bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization on Flaking of Rammed Earthen Sites Using SMO Algorithm and Surface Topography Analysis: A Case Study of Jiaohe Ruins
Authors: Guo Zhiqian , Wu Chong , Zhang Shuai , Chen Wenwu , Qi Qiang , Wu Haiyu
Published: July 2024

There are a large number of rammed earthen sites in northwest China. For thousands of years, earthen sites have developed a series of deterioration types that include surface weathering, sapping, cracks, collapses, gullies, and so on. Surface weathering is a highly destructive type of soil deterioration which erodes the sites all the time. Flake peeling (flaking) is one of the main manifestations of weathering. In order to prevent flaking more scientifically and efficiently, it is necessary to quantitatively evaluate its development stage and degree. In this article, the Vajra Pagoda of Jiaohe Ruins was selected as the research area, and we explored how to use GIS to analyze the surface topography of 3D scanning data. Meanwhile, using the sequential minimum optimization (SMO) algorithm, the authors effectively identify the crust and original wall (wall outcroppings following the detachment of crust) in the evolution of flaking. Finally, the 3D roughness of the four facades was calculated. The calculations show that the roughness parameters
D
and

R
s

can well characterize the development of flaking. In a period of flaking development, the change rule of
D
and

R
s

first increases and then decreases. This study proves that it is feasible to quantify the development degree of flaking employing morphological characteristic parameters. Furthermore, the results of the study provide a basis for determining the degree of deterioration of the sites in future heritage management efforts, leading to more rational and efficient conservation.
Why the Gaming Industry Needs Responsible AI
Authors: Canca Cansu , Ihle Laura Haaber , Schoene Annika Marie
Published: July 2024

Incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) into the development, operation, and servicing of video games adds new issues to an already-complex landscape of ethical concerns. Practices, tools, and governance structures developed in responsible AI can offer effective ways to navigate this complexity.
Metalation of Extracytoplasmic Proteins and Bacterial Cell Envelope Homeostasis
Authors: He Bixi , Helmann John D.
Published: July 2024

Cell physiology requires innumerable metalloenzymes supported by the selective import of metal ions. Within the crowded cytosol, most enzymes acquire their cognate cofactors from a buffered labile pool. Metalation of membrane-bound and secreted exoenzymes is more problematic since metal concentrations are highly variable outside the cell. Here, we focus on metalloenzymes involved in cell envelope homeostasis. Peptidoglycan synthesis often relies on Zn-dependent hydrolases, and metal-dependent β-lactamases play important roles in antibiotic resistance. In gram-positive bacteria, lipoteichoic acid synthesis requires Mn, with TerC family Mn exporters in a supporting role. For some exoenzymes, metalation occurs in the cytosol, and metalated enzymes are exported through the TAT secretion system. For others, metalation is facilitated by metal exporters, metallochaperones, or partner proteins that enhance metal affinity. To help ensure function, some metalloenzymes can function with multiple metals. Thus, cells employ a diversity of strategies to ensure metalation of enzymes functioning outside the cytosol.
Deletion of KS-WNK1 promotes NCC activation by increasing WNK1/4 abundance
Authors: Ferdaus Mohammed Z. , Terker Andrew S. , Koumangoye Rainelli B. , Al-Qusairi Lama , Welling Paul A. , Delpire Eric
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we show that KS-WNK1 is a critical component of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) K+ switch pathway. Its deletion results in an inability of the DCT to sense changes in plasma potassium. Absence of KS-WNK1 leads to abnormally high levels of WNK4 and L-WNK1 in the DCT, resulting in increased Na-Cl phosphorylation and function. Our data are consistent with KS-WNK1 targeting WNK4 and L-WNK1 to degradation.
Update: the role of epigenetics in the metabolic memory of diabetic complications
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Malek Vajir , Natarajan Rama
Published: July 2024

Diabetes, a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, is associated with significantly accelerated complications, including diabetic kidney disease (DKD), which increases morbidity and mortality. Hyperglycemia and other diabetes-related environmental factors such as overnutrition, sedentary lifestyles, and hyperlipidemia can induce epigenetic changes. Working alone or with genetic factors, these epigenetic changes that occur without alterations in the underlying DNA sequence, can alter the expression of pathophysiological genes and impair functions of associated target cells/organs, leading to diabetic complications like DKD. Notably, some hyperglycemia-induced epigenetic changes persist in target cells/tissues even after glucose normalization, leading to sustained complications despite glycemic control, so-called metabolic memory. Emerging evidence from in vitro and in vivo animal models and clinical trials with subjects with diabetes identified clear associations between metabolic memory and epigenetic changes including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin structure, and noncoding RNAs at key loci. Targeting such persistent epigenetic changes and/or molecules regulated by them can serve as valuable opportunities to attenuate, or erase metabolic memory, which is crucial to prevent complication progression. Here, we review these cell/tissue-specific epigenetic changes identified to-date as related to diabetic complications, especially DKD, and the current status on targeting epigenetics to tackle metabolic memory. We also discuss limitations in current studies, including the need for more (epi)genome-wide studies, integrative analysis using multiple epigenetic marks and Omics datasets, and mechanistic evaluation of metabolic memory. Considering the tremendous technological advances in epigenomics, genetics, sequencing, and availability of genomic datasets from clinical cohorts, this field is likely to see considerable progress in the upcoming years.
Sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity is enhanced in postmenopausal women
Authors: McGinty Shane J. , Matthews Evan L. , Greaney Jody L. , Shoemaker J. Kevin , Wenner Megan M.
Published: July 2024

Studies examining sympathetic baroreflex function with aging remain equivocal, with some studies showing an increase, decrease, or no change in sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in older adults compared with younger adults. With aging, women experience unique physiological changes due to menopause that influence autonomic function. For the first time, we show that postmenopausal women exhibit a greater sympathetic BRS compared with young premenopausal women.
A Case of Phenibut Withdrawal Management and Detoxification Using Baclofen in the Outpatient Setting
Authors: DiFiore Emma , Pittman Julie
Published: July 2024

Phenibut, a GABAB receptor agonist, has surged in popularity due to its nootropic and anxiolytic effects. Despite not being FDA approved, it is accessible online due to its marketing as a dietary supplement, leading to unregulated distribution. Increasing reports have highlighted the risks of addiction and severe withdrawal symptoms associated with phenibut use. This case report explores the management of phenibut withdrawal in an outpatient setting using a baclofen taper. The slow taper was complicated by various withdrawal symptoms, and the patient was ultimately stabilized on lorazepam, baclofen, gabapentin, and clonidine after 5‐months time. This case is unique, as it also highlights challenges in tapering off baclofen following phenibut detoxification. The study underscores the need for further research on the pharmacological management of phenibut withdrawal, emphasizing the importance of raising awareness about phenibut’s dangers and associated clinical presentations.
Development of Isoparametric Shell Elements with Variable Edge Order and Movable Nodes in the Nonlinear Hybrid Simulation of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Authors: Balkaya Can
Published: July 2024

In this study, nonlinear isoparametric shell elements with variable edge order and moving nodes from CBAL4M to CBAL12M were developed and integrated into FINITE. Specific mapping and surfaces for two‐dimensional isoparametric shell elements, shape functions, and their derivatives are presented. The advantage of the developed shell element is that it can represent not only the smeared reinforcement on the wall and slab but also the discrete special reinforcement that is important for crack propagation in the nonlinear simulation of RC structures. With the advantage of movable nodes, the discrete reinforcement can be effectively covered and the position of the discrete reinforcement can be determined. When modelling reinforced concrete structures dominated by shear walls, the use of variable edge orders at the slab‐wall interfaces where high stresses or forces are expected reduces the calculation time and capacity by using an optimal number of nodes for hybrid modelling. Nonlinearity is considered only in the form of material nonlinearity with a stress‐strain curve, tension stiffening, and cracking including crack rotation. The analytical model is validated by comparing the results at the element level of the Vecchio and Collins test panels at the University of Toronto and at the structural level of the five‐story shear wall building with staggered openings at the University of Michigan. Nonlinear hybrid simulations of 2D and 3D models of 2‐story and 5‐story shear wall‐dominated RC buildings are investigated with the developed element considering ultimate load curves, deflection shapes, crack patterns, stress distributions, and 3D effects and force mechanisms. For this purpose, a three‐story scaled test model was constructed and tested to simulate the seismic behavior. The test results are also compared with the analytical results of SAP2000 and the developed nonlinear shell element. The seismic capacity of the test model and the analytical models was similar at 31 tons. The developed element can be effectively used for modelling and nonlinear hybrid simulation of RC buildings and can also be applied to prestressed concrete structures for tendon modelling.
Educação alimentar e nutricional para a saúde planetária
Authors: Carvalho Aline Martins de ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Martins Beatriz Machado , Martinho Catarina Gomes São , Schwartzman Flávia , Silva Jacqueline Tereza da , Corrêa Larissa Melina de Lázari Borges , Amorim Mirelly dos Santos , Camargo Tatiana ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública,   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública,   The University of Edinburgh,   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública,   Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Escola Paulista de Medicina,   Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Published: July 2024

Sabemos que existe uma forte relação entre as etapas do sistema alimentar tradicional atual e a crise climática. Isto significa que as etapas de produção, colheita, armazenamento, transporte, processamento, distribuição, descarte podem causar grandes danos ambientais, sociais e de saúde. A boa notícia é que tem muita coisa que pode ser feita, por toda a sociedade, para diminuir este impacto negativo e até gerar efeitos positivos nesta ampla cadeia de produção dos alimentos. A educação e a escola têm um papel fundamental neste processo. Este livro foi produzido a partir da adaptação dos conteúdos do curso semi-presencial Educação Alimentar e Nutricional para a Saúde Planetária que foi oferecido pelo Sustentarea a mais de 250 educadores de 17 escolas da redepública de ensino de Águas de Lindóia, de 27 de março a 24 de julho de 2023. O objetivo deste material é sensibilizar e conscientizar os educadores de todos os níveis educacionais sobre diversos temas relacionados à alimentação e à saúde planetária, e orientá-los para o desenvolvimento de atividades e projetos considerando os componentes curriculares e o contexto de cada escola. Com esse material, esperamos capacitar os professores a promover uma educação alimentar e nutricional de qualidade, contribuindo para a formação de indivíduos conscientes, saudáveis e comprometidos com a sustentabilidade planetária.
A new corticioid fungus, Alloexidiopsis sinensis (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota), in China, evidenced by morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses
Authors: DONG JUNHONG , GU ZIRUI , WANG YUYUN , SHI YINMEI , ZHAO CHANGLIN
Published: July 2024

Alloexidiopsis sinensis sp. nov. found in Yunnan Province, China, is described here as a new species based on its morphology and phylogeny. Alloexidiopsis sinensis is characterized by its membranaceous basidiomata with a grandinoid hymenophore and a monomitic hyphal system bearing generative hyphae with clamp connections and allantoid basidiospores measuring 14.5–23 × 4.5–6.5 µm. Phylogenetic analyses of the new species were based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (nLSU) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the new species belonged to the genus Alloexidiopsis, and was retrieved as a sister to A. nivea.
Onnia pakistanica sp. nov., (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota) from Pakistan
Authors: BASHIR HUMAIRA , JABEEN SANA , NASEER AROOJ , KHALID ABDUL NASIR
Published: July 2024

Onnia pakistanica, a novel species, is described from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This species is distinguished from its closest kin, O. tibetica, by its unique rusty orange to clay-buff and fawn pileus, larger (5.0–10.1 × 2.5–9.0 μm) basidiospores, broader and fusoidal cystidioles (11.1–16 × 6.5–8.6 μm) and setae with more or less rounded at the tips and broader at the base. The taxonomic status of this species is supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis using ITS and combined ITS and LSU sequences. The presence of O. pakistanica in Pakistan also marks the first genus record from South Asia, adding to the significance of this discovery.
A new species of Guatteria (Annonaceae) from the Andean mountain forest of Colombia
Authors: VILLANUEVA-TAMAYO BORIS , PARRA-LIZCANO NICOLAS , RIOS-CERVERA JORGE ENRIQUE
Published: July 2024

Guatteria is a Neotropical genus comprising ca. 175 species, widely distributed in the forests of Central and South America. Guatteria sanjorgense is described, illustrated and compared with morphologically similar species. This new species was found in the San Jorge Botanical Garden, a regional conservation area located in the biodiverse Andean forests of the upper Magdalena basin, Colombia. This species is characterized by unusual short stipes of less than 14 mm long and 5–12 globose monocarps.
A review of the genus Ammoplanellus Gussakovskij (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Pemphredoninae) from India with the description of two new species
Authors: RAJAN TESSY , KUMAR P. GIRISH , SURESHAN P.M. , HEGDE V.D.
Published: July 2024

The Indian species of Ammoplanellus Gussakovskij, 1931 are reviewed and two new species, namely A. keralaensis and A. smithi Tessy, Girish Kumar & Sureshan sp. nov. are described. A key to the species of Ammoplanellus Gussakovskij from the Oriental region is provided.
Do Precipitation and Temperature Influence Perceptions of Urban Cleanliness?
Authors: Mazon Jordi , Pino David , López Daniel
Published: July 2024

This study explores the correlation between weather and the perception of urban cleanliness across the 47 largest cities in Spain. Utilizing survey data conducted by the national Consumers and Users Organization (OCU) in 2015, 2019, and 2023 to assess cleanliness perceptions, we analyze potential associations with precipitation and temperature recorded by weather stations of the Spanish Meteorological Agency. Additionally, we consider computed values of the De Martonne aridity index. The OCU data reveal regional disparities in perceived cleanliness quality. Higher cleanliness scores are obtained in cities located in the northern and north-central regions of Spain, characterized by humid and superhumid climates according to the De Martonne index. Conversely, lower cleanliness ratings are given to cities in the southern and eastern regions of Spain, where a Mediterranean climate and lower aridity index values prevail. In conducting a statistical analysis on the perception of cleanliness and variables related to precipitation and temperature, the results of the chi-square and linear correlation tests found no strong statistical correlation, although a tendency is observed. Cities with higher annual precipitation and lower values of average annual temperature tend to receive better cleanliness ratings, while drier and warmer cities exhibit the worst values of perceived urban cleanliness. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the Gompertz model effectively captures a strong statistical correlation in the relationship between cleanliness perception and the De Martonne index: As aridity increases, cleanliness perception decreases. These results are relevant for the development of future cleaning methods and systems, particularly in light of the climate change scenarios that are anticipated in the Mediterranean region due to warmer and drier conditions and, consequently, an increase in aridity.
Blood transcriptomic signatures for symptomatic tuberculosis in an African multicohort study
Authors: Muwanga Vanessa Mwebaza , Mendelsohn Simon C. , Leukes Vinzeigh , Stanley Kim , Mbandi Stanley Kimbung , Erasmus Mzwandile , Flinn Marika , Fisher Tarryn-Lee , Raphela Rodney , Bilek Nicole , Malherbe Stephanus T. , Tromp Gerard , Van Der Spuy Gian , Walzl Gerhard , Chegou Novel N. , Scriba Thomas J.
Published: July 2024

Background

Multiple host blood transcriptional signatures have been developed as non-sputum triage tests for tuberculosis (TB). We aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of 20 blood transcriptomic TB signatures for differentiating between symptomatic patients who have TBversusother respiratory diseases (ORD).

Methods

As part of a nested case–control study, individuals presenting with respiratory symptoms at primary healthcare clinics in Ethiopia, Malawi, Namibia, Uganda, South Africa and The Gambia were enrolled. TB was diagnosed based on clinical, microbiological and radiological findings. Transcriptomic signatures were measured in whole blood using microfluidic real-time quantitative PCR. Diagnostic performance was benchmarked against the World Health Organization Target Product Profile (TPP) for a non-sputum TB triage test.

Results

Among 579 participants, 158 had definite, microbiologically confirmed TB, 32 had probable TB, while 389 participants had ORD. Nine signatures differentiated between ORD and TB with equivalent performance (Satproedprai7: area under the curve 0.83 (95% CI 0.79–0.87); Jacobsen3: 0.83 (95% CI 0.79–0.86); Suliman2: 0.82 (95% CI 0.78–0.86); Roe1: 0.82 (95% CI 0.78–0.86); Kaforou22: 0.82 (95% CI 0.78–0.86); Sambarey10: 0.81 (95% CI 0.77–0.85); Duffy9: 0.81 (95% CI 0.76–0.86); Gliddon3: 0.8 (95% CI 0.75–0.85); Suliman4 0.79 (95% CI 0.75–0.84)). Benchmarked against a 90% sensitivity, these signatures achieved specificities between 44% (95% CI 38–49%) and 54% (95% CI 49–59%), not meeting the TPP criteria. Signature scores significantly varied by HIV status and country. In country-specific analyses, several signatures, such as Satproedprai7 and Penn-Nicholson6, met the minimal TPP criteria for a triage test in Ethiopia, Malawi and South Africa.

Conclusion

No signatures met the TPP criteria in a pooled analysis of all countries, but several signatures met the minimum criteria for a non-sputum TB triage test in some countries.
Effectiveness of ICS/LABA and LAMA/LABA in COPD due to biomass
Authors: Ramírez-Venegas Alejandra , Montiel-Lopez Francisco , Robles-Hernández Robinson E. , Celli Bartolome R. , Sansores Raúl H. , Cassou-Martínez Maricruz , Lara-Albisua José L. Pérez , González-González Claudia , Mayar-Maya María E. , Hernández-Morales Aloisa P. , Hernández-Zenteno Rafael J. , Falfán-Valencia Ramcés , Thirión-Romero Ireri , Pérez-Bautista Oliver , Pérez-Padilla Rogelio
Published: July 2024

Background

COPD due to biomass exposure (COPD-B) is highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, and there are no clinical trials designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments currently recommended for patients with COPD due to cigarette smoking (COPD-C). The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol (FF/V) 100/25 μg and umeclidinium/vilanterol (UMEC/VI) 62.5/25 μg on the rate of exacerbations, the time to first exacerbation, on dyspnoea, health-related quality of life (HRQL), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and inspiratory capacity (IC) during a period of 6 months in patients with COPD-B and COPD-C, at a third level referral centre in Mexico City.

Methods

A pilot, single-centre, open-label, parallel-group study included 132 patients with a history of at least two exacerbations. They were randomised to receive one of four treatment groups: 33 COPD-B patients received FF/VI 100/25 μg, 31 COPD-B patients received UMEC/VI 62.5/25 μg, 34 COPD-C patients received FF/V and 34 COPD-C patients received UMEC/VI.

Results

There were no differences in exacerbation rates between patients receiving FF/VI or UMEC/VI in either the COPD-B (0.07 (95% CI 0.03–0.13), 0.06 (95% CI 0.03–0.12)) or COPD-C group (0.06 (95% CI 0.04–0.11), 0.08 (95% CI 0.05–0.13)), nor in the time of first exacerbation, nor FEV1and IC. All groups showed improvement in dyspnoea and HRQL, independently of medication used.

Conclusions

Among patients with COPD-B and COPD-C with a history of exacerbation, FF/VI was equally effective as UMEC/VI in preventing exacerbations and improving dyspnoea and HRQL.
Hypoxaemic load in sleep apnoea is associated with acute changes in T-wave amplitude
Authors: Sillanmäki Saara , Ebrahimian Serajeddin , Hietakoste Salla , Hernando David , Bailon Raquel , Leppänen Timo , Kainulainen Samu
Published: July 2024

Aims

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) imposes significant stress on the cardiovascular system and the heart. While long-term cardiac effects are understood, the immediate impact of hypoxaemia on the heart's electrophysiology lacks understanding. Our study aims to explore desaturation severity on cardiovascular repolarisation.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed ECGs from full diagnostic polysomnographies from 492 patients with suspected OSA. The analyses were conducted before, during and after 9137 nocturnal apnoea- or hypopnoea-related desaturations. The mean andsdof T-wave amplitude change from the baseline level to the level during and after desaturations (ΔTamp_meanand ΔTamp_SD) were calculated. To investigate the modulatory effects of desaturation severity, the data were divided into subgroups based on the desaturation duration (Tdes; 10 s≤Tdes<20 s, 20 s≤Tdes<30 s, 30 s≤Tdes<45 s and Tdes≥45 s) and magnitude of blood oxygen saturation drop (change in peripheral oxygen saturation (ΔSpO2); 3%≤ΔSpO2<4.5%, 4.5%≤ΔSpO2<6%, 6%≤ΔSpO2<7.5% and ΔSpO2≥7.5%) for men and women.

Results

Desaturations caused significant (p<0.01) changes in ΔTamp_meanduring and after desaturations. In men, the median ΔTamp_meanduring and after deep (ΔSpO2≥7.5%) desaturations were 21 µV and 24 µV, respectively. In women, the median ΔTamp_meanin deep desaturations was 15 µV during and 21 µV after desaturations. Similarly, the ΔTamp_SDincreased during and after deep desaturations. In regression analysis, the desaturation depth was an independent predictor for ventricular repolarisation instability.

Conclusion

We found an association between the severity of nocturnal desaturations and cardiac repolarisation instability. These findings hold particular importance, as repolarisation instability has been linked with cardiovascular morbidity and could potentially serve as a trigger for arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
Creating a master training rotation schedule for emergency medicine residents and challenges in using artificial intelligence
Authors: Eskandarani Rawan , Almuhainy Ahmed , Alzahrani Abdulrahman
Published: July 2024

Background

The allocation of resident physicians to clinical rotations presents a complex challenge that requires balancing multiple objectives with the goals of providing optimal patient care, maintaining adequate departmental staffing, and maximizing residents’ training experience. While adhering to governing guidelines and training regulations, these physicians must comply with curricular milestones and educational goals for progression that must be achieved within specific time constraints. This manuscript reports on how to create annual master rotation schedules to meet the training requirements for 60 residents, while addressing the requirements detailed above.

Methods

Trainees in the field of Emergency Medicine have to meet variable essential annual curricula requirements. Methods of preparing rotations in different Emergency Departments are presented which usually need early planning to ensure the best coordination and number allocation among the different internal and external collaborative departments. This off-institution and off-service external rotation is an educational necessity regulated by the Saudi Commission of Health Sciences to maximize residents’ exposure and meet the expected educational milestones unique to Emergency Medicine training.

Results

We report how to create annual master rotation schedules to meet the training requirements for 60 Emergency Medicine residents, while maintaining steady adequate departmental staffing and accommodating the different external rotation capacities, a task that is usually handled by the chief residents and program director. Although some parts of this process can be performed by using scheduling software or with particular decision support management systems, many steps are still filtered and checked manually. External circumstances mandate changes in schedules that require last-minute changes which may overrule training restrictions and make them unfeasible.

Conclusion

To create such an agile schedule, we maintain a standardized template with preset blocks and rotations. Residents can choose the most suitable track that meets their preference for year-long rotation blocks. Thus, we minimize the individual variability in the preset allocations, guarantee an even distribution, give equal chances to each resident to accommodate and approximate their individual preferences, and decrease the overall workload and time consumed annually.
Identification and characterization of the RcTCP gene family and its expression in response to abiotic stresses in castor bean
Authors: Li Yanxiao , Liu Xingyang , Xu Xingyuan , Zhu Guishuang , Xiang Dianjun , Liu Peng
Published: July 2024

Background

The TCP (teosinte branched1/cincinnata/proliferating cell factor) family plays a prominent role in plant development and stress responses. However, TCP family genes have thus far not been identified in castor bean, and therefore an understanding of the expression and functional aspects of castor bean TCP genes is lacking. To identify the potential biological functions of castor bean (RcTCP) TCP members, the composition of RcTCP family members, their basic physicochemical properties, subcellular localizations, interacting proteins, miRNA target sites, and gene expression patterns under stress were assessed.

Results

The presence of 20 RcTCP genes on the nine chromosomes of castor bean was identified, all of which possess TCP domains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a close relationship between RcTCP genes and Arabidopsis AtTCP genes, suggesting potential functional similarity. Subcellular localization experiments confirmed that RcTC01/02/03/10/16/18 are all localized in the nucleus. Protein interaction analysis revealed that the interaction quantity of RcTCP03/06/11 proteins is the highest, indicating a cascade response in the functional genes. Furthermore, it was found that the promoter region of RcTCP genes contains a large number of stress-responsive elements and hormone-induced elements, indicating a potential link between RcTCP genes and stress response functions. qRT-PCR showed that all RcTCP genes exhibit a distinct tissue-specific expression pattern and their expression is induced by abiotic stress (including low temperature, abscisic acid, drought, and high salt). Among them, RcTCP01/03/04/08/09/10/14/15/18/19 genes may be excellent stress-responsive genes.

Conclusion

We discovered that RcTCP genes play a crucial role in various activities, including growth and development, the stress response, and transcription. This study provides a basis for studying the function of RcTCP gene in castor.
Continental scale comparison of mycobiomes in Parmelia and Peltigera lichens from Turkey and South Korea
Authors: Yang Jiho , Woo Jung-Jae , Sesal Cenk , Gökalsın Barış , Eldem Vahap , Açıkgöz Birkan , Başaran Tunahan Irmak , Kurtuluş Gamze , Hur Jae-Seoun
Published: July 2024

Background

Lichens, traditionally considered as a simple partnership primarily between mycobiont and photobiont, are, in reality, complex holobionts comprised of a multitude of microorganisms. Lichen mycobiome represents fungal community residing within lichen thalli. While it is acknowledged that factors like the host lichen species and environmental conditions influence the structure of the lichen mycobiome, the existing research remains insufficient. To investigate which factor, host genus or location, has a greater impact on the lichen mycobiome, we conducted a comparative analysis of mycobiomes within Parmelia and Peltigera collected from both Turkey and South Korea, using high-throughput sequencing based on internal transcribed spacer region amplification.

Results

Overall, the lichen mycobiome was dominated by Capnodiales (Dothideomycetes), regardless of host or location. At the order level, the taxonomic composition was not significantly different according to lichen genus host or geographical distance. Hierarchical clustering of the top 100 abundant ASVs did not clearly indicate whether the lichen mycobiome was more influenced by host genus or location. Analyses of community similarity and partitioning variables revealed that the structure of the lichen mycobiome is more significantly influenced by location than by host genus. When analyzing the core mycobiome by host genus, the Peltigera mycobiome contained more ASV members than the Parmelia mycobiome. These two core mycobiomes also share common fungal strains, including basidiomycete yeast. Additionally, we used chi-squared tests to identify host genus-specialists and location-specialists.

Conclusions

By comparing lichen mycobiomes of the same genera across different countries, our study advances our comprehension of these microbial communities. Our study elucidates that, although host species play a contributory role, geographic distance exerts a more pronounced impact on the structure of lichen mycobiome. We have made foundational contributions to understanding the lichen mycobiome occupying ecologically crucial niches. We anticipate that broader global-scale investigations into the fungal community structures will provide more detailed insights into fungal residents within lichens.
Persistent vocal learning in an aging open-ended learner reflected in neural FoxP2 expression
Authors: Moussaoui Bushra , Ulmer Kennedy , Araya-Salas Marcelo , Wright Timothy F.
Published: July 2024

Background

Most vocal learning species exhibit an early critical period during which their vocal control neural circuitry facilitates the acquisition of new vocalizations. Some taxa, most notably humans and parrots, retain some degree of neurobehavioral plasticity throughout adulthood, but both the extent of this plasticity and the neurogenetic mechanisms underlying it remain unclear. Differential expression of the transcription factor FoxP2 in both songbird and parrot vocal control nuclei has been identified previously as a key pattern facilitating vocal learning. We hypothesize that the resilience of vocal learning to cognitive decline in open-ended learners will be reflected in an absence of age-related changes in neural FoxP2 expression. We tested this hypothesis in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus), a small gregarious parrot in which adults converge on shared call types in response to shifts in group membership. We formed novel flocks of 4 previously unfamiliar males belonging to the same age class, either “young adult” (6 mo − 1 year) or “older adult” (≥ 3 year), and then collected audio-recordings over a 20-day learning period to assess vocal learning ability. Following behavioral recording, immunohistochemistry was performed on collected neural tissue to measure FoxP2 protein expression in a parrot vocal learning center, the magnocellular nucleus of the medial striatum (MMSt), and its adjacent striatum.

Results

Although older adults show lower vocal diversity (i.e. repertoire size) and higher absolute levels of FoxP2 in the MMSt than young adults, we find similarly persistent downregulation of FoxP2 and equivalent vocal plasticity and vocal convergence in the two age cohorts. No relationship between individual variation in vocal learning measures and FoxP2 expression was detected.

Conclusions

We find neural evidence to support persistent vocal learning in the budgerigar, suggesting resilience to aging in the open-ended learning program of this species. The lack of a significant relationship between FoxP2 expression and individual variability in vocal learning performance suggests that other neurogenetic mechanisms could also regulate this complex behavior.
An updated meta-analysis of optimal medical therapy with or without invasive therapy in patients with stable coronary artery disease
Authors: Bi Lei , Geng Yu , Wang Yintang , Li Siyuan , Sun Kuogen , Guo Yiqi , Zhang Ou , Zhang Ping
Published: July 2024

Background

The efficacy of optimal medical therapy (OMT) with or without revascularization therapy in patients with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) remains controversial. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared OMT with or without revascularization therapy for SCAD patients.

Methods

Studies were searched in PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials from January 1, 2005, to December 30, 2023. The main efficacy outcome was a composite of all-cause death, myocadiac infarction, revascularization, and cerebrovascular accident. Results were pooled using random effects model and fixed effects model and are presented as odd ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

Ten studies involving 12,790 participants were included. The arm of OMT with revascularization compared with OMT alone was associated with decreased risks for MACCE (OR 0.55 [95% CI 0.38–0.80], I²=93%, P = 0.002), CV death (OR 0.84 [95% CI 0.73–0.97], I²=36%, P = 0.02), revascularization (OR 0.32 [95% CI 0.20–0.50], I²=92%, P < 0.001), and MI (OR 0.85 [95% CI 0.76–0.96], I²=45%, P = 0.007). While there was no significant difference between OMT with revascularization and OMT alone in the odds of all-cause death (OR 0.94 [95% CI 0.84–1.05], I²=0%, P = 0.30).

Conclusions

The current updated meta-analysis of 10 RCTs shows that in patients with SCAD, OMT with revascularization would reduce the risk for MACCE, cardiovascular death, and MI. However, the invasive strategy does not decrease the risks for all-cause mortality when comparing with OMT alone.
Exploratory analysis of predictors of ventricular aneurysm in a cohort of 291 patients with acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Huang Hongqin , Xu Min , Qiang Chaohua , Yang Zhenni , Yang Ling
Published: July 2024

Objective

In this study, we explored the determinants of ventricular aneurysm development following acute myocardial infarction (AMI), thereby prompting timely interventions to enhance patient prognosis.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort analysis, we evaluated 297 AMI patients admitted to the First People’s Hospital of Changzhou. The study was structured as follows. Comprehensive baseline data collection included hematological evaluations, ECG, echocardiography, and coronary angiography upon admission. Within 3 months post-AMI, cardiac ultrasounds were administered to detect ventricular aneurysm development. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were employed to pinpoint the determinants of ventricular aneurysm formation. Subsequently, a predictive model was formulated for ventricular aneurysm post-AMI. Moreover, the diagnostic efficacy of this model was appraised using the ROC curves.

Results

In our analysis of 291 AMI patients, spanning an age range of 32–91 years, 247 were male (84.9%). At the conclusion of a 3-month observational period, the cohort bifurcated into two subsets: 278 patients without ventricular aneurysm and 13 with evident ventricular aneurysm. Distinguishing features of the ventricular aneurysm subgroup were markedly higher values for age, B-type natriuretic peptide(BNP), Left atrium(LA), Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LEVDD), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVEWD), E-wave velocity (E), Left atrial volume (LAV), E/A ratio (E/A), E/e ratio (E/e), ECG with elevated adjacent four leads(4 ST-Elevation), and anterior wall myocardial infarction(AWMI) compared to their counterparts (p < 0.05). Among the singular predictive factors, total cholesterol (TC) emerged as the most significant predictor for ventricular aneurysm development, exhibiting an AUC of 0.704. However, upon crafting a multifactorial model that incorporated gender, TC, an elevated ST-segment in adjacent four leads, and anterior wall infarction, its diagnostic capability: notably surpassed that of the standalone TC, yielding an AUC of 0.883 (z = -9.405, p = 0.000) as opposed to 0.704. Multivariate predictive model included gender, total cholesterol, ST elevation in 4 adjacent leads, anterior myocardial infarction, the multivariate predictive model showed better diagnostic efficacy than single factor index TC (AUC: 0. 883 vs. 0.704,z =-9.405, p = 0.000), it also improved predictive power for correctly reclassifying ventricular aneurysm occurrence in patients with AMI, NRI = 28.42% (95% CI: 6.29-50.55%; p = 0.012). Decision curve analysis showed that the use of combination model had a positive net benefit.

Conclusion

Lipid combined with ECG model after myocardial infarction could be used to predict the formation of ventricular aneurysm and aimed to optimize and adjust treatment strategies.
Sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and the clinical outcome of the older inpatients with COVID-19 infection: a prospective observational study
Authors: Zong Min , Zhao Anda , Han Weijia , Chen Yanqiu , Weng Tingwen , Li Shijie , Tang Lixin , Wu Jiang
Published: July 2024

Objective

We aimed to investigate the impact of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity (SO) on the clinical outcome in older patients with COVID-19 infection and chronic disease.

Methods

We prospectively collected data from patients admitted to Huadong Hospital for COVID-19 infection between November 1, 2022, and January 31, 2023. These patients were included from a previously established comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) cohort. We collected information on their pre-admission condition regarding sarcopenia, SO, and malnutrition, as well as their medical treatment. The primary endpoint was the incidence of intubation, while secondary endpoints included in-hospital mortality rates. We then utilized Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival curves and the log-rank tests to compare the clinical outcomes related to intubation or death, assessing the impact of sarcopenia and SO on patient clinical outcomes.

Results

A total of 113 patients (age 89.6 ± 7.0 years) were included in the study. Among them, 51 patients had sarcopenia and 39 had SO prior to hospitalization. Intubation was required for 6 patients without sarcopenia (9.7%) and for 18 sarcopenia patients (35.3%), with 16 of these being SO patients (41%). Mortality occurred in 2 patients without sarcopenia (3.3%) and in 13 sarcopenia patients (25.5%), of which 11 were SO patients (28%). Upon further analysis, patients with SO exhibited significantly elevated risks for both intubation (Hazard Ratio [HR] 7.43, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.26–43.90, P < 0.001) and mortality (HR 6.54, 95% CI 1.09–39.38, P < 0.001) after adjusting for confounding factors.

Conclusions

The prevalence of sarcopenia or SO was high among senior inpatients, and both conditions were found to have a significant negative impact on the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infection. Therefore, it is essential to regularly assess and intervene in these conditions at the earliest stage possible.
Diagnostic accuracy of the Xpert® MTB/XDR assay for detection of Isoniazid and second-line antituberculosis drugs resistance at central TB reference laboratory in Tanzania
Authors: Maya Togolani , Wilfred Aman , Lubinza Clara , Mfaume Saidi , Mafie Maryjeska , Mtunga Daphne , Kingalu Amri , Mgina Nicodem , Petrucka Pammla , Doulla Basra E. , Ngadaya Esther , Mfinanga Sayoki G. , Mnyambwa Nicholaus P.
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and universal access to drug-susceptibility testing (DST) are critical elements of the WHO End TB Strategy. Current rapid tests (e.g., Xpert® MTB/RIF and Ultra-assays) can detect rifampicin resistance-conferring mutations, but cannot detect resistance to Isoniazid and second-line anti-TB agents. Although Line Probe Assay is capable of detecting resistance to second-line anti-TB agents, it requires sophisticated laboratory infrastructure and advanced skills which are often not readily available in settings replete with TB. A rapid test capable of detecting Isoniazid and second-line anti-TB drug resistance is highly needed.

Methods

We conducted a diagnostic accuracy study to evaluate a new automated Xpert MTB/XDR 10-colour assay for rapid detection of Isoniazid and second-line drugs, including ethionamide, fluoroquinolones, and injectable drugs (Amikacin, Kanamycin, and Capreomycin). Positive Xpert MTB/RIF respiratory specimens were prospectively collected through routine diagnosis and surveillance of drug resistance at the Central TB Reference Laboratory in Tanzania. Specimens were tested by both Xpert XDR assay and LPA against culture-based phenotypic DST as the reference standard.

Findings

We analysed specimens from 151 TB patients with a mean age (SD) of 36.2 (12.7) years. The majority (n = 109, 72.2%) were males. The sensitivity for Xpert MTB/XDR was 93.5% (95% CI, 87.4–96.7); for Isoniazid, 96.6 (95% CI, 92.1–98.6); for Fluoroquinolone, 98.7% (95% Cl 94.8–99.7); for Amikacin, 96.6%; and (95% CI 92.1–98.6) for Ethionamide. Ethionamide had the lowest specificity of 50% and the highest was 100% for Fluoroquinolone. The diagnostic performance was generally comparable to that of LPA with slight variations between the two assays. The non-determinate rate (i.e., invalid M. tuberculosis complex detection) of Xpert MTB/XDR was 2·96%.

Conclusion

The Xpert MTB/XDR demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for detecting resistance to Isoniazid, Fluoroquinolones, and injectable agents. This assay can be used in clinical settings to facilitate rapid diagnosis of mono-isoniazid and extensively drug-resistant TB.
Nephrotic syndrome associated with solid malignancies: a systematic review
Authors: Liu Shuo , Wan Yuchen , Hu Ziyu , Wang Zhixue , Liu Fenye
Published: July 2024

Background

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) can occur as a paraneoplastic disorder in association with various types of carcinoma. However, paraneoplastic nephrotic syndrome (PNS) is often misdiagnosed as idiopathic nephrotic syndrome or as an adverse effect of oncology treatment, leading to delayed diagnosis and suboptimal treatment. The characteristics of NS associated with solid malignancies are not yet elucidated. We systematically summarized the clinical data for 128 cases of NS combined with solid malignancies with the aim of informing the clinical management of PNS.

Methods

We searched the PubMed database for articles published from the date of inception through to October 2023 using the following keywords: “cancer” or “malignant neoplasms” or “neoplasia” or “tumors” and “nephrotic syndrome”, “nephrotic” or “syndrome, nephrotic”. All data were extracted from case reports and case series, and the extraction included a method for identifying individual-level patient data.

Results

A literature search yielded 105 cases of PNS and 23 of NS induced by cancer therapy. The median age at diagnosis was 60 years, with a male to female ratio of 1.8:1. In patients with PNS, manifestations of NS occurred before, concomitantly with, or after diagnosis of the tumor (in 36%, 30%, and 34% of cases, respectively). Membranous nephropathy (49%) was the most prevalent renal pathology and found particularly in patients with lung, colorectal, or breast carcinoma. Regardless of whether treatment was for cancer alone or in combination with NS, the likelihood of remission was high.

Conclusion

The pathological type of NS may be associated with specific malignancies in patients with PNS. Prompt identification of PNS coupled with suitable therapeutic intervention has a significant impact on the outcome for patients.
Emotional awareness for self and others and empathic abilities in clinical depression during acute illness and recovery
Authors: Müller Janine , Herpertz Julian , Taylor Jacob , Suslow Thomas , Lane Richard D. , Donges Uta-Susan
Published: July 2024

Background

The present longitudinal investigation had two major goals. First, we intended to clarify whether depressed patients are characterized by impairments of emotional awareness for the self and the other during acute illness and whether these impairments diminish in the course of an inpatient psychiatric treatment program. Previous research based on the performance measure Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS) provided inconsistent findings concerning emotional self-awareness in clinical depression. Second, we investigated whether cognitive and affective empathic abilities change from acute illness to recovery in depressed patients.

Methods

Fifty-eight depressed patients were tested on admission and after 6–8 weeks of inpatient psychiatric treatment. A sample of fifty-three healthy individuals were also examined twice at an interval of 6–8 weeks. The LEAS and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) were administered to assess emotional awareness and empathic abilities. Written texts were digitalized and then analyzed using the electronic scoring program geLEAS, the German electronic Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale.

Results

Depressed patients reported more depressive symptoms than healthy controls and less severe depressive symptomatology at time 2 compared to time 1. Independent of time, depressed individuals tended to show lower geLEAS self scores and had lower geLEAS other scores than healthy individuals. Depressed patients showed higher personal distress scores than healthy individuals at both measurement times. No group differences were observed for the cognitive empathy scales of the IRI (perspective taking and fantasy) and empathic concern, but empathic concern decreased significantly in depressed patients from time 1 to time 2. Empathic abilities as assessed by the IRI were not significantly correlated with emotional awareness for others, neither in the whole sample, nor in the patient and control subsample.

Conclusions

Depressed patients seem to be characterized by impairments in emotional awareness of others during acute illness and recovery, but they also tend to show deficits in emotional self-awareness compared to healthy individuals. Self-reported cognitive empathic abilities seem to be at normal levels in depressed patients, but their heightened self-focused affective empathy may represent a vulnerability factor for depressive disorders.