bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
World Investments, Global Terrorism and the New Perception of Politic Risk
Authors: Koç Murat , Çiftçi Hakkı
Published: December 2019

Based on economic power struggle, the economic strength began to take the place of military power and economic security has been considered as important as military security in this new world order. Multinational companies and their feasibility studies constitute the agenda of politic risks before entering these markets. Political risk faced by firms can be defined as “the risk of a strategic, financial, or personnel loss for a firm because of such nonmarket factors as macroeconomic and social policies, or events related to political instability”. However, terrorism should be considered as a multiplier effect on some of the components mentioned above. Terrorism itself and these strict measures directly affect investments. In 2012, FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) flows into the Middle East and North Africa have been adversely affected by political risk over the past couple of years. Investor perceptions of political risks in the region remain elevated across a range of risks. The Arab Spring countries have fared worse than other developing countries in the region. The risk perception of civil disturbance and political violence, but also breach of contract, is especially prominent in Arab Spring countries. In other words, global terrorism has created a negative multiplier effect in the region. In this context, Multiplier effect can be summarized as an effect on a target, situation or event which exceed its creating strength than expected. Considering this impact, MNC’s SWOT analysis and investment analysis must signify a redefinition in a wide range by the means of political risk perceptions.
Distribution of Tax Revenue of Central Government to Local Governments: Glocalization
Authors: Kaplanhan Fatih , Korkut Cem
Published: December 2019

Main questions of this study are “How much autonomy?” and “Has autonomy take to feudalism?” Although the resolution of issue according to effective, efficient, rational and fair principles about the income distribution between the central administration and the municipalities is a precondition of permanent and efficient services of local governments.This study aims to identify regional goverments tasks and improve services of central governments with taxes (VAT) distirbution method. We also aim to increase taxes that are collected from regional governments with the method of glocalization. In addition, if sharing criteria was different, it would how a change between the years 2003-2011 will be investigated. During the comprehensive analysis of these years with public revenues on the basis of VAT, local government’s expenditure, criteria/data to be applied in the share of public revenues to municipalities whether changing the method financing of municipalities can make local governments more efficient and productive will be explored. In a political structure that municipalities are financed from the center, it is very difficult to find an appropriate combination between equality and justice in the distribution of income. Local governments must have privileges which is proportionate with responsibilities on own mandates and source of income for producing to serve as an effective and efficient local services. The results show that if the central governments give budget to regional government according to taxes that are collected in this region, productivity of taxation increase and regional government can collect taxes easier.
Reflections Of Public Disclosure And Transparency Principles To Accounting Information System In Corporate Governance Basic
Authors: Kalaycı Emine , Özpeynirci Rabia
Published: December 2019

Financial crises occurred in international markets and costs of these crises to investors at microeconomic level and to whole country at macroeconomic level caused institutional administration to have more interest. There are some regulations in this area to follow events in the world closely and to increase the contributions of capital markets on economic development. Background of institutional administration is regulated by Capital Market Legislation, Turkish Trade Legislation, International Reporting Standards and Turkey Accounting Standards. These regulations stand out in accounting primarily. Accounting transactions have great importance with its decisive role about researching financial positions of entrepreneurs and implementing other financial responsibilities. Transparence which is the one principle of institutional transparence included corporate governance, explaining, responsibility has important role to achive this regulations. Transparence term has enhanced its importance in capital markets last years. Transparence is necessary to protect investor rights and get public trust. Corporate transparance is directly related with accountancy application and provided by the standart of accountancy which is admitted in international area. This study aims to uncover the relationship between the accounting system and the principle of transparency corporate governance. For this purpose, primarily corporate governance principles transparency and variable laws on emphasis at the same time will be included secondary data.
Comparision of Hedonic Regression Method and Artificial Neural Networks to Predict Housing Prices in Turkey
Authors: Ecer Fatih
Published: December 2019

Owner-occupied housing is both a place to live and also the most important asset in many households’ portfolio. Accurately predicting of house prices is therefore of great interest to the general public. This paper aims to compare the housing price prediction accuracies of Hedonic Model (HM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). In order to achieve this aim, two techniques’ prediction results were compared by using four performance criteria: RMSE, MAE, MAD, and Theil’s U statistic. This study uses the HM and ANNs to empirically determine the house prices in Turkey. HM is the standard technique for modeling the behavior of house prices over the past three decades and is based on micro economic theory. The non-linear relationship between house price and its determinants can be modeled by an ANN, so it is employed in this paper as an alternative method. Empirical results revealed that ANNs performed better than HM in house price predictions, indicating that ANNs could be useful for prediction of house prices. More clearly, the performance criteria from the ANNs are smaller than those from the HM by roughly 60-90%. For instance, the ANN model has about 77 percent lower RMSE, 91 percent lower MAE, 64 percent lower MAD, and 77 percent lower Theil’s U statistic than those of the HM.
Current Account Fragilities in the Balkan Countries
Authors: Uygur Ercan
Published: December 2019

The basic aim of this paper is to make an evaluation of the current account deficits in the Balkan countries. Particularly, sustainability of these deficits is explored for some countries on the basis of a criterion that makes use of variables including foreign debt ratio, growth rate, exchange rate, foreign interest rate and foreign trade balance ratio. Countries with significant current account deficit/GDP ratios include, in descending order, Albania, Bosnia Herzegovina, Turkey, Serbia and Macedonia. Sources of financing of the current account deficits, real exchange rates and inflation are other variables that are considered in the evaluations.
Keynesian System, Keynesian Policies and an Evaluation of What Keynes Might Have Advised Today
Authors: Hiç Özlen
Published: December 2019

We have surveyed in this article the development of the Keynesian macroeconomic system since 1936 up to the present. Our approach was, however, analytical rather than historical and descriptive. Keynesian System, hence Neo-Keynesians and modern Keynesian schools, such as New Keynesian Economics and Post-Keynesian Economics visualize that, if left by itself, the economy will give unemployment due to insufficiency of aggregate demand. In the article, the Keynesian policies are analysed with respect to their efficiency. Keynesian System was developed and modified in the face of criticisms by its opponents. We emphasize in our article that the Keynesian System was mainstream most of the time both in academic circles and in implementation. Presently again, basically Keynesian System has the upper hand, mostly New Keynesian Economics and also to some extent, Post-Keynesian Economics.The last section of the article covers an evaluation of what Keynes might have said for today’s economic problems.
The Analysis of Turkey-Russia External Trade at the Sectoral Level
Authors: Akbulut Gizem , Yılmaz Candan
Published: December 2019

Generally the growth of country and the development of countries’regional level depend upon the competitive power of other countries and their regions as well. In this context with globalization, the concept of competition in terms of individuals or firms have been not only limited to the local level, but also moved into the international order. Turkey has started to implement export-oriented industrialization policy taken decision on 24 April 1980 and thereby the capacity of its foreign trade has gradually increased in the current process.
Starting from this direction, the aim of the study is to determine the sectoral analysis of the 2001-2014 periods in terms of the foreign trade relationship between Turkey and Russia. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the Turkey-Russia’s foreign trade on the basis of commodity groups. In this study, commodity group data located in Standard International Trade Classification obtained from the Turkey Statistical Institute database was used. In the analysis of study the Revealed Comparative Advantage index was calculated to measure the strength of competition between Turkey and Russia. Since the 2000s, considering Russia’s trade profile as one of the Turkey's most important trade partner, energy and natural resources in exports and consumer goods in import have a siginificant share in trade between these contries. In conclusion, despite the increasing trade between the two countries, in terms of assestment of the competitive power and the commodity group, it has been found that leading countries has not been changed.
Implications of Intertemporal External Budget Deficits in Euroasian Countries
Authors: Azgün Sabri
Published: December 2019

Economies should pay attention to the deficits of the balance of payments in order to achieve a sustainable economic growth and development within the process of globalisation. A country having risks in terms of current account deficits can be evaluated as the current economic policy is having problems at present and will have in days to come in the point of sustainability. The sustainability of the current account deficits are defined by the intertemporal budget constraint. According to the budget constraints, the path of outlays to the external world with revenues obtained from abroad determines intertemporal solvency contidion. If there is no long-run equilibrium relationship between these two variables, intertemporal budget constaint will not be provided. The aim of this study is to determine whether it satisfies the intertemporal solvency condition of Euorasian economies for the period 2005Q1-2014Q4. In this study, by analyzing intertemporal externel budget consratint by unit root and cointegration methods, it is examined that carries potantieal risk in terms of the current account balance of Euroasian economies.
Caspian Region Integration Initiatives: Trends and Prospects
Authors: Parkhomchik Lidiya
Published: December 2019

Nowadays, along with the fast-developing processes of globalization there is an active dissemination of the regionalization process, which allows the nation-states to reach a higher level of cooperation and, in most cases, leads to the creation of supranational organizations. Although the level of integrity and interdependence in particular interstate regional organizations considerably differs from one part of the word to another, nevertheless, each state is aware of the need to achieve a higher level of economic and, in some cases, political integration.
The basic tendency marked above can be fully applicable to characterize the current trends, which, to some extent, are fixed in the dialogue between the countries of Caspian Five. It becomes more and more obvious that the Caspian states feel the need for improving multilateral economic relations, so as strengthening security, cultural and environmental cooperation. Therefore, the article is devoted to identifying promising political and economic initiatives that could form the basis for future regional integration.
Role of Investment Incentives in Removal of Regional Imbalances and Convergence Analysis as Success Criteria: The Turkish Case
Authors: Gerni Cevat , Sarı Selahattin , Sevinç Haktan , Emsen Ömer Selçuk
Published: December 2019

Together with starting to observe the situations like the development differences seen between the countries after industrial revolution between the cities and regions of the countries. This situation leads some of the cities to emigrate and some other cities to become more crowded. The negative externalities emerging in migration-receiving cities make the life in those cities intolerable, whilst the decreasing population of emigrant cities triggers the decrease in both of demand and supply that is a production factor. The reflection of this situation shows itself as the cycle of “migration-revenue decrease-migration”. Through the investment incentives given to underdeveloped regions in order to prevent the migration that is a reflection of regional imbalances, it is aimed to decrease the imbalances by increasing the employment and revenue. The incentives applied in the year after statistical region classification in Turkey consist of incentives in periods of 2004-2008 and 2009-2012. In this study, it has been examined if there is any convergence between the income per capita in city and region axes, and if the incentives have any influence on this convergence. The investment incentives prepared in accordance with the realities of the cities eliminate the development differences by creating more efficient results. As a policy argument, it can be asserted that the incentive implementations considering the comparative superiorities of the cities will play more important roles in both of ensuring the efficient use of the resources and closing the development differences.
Impact on Organizational Commitment of Attitudes towards Work-Life Balance of Employees
Authors: Durna Ufuk , Babayiğit Ali
Published: December 2019

Work and family environment is the areas that individuals spend most of their time and gives the most importance comparatively. Despite the rules, different and perceived thoughts and behavior patterns they have, these fields represent the area continually interacting with each other. Work and family is two most important elements in every person’s life. For this reason, individuals have certain roles in their work and family life. These roles are the most significant roles undertaken in their lives. They have to strike a balance to play the roles in their work and family life and to get the expected yield.
Work and life balance is the most important aim for individuals and family members interacting each other in work and family life. Having a balance in work and life is significant not only for working individual but also for the society he lives.
Today, the subject how the expectations on work and private life can be balanced has become a specific discipline because of the radical changes on the responsibilities related to work and family.
Examining the previous studies, it is seen that workers can’t achieve a healthy balance between work and private life and as a result they can’t work efficiently and can’t allow time to their families. Therefore, they face individually organizational and environmental problems.
In this paper, the significance of the balance from the point of individuals and organizations and the extent of influence on work and family balance to employee’s organizational commitment will be studied.
Comparative Analysis of Central Asian Tourism Product from Point of View of Turkish Travelers: A Case of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekista
Authors: Kantarcı Kemal , Basaran Murat Alper , Özyurt Paşa Mustafa
Published: December 2019

Central Asia (CA) region consist of five countries, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, which is the core of Asian continent. Ancient Silk Road has played the critical role of connecting the East and West through the history and today. CA has a rich history, culture and nature conditions as pull factors for world tourism market. This region as a new destination is becoming more important in the international travel and tourism market. All five countries have been experiencing transition period and have been facing some domestic and international issues with respect to tourism perspective.
In this study, Turkish travelers for different motivations ranging from business to vacation visiting Central Asia are asked to evaluate the region based on some personal and expectation attributes. The investigation includes some fundamental factors such as key desires to travel to Central Asia or some mind-set not visiting there. For this purpose, approximately 200 responses are gathered from persons traveling there for different motivations including business, travel and so on. Multi Dimensional Scaling is run in order to display graphically the attributes on two dimensional graphs. This research is a pioneer work that sheds light on the future studies that will be conducted by both academicians and practitioners. Also, it reflects the Turkish travelers’ expectations to CA region as a tourism destination.
The main findings can be summarized as the key factors leading people either to travel CA or not to travel there by gender, country and some other personal attributes.
An Investigation of Country Efficiencies as to Human Development Index Variables
Authors: Başar Selim , Eren Murat , Eren Miraç
Published: December 2019

Inability to resolve a number of social problems in the developed countries has brought forward the relationship between economic growth and human development in the research agenda. One of the important research carried out in this context has been the calculation of the Human Development Index (HDI).
The aim of this study is to measure the relative efficiencies of each country in each group of countries ranked as to their HDI Index values by evaluating each group in itself and to recommend policies for effective utilization of their resources. Non-input radial-based Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models, in which the efficiency measured only by utilizing output variables, was employed for this aim. Life expectancy, education and GDP indices used in calculation of HDI were used as output variables for the estimations.
Comparison of the Economic Performance of Turkish Republics in Central Asia with TOPSIS Method
Authors: Göktolga Ziya Gökalp , Karakış Engin , Türkay Hakan
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study is to compare the economic performance of Turkish Republics in Central Asia with Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. Turkish Republics have been experiencing a transition from a centrally planned economy towards a market economy since their independence. In this study important macroeconomic indicators are used to determine economic performance. Economic performance evaluation of the country is an important issue for economic management, investors, creditors and stock investors. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method outranks the countries according to the proximity of the positive ideal solution and distance of the negative ideal solution. Economic Performance of Turkish Republics in Central Asia (Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan) are compared with TOPSIS method. İnvestigated with TOPSIS method countries best and worst economic performance years are detected during mentioned period and results are analyzed.
Economics of the Muslim Everyday Life: Religious and Economic Practices of Muslims in the Republic of Tatarstan
Authors: Garaeva Alsou
Published: December 2019

The change of the economic model in Russia in the beginning of the 1990’s has laid basis for the public institutionalization of religious associations. The sphere of commercial religious services has appeared and a diversification of the religious practices has begun. In the regions of Russian Federation Muslims make up about 10%, including Tatarstan with a Muslim majority of about 50%. This creates a fertile soil for the business targeted for satisfying Muslims’ needs. The research that we have carried out as a part of the quality strategy, and particularly, the depth interview, the expert survey and the overt observation, shows that there are some barriers to introduction and successful development of such elements of the Islamic economics as Islamic banking and Islamic insurance. And the explanation for this fact lies in everyday, microcosociological practices. The services of "Muslim" taxi or messages informing about the prayers time didn't "survive" in Tatarstan. Nevertheless, there are 29 prosperous catering enterprises which specialize in "halal" meals, 34 Muslim clothes and accompanying goods shops, 6 Islamic bookstores, 3 large travel agencies organizing pilgrimage tours, and two beauty parlors using "halal" standard cosmetics in the Tatar capital. Thus a successful business is usually connected to the Muslims' everyday needs. The results of investigations indicate that introduction of new religious services require a careful preliminary study of the market and of the needs of the religious people, the exact forecast of the demand of the specific services and goods.
Tourism Marketing In Crisis Era
Authors: Karaçor Süleyman , Garda Betül
Published: December 2019

The tourism industry is a sector that growing very rapidly and it affects the economy substantially. At a time of crisis, tourism marketing should become a higher priority for tourism industry. Despite economic crisis has horrible effects, different positive results are seen over some sectors like tourism industry. In general, economic crisis is disorganazing the balances of the world. Apportionable costs should be reviewed in crisis periods. Luxury spendings must be reduced. But the tourism companies that have sufficient capital can create opportunity for growth with taking their competitors market shares. In tourism industry a strategy which has been established before must be applied implemented over the period of crisis without any modifications. But it is nearly impossible to go beyond crisis periods with simple measures. Being more careful, making quick decisions and being flexible are required. In this study, the interaction of economic crisis in tourism marketing and its positive aspects have been discussed and an approach about the precautions to be taken has been presented.
Relationship between Economic Freedom and Economic Growth in Some Selected Transition Economies: A Panel Data Analysis
Authors: Türkay Hakan
Published: December 2019

This study estimated the influence of economic freedom in transition economies between the years 2000-2012 on economic growth by using panel data analysis. Economic freedom index developed by Fraser Institute was used in the study. The index values prepared by this institute do not cover all economies in transition. In addition, there is missing data for the periods that the study covers in terms of some countries. Thus, the analysis uses the data about 15 economies in transition. The study was conducted within the scope of two different models. In one of these models, the global economic crisis of 2009 was also included. As a conclusion, a negative relationship was found between economic freedom and economic growth when the crisis was not included; however, there was a positive but statistically insignificant relationship when the crisis was taken into consideration.
Knowledge Economy and Turkey In Terms Of Innovation and Education
Authors: Sakız Burcu , Sakız Semih
Published: December 2019

Communication and information technologies have started to emerge since the 40s resulting major changes in the way business has been conducted and effected global economy. Transitions to knowledge-intensive business models become popular since late 1950s. Additionally intellectual capabilities become more important than physical inputs. Having sufficient national production and technology to create a welfare society similar to developed countries is crucial for any modern nation. One of the main developmental leverages for the globalization becomes the knowledge based economic approach. Developed by World Bank “Knowledge Assessment Methodology” is very important methodology in order to measure the progress of countries towards having a knowledge based economy. World Bank's four Knowledge Economy pillars: economic and institutional regime, education, innovation, and Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) developed for countries to make basic assessment of countries’ readiness for the knowledge economy and help them the transition to a Knowledge Economy. In this study, knowledge economy concept and its properties are presented. Furthermore this paper introduces the analysis of knowledge economy from Turkey’s perspective especially for the role of innovation and education pillars in the development of Turkey.
Investigation of EU Grant Funded Projects Implemented in Turkey (2000-2015)
Authors: Abacı Hilal , Saray Gizem , Akça Hasan , Şahin Levent
Published: December 2019

Turkey has benefitted from financial assistance of the EU in order to enhance the institutional capacity and the quality of legislation in different areas since 2001. It is aimed that Turkey could integrate easily to common policies when she became a full member of the EU via projects funded by the EU. In this context, financial assistance is distributed to both public and private sectors and also non-governmental organizations via Central Finance and Contracts Unit (CFCU), National Agency, Agriculture and Rural Development Support Institution (ARDSI), and Ministries. At least 50% or all of the funds in some projects have been taken from the EU.
After recognition of Turkey as a candidate country by the EU in December 1999, accession negotiations started between Turkey and the EU in October 2005. Therefore, the study covers the period of 2000-2015. The method of STEEPLED Analysis was used in the study. EU grant projects implemented in the last 15 years were investigated various point of view (Social, Technological, Economics, Environmental, Politics, Legal, European and Demographic) and in the light of the findings, contribution of the EU grant schemes to the local/regional development, employment, environmental conservation and reduction of poverty were determined.
The Impact of Microfinance on Entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Karymshakov Kamalbek , Sultakeev Kadyrbek , Sulaimanova Burulcha
Published: December 2019

This paper aims to investigate the impact of microfinance on entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan. For estimation the nationally representative "Kyrgyz Integrated Household Survey" for 2013 is used, which covers around 5000 households from all regions in the country. The main variable of interest, the probability of being an entrepreneur of household members depends on individual, household level characteristics and on microfinance loan receiving status. Following the literature, due to the endogeneity issue in using microcredit loan in estimation, this research applies binary response model with instrumental variables. Estimation results show that participation in the micro loan raises the probability of individual to be entrepreneur.
Is Nuclear Energy the Right Choice for Turkey?
Authors: Güneş İsmail
Published: December 2019

Developing countries need energy supply. Turkish economy is one of the most dynamic in the region. The consumption of electric power in the country is growing rapidly. But the price of electric energy in Turkey is one of the detrimental factors. Of all the neighboring countries, Turkey has one of the highest prices for electric energy. While some academicians and non-governmental organizations supported the Turkish government's plans for establishment of nuclear power plants in Turkey, some others opposed it. Due to increased energy demand, Turkey is continuing to explore the possibilities of introducing nuclear power. Gaining acceptance from local populations, however, may be problematic because nuclear power has a negative image and risk perceptions are complicated by a range of psychological and cultural factors. The main aim of this work is to investigate Turkey's nuclear preferences is it right. We will discusses the Akkuyu nuclear energy projects, market trends and analysis. In addition we will look at Turkey’s nuclear energy policies.
Analysis of Cerrrahpaşa Medical School Hospital's Children Nephrology Service in Terms of Length of Stay in 2012
Authors: Öngel Volkan , Duran Emel
Published: December 2019

It is known that operational costs of health care organizations constitute an important part of health expenditure in the world. Careful examination of all kinds affecting costs is inevitable in order to provide more effective and efficient health care services. For this reason, in the study, impact of factors affecting hospitalization period on costs is mentioned. The purpose of the study is to measure the effects of these factors on costs by identifying the factors prolonging the duration of patients’ hospital stay. It is regarded that the factors extending the duration of patients’ hospital stay increase the costs. In the scope of the study, 405 patients who are discharged from Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine Hospital Pediatric Nephrology Service in 2012 are discussed. Variables of the study, the average hospitalization days, number of patients, the maximum number of patients, bed occupancy rate, bed turnover and bed units are used in the rev range. The data of the patients included in our study has been gathered with the help of retrospective study area, retrospective method, scanning archives, and financial epicrisis in the system of hospital automation. The obtained data have been studied on standard deviation, maximum and minimum value by making use of the excel programme. As a result of studies based on these reviews, it has been found out that the factors extending the period of patients’ hospital stay increase the costs.
A New Alternative Approach to The Concept of Competitive: Systemic Competitiveness
Authors: Topallı Nurgün , Mercan Birol
Published: December 2019

The concept of “Systemic competitiveness” takes its fundamental from subject of economic development and industrialization. This term generally describes factors which enables individual companies becoming competitive. Traditional economic development approach analyzes the concept of competition in micro and macro level. However, in the systemic competitiveness approach, stable micro and macro framework is not enough to ensure competition although it’s necessary. Therefore, the concept of competition should be examined in four levels which are “micro”, “macro”, “meso”, “meta” for a healthy development. Another aspect that differentiates the approach of systemic competition from the concept of traditional competition is systemic competition benefits from different disciplines such as innovation economics, business economics, management, economics and industrial sociology in the analyses. The purpose of this study is to summarize the conceptual framework for the concept of systemic competitiveness in a systematic way and observe the sample of countries.
Is There a Relation Between the Level of Development and Government Systems? An Overview on Latin America, Euroasia and the East Asia
Authors: Özmen Yaşar Pınar , Bayraktar Durgun Gonca
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this paper is to study if a meaningful relation can be argued between government systems and the level of development by using main socioeconomic indicators. The systems of government in the Latin American, Eurasian and the East Asian countries are classified as presidentialism, president– parliamentary, premier – presidential and parliamentarism. For the aim of the paper, the countries are selected according to the two criteria, population and income. On the basis of 1995-2013 annual data, the time series are obtained from the international organizations and research institutes. The panel data analysis covers socioeconomic indicators (population, gross domestic product per capita, unemployment rate) and some composite indicators (human development index and democracy scores).
Rural Entrepreneurship: Yatagan Example from History to Present
Authors: İrmiş Ayşe , Çoban Hatice , Başol Serkan
Published: December 2019

Wortman (1989) defines the rural entrepreneurship as the creation of a new organization that introduces a new product, serves or creates a new market, or utilizes a new technology in a rural environment. In other saying, rural entrepreneurship is a value creating activity for both entrepreneur and rural area. Rural entrepreneur is defined as someone who lives in rural and carries out entrepreneurial activities in there. Purpose of this study is to investigate rural entrepreneurship in rural development context. Accordingly, a field research was done in order to reveal rural entrepreneurship findings in Yatagan where Turkish swords and knives produce and market. After examination of documents including historical development and present situation of Yatagan's production and entrepreneurship tradition, interviews were conducted with related individuals who attempted on aforementioned area. According to the findings obtained from field research, the business which was founded by the local community failed to ensure its continuity. It means production and marketing activities turned back to the family business level. The production of Yatagan is effectuated in small workshops at the present day. Sales are performed personally or customers directly come to manufacturers and place an order by using the internet or by wholesalers. As a result of the field study, some suggestions have been presented to convert rural entrepreneurship to rural development.
The Effect of Being a Learning Organization on Intrapreneurship
Authors: Sarıkaya Mehtap , Bayrak Kök Sabahat , Babacan Sümeyra
Published: December 2019

Learning organizations and internal entrepreneurship are among the most important concepts for the organizations who are struggling to survive in the long term through achieving sustainable competency advantage. In this study these two concepts, which allow organizations to be dynamic to adapt change and development, are handled with their dimensions and analyzed for the sample. In addition, the effect of learning organizations concept, which is defined as the ability of an organization to learn from experiences and apply this knowledge to changing environment conditions systematically, on internal entrepreneurship, which means entrepreneurial activity inside the organization. According to the descriptive analysis results; the employees in the sample perceive their organizations as learning organizations in high level; and internal entrepreneurial activities are found to be high. Regression analysis is utilized to test the research model, and the results imply that if an organization is perceived as a learning organization, the internal entrepreneurship activities in the organization display an increase.
The Relationship Between CO2 Emissions, Economic and Financial Development and Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption in Central Asia
Authors: Erdoğan Mahmut , Ganiev Junus
Published: December 2019

Although environmental deterioration is a main result of the process of economic growth, global warming and climate change has been threating the quality of human life. Though Central Asian countries (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Armenia) signed to Kyoto protocol to decrease CO2 emission levels, these countries still have environmental pollution concerns. This paper examines relationships between CO2 emissions, economic and financial development and fossil fuel energy consumption for a panel of Central Asian countries over the period 1992-2013. The findings of this study show that an inverted U shape environmental Kuznets curve for Central Asia. Moreover, energy consumption and urbanization are found to have positive effects on CO2 emissions. However, analysis suggests that financial development and trade openness are essential factors for the reduction of CO2 emissions.
Unfair Competition Offence in the Turkish Commercial Code
Authors: Arslan Çetin , Özdemir Didar , Atay Ethem
Published: December 2019

The competition is the key element of the free market economy because the prices cannot be determined according to the supply and demand equilibrium when there is no competition or the competition is violated by conducts against good faith. In this regard, the fraudulent acts between providers and customers and unfair commercial applications constitute tortious acts. The aim of the articles embodying unfair competition of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) dated 13.01.2011 and numbered 6102 is to maintain fair, untainted competition for the good of all parties (art. 54/2). The acts and commercial applications against good faith are determined in the article 55 of the TCC in order to protect the competition system. According to the article 62 of the TCC entitled “Criminal Acts”, performing one of these acts intentionally; giving wrong or deceptive information about his personal situation, goods, products, commercial activity and work intentionally in order to make his own offer preferred; deceiving employees, administrators and other assistants to obtain the production and commercial secrets of the employer or clients; not preventing the unfair competition acts of the workers, employees or administrators during their work or not correcting the declarations contrary to facts constitute the unfair competition offence. In our study, at first the notion of unfair competition, then the unfair competition offence –especially focusing on the controversial points- will be examined.
Evaluation of Investment Projects: A Case from Turkish Cement Sector
Authors: Karabulut Miyase , Sönmezer Sıtkı , Yenen Vedat Zeki , Emir Zeynep
Published: December 2019

Capital budgeting is crucial for firms that have projects to evaluate especially when the projects are mutually exclusive or financing is scarce. The aim of the study is to determining the most widely used methodologies in capital budgeting decisions and their effectiveness. A qualitative research will provide cement sector specific examples in assessing industry projects and compares the methods of Net Present Value, İnternal rate of Return, Pay-back period, discounted pay-back period and MIRR. Each method is briefly discussed and its drawbacks and advantages are mentioned in detail. Other sectors are also examined in terms of capital budgeting. Our preliminary results indicate that net present value method dominates capital budgeting decisions in the sectors under study.
The Nexus between Environmental Degradation, Income and Energy Consumption in Emerging Countries
Authors: Aytun Cengiz , Akın Cemil Serhat , Algan Neşe
Published: December 2019

Today, especially in developing countries, environmental pollution threatens human life. Environmental quality is one of the most important sources of human welfare. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the relationship between environmental degradation, income and energy consumption. The aim of this study is to investigate the nature of relationships among the carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth and energy consumption for emerging economies. For this purpose, Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis have been tested for 10 emerging economies for the years from 1980 to 2010. Data were brought together from the World Bank development indicators database. In order to test of Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis IPS panel unit root, Pedroni panel cointegration and FMOLS estimation methods are used. Results indicate that energy consumption has a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Results indicate that energy consumption has a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. The findings also show that per capita GDP follows an inverted U-shape pattern associated with the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. This situation validates the policies which assert that environmental pollution decreases with income growth.
A Research to Determine the Opinions and Perceptions of Potantial Manager Candidates Toward Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Boğan Erhan , Zafer Kavacık Saadet , Sarıışık Mehmet
Published: December 2019

In recent years, corporate social responsibility, which comprises economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities, has become important concept to build good relations between business and stakeholders and to gain competitive advantage over its rivals. Moreover, it has a positive impact on stakeholder’s (for example; employees, customers, investors) attitudes and behaviors toward business. The main aim of this study is to determine opinions and perceptions of students who study management license toward corporate social responsibility. The research data is gathered from final year students of Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Faculty of Management with a used scale. 251 surveys are used in the research. The findings obtained from research have put forth that management faculty students who are future manager candidates are in opinion and perception of covering respectively economic, philanthropic, legal and ethical responsibilities in their decision-making activities. In addition, the students have listed the company’s four most important stakeholders as community, customers, employees and shareholders. Also corporate social responsibility has been emerged by students as a definition of benefit society, compliance with ethical values, volunteer activities and respect for social values.
A Research on Effectiveness of Web Sites in Announcing
Corporate Social Responsibility Activities of Chain and Group Hotels: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Boğan Erhan , Ulama Şevki , Sarıışık Mehmet
Published: December 2019

The term ‘Corporate social responsibility’, which is regarded as one of the most important way of developing good relationships between hotels and their stakeholders, provides competitive advantage to companies in long term. Hotel managers possessing a strategical awareness announce these activities they organize for public interest both in their web-sites and via different communication tools. Studies on this subject were scanned and it has been realized it has not been sufficiently examined how efficiently hotels in Turkey use web-sites which are a quite effective tool for announcing corporate social responsibility activities. The main purpose of this study aiming at filling this gap in literature is to analyze corporate social responsibility reports included in web-sites of chain and group hotels in Turkey. Scope of corporate social responsibility and sustainability reports in web-sites of hotel was discussed in terms of stakeholders (employees, society, customers and environment) and examined via content analysis. In addition, communication techniques that hotels use so as to announce these activities were researched. As a result of examination, any statement related to corporate social responsibility could not be found in web-sites of almost half of hotels. It was determined the number of hotels allocating a separate section for corporate social responsibility in their corporate social responsibility, sustainability or annual reports is quite low. From a general perspective, it was found out chain and group hotels in Turkey could not effectively use web-sites for announcing corporate social responsibility activities. Results were obtained through the analysis of findings and suggestions for hotel managers were developed accordingly.
Economic Growth-Migration Nexus: An Analysis Based on Developing Countries
Authors: Sevinç Haktan , Bozkurt Eda , Künü Serkan , Eroğlu Sevinç Demet
Published: December 2019

Relations between migration and economic growth have been shaped around both positivist and Non-positivist ideas in the economic literature. Approaches based on the Positivist argument mostly views the effect of migration on economic growth through the lens of human capital and brain drain while Non-positivist argument approaches the issue in terms of the negative effects of unqualified labor. On the other hand, increasing migration at the international level has been gaining importance since immigrants create socio-economic problems in both their native and destination countries. In this study, effects of migration, which constitutes and important problem both at the national and the international level, on economic growth were investigated in the light of these approaches. Relations between migration and economic growth in the developing countries were researched through panel data methods. According to the findings of the study, migration has a negative effect on economic growth. Therefore, it can be said that immigration of qualified human capital and brain drain has important consequences for the economic development of countries. This situation undoubtedly implies implementation of policies which directly affects the amount of investment to human capital.
The Financial Risk Evaluation in Turkish Banking System
Authors: Paksoy Semin , Traş Mehmet Fatih
Published: December 2019

Banking activities exhibit highly dynamic and evolving feature in recent years. Healthy financial position of the banks therefore gains importance in assuring well-being of all economic agents in a country. Because of banks’ key role in financial markets and real economy, banking failures or inefficient performances may have profound effects on the whole economy. For this reason, it is important to monitor the bank ratios as a strength indicator. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate financial position of the banks in Turkey. To this end, we select particular 29 ratios of the present day banks which are matching the ratios of previously failed banks between the period 1997-2003. Therefore, we construct a data set by which the banks can be categorized into two groups, namely failed and non-failed banks. Data covering the period 1996-2014 extracted from Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency.
In the first place, we perform ANOVA test to evaluate the most relevant ratios for bank failure. The ANOVA test results reveal that 13 of 29 ratios are not significant. The remaining ratios are used to implement factor analysis in order to categorize ratios and calculate factor scores. Lastly, we estimate a Probit regression model to determine conditional probability of failure for a given bank. Our results show that financial position of the banks exhibits substantial variations in Turkey. Furthermore, given the data set and methods employed, most of the banks have a robust financial position and are unlikely to fail.