bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Concordance Between the Clínica Universidad de Navarra Body Adiposity Estimator and a Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Assessing the Body Fat of Athletes
Authors: Baranauskas Marius , Kupčiūnaitė Ingrida , Lieponienė Jurgita , Stukas Rimantas
Published: February 2025

An equation-derived body fat estimator, namely the Clínica Universidad de Navarra Body Adiposity Estimator (CUN-BAE), was established to assess the body fat percentage in adults. However, its efficiency compared to that of the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) approach remains under-researched. This study aimed to assess the agreement between the body fat percentages measured using a BIA and estimated using the CUN-BAE in a sample of Lithuanian professional athletes. A single cross-sectional study was conducted using the BIA technique to measure and the CUN-BAE equation to calculate the body fat percentages of 323 study participants. The Bland–Altman plot system was applied to comparing both the body fat percentages estimated using the CUN-BAE equation and those obtained via the BIA approach. The average values of the body fat percentages found in the total sample of elite athletes and estimated using the BIA and CUN-BAE equaled 18.4 ± 5.3% and 18.7 ± 6.6%, respectively (ICC: 0.91; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88; 0.93). This study found that the CUN-BAE method overestimated the BIA’s calculation of the body fat percentages by 2.7% on average. Meanwhile, the comparison of adiposity in the athletes using the CUN-BAE equation and the BIA methods demonstrated a similar, although not identical, accuracy. The BIA method cannot be replaced by the CUN-BAE equation in routine sports medicine practice due to moderately sized limits of agreement (95% CI: −6.5; 7.1), even when the access to body fat measurement devices is limited. From a public health perspective, the outcomes derived from the CUN-BAE equation can possibly be extrapolated to females and to individuals competing in strength–power sports, as well as to populations of adults.
An Innovative Approach to the Internal Microelectrolysis (IME) Process Applied to Stabilized Landfill Leachate
Authors: Ładyńska Joanna , Kucharska Małgorzata , Naumczyk Jeremi
Published: February 2025

Conventional wastewater treatment is often insufficient in the case of mature landfill leachate. Among novel methods, internal microelectrolysis (IME) has been recently recognized as an effective method for refractory wastewater treatment. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the impact of various parameters (pH, time, types, ratios of Fe/GAC, H2O2 dose, the time of application and the soaking of GAC in LL) on the efficiency of the IME process applied to mature landfill leachate. As microelectrodes, waste cast-iron chips and granulated activated carbon (GAC) were used. The application of a multi-step treatment of leachates, PC > m-IME > m-IME/H2O2, resulted in 82.1% COD removal and a significant increase in biodegradability (BOD5/COD rose up to 0.39). The optimal parameters were established as follows: pH 3, 120 min, ratio Fe/GAC 40/10 g/g/dm3 and ratio COD/H2O2 = 1/2. The results showed that the PC is a reasonable pretreatment process before IME—the improvement in total COD removal was up to 12.5%. COD removal in the IME process increased with the increase in GAC dose only up to a certain level. Also, too high doses of Fe negatively affected the efficiency of the IME process, which shows that the efficiency depends not only on the dose but also on the mass ratio of Fe/GAC. The addition of H2O2 significantly improved the COD removal effectiveness, especially when it was applied after 120 min of the m-IME process. The results showed also that the soaking of GAC in LL before the process did not eliminate the sorption process.
Experimental and Numerical Analyses of the Influence of Al2O3 Nanoparticle Supplementation in Biodiesel (Water Hyacinth) Blends with Diesel on CI Engine Responses
Authors: Hamzah Ameer Hasan , Akroot Abdulrazzak , Wahhab Hasanain A. Abdul
Published: February 2025

The current work includes experimental and numerical investigations into the effects of biodiesel (Eichhornia Crassipes) blends with different aluminum oxide nanoparticle concentrations on the combustion process in diesel engines. The experiments included measuring performance parameters and emissions tests while changing the engine speed and increasing loads. IC Engine Fluent, a specialist computational tool included in the ANSYS software (R19.0 version), was used to simulate internal combustion engine dynamics and combustion processes. All investigations were carried out using biodiesel blends with three concentrations of Al2O3 nanoparticles: 50, 100, and 150 ppm. The tested samples are called D100, D80B20, D80B20N50, D80B20N100, and D80B20N150, accordingly. The combustion characteristics are improved due to the catalytic effect and higher surface area of nano additives. The results showed improvements in the combustion process as the result of the nanoparticles’ addition, which led to the higher peak cylinder pressure. The increases in the peak cylinder pressures for D80B20N50, D80B20N100, and D80B20N150 about D80B20 were 3%, 5%, and 8%, respectively, at a load of 200 Nm, while the simulation found that the maximum temperature for biodiesel blends diesel was higher than that for pure diesel; this was due to the higher hydrocarbon values of D80B20. Also, nano additives caused a decrease in temperatures in the combustion of biofuels. Finally, nano additives caused an enhancement of the emissions test results for all parameters when compared to pure diesel fuel and biofuel.
Effect of Honey Concentration on the Quality and Antioxidant Properties of Probiotic Yogurt Beverages from Different Milk Sources
Authors: Anwar Asif , Faiz Muhammad Abrar , Hou Juncai
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the impact of honey concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5%) on the physicochemical, sensory, textural, rheological, and antioxidant properties of probiotic yogurt beverages made from sheep, cow, and blended milk. Honey, used as a natural fortifier, enhanced antioxidant activity, probiotic viability, and sensory attributes, particularly flavor and viscosity. Sheep milk yogurt exhibited superior nutritional and textural properties due to its higher solid and nutrient content. Increasing honey levels improved lactic acid fermentation, gel matrix stability, and water-holding capacity, though excessive concentrations occasionally increased syneresis and reduced bacterial counts. Texture profile analysis indicated that 3% honey optimized hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness, strengthening the yogurt matrix. This study highlights honey’s dual role as a sweetener and functional ingredient, enhancing yogurt beverages’ health benefits, stability, and consumer appeal.
Investigating the Effect of Lubricating Oil Volatility and Ash Content on the Emission of Sub-23 nm Particles
Authors: Lagana Salvatore , Pfau Sebastian A. , Haffner-Staton Ephraim , La Rocca Antonino , Cairns Alasdair
Published: February 2025

As the world transitions to decarbonized fuels, understanding the impact of engine oil on emissions remains crucial. Lubricant-derived particulate emissions can influence air quality and regulatory compliance in future transport. Researchers have predominantly focused on transient driving cycles to replicate real-world conditions and capture the full range of particle size. This emphasis has led to a lack of comprehensive data on oil-related particulate emissions during steady-state operations, particularly for particles smaller than 23 nm. This paper addresses this gap as upcoming regulations, such as Euro 7, are expected to impose stricter limits by extending measurement thresholds down to 10 nm. The investigation was conducted on a 1.0 L gasoline direct injection engine, assessing total particulate number (TPN) emissions using three oil formulations: a baseline oil with mid-ash content and mid-volatility, a low-ash and low-volatility oil (LoLo), and a high-ash and high-volatility oil (HiHi). A DMS500, with and without a catalytic stripper, measured particle size distribution and TPN. Two digital filters were applied to obtain particle number (PN) metrics comparable to condensation particle counters: “F1-PN > 23” with d50 = 23 nm and “F3-PN > 10” with d50 = 10 nm. Sub-23 nm particles dominated emissions, with baseline oil generally producing higher PN emissions except at low loads. Using F1-PN > 23, HiHi exhibited higher PN counts across moderate to high speeds, while F3-PN > 10 revealed lower PN emissions for HiHi at specific conditions, excluding 2250 rpm-fast idle. By a weighted arithmetic mean, HiHi’s emissions were 9.7% higher than LoLo with F1-PN > 23 and 3.6% higher with F3-PN > 10. Oil formulation did not influence nucleation mode diameter. A three-way ANOVA demonstrated that load and speed were the predominant factors affecting emissions over the entire testing map; albeit at specific operating conditions the effect of the oil is evident. This suggests that under steady-state conditions, carbon-based fuel still plays a key role in particle formation. Future work will investigate decarbonised fuels to further isolate the effect of oil on emissions.
Multi-Strategy Hybrid Whale Optimization Algorithm Improvement
Authors: Xie Xie , Yang Yulin , Zhou Huan
Published: February 2025

The whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is a swarm intelligence optimization algorithm developed by Mirjalili and Lewis in 2016 based on the foraging behavior of whales. Because of its simplicity and high efficiency, scholars have adopted this algorithm to address various problems in different disciplines. However, standard WOA has the problems of slow convergence speed, insufficient search accuracy, and limited ability to solve complex problems. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes a multi-strategy hybrid whale algorithm (MHWOA). Firstly, the calculation speed is accelerated by modifying the parameters; then, the accuracy of the algorithm is improved by incorporating the scatter search strategy; finally, the simulated annealing algorithm is integrated to improve its ability to solve complex problems. The performance differences between MHWOA, the baseline algorithm, and the improved WOA algorithm are compared using the CEC2017 test suite and three real-world engineering problems. In the comparison of processing results of various problems, the calculation accuracy of MHWOA is improved by no less than 1.96%, the calculation error is reduced by no less than 1.83%, and the execution time is improved by no less than 5.6%. In the CNN-MHWOA-based time series electricity load forecasting problem, MHWOA shows the advantages of reduced error and improved fitting degree with the true value compared with the standard WOA.
Flow Characteristics and Loss Mechanism of Tip Leakage Flow in Mining Contra-Rotating Axial Flow Fan
Authors: Chen Yongping , Liu Ronghua , Peng Wenqing , Chen Shiqiang
Published: February 2025

Tip leakage flow interacts with the mainstream, impacting the energy transmission process within the impeller of the fan and causing a significant flow loss. Understanding the flow characteristics within the impeller is a prerequisite and foundation for achieving efficient operation of the fan. Therefore, numerical simulations and experimental methods were employed to obtain the internal flow field of the mining counter-rotating axial flow fan, and the influence of flow rate on the tip leakage flow pattern was mastered. The spatial trajectory of the leakage vortex was quantified, and the distribution characteristics of the backflow were explored. The mechanism of energy loss caused by the leakage flow was revealed. The research findings indicate that when the flow rate exceeds 1.0 QBEP (QBEP is flow rate at the best efficiency point), the complex flow field near the blade tip is mainly caused by the tip leakage flow. However, the tip leakage flow and the leading edge overflow are the main factors causing disturbances in the flow field within the impeller at small flow rates. At large flow rates, the starting positions of the tip leakage vortex cores for both the front and rear impellers are located near the middle of the blade tip. As the flow rate decreases, the starting position of the vortex core gradually shifts toward the leading edge point, and the vortex structure evolves from an initial circular shape to an elliptical shape. The tip leakage flow and the leading edge overflow are the main cause of the backflow at the impeller inlet. The helical vortices caused by the tip leakage flow and the leading edge overflow, as well as the backflow in the impeller, are the key factors causing energy loss in the tip clearance flow field.
Understanding the Role of Demographic and Psychological Factors in Users’ Susceptibility to Phishing Emails: A Review
Authors: Kavvadias Alexandros , Kotsilieris Theodore
Published: February 2025

Phishing emails are malicious email messages that aim to deceive users into revealing sensitive information by imitating legitimate emails. These emails are usually among the first steps in most cyberattacks, often appearing as an urgent message, seemingly from reputable sources, in order to provoke an immediate action from the recipient. Their manipulative nature leverages social engineering techniques to exploit human psychological weaknesses, personality traits, and a range of cognitive, behavioral, and technical vulnerabilities. In this review, the factors that contribute to users’ susceptibility to phishing attacks were investigated. The study focuses on exploring how demographic and psychological factors influence individuals’ vulnerability to phishing emails, with the goal of identifying and categorizing the key factors that increase susceptibility. Twenty-seven studies were examined, revealing that demographic factors, behavioral tendencies, psychological traits and contextual elements play a key role on the users’ susceptibility in phishing emails. The results vary according to the type of methodology that has been used, indicating a need for further investigation and refinement in each respective procedure. Significant investigation has been conducted in identifying the factors contributing to users’ susceptibility to phishing emails, and existing studies do not fully cover the complexity of the topic. There is more to be studied regarding these factors, especially in understanding their complex interactions and impacts across different contexts. Further research is essential so that we may be able to more accurately predict users’ characteristics and the factors that make someone more susceptible to phishing and thus more vulnerable to phishing email attacks.
Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on Vibration Envelope Spectral Characteristics
Authors: Chen Yang , Chen Qifu , Wang Rui
Published: February 2025

Deep learning methods based on neural network models have been widely applied to bearing fault classification. Although they can achieve high accuracy, they also come with significant complexity. Bearing faults often generate impact vibrations, which produce regular fault characteristic peaks on the envelope spectrum. This paper utilizes the differences in frequency and intensity of the envelope spectrum characteristic peaks under different bearing fault conditions as fault features. By combining these features with the simple and efficient Naive Bayes classifier for fault diagnosis, the algorithm complexity is reduced from the perspective of feature extraction and fault identification. The proposed method was validated using bearing fault data from the Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) dataset and the Machinery Fault Prediction Technology (MFPT) dataset. The results show that the method can classify bearing faults and achieve accurate diagnostic results. The average diagnostic accuracy for the four groups from these two datasets was 99.90% and 99.65%, respectively. The Naive Bayes classification algorithm was compared with classic algorithms in terms of classification accuracy and classification time. Additionally, the algorithm was compared with recent bearing fault diagnosis methods using the CWRU dataset in terms of algorithm complexity. The complexity of the proposed algorithm is only O(N(2280)), which is lower than that of other bearing fault diagnosis methods, where N represents the number of fault samples. This demonstrates that the method significantly reduces algorithm complexity while ensuring accuracy, improving diagnostic efficiency, enhancing the timeliness of real-time industrial bearing fault diagnosis, and reducing hardware setup and operating costs.
Head-to-Head Evaluation of FDM and SLA in Additive Manufacturing: Performance, Cost, and Environmental Perspectives
Authors: Abbasi Maryam , Váz Paulo , Silva José , Martins Pedro
Published: February 2025

This paper conducts a comprehensive experimental comparison of two widely used additive manufacturing (AM) processes, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Stereolithography (SLA), under standardized conditions using the same test geometries and protocols. FDM parts were printed with both Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) filaments, while SLA used a general-purpose photopolymer resin. Quantitative evaluations included surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, tensile properties, production cost, and energy consumption. Additionally, environmental considerations and process reliability were assessed by examining waste streams, recyclability, and failure rates. The results indicate that SLA achieves superior surface quality (Ra≈2μm vs. 12–13μm) and dimensional tolerances (±0.05mm vs. ±0.15–0.20mm), along with higher tensile strength (up to 70MPa). However, FDM provides notable advantages in cost (approximately 60% lower on a per-part basis), production speed, and energy efficiency. Moreover, from an environmental perspective, FDM is more favorable when using biodegradable PLA or recyclable ABS, whereas SLA resin waste is hazardous. Overall, the study highlights that no single process is universally superior. FDM offers a rapid, cost-effective solution for prototyping, while SLA excels in precision and surface finish. By presenting a detailed, data-driven comparison, this work guides engineers, product designers, and researchers in choosing the most suitable AM technology for their specific needs.
A Tapestry of Ideas with Ramanujan’s Formula Woven In
Authors: Wang Nianliang , Kuzumaki Takako , Kanemitsu Shigeru
Published: February 2025

Zeta-functions play a fundamental role in many fields where there is a norm or a means to measure distance. They are usually given in the forms of Dirichlet series (additive), and they sometimes possess the Euler product (multiplicative) when the domain in question has a unique factorization property. In applied disciplines, those zeta-functions which satisfy the functional equation but do not have Euler products often appear as a lattice zeta-function or an Epstein zeta-function. In this paper, we shall manifest the underlying principle that automorphy (which is a modular relation, an equivalent to the functional equation) is intrinsic to lattice (or Epstein) zeta-functions by considering some generalizations of the Eisenstein series of level 2ϰ to the complex variable level s. Naturally, generalized Eisenstein series and Barnes multiple zeta-functions arise, which have affinity to dissections, as they are (semi-) lattice functions. The method of Lewittes (and Chapman) and Kurokawa leads to some limit formulas without absolute value due to Tsukada and others. On the other hand, Komori, Matsumoto and Tsumura make use of the Barnes multiple zeta-functions, proving their modular relation, and they give rise to generalizations of Ramanujan’s formula as the generating zeta-function of σs(n), the sum-of-divisors function. Lewittes proves similar results for the 2-dimensional case, which holds for all values of s. This in turn implies the eta-transformation formula as the extreme case, and most of the results of Chapman. We shall unify most of these as a tapestry of ideas arising from the merging of additive entity (Dirichlet series) and multiplicative entity (Euler product), especially in the case of limit formulas.
Antioxidant Properties of Biosurfactants: Multifunctional Biomolecules with Added Value in Formulation Chemistry
Authors: Tancredi Matilde , Carandente Coscia Carlo , Russo Krauss Irene , D’Errico Gerardino
Published: February 2025

Biosurfactants, amphiphilic metabolites produced by bacteria and yeasts, fulfill a variety of functions in microbial life. They exhibit a well-recognized multifunctionality, spanning from the reduction in surface tension to specific biological activities, including antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. These compounds have the potential to serve as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic surfactants in industrial formulations, where they could act as emulsifiers and wetting agents. The exploitation of their full potentiality could be a significant added value. Biosurfactants are often cited as effective antioxidants. However, experimental evidence for their antioxidant activity/capacity is sparse. To shed light on the subject, in this review we collect and critically examine all the available literature data for each of the major classes of microbial biosurfactants: rhamnolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids, sophorolipids, and lipopeptides. Despite the variability arising from the diverse composition and polydispersity of the samples analyzed, along with the variety of testing methodologies, the findings consistently indicate a moderate-to-strong antioxidant capacity. Several hypotheses are advanced about the molecular mechanisms behind this action; however, further studies are needed to gain a molecular understanding. This knowledge would fully define the biological roles of biosurfactants and is a prerequisite for the development of innovative formulations based on the valorization of their antioxidant properties.
Low-Burden Oligometastatic Disease of the Lung Treated with Robotic Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Zygogianni Anna , Koukourakis Ioannis M. , Liakouli Zoi , Desse Dimitra , Georgakopoulos Ioannis , Armpilia Christina , Lymperopoulou Georgia , Kouloulias Vasileios
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The lung is the most common site of metastases, regardless of the cancer subtype. Treating oligometastatic disease with surgery or stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) may improve patient survival. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 41 patients with limited (one or two lesions, max dimension <3 cm) lung-only metastatic disease that were treated with the CK M6 robotic radiosurgery system in our Department, in terms of treatment efficacy and toxicity. Results: Acute and late toxicity was negligible (4 out of 41 patients developed grade 2 or 3 lung fibrosis). Six months post-SABR, complete response was achieved in 18 out of 41 patients (43.9%), while the rest of the cases exhibited major responses. A biological effective dose (BEDα/β=10) in the range of 100 Gy appears to be equally effective with higher doses. Within a median follow-up of 34 months, only three patients (7.3%) progressed locally, while three patients progressed to distal sites. Two-year local progression-free survival (LPFS) rates were 92.6% (95% CI 78.5–97%). Conclusions: SABR for low-burden lung oligometastases is an effective treatment modality that yields high local control and survival rates. Toxicity is negligible, regardless of the performance status of patients. Early referral of such patients to radiation oncology departments may be critical for patient survival and quality of life.
Should We Accept the Epiligament Theory About the Differences in the Healing Potential of the Medial Collateral and the Anterior Cruciate Ligament?
Authors: Georgiev Georgi P. , Gaydarski Lyubomir , Landzhov Boycho
Published: February 2025

The epiligament (EL), described in 1990 as a connective tissue layer distinguishable from the ligament proper, has only recently gained recognition for its critical role in ligament function and repair. Previously overlooked, the EL is now understood to be a dynamic structure, particularly in the context of medial collateral ligament (MCL) healing. Rat model studies demonstrate that the EL actively contributes to ligament repair by serving as a source of cells and blood vessels, findings later corroborated in human studies. The EL’s role in spontaneous MCL healing highlights its importance, raising the question of whether differences in EL morphology and activity contribute to the poor healing capacity of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Comparative studies reveal significant disparities in EL cellularity and activity between the ACL and MCL. The EL of the MCL is hypercellular, with robust expression markers like α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen types III and V, essential for tissue remodeling and structural integrity. Conversely, the ACL’s EL is less vascularized and exhibits weaker expression of these markers. While vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes angiogenesis, its effectiveness is limited in the ACL due to restricted vascularization. Similarly, CD34, a progenitor cell marker, is more prominently expressed in the MCL’s EL, further supporting its superior healing potential. These findings suggest that the EL’s distinct structural and functional attributes are key determinants of ligament healing. Targeting the EL’s regenerative properties offers a promising therapeutic strategy, particularly for improving ACL repair outcomes. Further research is necessary to validate and expand these findings.
Expression of E-CADHERIN and miR-200b in Different Forms of Endometriosis
Authors: Ntzeros Konstantinos , Voros Charalampos , Mavrogianni Despoina , Kathopoulis Nikolaos , Kypriotis Konstantinos , Varthaliti Antonia , Darlas Menelaos , Douligeris Athanasios , Protopapas Athanasios
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is the process by which epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal properties, which helps endometriotic cells migrate and invade. This study looks at the expression of E-CADHERIN, a critical epithelial marker, and miR-200b, an EMT regulator, in several types of endometriosis, including endometriomas and deep infiltrating endometriotic (DIE) nodules. Methods: We examined 19 individuals with endometriosis (9 with just endometriotic cysts and 10 with both DIE and endometriotic cysts) and 8 controls with benign gynecological abnormalities. Tissue samples were taken during laparoscopic surgery, and E-CADHERIN and miR-200b expression were measured using Real-Time PCR, with G6PD and U6 as controls. Results:E-CADHERIN expression was maintained in the eutopic endometrium of both ovarian and DIE types, but it was considerably reduced in endometriotic cysts, indicating heightened mesenchymal features. miR-200b was downregulated in the eutopic endometrium of ovarian endometriosis but upregulated in DIE. Endometriotic cysts in both groups had greater miR-200b expression than their corresponding eutopic endometrium. E-CADHERIN and miR-200b expression in DIE lesions was similar to that found in matched eutopic endometrium. Conclusions: The regulation of E-CADHERIN and miR-200b varies across ovarian and DIE lesions. The miR-200b-ZEB1 feedback loop is increased in DIE eutopic endometrium but downregulated in ovarian endometriosis. E-CADHERIN downregulation in endometriotic cysts indicates heightened mesenchymal dynamics, whereas DIE nodules have gene expression patterns similar to eutopic endometrium. These findings emphasize the distinct regulatory processes that govern endometriotic lesions.
Autofluorescence of Red Blood Cells Infected with P. falciparum as a Preliminary Analysis of Spectral Sweeps to Predict Infection
Authors: Garrido-Tamayo Miguel A. , Rincón Santamaría Alejandro , Hoyos Fredy E. , González Vega Tamara , Laroze David
Published: February 2025

Malaria, an infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium—including the most lethal species, Plasmodium falciparum—alters the physicochemical properties of host red blood cells, including their intrinsic autofluorescence after infecting them. This exploratory study aims to investigate the possibility of using autofluorescence as a method for detecting infection in red blood cells. The autofluorescence spectra of uninfected and in vitro infected red blood cells with Plasmodium falciparum were monitored and compared across an excitation wavelength range of 255 to 630 nm. Principal Component Analysis revealed that only two wavelengths (315 and 320 nm), previously undocumented, were able to accurately differentiate infected from uninfected red blood cells, showing an increase in autofluorescence in the ultraviolet and blue regions. This phenomenon is hypothetically associated with the presence of natural fluorophores such as tryptophan, FAD, NADH, porphyrins, and lipopigments. To classify the samples, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was employed, and Wilks’ Lambda test confirmed that the discriminant function was significant, enabling correct classification of samples in more than 91% of cases. Overall, our results support the potential use of autofluorescence as an effective approach for detecting malaria parasite infection in red blood cells, with the possibility of implementation in portable devices for rapid field diagnostics.
Maternal Resveratrol Supplementation Attenuates Prenatal Stress Impacts on Anxiety- and Depressive-like Behaviors by Regulating Bdnf Transcripts Expression in the Brains of Adult Male Offspring Rats
Authors: Vera-Juárez Gerardo , Vázquez-Martínez Edgar Ricardo , Gómez-Pliego Raquel , López-Martínez Margarita , Espinosa-Raya Judith
Published: February 2025

Background: Prenatal stress has been reported to harm the physiological and biochemical functions of the brain of the offspring, potentially resulting in anxiety- and depression-like behaviors later in life. Trans-Resveratrol (RESV) is known for its anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and antidepressant properties. However, whether administering RESV during pregnancy can counteract the anxiety- and depression-like behaviors induced by maternal stress is unknown. Objective: This study aimed to assess the protective potential of RESV against molecular and behavioral changes induced by prenatal stress. Methods: During pregnancy, the dams received 50 mg/kg BW/day of RESV orally. They underwent a movement restriction for forty-five minutes, three times a day, in addition to being exposed to artificial light 24 h before delivery. The male offspring were left undisturbed until early adulthood, at which point they underwent behavioral assessments, including the open field test, elevated plus maze, and forced swim test. Subsequently, they were euthanized, and the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were extracted for RT-qPCR analysis to measure Bdnf mRNA expression. Results: By weaning, results showed that prenatal stress led to reduced weight gain and, in adulthood, increased anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and changes in Bdnf mRNA expression. However, these effects were attenuated by maternal RESV supplementation. Conclusions: The findings suggest that RESV can prevent anxiety- and depression-like behaviors induced by prenatal stress by modulating Bdnf mRNA expression.
Fire Evacuation for People with Functional Disabilities in High-Rise Buildings: A Scoping Review
Authors: Lyu Yimiao , Wang Hongchun
Published: February 2025

Fire emergencies pose significant risks to occupants in high-rise buildings, particularly individuals with functional limitations who struggle with conventional evacuation facilities like stairs. The objective of the study was to survey current literature to identify safe fire evacuation solutions for functionally limited groups. A systematic analysis of 156 journal articles (2000–2024) was conducted to identify factors affecting the evacuation, and their impact on evacuation efficiency. The findings were categorized into four main types: (1) human behavior during fire emergencies, (2) architectural and environmental factors, (3) fire and smoke risk calculation and control, and (4) evacuation models and tools. Additionally, our findings highlight the limitations of current research for individuals with disabilities, including evacuation methods, building design, fire risk calculation and control, evacuation models, and elevator operation strategies. The study concludes with recommendations for future research to address the identified gaps. This study underscores the need for further research on expanding solutions for different emergencies (e.g., earthquakes), addressing special building environments (e.g., hospitals), and leveraging digital technologies to improve evacuation processes for vulnerable populations. Future efforts will focus on incorporating rescuers and rescue methodologies into the evacuation framework to further enhance the safety and protection of vulnerable populations.
Benefits and Challenges of Early Electrical Contractors’ Involvement in Construction Projects
Authors: Koo Hyun Jeong , Skvarce Frank
Published: February 2025

The construction industry is currently facing several challenges, such as increased complexity, rapid technological development, and early retirements of experts. The involvement of knowledgeable contractors during early design will provide significant benefits, resulting in good-quality design and enhanced construction performance, particularly in specialized areas like electrical disciplines. In this study, the authors conducted a survey with 82 industry experts to identify the benefits, barriers, and key selection criteria of Early Electrical Contractor Involvement (EECI) in construction projects. The survey results indicate that the benefits of EECI outweigh the barriers. Cost savings emerged as the most significant benefit of EECI for most participants, while the requirement for a high level of cooperation and transparency was identified as the most challenging barrier. This study also revealed the discrepancies in the assessment of benefits and barriers of EECI based on the participant’s role. Additionally, collaboration and teamwork were identified as essential factors for the successful implementation of EECI. However, companies remain reluctant to change contracting methods, as they tend to adhere to familiar practices despite the potential advantages of EECI. This study validates the importance and effectiveness of EECI with regard to construction projects and contributes to the existing body of knowledge in early contractor involvement, electrical subcontracting, and design quality improvement. Furthermore, the outcome of this study provides industry practitioners with a better understanding of EECI and can also be used for education purposes.
Progress in Drug Delivery Systems Based on Nanoparticles for Improved Glioblastoma Therapy: Addressing Challenges and Investigating Opportunities
Authors: Rahman Md Ataur , Jalouli Maroua , Yadab Mahesh Kumar , Al-Zharani Mohammed
Published: February 2025

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant brain tumor that has a bleak outlook despite existing treatments such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The utilization of nanoparticles for drug delivery presents a promising method by which to improve the effectiveness of treatment while reducing the harmful effects on the entire body. This review examines the application of nanoparticles in the treatment of GBM, focusing on different types of nanoparticles, including lipid-based, polymeric, metallic, and those under development. Every variety is analyzed for its distinct characteristics and therapeutic capacity. Lipid-based nanoparticles, such as liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles, enhance the transport of medicines that are not soluble in water and have shown considerable potential in preclinical investigations. Polymeric nanoparticles have benefits in terms of controlled release and targeted distribution, whereas metallic nanoparticles have potential in both therapy and imaging. In the current review we would like to emphasize the ways in which nanoparticles improve medicine delivery, specifically by enhancing penetration of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), targeting tumors, and enabling controlled release. Additionally, we also discuss current preclinical and clinical discoveries, highlighting both achievements and obstacles in the process of converting these technologies into effective treatments for GBM. This study offers a thorough examination of the present status and prospects of nanoparticles in the treatment of GBM.
Modifying Pathways in CO Preferential Oxidation over CuxO/CeO2 Catalysts by Boosting Cu-Ce Interfacial Interaction
Authors: Xu Changjin , Wang Desheng , Qi Herima , Wang Laibing , Chen Tingting , Ta Na , Cheng Riqing , Guo Huiqing , Wu Shikui
Published: February 2025

Improving the dispersion of CuxO species is critical for enhancing the catalytic performance of CuxO/CeO2 catalysts in the preferential oxidation of CO. Herein, the 10CuxO/CeO2 catalyst was synthesized using a combined approach of one-step thermal decomposition and precipitation methods. A series of characterization results indicate that the CeO2 support we prepared is rich in defect sites, which not only enhance the interaction between CeO2 and CuxO, but also promote the generation of more active Cu+ sites while reducing the strength of the Ce−O bond. Raman spectroscopy and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) demonstrated that the weakened Ce–O bonds promote the extraction of lattice oxygen, thereby enhancing the carboxyl reaction pathway. Consequently, the highly dispersed 10CuxO/CeO2 catalyst exhibits remarkably high catalytic activity for the oxidation of CO over a broad operating temperature range (i.e., CO 100% conversion, 95–215 °C). This study represents an important advancement toward the facile synthesis of highly active transition-metal oxide catalysts.
Characterization of Laser-Textured Surfaces of Parts of a Biodegradable Polymer
Authors: Rusu (Ostahie) Petronela-Daniela , Bialas Oktawian , Wozniak Anna , Adamiak Marcin , Appiah Augustine , Tampu Catalin , Mazurchevici Simona-Nicoleta , Kyratsis Panagiotis , Tzotzis Anastasios , Nedelcu Alexandra , Mindru Teodor-Daniel , Nedelcu Dumitru
Published: February 2025

Surface texturing entails surface alteration through forming, microgrooving, microdimpling, and microchanneling. This is achieved by laser micromachining, in addition to other related methods, of a substrate surface. The present paper describes the surface characteristics obtained after the laser texturing of a biodegradable polymer (Arbofill Fichte) with four and six passes in hexagonal and square patterns. The results of the wettability test indicate that this biodegradable polymer has a surface with a weak hydrophobic characteristic (contact angle near 90°), regardless of the type of texture that is obtained. The underlying material’s wear behavior changes as a result of the surface alteration due to laser surface texturing (LST). The coefficient of friction (COF) values thus increase for all samples. The hexagonal geometry offers greater stability and consistency compared to square geometry, independent of the number of passes. Square geometry is more susceptible to variations, particularly along the Y axis, and may need additional adjustment of the process parameters. The hexagonal structure naturally promotes more uniform leveling due to its tighter and more evenly spread arrangement, even at four texturing passes (4x). However, at six texturing passes (6x), the advantages become more pronounced because of the repeated overlaps in the laser trajectories. The overlap in the hexagonal configuration guarantees that each area of the material receives a relatively consistent energy dose, reducing localized discrepancies. The possibility of using this method to texture surfaces is viable; thus, based on the obtained results, there is the possibility that it can replace non-biodegradable polymers in different sectors.
Mix Design Optimization and Performance Evaluation of Ultra-Thin Wearing Courses Incorporating Ceramic Grains as Aggregate
Authors: Li Hanjun , Cheng Ming , Xie Xiaoguang , Zhang Tianxu
Published: February 2025

The impact of ice and snow in seasonally frozen regions has led to a significant decline in the flatness and skid resistance of highway pavements, creating severe traffic safety hazards. With economic development driving the transition from road construction to maintenance, this study proposes enhancing Ultra-Thin Wearing Course (UTWC) maintenance materials with anti-icing performance and snow-melting properties. The study first employed the Marshall mix design method to develop gradations for two common types of UTWC asphalt mixtures: the dense-graded GT-8 and the open-graded NovaChip® Type-B. Using the volume substitution method, aggregates were replaced with equivalent volumes of ceramic grains. The optimal asphalt–aggregate ratios for the mixtures with varying ceramic grain contents were determined, and the influence of ceramic grains content on the asphalt–aggregate ratio was analyzed. The results indicate that the optimal asphalt–aggregate ratio increases with higher ceramic grains content. Subsequently, the high-temperature performance, low-temperature performance, and water stability of UTWC with varying ceramic grain contents were evaluated. Overall, NovaChip® gradation mixtures demonstrated superior road performance compared to GT-8 gradation mixtures. Moreover, an increase in ceramic grains content enhanced the high-temperature performance of UTWC but moderately reduced its low-temperature performance and water stability. Finally, the effects of different ceramic grain contents and snowmelt agent types on the anti-icing and snowmelt properties of UTWC were examined. The results revealed that higher ceramic grains content improved snowmelt effectiveness. Considering the road performance of the specimens, a ceramic grains content of 40% was recommended. Furthermore, calcium chloride (CaCl2) exhibited superior anti-icing performance compared to other snowmelt agents.
Unbiased Finite Element Mesh Delaunay Constrained Triangulation Applied to 2D Images with High Morphological Complexity Using Mathematical Morphology Tools Part 2: Labeled Images
Authors: N’Guyen F. , Kanit T. , Imad A.
Published: February 2025

We propose a method for generating a constrained Delaunay triangulation CDT applied to labeled 2D images with high morphological complexity. In the previous paper, Part 1, we established an unbiased planar straight-line graph (PLSG) on image objects of any morphological complexity, using mathematical morphology tools. In the case of labeled images of this paper, the PSLG is defined by the set of local PSLG pieces for each adjacent label. The global PSLG of each label must respect the injective nature of Jordan’s curve.
Preparation of Cosmetic Scrub Bases from Coffee Waste and Eco-Friendly Emulsifiers
Authors: Szaferski Waldemar , Janczarek Marcin
Published: February 2025

Only about 30% of coffee bean mass can be transformed into coffee drinks; thus, a larger fraction ends up as spent coffee grounds (SCGs), which have been mainly disposed of as waste. The promising direction of SCG reuse is in the cosmetic industry. The aim of this study was to prepare stable cosmetic emulsion bases to create a coffee scrub using SCGs. As the emulsion base and its stability are crucial for the production of cosmetic scrubs, eco-friendly emulsifiers based on apricot kernel oil, soya lecithin and a natural emulsifier from olive oil were included in the study. Apricot kernel oil proved to be the only stable emulsifier. The prepared bases were subjected to microscopic analysis and visual assessment of stability. Cosmetic emulsions with this emulsifier are a good base for coffee scrubs, both with glycerine and castor oil, as well as with the addition of macadamia oil. In emulsions with apricot kernel oil emulsifier and castor oil, macadamia oil increases the percentage of droplets with the smallest diameters, improving the stability of the system. Based on this study, it can be concluded that SCGs are a promising raw material for the production of scrubs with a pleasant coffee aroma.
Pesticidal Potential and Selectivity of Soybean Extract on Pests and Non-Target Insects of Cocoa
Authors: Avicor Silas Wintuma , Bukari Yahaya , Ainooson Michael Kojo , Awudzi Godfred Kweku , Anyomi Wisdom Edem
Published: February 2025

With the search for alternative pest management strategies due to the concerns associated with synthetic pesticides, botanicals have been of increasing interest. However, the potential of plants such as soybean (Glycine max) as biopesticides is less known. Hence, this study assessed the activity of soybean extract (SBE) on insects and Phytophthora pod rot pathogens of cocoa using the filter paper contact toxicity and amended-agar plate techniques, respectively. Concentrations of 0.001–100% w/v SBE induced a mortality of 17.02–100% on the cocoa mirid Sahlbergella singularis and 2.5–90% and 5.26–100% on the ants Crematogaster africana and Pheidole megacephala, respectively. Also, 0.001–20% w/v SBE inhibited mycelial growth by 0–72% (Phytophthora palmivora isolates) and 1.17–81.03% (Phytophthora megakarya isolates). The minimum inhibitory concentration for P. palmivora and P. megakarya isolates was 1% and 0.001% w/v SBE, respectively. The median lethal concentration was 3.50% (S. singularis) and 193.73% w/v (C. africana), while the median inhibitory concentrations were 4.70 and 7.87% (P. palmivora isolates) and 1.13 and 1.48% (P. megakarya isolates). The activity of SBE on the pests was differential but non-toxic to the ant C. africana. The findings indicate the potential of SBE as a biopesticide against S. singularis and Phytophthora pod rot pathogens of cocoa.
Swin-Panda: Behavior Recognition for Giant Pandas Based on Local Fine-Grained and Spatiotemporal Displacement Features
Authors: Yi Xinyu , Su Han , Min Peng , He Mengnan , Han Yimin , Luo Gai , Wu Pengcheng , Min Qingyue , Hou Rong , Chen Peng
Published: February 2025

The giant panda, a rare and iconic species endemic to China, has attracted significant attention from both domestic and international researchers due to its crucial ecological role, unique cultural value, and distinct evolutionary history. While substantial progress has been made in the field of individual identification, behavior recognition remains underdeveloped, facing challenges such as the lack of dynamic temporal features and insufficient extraction of behavioral characteristics. To address these challenges, we propose the Swin-Panda model, which leverages transfer learning based on the Video Swin Transformer architecture within the mmaction2 framework. In addition, we introduce two novel modules: the Comprehensive Perception Auxiliary Module and the Spatiotemporal Shift Attention Module. These modules facilitate the extraction of local and spatiotemporal information, allowing the model to more effectively capture the behavioral and movement patterns of giant pandas. Experimental results on the PACV-8 dataset demonstrate that our model achieves an accuracy of 88.02%, outperforming several benchmark models. This approach significantly enhances behavior recognition accuracy, thereby contributing to the advancement of panda welfare and species conservation efforts.