bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism and Kinetics of the Reaction of Nitrate Radicals with Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Paradzinsky Mark , Ponukumati Aditya , Tanko James M.
Published: August 2022

Rate constants for the reaction of nitrate radical (NO3⋅) with several carboxylic acids (RCO2H) were measured in acetonitrile using laser flash photolysis, and found to be on the order of 105–106 M−1s−1. No observable H/D kinetic isotope effect was observed at the carboxyl O−H group, α‐C−H bond and (possibly) in the case of formic acid, the formylic C−H bond. This suggests that NO3⋅ does not abstract hydrogen from any of these positions despite the fact that all these processes are thermodynamically favorable. Reactivity increases with increased length and/or branching of the alkyl side chain (R), and approaches, but does not quite reach, that of an alkane towards NO3⋅. The relative inertness of carboxylic acids towards NO3⋅ can be explained by the polar effect.
Practical Considerations for Single‐Cell Genomics
Authors: Regan Claire , Preall Jonathan
Published: August 2022

The single‐cell revolution in the field of genomics is in full bloom, with clever new molecular biology tricks appearing regularly that allow researchers to explore new modalities or scale up their projects to millions of cells and beyond. Techniques abound to measure RNA expression, DNA alterations, protein abundance, chromatin accessibility, and more, all with single‐cell resolution and often in combination. Despite such a rapidly changing technology landscape, there are several fundamental principles that are applicable to the majority of experimental workflows to help users avoid pitfalls and exploit the advantages of the chosen platform. In this overview article, we describe a variety of popular single‐cell genomics technologies and address some common questions pertaining to study design, sample preparation, quality control, and sequencing strategy. As the majority of relevant publications currently revolve around single‐cell RNA‐seq, we will prioritize this genomics modality in our discussion. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Methods to Evaluate the Potential Clinical Significance of Antibodies to Red Blood Cells
Authors: Boligan Kayluz Frias , Sandhu Gurleen , Branch Donald R.
Published: August 2022

Immune‐mediated red blood cell (RBC) destruction due to antibodies is an ongoing problem in transfusion medicine for the selection of the safest blood. Serological testing often revealed incompatibility with donors’ RBCs. When this incompatible blood was transfused, destruction was due mostly to extravascular‐mediated phagocytosis of the antibody‐opsonized RBCs; however, intravascular hemolysis was sometimes observed without explanation. Based on serology, antibodies with potential for clinical sequalae could not be ascertained; thus, antigen‐negative blood was usually selected for transfusion to avoid problems. Antibodies to antigens having very high frequency in the general population (>95%), however, made selection of antigen‐negative blood difficult and sometimes impossible. Some patients, who were sensitized by previous transfusions or by pregnancy, developed multiple antibodies, again creating a problem for finding compatible blood for transfusion, without the ability to discern which of the antibodies may be clinically irrelevant and ignored. Transfusion medicine scientists began searching for an in vitro means to determine the in vivo outcome of transfusion of blood that was serologically incompatible. Methods such as chemiluminescence, monocyte‐macrophage phagocytosis, and antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were described. Over the years, the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) has emerged as the most reliable in vitro assay for the prediction of the clinical relevance of a given antibody. ADCC has not been fully studied but has the potential to be useful for predicting which antibodies may result in intravascular hemolysis. This article captures the protocols for the implementation and readout of the MMA and ADCC assays for use in predicting the clinical significance of antibodies in a transfusion setting. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Monocyte monolayer assay (MMA)

Basic Protocol 2: Antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay (ADCC)
Forest restoration treatments increased growth and did not change survival of ponderosa pines in severe drought, Arizona
Authors: Fulé Peter Z. , Sánchez Meador Andrew J. , Moore Margaret M. , Covington W. Wallace , Kolb Thomas E. , Huffman David W. , Normandin Donald P. , Roccaforte John Paul
Published: August 2022

We report on survival and growth of ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosaDouglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson) 2 decades after forest restoration treatments in the G. A. Pearson Natural Area, northern Arizona. Despite protection from harvest that conserved old trees, a dense forest susceptible to uncharacteristically severe disturbance had developed during more than a century of exclusion of the previous frequent surface‐fire regime that ceased upon Euro‐American settlement in approximately 1876. Trees were thinned in 1993 to emulate prefire‐exclusion forest conditions, accumulated forest floor was removed, and surface fire was re‐introduced at 4‐years intervals (full restoration). There was also a partial restoration treatment consisting of thinning alone. Compared with untreated controls, mortality of old trees (mean age 243 years, maximum 462 years) differed by <1 tree ha−1and old‐tree survival was statistically indistinguishable between treatments (90.5% control, 92.3% full, 82.6% partial). Post‐treatment growth as measured by basal area increment of both old (pre‐1876) and young (post‐1876) pines was significantly higher in both treatments than counterpart control trees for more than 2 decades following thinning. Drought meeting the definition of megadrought affected the region almost all the time since the onset of the experiment, including 3 years that were severely dry. Growth of all trees declined in the driest 3 years, but old and young treated trees had significantly less decline. Association of tree growth with temperature (negative correlation) and precipitation (positive correlation) was much weaker in treated trees, indicating that they may experience less growth decline from warmer, drier conditions predicted in future decades. Overall, tree responses after the first 2 decades following treatment suggest that forest restoration treatments have led to substantial, sustained improvement in the growth of old and young ponderosa pines without affecting old‐tree survival, thereby improving resilience to a warming climate.
The Cancer Stem Cell Potency of Group 10‐Azadiphosphine Metal Complexes
Authors: Xiao Zhiyin , Northcote‐Smith Joshua , Johnson Alice , Singh Kuldip , Suntharalingam Kogularamanan
Published: August 2022

The cancer stem cell (CSC) potency of a series of structurally analogous Group 10‐azadiphosphine metal complexes is reported. The complexes comprise a Group 10 metal (Ni for 1, Pd for 2, or Pt for 3), an azadiphosphine ligand, and two chloride ligands. The complexes exhibit micromolar potency towards bulk breast cancer cells and breast CSCs cultured in monolayer systems. The cytotoxicity of the complexes is comparable to or better than clinically used metallopharmaceuticals, cisplatin and carboplatin, and the gold‐standard anti‐breast CSC agent, salinomycin. Notably, the breast CSC mammosphere inhibitory effect and potency of the complexes is dependent on the Group 10 metal present, increasing in the following order: 3<2<1. This study highlights the importance of the metal within a given series of structurally related compounds to their breast CSC mammosphere activity and reinforces the therapeutic potential of Group 10 coordination complexes as anti‐CSC agents.
Complementary Cooperative Catalytic Systems in the Aerobic Oxidation of a Wide Range of Si−H‐Reagents to Si−OH‐Products: From Monomers to Oligomers and Polymers
Authors: Goncharova Irina K. , Tukhvatshin Rinat S. , Novikov Roman A. , Volodin Alexander D. , Korlyukov Alexander A. , Lakhtin Valentin G. , Arzumanyan Ashot V.
Published: August 2022

The article presents an in‐depth study of the applicability of cooperative [M]‐/Organo‐catalytic systems in aerobic Si−H‐functionalization. A thorough kinetic study allowed us to identify two “complementary” catalytic systems based on earth‐abundant [M]‐catalysts and inexpensive commercially available organic catalysts. The first system, Co(OAc)2/N‐hydroxysuccinimide, made it possible to oxidize a Si−H‐group to a Si−OH‐group in a wide range of monomers, including previously unknown ones, that dramatically differ in their reactivity. However, this system failed in the case of oligomeric and polymeric substrates. This problem was solved by application of the Cu(OAc)2/N‐hydroxyphthalimide system. A wide potential for gram‐scale (50–100 g) preparation of Si−OH‐containing products with molecular architectures of different complexity was revealed using the established “substrate‐reactivity‐catalytic system” relationship. In particular, previously unknown types of dumbbell‐shaped and graft polymers were synthesized using alkoxysilanols.
The Prevalence of Opioids in US Drinking Water Sources Detected Using Direct-Injection High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Skaggs Christopher S. , Logue Brian A.
Published: August 2022

Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) contamination of water sources, including opioid contamination, has become more common in recent years. Although drinking water–treatment plants help mitigate API infiltration, API contamination remains in some drinking water sources. Therefore, the ability to detect APIs at ultratrace concentrations is vital to ensure safe drinking water. A method for the ultratrace determination of fentanyl, hydrocodone, and codeine in drinking water via direct injection and high-performance liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed and validated. Drinking water samples (10 ml) are simply syringe-filtered and then analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. A wide linear range (0.25–100 ng/L) and ultratrace limits of detection (80, 150, and 500 pg/L for fentanyl, hydrocodone, and codeine, respectively) were features of the method. The method produced excellent aggregate accuracies of 90%–115% and precisions of ≤11% for the three analytes tested. This method was used to test drinking water samples from 53 US locations, with hydrocodone and codeine detected in approximately 40% of the samples tested at concentrations between 0.3 and 20 ng/L. Codeine was detected at higher concentrations than hydrocodone (up to 7.3 times) for each sample containing these APIs. Fentanyl was not detected in any field drinking water sample. The detection of opioids in a large fraction of the US drinking water samples tested is cause for concern, and these levels should continue to be monitored to ensure that they do not become a threat to human health. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2658–2666. © 2022 SETAC
Advances and prospects in the biosynthesis of vitamin B6 and its bioengineering as a cofactor of other chemicals
Authors: Wu Lijuan , Liu Linxia , Jin Zhaoxia , Zhang Dawei
Published: August 2022

Vitamin B6 is an essential nutrient, which is widely used in food products, feed additives, pharmaceuticals, disease diagnosis, and other fields. Pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6, is an important coenzyme participating in a variety of enzyme reactions. At present, the oxazole method is mainly used for the production of vitamin B6, but toxic and corrosive intermediates produced in the synthesis process, which does not conform to the green manufacturing. Therefore, there is considerable interest in shifting from chemical processes to sustainable fermentation techniques and research on PLP metabolism of other valuable compounds. In this review, we will briefly describe the enzymes that PLP participated and focus on the advances in vitamin B6 biosynthesis and discuss its application to engineering bacteria that overproduce other commercially valuable substances including cadaverine, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetate‐l‐alanine, γ‐aminobutyric acid, and l‐phosphinothricin. It will provide a reference for the biosynthesis of vitamin B6 or other valuable compounds in which PLP participates in the reaction, and we also look forward to the future development prospect of PLP.
Salivary bypass tube in total laryngectomy: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Costantino Andrea , Pace Gian Marco , Festa Bianca Maria , Ferreli Fabio , Malvezzi Luca , Spriano Giuseppe , Mercante Giuseppe , De Virgilio Armando
Published: August 2022

The aim of this study is to determine whether the preventive positioning of a salivary bypass tube (SBT) after total laryngectomy (TL) reduces the incidence of postoperative pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) and pharyngeal stenosis (PS). This study was conducted in conformity with the PRISMA statement. 1960 patients with a median age of 62.0 years were included. A SBT was placed in 980 (50%) patients (SBT group). The cumulative PCF incidence in the SBT group was 15.8% (95% CI: 9.3–23.6). The measured pooled OR comparing PCF incidence in patients with SBT compared to those without was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.24–0.65). The pooled PS incidence in the SBT group was 12.3% (95% CI: 5.4–21.6). The measured pooled OR comparing PS incidence in patients with SBT compared to those without was 0.43 (95% CI: 0.24–0.65). PCF and PS could be prevented by the intra‐operative placement of a SBT.
Thirteen cancers associated with HIV infection in a Black South African cancer patient population (1995‐2016)
Authors: Sengayi‐Muchengeti Mazvita , Singh Elvira , Chen Wenlong Carl , Bradshaw Debbie , de Villiers Chantal Babb , Newton Robert , Waterboer Tim , Mathew Christopher G , Sitas Freddy
Published: August 2022

South Africa's HIV epidemic has evolved over time in terms of numbers of people living with HIV, access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) and age. These changes have profoundly influenced local cancer patterns. The Johannesburg Cancer Study has, over a period of 22 years (1995‐2016), recruited over 20 000 incident black cancer patients who consented to provide answers to a questionnaire and blood samples (serum, DNA). This has presented a unique opportunity to examine the evolving association of HIV with cancer in Africa. We used logistic regression models to explore case‐control associations between specific cancers and HIV, using participants with non‐infection related cancers as controls. Using data of 20 835 cancer patients with confirmed HIV status, we found the following cancers to be associated with HIV: Kaposi's sarcoma (ORadj; 95%CI): (99.1;72.6‐135.1), non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (11.3;9.3‐13.6), cervical cancer (2.7;2.4‐3.0), Hodgkin lymphoma (3.1;2.4‐4.2), cancer of the eye/conjunctiva (18.7;10.1‐34.7), anogenital cancers (anus [2.1;1.4‐3.2], penis [5.4;2.7‐10.5], vulva [4.8;3.5‐6.4], vagina [5.5;3.0‐10.2]), oropharyngeal cancer (1.6;1.3‐1.9), squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (3.5;2.4‐4.9), melanoma (2.0;1.2‐3.5) and cancer of the larynx (1.7;1.3‐2.4). Kaposi's sarcoma odds ratios increased from the pre‐ART (1995‐2004) to the early ART (2005‐2009) period but declined in the late ART (2010‐2016) period. Odds ratios for cancers of the eye/conjunctiva, cervix, penis and vulva continued to increase in recent ART periods. Our study confirms the spectrum of HIV‐associated cancers found in other African settings. The odds ratios of conjunctival and HPV‐related cancers continue to rise in the ART era as the HIV positive population ages.
Using synchronous reinforcement to increase mask wearing in adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Authors: McHugh Catherine L. , Dozier Claudia L. , Diaz de Villegas Sara C. , Kanaman Nicole A.
Published: August 2022

In 2020 the Centers for Disease Control provided the public with recommendations to slow the spread of COVID‐19 by wearing a mask in the community. In the current study, experimenters coached group home staff via telehealth to implement synchronous schedules of reinforcement to increase mask wearing for 5 adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Results showed the intervention effectively increased mask wearing for all participants for up to 30 min. Additionally, some participants for whom we assessed generalization of mask wearing demonstrated generalization to various community environments. Furthermore, procedural integrity data suggested staff could be coached via telehealth to implement the intervention, and staff surveys suggested the procedures and coaching were socially valid.
Stabilization of Zn group dimers: A theoretical study
Authors: Borah Ritam R. , Deka Rinu P.
Published: August 2022

Quantum chemical calculations have been carried out to investigate the possibility of Group 12 (Zn, Cd, Hg) dimer formation supported by the B3ring. All these complexes have significantly shorter M‐M (M = Zn, Cd, Hg) distances compared to their bare dimers, M2. The staggered and eclipsed forms of these complexes were found to be nearly degenerate. They have significant bond strengths as revealed from the significantly higher values of Wiberg bond indices as well as bond dissociation energies. The topological feature of electron density reveals significant covalency in the M‐M interaction which has also been confirmed from natural orbital for chemical valence analysis coupled with extended transition state (ETS‐NOCV) calculations.
Age‐Related Differences of Cortical Topology Across the Adult Lifespan: Evidence From a Multisite MRI Study With 1427 Individuals
Authors: Wang Yin , Zhang Yinghui , Zheng Weihao , Liu Xia , Zhao Ziyang , Li Shan , Chen Nan , Yang Lin , Fang Lei , Yao Zhijun , Hu Bin
Published: August 2022

Background

Healthy aging is usually accompanied by alterations in brain network architecture, influencing information processing and cognitive performance. However, age‐associated coordination patterns of morphological networks and cognitive variation are not well understood.

Purpose

To investigate the age‐related differences of cortical topology in morphological brain networks from multiple perspectives.

Study Type

Prospective, observational multisite study.

Population

A total of 1427 healthy participants (59.1% female, 51.75 ± 19.82 years old) from public datasets.

Field Strength/Sequence

1.5 T/3 T, T1‐weighted magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo (MP‐RAGE) sequence.

Assessment

The multimodal parcellation atlas was used to define regions of interest (ROIs). The Jensen‐Shannon divergence‐based individual morphological networks were constructed by estimating the interregional similarity of cortical thickness distribution. Graph‐theory based global network properties were then calculated, followed by ROI analysis (including global/nodal topological analysis and hub analysis) with statistical tests.

Statistical Tests

Chi‐square test, Jensen–Shannon divergence‐based similarity measurement, general linear model with false discovery rate correction. Significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

The clustering coefficient (q = 0.016), global efficiency (q = 0.007), and small‐worldness (q = 0.006) were significantly negatively quadratic correlated with age. The group‐level hubs of seven age groups were found mainly distributed in default mode network, visual network, salient network, and somatosensory motor network (the sum of these hubs' distribution in each group exceeds 55%). Further ROI‐wise analysis showed significant nodal trajectories of intramodular connectivities.

Data Conclusion

These results demonstrated the age‐associated reconfiguration of morphological networks. Specifically, network segregation/integration had an inverted U‐shaped relationship with age, which indicated age‐related differences in transmission efficiency.

Evidence Level

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1
Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and seasonality of acute respiratory infection associated with single and codetected rhinovirus species among hospitalized children in Amman, Jordan
Authors: Talj Rana , Amarin Justin Z. , Rankin Danielle A. , Bloos Sean M. , Shawareb Yanal , Rahman Herdi , Haddadin Zaid , Howard Leigh M. , Probst Varvara , Naffa Randa G. , Johnson Monika , Lane Sidney , Kinzler Amy J. , Spieker Andrew J. , Faouri Samir , Shehabi Asem , Chappell James , Khuri‐Bulos Najwa , Williams John V. , Halasa Natasha
Published: August 2022

Rhinovirus (RV)‐specific surveillance studies in the Middle East are limited. Therefore, we aimed to study the clinical characteristics, outcomes, and seasonality of RV‐associated acute respiratory infection among hospitalized young children in Jordan. We conducted a prospective viral surveillance study and enrolled children <2 years old admitted to a large public hospital in Amman, Jordan (2010–2013). Demographic and clinical data were collected by structured interviews and chart abstractions. Nasal and/or throat swabs were collected and tested for a panel of respiratory viruses, and RV genotyping and speciation was performed. At least one virus was detected in 2641/3168 children (83.4%). RV was the second most common virus detected (n = 1238; 46.9%) and was codetected with another respiratory virus in 730 cases (59.0%). Children with RV codetection were more likely than those with RV‐only detection to have respiratory distress but had similar outcomes. RV‐A accounted for about half of RV‐positive cases (54.7%), while children with RV‐C had a higher frequency of wheezing and reactive airway disease. RV was detected year‐round and peaked during winter. In conclusion, though children with RV codetection had worse clinical findings, neither codetection nor species affected most clinical outcomes.
Understanding of the interaction of biological macromolecules with lipids using vibrational sum‐frequency generation spectroscopy
Authors: Sarkar Sunipa , Bisoi Asim , Singh Prashant Chandra
Published: August 2022

Interfacial water associated with phospholipids plays an important role in different biological processes such as fibrillation of disordered protein, neurotransmitter interaction with lipids, and hydrated proton translocation. However, understanding the structural change of interfacial water and phospholipids during these biological processes is difficult due to the lack of appropriate selective technique and soft nature of these interfaces. Vibrational sum‐frequency generation (VSFG) is a second‐order nonlinear spectroscopic technique, which has the inherent surface selectivity as well as sensitivity and hence has been utilized to understand the properties of interfaces. In this review, the utilization of VSFG technique has been discussed in understanding the structural change of interfacial water and lipids during several biological processes.
Long‐Term Outcomes of End‐Flexible‐Rigidscopic Transoral Surgery for Pharyngolaryngeal Cancer
Authors: Watanabe Yoshiki , Tanaka Shinzo , Hasebe Koki , Hiratsuka Yasuyuki , Yoshida Takao , Kusano Junko , Hori Shusei , Okamura Kana , Tanaka Chisato , Fujikawa Shiori , Osada Yuka , Minoyama Manabu
Published: August 2022

Objective

End‐flexible‐rigidscopic transoral surgery (E‐TOS) is a new and minimally invasive transoral surgery for resection of Tis‐selected T3 pharyngolaryngeal cancers. We evaluated long‐term oncological outcomes and whether postoperative voice and swallowing function were preserved following E‐TOS.

Methods

In this retrospective single‐center study, 154 patients treated with E‐TOS using a curved retractor, flexible‐tip rigid endoscope, and thin curved instruments were included. Their survival rate, larynx preservation rate, and disease control rate were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Postoperative voice function was evaluated using both objective and subjective tests. Postoperative swallowing function was assessed using the Hyodo score and the functional outcome swallowing scale.

Results

The 3‐year and 5‐year overall survival, disease‐specific survival, disease‐free survival, laryngectomy‐free survival, local control, and loco‐regional control rates post E‐TOS were 89.8% and 82.2%, 95.6% and 92.3%, 78.5% and 70.3%, 87.2% and 80.9%, 93.9% and 92.5%, and 87.2% and 85.7%, respectively. Both objective and subjective postoperative voice and swallowing function tests were within normal limits in more than 90% of the patients.

Conclusion

E‐TOS is an effective, safe, low‐cost, and minimally invasive transoral surgery for Tis‐selected T3 pharyngolaryngeal cancer; it also preserves postoperative voice, larynx, and swallowing function.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 133:1415–1424, 2023
Monopolar Electrosurgery With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Cass Nathan D. , Lindquist Nathan R. , Bennett Marc L. , Haynes David S.
Published: August 2022

Objective

To evaluate safety of monopolar electrosurgery (MES) in patients with cochlear implants (CIs) by reporting outcomes of a series of patients who underwent MES after CI.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Patients

Patients with indwelling CI subsequently undergoing surgery with operative note specifically detailing MES use.

Main Outcome Measures

Adverse outcomes in post‐operative audiology/otolaryngology documentation; speech recognition scores.

Results

Thirty‐five patients (10 with bilateral CI) experienced 63 unique MES exposure events, 85.7% below and 14.3% above the clavicle. No adverse events or decreased performance due to MES use were reported for any patient. Pre‐ and immediate postoperative speech recognition scores were not significantly different for patients using either consonant‐nucleus‐consonant (CNC; n = 23, 68%–66%, p = 0.80) or AzBio (n = 15, 82%–88%, p = 0.60). For individual CNC performance, 21 (91%) patients demonstrated stability, 1 improved >15%, and 1 declined >15%, although this patient had become a non‐user due to magnet issues and, after resolution of these issues, exceeded baseline pre‐operative score. For individual AzBio performance, 12 (80%) patients demonstrated stability, 3 improved >15%, and none declined >15%.

Conclusions

No adverse events resulted from MES use in CI patients. Given the increased prevalence and expansion of indications for CIs, and widespread utility of MES, we suggest clarification and improved guidance from device manufacturers regarding safety and use of MES for patients with these devices. We hope that data regarding electrosurgery exposure events will better inform clinician decision‐making with regards to relative benefits and risks for MES use for CI patients.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 133:933–937, 2023
A Systematic Review of the Spectrum and Prevalence of Non‐Motor Symptoms in Adults with Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxias
Authors: Malek Naveed , Makawita Chulika , Al‐Sami Yaqub , Aslanyan Aram , de Silva Rajith
Published: August 2022

Background

Cerebellar ataxias comprise a large group of heterogeneous disorders with both motor and non‐motor symptoms (NMS).

Objective

We wanted to ascertain the reported prevalence of NMS in different subtypes of hereditary cerebellar ataxias.

Methods

Systematic review of studies of hereditary cerebellar ataxias (involving >5 patients) who were assessed for NMS, published in the English literature in PUBMED and EMBASE databases from 1947 to 2021.

Results

A total of 35 papers, with data from 1311 autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), 893 autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia (ARCA), and 53 X‐linked ataxia cases were included with a total of 450 controls. Mean age for SCA cases at diagnosis was 47.6 (SD, 14.9) years, for ARCA cases was 34.6 (SD, 14.7) years and for X‐linked ataxia cases was 68.6 (9.1) years. The prevalence of cognitive problems in SCAs was between 23% and 75% (ranging from mild to severe), being least prevalent in SCA6. The prevalence of depression in SCAs was between 13% and 69% and sleep disorders were between 7% and 80%. Pain was reported by 18% to 60% of patients, especially in SCA3, and fatigue by 53% to 70%. The prevalence of reported cognitive dysfunction in ARCA was 12.5% to 100% and depression between 14% and 51%. The prevalence of anxiety in X‐linked ataxias (FXTAS) was 17 % and depression 55%.

Conclusions

The presence of NMS in hereditary cerebellar ataxias is common. The prevalence and spectrum of NMS in SCAs, ARCAs, and X‐linked ataxias vary. In routine clinical practice, NMS in cerebellar ataxias are under‐recognized and certainly under‐reported. Therefore, they are unlikely to be addressed adequately. Improved ascertainment of NMS in cerebellar ataxias in clinical practice will enable holistic treatment of these patients.
Dynamical analysis of rational and semi‐rational solution for a new extended (3 + 1)‐dimensional Kadomtsev‐Petviashvili equation
Authors: Li Lingfei , Yan Yongsheng , Xie Yingying
Published: August 2022

This paper proposes a new extended (3 + 1)‐dimensional Kadomtsev‐Petviashvili equation that portrays a unique dispersion effect about
. Its integrability is confirmed via the WTC‐Kruskal algorithm in Painlevé sense.
‐soliton, breather, and
‐type solitary wave are derived systematically at first. Then, the mixed solution composed of soliton and breather is obtained. In addition, the “long wave” limit is employed to construct rational and semi‐rational solution. The rational solution can be classified as rogue wave,
‐type solitary wave, and lump wave. The semi‐rational solution has the form a hybrid of two solitons, a hybrid of rogue wave and soliton, a hybrid of lump and soliton(s), and a hybrid of lump and breather. The results may help simulate complex waves and their interactions in fluid.
Consumption of Wheat Peptides Improves Functional Constipation: A Translational Study in Humans and Mice
Authors: Wang Qianqian , Shen Fei , Zhang Junhui , Cai Haiying , Pan Ya , Sun Tengjia , Gong Yihang , Du Juan , Zhong Hao , Feng Fengqin
Published: August 2022

Scope

Wheat peptides (WP) are rich in glutamic acid, glutamine, and other bioactive compounds that may benefit gut function and health. This study aims to evaluate the effects of regular consumption of WP on constipation‐induced complications and gut microbiota in humans and mice.

Methods and results

A randomized trial of 49 functional constipation participants is conducted. The weekly amount of spontaneous bowel movements (SBM) increases by 2.09 per week after WP treatment, and by 0.40 per week among the placebo group (PL). Concomitantly, the secondary outcomes show significant improvements in the quality of life‐related to constipation (PAC‐QOL), constipation severity, and satisfaction with the intervention. In the animal study, WP effectively alleviates constipation symptoms and affects the secretion of intestinal mobility‐related neurotransmitters and gastrointestinal hormones in loperamide‐induced constipation mice. Additionally, WP regulates the gene and protein expression levels of water‐electrolyte metabolism and intestinal mobility. Furthermore, WP treatment decreases the abundance of several gut microbiota positively correlated to constipation (Turicibacter, Bacteroides_f_Bacteroidaceae, and Streptococcus) in mice.

Conclusion

WP ameliorates constipation in humans and mice, which could be partly explained by improving water‐electrolyte metabolism, boosting intestinal motility, and reshaping gut microbiota.
Complete 1H, 13C, and 15N assignments of the minor isomer of codeine N‐oxide
Authors: Boiteau Jean‐Guy , Mouis Gregoire , Reverse Kevin , Surget Estelle , Boccadifuoco Gaetan , Dufaÿ Sophie
Published: August 2022

Codeine N‐oxide 2 is an active metabolite of codeine obtained by oxidation and observed as a degradant in codeine drug products such as syrups. Oxidation of codeine's N‐methyl function can deliver two regio‐isomers due to chirality of the tetra‐substituted nitrogen. Hydrogen peroxide oxidation of codeine was performed and induced two different isomers in a 9:1 ratio; these isomers were isolated using preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. We describe the complete assignment of the minor isomer of codeine N‐oxide 3 and attribute a (S) configuration (N‐methyl axial) of the tetra‐substituted nitrogen. The effects of N‐oxidation on the 15N chemical shifts of the codeine are presented. The 15N shifts were determined using the CIGAR‐HMBC experiment at natural abundance, and the nitrogen resonance of codeine shifted downfield from 42.8 to 118.7 ppm for both N‐oxide isomers.
Dynamical low‐rank approximations of solutions to the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation
Authors: Eigel Martin , Schneider Reinhold , Sommer David
Published: August 2022

We present a novel method to approximate optimal feedback laws for nonlinear optimal control based on low‐rank tensor train (TT) decompositions. The approach is based on the Dirac–Frenkel variational principle with the modification that the optimization uses an empirical risk. Compared to current state‐of‐the‐art TT methods, our approach exhibits a greatly reduced computational burden while achieving comparable results. A rigorous description of the numerical scheme and demonstrations of its performance are provided.
Association of cognition with leptin and vascular endothelial growth factor in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Espeland Mark A. , Evans Joni K. , Carmichael Owen , Luchsinger Jose A. , Marcovina Santica M. , Neiberg Rebecca , Johnson Karen C. , Kahn Steven E. , Hayden Kathleen M. ,   for the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) MIND Ancillary Study Group
Published: August 2022

Objective

The 10‐year intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) of the Look AHEAD study left a legacy of relative deficits in cognitive function among participants who entered the clinical trial with obesity or a history of cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that altered levels of two weight‐sensitive proangiogenic cytokines, leptin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), accounted for this concerning finding.

Methods

Serum leptin and VEGF concentrations were determined in 1,279 Look AHEAD participants at baseline, proximal to cessation of the interventions (Epoch 1), and an average of 4 years later (Epoch 2). Up to four standardized assessments of attention, executive function, and memory were collected during follow‐up. Mixed effects models were used to assess relative differences in leptin and VEGF concentrations between intervention groups and whether these accounted for changes in cognitive composite scores.

Results

ILI and diabetes support and education differences in VEGF, but not leptin, concentrations varied depending on baseline history of cardiovascular disease and obesity, but neither leptin nor VEGF concentrations accounted for the relative decrements in cognitive function in participants assigned to ILI.

Conclusions

Alterations in two weight‐sensitive proangiogenic cytokines did not account for the long‐term adverse effects of ILI on cognitive function among adults with diabetes and either obesity or cardiovascular disease.
Graphene‐reinforcednovel poly(acetoxystyrene‐co‐glycidylmethacrylate) composites: Synthesis and optimization of dielectric behaviors using response surface methodology
Authors: Pihtili Güzin
Published: August 2022

In this work, a new copolymer synthesis of Poly(acetoxystyrene‐co‐glycidylmethacrylate) (P[AOS‐co‐GMA]) by free radical polymerization (FRP) method is reported. The polymer composites (P[AOS‐co‐GMA]/graphene), containing different amounts of graphene, were prepared by the solution casting technique. Composites of Poly(acetoxystyrene‐co‐glycidylmethacrylate) loaded with 2.03 mass%, 5.00 mass%, 7.97 mass%, and 10 mass% graphene. The structure of AOS‐GMA systems was characterized by fourier transform infrared,1H‐NMR and scanning electron microscopy. Thermal features were evaluated by the thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The aim of this study is to optimize the ε′ (dielectric constant) and ε′′ (dielectric loss factor) of pure polymer and graphene‐doped (2.03‐5‐7.97‐10 mass%) P(AOS‐co‐GMA) composite using response surface methodology. For optimization of the process and creation of the mathematical model, the central composite design package was used. The significance of the process parameters in the model was evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) research. The effects of process parameters, frequency (Hz), voltage (V), and graphene ratio (mass%) on ε′ and ε′′ were examined at ambient temperature. The maximum ε″ value (8.01) was reached at around the 699 Hz frequency and at 11.43 V voltage at the graphene content of 9.82 mass%. The model estimated the maximum value of the ε′′ (0.08) when the frequency was set at 51.20, the voltage was fixed at 1.16 and the graphene content was fixed at 9.97 wt%. The ANOVA results showed that frequency and graphene content were the main model parameters and had a remarkable effect on the dielectric properties. This article presents the development of a new polymeric composite and optimize effect of process parameters, such as frequency (A), voltage (B) and amount of graphene (C).
Professional engagement and professional values among teachers in Turkish primary schools: Examining the mediating effect of professional efficacy
Authors: Balkar Betül , Alev Sedat
Published: August 2022

Objective

The present research investigates direct relationships between professional values, professional efficacy, and professional engagement among primary school teachers. The mediating role of professional efficacy in the relationship between values and engagement, that is, whether greater adoption of professional values leads to greater professional efficacy, which in turn leads to greater professional engagement is explored.

Method

A correlational design was used in the research. Survey data were collected from 370 primary school teachers in the city of Gaziantep, Turkey. Research data were collected through self‐report questionnaires that assessed the variables of the research. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and the bootstrap method.

Results

The results showed direct positive associations between the research variables and a partial mediating role of efficacy between values and engagement. While higher adoption of professional values directly led to greater professional engagement, it also predicted increases in professional efficacy and, in turn, indirectly increased teacher engagement.

Conclusions

Teachers who adopt professional values more strongly are more likely to demonstrate efficacy in their profession, which, in turn, enhances their professional engagement. These results shed light on how to increase teacher engagement.
Comparison of in‐person and synchronous remote musculoskeletal exam using augmented reality and haptics: A pilot study
Authors: Borresen Aleks , Chakka Keerthana , Wu Richard , Lin Chung‐Kuang , Wolfe Cody , Prabhakaran Balakrishnan , Annaswamy Thiru M.
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Utilization of telemedicine for health care delivery increased rapidly during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. However, physical examination during telehealth visits remains limited. A novel telerehabilitation system—The Augmented Reality‐based Telerehabilitation System with Haptics (ARTESH)—shows promise for performing synchronous, remote musculoskeletal examination.

Objective

To assess the potential of ARTESH in remotely examining upper extremity passive range of motion (PROM) and maximum isometric strength (MIS).

Design

In this cross‐sectional pilot study, we compared the in‐person (reference standard) and remote evaluations (ARTESH) of participants' upper extremity PROM and MIS in 10 shoulder and arm movements. The evaluators were blinded to each other's results.

Setting

Participants underwent in‐person evaluations at a Veterans Affairs hospital's outpatient Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) clinic, and underwent remote examination using ARTESH with the evaluator located at a research lab 30 miles away, connected via a high‐speed network.

Patients

Fifteen participants with upper extremity pain and/or weakness.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Inter‐rater agreement between in‐person and remote evaluations on 10 PROM and MIS movements and presence/absence of pain with movement was calculated.

Results

The highest inter‐rater agreements were noted in shoulder abduction and protraction PROM (kappa (κ) = 0.44, confidence interval (CI): −0.1 to 1.0), and in elbow flexion, shoulder abduction, and shoulder protraction MIS (κ = 0.63, CI: 0 to 1.0).

Conclusions

This pilot study suggests that synchronous tele‐physical examination using the ARTESH system with augmented reality and haptics has the potential to provide enhanced value to existing telemedicine platforms. With the additional technological and procedural improvements and with an adequately powered study, the accuracy of ARTESH‐enabled remote tele‐physical examinations can be better evaluated.
Prostate cancer grade downgrading at time of prostatectomy provides risk‐stratification insight into future tumor behavior after prostatectomy
Authors: Wang Shu , Ryan Russell J. , Drescher Max , Park Ashley , Legesse Teklu , Kundra Vikas , Tran Phuoc T. , Phelan Michael , Naslund Michael , Minhaj Siddiqui M.
Published: August 2022

Background

Prostate biopsy (Bx) sampling‐based diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) has well‐described inaccuracy when compared against whole gland analysis upon prostatectomy. Although upgrading of PCa Grade Group (GG) is often described, the occurrence and prognostic implications of downgrading PCa GG at the time of radical prostatectomy (RP) is less understood. Our objective was to evaluate whether downgrading PCa GG at the time of RP was associated with future tumor behavior.

Methods

The SEER database was searched from 2010 to 2017 and patients were included if they were assigned pathological grades on both Bx and RP specimen. Patients were stratified into Bx GG > RP GG and Bx GG ≤ RP GG groups, and tumor behavior after treatment was examined. Cox regression was used for the survival analysis.

Results

Here, 99,835 patients were included in this study. A total of 18,516 (18.5%) patients encountered downgrading from Bx GG to RP GG. A downgrading of 1 grade occurred in 13,969 (75.4%) of these patients and of 2 or more grades occurred in 4547 (24.6%) patients. A history of higher Bx GG compared with RP GG increased the risk of cancer‐specific mortality (CSM) for each given RP GG controlling for age, race, preop prostate‐specific antigen level, percentage of positive biopsy cores, and pathologic TNM stages. Specifically, a history of high Bx GG conferred a 45% increased risk of CSM for any given RP GG (hazard ratio = 1.45 95% confidence interval = 1.16–1.82, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

A history of higher Bx GG, and hence downgrading at the time of RP, demonstrates some value as a risk‐stratification tool for future cancer outcomes after prostatectomy.
Understanding and managing hazards of lithium‐ion battery systems
Authors: Snyder Mike , Theis Amy
Published: August 2022

Over the last decade, the rapid development of lithium‐ion battery (LIB) technology has provided many new opportunities for both Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and Electric Vehicle (EV) markets. At the same time, fire and explosion risks associated with this type of high‐energy battery technology have become a major safety concern. Many advances have been made in understanding reactive chemistry and fire‐safety issues related to both thermal runaway and fire hazards presented by LIBs. Thermal runaway or fire can occur from battery manufacturing defects, charging system malfunctions, extreme abuse conditions that may result from a faulty operation or traffic accidents, and end‐of‐life battery handling. Failure of the battery is often accompanied by the release of toxic gas, fire, jet flames, and explosion hazards, which present unique exposures to workers and emergency response personnel. LIB fires often present complex emergency response challenges, requiring extensive amounts of water applied over several hours to cool batteries, extinguish the fire, and prevent reignition. This paper overviews the fundamental principles required to establish a basis of safety for proper storage, handling, and use of LIBs. Starting with an overview of the technology used in LIB systems, the paper will provide a review of common sources for thermal runaways and fire events and practical ways used to prevent their occurrence. While regulatory coverage for LIB storage, handling, and use is still in various stages of development, a growing body of international best practices and consensus views have emerged. Finally, to safely address thermal runaway and fire events, an overview of global best practices for emergency response activities involving LIBs is provided.
Evaluating invasion risk and population dynamics of the brown marmorated stink bug across the contiguous United States
Authors: Illán Javier Gutiérrez , Zhu Gengping , Walgenbach James F , Acebes‐Doria Angel , Agnello Arthur M , Alston Diane G , Andrews Heather , Beers Elisabeth H , Bergh J Christopher , Bessin Ricardo T , Blaauw Brett R , Buntin G David , Burkness Erik C , Cullum John P , Daane Kent M , Fann Lauren E , Fisher Joanna , Girod Pierre , Gut Larry J , Hamilton George C , Hepler James R , Hilton Richard , Hoelmer Kim A , Hutchison William D , Jentsch Peter J , Joseph Shimat V , Kennedy George G , Krawczyk Grzegorz , Kuhar Thomas P , Lee Jana C , Leskey Tracy C , Marshal Adrian T , Milnes Joshua M , Nielsen Anne L , Patel Dilani K , Peterson Hillary D , Reisig Dominic D , Rijal Jhalendra P , Sial Ashfaq A , Spears Lori R , Stahl Judith M , Tatman Kathy M , Taylor Sally V , Tillman Glynn , Toews Michael D , Villanueva Raul T , Welty Celeste , Wiman Nik G , Wilson Julianna K , Zalom Frank G , Crowder David W
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND

Invasive species threaten the productivity and stability of natural and managed ecosystems. Predicting the spread of invaders, which can aid in early mitigation efforts, is a major challenge, especially in the face of climate change. While ecological niche models are effective tools to assess habitat suitability for invaders, such models have rarely been created for invasive pest species with rapidly expanding ranges. Here, we leveraged a national monitoring effort from 543 sites over 3 years to assess factors mediating the occurrence and abundance of brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB, Halyomorpha halys), an invasive insect pest that has readily established throughout much of the United States.

RESULTS

We used maximum entropy models to estimate the suitable habitat of BMSB under several climate scenarios, and generalized boosted models to assess environmental factors that regulated BMSB abundance. Our models captured BMSB distribution and abundance with high accuracy, and predicted a 70% increase in suitable habitat under future climate scenarios. However, environmental factors that mediated the geographical distribution of BMSB were different from those driving abundance. While BMSB occurrence was most affected by winter precipitation and proximity to populated areas, BMSB abundance was influenced most strongly by evapotranspiration and solar photoperiod.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that linking models of establishment (occurrence) and population dynamics (abundance) offers a more effective way to forecast the spread and impact of BMSB and other invasive species than simply occurrence‐based models, allowing for targeted mitigation efforts. Implications of distribution shifts under climate change are discussed. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.