bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are psychiatrists an endangered species?
Authors: Katschnig H.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Recruitment of young doctors into psychiatry is declining in many countries, which might become a threat to the survival of the profession.

Objectives

To identify potential reasons for this threat.

Aims

To look at psychiatry with concepts used by the sociology of professions.

Methods

Professions are characterized – and these concept will be used for analysis here – by (1) ownership of a specialized body of knowledge and skills, which defines the field of competence and the scope of potential clients, including the demarcation from other professions; (2) holding a high status in society; (3) being granted autonomy by society, e.g. in recruiting and excluding members; and (4) being obliged, in return for the above, to guarantee high quality standards in providing services and following ethical rules.

Results

Six intertwined areas of concern are identified: three of them, the increasing criticism by users and carers, the intrusion of other professions, and psychiatry's negative image in society, can be traced back to problems with the other three concerning the “ownership of a specialized body of knowledge and skills”. With the preparation and advent of DSM-5, discussions about the lack of validity of psychiatric disease entities have gone viral in the time of the internet. The attempts to “carve nature at its joints” have failed, and this is more and more perceived from outside, threatening psychiatry's status in society and potentially turning away to be psychiatrists.

Conclusion

Looking at psychiatry as a profession may help to better understand its current situation.

Disclosure of interest

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
The negative image psychiatry from a sociological perspective
Authors: Möller-Leimkühler A.M. , Möller H.J. , Maier W. , Gaebel W. , Falkai P.
Published: May 2016

The negative image of psychiatry is not only due to unfavourable communication with the media, but is basically a problem of self-conceptualization. It results both from unjustified prejudices of the general public, mass media and health care professionals and of own unfavourable coping with external and internal concerns.

Issues related to negative stereotypes of psychiatry include overestimation of coercion, associative stigma, lack of public knowledge, need of simplification of complex mental issues, problem of the continuum between normality and psychopathology, competition with medical and non-medical disciplines, and psychopharmacological treatment.

Issues related to psychiatry's own contribution to being underestimated include lack of a clear professional identity, lack of biomarkers supporting clinical diagnoses, limited consensus about best treatment options, lack of collaboration with other medical disciplines and low recruitment rates among medical students.

Much can be improved to achieve a positive self-concept, however, psychiatry will remain a profession with an exceptional position among the medical disciplines which should be seen as its specific strength.

Disclosure of interest

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Role of psychopathology in elucidating the underlying neural mechanisms
Authors: Oyebode F.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Psychopathology is the systematic study of abnormal subjective experience and behaviour and it aims to give precise description, categorisation and definition of abnormal subjective experiences.

Aim

I aim to demonstrate that the most appropriate approach to elucidating the biological origins of psychiatric disorders is firstly to identify elementary abnormal phenomena and then to relate these to their underlying neural mechanisms. I will exemplify this by drawing attention to studies of Delusional Misidentification Syndromes (DSM).

Results

I will show that there are impairments in face recognition memory in individuals with DSM without impairments in the recognition of emotion and that there are abnormalities of right hemisphere function and of the autonomic recognition pathways that determine sense of familiarity.

Conclusions

Basic psychopathological phenomena are more likely to throw light on the basic neural mechanisms that are important in psychiatric disorders than studying disease level categories.

Disclosure of interest

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
The role of cognition in the psychopathology of schizophrenia: Assessment and treatment options
Authors: Sachs G. , Lasser I. , Winklbaur B. , Maihofer E. , Erfurth A.
Published: May 2016

Cognitive dysfunction is a characteristic feature of patients with schizophrenia. Traditionally, the main distinction between “dementia praecox” and “manic-depressive insanity” was in fact the cognitive outcome during the course of the disease [1].

For the assessment of cognitive dysfunction both large, detailed instruments [2] and brief screening scales for quick and multiple use [3,4] are available.

Recently, the role of social cognition has been thoroughly examined showing differential effects [5].

Treatment of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia comprises adherence to a therapy with atypical antipsychotics as well as specific treatment programs for cognitive [6] and social cognitive [7,8] dysfunction.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Social cognition, functional capacity and symptoms in the longitudinal prediction of outcome in subjects with first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: Nordentoft M. , Wills R. , Gotfredsen D.
Published: May 2016

Background

Several national guidelines recommend continuous use of antipsychotic medication after a psychotic episode in order to minimize the risk of relapse. However some studies have identified a subgroup of patients who can obtain remission of psychotic symptoms while not being on antipsychotic medication for a long period of time. This study investigated the long-term outcome and characteristics of patients in remission of psychotic symptoms with no use of antipsychotic medication at the 10-year follow-up.

Methods

The study was a cohort study including 496 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (ICD 10: F20 and F22-29). Patients were included in the Danish OPUS Trial and followed up 10 years after inclusion, where patient data was collected on socio-demographic factors, psychopathology, level of functioning and medication.

Findings

Among the patients, 30% had remission of psychotic symptoms at the time of the 10-year follow up with no current use of antipsychotic medication. This favorable outcome was associated with female gender, high GAF-F score, participation in the labor market and absence of substance abuse.

Interpretation

Results from several RCTs advise against discontinuation of antipsychotic medication, but our results from the 10-year follow-up indicate that a subgroup do obtain long-term remission while not being on antipsychotic medication. Hence, guidelines on antipsychotic medication do not pay sufficient attention to patients who discontinue antipsychotic medication and are still able to obtain remission of psychotic symptoms.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Future direction of suicidal risk assessment
Authors: Blasco-Fontecilla H.
Published: May 2016

Objective

to explore future directions on the assessment of the risk of suicidal behavior (SB).

Methods

narrative review of current and future methods to improving the assessment of the risk of suicidal behavior (SB).

Results

Predicting future SB is a long-standing goal. Currently, the identification of individuals at risk of SB is based on clinician's subjective reports. Unfortunately, most individuals at risk of SB often do not disclose their suicidal thoughts. In the near future, predicting the risk of SB will be enhanced by: (1) introducing objective, reliable measures – i.e. biomarkers – of suicide risk; (2) selecting the most discriminant variables, and developing more accurate measures – i.e. questionnaires – and models for suicide prediction; (3) incorporating new sources of information – i.e. facebook, online monitoring; (4) applying novel methodological instruments such as data mining, or computer adaptive testing; and, (5) most importantly, combining predictors from different domains (clinical, neurobiological and cognitive).

Conclusions

Given the multi-determined nature of SB, a combination of clinical, neuropsychological, biological, and neuroimaging factors, among other might help overcome current limitations in the prediction of SB. Furthermore, given the complexity of prediction of future SB, currently our efforts should be focused on the prevention of SB.

Disclosure of interest

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Electrodermal hyporeactivity evaluation for detecting suicidal propensity in depressed patients
Authors: Thorell L.H.
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Since 1987 several publications have focused on electrodermal reactivity in groups with different suicidal behaviors, but with varying results. However, using an untraditional statistical approach with clinical application in focus revealed between themselves confirming results of a strong relationship between electrodermal hyporeactivity and suicide.

Objectives

The objectives were to investigate how this research tool can be implemented for detecting suicide risk in depressed patients.

Aims

The aims were to find a base for the objective test of electrodermal reactivity to be used as support in suicidal risk assessments in depressed patients.

Methods

More than ten published studies on electrodermal hyporeactivity and suicide were reviewed subsequent to the application of an untraditional statistical approach. Gender, age,

subdiagnoses and depressive depth were considered. All subjects were tested in a habituation experiment of the electrodermal response to a moderately strong tone stimulus.

Results

The percentage of electrodermally hyporeactive depressed patients who later committed suicide was 86–97%. The percentage of electrodermally reactive patients that did not commit suicide was 96–98%. Hyporeactivity seems to be stable in at least 1–2 years in remission.

Conclusions

It was considered favorable to test for hyporeactivity as early as possible, i.e. already in the primary care. That enables right treatment of right patients very early. The number of referrals to psychiatric specialists could be expected to decrease. Possible causes of hyporeactivity begin to be revealed, giving ideas of several treatment approaches.

Disclosure of interest

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
The second-generation assessment scales: Brief negative symptom scale and clinical assessment interview for negative symptoms
Authors: Mucci A. , Galderisi S.
Published: May 2016

The construct of negative symptoms has undergone significant changes since the introduction of first generation assessment scales, such as the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms or the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Blunted affect, Alogia, Asociality, Anhedonia and Avolition are largely recognized as valid domains of the negative symptoms construct.

Among the new assessment instruments, both the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS) and the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) are considered adequate in their coverage of the negative symptoms domains. They include the assessment of both behavior and internal experience for Anhedonia, Asociality and Avolition to avoid overlap with functional outcome measures, as well as consummatory and anticipatory components of anhedonia with an emphasis on the internal experience of pleasure.

Strengths and limitations of these new assessment instruments will be reviewed in the light of some existing challenges, such as the distinction between primary and secondary negative symptoms and development of innovative treatments.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
On critical point for two-dimensional holomorphic systems
Authors: VALENZUELA-HENRÍQUEZ FRANCISCO
Published: May 2016

Let $f:M\rightarrow M$ be a biholomorphism on a two-dimensional complex manifold, and let $X\subseteq M$ be a compact $f$-invariant set such that $f|_{X}$ is asymptotically dissipative and without periodic sinks. We introduce a solely dynamical obstruction to dominated splitting, namely critical point. Critical point is a dynamical object and captures many of the dynamical properties of a one-dimensional critical point.
Closed orbits in quotient systems
Authors: ZEGOWITZ STEFANIE
Published: May 2016

We study the relationship between pairs of topological dynamical systems $(X,T)$ and $(X^{\prime },T^{\prime })$, where $(X^{\prime },T^{\prime })$ is the quotient of $(X,T)$ under the action of a finite group $G$. We describe three phenomena concerning the behaviour of closed orbits in the quotient system, and the constraints given by these phenomena. We find upper and lower bounds for the extremal behaviour of closed orbits in the quotient system in terms of properties of $G$ and show that any growth rate in between these bounds can be achieved.
Effects of Phase-Lag on Thick Circular Plate with Heat Sources in Modified Couple Stress Thermoelastic Medium
Authors: Kumar R. , Devi S.
Published: May 2016

The main objective of the present paper is to analyze the effects of phase-lag on thick circular plate with heat sources in modified couple stress thermoelastic medium. The mathematical formulation is prepared for three-phase-lag heat conduction model subjected to prescribed normal heat flux along with stress free boundary. Laplace and Hankel transforms are used to deal the problem. The displacements, stresses and temperature change are obtained in the transformed domain. Numerical inversion technique has been used to obtain the solutions in the physical domain. The results obtained numerically for these quantities are presented graphically. Some particular cases are also discussed in the present problem.
Analysis of Cross Ply Laminated Beams Under Partial Heating
Authors: Khdeir A. A. , Aldraihem O. J.
Published: May 2016

Thermal deformations in symmetric and antisymmetric cross-ply laminated beams subjected to partial heating are investigated. Some regions of the beam are subjected to thermal loads and the others are thermally unloaded (ΔT = 0). The thermal field is expressed in terms of Heaviside discontinuity functions. The state space approach along with Jordan canonical form is used to generate exact solutions for the thermoelastic response of beams for arbitrary boundary conditions. A first order shear deformation theory is used in the analysis. Deflections are computed for beams subjected to partial heating with various lamination schemes and boundary conditions undergoing uniform and linearly varying temperature through the thickness. Exact thermal deflection curves are presented for beams under step-wise varying temperature field. The solutions presented in this study can readily be used to investigate the thermoelastic behavior of narrow chip-substrate structure, laminated member in laser cutting, composite link in hypersonic vehicle, and etc.
Professionals’ Guidance About Spoken Language Multilingualism and Spoken Language Choice for Children With Hearing Loss
Authors: Crowe Kathryn , McLeod Sharynne
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this research was to investigate factors that influence professionals’ guidance of parents of children with hearing loss regarding spoken language multilingualism and spoken language choice. Sixteen professionals who provide services to children and young people with hearing loss completed an online survey, rating the importance of a range of potential influences on the guidance they provide to parents. These participants were invited to comment on the importance of these influences. Participants included teachers of the deaf, speech-language pathologists, special education teachers, psychologists, auditory-verbal therapists, Auslan interpreters, and curriculum coordinators. All participants had experience working with multilingual families and reported that they would sometimes or always recommend multilingualism for children with hearing loss, with fewer reporting that they would sometimes recommend monolingualism. Professionals placed greater importance on factors relating to family and community considerations (e.g., family language models, communication within the family, community engagement), and less importance on organisational policy and children's characteristics. This research provides an initial insight into the factors that professionals consider when guiding parents around spoken language and spoken language multilingualism decision-making for their children with hearing loss.
ON EXCEPTIONAL SETS: THE SOLUTION OF A PROBLEM POSED BY K. MAHLER
Authors: MARQUES DIEGO , RAMIREZ JOSIMAR
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we shall prove that any subset of $\overline{\mathbb{Q}}$, which is closed under complex conjugation, is the exceptional set of uncountably many transcendental entire functions with rational coefficients. This solves an old question proposed by Mahler [Lectures on Transcendental Numbers, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 546 (Springer, Berlin, 1976)].
ON GEHRING–MARTIN–TAN GROUPS WITH AN ELLIPTIC GENERATOR
Authors: REPOVŠ DUŠAN , VESNIN ANDREI
Published: May 2016

The Gehring–Martin–Tan inequality for two-generator subgroups of $\text{PSL}(2,\mathbb{C})$ is one of the best known discreteness conditions. A Kleinian group $G$ is called a Gehring–Martin–Tan group if the equality holds for the group $G$. We give a method for constructing Gehring–Martin–Tan groups with a generator of order four and present some examples. These groups arise as groups of finite-volume hyperbolic 3-orbifolds.
Lateral accretion of modern unvegetated rivers: remotely sensed fluvial–aeolian morphodynamics and perspectives on the Precambrian rock record
Authors: IELPI ALESSANDRO
Published: May 2016

Modern unvegetated rivers flowing through aeolian-dune fields demonstrate potential as analogues for pre-vegetation fluvial landscapes. A prominent example is contained in the Lençóis Maranhenses of Brazil, a coastal aeolian system hosting the semi-perennial Rio Negro. Remotely sensed images covering c. 45 years display the rhythmic expansion and wind-driven shift of single-threaded and sinuous fluvial trunks alternating with wider braided plains. Sinuous tracts feature mid-channel and bank-attached bars, including expansional point bars with subdued relief. The morphology, accretion and sediment transport of unvegetated point bars in the Rio Negro are compared to the morphodynamics of vegetated meandering rivers. Unvegetated point bars are composed of large coalescent unit bars, lack apparent scroll topography and are preferentially attached to channel banks located on the windward side of the river course. Unvegetated meanders have expansional behaviour related to downwind channel trailing. Point bars maintain an expansional planform despite spatial confinement induced by aeolian dunes. Channel-flow impingement onto cohesion-less banks favours scouring of deep pools along the bar tails, which host bank-collapse deposits subsequently reworked into new bars. Analogies to Precambrian rivers suggest that ancient unvegetated fluvial landscapes were not unequivocally featured by low sinuosity, especially if characterized by a low gradient and stable discharge. This inference is supported by ongoing studies on Proterozoic fluvial–aeolian systems in the Canadian Shield. Lack of scroll topography introduces overlap with low-sinuosity fluvial facies models, underscoring the value of observing ancient fluvial deposits in planform, or along 3D sections where the palaeodrainage of channel bodies and attached bars can be compared.
Anaesthesia for head and neck surgery: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Charters P , Ahmad I , Patel A , Russell S
Published: May 2016

This is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. The anaesthetic considerations for head and neck cancer surgery are especially challenging given the high burden of concurrent comorbidity in this patient group and the need to share the airway with the surgical team. This paper provides recommendations on the anaesthetic considerations during surgery for head and neck cancer.

Recommendations

• All theatre staff should participate in the World Health Organization checklist process. (R)

• Post-operative airway management should be guided by local protocols. (R)

• Patients admitted to post-operative care units with tracheal tubes in place should be monitored with continuous capnography. Removal for tracheal tubes is the responsibility of the anaesthetist. (R)

• Anaesthetists should formally hand over care to an appropriately trained practitioner in the post-operative or intensive care unit. (G)

• Intensive care unit staff looking after post-operative tracheostomies must be clear about which patients are not suitable for bag-mask ventilation and/or oral intubation in the event of emergencies. (R)
Restorative dentistry and oral rehabilitation: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Butterworth C , McCaul L , Barclay C
Published: May 2016

This is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK and provides recommendations on the pre-treatment oral and dental assessment, during and after treatment and oral rehabilitation. Restorative dentists are core members of the multidisciplinary team treating head and neck cancer patients, involved from the treatment planning phase through to long-term rehabilitation.

Recommendations

• Preventative oral care must be delivered to patients whose cancer treatment will affect the oral cavity, jaws, salivary glands and oral accessibility. (G)

• Close working and communication between the surgeons, oncologists and restorative dental specialists is important in ensuring optimal oral health outcomes. (G)

• Intensity-modulated radiotherapy has been shown to reduce long-term xerostomia and should be offered to all appropriate patients. (R)

• If patients are deemed at risk of trismus they should be warned and its progressive and potentially irreversible nature explained. (G)

• Where it is known that adjuvant radiotherapy will be given, extractions should take place at primary surgery to maximise the time for healing and minimise the number of surgical events for patients. (G)

• Osseointegrated implants should be considered for all patients having resection for head and neck cancer. (G)
Radiotherapy in head and neck cancer management: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Nutting C
Published: May 2016

This is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. Radiotherapy is one of the key treatment modalities used in head and neck cancer management. This paper summarises the current role and some of the recent advances in radiotherapy in head and neck cancer management.
Surgery in head and neck cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Homer J J , Fardy M J
Published: May 2016

This is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. Surgery is one of the key modalities used in head and neck cancer treatment. Recent advances and a greater awareness of the short- and long-term toxicities associated with non-surgical modalities and newer technologies that permit minimal access resections have led to a resurgence in surgery. This paper provides an overview of the role of surgery in head and neck cancer practice.
Oral cavity and lip cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Kerawala C , Roques T , Jeannon J-P , Bisase B
Published: May 2016

This is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. It provides recommendations on the assessment and management of patients with cancer of the oral cavity and the lip.

Recommendations

• Surgery remains the mainstay of management for oral cavity tumours. (R)

• Tumour resection should be performed with a clinical clearance of 1 cm vital structures permitting. (R)

• Elective neck treatment should be offered for all oral cavity tumours. (R)

• Adjuvant radiochemotherapy in the presence of advanced neck disease or positive margins improves control rates. (R)

• Early stage lip cancer can be treated equally well by surgery or radiation therapy. (R)
Nose and paranasal sinus tumours: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Lund V J , Clarke P M , Swift A C , McGarry G W , Kerawala C , Carnell D
Published: May 2016

This is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. With only limited high-level evidence for management of nasal and paranasal sinus cancers owing to low incidence and diverse histology, this paper provides recommendations on the work up and management based on the existing evidence base.

Recommendations

• Sinonasal tumours are best treatedde novoand unusual polyps should be imaged and biopsied prior to definitive surgery. (G)

• Treatment of sinonasal malignancy should be carefully planned and discussed at a specialist skull base multidisciplinary team meeting with all relevant expertise. (G)

• Complete surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment for inverted papilloma and juvenile angiofibroma. (R)

• Essential equipment is necessary and must be available prior to commencing endonasal resection of skull base malignancy. (G)

• Endoscopic skull base surgery may be facilitated by two surgeons working simultaneously, utilising both sides of the nose. (G)

• To ensure the optimum oncological results, the primary tumour must be completely removed and margins checked by frozen section if necessary. (G)

• The most common management approach is surgery followed by post-operative radiotherapy, ideally within six weeks. (R)

• Radiation is given first if a response to radiation may lead to organ preservation. (G)

• Radiotherapy should be delivered within an accredited department using megavoltage photons from a linear accelerator (typical energies 4–6 MV) as an unbroken course. (R)
Management of neck metastases in head and neck cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Paleri V , Urbano T G , Mehanna H , Repanos C , Lancaster J , Roques T , Patel M , Sen M
Published: May 2016

This is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. A rational plan to manage the neck is necessary for all head and neck primaries. With the emergence of new level 1 evidence across several domains of neck metastases, this guideline will identify the evidence-based recommendations for management.

Recommendations

• Computed tomographic or magnetic resonance imaging is mandatory for staging neck disease, with choice of modality dependant on imaging modality used for the primary site, local availability and expertise. (R)

• Patients with a clinically N0 neck, with more than 15–20 per cent risk of occult nodal metastases, should be offered prophylactic treatment of the neck. (R)

• The treatment choice of for the N0 and N+ neck should be guided by the treatment to the primary site. (G)

• If observation is planned for the N0 neck, this should be supplemented by regular ultrasonograms to ensure early detection. (R)

• All patients with T1 and T2 oral cavity cancer and N0 neck should receive prophylactic neck treatment. (R)

• Selective neck dissection (SND) is as effective as modified radical neck dissection for controlling regional disease in N0 necks for all primary sites. (R)

• SND alone is adequate treatment for pN1 neck disease without adverse histological features. (R)

• Post-operative radiation for adverse histologic features following SND confers control rates comparable with more extensive procedures. (R)

• Adjuvant radiation following surgery for patients with adverse histological features improves regional control rates. (R)

• Post-operative chemoradiation improves regional control in patients with extracapsular spread and/or microscopically involved surgical margins. (R)

• Following chemoradiation therapy, complete responders who do not show evidence of active disease on co-registered positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET–CT) scans performed at 10–12 weeks, do not need salvage neck dissection. (R)

• Salvage surgery should be considered for those with incomplete or equivocal response of nodal disease on PET–CT. (R)
Follow-up after treatment for head and neck cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Simo R , Homer J , Clarke P , Mackenzie K , Paleri V , Pracy P , Roland N
Published: May 2016

This is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. In the absence of high-level evidence base for follow-up practices, the duration and frequency are often at the discretion of local centres. By reviewing the existing literature and collating experience from varying practices across the UK, this paper provides recommendations on the work up and management of lateral skull base cancer based on the existing evidence base for this rare condition.

Recommendations

• Patients should be followed up to a minimum of five years with a prolonged follow-up for selected patients. (G)

• Patients should be followed up at least two monthly in the first two years and three to six monthly in the subsequent years. (G)

• Patients should be seen in dedicated multidisciplinary head and neck oncology clinics. (G)

• Patients should be followed up by dedicated multidisciplinary clinical teams. (G)

• The multidisciplinary follow-up team should include clinical nurse specialists, speech and language therapists, dietitians and other allied health professionals in the role of key workers. (G)

• Clinical assessment should include adequate clinical examination including fibre-optic rigid or flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy. (R)

• Magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography imaging should be used when recurrence is suspected. (R)

• Narrow band imaging can be used in the follow-up in selected sites. (R)

• Second primary tumours should be part of rationale of follow-up and therefore adequate screening strategies should be used to detect them. (G)

• Patients should be educated with regard to the appearance and detection of recurrences. (G)

• Patients with persistent pain should be investigated to exclude recurrent disease. (R)

• Patients should be offered support with tobacco and alcohol cessation services. (R)
Conjunctive howeveritis
Authors: Hamilton Andrew J.
Published: May 2016

The word however is an adverb and an adverb alone. The current online Oxford (Oxford English Dictionary Online, n.d.) and Cambridge (Cambridge English Dictionary Online, n.d. a) English dictionaries both have it listed solely as an adverb for British English. At the risk of awakening yet another descriptivist versus prescriptivist war, it must however be acknowledged that however is often used as a conjunction. This can, and frequently does, lead to confusion though, as the reader has to read on before realising that in fact that however was actually being used as a conjunction (or ‘connective’ in modern grammatical parlance). ‘However the cat walked down the street …’ surely has the reader thinking something along the lines of ‘In whatever manner the cat walked down the street …’ But a typical case of what I shall in this article call conjunctive howeveritis would reveal a complete (well, incomplete actually) sentence along the lines of, ‘However the cat walked down the street, even though it rarely ventured from the house.’ Not only are we now left with a sentence fragment, but in such an instance the reader would have to backtrack and subsequently assume the However was in fact being used as a coordinating conjunction. To me this is inefficient and an enemy of lucid writing. The Cambridge English Dictionary raises the warning flag high with the following example (Cambridge English Dictionary Online, n.d. b):
Warning:We can't use however as a conjunction instead of but to connect words and phrases:My teacher is very nice but a bit strict.Not:My teacher is very nice however a bit strict.
Advocating Inoculation in the Eighteenth Century: Exemplarity and Quantification
Authors: Eriksen Anne
Published: May 2016

Argument

Smallpox inoculation was introduced in Europe in the early eighteenth century and has been considered the first mass treatment of disease based on practical use of probability calculations and mathematical tools of computation. The article argues that these new approaches were deeply entangled with other rationalities, most emphatically that of exemplarity. Changes in inoculation methods around mid-century gradually changed the conceptualization of disease, seeing all cases as fundamentally equal, and thus making it more relevant to count them. Arithmetic changed the ways of thinking about smallpox epidemics, but new ways of conceptualizing disease were vital to making it a matter of arithmetic at all. The article investigates what happened when numbers and figures were introduced into medical matters: Who did the figures really concern, and what types of argument were they fitted into? How were numbers transformed into metaphors, and how did quantitative argument work together with arguments from exemplarity?
Optimal rearrangement invariant range for Hardy-type operators
Authors: Soria Javier , Tradacete Pedro
Published: May 2016

We characterize, in the context of rearrangement invariant spaces, the optimal range space for a class of monotone operators related to the Hardy operator. The connection between the optimal range and the optimal domain for these operators is carefully analysed.
John Dewey and the dialogue between architecture and neuroscience
Authors: Robinson Sarah
Published: May 2016

Sustainability is the most significant force to change architecture since the breakthrough of modernism a century ago. So far the contributions of architects to this mandate have largely amounted to technological interventions. Yet the urgent call for sustainability demands going beyond merely technological solutions to modify behavioral patterns, cultural habits and even our deeply ingrained ideas about ourselves. The very notion that architecture could modify behavioral patterns, or the sedimentation of habits seems far-fetched in an epistemological framework that has drawn strict lines between outside and inside, subject and object, body and mind — all the dualities that the cognitive and neurosciences have been gradually working to undermine. Our practice as architects has been unconsciously shaped by centuries of formalist thinking that have turned buildings into inanimate objects; a habit of thinking that has weakened our role and contributed to the sense that architecture is a luxury item, one among many consumable commodities — though we can no longer deny that it is the very fabric of our survival and flourishing.

Further, the once healthy plurality of our architectural theory has left us without a coherent philosophical framework with which to confront the climate crisis. For John Dewey, theory and practice were not ontologically separate domains, but two distinct yet inseparable and necessary aspects of engaging in the world. This essay explores how Dewey's pragmatic philosophy could help to build a theoretical framework that would allow us to apply and integrate the findings of the cognitive and neurosciences into our architectural practice and education, so that we might respond not only to the constraints and opportunities of the given context — site, program and energy resources—but also to the limits and affordances of our perceptual systems and the whole of our body and mind.
Interlingual two-to-one mapping of tonal categories
Authors: WU JUNRU , CHEN YIYA , VAN HEUVEN VINCENT J. , SCHILLER NIELS O.
Published: May 2016

Both Standard Chinese (SC) high- and low-rising tones sound like the rising tone in Jinan Mandarin (JM) Chinese. Acoustically (Experiment 1), the JM rising tone overlaps with both SC rising tones, but more with the high-rising tone than with the low-rising tone. Perceptually (Experiment 2), the JM rising tone was more likely identified as the SC high-rising tone by SC monolinguals. Experiment 3 examined the role of this two-to-one interlingual tonal mapping in bilingual lexical access. Final high-rising SC pseudo-words were more frequently and more quickly accepted as JM real words than final low-rising SC pseudo-words were. However, both high- and low-rising SC pseudo-words triggered equivalent facilitatory semantic priming on JM real-word targets. The results suggest that different tones are represented in the bilinguals’ mental lexicon in terms of fine-grained and sometimes overlapping acoustic specifications. Lexical activation and semantic activation are partially independent.
Farmers’ markets’ uptake of food assistance programmes in East Tennessee, USA
Authors: Russomanno Jennifer , Jabson Jennifer M
Published: May 2016

Objective

Limited acceptance of government food assistance programmes such as the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is a barrier that produces unequal access to market products for SNAP beneficiaries. There is a dearth of published evidence to explain the limited SNAP acceptance at farmers’ markets. The current project aimed to fill this gap; to identify and describe the barriers to markets’ acceptance of SNAP.

Design

Cross-sectional, semi-structured interviews were conducted.

Setting

All interviews were conducted via telephone.

Subjects

Twelve East Tennessee area market managers, vendors and other key stakeholders.

Results

Multiple barriers exist for SNAP implementation at markets including administrative and time limitations, prejudice from market vendors against SNAP beneficiaries, and resistance to invasive and burdensome requirements of the USDA SNAP application required for farmers’ markets.

Conclusions

SNAP acceptance at farmers’ markets is a complex issue, especially for small, rural markets. If farmers’ markets are to serve as sustainable resources to increase food access, these issues must be addressed so that SNAP can be accepted. Successful implementation of SNAP at rural markets requires increased administrative support and vendor education about SNAP and its beneficiaries. A revised USDA SNAP application process for farmers’ markets should also be considered.
A WAVELET COLLOCATION SCHEME FOR SOLVING SOME OPTIMAL PATH PLANNING PROBLEMS
Authors: MORTEZAEE MARZIYEH , NAZEMI ALIREZA
Published: May 2016

We consider an approximation scheme using Haar wavelets for solving optimal path planning problems. The problem is first expressed as an optimal control problem. A computational method based on Haar wavelets in the time domain is then proposed for solving the obtained optimal control problem. A Haar wavelets integral operational matrix and a direct collocation method are used to find an approximate optimal trajectory of the original problem. Numerical results are also presented for several examples to demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed method.
COCHAIN SEQUENCES AND THE QUILLEN CATEGORY OF A COCLASS FAMILY
Authors: EICK BETTINA , GREEN DAVID J.
Published: May 2016

We introduce the concept of infinite cochain sequences and initiate a theory of homological algebra for them. We show how these sequences simplify and improve the construction of infinite coclass families (as introduced by Eick and Leedham-Green) and also how they can be applied to prove that almost all groups in such a family have equivalent Quillen categories. We also include some examples of infinite families of$p$-groups from different coclass families that have equivalent Quillen categories.
SPLITTING INVARIANT SUBSPACES IN THE HARDY SPACE OVER THE BIDISK
Authors: IZUCHI KEI JI , IZUCHI KOU HEI , IZUCHI YUKO
Published: May 2016

Let $H^{2}$ be the Hardy space over the bidisk. It is known that Hilbert–Schmidt invariant subspaces of $H^{2}$ have nice properties. An invariant subspace which is unitarily equivalent to some invariant subspace whose continuous spectrum does not coincide with $\overline{\mathbb{D}}$ is Hilbert–Schmidt. We shall introduce the concept of splittingness for invariant subspaces and prove that they are Hilbert–Schmidt.
New Ku-band reflectarray antenna by using anisotropic superstrate on an artificial magnetic conductor
Authors: Rafaei-Booket Mahmood , Atlasbaf Zahra
Published: May 2016

A new Ku-band reflectarray with an artificial anisotropic slab that consists of periodic holes, backed by a planar artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is proposed. The unit-cell of the reflectarray is a two-layered structure that consists of a dielectric with a hole on a grounded patch. The phase diagram of the proposed unit-cell is calculated by a full-wave computational technique, which uses the dyadic Green's function evaluated by an equivalent transmission line modeling in the spectral domain. The obtained dyadic Green's function is used in an integral equation formulated for the surface current densities on the metallic grating. The resultant integral equation is then solved using the method of moments. The required phase shift at Ku-band is obtained by changing the radius of holes in the artificial slab. The introduced unit cell has linear phase range between 13.95 and 14.95 GHz. It is shown that this frequency band is the usable bandwidth of AMC structure. Finally, the designed reflectarray is analyzed using a full-wave electromagnetic solver. The numerical results show a maximum gain of 27.4 dBi, and 48.09% efficiency, at 14.45 GHz with 4.15% 1-dB gain bandwidth for the designed 21 × 21 cm2 reflectarray.
Berufs-Interessen-Test
Authors: Klumb Petra L. , Gatzka Thomas , Allehoff Wolfgang
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Der Interessenfragebogen BIT-II wurde im Jahr 1984 entwickelt und verschiedene Autorinnen und Autoren hatten in der Zwischenzeit eine Aktualisierung angemahnt. In einer Stichprobe von 366 deutschen und Schweizer Schülerinnen und Schülern der Sekundarstufe haben wir die Ausprägung von Berufsinteressen mit einer aktualisierten Version des BIT-II erhoben und weitere Instrumente eingesetzt, um die Validität der überarbeiteten Fassung zu bestimmen. Während sich einige Unterschiede in den Mittelwerten der BIT-Versionen zeigten, erwiesen sich faktorielle Struktur und Rohwertverteilungen als ähnlich. Konvergente und diskriminante Validität wurden durch die erwarteten Korrelationen zu den 6 RIASEC-Dimensionen (gemessen über den Explorix) und einem Maß der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit belegt. Schließlich fanden wir die erwarteten Zusammenhangsmuster zu Lieblingsfächern, schulischen Leistungen und Freizeitaktivitäten sowie Hinweise auf inkrementelle Validität über den Explorix. Wir schließen daher, dass die neue Version des BIT-II anstelle der alten vorläufig verwendet werden kann. Es fehlen jedoch noch Items für neu entstandene Berufe und weitere Evidenz zur Konstrukt- und kriterienbezogenen Validität.
Entwicklung und erste Validierung eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung von Szientismus
Authors: Korte Stefan , Berger Roland , Imwalle Christian , Hänze Martin
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Ausgehend von einem Itempool von 111 Items wurde eine Kurzskala mit 10 Items zur Erfassung szientistischer Überzeugungen entwickelt. Nach einer ersten Überprüfung der inhaltlichen Validität des Itempools mit Hilfe von Schülerinterviews und einer Expertenbefragung wurden die verbliebenen 66 Items in einem zweiten Entwicklungsschritt mit einer Stichprobe von 888 Schülerinnen und Schülern untersucht; die Resultate zeigen, dass das Konstrukt szientistischer Überzeugungen eindimensional ist und die Kurzskala von 10 Items eine gute Reliabilität besitzt. In einer zweiten Studie mit 273 Studierenden korrelierten szientistische Überzeugungen mit Aspekten epistemologischer Überzeugungen in mäßigem Ausmaß. Eine weitere Untersuchung mit 235 Schülerinnen und Schülern sowie 276 Studierenden zeigte einerseits positive Korrelationen der szientistischen Überzeugungen mit den Skalen kognitive Geschlossenheit und Physikinteresse sowie andererseits negative Korrelationen mit den Skalen Offenheit für neue Erfahrungen und Bedürfnis nach Kognition. Die Ergebnisse einer experimentellen Validierungsstudie zeigen, dass szientistische Überzeugungen durch die Bearbeitung eines Textes über die methodischen Grenzen der Physik beeinflussbar sind.
Mechanical stimulation orchestrates the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells by regulating HDAC1
Authors: Wang J , Wang C D , Zhang N , Tong W X , Zhang Y F , Shan S Z , Zhang X L , Li Q F
Published: May 2016

Mechanical stimulation and histone deacetylases (HDACs) have essential roles in regulating the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and bone formation. However, little is known regarding what regulates HDAC expression and therefore the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs during osteogenesis. In this study, we investigated whether mechanical loading regulates HDAC expression directly and examined the role of HDACs in mechanical loading-triggered osteogenic differentiation and bone formation. We first studied the microarrays of samples from patients with osteoporosis and found that the NOTCH pathway and skeletal development gene sets were downregulated in the BMSCs of patients with osteoporosis. Then we demonstrated that mechanical stimuli can regulate osteogenesis and bone formation bothin vivoandin vitro. NOTCH signaling was upregulated during cyclic mechanical stretch (CMS)-induced osteogenic differentiation, whereas HDAC1 protein expression was downregulated. The perturbation of HDAC1 expression also had a significant effect on matrix mineralization and JAG1-mediated Notch signaling, suggesting that HDAC1 acts as an endogenous attenuator of Notch signaling in the mechanotransduction of BMSCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay results suggest that HDAC1 modulates the CMS-induced histone H3 acetylation level at the JAG1 promoter. More importantly, we found an inhibitory role of Hdac1 in regulating bone formation in response to hindlimb unloading in mice, and pretreatment with an HDAC1 inhibitor partly rescued the osteoporosis caused by mechanical unloading. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that mechanical stimulation orchestrates genes expression involved in the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs via the direct regulation of HDAC1, and the therapeutic inhibition of HDAC1 may be an efficient strategy for enhancing bone formation under mechanical stimulation.