bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Satellite image analysis and frozen cylinder experiments on thermal erosion of periglacial fluvial islands
Authors: Dupeyrat Laure , Hurault Benoît , Costard François , Marmo Chiara , Gautier Emmanuele
Published: February 2018

Frozen islands in the Lena River, Siberia, experience rates of fluvial thermal erosion exceeding 10m/year. The islands erode differentially, with rates of frontal retreat exceeding those on island sides. We define the erosion ratio (ER) between the front and sides to estimate this differential erosion. A GIS‐based study of 19 islands from 1967 to 2010 indicated average erosion rates of 19.7 and 3.7 m/year for the island heads and sides, respectively. The average ER over the period was 4.7. An analytical model of local thermal erosion for a frozen cylinder of sand in a turbulent water flow is proposed, assuming an ablation process. Thermal erosion of 19 frozen cylinders was measured for water flows of different temperature and velocity in a cold chamber. As observed in the field, frontal erosion always exceeded lateral erosion, with an average ER of 1.6. The ER decreased with increasing temperature from 5 to 15°C. The higher value of ER in the field may be due to interactions with neighboring islands and banks. An empirical law including phase change and the process of erosion is proposed, and validates our model compared with previous laws that do not account for erosion. The erosion process enhances heat transfer.
Identification of SCARA5 as a Potential Biomarker for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma using MALDI–TOF–MS Analysis
Authors: Liu Ying , Tan Yi‐ran , Sun Wen‐wen , Ju Wu‐tong , Fu Yong , Wang Li‐zhen , Li Jiang , Zhang Chen‐ping , Zhang Zhi‐yuan , Zhong Lai‐ping
Published: February 2018

Purpose

To find the potential biomarkers in the diagnostic model of oral and squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and to further validate the biomarker.

Experimental design

With the MALDI–TOF–MS analysis between tissues from oral cancer patients and normal oral mucosa from healthy controls, scavenger receptor class A member 5 (scara5) is found to be potentially significant after searching the protein database. In addition, Immunohistochemical staining, PCR, ELISA, and Western blot technique are used to detect scara5 expression in clinical samples and cell lines.

Results

In this study, the results indicate that scara5 expression is decreased in tumor group in the MALDI–TOF–MS analysis. Furthermore, down‐regulation of scara5 expression is related with cell proliferation and invasion. Serum scara5 detection can discriminate OSCC samples from normal samples with high sensitivity.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Scara5 has the potential to be considered as a serum biomarker in the early diagnosis of OSCC. The clinical relevance of the study lies in finding the biomarker by proteomics and subsequently validating it with clinical samples and cell lines.
Thermal Behavior, Specific Heat Capacity and Detonation Characterization of 3,3‐Dinitroazetidinium 3,5‐Dinitrobenzoate
Authors: Yan Biao , Li Hongya , Guan Yulei , Ma Haixia , Song Jirong , Zhao Fengqi , Zhang Ya
Published: February 2018

3,3‐Dinitroazetidinium 3,5‐dinitrobenzoate (DNAZ ⋅  DNB) was synthesized, its thermal behavior was studied under a non–isothermal condition by DSC and TG/DTG methods. The intense exothermic decomposition process of DSC curves were analyzed to obtain its kinetic parameters. The specific molar heat capacity (Cp,m) of DNAZ ⋅ DNB was determined by a continuous Cp mode of micro−calorimeter, and the value was 416.81 JK−1 mol−1at 298.15 K. Its detonation velocity (D) and detonation pressure (P) were estimated using the nitrogen equivalent equation according to the experimental density. The above results of DNAZ ⋅ DNB were compared with those of 3,3‐dinitroazetidinium 3,5‐dinitrosalicylate (DNAZ ⋅ DNS) and 3,3‐dinitroazetidinium picrate (DNAZ ⋅ PA), and the effect of phenolic hydroxyl, carboxyl, and nitro group on them were discussed.
Effect of Boron‐Containing Hydrogen‐Storage‐Alloy (Mg(BHx)y) on Thermal Decomposition Behavior and Thermal Hazards of Nitrate Explosives
Authors: Ji Dandan , Wei Xiaoan , Du Ping , Zhang Guanyong , Wang Zeshan
Published: February 2018

Thermal decomposition properties and hazards of nitrate explosives containing Mg(BHx)y were investigated by thermogravimetry‐differential scanning calorimetry (TG‐DSC), accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) and characteristic drop height impact sensitivity tests. Results show that the addition of Mg(BHx)y to nitrate explosives led to increase in the volatilization temperature of nitroglycerine in the nitrate explosive. It was not the thermolysis product of Mg(BHx)y, but Mg(BHx)y itself acted on the nitrate explosive in the TG‐DSC tests. Kinetic parameters and thermal hazard assessment parameters were calculated based on ARC data. Results show that a mixture of the nitrate explosive with Mg(BHx)y had higher apparent activation energy and lower thermal hazard. Experiments of characteristic drop height showed that Mg(BHx)y reduced the impact sensitivity of nitrate explosives.
Effects of Epitaxial Strain on Antiferrodistortion of AgNbO3 from First‐Principle Calculations
Authors: Zhu Linguang , Wang Xiangjian , Lou Xiaojie
Published: February 2018

Using the first‐principles approaches, we obtain a phase diagram of AgNbO3 as a function of in‐plane epitaxial strain, and two phase transitions (from Pm to Cm and from Cm to Amm2) were found throughout the whole range of strain. In particular, our study shows that the antiferrodistortion (AFD) is misfit‐dependent. Our results indicate that compressive in‐plane lattice strain can enhance the AFD instability of AgNbO3, which originates from the stronger coupling between the out‐of‐plane lattice strain and AFD than coupling with in‐plane lattice strain. In order to overcome the overestimation of rotational angle caused by the underestimation of lattice parameters, we construct a Gibbs free energy under a certain external pressure to obtain a reasonable angle, which is about 8.39°. We expect our results may offer some insights for designing and fabricating AgNbO3 thin films with excellent antiferroelectric properties by using compressive strain engineering.
Imaging of Al/Fe ratios in synthetic Al‐goethite revealed by nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Pohl Lydia , Kölbl Angelika , Werner Florian , Mueller Carsten W. , Höschen Carmen , Häusler Werner , Kögel‐Knabner Ingrid
Published: February 2018

Rationale

Aluminium (Al)‐substituted goethite is ubiquitous in soils and sediments. The extent of Al‐substitution affects the physicochemical properties of the mineral and influences its macroscale properties. Bulk analysis only provides total Al/Fe ratios without providing information with respect to the Al‐substitution of single minerals. Here, we demonstrate that nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) enables the precise determination of Al‐content in single minerals, while simultaneously visualising the variation of the Al/Fe ratio.

Methods

Al‐substituted goethite samples were synthesized with increasing Al concentrations of 0.1, 3, and 7 % and analysed by NanoSIMS in combination with established bulk spectroscopic methods (XRD, FTIR, Mössbauer spectroscopy). The high spatial resolution (50–150 nm) of NanoSIMS is accompanied by a high number of single‐point measurements. We statistically evaluated the Al/Fe ratios derived from NanoSIMS, while maintaining the spatial information and reassigning it to its original localization.

Results

XRD analyses confirmed increasing concentration of incorporated Al within the goethite structure. Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed 11 % of the goethite samples generated at high Al concentrations consisted of hematite. The NanoSIMS data show that the Al/Fe ratios are in agreement with bulk data derived from total digestion and demonstrated small spatial variability between single‐point measurements. More advantageously, statistical analysis and reassignment of single‐point measurements allowed us to identify distinct spots with significantly higher or lower Al/Fe ratios.

Conclusions

NanoSIMS measurements confirmed the capacity to produce images, which indicated the uniform increase in Al‐concentrations in goethite. Using a combination of statistical analysis with information from complementary spectroscopic techniques (XRD, FTIR and Mössbauer spectroscopy) we were further able to reveal spots with lower Al/Fe ratios as hematite.
Liver involvement in dengue viral infections
Authors: Dissanayake Harsha A. , Seneviratne Suranjith L.
Published: February 2018

Dengue fever is the commonest viral haemorrhagic fever worldwide and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropics. Dengue viral infections are frequently associated with varying degrees of liver injury. Liver injury is more severe in dengue haemorrhagic fever or severe dengue. We review the current knowledge on liver involvement following dengue viral infections and explore the links between clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and their impact on management
CsSnI3 Solar Cells via an Evaporation‐Assisted Solution Method
Authors: Zhu Pengchen , Chen Chuanlu , Gu Shuai , Lin Renxing , Zhu Jia
Published: February 2018

The environmental friendly tin‐based perovskite is attracting a lot of attention as a lead‐free alternative in photovoltaic field. However, the uncontrollable quick crystallization of tin‐based perovskite in traditional solution methods makes it challenging to form smooth and pin‐hole free films, resulting in severe surface recombination and current leakage problem. Evaporation method, known as an effective way to produce smooth films with high coverage, has been rarely investigated in tin‐based perovskites. Here, we demonstrate an evaporation‐assisted solution (EAS) method in CsSnI3 system, combining thermal evaporation with solution method, to produce rather uniform, dense and pinhole free CsSnI3 films. Solar cells fabricated by our EAS method show an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.93% and a best PCE of 2.23%.
Toward Annealing‐Stable Molybdenum‐Oxide‐Based Hole‐Selective Contacts For Silicon Photovoltaics
Authors: Essig Stephanie , Dréon Julie , Rucavado Esteban , Mews Mathias , Koida Takashi , Boccard Mathieu , Werner Jérémie , Geissbühler Jonas , Löper Philipp , Morales‐Masis Monica , Korte Lars , De Wolf Stefaan , Ballif Christophe
Published: February 2018

Molybdenum oxide (MoOX) combines a high work function with broadband optical transparency. Sandwiched between a hydrogenated intrinsic amorphous silicon passivation layer and a transparent conductive oxide, this material allows a highly efficient hole‐selective front contact stack for crystalline silicon solar cells. However, hole extraction from the Si wafer and transport through this stack degrades upon annealing at 190 °C, which is needed to cure the screen‐printed Ag metallization applied to typical Si solar cells. Here, we show that effusion of hydrogen from the adjacent layers is a likely cause for this degradation, highlighting the need for hydrogen‐lean passivation layers when using such metal‐oxide‐based carrier‐selective contacts. Pre‐MoOX‐deposition annealing of the passivating a‐Si:H layer is shown to be a straightforward approach to manufacturing MoOX‐based devices with high fill factors using screen‐printed metallization cured at 190 °C.
Automation of application‐level caching in a seamless way
Authors: Mertz Jhonny , Nunes Ingrid
Published: February 2018

Meeting performance and scalability requirements while delivering services is a critical issue in web applications. Recently, latency and cost of Internet‐based services are encouraging the use of application‐level caching to continue satisfying users' demands and improve the scalability and availability of origin servers. Application‐level caching, in which developers manually control cached content, has been adopted when traditional forms of caching are insufficient to meet such requirements. Despite its popularity, this level of caching is typically addressed in an ad hoc way, given that it depends on specific details of the application. Furthermore, it forces application developers to reason about a crosscutting concern, which is unrelated to the application business logic. As a result, application‐level caching is a time‐consuming and error‐prone task, becoming a common source of bugs. Among all the issues involved with application‐level caching, the decision of what should be cached must frequently be adjusted to cope with the application evolution and usage, making it a challenging task. In this paper, we introduce an automated caching approach to automatically identify application‐level cache content at runtime by monitoring system execution and adaptively managing caching decisions. Our approach is implemented as a framework that can be seamlessly integrated into new and existing web applications. In addition to the reduction of the effort required from developers to develop a caching solution, an empirical evaluation showed that our approach significantly speeds up and improves hit ratios with improvements ranging from 2.78% to 17.18%.
A standard‐based architecture to support learning interoperability: A practical experience in gamification
Authors: Pérez‐Berenguer Daniel , García‐Molina Jesús
Published: February 2018

Creating quality online content requires a great deal of effort from teachers. In addition to issues specific to the design and creation of the elements of a course, teachers must face technical hurdles so as to perform common tasks, such as deploying the same content on different e‐learning platforms and integrating content into external tools, or acquiring the ability to analyze tracking data generated during learner interactions. These problems principally arise owing to the very limited level of interoperability provided by content creation tools. In order to facilitate the creation of interoperable contents, the Digital Content Production Center at the Polytechnic University of Cartagena (Spain) has developed the UPCTforma tool, whose main architectural driver has been interoperability. More specifically, the tool takes advantage of the Learning Tools Interoperability and Caliper interoperability specifications to provide several types of quality regarding three key aspects of content production: tool interoperability, learning analytics, and motivation. In this paper, we provide a detailed description of the component‐based architecture proposed and present a validation of the requirements elicited through the use of a UPCTforma gamification activity created for a real project involving approximately 4000 students. One of the novel aspects of this architecture is the transformation of tracking data into “learning analysis models” that represent the information in the tracked learning activities at a higher level of abstraction. These models are used to provide activity‐specific learning analytics and motivation. Platform independency with respect to data analytics technologies, messaging systems, and communication protocols is achieved by using adapters.
Reduced graphene oxide aerogel with packaged TiO2 nanoparticles as a promising adsorbent for the separation of DNA from human whole blood
Authors: Chen Lei , Wang Lei , Song Dan , Xu Zhangrun
Published: February 2018

A three‐dimensional reduced graphene oxide porous aerogel with packaged TiO2 nanoparticles was prepared by a simple one‐step self‐assembly in a water bath at a mild temperature. Herein, we overcame the aggregation of graphene layers by forming three‐dimensional architecture, and utilized TiO2 aggregates as blocks to make the composite surface uneven. The extended aromatic areas contribute to DNA adsorption by aromatic stacking and hydrophobic interaction. The obtained composite exhibited porous structure and was positively charged at a low pH. The composite exhibited a high capacity of 890.1 mg g−1 and an adsorption efficiency of 98.4% to DNA at pH 3, however, bovine serum albumin at the same concentration level was hardly adsorbed. The composite showed favorable selectivity to DNA against protein even designed in such a simple manner. The retained DNA could be stripped by using a 0.04 mol L−1 Britton–Robinson buffer at pH 10, giving rise to a recovery of 96.3%. The DNA was isolated from human whole blood to be used as templates for PCR amplification successfully. This illustrates that DNA with high purity and quality was obtained.
Quantification of oligopeptide‐20 and oligopeptide‐24 in cosmetic creams using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Giannakou Maria , Varvaresou Athanasia , Kiriazopoulos Evaggelos , Papageorgiou Spiridon , Kavvalou Eirini , Tsirivas Efstathios , Panderi Irene
Published: February 2018

Peptides are a very popular category of cosmetic ingredients covering a wide range of applications in cosmetics. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography is promising for the analysis and separation of such polar substances. In this work, the chromatographic behaviour of oligopeptide‐20 and oligopeptide‐24 was initially investigated on a zwitterionic ZIC®‐HILIC analytical column under isocratic elution with UV detection. Then, a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with positive ion electrospray mass spectrometric assay was developed and validated for the quantitation of these peptides in cosmetic creams. All analytes were separated by using a polymeric zwitterionic ZIC®‐pHILIC analytical column (150.0 × 2.1 mm i.d., particle size 3.5 μm, 200 Å) with isocratic elution. The mobile phase was composed of a 28% 32.5 mM ammonium formate water solution pH 9.5 in acetonitrile and pumped at a flow rate of 0.25 mL min−1. A run time of less than 11 min for each sample made it possible to analyze a large number of samples per day. This is the first reported application of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography in the simultaneous determination of oligopeptide‐20 and oligopeptide‐24 in cosmetic creams and it can be used to support routine quality control of these products.
Fatty acid binding protein deletion prevents stress‐induced preference for cocaine and dampens stress‐induced corticosterone levels
Authors: Hamilton John , Marion Matthew , Figueiredo Antonio , Clavin Brendan H. , Deutsch Dale , Kaczocha Martin , Haj‐Dahmane Samir , Thanos Panayotis K.
Published: February 2018

Genetic and pharmacological manipulation of endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling has previously been shown to have an important role on the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse, including cocaine. Recently, fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) have been proposed as intracellular transporters of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) as well as other bioactive lipids to their catabolic enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). The role of these transporters in modulating the brains reward system has yet to be investigated. This study examined the effects of genetic deletion of FABP 5/7 on cocaine preference, as assessed by the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) paradigm. Male and female wild type (WT) and FABP 5/7 KO mice showed similar acquisition of cocaine CPP, with no differences found in overall locomotor activity. In addition, while male and female WT mice showed stress‐induced CPP for cocaine, male and female FABP 5/7 KO mice failed to show a stress‐induced preference for the cocaine‐paired chamber. Additionally, serum corticosterone levels were analyzed to explore any potential differences in stress response that may be responsible for the lack of stress‐induced preference for cocaine. Serum samples were obtained in animals under basal conditions as well as following a 30‐min tube restraint stress. Male and female FABP 5/7 KO mice showed reduced corticosterone levels under stress compared to their WT counterparts. The reduction in corticosterone response under stress may mediate that lack of a stress‐induced preference for cocaine in the FABP 5/7 KO mice. Thus, the role of FABPs may play an important role in drug‐seeking behavior under stressful conditions.
Seeing the Forest and the Trees
Authors: Prettyman Adrienne ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2018

In cases of identity crowding, a subject consciously sees items in a figure, even though they are presented too closely together for her to shift attention to each item. Block (2012, 2013) uses such cases to challenge the view that attention is necessary for consciousness. I argue that in identity crowding cases, subjects really do attend to the items. Specifically, they attend to the figure as a global object that contains the individual items as parts. To support this view, I provide evidence that attention can be directed to a global object (as when we attend to the gist of a scene) or a local object (as when we focus in on some element of that scene). My response helps to defend the view that attention is necessary for conscious perception.
Human Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer
Authors: Meng Changting , Bai Chunmei , Brown Thomas D. , Hood Leroy E. , Tian Qiang
Published: February 2018

Human gut microbiota play an essential role in both healthy and diseased states of humans. In the past decade, the interactions between microorganisms and tumors have attracted much attention in the efforts to understand various features of the complex microbial communities, as well as the possible mechanisms through which the microbiota are involved in cancer prevention, carcinogenesis, and anti-cancer therapy. A large number of studies have indicated that microbial dysbiosis contributes to cancer susceptibility via multiple pathways. Further studies have suggested that the microbiota and their associated metabolites are not only closely related to carcinogenesis by inducing inflammation and immune dysregulation, which lead to genetic instability, but also interfere with the pharmacodynamics of anticancer agents. In this article, we mainly reviewed the influence of gut microbiota on cancers in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (including esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers) and the regulation of microbiota by diet, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, or the Traditional Chinese Medicine. We also proposed some new strategies in the prevention and treatment of GI cancers that could be explored in the future. We hope that this review could provide a comprehensive overview of the studies on the interactions between the gut microbiota and GI cancers, which are likely to yield translational opportunities to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality by improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Genome Writing: Current Progress and Related Applications
Authors: Wang Yueqiang , Shen Yue , Gu Ying , Zhu Shida , Yin Ye
Published: February 2018

The ultimate goal of synthetic biology is to build customized cells or organisms to meet specific industrial or medical needs. The most important part of the customized cell is a synthetic genome. Advanced genomic writing technologies are required to build such an artificial genome. Recently, the partially-completed synthetic yeast genome project represents a milestone in this field. In this mini review, we briefly introduce the techniques for de novo genome synthesis and genome editing. Furthermore, we summarize recent research progresses and highlight several applications in the synthetic genome field. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future prospects.
Multi objective self adaptive optimization method to maximize ampacity and minimize cost of underground cables
Authors: Zarchi Davoud Abootorabi , Vahidi Behrooz
Published: February 2018

This study presents a novel algorithm for the optimal placement of underground cables in a concrete duct bank to simultaneously maximize ampacity and minimize cable system cost for the first time. The self-adaptive particle swarm optimization (SAPSO) method -which has been used to solve multi-objective optimization problems- is used to solve the multi-objective problem. The main novelty of this paper is finding optimal cable placement by finding maximum ampacity and minimum cable system cost, simultaneously. The proposed method is used in a test case to show how the cable placement is affected by the total ampacity and cable cost in the duct bank. The obtained results show the total fundamental ampacity decrease and the total cable cost increase, on the existence of power system harmonics. The output of the optimization problem is a Pareto optimal solution which gives the cable placement for the concurrent maximized ampacity and minimized total cost. As a case in point, at a specific ampacity of the worst cable configuration, the total cable system cost is more than the total cost of the cable configuration obtained from the optimal Pareto solution, based on simulation results.

Highlights An analytical formula is studied to compute the temperature of underground cables. The Thermal Margin Index (TMI) is introduced and the probability of unreliability is calculated. Obtained simulation results have shown that HPEM requires less input data.
Multiple distant organ metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the lower gingiva that followed a rapid course: An autopsy case report
Authors: Kumagai Akiko , Mikami Toshinari , Takeda Yasunori , Sugiyama Yoshiki
Published: February 2018

We experienced a rare case, which was distant organ metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and had deteriorated rapidly. An 80‐year‐old man was transported to hospital because of a sudden loss of consciousness. A tumor was found in his right mandibular gingiva, which was histopathologically diagnosed as SCC. A large tumor was detected in the pelvic soft tissue on a thoracoabdominal computed tomography scan. The patient died on the 22nd day after he was admitted to hospital. We performed an autopsy. The autopsy revealed multiple distant organ metastases, and all of the lesions were histopathologically diagnosed as SCC.
Research coordinator networks and support models among academic health centers in the CTSA consortium
Authors: Baedorf Kassis Sylvia , Winkler Sabune , Gianforti Min J. , Needler Nancy A.
Published: February 2018

Introduction

Research coordinators (RCs) are vital to the clinical research enterprise, ensuring research is conducted ethically, results are scientifically sound and human research subjects are protected. Given the absence of a prior systematic inquiry, we sought to understand the ways in which Clinical & Translational Science Award-funded academic health centers support RCs.

Methods

Our survey asked questions about existing coordinator networks and where none existed, collected data on the characterization of resources and services provided to support RCs (outside of salary).

Results

Findings show 4 mechanisms support RCs: identification of the workforce, professionalization of the position, dissemination of information, and offering of services.

Conclusion

An academic health center that wishes to deliver research training and services to their RC workforce will need identification and communication structures in place before supportive activities can be effectively implemented.
A Chemical-Biological-Radio-Nuclear (CBRN) Filter can be Added to the Air-Outflow Port of a Ventilator to Protect a Home Ventilated Patient From Inhalation of Toxic Industrial Compounds
Authors: Be’eri Eliezer , Owen Simon , Beeri Maurit , Millis Scott R. , Eisenkraft Arik
Published: February 2018

Objectives

Chemical-biological-radio-nuclear (CBRN) gas masks are the standard means for protecting the general population from inhalation of toxic industrial compounds (TICs), for example after industrial accidents or terrorist attacks. However, such gas masks would not protect patients on home mechanical ventilation, as ventilator airflow would bypass the CBRN filter. We therefore evaluated in vivo the safety of adding a standard-issue CBRN filter to the air-outflow port of a home ventilator, as a method for providing TIC protection to such patients.

Methods

Eight adult patients were included in the study. All had been on stable, chronic ventilation via a tracheostomy for at least 3 months before the study. Each patient was ventilated for a period of 1 hour with a standard-issue CBRN filter canister attached to the air-outflow port of their ventilator. Physiological and airflow measurements were made before, during, and after using the filter, and the patients reported their subjective sensation of ventilation continuously during the trial.

Results

For all patients, and throughout the entire study, no deterioration in any of the measured physiological parameters and no changes in measured airflow parameters were detected. All patients felt no subjective difference in the sensation of ventilation with the CBRN filter canister in situ, as compared with ventilation without it. This was true even for those patients who were breathing spontaneously and thus activating the ventilator’s trigger/sensitivity function. No technical malfunctions of the ventilators occurred after addition of the CBRN filter canister to the air-outflow ports of the ventilators.

Conclusions

A CBRN filter canister can be added to the air-outflow port of chronically ventilated patients, without causing an objective or subjective deterioration in the quality of the patients’ mechanical ventilation. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:739-743)
Let the Sunshine In: The Issue of Neolithic Longhouse Orientation
Authors: Vondrovský Václav
Published: February 2018

This article is focused on the deliberate orientation of longhouses observed within the wide area of the Linear Pottery culture (LBK) and succeeding cultures (post-LBK). Spatial analysis is based on the assemblage of 1546 buildings, whose purpose it was to attempt to cover the whole area of longhouse distribution. Despite variability, which considerably increased over time, the alignment of house entrances towards the south or south-east was observed. The widely accepted theory of house alignment towards the ‘ancestral homeland’ is therefore challenged by a new hypothesis, which sees orientation governed by the celestial path of the sun. Using 3D-modelling of light-and-shadow and solar impact, sun alignment is discussed as an integral element of the longhouse concept already present by the time of its genesis. The tendency of aligning longhouse entrances towards the east, which emerged during the LBK expansion westwards, is considered to be a regionally limited pattern, as no analogical shift was observed in the eastern areas of longhouse distribution.
The effect of ions on the motion of an oil slug through a charged capillary
Authors: Wilmott Z. M. , Breward C. J. W. , Chapman S. J.
Published: February 2018

Numerous experimental studies have documented that injecting low-salinity water into an oil reservoir can increase the amount of oil recovered. However, owing to the complexity of the chemical interactions involved in this process, there has been much debate over the dominant mechanism causing this effect. In order to further understand one proposed mechanism, multicomponent ionic exchange, we study the motion of an oil slug through a clay pore throat filled with saline water. The pore throat is modelled as a capillary tube connecting two bulk regions of water. We assume that the surfaces of the oil and the capillary are negatively charged and that, due to repulsion between these surfaces, the oil slug is separated from the capillary surface by a thin film of water. Ion interactions at the oil–water and clay–water interfaces are modelled using the law of mass action. By using lubrication theory to describe the thin-film flow in the water layer separating the oil from the clay surface, and the macroscopic flow through the capillary, we derive expressions for the thickness of the wetting film, and the velocity of the oil slug, given a pressure difference across the ends of the capillary. Numerical results show that the thickness of the water layer and the velocity of the oil slug increase as the salinity of the water is reduced, suggesting that this mechanism contributes to the low-salinity effect. An analytical solution is presented in the limit in which the applied pressure is small.
Searching forHomo Economicus
Authors: DiMaggio Paul , Goldberg Amir
Published: February 2018

Economic sociologists agree that economic rationality is constructed and that morality and economic interests intersect. Yet we know little about how people organize economic beliefs or judge the morality of markets. We use Relational Class Analysis to identify three subsets of respondents whose members construe economic markets in distinct ways. Subsamples display more structure than the full sample in associations among attitudes, and between attitudes and sociodemographic predictors. The economically advantaged favor market solutions in each subset, but religious and political identities, respectively, predict pro-market views uniquely in subsamples that construe markets through a religious or political lens. Results illustrate the value of distinguishing between construals and positions, and of examining population heterogeneity in opinion data. Self-interest drives faith in markets, but only when people construe markets in ways consistent with their religious and political faiths.
Performance of Arma chinensis reared on an artificial diet formulated using transcriptomic methods
Authors: Zou D.Y. , Coudron T.A. , Zhang L.S. , Gu X.S. , Xu W.H. , Liu X.L. , Wu H.H.
Published: February 2018

An artificial diet formulated for continuous rearing of the predator Arma chinensis was inferior to natural prey when evaluated using life history parameters. A transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes in diet-fed and prey-fed A. chinensis that were suggestive of molecular mechanisms underlying the nutritive impact of the artificial diet. Changes in the diet formulation were made based on the transcriptome analysis and tested using life history parameters. The quantity of pig liver, chicken egg, tuna fish, biotin, nicotinamide, vitamin B6, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin C, L-glutamine, and sucrose was reduced, and wheat germ oil, calcium pantothenate and folic acid were increased. Ecuadorian shrimp was added as a partial substitute for tuna fish. Several parameters improved over six generations, including increased egg viability, and decreased egg and adult cannibalism. Additionally, several parameters declined, including longer developmental times for 2nd–5th instars, and decreased nymphal weights. The improvements in life history parameters support the use of transcriptome analyses to help direct formulation improvements. However, the decline in some parameters suggests that additional information, e.g., proteomic data, may be useful as well to maximize diet formulations.
Functional characteristics of chemosensory proteins in the sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus Hope
Authors: Ali S. , Ahmed M.Z. , Li N. , Ali S.A.I. , Wang M.-Q.
Published: February 2018

The Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is a major pest of pines and it is also the key vector of the exotic pinewood nematode in China. In the present study, we cloned, expressed, and purified a chemosensory protein (CSP) in M. alternatus. We surveyed its expression in various developmental stages of male and female adult tissues and determined its binding affinities for different pine volatiles using a competitive binding fluorescence assay. A CSP known as CSP5 in M. alternatus was obtained from an antennal cDNA library and expressed in Escherichia coli. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results indicated that the CSP5 gene was mainly expressed in male and female antennae. Competitive binding assays were performed to test the binding affinity of recombinant CSP5 to 13 odour molecules of pine volatiles. The results showed that CSP5 showed very strong binding abilities to myrcene, (+)-β-pinene, and (−)-isolongifolene, whereas the volatiles 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, p-cymene, and (+)-limonene oxide have relatively weak binding affinity at pH 5.0. Three volatiles myrcene, (+)-β-pinene, and (−)-isolongifolene may play crucial roles in CSP5 binding with ligands but this needs further study for confirmation. The sensitivity of insect to host plant volatiles can effectively be used to control and monitor the population through mass trapping as part of integrated pest management programs.
The Rule of Surrender in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Buchan Russell
Published: February 2018

Under international humanitarian law it is prohibited to make the object of attack a person who has surrendered. This article explores the circumstances in which the act of surrender is effective under international humanitarian law and examines, in particular, how surrender can be achieved in practical terms during land warfare in the context of international and non-international armed conflict. First, the article situates surrender within its broader historical and theoretical setting, tracing its legal development as a rule of conventional and customary international humanitarian law and arguing that its crystallisation as a law of war derives from the lack of military necessity to directly target persons who have placed themselves outside the theatre of armed conflict, and that such conduct is unacceptable from a humanitarian perspective. Second, after a careful examination of state practice, the article proposes a three-stage test for determining whether persons have surrendered under international humanitarian law: (1) Have persons attempting to surrender engaged in a positive act which clearly reveals that they no longer intend to participate in hostilities? (2) Is it reasonable in the circumstances prevailing at the time for the opposing force to discern the offer of surrender? and (3) Have surrendered persons unconditionally submitted to the authority of their captor?
Speaking in Confused Tongues: Constructing Babelian Towers in Constitutional Times
Authors: Mokoena Mabowa Thomas
Published: February 2018

The South African Constitution recognizes the use of 11 official languages within “provincial” and “national” government on the basis of “parity of esteem”. However, it does not specifically refer to the recognition and use of language in tribunals. Any perceived attribution is couched in generic terms that are open to interpretation, as evidenced in the cases of Matomela, Damoyi and Pienaar. The employment of a single language policy in court proceedings, as advocated in Matomela and Damoyi is probably the most sensible, pragmatic and plausible language policy imaginable. Such a position would be desirable to ensure speedier and simpler proceedings. However, it would, as argued in Pienaar, not only accord primacy and prominence to a single language, but would operate contrary to the spirit of plurality, multilingualism and inclusivity, which forms the bedrock of the current constitutional dispensation. Meanwhile, the dominance of English and (to a lesser extent) Afrikaans continues almost unabated, despite the principles of inclusivity championed by the Constitution.
Paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea: is our operative management evidence-based?
Authors: Pabla L , Duffin J , Flood L , Blackmore K
Published: February 2018

Background:

Despite the plethora of publications on the subject of paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea, there seems to be wide variability in the literature and in practice, regarding recourse to surgery, the operation chosen, the benefits gained and post-operative management. This may reflect a lack of high-level evidence.

Methods:

A systematic review of four significant controversies in paediatric ENT was conducted from the available literature: tonsillectomy versus tonsillotomy, focusing on the evidence base for each; anaesthetic considerations in paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea surgery; the objective evidence for the benefits of surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea; and the medical treatment options for residual obstructive sleep apnoea after surgical treatment.

Results and conclusion:

There are many gaps in the evidence base for the surgical correction of obstructive sleep apnoea. There is emerging evidence favouring subtotal tonsillectomy. There is continuing uncertainty around the prediction of the level of post-operative care that any individual child might require. The long-term benefit of surgical correction is a particularly fertile ground for further research.
Segmental superficial parotidectomy in the surgical treatment of benign parotid tumours
Authors: Eski E , Sökmen M F , Yilmaz I
Published: February 2018

Objective:

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of segmental superficial parotidectomy in the surgical treatment of benign parotid tumours.

Methods:

Patients who underwent parotidectomy for benign primary parotid tumours limited to the superficial lobe were retrospectively reviewed. Tumour location, size, surgical procedure, follow-up period, complications and recurrence rates were noted.

Results:

The study included a total of 39 patients: 22 underwent segmental superficial parotidectomy (group 1) and 17 underwent superficial parotidectomy (group 2). The mean follow-up period was 41.79 months (range, 13–85 months). There were no recurrences in either group during the follow-up period. No significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of tumour size, complications or recurrence rates.

Conclusion:

Segmental superficial parotidectomy is a safe and effective option in the surgical treatment of benign parotid tumours.
Medialisation thyroplasty with tensor fascia lata: a novel approach for reducing post-thyroplasty complications
Authors: Chao T N , Mahmoud A , Rajasekaran K , Mirza N
Published: February 2018

Background:

Medialisation thyroplasty is considered the ‘gold standard’ treatment for unilateral vocal fold paralysis, enabling improvement of voice and swallowing function, and preventing life-threatening aspiration events. The most commonly used laryngeal implants induce some degree of local tissue inflammatory response, and carry the risk of immediate or delayed implant extrusion.

Methods:

This paper describes a novel approach for medialisation thyroplasty. Specifically, it utilises a ribbon of autologous tensor fascia lata harvested at the time of surgery. This is layered within the paraglottic space in a manner similar to Gore-Tex thyroplasty.

Results:

Thus far, this method has been accomplished in two patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis, who also received prior radiotherapy to the head and neck.

Conclusion:

Given the increased risk of post-operative wound breakdown and infection in irradiated patients, it is suggested that this new approach will lead to improved outcomes, and a decrease in complications such as extrusion or wound infection, particularly in this patient population.
Satire's Censorial Waters in Horace and Juvenal
Authors: Freudenburg Kirk
Published: February 2018

This paper concerns the water imagery of two iconic passages of Roman satire: Horace's figuration of Lucilius as a river churning with mud atSat.1.4.11, and the transformation of that image at Juvenal,Sat.3.62–8 (the Orontes flowing into the Tiber). It posits new ways of reckoning with the codifications and further potentials of these images by establishing points of contact with the workings of water in the Roman world. The main point of reference will be to the work of Rome's censors, who were charged not only with protecting the moral health of the state, but with ensuring the purity and abundance of the city's water supply as well.
Like one of the family? Understanding relationships between migrant live-in care workers and older care recipients in Israel
Authors: TESHUVA KAREN , COHEN-MANSFIELD JISKA , IECOVICH ESTHER , GOLANDER HAVA
Published: February 2018

Frail older people worldwide are increasingly being cared for in their own homes by migrant live-in care workers; however, extant literature on care relationships in this care context is sparse. The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to explore the quality and the nature of care relationships between full-time, live-in migrant care workers and older people in Israel. Quantitative and qualitative data were drawn from a 2014 survey of 116 migrant care workers and 73 older care recipients. Mean scores for four quantitative items relating to care relationships were examined and independent samplest-tests and Pearson correlations were performed, whereas qualitative data were examined using thematic analysis. Credibility of qualitative findings was checked by peer review. Most older people and migrant care workers gave high ratings to the four items. Significant correlations between the two groups were found for their responses on all four relationship items assessed, with only one item (‘get along well’) producing significantt-test differences. Qualitative data provided a deeper understanding of the quantitative ratings of care relationships. Four major qualitative themes emerged as inextricably tied with both groups’ perceptions of positive care relationships. These were: an emotional connection; reciprocity; effective communication; and meeting the older person's care needs. Study findings were interpreted through the theoretical lens of relationship-centred care. Implications of the findings for theory, practice and further research are discussed.
Rule-Consequentialism's Assumptions
Authors: TOBIA KEVIN P.
Published: February 2018

Rule-Consequentialism faces ‘the problem of partial acceptance’: How should the ideal code be selected given the possibility that its rules may not be universally accepted? A new contender, ‘Calculated Rates’ Rule-Consequentialism claims to solve this problem. However, I argue that Calculated Rates merely relocates the partial acceptance question. Nevertheless, there is a significant lesson from this failure of Calculated Rates. Rule-Consequentialism's problem of partial acceptance is more helpfully understood as an instance of the broader problem of selecting the ideal code given various assumptions – assumptions about who will accept and comply with the rules, but also about how the rules will be taught and enforced, and how similar the future will be. Previous rich discussions about partial acceptance provide a taxonomy and groundwork for formulating the best version of Rule-Consequentialism.
Ethics and Mysticism: The Work of Kenneth E. Kirk and Some Other Modern Anglicans
Authors: Shaw Jane
Published: February 2018

Kenneth E. Kirk is regarded as the person who revived moral theology in the Anglican tradition in the early to mid-twentieth century. This article argues that a renewal of interest in mysticism, led especially by W.R. Inge and Evelyn Underhill in the first two decades of the twentieth century, was influential upon Kirk’s outlook, especially his association of moral theology with ascetic theology (or mystical theology), and linking of personal holiness with ethics. Kirk made prayer – especially contemplative prayer – and worship primary in the education of the soul, the forging of Christian character and therefore the creation of a moral agent.
Ocean Tides Affect Ice Loss from Large Polar Ice Sheets
Authors: Padman Laurence , Siegfried Matthew
Published: February 2018

A recent paper in Reviews of Geophysics discusses how ocean tides affect the motion of, and loss of ice from, the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets.