bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INSTAR FREQUENCY AND DEPTH DISTRIBUTION OF SIMULIUM PENOBSCOTENSIS (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) ON AQUATIC VEGETATION
Authors: Granett J.
Published: December 2009

Black fly larvae and pupae were collected on aquatic vegetation from the Penobscot River, Maine in August 1977. Cephalic apotome measurements were made on larvae of Simulium penobscotensis Snoddy and Bauer and indicated the presence of seven instars. Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt, S. fibrinflatum Twinn, and S. penobscotensis were the principal species found. The proportion of S. penobscotensis in the samples increased with water depth to 1 m.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OFTELENOMUS FARIAI(HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE), A PARASITE OF CHAGAS’ DISEASE VECTORS: VII. OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR AND HOST DISCRIMINATION
Authors: Bosque Carlos , Rabinovich Jorge E.
Published: December 2009

Oviposition and post-oviposition behavior ofTelenomus fariaiCosta Lima, when parasitizing the eggs ofTriatoma phillosoma pallidipennisStål, is described. Like other egg parasitesT.fariaimarks hosts by rubbing the ovipositor against the host and transferring a water soluble pheromone (chemical nature unknown) to its surface. Females that had never parasitized largely ignored the mark. Females that had parasitized generally did not oviposit on a marked host. The mark was fully effective for at least 3 days after being applied. The function of egg marking byT.fariaiis discussed.
SURVIVAL OF APPLE MAGGOT LARVAE, RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), IN PICKED AND UNPICKED APPLES
Authors: Reissig W. H.
Published: December 2009

Apple maggot eggs, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), hatched equally well in apples on the tree and in picked fruit. Many larvae completed development in all different maturities of picked fruit and development and survival were similar in different cultivars. In contrast, larval mortality was high in apples remaining on the tree, particularly in fruit infested in late June and July. More larvae survived in the unpicked fruit of the earlier ripening, softer cultivars, Wealthy and McIntosh, than in the later ripening Rhode Island Greening and Rome apples.
EMODIN IN BUCKTHORN: A FEEDING DETERRENT TO PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS
Authors: Trial Henry , Dimond J. B.
Published: December 2009

Emodin, a mixture of anthraquinones, occurs in the Rhamnaceae and functions as a deterrent to foliage-feeding insects. There was little attack on foliage of Rhamnus alnifolia in wild stands compared with associated species of woody plants. Anthraquinones extracted from foliage of R. alnifolia were similar to purchased emodin in thin-layer chromatographic and infra-red spectroscopic analyses. Quantities of emodin in foliage samples were high in May, declining to low levels in August. Leaf powders, leaf extracts, and purchased emodin all showed feeding deterrent activity when mixed with artificial diets and assayed with gypsy moth larvae. Purchased emodin showed similar activity when sprayed on foliage of small cherry trees and assayed with eastern tent caterpillar larvae.
PICKUP OF PHOSMET WETTABLE POWDER BY CODLING MOTH LARVAE (LASPEYRESIA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)) AND TOXICITY RESPONSES OF LARVAE TO SPRAY DEPOSITS
Authors: Fisher R. W. , Menzies D. R.
Published: December 2009

Larvae picked up wettable powder particles on legs, setae, and mouth parts. Phosmet was 5 times more toxic in small droplets than in large droplets to first instar codling moth, but small droplets required 2.5 times the number/cm2. With large droplets, a larger treated area was required to produce 50% mortality. For any percentage area covered small droplets gave higher mortality. Speed of toxic action was related to amount of phosmet/cm2 and to no. of droplets/cm2.
CARACTERISATION ECOLOGIQUE DES BIOTOPES A LARVES DE MOUSTIQUES (CULICIDAE) DU LITTORAL SUBARCTIQUE DE LA BAIE DE JAMES, QUEBEC
Authors: Maire Alain , Mailhot Yves , Aubin Antoine
Published: December 2009

Le littoral de la Baie de James est un milieu froid soumis notamment à l’activité annuelle de la banquise (action glacielle). On y distingue deux types de littoraux : celui de la Baie de Rupert, vaste zone estuarienne soumise à l’action de marées d’eaux douces ou faiblement saumâtres, et celui de la Baie de James, soumis à des marées d’eaux salées. Tous les milieux aquatiques temporaires favorables au développement des populations larvaires de moustiques sont présentés, caractérisés à la fois par leurs groupements végétaux et par les espèces culicidiennes qui leur sont associées. Les dix-neuf (19) espèces de moustiques recensées se regroupent en associations caractéristiques et de la zone intertidale et de la zone supralittorale. Ainsi, Aedes implicates est l’espace caractéristique de la zone intertidale d’eau douce, tandis qu’Ae. cantator, puis Ae. dorsalis sont caractéristiques de la zone littorale marine. Ae. punctor est caractéristique de la saulaie supralittorale à S. Candida et S. pellita, Ae. communis et Ae. pionips de la saulaie à S. planifolia de pied de talus supra-littoral. Une carte écologique d’un secteur de la Baie de Rupert est présenté à titre d’illustration de ce que permet la méthode appliquée. Le statut écologique de chacune des espèces de moustiques inventoriées est enfin discuté à partir des données présentées. Pour chacune de ces espèces, les résultats obtenus sont comparés à ceux obtenus par d’autres auteurs en milieux continentaux subarctiques nord-américains.
TAXONOMY, DISTRIBUTION, AND ZOOGEOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OFGRYLLOBLATTAIN CANADA (INSECTA: NOTOPTERA)
Authors: Kamp J. W.
Published: December 2009

A new species ofGrylloblattafrom the Coast Mountains of British Columbia and two new subspecies ofGrylloblatta campodeiformisWalker from northern British Columbia are described and figured. The distribution of the species groups from the Rocky Mountain and Coast–Cascade Cordillera are indicated. An interpretation of the present distribution as a result of late Pleistocene and Holocene geological and climatic events is presented.
MODE D’ACTION DE BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS CHEZ CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA-TORTRICIDAE): IMPORTANCE DES SPORES
Authors: Smirnoff W.A. , Valero J.R.
Published: December 2009

Nos recherches ont démontré que l’action de Bacillus thuringiensis chez la tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette est le résultat d’une septicémie entérotoxicose liée aux possibilités de pénétration des spores dans l’hémolymphe de l’insecte. Comme certains chercheurs persistent à affirmer que le rôle du cristal (endotoxine) de B. thuringiensis est prépondérant et provoque seul, par toxémie, la mortalité de Choristoneura fumiferana Clem., nous avons entrepris une nouvelle étude afin de démontrer clairement le rôle de la spore dans l’infection de cet insecte. Des tests d’infection ont été réalisés avec des souches de B. thuringiensis habituellement utilisées, irradiées, non-cristallogènes ou non sporogènes, avec des préparations purifiées et semi-purifiées de cristaux et une préparation de spores seules de B. thuringiensis ainsi qu’avec une souche de Bacillus cereus entomopathogène. Le résultat de ces tests indiquent que les souches non-cristallogènes de B. thuringiensis et B. cereus infectent C. fumiferana avec plus de succès que les préparations purifiées ou semi-purifiées de cristaux.
AN APPROACH TO MEASURING CHANGES IN THE REPRODUCTION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) FIELD POPULATIONS FROM SURVEY DATA
Authors: Miller C. A.
Published: December 2009

Survey counts of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), female pupae, and eggs recorded annually at about 1000 sample points in New Brunswick from 1960 to 1975 provided ratios of eggs to females (E/F ratios) which are a measure of apparent reproduction. The 10-fold variation in the ratios was inversely associated with the frequency of July storm tracks. A positive relationship between E/F ratios and changes in the area of the budworm infestation in the province was also shown.
INFLUENCE OF HOST FOLIAGE ON DEVELOPMENT, SURVIVAL, FECUNDITY, AND OVIPOSITION OF THE SPEAR-MARKED BLACK MOTH, RHEUMAPTERA HASTATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Werner Richard A.
Published: December 2009

Spear-marked black moth, Rheumaptera hastata (L.), females tended to oviposit more readily on paper birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh., than other deciduous plants indigenous to interior Alaska. Larval feeding intensity was about 40% higher on birch foliage than on other host plants. Larvae reared on various host plant species differed in survival, development rate, and body weight. Food quality of host plants on which females were reared as larvae affected oviposition, fecundity, and egg viability. Larval development rate and survival decreased when fed foliage from birch trees that were repeatedly defoliated for 2 and 3 years.
DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF ISCHNURA ERRATICA (ODONATA: COENAGRIIDAE) WITH NOTES ON THE SPECIES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Cannings Robert A. , Doerksen George P.
Published: December 2009

A description of the previously unknown larva of Ischnura erratica Calvert is presented. In addition, information on larval habitat, and on the emergence and breeding behaviour of the adults is documented.
SOME PHORETIC ASSOCIATIONS OF GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) AND MITES (ACARINA)
Authors: Olynyk J. E. , Freitag R.
Published: December 2009

Phoretic hypopi of the mite genera Anoetus (Anoetidae), Sancassania, Kuzinia and Schwiebea (Acaridae) were commonly found on 11 species of carabids. Deutonymphs of Poecilochirus sp. were also phoretic on the carabids. Other mite genera were present infrequently on the carabids. Mites were found mainly on ventral surfaces of large carabids and rarely under elytra.
IDENTITY OF HYBOMITRA TYPHUS AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES PREVIOUSLY CONFUSED WITH IT (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE)
Authors: Teskey H. J. , Thomas A. W.
Published: December 2009

Descriptions of both sexes are presented for Hybomitra typhus (Whitney) and H. pechumani n. sp., and of the larvae and pupae of the former species.
AN OPTIMIZATION MODEL FOR LYGUS HESPERUS (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) DAMAGE IN COTTON: THE ECONOMIC THRESHOLD REVISITED
Authors: Gutierrez A. P. , Wang Y. , Regev Uri
Published: December 2009

This paper presents results of a multidisciplinary optimization study on the impact of Lygus hesperus Knight on cotton in the Great Central Valley of California. The results of the empirical studies indicate that lygus bug is not a serious pest of cotton under most circumstances and, furthermore, illustrate why cotton yield enhancements have occurred when their populations have not been controlled. An economic analysis of these results sheds some light on the concept of economic threshold. In particular it is shown how in this case an economic threshold exists even if the costs of pesticides are zero. The theoretical implications of these results are quite general.
A REVIEW OF WATER MITES OF THE FAMILY ANISITSIELLIDAE (PROSTIGMATA: LEBERTIOIDEA) FROM NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Nearctic mites of the family Anisitsiellidae are reviewed. A key and revised diagnoses are presented for the four genera, keys to species are provided for the first time, and distributional data are reviewed for each of the 13 known species. Three original species groups of Bandakia are proposed based on knowledge of nearctic species, but with the four exotic species tentatively placed. Adults of four new nearctic species, Bandakia borealis n. sp., Bandakia oregonensis n. sp., Bandakia fragilis n. sp., and Bandakiopsis fonticola n. gen., n. sp., are described. Reared larvae of Bandakia vietsi Cook and Bandakia borealis n. sp., the first known anisitsiellid larvae, also are described providing new insight on life history and phylogeny in the Anisitsiellidae.
CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE): SUPPRESSION BY MALE REMOVAL WITH SEX PHEROMONE TRAPS IN THREE BRITISH COLUMBIA ORCHARDS
Authors: Madsen H.F. , Carty B.E.
Published: December 2009

Sex pheromone traps to control codling moth by male removal was evaluated in three orchards in the Okanagan Valley. The program was successful in only one of the three orchards. This orchard is completely isolated and codling moth control has been obtained for 5 years. In a second orchard, codling moth populations were reduced by sprays prior to the male removal program. The program was successful in 1977, as the per cent injured fruit was only 0.6. In 1978, the codling moth capture rose sharply and at harvest the per cent injured fruit was 8.0. There was a high infestation in the third orchard when the program was initiated, and in 1976, the per cent injured fruit dropped to 10.4% from 60.0 in 1975. The per cent fruit injured by codling moth rose to 37.4 in 1977 and to 60.2 in 1978 under the male removal program. Our data show that this method of control is effective only under special circumstances, where codling moth populations are low and where isolation precludes reinfestation.
EFFECT OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), ON COLD-HARDINESS OF ALFALFA
Authors: Harper A.M. , Freyman S.
Published: December 2009

The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), infests alfalfa in southern Alberta and is known to reduce yield and quality of the crop (Harper 1972). From the literature on the pea aphid, recently reviewed by Harper et al. (1978), there do not appear to be any publications on the effect of the pea aphid on cold-hardiness of alfalfa or other host crops. Harper and Lilly (1966), however, found that some aphid-infested plants that were clipped in late fall did not survive the winter. We
have observed that numbers of pea aphids often reach high levels on alfalfa in Alberta late in the growing season.
TYPE LOCALITY OF EPIDEMIA DORCAS FLORUS (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)
Authors: Bird Charles D. , Ferris Clifford D.
Published: December 2009

Following the action taken by Brown (1968), Ferris (1977) in his recent revision of Epidemia dorcas (Kirby) and E. helloides (Boisduval) cited the type locality for E. dorcas florus (W. H. Edwards) as “ ‘Taken on Red Deer River B. Am., by Captain Geddes’ — later restricted by Edwards to ‘Garrett's Ranche, Br. Amer.’; actually Didsbury, just north of Calgary, Alberta.” Brown's action was in part based upon views expressed by McDunnough (1922).
DAMAGE TO SASKATOONS, AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA, BY THE APPLE CURCULIO, TACHYPTERELLUS QUADRIGIBBUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Steeves T.A. , Lehmkuhl D.M. , Bethune T.D.
Published: December 2009

Crop failures are a frequent phenomenon of saskatoon berries, Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., in Saskatchewan. The curculionid beetle Tachypterellus quadrigibbus Say is shown to have a pronounced effect on the relation and quality of fruit produced. Its feeding and reproductive habits on the berries are proposed as a major cause of crop failures.
CODLING MOTH (LASPEYRESIA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)): IMPROVING FIELD PERFORMANCE OF MASS-REARED MALES
Authors: Hutt R. B.
Published: December 2009

Eggs from a laboratory colony that had been in colonization for 34 generations at 25° ± 2 °C and 60% ± 10% R.H. were planted on thinning apples and held at temperatures ranging from 19.4 °C at night to 33.3 °C during the day. Humidity fluctuated freely with temperature changes. Then equal numbers of adults from the 1st generation of the fluctuating temperature colony and of adults from the 35th generation of the constant temperature colony were released. In a second series of tests, equal numbers of gamma irradiated (25 kr gamma irradiated) and unirradiated adults from the 2nd and 3rd generations of the fluctuating temperature colony and irradiated (25 kr) and unirradiated adults from the 36th and 37th generations of the constant temperature colony were released There were no statistical differences in recaptures of the 1st generation of the fluctuating temperature colony and the 35th generation of the constant temperature colony. Recaptures of the 2nd and 3rd generations of the fluctuating temperature colony were significantly greater than recaptures of the 36th and 37th generations of the constant temperature colony.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND COLD STORAGE ON DEVELOPMENT TIME AND VIABILITY OF EGGS OF THE BURROWING MAYFLY HEXAGENIA RIGIDA (EPHEMEROPTERA: EPHEMERIDAE)
Authors: Friesen M.K. , Flannagan J.F. , Lawrence S.G.
Published: December 2009

Eggs of Hexagenia rigida McDunnough transferred directly from 20° to 36°, 32°, 28°, 24°, 20°, 16°, 12°, and 8 °C were monitored for start of hatch, hatching rate, success of hatch, and hatching period. Eggs did not hatch at 36 °C or 8 °C. There was a direct relationship between temperature and start of hatch (from day 7 at 32 °C to day 77 at 12 °C). Over 90% hatch occurred at all temperatures except 12 °C. Hatching periods ranged from about 6 days at the higher temperatures to over 80 days at 16 °C and 12 °C. Hatching occurred at 36 °C when eggs were transferred in increments of 4 °C every 2 days.Storage capabilities of eggs in "early", "middle", and "late" stages of embryonic development were tested at 12 °C and 8 °C using a direct or stepwise transfer method. Hatching parameters monitored were hatch rate, success of hatch, and hatching period up to 90% hatch of total number of eggs. Middle stage eggs transferred in a stepwise manner could be held at 8 °C for up to 52 weeks with least effect on hatching parameters. Middle and late stage eggs could be stored for up to 16 weeks at 8 °C using the direct transfer method, and early stage eggs, which were affected most by cold storage, could be held for 2 days at 12 °C with minimal effect on hatching parameters. The storage of eggs, shown here to be possible, is potentially useful for providing such material for bioassays throughout the year.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF PHYTOCORIS FROM WESTERN CANADA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Two new species of Phytocoris Fallén are described: alpinus from Alberta and brooksi from Manitoba. Adults and male genitalia are illustrated.
NOTES ON SOME CANADIAN ACRIDIDAE (ORTHOPTERA)
Authors: Vickery V.R.
Published: December 2009

Several of the “subspecies” and “forms” of Acrididae listed but not named by Brooks are discussed and a subspecies of Melanoplus packardii is named. Subspecies of Melanoplus sanguinipes and Pardalophora apiculata proposed by Brooks are not recognized. Trimerotropis longicornis E.M. Walker is removed from synomymy with T. campestris McNeill, as the names apply to different taxa.
REARING THE BLACK HORNED TREE CRICKET, OECANTHUS NIGRICORNIS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: Bell Paul D.
Published: December 2009

Black horned tree crickets, Oecanthus nigricornis (Walker), were continuously reared for the first time in the laboratory. Optimum rearing conditions per unit effort involved 2 months at −5 °C to terminate egg diapause, and subsequent incubation of eggs from infested raspberry cane segments at 27 °C and 45% relative humidity. Eggs began hatching in 2 weeks, and second generation eggs were obtained within 2.5 months. The best survival from egg to adult was 55%. The possibility that male tree crickets provide a nutritional investment in their progeny is discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF PARENTAL AND PROGENY DIET ON DEVELOPMENT, WEIGHT GAIN, AND SURVIVAL OF PRE-DIAPAUSE LARVAE OF THE SATIN MOTH, LEUCOMA SALICIS (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Wagner T. L. , Leonard D. E.
Published: December 2009

Satin moth, Leucoma salicis (L), larvae from parents which fed on eastern cottonwood and largetooth aspen were laboratory-reared from eclosion to diapause (3rd stage) on fresh foliage of seven poplar and one willow species. Larvae from parents which fed on eastern cottonwood weighed more at eclosion, developed more rapidly, had higher survival, and gained more weight by the onset of diapause relative to larvae from aspen-fed parents. Larvae which were fed the host foliage of their parents developed more rapidly. The highest survival and greatest weight gains occurred where progeny of individuals that developed on eastern cottonwood were reared on that host. Lombardy poplar and eastern cottonwood were the most suitable host species, while white, Simon, and balsam poplars were the least suitable.
THE EFFECTS OF AN EXPERIMENTAL INJECTION OF METHOXYCHLOR ON AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES: ACCUMULATION, STANDING CROP, AND DRIFT
Authors: Flannagan J. F. , Townsend B. E. , March B. G. E. de , Friesen M. K. , Leonhard S. L.
Published: December 2009

A single 0.3 ppm injection of methoxychlor into the Athabasca River, Alberta on 4 June 1974 for 15 min caused catastrophic drift for a distance of over 400 km, and a subsequent large decrease in the drifting population. This decrease, when expressed as a percentage reduction from pretreatment drift, is in close agreement with percentage reduction of standing crop recorded by other sampling methods. The time required for the pesticide to affect different species varied considerably but was not related to the mode of feeding. Methoxychlor residues above ambient levels in water were recorded in all the invertebrate populations sampled. Caged animals had significantly different residues than the natural populations. The use of caged animals as indicators of environmental damage is therefore questioned.
EFFECTS OF FLORIDA CITRUS PEST CONTROL PRACTICES ON THE CITRUS BLACKFLY (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) AND ITS ASSOCIATED NATURAL ENEMIES
Authors: Fitzpatrick George E. , Cherry Ronald H. , Dowell Robert V.
Published: December 2009

The postbloom and summer sprays recommended in Florida commercial citrus cultures for management of insect and mite pests and phytopathogenic diseases caused a significant (P< 0.05) reduction of citrus blackfly,Aleurocanthus woglumiAshby, infesting urban dooryard citrus. There were no observed adverse chronic effects on populations of the parasiteAmitus hesperidumSilvestri, or the predator complex consisting of spiders, chrysopids, and coccinellids attributable to the chemical treatments. The absence of chronic pesticide-induced interference with biological control agents was interpreted as an indication of the potential for development of integrated control strategies againstA.woglumishould this insect invade commercial citrus areas in Florida.
FIELD APPLICATION OF SYNTHETIC DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH SEX PHEROMONE DID NOT REDUCE EGG PARASITISM BY TWO HYMENOPTERA
Authors: Sower L. L. , Torgersen T. R.
Published: December 2009

Telenomus californicus Ashmead is a major egg parasite of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), throughout the host's range. This parasite is effective at finding host egg masses. Even when host insects are sparse, over 90% of egg masses may be attacked and 50% of the total egg complement destroyed (R.R. Mason and T.R. Torgersen, unpub.). In the southwest an undetermined Tetrastichus species can also be a significant egg parasite of the tussock moth. Because host finding might involve some degree of kairomonemediated behavior we were interested in any effect that synthetic pheromone, applied to disrupt mating of the host, might have on parasitism by these valuable species.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUSEUXOA(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) XIII. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON HEMOCYTOLOGICAL DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN SPECIES
Authors: Arnold J.W.
Published: December 2009

The length of mature, fusiform plasmatocytes is a suitable character for distinguishing between last instar larvae of the closely related speciesEuxoa annir(Streck) andE.lutulenta(Smith). This is a consistent character for a number ofEuxoaspecies, but unreliable inE.altera(McD) where it changed in constant fashion during this stage. The relationship between plasmatocyte length and the duration of aestivation was also examined and showed no clear correlation.
LARVAL AND ADULT INSECTS FROM THE PALEOCENE OF ALBERTA, CANADA
Authors: Mitchell Patricia , Wighton Dennis
Published: December 2009

Two localities in central Alberta yielding insects of Paleocene age are described. About half of the 176 specimens obtained are coleopteran larvae; many of the adults and larvae are members of aquatic groups.
ASPECTS OF MATING, OVIPOSITION, AND FLIGHT IN THE SATIN MOTH, LEUCOMA SALICIS (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Wagner T. L. , Leonard D. E.
Published: December 2009

Mating, oviposition, and flight in the satin moth, Leucoma salicis (L.), were studied in an aspen forest in Maine during 1975 and 1976. Adult eclosion normally occurred between 0800 h (EST) and 2300 h, with males emerging earlier both daily and seasonally. Female calling behavior and mating occurred shortly after sunset on the day of eclosion. Mating lasted ca. 19 h, terminating prior to sunset; low temperatures extended the period of mating. Multiple mating was observed in males and females. Oviposition normally occurred between 1600 and 2330 h. The largest egg masses were the first laid, with sequentially smaller masses laid on following days. Confined females laid an average of 4.6 egg masses containing a total of 650 eggs. Female flight normally followed oviposition of the first egg mass; thereafter, the period of daily flight often preceded oviposition. Male flight started at 0500 h, peaked between 1600 and 2100 h, and ended at 0130 h. Adult longevity under confined field conditions averaged 8.6 days for males and 9.4 days for females.
CONTROL OF FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE), WITH DIMILIN®
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur , Smith Larry , Tomkins Bill , Granett Jeffrey
Published: December 2009

Dimilin (25% wettable powder) was mixed in water and sprayed from a Grumman Agcat aircraft equipped with four micronair units at the rate of 70 g (active ingredients) / 4,67 L/ha (1 oz/0.5 U.S. gal per acre) on two stands of trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx., heavily infested with forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hübner. The material was applied when the insects were in the first and second instars and the trees were starting to flush. Spray deposit analysis using a dye, Rhodamine-B, in the spray mix and spray plates in the plots indicated that conditions for spraying in the morning were better than those in the evening as expected. Total control of the forest tent caterpillar with very little defoliation of the trees was achieved.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF AMETROPUS NEAVEI (EPHEMEROPTERA: AMETROPODIDAE) FROM A LARGE RIVER IN NORTHERN ALBERTA, CANADA
Authors: Clifford Hugh F. , Barton David R.
Published: December 2009

Ametropus neavei McDunnough populations apparently inhabit only large rivers. In the Athabasca River of northeastern Alberta, Canada, the species has an univoltine life cycle, with some overlap of generations. There appears to be an extended emergence period (June and July), the nymphs are found in flowing water at depths greater than 0.5 m, and the population is almost entirely small-particle detritivores.
A LABORATORY BIOASSAY FOR OVIPOSITION BY NAVEL ORANGEWORM MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Rice R. E. , Lieu F. Y. , Jennings W. G. , Sadler L. L.
Published: December 2009

A rotating wheel olfactometer was adapted for laboratory evaluation of oviposition attractants for the navel orangeworm, Paramyelois transitella (Walker). The bioassays were conducted inside a large screen cage in a glasshouse with controlled temperature and humidity. Flying female moths responded to attractant volatiles emitted from egg traps on the olfactometer and oviposited on the surface of the traps.
METHOD FOR REARING GEOCORIS PALLENS (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE), A PREDATOR IN CALIFORNIA COTTON
Authors: Yokoyama Victoria Y.
Published: December 2009

The western bigeyed bug, Geocoris pollens Stål, was successfully reared on a diet of sunflower seeds and eggs and nymphs of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas).
CONTACT AND FEEDING TOXICITIES OF ACEPHATE AND CARBARYL TO LARVAL STAGES OF THE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L.
Published: December 2009

Spray and feeding bioassays of acephate and carbaryl were conducted with each of the six instars of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman. Dose-mortality regressions were used to estimate overall relative susceptibility. Small differences in overall susceptibility of the six instars to acephate and large differences to carbaryl were observed. Application of carbaryl so that it would be present when second instars emerge from their hibernacula may maximize efficacy by minimizing the tolerance-instar effect. The efficacy of acephate may be relatively unaffected by instar-related changes in tolerance.
EFFECTS OF THE CHEMOSTERILANT THIOTEPA ON THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Sharma M. L. , Thériault L. M.
Published: December 2009

In an evaluation of several chemosterilants for insect control Borkovec (1972) stresses their safe handling. The compound tris (l-ziridinyl) phosphine sulphide, trivial name thiotepa, is currently being tested as a sterilant against several insects. More recently, Terry et al. (1977) noticed a 99 to 100% sterility in boll weevils treated with thiotepa. When 0- to 24-h-old pupae of Trogoderma granarium Everts were dipped in 1% thiotepa for 8 min only 0.1% of their eggs hatched (Chaudhary and Kapil 1977). The males of Earias vitella F. were also sterilized when their pupae were dipped in 0.5 to 0.75% thiotepa (Singh et al. 1978). Finally, no eggs hatched when Dysdercus koenigii (F.) was topically treated with 4 pg of thiotepa per insect (Govindan and Pillai 1977).
EVOLUTION IN A LABORATORY HOST–PARASITOID SYSTEM AND ITS EFFECT ON POPULATION KINETICS
Authors: Zareh Nasser , Westoby Mark , Pimentel David
Published: December 2009

A laboratory system was developed that allowed populations of the house fly, Musca domestica, and its hymenopterous, wasp parasitoid, Nasonia vitripennis, to interact and fluctuate in numbers, subject only to an upper limit on Musca density. In one (experimental) treatment, the selection pressure from Nasonia was allowed to operate, while in the control all Musca adults were replaced in each generation by individuals from a Musca population not exposed to Nasonia. Evolution for resistance of Musca to Nasonia became noticeable within four generations in the experimental treatment. Measured changes finally included increased fly pupal weight (although larval development period was not allowed to increase), less time spent as pupa, increased pupal mortality, and reduced fecundity of adults. Total per-generation increase of both control and experimental Nasonia was much reduced on experimental compared with control Musca. This was caused by reductions both in the longevity of female Nasonia and in the number of progeny they produced each day. From early in the experiment the increased resistance of Musca produced lower Nasonia densities in the experimental treatment. During the first 20 or so generations no difference could be detected in mean Musca density between the two treatments. After that time the density of adult Musca became greater, and fluctuated less, in the experimental than in the control treatment. This situation continued until the experiment ended at 50 generations.
A NEW GENUS AND TWO NEW PHLOEOCHARINE SPECIES FROM THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: Smetana A. , Campbell J. M.
Published: December 2009

A new genus and two new species of Phloeocharinae are described and illustrated: Dytoscotes, new genus, pacificus from Oregon, and Phloeocharis californica from California. The biology of the two species is briefly discussed. A key to the Nearctic genera of Phloeocharinae is given.
EFFICACY OF PHOSMET AND AZINPHOSMETHYL FOR CONTROL OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF APPLE IN ONTARIO
Authors: Hagley E. A. C. , Chiba Miko
Published: December 2009

Phosmet (Imidan 50% WP) applied at 1.22 kg a.i./ha controlled the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh, and plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst, in Ontario apple orchards for more than 3 weeks. Although rain removed phosmet deposits and climatic conditions varied widely during 1971–76, results consistently showed that good pest control was obtained. Satisfactory results were also obtained with azinphosmethyl (Guthion 50% WP) applied at 0.45 kg a.i./ha. Toxicological studies showed that phosmet deposits on the lower surface of apple leaves produced 38–100% mortality of first instar codling moth larvae 15 days after application depending on the time the pesticide was applied. Fifty per cent and 95% lethal residues were 0.18–0.68 μg/cm2 and 0.50–1.36 μg/cm2 of leaf surface, respectively. The toxicity of the residues declined considerably 22 days after application.

A phosmet deposit of 0.5 μg/cm2 15–22 days after spray application is suggested as the minimum level required to obtain an economically acceptable level of control in the field.
HEAD CAPSULE MEASUREMENTS OF THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE) IN KOUCHIBOUGUAC NATIONAL PARK, NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Maltais Patrick
Published: December 2009

The larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), is a serious defoliator of trees of the genus Larix and particularly of Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch in eastern Canada. According to Reeks (1954), four outbreaks occurred in the Maritime Provinces between 1883 and 1942. Following the last outbreak, few specimens of the insect were found in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island until 1960 when an outbreak started near Fredericton, New Brunswick. Since, outbreaks varying in degree from moderate to severe have persisted throughout this province.

In the course of a study on the ecology and population dynamics of the insect it was found necessary to verify and separate the various developmental stages of the larvae.
TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHANGES IN THE CANADIAN INSECT FAUNA: PATTERNS AND EXPLANATION THE PRAIRIES
Authors: Lehmkuhl D. M.
Published: December 2009

The insect fauna of the Canadian prairies is composed of elements recruited from surrounding biomes. Most species appear to have invaded from the southeastern United States following the retreat of the last glaciation. Other distinct centers of origin are the eastern boreal forest, the Rocky Mountains, the Alaskan-Beringian refugium, and the Sonoran or interior basin of the southwestern United States. Because of the youthfulness and instability of the prairies as a biome, true prairie endemic species are rare. While an inventory of prairie insects is far from complete, enough information is available to detect basic patterns of immigration.
STUDIES ON TWO SPECIES OF BLACK APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON FABA BEAN AND NASTURTIUM
Authors: Barber Reta P. A. , Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

Live cultures believed to be aphids of Aphis fabae Scopoli from New Brunswick, Manitoba, and British Columbia were compared by several methods. Cultures from British Columbia lived on faba bean, Vicia faba L., but not on garden nasturtium Tropaeolum majus L. Cultures from Manitoba lived on nasturtium but not on faba bean. Some of the aphids from New Brunswick lived on nasturtium only, and some on faba bean only. The aphids which live on faba bean are believed to be Aphis fabae, and those which will not live on faba bean are considered to be a distinct species.
CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) RESPONSES TO 2800 YEARS OF CULTURAL INFLUENCE; A PALAEOLIMNOLOGICAL STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SEDIMENTATION, EUTROPHICATION, AND CONTAMINATION PROCESSES
Authors: Warwick W. F.
Published: December 2009

Chironomid fossil assemblages in sediment cores collected from the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario, were examined to assess the impact of cultural development on the aquatic environment and to estimate, semi-quantitatively, the relative importance of the various impact processes influencing the chironomid communities. The impact of the six cultures defined in the core—the British–Modern, French, Iroquois, Algonkian, Hopewell, and pre-Hopewell periods—was exerted through eutrophication, sedimentation, and contamination processes. Although the chironomid communities in general followed the accepted theories of faunal response to eutrophication, the impact of sedimentation compounded and at times overshadowed the impact of eutrophication. The chironomid community, which responded to initial European colonization by developing a more eutrophic fauna parallel with increased productivity in the bay, reverted to a more oligotrophic fauna when large scale deforestation of the watershed introduced massive amounts of clay sediments into the bay. The resulting unstable bottom conditions and dilution and/or burial of food materials led to an imbalanced oligotrophic fauna characterized by Micropsectra. This fauna was maintained until the high rates of mineral sediment accumulation declined and the effects of eutrophication became manifest. The transition from the imbalanced oligotrophic fauna to the depleted Chironomus/Procladius fauna tolerant of the present-day eutrophic conditions was so rapid that the intervening mesotrophic Phaenopsectra community was unable to develop fully. The recent increased incidence of deformed larvae implicates industrial and/or agricultural contamination in the continued degradation of the Bay of Quinte fauna.

Primitive cultures similarly had measurable effects on the chironomid communities. The “more eutrophic” fauna engendered by the Hopewell culture was not inhibited by the accompanying accumulation of fine sediments as in the European periods and only reverted to a more oligotrophic fauna when reduced populations brought decreased productivity during the Algonkian and early Iroquois stages.
A NEW SPECIES OF APHIS L. (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) FROM NASTURTIUM
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

An aphid, Aphis barberae new species, is described from garden nasturtium, Tropaeolum majus L. and burdock, Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. It differs from A. fabae Scopoli mainly in that it can not be cultured on faba bean, Vicia faba L.
WHITEFLIES (ALEYRODIDAE) ATTACKING CITRUS IN SOUTHERN TEXAS WITH NOTES ON NATURAL ENEMIES
Authors: Meyerdirk D. E. , Kreasky J. B. , Hart W. G.
Published: December 2009

Five species of whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) were found on citrus in southern Texas: Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby, Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell), Paraleyrodes citri Bondar, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), and D. citrifolii (Morgan). Parasite records for this area were Amitus hesperidum Silvestri (Platygastridae) and Prospaltella opulenta Silvestri (both Encyrtidae) attacking A. woglumi; Eretmocerus sp. near paulistus Hem. (Encyrtidae), Amitus sp., and Prospaltella sp. attacking A. floccosus; and Prospaltella sp. attacking P. citri. Predators recorded were Delphastus pusillus (Le Conte) (Coccinellidae) feeding on A. floccosus; D. pusillus and Nephaspis amnicola Wingo (Coccinellidae) feeding on P. citri. A pathogenic fungus, Aschersonia aleyrodis Webber, was found attacking D. citri.
PREDATION BY LONCHAEA CORTICIS (DIPTERA: LONCHAEIDAE) ON THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Alfaro R. I. , Borden J. H.
Published: December 2009

The predatory behavior of Lonchaea corticis Taylor on the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, in Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., was studied by temporal sampling and dissection of terminal leaders, and by laboratory experiments. L. corticis oviposition occurred when mining P. strobi larvae were consolidating the feeding ring, an event that segregates the weevil larvae into healthy front-feeders and weak, starving "followers." The number of L. corticis within a Sitka spruce terminal was highly correlated with the number of weak and dying P. strobi larvae, but not with healthy larvae.

L. corticis larvae experimentally deprived of dead P. strobi larvae, behaved as an effective predator, consuming both weak P. strobi larvae and healthy pupae, but apparently not healthy larvae. The transition of L. corticis from second to third instar appeared to occur only after sufficient weevils had been consumed. When an excess of prey was present, L. corticis larvae consumed a mean of 2.9 P. strobi pupae over their entire life cycle. In choice experiments, L. corticis larvae searched for and located mining P. strobi larvae, and fed preferentially on P. strobi pupae rather than granary weevil pupae, Sitophilus granarius L. Under certain circumstances, L. corticis could be an important regulatory agent of P. strobi populations.
THE BIOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF THE CUTWORM AMPHIPOEA INTEROCEANICA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), A NEW PEST OF STRAWBERRY IN MANITOBA
Authors: Ayre G. L.
Published: December 2009

A crown-boring noctuid, Amphipoea interoceanica (Smith), has suddenly become a serious pest of commercial strawberries in Manitoba. Eggs are laid in August on dead strawberry leaves and hatch in early May. Young larvae feed in the leaf stalks; older larvae bore in the crowns and kill the plants. There are six instars, pupation occurs in late July and adults emerge in August. The plants are first attacked in the second year of growth and by the fifth year the entire crop may be lost.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF DIAPAUSE AND POSTDIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT INTETRASTICHUS JULIS(HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE CEREAL LEAF BEETLE,OULEMA MELANOPUS(COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Nechols James R. , Tauber Maurice J. , Helgesen Robert G.
Published: December 2009

MatureTelrastichus julis(Walker) larvae, which overwinter in the pupal cells of their dead cereal leaf beetle hosts, enter diapause in late summer. Diapause is maintained by warm conditions and short daylengths during late fall and early winter; it ends without a specific terminating stimulus. Subsequently the larvae remain in a state of postdiapause quiescence until soil temperatures rise above 9 °C, the theoretical threshold (t) for postdiapause development. Emergence of the central New York population occurs when the parasites have accumulated 162 degree days (D°) of heat above 9 °C. ThisKvalue is considerably lower than that previously reported for a population from Michigan.

Our study provides the first experimental evidence that both temperature and photoperiod regulate the rate of diapause development in a parasitic insect.
THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF ACEROTELLA MASNER (HYMENOPTERA, PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, PLATYGASTRIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

The genus Acerotella of the Nearctic region is studied. Six species are recognized, all new to science: A. acerina ♀ ♂ (Canada, U.S.A.), A. aceris ♀ ♂ (Canada), A. depressa ♀ (U.S.A.), A. gouleti ♀ ♂ (U.S.A.), A. nearctica ♀ ♂ (Canada, U.S.A.), and A. vockerothi ♀ (Canada). The generic diagnosis of Acerotella and key to Nearctic species are given. The higher classification, species-groups, and world distribution of Acerotella species are discussed.
EFFECT OF GRANULAR AND FOLIAR INSECTICIDES ON CEREAL APHIDS (HEMIPTERA) AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES ON FIELD BARLEY IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Ba-Angood S. A. , Stewart R. K.
Published: December 2009

Granular treatments of thiofanox (Dacamox 10 G®) and carbofuran (Furadan 10 G®) and spray treatments of dimethoate (Cygon 4E®) and pirimicarb (Pirimor 50 WP®), all gave good control of cereal aphids and increased barley grain yield significantly above controls.

The granular treatments did not significantly reduce parasites and predators of the aphids. Predators and parasites showed a reduced population 1 week after foliar insecticide applications. However, pirimicarb showed a relatively reduced effect compared with other pesticides on the available predatory species, 2 weeks after spraying.
EFFECTS OF CONTACT DURATION OF 0.5% THIOTEPA ON THE ADULT VIVIPARAE AND SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Sharma M. L. , Thériault L. M. , Gareau A.
Published: December 2009

The compound tris (1-aziridinyl) phosphine sulphide, known by the trivial name thiotepa, has been tested against few aphids. Considerable reduction in fecundity occurred due to thiotepa treatment of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Bonnemaison 1966). In 0.3% thiotepa-treated Aphis fabae Scop. a 90% decrease in reproductive capacity was observed by Steffan and Stüben (1976). Sharma and Thériault (1980) tested 0.5% thiotepa on various nymphal instars of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), and observed up to 83% decrease in fecundity of those treated in first and second instars. The third and fourth instar aphids were much less influenced by thiotepa. The effects of thiotepa on the adult viviparae of the pea aphid are unknown and nothing has been recorded on the transmissibility of thiotepa-caused sterility to progeny. Further to the results of Sharma and Thériault (1980) this paper describes the effects of two contact periods with 0.5% thiotepa on the adult viviparae of A. pisum and delayed effects on subsequent generations.
STUDIES OF WEIGHT CHANGES AND AMOUNT OF FOOD INGESTED BY THE STABLE FLY,STOMOXYS CALCITRANS(DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Venkatesh K. , Morrison P. E.
Published: December 2009

The pattern of blood feeding in males ofStomoxys calcitransL. is different from that of females. Female flies ingest more blood than males. Females fed only blood or blood and sugar-waterad libitumshowed a periodic pattern of blood ingestion. The amount of blood ingested at the time of first feeding is partly dependent upon the age of the flies; in addition flies fed only blood ingest more than flies whose blood diet is supplemented with sugar-water. During the period prior to blood feeding the weight loss per day increased as the fly aged. On the other hand if the flies were fed with sugar-water from the time of emergence they gained considerable weight. The rate of weight loss after one blood meal was of the same pattern in flies fed 24 or 48 h after emergence. The pattern of weight loss was also similar in flies fed sugar-waterad libitumand blood 24 h after emergence.
RECOVERY OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM EXUVIAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Barrett F. Michael
Published: December 2009

A number of ketocatechols have been isolated and identified from acid hydrolysates of larval and pupal exuviae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. The most abundant of these, 2-hydroxy-3′,4′-dihydroxyacetophenone, represented 5.8% of the dry weight of pupal exuviae, 4.6% of larval head capsules, and 0.3% of the remaining larval exuvium. This compound is thought to be the primary breakdown product arising from crosslinks between cuticular proteins and the aliphatic sidechain of a phenolic tanning compound. The yields therefore reflect the extent of β-sclerotization, one of two mechanisms proposed for the hardening of insect cuticle. Budworm is similar to other species with respect to the types of hydrolysis products recovered although three previously undescribed compounds were detected.
EFFECT OF THE LIVING HOST TREE (PICEA) ON THE RESPONSE OF DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND A PREDATOR THANASIMUS UNDATULUS (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE) TO FRONTALIN AND SEUDENOL
Authors: Dyer E. D. A. , Hall P. M.
Published: December 2009

Two synthetic pheromones, frontalin and seudenol, were tested on living host (Picea) trees and on non-host (Abies) trees to determine their relative attractiveness to the spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) and a clerid predator (Thanasimus undatulus). On host trees, frontalin attracted significantly more spruce beetles and induced significantly more attacks on the trees than did seudenol. On non-host trees, more beetles and a higher male ratio were attracted to seudenol than to frontalin. Frontalin has a positive effect on the behavior of female spruce-beetle attack, whereas seudenol has not. The resulting natural secondary attraction of attacking female beetles creates strong aggregation of both sexes of spruce beetles on host trees (Picea) baited with frontalin, but not on host trees baited with seudenol or on non-host trees (Abies). The clerid predator (T. undatulus) was attracted to frontalin in significatnly larger numbers than to seudenol.