bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fault Displacement of the 2011 Mw 6.6 Fukushima-ken Hamadori Earthquake Based on a 3D Crustal Deformation Model Constructed Using Differential InSAR–Lidar
Authors: Aoyagi Yasuhira , Kageshima Mitsukazu , Onuma Takumi , Homma Shinichi , Mukoyama Sakae
Published: September 2021

3D coseismic deformation detected by remote sensing yields essential information for estimating the geometry and slip distribution of the causative fault. However, it is often difficult to be obtained by a single observation method due to data acquisition constraints. This study constructs a 3D coseismic deformation model of the 2011 Fukushima-ken Hamadori earthquake by integrating Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR), and differential light detection and ranging (Dlidar) analyses. Both horizontal and vertical movements observed are almost consistent with those of the theoretical dislocation model of normal faulting. The fault displacements measured within ±45 m of the rupture based on the 3D deformation model is also in good agreement with the possible maximum field displacements. Fault dips and lateral displacement components are also harmonious with the field survey measurements. Dlidar detects full 3D motion, whereas the DInSAR detects deformations too small for the light detection and ranging (lidar). Combining the two products is helpful to produce a more robust 3D displacement field than possible from the lidar alone.
A High-Order Finite-Difference Method on Staggered Curvilinear Grids for Seismic Wave Propagation Applications with Topography
Authors: O’Reilly Ossian , Yeh Te-Yang , Olsen Kim B. , Hu Zhifeng , Breuer Alex , Roten Daniel , Goulet Christine A.
Published: September 2021

We developed a 3D elastic wave propagation solver that supports topography using staggered curvilinear grids. Our method achieves comparable accuracy to the classical fourth-order staggered grid velocity–stress finite-difference method on a Cartesian grid. We show that the method is provably stable using summation-by-parts operators and weakly imposed boundary conditions via penalty terms. The maximum stable timestep obeys a relationship that depends on the topography-induced grid stretching along the vertical axis. The solutions from the approach are in excellent agreement with verified results for a Gaussian-shaped hill and for a complex topographic model. Compared with a Cartesian grid, the curvilinear grid adds negligible memory requirements, but requires longer simulation times due to smaller timesteps for complex topography. The code shows 94% weak scaling efficiency up to 1014 graphic processing units.
Analisis Kegiatan Stimulasi Motorik Kasar untuk Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun pada Film Upin Ipin
Authors: Windawati Erlin , Kustiawan Usep , Astuti Wuri
Published: September 2021

Abstract: Gross motor skills are the most important skills in growth and development in early childhood. There are many things that can exemplify gross motor activities to be applied to early childhood, one of which is the cartoon film Upin Ipin. This research is motivated by the large number of televisions that broadcast unfavorable content for children. It is different from the cartoon Upin Ipin which shows educational values, one of which is gross motoric activities. The purpose of this study was to analyze the gross motoric activities in the Upin Ipin film on the suitability of children aged 5-6 years based on Permendikbud No.137 of 2014. This study used a qualitative approach with the type of activity analysis. The instrument in this study besides the researcher as an instrument, the researcher used a data card. The results of this study indicate that the gross motor activities in the Upin Ipin film correspond to the stages of children aged 5-6 years.

Abstrak: Motorik kasar merupakan keterampilan yang paling utama dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada anak usia dini. Banyak hal yang dapat mencontohkan kegiatan-kegiatan motorik kasar untuk menstimulasi anak usia dini, salah satunya melalui film kartun Upin Ipin. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi banyaknya televisi yang menayangkan konten kurang baik untuk anak. Berbeda dengan film kartun Upin Ipin yang menayangkan nilai-nilai pendidikan, salah satunya kegiatan motorik kasar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis kegiatan motorik kasar yang ada pada film Upin Ipin terhadap kesesuaian anak usia 5-6 tahun berdasarkan Permendikbud No.137 Tahun 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis analisis kegiatan. Instrumen pada penelitian ini selain peneliti sebagai instrumen, peneliti menggunakan kartu data. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan motorik kasar yang ada pada film Upin Ipin sesuai dengan tahapan anak usia 5-6 Tahun.
Analisis de la competitividad comercial del sector manufacturero colombiano mediante técnicas de análisis multivariante
Authors: De La Hoz Granadillo Efraín , García Cediel Gustavo , López Polo Ludis
Published: September 2021

This work aims to analyze the commercial competitiveness of the manufacturing sector in Colombia through the export openness coefficient to understand the variables that define its current position through multivariate techniques such as cluster analysis. For the above, the literature related to trade competitiveness, the export openness coefficient and the cluster analysis technique were reviewed. Based on the above, the statistical data provided by the National Planning Department in the periods 2013 to 2018 were analyzed, associated with 10 representative subsectors of the manufacturing sector. Next, the cluster analysis technique was applied using the Minitab 16 statistical software to identify groups and characteristic profiles of commercial competitiveness. 3 groups or characteristic profiles were identified where clusters 1 and 2 increased low levels of competitiveness and cluster 3, levels of it. Likewise, the results show the capacity and relevance of the cluster analysis technique to determine profiles and levels of commercial competitiveness, thus providing the literature with an important benchmark for competitive evaluation, which can be replicated in different productive sectors
An interval type-2 fuzzy TOPSIS for MAGDM applied to solar power systems
Authors: Sharaf Iman Mohamad
Published: September 2021

This article proposes a new version of the technique of order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) to solve fuzzy multi-attribute group decision making (MAGDM) problems using trapezoidal interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2FSs). The traditional TOPSIS ranks the alternatives according to their relative degree of closeness to the ideal solutions. On the other hand, TOPSIS based on similarity measure ranks the alternatives according to their total degree of similarity to the ideal solutions. This study extends TOPSIS using similarity measure using map distance to IT2FSs. First, the similarity measure based on map distance for interval-valued fuzzy sets (IVFSs) is extended to encompass IT2FSs due to the deficiency in IT2FSs similarity measures. Then, TOPSIS using similarity measure is applied. Hence, fuzzy MAGDM problems can be handled in a more flexible intelligent manner and avoiding defuzzification with its drawbacks. An illustrative example is given to explain the approach. Then, a practical problem in assessing thermal energy storage technologies in solar power systems is solved, where the weights of the attributes and the performance of the qualitative attributes are linguistic variables modeled by IT2FSs. The reliability of two normalization techniques is examined and the impact of the theoretical and empirical reference points on the solution is investigated.
Nadarajah-Haghighi Model for Survival Data With Long Term Survivors in the Presence of Right Censored Data
Authors: Usman Umar , Suleiman Shamsuddeen , Magaji Arkilla Bello , Aliyu Yakubu
Published: September 2021

In this paper, a new long term survival model called Nadarajah-Haghighi model for survival data with long term survivors was proposed. The model is used in fitting data where the population of interest is a mixture of individuals that are susceptible to the event of interest and individuals that are not susceptible to the event of interest. The statistical properties of the proposed model including quantile function, moments, mean and variance were provided. Maximum likelihood estimation procedure was used to estimate the parameters of the model assuming right censoring. Furthermore, Bayesian method of estimation was also employed in estimating the parameters of the model assuming right censoring. Simulations study was performed in order to ascertain the performances of the MLE estimators. Random samples of different sample sizes were generated from the model with some arbitrary values for the parameters for 5%, 1:3% and 1:5% cure fraction values. Bias, standard error and mean square error were used as discrimination criteria. Additionally, we compared the performance of the proposed model with some competing models. The results of the applications indicates that the proposed model is more efficient than the models compared with. Finally, we fitted some models considering type of treatment as a covariate. It was observed that the covariate  have effect on the shape parameter of the proposed model.
A Modified Chi-square Type Test Statistic for the Double Burr X Model with Applications to Right Censored Medical and Reliability Data
Authors: Aidi Khaoula , Butt Nadeem Shafique , Ali Mir Masoom , Ibrahim Mohamed , Yousof Haitham M. , Shehata Wahid A. M.
Published: September 2021

A new modified version of the Bagdonavičius-Nikulin goodness-of-fit test statistic is presented for validity for the right censor case under the double Burr type X distribution. The maximum likelihood estimation method in censored data case is used and applied. Simulations via the algorithm of Barzilai-Borwein is performed for assessing the right censored estimation method. Another simulation study is presented for testing the null hypothesis under the modified version of the Bagdonavičius and Nikulin goodness-of-fit statistical test. Four right censored data sets are analyzed under the new modified test statistic for checking the distributional validation.
Sooner than later: a little effort may avert postpartum haemorrhage in patients with acute hepatitis E
Authors: Thakur Neha , Kishore Ruchi , Tuwani Mitali
Published: September 2021

Background: The incidence of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) in pregnancies with hepatitis E varies from 14-42%. Management of labor and PPH in these women with acute liver injury makes it a real obstetric challenge due to associated coagulopathies and contraindication for many drugs. Prophylactic insertion of condom balloon tamponade along with active management of the third stage of labour (AMTSL) prevent primary PPH in these women. Simultaneous use of injection tranexemic acid further gives reliable results. The present study was conducted to study the effectiveness of condom balloon tamponade in preventing PPH in pregnant women with acute hepatitis E in labor.Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Medical (JNM) College and associated Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Memorial (BRAM) Hospital, Raipur, Chhattisgarh over period of two year from September 2018 to September 2020.Results: During the study period 32 women presented with hepatitis E in labor. Condom balloon tamponade was inserted prophylactically in all hepatitis E virus (HEV) positive cases immediately after delivery of placenta along with vaginal packing, irrespective of amount of bleeding. Inspite of so many odds in the form of unscanned pregnancies, multiparity, multifetal gestation, abruption, intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), prolonged labor, deranged liver and coagulation profiles, anemia and thrombocytopenia, our study showed high effectiveness of prophylactic condom balloon tamponade by encountering only one case of PPH.Conclusions: Prophylactic condom balloon tamponade insertion just after the removal of placenta is promising in averting PPH.
Study of incidence of allergic conjunctivitis in patients with allergic rhinitis
Authors: Gupta Sucheta , Gupta Vinod
Published: September 2021

Background: Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) accounts for 15% of eye related consultations in primary care centers. AC is commonly manifesting as itchy or watering or red eye, comprising the symptoms of the total ocular symptom scores (TOSS). Recognition of AC is unreported even in patients with recognized AR (allergic rhinitis). Therefore, the objective of the present study was to identify the incidence of AC in patients with AR.Methods: This randomized observational study was conducted on 110 patients for a 6 month period from February to July 2019, having diagnosed AR and attending the outpatient clinic in CHC Chenani, district Udhampur, Jammu and Kashmir. The patients were directly questioned if they had AC, clarified by using standard screening questions of red, itchy and watery eyes and quantified by TOSS and were asked about indirect symptoms that may be attributable to AC.Results: Among the 110 patients, 50.9% of patients identified AC on direct questioning; additional symptoms were squint at 47.3% and blinking at 51.2%. Olopatadine, significantly reduced TOSS scores within 5 minutes of treatment and 80.9% showed improvement, which identified 39% silent sufferers of AC. A total of 90% AC subjects were identified through TOSS symptoms and totally 95.5%, detecting additional symptoms. The other co-morbidity that was associated with allergic conjunctivitis was allergic dermatitis.Conclusions: The screening questions could identify only about 56% of the patients with AC. Additional specific questioning and a therapeutic challenge in suspected patients can help identify patients who may benefit from treatment of AC.
Types, characteristics and environmental degradation of composite materials
Authors: Basudan Thuraya Abdulrahim , Alsanad Ghaith Zaki , Alhur Thamer Saud , Altamimi Ahmed Abdulaziz , Alobaid Khalid Abdulrahman , Alobaid Obaid Abdulrahman , Aldhumayri Nasser Fayez , Alrafie Khalid Abdulaziz , Alharbi Turki Mamdouh , Abuhabshah Ali Abdullah , Sindi Farah Ahmed
Published: September 2021

Research has offered many advances in the dentistry field and variable types of dental composites have been widely validated to be effectively used with many favorable outcomes. Among the differently reported composites, hybrid ones are the most commonly reported and used in clinical settings. However, the characteristics of these composites vary hugely based on the materials and the environmental factors that they might be potentially exposed to. In this literature review study, we have discussed the types and characteristics of the dental composites, elaborating the effect of different environmental factors on the degradation of the different composite materials. Our results indicate that dental composites are hugely affected by environmental factors as temperature, moisture, chemical reactions and impact blunt. Furthermore, enhancing the quality of the materials by using more flexible approaches might enhance their quality in achieving better outcomes. Moreover, research should be directed within this area to improve the functions of the dental composites and improve the quality of life for the corresponding patients. Composites based on nanotechnology seem promising. However, these are not adequately investigated, and further research is encouraged for adequate validation.
Evaluation of facemask associated acne/ “Maskne” among health care workers and non-health care workers of India during COVID-19 pandemic-A cross-sectional study
Authors: B Patel Krina , M. Nagani Savfeena , T. Patel Aanal , Bapat Nirav
Published: September 2021

“MASK-NE”-Mask associated Acne, is a common form of acne during COVID-19 pandemic. It is type of acne mechanica seen when external factor occludes the skin, leads to irritation, inflammation and starts/aggravates all grades of acne.

We conducted a cross-sectional study among 773 participants, using a Self-administered, aim oriented, questionnaire which includes demographic data, acne related history, type and duration of wearing mask & other mask related skin problems in COVID-19 pandemic during 15 October to 15December,2020.

: Among 773 participants, age ranged 18-45 years with mean 30.69 (SD: 61.30) and M:F was 1:1.78. After starting of Pandemic, occurrence of new development of mask associated Acne/ Maskne was higher among Health Care Workers (HCW) (34.98%) as compared to non- Health Care Workers (non-HCWs) (17.36%). Moreover, more number of HCWs had aggravation of their pre-existing acne and/or development of new of acne during pandemic (81.2%) than non-HCWs (61%). Wearing N95 type of mask showed the highest aggravation (82%) of Maskne as compare to wearing Surgical mask (75.5%) and wearing cloth (cotton) mask (65.6%).

Wearing a face mask for 4 to 8 hours/day and >8 hours/day showed increase in the aggravation of Maskne as compared to wearing a facemask <4 hrs/day.

Though wearing face masks can be the best strategy against COVID-19 infection, HAZARD OF THIS SAFETY is not negligible especially in front-line workers-doctors, nurses, pharmacist, policemen, hospital staff who are at higher risk due to several factors including type of mask use, duration of mask use etc.
Efficacy and outcome of Microneedling (Dermaroller) in post-acne scars
Authors: C Lalitha , B Leelavathy , S Shwetha
Published: September 2021

Acne vulgaris is a common dermatological disorder affecting teenagers and young adults with the consequence of scarring. As acne is considered as a normal occurrence and neglected or delayed treatment of severe acne lead to cosmetically disfiguring scarring leading to much psychological trauma to youngsters. Acne scarring can be atrophic or hypertrophic. There are multitude of treatment options for atrophic acne scars like dermabrasion, chemical peels and lasers. But these cosmetic procedures are have drawbacks like requiring fine skills and long downtime (dermabrasion), or expensive for most of the population(laser). Microneedling using dermaroller is an inexpensive safe therapeutic option for the Indian skin type with less complication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of microneedling (dermaroller) in different types of atrophic acne scar and it’s complications.

A descriptive study was performed using 30 patients with atrophic acne scar treated with microneedling for a period of two years. Details of duration, site, type and depth of acne scar along with skin types was recored. Patients were given dermaroller treatment for 4 session, each spaced at one month interval and results assessed at the end of each session and at end of six months.

In this study, 30 patients with atrophic acne scars of grade 2 and 3 were treated with microneedling therapy and efficacy and complication of this therapy were evaluated. These patients had all three types of atrophic scars- rolling, ice- pick and boxcar, these 27 patients showed 50 % improvement in their scar score at the end of the study (6 months). Among above mentioned scar types, rolling and boxcar scar showed improvement by 47.42% and 65.40% respectively at the end of the study, whereas ice-pick scars showed no significant improvement. According to the modified acne scar scoring system, 55.6% of the patients had improvement in their scar scoring between 41 and 50% (good response) and 44.4 % had improvement of more than 50 % (very good response). All patients were satisfied with the outcome of the procedure.

Microneedling is a safe, cost effective, innovative procedure in the treatment armamentarium of acne scars without major complications. This is found to be safe to use in Fitzpatrick type IV and V scars. However, further studies are necessary to validate these findings.
Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn - A rare case report of lobular panniculitis in a neonate
Authors: Akshay Samagani , Belliappa Pemmanda Raju , Leena Raveendra
Published: September 2021

Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn is a rare cutaneous disorder affecting neonates. It usually presents as subcutaneous nodules or plaques, within the first few weeks of life, following an eventful delivery. It is characterized by hypercalcemia, which may present with lethargy, irritability, hypotonia and dehydration, mimicking sepsis. Histopathology is proven to be the gold standard in diagnosis with characteristic lobular panniculitis, mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate and radially arranged crystals. This needs to be differentiated from other causes of lobular panniculitis, as early diagnosis and treatment to prevent long‑term complications are advocated. Education of parents regarding the disease and danger signs of hypercalcemia and weekly monitoring of serum calcium is recommended. Treatment based on rehydration, dietary vitamin D and calcium restriction, Furosemide and prednisolone are considered. We have discussed a case of subcutaneous fat necrosis, in an 8-week-old male baby.

Key Messages: Subcutaneous fat necrosis is an important differential in neonates presenting with palpable subcutaneous nodules, along with sclerema neonatorum. Severe complications like hypercalcemia should be detected early and managed aggressively to prevent morbidities and mortalities associated with it. Symptomatic management, use of calcium lowering drugs and regular monitoring of calcium levels are recommended.
Insight of medical students on online teaching during COVID-19 pandemic-A survey
Authors: Begum Vaseemunnisa , Sadiq Neeraj , Subhani Ghulam , Gulnaaz Asma , Mohsin Mohammed , Devi Nageswari
Published: September 2021

: The Global disease (COVID-19 pandemic) has impacted our lives in various ways. Online teaching is the strange routine for studying platforms to continue with the process of educating students, Online classes have become a key component in the continuity of education.

: 1. This study aims to rank the usefulness of online teaching compared to classroom conventional teaching 2. Socioeconomic parameters related to online teaching in a medical college

: The study is a cross-sectional study done on medical students. A questionnaire was prepared listing the various ways in which they discern online teaching trying to cope up during the pandemic.

: After the institutional Ethics committee clearance, online cross-sectional study was done on the medical students where from the 2 and 3 year. This online survey was done between 10May 2021- 10 June 2021, A total number of 211 students participated out of 250, after completion of 18 months of online classes. A Set of 15 self -designed questionnaire based on 5 point Likert scale was given to the students to rank the effectiveness through online class usefulness levels and satisfaction levels on various parameters. Students were also asked about the demographic factors.

The data was analyzed using software SPSS software

The study results shows that online classes is less helpful in five parameters and equally helpful in five parameters but was not at all superior to conventional methods, we can come to the interpretation that students think that classroom teaching cannot be replaced by online teaching.

We can conclude that online studies can only be a supplement and cannot be an alternate for the established order of learning
A point prevalence survey study (PPS) of antimicrobial consumption in a tertiary care super-speciality hospital of West Bengal
Authors: Chakraverty Raja , Samanta Kalyan
Published: September 2021

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging global health issue. Resistance occurs when bacteria, parasites, viruses or fungi are exposed to antimicrobials but not killed by them. The study was conducted to gather baseline information to assess the antimicrobial consumption practices across six departments in a tertiary care super speciality hospital of West Bengal.

Modified version of a patient data collection form proposed by Global PPS was developed on Epi Info software version 7 (CDC). Data of all patients in ward at 08.00 am data were studied. The use of antimicrobials was categorized as empiric, prophylactic or lab based. This classification is not mentioned in the files, so a response from the doctor taking care of the patient was noted.

A total of 85 patient related data was collected in the designated survey form. Total beds covered was 340 and the number of patients on antimicrobials was found to be low at 21.27 %. The patients surveyed were predominantly female (78.8 %). The mean number of antimicrobials per patient was found to be 1.62 (range of 1.4 to 2.2) Relatively low number of patients were found to be on 2 or more antimicrobials. Double gram negative and Double anaerobic coverage of AM used varied across departments covered.

:Our point prevalence study was able to facilitate conducting of point prevalence survey in high patient volume tertiary care hospital with paper based medical record system and also depicted the baseline parameters of intervention for instituting future action and policy changes.
Aplicação de modelos de ruptura de taludes como ferramenta auxiliar no desmonte de rochas em pedreira de Campina Grande-PB: um estudo de caso
Authors: Ramos Rayff De Melo , Teles Guilherme Dos Santos , Macêdo Alexandre José Buril de , Almeida Harrizon Lima de , Bazante Arlindo José
Published: September 2021

Na mineração, algumas das primeiras etapas do processo produtivo são a perfuração e o desmonte de rochas, as quais possuem vários parâmetros de análise para sua eficácia operacional, que visam redução de custos e maximização do lucro da lavra do bem mineral. Um desses parâmetros que muitas vezes não recebe a devida atenção é a geologia estrutural do maciço. Nesse contexto, este trabalho apresenta, com base em resultados práticos, os reflexos positivos sobre as operações de perfuração e desmonte de rochas, resultantes da identificação de modelos de ruptura de taludes, por meio de análise cinemática da geologia estrutural. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas, uma teórica e outra prática, com estudo de caso em uma lavra localizada na cidade de Campina Grande-PB. A partir da amostragem das descontinuidades rochosas e do seu tratamento em softwares específicos, foi possível a identificação do modelo de ruptura predominante no talude. Os dados demonstraram que a utilização do modelo de ruptura na configuração do plano de fogo a ser utilizado resulta em melhoria operacional das atividades de perfuração e desmonte de rochas.
Desafíos conceptuales y metodológicos para la investigación en empresa y sociedad
Authors: Cendales Ayala Boris
Published: September 2021

Editorial
Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites of Stray Cats (Felis catus) in Northwest Iran
Authors: Darabi Enayat , Beigom Kia Eshrat , Mohebali Mehdi , Mobedi Iraj , Zahabiun Farzaneh , Zarei Zabiholla , Khodabakhsh Mahya , Khanaliha Khadijeh
Published: September 2021

Background: Stray cats are considered an important source of various human and animal diseases, particularly diseases of parasitic helminths. We aimed to investigate the distribution of zoonotic species of gastrointestinal helminths in stray cats in Meshkin-Shahr district in Ardabil Province in the northwest of Iran.
Methods: The gastrointestinal tract of 104 stray cats from villages of Meshkin-Shahr district were provided during 2014-2015. Each gastrointestinal tract was cut into distinct sections, including esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, and each section was examined separately for detection of helminths. Helminths were collected and then identified at the species level after clearing and staining.
Results: Overall, 88 out of 104 cats (84.6%) were found to be infected with at least one gastrointestinal helminth. The rate of infection for each species was as follows: Toxocara mystax (syn. cati) (49%), Taenia taeniaeformis (44.2%), Joyexiella pasqualei (32.7%), Dipylidium caninum (23.1%), Rictularia cahirensis (4.8%), and Physaloptera praeputialis (4.8%). Among these parasites, only Ph. praeputialis was collected from the stomach, all other helminths were collected from the small intestine.
Conclusion: The results demonstrate a high infection rate of stray cats with zoonotic helminths. The presence of zoonotic species in stray cats, particularly T. mystax, has public health importance.
Designing of RNA Molecule Translating for Activitable Melittin as Selective Targeting of Leishmania Infected Cells
Authors: Akhzari Soheila , Nabian Sedigheh , Shayan Parviz , Mazaheri Nezhad Fard Ramin , Soltani Minoo , Taheri Mohammad
Published: September 2021

Background: Leishmaniasis is characterized by strong inflammatory responses with high levels of inflammatory cytokines that induce microRNA 21 and matrix metalloproteinases. Melittin has inhibitory effects on proliferation of various cells via induction of apoptosis. Melittin can be integrated in cell membranes and induce apoptosis. Thus, designation of biomolecules for the selective destroy of the infected cells is a treatment option. One approach is the precise engineering of constructs for the selective expression of melittin in the infected cells.
Methods: For this aim we designed a construct composing melittin nucleotide sequence and nucleotide sequence coding for polyanionic peptide function inhibitory element to further guarantee the selective function of melittin in inflamed tissues and infected cells, were included in a construct as melittin inhibitor via matrix metalloproteinase degradable linker.
Results: Reverse complementary sequences were designed so melittin sequences for the selective targeting of Leishmania could be expressed in infected cells using cell microRNA machinery.
Conclusion: Translation machinery in infected cells with increased miR-21 could translate melittin, MMP linker and polyanionic inhibitor through a non-canonical pathway. Then, the MMP linker is degraded and selective killing of Leishmania infected cells would happen.
Anti-Leishmanial Activity of Artemisia persica, A. spicigera, and A. fragrance against Leishmania major
Authors: Najm Mehdi , Hadighi Ramtin , Heidari-Kharaji Maryam , Alipour Maryam , Hajizadeh Maryam , Rafiei-Sefiddashti Raheleh , Heidari Aliehsan , Badirzadeh Alireza
Published: September 2021

Background: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) like zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), is a widespread infectious disease with high mortality and morbidity. Various medications are used for treating the disease, but several side effects and drug resistance have been reported. Herbal medicines are unlimited sources for discovering new medications to treat infectious diseases. We aimed to determine the leishmanicidal activity of three species of Iranian Artemisia herbal plant extracts in in-vitro.
Methods: In-vitro anti-leishmanial activity of ethanolic extracts on both promastigotes and amastigotes was determined by using MTT method. IC50, CC50, EC50 and SI were calculated. The study was done in 2019-2020 in Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Results: All of the three Artemisia species significantly reduced the number of parasite promastigotes. Among them, A. persica had the highest leishmanicidal activity against parasite promastigotes. Cytotoxicity assay elucidated that the Artemisia had no toxicity to the host cells, and killed the L. major amastigotes very efficiently. By increasing the dose of extracts, the parasite number in both phases (promastigotes and amastigotes) was reduced significantly.
Conclusion: These results indicated satisfactory anti-leishmanial activity of Artemisia extracts against ZCL in-vitro. Accordingly, Artemisia ethanolic extracts might be considered as a strong, effective and safe herbal compound for clearing the L. major with less toxicity to the host macrophages cells. Hence, it may be recognized as an excellent herbal therapy for treating the ZCL.
Status of Scabies Cases in COVID-19 Pandemic Days
Authors: Porsuk Ahmet Önder , Cerit Çiğdem
Published: September 2021

Background: In Turkey, an increase of scabies cases was detected since the last quarter of 2019. During the same period, Turkey was also under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic affecting the whole world. This study aimed to determine the current situation of scabies cases in increasing incidence during COVID-19 pandemic days and to create a scientific resource for the measures to be taken.
Methods: This descriptive study was carried out in July 2020 and the records of patients diagnosed with scabies in health institutions in Kırklareli Province between Jan 2017-June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.
Results: Average number of cases before Sep 2019, when cases began to exceed the expected value, was calculated as 31.7±12.0 and after Sep 2019 it was calculated as 129.8±53.6 (P<0.001, CI 95%). The number of scabies cases which increased before the pandemic and reached the epidemic level, decreased dramatically in Mar and Apr 2020. This period was also the period in which the measures taken for the COVID-19 pandemic were most strictly applied. In May and June, the epidemic continued from where it left off.
Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic which affects the whole world may create a new opportunity to combat infectious diseases. Not only for COVID-19 but also many infectious diseases, it is necessary to fix the negative socioeconomic and socio-cultural conditions and ensure the sustainability of the new social conditions to be created.
Reactivation of Latent Toxoplasmosis in a Schizophrenia Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Wahid Wathiqah , Mohammad Zahariluddin Anis Safirah , Kadir Zuri Shahidii , Sharip Shalisah , Idris Zulkarnain Md , Osman Emelia
Published: September 2021

Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder characterized by chronic relapsing episodes of psychosis. The disease is multifactorial, where infections, genetic vulnerability and environmental factors are involved in the development of the illness. Toxoplasma gondii is one of the parasites that has long been known associated with schizophrenia in many studies. To date, there is growing evidence of association between T. gondii infections and schizophrenia. Herein we report a rare case of reactivated toxoplasmosis in a schizophrenia individual. This patient was incidentally diagnosed with reactivated T. gondii infection. He denied any symptoms of toxoplasmosis but experienced a mild psychiatric auditory hallucination. Serology test for T. gondii immunoglobulin antibodies measured a high positive IgG titer (135.9 IU/ml) and negative for IgM. Interestingly, nested PCR exhibited a positive result for the type I strain of T. gondii dense granular (GRA) 7 gene (GRA7). This case highlights the detection of probable reactivation of toxoplasmosis in an immunocompetent schizophrenic patient without psychiatric treatment-resistant and remains asymptomatic for toxoplasmosis. Both serology and molecular tools have been a helpful aid in establishing the diagnosis. Nonetheless, early detection as in this case may aid the patient management in the future.
The Psychological Consequences of COVID-19 Pandemic in Tourism Sector: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rokni Ladan
Published: September 2021

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic-induced changes have threatened the psychological wellbeing of travelling. This review aims to appraise a range of perceived psychological variables used to realize how the pandemic has influenced tourist behavior.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted to identify the mechanisms behind tourists' behavioral change during the pandemic. The papers were extracted from four databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and EMBASE, published since 2020 to 2021. The results are summarized narratively due to the heterogeneity of the studies.
Results: A total of 369 citations were identified through an electronic search of databases, of which nine publications met the inclusion criteria. The extracted information determines the significant factors contributing to the psychological changes of travelling behavior during the pandemic.
Conclusion: The tourists' perception of COVID-19 has influenced the intentions and motivation in the tourism sector and has changed travel behavior. The mental health outcome of travelling has been replaced by globally recognized fear and anxiety. Yet, there are several motivators to travel during the pandemic. At the same time, the socio-demographic characteristics contribute to all the identified changes.
Association between Meteorological Parameters and Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Mainland China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Jiang Yuan , Xu Jing , Lai Huijung , Lin Hui
Published: September 2021

Background: This study reports a systematic review of association between meteorological parame-ters and hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in mainland China.
Methods: Using predefined study eligibility criteria, three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase) were searched for relevant articles. Using a combination of search terms, in-cluding “Hand foot and mouth disease,” “HFMD,” “Meteorological,” “Climate,” and “China,” After removal of duplicates, our initial search generated 2435 studies published from 1990 to December 31, 2019. From this cohort 51 full-text articles were reviewed for eligibility assessment. The meta-analysis was devised in accordance with the published guidelines of the Cochrane Collaboration and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). Effect sizes, heterogeneity estimates and publication bias were computed using R software and Review Manager Software.
Results: The meta-analysis of 18 eligible studies showed that the meteorological parameters played an important role in the prevalence of HFMD. Lower air pressure may be the main risk factor for the incidence of HFMD in Chinese mainland, and three meteorological parameters (mean tempera-ture, rainfall and relative humidity) have a significant association with the incidence of HFMD in subtropical regions.
Conclusion: Lower air pressure might be the main risk factor for the incidence of HFMD in Chi-nese mainland. The influence of meteorological parameters on the prevalence of HFMD is mainly through changing virus viability in aerosols, which may be different in different climate regions. In an environment with low air pressure, wearing a mask that filters the aerosol outdoors may help prevent HFMD infection.
The Relationship between Time to Surgery (TTS) and Survival in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Su Yongcheng , Zheng Xiaogang , Ouyang Zhong
Published: September 2021

Background: Curative operation is the practical and primary therapy for masses of breast cancers. In contrast, the correlation between the time interval from breast cancer diagnosis to curative surgery and survival is still uncertain.
Methods: An electronic literature search was conducted on PubMed/Medline and EMBASE (between Jan 2000 and Jan 2020). Primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) or Disease-Free Survival (DFS). The HR with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a random-effects or fixed-effects model.
Results: The combined HR for OS was 1. 10 (95% CI 1. 08-1. 11; P=0. 000) by fixed-effects model, no statistically significant heterogeneity was found (P=1. 000; I2=0%), and this difference was statistically significant (Z=11. 99; P=0. 000).
Conclusion: This meta-analysis showed a significant adverse association between more prolonged time to surgery (TTS) and lower overall survival in patients with breast cancer. It is reasonable to minimize that interval between diagnosis and curative surgery.
Effect of Copper-Containing Stainless Steel on Apoptosis of Cor-onary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Li Hui , Li Xiaolan , Cao Tingjia , Zhu Qiang , Liu Fuyuan , Zhou Heng
Published: September 2021

Background: We aimed to investigate the effect of copper stainless steel on apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in coronary artery.
Methods: The study was carried out in 2019 at Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, China. The rat coronary artery smooth muscle cell was used for cell resuscitation and culture. MTT method was used to visualize cell growth curve and to detect the cell survival and growth. The incubated cells were randomly divided into copper-containing stainless-steel group, ordinary stainless-steel group, and control group. The cells were made into single cell suspension, which were intervened by experimental group and incubated in incubator with CO2 for 48 hours. TUNEL method was used to detect the apoptosis. The number of apoptotic cells in five high power fields (×200) was counted. The expression of Fas protein in three groups of cells was detected by Western blot.
Results: The growth curves of rat coronary artery smooth muscle cells showed that the OD value of the cells reached the plateau 7 days after inoculation, indicating that the cells grew well. TUNEL staining showed the apoptosis in all three groups. The apoptotic index in copper-containing group was significantly higher than that in common stainless-steel group (P <0.01). The results of the Fas protein expression level through Western blot showed that the level in the copper-containing group was significantly higher than that in the common stainless-steel group (P<0.01).
Conclusion: Copper-containing stainless steel can promote apoptosis of coronary artery smooth muscle cells. The material could prevent stent restenosis.
Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Hepatitis B Prevalence in Irani-an Blood Donors from 2000 to 2016 at National and Provincial Level
Authors: Rezaei Negar , Maghsodlu Mahtab , Sheidaei Ali , Amini Kafiabad Sedigheh , Gohari Kimiya , Zadsar Maryam , Delavari Farnaz , Sharifi Zohreh , Yoosefi Moein , Farzadfar Farshad , Asadi-Lari Mohsen
Published: September 2021

Background: High risk blood transfusions can cause a lot of financial and psychological burden to the community. The prevalence of Hepatitis B is useful for evaluating the blood products' safety and donor selection methods. We aimed to predict the prevalence of hepatitis B in Iranian blood donors from 2000-2016.
Methods: Positive cases of hepatitis B from 2006 to 2014 were collected from Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization. This database was classified according to the age, provinces, and type of donation. Data was not existed in all subnational levels and all years, therefore, for predicting the hepatitis B prevalence, two separate, Spatio-temporal and mixed model (GLMM) were developed.
Results: At the national level, the hepatitis B prevalence declined from 0.69 (0.51 to 0.90) in 2000 to 0.27 (0.21 to 0.33) in 2016. In first-time, regular, and repeated donors, this prevalence declined from 2.31 (1.74 to 2.31), 0.26 (0.19 to 0.34), and 0.51 (0.38 to 0.68) in 2000 to 0.87 (0.69 to 1.09), 0.09 (0.07 to 0.12), and 0.19 (0.14 to 0.24) in 2016. At the provincial level, the highest and lowest prevalence in 2016 was observed in North Khorasan and Gilan. With increasing age, the average prevalence of hepatitis B, increased.
Conclusion: Prevalence of hepatitis B in Iranian blood donors has been reduced significantly over 17 years, but still new cases of hepatitis B are reported. By precise monitoring the donor selection process and implementing more sensitive laboratory screening, we can reduce the risk of new infectious agents.
Resource Use and Costs Associated to the Initial Phase of Treatment for Patients with Colorectal Cancer Receiving Post-Surgery Chemotherapy: A Cost Analysis from a Healthcare Perspective
Authors: Nejati Mina , Razavi Moaven , Harirchi Iraj , Zanganeh Marzieh , Salari Gholamreza , Tabatabaee Seyed Mosa
Published: September 2021

Background: To estimate the resource use and costs associated to the initial phase of treatment for colorectal cancer in Iran.
Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using routinely collected data within Electronic Health Records System (SEPAS), a national database representing public hospitals in Iran between March 20, 2016 and March 19, 2017. Primary end points included healthcare resource use, direct medical and non-medical costs of care in the 12-month study period.
Results: The study population included 657 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgery and the follow-up chemotherapy. We estimated a total direct cost of $21,407 per patient. The results indicated that direct medical costs were primarily driven by inpatient hospital care, followed by surgery, chemotherapy, and diagnostic services.
Conclusion: The initial 12-month of treatment for colorectal cancer, including surgery and the follow-up chemotherapy, is resource intensive. The total direct costs associated to the disease are remarkable, with Inpatient hospital services being the main contributor followed by surgery and chemotherapy.
Association between Renal Dysfunction Biomarkers and Low Levels of Cadmium Burden in Populations Exposed to Envi-ronmental Cadmium
Authors: Zhao Huijun , Lu Yiwen , Wang Xuan , Chen Hong , Yao Feng , Sun Xuepeng , Kuang Xingya
Published: September 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
Tracking of Toxocariasis in Panthera pardus saxicolor, the Endangered Feline Species in the Wildlife of Northwestern Iran
Authors: Kakooei Zahra , Mowlavi Gholamreza , Mobedi Iraj , Zarei Zabih , Zahabiun Farzaneh
Published: September 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
Why Is COVID-19 More Concentrated in Countries with High Economic Status?
Authors: Bayati Mohsen
Published: September 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
Dysentery in Children
Authors: Dejkam Asiyeh , Hatam-Nahavandi Kareem
Published: September 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
Evidence of the Ancestries of COVID-19 Virus in East Asia, More than 20,000 Years Ago
Authors: D. Farhud Dariush , Bahadori Moslem , Zarif-Yeganeh Marjan
Published: September 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
Readability of packaging of medicinal products available without prescription as assessed by older consumers
Authors: Grzybek Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

The labeling of the medicinal product packaging plays an important role in communication between entities placing the product on the market and its potential buyers. Moreover, the correct labeling of the packaging can protect the life and health of patient consumers. Due to the above, the labeling of the packaging of a medicinal product is subject to numerous legal regulations and has become the subject of consideration of many scientists.

The aim of the article is to present the results of research on the readability of the packaging of over-the-counter medicinal products as assessed by older consumers. The research was carried out using a questionnaire throughout Poland. 400 respondents took part in the survey aged 60 and over.