bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Benefits, challenges, characteristics and instructional approaches in an El Sistema inspired after-school string program developed as a university–school partnership in the United States
Authors: Hopkins Michael , Provenzano Anthony M. , Spencer Michael S.
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the benefits, challenges, program characteristics and instructional approaches of an El Sistema inspired (ESI) after-school string program developed as a university–school partnership. Case study methodology was used to examine the program. Fifth-grade students received 75 minutes of after-school instruction four days per week. Two graduate students in music performance and the elementary school orchestra/general music teacher were the program’s lead teachers. Eight additional university students gave pull-out lessons. The program featured many “distinguishing characteristics” described in the ESI literature. The learning environment included large ensemble, sectional learning, and individual lessons. The repertoire learned was standard for American beginning string classes. Teachers provided rigorous expectations for the students to strive for excellence, a safe and supportive learning environment, flexible teaching, and peer-mentoring opportunities. Benefits included high levels of musical achievement, increased learning opportunities, perceived benefits of discipline, perseverance, positive attitude, and hard work. Instructional challenges included low attendance, curricular balance, and teacher collaboration. The intensity and frequency of instruction were found to be the source of most benefits and challenges reported by the participants.
Del Nido cardioplegia in the setting of minimally invasive aortic valve surgery
Authors: Vistarini Nicola , Laliberté Eric , Beauchamp Philippe , Bouhout Ismail , Lamarche Yoan , Cartier Raymond , Carrier Michel , Perrault Louis , Bouchard Denis , El-Hamamsy Ismaïl , Pellerin Michel , Demers Philippe
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this study is to report our experience with del Nido cardioplegia (DNC) in the setting of minimally invasive aortic valve surgery. Forty-six consecutive patients underwent minimally invasive aortic valve replacement (AVR) through a “J” ministernotomy: twenty-five patients received the DNC (Group 1) and 21 patients received standard blood cardioplegia (SBC) (Group 2). The rate of ventricular fibrillation at unclamping was significantly lower in the DNC group (12% vs 52%, p=0.004), as well as postoperative creatinine kinase-MB (CK-MB) values (11.4±5.2 vs 17.7±6.9 µg/L, p=0.004). There were no deaths, myocardial infarctions or major complications in either group. Less postoperative use of intravenous insulin (28% vs 81%, p<0.001) was registered in the DNC group. In conclusion, the DNC is easy to use and safe during minimally invasive AVR, providing a myocardial protection at least equivalent to our SBC, improved surgical efficiency, minimal cost and less blood glucose perturbations.
Intertunnel Relationships in the Tibia During Reconstruction of Multiple Knee Ligaments
Authors: Moatshe Gilbert , Slette Erik L. , Engebretsen Lars , LaPrade Robert F.
Published: July 2016

Background:

Knee dislocations are rare but potentially devastating injuries, often involving tears of multiple knee ligaments. Several studies have reported improved clinical and functional outcomes with surgical management of torn knee ligaments compared with nonsurgical management. Most multiple ligament reconstruction techniques involve creating several tunnels for various reconstruction grafts, posing a risk of tunnel convergence in the proximal tibia.

Purpose:

To assess the risk of tunnel convergence and determine the optimal tunnel placement for the reconstruction of multiple ligaments in the tibia.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Three-dimensional knee models were developed using customized software from computed tomography images of 21 patients. Mimics software was used to create tunnels for each of the 4 primary ligamentous structures, replicating a surgical approach that would be used in actual multiple ligament reconstruction surgery. The tunnel orientation was varied in anatomically relevant directions to find orientations that did not result in tunnel convergence.

Results:

There was a high risk of tunnel convergence (66.7%) between the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and posterior oblique ligament (POL) tunnels when the POL tunnel was aimed toward the Gerdy tubercle as suggested in the literature. No tunnel convergence was observed when the POL tunnel was aimed 15 mm medial to the Gerdy tubercle. No tunnel convergence was observed between the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and POL. Tunnel convergence was observed between the PCL and superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL) in 19.0% of cases when the sMCL tunnel was aimed transversely across the tibia. Aiming the sMCL tunnel transversely and directing 30° distally significantly increased the mean distance between the sMCL and PCL to 6.9 mm ( P < .001), and no tunnel convergence was observed. No tunnel convergence was observed between the PCL and posterolateral corner tunnels or between the ACL and PCL tunnels.

Conclusion:

There is a high risk of tunnel convergence in the proximal tibia during the reconstruction of multiple knee ligaments. Aiming the POL tunnel 15 mm medial to the Gerdy tubercle and the sMCL tunnel transversely across the tibia (anterior to the fibula) and 30° distal to the horizontal plane reduces the risk of tunnel convergence.

Clinical Relevance:

The tunnel orientation of the POL and sMCL on the tibia should be adjusted to avoid convergence with the PCL tunnel during multiple ligament knee reconstruction.
Canada and the Global Rush for International Students: Reifying a Neo-Imperial Order of Western Dominance in the Knowledge Economy Era
Authors: Johnstone Marjorie , Lee Eunjung
Published: July 2016

In a global knowledge economy, western nations compete for the best knowledge workers, while positioning English language and western education as superior. Drawing from critical theories of globalization, we argue that the international education field has become a site to maintain a neo-imperial agenda concealed by a neoliberal rhetoric of progress and economic expediency. Using Canada as a case study, we critically examine the global tactics of power and governance strategies in international education policy, as they influence and shape education and immigration policy within Canada. We illustrate how the OECD positions itself for global dominance in education and (re)produces the international education field using tactics such as rescaling, the policy cycle and ‘self-responsibilizing’ students. This process creates and maintains a global market for knowledge producers and expands the soft power of western nations.
Combination of friction drilling and form tapping processes on dissimilar materials for making nutless joints
Authors: Urbikain Gorka , Perez Jose M , López de Lacalle Luis N , Andueza Aritz
Published: July 2016

In this article, a new method for the rapid and economical production of ‘nutless’ bolted joins is presented, using a combination of two hole-making techniques, namely, form drilling and form tapping. The combined method achieves a quick way for the production of threaded holes on couples of dissimilar metal alloys, as it is the case of steels and aluminium alloys. After the simultaneous form drilling on the aluminium–steel pairs and followed by form tapping, a fastener can be introduced and screwed for achieving a tight bolted joint, without any necessity of nut. However, form drilling and threading are performed consecutively in the same machine tool, reducing the whole process time. The process parameters were studied for reducing the gap between surfaces and producing a good cup for making the posterior threading. Then, mechanical testing of several test pieces resulted in a similar behaviour than traditional bolted joints. Finally, corrosion tests were performed for a better understanding of the joint manufactured. In this way, savings in time and money are derived from the application of the approach. Target markets for the new approach are the light boilermaking industry in order to eliminate either welding beads or classical bolted joints using nuts.
Joseph Maxwell on mediumistic personifications
Authors: Alvarado Carlos S
Published: July 2016

The study of mediumship received much impetus from the work of psychical researchers. This included ideas about the phenomena of personation, or changes in attitudes, dispositions and behaviours shown by some mediums that supposedly indicated discarnate action. The aim of this Classic Text is to reprint passages about this topic from the writings of French psychical researcher Joseph Maxwell (1858–1938), which were part of the contributions of some psychical researchers to reconceptualize the manifestations in psychological terms. Maxwell suggested these changes in mediums were a production of their subconscious mind. His ideas are a reflection of previous theorization about secondary personalities and a particular example of the contributions of psychical researchers to understand the psychology of mediumship.
Single session family therapy in youth mental health: can it help?
Authors: Hopkins Liza , Lee Stuart , McGrane Tess , Barbara-May Rachel
Published: July 2016

Objective:

The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of single session therapy in meeting the needs of young people and their families on first presentation to a mental health service.

Method:

We conducted a quantitative analysis of routinely collected data using self- and family member-reported session and outcome rating scales.

Results:

Both young people and their family members rate single session therapy sessions highly. In addition, both young people and their families rate the young person’s mental health and well-being to have improved after the single session therapy intervention, with mothers rating the young person’s improvement most highly.

Conclusions:

Single session therapy is an effective tool in improving both self- and parent-rated individual, interpersonal, social and overall well-being for young people presenting to a mental health service.
“Making the world more open and connected”: Mark Zuckerberg and the discursive construction of Facebook and its users
Authors: Hoffmann Anna Lauren , Proferes Nicholas , Zimmer Michael
Published: July 2016

The dominance of online social networking sites (SNSs) sparks questions and concerns regarding information privacy, online identity, and the complexities of social life online. Since messages created by a technology’s purveyors can play an influential role in our understanding of a technology, we argue that gaining a complete understanding of the role of social media in contemporary life must include qualitative exploration of how public figures discuss and frame these platforms. Accordingly, this article reports the results of a discourse analysis of Facebook founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg’s public language, foregrounding the evolution of his discourse surrounding Facebook’s self-definitions, the construction of user identity, and the relationship between Facebook and its users.
Influence of knitted orthopaedic support construction on compression generated by the support
Authors: Mikučionienė D , Milašiūtė L
Published: July 2016

This study attempts to investigate the influence of the inlay-yarn insertion density into a knitted structure and of the area of a rigid element integrated into a knitted orthopaedic support on a compression generated by the support. The samples were made on a flat double needle-bed knitting machine with a laid-in structure knitted on a rib 1 × 1 pattern base, differing in the inlay-yarn insertion density. In general, research studies analyse compression and other properties of compressive stockings and do not investigate the influence of non-textile parts usually used in the knitted orthopaedic support. It was established that the linear density of the inlay-yarn has a visible influence on the compression generated by knitted support when inlay-yarn insertion density is every other course and less. When inlay-yarn is inserted into every course, the generated compression is the highest and the influence of inlay-yarn linear density on the generated compression is significant. It was found that compression of the support increases depending on the area of the rigid element in the knitted support. The rate of influence of the rigid area on compression rises with an increase in the inlay-yarn insertion density and in the elongation value. By designing a knitted compressive orthopaedic support, it is necessary to find an optimal ratio between an inlay-yarn insertion density and an area of a rigid element, thereby achieving the best compressive, wear comfort and economical result.
Original Research: Effect of sprint and strength training on glucoregulatory hormones: Effect of advanced age
Authors: Sellami Maha , Ben Abderrahman Abderraouf , Kebsi Wiem , De Sousa Maysa Vieira , Zouhal Hassane
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of high-intensity sprint and strength training (HISST) on glucoregulatory hormones in young (20 years) and middle-aged (40 years) men. Thirty-six moderately trained men participated as volunteers in this study. After medical examination, eligible subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups according to their age: a young training group (21.3 ± 1.3 yrs, YT, n = 9), a young control group (21.4 ± 1.7 yrs, YC, n = 9), a middle-aged training group (40.7 ± 1.8 yrs, AT, n = 9), and a middle-aged control group (40.5 ± 1.8 yrs, AC, n = 9). YT and AT participated in HISST for 13 weeks. Before and after HISST, all participants performed the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). Blood samples were collected at rest, after warm-up (50% VO2max), immediately post-WAnT, and 10 min post-WAnT. Before HISST, we observed significantly higher ( P < 0.05) glucose concentrations in AT (5.86 ± 0.32 mmol.L−1) compared to YT (4.24 ± 0.79 mmol.L−1) at rest, and in response to WAnT (6.56 ± 0.63 mmol.L−1 vs. 5.33 ± 0.81 mmol.L−1). Cortisol levels were significantly higher ( P < 0.05) in AT than in YT in response to WAnT (468 ± 99.50 ng.mL−1 vs. 382 ± 64.34 ng.mL−1). Catecholamine levels measured at rest and in response to WAnT rose in a similar fashion. After HISST, this “age effect” disappeared at rest and in response to exercise in the trained groups (YT and AT). Changes in hormone concentrations with intense training are due to adaptive changes in various tissues, especially in the skeletal muscle and liver in trained subjects. HISST may, at least in part, counteract the negative “age effect” on glucose metabolism.
Lightweight trust model for the detection of concealed malicious nodes in sparse wireless ad hoc networks
Authors: Rikli Nasser-Eddine , Alnasser Aljawharah
Published: July 2016

A sparse wireless sensor network for forest fire detection is considered. It is assumed that two types of malicious nodes can exist in this network. The malicious behaviors are assumed to be concealed through some statistical behavior. A lightweight centralized trust-based model is proposed to detect malicious or misbehaving nodes. We assume that all nodes contribute to this process through the gathering of statistical data related to communication with their neighbors. These data are periodically sent to a base station, where all trust functions are executed. A simulation model is built to evaluate system performance, and the results show that the proposed model is efficient in detecting all types of considered malicious nodes.
Weighted fuzzy track association method based on Dempster–Shafer theory in distributed sensor networks
Authors: Fan Lixin , Fan En , Yuan Changhong , Hu Keli
Published: July 2016

The uncertainty problem in sensor track to local track association is a difficult problem in distributed sensor networks, particularly when there is a big difference of sensors’ tracking performance. To solve this problem, a weighted fuzzy track association (FTA) method based on Dempster–Shafer theory is proposed. In the proposed method, five characteristics of sensor tracks from different sensors are established, and meanwhile their belief functions are defined to determine the corresponding beliefs. Considering the different effects of sensor tracks on track association, the reliabilities of sensor tracks are further presented and their magnitudes can be calculated by the combination belief function defined. Then, these reliabilities are used to reconstruct the fuzzy association degrees by the FTA method. The proposed method has an advantage that it can dynamically allocate the weight of each sensor track in association decision according to its characteristics. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by using two experiments with simulation data in manoeuvring and uniform situations. It is found to be better than those of other two track association methods in tracking accuracy.
Secure biometric-based authentication scheme with smart card revocation/reissue for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Park YoHan , Lee SungYup , Kim ChangKyun , Park YoungHo
Published: July 2016

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are ad-hoc networks composed primarily of a large number of sensor nodes with limited power, computation, storage and communication capabilities. The issue of securing and authenticating communications in such a network is problematic, and thus an adversary has an opportunity to capture a sensor node directly from the target field and extract all the information from its memory. In 2013, Yoon and Kim proposed an advanced biometric-based user authentication scheme for WSNs. Choi et al. analyzed Yoon and Kim’s scheme and performed a security cryptanalysis in 2016. They demonstrated that Yoon and Kim’s scheme had several security problems, and proposed instead an improved biometric-based user authentication scheme using fuzzy extraction. However, we cryptanalyze Choi et al.’s scheme and demonstrate that their scheme is vulnerable to insider attack and has a problem with smart card revocation/reissue. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a secure biometric-based authentication scheme in WSNs that is secure against inside adversaries and provides secure and efficient smart card revocation/reissue.
Analytical model for predictable contact in intermittently connected cognitive radio ad hoc networks
Authors: Zhang Long , Zhuo Fan , Bai Chunhong , Xu Haitao
Published: July 2016

In this article, an analytical model for predictable contact between two cognitive users in the intermittently connected cognitive radio ad hoc networks is proposed. The salient feature of the model is that it establishes a relationship between contact availability and the intermittently connected cognitive radio ad hoc network design parameters including cognitive user transmission range, velocity of cognitive user, direction of cognitive user, velocity of primary user, direction of primary user, and interference radius of primary user. However, a detailed analytical model is not available in the literature up to now. In particular, the relationship between contact availability and interference radius of primary user has not been derived in previous models. To research the contact availability, the concept of contact degree is first proposed to quantify the probability of contact availability between two cognitive users. In addition, the formulation for the contact degree between two cognitive users from different cases is illustrated in detail in this article. Under the contact degree scenario, the continuous effective contact time is derived to examine the communication duration of cognitive users based on the modified random walk mobility model. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed analytical model for predictable contact in the intermittently connected cognitive radio ad hoc networks.
Prognostic Variables for Patient Return-to-Work Interval Following Carpal Tunnel Release in a Workers’ Compensation Population
Authors: Kho Jenniefer Y. , Gaspar Michael P. , Kane Patrick M. , Jacoby Sidney M. , Shin Eon K.
Published: July 2016

Background: We hypothesize that depressive and anxiety disorders, chronic pain conditions, and work-related factors are significant determinants of the time interval for return to work (RTW) in the workers’ compensation (WC) population following carpal tunnel release (CTR) surgery. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed records of all WC patients who underwent open CTR surgery over a 5-year period by 1 of 3 fellowship-trained hand surgeons. One hundred fifty-two wrists in 108 patients (64 unilateral, 44 bilateral) met the inclusion criteria. Demographic, medical, and surgical data were obtained from patient records. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess predictors of RTW. Results: Eighty-nine percent of all patients returned to work full-duty. Average RTW duration in all wrists was 12.5 ± 11.3 weeks. Predictors of delayed RTW in bivariate and multivariate analyses were depression with or without anxiety, chronic pain disorders including fibromyalgia, preoperative opioid use, and modified preoperative work status. Job type, motor nerve conduction velocity, and bilateral surgery were not predictive of delayed RTW interval. Conclusions: WC patients with depression, anxiety, or fibromyalgia and other chronic pain disorders were significantly more likely to have delayed RTW following CTR than were WC patients without these conditions. In addition, those who use opioid medications preoperatively and those with preoperative work restrictions were also found to have a significantly delayed RTW after CTR. Knowledge of these risk factors may help care providers and employers identify those WC patients who are most likely to have a protracted postoperative recovery period.
Diagnostic Wrist Arthroscopy for Nonspecific Wrist Pain
Authors: Mohamadi Amin , Claessen Femke M. A. P. , Ozkan Sezai , Kolovich Gregory P. , Ring David , Chen Neal C.
Published: July 2016

Background: This study addresses the prevalence of discrete pathophysiology accounting for patients’ symptoms during diagnostic wrist arthroscopy in individuals with wrist pain without a specific preoperative diagnosis. Secondarily, we determined the number and type of surgeries subsequent to diagnostic wrist arthroscopy. Methods: Between January 2000 and January 2015, 135 diagnostic wrist arthroscopies were performed by 12 surgeons in 3 urban academic hospitals. We recorded the diagnostic findings of diagnostic wrist arthroscopy and any subsequent surgeries. Results: One hundred and five patients had synovitis or a normal wrist (78%), 17 had likely age-appropriate changes (eg, central triangular fibrocartilage complex defects scapholunate changes) (13%), 8 (6%) were given uncommon diagnoses, and 5 (4%) had osteochondral defects. Sixteen patients (12%) had subsequent wrist surgery: 2 were for adverse events, 2 were carpal tunnel releases, and 12 were other surgeries. Conclusion: Diagnostic arthroscopy performed in the setting of an unclear preoperative diagnosis yielded limited diagnostic benefit.
Response to Jerome Kagan’s Essay on Stress (2016)
Authors: McEwen Bruce S. , McEwen Craig A.
Published: July 2016

To be useful, the concept of stress needs to be defined in biological terms linked to a broader framework of allostasis and its role in the adaptation of brain and body to positive and negative life experiences. A clear biological framework helps connect and organize animal and human research on stress. In particular, the concepts of “toxic stress” and “allostatic load and overload” highlight those experiences and situations that, as Kagan says, “compromise an organism’s health and capacity to cope with daily challenges” (p. 442). A deeper understanding is needed of the epigenetic influences throughout the life course that contribute both to these negative outcomes and to positive ones.
A qualitative study on oncology nurses’ experiences of providing palliative care in the acute care setting
Authors: Chuah Pei Fen , Lim Mei Ling , Choo Seow Ling , Woo Guan Yi , To Hiu Kwan , Lau Keat Yeng , Chen Juan , Lian Siew Bee
Published: July 2016

Background:

With the renewed emphasis on palliative care in Singapore, coupled with a dearth of studies on provision of palliative care in acute services, it is timely to explore the experiences, barriers and challenges faced by oncology nurses in the acute care setting.

Aim:

This study aimed to explore nurses’ experiences of providing palliative care in the acute oncology care unit.

Method:

An exploratory descriptive research methodology was adopted. Focus group interviews, involving a total of 24 nurses, were conducted. Interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. Data was analyzed using an inductive content analysis approach.

Results:

Five key themes emerged from the analysis: (1) nurses’ perceptions of palliative care; (2) multiple roles of nurses in palliative care; (3) emotional burden of providing palliative care; (4) misconceptions of palliative care; (5) challenges in providing palliative care.

Conclusion:

The provision of palliative care in the acute care setting remained challenging. This is partly due to the attitudes of patients, families and healthcare workers, as well as organizational factors such as lack of training. Nurses play an important role in giving and facilitating palliative care for patients in the hospitals. Future studies can explore interventions to help overcome the challenges that are impeding nurses from providing high-quality palliative care in the acute care setting.
T cells from hemophilia A subjects recognize the same HLA-restricted FVIII epitope with a narrow TCR repertoire
Authors: Ettinger Ruth A. , Paz Pedro , James Eddie A. , Gunasekera Devi , Aswad Fred , Thompson Arthur R. , Matthews Dana C. , Pratt Kathleen P.
Published: July 2016

Key Points

An HA subject with a multiexon F8 deletion showed a highly clonal response to 1 FVIII epitope via an immunodominant TCR. The same HLA-DRA*01-DRB1*01:01-restricted FVIII epitope was recognized by T cells from 3 HA subjects.
Impaired von Willebrand factor adhesion and platelet response in thrombospondin-2 knockout mice
Authors: Kristofik Nina , Calabro Nicole E. , Tian Weiming , Meng Aaron , MacLauchlan Susan , Wang Yinong , Breuer Christopher K. , Tellides George , Niklason Laura E. , Kyriakides Themis R.
Published: July 2016

Key Points

Irregular ECM assembly in TSP2 KO mice results in reduced VWF adhesion and compromised platelet function. Because overall ECM composition is not altered, this study highlights the importance of ECM organization in hemostasis and thrombosis.
How I diagnose and manage individuals at risk for inherited myeloid malignancies
Authors:   The University of Chicago Hematopoietic Malignancies Cancer Risk Team
Published: July 2016

Although inherited hematopoietic malignancies have been reported clinically since the early twentieth century, the molecular basis for these diseases has only recently begun to be elucidated. Growing utilization of next-generation sequencing technologies has facilitated the rapid discovery of an increasing number of recognizable heritable hematopoietic malignancy syndromes while also deepening the field’s understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie these syndromes. Because individuals with inherited hematopoietic malignancies continue to be underdiagnosed and are increasingly likely to be encountered in clinical practice, clinicians need to have a high index of suspicion and be aware of the described syndromes. Here, we present the methods we use to identify, test, and manage individuals and families suspected of having a hereditary myeloid malignancy syndrome. Finally, we address the areas of ongoing research in the field and encourage clinicians and researchers to contribute and collaborate.
Infiltration of myeloid cells in the pregnant uterus is affected by heme oxygenase-1
Authors: Zhao Hui , Kalish Flora , Wong Ronald J , Stevenson David K
Published: July 2016

Infiltrating myeloid cells in pregnant uteri play critical roles in the establishment of the placenta and maintenance of normal pregnancies. Their recruitment and proliferation are primarily mediated by the interactions of cytokines and chemokines secreted locally with their corresponding receptors. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has various physiologic properties that contribute to placental vascular development, with deficiencies in HO-1 associated with pregnancy disorders. Here, we investigated the effect of HO-1 on myeloid cell infiltration into pregnant uteri using a partial HO-1-deficient (Het, HO-1+/−) mouse model. With the use of flow cytometry, HO-1 was found predominantly expressed in circulating and uterine myeloid cells, specifically neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. In pregnant Het uteri, the numbers of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages were significantly reduced compared with pregnant wild-type (WT; HO-1+/+) uteri. With the use of BrdU in vivo assays, HO-1 deficiency did not affect cell proliferation or blood cell populations. With the use of PCR arrays, gene expression of cytokines (Csf1, Csf3), chemokines (Ccl1, Ccl2, Ccl6, Ccl8, Ccl11, Ccl12, Cxcl4, Cxcl9, Cxcl12), and their receptors (Ccr1, Ccr2, Ccr3, Ccr5) were also reduced significantly in Het compared with pregnant WT uteri. Moreover, with the use of flow cytometry, myeloid CSF1R and CCR2 expression in blood and uteri from both pregnant and nonpregnant mice was characterized, and a deficiency in HO-1 significantly reduced CCR2 expression in infiltrating uterine monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). These data reveal that HO-1 regulates not only cytokine/chemokine production in pregnant uteri but also myeloid cell receptor numbers, suggesting a role of HO-1 in the recruitment and maintenance of myeloid cells in pregnant uteri and subsequent effects on placental vascular formation.
Activation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Decreases Apoptosis in Human and Female Murine Pancreatic Islets
Authors: Klee Philippe , Bosco Domenico , Guérardel Audrey , Somm Emmanuel , Toulotte Audrey , Maechler Pierre , Schwitzgebel Valérie M.
Published: July 2016

Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) results from destruction of most insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells. The persistence of β-cells decades after the onset of the disease indicates that the resistance of individual cells to the autoimmune insult is heterogeneous and might depend on the metabolic status of a cell at a given moment. The aim of this study is to investigate whether activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nACh-Rs) could increase β-cell resistance against the adverse environment prevailing at the onset of T1DM. Here, we show that nACh-R activation by nicotine and choline, 2 agonists of the receptor, decreases murine and human β-cell apoptosis induced by proinflammatory cytokines known to be present in the islet environment at the onset of T1DM. The protective mechanism activated by nicotine and choline involves attenuation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization via modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, of the activity of B-cell lymphoma 2 family proteins and cytoplasmic calcium levels. Local inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress being key determinants of β-cell death in T1DM, we conclude that pharmacological activation of nACh-R could represent a valuable therapeutic option in the modulation of β-cell death in T1DM.
From the Classroom Out
Authors: O'Connor Adrian
Published: July 2016

This article examines debates over education and educational reform during the 1760s and, through them, explores the dynamics and fault lines of French political culture near the end of Louis XV's reign. Offering an analysis of the reforms undertaken after the expulsion of the Jesuits, as well as a reinterpretation of works by three of the most prominent figures in these political and pedagogical debates—Barthélemy-Gabriel Rolland d'Erceville, Louis-René de Caradeuc de La Chalotais, and Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau—it argues that questions related to the practices, personnel, and purpose of education led to a reexamination of the Old Regime body politic and gave rise to fundamentally different visions of French society, the French nation, and the French state.
SARA regulates neuronal migration during neocortical development through L1 trafficking
Authors: Mestres Iván , Chuang Jen-Zen , Calegari Federico , Conde Cecilia , Sung Ching-Hwa
Published: July 2016

Emerging evidence suggests that endocytic trafficking of adhesion proteins plays a critical role in neuronal migration during neocortical development. However, the molecular insights of these processes remain elusive. Here we study an early endosomal protein Smad Anchor for Receptor Activation (SARA) in the developing mouse brain. SARA is enriched at the apical endfeet of radial glia of mouse neocortex. While silencing SARA did not lead to detectable neurogenic phenotypes, SARA-suppressed neurons exhibit impaired orientation and migration across the intermediate zone. Mechanistically, we show that SARA-silenced neurons exhibit increased surface expression of L1, a cell adhesion molecule. Neurons ectopically expressing L1 phenocopy the migration and orientation defects caused by SARA silencing, and display increased contact with neighboring neurites. L1 knockdown effectively rescues SARA suppression-caused phenotypes. SARA-silenced neurons eventually overcome their migration defect and enter later into the cortical plate. Nevertheless, these neurons localized at more superficial cortical layers compared to their controls counterparts. These results suggest that SARA regulates the orientation, multipolar-to-bipolar transition, and positioning of cortical neurons via modulating surface L1 expression.
AP-1 family members act with Sox9 to promote chondrocyte hypertrophy
Authors: He Xinjun , Ohba Shinsuke , Hojo Hironori , McMahon Andrew P.
Published: July 2016

An analysis of Sox9 binding profiles in developing chondrocytes identified marked enrichment of an AP-1-like motif. Here, we have explored the functional interplay between Sox9 and AP-1 in mammalian chondrocyte development. Among AP-1 family members, Jun and Fosl2 were highly expressed within prehypertrophic and early hypertrophic chondrocytes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) showed a striking overlap in Jun- and Sox9-bound regions throughout the chondrocyte genome, reflecting direct binding of each factor to the same enhancers and a potential for protein-protein interactions within AP-1- and Sox9-containing complexes. In vitro reporter analysis indicated that direct co-binding of Sox9 and AP-1 at target motifs promoted gene activity. By contrast, where only one factor can engage its DNA target, the presence of the other factor suppresses target activation consistent with protein-protein interactions attenuating transcription. Analysis of prehypertrophic chondrocyte removal of Sox9 confirmed the requirement of Sox9 for hypertrophic chondrocyte development, and in vitro and ex vivo analyses showed that AP-1 promotes chondrocyte hypertrophy. Sox9 and Jun co-bound and co-activated a Col10a1 enhancer in Sox9 and AP-1 motif-dependent manners consistent with their combined action promoting hypertrophic gene expression. Together, the data support a model in which AP-1 family members contribute to Sox9 action in the transition of chondrocytes to the hypertrophic program.
Apoptosis regulates endothelial cell number and capillary vessel diameter but not vessel regression during retinal angiogenesis
Authors: Watson Emma C. , Koenig Monica N. , Grant Zoe L. , Whitehead Lachlan , Trounson Evelyn , Dewson Grant , Coultas Leigh
Published: July 2016

The growth of hierarchical blood vessel networks occurs by angiogenesis. During this process, new vessel growth is accompanied by the removal of redundant vessel segments by selective vessel regression (‘pruning’) and a reduction in endothelial cell (EC) density in order to establish an efficient, hierarchical network. EC apoptosis has long been recognised for its association with angiogenesis, but its contribution to this process has remained unclear. We generated mice in which EC apoptosis was blocked by tissue-specific deletion of the apoptosis effector proteins BAK and BAX. Using the retina as a model, we found that apoptosis made a minor contribution to the efficiency of capillary regression around arteries where apoptosis was most concentrated, but was otherwise dispensable for vessel pruning. Instead, apoptosis was necessary for the removal of non-perfused vessel segments and the reduction in EC density that occurs during vessel maturation. In the absence of apoptosis, increased EC density resulted in an increase in the diameter of capillaries, but not arteries or veins. Our findings show that apoptosis does not influence the number of vessels generated during angiogenesis. Rather it removes non-perfused vessel segments and regulates EC number during vessel maturation, which has vessel-specific consequences for vessel diameter.
Increased trabecular bone and improved biomechanics in an osteocalcin null rat model created by CRISPR/Cas9 technology
Authors: Lambert Laura J. , Challa Anil K. , Niu Aidi , Zhou Lihua , Tucholski Janusz , Johnson Maria S. , Nagy Tim R. , Eberhardt Alan W. , Estep Patrick N. , Kesterson Robert A. , Grams Jayleen M.
Published: July 2016

Osteocalcin, also known as bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein (bglap), is expressed by osteoblasts and is commonly used as a clinical marker of bone turnover. A mouse model of osteocalcin deficiency has implicated osteocalcin as a mediator of changes to the skeleton, endocrine system, reproductive organs, and central nervous system. However, differences between mouse and human osteocalcin at both the genome and protein levels have challenged the validity of extrapolating findings from the osteocalcin-deficient mouse model to human disease. The rat osteocalcin gene locus shares greater synteny with that of humans. To further examine the role of osteocalcin in disease, we created a rat model with complete loss of osteocalcin using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Rat osteocalcin was modified by injection of CRISPR/Cas9 mRNA into the pronuclei of fertilized single cell Sprague Dawley embryos, and animals were bred to homozygosity and compound heterozygosity for the mutant alleles. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), glucose tolerance testing (GTT), insulin tolerance testing (ITT), micro computed tomography (μCT), and a three-point break biomechanical assay were performed on the excised femurs at five months of age. Complete loss of osteocalcin resulted in bones with significantly increased trabecular thickness, density, and volume. Cortical bone volume and density were not increased in null animals. The bones had improved functional quality as evidenced by an increase in failure load during the biomechanical stress assay. Differences in glucose homeostasis were observed between groups, but there were no differences in body weight or composition. This rat model of complete loss of osteocalcin provides a platform for further understanding the role of osteocalcin in disease, and it is a novel model of increased bone formation with potential utility in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis research.
Efferocytosis and extrusion of leukocytes determine the progression of early mycobacterial pathogenesis
Authors: Hosseini Rohola , Lamers Gerda E. M. , Soltani Hiwa M. , Meijer Annemarie H. , Spaink Herman P. , Schaaf Marcel J. M.
Published: July 2016

Macrophages and neutrophils are the first responders to invading pathogens and contribute strongly to the host defense against intracellular pathogens. The collective interplay and dynamic interactions between these leukocytes are to a large extent not understood. In the present study, we have investigated their role using a combination of confocal laser-scanning and electron microscopy in a zebrafish model for tuberculosis, a local Mycobacterium marinum infection in the tissue of the larval tail fin. Our results show that neutrophils are efficient in phagocytosis of mycobacteria and that they contribute largely to their dissemination. Macrophages appear to play a major role in efferocytosis, phagocytosis of dead cells that contain bacterial content. Phagocytic cells with large bacterial aggregates are formed that can be extruded out of the tissue after cell death. Alternatively, these excessively infected cells can undergo necrosis leading to immediate recruitment of surrounding leukocytes and subsequent phagocytosis of released bacteria. Our data show that these necrotic burst events result in progression of the infection, whereas extrusion abates the infection.
The ocelli of Archaeognatha (Hexapoda): Functional morphology, pigment migration and chemical nature of the reflective tapetum
Authors: Böhm Alexander , Pass Günther
Published: July 2016

The ocelli of Archaeognatha, or jumping bristletails, differ from typical insect ocelli in shape and field of view. While the shape of the lateral ocelli is highly variable among species, most Machiloidea have sole shaped lateral ocelli beneath the compound eyes and a median ocellus that is oriented downward. This study investigated morphological and physiological aspects of the ocelli of Machilis hrabei and Lepismachilis spp.

The light reflecting ocellar tapetum in Machilis hrabei is made up by xanthine nanocrystals, as demonstrated by confocal Raman spectroscopy. Pigment granules in the photoreceptor cells move behind the tapetum in the dark adapted state. Such a vertical pigment migration in combination with a tapetum has not been described for any insect ocellus so far. The pigment migration has a dynamic range of around 4 log units and is maximally sensitive to green light. Adaptation from darkness to bright light lasts over an hour, which is slow compared to the radial pupil mechanism in some dragonflies and locusts.
The frequency distribution of vitamin D Receptor fok I gene polymorphism among Ugandan pulmonary TB patients
Authors: Acen Ester L. , Worodria William , Mulamba Peter , Kambugu Andrew , Erume Joseph
Published: July 2016

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is still a major problem globally and especially in Africa. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to TB in the past and studies have found vitamin D deficiency to be common among Ugandan TB patients. The functional activity of vitamin D is dependent on the genotype of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphic genes. Recent findings have indicated that VDR polymorphisms may cause increased resistance or susceptibility to TB. The vitamin D ligand and its receptor play a pivotal role in innate immunity by eliciting antimicrobial activity, which is important in prevention of TB. The fok I vitamin D receptor gene has extensively been examined in TB patients but findings so far have been inconclusive.

Objectives: This study sought to investigate the frequency distribution of the VDR fok I gene polymorphisms in pulmonary TB patients and controls.

Methods: A pilot case control study of 41 newly diagnosed TB patients and 41 healthy workers was set up. Vitamin D receptor fok I gene was genotyped.

Results: The frequency distribution of fok I genotype in Ugandan TB patients was 87.8% homozygous-dominant (FF), 7.3% (Ff) heterozygous and 4.8% (ff) homozygous recessive. For normal healthy subjects the frequencies were (FF) 92.6%, (Ff) 2.4% and (ff) 4.8%. No significant difference was observed in the FF and ff genotypes among TB patients and controls. The Ff heterozygous genotype distribution appeared more in TB patients than in controls. A significant difference was observed in the fok I genotype among gender p value 0.02. No significant difference was observed in ethnicity, p value 0.30.

Conclusions: The heterozygous Ff fok I genotype may be associated with TB in the Ugandan population.
Automated quality control for genome wide association studies
Authors: Ellingson Sally R. , Fardo David W.
Published: July 2016

This paper provides details on the necessary steps to assess and control data in genome wide association studies (GWAS) using genotype information on a large number of genetic markers for large number of individuals. Due to varied study designs and genotyping platforms between multiple sites/projects as well as potential genotyping errors, it is important to ensure high quality data. Scripts and directions are provided to facilitate others in this process.
Reliable Hub Network Design: Formulation and Solution Techniques
Authors: Tran Trung Hieu , O’Hanley Jesse R. , Scaparra M. Paola
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we investigate unreliability in hub location planning. A mixed integer nonlinear programming model is formulated for optimally locating p uncapacitated hubs, each of which can fail with a site-specific probability. The objective is to determine the location of hubs and the assignment of demand nodes to hubs to minimize expected demand weighted travel cost plus a penalty if all hubs fail. A linear version of the model is developed using a specialized flow network called a probability lattice to evaluate compound probability terms. A tabu search algorithm is proposed to find optimal to near optimal solutions for large problem instances. A parallel computing strategy is integrated into the tabu search process to improve performance. Experimental results carried out on several benchmark instances show the efficiency of our linearized model and heuristic algorithm. Compared with a standard hub median model that disregards the potential for hub failures, our model produces solutions that serve larger numbers of customers and at lower cost per customer.
Hardware simulation of automatic braking system based on fuzzy logic control
Authors: Basjaruddin Noor Cholis , Kuspriyanto Kuspriyanto , Suhendar Suhendar , Saefudin Didin , Azis Virna Apriani
Published: July 2016

In certain situations, a moving or stationary object can be a barrier for a vehicle. People and vehicles crossing could potentially get hit by a vehicle. Objects around roads as sidewalks, road separator, power poles, and railroad gates are also a potential source of danger when the driver is inattentive in driving the vehicle. A device that can help the driver to brake automatically is known as Automatic Braking System (ABS). ABS is a part of the Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), which is a device designed to assist the driver in driving the process. This device was developed to reduce human error that is a major cause of traffic accidents. This paper presents the design of ABS based on fuzzy logic which is simulated in hardware by using a remote control car. The inputs of fuzzy logic are the speed and distance of the object in front of the vehicle, while the output of fuzzy logic is the intensity of braking. The test results on the three variations of speed: slow-speed, medium-speed, and high-speed shows that the design of ABS can work according to design.
Nonlinear tracking control of a 3-D overhead crane with friction and payload compensations
Authors: Vo Anh-Huy , Truong Quoc-Toan , Ngo Ha-Quang-Thinh , Nguyen Quoc-Chi
Published: July 2016

In this paper, a nonlinear adaptive control of a 3D overhead crane is investigated. A dynamic model of the overhead crane was developed, where the crane system is assumed as a lumped mass model. Under the mutual effects of the sway motions of the payload and the hoisting motion, the nonlinear behavior of the crane system is considered. A nonlinear control model-based scheme was designed to achieve the three objectives: (i) drive the crane system to the desired positions, (ii) suppresses the vibrations of the payload, and (iii) velocity tracking of hoisting motion. The nonlinear control scheme employs adaptation laws that estimate unknown system parameters, friction forces and the mass of the payload. The estimated values were used to compute control forces applied to the trolley of the crane. The asymptotic stability of the crane system is investigated by using the Lyapunov method. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by numerical simulation results.