bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disrupted functional connectivity of the habenula links psychomotor retardation and deficit of verbal fluency and working memory in late‐life depression
Authors: Su Ting , Chen Ben , Yang Mingfeng , Wang Qiang , Zhou Huarong , Zhang Min , Wu Zhangying , Lin Gaohong , Wang Danpeng , Li Yue , Zhong Xiaomei , Ning Yuping
Published: October 2023

Background

Functional abnormalities of the habenula in patients with depression have been demonstrated in an increasing number of studies, and the habenula is involved in cognitive processing. However, whether patients with late‐life depression (LLD) exhibit disrupted habenular functional connectivity (FC) and whether habenular FC mediates the relationship between depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment remain unclear.

Methods

Overall, 127 patients with LLD and 75 healthy controls were recruited. The static and dynamic FC between the habenula and the whole brain was compared between LLD patients and healthy controls, and the relationships of habenular FC with depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment were explored by correlation and mediation analyses.

Results

Compared with the controls, patients with LLD exhibited decreased static FC between the right habenula and bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG); there was no significant difference in dynamic FC of the habenula between the two groups. Additionally, the decreased static FC between the right habenula and IFG was associated with more severe depressive symptoms (especially psychomotor retardation) and cognitive impairment (language, memory, and visuospatial skills). Last, static FC between the right habenula and left IFG partially mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms (especially psychomotor retardation) and cognitive impairment (verbal fluency and working memory).

Conclusions

Patients with LLD exhibited decreased static FC between the habenula and IFG but intact dynamic FC of the habenula. This decreased static FC mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment.
Evolution of HLA‐sensitization according to immunosuppressive therapy management among kidney transplant patients returning to dialysis between 2008 and 2019: A French retrospective study
Authors: Ferrari Kevin , Aarnink Alice , Ayav Carole , Frimat Luc , Couchoud Cécile , Audry Benoît , Antoine Corinne , Girerd Sophie
Published: October 2023

Background

The optimal management of immunosuppressive therapy (IT) after kidney allograft failure (KAF) remains controversial. Although maintaining IT may reduce HLA‐sensitization and improve access to retransplantation, it may also increase the rate of immunosuppression‐related complications. The overall impact on patient mortality is unknown. The main objective of this study was to compare the evolution of HLA‐sensitization 6 months after KAF according to IT management.

Methods

Individual clinical and health care data were extracted from the French national end‐stage kidney disease registry (Renal Epidemiology and Information Network [REIN]) and the French National Health Data system (SNDS), respectively. Patients aged > 18 years returning to dialysis after KAF between January 2008 and December 2019 in Lorraine were included. Patients were classified into two groups, IT continuation or IT discontinuation. HLA‐sensitization was defined as an increase in incompatible graft rate (IGR) between KAF and 6 months post‐KAF (change to a higher predefined category (0%–5%), (5%–20%), (20%–50%), (50%–85%), (85%–95%), (95%–98%), (98%–100%)). Secondary outcome was patient survival according to IT management.

Results

A total of 121 patients were included, 35 (29%) of whom continued IT. HLA‐sensitization after KAF tended to be higher in the “IT discontinuation” group (57% vs. 38% in the “IT continuation” group, p = .07). In multivariate analysis, IT continuation was associated with a lower increase in IGR (OR .37, 95% CI [.14; .93]). IT management was not associated with patient mortality.

Conclusions

Continuation of IT after KAF was associated with less change in IGR and was not associated with excess mortality.
A tale of three vines: current and future threats to wild Eurasian grapevine by vineyards and invasive rootstocks
Authors: Petitpierre Blaise , Arnold Claire , Phelps Leanne N. , Guisan Antoine
Published: October 2023

Aim

Eurasian grapevine (Vitis vinifera), one of the most important fruit crops worldwide, diverged from its wild and currently endangered relative (V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris) about 11,000 years ago. In the 19th century, detrimental phylloxera and disease outbreaks in Europe forced grapevine cultivation to use American Vitis species as rootstocks, which have now become naturalized in Europe and are starting to colonize similar habitats to the wild grapevine. Accordingly, wild grapevine now faces two additional threats: the expansion of vineyards and invasive rootstocks. Furthermore, climate change is expected to have significant impacts on the distribution of all grapevines in Europe. In this study, we quantified the distributional and bioclimatic overlap between grapewine's wild relative and the taxa associated with viticulture, under current and future climate.

Location

Europe, North America.

Methods

The distributions of wild Eurasian grapevine, cultivated Eurasian grapevine and five American grapevine species used in rootstock breeding programs were linked to climate variables to model their bioclimatic niches. These ecological niche models were used to quantify the spatial and bioclimatic overlap between these seven Vitis taxa in Europe.

Results

Niche and spatial overlap is high between the wild, cultivated and rootstock grapevines, suggesting that existing conflicts between vineyards and wild grapevine conservation may be further complicated by naturalized rootstocks outcompeting the wild grapevine, especially under future scenarios of climate change. In the hottest scenario, only 76.1% of the current distribution of the Eurasian grapevine remains in suitable area.

Main Conclusions

As wild grapevine may ultimately provide a valuable gene pool for adapting viticulture to a changing world, these findings demonstrate the need for improved management of the wild grapevine and its natural habitat, to counteract the harmful effects of global change on the wild relatives of viticulture.
Explaining the anuran beta diversity by pond‐living tadpoles: the role of dispersal limitation and environmental gradients through multiple scales
Authors: Garey Michel V. , Gonçalves‐Souza Thiago , Nomura Fausto , Souza Franco Leandro , Solé Mirco , Menin Marcelo , Rossa‐Feres Denise C.
Published: October 2023

Aim

Determining drivers of beta diversity is a hugely complex task, as it involves processes acting synergistically across multiple scales. We employed a large‐scale standardized protocol to tease apart the environmental and spatial processes driving beta diversity patterns of pond‐living tadpoles across multiple scales.

Location

Ponds distributed across 5000,000 km2 in five Brazilian biomes (Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado and Pantanal).

Methods

We sampled tadpoles in three to eight locations in each biome and eight to 61 ponds per location. We used partial distance‐based redundancy analyses with variation partitioning to assess the relative influence of environmental and spatial variables on beta diversity, which was estimated using the Raup–Crick index. We applied the same statistical protocol to the analyses conducted at the three spatial scales (metacommunity, regional and subcontinental), consistently maintaining the same grain while increasing the geographic extent.

Results

Spatially structured environmental variation was the most important driver of anuran beta diversity. At the regional scale, the spatial component was as important as spatially structured environmental variation, and the environmental component was the most important at the metacommunity scale. Narrow‐ranged and widespread species responded equally to environmental variables, but spatially structured environmental variation was more important to widespread species and pure spatial component was more important to narrow‐ranged species.

Main Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that spatial scale plays a role in understanding the dispersal‐ and niche‐based processes that generate beta diversity patterns. Increasing the geographical extent increases the impact of spatial processes and the influence of environmental factors on anuran beta diversity through spatially structured environmental variation. Even under different environmental conditions, narrow‐ranged and widespread species respond in a consistent manner to environmental and spatial dynamics, showing consistent responses to niche‐ and dispersal processes. This evidence can offer important guidelines for their conservation even for large‐scale management that includes multiple biomes.
Managing for biodiversity: The effects of climate, management and natural disturbance on wildlife species richness
Authors: Zeller Katherine A. , Povak Nicholas A. , Manley Patricia , Flake Samuel W. , Hefty Kira L.
Published: October 2023

Aim

Managers are increasingly facing an uncertain future given changing climates and ecological trajectories. The interacting effects of climate, natural disturbance, and management actions complicate future projections, and there is a need for approaches that integrate these factors—especially for predicting future vegetation and species richness.

Location

Central Sierra Nevada Mountains, USA.

Methods

We used outputs from a spatially explicit landscape disturbance succession model that incorporated forest management actions, disturbance, and climate to estimate habitat and potential species richness for 202 vertebrate species and five functional groups from 2020 to 2100. We examined species richness outcomes of three forest management scenarios under three climate trajectories. We modelled broadscale drivers of landscape‐level species richness, and proximate effects of management and disturbance at each pixel.

Results

Climate and forest management scenario had significant effects on potential species richness across the landscape, particularly at lower elevations; however, only management had significant effects at higher elevations. We found no effect of the interaction between climate and management scenario. The historical climate and the minimal management scenario generally resulted in higher species richness compared with other scenarios. Positive proximate effects generally included mechanical thinning and prescribed fire, as well as low and medium severity fire and beetle outbreaks. High severity fire had a consistently negative effect on species richness. We also quantified the contribution of protected areas and found that protected areas had higher species richness compared with ecologically similar unprotected lands, especially in climate futures that deviated from the historical climate.

Main Conclusions

Our findings highlight that managing for biodiversity is complex, and effects of climate, disturbance, and management differ among species, functional groups, topography and scales. However, landscape disturbance succession models provide a science‐based tool for untangling broadscale drivers and proximate effects of biodiversity and managing for ecological integrity in a changing climate.
Global health impact, priority and time
Authors: Herlitz Anders
Published: October 2023

This paper addresses normative issues that arise in relation to indicators and measures of health impact. With inspiration from Nicole Hassoun's recent proposal, the paper argues and illustrates that those interested in measuring global health impact face questions about how to prioritize among those with ill‐health, how to weigh benefits to those who cannot lead minimally good lives against benefits to the better off, and how to think about whether someone is badly off.
Physical exercise in kidney disease: A commonly undervalued treatment modality
Authors: Kanbay Mehmet , Copur Sidar , Yildiz Abdullah B. , Tanriover Cem , Mallamaci Francesca , Zoccali Carmine
Published: October 2023

Background

Physical inactivity has been identified as a risk factor for multiple disorders and a strong association exists between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a sedentary lifestyle. Even though physical activity is crucial in the development and progression of disease, the general focus of the current medical practice is the pharmacological perspective of diseases with inadequate emphasis on lifestyle intervention.

Methods

In this narrative review we explain the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise on CKD in addition to discussing the clinical studies and trials centred on physical exercise in patients with CKD.

Results

Physical activity influences several pathophysiological mechanisms including inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular function, immune response and macromolecular metabolism. While exercise can initially induce stress responses like inflammation and oxidative stress, long‐term physical activity leads to protective countermeasures and overall improved health. Trials in pre‐dialysis CKD patients show that exercise can lead to reductions in body weight, inflammation markers and fasting plasma glucose. Furthermore, it improves patients' functional capacity, cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life. The effects of exercise on kidney function have been inconsistent in these trials. In haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplant patients exercise interventions improve cardiorespiratory fitness, walking capacity and quality of life. Combined training shows the best performance to increase peak oxygen uptake in haemodialysis patients. In kidney transplant recipients, exercise improves walking performance, quality of life and potentially arterial stiffness. However, exercise does not affect glucose metabolism, serum cholesterol and inflammation biomarkers. Long‐term, adequately powered trials are needed to determine the long‐term feasibility, and effects on quality of life and major clinical outcomes, including mortality and cardiovascular risk, in all CKD stages and particularly in kidney transplant patients, a scarcely investigated population.

Conclusion

Physical exercise plays a crucial role in ameliorating inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular function, immune response and macromolecular metabolism, and contributes significantly to the quality of life for patients with CKD, irrespective of the treatment and stage. Its direct impact on kidney function remains uncertain. Further extensive, long‐term trials to conclusively determine the effect of exercise on major clinical outcomes such as mortality and cardiovascular risk remain a research priority.
Fish body size influenced by multiple drivers
Authors: Alò Dominique , Pizarro Vanessa , Habit Evelyn
Published: October 2023

There is evidence that organisms have become smaller during the past periods of global warming. Global change has substantial effects on biodiversity, with body size reduction being the third most common response to global warming. Body size allometry in ectotherms needs to be explored further; the objectives of this study were to better understand the mechanisms regulating body size in fish by testing: 1) Bergmann's rule with temperature and elevation, 2) additional environmental drivers, 3) the role of isolation, 4) ecoevolutionary hypotheses comparing native and exotic species and 5) the role of migration propensity in comparing migratory and resident species. We analyzed an extensive dataset of Chilean fish composed of 75 198 records which included 25 species from 12 different families between latitudes −28.80 to −51.42 using linear mixed models to discern the best environmental variables contributing to body size changes, as well as incorporating factors related to dispersal capabilities, biogeographic isolation and levels of exotic/native interactions. Bergmann's rule is supported by changes in elevation, and our study shows that freshwater fish body size also increases with increasing environmental heterogeneity and productivity. In general, inland native fish tend to be smaller than coastal ones, supporting the island rule with evidence of gigantism or dwarfism in selected species. Ecological variables affecting fish body size do not differ between native and exotic fish unless other factors are considered, such as dispersal capacity (migrating vs resident fish) or mechanisms related to their isolation. Although temperature is not a direct driver of body size in Chilean fish, heterogeneity, productivity, geography, migratory ability and species origin may affect body size. A better understanding of the mechanisms driving body size in ectotherms will aid in determining management priorities in the face of global climate disruption.
Labor protection and enterprise digital transformation: A quasi‐natural experiment based on the enforcement of Social Insurance Law in China
Authors: Bi Wenjing , Li Yifei , Zhang Xiaotao , Zhong Tenglong
Published: October 2023

This study examines the impact of Social Insurance Law in 2011 on enterprises' digital transformation, using a quasi‐natural experiment with difference‐in‐differences method. Implementation of the law contributes to enterprises' digital transformation. Mechanism tests reveal that implementation of the law promotes enterprise digital transformation by increasing labor costs. Heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that nonstate enterprises, enterprises with weaker financing constraints, and mature enterprises experience a more pronounced impact of the law. Enterprises in regions with highly integrated digital development and those in industries with a high level of digital transformation are more affected by the law.
Regionalization of the vertebral column and its correlation with heart position in snakes: Implications for evolutionary pathways and morphological diversification
Authors: Hampton Paul M. , Meik Jesse M.
Published: October 2023

Spinal regionalization has important implications for the evolution of vertebrate body plans. We determined the variation in the number and morphology of vertebrae across the vertebral column (i.e., vertebral formula) for 63 snake species representing 13 families using intracolumnar variation in vertebral shape. Vertebral counts were used to determine the position of the heart, pylorus, and left kidney for each species. Across all species we observed a conspicuous midthoracic transition in vertebral shape, indicating four developmental domains of the precloacal vertebral column (cervical, anterior thoracic, posterior thoracic, and lumbar). Using phylogenetic analyses, the boundary between the anterior and posterior thoracic vertebrae was correlated with heart position. No associations were found between shifts in morphology of the vertebral column and either the pylorus or left kidney. We observed that among taxa, the number of preapex and postapex vertebrae could change independently from one another and from changes in the total number of precloacal vertebrae. Ancestral state reconstruction of the preapex and postapex vertebrae illustrated several evolutionary pathways by which diversity in the vertebral column and heart position have been attained. In addition, no conspicuous pattern was observed among the heart, pylorus, or kidney indicating that their relative positions to each other evolve independently. We conclude that snakes exhibit four morphologically distinct regions of the vertebral column. We discuss the implications of the forebody and hindbody vertebral formula on the morphological diversification of snakes.
Mechanisms of dental injuries in basketball, United States, 2003–2022
Authors: Liang Lang , Chuang Sung‐Kiang
Published: October 2023

Background/Aim

Oral injuries such as oral soft tissue lacerations and contusions can occur in basketball by mechanisms such as running into other players or falling. Given a high enough impact force, dental injuries such as tooth fractures and avulsions can occur. Previous research has studied the different types of oral injuries as well as the mechanisms that cause them. Yet, the mechanisms resulting in dental injuries have remained unexplored. The aims of this study were to investigate the distribution of different oral injuries within each injury mechanism and evaluate which mechanisms were most likely to lead to a dental injury.

Materials and Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Subjects who experienced oral injuries from basketball between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2022 were included in this study. The independent variable was the injury mechanism. The dependent variable was the dental injury outcome (yes/no). Multivariate logistic regression was used to measure the association between the injury mechanism and the dental injury outcome. A p < .05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

This study included 4419 subjects who experienced oral injuries (national estimate, 138,980). Approximately 14.7% of oral injuries were dental injuries. Subjects experiencing collisions with objects such as walls or the basketball hoop (odds ratio (OR), 4.39; p < .001), falls (OR, 3.35; p < .001), or contact with the basketball (OR, 1.77; p = .006) had significantly higher odds of sustaining a dental injury relative to those experiencing contact with another player.

Conclusions

Basketball players experiencing contact to the mouth have high odds of sustaining a dental injury. An understanding of injury mechanisms is important for medical teams to manage these injuries and for coaches to educate athletes on safe and proper playing styles. Furthermore, healthcare providers and basketball staff should encourage athletes to wear mouthguards to reduce the risk of traumatic dental injuries.
Influence of the incorporation of small‐group practical seminars to a traditional lecture for the understanding of root canal morphology classification systems
Authors: Pérez‐Higueras Juan José , Oteo Beatriz , Gancedo‐Caravia Lucía , Arias Ana
Published: October 2023

Introduction

This study aimed to assess if the incorporation of small‐group practical seminars into a traditional lecture format improved the understanding and learning of the root canal classification systems in undergraduate students.

Materials and Methods

A small‐group practical seminar was designed for 3rd year undergraduate students. The seminar consisted of the analysis of a guided summary of root canal morphology classifications, a participative discussion of several cases and drawing exercises of several internal anatomies based on the different classifications in templates presenting the external anatomy of different dental groups. Students were inquired about their perspectives on the different classifications and the learning strategies with an anonymous questionnaire. The knowledge acquired was assessed in an exam. The scores obtained were compared using the Mann–Whitney U‐test with those obtained in the cohort of the previous year in which only the traditional lecture was delivered.

Results

Students' scores (mean = 7.7; SD = 2.5) were significantly higher (p = .006) than those from the previous cohort (mean = 6.9; SD = 2.3). Most students agreed that Ahmed's classification system was the most complete (98.8%) and intuitive (84%), but also the most difficult to understand (67%). All the students believed that the learning activity helped them understand the new classification system.

Conclusion

The incorporation of small‐group practical seminars into traditional lecture improved the understanding and learning of root canal configurations in undergraduate students. Students rated the classification system suggested by Ahmed et al. as the most complete and intuitive out of the three systems, but also the most difficult to learn.
Host–pathogen interactions under pressure: A review and meta‐analysis of stress‐mediated effects on disease dynamics
Authors: Vicente‐Santos Amanda , Willink Beatriz , Nowak Kacy , Civitello David J. , Gillespie Thomas R.
Published: October 2023

Human activities have increased the intensity and frequency of natural stressors and created novel stressors, altering host–pathogen interactions and changing the risk of emerging infectious diseases. Despite the ubiquity of such anthropogenic impacts, predicting the directionality of outcomes has proven challenging. Here, we conduct a review and meta‐analysis to determine the primary mechanisms through which stressors affect host–pathogen interactions and to evaluate the impacts stress has on host fitness (survival and fecundity) and pathogen infectivity (prevalence and intensity). We assessed 891 effect sizes from 71 host species (representing seven taxonomic groups) and 78 parasite taxa from 98 studies. We found that infected and uninfected hosts had similar sensitivity to stressors and that responses varied according to stressor type. Specifically, limited resources compromised host fecundity and decreased pathogen intensity, while abiotic environmental stressors (e.g., temperature and salinity) decreased host survivorship and increased pathogen intensity, and pollution increased mortality but decreased pathogen prevalence. We then used our meta‐analysis results to develop susceptible–infected theoretical models to illustrate scenarios where infection rates are expected to increase or decrease in response to resource limitations or environmental stress gradients. Our results carry implications for conservation and disease emergence and reveal areas for future work.
Scoping review and expert‐based consensus recommendations for assessment and management of psychogenic non‐epileptic (functional) seizures (PNES) in children: A report from the Pediatric Psychiatric Issues Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy
Authors: Reilly Colin , Jette Nathalie , Johnson Emma C. , Kariuki Symon M. , Meredith Francesca , Wirrell Elaine , Mula Marco , Smith Mary Lou , Walsh Samantha , Fong Choong Yi , Wilmshurst Jo M. , Kerr Mike , Valente Kette , Auvin Stephane
Published: October 2023

Limited guidance exists regarding the assessment and management of psychogenic non‐epileptic seizures (PNES) in children. Our aim was to develop consensus‐based recommendations to fill this gap. The members of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Task Force on Pediatric Psychiatric Issues conducted a scoping review adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐SR) standards. This was supplemented with a Delphi process sent to pediatric PNES experts. Consensus was defined as ≥80% agreement. The systematic search identified 77 studies, the majority (55%) of which were retrospective (only one randomized clinical trial). The primary means of PNES identification was video electroencephalography (vEEG) in 84% of studies. Better outcome was associated with access to counseling/psychological intervention. Children with PNES have more frequent psychiatric disorders than controls. The Delphi resulted in 22 recommendations: Assessment—There was consensus on the importance of (1) taking a comprehensive developmental history; (2) obtaining a description of the events; (3) asking about potential stressors; (4) the need to use vEEG if available parent, self, and school reports and video recordings can contribute to a “probable” diagnosis; and (5) that invasive provocation techniques or deceit should not be employed. Management—There was consensus about the (1) need for a professional with expertise in epilepsy to remain involved for a period after PNES diagnosis; (2) provision of appropriate educational materials to the child and caregivers; and (3) that the decision on treatment modality for PNES in children should consider the child's age, cognitive ability, and family factors. Comorbidities—There was consensus that all children with PNES should be screened for mental health and neurodevelopmental difficulties. Recommendations to facilitate the assessment and management of PNES in children were developed. Future directions to fill knowledge gaps were proposed.
Grooming reciprocation in Himalayan tahr and the cognitive constraint hypothesis
Authors: Schino Gabriele , Manzoni Carola , Di Giovanni Massimiliano
Published: October 2023

The cognitive constraint hypothesis maintains reciprocity is rare among animals because it requires cognitive capabilities that are rare, if not absent, in animals. In particular, it suggests that temporal discounting, limited memory, and limited capability of complex calculations make long‐term reciprocation essentially impossible for animals. The cognitive constraint hypothesis therefore predicts that, if reciprocity ever occurs in animals, it should always be immediate. In this study, we tested for long‐term reciprocation in Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus), a species that is not notable for its advanced cognitive capabilities. We showed that tahr are able to reciprocate grooming over extended time periods, that is, that they groom preferentially those individuals from which they receive more grooming even when all cases of immediate reciprocation are excluded from analysis. These results do not support the cognitive constraint hypothesis. We note the cognitive constraint hypothesis makes two silent assumptions: that all reciprocation is necessarily calculated and that it is based on partner control processes. We suggest these assumptions are unwarranted, and that most group living animals base their ability to reciprocate on emotionally based partner choice.
An empirical study of blockchain‐based models of interest margin of secondary capital bond issuance in the internet of things environment
Authors: Xu Zheng , Dai Yuzan , Liu Ji
Published: October 2023

The emergence of blockchain technology and the Internet of Things has improved the efficiency and quality of social production, thus accelerating the speed of economic development. The calculation of issue spreads for Tier 2 capital bonds, mainly using a centralized settlement system, ignores the transparency of the data and leads to a high degree of uncertainty in the results of issue spread analysis. The current status of secondary capital bond issuance is analysed and a conceptual definition of blockchain and secondary capital bond is completed as the theoretical support for the subsequent empirical study. Bond issuance data are collected within the wind database as empirical research data, and ordinary bonds are selected as the reference object to put forward three empirical research hypotheses. Utilizing the bond issuance spread research model centered on the blockchain model for empirical analysis, the research results show that the secondary capital bond issuance spread is significantly lower than ordinary bonds.
Parenting beliefs in ultra‐orthodox families in Israel: The integration of structure and support
Authors: Ganz Zev
Published: October 2023

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore the parenting beliefs of large ultra‐orthodox families living in Israel within the context of religion, culture, and large family size.

Background

The ultra‐orthodox community in Israel represents a growing and insular population. Little research has been done exploring the nature of parenting beliefs in this community. In particular, the opinions of children on this topic have been neglected in the literature.

Method

A qualitative design using semistructured interviews was used as the primary research instrument. The study sample consisted of 25 individuals from five ultra‐orthodox families. All members of the family above age 10 were interviewed.

Results

Parents focused on the individuality of their children and made efforts to provide individualized attention to them. These intentions existed alongside a strong emphasis from both parents and children on hierarchy and respect for elders. These beliefs were identified as “Torah values” and were understood to originate within a religious framework with divine origin.

Conclusion

Clinical and research implications of the findings are discussed. Participants supported a framework that emphasized the Euro‐American parenting values of individuality and support but did not include democratic elements of child–parent interaction. Instead, hierarchical beliefs that reinforced family hierarchy and obedience from children predominated.

Implications

In ultra‐orthodox households in Israel, firm boundaries and strict hierarchy should not be associated with low levels of warmth and attunement. A lack of tolerance for difference is not necessarily an indication of an absence of appreciation of individuality.
Low‐cycle fatigue life prediction of powder metallurgy superalloy considering characteristic parameters of inclusions
Authors: Feng Yefei , Zhang Lu , Wang Yuzhuo , Yu Zhiwei , Jiang Rong , Zhou Xiaoming , Zou Jinwen , Wang Xuqing
Published: October 2023

Foreign non‐metallic inclusions can significantly reduce the low‐cycle fatigue (LCF) life of powder metallurgy (PM) superalloy and greatly affect the safety and reliability of aeroengines. In this paper, LCF experiments on PM FGH96 superalloy with and without inclusions were conducted. Effects of inclusions on the fatigue life and damage mechanism of FGH96 alloy are discussed by fractography analysis. Parameters related to inclusion characteristics such as strength–inclusion coefficient are proposed. By introducing characteristic parameters of inclusions, the LCF life prediction models are established based on the Manson–Coffin relationship, which significantly improved the prediction accuracy and reduced the scattering band by a factor of 2.
Drivers of habitat availability for terrestrial mammals: Unravelling the role of livestock, land conversion and intrinsic traits in the past 50 years
Authors: Pacifici Michela , Cristiano Andrea , Lumbierres Maria , Lucherini Mauro , Mallon David , Meijaard Erik , Solari Sergio , Tognelli Marcelo F. , Belant Jerrold L. , Butynski Thomas M. , Cronin Drew , d'Huart Jean‐Pierre , Da Re Daniele , de Jong Yvonne A. , Dheer Arjun , Fei Li , Gallina Sonia , Goodrich John M. , Harihar Abishek , Lopez Gonzalez Carlos A. , King Sarah R. B. , Lewison Rebecca L. , de Melo Fabiano R. , Napolitano Constanza , Rahman Dede Aulia , Robinson Phillip T. , Robinson Timothy , Rondinini Carlo , Semiadi Gono , Strier Karen , Talebi Mauricio , Taylor William Andrew , Thiel‐Bender Christine , Ting Nelson , Wiesel Ingrid
Published: October 2023

The global decline of terrestrial species is largely due to the degradation, loss and fragmentation of their habitats. The conversion of natural ecosystems for cropland, rangeland, forest products and human infrastructure are the primary causes of habitat deterioration. Due to the paucity of data on the past distribution of species and the scarcity of fine‐scale habitat conversion maps, however, accurate assessment of the recent effects of habitat degradation, loss and fragmentation on the range of mammals has been near impossible. We aim to assess the proportions of available habitat within the lost and retained parts of mammals' distribution ranges, and to identify the drivers of habitat availability. We produced distribution maps for 475 terrestrial mammals for the range they occupied 50 years ago and compared them to current range maps. We then calculated the differences in the percentage of ‘area of habitat’ (habitat available to a species within its range) between the lost and retained range areas. Finally, we ran generalized linear mixed models to identify which variables were more influential in determining habitat availability in the lost and retained parts of the distribution ranges. We found that 59% of species had a lower proportion of available habitat in the lost range compared to the retained range, thus hypothesizing that habitat loss could have contributed to range declines. The most important factors negatively affecting habitat availability were the conversion of land to rangeland and high density of livestock. Significant intrinsic traits were those related to reproductive timing and output, habitat breadth and medium body size. Our findings emphasize the importance of implementing conservation strategies to mitigate the impacts caused by human activities on the habitats of mammals, and offer evidence indicating which species have the potential to reoccupy portions of their former range if other threats cease to occur.
Making remote sense of biodiversity: What grassland characteristics make spectral diversity a good proxy for taxonomic diversity?
Authors: Van Cleemput Elisa , Adler Peter , Suding Katharine Nash
Published: October 2023

Aim

The spectral variability hypothesis (SVH) predicts that spectral diversity, defined as the variability of radiation reflected from vegetation, increases with biodiversity. While confirmation of this hypothesis would pave the path for use of remote sensing to monitor biodiversity, support in herbaceous ecosystems is mixed. Methodological aspects related to scale have been the predominant explanation for the mixed support, yet biological characteristics that vary among herbaceous systems may also affect the strength of the relationship. Therefore, we examined the influence of three biological characteristics on the relationship between spectral and taxonomic diversity: vegetation density, spatial species turnover and invasion by non‐native species. We aimed to understand when and why spectral diversity may serve as an indicator of taxonomic diversity and be useful for monitoring.

Location

Continental U.S.A.

Time Period

Peak greenness in 2017.

Major Taxa Studied

Grassland and herbaceous ecosystems.

Methods

For nine herbaceous sites in the National Ecological Observatory Network, we calculated taxonomic diversity from field surveys of 20 m × 20 m plots and derived spectral diversity for those same plots from airborne hyperspectral imagery with a spatial resolution of 1 m. The strength of the taxonomic diversity–spectral diversity relationship at each site was subsequently assessed against measurements of vegetation density, spatial species turnover and invasion.

Results

We found a significant relationship between taxonomic and spectral diversity at some, but not all, sites. Spectral diversity was more strongly related to taxonomic diversity in sites with high species turnover and low invasion, but vegetation density had no effect on the relationship.

Main Conclusions

Using spectral diversity as a proxy for taxonomic diversity in grasslands is possible in some circumstances but should not just be assumed based on the SVH. It is important to understand the biological characteristics of a community prior to considering spectral diversity to monitor taxonomic diversity.
Effectiveness and safety of the co‐administration of Yokukan‐San (Japanese herbal medicine) with antipsychotics in hospitalized older patients with pneumonia
Authors: Yokoyama Akira , Jo Taisuke , Sakamoto Yukiyo , Urushiyama Hirokazu , Tamiya Hiroyuki , Tanaka Goh , Kumazawa Ryosuke , Matsui Hiroki , Fushimi Kiyohide , Yasunaga Hideo , Nagase Takahide
Published: October 2023

Aim

Behavioral and psychological symptoms and delirium frequently occur in hospitalized older patients with pneumonia and are associated with longer hospital stays. Yokukan‐San (YKS, traditional Japanese [Kampo] medicine) and antipsychotics are often used to treat delirium and behavioral and psychological symptoms in Japan. Hence, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of the co‐administration of YKS with atypical antipsychotics in older patients with pneumonia.

Methods

We used the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination inpatient database to retrospectively identify older patients (≥65 years) hospitalized for pneumonia who received antipsychotics within 3 days of hospitalization. The patients were divided into two groups: those who received atypical antipsychotics alone (control group) and those who received both atypical antipsychotics and YKS (YKS group). We compared length of hospital stay, in‐hospital mortality, bone fractures, and administration of potassium products between the two groups using propensity score overlap weighting.

Result

We identified 4789 patients in the YKS group and 61 641 in the control group. After propensity score overlap weighting, length of hospital stay was statistically significantly shorter in the YKS group (percentage difference −3.0%; 95% confidence interval −5.8% to −0.3%). The proportion of patients who received potassium products was higher in the YKS group (odds ratio 1.34; 95% confidence interval 1.15–1.55). In‐hospital death and bone fractures were not significantly different.

Conclusion

Co‐administration of YKS with atypical antipsychotics could be a reasonable treatment option for hospitalized older patients with pneumonia and aggressive psychiatric symptoms. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023; 23: 849–854.
The patient representation struggle during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Missed opportunities for resilient healthcare systems
Authors: van de Bovenkamp Hester , de Graaff Bert , Kalthoff Karin , Bal Roland
Published: October 2023

Background

The role of patient participation and representation during crises, such as the COVID‐19 pandemic, has been under‐researched. Existing studies paint a pessimistic picture of patient representation during the pandemic. However, there are indications that patient representatives have adapted to the new situation and can contribute to the resilience of healthcare systems. This paper aims to further explore the potential contribution of patient representatives for healthcare system resilience during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

The study used a qualitative approach. We conducted a thematic analysis on the following data: interviews with client council members (n = 32) and representatives from patient organizations (n = 6) and focus groups (n = 2) to investigate patient representation on both the national policy level and organizational level in the Netherlands.

Results

We identified the crisis discourse, the dependent position, the diversity of patient perspectives and the layered decision‐making structure as themes that help to understand what made patient representation in pandemic times a struggle for national and local patient representatives. The analysis of the subjects these representatives put forward during decision‐making shows that their input can play an important role in broadening discussions, challenging decisions, and suggesting alternatives during a crisis. We identified several strategies (e.g., collaborating with other actors, proactively putting subjects on the policy agenda, finding new ways of contacting their ‘constituency’) used by the patient representatives studied to exert influence despite the difficulties encountered.

Conclusions

The struggle for patient representation during pandemic decision‐making is a missed opportunity for resilient healthcare systems as these representatives can play a role in opening up discussions and putting different perspectives to the fore. Moreover, the adaptive strategies used by representatives to influence decision‐making offer lessons for future representation activities. However, adaptations to the crisis decision‐making structure are also needed to enable patient representatives to play their role.

Patient Contribution

We conducted interviews with patient representatives and discussed our preliminary findings with patient representatives during the focus groups. Zorgbelang, a patient organization supporting client councils and enabling and organizing patient participation for organizations and municipalities, was partner in this research and contributed to the interview guide, conducting interviews and focus groups. Additionally, the analysis made by the first author was discussed and refined multiple times with the partners of Zorgbelang and one of them co‐authored this paper.
‘Including us, talking to us and creating a safe environment’—Youth patient and public involvement and the Walking In ScHools (WISH) Study: Lessons learned
Authors: Gallagher Alison M. , O'Kane Sarah Maria , Doherty Leanne C. , Faulkner Maria , McDermott Gary , Jago Russell , Lahart Ian M. , Murphy Marie H. , Carlin Angela
Published: October 2023

Background

Young people have the right to be informed and consulted about decisions affecting their lives. Patient and public involvement (PPI) ensures that research is carried out ‘with’ or ‘by’ young people rather than ‘to’, ‘about’ or ‘for’ them. The aim of this paper is to outline how youth PPI can be embedded within a physical activity intervention, reflect on the impact of PPI and provide recommendations for future PPI in a similar context.

Methods

A Youth Advisory Group (YAG) was set up within the Walking In ScHools (WISH) Study to involve adolescent girls in the delivery, implementation and dissemination of a physical activity intervention targeted at adolescents. Schools invited pupils aged 12–14 years and 15–18 years to YAG meetings (n3, from 2019 to 2023). Participative methods were used to inform recruitment strategies and data collection methods for the WISH Study.

Results

Across the three YAG meetings, n51 pupils from n8 schools were involved. Pupils enjoyed the YAG meetings, felt that their feedback was valued and considered the meetings a good way to get young people involved in research. The YAG advised on specific issues and although measuring impact was not the primary aim of the YAG meetings, over the course of the study there were many examples of the impact of PPI. Recruitment targets for the WISH Study were exceeded, the attrition rate was low and pupils were engaged in data collection.

Conclusion

Youth PPI is a developing field and there are few physical activity studies that report the PPI work undertaken. Within the WISH Study, three YAG meetings were held successfully, and the views of adolescent girls were central to the development of the study. Considering the specific issues that the YAG advised on (study recruitment, attrition and data collection), there was evidence of a positive impact of PPI.

Patient or Public Contribution

Pupils from post‐primary schools interested/participating in the WISH Study were invited to attend YAG meetings. YAG meetings were set up to consult adolescent girls on the delivery, implementation and dissemination of the WISH intervention.
History of celebrity branching out
Authors: Wesołowski Adrian
Published: October 2023

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the expanding field of celebrity history. While there was once a debate surrounding the application of the concept of celebrity to the past, historians have recently recognised the importance of exploring transient fame and social distinction, solidifying this line of inquiry. However, our understanding of historical celebrity has since evolved, involving new themes, time periods, and geographical contexts, which has led to a diverse range of approaches and perspectives. By examining how historians have explored the topic in recent years, this article identifies the strengths and limitations of different approaches, offering a fresh and updated understanding of the complexities of studying the role of fame throughout history.