bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping Coral Reef Benthos, Substrates, and Bathymetry, Using Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) Data
Authors: Leiper Ian , Phinn Stuart , Roelfsema Chris , Joyce Karen , Dekker Arnold
Published: July 2014

This study used a reef-up approach to map coral reef benthos, substrates and bathymetry, with high spatial resolution hyperspectral image data. It investigated a physics-based inversion method for mapping coral reef benthos and substrates using readily available software: Hydrolight and ENVI. Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data were acquired over Heron Reef in July 2002. The spectral reflectance of coral reef benthos and substrate types were measured in-situ, and using the HydroLight 4.2 radiative transfer model a spectral reflectance library of subsurface reflectance was simulated using water column depths from 0.5–10.0 m at 0.5 m intervals. Using the Spectral Angle Mapper algorithm, sediment, benthic micro-algae, algal turf, crustose coralline algae, macro-algae, and live coral were mapped with an overall accuracy of 65% to a depth of around 8.0 m; in waters deeper than 8.0 m the match between the classified image and field validation data was poor. Qualitative validation of the maps showed accurate mapping of areas dominated by sediment, benthic micro-algae, algal turf, live coral, and macro-algae. A bathymetric map was produced for water column depths 0.5–10.0 m, at 0.5 m intervals, and showed high correspondence with in-situ sonar data (R2 value of 0.93).
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Detected in Pico, Azores, Portugal, Revealed a Unique Endemic Strain with More Than 17 Years of Independent Evolution
Authors: Esteves Pedro , Lopes Ana , Magalhães Maria , Pinheiro Ana , Gonçalves David , Abrantes Joana
Published: July 2014

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease is caused by a calicivirus, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), which is responsible for high mortality in domestic and wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). RHDV strains were sequenced from wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus) collected in the Azorean island of Pico, Portugal. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the Pico RHDV strains diverge from all of the others described so far, but cluster with the genogroups 1–5 (G1–G5). The genetic distance between the Pico RHDV sequences and each G1, G2 and G3–G5 genogroup (~0.08) is compatible with an RHDV introduction at least 17 years ago. Our results show that in Pico, RHDV is the outcome of an independent evolution from the original RHDV strain that appeared in its European rabbit population. These are the first sequences of RHDV obtained in the subspecies O. c. algirus, outside of its original region, the Iberian Peninsula. Furthermore, we discuss the risk of rabbit translocations from the Azores to the Iberian Peninsula, where the rabbit wild populations are suffering high mortalities.
Antiretroviral therapy adherence and predictors to adherence in Albania: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Morrison Shane Douglas , Rashidi Vania , Sarnquist Clea , Banushi Vilson H , Hole Michael K , Barbhaiya Namrata J , Gashi Valbona H , Osterberg Lars , Maldonado Yvonne , Harxhi Arjan
Published: July 2014

Introduction: The possibility of an HIV/AIDS epidemic in southeastern Europe (SEE) is not improbable. Thus, an understanding of the current issues surrounding HIV/AIDS care, specifically antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, in countries within SEE is critical. This study was conducted to determine the ART adherence characteristics of Albania’s HIV-positive population. Methodology: This cross-sectional study reports initial demographic and adherence characteristics of patients receiving HIV/AIDS treatment in Albania. Retrospective review of pharmacy medications dispensed supplemented reported adherence behavior. Further, an adherence index was utilized to explore adherence more thoroughly. Results: Patient-reported adherence and pharmacy review showed adherence levels of 98.9±4.4% and 97.7±4.7%, respectively. Assessment by adherence index revealed an index level of 91.7±6.7. Factors associated with a score of < 95 on the adherence index were: being partnered (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.09 – 0.98), history of depression (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.08 – 0.76), increased number of barriers to care (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66 – 0.97), and increased number of current social and medical needs (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.58 – 0.91). Conclusions: Interventions aimed at reducing barriers to care, addressing current medical and social needs, and treating mental health issues may help improve adherence to ART in patients with HIV/AIDS in Albania. With little known about HIV/AIDS in SEE, this study provides guidance on how SEE countries can help prevent a possible rise in the prevalence of HIV given the close link of ART adherence and spread of HIV.
Differential replication of dengue virus serotypes 2 and 3 in coinfections of C6/36 cells and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
Authors: Quintero-Gil Diana Carolina , Ospina Marta , Osorio-Benitez Jorge Emilio , Martinez-Gutierrez Marlen
Published: July 2014

Introduction: Different dengue virus (DENV) serotypes have been associated with greater epidemic potential. In turn, the increased frequency in cases of severe forms of dengue has been associated with the cocirculation of several serotypes. Because Colombia is a country with an endemic presence of all four DENV serotypes, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro replication of the DENV-2 and DENV-3 strains under individual infection and coinfection conditions. Methodology: C6/36HT cells were infected with the two strains individually or simultaneously (coinfection). Replication capacity was evaluated by RT-qPCR, and the effects on cell viability were assessed with an MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Additionally, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were artificially fed the two strains of each serotype individually or simultaneously. The viral genomes were quantified by RT-qPCR and the survival of the infected mosquitoes was compared to that of uninfected controls. Results: In single infections, three strains significantly affected C6/36HT cell viability, but no significant differences were found in the replication capacities of the strains of the same serotype. In the in vivo infections, mosquito survival was not affected, and no significant differences in replication between strains of the same serotype were found. Finally, in coinfections, serotype 2 replicated with a thousandfold greater efficiency than serotype 3 did both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: Due to the cocirculation of serotypes in endemic regions, further studies of coinfections in a natural environment would further an understanding of the transmission dynamics that affect DENV infection epidemiology.
Examination of the Teaching Styles of Nursing Professional Development Specialists, Part II: Correlational Study on Teaching Styles and Use of Adult Learning Theory
Authors: Curran Mary K.
Published: July 2014

This article, the second in a two-part series, details a correlational study that examined the effects of four variables (graduate degrees in nursing education, professional development training in adult learning theory, nursing professional development [NPD] certification, and NPD specialist experience) on the use of adult learning theory to guide curriculum development. Using the Principles of Adult Learning Scale, 114 NPD specialists tested the hypothesis that NPD specialists with graduate degrees in nursing education, professional development training in adult learning theory, NPD certification, and NPD experience would use higher levels of adult learning theory in their teaching practices to guide curriculum development than those without these attributes. This hypothesis was rejected as regression analysis revealed only one statistically significant predictor variable, NPD certification, influenced the use of adult learning theory. In addition, analysis revealed NPD specialists tended to support a teacher-centered rather than a learner-centered teaching style, indicating NPD educators are not using adult learning theory to guide teaching practices and curriculum development.

J Contin Educ Nurs.2014;45(8):353–359.
Promoting Continuing Competence and Confidence in Nurses Through High-Fidelity Simulation-Based Learning
Authors: Lucas Amanda N.
Published: July 2014

In many health care settings, nurses are challenged with higher acuity patients in technical and evolving environments. Practicing nurses are expected to adapt by independently acquiring new clinical knowledge through experience and independent study. However, health care institutions have struggled with providing quality patient care and supporting nurses’ learning through experience at the same time. High-fidelity simulation-based learning addresses this need by providing no-risk experiential learning that expands skills without jeopardizing patient safety. There is limited literature discussing the use of high-fidelity simulation-based learning in continuing competency and staff development for practicing nurses. This article identifies opportunities for employers to use high-fidelity simulation-based learning programs that promote continued competency and confidence in practicing nurses.

J Contin Educ Nurs
. 2014;45(8):360–365.
Hope in Cancer Treatment
Authors: Griffith James L.
Published: July 2014

Research studies have repeatedly found hope to be a major determinant of effective coping with the distress and uncertainty of a cancer diagnosis. Hope may also have direct salutatory physiological effects that extend upon positive psychological effects. Psychotherapeutic strategies for building hope are most fruitful with cancer patients when hope is regarded as a skilled practice rather than an emotional reaction to one’s circumstances. Three general strategies for mobilizing hope include: (1) individual problem-solving strategies, (2) relational coping strategies, and (3) strategies for mobilizing a core identity. Assessing a patient’s coping style when facing past adversities can guide the selection of a hope-building strategy for coping with cancer. Illustrative cases demonstrate how different hope-building strategies can be implemented within the scope of brief psychotherapy.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2014; 44(7):323–325.]
Chemobrain
Authors: Dong Yu , Crone Catherine , Wise Thomas
Published: July 2014

Patients with neoplastic disease often experience difficulties in cognitive functioning, a condition known as “chemobrain.” However, “chemobrain” is a misnomer as it is not only caused by chemotherapy. The prevalence of chemobrain varies between 17% and 75%, depending on studies and co-factors. Unfortunately, chemobrain is often not recognized by physicians. Increased awareness of the “chemobrain” concept has been shown to increase reporting of cognitive symptoms. Chemobrain essentially denotes difficulties in memory, concentration, and processing speed. It contributes to fatigue and increased distress, which can potentially lead to anxiety, depression, and, ultimately, loss of overall ability to function. It is important to recognize chemobrain in order to treat the causal factors that are reversible or modifiable. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach. For long-term cancer survivors with persistent chemobrain, pharmacological and behavioral interventions may help restore some of the lost functions and improve overall quality of life.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2014; 44(7):334–338.]
Robustiana Armiño, la moderada exaltación
Authors: Hernando Bernardino M.
Published: July 2014

Hay un mundo literario español tan intenso y vivo como poco conocido: el de las mujeres escritoras de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Apenas un puñado exquisito, considerado de primera fila, logró pasar a la historia de los tratados y las antologías. Ponemos nuestra atención en una mujer escritora de esa época, Robustiana Armiño, considerada de segunda fila, lo que viene a equivaler casi a la nada en cuanto a la resonancia de su obra desarrollada principalmente, como la de la mayoría, en los periódicos. La escritora y periodista de insólito nombre merece alguna atención, mayor de la que ha tenido.
Biologically Inspired Techniques for Data Mining
Authors: Alam Shafiq , Dobbie Gillian , Koh Yun Sing , Rehman Saeed ur
Published: July 2014

Knowledge Discovery and Data (KDD) mining helps uncover hidden knowledge in huge amounts of data. However, recently, different researchers have questioned the capability of traditional KDD techniques to tackle the information extraction problem in an efficient way while achieving accurate results when the amount of data grows. One of the ways to overcome this problem is to treat data mining as an optimization problem. Recently, a huge increase in the use of Swarm Intelligence (SI)-based optimization techniques for KDD has been observed due to the flexibility, simplicity, and extendibility of these techniques to be used for different data mining tasks. In this chapter, the authors overview the use of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), one of the most cited SI-based techniques in three different application areas of KDD, data clustering, outlier detection, and recommender systems. The chapter shows that there is a tremendous potential in these techniques to revolutionize the process of extracting knowledge from big data using these techniques.
Wiki-Health
Authors: Li Yang , Wu Chao , Guo Li , Lee Chun-Hsiang , Guo Yike
Published: July 2014

Quickly evolving modern technologies such as cloud computing, Internet of things, and intelligent data analysis have created great opportunities for better living. The authors visualize the role these technological innovations will play in the healthcare sector as they spearhead a shift in focus from offering better healthcare services only to people with problems to helping everyone achieve a healthier lifestyle. In this chapter, the authors first discuss the existing and potential barriers followed by an in-depth demonstration of a service platform named Wiki-Health that takes advantage of cloud computing and Internet of things for personal well-being data management. It is a social platform, which is designed and implemented for data-driven and context-specific discovery of citizen communities in the areas of health, fitness, and well-being. At the end of the chapter, the authors analyse a case study to illustrate how the Wiki-Health platform can be used to serve a real world personal health training application.
Cloud Computing for Cytopathologists
Authors: Pouliakis Abraham , Archondakis Stavros , Karakitsou Efrossyni , Karakitsos Petros
Published: July 2014

Cloud computing is changing the way enterprises, institutions, and people understand, perceive, and use current software systems. Cloud computing is an innovative concept of creating a computer grid using the Internet facilities aiming at the shared use of resources such as computer software and hardware. Cloud-based system architectures provide many advantages in terms of scalability, maintainability, and massive data processing. By means of cloud computing technology, cytopathologists can efficiently manage imaging units by using the latest software and hardware available without having to pay for it at non-affordable prices. Cloud computing systems used by cytopathology departments can function on public, private, hybrid, or community models. Using cloud applications, infrastructure, storage services, and processing power, cytopathology laboratories can avoid huge spending on maintenance of costly applications and on image storage and sharing. Cloud computing allows imaging flexibility and may be used for creating a virtual mobile office. Security and privacy issues have to be addressed in order to ensure Cloud computing wide implementation in the near future. Nowadays, cloud computing is not widely used for the various tasks related to cytopathology; however, there are numerous fields for which it can be applied. The envisioned advantages for the everyday practice in laboratories' workflow and eventually for the patients are significant. This is explored in this chapter.
Belhar: �n Spiritualiteit van resepsie in die plaaslike gemeente
Authors: Westhof Leon E. , Nel Malan
Published: July 2014

The Confession of Belhar: A spirituality of reception in the local church. The GeneralSynod of the Dutch Reformed Church took the following decision during October 2011: �TheGeneral Synod decides to make the Confession of Belhar part of its confessional foundation,that is, in terms of its church ordinances, and commission the Moderamen to prepare thenecessary processes regarding ecclesiastical law.� This article deals with the perception of,the reception of and resistance against Belhar as confession in a local congregation, ElardusPark. The research also describes how this obstructs the development of missional focus. Themain contribution of this article is to argue that the ecumenical concept�s full reception shouldbe assessed within the broader framework of building up a missional local church where aspirituality of reception is fully developed in terms of a missional positioning in Africa.
Spinal dysraphism: A challenge continued to be faced by neurosurgeons in developing countries
Authors: Agrawal Amit , Sampley Sunil
Published: July 2014

Objectives: The incidence of spinal dysraphism has significantly decreased over the last few decades, all over the world; however, still the incidence is much higher in developing countries with poor socioeconomic status. Materials and Methods: The present study includes all patients managed for spinal dysraphism over a period of one year (January 2011-December 2011). Details including demographics, antenatal care history, site and type of lesion, neurological examination, imaging finding, associated congenital anomalies, management offered, and outcome were recorded. Results: A total of 27 children were operated for spinal dysraphism during the study period (17 males and 11 females). Median age was 120 days (age range, 1 day to 6 years). Mothers of 15 children did not seek any regular antenatal checkup and only 13 mothers received folic acid supplementation during pregnancy. Fourteen children were delivered at home and 13 were at hospital. The most common site was lumbosacral region (67.8%). Seven patients had rupture of the sac at the time of presentation, one child had local infection, and four patients had hydrocephalus (requiring shunt before surgical repair). Two patients developed hydrocephalus at follow up, needing shunt surgery. The mean hospital stay was 7 days (range, 5 days to 31 days; median, 10 days). Conclusion: Spinal dysraphism is still a major public health problem in developing countries. Management of patients with spinal dysraphism is complex and needs close coordination between pediatrician, neurologist, neurosurgeon, and rehabilitation experts. A large number of factors influence the outcome.
Multicystic oligodendroglioma with calvarial destruction
Authors: Bajaj Ajay
Published: July 2014

Context: Calvarial erosion is known to occur with some superficially located tumors. Very few case reports of calvarial erosion associated with oligodendroglioma are reported in the literature, but calvarial destruction with oligodendroglioma is very rare. Aim: To report an unusual case of multicystic frontoparietal oligodendroglioma with destruction of the calvaria and scalp involvement in the absence of prior surgery or radiation. Materials and Methods: A 30-year-old male presented with the history of left focal seizure with secondary generalization for last three to four years along with left sided weakness for the past one month. There was history of slowly progressive decreased vision in both eyes leading to complete blindness in both eyes for the past one month. On neurological examination, patient had left hemiparesis of grade-2/5 with perception of light absent in both eyes. Fundus examination revealed bilateral optic atrophy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed a large supratentorial heterogenous multicystic ring enhancing mass lesion involving right frontal lobe, right frontotemporal opercular region, and posteriorly abutting the central sulcus and anteriorly destroying the calvaria. Patient underwent right frontoparietal craniotomy and near total excision of tumor. Histopathological examination revealed oligodendroglioma WHO grade-2. Patient received postoperative chemoradiotherapy. Results: At nine month follow-up patient neurological status was same and his seizure was controlled on single AED. There was no recurrence of seizure at nine month of follow-up. Conclusions: Calvarial destruction in association with extra and intra axial neoplasm should include oligodendroglioma especially in patients with long history of symptoms, although calvarial destruction is very rare. However, the final diagnosis is established by means of histopathological examination.
Thoracic cord compression by extramedullary hematopoiesis in thalassemia
Authors: Hashmi M , Guha S , Sengupta P , Basu D , Baboo S , Neha Neha
Published: July 2014

Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) refers to hematopoiesis occurring outside the medulla of bone. It may be physiologic or due to pathological conditions like hematopoietic disorders. EMH can involve liver, spleen, thorax, and lymph nodes. It can involve paraspinal tissues with extension and involvement of spinal canal. In our case, the diagnosis was confirmed by the history of the patient stating underlying hematological condition and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings showing large soft tissue masses in paraspinal areas with involvement of spinal canal and leading to cord compression.
A new temperature and humidity dependent surface site density approach for deposition ice nucleation
Authors: Steinke I. , Hoose C. , Möhler O. , Connolly P. , Leisner T.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Deposition nucleation experiments with Arizona Test Dust (ATD) as a surrogate for mineral dusts were conducted at the AIDA cloud chamber at temperatures between 220 and 250 K. The influence of the aerosol size distribution and the cooling rate on the ice nucleation efficiencies was investigated. Ice nucleation active surface site (INAS) densities were calculated to quantify the ice nucleation efficiency as a function of temperature, humidity and the aerosol surface area concentration. Additionally, a contact angle parameterization according to classical nucleation theory was fitted to the experimental data in order to relate the ice nucleation efficiencies to contact angle distributions. From this study it can be concluded that the INAS density formulation is a very useful tool to decribe the temperature and humidity dependent ice nucleation efficiency of ATD particles. Deposition nucleation on ATD particles can be described by a temperature and relative humidity dependent INAS density function ns(T, Sice) with ns(xtherm) = 1.88 × 105 · exp(0.2659 · xtherm) [m−2]                (1) where the thermodynamic variable xtherm is defined as xtherm = −(T − 273.2) + (Sice−1) × 100                                      (2) with Sice>1 and within a temperature range between 226 and 250 K. For lower temperatures, xtherm deviates from a linear behavior with temperature and relative humidity over ice. Two different approaches for describing the time dependence of deposition nucleation initiated by ATD particles are proposed. Box model estimates suggest that the time dependent contribution is only relevant for small cooling rates and low number fractions of ice-active particles.
Empirical validation and proof of added value of MUSICA's tropospheric δD remote sensing products
Authors: Schneider M. , González Y. , Dyroff C. , Christner E. , Wiegele A. , Barthlott S. , García O. E. , Sepúlveda E. , Hase F. , Andrey J. , Blumenstock T. , Guirado C. , Ramos R. , Rodríguez S.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The project MUSICA (MUlti-platform remote Sensing of Isotopologues for investigating the Cycle of Atmospheric water) integrates tropospheric water vapour isototopologue remote sensing and in-situ observations. This paper presents a first empirical validation of MUSICA's H2O and δD remote sensing products (generated from ground-based FTIR, Fourier Transform InfraRed, spectrometer and space-based IASI, Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer, observation). As reference we use well calibrated in-situ measurements made aboard an aircraft (between 200 and 6800 m a.s.l.) by the dedicated ISOWAT instrument and on the island of Tenerife at two different altitudes (at Izaña, 2370 m a.s.l., and at Teide, 3550 m a.s.l.) by two commercial Picarro L2120-i water isotopologue analysers. The comparison to the ISOWAT profile measurements shows that the remote sensors can well capture the variations in the water vapour isotopologues and the scatter with respect to the in-situ references suggests a δD random uncertainty for the FTIR product of much better than 45‰ in the lower troposphere and of about 15‰ for the middle troposphere. For the middle tropospheric IASI δD product the study suggests a respective uncertainty of about 15‰. In addition, we find indications for a positive δD bias in the remote sensing products. The δD data are scientifically interesting only if they add information to the H2O observations. We are able to qualitatively demonstrate the added value of the MUSICA δD remote sensing data by comparing δD-vs.-H2O curves. First, we show that the added value of δD as seen in the Picarro data is similarly seen in FTIR data measured in coincidence. Second, we document that the δD-vs.-H2O curves obtained from the different in-situ and remote sensing data sets (ISOWAT, Picarro at Izaña and Teide, FTIR, and IASI) consistently identify two different moisture transport pathways to the subtropical north eastern Atlantic free troposphere.
Legal Documents Relating to Land Reform in Zimbabwe
Authors: Jones Oliver R. , Dunn Chido
Published: July 2014

In Gramara (Private) Ltd. & Others v. Government of Zimbabwe & Others (‘‘Gramara’’)1 and Von Abo v. Government of South Africa (‘‘Von Abo’’),2 the legitimacy of Zimbabwe’s land reform program has once again come under the judicial microscope. In Gramara, Judge Patel of the Zimbabwean High Court refused to enforce a decision of the Southern African Development Community (‘‘SADC’’) Tribunal that declared the program inconsistent with a range of human rights protections. By contrast, in Von Abo, Judge Prinsloo of the South African High Court virulently condemned the South African government’s failure to afford the applicant farm-owner diplomatic protection in relation to the government of Zimbabwe’s confiscations of land owned by South African nationals. The decisions throw into sharp relief both the potential and the limitations of the application of international law in the domestic context.
Dewey's Naturalistic Mysticism of Meaning: Finite Transcendence
Authors: Aisemberg Gregory
Published: July 2014

In this article, I argue for a naturalistic and extrovertive mysticism of meaning at the heart of John Dewey's thought. Rather than a transcendence of a concrete finite point of view, and, therefore, of the natural world, I argue that, for Dewey, the mystical experience represents a radicalized perspectival transcendence into the hidden yet experienceable depths of the world. Not the obliteration but the aesthetic intensification of one's being in the world and thus a radical dilation of the finite focus of clarity are what characterize Dewey's mystical thought.
Disease-Related Determinants of Quality of Life 10 Years After Clinically Isolated Syndrome
Authors: Kinkel R. Philip , Laforet Genevieve , You Xiaojun
Published: July 2014

Background: The main clinical determinants of quality of life (QOL) 5 years after clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) are Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score and conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS). The aim of this study was to determine the demographic, clinical, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) factors associated with QOL 10 years after CIS.

Methods: Controlled High Risk Avonex® Multiple Sclerosis Prevention Study in Ongoing Neurologic Surveillance (CHAMPIONS) 10-year patients were assessed for CDMS, EDSS score, MRI T2 activity, brain parenchymal fraction, and patient-reported QOL. Associations were evaluated using analysis of variance models.

Results: A second clinical event consistent with CDMS and higher EDSS scores at years 5 and 10 were associated with lower 36-item Short Form Health Status Survey (SF-36) Physical Component Summary scores at year 10 (P < .01). Patients with earlier onset of CDMS had worse patient-reported Physical Component Summary, SF-36 Mental Component Summary, fatigue, and pain scores at year 10 than patients with later or no onset of CDMS. Neither initial randomization group nor any MRI metrics assessed at baseline or during follow-up were associated with QOL at 10 years.

Conclusions: These results support the development of therapies for patients with CIS that significantly reduce the risk of conversion to CDMS and the progression of physical disability to milestones as low as EDSS scores of 2.0.
H2 evolution on Lanthanum and Carbon co-doped NaTaO3 Photocatalyst
Authors: Husin Husni , Mahidin Mahidin , Zuhra Zuhra , Hafita Fikri
Published: July 2014

We report a carbon-modify lanthanum doped sodium tantalum oxide powders (La-C-NaTaO3) by sol-gel process. The resultant materials are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The X ray diffraction of La-C-NaTaO3 show a single phases with a good crystallinity and without any impurity. The samples is exactly indexed as NaTaO3 monoclinic structure with the space group P2/m. The SEM measurements give a smaller particle size of doped NaTaO3 than pure NaTaO3. The effect of dopant on the photocatalytic activity of La-C-NaTaO3 in the photocatalytic of hydrogen generation is studied and compared with pure NaTaO3. The results show that the rate of hydrogen evolution over La-C-NaTaO3 is higher as compared to that of pure NaTaO3. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity of La-C-NaTaO3 nanocrystalline is mainly due to their capability for reducing the electron hole pair recombination. The La-C-dopant is believed to play a key role in the enhancement of photocatalytic properties of La-C-NaTaO3 crystalline. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Brönsted Acid of Keggin Type Polyoxometalate Catalyzed Pinacol Rearrangement
Authors: Lesbani Aldes , Mohadi Risfidian
Published: July 2014

Keggin type polyoxometalates K4[a-SiW12O40] was synthesized and transformed to H4[a-SiW12O40]. Both catalysts have been used for pinacol rearrangement in toluene at 373 oK. The results showed that reaction of pinacol rearrangement did not proceed using K4[a-SiW12O40] as catalyst. The extent reac-tion time until 20 h also did not produce pinacolone as main product. By using H4[a-SiW12O40] as cata-lyst at 1 h reaction time gave conversion 100% with formation of pinacolone 72%. The reaction produce 27% of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene as byproduct and 99% carbon balance for the reaction. This phe-nomenon indicated the Brönsted acid is a key role for catalytic reaction of pinacol rearrangement to pinacolone. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Herodotus: The Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Books
Authors: Herodotus
Published: July 2014

Fellow and Master of University College, Oxford, the classical scholar Reginald Walter Macan (1848–1941) published in 1908 this two-volume edition (in three parts) of the last books of Herodotus, which cover the Greco-Persian Wars during the period 486 to 479 BCE. Part 1 of Volume 1 contains an extensive introduction, addressing the characteristics of each book, followed by the text of Book 7 in Greek, with commentary and scholarly apparatus. Book 7 covers the Persian defeat at Marathon, the death of Darius, and the famous holding of the pass for three days by a Greek contingent at Thermopylae. Macan's edition, particularly valuable for its introduction, commentary maps, and extensive indexes, remains valuable to scholars of the history of textual criticism and the historiography of the classical world.
Peaceland
Authors: Autesserre Séverine
Published: July 2014

This book suggests a new explanation for why international peace interventions often fail to reach their full potential. Based on several years of ethnographic research in conflict zones around the world, it demonstrates that everyday elements - such as the expatriates' social habits and usual approaches to understanding their areas of operation - strongly influence peacebuilding effectiveness. Individuals from all over the world and all walks of life share numerous practices, habits, and narratives when they serve as interveners in conflict zones. These common attitudes and actions enable foreign peacebuilders to function in the field, but they also result in unintended consequences that thwart international efforts. Certain expatriates follow alternative modes of thinking and acting, often with notable results, but they remain in the minority. Through an in-depth analysis of the interveners' everyday life and work, this book proposes innovative ways to better help host populations build a sustainable peace.
Middle Egyptian
Authors: Allen James P.
Published: July 2014

Middle Egyptian introduces the reader to the writing system of ancient Egypt and the language of hieroglyphic texts. It contains twenty-six lessons, exercises (with answers), a list of hieroglyphic signs, and a dictionary. It also includes a series of twenty-six essays on the most important aspects of ancient Egyptian history, society, religion, literature, and language. Grammar lessons and cultural essays allows users not only to read hieroglyphic texts but also to understand them, providing the foundation for understanding texts on monuments and reading great works of ancient Egyptian literature. This third edition is revised and reorganized, particularly in its approach to the verbal system, based on recent advances in understanding the language. Illustrations enhance the discussions, and an index of references has been added. These changes and additions provide a complete and up-to-date grammatical description of the classical language of ancient Egypt for specialists in linguistics and other fields.
How Much Is Clean Air Worth?
Authors: Rabl Ari , Spadaro Joseph V. , Holland Mike
Published: July 2014

How Much is Clean Air Worth? offers readers a comprehensive overview of the core methodologies and tools used to quantify the impacts and damage costs of pollution. The book begins by reviewing the tools used for environmental assessments and shows that a rational approach requires an impact pathway analysis (IPA) for each of the possible impacts of a pollutant, i.e. an analysis of the chain emission -> dispersion -> exposure-response functions -> monetary valuation. The IPA methodology is explained in full and illustrated with worked examples, and difficulties are discussed and uncertainties analysed. In addition to detailed computer models, a very simple model (the 'Uniform World Model') is presented, enabling readers to make estimates for cases where no results are available. Published results for electricity, waste treatment and transport are reviewed, with a thorough discussion of policy implications. This book will appeal to a broad mix of academics, graduate students and practitioners in government and industry working on cost-benefit analysis, environmental impact analysis and environmental policy.
Martyrdom in Modern Islam
Authors: Hatina Meir
Published: July 2014

The Islamic resurgence in modern times has received extensive treatment in scholarly literature. Most of this literature, however, deals with the concept of jihad and disputes between radicals and their rivals over theological and political issues, and far less with martyrdom and death. Moreover, studies that do address the issue of martyrdom focus mainly on 'suicide' attacks - a phenomenon of the late twentieth century and onward - without sufficiently placing them within a historical perspective or using an integrative approach to illuminate their political, social and symbolic features. This book fills these lacunae by tracing the evolving Islamic perceptions of martyrdom, its political and symbolic functions, and its use of past legacies in both Sunni and Shi'i milieus, with comparative references to Judaism, Christianity and other non-Islamic domains. Based on wide-ranging primary sources, along with historical and sociological literature, the study provides an in-depth analysis of modern Islamic martyrdom and its various interpretations while also evaluating the historical realities in which such interpretations were molded and debated.
EMQs for the MRCOG Part 2
Authors: Duthie John , Hodges Paul
Published: July 2014

Extended matching questions (EMQs) were introduced to the Part 2 MRCOG examination paper in September 2006. This book provides a detailed guide for candidates preparing for the examination, and includes:
• background and introduction to the question format
• advice on answering EMQs
• worked examples of specimen questions, including an explanation of the answer, guidance on how to tackle each question and advice on how to avoid mistakes
• two mock examination papers, with answers provided.
Schoenberg and Redemption
Authors: Brown Julie
Published: July 2014

Schoenberg and Redemption presents a new way of understanding Schoenberg's step into atonality in 1908. Reconsidering his threshold and early atonal works, as well as his theoretical writings and a range of previously unexplored archival documents, Julie Brown argues that Schoenberg's revolutionary step was in part a response to Wagner's negative charges concerning the Jewish influence on German music. In 1898 and especially 1908 Schoenberg's Jewish identity came into confrontation with his commitment to Wagnerian modernism to provide an impetus to his radical innovations. While acknowledging the broader turn-of-the-century Viennese context, Brown draws special attention to continuities between Schoenberg's work and that of Viennese moral philosopher Otto Weininger, himself an ideological Wagnerian. She also considers the afterlife of the composer's ideological position when, in the late 1920s and early 1930s, the concept of redeeming German culture of its Jewish elements took a very different turn.
The Theatrical Public Sphere
Authors: Balme Christopher B.
Published: July 2014

The concept of the public sphere, as first outlined by German philosopher Jürgen Habermas, refers to the right of all citizens to engage in debate on public issues on equal terms. In this book, Christopher B. Balme explores theatre's role in this crucial political and social function. He traces its origins and argues that the theatrical public sphere invariably focuses attention on theatre as an institution between the shifting borders of the private and public, reasoned debate and agonistic intervention. Chapters explore this concept in a variety of contexts, including the debates that led to the closure of British theatres in 1642, theatre's use of media, controversies surrounding race, religion and blasphemy, and theatre's place in a new age of globalised aesthetics. Balme concludes by addressing the relationship of theatre today with the public sphere and whether theatre's transformation into an art form has made it increasingly irrelevant for contemporary society.
Structure, Agency and the Internal Conversation
Authors: Archer Margaret S.
Published: July 2014

The central problem of social theory is 'structure and agency'. How do the objective features of society influence human agents? Determinism is not the answer, nor is conditioning as currently conceptualised. It accentuates the way structure and culture shape the social context in which individuals operate, but it neglects our personal capacity to define what we care about most and to establish a modus vivendi expressive of our concerns. Through inner dialogue, 'the internal conversation', individuals reflect upon their social situation in the light of current concerns and projects. On the basis of a series of unique, in-depth interviews, Archer identifies three distinctive forms of internal conversation. These govern agents' responses to social conditioning, their individual patterns of social mobility and whether or not they contribute to social stability or change. Thus the internal conversation is seen as being the missing link between society and the individual, structure and agency.
The Dark Matter Problem
Authors: Sanders Robert H.
Published: July 2014

Most astronomers and physicists now believe that the matter content of the Universe is dominated by dark matter: hypothetical particles which interact with normal matter primarily through the force of gravity. Though invisible to current direct detection methods, dark matter can explain a variety of astronomical observations. This book describes how this theory has developed over the past 75 years, and why it is now a central feature of extragalactic astronomy and cosmology. Current attempts to directly detect dark matter locally are discussed, together with the implications for particle physics. The author comments on the sociology of these developments, demonstrating how and why scientists work and interact. Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), the leading alternative to this theory, is also presented. This fascinating overview will interest cosmologists, astronomers and particle physicists. Mathematics is kept to a minimum, so the book can be understood by non-specialists.
Biodiversity in Environmental Assessment
Authors: Slootweg Roel , Rajvanshi Asha , Mathur Vinod B. , Kolhoff Arend
Published: July 2014

Human induced development activities are introduced with insufficient attention to their consequences for our living environment, even in cases where environmental assessments have been carried out. This apparent lack of attention to biodiversity in environmental assessment is rooted in the difficulties we have in adequately addressing biodiversity within the scope, time frame and budget allocated for assessments. This book provides a conceptual background and practical approaches to overcome these difficulties. It integrates the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, its ecosystem approach, and the conceptual framework of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment into a comprehensive approach to biodiversity in environmental assessment. It highlights the need to consider the value of biodiversity based on its use by each stakeholder, addresses the importance of both social and economic development to reach the Millennium Development Goals, and provides insights into ways to balance present and future needs.
Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings and Religion of the Parsis
Authors: Haug Martin , Evans E. P.
Published: July 2014

Published in English in 1884, this is the posthumous third edition of an 1862 study by the German orientalist Martin Haug (1827–76). He produced this groundbreaking analysis and comparison of Sanskrit and the Avesta while professor of Sanskrit at the Government College of Poona. His time in India enabled him to make an unprecedented study of Zoroastrian texts, becoming the first to translate the seventeen Gathas into a European language, thereby helping to highlight that they were composed by Zoroaster. Edward William West (1824–1905), an engineer and self-taught orientalist, met Haug in India. Having read this work's first edition, he was inspired to study further the Pahlavi language. On his and Haug's return to Europe in 1866, they worked closely together in translating and publishing Zoroastrian texts. West's edition of Haug's Essays includes several updates, unpublished papers from Haug's collection, appendices of further translations, and a biography of the author.
The Works of Sir William Jones
Authors: Jones William
Published: July 2014

A renowned Enlightenment polymath, Sir William Jones (1746–94) was a lawyer, translator and poet who wrote authoritatively on politics, comparative linguistics and oriental literature. Known initially for his Persian translations and political radicalism, Jones became further celebrated for his study and translation of ancient Sanskrit texts following his appointment to the supreme court in Calcutta in 1783. He spent the next eleven years introducing Europe to the mysticism and rationality of Hinduism through works such as his nine 'Hymns' to Hindu deities and his translation of the Sanskrit classic Sacontalá. Volume 6 of his thirteen-volume works, published in 1807, contains Jones' Poeseos Asiaticae Commentariorum (1774). A work of comparative literature after mentor Robert Lowth's De Sacra Poesi Hebraeorum (1753) - in which Lowth established the Old Testament as a masterpiece of oriental literature - Poeseos provides detailed Latin commentary on the language and techniques of Arabic, Hebrew, Persian and Turkish poetry.
The Works of Sir William Jones
Authors: Jones William
Published: July 2014

A renowned Enlightenment polymath, Sir William Jones (1746–94) was a lawyer, translator and poet who wrote authoritatively on politics, comparative linguistics and oriental literature. Known initially for his Persian translations and political radicalism, Jones became further celebrated for his study and translation of ancient Sanskrit texts following his appointment to the supreme court in Calcutta in 1783. He spent the next eleven years introducing Europe to the mysticism and rationality of Hinduism through works such as his translation of the Sanskrit classic Sacontalá. Volume 13 of his thirteen-volume works, published in 1807, contains Jones' most critical engagements with Hinduism, including his translations of the Sanskrit Hitópadésa (Aesop-like fables of Hindu mythology) and sacred religious texts such as the Iśa Upanishad. The volume also contains Jones' nine original 'Hymns' to Hindu deities, poems based on Hindu philosophy that influenced Romantics such as William Blake, Robert Southey and Percy Bysshe Shelley.
After Greenwashing
Authors: Bowen Frances
Published: July 2014

Businesses promote their environmental awareness through green buildings, eco-labels, sustainability reports, industry pledges and clean technologies. When are these symbols wasteful corporate spin, and when do they signal authentic environmental improvements? Based on twenty years of research, three rich case studies, a strong theoretical model and a range of practical applications, this book provides the first systematic analysis of the drivers and consequences of symbolic corporate environmentalism. It addresses the indirect cost of companies' symbolic actions and develops a new concept of the 'social energy penalty' - the cost to society when powerful corporate actors limit the social conversation on environmental problems and their solutions. This thoughtful book develops a set of tools for researchers, regulators and managers to separate useful environmental information from empty corporate spin, and will appeal to researchers and students of corporate responsibility, corporate environmental strategy and sustainable business, as well as environmental practitioners.
Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving
Authors: Stoker Bram
Published: July 2014

The greatest actor of his day, Sir Henry Irving (1838–1905) thrilled audiences with his tragedy and melodrama, his Hamlet and Richard III, most famously at the Lyceum Theatre in London. Born John Henry Brodribb, he took the name Irving for his first professional stage appearance in 1856. A long and exhausting apprenticeship followed, during which he played some 700 roles in theatres up and down the country before establishing his reputation in 1871 in the psychological thriller The Bells. In 1878, he took over the Lyceum and here, with his business manager Bram Stoker (1847–1912) and actress Ellen Terry (rumoured to be his mistress), he became the theatrical icon of his age. This engaging two-volume tribute by Stoker, his closest friend, was first published in 1906. Volume 2 includes a fascinating account of Irving's acting techniques and his receipt of a knighthood - the first actor to be thus honoured.