bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Principles of Community Organization and Partnership for Smoking Cessation in the Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT)
Authors: Thompson Beti , Wallack Lawrence , Lichtenstein Edward , Pechacek Terry ,   For the COMMIT Research Group
Published: May 2005

The Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT) has adopted a community approach to smoking cessation. State-of-the-art interventions that have proven efficacious for smoking cessation are delivered to smokers through community-based organizations. An innovative adaptation of community organization methods accommodated the need for a standardized protocol with the flexibility required for diverse and unique communities. The unique characteristics of the eleven intervention communities are examined with a focus on differences in size, location, availability and importance of the intervention channels, and other factors that were important for community mobilization. Initial results of the mobilization process are summarized. Although there were some differences in the structures formed and the time required to complete the initial project activities, all eleven intervention sites were mobilized around the COMMIT goals and activities.
Psychiatric Assessment of Candidates for Bone Marrow Transplantation: A Psychodynamically-Oriented Approach
Authors: Hoffman Lawrence H. , Szkrumelak Nadia , Sullivan Arthur K.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To seek possible relationships between psychological factors and survival after an intensive medical therapy, using bone marrow transplantation as a model.

Method:

Candidates for bone marrow transplantation underwent two to three psychodynamically-oriented psychiatric interviews that explored family functioning (“ F”), individual psychological maturity (“ I”), and the capacity to form and communicate a mature psychological construct of the transplant (“ T”) process. The results were recorded in a semi-quantitative manner, assigning a possible score of 1 to 3 for each parameter, for a possible total of 3 to 9 (the “ F.I.T.” assessment). Survival after the transplant was analyzed retrospectively in relation to the F.I.T. assessment.

Results:

In a series of 112 candidates interviewed prior to transplant, those with the lowest F.I.T. assessment tended not to survive as long. By one year, 95 percent of individuals assigned the lowest score (F.I.T. = 3) had died, whereas 96 percent of those assigned the highest scores (F.I.T. = 7–9) remained alive. The strongest predictors were the “ I” and “ T” parameters.

Conclusion:

This approach to assessment of candidates for bone marrow transplantation may identify individuals who require added supportive measures, both medical and psychological. Furthermore, the results suggest possible leads in the search for how psychological factors might influence the physiologic response to a toxic stress.
Spinning on its Axes: DSM and the Social Construction of Psychiatric Diagnosis
Authors: Cooksey Elizabeth C. , Brown Phil
Published: May 2005

Through a critical examination of the psychiatric profession's heavy reliance on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the authors explore the central role of diagnosis in the theory and practice of psychiatry. The set of beliefs that have guided the psychiatric profession since the creation of DSM-III are viewed as being tied to the new extension of the biopsychiatric medical model. From a sociological perspective, the authors address the issue of psychiatric nosology with reference to practice styles and professional dominance, and consider the impact of DSM's intrinsic social biases both within and outside psychiatry's traditionally drawn boundaries. They conclude that working solely within the confines of a medical framework of diagnosis, with little attention to the wider social and cultural contexts that should surround diagnostic practice, psychiatry will be unable to understand and explain the changing needs of its clientele.
The First Textbook on Technical Writing
Authors: Schmelzer Richard W.
Published: May 2005

Richard W. Schmelzer, the author of this article on the first textbook written for technical writing classes, knows his subject from firsthand experience. He was one of the first teachers assigning The Preparation of Reports to future engineers.

In this paper he pays tribute to Dr. Ray Palmer Baker, an early authority on modern technical communication and the author of The Preparation of Reports.
Grading Technical Reports with the Cassette Tape Recorder: The Results of a Test Program at the United States Air Force Academy
Authors: Carson David L. , McTasney John B.
Published: May 2005

Educators' experiments in cassette critiquing of college student papers have met with considerable success. After discussing the potential advantages, the Department of English at the U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado, conducted a pilot program of cassette critiquing during the 1971 Fall Semester in the English 430, Technical Writing, course. Two course-wide surveys were made during the program to determine 376 students' reactions to cassette critiques as compared with conventional critiquing (written comments, handbook cryptographics in the margins, student-instructor conferences, and in-class discussions) methods.
The Development and Evaluation of a Microcomputerized Adaptive Placement Testing System for College Mathematics
Authors: Hsu Tse-Chi , Shermis Mark D.
Published: May 2005

A microcomputerized adaptive testing system was developed for placing students into various levels of college mathematics courses. Based on the student's math background, an initial cluster is identified for the testing. Using either a Bayesian or Maximum Likelihood decision, the testing is branched to a lower cluster or higher cluster depending on the student's performance. Based on the final estimate of math ability, appropriate courses are suggested. The feasibility of the system was examined with respect to three criteria: 1) item pool characteristics, 2) item performance, and 3) students' and advisors' reactions. Although the results show room for improvement, the system is promising as a placement instrument.
Male Sexual Side Effects Associated with Antidepressants: A Descriptive Clinical Study of 32 Patients
Authors: Hsu Jeffrey H. , Shen Winston W.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

This is a retrospective study to add to the existing body of clinical information regarding male sexual side effects associated with antidepressants. From the chart review, thirty-four out of eighty male patients were identified to have reported loss of libido, erectile difficulty, anorgasmia, and delayed ejaculation while receiving pharmacotherapy of selective serotonin reuptake blockers (fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline); tricyclic antidepressants (nortriptyline, imipramine, amitriptyline, desipramine, and clomipramine); and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (phenelzine).

Method:

The authors also discussed the management of these sexual side effects by waiting for spontaneous remission, reducing the dosage level, and substituting the offending drug with other antidepressants.

Results:

This article underscores the underreported nature of antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction, the high incidence of SSRI-associated sexual side effects, equal potentials in causing sexual side effects among the three SSRI's, the low incidence rate of sexual adverse effects from bupropion, and the minimal need to add an antidote if the side effects are to be managed systematically.

Conclusions:

Finally, male sexual side effects can occur randomly and involve any sexual phase randomly, and the treatment approaches are similar, regardless of the types of sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressants.
Computer Graphics and Language Instruction for the Deaf
Authors: Withrow Margaret S.
Published: May 2005

Mastery of the English language in all of its various expressive and receptive forms is essential for success in the American school system. Deaf children, through an inability to hear the spoken language, generally have reduced language and reading abilities. Even when sound is amplified to allow optimum use of residual hearing, deaf and hearing impaired children do not receive clear signals of spoken language components. Educational materials are being developed employing videotape and computer generated three-dimensional animation which will coordinate written and spoken language. With this new technique the materials designer is able to control time, space and audition to emphasize specific linguistic principles.
A Method of Evaluating the Use Made of Hospital Beds
Authors: Jeffery I. J. , Barr A.
Published: May 2005

Illness is not in itself a sufficient ground either for admission to hospital or for continued stay in hospital. A patient should be admitted for the purpose of receiving specific medical attention, and when treatment is completed he should be discharged to the care of his general practitioner as soon as he no longer requires nursing care which can be provided only in hospital. A simple checklist procedure is described for rapidly and objectively assessing a patient's daily state of dependency on nursing care. A patient-nurse dependency chart is designed primarily to assist the attending doctor in determining the earliest time at which his patient is ready for discharge; in addition, the charts for all patients in a ward together provide the ward sister with a rapid measure of the total nursing load which must be met by her staff. In a study of uncomplicated dilation and curettage cases, it was estimated that the average stay of 5.5 days could have been safely shortened by 1–2 days if patients had been discharged as soon as they required only light nursing care such as could be provided by domiciliary services. The need for closer integration of all health services is stressed and the employment of district nurses on a fee-for-service basis is advocated.
Beyond Butlers: Intelligent Agents as Mentors
Authors: Baylor Amy
Published: May 2005

This article discusses pedagogical issues for intelligent agents to successfully serve as mentors for educational purposes. Broader issues about the nature or persona necessary for an intelligent agent as mentor are discussed, incorporating usability and human-computer interaction issues such as the anthropomorphic qualities of the agent and the social relationship between learner and agent. Overall, to be effective for learning, it is argued that there are three main requirements for agents as mentors: 1) regulated intelligence; 2) the existence of a persona; and 3) pedagogical control.
The Social Consequences of Free Trade in Health Care: A Public Health Response to Orthodox Economics
Authors: Roemer Milton I. , Roemer John E.
Published: May 2005

In recent years, difficulties in U. S. health services have been ascribed to excessive government intervention and regulation; high costs and other problems would be solved, it is argued, by “return to the free market and competition.” Examination of the past operations of free trade and competition in health care, however, shows that in this market not one of at least five conditions necessary for effective competition exists. Numerous adjustments made by society reflect strikingly the problems caused by these market deficiencies (such as seriously inadequate information or the presence of major social “externalities”). Furthermore, even these adjustments-such as medical ethics or health insurance-have generated serious secondary problems. Many types of waste and social inequity also persist, in spite of all the attempts to compensate for market failure. In effect, the so-called free market in health care has survived only because of the extensive regulations and other actions taken to patch it up. Abandoning these adjustments would further aggravate current problems. Only replacement of free trade by systematic social planning could hope to achieve a health care system that allocates resources and distributes services both efficiently and equitably.
Outcome from Carotid Endarterectomy. Neuropsychological Performances, Depressive Symptoms and Quality of Life: 8-Month Follow-up
Authors: De Leo Diego , Serraiotto Laura , Pellegrini Claudio , Magni Guido , Franceschi Lorenza , Deriu Giovanni Paolo
Published: May 2005

A preliminary study was carried out on a population of twenty-five consecutive and unselected patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. A matched control group of subjects suffering from same pathology, but unoperated, was compared to experimental sample. A battery of neuropsychological tests, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale and the Jachuck's Quality of Life Impairment Scale were administered one week before surgery, two weeks after (surgical sample only) and then eight months later. The research shows that carotid endarterectomy does not impair neuropsychological performances, but produces some improvement, reaching significant level in the case of Word Fluency 1 and Similarities tests; depressive scores remained substantially unchanged, while quality of life improved slightly.
The Intelligent Academic Advising System: A Case of Client/Server Computing in Education
Authors: Francia Guillermo A.
Published: May 2005

The expectations for improvement in the quality of academic programs and educational services continue to mount despite the deficiency of financial resources. To meet this challenge, institutions at all levels are turning to technology for improved administrative efficiency and worldwide access to educational resources. Existing and diverse computing resources are being utilized more effectively through a new computer system model: client/server computing. To this end, new technological tools are constantly being designed and developed. One such tool is the Intelligent Academic Advising System (IAAS). This article focuses on the purpose, the design and the implementation of IAAS—a tool which, the author believes, will have a tremendous impact on the way educational institutions provide effective academic advising services.
Authoring Techniques for Interactive Videodisc Systems
Authors: Kribs H. Dewey
Published: May 2005

A major factor in the useability and cost-effectiveness of interactive videodisc systems is the facilities for development and revision of materials which will be used for disc mastering. Two major types of facilities are discussed and compared. A film-based premastery system has the advantage of lower initial system costs. However, a video-based system has advantages of quality, time and recurring cost savings. Projections about the future evolutions of video technology are also made as related to potential for development systems.
The Political Context of Social Inequalities and Health
Authors: Navarro Vicente , Shi Leiyu
Published: May 2005

This analysis reflects on the importance of political parties, and the policies they implement when in government, in determining the level of equalities/inequalities in a society, the extent of the welfare state (including the level of health care coverage by the state), the employment/unemployment rate, and the level of population health. The study looks at the impact of the major political traditions in the advanced OECD countries during the golden years of capitalism (1945–1980)–social democratic, Christian democratic, liberal, and ex-fascist–in four areas: (1) the main determinants of income inequalities; (2) levels of public expenditures and health care benefits coverage; (3) public support of services to families; and (4) the level of population health as measured by infant mortality. The results indicate that political traditions more committed to redistributive policies (both economic and social) and full-employment policies, such as the social democratic parties, were generally more successful in improving the health of populations. The erroneous assumption of a conflict between social equity and economic efficiency is also discussed. The study aims at filling a void in the growing health and social inequalities literature, which rarely touches on the importance of political forces in influencing inequalities.
Research: Bereavement
Authors: Parkes C. M.
Published: May 2005

Raphael's (1983) survey of bereavement research encompassed more than four hundred published works. The present review focuses upon empirical research, counselling, and treatment conducted over the past decade. Results suggest that we cannot over-simplify the problem of bereavement. Mobilization of mutual support resources in the neighborhood and community can provide effective help for some people who are attempting to cope with bereavement-associated problems. However, there is also a substantial number of people who require other types of interventions. More must be learned about the complex sequence of events that lead to adverse physical, mental, or social consequences in bereavement, and about the types of intervention that are most effective in each situation.
A Theoretical Analysis of Social Interactions in Computer-Based Learning Environments: Evidence for Reciprocal Understandings
Authors: Järvelä Sanna , Bonk Curtis Jay , Lehtinen Erno , Lehti Sirpa
Published: May 2005

This article presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of social interactions in computer-based learning environments. A special aim was to explore how technology can be used to support reciprocal understanding between a teacher and a student. In the belief that a computer-based learning environment creates an optimal situation for apprenticeship, we conducted studies on three different technology-based learning environments in Finland and the United States focusing on analyzing learning and social interaction. In the first study, control technology (LegoTClogo) and cognitive apprenticeship-based learning were used to promote modem technological thinking and problem solving skills in seventh grade students ( N = 16). The second study was aimed at investigating sixth grade students' ( N = 16) collaborative planning and design of Web-based knowledge bases and documents. The third study dealt with the possibilities of supporting student-student and student-teacher interaction in higher education with the help of ALEL ( N = 11), a software program developed for teaching methodology and statistical inference to university students. Detailed qualitative data (videotaping, tape recording, and interviewing) related to the working processes and teaching-learning interactions were collected during these three experiments. The results of the content analyses point to ways technology can improve task-related social interaction and provide multiple opportunities for students to negotiate meanings concerning different abstract phenomena. From an instructor viewpoint, modest scaffolded assistance seemed to enhance the learning activity in each of these settings. Through these studies, it is clear that various technology tools can support the teacher and the student to “turn toward” a joint task and facilitate their reciprocal understanding of the situation.
Reforming Pharmaceutical Policies in the European Union: A “Penguin Effect”?
Authors: Guillén Ana M. , Cabiedes Laura
Published: May 2005

Pharmaceutical policies form a substantial part of health care services, from the point of view of both equity and efficiency goals. Expenditure on pharmaceuticals has been growing steadily over the last few decades, and countries are finding the financing of drugs increasingly difficult. This article surveys the changes in pharmaceutical policies in the E.U. countries from the mid-1980s through the 1990s. It focuses primarily on policies dealing with cost control of publicly funded pharmaceuticals. In their analysis of these changes, the authors classify policies (or “packages of measures”), map out their incidence in each country, and assess their impact on the control of public pharmaceutical spending. They conclude that the E.U. countries are taking up apparently similar measures—dressing like penguins in a row—despite the limited effectiveness and limited evaluation of many of the measures adopted. The authors also analyze the role of national and international actors (most prominently, the European Union) in defining public pharmaceutical policies; look at how innovative policy ideas could be connected with the economic, political, and social interests that mold public action in this field; and propose new lines of investigation.
Women and the Risk of HIV Infection in Nigeria: Implications for Control Programs
Authors: Ajuwon Ademola J. , Shokunbi Wuraola
Published: May 2005

AIDS is a growing public health problem in Nigeria. Since 1984 when AIDS was officially reported in the country, the number of persons infected with HIV and those with AIDS continue to increase rapidly. This trend is likely to persist in the coming years because, in spite of a high level of public awareness about AIDS, many Nigerians continue to engage in behaviors, such as unprotected sexual networking, which would raise their risk of exposure to HIV. Women in Nigeria are particularly susceptible to HIV infection and its consequences because existing sexual norms place them at a disadvantage in that they are unable to control the sexually risky behaviors of their spouses or take action that would limit their risk of exposure. The current economic crisis in Nigeria has also caused many women to go into full-time commercial sex work or enter other occupations in which they are predisposed to being lured or forced to having sexually risky relationships with men. Unfortunately, the current AIDS control intervention in Nigeria do not address these issues. This article draws attention to the biological, cultural, and economic conditions which make women in Nigeria susceptible to HIV infection and recommends how to overcome them.
Historical Archeology at Minute Man National Historical Park, Massachusetts, 1963–1980: Comments on the use of Retrieved Data
Authors: Baker Vernon G.
Published: May 2005

Between 1963 and 1980, seventeen historic archeological sites were excavated in Minute Man National Historical Park (MIMA), located in Lexington, Lincoln, and Concord, Massachusetts. The sites date to the 17th–19th centuries, and the majority are located on Battle Road, the route taken by British and Colonial forces on the eventful day of April 19, 1775. Except for one tavern and two roads, all sites are farm or homesteads. Since none of the research reports on these sites has been published, researchers interested in comparative data generally are unaware of what is available. Unfortunately, this situation prevails for many North American historic sites excavated prior to the early 1970s—the period when most of the research at the Minute Man Park was done. This article summarizes and evaluates the research done on the Minute Man sites, and identifies areas for which the excavated data have comparative value. An annotated bibliography of the reports on the seventeen sites also is provided. Detailed information on the results presented here is based on and can be found in Baker (1980).
Past: Notes on Memory and Narration
Authors: Schmidt Siegfried J.
Published: May 2005

Memory is a crucial topic not only for psychology but also for literary studies. The conceptualization of notions as narration, biography or autobiography immediately depends on how memory and the process of remembering are theoretically modeled. This article presents a short survey on concepts of memory, concentrating on constructivist approaches, and their impact on concepts of time, history, and narration in literary studies.
Childhood Hospitalization for Psychosocial Reasons: The Case of Gastroenteritis
Authors: McGee Hannah M. , Fitzgerald Michael
Published: May 2005

Nonmedical factors are often important considerations when choosing treatment options for illness. High levels of childhood hospitalization are of concern for psychological as well as medical and economic reasons. This study compared medical and psychosocial attributes of children managed at home or in hospital for childhood gastroenteritis to identify factors differentiating type of care. Parents of children under two years with gastroenteritis managed at home ( n = 76) or in hospital ( n = 76) were interviewed. Medical details and a range of intra-family factors (e.g., parenting skills, marriage) and extra-family factors (e.g., neighborhood, social contacts) were queried. Doctors ( n = 6) rated the severity of symptomatology of each case based only on medical details. There was no difference in the medical severity of the gastroenteritis episodes for hospital and home care groups. Instead families were most clearly differentiated using discriminant analysis by social variables; specifically hospital care families had poorer scores than home care families on social contact indices. This highlights the necessity for focusing on the wider social context in efforts at decreasing the incidence of childhood hospitalization.
Mutual Biases Underlying the Problematic Relationship between Older Adults and Mental Health Providers: Any Solution in Sight?
Authors: Laganà Luciana , Shanks Sheri
Published: May 2005

As the size and diversity of the older population increases, mental health providers will be called upon to deliver high-quality services to the elderly. However, many of these professionals hold negative attitudes toward the elderly; psychotherapy conducted with older adults by clinicians with such biases could represent a waste of time and energy, as well as money, for these clients. This article reviews studies conducted within the past three decades on the biases held by mental health professionals (primarily psychiatrists and psychologists) toward older patients and vice versa. It also discusses possible solutions to the conflicts within the elderly-mental health provider relationship, based on the contributions made by professionals from various health care disciplines on this topic. Moreover, this article takes into account various ethnicity-related issues that are often at play in the relationship in question, and provides research and clinical recommendations for the enhancement of the quality of this relationship. It is time to find successful and interdisciplinary ways to improve how older adults and mental health professionals deal with one another. These efforts should creatively enhance the quality of the mental health services offered to older patients, in addition to dispelling age-related myths and corresponding obstacles to the utilization of these needed services by older adults.
Natural Law and the “Right to Die”
Authors: Whiting Raymond A.
Published: May 2005

Over the last two decades social concerns with the “right to die” have grown beyond the ability of our governmental and judicial institutions to consistently deal with them. One reason for this difficulty has been the unavailability of any legal or judicial standard that is consistent with American conceptions of liberty, morality, and justice. This article attempts to examine the theory of natural law to determine whether it may provide a consistent standard for resolving these difficult questions. As natural law theories are traced through history, they lead directly to the United States where a uniquely American interpretation became one of the foundational principles for our constitution. By applying these theories to the contemporary question of the “right to die,” natural law can again provide the foundational principles needed to develop standards for dealing with such questions that are consistent with our historical, philosophical, and political traditions.
Which English Should We Teach for International Technical Communication?
Authors: Kirkman John
Published: May 2005

There are differences of vocabulary, grammar, and usage in American English and British English. As international interchange of information increases, we must alert writers and editors to these differences, and encourage them to find forms of expression common to both versions of English. If they do not, their texts may create difficulties, not only for readers using English as a foreign language, but also for native speakers of American English or British English.
Increasing Article Acceptance
Authors: White Leigh Cree
Published: May 2005

The journal analysis matrix helps a writer learn about an editor's preferences and as a result the writer can more carefully craft his work to approximate journal style. This crafting raises the possibility that the editor will accept the article. The material explains how to set up a matrix, and includes some possible categories for analysis.
Learning Ecologies for Technological Fluency: Gender and Experience Differences
Authors: Barron Brigid
Published: May 2005

The concern with a “digital divide” has been transformed from one defined by technological access to technological prowess—employing technologies for more empowered and generative uses such as learning and innovation. Participation in technological fluency-building activities among high school students in a community heavily involved in the technology industry was investigated in a study of 98 high school seniors enrolled in AP-level calculus. Findings indicated substantial variability in history of fluency-building experiences despite similar levels of access. More and less experienced groups were defined based on their breadth of prior experience. Males and females who were classified as more experienced utilized a broader range of learning resources and were more likely to learn from out-of-school classes and distributed resources such as online tutorials and reading material. Gender differences emerged with respect to participation in certain activities such as computer programming, even when controlling for overall breadth of experience and an analysis of course-taking history helped explain why. Four times as many males as females had taken a programming class. Analysis of reasons for taking courses indicated that the majority of females who chose to take programming did so with the encouragement of family members. Both confidence and interest were related to experience, though the relationship differed for males and females. These results are discussed with respect to a multi-context framework for the development of technological fluency.
Poverty Point Adaptive Systems in the Lower Mississippi Valley: Subsistence Remains from the J. W. Copes Site
Authors: Jackson H. Edwin
Published: May 2005

Faunal and floral remains from the J. W. Copes Site in northeast Louisiana provide a basis for examining the nature of prehistoric adaptive systems during the Poverty Point Period (1500–500 B.C.) in the Lower Mississippi River Valley. Local subsistence strategies are inferred, as well as the settlement context from which they were recovered. These provide a basis for making several propositions regarding regional demography and social integration.
Aids in Nicaragua: Epidemiological, Political, and Sociocultural Perspectives
Authors: Low Nicola , Egger Matthias , Gorter Anna , Sandiford Peter , González Alcides , Pauw Johanna , Ferrie Jane , Smith George Davey
Published: May 2005

The AIDS epidemic in Nicaragua is several years behind that in the United States and neighboring countries of Central and South America. A combination of events, including the isolation caused by the war of the U.S.-backed Contra army against the Sandinista government, the complete economic embargo imposed on Nicaragua by the United States in 1985, self-sufficiency for blood products, and a low rate of recreational injectable-drug use, have contributed to this situation. Since the Sandinistas were defeated in the general election of 1990, people have returned to Nicaragua from areas where HIV is more prevalent, such as Honduras and the United States. It is probable that many HIV-infected persons have now entered the country. Because of the high rates of sexually transmitted diseases and cultural factors such as “machismo,” HIV is likely to spread rapidly by heterosexual transmission, unless effective, culturally appropriate education and sexually transmitted disease prevention programs are implemented now.
In the Event of Death
Authors: Salladay Susan Anthony
Published: May 2005

In the past few years there has been evidence of a greatly increased public and professional interest in issues surrounding death and dying. One such area of interest, the psychomatic experiences reported as having occurred in near-death situations before resuscitation, offers many speculative considerations for philosophical psychology. These reported exosomatic experiences have many elements in common with those reported in altered states of consciousness. The vivid out-of-the-body imagery in such experiences raises potential questions concerning the specialization and evolutionary-developmental structuring of consciousness, the nature of hallucinations, and the significance of deep conceptual roots of dualism within contemporary culture. Such questions take on more than theoretical importance when ethical questions about rights and resuscitation are raised.
An Informal Survey of Technical Writing Textbooks: 1950–1970
Authors: Warren Thomas L.
Published: May 2005

The textbook is the main teaching tool for instructors. Typically, teachers select a text based on how well it supports their views of and approach to the subject. Looking at texts suggests how the subject has been taught over the years and what assumptions are made about students. This informal look at pre-1970 textbooks characterizes the early teaching of technical writing by examining such features as author's background, contents, assumed reader, and focus.
Qualitative Research Supports Health Education for Ethnic Minority Women: How to Reach “Inaccessible” Women
Authors: Van Wersch S. F. M. , Venema H. P. Uniken
Published: May 2005

In Holland, health education for ethnic minority women is provided in the mother tongue of these groups. Moroccan women constitute one of the target groups for this kind of health education. It proved to be difficult, however, to get Moroccan women to participate. Therefore the Municipal Health Service in Rotterdam organized a study of the health situation and social contacts of Moroccan women. This project provided information about the living conditions of Moroccan women, about places they do and do not visit and about ways in which they gather information on health and health care facilities. This evidently holds implications for the planning of health education for foreign women in the future.
Community-Based Approaches to Health Promotion: Guidelines for Community Mobilization
Authors: Pancer S. Mark , Nelson Geoffrey
Published: May 2005

This article examines the processes of community mobilization for health promotion. First, five community-based health promotion interventions designed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are reviewed, with particular attention paid to the processes of community mobilization in these programs. Second, several guidelines for community mobilization for effective health promotion are distilled from the experiences of these programs. The guildelines that are outlined provide a working model for future community-based health promotion interventions. Finally, the limitations of CVD prevention programs are briefly discussed.
The Reorganization of the Nursing Labor Process: From Team to Primary Nursing
Authors: Brannon Robert L.
Published: May 2005

The author presents a labor process analysis of recent changes in nursing work on hospital wards. In the immediate post–World War II decades, hospital nursing was organized to include stratified nurses—registered and auxiliary nurses (licensed practical nurses and nurses' aides)—in a common labor process called “team nursing.” Team nursing adapted Taylorist principles to sharply demarcate tasks between registered nurses (RNs) and auxiliaries. In the 1970s and 1980s, team nursing was increasingly replaced by “primary nursing” with a majority of RNs. Auxiliaries were displaced as RNs assumed undivided responsibility for complete nursing care. The transition to primary nursing is partly explained through the convergence of managerial interests with the professionalizing interests of nursing's elite. However, primary nursing was not simply imposed from the top down. Team nursing produced divisiveness between RNs and auxiliaries at the same time that it forced these workers to violate the official differentiation of tasks and held RNs responsible for work performed by auxiliaries. Primary nursing eliminates the problems of team nursing as RNs perform reunified tasks in an unmediated RN–patient relationship. However, primary nursing has produced a new set of contradictions, including an intensified labor process.
The Assessment of Aesthetic Judgment Ability
Authors: Bamossy Gary , Johnston Marilyn , Parsons Michael
Published: May 2005

This article presents evidence for reliability and validity for the Aesthetic Judgment Ability (AJA) test. The test is a relatively easy to administer measure of aesthetic ability in judging paintings. Initial findings demonstrate strong evidence for test stability and acceptable internal consistency. It appears to be sensitive in discriminating between groups with clear evidence of criterion-group validity and discriminant validity. The cognitive-developmental perspective of the instrument provides a viable basis for explaining differences in aesthetic judgment. It is potentially useful as a pre-posttest assessment in courses of art education and, in conjunction with other measures, may also be useful in improving understanding of reactions to art.
Effects of a Logo Microworld on Student Ability to Transfer a Concept
Authors: Thompson Ann D. , Wang Hei-Mei Chen
Published: May 2005

Using Logo, a microworld was created where students could explore concepts of plotting points in a cartesian coordinate system. The microworld was an interactive environment which encouraged student estimation and revision. Twenty sixth-grade students in the experimental group worked with the microworld in pairs following formal classroom work on cartesian coordinates. Following the treatment, students were tested for knowledge of the concepts and ability to transfer the concepts. Although the experimental group performed better than the control group on both outcome measures, the greatest difference between the two groups was on the measure of transfer.
The Warnier-Orr Diagram for Designing Essays
Authors: Harrington Henry R. , Walton Richard E.
Published: May 2005

The Warnier-Orr diagram, a method of designing computer programs, may be adapted for use in designing expository essays. Unlike the traditional outline, it gives equal weight to inclusive and serial relationships between ideas. Used in place of the outline, it clarifies, logically and rhetorically, the development and the organization of ideas in expository essays.
Attitudinal and Structural Predictors of the Gender Gap in Suicide: An Exploratory Analysis of Nine European Countries, 1975–1987
Authors: Fernquist Robert M. , Cutright Phillips
Published: May 2005

Following Hagan, Gillis, and Simpson (1985), Hagan, Simpson, and Gillis (1987), and Girard (1993), we introduce a measure of egalitarian political attitudes that reflect gender differences in socialization that may affect adult suicidal behavior. Past efforts to explain national differences in the gender gap in suicide rates have not determined how the different determinants of male and female suicide rates cause the gender gap to vary among nations. We present a methodology that allows one to measure, one at a time, the impact of multiple predictors of societal integration on the gender gap. Data from nine European countries are used to illustrate this methodology.
Tobacco Use by Samples of American and Turkish Students: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Torabi Mohammad R.
Published: May 2005

Tobacco use is a world-wide problem with a significant impact on the health and well-being of many people. To design an effective smoking education program, it is important to understand smoking patterns and factors associated with this additive habit from a cross-cultural perspective. The purpose of this study was to investigate some of the patterns of and certain factors associated with smoking and chewing tobacco behavior among the students of the United States and Turkey. A questionnaire, designed, reviewed, and revised by experts, was administered to a representative sample of 450 college students in a major public university in the United States. It was then translated and reviewed by bilingual authorities. The investigator administered the questionnaire to a sample of 450 representative college students in a counterpart public university in Turkey. The results indicate that a significant number of college students in both countries use tobacco. The patterns of smoking and various factors associated with tobacco use, however, are different in the two cultures. It was concluded that international health education programs which are sensitive to cultural differences are the key to ultimately eliminating this major health crisis.
The Illness Trajectory—For Patients with Cancer who Died in Two Different Cultures of Care
Authors: Andershed Birgitta , Ternestedt Britt-Marie
Published: May 2005

The aim of this study has been to retrospectively examine the illness trajectory for a consecutive group of sixty-seven patients with cancer who died at a surgical department or were referred from there to an inpatient hospice ward where they died. Relatives of fifty-two patients were interviewed after the patient's death and all sixty-seven medical records were studied. The data was analyzed with support of Glaser and Strauss' concept of a dying trajectory. A surprising result was that as many as forty-four patients had a short trajectory, and nineteen of these had one month or less between diagnosis and death. Patients at surgical wards followed a faster trajectory and were in a somewhat poorer state of health when compared to patients at the inpatient hospice ward. In the case of trajectories within three months, there is no time to lose, and it is important that caring delay are avoided.
Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Cognitive Impairment in Community-Dwelling Black Older Adults
Authors: Harwood Dylan G. , Barker Warren W. , Ownby Raymond L. , Mullan Michael , Duara Ranjan
Published: May 2005

Objective:

The relationship between the epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene ( APOE-ε4) located on chromosome 19 and Alzheimer's disease is well documented among Caucasian populations. However, the findings of research addressing the link between APOE polymorphism and neurocognitive functioning in populations of African origin from around the world have been equivocal. Therefore, the current study explored the relation of APOE-ε4 with cognitive impairment in a sample of community-dwelling English-speaking elderly blacks.

Methods:

All participants ( N = 57) were recruited consecutively from a community memory-screening program at a University affiliated Memory Disorders Clinic and evaluated using standardized assessment procedures. Cognitive impairment was classified according to an age and education adjusted Mini-Mental State Exam score of less than 24 as well as poorer functioning on a measure of delayed verbal memory.

Results:

Increased risk for global cognitive dysfunction (OR = 9.5, 95 percent CI = 2.3–55.3, p = .004) and poorer verbal recall performance (β = −.36, p = .006) were linked with the APOE ε4 allele after controlling for the potentially confounding effects of age, education, and gender.

Conclusions:

This investigation supports the role of APOE polymorphism in determining neurocognitive impairment among black elders residing in the community.
AIDS-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behavioral Intentions of Adolescents in Trinidad: A Pilot Study
Authors: Modeste Naomi N. , Francis Claudette , Matshazi Dumiso
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to describe AIDS knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral intentions among adolescents attending high school in the Republic of Trinidad, a Caribbean island. This information will be useful in planning and implementing appropriate AIDS education and prevention programs.

A structured questionnaire consisting of five sections was administered to fifty-one randomly selected students aged thirteen to eighteen years and studying in forms III, IV, and V (equivalent to the last three grades of U.S. high school) in three high schools.

Ninety-six percent of respondents knew the cause of AIDS and mode of transmission, but 26 percent felt that they could get AIDS from insect bites. Student knowledge did not correlate with behavior intentions, but there was a high correlation with perception of risk and their intention to use condom or abstain from sexual practice. There appears to be some association between level of education and likelihood of safe sexual practices ( p = .06). There was a significant ( p < .05) relationship between students attending all girls school and behavior intentions. There was also a significant relationship ( p < .05) between knowledge level and newspapers or magazines as the sources of knowledge.
Formative Evaluation of Computer Courseware: An Experimental Comparison of Two Methods
Authors: Byrum David C.
Published: May 2005

Although considered an integral step in the instructional design process, formative evaluation has not received widespread use in the design of CAI (computer-assisted instruction). One issue is the developer's uncertainty in selecting a method of formative evaluation for a CAI product. The objective of this study was to examine the differential impact of two methods of formative evaluation on the revision of courseware. This study investigated the effects of one-to-one and small group methods of formative evaluation of microcomputer courseware on learner posttest scores after using a CAI program. Subjects were seventy-two female and fourteen male undergraduate students from instructional design classes at a midwestern state university. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups and used either 1) the original CAI program, 2) the CAI program revised using the one-to-one method, or 3) the CAI program revised using the small group method. Results indicated a significant difference in learner posttest scores on the CAI products revised using the two methods of formative evaluation over the original version. There was no significant difference between posttest scores of the CAI products revised based on one-to-one or small group method of formative evaluation.
A Survey to Determine the Effectiveness of a Communication Skills Course for Trade and Industrial Graduates of a Technical Vocational School
Authors: Walde Everett E.
Published: May 2005

In order to meet the requirements of business and industry in the Communication Skills area, 221 questionnaires were sent out from the District One Technical Vocational School at Eau Claire, Wisconsin. These questionnaires were designed to elicit information from both employers and employees pertaining to the following points: 1) how much of their work required oral or written performance, 2) how many employers required additional training in the communication area, and 3) how the instructional aspect of the course could be changed to better prepare the employee for future work.

The results of the survey revealed that over 50% of both groups suggested that more oral and written practice be given to the students at technical-vocational schools.
Framing Arguments in a Technical Controversy: Assumptions about Science and Technology in the Decision to Launch the Space Shuttle Challenger
Authors: Miller Christine M.
Published: May 2005

This article explores the assumptions about science and technology held by the engineers who attempted to delay the launch of the Challenger space shuttle. These assumptions, it is argued, affected the ways in which the engineers framed the arguments used to persuade managers not to launch. Examining the decision making processes prior to the tragedy reveals three dominant conceptions of science and technology which guided the engineers' persuasive efforts, and which appear to account for why the engineers did not succeed in their attempt to influence the managers.