bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRAKTIS KEPIMPINAN DISTRIBUTIF DAN KOMITMEN TERHADAP ORGANISASI BERDASARKAN KOHORT GENERASI GURU
Authors: Jamail Marlia , Don Yahya
Published: May 2017

Praktis kepimpinan distributif merupakan keperluan dalam sistem pendidikan, kerana guru dan pemimpin sekolah dapat mewujudkan kerjasama dan interaksi bagi meningkatkan pencapaian pelajar. Kajian mengenai kepimpinan distibutif ini masih lagi di peringkat awal dan perlu diperbanyakkan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti hubungan antara kepimpinan distributif dengan komitmen guru berdasarkan kohort generasi di sekolah menengah kebangsaan.  Kajian ini menggunakan seramai 298 responden yang terdiri daripada guru dan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif berbentuk tinjauan keratan rentas. Kajian ini telah menggunakan kerangka teoritikal kepimpinan distributif Spillane (2006) yang telah menghubungkan interaksi antara pemimpin, pengikut dan juga situasi. Kajian ini menggunakan instrumen Distributed Leadership Survey (DLS)  oleh Davis (2009), dan juga instrumen Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment Scales (ACNCS) yang telah dibangunkan oleh Meyer dan Allen (1997). Pemilihan responden adalah berdasarkan kepada pensampelan rawak berstrata tidak mengikut kadar dan juga persampelan bertujuan. Sebanyak tiga hipotesis telah dibina dan diuji dengan menggunakan kaedah statistik ujian korelasi Pearson, ujian-t sampel bebas dan ujian ANOVA menerusi SPSS versi 21. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kepimpinan distributif dan komitmen guru terhadap organisasi. Dimensi kepimpinan pengetua dan dimensi visi sekolah didapati sangat kerap dipraktiskan di dalam kajian ini. Bagi komitmen terhadap organisasi, didapati dimensi komitmen normatif adalah yang paling tinggi. Tiada perbezaan yang signifikan dalam kepimpinan distributif dengan komitmen guru berdasarkan kohort generasi dan juga jantina guru. Berdasarkan kepada dapatan kajian ini, adalah dicadangkan agar pemimpin sekolah dapat menyebarluaskan kepimpinan kepada guru di samping berkongsi visi sekolah yang jelas dan mudah difahami oleh warga sekolah, tanpa mengira jantina dan kohort generasi.
PERSEPSI MURID TAHUN LIMA TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN KAEDAH MODEL BAR DALAM PENYELESAIAN MASALAH MATEMATIK BERAYAT TAJUK PECAHAN
Authors: Ariffin Nor Ezah , Hj. Azid Aziz Nurulwahida
Published: May 2017

Penyelesaian masalah matematik berayat merupakan kemahiran yang sukar dikuasai. Walaupun terdapat pelbagai heuristik untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini tetapi pendekatan Model Polya digunakan sebagai penyelesaian kepada soalan masalah. Namun terdapat satu strategi dikenali sebagai Singapore Bar Model yang semakin dipelopori penggunaannya oleh negara maju. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti dan mengkaji proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran penyelesaian masalah matematik berayat bagi topik pecahan dengan menggunakan kaedah model bar terhadap murid tahun lima di sekolah kebangsaan di daerah Kota Setar. Kajian ini melibatkan enam orang murid tahun lima berpencapaian sederhana dalam matematik dan tiga orang guru di sekolah kebangsaan di daerah Kota Setar. Ia menggunakan pendekatan reka bentuk kajian kes yang melibatkan murid menjalani sesi pembelajaran penyelesaian masalah matematik berayat kaedah model bar menggunakan lima set rancangan pengajaran harian. Data kajian dikumpulkan daripada pemerhatian, temu bual berstruktur dan dokumen analisis. Analisis daripada data yang dikumpul menunjukkan mengubah cara penyelesaian masalah daripada kaedah empat langkah penyelesaian masalah Polya kepada kaedah model bar berjaya mengubah sikap dan persepsi murid kepada minat dan keseronokkan belajar kemahiran penyelesaian masalah matematik berayat. Hasil kajian mendapati kaedah model bar adalah lebih berkesan dalam menarik minat serta meningkatkan prestasi murid dalam kemahiran menyelesaikan masalah matematik berayat tajuk pecahan.
KEMAHIRAN VISUALISASI DALAM MATA PELAJARAN MATEMATIK DALAM KALANGAN MURID TAHUN 5 DI SEBUAH SJKT DAERAH KUALA MUDA YAN, KEDAH
Authors: Kanapathy Gavita A P
Published: May 2017

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneroka kemahiran visualisasi dalam topik pecahan bagi murid tahun 5 di sebuah sekolah rendah jenis kebangsaan Tamil (SJKT) di Daerah Kuala Muda Yan, Kedah. Hasil kajian menunjukkan responden memang mengaplikasikan kemahiran visualisasi semasa menyelesesaikan soalan penyelesaian masalah bagi topik pecahan. Walau bagaimanapun dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa berlaku pentafsiran konsep pecahan yang kurang tepat dalam kalangan responden dan juga terdapat kesalahan dalam prosedur kerja mengira ketika menjawab soalan pecahan dalam UTP. Dapatan kajian juga menjelaskan keperluan para pendidik matematik untuk memberikan  perhatian kepada kemahiran visualisasi dalam topik pecahan, salah konsep dan kesilapan dalam prosedur penyelesaian soalan berkaitan topik pecahan dalam kalangan murid tahun 5 di dalam bilik darjah matematik.
KAEDAH SAND ABOUT YOU (SAY) MENGURANGKAN TINGKAH LAKUMENJAWAB SOALAN DENGAN JAWAPAN PENDEKDALAM KALANGAN MURID PASIF
Authors: Inn Chai Hooi , Ahmad Rosli
Published: May 2017

Kajian ini membincangkan penggunaan kaedah ‘Sand About You’ (SAY) untuk membantu mengurangkan tingkah laku murid pasif yang menjawab soalan dengan jawapan pendek. Kajian dilaksanakan khusus kepada seorang murid tahun 4 yang berusia 10 tahun dari sebuah sekolah rendah di Alor Setar, Kedah yang menjawab soalan dengan jawapan pendek di dalam sesi kaunseling individu. Kaedah pemerhatian, temu bual dan analisis dokumen digunakan untuk proses pengumpulan data sepanjang kajian dilaksanakan. Data yang diperolehi dipaparkan dalam bentuk jadual dan graf untuk tujuan menganalisis data. Hasil dapatan kajian menunjukkan tingkah laku murid yang menjawab soalan dengan jawapan pendek dapat dikurangkan dan ditukarkan kepada tingkah laku menjawab soalan dengan jawapan yang lebih panjang. Namun fenomena ini masih belum mencukupi untuk membantu bilangan murid pasif yang ramai. Hal ini adalah kerana kajian hanya dilaksanakan terhadap seorang murid sahaja. Cadangan kajian susulan dikemukakan untuk penambahbaikan iaitu memperluaskan penggunaan kaedah ‘SAY’ dalam kalangan murid pasif untuk memberi kesan yang lebih baik.
NILAI LEKSIS SAHABAT DAN KAWAN:ANALISIS PROSODI SEMANTIK BERBANTU DATA KORPUS
Authors: Ripin Azman Mat , Narawi Mohamad Syawal , Awang Othman
Published: May 2017

Kawan atau sahabat merupakan antara insan yang sering dijadikan sebagai tempat untuk meluahkan rasa hati dan berkongsi suka duka. Kawan atau sahabat juga dikaitkan dengan mereka yang sering memerlukan antara satu sama lain ibarat aur dengan tebing. Dalam penggunaan seharian, kedua-dua leksis ini digunakan oleh penutur bahasa Melayu sama ada secara lisan atau tulisan. Pengguna bahasa juga seolah-olah telah menetapkan dalam minda bahawa leksis sahabat dan kawan berada dalam tata tingkat yang berbeza dengan meletakkan leksis sahabat lebih tinggi kedudukannya berbanding leksis kawan. Kebiasaannya leksis sahabat digunakan untuk merujuk kepada individu yang sangat istimewa dalam kehidupan mereka. Selain itu, leksis ini juga sering kali digunakan apabila merujuk kepada teman-teman Nabi Muhammad SAW. Manakala leksis kawan pula sering digunakan untuk merujuk kepada teman sebaya yang tidak terlalu rapat atau dikenali. Walau bagaimanapun, merujuk kepada Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat (2013), kedua-dua leksis ini diletakkan secara setara. Leksis kawan didefinisikan sebagai sahabat, teman atau rakan, dan leksis sahabat pula diertikan sebagai kawan, teman atau taulan. Pendefinisian yang dibuat oleh kamus besar ini jelas tidak membezakan tata tingkat leksis-leksis tersebut bersesuaian dengan pemahaman dan penggunaannya dalam masyarakat. Kajian ini akan membuktikan bahawa wujudnya perbezaan tata tingkat kedua-dua leksis tersebut. Menggunakan  pengkalan data korpus yang dibangunkan oleh Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka sebagai  alat untuk mendapatkan data, dan menggunakan teori prosodi semantik, leksis kawan dan sahabat akan diberikan penilaiannya.
TINGKAH LAKU DAN PROSES SEMASA MENULIS KARANGAN RESPONS TERBUKA MURID BERPRESTASI RENDAH
Authors: Jalil Abdul Ghani
Published: May 2017

Kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis tingkah laku dan proses  semasa menulis karangan respons terbuka serta menjelaskan persamaan dan perbezaan tingkah laku dalam kalangan murid tingkatan dua berprestasi rendah mengikut gender (lelaki dan perempuan). Informan kajian  terdiri daripada enam orang murid tingkatan dua di sebuah sekolah menengah di Kedah. Sumber data diperoleh daripada pemerhatian, temu bual dan bukti dokumen. Kajian ini berlandaskan Model Proses Mengarang daripada Flower dan Hayes (1981). Dapatan kajian proses menulis karangan mendapati pada penggal pertama, guru hanya memberi bimbingan pada peringkat pramenulis. Manakala, peringkat proses menulis, murid tidak dibimbing oleh guru sepenuhnya. Dalam proses menulis penggal kedua, murid tidak mendapat bimbingan sepenuhnya pada peringkat pramenulis dan proses menulis. Dapatan kajian persamaan dan perbezaan tingkah laku memperlihatkan bahawa  murid lelaki menunjukkan tingkah laku bermasalah berbanding dengan murid perempuan. Secara keseluruhannya, didapati hasil penulisan karangan respons terbuka dalam kalangan murid lelaki dan perempuan berprestasi rendah menunjukkan hasil penulisan karangan yang lemah. Kajian ini penting untuk memberi pengetahuan yang lebih mendalam tentang proses menulis karangan dan tingkah laku semasa pengajaran penulisan karangan dijalankan. Kajian ini signifikan kepada pengkaji, pihak sekolah, pihak Jabatan Pendidikan dan Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia untuk memikirkan penekanan yang perlu diberi perhatian dan tumpuan dalam kursus-kursus yang berkaitan dengan pembelajaran dan pengajaran bahasa Melayu.Dengan itu guru digalakkan menyebati kemahiran berfikir kreatif dalam pembelajaran dan pengajaran karangan respons terbuka dengan memberi penekanan kepada aspek kreatif (kelancaran, kelenturan, keaslian dan penghuraian) tanpa mengambil kira sama ada murid berminat atau sebaliknya.
KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA DALAM KALANGAN PELAJAR UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA (UUM)
Authors: Ismail Mohd Luqman Hidayat
Published: May 2017

Bahasa ialah alat berkomunikasi yang digunakan oleh manusia dalam kehidupannya untuk berhubung bagi melestarikan kebudayaan dan menyampaikan maklumat kepada anggota masyarakat. Amalan kesantunan berbahasa ketika berkomunikasi merupakan perkara asas untuk menghasilkan aturan sosial dan prasyarat bagi kerjasama sesama manusia dalam mana-mana masyarakat. Justeru, dengan penggunaan sistem bahasa yang baik, manusia dapat menjalani kehidupan seharian dengan lancar dan berkesan apabila cara menyampaikan sistem bahasa itu dapat diterima oleh audiens secara positif. Sebanyak 110 orang pelajar UUM dipilih sebagai responden untuk ditemu bual dengan menggunakan borang soal selidik. Teori kesantunan Brown dan Levinson (1987) digunakan dalam kajian ini sebagai landasan bagi membincangkan dapatan berkaitan amalan kesantunan berbahasa ketika berkomunikasi dalam kalangan pelajar Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) diamalkan.
TAHAP AMALAN PENERAPAN KEMAHIRAN PEMIKIRAN KRITIS (KPK) DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH BERPRESTASI TINGGI, SEDERHANA DAN RENDAH
Authors: Muhammad Shamsuddin , Md Ali Ruzlan , Ismail Siti Noor
Published: May 2017

Matlamat utama pendidikan negara sebagaimana yang dinyatakan dalam Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia (PPPM) 2013-2025 adalah untuk melahirkan modal insan yang mempunyai tahap dan penguasaan kemahiran berfikir yang tinggi dan berkesan.  Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti tahap amalan penerapan kemahiran pemikiran kritis (KPK) dalam P&P Matematik di sekolah menengah berprestasi.  Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif yang menggunakan soalan soal selidik, dan ianya melibatkan responden seramai 226 orang guru Matematik di sekolah menengah di negeri Kelantan.  Bagi mengkaji tahap amalan penerapan KPK dalam kalangan guru, pengkaji telah mengambil dan membuat adaptasi dari instrumen kajian olehBarak dan Shakhman (2008), Al-degether (2009), Knapp (2013) dan Wainwright et al. (2003).  Dapatan kajian menunjukkan tahap amalan penerapan KPK di sekolah berprestasi tinggi (SBT) adalah lebih tinggi, diikuti sekolah berprestasi sederhana (SBS), dan sekolah berprestasi rendah (SBR). Secara spesifiknya, hasil analisis data menunjukkan nilai min bagi kesemua dimensi amalan penerapan KPK di SBT melebihi nilai 4.00 dan mencapai tahap tinggi, iaitu membuat refleksi dan merumus idea (min = 4.03), menggalakkan tabiat berfikir  (min = 4.49), mewujudkan persekitaran berfikir (min = 4.42), pergerakan ke arah pembelajaran kendiri (min = 4.12), dan merangsangkan meta kognitif (min = 4.50).  Manakala di SBS pula,  dimensi merangsangkan meta kognitif, menggalakan tabiat berfikir dan mewujudkan persekitaran berfikir adalah pada tahap tinggi dengan nilai min 4.27, 4.26, dan 4.24 masing-masing.  Manakala dimensi pergerakan ke arah pembelajaran kendiri dan membuat refleksi dan merumus idea masing-masing berada pada tahap sederhana dengan nilai min 3.85 dan 3.72.  Seterusnya di SBR pula,  empat (4) dimensi memberikan keputusan tahap sederhana, iaitu menggalakkan tabiat berfikir (min = 3.57), mewujudkan persekitaran berfikir (min = 3.66), pergerakan ke arah pembelajaran kendiri (min = 3.14) dan merangsangkan meta kognitif (min = 3.76).  Manakala, dimensi membuat refleksi dan merumus idea menunjukkan tahap yang rendah dengan nilai min 2.83.  Adalah diharapkan dapatan kajian ini dapat memberi sumbangan kepada bidang tubuh ilmu dengan mengetengahkan tahap amalan KPK berserta beberapa elemen penting yang dapat menyumbang kepada kecemerlangan mata pelajaran Matematik di sekolah.
RICKSHAW WRITINGS – A REAL MIRROR TO PAKISTANI SOCIETY
Authors: Siddique Muhammad , Singh Manvender Kaur Sarjit
Published: May 2017

Cultural diversity can be seen in many forms. One specific area of interest would be the use of language in expressing opinions related to many aspects of a society. This particular study reports on the use of culturally influenced language, in order to express opinions as reflected on auto rickshaws in Lahore, Pakistan. Data was gathered by observations while travelling to various areas in Lahore, Pakistan. The qualitative analysis of the written discourse showed various aspects of life of the Lahorites, through different modes as were reflected by the writings on the rickshaws plying throughout the town.
ROLE OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING IN ENHANCING STUDENTS’ WRITING SKILLS IN PAKISTANI COLLEGES: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Authors: Siddique Muhammad , Singh Manvender Kaur Sarjit
Published: May 2017

The current study examined the causes of poor writing skills of intermediate students in the public sector colleges of Pakistan. Besides, the study discusses the methods being used in these colleges and how those methods can be replaced by cooperative and collaborative learning techniques to enhance the writing skills of the students successfully and effectively. Research conducted so far in Pakistani context indicated that a large number of students in Pakistan fail due mainly to their poor writing skills as writing is being instructed through rote learning in teacher-centered classroom. To tackle this issue of students’ poor writing skills, the paradigm needs to be shifted from rote learning to cooperative learning. The paper purports to explore as to why pedagogues in Pakistan are employing rote learning and teacher centered approach for the instruction of writing skills. To explore this issue, the paper employed the technique of review of literature. The findings indicated that the lecturers employed the conventional methods to teach writing skills especially descriptive essay writing skills. The literature reviewed showed that large classes, maintaining discipline, compulsion to complete the course in time are the causes of lecturers’ sticking to such conventional methods. Besides, the current paper gives recommendations for the enhancement of writing skills which include encouragement of group work, face to face interaction and discussion as learning strategies. Finally, to attain this objective, the current study recommends the employment of cooperative and collaborative learning strategies for the improvement of intermediate students’ descriptive essay writing skills.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND PERSONAL FACTORS AS PREDICTORS OF MARITAL ADJUSTMENT- AN INVESTIGATION IN PAKISTANI CONTEXT
Authors: Lashari Sana
Published: May 2017

Every individual wants to be gratified in his/her relations including marriage. Marriage is an important part of one's life as it effects social as well as emotional functioning of an individual. The present study aims to measure to investigate the roles of In-laws (experience with in- laws, husband’s supportive attitude and marital adjustment) in married life using correlation design. The questionnaires were given to 100 married women using snowball technique. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16. The obtained results indicated a statistically significant positive relationship between the studied variables. Moreover, the study revealed a notable information about the role of relationship between the experience with in-laws and husband’s supportive attitude as a significant factor for successful marital adjustment and in developing a healthy relationship with in-laws. The study has implication for marriage counselors.
IKLIM SEKOLAH DAN EFIKASI KENDIRI DALAM KALANGAN GURU BIMBINGAN DAN KAUNSELING SEKOLAH MENENGAH DI KELANTAN
Authors: Ibrahim Hasliza , Ismail Siti Noor , Kassim Mohamad Adnan Mohamad , Mohamad Suhaila
Published: May 2017

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti hubungan antara iklim sekolah dan efikasi kendiri guru bimbingan dan kaunseling di negeri Kelantan.  Responden kajian adalah terdiri daripada 181 orang guru bimbingan dan kaunseling Sekolah Menengah di negeri Kelantan.  Kajian rintis dijalankan ke atas 30 orang guru bimbingan dan kaunseling di daerah Tanah Merah.  Secara spesifiknya, kaedah kuantitatif digunakan untuk tujuan pengumpulan data.  Maklum balas melalui soal selidik telah diperolehi dan seterusnya data dianalisis menggunakan Perisian Program SPSS 20.0 yang mana melibatkan nilai Min, Sisishan Piawai, ujian t dan korelasi Pearson.  Instrumen yang digunakan didalam kajian ini diambil dan diubahsuai dari soal selidik Tahap Persekitaran sekolah (SLEQ) oleh Johnson dan Steven (2007).  Instrumen bagi mengukur efikasi guru bimbingan dan kaunseling pula menggunakan instrumen yang diambil daripada School Counselor Self Efficacy Scale (SCSE) yang diadaptasi daripada Bodenhorn & Skaggs(2005).  Dapatan daripada ujian korelasi Pearson menunjukkan iklim sekolah mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan efikasi guru bimbingan dan kaunseling.  Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan dimensi perhubungan pelajar mempunyai hubungan yang paling kuat berbanding dimensi lain dengan efikasi kendiri guru bimbingan dan kaunseling. Seterusnya dapatan kajian ini juga mendapati bahawa iklim sekolah merupakan peramal kepada efikasi guru bimbingan dan kaunseling di sekolah.  Akhir sekali, implikasi kajian diperincikan agar ianya dapat memberikan sumbangan kepada bidang ilmiah penyelidikan pendidikan.
HUBUNGAN MOTIVASI GURU DENGAN PENGGUNAAN ICT DALAM PENGAJARAN DI SJK (T) DAERAH KUALA MUDA YAN
Authors: Vinathan Talirkodi A P
Published: May 2017

Kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti tahap motivasi guru-guru SJK (T) di daerah Kuala Muda Yan (KMY) dalam penggunaan ICT demi memantapkan pengajaran dan pembelajaran (PdP) dan untuk mengukur hubungan antara tahap motivasi guru dengan masalah penggunaan ICT. Analisis koleksi literatur yang dibaca oleh pengkaji menunjukkan kebanyakan kajian ICT telah dibuat dari aspek sikap, kemahiran dan kepercayaan guru. Oleh yang sedemikian, pengkaji telah menitikberatkan aspek motivasi sebagai faktor kajian ini. Kajian ini adalah berbentuk kuantitatif yang menggunakan soal selidik. Responden adalah seramai 150 orang guru dari 5 buah sekolah di Daerah Kuala Muda Yan, Kedah. Bagi menganalisis data perisian SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) telah digunakan. Kaedah seperti statistik deskriptif untuk melihat ciri-ciri demografi responden dan korelasi telah digunakan untuk melihat hubungan antara tahap motivasi guru dan penggunaan ICT. Untuk mengkaji tahap motivasi dan pencapaian ICT taburan min dan sisihan piawai secara keseluruhan telah digunakan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan tahap motivasi guru adalah tinggi tetapi tahap penggunaan ICT pula rendah disebabkan oleh beberapa masalah seperti kekurangan kemahiran ICT guru, jaringan internet yang lambat, kemudahan ICT dan sokongan teknikal pihak sekolah yang rendah dan kekurangan masa. Berdasarkan hasil kajian lagi didapati tahap motivasi guru adalah berhubungan negatif dengan masalah penggunaan ICT. Jadi, sokongan pihak sekolah, KPM dan guru itu sendiri amat dititikberatkan untuk mengintegrasikan ICT sepenuhnya dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran (PdP).
MENTORING PROGRAMME AND WORK PERFORMANCE OF MRSM TEACHERS IN KELANTAN
Authors: Yaacob Wan Suhaila Wan
Published: May 2017

Work performance is of the essence in any organization. In an educational institution, teachers’ work performance plays a significant role in making the goals of the institution are achieved. Underperforming teachers have been an issue in Maktab Rendah Sains MARA (MRSM) since its establishment. Based on some literature, mentoring programme has been suggested to improve work performance. MRSMs have been exposed to information on mentoring and its benefits yet the implementation is by far disappointing. Thus, this working paper focuses on mentoring programme and its relationship to the work performance of the teachers of MRSMs in the state of Kelantan. The finding of this working paper reveals that the mentoring programme (in any way it is implemented) has a relationship with the teachers’ work performance. The implication of this working paper is for MRSMs to implement mentoring programme in its effectiveness so that the problem of underperforming teachers could be reduced.
KILANG BESI AWAL ABAD KE-18 DI KEDAH (SUATU TINJAUAN KE BEKAS TAPAK DI KG NAWA, TUALANG, KEDAH)
Authors: Langkawi Ibrahim Bakar , Saidon Mohd Kasri
Published: May 2017

Kertas kerja ini memaparkan tentang sebahagian aktiviti yang dilakukan oleh Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia Cawangan Kedah (PSMCK). Besi sememangnya telah lama menjadi industri tempatan masyarakat Kedah. Begitupun ia tenggelam dalam lipatan sejarah apabila kerja melebur dan menempa besi ini ditinggalkan. Penemuan kilang peralatan besi yang ada di Nawa, Kedah adalah sebahagian dari bukti kerja sebegini pernah dilakukan dan tercatat dalam sejarah negeri Kedah. Tinjauan ini adalah asas kepada kajian lebih lanjut tentang sejarah industri ini di Kedah serta catatan yang berkait dengannya.Kajian lanjut nanti dilihat bakal mengukuhkan lagi kajian tentang Kedah sebagai negeri terawal membina tamaddhun yang tersendiri di Malaysia yang juga berkemungkinan di Asia Tenggara ini.
MENCARI TITIK PERSAMAAN DAN PERBEZAAN DALAM NOVEL DAN FILEM POPULAR MELAYU
Authors: Ab Rahman Mohamad Azmi , Awang Deng Phat A L
Published: May 2017

Karya kreatif bukan dihasilkan dari ruang kekosongan. Setiap satunya mempunyai asas dan merakamkan detik hati penciptanya untuk memperkatakan ‘sesuatu’ yang melingkari kehidupan manusia. Suatu realiti yang dekat dengan diri, masyarakat, dan persekitaran kerap kali digarapkan untuk memaparkan nilai atau persoalan kemanusiaan secara keseluruhannya. Oleh yang demikian, makalah ini bertujuan memperkatakan tentang kandungan atau tema dan persoalan yang dipaparkan dalam dua genre kreatif, iaitu novel dan filem yang masing-masing mendapat perhatian yang tinggi daripada khalayak pembaca, dan penonton. Untuk tujuan ini, novel popular yang diulang cetak 27 kali, Ombak Rindu (Fauziah Ashari,2012) dan filem dengan judul yang sama, “Ombak Rindu” dijadikan bahan penelitian tentang unsur persamaan dan perbezaan dalam kedua-dua media itu; bercetak dan audio-video-visual (AVV). Selain itu, teks novel apabila dipindahkan atau ditransformasikan kepada filem, berlaku sama ada pengekalan, pengguguran, penambahan, pengubahsuaian atau pengekalan naratif, watak dan perwatakan, dialog, latar dan sebagainya. Namun yang dikekalkan ialah tema dan persoalan cinta yang pastinya menjadi popular dalam kalangan pembaca novel dan penonton filem Melayu khasnya.
Análises de custo-minimização e impacto orçamentário do certolizumabe pegol para pacientes com doença de Crohn moderada a grave com falha ao tratamento convencional, sob a perspectiva do pagador privado no Brasil
Authors: Rosim Ricardo , Duva Andreas , Ferraz André , Valle Arcangela , Tóth Emese , Ferguson Samara , Carmo Érico
Published: May 2017

Objetivos: Análises de impacto orçamentário e de custo-efetividade são, com frequência, exigidas por pagadores para a decisão sobre incorporação de drogas. Por esse motivo, apresentaremos uma análise de custo-minimização e de impacto orçamentário do certolizumabe pegol (CZP) para o tratamento de pacientes com doença de Crohn, doença crônica e debilitante que afeta o trato digestivo. Métodos: Trinta e seis pagadores privados foram entrevistados para que fosse possível compreender os custos de tratamento e aqueles relacionados à doença. Para a análise de impacto orçamentário, foram assumidos: custos de aquisição e administração das drogas, nenhuma taxa de crescimento populacional, taxa de troca de medicamento biológico (bDMARD) de 5% e market share de 20% para o CZP em seu pico. Visto que o CZP é tão eficaz e seguro quanto os comparadores disponíveis, optou-se pela análise de custo-minimização, assumindo horizonte temporal de 10 anos. Resultados: A análise de impacto orçamentário mostra que o CZP é capaz de gerar redução de custos no valor de R$ 317 mil em cinco anos, para cada cem pacientes. Para a custo-minimização, os custos calculados no horizonte de dez anos foram: R$ 149 mil para o infliximabe; R$ 118 mil para o adalimumabe e R$ 83 mil para o CZP. A análise de sensibilidade probabilística mostrou CZP menos custoso em 100% das 1.000 simulações. Conclusões: Certolizumabe pegol mostrou-se não apenas efetivo, mas também uma opção que pode gerar redução de custos quando comparada às outras drogas biológicas no Brasil sob a perspectiva do pagador privado.
Função de produção de saúde para idosos: o caso europeu
Authors: Godoy Marcia Regina , Silva Cristiane
Published: May 2017

Objetivo: Estimar uma função de produção de saúde para indivíduos idosos acima de 50 anos, residentes em 14 países europeus. Métodos: Utilizando a base de dados Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) (2012), por meio de estimações de modelos Probit, buscou-se entender a relação entre as variáveis analisadas no estudo com o estado de saúde da população idosa e suas implicações para a formulação de políticas públicas. Resultados: Constatou-se que o fato de ser estrangeiro, o número de doenças crônicas, ser fumante, o número de consultas médicas realizadas nos últimos 12 meses e problemas associados ao alcoolismo estão negativamente relacionados à boa saúde. Em contrapartida, encontrou-se que o logaritmo natural da renda, a prática de atividade física, os anos de estudo, o consumo de frutas, o fato de realizar as três refeições diárias e a participação em atividades sociais aumentam a probabilidade de boa saúde. Observou-se ainda que o estado civil, no caso o fato de ser casado, não é estatisticamente significativo no modelo aplicado, assim como a idade e o sexo (ser do sexo feminino ou masculino) não exercem influência sobre a probabilidade de boa saúde. Conclusão: Os indicadores que se mostraram mais robustos para explicação da produção de saúde dos idosos foram prática de atividade física, participação em atividades sociais e os problemas com álcool. No que diz respeito à escolaridade, há clara evidência da melhora no estado de saúde quando o nível de escolaridade é mais elevado, o que também influencia a renda e muitas vezes a decisão de investir em saúde.
Custo-efetividade do afatinibe versus pemetrexede associado a cisplatina, erlotinibe e gefitinibe no tratamento de primeira linha de pacientes com câncer de pulmão não pequenas células localmente avançado ou metastático, com mutação do receptor do fa
Authors: Santoni Natália , Melo Thaís , Aguirre Anna Rita , Veiga Daniela , Souza Camila
Published: May 2017

Objective: To compare costs and effectiveness of afatinib versus pemetrexed plus cisplatin (PEM/ CIS), erlotinib and gefitinib, as first line treatment in patients with locally advanced or metastatic epidermal growth factor receptor mutation (EGFR+) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the Brazilian Private Healthcare System. Methods: A Markov model was used to estimate 7 year progression-free life years (PFLY), life years (LY), quality-adjusted life years (QALY) and clinical outcomes of afatinib. Partitioned survival, safety and utility data from the LUX-Lung 1, 3 and 6 and LUCEOR trials were used. Comparative effectiveness versus gefitinib and erlotinib was estimated using Bayesian indirect treatment comparison. Resource use was estimated by an expert panel and direct costs were estimated from official databases. Results: Compared with PEM/CIS, afatinib was associated with increased progression free survival (0.41 PFLY), increased overall survival (0.16 LY) and increased quality of life (0.21 QALY) with incremental cost (BRL 8,549), resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of BRL 20.639/PFLY. Compared to erlotinib, afatinib was associated with additional 0.46 PFLY, 0.13 LY and 0.20 QALYs with lower cost (-BRL 21,327). When compared to gefitinib, afatinib was asso[1]ciated with incremental 0.53 PFLY, 0.37 LY and 0.34 QALY and increased cost (BRL 24,890), resulting in an ICER of BRL 46,709/PFLY. Considering 3 PIB per capita as a threshold (BRL 86,628), afatinib is a cost-effective technology versus PEM/CIS and gefitinib and dominant when compared to erlotinib. Conclusion: Findings suggest that afatinib is a cost-effective option, when compared to PEM/CIS, erlotinib and gefitinib, as first line treatment in EGFR+ NSCLC patients.
Stochastic 2D Well-Path Assessments for Naturally Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Wehunt D.. , Borovykh M.. , Narr W..
Published: May 2017

Simple but geologically reasonable and calibrated 2D stochastic models are useful to quantify significant risks and uncertainties associated with alternative-development-well trajectories, particularly when statistical relationships can be established to help quantify those risks and uncertainties, and when the geologic features that create the risks and uncertainties are not adequately addressed within reservoir-flow models.

Our example stochastic 2D model considered the naturally fractured depositional-slope region of an isolated carbonate buildup, and the model was populated with relevant features including distributions and geometric details of natural fractures, natural-fracture clustering, and intraformational slope clinoforms that define a mechanically layered sequence. The model was calibrated by use of well-production results and production-logging data so that it reproduced observed well results for cases where the lower sequence boundary does not occur above the oil/water contact (OWC), adding confidence that the model could be used to represent the statistical effect of various alternative trajectories for future wells.

Experimental design (ED) was used to determine the significant uncertainties and well-path decisions. Heel and toe elevation and the number of clinoforms encountered by the well were the only significant variables for modeling the frequency of water production. For modeling the frequency of direct well communication to the gas cap, the same variables were significant, in addition to well direction, completion length, and fracture density. The amount of fracture clustering applied in the model was also significant. For our example case, changing the well-elevation profile was effective in managing gas or water risks; however, tradeoffs were evident—and quantified—in attempting to simultaneously address both risks. Minimizing drawdown was not an effective strategy because productivity was low and rarely resulted in economic water-free production if any open fracture connected the well with the aquifer.
QUALIDADE FÍSICA DE OVOS ORIUNDOS DE POEDEIRAS CRIADAS EM SISTEMA FREE RANGE COM E SEM GALOS
Authors: Pereira Dayana Cristina de Oliveira , Pereira Gustavo Do Valle , Demattê Filho Luiz Carlos , Tsuda Camila Sayuri , Miranda Késia Oliveira da Silva
Published: May 2017

A presença de galos no sistema de produção de ovos cumpre um papel de enriquecimento ambiental por ampliar o repertório de comportamentos inerentes à espécie, tais como os comportamentos reprodutivos. Contudo tais comportamentos propiciam a produção de ovos férteis, o que pode alterar os atributos de qualidadedo produto. Diante disso, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a qualidade física de ovos de poedeiras criadas em sistemas free-range com e sem galos, armazenados em temperatura ambiente e refrigerados durante 28 dias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente aleatorizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x3, sendo 2 sistemas de criação (sem galo e com galo) e três condições de armazenamento (temperatura ambiente, refrigerado imediatamente após a postura e refrigerado 10 dias após a postura). Estabeleceu-se assim 6 tratamentos, com14 repetições cada. Os ovos foram avaliados no dia da postura e aos 14 e 28 após a mesma. Os parâmetros de qualidade aferidos foram unidade haugh (UH), porcentagem de albúmen, porcentagem de gema, índice degema, perda de massa, densidade e porcentagem de casca. Aos 14 dias após a postura houve interação entre os fatores galo e método de armazenamento para UH, porcentagem de gema, porcentagem de albúmen e perda de massa. Ao final do período experimental, 28 dias da postura, não foi possível avaliar a qualidade interna dos ovos oriundos de poedeiras criadas com galos acondicionados em temperatura ambiente, devido à degradação da gema e do albúmen, ocorrido nos ovos fertilizados. A qualidade interna dos ovos decresce com o tempode estocagem em temperatura ambiente de forma mais acentuada em ovos fertilizados. Contudo, a refrigeração prolonga o shelf life desses ovos minimizando os efeitos deletérios do tempo e reduzindo as diferenças qualitativas em relação aos ovos não fertilizados.
AVALIAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES DE PASTAGENS NO CERRADO BRASILEIRO POR MEIO DE GEOTECNOLOGIAS
Authors: Andrade Ricardo Guimarães , Bolfe Édson Luis , Victoria Daniel De Castro , Nogueira Sandra Furlan
Published: May 2017

O bioma Cerrado abrange 203,4 milhões de hectares (24% do território nacional); desse total, cerca de 55 milhões de hectares são cultivados com pastagens. Este estudo objetivou avaliar as condições das pastagens cultivadas em municípios de abrangência do bioma Cerrado. Foram aplicadas técnicas de geoprocessamento e séries temporais de dados NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) gerada a partir de imagens do sensor Spot-Vegetation. Foram consideradas nas avalições os municípios com mais de 10.000 hectares de pastagens cultivadas. As análises indicaram que 173 municípios estão com mais de 50 % de suas pastagens cultivadas sob algum processo de degradação. Em geral, conclui-se que o uso de séries temporais de NDVI constitui emimportante parâmetro biofísico para aplicação de metodologias de avaliação das condições das pastagens do bioma Cerrado e corroboram para análises de inteligência territorial estratégica voltadas para o planejamento e a implementação de ações público-privadas de recuperação do potencial produtivo das áreas de pastagens em escala municipal.
EFEITO DA ADIÇÃO DE CASCA DE ARROZ NA DECOMPOSIÇÃO ANAERÓBICA DE DEJETOS SUÍNOS SOBRE OS TEORES DE MACRO E MICRONUTRIENTES
Authors: Weber Nelson Cristiano , Oelke Carlos Alexandre , De Azevedo Eduardo Bohrer , Ramos Alcides Adalberto Bairros , Fresinghelli Jean Carlos F. , Winckler João Carlos Pozzatti
Published: May 2017

A suinocultura tem se intensificado nos últimos anos, e com ela, a preocupação com os impactos ambientais, principalmente associados ao manejo e uso dos dejetos. Tal fato instiga a investigação de usosalternativos para tais resíduos, seja na geração de energia menos poluente ou utilização na agricultura, associando seu uso a outros resíduos, como a casca de arroz. Assim, com o presente trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o processo de fermentação dos dejetos suínos, misturados ou não à casca de arroz, e o efeito deste processo na composição química de macro e micronutrientes, bem como seu potencial uso como adubo orgânico. O tratamento umfoi constituído de 1,56 m3 dejetos suínos, e o tratamento dois por 1,1 m3 de dejetos suínos e 0,46 m3 de casca de arroz, que foram distribuídos em 10 tanques (composteiras) com dimensões de 1,0 m (altura) x 2,0 m (comprimento) x 1,0 m (largura). O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, com dois fatores (com e sem casca) e tempode fermentação (0, 125 e >267 dias). Os dejetos apresentaram concentração de sólidos totais menores que 2% no inicio do experimento, a adição de casca de arroz somente influenciou a relação carbono (C): nitrogênio (N), onde apresentou elevação da relação devido principalmente aos compostos orgânicos da casca. Os teoresde macro e micronutrientes foram aumentados até o período de 125 dias, podendo ser observado a mineralização dos nutrientes e maior disponibilidade para as plantas, porém, no período superior aos 267 dias, houve redução em torno de 75% destes nutrientes, indicando menor disponibilidade e perda de qualidade química do composto.O período de armazenagem de 125 dias é o que demonstra conferir os melhores resultados, embora o teor de umidade elevado permita sua utilização somente como fertilizante orgânico fluido.
PANORAMA DO AGRONEGÓCIO NA AMÉRICA LATINA: UMA ANÁLISE EXPLORATÓRIA (2000-2015)
Authors: Pegorare Alexander Bruno , Constantino Michel , Mendes Dany Rafael Fonseca , Moreira Tito Belchior Silva
Published: May 2017

No presente estudo, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica exploratória dos últimos quinze anos (2000-2015), com o objetivo de verificar o panorama do agronegócio nos principais países da AméricaLatina, e discutir os principais trabalhos que relacionaram o agronegócio ao desempenho econômico e social, analisando, ainda, questões relativas ao meio ambiente e à segurança alimentar. As evidências empíricas dos diferentes trabalhos mostraram que, no período selecionado, houve desenvolvimento econômico e socialnos países latino-americanos, sem, necessariamente, ter havido suporte no agronegócio para todos os países que compõem a amostra selecionada para este trabalho. Com relação ao meio ambiente e à segurança alimentar, é possível concluir que, entre 2000 e 2015, houve uma lenta evolução nas políticas nacionais nos países latino-americanos.
The Ryukyu Kingdom
Authors: Akamine Mamoru
Published: May 2017

This English translation of an Okinawan scholarly voice provides a compelling new picture of the role played by the Ryukyu Kingdom in pre-modern East Asia. Mamoru Akamine first examines the early history of the Ryukyu Islands, then goes on to detail the vital role the Ryukyu Kingdom played in a vibrant East Asian trade sphere, which centered on Ming China, and connected what we now call Japan, Korea, and China with Southeast Asia. Despite the successful 1609 invasion of Ryukyu by Japan’s Satsuma domain, the kingdom was able to maintain quasi-independence for two and a half more centuries by skillfully mediating between Japan and China, who rarely dealt directly with each other. The narrative draws to a close as Akamine describes the steps leading to Ryukyu’s eventual annexation by Japan in 1879 as Okinawa Prefecture.
What distinguishes this book is Akamine’s deployment of Chinese and Korean sources, depicting an East Asia made up of many moving parts, not just nation states pursuing their own interests. Yet these same sources allow him to zoom in on the small, telling particulars that make up that big picture. The reader can understand as never before the complexity of Ryukyu’s relations with its neighbors.
What Is Meditation?
Authors: Eifring Halvor
Published: May 2017

This essay defines meditation as an “attention-based technique for inner transformation”. This generic definition establishes a common point of reference for the cross-cultural study of meditation, and it serves as a basis for discussing cross-cultural issues relating to the foci and modes of meditative attention, the attitudes toward the technical nature of meditation, and the relation between short-term changes of “state” and long-term changes of “trait” in the inner transformation that meditation brings about. Meditation is distinguished from related phenomena that sometimes go by the same name, but are non-technical, state- rather than trait-oriented, or mechanical in a way that fails to modify the mode of attention of the meditator, as in the automated and ritualistic repetition of mantras. The essay also discusses the fuzzy borderlines between meditation and a number of other practices, including prayer, mysticism, ritual, shamanism, medicine, martial arts and modern-day relaxation techniques and psychotherapy.
Accounts and Images of Six Kannon in Japan
Authors: Fowler Sherry D.
Published: May 2017

When Kannon (Avalokiteśvara in Sanskrit) appears in multiple manifestations, the compassionate Buddhist deity’s magnificent powers are believed to increase to even greater heights. This book examines the development of sculptures, paintings, and prints associated with the cult of the Six Kannon, which began in Japan in the tenth century and remained strong until its transition, beginning in sixteenth century, to the still active Thirty-Three Kannon cult. The complete set of Six Kannon made in 1224 and housed at the Kyoto temple Daihōonji is an exemplar of the cult’s images. With a diachronic approach, beginning in the eleventh century, individual case studies are employed to reinstate a context for the sets of Six Kannon, the majority of which have been lost or scattered, in order to clarify the former vibrancy, magnitude, and distribution of the cult and enhance knowledge of religious image-making in Japan. While Kannon’s role of assisting beings trapped in the six paths of transmigration is a well-documented catalyst for the selection of six, there are other significant themes at work. Six Kannon worship includes worldly concerns like childbirth and animal husbandry, strong ties between text and image, and numerous cases of matching with Shinto kami groups of six.
Feasting in Southeast Asia
Authors: Hayden Brian
Published: May 2017

Feasting emerges from the pages of this book as far more than gustatory and social diversions from daily work routines. Instead, feasting in tribal societies plays a critical role in village social, political, and economic dynamics. Alliances are brokered by feasts, debts created, political battles waged, and large amounts of food are produced. A main argument of the book is that feasting has been one of the most important forces in creating cultural changes since the end of the Paleolithic. Enormous pressures are created by feasts and their promoters to increase food and prestige item production to achieve social and political goals. The domestication of plants and animals probably resulted from such feasting pressures. This volume documents the dynamics of traditional feasting and the ways in which the bewildering array of feasts benefits hosts. It argues that people’s abilities to marry, reproduce, defend themselves against threats and attacks, and to defend their interests in village politics all depend on their ability to engage in feasting networks. As such feasting in these societies has important survival and fitness consequences. To be excluded from feasting networks means to be subject to attack from social predators, in some cases leading to enslavement.
Recite and Refuse
Authors: Admussen Nick
Published: May 2017

This book is a genre study and genre history of prose poetry in China that begins during the Hundred Flowers Movement (1956) with authors Ke Lan and Guo Feng, describes prose poets of the 1980s such as Liu Zaifu, and ends with contemporary artists Ouyang Jianghe and Xi Chuan. The book argues for the distinctiveness of contemporary prose poetry from the prose compositions of Lu Xun, Liu Bannong, and other artists from the Republican period; it instead finds prose poetry’s prehistory in Bing Xin’s translations of Tagore. Building on ideas from Derrida, Heidegger, and Celan, the book defines prose poetry as the result of a series of processes that include condensation, recitation, and refusal; it sees the composition of prose poetry as a simultaneous act of imitation and creation that intervenes in prose. The book covers official or orthodox literature, semi-orthodox literature, and the avant-garde; drawing on the work of Bourdieu, it argues that each is necessary to understand the literary field of the genre, even as they compete to silence each other. The book ends with a call to rethink adaptations and adoptions of the rhetoric of Chinese socialism.
Becoming Landowners
Authors: Stead Victoria C.
Published: May 2017

Becoming Landowners: Entanglements of Custom and Modernity in Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste examines the impact of modernising processes of change—globalization, “development,” state- and nation-building—on customary land tenures, and customary communities, in two Pacific countries. Moving between multiple sites, scales, and forms of collectivity, Becoming Landowners explores the entanglements of custom and modernity that emerge from these processes. These entanglements are deeply ambivalent, giving rise to competing cartographies of power. They lend themselves to the diminishing of local autonomy but also, importantly, create new possibilities for reasserting that autonomy, and for rearticulating the forms and sites of authority to which customary connection to land gives rise. Pacific peoples are becoming landowners, the book argues, both in the sense that modernising processes of change compel forms of property relations, and in the sense that “landowner” and “custom landowner” become identities to be wielded against the encroachment of both state and capital. In places where customary forms of land tenure have long been dominant, deeply intertwined with senses of self and relationships with others, land now becomes a crucible upon which social relations, power and culture are reconfigured and reimagined.
Doctrine and Practice in Medieval Korean Buddhism
Authors: McBride Richard D.
Published: May 2017

Ŭich’ŏn (1055–1101) is one of the most important figures in Koryŏ Buddhism. He was a staunch proponent of doctrinal Buddhism and the intellectual heritage of East Asia. Although Ŭich’ŏn had been educated as an adherent of the Hwaŏm (Huayan) school, he reportedly left it to found a new Ch’ŏnt’ae (Tiantai) school in Korea after a pilgrimage to China in 1085–1086. After his death, his disciples compiled his collected works. This monograph is a translation of selections from his collected works, which demonstrate that Ŭich’ŏn did not abandon the Hwaŏm school. Instead, the lectures, letters, essays, and poetry compiled his Ŭich’ŏn’s The Collected Works of State Preceptor Taegak portray a monk committed to the interfusion of doctrinal learning and meditative visualization. Ŭich’ŏn maintained a closer relationship with his Chinese mentor Jinshui Jingyuan (1011–1088) and other colleagues in the Chinese Huayan school than with monastic associates in the Tiantai school. Ŭich’ŏn’s personal writings do not support the view that Ŭich’ŏn abandoned the Hwaŏm tradition to found a new Ch’ŏnt’ae tradition, but rather that he strongly encouraged monks to blend the best learning from all doctrinal traditions with meditative contemplation.