bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protective mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide in myocardial ischemia
Authors: Chen Yuqi , Zhang Feng , Yin Jiayu , Wu Siyi , Zhou Xiang
Published: June 2020

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has been identified as the third gaseous signaling molecule after nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the cardiovascular system. Endogenous H2S is produced mainly by three endogenous enzymes: cystathionine β‐synthase, cystathionine γ‐lyase, and 3‐mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase. Numerous studies have shown that H2S has a significant protective role in myocardial ischemia. The mechanisms by which H2S affords cardioprotection include the antifibrotic and antiapoptotic effects, regulation of ion channels, protection of mitochondria, reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory response, regulation of microRNA expression, and promotion of angiogenesis. Amplification of NO‐ and CO‐mediated signaling through crosstalk between H2S, NO, and CO may also contribute to the cardioprotective effect. Exogenous H2S donors are expected to become effective drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This review article focuses on the protective mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications of H2S in myocardial ischemia.
The role of miR‐543 in human cancerous and noncancerous diseases
Authors: Zhou Cong , Zhao Xin , Duan Shiwei
Published: June 2020

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a noncoding single‐stranded RNA molecule that can regulate the posttranscriptional expression level of a gene by binding to the 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of the target messenger RNA. miR‐543 is a kind of miRNA, which plays an important role in the occurrence and development of various human cancerous and noncancerous diseases. miR‐543 directly or indirectly regulates a large number of downstream target genes and plays an important role in cellular components, biological processes, and molecular functions. In addition, many studies have verified the regulatory mechanism, physiological role, biological function, and prognostic value of miR‐543. Therefore, this article reviews the papers published in the past decade and elaborates on the research progress of miR‐543 from the aspects of physiology and pathology, especially in cancerous and other noncancerous diseases. In particular, we pay attention to the expression patterns, direct targets, biological functions, related pathways, and prognostic value of miR‐543 reported in experimental articles. And by comparing similar research articles, we point out existing controversies in this field to date, so as to facilitate further research in the future.
Gene interaction network approach to elucidate the multidrug resistance mechanisms in the pathogenic bacterial strain Proteus mirabilis
Authors: Miryala Sravan K. , Anbarasu Anand , Ramaiah Sudha
Published: June 2020

Proteus mirabilis is one among the most frequently identified pathogen in patients with the urinary tract infection. The multidrug resistance exhibited by P. mirabilis renders the treatment ineffective, and new progressive strategies are needed to overcome the antibiotic resistance (AR). We have analyzed the evolutionary relationship of 29 P. mirabilis strains available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information‐Genome database. The antimicrobial resistance genes of P. mirabilis along with the enriched pathways and the Gene Ontology terms are analyzed using gene networks to understand the molecular basis of AR. The genes rpoB, tufB, rpsl, fusA, and rpoA could be exploited as potential drug targets as they are involved in regulating the vital functions within the bacterium. The drug targets reported in the present study will aid researchers in developing new strategies to combat multidrug‐resistant P. mirabilis.
Hydroxytyrosol modifies skeletal muscle GLUT4/AKT/Rac1 axis in trained rats
Authors: Casuso Rafael A. , Al Fazazi Saad , Ruiz‐Ojeda Francisco J. , Plaza‐Diaz Julio , Rueda‐Robles Ascensión , Aragón‐Vela Jerónimo , Huertas Jesús R.
Published: June 2020

Training induces a number of healthy effects including a rise in skeletal muscle (SKM) glucose uptake. These adaptations are at least in part due to the reactive oxygen species produced within SKM, which is in agreement with the notion that antioxidant supplementation blunts some training‐induced adaptations. Here, we tested whether hydroxytyrosol (HT), the main polyphenol of olive oil, would modify the molecular regulators of glucose uptake when HT is supplemented during exercise. Rats were included into sedentary and exercised (EXE) groups. EXE group was further divided into a group consuming a low HT dose (0.31 mg·kg·d; EXElow), a moderate HT dose (4.61 mg·kg·d; EXEmid), and a control group (EXE). EXE raised glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) protein content, Ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) activity, and protein kinase b (AKT) phosphorylation in SKM. Furthermore, EXElow blunted GLUT4 protein content and AKT phosphorylation while EXEmid showed a downregulation of the GLUT4/AKT/Rac1 axis. Hence, a low‐to‐moderate dose of HT, when it is supplemented as an isolated compound, might alter the beneficial effect of training on basal AKT phosphorylation and Rac1 activity in rats.
Identification of novel alternative splicing of bovine lncRNA lncFAM200B and its effects on preadipocyte proliferation
Authors: Zhang Sihuan , Kang Zihong , Cai Hanfang , Jiang Enhui , Pan Chuanying , Dang Ruihua , Lei Chuzhao , Chen Hong , Lan Xianyong
Published: June 2020

Adipogenesis is closely related to human health, livestock growth, and meat quality. A previous study identified that bovine lncFAM200B promoter has high activity in 3T3‐L1 mice preadipocytes. Thus, lncFAM200B was a candidate gene for regulating adipogenesis. This study aimed to uncover the role of lncFAM200B in bovine adipogenesis and identify novel genetic variations within the bovine lncFAM200B gene. An expression analysis found that lncFAM200B was expressed higher in fat than that in muscle, but the difference was not related to the total methylation level of the promoter active region. Moreover, the expression of lncFAM200B exhibited a significant positive correlation with the expression of C/EBPa during bovine adipocyte differentiation. To uncover the function of lncFAM200B, the full‐length lncFAM200B was cloned, and four kinds of transcript variants were found. Protein‐coding potential prediction and prokaryotic expression system analysis showed that these four transcript variants were noncoding RNAs. The quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine assay showed that the transcript variants decreased the messenger RNA expression of Cyclin D1 and inhibited the proliferation of bovine preadipocytes. Considering the important role of lncFAM200B in adipogenesis, we identified genetic variations in lncFAM200B. Three single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were revealed, and two of them (SNP1 and SNP3) were associated with Nanyang cattle body measurement traits. In conclusion, this study found that bovine lncFAM200B inhibited preadipocyte proliferation, and two genetic variations of lncFAM200B could be used in cattle breeding.
Ribavirin inhibits Chandipura virus replication in Vero cells
Authors: Balakrishnan Anukumar , Mun Amol B.
Published: June 2020

Chandipura virus (CHPV) is an emerging tropical pathogen in India. The virus has been reported to be associated with an acute encephalitis syndrome in young children with a case fatality rate of 55% to 75%. Clinical management with symptomatic treatment is the only option available to treat infected patients. No vaccines are available for prophylaxis. In light of the prophylactic limitations, antiviral therapy would play an important role in control of CHPV infection. In the present study, ribavirin (RBV), an antiviral drug widely accepted for human use and having an antiviral effect on many RNA and DNA viruses, was tested against the CHPV. A screening assay that scores for the virus‐mediated plaque formation in the cultured Vero cells was used. RBV exhibited 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 89.84 ± 1.8 µM. The drug was very effective when the cells were treated either within an hour postinfection or 4 to 6 hours before infection. The plaque morphology was different in RBV treated cells; the plaques were smaller in size as compared with the plaques in the virus infected cells. The study reports the antiviral activity of RBV against CHPV, and hence, suggests the possible utility of RBV in CHPV infected patients to mitigate the disease. A further clinical trial is needed before introducing the drug for human use against CHPV infection.
Atmospheric circulation regime causing winter temperature whiplash events in North China
Authors: Ma Shuangmei , Zhu Congwen
Published: June 2020

Temperature whiplash events, which are characterized by a rapid transition between persistent and extreme warm and cold conditions, usually damage natural systems and human communities and can even have catastrophic impacts. To more deeply understand the severe winter temperature whiplash events in North China, in this study, the atmospheric circulation regime that is primarily responsible for such events is investigated based on Japanese 55‐year reanalysis data. The results show that the drastic temperature shifts during winter temperature whiplash events are closely correlated with the southeastward propagation of the dipolar anomalous temperature in the middle and lower troposphere over the Eurasian continent. The dipolar structure of the temperature signals features an initial cold anomaly over the West Siberian Plain and a warm anomaly over East Asia during negative (extremely warm to extremely cold) events and the opposite pattern during positive (extremely cold to extremely warm) events. This dipolar temperature anomaly is tightly coupled with the southeastward development of an upper‐level wave‐like anomalous circulation pattern over the Eurasian continent, which is associated with a Rossby wave originating near the Kara Sea during negative events and in northern Europe during positive events. Based on the calculation of the temperature budget, the drastic temperature drop during negative events is mainly dominated by anomalous meridional temperature advection, and adiabatic heating due to vertical motion is negligible. In contrast, adiabatic heating due to sinking plays a dominant role in the drastic temperature increase during positive events, while anomalous meridional temperature advection also makes a substantial contribution to the temperature increase.
Feijoa [Acca sellowiana (Berg) Burret] accessions characterization and discrimination by chemometrics
Authors: Sganzerla William Gustavo , Ferreira Ana Letícia Andrade , Rosa Gabriel Bachega , Azevedo Mônia Stremel , Ferrareze Jocleita Peruzzo , Komatsu Roberto Akitoshi , Nunes Michael Ramos , da Rosa Cleonice Gonçalves , Schmit Rodolfo , Costa Murilo Dalla , Ciotta Marlise Nara , de Lima Veeck Ana Paula
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Feijoa [Acca sellowiana (Berg) Burret] is a Brazilian native fruit with few commercial‐level plantations and high agroindustrial potential. A genotype evaluation experiment was conducted from 1996 onward, aiming to obtain fruits based on the agronomical parameters; however, the selection based on chemical composition had not been evaluated with respect to developing a new cultivar. Accordingly, the present study aimed to discriminate seven accessions of feijoa in terms of nutritional composition, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity using multivariate analysis (principal component analysis and multivariate contrast), targeting the potential production of a new cultivar with better nutritional value and high antioxidant capacity.

RESULTS

Feijoa husk presented high content of ashes, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity compared to feijoa pulp. However, only feijoa pulp was selected to multivariate analysis because it is the fruit edible part. Data variability was explained in 78% and the feijoa pulp accessions were discriminated into four groups related to their characteristics. The accession 5 discrimination can be explained by the high content of ashes, carbohydrates, soluble solids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Accession 6 was also discriminated by the high content of total acidity, pH and proteins, as well as a low content of soluble solids.

CONCLUSION

Feijoa accessions may be indicated for increasing plant selection via hybridization with the other accessions, aiming to produce new cultivars with better nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity. For example, accession 5 is the most suited fruit for human consumption and is a potential plant with respect to becoming a new cultivar. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Role of tourism IT adoption and risk management orientation on tourism agility and resilience: Impact on sustainable tourism supply chain performance
Authors: Mandal Santanu , Dubey Ritesh K.
Published: June 2020

The study explored the influence of tourism IT adoption and risk management orientation on tourism supply chain agility and resilience that may impact sustainable tourism supply chain performance using dynamic capability view. The study gathered 302 perceptual responses from hotels and tour companies and analyzed using structural equation modeling in AMOS. The study also evaluated for invariance of the proposed model across hotels and tour companies. Furthermore, it also explored if tourism IT adoption and risk management orientation moderates the relationship among agility, resilience and sustainable tourism supply chain performance. Implications for theory and tourism managers were provided.
Utility of Transnasal Humidified Rapid Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange for Microlaryngeal Surgery
Authors: Benninger Michael S. , Zhang Emily S. , Chen Bonnie , Tierney William S. , Abdelmalak Basem , Bryson Paul C.
Published: June 2020

Objective

Microlaryngeal surgery typically requires oxygenation and ventilation via either an endotracheal tube (ETT), jet ventilation (JV), or intermittent apnea with an ETT. Transnasal Humidified Rapid Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE) delivered by high flow nasal cannula has been reported as an alternative technique. This method of apneic oxygenation and ventilation allows for stable, unobstructed visualization of immobile laryngeal structures. We aim to describe the technique and characterize intraoperative parameters related to its safety.

Study Design

Case Series.

Methods

The electronic medical record was reviewed for patients who underwent microlaryngoscopy using THRIVE technique. Patient demographics, procedural details, operative parameters, and anesthesia records were reviewed. Descriptive statistics were reported.

Results

A total of 53 patients underwent microlaryngoscopy using THRIVE as the sole method of ventilation, with 62% female. Median age was 51 years, and median BMI was 25 kg/m2. Most patients were ASA class 2, and most had a Mallampati score of 2. The most common surgical indications were subglottic stenosis, vocal fold lesions, and vocal fold paralysis. Median apnea time was 16 minutes. At the end of case, median end tidal CO2 was 50 mmHg, and median minimum SpO2 was 95. Six cases required supplementation of THRIVE with JV or tracheal intubation for sustained oxygen desaturation. There was an increase in end tidal CO2 of 0.844 mmHg/min of apneic time.

Conclusions

THRIVE is a safe and effective technique for oxygenation and ventilation in microlaryngeal, non‐laser surgery in appropriately selected patients. To ensure safety, back‐up plans such as jet ventilation and microlaryngeal ETT should be available.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:587–591, 2021
Movement Disorders and Renal Diseases
Authors: Bhowmick Suvorit S. , Lang Anthony E.
Published: June 2020

Movement disorders often emerge from the interplay of complex pathophysiological processes involving the kidneys and the nervous system. Tremor, myoclonus, ataxia, chorea, and parkinsonism can occur in the context of renal dysfunction (azotemia and electrolyte abnormalities) or they can be part of complications of its management (dialysis and renal transplantation). On the other hand, myoglobinuria from rhabdomyolysis in status dystonicus and certain drugs used in the management of movement disorders can cause nephrotoxicity. Distinct from these well‐recognized associations, it is important to appreciate that there are several inherited and acquired disorders in which movement abnormalities do not occur as a consequence of renal dysfunction or vice versa but are manifestations of common pathophysiological processes affecting the nervous system and the kidneys. These disorders are the emphasis of this review. Increasing awareness of these conditions among neurologists may help them to identify renal involvement earlier, take timely intervention by anticipating complications and focus on therapies targeting common mechanisms in addition to symptomatic management of movement disorders. Recognition of renal impairment in a patient with complex neurological presentation may narrow down the differentials and aid in reaching a definite diagnosis.
Dynamic multicoil technique (DYNAMITE) MRI on human brain
Authors: Juchem Christoph , Theilenberg Sebastian , Kumaragamage Chathura , Mullen Michael , DelaBarre Lance , Adriany Gregor , Brown Peter B. , McIntyre Scott , Nixon Terence W. , Garwood Michael , de Graaf Robin A.
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Spatial encoding for MRI is generally based on linear x, y, and z magnetic field gradients generated by a set of dedicated gradient coils. We recently introduced the dynamic multicoil technique (DYNAMITE) for B0 field control and demonstrated DYNAMITE MRI in a preclinical MR environment. In this study, we report the first realization of DYNAMITE MRI of the in vivo human head.

Methods

Gradient fields for DYNAMITE MRI were generated with a 28‐channel multicoil hardware arranged in 4 rows of 7 coils on a cylindrical surface (length 359 mm, diameter 344 mm, maximum 5 A per coil). DYNAMITE MRIs of a resolution phantom and in vivo human heads were acquired with multislice gradient‐echo, multislice spin‐echo, and 3D gradient‐echo sequences. The resultant image fidelity was compared to that obtained with conventional gradient coil technology.

Results

DYNAMITE field control enabled the realization of all imaging sequences with average gradient errors ≤ 1%. DYNAMITE MRI provided image quality and sensitivity comparable to conventional gradient technology without any obvious artifacts. Some minor geometric deformations were noticed primarily in the image periphery as the result of regional field imperfections. The imperfections can be readily approximated theoretically through numerical integration of the Biot‐Savart law and removed through image distortion correction.

Conclusion

The first realization of DYNAMITE MRI of the in vivo human head has been presented. The obtained image fidelity is comparable to MRI with conventional gradient coils, paving the way for full‐fledged DYNAMITE MRI and B0 shim systems for human applications.
Differing investor perspectives: Revisiting contagion under perspective correlations
Authors: Karol Anjali
Published: June 2020

This paper introduces a new correlation measure called perspective correlation measure as a complement to the existing objective correlation measure to detect contagion. Incorporating the effects of currency returns on correlation estimates, we first demonstrate theoretically that the correlation experienced by two investors given a country pair can be different. This is because the correlation measures are inherently distinctive, determined purely from the point of view of the investor, the foreign exchange returns between the two countries for the investment period and the currency in which the investor counts his or her returns. The same has been evidenced from an empirical examination of weekly closing stock index returns data from January 1996 to December 2017 for India and its three developed counterparts, namely, the US, the UK and Japan. Our results indicate that India does not offer diversification benefits to developed country investors but the converse is true.
A novel methodology for evaluating wear behavior of rubber composites under combination of sliding and rolling conditions
Authors: Wu Yanping , Dong Jia , Sun Congzhi , Li Jinlong , Chen Jianmin
Published: June 2020

The wear behavior of tire tread rubber composites has attracted widespread attention of researcher duo to its serious environmental pollution and high frequency of occurrence for a long time. Herein, a new test method is developed, an improved Akron friction testing machine on a laboratory scale was utilized to estimate the wear loss and mechanism of the rubber composites under rolling and sliding coupling condition. The results indicated that the wear loss quickly increases with the increase of the relative sliding velocity. The main wear mechanism, including adhesive, thermofatigue, tear and curl wear, was governed by the thermal deposition of the worn surface. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed thermal decomposition tear region gradually expanded on the worn surface by increasing relative sliding velocity. The heat distribution numerical analysis supported the experimental results, which confirmed that the heat distribution of the worn surface is entirely consistent with the distribution of the thermal decomposition tear region.
Testing the social investment principle around childbirth: little evidence for personality maturation before and after becoming a parent
Authors: Asselmann Eva , Specht Jule
Published: June 2020

In line with the social investment principle, becoming a parent should lead to more mature behaviour and an increase in conscientiousness, agreeableness, and emotional stability. However, previous research provided mixed results that do not support this idea. Here, we used data from a nationally representative household panel study from Germany ( N = 19875) to examine whether becoming a parent relates to personality maturation. Whether a child was born was assessed yearly, and the Big Five personality traits were measured in four waves from 2005 to 2017. We used multilevel analyses to investigate whether personality differs between individuals who will or will not become parents, whether personality differs before and after becoming a parent, and whether these effects vary by gender, age, and living status. In sum, our findings revealed that less open and more extraverted individuals were more likely to start a family, and openness and extraversion both decreased after the transition to parenthood. Some other effects varied by gender, age, and living status. Taken together, our findings suggest that the Big Five personality traits differ before and across the transition to parenthood and that these differences especially apply to openness and extraversion.
Synthesis and characterization of modular polyphosphonate homopolymers and copolymers
Authors: Totsch Timothy R. , Stanford Victoria L. , Klep Oleksander , Burdette Mary K. , Grant Benjamin , Foulger Stephen H. , Gray Gary M.
Published: June 2020

Linear polyphosphonates with the generic formula –[P(Ph)(X)OR′O]n– (X = S or Se) have been synthesized by polycondensations of P(Ph)(NEt2)2 and a diol (HOR′OH = 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,4‐benzenedimethanol, tetraethylene glycol, or 1,12‐dodecanediol) followed by reaction with a chalcogen. Random copolymers have been synthesized by polycondensations of P(Ph)(NEt2)2 and mixture of two of the diols in a 2:1:1 mol ratio followed by reaction with a chalcogen. Block copolymers with the generic formula –[P(Ph)(X)OR′O](x + 2) –[P(Ph)(X)OR′O](x + 3)– (X = S or Se) have been synthesized by the polycondensations of Et2N[P(Ph)(X)OR′O](x + 2)P(Ph)NEt2 oligomers with HOR′O[P(Ph)(X)OR′O](x + 3)H oligomers followed by reaction with a chalcogen. The Et2N[P(Ph)(X)OR′O](x + 2)P(Ph)NEt2 oligomers are prepared by the reaction of an excess of P(Ph)(NEt2)2 with a diol while the HOR′O[P(Ph)(X)OR′O](x + 3)H oligomers are prepared by the reaction of P(Ph)(NEt2)2 with an excess of the diol. In each case the excess, x is the same and determines the average block sizes. All of the polymers were characterized using 1H, 13C{1H}, and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy, TGA, DSC, and SEC. 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy demonstrates that the random and block copolymers have the expected arrangements of monomers and, in the case of block copolymers, verifies the block sizes. All polymers are thermally stable up to ~300°C, and the arrangements of monomers in the copolymers (block vs. random) affect their degradation temperatures and Tg profiles. The polymers have weight average MWs of up to 3.8 × 104 Da.
Androgens modify therapeutic response to cabazitaxel in models of advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Begemann Diane , Wang Yang , Yang Wei , Kyprianou Natasha
Published: June 2020

Background

Disruption of the phenotypic landscape via epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) enables prostate cancer cells to metastasize and acquire therapeutic resistance. Our previous studies demonstrated that cabazitaxel (CBZ) (second‐generation Food and Drug Administration‐approved taxane chemotherapy), used for the treatment of castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), causes reversal of EMT to mesenchymal‐epithelial transition (MET) and reduces expression of kinesin motor protein KIFC1 (HSET). The present study examined the effect of sequencing CBZ chemotherapy mediated MET on prostate tumor redifferentiation overcoming therapeutic resistance in models of advanced prostate cancer.

Methods

To examine the impact of androgens on the antitumor effect of CBZ, we used human prostate cancer cell lines with different sensitivity to androgens and CBZ, in vitro, and two human prostate cancer xenograft models in vivo. Tumor‐bearing male mice (with either the androgen‐sensitive LNCaP or the CRPC 22Rv1 xenografts) were treated with CBZ (3 mg/kg) alone, or in combination with castration‐induced androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) for 14 days.

Results

Cell viability assays indicate that the presence of 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (1 nM) confers resistance to CBZ in vitro. CBZ treatment in vivo induced MET in LNCaP‐derived tumors as shown by increased E‐cadherin and decreased N‐cadherin levels. Sequencing CBZ after ADT improves tumor response in androgen‐sensitive LNCaP, but not in CRPC 22Rv1 xenografts. Mechanistic dissection revealed a novel association between the androgen receptor and HSET in prostate cancer cells that is inhibited by CBZ in an androgen‐dependent manner.

Conclusions

Our findings provide new insights into the phenotypic reprogramming of prostate cancer cells to resensitize tumors to CBZ action. This evidence is of translational significance in treatment sequencing (CBZ and ADT) towards improved therapeutic benefit in patients with lethal CRPC.
Experimental study on dust explosion vented through a bent duct
Authors: Pang Lei , Zhang Zhiwen , Cui Shiqi , Yuan Chunmiao , Zhu Xinrui , Yin Jiaxin , Sun Siheng
Published: June 2020

In this study, a self‐designed small cylindrical vessel was used to perform a dust explosion venting experiment through a bent duct. Based on this experiment, the influence of the bend distance and the static activation overpressure of the venting film on the explosion overpressure and the flame propagation was investigated. The results showed that both the maximum venting overpressure and pressure rise rate within the vessel increased with the decrease in the bend distance and increase in the static activation overpressure. In contrast, the duration of the combustion within the vessel exhibited the opposite trend. A typical “three‐peak” overpressure structure formed by the film rupture shock wave, secondary explosion in the duct, and continuous combustion within the vessel was observed in the duct. The third peak overpressure was dominant throughout the process. The intensity of the secondary explosion in the duct was positively correlated with the bend distance and static activation overpressure. Shorter bend distances led to greater peak‐overpressure drops after passing the bend. However, the attenuation of the secondary explosion intensity along the duct with static activation overpressure is not obvious.
Quantitative estimation of scopoletin from Argyreia speciosa (L. f.) sweet by a validated high performance thin layer chromatographic method
Authors: Vyas Niraj , Raval Manan , Patel Nidhi
Published: June 2020

Roots of Argyreia speciosa (L. f.) Sweet (Convolvulaceae) are indicated in Ayurveda to treat male reproductive system function debilities. Studies have shown that methanolic extract of the roots are capable in stimulating serum testosterone content in vitro and in vivo in rats as experimental animals. Scopoletin was isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic extract. High‐performance thin‐layer chromatography method was developed for estimation of scopoletin from bioactive fraction of Argyreia speciosa (L. f.) Sweet. Samples of isolated scopoletin were applied as thin bands (8 mm) on silica gel pre‐coated on aluminum thin‐layer chromatography plates. Separation of scopoletin was achieved using mobile phase by trial‐error approach and optimized mobile phase was consisted of petroleum ether:ethyl acetate:formic acid (3:7:0.3, v/v/v). Scanning was performed in fluorescence mode at 366 nm. Evaluation was performed by linear regression using peak area. The integration was carried out and amount of scopoletin was found 2.49 ± 0.037 mg% w/w of dried weight basis of plant extract. The developed method was also validated in terms of linearity, precision, sensitivity, accuracy, specificity, and robustness as per ICH Q2(R1) guideline. This method can serve as an analytical tool for chemical evaluation of plant extract containing scopoletin.
Registration of attentional function as a predictor of incident delirium (the RAPID study)
Authors: van Zuylen Mark L. , Hermanides Jeroen , ten Hoope Werner , Preckel Benedikt , van de Beek Diederik , van Gool Willem A. , Schoenmaker Niels
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Older adults undergoing elective surgery have a high risk of developing postoperative delirium (POD). Validated models predicting POD are scarce. This study investigated whether preoperative impairment of attentional function predicts POD in older adults without previously diagnosed cognitive impairment.

Methods

In this prospective cohort study we recruited patients aged ≥70 years preceding major elective surgery. Preoperatively a visual vigilance test was administered to determine intra‐individual reaction‐time variability. Postoperatively, presence of delirium was screened daily.

Results

We recruited 152 patients, 25 (16.4%) developed POD. Intra‐individual reaction‐time variability was not significantly different between patients with or without POD (0.18 ± 0.08 ms vs 0.22 ± 0.11 ms; P = 0.087). Receiver operating characteristic analyses indicated a poor accuracy for POD (area under the curve 0.609 ± 0.63). Except for surgery duration, no clinically significant between‐group differences were found for secondary outcome parameters.

Discussion

Preoperative intra‐individual reaction time variability does not predict the incidence of POD in older patients undergoing major elective surgery.
Peer‐to‐Peer Leadership, Mentorship, and the Need for Spirituality From Latina Student Leaders’ Perspective
Authors: Cruz Paulette , Diaz Alexa
Published: June 2020

Reflecting on one's life and academic experiences can provide powerful insights that inform leadership practice. This chapter offers perspective on mentoring and peer leadership from two undergraduate students. Recommendations for leadership educators are incorporated.
Dimerization and Néel Order in Different Quantum Spin Chains Through a Shared Loop Representation
Authors: Aizenman Michael , Duminil-Copin Hugo , Warzel Simone
Published: June 2020

The ground-states of the spin-Santiferromagnetic chain$$H_{{\text {AF}}}$$HAFwith a projection-based interaction and the spin-1/2 XXZ-chain $$ H_{{\text {XXZ}}}$$HXXZat anisotropy parameter$$\Delta =\cosh (\lambda ) $$Δ=cosh(λ)share a common loop representation in terms of a two-dimensional functional integral which is similar to the classical planarQ-state Potts model at$$ \sqrt{Q}= 2S+1 =2\cosh (\lambda )$$Q=2S+1=2cosh(λ). The multifaceted relation is used here to directly relate the distinct forms of translation symmetry breaking which are manifested in the ground-states of these two models: dimerization for$$H_{{\text {AF}}}$$HAFat all$$S> 1/2$$S>1/2, and Néel order for$$ H_{{\text {XXZ}}} $$HXXZat$$\lambda >0$$λ>0. The results presented include: (i) a translation to the above quantum spin systems of the results which were recently proven by Duminil–Copin–Li–Manolescu for a broad class of two-dimensional random-cluster models, and (ii) a short proof of the symmetry breaking in a manner similar to the recent structural proof by Ray–Spinka of the discontinuity of the phase transition for$$Q>4$$Q>4. Altogether, the quantum manifestation of the change between$$Q=4$$Q=4and$$Q>4$$Q>4is a transition from a gapless ground-state to a pair of gapped and extensively distinct ground-states.
Ageing and mobility—motor control in the circle of life
Authors: Sammer A. , Sammer F.
Published: June 2020

Ageing starts with the first day of life. The way in which we and our musculoskeletal system age depends greatly upon how much we move. From the very beginning, movement is the essence of life—starting in the eighth week of gestation with autonomic movements, so-called general movements. These early movements are essential to development of the proprioceptive system, which is necessary to plan and control movement itself. As is every other system in the body, the visual, vestibular, and perceptive systems are subject to an ageing process. Together with degenerative processes of the musculoskeletal system, these changes lead to the common problems of elderly people: chronic pain, balance problems, falls. Manual medicine, with its low risk approach, can help to improve these problems.
Left-sided location is a risk factor for lymph node metastasis of T1 colorectal cancer: a single-center retrospective study
Authors: Mochizuki Kenichi , Kudo Shin-ei , Ichimasa Katsuro , Kouyama Yuta , Matsudaira Shingo , Takashina Yuki , Maeda Yasuharu , Ishigaki Tomoyuki , Nakamura Hiroki , Toyoshima Naoya , Mori Yuichi , Misawa Masashi , Ogata Noriyuki , Kudo Toyoki , Hayashi Takemasa , Wakamura Kunihiko , Sawada Naruhiko , Ishida Fumio , Miyachi Hideyuki
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Although some studies have reported differences in clinicopathological features between left- and right-sided advanced colorectal cancer (CRC), there are few reports regarding early-stage disease. In this study, we aimed to compare the clinicopathological features of left- and right-sided T1 CRC.

Methods

Subjects were 1142 cases with T1 CRC undergoing surgical or endoscopic resection between 2001 and 2018 at Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital. Of these, 776 cases were left-sided (descending colon to rectum) and 366 cases were right-sided (cecum to transverse colon). We compared clinical (patients age, sex, tumor size, morphology, initial treatment) and pathological features (invasion depth, histological grade, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, tumor budding) including lymph node metastasis (LNM).

Results

Left-sided T1 CRC showed significantly higher rates of LNM (left-sided 12.0% vs. right-sided 5.4%, P < 0.05) and lymphatic invasion (left-sided 32.7% vs. right-sided 23.2%, P < 0.05). Especially, the sigmoid colon and rectum showed higher rates of LNM (12.4% and 12.1%, respectively) than other locations. Patients with left-sided T1 CRC were younger than those with right-sided T1 CRC (64.9 years ±11.5 years vs. 68.7 ± 11.6 years, P < 0.05), as well as significantly lower rates of poorly differentiated carcinoma/mucinous carcinoma than right-sided T1 CRC (11.6% vs. 16.1%, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Left-sided T1 CRC, especially in the sigmoid colon and rectum, exhibited higher rates of LNM than right-sided T1 CRC, followed by higher rates of lymphatic invasion. These results suggest that tumor location should be considered in decisions regarding additional surgery after endoscopic resection.

Trial registration

This study was registered with the University Hospital Medical Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN 000032733).
Modellierung und Simulation am Lehrstuhl für Thermoprozesstechnik
Authors: Spijker Christoph , Rath Andreas , Raupenstrauch Harald
Published: June 2020

Die Arbeitsgruppe Modellierung und Simulation am Lehrstuhl für Thermoprozesstechnik beschäftigt sich primär mit der Modellierung von Verbrennungsprozessen, wobei diese Modelle meist auf industrielle Öfen angewendet werden. Je nach Aufgabenstellung wurden spezifische Modelle entwickelt, um die jeweiligen Aggregate abzubilden. Besonders zu erwähnen sind die NOX Postprocessoren, welche eine präzise Vorhersage der Stickoxidkonzentrationen mit geringem Rechenaufwand ermöglichen. Neben der numerischen Strömungsmodellierung befasst sich die Arbeitsgruppe mit dem Blick Richtung Industrie 4.0 im Projekt FalstCalc mit Multieindimensionalen Ofenmodellen, welche mehrere Tage einer Ofenreise in Minuten abbilden können.
Cold forging of gear components by a modified Samanta process
Authors: Weiß A. , Deliktas T. , Liewald M. , Missal N.
Published: June 2020

Cold forging of toothed components by extrusion is associated with high punching forces and tool loads, which requires the use of expensive and high-strength tool steels. High process forces result into a substantial tool deflection, which significantly reduces the precision of the toothed components. Thus, the development of alternative processes in order to reduce acting process forces in cold forging is of high interest. A potential process enhancement approach is to use a preform operation where the resulting preform can be formed partwise either in the same or in a subsequent die. Preforms allow to systematically control the material flow in subsequent forming operations. For this reason, the Institute for Metal Forming Technology in Stuttgart has developed a new cold extrusion process for manufacturing toothed components based on the conventional Samanta process. The newly developed die design of the Guided Material Flow—Samanta (GMF—Samanta) process enables efficient cold forging of gears. By means of numerical simulations and forging experiments it was successfully demonstrated that the new Guided Material Flow—Samanta process results into a significant reduction of punch force and normal pressure while simultaneously improving the die filling.
On the linear convergence rates of exchange and continuous methods for total variation minimization
Authors: Flinth Axel , de Gournay Frédéric , Weiss Pierre
Published: June 2020

We analyze an exchange algorithm for the numerical solution total-variation regularized inverse problems over the space $$\mathcal {M}(\varOmega )$$

M
(
Ω
)

of Radon measures on a subset $$\varOmega $$
Ω
of $$\mathbb {R}^d$$

R

d

. Our main result states that under some regularity conditions, the method eventually converges linearly. Additionally, we prove that continuously optimizing the amplitudes of positions of the target measure will succeed at a linear rate with a good initialization. Finally, we propose to combine the two approaches into an alternating method and discuss the comparative advantages of this approach.
Current therapy of KRAS-mutant lung cancer
Authors: Ghimessy Aron , Radeczky Peter , Laszlo Viktoria , Hegedus Balazs , Renyi-Vamos Ferenc , Fillinger Janos , Klepetko Walter , Lang Christian , Dome Balazs , Megyesfalvi Zsolt
Published: June 2020

KRAS mutations are the most frequent gain-of-function alterations in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) in the Western world. Although they have been identified decades ago, prior efforts to target KRAS signaling with single-agent therapeutic approaches such as farnesyl transferase inhibitors, prenylation inhibition, impairment of KRAS downstream signaling, and synthetic lethality screens have been unsuccessful. Moreover, the role of KRAS oncogene in LADC is still not fully understood, and its prognostic and predictive impact with regards to the standard of care therapy remains controversial. Of note, KRAS-related studies that included general non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) population instead of LADC patients should be very carefully evaluated. Recently, however, comprehensive genomic profiling and wide-spectrum analysis of other co-occurring genetic alterations have identified unique therapeutic vulnerabilities. Novel targeted agents such as the covalent KRAS G12C inhibitors or the recently proposed combinatory approaches are some examples which may allow a tailored treatment for LADC patients harboring KRAS mutations. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the therapeutic approaches of KRAS-mutated LADC and provides an update on the most recent advances in KRAS-targeted anti-cancer strategies, with a focus on potential clinical implications.
Axiomatic Natural Philosophy and the Emergence of Biology as a Science
Authors: van den Berg Hein , Demarest Boris
Published: June 2020

Ernst Mayr argued that the emergence of biology as a special science in the early nineteenth century was possible due to the demise of the mathematical model of science and its insistence on demonstrative knowledge. More recently, John Zammito has claimed that the rise of biology as a special science was due to a distinctive experimental, anti-metaphysical, anti-mathematical, and anti-rationalist strand of thought coming from outside of Germany. In this paper we argue that this narrative neglects the important role played by the mathematical and axiomatic model of science in the emergence of biology as a special science. We show that several major actors involved in the emergence of biology as a science in Germany were working with an axiomatic conception of science that goes back at least to Aristotle and was popular in mid-eighteenth-century German academic circles due to its endorsement by Christian Wolff. More specifically, we show that at least two major contributors to the emergence of biology in Germany—Caspar Friedrich Wolff and Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus—sought to provide a conception of the new science of life that satisfies the criteria of a traditional axiomatic ideal of science. Both C.F. Wolff and Treviranus took over strong commitments to the axiomatic model of science from major philosophers of their time, Christian Wolff and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, respectively. The ideal of biology as an axiomatic science with specific biological fundamental concepts and principles thus played a role in the emergence of biology as a special science.
Multiple Attractors and Long Transients in Spatially Structured Populations with an Allee Effect
Authors: Vortkamp Irina , Schreiber Sebastian J. , Hastings Alan , Hilker Frank M.
Published: June 2020

We present a discrete-time model of a spatially structured population and explore the effects of coupling when the local dynamics contain a strong Allee effect and overcompensation. While an isolated population can exhibit only bistability and essential extinction, a spatially structured population can exhibit numerous coexisting attractors. We identify mechanisms and parameter ranges that can protect the spatially structured population from essential extinction, whereas it is inevitable in the local system. In the case of weak coupling, a state where one subpopulation density lies above and the other one below the Allee threshold can prevent essential extinction. Strong coupling, on the other hand, enables both populations to persist above the Allee threshold when dynamics are (approximately) out of phase. In both cases, attractors have fractal basin boundaries. Outside of these parameter ranges, dispersal was not found to prevent essential extinction. We also demonstrate how spatial structure can lead to long transients of persistence before the population goes extinct.
Cyberkriminalität
Authors: Horten Barbara , Gräber Marleen
Published: June 2020

Die Möglichkeiten für Cyberkriminelle und die Erscheinungsformen von Cyberkriminalität haben durch die Digitalisierung und Verbreitung internetfähiger Geräte in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen. Unter dem Begriff Cybercrime oder auch Internetkriminalität werden Taten subsumiert, die mittels Internet begangen werden. Es gibt zahlreiche Erscheinungsformen, die je nach Kontext unterschiedlich klassifiziert werden. Die Verbreitung von cyberkriminellen Straftaten wird jährlich im Bundeslagebericht des Bundeskriminalamts (BKA) dargestellt. In diesem werden Herausforderungen u. a. durch neue Methoden der Verbreitung von Malware und des Identitätsdiebstahls benannt. Auch digitale Erpressung, ein vermehrtes Gefahrenpotenzial durch das „Internet der Dinge“ und Angriffe auf die sog. kritischen Infrastrukturen sind als cyberkriminelle Bedrohungen zu sehen. Zudem verbreiten sich sexuell motivierte Straftaten wie z. B. Kinderpornografie schneller im virtuellen Raum. In der Polizeilichen Kriminalstatistik (PKS) 2019 wurde ein Anstieg von Cyberkriminalität im Vergleich zum Vorjahr um 15,4 % registriert. Es wird eine Zunahme des Identitätsdiebstahls via Plattformen wie dem Darknet und ein wachsendes Gefährdungspotenzial durch Entwicklungen wie etwa Smart Homes, Cloud Computing oder Big Data prognostiziert. Empirische Studien zu den Viktimisierungserfahrungen von Cyberangriffen liegen zu Privatpersonen und Industrieunternehmen vor. Die Täter waren meist junge, männliche Erwachsene.
Numerical and experimental investigation on the depressurization capacity of a new type of depressure-dominated jet mill bit
Authors: Chen Xu-Yue , Cao Tong , Yu Kai-An , Gao De-Li , Yang Jin , Wei Hong-Shu
Published: June 2020

Efficient cuttings transport and improving rate of penetration (ROP) are two major challenges in horizontal drilling and extended reach drilling. A type of jet mill bit (JMB) may provide an opportunity to catch the two birds with one stone: not only enhancing cuttings transport efficiency but also improving ROP by depressuring at the bottom hole. In this paper, the JMB is further improved and a new type of depressure-dominated JMB is presented; meanwhile, the depressurization capacity of the depressure-dominated JMB is investigated by numerical simulation and experiment. The numerical study shows that low flow-rate ratio helps to enhance the depressurization capacity of the depressure-dominated JMB; for both depressurization and bottom hole cleaning concern, the flow-rate ratio is suggested to be set at approximately 1:1. With all other parameter values being constant, lower dimensionless nozzle-to-throat-area ratio may result in higher depressurization capacity and better bottom hole cleaning, and the optimal dimensionless nozzle-to-throat-area ratio is at approximately 0.15. Experiments also indicate that reducing the dimensionless flow-rate ratio may help to increase the depressurization capacity of the depressure-dominated JMB. This work provides drilling engineers with a promising tool to improve ROP.