bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volunteer field technicians are bad for wildlife ecology
Authors: Fournier Auriel M. V. , Bond Alexander L.
Published: November 2015

Many advertised field‐technician positions sound worthwhile, but have no or very low pay. Although these can be valuable experiences, not paying technicians for their work undermines their professionalism and the professionalism of science as a whole. These unpaid technician positions are available to only the privileged few; and the positions exclude minorities, parents, and other groups who cannot afford to work unpaid. By creating such positions, we prevent everyone, regardless of background, from having a chance to get the field experience they need, and this limits the diversity of voices in wildlife ecology and conservation. We recognize finances are often tight, and there is a long tradition of unpaid work, but these are not valid rationalizations for continuing this practice. Unpaid technicians and internships are bad for science, and the conservation of our natural world. We cannot afford to not pay our technicians. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Beyond Individual Leader Development: Cultivating Collective Capacities
Authors: Dugan John P. , Turman Natasha T. , Torrez Mark A.
Published: November 2015

This chapter addresses the overemphasis on individual‐leader development in leadership education, offering insights and pragmatic approaches for advancing collective leadership focused on social and political change.
Beyond Service: Equipping Change Agents Through Community Leadership Education
Authors: Marks Laurie
Published: November 2015

This chapter describes one university's effort to integrate civic engagement programs and leadership education curriculum, informed by empowerment theory, servant leadership, and community organizing methodologies.
Leadership in Solidarity: Notions of Leadership Through Critical Participatory Action Research With Young People and Adults
Authors: Fox Madeline , Fine Michelle
Published: November 2015

The authors trace the connections between multigenerational participatory action research and relational approaches to shared leadership, illustrating how the collective production of knowledge through research builds youth leadership capacity.
Summer in the City: Cultivating Political Agents in Boston Out‐of‐School‐Time Programs
Authors: Sullivan Felicia M.
Published: November 2015

Diverse urban youth need a wide range of program opportunities and formats to develop their own sense of political agency and leadership. One size does not fit all.
Synthesis, Structures, and Fluorescent Properties of Three Cobalt‐Based Coordination Polymers with a Rigid Tripodal Carboxylate Ligand
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Bin , Xiao Zhen‐Yu , Huang Ao , Wang Wen , Zhang Liang‐Liang , Wang Rong‐Ming , Sun Dao‐Feng
Published: November 2015

Three cobalt(II) coordination polymers, [Co2(tatb)2(2,2′‐bipy)2 (H2O)2·DMA·2H2O] (1), [Co2(tatb)2(1,10‐phen)2(H2O)2·2H2O] (2) and [Co(tatb)(1,3‐dpp)·H2O] (3) (H3tatb = 4,4′,4′′‐(1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐triyl)tribenzoic acid; 2,2′‐bipy = 2,2′‐bipyridyl; 1,10‐phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline; 1,3‐dpp = 1,3‐bis(pyridin‐4‐yl)propane), were synthesized solvothermally and characterized by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), as well as IR spectroscopy. Complexes 1 and 2 exhibit 1D double‐chain structures, which further connect into interesting 3D networks by hydrogen bond and strong π–π interactions. Complex 3 possesses 2D 44‐sql topology, which is packed parallel in an AA fashion. Moreover, thermal stability properties and photoluminescence properties of 1, 2 and 3 were also investigated.
Determinants of the presence of conflict bird and mammal species at pond fisheries in western Poland
Authors: Manikowska-Ślepowrońska Brygida , Szydzik Barbara , Jakubas Dariusz
Published: November 2015

The presence of piscivorous vertebrates at fish farms often ignites conflicts over fish resources managed by humans. This study investigates the factors affecting the presence of conflict vertebrates at fish ponds. A telephone survey in western Poland in 2012–2013 examined 104 fish ponds. Six species were most often observed at fish farms: European otter Lutra lutra (87 % at farms), grey heron Ardea cinerea (83 %), great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (67 %), great egret Ardea alba (42 %), Eurasian beaver Castor fiber (37 %) and American mink Neovison vison (31 %). American mink, Eurasian beaver, great egret and grey heron were more often present at carp ponds. Eurasian beaver, European otter and great cormorant were present more often at larger ponds. Latitude significantly affected the occurrence of great egrets (more frequent in the south). European otter and American mink were present more often at ponds supplied by river water. Ponds supplied by river water may provide both species opportunity to enter imperceptibly to farms, with no need to exit water. Methods of pond protection and proximity of buildings to farms did not significantly affect the presence of conflict species. The data from this study concerning the presence of piscivores at ponds may serve as base for more comprehensive studies investigating the impact of these species on fish farming practices as well as for comparative and experimental studies on the effectiveness of various mitigation measures. Regular surveys of species occurring at ponds may be a tool of monitoring invasive species as well as species increasing its range.
Primary and maternal 3‐methylcrotonyl‐CoA carboxylase deficiency: insights from the Israel newborn screening program
Authors: Rips Jonathan , Almashanu Shlomo , Mandel Hanna , Josephsberg Sagi , Lerman‐Sagie Tally , Zerem Ayelet , Podeh Ben , Anikster Yair , Shaag Avraham , Luder Anthony , Staretz Chacham Orna , Spiegel Ronen
Published: November 2015

Background

3‐Methylcrotonyl‐CoA carboxylase deficiency (3MCCD) is an inborn error of leucine catabolism. Tandem mass spectrometry newborn screening (NBS) programs worldwide confirmed 3MCCD to be the most common organic aciduria and a relatively benign disorder with favorable outcome. In addition, several asymptomatic 3MCCD mothers were initially identified following abnormal screening of their healthy babies and were appropriately termed maternal 3MCCD.

Methods

This is a retrospective study that summarizes all the clinical, biochemical, and genetic data collected by questionnaires of all 3MCCD individuals that were identified by the extended Israeli NBS program since its introduction in 2009 including maternal 3MCCD cases.

Results

A total of 36 3MCCD subjects were diagnosed within the 50‐month study period; 16 were classified primary and 20 maternal cases. Four additional 3MCCD individuals were identified following sibling screening. All maternal 3MCCD cases were asymptomatic except for one mother who manifested childhood hypotonia. Most of the primary 3MCCD individuals were asymptomatic except for two whose condition was also complicated by severe prematurity. Initial dried blood spot (DBS) free carnitine was significantly lower in neonates born to 3MCCD mothers compared with newborns with primary 3MCCD (p = 0.0009). Most of the mutations identified in the MCCC1 and MCCC2 genes were missense, five of them were novel.

Conclusions

Maternal 3MCCD is more common than previously thought and its presence may be initially indicated by low DBS free carnitine levels. Our findings provide additional confirmation of the benign nature of 3MCCD and we suggest to exclude this disorder from NBS programs.
Quality of life of patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Authors: Ortiz-Agapito Fernando , Colmenares-Bonilla Douglas
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare disorder characterized by episodes of acute pain and heterotopic ossification of soft tissue, and progressively limited physical function and social participation.

Objective

We aimed to determine the impact of FOP on quality of life, specifying areas or dimensions most affected.

Materials and methods

This was a transverse observational study; patients with FOP were assessed using the Short Form 36. Questionnaire results were obtained using Quality Metric software and analyzed using frequency distribution, percentages and measures of central tendency.

Results

Eight patients, mean age 30.2 years, were included. The physical dimension was the most affected, with an average of 25.5 points. The most representative items were impaired function and physical role. Physical pain was found with an average of 44.5 points. The best scores were reported in the areas of emotional role and mental health, with an average of 79 and 76 respectively.

Conclusions

FOP is a severely disabling disease, generating a significant deterioration in quality of life secondary to progressive deterioration in physical abilities. The findings of this study demonstrate good self-rated health of participants.
Fetal Dysmorphology
Authors: Puri Ratna Dua
Published: November 2015

Examination of the fetus with congenital anomalies is essential to identify the nature of the defects and determine if they constitute a part of a recognized abnormality of development and morphogenesis. A structured approach, including a comprehensive history and details of the anomalies present, assists in making a definitive diagnosis. Dysmorphic diagnosis in the fetus is a challenge as the complete phenotype may not be manifested, coupled with the possibility of subtle dysmorphism that is difficult to recognize. Correlation of the antenatal scan findings with those at autopsy, combined with the experienced eye of a clinical geneticist, is helpful in making a syndrome diagnosis. Specialized databases, reference textbooks, and previously published malformation syndromes are important aids for the geneticist. An accurate diagnosis is important to counsel families of the prognosis, available treatment options, and recurrence risks in future conceptions. New technologies for genetic testing are available to confirm a syndrome diagnosis and consequently, it is vital that appropriate fetal samples are stored in all cases. A team approach with expert input from a fetal medicine specialist, perinatal pathologist, geneticist, radiologist, and the genetics laboratory are important components of fetal dysmorphic syndrome identification.
Humor style similarity and difference in friendship dyads
Authors: Hunter Simon C. , Fox Claire L. , Jones Siân E.
Published: November 2015

This study assessed the concurrent and prospective (fall to spring) associations between four different humor styles to assess the degree to which stable friendships are characterized by similarity, and to assess whether best friends' humor styles influence each other's later use of humor. Participants were aged 11–13 years, with 87 stable, reciprocal best friend dyads. Self‐report assessments of humor styles were completed on both occasions. Results indicated that there was no initial similarity in dyads' levels of humor. However, dyads' use of humor that enhances interpersonal relationships (Affiliative humor) became positively correlated by spring. Additionally, young people's use of this humor style was positively associated with their best friend's later use of the same. No such effects were present for humor which was aggressive, denigrating toward the self, or used to enhance the self. These results have clear implications for theories of humor style development, highlighting an important role for Affiliative humor within stable friendship dyads.
Corporate Moral Agency and the Responsibility to Respect Human Rights in the UN Guiding Principles: Do Corporations Have Moral Rights?
Authors: WERHANE Patricia H
Published: November 2015

In 2011 the United Nations (UN) published the ‘Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect, and Remedy” Framework’ (Guiding Principles). The Guiding Principles specify that for-profit corporations have responsibilities to respect human rights. Do these responsibilities entail that corporations, too, have basic rights? The contention that corporations are moral persons is problematic because it confers moral status to an organization similar to that conferred to a human agent. I shall argue that corporations are not moral persons. But as collective bodies created, operated, and perpetuated by individual human moral agents, one can ascribe to corporations secondary moral agency as organizations. This ascription, I conclude, makes sense of the normative business responsibilities outlined in the Guiding Principles without committing one to the view that corporations are full moral persons.
Comparison of Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Isolates Based on Time From Hospitalization and Culture Source: Implications for Hospital Antibiograms
Authors: Dickstein Yaakov , Geffen Yuval , Leibovici Leonard , Paul Mical
Published: November 2015

We assessed the effects of time from hospitalization and culture source on bacterial susceptibility profiles. Increasing resistance correlated with increasing time from hospitalization for all bacterial groups, with 7 days in hospital representing the best time point for dichotomizing susceptibility rates rather than 48 hours. Antibiograms based on isolates from any source best represented susceptibility profiles.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(2):212–214
Numerical study of high speed jets in crossflow
Authors: Chai Xiaochuan , Iyer Prahladh S. , Mahesh Krishnan
Published: November 2015

Large-eddy simulation (LES) and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) are used to study an underexpanded sonic jet injected into a supersonic crossflow and an overexpanded supersonic jet injected into a subsonic crossflow, where the flow conditions are based on the experiments of Santiago & Dutton (J. Propul. Power, vol. 13 (2), 1997, pp. 264–273) and Beresh et al. (AIAA J., vol. 43, 2005a, pp. 379–389), respectively. The simulations successfully reproduce experimentally observed shock systems and vortical structures. The time averaged flow fields are compared to the experimental results, and good agreement is observed. The behaviour of the flow is discussed, and the similarities and differences between the two regimes are studied. The trajectory of the transverse jet is investigated. A modification to Schetz et al.’s theory is proposed (Schetz & Billig, J. Spacecr. Rockets, vol. 3, 1996, pp. 1658–1665), which yields good prediction of the jet trajectories in the current simulations in the near field. Point spectra taken at various locations in the flowfield indicate a global oscillation for the sonic jet flow, wherein different regions in the flow oscillate with a frequency of $St=fD/u_{\infty }=0.3$. For supersonic jet flow, no such global frequency is observed. Dynamic mode decomposition of the three-dimensional pressure field obtained from LES is performed and shows the same behaviour. The DMD results indicate that the $St=0.3$ mode is dominant between the upstream barrel shock and the bow shock for the sonic jet, while the roll up of the upstream shear layer is dominant for the supersonic jet.
Religious Toleration and Ecclesiastical Independence in Revolutionary Britain, Bermuda and the Bahamas
Authors: Ha Polly
Published: November 2015

By the mid-seventeenth century, radical protestant tolerationists in Britain and the British Atlantic began to conceive of religious liberty as a civil liberty applicable to all subjects, in contrast to contemporary puritans who limited toleration to orthodox protestants. This essay seeks to explain why certain puritans, however small in number, came to adopt radical views on toleration in contrast to the religious mainstream in the Anglophone world. Drawing upon a longer history of ecclesiastical independence than considered in the existing scholarship on religious toleration, it identifies a hitherto unexplored relationship between ecclesiastical independence in England and the Atlantic World.
Diet composition and feeding habits ofLithognathus mormyrus(Sparidae) from the Gulf of Gabes (Central Mediterranean)
Authors: Ben Hadj Hamida Nader , Ben Abdallah-Ben Hadj Hamida Olfa , Jarboui Othman , Missaoui Hechmi
Published: November 2015

The diet and feeding habits of the striped seabream,Lithognathus mormyrus, from the Gulf of Gabes were investigated by examining the stomach contents of 1221 specimens ranging from 9.7 cm to 24.1 cm total length (and 11.2 g to 158.1 g in weight). Specimens were collected from commercial catches between September 2005 and August 2007. Of the total number of examined stomachs, 1115 were empty (Index of vacuity = 91.3%). This percentage varied significantly over the year, attaining a maximum in winter (95.77%) and summer (95.79%) and, a minimum in autumn (82.25%). Eight higher taxonomic groups were identified (teleosts, crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms, annelids, spongia and plantae). Crustaceans were the most important prey taxa, constituting 84.6% of the total IRI. Other taxa, such as teleosts, and molluscs were of secondary importance. Significant differences in the diet were observed in relation to season. The estimated trophic level was 3.63 ± 0.59 for the whole population ofL. mormyrusof the Gulf of Gabes. Based on the composition of its diet, this species may be considered to be an omnivorous fish with a preference for animal material and showed a specialist feeding strategy.
Vitamin D modulates adipose tissue biology: possible consequences for obesity?
Authors: Landrier Jean-François , Karkeni Esma , Marcotorchino Julie , Bonnet Lauriane , Tourniaire Franck
Published: November 2015

Cross-sectional studies depict an inverse relationship between vitamin D (VD) status reflected by plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and obesity. Furthermore, recent studiesin vitroand in animal models tend to demonstrate an impact of VD and VD receptor on adipose tissue and adipocyte biology, pointing to at least a part-causal role of VD insufficiency in obesity and associated physiopathological disorders such as adipose tissue inflammation and subsequent insulin resistance. However, clinical and genetic studies are far less convincing, with highly contrasted results ruling out solid conclusions for the moment. Nevertheless, prospective studies provide interesting data supporting the hypothesis of a preventive role of VD in onset of obesity. The aim of this review is to summarise the available data on relationships between VD, adipose tissue/adipocyte physiology, and obesity in order to reveal the next key points that need to be addressed before we can gain deeper insight into the controversial VD–obesity relationship.
ישראל בעמים כלב באברים
Authors: גלזנר ישי
Published: November 2015

אחד הציטוטים הידועים מספר הכוזרי הוא "ישראל בעמים כלב באברים," אמירה המסדירה את היחסים בין ישראל והעמים. אמירה זו מובנת בדרך כלל כאמירה סתמית, שעניינה לפאר את עם ישראל. מאמר זה יראה כי היחס של לב ואברים הוא יחס של שליטה, ומשמעותו היא שעם ישראל אמור לתווך את חוקי התורה עבור הגויים.
Estimating the burden of acute gastrointestinal illness due toGiardia, Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, E. coliO157 and norovirus associated with private wells and small water systems in Canada
Authors: MURPHY H. M. , THOMAS M. K. , SCHMIDT P. J. , MEDEIROS D. T. , McFADYEN S. , PINTAR K. D. M.
Published: November 2015

Waterborne illness related to the consumption of contaminated or inadequately treated water is a global public health concern. Although the magnitude of drinking water-related illnesses in developed countries is lower than that observed in developing regions of the world, drinking water is still responsible for a proportion of all cases of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) in Canada. The estimated burden of endemic AGI in Canada is 20·5 million cases annually – this estimate accounts for under-reporting and under-diagnosis. About 4 million of these cases are domestically acquired and foodborne, yet the proportion of waterborne cases is unknown. There is evidence that individuals served by private systems and small community systems may be more at risk of waterborne illness than those served by municipal drinking water systems in Canada. However, little is known regarding the contribution of these systems to the overall drinking water-related AGI burden in Canada. Private water supplies serve an estimated 12% of the Canadian population, or ~4·1 million people. An estimated 1·4 million (4·1%) people in Canada are served by small groundwater (2·6%) and surface water (1·5%) supplies. The objective of this research is to estimate the number of AGI cases attributable to water consumption from these supplies in Canada using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach. This provides a framework for others to develop burden of waterborne illness estimates for small water supplies. A multi-pathogen QMRA ofGiardia, Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, E. coliO157 and norovirus, chosen as index waterborne pathogens, for various source water and treatment combinations was performed. It is estimated that 103 230 AGI cases per year are due to the presence of these five pathogens in drinking water from private and small community water systems in Canada. In addition to providing a mechanism to assess the potential burden of AGI attributed to small systems and private well water in Canada, this research supports the use of QMRA as an effective source attribution tool when there is a lack of randomized controlled trial data to evaluate the public health risk of an exposure source. QMRA is also a powerful tool for identifying existing knowledge gaps on the national scale to inform future surveillance and research efforts.
Estimating the number of cases of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) associated with Canadian municipal drinking water systems
Authors: MURPHY H. M. , THOMAS M. K. , MEDEIROS D. T. , McFADYEN S. , PINTAR K. D. M.
Published: November 2015

The estimated burden of endemic acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) annually in Canada is 20·5 million cases. Approximately 4 million of these cases are domestically acquired and foodborne, yet the proportion of waterborne cases is unknown. A number of randomized controlled trials have been completed to estimate the influence of tap water from municipal drinking water plants on the burden of AGI. In Canada, 83% of the population (28 521 761 people) consumes tap water from municipal drinking water plants serving >1000 people. The drinking water-related AGI burden associated with the consumption of water from these systems in Canada is unknown. The objective of this research was to estimate the number of AGI cases attributable to consumption of drinking water from large municipal water supplies in Canada, using data from four household drinking water intervention trials. Canadian municipal water treatment systems were ranked into four categories based on source water type and quality, population size served, and treatment capability and barriers. The water treatment plants studied in the four household drinking water intervention trials were also ranked according to the aforementioned criteria, and the Canadian treatment plants were then scored against these criteria to develop four AGI risk groups. The proportion of illnesses attributed to distribution system events vs. source water quality/treatment failures was also estimated, to inform the focus of future intervention efforts. It is estimated that 334 966 cases (90% probability interval 183 006-501 026) of AGI per year are associated with the consumption of tap water from municipal systems that serve >1000 people in Canada. This study provides a framework for estimating the burden of waterborne illness at a national level and identifying existing knowledge gaps for future research and surveillance efforts, in Canada and abroad.
Household food security and infant feeding practices in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Owais Aatekah , Kleinbaum David G , Suchdev Parminder S , Faruque ASG , Das Sumon K , Schwartz Benjamin , Stein Aryeh D
Published: November 2015

Objective

To determine the association between household food security and infant complementary feeding practices in rural Bangladesh.

Design

Prospective, cohort study using structured home interviews during pregnancy and 3 and 9 months after delivery. We used two indicators of household food security at 3-months’ follow-up: maternal Food Composition Score (FCS), calculated via the World Food Programme method, and an HHFS index created from an eleven-item food security questionnaire. Infant feeding practices were characterized using WHO definitions.

Setting

Two rural sub-districts of Kishoreganj, Bangladesh.

Subjects

Mother–child dyads (n 2073) who completed the 9-months’ follow-up.

Results

Complementary feeding was initiated at age ≤4 months for 7 %, at 5–6 months for 49 % and at ≥7 months for 44 % of infants. Based on 24 h dietary recall, 98 % of infants were still breast-feeding at age 9 months, and 16 % received ≥4 food groups and ≥4 meals (minimally acceptable diet) in addition to breast milk. Mothers’ diet was more diverse than infants’. The odds of receiving a minimally acceptable diet for infants living in most food-secure households were three times those for infants living in least food-secure households (adjusted OR=3·0; 95 % CI 2·1, 4·3). Socio-economic status, maternal age, literacy, parity and infant sex were not associated with infant diet.

Conclusions

HHFS and maternal FCS were significant predictors of subsequent infant feeding practices. Nevertheless, even the more food-secure households had poor infant diet. Interventions aimed at improving infant nutritional status need to focus on both complementary food provision and education.
Burning for a Cause: Four Factors in Successful Political (and Religious) Self-Immolation Examined in Relation to Alleged Falun Gong “Fanatics” in Tiananmen Square
Authors: Hedges Paul
Published: November 2015

This article theorizes the self-immolation of alleged Falun Gong practitioners in Tiananmen Square in 2001 in relation to literature on martyrdom, self-immolation, and political protest. It explores the cultural context in relation to Buddhist traditions of self-immolation, Chinese political protest, and other uses of self-immolation as political protest. It will seek to expand the analysis of why these self-immolations may be said to have “failed” as a form of protest, and present a set of four key factors. Issues of legitimation and authority in the events and their representation will be raised, especially the contested nature of whether the self-immolations were “religious,” looking at the different meanings of this term in Chinese and Western contexts. It is argued that both secular and religious self-immolation can be seen as legitimate in the public sphere.
A compact rhombus-shaped slot antenna fed by microstrip-line for UWB applications
Authors: Chandel Richa , Gautam Anil Kumar , Kanaujia Binod Kumar
Published: November 2015

In this paper, a novel design and experimental study of microstrip-line-fed rhombus-shaped slot antenna is presented. The proposed antenna shows an ultra-wide band (UWB) operation with good impedance matching by choosing appropriate rhombus-shaped slot and feeding structure. The proposed antenna has a simple structure and compact size as compared with many reported antennas. The measured results validate the design and the impedance bandwidth can operate from 2.78 to 12.92 GHz (10.14 GHz), which evidently covers entire UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz). Furthermore, the key parameters of the antenna are also discussed to study their persuade on the antenna performance.
Building respect for IHL through national courts
Authors: Weill Sharon
Published: November 2015

Respect for international humanitarian law (IHL) comes in many forms, one of which is through the practice of domestic courts in addressing IHL-related cases. This article takes a closer look at the structural conditions necessary for the effective enforcement of IHL by domestic courts, elaborates on the spectrum of options that are available to national judges when faced with IHL-related cases, and describes the functional roles of courts in adopting a particular posture. It is demonstrated that even if the structural conditions are fulfilled, this will not necessarily result in the normative application of the law. It appears that national judges are in the process of defining their own roles as independent organs for overseeing the State's acts during armed conflicts. In that regard, the article outlines a few suggestions for future research on the choices courts make and the conditions necessary for them to effectively handle IHL-related cases.
Quotas for Women Can Improve Recruitment Procedures
Authors: Lang Jutta , Zapf Dieter
Published: November 2015

Abstract. In this study, among a sample of 388 participants located in German-speaking countries, from different career levels and all having an employment relationship, we examined the influence of gender on the frequency of use of different job search strategies. The main focus lies on passive job search behavior, which is considered to be an important determinant of career success. The data suggest considerable gender differences in the frequency of use of passive job search strategies. Results of mediation analyses showed that the gap between men and women became smaller with respect to the influence of proactivity and management aspirations and disappeared for individuals in leadership positions. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of the literature and quota debate.
Leadership and Gender Stereotyping of Emotions
Authors: Fischbach Andrea , Lichtenthaler Philipp W. , Horstmann Nina
Published: November 2015

Abstract. People believe women are more emotional than men but it remains unclear to what extent such emotion stereotypes affect leadership perceptions. Extending the think manager-think male paradigm ( Schein, 1973 ), we examined the similarity of emotion expression descriptions of women, men, and managers. In a field-based online experiment, 1,098 participants (male and female managers and employees) rated one of seven target groups on 17 emotions: men or women (in general, managers, or successful managers), or successful managers. Men in general are described as more similar to successful managers in emotion expression than are women in general. Only with the label manager or successful manager do women-successful manager similarities on emotion expression increase. These emotion stereotypes might hinder women’s leadership success.
Exploring the Sex Difference in Affective Motivation to Lead
Authors: Elprana Gwen , Felfe Jörg , Stiehl Sybille , Gatzka Magdalena
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Recent research shows that affective Motivation to Lead (a-MtL) is relevant for leadership emergence. However, women have been shown to have lower a-MtL. In order to explain this, we refer to Eagly and Wood’s Social Role Theory (2012) . Our results show (1) traditional gender role beliefs (TGRB) are negatively related to women’s a-MtL. (2) Women’s lower a-MtL is partially due to a lack of same-sex role models (SSRM). (3) High awareness of gender inequality is related with higher a-MtL in women. Supporting Social Role Theory (SRT) sociocultural variables explain the sex difference in a-MtL. These variables potentially add to Chan and Drasgow’s (2001) model of antecedents to a-MtL and contribute to a more holistic theory testing of a sex-differentiated model. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
The Element of Surprise in Managing Flood Risk
Authors: Strelich Lily
Published: November 2015

A social science perspective on unpredictable flood risk systems may help us expect the unexpected and mitigate flood damage.
The Dwarf Planet That Came in from the Cold—Maybe
Authors: Cowen Ron
Published: November 2015

The presence of ammonia-rich clay on much of the surface of Ceres suggests that this dwarf planet—the largest object in the asteroid belt—may have formed far out in the solar system, then wandered in.
Blast transformation and fibrotic progression in polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: a literature review of incidence and risk factors
Authors: Cerquozzi S , Tefferi A
Published: November 2015

Polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) constitute two of the three BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms and are characterized by relatively long median survivals (approximately 14 and 20 years, respectively). Potentially fatal disease complications in PV and ET include disease transformation into myelofibrosis (MF) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The range of reported frequencies for post-PV MF were 4.9–6% at 10 years and 6–14% at 15 years and for post-ET MF were 0.8–4.9% at 10 years and 4–11% at 15 years. The corresponding figures for post-PV AML were 2.3–14.4% at 10 years and 5.5–18.7% at 15 years and for post-ET AML were 0.7–3% at 10 years and 2.1–5.3% at 15 years. Risk factors cited for post-PV MF include advanced age, leukocytosis, reticulin fibrosis, splenomegaly and JAK2V617F allele burden and for post-ET MF include advanced age, leukocytosis, anemia, reticulin fibrosis, absence of JAK2V617F, use of anagrelide and presence of ASXL1 mutation. Risk factors for post-PV AML include advanced age, leukocytosis, reticulin fibrosis, splenomegaly, abnormal karyotype, TP53 or RUNX1 mutations as well as use of pipobroman, radiophosphorus (P32) and busulfan and for post-ET AML include advanced age, leukocytosis, anemia, extreme thrombocytosis, thrombosis, reticulin fibrosis, TP53 or RUNX1 mutations. It is important to note that some of the aforementioned incidence figures and risk factor determinations are probably inaccurate and at times conflicting because of the retrospective nature of studies and the inadvertent labeling, in some studies, of patients with prefibrotic primary MF or ‘masked’ PV, as ET. Ultimately, transformation of MPN leads to poor outcomes and management remains challenging. Further understanding of the molecular events leading to disease transformation is being investigated.
Exercise, immune function and respiratory infection: An update on the influence of training and environmental stress
Authors: Walsh Neil P , Oliver Samuel J
Published: November 2015

This review outlines recent advancements in the understanding of athlete immune health. Controversies discussed include whether high levels of athletic training and environmental stress (for example, heat acclimation, cryotherapy and hypoxic training) compromise immunity and increase upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). Recent findings challenge early exercise immunology doctrine by showing that international athletes performing high‐volume training suffer fewer, not greater, URTI episodes than lower‐level performers and URTI incidence decreases, not increases, around the time of competition compared with heavy training. Herein we raise the possibility of host genetic influences on URTI and modifiable behavioural and training‐related factors underpinning these recent observations. Continued controversy concerns the proportion of URTI symptoms reported by athletes that are due to infectious pathogens, airway inflammation or as yet unknown causes and indeed whether the proportion differs in athletes and non‐athletes. Irrespective of the cause of URTI symptoms (infectious or non‐infectious), experts broadly agree that self‐reported URTI hinders high‐volume athletic training but, somewhat surprisingly, less is known about the influence on athletic performance. In athletes under heavy training, both innate and acquired immunity are often observed to decrease, typically 15–25%, but whether relatively modest changes in immunity increase URTI susceptibility remains a major gap in knowledge. With the exception of cell‐mediated immunity that tends to be decreased, exercising in environmental extremes does not provide an additional threat to immunity and host defence. Recent evidence suggests that immune health may actually be enhanced by regular intermittent exposures to environmental stress (for example, intermittent hypoxia training).
Inhibitory bacteria reduce fungi on early life stages of endangered Colorado boreal toads (Anaxyrus boreas)
Authors: Kueneman Jordan G , Woodhams Douglas C , Van Treuren Will , Archer Holly M , Knight Rob , McKenzie Valerie J
Published: November 2015

Increasingly, host-associated microbiota are recognized to mediate pathogen establishment, providing new ecological perspectives on health and disease. Amphibian skin-associated microbiota interact with the fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), but little is known about microbial turnover during host development and associations with host immune function. We surveyed skin microbiota of Colorado’s endangered boreal toads (Anaxyrus boreas), sampling 181 toads across four life stages (tadpoles, metamorphs, subadults and adults). Our goals were to (1) understand variation in microbial community structure among individuals and sites, (2) characterize shifts in communities during development and (3) examine the prevalence and abundance of known Bd-inhibitory bacteria. We used high-throughput 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) to characterize bacteria and microeukaryotes, respectively. Life stage had the largest effect on the toad skin microbial community, and site and Bd presence also contributed. Proteobacteria dominated tadpole microbial communities, but were later replaced by Actinobacteria. Microeukaryotes on tadpoles were dominated by the classes Alveolata and Stramenopiles, while fungal groups replaced these groups after metamorphosis. Using a novel database of Bd-inhibitory bacteria, we found fewer Bd-inhibitory bacteria in post-metamorphic stages correlated with increased skin fungi, suggesting that bacteria have a strong role in early developmental stages and reduce skin-associated fungi.
Decreases in average bacterial community rRNA operon copy number during succession
Authors: Nemergut Diana R , Knelman Joseph E , Ferrenberg Scott , Bilinski Teresa , Melbourne Brett , Jiang Lin , Violle Cyrille , Darcy John L , Prest Tiffany , Schmidt Steven K , Townsend Alan R
Published: November 2015

Trait-based studies can help clarify the mechanisms driving patterns of microbial community assembly and coexistence. Here, we use a trait-based approach to explore the importance of rRNA operon copy number in microbial succession, building on prior evidence that organisms with higher copy numbers respond more rapidly to nutrient inputs. We set flasks of heterotrophic media into the environment and examined bacterial community assembly at seven time points. Communities were arrayed along a geographic gradient to introduce stochasticity via dispersal processes and were analyzed using 16 S rRNA gene pyrosequencing, and rRNA operon copy number was modeled using ancestral trait reconstruction. We found that taxonomic composition was similar between communities at the beginning of the experiment and then diverged through time; as well, phylogenetic clustering within communities decreased over time. The average rRNA operon copy number decreased over the experiment, and variance in rRNA operon copy number was lowest both early and late in succession. We then analyzed bacterial community data from other soil and sediment primary and secondary successional sequences from three markedly different ecosystem types. Our results demonstrate that decreases in average copy number are a consistent feature of communities across various drivers of ecological succession. Importantly, our work supports the scaling of the copy number trait over multiple levels of biological organization, ranging from cells to populations and communities, with implications for both microbial ecology and evolution.
The dual oxidase gene BdDuox regulates the intestinal bacterial community homeostasis of Bactrocera dorsalis
Authors: Yao Zhichao , Wang Ailin , Li Yushan , Cai Zhaohui , Lemaitre Bruno , Zhang Hongyu
Published: November 2015

The guts of metazoans are in permanent contact with the microbial realm that includes beneficial symbionts, nonsymbionts, food-borne microbes and life-threatening pathogens. However, little is known concerning how host immunity affects gut bacterial community. Here, we analyze the role of a dual oxidase gene (BdDuox) in regulating the intestinal bacterial community homeostasis of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis. The results showed that knockdown of BdDuox led to an increased bacterial load, and to a decrease in the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Leuconostocaceae bacterial symbionts in the gut. The resulting dysbiosis, in turn, stimulates an immune response by activating BdDuox and promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that regulates the composition and structure of the gut bacterial community to normal status by repressing the overgrowth of minor pathobionts. Our results suggest that BdDuox plays a pivotal role in regulating the homeostasis of the gut bacterial community in B. dorsalis.
Single-molecule visualization of a formin-capping protein ‘decision complex’ at the actin filament barbed end
Authors: Bombardier Jeffrey P. , Eskin Julian A. , Jaiswal Richa , Corrêa Ivan R. , Xu Ming-Qun , Goode Bruce L. , Gelles Jeff
Published: November 2015

Precise control of actin filament length is essential to many cellular processes. Formins processively elongate filaments, whereas capping protein (CP) binds to barbed ends and arrests polymerization. While genetic and biochemical evidence has indicated that these two proteins function antagonistically, the mechanism underlying the antagonism has remained unresolved. Here we use multi-wavelength single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to observe the fully reversible formation of a long-lived ‘decision complex’ in which a CP dimer and a dimer of the formin mDia1 simultaneously bind the barbed end. Further, mDia1 displaced from the barbed end by CP can randomly slide along the filament and later return to the barbed end to re-form the complex. Quantitative kinetic analysis reveals that the CP-mDia1 antagonism that we observe in vitro occurs through the decision complex. Our observations suggest new molecular mechanisms for the control of actin filament length and for the capture of filament barbed ends in cells.
Propagation of oestrogen receptor-positive and oestrogen-responsive normal human breast cells in culture
Authors: Fridriksdottir Agla J. , Kim Jiyoung , Villadsen René , Klitgaard Marie Christine , Hopkinson Branden M. , Petersen Ole William , Rønnov-Jessen Lone
Published: November 2015

Investigating the susceptibility of oestrogen receptor-positive (ERpos) normal human breast epithelial cells (HBECs) for clinical purposes or basic research awaits a proficient cell-based assay. Here we set out to identify markers for isolating ERpos cells and to expand what appear to be post-mitotic primary cells into exponentially growing cultures. We report a robust technique for isolating ERpos HBECs from reduction mammoplasties by FACS using two cell surface markers, CD166 and CD117, and an intracellular cytokeratin marker, Ks20.8, for further tracking single cells in culture. We show that ERpos HBECs are released from growth restraint by small molecule inhibitors of TGFβ signalling, and that growth is augmented further in response to oestrogen. Importantly, ER signalling is functionally active in ERpos cells in extended culture. These findings open a new avenue of experimentation with normal ERpos HBECs and provide a basis for understanding the evolution of human breast cancer.
Compensating for population sampling in simulations of epidemic spread on temporal contact networks
Authors: Génois Mathieu , Vestergaard Christian L. , Cattuto Ciro , Barrat Alain
Published: November 2015

Data describing human interactions often suffer from incomplete sampling of the underlying population. As a consequence, the study of contagion processes using data-driven models can lead to a severe underestimation of the epidemic risk. Here we present a systematic method to alleviate this issue and obtain a better estimation of the risk in the context of epidemic models informed by high-resolution time-resolved contact data. We consider several such data sets collected in various contexts and perform controlled resampling experiments. We show how the statistical information contained in the resampled data can be used to build a series of surrogate versions of the unknown contacts. We simulate epidemic processes on the resulting reconstructed data sets and show that it is possible to obtain good estimates of the outcome of simulations performed using the complete data set. We discuss limitations and potential improvements of our method.
Fluid shear triggers microvilli formation via mechanosensitive activation of TRPV6
Authors: Miura Shigenori , Sato Koji , Kato-Negishi Midori , Teshima Tetsuhiko , Takeuchi Shoji
Published: November 2015

Microvilli are cellular membrane protrusions present on differentiated epithelial cells, which can sense and interact with the surrounding fluid environment. Biochemical and genetic approaches have identified a set of factors involved in microvilli formation; however, the underlying extrinsic regulatory mechanism of microvilli formation remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that fluid shear stress (FSS), an external mechanical cue, serves as a trigger for microvilli formation in human placental trophoblastic cells. We further reveal that the transient receptor potential, vanilloid family type-6 (TRPV6) calcium ion channel plays a critical role in flow-induced Ca2+ influx and microvilli formation. TRPV6 regulates phosphorylation of Ezrin via a Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of Akt; this molecular event is necessary for microvillar localization of Ezrin in response to FSS. Our findings provide molecular insight into the microvilli-mediated mechanoresponsive cellular functions, such as epithelial absorption, signal perception and mechanotransduction.
Analysing black phosphorus transistors using an analytic Schottky barrier MOSFET model
Authors: Penumatcha Ashish V. , Salazar Ramon B. , Appenzeller Joerg
Published: November 2015

Owing to the difficulties associated with substitutional doping of low-dimensional nanomaterials, most field-effect transistors built from carbon nanotubes, two-dimensional crystals and other low-dimensional channels are Schottky barrier MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors). The transmission through a Schottky barrier-MOSFET is dominated by the gate-dependent transmission through the Schottky barriers at the metal-to-channel interfaces. This makes the use of conventional transistor models highly inappropriate and has lead researchers in the past frequently to extract incorrect intrinsic properties, for example, mobility, for many novel nanomaterials. Here we propose a simple modelling approach to quantitatively describe the transfer characteristics of Schottky barrier-MOSFETs from ultra-thin body materials accurately in the device off-state. In particular, after validating the model through the analysis of a set of ultra-thin silicon field-effect transistor data, we have successfully applied our approach to extract Schottky barrier heights for electrons and holes in black phosphorus devices for a large range of body thicknesses.