bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cattle for God: An Attempt at a Marxist Analysis of the Religion of East African Herdsmen
Authors: Bonte Pierre , Miller Joan M.
Published: March 2007

En produisant du bétail pour satisfaire les indispensables sacrifices dus à Dieu, les éleveurs d'Afrique de l'Est n'obeis sent pas plus à des fantasmes qu' à des besoins alimentaires : ils créent les conditions de reproduction de leur propre société. L'utilisation religieuse du bétail, loin de s'opposer à ses autres formes d'utilisation, ressort d'un même féti chisme du bétail qui masque les conditions réelles de la vie sociale. L'organisation religieuse apparait dans ces sociétés comme dominante parce qu'elle détermine la structure commu nautaire et en garantit la reproduction. Aussi, lorsque les conditions économiques entrainent une transformation de la société, cette transformation passe-t-elle par une nouvelle institution religieuse, le prophétisme dont l'émergence crée les conditions d'apparition de rapports de classe.
Bibliographie de Sociologie de la Religion en Italie 1966 - 1976
Authors: Guizzardi Gustavo , Pace Enzo
Published: March 2007

Cette bibliographie concerne les travaux d'auteurs italiens durant la dernière décennie. Nous avons choisi cette période non seulement pour limiter l'ampleur du champ à couvrir, mais encore pour mieux rendre compte de certaines tendances nouvelles au sein des recherches theori ques et empiriques.
Aspects of Kinship and the Rise of Jehovah's Witnesses in Japan
Authors: Wilson Bryan
Published: March 2007

Depuis la fin de la deuxième guerre mondiale, la séculari sation s'est très rapidement répandue au Japon. Ce phénomène est lié à l'effondrement de la religion d'Etat (le Shintoisme), à la diminution d'importance du culte des ancètres et au phénomène, mondialement répandu, de l'accroissement des « rôles professionnels anonymes ». Dans le Japon con temporain, la religion traditionnelle n'est plus qu'un vestige du passé. La vie religieuse la plus intense se concentre désor mais au sein des vastes « Associations Bouddhiques de Laics », les « nouvelles religions ». Dans le contexte de vie de plus en plus rationalisé du japon, les méthodes et l'organisation des Témoins de Jéhovah semblent très bien convenir. Au cours des trois dernières années, le nombre de Témoins au Japon s'est accru plus rapidement que dans n'importe quel autre pays du monde et la quantité de Témoins qui sont devenus des pionniers du Mouvement est également beaucoup plus importante qu'ailleurs.

L'attrait du Mouvement est certainement renforcé par son style de vie égalitaire, par la conviction absolue et la tranquilité d'esprit qu'il fournit quant à l'avenir, par la force que procure l'appartenance soumise au groupe et par les conseils éclairants qu'il fournit dans de nombreuses situations délicates de la vie, y compris les relations familiales et l'iducation des enfants. Le Mouvement semble se conformer à la vie japonaise bien mieux que d'autres organisations d'inspiration chrétienne. D'un questionnaire auquel répondirent 377 Témoins de Tokyo, il ressort que les femmes jouent un rôle très important dans le Mouvement. Un grand nombre de ceux qui répondirent à ce questionnaire étaient célibataires et beaucoup d'entre eux n'avaient aucun parent au sein du Mouvement. Les commen taires émis au cours des interviews laissent apparaître claire ment que pour beaucoup l'attrait du Mouvement réside dans la discipline, la gentillesse et les qualités se substituant à la parenté dont les Témoins font manifestement preuve.
Introduction à la sociologie religieuse d'Ibn Khaldûn (1332-1406)
Authors: Monteil Vincent
Published: March 2007

Ibn Khaldûn has been born in Tunis (1332 A.D.). He died in Cairo (1406), where he was buried. He lived the life of a statesman, a professor and a judge. His fame, in our age, comes from a book called " Introduction " (Muqaddima) to world history. This extremely important work has been re cently translated into English by Franz Rosenthal (1958) and into French by Vincent Monteil (Beyrouth 1968/Paris 1978), from the best manuscript available in Istanbul (n° 1936 in Atif Efendi's library). Highly praised by A.J. Toynbee (A Study in History, London, 1935, III, 322), it is a master piece which deals with every topic conceivable (history, philosophy, cul ture, religion etc.). In fact, Ibn Khaldûn is a forerunner in the realm of social and human sciences, i.e. in sociology. Even now, his Opus Magnum should be read as a modern author's, whose ideas and thought remain valuable for all time.
L'Église dans la société socialiste
Authors: Krusche Günther
Published: March 2007

The main characteristic of the place and part held by Protes tant churches in the German Democratic Republic lies in the change from a popular and state church status to that of a mino rity church and even of «diaspora». Having mentioned the diffe rent transition and adaptation phases theses churches went throught after the second world war - denazification, anticlerical struggles challenges from Marxist ideology, the founding of the Federation of Protestant Churches in the G.D.R. - the author goes on to explain what understanding this Church has of itself today, the areas that still remain controversial, and finally, the tasks that it has set itself in a socialist society.
Community Values and Societal Values in Family Exchange : Coexistence or Conflict?
Authors: Campiche Roland , Kellerhals Jean
Published: March 2007

Le présent article vise à donner une réponse partielle et provi soire à la question: la conception communautaire des institutions ecclésiastiques touchant le mariage est-elle entrée dans les mœurs? Écartant l'hypothèse de l'inexistence d'un rapport religion-famille ou celle de l'éclipse de cette relation dans la société contempo raine, les auteurs défendent ridée d'un rapport ambigu. Ils s'appuyent pour leur démonstration d'une part sur un abondant matériau récolté auprès d'une cohorte de jeunes mariés en 1974- 1975 et portant sur les normes d'extension, de production et de répartition caractérisant leur échange conjugal, et, d'autre part, sur l'analyse des normes de cet échange telles qu'elles apparaissent dans les liturgies de mariage. Le corpus de ces dernières comprend les liturgies de la francophonie protestante et celle émanant du catholicisme romand avant et après Vatican II. La confrontation de ces deux ensembles de données tend à montrer que les modali tés de l'échange conjugal sont l'objet d'une négociation entre les acteurs concernés, négociation qui ne les amène pas à s'identifier au paradigme communautaire ou sociétaire, mais à créer les con ditions fragiles d'un échange communautaire dans un cadre socié taire.
Popular Religion in Sweden
Authors: Gustafson Göran
Published: March 2007

La religion a perdu presque toute influence sur le développe ment de la société suédoise. La plupart des Suédois n'ont que peu de contacts avec les Églises et ne croient pas aux doctrines chré tiennes traditionnelles. Deux traits semblent toutefois perturber l'image d'une société véritablement sécularisée: 1) presque tous les Suédois sont toujours membres de l'Église d'État; 2) la rituali sation religieuse des grands moments de l'existence demeure extrê mement fréquente.
Protestantisme, théologie et société. Regard sociologique sur quelques évolutions théologiques dans le protestantisme français
Authors: Willaime Jean-Paul
Published: March 2007

After making a few general remarks on the sociological analysis of theological production and on the protestant theolo gian's peculiar position with regard to the church institution, we analyse theological development in French post-war protestan tism.
Is Fundamentalism an Integrism?
Authors: Alexander Daniel
Published: March 2007

Dans les pays latins, la notion d'intégrisme est devenue une sorte de lieu commun dont la presse s'est emparée pour caractéri ser les résurgences actuelles des mouvements idéologico-politiques supposés réactionnaires et qui recourent à une religion pour fon der leur militantisme. Mais la question qui se pose est de savoir si l'on peut traiter sous le même concept des réalités appartenant à des civilisations et à des époques différentes et dont l'impact social est incomparable.
Healing in the Spiritual Marketplace: Consumers, Courses and Credentialism
Authors: BOWMAN Marion
Published: March 2007

This article explores the ways in which the widely perceived “need for healing” at individual and global level have given rise to a range of new professions within the spiritual marketplace. It examines attitudes to money, the provision of training and the growth of credentialism in this sector of the spiritual service industry, where both clients and practitioners regard healing as important elements in their spiritual quest.
The Religious Situation in Europe: the Background to Contemporary Conversions
Authors: LUCKMANN Thomas
Published: March 2007

The author presents a general background to the discussion of conversion to Islam in Europe by restating an outline of what is known about the social form of religion in contemporary Europe. This concept (social form of religion) identifies the most important social and cultural determinants of the institutional and/or non-institutional location of religion in the major historical types of the social organization of human life. The prevailing social form of religion in contemporary Europe is marked by privatization, marginalization of the traditional Christian form of religion, and structural cementing of increased options for individual bricolage. The main courses leading to the prevalence of this social form of religion are structural differentiation and a modern form of pluralism: the main consequences with respect to conversion are a changed frame both of subjective and social plausibility for the change from one optional way of life to another.
`Neither Here nor There': The Construction of Identities and Boundary Maintenance of West African Pentecostals
Authors: Hunt Stephen
Published: March 2007

The often taken-for-granted `decline of religion' thesis has frequently led to the failure to recognize the significance of religion in both forging and articulating aspects of identity in the contemporary western context. In addressing such an issue this article seeks to explore the importance of religion in aiding the construction of the identities of West African migrants to Britain through a distinct and innovatory mode of Pentecostalism. While this vibrant form of Christianity has long been understood as a faith relevant to the needs of black ethnic minorities, its changing theodicies and value-orientation have helped the formation of identity and provide meaning to the experiences of a new generation of migrants.
Flame Retardants for Cotton Using APO and APS-THPC Resins
Authors: Reeves Wilson A. , Drake George L. , Chance Leon H. , Guthrie John D.
Published: March 2007

A new group of polymers made by reacting tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide, referred to as APO, or tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine sulfide, referred to as APS, with tetrakis- (hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride, referred to as THPC, are good permanent-type flame retardants for cotton. All three of the compounds are water-soluble crystalline materials. The application of APO- or APS-THPC resins to textiles consists of padding fabric in an aqueous solution of the compounds, drying the fabric, curing it at about 140° C. for about 5 min. to polymerize the compounds, and then rinsing the fabric to remove any unpolymerized material.

About 8% of the resins in 8-oz. cotton twill or sateen is adequate to make the fabric pass the vertical flame test before or after 15 launderings with synthetic detergents, followed by an acid fluoride sour after each laundering. The flame resistance is also very durable to boiling alkaline soap solutions.

The properties of fabric treated with these new polymers are, in general, excellent. The hand and strength of the fabric is only slightly different from that of untreated fabric. The flame-resistant fabrics are resistant to rot and mildew.
The Theory of Dyeing Cellulosic Fibers
Authors: Valko Emery I.
Published: March 2007

The theory of dyeing was developed in the last 25 years, rather lately compared with the history of the synthetic dye industry. This delay was, to a certain extent, unavoidable, since sufficient knowledge of the submicroscopic structure of fibers and of the nature of aqueous dye solutions was not previously available. More recent develop- . ments of the theory are characterized by refinements in details and by its application to specific problems.

A complete theory of substantivity has still to await the elucidation of molecular attraction forces by chemical physics, but this does not hinder the basic understanding of the dyeing phenomena. As a main achievement of the theory, mass action laws are formulated which explain and describe the equilibrium of dye absorption. Since the cellulose dyes are ionized and absorbed as ions, cellulose dyeing from the standpoint of absorption equilibrium is more complex than the dyeing of acetate and synthetic fibers with non-ionic disperse dyes. This fact fully explains the tremendous effect of salt observed in direct dyeing of cellulose. It also defines the place of cellulose dyeing in the general framework of a unitary theory of dyeing.

The kinetics of dyeing is based on the concept that the rate-determining process in dyeing is the diffusion of the dye from the surface of the fiber into its interior. It can be considered as the second main achievement of the theory that it gives a satis factory description and explanation of the rate of dyeing.

The third achievement of the theory of dyeing is the explanation of the trans formations of the dye in the fiber. This was studied by X-ray diffraction and light absorption measurements. The results indicate that soluble dyes and dye-formers are absorbed in monomolecular form by the fiber, but after they are insolubilized, they exhibit in many cases a tendency to crystallize. This explains the behavior of azoic and vat dyes on aftertreatment.

The theory provides the dyer with an understanding of his everyday problems, and enables him to supplant empirical craft by scientifically controlled methods. This will be accelerated as the validity of the theory is generally recognized and accepted as a basis for teaching and learning the technology of textile dyeing.
On the Size of the Intermicellar Spaces and Capillaries in Jute Fibers as Revealed by X-Ray Analysis
Authors: Chowdhury S.K.
Published: March 2007

The dimensions of the intermicellar regions and capillaries in raw jute fibers have been estimated from the sizes of the colloidal gold and silver particles deposited in the fiber under different conditions of deposition. It has been inferred that the dimensions of the colloidal particles indicate only the dimensions of the capillaries after they have been enlarged by swelling or by the deposition process itself. The size of the particles determined is of the order of 100 A in raw jute fiber ; it has been pointed out that they remain within wider capillaries present in jute fiber because the intermicellar region is too small to accommodate these particles. Unlike ramie, in jute fibers treated for a short time with weaker solutions these particles cannot form even within these capillaries. They form within much wider capillaries (about 200 A in diameter), partly because the smaller capillaries are blocked by the noncellulosic amorphous materials (especially lignin) and partly because the swelling of ramie fibers is faster than that of jute fibers having a very high lignin content. This has also been corroborated by the fact that the dimensions of these dispersoids in holocellulose increase to 126 A.
Recent Advances in the Industrial Use of Synthetic Fibers
Authors: Swanson J.M.
Published: March 2007

End-use research and development work on improved yams, tailored to meet specific industrial needs, are broadening the use of synthetic fibers in industrial applications. Examples include the use of nylon for tires, which is expanding due to its inherent per formance advantages over rayon and the development of techniques for utilizing improved nylons to best advantage; use of "Dacron" 2 polyester fiber for V-belts, where techniques for handling adhesion and belt dimensional stability problems have been developed; and use of nylon in vinyl-coated fabrics, where a new adhesive has been formulated which gives good bonding with both plastisol-coated and laminated structures. Continued re search and development may be expected to expand further the industrial use of syn thetic fibers.
Black Self-Love, Language, and the Teacher Education Dilemma
Authors: Meacham Shuaib J.
Published: March 2007

The phenomenon of “cultural denial” and “cultural limbo” among African American preservice teachers with a linguistic allegiance to African American English was investigated. The African American preservice teachers embodied a strong ethos of African American cultural love, which included African American English. Teacher education programs, however, view African American English as unacceptable. Analysis yielded a pattern in which the speaker of African American English felt pressured to repudiate or deny the supportive cultural structures because of the nonstandard English spoken in those domains. The preservice teacher who spoke Standard English felt unable to be identified as fully African American and thus experienced cultural limbo. Survival strategies amid these pressures were explored.
The Building Representative and the Educational Administrator
Authors: Karlitz Howard
Published: March 2007

Union building representatives and principals: conflict or congruence? The data say the latter is true.
The Mythical Median and the Selection of Title I Participants
Authors: Davidoff Stephen H.
Published: March 2007

Research note.
Toward a New Strategy for Evaluation within the School Building
Authors: Nevo David
Published: March 2007

Evaluation should be for a variety of purposes and a variety of clients.
Participation in School Decision Making
Authors: Bartunek Jean M. , Keys Christopher B.
Published: March 2007

Who participates, and why, influences decisions and outcomes.
Close Encounters in the Classroom
Authors: Tewel Kenneth J. , Chalfin Fredda
Published: March 2007

A school program for the sharing of feelings seems beneficial in several ways.
Race, Class, Anomie, and Academic Achievement
Authors: Fisher Sethard
Published: March 2007

In the Berkeley public schools, pupil achievement is explained in part by the interaction of race, socioeconomic status, and "counterculture" alienation.
Reducing Racial Isolation in Large School Districts
Authors: Smylie Mark A.
Published: March 2007

Mandatory desegregation is more effective, does not result in more white flight.
After Bureaucracy, What?
Authors: Rice Alan
Published: March 2007

In Victoria, Australia, there is no longer bureaucratic control of curriculum. But curriculum has not much changed because of change of control.
Kenneth and Mamie Clark Revisited
Authors: Farrell Walter C. , Olson James L.
Published: March 2007

When repeated, Kenneth and Mamie Clark's famous study of 1947 produces sharply different results.
Treating Men Like Boys
Authors: Kazemek Francis E. , Rigg Pat
Published: March 2007

Instructional methods that may be appropriate for small children are manifestly inappropriate for adults.
Return to Old Times
Authors: Warren Donald
Published: March 2007

In the history of American education, urban education is both prominent and important.
Does School Desegregation Policy Stimulate Residential Integration?
Authors: Rossell Christine H.
Published: March 2007

Definitions of residential integration and theformulae by which they are calculated will substantially affect conclusions.
Managerial Ethics in Educational Administration
Authors: Crowson Robert L.
Published: March 2007

"What is referred to as counter-bureaucratic is... a survival mecha nism... a balance weight to... seemingly anti-educational forces. "
Educational Policy Issues for the 1990s
Authors: Marcoulides George A. , Heck Ronald H.
Published: March 2007

Excellence in schools may be at the cost of equity. The dilemma cannot be ignored.
Educational Reform
Authors: Reid Charles R.
Published: March 2007

As rejoinder to the criticisms of Bloom and Hirsch, Feinberg's response is also inadequate.
The Ten-Schools Program
Authors: Mitchell Bruce M.
Published: March 2007

In this program a wide repertoire of innovations and techniques are employed in combination.
Parental Choice and Residential Segregation
Authors: Menahem Gila , Spiro Shimon E. , Goldring Ellen , Shapira Rina
Published: March 2007

Can enhanced parental choice of schools have a moderating effect on processes of residential segregation? In this article, the declared motivation and residential distribution of parents who enrolled their children in Special Program Non-neighborhood (SPNN) schools in the metropolitan area of Tel-Aviv, Israel, are examined. Our findings lend some support to the hypothesis that enrollment in SPNN schools may serve as an alternative for residential mobility for families whose educational and professional status is high, relative to the status of their areas of residence.
Higher Education Marketplaces
Authors: Dluhy Miln J. , Maidique Modesto A.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of 15 metropolitan areas in the United States demonstrates that the characteristics of higher education in urban marketplaces are diverse. Nevertheless, metropolitan areas in the West and Southwest rank the highest when dimensions of variety, access, dependence, and quality are used to assess these marketplaces. Size, region, and strategic economic location provide some limited explanation for the variations in marketplaces, although historical case studies of individual areas will need to be completed for a fuller understanding of these marketplaces.
In the Black: School Desegregation and the Politics of Fiscal Redemption
Authors: Monti Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

The ongoing desegregation effort involving city and suburban school districts in the St. Louis metropolitan area has been widely hailed as an ambitious and largely successful undertaking. A much different picture emerges in this study of the financial and political dialogue affecting programs introduced to city schools. The value of programs has been overstated, and much more attention has been paid to showcase integrated schools than to schools whose student bodies have remained predominantly Black. The school desegregation effort is better understood as a ritual that softened the effects of reductions to the city school system and legitimized the view that many minority children could not handle more ambitious academic programs.
A Multicultural Education Experience
Authors: Trubowitz Julius
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the issues and problems involved in the development and implementation of multicultural education programs. It focuses on a diverse group of educators who sought to help early-childhood teachers deal more effectively with the increasing number of intergroup conflicts among their pupils. As the group of educators interacted among themselves in planning, deciding, and implementing their goal of helping early- childhood teachers, a process emerged that raises critical issues and challenges pertinent to all educators interested in multicultural education. The author identifies a set of criteria that are necessary for the successful implementation of multicultural education programs.
Caught in the Crossfire
Authors: Bascia Nina
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with consequences for school reform inherent in the relationships between schools and the institutional actors with whom they are linked through school restructuring efforts. It describes the experiences of two elementary schools in a collaborative restructuring effort. It raises questions about what is involved in building a school's capacity for programmatic improvement. Though restructuring is intended to provide greater support for school change efforts, the interconnectedness and multilevel, multisector nature of restructuring projects can work to impede school staffs 'efforts to significantly reconceptualize their educational programs, particularly at schools where staffs are contending with the most critical educational problems.
Parent Involvement and Teacher Decision Making in Urban High Schools of Choice
Authors: Bauch Patricia A. , Goldring Ellen B.
Published: March 2007

Parent involvement and teacher decision making are dominant themes in the current debate over school restructuring. The literature suggests that as teachers become empowered, they may tend to view parents more as clients of education rather than as partners, thereby introducing a potential conflict into the interaction of parents and teachers. This study examines the nature of these relationships under different types of school choice options. Findings suggest that Catholic schools exhibit partnerships between parents and teachers. Multifocus magnet schools approximate a parent empowerment mode that embodies elements of consumerism. Single-focus public schools indicate traditional relationships between parents and teachers associated with bureaucratic decision making and teacher autonomy. The authors speculate that shared power between parents and teachers is a little understood concept that needs further exploration if new public school choice options are to be successful.
The Social Studies Teacher's Lament
Authors: Sanchez Tony R.
Published: March 2007

This year-long study examined three research questions: (a) Does the increase in quantity and quality of the African American experience in a U.S. history textbook promote significant knowledge acquisition of that group? (b) Does this knowledge positively modify racial attitudes of White students toward that group? (c) What is the effect of a teacher's utilization of the textbook's technology on knowledge acquisition and attitude change? The subjects were 149 White high school sophomores enrolled in U.S. history classes in two Midwestern high schools. Four teachers were placed in pairs in a limited use control group and an extensive use experimental group. A Black History Knowledge Test and the Multifactor Racial Attitude Inventory served as the pretest/posttest measures. The data indicated that although both limited and extensive use of such a text produced statistically significant knowledge gains, neither had any significant impact on attitude change.
Multicultural Stories
Authors: Goodwin A. Lin
Published: March 2007

This article presents the multicultural stories of 75 preservice teachers, all of whom were student teaching in New York City. These stories reveal the kinds of concerns and questions preservice teachers have when faced with multicultural issues or dilemmas and provide the teacher education profession with some direction in terms of curriculum for multicultural teacher education. This direction or guidance comes from the students themselves and is based on the very real experiences they face in the field The article ends with recommendations to professional education programs—what programs should include in order to prepare teachers to serve the needs of today's children and youth.
From Literate to Scholar
Authors: Peterson Lorna
Published: March 2007

This article describes a special library research skills curriculum integrated with studying emancipation celebrations, specifically Juneteenth, for sixth graders. The curriculum was an outgrowth of service activities done in an urban branch public library. Excerpts from the children's journals summarizing their experiences are highlighted.
Achievement Levels, Outcomes, and Orientations of Black Students in Single and Two-Parent Families
Authors: Ford Donna Y , Wright Lynda Brown , Grantham Tarek C. , Harris J. John
Published: March 2007

The authors surveyed academically diverse (gifted, potentially gifted, and average) Black students (n = 140) in single-parent (mother only) and two-parent families regarding their perceptions of their parents' achievement ideologies, their own achievement ideologies, their attitudes toward school, and their perceptions of their school learning environments. The authors also examined the students' achievement statuses (grade point average and Iowa Test of Basic Skills scores)and achievement levels (achieving versus underachieving). The findings revealed no significant differences in the achievement statuses, achievement levels, and achievement orientations/ideologies of students in the two-parent family structures. However, students from two-parent families were more likely to be identified as gifted than were those from single-parent families. Furthermore, a significant relationship appeared between the students' own achievement ideologies and perceptions of their parents' achievement orientations. The article includes implications and recommendations for educators and family practitioners.
Realities of Teaching in Racially/Ethnically Diverse Schools
Authors: Freeman Donald J. , Brookhart Susan M. , Loadman William E.
Published: March 2007

This study identified similarities and differences among two groups of entry-level teachers from 10 different teacher-preparation institutions (N = 1,700)—those who began their careers in racially/ethnically diverse schools (25% or more racial minority students) and those who taught in schools with low levels of racial/ethnic diversity (10% or fewer racial minority students). Although the two groups did not differ on most measures, beginning teachers in high diversity schools did report (a) lower levels of job satisfaction, (b) greater difficulties in establishing meaningful relations with students, and (c) higher levels of complexity in the teaching environment.
In their Own Voices
Authors: Lee Patrick W.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this ethnographic study was to investigate the causes of school failure from a student perspective. Interviews were conducted with 40 students who were experiencing academic difficulties in an urban high school undergoing reform into a science academy. Drawing on the innovative methodology employed by Farrell, Peguero, Lindsey, and White, this study used low-achieving students as collaborative researchers to conduct and analyze interviews with their peers. Interviewees revealed minimal, although significant, peer and home influences on their levels of achievement and focused primarily on the impact of school structures. Students also discussed the transformative influence that teachers have had on their lives, particularly when classrooms incorporated challenging curriculum and high expectations, interactive learning, and closer relationships with students. These findings magnify issues of power, resistance, and diversity intricately linked to patterns of student achievement that many urban schools must address before advancing specific restructuring efforts.
Our Known Everydayness
Authors: Willis Arlette Ingram , Lewis Karla C.
Published: March 2007

Our survival as African American women in a large, predominantly White research university has depended on us creating a time and space for sharing our daily experiences. In understanding the role of the process in our lives as African American women, we have drawn on the history of African American women and Black feminist thought. The sharing of our experiences helped us to appreciate as never before the everydayness of our lives, which raised our consciousness to also appreciate the uniqueness of our experiences. Understanding the process has moved us beyond centering our world on Whiteness to recentering our lives on our individual and collective responsibility to social justice.
Repeat Victimization in a High-Risk Neighborhood Sample of Adolescents
Authors: MENARD SCOTT , HUIZINGA DAVID
Published: March 2007

Repeat victimization may involve multiple incidents of victimization in a single year, multiple years of victimization, or both. This study examines both types of repeat victimization as well as the concentration of victimization among a relatively few highfrequency victims and the intermittency of victimization in a sample of adolescents in high-risk neighborhoods. During a 5-year period, the results indicate that chronic, multiple, intermittent victimization is the usual pattern among respondents in the sample.
Factors Related to Female Adolescent Initiation into Violent Street Crime
Authors: SOMMERS IRA , BASKIN DEBORAH R.
Published: March 2007

The present study is concerned with understanding when and how adolescent girls become involved in violent street crime. Specifically, the study explores the correlates or explanatory factors of such offending among a sample of women arrested and/or incarcerated for violent street crimes in New York City. The findings of this study suggest that an adequate understanding of female offending must consider the impact of neighborhood, peer, and addiction factors that affect both male and female participation in criminal violence. In addition, it appears as though different configurations of these factors contribute to the initiation of violent offending depending on the age of onset. Early initiation into violent crime was accompanied by participation in a wide variety of other offending behaviors and deviant lifestyles. On the other hand, those women who experienced a later onset of violent offending did so within the context of a criminal career that, up to the point of substance abuse, was more specialized and focused on typically nonviolent, gender congruent activities (e.g., prostitution, shoplifting).
Homosexual Identity Expression among Lesbian and Gay Adolescents
Authors: WALDNER-HAUGRUD LISA K. , MAGRUDER BRIAN
Published: March 2007

Theoretical and empirical analysis of homosexual identity neglects the influence of structural factors on identity expression. The Negotiated Identity Model proposes that perceptions of external forces influence adolescents through supportive resources and obstacles that may inhibit identity expression. Snowball sampling provided 172 self-identified homosexual adolescents, including 85 lesbians and 87 gay males. Perceptions of structural associations tested included religiosity, importance of school, political ideology of parents, socioeconomic status (SES) of parents, importance of heterosexual friends, frequency of heterosexual sexual encounters, importance of heterosexual sexual encounters, and gender nonconformity. Multiple regression analysis explained more of the variance for gay men than for lesbians. Variables important for gay males included political ideology, SES, heterosexual friends, and gender nonconformity. Significant variables for lesbians included religion and importance of school. Gender differences are discussed as well as implications for adolescents.
Young People's Conceptions of the Transition to Adulthood
Authors: ARNETT JEFFREY JENSEN
Published: March 2007

Conceptions of the transition to adulthood were examined using data from 346 college students aged 18-23 and 140 21 - to 28-year-olds. Participants indicated the characteristics necessary for a person to be considered an adult on a questionnaire containing 40 possible criteria. In both studies, the top criteria endorsed emphasized aspects of individualism, including “accept responsibility for the consequences of your actions,”“decide on own beliefs and values independently of parents or other influences,” and “establish a relationship with parents as an equal adult.” In contrast, role transitions typically associated with research on the transition to adulthood, such as finishing education, entering the labor force, marriage, and parenthood, were rejected as criteria for adulthood by a large majority in both studies. The results suggest that the current generation of young people in American society conceptualizes the transition to adulthood in intangible, gradual, psychological, and individualistic terms.
Effects of Personal, Family, and Community Characteristics on Emotional Reactions in a Stress Situation
Authors: SAGY SHIFRA
Published: March 2007

This study investigated emotional reactions to a community stress situation: living on the Golan Heights during the period of peace negotiations between Israel and Syria. The study concerned the buffering effects of three types of moderators—at the individual, family, and community levels—on anxiety and anger. Data were collected in two regional high schools from 201 pupils. Of these, 107 pupils lived in the Golan settlements (study group) and 94 lived in the Galilee area (comparison group). No significant differences were found between the two groups in the emotional reaction scores. Regarding the question of individual versus contextual moderators, the results indicated a somewhat different pattern for the two emotional reactions. Whereas the significant moderators that accounted for variance of the anxiety responses were on the individual level only, the anger reactions were explained by community-level factors as well.
The End of the Unipolar Moment? September 11 and the Future of World Order
Authors: Smith Steve
Published: March 2007

The events of September 11 at first seemed to change the Bush administration's attitude towards multilateralism. But this now appears to have been a temporary shift of emphasis and once again the administration is pursuing an essentially unilateralist foreign policy. This article looks at the impact of September 11 on US foreign policy, focusing specifically on the implications the events have for US power and for the structure of world politics. The article contextualizes US foreign policy by discussing the debates over unipolarity that followed the end of the cold war. It then looks at the interpretations offered by Francis Fukuyama, Samuel Huntington and Benjamin Barber. It then discusses the implications of September 11, before looking at the nature of current US foreign policy, the relative power, both `soft' and `hard', of the US and the prospects for future world order. The article concludes that world orders are always in the interests of some and that current unilateralist US policies are unlikely to create a more humane world order and might even be against US long-term interests.
Bye-Bye, Weber
Authors: Agassi Joseph
Published: March 2007

Peter Lassman and Irving Velody, with Herminio Martins, eds., Max Weber's " Science as a Vocation." Unwin Hyman, London, 1989. Pp. 213, US$49.95.
The Rise of the Ideas of the Welfare State
Authors: Agassi Judith Buber
Published: March 2007

It is customarily assumed that welfare-state thinking can only appear as a product of the sharpening conflict between revolutionary socialists and the defenders of the status quo; the case of Tom Paine proves otherwise. Although he defended private enterprise (to the exclusion of large landed property), he developed a forgotten early version of a comprehensive system of public welfare in the second part of his The Rights of Man and in his Agrarian Justice, where he argued that the new revolutionary democratic government based on representation and universal suffrage has the duty and the means not only of relieving poverty but of preventing it by a system of universal allowances for marriage, childbirth, the raising of children, basic education, old age pensions and temporary housing and employment for the unemployed of the metropolis. This, he said, should be financed by a progressive inheritance tax levied especially on landed estates.
The Paradoxes of Utopia A Study in Utopian Rationalism
Authors: Mårtensson Bertil
Published: March 2007

Utopian rationalism names the belief that science has made utopia a practical possibility. Its characteristics include determinism, collectivism, distrust of individual initiative and belief in the superiority of collective planning in securing human happiness. The first section traces the utopian and dystopian tradition into modern science fiction. The ideas collected here are systematized in the next section, which on all points dismisses the tenets and claims of utopian rationalism as false, and in a final section, which discusses utopian thinking and its dangers in general. Utopian thinking is traced to three traits of human nature, namely, the quests for happiness, perfection, and submergence.
Fraud in Science An Economic Approach
Authors: Wible James R.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, there have been multiple instances of misconduct in science, yet no coherent framework exists for characterizing this phenomenon. The thesis of this article is that economic analysis can provide such a framework. Economic analysis leads to two categories of misconduct: replication failure and fraud. Replication failure can be understood as the scientist making optimal use of time in a professional environment where innovation is emphasized rather than replication. Fraud can be depicted as a deliberate gamble under conditions of uncertainty: The scientist takes advantage of the complexity of science and undermines the integrity of science for personal gain or advancement.
Gertrude Himmelfarb
Authors: Feuer Lewis S.
Published: March 2007

This essay discusses the views of historian Gertrude Himmelfarb, who sets forth that democratic societies tend toward a determinist outlook; she fears that the weakened belief in free will and its heroes endangers a democratic society. She regards H. G. Wells as the founder in 1920 of the "new history," with its antiheroic bias. She welcomes therefore the television series The Civil War for having achieved "a history from above and history from below," with its heroes among common soldiers as well as the generals and statesmen. Himmelfarb criticizes the "debunking" historians who not only belittle the significance of heroes but find in "small causes" (e.g., the origins of Hitler's obsessive anti-Semitism) a basis for large-scale events (e.g., the Holocaust). Himmelfarb finds that H. G. Wells's Outline of History was intended not only to displace military conquerors as the heroes of history but to elevate the scientific elite in their place as history's truly constructive people. Americans, however, were, earlier, first introduced to another variety of "new history" by two Columbia University professors, Charles A. Beard and James Harvey Robinson, who wrote textbooks used by perhaps millions of high school students; Beard had derived the concept in 1906 when he read the Socialist History of France, much of it written by the French socialist, Jean Jaurès. The philosophy of history still remains in a position similar to that which has long prevailed in the philosophy of physics, where determinism and indeterminism have persisted irreconcilably.
The Idea of Social Life
Authors: Sandelands Lloyd E.
Published: March 2007

This paper reclaims the idea that human society is a form of life, an idea once vibrant in the work of Toennies, Durkheim, Simmel, Le Bon, Kroeber, Freud, Bion, and Follett but moribund today. Despite current disparagements, this idea remains the only and best answer to our primary experience of society as vital feeling. The main obstacle to conceiving society as a life is linguistic; the logical form of life is incommensurate with the logical form of language. However, it is possible to extend our conceptual reach by appealing to alternative symbolisms more congenial to living form such as, and especially, art.
Sociology as a Source of Anomaly in Thomas Kuhn's System of Science
Authors: Jacobs Struan , Mooney Brian
Published: March 2007

It is a testimony to the enduring importance of Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions that, 30 years on, its doctrines of normal science and paradigm, incommensurability and revolution continue to challenge metascien tists and stimulate vigorous debate. Critique has mainly come from philosophers and historians; by and large, interested sociologists have embraced Kuhn. Un justifiably so, this article argues, bringing to light a serious difficulty or "anom aly" in his account of the social side of science. Contrary to what he claims, scientific knowledge is not the achievement of organic communities. It is con structed in "trans-epistemic arenas" by diverse participants, laypeople, and specialists. Accepting "community" is a flawed concept in the sociology of science, and in appreciating the major role Kuhn assigned it, the Kuhnian system looks less robust than it did before.
Intellectualist and Symbolist Accounts of Religious Belief and Practice
Authors: Levine Michael P.
Published: March 2007

An account of the relation between belief and practice is inseparable from a general theory of religion and religious discourse. Rejection of the one time popular, but now more or less defunct, nonrealist position of people such as D. Z. Phillips, Don Cupitt, and indeed Wittgenstein leaves contemporary theo rists in anthropology and the "history of religions" with basically the vastly different "literalist" and "symbolist" analyses of religion (i.e., its ritual and discourse, belief and practice) from which to choose. This article critically appraises John Skorupksi's influential defense of intellectualism. I argue that his dismissal of symbolist approaches is more theoretically radical than he recog nizes. It rejects outright some of the very foundations and staples of contempo rary anthropology in, for example, Durkheim. His argument for the rejection of the symbolist approach is examined. Skorupski's defense of intellectualism is set in the context of a problematically naive understanding of the nature and function of religion.
Review Symposium on Searle : II. Searle's The Construction of Social Reality
Authors: Hund John
Published: March 2007

The Construction of Social Reality can be read at different levels, and this makes it hard to assess. At one level, it is a stunningly clear, comprehensive, and extremely simple introduction to the foundations of the social sciences. At another level, it is an idiosyncratic and interesting statement by a philoso pher of note who writes in a field with which he is barely acquainted. And at yet another level, it is a philosophical treatment of certain philosophical problems that Searle's independent reflections on the nature and possibility of social reality have disclosed. Different readers will find different things in Searle's book. What I found is an original contribution to a theory of institu tional facts and to a certain kind of restricted idealism that Anscombe (1976) called "linguistic idealism."
Aggregation Bias
Authors: Moorman Jeanne E.
Published: March 2007

In order to assess the extent of the bias that exists in ecological correlations census data from the Public Use Sample and Census Summary. Tapes for the Chicago Standard Consolidated Area were used and a comparison was made of correlation and regression coefficients at the individual versus tract level. The assumption of larger aggregate level coefficients was not consistently upheld Although it was most frequently the case that aggiegate coefficients were larger than individual level coefficients, at both the tract and county levels aggregate coefficients were observed that were smaller or identical to individual level coefficients An accept able two-variable aggregate regression equation was estimated for the prediction of current fertility at the tract level The equation was acceptable in the sense that the aggregate regression coefficients were relatively close to the individual level coefficients