bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Cross‐Linked Structures on Mechanical Properties of Styrene‐Butadiene Rubber via Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Zhang Jing , Wang Wei , Wang Yinbin , Qiu Chenglong , Mao Chengli , Deng Shengwei , Wang Jian‐guo
Published: October 2021

Styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) is currently the main material for manufacturing passenger car tire treads due to excellent mechanical properties. The SBR is usually subjected to vulcanization treatment to improve the performance. This work uses molecular dynamics simulation to study the uniaxial stretching process of SBR with different cross‐linking degrees, and analyzes the relationship between its molecular chain structures and mechanical properties. The results show that the cross‐linked SBR model begins to deform plastically when the strain reaches 2.2, and there is no overall breaking within the limited deformation (≤4). Instead, it presents the characteristics of continuous partial breaking. Through the energy analysis, the deformation of the SBR system is mainly to overcome the energy required for the transformation of the non‐oriented chain structure to the straight chain structure and the continuous stretching of the chain. In the cross‐linked system, the increase in bond energy and bond angle energy associated with cross‐linking dramatically increases the total energy of the system, thereby affecting the overall mechanical properties. In addition, temperature and strain rate have significant effects on the tensile properties of the cross‐linked SBR system. Especially, the increase in the cross‐linking degree reduces the temperature dependence of its stress‐strain behavior.
Impact of Mild Cognitive Impairment on Quality of Life in Young and Typical Onset Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Holden Heather M. , Schweer Corrin N. , Tröster Alexander I.
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Younger age of onset and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are both independently associated with poorer quality of life (QOL) in Parkinson's disease (PD).

Objectives

The primary objective was to determine whether MCI differentially impacts QOL in young‐onset PD (YOPD) and typical‐onset PD (TOPD).

Methods

YOPD patients (n = 77) were diagnosed at age 50 or younger, TOPD (n = 77) were diagnosed after age 50, and the groups were matched for cognitive status, education, and disease duration. Patients' cognitive status was classified as MCI or cognitively normal (CN) based on MDS Level II criteria. QOL was assessed using the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ‐39). ANCOVAs were conducted for each PDQ‐39 subscale, with age of onset and cognitive status as between‐subjects factors and several covariates included.

Results

An interaction for the Cognition domain revealed that in TOPD, PD‐MCI patients reported poorer QOL than CN patients, whereas there was no effect of MCI on cognitive satisfaction in YOPD. There was a main effect of age on Emotional Well‐Being, as YOPD reported poorer QOL than TOPD in this domain. There were main effects of cognitive status, with PD‐MCI patients reporting worse QOL than CN patients in the domains of Social Support, Communication, ADLs, and Mobility.

Conclusions

The interaction revealed that PD‐MCI has a greater impact on degree of cognitive concerns (“cognitive QOL”) in TOPD versus YOPD. A more nuanced understanding of the effects of age of onset, MCI, and their interactions on QOL in PD will inform interventions aimed at improving quality of life in this population.
Free double‐paddle superficial circumflex iliac perforator flap transfer for partial maxillectomy reconstruction: A case report
Authors: Yamamoto Takumi , Yamamoto Nana , Ishiura Ryohei
Published: October 2021

Partial maxillectomy for maxillary sinus cancer treatment requires soft tissue reconstruction with enough bulk to occupy the large‐volume defect. Deep inferior epigastric artery‐based flaps and subscapular artery‐based flaps are commonly used, but necessitate invasive muscle dissection or position change and a large recipient vessel. The aim of this report was to present a case of partial maxillectomy defect successfully reconstructed with a superficial circumflex iliac artery (SCIA) perforator (SCIP) flap, to address these drawbacks. A 67‐year‐old female underwent partial maxillectomy for maxillary sinus cancer. The defects included the medial and the caudal aspects of the maxillary sinus with unilateral palate loss. A double‐paddle SCIP flap (19 × 9 cm and 10 × 6 cm) was elevated in a free‐style manner based on the superficial branches of the SICA. The SCIP and its concomitant vein were anastomosed to a facial artery perforator and the angular vein with supermicrosurgical perforator‐to‐perforator anastomosis. Two skin paddles were utilized to reconstruct the defects of the nasal wall and the oral aspects of the palate. Postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient could resume normal oral diet 5 days after surgery. Three years after surgery, there was no cancer recurrence or any postoperative complication, and the patient was satisfied with normal speech and diet, and with concealable donor and recipient scars. Double‐paddle SCIP flap transfer may be an option for reconstruction of a partial maxillectomy defect.
Calculated and experimental 1H and 13C NMR assignments for cannabicitran
Authors: Wood Jared S. , Gordon William H. , Morgan Jeremy B. , Williamson R. Thomas
Published: October 2021

Cannabicitran is an important cannabinoid natural product produced by Cannabis sativa and is often found at surprisingly high levels (up to ~10%) in “purified” commercial cannabidiol (CBD) extract preparations. Despite the prevalence of this molecule in CBD oil and other cannabinoid‐related products, and the rapidly expanding interest in cannabinoids for treatment of a wide range of physiological conditions, only unassigned 1H NMR data and partial unambiguous 13C assignments have been published. Herein, we report the complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments of cannabicitran and comparatively evaluate the performance of several density functional theory (DFT) methods with varying levels of theory for the calculation of NMR chemical shifts.
Unexpected structural/motional mode of water intercalated into an α‐crystalline zirconium phosphate deduced by 31P and 2H solid‐state MAS NMR spectra
Authors: Bakhmutov Vladimir I. , Contreras‐Ramirez Aida , Banerjee Sayan , Zhou Hong‐Cai
Published: October 2021

In developing the approach to understanding dynamics of intercalates in layered materials, crystalline‐layered zirconium phosphate Zr (HPO4)2·0.35D2O has been prepared and characterized by the 1H, 31P, and 2H solid‐state MAS NMR spectra, including 31P and 2H T1 measurements. At temperatures >253 K, the intercalated water shows two spectrally‐distinguished deuterons unprecedentedly with different DQCC's and 2H T1 times, one of which is hydrogen bonded. The collected data allowed to identify an unexpected bonding/dynamic mode of water molecules, which experience fast rotation around the hydrogen bond, formed with a zirconium‐coordinated oxygen. The low‐temperature 2H MAS NMR experiments have demonstrated the presence of additional hydrogen bond P(H)O˙˙˙ DO, population of which grows on cooling to 195 K corresponding to the doubly hydrogen‐bonded immobile water molecule.
Immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy: Unusual presentations of a treatable disease
Authors: Nicolau Stefan , Milone Margherita , Tracy Jennifer A. , Mills John R. , Triplett James D. , Liewluck Teerin
Published: October 2021

Introduction/Aims

Immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is an immune‐mediated myopathy typically presenting with progressive subacute weakness and characteristic, but nonspecific, myopathological findings. Atypical cases however can mimic other inherited or acquired myopathies, depriving patients of treatment. We describe a cohort of such patients.

Methods

We retrospectively identified IMNM patients who either previously carried a diagnosis of an inherited myopathy established on clinicopathological grounds or whose muscle biopsies displayed atypical features suggestive of a different myopathy.

Results

Among 131 IMNM patients, seven previously unreported patients (5%) met one of the above criteria. Three patients were diagnosed with limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy on the basis of a chronic progressive course of weakness and family history of myopathy or cardiomyopathy. The other four patients displayed atypical histological features (two prominent mitochondrial abnormalities, one myofibrillar pathology, and one granulomatous inflammation). Immunostaining of biopsies from 12 additional IMNM patients did not identify myofibrillar pathology. The patient with granulomatous inflammation was known to have pulmonary sarcoidosis. Genetic testing for inherited myopathies was unrevealing. Antibodies against 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase or signal recognition particle were identified in 5 and 1 patients, respectively. Four patients presented with slowly progressive weakness over 3–13 y, while weakness was subacute over ≤6 mo in three patients. All patients responded to immunomodulatory therapy.

Discussion

Atypical clinical and histological features can occur in IMNM patients, causing delays in diagnosis and treatment. Clinicians should, therefore, consider IMNM in the differential diagnosis of unexplained proximal myopathies in spite of atypical clinical and myopathological findings.
Trends in liver profile and nutrition outcomes in children undergoing intestinal rehabilitation using a mixed lipid injectable emulsion
Authors: Wassef Jessica , Lipkin Elizabeth , Hardigan Patrick , Duro Debora
Published: October 2021

Background

Pediatric patients undergoing intestinal rehabilitation (IR) using parenteral nutrition (PN) are at higher risk for intestinal failure–associated liver disease (IFALD). Nutrition support, growth, and liver enzymes must be closely monitored while incorporating hepatoprotective lipid injectable emulsions for optimal patient outcomes.

Objective

Describe trends of liver profile and nutrition outcomes for pediatric patients undergoing IR using SMOFlipid[SO,MCT,OO,FO‐ILE]).

Methods

After IRB approval, patients undergoing IR using SO,MCT,OO,FO‐ILE were observed prospectively from January 1, 2017, through December 1, 2019. The following values were documented monthly: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TB), triene/tetraene ratio (TTR), micronutrient and trace element levels, z‐scores for growth, and nutrition support regimen. Values were compared.

Results

The group involved 16 pediatric patients for an average of 16.4 months on SO,MCT,OO,FO‐ILE. By the end of the study, mean PN hours per day decreased by 34.7%, P < 0.0001. Mean PN calories per kilogram decreased from 60.4 to 48.3, P = 0.004. SO,MCT,OO,FO‐ILE calories met the recommended dietary intake goal of 30% at the average 1.6 g/kg. Growth z‐scores increased in those <2 YOA , although the body mass index decreased in our >2 YOA cohort. Total nutrition received from PN decreased to 62%: a 32% change, P = 0.001. There were no statistically significant changes in AST or ALT. TB decreased by 67.08%, P <0.05. No essential fatty acid deficiency was reported (TTR < 0.02). There were no changes in micronutrient and trace element deficiencies. There was zero new incidences of IFALD.

Conclusions

SO,MCT,OO,FO‐ILE may be used long term in pediatric patients while promoting growth and development.
High‐order discontinuous Galerkin method for time‐domain electromagnetics on geometry‐independent Cartesian meshes
Authors: Navarro‐García Héctor , Sevilla Rubén , Nadal Enrique , Ródenas Juan José
Published: October 2021

In this work we present the Cartesian grid discontinuous Galerkin (cgDG) finite element method, a novel numerical technique that combines the high accuracy and efficiency of a high‐order discontinuous Galerkin discretization with the simplicity and hierarchical structure of a geometry‐independent Cartesian mesh. The elements that intersect the boundary of the physical domain require special treatment in order to minimize their effect on the performance of the algorithm. We considered the exact representation of the geometry for the boundary of the domain avoiding any nonphysical artifacts. We also define a stabilization procedure that eliminates the step size restriction of the time marching scheme due to extreme cut patterns. The unstable degrees of freedom are eliminated and the supporting regions of their shape functions are reassigned to neighboring elements. A subdomain matching algorithm and an a posterior enrichment strategy are presented. Combining these techniques we obtain a final spatial discretization that preserves stability and accuracy of the standard body‐fitted discretization. The method is validated through a series of numerical tests and it is successfully applied to the solution of problems of interest in the context of electromagnetic scattering with increasing complexity.
Inpatient Dignity Scale: Mandarin translation and psychometric characteristics evaluation
Authors: Huang Yao , Zhou Ying , Wong Thomas Kwok Shing , Luo Dongyi , Zhang Gangna , Chen Jiani , Smith Graeme D.
Published: October 2021

Aim

The aim of this paper was to translate the English version of the Inpatient Dignity Scale into Mandarin and to test the psychometric properties of the Mandarin version of the Inpatient Dignity Scale.

Design

This research is a cross‐sectional survey, using convenience sampling.

Methods

The English version of the Inpatient Dignity Scale was translated into Mandarin Chinese. From June–August 2020, 736 inpatients from 50 tertiary hospitals in Guangzhou were recruited to assess the psychometric attributes of the Inpatient Dignity Scale.

Results

The Mandarin version of the Inpatient Dignity Scale consists of expectation and satisfaction subscales. It differs from the English language version, as the expectation subscale includes three dimensions and the satisfaction subscale includes two dimensions. The total Cronbach alpha coefficient of the expectation subscale and the satisfaction subscale were .820 and .965, respectively, and the split‐half reliability of the expectation subscale and the satisfaction subscale were 0.740 and 0.928, respectively, indicating good internal consistency and effectiveness. Known‐groups validity was established, as 70% of the hypotheses were supported.
Multilayer spectrum of intratumoral heterogeneity in basal bladder cancer
Authors: Sirab Nanor , Drubay Damien , Maillé Pascale , Popova Tatiana , Ngo Carine , Gentien David , Moktefi Anissa , Soyeux‐Porte Pascale , Pelletier Romain , Reyes Cécile , Henry Emilie , Pouessel Damien , Vordos Dimitri , Lebret Thierry , de Reyniès Aurélien , Paoletti Xavier , Radvanyi François , Allory Yves
Published: October 2021

Basal/squamous (Ba/Sq) subtype represents an intrinsic and robust group in the consensus molecular classification of muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), with poor outcome and controversial chemosensitivity. We aimed to investigate the spectrum of intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) in the Ba/Sq subtype. First, we validated a 29‐gene NanoString CodeSet to predict the Ba/Sq subtype for FFPE samples. We identified heterogeneous Ba/Sq tumors in a series of 331 MIBC FFPE samples using dual GATA3/KRT5/6 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Heterogeneous regions with distinct immunostaining patterns were studied separately for gene expression using the 29‐gene CodeSet, for mutations by targeted next‐generation sequencing, and for copy number alteration (CNA) by microarray hybridization. Among 83 Ba/Sq tumors identified by GATA3/KRT5/6 dual staining, 19 tumors showed heterogeneity at the IHC level. In one third of the 19 cases, regions from the same tumor were classified in different distinct molecular subtypes. The mutational and CNA profiles confirmed the same clonal origin for IHC heterogeneous regions with possible subclonal evolution. Overall, two patterns of intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) were observed in Ba/Sq tumors: low ITH (regions with distinct immunostaining, but common molecular subtype and shared CNA) or high ITH (regions with distinct immunostaining, molecular subtype, and CNA). These results showed multilayer heterogeneity in Ba/Sq MIBC. In view of personalized medicine, this heterogeneity adds complexity and should be taken into account for sampling procedures used for diagnosis and treatment choice. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The power of external influences to modify judgments of facial and moral beauty
Authors: Glennon Marcus J. , Zeki Semir
Published: October 2021

Empirical evidence shows that the often‐made positive correlation between human physical and moral beauty is tenuous. In this study, we aimed to learn whether facial and moral beauty can be psychophysically separated. Participants (n = 95) provided beauty and goodness (i.e., trustworthiness) ratings for pictures of faces, after which they were presented with a fictitious peer rating for the same face and asked to re‐rate the face. We used the difference between the initial and final ratings to quantify the degree of resistance to external influence. We found that judgments of facial beauty were more resistant to external influence than judgments of facial “goodness”; in addition, there was significantly higher agreement within beauty ratings than within goodness ratings. These findings are discussed in light of our Bayesian–Laplacian classification of priors, from which we conclude that moral beauty relies more upon acquired “artifactual” priors and facial beauty more on inherited biological priors.
The demographic and disability characteristics of individuals who regularly attend an urban adaptive fitness center: An observational study
Authors: Nalla Sindhoori , Huang Kevin , Spangenberg Jacqueline , Chen Liqi , Jayabalan Prakash
Published: October 2021

Introduction

While it is well known that regular physical activity provides significant physical and psychosocial health benefits, people with disabilities have disproportionately lower rates of exercise compared to the able‐bodied population. Reduced levels of physical activity can put this population at an increased risk of chronic health conditions, highlighting the importance of ensuring that our communities have accessible adaptive fitness opportunities.

Objectives

To evaluate the demographic and disability characteristics in individuals who regularly attend a specialized urban adaptive fitness center, to provide foundational understanding about the population that uses such resources.

Design

Cross‐sectional study

Setting

Specialized urban adaptive fitness center

Participants

Sixty‐three (n = 63) participants who regularly attend an urban Adaptive Sports and Fitness Center

Intervention

Not applicable

Main Outcome Measure

World Health Organization (WHO) Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0, evaluating disability in six domains: cognition, mobility, self‐care, getting along, life activities, and participation. Results were converted into scores ranging from 0 (no disability) to 100 (total disability) and compared to WHO published norms for the general population and a demographics intake form.

Results

Participants with mean age of 52.9 ±14.3 years were grouped into three diagnostic categories: spinal cord injury (30.2%), traumatic brain injury/stroke (36.5%), and other neurologic disease/chronic medical disease (33.3%). A total of 45.9% live alone, 96.8% exercise at least twice/week, and 43.5% participate in adaptive sports. Participants travel 8.0 miles on average for attendance. WHODAS disability summary score was 26.48 (86th percentile).

Conclusions

Although adaptive fitness center participants had a higher level of disability than 80% to 90% of the general population, regular participation was realistic and feasible. Further understanding of the barriers in those who do not engage in such facilities is needed.
Cover Image, Volume 77, Issue 11
Authors: Li Fang , Yamamoto Akihiko , Belikoff Esther J , Berger Amy , Griffith Emily H , Scott Maxwell J
Published: October 2021

The cover image is based on the Research Article A conditional female lethal system for genetic suppression of the global fruit crop pest Drosophila suzukii by Fang Li et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6530. Design Credit: Dr. Amarish Yadav and Dr. Akihiko Yamamoto.

image
The life and work of Robert (Bob) C. Sheppard
Authors: Wade John D. , Jones John H.
Published: October 2021

The life and work of Robert Charles Sheppard (1932–2019), Bob Sheppard informally among friends, is outlined. He was a leading pioneer of solid phase peptide synthesis and made the most significant and fundamental European contribution to the art of peptide synthesis since Emil Fischer.
Recreating a sense of home in a foreign land among older Chinese immigrants in Australia
Authors: Gao Siyao , Dupre Karine , Bosman Caryl
Published: October 2021

This study focuses on the ageing experiences of older Chinese immigrants in Australia. The life course perspective provides a framework to investigate the main aspects relating to a sense of home and to analyse how family, relational, and societal factors influence older Chinese immigrants' construction of a sense of home in a transnational context. This paper is based on qualitative data from 30 in‐depth interviews with older Chinese immigrants living on the Gold Coast, Australia. This study reveals that family relationships, independence, and social interactions contribute to constructing a sense of home among older Chinese immigrants. Findings elucidate the interrelations between personal adaptive actions and mindsets, Chinese organisations, and social policies in the life experiences of older Chinese immigrants in Australia. This study suggests that policymakers need to be more sensitive to the significance of culture; it also highlights the need to further support existing cultural services that contribute to developing a sense of home for older Chinese immigrants.
Worse life, psychological suffering, but ‘better’ housing: The post‐gentrification experiences of displaced residents from Xuanwumen, Beijing
Authors: Huang Xing , Liu Yuting
Published: October 2021

Gentrification, the process of transforming a neighbourhood with social class upgrading and landscape change, has undoubtedly impacted existing residents. Although massive amounts of research have analysed gentrification‐induced displacement, there is comparatively much less research about the residents' experiences after being displaced. Therefore, this paper seeks to fill this gap through empirical research on the subjective experiences of displaced residents from Xuanwumen, Beijing. The study finds that those displaced residents suffered serious negative effects in terms of their quality of life and emotional well‐being. Furthermore, despite the resettlement housing being of higher quality, long‐term negative impacts on the local groups have emerged as time passes. By revealing the post‐gentrification experience of those displaced, this study provides a better understanding of the consequences and integral logic of the process of gentrification.
Chemoheteroepitaxy of 3C‐SiC(111) on Si(111): Influence of Predeposited Ge on Structure and Composition
Authors: Zgheib Charbel , Lubov Maxim N. , Kulikov Dmitri V. , Kharlamov Vladimir S. , Thiele Sebastian , Morales Francisco M. , Romanus Henry , Rahbany Nancy , Beainy Georges , Stauden Thomas , Pezoldt Jörg
Published: October 2021

Secondary ion mass spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, ellipsometry, reflection high energy diffraction and transmission electron microscopy are used to gain inside into the effect of Ge on the formation of ultrathin 3C‐SiC layers on Si(111) substrates. Accompanying the experimental investigations with simulations it is found that the ultrathin single crystalline 3C‐SiC layer is formed on top of a gradient Si1–x–yGexCy buffer layer due to a complex alloying and alloy decomposition processes promoted by carbon and germanium interdiffusion and SiC nucleation. This approach allows tuning residual stress at very early growth stages as well as the interface properties of the 3C‐SiC/Si heterostructure. Useful yields of secondary ions of Ge in Si matrix and Si dimer are estimated.
Potassium versus Sodium in Cu(In,Ga)Se2—Similarities and Differences in the Electrical Characteristics of Solar Cells and Thin Films after NaF or KF Postdeposition Treatment
Authors: Czudek Aniela , Urbaniak Aleksander , Eslam Alexander , Wuerz Roland , Igalson Małgorzata
Published: October 2021

The improvement of CIGSe solar cells efficiency due to potassium fluoride postdeposition treatment (KF‐PDT) is often interpreted as being caused by changes in the interface region. The impact of KF‐PDT on bulk properties of the CIGSe absorbers is investigated by measuring hole densities in the solar cells and conductivities of corresponding thin films and is then analyzed together with similar data for NaF‐treated absorbers and thin films. It is found that both alkali metals change the electrical properties of the whole CIGSe layer and not only the absorber surface. By measuring electrical conductivity and doping level in thermal equilibrium (relaxed) and metastable state (after light soaking) as well as their evolution with the amount of Na and K after postdeposition treatment (PDT) at various temperatures, one can observe effects that can only be explained by the influence of alkali metals on grain boundary properties. In contrast to Na, low concentration of potassium leads to a decrease in conductivity. Persistent photoconductivity exhibits a linear relationship with the relaxed conductivity in both NaF‐ and KF‐treated samples. These effects directly show that electrical transport in CIGSe is limited by potential barriers at the grain boundaries, which are impacted by the alkali treatment.
Large Anharmonicity and Low Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Thermoelectric Sn(SbTe2)2
Authors: Tanusilp Sora-at , Kumagai Masaya , Ohishi Yuji , Sadayori Naoki , Kurosaki Ken
Published: October 2021

Very recently, it has been reported that Sn(SbTe2)2 exhibits a low κlat (≈0.46 W m−1 K−1 at 720 K), thus making Sn(SbTe2)2 a good thermoelectric material. The low κlat is thought to be due to the anharmonicity of the lattice, but no experimental evidence for this has been reported. Herein, the origin of such low κlat in Sn(SbTe2)2 is experimentally investigated by measuring various physical properties and the linear thermal expansion coefficient. The results show that the Grüneisen parameter of Sn(SbTe2)2 is very high, 3.38, which means that Sn(SbTe2)2 has a large anharmonicity. Due to this large anharmonicity, the Sn(SbTe2)2 sample shows a very low κlat and a relatively high thermoelectric figure of merit zT of 0.32 at 770 K.
Restoration of riparian vegetation on a mountain river degraded by historical mining and grazing
Authors: Cubley Erin S. , Richer Eric E. , Baker Daniel W. , Lamson Chris G. , Hardee Travis L. , Bledsoe Brian P. , Kulchawik Peter L.
Published: October 2021

Riparian ecosystems in montane areas have been degraded by mining, streamflow alterations, and livestock grazing. Restoration of ecological and economic functions, especially in high‐elevation watersheds that supply water to lower elevation urban and agriculture areas is of high priority. We investigated the response of riparian vegetation and bank stability following channel treatments and riparian habitat restoration along a segment of the upper Arkansas River south of Leadville, Colorado. The study area has been historically degraded by heavy‐metal mining and is designated a U.S. Superfund site. Additionally, trans‐basin water diversions and livestock grazing have contributed to channel widening and altered vegetation composition and cover. We used a before‐after‐control impact study design in four reaches with varied contamination and grazing history to assess restoration success. Before restoration, streambanks were dominated by graminoids and total vegetation cover varied among reaches with willow cover less than 16% in three reaches. Post‐restoration, changes in total vegetation cover fell short of projected goals, but willow cover was greater than 20% in all study reaches. The increase in woody cover likely contributed to reduced erosion and vegetation encroachment post‐restoration. Differences in functional group cover among reaches persisted post‐restoration and may be attributed to soil contamination levels and low willow seed rain and dispersal. These results highlight the importance of setting realistic restoration goals based on elevation and past land use. We recommend further remediation of fluvial tailings with low vegetation cover and continued monitoring of willow height and cover to determine if further restoration activities are needed.
Benefitting from Synergistic Effect of Anion and Cation in Antimony Acetate for Stable CH3NH3PbI3‐Based Perovskite Solar Cell with Efficiency Beyond 21%
Authors: Liu Pengyun , Chen Yonghui , Xiang Huimin , Yang Xiaoqing , Wang Wei , Ran Ran , Zhou Wei , Shao Zongping
Published: October 2021

Both the film quality and the electronic properties of halide perovskites have significant influences on the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because both of them are closely related to the charge carrier transportation, separation, and recombination processes in PSCs. In this work, an additive engineering strategy using antimony acetate (Sb(Ac)3) is employed to enhance the photovoltaic performance of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3)‐based PSCs by improving the film quality and optimizing the photoelectronic properties of halide perovskites. It is found that Ac− and Sb3+ of Sb(Ac)3 play different roles and their synergistic effect contributed to the eventual excellent photovoltaic performance of MAPbI3‐based PSCs with a power conversion efficiency of above 21%. The Ac− anions act as a crystal growth controller and are more involved in the improvement of perovskite film morphology. By comparison, Sb3+ cations are more involved in the optimization of the electronic structure of perovskites to tailor the energy levels of the perovskite film. Furthermore, with the assistance of Sb(Ac)3, MAPbI3‐based PSCs deliver much improved moisture, air, and thermal stability. This work can provide scientific insights on the additive engineering for improving the efficiency and long‐term stability of MAPbI3‐based PSCs, facilitating the further development of perovskite‐based optoelectronics.
Stimuli‐Responsive Materials from Ferrocene‐Based Organic Small Molecule for Wearable Sensors
Authors: Li Ling , Zhang Jianyu , Yang Chenyi , Huang Le , Zhang Jun , Bai Jie , Redshaw Carl , Feng Xing , Cao Changyong , Huo Nengjie , Li Jingbo , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: October 2021

Stimuli‐responsive crystals capable of energy conversion have emerged as promising materials for smart sensors, actuators, wearable devices, and robotics. Here, a novel ferrocene‐based organic molecule crystal (Fc‐Cz) that possesses anisotropic piezoelectric, optical, and mechanical properties is reported. It is demonstrated that the new crystal Fc‐Cz can be used as an ultrasensitive piezoelectric material in fabricating strain sensors. The flexible sensor made of crystal Fc‐Cz can detect small strains/deformations and motions with a fast response speed. Analysis based on density functional theory (DFT) indicates that an external pressure can affect the dipole moment by changing the molecular configuration of the asymmetric single crystal Fc‐Cz in the crystalline state, leading to a change of polarity, and thereby an enhanced dielectric constant. This work demonstrates a new artificial organic small molecule for high‐performance tactile sensors, indicating its great potential for developing low‐cost flexible wearable sensors.
Isolation of Salmonella spp. from black spiny‐tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis) meat commercialised in markets of León city, Nicaragua
Authors: Ríos Rosmary , Flores Byron , Mora‐Sánchez Brenda , Torres Dayana , Sheleby‐Elías Jessica , Jirón William , Balcázar José L.
Published: October 2021

Background

The black spiny‐tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis) is an endemic animal in Mesoamerica, whose meat is consumed by the local population.

Objectives

Because the black spiny‐tailed iguana may be potential reservoirs of pathogens, this study aimed to isolate and characterise Salmonella spp. in their meat commercialised in markets of the city of León, Nicaragua.

Methods

Thirteen specimens were analysed for the isolation of Salmonella spp., as well as their antimicrobial resistance patterns, including the presence of genes encoding extended‐spectrum β‐lactamases.

Results

Salmonella spp. isolates were found in eight out of 13 samples, with S. enterica serovar Enteritidis being found in six out of eight samples. Moreover, eight Salmonella spp. isolates were resistant to amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid and cephalexin, but sensitive to other tested antibiotics. The blaSHV gene was detected in seven out of eight Salmonella spp. isolates, followed by the blaTEM (two out of eight) and blaCXT‐M (one out of eight) genes.

Conclusions

These findings represent an important contribution to the implementation of appropriate strategies to prevent foodborne diseases.
Compensatory hydraulic uptake of water by tomato due to variable root‐zone salinity
Authors: Tzohar D. , Moshelion M. , Ben‐Gal A.
Published: October 2021

Plant root systems are exposed to spatial and temporal heterogeneity regarding water availability. In the long‐term, compensation, increased uptake by roots in areas with favorable conditions in response to decreased uptake in areas under stress, is driven by root growth and distribution. In the short‐term (hours–days), compensative processes are less understood. We hypothesized hydraulic compensation where local lowered water availability is accompanied by increased uptake from areas where water remains available. Our objective was to quantify instantaneous hydraulic root uptake under conditions of differential water availability. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants were grown in split‐root weighing‐drainage lysimeters in which each half of the roots could alternatively be exposed to short‐term conditions of salinity. Uptake was quantified from each of the two root zone compartments. One‐sided exposure to salinity immediately led to less uptake from the salt‐affected compartment and increased uptake from the nontreated compartment. Compensation occurred at salinity, caused by NaCl solution of 4 dS m−1, that did not decrease uptake in plants with entire root systems exposed. At higher salinity, 6.44 dS m−1, transpiration decreased by ∼50% when the total root system was exposed. When only half of the roots were exposed, total uptake was maintained at levels of nonstressed plants with as much as 85% occurring from the nontreated compartment. The extent of compensation was not absolute and apparently a function of salinity, atmospheric demand, and duration of exposure. As long as there is no hydraulic restriction in other areas, temporary reduction in water availability in some parts of a tomato's root zone will not affect plant‐scale transpiration.
ToSkORL: Selbst- und Fremdeinschätzung bei der Untersuchung des Kopf-Hals-Bereichs
Authors: Sharaf Kariem , Felicio-Briegel Axelle , Widmann Magdalena , Huber Johanna , Eggersmann Tanja Kristina , Stadlberger Ursula , Schrötzlmair Florian , Canis Martin , Lechner Axel
Published: October 2021

Hintergrund

Ein zentrales Ziel des Medizinstudiums ist der Erwerb theoretischer und praktischer Kompetenzen. Es mangelt jedoch an Evidenz, wie der Erwerb von Kompetenzen in speziellen Untersuchungstechniken gemessen werden kann. ToSkORL (Teaching of Skills in Otorhinolaryngology) ist ein Projekt, das die studentische Selbstwahrnehmung ihrer Kompetenz bei speziellen Untersuchungstechniken der Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde und des Kopf-Hals-Bereichs aus didaktisch-wissenschaftlicher Sichtweise beleuchtet.

Methodik

Im Rahmen des Untersuchungskurses erfolgte eine standardisierte mündlich-praktische Prüfung zu neun verschiedenen Untersuchungstechniken. Vor der Prüfung erfolgte eine Evaluation der studentischen Selbsteinschätzung mittels Fragebogen, die Prüfung wurde mittels Checkliste durch die Prüfenden standardisiert geprüft. Selbst- und Fremdeinschätzung nach der Likert-Skala wurden korreliert. Die neun Untersuchungstechniken wurden jeweils 42-mal von insgesamt 91 Studierenden in gegenseitiger Untersuchung durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse

Die Selbsteinschätzung der Kompetenz in den Untersuchungstechniken variiert erheblich, insgesamt schätzten Studierende ihre eigene Untersuchungskompetenz weitgehend unabhängig von Alter und Geschlecht meist realistisch ein. Studierende mit einem hohen Interesse an der Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde gaben bessere Selbsteinschätzungen an, neigten jedoch auch eher zur Selbstüberschätzung. Bei Untersuchungen des mittleren Schwierigkeitsniveaus ergab sich die größte Divergenz von Selbst- und Fremdeinschätzung.

Schlussfolgerung

Die studentische Selbsteinschätzung ist ein geeignetes Instrument zur Messung der Untersuchungskompetenz in der Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde. Es sollte ein besonderer Fokus auf die Lehre vermeintlich mittelschwerer Untersuchungstechniken gelegt werden, da diese am stärksten über- und unterschätzt werden.
The cardboard box study: understanding collaborative data management in the connected home
Authors: Kilic Damla , Crabtree Andy , McGarry Glenn , Goulden Murray
Published: October 2021

The home is a site marked by the increasing collection and use of personal data, whether online or from connected devices. This trend is accompanied by new data protection regulation and the development of privacy enhancing technologies (PETs) that seek to enable individual control over the processing of personal data. However, a great deal of the data generated within the connected home is interpersonal in nature and cannot therefore be attributed to an individual. The cardboard box study adapts the technology probe approach to explore with potential end users the salience of a PET called the Databox and to understand the challenge of collaborative rather than individual data management in the home. The cardboard box study was designed as an ideation card game and conducted with 22 households distributed around the UK, providing us with 38 participants. Demographically, our participants were of varying ages and had a variety of occupational backgrounds and differing household situations. The study makes it perspicuous that privacy is not a ubiquitous concern within the home as a great deal of data is shared by default of people living together; that when privacy is occasioned it performs a distinct social function that is concerned with human security and the safety and integrity of people rather than devices and data; and that current ‘interdependent privacy’ solutions that seek to support collaborative data management are not well aligned with the ways access control is negotiated and managed within the home.
Where has the rum gone? The impact of maritime piracy on trade and transport
Authors: Sandkamp Alexander , Stamer Vincent , Yang Shuyao
Published: October 2021

Despite a general agreement that piracy poses a significant threat to maritime shipping, empirical evidence regarding its economic consequences remains scarce. This paper combines firm-level Chinese customs data and ship position data with information on pirate attacks to investigate how exporting firms and cargo ships respond to maritime piracy. It finds that overall exports along affected shipping routes fall following an increase in pirate activity. In addition, piracy induces firms to switch from ocean to air shipping, while remaining ocean shipments become larger. At the ship-level, the paper provides evidence for re-routing, as container ships avoid regions prone to pirate attacks.
Inferior vena cava thrombosis—rope ladder sign
Authors: Meyer Sascha , Poryo Martin
Published: October 2021

Congenital heart disease comprises one of the largest groups of congenital defects, affecting approximately 1% of births. Advances in pre- and postoperative critical care treatment as well as surgery and interventional procedures have improved survival rates, but treatment and long-term care of children with complex congenital heart disease remains challenging, and is associated with a number of complications.

Here, we report on a 17-month-old infant with congenital univentricular heart disease who devloped post-operatively inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis. IVC thrombosis was confirmed by a bedside contrast media study (X-ray) demonstrating collateral paravertebral circulation along the paravertebral sinuses bilaterally into the azygos and hemiazygos vein (“rope ladder sign“), with no contrast media detected in the IVC. The infant was subsequently started on aspirin and clopidogrel.
Kv1.3 Channel Blockade Improves Inflammatory Profile, Reduces Cardiac Electrical Remodeling, and Prevents Arrhythmia in Type 2 Diabetic Rats
Authors: Zayas-Arrabal Julián , Alquiza Amaia , Rodríguez-de-Yurre Ainhoa , Echeazarra Leyre , Fernández-López Víctor , Gallego Mónica , Casis Oscar
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Kv1.3 channel regulates the activity of lymphocytes, macrophages, or adipose tissue and its blockade reduces inflammatory cytokine secretion and improves insulin sensitivity in animals with metabolic syndrome and in genetically obese mice. Thus, Kv1.3 blockade could be a strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Elevated circulating levels of TNFα and IL-1b mediate the higher susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmia in type 2 diabetic rats. We hypothesized that Kv1.3 channel blockade with the psoralen PAP1 could have immunomodulatory properties that prevent QTc prolongation and reduce the risk of arrhythmia in type 2 diabetic rats.

Methods

Type 2 diabetes was induced to Sprague-Dawley rats by high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection. Diabetic animals were untreated, treated with metformin, or treated with PAP1 for 4 weeks. Plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and cytokine levels were measured using commercial kits. ECG were recorded weekly, and an arrhythmia-inducing protocol was performed at the end of the experimental period. Action potentials were recorded in isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes.

Results

In diabetic animals, PAP1 normalized glycaemia, insulin resistance, adiposity, and lipid profile. In addition, PAP1 prevented the diabetes-induced repolarization defects through reducing the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-12p70, GM-CSF, IFNγ, and TNFα. Moreover, compared to diabetic untreated and metformin-treated animals, those treated with PAP1 had the lowest risk of developing the life-threatening arrhythmia Torsade de Pointes under cardiac challenge.

Conclusion

Kv1.3 inhibition improves diabetes and diabetes-associated low-grade inflammation and cardiac electrical remodeling, resulting in more protection against cardiac arrhythmia compared to metformin.
Room-Temperature Metathesis of Ethylene with 2-Butene to Propene Over MoOx-Based Catalysts: Mixed Oxides as Perspective Support Materials
Authors: Otroshchenko Tatiana , Zhang Qiyang , Kondratenko Evgenii V.
Published: October 2021

We investigated the effect of supports based on ZrO2, TiO2, Al2O3, and SiO2 on the rate of propene formation in the metathesis of ethylene with 2-butene at 50 °C over Mo-containing catalysts possessing highly dispersed MoOx. Large improvements in this rate were achieved when using supports composed of mixed oxides (ZrO2–SiO2, ZrO2–PO4, TiO2–SiO2; Al2O3–SiO2) rather than of individual oxides (ZrO2, TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2). Although previous literature studies dealing with the metathesis reaction over Al2O3- or SiO2-suppported catalysts at higher temperatures suggest the importance of redox or acidic properties of supported MoOx species for catalyst activity, we were not able to establish any general direct correlation in this regard. Contrarily, the rate of propene formation can be significantly enhanced when promoting supports with an oxide promoter. We suggest that the created support lattice defects may facilitate the transformation of MoOx to Mo carbenes under reaction conditions or improve the intrinsic activity of the latter.

Graphic Abstract
The Short-Term Effects of European Integration on Mortality Convergence: A Case Study of European Union’s 2004 Enlargement
Authors: Hrzic Rok , Vogt Tobias , Brand Helmut , Janssen Fanny
Published: October 2021

Although European integration can be expected to result in mortality convergence (reduced mortality differences), a life expectancy divide persists in the European Union (EU) between the old Member States (OMS) in the west and the new Member States (NMS) in the east. Studies investigating the impact of European integration on mortality convergence are rare and did not consider regional differences. We examine the short-term effects of the 2004 enlargement on mortality convergence at the supranational, national, and subnational levels. Using sex-specific life expectancies for 23 Member States (1990–2017) and the NUTS 2 regions in Czechia, Hungary, and Poland for 1992–2016, we examined the trend in sigma and beta mortality convergence measures at the country and regional levels using joinpoint regression. We found no compelling evidence that EU accession influenced the process of mortality convergence between OMS and NMS, or within the three NMS, over the short term. While there was overall beta and sigma convergence at the national level during 1990–2017, no regional convergence showed, and the trends in convergence did not significantly change at the time of EU accession or soon after (2004–2007). The accession in 2004 did not visibly impact the overall process of mortality convergence over the short term, likely because of the greater influence of country and region-specific policies and characteristics. The interaction of Member State and regional contexts with the mechanisms of European integration requires further study. Future enlargement procedures should emphasise tailored support to ensure more equitable gains from European integration.
Three decades of pastoralist settlement dynamics in the Ethiopian Omo Delta based on remote sensing data
Authors: Amos Samira , Mengistu Sileshi , Kleinschroth Fritz
Published: October 2021

River deltas provide important livelihoods to local populations, but at the same time are under increasing anthropogenic pressure. The opening of the Gibe III dam on the Omo River in Ethiopia in 2016 attracted international attention due to the importance of the free-flowing River for pastoralist communities in the Omo Delta. Sustainable river basin management requires spatially explicit, long-term information about human settlements to mitigate negative impacts on people’s livelihoods. Based on remote sensing time-series, and supplemented with ground-truthing, we mapped settlement-dynamics of the pastoralist Dasanech tribe. The inhabited area more than doubled from 1992 to 2009. From 2009 to 2019, settlements became more permanent and concentrated in the North of the Delta. Our results indicate that the Omo Delta has overall gained in importance as a livelihood area, but that the livelihoods of the traditionally nomadic people are shifting in the context of increasing investment in infrastructure. Management of future river flow at dams should consider the location and the trajectory of change in downstream settlements.