bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anillin regulates cell‐cell junction integrity in the intact epithelium via RhoA and F‐actin
Authors: Miller Ann L. , Reyes Ciara C. , Jin Meiyan , Espino Rhogelyn , Breznau Elaina , Goryachev Andrew
Published: June 2021

Anillin is a contractile ring protein that is required for cytokinesis in several model organisms. Anillin can link multiple components of the contractile ring including F‐actin, Myosin‐2, and the small GTPase RhoA. While Anillin is important for stable furrow positioning in cultured cells, little is known about Anillin's function in multicellular organisms or whether Anillin plays roles outside of cytokinesis. Here, we used Xenopus laevis embryos to examine Anillin's function in the intact epithelium. We find that a population of Anillin is localized at cell‐cell junctions throughout the cell cycle. Both tight junctions and adherens junctions are disrupted in Anillin knock down embryos. Additionally, fluorescent dextran can penetrate into intercellular spaces in Anillin KD embryos, indicating that the epithelial barrier function is compromised. Because Anillin is reported to interact with RhoA, we tested the effect of knocking down Anillin on RhoA activity at cell‐cell junctions. Anillin knock down results in increased spontaneous flares of active RhoA, which are prominent at cell‐cell junctions in both dividing cells and non‐dividing regions of the epithelium. We propose that Anillin is required to properly distribute tension and RhoA activity in the apical actomyosin belt in order to maintain cell‐cell junctions. Anillin's dual functions at the cytokinetic contractile ring and apical actomyosin belt may be particularly important during the process of cytokinesis in epithelial cells when the dividing cell must maintain and remodel cell‐cell junctions with neighboring cells as well as manage the contractile forces associated with cytokinesis. This work was supported R00 GM089765 to A.L.M., and NSF Predoctoral Fellowships to C.C.R. and E.B.
PDE inhibitors as potential pesticides targeting parasitic nematodes
Authors: Schuster Kevin D. , Cahill Karyn B. , Morris Krystallynne , Thomas W. Kelley , Cote Rick H
Published: June 2021

Parasitic nematodes (e.g. Meloidogyne hapla) cause >; $100 billion loss of agricultural crops annually. Current approaches to pest control are often unsafe and ineffective. Thus, developing a pesticide with an increased selectivity, efficacy, and safety profile is a high priority for agriculture. Disruption of cyclic nucleotide metabolism in nematodes by inhibiting phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity has been shown to disrupt the life cycle of the roundworm C. elegans. We hypothesize that the PDEs present in parasitic nematodes may have amino acid differences in their drug binding sites that can be exploited to selectively target plant parasitic nematodes to disrupt their life cycle. We compiled a phylogenetically diverse set of amino acid sequences for the 11 vertebrate PDE sequences which were used to identify orthologs in nematode genomes (Caenorhabditis spp. and M. hapla) that correspond to vertebrate PDE families 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 10. Multiple sequence alignments of the catalytic domain identified 13 unanimous and multiple family‐specific sites. Analysis of known drug interaction sites of selective inhibitors of human PDE3 and PDE4 showed that ~80% of the residues responsible for drug stabilization in human PDEs are also present in M. hapla orthologs. This supports the idea that parasitic nematodes will be susceptible to disruption of their life cycle by PDE inhibitors. Supported by USDA Hatch grant NH00568.
Genetic control of serum 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) level under normal and low dietary calcium (Ca) conditions
Authors: Replogle Rebecca A , Wang Libo , Zhang Min , Fleet James C.
Published: June 2021

Low dietary Ca intake increases renal conversion of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25D) to 1,25D. This adaptation protects bone under periods of dietary Ca stress. We conducted two studies to characterize the genetic controls on serum 25D and 1,25D levels in mice. Male mice from 11 inbred lines (Study 1) and 51 BXD recombinant inbred lines (Study 2) were placed on diets containing 200 IU vitamin D and either normal (0.5%) or low (0.25%) Ca from 4–12 wks of age. Study 1 revealed significant variation in serum 25D, serum 1,25D, and adaptation of serum 1,25D to low dietary Ca intake among the 11 lines. In Study 2, narrow sense heritability (h2) of 25D and 1,25D on the 0.5% Ca diet was 0.40 and 0.66, respectively. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were located using composite interval mapping (CIM) and a Bayesian method. Five loci were in common between metabolites. Twelve QTL affecting 25D were identified and included the candidate genes VDR, Cdh3, and FGF23 located near the QTL on chr 6, 8, and 15. Nineteen QTL accounting for 52% of the genetic variance in 1,25D were identified, including 3 diet interaction loci. Previously identified candidate genes are near 5 loci, including the VDR gene. Our results show serum vitamin D metabolite levels are controlled by multiple genetic factors that, in some cases, interact with the dietary environment.

Supported by NIH awards ES019103 to JCF and USDA NIFA award 2012–67011‐19963 to RAR
Omega‐3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Does Not Alter Insulin Sensitivity or Serum Adiponectin in Healthy Hispanic Women
Authors: Deemer Sarah E , King George A , Hickey Matthew S , Melby Chris L
Published: June 2021

Data from cell culture and animal models have shown that omega‐3 (Ω‐3) fatty acids can improve insulin and adiponectin action, but human studies are much less conclusive.

PURPOSE

A 90‐d Ω‐3 supplementation trial was conducted in Hispanic women.

METHODS

23 women ([mean ±SE] age: 36±3 y, BMI: 30.6±1.2 kg/m2, BF: 46.7±1.1 %) were randomly assigned to placebo (olive oil, 2000 mg/d, n=8) or the Ω‐3 (1294 g EPA/d + 506 g DHA/d, n=15) group. Insulin sensitivity was determined using the euglycemic‐hyperinsulinemic clamp at 0 and 90 days. Total and HMW adiponectin were determined at 0, 30, 60, and 90 days.

RESULTS

Insulin sensitivity (mg GLU/kg FFM/min) was unchanged in both the placebo (12.4±1.6 to 12.2±1.2) and Ω‐3 (11.0±1.4 to 12.0±1.4) groups after 90‐d. The placebo group had significantly decreased total adiponectin at 60‐d and 90‐d compared to 30‐d (data not shown), and there was no change in total adiponectin in the Ω‐3 group. HMW adiponectin significantly decreased from 30‐d to 90‐d in the placebo group (3.6±0.4 to 3.1±0.4 μg/mL). Conversely, HMW adiponectin increased from 0‐d to 60‐d (2.6±0.3 to 2.9±0.4 μg/mL) in the Ω‐3 group.

DISCUSSION

These data demonstrate that Ω‐3 FA supplementation in Hispanic women does not significantly influence insulin sensitivity or total adiponectin; yet there are modest effects on HMW adiponectin.

Funded by the USDA – Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station
Iron status is associated with auditory brainstem response measures in newborns
Authors: Lee Sunmin , Guillet Ronnie , Orlando Mark , Cooper Elizabeth , Pressman Eva , Queenan Ruth Anne , O'Brien Kimberly O
Published: June 2021

Iron (Fe) deficiency in utero may impact auditory nerve myelination. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) provides a noninvasive means of assessing auditory neural maturation. To assess relationships between neonatal Fe status and auditory neural outcomes, ABR measures were evaluated in 112 neonates born to pregnant adolescents (16.9 ± 1.0 y). Neonatal Fe status was assessed using cord blood obtained at birth (39.9 ± 1.4 wks): 26% of newborns were anemic (Hb <13.5 g/dL), and the neonatal serum ferritin (SF) and total body Fe (TBI) were 152.9 ± 120.7 μg/L, 8.1 ± 3.5 mg/kg respectively. Higher neonatal SF and TBI were associated with shorter absolute wave I latencies (p<0.01), and neonates with SF and TBI measures in the lowest quartile had significantly prolonged absolute wave I latency compared to those in the highest quartiles (1.75 ± 0.18 vs. 1.62 ± 0.15 msec, p=0.002 for SF; 1.76 ± 0.18 vs. 1.62 ± 0.14 msec, p=0.007 for TBI). All analyses were controlled for gestational age, birth weight, head circumference and infant sex. Our findings suggest that there appears to be an association between limited Fe stores in neonates with prolonged neural transmission time. Increased attention on optimizing Fe status among newborns is warranted. Supported by USDA 2005–35200; 2008–01857.

Grant Funding Source: USDA 2005–35200; 2008–01857.
Body image perception among pre‐adolescent children participating in a nutrition and physical activity intervention program
Authors: McCann Anne , Kemmer Teresa , Wey Howard , Jensen Becky
Published: June 2021

This study determined body image perception among rural preadolescents and examined the effects of an intervention program on body image discrepancy (BID) scores. Seventy‐six fifth and sixth grade students (36 intervention, 40 control), from five rural South Dakota schools participated in the KidQuest program. Six nutrition lessons with physical activity components were taught within five months. Body mass index (BMI), body image perception, and self‐reported Tanner stages were analyzed. Fifty‐five percent of children at pre‐assessment and 38% at post‐assessment selected a thinner preferred body image than self body image. Although no difference was seen between study groups, the change in BID scores from pre‐ to post‐assessment was significantly different between genders (p=0.05). At pre‐assessment, concordance between self body image and preferred body image was 26% for males and 21% for females and at post‐assessment was 40% for males and 27% for females. There was a significant difference between males (1.81±0.748) and females (2.27±0.830) for pre‐assessment Tanner stages (p=0.014), but no significant difference was found for post‐assessment or the change from pre‐ to post‐assessment. Body image perception was not influenced by the intervention; however, gender was associated with body image perceptions. This should be considered when developing interventions to reduce childhood obesity.

Grant Funding Source: USDA NIFA Competitive Grant 2011–67002‐30202 and SD Agricultural Experiment Station HATCH Grant SD00H249–08
Parent reports of young children's sensory characteristics are related to children's food neophobia
Authors: Johnson Susan L , Davies Patricia , Boles Richard E , Gavin William , Bellows Laura
Published: June 2021

Neophobia in young children has been associated with lack of dietary variety and less than optimal nutrient intakes. Underlying characteristics that may predispose a child to neophobia have not been widely studied in typically developing children. In an intervention study designed to prevent early childhood obesity in rural Colorado (The Colorado LEAP Study), parental reports of children's oral sensory issues (Oral Sensory Profile; OSP) and children's neophobia (Negative Reactions to Food Scale; NEO) were assessed and child weight outcome (BMIzb) was measured at baseline. Preschool‐aged children (n=214; 120 girls, 94 boys; 56.1 ± 4.2 mo; BMIzb = 0.51 ± 1.4) and parents (n=161, 48 Hispanic [H], 113 NonHispanic White [NHW]) participated in data collection. No differences were noted in children's mean OSP or in NEO by, parents’ income or education, or sex of child; however Hispanic parents reported lower child OSP scores (OSPH = 29.7, OSPNHW=33.2, t=−2.8, p=.006). Parent ratings of children's OSP and NEO were significantly correlated (r−0.53= p<.001). That is, more atypical scores of children's oral sensory characteristics were related to higher neophobia ratings. Children's OSP and NEO were not related to their BMIzb scores. Children's oral sensory characteristics, in addition to mere exposure and development effects, may contribute to young children's food preferences and selection.

Supported by USDA AFRI Grant #2010–85215‐20648
Adherence to a multi‐component weight management program for Mexican American adolescents
Authors: Johnston Craig Allen , Papaioannou Maria A , Moreno Jennette P , El‐Mubasher Abeer , Foreyt John P
Published: June 2021

This study examined weight loss among Mexican American students in a weight management program. A total of 358 participants completed a 12‐week intervention which incorporated 4 program components: nutrition education (NE), physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and a snacking intervention (SI). NE, PA, and SB were all consistent with USDA dietary guidelines. The SI consisted of providing students with peanuts or peanut butter, a nutrient dense snack intended to promote satiety. Self‐report of adherence to program components was collected at 6 months. Students were classified as having successful weight outcomes if they maintained or decreased their weight at 6 months. Participants’ weight decreased by an average of 1.5 percentile points (t=9.4, p<.001). High levels of adherence to all program components except PA were found to increase the likelihood of having successful weight outcomes (Odds ratios: 2.8–4.0; ps<.001). When accounting for variance between variables, SB accounted for the most variance in having a successful weight outcome, followed by NE adherence. The SI was the final predictive variable in the model. With the exception of PA, higher levels of adherence were shown to be predictive of successful weight outcomes for Mexican American students. Each of these components appeared to independently impact weight outcomes. The study was funded by the United States Department of Agriculture.
The impact of acculturation level on weight status and weight outcomes in Mexican American children
Authors: Johnston Craig Allen , Cameron Ryan , Lyons Samuel , Moreno Jennette P , Papaioannou Maria A
Published: June 2021

Currently 39% of Hispanic children and adolescents are overweight and obese. Higher levels of acculturation have been shown to be related to obesity in Mexican American adults. Conflicting findings exists regarding this relationship in children and little is known about the impact of acculturation on children's ability to lose weight. The purpose of the study was: 1) to examine acculturation's influence on weight status 2) determine the impact of acculturation on weight outcomes for children participating in a 6‐month weight management intervention. Height, weight, and level of acculturation were measured in a sample of Mexican‐ American children. Binary logistic regression was conducted to determine if acculturation level was related to the likelihood of being overweight or obese. Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to examine the effect of acculturation level (high vs low) on weight outcomes of Mexican American adolescents (n = 160). Children expressing low levels of acculturation were 1.72 times more likely to be overweight or obese and more acculturated children significantly reduced their zBMI when compared to less acculturated children at 24 months (t = 2.24, p < .027). The results of this study indicate a need for the development of weight management programs tailored to children expressing low levels of acculturation. Study was funded the United States Department of Agriculture.
Green Eating and dietary quality in university students
Authors: Brown Garrick A. , Arts Jennifer , Nash Jessica T. , Lofgren Ingrid E. , Greene Geoffrey W.
Published: June 2021

Environmentally conscious eating, also known as Green Eating (GE), is hypothesized to improve dietary quality yet there is limited research on this topic in the United States (US). The aim of this study was to determine if GE was associated with dietary quality among 26 university students. GE Stage of Change (SOC) was assessed by an online survey administered to first and second year students. Subjects were eligible if they were in the precontemplation SOC (PC) (n=18) or the action/maintenance SOC (AM) (n=8). Three, 24‐hour food recalls were collected using the 2012 Nutrition Data System for Research program and 2005 Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores were calculated. Mean body mass index was 24.5±4.3 kg/m2, mean age was 18.3±0.5 y, and the majority were female (65%). The groups did not differ by HEI (PC=56.4±12.3; AM = 59.6±12.9). AM consumed significantly more dietary fiber per day than PC (PC = 13.6±4.8 g; AM = 18.8±2.8 g) and consumed significantly less processed meats per week compared to PC (PC = 3.0±2.3 times per week; AM = 0.6±0.9 times per week) (p < 0.05). There were no differences between groups for intake of saturated fat, sodium, fruits, or vegetables. Findings suggest better dietary quality among those practicing GE. Future research with larger sample sizes is needed as the promotion of GE may provide an opportunity to improve dietary quality in US university students. Research funded by the USDA.
Development of 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) menus for a randomized controlled‐feeding study
Authors: Schroeder Natalia , Kang Min‐Sook , Kim Yangsuk , Ha Grace , Park Young‐Hee , Kim Haeng‐Ran , Yates Allison , Caballero Benjamin
Published: June 2021

The aim of this project was to develop menus based on the 2010 DGA, as part of a larger study examining diet patterns and CVD risk factors. The goals for the DGA menu were a macronutrient content of 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, 30% fat, and sodium content of 2.3 g/d (2000 kcal pattern). Food group targets included grains (6 oz‐eq with half whole grain), vegetables (2.5 cups), fruit (2 cups), dairy (3 cups), and protein (5.5 oz‐eq). Menus were created for a 7‐day cycle with an energy intake range of 1800–3500 kcal/d with all components scaled from 2000 kcal. Menus were developed using the ESHA dietary analysis program. Diet composition was confirmed by composite analyses. The 2000 kcal pattern weekly average based on analysis was 2042 kcal, 57% carbohydrate, 19% protein, and 26% fat. In order to keep sodium levels low when scaling diets, the 2000 kcal pattern contained 1.6 g/d of sodium. Designing menus following the DGA takes careful selection of a variety of nutrient‐dense, low‐fat, and low sodium items that contain minimal hidden added sugars. Processed food items most difficult to find were whole grain products and products without added sugars. Energy intakes greater than 2000 kcal must consist of all specially processed low sodium options in order to meet recommendations. Further, appropriate preparation methods are a key component to meeting the DGA.

Supported by ARS/USDA and RDA Republic of Korea
Sugar sweetened beverage consumption is higher in normal weight than overweight and obese adolescents: Implications for future increased prevalence of obesity
Authors: Rodriguez Maria , Ortiz Rudy , Montez Priscilla , Weffer Simon
Published: June 2021

The associations among sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption (water, milk, juice and soft drinks) with regards to body mass in Hispanics in rural areas are not well examined. Surveys collected self‐reported data on daily beverage consumption and related to direct measures of BMI from non‐Hispanic white (312 males, 301 females) and Hispanic (671 males, 610 females) adolescents (13– 17 years old.) On average, 49% of overweight and obese adolescents, regardless of race and gender, drank more water than their normal weight counterparts. 61% of normal weight non‐ Hispanic white females reported consuming more soft drinks per day than their obese and overweight counterparts regardless of race. Furthermore, 46% of normal weight and overweight Hispanic males drank more juice per day than white males. The lack of higher SSB consumption in overweight and obese adolescents suggests that either SSB consumption is not a principal cause of their increased weight or that most of these adolescents are beginning to reduce their intake to address their weight issues. The higher SSB consumption in normal weight females is alarming because we have reported reduced physical activity levels in this group, and thus, suggests that this group is susceptible to weight gain and increasing the prevalence of overweight and obesity in this population of adolescents, further burdening the epidemic that plagues the United States.

Grant Funding Source: United States Department of Agriculture
Vitamin E and Vitamin C supplementation does not prevent glucose intolerance in obese‐prone rats
Authors: Picklo Matthew J
Published: June 2021

Obesity‐induced glucose intolerance affects over 70 million Americans. Elevated oxidative stress is associated with development of glucose intolerance. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that supplementation with the anti‐oxidants vitamin E (d‐alpha‐tocopherol acetate; 0.4 g/kg diet) and vitamin C (0.5 g/kg diet) prevents glucose intolerance in obese‐prone Sprague‐Dawley (OBSD) rats. OBSD rats were fed either a low‐fat diet (LF; 10% of calories from lard; n=14), a high‐fat diet (HF, 45% of calories from lard; n=14), or a high‐fat diet with supplemented vitamin E and vitamin C (HF‐CE; n=14). Induction of obesity was characterized by significantly elevated body fat and hyperlipidemia. Anti‐oxidant supplementation had no effect upon these parameters. Following 16 weeks on this diet, oral glucose tolerance tests were performed with a dose of glucose 1.4 g/kg per kg lean body mass. While the HF diet caused glucose intolerance, anti‐oxidant supplementation did not prevent obesity‐induced increases in fasting glucose levels, HF: 75± 6 mg/dL, HF‐CE:76 ± 5 mg/dL, and LF:64±8 mg/dL nor prevented obesity‐induced increases in the glucose area under the curve: HF: 13,155 ± 1516 mg*min/dL, HF‐CE: 13211 ± 1063 mg*min/dL, and LF 10411 ± 1328 mg*min/dL. These data indicate that vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation does not prevent glucose intolerance. This work was supported by the USDA‐ARS.
Response of vitamin B12 status to a controlled B12 intake in nonpregnant, pregnant, and lactating women
Authors: Bae Sajin , West Allyson A , Yan Jian , Jiang Xinyin , Perry Cydne A , Caudill Marie A
Published: June 2021

As part of a 12‐wk controlled feeding study, pregnant (n=26, 27 wk gestation), lactating (n=28, 5 wk postpartum), and nonpregnant (n=21) women consumed the study vitamin B12 dose of 7.5 μg/d [prenatal supplement (2.6 μg/d) and natural food (~4.9 μg/d)]. All participants achieved adequate vitamin B12 status throughout the study. Serum total vitamin B12 remained constant in pregnant and lactating women, whereas it increased in nonpregnant women (P=0.001). At study end, total B12 (mean ± SD) was lower in pregnant women (335 ± 104 pmol/L) than lactating (496 ± 127 pmol/L, P<0.001) and nonpregnant (422 ± 82 pmol/L, P=0.015) women. The consumption of the study B12 dose increased both serum holotranscobalamin (holoTC) and the fraction of total serum vitamin B12 bound to TC (holoTC/B12 ratio) within physiologic groups (P ≤0.001 and P ≤0.037, respectively). At study end, pregnant women had higher holoTC/B12 ratio (31%) than nonpregnant women (22%, P=0.035) and lactating women (24%, P=0.056) suggesting that pregnancy increased the tissue availability of circulating B12. Overall, these data suggest that consumption of the study vitamin B12 dose (~ 2.5 times the RDA) met the vitamin B12 requirements of our study participants and maintained B12 concentrations in third trimester pregnant women by increasing holoTC concentrations. Funded in part by USDA, AEB‐ENC and the Beef Checkoff.
Pregnancy increases the use of choline derived methyl groups for phosphatidylcholine (PC) production through the PEMT pathway with subsequent selective transfer of PEMT‐PC to the fetus
Authors: Yan Jian , West Allyson A , Jiang Xinyin , Perry Cydne A , Malysheva Olga V , Caudill Marie A
Published: June 2021

To quantify the effect of pregnancy on the metabolic use of orally consumed choline, healthy pregnant (P, n = 26, wk 27 gestation) and nonpregnant (NP, n = 21) women consumed ~22% of their total choline intake (480 or 930 mg/d) as methyl‐d9‐choline for the last 6 wk of a 12 wk feeding study. At wk 12, a lower (P < 0.001) plasma enrichment ratio of d9‐betaine:d9‐phosphatidylcholine (PC) was observed in P vs. NP women, implying preferential partitioning of choline into the CDP‐choline pathway relative to betaine synthesis in late pregnancy. Nonetheless, the use of betaine for methionine synthesis was enhanced in P (vs. NP) women, as suggested by the higher (P < 0.001) plasma enrichment ratio of d3‐ methionine:(d3+d9)‐betaine. Pregnant (vs. NP) women also used more choline derived methyl groups for PC synthesis via PEMT as indicated by a comparable change in PEMT‐PC enrichment (wk 12‐wk 9) despite a 1.5× larger pool. In addition, P (vs. NP) women used more free choline liberated from PEMT‐PC for betaine synthesis, as suggested by the higher plasma enrichment ratio of d3‐choline:d3‐PC (P < 0.001) and d3‐betaine:d3‐choline (P = 0.08). Notably, d3‐PC enrichment was in the order of maternal blood < placenta < cord blood (P < 0.001) whereas d9‐PC enrichment was in the reverse order. These data demonstrate that both pathways for PC synthesis are elevated in late pregnancy with evidence of preferential transfer of PEMT‐PC towards the fetus.

Funded by the USDA, ENC, and NCBA.
Evaluation of long‐chain n3 fatty acid content in diploid and triploid rainbow trout
Authors: Picklo Matthew J , Raatz Susan K. , Cleveland Beth , Rexroad Caird
Published: June 2021

Intake of long chain n3 fatty acids (LCn3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n3), is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease. There is growing interest in farmed fish like rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, as sources of LCn3. The trout industry raises diploid (2N) and triploid (3N) fish. 3N females fail to sexually mature and avoid the negative effects of maturation on fillet quality. In this work we examined the LCn3 content of 2N and 3N trout. Female rainbow trout were selected from independent populations of 1 yr and 2 yr old 2N and 2 yr old 3N fish. Although each group consumed the same diet formulation, rearing conditions and feeding rates were different and only the 2 yr 2N trout were sexually mature. Boneless, skinless fillets were removed from 4 fish per group and the total fatty acid content of the fillets was determined by FAME analysis. The contents of LCn3 in the 3N 2yr trout (EPA: 1.9 ± 0.5 mg/g; DHA 7.6 ± 1.7 mg/g) were almost 2‐fold higher than in the 2N 2yr trout (EPA:0.8 ± 0. mg/g; DHA 3.9 ± 0.5 mg/g) and the 2N 1yr trout (EPA:1.0 ± 0.3 mg/g; DHA 4.0 ± 0.7 mg/g). The higher content of LCn3 was in part the result of total higher content of fatty acid in the 3N trout. The percent content of LCn3 and ratios of short chain to long chain n3 were similar in all groups. These data indicate that farm‐raised rainbow trout are a rich source of EPA and DHA. This work was supported by the USDA‐ARS.
Bioactive micronutrients in rice varieties and their extraction efficiency
Authors: Minatel Igor Otavio , Aldini Giancarlo , Colzani Mara , Han Sang‐Ik , Correa Camila Renata , Fecchio Denise , Yeum Kyung‐Jin
Published: June 2021

Bioactive components in rice vary according to their variety and growing condition. This study determined bioactive fat‐soluble components such as carotenoids, α‐ & γ‐ tocopherols (T), tocotrienols (T3) and γ‐oryzanols (γ‐O) in four varieties (white, sweet, orange and brown) of rice using a HPLC system. Rice varieties were also extracted with different compositions of water/ethanol to determine the extraction efficiency of those components. The highest amounts of carotenoids (lutein 244 μg; trans‐β carotene 25 μg) and T (α‐, 1.5 mg; γ‐, 0.5 mg) were observed in brown rice; T3 (α‐, 0.07 mg; γ‐, 0.14 mg) in orange rice and γ‐O (115 mg) in sweet rice. No carotenoids were extracted using water or 40% ethanol and less than 4% of T, T3 and γ‐O when compared with 70% ethanol extract. The extracts were also analyzed using a high‐resolution LC‐MS/MS (LTQ‐Orbitrap XL) method to identify the [M‐H]‐ ions of γ‐O, ranging from m/z 573.3949 to 617.4211. Ten triterpene alcohols or sterol ferulates were identified in sweet rice while white, orange and brown presented 3, 8 and 8 γ‐O, respectively. Rice varieties rich in bioactive components can be useful for a dietary strategy for obtaining optimal health. [Supported in part by the USDA 58–1950‐7–707, USA, RDA (PJ008755), Korea, and CAPES BEX 5547/11–3, Brazil]
Effect of storage temperature on the stability of fat‐soluble micronutrients in rice varieties
Authors: Minatel Igor Otavio , Pierine Damiana Tortolero , Han Sang‐Ik , Correa Camila Renata , Fecchio Denise , Yeum Kyung‐Jin
Published: June 2021

Storage condition can substantially influence the contents of micronutrients in rice. This study determined the stability of carotenoids, α‐ & γ‐tocopherols, α‐ & γ‐tocotrienols, and γ‐ oryzanols in four rice varieties (white, sweet, orange and brown) over 16 weeks in different storage temperatures (room, 4ºC, and − 80ºC). Rice varieties were extracted using methanol/tetrahydrofuran and analyzed by a reverse phase HPLC system. In 100 g of rice, the contents of lutein (5–244 μg), trans‐β‐ carotene (0–25 μg), γ‐oryzanol (45–115 mg), tocopherols (α‐, 0.8–1.5 mg; γ‐, 0.1–0.7 mg) and tocotrienols (α‐, 0.04–0.07 mg; γ‐, 0.1–0.14 mg) were variable among rice varieties. Carotenoids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols decreased significantly within two weeks at room temperature, and at four weeks at 4ºC (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in these components up to 16 weeks at −80ºC. Gamma oryzanols were stable up to 16 weeks at all storage temperatures (p<0.01). The stability of fat‐soluble micronutrients were found to be different among rice varieties. Low storage temperature is recommended to reduce the loss of fat‐soluble micronutrients, specially carotenoids and vitamin E isomers, in rice varieties. [Supported in part by the USDA 58–1950‐7–707, USA, RDA (PJ008755), Korea, and CAPES BEX 5547/11–3, Brazil]
The p53‐dependent elevation of human colon cancer stem cell apoptosis by “Java Plum” anthocyanins
Authors: Charepalli Venkata Rohit , Reddivari Lavanya , Vanamala Jairam
Published: June 2021

We and others have previously shown that anthocyanins suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis in human prostate (LNCaP and PC‐3) and colon (HCT‐116 and HT‐29) cancer cells in vitro and ApcMin/+ mice model. Recent evidence suggests that colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) promote resistance to chemotherapy, relapse of tumors and contribute to poor prognosis. However, proapoptotic activity of anthocyanins against CSCs is not known. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the anthocyanin profile of Java plum (JPE), Eugenia jambolana Lam., a tropical fruit using UPLCMS; and 2) to determine the anti‐proliferative (cell counting and BrdU) and proapoptotic (Caspase 3/7 glo assay and TUNEL) properties of JPE using early state colon cancer cell line, HCT‐116 p53 +/+ and p53 −/−, and CSCs (positive for CD44, CD133, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase markers) with functioning/attenuated p53 (shRNA). JPE contained a variety of anthocyanins including delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin and malvidin in diglucoside form. For the first time, we demonstrated that JPE anthocyanins suppressed (P < 0.05) proliferation and elevated (P < 0.05) apoptosis in HCT‐116 p53 +/+ and CSCs, but not in HCT‐ 116 p53 −/− cells and CSCs with attenuated p53. These results suggest that the p53 dependent pro‐apoptotic activity of JPE may be exploited therapeutically in colon cancer.

Grant Funding Source: Grant Funding Source: National Research Initiative Grant 2009–55200‐05197 from the USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture (2009–2012) and Agricultural Experiment Station (AES) grant (2010–2012), Colorado State University.
Vitamin D Status Impacts Serum Metabolomic Profiles in Pregnant Adolescents
Authors: Finkelstein Julia L. , Pressman Eva K. , Cooper Elizabeth M. , Kent Tera R. , O'Brien Kimberly O.
Published: June 2021

This study was conducted to identify the impact of vitamin D status on metabolomic profiles in pregnancy. Metabolomic studies were performed in a group of 30 pregnant, African‐American adolescents at mid‐gestation (27 weeks), with serum concentrations of 25(OH)D >;20 ng/mL (n=15, 28.3 ± 4.7 ng/mL) and 25(OH)D <20 ng/mL (n=15, 10.4 ± 2.0 ng/mL). Global biochemical profiles were determined in serum samples using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Two‐sample t‐tests were used to identify biochemicals that differed significantly between groups. In metabolomic analyses, heme and the antioxidants bilirubin and gamma‐CEHC were significantly higher in serum from teens with 25(OH)D >;20 ng/mL. Greater vitamin D status was associated with significantly elevated oxidase enzymes, xanthine, pyridoxate, and N1‐Methyl‐2‐pyridone‐5‐carboxamide. Concentrations of ribitol, xylose and catechol sulfate were also significantly higher in the vitamin D sufficient group. Lower vitamin D status was associated with increased biochemical parameters related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and altered gut microbiome metabolism. Funded by USDA 2005–35200‐15218 and USDA 2010–34324‐20769.
Combinatorial treatment of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors with tyrosine kinase inhibitors hinders proliferation and survival
Authors: Brosius Stephanie Nicole , Roth Kevin Aaron , Carroll Steven Lewis
Published: June 2021

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are the most common cause of death in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). At present, surgery is the only effective means of treating these highly aggressive sarcomas. We have shown that erbB membrane tyrosine kinases promote MPNST proliferation and invasion and that pan‐erbB inhibitors (e.g., canertinib) have potent cytostatic effects on MPNST cells. However, in other tumor types, multiple receptor tyrosine kinases are often coactivated, and combinatorial therapy is required to overcome resistance. To identify additional therapeutic targets, we treated four human MPNST cell lines with tyrosine kinase inhibitors acting on growth factor receptors (PDGF, VEGF, c‐Met, Kit) implicated in MPNST pathogenesis and examined the effects of these agents on proliferation and survival. Both canertinib and sorafenib potently inhibited proliferation and survival, while sunitinib, crizotinib and sorafenib were ineffective. Simultaneous treatment with canertinib and sorafenib additively inhibited survival, suggesting that combinatorial therapy with these agents may be effective against MPNSTs in vivo, a possibility that we are currently testing in orthotopically xenografted mice. We are also using kinomics to identify kinases impacted by canertinib and sorafenib that may represent additional therapeutic targets in MPNSTs. Funded by NIH and DOD.
Early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) regulates pro‐inflammatory gene expression in response to palmitate and TNFa in human placenta cells and is induced in obese placenta
Authors: Saben Jessica Lynn , Andres Aline , Borengasser Sarah , Zhong Ying , Shankar Kartik
Published: June 2021

Maternal obesity has been hypothesized to induce a pro‐inflammatory response in the placenta. However, the specific factors contributing to this pro‐inflammatory response are yet to be determined. Our objective was to examine the effects of palmitic acid (PA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) or a combination of both (PA + TNFα) on placental trophoblasts (Bewo cells). Microarray analysis revealed distinct gene expression signatures with increased expression of genes regulated by mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK), or involved in inflammation, and in the immediate‐early response after exposure to PA, TNFα, or PA + TNFα. An immediate‐early response gene, early growth response 1 (EGR1), showed the largest increase in mRNA following treatment with PA and PA + TNFα and was regulated by transcription factors downstream of MAPKs. Knockdown of EGR1 in placenta cells impaired the pro‐inflammatory response to PA and PA + TNFα. Analysis of term placenta from lean and obese pregnant women showed increased MAPK signaling and EGR1 protein associated with obesity. RNA‐seq analysis also revealed elevated genes involved with inflammation in obese verses lean placenta. Our results indicate that increased circulating fatty acids and inflammatory cytokines associated with obesity, may contribute to inflammation in placenta cells for which EGR1 may be a key regulator.

Grant Funding Source: USDA ARS‐CRIS 6251–51000‐007–04S
The effects of intermittent heat acclimation on water balance in rats
Authors: Johnson Jacob , Beck Amanda , Ray Ellen , Janardan Veena , Barney Christopher
Published: June 2021

Heat exposure can lead to thermal dehydration in rats, as they use saliva spreading for evaporative cooling. The effects of heat acclimation in rats on thermal dehydration and subsequent water intake are not well understood. In this study, male Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed to 37.5°C (Intermittent Heat Acclimation ‐ IHA) with or without water or to 25°C with water for 4 hours/day for 7 consecutive days. Water losses and intakes were determined during the exposure period and a 3 hour drink period on days 1 and 7. On day 8, rats from each experimental group were exposed to either 25°C with water or 37.5°C without water for 4 hours and then blood samples were taken for estimation of cellular and extracellular dehydration. Heat exposure increased water intake both during and after the exposure and having access to water during heat exposure increased evaporative water loss but did not alter urine output. IHA decreased evaporative water loss during heat exposure, while not altering urine output during or after heat exposure. IHA also increased water intake in the heat and decreased drink period water intake and total water intake without changing blood indicators of cellular or extracellular dehydration. IHA reduces evaporative water loss during heat exposure leading to a subsequent reduction in total water intake without altering physiological thirst drives. Supported by a NSF REU Site Award (DBI‐0754293)°
Dystrophin insufficiency causes a Becker muscular dystrophy‐like phenotype in swine
Authors: Hollinger Katrin , Yang Cai‐Xia , Ross Jason W. , Rohrer Gary A. , Nonneman Dan , Selsby Joshua T.
Published: June 2021

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by a dystrophin deficiency while Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is caused by a dystrophin insufficiency or expression of a partially functional dystrophin protein. Deficiencies in existing mouse and dog models necessitate the development of a novel large animal model. Our purpose in this investigation is to characterize diaphragm and heart muscles taken from 8 wk male pigs with a dystrophin insufficiency and healthy male littermates (HML). Dystrophin protein expression was decreased 63% in diaphragms and 70% in hearts from BMD pigs compared to HML by Western blot. These findings were supported by immunohistochemical analysis. Quantitative RT‐PCR using primers directed against the 3′ end of the dystrophin transcript showed a 61% and 34% reduction in mRNA abundance in the diaphragm and heart, respectively, in BMD pigs compared to HML. Consistent with the human disease, dystrophin insufficiency was associated with decreased expression of α‐sarcoglycan and a 5‐fold increase in serum creatine kinase activity compared to HML. Further, focal necrosis with fibrosis and fatty infiltration was evident in histologically stained diaphragms but not the hearts from BMD pigs at the 8wk time point. We conclude that these pigs exhibit a phenotype consistent with BMD and should be considered as a translational and preclinical model for this disease. Supported by the USDA and NIH.
Evaluation of the H2S gasotransmitter system as a regulator of transepithelial sodium absorption in native lung epithelia (Xenopus laevis)
Authors: Althaus Mike , Erb Alexandra , Agné Alisa , Olson Kenneth R , Glombik Phillip , Clauss Wolfgang G , Fronius Martin
Published: June 2021

The transepithelial absorption of Na+in the lung is crucial for the maintenance of the volume and composition of epithelial lining fluid. The regulation of Na+ transport is essential since hypo‐or hyperabsorption of Na+ is associated with lung diseases such as pulmonary edema or cystic fibrosis, respectively. This study investigated the effects of the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulphide (H2S) on Na+ absorption across native lung epithelia (Xenopus laevis) in Ussing chambers. Exogenously applied H2S dose‐dependently decreased transepithelial Na+ absorption due to inhibition of the Na+/K+‐ATPase and basolateral lidocaine‐sensitive K+ channels. In lung homogenates, RNA transcripts for the H2S generating enzymes cystathionine‐β‐synthase and cystathionine‐γ‐lyase were detected and H2S synthesizing capacity was confirmed with an amperometric H2S sensor. However, neither inhibitors nor stimulators of H2S‐generating enzymes affected Na+ absorption under normal physiological conditions. These data indicate that amphibian lungs have the capacity of H2S production, but this does not affect transepithelial Na+ absorption under normal physiological conditions. However, the impairment of the Na+/K+‐ATPase as well as K+ channels by H2S may become relevant under patho‐physiological conditions with enhanced endogenous H2S production. This work was funded by the German Research Foundation (AL‐1453/1–1 ) and the NSF grant No. IOS 1051627.
Transmural variation in the length‐force relationships and in vivo operating length ranges of the mantle muscles of squid
Authors: Perilstein Harry , Thompson Joseph T , Shelton Ryan M , Kier William M
Published: June 2021

Recent work has shown that contraction of hollow, cylindrical, muscular organs is accompanied by significant non‐uniformities in circumferential strain across the muscular body wall. In squid, circumferential strain along the inner surface of the mantle wall is 1.3 to 1.6 times greater during the mantle contractions used to power jet locomotion than along the outer surface of the mantle. This transmural gradient of strain may result in the circular muscle fibers from near the inner and outer surfaces of the mantle operating over different regions of the length‐tension curve during the same mantle contraction cycle, potentially generating different instantaneous forces. We used sonomicrometry on swimming squid and isometric tests on bundles of circular fibers to test the hypothesis that circular muscle contractile properties vary transmurally in the mantle in the Atlantic longfin squid, Doryteuthis pealeii. We found that the length‐force relationship of the obliquely striated circular muscle fibers varied significantly with radial position in the mantle wall. Sonomicrometry experiments revealed that the circular fibers operated in vivo primarily along the entire ascending limb of the length‐tension curve. Our work shows that the functional diversity of obliquely striated muscles is much greater than previously thought. Supported by NSF grant IOS‐0950827.
Lung volume and pulmonary compliance in the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
Authors: Hedrick Michael S , Kohl Zachary F , Khan Mohammad , Eme John , Dzialowski Edward M , Crossley Dane A
Published: June 2021

Crocodilians have a suite of unique ventilatory features that differ from other reptiles. We examined mechanical aspects of the alligator ventilatory system including maximal lung volume, total static and dynamic pulmonary compliance (lung and body wall) and pressure‐volume hysteresis in juvenile alligators (58 g to 254 g) raised in normoxic environments. Alligators were deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital, decapitated and intubated through the trachea. Lung inflation/deflation cycles were done with an infusion pump; lung pressure was measured with a differential pressure transducer. Lung volume at 15 cm H2O was 257 ml kg−1 which is comparable to other reptiles and amphibians. Maximal static compliance with inflation was 41 ml cm H2O−1 kg−1 and increased to 53 ml cm H2O−1 kg−1 with maximal dynamic compliance. Maximal static and dynamic compliance were greater during deflation (ca. 90 ml cm H2O−1 kg−1). Dynamic compliance was also associated with a six‐fold increase in the hysteresis index compared with static compliance. These data indicate that maximal total compliance in the juvenile alligator is comparable to other terrestrial ectotherms, but significantly greater than mammals. The relatively large lung volume and highly compliant pulmonary system may be important for lung inflation/deflation cycles following spontaneous apneic periods or prolonged dives. Supported by NSF CAREER IOS 0845741 (DAC).
Respiration and Ventilation Responses to Acute Hypoxic Stress in the Guyana Orange Spotted Cockroach
Authors: Mallery Christopher S. , Dzialowski Edward M.
Published: June 2021

Insect ventilation follows characteristic patterns, from the discontinuous gas exchange cycle (DGC), with periods of open and closed spiracles (bursts and interbursts), to continuous gas exchange. Resting insects are relatively resistant to changes in ambient pO2 with respiration rates maintained by changes in ventilation pattern during hypoxic exposure. We measured CO2 release (Vco2) of the Guyana Orange Spotted Cockroach (Blaptica dubia) to test the hypothesis that B. dubia increases ventilation and transitions from DGC to continuous gas exchange in response to acute decreases in pO2 from 21kPa O2 to 3 kPa O2 at 25°C and 35°C. Between 21 and 6 kPa O2, animals had a significantly higher Vco2 at 35°C than at 25°C. Cockroaches increased total Vco2 at the lowest O2 level at 25°C, but not at 35°C. Mean burst and interburst Vco2 during severe hypoxia (3kPa pO2) at 35°C was higher when compared to values at 21kPa O2. Mean cycle rate during a burst increased as pO2 decreased at both temperatures. Interburst period increased significantly under severe hypoxia at 35°C. Overall, animals at the higher temperature had higher Vco2, and as O2 decreased the spiracles opened more during interbursts; hyperventilation begins during moderate hypoxia (6 kPa O2), but bursts become less frequent and ventilation becomes more continuous in severe hypoxia. Supported by NSF IOS 1146758 (EMD).
Comparative effects of high velocity and low velocity power training on muscle performance, muscle mass and functional ability in mobility‐limited elders: a randomized trial
Authors: Reid Kieran F , Martin Kimberly I , Doros Gheorghe , Clark David J , Patten Carolynn , Phillips Edward M , Hau Cynthia , Frontera Walter R , Fielding Roger A
Published: June 2021

We compared the effects of two uniquely different power training interventions on muscle performance, functional ability and muscle mass in mobility‐limited elders. Fifty‐five older adults (78 ± 5yrs, SPPB Score: 8.1 ± 1) were randomized to either 16 weeks of lower force, high velocity (HI) or higher force, low velocity (LOW) power training. Both groups completed 3 sets of leg and knee extension exercises at maximum voluntary velocity, 2 times per week, at 40% of 1‐repetition maximum (1RM) in HI or 70% of 1RM in LOW. At follow‐up, both HI & LOW exhibited significant within‐group increases of peak power (32 ± 11% vs. 43 ± 11%), contraction velocity (15 ± 7% vs. 20 ± 7%), strength (16 ± 4% vs. 21 ± 4%) and SPPB score (1.4 ± 0.3 vs. 1.8 ± 0.3 units), respectively (P < 0.03). Between‐group differences were not evident for any changes in muscle performance or functional ability (P >; 0.25). No within or between group differences in muscle mass were elicited (P >; 0.25). Lighter load, higher velocity power training can yield significant and comparable improvements in muscle performance and functional ability compared to more intensive higher load, lower velocity power training in mobility‐limited elders. Such findings may be mediated by non muscle mass factors and may have important implications for optimizing practical exercise interventions for older adults with mobility limitations. Supported by USDA 58–1950‐0–014 & NIA RO1‐AG18844