bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinematics and Efficiency Analysis of the Planetary Roller Screw Mechanism
Authors: Velinsky Steven A. , Chu Baeksuk , Lasky Ty A.
Published: December 2008

This paper analyzes the kinematics and the efficiency of the planetary roller screw mechanism (RSM) to provide a fundamental basis to support its various applications. The mechanical structure and practical advantages are presented in comparison with the conventional ball screw mechanism (BSM). Kinematic analysis involves derivation of the angular and axial motions, as well as the development of the slip pattern between the contacting components. Results show that for any motion of the RSM slip always occurs. Kinematic analysis including elastic deformation is also presented. The load carrying capacity and efficiency of the RSM are derived based on geometric and equilibrium conditions, and the results are compared with the BSM.
Theileria
Apicoplast as a Target for Chemotherapy
Authors: Lizundia Regina , Werling Dirk , Langsley Gordon , Ralph Stuart A.
Published: December 2008

Theileria
parasites cause severe bovine disease and death in a large part of the world. These apicomplexan parasites possess a relic plastid (apicoplast), whose metabolic pathways include several promising drug targets. Putative inhibitors of these targets were screened, and we identified antiproliferative compounds that merit further characterization.
Continuous Cefazolin Infusion To Treat Bone and Joint Infections: Clinical Efficacy, Feasibility, Safety, and Serum and Bone Concentrations
Authors: Zeller Valérie , Durand Frédérick , Kitzis Marie-Dominique , Lhotellier Luc , Ziza Jean-Marc , Mamoudy Patrick , Desplaces Nicole
Published: December 2008

Cefazolin has been used for many years to treat bone and joint infections. Because of its time-dependent antimicrobial activity, continuous infusion would potentially be beneficial. We report on the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of prolonged continuous intravenous cefazolin therapy in a cohort of 100 patients, their serum cefazolin levels, and the concomitant bone cefazolin concentrations in 8 of them. This retrospective cohort study included all the patients treated for bone or joint infection with a continuous cefazolin infusion administered over a 12-h period twice daily for ≥2 weeks. Drug monitoring was performed at least twice for all the patients. Serum and bone cefazolin concentrations were determined by standardized disk diffusion microbiological assays. The absence of clinical, biological, and radiological signs of infection after 2 years of follow-up and the same criteria after 1 year of follow-up defined cures and probable cures, respectively. The median treatment duration was 42 days, and the median daily cefazolin dose was 6 g. Half of the patients received parenteral antibiotic therapy on an outpatient basis. Two moderate-grade adverse events were observed. The median serum cefazolin concentrations were 63 μg/ml (range, 13 to 203 μg/ml) and 57 μg/ml (range, 29 to 128 μg/ml) on days 2 to 10 and days 11 to 21, respectively. The median bone cefazolin concentration reached 13.5 μg/g (range, 3.5 to 29 μg/g). The median bone concentration/serum concentration ratio was 0.25 (range, 0.06 to 0.41). Among 88 patients with a median follow-up of 25 months (range, 12 to 53 months), 52 were considered cured and 29 were considered probably cured. Thus, the treatment of bone and joint infections with a prolonged continuous intravenous cefazolin infusion was feasible, effective, well-tolerated, safe, and convenient, making it a strong candidate for home therapy.
Antimicrobial Activities of Jadomycin B and Structurally Related Analogues
Authors: Jakeman David L. , Bandi Srinivasulu , Graham Cathy L. , Reid Taryn R. , Wentzell Jason R. , Douglas Susan E.
Published: December 2008

Natural products are leads for new antibiotics as a result of their structural complexity and diversity. We have isolated a series of structurally related polyketide-derived natural products from
Streptomyces venezuelae
ISP5230. The most active of these jadomycin analogues showed good activity against a variety of staphylococci, including methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
.
Pyrosequencing Using the Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Protocol for Rapid Determination of TEM- and SHV-Type Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Clinical Isolates and Identification of the Novel β-Lactamase Genes
bla
SHV-48
,
bla
SHV-105
, and
bla
TEM-155
Authors: Jones C. Hal , Ruzin Alexey , Tuckman Margareta , Visalli Melissa A. , Petersen Peter J. , Bradford Patricia A.
Published: December 2008

TEM- and SHV-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are the most common ESBLs found in the United States and are prevalent throughout the world. Amino acid substitutions at a number of positions in TEM-1 lead to the ESBL phenotype, although substitutions at residues 104 (E to K), 164 (R to S or H), 238 (G to S), and 240 (E to K) appear to be particularly important in modifying the spectrum of activity of the enzyme. The SHV-1-derived ESBLs are a less diverse collection of enzymes; however, the majority of amino acid substitutions resulting in an ESBL mirror those seen in the TEM-1-derived enzymes. Pyrosequencing by use of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) protocol was applied to provide sequence data at positions critical for the ESBL phenotype spanning the
bla
TEM
and
bla
SHV
genes. Three novel β-lactamases are described: the ESBLs TEM-155 (Q39K, R164S, E240K) and SHV-105 (I8F, R43S, G156D, G238S, E240K) and a non-ESBL, SHV-48 (V119I). The ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, and aztreonam MICs for an
Escherichia coli
isolate expressing
bla
SHV-105
were >128, 128, and >128 μg/ml, respectively. Likewise, the ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, and aztreonam MICs for an
E. coli
isolate expressing
bla
TEM-155
were >128, 64, and > 128 μg/ml, respectively. Pyrosequence analysis determined the true identity of the β-lactamase on plasmid R1010 to be SHV-11 rather than SHV-1, as previously reported. Pyrosequencing is a real-time sequencing-by-synthesis approach that was applied to SNP detection for TEM- and SHV-type ESBL identification and represents a robust tool for rapid sequence determination that may have a place in the clinical setting.
Identification, Characterization, and Azole-Binding Properties of
Mycobacterium smegmatis
CYP164A2, a Homolog of ML2088, the Sole Cytochrome P450 Gene of
Mycobacterium leprae
Authors: Warrilow Andrew G. S. , Jackson Colin J. , Parker Josie E. , Marczylo Timothy H. , Kelly Diane E. , Lamb David C. , Kelly Steven L.
Published: December 2008

The genome sequence of
Mycobacterium leprae
revealed a single open reading frame, ML2088 (CYP164A1), encoding a putative full-length cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and 12 pseudogenes. We have identified a homolog of ML2088 in
Mycobacterium smegmatis
and report here the cloning, expression, purification, and azole-binding characteristics of this cytochrome P450 (CYP164A2).
CYP164A2
is 1,245 bp long and encodes a protein of 414 amino acids and molecular mass of 45 kDa. CYP164A2 has 60% identity with
Mycobacterium leprae
CYP161A1 and 66 to 69% identity with eight other mycobacterial CYP164A1 homologs, with three identified highly conserved motifs. Recombinant CYP164A2 has the typical spectral characteristics of a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, predominantly in the ferric low-spin state. Unusually, the spin state was readily modulated by increasing ionic strength at pH 7.5, with 50% high-spin occupancy achieved with 0.14 M NaCl. CYP164A2 bound clotrimazole, econazole, and miconazole strongly (

K
d

, 1.2 to 2.5 μM); however, strong binding with itraconazole, ketoconazole, and voriconazole was only observed in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl. Fluconazole did not bind to CYP164A2 at pH 7.5 and no discernible type II binding spectrum was observed.
Efficient Neutralization of Antibody-Resistant Forms of Anthrax Toxin by a Soluble Receptor Decoy Inhibitor
Authors: Sharma Shilpi , Thomas Diane , Marlett John , Manchester Marianne , Young John A. T.
Published: December 2008

A soluble receptor decoy inhibitor (RDI), comprised of the extracellular I domain of ANTXR2, is a candidate anthrax therapeutic. Here we show that RDI can effectively neutralize altered forms of the protective antigen toxin subunit that are resistant to 14B7 monoclonal antibody neutralization. These data highlight the potential of RDI to act as an adjunct to existing antibody-based therapies and indicate that inhibitors based on RDI might be useful as a stand-alone treatment against specifically engineered strains of
Bacillus anthracis
.
Selectivity of TMC207 towards Mycobacterial ATP Synthase Compared with That towards the Eukaryotic Homologue
Authors: Haagsma Anna C. , Abdillahi-Ibrahim Rooda , Wagner Marijke J. , Krab Klaas , Vergauwen Karen , Guillemont Jerome , Andries Koen , Lill Holger , Koul Anil , Bald Dirk
Published: December 2008

The diarylquinoline TMC207 kills
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
by specifically inhibiting ATP synthase. We show here that human mitochondrial ATP synthase (50% inhibitory concentration [IC
50
] of >200 μM) displayed more than 20,000-fold lower sensitivity for TMC207 compared to that of mycobacterial ATP synthase (IC
50
of 10 nM). Also, oxygen consumption in mouse liver and bovine heart mitochondria showed very low sensitivity for TMC207. These results suggest that TMC207 may not elicit ATP synthesis-related toxicity in mammalian cells. ATP synthase, although highly conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, may still qualify as an attractive antibiotic target.
Isometric Training with Women Sprinters
Authors: Start K. B.
Published: December 2008

Three potentially international calibre women sprinters were given an eight weeks' isometric strength training programme for their legs, using 80% maximum strength as the loading factor. In an attempt to reduce decrement subsequent to cessation of training, a four week `taper' programme was tried. Strength measures were taken fortnightly through the training programme and subsequently at three months and nine months on one athlete. Strength gains were obtained for all athletes and the post training decrement appeared to vary with the muscle group exercised. No detrimental aesthetic, emotional or physiological effects of the high loading were noted and no injuries occurred.
A comparative study of flurbiprofen and aspirin in soft tissue trauma.
Authors: Muckle D. S.
Published: December 2008

A double blind study using flurbiprofen (2-(2-fluoro-4-biphenylyl propionic acid) 150 mg daily and soluble aspirin (3.6 g daily) for 5 days immediately after injury, was carried out in 52 soft tissue injuries to the lower limb in professional sportsmen. Flurbiprofen was more effective than aspirin in producing analgesia (when daily pain scores were considered) after day 2 (p less than 0.02); and flurbiprofen produced a more effective resolution of soft tissue trauma when days to training and match play were considered (p less than 0.05). The inhibitory effects of flurbiprofen on prostaglandin biosynthesis and tissue action are mentioned and the use of anti-inflammatory agents given immediately after soft tissue injuries discussed.
Joint mobility changes due to low frequency vibration and stretching exercise
Authors: Atha J. , Wheatley D. W.
Published: December 2008

It has been shown that fifteen minutes of locally applied cycloid vibration of low amplitude and frequency is equally as effective as a fifteen minute programme of flexibility exercises in increasing short term mobility of the hip flexors. It is suggested that this mobility change may occur as a result of improved muscle relaxation.
Some reactions to a dry-land training programme for dinghy sailors.
Authors: Wright G. , Clarke J. , Niinimaa V. , Shephard R. J.
Published: December 2008

A dry-land winter training programme for dinghy-sailors is described. Individual elements include circuit training, specific exercises for muscle strength and endurance, and distance running. Ten international-class sailors followed a progressive regimen of this type for 14 weeks after completion of the 1973 season. Excess weight and skinfold thicknesses were reduced, while muscle strength, endurance and anaerobic capacity increased. Aerobic power remained substantially unchanged, although a smaller oxygen debt was incurred in reaching maximum effort. Team members were enthusiastic about the benefits gained from the training, commenting on their greater tolerance of the hiking position and all proposed to continue or to increase their efforts during subsequent winters. Racing results during 1974 were also an improvement on the 1973 record. However, it was difficult to link physiological gains to improvements in the relative rankings of individual competitors under either light or high wind conditions; the main factor changing relative standings seems to have been the additional year of competitive experiences in younger team members.
Excretion and metabolism of nikethamide in the horse.
Authors: Delbeke F. T. , Debackere M.
Published: December 2008

It is well known that nikethamide (N,N-diethylnicotinamide, CoramineR) is metabolized very rapidly to nicotinamide. Hence, there is difficulty in proving that nikethamide has been used as a doping substance because nicotinamide is a normal physiological metabolite in the organism as well as a vitamin preparation. However, an intermediate metabolite (N-ethylnicotinamide) was found by us in the urine of horses treated with CoramineR. This was characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and synthesized and identified as being N-ethylnicotinamide. The excretion and metabolism of nikethamide after intramuscular injection in the horse was followed using quantitative gas chromatography of urine extracts over a period of several hours and the results of these experiments are reported. Changes in urinary pH had no significant effect upon either the metabolism or rate of excretion of the drug.
Racing problems in the U.S.A.
Authors: Jaggard G.
Published: December 2008

The major problems of racing in the United States at the present time are caused by too much racing. This has led to too few horses and small fields. Consequently many owners and trainers are trying to enter their horses too frequently and to race them when they are not really fit to run. The desire to race horses as frequently as possible has led to constant pressure from horsemen through their organizations for so called "permissive medication". Started in the state of Colorado approximately ten years ago this has grown until finally there are only a few states, notably New York and New Jersey that have resisted the pressure. The drug that gave the opening wedge to permissive medication was phenylbutazone, but this in many states has led to the inclusion of other drugs including analgesics and drugs that veterinarians claim are needed for therapeutic purposes. Some states have endeavoured to control phenylbutazone medication by quantitation and while lower limits cause little difficulty, maximum allowable limits have caused problems and are not practical. While there has been no publicity to my knowledge about frusemide (furosemide, lasix) the abuse of this drug for so called "bleeders" is an example that may seriously interfere with drug detection in urine and its use should be confined to proven "bleeders" (i.e. horses suffering from epistaxis). Pre-race blood testing began roughly ten years ago at the harness tracks and has been resisted by our flat tracks rather successfully up to the present time. The blood testing methods and those used by the same laboratories in post-race urine testing is inadequate and will not detect many illegal drugs.
Less common "doping" agents and substances encountered during routine screening for drugs.
Authors: Haywood P. E. , Chalmers P.
Published: December 2008

The chromatographic and spectroscopic properties of several unusual substances which have been detected in the "alkaloidal" chloroform extract from racehorse urine and saliva samples are reported. Some of these substances have been identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the source of the substance is stated where this is known. Other substances whose identity is not known have been detected and their mass spectra show characteristic amine fragments. The occurrence of these unidentified substances is more frequent in aged urine samples and it would therefore appear that they are associated with putrefaction.
A physiological evaluation of professional soccer players.
Authors: Raven P. B. , Gettman L. R. , Pollock M. L. , Cooper K. H.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiological functions of a professional soccer team in the North American Soccer League (NASL). Eighteen players were evaluated on cardiorespiratory function, endurance performance, body composition, blood chemistry, and motor fitness measures near the end of their competitive season. The following means were observed: age, 26 yrs; height, 176 cm; weight 75.5 kg; resting heart rate, 50 beats/min; maximum heart rate (MHR), 188 beats/min; maximum oxygen intake (VO2 max), 58.4 ml/kg-min-1; maximum ventilation (VEmax BTPS), 154 L/min; body fat, 9.59%; 12-min run, 1.86 miles; and Illinois agility run, 15.6 secs. Results on resting blood pressure, serum lipids, vital capacity, flexibility, upper body strength, and vertical jump tests were comparable to values found for the sedentary population. Comparing the results with previously collected data on professional American Football backs indicated that the soccer players were shorter; lighter in body weight; higher in VO2 max (4 ml/kg-min-1) and body fat (1.8%); and similar in MHR, VE max, and VC. The 12-min run scores were similar to the initial values observed for the 1970 Brazilian World Cup Team. The agility run results were superior to data collected from other groups. Their endurance capabilities, agility, and low percent of body fat clearly differentiate them from the sedentary population and show them to be similar to that of professional American football backs.
Sub maximal oxygen uptake related to fat free mass and lean leg volume in trained runners.
Authors: Winter E. M. , Hamley E. J.
Published: December 2008

The sub maximal oxygen uptake (VO2) of 32 trained male middle and long distance runners aged 19.5-36.0 years was determined at five treadmill speeds. There was a significant linear relationship (p less than 0.01) between VO2 at each of the treadmill speeds and Fat-Free Mass (FFM) and Lean Leg Volume (LLV). To explain the relationship other factors are considered, the most important of which may be the mechanical configuration of muscle and mitochondrial function.
Effect of prolonged exercise of serum testosterone levels in adult men.
Authors: Young R. J. , Ismail A. H. , Bradley A. , Corrigan D. L.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of the study was to: 1) identify the differences in serum testosterone levels among four groups of adult men differentiated on the basis of physical fitness and age, and 2) determine the effect of a four-month physical fitness programme consisting of running, calisthenics and recreational activities on the serum testosterone levels of the four groups. The groups were designated: high-fit, young aged about 32 (n = 7); high-fit, old aged about 52 (n = 7); low-fit, young (n = 7), and low-fit, old (n = 7). The subjects were selected and grouped according to physical fitness scores obtained using the regression equation of Ismail et al. Serum testosterone was determined by a radioimmunoassay method. The pre-test ANOVA revealed that the high-fit groups had a significantly (p less than .01) higher testosterone level (754.29 ng/100 ml) than the low-fit groups (548.07 ng/100 ml) and the high-fit, young group (925.01 ng/100 ml) was significantly (p less than .01) higher than the other three groups. Post-test values were adjusted using pre-test testosterone values as covariates. No significant differences among the groups were found indicating that the serum testosterone levels were the same regardless of different ages and fitness levels. The findings were discussed in light of physiological, biochemical and psychological factors.
A survey of sports injuries in Birmingham.
Authors: Crompton B. , Tubbs N.
Published: December 2008

7% of the injuries presenting to the Birmingham Accident Hospital during 1975 occurred during sport. Of those injuries which could be classified 98.3% were due to extrinsic causes. These figures would not seem to justify a sports injury clinic. However we believe that this presents the service available rather than the service required.
Avulsion fractures in athletes.
Authors: Orava S. , Ala-Ketola L.
Published: December 2008

34 cases of avulsion fractures are described. Each fracture took place during athletic training or competition. Excepting six sportsmen participating in a general fitness programme, every patient was an active competitive athlete. There were six women and 28 men; their average age was 20.1 years, raised by a few middle-aged "fitness sportsmen". Most avulsion fractures took place in sprinters and hurdlers; next were middle and long distance renner, footballers, fitness joggers, skiers and ice-hockey players. The most usual location of a fracture was the anterior pelvic spines; avulsion fractures were also detected in various parts of lower limbs. There were fewer avulsion fractures in the area of the trunk and upper extremities. Roetgenologically, the diagnosis of an avulsion fracture is generally easy to make. However, the diagnosis is facilitated by knowing the mechanism of the injury, the technique of the athletic event, and some of the training methods. Generally, a fracture heals well, even if it requires both sufficient immobilisation and some delay in resuming physical exertion.
Urinary excretion of free noradrenaline and adrenaline in trained and untrained men.
Authors: Davies B. , Massey B. H. , Lohman T. G. , Williams B. T.
Published: December 2008

Measurements of free noradrenaline and adrenaline were made in the urine of 28 men sampled after rest and exercise prior to, and following six and twelve weeks of an excercise programme. The training consisted of thirty minutes of running and walking four times per week at an intensity estimated at 75% of the age-predicted maximum heart rate. A fifteen minute standardized cycle ergometer work test was conducted on all subjects prior to the training and following six and twelve weeks of training. Noradrenaline and adrenaline excretions in the urine were measured before and after the work test.
Oxygen cost and energy expenditure of running in trained runners.
Authors: Mayhew J. L.
Published: December 2008

The oxygen cost and energy expenditure of submaximal treadmill running was evaluated in 9 male distance runners. The oxygen consumption--running speed relationship was highly significant (r = .917) and linear over the entire aerobic range. The caloric cost of 0.97 Kcal/kg/k was in close agreement with values found in the literature and was independent of running speed. The caloric cost per unit distance and time increased with acceleration in running speed. The slope of the regression line of oxygen consumption on running speed appear to measure a different component of efficiency than the fractional utilization coefficient of aerobic capacity. There is apparently a wide variation in the oxygen cost of running in trained runners.
Responses of adult women to programmed exercise.
Authors: Davies B. , Daggett A.
Published: December 2008

A group of eighty healthy women was studied following two months of programmed exercise (3 x 15 mins/per week) at 60 to 80 percent of age-predicted maximum heart rate. Physical work capacity corresponding to a heartrate of 170 bts. (PWC-170) was determined using a bicycle ergometer. Anthropometric and lung function variables were also ascertained prior to (T1) and following training (T2). The post training measurements of this exercise group, compared with measurements of a sedentary control group, displayed significant changes in PWC-170, resting systolic blood pressure and fat index. There were no significant changes in vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), strength and perceived exertion measures (RPE). The implication of these findings are discussed.
A study of the physical working capacity of Gaelic footballers and hurlers.
Authors: Watson A. W.
Published: December 2008

The possible contribution of endurance fitness to performance in the Gelic games, football and hurling, has been investigated. Two groups of 15 players were compared. The first consisted of members of teams reaching interprovincial finals and the second were similar members of comparable but less successful teams. The measurements taken were: height and weight, skinfold thicknesses on the triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac sites, and the physical working capacity at a heart rate of 170 beats per minute (PWC 170). The more successful players were found to be taller and heavier and to have a higher PWC 170. There was no difference in estimated percentage of fat. The difference in PWC 170 of the two groups remained after correction for the difference in body weight. A group of seven of the players who participated in two or more finals was studied longitudinally. In six of these subjects PWC 170 was higher at the time of these matches than before or after. These findings are discussed and it is suggested that endurance fitness is a factor contributing to performance in football and hurling.
Factors affecting performance during an endurance relay.
Authors: Lloyd E. L. , Henderson W. , Covell B. , Bryce G. R.
Published: December 2008

A successful attempt by Edinburgh Athletic Club on the world record for the 24-hour 10-man x 1 mile relay is reported. The effects of a variety of factors on the performances of the athletes are assessed, and some physiological changes noted. In the light of these observations recommendations are made to help the planning of future record attempts.
Radioimmunoassay of anabolic steroids: an evaluation of three antisera for the detection of anabolic steroids in biological fluids.
Authors: Dugal R. , Dupuis C. , Bertrand M. J.
Published: December 2008

Recently developed radioimmunoassays (RIA) for the analysis of anabolic steroids and their metabolites in biological fluids were tested for cross-reactivity with other types of steroids. Results show that the degree of desirable cross-reactivity within the two classes or orally active anabolic steroids vary widely and that the antiserum for 19-Nortestosterone (the active principle of intramuscular preparations) has a very high degree of undesirable cross-reactivity with components of oral contraceptives. Single and multiple dose studies in human volunteers demonstrate that the detection level and degree of retrospectivity are likewise variable but that the test easily detects most anabolic steroids during treatment. At the present time, the combination of the three antisera for the assay of a sample appears to be a relatively rapid and economic method for screening large numbers of samples in situations where doping control of anabolic steroids is required. The importance of utilizing physico-chemical means for identification of RIA potential positives is emphasized.
Serum insulin and glucose response to graded exercise in adults. Part I: the influence of fitness status.
Authors: White J. A. , Ismail A. H. , Bradley C. A.
Published: December 2008

The effect of acute exercise upon serum immunoreactive insulin levels (IRI) and serum glucose concentrations (GC) was studied in groups of middle-aged men of contrasting physical fitness status. Two groups of subjects, one active and one sedentary (both N = 11, mean age 44 years), performed a graded cycle ergometer exercise test in the post-absorptive state. Venous blood samples were taken at rest, during low and high work intensities, and after recovery. The response of serum IRI to exercise was similar in both groups of subjects with significant increases observed during exercise followed by a return to resting values during recovery. However, the magnitude of serum IRI response was lower in the active group. In contrast, the sedentary group demonstrated little or no change in serum GC during exercise, whereas significant increases in serum GC were observed during exercise in the active group.
A comparison of physical efficiency between Indian physical education and medical students.
Authors: De A. K. , Debnath P. K. , Roy D. C. , Nagchaudhuri J.
Published: December 2008

The recovery pulse and respiration were analysed to determine the level of physical fitness among the physical education and medical students of Banaras Hindu University. The analysis of the data suggested that physical fitness as measured by recovery rate was better in physical education students than in medical students. Following questionnaire method, it has been noted that the daily activity of physical education students was more than the medical students and probably the reason for higher efficiency in them.
Rock climbing: observations on heart rate and plasma catecholamine concentrations and the influence of oxprenolol.
Authors: Williams E. S. , Taggart P. , Carruthers M.
Published: December 2008

Observations are presented on the electrocardiogram and plasma catecholamine concentrations of 11 healthy men monitored during two rock climbing ascents. A placebo was administered prior to the first climb and an oral dose of the beta blocking agent oxprenolol ("Trasicor") prior to the second. Mean heart rates were 166 (+/- 20.4 SD) and 120 (+/- 10.2) respectively. Median plasma adrenaline concentrations were 0.05 microgram/1 and 0.33 microgram/1 before and after the climbs following the placebo. No significant difference was observed in the adrenaline concentrations before and after climbing following oxprenolol, or of noradrenaline concentrations on either occasion. These results are interpreted as suggesting that this popular sport represents more an anxiety-type of psychological stress than a physical stress and as such is likely to increase moral fibre rather than muscle fibre.
Progressive changes in energy cost during a three-hour race-walk exercise.
Authors: Farley G. R. , Hamley E. J.
Published: December 2008

Twenty experienced race-walkers were exercised in a controlled routine walking at 11.6 km/hr continuously for 3 hr, alternately on a treadmill and a cinder track. Analyses of expired air samples taken at 30 min intervals were used to calculate average R.Q. and energy expenditure. R.Q. was found to decrease progressively from 0.92 to 0.66 in the 3 hr and remained at this level 30 min later. The mean energy cost rose from 46.2 to 55.4 kJ/min or 24.7 to 29.7 kJ/min.m2. The results indicate that this group probably experienced an elevation of aerobic activity as they utilized progressively more fat to satisfy metabolic demands and that R.Q. may be a good indicator for determining recovery after severe long duration exercise.
Human endurance--mind or muscle?
Authors: Taylor D. E.
Published: December 2008

Two investigations have been carried out. The first studied the effects of autonomic blockade on the cardiovascular response to a step test, a 50% maximum isometric grip test and a Valsalva manoeuvre: the step test was of 5 minutes duration and the other two for as long as possible. beta adrenergic blockade by propanolol diminished the blood pressure and pulse rate response to both the step test and isometric grip. The pulse rate response to the step test was also affected by cholinergic blockade with atropine. The response to the Valsalva test showed a cholinergic blockade effect of pulse rate alone and a blood pressure response alone on alpha adrenergic blockade by phenoxybenzamine. The second studied psychological stressing on physical and mental ability. A potential 'punishment' situation increased the blood pressure and pulse rate response to isometric grip while decreasing the time for which it could be maintained. A potential 'reward' situation increased both the maximum grip and the time for which 50% grip could be maintained. It is concluded that psychological factors can affect performance dependant on whether the situation is perceived as one of 'reward' or 'punishment'. A factor in the mediation of the adverse response is an inappropriate response of the autonomic nervous system.
Chronic overuse injuries of the piso-triquetral joint in racquet game players.
Authors: Helal B.
Published: December 2008

Three squash racquets and one badminton player presented with pain in the base of the hypothenar eminence, due to minor degrees of subluxation of the pisiform bone. Two of them also showed chondromalacia of the articular cartilage of the pisotriquetral joint. All four patients were relieved by excision of the pisiform bone and had returned to their normal daily and sporting activities within three months of their operation.
Exercise prescription--North American experience.
Authors: Shephard R. J.
Published: December 2008

The principles of exercise prescription are reviewed with respect to North American experience. The required regimen must be safe, therapeutically effective, and ensure a high rate of compliance. Precautions to increase the safety of exercise are discussed. Cardiac emergencies are sufficiently rare events (less than 1 in 200,000 hours even in post-coronary classes) that the need for immediate medical supervision of a well-designed programme can be questioned. The prime determinant of the response to training is the intensity of effort relative to the individual's initial fitness. Post-coronary patients often have a great potential for training due to their previous inactivity, but this will not be realised if the prescribed exercise is of insufficient intensity. Exercise programmes are plagued by a high 'drop-out' rate; 50% of normal middle-aged volunteers are lost in 6 months, and even with post-coronary programmes losses can be 60--70% over 4 years. Simple suggestions are made for improving compliance with the required exercise prescription.
A study of maximum oxygen uptake and heart rate during work and recovery as measured on cycle ergometer on national Indian sportsmen.
Authors: Verma S. K. , Sidhu L. S. , Kansal D. K.
Published: December 2008

We have studied 73, top level Indian sportsmen for VO2 max and heart rates during work and recovery. High negative values of 'r' between VO2 max and heart rate during work and recovery have been observed. Absolute VO2 max, VO2 max/kg body wt/min and VO2 max/kg lean body mass/min are found to play an important role in influencing recovery of heart rate, more so in the initial phases. A similar trend has been observed while studying the influences of work heart rate on the recovery of heart rate after a standard exercise. Regression equations for the prediction of VO2 max from recovery pulse scores, have been worked out for Indian sportsmen.
A study of changes in the spine in weight lifters and other athletes.
Authors: Aggrawal N. D. , Kaur R. , Kumar S. , Mathur D. N.
Published: December 2008

The present study was undertaken in sportsmen of those groups of sports activities where weight training exercises constitute a major part of the training. Two groups consisting of 25 weight-lifters and 25 track and field athletes were studied to find out the effect of sports activities and lifting weights on the spine. 84% weight-lifters and 72% track and field athletes suffered from varying abnormalities. Incidence of backache in 25 weight-lifters was 40% and in 25 track and field athletes 48%. Radiological changes were more common in weight-lifters (84%) than in athletes (72%). Reduction in lumbar lordosis was found in three cases (12%) in both the groups. Obtuse angle deformity of vertebral margins was found in 11 cases (44%) amongst weight-lifters and six cases (24%) amongst athletes. Osteophytic formation was found in six cases (24%) in weight-lifters and four cases (16%) in athletes. Schmorl's node were noticed in five cases (20%) amongst weight-lifters and seven cases (28%) amongst athletes. The incidences of spondylosis and Schmorl's node were found only in those cases who had been doing weight training exercises for more than four years.
Physical efficiency tests in Indian urban adolescent boys and girls.
Authors: De A. K. , Debnath P. , Nagchaudhuri J.
Published: December 2008

Simple anthropometric measurements and physical efficiency tests were performed on adolescent Indian urban boys between 10-14 years and girls between 11-14 years of age. The similar height and weight of the subjects of both sexes were observed and was suggestive of higher growth rate in girls than the boys during only the initial phase of adolescent growth spurt. The vital capacity (total, ml/cm of height, l/m2 of surface area), Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (total, l/cm of height, l/kg of weight, l/m2 of surface area, l/year of age) and grip strength were observed to be insignificantly different between the sexes.
Fitness assessment of English league soccer players through the competitive season.
Authors: Thomas V. , Reilly T.
Published: December 2008

A battery of 26 tests was administered to professional soccer players (n = 31) at 3 points during the competitive season. Significant changes from start to mid-season were limited to improved muscular power, increased resting heart rate (fH), decreased force expiratory flow (FEF) and ankle mobility. No further changes with the duration of the competitive season were observed. Differences between squads were predominantly cardiac function measures at mid-season, and strength, muscular power and limb girths at the end of the season. The First Team squad had consistently less fat and poorer ankle mobility. It seems that mean fitness levels remain relatively stable during the playing season, though the measures significantly discriminating between the top and reserve squads fluctuate.
A pilot study on left ventricular dimensions and wall stress before and after submaximal exercise.
Authors: Cahill N. S. , O'Brien M. , Rodahl A. , Allen J. F. , Knight D. , Dolphin C.
Published: December 2008

Left ventricle dimensions and wall stress were measured echocardiographically before and immediately after exercise in 14 athletes and 7 control subjects. Our findings suggest that afterload is an important determinant of cardiac performance and wall hypertrophy in athletes. In spite of major changes in heart rate and blood pressure, left ventricular wall stress remains unchanged following submaximal exercise, in trained and untrained hearts. It would appear that the changes in heart size during exercise are to a large extent limited in untrained ventricles, as smaller left ventricular dimensions are required, to "normalise" wall stress. This results in a lower stroke volume for a given stroke dimensional change. Consequently cardiac output is a function of heart rate rather than stroke volume in untrained subjects. The effect of increased muscle mass in athletes, is to permit larger left ventricular dimensions for a given afterload, thus stroke volume can be augmented. The increase h/R ratio suggests that afterload is more important than preload in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy in rowers and swimmers.
A survey of badminton injuries.
Authors: Hensley L. D. , Paup D. C.
Published: December 2008

A Badminton Injury Questionnaire (BIQ) was developed to survey the type and frequency of injuries that are likely to occur from playing competitive badminton. Two hundred and thirty-one players, ranging from club players to international champions, completed the survey which indicated an injury incidence rate of .09 and .14 injuries per person per year for male and female badminton players respectively. Badminton participation resulted in relatively few injuries, most of which were cramps, blisters, strains and sprains of the lower extremities and a surprisingly low incidence of tennis elbow.
Effect of water-training in the maintenance of cardiorespiratory endurance of athletes.
Authors: Gatti C. J. , Young R. J. , Glad H. L.
Published: December 2008

The effectiveness of water-training in maintaining cardiorespiratory endurance was investigated in 16 cross country athletes, 18--24 years. Following a competitive season, subjects were stress-tested (T1) and divided into three equated groups based on VO2 max. Group I (n=5) continued training as it had during the competition season. Group II (n=5) underwent an experimental period of water-training, and Group III (n=6) let their training lapse. Subjects in the water-training group exercised in deep water for 40 minutes, 6 days/week for 3 weeks, supported by a flotation device which permitted them to engage in a running type activity, resembling their natural running form. All subjects were retested after 3 weeks (T2). A non-significant F ratio from an analysis of variance at T1 confirmed the equality of the three groups in terms of VO2 max. Analysis of covariance at T2 using T1 VO2 max values as covariates revealed a significant (p less than .05) F ratio reflecting a significant (p less than .05) difference between the regular training group and the group which let its training lapse. The water-training group did not differ significantly from the regular training group indicating that the water-training programme prevented a significant decline in VO2 max.
Performance of a constant torque pedal device.
Authors: Sherwin K.
Published: December 2008

A constant-torque oscillatory pedal-crank device using vertical movement of the feet is described and its performance compared to a conventional rotational cycle. Using a generator to measure the power output the constant-torque device produced 33% less power and thus has no practical value as an alternative to the conventional pedal-crank system.
Some physical efficiency tests on Bengalese football goalkeepers.
Authors: De A. K.
Published: December 2008

Simple anthropometric measurements and physical efficiency tests were conducted on 21 Football Goalkeepers from West Bengal, India. The age of the subjects varied between 18--24 years (av. 21.1). The Vital Capacity (total ml/cm of height, L/m2 of surface area) and the Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (total, L/cm of height, L/kg of body weight, L/m2 of surface area, L/age) were noted to be higher in the subjects of the present study than those reported for average healthy Indian population, but lower than values from top Indian athletes. The values of grip strength observed in this study could not be compared because of unavailability of Indian norms. The higher values of physical efficiency tests observed in these subjects in comparison to those of average Indian populations were probably due to training effects.
Skateboard injuries
Authors: Christian M. Sheila , Khan O.
Published: December 2008

One hundred and nineteen cases of injuries sustained by skateboard users are reviewed. A significant proportion of the injuries sustained were fractures. The absence of adequate protective measures was noted. A decrease in the popularity of the sport, as judged by the annual incidence of skateboard injuries, is apparent in this series.
An epiphyseal stress fracture of the foot and shin splints in an anomalous calf muscle in a runner.
Authors: Percy E. C. , Gamble F. O.
Published: December 2008

The following case is presented as one of unusual foot and leg lesions encountered in an adolescent long-distance runner. The associated problems of a first metatarsal Salter Harris type II epiphyseal stress fracture, and an accessory calf muscle with "shin splints" in the contralateral leg are discussed. Treatment of these conditions is outlined with eventual return to full function by the athlete.
Strength and flexibility in gymnasts before and after menarche.
Authors: Haywood K. M.
Published: December 2008

simple anthropometric measures, flexibility, and strength performance tests were conducted on 30 young gymnasts and repeated one year later. During the intervening year, 13 gymnasts, average age 14.5 at the second year, reached menarche, while the remaining 17, average age 14.1 years, did not. Multivariate analyses of covariance were calculated to test for differences between the groups at Year 2, using the Year 1 scores as covariates. No significant differences between the groups were found. Tendencies to linearity of physique and late maturation, noted in the literature among very skilled gymnasts, seemed to be confirmed among this group of local competitors.
Age of menarche in various categories of Indian sportswomen.
Authors: Sidhu L. S. , Grewal R.
Published: December 2008

Data on the age of menarche has been collected on 264 Indian sportswomen, and 108 girls forming the control group, all hailing from the Punjab, Haryana, chandigarh and Delhi. Outstanding athletes and players of hockey, basketball and volleyball were included. The combined mean age at menarche for sportswomen is 15.21 years and for the control sample is 14.05 years. The differences in the two series are statistically significant. The mean age at menarche in hockey, basketball, volleyball and athletes is found to be 15.15, 15.40, 15.05 and 15.27 years respectively. The differences in these groups, however, are not found to be statistically significant.
High density lipoproteins and exercise.
Authors: Donaldson D. R. , Kester R. C.
Published: December 2008

High density lipoprotein (HDL) and total cholesterol (TC) levels have been measured and their ratio compared in four groups of subjects - those with vascular disease, controls, middle-aged "keep-fit" enthusiasts and young physical education students. Each group has also been subjected to analysis of risk factors known for atherosclerosis. The HDL level was significantly raised in the Athletic and Exercise groups even though the latter were more overweight and had the highest total cholesterol level. This would appear to indicate that exercise may exert its protective effect against atherosclerosis, at least in part, by elevating the HDL level above a certain critical level. The HDL/TC ratio was significantly lower in the Vascular group and we would advocate that any ratio less than 20% is highly suspicious of atherosclerosis. We suggest that both the HDL level and HDL/TC ratio should be viewed together as reflecting the risk of atherosclerosis.
Stroke while jogging.
Authors: Kelly W. F. , Roussak J.
Published: December 2008

Jogging is a form of physical exercise that has stimulated the imagination of the public as shown by recent appearance of its own journal (Jogging Magazine, Editor J. Bryant). We wish to report the unusual complication of an acute stroke sustained during jogging.
An ergometric analysis of age group swimmers.
Authors: Armstrong N. , Davies B.
Published: December 2008

Thirteen male competitive swimmers (mean age 14.7 years) were studied during maximal exercise on a treadmill, cycle ergometer and biokinetic swim bench. The mean maximal oxygen uptake values elicited (treadmill = 66.5 ml.kg-1 min.-1; cycle ergometer = 61.0 ml.kg.-1 min.-1; biokinetic swimbench = 44.5 ml.kg.-1 min.-1) were higher than those reported elsewhere for children not engaged in intensive training and even when compared with other groups of similarly aged swimmers the values exhibited were some of the highest recorded. The results were directionally similar to those of other studies comparing treadmill and cycle ergometer exercise with the mean maximal oxygen uptake on the cycle ergometer 9% lower than that on the treadmill. There is no other study with which to compare swim bench values but the majority of maximal values were consistently and significantly lower than those achieved on the other ergometers. The swimmers rank within the group was minimally affected by the type of ergometer on which the measurement was made.