bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Derlin Dfm1 Employs a Chaperone Function to Resolve Misfolded Membrane Protein Stress
Authors: Kandel Rachel , Jung Jasmine , Syau Della , Kuo Tiffany , Songster Livia , Aguayo Analine , Duttke Sascha , Benner Christopher , Neal Sonya
Published: January 2022

Accumulation of misfolded proteins is a known source of cellular stress and can be detrimental to cellular health. While protein aggregation is a known hallmark of many diseases, the mechanisms by which protein aggregates cause toxicity and the molecular machines that prevent this toxicity are not completely understood. Here, we show that the accumulated misfolded membrane proteins form endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized aggregates, impacting ubiquitin and proteasome homeostasis. Additionally, we have identified a chaperone ability of the yeast rhomboid pseudoprotease Dfm1 to influence solubilization of misfolded membrane proteins and prevent toxicity from misfolded membrane proteins. We establish that this function of Dfm1 does not require recruitment of the ATPase Cdc48 and it is distinct from Dfm1’s previously identified function in dislocating misfolded membrane proteins to the cytosol for degradation.
Y-box binding protein 1 interacts with dengue virus nucleocapsid and mediates viral assembly
Authors: Diosa-Toro Mayra , Kennedy Debbie R , Chuo Vanessa , Popov Vsevolod L. , Pompon Julien , Garcia-Blanco Mariano A.
Published: January 2022

Infection with dengue virus (DENV) induces vast rearrangements of the endoplasmic reticulum, which allows the compartmentalization of viral RNA replication and particle assembly. Both processes occur in concert with viral and cellular proteins. Prior studies from our group suggest that the host RNA-binding protein (RBP) Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1) is required for a late step in the DENV replication cycle. Here we report that YBX1 interacts with the viral nucleocapsid, distributes to DENV assembly sites and is required for efficient assembly of intracellular infectious virions and their secretion. Genetic ablation of YBX1 decreased the spatial proximity between capsid and envelope, increased the susceptibility of envelope to proteinase-K mediated degradation, resulted in the formation of rough empty-looking particles, and decreased the secretion of viral particles. We propose a model wherein YBX1 enables the interaction between the viral nucleocapsid with the structural protein E, which is required for proper assembly of intracellular virus particles and their secretion.

Importance

The global incidence of dengue virus (DENV) infections has steadily increased over the past decades representing an enormous challenge for public health. During infection, DENV viral RNA interacts with numerous host RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that aid viral replication and thus constitute potential molecular targets to curb infection. We recently reported that Y-box-binding protein 1 (YBX1) interacts with DENV RNA and is required at a late step of the replication cycle. Here we describe the molecular mechanism by which YBX1 mediates DENV infection. We show that YBX1 interacts with the viral nucleocapsid, distributes to DENV assembly sites and is required for efficient assembly of intracellular infectious virions. These results provide important insights into DENV assembly, revealing novel functions of host RBPs during viral infection and opening new avenues for antiviral intervention.
No evidence from complementary data sources of a direct projection from the mouse anterior cingulate cortex to the hippocampal formation
Authors: Andrianova Lilya , Yanakieva Steliana , Margetts-Smith Gabriella , Kohli Shivali , Brady Erica S , Aggleton John P , Craig Michael T
Published: January 2022

The connectivity and interplay between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus underpin a number of key cognitive processes, with changes in these interactions being implicated in both neurodevelopmental as well as neurodegenerative conditions. Understanding the precise cellular connections through which this circuit is organised is, therefore, vital for understanding these same processes. Overturning earlier findings, a recent study described a novel excitatory projection from anterior cingulate cortex to hippocampus. We sought to validate this unexpected finding using multiple, complementary methods: anterograde and retrograde anatomical tracing, using both anterograde and retrograde AAVs and monosynaptic rabies tracing. Additionally, an extensive data search of the Allen Projection Brain Atlas database was conducted to find the stated projection within any of the deposited anatomical studies, as an independent verification of our own results. However, we failed to find any evidence of a direct, monosynaptic projection from mouse anterior cingulate cortex to the hippocampus proper.
Leaf functional traits predict shade tolerant tree performance in cloud forest restoration plantings
Authors: Toledo‐Aceves Tarin , Bonilla‐Moheno Martha , Sosa Vinicio J. , López‐Barrera Fabiola , Williams‐Linera Guadalupe
Published: January 2022

Restoration of tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) landscapes is urgently required. Assisting the regeneration of endangered and shade tolerant tree species is essential for both the recovery of this vulnerable group and of ecological processes. However, there is limited species‐specific information regarding tree performance under different disturbance conditions with which to implement effective interventions.

We assessed the performance of shade tolerant tree seedlings in restoration plantings under different disturbance settings and determined whether leaf mass area (LMA) and leaf dry mass content (LDMC)—functional traits typically associated with resource capture or stress tolerance—could serve as predictors of survival and growth among species. Since conservative leaf morphological traits can maximize survival, we expected species with higher LMA and LDMC to present higher survival. For a set of eight native cloud forest species, a total of 2,202 seedlings were planted in four pastures, five secondary forests and three forests subjected to traditional selective logging, in TMCF landscapes in Eastern Mexico.

Seedling survival was high after 3 years: 62% in pastures, 80% in secondary forests and 88% in logged forests. Growth rates were lowest in pastures, followed by secondary forests and highest in logged forests. LMA was a strong predictor of seedling survival in all of the environments; tree species with higher LMA presented greater survival. LDMC was related to seedling survival in the three environments, although to a lesser extent than LMA. In the pastures, higher LMA and LDMC were linked to lower growth.

Synthesis and applications. This study supports the potential of shade tolerant tree species in restoration efforts to assist the recovery of this important functional group and to accelerate succession across altered environments. Our results support the notion that conservative leaf functional traits are linked to a higher probability of survival, not only in the shaded understorey, but also under high solar radiation in transformed habitats. Leaf mass area (LMA) in particular is a reliable predictor of seedling survival for shade tolerant species. Species selection based on LMA could thus improve restoration initiative outcomes: tree species with high LMA present higher survival probability and can be introduced into pastures, secondary forests and selectively logged forests.
A family study on first episode of psychosis patients: Exploring neuropsychological performance as an endophenotype
Authors: Murillo‐García Nancy , Díaz‐Pons Alexandre , Fernández‐Cacho Luis Manuel , Miguel‐Corredera Margarita , Martínez‐Barrio Sara , Ortiz‐García de la Foz Víctor , Neergaard Karl , Ayesa‐Arriola Rosa
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Family studies provide a suitable approach to analyzing candidate endophenotypes of schizophrenia, including cognitive features.

Objective

To characterize different neurocognitive functions in a group of patients with first episode of psychosis (FEP), their first‐degree relatives (parents and siblings), and healthy controls (HC), in order to identify potential endophenotypes for schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD).

Methods

Participants were assessed in the context of a national project in Spain called PAFIP‐FAMILIAS. They completed the same neuropsychological battery, which included tests of verbal memory, visual memory, processing speed, working memory, executive functions, motor dexterity, attention, and theory of mind. Group comparisons were performed using one‐way ANOVA, followed by tests of multiple comparisons when appropriate.

Results

One hundred thirty‐three FEP patients were included, as well as 244 of their first‐degree relatives (146 parents and 98 siblings) and 202 HC. In general, relatives showed an intermediate performance between the HC and the FEP patients in all neurocognitive domains. However, the domains of executive functions and attention stood out, as relatives (especially parents) showed similar performance to FEP patients. This was replicated when selecting patients subsequently diagnosed with schizophrenia and their relatives.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that executive and attention dysfunctions might have a family aggregation and could be relevant cognitive endophenotypes for psychotic disorders. The study shows the potential of exploring intra‐family neuropsychological performance supporting neurobiological and genetic research in SSD.
Measurement invariance of organizational citizenship behavior across gender
Authors: Jang Seulki , Allen Tammy D. , Kim Eunsook , O'Brien Kimberly E. , Cho Inchul , Ceylan Savaş
Published: January 2022

We examined the measurement invariance of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) across employee gender using six different datasets. Based on self‐reported OCB data, we found that two datasets that used the Lee and Allen (2002, 10.1037/0021‐9010.87.1.131) scale with collectivistic and feminine country samples showed scalar invariance across employee gender. However, the other four datasets showed poor model fit in configural invariance. Next, based on supervisor‐reported OCB data, we found poor model fit in configural invariance across employee gender and poor model fit in configural invariance between gender‐matched dyads and gender‐dissimilar dyads. To examine the source of the poor model fit in configural invariance testing, we conducted permutation tests. With the exception of three cases, permutation results suggested that the poor model fit in configural invariance testing originated from poor overall model fit rather than from actual group discrepancy. As supplemental analyses, we revised OCB scales and recommended shortened OCB scales that are likely to meet scalar invariance. The current study uncovers possible psychometric issues related to popular OCB measures, proposes alternative measures, and provides suggestions for OCB‐gender research and practice.
Prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus in beef bulls slaughtered at two abattoirs in northern Australia
Authors: Irons PC , McGowan M , de Assis PM , Randhawa I , Awawdeh L , Mugwabana J , Barnes TS , Boe‐Hansen G , McCosker K , Fordyce G
Published: January 2022

Bovine trichomoniasis, caused by the protozoal parasite Tritrichomonas foetus, is a highly contagious venereal disease characterised by early pregnancy loss, abortion and pyometra. Persistently infected bulls and cows are the primary reservoirs of infection in infected herds. This research investigated the prevalence of T. foetus infection in bulls from properties located across northern Australia and New South Wales. Preputial samples were collected from 606 bulls at slaughter and tested for T. foetus using the VetMAX‐Gold Trich Detection Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The apparent prevalence of T. foetus infection varied between regions, with northern regions in the Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia showing a prevalence of 15.4%, 13.8% and 11.4%, respectively. There was some evidence of an association between infection and postcode (P = 0.06) and increasing bull age (P = 0.054). This study confirms that T. foetus infection is likely to be present in many beef breeding herds and contributing to lower than expected reproductive performance, particularly across northern Australia.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the diagnosis and treatment of men with prostate cancer
Authors: Nossiter Julie , Morris Melanie , Parry Matthew G. , Sujenthiran Arunan , Cathcart Paul , van der Meulen Jan , Aggarwal Ajay , Payne Heather , Clarke Noel W.
Published: January 2022

Objective

To determine the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on diagnostic and treatment activity in 2020 across hospital providers of prostate cancer (PCa) care in the English National Health Service.

Methods

Diagnostic and treatment activity between 23 March (start of first national lockdown in England) and 31 December 2020 was compared with the same calendar period in 2019. Patients newly diagnosed with PCa were identified from national rapid cancer registration data linked to other electronic healthcare datasets.

Results

There was a 30.8% reduction (22 419 vs 32 409) in the number of men with newly diagnosed PCa in 2020 after the start of the first lockdown, compared with the corresponding period in 2019. Men diagnosed in 2020 were typically at a more advanced stage (Stage IV: 21.2% vs 17.4%) and slightly older (57.9% vs 55.9% ≥ 70 years; P < 0.001). Prostate biopsies in 2020 were more often performed using transperineal (TP) routes (64.0% vs 38.2%). The number of radical prostatectomies in 2020 was reduced by 26.9% (3896 vs 5331) and the number treated by external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) by 14.1% (9719 vs 11 309). Other changes included an increased use of EBRT with hypofractionation and reduced use of docetaxel chemotherapy in men with hormone‐sensitive metastatic PCa (413 vs 1519) with related increase in the use of enzalutamide.

Conclusion

We found substantial deficits in the number of diagnostic and treatment procedures for men with newly diagnosed PCa after the start of the first lockdown in 2020. The number of men diagnosed with PCa decreased by about one‐third and those diagnosed had more advanced disease. Treatment patterns shifted towards those that limit the risk of COVID‐19 exposure including increased use of TP biopsy, hypofractionated radiation, and enzalutamide. Urgent concerted action is required to address the COVID‐19‐related deficits in PCa services to mitigate their impact on long‐term outcomes.
Graft dysfunction and rejection of lung transplant, a review on diagnosis and management
Authors: Sun Haishuang , Deng Mei , Chen Wenhui , Liu Min , Dai Huaping , Wang Chen
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Lung transplantation has proven to be an effective treatment option for end‐stage lung disease. However, early and late complications following transplantation remain significant causes of high mortality.

Objectives

In this review, we focus on the time of onset in primary graft dysfunction and rejection complications, as well as emphasize the role of imaging manifestations and pathological features in early diagnosis, thus assisting clinicians in the early detection and treatment of posttransplant complications and improving patient quality of life and survival.

Data source

We searched electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE. We used the following search terms: lung transplantation complications, primary graft dysfunction, acute rejection, chronic lung allograft dysfunction, radiological findings, and diagnosis and treatment.

Conclusion

Primary graft dysfunction, surgical complications, immune rejection, infections, and neoplasms represent major posttransplant complications. As the main posttransplant survival limitation, chronic lung allograft dysfunction has a characteristic imaging presentation; nevertheless, the clinical and imaging manifestations are often complex and overlap, so it is essential to understand the temporal evolution of these complications to narrow the differential diagnosis for early treatment to improve prognosis.
Experimental evidence for a child‐to‐adolescent switch in human amygdala‐prefrontal cortex communication: A cross‐sectional pilot study
Authors: Gee Dylan G. , Hanson Catherine , Caglar Leyla Roksan , Fareri Dominic S. , Gabard‐Durnam Laurel J. , Mills‐Finnerty Colleen , Goff Bonnie , Caldera Christina J. , Lumian Daniel S. , Flannery Jessica , Hanson Stephen José , Tottenham Nim
Published: January 2022

Interactions between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex are fundamental to human emotion. Despite the central role of frontoamygdala communication in adult emotional learning and regulation, little is known about how top‐down control emerges during human development. In the present cross‐sectional pilot study, we experimentally manipulated prefrontal engagement to test its effects on the amygdala during development. Inducing dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation resulted in developmentally‐opposite effects on amygdala reactivity during childhood versus adolescence, such that dACC activation was followed by increased amygdala reactivity in childhood but reduced amygdala reactivity in adolescence. Bayesian network analyses revealed an age‐related switch between childhood and adolescence in the nature of amygdala connectivity with the dACC and ventromedial PFC (vmPFC). Whereas adolescence was marked by information flow from dACC and vmPFC to amygdala (consistent with that observed in adults), the reverse information flow, from the amygdala to dACC and vmPFC, was dominant in childhood. The age‐related switch in information flow suggests a potential shift from bottom‐up co‐excitatory to top‐down regulatory frontoamygdala connectivity and may indicate a profound change in the circuitry supporting maturation of emotional behavior. These findings provide novel insight into the developmental construction of amygdala‐cortical connections and implications for the ways in which childhood experiences may influence subsequent prefrontal function.
Life expectancy in cerebral palsy and its importance in modern law
Authors: Gardner Daniel
Published: January 2022

This commentary is on the invited review by Rosenthal. on pages 709–714 of this issue.
4S‐AF scheme and ABC pathway guided management improves outcomes in atrial fibrillation patients
Authors: Guo Yutao , Imberti Jacopo F. , Kotalczyk Agnieszka , Wang Yutang , Lip Gregory Y. H. ,   the ChiOTEAF Registry Investigators
Published: January 2022

Background

The 4S‐AF scheme and the ABC pathway for integrated care have been proposed to better characterize and treat patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to evaluate the assessment of the 4S‐AF scheme and ABC pathway in Chinese AF patients.

Methods

The ChiOTEAF is a prospective, observational, multicentre registry. Consecutive AF patients from 44 centres across 20 Chinese provinces with available 1‐year follow‐up data were included.

Results

A total of 6419 patients were included, median age 76 years (interquartile range 67–83; 39.1% female). Of these, 3503 (59.8%) patients were not characterized using the 4S‐AF scheme and not management according to the ABC pathway (group 1); 1795 (28.0%) were characterized according to the 4S‐AF scheme but ABC pathway non‐adherent or vice versa (group 2); and 1121 (17.4%) characterized according to the 4S‐AF scheme and were ABC pathway adherent (group 3).

As compared with group 1, group 2 and group 3 were independently associated with lower odds of the composite endpoint of all‐cause death/any thromboembolic event, with the greatest benefit observed in group 3 (OR: 0.19; 95% CI 0.12–0.31) [for group 2: OR: 0.28; 95% CI 0.20–0.37]. Similar results were observed for all‐cause death (group 2: OR: 0.18; 95% CI 0.12–0.27; group 3: OR: 0.14; 95% CI 0.07–0.25).

Conclusions

In a contemporary real‐word cohort of Chinese AF patients, it is feasible to characterize and manage AF patients using the novel 4S‐AF scheme and ABC pathway for integrated care. The use of both these tools is associated with improved clinical outcomes.
Relating self‐disorders to neurocognitive and psychopathological measures in first‐episode schizophrenia
Authors: Sandsten Karl Erik , Wainio‐Theberge Soren , Nordgaard Julie , Kjaer Troels Wesenberg , Northoff Georg , Parnas Josef
Published: January 2022

Aim

The notion of a disturbed self as the core feature of schizophrenia dates back to the founding texts on the illness. Since the development of the psychometric tool for examination of anomalous self‐experience (EASE), self‐disorders have become accessible to empirical research. Empirical studies have shown that EASE measured self‐disorders predict schizophrenia spectrum in prospective studies and consistently show a selective hyper aggregation of self‐disorder in schizophrenia and schizotypal disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between self‐disorders cognitive deficits and symptoms in schizophrenia.

Methods

Thirty‐five non‐acute first‐episode patients with schizophrenia and 35 matched healthy controls were evaluated with EASE, cognitive deficits, and symptoms (PANSS positive, negative and general). [Correction added on 28 January 2022, after first online publication: the words, ‘evaluated with’ were missing and have now been added to the preceding sentence.]

Results

The results show that self‐disorders and symptoms are correlated among patients with schizophrenia, but not with cognitive deficits. Moreover, with the exception of attentional deficits, neurocognitive impairment was not significantly higher among patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls.

Conclusions

We argue that this adds support to a view of schizophrenia as being characterized by specific traits of pre‐reflective self‐disturbance, which are related to the severity of symptoms, whereas neurocognitive impairment reflects a separate or distinct aspect of schizophrenia.
Pridopidine modifies disease phenotype in a SOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Estévez‐Silva Héctor M. , Mediavilla Tomás , Giacobbo Bruno Lima , Liu Xijia , Sultan Fahad R. , Marcellino Daniel J.
Published: January 2022

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal and incurable neurodegenerative disease due to the loss of upper and lower motor neurons, which leads to muscle weakness, atrophy, and paralysis. Sigma‐1 receptor (σ‐1R) is a ligand‐operated protein that exhibits pro‐survival and anti‐apoptotic properties. In addition, mutations in its codifying gene are linked to development of juvenile ALS pointing to an important role in ALS. Here, we investigated the disease‐modifying effects of pridopidine, aσ‐1R agonist, using a delayed onset SOD1 G93A mouse model of ALS. Mice were administered a continuous release of pridopidine (3.0 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks starting before the appearance of any sign of muscle weakness. Mice were monitored weekly and several behavioural tests were used to evaluate muscle strength, motor coordination and gait patterns. Pridopidine‐treated SOD1 G93A mice showed genotype‐specific effects with the prevention of cachexia. In addition, these effects exhibited significant improvement of motor behaviour 5 weeks after treatment ended. However, the survival of the animals was not extended. In summary, these results show that pridopidine can modify the disease phenotype of ALS‐associated cachexia and motor deficits in a SOD1 G93A mouse model.
Structured phylogeography and restricted gene flow among populations of Fairy Tern (Sternula nereis) across Australasia: implications for the endangered New Zealand population
Authors: Baling Marleen , Brunton Dianne H.
Published: January 2022

The Fairy Tern Sternula nereis is an Australasian tern that breeds in Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand, with the last having the smallest breeding population, listed as ‘Threatened – Nationally Critical’ by the New Zealand Department of Conservation. Here, we investigate the genetic relatedness and level of endemism (gene flow) of the New Zealand Fairy Tern S. n. davisae population compared with the larger breeding populations in Australia, S. n. nereis, and New Caledonia, S. n. exsul, using the NADH subunit 2 (ND2) region of the mitochondrial DNA. We found that the three main populations (n = 86) were genetically distinct, with a different fixed haplotype restricted to New Zealand (n = 15) and New Caledonia (n = 16), and that the estimated gene flow was low to zero, indicating no interbreeding between the populations. The current genetic evidence is consistent with observations of morphological and behavioural differences among the populations, and we suggest continued independent management of the population in New Zealand and further surveys and independent management of the New Caledonia population.
Risk factors and prevention strategies for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in transplant recipients
Authors: Urso Brittany , Kelsey Andrew , Bordelon Jenna , Sheiner Patricia , Finch Justin , Cohen Joel L.
Published: January 2022

It has been well established that organ transplant recipients (OTRs) are at an increased risk of skin cancer. Studies vary on the exact degree of this risk, but it is likely somewhere between 60 and 100 times more likely that an OTR patient will develop skin cancer. The management of skin cancer burden in OTRs requires a multidisciplinary approach with the transplant team, dermatologists, and oncology. In many major hospital systems, there are dedicated transplant dermatology clinics that allow for specialized and more frequent screenings of this high‐risk population. Here we discuss the pathogenesis, presentation, and treatment options used by dermatologists to prevent and treat commonly found skin cancers in this vulnerable population.
Japanese linguistic validation of the ureteral stent symptom questionnaire
Authors: Matsuzaki Junichi , Takahashi Sataoshi , Yamaguchi Akito , Wada Koichiro , Miyazaki Jun , Mugiya Soichi , Matsuda Tadashi , Nutahara Kikuo , Seki Susumu , Morimoto Takeshi , Yamamoto Shingo
Published: January 2022

Objective

We validated the Japanese version of the ureteral stent symptom questionnaire in patients with an indwelling ureteric stent.

Methods

The English version of the ureteral stent symptom questionnaire was translated into Japanese using a multistep process by three urologists and two independent translators. A total of 70 patients with indwelling ureteral stents completed the Japanese ureteral stent symptom questionnaire, as well as validated instruments, namely, the International Prostate Symptom Score or Overactive Bladder Symptom Score and the EuroQoL 5‐dimension questionnaires. Patients completed questionnaires at 2 weeks after stent insertion and 4 weeks after stent removal. The second group included 87 healthy individuals who agreed to complete the questionnaires. The reliability of the Japanese version was evaluated for internal consistency using Cronbach’s α test. Psychometric properties of the questionnaire were analyzed, and included convergent validity, sensitivity to change and discriminant validity.

Results

A total of 70 cases and 87 controls were suitable for the analysis. A comparison of patients with ureteric stents and healthy individuals was carried out, and the convergent validity determined by the correlation between other instruments and the corresponding ureteral stent symptoms questionnaire domains was satisfactory (P < 0.05). Internal consistencies (Cronbach’s α coefficients 0.73–0.80) were satisfactory, except for the sexual matters domain. Test–retest reliability was good, except for the sexual matters domain (Spearman’s coefficient 0.71–0.93).

Conclusions

The Japanese version of the ureteral stent symptom questionnaire proved to be a reliable and robust instrument for the evaluation of ureteral stent‐associated morbidity for both men and women.
Virtual reality distraction during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Boonreunya Natapak , Nopawong Ekapong , Yongsiriwit Karn , Chirapongsathorn Sakkarin
Published: January 2022

Background and Aim

Virtual reality (VR) is an established and effective tool in reducing autonomic and somatic pain. We aimed to examine the analgesic effects of VR distraction during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).

Methods

We conducted a randomized controlled trial and enrolled patients who had indication for unsedated EGD with topical anesthesia. Patients were randomly assigned to use Oculus GO with three‐dimensional specific software content (standalone VR headset), sham VR or without VR during EGD. The primary outcome was patient pain scores during EGD.

Results

A total of 96 patients undergoing diagnostic EGD were randomized to receive VR (n = 32), sham VR (n = 32), and no VR defined as the control group (n = 32). Patients in all groups reported no statistically different pain during esophageal intubation. The mean pain score was 2.7 ± 2.4 in the VR group, 2.7 ± 2.5 in the sham VR and 2.3 ± 2.3 in the control group, (P value = 0.751). No significant difference was observed in heart rate and blood pressure, and the endoscopists reported higher overall satisfaction scores in VR (4.3 ± 0.5) compared with the control group (4 ± 0.8) but without significance (P value = 0.156).

Conclusion

Virtual reality‐assisted anesthesia during EGD did not significantly reduce patient pain during esophageal intubation. There was no superiority in using VR distraction regarding patient's and endoscopist's satisfaction compared with standard EGD without VR Further studies are required to detect any true clinical advantage of VR distraction during EGD.
Global incidence and prevalence of bullous pemphigoid: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lu Lingling , Chen Linjiao , Xu Yujuan , Liu Aimin
Published: January 2022

Background

Integrated information on the global prevalence and incidence of bullous pemphigoid (BP) is lacking.

Objective

To estimate the incidence and prevalence of BP in a systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Methods

Observational studies were included by using databases of Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. Subgroup analysis was by continent, age, sex, and country income level. Random‐effects model was used. Between‐study heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic.

Results

The global incidence was 0.0419 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 0.0414–0.0424). The incidence was 0.047 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 0.0462–0.0477), 0.0419 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 0.0411–0.0426), 0.0072 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 0.0067–0.0078), 0.003 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 0.0023–0.0039) in North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa, respectively; 0.0202 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 0.0196–0.0208) and 0.0181 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 0.0175–0.0188) females and males; 0.001 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 0.001–0.001), 0.002 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 0.001–0.002), 0.004 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 0.004–0.004); 0.007 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 0.007–0.008), 0.011 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 0.011–0.012), 0.017 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 0.015–0.018) for age <50, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, 80–89, and ≥90 years; 0.0038 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 0.0036–0.004112) (I2 = 99%, p < .05) and 0.0456 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 0.0450–0.0462) (I2 = 100%, p < .05). The pooled clinic‐based prevalence was 0.79% (95% CI: 0.75%–0.84%), 1.13% (95% CI: 1.06%–1.21%), 0.21% (95% CI: 0.17%–0.26%), and 0.13% (95% CI: 0.1%–0.15%) for Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Conclusions

This study identified the global incidence and prevalence of BP in terms of spatial and population distributions and among various income level. A relatively higher incidence was in Europe, females, older people, and high‐income level country. The prevalence was higher in Asia. These findings should be interpreted with caution due to high heterogeneity of included studies.
High‐intensity focused ultrasound treatment for excessive subcutaneous fat in abdomen, upper arms, and thigh: A pilot study
Authors: Lee Hyun Ji , Lee Ji Hyun , Bang Chul Hwan , Jung Joon‐Yong , Park Young Min
Published: January 2022

Background

High‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been recently introduced as a non‐invasive therapeutic modality for controlling excessive subcutaneous fat.

Objective

The efficacy and safety of the HIFU device for sculpting the abdomen, upper arm, and thigh were evaluated.

Materials and Methods

Ten subjects with more than 10 mm of subcutaneous fat in the abdomen, upper arm, and/or thigh were recruited. We evaluate mean change in the thickness and circumference of subcutaneous fat of each treated area measured using ultrasound 12 weeks after the procedure, the degree of pain, and subject and practitioner satisfaction 12 weeks after the procedure.

Results

The mean change of subcutaneous fat thickness in the abdomen, upper arm, and thigh measured using ultrasound 12 weeks after the procedure was −4.33 ± 2.42, −1.86 ± 1.35, and −1.86 ± 1.35 mm, respectively. Compared with pretreatment, subcutaneous fat thickness of the abdomen and upper arm was significantly reduced (p = 0.0020 and p = 0.0004, respectively), but not in the thigh (p = 0.0716). Highest patient satisfaction was for the abdomen. Pain was generally tolerable.

Conclusion

The results from the present study indicate HIFU can be an effective and safe therapeutic modality for removing excessive subcutaneous fat in humans.
Heart rate variability increases following automated acoustic slow wave sleep enhancement
Authors: Diep Charmaine , Ftouni Suzanne , Drummond Sean P. A. , Garcia‐Molina Gary , Anderson Clare
Published: January 2022

Acoustic stimulation has been shown to enhance slow wave sleep and in turn, cognition, and now cardiac outcomes in young adults. With the emergence of commercial acoustic devices in the home, we sought to examine the impact of an acoustic, slow wave enhancing device on heart rate variability in healthy, middle‐aged males (n = 24, 39.92 ± 4.15 years). Under highly controlled conditions, the participants were randomised to receive closed‐loop brain state‐dependent stimulation in the form of auditory tones (STIM), or no tones (SHAM), in a crossover design, separated by a 1 week washout period. STIM and SHAM were compared on measures of heart rate variability for the whole night and over the first three sleep cycles. We found an increase in slow wave activity following STIM compared with SHAM. There was a significant increase in high frequency power and standard deviation of the normalised RR‐intervals (SDNN) during the STIM condition compared with SHAM (p < 0.05), due to changes observed specifically during N3. In conclusion, heart rate variability appears to improve following acoustic slow wave sleep enhancement.
Potential Power in a Quasi‐Competitive Market
Authors: Oksoy Aydin S. , Nair Anil , Willis Chris H.
Published: January 2022

Through a market‐level examination of shifts in power, this article investigates the impact of potential power and actual power variables on negotiation outcomes viewed in terms of capital ($) in exchange for equity (%). The object of the negotiation is an embryonic firm, and the negotiation task is an exchange of capital invested by the angel investor for equity ownership offered by the entrepreneur. The structure of the interaction is an (n) versus (1) negotiation context with the following generalizable conditions: (1) competition exists among the set of buyers, (2) cooperation is allowed among the set of buyers, and (3) all parties have the ability to walk away. Our hypotheses can be summed up in the age‐old question: Is greater value placed on a bird in the hand, or two in the bush? Analyzing the final negotiated outcomes in relation to a common starting point across 147 market instances, we find that potential power initially has a stronger significant impact than actual power. However, after accounting for the impact of coalitions, actual power variables become highly significant while potential power variables become insignificant.
Perception of benefits and barriers associated with dementia prevention behaviors among people with diabetes
Authors: Pipatpiboon Noppamas , Koonrungsesomboon Nut , Suriyawong Wachira , Sripetchwandee Jirapas , Turale Sue
Published: January 2022

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for developing dementia and a public health concern around the world. Identifying any predictive factors associated with diabetes‐related dementia prevention behaviors are of value in helping to prevent dementia. From six community hospitals in Chiang Mai, Thailand, 182 people aged 30–60 years were enrolled in a cross‐sectional study and completed a written questionnaire on dementia prevention behaviors and perceptions of health beliefs. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to determine possible associations between dementia prevention behaviors and health belief perceptions. A high level of preventive behavior was associated with high perceptions of the benefits of, and barriers to, dementia prevention and longer duration of patients' diabetes. Findings indicate the predictive role of the two factors in the perception of health beliefs about dementia prevention behaviors among the participants. Although further testing with different samples and in different locations is warranted, education programs for health practitioners that integrate the findings of this study would be beneficial to improvement of dementia prevention behaviors in people with diabetes.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on public University laboratories of oral and maxillofacial pathology: A Brazilian multicenter study
Authors: Caldeira Patrícia Carlos , Schuch Lauren Frenzel , Tavares Thalita Soares , Santos‐Silva Alan Roger , Vargas Pablo Agustin , Pérez‐de‐Oliveira Maria Eduarda , de Almeida Oslei Paes , de Souza Lélia Batista , Gonzaga Amanda Katarinny Goes , Mendonça Elismauro Francisco , Sousa‐Neto Sebastião Silvério , Rivero Elena Riet Correa , Modolo Filipe , dos Santos Jean Nunes , Manieri Patrícia Rubia , Nonaka Cassiano Francisco Weege , Alves Pollianna Muniz , Libório‐Kimura Tatiana Nayara , Mendes Tássia Caroline da Costa , Etges Adriana , Tarquinio Sandra Beatriz Chaves , Gomes Ana Paula Neutzling , Abreu Lucas Guimarães , Vasconcelos Ana Carolina Uchoa
Published: January 2022

Objective

To evaluate the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the number of diagnoses of oral and maxillofacial lesions in public laboratories after one year of COVID‐19 outbreak in Brazil.

Material and Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study. Biopsies submitted to histopathologic examination from March 2019 to February 2020 (pre‐pandemic period) and from April 2020 to March 2021 (pandemic period) in nine Brazilian public oral pathology laboratories were retrieved and the number of diagnoses, types of lesion, and percentage changes during both periods were analyzed.

Results

There were 7389 diagnoses in the pre‐pandemic period and 2728 in the pandemic era, indicating a reduction of 63.08%. The reduction was 64.23% for benign lesions and 49.48% for malignant lesions, with a 50.64% reduction in squamous cell carcinoma. The largest decreases were observed in April 2020 and January 2021.

Conclusion

An important reduction in the diagnoses of benign and malignant lesions was noted in the Brazilian public oral pathology laboratories during the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Metabolomics, Microbiomics, Machine learning during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Bardanzellu Flaminia , Fanos Vassilios
Published: January 2022

COVID‐19 pandemic has a significant impact worldwide, from the point of view of public health, social, and economic aspects. The correct strategies of diagnosis and global management are still under debate. In the next future, we firmly believe that combining the so‐called 3 M's (metabolomics, microbiomics, and machine learning [artificial intelligence]) will be the optimal, accurate tool for the early diagnosis of COVID‐19 subjects, risk assessment and stratification, patient management, and decision‐making. If the currently available preliminary data obtain further confirms, through future studies on larger samples, simple biomarkers will provide predictive models for data analysis and interpretation, allowing a step toward personalized holistic medicine.
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and neonates: Evidence‐based data after 18 months of the pandemic
Authors: Pietrasanta Carlo , Artieri Giacomo , Ronchi Andrea , Crippa Beatrice , Ballerini Claudia , Crimi Riccardo , Mosca Fabio , Pugni Lorenza
Published: January 2022

After 18 months of the COVID‐19 pandemic, data concerning SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in pregnant women and their neonates are progressively taking the place of complete uncertainty. Here, we summarize updated evidence regarding several critical aspects of perinatal SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, including 1) vertical transmission of the virus in utero, which is possible but seems rare according to current epidemiological data; 2) how COVID‐19 during pregnancy can shape maternal and neonatal outcomes, either directly or indirectly; 3) how recommendations regarding the management of infected dyads have been progressively modified in light of new scientific evidence; and 4) how maternal infection or vaccination can induce the passive protection of fetuses and neonates against the infection, through the transfer of specific antibodies before and after birth.
Childhood multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID‐19 (MIS‐C): Distinct from Kawasaki disease or part of the same spectrum?
Authors: Santaniello Maria , Matucci‐Cerinic Caterina , Natoli Valentina , Trincianti Chiara , Ridella Francesca , Ravelli Angelo
Published: January 2022

One of the most challenging and intriguing phenomena observed during the COVID‐19 pandemic has been the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C). Patients with this condition present with some clinical features similar to those of Kawasaki disease (KD) and display signs and symptoms that are uncommon or rarely occur in this disorder, such as gastrointestinal complaints and myocarditis, often leading to myocardial failure and shock. In addition, patients’ age is older than that of children with classic KD. Management is based on administering intravenous immunoglobulin, glucocorticoids, and anakinra in the most severe instances. It is still debated whether MIS‐C and KD are different illnesses or represent a disease continuum.
Impact of COVID‐19 in immunosuppressive drug‐naïve autoimmune disorders: Autoimmune gastritis, celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease
Authors: Santacroce Giovanni , Lenti Marco Vincenzo , Aronico Nicola , Miceli Emanuela , Lovati Elisabetta , Lucotti Pietro Carlo , Coppola Luigi , Gentile Antonella , Latorre Mario Andrea , Di Terlizzi Francesco , Soriano Simone , Frigerio Chiara , Pellegrino Ivan , Pasini Alessandra , Ubezio Cristina , Mambella Jacopo , Canta Roberta , Fusco Alessandra , Rigano Giovanni , Di Sabatino Antonio
Published: January 2022

Few conflicting data are currently available on the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in patients with autoimmune disorders. The studies performed so far are influenced, in most cases, by the treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, making it difficult to ascertain the burden of autoimmunity per se. For this reason, herein we assessed the susceptibility to COVID‐19 in immunosuppressive drug‐naïve patients with autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune gastritis (AIG), celiac disease (CD), type 1 diabetes (T1D), and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). Telephone interviews were conducted on 400 patients—100 for each group—in May 2021 by looking at the positivity of molecular nasopharyngeal swabs and/or serology for SARS‐CoV‐2, the need for hospitalization, the outcome, and the vaccination status. Overall, a positive COVID‐19 test was reported in 33 patients (8.2%), comparable with that of the Lombardy general population (8.2%). In particular, seven patients with AIG, 9 with CD, 8 with T1D, and 9 with AITD experienced COVID‐19. Only three patients required hospitalization, none died, and 235 (58.7%) were vaccinated, 43 with AIG, 47 with CD, 91 with T1D, and 54 with AITD. These results seem to suggest that autoimmunity per se does not increase the susceptibility to COVID‐19. Also, COVID‐19 seems to be mild in these patients, as indicated by the low hospitalization rates and adverse outcomes, although further studies are needed to better clarify this issue.
AtUSP17 negatively regulates salt stress tolerance through modulation of multiple signaling pathways in Arabidopsis
Authors: Bhuria Monika , Goel Parul , Kumar Sanjay , Singh Anil Kumar
Published: January 2022

AtUSP17 is a multiple stress‐inducible gene that encodes a universal stress protein (USP) in Arabidopsis thaliana. In the present study, we functionally characterized AtUSP17 using its knock‐down mutant, Atusp17, and AtUSP17‐overexpression lines (WTOE). The overexpression of AtUSP17 in wild‐type and Atusp17 mutant Arabidopsis plants resulted in higher sensitivity to salt stress during seed germination than WT and Atusp17 mutant lines. In addition, the WTOE and FC lines exhibited higher abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity than Atusp17 mutant during germination. The exogenous application of ethylene precursor 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) was able to rescue the salt hypersensitive phenotype of WTOE lines. In contrast, AgNO3, an ethylene action inhibitor, further blocked the effect of ACC during germination. The addition of ACC under salt stress resulted in reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, expression of ABA‐responsive genes, improved proline synthesis, increased expression of positive regulators of ethylene signaling and antioxidant defense genes with enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. The WTOE lines exhibited salt sensitivity even at the adult plant stage, while Atusp17 mutant exhibited higher salt tolerance with higher chlorophyll, relative water content and lower electrolyte leakage as compared with WT. The BAR interaction viewer database and available literature mining identified AtUSP17‐interacting proteins, which include RGS1, RACK1C and PRN1 involved in G‐protein signaling, which play a crucial role in salt stress responses. Based on the present study and available literature, we proposed a model in which AtUSP17 negatively mediates salt tolerance in Arabidopsis through modulation of ethylene, ABA, ROS, and G‐protein signaling and responses.
Cesarean sections for high‐risk births: health, fertility, and labor market outcomes*
Authors: Mühlrad Hanna
Published: January 2022

A cesarean section (C‐section) is common practice in complicated deliveries that otherwise carry risk of severe complications. However, C‐sections themselves carry risks, as do all major surgical procedures. In this paper, I examine the causal effects of C‐sections on child and maternal outcomes in a population of high‐risk deliveries, namely breech births. To capture the causal effect of C‐sections, I exploit an information shock to the medical community on the effectiveness of the procedure. Using Swedish administrative data, I find that C‐sections improve the health of children at birth and during childhood. I find no significant impacts on maternal morbidity or labor market outcomes.