bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progressive cone‐rod dystrophy and high myopia in a Finnish family
Authors: Mäntyjärvi Maija , Tuppurainen Kaija
Published: May 2009

Abstract Progressive cone‐rod dystrophy was diagnosed in a 35‐year‐old man (the proband). In the family study, 29 of the relatives were examined. The brother of the proband was also found to have cone‐rod dystrophy. In the family of the mother of the proband, there were four men who had high myopia possibly connected with cone‐rod dystrophy. The other relatives had no signs of cone‐rod dystrophy or high myopia. The relatives not examined were reported healthy with no eye trouble. The disorder could be autosomal recessive hereditary if only the confirmed cone‐rod dystrophy of the proband and his brother is taken in consideration. However, no relationships between the families of the mother and father of the proband could be found going back to the year 1830. Therefore, the autosomal recessive inheritance was not established. The most probable mode of inheritance would be X‐chromosomal recessive if high myopia and cone‐rod dystrophy are thought to be parts of the same syndrome.
The effect of hypoxia on the central light reflex of retinal arteries and veins
Authors: Brinchmann‐Hansen Olaf , Myhre Kjell
Published: May 2009

Abstract Computerized scanning microdensitometry was used on fundus photographs of 40 men (aged 18–23 years) and effects of hypoxia on intensity profiles of the ‘light reflex’ in 140 arteries and 138 veins were analysed. Changes from sea level to four levels of acute hypoxia of simulated altitude were studied: 8000 feet (ft) (2438 meters) (m), 10 000 ft (3048 m), 12 500 ft (3810 m), and 15 000 ft (4572 m) using a low‐pressure chamber. The intensity of the reflex increased at 12 500 ft and 15 000 ft by 24% (P<0.05) and 39% (P<0.01) in arteries and 50% and 33% in veins (P<0.05), respectively. As an overall response from sea level to all four altitudes, the width of the reflex was reduced. The reduction in width was negatively correlated to the diameter of the arteries (P<0.0001) and veins (P<0.001) at sea level, and the variability of changes was larger in veins (P<0.01). Funduscopic light reflected from intravascular blood columns of retinal vessels is thus influenced by hypoxic stress, and 12 500 ft of simulated altitude represents a threshold value of circulatory interest.
Accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in human cataracts
Authors: Babizhayev Mark A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The role of free‐radical‐induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the development of human lens opacity was investigated. 130 human crystalline lenses impaired with cataract of various etiology (senile, traumatic, complicated cataracts) at different stages of cataract development as well as 18 transparent human lenses were studied. Primary products of LPO (diene conjugates), secondary products (ketodienes) and the end products (Schiff bases) were distinctly accumulated in cataractous lenses. Initial stages of cataract were characterized by the accumulation of primary LPO products, while in the latest stages there was a prevalence of fluorescent end products of LPO. It was concluded that the accumulation of polar hydroxy groups in the lipid bilayer of plasma membranes of lenticular fibers is one of the possible causes of their injury in cataracts.
Some metabolic changes during human corneal organ culture
Authors: Hjortdal Jesper Ø. , Ehlers Niels , Andersen Carl Uggerhøj
Published: May 2009

Abstract In order to evaluate the changes in medium composition during closed system corneal organ culture at 30°C, pH, pO2, glucose and lactate was measured 1 to 7, 14 and 28 days after incubation of a total of 49 human corneas. During organ culture pO2 decreased from 17.3 kPa to 8.8 kPa at day 28. The average oxygen consumption was initially 0.16 γmole/h/cm2, but decreased rapidly to an average of 0.04 γmole/h/cm2 during the first weeks of incubation. The glucose concentration fell from 5.1 mM to 0.25 mM after 28 days, and the lactate concentration rose from 2.5 mM to 11 mM. The concentration changes were for both substances highest during the first 14 days of organ culture. The pH fell from 7.36 to 6.64 after 28 days. These findings indicate that the cultured human cornea predominantly metabolizes glucose anaerobically, and that the metabolic activity decreases during incubation. The limiting metabolic factors for prolonging the culture period seem to be development of severe acidosis and glucose depletion in the medium.
Fibrous histiocytoma of limbus
Authors: Schellini S. A. , Bacchi C. E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The authors report a case of fibrohistiocytoma of the limbus and discuss the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings concerning this type of lesion, with a comparison of their findings with those reported in the literature.
Mass alteration in the lens after exposure to radiation in the 300 nm wavelength region
Authors: Söderberg P. G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to elucidate whether radiation in the 300 nm wavelength region (300 nm UVR) induces an alteration of lens mass. Lenses from 12 rabbits were incubated in vitro and the relative wet mass gain was recorded sequentially. The wet mas gain, at 30–40 h postictal interval, was greater in lenses exposed to 3.0–6.0 kJ/m2 300 nm UVR than in non‐exposed contralaterals. The coefficients of variation were between 6–10% in determinations of wet mass, dry mass, and mass of lens water in Sprague Dawley rat lenses, the variation among animals being the largest source of inprecision. One eye in each of 80 rats was exposed in vivo to 30 kJ/m2 300 nm UVR, and the rats were sacrificed in groups at consecutive postictal intervals. The in vivo exposure of a lens to 300 nm UVR induced a water accumulation after around 24 h and a reduced increase of dry mass, as compared to in the contralateral non‐exposed lens.
Bilateral exudative retinal detachment in pregnancy
Authors: Brismar Gudrun , Schimmelpfennig Wulf
Published: May 2009

Abstract A case of bilateral exudative retinal detachment associated with otherwise normal pregnancy is presented. Similar cases, but associated with toxemia of pregnancy from the literature are discussed. As far as we know, this is first reported case where bilateral exudative retinal detachment presented in a normal pregnancy and the re‐attachment started promptly after a normal, spontaneous delivery. The re‐attachment was complete, and the visual acuity after one year was 20/20 o.u. This case supports earlier theories that hypertension is not the only cause of exudative retinal detachment during pregnancy.
Central corneal thickness in full‐term newborns
Authors: Autzen T. , Bjørnstrøm L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured in 30 full‐term newborns in the first week post partum using ultrasonic pachometry. The mean CCT in the right eyes was 0.581 ± 0.047 mm. In 19 babies the CCT was measured twice. The mean CCT in the second reading was 0.584 ± 0.042 nun. This difference was not statistically significant. There was no correlation between gestational age, birth weight and length, and CCT. The small difference between girls and boys was not statistically significant. The values in the left eyes were similar to the data for the right eyes. These results confirm the results in the only previous study on CCT in newborns, that is, that CCT is significantly larger than the CCT in adults.
Clinicopathological correlation of hard contact lens related changes in tarsal conjunctiva by impression cytology
Authors: Saini J. S. , Rajwanshi A. , Dhar S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Eighty contact lens wearing eyes and 20 non‐contact lens wearing eyes are investigated for biomicroscopic changes and impression cytology. Symptomatic contact lens wearing eyes demonstrate significantly more prevalent and severe papillary conjunctival changes than in asymptomatic contact lens wearing eyes. Impression cytological changes demonstrate squamous metaplasia and goblet cell loss which is seen to increase with increasing duration of lens wear.
Central vein thrombosis and topical dipivalyl epinephrine
Authors: Fledelius Hans C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A report is given on an 83‐year‐old female who acquired central vein thrombosis in her seeing eye one day after having started topical medication with dipivalyl epinephrine for advanced glaucoma discovered in the other eye. From present knowledge about the effects of adrenergic eye drops on ocular blood circulation, it is difficult to suggest an association between the two events, which may be coincidental only.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Frost‐Larsen Kim
Published: May 2009

Lund O.‐E. & Waubke T. N. (eds):
Lens changes in matched normals and hyperlipidemic patients treated with simvastatin for 2 years
Authors: Lundh B. L. , Nilsson S. E. G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Simvastatin, a potent blood lipid reducer, has been suspected of inducing cataract in dogs. Twenty‐nine type II hyperlipidemic patients on simvastatin were followed over 2 years at half‐year intervals. A parallel group of sex‐ and age‐matched normolipidemics were followed over a half year. Patients and controls had similar nuclear and cortical lens opacities, and water clefts. Vacuole number did not differ significantly between right and left eyes, nor between nasal and temporal parts of the lenses. General vacuole index (total vacuole number in a patient) for left eyes was analysed further. Controls showed significantly higher indices than patients, for no obvious reason. Indices for controls increased significantly over the half‐year test period, and among patients over each half‐year interval. The speed of this increase did not differ significantly from that of the controls. Furthermore, the increase was judged to be clinically insignificant. No deleterious effect of simvastatin on the lens could be established.
Electroretinographic diagnosis in families with X‐linked retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Andréasson Sten O. L. , Ehinger Berndt
Published: May 2009

Abstract Four families with X‐chromosome linked retinitis pigmentosa (14 patients, 14 carriers and 11 normal relatives) were investigated with full‐field ERG with computer averaging and an electronic narrow bandpass filter. Reliable ERGs were obtained with 30 Hz flickering white light from 13 out of 14 patients with the disease, all severely affected. Further, B‐wave implicit times were found to be more informative than B‐wave amplitudes for identifying carriers of the disease. Full‐field ERG appears to be a valuable tool for studying X‐chromosome linked retinitis pigmentosa families, when necessary supported with computer averaging and a narrow bandpass filter.
Granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I 115 Danish patients
Authors: Møller H. U.
Published: May 2009

Abstract An epidemiological and genetic study in Denmark of granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I is described. Ninety‐one living patients were found. The disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with a 100% penetrance of the gene. The 91 cases could be traced back to 6 different mutations. The mutation rate was estimated to be about 0.3/1,000,000; the possible sources of error of this estimate are discussed. The age distribution of the patients is shown to be similar to that of the Danish population in general.
The frequency of Pseudoexfoliation in a region of Greece (Epirus)
Authors: Stefaniotou M. , Petroutsos G. , Psilas K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A study of Pseudoexfoliation syndrome frequency has been evaluated in the northwest of Greece (Epirus). In 700 examined patients (≥ 50 years old) Pseudoexfoliation was found in 170 (24.3%). The frequency of Pseudoexfoliation increases with age; no difference was noticed between sexes. Ocular hypertension (>22 mmHg) was found in 39.5% of the patients.
Early findings in central areolar choroidal dystrophy
Authors: Hoyng C. B. , Pinckers A. J. L. G. , Deutman A. F.
Published: May 2009

Abstract We examined 69 members of two Caucasian families with an autosomal dominant form of central areolar choroidal dystrophy using ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography. In five members who had a good visual acuity macular lesions were found. In three of them retinal function tests were performed, which turned out to be normal. These 5 patients underwent fluorescein angiography. Early symptoms of central areolar choroidal dystrophy are small parafoveal hyperfluorescent areas due to retinal pigmentepithelium loss and areas of pigment mottling in the macula. Until now the early lesions of central areolar choroidal dystrophy in patients with a good visual acuity in both eyes have not been described clearly.
Multiple sclerosis: symptom equivalent to delayed visual evoked potential latency
Authors: Stenager Egon , Jensen Knud
Published: May 2009

Abstract An investigation on the correlation between ability to read TV subtitles and the duration of visual evoked potential (VEP) latency in 14 patients with definite multiple sclerosis (MS), indicated that VEP latency in patients unable to read the TV subtitles was significantly delayed in comparison to that of patients who mastered this task.
Heparin surface modified intraocular lenses ‐ a one‐year follow‐up of a safety study
Authors: Philipson Bo , Fagerholm Per , Calel Bertil , Grunge Annika , Hallnäs Kerstin , Lydahl Eva , Öhman Lena
Published: May 2009

Abstract PMMA intraocular lenses have been modified by bonding a monolayer of Heparin molecules to the surface. These Heparin surface modified (HSM) IOLs were implanted in the capsular bag after extracapsular cataract extraction. Sixty‐six patients were followed for 12 months in an open safety study. No unexpected reactions or severe complications occurred. Eighty‐nine per cent of the patients obtained a visual acuity (VA) of 0.5 or more at the 12‐month visit. When excluding cases with pre‐operative pathology only one case (1.5%) had less VA than 0.5. A mild postoperative iritis was seen during the first week after surgery, and in only three cases at a later visit. Cell precipitates were seen in a small number of cases. From this study and from earlier in vitro and in vivo animal studies we draw the conclusion that the Heparin surface modified IOLs are safe for implantation in human eyes.
Orbital cysticercosis ‐ an ultrasonic diagnosis
Authors: Murthy Hemanth , Kumar Atul , Verma Lalit
Published: May 2009

Abstract Ocular cysticercosis, a platyhelminth infection, involves various ocular and adnexal sites. Orbital cysticercosis is a relatively rare site of presentation. We illustrate that this parasitic cyst, when present in the orbit, mimics an orbital pseudotumour. We have used ultrasound as an effective pre‐operative diagnostic modality.
Ultrastructural and ERG findings in progressive rod‐cone dystrophy in a litter of Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Raitta Christina , Kommonen Bertel , Ulshafer Robert , Karhunen Ulla
Published: May 2009

AbstractEarly ultrastructural findings of a progressive photoreceptor dystrophy and corresponding ERG findings are reported in 3 Labrador Retrievers from a litter of 7 pups bred from 2 dogs clinically and electroretinographically affected with generalized progressive retinal dystrophy. The pups were euthanized at 5, 11 and 15 months post partum. The most prominent ultrastructural finding was photoreceptor dystrophy. At 5 months the outer nuclear layer (ONL) consisted of 8–10 layers and seemed reduced in thickness, pyknotic nuclei were seen in this layer. The receptor outer segments (OS) were short and swollen. Some disorientation of OS discs occurred. In the 11‐months specimen 7–8 ONL layers were identified. Overall thinning of the neuro‐retina had occurred and fewer receptors compared to the 5‐months specimen were present. By 15 months the ONL was further reduced to about 4 layers. Enlarged internuclear spaces were present in the ONL as well as around inner segments (IS). Phagocytic cells were frequent among remains of OS. The pigment epithelium appeared normal. The dark adapted ERG b‐wave amplitudes and photopic 30 Hz flicker responses were low in comparison to controls of the same breed, and decreased with age. The condition represents a progressive rod‐cone dystrophy which shares similarities with primary receptor dystrophy in man such as retinitis pigmentosa.
Sodium hyaluronate as a carrier for intravitreal gentamicin an experimental study
Authors: Moreira Carlos A. , Armstrong Deborah K. , Jelliffe Roger W. , Moreira Ana T. , Woodford Coreen C. , Liggett Peter E. , Trousdale Melvin D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Fifty mcg of gentamicin was combined with saline or with 0.8% sodium hyaluronate and injected into the vitreous cavity of rabbit eyes with moderate to severe Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis. Endophthalmitis was controlled in 9 of 10 eyes. There was no evidence of toxicity with either treatment regimen. Although the clearance study demonstrated statistical differences at all time points studied, the half‐lives of both treatment regimens were similar (3.3 h for aqueous gentamicin and 3.6 h for sodium hyaluronate/gentamicin). These results suggest that the vitreous played a role in keeping the aqueous gentamicin in the eye for a longer time, as similar half‐lives were shown with both types of treatment. Thus, if a vitrectomy has to be done for the treatment of endophthalmitis, as much as possible of the vitreous should be left in situ to maintain the drug for longer periods in the eye. Also, if it is necessary to remove all vitreous during vitrectomy, it may be more effective to administer the drug with sodium hyaluronate so as to prolong its action inside the eye.
Acute glaucoma in the presence of patent neodymium: YAG laser iridotomies
Authors: Morsman C. D. G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Nd:YAG laser ididotomy is being used in the treatment of angle closure glaucoma with increasing frequency. Failure is uncommon, but 3 cases are presented here in which intra‐ocular pressure rose despite a patent iridotomy. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
Tear break‐up time is related to blink frequency
Authors: Yap Maurice
Published: May 2009

Abstract The relationship between tear break‐up time and blink frequency was investigated in a group of 41 subjects. A significant relationship between tear breakup time and blinking was found. This suggests that tear stability plays an important role in stimulating normal involuntary blinking.
Collagen and uronic acid distribution in the human sclera
Authors: Trier Klaus , Olsen Elith Bjarne , Ammitzbøll Thorkil
Published: May 2009

Abstract In the normal adult eye the content of uronic acid, hydroxyproline, hydroxylyxine and proline from different parts of sclera was examined. Scleral samples from the posterior eyeball showed a higher content of uronic acid than the scleral samples from papilla, equator and limbus. Apart from a lower concentration of hydroxyproline in sclera from equator, no major differences in concentration of hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine or proline was found in sclera samples.
Medical manpower requirements following penetrating keratoplasty for herpes simplex keratitis
Authors: Claoué Charles , Falcon Michael
Published: May 2009

Abstract We have compared the post‐operative course of patients requiring penetrating keratoplasty for herpes simplex virus keratitis, keratoconus, and Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy with a minimum of two years follow‐up. Although some expected differences (age, sex) were found between these three groups, the number of post‐operative clinic visits was not different between the three groups. This is contrary to the common belief that patients requiring penetrating keratoplasty for herpes simplex keratitis are high risk, and will make greater demands on medical resources in the post‐operative period. The management of our patients with herpes simplex keratitis is not statistically different from a similar group managed at another centre.
Best's macular dystrophy with a macular hole
Authors: Mehta Mehul , Katsumi Osamu , Tetsuka Soichi , Hirose Tatsuo , Tolentino Felipe I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The occurrence of a macular hole with Best's dystrophy is an extremely rare finding with only one reported case in the literature. We wish to report two cases with typical Best's dystrophy in one eye and a macular hole in the contralateral eye. In one case the Pattern Reversal VER (PVER) was also recorded and graphed as an amplitude‐check size function curve. The PVER changes in this case were grossly subnormal in both the eyes, suggesting a significant degree of bilateral macular impairment. This implies that a significant amount of functional impairment occurs at the vitelliform stage itself, though how this stage progresses to a macular hole is unclear.
Primary success with low vision aids in age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Virtanen Pekka , Laatikainen Leila
Published: May 2009

Abstract The benefit obtained from various low vision aids (LVAs) was studied in 65 consecutive patients with atrophic (70.3%) or disciform (29.7%) age‐related macular degeneration (ARMD). 13.8% were able to read newsprint with age‐related reading correction under proper lighting conditions. The primary success achieved with LVAs was good, 91.4% of patients being able to read newsprint. In most cases a simple magnifier (52.3%), high‐powered reading glasses (10.8%) or Fonda's glasses (12.8%) were sufficient. The magnification preferred was 5 × or less in 25.6% and > 5 × to 9 × in 48.8%. Patients with disciform degeneration required higher magnification than those with atrophic degeneration. It is concluded that most patients with ARMD found low vision aids useful for reading purposes and that a simple optical device was sufficient to achieve reading vision.
Loss of visual function associated with microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Dhanesha Usha , Gilchrist Jim , Miles David , Bradford Nial , Weatherill John
Published: May 2009

Abstract Visual function loss has been documented in diabetes mellitus in relation to flicker and contrast. However, no direct correlation between the degree of loss in sensitivity and the level of retinopathy has been established. It has been suggested that such non‐invasive psychophysical procedures actually reflect metabolic disturbances within the diabetic retina. This study investigates the possibility of whether early nephropathy demonstrated by microalbuminuria, is an indicator of micro‐angiopathy which may be a cause of retinal disturbance leading to a loss of visual function. The visual function of a group of diabetics showing microalbuminuria was studied. Contrast and flicker threshold were measured and the results compared with those obtained with an age‐matched control diabetic group. The procedures used effectively separated the two groups and raises the issue of incorporating psychophysics in retinal screening programmes.
Acridine orange staining in early diagnosis of mycotic keratitis
Authors: Kanungo Reba , Srinivasan Renuka , Rao R. Sambasiva
Published: May 2009

Abstract We have assessed the comparative sensitivities of acridine orange staining and 10% potassium hydroxide wet mount in the examination of corneal scrapings from one hundred and sixty‐one clinically suspected cases of mycotic keratitis. The sensitivity of acridine orange was found to be 76% as compared to that of potassium hydroxide (65%). The predictive value for culture result was also seen to be higher. Although both the values were not statistically significant (P>0.05), acridine orange staining was a rapid and simple technique with an added advantage of detecting inflammatory cells in corneal scrapings.
Long‐term follow‐up of baseline learning and fatigue effects in the automated perimetry of glaucoma and ocular hypertensive patients
Authors: Wild J. M. , Searle A. E. T. , Dengler‐Harles M. , O'Neill E. C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The detection of change in the visual field is confounded by factors associated with the patient response. Sixteen patients who had previously undergone a training regime in automated perimetry over a short time period were followed up to evaluate the longer term learning and fatigue effects. The patients, all attending a glaucoma clinic, were originally naive to automated perimetry. The training period had comprised examination of the right followed by that of the left eye with the Humphrey Field Analyser 630 on each of 3 successive days and again after an interval of 12 days. The follow‐up study comprised two examinations on 2 successive days after a follow‐up period of between 5 and 15 months (mean 8.7 months). The learning effects present over the initial training period were not observed at the follow‐up whilst the fatigue effects in the fellow eye were still apparent.
Definition of normal macular thresholds on the Dicon AP2000 autoperimeter
Authors: Jacobs N. A. , Harris M. L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. This paper presents the results of a study into the normal macular threshold measured by automated perimetry. The effect of age upon this parameter is demonstrated in a normal clinic population. A comparison is made with other age dependent tests of visual function and the clinical importance of the findings is discussed.
Neuroretinal rim area in low tension glaucoma: Effect of nifedipine and acetazolamide compared to no treatment
Authors: Lumme Pirkko , Tuulonen Anja , Airaksinen P. Juhani , Alanko Hannu I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The purpose of this study was to measure the change of neuroretinal rim area in patients with low tension glaucoma on‐ and off‐treatment. Thirty‐two patients were followed up for a mean of 2.6 years. Ten patients received treatment with nifedipine, 11 patients with acetazolamide and 11 patients had no treatment. The total change of rim area and the yearly rate of rim area change did not differ statistically significantly between the three groups. Seven patients in each group suffered from cold hands and feet. The response to cold provocation visual field testing was positive in 25% of patients. Neither the history of cold hands and feet nor the cold provocation test result affected the rate of progression of optic disc abnormalities. Nifedipine and acetazolamide treatment seemed to show no advantage over no‐treatment in our patients.
Long‐term outcome following trabeculectomy: II
Authors: Popovic Vladislav , Sjöstrand Johan
Published: May 2009

Abstract The long‐term changes of the visual field defects of 54 glaucoma patients operated on with trabeculectomy were reviewed. Five years after operation 28% of the patients had suffered from further loss of visual field despite lowering of the intraocular pressure (IOP). All but three of these patients had their postoperative IOP regulated within statistically normal levels (11–21 mmHg). All patients with continued loss of postoperative field were generated from groups of patients with milder to moderate preoperative field defects (stages O‐III classification of Aulhorn, 1979). No patients suffered from sudden field loss after surgery. The mean of the preoperative IOP and the mean of the percent IOP reduction postoperatively were not significantly different in patients with or without continued postoperative visual field loss. This indicates that other factors than normalization of intraocular pressure play an important role in the group of patients with progression of visual field defects following surgery.
Retinal function in birdshot retinochoroidopathy
Authors: Hirose Tatsuo , Katsumi Osamu , Pruett Ronald C. , Sakaue Hiroshi , Mehta Mehul
Published: May 2009

Abstract The electroretinograms (ERGs) of 15 patients with birdshot retinochoroidopathy varied from supernormal to non‐recordable, depending upon the severity and the stage of the disease. The abnormal ERGs were characterized by a disproportionate decrease of the b‐wave amplitude compared with the a‐wave amplitude, demonstrating the negative (‐) type response. This distinct ERG pattern has not been observed in any other type of uveitis or chorioretinitis, and appears specific to birdshot retinochoroidopathy. ERG findings indicate that in birdshot retinochoroidopathy the neural layers of the retina are more diffusely and severely involved than the receptor‐retinal pigment epithelium‐choroid complex. In the most advanced stage, the patients becomes night blind with a non‐recordable ERG, a situation that is essentially the same as retinitis pigmentosa, except that pigmentation is conspicuously absent in the fundus.
Precision in automated refraction
Authors: Salvesen Svein , Køhler Marli
Published: May 2009

Abstract Forty‐six eyes were examined with automated refraction with the Nidek 1000‐AR autorefractometer to determine how large variation there was in readings of each patient, under dry conditions (without cycloplegia) and in atropine and cyclopentolate cycloplegia. Likewise, the differences between methods of cycloplegia were analysed with regard to sphere, cylinder power, and axis. Overall the variation in each set of measurements was greatest for the spherical component, and a larger variation was found in the youngest age group. Variation in cylinder power and axis was small. Cycloplegics had a significant influence on the spherical component of automated refraction, and a mean difference of 0.76 D was found between atropine and dry readings, and 0.23 D between atropine and cyclopentolate readings. The differences between cycloplegic and dry readings in cylinder power and axis were insignificant. A regression model relating spherical power of dry and cyclopentolate automated refraction was developed, and the predictive power of this equation was tested.
Iris colour and the influence of local anaesthetics on pre‐corneal tear film stability
Authors: Patel S. , Laidlaw S. , Mathewson L , McCallum L , Nicholson C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Using non‐invasive methods we report here that the stability of the pre‐corneal tear film is lower in the brown eye than in the blue eye. The average stability in the blue eye is 15.8 sec (SD ± 5.8) and in the brown eye it is 12.3 sec (SD ± 2.9). On average, instillation of topical anaesthetics, benoxinate hydrochoride (0.4%) or amethacaine hydrochloride (0.5%), depress the stability of the pre‐corneal tear film in blue eyes but not in brown eyes.
Chronic open‐angle glaucoma and advanced visual field defects in a defined population
Authors: Ekström Curt , Haglund Bengt
Published: May 2009

Abstract In a case‐finding study in a municipality in central Sweden, 128 cases of chronic open‐angle glaucoma with visual field defects (VFD) were found. The prevalence amounted to 1.4% in those ≥ 45 years of age. Sixty‐three percent had capsular glaucoma. Advanced visual field defects (AVFD), i.e. a restriction of the visual field to a diameter of ≤ 20°, were seen in 49 patients. Four patients had AVFD in both eyes. Patients with AVFD were older, had had the disease longer, had higher mean initial intraocular pressure (IOP), and had more extensive VFD at the time of diagnosis. When age and duration were taken into consideration, the risk of developing AVFD was 14 times greater in those with VFD stage III at the time of diagnosis, i.e. a Bjerrum scotoma with nasal breakthrough or more widespread VFD. An IOP of ≥ 35 mmHg signified that the risk of having VFD stage III at the time of diagnosis, when age and type of glaucoma were taken into consideration, was 8.6 times greater than if the IOP was <35 mmHg.
The effect of sodium‐hyaluronate on scar tissue formation under a subconjunctival silicone implant in the rabbit
Authors: Kivalo Matti , Raitta Christina
Published: May 2009

Abstract The effect of sodium‐hyaluronate on scar tissue formation under a subconjunctival silicone implant was examined in twenty rabbits. During the follow‐up period histological sections for evaluation of local reaction and thickness of fibrous tissue were made at day 7, 17, 30 and 60. Although no statistically significant difference could be shown the thickness of scar tissue under the implant in hyaluronate injected eyes was greater than in control eyes during the first seventeen postoperative days, after which the difference started to diminish. Also the inflammatory response in hyaluronate injedted eyes in the early postoperative period was more noticeable than in control eyes.
Exfoliation syndrome in patients scheduled for cataract surgery
Authors: Hietanen Jaana , Kivelä Tero , Vesti Eija , Tarkkanen Ahti
Published: May 2009

Abstract A series of 305 consecutive patients 30 years of age or older scheduled for cataract surgery was examined to find out the frequency of exfoliation syndrome, the predominant type of cataract, and the intraocular pressure status. The mean age of 222 (72.8%) females and 83 (27.2%) males was 71.7 (± 11.1) years (range 32 to 91 years). Exfoliation was detected in 77 (25.2%) patients. It was unilateral in 37 (48.0%) patients, the affected eye being in 29 (78.4%) cases scheduled for cataract surgery, and bilateral in 40 (52.0%) patients. Exfoliation was increased steadily with age. It was most often seen on the anterior lens capsule (88.9%). Krukenberg's spindle was seen in 31 (20.4%) eyes of patients with and in 12 (2.6%) eyes of patients without exfoliation (p < 0.001). Nuclear sclerosis predominated in eyes with (83.8%) as compared to those without (61.9%) exfoliation (p < 0.01). Posterior subcapsular cataract was less common in eyes with exfoliation (1.5%) than in eyes (21.1%) without it (p < 0.001). A tendency to slightly higher preoperative intraocular pressure was measured in eyes with exfoliation as compared to those without it, and glaucoma occurred much more frequently (33.8% vs 10.8%) in the former group (p < 0.001). Exfoliation and capsular glaucoma, which must be promptly detected to avoid surgical complications, are frequent in patients scheduled for cataract surgery.
Fluorescein and fluorescein glucuronide in plasma
Authors: Knudsen Lars L. , Olsen Thomas , Nielsen‐Kudsk Folmer
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe evaluation of the blood‐ocular barrier for fluorescein requires the measurement of free and unconjugated fluorescein in plasma. This study introduces a new and simple method for the determination of free fluorescein in plasma on the basis of determined total free plasma fluorescense and the free fraction of fluorescence. An excellent good correlation between differential spectrofluorophotometry and this new method is demonstrated. After intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein, the contribution of fluorescein glucuronide to total free plasma fluorescence was evaluated on basis of the areas under the plasma concentration/time curves for fluorescein and fluorescein glucuronide, respectively. After 1 h 8.2% of total free fluorescence in plasma was found to originate from fluorescein glucuronide and after 24 h 18.3% originated from this metabolite. It was concluded that although plasma fluorescein glucuronide measurements are important in the exact evaluation of the blood‐ocular barrier, the contribution of fluorescein glucuronide to vitreous fluorescence after intravenous fluorescein administration seems to be of minor magnitude.
Primary argon laser trabeculoplasty vs. pilocarpine Short‐term effects
Authors: Bergeå Bengt , Svedbergh Björn
Published: May 2009

Abstract This is a prospective study of 82 newly discovered patients with simplex or capsular glaucoma from two centres, collected between 1984 and 1989 and selected at random for primary treatment by either laser or pilocarpine. Preliminary two‐year follow‐up shows that primary laser treatment gives a significantly higher number of patients where the intraocular pressure is successfully controlled. Primary argon laser trabeculoplasty has been carried out in 40 patients. The first treatment was given to either the upper or to the lower half of the trabecular meshwork. In the second treatment after one month the other half was treated. In both groups the first treatment gave the highest pressure reduction. The somewhat higher pressure reduction after upper treatment versus lower was insignificant. The degree of trabecular pigmentation did not influence the two month follow‐up result, neither did the type of glaucoma. Of the eyes treated with laser, peripheral anterior synechiae could be seen in 18%. Acute intraocular pressure rises greater than 5 mmHg occurred in 21% of the eyes after the first treatment and in 37% after the second treatment. Pressure rises greater than 10 mmHg occurred in 5% after the first and in 10% after the second treatment. No pressure‐lowering substances were given. Considering that 16% of the eyes had an intraocular pressure that was higher than baseline pressure even 6 h after either first or second treatment, it is recommended that a pressure‐lowering medication on the day of treatment should be administered.
Quantitative layer‐by‐layer perimetry adapted to the Humphrey Field Analyzer
Authors: Bek Toke
Published: May 2009

Abstract In this paper some qualitative aspects of centre‐surround interaction produced by transient surround stimulation are investigated, employing a new design of quantitative layer‐by‐layer perimetry. Using a rotating windmill pattern, a transient response, believed to be organized in the inner plexiform layer of the retina, is assessed in four normal individuals. The paper considers area characteristics of the stimulus pattern used to produce the transient response, and optimal dimensions for this pattern are proposed.
Polyamine and histopathological changes after unilateral endotoxin‐induced uveitis and its contralateral effects
Authors: Wickström Kerstin
Published: May 2009

Abstract The polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are essential for normal cell function and proposed to be involved in inflammatory reactions. The polyamines were measured bilaterally in rabbit aqueous humor after unilateral endotoxin‐induced uveitis. The contralateral eyes were injected with saline or not touched. Aqueous protein levels and leukocytes were determined and a histological evaluation was performed. Protein, leukocytes, putrescine and spermine increased in the treated eyes, but not in the untouched eyes. When saline was injected in the contralateral eye, a small increase in spermine was seen. Spermidine decreased first, but increased later, in both the endotoxin‐injected and the other eye. Histopathologically, the treated eyes showed an infiltration of leukocytes, vasodilatation and in some cases optic nerve involvements. A mild reaction was also seen in the unchallenged contralateral eyes. The results show that polyamines might serve as a marker for acute inflammation in the eye and that the mechanism of putrescine and spermine induction is different from the one of spermidine. Polyamines are suggested to play a role in the cellular immune response.
Spontaneous resolution of proliferative vitreoretinopathy
Authors: Loewenstein Anat , Almog Yehoshua , Bracha Rivka , Lazar Moshe
Published: May 2009

Abstract A case of proliferative vitroretinopathy that spontaneously regressed, leading to reattachment of the retina, is presented. The importance of such a spontaneous resolution in terms of understanding the pathogenesis, and planning a treatment, is discussed.
Intravitreal silicone and fluorosilicone oils: pathologic findings in rabbit eyes
Authors: Pastor J. Carlos , Lopez Maria Isabel , Saornil Maria A. , Refojo Miguel F.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The effects of medical‐grade intraocular silicone and commercial‐grade fluorosilicone oils were studied in rabbit eyes. The experimental model consisted of lensectomized and vitrectomized eyes that did not undergo further treatment (Group 1), and three groups of lensectomized and vitrectomized eyes that were injected intravitreously 3 months earlier with medical‐grade silicone oil of 1000 cs (Group 3), and 10 000 cs (Group 4). The silicone oil‐injected eyes developed proliferative membranes. The fluorosilicone oil caused an intravitreous inflammatory reaction with vacuolated macrophages present around the oil that may have been due to the higher concentration of low‐molecular‐weight components found in the oil.
Birdshot retinochoroidopathy in monozygotic twins
Authors: Fich Marianne , Rosenberg Thomas
Published: May 2009

Abstract Birdshot retinochoroidopathy is a rare ocular disorder which was named and delineated as a separate clinical entity by Ryan & Maumenee in 1980. We diagnosed birdshot retinochoroidopathy in a monozygotic pair of twins, who were affected with a time interval of 12 years, respectively. These are the first with birdshot retinochoroidopathy to be reported from the Nordic countries and the first report on this disorder in monozygotic twins. Due to night‐blindness, visual field defects and a severely affected electroretinogram one of our cases initially was diagnosed as a choroidoretinal dystrophy. Birdshot retinochoroidopathy should be kept in mind as a differential diagnosis in retinitis pigmentosa‐like disorders with widespread choroidal involvement. Our cases substantiated the evidence of a strong correlation with the presence of HLA‐A29 antigen.
Photopic ERG components in retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Anastasi Mario , Lauricella Maria , Ponte Francesco
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The persistence of a residual flicker electrore‐tinogram 20 Hz response in many cases of retinitis pigmentosa, when the Oscillatory Potentials (OPs) were no longer recordable, led the authors to an investigation by Fourier analysis. The study was carried out in 33 patients affected by different hereditary forms of retinitis pigmentosa revealing recordable 20 Hz flash ERG responses. We applied the Fourier analysis to this ERG response and compared the weight percentage of the first two components to the OP added amplitude. The analysis showed that the 20 Hz flash ERG response contains only the first harmonic in patients with no recordable OPs and both harmonics in patients with recordable OPs. This relationship between OPs and 20 Hz second component, that is possibly related to the activity of inner retina as well as the OPs, can demonstrate an alteration of the inner retina which evolves with distinct electrophysio‐logical features from the ERG photoreceptor impairment.
A new hereditary syndrome with a bleeding tendency, extreme miosis, spasms, dyslexia, thrombocytopathia etc.
Authors: Sjaastad O. , Aasly J. , Stormorken H. , Wysocka‐Bakowska M. M. , Hørven I. , Fredriksen T. A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A recently described familiar syndrome consists of the following components: A bleeding tendency with thrombocytopathia, miosis, muscular weakness and spasms, ichthyosis, asplenia, dyslexia, and headache. Four definite and 2 probable patients have been identified in 4 generations. In the present study, the pupillary behaviour was scrutinized in two ‘definite’ cases with the infrared, binocular pupillometer. The forehead sweating pattern was also investigated with an Evaporimeter. The basal pupillary widths were: 1.25–1.75 mm. Only minor responses were noted upon topical stimulation with an indirectly acting pupillodilating agent (OH‐amphetamine). A directly acting sympathicomimetic drug (phenylephrine) exerted a more marked influence on the pupil, indicating a relative supersensitivity. The evaporimetric pattern in the forehead seemed to be within reference limits, at variance with what is the case in Horner's syndrome. Further findings were: the orbit seemed to be smaller than normal; a bilateral VI. cranial nerve palsy was identified, and a marked upward gaze palsy coexisted with pupils with Argyll Robertson's traits. There is no readily acceptable explanation for the ocular abnormalities. The disorder underlying the pupillary abnormality may possibly be located in the upper mesencephalon.
Is retinopathy in pancreatitis caused by leukocyte emboli?
Authors: Holló Gabor , Popik Ervin
Published: May 2009

Abstract The theory of granulocyte embolization in the retinal arterioles in acute pancreatitis cannot account for several aspects of the ophthalmic complication. Therefore we studied retinal circulation by fluorescein angiography, light and transmission electron microscopy following the first six hours of acute experimental necrotizing pancreatitis. The studied period was characterized by high serum lipase and amylase concentrations, hypocalcemia, necrosis of the pancreatic tissue and preceded the development of hypovolemic shock. Ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography revealed no pathologic alterations and no granulocyte aggregation was found. Our results suggest that granulocyte aggregation induced by pancreatic enzymes is not the reason for the ophthalmic circulatory disturbances in acute pancreatitis.
Retinal involvement in Wucheria bancrofti filariasis
Authors: Gupta Amod , Agarwal Anita , Dogra Mangat R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract We report the first case of inflammation of the retinal pigment epithelium and retinal vasculities presumably caused by microfilaria of Wucheria bancrofti and discuss its possible pathogenesis. Therapy with diethyl carbamazine citrate resulted in rapid resolution of the inflammation.
Conjunctival eosinophilia in atopic and non‐atopic external eye symptoms
Authors: Kari Osmo , Haahtela Tari
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We studied the occurrence in an ophthalmological office practice of conjunctival eosinophilia in 333 normal subjects (mean age 26 years) and in 152 atopic and 484 non‐atopic patients (mean age 40 years) with various external eye symptoms. Eosinophils were present in 131/636 patients (21%) and in 22/333 asymptomatic normal subjects (7%). In those patients with conjunctival eosinophilia, a history of some kind of atopic condition was obtained only in 53/131 (40%). When the patients were characterized according to the presence of both eosinophilia and atopy, eosinophilia without signs of atopy was observed in 7–15% in different diagnostic groups. Patients with conjunctivitis or blepharoconjunctivitis had a fourfold risk for eosinophilia compared to normal subjects (odds ratios 4.52 and 4.09, confidence intervals 2.02, 10.12 and 2.40, 6.99), when atopy, sex, age, time of the examination and presence of bacteria were included as potential confounders in the regression model. We conclude that a considerable portion of patients with external eye symptoms, and especially with various forms of conjunctivitis, show eosinophilic inflammation without any evidence of atopic background. They can be labelled as having ‘intrinsic’ eosinophilic conjunctivitis analogously to the classification used in patients with intrinsic rhinitis and asthma. The etiology of this common non‐atopic syndrom remains to be established.
Diffuse type alteration of the ocular wall in different eye diseases
Authors: Németh János , Süveges Ildikó
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The ocular wall dimensions (thickness and volume) were measured by means of ultrasonography in 61 eyes of 61 patients with different eye diseases and 31 eyes of 31 healthy subjects with or without refractive error. The results confirmed, that in spite of the great variance in the ocular wall thickness, depending on the axial eye length, the volume of the ocular coats is constant in healthy eyes (ca. 1.65 cm3). In patients with ocular hypotony (eyes after intraocular surgery or trauma, and eyes with uveitis or with phthisis bulbi) and in patients with exophthalmus, the ocular wall was thicker and larger in volume than in the healthy control groups. In contrast, the ocular wall dimensions (thickness and volume) were smaller in patients with glaucoma. The results of the study showed that an alteration in the volume of the ocular wall implies a pathological condition of the eye, and thus ultrasound examination of the ocular wall dimensions might play a role in the diagnosis and in the follow‐up of the patient.