bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mammographic Breast Density, Dense Area, and Breast Area Differences by Phase in the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Buist Diana S.M. , Aiello Erin J. , Miglioretti Diana L. , White Emily
Published: November 2006

Background: Mammographic breast density may be greater in the luteal phase (days 15-30) than the follicular phase (days 1-14) of the menstrual cycle; this may have implications for when mammography screening should occur.

Objective: Examine whether percent breast density, breast area, or dense area differ by menstrual phase.

Methods: We identified 204 premenopausal women with regular periods who were <55 years (mean = 45.0 years) and had two screening mammograms within 9 to 18 months, with one screening between days 9 and 14, and one screening between days 22 and 35 of the menstrual cycle. We measured percent breast density, breast area, and dense area using the Cumulus software. We used linear regression to test for differences in breast density, breast area, and dense area from follicular to luteal phase, adjusting for change in weight and time between exams.

Results: The mean (SD) percent breast density was 35.8% (21.3) in the follicular phase and 36.7% (21.3) in the luteal phase. Multivariable analyses showed small but not statistically significant increases in percent density [1.1%; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), −0.2% to 2.3%] and breast area (16.7 cm2; 95% CI, −2.8 to 36.2) and a statistically significant increase in dense area (13.1 cm2; 95% CI, 0.1-26.1) in the luteal compared with the follicular phase.

Conclusions: Breast density, breast area, and dense area have small, but probably not clinically meaningful, increases in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. However, there are other factors that may differ by menstrual cycle phase that we were unable to assess (e.g., breast compression), which may ultimately influence mammographic sensitivity by menstrual cycle phase. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2303–6)
The Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Region Is Associated with EBV-Positive Hodgkin's Lymphoma: HLA-A and HLA Complex Group 9 Are Putative Candidate Genes
Authors: Niens Marijke , van den Berg Anke , Diepstra Arjan , Nolte Ilja M. , van der Steege Gerrit , Gallagher Alice , Taylor G. Malcolm , Jarrett Ruth F. , Poppema Sibrand , te Meerman Gerard J.
Published: November 2006

Various studies have indicated that the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region is associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma. We recently showed a specific association of the HLA class I region with EBV-positive Hodgkin's lymphoma cases. One haplotype of two consecutive microsatellite markers (D6S265 and D6S510) was overrepresented in the patient group, whereas another haplotype was underrepresented. Here, we did fine mapping of this region of ∼400 kb as a next step to find the causative single-nucleotide polymorphism(s) (SNP). To select candidate SNPs for screening the total study population, several known SNPs were determined by sequencing two individuals homozygous for either of the above-mentioned associated haplotypes. Seven SNPs displayed different alleles in these two individuals and were therefore analyzed in the total study population, including 238 Hodgkin's lymphoma patients and 365 family-based controls. All seven SNPs showed significant association with the EBV-positive patient group. Two of these SNPs were analyzed in a Scottish Hodgkin's lymphoma population and revealed significant associations as well. The associated SNPs are located nearby two putative candidate genes: HLA-A and HLA complex group 9. HLA-A represents the most interesting target because of its consistent expression in EBV-positive Hodgkin's lymphoma cases and its ability to present EBV-derived peptides to cytotoxic T cells. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2280–4)
Glutathione S-Transferase Polymorphisms and the Synergy of Alcohol and Tobacco in Oral, Pharyngeal, and Laryngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Peters Edward S. , McClean Michael D. , Marsit Carmen J. , Luckett Brian , Kelsey Karl T.
Published: November 2006

Investigations of the ability of polymorphisms in the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genes to alter susceptibility to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have examined gene-environment interaction in their detoxification of tobacco-associated carcinogens. Little work has been done to ask if these variant genes also modify the interaction of tobacco and alcohol in the development of HNSCC. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a case-control study, enrolling 692 incident cases of HNSCC and 753 population controls. Information about lifetime tobacco and alcohol use was ascertained through questionnaires, and genotypes for GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 were determined from constitutional DNA. Genotype frequencies were compared among cases and controls, and the association between genotypes and tobacco use was evaluated on cancer risk through logistic regression. Deletion of GSTM1 was associated with an increased risk for HNSCC [odds ratio (OR), 1.3; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.0-1.6]. GSTT1 deletion was associated with a slight decreased HNSCC risk (OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.6-1.0). Among those with GSTM1 present, the OR of cancer for heavy smoking was 2.6 (95% CI, 1.6-4.3) compared with 4.2 for those with the GSTM1 deleted (95% CI, 2.6-6.7). The combination of consuming 10 to 20 alcohol drinks weekly and smoking >45 pack-years was associated with a 13-fold elevated risk (OR, 12.6; 95% CI, 4.0-40.2) among the GSTM1 deleted subjects compared with an OR of 3.6 (95% CI, 1.5-8.7) among the GSTM1 present individuals. These data (showing that the GSTM1 deletion affects on the tobacco and alcohol synergy) suggest that the interaction of these carcinogens is, at least in part, driven by alcohol, enhancing the carcinogenic action of tobacco smoke. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2196–202)
APC E1317Q Is Not Associated with Colorectal Cancer in a Population-Based Case-Control Study in Northern Israel
Authors: Rozek Laura S. , Rennert Gad , Gruber Stephen B.
Published: November 2006

A variant in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene, APC E1317Q, has been inconsistently associated with risk of colorectal cancer. We used data collected as a part of the Molecular Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer study, a population-based study of colorectal cancer in northern Israel (1,834 matched cases and controls), to evaluate the relationship between this variant and risk of sporadic colorectal cancer. There was no association between E1317Q and colorectal cancer [odds ratio (OR), 1.15; 95% CI, 0.65-2.02]. When the control sample was restricted to polyp-free controls, the OR was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.36-2.14), indicating that this result is unlikely to be due to nondifferential misclassification due to undiagnosed polyps. A meta-analysis including these data and prior published reports found a nonsignificant summary OR nearly identical to the association reported here in the Molecular Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer case-control study. Although there are previously published reports addressing this question, due to the low frequency of the variant, many of these studies lack the power to estimate the risk in a meaningful way. Given the substantial size of our study and the consistency of our findings with the results of our meta-analyses, we conclude that it is unlikely that APC E1317Q is associated with a clinically meaningful risk of colorectal cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2325–7)
Gene Expression Profiling on Lung Cancer Outcome Prediction: Present Clinical Value and Future Premise
Authors: Sun Zhifu , Yang Ping
Published: November 2006

DNA microarray has been widely used in cancer research to better predict clinical outcomes and potentially improve patient management. The new approach provides accurate tumor classification and outcome predictions, such as tumor stage, metastatic status, and patient survival, and offers some hope for individualized medicine. However, growing evidence suggests that gene-based prediction is not stable and little is known about the prediction power of gene expression profiles compared with well-known clinical and pathologic predictors. This review summarized up-to-date publications in microarray-based lung cancer clinical outcome prediction and conducted secondary analyses for those with sufficient sample sizes and associated clinical information. Among the most commonly used analytic approaches, unsupervised clustering mainly recaptures tumor histology and provides variable degrees of prediction for tumor stage, lymph node status, or survival. Overall, most studies lack an independent validation. Supervised learning and testing generally offer a better prediction. Noted is that when conventional predictors of age, gender, stage, cell type, and tumor grade are considered collectively, the predictive advantage of the gene expression profiles diminishes. We conclude that outcome prediction from gene expression signatures selected by current analytic approaches can be mostly explained by well-known conventional predictors, particularly histologic subtype and grade of differentiation. A strategy for establishing independent or more accurate signatures is commented. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11):2063–8)
Novel Digitalis-Like Factor, Marinobufotoxin, Isolated From Cultured Y-1 Cells, and Its Hypertensive Effect in Rats
Authors: Yoshika Masamichi , Komiyama Yutaka , Konishi Motomi , Akizawa Toshifumi , Kobayashi Takahisa , Date Mutsuhiro , Kobatake Shinzo , Masuda Midori , Masaki Hiroya , Takahashi Hakuo
Published: November 2006

Marinobufagenin and telecinobufagin have been identified as digitalis-like factors in mammals. In toads, marinobufagenin-related compounds, such as marinobufotoxin (MBT), have been isolated in some tissues but not in mammals, and its biological action has not been elucidated. Herein, we aimed to explore the possible production and/or secretion of MBT and the biological action in rats. First, the MBT in culture supernatant of the adrenocortical-originated cell line Y-1 was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and sensitive ELISA for marinobufagenin-like immunoreactivity. Moreover, the structural information was obtained by mass spectrometry. To determine the biological action, MBT (9.6 and 0.96 μg/kg per day) was intraperitoneally infused via an osmotic minipump for 1 week. Blood pressure and renal excretion of marinobufagenin-like immunoreactivity were measured. Marinobufagenin-like immunoreactivity was found in Y-1 cell culture media, and the concentration increased until 24 hours. The structural analysis suggested that marinobufagenin-like immunoreactivities were marinobufagenin and MBT, and tandem mass spectrum analysis revealed them with the specific daughter ions. The highest sensitive ELISA-positive peak of marinobufagenin-like immunoreactivity in the media was MBT. Continuous administration of MBT in rats for 1 week significantly increased systolic blood pressure and renal excretion of marinobufagenin-like immunoreactivity compared with control rats (135±3.0 versus 126±2.0 mm Hg and 1.41±0.286 versus 0.34±0.064 ng/day, respectively). These data suggest that MBT, arginine-suberoyl ester of marinobufagenin, can be a novel digitalis-like factor with hypertensive action and is secreted from the adrenocortical cells.
Angiotensin-(1-7) Through Receptor Mas Mediates Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation via Akt-Dependent Pathways
Authors: Sampaio Walkyria Oliveira , Souza dos Santos Robson Augusto , Faria-Silva Raphael , da Mata Machado Leonor Tapias , Schiffrin Ernesto L. , Touyz Rhian M.
Published: November 2006

Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] causes endothelial-dependent vasodilation mediated, in part, by NO release. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activation by Ang-(1-7) remain unknown. Using Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected withMascDNA (Chinese hamster ovary-Mas), we evaluated the underlying mechanisms related to receptor Mas–mediated posttranslational eNOS activation and NO release. We further examined the Ang-(1-7) profile of eNOS activation in human aortic endothelial cells, which constitutively express the Mas receptor. Chinese hamster ovary-Mas cells and human aortic endothelial cell were stimulated with Ang-(1-7; 10−7mol/L; 1 to 30 minutes) in the absence or presence of A-779 (10−6mol/L). Additional experiments were performed in the presence of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin (10−6mol/L). Changes in eNOS (at Ser1177/Thr495 residues) and Akt phosphorylation were evaluated by Western blotting. NO release was measured using both the fluorochrome 2,3-diaminonaphthalene and an NO analyzer. Ang-(1-7) significantly stimulated eNOS activation (reciprocal phosphorylation/dephosphorylation at Ser1177/Thr495) and induced a sustained Akt phosphorylation (P<0.05). Concomitantly, a significant increase in NO release was observed (2-fold increase in relation to control). These effects were blocked by A-779. Wortmannin suppressed eNOS activation in both Chinese hamster ovary-Mas and human aortic endothelial cells. Our findings demonstrate that Ang-(1-7), through Mas, stimulates eNOS activation and NO production via Akt-dependent pathways. These novel data highlight the importance of the Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis as a putative regulator of endothelial function.
Intrarenal Dopamine D1-Like Receptor Stimulation Induces Natriuresis via an Angiotensin Type-2 Receptor Mechanism
Authors: Salomone Leslie J. , Howell Nancy L. , McGrath Helen E. , Kemp Brandon A. , Keller Susanna R. , Gildea John J. , Felder Robin A. , Carey Robert M.
Published: November 2006

We explored the effects of direct renal interstitial stimulation of dopamine D1-like receptors with fenoldopam, a selective D1-like receptor agonist, on renal sodium excretion and angiotensin type-2 (AT2) receptor expression and cellular distribution in rats on a high-sodium intake. In contrast to vehicle-infused rats, sodium excretion increased in fenoldopam-infused rats during each of three 1-hour experimental periods (<0.001). Blood pressure was unaffected by vehicle or fenoldopam. In plasma membranes of renal cortical cells, fenoldopam increased D1receptor expression by 38% (P<0.05) and AT2receptor expression by 69% (P<0.01). In plasma membranes of renal proximal tubule cells, fenoldopam increased AT2receptor expression by 108% (P<0.01). In outer apical membranes of proximal tubule cells, fenoldopam increased AT2receptor expression by 59% (P<0.01). No significant change in total AT2receptor protein expression was detectable in response to fenoldopam. Fenoldopam-induced natriuresis was abolished when either PD-123319, a specific AT2receptor antagonist, or SCH-23390, a potent D1-like receptor antagonist, was coinfused with F (P<0.001). In summary, direct renal D1-like receptor activation increased urinary sodium excretion and the plasma membrane expression of AT2receptors in renal cortical and proximal tubule cells. D1-like receptor–induced natriuresis was abolished by intrarenal AT2receptor inhibition. These findings suggest that dopaminergic regulation of sodium excretion involves recruitment of AT2receptors to the outer plasma membranes of renal proximal tubule cells and that dopamine-induced natriuresis requires AT2receptor activation.
Statins Activate AMP-Activated Protein Kinase In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Sun Wei , Lee Tzong-Shyuan , Zhu Minjia , Gu Chunang , Wang Yinsheng , Zhu Yi , Shyy John Y-J.
Published: November 2006

Background—

Statins exert pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system, in part through an increase in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a central role in controlling energy and metabolism homeostasis in various organs. We therefore studied whether statins can activate AMPK, and if so, whether the activated AMPK regulates nitric oxide (NO) production and angiogenesis mediated by endothelial NO synthase, a substrate of AMPK in vascular endothelial cells.

Methods and Results—

Western blotting of protein extracts from human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with atorvastatin revealed increased phosphorylation of AMPK at Thr-172 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The AMPK activity, assessed by SAMS assay, was also increased accordingly. The phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase at Ser-79 and of endothelial NO synthase at Ser-1177, 2 putative downstream targets of AMPK, was inhibited by an adenovirus that expressed a dominant-negative mutant of AMPK (Ad-AMPK-DN) and compound C, an AMPK antagonist. The positive effects of atorvastatin, including NO production, cGMP accumulation, and in vitro angiogenesis in Matrigel, were all blocked by Ad-AMPK-DN. Mice given atorvastatin through gastric gavage showed increased AMPK, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation in mouse aorta and myocardium.

Conclusions—

Statins can rapidly activate AMPK via increased Thr-172 phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. Such phosphorylation results in endothelial NO synthase activation, which provides a novel explanation for the pleiotropic effects of statins that benefit the cardiovascular system.
High Plasma Aldosterone Levels on Admission Are Associated With Death in Patients Presenting With Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Beygui Farzin , Collet Jean-Philippe , Benoliel Jean-Jacques , Vignolles Nicolas , Dumaine Raphaelle , Barthélémy Olivier , Montalescot Gilles
Published: November 2006

Background—

Aldosterone, the final mediator of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway, is at its highest plasma levels at presentation for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Whether aldosterone level at presentation for STEMI is associated with adverse outcome remains unknown.

Methods and Results—

Plasma aldosterone levels were measured at presentation in consecutive patients referred for primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI. We assessed the association between aldosterone levels and in-hospital events and mortality during a 6-month follow-up. Of 356 STEMI patients, 23 and 36 died during the hospital stay and 6-month follow-up period, respectively. Nine other patients survived in-hospital cardiac arrest. High aldosterone levels were associated with an almost stepwise increase in rates of in-hospital death (
P
=0.01), cardiovascular death (
P
=0.03), heart failure (
P
=0.005), ventricular fibrillation (
P
=0.02), and resuscitated cardiac arrest (
P
=0.01). After adjustment for age, Killip class, and reperfusion status, compared with patients in the first aldosterone quartile group, those in the highest quartile were at higher risk of death (hazard ratio 3.28, 95% CI 1.09 to 9.89,
P
=0.035) and death or resuscitated cardiac arrest (hazard ratio 3.74, 95% CI 1.40 to 9.98,
P
=0.008) during the follow-up.

Conclusions—

Plasma aldosterone levels on admission among patients referred for primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI are associated with early and late adverse clinical outcomes, including mortality. The association between high aldosterone levels and late mortality is independent of age, heart failure, and reperfusion status. Such results underline the pivotal role of aldosterone and justify a randomized trial to assess the early administration of aldosterone antagonists in the setting of STEMI.
A Once-Daily, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibitor, Rivaroxaban (BAY 59-7939), for Thromboprophylaxis After Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Eriksson Bengt I. , Borris Lars C. , Dahl Ola E. , Haas Sylvia , Huisman Menno V. , Kakkar Ajay K. , Muehlhofer Eva , Dierig Christoph , Misselwitz Frank , Kälebo Peter
Published: November 2006

Background—

Rivaroxaban (BAY 59-7939)—an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor—could be an alternative to heparins and warfarin for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders.

Methods and Results—

This randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-comparator–controlled, multinational, dose-ranging study assessed the efficacy and safety of once-daily rivaroxaban relative to enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing elective total hip replacement. Patients (n=873) were randomized to once-daily oral rivaroxaban doses of 5, 10, 20, 30, or 40 mg (initiated 6 to 8 hours after surgery) or a once-daily subcutaneous enoxaparin dose of 40 mg (given the evening before and ≥6 hours after surgery). Study drugs were continued for an additional 5 to 9 days; mandatory bilateral venography was performed the following day. The primary end point (composite of any deep vein thrombosis, objectively confirmed pulmonary embolism, and all-cause mortality) was observed in 14.9%, 10.6%, 8.5%, 13.5%, 6.4%, and 25.2% of patients receiving 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg rivaroxaban, and 40 mg enoxaparin, respectively (n=618, per-protocol population). No significant dose–response relationship was found for efficacy (
P
=0.0852). Major postoperative bleeding was observed in 2.3%, 0.7%, 4.3%, 4.9%, 5.1%, and 1.9% of patients receiving 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg rivaroxaban, and 40 mg enoxaparin, respectively (n=845, safety population), representing a significant dose–response relationship (
P
=0.0391).

Conclusions—

Rivaroxaban showed efficacy and safety similar to enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total hip replacement, with the convenience of once-daily oral dosing and without the need for coagulation monitoring. When both efficacy and safety are considered, these results suggest that 10 mg rivaroxaban once daily should be investigated in phase III studies.
The Buffeting of Thailand by the Unholy Trinity of Avian Inºuenza, Tsunami, and the Oil Price Shock
Authors: Nidhiprabha Bhanupong
Published: November 2006

The analysis of three recent shocks to the Thai economy suggests several lessons for economic management. The adverse consequences of the external shocks dissipate when economic agents adjust their behavior to the new environment. Appropriate policy responses are crucial in shortening the duration of an economy's deviation from its pre-shock growth path. Any intervention, either in energy or exchange rate markets, to maintain fixed prices will inevitably be costly and ineffective. Any attempt to cover up a brewing crisis will destroy public confidence, aggravate the situation, and deepen the crisis. Therefore, transparency in economic management is essential.
The Evolution of Exchange Rate Policy and Capital Controls in Australia
Authors: Debelle Guy , Plumb Michael
Published: November 2006

After the end of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970s, exchange rate policy in Australia moved through several regimes over an extended period. The overarching theme was to increase flexibility and efficiency in the Australian currency market and the financial system more generally. This paper documents Australia's gradual move from a fixed to a floating exchange rate and the abolition of capital controls, with an emphasis on the thinking behind various reforms and the practical difficulties encountered during the reform process. Policy reform was often in response to external forces exposing deficiencies in the prevailing system, rather than through a carefully planned path to greater flexibility. Ultimately, a combination of domestic and international factors rendered the move to a flexible exchange rate largely inevitable.
N-gram-based Machine Translation
Authors: Mariño José B. , Banchs Rafael E. , Crego Josep M. , de Gispert Adrià , Lambert Patrik , Fonollosa José A. R. , Costa-jussà Marta R.
Published: November 2006

This article describes in detail an n-gram approach to statistical machine translation. This approach consists of a log-linear combination of a translation model based on n-grams of bilingual units, which are referred to as tuples, along with four specific feature functions. Translation performance, which happens to be in the state of the art, is demonstrated with Spanish-to-English and English-to-Spanish translations of the European Parliament Plenary Sessions (EPPS).
The Legal Principles of Muhammad b.Ismāīl al-Bukhārī and their Relationship to Classical Salafi Islam
Authors: Lucas Scott
Published: November 2006

This article analyzes the legal theory of al-Bukhārī as articulated in two books of his famous Sahīh and situates it within the broader framework of Sunni legal theory (usūl al-fiqh). I argue that his legal theory revolves around four themes: (1) The Qurān and the Prophet; (2) agreement and disagreement; (3) valid techniques of ijtihād; and (4) invalid techniques of ijtihād. I devote special attention to the tension between al-B ukhārī's negative attitude towards qiyās (analogical reasoning) and his acceptance of comparison (tashbīh) and indications (dalā'il). Finally, I compare some of his legal principles to those of the 5th/11th-century hadīth-scholars and jurists, al-Bayhaqī, Ibn Hazm, Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, and al-Khatīb al-Baghdādī, and argue that two types of classical Salafi Islam can be discerned in their writings on legal theory.
Anti-Semitism in the Muslim World: A Critical Review
Authors: Krämer Gudrun
Published: November 2006

Current debates on anti-Semitism in the Muslim world, or as it is often put, 'in Islam' focus on a number of issues: the status of Jews in Islam with regard to both theory and practice; the impact of the Arab-Israeli conflict over Palestine; the adoption and adaptation of anti-Semitic motifs and stereotypes of European origin in nationalist and Islamist discourses; and the politics of memory and commemoration. Here as elsewhere, contextualization is required if we are to understand the meanings and functions of anti-Semitic attitudes and activities among specific audiences. But contextualization must not be used for apologetic purposes.
The Revival of Nyau and Changing Gender Relations in Early Colonial Central Malawi
Authors: Kachapila Hendrina
Published: November 2006

This paper demonstrates how nyau (a male secret society) rede fined relations in Chewa matrilineages in accordance with developments that the Chewa witnessed from the mid-nineteenth century. Thanks to nyau and the relatively hands-off approach the colonial state adopted towards its activities, the Chewa matrilineal system survived the effects of the slave trade, Ngoni and Yao invasions, the spread of Christian missionary teachings, the imposition of colonial rule and the development of capitalism. Nyau accomplished this by ensuring that relations between Chewa men and women remained ambivalent and negotiable. Allowing men to ritually gain increased importance in nyau and indeed in Chewa communities at large not only gave power to men but also ensured their continued involvement in the matrilineages. So, while female prestige declined, as evidenced by the debasement of women by nyau, some important aspects of the matrilineal system, such as matrilocal marriage, were preserved.
Summer Temperature Variations in the European Alps, a.d. 755–2004
Authors: Büntgen Ulf , Frank David C. , Nievergelt Daniel , Esper Jan
Published: November 2006

Annually resolved summer temperatures for the European Alps are described. The reconstruction covers the a.d. 755–2004 period and is based on 180 recent and historic larch [Larix decidua Mill.] density series. The regional curve standardization method was applied to preserve interannual to multicentennial variations in this high-elevation proxy dataset. Instrumental measurements from high- (low-) elevation grid boxes back to 1818 (1760) reveal strongest growth response to current-year June–September mean temperatures. The reconstruction correlates at 0.7 with high-elevation temperatures back to 1818, with a greater signal in the higher-frequency domain (r = 0.8). Low-elevation instrumental data back to 1760 agree with the reconstruction’s interannual variation, although a decoupling between (warmer) instrumental and (cooler) proxy data before ∼1840 is noted. This offset is larger than during any period of overlap with more recent high-elevation instrumental data, even though the proxy time series always contains some unexplained variance. The reconstruction indicates positive temperatures in the tenth and thirteenth century that resemble twentieth-century conditions, and are separated by a prolonged cooling from ∼1350 to 1700. Six of the 10 warmest decades over the 755–2004 period are recorded in the twentieth century. Maximum temperature amplitude over the past 1250 yr is estimated to be 3.1°C between the warmest (1940s) and coldest (1810s) decades. This estimate is, however, affected by the calibration with instrumental temperature data. Warm summers seem to coincide with periods of high solar activity, and cold summers vice versa. The record captures the full range of past European temperature variability, that is, the extreme years 1816 and 2003, warmth during medieval and recent times, and cold in between. Comparison with regional- and large-scale reconstructions reveals similar decadal to longer-term variability.
Web 2.0 and Business
Authors: Tredinnick Luke
Published: November 2006

Explores the application of Web 2.0 technologies to business intranets, and their potential use in managing and developing business information and knowledge assets. Considers how Web 2.0 approaches on the public web are subtly reshaping the relationship between users and information. Argues that Web 2.0 is not a technological innovation, but is changing the understanding of the status of information, knowledge and the role of the user in information applications. Suggests that, as information proliferates, control is being gradually ceded to users, opening up the possibility of a new, more democratic, and more evaluative phase in the exploitation of information within organizations.
Blogs and wikis
Authors: Ward Ruth
Published: November 2006

Describes the use of social software and social media, incorporating blogs and wikis, to develop websites to support internal communication and collaboration in a law firm. Explains that blogs foster regular and timely personal communication and dialogue for a defined group, and wikis can be used to create knowledge resources or as a collaborative working or project management tool. Outlines the traditional knowledge management model for law firms, and explains how the arrival of a new global head of know-how and training prompted the investigation of how social media might support the firm’s knowhow systems. Provides advice on how to successfully set up an initial blog or wiki project.
Hard-to-find statistics
Authors: O’Hare Christine
Published: November 2006

Describes the range of economic, business and market statistics available from non-government sources and from international bodies, and gives examples of specific titles and databases. Explains how to find such statistics, including details of key publishers and further sources of international data. Offers advice on pitfalls and points to consider when using statistics, and tips on using them efficiently.
Efficiency of an Evidence-Based Intervention to Promote and Reinforce Tobacco Abstinence Among Elementary Schoolchildren in a School Transition Period
Authors: Côté Françoise , Godin Gaston , Gagné Camille
Published: November 2006

This study reports the evaluation of an intervention designedto reinforcetobacco abstinence amongelementary schoolchildren in a school transition period. This intervention was developed according to the principles of Intervention Mapping. A total of 765 grade 5 students (ages 10-12) was recruited in 32 elementary schools. A quasi-experimental longitudinal design was used to evaluate the outcomes. Results observed 2 and 8 months postintervention are reported here. It is shown that although the behavior remained largely unchanged by the intervention, some of its determinants were modified. Behavioral intention, behavioral and normative beliefs, perceived self-efficacy, and role beliefs were changed at one or both postintervention measures. An interesting feature of these results relates to the fact that the most positive outcomes were seen among at-risk children. Discussion considers the advisability to develop, implement, and evaluate evidence-based interventions targeting the psychosocial factors underlying maintenance of tobacco smoking abstinence in elementary school.
Perspective: Gender as a Health Determinant and Implications for Health Education
Authors: Davidson Karina W. , Trudeau Kimberlee J. , van Roosmalen Erica , Stewart Miriam , Kirkland Susan
Published: November 2006

Gender is a health determinant, but gender itself is influenced, in part, by biological and psychological variables. Understanding gender's influence on health therefore requires an understanding of the determinants of the construct gender. A review of certain gender determinants is presented. The authors consider the modifiability of these determinants and present recommendations about which of these determinants should be targeted for health promotion and policy creation activities. In concluding, they argue that gender is a multidetermined construct that encompasses many factors that may be modifiable through intervention, and consideration of all of these factors should be vigorously pursued.
Educational Web-Based Intervention for High School Students to Increase Knowledge and Promote Positive Attitudes Toward Organ Donation
Authors: Vinokur Amiram D. , Merion Robert M. , Couper Mick P. , Jones Eleanor G. , Dong Yihui
Published: November 2006

A sample of 490 high school students from 81 schools in Michigan participated in an experiment in which they were randomly assigned to either a control or an experimental Web site. The experimental Web site provided exposure to educational material about the process of organ donation and organ transplantation. The control Web site provided educational material on methods to avoid the common cold. The pre-and posttests of knowledge of issues related to organ donation and of attitude toward donation demonstrated statistically significant increases for the experimental group compared with the control group. A structural equation path model suggested that these increases in knowledge and prodonation attitude mediated the effects of the experiment on contacting the Michigan donor registry. The increase in knowledge and in prodonation attitude increased the likelihood of contacting the registry. The potential for this and similar other Web interventions to enhance students' health education is discussed.
The Effect of Graphic Organizers on Subjective and Objective Comprehension of a Health Education Text
Authors: Kools Marieke , van de Wiel Margaretha W. J. , Ruiter Robert A. C. , Crüts Anica , Kok Gerjo
Published: November 2006

This study examined the effect of graphic organizers on the comprehension of a health education brochure text and compared subjective with objective comprehension measures. Graphic organizers are graphical depictions of relations among concepts in a text. Participants read a brochure text about asthma with and without these organizers, and subjective and objective text comprehension was measured. It was found that graphic organizers had effects on four levels of objective comprehension as indicated by open comprehension questions. However, on the subjective comprehension measure using Likert-type scales, the groups with and without graphic organizers did not differ from each other. It is concluded that health education texts could benefit from relatively simple techniques to increase comprehension. Furthermore, in developing health education materials, comprehension should be measured objectively.
Vaccine Risk/Benefit Communication: Effect of an Educational Package for Public Health Nurses
Authors: Davis Terry C. , Fredrickson Doren D. , Kennen Estela M. , Humiston Sharon G. , Arnold Connie L. , Quinlin Mackey S. , Bocchini Joseph A.
Published: November 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine whether an in-service for public health nurses (PHNs) and accompanying educational materials could improve vaccine risk/benefit communication. The content and timing of vaccine communication were recorded during 246 pre-and 217 postintervention visits in two public health immunization clinics. Pre-/postintervention comparisons showed PHN communication of severe side effects (13% vs. 44%, p < .0001) and their management (29% vs. 60%, p < .0001) increased. There was no significant change in discussion of vaccine benefits (48% vs. 51%) or common side effects (91% vs. 92%),screening for contraindications (71% vs. 77%), or distribution of written information (89% vs. 92%). More parents initiated vaccine questions postintervention (27% vs. 39%,p < .01) and were more satisfied with vaccine-risk communication (8.1 vs. 8.9 on a 10-point scale, p < .01). Average vaccine communication time increased from 16 to 22 seconds (p < .01).
Retroviral vector insertion sites associated with dominant hematopoietic clones mark “stemness” pathways
Authors: Kustikova Olga S. , Geiger Hartmut , Li Zhixiong , Brugman Martijn H. , Chambers Stuart M. , Shaw Chad A. , Pike-Overzet Karin , Ridder Dick de , Staal Frank J. T. , Keudell Gottfried von , Cornils Kerstin , Nattamai Kalpana Jekumar , Modlich Ute , Wagemaker Gerard , Goodell Margaret A. , Fehse Boris , Baum Christopher
Published: November 2006

Evidence from model organisms and clinical trials reveals that the random insertion of retrovirus-based vectors in the genome of long-term repopulating hematopoietic cells may increase self-renewal or initiate malignant transformation. Clonal dominance of nonmalignant cells is a particularly interesting phenotype as it may be caused by the dysregulation of genes that affect self-renewal and competitive fitness. We have accumulated 280 retrovirus vector insertion sites (RVISs) from murine long-term studies resulting in benign or malignant clonal dominance. RVISs (22.5%) are located in or near (up to 100 kb [kilobase]) to known proto-oncogenes, 49.6% in signaling genes, and 27.9% in other or unknown genes. The resulting insertional dominance database (IDDb) shows substantial overlaps with the transcriptome of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and the retrovirus-tagged cancer gene database (RTCGD). RVISs preferentially marked genes with high expression in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, and Gene Ontology revealed an overrepresentation of genes associated with cell-cycle control, apoptosis signaling, and transcriptional regulation, including major “stemness” pathways. The IDDb forms a powerful resource for the identification of genes that stimulate or transform hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and is an important reference for vector biosafety studies in human gene therapy.
Direct and indirect effects of retinoic acid on human Th2 cytokine and chemokine expression by human T lymphocytes
Authors: Dawson Harry D , Collins Gary , Pyle Robert , Key Michael , Weeraratna Ashani , Deep-Dixit Vishwa , Nadal Celeste N , Taub Dennis D
Published: November 2006

Background

Vitamin A (VA) deficiency induces a type 1 cytokine response and exogenously provided retinoids can induce a type 2 cytokine response both invitroandin vivo. The precise mechanism(s) involved in this phenotypic switch are inconsistent and have been poorly characterized in humans. In an effort to determine if retinoids are capable of inducing Th2 cytokine responses in human T cell cultures, we stimulated human PBMCs with immobilized anti-CD3 mAb in the presence or absence of all-transretinoic acid (ATRA) or 9-cis-RA.

Results

Stimulation of human PBMCs and purified T cells with ATRA and 9-cis-RA increased mRNA and protein levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and decreased levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12p70 and TNF-α upon activation with anti-CD3 and/or anti-CD28 mAbs. These effects were dose-dependent and evident as early as 12 hr post stimulation. Real time RT-PCR analysis revealed a dampened expression of the Th1-associated gene, T-bet, and a time-dependent increase in the mRNA for the Th2-associated genes, GATA-3, c-MAF and STAT6, upon treatment with ATRA. Besides Th1 and Th2 cytokines, a number of additional proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines including several chemokines were also differentially regulated by ATRA treatment.

Conclusion

These data provide strong evidence for multiple inductive roles for retinoids in the development of human type-2 cytokine responses.
High throughput modular chambers for rapid evaluation of anesthetic sensitivity
Authors: Sun Yi , Chen Jingqiu , Pruckmayr Gregory , Baumgardner James E , Eckmann David M , Eckenhoff Roderic G , Kelz Max B
Published: November 2006

Background

Anesthetic sensitivity is determined by the interaction of multiple genes. Hence, a dissection of genetic contributors would be aided by precise and high throughput behavioral screens. Traditionally, anesthetic phenotyping has addressed only induction of anesthesia, evaluated with dose-response curves, while ignoring potentially important data on emergence from anesthesia.

Methods

We designed and built a controlled environment apparatus to permit rapid phenotyping of twenty-four mice simultaneously. We used the loss of righting reflex to indicate anesthetic-induced unconsciousness. After fitting the data to a sigmoidal dose-response curve with variable slope, we calculated the MACLORR (EC50), the Hill coefficient, and the 95% confidence intervals bracketing these values. Upon termination of the anesthetic, Emergence timeRR was determined and expressed as the mean ± standard error for each inhaled anesthetic.

Results

In agreement with several previously published reports we find that the MACLORR of halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane in 8–12 week old C57BL/6J mice is 0.79% (95% confidence interval = 0.78 – 0.79%), 0.91% (95% confidence interval = 0.90 – 0.93%), and 1.96% (95% confidence interval = 1.94 – 1.97%), respectively. Hill coefficients for halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane are 24.7 (95% confidence interval = 19.8 – 29.7%), 19.2 (95% confidence interval = 14.0 – 24.3%), and 33.1 (95% confidence interval = 27.3 – 38.8%), respectively. After roughly 2.5 MACLORR • hr exposures, mice take 16.00 ± 1.07, 6.19 ± 0.32, and 2.15 ± 0.12 minutes to emerge from halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, respectively.

Conclusion

This system enabled assessment of inhaled anesthetic responsiveness with a higher precision than that previously reported. It is broadly adaptable for delivering an inhaled therapeutic (or toxin) to a population while monitoring its vital signs, motor reflexes, and providing precise control over environmental conditions. This system is also amenable to full automation. Data presented in this manuscript prove the utility of the controlled environment chambers and should allow for subsequent phenotyping of mice with targeted mutations that are expected to alter sensitivity to induction or emergence from anesthesia.
Expressive writing for high-risk drug dependent patients in a primary care clinic: A pilot study
Authors: Baikie Karen A , Wilhelm Kay , Johnson Beverley , Boskovic Mary , Wedgwood Lucinda , Finch Adam , Huon Gail
Published: November 2006

Background

Previous research has shown that expressive writing is beneficial in terms of both physical and emotional health outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness and acceptability of a brief expressive writing intervention for high-risk drug dependent patients in a primary care clinic, and to determine the relationship between linguistic features of writing and health outcomes.

Methods

Participants completed four 15-minute expressive writing tasks over a week, in which they described their thoughts and feelings about a recent stressful event. Self-report measures of physical (SF-12) and psychological health (DASS-21) were administered at baseline and at a two-week follow-up. Fifty-three participants were recruited and 14 (26%) completed all measures.

Results

No statistically significant benefits in physical or psychological health were found, although all outcomes changed in the direction of improvement. The intervention was well-received and was rated as beneficial by participants. The use of more positive emotion words in writing was associated with improvements in depression and stress, and flexibility in first person pronoun use was associated with improvements in anxiety. Increasing use of cognitive process words was associated with worsening depressive mood.

Conclusion

Although no significant benefits in physical and psychological health were found, improvements in psychological wellbeing were associated with certain writing styles and expressive writing was deemed acceptable by high-risk drug dependent patients. Given the difficulties in implementing psychosocial interventions in this population, further research using a larger sample is warranted.
Emerging aspects of oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junction cancer histopathology – an update for the surgical oncologist
Authors: Griffiths Ewen A , Pritchard Susan A , Mapstone Nicholas P , Welch Ian M
Published: November 2006

Adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and gastro-oesophageal junction are rapidly increasing in incidence and have a well described sequence of carcinogenesis: the Barrett's metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence. During recent years there have been changes in the knowledge surrounding disease progression, cancer management and histopathology specimen reporting. Tumours around the gastro-oesophageal junction (GOJ) pose several specific challenges. Numerous difficulties arise when the existing TNM staging systems for gastric and oesophageal cancers are applied to GOJ tumours. The issues facing the current TNM staging and GOJ tumour classification systems are reviewed in this article. Recent evidence regarding the importance of several histopathologically derived prognostic factors, such as circumferential resection margin status and lymph node metastases, have implications for specimen reporting. With the rising use of multimodal treatments for oesophageal cancer it is important that the response of the tumour to this therapy is carefully documented pathologically. In addition, several controversial and novel areas such as endoscopic mucosal resection, lymph node micrometastases and the sentinel node concept are being studied. We aim to review these aspects, with special relevance to oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal cancer specimen reporting, to update the surgical oncologist with an interest in upper gastrointestinal cancer.
xGDB: open-source computational infrastructure for the integrated evaluation and analysis of genome features
Authors: Schlueter Shannon D , Wilkerson Matthew D , Dong Qunfeng , Brendel Volker
Published: November 2006

The eXtensible Genome Data Broker (xGDB) provides a software infrastructure consisting of integrated tools for the storage, display, and analysis of genome features in their genomic context. Common features include gene structure annotations, spliced alignments, mapping of repetitive sequence, and microarray probes, but the software supports inclusion of any property that can be associated with a genomic location. The xGDB distribution and user support utilities are available online at the xGDB project website, http://xgdb.sourceforge.net/.