bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
C. Rogers and nondirective psychotherapy
Authors: Kočiūnas R.
Published: January 2019

The article presents a brief biography of K. Rogers and the main assumptions of his theory.
The concept of the fully functioning person
Authors: Rodžersas K.
Published: January 2019

In this translated article, C. Rogers describes the characteristics and concept of a person living in harmony.
The psychodiagnostic opportunities in suicide risk assessment
Authors: Gailienė D. , Knabikienė G. , Asminavičiūtė R.
Published: January 2019

Different suicidality research has found that suicide, as a rule, is the result of quite a long process. Thus, in order to prevent suicides, it is important to distinguish the reliable indicators of increased suicide risk. It is attempted to use various biochemical, clinical and psychodiagnostic indicators for this matter.

The possibility of using the purpose of life index as suicide risk indicator was tested. The purpose of life index was tested by using Crumbaugh and Maholic Purpose of life test. The results showed the relationship between the purpose of life index and intensity of suicidal tendencies. The indicator of suicide risk is the decrease in the purpose of life index simultaneously with positive or neutral attitude to suicide. Since Crumbaugh and Maholic test is a direct assessment tool, it should be used in along with other methods.
Interpersonal interaction in infancy
Authors: Čepėnaitė-Užgirienė I.
Published: January 2019

Although parent-child interaction has been studied for a long time, it has not been viewed from an interpersonal perspective until recently. An interpersonal perspective reveals the communicative aspect of interpersonal interaction. The present paper considers the role of imitation during parent-child interaction in infancy and presents data on imitative sequences in mother- child communication. It is argued that imitation not only serves a communicative fun action, but also facilitates the construction of more complex interpersonal exchanges. Participation in these exchanges, in turn, enables the child to build schemata for more complex interaction patterns.
Behaviourism and attachment theories in the mental health centres in the USA
Authors: Bieliauskaitė R.
Published: January 2019

Experience of organization of mental health centers in the USA is described in this article. W e present here a brief classification of the types of mental health centers and discuss some methodological principles of their organization. Some methods of behavior management are ·described. Application of attachment theory in the Forest Height Lodge is described in detail. Such overview of experience in the USA will help in our own attempts at organizing a mental health center in Lithuania.
A mentally retarded child in the family: Psychological problems of establishing a diagnosis
Authors: Pūras P. , Slavėnaitė V.
Published: January 2019

The paper reports the results of interviews with parents of 221 severely mentally retarded children. The main attention is paid to the parental reactions to receiving the information about a child's handicap. It has been revealed that children psychiatrists and pediatricians preferred to postpone giving an adequate diagnosis to the parents. On the other hand, retrospective analysis showed that parents valued an early acknowledgment of the problem. Causes and consequences of these psychological phenomena are presented in the paper.
The role of context effects in letter perception
Authors: Martišius V.
Published: January 2019

The study confirms Reicher's findings that performance on letter identification in words is better than the performance on a single letter. An effect of word facilitation is independent of the number of possible responses. Otherwise the context affects the letter perception in reading task. The subjects made more errors on letter identification in correctly spelled rather than on misspelled words. A letter was perceived worst at all „in contexts with a strongly constraining meaning. Our results are consistent with the principles of an interaction activation model proposed by McClelland and Rumelhart.
MMPI and HAD scale comparison
Authors: Bunevičius R. , Žilėnienė S.
Published: January 2019

An effort was made to compare HAD scale (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) by Zigmond A. S. and Snaith R. R. and MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) on a sample of 54 female· patients, hospitalised in somatic (59,3 %) and psychiatric (40,7 %) departments. The HAD scale was found to have a relatively high correlation with MMPI clinical scales of depression, psychastenia and Taylor anxiety scale (ranging from 0,61 to 0,63), and can be compared.
Attachment: Theoretical aspects and research possibilities
Authors: Čekuolienė D.
Published: January 2019

The aim of this paper is to present a short review of the works in the field of attachment. Various theoretical approaches treat attachment in a different way. One of the best known and extensively accepted approach to this question is J. Bowlby's attachment theory which lies on the principles derived from ethology. Bowlby's approach to attachment has been adopted with notable success by his colleague Mary Salter Ainsworth, who offered a very productive procedure for the empirical investigations in this field called the Strange Situation Method. The main conclusion drawn from her studies is that the type of attachment depends on mother's sensitivity and responsiveness to young child signals during infancy. It may cause secure and insecure relationships between the mother and the infant. The last part of present paper deals with current researches and the most actual questions in attachment including the possibilities of such work in Lithuania.
Freud and Jung
Authors: Jungas K.G.
Published: January 2019

The text of C. G. Jung about the differences of his and Freud’s theories is being presented.
Death and responsibility
Authors: Rainwater J.
Published: January 2019

The translated text analyzes the personal relationship with death and provides specific practical tips.
Humanistic psychology: From protest towards the transcendence
Authors: Kočiūnas Rimas
Published: January 2019

The article analyzes the assumptions of philosophic humanistic psychology and its development. The relation of humanistic psychology to other psychological approaches is introduced. The major theoretical assumptions of humanistic psychology, the input of the most important authors and their view of the person are introduced. The article presents the application aspects of humanistic psychology.
Psychological aspects of pain assessment
Authors: Sargautytė R.
Published: January 2019

Pain is the most common symptom that leads patients to seek medical help. This paper reviews selected areas of current knowledge and personal experience about pain expression and measurement. Question is raised about the usefulness of the distinction between organic and psychogenic pain patients, psychological conceptions of pain are presented. The peculiarities of pain and clinical pain are stressed. As the psychologists become more and more involved in evaluation and treatment of pain patients, their role should be defined more precisely.
Abraham Maslow
Authors: Kočiūnas R.
Published: January 2019

The article presents a short biography of A. Maslow and the list of his major works.
Z theory
Authors: Maslow A.
Published: January 2019

The translated article analyzes the question of the features of self-transcending people. The transgressors are being compared to nontransgressors and 24 differences are presented.
The opponent colour functions and their relations with the colour discriminability
Authors: Vaitkevicius Henrikas , Bliznikas Zenius , Stankevicius Žydrunas
Published: January 2019

The paper deals with the problem of a construction of opponent functions, which stem from the linear summation of three receptor (R, G, B) signals. It is considered two stages model: stage of the receptors and stage of the opponent cells. Each stage has the own intrinsic independent generators of noise. The colour is determined by the point in three-dimensional space with coordinates {xi}, (i=l, 2, 3), where xi is value of the output signals of the opponent cells. Let V be the volume of “colour body” and be the volume of sphere, where an end of a colour vector is located with a given probability P0. Then a ratio V/s characterizes a colour discriminability: the greater ratio V/s the greater discriminability of the system. It is looking for such transformation of receptor signals into opponent those (i.e. searching a linear operator A), that the ratio V/s would be maximal. The properties of the proposed model were investigated. They fit well to the properties obtained in traditional psychophysical experiments: opponent colour functions, hue coefficients, wavelength and saturation discrimination, achromatic channel sensitivity, non-additivity of brightness. This led to conclusion that the possible role of the colour opponency is ensuring optimal colour discriminability in human vision.
Monocular location primitives used to evaluate horizontal disparity in local stereopsis
Authors: Petrauskas V. , Vaitkevičius H. , Mildažis V.
Published: January 2019

Depth perception of two point-like stimuli presented dixoptically was studied as a function of luminance distribution within the pair of stimuli in each half-field. The dots subtended approximately l arcminute and were separated by 3, 4, 5 or 6 arcminutes. The depth changed gradually unless the separation between the stimuli exceeded 4 arcminutes. The depth change cannot be derived solely on the basis of disparity change. The results may be accounted for if assumed that disparity is evaluated by the difference in the weighted mean (centroid) of luminance distribution over corresponding left and right retinal regions.
Investigation of attitudes to the disease in rheumatic patients
Authors: Sargautytė R. , Kočiūnas R. , Krapavickaitė R.
Published: January 2019

Attitude to the diseases was studied in 429 patients with rheumatic diseases - rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthrosis and systemic lupus erythematodes. The psychological differences among these three diagnostic group were revealed, the patients with systemic lupus erythematodes exhibiting an exceptional attitude to disease were investigated. The influence of various, clinical, psychological and social characteristics on this attitude was also studied. Significant findings (with significance level 0,05) were obtained regarding age, sex, activity of disease and level of education. The level of neurotic complaints was not related to the type of attitude. The most stable occurred to be neurasthenic and dysphoric reactions, the least – harmonious and apathic, as measured repeatedly after a considerable period of time.
The relationship between the form of coping and the intensity of anxiety and somatic complaints among heart-by-pass surgery patients
Authors: Biveinytė S. , Laurinaitis E. , Uždavinys G.
Published: January 2019

114 patients, 105 males, and 9 females were investigated the day before heart-by-pass surgery using the Freiburg Questionnaire of Coping with Illness (FKV), the Giessen Questionnaire of Somatic Complaints (GBB), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The same patients were asked to answer the STAI and GBB on the 4th-6th day after their surgery. The results show a positive relationship between all forms of coping and physical exhaustion the day before the surgery. The level of anxiety correlated positively with the level of physical exhaustion. Patients who coped predominately using social support had the highest scores on the GBB preoperatively, and patients with cognitive coping had the lowest scores on the GBB. A depressive form of coping showed the highest positive correlation with the level of anxiety, preoperatively and postoperatively. The postoperative level of anxiety had a close positive relationship with all the scales of the GBB. Patients who coped through compliant behaviour were likely to deny anxiety. They showed the highest level of somatic complaints postoperatively. Cognitive coping was associated with a decrease in the level of anxiety after the surgery. It is concluded that somatic complaints depend selectively upon the form of coping. Planning psychotherapeutic supportive means should be considered before and after surgery.
Main presumptions of phenomenology in psychological research
Authors: Deltuva Artūras
Published: January 2019

This article discusses the border of methods of the Natural sciences in the field of Human sciences as well as the need for a new method of conducting research of consciousness and using consciousness as a tool to get knowledge instead of denying it. These ideas are discussed in connection with the ideas of E. Husserl's article “Renewal: Its Problem and Method”. The main ideas of phenomenology in connection with psychological research are presented; “What ideas are possible to accept in the practice of psychological research?” and “How can one use it practically?” Phenomenological dates are discussed as the meaning of experience, and phenomenological analysis, as an active process with the goal of giving verbal expression to the stream of human conscious experience.
Empirical description of human emotional life
Authors: VILIŪNAS V. , PACEVIČIUS J. , STONČIUS V.
Published: January 2019

In the present study 100 Ss were asked to register their type of activities chronologically, and the sign, intensity, and duration of emotions they experienced for one or two weeks. lndividual and group data were obtained concerning the duration of each emotion, the mead emotional level (algedonic average), the level of stability of their emotional life, the time devoted for each activity, and its average emotional attractiveness.
Some theoretical aspects of the vocational choice
Authors: POCIŪTĖ P.
Published: January 2019

Professional interest in the process of how an individual selects an occupation is relatively new in Lithuania. The ever-increasing range of occupational alternatives and the accompanying uncertainties and confusion have created the need for professional assistance in selecting a career. The way in which assistance is provided will be influenced by the way which the assistant views the process. The goal in this article is to briefly survey Super's developmental self-concept theory of vocational behaviour and social learning approach to career decision-making - Krumboltz theory.
Behavior theory and human models
Authors: BANDURA A.
Published: January 2019

The translated speech of A. Bandura in which he presents the major moments of his theory (modelling, reinforcement, self-reinforcement, self-regulation). The theory is compared with behaviorist theory. The philosophical approach to human is also presented.
Clinical psychology in Lithuania
Authors: Gailienė Danutė
Published: January 2019

The situation and development of clinical psychology in Lithuania is inextricably related to the socio-political situation of the country and its rather dramatic history. The article describes the beginnings of Professional psychology in Lithuania after re-establishing and independent state in 1918, the situation of psychology under the soviet occupation, the beginning of clinical psychology, the new development of clinical psychology after regaining independence in 1 991, and the present situations and problems of clinical psychology in Lithuania.
The originalities of ethnically determined psychic phenomena of Aukštaičiai and Žemaičiai individuals
Authors: Bliumas Remigijus
Published: January 2019

The purpose of the research work was to compare psychic characteristics of elderly (60-85 years old) Aukštaičiai (people of the Lithuanian highlands) and Žemaičiai (people of the Lithuanian lowlands). The most important point was to distinguish ethnically determined differences in the research object. The nuli hypothesis on the absence of distinguishing psychic characteristics between the sample of 60 elderly Aukštaičiai individuals and the sample of 60 Žemaičiai individuals was verified by means of empirical research. The Rorschach Inkblot Method and the full Lūscher Color Test were used in the research work. Of 30 examined by Rorschach lnkblot Method variables, 13 showed a statistically significant difference. A representation of 13 variables of the method did not support the nuli hypothesis on the homogeneity of Aukštaičiai and Žemaičiai samples. The variables W, D, Dd, M, H, A, Ad, 11, Z, Egol, IsI, R, and t statistically show significant differences in results of the Aukštaičiai and Žemaičiai investigation. Full Lūscher Color Test results differentiated the groups according to the choice of red color in the basic 8-colour table. According to the results, 3 basic groups of ethnically determined psychic phenomena and their peculiarities were identified, i.e., cognitive processes, emotional experiences, and personality traits. lndividuals belonging to the samples also differed in the character of their relations with the material and social environment. Ethnically determined psychic phenomena and their peculiarities could have formed owing to the influence exercised by variables that fall into 6 groups: the physical environment, social structure, subjective culture, personality, personality predispositions, and accidental factors. The results of the research were fixed as a starting point for exhaustive and long-term ethnopsychological investigations and as tasks to be concluded in further ethnopsychological research in Lithuanian programs.
The effect of reciprocal similarity of two simultaneously presented figures on their recognition probability
Authors: GURČINIENĖ ONA , ŠOLIŪNAS ALVYDAS , VANAGAS VYGANDAS
Published: January 2019

We investigated the influence of the degree of similarity of two simultaneously presented geometrical figures on their recognition in tachistoscopical experiments on human beings. T he test stimuli w ere 16 nonverbal figures consisting of six vertical and horizontal line-segments. There were five groups of figure pairs (16 pairs in each group) that differed according the ,number of coincident line segments between two figures: two, three, four, five, or six (in the case of identical figures) . A pair of test figures was presented for 50 ms and after an individually determined interstimulus interval it w as masked by two rectangular frames of 12 line segments. On the first experimental situation, a special marker indicating which test figure must be drawn appeared after masking the patterns. ln the second experimental situation, the subjects were required to draw both test figures. Identical figures were recognized with higher probability than figures with a different degree of similarity. T he recognition probability of two simulultaneously presented figures also depended upon the practice level of the subjects. For experienced subjects we obtained a U-shaped function of recognition probability on the similarity level. Most of the inexperienced subjects did not show any recognition dependence on the similarity level. Different instructions in the second situation - to draw both figures - altered the experimental results. We concluded that the results in the situation. in which the subject was required to draw both figures reflect not the recognition accuracy of the two figures but the accuracy of restoration of the second figure from working memory.
Individualization: The function of unconscious
Authors: Jungas Karlas Gustavas
Published: January 2019

The article presents an excerpt from one of the most known essay of Jung in which he analyzes the functions of unconscious, its structure and dynamics, and the relation of conscious and unconscious.
Self-presentation strategies and their determinants
Authors: Valionienė Aistė
Published: January 2019

The issue that is to be discussed in this paper is the phenomenon of “self-presentation”, which refers to the process by which individuals attempt to control the impressions others form of them. Since the impressions people make on others have implications for how others perceive, evaluate and treat them, as well as for their own views of themselves, people sometimes behave in ways that will create certain impressions in others' eyes. Four main self-presentation strategies can be distinguished. Each of them determines the character and direction of the interpersonal relationships in different ways. The choice of the particular self-presentation strategy and the degree to which individuals are motivated to control how others perceive them are affected by a number of situational, external, and dispositional variables. The aim of the discussion on self-presentation strategies and their determinants presented in this article is to provide coherence to the literature in the area and supply a framework for empirical research regarding self-presentation.
The psychological analysis of humility
Authors: Marazaitė Irena , Kociūnas Rimantas
Published: January 2019

The article presents the psychological analysis of humility. Different concepts of humility are discussed in the introduction. The article presents the phenomenological study of humility. The authors attempt to define how young people understand and experience humility, try to compare the concept of humility between believers and nonreligious young people, the experience and importance of humility. The subjects define humility as giving precedence to the others (that can be God, other person, life process). This can only be an external action or (and) an inner position and can require to refuse something of one’s own – own wishes, implementation of one’s position, own understanding. Humility is related to reconciliation, experiences of weakness, defeat, inner tension, and dissatisfaction, ranging in intensity.
National identity as one of the aspects of personal identity
Authors: Antinienė Dalia
Published: January 2019

In the whole complex of personal identities a new sphere has been singled out recently i. e. – national identity. This research has been devoted to collect as many empirical facts on this issue as possible and to try, on the grounds of Marcia's conception, to determine the statuses of identity and the factors influencing it and to pick out the main dimensions of national identity. A research has been made to compare the peculiarities of young people whose parents are of the same nationality and of those from mixed families. Achieved results show the importance of national identity to a person and the way it combines with other aspects of identity. Different statuses of national identity which are determined by such environmental factors as homogeneous or heterogeneous family in national aspect, the living place, the language etc. were revealed together with the combinations of these factors.
Psychological dimensions of effective leadership
Authors: Dereškevičiūtė Edita
Published: January 2019

Many psychological theories of leadership describe effective leadership in behavioural terms. Consideration and initiating structure are defined as two main dimensions of leader's behaviour. But it is shown in many researches that cultural peculiarities and characteristics of economy system significantly influence implicit and explicit concepts of effective leadership. The aim of our research is to investigate psychological dimensions of effective leadership behavior on the sample of Lithuanian employees.49 managers and 52 workers participated in our research. Repertory Grid and Critical Incidents technique were used. According to the research data three dimensions of effective leadership were foundl. Work with subordinates.2. Individual-professional features.3. Task-oriented behaviour. Some differences between groups of managers and workers were found in description of effective leadership. Workers tend to emphasise interpersonal communication skills, managers stress task-oriented behaviour. Collected data provide qualitative basis for establishment of adequate criteria of performance appraisals, personnel selection, creation of training programs.
Age differences in comprehension of the meaning of a short story
Authors: Almonaitienė Junona , Steponavičiūtė Aldona
Published: January 2019

It has been considered nowadays that the text meaning is a many-layer phenomenon with a complex number of factors having influence on it. To concentrate on these problems, the level of short story comprehension predominant in different age groups was chosen as the focus of the study. The empirical research included three age groups, the eleven, fifteen and twenty year-olds, consisting of 24 persons each. They were provided with the text considered to be both attractive to all the groups and stimulating wide range of interpretations. The respondents were induced to interpret separate fragments of the story as well as the whole of it. Two independent judges identified each interpretation according to the following criteria: a comprehender's concentration on the events, on the heroes' feelings and their motivation, and on the underlying of the text. High coincidence of their decisions (0.83) was observed. The interpretations of both teenage groups most frequently dealt with the events, and also they displayed high concentration upon the heroes' feelings and their motivation. The oldest group produced significantly more suggestions of the text underlying. The demonstrated level of the text comprehension was not correlated with the subjective evaluation of the text’s attractiveness and perspicuity within all the groups. It was related to sex and the grades of the native language within the younger groups.
Characteristics of bilateral symmetry detection
Authors: Šoliūnas Alvydas , Gurčinienė Ona
Published: January 2019

Although the symmetry is detected very fast and without efforts, it is not known how this process is going on and what mechanisms make the detection of symmetry possible. This paper reviews the characteristics of the detection of various symmetry types giving the majority of attention to bilateral symmetry. The main theories and models of symmetry detection are discussed as well. Experimental part of the paper is devoted to extend the existing knowledge with experimental data which were obtained with the stimuli and procedure that differ from that used by other investigators. Test stimuli were figures consisting of four, six, seven, or eight horizontal and vertical line-segments, and the task for subjects was to answer what kind of stimulus was presented - vertically symmetrical, horizontally symmetrical, or asymmetrical. Test stimuli were presented very briefly (10 ms) followed by masking after 20-95 ms. Experimental results confirmed the advantage of vertical over horizontal symmetry. Number of line-segments did not influence the detection accuracy nor for vertical, nor for horizontal symmetry. Majority of subjects detected asymmetrical stimuli with the same accuracy as vertically symmetrical stimuli. Authors offer an experimental procedure that would enable to explain the role of attention in symmetry detection.
Stimulus spatial properties and duration of adaptation influence on colour perception constancy
Authors: Daugirdienė Aušra , Vaitkevičius Henrikas
Published: January 2019

The effects of adaptation duration on colour constancy were studied under two test illuminants (s and A) and two types experimental conditions using neutral (N7) Munsell chips and asymmetric colour matching. The influence of adaptation duration was quantified by calculating colour difference EL,a,b between the chromaticities for the perceived neutral Munsell chip's colour after adaptation to the test illumination and against the standard (C) illuminant. The EL,a,bmeasure was used because the intention of this study was to measure changes in colour-perception, during different adaptation duration.Adaptation was only observed in experiments with uniform adaptation field, but not in a spatially complex background with introduced blank surround. We could say, that colour of test chip is determinated by difference in colour of test chips and background, and colour of background. In turn the colour of background is also determined by difference in colour between background and blank surround. Since there is no adaptation in blank surround, noting changes. Thus there is no influence of observation time on perceived colour.Then the adaptation field is uniform, we conclude from results the presence of two components of chromatic adaptation, that differ with respect to their time - constants and stimulus spatial properties. A fast component with a time of approximately 5 s, witch does respond to contrast, and a second, relatively slow process, witch has a time of 60 s and depends on stimulus spatial properties.
Perceived control and coping strategies with organizational problems
Authors: Pociūtė-Kmeliauskienė Vilmantė , Suslavičius Antanas
Published: January 2019

The goal our research was: to examine a link between different perceived control and organizational problem coping strategies, perceived as the most effective The method consists of two stages. In the first stage we have used Coping questionnaire (Carver, Scheier, 1989) that helped to divide workers into two groups: high perceived control and low perceived control. In the second stage we have used our original method: we have given organizational problem - situations and six coping strategies to each of them. Workers had to make the priority for the coping strategies according to their own behavior.The data of research supported our predictions. High perceived control workers choose problem - focused coping for organizational problems. Low perceived control workers choose emotion - focused coping strategies for organizational problems.
Giving purpose to life among alcohol addicts who lead sober life
Authors: Markevičius Giedrius
Published: January 2019

Though alcohol addicts have been studied through the 'purpose of life' test quite much, peculiarities and problematics of their purpose of life when leading sober life have been studied little.The main aim of this article is to compare peculiarities of purpose of life of those alcohol addicts who have just started leading sober life and those who have been leading sober life for extended periods. For this, the level of purpose of life of both groups and level of inner coherence and its correlation with factors of purpose of life retrieved by means of factor analysis were quantitatively assessed; cognitive, motivational and emotional components of giving purpose to life as well as main difficulties and peculiarities of their solution are provided.After assessing the results of the research, it can be argued that the level of purpose of life and the level of inner coherence of those alcohol addicts who have just started leading sober life and those who have been leading sober life for extended periods statistically does not differ significantly, but the surveyed of the two groups differ in peculiarities of components of their giving purpose to life as well as in aspects of difficulties experienced and their solutions.Because level of inner coherence of only first group is related to one of factors of purpose of life, we raised a new hypothesis that capabilities to solve difficulties for those alcohol addicts who have just started leading sober life is one of the main factors in giving purpose to life. But this is a task for future research
Stressful situations at police work
Authors: Valickas Gintautas , Vabolytė Kristina
Published: January 2019

The article examined the most stressful situations in police force. Subjects included 347 police officers from various Lithuanian cities. The special questionnaire was developed to asess the stressful situations at police work. Results show that police officers experience internal (general and specific) as well as external sources of stressors. Both specific for police work and common stressful situations could cause the most level of tension. Police officers' sex, rank, particular police department and length of service are the factors which influence set of the most stressful situations for particular policeman.
The relationship between risky decision making and situational factors
Authors: Endriulaitienė Auksė , Martišius Vaclovas
Published: January 2019

Recent social theory proposes the idea that the risk society is developing, so the problems of risky decision making are more and more urgent. There are a lot of investigations in the field of situational correlates of risky decision making (e. g., problem framing, task difficulty, etc.). But there is not clear if the problem content has the impact upon the propensity to make risky decisions. The goal of this work was to test hypothesis that people are more prone to risky decision making in health and monetary risk area than in social and ethical risk area. Participants were 602 subjects (age 18-60; 262 students and 340 workers). They completed Kogan and Wallach's (1964, 1967) Choice Dilemma Questionnaire (CDQ), where they had to choose the appropriate for them probability for risky decision in twelve situations (from monetary, health, social and ethical risk areas). The results showed that people make the most risky decisions in health risk area and the safest decisions in ethical risk area. But the relationship between risk area and risky decision making may be mediated by individual factors (e. g., gender and age).
Evaluation of synthetic speech quality: A comparative study of several computer-based speech synthesizers
Authors: Bagdonas Albinas , Laugalys Feliksas
Published: January 2019

This paper examines some versions of Lithuanian and Russian synthetic speech intelligibility and Lithuanian, Russian, Hungarian and Italian synthetic speech acceptability. The speech of both Russian and Lithuanian speaker is more intelligible than Russian or Lithuanian synthesis. Previous version of Russian synthesis is worse than Lithuanian and improved Russian synthesis (IRS). Study of characteristics of IRS sounds shows two opposite tendencies - according to the general quantity of mistake reduction this version is tending towards the natural speech, but according to the homogeneity of mistakes, it moves away. As the first tendency is clearly dominant, the general resultant in the new version shows a tend to improve.Correlation between intelligibility and acceptability of IRS deals possibility of small progress towards the natural speech. The IRS is more acceptable to subjects than previous version. The old synthesis is viewed as a rather decent instance of a robot's speech, while the IRS - as a poor variant of human speech.Acceptability studies showed natural speech more enjoyed by Hungarian listeners and more critical by Italian. All versions of synthetic speech were judged as less acceptable than natural but after improvement most of listeners changed their mind.
Relationship between activated early maladaptive schemas and weakened immune system
Authors: Diržytė Aistė , Milašienė Vida
Published: January 2019

The article analyzes the relationship between the immune system and cognitive patterns. The theoretical part discusses the theory of schemes, with a special focus on the theoretical model of J. E. Young, which was used in the psychoneuroimunological study. The article presents some of the results of this study.
Effect of adaptation on perception of image orientation in space
Authors: Stanikūnas Rytis , Vaitkevičius Henrikas , Švegžda Algimantas , Daugirdienė Aušra
Published: January 2019

Perceived line orientation changes during prolonged inspection time. Gibson and Radner (1937) attribute it to the normalization effect (perceptually adapting line shifted towards horizontal or vertical one). According to Gibson orientation of presented line is evaluated with respect to horizontal and vertical ones, which are called "norms". Later investigations had shown that this normalization couldn't explain other phenomena related with adaptation (Mitchell, Muir, 1976; Fomin et al., 1979). The hypothesis had been presented that also should be 45° orientation norm (Fomin et al., 1979). However, this orientation has not been investigated. Our task was to investigate the influence of line orientation on perceived tilt in the course of adaptation. Four subjects were presented with adapting stimulus consisting of 3 parallel lines 2 deg of arc in length and distance between lines was 20 min of arc. After initial adaptation (30 s) the test line oriented at F + + n×0.5° to the adapting line appeared at 8 deg of arc distance from the center of the adapting stimulus. The integer n was chosen randomly from interval [-10 ... 10]. Subjects were required to make a 2AFC judgment whether test line appeared to be tilted clockwise or anticlockwise relative to the adapting lines. The inclinations of adapting lines were from: -10°, 0°, 10°, 35°, 45°, 55°, 80°, 90° and 100° to vertical. The results for all subjects show that three orientations: 0°, 45°, and 90° appear to be "stable norms". The lines with orientation deviations in 10° from "norms" were perceptually tilted towards the closest of "norms" in the course of adaptation. The experimental results are compared with those predicted by the proposed model.
A response mode influence on the framing effect
Authors: Martišius Vaclovas
Published: January 2019

According to classical rationality presumptions the preferences should not be dependent on the response type and on the description of the problem in gain and loss terms. However, the data of empirical research often negate the invariance presumptions of both the procedure and the description. The examples of such negalion could be preference reversal and the framing effect. The main purpose of the research was determining whether the framing effect manifests itself after presenting not only choise but also numerical estimation task. The research subjects were given a task, which is very similar to Asian disease problem according to its logical structure, the only difference that it was economic to its content. It was mentioned in the task there was a danger of losing equipment and work places.There was a hypothesis presented that the framing effect will be determined only when the research subjects are given the choice but not the numerical estimation task. The hypothesis was confirmed by the research data. When the estimation task was presented, most research subjects appreciated more the risky alternative, irrespective how the task was formulated. It is very likely that the reason for such results could not have been accidental guessing. According to the research data, the guessing hypothesis could be rejected with marginal significance level (p = 0,053). Since the estimations of the research subjects were not dependent on the task formulation characteristics, there is no basis to assume that the preferences of the research subjects were determined by high referente point. It is most likely that the necessity to estimame the attractiveness of the alternatives in quantitative indicators made the research subjects do a more detailed analysis of the tasks, and compare the magnitude and the likelihood of gain and loss. Under these circumstances the emphasis of the gain or loss already did not have any influence on the responses of the research subjects. After evaluating all the consequences, the research subjects gave higher score to the risky strategy because it gave a chance to avoid potential losies.There should be the demand for the detailed analysis of problems. When the choice task is presented, differently from the numerical estimation task, the research subjects do not have such a need. One cannot postulate universal rationality standards that are not dependant on the structures of the task.
Mothers' involvement in their learning disabled children schooling
Authors: Barkauskienė Rasa
Published: January 2019

Problem: This study deals with mothers' involvement in their learning disabled children schooling defined as different mothers' activities: support for doing homework, negative control of homework, mother-child discussions about learning and school activities, child reinforcement for learning. Mothers' involvement in child's schooling is discussed in the light of family factors - mother's feelings and attitudes toward the child, child's "goodness of fit" to mother's expectations, mother's education level, family status and stressful life events - possibly related to particular forms of mothers' involvement.Sample: Experimental group consisted of 92 primary school children (8-11 years old) diagnosed as learning disabled and control group - 90 average achievers from the same classes as children from experimental group.Evaluation tools: Mothers' involvement with child?s learning was assessed via Mothers' Involvement in Child's Schooling Scale (constructed by author of article), mothers - feelings and attitudes toward the child - via Mothers - Feelings Scale (constructed by author of article), child's "goodness of fit" to mother's expectations - via technique recommended by Feagans and al. (1991). Data on family status, mother's education level and family stressful life events were gathered through family questionnaire made by author of article.Results: Results revealed that mothers of learning disabled children are more controlling as well as give more positive reinforcement and support for child's learning when compared to mothers of average achievers. Mothers of learning disabled children report higher degree of dissatisfaction with themselves as mothers as well as more negative feelings toward child. Mother's positive feelings toward child and child' high fit within mother's expectations positively correlated with child reinforcement, mother-child discussions about learning and school as well as with general level of mother's involvement in child's schooling. Negative control of homework was higher when child's fit within mother's expectations was low. Negative control had positive statistically significant correlation with mother's negative feelings toward child. Other family features such as stressful live events, family status is to be considered in the examination of mother's involvement with their learning disabled children schooling.
Maternal stress coping as related to children‘s emotional and behavioral problems
Authors: Jusienė Roma , Platkevičiūtė Vaida
Published: January 2019

Coping is defined as the cognitive and behavioral efforts used to manage specific external and internal demands, appraised as taxing or exceeding a person?s resources. Some of coping strategies are considered to be adaptive, while others - maladaptive. Excessive use of maladaptive stress coping strategies is found to correlate with emotional or behavior problems. There are only few attempts to study coping in parenting situation, indicating that the stress and coping model is useful in exploring the complex process of adaptation to parenting, and relating it to the psychological adjustment of the children. On the one hand, children learn stress coping strategies from their parents. On the other hand, the parental mood as mediated by their coping is considered to be the important factor influencing children's psychological adjustment.The present study aims to evaluate the relationship between maternal coping and emotional and behavioral problems of children in intact and divorced families. Mothers of 183 children (age 2 to 10 years) answered two questionnaires: Stress Coping Strategies questionnaire (Elklit, 1996) and Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 1991).The results show the strong positive correlation between maladaptive maternal coping and the psychological adjustment of children. Maternal coping as well as children's emotional and behavior problems are related to mothers' education. Mothers with a lower education degree use more maladaptive coping strategies, particularly avoiding coping. They denote more children's behavioral and emotional problem too. Our results show that psychological adjustment of children who live without father isn't worse, then psychological adjustment of children who live with both parents. The results reveal that single mothers use more adaptive coping, then those, who live in intact families. The results of regression analysis show that emotional coping used by mother and her lower education level predict higher rates of children's emotional and behavioral problems.Mothers were the only informant about children's psychological adjustment in this study. Further steps related to this topic could be analyzing whether the relation between maternal stress coping and children's emotional and behavioral problems remains when the latter are indicated by other informants.
Correlates of subjective well-being in male sample
Authors: Šilinskas Gintautas , Žukauskienė Rita
Published: January 2019

Subjective well-being (SWB) is people’s cognitive and emotional evaluation of their lives, which in our everyday vocabulary is called happiness (Diener et al., 2003). The scientific analysis of subjective well-being refers to people’s emotional reactions to events and global judgments about life satisfaction. Life satisfaction is an overall positive perception or feeling about the quality of own life (Corsini, 1999) and it can be broken down in satisfaction with specific important domains like close romantic relations or satisfaction with job (Daukantaitë and Bergman, 2003). Emotional component of SWB means a tendency to respond to one’s environment with good or bad feelings, emotions, reactions (Corsini, 1999). Though, scientists divide affect into two different groups – positive affect and negative affect.The purpose of the study is to investigate subjective well-being in the sample of Lithuanian men. The main interest was to study: 1) the relationship between general SWB components and satisfaction with important domains; 2) the differences in SWB in different groups based on demographic factors; 3) the relationship between general SWB components and personality traits. The statistical package SPSS with a probability level of 0.05 was used to process the data.The research was based on self-report questionnaires in Lithuanian male sample (n = 115). The criteria for recruitment was age, the average age of the sample was 39,67 years. Men were contacted at their working place and were given a self-reported questionnaire. The research took place in different towns of Lithuania.Results confirm, that components of general SWB are connected to satisfaction with work, leisure, health, relations to partner and children. We found that the mean of each SWB component differed in 3 out of 8 groups of sociodemographic factors such as educational level, current studies, and income per each member of the family. Thus, we support the statement that demographic factors are not strongly related to subjective well-being. The results of the research confirmed findings of other authors, that the strongest and the most reliable correlations were found between SWB components and personality traits such as neuroticism, extraversion, openness to new experiences, agreeableness, consciousness, optimism, and self-esteem. The results of the research let us confirm the results obtained by other scientists that subjective wellbeing is not strongly dependent on the demographic characteristics, but is more likely to be connected to the personality traits.