bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Generalized Rheological Model for Drilling Fluids With Cubic Splines
Authors: Bui Binh T. , Tutuncu Azra N.
Published: December 2015

In drilling-fluid rheological characterization and hydraulics modeling, selecting a proper rheological model and obtaining rheological parameters with viscometers are critically important. Bingham plastic, power law, and yield power law are the most commonly used standard models for drilling-fluid rheology because they are mathematically simple to use. However, because of the complex nature of drilling fluids, these models do not often fit well to the rheological data. This leads to a significant error in drilling-fluid hydraulics modeling. While searching for models that are based on the physical interaction between the various components of the drilling fluid, it is very practical to find simple mathematical functions that best fit to any experimental data obtained from field viscometers. This will improve the accuracy of hydraulics modeling—in particular, for time-dependent drilling fluids.

In this research, cubic splines were used to fit the experimental data obtained from field viscometers. A generalized hydraulics model is presented to calculate pressure drop in pipe and concentric annulus with detailed sample calculations. A numerical simulator was also developed to assist the calculations. The results obtained from the model were validated with experimental data to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.

One can implement the model introduced in this paper for any fluids. The main advantage of the model is that it can capture all the complex rheological response of the fluid. Hence, all readings obtained from the viscometers can provide valuable input for the hydraulic model. Also, the numerical solution is stable and straightforward to implement. The model provides drilling engineers a simple and powerful method to accurately predict the pressure distribution along the wellbore. This is highly important in drilling-fluid hydraulics-program optimization and well-control operation, especially in deepwater and Arctic environments.
Use of Microencapsulated Phase-Change Materials To Regulate the Temperature of Oilwell Cement
Authors: Pang Xueyu , Jimenez Walmy Cuello , Goel Vivek
Published: December 2015

During the cementing operations of oil wells, there are many situations in which it is crucial to regulate the temperature of the cement slurry during and after its placement. Limiting the temperature rise of cement-based composite materials was traditionally achieved by reducing the heat of hydration of the composite (e.g., through the use of supplementary cementitious materials or inert filling materials). However, the total amount of heat generated by a cement composite is primarily determined by the hydration extent of the cement that has a strong correlation with the composite's strength development. Reducing the heat of hydration of oilwell cement through chemical means typically results in lower strength of the material, especially during early ages.

This study investigates the application of a novel material—namely, microencapsulated phase-change material (MPCM)—to regulate the temperature of oilwell cement with a physical method. The MPCM acts as an energy-storage medium that absorbs heat when the temperature of the cement reaches the melting point of the phase-change material (PCM), and releases heat when the temperature drops below its freezing/crystallization point. The solid polymer shell that encapsulates the PCM prevents the melted material from chemically interacting with the cement matrix. Hence, the strength development of the cement matrix is largely unaffected. Moreover, the set cement composite appears to be more elastic and less brittle because of the addition of the MPCM, which is beneficial to the long-term integrity of the cement.

During this study, the heat evolution of cement slurries was investigated by both isothermal calorimetry and semiadiabatic tests. A similar amount of heat was generated by most slurries, as shown by isothermal calorimetry tests. However, results from semiadiabatic tests and compressive-strength tests show that the slurry prepared with MPCM in a solid state exhibited least temperature rise and optimal mechanical properties (high strength and high-strain capacity), which can be attributed to desirable properties of the PCM including high latent heat and low Young's modulus.
Social and private benefits of assisted reproductive technology: a national survey-based evaluation in Israel
Authors: Gonen Limor Dina
Published: December 2015

Background:
The objective of this paper was to measure the private and social benefits resulting from technological advances in fertility treatment.
Methods:
An empirical model investigates the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for advances in the medical technology of
in vitro
fertilization (IVF) among the general public and among IVF patients in Israel.
Results:
The empirical model's findings demonstrate that IVF patients and the general public value medical technology advances and have a positive WTP for it. The average WTP for IVF technology advances, among IVF patients, is US$3116.9 whereas for the general public it is US$2284.4.
Conclusion:
Available evidence suggests that advances in medical technology have delivered substantial benefits and appear to have contributed to improved wellbeing.
Medical Management of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
Authors: Maybin Jacqueline A , Critchley Hilary OD
Published: December 2015

Women with benign heavy menstrual bleeding have the choice of a number of medical treatment options to reduce their blood loss and improve quality of life. The role of the clinician is to provide information to facilitate women in making an appropriate choice. Unfortunately, many options can be associated with hormonal side effects, prevention of fertility and lack of efficacy, leading to discontinuation and progression to surgical interventions. Herein, we discuss the various options currently available to women, including antifibrinolytics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory preparations, oral contraceptive pills and oral, injectable and intrauterine progestogens. In addition, we describe the more novel option of selective progesterone receptor modulators and their current benefits and limitations.
Ambulatory Management of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
Authors: Di Spiezio Sardo Attilio , Spinelli Marialuigia , Zizolfi Brunella , Nappi Carmine
Published: December 2015

Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) has significant adverse effects on the quality of life of many women, placing an economic burden on both health services and society at large. Thus, it is essential that all women with HMB have easy access to the proper diagnostic and therapeutic work-up in an outpatient fashion, avoiding the more time-consuming inpatient management. This new outpatient approach for HMB is one of the latest development of gynecological practice and can offer both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This manuscript aims to show the current possibilities of the modern management of HMB, which can be safely and effectively accomplished in the outpatient setting: global and directed endometrial biopsy, levonorgestrel intrauterine system insertion as well as minimally invasive surgical procedures (encompassing a variety of operative hysteroscopic procedures and second-generation endometrial ablation) are described below.
Pathophysiology of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
Authors: Hapangama Dharani K , Bulmer Judith N
Published: December 2015

Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common gynecological complaint with multiple etiologies and diverse pathophysiological origins. This review discusses HMB with reference to the recently proposed PALM-COEIN classification system for abnormal uterine bleeding, initially describing the endometrial events in normal menstruation followed by discussion of the perturbations of normal endometrial shedding that can result in HMB. Our present understanding of the mechanisms of menstrual bleeding as well as many of the pathological aberrations of HMB is incomplete. Further research into the pathophysiology of HMB is urgently needed, as clear knowledge of the mechanisms of this disorder will provide new therapeutic targets to formulate more effective treatments.
Outcome Measures for Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
Authors: Quinn Stephen D , Higham Jenny
Published: December 2015

Heavy menstrual bleeding is one of the most commonly encountered gynecological problems. While accurate objective quantification of menstrual blood loss is of value in the research setting, it is the subjective assessment of blood loss that is of greater importance when assessing the severity of heavy menstrual bleeding and any subsequent response to treatment. In this review the various approaches to objective, subjective and semi-subjective assessment of menstrual blood loss will be discussed.
Surgical Treatment of Fibroids in Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
Authors: Saridogan Ertan
Published: December 2015

Uterine fibroids can cause abnormal uterine bleeding and their removal is beneficial in the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding associated with fibroids for women who would like to preserve their uterus and fertility. Endoscopic (hysteroscopic and laparoscopic) approaches are the preferred methods of fibroid removal when appropriate. In the presence of submucosal fibroids, hysteroscopic resection is a simple, safe and effective treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding and reduces the need for more major surgery, such as hysterectomy. When abdominal myomectomy is required, laparoscopic myomectomy is the preferred choice in selected cases due to its advantages over open myomectomy.
Assessment of Iron Deficiency and Anemia in Pregnant Women: An Observational French Study
Authors: Harvey Thierry , Zkik Asmaa , Auges Marie , Clavel Thierry
Published: December 2015

Aim:

We explored the prevalence and management of iron deficiency and anemia among pregnant women in France.

Patients & methods:

In this prospective, observational, multicenter registry study, randomly selected investigators (gynecologists/obstetricians/midwives registered in the CEGEDIM® database) assessed pregnant women presenting for a consultation. Participants completed a questionnaire at study inclusion.

Results:

A total of 1506 patients were enrolled by 95 investigators. Overall, investigators estimated a moderate or significant risk of iron deficiency in almost 60% of women. The overall prevalence of anemia (15.8%) increased with longer pregnancy duration. Medication (mainly iron-based) was prescribed to 57.3% of patients.

Conclusion:

In French clinical practice, the estimated risk of iron deficiency and prevalence of anemia during pregnancy align with expectations and are managed according to national/international recommendations.
The inscription of the feminine body in the field of sound: Vocal expression as a platform of feminine writing (écriture féminine)
Authors: Stojanovic Dragana
Published: December 2015

This paper brings together several theoretical issues relevant both to the
fields of musicology/ethnomusicology and feminist/gender studies - above all,
the issue of the status of the voice within the complexity of a
body-textuality tension, and the issue of mapping the strategies of feminine
writing in the contemporary vocal performance. Through the analysis of chosen
case studies it highlights the possibility of making an alteration,
transformation and re-signification of a firm structural linguistic/social
order in the field of sound, thus creating a space for a feminine body to be
heard.
The speech choir in central European theatres and literary-musical works in the first third of the 20th century
Authors: Meyer-Kalkus Reinhart
Published: December 2015

Speech choirs emerged as an offshoot of the choral gatherings of a wider
youth musical and singing movement in the first half of the 20th century. The
occasionally expressed opinion that choral speaking was cultivated primarily
by the Hitler Youth and pressed into service on behalf of Nazi nationalist
and racist propaganda is, historically, only partially accurate. The primary
forces of choral speaking in Germany were, from 1919, the Social Democratic
workers? and cultural movement and the Catholic youth groups, in addition to
elementary and secondary schools. The popularity of speech choirs around 1930
was also echoed in the music of the time. Compositions for musical speech
choirs were produced by composers like Heinz Thiessen, Arnold Sch?nberg,
Ernst Toch, Carl Orff, Vladimir Vogel, Luigi Nono, Helmut Lachenmann and
Wolfgang Rihm. Moving forward from the Sch?nberg School, the post-1945 new
music thereby opens up the spectrum of vocal expressions of sound beyond that
of the singing voice. It does so not only for solo voices but for the choir
as well.
Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682–1771), the First Pediatric Pathologist
Authors: Abramowsky Carlos R. , Berkowitz Frank E.
Published: December 2015

During the age of enlightenment in the 18th century, radical changes were occurring in the Western world in science, medicine, philosophy, religion, and socioeconomic concepts. In medicine, major advances had already been underway since the days of Vesalius.
The Evolution of Pediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma Classification in the Last 50 Years
Authors: Alaggio Rita , Coffin Cheryl M.
Published: December 2015

This review discusses the history of the classification of soft tissue sarcomas in children and adolescents, the current transition toward integration of morphology and molecular genetics as new entities emerge, and future perspectives.
Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia-Like Submucosal Ganglion Cell Hyperplasia at the Proximal Margins of Hirschsprung Disease Resections
Authors: Swaminathan Maya , Oron Assaf P. , Chatterjee Sumantra , Piper Hannah , Cope-Yokoyama Sandy , Chakravarti Aravinda , Kapur Raj P.
Published: December 2015

Intestinal neuronal dysplasia type B (IND) denotes an increased proportion of hyperplastic submucosal ganglia, as resolved histochemically in 15-μm-thick frozen sections. IND has been reported proximal to the aganglionic segment in patients with Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) and is putatively associated with a higher rate of postsurgical dysmotility. We developed and validated histological criteria to diagnose IND-like submucosal ganglion cell hyperplasia (IND-SH) in paraffin sections and used the approach to study the incidence and clinical and/or genetic associations of IND-SH at the proximal margins of HSCR pull-through resection specimens. Full-circumference paraffin sections from the proximal margins of 64 HSCR colonic pull-through specimens and 24 autopsy controls were immunostained for neuron-specific Hu antigen, and nucleated ganglion cells in each submucosal ganglion were counted. In controls, an age-related decline in the relative abundance of “giant” ganglia (≥7 nucleated Hu-positive [Hu+] ganglion cells) was observed. A conservative diagnostic threshold for IND-SH (control mean ± 3× standard deviation) was derived from 15 controls less than 25 weeks of age. No control exceeded this threshold, whereas in the same age range, IND-SH was observed at the proximal margins in 15% (7 of 46) of HSCR resections, up to 15 cm proximal to the aganglionic segment. No significant correlation was observed between IND-SH and length of or distance from the aganglionic segment, sex, trisomy 21, RET or SEMA3C/D polymorphisms, or clinical outcome, but analysis of more patients, with better long-term follow-up will be required to clarify the significance of this histological phenotype.
Picture of Online Shoppers
Authors: Lee Richard J. , Sener Ipek N. , Handy Susan L.
Published: December 2015

Growth in online shopping market share will likely lead to changes in consumer travel patterns. In response to the inevitable transportation impacts of online shopping, a detailed exploratory analysis of shopping survey data (excluding food purchases) was conducted with Davis, California, as a case study. Davis was notable for its lack of major big-box retailers and relative geographic isolation; these factors suggest that it could be particularly well suited to online shopping. Results of the analysis indicated that income and age were associated with a greater likelihood of shopping online, whereas no significant effects were found for gender or the built environment. Online shoppers were also associated with a greater concern for the environment and local community, as well as a positive sentiment toward technology. The study results, though reflecting the unique shopping context in Davis, provide insights into the characteristics and motivations of online consumers.
Platform Edge Detection and Protection Effects on Platform–Train Interface Safety
Authors: Anderson Dylan , Hunter-Zaworski Katharine
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this study was to provide background information and examples of best practices relating to platform–train interface safety. This paper was adapted from a literature review that was undertaken as part of TCRP Project A-40, which aimed to improve platform safety for rail modes of public transportation. The findings were from an extensive literature review, transit operator safety data, input from two workshops, and interviews with various stakeholders. Information was gathered from transit operators, station designers, station builders, car builders, and accessibility equipment manufacturers. The background research showed that platform safety was primarily affected by technical factors, operational aspects, and passenger characteristics. This study identified possible issues and best practices for the technical design aspects of platform edge safety. Certain factors were found to be universal between modes and could be grouped together. However, the research suggests that each mode has many factors that should be considered separately when potential mitigation strategies are determined. The second part of this paper considers each mode separately.
Determinants of Train Service Costs in Metro Operations
Authors: Brage-Ardao Ruben , Graham Daniel J. , Anderson Richard J.
Published: December 2015

Research about service operation costs in the rail sector has usually focused on freight, high-speed, or national passenger rail, but has seldom included the study of the cost of urban rail (metro) rapid transit. This study analyzed the determinants of train service costs for a panel of 24 metro systems worldwide. The study used econometric modeling to assess the relative weight of each factor. Wages and electricity prices and consumption were found to have statistically significant elasticities and evidence of potential substitution effects between factors. Other factors, such as driver productivity, network length, percentage of rolling stock with air conditioning, and rolling stock age, also showed statistically significant elasticities. The study found evidence of strong returns to density and returns to scale in the provision of train service outputs (for example, car kilometers, passenger journeys, and train hours).
Long-Term Upgrade Strategy for Light Rail and Regional Rail
Authors: Walter Stefan , Fellendorf Martin
Published: December 2015

Suburban light rail transit (LRT) and regional rail systems face similar challenges when it comes to upgrade perspectives. A particular planning process is required for upgrade measures apart from conventional alignment modifications. This study investigated the similarities between LRT and regional rail characteristics and developed a robust decision framework that linked demand modeling, timetable construction, and infrastructure design in an integrated approach. The study applied a three-stage planning process for a regional railway system in a midsized Austrian city. A multimodal travel demand model that included demographic changes over the next 2 decades was used. Travel demand was calculated with the current timetable and forecasted changes in regional planning. Within a sensitivity analysis, the impact of alternative timetables on modal shift was checked. A detailed analysis of these results was undertaken to optimize the best-ranked timetable model. Different infrastructure measures such as electrification, double-track sections, road grade crossings, station layout, and alignment changes were identified to match the optimal target timetable with fixed hub-to-hub travel times. Various stakeholders were involved in deciding the political objectives of modal shares, transit headways, and regional rail infrastructure. A well-defined planning process with fixed milestones led to a common agreement on a stepwise upgrade plan for the next 25 years. The proposed method can be applied to regional rail as well as LRT.
Impacts of Unattended Train Operations on Productivity and Efficiency in Metropolitan Railways
Authors: Cohen Judith M. , Barron Alexander S. , Anderson Richard J. , Graham Daniel J.
Published: December 2015

Urban metro subway systems (metros) around the world are choosing increasing levels of automation for new and existing lines: the global length of metro lines capable of unattended train operation (UTO) is predicted to triple in the next 10 years. Despite significant investment in this technology, empirical evidence for the financial and service quality impacts of UTO in metros remains scarce. This study used questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with the Community of Metros and Nova Group benchmarking groups to assemble emerging evidence of how automation affected costs, staffing, service capacity, and reliability. The results from an analysis of data from 23 lines suggested that UTO could reduce staff numbers by 30% to 70%, with the amount of wage cost reduction depending on whether staff on UTO lines were paid more. On the basis of the experience of seven metros, the capital costs of lines capable of UTO were higher, but the internal rate of return had been estimated by two metros at 10% to 15%. Automated lines were capable of operating at the highest service frequencies of up to 42 trains per hour, and the limited available data suggested that automated lines were more reliable. The findings indicated that UTO was a means to a more flexible and reliable operating model that could increase metro productivity and efficiency. The study identified important work needed to understand the impacts of UTO and identify where statistical analyses would add value once sufficiently large data sets became available.
Designing Shuttle Connections to Commuter Rail with Census Origin and Destination Data
Authors: Johnson Gretchen , Scher Hazel , Wittmann Thomas
Published: December 2015

Designing shuttles that help transit riders complete the last mile of their trip (from a transit station or stop to their destination) plays an important role in leveraging rail capacity and growing a regional transit market. Unavailable or imprecise data have made it difficult to conduct effective design for shuttle routes on the basis of a defined potential market. This study developed a methodology for determining the size and location of the untapped market of commuters who drove long distances for work but could have made the same trip with commuter rail and last-mile shuttle service. The analysis was conducted with U.S. Census Longitudinal Employer–Household Dynamics data, a relatively new public data set of statewide workplace and residence pairs at the census block level. As a case study, the analysis was applied to the potential for last-mile shuttle connections between employment and 14 FrontRunner commuter rail stations outside downtown Salt Lake City, Utah. For the shuttle market to be captured, the workplace and residence pairs in this methodology were selected on the basis of three criteria: ( a) a residence within the FrontRunner park-and-ride shed, ( b) a workplace within 2 mi of a FrontRunner station, and ( c) an overall trip distance of 15 mi or greater. The study identified stations with the highest number of trips that met all three criteria and designed shuttle routes on the basis of the associated employment locations. Although this analysis focused on nontraditional commuting patterns, the same methodology would be useful for many other analyses of commuter markets.
Evaluation of the Safe Routes to Transit Program in California
Authors: Weinzimmer David , Sanders Rebecca L. , Dittrich Heidi , Cooper Jill F.
Published: December 2015

This paper elaborates on findings from an evaluation of the San Francisco Bay Area's Safe Routes to Transit (SR2T) program in California. This program funded enhancements to increase walking and cycling to regional transit stations. To understand how the program influenced travel choices, behavior, and perceptions of safety and local air quality, the study surveyed transit users and observed driver, pedestrian, and bicyclist behavior in the periods before and after the enhancements were made at multiple transit stations. Data from the treatment and control stations suggested that the streetscape and roadway improvements made through the SR2T program positively influenced the propensity to walk, bicycle, and take the bus to transit stations, as reported through surveys. In particular, the results showed that walking and bicycling increased by 3% at treatment sites compared with control sites. Bicycling also increased at control sites; this factor indicated a general societal shift. Furthermore, driving decreased 2.5% at treatment sites. Perceived air quality, in general, improved in the posttime period. When asked about perceived traffic risk, bicyclists more than pedestrians reported feeling safer on the road, with 10% of the bicyclists, on average, feeling safer after the improvements. There were also economic benefits from this project—pedestrians and bicyclists were overrepresented in those who stopped en route to transit for food and drink. The evidence suggested that the SR2T program positively affected the decision to walk and bicycle to access transit. The program is recommended for expansion to additional sites.
Placement of Rapid Transit Park-and-Ride Facilities
Authors: Mock Andrew , Thill Jean-Claude
Published: December 2015

This study assessed the state of the practice in figuring out the placement of new rapid transit park-and-ride facilities and whether the existing body of literature was still in harmony with today's practice. The analysis was based on free-form interviews and a survey of transit professionals. The results revealed several emerging differences that had not been discussed in the literature. First, the cost of the park-and-ride facility was of critical importance to transit planners, as the pressure to deliver projects on budget was of the utmost importance. Second, the relationship between land use and park-and-ride demand as placement factors was one of the most important considerations of planners in the location of park-and-ride facilities. Contrary to the situation in larger metropolitan areas, land use compatibility may have superseded potential park-and-ride demand for determining park-and-ride facility locations in midtier cities, where light rail was most prevalent. Third, the survey indicated that individuals in a transit organization may have perceived the value of land use compatibility versus park-and-ride demand differently. Planners and engineers tended to prioritize land use over park-and-ride demand, in contrast to those in managerial positions. Finally, of the factors that transit planners considered when they located park-and-ride facilities, the analysis indicated that considerations aligned with convenience, such as highway access and adjacency to a congested highway, were more valued by transit planners than those that were aligned with economics, such as proximity to a residential area and relationship to primary activity centers. The reverse applied to larger cities.
Acceptance and use of ubiquitous cities’ information services
Authors: Schumann Laura , Stock Wolfgang G.
Published: December 2015

Recently ubiquitous cities have been developed all over the world. They aim at embedding information and communication technology, information services and digital content in the urban landscape to make the citizens’ everyday lives easier. One of these future-oriented cities is Oulu in Finland. It makes part of the most “intelligent” communities in the world. Oulu offers an information and communication infrastructure based on the UbiOulu project. Interactive screens offer different services and free WLAN is accessible at several places. As information services become more and more complex these days, new evaluation methods need to be developed. The offered services are examined with the help of the ISE Model that will be introduced in this paper. The study will answer the fundamental research questions “Do the citizens of Oulu accept and use the touch screen monoliths of the media poles?” and “Do the citizens of Oulu accept and use the city-wide free WiFi?” The main results are: In times of smartphone use, touch screen monoliths are more or less needless, but city-wide WiFi is essential. Furthermore, it is very important to create appropriate city-specific information content to be distributed by city-specific apps or through social media channels.
Antimalarial efficacy of nine medicinal plants traditionally used by the Karens of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Authors: Chander M. Punnam , Pillai C. R. , Vijayachari P.
Published: December 2015

The aim of this study was to assess the antimalarial activity of nine medicinal plants used by Karens of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-sensitive MRC-2 isolate. The methanol extracts were obtained by cold percolation method and in vitro antimalarial activity was assessed using M-III method. The results indicated that out of nine plant species tested, four plants, viz., Z. spectabilis, S. wallichiana, C. pulcherrima and Amomum sp. demonstrated significant antimalarial activity (50% inhibitory concentration values were 5.5 ± 0.7, 12.0 ± 2.5, 14.6 ± 1.3 and 37.3 ± 2.5 μg/mL respectively) with no toxicity effect on erythrocytes.

 
Training in Post Graduate Medical Education: Demands Rethinking
Authors: Alam ABM Maksudul
Published: December 2015

Abstract not availableJ Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2014; 32: 59-60
Role of Serial C-reactive Protein (CRP) in Relation to Total Leucocyte Count, Platelet Count & Blood Culture for early Diagnosis of Neonatal Septicemia in Developing Countries
Authors: Barua Chiranjib , Anwar Md Nurul , Shahidullah Md , Hossain Shahadat , Barua Sharmila , Chowdhury Nobel
Published: December 2015

Neonatal septicemia is a clinical syndrome of systemic illness accompanied by bacteremia occuring in the first 28 days of life. Neonatal septicemia is one of the major causes of neonatal death in developing countries. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent neonatal mortality and morbidity. The present study includes: 1) usefulness of CRP (C-reactive protein), Total Leucocyte Count, Platelet Count and Blood Culture in early diagnosis of Neonatal Sepsis, 2) significance of serial CRP in diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. 3) the prognostic value of CRP in neonatal sepsis. This is a prospective study done in neonatal ward, Chittagong Medical College Hospital and carried out from January 2008 to January 2011. Sample size was 300. One hundred fifty neonates with suspected sepsis as cases and 150 healthy babies as control were enrolled in this study. Seventy two percent of cases neonates were preterm and low birth weight. Common risk factors for neonatal septicemia which were identified in this study; preterm (72%), low birth weight (72%), premature rupture membrane (60%), chorioamnionitis (26%) and maternal urinary tract infection (16%) . Out of 150 cases of suspected neonatal sepsis total 80.7%% had raised CRP, in initial sample 70.39% were CRP positive and in 2nd sample additional 9.31% case were CRP positive . In control group 91% were CRP negative. CRP was positive in 100% of culture proven sepsis. Sensitivity of CRP was 80.67% and specificity of CRP was 76.44%. Leucocytosis was observed in 7% of cases and leucopenia was found in 11% of cases. In 82 % cases leucocyte count was found normal. In control group, 95% had normal leucocyte count and 5% had leucocytosis but no leucopenia. Sensitivity of leucocyte count was 18% and specificity was 20.68%. Thrombocytopenia was found in 28% of case group. Out of 150 cases only 15.33% yielded growth of organisms in blood culture. Klebsiella was the most common pathogen isolated which was followed by E.coli and Strph. aureus. Sensitivity of blood culture was 15.33% and specificity was 100% Therefore serial CRP can be taken as alternative method for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis specially in developing countries where blood culture is not readily available.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2014; 32: 61-65
Early detection of Prostate Cancer Bangladesh Perspective
Authors: Salam MA
Published: December 2015

Abstract not availableJ Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2014; 32: 89-93
Superficial Temporal Artery-Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass (STA-MCA) for Middle Cerebral Artery Dissecting Aneurysm in a Child
Authors: Chowdhury Forhad Hossain , Haque Md Raziul , Islam Md Shafiqul , Sarker Asit Chandra , Alam Sarwar Morshed
Published: December 2015

Intracranial arterial dissection or dissecting aneurysm is relatively uncommon and usually involve the vertebrobasilar system. Here we report a pediatric case of middle cerebral artery dissection/dissecting aneurysm with sub arachnoid hemorrhage and Sylvian fissure hematoma on dominant side. After initial evacuation of hematoma, we went for trapping and excision of dissection/dissecting aneurysm followed by STA-MCA bypass. Patient recovered fully from her neurological deficit. Probably this is the first reported case of STA-MCA bypass in Bangladesh.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2014; 32: 94-98
Letter to the Editor 32(2)
Authors: Mollah Abid Hossain , Khan Zohora Jameela , Begum Most. Umme Habiba
Published: December 2015

Abstract not availableJ Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2014; 32: 112-113
Study of Polycystic Ovaries (PCO) in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh
Authors: Nahar Kamrun , Yasmin Halima , Pramanik Lita
Published: December 2015

Background information: Polycystic ovaries (PCO) and their clinical expression (polycystic ovary syndrome) are conditions characterized by menstrual abnormality, clinical and biochemical features of hyperandrogenism. It is the killer of womanhood. Woman of any ethnic background can present with PCOS.Objectives: To find out demographic characteristics such as age, BMI, clinical presentations like hirsutism, menstrual cycle pattern and fertility status and the hormonal changes like LH/FSH ratio and serum testosterone level.Study design: A descriptive cross sectional study for 1 year from December 2009 to November 2010.Study setting: Outdoor Department of obstetrics and gynaecology and center for Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasonography (CNMU) Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh.Result: Total 55 patients were evaluated. Most common age was 20-29 years (72.7%) with mean age 23.55 years and mean BMI 27.12 kg/m2. Clinical presentations were in this study hirsutism in 36.4%, irregular menstrual cycle in 63.6% and subfertility in 56.3%. Laboratory findings revealed testosterone level was more than normal range in 58% case, LH/FSH ratio was increased (more than 1:1) in 58.2% cases, 26 cases had both increased testosterone level and increased LH/FSH ratio. 17cases had testosterone level within normal range and LH/FSH ratio less than 1:1.Conclusion: There are significant relationship between irregular menstrual cycle pattern and hormonal changes such as testosterone level and LH/FSH ratio. There are also significant relationship between BMI and hirsutism with increased testosterone level.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2014; 32: 142-148
A Comparative Study between Single Dose of Ceftriaxone, Metronidazole and Gentamicine as a Prophylaxis versus Conventional Dose Antibiotic in Hysterectomy in BSMMU
Authors: Munmun Salma Akter , Ara Rowson , Chowdhury Shiuly , Sarkar Mst. Manjumun Ara , Chowdhury Saleha Begum , Parvin Nahida , Sultana Rabeya , Islam Sabiha
Published: December 2015

A prospective study was done in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, BSMMU, Dhaka from January 2006 to December 2006. Hundred cases were studied during this period. The patients admitted for hysterectomy operation were divided into group A and group B. In group A 50 patients received prophylactic injectable 1 gm ceftriaxone, 500 mg metronidazole and 80 mg gentamicine one hour before operation. In group B 50 patients received conventional antibiotic comprising ciprofloxacin for 7 days (both I.V and Oral), metronidazole for 5 days (both I.V and oral) and gentamicine for 3 days (I.V / I.M). After fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria the patients were randomly assigned to receive either parenteral loading dose of 1 gm Ceftriaxone, 500 mg Metronidazole and 80 mg Gentamicine (Group-A) pre-operatively or conventional dose of antibiotic (Group- B). Relevant careful clinical records and data were kept on predesigned proforma. Incidence of post-operative complications, operative time and hospital stay were recorded for each patient. Data was analyzed using SPSS program with the consultation of the statistician. Because of nature of the analysis, only chi-squire(X2) test was applied. Most of the patients (64% in Group-A and 67% in Group-B) were from low socio-economic class. Significant number of patients were anaemic (Hb% between 50-55%) and duration of operation was within 60-89 minutes in most of the cases. There were 3(6%) post operative wound infection in Group- A and 2(4%) post operative wound infection in Group-B after abdominal hysterectomy. 1 patient of Group-A and 1 patient of Group-B developed wound infection after vaginal hysterectomy operation. So, there was no significant difference in post-operative wound infection between Group- A and Group-B. Length of post-operative hospital stays in both groups were within 5-9 days (Group-A 90% and Group- B 92%). The study demonstrates that there is no significant difference regarding surgical outcome between Group-A and Group-B. Moreover the patient of Group-A needs antibiotic cost only Tk. 220 and Group-B needs of about Tk. 640, so that it saves about Tk. 420 which supports the economic benefits for Group-A and cost effectiveness.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2014; 32: 149-152
Kaposis Sarcoma in HIV Positive Male
Authors: Khan Mohammad Emrul Hasan , Parvag Masum , Alam Mahabub , Shahriar Shaon , Seraji Ahmad , Bari Md Shahidul
Published: December 2015

Kaposis sarcoma is a vascular tumor usually involves skin, mucous membrane and other organs. HIV associated Kaposis sarcoma is very rarely reported in Bangladesh. The reporting case was presented with a recurrent, ulcerated, firm nodule on left groin along with multiple blackish flat or raised lesions on different parts of body. According to previous histopathological report this case was operated as a case of recurrent fibrous histiocytoma and this time the diagnosis was confirmed histologically and by immunohistochemistry as Kaposis sarcoma. Later, it was found that the patient is serologically positive for HIV.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2014; 32: 164-166
BeckwithWiedemann Syndrome
Authors: Mohsin Fauzia , Islam Rubaiya , Begum Tahmina , Azad Kishwar , Nahar Nazmun
Published: December 2015

BeckwithWiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a disorder of growth regulation characterized by macrosomia, macroglossia and developmental abnormalities with a predisposition to tumour development. The diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome may be missed because of variable or incomplete clinical expression. Here we present a case of a newborn delivered at BIRDEM (Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders) General Hospital, presenting with macrosomia, macroglossia and hypoglycaemia. The baby also had umbilical hernia and asymmetry of limbs. The case is presented in order to create further awareness and to highlight the peculiarity of management of this rare disorder.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2014; 32: 167-170
Physiological and Cognitive Effects of Acute Normobaric Hypoxia and Modulations from Oxygen Breathing
Authors: Malle Carine , Bourrilhon Cyprien , Quinette Peggy , Laisney Mickaël , Eustache Francis , Piérard Christophe
Published: December 2015

INTRODUCTION: The emergence of normobaric devices for hypoxia awareness training makes crucial the study of physiological and cognitive effects induced by acute normobaric hypoxia (NH) exposure. Our study aimed to 1) investigate the effects of acute NH exposure on physiological
variables and working memory; and 2) investigate the physiological and cognitive effects of oxygen breathing before and after acute NH exposure.METHODS: There were 86 healthy men who were randomized into 4 groups: the Normoxia-Air group (N = 23), whose subjects were breathing
air; the Hypoxia-Air group (N = 22), where NH exposure was preceded and followed by air breathing; the Normoxia-O2 group (N = 21), whose protocol was similar to the Normoxia-Air group, except with the addition of 100% O2 breathing periods; and the Hypoxia-O2
group (N = 20), whose participants were exposed to 100% O2 before and after NH exposure. Working memory was assessed with the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test. Peripheral oxygen saturation (Spo2), heart rate (HR), and electroencephalogram (EEG) were
recorded.RESULTS: Acute NH exposure induced a classical physiological response (i.e., decreased Spo2 and increased HR), but not identical to the well-described physiological response to acute hypobaric hypoxia. Acute NH also caused a strong impairment in working
memory. Oxygen breathing following NH exposure induced a slowing in the EEG associated with a worsening of working memory performance.DISCUSSION: Acute NH exposure revealed a good surrogate for the classical hypobaric chamber for refresher hypoxia awareness training. Because the
association between hypoxia and hyperoxia seems deleterious for the brain, we suggest that NH exposure should be surrounded by air breathing.Malle C, Bourrilhon C, Quinette P, Laisney M, Eustache F, Piérard C. Physiological and cognitive effects of acute normobaric hypoxia and modulations from oxygen breathing. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(1):3–12.
On the Kung-Traub Conjecture for Iterative Methods for Solving Quadratic Equations
Authors: Babajee Diyashvir
Published: December 2015

Kung-Traub’s conjecture states that an optimal iterative method based on d function evaluations for finding a simple zero of a nonlinear function could achieve a maximum convergence order of 2 d−1. During the last years, many attempts have been made to prove this conjecture or develop optimal methods which satisfy the conjecture. We understand from the conjecture that the maximum order reached by a method with three function evaluations is four, even for quadratic functions. In this paper, we show that the conjecture fails for quadratic functions. In fact, we can find a 2-point method with three function evaluations reaching fifth order convergence. We also develop 2-point 3rd to 8th order methods with one function and two first derivative evaluations using weight functions. Furthermore, we show that with the same number of function evaluations we can develop higher order 2-point methods of order r + 2 , where r is a positive integer, ≥ 1 . We also show that we can develop a higher order method with the same number of function evaluations if we know the asymptotic error constant of the previous method. We prove the local convergence of these methods which we term as Babajee’s Quadratic Iterative Methods and we extend these methods to systems involving quadratic equations. We test our methods with some numerical experiments including an application to Chandrasekhar’s integral equation arising in radiative heat transfer theory.
Effect of Post-Annealing on the Microstructure and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Ba(Co0.7Zn0.3)1/3Nb2/3O3 Ceramics
Authors: Itaalit Brahim , Mouyane Mohamed , Bernard Jérôme , Womes Manfred , Houivet David
Published: December 2015

The effects of post-annealing on the crystal structure, microstructure, and microwave dielectric properties for Ba(Co0.7Zn0.3)1/3Nb2/3O3 ceramics were investigated. The as-prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The microwave dielectric properties are measured at 6 GHz using a network analyzer. Ba5Nb4O15 and/or Ba8(Co,Zn)1Nb6O24 secondary phases were found on the surface according to sintering conditions due to volatilization of some Zn and Co elements. The experimental results show that the beneficial effect of the annealing steps to improved the microwave dielectric properties. Excellent microwave dielectric properties were achieved for the coarse-grained microstructures by a higher sintering temperature and with a shorter holding time followed by annealing steps at lower temperatures with a longer holding time. This improvement can be attributed to 1:2 cation ordering within the crystal, which is taking place during annealing process. The Ba(Co0.7Zn0.3)1/3Nb2/3O3 ceramic could be used successfully for realization of dielectric microwave resonators, since it has a high quality factor Qf value of 123,700 GHz, a high dielectric constant εr value of 34.5 and a temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency τf of 0 ppm/°C.
Frequency and Character of Extreme Aerosol Events in the Southwestern United States: A Case Study Analysis in Arizona
Authors: Lopez David , Rabbani Michael , Crosbie Ewan , Raman Aishwarya , Arellano Avelino , Sorooshian Armin
Published: December 2015

This study uses more than a decade’s worth of data across Arizona to characterize the spatiotemporal distribution, frequency, and source of extreme aerosol events, defined as when the concentration of a species on a particular day exceeds that of the average plus two standard deviations for that given month. Depending on which of eight sites studied, between 5% and 7% of the total days exhibited an extreme aerosol event due to either extreme levels of PM10, PM2.5, and/or fine soil. Grand Canyon exhibited the most extreme event days (120, i.e., 7% of its total days). Fine soil is the pollutant type that most frequently impacted multiple sites at once at an extreme level. PM10, PM2.5, fine soil, non-Asian dust, and Elemental Carbon extreme events occurred most frequently in August. Nearly all Asian dust extreme events occurred between March and June. Extreme Elemental Carbon events have decreased as a function of time with statistical significance, while other pollutant categories did not show any significant change. Extreme events were most frequent for the various pollutant categories on either Wednesday or Thursday, but there was no statistically significant difference in the number of events on any particular day or on weekends versus weekdays.