bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prolonged Perioperative Low-Dose Ketamine Does Not Improve Short and Long-term Outcomes After Pediatric Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery
Authors: Perelló Marina , Artés David , Pascuets Cristina , Esteban Elisabeth , Ey Batlle Ana M.
Published: July 2016

Study Design.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, with a six-month follow-up period.

Objectives.

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that a 72-hour dose of subanesthetic ketamine in this surgical procedure reduces postoperative morphine use and to assess whether there are fewer adverse effects, if postoperative recovery is faster, if there is less peri-incisional hyperalgesia, or if there is lower incidence of persistent postsurgical pain.

Summary of Background Data.

Tissue injury and high opioid requirements following posterior spinal fusion surgery produce central sensitization, which can in turn be associated with hyperalgesia and chronic pain. Clinical trials involving this type of procedure using subanesthetic ketamine doses have assessed pain and morphine requirements with contradictory results. The effects of prolonged subanesthetic ketamine doses on postoperative recovery, mechanical hyperalgesia, and the incidence of chronic pain are unknown.

Methods.

A total of 48 pediatric patients between 10 and 18 years diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis were randomized to receive perioperative low-dose ketamine or placebo for 72 hours. They received general anesthesia, intraoperative remifentanil, and morphine postoperatively (patient-controlled analgesia). We measured morphine consumption, pain at rest and during movement (coughing), undesirable effects, and sedation during morphine treatment. The onset of oral intake, ambulation, and hospital stay were recorded. The extent of the peri-incisional hyperalgesia was measured at 72 hours and pain controls were conducted postsurgery.

Results.

Primary endpoint results (total cumulative morphine consumption while admitted) were obtained in 44 patients. Results were 2.72 (SD 1.13) in the placebo group and 3.13 (SD 1.13) in the study group (P = 0.2903), with no significant differences. Moreover, differences were not found between the experimental group and the placebo group in the secondary endpoints analyzed.

Conclusion.

Our findings do not support the routine combining of prolonged subanesthetic ketamine doses with opioids in posterior fusion surgery in children with idiopathic scoliosis.

Level of Evidence: 2
Does the Traversing Length of the Aorta Change After Closing Wedge Osteotomy for Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients With Thoracolumbar Kyphosis?
Authors: Liu Hao , Qian Bang-Ping , Qiu Yong , Mao Sai-Hu , Qu Zhe , Wang Bin , Yu Yang , Zhu Ze-Zhang
Published: July 2016

Study Design.

A prospective magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study.

Objective.

To investigate the change in aortic traversing length in patients with thoracolumbar kyphosis secondary to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) after closing wedge osteotomy (CWO).

Summary of Background Data.

The CWO has been widely adopted for the correction of thoracolumbar kyphosis caused by AS. During this procedure, the aorta may be elongated in the instrumented area, which implies a potential risk of the aortic injury. To date, no reports have been specifically published using MRI to investigate the alteration in aortic traversing length in patients with AS undergoing CWO.

Methods.

From June 2013 to July 2015, 24 patients with AS with thoracolumbar kyphosis with a mean age of 38.1 years were recruited in the present study. All patients underwent single-level CWO. MRI examinations were performed before and 2 weeks after surgery. For each subject, the aortic diameter and length were measured on the MRI. Radiographic measurements included the global kyphosis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, local kyhosis, angle of fusion levels, and anterior height of the osteotomized vertebra. The height of these patients was also recorded.

Results.

The aortic traversing length significantly increased by an average of 2.0 cm after surgery. Significant changes in height, global kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, local kyphosis, and angle of fusion levels were observed (P < 0.01), whereas the anterior height of the osteotomized vertebra was comparable before and after surgery (P > 0.05). In addition, the correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between the aortic traversing length and changes in global kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, local kyphosis, angle of fusion levels, and height (P < 0.01).

Conclusion.

The stretch of the aorta after CWO for the correction of thoracolumbar kyphosis was quantitatively verified by MRI investigation in the present study. Spine surgeons should be aware of the potential vulnerability of aortic injury in patients with AS undergoing CWO.

Level of Evidence: 4
Outcomes Following Arthrodesis for Atlanto-Axial Osteoarthritis
Authors: Kang Daniel G. , Lehman Ronald A. , Wagner Scott C. , Peters Colleen , Riew K. Daniel
Published: July 2016

Study Design.

Retrospective analysis.

Objective.

We set out to evaluate the radiographic and patient-reported outcomes following C1-C2 arthrodesis for atlantoaxial osteoarthritis (AAOA) using modern instrumentation and techniques.

Summary of Background Data.

Few studies have evaluated outcomes following C1-C2 arthrodesis for AAOA using modern surgical fixation techniques.

Methods.

Retrospective analysis of all patients following C1-C2 arthrodesis with recalcitrant AAOA from a single center, single surgeon from 2002 to 2012. Preoperative, immediate and final follow-up postoperative radiographic images were evaluated. Patient-reported outcomes scores were assessed preoperative, 1-year, and final postoperative follow-up.

Results.

We found a total of 14 patients (13 female, 1 male) with average follow-up of 2.96 ± 2.26 years and mean age at surgery of 71.8 ± 9.3 years old. The most common construct was posterior C1-C2 bilateral screw-rod construct (SRC) (n = 9), and there were 3 patients with transarticular screw (TAS) constructs, and 2 patients with hybrid fixation (unilateral SRC and contralateral TAS). Mean change from baseline to final follow-up for Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NRS) was −4.7 ± 2.1, and Neck Disability Index (NDI) was −21.0 ± 13.6, with 11 (78.6%) patients demonstrated a substantial clinical benefit (change in NDI ≥ 10). There were no differences from baseline to all follow-up time points for SF-12 Physical and Mental Component Scores. All patients had evidence of solid C1-C2 arthrodesis and stable fixation at final follow-up, with no significant change in subaxial sagittal alignment. There were no perioperative or postoperative complications.

Conclusion.

We report one of the largest series evaluating patient-reported outcomes in patients following arthrodesis for AAOA using modern C1-C2 fixation techniques. Our study found C1-C2 arthrodesis for AAOA to be safe and effective, with a significant improvement in patient-reported pain and neck disability and most patients reporting substantial clinical benefit.

Level of Evidence: 4
The Role of Elastic Fibers in Scar Formation and Treatment
Authors: Cohen Brandon E. , Geronemus Roy G. , McDaniel David H. , Brauer Jeremy A.
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

Laser therapy is a continuously evolving treatment option for scars, and the underlying therapeutic mechanisms continue to be elucidated.

OBJECTIVE

To comprehensively review the literature to summarize the role of elastin in the formation scars, as well as treatment via therapeutic lasers.

METHODS

Review of the PubMED/MEDLINE database for available studies pertaining to the role of elastic fibers in scar formation and after laser-based therapy.

RESULTS

The loss and disorganization of elastic fiber components plays a role in the development of atrophic, hypertrophic, and keloid scars. While the majority of histologic studies focus on the underlying changes in collagen, neoelastogenesis and reorganization of elastic fibers have also been demonstrated in studies using ablative, nonablative, and fractional laser devices for the treatment of scars.

CONCLUSION

Production of novel elastin and normalization of elastic fiber organization occur after a variety of resurfacing procedures to treat scarring. As the treatment modalities to manage scars continue to evolve, further characterization of the role of elastin in the skin and in scar formation is merited.
Basilar Fracture Due to Frozen Corpse
Authors: Zhang Junchao , Yan Yibo , Chen Yiqun , Huang Sizhe , Liu Liang
Published: July 2016

Basilar fractures are one of the consequences of craniocerebral injury, which is serious enough to cause death. Legal examiners often pay attention to basilar fractures at autopsy and analyze the relationship between them and death. It is noteworthy whether the fracture is premortem or postmortem. Here, we describe a rarely reported case of basilar fracture due to freezing. In this case, a 30-year-old man was frozen (−18°C) for 6 months after death. At autopsy, external examination showed no trauma. However, on internal examination, there was a basilar fracture which caused controversy but turned out to be a postmortem injury. We provide the case description and discussion on antemortem or postmortem basilar fractures as a differential for these cases.
Distinct HIV-1 Neutralization Potency Profiles of Ibalizumab-Based Bispecific Antibodies
Authors: Song Ruijiang , Pace Craig , Seaman Michael S. , Fang Qing , Sun Ming , Andrews Chasity D. , Wu Amos , Padte Neal N. , Ho David D.
Published: July 2016

Background:

Preexposure prophylaxis using antiretroviral agents has been shown to effectively prevent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition in high-risk populations. However, the efficacy of these regimens is highly variable, which is thought to be largely due to the varying degrees of adherence to a daily intervention in the populations. Passive immunization using broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1, with their relatively long half-life and favorable safety profile, could provide an alternative to daily preexposure prophylaxis. However, most bNAbs have a limited breadth, only neutralizing 70%–90% of all HIV-1 strains.

Methods:

To overcome the problem of limited antiviral breadth, we proposed that targeting human CD4 and HIV-1 envelope proteins simultaneously may improve virus-neutralization breadth and potency. Therefore, we constructed bispecific antibodies (biAbs) using single-chain variable fragments of anti-gp120 bNAbs fused to ibalizumab (iMab), a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds human CD4, the primary receptor for HIV-1.

Results:

Some of our biAbs neutralized 100% of HIV-1 strains tested in vitro at clinically achievable concentrations. Distinct neutralization patterns were observed in this panel of biAbs. Those biAbs with specificity for the CD4-binding site on gp120 demonstrated 100% breadth, as well as slightly improved potency compared with iMab. In contrast, biAbs with specificity for the V1-V2 apex epitope or the V3-glycan epitope on gp120 demonstrated dramatically improved potency; some showed limited gain in neutralization breadth, whereas others (eg, PGT128-LM52 and 123-iMab) improved to 100% breadth.

Conclusion:

Our data suggest that this panel of iMab-based biAbs could be used to probe the parameters for potent HIV-1 neutralization. Moreover, a few of these biAbs warrant further studies and possibly clinical development.
Nursing Diagnosis for People With Heart Failure Based on the Hemodynamic Profiles
Authors: da Silva Alves Souza Larissa Maiara , Cotait Ayoub Andrea , Ruiz Zimmer Cavalcante Agueda Maria
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association of nursing diagnoses (NDs) identified for patients with heart failure (HF) based on their hemodynamic profiles.

METHOD

Analytical, cross‐sectional study conducted in the emergency room of a public hospital in a large cardiology center in Brazil. One hundred medical records of patients with HF whose hemodynamic profile had been established were analyzed.

RESULTS

The main NDs identified were risk of infection, bathing self‐care deficit, risk for decreased cardiac output, risk for falls, and excess fluid volume. There was no statistically significant difference (p > .05) between the different hemodynamic profiles and the ND found.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Nurses need to develop skills for improving their diagnostic abilities to ensure implementation of consistent interventions.
Gambling and violence in a nationally representative sample of UK men
Authors: Roberts Amanda , Coid Jeremy , King Robert , Murphy Raegan , Turner John , Bowden‐Jones Henrietta , Du Preez Katie Palmer , Landon Jason
Published: July 2016

Background and Aims

The relationship between violence and problem gambling in general population samples is under‐researched and requires further attention to inform treatment and prevention efforts. We investigated the relationship between gambling problems and violence among men and sought to determine if the link can be accounted for by mental disorders, alcohol and drug dependence and impulsivity.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey.

Setting

A UK representative general population survey conducted in 2009.

Participants

A total of 3025 UK men aged 18–64 years.

Measurements

Binary logistic regression was used to examine relationships. Outcome measures included gambling behaviour and self‐reports of violence. Covariates included alcohol and drug dependence, mental illness, impulsivity and socio‐demography.

Findings

Problem gambling and probable pathological gambling were associated with increased odds of the perpetration of violence [adjusted odd ratios (AOR) = 3.09, confidence interval (CI) = 1.90–5.00 and 4.09, CI = 2.76–6.30, respectively] and a range of other behaviours, such as using a weapon (AORs = 4.93, CI = 2.52–9.63 and 6.33, CI = 3.52–11.38) and the perpetration of intimate partner violence (AOR = 9.80, CI =2.45–39.04). The results were attenuated when adjusted for comorbid mental illness and impulsivity, but remained statistically significant. Alcohol and drug dependence had the most impact; relationships were most attenuated when they added into the models, with the latter having the largest effect.

Conclusions

Among men in the United Kingdom, self‐reports of problem/pathological gambling remain predictive of a range of measures of violent behaviour after adjusting for alcohol and drug dependence, comorbid mental disorder and impulsivity; of the covariates, alcohol and drug dependence have the greatest effect in attenuating the gambling‐violence association.
How does state marijuana policy affect US youth? Medical marijuana laws, marijuana use and perceived harmfulness: 1991–2014
Authors: Keyes Katherine M. , Wall Melanie , Cerdá Magdalena , Schulenberg John , O'Malley Patrick M. , Galea Sandro , Feng Tianshu , Hasin Deborah S.
Published: July 2016

Aims

To test, among US students: (1) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana has changed over time, (2) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana changed post‐passage of state medical marijuana laws (MML) compared with pre‐passage; and (3) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana statistically mediates and/or modifies the relation between MML and marijuana use as a function of grade level.

Design

Cross‐sectional nationally representative surveys of US students, conducted annually, 1991–2014, in the Monitoring the Future study.

Setting

Surveys conducted in schools in all coterminous states; 21 states passed MML between 1996 and 2014.

Participants

The sample included 1 134 734 adolescents in 8th, 10th and 12th grades.

Measurements

State passage of MML; perceived harmfulness of marijuana use (perceiving great or moderate risk to health from smoking marijuana occasionally versus slight or no risk); and marijuana use (prior 30 days). Data were analyzed using time‐varying multi‐level regression modeling.

Findings

The perceived harmfulness of marijuana has decreased significantly since 1991 (from an estimated 84.0% in 1991 to 53.8% in 2014, P < 0.01) and, across time, perceived harmfulness was lower in states that passed MML [odds ratio (OR) = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75–0.97]. In states with MML, perceived harmfulness of marijuana increased among 8th graders after MML passage (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.08–1.36), while marijuana use decreased (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.72–0.92). Results were null for other grades, and for all grades combined. Increases in perceived harmfulness among 8th graders after MML passage was associated with ~33% of the decrease in use. When adolescents were stratified by perceived harmfulness, use in 8th graders decreased to a greater extent among those who perceived marijuana as harmful.

Conclusions

While perceived harmfulness of marijuana use appears to be decreasing nationally among adolescents in the United States, the passage of medical marijuana laws (MML) is associated with increases in perceived harmfulness among young adolescents and marijuana use has decreased among those who perceive marijuana to be harmful after passage of MML.
The SNP g.1311T>C associated with the absence of β‐casein in goat milk influences CSN2 promoter activity
Authors: Cosenza G. , Iannaccone M. , Pico B. A. , Ramunno L. , Capparelli R.
Published: July 2016

Quantitative individual differences in the amount of β‐casein in goat milk are determined by at least nine alleles. In particular, two alleles (CSN20 and CSN201) are associated with an undetectable amount of this protein in milk. The CSN201 allele is characterized by a single nucleotide substitution at position 373 of the seventh exon (AJ011018:g.8915C>T), responsible for the formation of a premature stop codon at the 182 position. Herein, we report the contribution of the SNP g.1311T>C, which demonstrates a linkage with the SNP AJ011018:g.8915C>T, to the promoter transcriptional activity. Particularly, we indicate that the nucleotide C at position 1311 negatively affects the promoter activity of the CSN2 gene.
Activation of the hypoxia‐inducible factor pathway induced by prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 deficiency enhances the effect of running training in mice
Authors: Nunomiya A. , Shin J. , Kitajima Y. , Dan T. , Miyata T. , Nagatomi R.
Published: July 2016

Aims

Hypoxic response mediated by hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) seems to contribute to the benefit of endurance training. To verify the direct contribution of HIF activation to running training without exposure to atmospheric hypoxia, we used prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2) conditional knockout mice (cKO), which exhibit HIF activation independent of oxygen concentration, and we examined their maximal exercise capacity before and after 4 weeks of treadmill exercise training.

Methods

Phd2f/f mice (n = 26) and Phd2 cKO mice (n = 24) were randomly divided into two groups, trained and untrained, and were subjected to maximal running test before and after a 4‐week treadmill‐training regimen.

Results

Prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 deficiency resulted in HIF‐α protein accumulation. Phd2 cKO mice exhibited marked increases in haematocrit values and haemoglobin concentrations, as well as an increase in the capillary number in the skeletal muscle. The 4‐week training elicited an increase in the capillary‐to‐fibre (C/F) ratio and succinyl dehydrogenase activity of the skeletal muscle. Importantly, trained Phd2 cKO mice showed a significantly greater improvement in running time than trained control mice (P < 0.05). Collectively, these data suggest that the combination of training and the activation of the HIF pathway are important for maximizing the effect of running training.

Conclusion

We conclude that the activation of the HIF pathway induced by PHD2 deficiency enhances the effect of running training.
Endogenous cardiac steroids in animal models of mania
Authors: Hodes Anastasia , Rosen Haim , Deutsch Joseph , Lifschytz Tzuri , Einat Haim , Lichtstein David
Published: July 2016

Objectives

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by mania and depression. Alterations in brain Na+, K+‐ATPase and cardiac steroids (CSs) have been detected in BD, raising the hypothesis of their involvement in this pathology. The present study investigated the behavioral and biochemical consequences of a reduction in endogenous brain CS activity in animal models of mania.

Methods

Amphetamine (AMPH)‐induced hyperactivity in BALB/c and black Swiss mice served as a model of mania. Behavior was evaluated in the open‐field test in naïve mice or in mice treated with anti‐ouabain antibodies. CS levels were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using sensitive and specific anti‐ouabain antibodies. Extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation levels in the frontal cortex were determined by western blot analysis.

Results

Administration of AMPH to BALB/c and black Swiss mice resulted in a marked increase in locomotor activity, accompanied by a threefold increase in brain CSs. The lowering of brain CSs by the administration of anti‐ouabain antibodies prevented the hyperactivity and the increase in brain CS levels. AMPH caused an increase in phosphorylated ERK (p‐ERK) and phosphorylated Akt (p‐Akt) levels in the frontal cortex, which was significantly reduced by administration of the antibodies. A synthetic ‘functional antagonist’ of CSs, 4‐(3′α‐15′β‐dihydroxy‐5′β‐estran‐17′β‐yl) furan‐2‐methyl alcohol, also resulted in attenuation of AMPH‐induced hyperactivity.

Conclusions

These results are in accordance with the notion that malfunctioning of the Na+, K+‐ATPase/CS system may be involved in the manifestation of mania and identify this system as a potential new target for drug development.
Development of category formation for faces differing by age in 9‐ to 12‐month‐olds: An effect of experience with infant faces
Authors: Damon Fabrice , Quinn Paul C. , Heron‐Delaney Michelle , Lee Kang , Pascalis Olivier
Published: July 2016

We examined category formation for faces differing in age in 9‐ and 12‐month‐olds, and the influence of exposure to infant faces on such ability. Infants were familiarized with adult or infant faces, and then tested with a novel exemplar from the familiarized category paired with a novel exemplar from a novel category (Experiment 1). Both age groups formed discrete categories of adult and infant faces, but exposure to infant faces in everyday life did not modulate performance. The same task was conducted with child versus infant faces (Experiment 2). Whereas 9‐month‐olds preferred infant faces after familiarization with child faces, but not child faces after familiarization with infant faces, 12‐month‐olds formed discrete categories of child and infant faces. Moreover, more exposure to infant faces correlated with higher novel category preference scores when infants were familiarized with infant faces in 12‐month‐olds, but not 9‐month‐olds. The 9‐month‐old asymmetry did not reflect spontaneous preference for infant over child faces (Experiment 3). These findings indicate that 9‐ and 12‐month‐olds can form age‐based categories of faces. The ability of 12‐month‐olds to form separate child and infant categories suggests that they have a more exclusive representation of face age, one that may be influenced by prior experience with infant faces.
Microsedimentology of ice stream tills from the Eastern Alps, Austria – a new perspective on till microstructures
Authors: Menzies John , Reitner Jürgen M.
Published: July 2016

This study of tills from the Eastern Alps, Austria, illustrates the insights obtained using microsedimentology on subglacial tills in the context of palaeogeographical reconstructions of glacier advances. Investigations of several sites with tills derived from both local glaciers and the ice‐sheet streaming of the Inn Glacier during the Last Glacial Maximum and its termination reveal a detailed picture of subglacial sedimentology that provides evidence of soft sediment subglacial deformation under polythermal conditions. All the tills exhibit microstructures that are proxy evidence of significant changes in till rheology. The tills originate from multiple sources, incorporating older tills and other deposits picked up by the subglacial deformation within a polythermal but dominantly warm temperate subglacial thermal regime. The analyses of till microstructures reveal a direct relationship between basal ice strain conditions and their development. A hypothesis is derived, from the various microstructures observed in these Austrian tills formed under soft sediment deforming basal ice conditions, that suggests that with basal thermal changes and fluctuations in clay content, pore‐water content and pressure, microstructures form in a non‐random manner. It is postulated that in clay‐deficient sediments, edge‐to‐edge events are most likely to occur first; and where clay content increases, grain stacks, rotation structures, deformation bands and, finally, shear zones are likely to evolve in an approximate sequential manner. After repeated transport, emplacement, reworking and, probably, further shearing and deformation events, an emplaced ‘till’, as observed in these Austrian tills, will form that carries most, if not all of these microstructures, in varying percentages. Finally, the impact of the Inn Glacier Ice Stream on these tills is not easily detected and/or differentiated, but indications of high pore water and probable dilatant events leading to reductions in the number of edge‐to‐edge events point to the impact of fast or thick ice upon these subglacial tills.
The Bornholm Basin, southern Scandinavia: a complex history from Late Cretaceous structural developments to recent sedimentation
Authors: Jensen Jørn B. , Moros Matthias , Endler Rudolf ,   IODP Expedition 347 Members
Published: July 2016

The Bornholm Basin has experienced a complex history linked closely to the structural development of the Tornquist Zone strike‐slip fault system. The latest major tectonic development was late Cretaceous and early Tertiary Rønne Graben inversion caused by dextral transpressional strike‐slip movements focused around rigid blocks such as Bornholm. By applying the strike‐slip concept, it is possible to show that the Rønne Graben inversion push‐up structure was created by restraining left step‐over. The fault system continues northwest and north of Bornholm where the strike‐slip movement resulted in right step‐over and the formation of a pull‐apart basin: the northern part of the Bornholm Basin. Detailed seismo‐acoustic and sediment core studies show that, despite a rather uniform present bathymetry in the central part of the Bornholm Basin, the Quaternary deposits mirror the pull‐apart basin synsedimentary depositional pattern with depocentres close to the major normal faults, bounding the Christiansø Ridge. IODP Site M0065 penetrated a secondary fault zone and provided detailed information on neotectonic events and on environmental changes during the Holocene. The generally rather homogeneous sediments in the cores indicate a dominance of oxic conditions in the Bornholm Basin during the Holocene. However, strong internal seismic reflectors, indirectly reflecting variations in the sediment density and the reflection coefficient, were caused by a shift to stronger laminated, organic‐rich sediments that were deposited during the Medieval Warm Period (MwP). The variable depth positions of the MwP‐related strong reflectors indicate large differences in the spatial and temporal sedimentation pattern in the Bornholm Basin. These differences in the depositional environment may have been caused by local neotectonic events in the basin.
Progressive formation of modern drumlins at Múlajökull, Iceland: stratigraphical and morphological evidence
Authors: Benediktsson Ívar Örn , Jónsson Sverrir A. , Schomacker Anders , Johnson Mark D. , Ingólfsson Ólafur , Zoet Lucas , Iverson Neal R. , Stötter Johann
Published: July 2016

The drumlin field at Múlajökull, Iceland, is considered to be an active field in that partly and fully ice‐covered drumlins are being shaped by the current glacier regime. We test the hypothesis that the drumlins form by a combination of erosion and deposition during successive surge cycles. We mapped and measured 143 drumlins and studied their stratigraphy in four exposures. All exposures reveal several till units where the youngest till commonly truncates older tills on the drumlin flanks and proximal slope. Drumlins inside a 1992 moraine are relatively long and narrow whereas drumlins outside the moraine are wider and shorter. A conceptual model suggests that radial crevasses create spatial heterogeneity in normal stress on the bed so that deposition is favoured beneath crevasses and erosion in adjacent areas. Consequently, the crevasse pattern of the glacier controls the location of proto‐drumlins. A feedback mechanism leads to continued crevassing and increased sedimentation at the location of the proto‐drumlins. The drumlin relief and elongation ratio increases as the glacier erodes the sides and drapes a new till over the landform through successive surges. Our observations of this only known active drumlin field may have implications for the formation and morphological evolution of Pleistocene drumlin fields with similar composition, and our model may be tested on modern drumlins that may become exposed upon future ice retreat.
Commentary: Advancing Our Understanding of Asian American Child Development: History, Context, and Culture as Essential Considerations
Authors: McLoyd Vonnie C.
Published: July 2016

The Special Section will help scholars make informed choices about how to conceptualize developmental processes and assess contextually and culturally relevant variables in future research with Asian American children and youth. It undertakes tasks and addresses challenges that have broad relevance to the study of developmental processes and stands as a reminder of the vital role of interdisciplinary perspectives in the advancement of developmental science.
Taking Stock and Moving Forward: Research on Asian American Child Development
Authors: Tseng Vivian , Kiang Lisa , Mistry Jayanthi , Mistry Rashmita S. , Wang Yijie , Yoshikawa Hirokazu
Published: July 2016

With this Special Section, the Asian Caucus of the Society for Research in Child Development seeks to promote a more inclusive, expanded, and holistic developmental science that can account for the diversity of developmental trajectories among Asian Americans. The articles elucidate, in turn, historical, conceptual, and methodological issues in studying Asian American child development. Although the articles foreground Asian Americans, the ideas should help advance theoretical and empirical work for other racial and ethnic groups, thereby contributing to a more valid understanding of child development.
Advancing Methods in Research on Asian American Children and Youth
Authors: Yoshikawa Hirokazu , Mistry Rashmita , Wang Yijie
Published: July 2016

Asian American children and youth constitute at the same time an immigrant group, a set of ethnic groups, and a set of cultural groups. Research on these populations can therefore take on one or more of these perspectives. This article provides guidance for research methods in three areas: (a) conceptualizing and assessing migration‐related factors, (b) assessing ethnicity and national origin, and (c) using culturally and contextually relevant measures. Methodological recommendations are made for each area, with attention to small‐scale studies with community samples as well as large‐scale data sets. In addition, this article recommends researchers attend to within‐group variations (i.e., intersections of ethnicity, generational status, gender, class, sexuality), the embeddedness of individual development in context, and specificity of developmental periods.
Placing Asian American Child Development Within Historical Context
Authors: Kiang Lisa , Tseng Vivian , Yip Tiffany
Published: July 2016

This article discusses influences of historical time and place on the development of children and youth of Asian descent in the U.S. Chinese, Indian, Hmong, and Filipino American experiences illustrate how history has defined race and racial stereotypes, determined cultural and community contexts, established pre‐/postmigration circumstances, and influenced oppression and discrimination. Cross‐cutting issues as applied to other ethnicities are discussed. By recognizing history's reach on child development, this article intends to inspire others to acknowledge and consider historical influences in their work. It also lays a foundation for the two ensuing articles within this Special Section, which present a novel conceptual framework (Mistry et al., this volume) and methodological recommendations (Yoshikawa, Mistry, & Wang, this volume) for research.
Response to Commentaries on Taking Stock and Moving Forward: Research on Asian American Child Development
Authors: Tseng Vivian , Kiang Lisa , Mistry Jayanthi , Mistry Rashmita S. , Wang Yijie , Yoshikawa Hirokazu
Published: July 2016

We briefly respond here to the commentaries to the Special Section focused on Asian American child development by Cheah, Lee, Beaupre, and Zhou, and McLoyd. We consider three questions raised in their comments. What does it mean to focus on Asian Americans? How should we examine development across the life course? How can we generate more policy‐ and practice‐relevant research?.
Commentary: Charting Future Directions for Research on Asian American Child Development
Authors: Cheah Charissa S. L.
Published: July 2016

Asian Americans are now the fastest growing ethnic minority group in the United States, but developmental research on them lags behind that of African Americans and Latinos. It is advocated that developmental scientists working with Asian American families focus on early developmental processes, on the cultural aspects of family socialization and dynamics that may contribute to child outcomes, and on capturing the complexity of factors that promote cultural adaptation and strengths in particular contexts. The theoretical frameworks, methodological recommendations, and timely themes highlighted in this special issue will motivate scholars, interventionists, and policymakers to find ways to better understand and meet the needs of the growing number of Asian American children and their families.
The genetic background influences the cellular and humoral immune responses to vaccines
Authors: Zeng M , Nourishirazi E , Guinet E , Nouri-Shirazi M
Published: July 2016

The assessment of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists as candidate adjuvants for induction of effective T helper type 1 (Th1) immunity continues to rely on the use of mice. However, the genetic variation among inbred mice may influence the efficacy of adjuvants and bias a study's conclusions. Here, we evaluated the differences in cellular and humoral responses of genetically non-identical mouse strains immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) plus alum, TLR-3, TLR-4, TLR-7/8 or TLR-9 agonists. We found that all the tested TLR agonists recruited dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells significantly into the lymph nodes, promoted DC–NK cross-talk and enhanced the cellular responses in B6 strain. In contrast, TLR-3 and TLR-7/8 were the only two agonists that showed the cellular adjuvanticity in the BALB/c strain. Compared with other TLR agonists, TLR-3 and TLR-7/8 were demonstrated to be the most effective adjuvants to generate interferon (IFN)-γ-producing effector NK, CD4, and CD8 T cells in B6 and BALB/c strains, respectively. We also found that compared with alum, all adjuvants induced the recruitment of B cells and production of OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G2a more effectively in both strains. In addition, the B6 strain recruited more B cells, but surprisingly produced significantly lower amounts of OVA-specific IgG2a in response to all adjuvants. However, consistent with the frequency of IFN-γ-producing effector cells observed in individual strains following immunizations, we detected more OVA-specific IgG2a in serum of B6 and BALB/c strains in response to TLR-3 and TLR-7/8, respectively. Our data suggest that genetic background should be taken into consideration when evaluating the activities of TLR agonists for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.
The relationship between facial bone wall defects and dimensional alterations of the ridge following flapless tooth extraction in the anterior maxilla
Authors: Chen Stephen T. , Darby Ivan
Published: July 2016

Purpose

To evaluate the relationship between defects of the facial socket wall at extraction and dimensional changes 8 weeks later in maxillary central and lateral incisor sockets.

Materials and methods

A total of 34 consecutive patients requiring single tooth implants in the anterior maxilla (27 central and 7 lateral incisors) were evaluated. Orofacial external ridge, bone dimensions and the location of the socket bone crest were measured at extraction and again 8.5 ± 2.91 weeks later. The status of the facial bone wall was recorded at the same time points.

Results

At extraction, 16 of 34 sites (47%) had intact facial bone. There were fenestration defects at 9 of 34 sites (26.5%) and dehiscence defects at 9 of 34 sites (26.5%). A significant reduction (P < 0.001) in the external orofacial ridge dimension occurred (mesial 1.4 ± 1.30 mm or 12.1%, facial 2.5 ± 1.46 mm or 22.2%, distal 1.1 ± 0.83 mm or 10.5%), with greatest change at dehiscence (3.3 ± 1.80 mm or 28.4%) and fenestration sites (2.8 ± 1.40 mm or 24.9%). A significant reduction in orofacial bone dimension occurred (mesial 0.8 ± 0.80 mm or 9.3%, P < 0.001; facial 1.2 ± 1.03 mm or 18.3%, P < 0.001; distal 0.4 ± 0.65 mm or 5.5%, P < 0.01). Vertical resorption of the bone crest was most marked at the mid‐facial aspect (1.4 ± 1.94 mm, P < 0.001). Initial fenestration defect sites demonstrated the greatest vertical dimensional change (2.9 ± 2.67 mm; P = 0.008). Of 16 sites with initially intact facial bone, 9 sites (56.3%) developed dehiscence defects after 8 weeks. Of the 9 initial sites with fenestration defects, 5 (55.6%) turned into dehiscence defects. All 9 sites with initial dehiscence defects healed with persistence of the dehiscence.

Conclusions

Eight weeks after flapless extraction of maxillary central and lateral incisors, a reduction in the orofacial dimensions of the ridge was observed due to resorption of the facial bone of the socket. Tooth type (maxillary central incisor) and thin tissue phenotype significantly influenced the outcomes. The dimensional alterations were most pronounced at sites that initially had fenestration and dehiscence defects of the facial bone.
Decontamination of titanium implants using physical methods
Authors: Al‐Hashedi Ashwaq A. , Laurenti Marco , Benhamou Veronique , Tamimi Faleh
Published: July 2016

Objectives

Current decontamination methods of titanium (Ti) implant present limited success in achieving predictable re‐osseointegration. We hypothesized that even though these techniques could be useful in elimination of bacteria, they might be unsuccessful in removing organic contaminants and restoring the original surface composition. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of four decontamination methods on the surface chemistry and bacterial load of biofilm‐contaminated implant surfaces in order to improve implant surface decontamination.

Material and methods

The ability of clinically available methods such as metal and plastic curettes, Ti brushes and Er: YAG laser to decontaminate Ti implant surfaces was assessed. Surface morphology, chemical composition and properties of machined Ti discs (Ø 5.0 and 1.0 mm thick) were analysed before and after oral biofilm contamination using scanning electron microscope and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The presence and viability of bacteria were evaluated with live–dead assays.

Results

Biofilm contamination created an organic layer rich in hydrocarbons and bacteria that covered entirely the Ti surfaces. This organic layer has tightly adhered to Ti surfaces and could not be completely removed with any of the methods assessed. Ti brushes achieved greater elimination of organic contaminants and bacteria than curettes and Er: YAG laser; however, none of them was able to restore the original surface chemistry. Alternatively, Er: YAG laser‐treated surfaces showed the lowest live‐to‐dead bacterial ratio.

Conclusions

Ti brushes were more effective than curettes (metal or plastic) and Er: YAG laser in decontaminating Ti implant surfaces, although none of these techniques was able to completely eliminate surface contamination. Er: YAG laser was more effective than curettes and Ti brushes in killing the biofilm bacteria.
Histopathological comparative analysis of periimplant bone inflammatory response after dental implant insertion using flap and flapless surgical technique. An experimental study in pigs
Authors: Vlahović Zoran , Marković Aleksa , Lazić Zoran , Šćepanović Miodrag , Đinić Ana , Kalanović Milena
Published: July 2016

Aim

To evaluate by histopathological analysis the peri‐implant bone inflammation degree, in certain time intervals (7, 14, 21 and 28 days), following mini‐incision flapless and flap implant placement.

Material and methods

The experiment was conducted on four domestic pigs. Nine weeks prior to implant insertion, second and third mandibular premolars were extracted. Each animal received six implants in lower jaw. On one randomly chosen side of jaw flapless technique using mini‐incision was performed, while on the other side implants were inserted after flap raising. After 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, the experimental animals were sacrificed. Following mandibular resection and decalcification, the samples for histopathological analysis of the peri‐implant bone were obtained in the empty implant bed area, from the buccal side of the mandible, adjacent to implant neck region and parallel to crestal edge of implant bed. The degree of inflammatory response of the peri‐implant bone was estimated through ordinal scores from 0 to 2.

Results

Seven days after the surgery all samples in the flap group had score 2 indicating high inflammation degree, in contrast to lower inflammatory reaction in flapless group. On the 14th and 21st postoperative day decreasing of inflammation degree was noted in all samples of the flapless group (score 1), while in flap group samples presented scores 1 and 2. Twenty‐eight days after the implant placement, further reduction of inflammation in the flapless group (33% of samples had score 0) was observed.

Conclusion

Flapless technique in comparison to conventional flap procedure minimizes postoperative bone inflammatory reactions.
A randomized clinical trial comparing basal insulin peglispro and insulin glargine, in combination with prandial insulin lispro, in patients with type 1 diabetes: IMAGINE 1
Authors: Garg S. , Dreyer M. , Jinnouchi H. , Mou J. , Qu Y. , Hartman M. L. , Rosilio M. , Jacober S. J. , Bastyr E. J. ,   on behalf of the IMAGINE 1 Trial Investigators
Published: July 2016

Aims

The primary objective was to demonstrate that basal insulin peglispro (BIL) was non‐inferior compared with insulin glargine (GL) for haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at 26 weeks with a non‐inferiority margin of 0.4%.

Materials and Methods

IMAGINE 1 was a Phase 3, open‐label, parallel‐arm study conducted in nine countries. Adults with type 1 diabetes (n = 455) were randomized (2:1) to bedtime BIL or GL in combination with prandial insulin lispro for 78 weeks, with a primary endpoint of 26 weeks. An electronic diary facilitated data capture and insulin dosing calculations for intensive insulin management.

Results

At 26 weeks, mean HbA1c was 7.06% ± 0.04% and 7.43% ± 0.06% for patients assigned to BIL (N = 295) and GL (N = 160), respectively (difference ‐0.37% [95% CI: −0.50 to −0.23], P < .001); more patients on BIL achieved HbA1c <7% (44.9% vs 27.5%, P < .001). Compared with GL, patients using BIL lost weight, with lower fasting serum glucose and between‐day fasting blood glucose variability, and 36% less nocturnal hypoglycemia, 29% more total hypoglycemia and more severe hypoglycemia. Total and prandial insulin doses were lower with BIL; basal insulin doses were higher. Alanine aminotransferase increased with BIL, with more patients having elevations ≥3 × ULN. BIL treatment was associated with more frequent injection site reactions and an increase from baseline in serum triglycerides.

Conclusions

In patients with type 1 diabetes, treatment with BIL compared to GL for 26 weeks was associated with lower HbA1c, less nocturnal hypoglycemia, lower glucose variability and weight loss. Increases in total and severe hypoglycemia, triglycerides, aminotransferases and injection site reactions were also noted.
Similar HbA1c reduction and hypoglycaemia with variable‐ vs fixed‐time dosing of basal insulin peglispro in type 1 diabetes: IMAGINE 7 study
Authors: Garg S. , Selam J.‐L. , Bhargava A. , Schloot N. , Luo J. , Zhang Q. , Jacobson J. G. , Hoogwerf B. J.
Published: July 2016

Aims

To compare 24‐hour fixed‐time basal insulin peglispro (BIL) dosing with 8‐ to 40‐hour variable‐time BIL dosing for glycaemic control and safety in patients with type 1 diabetes. Primary outcome was non‐inferiority of BIL variable‐time dosing compared with fixed‐time dosing for glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) change after 12‐week treatment (margin = 0.4%).

Materials and methods

This Phase 3, open‐label, randomized, cross‐over study (N = 212) was conducted at 20 centres in the United States. During the 12‐week lead‐in phase, patients received BIL daily at fixed‐times. Two 12‐week randomized cross‐over treatment phases followed, where patients received BIL dosed at either fixed‐ or variable‐times. During the 4‐week safety follow‐up, patients received conventional insulins.

Results

During the lead‐in period, least‐squares mean HbA1c decreased from 7.5% to 6.8%. For BIL, variable‐time dosing was non‐inferior to fixed‐time dosing for HbA1c change [least‐squares mean difference = 0.06%, 95% confidence interval (−0.01, 0.13)]. In both regimens, HbA1c increased slightly during the cross‐over periods, but remained significantly below baseline. Variable‐ and fixed‐time dosing regimens had similar rates of total hypoglycaemia (10.4 ± 0.62 and 10.5 ± 0.67 events/patient/30 days, P = .947) and nocturnal hypoglycaemia (1.3 ± 0.11 and 1.5 ± 0.13 events/patient/30days, P = .060). Comparable proportions of patients achieved HbA1c < 7.0% with variable‐ [91 (54.5%)] and fixed‐time dosing [101 (60.5%)].

Conclusions

Treatment with BIL allows patients to use flexible dosing intervals from 8 to 40 hours. Glycaemic efficacy (HbA1c), glycaemic variability and hypoglycaemia are similar to fixed‐time dosing, suggesting that BIL could potentially provide flexibility in dosing for patients who miss their daily basal insulin.