bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of effectiveness of deworming options in recently weaned beef cattle utilizing different anthelmintic programs in the southeast
Authors: Hernandez Shane R , Davis Dylan B , Credille Brent C , Tucker Jennifer J , Stewart Robert Lawton
Published: November 2022

This study evaluated the effects of three different anthelmintic strategies on animal performance and anthelmintic effectiveness in weaned calves during a 42-d preconditioning period. The study was conducted at four locations over 2 yr and included a total of 797 recently weaned spring-born calves (initial BW 260 ± 37.7 kg). At the start of each year, at each location, calves were weaned and randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 1) oxfendazole (ORAL); 2) transdermal eprinomectin (POUR); 3) both anthelmintic treatments (BOTH); and 4) the control (CONT) group who did not receive treatment. Anthelmintic was applied per the manufacturer recommendation, the transdermal eprinomectin was administered at 1 mL per 10 kg and oxfendazole was administered orally at 1 mL per 50 kg. Weights were measured at the start of the study (day 0) and again at the end of the preconditioning phase (day 42). Fecal samples were collected at the start of the study prior to treatment application (day 0) and again on day 14. Rumen fluid was collected at the start of the study prior to treatment (day 0) and again on day 6. There were treatment effects for all performance metrics (P < 0.001). All treatments had greater weight gain and value of weight gained (P < 0.024), and all three strategies did not differ from each other (P > 0.420). On day 0, there were no (P = 0.795) treatment effects detected for fecal eggs per gram (EPG) counts. On day 14, there were (P < 0.001) treatment effects for EPG counts with feces from CONT calves containing greater (P < 0.014) EPG than feces from treated calves. EPG in feces from BOTH calves did not differ (P > 0.123) from the other two treated groups and feces from POUR calves tended (P = 0.052) to contain greater EPG counts than feces from ORAL calves. Volatile fatty acids were similar across treatments on days 0 and 6 (P > 0.115). Butyrate tended (P = 0.063) to be lower in ORAL on day 6. These results suggest that using eprinomectin and oxfendazole in combination was an effective strategy for reducing EPG and improving performance during a 42-d preconditioning phase.
The fifth family of the true crickets (Insecta: Orthoptera: Ensifera: Grylloidea), Oecanthidae defin. nov.: phylogenetic relationships and divergence times
Authors: de Campos Lucas Denadai , de Souza Dias Pedro Guilherme Barrios , Audino Jorge Alves , Desutter-Grandcolas Laure , Nihei Silvio Shigueo
Published: November 2022

Crickets are frequently used as a model in several areas of science, including acoustic communication, behaviour and neurobiology. However, only a few of these studies are placed in an evolutionary framework due to the limited number of phylogenetic hypotheses for true crickets. We present a phylogenetic hypothesis for a newly defined family of crickets, Oecanthidae defin. nov., sister-group of Gryllidae defin. nov. The phylogenetic analyses are based on molecular and morphological data under likelihood and parsimony criteria and molecular data for divergence-times estimation (Bayesian inference). We used 107 terminals from all biogeographic regions and six fossils for the time calibration of the tree. All analyses resulted in Oecanthidae with four subfamilies: Euscyrtinae, Oecanthinae defin. nov., Podoscirtinae defin. nov. and Tafaliscinae defin. nov. Based on our results, we revise the definition and internal classifications of the subfamilies, supertribes and tribes. A new tribe, Phyllogryllini trib. nov. is described. We also update their diagnoses, list the genera of the tribes and list their apomorphies. We provide an identification key for all suprageneric taxa of Oecanthidae, plus all genera of Tafaliscinae. Finally, we discuss the phylogenetic relationships of Oecanthidae, their divergence times, habitat diversity and the importance of ovipositor variation in this clade.
Cryptic and widespread: a recipe for taxonomic misidentification in a freshwater crab species (Decapoda: Potamonautidae:Potamonautes sidneyi) as evident from species delimitation methods
Authors: Daniels Savel R , Busschau Theo , Gullacksen Graeme , Marais Hannes , Gouws Gavin , Barnes Aaron
Published: November 2022

We examined the systematics of a ubiquitously distributed southern African freshwater crab, Potamonautes sidneyi s.l. species complex. Specimens were subjected to DNA sequence analyses of two mitochondrial loci (16S rRNA + COI). We applied three species delimitations methods (ASAP, bGMYC and bPTP) to test their utility in delineating species boundaries in Potamonautes and three additional Afrotropical genera (Liberonautes, Nesonautes and Seychellum). The combined mtDNA dataset retrieved five clades. Clade 1 comprised of P. barbarai, clade 2 comprised of specimens from the interior of the Great Karoo Basin, sister to P. sidneyi s.s. in clade 3. Clade 4 was confined to Eswatini and the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa, and sister to clade 5 that comprised P. danielsi. The three species delimitation methods either over- or underestimated the number of species. Phylogenetically, specimens from the Great Karoo Basin (clade 2) were equidistant to P. sidneyi s.s. and P. perlatus, while the Eswatini and Mpumalanga specimens (clade 4) were sister to P. danielsi. Clades 2 and 4 are herein described as P. karooensis sp. nov. and P. valles sp. nov., respectively.
Pathogenicity of Oomycete Species to Different Prunus Hybrid Rootstocks
Authors: Beluzán Francisco , Armengol Josep , Abad-Campos Paloma
Published: November 2022

Diseases caused by soilborne oomycetes are a limiting factor for the cultivation of Prunus spp., which makes the choice of a suitable rootstock a key factor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of 12 oomycete species belonging to the genera Globisporangium, Phytophthora (Ph.), and Phytopythium (Pp.) to three Prunus hybrid rootstocks: ‘Garnem’, ‘GF-677’, and ‘Rootpac-40’. These three rootstocks are widely used to grow stone fruit and almond in the Mediterranean Basin. Pathogenicity tests were conducted using 15 oomycete isolates and 1-year-old rootstock seedlings. Ninety days after inoculation, disease symptoms were evaluated on a severity scale, and the area under the disease progression curve and the survival probability of the inoculated seedlings were calculated. Moreover, root dry weight was recorded. All the isolates included in the pathogenicity tests were pathogenic on the rootstock seedlings and were reisolated from root lesions. Large differences in virulence were detected among the different oomycete species and isolates of Ph. niederhauserii for each rootstock. Phytophthora multivora and Pp. helicoides were generally the most virulent species. The results of the present research offer substantial contribution to increase our knowledge about the pathogenicity of several oomycete species that are frequently isolated in Prunus orchards and the potential risks that they pose for Prunus spp. crops.
Virulence Variability in Xylella fastidiosa and Disease Susceptibility of Cultivated and Wild Grape Species
Authors: Saunders Cameron V. , Van Zyl Sonet , Naegele Rachel P.
Published: November 2022

Five isolates of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa were evaluated for virulence differences using the grape cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. Significant variation in virulence was observed among isolates. Two isolates representing high and moderate virulence in grape were used for evaluating susceptibility on 21 grape lines (cultivars and breeding lines). Lines showed significant differences in symptom development and bacterial populations when inoculated with one of two isolates. Table grape cultivars Scarlet Royal, Solbrio, and Red Globe were among the cultivars with the highest disease symptoms and bacterial populations, whereas Flame Seedless showed moderate or low symptoms and had lower bacterial populations in this study than most other commercial table grape cultivars. Sources of Pierce's disease resistance or tolerance commonly used in breeding programs showed few symptoms when inoculated with either isolate, but levels of bacteria within the plant varied. A new source of Pierce's disease resistance/tolerance, IAC 572, was identified.
CE: HIV-Associated Kaposi Sarcoma in the Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Era
Authors: Mangusan Ralph F. , Ekwede Irene , Widell Anaida
Published: November 2022

Kaposi sarcoma is a tumor caused by Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, also known as human herpesvirus 8. Its occurrence is associated with an immunocompromised state. Kaposi sarcoma that occurs among people living with HIV (PLWH) is known as epidemic Kaposi sarcoma. Despite the decline in HIV-associated complications because of the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy two decades ago, Kaposi sarcoma continues to affect PLWH worldwide. It affects young African American men more than other age and racial groups and can result in multiorgan dysfunction, leading to short-term and chronic debilitating symptoms as well as death. While some patients with epidemic Kaposi sarcoma are managed as outpatients, others may require higher levels of care and their acuity may fluctuate throughout their life span. Therefore, nurses, regardless of their specialty, may experience caring for a patient with epidemic Kaposi sarcoma at some point in their career. Learning about this condition and the needs of patients who have it will help nurses provide effective care. Here, the authors describe Kaposi sarcoma in general as well as the epidemiology, characteristics, and management of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma. They also describe specific nursing considerations in the care of PLWH who have the disease.
Socioeconomic and Health-Related Factors Affecting Congestive Heart Failure Readmissions
Authors: Gusto Jollibyrd M. , Prehn Angela W.
Published: November 2022

Congestive heart failure (CHF) readmissions are frequent and costly but preventable. The purpose of this study was to analyze socioeconomic and health-related factors of CHF readmissions by examining the relationship between 30-day readmissions of individuals with CHF and their payer status, race, ethnicity, primary language spoken, living arrangement, and comorbidities. This retrospective case-control study used secondary data from 450 CHF patients admitted to a not-for-profit Northern Virginia hospital from July 2014 to December 2017. Data were analyzed using χ2 and logistic regression. Living arrangements and comorbid chronic renal failure (CRF) were statistically significant predictors of CHF readmissions; all other factors were nonsignificant. Patients who lived with family and those in assisted living facilities were less likely to be readmitted than those who lived alone (odds ratio [OR] = 0.2 and 0.5, respectively). Patients without CRF were less likely to be readmitted than those who had CRF (OR = 0.6). This study contributes data to inform community-based health programs tailored toward frequently readmitted individuals due to CHF exacerbation.
Monkeypox—What Pediatricians Need to Know
Authors: Zimmermann Petra , Curtis Nigel
Published: November 2022

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease, presenting with fever, lymphadenopathy and vesicular-pustular skin lesions, that historically has rarely been reported outside the endemic regions of Central and West Africa. It was previously thought that human-to-human transmission was too low to sustain spread. During 2022, the number of cases of monkeypox, caused by clade II, rose rapidly globally, predominantly among men who have sex with men. In previous outbreaks with monkeypox clade 1 in endemic areas, children were disproportionately more affected with higher morbidity and mortality. It is unclear whether children are at similarly higher risk from monkeypox clade II. Nonetheless, children and pregnant women are considered high-risk groups and antiviral treatment should be considered for those affected. While smallpox vaccination offers good protection against monkeypox, the duration of protection is unknown, and infection occurs in vaccinated individuals. Should the current outbreak spread to children, authorities should be prepared to rapidly implement vaccination for children. In this review, we summarize epidemiological and clinical features, as well as the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention options for monkeypox with a focus on considerations for children.
Effects of Dimensional Analysis on Infusible Medication Calculation Skills Among Nursing Students in an Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Montazer Fereshte , Namjou Zahra , Mirzaei Samaneh , Nasiriani Khadijeh
Published: November 2022

Medication errors are among the most common life-threatening mistakes made in health care. The ability to accurately calculate drug doses, especially in intensive care units (ICUs), where the majority of medications are infused, reduces medication errors. Researchers have proposed dimensional analysis to improve mathematical calculations of drugs. This study was conducted to determine the effects of dimensional analysis on the infusible medication calculation skills among nursing students in ICUs. In this quasi-experimental study, the research samples consisted of sixth-semester nursing students who were assigned to an intervention group (n = 34) and a control group (n = 32). For the intervention group, the calculations of common infusible drugs in the ICU were taught using the dimensional analysis method, whereas the control group received training without the dimensional analysis method. Data collection instruments included a demographic characteristics questionnaire and a 10-item questionnaire of drug calculations that were measured before and after the intervention in both groups. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 22. The mean pretest scores for infusible drug calculations of nursing students in the ICU were 5.15 ± 2.35 for the intervention group and 5.25 ± 2.56 for the control group (P = .86). The mean posttest scores of the intervention group and control group were 9.22 ± 0.79 and 6.27 ± 1.87, respectively (P = .0001). Dimensional analysis training significantly improved the infusible medication calculation skills of nursing students in the ICU. It is recommended to include this method in undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education nursing courses to increase skills in calculating infusible drugs and to reduce medication errors.
Enhancing the Applied Epidemiology Workforce: The Impact of the 2021 Epidemiology Capacity Assessment on CSTE's Workforce Priorities
Authors: Auer Sarah , Arrazola Jessica , Masters Amanda , Nguyen Kristy , Fine Annie
Published: November 2022

The Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) conducted the seventh Epidemiology Capacity Assessment (ECA) from January to April 2021 in state and territorial health departments. The ECA serves to enumerate the applied epidemiology workforce and evaluate workforce capacity across the nation. The results of the ECA demonstrated a need for additional epidemiologists across jurisdictions and challenges of maintaining a trained workforce and improving public health infrastructure. The results of the ECA serve as the foundation for CSTE's workforce priorities, which focus on transforming applied epidemiology by promoting the field as a career opportunity, recruitment, and retention strategies, upskilling the workforce, and enhancing infrastructure. CSTE has outlined current and future workforce priorities, and these priorities contribute to a larger strategy to transform the field and enhance applied epidemiology capacity nationwide. This report describes the programmatic actions taken by CSTE in response to the results of the 2021 ECA.
Low Vision and Driving
Authors: Stants Holly
Published: November 2022

Driving an automobile is an important option for community mobility. Functional vision is a major consideration for safe driving, and age-related vision impairment may result in the loss of driving independence. Clinicians and older drivers would benefit from understanding current options for driving with low vision, including state laws, use of adaptive equipment, low-vision rehabilitation, and driver rehabilitation. This article reviews the concept of a bioptic telescopic lens system for driving with low vision, including an example of a collaborative interdisciplinary bioptic driving training program developed by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation in conjunction with clinical experts.
Loneliness in Older Adults With Visual Impairment
Authors: Nastasi Julie Ann , Corcoran Kelly , Divinagracia Crisel , Erickson Emily , Fernández Rachel , Hernandez Jadriane , Shuck Daniel , Wisner Kate
Published: November 2022

Loneliness in older adults with visual impairment was explored to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon. A collective case study explored 3 participants' occupational performance histories, functional visual performance, and loneliness. Seven themes emerged: pride in employment; adaptation to visual impairment through devices and environmental modifications; engaging and participating in meaningful occupations; enjoying companionship; engaging and delegating home maintenance tasks appropriately; engaging in routines; and engaging in preventive care. A significant finding atP= .05 (r=−0.998) was found between the overall scores on the Revised Self-Report Assessment of Functional Visual Performance and the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3) using Pearson's correlations. The findings support addressing loneliness in older adults with visual impairment as the levels of functional impairment correlate with loneliness.
Empirical evidence of nonlinearity in bottom up effect in a marine predator–prey system
Authors: Durant Joël M. , Ono Kotaro , Langangen Øystein
Published: November 2022

The strength of species interactions may have profound effects on population dynamics. Empirical estimates of interaction strength are often based on the assumption that the interaction strengths are constant. Barents Sea (BS) cod and capelin are two fish populations for which such an interaction has been acknowledged and used, under the assumption of constant interaction strength, when studying their population dynamics. However, species interactions can often be nonlinear in marine ecosystems and might profoundly change our understanding of food chains. Analysing long-term time series data comprising a survey over 37 years in the Arcto-boreal BS, using a state-space modelling framework, we demonstrate that the effect of capelin on cod is not linear but shifts depending on capelin abundance: while capelin is beneficial for cod populations at high abundance; below the threshold, it becomes less important for cod. Our analysis therefore shows the importance of investigating nonlinearity in species interactions and may contribute to an improved understanding on species assemblages.
Richard Gilbert West. 31 May 1926—30 December 2020
Authors: Gibbard P. L. , Turner C.
Published: November 2022

Richard West was undoubtedly the greatest British Quaternary geologist of his generation. Following National Service in India, he was admitted to Clare College, Cambridge in 1948 to study the Natural Sciences Tripos. Considering Geology for Part II, he finally selected Botany and was awarded First Class Honours. Under the supervision of Professor Harry Godwin FRS, in the Subdepartment of Quaternary Research (SDQR) for his PhD thesis he studied Pleistocene interglacial deposits in East Anglia. His detailed investigations at Hoxne and Ipswich led to a lifetime unravelling the environmental, geological and vegetational history of Quaternary deposits in Britain, particularly in East Anglia. In the course of this work, he was responsible for recognizing and defining the majority of the cold or glacial and interglacial stages into which the Quaternary Period in Britain is subdivided. His expertise extended from pollen and plant macrofossil analysis to physical geological evidence, glacial deposits, periglacial phenomena, and sea-level change. These studies required extensive cooperation with specialist colleagues, to the extent that the majority of his investigations are determinedly multi-disciplinary, an approach in which he was undoubtedly a leader. At Cambridge, becoming Director of the SDQR and later Professor of Botany, he supervised, nurtured and inspired numerous research and Master's students and influenced many others, both academics and amateurs alike. His research articles (over 150) and books provide a lasting legacy in Quaternary research. After retirement and up to the time of his death he continued to research, producing several important publications, principally on the evolution of the East Anglian Fenland.
Uncovering commercial activity in informal cities
Authors: Straulino Daniel , Saldarriaga Juan C. , Gómez Jairo A. , Duque Juan C. , O’Clery Neave
Published: November 2022

Knowledge of the spatial organization of economic activity within a city is a key to policy concerns. However, in developing cities with high levels of informality, this information is often unavailable. Recent progress in machine learning together with the availability of street imagery offers an affordable and easily automated solution. Here, we propose an algorithm that can detect what we callvisible establishmentsusing street view imagery. By using Medellín, Colombia as a case study, we illustrate how this approach can be used to uncover previously unseen economic activity. By applying spatial analysis to our dataset, we detect a polycentric structure with five distinct clusters located in both the established centre and peripheral areas. Comparing the density of visible establishments with that of registered firms, we infer that informal activity concentrates in poor but densely populated areas. Our findings highlight the large gap between what is captured in official data and the reality on the ground.
Persistent cross-species SARS-CoV-2 variant infectivity predicted via comparative molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Rajendran Madhusudan , Babbitt Gregory A.
Published: November 2022

Widespread human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 highlights the substantial public health, economic and societal consequences of virus spillover from wildlife and also presents a repeated risk of reverse spillovers back to naive wildlife populations. We employ comparative statistical analyses of a large set of short-term molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to investigate the potential human-to-bat (genus
Rhinolophus
) cross-species infectivity allowed by the binding of SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) across the bat progenitor strain and emerging human strain variants of concern (VOC). We statistically compare the dampening of atom motion across protein sites upon the formation of the RBD/ACE2 binding interface using various bat versus human target receptors (i.e. bACE2 and hACE2). We report that while the bat progenitor viral strain RaTG13 shows some pre-adaption binding to hACE2, it also exhibits stronger affinity to bACE2. While early emergent human strains and later VOCs exhibit robust binding to both hACE2 and bACE2, the delta and omicron variants exhibit evolutionary adaption of binding to hACE2. However, we conclude there is a still significant risk of mammalian cross-species infectivity of human VOCs during upcoming waves of infection as COVID-19 transitions from a pandemic to endemic status.
New macronarian from the Middle Jurassic of Chongqing, China: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for neosauropod dinosaur evolution
Authors: Dai Hui , Tan Chao , Xiong Can , Ma Qingyu , Li Ning , Yu Haidong , Wei Zhaoying , Wang Ping , Yi Jian , Wei Guangbiao , You Hailu , Ren Xinxin
Published: November 2022

Macronaria is a clade of gigantic body-sized sauropod dinosaurs widely distributed from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous globally. However, its origin, early diversification, and dispersal are still controversial. Here, we report a new macronarian
Yuzhoulong qurenensis
gen. et sp. nov. excavated from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Lower Shaximiao Formation.
Yuzhoulong qurenensis
bears a unique combination of features, such as two accessory fossae that exist on the posterior surface of dorsal diapophyses of anterior dorsal vertebrae. Results of phylogenetic analyses demonstrate it is one of the earliest-diverging macronarians. This new material represents a Middle Jurassic fossil record of macronarian sauropod worldwide and improves the understanding of the early diversity and dispersal of the Neosauropoda. This discovery further supports that sauropods achieved a more rapid and varied morphological diversity and palaeogeographical dispersal in the Middle Jurassic.
Rediscovery of two casts of the historically important ‘Proteo-saurus’, the first complete ichthyosaur skeleton
Authors: Lomax Dean R. , Massare Judy A.
Published: November 2022

The first complete ichthyosaur skeleton was introduced to the scientific community in 1819 by Sir Everard Home, and given the nameProteosaurus, although the name was subsequently replaced by ‘Ichthyosaurus’. The skeleton is from Lyme Regis and was probably collected by Mary Anning as it was in the collection of Colonel Birch. The specimen ultimately ended up in the collection of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, where it was destroyed in a bombing raid during World War II. We have discovered two plaster casts of the specimen, although no record exists of casts ever being made. The casts are at the Peabody Museum, Yale University, USA and the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany. Significantly, these verify the accuracy of the published drawing of the specimen, and clarify morphologies of some of the bones. Discrepancies between the drawing and the casts are mainly in the details of the forefins and hindfins. The specimen can be assigned toIchthyosaurus, but the species cannot be determined. This case illustrates the importance of old casts in museum collections. Additional, yet unrecognized casts of this specimen might exist in the UK or elsewhere.
The Fokker–Planck equation of the superstatistical fractional Brownian motion with application to passive tracers inside cytoplasm
Authors: Runfola C. , Vitali S. , Pagnini G.
Published: November 2022

By collecting from literature data experimental evidence of anomalous diffusion of passive tracers inside cytoplasm, and in particular of subdiffusion of mRNA molecules inside live
Escherichia coli
cells, we obtain the probability density function of molecules’ displacement and we derive the corresponding Fokker–Planck equation. Molecules’ distribution emerges to be related to the Krätzel function and its Fokker–Planck equation to be a fractional diffusion equation in the Erdélyi–Kober sense. The irreducibility of the derived Fokker–Planck equation to those of other literature models is also discussed.
Kirigami tiled surfaces with multiple configurations
Authors: Dorn Charles , Lang Robert J. , Pellegrino Sergio
Published: November 2022

This paper presents new kirigami patterns consisting oftilesconnected bysub-foldsthat can approximate multiple specified target surfaces. The curvature of the surfaces approximated by the tiles varies as the patterns are folded, allowing access to a wide range of curvatures. A numerical framework is developed for the synthesis of the fold patterns that approximate a given set of target surfaces. The pattern synthesis process is framed as a tile placement problem, where compatible tile arrangements associated with each target surface are computed by solving a constrained optimization problem. After computing a set of tile arrangements, sub-folds are added to connect adjacent tiles. The resulting patterns are rigid foldable with many kinematic degrees of freedom, allowing them to achieve configurations that approximate the specified target surfaces. Kinematic simulations verify the existence of continuous paths between the target surfaces. A prototype pattern with six target surfaces is fabricated using three-dimensional printed components.
Clusters of Bloch waves in three-dimensional periodic media
Authors: Godin Yuri A. , Vainberg Boris
Published: November 2022

We consider acoustic wave propagation through a periodic array of the inclusions of arbitrary shape. The inclusion size is much smaller than the array period while the wavelength is fixed. We derive and rigorously justify the dispersion relation for general frequencies and show that there are exceptional frequencies for which the solution is a cluster of waves propagating in different directions with different frequencies so that the dispersion relation cannot be defined uniquely. Examples are provided for the spherical inclusions.
All the brain's a stage for serotonin: the forgotten story of serotonin diffusion across cell membranes
Authors: Andrews Paul W. , Bosyj Catherine , Brenton Luke , Green Laura , Gasser Paul J. , Lowry Christopher A. , Pickel Virginia M.
Published: November 2022

In the conventional model of serotonin neurotransmission, serotonin released by neurons in the midbrain raphe nuclei exerts its actions on forebrain neurons by interacting with a large family of post-synaptic receptors. The actions of serotonin are terminated by active transport of serotonin back into the releasing neuron, which is mediated by the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT). Because SERT is expressed pre-synaptically and is widely thought to be the only serotonin transporter in the forebrain, the conventional model does not include serotonin transport into post-synaptic neurons. However, a large body of evidence accumulating since the 1970s has shown that serotonin, despite having a positive charge, can cross cell membranes through a diffusion-like process. Multiple low-affinity, high-capacity, sodium-independent transporters, widely expressed in the brain, allow the carrier-mediated diffusion of serotonin into forebrain neurons. The amount of serotonin crossing cell membranes through this mechanism under physiological conditions is considerable. Most prominent textbooks fail to include this alternative method of serotonin uptake in the brain, and even most neuroscientists are unaware of it. This failure has limited our understanding of a key regulator of serotonergic neurotransmission, impeded research on the potential intracellular actions of serotonin in post-synaptic neurons and glial cells, and may have impeded our understanding of the mechanism by which antidepressant medications reduce depressive symptoms.
Brain stimulation reveals distinct motives underlying reciprocal punishment and reward
Authors: Micheli Leticia , Negrini Marcello , Schuhmann Teresa , Riedl Arno
Published: November 2022

Reciprocal fairness, in the form of punishment and reward, is at the core of human societal order. Its underlying neural mechanisms are, however, not fully understood. We systemize suggestive evidence regarding the involvement of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in reciprocal fairness in three cognitive mechanisms (cognitive control,domain-generalandself-reference). We test them and provide novel insights in a comprehensive behavioural experiment with non-invasive brain stimulation where participants can punish greedy actions and reward generous actions. Brain stimulation of either brain area decreases reward and punishment when reciprocation is costly but unexpectedly increases reward when it is non-costly. None of the hypothesized mechanisms fully accounts for the observed behaviour, and the asymmetric involvement of the investigated brain areas in punishment and reward suggests that different psychological mechanisms are underlying punishing selfishness and rewarding generosity. We propose that, for reciprocal punishment, the rDLPFC and the mPFC process self-relevant information, in terms of both personal cost and personal involvement; for reciprocal reward, these brain regions are involved in controlling selfish and pure reciprocity motives, while simultaneously promoting the enforcement of fairness norms. These insights bear importance for endeavours to build biologically plausible models of human behaviour.
The experimental evolution of human culture: flexibility, fidelity and environmental instability
Authors: Morgan Thomas J. H. , Suchow Jordan W. , Griffiths Thomas L.
Published: November 2022

The past 2 Myr have seen both unprecedented environmental instability and the evolution of the human capacity for complex culture. This, along with the observation that cultural evolution occurs faster than genetic evolution, has led to the suggestion that culture is an adaptation to an unstable environment. We test this hypothesis by examining the ability of human social learning to respond to environmental changes. We do this by inserting human participants (
n
= 4800) into evolutionary simulations with a changing environment while varying the social information available to individuals across five conditions. We find that human social learning shows some signs of adaptation to environmental instability, including critical social learning, the adoption of up-and-coming traits and, unexpectedly, contrariness. However, these are insufficient to avoid significant fitness declines when the environment changes, and many individuals are highly conformist, which exacerbates the fitness effects of environmental change. We conclude that human social learning reflects a compromise between the competing needs for flexibility to accommodate environmental change and fidelity to accurately transmit valuable cultural information.
Developmental changes of opsin gene expression in ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii)
Authors: Lupše Nik , Kłodawska Monika , Truhlářová Veronika , Košátko Prokop , Kašpar Vojtěch , Bitja Nyom Arnold Roger , Musilova Zuzana
Published: November 2022

Fish often change their habitat and trophic preferences during development. Dramatic functional differences between embryos, larvae, juveniles and adults also concern sensory systems, including vision. Here, we focus on the photoreceptors (rod and cone cells) in the retina and their gene expression profiles during development. Using comparative transcriptomics on 63 species, belonging to 23 actinopterygian orders, we report general developmental patterns of opsin expression, mostly suggesting an increased importance of the rod opsin (
RH1
) gene and the long-wavelength-sensitive cone opsin, and a decreasing importance of the shorter wavelength-sensitive cone opsin throughout development. Furthermore, we investigate in detail ontogenetic changes in 14 selected species (from Polypteriformes, Acipenseriformes, Cypriniformes, Aulopiformes and Cichliformes), and we report examples of expanded cone opsin repertoires, cone opsin switches (mostly within
RH2
) and increasing rod : cone ratio as evidenced by the opsin and phototransduction cascade genes. Our findings provide molecular support for developmental stage-specific visual palettes of ray-finned fishes and shifts between, which most likely arose in response to ecological, behavioural and physiological factors.
Portibacter marinus sp. nov., isolated from the sediment on the surface of plastics and proposal of a novel genus Neolewinella gen. nov. based on the genome-based phylogeny of the family Lewinellaceae
Authors: Huang Zhaobin , Hong Qianling , Lai Qiliang , Zhang Qiufang
Published: November 2022

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and orange-pigmented bacterial strain designated 10MBP4-2-1T was isolated from the sediment on the surface of a plastic straw collected from oyster-farming areas in Quanzhou Bay, PR China. Catalase activity and oxidase activity were positive. Flexirubin-type pigment was absent. The 16S rRNA gene of strain 10MBP4-2-1T showed highest sequence similarity to

Portibacter lacus

YM8-076T of 98.3 %. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and 120 conserved concatenated proteins indicated that strain 10MBP4-2-1T was affiliated to the genus

Portibacter

and formed a monophyletic clade with

P. lacus

YM8-076T. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identity values between strain 10MBP4-2-1T and

P. lacus

YM8-076T were estimated to be 17.7, 70.4 and 70.3 %, respectively. The respiratory quinone was menaquinone 7. The major fatty acid composition was iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
 ω7c and/or C16 : 1
 ω6c). The draft genome size was 5 191 941 bp with DNA G+C content of 39.2 %. Based on phylogenetic analyses and whole genomic comparisons, strain 10MBP4-2-1T represents a novel species, for which the name Portibacter marinus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 10MBP4-2-1T (=MCCC 1K07073T=KCTC 92101T). Additionally, phylogeny and whole genomic comparison of the family

Lewinellaceae

placed

Lewinella cohaerens

and the remaining

Lewinella

(currently comprising 11 species) in two clearly distinguishable clades recognized at the genus level. Thus, a novel genus named Neolewinella gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate the 11 species. Our study provides a taxonomic framework for the family

Lewinellaceae

based on genomic data.
The Laro Kwo Project: A train the trainer model combined with mobile health technology for Community Health Workers in Northern Uganda
Authors: Ebbs Daniel , Benson Oyoo , Jasicki Stanton , McCollum Sarah , Cappello Michael
Published: November 2022

Community Health Workers (CHWs) in low and middle income countries (LMICs) provide invaluable health resources to their community members. Best practices for developing and sustaining CHW training programs in LMICs have yet to be defined using rigorous standards and measures of effectiveness. With the expansion of digital health to LMICs, few studies have evaluated the role of participatory methodologies combined with the use of mobile health (mHealth) for CHW training program development. We completed a three-year prospective observational study aligned with the development of a community-based participatory CHW training program in Northern Uganda. Twenty-five CHWs were initially trained using a community participatory training methodology combined with mHealth and a train-the-trainer model. Medical skill competency exams were evaluated after the initial training and annually thereafter to assess retention with use of mHealth. After three years, CHWs who advanced to trainer status redeveloped all program materials using a mHealth application and trained a new cohort of 25 CHWs. Implementation of this methodology coupled with longitudinal mHealth training demonstrated an improvement in medical skills over three years among the original cohort of CHWs. Further, we found that the train-the-trainer model with mHealth was highly effective, as the new cohort of 25 CHWs trained by the original CHWs exhibited higher scores when tested on medical skill competencies. The combination of mHealth and participatory methodologies can facilitate the sustainability of CHW training programs in LMIC. Further investigations should focus on comparing specific mHealth modalities for training and clinical outcomes using similar combined methodologies.
Validation of the international consensus group criteria for slide review following automated complete blood count at Jimma Medical Center, Ethiopia
Authors: Kiya Girum Tesfaye , Mamo Aklilu Getachew , Asaye Biya Sintayehu , Gobena Dejene Gebre , Demeke Natal , Shenkutie Tilahun Yemane
Published: November 2022

Background

The international consensus group suggested criteria for action following automated complete blood count and white blood cell differential analysis. These criteria were set based on data from laboratories of developed countries. It is highly important to validate the criteria in developing countries where infectious diseases are still rampant that can affect blood cell count and morphology. Thus, this study was aimed to validate the consensus group criteria for slide review at Jimma Medical Center, Ethiopia from February 1 to May 30, 2020.

Method

The study comprised a total of 1685 patient samples from the daily laboratory workload of CBC analysis. The samples were collected in K2-EDTA tubes (Becton Dickinson) and analyzed using Coulter DxH 800 and Sysmex XT-1880 hematology analyzers. Slide review was done on two Wright-stained slides for each sample. All statistical analysis were performed using SPSS version 20 software.

Result

There were 39.8% positive findings, majority of which were related to red blood cells. The false negative and false positive rates for Sysmex and Coulter analyzer were 2.4% vs. 4.8%; and 4.6% vs. 4.7%, respectively. The false negative rate was unacceptably higher when we used physicians’ triggered slide review, which was 17.3% and 17.9% for Sysmex and Coulter analyzer, respectively.

Conclusion

Generally, the consensus group rules are suitable to use in our setting. However, we might still need to modify the rules, particularly to reduce the review rates. It is also necessary to confirm the rules with case mixes proportionally derived from the source population.
Estimating the Global Target Market for Passive Chlorination
Authors: Cherukumilli Katya , Bain Robert , Chen Yiru , Pickering Amy J.
Published: November 2022

Deployment of passive (in-line) chlorinators, devices that disinfect water without electricity or daily user input, is one strategy to advance access to safely managed drinking water. Using the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) data, we first calculate the number of people in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) using drinking water sources that are either compatible (piped water, kiosks) or potentially compatible (packaged/delivered water, rainwater, tubewells, boreholes, protected springs) with passive chlorinators. Leveraging water quality data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), we estimate that 2.32 [95% CI: 2.19, 2.46] billion people in LMICs use microbially contaminated (with fecal indicator bacteria) drinking water sources that are compatible (1.51 [1.42, 1.60] billion) or potentially compatible (817 [776, 858] million) with passive chlorinators. The largest target market for passive chlorinators is in South Asia (551 [532, 571] million rural users and 401 [384, 417] million urban users), where over 77% of drinking water sources compatible with passive chlorinators are contaminated. However, self-reported household water treatment practices indicate that chlorination is more common in the African and Latin American regions, suggesting passive chlorination would have higher acceptance in these regions compared to Asia. Reaching the full target market will require establishing passive chlorinator compatibility with handpumps and protected springs and identifying financially viable implementation models.

Abstract Figure
The Forgotten Hip Fracture: Outcomes Of Lower Limb Periprosthetic Fractures
Authors: Shrivastava Manu , Naruka Vinci , McDonnell Stephen
Published: November 2022

Introduction

There is an increasing prevalence of primary hip fractures and peri-prosthetic hip and knee fractures. There is uncertainty about how best to manage peri-prosthetic fractures, and they do not attract the same financial incentives and management guidelines.

Methods

A retrospective review of medical records was performed at a large academic teaching hospital between October 2014 and September 2016. Seventy-three patients who sustained periprosthetic fractures of the hip and knee were identified. These were compared with outcomes for the hospital recorded on the National Hip Fracture Database.

Results

There were difference in the baseline characteristics between the two groups, with PPF patients having a younger age, lower frailty score and being more likely to be female. There were lower rates of pre-operative assessments for the PPF group. Given the differences in baseline characteristics, their post-operative scores could not be reliably statistically compared.

Discussion

Patients with PPFs may have different characteristics and outcomes to patients presenting with primary hip and knee fractures. More work is needed to better characterise this patient group.

Conclusion

patients sustaining periprosthetic fractures represent a distinct patient group to those with primary hip fractures.
KNOWLEDGE AND TREATMENT PRACTICES OF HEPATITIS B INFECTION IN CHILDREN AMONG HEALTH PRACTITIONERS IN KRACHI DISTRICTS IN GHANA-A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Mpangah Rebecca A. , Akyereko Ernest , Acheampong Gideon K. , Nyambah Patrick K. , Ansah-Nyarko Michael , Owusu Isaac , Sarfo Bismark
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains one of the neglected infectious diseases. Children infected with HBV are at higher risk of becoming chronic carriers. Barriers to measures against HBV in children is attributed to inadequate knowledge by some health professionals. This study assessed knowledge and treatment practices of HBV in children among health professionals.

Methods

A cross sectional survey was conducted among health practitioners (185) in three districts in Krachi using structured questionnaire. Stata version 15 was used to analyze participants’ responses on awareness, knowledge and treatment practices. Pearson’s Product Moment correlation was used to determine the relationship between knowledge, treatment and preventive practices. Multivariate regression analysis assessed the relationships between variables at p<0.05 and 95% confidence interval.

Results

64% of the participants were nurses. 80% were aware of HBV in children and 85% had only fair knowledge about HBV in children. Only 29% indicated good knowledge and management practices of HBV in children. There was a positive relationship between knowledge, and treatment (r (183) = .67, p < .001)and preventive (r (183) = .54, p < .001) practices. A unit increase in awareness of HBV in children leads to 1.42 units increase in knowledge(p < .01, 95% CI; .543, 2.296), while a unit increase in knowledge result in 1.3 units increase in treatment ((p < .01, 95% CI;.912, 1.680) practice of HBV in children.

Conclusion

Participants demonstrated only fair knowledge about HBV in children. Seminars and workshops on HBV in children for health professionals must intensify.
The Interaction Effects of Age, APOE and Common Environmental Risk Factors on Human brain Structure
Authors: Chen Jie , Li Tengfei , Zhao Bingxin , Chen Hui , Yuan Changzheng , Gardern Gwenn A. , Wu Guorong , Zhu Hongtu
Published: November 2022

Mounting evidence suggests considerable diversity in brain aging trajectories, primarily arising from the complex interplay between age, genetic and environmental risk factors, leading to distinct patterns of micro- and macro-cerebral aging. The underlying mechanisms of such effects still remain unclear. We conducted a comprehensive association analysis between cerebral structural measures and prevalent risk factors, using data from 35,035 UK Biobank subjects aged 44-82. Participants were assessed for brain volume, white matter diffusivity, Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes, polygenic risk scores, lifestyles and socioeconomic status. We examined genetic and environmental effects and their interactions with age and sex, and identified 726 signals, with education, alcohol, and smoking affecting most brain regions. Our analysis revealed negative age-APOE-ε4 and positive age-APOE-ε2 interaction effects, respectively, especially in females on the volume of amygdala, positive age-sex-APOE-ε4 interaction on the cerebellar volume, positive age-excessive-alcohol interaction effect on the mean diffusivity of the splenium of the corpus callosum, positive age-healthy-diet interaction effect on the paracentral volume, and negativeAPOE-ε4-moderate-alcohol interaction effects on the axial diffusivity of the superior fronto-occipital fasciculus. These findings highlight the need of considering age, sex, genetic and environmental joint effects in elucidating normal or abnormal brain aging.