bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die psychische Gesundheit von Geflüchteten in Deutschland
Authors: Keller Alex Maximilian , Hajji Rahim
Published: February 2021

Hintergrund

Die Erfahrung von (Bürger‑)Krieg, von politischen, wirtschaftlichen sowie sozialen Krisen im Herkunftsland, das Erleben von Bedrohung, Ausbeutung auf der Flucht und die Wahrnehmung von Abwertung und Ablehnung im Aufnahmeland stellen Belastungserlebnisse dar, die die psychische Gesundheit von Geflüchteten beeinträchtigen können.

Fragestellung

Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung steht die Frage, ob das Gefühl „willkommen zu sein“ im Aufnahmeland Deutschland im direkten oder indirekten Zusammenhang mit der psychischen Gesundheit der Geflüchteten steht und inwieweit die Lebenszufriedenheit als Mediator den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Gefühl „willkommen zu sein“ und der psychischen Gesundheit der Geflüchteten erklären kann.

Methodik

Die Studie basiert auf der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung. Die Daten von 4321 Geflüchteten aus dem Erhebungsjahr 2018, welche in Deutschland zwischen Januar 2013 und Dezember 2016 einen Asylantrag gestellt haben, sind ausgewertet worden. Zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung ist eine Mediationsanalyse durchgeführt worden.

Ergebnisse

Das Gefühl „willkommen zu sein“ wirkt sich indirekt über die Lebenszufriedenheit als Mediator auf die psychische Gesundheit der Geflüchteten aus.

Schlussfolgerungen

Deutschland kann durch die Entwicklung der Willkommenskultur Einfluss auf das Gefühl „willkommen zu sein“ nehmen und damit die Lebenszufriedenheit der Geflüchteten fördern und in der Folge ihre psychische Gesundheit stärken.
Accumulated effects of chronic, acute and man-induced erosion in Nørlev strand on the Danish west coast
Authors: Rivero Ofelia Yocasta , Margheritini Lucia , Frigaard Peter
Published: February 2021

This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the erosion at Nørlev Strand located on the Danish west coast. This location suffers from severe erosion; the result of a combined chronic, acute and, at least partially, man-induced erosion. The analysis is done by studying the average climatic conditions in the vicinity, and the effects of storms. Analysis shows an increase in the measured moderate to large wave events and consequent connection of the erosion problem to climate change. Other effects of climate change such as increase in rainfall were also considered and a surprisingly good correlation was found between coastal erosion in Nørlev and national storm records. Furthermore, a shift in mean wave direction has also been noted in the case of waves coming from the north. The significance that these changes can have in the sediment is assessed quantitatively through numerical modelling.
Chronic hypoparathyroidism and treatment with teriparatide
Authors: Marcucci Gemma , Masi Laura , Cianferotti Luisella , Giusti Francesca , Fossi Caterina , Parri Simone , Gronchi Giorgio , Brandi Maria Luisa
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Chronic hypoparathyroidism is usually treated with calcium and active vitamin D metabolites or analogs, despite the fact that their chronic use can lead to long-term complications. The use of hormone replacement therapy with PTH peptides [teriparatide and rhPTH (1–84)] has therefore been proposed. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of teriparatide dose at 20 µg once or twice daily, in order to maintain normocalcemia reducing standard treatment, in adult patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism not well controlled with conventional treatment.

Methods

The study was a Phase III, open-label, non-comparative, clinical investigation (study period: 3 months), at a tertiary care clinical research center. Thirty patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism were screened, and 12 started teriparatide. After the optimization phase (0–4 weeks), calcium and calcitriol supplements were progressively reduced, while teriparatide 20 µg once daily was administered (5–7 weeks), and then could be titrated up to 20 µg twice daily (7–17 weeks). The main outcome measures included serum and urinary biochemical exams and Rand 36-Item Short Form Health Survey.

Results

This study showed that teriparatide 20 µg once daily was insufficient to discontinue calcium and calcitriol supplements to maintain normal serum calcium concentrations. Conversely, for more than half of patients treated with teriparatide 20 µg twice daily, calcium and calcitriol administration was avoidable, but in some cases at the expense of serum calcium and phosphate oscillations.

Conclusions

Since intervention trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of teriparatide in hypoparathyroid patients are not yet available, the routine use of this molecule poses some doubts.
Water shutoff and conformance improvement: an introduction
Authors: Seright Randy , Brattekas Bergit
Published: February 2021

This paper provides an introduction to the topic of water shutoff and conformance improvement. After indicating the volumes of water produced during oilfield operations, a strategy is provided for attacking excess water production problems. Problem types are categorized, typical methods of problem diagnosis are mentioned, and the range of solutions is introduced for each problem type. In the third section of the paper, the concept of disproportionate permeability reduction is introduced—where polymers and gels may reduce permeability to water more than to oil or gas. When and where this property is of value is discussed. The fourth section describes the properties of formed gels as they extrude through fractures and how those properties can be of value when treating conformance problems caused by fractures. Section 5 covers the efficiency with which gels block fractures after gel placement—especially, the impact of fluids injected subsequent to the gel treatment.
Biochar from lab-scale pyrolysis: influence of feedstock and operational temperature
Authors: Ferraro Giovanni , Pecori Giuditta , Rosi Luca , Bettucci Lorenzo , Fratini Emiliano , Casini David , Rizzo Andrea Maria , Chiaramonti David
Published: February 2021

Biochar properties are highly dependent on the feedstock type and operational conditions during thermochemical processing, in particular slow pyrolysis. To clarify this aspect, nine biochars were produced by pyrolyzing in a macro TGA at 400, 550, and 650 °C three different decorticated and chopped biomasses. The studied biomasses are representative of conifer (black pine) and deciduous (poplar and willow) woods. Biochar surface area, size, and shape of pores were investigated by means of nitrogen adsorption isotherm, Hg porosimetry, and electron microscopy. The results indicate that biochars with high surface area can be obtained at high temperature, especially starting from pine feedstock. Regarding porosity, micro-pores (1–10 nm) are not remarkably affected by the starting feedstocks, while macro-pores (> 10 nm) are strictly connected with the morphology of the starting wood. More than the surface area, we found a strong correlation between the chemical composition (elemental composition and FTIR) of the biochars and their retention and release capacity of ions (cation exchange capacity, CEC). The trend in the CEC, determined via coupled approach by spectrophotometric and ion chromatography, reveals that the increase in the processing temperature has the effect of reducing the number of functional groups able of exchanging the cations with the equilibrium solution. This work represents a step forward in the characterization of the char produced by pyrolysis of biomass thanks to the development of a multi-technique approach allowing to obtain a structure-property correlation of the biochars. Our results and experimental approach can help in the optimization of the parameters used in the preparation of these materials.

Graphical abstract
The nature buffer: the missing link in climate change and mental health research
Authors: Dillman-Hasso Naseem
Published: February 2021

The connections between climate change and mental health are well known (Berry et al., Int J Publ Health 55(2):123–132, 2010; Clayton and Manning 2018; Kim et al., J Environ Sci Health C 32(3):299–318, 2014). Research also points to the positive impacts of nature on mental health, well-being, and attention (Capaldi et al., Int J Wellbeing 5(4):1–16, 2015; Kaplan and Kaplan 1989; Tillmann et al., J Epidemiol Community Health 72(10):958–966, 2018). However, no empirical research has examined how degradation of nature as a result of climate change can impact the mental health benefits that nature provides. This paper first reviews the existing research on the negative mental health consequences of climate change and the benefits of nature exposure for stress, mental health, and well-being. The connection between these two lines of research is examined in order to fully understand the impacts of climate change on mental health. Suggestions for future research are included.
Effect of Posterior Tracheopexy on Risk of Recurrence in Children after Recurrent Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula Repair
Authors: Kamran Ali , Zendejas Benjamin , Meisner Jay , Choi Sukgi S. , Munoz-San Julian Carlos , Ngo Peter , Manfredi Michael , Yasuda Jessica L. , Smithers Jason C , Hamilton Thomas E. , Jennings Russell W.
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND:

A recurrent tracheo-esophageal fistula can complicate esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) repair in children. Therapeutic approaches and the rate of recurrence vary widely. Most reports are limited by small cohorts and short-term follow-up, and rates of re-recurrence are substantial, making it difficult to select the treatment of choice. We aimed to review our experience with the treatment of recurrent TEF using posterior tracheopexy, focusing on operative risks and long-term outcomes.

STUDY DESIGN:

We conducted a retrospective review of patients with esophageal atresia TEF with recurrent TEF treated at 2 institutions from 2011 to 2020. We approach recurrent TEFs surgically. Once the TEF is divided and repaired, the membranous trachea is sutured to the anterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (posterior tracheopexy) and the esophagus is rotated into the right chest (rotational esophagoplasty), separating the suture lines widely. To detect re-recurrence, patients undergo endoscopic surveillance during follow-up.

RESULTS:

Sixty-two patients with a recurrent TEF were surgically treated (posterior tracheopexy/rotational esophagoplasty) at a median age of 14 months. All had significant respiratory symptoms. On referral, 24 had earlier failed endoscopic and/or surgical attempts at repair. Twenty-nine required a concomitant esophageal anastomotic stricturoplasty or stricture resection. Postoperative morbidity included 3 esophageal leaks, and 1 transient vocal cord dysfunction. We have identified no recurrences, with a median follow-up of 2.5 years, and all symptoms have resolved.

CONCLUSIONS:

The surgical treatment of recurrent TEFs that incorporates a posterior tracheopexy and rotational esophagoplasty is highly effective for preventing re-recurrence with low perioperative morbidity.
The Nature of Failure: The Protracted Demise of the American-Colombian Corporation, 1909–1960
Authors: VAN AUSDAL SHAWN
Published: February 2021

For 50 years, the American-Colombian Corporation owned the largest property in Colombia: the Lands of Loba. While the principal investors, men from Utah and later also Laurance and Nelson Rockefeller, dreamed of making a fortune from this tropical “fairyland,” none of their plans bore fruit and they eventually lost control to thousands of so-called squatters. To explain the failure of an American free-standing company, this article emphasizes misguided perceptions and a challenging external environment rather than managerial inexperience. Examining recycled notions of tropical abundance demonstrates how ideas of nature can influence investment decisions. Overlapping property rights and tension between possession and title complicated company efforts to raise capital. Local resistance and a fractured political landscape further limited its influence. Ultimately, the very scale of the property both generated delusions of grandeur and frustrated the company’s territorial control.
Eliciting Beliefs as Distributions in Online Surveys
Authors: Leemann Lucas , Stoetzer Lukas F. , Traunmüller Richard
Published: February 2021

Citizens’ beliefs about uncertain events are fundamental variables in many areas of political science. While beliefs are often conceptualized in the form of distributions, obtaining reliable measures in terms of full probability densities is a difficult task. In this letter, we ask if there is an effective way of eliciting beliefs as distributions in the context of online surveys. Relying on experimental evidence, we evaluate the performance of five different elicitation methods designed to capture citizens’ uncertain expectations. Our results suggest that an elicitation method originally proposed by Manski (2009) performs well. It measures average citizens’ subjective belief distributions reliably and is easily implemented in the context of regular (online) surveys. We expect that a wider use of this method will lead to considerable improvements in the study of citizens’ expectations and beliefs.
‘Piano ou Clavecin?’ Joaquín Nin’s Feud with Wanda Landowska’s Harpsichord
Authors: GONZALO DELGADO SONIA
Published: February 2021

Wanda Landowska and Joaquín Nin were, in the context of the Parisian Schola Cantorum during the first decade of the twentieth century, two of the leading artists performing the harpsichord repertoire. This established them as pioneers of its concert practice, but their irreconcilable attitudes to performance – Landowska’s supposedly historical/reconstructive (employing the harpsichord) and Nin’s updated (employing the modern piano) – embroiled them in a fierce controversy conducted in French and Spanish journals between November 1911 and October 1912. This article examines a large quantity of unedited correspondence together with the relevant press articles in the context of the two performers’ agendas. The results suggest that this controversy was an unprecedented marketing strategy orchestrated by Nin against, but reliant upon, Landowska’s success at the time when he was about to make his début in Spain. However, the unforeseen and long-lasting consequences of this controversy brought priceless publicity for Landowska’s cause: the revival of the harpsichord.
Survival and predation rate of wild-caught and commercially produced Orius majusculus (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)
Authors: Jensen Kim , Toft Søren , Sørensen Jesper G. , Holmstrup Martin
Published: February 2021

The quality of biological control agents used in augmentative releases may be affected by rearing conditions due to inbreeding or laboratory adaptation, or to phenotypic effects of the rearing environment. We hypothesized that individuals from a wild population would be in better body condition and kill more prey than individuals from a commercially produced population. We caught wild Orius majusculus (Reuter) in a maize field and compared their initial body mass, survival, and prey reduction capacity to commercially produced O. majusculus. Predation capacity and survival were compared in short-term Petri dish tests with Frankliniella tenuicornis (Uzel) thrips, Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) moth eggs, or Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) aphids as prey, and in longer-term outdoor mesocosms containing live seedling wheat grass with thrips or aphids as prey. Wild-caught O. majusculus were typically heavier and overall had higher survival during tests than commercially produced O. majusculus. Females were heavier than males and typically killed more prey. However, we found no difference between wild-caught and commercially produced individuals on prey reduction, neither in Petri dishes nor in mesocosms. Our study suggests that commercially produced O. majusculus have lower body condition than wild O. majusculus due to their lower body mass and survival, but that this does not have any negative effect on the number of pest prey killed over the timelines and conditions of our tests. Commercially produced O. majusculus thus did not have a lower impact on pest prey numbers than wild-caught individuals and therefore had similar biological control value under our study conditions.
Helminth infections in Italian donkeys: Strongylus vulgaris more common than Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
Authors: Buono F. , Veronesi F. , Pacifico L. , Roncoroni C. , Napoli E. , Zanzani S.A. , Mariani U. , Neola B. , Sgroi G. , Piantedosi D. , Nielsen M.K. , Veneziano V.
Published: February 2021

Donkeys have been used as working animals for transport and farm activities worldwide. Recently, in European countries, there has been an increasing interest in donkeys due to their use as pets, onotherapy or milk production. During 2014–2016, a countrywide survey was conducted to determine prevalence and risk factors of principal helminth infections in 1775 donkeys in 77 Italian farms. A questionnaire on management and parasite control practices was filled out for each farm. Faecal samples were examined using a modified McMaster technique, a centrifugation/flotation method and a sedimentation technique. Pooled coprocultures were performed for differentiation of strongylid eggs. Strongyles were the most common parasites detected (84.9%), followed by Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (6.9%), Oxyuris equi (5.8%), Parascaris spp. (3.6%), Anoplocephala spp. (1.0%), Strongyloides westeri (0.3%). Coprocultures revealed an omnipresence of cyathostomins (100%), followed by Strongylus vulgaris (31.0%), Poteriostomum spp. (25.0%), Triodontophorus spp. (9.0%), Strongylus edentatus (7.0%), Strongylus equinus (5.0%). Logistic regression analysis identified breed, co-pasture with horses, living area, herd size and number of treatments as significantly associated with strongyles. Sex, age, living area and herd size were significantly associated with Parascaris spp. Dictyocaulus arnfieldi was significantly associated with sex, grass, co-pasture with horses, living area and herd size. Strongylus vulgaris was significantly associated with living area and herd size. The mean number of anthelmintic treatments/year was 1.4; most of the donkeys (71.8%) were dewormed using an ivermectin drug. It is important to design parasite programs to specifically address both D. arnfieldi and S. vulgaris in donkeys, and this is especially important if donkeys co-graze with horses.
Plasma sheet thinning due to loss of near-Earth magnetotail plasma
Authors: Tretler Rudolf , Tatsuno Tomo , Hosokawa Keisuke
Published: February 2021

A one-dimensional (1-D) model for thinning of the Earth's plasma sheet (Chaoet al.,Planet. Space Sci., vol. 25, 1977, p. 703) according to the current disruption (CD) model of auroral breakup is extended to two dimensions. A rarefaction wave, which is a signature component of the CD model, is generated with an initial disturbance. In the 1-D gas model, the rarefaction wave propagates tailward at sound velocity and is assumed to cause thinning. Extending to a two-dimensional (2-D) gas model of a simplified plasma sheet configuration, the rarefaction wave is weakened, and the thinning ceases to propagate. Extending further to a 2-D plasma model by adding magnetic field into the lobes, the rarefaction wave is quickly lost in the plasma sheet recompression, but the plasma sheet thinning is still present. It propagates at a slower velocity than a 1-D model suggests, behind a wave train of pulses of increased pressure generated by the thinning process itself. This shows that the dynamics of plasma sheet thinning may be dominated by sheet–lobe interactions that are absent from the 1-D model and may not support the behaviour assumed by the CD model.
Insights into the functions and RNA binding of Trypanosoma brucei ZC3H22, RBP9 and DRBD7
Authors: Erben Esteban , Leiss Kevin , Liu Bin , Gil Diana Inchaustegui , Helbig Claudia , Clayton Christine
Published: February 2021

Trypanosoma brucei is unusually reliant on mRNA-binding proteins to control mRNA fate, because its protein-coding genes lack individual promoters. We here focus on three trypanosome RNA-binding proteins. ZC3H22 is specific to Tsetse fly forms, RBP9 is preferentially expressed in bloodstream forms; and DRBD7 is constitutively expressed. Depletion of RBP9 or DRBD7 did not affect bloodstream-form trypanosome growth. ZC3H22 depletion from procyclic forms caused cell clumping, decreased expression of genes required for cell growth and proliferation, and increased expression of some epimastigote markers. Apart from decreases in mRNAs encoding enzymes of glucose metabolism, levels of most ZC3H22-bound transcripts were unaffected by ZC3H22 depletion. We compared ZC3H22, RBP9 and DRBD7 RNA binding with that of 16 other RNA-binding proteins. ZC3H22, PUF3 and ERBP1 show a preference for ribosomal protein mRNAs. RBP9 preferentially binds mRNAs that are more abundant in bloodstream forms than in procyclic forms. RBP9, ZC3H5, ZC3H30 and DRBD7 prefer mRNAs with long coding regions; UBP1-associated mRNAs have long 3′-untranslated regions; and RRM1 prefers mRNAs with long 3′or 5′-untranslated regions. We suggest that proteins that prefer long mRNAs may have relatively short or degenerate binding sites, and that preferences for A or U increase binding in untranslated regions.
Some gastrointestinal nematodes and ixodid ticks shared by several wildlife species in the Kruger National Park, South Africa
Authors: Horak Ivan G. , Boomker Joop , Junker Kerstin , Gallivan G. James
Published: February 2021

Parasite surveys were conducted for 1–2 years in the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa on blue wildebeest, impalas, greater kudus, common warthogs and scrub hares. The host associations of some of the gastrointestinal nematode species infecting ≥60% of at least one of the five host species, were determined. These were Agriostomum gorgonis, Cooperia acutispiculum, Cooperia connochaeti, Cooperia hungi, Cooperia neitzi, Cooperioides hamiltoni, Gaigeria pachyscelis, Haemonchus bedfordi, Haemonchus krugeri, Haemonchus vegliai, Impalaia tuberculata, Longistrongylus sabie, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichostrongylus deflexus and Trichostrongylus thomasi. Although the prevalence of Trichostrongylus falculatus did not exceed 50% in any host species, it was present in all five hosts. Nematodes in the KNP range from those exhibiting strict host associations to generalists. Nematode-host associations may be determined by host feeding patterns and habitat use. Eight ixodid tick species were commonly collected from the same animals and in 2–3 year long surveys from plains zebras and helmeted guinea fowls: Amblyomma hebraeum, Amblyomma marmoreum, Hyalomma truncatum, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus simus and Rhipicephalus zambeziensis. Host specificity was less pronounced in ixodid tick species than in nematodes and the immature stages of five tick species infested all host species examined.
Potential therapeutic targets shared between leishmaniasis and cancer
Authors: Rashidi Sajad , Fernández-Rubio Celia , Manzano-Román Raúl , Mansouri Reza , Shafiei Reza , Ali-Hassanzadeh Mohammad , Barazesh Afshin , Karimazar Mohammadreza , Hatam Gholamreza , Nguewa Paul
Published: February 2021

The association of leishmaniasis and malignancies in human and animal models has been highlighted in recent years. The misdiagnosis of coexistence of leishmaniasis and cancer and the use of common drugs in the treatment of such diseases prompt us to further survey the molecular biology ofLeishmaniaparasites and cancer cells. The information regarding common expressed proteins, as possible therapeutic targets, inLeishmaniaparasites and cancer cells is scarce. Therefore, the current study reviews proteins, and investigates the regulation and functions of several key proteins inLeishmaniaparasites and cancer cells. The up- and down-regulations of such proteins were mostly related to survival, development, pathogenicity, metabolic pathways and vital signalling inLeishmaniaparasites and cancer cells. The presence of common expressed proteins inLeishmaniaparasites and cancer cells reveals valuable information regarding the possible shared mechanisms of pathogenicity and opportunities for therapeutic targeting in leishmaniasis and cancers in the future.
Infection withTrypanosoma lewisiorTrypanosoma musculimay promote the spread ofToxoplasma gondii
Authors: Gao Jiang-Mei , Yi Si-Qi , Geng Guo-Qing , Xu Zhi-Shen , Hide Geoff , Lun Zhao-Rong , Lai De-Hua
Published: February 2021

Toxoplasma gondiican infect almost all warm-blooded vertebrates with pathogensis being largely influenced by the host immune status. As important epidemiological hosts, rodents are globally distributed and are also commonly found infected with haemoflagellates, such as those in the genusTrypanosoma. We here address whether and how co-infection with trypanosomes can influenceT. gondiiinfection in laboratory models. Rats of five strains, co-infected withT. lewisiand mice of four strains, co-infected withT. musculi, were found to be more or less susceptible toT. gondiiinfection, respectively, with corresponding increased or decreased brain cyst burdens. Downregulation of iNOS expression and decreased NO production or reverse were observed in the peritoneal macrophages of rats or mice, infected with trypanosomes, respectively.Trypanosoma lewisiandT. musculican modulate host immune responses, either by enhancement or suppression and influence the outcome ofToxoplasmainfection.
High seroprevalence of COVID-19 infection in a large slum in South India; what does it tell us about managing a pandemic and beyond?
Authors: George Carolin Elizabeth , Inbaraj Leeberk Raja , Chandrasingh Sindhulina , de Witte L. P.
Published: February 2021

People living in urban slums or informal settlements are among the most vulnerable communities, highly susceptible to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and vulnerable to the consequences of the measures taken to control the spread of the virus. Fear and stigma related to infection, mistrust between officials and the population, the often-asymptomatic nature of the disease is likely to lead to under-reporting. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of COVID-19 infection in a large slum in South India 3 months after the index case and recruited 499 adults (age >18 years). The majority (74.3%) were females and about one-third of the population reported comorbidities. The overall seroprevalence of IgG antibody for COVID-19 was 57.9% (95% CI 53.4–62.3). Age, education, occupation and the presence of reported comorbidities were not associated with seroprevalence (P-value >0.05). Case-to-undetected-infections ratio was 1:195 and infection fatality rate was calculated as 2.94 per 10 000 infections. We estimated seroprevalence of COVID-19 was very high in our study population. The focus in this slum should shift from infection prevention to managing the indirect consequences of the pandemic. We recommend seroprevalence studies in such settings before vaccination to identify the vulnerability of COVID-19 infection to optimise the use of insufficient resources. It is a wake-up call to societies and nations, to dedicate paramount attention to slums into recovery and beyond – to build, restore and maintain health equity for the ‘Health and wellbeing of all’.
Comparative study of the efficacy of captopril, simvastatin, and L-carnitine as cardioprotective drugs in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Badreldeen Alshimaa , El Razaky Osama , Erfan Adel , El-Bendary Amal , El Amrousy Doaa
Published: February 2021

Objectives:

To assess the efficacy and safety of captopril, simvastatin, and L-carnitine as cardioprotective drugs in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus on different echocardiographic parameters, electrocardiographic parameter, lipid profile, and carotid intima–media thickness.

Methods:

This randomised controlled trial was conducted on 100 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus for more than 3 years during the period from September 2018 to June 2020. Fifty healthy children of matched age and sex served as a control group. The patients were randomly assigned into four groups (25 children each): no-treatment group who received no cardioprotective drug, simvastatin group who received simvastatin (10–20 mg/day), captopril group who received captopril (0.2 mg/kg/day), and L-carnitine group who received L-carnitine (50 mg/kg/day) for 4 months. Lipid profile, serum troponin I, carotid intima–media thickness, and echocardiographic examinations were performed on all included children before and after the treatment.

Results:

Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein were signiﬁcantly decreased in children who received simvastatin or L-carnitine. Triglycerides significantly decreased only in children who received simvastatin. High-density lipoprotein significantly increased in simvastatin and L-carnitine groups only. Serum troponin I decreased significantly in all the three treatment groups. Carotid intima–media thickness showed no significant change in all treatment groups. Echocardiographic parameters significantly improved in simvastatin, L-carnitine, and captopril groups.

Conclusion:

Captopril, simvastatin, and L-carnitine have a significant beneficial effect on cardiac functions in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, only simvastatin and L-carnitine have a beneficial effect on the lipid profile. The drugs were safe and well tolerated.

Clinical trial registration: The clinical trial was registered at www.clinicaltrial.gov (NCT03660293).
Unusual right pulmonary artery–to-left atrial communication associated with scimitar syndrome
Authors: Mohakud Asish R. , Bawage Sangamesh , Sivakumar Kothandam
Published: February 2021

Right pulmonary artery to left atrial fistula is classified based on the right pulmonary artery branching, individual right pulmonary venous drainage, and presence of an aneurysmal segment. A rare association with scimitar syndrome and right lung devoid of blood supply from right pulmonary artery is described in this report. The anatomical and management differences between the different types are highlighted.
MIXED METRE IN A MIXED TASTE: TELEMANN AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY METRIC THEORY
Authors: NEWTON-JACKSON PAUL
Published: February 2021

The use of integrated time-signature changes in eighteenth-century music has received little attention, probably because it is not considered a significant part of an eighteenth-century composer's toolkit. If mixed metre is discussed at all, it is linked with the late eighteenth-century conceptual shifts in metric theory brought about by Johann Philipp Kirnberger's circle. There exists, however, a substantial repertory of mixed-metre pieces from the first two thirds of the eighteenth century, with many examples to be found in the works of Georg Philipp Telemann. This repertory destabilizes any direct connection between mixed metre and the so-called Akzenttheorie, reminding us that the relationship between theory and practice at this time was far from straightforward. Beyond setting out how early eighteenth-century mixed metre operated within and against contemporary understandings of musical time, this article explores aspects of the origins, function and performance of these remarkable pieces.
ROUSSEAU'S AIR CHINOIS
Authors: MARTIN NATHAN JOHN
Published: February 2021

Among its various ancient and extra-European examples, the celebrated Plate N of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique includes a melody of Chinese provenance. Scholars have proposed three possible sources for the melody: Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot, Jean-Baptiste Du Halde and the Abbé Prévost. By synthesizing the known sources and introducing additional archival evidence I establish that Rousseau took the melody from Du Halde, not Prévost – and definitely not Amiot. Along the way, I provide an account of Amiot's extant manuscripts and their circulation in Enlightenment Paris. These details begin to suggest the broader panorama of the French Enlightenment's encounter with China and the networks of trade, diplomacy and proselytization that facilitated it.
Orthographic Knowledge, and Reading and Spelling: A Longitudinal Study in an Intermediate Depth Orthography
Authors: Querido Luís , Fernandes Sandra , Verhaeghe Arlette
Published: February 2021

Orthographic knowledge is an important contributor to reading and spelling. However, empirical research is unclear about its long-lasting influence along with literacy development. We examined whether reading and spelling benefitted from an independent contribution of lexical and sublexical orthographic knowledge in European Portuguese, an intermediate depth orthography. This was investigated longitudinally from Grade 2 to 5 with two cohorts of Portuguese children, using common measures of orthographic knowledge, and word and pseudoword reading and spelling tasks. Regression analyses showed that lexical orthographic knowledge assessed at the beginning of Grade 2 predicted word reading at the beginning of Grade 3 (p < .05, variance explained = 6%), word spelling at the end of Grade 2 (p < .05, variance explained = 6%) and pseudoword spelling at the beginning of Grade 3 (p < .05, variance explained = 8%). They also revealed that lexical orthographic knowledge assessed at the beginning of Grade 4 predicted word spelling at the end of Grade 4 (p < .001, variance explained = 21%). Differently, sublexical orthographic knowledge evaluated at the beginning of Grade 2 and of Grade 4 only contributed to pseudoword spelling at the beginning of Grade 3 (p < .01, variance explained = 12%), and to pseudoword reading at the end of Grade 5 (p < .01, variance explained = 9%), respectively. Therefore, orthographic knowledge predicted spelling more often and earlier than reading. Furthermore, the results suggest that the influence of orthographic knowledge may vary during literacy development and, along with findings from other studies, that this influence at the lexical level may depend on orthographic consistency.
Effekte vonGuided Clinical Reasoningauf die Qualität des Advanced Nursing Process
Authors: Leoni-Scheiber Claudia , Mayer Hanna , Müller-Staub Maria
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Der korrekt angewandte Advanced Nursing Process führt nachweislich zu genaueren Pflegediagnosen und besseren Patientenergebnissen. ieser erfordert Wissen, klinische Entscheidungsfindungskompetenz und eine positive Einstellung Pflegender. Frühere Guided Clinical Reasoning (GCR)-Schulungen erhöhten die Qualität des Advanced Nursing Process signifikant. Die Übereinstimmung der Dokumentationen mit Pflegesituationen und Patienteninterviews wurde bislang jedoch nicht untersucht. Fragestellung: Welche Effekte hat GCR auf das Wissen, die Einstellung und das Handeln diplomierter Pflegefachpersonen sowie auf die Qualität des Advanced Nursing Process? Methode: Eine experimentelle Interventionsstudie wurde von 2016 bis 2018 in einem Schweizer Spital durchgeführt. Die 5-monatige Intervention umfasste 4 Seminartage und GCR-Fallbesprechungen und wurde anhand eines Evaluationsmodells untersucht (Pflegende n = 95, Patient_innen n = 24, Pflegedokumentationen n = 225). Ergebnisse: Nach GCR zeigten die Teilnehmenden mehr Wissen (p < 0,0001), eine positivere Einstellung (p = 0,004) zum Advanced Nursing Process als die Kontrollgruppe. Die Übereinstimmung von Pflegediagnosen, -interventionen und -ergebnissen zwischen Beobachtungen, Interviews und Dokumenten war ausgeprägter. Zuletzt wurden genauere Pflegediagnosen gestellt, wirksamere -interventionen gewählt und bessere -ergebnisse erreicht (alle p < 0,0005). Schlussfolgerungen: GCR-Schulungen sollten zur Vertiefung des Advanced Nursing Process eingesetzt werden, damit auf Basis genauerer Pflegediagnosen bessere Patientenergebnisse erzielt werden.
Low Self-Esteem as a Risk Factor for Eating Disorders
Authors: Colmsee Isabelle-Sophie O. , Hank Petra , Bošnjak Michael
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Eating disorders are a major health concern and the identification of relevant risk factors is crucial for prevention. This meta-analysis aims to give insight into the relevance of low self-esteem in the development of pathological eating. Longitudinal and partial correlations were synthesized in a random-effects multilevel model. In total, 25 effect sizes were obtained from 13 primary studies. These mainly included females from late childhood to young adulthood. The results reveal a practically relevant effect of self-esteem on eating disorders ( r = −.23, ρ = −.09). This effect was significantly larger for females and for shorter time periods between measurements. Additionally, self-esteem and eating disorders are both temporally stable. It is concluded that low self-esteem acts as a universal risk factor for different eating disorders. Limitations are due to the reliance on bivariate correlations and a small number of effect sizes. The necessity of more high-quality research in this field is discussed.
Impacts of Nocturnal Cloud Top Radiative Cooling on Surface O3 in Sichuan Basin, Southwestern China
Authors: Hu Jun , Hu Xiao‐Ming , Gao Lan , Cai Changjie , Zhao Tianliang , Zhang Xiaoyan
Published: February 2021

Nighttime ozone (O3) reserved over the stable boundary layer (SBL) could contribute significantly to surface O3 levels. While many studies have revealed that daytime convective eddies and turbulence induced by nighttime low‐level jets can mix O3‐rich air over the SBL down to the surface, increasing nocturnal surface O3 within the cloud topped boundary layer has rarely been examined. In this study, we used measurements and a single‐column photochemistry model to investigate O3 variations within the nighttime cloud topped boundary layer over the Sichuan Basin, which is the cloudiest region in southwest China. The Santa Barbara Distort Atmospheric Radiative Transfer radiation model was coupled into the single‐column photochemistry model to investigate the nighttime radiative effects of clouds. The results showed that the nocturnal cloud top radiative cooling generated turbulence and enhanced vertical mixing below the cloud top layer. The cloud‐driven turbulent eddies even penetrated through the SBL to the surface. Consequently, it weakened the decoupling of the SBL from the residual layer. O3‐rich air over the SBL was entrained downwards to the surface, decreasing O3 aloft and increasing surface O3 at nighttime. The cloud top radiative cooling rates were enhanced with the increase in the cloud liquid water path. Higher cooling rates produced stronger turbulent transport of O3, leading to higher nocturnal surface O3 levels. The turbulent transport of O3 induced by cloud top radiative cooling is revealed as an important mechanism of vertical transport of O3 within a cloud topped boundary layer, contributing to the maximum nocturnal surface O3, which has great implications for understanding atmospheric O3 variation.
Daily and Hourly Surface PM2.5 Estimation From Satellite AOD
Authors: Zhang Hai , Kondragunta Shobha
Published: February 2021

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) have been deriving surface particulate matter with a median diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5) from satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Continental United States (CONUS) using a climatological PM2.5‐AOD regression relation. However, because PM2.5‐AOD relation can change over time, this method can have large errors when the relation deviates from the climatological values. In this work, the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model is used to estimate surface PM2.5 from AOD. The parameters of the regression model are derived dynamically in a daily or hourly manner using surface PM2.5 measurements and AOD from satellite. The method is evaluated using Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) AOD and Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) AOD to estimate daily and hourly PM2.5 over CONUS, and Advanced Himawari Imager AOD to estimate hourly PM2.5 over Taiwan. The algorithm performs much better than using simple climatological relationships. The estimated daily PM2.5 from VIIRS AOD has a cross validation (CV) R2 of 0.59 with surface measured PM2.5, bias of 0.09 µg/m3 and Root mean square error (RMSE) of 5.66 µg/m3. The hourly PM2.5 estimates from ABI AOD has a CV R2 of 0.44, bias of 0.04 µg/m3, and RMSE of 4.53 µg/m3. The algorithm will run in near‐real‐time at NOAA to provide air quality community PM2.5 estimates over CONUS.
Late Cretaceous Ridge Reorganization, Microplate Formation, and the Evolution of the Rio Grande Rise – Walvis Ridge Hot Spot Twins, South Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Sager William W. , Thoram Sriharsha , Engfer Daniel W. , Koppers Anthony A. P. , Class Cornelia
Published: February 2021

Rio Grande Rise (RGR) and Walvis Ridge (WR) are South Atlantic large igneous provinces (LIPs), formed on the South American and African plates, respectively, mainly by volcanism from a hot spot erupting at the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR) during the Late Cretaceous. Both display morphologic complexities that imply their tectonic evolution is incompletely understood. We studied bathymetry, gravity, and vertical gravity gradient maps derived from satellite altimetry to trace faults providing indications of seafloor spreading directions and changes. We also examined magnetic anomalies for time constraint and reflection seismic data for structural information. Abyssal hill fabric and magnetic anomaly data indicate that the area between RGR and WR was anomalous between anomalies C34 (83.6 Ma) and C30 (66.4 Ma) owing to reorganization of a right‐lateral transform on the MAR. This event began ∼92 Ma as the transform shifted south to form multiple, short‐offset right‐lateral transforms, with the reorganization extending through anomaly C34 and ending before anomaly C30. Anomalous spacing of magnetic anomalies and discordant fault fabric indicate that a microplate formed with a core of Cretaceous Quiet Zone seafloor. As the MAR jumped eastward, this microplate was captured by the South American plate and now resides mostly in a basin between the main RGR plateau and a related ridge to the east (East Rio Grande Rise). The microplate is ringed by igneous massifs, implying a link with volcanism. The results presented here indicate that these two LIPs had a complex Late Cretaceous history that belies simple hot spot models.
A Multiyear Constraint on Ammonia Emissions and Deposition Within the US Corn Belt
Authors: Hu Cheng , Griffis Timothy J. , Frie Alexander , Baker John M. , Wood Jeffrey D. , Millet Dylan B. , Yu Zhongjie , Yu Xueying , Czarnetzki Alan C.
Published: February 2021

The US Corn Belt is a global hotspot of atmospheric ammonia (NH3), a gas known to adversely impact the environment and human health. We combine hourly tall tower (100 m) measurements and bi‐weekly, spatially distributed, ground‐based observations from the Ammonia Monitoring Network with the US National Emissions Inventory (NEI) and WRF‐Chem simulations to constrain NH3 emissions from April to September 2017–2019. We show that: (1) NH3 emissions peaked from May to July and were 1.6–1.7 times the annual NEI average; (2) average growing season NH3 emissions from agricultural lands were remarkably similar across years (3.27–3.64 nmol m−2 s−1), yet showed substantial episodic variability driven by meteorology and land management; (3) dry deposition was 40% of gross emissions from agricultural lands and exceeded 100% of gross emissions in natural lands. Our findings provide an important benchmark for evaluating future NH3 emissions and mitigation efforts.
Iron Regulation of North Atlantic Eddy Phytoplankton Productivity
Authors: Browning Thomas J. , Al‐Hashem Ali A. , Hopwood Mark J. , Engel Anja , Belkin Igor M. , Wakefield Ewan D. , Fischer Tim , Achterberg Eric P.
Published: February 2021

Cyclonic ocean eddies drive upwelling of deep waters enhanced in nutrients, which can elevate phytoplankton productivity. At mid‐latitudes in the North Atlantic, satellite images show enhanced chlorophyll‐a associated with eddies. However, surface macronutrient concentrations are often not fully depleted in this region, implying enhanced macronutrient supply is not the primary control. We conducted high resolution sampling through two mid‐latitude Atlantic eddies in late spring, located 800 and 350 km east of the Newfoundland Grand Banks. Waters outside of both eddies had unused residual macronutrients, low dissolved iron, and iron‐stressed phytoplankton. Inside both eddies, plankton biomass was higher and macronutrient concentrations lower. However, full macronutrient drawdown and an absence of iron stress were only present in the eddy nearer the continental shelf. From these two examples, iron supply and proximity to shelf iron sources appear to be important factors regulating productivity and macronutrient utilization in mid‐latitude North Atlantic cyclonic eddies.
Observations of the Channel Illuminations During Dark Periods in Long Positive Sparks
Authors: Zhao Xiangen , Liu Xiaopeng , Yang Yongchao , Wang Xiankang , Liu Yang , He Junjia
Published: February 2021

No observations show evidence of ionization in long air gap discharge during dark periods. However, for the first time, weak channel illuminations are observed during the so‐called dark periods in this paper. The length of these faint bright channels is almost constant during each dark period and is nearly equal to that of the remaining low‐density channels created by the previous discharge. The phenomenon, that is, the dark period is not really dark, is more likely to occur at the time when there is a greater change rate of the applied voltage. These findings are based on the high‐speed direct imaging and Schlieren photography together, in which the former is used to visualize the bright channels and the latter to detect the low‐density area.
Local Time and Longitudinal Differences in the Occurrence Frequency of Ionospheric EMIC Waves During Magnetic Storm Periods
Authors: Wang Hui , He Yang Fan , Lühr Hermann , Zhang Jichun
Published: February 2021

The spatial and temporal distributions of ionospheric electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves during magnetic storms from 2014 to 2018 were studied using Swarm observations. Ionospheric EMIC waves preferably occurred during storms and their recovery phases at subauroral regions within an average magnetic latitude of 40–55°. There were more wave events during more intense and longer period storms. However, the correlation between event number and storm duration was not good. This might be due to the effect of heavy oxygen ions on EMIC wave generation and the loss of ring current high‐energy ions by the EMIC waves. There are obvious magnetic local time (MLT) differences in the peak occurrence frequency of EMIC waves during storm phases. The enhanced solar wind dynamic pressure was favorable for duskside EMIC waves. With an increased substorm activity, the wave occurrence rate peak shifted from the morning side to the dusk‐premidnight sector. During the recovery phase of a storm, EMIC waves in the 12–24 MLT sector appeared preferably in the earlier part than those in the 00–12 MLT sector. This shift in local time is related to the eastward rotation of the plasmaspheric plume toward morning during the late storm recovery phase and its overlap with the ring current. Highest occurrence frequency of the storm time EMIC waves could be found in the South Atlantic Anomaly region, which might be related to the drift shell splitting and the wave propagation effect in the weak magnetic field region.