bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ly6Chigh Monocytes Control Cerebral Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Biswas Aindrila , Bruder Dunja , Wolf Susanne A. , Jeron Andreas , Mack Matthias , Heimesaat Markus M. , Dunay Ildiko Rita
Published: February 2015

Cerebral infection with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii is followed by activation of resident cells and recruitment of immune cells from the periphery to the CNS. In this study, we show that a subset of myeloid cells, namely Ly6ChighCCR2+ inflammatory monocytes that infiltrate the brain upon chronic T. gondii infection, plays a decisive role in host defense. Depletion of this monocyte subset resulted in elevated parasite load and decreased survival of infected mice, suggesting their crucial role. Notably, Ly6ChighCCR2+ monocytes governed parasite control due to production of proinflammatory mediators, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, inducible NO synthase, TNF, and reactive oxygen intermediate. Interestingly, Ly6ChighCCR2+ monocytes were also able to produce the regulatory cytokine IL-10, revealing their dual feature. Moreover, we confirmed by adoptive transfer that the recruited monocytes further develop into two distinct subpopulations contributing to parasite control and profound host defense. The differentiated Ly6CintCCR2+F4/80int subset upregulated MHC I and MHC II molecules, suggesting dendritic cell properties such as interaction with T cells, whereas the Ly6CnegF4/80high cell subset displayed elevated phagocytic capacity while upregulating triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2. Finally, we have shown that the recruitment of Ly6Chigh monocytes to the CNS is regulated by P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1. These results indicate the critical importance of recruited Ly6Chigh monocytes upon cerebral toxoplasmosis and reveal the behavior of further differentiated myeloid-derived mononuclear cell subsets in parasite control and immune regulation of the CNS.
Basal Cells Contribute to Innate Immunity of the Airway Epithelium through Production of the Antimicrobial Protein RNase 7
Authors: Amatngalim Gimano D. , van Wijck Yolanda , de Mooij-Eijk Yvonne , Verhoosel Renate M. , Harder Jürgen , Lekkerkerker Annemarie N. , Janssen Richard A. J. , Hiemstra Pieter S.
Published: February 2015

Basal cells play a critical role in the response of the airway epithelium to injury and are recently recognized to also contribute to epithelial immunity. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides are essential effector molecules in this airway epithelial innate immunity. However, little is known about the specific role of basal cells in antimicrobial protein and peptide production and about the regulation of the ubiquitous antimicrobial protein RNase 7. In this study, we report that basal cells are the principal cell type producing RNase 7 in cultured primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC). Exposure of submerged cultured PBEC (primarily consisting of basal cells) to the respiratory pathogen nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae resulted in a marked increase in expression of RNase 7, although this was not observed in differentiated air–liquid interface cultured PBEC. However, transient epithelial injury in air–liquid interface–cultured PBEC induced by cigarette smoke exposure led to epidermal growth factor receptor–mediated expression of RNase 7 in remaining basal cells. The selective induction of RNase 7 in basal cells by cigarette smoke was demonstrated using confocal microscopy and by examining isolated luminal and basal cell fractions. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a phenotype-specific innate immune activity of airway epithelial basal cells, which serves as a second line of airway epithelial defense that is induced by airway epithelial injury.
MAPK Phosphatase 7 Regulates T Cell Differentiation via Inhibiting ERK-Mediated IL-2 Expression
Authors: Zhang Yongliang , Nallaparaju Kalyan C. , Liu Xin , Jiao Huipeng , Reynolds Joseph M. , Wang Zhi-Xin , Dong Chen
Published: February 2015

Members of the MAPK phosphatase (MKP) protein family play critical roles in immune responses through differential regulation of MAPK activation. In this study, we show that MKP7, also known as dual-specificity phosphatase 16, was required for CD4+ T cell responses in vivo. Mkp7−/− CD4+ T cells exhibited enhanced ERK and JNK activation, and produced increased amount of IL-2 compared with Mkp7+/+ cells upon activation. Mkp7−/− CD4+ T cells were selectively defective in Th17 differentiation in vitro, which was rescued by blocking IL-2 or inhibition of ERK activation. Furthermore, mice carrying Mkp7−/− T cells were deficient in generation of Th17 and T follicular helper cells in vivo, and were resistant to autoimmune experimental encephalomyelitis. Our results thus demonstrate an essential role of MKP7 in effector T cell function.
Retina-Specific T Regulatory Cells Bring About Resolution and Maintain Remission of Autoimmune Uveitis
Authors: Silver Phyllis , Horai Reiko , Chen Jun , Jittayasothorn Yingyos , Chan Chi-Chao , Villasmil Rafael , Kesen Muge R. , Caspi Rachel R.
Published: February 2015

Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) induced in mice by immunization with the retinal Ag interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) is a model of human autoimmune uveitis. We examined whether T regulatory cells (Tregs) found in uveitic eyes are IRBP specific, functionally suppressive, and play a role in natural resolution of disease and in maintenance of remission. Progressive increase of Foxp3+ Treg to T effector cell (Teff) ratio in uveitic eyes correlated with resolution of disease. At peak disease, up to 20% of Tregs (CD4+Foxp3+) and up to 60% of Teffs (CD4+Foxp3−) were IRBP specific, whereas in lymphoid organs retina-specific T cells were undetectable. Tregs isolated from eyes of mice with EAU efficiently suppressed IRBP-specific responses of Teffs from the same eyes. Importantly, systemic depletion of Tregs at peak disease delayed resolution of EAU, and their depletion after resolution triggered a relapse. This could be partially duplicated by depletion of Tregs locally within the eye. Thus, the T cell infiltrate in uveitic eyes of normal mice with a polyclonal T cell repertoire is highly enriched in IRBP-specific Tregs and Teffs. Unlike what has been reported for Tregs in other inflammatory sites, Tregs from uveitic eyes appear unimpaired functionally. Finally, Foxp3+ Tregs play a role in the natural resolution of uveitis and in the maintenance of remission, which occurs at least in part through an effect that is local to the eye.
Life Threatening Hemoperitoneum and Liver Injury as a Result of Chest Tube Thoracostomy
Authors: Bae Jung-Min
Published: February 2015

Common complications of chest tube thoracostomy (CTT) include lung laceration, chest wall bleeding, improper position of tube, subcutaneous emphysema, and so on. Although intra-abdominal injury because of CTT was possible in stomach, spleen, and liver, published reports are rare and no case of life-threatening hemoperitoneum because of CTT has been published in the literature. Here, we present a rare case of life-threatening hemoperitoneum and liver injury because of CTT. We successfully treated the case with emergent laparotomy. Owing to great rarity and particular rare complication of CTT, we report this case with a review of literature.
Advances in the Treatment of Urinary Incontinence in Women
Authors: Brown Elizabeth T. , Reynolds William S. , Kaufman Melissa R. , Dmochowski Roger R.
Published: February 2015

Urinary incontinence in women is quite prevalent today and management can be costly. Urinary incontinence can be minimal or quite bothersome, limiting activities of daily living. It is subdivided into urgency urinary incontinence, stress urinary incontinence, and mixed urinary incontinence. As such, treatment can vary immensely depending on the clinical presentations, ranging from behavioral modification to medicinal therapies to surgical procedures. First-line management for all urinary incontinence includes lifestyle and behavioral modifications. Historically, treatment options for urgency urinary incontinence were predominantly antimuscarinics, while more recent therapies include oral beta-3 agonist administration, sacral neuromodulation, onabotulinumtoxinA injection, and posterior tibial nerve stimulation. Stress urinary incontinence can be treated with a variety of urethral bulking agent injections or sling-based procedures using mesh, autologous fascia, or cadaveric fascia, as well as urethral intrasphincteric injections of autologous muscle-derived cells in new clinical trials. These recent advances that have been developed to help better curb urinary incontinence are discussed in this review.
Student Perceived Value of Anatomy Pedagogy, Part II: Clinical Practice and Assessment
Authors: Guzman Carlos R. , Young Stephanie , Rabedeaux Paul , Lerner Seth D. , Wimmers Paul F. , Byus Craig , Wisco Jonathan J.
Published: February 2015

We describe student beliefs of how anatomy education influenced their preparation for standardized clinical assessments and clinical skills. We conducted three annual surveys of students of the David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM) at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and students of the University of California, Riverside (UCR)/UCLA Thomas Haider Program in Biomedical Sciences from 2010 to 2012. Students were asked, “What specific knowledge or skills did you learn from your gross anatomy experience that helped you prepare for USMLE board exams, third-year clerkships, and physical examination skills?” All students who responded to the survey viewed anatomy as a highly valued part of the medical curriculum. Almost all students felt that anatomy knowledge in general was useful for their success with United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) exams, how they perceived their physical exam skills, and how they perceived their preparation for third- or fourth-year clerkships. On the other hand, when asked about how the anatomy curriculum helped prepare students for fourth-year clerkships, there was a downward trend over a three-year period with each subsequent class. Although anatomy is a highly valued part of the medical school experience, students value integration of the anatomical and clinical sciences, as evidenced by a perceived diminishing value of anatomy pedagogy taught outside of clinical context with subsequent classes over the course of three years.
Структурные теоремы в аддитивной комбинаторике
Authors: Shkredov Ilya Dmitrievich
Published: February 2015

В обзоре рассматривается несколько структурных результатов аддитивной комбинаторики. Обсуждаются классические и современные проблемы комбинаторной теории чисел, анализ Фурье высших порядков, обратные теоремы для норм Гауэрса, старшие энергии, связь между комбинаторной и аналитической теорией чисел.
Библиография: 149 названий.
Алгебры с делением, имеющие одинаковые максимальные подполя
Authors: Chernousov Vladimir Ivanovich , Rapinchuk Andrei Stepanovich , Rapinchuk Igor' Andreevich
Published: February 2015

В статье приводится обзор недавних результатов по проблеме характеризации конечномерных алгебр с делением в терминах их максимальных подполей. Мы также обсуждаем обобщения этой проблемы и ее различные приложения. В последнем разделе рассматривается более широкая постановка задачи в контексте абсолютно простых алгебраических групп.
Библиография: 51 название.
Генерация массы фермионов и индуцированный ток в низкоразмерных моделях с нетривиальной топологией
Authors: Zhukovskii Vladimir Cheslavovich , Stepanov Evgeny Andreevich
Published: February 2015

Изучен процесс динамического образования массы фермионов в трехмерной модели при взаимодействии двух типов фермионов, существующих в трехмерии и на двумерной бране, с учетом воздействия калибровочного поля $A_3$. Исследована модель нанотрубки с размерностью $\mathbb R^2\times S^1$. Установлено, что в выражение для фермионной щели наряду с динамическим вкладом от конденсата $m$ из-за четырехфермионного взаимодействия входит также кинематический вклад - фаза Ааронова-Бома, рассчитанная из условия минимума эффективного потенциала модели. Продемонстрирована возможность генерации индуцированного тока за счет эффекта вакуумной поляризации с учетом роли нетривиальной топологии задачи.
Мажоризация и аддитивность для многомодовых бозонных гауссовских каналов
Authors: Giovannetti Vittorio , Holevo Alexander Semenovich , Mari Andrea
Published: February 2015

Получено многомодовое обобщение мажоризационной теоремы для бозонных гауссовских каналов, в частности даны достаточные условия, при которых глауберовские когерентные состояния являются единственными минимизаторами для вогнутых функционалов от выходного состояния такого канала. Обсуждаются прямые следствия этой многомодовой мажоризации для позитивного решения известной проблемы аддитивности в случае гауссовских каналов. В частности, доказана аддитивность минимальных выходных энтропий Реньи произвольного порядка $p>1$. Наконец, дается альтернативный, более простой вывод свойства мажоризации для функции Хусими, полученного Либом и Соловей.
О понижении полиномиальной степени фуксовой ($2\times 2$)-системы
Authors: Slavyanov Sergei Yur'evich
Published: February 2015

Фуксова ($2\times 2$)-система, генерирующая уравнение Пенлеве $\mathrm P^6$, подвергается полиномиальному преобразованию, имеющему характер вращения, для понижения полиномиальной степени матриц в левой и правой частях системы. Это делает более прозрачными вывод уравнения Пенлеве и изучение симметрий уравнения.
SFTS Virus in Ticks in an Endemic Area of China
Authors: Wang Shiwen , Li Jiandong , Niu Guoyu , Wang Xianjun , Ding Shujun , Jiang Xiaolin , Li Chuan , Zhang Quanfu , Liang Mifang , Bi Zhenqiang , Li Dexin
Published: February 2015

In total, 3,145 ticks of the species Haemaphysalis longicornis (3,048; 96.9%), R. microplus (82; 2.6%), H. campanulata (9; 0.3%), and Dermacentor sinicus (5; 0.2%) were collected from animals and vegetation at Yantai in Shandong Province. Both adult and immature ticks were obtained, and all ticks collected from vegetation were unfed. Eggs were obtained from 22 blood-fed female ticks through maintenance at room temperature after collection. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) viral RNA was identified in H. longicornis and R. microplus, with a prevalence of 4.75 per 100 ticks (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 3.87–5.63) for ticks collected from animals and 2.24 per 100 ticks (95% CI = 1.27–3.21) for ticks collected from vegetation. The possibility that SFTSV transmission may occur by both the transstadial and transovarial routes was suggested by the fact that viral RNA was detected in H. longicornis at all developmental stages. Tick-derived sequences shared over 95.6% identity with human- and animal-derived isolates. This study provides evidence that implicates ticks as not only vectors but also, reservoirs of SFTSV.
Solitary Thyroid Nodule: A Clinical Approach
Authors: Chadha Manoj , Bhagwat Nikhil M , Varthakavi Premlata K , Tayde Parimal Subhash , Dalwadi Pradip P , Sharma Bharat R , Chavhan Jagdish , Pawal Pratibha , Joshi Ameya
Published: February 2015

Thyroid nodule is a commonly encountered clinical problem. The detection rate of solitary thyroid nodule has increased with better imaging techniques. The causes are multiple and malignancy is an usual concern, although uncommon. The evaluation begins with taking a history, performing the physical examination, and then choosing appropriate investigations to arrive at a diagnosis. This article discusses important issues related to evaluation of a solitary thyroid nodule.

How to cite this article

Tayde PS, Dalwadi PP, Sharma BR, Chavhan J, Pawal P, Joshi A, Bhagwat NM, Chadha M, Varthakavi PK. Solitary Thyroid Nodule: A Clinical Approach. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2014;6(1):23-29.
Lateral Ankle Ligament Repair: Evolution of Technique from Open to Arthroscopy
Authors: Nag Kushal , Tan Ken Jin
Published: February 2015

One of the most common injuries of the lower extremity is the lateral ankle sprain. In recent years, with greater emphasis on physical fitness, the chronically painful and unstable lateral ankle is an increasing common clinical finding presenting to the outpatient clinic. If residual instability and pain is still present after a course of physiotherapy, the patient should be presented with surgical options to restore ankle stability. Several surgical techniques have been described for the treatment of chronic ankle instability. Recently, some authors have developed arthroscopic suture anchor techniques to repair the lateral ankle ligaments with excellent results. The authors’ aim is to give an overview of the various techniques for repair or reconstruction of the lateral ligament complex with special emphasis on the arthroscopic lateral ligament reconstruction.

How to cite this article

Nag K, Tan KJ. Lateral Ankle Ligament Repair: Evolution of Technique from Open to Arthroscopy. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2014;1(2):65-68.
Obstinate Club Foot with Triple Plus Dislocations
Authors: Mittal Rattan Lal
Published: February 2015

Resistant/rigid club foot, a common orthopedic problem, still remains an unsolved problem, especially, when we come across deformities in older children, adolescents or adults, after multiple surgeries and sometimes unique cases, like this one. This case had unique pathoanatomy, due to congenital factors, increasing age and persisting with vengeance in spite of two earlier surgeries. Before planning another surgery, it was imperative to diagnose the actual cause, i.e. the unique pathoanatomy. Various other surgical options were not expected to give the desired result due to this unique pathoanatomy. The author has been in club foot research since long and the concept of this research has been based on pathoanatomy and its total correction. During this research process, there have been numerous need based modifications from time to time, based on applied interpretations of pathoanatomy, to make it effective in all resistant club feet, at any age, including adolescents and adult, which have been used in a large series with adequate follow-up in the past 25 to 30 years, with gratifying results. The landmark modifications have been: giving a generic name obstinate club foot given to every imaginable rigid club foot of any age, a substitute for multiple names found in literature; surgical technique named as dolarz technique incorporating Z-plasties in dorsolateral rotation skin flap (DOLAR); a modification of the earlier technique already reported in the literature and not likely to succeed. Besides the skin flap, the modified extended deeper extensive soft tissue and osseous release was named as subtotal subtalar release (SSR). Treatment of the present case was by Dolarz technique, with some newer modifications. Each step was more extensive focusing on triple plus dislocations, including an innovative sliding osteotomy of cuboid for complete correction. Awareness for diagnosis and good preoperative planning was essential for gratifying result.

How to cite this article

Mittal RL. Obstinate Club Foot with Triple Plus Dislocations. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2014;1(2):72-77.
Recollecting Plato’s Meno
Authors: Tarrant Harold
Published: February 2015

Plato’s Meno is a dynamic and entertaining examination of the nature and origin of the kind of excellence displayed by successful Greek leaders. That such excellence existed was difficult to deny, but people expected to show it often disappointed, and others expected to know about it seemed confused. Though it depended on something like knowledge, it seemed impossible to pass on to others. Hence questions of social and political ethics also involve psychology and theory of knowledge. There is also an important focus on the nature of the learning process, which is itself illustrated by the way characters in the dialogue respond (or do not respond) to the questions and encouragement of Plato’s protagonist Socrates. This book examines both the dialogue itself and the response to it of Plato’s successors, from Aristotle and spurious Platonic dialogues, through Cicero and an anonymous commentator on the Theaetetus, to the Neoplatonists. It looks at which aspects of the dialogue they take most seriously and why. In the light of that response, which often suggests a detailed reading of the text in its entirety, Harold Tarrant develops a fresh and more integrated view of the original dialogue.
On the reversibility of transitions between closed and open cellular convection
Authors: Feingold G. , Koren I. , Yamaguchi T. , Kazil J.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The two-way transition between closed and open cellular convection is addressed in an idealized cloud resolving modeling framework. A series of cloud resolving simulations shows that the transition between closed and open cellular states is asymmetrical, and characterized by a rapid ("runaway") transition from the closed- to the open-cell state, but slower recovery to the closed-cell state. Given that precipitation initiates the closed-open cell transition, and that the recovery requires a suppression of the precipitation, we apply an ad hoc time-varying drop concentration to initiate and suppress precipitation. We show that the asymmetry in the two-way transition occurs even for very rapid drop concentration replenishment. The primary barrier to recovery is the loss in turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) associated with the loss in cloud water (and associated radiative cooling), and the stabilization of the boundary layer during the open-cell period. In transitioning from the open to the closed state, the system faces the Sisyphusian task of replenishing cloud water fast enough to counter precipitation losses, such that it can generate radiative cooling and TKE. Recovery to the closed cell state is slower when radiative cooling is inefficient such as in the presence of free tropospheric clouds, or after sunrise, when it is hampered by the absorption of shortwave radiation. Tests suggest that a faster return to the closed-cell state requires that the drop concentration recovery be accompanied by significant dynamical forcing, e.g., via an increase in surface latent and sensible heat fluxes. This is supported by simulations with a simple predator-prey dynamical system analogue. It is suggested that the observed closing of open cells by ship effluent likely occurs when aerosol intrusions are large, when contact comes prior to the heaviest drizzle in the early morning hours, and when the free troposphere is cloud-free.
What's the real role of iron-oxides in the optical properties of dust aerosols?
Authors: L. Zhang X. , J. Wu G. , L. Zhang C. , L. Xu T. , Q. Zhou Q.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Iron oxides compounds constitute an important component of mineral dust aerosol. Several previous studies have shown that these minerals are strong absorbers at visible wavelengths and thus that they play a critical role in the overall climate forcing caused by dust aerosol. When compiling a database of complex refractive indices of possible mineral species of iron-oxides to study their optical properties, we found that uniformly continuous optical constants for a single type of iron-oxides in the wavelength range between 0.2 and 50 μm is very scarce and that the use of hematite to represent all molecular or mineral iron-oxides types is a popular hypothesis. However, the crucial problem is that three continuous datasets for complex refractive indices of hematite are employed in climate models, but there are significant differences between them. Thus, the real role of iron-oxides in the optical properties of dust aerosols becomes a key scientific question, and we address this problem by considering different refractive indices, size distributions, and more logical weight fractions and mixing states of hematite. Based on the microscopic observations, a semi-external mixture that employs an external mixture between Fe-aggregates and other minerals and partly internal mixing between iron-oxides and aluminosilicate particles is advised as the optimal approximation. The simulations demonstrate that hematite with a spectral refractive indices from Longtin et al. (1988) shows approximately equal absorbing capacity to the mineral illite over the whole wavelength region from 0.55 to 2.5 μm, and only enhances the optical absorption of aerosol mixture at λ < 0.55 μm. Using the dataset from Querry (1985) may overestimate the optical absorption of hematite at both visible and near-infrared wavelengths. More laboratory measurements of the refractive index of iron-oxides, especially for hematite and goethite in the visible spectrum, should therefore be taken into account when assessing the effect of mineral dust on climate forcing.
Auroral vortex street formed by the magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling instability
Authors: Hiraki Y.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. By performing three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations including Alfvén eigenmode perturbations most unstable to the ionospheric feedback effects, we examined the auroral vortex street that often appears just before substorm onset. We found that an initially placed arc splits, intensifies, and rapidly deforms into a vortex street. We also found that there is a critical convection electric field for growth of the Alfvén eigenmodes. The vortex street is shown to be a consequence of coupling between the magnetospheric Alfvén waves carrying field-aligned currents and the ionospheric density waves driven by Pedersen/Hall currents.
The role of log jams and exceptional flood events in mobilizing coarse particulate organic matter in a steep headwater stream
Authors: Jochner M. , Turowski J. M. , Badoux A. , Stoffel M. , Rickli C.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Export rates of coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) from mountain catchments have been observed to strongly increase with rising discharge, but the mechanism leading to this strong relationship is unclear. Here, we show that log jams in the Erlenbach, a steep headwater stream in the Swiss Prealps, are an effective barrier for the transport of CPOM pieces, and thus become sites of storage of large quantities of material over time. Exceptional discharge events with return periods exceeding 20 years play a dual role in CPOM transport. First, they destroy existing log jams, releasing the stored material (wood and sediment). Second, they intensify channel-hillslope coupling, thereby recruiting new logs to the channel, around which new jams can form.
Satellite passive microwave measurements of sea ice concentration: an optimal algorithm and challenges
Authors: Ivanova N. , Pedersen L. T. , Tonboe R. T. , Kern S. , Heygster G. , Lavergne T. , Sørensen A. , Saldo R. , Dybkjær G. , Brucker L. , Shokr M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Sea ice concentration has been measured globally with satellite microwave radiometers for over 30 years. However there is still a need for better understanding of corresponding challenges and consequently identifying an optimal method for sea ice concentration retrieval suitable for climate monitoring. The method should minimize inter-sensor calibration discrepancies and sensitivity to error sources with climatic trends (e.g. atmospheric water vapour and water surface roughening by wind). This article presents the results of an extensive algorithm inter-comparison and validation experiment. Thirty sea ice algorithms entered the experiment where their skills were evaluated over low and high sea ice concentrations, thin ice and areas covered by melt ponds. In addition, atmospheric correction of input brightness temperatures and dynamic tie-points approach were suggested. A selection of thirteen algorithms is shown in the article to demonstrate the results. Based on the findings, an optimal approach was suggested to retrieve sea ice concentration globally for climate monitoring purposes.
Quantifying the resolution level where the GRACE satellites can separate Greenland's glacial mass balance from surface mass balance
Authors: Bonin J. A. , Chambers D. P.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Mass change over Greenland can be caused by either changes in the glacial mass balance (GMB) or the precipitation-based surface mass balance (SMB). The GRACE satellite gravity mission cannot directly separate the two physical causes because it measures the sum of the entire mass column with limited spatial resolution. We demonstrate one theoretical way to indirectly separate SMB from GMB with GRACE, using a least squares inversion technique with knowledge of the location of the glacier. However, we find that the limited 60 × 60 spherical harmonic representation of current GRACE data does not provide sufficient resolution to adequately accomplish the task. We determine that at a maximum degree/order of 90 × 90 or above, a noise-free gravity measurement could theoretically separate the SMB from GMB signals. However, current GRACE satellite errors are too large at present to separate the signals. A noise reduction of a factor of 9 at a resolution of 90 × 90 would provide the accuracy needed for the interannual SMB and GMB to be accurately separated.
A ARTE E A HISTÓRIA DA PRODUÇÃO DE PESOS DE REDE DE BARRO, “PANDULHOS”, NO LITORAL DO PARANÁ, BRASIL
Authors: Gernet Marcos De Vasconcellos , Santos Elizângela Da Veiga
Published: February 2015

Os pesos de rede feitos em barro, “pandulhos”, foram intensamente produzidos e utilizados pelos antigos pescadores do litoral paranaense, e sua fabricação exigia todo um conjunto de técnicas. Para a realização deste trabalho foram escolhidos e analisados nove sítios arqueológicos históricos em quatro municípios do litoral do estado do Paraná. Ao todo encontraram-se 67 pesos de rede de seis diferentes modelos, distribuídos nos nove sítios, sendo o da Ponta do Poço o local a apresentar o maior número de peças. A praticidade do uso de chumbos industriais associada ao baixo preço das peças tornou a produção destes “pandulhos” inviável e mesmo assim ainda foram fabricados, principalmente nas ilhas, até meados da década de 1960. A pesquisa realizada demonstrou o rico potencial arqueológicodos municípios do litoral do Paraná.
Jewish Participation in the Kościuszko Uprising
Authors: Rosner Anna M.
Published: February 2015

This article discusses Jewish participation in the Kościuszko Uprising, beginning with a brief introduction about the situation of the Jewish population in late eighteenth- century Poland, which was later used to explain Jewish interest in the uprising as well as participation in the political and economic life of the state. Following this introduction, the article concentrates on Berek Joselewicz and his actions leading to the creation of the Jewish Light Cavalry Regiment, the first military unit in Poland organized, led, and consisting of Jews. The history of the unit was short and controversial, and even today historians debate whether it could even be considered a functional unit ready for battle. This article attempts to answer that question by detailing the history of the unit together with the battle in which it took part. It also relates Joselewicz’s story and examines the myths that continue to surround him even today.
Las administraciones públicas como organizaciones genéricas. El caso de los municipios españoles
Authors: Batista Medina José Antonio
Published: February 2015

En este artículo analizamos las responsabilidades políticas de las mujeres en los gobiernos locales de 155 ayuntamientos de España. El principal objetivo es investigar la situación de las mujeres políticas en los gobiernos municipales, centrándonos en la división de los roles de poder (segregación vertical) y las diferentes áreas de gobierno (segregación horizontal). Planteamos que el acercamiento de los roles/estereotipos de género puede explicar la situación de las mujeres en la política formal y las desigualdades que encontramos dentro de esos gobiernos locales. Este acercamiento se combina con la teoría del poder. En este sentido, un factor clave para explicar esa situación también es el papel dominante de los hombres en las estructuras de poder tradicionales.
Parentalidad y división del trabajo doméstico en España, 2002-2010
Authors: Dominguez-Folgueras Marta
Published: February 2015

La literatura sobre la división del trabajo doméstico ha mostrado lainfl uencia del ciclo vital en la organización interna de las familias; enconcreto, la llegada de los hijos parece tener un efecto importante en elreparto de las tareas. Este artículo examina el efecto de la parentalidad enel caso español, intentando comprobar si las parejas con hijos tienenrepartos más tradicionales, en qué sentido, y si se aprecian cambios eneste sentido a lo largo del tiempo. Para ello seguimos la estrategiaempírica de Dribe y Stanfors (2009) para el caso sueco: se analiza eltiempo dedicado a diferentes actividades con las encuestas españolas deuso del tiempo de 2002-2003 y 2009-2010. Los resultados muestran quelas familias con hijos muestran pautas de reparto del trabajo domésticomás tradicionales, que dependen, en gran medida, de la edad de losniños, y que esta tendencia
Corts i exèrcit. Catalunya en l’estratègia política del ministeri del comte duc d’Olivares (1632-1640)
Authors: Simon Tarrés Antoni
Published: February 2015

Aquest article vol demostrar que l’opció triada pel ministeri del comte duc d’Olivares per intervenir a Catalunya a l’estiu del 1640 era una fórmula ben madurada en els cercles governamentals de la monarquia hispànica. L’estratègia de realitzar una convocatòria de Corts acompanyada de la presència d’un exèrcit va ser àmpliament tractada a les juntes i consells de la monarquia d’ençà de les fracassades corts de 1626-1632. L’examen detallat de dites deliberacions demostra que, entre els ministres cortesans, existia un ampli consens sobre la necessitat de l’ús combinat de la força i de la política per tal de modificar l’equilibri constitucional heretat de la unió dinàstica dels Reis Catòlics. Les discrepàncies només radicaven en l’oportunitat, o no, de fer-ho en un moment en què aquest problema constitucional intern podia barrejar- se amb la gran pugna per l’hegemonia d’Europa que enfrontava les potències francesa i espanyola.
Fronteras marítimas en la Monarquía de los Habsburgo: el control de la costa cantábrica
Authors: Truchuelo García Susana
Published: February 2015

En el Antiguo Régimen el mar constituía a un tiempo un límite y un vehículo de comunicación entre las gentes localizadas en ambas orillas. Los monarcas, en su acción de gobierno, intentaron establecer en la costa fronteras físicas que tuvieran efectividad desde el punto de vista militar y comercial y que permitieran la consolidación de su poder frente a las ambiciones de los adversarios exteriores (y de los poderes interiores). En este trabajo se valoran las acciones militares y comerciales dirigidas por los Habsburgo en el entorno cantábrico y su contribución a la definición de una frontera jurídica. Esas acciones reales, ejecutadas por diversos agentes y sobre comunidades plurales, no siempre lograron sus objetivos. Los consensos con las comunidades costeras en la adaptación de esas normas generadoras de frontera a las prácticas consuetudinarias marcaron los límites del absolutismo y de la formalización fronteriza. Así, el mar, más que una barrera, continuó siendo un espacio de interacción con el exterior, un vínculo que contribuye a dar porosidad a un confín litoral en proceso de configuración como frontera jurídica.
Presentación
Authors: Mantecón Movellán Tomás
Published: February 2015

Presentación del dossier «Frontera(s) e historia(s) en los mundos ibéricos».
The Galois Complexity of Graph Drawing: Why Numerical Solutions are Ubiquitous for Force-Directed, Spectral, and Circle Packing Drawings
Authors: Bannister Michael , Devanny William , Eppstein David , Goodrich Michael
Published: February 2015

Many well-known graph drawing techniques, including force-directed drawings, spectral graph layouts, multidimensional scaling, and circle packings, have algebraic formulations. However, practical methods for producing such drawings ubiquitously use iterative numerical approximations rather than constructing and then solving algebraic expressions representing their exact solutions. To explain this phenomenon, we use Galois theory to show that many variants of these problems have solutions that cannot be expressed by nested radicals or nested roots of low-degree polynomials. Hence, such solutions cannot be computed exactly even in extended computational models that include such operations. We formulate an abstract model of exact symbolic computation that augments algebraic computation trees with functions for computing radicals or roots of low-degree polynomials, and we show that this model cannot solve these graph drawing problems.
Mise en mouvement et en image du processus de professionnalisation des Intervenants en milieu éducatif. Repérage d’une simultanéité de trois temps
Authors: Gautier Chovelon Christine
Published: February 2015

Cet article s’appuie sur des recherches que nous avons menées en tant que coordinatrice et intervenante du parcours « Intervention en milieu éducatif » dans le cadre du master dans les domaines de l’enseignement, de l’éducation et de la formation » mis en place par l’ESPE. Le dispositif d’analyse de pratiques en devenant un espace dynamique, a permis de repérer et d’illustrer la simultanéité de trois temps intervenant dans le processus de professionnalisation des étudiants. L’objet de cette contribution est d’exposer le processus de mise en visibilité de ces temporalités en mettant l’accent sur la méthode et la posture adoptées par le formateur. Après avoir évoqué ces résultats de recherche, nous essaierons de répondre en quoi cet espace ouvert permet de mieux appréhender la temporalité de la professionnalisation dans un tout, dans un continuum entre la théorie et la pratique; et quelle place pourrait-on donner au langage analogique métaphorique en formation?
Adolescent girls and young women: key populations for HIV epidemic control
Authors: Dellar Rachael C , Dlamini Sarah , Karim Quarraisha Abdool
Published: February 2015

Introduction

At the epicentre of the HIV epidemic in southern Africa, adolescent girls and young women aged 15–24 contribute a disproportionate ~30% of all new infections and seroconvert 5–7 years earlier than their male peers. This age–sex disparity in HIV acquisition continues to sustain unprecedentedly high incidence rates, and preventing HIV infection in this age group is a pre‐requisite for achieving an AIDS‐free generation and attaining epidemic control.

Discussion

Adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa are uniquely vulnerable to HIV and have up to eight times more infection than their male peers. While the cause of this vulnerability has not been fully elucidated, it is compounded by structural, social and biological factors. These factors include but are not limited to: engagement in age‐disparate and/or transactional relationships, few years of schooling, experience of food insecurity, experience of gender‐based violence, increased genital inflammation, and amplification of effects of transmission co‐factors. Despite the large and immediate HIV prevention need of adolescent girls and young women, there is a dearth of evidence‐based interventions to reduce their risk. The exclusion of adolescents in biomedical research is a huge barrier. School and community‐based education programmes are commonplace in many settings, yet few have been evaluated and none have demonstrated efficacy in preventing HIV infection. Promising data are emerging on prophylactic use of anti‐retrovirals and conditional cash transfers for HIV prevention in these populations.

Conclusions

There is an urgent need to meet the HIV prevention needs of adolescent girls and young women, particularly those who are unable to negotiate monogamy, condom use and/or male circumcision. Concerted efforts to expand the prevention options available to these young women in terms of the development of novel HIV‐specific biomedical, structural and behavioural interventions are urgently needed for epidemic control. In the interim, a pragmatic approach of integrating existing HIV prevention efforts into broader sexual reproductive health services is a public health imperative.
Mental health and support among young key populations: an ecological approach to understanding and intervention
Authors: Mutumba Massy , Harper Gary W
Published: February 2015

Introduction

The patterning of the HIV epidemic within young key populations (YKPs) highlights disproportionate burden by mental disorders in these populations. The mental wellbeing of YKPs is closely associated with biological predispositions and psychosocial factors related to YKPs’ sexual and gender identities and socio‐economic status. The purpose of this paper is to highlight sources of risk and resilience, as well as identify treatment and supports for mental health disorders (MHDs) among YKPs.

Discussion

This paper utilizes Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory and the Social Stress Model to explore the risk and protective factors for MHDs across YKPs’ ecological systems, and identify current gaps in treatment and support for MHDs among these youth. We emphasize the fluidity and intersections across these categorizations which reinforce the vulnerability of these populations, the lack of concrete data to inform mental health interventions among YKPs, and the need to ground YKP interventions and programmes with human rights principles stipulated in the convention on the rights of a child.

Conclusions

We put forth recommendations for future research and strategies to address the mental wellbeing of YKPs, including the need for integrated interventions that address the multiplicity of risk factors inherent in the multiple group membership, rather than single‐focus interventions whilst addressing the unique needs or challenges of YKPs.
Tailored combination prevention packages and PrEP for young key populations
Authors: Pettifor Audrey , Nguyen Nadia L , Celum Connie , Cowan Frances M , Go Vivian , Hightow‐Weidman Lisa
Published: February 2015

Introduction

Young key populations, defined in this article as men who have sex with men, transgender persons, people who sell sex and people who inject drugs, are at particularly high risk for HIV. Due to the often marginalized and sometimes criminalized status of young people who identify as members of key populations, there is a need for HIV prevention packages that account for the unique and challenging circumstances they face. Pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is likely to become an important element of combination prevention for many young key populations.

Objective

In this paper, we discuss important challenges to HIV prevention among young key populations, identify key components of a tailored combination prevention package for this population and examine the role of PrEP in these prevention packages.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive review of the evidence to date on prevention strategies, challenges to prevention and combination prevention packages for young key populations. We focused specifically on the role of PrEP in these prevention packages and on young people under the age of 24, and 18 in particular.

Results and discussion

Combination prevention packages that include effective, acceptable and scalable behavioural, structural and biologic interventions are needed for all key populations to prevent new HIV infections. Interventions in these packages should meaningfully involve beneficiaries in the design and implementation of the intervention, and take into account the context in which the intervention is being delivered to thoughtfully address issues of stigma and discrimination. These interventions will likely be most effective if implemented in conjunction with strategies to facilitate an enabling environment, including increasing access to HIV testing and health services for PrEP and other prevention strategies, decriminalizing key populations’ practices, increasing access to prevention and care, reducing stigma and discrimination, and fostering community empowerment. PrEP could offer a highly effective, time‐limited primary prevention for young key populations if it is implemented in combination with other programs to increase access to health services and encourage the reliable use of PrEP while at risk of HIV exposure.

Conclusions

Reductions in HIV incidence will only be achieved through the implementation of combinations of interventions that include biomedical and behavioural interventions, as well as components that address social, economic and other structural factors that influence HIV prevention and transmission.
Providing comprehensive health services for young key populations: needs, barriers and gaps
Authors: Delany‐Moretlwe Sinead , Cowan Frances M , Busza Joanna , Bolton‐Moore Carolyn , Kelley Karen , Fairlie Lee
Published: February 2015

Introduction

Adolescence is a time of physical, emotional and social transitions that have implications for health. In addition to being at high risk for HIV, young key populations (YKP) may experience other health problems attributable to high‐risk behaviour or their developmental stage, or a combination of both.

Discussion

We reviewed the needs, barriers and gaps for other non‐HIV health services for YKP. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for articles that provided specific age‐related data on sexual and reproductive health; mental health; violence; and substance use problems for adolescent, youth or young sex workers, men who have sex with men, transgender people, and people who inject drugs.

Results

YKP experience more unprotected sex, sexually transmitted infections including HIV, unintended pregnancy, violence, mental health disorders and substance use compared to older members of key populations and youth among the general population. YKP experience significant barriers to accessing care; coverage of services is low, largely because of stigma and discrimination experienced at both the health system and policy levels.

Discussion

YKP require comprehensive, integrated services that respond to their specific developmental needs, including health, educational and social services within the context of a human rights‐based approach. The recent WHO Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Care for Key Populations are an important first step for a more comprehensive approach to HIV programming for YKP, but there are limited data on the effective delivery of combined interventions for YKP. Significant investments in research and implementation will be required to ensure adequate provision and coverage of services for YKP. In addition, greater commitments to harm reduction and rights‐based approaches are needed to address structural barriers to access to care.
CAPS-1 promotes fusion competence of stationary dense-core vesicles in presynaptic terminals of mammalian neurons
Authors: Farina Margherita , van de Bospoort Rhea , He Enqi , Persoon Claudia M , van Weering Jan RT , Broeke Jurjen H , Verhage Matthijs , Toonen Ruud F
Published: February 2015

Neuropeptides released from dense-core vesicles (DCVs) modulate neuronal activity, but the molecules driving DCV secretion in mammalian neurons are largely unknown. We studied the role of calcium-activator protein for secretion (CAPS) proteins in neuronal DCV secretion at single vesicle resolution. Endogenous CAPS-1 co-localized with synaptic markers but was not enriched at every synapse. Deletion of CAPS-1 and CAPS-2 did not affect DCV biogenesis, loading, transport or docking, but DCV secretion was reduced by 70% in CAPS-1/CAPS-2 double null mutant (DKO) neurons and remaining fusion events required prolonged stimulation. CAPS deletion specifically reduced secretion of stationary DCVs. CAPS-1-EYFP expression in DKO neurons restored DCV secretion, but CAPS-1-EYFP and DCVs rarely traveled together. Synaptic localization of CAPS-1-EYFP in DKO neurons was calcium dependent and DCV fusion probability correlated with synaptic CAPS-1-EYFP expression. These data indicate that CAPS-1 promotes fusion competence of immobile (tethered) DCVs in presynaptic terminals and that CAPS-1 localization to DCVs is probably not essential for this role.