bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organogenesis Bunga Aksis Pisang Bergenom AAB dan ABB
Authors: Lisnandar Dea Silvia , Fajarudin A , Effendi Darda , Tambunan Ika Roostika
Published: September 2016

Penyimpanan in vitro merupakan teknik yang cocok diterapkan  pada tanaman pisang yang berkembang biak secara vegetatif. Namun demikian, perlu adanya optimasi regenerasi tanaman pisang terlebih dahulu. Regenerasi tanaman pisang melalui bunga aksis masih belum banyak dikembangkan. Tingginya tingkat kontaminasi pada eksplan yang berasal dari anakan (sucker) dan tingkat pencokelatan pada biakan pisang yang mengandung genom B menjadi kendala dalam perbanyakan tanaman pisang secara masal melalui kultur jaringan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapatkan formulasi media yang efektif untuk morfogenesis bunga aksis pisang yang begenom AAB (Kosta dan Raja Bulu) dan ABB (Kepok, Siem, dan Ayam) yang diregenerasikan secara organogenesis. Percobaan dirancang secara faktorial menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga ulangan. Eksplan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah potongan bunga aksis dari bunga jantan. Perlakuan pada percobaan ini adalah konsentrasi 6-benzil adenin (BA) (0, 1, 3, dan 5 mg/l), thidiazuron (TDZ) (0 dan 0.1 mg/l) serta kombinasi BA dan TDZ. Hasil sidik ragam menunjukkan tidak terdapat interaksi yang nyata antara BA dan TDZ terhadap pertumbuhan nodul dan tunas pada semua pisang. Benzil adenin secara nyata memengaruhi induksi organogenesis dari bunga aksis dengan taraf terbaik 3 mg/l (varietas Kepok dan Kosta) serta 5 mg/l (Varietas Raja Bulu). Eksplan yang mengalami pencokelatan paling parah adalah Siem dan Ayam, sehingga regenerasinya terhambat atau nodul tidak terbentuk pada formulasi media yang diujikan. Pencokelatan dapat diatasi dengan menambahkan asam askorbat pada media.
Pengaruh Mutagen Etil Metan Sulfonat Terhadap Regenerasi Tunas pada Dua Genotip Manggis Asal Purwakarta dan Pandeglang
Authors: Qosim Warid Ali , Yuwariah Yuyun , Hamdani J S , Rachmadi M , Perdani S M
Published: September 2016

Tanaman manggis termasuk tanaman apomik. Pemuliaan mutasi dapat meningkatkan keragaman genetik pada tanaman manggis. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pembentukan tunas dua genotip manggis akibat perlakuan beberapa konsentrasi etil metan sulfonat (EMS) yang berbeda. Percobaan dilakukan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan Pemuliaan Tanaman, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Padjadjaran sejak bulan September 2012 – Februari 2013. Eksplan manggis yang digunakan adalah biji manggis asal Purwakarta (A) dan Pandeglang (B). Percobaan ditata dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL). Konsentrasi EMS terdiri atas 0; 0,05; 0,1; 0,15; dan 0,2% digunakan sebagai perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa regenerasi tunas pada eksplan dua genotip asal Purwakarta dan Pandeglang memiliki respons yang berbeda akibat perlakuan mutagen EMS. Pada perlakuan a3 (genotip asal Purwakarta pada EMS 0,1%) menghasilkan waktu muncul tunas lebih cepat dan jumlah tunas per eksplan paling tinggi, sedangkan perlakuan b4(genotip asal Pandeglang pada perlakuan EMS 0,15%) memiliki nilai paling tinggi pada karakter tinggi tunas. Perlakuan a5(genotip asal Purwakarta pada EMS 0,2 %) merupakan perlakuan paling baik pada karakter jumlah pasang daun
Efektivitas Pengelolaan Pupuk Organik, NPK, dan Pupuk Hayati terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Bawang Merah
Authors: Suwandi Suwandi , Sopha Gina Aliya , Yufdy Muhammad Prama
Published: September 2016

Efektivitas pengelolaan pupuk organik, NPK, dan pupuk hayati pada budidaya bawang merah telah diteliti pada tanah Alluvial lahan bekas sawah, di Cirebon-Jawa Barat. Tujuannya untuk menetapkan dosis pupuk organik, pupuk NPK, dan pupuk hayati yang efektif untuk peningkatan hasil bawang merah, serta dapat menurunkan besaran emisi GRK (CO). Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai bulan April sampai Agustus 2014 menggunakan rancangan petak terpisah dan diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Petak utama adalah dua varietas bawang merah (A), terdiri atas : a1= varietas Bima dan a2= varietas Mentes. Anak petak adalah pengelolaan pupuk (B), meliputi : b1= 1 dosis NPK rekomendasi, b2= 1 dosis NPK rekomendasi + 100 kg/ha NPK Mutiara, b3= 1 dosis NPK rekomendasi + pupuk organik, b4= 1 dosis NPK rekomendasi + pupuk organik + pupuk hayati (Biotricho), b5= ½ dosis NPK rekomendasi + pupuk organik, dan b6= ½ dosis NPK rekomendasi + pupuk organik + pupuk hayati. Hasilnya menunjukkan tidak terjadi interaksi antara varietas dan pengelolaan pupuk tersebut terhadap pertumbuhan, serapan hara NPK, dan hasil umbi bawang merah pada tanah Alluvial.Varietas Bima menghasilkan pertumbuhan, serapan hara NPK, dan hasil umbi bawang merah yang lebih tinggi dan lebih baik dibandingkan varietas Mentes. Pengurangan dosis pupuk NPK sampai 50% rekomendasi dengan disertai pemberian pupuk organik/pupuk hayati tidak mengurangi pertumbuhan tanaman, serapan hara NPK, dan hasil umbi bawang merah pada tanah Alluvial. Kombinasi perlakuan varietas Bima dengan pemberian NPK dosis rekomendasi + pupuk organik (Petroganik) menghasilkan bobot umbi segar paling tinggi setara 29,20 t/ha, sedangkan hasil bobot umbi kering bawang merah paling tinggi (setara 14,62 t/ha) diperoleh pada varietas Bima dengan pemberian NPK ½ dosis rekomendasi + pupuk organik (Petroganik) yang tidak berbeda nyata dengan perlakuan lainnya dan mampu menurunkan besaran fluks CO2(> 25 %) selama perkembangan tanaman di lapangan. Implikasi dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan organik dapat mengurangi penggunaan pupuk anorganik (NPK) yang sejalan
dengan prinsip pertanian berkelanjutan tanpa mengurangi produktivitas hasil bawang merah.
Tanaman Penghalang dan Ekstrak Daun Pagoda untuk Mengendalikan Bean Common Mosaic Virus pada Kacang Panjang di Lapangan
Authors: Damayanti Tri Asmira , Pebriyeni L
Published: September 2016

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) merupakan salah satu virus penting penyebab penyakit mosaik pada kacang panjang. Di lapangan, virus ini ditularkan dan disebarkan oleh kutudaun secara nonpersisten dan terbawa benih sehingga pengendalian BCMV yang tepat perlu diupayakan. Penelitian bertujuan menguji keefektifan tanaman penghalang dan ekstrak daun pagoda yang diaplikasi secara tunggal atau kombinasi terhadap penekanan infeksi BCMV di lapangan. Jagung sebagai tanaman penghalang ditanam 4 minggu sebelum kacang panjang. Penyemprotan ekstrak daun pagoda pada daun dilakukan 1 hari sebelum penularan BCMV. Penularan BCMV oleh Aphis craccivora bersayap yang mengandung virus serta dilepaskan pada empat titik di lapangan. Peubah yang diamati adalah periode inkubasi, kejadian dan keparahan penyakit, serta titer BCMV. Gejala yang teramati bervariasi dari mosaik ringan sampai mosaik berat, mosaik kuning, kuning, tulang daun menjaring, serta malformasi daun dan buah. Periode inkubasi dari tanaman perlakuan relatif 1–2 hari lebih lama dibanding kontrol tanpa perlakuan. Kejadian, keparahan penyakit, dan titer BCMV dari tanaman perlakuan nyata lebih rendah dibandingkan kontrol. Di antara semua perlakuan yang diuji, aplikasi tanaman penghalang dikombinasikan dengan ekstrak daun pagoda merupakan perlakuan yang paling baik dalam menekan BCMV sebesar 68,43% di lapangan.
Ketahanan Lapangan Klon-Klon Kentang Hasil Persilangan terhadap Penyakit Busuk Daun
Authors: Handayani Tri , Sahat Juniati P , Sofiari Eri
Published: September 2016

Penyakit busuk daun yang disebabkan oleh Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary merupakan penyakit utama pada
tanaman kentang. Pemuliaan ketahanan terhadap penyakit busuk daun dilakukan secara konvensional melalui persilangan buatan
yang dilanjutkan dengan seleksi, maupun secara nonkonvensional dengan menyisipkan gen ketahanan (gen Rb) ke dalam genom
varietas kentang komersial. Tujuan penelitian adalah melakukan seleksi lapangan klon-klon tahan busuk daun yang diharapkan
terpilih sedikitnya lima klon dengan genotipe tahan busuk daun. Seleksi dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan (KP) Margahayu, Lembang
pada bulan Mei sampai Agustus 2013. Delapan belas klon hasil silangan ditambah dengan tiga varietas pembanding ditanam dalam
rancangan acak kelompok lengkap dengan tiga ulangan. Dari kegiatan ini diperoleh 12 genotipe yang memiliki nilai AUDPC kurang
dari rerata, dan 10 genotipe di antaranya memiliki produksi umbi per plot tinggi. Kesepuluh genotipe tersebut, yaitu Gra.904.6,
Gra.904.13, Gra.904.14, Gra.904.17, Gra.904.28, Gra.951.11, Gra.951.18, Gra.951.40, Atl.904.28, dan Atl.904.13.
Pendugaan Keragaman Genetik Beberapa Karakter Pertumbuhan dan Hasil pada 30 Genotipe Tomat Lokal
Authors: Sutjahjo Surjono Hadi , Herison Catur , Sulastrini Ineu , Marwiyah Siti
Published: September 2016

Tomat (Lycopersicum esculantum) merupakan jenis sayuran yang terus berkembang menjadi komoditas penting di
dunia termasuk Indonesia. Permintaan yang terus meningkat secara kuantitas dan kualitas menuntut ketersediaan varietas unggul
tomat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan informasi keragaman genetik beberapa karakter pertumbuhan dan karakter produksi 30
genotipe tomat lokal. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Mei sampai Agustus 2013 di Kebun Percobaan Leuwikopo IPB, menggunakan
30 genotipe tomat lokal hasil eksplorasi dari berbagai provinsi di Indonesia, yaitu Aceh, Riau, Jawa Timur, Nusa Tenggara Timur,
Nusa Tenggara Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, Maluku, dan Papua. Penelitian disusun berdasarkan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak
dengan tiga ulangan. Tiap unit percobaan terdiri dari 20 tanaman. Penanaman di lapangan dilakukan dalam bedeng berukuran 1 m x
6 m dengan jarak tanam 50 cm x 60 cm. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data diketahui bahwa genotipe berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap
karakter tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, persentase tanaman hidup, jumlah buah total, bobot buah per tanaman, dan persentase pecah
buah. Karakter-karakter yang diuji memiliki keragaman genetik yang luas sehingga efektif dilakukan seleksi. Seleksi terhadap
karakter bobot buah dapat dilakukan pada generasi awal karena memiliki nilai heritabilitas yang tinggi. Genotipe Aceh5, KEF9,
LOM4, MER2, dan PAPUA memiliki potensi hasil yang tinggi. Genotipe KEF12, KEF6, dan MAK1 toleran terhadap pecah buah.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ASSESSMENT METHODS OF TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF WATER SUPPLY AND WATER DISPOSAL
Authors: Kapansky A. A.
Published: September 2016

The existing methods for assessing the energy efficiency of technological systems of water supply and water disposal are examined. The main tool of the existing methods is a settlement-and-analytical method, and, in accordance with the mentioned one, the determining of general and specific electric power consumption is based on actual consumption evaluation, evaluation of pressure and efficiency of the pump unit. However, in practical terms a lot of factors influence on those characteristics therefore affecting the resulting magnitude of energy efficiency and leading to errors in the calculation. These factors include the technical condition of the equipment and piping systems, alterations in the modes of operation of pumping units over time, a significant impact of the ambient temperature on the power consumption, amount of precipitation and the chemical composition of the effluent. As an object of management water supply and water disposal systems are considered as a totality; therefore the assessment of the energy efficiency of pipeline enterprises ought to be based on a systematic approach, whereas the existing methods are mainly based on an analysis of operating modes of individual electrical equipment, not on the whole technological system. The article describes the management system of energy efficiency of pipeline water supply and water disposal systems. The management system is based on information base of statistic data of power, hydraulic and industrial indexes of wastewater management. The original basic mathematical models of common costs and unit costs of electrical power in the water supply and water disposal systems, which are the basis for the solution of the problems of forecasting and the current state assessment of energy efficiency of enterprises, the selection of priority areas of energy efficiency and finding the ways to save energy resources, are presented.
ON INCREASING ENERGY SECURITY OF BELARUS
Authors: Osipov S. N.
Published: September 2016

Energy security is provided by the minimum required ratio of domestic and imported energy resources. Therefore, in the energy sector energy efficiency should be increased through the use of its own energy resources. Over the last hundred years of development of geological science a preferential distribution of oil and gas fields to areas (blocks) of geological faults, many of which reach the surface of the foundation of our planet, has been determined. The complex process of oil and gas formation is predetermined by geological, geochemical, hydrogeological and other factors. The concepts of organic and inorganic origin of oil and gas are also relevant in the context under consideration. The formation of sufficient oil and gas fields is possible in the presence of highly porous and fractured rocks (for oil) or so-called gas traps. Promising for the discovery of sufficient oil and gas fields are the central and southern areas of the Pripyat trough and the areas on the borders Mikashevichsi-Zhitkovichi ledge. The geological conditions of the areas in the Southern part of the Podlaska-Brest and the North-Eastern part of the Orsha troughs require most thorough investigations. In the area of the Belarusian anteclise, especially near the Baltic syneclise, at great depths in porous rocks the presence of oil and gas deposits of inorganic origin is possible. The use of plasma-pulse impact (that is a very effective one) on the oil and gas underground reservoirs requires a study of the feasibility of their use in new and existing waste deposits. In the exploration of minerals such “exotic” methods, as the assessment of the discharge of helium, radon, radioactive analysis, etc. should also be applied. It is necessary to detect a possible fault zones and prospective search of hydrocarbon energy resources. To ensure energy security of Belarus, the evaluation of the possibility of using associated gas to supply with it a significant part of the country should be fulfilled. The reputed natural deposits of hydrocarbons in the near future will allow us to achieve energy security of the Republic of Belarus in the near future.
The Use of Association-Rule Mining and High-Dimensional Visualization To Explore the Impact of Geological Features on Dynamic-Flow Behavior
Authors: Suzuki Satomi , Stern Dave , Manzocchi Tom
Published: September 2016

Because of computational advances in reservoir simulation with high-performance computing, it is now possible to simulate more than thousands of reservoir-simulation cases in a practical time frame. This opens a new avenue to reservoir-simulation studies, enabling exhaustive exploration of subsurface uncertainty and development/depletion options. However, analyzing the results of a large number of simulation cases still remains a challenging and overwhelming task. We propose a new method that enables the efficient analysis of massive reservoir-simulation results, often consisting of thousands of cases, by discovering interesting patterns of relationships among variables in large data sets. The method uses a well-known data-mining method, called association-rule mining, together with a high-dimensional visualization technique. We demonstrate the capability of the proposed method by using it to analyze the reservoir-simulation results from the Sensitivity Analysis of the Impact of Geological Uncertainty on Production (SAIGUP) project, which is an interdisciplinary reservoir-modeling project carried out earlier by Manzocchi et al. (2008a). To investigate the influence of geological features on oil recovery in shallow marine reservoirs, numerous reservoir models were built and flow-simulated in the SAIGUP project. In this paper, we analyze the simulation results from an ensemble of 9,072 models, which cover all possible combinations of several structural and sedimentological parameters individually varied to describe geological uncertainty. To be able to analyze the simulation results from such exhaustive sampling from high-dimensional model parameter space, it is crucial to efficiently decompose complex interactions between model parameters and to discover hidden impacts on flow response. By coupling the association-rule mining algorithm and high-dimensional visualization, such interactions and impacts are rapidly extracted and visualized in such a way that engineers and geoscientists can interpret meaningful sensitivities “at a glance.” This methodology provides a novel way to rapidly interpret flow response from a large ensemble of reservoir models without being overwhelmed by massive data.
Simulating Soil Organic Carbon in a Wheat–Fallow System Using the Daycent Model
Authors: Bista Prakriti , Machado Stephen , Ghimire Rajan , Del Grosso Stephen J. , Reyes‐Fox Melissa
Published: September 2016

Crop management practices that contribute to soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration can improve productivity and long‐term sustainability. A simulation study was conducted using the DAYCENT model over an 80‐yr period. The objectives of the study were to assess model performance and forecast SOC changes in conventional tillage and no‐tillage management in a dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer fallow (WW–SF) system. The treatments studied included fall burning of crop residue (FB0), no burning of crop residue with 0 (NB0), 45 (NB45) and 90 (NB90) kg N ha−1, pea vines (PV), and cattle manure (MN) addition. The model was accurate with R2 values of 0.93 (p < 0.01), 0.95 (p < 0.01), and 0.99 (p < 0.01) for the mean of observed and modeled grain yield, residue yield, and SOC, respectively. The strong positive correlation (r = 0.71–0.91) in different treatments between observed and modeled SOC indicated that model closely simulated the observed values. DAYCENT projected that conventionally tilled WW–SF systems, except MN, lost 866 to 2192 g C m−2 SOC from 1931 to 2080. The MN gained 496 g C m−2 SOC in the same period. The conversion to no‐tillage from 2011 onward, however, minimized SOC loss by 17 to 47% under different WW–SF systems. No‐tillage conversion in MN resulted in SOC gain by more than 300%. This study suggested that adoption of a no‐tillage system and the addition of organic amendments can improve the long‐term sustainability of dryland WW–SF systems.

Management practices that contribute to soil organic C sequestration can improve productivity.

DAYCENT model simulated the influence of crop residue and nutrient management on soil organic C.

Conventionally tilled winter wheat–summer fallow systems, except manure, lost soil organic C from 1931 to 2080.

Conversion to no‐tillage had positive effects on soil organic C accumulation in winter wheat–summer fallow systems.
Quantification of Vapor Intrusion Pathways: An Integration of Modeling and Site Characterization
Authors: Akbariyeh Simin , Patterson Bradley M. , Kumar Manish , Li Yusong
Published: September 2016

Core Ideas

A numerical model was developed based on comprehensive field site characterization.

Modeling results and field measurements were comprehensively compared.

Soil anisotropic property could significantly influence vapor intrusion pathways.

Vapor intrusion was highly dependent on oxygen availability.

Vapor intrusion of volatile organic compounds into buildings can be a significant source of human exposure to hazardous materials. Field assessment is essential to evaluate the vapor intrusion pathways, which can be challenging due to uncontrolled site environments. Mathematical modeling is expected to play significant roles to predict indoor air contaminant concentration and to provide guidance for vapor intrusion management. Efforts on field assessment and mathematical modeling, however, are not well integrated in current vapor intrusion management practice. This work seeks to quantify vapor intrusion pathways into a slab‐on‐ground building by integrating mathematical modeling with well‐controlled field measurements under three different pressure and ventilation site conditions. Mechanisms controlling vapor intrusion pathways were identified through systematic comparisons between modeled and measured indoor air concentration, contaminant and oxygen distribution profiles beneath the building, and diffusive and advective flux under different pressure and air ventilation conditions. Enhanced horizontal oxygen movement was found to be critical to evaluate vapor intrusion pathways, which can be attributed to the soil anisotropic properties in combination with vertical penetration of oxygen from slab. The dependency of oxygen concentration in the biodegradation modeling was found to be very important to describe the biodegradation of volatile hydrocarbons.
Geochemical Recharge Estimation and the Effects of a Declining Water Table
Authors: Katz Britney S. , Stotler Randy L. , Hirmas Daniel , Ludvigson Greg , Smith Jon J. , Whittemore Donald O.
Published: September 2016

Core Ideas

Intensive groundwater development has led to steep water‐level declines.

Geochemically, vadose zone water in drained zone is identical to groundwater.

Geochemical estimates of recharge rates not possible through this drained zone.

With steep water‐level declines, care is needed for geochemical recharge estimates.

In this area, focused recharge likely dominates over diffuse recharge.

The High Plains aquifer (HPA) is one of the largest aquifers in the world and is critical for agricultural production in the United States. In Kansas, irrigation using the HPA has resulted in steep groundwater declines. Unexpected water‐level response to pumping recovery in the northwestern Kansas portion of the HPA was recently observed, indicating a previously unknown source of recharge. The goal of this research was to investigate water movement and vadose zone chemical inventories to constrain recharge pathways and rates to the aquifer. Detailed geochemical profiles at a cored site indicated displaced chloride, bromide, nitrate–nitrogen (NO3–N), and sulfate reservoirs—likely mobilized by the onset of on‐site irrigation—believed to have commenced in 1984. Water in the vadose zone beneath the predevelopment water table (36–63 m below ground surface) is remnant groundwater left as the water table declined. Thus, assumptions of a chloride mass balance are not valid in this zone. These results indicate irrigation return flow has yet to travel through the vadose zone to recharge the aquifer at this location. Calculated chemical transit times through the profile to the predevelopment water table exceed the start of irrigation at the site, and groundwater radiocarbon ages on the order of 3000 yr BP provide further evidence against substantial irrigation return to the aquifer. These data establish evidence for complicated flow paths through the vadose zone to the aquifer and argue against broad, diffuse recharge to the aquifer. Future studies in the area should investigate focused recharge pathways to identify recharge sources.
O DANO MORAL NO DIREITO DO TRABALHO: UMA ANÁLISE A PARTIR DA AUSÊNCIA DE QUITAÇÃO DAS VERBAS RESCISÓRIAS
Authors: Spiess Marcos Alfonso , Von Der Osten Alceu Albino
Published: September 2016

Com o advento da Constituição de 1988, as discussões sobre o dano, inclusive no âmbito moral, ganharam proporções que extrapolaram o debate outrora circunscrito ao direito civil. O presente artigo tem por objetivo problematizar a possibilidade de configuração e indenização por danos morais nas hipóteses de rescisão de contrato laboral que cumulam a ausência da quitação de verbas rescisórias. Após uma investigação acerca do conceito de dano moral, discute-se como a Justiça do Trabalho passou a ter competência para julgar indenizações decorrentes das relações laborais. Em seguida, traz-se à discussão jurisprudências produzidas em diferentes tribunais nacionais. Com isso, será possível identificar os principais fundamentos que possibilitaram, ou não, a indenização por danos morais.
Does the recycling of waste streams from drinking water treatment plants worsen the quality of finished water? A case assessment in China
Authors: Liu Zhiquan , Xu Yongpeng , Yang Xuewei , Huang Rui , Zhou Qihao , Cui Fuyi
Published: September 2016

The overall purpose was to assess the feasibilities of recycling filter backwash water (FBWW) and combined filter backwash water (CFBWW) in a drinking water treatment plant in south China. The variations of regular water-quality indexes, metal indexes (Al, Mn and Cd), polyacrylamide and disinfection by-product indexes (trihalomethanes and their formation potentials) along with the treatment and the recycling processes were monitored. Results showed the recycling procedure caused increases of turbidity, total solids, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), permanganate index (CODMn), and dissolved organic carbon, Al, Mn and Cd concentrations in a mixture of raw water and FBWW or CFBWW compared to those in raw water. However, the recycling procedure had negligible impacts on the qualities of settled water and filtered water because most of the contaminants could be effectively removed by the conventional water treatment process. Although recycling did cause slight increases of NH3-N and CODMn levels in settled water and filtered water, the quality of finished water always conformed to Chinese standards for drinking water quality according to the surveyed indexes in the present study. Thus, it is appropriate to recycle waste streams in water-stressed areas if the source water is well managed and the water treatment processes are carefully conducted.
Desenvolvimento da percepção ambiental de alunos de pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais da Unesp Sorocaba por meio da abordagem construtivista de ensino
Authors: Fengler Felipe Hashimoto , Medeiros Gerson Araújo de , Ribeiro Admilson Irio , Peche Filho Afonso , Moraes Jener Fernando Leite de , Bressane Adriano
Published: September 2016

Da complexidade ambiental emerge a necessidade de abordagens multidisciplinares e sistêmicas nos programas de pós-graduação correlatos contrárias a estruturas pedagógicas disciplinares. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a percepção ambiental de estudantes de pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), campus Sorocaba, inseridos em uma experiência pedagógica construtivista desenvolvida em duas disciplinas. A abordagem construtivista incluiu um levantamento do uso e da ocupação da bacia hidrográfica do rio Jundiaí-Mirim, em Jundiaí, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os desdobramentos desse levantamento foram a base para avaliar a percepção ambiental dos pós-graduandos. Apesar de os alunos possuírem diferentes formações acadêmicas em nível de graduação, houve consenso sobre os principais problemas ambientais observados na área de estudo.
O ensino de tecnologia de reatores nucleares em um programa de pós-graduação de Engenharia Multidisciplinar
Authors: Mesquita Amir Zacarias , Lameiras Fernando Soares , Martins Maximiliano Delany
Published: September 2016

Este artigo descreve as atividades desenvolvidas e as inovações efetivadas na linha de pesquisa em reatores nucleares em um programa de pós-graduação multidisciplinar, o programa de pós-graduação do Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, da Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN), em Belo Horizonte. O curso possui mestrado e doutorado (stricto sensu) e abrange as áreas de ciência e engenharia de materiais, física e química da matéria condensada, física e biologia na saúde, geociências e tecnologia mineral e aplicações de técnicas nucleares. Os cursos inerentes ao programa são ministrados em um centro de pesquisa de tradição nuclear que, apesar de possuir um reator nuclear em suas instalações, não tinha uma área de pesquisa em tecnologia de reatores. Com a possível retomada das atividades em Engenharia Nuclear no Brasil, criou-se uma nova área de concentração em tecnologia de reatores nucleares. Assim, os alunos do programa, que majoritariamente não são especialistas em energia nuclear, poderão ter noções sobre essa área, permitindo-lhes orientarem-se na terminologia relacionada com a energia nuclear e as possíveis aplicações, no âmbito de suas formações.
Effect of Celebrity Endorsements on Consumers Purchase Decision in Nigeria
Authors: Ifeanyichukwu Chioma Dili
Published: September 2016

The use of celebrities is one of the very many marketing strategies employed by marketers in today’s business environment. The Nigerian economy has witnessed increased launching of consumer products. No doubt, intense competition in the business environment among various products and services has led to organizations endorsing deals/ambassadors. Nowadays, we hear the term “brand ambassadors” more often than usual. Celebrity endorsement is one of the very many features of modern marketing. This study attempts to determine the effect of celebrity endorsement on consumer purchase of a product. 200 young adults were conveniently selected as respondents for the study. Regression was used to test for the significance of the hypotheses generated.
Some Genetic Aspects of Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Maksymyuk V. V. , Polyansky I. Yu. , Tarabanchuk V. V. , Haruk L. M.
Published: September 2016

Clinical course of acute pancreatitis depends on the character of aggressive influence of activated aggressive enzymes on the pancreas and the surrounding tissues. An important role is played by genetically determined defence mechanisms aimed at preventing an intrapancreatic activation of enzymes.The objective of the research was to study the SPINK1 N34S polymorphism in patients with different forms of acute pancreatitis living in Chernivtsi region (Ukraine).Materials and methods. The study included 37 persons with different forms of acute pancreatitis. The patients were divided into 2 groups: Group I consisted of 17 patients with acute edematous pancreatitis; Group II included 20 patients with pancreatonecrosis. All the patients underwent complex instrumental and laboratory examination in accordance with the protocol of providing medical care to patients with acute pancreatitis. In addition, a genetic analysis was performed in order to study the SPINK1 N34S polymorphism.Results. The carriage of the favourable N-allele (45.9% and 51.4%) was more often observed among patients with different forms of acute pancreatitis and lower number of pathological SS-homozygotes (2.7%). The incidence of the biliary form of acute pancreatitis was not associated with a certain genotype of the SPINK1 N34S polymorphism. The non-biliary form of acute pancreatitis was insignificantly more common in carriers of the mutant S-allele: 29.7% (11) versus 18.9% (7) persons.Conclusions. The carriage of the unfavourable SS-genotype is a probable predisposing factor of disease initiation as well as potentiation of its further progression.
Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a rubella outbreak, Romania, 2011 to 2012
Authors: Lazar Mihaela , Abernathy Emily , Chen Min-hsin , Icenogle Joseph , Janta Denisa , Stanescu Aurora , Pistol Adriana , Santibanez Sabine , Mankertz Annette , Hübschen Judith M , Mihaescu Grigore , Necula Gheorghe , Lupulescu Emilia
Published: September 2016

We describe a rubella outbreak that occurred in Romania between September 2011 and December 2012. During this period 24,627 rubella cases, 41.1% (n=10,134) of which female, were notified based on clinical criteria, and a total of 6,182 individuals were found serologically positive for IgM-specific rubella antibody. The median age of notified cases was 18 years (range: <1–65) and the most affected age group 15 to 19 years (n=16,245 cases). Of all notified cases, 24,067 cases (97.7%) reported no history of vaccination. Phylogenetic analysis of 19 sequences (739 nucleotides each), from 10 districts of the country revealed that the outbreak was caused by two distinct rubella virus strains of genotype 2B, which co-circulated with both temporal and geographical overlap. In addition to the 6,182 IgM-positive rubella cases, 28 cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) were identified, including 11 neonatal deaths and one stillbirth. The outbreak underscores the need to encourage higher vaccination uptake in the population, particularly in women of reproductive age, and to strengthen epidemiological and laboratory investigations of suspected rubella cases. Genetic characterisation of wild-type rubella virus is an essential component to enhance surveillance and here we report rubella virus sequences from Romania.
Effectiveness of the live attenuated and the inactivated influenza vaccine in two-year-olds – a nationwide cohort study Finland, influenza season 2015/16
Authors: Nohynek Hanna , Baum Ulrike , Syrjänen Ritva , Ikonen Niina , Sundman Jonas , Jokinen Jukka
Published: September 2016

Although widely recommended, influenza vaccination of children is part of the national vaccination programme only in few countries. In addition to Canada and the United States (US), in Europe Finland and the United Kingdom have introduced live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) for healthy children in their programmes. On 22 June 2016, the US Advisory Committee on Immunizations Practices, voted against further use of LAIV due to no observed vaccine effectiveness (VE) over three consecutive influenza seasons (2013/14 to 2015/16). We summarise the results of a nationwide, register-based cohort study (N=55,258 of whom 8,086 received LAIV and 4,297 TIV); all outcome (laboratory-confirmed influenza), exposure (vaccination) and confounding variable data were retrieved from four computerised national health registers, which were linked via a unique personal identity code assigned to all permanent Finnish residents regardless of nationality. Our study provides evidence of moderate effectiveness against any laboratory-confirmed influenza of the quadrivalent LAIV vaccine (VE: 51%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 28–66%) as well as the inactivated trivalent vaccine (VE: 61%; 95% CI: 31–78%) among two-year-olds during the influenza season 2015/16 in Finland. Based on these data, Finland will continue using LAIV for young children in its National Immunisation Programme this coming influenza season.
What Does Queer Family Equality Have to Do with Reproductive Ethics?
Authors: Roth Amanda
Published: September 2016

In this paper, I introduce the idea of a queer epistemic privilege that applies to issues of family and parenthood. I ground this privilege in the specific nature of queer people's marginalization—their displacement from family, which leads them to occupy an “insider-outsider” status. After laying out the case for such a privilege, I take up an application of it by offering a queer critique of two representative examples from the reproductive ethics literature: J. David Velleman's opposition to donor conception and Elizabeth Anderson's objections to commercial surrogacy.
Synthesis of an oxidation-resistant SiC coating on graphite and modeling analysis with thermodynamics calculations
Authors: Pourasad Jalil , Ehsani Naser
Published: September 2016

A graded SiC coating was prepared on a graphite substrate by a pack cementation technique at 1 873 K to improve the oxidation resistance. The HSC Chemistry software was used for thermodynamics calculations. The coating was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Isothermal oxidation testing of the samples was performed at 1 773 K in air. The modeling analysis indicated that aluminum oxide can be reduced and an SiC coating can be formed due to the reaction of silicon with CO and carbon with SiO. The growth of the SiC nanofibers was attributed to the gaseous reaction of SiO with CO. A 600 μm thick SiC layer can be observed at the graphite–coating interface. The simulation and experimental results were consistent with each other. The mass loss of the SiC coated sample was 1.1 % after oxidation for 10 h, whereas the graphite was fully oxidized after 1 h.
Investigation of mechanical properties of tubular aluminum foams
Authors: Uzun Arif , Karakoc Halil , Gokmen Ugur , Cinici Hanifi , Turker Mehmet
Published: September 2016

This manuscript focuses on the mechanical behavior under compressive and bending loadings of tubular aluminum foams. The tubular structures were manufactured using the powder metallurgy technique. Tubular aluminum foams were fabricated by heating foamable precursor materials above their melting temperature in a mould. The influence of important parameters such as wall thickness and density of foam on the mechanical properties was investigated. It was found that the 6 mm thick specimen showed a lower collapse strength than the thicker 9 mm specimen. Despite the decrease in densities of the samples, the collapse strength increased with the increase in wall thickness. The reduction of approximately 33% in wall thickness (from t = 9 mm to 6 mm) decreased the bending performance of the tubular aluminum foams by approximately 50%.
Chunky graphite formation in ductile cast irons: effect of silicon, carbon and rare earths
Authors: de la Torre Urko , Lacaze Jacques , Sertucha Jon
Published: September 2016

Use of rare earths, high silicon and carbon contents, and low cooling rates are reported as possible reasons for formation of chunky graphite in ductile iron castings. The understanding of this graphite degeneration is however limited, and the above conclusions are still controversial. To get further insight into this topic, ductile cast iron melts have been prepared with various carbon and silicon contents and using nodularizing alloys with various rare earth levels. These melts have been cast in blocks with different sizes to include also the effect of cooling rate on graphite degeneration. Metallographic investigation revealed that the chunky-affected areas enlarge when decreasing the cooling rate, when increasing the silicon content and without low-level addition of rare earth. In the discussion, a schematic based on change of liquid/graphite interfacial energy with alloying elements is proposed which describes the conditions for the formation of chunky graphite instead of nodular graphite.
Modeling Effects of Precipitation on Vehicle Speed: Floating Car Data Approach
Authors: Stamos Iraklis , Salanova Grau Josep Maria , Mitsakis Evangelos , Aifadopoulou Georgia
Published: September 2016

Extreme precipitation as a result of the ongoing change of climatic conditions is attributed to significantly hindering vehicle circulation in urban transportation networks. During 2014, Thessaloniki, Greece, experienced significant anomalies with respect to the expected amount and intensity of rainfalls, which severely influenced traffic flow and safety conditions. According to the National Meteorological Service, a 360% deviation in the total rainfall accumulation (compared with the 1959–1997 mean) was observed in the city for July 2014. Based on the increased intensity and occurrence of such events, this research studied the impacts of heavy rainfalls on road operations, with the road network of Thessaloniki, Greece, serving as a case study. Data for these analyses were obtained from floating car data of a 1,200-taxi fleet that contained GPS coordinates and speed information. Findings reveal that vehicle speed drops increase with precipitation intensity yet they differ depending on the examined road type. This paper highlights the importance of developing a sound quantitative understanding of the effects of such events in urban areas and considers the context of the changing climate and the concomitant increasing frequency of extreme events.
Fire Risk Assessment for Highway Bridges in South Korea
Authors: Kim WooSeok , Jeoung Chan , Gil Heungbae , Lee Ilkeun , Yun Sung-Hwan , Moon Do Young
Published: September 2016

The study presented in this paper developed a sequential and universal bridge fire risk assessment procedure for constructed bridges, as well as countermeasures to reduce the risk level. Of interest were concrete and steel bridges on highways, except for certain special types of bridges. The fire risk assessment procedure consisted of three steps: ( a) preliminary risk analysis (PRA), which was a screening step to determine the likelihood of bridge fire events; ( b) simplified risk analysis (SRA), which was performed with the use of bridge inventory databases and checklists; and ( c) detailed risk analysis (DRA), which made use of computer simulation and collected data. A PRA determines whether a bridge requires an SRA on the basis of bridge clearance height and roadway conditions under the bridge. An SRA has three parts: analysis of fire occurrence, vulnerability to fire, and bridge importance. Itemized details were developed to evaluate the three parts and determine risk scoring. The SRA procedure identified which parts contributed to the resultant risk level. Reliability indexes concurrent with the latest ISO DP 10252 design code were used to determine the score of a given bridge and to perform an analysis to determine the risk level of 8,267 bridges in South Korea. The DRA was the final step, a detailed analysis of occurrence and vulnerability of a bridge mainly on the basis of computer simulation. This study provided guidelines to determine the DRA levels. Countermeasures also were developed for each of three risk levels (i.e., occurrence, vulnerability, and importance); the application of the countermeasures depended on the factors causing the risk.
Synthesis, Characterisation, and in Vitro Antibacterial Evaluation of a New Class of 2-substituted-4-methyl-7,8-dihydro-5H-pyrimido[4,5-d]thiazolo[3,2-a] Pyrimidines
Authors: Etemadi Yasaman , Shiri Ali , Eshghi Hossein , Akbarzadeh Marzieh , Saadat Kayvan , Mozafari Sarinasadat , Beyzaei Hamid , Moghaddam-Manesh Mohammadreza
Published: September 2016

The reaction of 2,4-dichloro-5-(chloromethyl)-6-methylpyrimidine with 4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-amine in chloroform led to the formation of 2-chloro-4-methyl-7,8-dihydro-5H-pyrimido[4,5-d]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine (3). The true structure of the target compound was confirmed by density functional theory calculations of condensed Fukui indices. The substitution of the 2-Cl function in compound 3 with different secondary amines yielded 2-substituted-4-methyl-7,8-dihydro-5H-pyrimido[4,5-d]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidines in good yields. The assigned products were tested for their potential antibacterial activity and the results indicated that a few derivatives are valuable compounds with great potential to be used as antibacterial agents.
Protective Effect of Berberine on the Intestinal Caecum in Chicks with Eimeria Tenella
Authors: Fang Zhijia , Liu Weiwei , Shi Ping , Zhang Youshang , Huang Zhiwei
Published: September 2016

Avian coccidios, caused by Eimeria, has been shown to cause weight loss and bloody diarrhoea, and sometimes even death of chicks, which subsequently has a serious negative impact on the development of the poultry industry. Berberine is a Chinese traditional medicine for intestinal disorders, which has been shown to have preventive effects on intestinal epithelium that has been exposed to external damage. In the present study, anticoccidial activity of berberine was tested in vivo using Eimeria tenella, on its effects on daily weight gain, bloody diarrhoea, oocyst production, thickness and lesions of caecum. The data confirmed that infected chicks with Eimeria tenella started to show classic clinical symptoms on day 4–5 post-infection, such as ruffled feathers, bloody diarrhoea and reduced weight gain. There was significant reduction in oocyst production of berberine treated chicks except those infected by oocysts pretreated with berberine. The caecum epithelia thickness and lesions were significantly higher in the infected/untreated chicks than those in uninfected/untreated and infected/treated chicks. The results of this study indicate that continuous prophylactic treatment with berberine significantly improved the pathogenic conditions. It is concluded, that berberine is likely to work through preventing caecum epithelium barrier damage from Eimeria tenella by suppressing the reproduction of Eimeria tenella and restoring the normal functions of chicks’ caecum.
Effect of Experimental Cutaneous Hand Pain on Corticospinal Excitability and Short Afferent Inhibition
Authors: Mercier Catherine , Gagné Martin , Reilly Karen , Bouyer Laurent
Published: September 2016

Sensorimotor integration is altered in people with chronic pain. While there is substantial evidence that pain interferes with neural activity in primary sensory and motor cortices, much less is known about its impact on integrative sensorimotor processes. Here, the short latency afferent inhibition (SAI) paradigm was used to assess sensorimotor integration in the presence and absence of experimental cutaneous heat pain applied to the hand. Ulnar nerve stimulation was combined with transcranial magnetic stimulation to condition motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Four interstimulus intervals (ISI) were tested, based on the latency of the N20 component of the afferent sensory volley (N20−5 ms, N20+2 ms, N20+4 ms, N20+10 ms). In the PAIN condition, MEPs were smaller compared to the NEUTRAL condition (p = 0.005), and were modulated as a function of the ISI (p = 0.012). Post-hoc planned comparisons revealed that MEPs at N20+2 and N20+4 were inhibited compared to unconditioned MEPs. However, the level of inhibition (SAI) was similar in the PAIN and NEUTRAL conditions. This suggests that the interplay between pain and sensorimotor integration is not mediated through direct and rapid pathways as assessed by SAI, but rather might involve higher-order integrative areas.
A Langevin Canonical Approach to the Study of Quantum Stochastic Resonance in Chiral Molecules
Authors: Rojas-Lorenzo Germán , Peñate-Rodríguez Helen , Dorta-Urra Anais , Bargueño Pedro , Miret-Artés Salvador
Published: September 2016

A Langevin canonical framework for a chiral two-level system coupled to a bath of harmonic oscillators is used within a coupling scheme different from the well-known spin-boson model to study the quantum stochastic resonance for chiral molecules. This process refers to the amplification of the response to an external periodic signal at a certain value of the noise strength, being a cooperative effect of friction, noise, and periodic driving occurring in a bistable system. Furthermore, from this stochastic dynamics within the Markovian regime and Ohmic friction, the competing process between tunneling and the parity violating energy difference present in this type of chiral systems plays a fundamental role. This mechanism is finally proposed to observe the so-far elusive parity-violating energy difference in chiral molecules.
Forest Management Influences Aboveground Carbon and Tree Species Diversity in Myanmar’s Mixed Deciduous Forests
Authors: Sein Win Tun Kyaw , Di Stefano Julian , Volkova Liubov
Published: September 2016

Declines in the global extent and condition of tropical forests have reduced carbon storage potential and caused biodiversity loss. However, the magnitude of these problems within individual countries may depend on the extent of the reserved forest estate, and the particular rules put in place to manage resource use in these areas. To test this hypothesis, aboveground carbon stocks and indices of tree diversity were derived for two reserved (highly regulated) sites and a protected public (less regulated) site in the mixed deciduous forests of Myanmar. Aboveground tree carbon stocks were around three times higher in the reserved forests than in the public forest, a difference driven by the near absence of trees >40 cm DBH at the public forest site. The species composition of large (≥20 cm DBH) trees differed substantially between all three sites. In contrast, the species composition of small (<20 cm DBH) trees differed between the reserved and public forest in the case of one reserved site but not the other. Both species richness and diversity of large (≥20 cm DBH) trees was about five times higher in the reserved forest than in the public forest. This was not the case for small (<20 cm DBH) trees, where estimates of both richness and diversity were similar at all three sites. These findings suggest that both carbon storage potential and large-tree diversity are influenced by forest protection status. This has important implications for national carbon storage estimates as forest protection status is not currently considered as part of the standard carbon accounting procedure.