bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dramatically Enhanced Second Harmonic Generation in Janus Group‐III Chalcogenide Monolayers
Authors: LI Shi‐Qi , He Chuan , Liu Hongsheng , Zhao Luneng , Xu Xinlong , Chen Maodu , Wang Lu , Zhao Jijun , Gao Junfeng
Published: May 2022

2D materials are excellent platforms for nonlinear optical (NLO) response, especially second harmonic generation (SHG), due to its large surface to volume ratio and sub‐nanometer thickness. The SHG susceptibility strongly relies on the symmetry of materials. Constructing Janus structures can break the out‐of‐plane mirror symmetry, bringing about asymmetric charge distribution and leading to a built‐in electric field. Consequently, SHG response along the out‐of‐plane direction can be improved. In the current work, combining first‐principles calculations with independent particle approximation, the SHG response of nine Janus group‐III chalcogenide monolayers (M2XX', MM'X2) are systematically evaluated. Both extraordinary in‐plane and out‐of‐plane SHG response are revealed in all the Janus structures. Besides, cation MM'X2 Janus structures exhibit systemically higher SHG response than that of anion M2XX’ due to stronger dipole. Among them, GaInTe2 possesses extremely high out‐of‐plane SHG response with d31 up to 10490.4 pm V−1 at photon energy (PE) of 4.7 eV, enabling promising applications in ultraviolet NLO devices. The SHG intensity polar plots from Janus structures display unusual rotational symmetry at different PEs allowed by the out‐of‐plane SHG components. This work provides theoretical guidelines for further experimental explorations in 2D group‐III monochalcogenide Janus structures and paves the way for their utilization in NLO devices.
Compressive Imaging Encryption with Secret Sharing Metasurfaces
Authors: Zheng Peixia , Li Jiaxin , Li Zile , Ge Mingzheng , Zhang Shuang , Zheng Guoxing , Liu Hong‐Chao
Published: May 2022

Exploiting various degrees of freedom of light, metasurfaces have unique advantages in multiple‐channel information storage and demonstration, which thereby provides a novel platform to convey the keys and cipher images for different encryptions. Following the secret sharing principle of visual cryptography (VC), the authors here successfully embed both the keys and cipher images of computational ghost imaging (CGI) encryption into the holographic metasurface‐images (meta‐images). The decryption process starts with key retrieval via optical observation of overlapped meta‐images, followed by a compressive CGI calculation to reconstruct the target images according to the obtained key and steganographic cipher images with a high compression ratio of 4. By integrating metasurface imaging, VC, and CGI, the authors’ proposed encryption scheme exempts conventional key distribution and transmission of CGI, enhances the security by secret sharing of VC, and increases the amount of hiding data contained in meta‐images with compressive sensing.
All‐Optical Phase Recovery: Diffractive Computing for Quantitative Phase Imaging
Authors: Mengu Deniz , Ozcan Aydogan
Published: May 2022

Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) is a label‐free computational imaging technique that provides optical path length information of specimens. In modern implementations, the quantitative phase image of an object is reconstructed digitally through numerical methods running in a computer, often using iterative algorithms. Here, a diffractive QPI network that can perform all‐optical phase recovery is demonstrated, and the quantitative phase image of an object is synthesized by converting the input phase information of a scene into intensity variations at the output plane. A diffractive QPI network is a specialized all‐optical processor designed to perform a quantitative phase‐to‐intensity transformation through passive diffractive surfaces that are spatially engineered using deep learning and image data. Forming a compact, all‐optical network that axially extends only ≈200–300λ, where λ is the illumination wavelength, this framework can replace traditional QPI systems and related digital computational burden with a set of passive transmissive layers. All‐optical diffractive QPI networks can potentially enable power‐efficient, high frame‐rate, and compact phase imaging systems that might be useful for various applications, including, e.g., microscopy and sensing.
CVD Assisted Synthesis of Macro/Mesoporous TiO2/g‐C3N4 S‐Scheme Heterojunction for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Yang Jing , Wu Xinhe , Mei Zihui , Zhou Shuang , Su Yaorong , Wang Guohong
Published: May 2022

Photocatalytic H2 evolution is regarded as an ideal approach to produce green energy. Here, a step‐scheme (S‐scheme) heterojunction of macro/mesoporous TiO2/g‐C3N4 photocatalysts with enhanced H2 evolution performance is constructed via a simple chemical vapor deposition process. It is found that the microstructure of samples can be easily controlled by adjusting the dosage of melamine. As compared to the respective monocomponent TiO2 and g‐C3N4, the H2 evolution rate of TiO2/g‐C3N4 S‐scheme heterojunction is greatly improved. The H2 evolution rate of the 20CT sample reaches the maximum value of 3211 μmol g−1 h−1, which is much higher than those of TiO2 and g‐C3N4 by factors of 27.2 and 7.5, respectively. In addition, through in‐depth analysis with photoluminescence, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Mott–Schottky characterizations, a new mechanism of S‐scheme heterojunction is proposed for the obtained system. The formation of the S‐scheme heterojunction in TiO2/g‐C3N4 is therefore responsible for the observed photocatalytic performance enhancement, due to the efficient charge separation as well as the high redox ability.
An Adaptable Antibody‐Based Platform for Flexible Synthetic Peptide Delivery Built on Agonistic CD40 Antibodies
Authors: Eltahir Mohamed , Laurén Ida , Lord Martin , Chourlia Aikaterini , Dahllund Leif , Olsson Anders , Saleh Aljona , Ytterberg A. Jimmy , Lindqvist Annika , Andersson Oskar , Persson Helena , Mangsbo Sara M.
Published: May 2022

The agonistic potentials of therapeutic anti‐CD40 antibodies have been profiled in relation to antibody isotype and epitope specificity. Still, clinical impact relies on a well‐balanced clinical efficacy versus target‐mediated toxicity. As CD40‐mediated immune activation must rely on a combination of stimulation of antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) alongside antigen presentation, for efficient T cell priming, alternative approaches to improve the therapeutic outcome of CD40‐targeting strategies should focus on providing optimal antigen presentation together with CD40 stimulation. Herein, a bispecific antibody targeting CD40 as a means to deliver cargo (i.e., synthetic peptides) into APCs through a non‐covalent, high‐affinity interaction between the antibody and the cargo peptide, further referred to as the Adaptable Drug Affinity Conjugate (ADAC) technology, has been developed. The ADAC platform demonstrated a target‐specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell expansion in vitro and significantly improved peptide‐specific CD8+ T cell proliferation in vivo. In addition, the strategy dramatically improved the in vitro and in vivo half‐life of the synthetic peptides. Future applications of ADAC involve pandemic preparedness to viral genetic drift as well as neoepitope vaccination strategies where the bispecific antibody is an off‐the‐shelf product, and the peptide antigen is synthesized based on next‐generation sequencing data mining.
Earth‐Abundant Metal‐Based Electrocatalysts Promoted Anodic Reaction in Hybrid Water Electrolysis for Efficient Hydrogen Production: Recent Progress and Perspectives
Authors: Deng Chen , Toe Cui Ying , Li Xuan , Tan Jingjin , Yang Hengpan , Hu Qi , He Chuanxin
Published: May 2022

Exploring advanced technologies to efficiently produce green hydrogen energy is imperative to alleviate the energy crisis and environmental pollution. Conventional overall water electrolysis (OWE) has been regarded as a promising approach for effective H2 production, however, it is largely restricted by the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Coupling kinetically favorable anodic reactions, such as biomass‐derived compound oxidation and pollutant degradation, with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in hybrid water electrolysis (HWE), can not only solve the biomass recycling and pollutant emission problems but also save the energy cost for clean H2 generation. Hence, various advanced earth‐abundant electrocatalysts have been developed to catalyze those promising anodic reactions, yet some problems such as tedious preparation and unsatisfactory performance still exist. Given the gap between research and practical applications, this review summarizes the recent progress in electrocatalysts for diverse alternative anodic oxidation reactions over the last five years together with their application in HWE systems. An in‐depth understanding of different reaction mechanisms and assessments toward electrocatalysts is discussed to further enhance anodic efficiency. The advantages, differences, and critical issues of different HWE systems are thoroughly discussed as well, providing a new avenue for low‐voltage H2 production from renewable resources and waste products.
A Graphene‐Coated Thermal Conductive Separator to Eliminate the Dendrite‐Induced Local Hotspots for Stable Lithium Cycling
Authors: Han Duzhao , Wang Xiaowei , Zhou Ya‐Nan , Zhang Jiyong , Liu Zhongxin , Xiao Zichun , Zhou Jiangqi , Wang Zhen , Zheng Jiangfeng , Jia Zhanhui , Tian Bingbing , Xie Jingying , Liu Zhaolin , Tang Wei
Published: May 2022

Practical lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are still far from market readiness, as a result of the severe Li degradation and safety issues caused by Li dendrites. Herein, by studying the thermodynamic behavior of lithium deposition, it is unveiled that the tip area of Li metal has an increasing heat generation rate as a function of the deposition time and overpotential. This triggers the emergence of the accumulated overpotential heat and local temperature “hotspots” due to poor local thermal diffusion, which exacerbates the undesirable irregular Li deposition and dendrite growth. To address this issue, a thermally conductive graphene‐coated separator is constructed to eliminate these local hotspots. The graphene layer affords timely diffusion of local heat generated by irregular Li growth and incipient dendrite formation, achieving the stable and uniform lithium deposition to deter further degradation. As a result, the Li metal, suffering a drastic Coulombic efficiency (CE) decay to ≈60% using a conventional separator, can be recovered for continual cycling with a high CE of >95%. Notably, the corresponding Li||LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cells present high capacity retention and recovery. This study highlights the thermodynamic factor of Li dendrite‐induced local heat and its elimination to preclude Li anode deterioration, which provides insight into Li metal protection strategies for high performance LMBs.
Robust Lead‐Free Perovskite Nanowire Array‐Based Artificial Synapses Exemplifying Gestalt Principle of Closure via a Letter Recognition Scheme
Authors: Poddar Swapnadeep , Chen Zhesi , Ma Zichao , Zhang Yuting , Chan Chak Lam Jonathan , Ren Beitao , Zhang Qianpeng , Zhang Daquan , Shen Guozhen , Zeng Haibo , Fan Zhiyong
Published: May 2022

The Gestalt principles of perceptual learning elucidate how the human brain categorizes and comprehends a set of visual elements grouped together. One of the principles of Gestalt perceptual learning is the law of closure which propounds that human perception has the proclivity to visualize a fragmented object as a preknown whole by bridging the missing gaps. Herein, a letter recognition scheme emulating the Gestalt closure principle is demonstrated, utilizing artificial synapses made of 3D integrated MA3Bi2I9 (MBI) perovskite nanowire (NW) array. The artificial synapses exhibit short‐term plasticity (STP) and long‐term potentiation (LTP) and a transition from STP to LTP with increasing number of input electrical pulses. Initiatory ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations attribute the conductance change in the MBI NW artificial synapses to the rotation of MA+ clusters, culminating in charge exchange between MA+ and Bi2I93−. Each device yields 40 conductance states with excellent retention >105 s, minimal variation (2σ/mean) <10%, and endurance of ≈105 cycles. MBI NW‐based artificial neural network (ANN) is constructed to recognize fragmented letters alike their distinction in unabridged form and also the gradual withering of synaptic connectivity with engendered missing fragments is demonstrated, thereby successfully implementing Gestalt closure principle.
Boosting Near‐Infrared Luminescence of Lanthanide in Cs2AgBiCl6 Double Perovskites via Breakdown of the Local Site Symmetry
Authors: Pei Yifan , Tu Datao , Li Chenliang , Han Siyuan , Xie Zhi , Wen Fei , Wang Luping , Chen Xueyuan
Published: May 2022

Currently, lanthanide (Ln3+)‐doped near‐infrared (NIR)‐emitting double perovskites (DPs) suffer from low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). Herein, we develop a new class of NIR‐emitting DPs based on Ln3+‐doped Cs2(Na/Ag)BiCl6. Benefiting from the Na+‐induced breakdown of local site symmetry in the Cs2AgBiCl6 DPs, effective NIR emissions of Ln3+ are realized through Bi3+ sensitization. Specifically, 7.3‐fold and 362.9‐fold enhanced NIR emissions of Yb3+ and Er3+ are achieved in Cs2Ag0.2Na0.8BiCl6 DPs relative to those in Na‐free Cs2AgBiCl6 counterparts, respectively. The optimal absolute NIR PLQYs for Yb3+ and Er3+ in Cs2Ag0.2Na0.8BiCl6 DPs are determined to be 19.0 % and 4.3 %, respectively. Raman spectroscopy and first‐principles density functional theory calculations verify the sublattice distortion in Cs2(Na/Ag)BiCl6 DPs via Na+ doping. These findings provide fundamental insights into the design of efficient NIR‐emitting Ln3+‐doped DPs for versatile optoelectronic applications.
Chemoselective Oxyfunctionalization of Functionalized Benzylic Compounds with a Manganese Catalyst
Authors: Zhou Jimei , Jia Minxian , Song Menghui , Huang Zhiliang , Steiner Alexander , An Qidong , Ma Jianwei , Guo Zhiyin , Zhang Qianqian , Sun Huaming , Robertson Craig , Bacsa John , Xiao Jianliang , Li Chaoqun
Published: May 2022

Whilst allowing for easy access to synthetically versatile motifs and for modification of bioactive molecules, the chemoselective benzylic oxidation reactions of functionalized alkyl arenes remain challenging. Reported in this study is a new non‐heme Mn catalyst stabilized by a bipiperidine‐based tetradentate ligand, which enables methylene oxidation of benzylic compounds by H2O2, showing high activity and excellent chemoselectivity under mild conditions. The protocol tolerates an unprecedentedly wide range of functional groups, including carboxylic acid and derivatives, ketone, cyano, azide, acetate, sulfonate, alkyne, amino acid, and amine units, thus providing a low‐cost, more sustainable and robust pathway for the facile synthesis of ketones, increase of complexity of organic molecules, and late‐stage modification of drugs.
A Planar Five‐Membered Aromatic Ring Stabilized by Only Two π‐Electrons
Authors: Kysliak Oleksandr , Schreiner Simon H. F. , Grabicki Niklas , Liebing Phil , Weigend Florian , Dumele Oliver , Kretschmer Robert
Published: May 2022

Many chemicals known today are partially or fully aromatic, since a ring framework experiences additional stabilization through the delocalization of π‐electrons. While aromatic rings with equal numbers of π‐electrons and ring atoms such as benzene are particularly stable, those with the minimally required two π‐electrons are very rare and yet remain limited to three‐ and four‐membered rings if not stabilized in the coordination sphere of heavy metals. Here we report the facile synthesis of a dipotassium cyclopentagallene, a unique example of a five‐membered aromatic ring stabilized by only two π‐electrons. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed a planar Ga5 ring with almost equal gallium–gallium bond lengths, which together with computational and spectroscopic data confirm its aromatic character. Our results prove that aromatic stabilization goes far beyond what has previously been assumed as minimum π‐electron count in a five‐atom ring fragment.
Metal‐Free N−H Bond Activation by Phospha‐Wittig Reagents**
Authors: Dankert Fabian , Siewert Jan‐Erik , Gupta Priyanka , Weigend Florian , Hering‐Junghans Christian
Published: May 2022

N‐containing molecules are mostly derived from ammonia (NH3). Ammonia activation has been demonstrated for single transition metal centers as well as for low‐valent main group species. Phosphinidenes, mono‐valent phosphorus species, can be stabilized by phosphines, giving so‐called phosphanylidenephosphoranes of the type RP(PR′3). We demonstrate the facile, metal‐free NH3 activation using ArP(PMe3), affording for the first time isolable secondary aminophosphines ArP(H)NH2. DFT studies reveal that two molecules of NH3 act in concert to facilitate an NH3 for PMe3 exchange. Furthermore, H2NR and HNR2 activation is demonstrated.
Grieving the Child That Never Was: Treatment of Ambiguous Loss in Parents of Children with Down Syndrome
Authors: Jeter Kaitlin , Turns Brie
Published: May 2022

Many parents raising a child with Down syndrome (DS) express feelings of grief, sadness, disappointment, anger, and frustration related to the child's diagnosis (Sheehan & Guerin, 2017). Although previous authors have not directly used the concept of ambiguous loss when treating parents raising a child with a developmental disability, parents' thoughts and emotions align with ambiguous loss. There is also a cascade of losses for parents while raising a child with DS, such as developmental milestones or never seeing a child graduate. The empty‐chair technique (ECH) is used to increase emotional processing and expression of unmet desires (Tsvieli & Diamond, 2018). This article proposes the use of the ECH for parents raising a child with DS for processing the grief of ambiguous loss.
Versatility of sulfonated poly (vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) membranes incorporated with sulfonated octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane for vanadium redox flow battery applications
Authors: Divya Kumar , Rana Dipak , Sri Abirami Saraswathi Meenakshi Sundaram , Nagendran Alagumalai
Published: May 2022

Hybrid membranes are fabricated using the blends of sulfonated poly (vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (SPVDF‐co‐HFP) and sulfonated octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (SOPS) as an alternate for expensive Nafion in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) applications. The FT‐IR and TEM investigation indicates the successful sulfonation of OPS and uniform distribution of SOPS. The morphological study of hybrid membranes by SEM–EDX and FESEM revealed the excellent dispersing ability of SOPS on a SPVDF‐co‐HFP matrix. The physicochemical analysis of SPVDF‐co‐HFP/SOPS membranes demonstrated an increase in hydrophilic ion‐exchangeable sites. The SPVDF‐co‐HFP/SOPS (0.5 wt.%) membrane displayed a maximum proton conductivity of 6.27 × 10−3 Scm−1 at 80°C because of strong hydrogen bond formation between SPVDF‐co‐HFP and SOPS facilitates proton migration. Besides, the cage‐like structure of SOPS effectively shields vanadium‐ion permeation to 1.21 × 10−8 cm2 min−1 and thus, showed a maximum membrane selectivity of 43.05 × 104 Scm−3 min. Overall, the hybrid membranes of SPVDF‐co‐HFP/SOPS were considered to be a better substitute for Nafion in VRFBs.
Vacuum formed bio‐based composite materials using polyolefin and thermally modified wood powder
Authors: Källbom Susanna K. , Helgesson Daniel , Olsson Richard T. , Hedenqvist Mikael S.
Published: May 2022

For climate and sustainability reasons, there is an interest and incentive to produce plastic and rubber products with increased content of a bio‐based component, preferably existing as an industrial by‐product, for example, wood powder/sawdust. There are many studies on the making of wood‐plastic composites, but hitherto very few consider vacuum forming as a processing technique, especially considering a biofiller. Here, the properties of a vacuum formed composite with thermally modified wood powder (with reduced water uptake) and a very ductile polyolefin, was reported. Surprisingly, even at a 15 wt% filler content, the composite remained ductile (extensibility of ca. 30%). The water uptake increased with increasing content of wood powder, but was never more than 5%. The water sorption kinetics indicated that the wood powder did not form a percolated continuous path through the material for easy access to the water, which led to a low water diffusivity (ca. 2 × 10−10 cm2 s−1). The calorimetric data showed that the biofiller, overall, did not affect the melting and crystallization behavior of the polymer matrix, nor the observed glass transition temperature. To conclude, vacuum forming was shown to be a viable technique for composites with a very ductile/elastic matrix and stiff fillers.
Replicating 3D printed structures into functional materials
Authors: Wang Qiaoyi , Chan Ho Nam , Wu Hongkai
Published: May 2022

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing is gaining wide attention recently. It is particularly effective in fabricating topographically complicated structures on a small scale. However, the library of 3D printable material is highly limited which heavily hindered its further applications. Herein, we developed a convenient method to replicate the 3D‐printed structures into different functional materials. Consequently, many unprintable materials can be readily made into arbitrary geometry without reengineering their printability nor developing new 3D printing methods. These materials are thermally curable, chemically crosslinkable, or liquid/solid phase change at mild temperatures, such as polydimethylsiloxane, polyacrylamide, and paraffin. 3D structures with multiscale sizes and topographic complexity including a trifurcating network, an octahedron lattice, a Mario figure and a tetrahedron framework array were used for demonstration here. Our method shows a high fidelity during the replication and the replica can remain the high‐resolution of feature from a two‐photon polymerization 3D printer, which can generate 3D structures with resolution down to 1 μm or even smaller. In addition, electroless plating of metal in the internal walls of the mold can allow us to further shrink feature sizes in the final replica, which suggests an approach to obtain resolutions beyond the 3D printer at the start.
Damage mechanisms and tooth flank load capacity of oil‐lubricated peek gears
Authors: Illenberger Christopher Martin , Tobie Thomas , Stahl Karsten
Published: May 2022

Plastic gears are increasingly being utilized in higher performance ranges. Operating under oil lubrication can reduce friction and heat input. By running under oil‐lubricated conditions, tooth damage such as abrasive wear recedes into a secondary role, and fatigue damage such as pitting becomes relevant for the durability of the gears. Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is suitable for use in demanding operating conditions due to its very high strength properties, even at higher temperatures. In this work, the stress conditions affecting the tooth flank and the damage behavior of oil‐lubricated PEEK gears are investigated and tooth flank strength parameters were determined for different temperature levels. Theoretical studies on the stress distribution on the tooth flank show the necessity to apply adapted profile modifications in order to reduce undesired stress conditions in the extended meshing area. In experimental investigations, the damage behavior of oil‐lubricated PEEK gears is examined and the influence of temperature on the gear load capacity is discussed.
Paratympanic sinuses in juvenile Alligator
Authors: Tahara Rui , Larsson Hans C. E.
Published: May 2022

Crocodylia has an extensive epithelial pneumatic space in the middle ear, paratympanic sinus system. Although fossil and extant crocodylian paratympanic sinus systems have been studied recently using the computed tomography (CT) and three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction data, due to the soft tissue nature of the pneumatic system and presence of its surrounding soft tissue structures, some boundaries, and definitions of each extension remain ambiguous. We describe the comprehensive paratympanic sinus system in posthatched alligator using soft tissue enhanced CT data with 3D reconstructions. The data are compared to the available data to discuss the ontogenetic pattern in alligator. We introduce further divided entities of the pneumatic system based on their associated bony and soft tissue structures and epithelial membrane and clarify the pneumatic terminologies. We then re‐visit the potential homology of the paratympanic sinus in Archosauria. Epithelial boundaries of the ventral portion of the pneumatic system from the histological data suggest that the dual origin of the basioccipital diverticulum derived from the tympanic sinus and basicranial diverticulum medially. The presence of the epithelial boundary and pneumatic changes in ontogeny suggests that the middle ear may function differently in developmental stages. Lastly, a morphogenetic tree is constructed to help future work of comparative developmental studies of the paratympanic sinus system between crocodiles and birds.
Gaze and social functioning associations in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Riddiford Jacqueline A. , Enticott Peter G. , Lavale Alex , Gurvich Caroline
Published: May 2022

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by significant social functioning impairments, including (but not limited to) emotion recognition, mentalizing, and joint attention. Despite extensive investigation into the correlates of social functioning in ASD, only recently has there been focus on the role of low‐level sensory input, particularly visual processing. Extensive gaze deficits have been described in ASD, from basic saccadic function through to social attention and the processing of complex biological motion. Given that social functioning often relies on accurately processing visual information, inefficient visual processing may contribute to the emergence and sustainment of social functioning difficulties in ASD. To explore the association between measures of gaze and social functioning in ASD, a systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted. A total of 95 studies were identified from a search of CINAHL Plus, Embase, OVID Medline, and psycINFO databases in July 2021. Findings support associations between increased gaze to the face/head and eye regions with improved social functioning and reduced autism symptom severity. However, gaze allocation to the mouth appears dependent on social and emotional content of scenes and the cognitive profile of participants. This review supports the investigation of gaze variables as potential biomarkers of ASD, although future longitudinal studies are required to investigate the developmental progression of this relationship and to explore the influence of heterogeneity in ASD clinical characteristics.

Lay Summary

This review explored how eye gaze (e.g., where a person looks when watching a movie) is associated with social functioning in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We found evidence that better social functioning in ASD was associated with increased eye gaze toward faces/head and eye regions. Individual characteristics (e.g., intelligence) and the complexity of the social scene also influenced eye gaze. Future research including large longitudinal studies and studies investigating the influence of differing presentations of ASD are recommended.
Circular disruption: Digitalisation as a driver of circular economy business models
Authors: Neligan Adriana , Baumgartner Rupert J. , Geissdoerfer Martin , Schöggl Josef‐Peter
Published: May 2022

New circular business models can evolve at all stages of the life cycle of a product. Digitalisation can drive disruptive innovations, new business models and novel ways of collaboration and thus can accelerate the economic transition to more resource‐efficient and circular production systems. Yet, there is little empirical research on the enabling role of digitalisation for a circular economy. To address this gap, this paper investigates the role of digitalisation in facilitating circular business models, based on the empirical analysis of a data set of 599 German manufacturing firms and 296 industrial service providers. While relatively few German firms rely on new business models to foster their resource efficiency strategy, we find this share higher for companies with a strong digital focus in the manufacturing sector. This suggests that digitalisation can indeed be a driving force for the implementation of circular business models.
SPP1 promotes radiation resistance through JAK2/STAT3 pathway in esophageal carcinoma
Authors: Wang Meijie , Sun Xiaozheng , Xin Huixian , Wen Zhihua , Cheng Yufeng
Published: May 2022

Background

Therapeutic resistance to radiotherapy is one of the major obstacles in clinical practice that significantly affect the therapeutic efficiency and prognosis of human esophageal carcinoma (ESCA). Thus, it is critical to understand the molecular mechanisms of radiation resistance in ESCA. Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) plays an essential role in various human cancers, but its role in radiation resistance remains unclear.

Method

Cell culture and transfection; Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assays; EdU incorporation assays; Patient sample collection and medical records review; Transwell assays; Colony formation assays; Wound healing assays; Western blot; Immunofluorescence; Immunohistochemistry; Irradiation; Flow cytometry; Animal studies; Human Apoptosis Array Kit; Bioinformatics.

Result

In the current study, we reported the novel phenomenon that radiation‐treated human ESCA cells upregulated SPP1 expression, which in turn contributed to the ESCA resistance to radiotherapy. We also reported the tumor‐promoting effect of SPP1 in ESCA systematically and comprehensively. Furthermore, subsequent studies by knocking down or overexpressing SPP1 in human ESCA cells showed that SPP1 could facilitate the repair of DNA damage and the survival of tumor cells post‐radiation in ESCA, which might contribute to the development of radiation resistance during the radiotherapy process. More detailed investigations on the downstream molecular pathway suggested that radiation could increase the phosphorylation level of JAK2 and STAT3 by increasing SPP1 expression. Further in vivo validation using a mouse ESCA xenograft model showed that SPP1 overexpression significantly increased tumor volume while either SPP1 knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of the JAK2‐STAT3 pathway reduced tumor volume in a synergistic manner with radiotherapy.

Conclusion

Collectively, these findings suggested that the SPP1/JAK2/STAT3 axis is a critical player in ESCA progression and radiation resistance, which is a potential therapeutic target for combined therapy with the standard radiotherapy regimen to improve curative effect and increase patients' survival with ESCA.
Identifying tumor antigens and immuno‐subtyping in colon adenocarcinoma to facilitate the development of mRNA vaccine
Authors: Tan Huaicheng , Yu Ting , Liu Chunhua , Wang Yang , Jing Fangqi , Ding Zhenyu , Liu Jiyan , Shi Huashan
Published: May 2022

The mRNA vaccine has provided a promising approach for cancer immunotherapies. However, only a few mRNA vaccines have been developed against colon adenocarcinoma (COAD). Screening potential targets for mRNA vaccines from numerous candidates is a substantial challenge. Considering the tumor heterogeneity, only a subset of patients might respond to vaccinations. This study was conducted to identify potential candidates for mRNA vaccines, and distinguish appropriate subgroups of COAD patients for vaccination. A total of five tumor antigens with prognostic values were identified, including IGF2BP3, DPCR1, HOXD10, TRIM7, and ZIC5. The COAD patients were stratified into five immune subtypes (IS1‐IS5), according to consensus clustering analysis. Higher tumor mutation burden (TMB) was observed in IS1 and IS5 subtypes. The IS1 and IS5 subtypes have shown the baseline of immune‐hot tumor microenvironment, while other subtypes displayed immune desert phenotype. Distinct expressions of immune checkpoints (ICPs)‐related genes and immunogenic cell death (ICD) modulators were observed among five immune subtypes. Finally, the immune landscape was conducted to narrow the immune components for better personalized mRNA‐based vaccination. The IFIT3, PARP9, TAP1, STAT1, and OAS2 were confirmed as hub genes, and COAD patients with higher expressions of these genes might be more appropriate for mRNA vaccination. In conclusion, the IGF2BP3, DPCR1, HOXD10, TRIM7, and ZIC5 were identified as potential candidates for developing mRNA vaccines against COAD, and patients in IS1 and IS5 subtypes might respond better to mRNA vaccination.
Isolation and Structural Characterization of Two Polysaccharides from Dracocephalum moldavica and Their Anti‐Complementary Activity
Authors: Hu Zhengyu , Wang Jiaming , Jin Long , Duan Yuanqi , Zhang Xiaohui , Sun Jinfeng , Zhou Wei , Li Gao
Published: May 2022

The two novel polysaccharides, DMP‐1 and DMP‐2, with molecular weights of 4.1553×105 kDa and 1.9764×105 kDa, respectively, were isolated from Dracocephalum moldavica. The structural characterization indicated that DMP‐1 and DMP‐2 shared a similar backbone consisting of →5)‐Araf‐(1→, Manp‐(1→, Glcp‐(1→, →2)‐Manp‐(1→, →6)‐Glcp‐(1→ and →3,6)‐Galp‐(1→ with a different molar ratios and triple‐helix structures with α‐ and β‐type glycosidic bonds. The anti‐complementary activity evaluation showed that DMP‐1 and DMP‐2 had strong complement inhibition through the classical pathway (CP), alternative pathway (AP) and lectin pathway (LP). Mechanistic studies indicated that DMP‐1 can block the activation cascade of the complement system by targeting C2, C3, C5, C9, Factor B and Factor P, and that DMP‐2 inhibited complement activation by blocking C2, C3, C4, C5, C9 and Factor B.
Real‐world experience with the new Watchman FLX device: Data from two high‐volume Sicilian centers. The FLX‐iEST registry
Authors: Vizzari Giampiero , Grasso Carmelo , Sardone Andrea , Mazzone Paolo , Laterra Giulia , Frazzetto Marco , Sacchetta Giorgio , Micari Antonio , Tamburino Corrado , Contarini Marco
Published: May 2022

Introduction

The Watchman‐FLX left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) device presents innovative features: higher conformability, reduced length, closed distal "flex‐ball" during deployment, and flattened surface. We report our real‐world experience with the Watchman‐FLX device in two centers with consolidated LAAC expertise.

Methods

We enrolled 200 consecutive Watchman‐FLX patients (2019–2021) in a nonrandomized double‐center registry; procedural data and follow‐up for midterm clinical outcomes were collected. A control group of 100 patients treated with first‐generation Watchman (2.5) was included.

Results

According to mean CHAD2DS2‐VASc (5 ± 1.40) and HAS‐BLED (3.8 ± 1.01) scores, the population included in this study was at high risk: 29% had a previous stroke and 56.5% a bleeding event. Main LAAC indications were symptomatic hemorrhage (39.5%), need for triple antithrombotic therapy (39%), gastrointestinal bleeding (32%), and oral anticoagulation intolerance (18%). Transesophageal echocardiography guidance was followed in 93% of cases (48% in general anesthesia and 45% under conscious sedation). Repositioning an FLX device was required in 20% of cases and no complication occurred. In 96% of patients, the first selected device was delivered, while in 4% a device size change was required after the first choice (7% with Watchman 2.5). Peridevice leaks (<5 mm) were found postimplant in two cases (1%). Overall, the procedural success rate was 99.5%. One patient's procedure was unsuccessful (0.5%), due to left atrial appendage (LAA) anatomy; differently, the mean failure rate with Watchman 2.5 was 2%. No device embolization was reported. Complications (8.5%) were mainly related to the access site (3%); major bleedings (1%), and in‐hospital death (0.5%) rarely occurred. After a follow‐up of 272 ± 173 days, 2.3% of cases experienced a non‐device‐related stroke and 0.6% fatal bleeding.

Conclusion

Our registry showed a high procedural success rate of the Watchman‐FLX in a high‐risk population. According to our experience, the main advantages include easy implanting and repositioning, absence of embolization, good LAA sealing, and low rate of complications in the follow‐up period.
Hyaluronic acid augmentation pharyngoplasty complicated by retropharyngeal abscess and grisel syndrome: Case report and literature review
Authors: Alkhaldi Abdullah , Alwadi Fahad , Alenezi Mazyad , Alshammari Jaber
Published: May 2022

Augmentation pharyngoplasty, in which tissue filler or grafts are used to augment the posterior nasopharynx, is an accepted option to treat velopharyngeal insufficiency. It is generally well tolerated and safe with limited side effects. In this study, we describe a case of a retropharyngeal abscess and Grisel syndrome following hyaluronic acid augmentation pharyngoplasty. Grisel syndrome is a serious condition that requires early diagnosis and prompt intervention to prevent further complications.
Enriching Cations Using Electric Field Gradients Generated by Bipolar Electrodes in the Absence of Buffer
Authors: Thompson Jonathan R. , Crooks Richard M.
Published: May 2022

We report that ionic current gradients and corresponding electric field gradients formed at bipolar electrodes are useful for enriching cations up to ∼350‐fold at specific locations in microfluidic devices. The enrichment mechanism is determined by collecting current data, measuring solution conductivity, and by performing pH indicator experiments. These data reveal the dynamic nature of the enrichment mechanism. Specifically, they show the complex relationship between the ionic current gradients formed at the bipolar electrode and the extent of cation enrichment. Finally, we demonstrate cation enrichment is possible in buffer‐free solutions containing up to 50.0 mM KCl. This finding is significant because it broadens the range of solutions in which membrane‐free, electrochemical separations using bipolar electrodes can be performed.
Single‐Molecule Sensing of Acidic Catecholamine Metabolites Using a Programmable Nanopore
Authors: Hu Chengzhen , Jia Wendong , Liu Yao , Wang Yuqin , Zhang Panke , Chen Hong‐Yuan , Huang Shuo
Published: May 2022

Acidic catecholamine metabolites, which could serve as diagnostic markers for many diseases, demonstrate an importance of accurate sensing. However, they share a highly similar chemical structure, which is a challenge in the design of sensing strategies. A nanopore may be engineered to sense these metabolites in a single molecule manner. To achieve this, a recently developed programmable nano‐reactor for stochastic sensing (PNRSS) technique adapted with a phenylboronic acid (PBA) adaptor was applied. Three acidic catecholamine metabolites, including 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 3,4‐dihydroxymandelic acid (DHMA) and 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxymandetic acid (VMA) were investigated by PNRSS. Specifically, DHMA, which contains an α‐hydroxycarboxylate moiety and an adjacent cis‐hydroxyl groups on its benzene ring, reports two binding modes simultaneously resolvable by PNRSS. Assisted with the high resolution of PNRSS, direct regulation of these two binding modes by pH can also be observed. A custom machine learning algorithm was also developed to achieve automatic event classification.
First phase 1 clinical study of olaparib in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors
Authors: Takagi Masatoshi , Ogawa Chitose , Iehara Tomoko , Aoki‐Nogami Yuki , Ishibashi Eri , Imai Minoru , Kimura Toshimi , Nagata Masashi , Yasuhara Masato , Masutani Mitsuko , Yoshimura Kenichi , Tomizawa Daisuke , Ogawa Atsushi , Yonemori Kan , Morishita Aoi , Miyamoto Satoshi , Takita Junko , Kihara Tetsuro , Nobori Kiyoshi , Hasebe Kazuhisa , Miya Fuyuki , Ikeda Sadakatsu , Shioda Yoko , Matsumoto Kimikazu , Fujimura Junya , Mizutani Shuki , Morio Tomohiro , Hosoi Hajime , Koike Ryuji
Published: May 2022

Background

The survival of patients with high‐risk, refractory, relapsed, or metastatic solid tumors remains dismal. A poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor could be effective for the treatment of pediatric solid tumors with defective homologous recombination.

Methods

This open‐label, multicenter phase 1 clinical trial evaluated the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of olaparib, a PARP inhibitor, in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors to recommend a dose for Phase 2 trials. Olaparib (62.5, 125, and 187.5 mg/m2 twice daily) was administered orally every day (1 cycle = 28 days) using a standard 3 + 3 dose‐escalation design. Patients aged 3–18 years with recurrent pediatric solid tumors were eligible. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses were performed.

Results

Fifteen patients were enrolled and received olaparib monotherapy, which was well tolerated. The recommended phase 2 dose for daily administration was 187.5 mg/m2 twice daily. Pharmacokinetics were dose proportional. The area under the concentration‐time curve from 0 to 12 h and the peak plasma concentration for 187.5 mg/m2 twice daily in children were comparable to previous data obtained in a 200‐mg, twice‐daily cohort and lower than those in the 300‐mg twice‐daily cohort in adults. Pharmacodynamic studies demonstrated substantial inhibition of PARP activity. Two partial responses were observed in patients with Wilms tumor and neuroblastoma.

Conclusions

This report is the first clinical trial to describe the use of a PARP inhibitor as monotherapy in children. Olaparib was well tolerated, with preliminary antitumor responses observed in DNA damage response‐defective pediatric tumors.

Lay summary

This Phase 1 trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of olaparib in patients with refractory childhood solid tumors.

Olaparib was well tolerated, achieving objective response in 2/15 patients.

The DNA damage response was attenuated in nearly one‐half of advanced neuroblastoma patients, demonstrating the utility of the PARP inhibitor.

The results support further investigation of olaparib as a new treatment for DNA damage‐response or repair‐defective pediatric cancers.
PD‐L1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A key biomarker from the laboratory to the bedside
Authors: Nocini Riccardo , Vianini Matteo , Girolami Ilaria , Calabrese Luca , Scarpa Aldo , Martini Maurizio , Morbini Patrizia , Marletta Stefano , Brunelli Matteo , Molteni Gabriele , Parwani Anil , Pantanowitz Liron , Eccher Albino
Published: May 2022

Objectives and background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a highly malignant disease with an increasing incidence. The need to improve therapeutic strategies for patients affected by OSCC is an urgent challenge. Currently, the advent of immunotherapy represents an important step toward this aim. Programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1), a membrane protein that can be expressed on tumor and inflammatory cells is a key biomarker whose expression is determined by means of immunohistochemistry and is necessary for selecting patients for immunotherapy. Methods: In this study, we review the methods of PD‐L1 assessment and outcomes achieved with immunotherapy in the treatment of OSCC patients. Results: Based on a meta‐analysis we demonstrate a lack of prognostic significance of PD‐L1 in OSCC. Conclusions: We also highlight unresolved issues including difficulties in standardizing PD‐L1 evaluation and discuss future opportunities such as leveraging digital pathology.
Genotypic and environmental effects on the compounds associated with garlic flavor, health‐enhancing properties, and postharvest conservation
Authors: Barboza Karina , Salinas María Cecilia , Pérez María Belén , Dhall Rajinder Kumar , Cavagnaro Pablo Federico
Published: May 2022

To estimate genetic and environmental effects on traits associated with garlic (Allium sativum L.) functional value and postharvest quality, the content of total organosulfur compounds, phenolics, and solids were determined in selected garlic cultivars grown at four locations in Mendoza, Argentina. An initial experiment considered five cultivars grown in two locations and 2 yr, and a second experiment evaluated 12 cultivars across four locations. Among all the cultivars and locations, pyruvate levels, an estimator of total organosulfur content, varied more than fourfold (with a range of 24.7–111.1 μmol/g fresh weight), phenolics varied ∼fivefold (132.1–703.1 mg gallic acid equivalents/kg fresh weight), and solids varied within a range of 28.4 to 41.2%. Strong environmental influence and genotype × environment interactions were found for all traits, together accounting for 54.8 to 63.2% of the variation found for pyruvate, 63.3 to 81% for phenolics, and 35.1 to 50.8% for solids. The impact of genotype was higher for solids (31.9–50.9% of total variation) than for pyruvate (33.6–40.4%) and phenolics (16.1–34.1%). Despite the substantial environmental influence and genotype × environment interaction found, individual garlic cultivars with consistently high levels for all of these compounds were identified. We conclude that garlic pyruvate, phenolic, and solids levels are genetically and environmentally conditioned. The identified genotypes with consistently high phytochemicals content are valuable to breeders aiming at increasing garlic flavor, functional value, and postharvest quality, whereas locations yielding contrastingly high or low pyruvate levels are of interest for producing pungent and mild garlics, respectively.
Full spectrum flow cytometry and mass cytometry: A 32‐marker panel comparison
Authors: Jaimes Maria C. , Leipold Michael , Kraker Geoffrey , Amir El‐ad , Maecker Holden , Lannigan Joanne
Published: May 2022

High‐dimensional single‐cell data has become an important tool in unraveling the complexity of the immune system and its involvement in homeostasis and a large array of pathologies. As technological tools are developed, researchers are adopting them to answer increasingly complex biological questions. Up until recently, mass cytometry (MC) has been the main technology employed in cytometric assays requiring more than 29 markers. Recently, however, with the introduction of full spectrum flow cytometry (FSFC), it has become possible to break the fluorescence barrier and go beyond 29 fluorescent parameters. In this study, in collaboration with the Stanford Human Immune Monitoring Center (HIMC), we compared five patient samples using an established immune panel developed by the HIMC using their MC platform. Using split samples and the same antibody panel, we were able to demonstrate highly comparable results between the two technologies using multiple data analysis approaches. We report here a direct comparison of two technology platforms (MC and FSFC) using a 32‐marker flow cytometric immune monitoring panel that can identify all the previously described and anticipated immune subpopulations defined by this panel.