bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal Apolipoprotein B100 Serum Levels are Diminished in Pregnancies with Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Differentiate from Controls
Authors: Wölter Manja , Okai Charles A. , Smith Derek S. , Ruß Manuela , Rath Werner , Pecks Ulrich , Borchers Christoph H. , Glocker Michael O.
Published: June 2018

Purpose

Intrauterine growth restriction, a major cause of fetal morbidity and mortality, is defined as a condition in which the fetus does not reach its genetically given growth potential. Screening for intrauterine growth restriction biomarkers in the mother's blood would be of great help for optimal pregnancy management and timing of delivery as well as for identifying fetuses requiring further surveillance during their infancies.

Experimental Design

A multiplexing serological assay based on liquid chromatography–multiple‐reaction‐monitoring mass spectrometry is applied for distinguishing serum samples of pregnant women.

Results

Assessment of concentrations of apolipoproteins and of proteins that belong to the lipid transport system is performed with maternal serum samples, consuming only 10 μL of serum per multiplex assay from each patient. Of all investigated proteins the serum concentrations of apolipoprotein B100 shows the greatest power for discriminating intrauterine growth restriction from control samples, reaching areas under curves above 0.85 in receiver‐operator‐characteristics analyses.

Conclusions

These results indicate the potential of liquid chromatography‐multiple‐reaction‐monitoring mass spectrometry to become of clinical importance in the future for intrauterine growth restriction risk assessment based on maternal apolipoprotein B100 serum levels.
Does winter supplementary feeding affect deer damage in a forest ecosystem? A field test in areas with different levels of deer pressure
Authors: Borowski Zbigniew , Bałazy Radomir , Ciesielski Mariusz , Korzeniewski Krzysztof
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Supplementary feeding is a widespread but controversial practice in game management. While many studies have been conducted on this issue, there is limited empirical evidence on how feeding affects damage caused by wildlife. In this context, the present study focused on the effect of artificial winter feeding on tree damage in three mountain regions in Poland.

RESULTS

The presence of additional winter food did not increase tree damage caused by deer in any region, as expected. Moreover, we observed that additional feeding mitigated forest damage in one region, where the highest level of deer impact had occurred. However, in this mountain region, the most important factor was elevation, which was used to classify additional feeding practice as efficient or inefficient. In the two other study regions, we did not observe any effect of supplementary feeding.

CONCLUSIONS

Additional winter supplementary feeding can reduce damage caused by deer in forest stands, but only in areas with high deer pressure. Moreover, feeders should be situated in locations > 600 m above sea level in our study area. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Introduction to the special issue on “25 years of ensemble forecasting”
Authors: Buizza Roberto
Published: June 2018

Twenty‐five years ago the first operational, ensemble forecasts were issued by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. These centres were followed in 1996 by the Meteorological Service of Canada, and in the subsequent years by many others. Operational ensemble‐based, probabilistic forecasts signed a paradigm shift in weather prediction: for the first time, forecasters and users could have reliable and accurate estimates of the range of possible future scenarios, and not just a single realization of the future. Today, ensembles are used not only to provide reliable and accurate forecasts for the short and medium range, the monthly and seasonal time‐scale, but also to provide estimates of the initial state of the atmosphere, and to generate future climate projections. This article provides an overview on how we developed the early ensembles, illustrates the key characteristics of the seven operational, global, medium‐range ensembles, and discusses ongoing trends to further improve ensemble performance.
Continuous dynamic gesture spotting algorithm based on Dempster–Shafer Theory in the augmented reality human computer interaction
Authors: Li Qiming , Huang Chen , Yao Zhengwei , Chen Yimin , Ma Lizhuang
Published: June 2018

Background

Human–computer interaction (HCI) is an important feature of augmented reality (AR) technology. The naturalness is the inevitable trend of HCI. Gesture is the most natural and frequently used body auxiliary interaction mode in daily interactions except for language. However, there are often meaningless, subconscious gesture intervals between the two adjacent dynamic gestures. So, continuous dynamic gesture spotting is the premise and basis of dynamic gesture recognition, but there is no mature and unified algorithm to solve this problem.

Aims

In order to realize the natural HCI based on gesture recognition entirely, a general AR application development platform is presented in this paper.

Methods

According to the position and pose tracking data of the user's hand, the dynamic gesture spotting algorithm based on evidence theory is proposed. Firstly, Through analysis of the speed change of hand motion during the dynamic gestures, three knowledge rules are summed up. Then, accurate dynamic gesture spotting is realized with the application of evidence reasoning. Moreover, this algorithm first detects the starting point of gesture in the rising trend of hand motion speed, eliminates the delay between spotting and recognition, and thus ensures real‐time performance. Finally, the algorithm is verified in several AR applications developed on the platform.

Results

There are two main experimental results. First, there are six users participating in the dynamic gesture spotting experiment, and the gesture spotting accuracy can meet the demand. Second, The accuracy of recognition after spotting is higher than that of the simultaneous recognition and spotting.

Conclusion

So, It can be concluded that the proposed continuous dynamic gesture spotting algorithm based on Dempster–Shafer theory can extract almost all the effective dynamic gestures in the HCI of our AR platform, and on this basis, it can effectively improve the accuracy of the subsequent dynamic gesture recognition.
High‐precision control of tracked field robots in the presence of unknown traction coefficients
Authors: Kayacan Erkan , Young Sierra N. , Peschel Joshua M. , Chowdhary Girish
Published: June 2018

Accurate steering through crop rows that avoids crop damage is one of the most important tasks for agricultural robots utilized in various field operations, such as monitoring, mechanical weeding, or spraying. In practice, varying soil conditions can result in off‐track navigation due to unknown traction coefficients so that it can cause crop damage. To address this problem, this paper presents the development, application, and experimental results of a real‐time receding horizon estimation and control (RHEC) framework applied to a fully autonomous mobile robotic platform to increase its steering accuracy. Recent advances in cheap and fast microprocessors, as well as advances in solution methods for nonlinear optimization problems, have made nonlinear receding horizon control (RHC) and receding horizon estimation (RHE) methods suitable for field robots that require high‐frequency (milliseconds) updates. A real‐time RHEC framework is developed and applied to a fully autonomous mobile robotic platform designed by the authors for in‐field phenotyping applications in sorghum fields. Nonlinear RHE is used to estimate constrained states and parameters, and nonlinear RHC is designed based on an adaptive system model that contains time‐varying parameters. The capabilities of the real‐time RHEC framework are verified experimentally, and the results show an accurate tracking performance on a bumpy and wet soil field. The mean values of the Euclidean error and required computation time of the RHEC framework are equal to 0.0423 m and 0.88 ms, respectively.
Properties of composite time to first event versus joint marginal analyses of multiple outcomes
Authors: Bebu Ionut , Lachin John M.
Published: June 2018

Many clinical studies (eg, cardiovascular outcome trials) investigate the effect of an intervention on multiple event time outcomes. The most common method of analysis is a so‐called “composite” analysis of a composite outcome defined as the time to the first component event. Other approaches have been proposed, including the win ratio (or win difference) for ordered outcomes and the application of the Wei‐Lachin test. Herein, we assess the influence of the marginal and joint distributions of the component events, and their correlation structures, on the operating characteristics of these methods for the analysis of multiple events. The operating characteristics are investigated using a bivariate exponential model with a shared frailty, under which these properties are obtained in closed form. While the composite time‐to‐first‐event analysis provides an unbiased test of the hypothesis of equality of the distribution of the time to first event, we show that it can provide a biased test of the joint null hypothesis of equal marginal hazards when the correlation of event times differs between groups. The same applies to the win ratio. However, the operating characteristics of the Wei‐Lachin or other tests of the joint equality of the marginal hazards are unaffected. Furthermore, when the correlations are equal, the Wei‐Lachin test is more powerful to detect a difference in marginal hazards than the composite analysis test. Careful consideration of the properties of the various methods for analysis of composite outcome measures are in order before adopting one as primary analysis in a clinical study.
The relation of atypical antipsychotic use and stress with weight in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis
Authors: Hampton Joya N. , Trotman Hanan D. , Addington Jean , Bearden Carrie E. , Cadenhead Kristin S. , Cannon Tyrone D. , Cornblatt Barbara A. , Mathalon Daniel H. , McGlashan Thomas H. , Tsuang Ming T. , Perkins Diana O. , Seidman Larry J. , Woods Scott W. , Walker Elaine F.
Published: June 2018

Atypical antipsychotics (AT) and stress are related to weight gain in individuals with severe mental illness. This cross‐sectional study examines AT use, stressful life events, and baseline weight in a sample of youth at clinical high risk for psychosis. Results showed that dependent and desirable life events moderated the relationship between AT use and weight after controlling for demographic factors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant (AD) use. The relation of AD and weight was explored as a secondary analysis and showed no relation between AD use and weight. Further, stress did not moderate the relationship between AD medication and weight after controlling for antipsychotic use. Results suggest that stress exposure may exacerbate the relationship between ATs and increased weight in clinical high‐risk populations. Findings have implications for the development of interventions to address psychosocial factors that worsen or buffer the adverse effects of antipsychotic medication on weight.
How stigmatized are dismissed chief executives? The role of character questioning causal accounts and executive capital in dismissed CEO reemployment
Authors: Schepker Donald J. , Barker Vincent L.
Published: June 2018

Research Summary: Despite the prevalence of CEO dismissal, theory only briefly explores its consequences. Past research indicates few fired CEOs regain employment. We suggest dismissal stigmatizes executives; however, stigmatization is greatest when character questioning causal accounts exist, which affect the likelihood of regaining a CEO position. Furthermore, we argue that reputational and social capital provide signals of executive quality that moderate the level of stigmatization experienced when character questioning causal accounts exist. Following 280 dismissed CEOs, we find that social capital increases the likelihood of rehiring for those with character questioning causal accounts, but negatively impacts those without causal accounts. Alternatively, we find reputational capital positively influences those without causal accounts, while having a slight negative relationship for those with causal accounts.

Managerial Summary: Dismissed CEOs often desire second chances to run companies; however, few are ever afforded the opportunity. We explore what allows some dismissed CEOs to regain employment as a CEO. We find that reasons surrounding a CEO's dismissal influence such prospects depending on the CEO's prior reputation and social capital. In particular, social capital through elite education increases the likelihood of regaining a position when the CEO's character is called into question. Alternatively, a strong reputation increases the likelihood of regaining a CEO position when a CEO's character has not been called into question. These findings suggest that dismissed CEOs can regain a CEO position; however, this likelihood is strongly influenced by how others perceive the executive and their concerns about prior behavior.
Ultrastable Potassium Storage Performance Realized by Highly Effective Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layer
Authors: Fan Ling , Chen Suhua , Ma Ruifang , Wang Jue , Wang Longlu , Zhang Qingfeng , Zhang Erjin , Liu Zhaomeng , Lu Bingan
Published: June 2018

Potassium ion‐batteries (PIBs) have attracted tremendous attention recently due to the abundance of potassium resources and the low standard electrode potential of potassium. Particularly, the solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) in the anode of PIBs plays a vital role in battery security and battery cycling performance due to the highly reactive potassium. However, the SEI in the anode for PIBs with traditional electrolytes is mainly composed of organic compositions, which are highly reactive with air and water, resulting in inferior cycle performance and safety hazards. Herein, a highly stable and effective inorganic SEI layer in the anode is formed with optimized electrolyte. As expected, the PIBs exhibit an ultralong cycle performance over 14 000 cycles at 2000 mA g−1 and an ultrahigh average coulombic efficiency over 99.9%.
Evolution of the Excited‐State Dynamics of 2H‐Dinaphthopentacene Based Dyes in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: From Chromophoric Core to Ultimate Dye
Authors: Liu Jiao , Ren Yameng , Zhang Min , Dong Xiandui
Published: June 2018

The excited‐state evolution property of organic sensitizers plays a vital role in the interfacial exciton dissociation yield and ultimate power output of an organic dye‐sensitized solar cell. In this paper, we select two 2H‐dinaphthopentacene‐based organic donor–acceptor dyes as well as their composition segments and scrutinize the evolution of the excited‐state dynamics of organic materials from the 2H‐dinaphthopentacene core to its derivatives by sequentially tethering an auxiliary donor diarylamine, and an electron acceptor, 4‐(7‐ethynylbenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol‐4‐yl)benzoic acid. Time‐resolved spectroscopy measurements and density functional theory calculations show that the degree of intramolecular photoinduced charge transfer plays a crucial role in determining the lifetime of the equilibrium excited‐state. Moreover, both the 2H‐dinaphthopentacene chromophore core and its derivatives have an obvious dynamic Stokes shift in toluene, which is also observed for ultimate dyes grafted on oxide films, indicating the occurrence of a large energy relaxation from the optically generated hot excited‐state to the equilibrium excited‐state. This large energy loss leads to a broad time scale for electron injection, which should be carefully manipulated for future dye and device development.
An Animated Visual Representation of Real‐Time Resource Flows Through a Community Enhances Systems Thinking
Authors: Petersen John E. , Frantz Cynthia M. , Tincknell Evan , Canning Christopher
Published: June 2018

We report on two studies designed to test the effect of visual feedback technology on several dimensions of systems thinking. Participants were exposed to ‘Citywide Dashboard’ (CWD), a visual depiction of a city designed for display on digital signage. CWD is dynamically animated based on real‐time water and electricity flow data and environmental conditions. In study 1, college students were exposed to CWD (or a control) for 6 days. Exposure enhanced perceptions of ecological embeddedness, connectedness to nature, and perceptions of responsibility and impact (causal extent) among those who were initially low in connectedness to nature. Study 2, conducted on a US adult sample, revealed that even brief exposure to the CWD expands perceptions of causal extent. Findings indicate that certain core aspects of systems thinking are malleable and can be enhanced through brief exposure to visual manipulations with technology designed to prime cognitive orientation. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and Magnetic Properties of a 2D Paddle‐wheel Dinuclear[Cu2] Cluster‐based Polymer with 1,1‐Cyclohexanediacetate Ligand
Authors: Li Feng , Liu Kai , Fan Shiwen , Qin Tingting , Xiong Suhua , Wang Jingjing
Published: June 2018

One new two‐dimensional (2D) CuII polymer [Cu(CHDA)(H2O)]n (1) was synthesized solvothermally based on 1,1‐cyclohexanediacetic acid (H2CHDA) ligand. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that 1 has a 2D framework structure consisting of paddle‐wheel dinuclear [Cu2] cluster unit and CHDA2– connector, which bears a 4‐connected sql network with Schläfli symbol of (44.62). Magnetic studies indicate the presence of strong antiferromagnetic coupling (J = –302 cm–1) between the two CuII ions in the paddle‐wheel dicopper(II) entity.
Representations of Transnational Human Trafficking: A Critical Review
Authors: Gregoriou Christiana , Ras Ilse A.
Published: June 2018

The collection introduction defines human trafficking and proceeds to offer an in-depth literature review that assesses the significance of attention to the collection topic, suggests new directions for research, and provides a synopsis and integrative analysis of the collective contributions of manuscripts within the collection. It starts by detailing the story of human trafficking (the types, causes, and frames of trafficking), then discusses the effects of misrepresentation on the directly affected (draws on victim hierarchy, criminalisation and secondary victimisation), and then deals with the socio-political causes and effects of misrepresentation (gender and wealth inequality, global and local politics, and secondary exploitation). It ends by providing a rationale as to the nature of the case studies the book and its contributors consider.
“In the Suitcase was a Boy”: Representing Transnational Child Trafficking in Contemporary Crime Fiction
Authors: Beyer Charlotte
Published: June 2018

This chapter investigates representations of transnational child trafficking in contemporary crime fiction, focusing specifically on the depiction of child trafficking and its victims. Beyer examines the role of crime fiction in raising reader awareness of human trafficking and of the child victims’ predicament and plight, considering didactic dimensions of the genre and how it tends to erase victims in the aftermath of crime. Through detailed examinations of representations of child trafficking and its social and cultural contexts in selected post-2000 British and Scandinavian crime fiction texts, the chapter argues that crime fiction can be seen to engage explicitly in public and private debates around human trafficking, and, through its popular outreach, has the potential to affect popular perceptions of human trafficking and its victims.
Pseudoscalar pole light-by-light contributions to the muon (g − 2) in resonance chiral theory
Authors: Guevara A. , Roig P. , Sanz-Cillero J. J.
Published: June 2018

Abstract

We have studied the P → γ
⋆
γ
⋆ transition form-factors (P = π0
, η, η

′
) within a chiral invariant framework that allows us to relate the three form-factors and evaluate the corresponding contributions to the muon anomalous magnetic moment a

μ
= (g

μ
−2)/2, through pseudoscalar pole contributions. We use a chiral invariant Lagrangian to describe the interactions between the pseudo-Goldstones from the spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking and the massive meson resonances. We will consider just the lightest vector and pseudoscalar resonance multiplets. Photon interactions and U(3) flavor breaking effects are accounted for in this covariant framework. This article studies the most general corrections of order m

P

2
within this setting. Requiring short-distance constraints fixes most of the parameters entering the form-factors, consistent with previous determinations. The remaining ones are obtained from a fit of these form-factors to experimental measurements in the space-like (q
2 ≤ 0) region of photon momenta. No time-like observable is included in our fits. The combination of data, chiral symmetry relations between form-factors and high-energy constraints allows us to determine with improved precision the on-shell P -pole contribution to the Hadronic Light-by-Light scattering of the muon anomalous magnetic moment: we obtain

$$ {a}_{\mu}^{{}^{P, HLbL}}=\left(8.47 \pm 0.16\right)\ \cdotp\ {10}^{-10} $$

a
μ

P
,
HLbL

=

8.47

±

0.16

·

10

−
10

for our best fit. This result was obtained excluding BaBar π
0 data, which our analysis finds in conflict with the remaining experimental inputs. This study also allows us to determine the parameters describing the η−η

′
system in the two-mixing angle scheme and their correlations. Finally, a preliminary rough estimate of the impact of loop corrections (1/N

C
) and higher vector multiplets (asym) enlarges the uncertainty up to

$$ {a}_{\mu}^{P, HLbL}=\left(8.47\pm {0.16}_{\mathrm{sta}} \pm {0.09}_{1/{\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{C}}}{{}_{-0}^{+0.5}}_{asym}\right)\cdotp {10}^{-10} $$

a
μ

P
,
HLbL

=

8.47
±

0.16

s
t
a

±

0.09

1
/

N
C

−
0

+
0.5

asym

·

10

−
10

.
Comments on the twisted punctures of Aeven class S theory
Authors: Tachikawa Yuji , Wang Yifan , Zafrir Gabi
Published: June 2018

Abstract

We point out that the USp symmetry associated to a full twisted puncture of a class S theory of type A
even has the global anomaly associated to π
4(USp) = ℤ2. We discuss manifestations of this fact in the context of the superconformal field theory R
2,2N
introduced by Chacaltana, Distler and Trimm. For example, we find that this theory can be thought of as a natural ultraviolet completion of an infrared-free SO(2N + 1) gauge theory with 2N flavors, whose USp(4N) symmetry clearly has the global anomaly.
Quantum integrability from non-simply laced quiver gauge theory
Authors: Chen Heng-Yu , Kimura Taro
Published: June 2018

Abstract

We consider the compactifcation of 5d non-simply laced fractional quiver gauge theory constructed in [1]. In contrast to the simply laced quivers, here two Ω-background parameters play different roles, so that we can take two possible Nekrasov-Shatashvili limits. We demonstrate how different quantum integrable systems can emerge from these two limits, using BC
2-quiver as the simplest illustrative example for our general results. We also comment possible connections with compactified 3d non-simply laced quiver gauge theory.
Robotic Reoperative Anti‐reflux Surgery: Low Perioperative Morbidity and High Symptom Resolution
Authors: Elmously Adham , Gray Katherine D. , Ullmann Timothy M. , Fahey Thomas J. , Afaneh Cheguevara , Zarnegar Rasa
Published: June 2018

Background

Laparoscopic reoperative anti‐reflux surgery (ARS) has a significantly higher morbidity than laparoscopic primary ARS; however, it is not known whether the same pattern exists within the robotic approach. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of robotic reoperative ARS in comparison with primary robotic ARS.

Methods

A retrospective review of patients undergoing primary or reoperative robotic ARS at a tertiary referral center between 2012 and 2017 was performed. Perioperative outcomes and long‐term symptom resolution were evaluated.

Results

A total of 200 patients were included (38 reoperative and 162 primary ARS). Baseline characteristics were comparable across groups. Seven (18.4%) of the reoperative patients had two or more prior foregut operations. Patients in the reoperative group had a longer operative time (226 vs. 180 min, p < 0.001). There were no conversions to open technique, and one patient in the reoperative group (2.6%) had an intraoperative perforation. Twenty of the 38 reoperative patients (52.6%) were discharged within 24 h as compared to 109/162 primary patients (64.9%) (p = 0.09). The readmission rate and postoperative complication rates were 6 and 3%, respectively, and did not differ between groups. At a mean follow‐up of 1 year, complete or partial resolution of preoperative symptoms was achieved in 97% of primary patients and 100% of reoperative patients (p = 0.4).

Conclusion

The robotic approach allows for minimal morbidity, short length of stay, and excellent functional outcomes in patients undergoing reoperative ARS when compared to patients undergoing primary ARS.
Investigation of the mechanism of Fe2Al5 powder into FeAl powder transformation
Authors: Khoshhal Razieh , Hosseinzadeh Ali
Published: June 2018

In the iron aluminide production process from the elementary powders, it is confirmed that Fe2Al5 powder forms at lower temperatures and turns to FeAl at high-temperatures. Though there are some theories about the Fe2Al5 to FeAl transformation mechanism, these assumptions have not been proven in any practice.

Therefore, the purpose of this research is to clarify the Fe2Al5 to FeAl transformation mechanism. To achieve this goal, the samples with the ratio of 1:1 of iron and aluminum were heat treated. It was found that Fe2Al5 forms at 700 °C and converts to FeAl at 900 °C. The Fe2Al5 to FeAl transformation mechanism was clarified at the next step. It was shown that the direct transition of Fe2Al5 to FeAl is not possible. Therefore, a third factor should be involved. Iron was predicted as the third factor which helps Fe2Al5 to convert into FeAl. This hypothesis was proved in practice.
Self-Reported Use and Attitudes Toward Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Ultramarathon Running
Authors: Campian Michael D. , Flis Alexandra E. , Teramoto Masaru , Cushman Daniel M.
Published: June 2018

Introduction

The use of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) has been reported in several sports. There have been no peer-reviewed articles on the use of PEDs in ultramarathon running. This study was to examine the use of PEDs in ultramarathon running and to identify attitudes and beliefs about the usage of PEDs in the sport.

Methods

An online survey was developed. The survey was distributed to potential participants through Ultrasignup and the Western States Endurance Run Facebook sites. The survey included 9 demographic questions, 11 PED questions, and a previously validated 17-item performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS).

Results

Six hundred nine self-identified ultramarathon runners completed the survey; 8.4% of respondents reported using PEDs during competition or training. Cannabinoids, narcotics, and stimulants were the PEDs that were most frequently reported. There was no difference between sex, age, country of origin, rank, miles/week of training, or longest race between those that reported using PEDs and those that did not report using PEDs. There was, however, a significant difference in athletes who reported they knew another ultramarathon runner who had used PEDs to have significantly higher years of participation and ranked in the top 20th percentile. There additionally was an increased PEAS score of individuals who reported using a PED or individuals that knew an individual who used PEDs.

Conclusion

PEDs are being used in ultramarathon running. The exact extent of the use of PEDs in ultramarathon running is still unknown and challenging to fully investigate without formal, random testing, which is expensive and technically challenging.
ARE DIVERSIFICATION AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE GOOD POLICY? AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF NORWEGIAN AGRICULTURE
Authors: ALEM HABTAMU , LIEN GUDBRAND , KUMBHAKAR SUBAL C. , HARDAKER J. BRIAN
Published: June 2018

We investigated whether diversification and/or structural change would improve Norwegian agriculture. Using a flexible technology approach to account for different technologies, we assessed economies of scope and scale of dairy and cropping farms, including regional differences. We fitted translog cost functions to farm-level panel data for the period 1991–2014. We found both economies of scope and scale on the farms. Dairy farms have an economic incentive to integrate dairying with cropping in all regions of Norway, and vice versa. Thus, policy makers should eschew interventions that inhibit diversification or structural change and that increase the costs of food production.
Top Management Team Characteristics and Organizational Virtue Orientation: An Empirical Examination of IPO Firms
Authors: Evert Robert E. , Payne G. Tyge , Moore Curt B. , McLeod Michael S.
Published: June 2018

Despite extensive research on organizational virtue, our understanding about factors that promote virtue within organizations remains unclear. Drawing on upper echelon theory, we examine the relationship between five top management team (TMT) characteristics and organizational virtue orientation (OVO)—the integrated set of values and beliefs that support ethical traits and virtuous behaviors of an organization. Specifically, we utilize prospectuses of initial public offering (IPO) firms and 10-K post-IPO filings to explore how TMT composition with respect to member age, tenure, education, functional background, and gender influences OVO. Additionally, we examine the moderating effects of organizational size, and argue that the more expansive structures and processes associated with larger organizations diminish the main relationships. Our findings, using two sources of data, are consistent, but somewhat mixed in their support for our hypotheses. Overall, TMT characteristics do appear to influence OVO, but in more complex and counterintuitive ways than initially expected.
“We Hold It in Trust”: Global Wildlife Conservation, Africanization, and the End of Empire
Authors: Schauer Jeff
Published: June 2018

In the early 1960s, the College of African Wildlife Management opened in northern Tanzania. The institution was designed to lessen the impact of decolonization by training the first generation of African wildlife wardens in the tradition of their European predecessors. The product of racialized narratives about African violence and the growth of international conservation organizations, the college could be understood as a straightforward neocolonial institution designed to perpetuate British and western influence over land and animals in East Africa. In contrast, this paper pays close attention to the circumstances and context of the college's founding, the debates over funding and control, and its institutional culture. These aspects all suggest that African governments sought to use the college as a vehicle for pursuing the Africanization of the civil service and for formalizing a contractual relationship with international organizations about mutual obligations not only to Tanzania's wildlife sector but also the country's political economy. This focus on a conservation institution created in the early days of independence demonstrates that the work of decolonization continued after independence, and that expatriate personnel and culture remained embedded in new nations, informing our narratives of decolonization, conservation, and nationalism.
Missionaries, the Monarchy, and the Emergence of Anglican Pluralism in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Loss Daniel S.
Published: June 2018

In the late twentieth century, a new justification for the Church of England's establishment emerged: the church played an important social and political role in safeguarding the interests of other religious communities, including non-Christian ones. The development of this new vision of communal pluralism was shaped by two groups often seen as marginal in postwar British society: the royal family and missionaries. Elizabeth II and liberal evangelicals associated with the Church Missionary Society contributed to a new conception of religious pluralism centered on the integrity of the major world religions as responses to the divine. There were, therefore, impulses towards inclusion as well as exclusion in post-imperial British society. In its focus on religious communities, however, this communal pluralism risked overstating the homogeneity of religious groups and failing to protect individuals whose religious beliefs and practices differed from those of the mainstream of their religious communities.
ACTS OF TORTURE AS AN INSTRUMENT OF GOVERNMENT POLICY IN THE COLONY OF CYPRUS IN THE 1950S AND CHOICE OF LAW
Authors: Grušić Uglješa
Published: June 2018

This article notes the judgment inSophocleous v Secretary of State for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, in which the High Court dealt with the law applicable to civil claims arising out of alleged acts of torture committed by British military and security services in the colony of Cyprus in the 1950s. The judgment is important because it sheds light on some underexplored corners of choice of law (law governing the external aspects of vicarious liability and of accessory liability in tort) and reaches the conclusion, which runs against the grain of other recent judgments given in civil claims brought against the Crown for the external exercise of governmental authority, that English law governs.
Noncooperation by Popular Vote: Expectations, Foreign Intervention, and the Vote in the 2015 Greek Bailout Referendum
Authors: Walter Stefanie , Dinas Elias , Jurado Ignacio , Konstantinidis Nikitas
Published: June 2018

When popular referendums fail to ratify new international agreements or succeed in reversing existing ones, it not only affects domestic voters but also creates negative spillovers for the other parties to such agreements. We explore how voters respond to this strategic environment. We use original survey data from a poll fielded just one day before the 2015 Greek bailout referendum—a referendum in which the stakes for other countries were particularly high—to investigate how expectations about the likely foreign response to a noncooperative referendum outcome influence voting behavior and to what extent foreign policymakers can influence those expectations. Our analysis of the Greek referendum shows that such expectations had a powerful effect on voting behavior: voters expecting that a noncooperative referendum outcome would force Greece to leave the eurozone were substantially more likely to vote cooperatively than those believing that it would result in renewed negotiations with the country's creditors. Leveraging the bank closure that took place right before the vote, we also show that costly signals by foreign actors made voters more pessimistic about the consequences of a noncooperative vote and substantially increased the share of cooperative votes.
Individual Investors and Portfolio Diversification in Late Victorian Britain: How Diversified Were Victorian Financial Portfolios?
Authors: Sotiropoulos Dimitris P. , Rutterford Janette
Published: June 2018

This article investigates Victorian investor financial portfolio strategies in England and Wales during the second half of the nineteenth century. We find that investors held on average about half of their gross wealth in the form of four or five liquid financial securities, but were reluctant to adopt fully contemporary financial advice to invest equal amounts in securities or to spread risk across the globe. They generally held under-diversified portfolios and proximity to their investments may have been an alternative to diversification as a means of risk reduction, especially for the less wealthy.
“The Curse of the Caribbean”? Agency’s Impact on the Productivity of Sugar Estates on St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 1814–1829
Authors: Smith S. D. , Forster Martin
Published: June 2018

This study estimates agency’s impact on sugar plantation productivity using a unique early nineteenth-century panel data set from St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Results of fixed effects models, combined with a qualitative and quantitative analysis of potential endogeneity of the agency variable, provide no evidence that estates managed by agents were less productive than those managed by their owners. We discuss the results in the context of the historical and recent, revisionary, interpretations of agency, and the emergence of managerial hierarchies in the Atlantic economy.
Helminth community and host dynamics in northern bobwhites from the Rolling Plains Ecoregion, U.S.A.
Authors: Bruno A. , Fedynich A.M. , Rollins D. , Wester D.B.
Published: June 2018

One hundred and sixty-one northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus; hereafter ‘bobwhite’) were examined from the Rolling Plains ecoregion of Texas and western Oklahoma from 2011 to 2013. Complete necropsies yielded 13 species, of which two are new host (Gongylonema phasianella) and region (Eucoleus contortus) records and three (Dispharynx nasuta, Tetrameres pattersoni and Oxyspirura petrowi) are known to cause morbidity and mortality. Of the species found, Aulonocephalus pennula commonly occurred, Oxyspirura petrowi was intermediate in prevalence, and the remaining species were rare. Species richness was similar compared to studies from the southeastern U.S., but higher than studies from the same region. In addition, 12 of the 13 species were heteroxenous helminths, supporting the theory that heteroxenous helminths in semi-arid regions are more successful than monoxenous helminths. Prevalence and abundance of A. pennula and O. petrowi were higher in adult bobwhites than in juveniles. Abundance of A. pennula and O. petrowi was higher at southern locations compared to northern locations in the study area. Our study is the first to provide a current assessment of the bobwhite helminth community across the Rolling Plains ecoregion of the U.S.
Human papillomavirus prevalence and clinicopathological associations in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in the Lebanese population
Authors: Mhawej R , Ghorra C , Naderi S , Khoueir N , Abou Hamad W , Melkane A E
Published: June 2018

Objectives

To evaluate for the first time the prevalence of human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in a Middle-Eastern population, and to determine associations between human papillomavirus profiles and clinicopathological characteristics.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients treated for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma at the Hotel Dieu de France University Hospital (Beirut, Lebanon) between January 2010 and 2016. Existing formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumour samples were analysed. Human papillomavirus DNA viral load and p16 expression were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry respectively.

Results

Thirty patients (mean age of 60 years) were included. Twenty-seven per cent of patients were p16-positive/human papillomavirus DNA positive, 53 per cent were p16-negative/human papillomavirus DNA negative and 20 per cent were p16-positive/human papillomavirus DNA negative. Human papillomavirus 16 was the most frequent subtype (75 per cent). Smoking and alcohol consumption were significantly lower in the human papillomavirus positive group compared to the human papillomavirus negative group (p = 0.049 and 0.004, respectively).

Conclusion

Human papillomavirus rate was lower than reported rates in Western populations. Possible explanations include differences in social and cultural behaviours.
A reduced Landau-gyrofluid model for magnetic reconnection driven by electron inertia
Authors: Tassi E. , Grasso D. , Borgogno D. , Passot T. , Sulem P. L.
Published: June 2018

An electromagnetic reduced gyrofluid model for collisionless plasmas, accounting for electron inertia, finite ion Larmor radius effects and Landau-fluid closures for the electron fluid is derived by means of an asymptotic expansion from a parent gyrofluid model. In the absence of terms accounting for Landau damping, the model is shown to possess a non-canonical Hamiltonian structure. The corresponding Casimir invariants are derived and use is made thereof, in order to obtain a set of normal field variables, in terms of which the Poisson bracket and the model equations take a remarkably simple form. The inclusion of perpendicular temperature fluctuations generalizes previous Hamiltonian reduced fluid models and, in particular, the presence of ion perpendicular gyrofluid temperature fluctuations reflects into the presence of two new Lagrangian invariants governing the ion dynamics. The model is applied, in the cold-ion limit, to investigate numerically a magnetic reconnection problem. The Landau damping terms are shown to reduce, by decreasing the electron temperature fluctuations, the linear reconnection rate and to delay the nonlinear island growth. The saturated island width, on the other hand, is independent of Landau damping. The fraction of magnetic energy converted into perpendicular kinetic energy also appears to be unaffected by the Landau damping terms, which, on the other hand, dissipate parallel kinetic energy as well as free energy due to density and electron temperature fluctuations.
Simulations of H–He mixtures using the van der Waals density functional
Authors: Schöttler Manuel , Redmer Ronald
Published: June 2018

We show results on the high-pressure equation of state of hydrogen–helium mixtures obtained from finite-temperature density functional theory molecular dynamics simulations using the van der Waals density functional. We discuss the calculation of non-ideal entropies based on different methods and show how nuclear quantum corrections influence the free enthalpy of mixing. Furthermore, we calculate a Saturn isentrope based on our new equation of state data.
Characterizing population structure of coral-associated fauna from mesophotic and shallow habitats in the Caribbean
Authors: Veglia Alex J. , Hammerman Nicholas M. , Rivera Rosaly Carlos R. , Lucas Matthew Q. , Galindo Estronza Alexandra , Corgosinho Paulo H. , Schizas Nikolaos V.
Published: June 2018

Symbiotic relationships are a common phenomenon among marine invertebrates, forming both obligatory and facultative dependencies with their host. Here, we investigate and compare the population structure of two crustacean species associated with both shallow and mesophotic ecosystems: an obligate symbiont barnacle (Ceratoconcha domingensis), of the coral Agaricia lamarcki and a meiobenthic, free-living harpacticoid copepod (Laophontella armata). Molecular analyses of the Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene revealed no population structure between mesophotic and shallow barnacle populations within south-west Puerto Rico (ΦST = 0.0079, P = 0.33). The absence of population structure was expected due to the pelagic naupliar larvae of the barnacles and the connectivity patterns exhibited by the coral itself within the same region. Laophontella armata exhibited significant structure based on the mitochondrial COI gene between the mesophotic reef ecosystem of El Seco, Puerto Rico and mangrove sediments of Curaçao (ΦST = 0.2804, P = 0.0). The El Seco and Curaçao copepods shared three COI haplotypes despite the obligatory benthic development of harpacticoid copepods and the geographic distance between the two locations. Three other COI haplotypes from El Seco exhibited higher than expected (up to 7%) intra-species variability, potentially representing three new cryptic species of harpacticoid copepods or rare, deeply divergent lineages of L. armata. This result is evidence for the urgent need of a deeper investigation into the meiofauna diversity associated with mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs), arguably the most diverse metazoan component of MCEs.
Eliminating the problem of hell
Authors: STERBA JAMES P.
Published: June 2018

According to Marilyn Adams, hell poses the principal problem of evil for Christians. In this article, I show that the problem of hell can be eliminated, or solved, but not by any of four favoured theistic solutions (i.e. traditional, escapist, annihilationist and universalist) that have been provided. Rather, I argue that there is another theistic solution to the problem of hell, a morally realistic solution, which, by drawing on ethical theory, can be shown to be morally preferable to these other solutions.
ASSET INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY AND RELATIONAL EXPLOITATION
Authors: Skillman Gilbert L.
Published: June 2018

In response to Roemer's reformulation of the Marxian concept of exploitation in terms of comparative wealth distributions (1982, 1996), Vrousalis (2013) treats economic exploitation as an explicitly relational phenomenon in which one party takes advantage of the other's economic vulnerability in order to extract a net benefit. This paper offers a critical assessment of Vrousalis's account, prompting a revised formulation that is analysed in the context of a matching and bargaining model. This analysis yields precise representations of Vrousalis's conditions of economic vulnerability and economic exploitation and facilitates comparison to the alternative conceptions of Marx and Roemer.
MIGRATION, CONGESTION, AND GROWTH
Authors: Azarnert Leonid V.
Published: June 2018

This article analyzes the effect of migration from a less advanced economy to a more advanced economy on economic growth. The analysis is performed in a two-country growth model with endogenous fertility, in which congestion diseconomies are incorporated. The model shows that out-migration increases fertility and reduces human capital in the source economy. At the same time, in-migration reduces fertility and can increase or decrease the average level of human capital in the host economy. I show how migration affects the inter-temporal evolution of human capital in the world economy. I also demonstrate that a tax imposed on immigrants in the host economy can increase human capital accumulation in the receiving and sending economies and the world as a whole.
Justis: at the Forefront of the Evolution of Legal Technology in the UK
Authors: Gerami Masoud , Hawes Aidan
Published: June 2018

In this article, Masoud Gerami, Managing Director, and Aidan Hawes, Head of Commercial Development, offer an exploration of the history of Justis, and the influence the company has had on the delivery of legal information over its 30-year history. They describe the development of technology over this time, from the rise of optical media through to the features offered by today's online legal research technology, focusing on Justis’ key milestones over this period. They discuss the range of innovations Justis has been responsible for, the changes in the legal research industry, and offer an insight into the future aspirations of the company.
Usage and User Experience in an Academic Law Library
Authors: Bailey Josephine , Faulkner Kate
Published: June 2018

This article, written by Josephine Bailey and Kate Faulkner, discusses the collection of library usage data at the Squire Law Library, an academic law library embedded in the Faculty of Law at the University of Cambridge. Two initiatives were employed to survey usage: firstly, regular headcounts of library users and secondly, occasional spot-checks of university cards. This article details the data that was collected and how it fits into a wider ethnographic approach to understanding how students and researchers use libraries. The article also discusses how the pilots have developed into long-term procedures, and how this has led to improvements to the delivery of the service.