bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and distribution of functional splenic tissue after splenectomy
Authors: Luu Sarah , Sheldon James , Dendle Claire , Ojaimi Samar , Jones Penelope , Woolley Ian
Published: August 2019

Background

Individuals splenectomised for trauma have lower infection rates than those splenectomised for other conditions. Residual functional splenic tissue (FST) after splenectomy may provide ongoing immunological protection.

Aims

To quantify the prevalence and volume of residual FST post‐splenectomy using standard testing.

Methods

Splenectomised adults were recruited from the Spleen Australia clinical registry. Eligible individuals had been splenectomised at least 1 year prior to their visit and resided in Victoria. Splenic function was identified by evaluating Howell–Jolly bodies and IgM memory B cells. A 99m‐Technetium‐labelled, heat‐denatured erythrocyte scintigraphic scan was performed if splenic function was detected.

Results

Initially, 75 splenectomised individuals (all cause) were recruited, with a median of 58 years of age and who were splenectomised a median of 14 years previously. The most common indications for splenectomy were trauma (30.7%) and haematological disease (28.0%). Scintigraphy identified FST in nine individuals (12.0%). Eight had been splenectomised for trauma. In this cohort, 34.8% of individuals splenectomised for trauma had residual FST. To explore our findings further, 45 additional individuals were recruited, predominately individuals splenectomised for trauma. Twenty‐five individuals completed assessments by December 2018. An additional 11 individuals had FST, of whom 9 had been splenectomised for trauma. Overall, we identified 20 individuals with residual FST. Volumes ranged from 2.2 to 216.0 cc. We saw individuals with accessory spleens and splenotic nodules and an individual with both. Seventeen individuals had been splenectomised for trauma.

Conclusions

Residual FST is commonly seen in individuals splenectomised for trauma. It can present in varying distributions and of varying volume. The clinical significance is unclear.
Clinical factors leading to a change in management in chronic hepatitis B patients managed in a tertiary setting
Authors: Koh Yu Han , Ong Joanne Hui Yi , McCartney Erin , Morgan Joanne , Narayana Sumudu , Tse Edmund
Published: August 2019

Background

Newer antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are highly effective, with minimal risks of complications and development of resistance.

Aim

To identify the proportion of patients with CHB on treatment who will not require alteration of management and the clinical factors of those who will require closer monitoring.

Methods

Patients with CHB who were on entecavir and/or tenofovir between January 2011 and December 2016 were retrospectively studied. According to the initial treatment plan provided by the managing physician, any deviation in the interval of follow up, choice of investigations and alteration of medical therapy were considered a change in CHB management. We also evaluated the predictability of these changes, factors associated with higher frequency of change and the additional cost of managing stable patients with CHB in a tertiary setting.

Results

Of the patients, 75.7% (n = 87/115) did not have a change in CHB management; 85.6% of the changes in management were predictable based on liver function tests, hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase chain reaction levels and liver ultrasound. Interpreter use (OR (95% CI) = 2.41 (1.01–5.76)), liver cirrhosis (OR (95% CI) = 4.11 (1.44–11.75)) and immunosuppression (OR (95% CI) = 3.81 (1.2–12.06)) were associated risk factors. Overall, there was an incremental annual cost of AU$60 166 to manage patients who did not require alteration of their CHB management in our institution.

Conclusion

The majority of stable CHB patients on highly potent antiviral treatment do not require alteration of management. While additional investigations are required, this study highlights the potential for a shared primary care approach in highly selected CHB patients.
Hyponatraemia in heart failure
Authors: Tee Su Ling , Sindone Andrew , Roger Simon , Atherton John , Amerena John , D'Emden Michael , Erlich Jonathan , De Pasquale Carmine
Published: August 2019

Hyponatraemia is common in heart failure (HF). It is estimated that over 20% of patients admitted to hospital with HF have hyponatraemia. It has also been repeatedly shown to be a surrogate marker of increased morbidity and mortality in this specific population. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of hyponatraemia through the activation of neurohormonal cascades in HF, the clinical implications of sustained hyponatraemia and treatment options in the management of this challenging phenomenon.
Factors associated with lower‐extremity amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcers in a Chinese tertiary care hospital
Authors: Guo Zi , Yue Chun , Qian Qiang , He Honghui , Mo Zhaohui
Published: August 2019

Providing a better understanding of the risk factors for amputation in this particular region, Hunan province, in China might help patients with diabetic foot ulcers receive timely and appropriate medical care and help prevent amputation. Diabetic foot ulcer patients referred to the Third Xiangya Hospital during the period between December 2014 and September 2018 were enrolled. Participants who underwent amputations and received conservative treatments were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses to identify the independent predictors of amputation. Those who required amputation presented significantly higher levels of white blood cell counts, platelet counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C‐reactive protein, and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. However, levels of haemoglobin, postprandial plasma C‐peptide, triglyceride, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, albumin, and uric acid were decreased in patients with amputations. Patients with more advanced Wagner grades had much higher rates of amputation. Multivariable‐adjusted odds ratios in stepwise logistic regression model was 1.317 for HbA1c (95% CI: 1.015‐1.709), 0.255 for triglyceride (95% CI: 0.067‐0.975), and 20.947 for Wagner grades (95% CI: 4.216‐104.080). Independent risk factors for amputation in these Chinese diabetic foot ulcer patients included an elevated HbA1c level, lower triglyceride level, and higher Wagner grades.
Modelling an adult human head on a donut‐shaped gel head support for pressure ulcer prevention
Authors: Katzengold Rona , Gefen Amit
Published: August 2019

Patients who are stationary endure prolonged pressures and shear loads at contact areas between their body and the support surface, which over time may cause pressure ulcers (PUs). Donut‐shaped gel head supports are commonly used to protect the occiput, which is among the most common anatomical sites for PUs; however, the biomechanical efficacy of these devices is unclear. To investigate their effects on scalp tissues, we have used our three‐dimensional anatomically realistic finite element model of an adult head, to which we have added a donut‐shaped gel head support. We then compared the occipital scalp tissue loads' occurrence while the donut‐shaped gel head support is in use with those associated with a fluidised head positioner and a standard medical foam. The donut‐shaped gel head support inflicted the greatest exposure to tissue mechanical stresses, particularly to the high (and therefore dangerous) stress domain, when compared to the other positioners. We concluded that while the donut‐shaped gel head support is designed to avert tissue loads away from the occiput and disperse them to the surroundings, in practice, it fails to do so. In fact, the donut‐shaped gel head support imposes the head‐weight forces to transfer through a relatively narrow ring of scalp tissues, hence increasing the risk of developing occipital PUs.
Effect of A‐site ion nonstoichiometry on the chemical stability and electric conductivity of strontium and magnesium‐doped lanthanum gallate
Authors: Ishii Kento , Matsunaga Chika , Munakata Fumio , Uchikoshi Tetsuo
Published: August 2019

A series of Sr‐ion deficient perovskites La0.8Sr0.2−xGa0.8Mg0.2O2.8−δ (LSGM8282, x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20), was synthesized by a conventional solid‐state reaction method and their electric conductivity and chemical reactivity with Gd‐doped ceria were investigated. Reactivity tests between the LSGMs and Ce0.9Gd0.1O2−δ (GDC) were carried out by X‐ray diffraction, SEM‐EDS, and electric conductivity measurements. The Sr‐ion deficient LSGMs have a lower reactivity against the formation of high‐resistivity phases than the stoichiometric (x = 0.00) LSGM. The reaction layer formed at the interface of LSGM and GDC during the sintering process due to the mutual diffusion of the cations was classified into five layers depending on the composition. The introduction of the Sr‐ion deficient LSGM suppressed the formation of the highly resistive Sr‐rich (La1+xSr1−x)Ga3O7−δ phase. It was suggested that the Sr‐ion deficient LSGM (La0.8Sr0.2−xGa0.8Mg0.2O2.8−δ) of x = 0.15 was the best composition for suppressing the reaction with the GDC interlayer while retaining a relatively good electric conductivity.
Luminescence properties of Eu3+‐ and Tb3+‐doped δ‐Bi2O3 stabilized by Th4+ substitution
Authors: Sethi Aanchal , Pandey Jyoti , Uma Sitharaman , Nagarajan Rajamani
Published: August 2019

The extent of incorporating Eu3+ and Tb3+ for bismuth in the oxygen‐deficient fluorite structured Bi0.50Th0.50Oy has been examined together with the comprehension of their luminescence characteristics. The samples were synthesized by solution combustion method from which doping limits of Eu3+ and Tb3+, respectively, in the fluorite structure was determined. Uniform distribution of constituent elements was confirmed from elemental mapping. Doping Eu3+ and Tb3+‐ions introduced compressive strain and oxygen vacancies in the system. Raman spectra of doped samples confirmed the fluorite structure and revealed the existence of oxygen vacancies in them. While Tb‐doped samples showed a systematic decrease in band gap with increase in dopant concentration, such systematic variation was not observed for Eu‐doped samples. Conclusions about the local site symmetry around Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions in the defect fluorite structure have been drawn from the photoluminescent spectral analysis of doped samples. Energy transfer from Bi3+ to Eu3+ and Tb3+‐has been observed in these samples. The Judd‐Ofelt analysis has been carried out to understand luminescence characteristics in these samples.
Selective laser flash sintering of 8‐YSZ
Authors: Hagen Deborah , Beaman Joseph J. , Kovar Desiderio
Published: August 2019

Flash sintering of ceramics is characterized by rapid sintering during simultaneous application of electric field and heat. Previous studies of flash sintering have been conducted in furnace environments, where sample temperatures are approximately uniform. In this work, we use highly dynamic heating from a scanning laser to initiate flash sintering while simultaneously applying a DC electric field. Onset of flash sintering is determined by a measurable increase in current through the sample. Our results show that stage I and stage II flash sintering can be initiated by laser heating. At low‐to‐moderate combinations of laser energies and applied electric fields, measured current rises slightly when the laser is scanned completely across the specimen from the positive to the negative electrodes. Microstructures for these samples show that powder consolidation is minimal in this regime (stage I flash sintering), and thus the observed current is likely due to onset of neck growth between powder particles rather than densification. At higher laser energies and fields, current rises steeply and microstructures show significant consolidation (stage II flash sintering). The demonstration that flash sintering occurs when ceramic is heated by laser‐scanning supports future utilization of selective laser flash sintering as an additive manufacturing process.
Reconciling Darwin’s naturalization and pre‐adaptation hypotheses: An inference from phylogenetic fields of exotic plants in Japan
Authors: Kusumoto Buntarou , Villalobos Fabricio , Shiono Takayuki , Kubota Yasuhiro
Published: August 2019

Aim

Understanding the causes and consequences of biological invasions remains a challenge for several disciplines, including biogeography. One major issue in overcoming this challenge is disentangling the confounding mechanisms of species invasiveness and community invasibility. Here, we tackle this issue by applying a novel approach based on the phylogenetic affinities between exotic species and natives in the recipient community to elucidate naturalization and pre‐adaptation processes.

Location

Japan.

Taxon

Seed plants.

Methods

Geographical co‐occurrence data for 1,094 exotics and 4,869 native species (including 1,676 endemics) were created at the 10‐km grid‐cell and vegetation‐plot levels. For individual exotic species, standardized effect size of phylogenetic species variability (PSVSES) of the recipient native assemblage (i.e. phylogenetic fields) was calculated and its clustering/over‐dispersion was tested, representing exotic invasiveness in relation to invasibility of native recipients. To identify drivers of species invasiveness, the correlation of PSVSESwith species attributes, involving phylogenetic distance between each exotic and native species, was explored.

Results

Phylogenetic fields (PSVSES) showed significant over‐dispersion (~16% exotics) or clustering (~14% exotics). Interspecific variation of PSVSESamong exotics was substantially explained by species ecological attributes. Geographical extent and climatic niche widths were negatively correlated with PSVSES. Preference for human influence was positively correlated with PSVSESat the 10‐km grid‐cell level, but negatively at the vegetation‐plot level. Exotics colonized from the Palearctic and Indo‐Malay regions, which belong to the same biogeographical region as East Asia, tended to have clustered phylogenetic fields.

Main conclusions

Environmental filtering and biotic sorting both played a key role in exotic plant colonization, supporting both of Darwin's contradictory hypotheses of naturalization versus pre‐adaptation. Clustered phylogenetic fields indicated that an exotic colonizes its recipient assemblage through abiotic filtering (i.e. pre‐adaptation); at the same time, phylogenetic over‐dispersion was indicative of naturalization for exotics that occupied a biotic niche space among native recipients (i.e. naturalization). Phylogenetic field patterns depended on species’ ecological attributes, including phylogenetic relatedness between exotics and recipient natives, especially reflecting invasibility at the local‐community level.
Occupancy patterns and upper range limits of lowland Bornean birds along an elevational gradient
Authors: Burner Ryan C. , Styring Alison R. , Rahman Mustafa A. , Sheldon Frederick H.
Published: August 2019

Aim

The traditional view of species’ distributions is that they are less abundant near the edges of their ranges and more abundant towards the centre. Testing this pattern is difficult because of the complexity of distributions across wide geographical areas. An alternative strategy, however, is to measure species’ distributional patterns along elevational gradients. We applied this strategy to examine whether lowland forest birds are indeed less common near their upper range limits on a Bornean mountain, and tested co‐occurrence patterns among species for potential causes of attenuation, including signatures of habitat selection and competition at the periphery of their ranges.

Location

Mt. Mulu, Borneo.

Taxon

Rain forest birds.

Methods

We surveyed lowland forest birds on Mt. Mulu (2,376 m), classified their elevation‐occupancy distributions using Huisman–Olff–Fresco (HOF) models, and examined co‐occurrence patterns of species pairs for signatures of shared habitat patches and interspecific competition.

Results

For 39 of 50 common species, occupancy was highest at sea level then gradually declined near their upper range edges, in keeping with a “rare periphery” hypothesis. With respect to habitat selection, lowland species do not appear to cluster together at sites of patchy similar habitat near their upper range limits; neither are most lowland species segregated from potential montane competitors where ranges overlap.

Main conclusions

High relative abundance at sea level implies that species inhabit “truncated niches” and are not currently near the limits of their fundamental niche, unless unknown critical response thresholds exist. However, indirect effects of increasing temperature predicted under climate change scenarios could still influence lower range limits of lowland species indirectly by altering habitat, precipitation regimes and competitive interactions. The lack of non‐random co‐occurrence patterns implies that patchy habitat and simple pairwise species interactions are unlikely to be responsible for upper range limits in most species; diffuse competition across diverse rain forest bird communities could still play a role.
Maternal and family factors differentiate profiles of psychiatric impairments in very preterm children at age 5‐years
Authors: Lean Rachel E. , Lessov‐Shlaggar Christina N. , Gerstein Emily D. , Smyser Tara A. , Paul Rachel A. , Smyser Christopher D. , Rogers Cynthia E.
Published: August 2019

Background

Very preterm (VPT; <30 weeks gestation) children are a heterogeneous group, yet the co‐occurrence of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental impairments remains unclear. Moreover, the clinical and socio‐environmental factors that promote resilient developmental outcomes among VPT children are poorly understood.

Methods

One hundred and twenty five children (85 VPT and 40 full‐term) underwent neurodevelopmental evaluation at age 5‐years. Parents and teachers completed measures of internalizing, externalizing, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD), and autism symptoms. Psychiatric and neurodevelopmental measures were analyzed using Latent Profile Analysis. Multinomial regression examined the extent that infant, sociodemographic, and family factors, collected prospectively from birth to follow‐up, independently differentiated resilient and impaired children.

Results

Four latent profiles were identified, including a Typically Developing Group which represented 27.1% of the VPT group and 65.0% of the full‐term group, an At‐Risk Group with mild psychiatric and neurodevelopmental problems (VPT 44.7%, full‐term 22.5%), a Psychiatric Group with moderate‐to‐severe psychiatric ratings (VPT 12.9%, full‐term 10.0%), and a school‐based Inattentive/Hyperactive Group (VPT 15.3%, full‐term 2.5%). Clinical diagnoses were highest among the Psychiatric Group (80%). Factors that differentiated resilient and impaired subgroups of VPT children included prolonged exposure to maternal psychosocial distress (p ≤ .04), current family dysfunction (p ≤ .05), and maternal ADHD symptoms (p ≤ .02), whereas social risk index scores differentiated resilient and impaired full‐term children (p < .03).

Conclusions

Lower levels of maternal distress, family dysfunction, and maternal ADHD symptoms were associated with resilience among VPT children. Maternal distress and family dysfunction are modifiable factors to be targeted as part of psychiatric interventions embedded in the long‐term care of VPT children.
Development of novel aptamer‐based enzyme‐linked apta‐sorbent assay (ELASA) for rapid detection of mariculture pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus
Authors: Yu Qing , Liu Mingzhu , Xiao Hehe , Wu Siting , Qin Xianling , Ke Ke , Li Siqiao , Mi Huizhi , Shi Deqiang , Li Pengfei
Published: August 2019

As the major opportunistic pathogen to both marine animals and humans, Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) has caused heavy economic losses to mariculture. ssDNA aptamer VA2 targeting live V. alginolyticus was generated by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technology in our previous study. In this study, we first developed aptamer (VA2)‐based enzyme‐linked apta‐sorbent assay (VA2‐ELASA) for rapid detection of mariculture pathogen V. alginolyticus. The VA2‐ELASA could achieve the rapid detection for V. alginolyticus infection with high specificity and sensitivity. The VA2‐ELASA could specifically identify V. alginolyticus, but not other non‐target bacterial strains. VA2‐ELASA could detect V. alginolyticus at the concentration of 5 × 104/ml, the incubation time short to 1 min and the incubation temperature as high as 45°C, which proved sensitivity and stability of the novel VA2‐ELASA in this study. It took less than one hour to accomplish the detection process by VA2‐ELASA. The characteristics of specificity, sensitivity and easy operation make VA2‐ELASA a novel useful technology for the rapid diagnosis of pathogen V. alginolyticus in mariculture.
Racial Diversity in the Marital Assimilation of Hispanics
Authors: Choi Kate H.
Published: August 2019

Objective: This study describes how the intermarriage behavior of Hispanic racial groups changed between 1990 and 2017.

Background: Prior work on intermarriage trends has seldom examined the role of race in the mate selection behavior of Hispanics. The following three questions of fundamental importance have thus remained unanswered: (a) Did the intermarriage of all Hispanic racial groups slow down during the 1990s? (b) Did this trend persist after the 1990s? (c) Did the solidification and possible racialization of Hispanic pan‐ethnic identity contribute to changes in Hispanic intermarriage behavior over time?

Methods: Using data from the 1990 U.S. Census, 2000 U.S. Census, and 2008 to 2017 American Community Survey, the author conducted log‐linear analyses to examine changes in the relative permeability of racial and pan‐ethnic boundaries between 1990 and 2017.

Results: For Hispanic Whites, the odds of intermarriage with non‐Hispanic Whites remained unchanged during the 1990 but bounced back after 2000. For Hispanic Blacks, the corresponding odds increased steadily after 1990. For Hispanics who rejected official U.S. racial categories, the odds of intermarriage with non‐Hispanic Whites decreased over time.

Conclusion: For Hispanic Whites, rates of intermarriages with non‐Hispanic Whites decreased during the 1990s in large part due to the surge of immigration from Latin America. Hispanic ethnicity may have become racialized over time for Hispanics who rejected official U.S. racial categories, but not Hispanic Whites and Hispanic Blacks.

Implications: The findings from this study underscore the importance of considering racial heterogeneity when studying Hispanic intermarriage behavior.
Unemployment and Housework in Couples: Task‐Specific Differences and Dynamics Over Time
Authors: Voßemer Jonas , Heyne Stefanie
Published: August 2019

Objective: The authors tested competing hypotheses about the effects of unemployment on couples' division of housework and total household production.

Background: Gender‐neutral and gender‐based theories make opposing predictions on the reactions of couples. Few previous studies have tested these predictions using longitudinal data. This study extends research by examining how the effects of unemployment vary with gender, specific tasks, and over time.

Method: Fixed effects models were applied to estimate the associations of unemployment with both partners' total, neutral, female‐typed, and male‐typed housework hours. The analyses were based on 12,183 couples from the Socio‐Economic Panel, 1991 to 2015. The Socio‐Economic Panel is a nationally representative household panel survey of the German adult population.

Results: This study found stronger associations for unemployment of husbands than wives with own and spouses' total housework hours and an expansion of the total household production. The changes were immediate and remained constant over time. The patterns for specific tasks resembled the main results, but for wives, the associations were stronger with female‐typed tasks whereas for husbands they were stronger with male‐typed tasks.

Conclusion: The authors conclude that the division of housework following unemployment is better explained by gender‐neutral theories of time availability or relative resources. Whereas the task‐specific findings are also consistent with a gender‐based perspective, the finding that men increased their routine chores immediately and substantially is at odds with strict interpretations of gender display or deviance neutralization.
How dynamics in perceptual shared cognition and team potency predict team performance
Authors: Gevers Josette M. P. , Li Jia , Rutte Christel G. , van Eerde Wendelien
Published: August 2019

In a longitudinal field study of 37 professional project teams over almost 2 years, we investigated the dynamic relationship between perceptual shared cognition and team potency in predicting team performance. Our main results show that initial levels and change in perceptual shared cognition explain team performance outcomes through initial levels and change in team potency, respectively. Thereby, our findings confirmed that initial levels and change in team potency operated as an explanatory mechanism for the relationship between shared cognition and team performance. Interestingly, shared cognition change shows larger benefits on team performance outcomes than initial levels. In addition, we show differential relationships of task‐ and time‐related shared cognition with the quality and timeliness criteria of team performance. Whereas shared task cognition predicts team performance in terms of both output quality and timeliness, shared temporal cognition predicts timeliness only. Altogether, this research suggests the unique theoretical value of change in perceptual shared cognition in explaining team performance and of affective‐motivational team states as an alternative explanatory mechanism for the impact of shared cognition on team effectiveness.

Practitioner points

Team members’ perceptions of being on the same page about their collaborative task and its temporal elements boost their confidence in the team's capabilities, thereby improving team performance.

Team members’ perceived agreement about the ‘what’ of their collaborative task is conducive to both project quality and timeliness. Their perceived agreement on the ‘when’ of task accomplishment further facilitates a timely project completion.

Team members’ cognitive consensus about the task and its temporal elements are subject to change, so is their confidence in the team's capabilities. Initial disagreements do not necessarily warrant eventual detriments, but performance excellence does require that cognitive consensus is being maintained and improved throughout the project.
Guided tissue regeneration of intrabony defects with perforated barrier membranes, simvastatin, and EDTA root surface modification: A clinical and biochemical study
Authors: Issa Dalia Rasheed , Abdel‐Ghaffar Khaled A. , Al‐Shahat Mohamed A. , Hassan Ahmed Abdel Aziz , Iacono Vincent J. , Gamal Ahmed Y.
Published: August 2019

Background

Perforated barrier membranes (PBM) were suggested to enhance periodontal regeneration by allowing positive charity of wanted elements from the gingival tissue side. The present study was designed to evaluate clinically and biochemically the use of PBM combined with simvastatin (SMV) gel with and without an associated EDTA gel root surface etching as a suggested option that could improve SMV availability and clinical outcomes of PBM.

Methods

Forty patients having moderate‐to‐severe chronic periodontitis with 40 intrabony defects were randomly divided into four treatment groups (10 sites each). Patients in group 1 received 1.2% SMV gel and covering the defect with occlusive membrane (OM). Patients in group 2 received 1.2% SMV gel and covering the defect with PBM. Group 3 received 24% EDTA root surface etching, 1.2% SMV gel, and defect coverage with OM (eOM). Patients in group 4 were treated as in group 3 but the defect was covered with PBM (ePBM). Clinical parameters were recorded at baseline before surgical procedures and were reassessed at 6 and 9 months after therapy. The mean concentration of SMV in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was estimated by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography at days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 30.

Results

At 6‐ and 9‐month observation periods, groups 3 and 4 showed a statistically significant improvement in PD reduction and CAL gain compared with groups 1 and 2. Group 4 showed a statistically significant more defect fill compared with groups 1, 2, and 3 (P ≤ .05). Group 2 showed statistically significant higher defect fill compared with group 1 and group 3 (P < .05). Bone density was significantly increased with no significant difference between the four groups at 6‐ and 9‐month observation periods. SMV‐GCF concentration in group 4 showed the highest mean concentration with no significant difference than that of group 3.

Conclusion

The use of perforated barrier membranes in association with SMV enhances the clinical hard tissue parameters compared with occlusive ones in treating intrabony periodontal defects. Moreover, EDTA root surface treatment could enhance SMV availability in the defect area.
Development trends in taxonomy, with special reference to fungi
Authors: Wang Ke , Kirk Paul M. , Yao Yi‐Jian
Published: August 2019

Taxonomy is a traditional subject, but it still receives attention and has become a topic of much discussion in recent years. Many of these discussions have raised concerns about the future of taxonomy, especially with regard to the workforce responsible for the discovery of new species in the context of declining biodiversity. Previous discussions were based on the taxonomic data of plants and animals, but the status of fungal taxonomy has not been mentioned. Fungi have one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all living organisms, second only to insects. The discussion of the future of taxonomy without the inclusion of fungal data is incomplete. Here, we present the results of analyses based on all new fungal taxa published since 1753. Fungal taxonomy is an ever‐growing area of study with increasing numbers of new taxa being described and growing numbers of fungal taxonomists. Compared with plants and most animal groups, there has been a much sharper increase in the rate at which new fungal taxa are being described. Furthermore, the number of taxonomists studying fungi has increased at a faster speed than those studying plants or animals. This indicates that fungal taxonomy is a prosperous subject and a dynamic area for scientific studies, and that it deserves much more attention and support. The study of fungal taxonomy will deepen our understanding of the biodiversity of our planet.
An optimization‐based traffic diversion model during construction closures
Authors: Memarian Arezoo , Rosenberger Jay M. , Mattingly Stephen P. , Williams James C. , Hashemi Hossein
Published: August 2019

During major highway construction, when lanes or entire highway sections must be temporarily closed, traffic managers would like to inform motorists of alternative routes around the construction site well in advance of the project location. This study develops a traffic diversion model to propose an optimum alternate route to drivers during a construction activity. The models and algorithms developed in this study assess a potential diversion route to optimize network performance while considering the drivers’ behaviors in following the proposed alternate route during a closure. A bilevel optimization model is proposed to minimize the total travel time of the affected network considering the link closure and a proposed alternate route for the travelers. A travelers’ route choice decision is modeled based on the user equilibrium traffic assignment, whereas a certain percentage of drivers are assumed to divert to the recommended alternate route. A sufficiently large subnetwork is selected, and a path selection method is proposed to reduce the computational effort required to optimize the model. A set of simulation experiments is conducted using the Tarrant County network in north Texas. The results show the ability of the model to improve the overall network performance during hypothetical closure scenarios.
Multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis without thrombocytopenia or clinical signs of systemic bleeding
Authors: Peña Merino Lander , López Almaraz Ricardo , Fernández de Larrinoa Aitor , Rubio Lombraña Marta , González‐Hermosa Maria Rosario
Published: August 2019

Multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis with thrombocytopenia (MLT) is an extremely rare recently described disorder characterized by diffuse congenital skin and gastrointestinal vascular lesions that may be associated with gastrointestinal bleeding and thrombocytopenia. We herein present a case report of multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis without thrombocytopenia or extensive extracutaneous involvement (gastrointestinal bleeding). Given the high morbidity and mortality associated with this disease, it is important for clinicians to recognize this disorder in order to select the most appropriate therapeutic approach.
Objective evaluation of wheezing in normal infants
Authors: Murayama Yoshifumi , Shioya Hiromi , Tadaki Hiromi , Miyamoto Manabu , Yoshihara Shigemi , Tabata Hideyuki , Furuya Hiroyuki , Uchiyama Atsushi , Mochizuki Hiroyuki
Published: August 2019

Background

To evaluate the frequency of wheezing in infants, the presence of wheezing was examined in normal infants using a breath sound analyzer,

Methods

A total of 443 infants (age range, 3–24 months) were included in the present study. The existence of audible wheezing and faint wheezing/inaudible wheezing‐like noises (FW) was confirmed on chest auscultation and a sound spectrogram. The breath sound parameters of the sound spectrum, frequency limiting 99% of power spectrum (F99), roll‐off from 600 to 1,200 Hz (slope) and spectrum curve indices, total area under the curve of dB data (A3/AT and B4/AT), and ratio of power and frequency at 50% and 75% of the highest frequency of the power spectrum (RPF50 and RPF75) were calculated. Using an original Japanese questionnaire, we examined the characteristics of the airway condition of all infants.

Results

Finally, a total of 398 infants were analyzed in the present study, and 283 were in good health while 115 had acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the last 7 days. No infants had audible wheezing on auscultation. Three infants without ARI (1.1%) and 10 infants with ARI (8.7%) had FW. In the evaluation of breath sound parameters, there were no marked differences between the infants with and without FW.

Conclusions

Using a breath sound analyzer, wheezing and FW were recognized in only a few infants in good health. Infants recognized to have audible wheezing in daily practice may be at risk of developing recurrent wheezing/asthma.
Prenatal paracetamol exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preschool‐aged children
Authors: Trønnes Johanne N. , Wood Mollie , Lupattelli Angela , Ystrom Eivind , Nordeng Hedvig
Published: August 2019

Background

Recent studies have suggested an association between prenatal paracetamol exposure and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. However, these findings may be confounded by unmeasured factors related to maternal use of paracetamol and child outcomes.

Objective

To examine the association between duration and timing of prenatal paracetamol exposure on parent‐reported communication skills, behaviour, and temperament in preschool‐aged children, with focus on the role of unmeasured confounding.

Methods

We used data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Linear and generalised linear models with inverse probability weights and robust standard errors were used to quantify the association between prenatal paracetamol exposure and continuous and categorical outcomes.

Results

Of the 32 934 children included in our study, 8374 (25.4%), 4961 (15.1%), and 1791 (5.4%) were prenatally exposed to paracetamol in one, two, and three trimesters, respectively. Children exposed to paracetamol in two trimesters scored lower on shyness compared with unexposed children (β −0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.05, −0.19). Children exposed to paracetamol in three trimesters had a moderate increased risk of internalising behaviour problems (relative risk (RR) 1.36, 95% CI 1.02, 1.80) and borderline externalising behaviour problems (RR 1.22, 95% CI 0.93, 1.60) compared with unexposed children. Children exposed to paracetamol in 2nd/3rd trimester scored lower on shyness (β −0.32, 95% CI −0.66, 0.02) compared with unexposed children. Sensitivity analyses indicated that unmeasured confounders play an important role and may potentially bias the effect estimates away from the null.

Conclusions

Timing of exposure and short‐term use of paracetamol during pregnancy do not seem to pose any substantial risk of the outcomes examined. Although we found an association between paracetamol use in multiple trimesters and lower shyness and greater internalising behaviour in preschool‐aged children, we cannot rule out chance or unmeasured confounding as possible explanations for these findings.
Local IL‐10 level as a predictive factor in generalized aggressive periodontitis treatment response
Authors: Taiete Tiago , Monteiro Mabelle F. , Casati Marcio Z. , do Vale Hugo Felipe , Ambosano Glaucia M. B. , Nociti Francisco H. , Sallum Enilson A. , Casarin Renato C. V.
Published: August 2019

Generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) presents a reduced response to non‐surgical therapy. However, it is not clear if the initial clinical, microbiological or immunological characteristics are impacting the worse response to treatment. This study aimed to identify the predictive value of clinical, microbiological and immunological patterns on the clinical response to therapy in GAgP patients. Twenty‐four GAgP patients were selected, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and subgingival biofilm were collected. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia levels were evaluated by qPCR, and IL‐1β and IL‐10 concentration by ELISA. Twelve patients were treated with SRP (scaling and root planning), and twelve with SRP plus 375 mg amoxicillin and 250 mg metronidazole (8/8 hours, 7 days) (SRP + AM). The clinical changes (Probing Pocket Depth [PPD] reduction and Clinical Attachment Level [CAL] gain) 6 months post‐treatment were correlated to the initial clinical, inflammatory and microbiological variables using stepwise logistic regression (α = 5%). CAL gain at 6 months was 1.16 ± 0.77 for SRP and 1.74 ± 0.57 mm for SRP + AM (P > .05). PPD reduction was 1.96 ± 0.82 for SRP and 2.45 ± 0.77 mm for SRP + AM (P < .05). In the SRP group, IL‐10 showed a predictive value for clinical response. The higher the IL‐10 concentration at baseline, the higher the reduction in PPD at 6 months (P = .01, r = .68). However, when antimicrobials were administered, no significant influence was detected (P > .05). It can be concluded that the IL‐10 levels in GFC act as a predictor of clinical response to GAgP. Moreover, the intake of antimicrobials appears to overlap the influence of the inflammatory response on clinical response to treatment.

Clinical trial registration number: NCT03933501.
Staying the Course: On the Value of Social Studies of Science in Resistance to the “Post‐Truth” Movement
Authors: Fujimura Joan H. , Holmes Christopher J.
Published: August 2019

Scientific knowledge has been under attack recently, especially during and from the Trump administration. This article discusses the value of research in social studies of science in relation to scientific practice and post‐truth attacks on science. This literature analyzes the expert work and social values that enter into the production of evidence, the development and testing of methods, and the construction of theoretical and epistemological frames for connecting evidence, methods, and methodologies. Although researchers in this area argue that there are politics in science, this article demonstrates that their analyses of the processes of adjudicating evidence and epistemologies contribute to science. In contrast, post‐truth attacks on scientific expertise exemplify a particular kind of politics aimed at supporting a particular group's political and economic interests.
A molecular phylogeny of Cochylina, with confirmation of its relationship to Euliina (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Brown John W. , Aarvik Leif , Heikkilä Maria , Brown Richard , Mutanen Marko
Published: August 2019

This work presents a multiple‐gene phylogenetic analysis of 70 species representing 24 genera of Cochylina and eight species representing eight genera of Euliina, and a maximum‐likelihood analysis based on 293 barcodes representing over 220 species of Cochylina. The results confirm the hypothesis that Cochylina is a monophyletic group embedded within a paraphyletic Euliina. Six major monophyletic lineages are recognized and defined within Cochylina: a Phtheochroa Group, a Henricus Group, an Aethes Group, a Saphenista Group, a Phalonidia Group and a Cochylis Group. The work summarizes the groups (including related genera not included in our analysis), provides morphological characters that support the molecular data, and compares results to previous phylogenies of Cochylina. The following nomenclatural changes are proposed: Brevicornutia, rev.stat.; Neocochylis, rev.stat.; Paracochylis, rev.stat.; Pontoturania, rev.stat.; and Platphalonidia, rev.stat.
A novel allele, HLA‐C*07:01:01:30 identified using third‐generation sequencing
Authors: Liu Yi‐Ling , Turner Thomas R. , Georgiou Xenia , Marsh Steven G. E. , Mayor Neema P.
Published: August 2019

The novel allele, HLA‐C*07:01:01:30 differs by one nucleotide substitution with HLA‐C*07:01:01:01 at gDNA 627.
Biochemical characterization of diterpene synthases of Taiwania cryptomerioides expands the known functional space of specialized diterpene metabolism in gymnosperms
Authors: Ma Li‐Ting , Lee Yi‐Ru , Tsao Nai‐Wen , Wang Sheng‐Yang , Zerbe Philipp , Chu Fang‐Hua
Published: August 2019

Taiwania cryptomerioides is a monotypic gymnosperm species, valued for the high decay resistance of its wood. This durability has been attributed to the abundance of terpenoids, especially the major diterpenoid metabolite ferruginol, with antifungal and antitermite activity. Specialized diterpenoid metabolism in gymnosperms primarily recruits bifunctional class‐I/II diterpene synthases (diTPSs), whereas monofunctional class‐II and class‐I enzymes operate in angiosperms. In this study, we identified a previously unrecognized group of monofunctional diTPSs in T. cryptomerioides, which suggests a distinct evolutionary divergence of the diTPS family in this species. Specifically, five monofunctional diTPS functions not previously observed in gymnosperms were characterized, including monofunctional class‐II enzymes forming labda‐13‐en‐8‐ol diphosphate (LPP, TcCPS2) and (+)‐copalyl diphosphate (CPP, TcCPS4), and three class‐I diTPSs producing biformene (TcKSL1), levopimaradiene (TcKSL3) and phyllocladanol (TcKSL5), respectively. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicited the accumulation of levopimaradiene and the corresponding biosynthetic diTPS genes, TcCPS4 and TcKSL3, is consistent with a possible role in plant defense. Furthermore, TcCPS4 and TcKSL3 are likely to contribute to abietatriene biosynthesis via levopimaradiene as an intermediate in ferruginol biosynthesis in Taiwania. In conclusion, this study provides deeper insight into the functional landscape and molecular evolution of specialized diterpenoid metabolism in gymnosperms as a basis to better understand the role of these metabolites in tree chemical defense.
Hyponatremia in dogs and cats
Authors: Burton Andrew G. , Hopper Kate
Published: August 2019

Objective

To review the pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and treatment recommendations for hyponatremia in dogs and cats.

Etiology

Hyponatremia almost always results from an increase in total body water (TBW), and not from loss of sodium. Abnormalities in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are commonly part of the etiology of hyponatremia.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of hyponatremia focuses on the cause of the increase of TBW. Assessment of the patient's volume status and measurement of urine sodium concentration are important factors. Measurement or calculated estimation of plasma osmolality can also guide the assessment of hyponatremia.

Therapy

Too rapid correction of serum sodium can precipitate osmotic demyelination syndrome. As a general rule, serum sodium concentration should be raised ≤10 mmol/L over 24 hours, but rapid increases in serum sodium are indicated if neurologic abnormalities are evident. Serum sodium can be increased using hypertonic saline, with dosing based on the patient's calculated sodium deficit. Treatment of the underlying cause of water ingestion or retention is also required to fully resolve hyponatremia.

Prognosis

Mortality rates are significantly higher in dogs and cats with hyponatremia compared to those with normal serum sodium concentrations, even in patients with mild hypontremia (<5 mmol/L below the lower value of the reference interval). Hyponatremia is also associated with increased risk of death if present during specific disease states in dogs.
Kinetic Driver of Antibacterial Drugs against
Plasmodium falciparum
and Implications for Clinical Dosing
Authors: Caton Emily , Nenortas Elizabeth , Bakshi Rahul P. , Shapiro Theresa A.
Published: August 2019

Antibacterial drugs are an important component of malaria therapy. We studied the interactions of clindamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin against
Plasmodium falciparum
under static and dynamic conditions. In microtiter plate assays (static conditions), and as expected, parasites displayed the delayed death response characteristic for apicoplast-targeting drugs.
Daily Dosing for Bedaquiline in Patients with Tuberculosis
Authors: Salinger David H. , Nedelman Jerry R. , Mendel Carl , Spigelman Melvin , Hermann David J.
Published: August 2019

The bedaquiline regimen for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in adults is a loading dose of 400 mg QD for 2 weeks followed by 200 mg thrice weekly (TIW) for 22 weeks. Most TB antibiotics administered with bedaquiline are given QD.
Potent LpxC Inhibitors with
In Vitro
Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Krause Kevin M. , Haglund Cat M. , Hebner Christy , Serio Alisa W. , Lee Grace , Nieto Vincent , Cohen Frederick , Kane Timothy R. , Machajewski Timothy D. , Hildebrandt Darrin , Pillar Chris , Thwaites Mary , Hall Danielle , Miesel Lynn , Hackel Meredith , Burek Amanda , Andrews Logan D. , Armstrong Eliana , Swem Lee , Jubb Adrian , Cirz Ryan T.
Published: August 2019

New drugs with novel mechanisms of resistance are desperately needed to address both community and nosocomial infections due to Gram-negative bacteria. One such potential target is LpxC, an essential enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step of lipid A biosynthesis. Achaogen conducted an extensive research campaign to discover novel LpxC inhibitors with activity against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
.
Distinct Roles of Shewanella oneidensis Thioredoxin in Regulation of Cellular Responses to Hydrogen and Organic Peroxides
Authors: Feng Xue , Sun Weining , Kong Linggen , Gao Haichun
Published: August 2019

The Trx and Grx systems are deeply involved in bacterial responses to H
2
O
2
-induced oxidative stress. However, little is known about their roles in response to other ROS, such as organic peroxides (OPs). In this study, we used
S. oneidensis
as a research model to investigate the interplay between Trx/Grx and OxyR/OhrR. We show that Trxs mediate the redox status of transcriptional OP-responding regulator OhrR. Although none of the
trx
or
grx
genes are directly controlled by OxyR or OhrR, expression of
trxA
and
trxC
is induced by
tert
-butyl hydroperoxide (
t
-BHP). We further show that the
trxA
and
trxC
genes respond to effects of glutathione (GSH) depletion rather than oxidation. These findings underscore the particular importance of Trx in the bacterial OP stress response.