bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virtualization of elastic optical networks and regenerators with traffic grooming
Authors: Assis K. D. R. , Santos A. F. , Almeida R. C. , Reed M. J. , Jaumard B. , Simeonidou D.
Published: October 2020

An elastic optical network (EON) plays an important role in transport technology for virtualization of networks. A key aspect of EONs is to establish lightpaths (virtual links) with exactly the amount of spectrum that is needed and with the possibility of grooming, the process of grouping many small traffic flows into larger units, creating a super-lightpath. Grooming eliminates the need for many guard bands between lightpaths and also saves transceivers; however, it often leads to the need to perform optical–electrical–optical conversions to multiple-data-rate optical signals at intermediate nodes. The aim of this paper is to provide a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation, as well as heuristic and meta-heuristic approaches, for the design of multiple virtual optical networks (VONs) in an elastic optical substrate network with bandwidth-variable lightpaths, modulation format constraints, and virtual elastic regenerator placement. Traffic grooming is allowed inside each VON, and a distance-adaptive modulation format technique is employed to guarantee efficiency in terms of bandwidth for a physical substrate, subject to several virtual topologies. A reduced MILP formulation without grooming capability is also proposed for comparison. The complete MILP formulation jointly solves the virtual topology design, regenerator placement, and grooming problems, as well as the routing, modulation, and spectrum assignment (RMSA) problem. The reduced MILP formulation, heuristics, and meta-heuristic, on the other hand, separate the virtual topology design problem from the RMSA problem. It is shown that the grooming approach can provide good results, since it solves the problem for a complete design when compared to the approach without grooming. Furthermore, heuristic solutions for large networks are proposed, which present good performance (in terms of saving spectrum) for the design with large instances.
Photovoltaic properties in an orthorhombic Fe doped KTN single crystal
Authors: Huang Fei , Hu Chengpeng , Xian Zhongzhao , Sun Xuejie , Zhou Zhongxiang , Meng Xiangda , Tan Peng , Zhang Yao , Huang Xiaolin , Wang Yu , Tian Hao
Published: October 2020

Since the domain wall photovoltaic effect (DW-PVE) is reported in BiFeO3 film, the investigations on photovoltaic properties in ferroelectrics have appealed more and more attention. In this work, we employed two Fe doped KTa1-xNb
x
O3 (Fe:KTN) single crystals in tetragonal phase and orthorhombic phase, respectively, possessing similar net polarization along [001]C direction, to quantize the contribution on photovoltaic properties from bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE) and DW-PVE in Fe:KTN. The results show that there are significant enhancements of open-circuit voltages (VOC = –6.0 V, increases over 440%) and short-circuit current density (JSC = 18.5 nA cm–2, increases over 1580%) in orthorhombic Fe:KTN with engineer-domain structure after poled, corresponding to 14.2 mV and 2.2 mV for the single domain wall and bulk region under illumination of 405 nm light (100 mW). It reveals that DW-PVE plays a major role in KTN-based ferroelectrics, indicating an orthorhombic Fe:KTN single crystal is one of the potential photovoltaic materials.
Precise control of ion channel and gap junction expression is required for patterning of the regenerating axolotl limb
Authors: Sousounis Konstantinos , Erdogan Burcu , Levin Michael , Whited Jessica L.
Published: October 2020

Axolotls and other salamanders have the capacity to regenerate lost tissue after an amputation or injury. Growth and morphogenesis are coordinated within cell groups in many contexts by the interplay of transcriptional networks and biophysical properties such as ion flows and voltage gradients. It is not, however, known whether regulators of a cell’s ionic state are involved in limb patterning at later stages of regeneration. Here we manipulated expression and activities of ion channels and gap junctions in vivo, in axolotl limb blastema cells. Limb amputations followed by retroviral infections were performed to drive expression of a human gap junction protein Connexin 26 (Cx26), potassium (Kir2.1-Y242F and Kv1.5) and sodium (NeoNav1.5) ion channel proteins along with EGFP control. Skeletal preparation revealed that overexpressing Cx26 caused syndactyly, while overexpression of ion channel proteins resulted in digit loss and structural abnormalities compared to EGFP expressing control limbs. Additionally, we showed that exposing limbs to the gap junction inhibitor lindane during the regeneration process caused digit loss. Our data reveal that manipulating native ion channel and gap junction function in blastema cells results in patterning defects involving the number and structure of the regenerated digits. Gap junctions and ion channels have been shown to mediate ion flows that control the endogenous voltage gradients which are tightly associated with the regulation of gene expression, cell cycle progression, migration, and other cellular behaviors. Therefore, we postulate that mis-expression of these channels may have disturbed this regulation causing uncoordinated cell behavior which results in morphological defects.
Appraisal of Awareness and Attitude of School Teachers towards Emergency Management of Dental Trauma and Tooth Avulsion Replantation
Authors: Kharpate Shivani , Rathi Nilesh , Gomase Pooja Vilas , Baliga Sudhindra , Thosar Nilima
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND Health education is an essential aspect for prevention of oral health problems in school children. Dental trauma can result in damaging the tooth, periodontal ligaments, and sometimes even alveolar bone and gingiva. These traumatic injuries to the anterior teeth in young children are tragic but are an ignored problem. They can result in aesthetic and functional problem with possible impact on child’s quality of life as anterior teeth are essential for phonetics, mastication, integrity of supporting tissue and also mental and psychological wellbeing of children. This dental emergency can be best handled by the school teachers and the staff members when it happens in a school. So, the study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude of the school teachers regarding the emergency management of dental trauma and sensitize them on the subject. METHODS This is a pre- and post-test study performed using self - designed questionnaire provided to the school-teachers of Wardha district. RESULTS Knowledge of 98 % teachers increased after the activity whereas knowledge of 2 % of school teachers was the same as earlier. CONCLUSIONS Sensitization of the school teachers improved their awareness and attitude to manage the dental trauma and avulsion injury of teeth in school. KEY WORDS Tooth Avulsion, Emergency Dental Traumatic Care, School Teachers
Evaluation of the Involvement of Facial and Cervical Spaces in Odontogenic Infections in Patients Referred to Shahid Rahnemoon Hospital from 2014 to 2018
Authors: Barzegar Mohsen , Vaghefi Amir , Pouyafard Adele , Alavikia Seyed Mojtaba
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND Odontogenic infections are recognized as one of the most common diseases in the world. Organisms that cause dental infection and are a part of the oral normal flora include dental plaque bacteria, mucosal surface bacteria, and gingival bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of odontogenic infections by involving the facial and cervical spaces in patients referred to Shahid Rahnemoon Hospital from 2014 to 2018. METHODS This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sampling method was census and 308 patients with all types of odontogenic infections associated with the involvement of the facial and cervical spaces referred to Shahid Rahnemoon Hospital from 2014 to 2018 were included in the study. Questionnaire was used for data collection. The data was entered into SPSS version 23 software and analysed using statistical tests. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 31.10 ± 14.48; the mean number of hospitalization days was 4.83 ± 2.52 days; the mean body temperature was 37.45 ± 0.54. Of the 308 patients studied, 221 (71.8 %) had no history of systemic disease. Also, 294 (5 %) had no airway involvement. The most commonly prescribed antibiotic was penicillin + metronidazole with a frequency of 54.9 %, The most common tooth that was the source of infection was mandibular tooth no. 6 with a frequency of 22.7 %, the most common type of treatment was incision + drainage + antibiotic therapy with a frequency of 44.2 %; the most common involved area was the submandibular + buccal space with a frequency of 20.1 % and the most common age range of involvement was 20 - 29 years. CONCLUSIONS In odontogenic infections, penicillin + metronidazole is the most commonly used antibiotic and buccal + submandibular space is the most common area involved. KEY WORDS Odontogenic Infection, Facial Spaces, Cervical Spaces
COGNITIVE RECONSTRUCTION TO REDUCE ANXIETY IN GRADE VI ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
Authors: Sari Inggit Kartika , Hidayati Erny
Published: October 2020

Abstract. This study aims to determine the effect of group therapy with cognitive reconstruction techniques to reduce anxiety in grade VI elementary school students. The subjects in this study were grade VI students, male or female sex, and experiencing anxiety. Data collection methods in this study are through observation, interviews, Discussion Group Forums (FGD), and pre-test and post-test using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). The data analysis technique used a non-parametric test with the Wilcoxon test. The results showed that there was a decrease in anxiety both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative results indicate that participants can think positively, bolder, more confident, and try to do something happily, while the quantitative results show the value of Z = -2,371 with a significance of p = 0.018 (p <0. 05) on the HARS anxiety scale which means there was a significant difference between the anxiety experienced by participants before and after attending group therapy. Based on the results of the research that has been done it can be concluded that group therapy with cognitive reconstruction techniques can reduce anxiety levels in grade VI elementary school students.Keywords: anxiety, cognitive reconstruction, class VI students, group therapy
The influence of government targeted procurement strategies on the growth performance of construction small and medium-sized contractors (SMCs) in South Africa
Authors:   University of Cape Town, South Africa, Adediran Abdurauf , Windapo Abimbola ,   University of Cape Town, South Africa
Published: October 2020

This paper examines government targeted procurement (TP) strategies in South Africa and whether these strategies have an influence on the growth performance of Small and medium-sized contractors (SMCs) in the construction industry. The rationale for this study stems from reports that while TP has been widely used as an instrument to improve the position of SMCs in the South African construction industry, three out of five SMCs do not become established firms. In addition, the nature of the influence of TP strategies on the growth performance of SMCs is not known. Following a review of existing literature, the study mainly adopted a quantitative research approach. Questionnaire surveys were administered to Construction Industry Development Board (cidb) Grades 3 to 6 contractors that have executed TP projects within the last 5 years. The collected data was subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analyses –Spearman’s rank order correlationwas used as an index of association between the study variables. The study found that tendering equity is the most frequently used TP strategy, closely followed by preferencing and mandatory subcontracting. The study also found that positive significant associations exists among preferencing and turnover; third-party management and company assets; tendering equity, turnover and number of employees; as well as accelerated rotations, turnover and number of employees. The study concluded that government intervention through targeted procurement has the potential to achieve its intended results of improving the position of historically disadvantaged SMCs in the construction industry in South Africa if selected and implemented appropriately.
Green supply chain management (GSCM) practices and their impact on performance: An insight from the Jordanian construction sector
Authors:   Mutah University, Jordan, Al-Ma’aitah Noor
Published: October 2020

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between green supply chain management (GSCM) practices and performance (environmental, economic and organisational) within the construction sector in Jordan. Based on the literature review, the survey designed included46 key items. Data was collected from 133 managers in the construction sector. Multiple regression analysis wasundertakento test the study hypotheses. The analysis showedmixed results, green construction and investment recovery wassupported in three hypotheses; internal environmental management was supported only with organisationalperformance. The practical implicationsof the findings include creating more effort to attaining benefits from the world trade organisation(WTO) initiatives to establish long-term relationships with foreign customers to learn and enhance green practices in Jordan’s construction sector. This work is one of few studies thatinvestigatesGSCM practices in the construction sector ofa developing country.
Studia nad baptysteriami w Polsce x wieku I: Poznań, Ostrów Tumski
Authors: Sikorski Dariusz Andrzej
Published: October 2020

The author presents the circumstances of the rise and development of the conception that below the oldest cathedral church in Poznań is the site of a temporary or permanent baptistery as allegedly evidenced by a round limestone bowl. Attention is drawn to the fact that so far this conception has not been supported by analysis of the source material or a detailed study of the remains of the bowl itself or the architectural remains of the purported baptistery.The author makes a reassessment of hitherto claims and shows that the state of the source material does not allow us to uphold the hypothesis of the baptismal function of the limestone bowl from Poznań. The only hypothesis competitive to the baptismal one refers to 60 analogous objects, a majority of which are beyond doubt the remains of mechanical mortar mixers. The article shows that these examples can be treated as fully justified analogies to the bowl from Poznań.The text reviews the arguments of both sides of the dispute: the baptismal and “construction” claims. Weaknesses of the argument for the baptismal interpretation are exposed. Doubts raised by skeptics concerning the interpretation of the bowl as a mortar mixer are dispelled on the basis of analysis of analogous objects. The author concludes that the interpretation of the bowl as a mortar mixer is supported by numerous analogies whereas the baptismal conception lacks such support.
Sanktuaria archidiecezji poznańskiej – rola, zadania, znaczenie
Authors: Brzeziński Maciej
Published: October 2020

The focus of the article are the shrines located within the present boundaries of the Poznań Archdiocese. The definition of the term “shrine” is discussed followed by deliberation of the role and significance of sacred places in the light of the canon law and the statutes of two archdiocesan synods held in 1968 and 2004-2008, respectively. A classification of the sacred places of the Poznań Archdiocese is proposed taking into consideration different scholarly criteria. The role of the custodian of a shrine and the meaning of pilgrimages and religious tourism are also presented.
Mowa przy pożegnaniu Wielebnych OO. Reformatów we Wronkach wygłoszona przez księdza Wincentego Kałkowskiego. Reprint źródła i komentarz
Authors: Tomczak Salezy Bogumił
Published: October 2020

Klasztor we Wronkach należy do najstarszych fundacji zakonnych na terenie archidiecezji poznańskiej. Jego długą historię można podzielić na dwa okresy: dominikański i franciszkański. Okres dominikański rozpoczął się w 1279 a zakończył w 1835 roku, kiedy władze pruskie skasowały na swoim terenie zakony. Po kasacie groziła mu zamiana na cele świeckie a nawet całkowite zniszczenie. W 1854 roku powstał Komitet obywatelski, który postanowił ten pomnik wiary i polskości uratować. Ten cel udało się osiągnąć. W 1868 roku, po wykupieniu kościoła i klasztoru z rąk prywatnych, wspomniany Komitet obywatelski przekazał kościół do dyspozycji arcybiskupa gnieźnieńskiego i poznańskiego Mieczysława Halki Ledóchowskiego, ten zaś oddał go franciszkanom/reformatom. Franciszkanie pracowali przy nim zaledwie 7 lat. W 1875 roku władze pruskie zamknęły klasztor a zakonników usunęły. Publikujemy mowę, którą na pożegnanie franciszkanów wygłosił ks. Wincenty Kałkowski, wikariusz z Ostroroga, ze względu na zawartą w niej treść i wielką rzadkość tego druku. W 1924 roku  franciszkanie wrócili do Wronek i w odzyskanym klasztorze urządzili niższe seminarium duchowne a w 1931 roku studium teologiczne. Od 1991 roku w klasztorze działa Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Franciszkanów, które jest afiliowane do Wydziału Teologicznego Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu.
Literatur als Kultursensibilisierung? Zur Arbeit mit literarischen Texten im interkulturellen Fremdsprachenunterricht
Authors: Adamczak Sylwia
Published: October 2020

The development of intercultural understanding and the ability of transcultural communication have become one of the key concepts of foreign language teaching. A necessary precondition of such a complex concept is, of course, the comparison of native and foreign reality that is often only displayed in the form of stereotyped behaviour patterns in textbook dialogues. In teaching foreign literature, however, a literary text can be a suitable means for students to become more aware of the foreign culture by observing and analysing it from an intercultural perspective. This article will therefore emphasize the validity of literary texts for preparing students for not only linguistic but also cultural experience. Thus the author will present current conceptions on the role of literature in foreign language teaching, examine specific criteria of the literary text choice for foreign language teaching purposes and provide an overview of current methodological trends for working with such texts.
Texte littéraire dans la glottodidactique
Authors: Antkowiak Krystyna
Published: October 2020

Reading in a foreign language is a skill which is important for an overall competence. The researches done in the 1980s and the 1990s proved the utility of the text and especially of the literary one in language teaching. The present article deals with the use of self instruction in language teaching. Self instruction aims not only at giving a learner some knowledge but also at making him able to leam by himself and at giving him an attitude of independence towards the society he lives in, which is possible only when he is aware of how a society works. Reading itself is an autonomous activity because it is a self-directed process of discovering the meaning of a text. In order to make this process efficient a leamer-reader should leam some strategies which will enable him not to use a dictionary too often. Tasks in relation to reading texts should lead a learner to think over the meaning of the text, to compare his opinions with those of the author, to speak about his reactions. And last but not least: reading literary works makes a learner get acquainted with the culture of people whose language he is learning.
Struktur und Organisation des mentalen Lexikons in Kontext psychologischer Gedächtnistheorien
Authors: Legutko-Marszałek Iwona
Published: October 2020

The article presents the concept of mental lexicon's structure in context of memory theory. Mental lexicon has been defined as the part of long-term memory, where words of a particular language are gathered together with all the information concerning the structure of that particular language. Furthermore, the article points out the organization and connection between lexical units, as well as semantic relations between them. Examples depict the feasible process of activation of individual words in the mental lexicon.
Die Nachbarsprache Polnisch aus einer sprachpolitischen und soziolinguistischen Perspektive im Kontext der Mehrsprachigkeit in Europa
Authors: Kowlonek-Janczarek Monika
Published: October 2020

The main goal of this article is to discuss the position of Polish language in the European Union, especially in the German-Polish border region. The role of language policy in the process of multilingualism will also be presented.
Neue Ansätze in der DaF-Methodik und ihre Konsequenzen für die Lehrwerkgestaltung
Authors: Ciepielewska-Kaczmarek Luiza
Published: October 2020

The following factors have contributed to arising new target groups in teaching foreign languages: the European Union’s claim concerning the multilingualism of its members, migrations, common mobility. As a consequence of this situation new handbooks for teaching and learning foreign languages have appeared on the market. Thus, the teacher is often confronted with the necessity of choosing the handbook, which is most adequate for the needs of a particular group of learners. The present article aims at defining the criteria of handbook selection in the light of the latest trends in foreign language teaching methodology.
Einige Bemerkungen zur Rolle von Hypertexten im glottodidaktischen Prozess
Authors: Szerszeń Paweł
Published: October 2020

In the contemporary foreign language didactics hypertexts play an increasingly important role, which is reflected in the glottodidactic discourse. The aim of the article is a juxtaposition of the elements which facilitate or limit reception of hypertexts in the glottodidactic process. Accordingly, the main problems which appear during student’s work with hypertexts are listed, and solutions to some of them are also suggested. Moreover, the arguments presented are in favour of the application of hypertexts in the glottodidactic process.
Einige Probleme zum Schreiben in der Fremdsprachendidaktik
Authors: Krzemińska Katarzyna
Published: October 2020

The aim of this article is to stress the role and history of the writing skills in foreign languages teaching. The article attempts to present the definition of a skill in writing and to describe the process of writing in teaching a foreign language. Its main purpose is to show the process of text production as a way of communication between partners when they use the same codes.
Teaching and learning foreign languages for special purposes at technical universities
Authors: Gajewska-Skrzypczak Iwona
Published: October 2020

The main aim of my work is to explore the options and problems connected with teaching and learning ESP at technical universities. I tried to answer questions concerning the right choice of methods enabling students to develop their language skills effectively with an emphasis on professional language competence.
Muttersprachliche Kompetenzen von SchülerInnen mit Migrationshintergrund – eine vernachlässigte Ressource an deutschen Schulen
Authors: Bär Christine
Published: October 2020

The article deals with the influence which have the competences in mother tongue on the second language acquisition. Furthermore it is about the possibilities to apply these competences to German as a second language by young immigrants at school. Along with the theoretical expositions the author shows some implications for scholar instruction by using the mother tongue as a resource to acquire a second language.
Vom Fremdverständnis zum Eigenverständnis: Kontrastive Linguisitik und Glottodidaktik
Authors: Schwenk Hans-Jörg
Published: October 2020

The present paper deals with the relationship between contrastive linguistics on the one hand and foreign language teaching on the other hand, more precisely, with the influence exerted by the first on the latter. It goes without saying that a teacher who teaches his mother tongue is expected to teach it as completely and correctly as possible. Yet the complete and correct teaching of any language depends on the teacher’s complete and correct knowledge of the given language and, comes to that, his awareness of this knowledge. It could be shown and proven on various examples that this aim can only be reached by the way of analyzing an other / a foreign language and comparing it with the language / the mother tongue to be teached, that, as much as paradoxical this may sound, self-understanding quite often needs the understanding of the other.
Ein Modell des KSD unter Einsatz der Notizennahme
Authors: Krenz-Brzozowska Lucyna
Published: October 2020

The article presents a model of consecutive interpreting that includes note-taking. This conceptualization derives from the model developed by Żmudzki, hence his approach is discussed in this paper as well. Later the author focusses on the language which interpreters use for note-taking. The finding of so oriented reasoning enabled developing of another model that can be implemented in the course of consecutive interpreting involving note-taking.
Qualitätsbewertung einer Übersetzung – von der Ontologie zur Axiologie
Authors: Kubaszczyk Joanna
Published: October 2020

The subject of the paper is intersubjectivity and verifiability of judgments about the quality of translation. Criteria for identification of a text to be a translation and possibilities of assessing the value of translation based on the classic triad of truth, goodness and beauty are discussed. The starting point for the axiological assessment is the ontic structure of the original. It is shown how a type of relationship between the original and the translation impacts on the assessment of translation.
Ethnophaulismen in translatorischer Perspektive
Authors: Kubiak Paweł
Published: October 2020

The subject of this paper is the translational challenge which is translating linguistic representations of national stereotypes, depicted on the examples of ethnonyms of a pejorative overtone, used by representatives of one nation towards another, such as: szwab in Polish and Piefke, Tschusch and Katzelmacher in German. The claim of the article is that the transfer of ethnophaulisms is to be based on their duality as assertive and expressive speech acts.
Konzeptualisierungen und Bedeutungen als ‘mentale Erkenntnisprozesse‘ in der Verarbeitung von deutschen und polnischen Phraseologismen
Authors: Mazurkiewicz-Sokołowska Jolanta
Published: October 2020

The aim of the paper is an analysis of German and Polish phraseologisms with thefocus on processual aspects of their meaning. The central issue of interest is the individual subjective and emotional shaping of conceptualizations and meanings. The conclusions are concerning the mental phenomenon of processual meaning variability, mental spaces and cognitive domains.
Developing ICC within the Activity Theory
Authors: Siek-Piskozub Teresa
Published: October 2020

The major goal of the article is to introduce the Activity Theory as a framework for developing intercultural communicative competence (ICC) of prospective foreign language teachers with the example of students from the Faculty of English (FE) at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland. I will refer to the concept of ICC resulting from the evolution of the concept of language competence in which social and cultural components have become more prominent, and for which the reference to the mythical
Erzählen im integrativen Deutschunterricht
Authors: KUZMINYKH KSENIA
Published: October 2020

The article starts with a discussion of the essential theories of storytelling, reading and writing, and focuses on the concept of reading-to-write. It discusses the use and the abuse of classical schema of storytelling – “the mouse”. In the last step, using fragments of different children’s books, the article develops an integrative literary and language teaching model for school lessons of German in a way which stimulates a highly functional receptive and productive handling of language semantics and performance.
Ein didaktischer Vorschlag für das Unterrichten von bilateralem Dolmetschen in der Sprachkombination Spanisch-Deutsch
Authors: LIMBACH CHRISTIANE
Published: October 2020

Up to the present day, only a few articles have dealt with the didactics of liaison interpreting. This particular one aims to contribute to a didactic basis, offering a practical approach to consecutive liaison interpreting for the German-Spanish language pair. It will place a special focus on role plays and preliminary practical exercises. With the help of role plays, students are able to identify, acquire and apply the skills and strategies necessary for liaison interpreting. Moreover, role plays offer students the opportunity to observe and evaluate the complete process of interpreting. Giving students the task of fictitious interpreting assignments with directed progression of difficulties, which the students prepare beforehand and which are simulated in the lessons, creates a certain dynamic in class. This motivates students to successfully approach any difficulties when acquiring interpreting competences and then to overcome them
Dimension discursive de la construction et de la diffusion des savoirs sur la formation des enseignants de LE au sein de la communauté glottodidactique polonaise
Authors: ORCHOWSKA IZABELA
Published: October 2020

The paper concerns the discursive dimension of the construction and the circulation of knowledge connected with the issue of foreign language teacher education. A starting point for the discussion is the assumption according to which glottodidactics as a science is still perceived in a highly heterogenic way by members of the Polish glottodidactic community. Not only is the subject of glottodidactics so complex and interdisciplinary that the multitude of its possible interpretations does not allow us to decide on one common epistemological paradigm, but glottodidactic discourse is also very heterogeneous. The author of this article presents the conclusions from a metaglottodidactic analysis of articles covering the subject of foreign language teacher training which were published in Neofilolog in 1990–2010, and answers the question of whether, and with what kind of discourse configurations do Polish glottodidacticians theoretically locate their propositions for educating teachers presented in their publications.
L’anxiété nuisible chez les apprenants du FLE. Le cas des étudiants de la philologie romane en cycle de licence
Authors: Blachowska-Szmigiel Marzena
Published: October 2020

Language anxiety is the feeling of tension and apprehension associated with second / foreign language learning. It manifests itself in two types of emotional reactions: positive (positiveanxiety) and negative (debilitating anxiety). The focus of this article is to explore the debilitating language anxiety of students learning French as a foreign language and to find out its level in thefirst, second and third years of undergraduate studies in Romance philology. The main research problem concerns the need to develop their ability to manage debilitating language anxiety. Forthis purpose, the findings of a FLCAS questionnaire are presented
Schwerpunkte immer noch schwer? Einige Überlegungen über die deutsche Grammatik für slawische native speakers
Authors: Kostrova Olga , Prokop Izabela
Published: October 2020

The aim of this article is to present the project of a contrastive Polish-German and Russian-German grammar, which arose as a result of the cooperation between Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education and Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan. The idea of a unilateral grammar which is based on the categories of the mother tongue of the learner and is aimed at the foreign language to be learned, is designed as a suitable measure within the framework of error prevention. The grammar contains selected grammatical categories that are significant sources of errors for native Slavic speakers
Der phänomenographische Ansatz in der glottodidaktischen Forschung
Authors: Nerlicki Krzysztof
Published: October 2020

The phenomenographic approach in educational research dates back to the early1980s. Marton and his co-workers focused on the significant role which is played by the individual beliefs of learners in the processes of teaching and learning. The study of learning experiences, reflections on these experiences and verbalization of these reflections have defined a new perspective in the perception of educational reality. The paper presents the basic assumptions of the phenomenographic approach and its application in the study of foreign language learners’ beliefs. Since beliefs result from many factors, among others of a socio-cultural nature, particular attention is paid to the dynamics of how beliefs are shaped in the light of the Activity Theory proposed by Vygotsky and his successors Leontiev and Engerström. The paper finishes with a discussion on the prospects of the study of beliefs in the Polish educational context, with particular consideration of foreign language philology students
HISTORYK WE WSPÓŁCZESNYM ŚWIECIE. KILKA UWAG WOKÓŁ TEKSTU JANA POMORSKIEGO Polityzacja/mitologizacja historii, czyli w czym neuronauka (i metodologia) może pomóc badaczowi historii najnowszej?
Authors: STOBIECKI Rafał
Published: October 2020

Regarding how the present historians get involved in the debate on the politicization of the contemporary history, we can observe a superannuation of two models of historian: as a „cool scientist” and an „upholder of national values”. Apparently we could postulate in this moment the model of a historian as “a translator and mediator” between cultures, recognizing their “grammars”, and his obligation to create the common social capital. Nevertheless the scientifi c refl ection upon the politicization of history and the methodology of contemporary historiography is the matt er in dispute. Th erefore Pomorski’s suggestion of the more complex cognitive approach in the historiographical research (and historical discourse) should be taken into consideration.
POLITYZACJA/MITOLOGIZACJA HISTORII, CZYLI W CZYM NEURONAUKA (I METODOLOGIA) MOŻE POMÓC BADACZOWI HISTORII NAJNOWSZEJ?
Authors: POMORSKI Jan
Published: October 2020

The narratives created by historians with respect to events of the past serve not only the cognitive aims, but may also be used in the current discourse of power and as such be referred to as ‘historical politics’. In such cases the spotlight is no longer on the historical truth, but rather on the ability to legitimize the power exercised by one social group or political party over the rest of the society. The reason why one reaches for historical myth and politicizes historical narrative is that the emotions evoked in the process can access the mind of a common creator of history (homo historicus) much easier compared to historians’ refi ned analysis based on credible sources and proper methodology. From the perspective of historical politics, a historian – being a rational entity aware of its past (homo metahistoricus) – becomes something redundant, an obstacle that has to be silenced, suppressed or removed. All that matt ers is homo historicus, as it is the ballot in his or hers hand that will eventually determine winners and losers on election day. As is known, history writt en by the victors diff ers substantially from the one writt en by the defeated. Having diagnosed this way the situation relating to every historian aware of social responsibility of the results of historical studies, the author underlines that historical narrative may be applied to building both positive and negative social capital. Th e myth and politicization of history act toward dividing a community, rather than uniting it. Th ere is no way to create an eff ectively operating community without referring to past experiences, although when describing those experiences, it is very easy to fall into various traps of historical thinking. For this reason, neuroscience and methodology are of such a great importance to the historian of the 20th Century History.
Reality as a feeling – a feeling as reality. On the film by Joseph Cedar, Footnote
Authors: Hendrykowski Marek
Published: October 2020

Hendrykowski Marek, Reality as a feeling – a feeling as reality. On the film by Joseph Cedar, Footnote. “Images” vol. XXV, no. 34. Poznań 2019. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Pp. 57–xx. ISSN 1731-450X. DOI 10.14746/i.2019.34.04.

This analytical study by Marek Hendrykowski is an attempt to re-read one of the most valuable contemporary films of Israeli production, Footnote, written and directed by Joseph Cedar. The author paid particular attention to the specific way of conducting a seemingly dependent narration, skillfully combining the image of external reality with the sphere of thought and the feelings of the main character.
Terror films: The socio-cultural reconstruction of trauma in contemporary Israeli cinema
Authors: Ben-Moshe Yael , Ebbrecht-Hartmann Tobias
Published: October 2020

Ben-Moshe Yael, Ebbrecht-Hartmann Tobias, Terror films: The socio-cultural reconstruction of trauma in contemporary Israeli cinema. “Images” vol. XXV, no. 34. Poznań 2019. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Pp. 69–86. ISSN 1731-450X. DOI 10.14746/i.2019.34.05.

The public discourse in Israel regarding events such as the Holocaust, war, or terror attacks mostly failed to embrace the trauma caused by such events, and to integrate their effects in the collective memory. According to trauma theoreticians, the location of trauma in the discourse is related to the character of trauma as a non-narratable memory, since personal trauma exist in the void, thus marking a missing memory. This paper explores the notion of trauma in contemporary Israeli cinema as it was reconstructed during and after the Second Intifada (2000–2008). The paper focuses on feature films reflecting on experiences of terrorist violence, among them Avanim (2004), Distortion (2004), Frozen Days (2006), The Bubble (2006), 7 Minutes in Heaven (2009). These films embrace parallel elements structuring a worldview, in the private as well as the collective sphere, thus shaping the surroundings as a mirror of the self and the subjective traumatic experience as a reflection of a complex social reality.A particular focus of our analysis will also be on aesthetic strategies that cinematically express rupture and distortion of terrorist violence and trauma, especially moments of suddenness and disruption in contrast to duration and circular repetition, elements of a specific temporality of trauma that also shaped the narration and style of recent Israeli war films, such as Waltz with Bashir (2008) or Beaufort (2007).
The Tears of Odysseus: Brandstaetter’s Revisiting of the Ancient Homeric Tradition
Authors: Wesołowska Elżbieta
Published: October 2020

The paper focuses on the connections between Homeric poems, mainly Odyssey and the Polish drama Odysseus Crying by the Polish playwright Roman Brandstaetter, especially in the light of the motif of weeping and crying.
Semiotics of Old Age in Polish Neo-Latin Poetry. Samboritanus, Cochanovius, Treter, Sarbievius, Ines
Authors: Buszewicz Elwira
Published: October 2020

The main aim of this paper is to analyze several early-modern Neo-Latin poems written by Polish authors; the poems deal (in different ways) with old age. The poets undertake a kind of intertextual game with the reader, applying various stereotypes and clichés. On can speak about a “semiotic landscape” of old age. The authors taken into consideration are Jan Kochanowski, Grzegorz of Sambor, Thomas Treter (16th century) and Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, Albert Ines (17th century).
Differential Short-Term Plasticity of PV and SST Neurons Accounts for Adaptation and Facilitation of Cortical Neurons to Auditory Tones
Authors: Seay Michael J. , Natan Ryan G. , Geffen Maria N. , Buonomano Dean V.
Published: October 2020

Cortical responses to sensory stimuli are strongly modulated by temporal context. One of the best studied examples of such modulation is sensory adaptation. We first show that in response to repeated tones pyramidal (Pyr) neurons in male mouse auditory cortex (A1) exhibit facilitating and stable responses, in addition to adapting responses. To examine the potential mechanisms underlying these distinct temporal profiles, we developed a reduced spiking model of sensory cortical circuits that incorporated the signature short-term synaptic plasticity (STP) profiles of the inhibitory parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SST) interneurons. The model accounted for all three temporal response profiles as the result of dynamic changes in excitatory/inhibitory balance produced by STP, primarily through shifts in the relative latency of Pyr and inhibitory neurons. Transition between the three response profiles was possible by changing the strength of the inhibitory PV→Pyr and SST→Pyr synapses. The model predicted that a unit's latency would be related to its temporal profile. Consistent with this prediction, the latency of stable units was significantly shorter than that of adapting and facilitating units. Furthermore, because of the history-dependence of STP the model generated a paradoxical prediction: that inactivation of inhibitory neurons during one tone would decrease the response of A1 neurons to a subsequent tone. Indeed, we observed that optogenetic inactivation of PV neurons during one tone counterintuitively decreased the spiking of Pyr neurons to a subsequent tone 400 ms later. These results provide evidence that STP is critical to temporal context-dependent responses in the sensory cortex.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOur perception of speech and music depends strongly on temporal context, i.e., the significance of a stimulus depends on the preceding stimuli. Complementary neural mechanisms are needed to sometimes ignore repetitive stimuli (e.g., the tic of a clock) or detect meaningful repetition (e.g., consecutive tones in Morse code). We modeled a neural circuit that accounts for diverse experimentally-observed response profiles in auditory cortex (A1) neurons, based on known forms of short-term synaptic plasticity (STP). Whether the simulated circuit reduced, maintained, or enhanced its response to repeated tones depended on the relative dominance of two different types of inhibitory cells. The model made novel predictions that were experimentally validated. Results define an important role for STP in temporal context-dependent perception.
Sleeping Sickness Disrupts the Sleep-Regulating Adenosine System
Authors: Rijo-Ferreira Filipa , Bjorness Theresa E. , Cox Kimberly H. , Sonneborn Alex , Greene Robert W. , Takahashi Joseph S.
Published: October 2020

Patients with sleeping sickness, caused by the parasiteTrypanosoma brucei, have disruptions in both sleep timing and sleep architecture. However, the underlying cause of these sleep disturbances is not well understood. Here, we assessed the sleep architecture of male mice infected withT. bruceiand found that infected mice had drastically altered sleep patterns. Interestingly,T. brucei-infected mice also had a reduced homeostatic sleep response to sleep deprivation, a response modulated by the adenosine system. We found that infected mice had a reduced electrophysiological response to an adenosine receptor antagonist and increased adenosine receptor gene expression. Although the mechanism by whichT. bruceiinfection causes these changes remains to be determined, our findings suggest that the symptoms of sleeping sickness may be because of alterations in homeostatic adenosine signaling.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSleeping sickness is a fatal disease that disrupts the circadian clock, causes disordered temperature regulation, and induces sleep disturbance. To examine the neurologic effects of infection in the absence of other symptoms, in this study, we used a mouse model of sleeping sickness in which the acute infection was treated but brain infection remained. Using this model, we evaluated the effects of the sleeping sickness parasite,Trypanosoma brucei, on sleep patterns in mice, under both normal and sleep-deprived conditions. Our findings suggest that signaling of adenosine, a neuromodulator involved in mediating homeostatic sleep drive, may be reduced in infected mice.
The Poorest After the Pandemic
Authors: Krishna Anirudh
Published: October 2020

Many developing countries have large populations at risk of falling into chronic poverty due to threats to their health and livelihoods. Despite global poverty reduction over recent decades, many remain near-poor, and an episode of ill health or job loss can plunge a household into poverty. The coronavirus pandemic threatens to send tens of millions of people around the world below the poverty line. Some countries are especially unprepared to protect their people from health and economic shocks. They should focus on reforms to improve access to health care, secure work, and opportunities for social mobility.
Science, Politics, and the Pandemic
Authors: Ziegler J. Nicholas
Published: October 2020

Comparing the virus responses in Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States shows that in order for scientific expertise to result in effective policy, rational political leadership is required. Each of these three countries is known for advanced biomedical research, yet their experiences in the COVID-19 pandemic diverged widely. Germany’s political leadership carefully followed scientific advice and organized public–private partnerships to scale up testing, resulting in relatively low infection levels. The UK and US political responses were far more erratic and less informed by scientific advice—and proved much less effective.