Shi Huang transformed various small states into something big enough to qualify as an empire. There were earlier...
The Future
Authors: Wasserstrom Jeffrey N. , Cunningham Maura Elizabeth
Published: November 2020

Is China bent on world domination?

Although Americans perceived the Soviet Union as posing the greatest Cold War-era military challenge, they also periodically feared a “China threat” during those decades. Since the days of Mao, the PRC’s penchant for staging parades showing off its...
From Mao to Now
Authors: Wasserstrom Jeffrey N. , Cunningham Maura Elizabeth
Published: November 2020

Who was Deng Xiaoping?

Deng’s first revolutionary experiences were as a student in France in the 1920s, when he developed a lasting friendship with a fellow radical youth named Zhou Enlai (throughout much of the Mao era, the second-most-important person in China) and became...
Children and Environmental Toxins
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Landrigan Mary M.
Published: November 2020

Over the past four decades, the prevalence of autism, asthma, ADHD, obesity, diabetes, and birth defects has increased substantially among children throughout the world. Not coincidentally, more than 80,000 new chemicals have been developed and released into the global environment during this same period. Today the World Health Organization attributes more than one third of all childhood deaths to environmental causes. Children’s environmental health is a new and growing discipline that responds to the expanding threat of chemical and environmental hazards to child health. Amid mounting evidence that children are especially sensitive to their environment-and that exposure during their developmental “windows of susceptibility” can trigger cellular changes that lead to lifelong disease and disability-there is a compelling need for continued scientific study of the relationship between children’s health and their environment. Children and Environmental Toxins: What Everyone Needs to Know® offers an authoritative yet accessible question-and-answer guide to the "silent spring" of threats in our collective backyard. As the burdens of environmental toxins and chronic disease continue to defy borders, this book will be an invaluable addition to the conspicuously sparse literature in this area.
The Changing Patterns of Disease in Children
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Landrigan Mary M.
Published: November 2020

How have patterns of disease in children changed over the past century?

In 1900, a baby born in the United States could be expected to live to about 45 to 50 years of age. One in three children died before his or her first birthday....
Allergens and Respiratory Irritants at Home
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Landrigan Mary M.
Published: November 2020

Children are more susceptible to air pollutants than adults. Children live closer to the ground, breathe far more air pound per pound of body weight, have lungs that are still developing, and have body organs that are not able to fend off pollutants. A child’s...
Pesticides and Herbicides
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Landrigan Mary M.
Published: November 2020

Pesticides are chemicals designed to kill living organisms They are used to protect against or destroy pests—rodents, insects, fungi, weeds and other living interlopers. Herbicides are a type of pesticide that kills unwanted plant life—what the language of today’s lawn and garden culture terms “weeds.”...
Food
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Landrigan Mary M.
Published: November 2020

The food system in the United States has plenty of shortcomings, not the least being that the most readily available food is generally the least healthy. Chemicals in our food are not discussed as they should be, and this chapter provides guidance on navigating the...
Toxic Chemicals AND OTHeR HAZARDS in the Home
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Landrigan Mary M.
Published: November 2020

Each year, poison-control centers across the country receive thousands of calls from frantic parents whose children have accidentally ingested toxic chemicals, prescription drugs, and even toxic houseplants. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, every day 300 children across the United States are...
Consequences of Use
Authors: Wilson Mary Elizabeth
Published: November 2020

What is the difference between an allergic reaction and an adverse reaction? What are the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction?

All allergic reactions to a drug are adverse drug reactions, but adverse drug reactions also include many other kinds of reactions. Every antibiotic...
Latinos in the United States
Authors: Stavans Ilan
Published: November 2020

As the largest and youngest minority group in the United States, the 60 million Latinos living in the U.S. represent the second-largest concentration of Hispanic people in the entire world, after Mexico. Needless to say, the population of Latinos in the U.S. is causing a shift, not only changing the demographic landscape of the country, but also impacting national culture, politics, and spoken language. While Latinos comprise a diverse minority group--with various religious beliefs, political ideologies, and social values--commentators on both sides of the political divide have lumped Latino Americans into a homogenous group that is often misunderstood. Latinos in the United States: What Everyone Need to Know® provides a comprehensive, multifaceted exploration of Latino American history and culture and the forces shaping this minority group in the U.S. From exploring the origins of the term "latino" and examining what constitutes Latin America, to tracing topical issues like DREAMers, the mass incarceration of Latino males, and the controversial relationship between Latin America and the United States, Ilan Stavans seeks to understand the complexities and unique position of Latino Americans. Throughout he breaks down the various subgroups within the Latino minority (Mexican-Americans, Dominican-Americans, Cuban-Americans, Puerto Ricans on the mainland, and so on), and the degree to which these groups constitute--or don’t--a homogenous community, their history, and where their future challenges lay. He sees Latino culture as undergoing dramatic changes as a result of acculturation--changes that are fostering a new "mestizo" identity that is part Hispanic and part American. However, Latinos living in the United States are also impacting American culture. As Ilan Stavans argues, no other minority group will have a more decisive impact on the future of the United States.
Yearning to Breathe Free
Authors: Stavans Ilan
Published: November 2020

How is the word “immigration” defined?

The Oxford English Dictionary states that “it is the action of entering into a country for the purpose of settling in it.” The definition conveys a sense of individual freedom. The settler arrives out of choice....
Family Secrets
Authors: Stavans Ilan
Published: November 2020

Is la familia, the Latino family closely knit?

Yes, members of the Latino family tend to see themselves as a nucleus of support. While Latino families adhere to traditional principles, the truth is that there are important differences within the culture, defined across...
Social Policy: Old War, New Weapons
Authors: Giugale Marcelo M.
Published: November 2020

Why did Piketty’s work pique our sudden interest in inequality?

The publication in 2014 of Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century brought inequality to the center of the public policy debate.1 Looking at lots of historical data, Piketty found that...
Sectors: What Ministers Will Worry about—or Should
Authors: Giugale Marcelo M.
Published: November 2020

Can governments create industries?

It is an old debate. Back in the 1950s and 1960s, from Asia to Latin America, an idea caught fire among development economists: governments should try to create industries. Typically, civil servants would pick industries that could employ lots of people...
Africa: The Last Frontier
Authors: Giugale Marcelo M.
Published: November 2020

Is Africa’s emergence for real?

Do you sometimes wish you had bought property in Mumbai, Shanghai, or Rio ten years ago? You would have more than tripled your money. Well, ten years from now, you will regret not having bought in Abidjan, Dakar, or Nairobi...
China’s new Consumerism
Authors: Gardner Daniel K.
Published: November 2020

What Are Some of the Consuming Traits of a More Well-to-Do China?

As China’s GDP has grown, so has the wealth of its people. In January 2016 China was home to more billionaires than the United States (594 vs. 535). According to PEW Research, average...
What’s Happening to China’s Air?
Authors: Gardner Daniel K.
Published: November 2020

How Does China’s Air Pollution Compare with Air Pollution Elsewhere?

It depends on who is doing the surveying (e.g., the WHO or World Bank), the metric used (e.g., PM10, PM2.5, or percentage of the country’s population exposed to unhealthy air), and the period covered (one...
The State and Environmental Pollution
Authors: Gardner Daniel K.
Published: November 2020

Has the Chinese Government Been Responsive to the Challenges Posed by Pollution?

Premier Li Keqiang’s 2014 declaration of “war on pollution” was meant to signal to the Chinese people that Beijing recognizes the full scope of the country’s pollution crisis as well as the public’s...
How Revolutions, Discoveries, and Inventions Shape Our Diet
Authors: Newby P.K.
Published: November 2020

What is the Paleolithic diet? What did hunter–gatherers actually eat?

While “Paleo” diets may seem to be a 21st-century fad, the concept has solid scientific roots in the disciplines of evolutionary biology and anthropology. The first article discussing the diet of early humans...
Water, Coffee, and Tea
Authors: Newby P.K.
Published: November 2020

Why is water essential for life, and how much do we need?

Water is the sixth essential nutrient required for life. Our bodies are approximately 60% water, about 75% in infants and 55% in older adults, which is critical for numerous bodily processes. Blood...
The White Working Class
Authors: Gest Justin
Published: November 2020

In recent years, the world has been re-introduced to the constituency of “white working class” people. In a wave of revolutionary populism, far right parties have scored victories across the transatlantic political world: Britain voted to leave the European Union, the United States elected President Donald Trump to enact an “America First” agenda, and Radical Right movements are threatening European centrists in elections across the Continent. In each case, white working class people are driving a broad reaction to the inequities and social change brought by globalization, and its cosmopolitan champions. In the midst of this rebellion, a new group consciousness has emerged among the very people who not so long ago could take their political, economic, and cultural primacy for granted. Who are white working class people? What do they believe? Are white working class people an “interest group”? What has driven them to break so sharply with the world’s trajectory toward a more borderless, interconnected meritocracy? How can a group with such enduring power feel marginalized? This perplexing constituency must be understood if the world is to address and respond to the social and political backlash they are driving. The White Working Class: What Everyone Needs to Know® provides the context for understanding the politics of this large, perplexing group of people. The book begins by explaining what “white working class” means in terms of demographics, history, and geography, as well as the ways in which this group defines itself and has been defined by others. It will address whether white identity is on the rise, why white people perceive themselves as marginalized, and the roles of racism and xenophobia in white consciousness. It will also look at whether the white working class has distinct political attitudes, their voting behavior, and their prospects for the future. This accessible book provides a nuanced view into the forces driving one of the most complicated and consequential political constituencies today.
What is Radicalization?
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: November 2020

Who are we to talk about radicalization and terrorism?

In recent years, terrorism and radicalization have (unfortunately) become something of a regular topic in the news, in movies and TV shows, and even in dinnertime conversations. It seems like everyone knows something and has a...
How are Mass Publics Radicalized to Support Terrorism?
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: November 2020

How can overreaction to a terror attack build support for terrorists (jujitsu politics)?

A group of nobodies get together and declare war against some massive entity like the cell phone industry, perhaps because they believe the radiation is harmful and the towers are a blight....
What is the Relation Between Radical Ideas and Radical Action?
Authors: Moskalenko Sophia , McCauley Clark
Published: November 2020

I know someone who has radical ideas; Is this person dangerous?

Not all radical ideas are connected with violence. A radical opinion challenges the basic assumptions of a culture; so a radical is someone who wants deep change in society. Women seeking the vote were...
Climate Politics and Policies
Authors: Romm Joseph
Published: November 2020

This chapter will explain the most commonly used or discussed climate policies around the world. It will also explore some of the issues involving climate politics.

What climate policies are governments around the world using to fight climate change?

The major policies used by...
The Qur'an
Authors: McAuliffe Jane
Published: November 2020

Millions of non-Muslims know the name of the Muslim scripture, whether it is written as “Qur’an” or “Quran” or “Koran.” But for most, that is all they know. Many have fallen victim to the mass of misinformation that circulates about the Qur’an. Others may have tried to read the Qur’an, but the text itself is tough to decipher. With no sense of context, chronology, or interpretive history, many would-be readers of the Qur’an quickly give up the effort. As for those trying to find out what the Qur’an says about any particular subject or issue, they, too, soon discover that this is not a simple or straightforward undertaking. A clear, concise introduction to the holy book that guides the lives of 1.6 billion people on our planet, this brief volume opens the world of the Qur’an to interested readers who want to know where this scripture came from and how it has achieved a profound influence in today’s world. Writing in an easy-to-read question-and-answer format, Jane McAuliffe, one of the world’s foremost scholars of the Qur’an, introduces readers to this important text by discussing its origins, structure, themes, interpretations, and what it has to say about a host of critical contemporary issues. Where did the Qur’an come from? Do Muslims believe that the Qur’an is God’s own word? How do Muslims study the Qur’an? What does the Qur’an say about God? About family? About ethics? About violence? By answering the questions that many people have about the Qur’an and its role in Muslim faith, this book offers an invaluable resource for anyone who is curious about one of the world’s most important faiths.
Structure
Authors: McAuliffe Jane
Published: November 2020

Does the Qur’an have Different Parts?

Compared to the Bible or the library of Buddhist scriptures, the Qur’an is not a very long book. While the Bible is an assemblage of many books whose composition coalesced over more than a millennium, the Qur’an is a...
Family, Social, And Religious Relations
Authors: McAuliffe Jane
Published: November 2020

What does the Qur’an say about Love and Marriage? About Children?

The Qur’an’s teaching about love starts with God. God initiates love in humans so that they can respond and reciprocate. When God is reassuring Moses about times that he has intervened on Moses’s behalf,...
Interpretation
Authors: McAuliffe Jane
Published: November 2020

Can the Qur’an be Interpreted?

Like any scripture or serious literary work, the Qur’an has been studied and discussed since its first appearance. According to traditional accounts, those to whom Muhammad first recited the revelations that he was receiving would ask him for explanations. “What...
Translation and Transmission
Authors: McAuliffe Jane
Published: November 2020

Are Muslims Allowed to Translate the Qur’an?

Translating the Qur’an presents Muslims with a theological problem. Most Jews and Christians read the Bible in their native languages and feel comfortable calling that “the Bible.” They may realize that the original languages of the documents that...
Investor Behavior
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Filbeck Greg , Nofsinger John R.
Published: November 2020

How investors behave can affect both their portfolio performance and the overall market. Because of a lack of formal training, limited experience, or personality traits, investors don’t always make decisions that are consistent with their stated financial goals. Their decisions often are impulsive and...
Nudge
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Filbeck Greg , Nofsinger John R.
Published: November 2020

How a situation or question is proposed can influence what people think of it. People react differently to “If you quit smoking, you will live longer” than to “If you don’t quit smoking, you will die sooner.” Although both statements provide the same information,...
Introduction
Authors: Frantz Erica
Published: November 2020

What Is the Purpose of This Book?

Stereotypes about authoritarian regimes are common. In the classic version, an authoritarian regime is a brutally repressive regime in which power lies in the hands of a single, eccentric individual. In some instances, this is an accurate depiction, such...
Authoritarian Regime Types
Authors: Frantz Erica
Published: November 2020

How Do Authoritarian Regimes Differ from One Another?

Authoritarian regimes sometimes can seem more different from one another than they are from democracies. As an extreme example, take two authoritarian regimes that have governed in southern Africa for the bulk of the last few decades...
Do Trade Deficits Matter?
Authors: Krueger Anne O.
Published: November 2020

President Trump has repeatedly insisted that each country’s bilateral trade deficit with the US is an indication of unfair trade practices. Trump has made the reduction of bilateral deficits an objective of trade negotiations, including those with China, the two NAFTA trading partners, and...
Impeachment
Authors: Gerhardt Michael J.
Published: November 2020

Impeachment: What Everyone Needs to Know® is the step back and deep reflection on the law of impeachment that everyone needs now. Written in an accessible and lively question-and-answer format, it offers a timely explanation of the impeachment process from its very meaning to its role in politics today. The book defines the scope of impeachable offenses, and how the Constitution provides alternative procedures and sanctions for addressing misconduct in office. It explains why the only two presidential impeachments, those of Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton, failed to lead to conviction, and how the impeachments of federal judges illuminate the law and politics of the process. As a legal expert and the only joint witness in the impeachment proceedings against President Clinton, author Michael J. Gerhardt also explores a question frequently asked-will Donald Trump be impeached? This book does not take a side in the debate over the possible impeachment of the president; instead, it is a primer for anyone eager to learn about impeachment’s origins, practices, limitations, and alternatives.
Which Federal Officials Are Impeachable
Authors: Gerhardt Michael J.
Published: November 2020

Who is subject to impeachment?

The Constitution provides that “The President and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from Impeachment for and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.”1 While expressly specifying that the president and...
Defining Impeachable Offenses
Authors: Gerhardt Michael J.
Published: November 2020

What do the study of the origins of the Constitution and our experiences with impeachment teach us about the meaning of the terms “other high crimes or misdemeanors”?

From the British and colonial understandings of impeachment, the constitutional and ratification convention debates, and late-eighteenth-century and...
Impeachment in the States and around the World
Authors: Gerhardt Michael J.
Published: November 2020

What were the models for the federal impeachment process?

The framers modeled the federal impeachment process in part on the experiences with impeachment in the states and England prior to the drafting and ratification of the Constitution. The states’ early experiences with impeachment were mixed:...
Conclusion
Authors: Gerhardt Michael J.
Published: November 2020

In this book, we have covered a lot of ground. We have reviewed the history and practice of impeachment. We have asked and tried to answer every conceivable question about impeachment, and considered the extent to which public figures, such as the president, may be...
The Alt-Right
Authors: Hawley George
Published: November 2020

In recent years, the so-called Alt-Right, a white nationalist movement, has grown at an alarming rate. Taking advantage of high levels of racial polarization, the Alt-Right seeks to normalize explicit white identity politics. Growing from a marginalized and disorganized group of Internet trolls and propagandists, the Alt-Right became one of the major news stories of the 2016 presidential election. Discussions of the Alt-Right are now a regular part of political discourse in the United States and beyond. In The Alt-Right: What Everyone Needs to Know® , George Hawley, one of the world's leading experts on the conservative movement and right-wing radicalism, provides a clear explanation of the ideas, tactics, history, and prominent figures of one of the most disturbing movements in America today. Although it presents itself as a new phenomenon, the Alt-Right is just the latest iteration of a longstanding radical right-wing political tradition. The Alt-Right represents a genuine challenge to pluralistic liberal democracy, but its size and influence are often exaggerated. Whether intentionally or not, President Donald Trump energized the Alt-Right in 2016, yet conflating Trump's variety of right-wing politics with the Alt-Right causes many observers to both overestimate the Alt-Right's size and downplay its radicalism. Hawley provides a tour of the contemporary radical right, and explains how it differs from more mainstream varieties of conservatism. In dispassionate and accessible language, he orients readers to this disruptive and potentially dangerous political moment.
Racist Movements Abroad and the Alt-Right
Authors: Hawley George
Published: November 2020

How do Far-Right Movements in Europe Differ from those in the United States?

We can find the same ideas that motivate the Alt-Right on the other side of the Atlantic. However, the far right tends to manifest in different forms in Europe. One key difference...
Other Influences on the Alt-Right
Authors: Hawley George
Published: November 2020

What is Populism?

Like fascism or conservatism, populism is a concept that most people intuitively grasp but may not be able to define clearly. Unlike, say, libertarianism, populism is not a coherent ideology based on a series of logical axioms. Neither is it tied to...
The Alt-Right and the Internet
Authors: Hawley George
Published: November 2020

Why is the Internet so Important to White Nationalists?

The Internet is a valuable tool for anyone who wants to spread a message to a large audience quickly and inexpensively. It allows easy communication and coordination across diverse groups. A group or individual operating a...
The Alt-Right Offline
Authors: Hawley George
Published: November 2020

Who Funds the Alt-Right?

For the time being, the Alt-Right operates on a shoestring budget. Unlike conservatism, libertarianism, and other more mainstream ideologies, the movement does not possess a deep pool of wealthy benefactors. Nor does it, at this point, have a well-organized system for...
The Alt-Right and Donald Trump
Authors: Hawley George
Published: November 2020

Can Donald Trump be Classified as Alt-Right?

We cannot accurately describe President Donald Trump as part of the Alt-Right. He is a right-wing populist, whose rhetoric has appealed to xenophobic elements of the electorate, but there is no compelling evidence that he is a white...
Introduction
Authors: Hawley George
Published: November 2020

It is hard to write accurately about fast-changing social movements, especially secretive ones with mostly anonymous supporters. They can change quickly, and statements about them can transition from being perfectly accurate to woefully outdated with shocking speed. That has been my experience researching the far...
A Historical Perspective on the Opioid Epidemic
Authors: Olsen Yngvild , Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: November 2020

When did the opioid epidemic start?

Some point to January 10, 1980, as the first day of America’s opioid epidemic. That’s when the New England Journal of Medicine published a one-paragraph letter with the title “Addiction Rare in Patients Treated with Narcotics.”...
Taxes in America
Authors: Burman Leonard E. , Slemrod Joel
Published: November 2020

Arguments about taxation are among the most heated-no other topic is as influential to the role of government and the distribution of costs and benefits in America. But while understanding of our tax system is of vital importance, the complexity can create confusion. Two of America's leading authorities on taxes, Leonard E. Burman and Joel Slemrod, bring clarity in this concise explanation of how our tax system works, how it affects people and businesses, and how it might be improved. The book explores what makes a tax system fair, simple, and efficient, why our system falls short, and whether the new tax law promises much, if any, improvement. Accessibly written and organized in a clear, question-and-answer format, the book describes the intricacies of the modern tax system in an easy-to-grasp manner. It has been revised and updated to both explain the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) in 2017, the most comprehensive reform of its income tax system since 1986, and to examine its likely effects on individuals, businesses, and society. Among the questions discussed are: How much more tax could the IRS collect with better enforcement? How do tax burdens vary around the world? Why do corporations pay so little tax, even though they earn trillions of dollars every year? What kind of tax system is most conducive to economic growth? And, can taxes be fair?
What help is available to those Who have experienced Trauma?
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara O. , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: November 2020

A psychological concept known as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs helps us understand how to help trauma survivors. Basic human needs include food, water, warmth, and rest. These basic needs are closely followed by our safety needs to make sure we...
What is PTSD?
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara O. , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: November 2020

As we discussed in
Chapter 2 of this book, experiencing a traumatic event is like going through the grief process. We need to emotionally process the painful emotions. There is no way to the other side of the pain except through it. But...
Campaigns and Elections
Authors: Johnson Dennis W.
Published: November 2020

Frequent and fair elections, open to all, are fundamental elements of a democracy. The United States, through its local, state, and national contests, holds more elections, more often, than any other democracy in the world. But in recent years, there have been troubling signs that our system of campaigns and elections has become much more fragile than we had previously thought. More specifically, in the past twenty years, campaigns have changed profoundly: social media and viral messaging compete with traditional media, races once considered local in nature have become nationalized, Supreme Court decisions on campaign finance law now encourage mega-donors, voters are more polarized, party affiliation has waned, and the middle ideological ground has given way to extremist language and voter rage. Twice in sixteen years we have seen winning presidential candidates gaining fewer popular votes than their opponents. The fundamental right of every citizen to vote has been impeded by state legislatures demanding tighter access, more identification, and accusations of voter fraud. And we have faced the real threat of foreign influence in our national elections. This book offers the most up-to-date examination of campaigns and elections, including the challenges and opportunities they present. It addresses fundamental questions about who votes in American elections, how legislative districts are reapportioned and why it matters, the realities of voter fraud, the pros and cons of reforming the Electoral College, the impact of dark money on campaigns, and the role of political consultants and specialists, among other topics. Given the fragility of our election process, what are the threats to a healthy American democracy? Do the candidates with the most money always win? This is not simply a book on how campaigns are run, but why campaigns and elections are integral components of American democracy and how those fundamental elements may be vulnerable to misuse.
Carving Out Legislative Districts
Authors: Johnson Dennis W.
Published: November 2020

Congressional districts are reapportioned every ten years. In recent years there has been a great deal of criticism of overt partisanship and even charges of racial
gerrymandering. What have the courts said about redistricting plans, and is there a better, fairer way to create...
Political Parties and Elections
Authors: Johnson Dennis W.
Published: November 2020

At one time, the political party was the central vehicle for organizing and executing political campaigns. But by the 1960s, the party had been replaced by professional consultants, and campaigns became more candidate focused than party focused. The policies and allegiances of the
two...
Presidential Elections
Authors: Johnson Dennis W.
Published: November 2020

Presidential elections are the crown jewel of American electoral democracy, but there are some very important issues looming. Is the electoral college the most reliable way to measure a presidential election, or should we be looking at other systems? The primary and pre-primary phases...
How Campaigns Have Changed
Authors: Johnson Dennis W.
Published: November 2020

Although the fundamentals of modern campaigning remain intact, there have been enormous changes since the beginning of the twenty-first century. Most of those changes spring from advances in technology, the penetration of social
media, and the Wild West of digital communication. Campaigns, up and...
Threats to Democracy
Authors: Johnson Dennis W.
Published: November 2020

Our democracy depends on honest, clean, and fair elections in which all eligible adults are free to participate. But there are plenty of ways that our democratic systems
have been undermined, from lack of citizen involvement, to disparagement of the free press, the influence...
Welcome to the Internet of Things
Authors: Shackelford Scott J.
Published: November 2020

New inventions often open the door to unanticipated impacts that are difficult to foresee as they interact with and influence the evolution of systems around them. Take tractors, for instance.1 Today, they are everywhere—in lots of different forms. Before the late nineteenth...
Protecting Privacy in an Internet of Everything
Authors: Shackelford Scott J.
Published: November 2020

As with security, concerns are replete over how best to scale privacy in the emerging Internet of Everything (IoE). How should we define “privacy” in an environment where our thermostats may know more about us than close friends? Is privacy even possible? Or, perhaps...
Analogizing the Internet of Things
Authors: Shackelford Scott J.
Published: November 2020

As any new frontier opens or industry matures, it’s natural to search for analogies and historical precedents to guide both our actions and perceptions. President Kennedy famously compared space exploration to seafaring.1 The rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning discussed further...
How Can We Do Better? Finding Cyber Peace in the Internet of Things
Authors: Shackelford Scott J.
Published: November 2020

Making predictions is generally a somewhat foolhardy endeavor, especially in a field as dynamic as the Internet of Things (IoT), but history can be a useful guide. After all, according to George Savile, Marquis of Halifax, “The best qualification of a prophet is to...
The Government Finance System
Authors: Kroeber Arthur R.
Published: November 2020

Why does the fiscal system matter?

There are two reasons for understanding China’s fiscal system. The first is about power relations. In a country as large and diverse as China, relations between the central and local governments are tricky to manage. The fiscal system explains...
The Financial System
Authors: Kroeber Arthur R.
Published: November 2020

What role do China’s banks play in financing growth?

China has a bank-dominated financial system. About 70 percent of corporate finance is provided either by banks or by other lenders that act like banks. Only about 30 percent comes from the capital markets—issuance of stocks...
Demographics and the Labor Market
Authors: Kroeber Arthur R.
Published: November 2020

What is the “demographic dividend”?

The “demographic dividend” refers to a period during which the proportion of nonworking, dependent people in a population falls substantially. This usually occurs in a traditional agricultural society in which birth rates start out very high because many children die...
The Social Compact
Authors: Kroeber Arthur R.
Published: November 2020

So far we have painted a relatively positive picture: China’s growth has been sustained at a high rate for four decades, most of the population has benefited, and its political and economic systems have adapted fairly well to constantly changing conditions. But any process of...
China and the World: Is Conflict Inevitable?
Authors: Kroeber Arthur R.
Published: November 2020

For most of this book, we have considered China mainly on its own terms—as a large and interesting story of national development. But China’s rise also has important international dimensions, which became more acute following Xi Jinping’s adoption of an assertive foreign policy stance beginning...
Defining Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Bornstein David , Davis Susan
Published: November 2020

What is social entrepreneurship?

Social entrepreneurship is a process by which citizens build or transform institutions to advance solutions to social problems, such as poverty, illness, illiteracy, environmental destruction, human rights abuses and corruption, in order to make life better for many. Academics, practitioners,...
Thoughts For Changemakers
Authors: Bornstein David , Davis Susan
Published: November 2020

Begin with an end in mind.
The Land and the People
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy
Published: November 2020

What is Ukraine’s geographical location, and what natural resources and industry does it possess?

Ukraine is located in southeastern Europe. Its longest land border, in the east and north, is with Russia; another northern neighbor is Belarus, a post-Soviet state and Russia’s close ally....
Introduction: A Twenty-First-Century Bonanza
Authors: Prud’Homme Alex
Published: November 2020

In the second decade of the twenty-first century, America has found a new source of fuel. It is affordable, burns cleaner than coal and oil, and there is so much of it that some believe that supplies will last for over 100 years. What is...
Energy In Context: A Fossil Fuel Primer
Authors: Prud’Homme Alex
Published: November 2020

What Are Fossil Fuels?

Buried deep in the earth are the remnants of earlier life forms—hundreds of millennia of rotting vegetation, decaying animals, and marine plankton. Today this “organic material” (so-called because it was once alive) has turned into rock that is laden with carbon,...
How
Authors: Prud’Homme Alex
Published: November 2020

How Do We Hydrofracture a Well?

Let’s begin with the equipment. Roughnecks rely on tall metal drill rigs (such as the rig depicted on the cover of this book) that rise up to four stories tall, which lower diamond-tipped drill bits and sections of steel...
The Case Against Hydrofracking
Authors: Prud’Homme Alex
Published: November 2020

Hydrofracturing is not a gentle process. Sucking oil and gas from dense shale formations involves drilling, explosions, toxic chemicals, and millions of gallons of water pumped at crushing pressures. Drillers maintain that these processes are well understood and tightly controlled and take place far below...
Food Aid and Agricultural Development Assistance
Authors: Paarlberg Robert
Published: November 2020

What is international food aid?

Food aid is the international shipment of food through “concessional” channels, as a gift, rather than through commercial channels, as a sale. The food can be given by a donor government to a recipient government, by a donor government to...
The Green Revolution Controversy
Authors: Paarlberg Robert
Published: November 2020

What was the green revolution?

The original green revolution, which took place in the 1960s and 1970s, was an introduction of newly developed wheat and rice seeds into Latin America and into the irrigated farming lands of South Asia and Southeast Asia. These new seed...