bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Determination of the Blood Volume by the CO‐Method
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING
Published: December 2008

The CO‐method for determining the blood volume has been tested under various conditions. When the CO is rebreathed from an ordinary metabolism apparatus (Krogh‐apparatus or Benedict‐Roth apparatus) constant values can be obtained after 10–15 minutes of rebreathing, also during moderate work. The blood volume values obtained in this way are higher than those obtained simultaneously by the injection method (T‐1824). This is no doubt due to the myoglobin, which takes up an unpredictable amount of CO.
The Effect of Narcotics, Especially Barbiturates, on Salivary Secretion, Elicited through Chorda Stimulation or Parasympatho‐inimethic Drugs
Authors: BRAHAMMAR N. S. , EMMELIN N. G.
Published: December 2008

Veronal, luminal, prominal, dial, noctal and eunarcon diminish the salivary secretion, elicited through stimulation of the chorda tympani or through injections of acetylcholine, carbaminoyl‐choline or pilocarpin.
Studies on the Muscular Physiology of the Genital Tract
Authors: GENELL SUNE
Published: December 2008

Surviving vagina from rats with a normal sexual cycle often exhibits a moderate degree of spontaneous activity in metoestrus. In the other sexual phases this activity occurs only exceptionally and very weakly. Vagina from castrates invariably develops a lively spontaneous activity with high contraction frequency and great amplitude. This can be dampened or inhibited by pre‐treating the castrated animal with oestrin.

From this the conclusion is drawn that the vagina possesses an inherent spontaneous muscular activity that is dampened through the influence of the oestrin.

Vaginal muscle from rats with a normal sexual cycle is positively adrenotropic in all sexual phases, vaginal muscle from castrates is negatively adrenotropic. The negative reaction to adrenaline shown by the vagina of castrates can be converted into positive by p re‐treatment of the castrate with oestrin.

The amplitude of the adrenaline contraction is smaller in pro‐oestrus than in the other sexual phases. This is in all probability owing to the fact that the tonus of the vaginal musculature is highest in the heat phase. This assumption is strongly supported by certain observations made on living, unaesthetized animals.

Vaginal muscle from rats with a normal sexual cycle is refractory to oxytocin in all sexual phases. Vaginal muscle from castrates responds to oxytocin by an increase in tonus and contraction frequency. This effect is inhibited if the castrated animal is pre‐treated with oestrin.
Untersuchung über die foiologische Wirkung der Sutostanz P
Authors: GERNANDT BO
Published: December 2008

Substanz P (Euler und Gaddum) stimuliert bei urethan‐narkotisierten Kaninchen in vivo bei lokaler oder intravenoser Zufuhr die Diinndarmbewegungen. Am Colon wurde keine Wir‐kung erzielt.

Substanz P steigert die durch den endointestinalen Druck aus‐gelosten peristaltische Tatigkeit des Darmes.

Diese Arbeit wurde durch Mittel aus der Stiftung «Therese och Johan Anderssons Minne» unterstützt.
De Taction de la thyroxine et du dinitrophénol sur la consommation d'oxygène cliez des tétards norniaux et chez des tétards narcotisés.
Authors: MÅRTENSSON. JOHAN
Published: December 2008

Dans la discussion sur Ie point d'attaque de l'effet promoteur du métabolisme de la thyroxine, on a soutenu que celle‐ci agissait sur les mécanismes régulateurs centraux, mécanismes qui font défaut chez les animaux à sang froid, sur la consommation d'oxygène de qui la thyroxine n'aurait, en conséquence, aucun effet.

Les expériences présentées ci‐dessus, où la consommation d'oxygène chez des tétards a été mesurée selon la méthode de Warburg, ont cependant donné les résultats suivants:

Le dinitrophénol peut augmenter la consommation d'oxygène chez des tétards jusqu'à un maximum de 2 fois la consommation normale. La thyroxine produit un accroissement d'environ 30 %. Si on traite au dinitrophénol des tétards au préalable traités à la thyroxine, Vaccroissement de la consommation d'oxygène devient sensiblement ‘plus grand que la somme de l'effet des corps pris séparément. Ce synergisms est supprimé ou affaibli par une profonde narcose produite par de I'uréthane, tandis que Faction du dinitrophénol subsiste.

Aux points de vue examinés ici, les tétards réagissent de la mêrae façon que les animaux à sang chaud. On ne peut done pas parler de différence de principe entre ceux‐ci et ceux‐là pour ce qui est de leur comportement envers la thyroxine.
Action Potentials from the Baroceptive and Chemoceptive Fibres in the Carotid Sinus Nerve of the Dog
Authors: EULER U. S. v. , ZOTTERMAN. Y.
Published: December 2008

1. The electroneurogram of the dog's carotid sinus nerve reveals a train of potentials of various sizes forming compact volleys at each systole. All the larger and medium‐sized potentials derive from baroceptive fibres.

2. Apart from the larger potentials, there appears an electrical activity built up by axone potentials of very small spike‐heights in response to both chemical stimuli and intrasinusal pressure.

3. Evidence is presented to show that these small axone potentials derive from two functionally different kinds of fibres, one kind specifically reacting to intrasinusal pressure, the other kind responding to chemical stimuli.

The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed by grants from the Therese and Johan Andersson Memorial Foundation.
Über die reflektorische Beeinflussung der Atmung durch den endosinualen und endoaortalen Druck
Authors: H. BJURSTEDT  , EULER. U. S. v.
Published: December 2008

1. Allgemeine Blutdrucksteigerung durch Blutinfusion verminderte die Atmungsamplitude bei unveränderter oder erhöhter Frequenz am chloralosierten Hund (Inspirationshemmung).

2. Nach Durchtrennung der Vago‐Depressoren wurde diese Wirkung vermisst. Bei mittleren Ausgangsdrucken und Sauerstoffatmung trat eine mässige Frequenzminderung bei Druck‐steigerung zutage, die bei Luftatmung oder bei niedrigen Ausgangsdrucken, wo die Atmung von vornherein erhöht war, verstärkt wurde (Entlastung der Chemorezeptoren).

3. Lokale endosinuale Druckerhöhung rief bei erhaltenen Vago‐Depressoren keine Atmungshemmung hervor, auch nicht bei konstant gehaltenem Blutdruck. Meist wurde eine leichte Frequenzzunahme beobachtet.

4. Lokale endosinuale Druckerhöhung nach Durchtrennung der Vago‐Depressoren rief regelmässig eine Frequenzminderung hervor, auch bei konstant gehaltenem Blutdruck.

5. Die Versuchsergebnisse haben keine Anhaltspunkte dafür gegeben, dass unter normalen Bedingungen die Atmung von den Barorezeptoren im Aorta‐ und Sinusgebiet reflektorisch beeinflusst wird, wie dies nach Durchtrennung der Vago‐Depressoren der Fall ist.

Diese Untersuchung wurde aus Mitteln der Stiftung »Therese och Johan Anderssons Minne» unterstützt.
Influence of Oxygen Inhalation on the Chemo‐receptor Activity of the Sinus Region
Authors: EULER U. S. v. , LILJESTRAND. G.
Published: December 2008

When oxygen was substituted for air in anesthetized cats or dogs, an almost instantaneous, sometimes very considerable, reduction of respiratory rate and amplitude occurred. This effect was abolished by denervation of both sinuses and was due to the disappearance of a slight oxygen want which stimulated the chemoreceptors of the carotid body. After some minutes of oxygen breathing the ventilation again closely approximated to the value from air breathing. This compensation is partly explained by an increased carbon dioxide tension, but a greater excitability of the center may also occur.

Oxygen inhalation under the same conditions usually caused a fall in arterial blood pressure, amounting on an average to 2.2 per cent in the cat. After denervation of both sinuses and section of the vagodepressor nerves, oxygen inhalation led to an increased blood pressure. It is assumed that the first effect is due to the abolition by oxygen of the normal stimulation of the chemoreceptors, whereas the second effect is caused by the relief of a central depression, caused by hypoxia.

The pulse rate also decreased, on an average 3.3 per cent in the cat, during oxygen inhalation. Most of the effect was abolished by section of the vagodepressor nerves and denervation of the sinuses.

The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed by a grant from the Therese and Johan Andersson Memorial Foundation.
Investigations on Fibrinogen
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , DARLING. SVEN
Published: December 2008

1. The precipitation limits for fibrinogen have been studied under various conditions.

2. The purification of fibrinogen solutions has been investigated and a method for the preparation of a purified prothrombin‐free fibrinogen solution from ox plasma is described.

3. The measurement of thrombin by employment of ammonium sulphate precipitated fibrinogen has been described. Mellanby fibrinogen is unsuitable for measuring of thrombin.

4. Fibrinogen shows rather high solubility in half‐saturated sodium chloride.

This work was aided by grants from “Danmarks tekniske Højskoles Fond for teknisk Kemi” and from “Løvens kemiske Fabrik”, Copenhagen.
The Influence of Ergotamine on the Action of Ephedrine and Sympatol on the Isolated Rat's Intestine
Authors: EMILSSON. BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

1. The action of sympatol and ephedrine on the isolated small intestine of the rat and the influence by previous addition of ergotamine on this action have been studied.

2. Sympatol inhibits the intestine in cone. 60–120 γ/ml, ephedrine in cone, higher than 1,000 γ/ml. In cone, less than 1,000 γ/ml ephedrine in some cases stimulates the intestine.

3. Previous addition of ergotamine does not affect the inhibiting action of sympatol and ephedrine.

4. It is concluded that the inhibiting action of sympatol and ephedrine on the isolated small intestine of the rat is due to direct muscular depression.
Observations on Lowered Resistance to Spontaneous Infection Resulting‐ from Sexual Abstinence
Authors: ANDREASEN. ERIK
Published: December 2008

1. In albino rats living in sexual abstinence the appearance of infected scratches is a common lesion.

2. This affection is not seen in rats living a normal sexual life.

3. The affection is cured when the animals are given the chance of a normal sexual life.

4. The lifetime for unpaired rats is found to be considerably lower than the normal lifetime of the rat as given in numerous reports in the literature.

5. It is reasonable, therefore, to assume that inhibition of the normal sexual function lowers the resistance of the animals to infection, resulting in a shorter lifetime.
Der Einfluss der Mandelsäure auf die Sauerstoffaufnahme und Ammoniakbildung; im Nieren‐ und Lebergewebe
Authors: HERNER. BIRGER
Published: December 2008

Einleitend wird besprochen, dass Anlass zu dem Verdacht besteht, Mandelsäure hemme die Desaminierung gewisser Aminosäuren und damit auch deren Oxydation. Dies könnte eine Erklärung dafür bilden, dass in gewissen Fällen bei intensiver Mandelsäuretherapie eine nur geringe Ammoniakbildung beobachtet wird.

In vor allem Nieren‐ und Lebergewebe von weissen Ratten wird mit Warburg‐Technik die Oxydation mit und ohne Mandelsäure in verschiedener Konzentration sowie mit und ohne die Aminosäuren Alanin und Prolin untersucht. Weiterhin wird die Desaminierung mit Hilfe von Bestimmung des während der Ver‐suche gebildeten Ammoniaks studiert.

Die Untersuchungen haben gezeigt l.) dass Mandelsäure sowohl von Nieren‐ als auch von Lebergewebe verbrannt wird, jedoch stärker vom Nierengewebe; 2.) dass Mandelsäure die spontane Oxydation sowohl im Nieren‐ als auch im Lebergewebe und ebenso die Oxydation von zugesetztem Alanin und Prolin hemmt; sowie 3.) dass Mandelsäure als ein starkes Desaminierungsgift wirkt.
The Photopic Spectrum of the Pigeon
Authors: GRANIT. RAGNAR
Published: December 2008

The precise form of the photopic spectrum of the pigeon has been measured with the electrophysiological technique used with other animals in previous contributions to this problem.

The filtering effect of the coloured oil globules has been discussed in relation to the photopic spectrum.
Transmission of Impulses from Nerve to Muscle Fibre
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , LINDHARD. J.
Published: December 2008

Direct application of different substances to the motor end plate of lizard muscle led to the following results:

Acetylcholine (threshold 5 × 10‐6 μg) initiates a short twitch‐like contraction. After the first application, the end plate is refractory to further doses and to electric stimulation of the nerve.

Direct electric stimulation of the end plate and application of potassium (threshold 10‐4 μg) or rubidium are still effective. Potassium or rubidium do not show any blocking action, as does acetylcholine.

Acetylcholine and potassium applied to the fibre substance have no effect even in a tenfold concentration.

Acetylcholine, potassium, and other stimulating substances cause a decrease in the end plate — fibre potential.

The threshold of the motor end plate is not altered by poisoning with veratrine. Just as total muscle, the veratrinized fibre reacts to stimulation with protracted contractions.

In the first stage, curarine blocks the end plate for nerve impulses and for acetylcholine, while direct electric stimulation of the end plate and application of potassium are still effective. In a later stage, the excitability in response to these stimuli is abolished, only the direct excitability of the fibre substance is retained.

The present material supports the assumption of two boundary aces in the motor end plate.

The present work has been supported by grants from the Carlsberg Foundation and the Michaelsen Foundation.
Investigations of the Circulation in the Skin at the Beginning of Muscular Work
Authors: CHRISTENSEN E. HOHWÜ , NIELSEN MARIUS , HANNISDAHL. BIRGER
Published: December 2008

At the beginning of heavy work an instantaneous and considerable reduction of the skin's circulation always occurs which subsequently remains low for several minutes. With light work the decrease in the flow is less pronounced and is usually absent after repeated starts. From our experimental results we conclude that the vasoconstriction in the skin is of regulatory significance for the adjustment of the circulation at the transition from rest to heavy work.

As the decrease in the blood flow occurs practically instantaneously at the start of work it is assumed that it is of nervous origin — caused either by cortical impulses or by reflex influences from the working muscles. It is shown that the expectation of work plays no part in evoking the vasoconstriction.

On the basis of experiments with registration of the finder's volume, we believe that the skin has no significance as an active blood depot at transition from rest to work.
Blutdrncksteigerung durch hypoxische Erregnng der Chemorezeptoren beim Hund
Authors: BJURSTEDT H. , EULER. U. S. v.
Published: December 2008

Hypoxische Erregung des isoliert perfundierten Glomusgebietes beim Hund mit ausgeschalteten Barorezeptoren fülirte sowohl erne starke Atmungsteigerung als auch eine sehr ausgesprochene Blutdrucksteigerung herbei.
Der Eiweisstoffwechsel der Gewebczellen in vitro. 1. Die Wirkung homologer und heterologer, durch Pepsin und Erepsin abgebauter Eiweisse
Authors: FISCHER. ALBERT
Published: December 2008

1. Mischungen von mehr oder weniger hochmolekularen Eiweissabbauprodukten werden von Gewebezellen unter Wachstumserscheinungen ausgenutzt. Die Produkte der homologen Eiweisse sind wirksamer als die der heterologen.

2. Die mit Erepsin weiter abgebauten homologen Eiweisse sind weniger wirksam als die mit Pepsin abgebauten. Umgekehrt verhalten sich die heterologen mit Erepsin abgebauten Eiweisse, indem sie im allgemeinen relativ wirksamer als die entsprechenden mit Pepsin abgebauten sind.

3. Der Artunterschied der Eiweisse macht sich auch in der Wirkung der Polypeptide deutlich bemerkbar. Dies steht wahrscheinlich mit Verschiedenheiten im Bauplan der entsprechenden Peptide in Verbindung, d. h. damit, wie sich die einzelnen Aminosäuren in der Peptidkette in bestimmten Abständen periodisch wiederholen.

4. Mit Hilfe der höheren Eiweisspaltprodukte verschiedener Eiweisse lassen sich Gewebezelltypen innerhalb derselben Tierart unterscheiden.
On the Chemical Nature of the Reticulocyte Ripening Principles in Liver
Authors: JACOBSEN ERIK , PLUM. CLAUS MUNK
Published: December 2008

The reticulocyte ripening principle in liver extracts consists of a thermolabile fraction which can be absorbed by floridin and a thermostable fraction which cannot be absorbed by floridin.

The latter fraction has only little effect by itself but activates the effect of the thermostable component.

The thermostable activating component is identical with 1‐tyrosine which is found in the liver extracts.
Measurement and Properties of Antithrombin
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , DARLING. SVEN
Published: December 2008

1. A unit for antithrombin is defined as the amount of antithrombic substance which inactivates one unit of thrombin.

2. A method for the quantitative measurement of antithrombin in plasma and serum is described. Its relation to earlier unsatisfactory methods is discussed.

3. The normal antithrombin of ox plasma is investigated and its properties found in accordance with those described by other authors.

4. The amount of normal antithrombin in plasma and serum generally ranges from 100 to 150 antithrombin units per ml.

Thanks are due to “Danmarks tekniske Højskoles Fond for teknisk Kemi” and to “Løvens kemiske Fabrik”, Copenhagen, for grants in aid of this work.
The Specific Dynamic Action of Amino Acids and Ammonia Salts
Authors: LUNDSGAARD. EINAR
Published: December 2008

In experiments with isolated cat livers amino acids (glycine and alanine) and ammonium salts (lactate and carbonate) bring about an extra consumption of oxygen which is proportional to the added quantity of nitrogen and independent of whether the nitrogen is supplied in the form of amino acid or ammonium salt.

With increasing doses there is an increase especially of the duration of the rise in the oxygen consumption, whereas the maximum oxygen consumption per minute is increased only very slightly.

The maximum increase of the oxygen consumption per minute seems to depend on the rate of urea synthetization.

The total extra consumption of oxygen seems to be independent of the concentration of the added substances and to be governed solely by the absolute quantity added.

The total extra consumption of oxygen per gramme of added nitrogen averages 900 c. c. (about 4.4 calories).

If the extra consumption of oxygen is calculated not in relation to the added quantity of nitrogen, but in relation to the increased nitrogen metabolism within the period in which the oxygen consumption is increased, the oxygen consumption per gramme of extra‐converted nitrogen is 1,640 c. c. (about 7.4 calories).

The oxygen consumption of the artificially perfused liver falls in the course of about an hour to 60–50 per cent, of the consumption immediately after isolation, and thereafter remains practically constant.
Investigations on the Electrolyte Content of Gastric Juice
Authors: GUDIKSEN ERIK
Published: December 2008

1. A brief presentation is given of different factors affecting the composition of the gastric, juice.

2. The results of a series of analyses of gastric juice are reported, the gastric juice in question being secreted by the isolated fundus in cats under the influence of histamine. The investigations are focused on the changes in concentration of the electrolytes of the gastric juice, accompanying fluctuations of the rate of secretion.

3. The concentrations of hydrochloric acid and total chloride rise with increasing rate of secretion; the contents of neutral chloride diminish at the same time, without however falling much below 20 milli‐equiv./liter.

4. The ratio between the potassium and the sodium concentrations is a function of the concentration of total chloride.

5. The concentrations of potassium and ‐ especially ‐ of sodium decrease when the rate of secretion increases.

6. With Heidenhain‐Pavlov's theory regarding the acidity regulation as a starting point, an attempt is made to estimate the composition of the primary hydrochloric acid secretion; in all probability this secretion contains a not insignificant amount of potassium chloride.

7. After a treatment of the data in the light of different theories, the conclusion is reached that it is hardly possible to maintain the thesis of the constancy of the primary hydrochloric acid secretion in its strictest sense.
On the Enzymic Hydrolysis of Some Lactones.
Authors: STEENSHOLT GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

An investigations is made of the hydrolysis by liver esterase of some lactones, which are found to be practically non‐hydrolyzable. It is further found that these lactones retard the hydrolysis of esters. The interpretation of these findings is briefly discussed.
Über die fiebererregende Wirkung des adrenalins.
Authors: EULER U. S. v. , LINDER E. , MYRIN. S.‐O.
Published: December 2008

Intraventrikuläre oder intrazisternale Injektion von Adrenalinhydrochlorid an Kaninchen erhöht die Koörpertemperature in Dosen von 0.1‐0.2 mg mit 1–2°C. Bei Verwendung einer Suspension der Base in Ringerlösung in Dosen von etwa 2 mg traten viewl stärkere Temperaturesteigerungen auf(bis 43°.7).

Eine hochgradige Temperaturesenkung erfolgte mit grösseren Adrenalindosen und trat ebenfalls mit Vasopresin ein, was als Folge zerebraler Ischämie und Lähmung gedeutet wird.

Ergotamin verhinderte bei intrazisternaler Darreichung in Dosen von 0.12 mg pro kg die temperatursteigernde Wirkung des Adrenalins.
A Note on the Cis‐trans Specificity of Liver Esterase.
Authors: STEENSHOLT GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

An investigation is made of the hydrolysis by liver esterase of the ethyl esters of fumaric and maleic acid, and of oleic and elaidic acid. It is found that in the former case the reaction velocity is considerably higher for ethyl fumar ate than for ethyl maleate. In the latter case no appreciable difference in reaction velocity is found. The possible interpretation of the phenomenon is briefly discussed.
Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von antiperniciösen Mitteln, von einer Reihe von Vitaminen und von Eisen auf die Permeabilität der roten Blutkörperchen des normalen Menschen.
Authors: ØRSKOV SØREN L.
Published: December 2008

Frühere Untersuchungen haben ergeben, dass Leberextrakt und getrockneter Magen beim normalen Menschen eine langsamere Permeierung von Glukose durch die Membran der roten Blutkörperchen bedingen.

Die vorliegenden Versuche haben ergeben, dass viele andere Präparate die gleiche Wirkung haben und gleichzeitig wurde in vielen Versuchen eine Verlangsamung der Permeierung von Thiobarnstoff beobachtet.

Eine Wirkung wurde nach Eingabe folgender Stoffe gefunden: verschiedene Leberpräparate, Magenpräparate, Bierhefe und deren Extrakte, Fleischextrakt und Eisen und nach einer Reihe von Vitaminen: Vitamin C, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, Vitamin E, Weizenkeimöl, sowie ein wässriger Extrakt dieses Präparates, nach Nikotinsäureaniid und eine schwaehe Wirkung auch nach Lebertran.

In Weizenkeimöl kann ein Stoff vorkommen, der eine schnellere Permeierung von Thiohrnstoff bedingt.

Die wirksamen Bestandteile in diesen Stoffen wirken wahrscheinlich in kleinen Mengen. Ein Einfluss auf die Permeabilität wurde nach 25 mg Vitamin C, 1.25 mg Vitamin B1, 1.25 mg Vitamin B2, 1.5 mg Vitamin E, 50 mg Nikotinsäureamid und nach 1 mg wässrigem Extrakt von Weizenkeimöl beobachtet. In den meisten Fällen wurden geringere Dosen als die hier angeführten nicht untersucht.

Eine Wirkung von Leberextrakt trat 6 Stunden nach der Eingabe auf.

Die wirksamen Bestandteile in der Leber und in Hefe sind teilweise hitzeunbeständig und die Sicherheit dieser Beobachtung wird diskutiert.

Es wird weiterhin erörtert, wie die Beeinflussung der Permeabilität der roten Blutkörperchen vorsichgeht und sowohl mit einer direkten als einer indirekten Wirkung gerechnet. Als Grundlage hierfür dienen bisher nicht veröffentlichte Beobachtungen über die Beeinflussung der Penneabilität der roten Blutkörperchen nach Zusatz der genannten Stoffe in vitro und einige Versuche mit Vitamin C Injektionen, die schnellere Permeierung von Glukose bedingten, d. h. eine umgekehrte Wirkung hatten wie nach peroraler Eingabe des Stoffes.

andere Präparate hatten nach intramuskulärer Zufuhr die gleiche Wirkung wie peroral.
A Method of Correcting for Counting Losses in Geiger‐Müller Counters with Special References to the Geiger‐Müller Counter Arrangement Described by Hilde Levi (1941).
Authors: HOLM‐JENSEN IB
Published: December 2008

The theoretical basis of correcting for counting losses in a simple GEIGER‐MÜLLER counting arrangement is outlined and a convenient procedure for carrying out the correction is presented.
On the Water Transport through the Gills of Bivalves.
Authors: JØRGENSEN C. C. BARKER
Published: December 2008

The water transport through the gills of young mussels (Mytilus edulis) has been calculated by means of photometric determinations of the percentage amount removed in unit time of the unicellular alga Synechococcus from a known quantity of a suspension of the algæ.

Having found in the literature a set of figures, from which the necessary calculations could be made, a comparison with pelagic larvæ (oyster) has been possible. It has been found that 1 g larvæ will transport 6.7 l water per hour, young bottom stages 0.19 l and adults 0.01‐0.04 l water per hour and per g.
A Centrifugation Method of Ultraflltration Using Cellophane Tubes
Authors: REHBERG P. BRANDT
Published: December 2008

A centrifugation method for ultrafiltration is described. The essential point of this is the use of factory made cellophane tubes, which when wet become permeable for crystalloids. They are used in conjunction with a basket of metal wire netting. The filtration rate and permeability varies with the cellulose content of the membrane.
Sensory Impulses in the Cardiac Depressor Nerves in Experimental Hypertension. A Study of a Problem in Homeostasis.
Authors: BÁRÁNY ERNST
Published: December 2008

1. Reflectory homeostasis can only be effected by means of nonadapting sensory endings reporting the controlled level to the centers.

2. At the same blood pressure the large fibers of the cardioaortic nerves of rabbits with experimental renal hypertension of a few months standing carry a number of impulses that is not significantly less (6 % ± 9 %) than in normal controls. Thus, the baroceptor endings in the aorta connected with the large depressor fibers either lack progressive adaptation or adapt at an extremely slow rate.

3. The aortic baroceptors are not involved in the production of renal hypertension of the Goldblatt type.

4. There is no correlation between the impulse frequencies in the two cardio‐aortic nerves, besides that caused by common blood pressure.
A Note on the Enzymic Hydrolysis of Certain Cholin Derivatives.
Authors: STENSHOLT GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

It is found that eserine retards the enzymic hydrolysis by serum cholin esterase of benzoyl cholin and acetyl‐β‐methyl cholin. The relation of this result to certain experiments of Kahane and Levy is briefly discussed.
Antagonism between Bile Acids and Substances Stimulating Smooth Muscle, Especially Histamine
Authors: EMMELIN NILS
Published: December 2008

In antagonizing the action of histamine and in surpressing anaphylactic symptoms the bile acids have properties similar to those previously described for the xanthines. The bile acids render smooth muscle insensitive to histamine; they also antagonize the motor action of a acetylcholine and of substance P on smooth muscle. The effect of histamine on blood‐pressure is only partially antagonized by bile acids.
Experimental Studies on Kidney Function during Sulphate Diuresis.: 1. Investigations on the Diuresis of Babbits during Infusion of a Hypertonic Sulphate Solution.
Authors: SCHOU PER.
Published: December 2008

By intravenous infusion of large amounts of hypertonic sulphate solution the diuresis of rabbits is brought up from the normal order of magnitude of about 0.1 ml per min. to values ranging from 10–15 ml excreted fluid per minute, that is to say, an augmentation to about 100–150 times the normal diuresis.

The creatinine clearance is increased to about 2–3 times the normal, while the figures for the C. index of the urine drop from 100–200 to. about 2.

If the creatinine clearance is accepted as a measure for the ultrafiltration in the glomeruli, calculations of the movement of the fluid in the kidneys in accordance with the filtration—reabsorption theory show that the enormous diuresis must occur as an augmentation of the glomerular filtration combined with a very marked reduction of the reabsorption of the fluid in the tubules, half to two‐thirds of the glomerular filtrate leaving the kidneys as urine under these circumstances.

The histological picture of the kidney after sulphate diuresis shows an enormous dilatation of all the renal ducts, which explains how the immense amounts of fluid have been able to pass through these in the course of a very short time.
The Gastric Secretory Excitant from the Pyloric Mucosa
Authors: UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

A gastric secretory factor predominantly localized in the pyloric region is present in mucosal extracts from cats, dogs, and pigs.

The active agent is not histamine.
Some Inhibitory Phenomena in the Dorsal Root Reflex.
Authors: SKOGLUND C. R. , UVNÄS B.
Published: December 2008

The efferent “reflex” output in the dorsal root L 6 in response to afferent discharges from L 7 (the so‐called dorsal root reflex) has been studied in decerebrate cats with the aid of electrical stimuli of variable form. Special attention has been paid to the effect of temperature.

Prolonged afferent discharges, set up by constant currents, cause prolonged dorsal root reflexes. Increased duration of the afferent discharge is accompanied by an inhibitory block, far more pronounced at normal temperature than at low temperature of the spinal cord.

Intermittent afferent stimuli, set up by brief iterated shocks, elicit intermittent dorsal root “reflex” discharges which successively diminish in size. This depression increases with stimulus frequency and for any frequency is far more pronounced at normal temperature than at low temperature of the spinal cord.

Afferent discharges set up by linearly rising currents of steep gradient, elicit well marked “reflex” discharges. But slowly rising currents, which still give well marked impulses in the input root, fail to cause the reflex response. For this to occur the linearly rising stimuli must be increased in strength so as to cause prolonged repetitive discharges. The necessary increase in current strength is greater at high than at low temperature of the spinal cord.
Disturbance of Circulation in Convulsions of the Epileptic Type: Animal Experiments
Authors: SCHMITERLÖW O. G. , SILFVERSKIÖLD B. P.
Published: December 2008

In electrically induced convulsions in the rabbit, initial cardiac inhibition and bradycardia occurs. This can be prevented by atropine and is attributed to vagus stimulation. The rise in arterial blood pressure starts in the later part of the tonic or on the onset of the clonic phase.

Curare also prevents the cardiac inhibition, and the blood pressure rises at the beginning of the tonic phase. It is believed that the vagus stimulation is caused by a rise in intra‐cerebral pressure, induced by the rise of the intra‐abdominal and intrathoracic’ pressures during the convulsion, this action being prevented by curarisation.

As the rise of blood pressure occurs even in curarized animals, it is not caused by the muscle convulsions.

The disturbances of circulation in rabbits induced by electro‐shock differ in various respects from those found during electro‐shock convulsions in man.
On the Partition of Certain Amino Acids between Blood and Tissues
Authors: USSING HANS H.
Published: December 2008

A micro method is worked out which allows the estimation of free leucine + valine in 1 g samples of tissue. The content of tyrosine and leucine + valine is determined in guinea‐pig blood, liver, kidney, muscle and brain. It is found that the amino acids in question are nearly equally distributed between blood and tissues.

When leucine is injected into the blood, the concentration in the tissues is not increased over the level in the blood. Muscle and brain show a low permeability to leucine.

From the above results and from the litterature it is concluded that the high content of amino N of the tissues comes only to a minor part from amino acids. The greater part originates from glutathione and possibly other low peptides. Glutamic acid is the only amino acid which is known to be highly concentrated in the tissues as compared with the blood plasma.
Inactivation of Substance P by Tissue extracts
Authors: GULLBRING BENGT
Published: December 2008

The inactivating power of protein tissue extracts was studied on a purified preparation of substance P from horse's intestine.

Extracts from the muscular coat of horse's intestine, corresponding to 0.1 g dry tissue pr ml, causes half inactivation of substance P in 5 units per ml in about 20 minutes at pH 6.5 and 38° C.

Extracts from basal ganglia of brain from man and horse prepared in the same way have a still stronger inactivating power on substance P. These effects are abolished by boiling the extracts, indicating that the inactivation is of enzymatic nature. The pH‐optimum of this reaction is between pH 6–7.

Extract from striated muscle proved to have comparatively feable inactivating action on substance P, whereas blood and extracts from spinal cord were without action at the concentrations studied.
N‐methylierte Skopolaminderivate1
Authors: NYMAN EBBE
Published: December 2008

Es wird über systematische Untersuchungen zweier neuer, N‐methylierter Skopolaminderivate, des Methylskopolaminnitrats und Methylskopolaminbromids, berichtet. Als die Speichelsekretion hemmendes Mittel ist das erstere stärker als Skopolamin‐hydrobromid und damit die in dieser Beziehung stärkste bisher bekannte Verbindung. Der mydriatische Effekt entspricht im grossen ganzen dem des Skopolaminhydrobromids. Im Gegensatz zur Stammverbindung haben die beiden neuen Derivate einen markanten Einfluss auf den Herzvagus beim Menschen. Es wird gezeigt, dass diejenige Eigenschaft des Skopolaminhydrobromids, welche der sedativen Wirkung desselben auf das Zentralnervensystem des Menschen zugrunde liegt, bei den neuen Derivaten eliminiert ist. Die Toxizität für Mäuse ist auf ca. das Dreifache gesteigert.
Phosphatides in Choline Deficiency and in Adrenal Insufficiency
Authors: BRANTE GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

In adult rats fed for three to five months on a high fat diet practically free from choline, the fat content of the livers rose to about 25% of the weight of fresh tissue. At the same time the content of choline phospholipids of the liver remained quantitatively unchanged as compared with rats given 5 mg choline per gm basic diet. The cephalins of the liver, on the other hand, showed a significant increase.

The red blood corpuscles of the same choline‐deficient rats showed an increased resistance towards hypotonic NaCl and KCl solutions.

The neutral fat accumulated during the choline deficiency period disappeared in fasting. At the same time the phospholipid content of the liver markedly decreased, while the same choline phospholipid/cephalin ratio was maintained as existed before the beginning of the fast.

Adrenalectomy accelerated the disappearance of the accumulated neutral fat but did not produce any significant changes in the phospholipids in the liver.

In the kidneys, the spleen and the muscles neither choline deficiency, adrenalectomy nor fasting brought about any appreciable changes in the phospholipids.

Possible explanations for the results are discussed, especially the rôle of the different phospholipids in the transfer of neutral fat by the liver.
The Rôle of the Chemoreceptors of the Sinus Region for the Occlusion Test in the Cat
Authors: EULER U. S. v. , LILJESTRAND G.
Published: December 2008

The effects of occlusion of the common carotids on the general blood pressure in anesthetized cats is decreased when oxygen is substituted for air, but increased if the arterial oxygen tension is decreased by ventilating with 7–10% oxygen in nitrogen instead of air. The blood pressure before occlusion is more or less influenced in the same direction.
The Mechanism of Renal Excretion of Fructose and Galactose in Rabbit, Cat, Dog and Man: (with Special Reference to the Phosphorylation Theory)
Authors: GAMMELTOFT A. , KJERULF‐JENSEN K.
Published: December 2008

Fructose and galactose were demonstrated to be threshold substances, by which is meant that they are both reabsorbed actively by the renal tubular cells.

A kidney threshold for fructose and galactose was demonstrated for man only (U/P ratio below 1).

The U/P ratio for fructose and galactose, which at plasma concentrations between 15 and 20 mgm. per cent, did not exceed 1, rose very steeply at plasma concentrations above these values.

In rabbits, cats and dogs the active reabsorption of fructose and galactose was demonstrated by:

the indepence of fructose reabsorption of variations in the excretion of water.

the sensitivity of the mechanism of reabsorption to poisoning of the tubular cells with phlorizin.

experiments in saturating the mechanism of reabsorption for glucose (hyperglycaemia), which reduced the reabsorption of simultaneously filtered fructose and galactose (cat, man).

The reabsorption of fructose and galactose was found to increase in proportion to increasing amounts filtered. In the experiments on the cat creatinine was employed for filtration determinations after the identity between creatinine and inulin clearances in this animal had been established.

The results obtained appear to agree with the theory of an intermediate phosphorylation and dephosphorylation during the reabsorption of glucose, fructose and galactose in the kidneys. In regarding the adenylic acid system as a common phosphate donator to these three hexoses, the specific kidney threshold for each of the three hexoses is explained by the assumption of specific phosphorylating and dephosphorylating enzymic systems for each hexose in the cells of the tubules.
Changes in the Respiratory Quotient after Administration of Insulin and Glucose to Human Subjects on a High and on a Low Carbohydrate Diet.
Authors: LUNDBÆK KNUD
Published: December 2008

A series of investigations has been made on the respiratory quotient after administration of large and small doses of insulin and after administration of glucose on diets rich and poor in carbohydrates.

The RQ curve after administration of insulin is diphasic. During the fall in the blood sugar the RQ rises, when the fall in blood sugar ceases the RQ as a rule goes back to the initial value. It would seem, therefore, that the changes in the RQ should be viewed in relation to the blood sugar fall itself.

The rise in the RQ was greater after large than after small doses of insulin. The maximum RQ is attained more rapidly after large than after small doses. These two factors are unaffected by the carbohydrate content of the diet.

In the glucose experiments it is shown that the excess combustion of sugar after administration of glucose is greater the higher is the glucose tolerance curve. It appears from this that a slight reduction of the carbohydrate content of the diet does not reduce the rate of combustion of carbohydrate. The characteristic high and long glucose tolerance curve on a diet poor in carbohydrates must therefore be due to a liver effect.

In the calculation of “excess amount of glucose consumed minus lost glucose” in the insulin experiments it is seen that a not inconsiderable amount of glucose not seen to be oxydized disappears from the blood. The significance of this discrepancy is discussed and the conclusion is drawn that it must at any rate in part he supposed to be due to a reduced output of glucose from the liver during the insulin effect, even though it is not at present possible to account in detail for the mechanism of this process
On the Effect of Insulin on the Sensitivity of the Respiratory Centre.
Authors: LUNDBÆK KNUD
Published: December 2008

Following the administration of insulin in experiments on animals and human subjects a rise has most frequently been found in the ventilation. In animal experiments and in some few on human subjects a reduction was found in the CO2 content of the blood.

Determinations of the sensitivity of the respiratory centre during insulin action do not seem to be available.

The results are reported of a series of investigations on the alveolar CO2 tension in man following administration of large and small doses of insulin on a high and on a low carbohydrate diet. The average rise in the ventilation in these experiments was 1.09–1.35 1 per min. after large doses, 0.57–0.32 1 per min. after small doses. At the same time the alveolar CO2 tension rose on the average 1.45–2.15 mm, the rise being the same after large and small doses.

By a graphic representation of the ventilation and the alveolar CO2 tension and on the basis of previous investigations by Marius Nielsen it can be shown that in nearly all cases there is a reduction in the sensitivity of the respiratory centre after small as well as after large doses of insulin. The preceding diet is of no significance for this change in sensitivity.
The pH of the Blood during the Action of large Doses of Insulin.
Authors: LUNDBÆK KNUD
Published: December 2008

An investigation (with glass electrodes) on the effect of large doses of insulin on the pH of the blood snows that quiet insulin action causes no change. or rarely unsignificant changes, in the pH of the blood. With great muscle unrest or hyperventilation there may, as in subjects not affected by insulin, occur a fall or a rise in the pH. The results obtained decidedly militate against Beiglböck's contention that there is a regular occurrence of extreme alkalosis after administration of insulin. The most reasonable explanation of his results is that in his experiments there must have been a massive hyperventilation.
Experimental Studies on Kidney Function during Sulphate Diuresis.
Authors: SCHOU PER
Published: December 2008

In continuation of previous investigations, in which it was shown that the excessive increase in diuresis after intravenous infusion of a hypertonic sulphate solution in the blood stream of the rabbit can be explained by a combination of an increased filtration of fluid in the renal glomeruli and a reduced reabsorp‐tion of fluid in the tubules, the glomerular function has been investigated in the present paper.

In flow meter experiments it has been possible to demonstrate, siniulianeously with the greatly increased excretion of fluid, a distinct increase in the renal blood flow. The figures for the renal blood flow were found to lie between 30 and 130 ml per min. for both kidneys, so that the margin of variation is wide.

The arterial blood pressure, too, showed a transient rise of 35–55 mm Hg. The rise was fairly quickly superseded by a fall to values lying below the normal blood pressure of the animal.

The calculated approximate values for the colloid‐osmotic pressure of the plasma colloids at first showed a falling tendency as a consequence of the large infusion of fluid, later again a rising tendency owing to the loss of fluid by diuresis.

A final calculation shows that the physical factors which condition the glomerular filtration are of such an order that the increase in the ultrafiltration calculated on the basis of the creatinine clearance determinations becomes possible.
Glycerol Oxydation in the Animal Orgmism.
Authors: HOLST ERIK J.
Published: December 2008

There is a distinct similarity between the metabolisni of glycerol and that of ethylalcohol. This similarity is recognizable by the fact that:

The elimination curve is rectilinear, i. c. the rate of gly‐cerol metabolism is constaiit, and independent of the blood concentration.

The glycerol metabolism is localized exclusively, or almost exclusively in the liver.

At most a fraction of the glycerol can he completely oxy‐dized in the liver, while at least the larger fraction must be incompletely oxydized.
Über die Einwirkung der Entfernung der Nebennieren auf die Phosphorylierung im Muskel.
Authors: HELVE Von O.
Published: December 2008

Vergleichende Phosphorylierungsversuche zwischen normalen und nebennierenlosen Ratten werden beschrieben. Die Phosphory‐lierung im Muskel erreicht bei Gegenwart von Glykogen und Natriumfluorid in beiden Versuchstiergruppen das Maximum verhältnismässig schnell. Irgendwelche wesentlichen Unterschiede zwischen normalen und nebennierenlosen Tieren konnten weder bei kurzer noch bei langer Phosphorylierungszeit festgestellt werden.
The Exchange of Ions between Cells and Extracellular Fluid
Authors: KROGH AUGUST , LINDBERG ANNA‐LOUISE
Published: December 2008

In a frog heart working on a solution in which 88 mM of Na and Cl are replaced with 175 mM glucose the sodium in the heart muscle cells is largely replaced by glucose. This replacement is reversible when the heart is put back into normal Ringer.

Even saccharose can penetrate slowly into the muscle cells and replace the sodium.

Inconclusive evidence (a single experiment) is presented indicating that the sodium within the cells can be reduced below the outside concentration.
Further Studies on the Gastric Secretory Excitant from the Pyloric Mucosa.
Authors: MUNCH‐PETERSEN JON , RÖNNOW GRETE , UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

A gastric secretory excitant is isolated from the pyloric mu‐cosa of cat and pig. The agent is of protein nature.

Two reliable methods for the preparation of the active principle in a relatively pure state are described. The methods involve the precipitation of HCl‐mucosall extracts with NaCl and further precipitation with tannic acid or trichloracetic acid. Inert material is removed by washing with 80 % acid alcohol and iso‐electrical precipitation at pH 8.0. Finally the active material is precipitated with trichloracetic acid.

The active agent selectively activates the gastric glands, the gastric juice obtained being strongly acid but poor in pepsin. Salivary, pancreatic or bile secretion are not influenced by the agent.

The gastric secretagogue shows physiological as well as chemical similarities to secretin. Identity with the supposed gastric hormone, gastrin, is probable.
Wirkung von Arsen auf den respiratorischen Gaswechsel beim Meerschweinchen.
Authors: HENRIKSON. ASTRID
Published: December 2008

Zasammenfassung.

Der Ruhegaswechsel des Meerschweinchens wurde von Natrium‐arsenat, einer Zufuhr von 1–4 mg Arsen pro kg Körpergewicht alle zwei Tage wahrend 12–14 Tage entsprechend, nicht beein‐flusst. Nach 8 mg Arsen pro kg trat dagegen eine deutliche Er‐höhung des Sauerstoffverbrauchs ein.
Energy Production, Pulmonary Ventilatioa, and Length of Steps in Well‐trained Runners Working on a Treadmill.1
Authors: BØJE OVE
Published: December 2008

The aminopolypeptidase from the cattle diaphragm muscle has been obtained in a state of high purity. The enzyme is a carbohydrate‐frec protein with an isolelectric point close to pH 4.6.

The writer is indebted to the Johan and Therese Andersson. Minne foundation for grants which supported the present investigation. He further acknowledges the valuable assistance of Mrs Agren throughout the investigation.
The Activity of the Gastric Secretory Excitant of the Pyloric Mncom after Treatment with Histaminase.
Authors: BAUER ÅKE , UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

The gastric secretory agent described in previous papers from this laboratory is resistant to histaminase.