bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Farmers’ intention in growing vanilla for farming usage in Kelantan
Authors: Abdul Latiff Zul Ariff , Azmi Nur Farhana Ilani , Muhamad Nursalwani
Published: October 2024

This study was conducted to identify farmers’ intentions towards planting vanilla in agricultural production in Kelantan. Farmers has lack of acceptance, awareness, and knowledge about the benefits of planting vanilla in agricultural production in Kelantan. The main issues that arise in agricultural sector are climate change, disease and illness, and low agricultural production. This research consist of 150 farmer has respondents in Kelantan, by using non – probability sampling method. Furthrmore purposive sampling method was used in this study, which is the distribution of survey questions through “Google Forms” among farmers in Kelantan by applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). The findings of this research result shows a high level of farmers’ intention towards vanilla cultivation in production. Hence the agricultural production of vanilla will be a milestone among the farmers in Kelantan to meet local demands. Lastly, to ensure crops are environmental friendly which give impact socially,economically and governance.
Beach as Potential Youth’s Third Place to Improve Youth Social Sustainability in Kelantan
Authors: Ramlee Noorliyana , Abdul Hamid Nor Hamizah , Othmani Nurul Izzati , Wan Mohamad Wan Saiful Nizam , Yeo Lee Bak , Mohamed Syahidah Amni , Hasan Ramly , Ramlee Muhamad Fadhli
Published: October 2024

There are lack of green spaces and parks in Kelantan for youth to interact with their peers in a relaxed and informal setting. Transforming a beach into a vibrant youth third place involves creating a space where young people feel welcomed, engaged, and empowered to socialize, learn, and express themselves. Hence, the research aims to study favourite third place of youth and the potential of beach in Bachok, Kelantan as youth-oriented third place to improve youth social sustainability. The study employs online survey to collect data from 150 respondents aged 15-30 during the Malaysian Movement Control Order in 2020 and analysed by using SPSS 28.0. The main findings revealed that beach, mall and friends’ houses are the most favoured third place. The result suggested that the beach has the potentials to cater the needs of youth in Kelantan as a third place. The findings proposed that creating an environment that fosters social connections, inclusion, and community engagement at the beach as youth’s third place includes accessible amenities, cultural celebrations, environmental education, and digital connectivity. Developing a beach as a youth third place is a multifaceted initiative that can significantly enhance the well-being of young people and the community.
Street tree risk assessment at the food court of Sultan Muhammad IV Stadium in Kota Bharu, Kelantan
Authors: Hassan Khalilah , Wan Mohamad Wan Saiful Nizam , Hasan Ramly , Mohamed Syahidah Amni , Ahmad Nor Beha
Published: October 2024

Urban street trees constitute a significant element of the metropolitan ecosystem, but they pose a certain risk when they are present with humans. The extreme effects of trees may manifest as harm and detriment to both communal and individual assets. In addition, the deterioration and death of old and valuable trees can affect the diversity and cultural value of this natural treasure. The purpose of this study was to conduct a tree risk assessment by conducting a visual investigation of the usual nine trees at the Sultan Muhammad IV Stadium food court, Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The evaluation was executed employing the Visual Tree Assessment (VTA) methodology, which was developed by the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). The findings revealed that one tree was classified as being in the extreme risk group, five trees were classified as being in the high-risk category, and three trees were classified as being in the moderate risk category. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding tree risk and health to prioritize community safety and environmental sustainability in urban areas.
Literature and Cultural Ecology: The Relationship Between Folklore and Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Ab Jabar Nordiana , Sukri Suraya , Daeng Jamal Daeng Haliza , Kiffli Sudirman , Suliman Mohd Saipuddin
Published: October 2024

The paper addresses the relationship between literature, cultural ecology, and folklore’s role in promoting ecological sustainability. The expression of values and beliefs of community in folklore very often teaches people how to interact with the natural environment. This ecological component of folklore gives us a helpful insight into how traditional societies have grappled with and respected nature. This paper adopts a folkloric origin to identify several folk stories of ethnic groups in Malaysia to prove that these entertaining stories have essential messages on environmental conservation for the dwellers. Then, the article tells us how a literary treasure like this can be a pedagogical tool for raising ecological awareness and encouraging sustainable practices among the young generation. A more in-depth grasp of the literature on cultural ecology linking would lead to a better understanding of the role of image admin folklore in creating attitudes and perspectives towards environmental sustainability.
The influence of crop type on the exposure of nursery workers to pesticides
Authors: Wong Hie Ling , Kumaran Sriyuvetaa , Sandran Varmeta , Leong Marieanne Christie , Ya’acob Siti Hajar
Published: October 2024

Several factors may influence the exposure of nursery workers to pesticides during their work. This study investigates the influence of crop type on potential exposure and associated health risks among ten nursery workers from ten different nurseries in Johor, Malaysia. Personal interviews and questionnaire surveys were used to collect various information from the selected nursery workers in August and September 2023, together with the collection of pesticide labels. The collected data were input parameters in the appropriate exposure model to quantify their daily exposure and then assessed against the regulatory limit. Overall, individuals treated 1-13 different plant species on 2-9 spray days with 1-4 products containing 1-3 active substances. Ornamental nursery workers had the highest estimated daily exposures (30 applications; mean: 0.05 mg kg-bw-1 day-1), followed by flowers (11 applications; mean: 0.02 mg kg-bw-1 day-1) and fruits (6 applications; mean: 0.01 mg kg-bw-1 day-1). Thirty applications exceeded the respective regulatory limits (ornamentals>flowers>fruits: 20>9>1), indicating a possible health risk. While the use of highly hazardous active substances and inappropriate protective measures were the significant risk factors, pesticide applications were primarily influenced by the crop type, which requires crop species-specific assessment among nursery workers.
Geochemistry of Granites in Panggong Lalat, Gua Musang, Kelantan
Authors: Shafiee Nor Shahida , Mohd Yusri Muhammad Afif Aflah , Achmad Bahar Arham Muchtar , Sulaiman Noorzamzarina
Published: October 2024

Granites are among the most significant rock formations in the Earth’s crust and play a crucial role in various geological processes. This study focuses on examining the geology and granitic rock formations in Panggong Lalat, Gua Musang, Kelantan through field surveys, geological mapping, and geochemical analysis for better understand the geological framework and characteristics of granite in this area. The findings indicate that the lithology of the study area includes granitoids, well-bedded limestone, volcanic rocks, fine-grained sediments, and meta-sedimentary rocks. Petrographic analysis of five samples identified three granitoid types: quartz-rich granitoid, quartz alkali feldspar syenite, and alkali feldspar granite, classified using the IUGS scheme. The X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) data reveals that both samples exhibit typical felsic granite compositions, with high SiO₂ contents in AF 01 (61.61%) and 60.72% in AF02. However, AF 02 displays higher concentrations of TiO₂, FeO, and MnO, suggesting a greater contribution of mafic minerals compared to AF 01. Additionally, CaO content is slightly higher in AF02, indicating a more significant presence of plagioclase feldspar, while AF01 is enriched in K₂O. The Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) data further reinforce the distinction between AF 01 and AF 02. Both samples are enriched in Rare Earth Elements (REE), particularly Ce, Er, and La. A F02 shows significantly higher concentrations of Ce (213.85 ppm) and Er (7554.11 ppm) compared to AF 01 (166.12 ppm for Ce and 3047.54 ppm for Er), indicating a stronger REE enrichment in AF 02.The distribution of Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE) is more abundant than that of Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE), with Er exhibiting the highest concentration and Nd the lowest.
Mapping Embankment Dam Geomorphology Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Case Study of Bukit Kwong Dam, Kelantan, Malaysia
Authors: Ishak Nasuha , Udin Wani Sofia
Published: October 2024

Dam hazards impose huge risks to the community as well as infrastructures. Obtaining and comprehending terrain features through geomorphological mapping is vital for dam area as it enables prediction of potential future terrain changes. The utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has garnered significant interest in geological, geomorphological, and geotechnical studies owing to their capacity to acquire high-resolution data from challenging structures like dams. This paper aims to assess the geomorphology characteristics such as topography of the embankment dam located at Bukit Kwong Dam, Kelantan Malaysia by utilizing the photogrammetric immages acquired from UAV including Orthomosaic, Digital Surface Model (DSM) and points clouds using Structure from Motion (SfM) approach. An accuracy assessment for the generated DSM containing topography information was made to prove the reliability of the data. As a result, the millimetre uncertainty in the form of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was calculated approximately 8.04 mm and 0.33 mm for both horizontal and vertical accuracy respectively. The results demonstrate a high level of reliability to ensure the accuracy of future works such as hazards prediction in the dam area.
Geochemical Study of Rare Earth Elements (REE) Distribution in Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia: Correlation between Physical Appearance and Geochemical Composition
Authors: Ismail Roniza , Fendy Nur Afikah , Ibrahim Siti Shafila , Noor Amal Najihah Muhamad
Published: October 2024

The application of rare earth elements (REE) in green technology has been rapidly expanded worldwide and demand for REE increased accordingly. Most REEs are mined from ion adsorption clay (IAC) which is claimed can be easily extracted and environmentally safe. REE was released within the soil profile and absorbed on the surfaces of the clay minerals. The aim of the study is to correlate the physical appearance and geochemical composition of REE in soil of Jeli, Kelantan. Petrography and geochemical methods were used to identify the characteristics of IAC samples that have been collected. According to the petrography, REE-bearing minerals such as monazite can be identified in sample JL17 which represents bedrock of granite found in Ayer Lanas. Elemental analysis and mineral identification in soil samples were determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) proving the samples are from clay association. Based on Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) analysis, JL17, JL2 and JL19 contain high REE concentration ranged from 8000 to 200 ppm. Both samples have shared almost similar physical appearance in terms of reddish colour and fine-grain sized.
Paleontological Reassessment of Bukit Bucu, Batu Rakit, Terengganu, Malaysia
Authors: Sulaiman Nursufiah , Roslan Nur Farina , Sulaiman Noorzamzarina , Hussin Hamzah , Razali Mohd Khairul Aizuddin
Published: October 2024

Bukit Bucu is situated close to Terengganu’s northern coast. The entire sequence comprises of minor slate, sandstones, and shales that have been gently folded to produce an anticline that plunges towards the NNW. These interbedded sandstones and shales are dipping ENE or WSW and striking NNW. There is evidence of slaty cleavage and well-preserved sedimentary formations in the rocks of Bukit Bucu, which are subjected to very low metamorphism grade. Fossils assemblages that have been identified in Bukit Bucu include brachiopods, trilobites, bryozoans, crinoids and bivalves, indicating a shallow marine depositional environment. This sedimentary rock also produced several plant fossils from our most recent visit. Some of the fossils that have been recognized were Avonia sp. and
Dictyoclustus sp. (brachiopods), Posidonia sp. and Euomphalus sp (mollusks), Fenestella pahangensis (bryozoan), Phillipsia sp. (trilobite) and Calamites sp (plants). Bukit Bucu’s most recent age has been determined to be Carbo-Permian, which is consistent with low-grade metamorphism sequences that extend from Terengganu’s north to Johor’s south. The purpose of this study is to bring Bukit Bucu’s fossil record up to date since it was last kept in 1986.
Assessment of Groundwater Potential as Alternative Water Resource for Kapar Power Plants
Authors: Ruslan Nur Iffika , Alias Masitah
Published: October 2024

The current surface water shortage due to drought is prompting industries in Peninsular Malaysia to explore alternative water resources (AWR). Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)’s reliance on town water has increased the risk of interruptions in supply, exposing the plant to shutdowns and reduced generation capacity. Consequently, TNB requires alternative water sources to mitigate these risks. This study aims to assess the groundwater potential at the Kapar Power Plant in terms of volume and quality as an alternative resource. Hydrogeological and geophysical surveys were conducted to locate prospective groundwater and determine its characteristics. Specifically, 2-D Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Induced Polarization (IP) surveys were carried out using the ABEM Terrameter SAS 4000 and the ES10-64 electrode selector. A total of five survey lines were established, revealing four potential groundwater locations. However, two locations were selected for further evaluation, with a total yield of 15.5 m³/hr. This study provides valuable insights into utilizing groundwater as a sustainable alternative water source for TNB, helping to ensure operational stability and reliability for the power plant.
Identification of potential groundwater sources using Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method in Jambu Lawar, Machang, Kelantan
Authors: Sulaiman Noorzamzarina , Mohamad Rapi Nur Azlin , Sulaiman Nursufiah , Sulaiman Fazrul Razman
Published: October 2024

The study area is primarily composed of volcanic rock and plain quaternary sediment. Extrusive and intrusive rocks are the two varieties of igneous rock that have been found. In the examined location, igneous intrusive rock, specifically biotite granite, makes up most of the rock formation. Grey to white colour, biotite granite has a phaneritic, coarse- grained texture. On the other hand, andesite, an igneous extrusive rock, makes up the minor rock formation. The study aims to identify the potential groundwater resources of the study area. Groundwater viability is examined using the Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method. Each of the survey lines extends over a length of 200 meters, incorporating 41 takeouts positioned at 5m spacing, and adopts the Schlumberger array electrode configuration. Both surface water and groundwater are essential resources in Kelantan for daily life; nevertheless, ongoing groundwater exploitation causes depletion. This potential is defined by low resistivity materials that can store large amounts of groundwater. As biotite granite is inherently unsuitable for groundwater collection between grains, possible fracture zones are highlighted as likely sites for groundwater presence. The 2D pseudosection results for all three survey lines emphasize a substantial accumulation of groundwater in a spatially expansive zone. This is because the resistivity value for all the survey lines is below 100 Ωm.
Effect of red tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) stocking density on water quality parameters in zeolite-containing treatments
Authors: Hong Ku Boon , Meor Mohamad Zain Rabiatul Adawiyah , Shahidan Nur Nabilah , Yusoff Nik Raihan , Fauzi Norashikin , Jani Musfiroh
Published: October 2024

The research aims to evaluate the impact of stocking density, ranging from 5 to 25 fry per aquarium, on the water quality for red tilapia (
Oreochromis niloticus) in freshwater aquariums, particularly when zeolite is added. Furthermore, the study intends to compare the water quality of fish in treatments with and without zeolite across various stocking densities. Zeolite was added in order to lessen the impact of polluted water quality. Red tilapia fry (12.90±0.01 g, 81.95±0.02 cm) were stocked into each aquarium (40×20×20 cm). Five treatments (containing zeolite and without zeolite) with replicates: 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 fry/aquarium were prepared. Fish were fed twice a day with 2% of total biomass of each fish. The water quality parameters of each aquarium were monitored by using YSI model 556 multi-parameter and UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Based on the water quality recorded, significant differences (p<0.5) were found in all water quality parameters among treatments except salinity. The water quality recorded in zeolite supplemented treatments was better than in control. Practitioners can benefit from the results of this study as they seek to grasp the optimal stocking density in a closed system supplemented with zeolite.
Assessment of leaching properties of solid residue from subcritical water extraction of Zingiber zerumbet rhizome
Authors: Ahmad N.U. , Mad Nordin M.F. , Mokhtar N. , Abdul Wahab I.M. , Yuzir M.A.M. , Mohamad M. , Tan K.L.
Published: October 2024

Landfilling is known as a popular way to get rid of municipal waste because it is easy to use and reasonably priced, but it also leads to environmental issues like leachate pollution. Thus, solid residues from Zingiber zerumbet rhizome subcritical water extraction (SWE) were assessed in this study to see if they met the criteria for municipal waste that could be disposed of safely in a landfill. The assessment comprises of four crucial properties; ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity and was conducted on a sample taken during a 15-minute SWE following the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Malaysian Department of Environment (DOE) criteria. The residue was found to be non-ignitable (flash point above 200°C), non-corrosive (pH of 6.65 ± 0.02), and non-reactive (no visible toxic gases, vapors, or fumes) in normal environmental settings. Meanwhile, in accordance with the Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP), the toxicity analysis results were considered at their maximum limits. Heavy metals such as barium showed the highest detectable concentration at < 0.8 mg/L, while cadmium followed at < 0.6 mg/mL, but both remained below the limits of ≤ 100.0 mg/L and ≤ 1.0 mg/L, respectively. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and herbicides detected in the sample were at remarkably low concentrations below the legal limit. Overall, these results provide convincing evidence that the solid residues of the rhizome of Z. zerumbet from the SWE can be categorised as municipal solid waste. Pre-treatment prior to landfill is therefore unnecessary. SWE promotes ecological waste management practises thus contributing to a safer and more sustainable future for all.
Dual Vegetation Index Analysis and Spatial Assessment in Kota Bharu, Kelantan using GIS and Remote Sensing
Authors: Daliman Shaparas , Anak Michael Mary Jane , Rendra Pradnya Paramarta Raditya , Sukiyah Emi , Hadian Mohamad Sapari Dwi , Sulaksana Nana
Published: October 2024

Vegetation serves as an indicator of environmental conditions in ecological classifications. In addition, vegetation index analysis can also benefit farmers and agricultural planners by optimising crop selection and irrigation practices. The spatial distribution of healthy vegetation can increase agricultural productivity. This study focuses on the Kota Bharu district in the state of Kelantan, Malaysia that aims to recognise the vegetation indices Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI). NDVI analysis measures reflected visible and near-infrared light to identify and evaluate living green plants. The Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI) has a higher saturation threshold and is more sensitive to plant chlorophyll levels than NDVI. This approach works in agricultural environments with dense canopies or advanced crop development. The average accuracy level for NDVI 2023 is 78% while the average accuracy level for GNDVI 2023 is 76%. The value of kappa coefficient for NDVI and GNDVI for 2023 respectively are 0.73 and 0.72 which considered to be acceptable and represents the good correspondence.
Enhancing Soap Formulation from Waste Oil: An Analysis of Properties and User Satisfaction Using Taguchi Method
Authors: Sofi Azfi Zaidi Mohammad , Malizi Nurdini , Ibrahim Wan Suriyani Faliq Adeeba Wan , Zaudin Nurul Akmar Che , Ibrahim Nor Izaida , Yusoff Nik Nurul Anis Nik , Hermawan Andi , Selamat Mohd Ezwan , Young Liew Jeng
Published: October 2024

This research centers on modifying and optimizing waste oil soap formulation using Taguchi design of experiments (DOE). The aim of the study is to find optimal soap parameters with respect to the input variables such as water, NaOH, waste oil and agarwood dust. The output parameters to be investigated are pH, foaming rate, antimicrobial activity, and hedonic results which measure appearance, odor, textural properties, color, and general acceptability. Based on the hedonic results, Taguchi analysis reveals the rank order of parameters that influences the quality of the soap and it was noted that waste oil is the most important parameter followed by agarwood dust, water and NaOH. The optimal formulation determined consists of coconut oil, 70 ml of water, 2 g of agarwood dust, and 15 g of NaOH. Detailed properties analysis and the regression equation for this formulation are included to provide a comprehensive understanding of the soap’s performance. This systematic approach not only enhances the soap’s quality but also promotes the utilization of waste oil, contributing to environmental sustainability.
Sustainable Furniture Joints: Leveraging Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) for Eco-Friendly Design
Authors: Baharuldin K. , Abdullah M.E.Z. , Anwar M.F.M. , Harun M.H.
Published: October 2024

Integrating form, function, and material selection has been fundamental in furniture design and production. Traditional methods, particularly in joint creation, demand skilled craftsmanship and time-intensive processes. However, the emergence of 3D printing technology, specifically fused deposition modeling (FDM), has revolutionized furniture joint production. This study investigates the sustainable application of FDM for creating furniture joints, emphasizing eco- friendly design and efficient material utilization. To optimize the joinery system using 3D printing, researchers have conducted structured interviews with experts in the Malaysian 3D printing field. Their insights guided the development of guidelines for selecting appropriate materials and optimizing joint geometries. In furniture manufacturing, FDM enables precise joint components through layer-by- layer construction using thermoplastic materials. Unlike traditional methods that often result in wood waste, FDM minimizes material consumption. Designer- generated joint designs produced seamlessly via 3D printing reduce production time and enhance precision. Cost-effectiveness further positions FDM as a sustainable alternative for furniture production. This research focuses on two commonly used FDM materials: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polylactic Acid (PLA). By providing guidelines for selecting appropriate materials, it will eventually empower designers and manufacturers to create furniture joints that align with sustainability goals. The resulting joints exhibit superior accuracy compared to manual craftsmanship, contributing to both environmental conservation and innovation within the Malaysian furniture industry
Assessment of metals contamination in sediment and water of Sungai Gemang, Jeli, Kelantan
Authors: Idris Nor Shahirul Umirah , Abdul Halim Nurul Syazana , Ameruddin Farah Nur Aidah
Published: October 2024

You Sediment and water contamination by metals poses a significant environmental risk to aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Concerns about the environmental and health impacts of these metals have grown, emphasizing the need for comprehensive analysis. Sungai Gemang, located near a residential area, serves as a vital source of water and protein. Due to the potential carcinogenic and toxic nature of these contaminants, their impact on both the environment and human health has raised considerable concern. Therefore, this study aims to determine the concentrations of metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu) in the sediment and water samples of Sungai Gemang. Additionally, the correlation between metal concentrations in sediment and water samples was studied. Risk characterization was analyzed using Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo). The results indicate a low distribution of metal concentrations in Sungai Gemang, suggesting an uncontaminated status of the water sources. While the water quality meets acceptance standards, the elevated metal concentrations in sediment compared to water highlight the dynamic interplay between water and sediment. This underscores the importance of sustainable management practices for this crucial aquatic ecosystem.
Characterization of Leucaena leucocephala (Petai Belalang) as an Energy Crop for Power Generation Application
Authors: Othman Nor Fadzilah
Published: October 2024

Currently, empty fruit bunch (EFB) is the main biomass source to fuel biomass power plant and as co-firing fuel with coal at the existing coal-fired power plants in Malaysia. However, these power plants frequently face insufficient EFB supply, which may contribute to load losses. Energy crops a new source of biomass, are introduced to replace or substitute the shortage of biomass supply. Planting energy crops worldwide ensures a sufficient and cleaner fuel supply for power generation. Positive characteristics of the energy crop are including calorific value, carbon contents and density. Higher value of these parameters indicating the good quality of the energy crop. While, the negative characteristics of energy crop are including moisture content and ash content. Higher value of these two parameters indicating lower quality of energy crop. One of the studied energy crops was Leucaena leucocephala (Petai Belalang), which showed better quality than EFB, based on calorific value, moisture content, ash content and density. It is naturally grown, typically near rivers in Peninsular Malaysia. Furthermore, it can be easily planted and matures in about six months for harvesting.
The effects of seasonal variations on water quality at selected recreational rivers in Kelantan
Authors: Kedri Farah Khaliz , Roslan Nur Atiqah , Wan Ismail Syed Adib Zulhilmi , Sukri Nor Sayzwani , Christianus Irene
Published: October 2024

Determining and assessing water qualities for recreational rivers are crucial for understanding its overall effects to environmental health and potential impacts to human health. Hence, this paper discusses seasonal variation effects on recreational river water quality at six selected recreational rivers in Kelantan namely Lata Janggut, Lata Goleng, Lata Turbo, Lata Keding, Lata Renyok and Lata Batapar. It is significantly important to determine whether these rivers are able to support and safe for recreational activities. The water qualities in the study areas were determined using the guidelines and parameters provided by the National Water Quality Standard (NWQS) and Department of Environment (DOE). The parameters tested in this study were in accordance to NWQS using six parameters, which were pH, BOD, COD, ammoniacal nitrogen, dissolved oxygen and TSS. The water qualities were tested via in situ and laboratory testing. According to DOE, water qualities that are suitable for recreational activities are in Class I and II. The findings from this study confirmed that all six rivers’ water qualities fall under Class I and II for both seasons, with one stream fell in Class II during dry season (Lata Goleng) and three streams fell in Class II during wet season (Lata Renyok, Lata Keding and Lata Batapar). Overall, the study areas were still clean and suitable for recreational activities.
Exploring the impact of agriculture and physical geography on poverty in the East Coast of Malaysia: A spatial analysis
Authors: Anuar Nurul Ain , Nawawi Siti Aisyah , Muhamad Nor Amal Najihah , Muhammad Jamil Rohazaini , Nawawi Rabihah , Baistaman Julaina , Ya’acob Siti Hajar
Published: October 2024

Poverty is one of the most significant issues facing humanity in the 21st century. In Malaysia, awareness of poverty was more heavily weighted toward developing a prosperous lifestyle. Hence, the objectives of this study were to explore the spatial pattern of poverty and the effects of agricultural growth and physical geography on poverty in East Coast, Malaysia. Secondary data on the heads of poor households from 2020 were obtained from the e-Kasih database. The dependent variable was the number of poor household heads in each district, which count variable and acts as an indicator for measuring poverty. Therefore, a Generalised Linear Model (GLM) was used. Since a spatial autocorrelation was detected in the model using Moran’s I statistic, a Poisson Log Linear Leroux Conditional Autoregressive was fitted to the data. RStudio software was used to analyze the data. The results of this study indicate that the variables of the number of people without education, number of female heads of households, number of government servants, total land area for cash crops, and slope significantly influence the number of poor household heads in each district. The estimated poverty risk in each district was measured. ArcMap software created the poverty distribution map in Kelantan, Pahang, and Terengganu. The estimated poverty risk map shows a nearly similar spatial pattern to the Standardised Poverty Rate (SPR) map. This research adds new literature on poverty models in Kelantan, Pahang, and Terengganu for other researchers studying poverty factors in these regions.
Effects of Tree Portion and Radial Position on Wood Properties Variation of Batai (Paraserianthes falcataria) Tree
Authors: Abdul Rahim Siti Hajar , Hermawan Andi , Wan Ibrahim Wan Suriyani Faliq Adeeba , Nik Yusuf Nik Alnur Auli , Wan Abdul Rahman Wan Mohd Nazri , Ahmad Nurrohana , Mohamed Tamat Nur Sakinah
Published: October 2024

Physical and chemical properties of wood are important factors that influence the usability of wood-based products. This study focused on the fast-growing plant species Batai (Paraserianthes falcataria), which has a diameter at breast height ranging from 50 to 70 cm. Tree trunks were cut into three portions (bottom, middle, and top) and partitioned into near pith, intermediate and near bark. Sampling for physical and chemical analysis were performed in accordance with the Pulp and Paper Technical Association Industry USA (TAPPI) T 208 om-94 standards (1996). Statistical analysis of this study revealed that tree portion and radial position have a significant impact on physical properties. The chemical properties of the tree do not differ significantly from the bottom to the top. The bottom has the highest specific gravity, followed by the middle and top. The moisture content increases from the bottom to the top. Cold and hot water, alcohol toluene, ash content, 1% NaOH extract solubility, lignin and holocellulose content were found to differ significantly between the top, middle, and bottom of the tree. Finally, physical and chemical properties of tree portion and parts were found to be significantly affected.
Traffic noise pollution level at selected cities in Kelantan
Authors: Kedri Farah Khaliz , Sukri Nor Sayzwani , Abdul Malek Nur Hanisah , Yunus Karmilah , Tengku Khazaki Tengku Muhammad Hisyam , Wan Mohd Zaki Wan Nurelisya Balqis
Published: October 2024

In densely populated areas where the communities strive, noise pollution has become a critically alarming problem and must be addressed accordingly. The World Health Organization also recognizes it as a concerning public health issue in the urban areas. More often, the effects of noise towards the residents living in the vicinity areas can include the worsening of life quality and result in physiological effects, among others. We hypothesize that the increasing traffic results in higher noise pollution levels. The aim of this study was to quantify traffic noise pollution using noise pollution level (NPL) and traffic noise index (TNI) at selected cities in Kelantan, namely Tanah Merah and Pasir Mas. A sound level meter (TENMARS TM102) was used to record the noise level, and the traffic volumes were determined by using tally counts. The noises were measured during four different peak hours from 08:00 to 22:00. The recorded noise levels were compared with the Department of Environment (DOE) recommended limit of 60 dB(A) during daytime. The traffic noise pollution level was confirmed to be higher when the traffic volume counts increased. The results suggest proper mitigation measures such as enforcing zoning regulations and promoting public awareness campaigns were needed to reduce the noise pollution level.
Numerical qualification of the GSP3(0) theory using the analytic function expansion nodal method
Authors: Shi Jun , Peng Lianghui , Bi Guangwen , Yang Bo
Published: October 2024

The simplified P3 (SP3) method is an important way to implement the pin-by-pin neutron transport calculation of the core. This method has the high accuracy but costs twice the computing time of the diffusion method. Recently, the Generalized SPN (GSPN) theory has been developed, and the ad hoc SPN theory is resolved through rigorous theoretical derivation. GSP3(0) theory is the 3rd order and the 0th layer of GSPN theory. Compared with GSP3(0) theory, the SP3 theory with Marshak boundary condition is regarded as the traditional SP3 theory. The equations of the two theories are the same while the interface and the boundary conditions are different. Based on the GSP3(0) theory and the traditional SP3 theory, transport calculation codes have been developed using the analytical function expansion nodal (AFEN) method. The numerical results show that both of the two SP3 theories are more accurate than the diffusion theory, and the GSP3(0) theory can further improve the accuracy of the pin power calculation compared to the traditional SP3 theory.
Optimization of multi-group energy structures for solving the neutron transport equation
Authors: Do Minh-Hieu , Ammar Karim , Gerard Castaing Nicolas
Published: October 2024

We develop a framework to determine an optimal broad group structure of the energy variable when solving the neutron transport equation, starting from a fine structure. This broad group structure is required to perform the energy condensation method, where the fine group cross sections are collapsed into the broad group cross sections. In this optimization work, we study the objective function based on the error of the reaction rates and the k-effective as well. Moreover, together with the automatic coarse energy (ACE) algorithm proposed in [1] and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) usually applied to optimize the broad group structure, we introduce the Leave Group Out (LGO) and Add Group In (AGI) approaches. Numerical results for the core calculation are investigated to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithms.
Adaptive solution of the domain decomposition+L2-jumps method applied to the neutron diffusion equation on structured meshes
Authors: Gervais Mario , Madiot François , Do Minh-Hieu , Ciarlet Patrick
Published: October 2024

At the core scale, neutron deterministic calculations are usually based on the neutron diffusion equation. Classically, this equation can be recast in a mixed variational form, and then discretized by using the Raviart-Thomas-Nédélec Finite Element. The goal is to extend the Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) strategy previously proposed in [1] to the Domain Decomposition+L2 jumps which allows non conformity at the interface between subdomains. We are able to refine each subdomain independently, which eventually leads to a more optimal refinement. We numerically investigate the improvements made to the AMR strategy.
Calculation and analysis of fast neutron fluence of pressure vessel in AP1000 reactor
Authors: Wang Yue , Quan Guopiug , Yee Yeoh Eing , Zhu Cheng-lin , Yu Hui
Published: October 2024

The structural integrity of the reactor pressure vessel plays an important role in the safe operation of AP1000 nuclear power plant. Radiation damage of fast neutrons is the main factor leading to pressure vessel material deterioration. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately calculate the fast neutron fluence in the pressure vessel. Discrete ordmates method radiation shielding analysis code cosSN is used to calculate fast neutron fluence hi the pressure vessel and the calculation result is compare to measurement of actual AP1000 power plant. Bondarenko method is adopted to calculate multi-group cross section hi resonance energy region, and Bell-Hansen-Sandmeier(BHS) transport correct method is used to deal with anisotropic scattering effect. To improve computational efficiency, cosSN adopts the diffuse comprehensive acceleration and the multi-grid technique to accelerate source iteration, and adopts parallel computing to solve the storage limitations in large-scale calculations. For fast neutron fluence calculation, the calculation uncertainty conies from input parameters and approximation of theoretical model. The results hidicate that the calculated specific activity is conform to the actual measured value of the power plant. The calculation uncertainty is ± 13.28%. which meets the requirements of China domestic energy industry standards NB/T 20576-2019 and NRC RG 1.190.
Bubble flow analysis using multi-phase field method
Authors: Sugihara Kenta , Onodera Naoyuki , Sitompul Yos , Idomura Yasuhiro , Yamashita Susumu
Published: October 2024

In simulations of gas-liquid two-phase flows using conventional interface capture methods, we observed that when bubbles come close to each other, they tend to merge numerically, despite experimental evidence indicating that they would repel each other. Given the significant impact of sequential numerical coalescence on flow patterns, it is necessary to regulate the merging behavior of close bubbles. To address this issue, we introduced the Multi-Phase Field (MPF) method, which mitigates bubble coalescence by applying an independent fluid fraction function to each bubble. In this study, we employed the MPF based on the N-phase model [7] to minimize numerical errors associated with surface interactions at triple junction points. Additionally, we implemented the Ordered Active Parameter Tracking (OAPT) method [9] to efficiently store several hundreds of fluid fraction functions. To validate the MPF method, we conducted analysis of turbulent bubbly pipe flows and compared the results against experimental data from Colin et al [12]. The validation results showed reasonable agreements with respect to the bubble distribution and the flow velocity profiles.
Implementation of track length estimator for flux distribution tallies using proper orthogonal decomposition in one-dimensional geometry
Authors: Kondo Ryoichi , Endo Tomohiro , Yamamoto Akio
Published: October 2024

In a recent study, we have developed an efficient flux distribution tallying method in the Monte Carlo calculation toward the high-fidelity, large scale multi-physics simulation. In this method, the proper orthogonal decomposition is applied to the flux distribution tallies. While the tallying method was implemented with the collision estimator in the previous study, the track length estimator is implemented in the present study to obtain the tally with lower statistical error. The implementation of the flux distribution tally with the track length estimator is compared with that of the collision estimator and the normal track length estimator in a one-dimensional problem. The numerical results reveal that the distribution tally using the proper orthogonal decomposition with the track length estimator can obtain a more precise solution compared with that with the collision estimator. Therefore, in terms of the statistical error, the relationship between the distribution tally with track length and collision estimators is similar to that between the conventional track length and collision estimators.
Performance Evaluation of a New Transport Operator in SCONE Monte Carlo Code
Authors: Ding Congjin , Kowalski Mikolaj Adam , Shwageraus Eugene
Published: October 2024

A novel transport operator, called “HELL”, has been developed and integrated into the SCONE Monte Carlo code. This alternative approach combines two commonly used tracking methods: surface-tracking and deltatracking. The unique aspect of this operator is its flexibility, allowing users to assign these tracking methods to different geometry universes according to their specific requirements. The methodology of HELL and its implementation in SCONE is presented and detailed. The performance and efficiency of the HELL have been evaluated through its application in two different cases. The first case involved a core model featuring involute surfaces, while the second case focused on a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) application. The results demonstrated that HELL effectively eliminates the limitations typically associated with surface-tracking in complex geometries and delta-tracking in materials with localized heavy absorbers. This makes it a valuable tool in nuclear physics simulations and computations. The HELL method can significantly reduce the calculation time required for such scenarios, and can be widely applied to Monte Carlo modelling in reactor physics.
Gas Entrainment Simulation for Fast Reactors using Freesurface Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Sitompul Yos , Sugihara Kenta , Onodera Naoyuki , Idomura Yasuhiro
Published: October 2024

In fast reactor designs, preventing gas entrainment (GE) caused by free-surface vortices is crucial. Numerical analysis is typically used to identify scenarios with and without GE and speedup the design process. However, conventional numerical methods based on incompressible Navier-Stokes solvers are often inefficient and inaccurate. To address this, we explore the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) as an alternative, known for its computational efficiency and ability to simulate complex flows. In this study, we employ freesurface LBM to accelerate GE analysis, greatly reducing computational costs. Our LBM simulations show good agreement with experimental data, suggesting a promising approach for faster analysis in future fast reactor designs.
top-ii-vol: Massively Parallel Scalable Meshing for Seismic Risk Assessment of Nuclear Sites
Authors: Badri M.A. , Bourcier C. , Foerster E.
Published: October 2024

High performance computing is widely used for conducting high-resolution geophysics Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations. These simulations are crucial for risk assessment at nuclear sites and help gain deeper insights into underlying physics. However, generating FEM-compatible meshes from point-cloud data – which often serves as input for mesh generation from geomodelling tools – poses significant challenges due to the lack of associated CAD data and extremely large-scale nature. This article introduces a workflow for automatically converting Digital Elevation Model (DEM) point-cloud data into three-dimensional unstructured volumetric meshes. Leveraging domaindecomposition method via the parallel MPI I/O programming, our meshing algorithm efficiently constructs meshes, accommodating an arbitrary number of CPUs and enabling either single or distributed mesh generation. Demonstrating parallel efficiency and scalability, we produced a 68 billion element tetrahedral mesh from real DEM point-cloud data of the Cadarache region in France in approximately 1 second using over 24000 processing units. Meshes produced by this technique are utilized for seismic hazard FEM simulations, one of which is presented in this study. Scalability tests on massively parallel computers show high scalability, with quasi-linear strong scaling characteristics up to 24000 processing units.
Simulating Hydrogen Diffusion in ZrH Moderator and its Impact on Coupled Neutronic-Thermal Simulation of a Heat Pipe Microreactor
Authors: Kendrick William Reed , Forget Benoit
Published: October 2024

Metal hydride moderators are a common material choice for moderating compact reactor designs, as their high thermal limits and high density of hydrogen make them favorable for operation. One additional attribute of metal hydrides, zirconium hydride in particular, is the relatively large mobility of hydrogen within the metal lattice, especially at high temperatures and under large thermal gradients. As hydrogen’s spatial distribution directly impacts neutron thermalization in the system, and therefore power shape, changes in hydrogen concentration of the moderator may be important to analyze. This work couples OpenMC and MOOSE in order to solve the feedback loop of the coupled power distribution-thermal distribution-hydrogen migration without relying on mesh discretization. Functional expansions are used extensively as a method of transferring spatial information, and continuously varying material tracking is used in the neutronic solver to represent the change in hydrogen concentrations. The resulting hydrogen redistribution is highlighted, as well as the resulting neutronic and thermal impact of this redistribution.
Complementary Finite Element and Monte-Carlo Methods to Solve Industrial Thermal Problems
Authors: Peniguel Christophe , Rupp Isabelle , Fournier Richard , Blanco Stéphane , Eymet Vincent , Forest Vincent , Coustet Christophe
Published: October 2024

This paper presents the integration of a Monte-Carlo solver inside SYRTHES, an open-source thermal code, originally based on finite elements method. Insensitive to both the geometric complexity of the model and the fineness of its discretization, this stochastic method is a good complementary option to simulate large configurations with specific locations of interest. Radiation, conduction and convection can be combined to solve thermal problems in complex geometries. The Monte-Carlo method is described before showing its integration in the code SYRTHES. Comparisons against results obtained thanks to finite elements and Monte-Carlo approaches or analytical solutions are presented. Finally, industrial cases illustrate the advantages of using these two complementary approaches.