bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computed Tomography of Paranasal Sinus Pathologies with Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery/Nasal Endoscopy Correlation
Authors: Rao Kiran
Published: August 2016

A prospective study was conducted on 50 patients at the SGRD Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, suffering from paranasal sinus disease correlating the findings of computed tomography (CT) using Siemens SOMATOM Emotion 6 slice CT machine with diagnostic nasal endoscopy or functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS).

Infection of the paranasal sinuses is very common. Surgical clearance of these chronically infected sinuses while maintaining their ventilation and drainage is the treatment of choice. To achieve this goal, there should be some diagnostic modality that guides us toward the exact diagnosis and safe intervention. Computed tomography proves to be the most reliable method of preoperative assessment of patients undergoing FESS as it delineates the extent of the disease and defines any anatomical variants and relationship of the sinuses with the surrounding important structures, thus providing a road map for sinus surgery.

In our study, most patients were in the 3rd and 4th decades of their life with equal disease incidence in males and females. The most common sinus involved was anterior ethmoid sinus, while sphenoid sinus was the least commonly involved. The most common pattern of inflammation was sinonasal polyposis followed by osteomeatal unit pattern. On correlating CT diagnosis with the final diagnosis, chronic sinusitis had 86% sensitivity and 96.5% specificity. Polyps had sensitivity of 96.15% and specificity of 95.83%. Again for fungal sinusitis, CT had a lower sensitivity of 71.4% and specificity of 93.02%. For diagnosing benign and malignant lesions, CT had 100% sensitivity and specificity, which could be due to the small number of masses evaluated. This study proved that CT is the modality of choice for evaluating and planning the management of symptomatic patients of paranasal sinus pathologies.

How to cite this article

Rao K. Computed Tomography of Paranasal Sinus Pathologies with Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery/Nasal Endoscopy Correlation. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2016;9(1):1-5.
Morphometric Analysis and Degree of Satisfaction of Nasal Profiles in Young Medical Students in Northern India
Authors: Sharma Rohit , Agarwal Jolly
Published: August 2016

Background

The nose is the most prominent feature on the face, giving it an exaggerated importance than other facial features. Many people have some complaints about the shapes of their noses. There is increasing interest in cosmetic rhinoplasty in recent times, but reports of anthropometric measurements of the Indian population are limited.

Aims

The objective of this survey was to provide anthropometric data for reconstructive and cosmetic surgery, and medical esthetics.

Materials and methods

A random sample of medical students of both the sexes between the ages of 18 and 25 years from our medical college was obtained for this study. We measured the nasal height, nasal width, and anatomical nasal index. We also inquired about the degree of satisfaction and, in case of dissatisfaction, what an individual wants with his/her nose. The data were analyzed statistically.

Results

Nasal indices were leptorrhine type and showed sexual dimorphism (female vs male: 60.44 vs 67.79). Most of the individuals were satisfied with their nose. Those unsatisfied had larger nasal indices and wanted smaller noses.

Conclusion

This study can help in understanding the need of those who want a more “shapely” nose and can contribute to satisfactory results of cosmetic and reconstructive nasal surgery, anthropology, and forensic medicine.

How to cite this article

Agarwal J, Sharma R, Kumar V. Morphometric Analysis and Degree of Satisfaction of Nasal Profiles in Young Medical Students in Northern India. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2016;9(1):24-27.
Foreign Body (Bullet) in Maxilla
Authors: Gupta Ashok , Bansal Sandeep , Chauhan Neha
Published: August 2016

Foreign bodies in the maxillary sinus are not unusual findings. Many cases have been reported so far with foreign bodies like tooth, dental amalgam, chopstick, matchstick, guttapercha point, etc. This paper reports a case of bullet injury with a lodged bullet in maxillary sinus and was retrieved by Caldwell-Luc approach with no intraoperative and postoperative complications.

How to cite this article

Bansal S, Chauhan N, Gupta AK. Foreign Body (Bullet) in Maxilla. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(1):30-32.
Risk Factors of Congenital Malformations in North India: A Case—control Study
Authors: Singh Amarjeet , Sinha Smita
Published: August 2016

An increasing incidence of congenital malformations (CMF) has been reported in India.

Background and objective

To ascertain the determinants of congenital malformations.

Materials and methods

This hospital based age-sex matched pair case control study was done at Advanced Pediatric Centre, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (ANC clinic, Maternity ward, labor room, etc.) and Special Clinics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India in 2008. The mothers were interviewed to collect information about risk factors.

Results

Two hundred three CMF (under five children and gestational CMF) cases and same number of controls were studied. Significant association of CMF was observed with the use of sex selection drugs by mothers (OR = 4.35), habits of fathers like taking alcohol (OR = 3), smoking (OR = 4.5) and using tobacco (OR = 2.7). Mother's age at marriage < 18 years and history of abortion were also important predictors of CMF.

Conclusion

Most of the risk factors for CMF were avoidable viz addiction, early marriage and use of sex selection drugs. People need to be educated about this.

How to cite this article

Singh A, Sinha S. Risk Factors of Congenital Malformations in North India: A Case—control Study. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(2):59-63.
Modified Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy
Authors: Singh Chandeep , Kacker Shitij , Marya Sanjiv KS
Published: August 2016

Trochanteric osteotomy, the most extensile approach, is a valuable tool for difficult primary and revision total hip arthroplasties (THAs). Extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) is helpful in revision and extraction of well-fixed cemented as well as uncemented fremoral components, facilitates in cement extraction, and also in enhancing acetabular exposure. Tradional posterolateral ETO is initiated at the posterior aspect of the femur.

We describe a modification of ETO by an anterolateral approach. The advantage of this approach is that as it preserves an intact musculo-osseo-muscular sleeve comprising of gluteus medius and minimus, greater trochanter, and vastus lateralis it allows physiological reconstruction of hip's soft tissue envelope and thus prevents proximal migration, nonunion of the osteotomy, and abductor lurch, which are the commonest complications associated with an ETO.

Anterolateral exposure of hip joint and anterior fibers of gluteus medius, minimus, and capsule reflected as cuff and limbs of osteotomy are marked, and after completing the osteotomy with the help of osteotomes passed from posterior to anterior, the fragment is hooked open on its anterior muscular hinge. Osteotomy is fixed with the help of three to four cerclage wires depending on length of osteotomy.

Full-weight bearing and abduction against gravity are only allowed after confirming radiological union of the osteotomy.

How to cite this article

Kacker S, Singh C, Marya SKS. Modified Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(2):93-95.
Primary Osteosarcoma of the Breast presenting as a Large Breast Abscess
Authors: Nawarathna Nadeesha Jeewan , Chandrasekara Deepthika , Kumarasinghe Nawam R , Balasooriya Rasika Shamalie , Rathnayake Palitha , Seneviratne Ranjith J
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Primary extraosseous osteogenic sarcoma is one of the rarest forms of malignant tumor of the breast. It can arise as a result of osseous metaplasia of a preexisting neoplasm or from a none-phyllodes sarcoma of a previously normal breast. Due to its rarity, the natural history and optimal treatment methods remain unclear.

Case presentation

A 60 years old patient presented to the surgical casualty with a large breast abscess. Abscess wall histology revealed an osteosarcoma of the breast. Left total mastectomy with axillary clearance was performed. Histology and subsequent immunohistochemical studies confirmed the diagnosis of osteogenic sarcoma without lymph nodal metastasis. Patient was referred to the oncologist for further management.

Conclusion

Rare types of breast tumors can be presented as breast abscess. Incision and drainage together with wall biopsy aid to exclude associated sinister pathologies. Diagnosis of primary osteosarcoma of the breast was made using histological and immunohistochemical findings once the possible primary from the bones of sternum and ribs was excluded. Treatment is as for sarcomas affecting other locations and should comprise a multidisciplinary approach.

How to cite this article

Nawarathna NJ, Chandrasekara D, Kumarasinghe NR, Balasooriya RS, Rathnayake P, Seneviratne RJ. Primary Osteosarcoma of the Breast presenting as a Large Breast Abscess. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(2):96-99.
Mean Platelet Volume and Platelet Distribution Width as Markers of Vascular Thrombosis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Bhanukumar M , Ramaswamy Prasanna KH , Peddi Naveen K , Menon Vineetha B
Published: August 2016

Aims

The objective of the study was to determine the mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) compared to subjects without type 2 DM and their correlation with fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and duration of type 2 DM respectively.

Materials and methods

A prospective analytical case—control study was conducted involving 50 subjects with type 2 DM and 50 subjects without type 2 DM. The mean and standard deviation were estimated for both the groups separately and independent Student's “t”-test was used for evaluating the significant difference. The statistical evaluation was carried out at 95% confidence level.

Results

Mean MPV and PDW in case group was significantly higher compared to control group (p < 0.005). Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and duration of type 2 DM did not significantly alter MPV or PDW.

Conclusion

The study concludes that MPV and PDW are significantly increased in patients with type 2 DM compared to patients without type 2 DM. Platelet volume indices are an important, simple, and cost-effective tool that should be used and explored extensively, especially in countries, such as India, for predicting the possibility of impending acute vascular events in patients with type 2 DM.

Clinical significance

This analytical method helps us to use MPV and PDW as early markers of vascular thrombosis.

How to cite this article

Bhanukumar M, Ramaswamy PKH, Peddi NK, Menon VB. Mean Platelet Volume and Platelet Distribution Width as Markers of Vascular Thrombosis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(3):127-131.
Appendicular Histology and Its Clinical Significance in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Study from North India
Authors: Chhabra Puneet , Gupta Rajesh , Nada Ritambhra , Sharma Vishal , Rana Surinder S , Bhasin Deepak K , Sharma Ravi , Parvez Nadeem , Gunjan Deepak , Dhalaria Lovneet
Published: August 2016

Background and aims

The appendix may be involved in ulcerative colitis (UC) to variable extent. Clinical significance of appendicular involvement is not clear and it has long been considered an innocent bystander. This study prospectively investigated appendiceal histology and its clinical significance in patients with UC.

Materials and methods

Colonoscopy was performed in 60 patients and biopsies were taken from appendiceal orifice, cecum, and colon. Appendiceal histology was classified as active if there was presence of neutrophils with crypt distortion. Inactive inflammation was defined as positive for crypt distortion and negative for neutrophils. Otherwise the histology was reported as normal or nonspecific changes. The patients were followed for a minimum period of 6 months.

Results

In patients evaluated endoscopically, 63% patients had histological involvement of the appendiceal orifice. Pancolitis was seen more commonly in patients with appendicular orifice inflammation than in patients with normal appendicular histology (44.7 vs 9%, p = 0.001). Most patients with appendiceal orifice inflammation had involvement of the cecum. Skip lesion of the appendix without cecum involvement was seen in 37% of the patients. The patients with appendiceal orifice inflammation had a significantly higher grade of endoscopic colitis compared to patients with normal histology (p = 0.006). Relapse rate was higher in patients with appendiceal orifice inflammation than in patients with normal appendiceal histology (18.4 vs 9%), although the difference was insignificant (p = 0.329).

Conclusion

Appendicular involvement in ulcerative colitis is not uncommon. Its involvement may predict the course, extent, and severity of colitis.

How to cite this article

Parvez N, Rana SS, Nada R, Sharma V, Sharma R, Chhabra P, Gunjan D, Dhalaria L, Gupta R, Bhasin DK. Appendicular Histology and Its Clinical Significance in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Study from North India. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(3):141-147.
Bilateral Variation of Lateral Root of Median Nerve traversing through Coracobrachialis Muscle
Authors: Sahni Daisy , Gupta Tulika , Aggarwal Anjali , Aggarwal Aditya
Published: August 2016

An unusual bilateral variation of lateral root of median nerve piercing through coracobrachialis muscle is presented. Two nerve filaments to coracobrachialis muscle took unusual origin from medial cord, which crossed the axillary artery from medial to lateral side before entering the muscle. Variation of lateral root of median nerve may be clinically significant, as hitherto unreported entrapment neuropathy of median nerve along with musculocutaneous may occur at the arm level while passing through coracobrachialis muscle or it may be injured during any surgical intervention around shoulder joint. Nerves to coracobrachialis are at risk during unusual abduction of arm or surgical manipulation of axillary artery.

How to cite this article

Aggarwal A, Gupta T, Aggarwal A, Sahni D. Bilateral Variation of Lateral Root of Median Nerve traversing through Coracobrachialis Muscle. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(3):159-161.
An evaluation of IASI-NH3 with ground-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements
Authors: Dammers Enrico , Palm Mathias , Van Damme Martin , Vigouroux Corinne , Smale Dan , Conway Stephanie , Toon Geoffrey C. , Jones Nicholas , Nussbaumer Eric , Warneke Thorsten , Petri Christof , Clarisse Lieven , Clerbaux Cathy , Hermans Christian , Lutsch Erik , Strong Kim , Hannigan James W. , Nakajima Hideaki , Morino Isamu , Herrera Beatriz , Stremme Wolfgang , Grutter Michel , Schaap Martijn , Wichink Kruit Roy J. , Notholt Justus , Coheur Pierre-F. , Erisman Jan Willem
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Global distributions of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) measured with satellite instruments such as the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) contain valuable information on NH3 concentrations and variability in regions not yet covered by ground-based instruments. Due to their large spatial coverage and (bi-)daily overpasses, the satellite observations have the potential to increase our knowledge of the distribution of NH3 emissions and associated seasonal cycles. However the observations remain poorly validated, with only a handful of available studies often using only surface measurements without any vertical information. In this study, we present the first validation of the IASI-NH3 product using ground-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) observations. Using a recently developed consistent retrieval strategy, NH3 concentration profiles have been retrieved using observations from nine Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) stations around the world between 2008 and 2015. We demonstrate the importance of strict spatio-temporal collocation criteria for the comparison. Large differences in the regression results are observed for changing intervals of spatial criteria, mostly due to terrain characteristics and the short lifetime of NH3 in the atmosphere. The seasonal variations of both datasets are consistent for most sites. Correlations are found to be high at sites in areas with considerable NH3 levels, whereas correlations are lower at sites with low atmospheric NH3 levels close to the detection limit of the IASI instrument. A combination of the observations from all sites (Nobs = 547) give a mean relative difference of −32.4 ± (56.3) %, a correlation r of 0.8 with a slope of 0.73. These results give an improved estimate of the IASI-NH3 product performance compared to the previous upper-bound estimates (−50 to +100 %).
Vertical profiles of black carbon measured by a micro-aethalometer in summer
in the North China Plain
Authors: Ran Liang , Deng Zhaoze , Xu Xiaobin , Yan Peng , Lin Weili , Wang Ying , Tian Ping , Wang Pucai , Pan Weilin , Lu Daren
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a dominant absorber in the visible spectrum and a potent factor in climatic effects. Vertical profiles of BC were measured using a micro-aethalometer attached to a tethered balloon during the Vertical Observations of trace Gases and Aerosols (VOGA) field campaign, in summer 2014 at a semirural site in the North China Plain (NCP). The diurnal cycle of BC vertical distributions following the evolution of the mixing layer (ML) was investigated for the first time in the NCP region. Statistical parameters including identified mixing height (Hm) and average BC mass concentrations within the ML (Cm) and in the free troposphere (Cf) were obtained for a selected dataset of 67 vertical profiles. Hm was usually lower than 0.2 km in the early morning and rapidly rose thereafter due to strengthened turbulence. The maximum height of the ML was reached in the late afternoon. The top of a full developed ML exceeded 1 km on sunny days in summer, while it stayed much lower on cloudy  days. The sunset triggered the collapse of the ML, and a stable nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) gradually formed. Accordingly, the highest level Cm was found in the early morning and the lowest was found in the afternoon. In the daytime, BC was almost uniformly distributed within the ML and significantly decreased above the ML. During the field campaign, Cm averaged about 5.16 ± 2.49 µg m−3, with a range of 1.12 to 14.49 µg m−3, comparable with observational results in many polluted urban areas such as Milan in Italy and Shanghai in China. As evening approached, BC gradually built up near the surface and exponentially declined with height. In contrast to the large variability found both in Hm and Cm, Cf stayed relatively unaffected through the day. Cf was less than 10 % of the ground level under clean conditions, while it amounted to half of the ground level in some polluted cases. In situ measurements of BC vertical profiles would hopefully have an important implication for accurately estimating direct radiative forcing by BC and improving the retrieval of aerosol optical properties by remote sensing in this region.
In situ observations of the isotopic composition of methane at the Cabauw
tall tower site
Authors: Röckmann Thomas , Eyer Simon , van der Veen Carina , Popa Maria E. , Tuzson Béla , Monteil Guillaume , Houweling Sander , Harris Eliza , Brunner Dominik , Fischer Hubertus , Zazzeri Giulia , Lowry David , Nisbet Euan G. , Brand Willi A. , Necki Jaroslav M. , Emmenegger Lukas , Mohn Joachim
Published: August 2016

Abstract. High-precision analyses of the isotopic composition of methane in ambient air can potentially be used to discriminate between different source categories. Due to the complexity of isotope ratio measurements, such analyses have generally been performed in the laboratory on air samples collected in the field. This poses a limitation on the temporal resolution at which the isotopic composition can be monitored with reasonable logistical effort. Here we present the performance of a dual isotope ratio mass spectrometric system (IRMS) and a quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy (QCLAS)-based technique for in situ analysis of the isotopic composition of methane under field conditions. Both systems were deployed at the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) in the Netherlands and performed in situ, high-frequency (approx. hourly) measurements for a period of more than 5 months. The IRMS and QCLAS instruments were in excellent agreement with a slight systematic offset of (+0.25 ± 0.04) ‰ for δ13C and (−4.3 ± 0.4) ‰ for δD. This was corrected for, yielding a combined dataset with more than 2500 measurements of both δ13C and δD. The high-precision and high-temporal-resolution dataset not only reveals the overwhelming contribution of isotopically depleted agricultural CH4 emissions from ruminants at the Cabauw site but also allows the identification of specific events with elevated contributions from more enriched sources such as natural gas and landfills. The final dataset was compared to model calculations using the global model TM5 and the mesoscale model FLEXPART-COSMO. The results of both models agree better with the measurements when the TNO-MACC emission inventory is used in the models than when the EDGAR inventory is used. This suggests that high-resolution isotope measurements have the potential to further constrain the methane budget when they are performed at multiple sites that are representative for the entire European domain.
A new technique for the direct detection of HO2 radicals using bromide
chemical ionization mass spectrometry (Br-CIMS): initial characterization
Authors: Sanchez Javier , Tanner David J. , Chen Dexian , Huey L. Gregory , Ng Nga L.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Hydroperoxy radicals (HO2) play an important part in tropospheric photochemistry, yet photochemical models do not capture ambient HO2 mixing ratios consistently. This is likely due to a combination of uncharacterized chemical pathways and measurement limitations. The indirect nature of current HO2 measurements introduces challenges in accurately measuring HO2; therefore a direct technique would help constrain HOx chemistry in the atmosphere. In this work we evaluate the feasibility of using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) and propose a direct HO2 detection scheme using bromide as a reagent ion. Ambient observations were made with a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-CIMS) in Atlanta over the month of June 2015 to demonstrate the capability of this direct measurement technique. Observations displayed expected diurnal profiles, reaching daytime median values of ∼ 5 ppt between 2 and 3 p.m. local time. The HO2 diurnal profile was found to be influenced by morning-time vehicular NOx emissions and shows a slow decrease into the evening, likely from non-photolytic production, among other factors. Measurement sensitivities of approximately 5.1 ± 1.0 cps ppt−1 for a bromide ion (79Br−) count rate of 106 cps were observed. The relatively low instrument background allowed for a 3σ lower detection limit of 0.7 ppt for a 1 min integration time. Mass spectra of ambient measurements showed the 79BrHO2− peak was the major component of the signal at nominal mass-to-charge 112, suggesting high selectivity for HO2 at this mass-to-charge. More importantly, this demonstrates that these measurements can be achieved using instruments with only unit mass resolution capability.
Inorganic carbon cycling and biogeochemical processes in an Arctic inland
sea (Hudson Bay)
Authors: Burt William J. , Thomas Helmuth , Miller Lisa A. , Granskog Mats A. , Papakyriakou Tim N. , Pengelly Leah
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The distributions of carbonate system parameters in Hudson Bay, which not only receives nearly one-third of Canada's river discharge but is also subject to annual cycles of sea-ice formation and melt, indicate that the timing and magnitude of freshwater inputs play an important role in carbon biogeochemistry and acidification in this unique Arctic ecosystem. This study uses basin-wide measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA), as well as stable isotope tracers (δ18O and δ13CDIC), to provide a detailed assessment of carbon cycling processes within the bay. Surface distributions of carbonate parameters reveal the particular importance of freshwater inputs in the southern portion of the bay. Based on TA, we surmise that the deep waters in the Hudson Bay are largely of Pacific origin. Riverine TA end-members vary significantly both regionally and with small changes in near-surface depths, highlighting the importance of careful surface water sampling in highly stratified waters. In an along-shore transect, large increases in subsurface DIC are accompanied by equivalent decreases in δ13CDIC with no discernable change in TA, indicating a respiratory DIC production on the order of 100 µmol kg−1 DIC during deep water circulation around the bay.
RTTOV-gb – adapting the fast radiative transfer model RTTOV for the
assimilation of ground-based microwave radiometer observations
Authors: De Angelis Francesco , Cimini Domenico , Hocking James , Martinet Pauline , Kneifel Stefan
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Ground-based microwave radiometers (MWRs) offer a new capability to provide continuous observations of the atmospheric thermodynamic state in the planetary boundary layer. Thus, they are potential candidates to supplement radiosonde network and satellite data to improve numerical weather prediction (NWP) models through a variational assimilation of their data. However in order to assimilate MWR observations, a fast radiative transfer model is required and such a model is not currently available. This is necessary for going from the model state vector space to the observation space at every observation point. The fast radiative transfer model RTTOV is well accepted in the NWP community, though it was developed to simulate satellite observations only. In this work, the RTTOV code has been modified to allow for simulations of ground-based upward-looking microwave sensors. In addition, the tangent linear, adjoint, and K-modules of RTTOV have been adapted to provide Jacobians (i.e., the sensitivity of observations to the atmospheric thermodynamical state) for ground-based geometry. These modules are necessary for the fast minimization of the cost function in a variational assimilation scheme. The proposed ground-based version of RTTOV, called RTTOV-gb, has been validated against accurate and less time-efficient line-by-line radiative transfer models. In the frequency range commonly used for temperature and humidity profiling (22–60 GHz), root-mean-square brightness temperature differences are smaller than typical MWR uncertainties (∼ 0.5 K) at all channels used in this analysis. Brightness temperatures (TBs) computed with RTTOV-gb from radiosonde profiles have been compared with nearly simultaneous and co-located ground-based MWR observations. Differences between simulated and measured TBs are below 0.5 K for all channels except for the water vapor band, where most of the uncertainty comes from instrumental errors. The Jacobians calculated with the K-module of RTTOV-gb have been compared with those calculated with the brute force technique and those from the line-by-line model ARTS. Jacobians are found to be almost identical, except for liquid water content Jacobians for which a 10 % difference between ARTS and RTTOV-gb at transparent channels around 450 hPa is attributed to differences in liquid water absorption models. Finally, RTTOV-gb has been applied as the forward model operator within a one-dimensional variational (1D-Var) software tool in an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE). For both temperature and humidity profiles, the 1D-Var with RTTOV-gb improves the retrievals with respect to the NWP model in the first few kilometers from the ground.
Atmospheric boundary layer modeling based on mesoscale
tendencies and data assimilation at microscale
Authors: Sanz Rodrigo Javier , Churchfield Matthew , Kosovic Branko
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Studies (GABLS) 1, 2 and 3 are used to develop a methodology for the design and testing of Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) models for wind energy applications. The first two GABLS are based on idealized boundary conditions and are suitable for verification purposes by comparing with results from higher-fidelity models based on large-eddy simulation. Results from three single-column RANS models, of 1st, 1.5th and 2nd turbulence closure order, show high consistency in predicting the mean flow. The third GABLS case is suitable for the study of these ABL models under realistic forcing such that validation versus observations at the Cabauw met tower is possible. The case consists on a diurnal cycle that leads to a nocturnal low-level jet and addresses fundamental questions related to the definition of the large-scale forcing, the interaction of the ABL with the surface and the evaluation of model results with observations. The simulations are evaluated in terms of surface-layer fluxes and wind energy quantities of interest: rotor equivalent wind speed, hub-height wind direction, wind speed shear and wind direction veer. The characterization of mesoscale forcing is based on spatial and temporal-averaged momentum budget terms from WRF simulations. These mesoscale tendencies are used to drive single-column models, that were verified previously in the first two GABLS cases, to first demonstrate that they can produce similar wind profile characteristics as the WRF simulations even though the more simplified physics. The added value of incorporating different forcing mechanisms in microscale models is quantified by systematically removing forcing terms in the momentum and heat equations. This mesoscale-to-microscale modelling approach is affected, to a large extent, by the input uncertainties of the mesoscale tendencies. Deviations from the profile observations are reduced by introducing observational nudging based on measurements that are typically available from wind energy campaigns. This allows to discuss the added value of using remote sensing instruments versus tower measurements in the assessment of wind profiles for tall wind turbines reaching heights of 200 m.
Influence of Flexible Working-Time Arrangements on Faculty Satisfaction and Human Resource Retention at Amman Arab University in Jordan
Authors: Al-Kasasbeh Mohammed Mufaddy
Published: August 2016

This study aims at measuring the influence of flexible working-time arrangements on faculty satisfaction and human resource retention. A questionnaire was developed to collect data from all full-time faculty at Amman Arab University in Jordan which consists of 113 faculty members. 83 valid questionnaires were analyzed which encompass (73.5%) from all full-time faculty.The most findings of the study are:-        Faculty perceptions about components of flexible working-time arrangements in Amman Arab University are high, except the paragraphs relating to uploading of courses materials on e-learning system from home, and interacting with students on the e-learning system from home, which the relative importance of each is moderate.-        Faculty perceptions about their satisfaction components in Amman Arab University are high, except the paragraphs relating to satisfaction with the system of incentives, compensation, promotion, and the opportunities of participation in decision-making which the relative importance of each is moderate.-        Faculty perceptions about human resource retention components in Amman Arab University are high, except the paragraphs relating to University attention to job security, salaries relative to competitive universities, additional benefits, and career planning which the relative importance of each is moderate.-        There is a statistical influence of flexible working hours on faculty satisfaction and human resource retention.-        There is no statistical influence of compressed week and telecommuting on faculty satisfaction and human resource retentionBased on the findings of the study, a set of recommendations was proposed to enhance faculty satisfaction and human resource retention in Amman Arab University.
Tecnologias de comunicação e interação e envelhecimento humano: a busca da inclusão social pela inclusão digital
Authors: Alves Vicente Paulo , Oliveira Regina Célia de
Published: August 2016

As tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs) podem realizar a inclusão digital da pessoa idosa e consequentemente a sua inclusão social. Assim, essas podem auxiliar os idosos a vencer as possíveis dificuldades de inserção no mundo virtual, visto que abrem as portas para que novas relações sociais sejam criadas, ao mesmo tempo em que transformam suas vidas para melhor. A socialização no mundo virtual pode trazer novos relacionamentos e amizades, ajudar na composição daquilo que se entende por envelhecimento saudável e ativo. Por isso, os idosos não precisam ter medo ou receio de aventurar-se pelo mundo das TICs, como se essas fossem algo direcionado exclusivamente para o público jovem, porque estão cada vez mais se adaptando ao público idoso, seja na busca do conhecimento e da informação, seja no entretenimento e no lazer, estão facilitando suas vidas e possibilitando-lhes uma maior inserção na sociedade.
CUA guideline:Vasectomy
Authors: Zini Armand , Grantmyre John , Chan Peter
Published: August 2016

Vasectomy is a safe and effective method of birth control. Although it is a simple elective procedure, vasectomy is associated with potential minor and major complications. The early failure rate of vasectomy (presence of motile sperm in the ejaculate at 3‒6 months post-vasectomy) is in the range of 0.3‒9% and the late failure rate is in the range of 0.04–0.08%. The no-scalpel vasectomy technique is associated with a lower risk of early postoperative complications and the use of cautery or fascial interposition will reduce the risk of contraceptive failure. As such, detailed preoperative counselling and careful assessment of the post-vasectomy ejaculate (for presence of sperm) is imperative. Failure to provide and document adequate information and counselling to patients may lead to litigation.

The focus of this guideline is the management of men presenting for vasectomy. Specifically, the topics covered include: preoperative counselling, vasectomy efficacy and complications, technical aspects of vasectomy, post-vasectomy semen testing, and interpretation-communication of post-vasectomy semen results. By performing an extensive literature review, we have generated an evidence-based consensus on the management of these men. The objective of this guideline is to help standardize the treatment of men presenting for vasectomy.
Androgen receptor axis-targeted agents
Authors: Kapoor Anil , Hotte Sebastien J.
Published: August 2016

N/A
Uso de estatinas e o risco de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2: Revisão Baseada na Evidência
Authors: Silva Susana , Monteiro Nuno
Published: August 2016

Objetivo: Determinar se existe relação entre o uso de estatinas e a incidência de Diabetes Melittus tipo 2 (DM2). Métodos: Foram realizadas pesquisas nas bases de dados National Guidelines Clearinghouse, Cochrane Lybrary, Trip database, PubMed e MedLine utilizando os termos MeSH “Diabetes Mellitus Type 2” e “Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors” (inibidores da HMG-CoA redutase). Foram incluídas revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises e ensaios clínicos aleatorizados e controlados que avaliassem a incidência de DM2 em utilizadores de estatinas, quando comparado com placebo. Resultados: Foram selecionados 10 artigos (1 meta-análise e 9 ensaios clínicos aleatorizados e controlados). A evidência sugere que o uso de estatinas está associado a um aumento da incidência de DM2, principalmente com doses elevadas, em relação ao placebo, na maioria dos estudos avaliados. Conclusão: O risco de incidência de DM2 deve ser considerado, especialmente quando da prescrição de estatinas a indivíduos com baixo risco cardiovascular (SOR A), embora os estudos selecionados apresentem algumas limitações (metodologia heterogênea, sendo a maioria observacional).
Microcefalia e Zika Vírus: características e associações
Authors: Bastos Cynthia Molina , D'Avila Otávio Pereira , Umpierre Roberto Nunes , Faccini Lavínia Schuler , Gonçalves Marcelo Rodrigues , Harzheim Erno
Published: August 2016

Objetivo: Discutir a associação entre microcefalia e a infecção materna por Zika Vírus. A microcefalia é o tamanho da cabeça menor do que o esperado em comparação com bebês do mesmo sexo e idade. Entre as causas conhecidas, estão as infecções congênitas. O aumento de casos entre outubro e novembro de 2015 no nordeste brasileiro, que coincidiu com a presença da circulação de novo vírus no país, em maio do mesmo ano, criou a hipótese de associação entre a microcefalia e a infecção materna durante a gravidez. O Zika Vírus é um arbovírus similar ao da Febre Amarela e da Dengue, transmitido principalmente através da picada do Aedes aegypti. A provável transmissão por relação sexual e transfusão de sangue, além de outros vetores como o Aedes albopictus e possivelmente até o pernilongo (Culex sp) aumentam a necessidade de cuidados preventivos em relação à infecção. O exame para detecção viral idealmente é realizado até o quinto dia após o início dos sintomas. Sorologias ainda não são amplamente disponíveis no Brasil. Métodos: Revisão narrativa da literatura. Conclusão: A associação entre casos de microcefalia e o Zika Vírus é embasada nos relatos de relação têmporo-espacial, padrão de alterações neurológicas associado a malformações congênitas, presença do RNA viral no líquido amniótico e nos tecidos de fetos. As respostas definitivas de causalidade serão possíveis após pesquisas e disponibilidade de exames laboratoriais. As evidências até agora apoiam fortemente esta hipótese e todas as medidas preventivas devem ser estimuladas.
Presenças, ausências e (in)visibilidades de um texto: a escrita (experimental) da cegueira de um corpo que vê
Authors: Santos Rodrigo Gonçalves dos
Published: August 2016

Minha abordagem durante todo este texto acolhe a possibilidade de um corpo do outro que vejo, assim como suas palavras que ouço, serem dados a mim como imediatamente presentes em um campo. Desta forma, me presentifico à sua maneira aquilo a que nunca estarei presente, que me será sempre invisível, de que nunca serei testemunha direta, uma ausência, portanto. Será que isto predestina o outro a ser espelho de mim mesmo assim como eu sou o espelho dele? O outro – aquele que me lê (texto, escritura e autor) – me faz com que eu mesmo tenha, de alguém ou de mim, uma única imagem, na qual eu e o outro estejamos implicados: quem me lê e quem é lido? Enviado em: 16 de maio de 2016.Aprovado em: 12 de julho de 2016.
O texto que existe antes da frase: apontamentos sobre escrever, ler e performar
Authors: Bethonico Bernardo Romagnoli
Published: August 2016

Traçamos uma relação entre escrita, leitura e performance a partir da escritora Maria Gabriela Llansol (1931-2008) e da experiência iniciada em 2010 junto ao coletivo c.e.m. – Centro em Movimento, de Lisboa. Salientamos essas práticas como inerentes à singularidade de cada corpo, em diálogo com a abordagem de Paul Zumthor sobre a performance e a comunicação poética. O corpo e o espaço são assim investigados como elementos não abstratos de um texto escrito, indissociáveis da sua criação e recepção. Pretendemos documentar dessa forma a prática sensível da palavra como um campo expandido, em abertura ao que há de não verbal nela própria. Esta é defendida aqui como uma experiência atenta aos afetos corporais e à relação com o espaço. O artigo propõe finalmente pensar a relação entre corpos leitores/escritores/performadores como um conjunto de singularidades que aprendem a ler, além da linguagem verbal, também o que há antes da frase. Enviado em: 30 de maio de 2016.    Aprovado em: 09 de agosto de 2016.
Designing an Earthquake-Resistant Building
Authors: English Lyn D. , King Donna T.
Published: August 2016

Contributors to the iSTEM (Integrating Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) department share ideas and activities that stimulate student interest in the integrated fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in K–grade 6 classrooms. This article is a comprehensive Earthquake Engineering activity that includes the Designing an earthquake-resistant building problem. The task was implemented in sixth-grade classes (10–11-year-olds). Students applied engineering design processes and their understanding of cross-bracing, tapered geometry, and base isolation to create numerous structures, which they tested on a “shaker table.”
Glyoxalase-1 Overexpression Reverses Defective Proangiogenic Function of Diabetic Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice Model of Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: Peng Zhiyou , Yang Xinrui , Qin Jinbao , Ye Kaichuang , Wang Xin , Shi Huihua , Jiang Mier , Liu Xiaobing , Lu Xinwu
Published: August 2016

Adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC)-based therapy is promising for critical limb ischemia (CLI) treatment, especially in patients with diabetes. However, the therapeutic effects of diabetic ADSCs (D-ADSCs) are impaired by the diabetes, possibly through intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. The objective of the present study was to detect whether overexpression of methylglyoxal-metabolizing enzyme glyoxalase-1 (GLO1), which reduces ROS in D-ADSCs, can restore their proangiogenic function in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice model of CLI. GLO1 overexpression in D-ADSCs (G-D-ADSCs) was achieved using the lentivirus method. G-D-ADSCs showed a significant decrease in intracellular ROS accumulation, increase in cell viability, and resistance to apoptosis under high-glucose conditions compared with D-ADSCs. G-D-ADSCs also performed better in terms of migration, differentiation, and proangiogenic capacity than D-ADSCs in a high-glucose environment. Notably, these properties were restored to the same level as that of nondiabetic ADSCs under high-glucose conditions. G-D-ADSC transplantation induced improved reperfusion and an increased limb salvage rate compared D-ADSCs in a diabetic mice model of CLI. Histological analysis revealed higher microvessel densities and more G-D-ADSC-incorporated microvessels in the G-D-ADSC group than in the D-ADSC group, which was comparable to the nondiabetic ADSC group. Higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A and stromal cell-derived factor-1α and lower expression of hypoxia-induced factor-1α were also detected in the ischemic muscles from the G-D-ADSC group than that of the D-ADSC group. The results of the present study have demonstrated that protection from ROS accumulation by GLO1 overexpression is effective in reversing the impaired biological function of D-ADSCs in promoting neovascularization of diabetic CLI mice model and warrants the future clinical application of D-ADSC-based therapy in diabetic patients.
Protein-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Ameliorate Cognitive Dysfunction and Reduce Aβ Deposition in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Cha Moon-Yong , Kwon Yoo-Wook , Ahn Hyo-Suk , Jeong Hyobin , Lee Yong Yook , Moon Minho , Baik Sung Hoon , Kim Dong Kyu , Song Hyundong , Yi Eugene C. , Hwang Daehee , Kim Hyo-Soo , Mook-Jung Inhee
Published: August 2016

Transplantation of stem cells into the brain attenuates functional deficits in the central nervous system via cell replacement, the release of specific neurotransmitters, and the production of neurotrophic factors. To identify patient-specific and safe stem cells for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD), we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from mouse skin fibroblasts by treating protein extracts of embryonic stem cells. These reprogrammed cells were pluripotent but nontumorigenic. Here, we report that protein-iPSCs differentiated into glial cells and decreased plaque depositions in the 5XFAD transgenic AD mouse model. We also found that transplanted protein-iPSCs mitigated the cognitive dysfunction observed in these mice. Proteomic analysis revealed that oligodendrocyte-related genes were upregulated in brains injected with protein-iPSCs, providing new insights into the potential function of protein-iPSCs. Taken together, our data indicate that protein-iPSCs might be a promising therapeutic approach for AD.
The Simple Geometry of Correlated Regressors and IV Corrections
Authors: J. Butler Richard
Published: August 2016

In medical research, frequently other important determinants, correlated with the key treatment variable, are omitted from the analysis. This omission yields biased and inconsistent estimates. For example, leaving out correlated (with, say, ) determinants of Y from regressions yield biased estimates of key parameters (say ). Instrumental variable estimation solves this problem by constructing similar triangles to retrieve consistent estimates. This article illustrates the geometry of correlated regressor bias, and the simple IV geometric solution.
How the Quantitative Easing Affect the Spillover Effects between the Metal Market and United States Dollar Index?
Authors: Su Jung-Bin
Published: August 2016

This study explores both return and volatility spillover effects, the co-integration relation and the correlative relationship between the metal market in London metal exchange and United States exchange rate market, and the risk premium and leverage effect in each of these two markets for the periods before and during quantitative easing (QE). Empirical results show that, as the QE is executed the risk premium in US exchange rate market will disappear; and the speed and direction of the adjustment back to equilibrium respectively becomes greater and is reversed for the co-integration relation in metal market. Regarding these two markets only the return spillover effect is affected, and the degree of negative correlative relationship becomes more obvious as the QE is executed.
Michael Meerson and Peter Schäfer, Eds. and Trans. Toledot Yeshu: The Life Story of Jesus
Authors: Vehlow Katja
Published: August 2016

No abstract is available.
Tuberculous Spondylitis of the Craniovertebral Junction
Authors: Megaloikonomos Panayiotis D. , Igoumenou Vasilios , Antoniadou Thekla , Mavrogenis Andreas F. , Soultanis Konstantinos
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Craniovertebral junction tuberculosis is rare, accounting for 0.3 to 1% of all tuberculous spondylitis cases. MR imaging is the modality of choice to detect bone involvement, abscess formation and subligamentous spreading of the pus, to differentiate from other lesions affecting the craniovertebral junction, and to determine the efficacy of treatment. Given the fact that surgical treatment of patients with craniovertebral junction tuberculosis has been associated with a high mortality rate ranging up to 10% and recurrence rate ranging up to 20%, conservative is the standard of treatment for most patients.This article presents a patient with craniovertebral junction Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection diagnosed with CT-guided biopsy. A halo vest was applied and antituberculous treatment with rifampicin, isoniazid and ethambutol was initiated. At 6-month follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic; CT of the cervical spine showed healing of the bony lesions. The halo vest was removed and physical therapy was recommended. Antituberculous treatment was continued for a total of 18 months, without any evidence of infection recurrence