bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generalized Additive Models for Zero‐Inflated Data with Partial Constraints
Authors: LIU HAI , CHAN KUNG‐SIK
Published: July 2011

Abstract.  Zero‐inflated data abound in ecological studies as well as in other scientific fields. Non‐parametric regression with zero‐inflated response may be studied via the zero‐inflated generalized additive model (ZIGAM) with a probabilistic mixture distribution of zero and a regular exponential family component. We propose the (partially) constrained ZIGAM, which assumes that some covariates affect the probability of non‐zero‐inflation and the regular exponential family distribution mean proportionally on the link scales. When the assumption obtains, the new approach provides a unified framework for modelling zero‐inflated data, which is more parsimonious and efficient than the unconstrained ZIGAM. We develop an iterative estimation algorithm, and discuss the confidence interval construction of the estimator. Some asymptotic properties are derived. We also propose a Bayesian model selection criterion for choosing between the unconstrained and constrained ZIGAMs. The new methods are illustrated with both simulated data and a real application in jellyfish abundance data analysis.
Bayesian Smoothing of Photon-Limited Images with Applications in Astronomy
Authors: White John Thomas , Ghosal Subhashis
Published: July 2011

We consider a multiscale model for intensities in photon-limited images using a Bayesian framework. A typical Dirichlet prior on relative intensities is not efficient in picking up structures owing to the continuity of intensities. We propose a novel prior using the so-called ‘Chinese restaurant process’ to create structures in the form of equal intensities of some neighbouring pixels. Simulations are conducted using several photon-limited images, which are common in X-ray astronomy and other high energy photon-based images. Applications to astronomical images from the Chandra X-ray Observatory satellite are shown. The new methodology outperforms most existing methods in terms of image processing quality, speed and the ability to select smoothing parameters automatically.
Autoimmune markers in vitiligo patients appear correlated with obsession and phobia
Authors: Moretti S. , Arunachalam M. , Colucci R. , Pallanti S. , Kline J.A. , Berti S. , Lotti F. , Lotti T.
Published: July 2011

Background  Current studies have treated a limited portion of the subjective aspects of vitiligo patients and have yet to elucidate possible psychological differences between those with autoimmune markers (AIM) with respect to those without autoimmune markers (NAIM).

Objective  To perform an age and gender‐matched 1 : 1 case–control study through a comparison of non‐segmental vitiligo patients with autoimmune features vs. those without autoimmune features in regards to psychiatric features, psychosomatic aspects and social parameters.

Methods  A total of 112 non‐segmental vitiligo patients have been examined at the Florence University dermatology outpatient service (2nd dermatology unit). Vitiligo with an autoimmune background was defined by the presence of autoimmune antibodies and/or autoimmune diseases. Psychiatric screening was performed by dermatologists using the modified Middlesex Healthcare Questionnaire (MHQ); psychosomatic aspects and social impact were analysed with a standardized, Florentine questionnaire.

Results  Upon performing a conditional regression model, age, phobia and obsession were significantly predictive of the presence of AIM and a low total MHQ score was significantly predictive of NAIM in vitiligo patients. With univariate analysis, we found significant differences in: identifiable stress related to the onset of vitiligo, vitiligo triggered by stress, and modified interpersonal relationships related to vitiligo, which were associated with the subgroup containing autoimmunity markers.

Conclusions  We found a higher prevalence of age, obsession and phobia among vitiligo patients AIM as compared to vitiligo patients NAIM. Thus, in the presence of demonstrated autoimmunity, screening for particular psychiatric aspects may be useful in the clinical practice of vitiligo.
Sensitivity and ex vivo validation of finite element models of the domestic pig cranium
Authors: Bright Jen A. , Rayfield Emily J.
Published: July 2011

A finite element (FE) validation and sensitivity study was undertaken on a modern domestic pig cranium. Bone strain data were collected ex vivo from strain gauges, and compared with results from specimen‐specific FE models. An isotropic, homogeneous model was created, then input parameters were altered to investigate model sensitivity. Heterogeneous, isotropic models investigated the effects of a constant‐thickness, stiffer outer layer (representing cortical bone) atop a more compliant interior (representing cancellous bone). Loading direction and placement of strain gauges were also varied, and the use of 2D membrane elements at strain gauge locations as a method of projecting 3D model strains into the plane of the gauge was investigated. The models correctly estimate the loading conditions of the experiment, yet at some locations fail to reproduce correct principal strain magnitudes, and hence strain ratios. Principal strain orientations are predicted well. The initial model was too stiff by approximately an order of magnitude. Introducing a compliant interior reported strain magnitudes more similar to the ex vivo results without notably affecting strain orientations, ratios or contour patterns, suggesting that this simple heterogeneity was the equivalent of reducing the overall stiffness of the model. Models were generally insensitive to moderate changes in loading direction or strain gauge placement, except in the squamosal portion of the zygomatic arch. The use of membrane elements made negligible differences to the reported strains. The models therefore seem most sensitive to changes in material properties, and suggest that failure to model local heterogeneity in material properties and structure of the bone may be responsible for discrepancies between the experimental and model results. This is partially attributable to a lack of resolution in the CT scans from which the model was built, and partially due to an absence of detailed material properties data for pig cranial bone. Thus, caution is advised when using FE models to estimate absolute numerical values of breaking stress and bite force unless detailed input parameters are available. However, if the objective is to compare relative differences between models, the fact that the strain environment is replicated well means that such investigations can be robust.
Dose–response relationship between alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy and the risks of low birthweight, preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA)—a systematic review and meta‐analyses
Authors: Patra J , Bakker R , Irving H , Jaddoe VWV , Malini S , Rehm J
Published: July 2011

Please cite this paper as: Patra J, Bakker R, Irving H, Jaddoe V, Malini S, Rehm J. Dose–response relationship between alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy and the risks of low birthweight, preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA)—a systematic review and meta‐analyses. BJOG2011;118:1411–1421.

Background  Descriptions of the effects of moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy on adverse pregnancy outcomes have been inconsistent.

Objective  To review systematically and perform meta‐analyses on the effect of maternal alcohol exposure on the risk of low birthweight, preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA).

Search strategy  Using Medical Subject Headings, a literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CABS, WHOlist, SIGLE, ETOH, and Web of Science between 1 January 1980 and 1 August 2009 was performed followed by manual searches.

Selection criteria  Case–control or cohort studies were assessed for quality (STROBE), 36 available studies were included.

Data collection and analysis  Two reviewers independently extracted the information on low birthweight, preterm birth and SGA using a standardised protocol. Meta‐analyses on dose–response relationships were performed using linear as well as first‐order and second‐order fractional polynomial regressions to estimate best fitting curves to the data.

Main results  Compared with abstainers, the overall dose–response relationships for low birthweight and SGA showed no effect up to 10 g pure alcohol/day (an average of about 1 drink/day) and preterm birth showed no effect up to 18 g pure alcohol/day (an average of 1.5 drinks/day); thereafter, the relationship showed a monotonically increasing risk for increasing maternal alcohol consumption. Moderate consumption during pre‐pregnancy was associated with reduced risks for all outcomes.

Conclusions  Dose–response relationship indicates that heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy increases the risks of all three outcomes whereas light to moderate alcohol consumption shows no effect. Preventive measures during antenatal consultations should be initiated.
Monitoring or avoiding health information – the relation to inner inclination and health status
Authors: Ek Stefan , Heinström Jannica
Published: July 2011

Background:  The way a person responds to health information, for instance by actively seeking it out or avoiding it, is an important part of overall coping with health issues. This study starts from the assumption that there are individual differences in information behaviour in charged contexts such as when faced with the stress and anxiety of compromised health.

Objective:  To shed light on mechanisms through which personal characteristics (locus of control) and world views (sense of coherence) influence health information interest and health information seeking in relation to health status.

Method:  The methods used in this study are quantitative. The material consists of data procured via a postal survey, which was posted to a representative sample group consisting of 2500 Finnish citizens aged 18–65 years. The statistical analysis consists of F‐tests for means, frequency analyses and cross tab‐analyses (chi‐square and Goodman–Kruskal gamma).

Results:  Persons with perceived health problems are comparatively more characterised by external locus of control and by lower motivation to act on health issues.

Conclusion:  More research is needed before these complex relationships are fully understood. However, the results of this study show that internal locus of control entails high interest in, and low avoidance of, health information.
Online health information search and evaluation: observations and semi‐structured interviews with college students and maternal health experts
Authors: Kim Hyojin , Park Sun‐Young , Bozeman Ingrid
Published: July 2011

Background:  While the Internet is a popular source of health information, health seekers’ inadequate skills to locate and discern quality information pose a potential threat to their healthcare decision‐making.

Objectives:  We aimed to examine health information search and appraisal behaviours among young, heavy users of the Internet.

Methods:  In study 1, we observed and interviewed 11 college students about their search strategies and evaluation of websites. In study 2, three health experts evaluated two websites selected as the best information sources in study 1.

Results:  Familiarity with health websites and confidence in search strategies were major factors affecting search and evaluation behaviours. Website quality was mostly judged by aesthetics and peripheral cues of source credibility and message credibility. In contrast to users’ favourable website evaluation, the experts judged the websites to be inappropriate and untrustworthy.

Conclusion:  Our results highlight a critical need to provide young health seekers with resources and training that are specifically geared toward health information search and appraisal. The role of health seekers’ knowledge and involvement with the health issue in search effort and success warrants future research.
Neurochemokines: a menage a trois providing new insights on the functions of chemokines in the central nervous system
Authors: Rostène William , Dansereau Marc‐André , Godefroy David , Van Steenwinckel Juliette , Goazigo Annabelle Reaux‐Le , Mélik‐Parsadaniantz Stéphane , Apartis Emmanuelle , Hunot Stéphane , Beaudet Nicolas , Sarret Philippe
Published: July 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 680–694.

Recent observations suggest that besides their role in the immune system, chemokines have important functions in the brain. There is a great line of evidence to suggest that chemokines are a unique class of neurotransmitters/neuromodulators, which regulate many biological aspects as diverse as neurodevelopment, neuroinflammation and synaptic transmission. In physiopathological conditions, many chemokines are synthesized in activated astrocytes and microglial cells, suggesting their involvement in brain defense mechanisms. However, when evoking chemokine functions in the nervous system, it is important to make a distinction between resting conditions and various pathological states including inflammatory diseases, autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders in which chemokine functions have been extensively studied. We illustrate here the emergent concept of the neuromodulatory/neurotransmitter activities of neurochemokines and their potential role as a regulatory alarm system and as a group of messenger molecules for the crosstalk between neurons and cells from their surrounding microenvironment. In this deliberately challenging review, we provide novel hypotheses on the role of these subtle messenger molecules in brain functions leading to the evidence that previous dogmas concerning chemokines should be reconsidered.
Between promiscuity and specificity: novel roles of EF‐hand calcium sensors in neuronal Ca2+ signalling
Authors: Mikhaylova Marina , Hradsky Johannes , Kreutz Michael R.
Published: July 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 695–713.

In recent years, substantial progress has been made towards an understanding of the physiological function of EF‐hand calcium sensor proteins of the Calmodulin (CaM) superfamily in neurons. This deeper appreciation is based on the identification of novel target interactions, structural studies and the discovery of novel signalling mechanisms in protein trafficking and synaptic plasticity, in which CaM‐like sensor proteins appear to play a role. However, not all interactions are of plausible physiological relevance and in many cases it is not yet clear how the CaM signaling network relates to the proposed function of other EF‐hand sensors. In this review, we will summarize these findings and address some of the open questions on the functional role of EF‐hand calcium binding proteins in neurons.
Perceptions of patient participation amongst elderly patients with end‐stage renal disease in a dialysis unit
Authors: Aasen Elin M. , Kvangarsnes Marit , Heggen Kåre
Published: July 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2012; 26; 61–69  Perceptions of patient participation amongst elderly patients with end‐stage renal disease in a dialysis unit

Aim:  A patient’s right to influence treatment and health care has been guaranteed by Norwegian law since 1999. The aim of this study was to explore how elderly patients with end‐stage renal disease who are undergoing treatment with haemodialysis for the rest of their lives perceive patient participation in a dialysis unit.

Methods:  This study, which was inspired by critical discourse analysis, drew on data derived from transcribed interviews with 11 patients.

Findings:  Two discourses related to patient participation were identified. The first and dominant discourse was called the health‐care team’s power and dominance. Both environmental conditions and the team’s practice exercised power and control over the patients. The patients trusted the health‐care team, but some felt powerless and were afraid of what might happen if they refused to follow the instructions. The health‐care team owned the knowledge and decided what the patients needed to know. Most of all the patients wanted dialogue about the future. After years of treatment, patient identity seemed to be threatened by this situation. The second discourse is called the patients struggling for shared decision‐making. Some patients struggled to be involved in decision‐making about ‘dry weight’, diet, blood access and time of treatment when these factors threatened their well‐being and the quality of their daily lives.

Conclusions:  The elderly patients’ right to participate in their haemodialysis treatment did not seem to be well incorporated into the social practices of haemodialysis units. Changing the social practices in the dialysis units from a paternalistic ideology to an ideology of participation will require consideration of the context, the dialogue and the process of shared decision‐making with the patient.
Soil carbon and related soil properties along a soil type and land‐use intensity gradient, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Wilson B. R. , Koen T. B. , Barnes P. , Ghosh S. , King D.
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study was to systematically quantify differences in soil carbon and key related soil properties along a replicated land‐use intensity gradient on three soil landscapes in northwest New South Wales, Australia. Our results demonstrate consistent land‐use effects across all soil types where C, N and C:N ratio were in the order woodland > unimproved pasture = improved pasture > cultivation while bulk density broadly showed the reverse pattern. These land‐use effects were largely restricted to the near surface soil layers. Improved pasture was associated with a significant soil acidification, indicating that strategies to increase soil carbon through pasture improvement in these environments might also have associated soil degradation issues. Total soil carbon stocks were significantly larger in woodland soils, across all soil types, compared with the other land‐uses studied. Non‐wooded systems, however, had statistically similar carbon stocks and this pattern persisted whether or not carbon quantity was corrected for equivalent mass. Our results suggest that conversion from cultivation to pasture in this environment would yield between 0.06 and 0.15 t C/ha/yr which is at the lower end of predicted ranges in Australia and well below values measured in other cooler, wetter environments. We estimate that a 10% conversion rate (cultivation to pasture) across NSW would yield around 0.36 Mt CO2‐e/yr which would contribute little to emission reductions in NSW. We conclude that carbon accumulation in agricultural soils in this environment might be more modest than current predictions suggest and that systematically collected, regionally specific data are required for the vegetation communities and full range of land‐uses before accurate and reliable predictions of soil carbon change can be made across these extensive landscapes.
Ascertainment of early onset eating disorders: a pilot for developing a national child psychiatric surveillance system
Authors: Lynn R.M. , Viner R.M. , Nicholls D.E.
Published: July 2011

Background:  A Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Surveillance System was established as part of a British Paediatric Surveillance Unit study of early onset eating disorders (EOED).

Method:  A study of EOED presenting to paediatricians was undertaken through the BPSU over 15 months in 2005–06.

Results:  Monthly report cards compliance was 83%, identifying 208 EOED cases. On evaluation, 99% of psychiatrists responding supported the need for surveillance and 95% would continue to contribute.

Conclusions:  The findings of this pilot study suggest that a monthly surveillance of rare conditions in child and adolescent psychiatry is feasible and enhances ascertainment.
The Effect of Motherhood on Wages and Wage Growth: Evidence for Australia*
Authors: LIVERMORE TANYA , RODGERS JOAN , SIMINSKI PETER
Published: July 2011

Labour market theory provides several reasons why mothers are likely to earn lower hourly wages than non‐mothers. However, the size of any motherhood penalty is an empirical matter and the evidence for Australia is limited. This article examines the effect of motherhood on Australian women’s wages and wage growth using a series of panel‐data models. Based on data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey, an unexplained motherhood wage penalty of around 5 per cent for one child, and 9 per cent for two or more children, is found. Further analysis suggests that the wage penalty emerges over time through reduced wage growth, particularly when the youngest child is an infant, rather than through an immediate wage decline after the birth of a child. This reduction in wage growth is consistent with discrimination, but also with a reduction in mothers’ work effort.
Creating Shared Responsibility through Respect for Military Culture: The Russian and American Cases
Authors: Herspring Dale R.
Published: July 2011

The key problem in civil‐military relations in established polities such as Russia and the United States is not civilian control of the military, but rather how to create a symbiotic relationship of “shared responsibility” between senior military officers and civilian leaders. In such a situation, civilian leaders obtain much needed expertise from the military, but ultimately remain in control. The keys to symbiotic civil‐military relations are a desire on the part of military officers to work with civilians and civilian respect for military culture. When civilians respect military culture—that is, the military’s (1) devotion to clear executive leadership, (2) commitment to corporate identity, (3) drive to increase professional expertise, and (4) dedication to political responsibility—a system of shared responsibility is likely to emerge. This thesis is elaborated by comparing recent civil‐military relations in Russia and the United States.
Putting Conflict Where It Belongs: A Response to “Creating Shared Responsibility through Respect for Military Culture: The Russian and American Cases”
Authors: Murdie Amanda
Published: July 2011

Professor Dale R. Herspring argues that civil‐military relations should move beyond a preoccupation with civilian control; instead, he says, the focus should be on the degree and nature of conflict within civil‐military interactions. This alternative theoretical view adds much to the extant literature and allows future work to concentrate both on a more nuanced account of the effects of civil‐military relations and, as Professor Herspring does, on the determinants of a “healthy” degree of civil‐military conflict. This piece responds to Professor Herspring’s alternative view, arguing that future work building on his framework could incorporate much from within public administration.
Long‐term follow up after uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine leiomyomas
Authors: POULSEN BENTE , MUNK TORBEN , RAVN PERNILLE
Published: July 2011

Uterine artery embolization is one of the established treatment options for symptomatic uterine leiomyomas, with a proven effect on the size of leiomyomas and providing short‐term relief of symptoms. Only few studies have addressed long‐term satisfaction with the treatment. We conducted a historical cohort study of 96 patients. The patients were treated at a median age of 43years (range 23–59years). The median size of the largest myoma was 69mm (range 20–170mm). By use of a postal questionnaire (response rate 86%) and audit of patient files, we found that 53% reported full recovery of symptoms and 36% some effect on symptoms after a median of 8.9years (range 8–9.4years). Overall, 25% of the women reported a need for further treatment. The rate of eventual hysterectomy was 22%. We confirm that uterine artery embolization is a safe and well‐tolerated procedure with a high long‐term satisfaction rate.
Older mothers do not confer greater perinatal risk to dichorionic diamniotic twins
Authors: MULLINS EDWARD , KUMAR SAILESH
Published: July 2011

Advanced maternal age may be associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies. It is unclear whether a similar association exists for dichorionic twins. This objective of this study was to ascertain whether advanced maternal age was associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality in a 15 year retrospective review of dichorionic diamniotic (DCDA) twins delivered at Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, a tertiary referral center in London, UK, between 1994 and 2008. In all, 1 174 DCDA deliveries occurred in the study period. Maternal age was not associated with neonatal unit admission or composite fetal and neonatal mortality. Advanced maternal age appeared to have no deleterious effect on the perinatal outcomes of DCDA twin pregnancies.
Small GTPase Rab12 Regulates Constitutive Degradation of Transferrin Receptor
Authors: Matsui Takahide , Itoh Takashi , Fukuda Mitsunori
Published: July 2011

Transferrin receptor (TfR) is a well‐characterized plasma membrane protein that travels between the plasma membrane and intracellular membrane compartments. Although TfR itself should undergo degradation, the same as other intracellular proteins, whether a specific TfR degradation pathway exists has never been investigated. In this study, we screened small GTPase Rab proteins, common regulators of membrane traffic in all eukaryotes, for proteins that are specifically involved in TfR degradation. We performed the screening by three sequential methods, i.e. colocalization of Rab with TfR, colocalization with lysosomes, and knockdown of Rab by specific small interfering RNA (siRNA), and succeeded in identifying Rab12, a previously uncharacterized Rab isoform, as a prime candidate among the 60 human or mouse Rabs screened. We showed that expression of a constitutive active mutant of Rab12 reduced the amount of TfR protein, whereas functional ablation of Rab12 by knockdown of either Rab12 itself or its upstream activator Dennd3 increased the amount of TfR protein. Interestingly, however, knockdown of Rab12 had no effect on the degradation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein, i.e. on a conventional degradation pathway. Our findings indicated that TfR is constitutively degraded by a Rab12‐dependent pathway (presumably from recycling endosomes to lysosomes), which is independent of the conventional degradation pathway.
The Generation of Curved Clathrin Coats from Flat Plaques
Authors: den Otter Wouter K. , Briels Wim J.
Published: July 2011

Flat clathrin lattices or ‘plaques’ are commonly believed to be the precursors to clathrin‐coated buds and vesicles. The sequence of steps carrying the flat hexagonal lattice into a highly curved polyhedral cage with exactly 12 pentagons remains elusive, however, and the large numbers of disrupted interclathrin connections in previously proposed conversion pathways make these scenarios rather unlikely. The recent notion that clathrin can make controlled small conformational transitions opens new avenues. Simulations with a self‐assembling clathrin model suggest that localized conformational changes in a plaque can create sufficiently strong stresses for a dome‐like fragment to break apart. The released fragment, which is strongly curved but still hexagonal, may subsequently grow into a cage by recruiting free triskelia from the cytoplasm, thus building all 12 pentagonal faces without recourse to complex topological changes. The critical assembly concentration in a slightly acidic in vitro solution is used to estimate the binding energy of a cage at 25–40 kBT/clathrin.
Derlin‐Dependent Retrograde Transport from Endosomes to the Golgi Apparatus
Authors: Dang Hope , Klokk Tove I. , Schaheen Basil , McLaughlin Brooke M. , Thomas Anthony J. , Durns Tyler A. , Bitler Benjamin G. , Sandvig Kirsten , Fares Hanna
Published: July 2011

Cells have to maintain stable plasma membrane protein and lipid compositions under normal conditions and to remodel their plasma membranes in response to stimuli. This maintenance and remodeling require that integral membrane proteins at the plasma membrane that become misfolded, because of the relatively harsher extracellular milieu or carbohydrate and amino acid sequence changes, are degraded. We had previously shown that Derlin proteins, required for quality control mechanisms in the endoplasmic reticulum, also localize to endosomes and function in the degradation of misfolded integral membrane proteins at the plasma membrane. In this study, we show that Derlin proteins physically associate with sorting nexins that function in retrograde membrane transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. Using genetic studies in Caenorhabditis elegans and ricin pulse‐chase analyses in murine RAW264.7 macrophages, we show that the Derlin–sorting nexin interaction is physiologically relevant. Our studies suggest that at least some integral membrane proteins that are misfolded at the plasma membrane are retrogradely transported to the Golgi apparatus and ultimately to the endoplasmic reticulum for degradation via resident quality control mechanisms.
ESCRT Machinery and Cytokinesis: the Road to Daughter Cell Separation
Authors: Caballe Anna , Martin‐Serrano Juan
Published: July 2011

The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is a set of cellular protein complexes required for at least three topologically equivalent membrane scission events, namely multivesicular body (MVB) formation, retroviral particle release and midbody abscission during cytokinesis. Recently, several studies have explored the mechanism by which the core ESCRT‐III subunits mediate membrane scission and might be differentially required according to the functions of the pathway. In this review, we discuss the links between the ESCRT machinery and cytokinesis, with special focus on abscission initiation and regulation.
Tooth loss and dental caries in community‐dwelling older adults in northern Manhattan
Authors: Northridge Mary E. , Ue Frances V. , Borrell Luisa N. , De La Cruz Leydis D. , Chakraborty Bibhas , Bodnar Stephanie , Marshall Stephen , Lamster Ira B.
Published: July 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00502.x

Tooth loss and dental caries in community‐dwelling older adults in northern Manhattan

Objective: To examine tooth loss and dental caries by sociodemographic characteristics from community‐based oral health examinations conducted by dentists in northern Manhattan.

Background: The ElderSmile programme of the Columbia University College of Dental Medicine serves older adults with varying functional capacities across settings. This report is focused on relatively mobile, socially engaged participants who live in the impoverished communities of Harlem and Washington Heights/Inwood in northern Manhattan, New York City.

Materials and Methods: Self‐reported sociodemographic characteristics and health and health care information were provided by community‐dwelling ElderSmile participants aged 65 years and older who took part in community‐based oral health education and completed a screening questionnaire. Oral health examinations were conducted by trained dentists in partnering prevention centres among ElderSmile participants who agreed to be clinically screened (90.8%).

Results: The dental caries experience of ElderSmile participants varied significantly by sociodemographic predictors and smoking history. After adjustment in a multivariable logistic regression model, older age, non‐Hispanic Black and Hispanic race/ethnicity, and a history of current or former smoking were important predictors of edentulism.

Conclusion: Provision of oral health screenings in community‐based settings may result in opportunities to intervene before oral disease is severe, leading to improved oral health for older adults.
A dynamical analysis of the proposed HU Aquarii planetary system
Authors: Horner J. , Marshall J. P. , Wittenmyer Robert A. , Tinney C. G.
Published: July 2011

It has recently been suggested that the eclipsing polar HU Aquarii is a host to at least two giant planets. We have performed highly detailed dynamical analyses of the orbits of those planets and showed that the proposed system is highly unstable on time-scales of <5 × 103 yr. For the coplanar orbits suggested in the discovery Letter, we find stable orbital solutions for the planetary system only if the outer body moves on an orbit that brings it no closer to the host star than ∼6 au. The required periastron distance for the outer planet lies approximately 5 Hill radii beyond the orbit of the inner planet, and well beyond the 1σ error bars placed on the orbit of the outer planet in the discovery Letter. If the orbits of the proposed planets are significantly inclined with respect to one another, the median stability increases slightly, but such systems still become destabilized on astronomically minute time-scales (typically within a few 104 yr). Only in the highly improbable scenario where the outer planet follows a retrograde but coplanar orbit (i.e. inclined by 180° to the orbit of the inner planet) is there any significant region of stability within the original 1σ orbital uncertainties. Our results suggest that, if there is a second (and potentially, a third planet) in the HU Aquarii system, its orbit is dramatically different from that suggested in the discovery Letter, and that more observations are critically required in order to constrain the nature of the suggested orbital bodies.
CS (5−4) survey towards nearby infrared bright galaxies
Authors: Wang Junzhi , Zhang Zhiyu , Shi Yong
Published: July 2011

With the observations of the CS (5−4) line towards a sample of 24 infrared bright galaxies using Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope (HHSMT), we detected CS (5−4) emission in 14 galaxies, including 12 ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs)/luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) and two nearby normal galaxies. As a good dense gas tracer, which has been well used for studying star formation in the Milky Way, CS (5−4) can trace the active star-forming gas in galaxies. The correlation between CS (5−4) luminosity, which is estimated with detected CS (5−4) line emission, and the infrared luminosity in these 14 galaxies, is fitted with a correlation coefficient of 0.939 and a slope close to unity. This correlation confirms that dense gas, which is closely linked to star formation, is very important for understanding star formation in galaxies.
Killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the Canadian Arctic: Distribution, prey items, group sizes, and seasonality
Authors: Higdon Jeff W. , Hauser Donna D. W. , Ferguson Steven H.
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Killer whales (Orcinus orca) have a global distribution, but many high‐latitude populations are not well studied. We provide a comprehensive review of the history and ecology of killer whales in the Canadian Arctic, for which there has previously been little information. We compiled a database of 450 sightings spanning over 15 decades (1850–2008) to document the historical occurrence, distribution, feeding ecology, and seasonality of killer whales observed throughout the region. Sighting reports per decade increased substantially since 1850 and were most frequent in the eastern Canadian Arctic. The mean reported group size was 8.3 (median = 4, range 1–100), but size varied significantly among regions and observed prey types. Observations of predation events indicate that Canadian Arctic killer whales prey upon other marine mammals. Monodontids were the most frequently observed prey items, followed by bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus), phocids, and groups of mixed mammal prey. No killer whale sightings occurred during winter, with sightings gradually increasing from early spring to a peak in summer, after which sightings gradually decreased. Our results suggest that killer whales are established, at least seasonally, throughout the Canadian Arctic, and we discuss potential ecological implications of increased presence with declining sea ice extent and duration.
Chronic Pretreatment of Metformin is Associated with the Reduction of the No‐Reflow Phenomenon in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus After Primary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Zhao Jing‐Lin , Fan Chao‐Mei , Yang Yue‐Jin , You Shi‐Jie , Gao Xin , Zhou Qiong , Pei Wei‐Dong
Published: July 2011

Introduction: Metformin is one of the most commonly prescribed antihyperglycemic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about the effect of metformin on no‐reflow in diabetic patients. Aim: In this study, we investigated retrospectively whether chronic pretreatment with metformin was associated with no‐reflow in diabetic patients who underwent primary coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Results: A total of 154 consecutive diabetic patients who underwent primary angioplasty for a first ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction were studied. No‐reflow was defined as a final TIMI flow of ≤2 or final TIMI flow of 3 with a myocardial blush grade of <2. The no‐reflow phenomenon was found in 53 of 154 patients. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between the patients with and without metformin pretreatment. However, the 65 patients receiving chronic metformin treatment before admission had lower incidence of the no‐reflow than those without it (4.2 and 14.6%, P < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that absence of metformin pretreatment was a significant predictor of the no‐reflow along with high‐burden thrombus, ejection fraction on admission and anterior AMI. Conclusion: These results suggested that chronic pretreatment with metformin may be associated with the reduction of the no‐reflow phenomenon in patients with diabetes mellitus after primary angioplasty for AMI.
An updated index to genera, species, and infraspecific taxa of Neotropical Annonaceae
Authors: Maas Paul J. M. , Westra Lubbert Y. Th. , Rainer Heimo , Lobão Adriana Q. , Erkens Roy H. J.
Published: July 2011

Annonaceae form the most diverse family within the Magnoliales. In 1990 an Index to generic names of Annonaceae was published and in 1994 an Index to Neotropical species of Annonaceae was compiled. Especially the latter proved an immensely useful tool for Neotropical botanists. Here, we present an updated Index of all valid names in Neotropical Annonaceae on the genus and species level. It also includes nomina nuda and orthographic variants. Reference and year of first publication, synonymy, and typification are mentioned. Several new combinations are made. In addition, some lectotypifications are proposed. A supplementary list is added of all Neotropical type collections.
New insight into the phylogenetic and biogeographic history of genus Ficus: Vicariance played a relatively minor role compared with ecological opportunity and dispersal
Authors: XU Lei , HARRISON Rhett D. , YANG Pei , YANG Da‐Rong
Published: July 2011

Abstract  Studies on the evolution of tropical taxa emphasize the role of vicariance and the break‐up of Gondwana in explaining modern distributions. Earlier studies on figs (Ficus spp.) support this view. In the current study, we used an expanded sample (208 spp.) and improved molecular dating techniques to reconstruct the phylogenetic and biogeographic history of Ficus. Consistent with previous studies, our biogeographic analysis indicated that the ancestor of Ficus was present in Gondwana. However, a relaxed clock analysis relying on uncorrelated rates in BEAST suggested that the Neotropical section Pharmacosycea split‐off in South America 86.67 Mya, and that other Ficus lineage ancestors originated in India. Most of the basal lineages appeared to have diverged following KT extinction, then rapidly diversified after India collided with continental Asia. The Afrotropical species most likely evolved initially in the Indian subcontinent then dispersed to Africa, either in the late Cretaceous of Madagascar or even later, following the Eocene collision of India with Asia. The Neotropical section Americana, either island‐hopped to South America or took a northern route to the Americas through Europe prior to the terminal Eocene global cooling event. Ficus may have arrived in eastern Malesia following the collision of India with Asia, then widely dispersed thereafter. Given the wide ranges in our date estimates, several other scenarios are possible. However, contrary to earlier reports, our analyses suggest that vicariance played a relatively minor role compared with ecological opportunity and dispersal in the diversification of genus Ficus.
Novel DNA sequence isolated from blood donors with high transaminase levels
Authors: Satoh Koei , Iwata‐Takakura Akiko , Osada Naoki , Yoshikawa Akira , Hoshi Yuji , Miyakawa Keiko , Gotanda Yuko , Satake Masahiro , Tadokoro Kenji , Mizoguchi Hideaki
Published: July 2011

Aim:  In Japan, the etiology of 10–20% of cases of acute hepatitis remains unclarified. This study was conducted to verify the agent causing non‐A–E hepatitis.

Methods:  Serum samples from 500 blood donors with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were screened by polymerase chain reaction using primers constructed from conserved areas of RNA virus helicase. The sequence obtained was investigated for viral properties.

Results:  Four blood samples were found to contain a novel DNA sequence of 9496 bp, which was designated KIs‐V. KIs‐V was sensitive to the restriction enzyme SalI and BstXI. Rolling‐circle amplification produced an excessive amount of KIs‐V DNA. In sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, KIs‐V banded at a 1.158‐g/cm3 density. Detergent treatment increased the density of KIs‐V. There was no KIs‐V DNA amplification from human leukocyte DNA. Serial filtration suggested that KIs‐V was included in a 30–50‐nm size particle. In silico analysis revealed that KIs‐V contained 13 potential genes, none of which showed homology to any viral proteins reported. One gene showed similarity to a DNA polymerase domain. Strong signals for transcription initiation and a CpG island were identified. The nucleotide composition of KIs‐V showed a characteristic feature of circular DNA genomes that contain a replication origin and a terminus. In a preliminary study, KIs‐V was frequently identified among hepatitis E virus antibody positive individuals with elevated ALT levels.

Conclusion:  A new sequence KIs‐V was isolated from blood donors with elevated ALT levels. It was suggested that KIs‐V is a double‐stranded circular DNA genome derived from a novel category of enveloped viruses.
Variation in postsampling treatment of avian blood affects ecophysiological interpretations
Authors: Hoye Bethany J.
Published: July 2011

1. The fluid component of blood is widely used in ecophysiological investigations, including measures of immune function and stable isotope ecology. After blood collection, delayed separation of blood extracellular fluids from red blood cells is known to affect the concentration of a wide range of biochemical compounds in the resulting fluid, as does prevention of clotting (producing plasma) when compared with blood allowed to clot (producing serum).

2. One challenge when investigating immune function and stable isotope ecology, therefore, is discriminating variation because of the effect of the biological factors of interest from potential methodological artefacts. This study assesses how seven widely used measures of immune function and stable isotope composition respond both to delayed separation of the cellular and fluid components and to the clotting of blood samples from two species of waterfowl.

3. Samples that remained uncentrifuged for up to 12 h did not differ from those centrifuged within 15 min of sampling from the same individuals, indicating that samples from a wide range of field conditions may remain highly comparable. However, the outcome of three of the four immunological assays and two of the three isotopic analyses was highly dependent on the type of fluid, with higher immunological activity and higher relative concentrations of heavy carbon and total nitrogen in plasma compared to serum.

4. Researchers interested in immune function and stable isotope ecology may obtain the most useful results by ensuring that they use a single fluid type in their investigations.
Trace Metals as Biomarkers for Eumelanin Pigment in the Fossil Record
Authors: Wogelius R. A. , Manning P. L. , Barden H. E. , Edwards N. P. , Webb S. M. , Sellers W. I. , Taylor K. G. , Larson P. L. , Dodson P. , You H. , Da-qing L. , Bergmann U.
Published: July 2011

X-ray maps of fossil feather pigments reveal color patterning in extinct bird species.
Friction Anisotropy–Driven Domain Imaging on Exfoliated Monolayer Graphene
Authors: Choi Jin Sik , Kim Jin-Soo , Byun Ik-Su , Lee Duk Hyun , Lee Mi Jung , Park Bae Ho , Lee Changgu , Yoon Duhee , Cheong Hyeonsik , Lee Ki Ho , Son Young-Woo , Park Jeong Young , Salmeron Miquel
Published: July 2011

Otherwise identical regions of supported graphene can be distinguished by changes in friction with sliding direction.
Treatment of a traumatic carotid–cavernous fistula by the sole use of a flow diverting stent
Authors: Nadarajah Mahendran , Power Mark , Barry Bryan , Wenderoth Jason
Published: July 2011

Direct caroticocavernous fistula (CCF) has traditionally been treated by detachable balloon placement within the affected cavernous sinus. We describe a case of a direct CCF treated solely with flow-diverting stents. These novel devices may offer a simpler and potentially safer vessel-sparing option in this rare condition.
Peste des petits ruminants: a suitable candidate for eradication?
Authors: Baron M. D. , Parida S. , Oura C. A. L.
Published: July 2011

This year will see the final announcement, accompanied by much justifiable celebration, of the eradication from the wild of rinderpest, the ‘cattle plague’ that has been with us for so many centuries. The only known rinderpest virus (RPV) remaining is in a relatively small number of laboratories around the world, and in the stockpiles of vaccine held on a precautionary basis. As we mark this achievement, only the second virus ever eradicated through human intervention, it seems a good time to look at rinderpest's less famous cousin, peste des petits ruminants (‘the plague of small ruminants’) and assess if it should, and could, also be targeted for global eradication.
BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATE IN A QUARTIC POTENTIAL: STATIC AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES
Authors: CHAUDHARY G. K. , CHATTOPADHYAY AMIT K. , RAMAKUMAR R.
Published: July 2011

In this paper, we present a theoretical study of a Bose–Einstein condensate of interacting bosons in a quartic trap in one-, two- and three-dimensions. Using Thomas–Fermi approximation, suitably complemented by numerical solutions of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation, we study the ground-state condensate density profiles, the chemical potential, the effects of cross-terms in the quartic potential, temporal evolution of various energy components of the condensate and width oscillations of the condensate. Results obtained are compared with corresponding results for a bose condensate in a harmonic confinement.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP CHARACTERISTICS FOR WELDED EMBOSSING TYPE PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS
Authors: JEONG JONG YUN , JUNG CHUNG WOO , NAM SANG-CHUL , KANG YONG TAE
Published: July 2011

Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the welded plate heat exchangers are experimented to apply the high- and low-temperature solution heat exchanger (SHX) of absorption systems. Two different SHXs were made using the seam and tig welding method. In this paper, the welded embossing type plate heat exchangers were tested by controlling mass flow rate and inlet/outlet temperatures. It was found that heat transfer and pressure drop performance increased with increasing Reynolds number. It was also found that the pressure drop from the present W-embossing type plate heat exchanger was much lower than that from the brazed type, as low as 1/7 times. The experimental correlations for Nusselt number and Fanning friction factor were developed with the error bands of ± 20% and ± 25%, respectively. These results provide a guideline to apply the welded plate heat exchanger for the solution heat exchanger of absorption systems.