bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Market integration and price transmission in Ethiopian banana supply chain
Authors: Shikur Zewdie Habte
Published: April 2020

Local banana market prices in surplus areas are asymmetrically integrated and transmitted with that in central banana market prices or deficit areas due to geographic distance between markets, market power, and high transportation costs. As the result, the banana marketing margin is high due to high transport costs and transaction costs. Although the policy relevance of degree of vertical and spatial price transmission in banana supply chain, in Ethiopia is largely unknown, and this study assists to bridge the existing gap. The study investigates degree of spatial and vertical market integration and price transmission of banana supply chain in Ethiopia. ARDL co-integration bound tests and Granger causality tests are employed to examine vertical and horizontal price transmissions in banana supply chain using 10 years average monthly banana prices. The study finds relatively a higher degree of price transmission from central wholesale banana market to surplus banana market. Central wholesaler price has a significant effect on both banana producer and retailer prices in both long-run and short‐run. The result indicates that Granger causality is running from central wholesale market to local markets. There may be high transaction cost may reflect the vertical and spatial asymmetric price transmissions in banana supply chain. Policy interventions in banana supply chains could facilitate a faster and substantial degree of price transmission between actors in banana supply chain.
Prehospital naloxone administration – what influences choice of dose and route of administration?
Authors: Tylleskar Ida , Gjersing Linn , Bjørnsen Lars Petter , Braarud Anne-Cathrine , Heyerdahl Fridtjof , Dale Ola , Skulberg Arne Kristian
Published: April 2020

Introduction:Amidst the ongoing opioid crisis there are debates regarding the optimal route of administration and dosages of naloxone. This applies both for lay people administration and emergency medical services, and in the development of new naloxone products.We examined the characteristics of naloxone administration, including predictors of dosages and multiple doses during patient treatment by emergency medical service staff in order enlighten this debate.Methods: This was a prospective observational study of patients administered naloxone by the Oslo City Center emergency medical service, Norway (2014-2018). Cases were linked to The National Cause of Death Registry. We investigated the route of administration and dosage of naloxone, clinical and demographic variables relating to initial naloxone dose and use of multiple naloxone doses and one-week mortality.Results: Overall, 2,215 cases were included, and the majority (91.9%) were administered intramuscular naloxone. Initial doses were 0.4 or 0.8 mg, and 15% of patients received multiple dosages. Unconscious patients or those in respiratory arrest were more likely to be treated with 0.8 mg naloxone and to receive multiple doses. The one-week mortality from drug-related deaths was 4.1 per 1000 episodes, with no deaths due to rebound toxicity.Conclusions: Intramuscular naloxone doses of 0.4 and 0.8 mg were effective and safe in the treatment of opioid overdose in the prehospital setting. Emergency medical staff appear to titrate naloxone based on clinical presentation.
Comparison of laser irradiation behavior of plasma-sprayed Ba2-xSrxSmTaO6 coatings
Authors: Zheng Jiayi , Ma Zhuang , Liu Yanbo , Gao Lihong
Published: April 2020

Ba2 − xSrxSmTaO6 (x = 0–2), a series of low thermal conduction and good thermal stability materials, is believed to have potential use as thermal insulation laser protection materials, however, is limited by their unclear laser damage mechanism. Thus, in this paper, we investigated and compared their laser damage behaviors as well as their protection thresholds. The Ba2 − xSrxSmTaO6 (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2) powder were prepared by solid state reaction and the coatings were prepared by air plasma spray. During the laser irradiation process, we observed that the coatings underwent irradiation center turning bright, grains recrystallization and melting process. When the laser power density was 500W/cm2, no damage was observed in all five components coatings and the ablation surface of x = 1 and 2 coatings turned bright. However, the melting phenomenon occurred to x = 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 coatings while the laser power density reached 1000W/cm2, and the ablation area of x = 0 coatings started to turn bright. At 1500W/cm2 laser power density, coatings of all five components melted and the melting area of x = 0 and 1 was obviously smaller than the coatings of other three components. Ba2SmTaO6 (x = 0) showed the highest protection threshold that was 2000W/cm2 for 10 s, and x = 0.5 coatings showed the lowest protection threshold that was 1000W/cm2 for 26 s. In terms of back surface temperature, BaSrSmTaO6 (x = 1) presented the lowest value and Ba2SmTaO6 was only slightly higher than it. To sum up, Ba2SmTaO6 has the best comprehensive laser protection properties and is believed to be the most potential laser protection materials among the five components.
Ventilating Two Subjects with One Ventilator: Achievable but not Advisable
Authors: Satalin Joshua , Blair Sarah , Kollisch-Singule Michaela , Trikha Girish , Al-Khalisy Hassan , Andrews Penny , Madden Maria , Gatto Louis A. , Nieman Gary F. , Habashi Nader M.
Published: April 2020

Background: The world is in the midst of the COVID-19 viral pandemic and the number of patients requiring mechanical ventilation may exceed the number of ventilators available. New information is being sought on the feasibility of using one ventilator on multiple patients should the need arise. In this study, we hypothesized that two rabbits could be simultaneously mechanically ventilated using a simple, readily available, dual circuit. Methods: Two pairs of New Zealand White rabbits (n=4) were anesthetized and hooked up to a simple dual circuit and ventilated in the Airway Pressure Release Ventilation mode. Arterial and venous lines were placed for arterial blood gases, hemodynamic monitoring and fluid administration. Following one hour of ventilation, a surfactant washout was performed and mechanical ventilation resumed. Animals were euthanized after an additional one hour of ventilation. Results: Both Pairs of rabbits had a similar pre-injury PaO2/FiO2 ratio. Following injury, all rabbits had a decline in PaO2/FiO2 with 2 maintaining a PaO2/FiO2 ratio consistent with moderate ARDS, 1 consistent with mild and 1 return to normal. Both Pairs of rabbits had a similar pre-injury PaCO2. Rabbits in Pair 1 maintained similar arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) levels following ARDS. Pair 2 showed an increase in PaCO2 with ARDS due to the much higher PaCO2 in the rabbit with the more severe lung injury.Conclusion: A dual ventilator circuit can be constructed from materials in any respiratory therapy department. Using this dual circuit, two animals with ARDS can be oxygenated and ventilation sufficiently to meet current standards.
Influencing factors of aggressive behavior among left-behind junior high school students: structural equation model
Authors: Li Yi-Fei , Zhang Jie , Li Juan , Chen Yi-Ping , Yang Si-Lan , Tao Ying-Xiang , Ye Bi-Yun , Zhang Jing-Ping , Mao Ting
Published: April 2020

Background

High aggressive behavior will harm the physical and mental health of children, and the probability of aggressive behaviors among left-behind junior high school students is significantly higher than that of non-left-behind ones, but the systematic research and intervention measures concerning the aggressive behavior of the left-behind junior high school students quite deficient at present. This study adopts the structural equation model to analyze the interrelationship and action modes of various factors affecting the aggressive behavior of the left-behind junior high school students to provide scientific basis for the mitigation and prevention of their aggressive behavior.
Methods

A structural equation model was constructed based on data from a cross-sectional survey of 751 left-behind junior high school students using Adolescent Self-rating Life Events Checklist, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents, Coping Style Questionnaire, and Buss-Warren Aggression Questionnaire.
Results

Self-esteem, resilience, positive coping, negative coping and household income have different direct or indirect effects on the aggressive behavior of left-behind junior high school students. Among them, self-esteem, resilience, positive coping and negative coping are the important mediating factors between life events and aggressive behavior of left-behind junior high school students.
Conclusions

Parents, teachers and temporary guardians in the care of left-behind children should try to avoid possible adverse effects that the life events have on the children, meanwhile should also through effective psychological intervention and social support, improving the self-esteem, psychological resilience and positive coping tendencies of left-behind children, in order to reduce or prevent their aggressive behaviors.
Assessment of Community Psycho-behavioral Responses during the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A cross sectional study
Authors: Magdy Doaa Mohamed , Metwally Ahmed , Magdy Omar
Published: April 2020

Background: The novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) is a public health emergency of international concern resulting in adverse psychological impacts during the epidemic.The aim of this study: To examine the public’s knowledge and psychological impact during the outbreak of (2019-nCoV) and the extent to which various precautionary measures have been adopted.Materials & Methods: From 1 to 10 April 2020, we conducted an online survey. The online survey collected information on demographic data, precautionary measures against (2019-nCoV), self-health evaluation, knowledge and concerns about (2019-nCoV) and appraisal of crisis management. Psychological impact was assessed by General Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale. The designed questionnaire was answered by participants, and the collected data were statistically analyzed.Results: This study included 1200 respondents. In total, 80% of respondents rated the psychological impact; 18% reported minimal anxiety; 34% reported mild anxiety and (48%) with moderate anxiety symptoms. A large proportion (74%) believed that they were very or somewhat likely to contract (2019-nCoV) while only 35% believed they were unlikely to survive if they contracted the disease. (58%) of the respondents, practiced the precautionary measures directed against person to person droplet spread.Respondents with moderate level of anxiety were most likely to take comprehensive precautionary measures against the infection. In addition, older, female, more educated people as well as those who are more likely to contract infection.Conclusions: During the outbreak, more than half of the respondents rated the psychological impact as moderate anxiety. Thus, the psychological needs during the outbreak should be addressed appropriately. Our results highlight the need to promote protective personal health practices to interrupt the transmission of the (2019-nCoV) in the community must take into account. Therefore, educational public programs about preventive measures should be targeted at the identified groups with low current uptake of precautions.
Spatial modeling of the ecological niche of Pinus greggii Engelm (Pinaceae): A species conservation proposal in Mexico
Authors: MARTINEZ ALDO Rafael , Diaz Jose Villanueva , Manzanilla-Quiñones Ulises , Becerra-López Jorge Luis , Hernández-Herrera José Antonio , Estrada-Ávalos Juan , Velázquez-Pérez Adín Helber
Published: April 2020

Background

Studies in Mexico have shown that the genus Pine has always been under evolutionary changes, however currently they have accelerated as a result of human activities. Pinus greggii is a species restricted by particular environmental conditions of the Sierra Madre Occidental, which is of socio-economic importance in terms of wood production and provides environmental services to the ecosystem. Species distribution models are a relevant geospatial tool in decision making, and notable applications exist such as identifying areas of distribution and zones susceptible to climate change. The objectives of this study were: 1) model and quantify the current distribution, and possible future distribution under four scenarios of climate change; 2) identify the most relevant environmental variables that drive changes in distribution; and 3) to propose adequate zones for the species’ conservation in Mexico.
Methods

438 records of Pinus greggii from several national and international databases were obtained, and were cleaned up to get rid of duplicates and overestimations in the models. Climatic, edaphic, and topographic variables were used and were generated 100 distribution models for current and future scenarios with Maxent software.
Results

The model one under replicated of crossvalidation had the best statistic, with an area under the curve of 0.88 and 0.93 for model training and validation, respectively, a partial ROC of 1.94, and a significant Z test (p < 0.01). The current estimated area of Pinus greggii in Mexico was 617,706.04 ha and the most important environmental variables for current distribution were the annual mean temperature, mean temperature of coldest quarter, and slope. For the 2041–2060 models, annual mean temperature, precipitation of coldest quarter, and slope were most important. The future models (2041–2060) predict a decrease in suitable habitat for the species from 48,403.85 (7.8%; HadGEM2-ES RCP 8.5 model) to 134,680.17 ha (21.8%; CNRM-CM5 RCP 4.5).
Conclusions

The spatial modeling of current and future conditions of the ecological niche of Pinus greggii in this study allows the proposal of two zones for conservation purpose and in situ restoration for the species in northeastern (Nuevo Leon) and central (Hidalgo) Mexico.
Clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome of adnexal torsion in pregnant women: 10-year experience
Authors: Wang Yong-xue , Deng Shan
Published: April 2020

Background

Adnexal torsion during pregnancy is a gynecological emergency. Delayed diagnosis and treatment can cause ovarian necrosis and fetal loss. This study assessed the clinical characteristics, treatment and outcomes of adnexal torsion in pregnant women.
Methods

A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary center between January 2008 and January 2018. Eighty-two pregnant women with surgically confirmed adnexal torsion were included. The clinical characteristics, ultrasound data, surgical interventions and pregnancy outcomes were analyzed.
Results

The median age of the patients was 28 (range, 18–38) years. The median gestational age was 11 (range, 6–31) weeks: 53 (64.6%) were in the first trimester, 21 (25.6%) were in the second trimester, and 8 (9.8%) were in the third trimester. The most common symptoms and signs were sudden pelvic pain (100%) and adnexal or pelvic masses (97.6%), followed by nausea and vomiting (61%). The Doppler blood flow signal disappeared in 62.5% of the patients. Sixty-three (76.8%) patients underwent laparoscopy, and 29 (24.2%) underwent laparotomy. The median gestational age in patients undergoing laparotomy was higher than that in those undergoing laparoscopy (26 weeks vs 10 weeks, p < 0.001). Fifty-three (64.6%) patients underwent conservative surgery, with 48 detorsions and cystectomies, 2 detorsions and cyst fenestrations, 1 detorsion only and 2 salpingectomies only. Twenty-nine (25.4%) patients underwent unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. There were no cases of postoperative thrombosis, spontaneous abortion or recurrence. Seven patients underwent simultaneous artificial abortion. One patient experienced intrauterine fetal death, and 74 patients had live births.
Conclusion

Surgical intervention was required as soon as possible. Laparoscopic conservative surgery is safe and may be appropriate to preserve ovarian function. Cystectomy could reduce the risk of recurrence.
Leaf to panicle ratio (LPR): a new physiological trait for rice plant architecture based on deep learning
Authors: Yang Zongfeng , Gao Shang , Xiao Feng , Li Ganghua , Ding Yangfeng , Guo Qinghua , Paul Matthew J. , Liu Zhenghui
Published: April 2020

Background: Identification and characterization of new traits with a sound physiological foundation for crop breeding and management is one of the primary objectives for crop physiology. New technological advances in high throughput phenotyping have strengthened the power of physiological breeding. Methods for data mining of the big data acquired by various phenotyping platforms are developed, among which deep learning is used in image data analysis to explore spatial and temporal information concerning crop growth and development. However, method development is still necessary to enable simultaneous extraction of both leaf and panicle data from the complex field backgrounds, as required by the breeder for the adoption of physiological strategies to balance source and sink for yield improvement.Results: We applied a deep learning approach to accurately extract leaf and panicle data and subsequently developed the procedure of GvCrop to calculate the leaf to panicle ratio (LPR) of rice populations during grain filling. Images of the training data set were captured in the field experiments, with large variations in camera shooting angle, the elevation angle and the azimuth angle of the sun, rice genotype, and plant phenological stages. Accurately labeled by manually annotating all the panicle and leaf regions, the resulting dataset were used to train FPN-Mask models, consisting of a backbone network and a task-specific sub-network. The model with the highest accuracy is then selected to study the variations in LPR among 192 rice germplasms and among agronomical practices. Despite the challenging field conditions, FPN-Mask models achieved a high detection accuracy, with Pixel Accuracy being 0.99 for panicles and 0.98 for leaves. The calculated LPRs showed large spatial and temporal variations as well as genotypic differences. Conclusion: Deep learning techniques can achieve high accuracy in simultaneously detecting panicle and leaf data from complex rice field images. The proposed FPN-Mask model is applicable to detect and quantify crop performance under field conditions. The proposed trait of LPR should provide a high throughput protocol for breeders to select superior rice cultivars as well as for agronomists to precisely manage field crops that have a good balance of source and sink.
Cannabis- Based Reduction in Opioid-Related Harms: Population-Based Observational Meta-Analysis
Authors: MacMillan Isabella Kathleen , Gorey Kevin M
Published: April 2020

Background. Rhetoric abounds about harms associated with easier access to cannabis. Yet, surveys of medical marijuana patients and recreational users in Canada and the USA observed that they prevalently substitute cannabis for alcohol, opioids and other drugs. This synthetic study focused on arguably the most harmful substance, opioids, and hypothesized reduced harms with medical and recreational cannabis legalization. Methods. Broad keyword searches of interdisciplinary research databases, peer-reviewed and gray, between 2010 and 2020 retrieved 11 studies. Their outcomes were synthesized with a sample-weighted meta-analysis that compared opioid-related outcomes before and after marijuana legalization in states that legalized marijuana versus those that had not.Results. All but one of the primary studies supported the marijuana protection or harm reduction hypothesis. In aggregate and controlling for typically eight state-level covariates, risks associated with opioid use diminished by 7% (RR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.92, 0.94) after legalization; 7% after medical marijuana and 35% after recreational marijuana legalization (p < .05). Opioid prescriptions decreased by 8% and opioid overdose mortality diminished by 25% after medical marijuana legalization. Both were further diminished after recreational marijuana was legalized. Conclusions. Their potential public health significances is clear, suggesting that such legislation profoundly affects the behaviors of physicians, patients and addicts in protective ways. However, all the studies, thus far, have been state-level, ecological analyses. Further multilevel and clinic-based analyses in ought to be accomplished to systematically replicate (or refute) this study’s harm reduction estimates and to put them into clinical practice where indicated.
Short-term Effect of Stock volatility and Cardiovascular Mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lian Hui , Ding Xin , Zhang Hongmin , Wang Xiaoting
Published: April 2020

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and stroke are leading causes of death. It has several risk factors including stress and pressure. Stock volatility can cause acute stress for stock holders, so it can cause CVD events. Recently the spread of new coronaviruses worldwide has greatly affected economic development, leading to more severe stock market fluctuation, so we systematically quantify the short-term effect of stock volatility and CVD events.METHODS AND MATERIALS: Time-series analysis on effect of stock volatility and cardiovascular events were included. We conducted systematic review and meta-analysis. 4 studies were included in the final analysis.RESULTS: Every 100-point increase in the stock market will bring about 1.01% increases in the cardiovascular mortality (95% CI, -0.18% to 2.21%) The meta-analysis showed no statistical significance for cardiovascular mortality. In terms of stroke event, the estimate effect was 2.999% (95%CI, 0.325% to 5.673%). Different lag patterns also had effects on cardiovascular mortality. Every 100-point increase brought about 4.026% (95%CI, 1.516% to 6.536%) and 4.424% (95%CI, 1.145% to 7.703%) for lag 01 and 04 separately. Conclusions: Our study suggested that stock volatility had lag effect on CVD mortality. It may last for several days. Also, it might increase the incidence of stroke.
Effect of Dietary Modification for Targeting Histamine Activity in Patients of Allergic Rhinitis: a Randomised Open Label Study
Authors: Khan Mohsin Ali , Khan Zaw Ali , Naeem Abdul , Naqvi Nigar , Srivast Shikha , Bhargava Anuja , Gupta Rajeev Krishna
Published: April 2020

Allergic Rhinitis refers to immunoglobulin E mediated inflammation of the nasal cavity. Mast cell activation releases histamine, the inflammatory mediator that plays a central role in the biochemical mechanism of this disease. It is metabolised by Diamine Oxidase (DAO) and Histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT). In this randomised open label study, we recruited 60 patients out of which 30 patients were provided standard treatment and 30 were provided standard treatment along with instructions for dietary modification. The dietary modification consisted of excluding commonly consumed histamine-rich foods and foods containing pro-histamine or anti-DAO active constituents. Each patient was followed up 3 times over the course of 15 days. The patients in the dietary modification group showed significant improvement in rhinitis symptoms within 7 days, while the control group’s improvement was not significant in the same amount of time. The overall improvement between the first and last visits was more significant in the dietary modification group as compared to the control group. Thus, the exclusion of histamine-rich foods and foods containing pro-histamine or anti-DAO compounds may be recommended to patients of allergic rhinitis for quicker and better recovery. This approach may also be explored in other conditions where histamine is implicated such as asthma and infections caused by coronaviruses.
Mass Media Construction of Irwan Prayitno’s Leadership: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Authors: Triana Hetti Waluati , Kustati Martin , Muhammad Ilham , Reflinaldi Reflinaldi , Rahmi Awliya
Published: April 2020

This study aims to investigate Irwan Prayitno's characters that were constructed by the mass media and the construction patterns used by each of the mass media. The study applied a descriptive model by applying mixing methods; qualitative and quantitative. The research data were obtained from Padang Ekspress, Singgalang, and Haluan print media. Following the research orientation, the data were collected from the August-November 2015 issues. Various characteristics of Irwan Prayitno’s leadership were reported with different patterns in each mass media. The differences were influenced by the practice of discourse and social practices that underlie the emergence of news. From the perspective of discourse practice, although each editor in chief emphasized the independence of media in politics, they did not deny that the owners of each media had a close relationship with certain political figures, including Irwan Prayitno. This created a high quantity of news framing the political figure. Still, the news was reported and issued following the applicable standards and procedures in the company. From a social practice perspective, information related to Irwan Prayitno was influenced by the situation and atmosphere of the West Sumatra gubernatorial election in 2015. Each of the media covered events related to Irwan Prayitno intending to capitalize on influence through reporting and advertising campaigns.
YARGITAY KARARLARI IŞIĞINDA İŞE İADE KARARI SONRASI İŞÇİNİN BAŞVURUSU VE İŞVERENİN DAVETİNDE “SAMİMİYET” OLGUSU
Authors: ELBİR Nazlı
Published: April 2020

4857 sayılı İş Kanunu’nda iş güvencesi kurallarının ve özellikle de işe iade davasının sonuçlarının düzenleniş şeklinin sonucu olarak, iş güvencesi ile amaçlanan feshe karşı korumanın sağlanmasında, tarafların dava sonucunda ortaya çıkan hükmü takip eden davranışları belirleyici olmaktadır. Özellikle, tarafların bu davranışlarında, dürüstlük kuralına uygun davranıp davranmadıklarının denetimi önemlidir. Bu bağlamda, öncelikle, İş Kanunu’nda iş güvencesinin genel olarak düzenleniş şekli, tanımı, amaçları, koşulları ve uygulanışı ele alınacaktır. Daha sonra, iş güvencesi kapsamında, feshe itiraz usulü ve sonuçları incelenecektir. Zira, feshe itiraz sonucunda ortaya çıkan yargı kararı niteliği gereği tek başına iş güvencesinin sonuçlarını doğurmamakta, taraflara bazı yükümlülükler yüklemektedir. Bu yükümlülükler dahilinde, uygulamada, işçi ve işverenin işe iade kararı üzerine yerine getirmeleri gereken başvuru, işe davet ve işe başlatma şartlarının gerçekten bu yöndeki iradelerini yansıtıp yansıtmadığı, feshin geçersizliğinin tespiti üzerine, işçi lehine sonuçların doğması bakımından ele alınmaktadır. Yargı kararlarında “samimiyet” olarak yer alan bu durum, bu çalışmada, çeşitli olasılıklara ilişkin kararlar ve öğretideki yaklaşımlar dahilinde incelenecektir. İşçinin başvurusunun samimiyeti, işverenin işe davetinin samimiyetiyle bağlatılı olduğu gözetilerek ele alınacaktır.
Convergencias y divergencias en la frontera norte de México
Authors: Carrillo Huerta Mario M.
Published: April 2020

El presente estudio aborda de qué manera lo ocurrido en la frontera México-Estados Unidos afecta la vida total de los dos países, ya que en esta región se presentan procesos de interacción socioeconómica y cultural que involucran componentes nacionales de ambas naciones. Para explorar este proceso de latinoamericanización, se desarrolló un modelo para calificar los efectos del intercambio internacional que tiene lugar entre los dos países. En dicho modelo el cambio cultural y la adaptación económica son en función de la intensidad de los flujos de intercambio, y de la receptividad o disponibilidad/habilidad al cambio del país anfitrión. Se concluye que la región fronteriza méxico-americana es un punto donde convergen el proceso de latino-americanización de Estados Unidos y la americanización de Latinoamérica, procesos concomitantes; aunque heterogéneos y asimétricos.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vulnerability to Addiction: Reviewing Preclinical and Clinical Evidence
Authors: Darcey Valerie L. , Serafine Katherine M.
Published: April 2020

Omega-3 (N3) fatty acids are dietary nutrients that are essential for human health. Arguably, one of their most critical contributions to health is their involvement in the structure and function of the nervous system. N3 fatty acids accumulate in neuronal membranes through young adulthood, becoming particularly enriched in a brain region known to be the locus of cognitive control of behavior-the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The PFC undergoes a surge in development during adolescence, coinciding with a life stage when dietary quality and intake of N3 fatty acids tend to be suboptimal. Such low intake may impact neurodevelopment and normative development of cognitive functions suggested to be protective for the risk of subsequent substance and alcohol use disorders (UD). While multiple genetic and environmental factors contribute to risk for and resilience to substance and alcohol use disorders, mounting evidence suggests that dietary patterns early in life may also modulate cognitive and behavioral factors thought to elevate UD risk (e.g., impulsivity and reward sensitivity). This review aims to summarize the literature on dietary N3 fatty acids during childhood and adolescence and risk of executive/ cognitive or behavioral dysfunction, which may contribute to the risk of subsequent UD. We begin with a review of the effects of N3 fatty acids in the brain at the molecular to cellular levels–providing the biochemical mechanisms ostensibly supporting observed beneficial effects. We continue with a review of cognitive, behavioral and neurodevelopmental features thought to predict early substance and alcohol use in humans. This is followed by a review of the preclinical literature, largely demonstrating that dietary manipulation of N3 fatty acids contributes to behavioral changes that impact drug sensitivity. Finally, a review of the available evidence in human literature, suggesting an association between dietary N3 fatty and neurodevelopmental profiles associated with risk of adverse outcomes including UD. We conclude with a brief summary and call to action for additional research to extend the current understanding of the impact of dietary N3 fatty acids and the risk of drug and alcohol UD.
Curcumin Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Tiwari Ankita , Jain Sanjay K.
Published: April 2020

Cancer accounts for the second major cause of death globally. Conventional cancer therapies lead to
systemic toxicity that forbids their long term application. Besides, tumor resistance and recurrence have been
observed in the majority of cases. Thus, the development of such therapy, which will pose minimum side effects,
is the need of the hour. Curcumin or diferuloylmethane (CUR) is a natural polyphenol bioactive (obtained from
Curcuma longa) which possesses anti-cancer and chemo-preventive activity. It acts by modulating various components
of signaling cascades that are involved in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis process. It
interacts with the adaptive and innate immune systems of our body and causes tumor regression. This may be the
reason behind the attainment of in vivo anti-tumor activity at a very low concentration. Its ease of availability,
safety profile, low cost, and multifaceted role in cancer prevention and treatment has made it a promising agent
for chemoprevention of many cancers. Regardless of the phenomenal properties, its clinical utility is haltered due
to its low aqueous solubility, poor bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and low cellular uptake. In the last few
years, a variety of novel drug carriers have been fabricated to enhance the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic
profile of CUR to attain better targeting of cancer. In this review, the recent developments in the arena of nanoformulations,
like liposomes, polymeric NPs, solid lipid NPs (SNPs), polymeric micelles, nanoemulsions, microspheres,
nanogels, etc. in anticancer therapy have been discussed along with a brief overview of the molecular
targets for CUR in cancer therapy and role of CUR in cancer immunotherapy.
Nerve Growth Factor in Alcohol Use Disorders
Authors: Ceci Flavio Maria , Ferraguti Giampiero , Petrella Carla , Greco Antonio , Ralli Massimo , Iannitelli Angela , Carito Valentina , Tirassa Paola , Chaldakov George N. , Messina Marisa Patrizia , Ceccanti Mauro , Fiore Marco
Published: April 2020

:

The nerve growth factor (NGF) belongs to the family of neurotrophic factors. Initially
discovered as a signaling molecule involved in the survival, protection, differentiation, and proliferation
of sympathetic and peripheral sensory neurons, it also participates in the regulation of the
immune system and endocrine system. NGF biological activity is due to the binding of two classes
of receptors: the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) and the low-affinity NGF pan-neurotrophin
receptor p75. Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) are one of the most frequent mental disorders in developed
countries, characterized by heavy drinking, despite the negative effects of alcohol on brain
development and cognitive functions that cause individual’s work, medical, legal, educational, and
social life problems. In addition, alcohol consumption during pregnancy disrupts the development
of the fetal brain causing a wide range of neurobehavioral outcomes collectively known as fetal
alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The rationale of this review is to describe crucial findings on
the role of NGF in humans and animals, when exposed to prenatal, chronic alcohol consumption,
and on binge drinking.
Upon parasitic fungi
Authors: Burrill T. J.
Published: April 2020

Upon parasitic fungi
The Feasibility and Acceptability of Using a Wearable UV Radiation Exposure Monitoring Device in Adults and Children: Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study
Authors: Nagelhout Elizabeth Sela , Lensink Riley , Zhu Angela , Parsons Bridget G , Jensen Jakob D , Wu Yelena P
Published: April 2020

Background

In the United States, melanoma is the fifth most common type of cancer. Reducing UV radiation (UVR) exposure is essential for the prevention of melanoma. The assessment of individual-level UVR exposure using wearable technology is a promising method to monitor and reduce UVR exposure. However, the feasibility and acceptability of using wearable UVR monitoring devices have not been assessed.

Objective

This study aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of using a commercially available UVR monitoring wearable device in adults and children.

Methods

We recruited families (1 parent and 1 child) to test a new, commercially available UVR monitoring device (namely, Shade). Participants wore Shade for 2 weeks and completed questionnaires assessing the feasibility and acceptability of wearing the device. Qualitative analyses were conducted to summarize participants’ open-ended responses regarding device feasibility.

Results

A total of 194 individuals (97 adults and 97 children) participated in this study. The participating children were aged, on average, 12.7 years. Overall, adults and children reported moderate satisfaction with wearing Shade. The feasibility of the use of Shade was adequate, with 73% (65/89) of adults and 61% (54/89) of children reporting that they wore the device “all of the time they were outside.” Through open-ended responses, participants reported that the device was easy to use, was compact, and increased their awareness about their exposure to UVR.

Conclusions

Adults and children can feasibly use a wearable UVR monitoring device, and the use of the device was acceptable to participants. The device could be integrated into melanoma preventive interventions to increase individuals’ and families’ awareness of UVR exposure and to facilitate the use of recommended melanoma preventive strategies.
A Digital Pornography Literacy Resource Co-Designed With Vulnerable Young People: Development of "The Gist"
Authors: Davis Angela C , Wright Cassandra JC , Murphy Stacey , Dietze Paul , Temple-Smith Meredith J , Hellard Margaret E , Lim Megan SC
Published: April 2020

Background

The impact of viewing pornography at a young age on the sexual health of subgroups of young people is an important public health issue. However, the topic is complex and extremely sensitive, and best practices for research and harm reduction are yet to be defined. Drawing on cross-disciplinary approaches, such as co-design, is one way to achieve a better understanding of the issue among vulnerable young people and to create needs-based and evidence-informed digital resources to promote pornography literacy.

Objective

The objective of this study was to co-design a relevant, usable, and acceptable digital prototype to address the pornography literacy needs of vulnerable young people.

Methods

In total, 17 young people aged between 14 and 23 years who were engaged in youth services programs or alternative education programs were recruited to participate in 4 co-design workshops with a multidisciplinary design team.

Results

Although the participants could identify problems with pornography and critique its messages, they lacked the information to understand alternative healthy attitudes and behaviors. A digital resource that provides detailed and practical information about sex, sexual ethics, and relationships may help vulnerable young people to identify and contrast with any problematic messages they receive from both pornography and society. Embedding this information with pornography literacy messages may be a more effective way of addressing underlying attitudes. Acknowledging information-seeking patterns and leveraging user interaction patterns from commonly used digital platforms among users may enhance engagement with resources. Importantly, digital platforms are perceived among this group as a source of anonymous secondary information but would not be organically accessed among this group without face-to-face conversations as an access point.

Conclusions

This paper highlights the potential for pornography literacy to be embedded within real and practical information about having sex, navigating sexuality, and healthy relationships. The study findings include important recommendations for the conceptualization of digital pornography literacy programs and opportunities for cross-disciplinary co-design research to address complex and emerging health issues.
Application and Evaluation of a Manikin with a Multimedia System for Preclinical Dental Medicine Training (Preprint)
Authors: Yang Yi , Zhang Wei , Qing Jia , Li Zhi
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUND

Preclinical training on manikins is a key component of dental medicine education. Preclinical practice on traditional manikins and real clinical practice shows massive differences. Specifically, preclinical training on traditional manikins is inefficient.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to describe a manikin with a multimedia system and evaluate its effectiveness in preclinical dentistry training.

METHODS

A total of 159 students participated in this study. Amongst these students, 80 used traditional manikins (Group TM) for preclinical practices, including cavity preparation and full-crown preparation, and 79 used a manikin with a multimedia system (Group MM). The cavity preparation scores and full-crown preparation grades of the two groups were compared. The students and teachers completed a final questionnaire survey to evaluate their experience of preclinical practices using the manikin with a multimedia system.

RESULTS

Group MM performed better than Group TM in the preclinical practices of cavity preparation and full-crown preparation. The final questionnaire results indicated that students in Group MM were satisfied with the clarity, simulation, helpfulness in mastering operation points quickly and improvement in operation proficiency provided by the manikin with a multimedia system. The teachers were satisfied with the teaching effect of the manikin with a multimedia system and had a high opinion of the students’ mastery.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study indicated that manikins with a multimedia system are a good alternative traditional manikins in preclinical dentistry training.
Факторы риска язвенного колита у детей
Authors: Bukulova N.Yu.
Published: April 2020

Актуальность. Воспалительные болезни кишечника на сегодняшний день являются одной из актуальных проблем детской гастроэнтерологии, что обусловлено стремительным распространением данной патологии, смещением дебюта болезни на ранний возраст ребенка (первые три года жизни), формированием тяжелых осложнений, низкой эффективностью современных схем лечения. Проблема язвенного колита у детей требует дальнейшего всестороннего изучения, в том числе факторов риска возникновения заболевания, что позволит формирование групп риска развития болезни, обоснование профилактических мероприятий по ее предупреждению. Материалы и методы. Изучение факторов риска проводилось путем опроса 100 матерей, дети которых болели язвенным колитом. Контрольную группу составили 30 матерей здоровых детей. Результаты. На основании математического анализа медико-биологических факторов риска развития язвенного колита у детей определены наиболее значимые: отягощенная наследственность по заболеваниям органов пищеварения, кишечные дисфункции в раннем возрасте, повторные курсы антибиотикотерапии, вторичная лактазная недостаточность, частые респираторные болезни. Разработан алгоритм прогнозирования язвенного колита в детском возрасте, обоснованы подходы к профилактике данной патологии.
Сложные вопросы ранней диагностики системной красной волчанки у детей
Authors: Mukvich O.M. , Omelchenko L.I. , Belska O.A. , Dudka I.V. , Ludvik T.A. , Matskevich A.M.
Published: April 2020

Приведены данные о современных клинических проявлениях системной красной волчанки (СКВ) у детей и подростков с описанием полиморфизма отдельных симптомов поражения кожи, костно-мышечной системы и внутренних органов, представляющих трудности в ранней диагностике заболевания. Освещены вопросы классификационного анализа СКВ, акцентировано внимание на том, что классификационные критерии не всегда достаточны для ранней диагностики заболевания в детском возрасте, что в отдельных случаях приводит к «выпадению» больных с полностью сформированными синдромами и/или нетипичными формами заболевания. Диагностические критерии СКВ SLICC (2012) достаточно информативны, однако не нашли широкого внедрения в клинической практике детской ревматологии. Приведены классификационные критерии ACR/EULAR (2017). Представлены результаты динамического мониторинга 22 пациентов, которые в течение последних 10 лет лечились в детской клинике института. Показано, что у 28 % больных диагноз был верифицирован только при повторной госпитализации, у 10 % — почти через 6 лет после дебюта болезни. Приведено описание клинических случаев СКВ: у пациента с первично-хроническим течением (поражением кожи и костно-мышечной систем) и ребенка с подострым тяжелым течением болезни с поражением почек. Обсуждаются вопросы их диагностики в дебюте заболевания при применении классификационных критериев СКВ, предложенных ACR/EULAR (2017). Применение современных клинических и иммунологических критериев диагностики СКВ в большинстве случаев позволяет установить диагноз в ранние сроки заболевания и своевременно начать патогенетическую терапию.
Энтеровирусная инфекция в амбулаторной педиатрической практике
Authors: Burbela E.I. , Boyarchuk O.R. , Volyanska L.A.
Published: April 2020

Для эффективного реагирования на вспышки энтеровирусной инфекции, предупреждения ее распространения и в связи с необходимостью повышения уровня осведомленности врачей о своевременности диагностики заболевания этой этиологии, информирования органов наблюдения за формированием и распространением эпидемических вариантов вирусов создан алгоритм действий врача первого контакта при выявлении больного ребенка, подозрительного на инфицирование энтеровирусом. Первостепенное задание врача первого контакта — вовремя заподозрить энтеровирусную инфекцию. Далее следует дать четкую инструкцию родителям больного ребенка с указанием «красных флажков» — симптомов, в случае появления которых необходимо незамедлительное обращение к врачу. А также выявить тяжелую форму заболевания для своевременной госпитализации пациента, выбрать обоснованную тактику лечения на амбулаторном этапе, ликвидировать источник угрозы распространения инфекции. Мы предлагаем алгоритм диагностики и лечения энтеровирусной инфекции на амбулаторном этапе оказания педиатрической помощи, основываясь на международном консенсусе A Guide to Clinical Management and Public Health Response for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (2011). Определение единой лечебно-диагностической тактики относительно больных энтеровирусной инфекцией и контактных с ними лиц является необходимым условием эффективности оказания помощи данной категории пациентов в условиях реорганизации национальной медицинской отрасли, реализации чего должен способствовать предложенный алгоритм действий врача первого контакта при выявлении больного ребенка, подозрительного на инфицирование энтеровирусом.
Повешение: патофизиологические и клинические аспекты, маршрут пострадавшего (клиническая лекция)
Authors: Yekhalov V.V. , Khobotova N.V. , Krishtafor D.A.
Published: April 2020

Странгуляционная асфиксия — острое нарушение проходимости дыхательных путей за счет прямого сдавления трахеи, сосудов и нервных стволов шеи. При этом быстро нарастают гипоксемия и гиперкапния, возникают глубокие нарушения мозгового кровообращения и гипоксическая/аноксическая энцефалопатия. В Украине повешение является самым частым способом самоубийства, летальность при котором может достигать 70 %. Объем повреждений и прогноз зависят от длительности странгуляции, материала и подвижности петли, расположения узла и странгуляционной борозды, а также механизма повешения — с рывком, быстро или медленно. В статье рассматриваются патофизиологические изменения и их клинические проявления в зависимости от перечисленных факторов, а также алгоритмы оказания первой помощи на догоспитальном этапе и схемы последующего обследования и лечения в стационаре. Странгуляционная асфиксия сопровождается полиорганной недостаточностью с развитием смешанного или метаболического ацидоза, гиперлактатемии, гиперкалиемии, воспалительной реакции, возможностью развития рабдомиолиза, цитолитического синдрома, острого повреждения почек, синдрома диссеминированного внутрисосудистого свертывания (ДВС-синдрома). Она может сопровождаться травмами шейного отдела позвоночника, трахеи и гортани, размозжением мышц шеи, разрывами шейных артерий, повреждением спинного и продолговатого мозга, внутренними кровоизлияниями. Мероприятия первой помощи включают освобождение из петли, иммобилизацию шейного отдела позвоночника, экстренную оксигенацию, противосудорожную, противо­отечную, инфузионную терапию, профилактику миоглобинурийного нефроза, при необходимости — сердечно-легочную реанимацию и/или антиаритмическую терапию. На госпитальном этапе проводятся инструментальные исследования, при необходимости — искусственная вентиляция легких, задействуются профильные специалисты в зависимости от преобладающей патологии. Посиндромная терапия возникающих нарушений может включать лечение острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома и пневмонии, ДВС-синдрома, хирургические вмешательства на шейном отделе позвоночника, назначение негемоглобиновых переносчиков кислорода, противоотечную, диуретическую, противосудорожную терапию, коррекцию нарушений кислотно-основного и водно-электролитного баланса, а также ноотропную терапию для лечения постгипоксической/постаноксической энцефалопатии. Пациентам, имеющим странгуляционную травму в результате суицидальной попытки, после завершения курса лечения должна быть обеспечена психиатрическая помощь.
Юрий Иванович Головченко, Алексей Леонович Сиделковский
Authors: Yevtushenko S.K.
Published: April 2020

No abstract