bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual Selection on Non‐Ornamental Traits Is Underpinned by Evidence of Genetic Constraints on Sex‐Biased Expression in Dusky Pipefish
Authors: Tosto Nicole M. , Rose Emily , Mason Heather D. , Mank Judith E. , Flanagan Sarah P.
Published: October 2024

Species lacking distinct secondary sex characteristics, such as differences in size or morphology, are often thought to experience lower levels of sex‐specific selection in comparison to highly sexually dimorphic organisms. However, monomorphism in classic visible traits could be a result of genetic or physiological constraints that prevent the sexes from reaching divergent fitness optima. Additionally, biochemical and molecular work have revealed a variety of less easily observed phenotypes that nonetheless exhibit profound dimorphism. Sex‐specific selection could act on these more subtle, less visible, traits. We investigate sex‐specific selection in the polygynandrous dusky pipefish (Syngnathus floridae), which lacks distinct secondary sexual characteristics such as size, colour and morphological dimorphism. Using experimental breeding populations, we revealed that although males and females have similar opportunities for sexual selection, only males experience significant sexual selection pressures on body size. We also investigated patterns of sex‐biased and sex‐specific gene expression in gonads, livers and gills, and tested whether genes with highly divergent expression patterns between the sexes are more likely to be tissue‐specific, and therefore relieved of genetic constraints. Sex bias in gene expression was widespread, although the reproductive organs had the most sex‐biased and sex‐specific genes. Sex‐specific selection on gene expression in gills was primarily related to immune response, whereas the liver and gonads had a wide variety of cellular processes, as well as reproductive proteins, showing sex‐biased expression. These sex‐biased genes showed higher organ‐specificity in their expression patterns, suggesting that pleiotropic constraints might have historically impacted the evolution of sex‐specific expression patterns. Altogether, we find evidence for ongoing and historical sex‐specific selection in the dusky pipefish.
Functional diversity of oxidosqualene cyclases in genus Oryza
Authors: Ma Aimin , Sun Juncong , Feng Laibao , Xue Zheyong , Wu Wenbin , Song Bo , Xiong Xingchen , Wang Xiaoning , Han Bin , Osbourn Anne , Qi Xiaoquan
Published: October 2024

Triterpene skeletons, catalyzing by 2,3‐oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs), are essential for synthesis of steroids and triterpenoids. In japonica rice cultivars Zhonghua11, a total of 12 OsOSCs have been found. While the catalytic functions of OsOSC1, 3, 4, 9, and 10 remain unclear, the functions of the other OsOSCs have been well studied.

In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 12 OSC genes within genus Oryza with the aid of 63 genomes from cultivated and wild rice. We found that OSC genes are relatively conserved within genus Oryza with a few exceptions. Collinearity analysis further suggested that, throughout the evolutionary history of genus Oryza, the OSC genes have not undergone significant rearrangements or losses.

Further functional analysis of 5 uncharacterized OSCs revealed that OsOSC10 was a friedelin synthase, which affected the development of rice grains. Additionally, the reconstructed ancestral sequences of Oryza OSC3 and Oryza OSC9 had lupeol synthase and poaceatapetol synthase activity, respectively.

The discovery of friedelin synthase in rice unlocks a new catalytic path and biological function of OsOSC10. The pan‐genome analysis of OSCs within genus Oryza gives insights into the evolutionary trajectory and products diversity of Oryza OSCs.
Prezygotic barriers effectively limit hybridization in a rapid evolutionary radiation
Authors: Uckele Kathryn A. , Vargas Oscar M. , Kay Kathleen M.
Published: October 2024

Hybridization is increasingly recognized as an important evolutionary process across the tree of life. In many clades, phylogenomic approaches have permitted unparalleled insight into the extent and frequency of hybridization. However, we continue to lack a deep understanding of the factors that limit and shape patterns of hybridization, especially in evolutionary radiations. In this study, we characterized patterns of introgression across Costus (Costaceae), a young evolutionary radiation of tropical understory plants that maintain widespread interfertility despite exhibiting strong prezygotic reproductive isolation.

We analyzed a phylogenomic dataset of 756 genes from 54 Costus species using multiple complementary approaches – D‐statistics, gene‐tree‐based tests, and phylogenetic network analyses – to detect and characterize introgression events throughout the evolutionary history of the radiation.

Our results identified a moderate number of introgression events, including a particularly ancient, well‐supported event spanning one of the deepest divergences in the clade. Most introgression events occurred between taxa or ancestral lineages that shared the same pollination syndrome (bee‐pollinated or hummingbird‐pollinated).

These findings suggest that prezygotic barriers, including pollinator specialization, have been key to the balance between introgression and reproductive isolation in Costus.
Water Loss From Bagged Leaves During Storage: Why and When?
Authors: Feng Feng , Assouline Shmuel , Rockwell Fulton , Hochberg Uri
Published: October 2024

In ecophysiology leaves are frequently stored for hours after sampling before measuring their leaf water potential (Ψleaf). Here, we address a previously unidentified source of error, that metabolic heat generation can cause continuous water loss from leaves stored in impermeable bags, leading to a Ψleaf drop over time. We tested Ψleaf drop rates under various conditions: two bag materials, two species, initial Ψleaf above or below the turgor loss point (Ψtlp), and storage at 25°C versus 4°C. We partitioned leaf water loss due to condensation on the inner bag surface or permeation through the bag. We found that Ψleaf dropped by up to 0.39 MPa per hour, with 41%–89% of the water leaving the leaf condensed on the inner bag surface. Plastic bags showed higher Ψleaf drop rates than aluminium bags, and leaves above Ψtlp experienced greater drops. Storing leaves at 4°C reduced the Ψleaf drop rate by 60% compared to 25°C. Leaves were 0.2–0.3°C warmer than the bags, likely due to metabolic heating. Our energy balance model suggests that water loss is lower when storing leaves at cooler temperatures, using leaves with low stomatal conductance, deflated bags, and leaves with low Ψleaf.
Photobiomodulation therapy on puncture‐associated pain: A controlled randomized double‐blind clinical trial
Authors: Ferreira Giovanna Fontgalland , Machado Glaucia Gonçales Abud , Roncolato Vinicius Leão , Ramalho Karen Muller , Motta Lara Jansiski , Bussadori Sandra Kalil , Duran Cinthya Cosme Gutierrez , Fernandes Kristianne Porta Santos , Mesquita Ferrari Raquel Agnelli , Chiniforush Nasim , Horliana Anna Carolina Ratto Tempestini
Published: October 2024

Dental fear and phobia are prevalent worldwide, with local anesthesia being the most feared procedure. This study aimed to determine whether photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), used as a pre‐anesthetic, could modulate puncture pain and enhance the effectiveness of local anesthesia. In this controlled, randomized, double‐blind study, 49 participants were divided into an experimental group (n = 24), which received infrared laser therapy (100 mW, at 808 nm, 8 J, 80 s at a single point) immediately before standard anesthesia; and control group (n = 25), which received the standard anesthetic technique and sham laser. Pain levels were measured using the visual analog scale, and anesthetic efficacy was assessed through electrical tests (latency), percentage of failures, and cartridge usage. Anxiety levels were evaluated using the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Cardiovascular parameters were evaluated through blood pressure, oxygen levels, and heart rate. This randomized, double‐blind study found no difference between groups in these experimental conditions. The bias toward a positive PBMT result was sufficiently removed. Autonomic responses of the PBMT group were maintained stable during the procedure.
Quality of life and post‐traumatic stress disorder among elderly earthquake survivors: a focus on the February earthquake in Turkey
Authors: Yayla Muhteşem Erol , Gümüştakim Raziye Şule , Ayhan Başer Duygu
Published: October 2024

Background

On 6 February, 2023, Turkey experienced a disaster resulting from two major earthquakes. The elderly population stands out as one of the most vulnerable and least adaptable. This study aims to identify the quality of life (QOL) and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among elderly earthquake survivors in Turkey.

Methods

This research was conducted between 1 October, 2023 and 15 December, 2023 as a cross‐sectional design. During the data collection process, survey questions prepared by the researchers (29 questions) and the Elderly Quality of Life Scale (OPQOL‐Bref) and the Impact of Events Scale (IES‐R) were used.

Results

Three hundred and eighty‐four elderly people participated in the study. PTSD was more common in those diagnosed with chronic diseases after the earthquake, in those who had a drug‐free period after the earthquake, in those who smoked and quit smoking, and in those who started psychiatric medication after the earthquake. Post‐traumatic stress was seen more frequently in those with low QOL scores and in those who had a longer period of not using medication after the earthquake. It was observed that QOL was better in married people, high school graduates, those with average income levels, those who did not have chronic diseases before and after the earthquake, those who did not have a drug‐free period after the earthquake, those who were physically active, and those who did not use psychiatric medication after the earthquake.

Conclusion

Chronic disease diagnosis post‐earthquake, drug‐free periods, smoking habits, and psychiatric medication usage were identified as influential factors in PTSD occurrence. Additionally, the study shed light on the profound effect of earthquake‐related experiences, such as house damage, injuries, deaths in first‐degree relatives, displacement, and changes in living conditions, on PTSD prevalence.
At their fingertips: What is the impact of online reporting of domestic violence?
Authors: Fantoni Marylis C.
Published: October 2024

Global reports indicate that 307 million women have suffered physical or sexual intimate partner violence during the last 12 months. Yet, chronic underreporting of domestic violence (DV) is still a reality in the United States and worldwide. The process of going to a police station and reporting DV is extremely burdensome, leading to numerous psychological effects on the victim and lost opportunity cost of stopping the violence cycle. This study investigates the impacts of bypassing police contact by enabling online reporting and requesting of protective orders (POs) in Brazil. Through novel databases and by using a Synthetic Control, I find that online reporting of DV led to a 29.5% increase in the average monthly requests of POs. This translates to roughly 373 new requests of POs. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Optimal unilateral climate policy with carbon leakage at the extensive and the intensive margins
Authors: Kruse‐Andersen Peter K. , Sørensen Peter Birch
Published: October 2024

We derive the optimal unilateral climate policy for an open economy with a domestic emissions target and aversion to carbon leakage, distinguishing between leakage at the extensive margin, where domestic firms relocate to foreign countries, and leakage at the intensive margin, where domestic firms lose world market shares. Implementing the optimal allocation requires several instruments including a lump‐sum location subsidy to counter leakage at the extensive margin. Simulations indicate substantial leakage at the extensive margin and a social welfare gain of around 0.3 percent of national income from our optimal leakage‐adjusted tax‐subsidy scheme compared to uniform carbon taxation.
Suicide prevention safety planning in the US Department of defense: Qualitative assessment of training
Authors: Norr Aaron M. , Sandel‐Fernandez Devon , Nguyen Janelle , Schacht Reisinger Heather , Reger Greg M.
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Suicide rates in the military are a significant public health concern. The suicide prevention safety planning intervention is a brief and effective intervention in which a provider and patient work collaboratively to recognize warning signs of a suicidal crisis and create a defined list of coping strategies and supports for use during future crises (Stanley & Brown, 2012). Implementation of safety planning has been supported by the Department of Defense (DoD), yet readily available training and continuing education for healthcare providers in this intervention is limited and passive in nature. Existing safety planning training experiences and needs of DoD behavioral health providers are unknown. The present study is an exploratory qualitative assessment of current safety planning in DoD to inform the design and development of an interactive virtual standardized training patient.

Method

Ten military behavioral health providers completed semi‐structured interviews.

Results

Thematic content analysis was conducted, and three themes are described in this paper: variety of training received, barriers to receiving suicide safety planning training, and desires for future training. Lack of protected time for training and a lack of access to training resources were identified as key barriers.

Conclusions

Rich data obtained can help inform the key design features and relevance of new safety planning intervention training approaches
Unravelling the effects of straw return on rice production in central China: Evidence for future policy‐making
Authors: Shen Xue , Jin Shan , Liang Zhihui , Ao Rongjun
Published: October 2024

The practice of straw return represents an effective and sustainable approach to recycling and reusing agricultural residues, thereby significantly contributing to the circular economy within the agri‐food sector. Although this practice holds significant promise for enhancing soil quality and mitigating pollution resulting from straw burning, the realization of these substantial benefits depends on the extent to which farmers are willing to embrace this practice, a decision closely tied to the anticipated economic benefits it offers. The present study aimed to explore the effect of straw return on rice production in terms of rice yield and net return using a representative household survey of 1752 rice farmers in central China. The results showed that there exist threshold effects of the years of straw return on both rice yield and net income, which decline as years of straw return increase below the thresholds, and then increase linearly above the thresholds. Overall, after implementing the straw return practice, it took an average of about 3.5 years to observe a positive effect on rice yields and about 7.5 years to see an increase in net income. The estimates were robust to threshold regression, Lasso regression and random forest regression methods. Nonetheless, the provision of essential technical guidance to farmers via agricultural cooperatives could contribute to expediting the realization of the benefits associated with implementing straw return practices. The results imply that the current incentive mechanism aimed at diffusing straw return practice should be fine‐tuned by considering the time required for straw return to generate economic benefits in specific contexts, ensuring better compensation for initial losses. Interventions that shorten the time needed to realize these benefits, such as providing additional technical training for farmers, should be implemented. Furthermore, the uncertainty regarding the time frame for benefit realization should be communicated clearly and effectively to farmers.
Teachers’ Gestures and How They Matter
Authors: Church R. Breckinridge , Perry Michelle , Singer Melissa A. , Cook Susan Wagner , Alibali Martha Wagner
Published: October 2024

How do teachers’ gestures influence students’ learning? This article reviews research investigating the role of gestures in communication, focusing on teachers’ communication with their students, primarily in mathematics and science instruction. We first briefly consider gesture's role in communication more generally as a backdrop for considering teaching as a special context for communication. We then describe teachers’ spontaneous gesturing in teaching contexts, and we consider how teachers’ spontaneous gestures might influence students’ learning. We then consider experimental studies that provide causal support for the effects of teachers’ gestures on students’ learning. We conclude by discussing future directions and implications for educational practice.
Serum total antioxidant status in dogs: Reference intervals and influence of multiple biological and analytical factors
Authors: Perez‐Montero B. , Fermin‐Rodriguez M. L. , Portero‐Fuentes M. , Sarquis J. , Caceres S. , del Portal J. C. Illera , de Juan L. , Miro G. , Cruz‐Lopez F.
Published: October 2024

Background

Total antioxidant status (TAS) is one of the most widely used oxidative stress biomarkers, but the lack of canine RI and the influence of analytical factors hinder its application in clinical practice.

Objectives

The aims of this study were to establish canine assay‐specific RI for TAS and evaluate the sources of biological variation and the association between TAS and multiple hematologic and biochemical variables.

Methods

Blood samples from 190 clinically healthy dogs were collected, encompassing pet dogs (82), police dogs (56), and shelter dogs (52). After hematologic and biochemical analysis, serum TAS was determined by means of a commercial 2,2′‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzthiazolin‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) test. The American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines were followed to establish the RI, employing nonparametric methods. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were conducted to assess the influence of biological and analytical variables, yielding a final regression model.

Results

The final reference population comprised 143 dogs, for which the RI was established (1.41–2.27 mmol/L). Partitioning was applied to the three study groups. The regression model revealed that police dogs had significantly higher TAS values than pet dogs. Furthermore, significant associations between four biochemical variables (albumin, globulins, cholesterol, and aspartate aminotransferase) and serum TAS were found.

Conclusions

This is the first study to establish RI for serum TAS in a large and heterogeneous canine population and provide data on its relationship with analytical variables. These findings could potentially improve the interpretation of TAS in clinical environments.
Equivalence in intradermal reactions to histamine and compound 48/80 in dogs before and after sedation with dexmedetomidine or a 1:20 combination of medetomidine and vatinoxan
Authors: Santoro Domenico , Moura Raiane A. , McKenzie Stuart R. , Chiavaccini Ludovica
Published: October 2024

Background

Intradermal allergen testing (IDAT) is commonly used to formulate allergen‐specific immunotherapy, a pillar treatment for canine atopic dermatitis. Many sedatives have shown histaminergic or anti‐histaminergic effects and thus been deemed unsuitable for IDAT.

Objective

The goal of this study was to determine whether, in healthy dogs, dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor) or a 1:20 combination of medetomidine and vatinoxan (Zenalpha) will affect intradermal reactions compared to unsedated dogs.

Animals

Ten privately owned healthy dogs were enrolled in this equivalence study.

Materials and Methods

Wheal formation was subjectively and objectively assessed in conscious then sedated dogs. Dogs were randomly sedated with either Dexdomitor (dexmedetomidine [0.5 mg/m2]) or Zenalpha (medetomidine [1 mg/m2/vatinoxan] 20 mg/m2) intramuscularly. Once sedated, five 10‐fold histamine (100–0.01 μg/mL) and compound 48/80 (200–0.02 μg/mL) dilutions were intradermally injected into the lateral thorax. The study was repeated on the opposite side with the alternative sedation 1 week later. Quality of sedation, cardiorespiratory function and rectal temperature were recorded every 5 min.

Results

There was no difference in the median values of the reactions with either sedative when compared to unsedated dogs. Dexdomitor and Zenalpha achieved an equivalence in both subjective and objective scoring systems for all concentrations tested. A faster median time to sedation (10 vs. 18 min, p = 0.013) was seen with Zenalpha compared to Dexdomitor. Although both sedatives depressed the cardiovascular function, such parameters were less affected by Zenalpha than by Dexdomitor (p ≤ 0.001).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Owing to the lack of effects on wheal formation, both sedatives are appropriate for sedating dogs undergoing IDAT. Although, such results should be validated in allergic dogs. Zenalpha may induce more rapid and reliable sedation than Dexdomitor.
Community screening for iron deficiency in reproductive aged women: Lessons learnt from Australia
Authors: MacLean Beth , Lim Jayne , Fuller Jess , Wylie Riki , Joo Judie Yeleen , Al‐Sharea Annas , Cheyyur Jaahnavi , Ng Henry , Zhang Sijing , Ahmed Mubashshira , Dugan Cory , Richards Toby
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives

Reproductive‐aged women are at an increased risk of developing iron deficiency (ID). We aimed to develop a non‐invasive screening tool to identify ID in women and assess the acceptability of screening.

Study Design and Methods

We screened women (age 18–49 years) in the community of Western Australia. Primary outcome: acceptability of screening, assessed by the feasibility of recruiting the required sample size (n = 323). Secondary outcomes: Hand grip strength, finger prick haemoglobin concentration (Hb), prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), diet, pregnancy history, blood donation, symptoms of ID and history of ID or anaemia (Hb < 120 g/L). Those with Hb <130 g/L and no history of iron therapy in the past 2 years were given referrals for venous full blood count and ferritin sampling.

Results

Across 5 days, we recruited 640 eligible women. Of which, 178 (28%) had HMB and 79 (12%) were anaemic. Mean age was 33.5 ± 9.2 years, and mean Hb was 132.4 ± 11.9 g/L. In the past 2 years: 335 (52%) were diagnosed with ID or anaemia; 322 (50%) had taken oral iron; and 210 (33%) had an intravenous iron infusion. Vegetarian diets were followed by 89 (14%); 40 (6%) were regular blood donors; 290 (45%) had a previous pregnancy.

HMB increased the risk of symptoms of ID and having prior ID/anaemia diagnosis (67% vs. 47%) or treatment (p < 0.022). Hand grip strength showed a positive relationship with both Hb (adjusted R2 = 0.012, p = 0.004) and ferritin (adjusted R2 = 0.135, p = 0.005).

Conclusion

ID screening was well accepted by women in the community, with high recruitment rates over a short period. Future screening tool development may consider incorporating hand grip strength and HMB assessment.
Global mathematical analysis of a patchy epidemic model
Authors: Boulaasair Lahcen , Bouzahir Hassane , Yavuz Mehmet
Published: October 2024

The dissemination of a disease within a homogeneous population can typically be modeled and managed in a uniform fashion. Conversely, in non-homogeneous populations, it is essential to account for variations among subpopulations to achieve more precise predictive modeling and efficacious intervention strategies. In this study, we introduce and examine the comprehensive behavior of a deterministic two-patch epidemic model alongside its stochastic counterpart to assess disease dynamics between two heterogeneous populations inhabiting distinct regions. First, utilizing a specific Lyapunov function, we demonstrate that the disease-free equilibrium of the deterministic model is globally asymptotically stable. For the stochastic model, we establish that it is well-posed, meaning it possesses a unique positive solution with probability one. Subsequently, we ascertain the conditions necessary to ensure the total extinction of the disease across both regions. Furthermore, we explicitly determine a threshold condition under which the disease persists in both areas. Additionally, we discuss a scenario wherein the disease persists in one region while simultaneously becoming extinct in the other. The article concludes with a series of numerical simulations that corroborate the theoretical findings.
An In Vitro Platform for Pharmacokinetic Quantification and Optimization of Cerebrospinal Fluid Filtration and Drug Circulation
Authors: Sass Lucas R. , Khani Mohammadreza , Giordano Michael C. , McCabe Aaron R. , Lad Shivanand P. , Martin Bryn A.
Published: October 2024

Modification of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) transport dynamics is an expanding method for treating central nervous system injury and diseases. One application of this route is to modify the distribution of solutes in the CSF; however, few tools currently exist for this purpose. The present study describes the use of a subject-specific in vitro CSF phantom to perform a parametric evaluation of the Neurapheresis™ CSF Management System (NP) for both CSF filtration and intrathecal drug circulation. An in vitro CSF phantom was constructed which included realistic anatomy for the complete subarachnoid space (SAS). This platform was configured to test multiple parametric modifications of a dual-lumen catheter and filtration system. Calibrated mapping of tracer distribution and area under the curve (AUC) measurements were used to compare filtration and intrathecal-circulation schemes using the NP device versus the clinical standards of care. The NP device showed potential advantages over lumbar drain (LD) for clearance of simulated subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), especially in the spinal canal. Use of the NP device in combination with simulated intracerebroventricular (ICV) drug infusion resulted in an increased extent and uniformity of tracer spread compared to ICV alone. NP improved clearance of simulated subarachnoid hemorrhage compared to LD and increased uniformity of tracer concentration via simulated ICV, providing support for NP use in these scenarios. The in vitro CSF phantom system presented here quantitatively described the effects of parametric boundary modification on solute distribution in the intrathecal space.
Auditory masking of tonal and conspecific signals by continuous active sonar, amplitude modulated noise, and Gaussian noise in killer whales (Orcinus orca)
Authors: Branstetter Brian K. , Felice Michael , Robeck Todd , Holt Marla M. , Henderson E. Elizabeth
Published: October 2024

Continuous active sonar is thought to mitigate severe acoustic impacts due to its lower sound pressure level compared to pulsed active sonar typically used by world navies. However, due to its almost continuous duty cycle, continuous active sonar could have a higher potential for auditory masking. Here, we evaluate the auditory masking potential of several noise types including a recording of continuous active sonar, amplitude modulated noise, and Gaussian noise, on signal detection in two killer whales. Signals were either a 1.5 kHz pure tone or a recording of a broadband burst-pulse killer whale call. For the 1.5 kHz tone, all noise types resulted in statistically significant masking, however, there was a release from masking of approximately 13 dB for the amplitude-modulated noise. When the killer whale call was the signal, the whales employed an off-frequency listening strategy where the whales were able to detect frequency components of the signal that did not directly overlap with the noise. However, this strategy was less useful for the continuous active sonar noise due to its broadband harmonic structure. Continuous active sonar has spectral features that considerably overlap with those of killer whale calls, making this type of noise an effective auditory masker.
Complete genome sequence of
Sphingobacterium thalpophilum
BAA-1094
Authors: Adaikpoh Barbara I. , Eustáquio Alessandra S.
Published: October 2024

We report the complete genome of
Sphingobacterium thalpophilum
BAA-1094 obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. The genome has one circular chromosome (5.7 Mbp). The rather low average nucleotide identity of 76.5% to the type strain
Sphingobacterium thalpophilum
DSM 11723 suggests the need for reclassification.
Completed genome segments of Maciel, Lechiguanas, and Laguna Negra orthohantaviruses
Authors: Shedroff Elizabeth , Whitmer Shannon L. M. , Mobley Melissa , Morales-Betoulle Maria , Martin Maria Laura , Brignone Julia , Sen Carina , Nazar Yael , Montgomery Joel M. , Klena John D.
Published: October 2024

New World orthohantaviruses are rodent-borne tri-segmented viruses that cause hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in humans in the Americas. Molecular diagnostics for orthohantaviruses can be improved with more sequence data. Reported here are completed genomes for Lechiguanas, Maciel, and Laguna Negra viruses.
Complete hybrid genome assembly of
Mannheimia haemolytica
serotype A2 strain D95 isolated from ovine lung
Authors: Goldkamp Anna K. , Menghwar Harish , Dassanayake Rohana P. , Tatum Fred M. , Briggs Robert E. , Casas Eduardo
Published: October 2024

Mannheimia haemolytica
is a major bacterial pathogen associated with broncho- and fibrinous pneumonia in ruminants. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of an isolate of serotype A2
M. haemolytica
(D95) recovered from a pneumonic ovine lung. The D95 genome has a size of 2.7 Mb and contains 2,720 genes.
Draft genome of
Aeromonas veronii
DFR01, the inactivated bacterial agent in a fish oral vaccine against motile aeromonad septicemia
Authors: Argayosa Anacleto M. , Gloria Paul Christian T. , Argayosa Vina B. , Santos Mary Nia M.
Published: October 2024

Aeromonas veronii
DFR01 was isolated from Nile tilapia (
Oreochromis niloticus
) infected with motile aeromonad septicemia and has been developed as an oral vaccine. We report a 4.538-Mb draft genome with 99.4% BUSCO and 98.85% CheckM completeness.
Complete genome sequence of
Glycocaulis abyssi
type strain LMG 27140, a prosthecate bacterium isolated from an abyssal hydrothermal vent
Authors: LaSarre Breah , Kierstead Eva M. , Randich Amelia M.
Published: October 2024

Glycocaulis abyssi
is a dimorphic, prosthecate member of the family
Maricaulaceae
, order Caulobacterales, in the class Alphaproteobacteria, originally isolated from an abyssal hydrothermal vent. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of type strain LMG 27140
T
(MCS33
T
) obtained using Oxford Nanopore technology.
Direct genome sequencing of respiratory viruses from low viral load clinical specimens using the target capture sequencing technology
Authors: Takemae Nobuhiro , Kuba Yumani , Oba Kunihiro , Kageyama Tsutomu
Published: October 2024

The use of metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology to obtain complete viral genome sequences directly from clinical samples with low viral load remains challenging—especially in the case of respiratory viruses—due to the low copy number of viral versus host genomes. To overcome this limitation, target capture sequencing for the enrichment of specific genomes has been developed and applied for direct genome sequencing of viruses. However, as the efficiency of enrichment varies depending on the probes, the type of clinical sample, etc., validation is essential before target capture sequencing can be applied to clinical diagnostics. In this study, we evaluated the utility of target capture sequencing with a comprehensive viral probe panel for clinical respiratory specimens collected from patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 or influenza type A. We focused on clinical specimens containing low copy numbers of viral genomes. Target capture sequencing yielded approximately 180- and 2,000-fold higher read counts of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus, respectively, than metagenomic sequencing when the RNA extracted from specimens contained 59.3 copies/µL of SARS-CoV-2 or 625.1 copies/µL of influenza A virus. In addition, the target capture sequencing identified sequence reads in all SARS-CoV-2- or influenza type A-positive specimens with <26 RNA copies/µL, some of which also yielded >70% of the full-length genomes of SARS-CoV-2 or influenza A virus. Furthermore, the target capture sequencing using comprehensive probes identified co-infections with viruses other than SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that this approach will not only detect a wide range of viruses but also contribute to epidemiological studies.

IMPORTANCE

Target capture sequencing has been developed and applied for direct genome sequencing of viruses in clinical specimens to overcome the low detection sensitivity of metagenomic next-generation sequencing. In this study, we evaluated the utility of target capture sequencing with a comprehensive viral probe panel for clinical respiratory specimens collected from patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 or influenza type A, focusing on clinical specimens containing low copy numbers of viral genomes. Our results showed that the target capture sequencing yielded dramatically higher read counts than metagenomic sequencing for both viruses. Furthermore, the target capture sequencing using comprehensive probes identified co-infections with other viruses, suggesting that this approach will not only detect a wide range of viruses but also contribute to epidemiological studies.
Is CMV DNAemia an early marker of CMV colitis in patients with active ulcerative colitis?
Authors: Melotti Laura , Rinaldi Matteo , Salice Marco , Dussias Nikolas K. , Vanigli Nicholas , Calabrese Carlo , Scaioli Eleonora , Gabrielli Liliana , Lazzarotto Tiziana , Rosini Francesca , Viale Pierluigi , Gionchetti Paolo , Giannella Maddalena , Rizzello Fernando
Published: October 2024

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis is a serious concern worsening the prognosis of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). We aimed to assess risk factors and prognostic impact of CMV colitis in patients with moderate-to-severe UC flare. We conducted a retrospective, observational, single-center study. Consecutive adult patients hospitalized for moderate-to-severe UC from January 2020 to June 2023 were included. The primary endpoint was a diagnosis of CMV-colitis according to immunohistochemistry on tissue biopsies. The secondary endpoint was the need for colectomy within 30 days. Overall, 135 patients were included. CMV colitis was diagnosed in
n
= 37 (27.4%):
n
= 19 (51.4%) endoscopically, the remaining on surgical specimens. Of them,
n
= 23 (62.2%) had positive CMV-DNAemia with a median value of 1,008 cp/mL (interquartile range 318–2,980). Differences between the two groups (CMV colitis vs non-CMV) included age (60 vs 41 years,
P
= 0.004), Charlson Comorbidity Index (1 vs 0,
P
= 0.003), steroid refractoriness (86.5% vs 62.2%,
P
= 0.007), and positive CMV-DNAemia (62.2% vs 10.1%,
P
< 0.001). At multivariable analysis, steroid-refractory disease, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and CMV-DNAemia were associated with CMV colitis. Overall,
n
= 54 (39.7%) patients underwent colectomy, and this was significantly more common in patients with CMV colitis vs non-CMV group (54.1% vs 34.4%,
P
= 0.049). Kaplan-Meier showed that antiviral therapy seems to have a relevant impact on colectomy (
P
< 0.001). CMV-DNA blood detection is independently associated with CMV-positive refractory UC. Since CMV colitis may increase the risk of colectomy and antiviral treatment seems to reduce such risk, prospective studies are needed to confirm the role of CMV-DNA blood detection to early diagnose CMV colitis.

IMPORTANCE

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) colonic reactivation worsens the prognosis of patients with active ulcerative colitis. Blood CMV-DNA reactivation is strongly associated with CMV colitis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of CMV colitis can avoid surgery in most cases.
The
Streptococcus agalactiae
LytSR two-component regulatory system promotes vaginal colonization and virulence
in vivo
Authors: AlQadeeb Hajar , Baltazar Murielle , Cazares Adrian , Poonpanichakul Tiraput , Kjos Morten , French Neil , Kadioglu Aras , O’Brien Marie
Published: October 2024

Streptococcus agalactiae
(or group B
Streptococcus
, GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis globally. To sense and respond to variations in its environment, GBS possesses multiple two-component regulatory systems (TCSs), such as LytSR. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of LytSR in GBS pathogenicity. We generated an isogenic
lytS
knockout mutant in a clinical GBS isolate and used a combination of phenotypic
in vitro
assays and
in vivo
murine models to investigate the contribution of
lytS
to the colonization and invasive properties of GBS. Deletion of the
lytS
gene in the GBS chromosome resulted in significantly higher survival rates in mice during sepsis, accompanied by reduced bacterial loads in blood, lung, spleen, kidney, and brain tissues compared to infection with the wild-type strain. In a mouse model of GBS vaginal colonization, we also observed that the
lytS
knockout mutant was cleared more readily from the vaginal tract compared to its wild-type counterpart. Interestingly, lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines were found in the serum of mice infected with the
lytS
mutant. Our results demonstrate that the LytSR TCS plays a key role in GBS tissue invasion and pathogenesis, and persistence of mucosal colonization.

IMPORTANCE

Streptococcus agalactiae (
group B
Streptococcus,
or GBS) is a common commensal of the female urogenital tract and one of WHO’s priority pathogens. The bacterium has evolved mechanisms to adapt and survive in its host, many of which are regulated via two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs); however, the exact contributions of TCSs toward GBS pathogenicity remain largely obscure. We have constructed a TCS
lytS-
deficient mutant in a CC-17 hypervirulent GBS clinical isolate. Using murine models, we showed that LytSR regulatory system is essential for vaginal colonization via promoting biofilm production. We also observed that
lytS
deficiency led to significantly attenuated virulence properties and lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines in blood. Our findings are of significant importance in that they unveil a previously unreported role for LytSR in GBS and pave the way toward a better understanding of its ability to transition from an innocuous commensal to a deadly pathogen.
Publisher Correction to: Noncommutative Geometry of Random Surfaces, Funct. Anal. Appl. 58:1 (2024), 65–79
Authors: Okounkov Andrei
Published: October 2024

Publisher Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016266324030110
Redox Status and Protein Glutathionylation in Binase-Treated HPV16-Positive SiHa Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Nadyrova A. I. , Petrushanko I. Y. , Mitkevich V. A. , Ilinskaya O. N.
Published: October 2024

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) belongs to viruses of the high-risk type and is associated by overexpression of E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which determine the oncogenic properties of the virus, such as immortalization and malignant transformation of proliferating epithelial cells. The biogenesis of redox-sensitive proteins E6 and E7 at the early stages of viral infection leads to blocking of the cell antioxidant defense system and ubiquintin-dependent degradation of p53 and Rb tumor suppressors. Maintaining high rates of tumor cell proliferation contributes to an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a shift in the redox balance towards oxidative processes. Reduced glutathione (GSH) provides antioxidant protection to tumor cells through S-glutathionylation of thiol groups of redox-sensitive proteins, which leads to the appearance of multidrug-resistant forms of cancer. In this regard, drugs restoring redox balance and increasing susceptibility to antitumor therapy are of particular importance. We have established that, Bacillus pumilus RNase (binase) modulates the redox-dependent regulatory mechanisms that ensure tumor cell resistance to apoptosis in HPV-16-positive SiHa cells of cervical squamous cell carcinoma,. Binase in nontoxic concentrations initiates a number of pre-apoptogenic changes, i.e., decreases ROS and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, suppresses the expression of the E6 oncoprotein, activates the expression of the p53 tumor suppressor, and reduces the mitochondrial potential of tumor cells. Binase-induced disruption of the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane is a signal for activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.
Prevalence of risky sexual behaviour and its associated factors among youths of Pokhara metropolitan city, Nepal: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Wagle Aakriti , Karki Khem B
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Risky sexual behaviour, which puts young people at greater risk of acquiring HIV AIDS and sexually transmitted infection, is a significant public health concern all around the world. In 2020, 15% of ever reported HIV positive cases were youths in Nepal. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of risky sexual behaviour and its associated factors among youths of Pokhara metropolitan city.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study was done. The study population was youths aged 15–24 who were currently studying in grades 11/12 or at the bachelor level. The sample size was 850, interviewed in two strata (male and female). A multistage cluster sampling technique was used. A self-administered, structured questionnaire was used to obtain information. Bivariate (χ2test) and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses were performed to assess the statistically significant relationship between the dependent and independent variables.

Results

Overall, nearly a third (31%) respondents ever had sexual intercourse. Similarly, the overall prevalence of risky sexual behaviour was 18.6% (95% CI=16% to 21.2%), while the prevalence among sexually active respondents was 60% (95% CI=53.7% to 65.5%). The prevalence varied greatly among two sexes where 72% male and 31% female were involved in risky sexual behaviour. The logistic regression analysis showed that females were 72% (AOR=0.28, 95% CI=0.12 to 0.69) less likely than males and youths aged 20–24 were 72% (AOR=0.28, 95% CI=0.13 to 0.57) less likely than adolescents aged 15–19 to engage in risky sexual behaviour. Similarly, in regard to caste, Janajatis were almost six times (AOR=5.56, 95% CI=2.47 to 12.5) and Dalits/Madhesi/others were almost two times more likely to involve in risky sexual behaviour than Brahmin/Chhetri.

Conclusion

This study shows a significantly higher prevalence of risky sexual behaviour among adolescents, males and Janajatis than their counterparts. Hence, youths should be educated and empowered to practice safe sexual behaviour through appropriate educational and behaviour change interventions with a special focus on adolescents, males and Janajatis.
Examining associations between social vulnerability and maternal morbidity among a multicentre cohort of pregnancies complicated by placenta accreta spectrum disorder in New York City
Authors: Tavella Nicola Francesco , Rosenberg Henri Mitchell , Mills Alexandra , Owens Thomas , Brustman Lois , Doulaveris Georgios , Haberman Shoshana , Limaye Meghana , Janevic Teresa , Jessel Rebecca Hope , Bianco Angela Teresa
Published: October 2024

Background

Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorder is a source of severe obstetric morbidity and mortality worldwide. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the potential relationship between social vulnerability and severe maternal morbidity in a cohort of patients delivering a pregnancy complicated by PAS.

Methods

A retrospective review of 323 deliveries at three academic medical institutions between January 2013 and June 2022 was included in the analyses. Patients were those with a histopathologically confirmed case of PAS. The composite morbidity outcome included such maternal complications as mechanical ventilation, injury to organs and transfusion of 4+units of red blood cells. Social vulnerability was measured by assigning subjects a value of the Childhood Opportunity Index based on their home zip code. Logistic regression models were employed and adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

73% of our sample experienced composite severe maternal morbidity at the time of their delivery. There were no statistically significant associations between social vulnerability and severe surgical morbidity, either as a composite or individually, within the multivariate regression models.

Conclusion

Our results do not support the hypothesis that social vulnerability is associated with severe maternal morbidity in deliveries complicated by PAS. The present study suggests that the relationship between social vulnerability and obstetrical surgical morbidity is more complicated than can be assessed by the present linear regression models.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for stem cell mobilisation in acute myocardial infarction: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Achilli Felice , Maggiolini Stefano , Madotto Fabiana , Bassetti Beatrice , Gentile Francesco , Maggioni Aldo Pietro , Colombo Gualtiero I , Pompilio Giulio
Published: October 2024

Background

To determine whether granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) improves clinical outcomes after large ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) when administered early in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods

STEM-AMI OUTCOME was designed as a prospective, multicentre, nationwide, randomised, open-label, phase III trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID:NCT01969890) to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of early G-CSF administration in reducing 2-year cardiac mortality and morbidity in patients with STEMI with LV ejection fraction ≤45% after PCI. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause death, recurrence of myocardial infarction and hospitalisation for heart failure. Due to low recruitment and event rates, the study was discontinued and did not achieve adequate statistical power to verify the hypothesis.

Results

Patients were randomly allocated to G-CSF (n=260) or standard of care (SOC; n=261). No difference was found in the composite primary outcome between study groups (HR 1.20; 95% CI 0.63 to 2.28). The 2-year mortality was 2.31% in the G-CSF and 2.68% in the control group (HR 0.88; 95% CI 0.29 to 2.60). Adverse events did not differ between the G-CSF (n=65) and SOC groups (n=58; OR 1.17; 95% CI 0.78 to 1.75). In post hoc analyses on the intervention group, we observed a trend towards fewer composite primary outcomes in patients with low bone marrow (BM) cell mobilisation (n=108) versus those with high mobilisation (n=152, with peak leucocyte count >50×109/L; HR 2.86; 95% CI 0.96 to 8.56). Primary outcomes were lower in patients with severe LV systolic dysfunction at discharge treated with G-CSF than in controls (interaction β±SE, −0.08±0.04; p=0.034).

Conclusions

Although inconclusive, this is the largest trial in the field of cell-based cardiac repair after STEMI providing evidence of the tolerability and long-term safety of G-CSF treatment. The results prompt further studies to understand which patient can benefit most from BM cell mobilisation.

Trial registration number

NCT01969890.
Symmetry analysis in multi scalar-torsion cosmological model with quantum description
Authors: Hembrom Shriton , Bhaumik Roshni , Dutta Sourav , Chakraborty Subenoy
Published: October 2024

A detailed symmetry analysis has been done for the present multi scalar-torsion gravity theory in the background of flat Friedmann Lema$$\hat{\text{ i }}$$

i

^

tre Robertson Walker (FLRW) space-time. Not only the Noether symmetry from the invariance of the Lagrangian has been determined and associated conserved quantities are evaluated, but also the conformal symmetry of the physical metric (i.e., metric of the kinetic part) has been investigated to evaluate homothetic and killing vector fields. Finally, a through study of quantum cosmology both by canonical approach and by considering quantum trajectories has been presented.