bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fear of childbirth from the perspective of midwives working in hospitals in Norway: A qualitative study
Authors: Tobiasson Marthe , Lyberg Anne
Published: May 2019

Aim

To illuminate the perceptions of hospital‐based midwives who support women suffering from moderate to severe fear of childbirth during an expected vaginal birth.

Design

A qualitative descriptive and explorative study.

Methods

Focus group interviews were conducted with 18 midwives representing four different hospitals in Norway.

Results

Encountering fear of childbirth evoked the desire to protect and help, although the ability to provide optimal support was dependent on several circumstances, several of which were beyond the midwives̕ control. The main theme “Midwives finding their own strength when encountering the vulnerability of women with fear of childbirth” consisted of two themes: “Being present” and “Being alone.” The midwives described being present as a prerequisite for continuity of care and affirmation. The emphasis on continuity of care could give rise to a sense of loneliness and guilt during and after demanding situations in the birthing room.
Registered Nurses' description of patient advocacy in the clinical setting
Authors: Nsiah Comfort , Siakwa Mate , Ninnoni Jerry P. K.
Published: May 2019

Aim

To provide Registered Nurses description of patient advocacy in the clinical setting.

Design

A qualitative approach with descriptive study design was used to meet the set objective.

Methods

Purposive sampling was used to select the study participants. Through semi‐structured interview, data were collected from 25 participants, transcribed and analysed using qualitative content analysis.

Results

The Registered Nurses described patient advocacy as promoting patient safety and quality care which includes the following: protecting patients, being patients' voice, provision of quality care and interpersonal relationship as well as educating patients. The nurses had adequate understanding of patient advocacy and were willing to advocate for patients. There is, however, a need to research into barriers to patient advocacy in the clinical setting. This study made significant contribution to the understanding of patient advocacy and its positive effect on the provision of quality patient care.
Stabilization of μ‐opioid receptor facilitates its cellular translocation and signaling
Authors: Zhu Cheng , Han Qingjian , Samoshkin Alexander , Convertino Marino , Linton Alexander , Faison Edgar M. , Ji Ru‐Rong , Diatchenko Luda , Dokholyan Nikolay V.
Published: May 2019

The G protein‐coupled μ‐opioid receptor (μ‐OR) mediates the majority of analgesia effects for morphine and other pain relievers. Despite extensive studies of its structure and activation mechanisms, the inherently low maturation efficiency of μ‐OR represents a major hurdle to understanding its function. Here we computationally designed μ‐OR mutants with altered stability to probe the relationship between cell‐surface targeting, signal transduction, and agonist efficacy. The stabilizing mutation T315Y enhanced μ‐OR trafficking to the plasma membrane and significantly promoted the morphine‐mediated inhibition of downstream signaling. In contrast, the destabilizing mutation R165Y led to intracellular retention of μ‐OR and reduced the response to morphine stimulation. These findings suggest that μ‐OR stability is an important factor in regulating receptor signaling and provide a viable avenue to improve the efficacy of analgesics.
Bxy‐fuca encoding α‐L‐fucosidase plays crucial roles in development and reproduction of the pathogenic pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Authors: Tang Jia , Ma Ruoqing , Zhu Najie , Guo Kai , Guo Yiqing , Bai Liqun , Yu Hongshi , Hu Jiafu , Zhang Xingyao
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

The pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD). This disease is a serious threat to pine forests globally. The fuca gene encodes α‐L‐fucosidase, which plays crucial roles in numerous biological and pathological processes in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. To find promising control strategies against PWD, we investigated the expression and functions of Bxy‐fuca in B. xylophilus.

RESULTS

Bxy‐fuca encoding α‐L‐fucosidase is highly conserved within the deduced functional domains and key residues. It is expressed continuously across all developmental stages of B. xylophilus. mRNA in situ hybridization demonstrated that Bxy‐fuca was mainly localized in the body wall muscles and intestine. RNA interference indicated that the zygotic expression of Bxy‐fuca was indispensable for embryogenesis. The rate of B. xylophilus egg hatch was significantly decreased after Bxy‐fuca was interfered. Postembryonic silence of Bxy‐fuca resulted in a dramatic decrease in the longevity of and the total number of eggs produced by B. xylophilus. In addition, the motility of the nematode was greatly hampered with a significant drop in head thrashing frequency.

CONCLUSION

Bxy‐fuca plays crucial roles in development, lifespan and reproduction of B. xylophilus. Our results provide promising hints for control of PWD by blocking embryogenesis and ontogenesis, decreasing nematode fecundity, and disrupting the connection between B. xylophilus and its vector beetle by preventing nematode movement into the tracheal system. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
A modified nonhydrostatic moist global spectral dynamical core using a dry‐mass vertical coordinate
Authors: Peng Jun , Wu Jianping , Zhang Weimin , Zhao Jun , Zhang Lifeng , Yang Jinhui
Published: May 2019

Most global models employ a vertical coordinate based on the moist hydrostatic pressure, and therefore do not conserve dry air mass. Such an issue should be taken seriously into account, especially in developing global high‐resolution atmospheric models to address nonhydrostatic motions explicitly. In this article, we present a modified nonhydrostatic moist global spectral dynamical core using a dry‐mass vertical coordinate, which conserves the mass of dry air naturally. In addition to the vertical coordinate, the modified dynamical core differs from the original Aladin‐NH like dynamical kernel in the state variables employed. Specifically, a new temperature variable is introduced to formulate the governing equations and the mass continuity equation is expressed in terms of the dry air density. To assess its performance, an idealized splitting supercell test is conducted. Simulation results from both the modified and original dynamical cores are presented and compared. The results indicate that only the modified dynamic core is able to simulate the splitting supercell with good accuracy comparable to reference solutions from the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS).
Analyses of the winter low‐level jet over the southern Red Sea using the Weather Research and Forecasting model
Authors: Samman Ahmad E. , Gallus William A.
Published: May 2019

The three‐dimensional structure of the Red Sea Low‐Level Jet (RSLLJ) that occurs over the southern Red Sea during the winter season is examined using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The causes of the jet formation are investigated, and the simulations confirm that the jet is a terrain‐induced phenomenon. It initiates as a gap flow as the jet forms north of the strait of Bab el‐Mandab as a result of a hydraulic effect when a stably stratified cool layer is channeled through the mountainous gap at low levels over the strait into the southern Red Sea. The jet intensity is enhanced by the Red Sea trough over the southern Red Sea. The cool dense air mass south of the strait is supported by a generally persistent synoptic regime that includes a high‐pressure system over most of the eastern Arabian Peninsula and the Sudan low‐pressure system over Sudan. The jet extends more than 500 km northward to slightly north of 17°N from the strait around 12.5°N, with a width of 100–150 km over the southern Red Sea. The jet core lies at 500–600 m above sea level between 14°N and 16°N, with wind speeds exceeding 25 m/s. The north–south pressure gradient along the strait, as well as the depth of the stratified cool layer south of the strait, are directly responsible for the jet length and speed over the southern Red Sea, with stronger pressure gradients and deeper cool layers resulting in longer and stronger jets. Sea/land breezes also directly influence the spatial scale, intensity, and diurnal variation of the jet, with land breezes causing faster and more constricted jets at night and divergence due to sea breezes leading to relatively slower jets during the daytime.
Rapid detection of explosive vapors by thermal desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization differential mobility analysis tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: McCulloch Ross D. , Amo‐González Mario
Published: May 2019

Rationale

The increased frequency in the number of international terror threats has led to a corresponding increase in demand for fast, sensitive and reliable screening methods suitable for the detection of airborne explosive vapors. We demonstrate herein a workflow suitable for the determination of nitrogen‐based explosives at the picogram level in just minutes.

Methods

A method is described that combines Thermal Desorption (TD) sample introduction with Differential Mobility Analysis (DMA) Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS), enabling a sensitive and accurate workflow suitable for the rapid detection of trace nitroaromatic, nitroester and nitramine explosive vapors. The methods are bridged using a novel low‐flow, field‐free Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization (APPI) source, intended specifically for the analysis of gas‐phase analytes and airborne particles.

Results

Limits of detection within or below the picogram range were determined for the analysis of a range of explosives standards including 2,6‐DNT, TNT, TATB, Tetryl, RDX, EGDN, PETN, HMX, and NG. Practical application of the TD‐APPI‐DMA‐MS/MS workflow was demonstrated for the detection of real trace explosive vapors produced from the volatilization of solid explosive samples stored within a sealed cardboard box. A single complete analysis was performed in less than 2 min.

Conclusions

The highly sensitive and accurate detection of a variety of common nitrogen‐based explosive vapors has been demonstrated, at levels suitable for practical, high‐throughput security screening applications.
L1 adaptive output‐feedback control of multivariable nonlinear systems subject to constraints using online optimization
Authors: Ma Tong , Cao Chengyu
Published: May 2019

In this paper, an L1 adaptive output‐feedback controller is developed for multivariable nonlinear systems subject to constraints using online optimization. In the L1 adaptive architecture, an adaptive law will update the adaptive parameters that represent the nonlinear uncertainties such that the estimation error between the predicted state and the real state is driven to zero at every integration time step. Of course, neglection of the unknowns for solving the error dynamic equations will introduce an estimation error in the adaptive parameters. The magnitude of this error can be lessened by choosing a proper sampling time step. A control law is designed to compensate the nonlinear uncertainties and deliver a good tracking performance with guaranteed robustness. Model predictive control is introduced to solve a receding horizon optimization problem with various constraints maintained. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the design procedures, and the simulation results demonstrate the availability and feasibility of the developed framework.
6‐3: Distinguished Paper: Alignment Control of Liquid Crystals in a 1.0‐µm‐pitch Spatial Light Modulator by Lattice‐shaped Dielectric Wall Structure
Authors: Isomae Yoshitomo , Ishinabe Takahiro , Shibata Yosei , Fujikake Hideo
Published: May 2019

We achieved uniform liquid crystal (LC) alignment in lattice‐shaped dielectric walls 1‐µm in pitch; this is a prerequisite when driving the individual pixels of spatial light modulators, facilitating the development of practical electronic holographic displays with a wide field of view.
8‐2: Training Multi‐Scale Networks for Compression Artifacts Reduction
Authors: Deng Yufan , Jin Yufeng , Chen Yinhung , Zhao Bin
Published: May 2019

Present a multi‐scale neural network for compression artifacts reduction. The optimized structure and training procedure can lower the difficulty of convergence and speed up training. Experimental results show that our network outperforms other networks, and can remove complex noise in various sizes, generating cleaner images.
12‐1: Analysis of Key Factors Affecting the Lifetime of Blue Phosphorescent OLED Using CN Modified Blue Host Materials
Authors: Yang Chang Yoon , Jang Ho Jin , Lee Kyung Hyung , Byeon Sung Yong , Lee Jun Yeob , Jeong Hyein
Published: May 2019

Three host materials were synthesized for blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) by combining carbazolylcarbazole and benzonitrile. Each material has different CN positions relative to the carbazolylcarbazole donor as ortho,‐meta, and para. These materials were used for finding fundamental factors of lifetime degradation of blue OLEDs. By comparing the characteristics of the three hosts with the CN unit at ortho, meta and para positions, we studied the effects of the CN position on the lifetime of the blue phosphorescent OLEDs. We calculated bond dissociation energy of the three hosts and energy transfer to find key factors about degradation. We calculated Forster energy transfer rate from host to dopant by measuring parameters for the calculation. The correlation of the device lifetime with the parameters revealed that the bond dissociation energy and Forster energy transfer rate are critical to the device lifetime of the blue phosphorescent OLEDs.
13‐1: Invited Paper: Liquid Crystal Display Optimized for Gaming Applications and Future
Authors: Lee Dong-Jin , Jung Jun Ho , Shin JongSuk , Kim GwangTae , Park JeongKi
Published: May 2019

These days, gaming displays receive the intense attention in the market. To fully enjoy the most out of the latest games, users will not only need a gaming PC with powerful graphics cards, but also display that has no image blurring and tearing. So far, the most affordable and popular display has been twisted nematic (TN) mode because of fast response time in spite of their biggest drawback such as color shift and narrow viewing angle. However, we will help the users choose a gaming display that gives them victorious experience with our novel AH‐IPS gaming technologies that has the best all‐around image quality and wide viewing angle with super‐fast response liquid crystal (LC). In this paper, we will introduce our novel AH‐IPS mode that shows gray‐to‐gray 5ms suitable response time in 144Hz without overdriving function.
16‐4: Invited Paper: Process Design Kit and Design Automation for Flexible Hybrid Electronics
Authors: Huang Tsung-Ching , Lei Ting , Shao Leilai , Sivapurapu Sridhar , Swaminathan Madhavan , Li Sicheng , Bao Zhenan , Cheng Kwang-Ting , Beausoleil Raymond
Published: May 2019

High‐performance low‐cost flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) are desirable for applications such as internet of things (IoT) and wearable electronics. Carbon‐nanotube (CNT) thin‐film transistor (TFT) is a promising candidate for high‐performance FHE, because of its high carrier mobility, superior mechanical flexibility, and material compatibility with low‐cost printing and solution‐processes. Flexible sensors and peripheral CNT‐TFT circuits, such as decoders, drivers and sense amplifiers, can be printed and hybrid‐integrated with thinned (<50µm) silicon chips on soft, thin, and flexible substrates for a wide range of applications from flexible displays to wearable medical devices. Here we report: 1) process design kit (PDK) to enable FHE design automation for large‐scale FHE circuits, and 2) solution‐process proven intellectual property (IP) blocks for TFT circuits design, including Pseudo‐CMOS [1] flexible digital logic and analog amplifiers shown in Figure 1. The FHE‐PDK is fully compatible with silicon design tools for hybrid‐integrated flexible circuits.
18‐1: Invited Paper: Evaluating In‐Process Test Compatibility of Proposed Mass‐Transfer Technologies to Achieve Efficient, High‐Yield MicroLED Mass‐Production
Authors: Henley Francois J.
Published: May 2019

Achieving and maintaining high yield during microLED display production requires integration of in‐process EL functional test into the mass‐transfer assembly process flow. Known Good Die (KGD) data from EL emission efficiency and color test of the source carrier substrate is key to directing mass‐transfer assembly of functionally good and matched microLED devices. Mass‐transfer approaches have varying compatibility with in‐process functional test data that can limit yield and throughput. This paper will analyze the issues and challenges of current microLED mass‐transfer technologies in production and compatibility with in‐process test. An optimized process flow utilizing KGD in‐process test and compatible mass‐transfer assembly methods is proposed.
19‐5: Late‐News Paper: Characterization of carrier transport properties in working polymer light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Takada Makoto , Nagase Takashi , Kobayashi Takashi , Naito Hiroyoshi
Published: May 2019

Charge carrier transport properties of polymer semiconductors (electron and hole drift mobilities, localized‐tail‐state distributions, and bimolecular recombination constants) in working polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) are determined simultaneously using impedance spectroscopy (IS). The IS technique is also applicable to degradation analysis of the PLED.
21‐1: Active Circular Polarizer OLED E‐Mirror
Authors: Weindorf Paul , Hayden Brian , Somashankar Abhilash Marthi , Soto Pedro Coutino
Published: May 2019

Due to the inherent reflective property of OLED (organic light‐emitting diode) displays, the use of an active circular polarizer technology has been previously reported to provide an OLED E‐Mirror (Electronic‐Mirror). This paper focuses on the optimization of the active circular polarizer technology to improve the dynamic reflection dimming range.
21‐2: Free‐Form Incell‐Touch TFT‐LCD Vehicle Displays Based on LTPS
Authors: Wu Wei , Zhou Xiufeng , Liu Jian , Chen Rong , Zou Zongjun , Deng Zhuo , He Qilian , Shen Boping , Lee ChunYi
Published: May 2019

In recent years, with the popularity of vehicle display applications and consumers provide higher requirements for vehicle display resolution, appearance. of shape and touch operation. LTPS will be used by more and more OEMs. This research adopts reasonable sensor and architectures design to realize a narrow border, free‐form, incell‐touch vehicle display with LTPS technology.
22‐1: Image Enhancement with Visual Saturation Preserving on Adaptive Histogram Model
Authors: Shi Chaochao , Jin Yufeng , Chen Yinhung , Zhao Bin
Published: May 2019

A novel algorithm based on histogram equalization (HE) is proposed, which has saturation preservation and obtain more suitable visual perception. This method can solve the problem of visual perception saturation decrease and color distortion caused by conventional histogram methods. The results show excellent performance in LDR image enhancement.
23‐1: Distinguished Paper: 5291 ppi Organic Light Emitting Diode Display using Field‐effect Transistors Including a C‐Axis Aligned Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor
Authors: Katsui Shuichi , Kobayashi Hidetomo , Nakagawa Takashi , Tamatsukuri Yuki , Shishido Hideaki , Uesaka Shogo , Yamaoka Ryohei , Nagata Takaaki , Aoyama Tomoya , Nei Kosei , Okazaki Yutaka , Ikeda Takayuki , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: May 2019

C‐axis aligned crystalline oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistor (CAAC‐OS FET) can be scaled down to a width and length of 60 nm. We have fabricated an organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) display with more than 5000 ppi, which is required in virtual reality (VR) displays, by using CAAC‐OS FETs as the backplane.
23‐3: Distinguished Paper: The New Route for Realization of 1µm‐pixel‐pitch High Resolution Displays
Authors: Choi Ji Hun , Yang Jong-Heon , Pi Jae-Eun , Hwang Chi-Young , Kim Yong-Hae , Kim Gi Heon , Kim Hee-Ok , Hwang Chi-Sun
Published: May 2019

We present a new pixel structure to realize the 1μm‐pixel‐pitch display. This structure is based on the conventional back‐channel etched thin‐film transistor (TFT), but all layers except the horizontal gate line are vertically stacked on the embedded data line, enabling the implementation of high resolution display panels. The vertically‐stacked TFT with 1μm‐channel length shows a high field effect mobility over 50 cm2/Vs, low subthreshold slope of 78 mV/decade. It also shows a high uniform electrical characteristic over the entire 6‐inch wafer. The development of new architecture enables the implementation of a 1μm‐pixel‐pitch high resolution displays such as digital hologram.
24‐1: Mira Display Processor for AR/VR Systems
Authors: Modrzyk Damian , Martin Sam , Crawford Ashley , Starkey Brian , Vyas Kushan , Unal Metin
Published: May 2019

We introduce Mira, a novel display processor targeted at the AR/VR application spectrum employing mobile and head‐mounted display (HMD) SoCs. Mira implements AR/VR processing functions such as asynchronous timewarp, homography and optical distortion corrections in a single‐pass display composition engine. When compared with existing AR/VR systems, where this processing is done on the GPU, our dedicated processor provides a significant reduction in system memory bandwidth and system power, lower motion‐to‐photon latency, better image quality, as well as enables higher resolutions and frame rates that are not possible in GPU‐based systems.
25‐2: Enabling MOCVD Technology for Micro LED High Volume Manufacturing
Authors: Boyd Adam R. , Beckers Arthur , Eickelkamp Martin , Alam Assadulla , Heuken Michael
Published: May 2019

Epitaxy wafers are key to the technology development of Micro LED displays. As Micro LED chips are extremely small, the quality of epitaxy wafers including wavelength uniformity and low defect becomes crucial for further production process. We present progress on improvements to MOCVD technology of blue and red Micro LEDs based on Planetary Reactor® technology to meet the new challenging wavelength and defect requirements.
26‐4: Late‐News Paper: Development of Positive‐type Photoresists Based on Polyorganosilsesquioxanes for the Pixel Defining Layer (PDL) in OLED Structures
Authors: Jang Seunghyun , Yoo Kwon Yil , Ahn Jungmin , Oh Chunrim
Published: May 2019

Silicone‐based positive‐type photoresists for the pixel defining layer (PDL) in OLED Structures have been developed. Silicone binder based on polyorganosilsesquioxane resin for the PDL has been synthesized by using a well‐known sol‐gel reaction. Also, photoresist characteristics based on silicone resin such as film retention rate, patterning profile, thermal stability, out‐gas, and transmittance have been investigated. In particular, thermal stability at high temperature (400°C), transmittance at 400 nm, and out‐gas properties were highly effective for the PDL application in OLED devices.
27‐3: The Investigation about Heterogeneous LC Alignment in the Sub‐pixel of 8‐Domain Design Pixel during the PSVA Curing Process
Authors: Che Xinyuan , Zhang Yu , Zhao Yongchao , Ren Wei , Song Yanjun , Hsieh Chung-Ching
Published: May 2019

A 8‐domain pixel consisting of a main‐pixel and a sub‐pixel has been appied in the curved liquid crystal (LC) panel which is using the DBS (data BM less) design. In the curing process of the polymer stablized vertical alignment (PSVA), homogeneous LC alignment was obtained in the main‐pixel, but heterogeneous LC alignment occurred in the sub‐pixel. Through simulations and actual experiments, it was found that the curing mode, the pixel electode pattern and the pixel size have effect on this issue. And some strategies have been presented to improve this abnormal LC alignment.
28‐2: A Novel Local Dimming algorithm with HDR for VR system based on GPU
Authors: Ji Zhihua , Li Wenyu , Shi Tiankuo , Zhang Xiaomang , Sun YuKun , Miao JingHua , Shi Lingyun , Duan Xin
Published: May 2019

As the screen of VR is very close to human eye and the optical lens has amplification effect, VR needs high PPI to meet people's visual requirements. High PPI panel with side‐emitting LED backlight is difficult to realize high contrast ratio(CR). Local Dimming based on direct‐illumination LED can not only save backlight power consumption but also improve the CR of the VR system. The point spread function(PSF) of LED plays an important role in Local Dimming technology. However traditional PSF always adopts approximate calculation method with low accuracy, which causes luminance distortion. In this paper, a method of PSF measurement and data processing was proposed. It can describe the spread strength and range of one single block LED actually. One improved LCD compensation algorithm was demonstrated in this paper. The light leakage characteristic of liquid crystal was considered. It can keep the hue consistent. The proposed Local Dimming method has low distortion and high dynamic contrast range. This paper also presents a method for implementing Local Dimming algorithm by GPU, which can display Local Dimming effect in real time of VR system with high frame rate.
33‐2: Invited Paper: Lifetime Improvement of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lee Ho Jung , Lee Kyung Hyung , Lee Jun Yeob , Hong Wan Pyo , Song Ok-Keun
Published: May 2019

The external quantum efficiency of thermally activated delayed fluorescent organic light‐emitting diodes has been improved to the same level of phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes. However, the lifetime of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent organic light‐emitting diodes is not comparable to that of the phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes. Therefore, the lifetime of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent devices needs to be extended. In this work, the lifetime extending strategy of thermally activated delayed fluorescent organic light‐emitting diodes from molecular design approach is proposed. The molecules with a chemical bond stabilizing molecular design and high reversed intersystem crossing rate were effective to extend the lifetime of the thermally activated delayed fluorescent organic light‐emitting diodes.
33‐4: Invited Paper: A Chemical Structure Approach Enhancing Light Outcoupling of Dopant OLEDs and Internal Quantum Efficiency of Non‐Dopant OLEDs Having Bluish TADF Emitters
Authors: Lee Yi-Ting , Tseng Po-Chen , Komino Takeshi , Mamada Masashi , Lee Jiun-Haw , Adachi Chihaya , Chen Chao-Tsen , Chen Chin-Ti
Published: May 2019

Dopant and non‐dopant OLEDs were fabricated for testing four TADF emitters, having EL of blue to greenish blue color. The tetraphenylbenzene (4Ph)‐containing emitters have been demonstrated having a higher light outcoupling efficiency for dopant devices and a superior IQE for the non‐dopant devices.
34‐1: A Novel Reactive Monomer for Self Vertical Alignment Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Inoue Yuichi , Kimura Masaomi , Yamamoto Junko , Mamiya Junichi , Kadomoto Yutaka
Published: May 2019

Conventionally, the alignment layer like polyimide is necessary for Liquid Crystal (LC) initial alignment. In this study, we have developed a novel reactive monomer (RM) for self vertical alignment (SVA). Doping this SVA RM into LC, we become able to manufacture VA mode Liquid Crystal Display panel without alignment layer. This technology would bring many merits to LCD performance.

Also, this technology is very good compatibility with the Polymer Sustained Alignment (PSA) technology, that is widely used for LCD TV application etc. We report our achievement, comparing PSA.
34‐3: Development of Self‐Alignment Advanced Super Dimensional Switching Technology and Prototype
Authors: Yang Ruizhi , Wu Jun , Wang Ruiyong , Wu Xiaohui , Qu Lianjie , Xu Xiaoling , You Yang , Zhao Hebin , Feng Yuanming , Yang Fucheng , Qi Xiaojing , Qiu Yun , Wang Dan
Published: May 2019

There had been little progress in LC alignment method after Photo Alignment (PA) technology especially for homogeneous alignment LCDs. We have developed a prototype in Advanced Super Dimensional Switching (ADS) Mode without using PI layer and rubbing or photo alignment process, but showed almost same level performance as conventional ADS LCDs using PI, which make sense for much more sample process and further possibility to LCDs.
35‐2: 3D/2D Switchable Display System Based on Integral Imaging
Authors: Zhang Han-Le , Li Jiao-Jiao , He Min-Yang , Deng Huan , Li Da-Hai , Wang Qiong-Hua
Published: May 2019

A 3D/2D switchable display system based on integral imaging is proposed by using a projection screen and a projector. The projection screen consists of a lens array holographic optical element (LAHOE) and a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) film. The experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed system.
35‐3: Polarization Dependent Switchable Micro‐lenticular Lens Arrays using Optically Isotropic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Pagidi Srinivas , Manda Ramesh , Lee Junhyuk , Lee Sung Guk , Song Seong Min , Lee Seung Hee
Published: May 2019

We propose polarization‐dependent micro‐lenticular lens arrays (MLAs) based on optical phase modulation by reorientation of nano‐sized LC droplets of the optically isotropic liquid crystals (OILC). On applying gradient in‐plane field, the gradient refractive index is generated between the electrodes, giving rise to the MLAs with the focal length of 22 µm at 50 V rms and switching time of few ms. The OILC can also be applied to switchable microlens. The proposed device has a potential to be applicable to 2D/3D switchable optical lens.
37‐3: Late‐News Paper: Achieving High Field‐Effect Mobility Exceeding 60 cm2/Vs in IZTO Transistor via Metal‐Assisted Crystallization
Authors: On Nuri , Jeong Jae Kyeong
Published: May 2019

In this paper, the effects of post annealing on the structural, chemical and electrical properties of tantalum (Ta) capped IZTO films were examined for use as the channel in thin‐film transistors (TFTs). The onset crystallization temperature of amorphous IZTO was found to be ≥ 700 °C, which is not suitable for glass or plastic substrate‐based display devices. New crystallization method involving the catalytic Ta capping and subsequent post annealing was proposed for the IZTO material system at a low temperature of 200 °C. The TFTs with Ta‐assisted crystallized IZTO channel exhibited a high field‐effect mobility of 60.3 cm2/Vs, subthreshold swing of 0.20 V/decade, threshold voltage of ‐0.39 V, and Ion/off ratio of ~108, which was superior to the control device without Ta‐assisted crystallization. The reason for this high performance is discussed on basis of the lattice ordering and chemical purification of IZTO channel layer. Existence of two dimensional grain boundary defects as a crystallization of IZTO channel layer was found to hardly affect the charge carrier transport, suggesting that they are electrically inactive.
38‐1: Transverse Chromatic Aberrations in Virtual Reality Devices
Authors: Beams Ryan , Kim Andrea S. , Cheng Wei-Chung , Badano Aldo
Published: May 2019

We demonstrate a method for measuring the transverse chromatic aberration (TCA) in a virtual reality head‐mounted display (VR HMD). This procedure was used to characterize the Oculus Go VR HMD. Results show a measurable TCA for angles larger than approximately 5o from the center of the field of view.
39‐3: Invited Paper: LTPO TFT Technology for AMOLEDs†
Authors: Chang Ting-Kuo , Lin Chin-Wei , Chang Shihchang
Published: May 2019

Low‐temperature Poly‐Crystalline Silicon and Oxide (LTPO) Thin‐Film Transistor (TFT) is introduced and developed as a TFT backplane of the AMOLED display for the first time in Apple Watch Series 4. With new panel circuitry and complementary driving scheme, the LTPO AMOLED display can be operated at a low refresh rate without any visible artifact.
41‐1: Invited Paper: Active Matrix Mini‐LED Backlights for 1000PPI VR LCD
Authors: Wu Yang-En , Lee Ming-Hsien , Lin Yi-Cheng , Kuo Chienhung , Lin Yung-Hsu , Huang Wei-Ming
Published: May 2019

An active matrix mini‐LED backlight for 1000PPI VR LCD is demonstrated using LTPS backplane. With the local dimming function and switchable VR modes, visual experience of VR LCD is further enhanced. By reducing the IR drop, the backlight is capable to output 130,000 nits.
43‐2: Optical Characteristics of Curved Flexible Light Sources (FLSs) with Small Radius and Metrology Issues
Authors: Käläntär K , Tashiro Tomonori , Maeda Shuichi , Yamauchi Yasuki
Published: May 2019

Planar flexible light sources (FLSs) have a variety of features that give a boost to their applications. In this paper, we studied the effect of curvature radius on optical characteristics of convex FLS. For this purpose the properties of a cylindrical OLED as an FLS were studied theoretically and experimentally. The most fundamental characteristic of a FLS is the total luminous flux, the radiation pattern and the spectrum. Two OLED samples with barrier layer thickness of 100 nm and 150 nm were fabricated and their characteristics were measured at curvature radii of R0=∞ mm (flat), R2=143mm (curved) and R5=56.7 mm (curved). Furthermore, the measurement field contours were calculated for non‐tilted and tilted flat planes, and on inner and outer surfaces of a cylindrical FLS. Finally, the metrology issues of the curved FLS were discussed.
45‐2: Limits of Pancharatnam Phase lens for 3D/VR/AR Applications
Authors: Yousefzadeh Comrun , Jamali Afsoon , Mcginty Colin , Bos Philip J.
Published: May 2019

Lenses based on Pancharatnam phase have recently attracted an increasing interest. Their main advantages include being very thin and inexpensive. But their application is generally limited to when a monochromatic illumination is used because they are strongly wavelength dependent. However low power Pancharatnam phase lenses have the potential to be considered for applications over the visible range. In this paper we provide intuitive “limits” for the power of these lenses under which these types of devices can be considered for use with applications with visible light that include human eye specifically for VR/AR applications.
45‐3: Four‐Plane Near‐Eye Display without Sacrificing the Frame Rate
Authors: Xiong Jianghao , Tan Guanjun , Zhan Tao , Lee Yun-Han , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: May 2019

We build a four‐plane near‐eye display (NED) system with a passive Pancharatnam‐Berry lens and two polarization‐modulated LCDs combined by a non‐polarizing beam splitter. The system well addresses the vergence‐accommodation conflict. At the same time, it provides adequate planes to render high quality 3D scenes without sacrificing the frame rate due to passive addressing. The system can be incorporated into head mounted displays like virtual reality and augmented reality to provide vivid and comfortable 3D experience.
47‐3: AMQLED Display with Highly Efficient Oxide N‐P Charge Generation Junction
Authors: Kim Jeonggi , Kim Hyo-Min , Lee Suhui , Avis Christophe , Jang Jin
Published: May 2019

We have developed high efficiency tandem quantum‐dot light‐emitting diode (QLED) by using oxide n‐p charge generation junction (CGJ). The tandem QLED with oxide n‐p CGJ exhibits the current efficiency as high as over 120 cd A−1. The oxide n‐p CGJ shows good Ohmic behavior under forward and reverse bias. It is obvious that the reverse current density is nearly equal to the forward current density, which suggest the efficient charge generation in the oxide n‐p CGJ. In this work, we demonstrated a 4‐inch AMQLED display using high efficiency tandem QLED with oxide n‐p CGJ.
49‐1: Invited Paper: Analog LCOS SLM Devices for Display Applications
Authors: Fan-Chiang Kuan-Hsu , Wang Hsing-Lung , Li Yuet-Wing , Tsai Hsien-Chang
Published: May 2019

Liquid‐crystal‐on‐silicon (LCOS) device is a potential candidate for spatial light modulators (SLMs) due to its high resolution and the wide range of tunable phase retardation. Besides the telecom applications, SLM is also very promising for display applications, especially for the augmented reality (AR) displays. In this paper, we will discuss the advantages of analog LCOS SLM compared with the digital one. A 0.6” short‐loop sample test result with precise cell gap controlled is introduced. Some CGH images are demonstrated using different algorithms. Finally, the liquid crystal response time performances are also discussed.
49‐4: Late‐News Paper: Intermediate Screen Considered Negative Impact by Ambient Light for Augmented Reality Head‐Up Display Systems
Authors: Nagasawa Atsushi , Watanabe Junji , Uchida Atsushi , Takahashi Tomohiro , Karai Masaru , Kasai Hideto
Published: May 2019

KURARAY proposes intermediate screen composed of microlens array for augmented reality head‐up display. The microlens array screen which has accurate mirror matrix enables to reduce negative impact by ambient light. KURARAY’s screen will bring safer and more comfortable drive to all automotive drivers near future.
53‐2: Highly Self‐healable Coating Materials with Improved Mechanical Surface Properties for Flexible Electronic Displays
Authors: Lee Sung Ku , Hong Sung Woo
Published: May 2019

A new self‐healable coating material is prepared by blending conventional polyurethane and functional polyimide. The blended coating material has outstanding self‐healing abilities and, interestingly, significantly increased surface hardness and modulus compared with polyurethane only, which is attributed to the strong supramolecular networks resulting from interactions between polyurethane and functional polyimide.
55‐2: Essential Mask Quality for High‐End Resolution Displays
Authors: Kim Myung-Yong , Choi Ji-Hoon , Hur Ik-Boum , Choi Sang-Soo , Wahlsten Mikael , Eklund Robert , Park Young-Jin
Published: May 2019

This paper proposes a best practice to produce the photomasks with the state‐of‐the‐art quality, suitable for high resolution panel patterning. In order to extend the panel patterning process capability, high CD performance (Resolution, CD MTT and CD Uniformity) of photomask is essential and RET(Resolution Enhancement Technology) such as PSM, OPC and OAI will be prominent technology for mask business. PSM and OPC technology on RET will be new challenges for future high resolution panel. These challenges require new generation photomask writer, PSM manufacturing capability.
57‐1: Invited Paper: AirTouch System: Hand Skeleton Modelling for Augmented HMI Interactions
Authors: Bagnato Luigi , Caron Louis-Charles , Tao Dominique , Phan Véronique , Fine Kevin , Pastre Marc , Ballan Hussein
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a high‐performance capacitive touch system enhanced by a 3D vision‐based engine, the "AirTouch". The system is based on multiple 3D cameras that analyze the 50 cm near‐field volume above the screen surface. A real‐time 50 Hz 3D reconstruction engine with millimetric precision enables the sensing and tracking of several users and multiple hands or objects. The system identifies a preliminary set of hand poses: open palm, closed fist and pointing. For the pointing pose, the pointing target is estimated. It also determines the hand location, angle and movement of the fingers through advanced algorithms. The system aims to characterize the skeleton key elements including joints and segments of the hand, and reconstruct its mechanical properties (movement restrictions, angle correlations, etc.).
61‐2: Color Gamut of Multi‐Chromatic Displays
Authors: Masaoka Kenichiro , Jiang Fu , Fairchild Mark D. , Heckaman Rodney L.
Published: May 2019

It is said that multi‐chromatic displays can achieve wider color gamut by using saturated color channels, while there are also claims that these displays lose brightness and/or color saturation for higher luminance colorful images. This topic has created some controversy in the display industry and at standards‐setting organizations. This research examines color gamut volumes for a variety of simulated “multi‐chromatic” or “multi‐primary” (incorrect term) displays with combinations of cyan, magenta, and yellow color channels and/or white color channels. A two‐dimensional representation of color gamuts (i.e., gamut rings) illustrates that adding non‐primary color channels to a tri‐chromatic (red, green, and blue color channel) display reduces the overall chroma of color images at brighter levels.
62‐2: Highly Reliable Shift Register with Coplanar a‐IGZO TFTs by Splitting Top Gate into Dual Gates
Authors: Jeong Duk Young , Lee Ji Seob , Chen Yuanfeng , Lee Suhui , Jang Jin
Published: May 2019

We report the effect of gate splitting on the performance and stability of coplanar amorphous‐Indium‐Gallium‐Zinc‐Oxide (a‐IGZO) TFTs. Splitting gate reduces the threshold voltage (Vth) shift by PBTS (positive bias temperature stress) and improves the performance uniformity. The gate driver made of split gates also shows better performance and stability compared with the conventional single gate shift register
63‐3: Advances in Driving Technology for Free‐Form LCDs
Authors: Wang Cheng-Kuang , Tsao Shu-Wei , Wu Shu-Feng
Published: May 2019

The gate driver circuit is successfully embedded in the active area of TFT‐LCD by novel pixel architecture. Circuit in the active area technology is suitable for freeform design or through‐hole LCD. Mechanical knob can be easily installed for intuitive operation and safe consideration in car display.
66‐1: Invited Paper: Fast‐response IPS‐LCDs used in VR applications
Authors: Matsushima Toshiharu , Seki Kenta , Kimura Shunichi , Iwakabe Yasushi , Watanabe Yoshihiro , Komura Shinichi , Uchida Makoto , Nakamura Takashi
Published: May 2019

We discuss the moving picture characteristics of display devices required for virtual reality head‐mounted displays (VR‐HMDs). We propose a fast response in‐plane switching (IPS) liquid crystal display (LCD) mode, called the short‐range lurch control IPS (SLC‐IPS) LCD mode, for VR‐HMDs based on experimental results of its response properties.
70‐3: Invited Paper: Polarisation Independent Liquid Crystal Lenses using Embossed Reactive Mesogens
Authors: Jones J. Cliff , Wahle Markus , Bailey James , Moorhouse Tom , Snow Benjamin , Sargent Joe
Published: May 2019

Liquid crystal lenses have promise in optical systems owing to their tunability combined with low electrical power, cost and weight. A good example of such a system is switchable contact lenses for the correction of age‐related presbyopia. Large phase modulation can be done using nematic liquid crystals. However, the birefringent materials are inherently polarisation dependent, usually requiring orthogonal polarisations to be focused separately. A novel method is presented for producing polarisation independent lenses based on reactive mesogens.
73‐2: Wearable Display System Combined Directional Scattering Holographic Waveguide with Goggle
Authors: Xiao Jiasheng , Liu Juan , Lv Zhenlv , Shi Xueliang , Han Jian
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a wearable display system combined directional scattering holographic waveguide (DSHW) with goggle for augmented reality. DSHW and goggle are used to form a suitable exit pupil and a large field of view with high luminance uniformity, respectively. The results of design and experiments are given in detail.
73‐5: Late‐News Paper: Simplified Implementation of Super Multi‐View Head‐Mounted Display
Authors: Takaki Yasuhiro , Ueno Takaaki , Yamaguchi Yuta , Nagahama Yuki
Published: May 2019

Super multi‐view head‐mounted displays can solve the visual fatigue caused by the vergence–accommodation conflict. This study proposes their simplified implementation, which could greatly reduce the cost and computational load, by using a vibrated flat‐panel display illuminated by LEDs. The experimental validation is also reported.
74‐3: Study on Mechanical Behavior and Effect of Adhesive Layers in Foldable AMOLED Display by Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Cheng Aries , Chen Yuanyuan , Jin Jian , Su Tsungyi
Published: May 2019

In this study, the film stacks of foldable AMOLED display are analyzed and designed by finite element analysis (FEA). Controlling the position of neutral plane is one of the key designs for foldable AMOLED display. However, the use of optically clear adhesives (OCA) has a particular effect on the prediction of neutral plane. In the FEA, traction‐separation law is chosen to describe the mechanical behavior of adhesives; also the material parameters and failure strength of adhesives are obtained by basic material tests in advance. A 5.99‐inch WQHD prototype foldable AMOLED display has been successfully folded more than 100,000 times in dynamic and static mixing at 3mm inward folding radius without damages.
75‐3: Ultrawide color gamut LCD display with CdSe/CdS nanoplatelets
Authors: Zuoliang Wen , Fan Fang , Chaojian Zhang , Shihao Ding , Haodong Tang , Bing Xu , Kai Wang , Leong Teo Kie , Wei Sun Xiao
Published: May 2019

We present an LCD backlight made of nanoplatelets (NPLs) for the first time. Owing to the narrow emission linewidth of NPLs (8~12 nm) and QDs, the spectrum exhibits a wide color gamut display with a 139.9% color gamut of NTSC (National Television System Committee) 1953 standard and 104.5% Rec.2020 (ITU‐R Recommendation BT.2020), realizing a truly ultrawide color gamut LCD display.
76‐5: Late‐News Paper: Enhanced Productivity Performance through Detecting Defects on Surface of AMOLED Display
Authors: Park Yongeun , Cho Hyunseok , Heo Dongmin , Son Sanglak , Hwang Uihoon , Kim Changhyo , Son Hyunjin , Jung Baehyeon
Published: May 2019

At this time, the system with advanced automatic detection capability has consistent execution results and has been verified that it can be used as a necessary tool for cost reduction and the quality control of the product, which is the value of the customer. It will contribute to reducing human error and minimizing defects by designing a system that relies on more mechanization automation, taking into account the characteristics of the machine as well as the role of humans and machines.
77‐3: High‐Performance Smart Window with Haze Enhancement via Micro‐Domains Manipulation on Alignment Surface
Authors: Meng Cuiling , Tseng Man Chun , Tang Shu Tuen , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: May 2019

In this article, we present a high performance smart window via micro‐domains manipulation on the alignment surface, which dramatically enhances the power‐on haze by 48%. Large‐scale window with ultra‐hazy state switching in less than 3.5 ms is demonstrated.
79‐4: Low Resolution Light Field Display for Improving the Perceived Openness of Confined Spaces
Authors: Atkins Robin , Whitehead Lorne
Published: May 2019

We introduce a novel light field display for enhancing the perception of open space in confined environments. We show that, counterintuitively, a perception of depth can be produced by a very low‐resolution light field display, which enables the use of a novel low‐cost optical design suitable for a wide range of applications. We present experimental verification that this design provides a convincing perception of depth.
82‐1: Development of Full Roll to Roll Process for Flexible Display Backplane
Authors: Kook Yun Ho , Lee HwanKeon , Choi SungWoo , Kim NamKook , Kim ChulHo , Park KwonShik , Yoon SooYoung , Kang InByeong
Published: May 2019

In this article, we described a development of full Roll‐to‐Roll (R2R) process for flexible display backplane. For many years, we made an effort to convert rigid glass substrates to flexible films for thinness, light weight, flexibility and design freedom. Through Government support program, we have built and stabilized R2R facilities for many years.

Amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs) with coplanar structure are fabricated using roll type Polyimide film. We have demonstrated the world's first 20 inch flexible oxide TFTs backplane with SVGA (800x600, 50ppi) resolution), which can drive Electrophoretic paper. The process flow and key technologies to fabricate a‐InGaZnO flexible backplane by R2R process will be discussed.