bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rekonstruktionstechniken der posterioren Augenlidlamelle
Authors: Kopecky Adam , Rokohl Alexander , Heindl Ludwig
Published: January 2019

Große durchgreifende Liddefekte waren und sind eine der größten Herausforderungen in der ophthalmoplastischen Chirurgie. Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, verschiedene Rekonstruktionstechniken der hinteren Lidlamelle darzustellen sowie die Indikationen, Vor- und Nachteile der einzelnen Techniken herauszuarbeiten.
A multimodal (FACILE) classification for optical diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease associated neoplasia
Authors: Iacucci Marietta , McQuaid Kenneth , Gui X. , Iwao Yasushi , Lethebe Brendan , Lowerison Mark , Matsumoto Takayuki , Shivaji Uday , Smith Samuel , Subramanian Venkataraman , Uraoka Toshio , Sanduleanu Silvia , Ghosh Subrata , Kiesslich Ralf
Published: January 2019

Background Characterization of colonic lesions in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains challenging. We developed an endoscopic classification of visual characteristics to identify colitis-associated neoplasia using multimodal advanced endoscopic imaging (Frankfurt Advanced Chromoendoscopic IBD LEsions [FACILE] classification).

Methods The study was conducted in three phases: 1) development – an expert panel defined endoscopic signs and predictors of dysplasia in IBD and, using multivariable logistic regression created the FACILE classification; 2) validation – using 60 IBD lesions from an image library, two assessments of diagnostic accuracy for neoplasia were performed and interobserver agreement between experts using FACILE was determined; 3) reproducibility – the reproducibility of the FACILE classification was tested in gastroenterologists, trainees, and junior doctors after completion of a training module.

Results The experts initially selected criteria such as morphology, color, surface, vessel architecture, signs of inflammation, and lesion border. Multivariable logistic regression confirmed that nonpolypoid lesion, irregular vessel architecture, irregular surface pattern, and signs of inflammation within the lesion were predictors of dysplasia. Area under the curve of this logistic model using a bootstrapped estimate was 0.76 (0.73 – 0.78). The training module resulted in improved accuracy and kappa agreement in all nonexperts, though in trainees and junior doctors the kappa agreement was still moderate and poor, respectively.

Conclusion We developed, validated, and demonstrated reproducibility of a new endoscopic classification (FACILE) for the diagnosis of dysplasia in IBD using all imaging modalities. Flat shape, irregular surface and vascular patterns, and signs of inflammation predicted dysplasia. The diagnostic performance of all nonexpert participants improved after a training module.
Die doppelreihig fortlaufende Nahtversorgung von primären Nabelhernien – Analyse eines Versorgungskonzeptes nach 282 Fällen
Authors: Heise Joachim , Ewodo Beyeme Joseph , Tomczak Josef , Tosuncuk Ari Nermin
Published: January 2019

Einleitung Es besteht fortgesetzt ein Entscheidungskonflikt, welche Nabelhernienpatienten allein durch Naht oder eben mit einer Netzverstärkung operiert werden sollen. Nach überwiegender Anwendung einer doppelreihig fortlaufenden Nahttechnik mit nicht resorbierbarem Faden über einen langen Zeitraum im eigenen Patientengut war das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie, die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Strategie auch in Fällen mit größeren Bruchlücken zu überprüfen.

Patienten und Methoden Nach Extraktion aller fallbezogenen Dokumente von operierten Nabelbruchpatienten wie OP- und Entlassbericht, Narkoseprotokoll und Verlaufsbogen aus dem Krankenhausinformationssystem (KIS) erfolgte die exakte Erfassung der analyserelevanten Parameter in einer Datenbank (FileMaker® 12.0). Doppelreihig fortlaufend nahtversorgte erwachsene Patienten (≥ 18 J), ausgeschlossen Rezidiv- und Begleiteingriffe, mit Nabellücken ≤ 2 cm (Gruppe [Gr.] 1) wurden solchen mit Defekten > 2 cm (Gruppe [Gr.] 2) gegenübergestellt. Langzeitergebnisse wurden aus dem KIS, durch Nachuntersuchung, Fragebogenversand und Telefoninterviews erhoben. Zur Signifikanztestung wurden Mann-Whitney-U- und Chi-Quadrat-Test angewandt bei einem Signifikanzniveau von p < 0,05.

Ergebnisse Vom 1.1.2004 bis 31.3.2017 wurden zunächst n = 515 Nabelhernieneingriffe detektiert. Von 282 Patienten mit primärer Nabelbruchoperation in Form einer doppelreihigen fortlaufenden Naht kamen nur Fälle mit Nachuntersuchungsergebnissen zur Auswertung (n = 216). Die Patienten in Gr. I (n = 147) waren im Median im Vergleich zu Gr. II (n = 69) jünger (51 vs. 54 Jahre; p = 0,0012), leichter (BMI: 29 vs. 33; p = 0,003) und tendenziell weniger krank (ASA: 2 vs. 2; p = 0,0837). Die Komplikationsrate war mit 8/147 (5%) zu 4/69 (6%; p = 0,9154) nicht signifikant unterschiedlich. Die Rezidivrate nach einer Nachbeobachtungszeit von im Median 4,6 Jahren betrug von 6/147 (4%) zu 4/69 (6%; p = 0,5759).

Schlussfolgerung Die konsequente Anwendung einer doppelreihig fortlaufenden nicht resorbierbaren Naht erzielt gute Ergebnisse in der Versorgung von Nabelhernien. Die Resultate der durchgeführten Studie lassen in einem uniform so versorgten Kollektiv den Schluss zu, dass auch ältere und durchschnittlich schwerere Patienten mit Nabelhernien > 2 cm sicher mit dieser Nahttechnik versorgt werden können.
Aggressive intravenous hydration with lactated Ringer’s solution for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective randomized multicenter clinical trial
Authors: Park Chang-Hwan , Paik Woo , Park Eun , Shim Chan , Lee Tae , Kang Changdon , Noh Myung , Yi Sun , Lee Jong , Hyun Jong , Lee Jun
Published: January 2019

Background and study aims The present study aimed to determine the type of intravenous hydration that is best suited to reducing the incidence of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis.

Patients and methods In a prospective randomized multicenter trial, average-to-high risk patients who underwent first-time ERCP were randomly assigned to three groups (1:1:1) who received: aggressive intravenous hydration (3 mL/kg/h during ERCP, a 20-mL/kg bolus and 3 mL/kg/h for 8 hours after ERCP) with either lactated Ringer’s solution (LRS) or normal saline solution (NSS), or standard intravenous hydration with LRS (1.5 mL/kg/h during and for 8 hours after ERCP). The primary end point was post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP).

Results 395 patients were enrolled, and 385 completed the protocols. The three groups showed no significant differences in demographic characteristics. There was a significant difference in the intention-to-treat (ITT) PEP rate between the aggressive LRS group (3.0 %, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.1 % – 5.9 %; 4 /132), the aggressive NSS group (6.7 %, 95 %CI 2.5 % – 10.9 %; 9 /134) and the standard LRS group (11.6 %, 95 %CI 6.1 % – 17.2 %; 15 /129; P = 0.03). In the two-group comparisons, the ITT PEP rate was significantly lower for the aggressive LRS group than for the standard LRS group (relative risk [RR] 0.26, 95 %CI 0.08 – 0.76; P = 0.008). There was no significant difference in the ITT PEP rate between the aggressive NSS group and the standard LRS group (RR 0.57, 95 %CI 0.26 – 1.27; P = 0.17).

Conclusion Aggressive hydration with LRS is the best approach to intravenous hydration for the prevention of PEP in average-to-high risk patients.
Safety of cold snare polypectomy for duodenal adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis: a prospective exploratory study
Authors: Hamada Kenta , Takeuchi Yoji , Ishikawa Hideki , Ezoe Yasumasa , Arao Masamichi , Suzuki Sho , Iwatsubo Taro , Kato Minoru , Tonai Yusuke , Shichijo Satoki , Yamasaki Yasushi , Matsuura Noriko , Nakahira Hiroko , Kanesaka Takashi , Yamamoto Sachiko , Akasaka Tomofumi , Hanaoka Noboru , Higashino Koji , Uedo Noriya , Ishihara Ryu , Okada Hiroyuki , Iishi Hiroyasu
Published: January 2019

Background Cold snare polypectomy (CSP) to remove multiple duodenal adenomas (MDAs) in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) could be an effective and less invasive method than more extensive surgery. The aim of the present study was to determine the safety of this procedure.

Methods This prospective exploratory study included 10 consecutive patients with FAP and MDAs who underwent CSP for as many as 50 duodenal adenomas. The primary outcome was the incidence of severe adverse events.

Results 10 patients were enrolled and underwent 332 CSPs from June 2016 to January 2017. The median procedure time was 33 minutes (range 25 – 53), and the median number of polyps removed during a single session was 35 (range 10 – 50). Most of the removed polyps were ≤ 10 mm. None of the 10 patients experienced a severe adverse event. One patient developed arterial bleeding during the procedure, but it was easily managed using hemoclips.

Conclusions CSP for MDAs in patients with FAP was safe. The long-term efficacy of this procedure should be investigated.
Phonon-assisted tunneling in direct-bandgap semiconductors
Authors: Mohammed Mazharuddin , Verhulst Anne S. , Verreck Devin , Van de Put Maarten L. , Magnus Wim , Sorée Bart , Groeseneken Guido
Published: January 2019

In tunnel field-effect transistors, trap-assisted tunneling (TAT) is one of the probable causes for degraded subthreshold swing. The accurate quantum-mechanical (QM) assessment of TAT currents also requires a QM treatment of phonon-assisted tunneling (PAT) currents. Therefore, we present a multi-band PAT current formalism within the framework of the quantum transmitting boundary method. An envelope function approximation is used to construct the electron-phonon coupling terms corresponding to local Fröhlich-based phonon-assisted inter-band tunneling in direct-bandgap III-V semiconductors. The PAT current density is studied in up to 100 nm long and 20 nm wide p-n diodes with the 2- and 15-band material description of our formalism. We observe an inefficient electron-phonon coupling across the tunneling junction. We further demonstrate the dependence of PAT currents on the device length, for our non-self-consistent formalism which neglects changes in the electron distribution function caused by the electron-phonon coupling. Finally, we discuss the differences in doping dependence between direct band-to-band tunneling and PAT current.
Study of fractal electrode designs for buckypaper-based micro-supercapacitors
Authors: Huang Kuan-Hua , Lin Cheng-Te , Chen Yun-Ting , Yang Yao-Joe Joseph
Published: January 2019

This work reports the fractal designs of planar interdigital electrodes for buckypaper-based micro-supercapacitors (MSC) and studies their influences on MSC performance for different fractal levels. The fractal designs used in this study were derived from the H-tree structure. The electrodes were realized using a standard lithography process followed by the vacuum-filtration technique. The geometrical complexity of MSC electrodes increases with the level of the fractal structures and possibly results in higher electrical capacitance. The areal capacitance as measured by cyclic voltammetry indicates that the device with the fractal design of Level 3 gives the greatest areal capacitance (18.82 mF/cm2). The measured galvanostatic charge/discharge curves reveal that as the level of the MSC fractal electrode increases the measured areal capacitance increases as well. With a measured current density of 1 mA/cm2, the areal capacitance of the Level-3 fractal-electrode MSC design (17.25 mF/cm2) is 33% greater than that of the standard interdigital-electrode design. A Ragone plot shows that the power density as well as the energy density of MSCs increases with the level of fractal design. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements are also reported. These measured results confirm that the fractal designs of interdigital electrodes improve the energy-storage performance of MSCs.
Segregation of ring polyelectrolytes in nano-channel
Authors: Nowicki W.
Published: January 2019

A segregation process of two ring polyions in the confined environment, represented by a tight nanopore, has been investigated. The study was performed by means of the nonequilibrium Monte Carlo method on the lattice. The ring geometry and thermodynamics, in categories of conformational entropy and electrostatic interactions in the course of segregation, have been analyzed. The influence of the polymer molecular weight and the radius of the nanochannel on the segregation process have been examined. The results have been discussed in terms of scaling laws describing the velocity of segregation vs. the molecular weight of polymer and the nanochannel width.
The pictures in our pages
Authors: Lough Kyser , Mohammed Shimaa
Published: January 2019

This exploratory study continues early first-level work on intermedia visual agenda setting, which asks what influences the visual
media agenda, and extends it into the third level of network analysis. The top visual agenda of the Associated Press is compared
to the top visual agenda of 45 U.S. newspapers (divided into three tiers of circulation) over two constructed weeks. Findings
indicate some transfer of the visual agenda at both the first and third levels. Additionally, the networked visual agenda has a
moderate significant correlation to all newspapers. Sports and local vs. national/international coverage are identified as key
aspects of authority over how the visual agendas are formed and transferred. While the AP places sports images high on the visual
agenda, newspapers relegate them to inside pages unless they are important events. Smaller-circulation papers put fewer
international topics on their front page than medium and high-circulation newspapers.
The phonological status of Low tones in Shanghai tone sandhi
Authors: Takahashi Yasunori
Published: January 2019

In Shanghai tone sandhi, with the exception of T5 (yangru) sandhi, a pitch-fall occurs at the second or third syllable of a phonological word (or a sandhi domain). Previous analyses argue that this is invoked by the insertion of a default Low tone to satisfy the Well-formedness Condition of the autosegmental theory. However, in the framework of the present autosegmental theory, that condition is no longer necessarily satisfied, and an alternative interpretation, adopting a boundary Low tone, has been suggested. To evaluate the appropriateness of the default and boundary interpretations, we compared pitch contours among di- to tetrasyllabic words in greater detail. The results show that, in T1 to T4 sandhi, disyllabic words tend to have lower pitch contours than tri- and tetrasyllabic words at the first and second syllables, and that, in tetrasyllables, minimum pitch values were constantly attested at the third syllable. These results indicate that in Shanghai tone sandhi, a boundary Low tone is assigned at the right edge of a phonological word, and it is further associated with the third syllable in tetrasyllables. This boundary interpretation further gives an appropriate explanation of the difference of the pitch-fall between Middle and New Shanghai.
Tail domains of myosin-1e regulate phosphatidylinositol signaling and F-actin polymerization at the ventral layer of podosomes
Authors: Zhang Yage , Cao Fakun , Zhou Yuhuan , Feng Zhen , Sit Brian , Krendel Mira , Yu Cheng-han
Published: January 2019

During podosome formation, distinct phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate lipid (PI(3,4,5)P3) production and F-actin polymerization take place at integrin-mediated adhesions. Membrane-associated actin regulation factors, such as myosin-1, serve as key molecules to link phosphatidylinositol signals to podosome assembly. Here, we report that long-tailed myosin-1e (Myo1e) is enriched at the ventral layer of the podosome core in a PI(3,4,5)P3-dependent manner. The combination of TH1 and TH2 (TH12) of Myo1e tail domains contains the essential motif for PI(3,4,5)P3-dependent membrane association and ventral localization at the podosome. TH12 KR2A (K772A and R782A) becomes dissociated from the plasma membrane. While F-actin polymerizations are initialized from the ventral layer of the podosome, TH12 precedes the recruitment of N-WASP and Arp2/3 in the initial phase of podosome formation. Overexpression of TH12, not TH12 KR2A, impedes PI(3,4,5)P3 signaling, restrains F-actin polymerization, and inhibits podosome formation. TH12 also suppresses gelatin degradation and migration speed of invadopodia-forming A375 melanoma cells. Thus, TH12 domain of Myo1e serves as a regulatory component to connect phosphatidylinositol signaling to F-actin polymerization at the podosome.
A Survey of Materialism in Thought and Communication
Authors: Feyh Kathleen E.
Published: January 2019

Materialism emerged as the beginning of philosophical (as opposed to mystical or religious) thought in ancient India and Greece around the 6th century bce and has from the beginning been associated with the investigation of the world in its complexity beyond the relatively immediate appearance of phenomena to human sense and thought. The thinkers whose concepts inform contemporary materialist approaches to critical communication studies can be traced through historical developments of materialist thoughts in antiquity, the premodern and modern eras, and leading up to the present day. Familiar, emerging, and potential discussions of the nature and formation of consciousness in natural and social life inform the critical study of communication, particularly rhetoric. Particular attention is paid to the relation of materialism and varieties of Marxist and post-Marxist thought, and these are situated within debates in the field of critical communication studies, particularly rhetoric. Concepts originating from the early-20th-century USSR, associated with “creative” Soviet philosophy and activity theory, are less familiar (to this field) but are pertinent to the area of materialist thought. While this area of philosophy has not yet developed deeply or been promulgated widely in communication studies, it is suited to participate in the current conversation about materialism in communication, consciousness, and practice. Its chief contribution is a treatment of the ideal in materialism that resists both reduction and dualism. It also brings to the fore important questions about the place of human activity, including thought, in the material world.
Rethinking Development Communication
Authors: Chitranshi Bhavya , Dhar Anup
Published: January 2019

Here we, on the one hand, revisit the standard operating procedure in development strategies—“communication (technologies) for development”—and move instead to “development for facilitating communication” through exploring questions such as: Does communication facilitate development? Or does development facilitate communication? Which kind of communication can engender development? Which kind of development can ensure communication with the “margins”? We thus tighten and deepen the connection between the nature of development and the nature of communication; in the process we see communication for development and development for communication as mutually constitutive. We also invoke the question of praxis in three forms: (a) by exploring the connection between praxis and communication and seeing communication as not just a technique but as a question of praxis—where theories of communication and practices of communication are in a relationship, (b) by seeing developmental praxis as intimately tied to the question of communication, and (c) by letting praxis emerge as the “middle term” or the connecting link between development and communication. We deconstruct three discourses of development: the growth-centric discourse, those offering “developmental alternatives” (like human developmental perspectives), and those presenting “alternatives to development” (like postdevelopmentalist positions focused on “third world” or the “local,” etc.), to move to a fourth discourse that problematizes both modernism and capitalism, as it opens up the discourses of communication (modernist, dependency theory, participatory approach, etc.) for inquiry. We attempt to go beyond the modernist and capitalist understandings of development to introduce the logic-language-ethos of “world of the third” as against third world-ist imaginations. This helps us rethink the praxis of communication in creating, on the one hand, community- or social movements–driven developmental futures and, on the other, engendering post-Orientalist and postcapitalist forms of life in local or world of the third contexts. We also emphasize the need to reflect on the question of the “subject” (as also psychoanalytic conceptualizations of the “psyche”) and the need to learn to “work through” “groups” in order to usher in depth and nuance in the praxis of development communication.
Global Health and Critical Studies
Authors: Dutta Mohan Jyoti
Published: January 2019

Amid the large scale inequalities in health outcomes witnessed globally, communication plays a key role in reifying and in offering transformative spaces for challenging these inequities. Communicative processes are integral to the globalization of capital, constituting the economic conditions globally that fundamentally threaten human health and wellbeing. The dominant approach to global health communication, situated within the global capitalist logics of privatization and profiteering, deploys a culturally targeted and culturally sensitive framework for addressing individual behavior. The privatization of health as a commodity creates new market opportunities for global capital. The extraction of raw materials, exploitation of labor, and the reproduction of commoditization emerge on the global arena as the sites for reproducing and circulating health vulnerabilities. By contrast, the culture-centered approach to global health foregrounds the co-creative work of building communicative infrastructures that emerge as sites for resisting the neoliberal transformation of health care. Through processes of grassroots democratic participation and ownership over communicative resources, culture-centered interventions create anchors for community-level interventions that seek to transform unhealthy structures. A wide array of social movements, activist interventions, and advocacy projects emerging from the global margins re-interpret the fundamental meanings of health to create alternative structures for imagining health.
Viennese School of Climatology
Authors: Hammerl Christa
Published: January 2019

Vienna was a metropolis in the middle of the Danube monarchy of Austria-Hungary and under the rule (1848–1916) of Emperor Franz Joseph I (1830–1916) the city experienced rapid growth and an unprecedented flowering of culture, the arts, architecture and science. The capital of the monarchy, an intellectual melting pot, was a city of distinguished personalities who formed the Second Viennese School of music, the Austrian School of economic thought and many more doctrines, including the ideas of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Vienna clearly reflected the zeitgeist of the fin de siècle in its economic, scientific, and cultural heyday.

At the end of the 19th century, meteorology and climatology became recognized scientific disciplines, and dynamical meteorology developed during the first quarter of the 20th century. The fact that imperial Austria took a leading position in these developments mostly owes to the work of renowned scientists of the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, ZAMG) in Vienna.

The institute was founded in 1851, and the astronomer Karl Kreil (1798–1862) became the first director. One of Kreil’s goals was to ensure that both the central meteorological station and the growing number of new meteorological stations across the entire territory of the Austrian Empire were equipped with all the appropriate instruments. Another important goal was the processing of the existing observations to publish in the institute’s yearbooks. In truth, that was the starting signal for all further scientific developments, including that of the Viennese School of Climatology.

During the first decade of the 1900s, Julius Hann (1839–1921), the third director of the ZAMG, was already being acknowledged as a renowned meteorologist and climatologist. He was a pioneer in gathering and synthesizing global climatological and meteorological data, and his Handbook of Climatology (Handbuch der Klimatologie; Hann, 1883 [Hann, J. (1883). Handbuch der Klimatologie. Stuttgart, Germany: J. Engelhorn]) and Textbook of Meteorology (Hann, 1901 [Hann, J. (1901). Lehrbuch der Meteorologie. Leipzig, Germany: C. H. Tauchnitz]) were standard setters (Davies, 2001 [Davies, H. C. (2001). Vienna and the founding of dynamical meteorology. In C. Hammerl, W. Lenhardt, R. Steinacker, & P. Steinhauser (Eds.), Die Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik 1851–2001: 150 Jahre Meteorologie und Geophysik in Österreich (pp. 301–312). Graz, Austria: Leykam Buchverlagsgesellschaft]). In Hann’s era, one began to speak of a “Viennese or Austrian school.” Heinrich Ficker, who later became director of the institute, defined its distinguishing characteristic as a school that did not simply adhere to one direction but promoted each direction, every peculiar talent, and the ideas that a meteorologist with necessary characteristics was always present at key turning points in meteorological research.
Cognitive–Behavioral Theory in Sport and Performance Psychology
Authors: Didymus Faye F.
Published: January 2019

The cognitive–behavioral model of psychotherapy holds cognition at the core of psychological problems and disorders. The theoretical foundations of this model imply that dysfunctional thinking is common to all psychiatric disorders, psychological problems, and medical problems with a psychological component, and that changing an individual’s cognition results in causal changes in emotions and behaviors. In addition, when working with the cognitive–behavioral model, practitioners acknowledge that ongoing cognitive formulation is the basis of effective practice; that working with an individual’s beliefs about themselves, the world, and others results in sustained change; and that neurobiological changes occur following cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT). The cognitive–behavioral model has been successfully applied in many domains (e.g., clinical, occupational, and sport psychology) where interventions are framed around the beliefs that characterize a presenting issue. Cognitive restructuring is one technique for implementing CBT that has been applied in sport and performance psychology. This technique is particularly relevant to performance domains because of the focus on cognitive formulation; the underpinning associations between cognition, emotion, and behavior; and the links between positively valenced emotions and superlative performance. Findings of sport psychology research extend the application of CBT beyond clinical populations and highlight the usefulness of cognitive–behavioral approaches for optimizing experiences of and performance in sport.

Some would argue that the first scientifically testable paradigm that was built on the cognitive–behavioral model of psychotherapy, and came chronologically slightly before CBT, is rational emotive behavior theory (REBT). Because both CBT and REBT share cognitive–behavioral roots, they have many similarities in their underpinning assumptions and in the ways that they are applied. REBT, however, focuses on rational and irrational beliefs and the links between an individual’s beliefs and his or her emotions and performance. REBT has a more philosophical focus with motivational theoretical roots when compared to other CBT approaches. Distinguishing features of REBT also lie in the techniques used and, hence, the way in which the underlying principles of the cognitive–behavioral model are applied. Disputing is the applied foundation of REBT and is a method of questioning an individual’s beliefs that generate emotional responses. This technique aims to help an individual recognize and adjust flaws in his or her thinking to work toward a more functional philosophy. Research that has used REBT in sport and performance contexts is sparse but that which does exist highlights the approach as a promising one for optimizing athletes’ beliefs and their emotional, behavioral, and physiological responses.
Goal Setting in Sport and Performance
Authors: Healy Laura , Tincknell-Smith Alison , Ntoumanis Nikos
Published: January 2019

Within sporting contexts, goal setting is a commonly used technique that can lead to enhanced performance. Recommendations for goal setting have been widely embraced in sport and performance settings by researchers, practitioners, athletes, and coaches. However, it could be argued that these recommendations are overly simplistic, and that a lack of critical commentary in the sporting literature fails to acknowledge the complexity of goal setting in practice. For example, there has been limited acknowledgement within the applied recommendations of important factors such as personal differences with those individuals setting goals, contextual and environmental factors, and the characteristics of goals being pursed. Equally, the focus of goal setting research and practice has predominantly been on goal progress or goal attainment, thus overlooking the wider benefits of effective goal pursuit on additional aspects such as well-being. Similarly, the interactions between these factors has gained little attention with the academic literature or applied recommendations. This may result in diminished effectiveness of goal setting for athletes, and ultimately lead to sub-optimal performance and well-being.

Critical and comprehensive reviews of the literature are timely and necessary, in order to develop a deeper understanding of goal setting in sport and performance. Combining research from both within sport and from theorists examining goals within other contexts can enhance our understanding of how to promote and support adaptive goal pursuit within sport and performance. Overall, this may lead to more appropriate and useful recommendations for researchers, athletes, coaches, and applied practitioners, ensuring that goal setting can be an effective technique for a range of individuals within sport and performance contexts.
Use of Wearable Activity Trackers for Physical Activity Promotion
Authors: Ridgers Nicola D. , Lai Samuel K.
Published: January 2019

Commercially available wearable activity trackers are small, non-invasive electronic devices that are worn on the body for the purposes of monitoring a range of outcomes including steps, energy expenditure, and sleep. These devices utilize sensors to track movement, and these recorded data are provided to the user via a visual display on the device itself and/or by syncing the device with an accompanying app or web-based program. Combined together, these devices and accompanying apps incorporate a broad range of behavior change techniques that are known to change behavior, including self-monitoring, goal setting, and social support. In recent years, wearable activity trackers have become increasingly popular, and the growth in ownership within different populations has occurred at an exponential rate. This growth in appeal has led to researchers and practitioners examining the validity and reliability of wearable activity trackers for measuring a range of outcomes and integrating the results into physical activity promotion strategies. Acceptable validity has been reported for steps and moderate validity for measuring energy expenditure. However, little research has examined whether wearable activity trackers are a feasible and effective method for changing physical activity behaviors in the short- and longer-term, either alone or in combination with additional strategies. Some initial results are promising, though concerns have been raised over longer-term use and impacts on motivation for physical activity. There is a need for research examining the longer-term use of wearable activity trackers in different population groups, and establishing whether this technology has any positive effects on physical activity levels.
A Systematic Meta-Review of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (ICBT)
Authors: Wong Quincy J. J. , Calear Alison L. , Christensen Helen
Published: January 2019

Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) is the provision of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) using the Internet as a platform for delivery. The advantage of ICBT is its ability to overcome barriers to treatment associated with traditional face-to-face CBT, such as poor access, remote locations, stigmas around help-seeking, the wish to handle the problem alone, the preference for anonymity, and costs (time and financial). A large number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have tested the acceptability, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of ICBT for anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and associated suicidality. A meta-review was conducted by searching PsycINFO and PubMed for previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses of ICBT programs for anxiety, depression, and suicidality in children, adolescents, and adults. The results of the meta-review indicated that ICBT is effective in the treatment and prevention of mental health problems in adults and the treatment of these problems in youth. Issues of adherence and privacy have been raised. However, the major challenge for ICBT is implementation and uptake in the “real world.” The challenge is to find the best methods to embed, deliver, and implement ICBT routinely in complex health and education environments.
Language and Cognitive Aging
Authors: James Lori E. , Goring Sara Anne
Published: January 2019

The questions of whether and why language processes change in healthy aging require complicated answers. Although comprehension appears to be more stable across adulthood than does production, there is evidence for age-related changes and also for constancy within both input and output components of language. Further, these changes can be considered at various levels of the language hierarchy, such as sensory input, words, sentences, and discourse. As concluded in several other comprehensive reviews, older adults’ language production ability declines much more noticeably than does their comprehension, presumably because comprehension is able to benefit from contextual processing in a way that production cannot. Specifically, lexical and orthographic retrieval become more difficult during normal aging, and these changes appear to represent the most noticeable age-related declines in language production. Some theories of age-related decline focus on global deterioration of cognitive function, whereas other theories predict changes in specific processes related to language function. Both types of theories have received empirical support as applied to language performance, although additional theoretical development is still needed to capture the patterns of effects. Further, in order to truly understand how cognitive aging impacts the ability to understand and produce language, it is necessary to examine how age-related shifts in goals, expertise, and compensatory strategies influence language processes. There are important implications of research on language and cognitive aging, in that language can play a role in physical health and psychological well-being. In summary, our review of the existing literature on language and cognitive aging supports previous claims that language ability is asymmetrically impacted by age, with smaller overall effects of aging on comprehension than production processes.
Temporal Dynamics of Prospective Memory (Event-Related Potentials)
Authors: West Robert
Published: January 2019

Life is filled with goals or intentions that people hope to realize. Some of these are rather mundane (e.g., remembering to purchase a key ingredient for a recipe when stopping at the market), while others are more significant (e.g., remembering to pick up one’s child from school at the end of the day). Prospective memory represents the ability to form and then realize intentions at an appropriate time. A fundamental aspect of prospective memory is that one is engaged in one or more tasks (i.e., ongoing activities) between the formation of an intention and the opportunity to realize the goal. For instance, in the shopping example, one might form the intention at home and then travel to the market and collect several other items before walking past the desired ingredient. Considerable research has demonstrated that the efficiency of prospective memory declines with age, although age-related differences are not universal.

The neurocognitive processes underpinning age-related differences in the formation and realization of delayed intentions have been investigated in studies using event-related brain potentials. This research reveals that age-related differences in prospective memory arise from the disruption of neural systems supporting the successful encoding of intentions, the detection of prospective memory cues, and possibly processes supporting the retrieval of intentions from memory when a cue is encountered or efficiently shifting from the ongoing activity to the prospective element of the task. Therefore, strategies designed to ameliorate age-related declines in prospective memory should target a variety of processes engaged during the encoding, retrieval, and enactment of delayed intentions.
Parent–Child Relations and Their Importance for Older Adults
Authors: Kim Kyungmin , Kim Yijung
Published: January 2019

The parent-child relationship is one of the most significant social relations for many individuals. In particular, intergenerational ties to adult children often remain as one of the main social networks and sources of support provisions in later life. By reviewing the key literature on older parent-child relations, this article discussed the dynamics and complexity of intergenerational ties and their impact on the lives of older adults. First, we discussed theoretical perspectives that have guided recent research on intergenerational relations, including the life course perspective, and solidarity, conflict, and ambivalence models. Second, we reviewed the literature on structural aspects of the relations, including coresidence, proximity, and contact, and their implications for older adults’ health and well-being. Third, regarding a functional side of parent-child relations, we discussed the different types and implications of support exchanges between older adults and their adult children. Finally, our discussion concluded with the review of emotional qualities (i.e., positive, negative, and ambivalent) in parent-child relations and the factors that may complicate the intergenerational ties in later life. Our review revealed that the significance of parent-child ties remains with the changes in demographic, social, and cultural environments of our aging society, and the different dimensions of parent-child ties (i.e., structural, functional, and emotional) have important influences on older adults’ well-being, quality of life, and health. To better understand the implications of parent-child ties in later life, future research is needed to uncover the specific mechanisms by which different dimensions of intergenerational relations and health outcomes among family members are linked.
Comorbidities of Physical and Psychiatric Syndromes in Later Life
Authors: Manning Lydia K. , Bouchard Lauren M. , Flanagan James L.
Published: January 2019

There is a great deal of concern about the increasing number of older adults who suffer from chronic disease. These conditions result in persistent health consequences and have an ongoing and long-term negative impact on people and their quality of life. Furthermore, the probability that a person will experience the onset of multiple chronic conditions, known as comorbidities, increases with age. Despite the prevalence of comorbidity in later life, scant research exists regarding specific patterns of disease and the co-occurrence and complex interactions of the chronic conditions most closely associated with aging. It is important to review the body of literature on comorbidities associated with physical and psychiatric syndromes in later life to gain an overview of some of the most commonly seen disorders in older adults: hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arthritis, depression, and dementia. Specific patterns of disease and the co-occurrence and complex interactions of chronic conditions in later life are explored. In conclusion, we consider the need for a more informed understanding of comorbidity, as well as a related plan for addressing it.
Cognitive Intervention in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Boller Benjamin , Belleville Sylvie
Published: January 2019

Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) experience cognitive difficulties and many find themselves in a transitional stage between aging and dementia, making this population a suitable target for cognitive intervention. In MCI, not all cognitive functions are impaired and preserved functions can thus be recruited to compensate for the impact of cognitive impairment. Improving cognition may have a tremendous impact on quality of life and help delay the loss of autonomy that comes with dementia. Several studies have reported evidence of cognitive benefits following cognitive intervention in individuals with MCI. Studies that relied on training memory and attentional control have provided the most consistent evidence for cognitive gains. A few studies have investigated the neurophysiological processes by which these training effects occur. More research is needed to draw clear conclusions on the type of brain processes that are engaged in cognitive training and there are insufficient findings regarding transfer to activities of daily life. Results from recent studies using new technologies such as virtual reality provide encouraging evidence of transfer effects to real-life situations.
Colonial History and Historiography
Authors: de Suremain Marie-Albane
Published: January 2019

The colonial condition in Africa has been revisited by all of the main historiographic currents of thought, from a heroizing, highly political and military history of colonization primarily considered from the colonists’ standpoint, to a much more complex and rich history integrating the colonized perspective. This history has been enhanced by contributions from Postcolonial Studies and Subaltern Studies as well as from New Imperial History and perspectives opened by its global interconnected history.

At the intersection of these issues and methods, colonial studies offers an innovative reinterpretation of various facets of colonial Africa, such as the factors and justifications for colonial expansion; conquests and colonial wars; processes of territorial appropriation and border demarcation; and the organization and control of the colonies. In these fundamentally inegalitarian societies, accommodation and social and cultural hybridization processes were also at work, as well as multiple forms of resistance or subversion that paved the way for African states to win their independence. In addition to the role played by the First and Second World Wars, the emergence of nationalist and separatist movements helps to clarify the multifaceted nature of these independences, when approached from a political as well as a cultural and social perspective, while questioning the durability of the legacy of the colonial phase in African history.
Ethnicity and US Neighborhoods
Authors: Stanger-Ross Jordan
Published: January 2019

Ethnicity is a concept employed to understand the social, cultural, and political processes whereby immigrants and their children cease to be “foreign” and yet retain practices and networks that connect them, at least imaginatively, with places of origin. From an early juncture in American history, ethnic neighborhoods were an important part of such processes. Magnets for new arrivals, city neighborhoods both emerged from and reinforced connections among people of common origins. Among the first notable immigrant neighborhoods in American cities were those composed of people from the German-speaking states of Europe. In the second half of the 19th century, American cities grew rapidly and millions of immigrants arrived to the country from a wider array of origins; neighborhoods such as the New York’s Jewish Lower East Side and San Francisco’s Chinatown supported dense and institutionally complex ethnic networks. In the middle decades of the 20th century, immigration waned as a result of legislative restriction, economic depression, and war. Many former immigrant neighborhoods emptied of residents as cities divided along racial lines and “white ethnics” dispersed to the suburbs. However, some ethnic enclaves endured, while others emerged after the resumption of mass immigration in the 1960s. By the turn of the 21st century ethnic neighborhoods were once again an important facet of American urban life, although they took new forms within the reconfigured geography and economy of a suburbanized nation.
Skyscrapers and Tall Buildings
Authors: Rubin Elihu
Published: January 2019

The tall building—the most popular and conspicuous emblem of the modern American city—stands as an index of economic activity, civic aspirations, and urban development. Enmeshed in the history of American business practices and the maturation of corporate capitalism, the skyscraper is also a cultural icon that performs genuine symbolic functions. Viewed individually or arrayed in a “skyline,” there may be a tendency to focus on the tall building’s spectacular or superlative aspects. Their patrons have searched for the architectural symbols that would project a positive public image, yet the height and massing of skyscrapers were determined as much by prosaic financial calculations as by symbolic pretense. Historically, the production of tall buildings was linked to the broader flux of economic cycles, access to capital, land values, and regulatory frameworks that curbed the self-interests of individual builders in favor of public goods such as light and air. The tall building looms large for urban geographers seeking to chart the shifting terrain of the business district and for social historians of the city who examine the skyscraper’s gendered spaces and labor relations. If tall buildings provide one index of the urban and regional economy, they are also economic activities in and of themselves and thus linked to the growth of professions required to plan, finance, design, construct, market, and manage these mammoth collective objects—and all have vied for control over the ultimate result. Practitioners have debated the tall building’s external expression as the design challenge of the façade became more acute with the advent of the curtain wall attached to a steel frame, eventually dematerializing entirely into sheets of reflective glass. The tall building also reflects prevailing paradigms in urban design, from the retail arcades of 19th-century skyscrapers to the blank plazas of postwar corporate modernism.