bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model predictive functional control for processes with unstable poles
Authors: S Igor
Published: August 2008

In this paper the coprime‐factorized model predictive functional control for single‐input single‐output processes with an arbitrary number of unstable poles is presented. The predictive functional control algorithm gives a framework for designing the control for a wide range of processes. The main idea in the case of unstable poles is based on the prediction of the process output based on the coprime‐factorized process model. The robust stability of the proposed control algorithm is also discussed, using the small‐gain theorem, which provides a sufficient condition for stability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Modeling the interaction between objects and cartoon water
Authors: Yu Jinhui , Liao Jing , Patterson John
Published: August 2008

In this paper, we describe a method for modeling the interaction between objects and the cartoon water which does not involve physics simulations. Our method involves the definition of flow path lines in the presence of obstacles, modeling of different types of water forms, and combinations of them in space and time. There are several notable features with our method: easy setting with little user intervention, modeling of complex water forms that represent more energetic water behavior than has been encompassed by semi‐automatic means so far, and the adaptive change of animated water forms to the variation of obstacle object in number, size, and shape in the water path. A number of formulae for managing shape and time variance in these animations are given. We tested our method with both still and moving objects that have different shape and size in the water and relevant examples are given in the paper. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐resolution parametric synthesis of manipulative dynamic textures
Authors: Xu Leilei , Sun Hanqiu , Wang Lifeng
Published: August 2008

Dynamic textures are composed of spatially multi‐scale and temporally coherent visual signals. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for multi‐resolution parametric synthesis (MPS) of manipulative dynamic textures, including learning, analysis, and motion manipulation of layered feature spaces. The proposed approach separates the motions into different scales or frequencies, and the dynamic feature spaces are analyzed in modeling and then mapped to a global coordinate system to expose the multi‐scale structures. Our approach emphasizes the importance of fine‐scale data appearing more informative, while coarse signals are less focused. The synthesized dynamic textures using our MPS approach are strongly enhanced in dynamic appearance than the single‐scale LDS model, and also flexible in manipulating the decomposed feature spaces for creating different dynamic textures of the real world. Our experimental results showed the more faithful synthesized dynamic textures from input short videos, and their manipulative controls by simple editing of feature space basis, not only the whole video data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Single‐Molecule Precursors to Coupled Ag2S/TiO2 Nanocomposites
Authors: Neves Márcia C. , Monteiro Olinda C. , Hempelmann Rolf , Silva Artur M. S. , Trindade Tito
Published: August 2008

A single‐source approach using mild temperatures was applied to prepare morphological well‐defined and coupled TiO2/metal–sulfide nanocomposites. Metal N‐alkyldithiocarbamates were used as the precursors to the metal–sulfide nanophases and, in particular, Ag2S nanostructures were investigated in more detail. These were observed as nano‐islands at the surface of TiO2 (anatase) particles, which were used as substrates. To explain the formation of these nanocomposite particulates, a tentative mechanism has been proposed which involves the controlled release of sulfide ions from an intermediate coordination compound. Because the growth of the metal sulfide can be controlled at the surface of a photoactive substrate, we anticipate the potential of this synthetic method to chemical design reasonable amounts of semiconductor‐sensitized TiO2, such as Ag2S/TiO2 nanocomposites. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
New Musk Odorants: (3E)‐4‐(2′‐Alkyl‐5′,5′‐dimethylcyclopent‐1′‐enyl)but‐3‐en‐2‐ones and (3E)‐1‐Acetyl‐3‐alkylidene‐4,4‐dimethylcyclohexenes
Authors: Kraft Philip , Popaj Kasim
Published: August 2008

Four new representatives, 18, 23, 29, and 32, of the young family of dienone musks were synthesized by two general routes. The first five‐step synthetic route leading to (3E)‐4‐(2′‐alkyl‐5′,5′‐dimethylcyclopent‐1′‐enyl)but‐3‐en‐2‐onescommenced with the enolate alkylation of 2,2‐dimethylcyclopentanone (13), either directly with an alkyl halide or through the Reetz tert‐alkylation. Subsequent cerium(III)‐mediated butynol Grignard reaction, dehydration with sulfuric acid, (E)‐selective partial reduction of the triple bond with lithium aluminum hydride, and concluding pyridinium chlorochromate oxidation complemented this route. The second four‐step route leading to (3E)‐1‐acetyl‐3‐alkylidene‐4,4‐dimethylcycloalk‐1‐enes commenced with the Woods–Grignard modification on the vinylogous ester 3‐ethoxycyclohex‐2‐enone (24) employing ethylmagnesium bromide. The product 25 was then gem‐6,6‐dimethylated by its lithium enolate to provide 26, which was subjected to a Schlosser–Wittig reaction to introduce the 3‐alkylidene substituent. Dirhodium(II) caprolactamate‐catalyzed allylic oxidation with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide completed the second general synthetic scheme. The four target compounds, 18, 23, 29, and 32, were designed as diseco derivatives of a carotol lead, and they all constitute musk odorants with floral‐fruity side notes. A tert‐butyl group at the C‐6 position of the (E)‐hexa‐3,5‐dien‐2‐one skeleton was found to intensify the musk odor, and (E)‐4‐(2′‐tert‐butyl‐5′,5′‐dimethylcyclopent‐1′‐enyl)but‐3‐en‐2‐one (23) was found the most intense and interesting odorant of the series, with a very uncommon undertone of beetroot and dried fruits.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
The prevalence of cognitive impairment with no dementia in older people: The seoul study
Authors: Choo Il Han , Lee Dong Young , Lee Jung Hie , Kim Ki Woong , Jhoo Jin Hyeong , Ju Young‐Su , Yoon Jong Choul , Kim Shin Gyeom , Ha Jin , Woo Jong Inn
Published: August 2008

Objective

This study aimed to estimate prevalence of cognitive impairment with no dementia (CIND) in older people. It was conducted in an urban area of Korea, Seoul, and employed a two‐stage design for case identification.

Methods

Overall 643 persons aged 65 years and older participated and 217 persons sampled from the three levels of performance of MMSE underwent a second stage clinical evaluation. CIND was diagnosed when the global Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) index was 0.5 and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition diagnostic features of dementia were not satisfied. CIND cases without any apparent causes were classified as CIND of unidentified cause (CINDuc).

Results

CIND prevalence ranged from 26.3% in persons aged 65–69 to 46.5% in persons aged 85 years and older. The age‐standardized prevalence for overall CIND was 31.9% and for CINDuc 19.2%. The prevalences of CIND for the three severity grade were 15.8%, 9.7%, and 6.2% for CDR sum of boxes scores of 0.5, 1–1.5, and ≥2, respectively.

Conclusions

The prevalence of CIND in community‐residing elderly is probably higher than previously reported. The results of this study are useful for assessments of present and future demands for healthcare services. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antihyperlipidemic effect of D‐pinitol on streptozotocin‐induced diabetic wistar rats
Authors: Geethan P. K. M. Anu , Prince P. Stanely Mainzen
Published: August 2008

D‐pinitol (3‐O‐methyl‐chiroinositol), an active principle of the traditional antidiabetic plant, Bougainvillea spectabilis, is claimed to exert insulin‐like effects. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of D‐pinitol on lipids and lipoproteins in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic Wistar rats. Rats were made type II diabetic by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight. STZ‐induced diabetic rats showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in the levels of blood glucose and total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and phospholipids in serum, liver, kidney, heart, and brain. The levels of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol were significantly increased, and the level of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was significantly decreased in diabetic rats Oral administration of D‐pinitol to STZ‐induced diabetic rats showed significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the levels of blood glucose and total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and phospholipids in serum, liver, kidney, heart, and brain. The D‐pinitol also lowered significantly (p < 0.05) LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels and increased significantly (p < 0.05) HDL cholesterol levels in the serum of diabetic rats. Thus, the present study clearly showed the antihyperlipidemic effect of D‐pinitol in STZ‐induced type II diabetic rats. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 22:220–224, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20218
Analysis of green pit viper (Trimeresurus alborabris) venom protein by LC/MS‐MS
Authors: Soogarun Suphan , Sangvanich Polkit , Chowbumroongkait Montri , Jiemsup Surasak , Wiwanikit Viroj , Pradniwat Paweena , Palasuwan Attakorn , Pawinwongchai Jaturawat , Chanprasert Supanthitra , Moungkote Tusrin
Published: August 2008

Green pit viper venom has major effect on the hematological system having a thrombin‐like effect. Thus, this study is designed to analyze the composition of Trimeresurus albolabris venom by performing gel filtration and LC/MS‐MS. The purified protein was then digested by trypsin, and the tryptic fragments were analyzed by iontrap spectrophotometry. This study found four types of proteins, namely jerdonitin, stejaggregin‐A β chain‐1, stejnobin, and stejnihagin‐A, as the components of T. albolabris venom. All of these toxins played a greater or lesser role in clot formation or otherwise contributed to cross‐reactions in antivenom production. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 22:225–229, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20232
Attenuation of TCDD‐induced oxidative stress by 670 nm photobiomodulation in developmental chicken kidney
Authors: Lim Jinhwan , Sanders Ruth A. , Yeager Ronnie L. , Millsap Deborah S. , Watkins John B. , Eells Janis T. , Henshel Diane S.
Published: August 2008

2,3,7,8‐Tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD), a potent developmental teratogen inducing oxidative stress and sublethal changes in multiple organs, provokes developmental renal injuries. In this study, we investigated TCDD‐induced biochemical changes and the therapeutic efficacy of photobiomodulation (670 nm; 4 J/cm2) on oxidative stress in chicken kidneys during development. Eggs were injected once prior to incubation with TCDD (2 pg/g or 200 pg/g) or sunflower oil vehicle control. Half of the eggs in each dose group were then treated with red light once per day through embryonic day 20 (E20). Upon hatching at E21, the kidneys were collected and assayed for glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, superoxide dimutase, and glutathione‐S‐transferase activities, as well as reduced glutathione and ATP levels, and lipid peroxidation. TCDD exposure alone suppressed the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, increased lipid peroxidation, and depleted available ATP. The biochemical indicators of oxidative and energy stress in the kidney were reversed by daily phototherapy, restoring ATP and glutathione contents and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities to control levels. Photobiomodulation also normalized the level of lipid peroxidation increased by TCDD exposure. The results of this study suggest that 670 nm photobiomodulation may be useful as a noninvasive treatment for renal injury resulting from chemically induced cellular oxidative and energy stress. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 22:230–239, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20233
Ecdysteroids act as inhibitors of calf skin collagenase and oxidative stress
Authors: Nsimba Robert Yawadio , Kikuzaki Hiroe , Konishi Yotaro
Published: August 2008

Three new phytoecdysteroids have been isolated from the seeds of Chenopodium quinoa and structurally identified as 20,26‐dihydroxy, 28‐methyl ecdysone, 20,26‐dihydroxy, 24(28)‐dehydro ecdysone, and 20‐hydroxyecdysone 22‐glycolate using serial chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Both previously reported compounds and newly identified phytoecdysteroids were evaluated for their inhibitory effect on calf skin collagenase, as this enzyme is involved in aging skin diseases. Their effectiveness on scavenging 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals, as well as in chelating the iron metal ions was also investigated. All isolated compounds demonstrated a higher potency to inhibit this matrix metalloproteinase and to chelate the iron ion, both with respect to the number of carbonyl groups bearing their carbon skeleton, suggesting that their mechanism of action involves their ability to coordinate both ions (either the zinc ion of the catalytic domain of collagenase or the iron ion), acting as an electron donor. The DPPH‐scavenging ability was hydroxyl dependent. Satisfactory results obtained from the enzyme in vitro experiment were further supported by the gel electrophoresis. These results indicate that ecdysteroids might be considered as potent chemical agents to prevent or delay both collagenase‐related skin damages and oxidative stress. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 22:240–250, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20234
Development studies and cross‐disciplinarity: Research at the social science–physical science interface
Authors: Sumner Andy , Tribe Michael
Published: August 2008

Cross‐disciplinarity is widely accepted in the Development Studies (DS) community, but has principally been interpreted within the social sciences. However, much of the research, practical planning and evaluation studies, and teaching/training in DS involves cross‐disciplinarity between the social and physical sciences. We consider the extent of this wider variant of cross‐disciplinarity, review factors inhibiting cross‐disciplinary collaboration, and explore implications relating to ‘single discipline analysis’ central to the interest of DS. Our main conclusions are that cross‐disciplinarity between social and physical sciences is central to DS activity, and that disciplines, subject areas or knowledge communities need to be modest in defining their ‘boundaries’ and flexible in encouraging cross‐disciplinary collaboration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[18F]FPyKYNE, a fluoropyridine‐based alkyne reagent designed for the fluorine‐18 labelling of macromolecules using click chemistry
Authors: Kuhnast Bertrand , Hinnen Françoise , Tavitian Bertrand , Dollé Frédéric
Published: August 2008

FPyKYNE (2‐fluoro‐3‐pent‐4‐yn‐1‐yloxypyridine) is a novel fluoropyridine‐based structure, designed for the fluorine‐18 labelling of macromolecules using copper‐catalysed Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition (click chemistry). FPyKYNE (non‐labelled as reference), as well as the 2‐bromo, 2‐nitro and 2‐trimethylammonium analogues (as precursors for labelling with fluorine‐18), was synthesized in 44, 95, 60 and 41%, respectively, from commercially available 5‐chloropent‐1‐yne and the appropriate 2‐substituted‐3‐hydroxypyridines. [18F]FPyKYNE was synthesized in one single radiochemical step by reaction of no‐carrier‐added K[18F]F‐Kryptofix®222 (DMSO, 165°C, 3–5 min) followed by C‐18 SepPak cartridge pre‐purification and finally semi‐preparative HPLC purification on a Hewlett Packard SiO2 Zorbax® Rx‐SIL. Using the 2‐nitropyridine or the pyridin‐2‐yltrimethylammonium trifluoromethanesulphonate precursor for labelling (30 and 10 µmol, respectively), incorporation yields up to 90% were observed and 7.0–8.9 GBq (190–240 mCi) of [18F]FPyKYNE ([18F]‐1) could be isolated within 60–70 min (HPLC purification included), starting from a 37.0 GBq (1.0 Ci) [18F]fluoride batch (overall decay‐corrected and isolated yields: 30–35%). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Auto‐crosslinked hyaluronic acid gel accelerates healing of rabbit flexor tendons in vivo
Authors: de Wit Thijs , de Putter Dennis , Tra Wendy M.W. , Rakhorst Hinne A. , van Osch Gerjo J.V.M. , Hovius Steven E.R. , van Neck Johan W.
Published: August 2008

This study's purpose was to assess the in vivo effect of auto‐crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) gel, a natural HA derivative with increased viscosity and tissue residence time, on adhesions and healing of injured and surgically repaired rabbit digital flexor tendons. The second and third right deep digital flexor tendons from 48 rabbits (n = 96 tendons) were cut and repaired with a modified Kessler and running peripheral suture. Animals were randomized to two groups, receiving either HA gel or saline injected around both freshly repaired tendons. After 2, 3, 6, and 12 weeks, six rabbits in each group were euthanized. Tendon pull‐out force and breaking strength were measured as a value for adhesion formation and tendon healing, respectively. A histological assessment of adhesions and healing was related to the mechanical results. A significantly faster increase in breaking strength was found in HA gel‐treated compared to saline‐treated tendons; this coincided with a significantly accelerated tissue repair response after injury. No significant difference in adhesion formation was found between the two groups at any time. Our results indicate a significant acceleration of in vivo healing of tendons treated with HA gel. Adhesion formation was unaffected. These results could have important clinical value in promoting rehabilitation after tendon injury. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:408–415, 2009
The Extent of Vacuolation in Non–Heart-Beating Porcine Donor Liver Grafts Prior To Transplantation Predicts Their Viability
Authors: Monbaliu Diethard , Libbrecht Louis , De Vos Rita , Vekemans Katrien , Walter Hugo , Liu Qiang , Heedfeld Veerle , Goossens Vera , Pirenne Jacques , Roskams Tania
Published: August 2008

Livers exposed to prolonged warm ischemia (WI), such as those from non–heart-beating donors (NHBDs), are at higher risk of primary graft nonfunction (PNF). In a pig model of liver transplantation (LTx) from NHBDs, hepatocellular vacuolation, focal hepatocyte dropout, congestion, and sinusoidal dilatation appeared on biopsies taken after exposure to WI. In functioning grafts, vacuolation and sinusoidal dilatation were reversible after LTx, in contrast to PNF grafts. We studied whether the extent of these morphological signs and particularly vacuolation, present on pre-LTx biopsies, was associated with WI length and able to predict PNF, hepatocellular damage, and survival. Pre-LTx biopsies from pig livers exposed to incremental periods of WI were reviewed retrospectively. The extent of vacuolation was quantified blindly by a pathologist's semiquantitative score, validated by stereological point counting and digital image analysis, and then used to predict PNF and hepatocellular damage. On biopsies taken after WI, stereological point counting and digital analysis scoring contributed significantly in predicting PNF (

P

= 0.027 and

P

= 0.043, respectively) versus the pathologist's semiquantitative score (

P

= 0.058). Stereological point counting and digital image analysis predicted the extent of hepatocellular damage (

P

< 0.0001 and

P

= 0.001) versus the pathologist's semiquantitative score (

P

= 0.085). In conclusion, the extent of parenchymal vacuolation present on WI liver grafts reflects the severity of hepatocellular damage and predicts pig liver graft viability before LTx. Further studies are now warranted to evaluate whether these anoxic changes that are associated with liver graft viability in pigs also apply to human NHBD liver biopsies.
Monitoring Peripheral Blood CD4+ Adenosine Triphosphate Activity in a Liver Transplant Cohort: Insight Into the Interplay Between Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Cellular Immunity
Authors: Mendler Michel , Kwok Hansen , Franco Edson , Baron Pedro , Weissman Jill , Ojogho Okechukwu
Published: August 2008

Peripheral blood CD4+ adenosine triphosphate [ATP (ng/mL)] release [ImmuKnow Immune Cell Function Assay (ATP)] correlates to immunoreactivity. We hypothesized that ATP levels could provide insight into hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and recurrent liver disease in liver transplantation (LT). We studied our center's LT cohort, in which ATP levels had been measured off protocol from February 2005 through July 2006. Of the 280 LTs performed since 1993, 114 (58.2%) fit the selection criteria, with a mean age of 49 ± 10 years. LT (alone/combination) indications included HCV (58%), alcoholic liver disease (41%), hepatocellular carcinoma (16%), and other (33%). Four hundred seventy-seven ATP levels were obtained: 3 (1-17) per patient 25 months (4 days to 19 years) from the time from transplantation. Final diagnoses were normal allograft function (n = 166, 35%), recurrent disease (n = 199, 42%), septic event (n = 34, 7%), other (n = 51, 11%), and undetermined (n = 27, 6%). Two hundred eighty-one ATP levels were obtained [3 (1-18) per patient] in 66 HCV(+) patients. Forty-five (68%) developed biopsy-proven recurrent liver disease [188/281 (67%) ATP levels]. The median ATP level (ng/mL) was 162 (1-761); it was lower in HCV(+) patients (151 ± 109) versus HCV(−) patients (211 ± 139;

P

< 0.0001). ATP ranges in HCV(+) patients were stable from the time from transplantation. In HCV(−) patients, ATP ranges were initially high and eventually decreased to HCV(+) levels (

P

= 0.01). Immunosuppressant levels were low in 62% of HCV(−) patients versus 38% of HCV(+) patients (

P

= 0.04). In HCV(+) patients, ATP was lower in disease recurrence (139 ± 97) versus none (181 ± 141;

P

= 0.01) with similar immunosuppression, and ATP decreased with grade (

P

= 0.05) but not stage. Time from transplantation, aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase >1, and low ATP were independently associated with recurrent HCV. In conclusion, after LT, global cellular immune function appears depressed at baseline in HCV(+) patients versus HCV(−) patients and more so in HCV(+) recurrent disease.
Long-Term Outcome of Mycophenolate Mofetil Rescue Therapy for Resistant Acute Allograft Rejection in Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients
Authors: Aw Marion Margaret , Verma Anita , Rela Mohamed , Heaton Nigel , Mieli-Vergani Giorgina , Dhawan Anil
Published: August 2008

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been used to rescue liver allografts with steroid-resistant rejection (SRR). However, the long-term outcome of these patients is not known. This study evaluates the long-term outcome of MMF rescue therapy for SRR in pediatric liver allograft recipients. Twenty-six children (who received 28 liver transplants), including 16 girls, were given MMF for SRR. The median age at transplant was 1.7 (range 0.4-13.6) years. Primary immunosuppression was cyclosporine-based in 22 and tacrolimus-based in 6. All patients except one had been converted to tacrolimus prior to MMF, having already received a median of 2 (1-5) courses of high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone. The median time to MMF rescue therapy was 1.8 (0.4-35.8) months. Twenty-one of 28 episodes of SRR responded to MMF therapy. The median follow-up was 8.8 (7.7-11.5) years. In responders, there was 1 death from posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, and no grafts were lost to chronic rejection. In the 7 nonresponders, 3 grafts were lost to chronic rejection with 2 patient deaths. Surviving children are clinically well with good liver function, and 17 remain on MMF. Three children have glomerular filtration < 80 mL/minute/1.73 m2. Side effects of MMF were seen in 12 patients; diarrhea (n = 5) and leukopenia (n = 5) being the most common. MMF was found to be effective in treating SRR in pediatric allograft recipients, with good long-term graft function and an acceptable side-effect profile.
Hemodynamic and Metabolic Efficacy of Dopamine Versus Norepinephrine in a Brain-Dead Swine Model
Authors: Zaky Ahmed , Pretto Ernesto A. , Earle Steven A. , Piraccini Emanuele , Zuccarelli Jennifer E. , Arheart Kristopher L. , Proctor Kenneth G.
Published: August 2008

We tested the hypothesis that hepatosplanchnic and systemic hemodynamics are improved with equi-effective doses of dopamine (DA) versus norepinephrine (NE) in a brain-dead swine model. Pigs (n = 18) were anesthetized and ventilated. Brain death was induced by epidural balloon inflation, hypoventilation, and hypoxia. After 30 minutes, mechanical ventilation was restored without anesthesia. During 60 and until 480 minutes, half received DA (10 μg/kg/minute) and half received NE (0.1 μg/kg/minute) titrated to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) > 60 mm Hg with supplemental fluid to maintain a central venous pressure > 8 mm Hg. Hemodynamics, hepatic laser Doppler blood flow, and hepatic and gastric tissue oxygenation with near-infrared spectroscopy were continuously monitored. Serial blood samples were analyzed for blood gases and electrolytes, coagulation changes, and serum chemistries. Balloon inflation caused brain death and autonomic storm, and 8 of 18 were nonsurvivors. After 30 minutes, the MAP, mixed venous O2 saturation, and partial pressure of arterial oxygen values decreased to 37 ± 2 mm Hg, 38 ± 4, and 49 ± 8 mm Hg, respectively. Serum lactate increased to 5.4 ± 0.7 mM. Among survivors (n = 10), MAP stabilized with either pressor. Urine output was maintained (>1 mL/kg/hour), but creatinine increased >30% with respect to the baseline. Tachyphylaxis developed with NE but not with DA (

P

< 0.05). Cardiac index was higher with DA versus NE (

P

< 0.05). There were no differences in stroke volume, metabolic indices, or liver blood flow. Liver tissue O2 was higher with DA versus NE at 8 hours (

P

< 0.05). Coagulation tests and liver enzymes were similar with NE versus DA (

P

> 0.05). In conclusion, after brain death, cardiac index and hepatic oxygenation were significantly improved with equi-effective doses of DA versus NE.
Accuracy of an Age-Adjusted Formula in Assessing the Graft Volume in Living Donor Liver Transplantation
Authors: Kayashima Hiroto , Taketomi Akinobu , Yonemura Yusuke , Ijichi Hideki , Harada Noboru , Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Soejima Yuji , Yoshimitsu Kengo , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: August 2008

In living donor liver transplantation, the estimated graft volume (GV) from young donors tends to be overestimated. One reason for this error may be a decrease in GV due to dehydration by University of Wisconsin (UW) solution. The aim of this study was to clarify (1) the usefulness of an age-adjusted formula and (2) the correlation between the decrease in GV and donor age. First, we created the age-adjusted formula using regression analysis retrospectively in 167 donors, and we evaluated the difference in the error ratio of GV from the age-adjusted formula and 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) prospectively in 49 donors. Second, we measured intraoperative GV both before and after flushing with UW solution and calculated the decrease ratio, and we then evaluated the difference in the decrease ratio between young donors and older donors prospectively in 41 donors. The age-adjusted formula was created as follows: age-adjusted GV = 70.767 + (0.703 × GV estimated with 3D-CT volumetry) + (1.298 × donor age). The mean error ratio for the age-adjusted formula (9.6%) was significantly lower than that from 3D-CT (14.0%). The mean decrease ratio in all 41 donors was 5.4%, and that in young donors (6.9%) was significantly higher than that in older donors (4.4%). In conclusion, although younger donor age is a major factor for estimation errors in hepatic volumetry, our age-adjusted formula is very useful in reducing the error in estimating GV.
MRI in experimental inflammatory and mitochondrial optic neuropathies
Authors: Guy John
Published: August 2008

MRI is a powerful tool for evaluating structural and functional alterations in the optic nerve in experimental animal models of human disease. MRI–histopathological correlations have provided important insights into the pathogenesis of disease. Paramagnetic contrast agents have been used to serially visualize the foci and severity of disruption of the blood–optic nerve barrier and physiological neuronal alterations in living animals. Here I review the experience of our group in optic nerve imaging of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and neurodegeneration induced by genetic manipulation of respiratory chain enzymes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using creative transformational leadership in shaping our hospice's journey to excellence
Authors: Atter Lynda
Published: August 2008

Practice development is known for fostering innovation and change in creating a culture and working environment in which excellence can flourish. Excellence in practice through practice development is dependent on consulting, engaging and encouraging team members to buy into a shared vision and values. The challenge for some teams is in eliciting and sharing the team's vision and values. Hartlepool and District Hospice in the true spirit of practice development would like to share and disseminate their starting journey in the quest for excellence by developing and applying a creative transformational leadership approach using values clarification. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Writing for publication: A case study
Authors: Hislop Jane , Murray Rowena , Newton Mary
Published: August 2008

Writing for publication is an important part of professional practice in the health care professions. It is one way of reflecting on and improving practice, and writing skills developed through the publication process may enhance practitioners' ability to communicate more broadly. This article describes a method of teaching writing for publication skills to a multidisciplinary group of health care professionals. It outlines a step‐by‐step process for writing and illustrates three ways for health care professionals to work towards achieving publication: (i) adopting new writing behaviours, (ii) developing support networks for writers and (iii) overcoming external barriers to writing. This article concludes by suggesting that, in what is an increasingly important area for health care professionals, managers should incorporate writing for publication in their planning of staff development and in clinical time allocation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactivity and structure of derivatives of 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (lawsone)
Authors: Lamoureux G. , Perez Alice L. , Araya Mario , Agüero Christian
Published: August 2008

The structures of two derivatives of 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (lawsone) are examined using the density functional theory (DFT) hybrid functional B3LYP. Using the optimized structure of lawsone acetate, the reactivity of acyl transfer is described. Also, the nucleophilicity of the conjugate base of lawsone is predicted using the conceptual descriptors related to softness within the DFT framework. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructural analysis and electrical conductivity of hexagonal WO3 thin films during annealing
Authors: Al‐Mohammad Ahmad
Published: August 2008

WO3 thin films have been deposited by thermal evaporation on (0001) surfaces of α‐Al2O3 single crystal and annealed between 423 K and 623 K in air with a mean humidity of 50%. The structural and morphological properties of the films have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy and compatible selected area electron diffraction. During annealing, important changes in grain size and structure occur. As the annealing temperature increases slightly, the WO3·1/3H2O structure successively transforms to hexagonal WO3 and Magneli WO3–x phases. During these structural transformations, the grains are constructed of twinned microdomains in different directions with largest lattice parameters of WO3. The conductivity of the WO3 thin films has been investigated as a function of annealing temperature for each stable crystallographic phase. The activation energy for conduction deduced from the Arrhenius equation is found to be dependent on surface structure during various WO3 phases. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ferroelectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric and Raman spectroscopy studies on BaTi0.9(Fe1/2Nb1/2)0.1O3 ceramic
Authors: Abdelkafi Z. , Abdelmoula N. , Khemakhem H. , Simon A. , Maglione M.
Published: August 2008

The hysteresis, piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties were measured in the temperature range near the ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition. The BaTi0.9(Fe1/2Nb1/2)0.1O3 ceramic exhibits typical ferroelectric P –E hysteresis behavior with a remanant polarization, Pr, of about 7.52 μC/cm2 detected at 155 K. The electromechanical properties of this composition were measured using the resonance method. The ceramic provides high piezoelectric performance at the temperature of transition (Tmax = 216 K): the piezoelectric constant is d31 = 140 pC/N and the electromechanical coupling factor was kP = 22%. The pyroelectric study confirms the dielectric and ferroelectric measurements. The pyroelectric coefficient is about 125 nC/cm2 K at Tmax. Raman spectra of BaTi0.9(Fe1/2Nb1/2)0.1O3 ceramic were taken at various temperatures and measured over the wave number range from 150 to 1300 cm–1. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of the injection moulding conditions on the in‐line measured electrical conductivity of polymer–carbon nanotube composites
Authors: Lellinger Dirk , Xu Donghua , Ohneiser Alexander , Skipa Tetyana , Alig Ingo
Published: August 2008

Time resolved electrical conductivities of polycarbonate‐ and polyamide‐multiwalled carbon nanotube composites were measured inline in an injection moulding machine. During the first few seconds of an injection moulding cycle, the electrical conductivity varies with melt temperature and pressure, but then stays nearly constant for some seconds, until the part vitrifies and breaks off of the conductivity sensor. The conductivity values extracted from the time section of constant conductivity are shown in dependence of different injection moulding conditions: injection velocity, melt temperature and mould temperature. It turns out that the conductivity varied by 7 orders of magnitude by only small variations of the processing parameters. Injection velocity and melt temperature showed the largest influence, whereas the mould temperature has only minor importance. The inline measured values were compared to offline measured conductivity values, and good correlation was found. The observed behaviour of the electrical conductivity is explained in the framework of destruction/rebuilding of a conductive carbon nanotube network, where the actual state of destruction is frustrated by vitrification and crystallization. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
1,10‐Diaza‐18‐crown‐ether, Modified by Phosphonate Pendant Arms – Synthesis, Structure, and Picrate Extraction Properties
Authors: Khusainova Narkis G. , Rybakov Sergey M. , Safin Damir A. , Krivolapov Dmitriy B. , Litvinov Igor A.
Published: August 2008

Reaction of O,O′‐diisopropyl‐3‐methyl‐1,2‐butadienylphosphonate with 1,10‐diaza‐18‐crown‐6 in the presence of a catalytic amount of iPrONa leads to the new crown‐ether derivative, containing phosphonate pendant arms (L). The structure of the compound obtained was investigated by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, IR, 1H and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy, and microanalysis. In the crystal structure the side arms of L are in an anti disposition relative to the macrocyclic cavity. It was established that phosphorylation of 1,10‐diaza‐18‐crown‐6 by allenylphosphonate results in an increase of extraction of NaPic and KPic, whereas LiPic and NH4Pic are extracted practically in the same level.
2,4‐Disila‐1,3,5‐oxadiazin, Cyclodisilazan‐Carbonsäure‐silylamid und ‐silylester
Authors: Armbruster Nina , Jaschke Bettina , Kingebiel Uwe , Voit Claudia , dall' Antonia Fabio , Herbst‐Irmer Regine
Published: August 2008

The lithium salts of the Me3Si‐ as well as Me3Si‐ and Me2SiF‐substituted Cyclotrisilazanes I and II react with tert‐butylacylchloride under ring contraction and formation of the cyclodisilazane‐silylester, Me3SiN(SiMe2–N)2SiMe2–O–CO–CMe3 (1). The lithium salt of the fluorodi‐methylsilyl‐substituted cyclotrisilazan III forms with benzoylchloride primarily in the analogous reaction the carboxy‐silyl‐amide, Me2SiF(N–SiMe2)2SiMe2–NH–CO–C6H5+ (2), which can be converted with III and benzoylchloride into the cyclodisilazane‐silylester, Me2SiF(NSiMe2)2SiMe2–O–CO–C6H5, (3). A silylester substituted six‐membered disila‐oxadiazine (4) is the result of the reaction of the lithiated cyclotrisilazane, (Me2SiNH)2, (Me2SiNLi) with tert‐butyl‐acylchloride. The reaction includes anionic ring contraction and can be rationilized by a process analogous to keto‐enol‐tautomerism. Dilithiated octamethyl‐cyclotetrasilazane, (Me2SiNHMe2SiNLi)2, reacts with tert‐butyl‐acylchloride or benzoylchloride in a molar ratio 1:2 to yield symmetrically acylestersubstituted cyclodisilazanes, (RCO–O–SiMe2–NSiMe2)2, R = C6H5 (5), CMe3 (6). The reaction mechanisms are discussed and the crystal structures of 2 and 6 are reported.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Dichlorobis(dimethylsulfoxide)oxoperoxo Molybdenum(VI)
Authors: Vrubel Heron , Hörner Manfredo , dos Reis Crespan Estela , Nakagaki Shirley , Nunes Fábio S.
Published: August 2008

Hydrogen peroxide reacts with [MoO2Cl2(dmso)2] to produce orange crystals of the title complex, [MoO(O2)Cl2(dmso)2]. The structure is orthorhombic with distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry around the molybdenum ion. A short O‐O bond length suggested the presence of a superoxide, but electron paramagnetic resonance measurements definitely supported the peroxo structure.
Ag9I3(SeO4)2(IO3)2 – Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Ionic Conductivity
Authors: Pitzschke Dragan , Curda Jan , Cakmak Güliz , Jansen Martin
Published: August 2008

Ag9I3(SeO4)2(IO3)2 was obtained for the first time by reacting a stoichiometric mixture of Ag2O, AgI and SeO2 at elevated oxygen pressure (255 MPa) and at a temperature of 500 °C. Ag9I3(SeO4)2(IO3)2 was characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, impedance spectroscopy and single crystal structure analysis. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods (I23, Z = 8, a = 12.9584(6) Å, V = 2175.9(2) Å3 and R1 = 2.70 %). The crystal structure consists of isolated SeO4 tetrahedra and trigonal IO3 pyramids separated by Ag+ and I– ions. Each four of the SeO42– and IO3– anions aggregate, forming a novel supramolecular building block, showing a hetero‐cubane like structure. According to the results of impedance measurements, Ag9I3(SeO4)2(IO3)2 is a good silver ion conductor. The compound shows an abrupt increase in the ionic conductivity in the temperature range of 115 to 147 °C, and has a silver ion conductivity of 7.1 × 10–5 Ω–1 cm–1 at 25 °C. The activation energy for silver ion conduction is 0.45 eV, in the temperature range from 25 to 115°.
Adolescent Carrier Testing in Practice: The Impact of Legal Rulings and Problems with “Gillick Competence”
Authors: Boddington Paula , Gregory Maggie
Published: August 2008

Testing for carrier status for various genetic conditions often takes place during adolescence or young adulthood. This paper aims to add to the discussion of when is the best time to test through an examination of how the law on medical treatment of children appears to be used in practice and how a careful examination of legal rulings might shed light upon best practice in this area. Our focus is on the Gillick ruling (Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority 1986), which dealt with consent and confidentiality with respect to the provision of contraceptive advice to under 16‐year‐olds, but which has become a general benchmark for consent to medical treatment within UK law. In addition, we draw upon data from a qualitative research study which indicates potential problems with certain practices in respect of the influence of the Gillick ruling on carrier testing procedures. We present evidence that in at least some instances, adolescents have reduced capacity to grasp fully the implications of carrier test results. In the light of our findings we make recommendations for practice concerning the testing of children and young persons.
Was Asian Rice (Oryza sativa) Domesticated More Than Once?
Authors: Vaughan Duncan A. , Lu Bao-Rong , Tomooka Norihiko
Published: August 2008

Recently, a dual or multiple origin of domesticated rice has been the prevailing opinion among rice scientists because rice is clearly differentiated into two major varietal groups, indica and japonica, and several minor groups. Molecular clock studies that suggested that divergence in the A-genome wild rice genepool occurred prior to domestication gave further weight to the opinion that rice had a dual origin. However, recent analysis of the major gene that is responsible for the difference in degree of shattering between rice and wild rice has revealed that it is the same mutation in indica and japonica rice, which is not compatible with a dual origin of domesticated rice. Here, we discuss the geographic and genetic reasons why a single origin for domesticated rice is compatible with current data regarding the evolution of rice. The apparently conflicting data regarding the origin of rice can be resolved by the role hybridisation–introgression has played during rice evolution since domestication.
Effect of COMT val158met genotype on cognition and personality
Authors: Sheldrick A.J. , Krug A. , Markov V. , Leube D. , Michel T.M. , Zerres K. , Eggermann T. , Kircher T.
Published: August 2008

The gene encoding catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme which regulates prefrontal cortex dopamine, contains a common functional single nucleotide polymorphism (val158met, rs4680 G/A), which accounts for part of the interindividual variance in performance during working memory tasks and also predicts personality traits.

We examined the relationship between the val158met polymorphism and cognitive function as well as personality traits in 522 healthy individuals (mean age: 24.75 years, SD = 5.84, mean years of education: 15.59, SD = 2.65).

COMT val158met genotype was related in allele dosage fashion to performance in an executive function test, with the met/met carriers scoring highest. Subjects carrying the met/met genotype also scored higher in the disorganization domain of the SPQ-B personality inventory.

Consistent with evidence from previous studies, higher dopamine availability of the met/met genotype enhances prefrontally mediated executive function in healthy individuals.

Furthermore, we replicated findings from a recent study whereby the COMT genotype also predicts disorganized personality features.
Delegating Direct Democracy: Interparty Legislative Competition and the Adoption of the Initiative in the American States
Authors: SMITH DANIEL A. , FRIDKIN DUSTIN
Published: August 2008

Between 1898 and 1918, voters in 20 American states adopted constitutional amendments granting citizens the power of the initiative. The embrace of direct democracy by voters invites inquiry into why some state legislatures opted to delegate to citizens the power of the initiative, while others did not. Drawing on an original data set, this article uses Event History Analysis hazard models to explain the puzzle of why legislatures might devolve institutional power to citizens. Our longitudinal, macrolevel analysis of socioeconomic and political forces reveals that political considerations—interparty legislative competition, party organizational strength, and third parties—are the most powerful predictors of a legislature's decision to refer the initiative to the ballot. Although several of our findings comport with the conventional wisdom explaining the adoption of the initiative during the Progressive Era, others are surprising, offering us new theoretical insights into why and when legislative bodies might be willing to divest themselves of their institutional power.
Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester on visfatin and apelin in lean and overweight (cafeteria diet-fed) rats
Authors: Pérez-Echarri Nerea , Pérez-Matute Patricia , Marcos-Gómez Beatriz , Martínez J. Alfredo , Moreno-Aliaga María J.
Published: August 2008

Previous studies have demonstrated that then-3 fatty acid EPA improves insulin resistance induced by high-fat diets. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential role of visfatin and apelin in the insulin-sensitising effects of EPA ethyl ester. The effects of EPA on muscle and adipose GLUT mRNA, as well as on liver glucokinase (GK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity, were investigated. Male Wistar rats fed on a standard diet or a high-fat cafeteria diet were daily treated by oral administration with EPA ethyl ester (1 g/kg) for 5 weeks. A significant decrease (P < 0·01) in white adipose tissue (WAT) visfatin mRNA levels was found in the cafeteria-fed rats, which was reversed by EPA administration (P < 0·05). Moreover, a negative relationship was observed between homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) and the visfatin:total WAT ratio. In contrast, cafeteria-diet feeding caused a significant increase (P < 0·01) in apelin mRNA in visceral WAT. EPA increased (P < 0·01) apelin gene expression, and a negative relationship between HOMA index with visceral apelin mRNA and serum apelin:total WAT ratio was also observed. EPA treatment did not induce changes in skeletal muscle GLUT1, GLUT4 or insulin receptor mRNA levels. Neither liver GK and G6Pase activity nor the GK:G6Pase ratio was modified by EPA. These data suggest that somehow the insulin-sensitising effects of EPA could be related to its stimulatory action on both visfatin and apelin gene expression in visceral fat, while changes in skeletal muscle GLUT, as well as in hepatic glucose production, are not likely to be the main contributing factors in the improvement in insulin resistance induced by EPA.
Nematodes from Swainson's spurfowl Pternistis swainsonii and an Orange River francolin Scleroptila levaillantoides in Free State Province, South Africa, with a description of Tetrameres swainsonii n. sp. (Nematoda: Tetrameridae)
Authors: Junker K. , Davies O.R. , Jansen R. , Crowe T.M. , Boomker J.
Published: August 2008

Five Swainson's spurfowl collected in Free State Province, South Africa, were examined for helminth parasites, and the nematodes Acuaria gruveli, Cyrnea parroti, Gongylonema congolense, Subulura dentigera, Subulura suctoria and a new Tetrameres species were recovered. Their respective prevalence was 100, 20, 80, 20, 20 and 20%. These nematodes are all new parasite records for Swainson's spurfowl, and Acuaria gruveli constitutes a new geographical record as well. A single specimen of Cyrnea eurycerca was found in an Orange River francolin, representing a new host and geographical record for this parasite. The new species, for which the name Tetrameres swainsonii is proposed, can be differentiated from its congeners by a combination of the following characters of males: two rows of body spines, a single spicule which is 1152–1392 μm long, and eight pairs of caudal spines arranged in two ventral and two lateral rows of four spines each. The single female has the globular shape typical of the genus.