bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can the choice of eco-design principles affect products’ success?
Authors: Maccioni Lorenzo , Borgianni Yuri , Pigosso Daniela C. A.
Published: November 2019

Despite the potential to lead to enhanced environmental performance, the extent to which eco-design leads to success is still unclear. In order to lay bare the effects of eco-design implementation, this paper focuses on understanding the correlations between specific eco-design principles and success through an exploratory study. A sample of 178 products, characterized in terms of their success levels and implemented eco-design principles, was statistically analyzed. The results indicate a number of positive correlations for principles that tend to favor success (e.g. intensified use and product/service systems) and negative correlations for principles that tend to moderate the chances of success (e.g. minimize packaging). Although the mechanisms that cause this phenomenon should be further investigated, the findings can provide designers with additional recommendations for the selection of eco-design principles.
Direct Inference, Reichenbach's Principle, and the Sleeping Beauty Problem
Authors: Horgan Terry
Published: November 2019

A group of philosophers led by the late John Pollock has applied a method of reasoning about probability, known as direct inference and governed by a constraint known as Reichenbach's principle, to argue in support of ‘thirdism’ concerning the Sleeping Beauty Problem. A subsequent debate has ensued about whether their argument constitutes a legitimate application of direct inference. Here I defend the argument against two extant objections charging illegitimacy. One objection can be overcome via a natural and plausible definition, given here, of the binary relation ‘logically stronger than’ between two properties that can obtain even when the respective properties differ from one another in ‘arity’; given this definition, the Pollock group's argument conforms to Reichenbach's principle. Another objection prompts a certain refinement of Reichenbach's principle that is independently well-motivated. My defense of the Pollock group's argument has epistemological import beyond the Sleeping Beauty problem, because it both widens and sharpens the applicability of direct inference as a method for inferring single-case epistemic probabilities on the basis of general information of a probabilistic or statistical nature.
Are Korea’s Import Bans on Japanese Foods Based on Scientific Principles? Comments on Reports of the Panel and the Appellate Body on Korean Import Bans and Testing and Certification Requirements for Radionuclides (WT/DS495)
Authors: HAMADA Taro , ISHIKAWA Yoshimichi
Published: November 2019

This study focuses on the dispute over Korea’s import bans and the additional testing and certification requirements for Japanese foods and analyses the relevant findings of the reports of the Panel and the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organisation’s dispute settlement mechanism (DSM). Although the Panel had found that Korea’s measures were inconsistent with the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), the Appellate Body reversed most of these findings. Korea notified that it had completed the implementation of the reports of the Panel and the Appellate Body. However, the DSM has failed to contribute in settling this dispute positively and meaningfully, since it remains uncertain whether Korea’s import bans are based on scientific principles. Furthermore, the Appellate Body failed to complete its legal analysis of the inconsistency of Korea’s measures based on fact-findings and the facts uncontested between both disputing parties.
Deep-learning-based phase control method for tiled aperture coherent beam combining systems
Authors: Hou Tianyue , An Yi , Chang Qi , Ma Pengfei , Li Jun , Zhi Dong , Huang Liangjin , Su Rongtao , Wu Jian , Ma Yanxing , Zhou Pu
Published: November 2019

We incorporate deep learning (DL) into tiled aperture coherent beam combining (CBC) systems for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. By using a well-trained convolutional neural network DL model, which has been constructed at a non-focal-plane to avoid the data collision problem, the relative phase of each beamlet could be accurately estimated, and then the phase error in the CBC system could be compensated directly by a servo phase control system. The feasibility and extensibility of the phase control method have been demonstrated by simulating the coherent combining of different hexagonal arrays. This DL-based phase control method offers a new way of eliminating dynamic phase noise in tiled aperture CBC systems, and it could provide a valuable reference on alleviating the long-standing problem that the phase control bandwidth decreases as the number of array elements increases.
An unintended consequence? Examining the relationship between visible tattoos and unwanted sexual attention
Authors: Tews Michael J. , Stafford Kathryn , Jolly Philip M.
Published: November 2019

In the wake of the increasing popularity of tattoos, the present study explored whether tattoos have an adverse impact on employees. Specifically, this research examined the relationship between visible tattoos and unwanted sexual attention, along with perceived sexual harassment climate and perceived inclusion climate as potential moderators of this relationship. With a sample of 417 restaurant and retail employees, the results from logistic regression analyses demonstrated that possessing a visible tattoo was associated with increased odds of experiencing unwanted sexual attention. Perceived inclusion climate attenuated this relationship, whereby individuals with visible tattoos were less likely to experience unwanted sexual attention in a more favorable climate. Although perceived sexual harassment climate was directly related to unwanted sexual attention, it did not moderate the visible tattoo-unwanted sexual attention relationship.
Formation and evolution of an extensive blue ice moraine in central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica
Authors: Kassab Christine M. , Licht Kathy J. , Petersson Rickard , Lindbäck Katrin , Graly Joseph A. , Kaplan Michael R.
Published: November 2019

Mount Achernar moraine is a terrestrial sediment archive that preserves a record of ice-sheet dynamics and climate over multiple glacial cycles. Similar records exist in other blue ice moraines elsewhere on the continent, but an understanding of how these moraines form is limited. We propose a model to explain the formation of extensive, coherent blue ice moraine sequences based on the integration of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data with ice velocity and surface exposure ages. GPR transects (100 and 25 MHz) both perpendicular and parallel to moraine ridges at Mount Achernar reveal an internal structure defined by alternating relatively clean ice and steeply dipping debris bands extending to depth, and where visible, to the underlying bedrock surface. Sediment is carried to the surface from depth along these debris bands, and sublimates out of the ice, accumulating over time (>300 ka). The internal pattern of dipping reflectors, combined with increasing surface exposure ages, suggest sequential exposure of the sediment where ice and debris accretes laterally to form the moraine. Subsurface structure varies across the moraine and can be linked to changes in basal entrainment conditions. We speculate that higher concentrations of debris may have been entrained in the ice during colder glacial periods or entrained more proximal to the moraine sequence.
Income Inequality and Status Symbols: The Case of Fine Wine Imports
Authors: Niklas Britta , Sadik-Zada Elkhan Richard
Published: November 2019

This survey investigates the inequality-fine wine imports nexus. To this end, the study employs cointegration techniques to analyze two panel datasets, one of which will analyze data from 12 countries between 1871 and 2018, and another that analyzes data from 66 countries between 1995 and 2017. Estimations indicate that income inequality leads to more fine wine imports in the long run. Changes in income have only a short-term effect on fine wine imports. Nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) estimators reveal an asymmetric long-run relationship between income inequality and fine wine imports in the cases of Argentina and the United States. (JEL Classifications: C19, D01, D12, D31, L66)
The Good Lawyer: State-Led Professional Socialization in Contemporary China
Authors: Stern Rachel E. , Liu Lawrence J.
Published: November 2019

How do authoritarian states define and communicate notions of appropriate work conduct and professional excellence? This article examines three channels of communication used by the Chinese state to signal professional expectations to the bar: the bar exam, the administrative rules governing lawyers, and the state-sanctioned National Outstanding Lawyer Award. We find that China’s state narrative about “the good lawyer” celebrates lawyers willing to work closely with the authorities and asks more stringent critics to separate private beliefs from public behavior. In contrast to assumptions often made in research on authoritarian law, this article highlights how lawyers can participate in politics without opposing the regime and how much work goes into curating an appealing state strand of legal professionalism rather than relying on coercion alone. We end with a call for future work on “varieties of legal professionalism” to better understand which state signals are most visible and persuasive to different segments of the Chinese bar, as well as the conditions under which alternate ideas about professionalism gain traction.
Understanding Delegation Through Machine Learning: A Method and Application to the European Union
Authors: ANASTASOPOULOS L. JASON , BERTELLI ANTHONY M.
Published: November 2019

Delegation of powers represents a grant of authority by politicians to one or more agents whose powers are determined by the conditions in enabling statutes. Extant empirical studies of this problem have relied on labor-intensive content analysis that ultimately restricts our knowledge of how delegation has responded to politics and institutional change in recent years. We present a machine learning approach to the empirical estimation of authority and constraint in European Union (EU) legislation, and demonstrate its ability to accurately generate the same discretionary measures used in an original study directly using all EU directives and regulations enacted between 1958–2017. We assess validity by training our classifier on a random sample of only 10% of hand-coded provisions and replicating an important substantive finding. While our principal interest lies in delegation, our method is extensible to any context in which human coding has been profitably produced.
Additiven-commuting maps on semiprime rings
Authors: Liu Cheng-Kai
Published: November 2019

LetRbe a semiprime ring with the extended centroidCandQthe maximal right ring of quotients ofR. Set [y,x]1= [y,x] =yx−xyforx,y∈Qand inductively [y,x]k= [[y,x]k−1,x] fork> 1. Suppose thatf:R→Qis an additive map satisfying [f(x),x]n= 0 for allx∈R, wherenis a fixed positive integer. Then it can be shown that there exist λ ∈Cand an additive mapμ:R→Csuch thatf(x) = λx+μ(x) for allx∈R. This gives the affirmative answer to the unsolved problem of such functional identities initiated by Brešar in 1996.
Nonlinear laser absorption over a dielectric embedded with nanorods
Authors: Sharma Soni , Vijay A.
Published: November 2019

An analytical formalism of laser absorption in a nanorod embedded dielectric surface has been developed. Nanorods lie in the plane of the dielectric, in the form of a planar array. A laser, impinged on them with an electric field perpendicular to the lengths of the nanorods, imparts oscillatory velocity to nanorod electrons. As the free electrons of a nanorod are displaced, a space charge field is developed in the nanorod that exerts restoration force on the electrons and their drift velocity shows a resonance at ${\rm \omega} = {\rm \omega} _{\rm p}/\sqrt 2 $, where ωp denotes the plasma frequency of free electrons inside the nanorod. It is inhibited by collisions and nanorod expansion. At the resonance, the electrons are efficiently heated by the laser and laser energy is strongly absorbed, resulting in significant reduction in laser transmissivity. The transmissivity decreases with laser intensity.
Extensions of tensor categories by finite group fusion categories
Authors: NATALE SONIA ,   CIEM – CONICET
Published: November 2019

We study exact sequences of finite tensor categories of the form Rep G → 𝒞 → 𝒟, where G is a finite group. We show that, under suitable assumptions, there exists a group Γ and mutual actions by permutations ⊳ : Γ × G → G and ⊲ : Γ × G→ Γ that make (G, Γ) into matched pair of groups endowed with a natural crossed action on 𝒟 such that 𝒞 is equivalent to a certain associated crossed extension 𝒟(G,Γ) of 𝒟. Dually, we show that an exact sequence of finite tensor categories VecG → 𝒞 → 𝒟 induces an Aut(G)-grading on 𝒞 whose neutral homogeneous component is a (Z(G), Γ)-crossed extension of a tensor subcategory of 𝒟. As an application we prove that such extensions 𝒞 of 𝒟 are weakly group-theoretical fusion categories if and only if 𝒟 is a weakly group-theoretical fusion category. In particular, we conclude that every semisolvable semisimple Hopf algebra is weakly group-theoretical.
A Novel Hybrid Unscented Particle Filter based on Firefly Algorithm for Tightly-Coupled Stereo Visual-Inertial Vehicle Positioning
Authors: Li Xiuyuan , Gao Wenxue , Zhang Jiashu
Published: November 2019

This paper presents a hybrid unscented particle filter (UPF) based on the firefly algorithm for tightly-coupled stereo visual-inertial vehicle positioning systems (VIVPS). Compared with standard UPF, this novel approach can achieve similar estimation accuracy with much less computational complexity. To reduce the computational complexity, the time updating of the hybrid unscented Kalman filter is conducted via the formula of standard linear Kalman filter on the basis of the constructed linear/nonlinear mixed filter model. The particle updating of the particle filter is optimised by modified firefly algorithm to reduce the number of particles needed by means of moving particles towards high likelihood regions via the attraction and movement of fireflies, leading to a significant reduction of computational complexity. Experimental results show the average execution time of the proposed approach is 23·8% that of the standard UPF with similar accuracy, indicating the designed method for tightly-coupled stereo VIVPS can better satisfy the real-time requirement of the system.
Infectious disease outbreaks in the African region: overview of events reported to the World Health Organization in 2018
Authors: Mboussou F. , Ndumbi P. , Ngom R. , Kassamali Z. , Ogundiran O. , Van Beek J. , Williams G. , Okot C. , Hamblion E. L. , Impouma B.
Published: November 2019

The WHO African region is characterised by the largest infectious disease burden in the world. We conducted a retrospective descriptive analysis using records of all infectious disease outbreaks formally reported to the WHO in 2018 by Member States of the African region. We analysed the spatio-temporal distribution, the notification delay as well as the morbidity and mortality associated with these outbreaks. In 2018, 96 new disease outbreaks were reported across 36 of the 47 Member States. The most commonly reported disease outbreak was cholera which accounted for 20.8% (n = 20) of all events, followed by measles (n = 11, 11.5%) and Yellow fever (n = 7, 7.3%). About a quarter of the outbreaks (n = 23) were reported following signals detected through media monitoring conducted at the WHO regional office for Africa. The median delay between the disease onset and WHO notification was 16 days (range: 0–184). A total of 107 167 people were directly affected including 1221 deaths (mean case fatality ratio (CFR): 1.14% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07%–1.20%)). The highest CFR was observed for diseases targeted for eradication or elimination: 3.45% (95% CI 0.89%–10.45%). The African region remains prone to outbreaks of infectious diseases. It is therefore critical that Member States improve their capacities to rapidly detect, report and respond to public health events.
Deservingness Transfers
Authors: Skarsaune Knut Olav
Published: November 2019

This article seeks to cause trouble for a brand of consequentialism known as ‘desertarianism’. In somewhat different ways, views of this kind evaluate outcomes more favourably, other things equal, the better the fit between the welfare different people enjoy and the welfare they each deserve. These views imply that we can improve outcomes by redistributing welfare to fit desert, which seems plausible enough. Unfortunately, they also imply that we can improve outcomes by redistributing desert to fit welfare: in other words, by making happy people more deserving, at the cost of making unhappy people less deserving. Extant versions of desertarianism predict that such ‘deservingness transfers’ are improvements and that we ought to carry them out. Even worse, they will sometimes rank deservingness transfers higher than simply benefitting deserving people who are poorly off.
Cops-on-the-dots: The linear stability of crime hotspots for a 1-D reaction-diffusion model of urban crime
Authors: BUTTENSCHOEN ANDREAS , KOLOKOLNIKOV THEODORE , WARD MICHAEL J. , WEI JUNCHENG
Published: November 2019

In a singularly perturbed limit, we analyse the existence and linear stability of steady-state hotspot solutions for an extension of the 1-D three-component reaction-diffusion (RD) system formulated and studied numerically in Jones et. al. [Math. Models. Meth. Appl. Sci., 20, Suppl., (2010)], which models urban crime with police intervention. In our extended RD model, the field variables are the attractiveness field for burglary, the criminal population density and the police population density. Our model includes a scalar parameter that determines the strength of the police drift towards maxima of the attractiveness field. For a special choice of this parameter, we recover the ‘cops-on-the-dots’ policing strategy of Jones et. al., where the police mimic the drift of the criminals towards maxima of the attractiveness field. For our extended model, the method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to construct 1-D steady-state hotspot patterns as well as to derive nonlocal eigenvalue problems (NLEPs) that characterise the linear stability of these hotspot steady states to ${\cal O}$(1) timescale instabilities. For a cops-on-the-dots policing strategy, we prove that a multi-hotspot steady state is linearly stable to synchronous perturbations of the hotspot amplitudes. Alternatively, for asynchronous perturbations of the hotspot amplitudes, a hybrid analytical–numerical method is used to construct linear stability phase diagrams in the police vs. criminal diffusivity parameter space. In one particular region of these phase diagrams, the hotspot steady states are shown to be unstable to asynchronous oscillatory instabilities in the hotspot amplitudes that arise from a Hopf bifurcation. Within the context of our model, this provides a parameter range where the effect of a cops-on-the-dots policing strategy is to only displace crime temporally between neighbouring spatial regions. Our hybrid approach to study the NLEPs combines rigorous spectral results with a numerical parameterisation of any Hopf bifurcation threshold. For the cops-on-the-dots policing strategy, our linear stability predictions for steady-state hotspot patterns are confirmed from full numerical PDE simulations of the three-component RD system.
Multivariate analysis and selection criteria for identification of African rice(Oryza glaberrima)for genetic improvement ofindicarice cultivars
Authors: Ishwarya Lakshmi V. G. , Sreedhar M. , Vanisri S. , Anantha M. S. , Subba Rao L. V. , Gireesh C.
Published: November 2019

Thirty-one accessions ofOryza glaberrimawere evaluated to study the genetic variability, correlation, path, principal component analysis (PCA) andD2analysis. Box plots depicted high estimates of variability for days to 50% flowering and grain yield per plant inKharif2016, plant height, productive tillers, panicle length and 1000 seed weight inKharif2017. Correlation studies revealed days to 50% flowering, plant height, panicle length, number of productive tillers, spikelets per panicle having a high direct positive association with grain yield, while path analysis identified the number of productive tillers having the maximum direct positive effect on grain yield. Days to 50% floweringviaspikelets per panicle, productive tillers and plant heightviaspikelets per panicle exhibited high positive indirect effects on grain yield per plant. PCA showed that a cumulative variance of 54.752% from yield per plant, days to 50% flowering, spikelets per panicle and panicle length, contributing almost all the variation of traits whileD2analysis identified days to 50% flowering and grain yield per plant contributing maximum to the genetic diversity. Therefore, selection of accessions with more number of productive tillers and early maturity would be most suitable for yield improvement programme. The study has revealed the utility of African rice germplasm and its potential to utilize in the genetic improvement ofindica rice varieties.
Does individual and collective remembrance of past violence impede or foster reconciliation? From Argentina to Sri Lanka
Authors: Stockwell Jill
Published: November 2019

While the dominant human rights discourse on transitional justice constitutes a mix of reinforcing aims that seek to “make peace with” a violent past, this article complicates this notion by exploring how affective memories can prevent individuals from envisioning a future for themselves in which their individual and their nation's past is safely left behind. In the context of ongoing debates over whether to remember or forget a country's traumatic past, the article will show how affective memories of violence and disappearance prevail and disrupt the reconciliation paradigm, and need to be taken into account in transitional justice processes.
Considering the Role of Adaptive Evolution in Models of the Ocean and Climate System
Authors: Ward B. A. , Collins S. , Dutkiewicz S. , Gibbs S. , Bown P. , Ridgwell A. , Sauterey B. , Wilson J. D. , Oschlies A.
Published: November 2019

Numerical models have been highly successful in simulating global carbon and nutrient cycles in today's ocean, together with observed spatial and temporal patterns of chlorophyll and plankton biomass at the surface. With this success has come some confidence in projecting the century‐scale response to continuing anthropogenic warming. There is also increasing interest in using such models to understand the role of plankton ecosystems in past oceans. However, today's marine environment is the product of billions of years of continual evolution—a process that continues today. In this paper, we address the questions of whether an assumption of species invariance is sufficient, and if not, under what circumstances current model projections might break down. To do this, we first identify the key timescales and questions asked of models. We then review how current marine ecosystem models work and what alternative approaches are available to account for evolution. We argue that for timescales of climate change overlapping with evolutionary timescales, accounting for evolution may to lead to very different projected outcomes regarding the timescales of ecosystem response and associated global biogeochemical cycling. This is particularly the case for past extinction events but may also be true in the future, depending on the eventual degree of anthropogenic disruption. The discipline of building new numerical models that incorporate evolution is also hugely beneficial in itself, as it forces us to question what we know about adaptive evolution, irrespective of its quantitative role in any specific event or environmental changes.
Systematic Variation in Marine Dissolved Organic Matter Stoichiometry and Remineralization Ratios as a Function of Lability
Authors: Zakem Emily J. , Levine Naomi M.
Published: November 2019

Remineralization of organic matter by heterotrophic organisms regulates the biological sequestration of carbon, thereby mediating atmospheric CO2. While surface nutrient supply impacts the elemental ratios of primary production, stoichiometric control by remineralization remains unclear. Here we develop a mechanistic description of remineralization and its stoichiometry in a marine microbial ecosystem model. The model simulates the observed elemental plasticity of phytoplankton and the relatively constant, lower C:N of heterotrophic biomass. In addition, the model captures the observed decreases in the C:N of more labile dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the C:N of its remineralization with depth, which are driven by a switch in the dominant source of DOM from phytoplankton to heterotrophic biomass. Only a model version with targeted remineralization of N‐rich components is able to simulate the observed profiles of preferential remineralization of N relative to C and the elevated C:N of bulk DOM. The model suggests that more labile substrates are associated with C‐limited heterotrophic growth and not with preferential remineralization, while less labile substrates are associated with growth limited by processing rates and with preferential remineralization. The resulting patterns of variable remineralization stoichiometry mediate the extent to which a proportional increase in carbon production resulting from changes in phytoplankton stoichiometry can increase the efficiency of the biological pump. Results emphasize the importance of understanding the physiology of both phytoplankton and heterotrophs for anticipating changes in biologically driven ocean carbon storage.
Ductile Deformation Without Localization: Insights From Numerical Modeling
Authors: Gardner Robyn L. , Piazolo Sandra , Daczko Nathan R. , Evans Lynn
Published: November 2019

Strain is easily localized in a polyphase rock, especially if the rock undergoes syntectonic weakening processes. However, there is ample field evidence for distributed, rather than localized, deformation at the outcrop to hundreds of square kilometer scale. In these areas, distributed strain is evidenced by the presence of continuous foliations and a lack of distinct high‐strain zones. Here, we use numerical modeling of viscous deformation to investigate the conditions that allow distributed rather than localized deformation. We identify three strain localization regimes for a system with rheologically strong and weak phases with or without stress‐induced weakening. Regime I is characterized by distributed strain. It forms where either deformation‐induced interconnection of the weak phase is not possible or the initial weak phase area is intermediate to high (i.e., > ~40–60% of total depending on weak phase geometry). Their resultant bulk strength is either strong or weak, respectively. Regime II is characterized by variably distributed areas of strain localization and develops if the initial proportion of weak phases is intermediate (i.e., 40–60% weak phase depending on geometry) and syntectonic weakening causes an increase (up to ~12%) of weak phase proportion. Regime III exhibits significant strain localization and only develops if the initial proportion of weak phases is relatively low (<20%) and syntectonic weakening increases the proportion of weak phases by over ~12%. Here, high‐strain zones readily form irrespective of the initial distribution of rheologically weak and hard phases, and bulk strength is intermediate.
Can Precursory Moment Release Scale With Earthquake Magnitude? A View From the Laboratory
Authors: Acosta Mateo , Passelègue François X. , Schubnel Alexandre , Madariaga Raúl , Violay Marie
Published: November 2019

Today, earthquake precursors remain debated. While precursory slow slip is an important feature of earthquake nucleation, foreshock sequences are not always observed, and their temporal evolution remains poorly constrained. We report on laboratory earthquakes conducted under upper‐crustal stress and fluid pressure conditions. The dynamics of precursors (slip, seismicity, and fault coupling) prior to the mainshock are dramatically affected by slight changes in fault conditions (fluid pressure and slip history). A relationship between precursory moment release and mainshock magnitude is systematically observed, independent of fault conditions. Based on nucleation theory, we derive a semiempirical scaling relationship which explains this trend for laboratory earthquakes. Several natural observations of earthquakes ranging from ~Mw 6.0–9.0, where precursory moment release could be estimated, seem to follow the extrapolation of the laboratory‐derived scaling law. Notwithstanding spatiotemporal complexity in natural seismicity, some moderate to large earthquake magnitudes might be estimated through integrated seismological and geodetic measurements of both seismic and aseismic slips during nucleation.
The Molecular Basis for the Heat Capacity and Thermal Expansion of Natural Waters
Authors: Brewer Peter G. , Peltzer Edward T.
Published: November 2019

The high heat capacity of seawater has been cited as why 93% of the heat trapped by anthropogenic greenhouse gases is absorbed by the ocean. Specific heats (CP) are closely tied to molecular weight. The mean molecular weight of pure water over the range 0–40 °C is 86.1–80.7 and 89.4–84.5 for seawater. Warming of water increases the kinetic energy of the molecules and induces breaking of hydrogen bonds (8.364 kJ/mol); both effects increase the volume of the fluid. Warming pure water from 0–10 °C increases the single H2O molecular form by 1.64%, accounting for 36.3% of the energy consumed. The specific heat of pure water is thus attributable (63.7%) to increasing the kinetic energy of the water, and (36.3%) to the energy required to break hydrogen bonds. For seawater, 34.7% of the energy goes to breaking hydrogen bonds while the rest (65.3%) is attributable to increasing the kinetic energy of the molecules.
Thermospheric Heating and Cooling Times During Geomagnetic Storms, Including Extreme Events
Authors: Zesta Eftyhia , Oliveira Denny M.
Published: November 2019

We present the first quantitative calculations of thermospheric heating and cooling times for geomagnetic storms of different intensity, including extreme events. We utilize the neutral mass density database of the CHAllenging Mini‐satellite Payload and Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment missions to produce thermospheric global system response to geomagnetic storms caused by coronal mass ejections via superposed epoch analysis during May 2001 to December 2015. Storm events are grouped in five different categories based on the minimum value of the SYM‐H index. We calculate the time from storm onset for the thermosphere to reach maximum intensification (heating time) and the time from onset for the thermosphere to recover (cooling time). We find that heating and cooling times decrease as storm intensity increases and the effect is more pronounced for the cooling times. For extreme storms, the thermospheric heating time is 9.5 hr, while the cooling time is 22 hr.
Dynamic Evolution of Permeability in Response to Chemo‐Mechanical Compaction
Authors: Macente Alice , Vanorio Tiziana , Miller Kevin J. , Fusseis Florian , Butler Ian B.
Published: November 2019

Pressure‐solution creep is an important fluid‐mediated deformation mechanism, causing chemo‐mechanical transformations and porosity and permeability changes in rocks. The presence of phyllosilicates, in particular, has previously been hypothesized to further reduce porosity and pore connectivity. Nevertheless, a full characterization of the spatiotemporal evolution of permeability during this process has yet to be reported. A pure NaCl aggregate and a mixture of NaCl and biotite were deformed through pressure‐solution creep while monitoring their microstructural evolution through computed X‐ray microtomography. The evolution of permeability and fluid velocity of the samples were computed by using the pore geometries from the X‐ray microtomography as input for the Lattice‐Boltzmann modeling. The results indicate that, as deformation proceeds, porosity and permeability decrease in both samples. In the salt‐biotite sample pressure solution creep causes the formation of a compaction band perpendicular to the direction of loading, forming a barrier for permeability. Along the other two directions, pore connectivity and permeability are retained in the marginal salt layers, making the sample strongly anisotropic. The presence of biotite controls the way pore coordination number evolves and hence the connectivity of the pathways. Biotite flakes create an enhanced porosity decrease leading to compaction and reduction of pore connectivity. This reduction in porosity affects local stresses and local contact areas, reducing over time the driving force. According to a texture‐porosity process, the reduction in porosity causes salt ions to dissolve in the marginal salt and precipitate within the biotite‐bearing layer, where the bulk volume of salt grains increases over time.
Jurassic–Early Cenozoic Tectonic Inversion in the Qilian Shan and Qaidam Basin, North Tibet: New Insight From Seismic Reflection, Isopach Mapping, and Drill Core Data
Authors: Cheng Feng , Jolivet Marc , Guo Zhaojie , Lu Huayu , Zhang Bo , Li Xiangzhong , Zhang Daowei , Zhang Changhao , Zhang Hanzhi , Wang Lin , Wang Zhenqiang , Zhang Qiquan
Published: November 2019

The pre‐Cenozoic structural pattern of Asia has had a strong impact on the localization and propagation of the Cenozoic deformation that gave birth to the Tibetan Plateau. Northern Tibet represents a key area to decipher the structural and kinematic links between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic evolution of Tibet. Nonetheless, the Mesozoic tectonic setting of the North Tibet and the role that the Paleozoic inherited Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) shearing zone played in controlling the regional tectonic pattern during the deposition of the Mesozoic strata remain controversial. This study is based on seismic reflections, isopach maps of the Mesozoic strata in the Qaidam Basin, and provenance analysis using detrital zircon geochronological and heavy mineral contents. Seismic reflections and isopach maps demonstrate that sustained strike‐slip motion along the ATF during the Early to Late Jurassic induced transtensional basin formation. Further away from the main ATF (eastern parts of the Qilian Shan and the northern Qaidam Basin), transtension also occurred along major faults, although local transpression developed in relay zones. Rotation in the regional stress field induced compression and basin inversion during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. The Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in these regions display widespread growth strata and angular unconformities characteristic of compression. This is consistent with topographic changes marked by sediment source variation evidenced by detrital zircon geochronology and heavy mineral analysis. We propose that the mechanism driving the Jurassic extension/transtension in North Tibet could be related to far‐field effects of subduction processes along the southern margins of the continent.
Three‐Dimensional Structure of a Cold‐Core Arctic Eddy Interacting with the Chukchi Slope Current
Authors: Scott Ryan M. , Pickart Robert S. , Lin Peigen , Münchow Andreas , Li Min , Stockwell Dean A. , Brearley J. Alexander
Published: November 2019

A rapid, high‐resolution shipboard survey, using a combination of lowered and expendable hydrographic measurements and vessel‐mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler data, provided a unique three‐dimensional view of an Arctic anti‐cyclonic cold‐core eddy. The eddy was situated 50‐km seaward of the Chukchi Sea shelfbreak over the 1,000 m isobath, embedded in the offshore side of the Chukchi slope current. The eddy core, centered near 150‐m depth, consisted of newly ventilated Pacific winter water which was high in nitrate and dissolved oxygen. Its fluorescence signal was due to phaeopigments rather than chlorophyll, indicating that photosynthesis was no longer active, consistent with an eddy age on the order of months. Subtracting out the slope current signal demonstrated that the eddy velocity field was symmetrical with a peak azimuthal speed of order 10 cm s−1. Its Rossby number was ~0.4, consistent with the fact that the measured cyclogeostrophic velocity was dominated by the geostrophic component. Different scenarios are discussed regarding how the eddy became embedded in the slope current, and what the associated ramifications are with respect to eddy spin‐down and ventilation of the Canada Basin halocline.
Impacts of ENSO and IOD on Snow Depth Over the Tibetan Plateau: Roles of Convections Over the Western North Pacific and Indian Ocean
Authors: Jiang Xingwen , Zhang Tuantuan , Tam Chi‐Yung , Chen Junwen , Lau Ngar‐Cheung , Yang Song , Wang Zunya
Published: November 2019

There is a consensus that snow over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) modulates the regional climate significantly. Possible causes for the interannual variability of snow over the TP, however, are under debate, especially regarding the independent roles of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean dipole (IOD). Based on in situ observational data analyses and model simulations, our study shows that impacts of ENSO and IOD on snow depth (SD) over the TP are different during early winter. In particular, ENSO mostly affects SD over the eastern TP, while IOD affects SD over the central western TP. Both above‐normal snowfall and cold temperature anomaly contribute to deeper‐than‐normal SD, with the former playing a more important role. Diabatic cooling of the suppressed convection over the western North Pacific that related to the positive phase of ENSO could excite an anomalous cyclonic circulation and strong cold temperature anomalies over the eastern TP. There is an enhanced moisture transported over the eastern TP from the tropics due to the anomalous cyclonic circulation, along with strong cold temperature anomalies, resulting in above‐normal snowfall in the eastern TP. On the other hand, anomalous convection over the western Indian Ocean related to the positive IOD could generate a wave train propagating northeastward and induce an anomalous cyclonic circulation over the central western TP. The associated anomalous circulation transports extra moisture from the tropics to the central western TP, providing conditions favorable for more snowfall over the central western TP. Opposite conditions tend to occur during negative phases of ENSO and IOD.
Dusty Deep Convection in the Mars Year 34 Planet‐Encircling Dust Event
Authors: Heavens Nicholas G. , Kass David M. , Shirley James H.
Published: November 2019

Dusty convection, convective activity powered by radiative heating of dust, is a ubiquitous phenomenon in Mars's atmosphere but is especially deep (i.e., impactful on the middle atmosphere) and widespread during planet‐encircling dust events (PEDEs) that occur every few Mars Years (MYs). Yet the relative roles of dusty deep convection and global dynamics, such as the principal meridional overturning cell and the radiative tides, in dust storm development and the vertical transport of dust and water are still unclear. Here, observations from the Mars Climate Sounder on board Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO‐MCS) are used to study dusty deep convection and its impact on middle atmospheric water content during the MY 34 PEDE (commenced June 2018). Additional context is provided by MRO‐MCS observations of the MY 28 PEDE (commenced June 2007). This investigation establishes that a few, localized centers of dusty deep convection in the tropics formed in the initial phases of both PEDE simultaneously with a substantial increase in middle atmospheric water content. The growth phase of the MY 34 PEDE was defined by episodic outbreaks of deep convection along the Acidalia and Utopia storm tracks as opposed to less episodic, more longitudinally distributed convective activity during the MY 28 PEDE. The most intense convection during both PEDE was observed in southern/eastern Tharsis, where MRO‐MCS observed multiple instances of deep convective clouds transporting dust to altitudes of 70–90 km. These results suggest that Martian PEDE typically contain multiple convectively active mesoscale weather systems.
Controls on Carbon, Nutrient, and Sediment Cycling in a Large, Semiarid Estuarine System; Princess Charlotte Bay, Australia
Authors: Crosswell Joseph R. , Carlin Geoffrey , Steven Andy
Published: November 2019

Semiarid estuaries are characterized by pronounced seasonal variability, and a functional understanding of these systems requires constraint of coupled biogeochemical processes and relevant temporal and spatial scales. Here, we integrate 2 years of spatial surveys and time‐series measurements to quantify physical, chemical, and biological drivers in the largest estuarine system in the Great Barrier Reef region. During wet season, freshwater inputs of nutrients and sediment to estuaries were dominated by flood pulses, whereas carbonate input was also influenced by groundwater discharge. This carbonate input counteracted the minimum buffering zone that would otherwise occur at low salinities, thereby decreasing system‐wide air‐water CO2 fluxes. Sediment resuspension was a major control on the transformation and transport of material over tidal and seasonal scales. During wet season, tidal resuspension of benthic algae in nearshore mixing zones acted as an autotrophic filter, removing most bioavailable nutrients from the brackish plume. During dry season, upstream transport combined with hypersaline conditions trapped material in upper estuaries where denitrification and net heterotrophy were high. However, the role of sediment transport varied depending on tidal asymmetry and density‐driven circulation. Estuarine regions with large intertidal areas were dominated by salt flat erosion, which showed a diagenetic signature associated with mid‐Holocene swamp sediments. Tidal resuspension of these organic‐rich sediments appeared to be the dominant control on biogeochemical cycling in coastal waters. This study demonstrates that a holistic understanding of coastal ecosystem connectivity and function requires resolution of both along‐axis and water‐column gradients as well as a range of timescales from tidal to geological cycles.
Soil Moisture Data Assimilation to Estimate Irrigation Water Use
Authors: Abolafia‐Rosenzweig R. , Livneh B. , Small E.E. , Kumar S.V.
Published: November 2019

Knowledge of irrigation is essential to support food security, manage depleting water resources, and comprehensively understand the global water and energy cycles. Despite the importance of understanding irrigation, little consistent information exists on the amount of water that is applied for irrigation. In this study, we develop and evaluate a new method to predict daily to seasonal irrigation magnitude using a particle batch smoother data assimilation approach, where land surface model soil moisture is applied in different configurations to understand how characteristics of remotely sensed soil moisture may impact the performance of the method. The study employs a suite of synthetic data assimilation experiments, allowing for systematic diagnosis of known error sources. Assimilation of daily synthetic soil moisture observations with zero noise produces irrigation estimates with a seasonal bias of 0.66% and a correlation of 0.95 relative to a known truth irrigation. When synthetic observations were subjected to an irregular overpass interval and random noise similar to the Soil Moisture Active Passive satellite (0.04 cm3 cm−3), irrigation estimates produced a median seasonal bias of <1% and a correlation of 0.69. When systematic biases commensurate with those between NLDAS‐2 land surface models and Soil Moisture Active Passive are imposed, irrigation estimates show larger biases. In this application, the particle batch smoother outperformed the particle filter. The presented framework has the potential to provide new information into irrigation magnitude over spatially continuous domains, yet its broad applicability is contingent upon identifying new method(s) of determining irrigation schedule and correcting biases between observed and simulated soil moisture, as these errors markedly degraded performance.
Beyond the RPA and GW methods with adiabatic xc-kernels for accurate ground state and quasiparticle energies
Authors: Olsen Thomas , Patrick Christopher E. , Bates Jefferson E. , Ruzsinszky Adrienn , Thygesen Kristian S.
Published: November 2019

We review the theory and application of adiabatic exchange–correlation (xc)-kernels for ab initio calculations of ground state energies and quasiparticle excitations within the frameworks of the adiabatic connection fluctuation dissipation theorem and Hedin’s equations, respectively. Various different xc-kernels, which are all rooted in the homogeneous electron gas, are introduced but hereafter we focus on the specific class of renormalized adiabatic kernels, in particular the rALDA and rAPBE. The kernels drastically improve the description of short-range correlations as compared to the random phase approximation (RPA), resulting in significantly better correlation energies. This effect greatly reduces the reliance on error cancellations, which is essential in RPA, and systematically improves covalent bond energies while preserving the good performance of the RPA for dispersive interactions. For quasiparticle energies, the xc-kernels account for vertex corrections that are missing in the GW self-energy. In this context, we show that the short-range correlations mainly correct the absolute band positions while the band gap is less affected in agreement with the known good performance of GW for the latter. The renormalized xc-kernels offer a rigorous extension of the RPA and GW methods with clear improvements in terms of accuracy at little extra computational cost.