bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bendable Silicene Membranes
Authors: Martella Christian , Massetti Chiara , Dhungana Daya Sagar , Bonera Emiliano , Grazianetti Carlo , Molle Alessandro
Published: May 2023

Due to their superior mechanical properties, 2D materials have gained interest as active layers in flexible devices co‐integrating electronic, photonic, and straintronic functions altogether. To this end, 2D bendable membranes compatible with the technological process standards and endowed with large‐scale uniformity are highly desired. Here, it is reported on the realization of bendable membranes based on silicene layers (the 2D form of silicon) by means of a process in which the layers are fully detached from the native substrate and transferred onto arbitrary flexible substrates. The application of macroscopic mechanical deformations induces a strain‐responsive behavior in the Raman spectrum of silicene. It is also shown that the membranes under elastic tension relaxation are prone to form microscale wrinkles displaying a local generation of strain in the silicene layer consistent with that observed under macroscopic mechanical deformation. Optothermal Raman spectroscopy measurements reveal a curvature‐dependent heat dispersion in silicene wrinkles. Finally, as compelling evidence of the technological potential of the silicene membranes, it is demonstrated that they can be readily introduced into a lithographic process flow resulting in the definition of flexible device‐ready architectures, a piezoresistor, and thus paving the way to a viable advance in a fully silicon‐compatible technology framework.
Neonatal‐Tissue‐Derived Extracellular Vesicle Therapy (NEXT): A Potent Strategy for Precision Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Lou Peng , Liu Shuyun , Wang Yizhuo , Lv Ke , Zhou Xiyue , Li Lan , Zhang Yong , Chen Younan , Cheng Jingqiu , Lu Yanrong , Liu Jingping
Published: May 2023

Extracellular vesicle (EV)‐based therapies have emerged as a promising means in regenerative medicine. However, the conventional EV therapy strategy displays some limitations, such as inefficient EV production and lack of tissue‐specific repair effects. Here, it is reported that neonatal‐tissue‐derived EV therapy (NEXT) is a potent strategy for precision tissue repair. In brief, large amounts of EVs with higher yield/purity can be readily isolated from desired tissues with less production time/cost compared to the conventional cell‐culture‐based method. Moreover, source factors, such as age and tissue type, can affect the repair efficacy of such tissue‐derived EVs in different tissue injury models (skin wounds and acute kidney injury), and neonatal‐tissue‐derived EVs show superior tissue repair potency compared with adult‐tissue‐derived EVs. Different age‐ or tissue‐type‐derived EVs have distinct composition (e.g., protein) signatures that are likely due to the diverse metabolic patterns of the donor tissues, which may contribute to the specific repair action modes of NEXT in different types of tissue injury. Furthermore, neonatal‐tissue‐derived EVs can be incorporated with bioactive materials for advanced tissue repair. This study highlights that the NEXT strategy may provide a new avenue for precision tissue repair in many types of tissue injury.
Quantifying Charge Extraction and Recombination Using the Rise and Decay of the Transient Photovoltage of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Krückemeier Lisa , Liu Zhifa , Kirchartz Thomas , Rau Uwe
Published: May 2023

The extraction of photogenerated charge carriers and the generation of a photovoltage belong to the fundamental functionalities of any solar cell. These processes happen not instantaneously but rather come with finite time constants, e.g., a time constant related to the rise of the externally measured open circuit voltage following a short light pulse. Herein, a new method to analyze transient photovoltage measurements at different bias light intensities combining rise and decay times of the photovoltage. The approach uses a linearized version of a system of two coupled differential equations that are solved analytically by determining the eigenvalues of a 2 × 2 matrix. By comparison between the eigenvalues and the measured rise and decay times during a transient photovoltage measurement, the rates of carrier recombination and extraction as a function of bias voltage are determined, and establish a simple link between their ratio and the efficiency losses in the perovskite solar cell.
Imitating Architectural Mortise‐Tenon Structure for Stable Ni‐Rich Layered Cathodes
Authors: Tan Xinghua , Chen Zhefeng , Liu Tongchao , Zhang Yongxin , Zhang Mingjian , Li Shunning , Chu Weiguo , Liu Kang , Yang Peihua , Pan Feng
Published: May 2023

Ni‐rich layered oxides are the most promising cathodes for Li‐ion batteries, but chemo‐mechanical failures during cycling and large first‐cycle capacity loss hinder their applications in high‐energy batteries. Herein, by introducing spinel‐like mortise‐tenon structures into the layered phase of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811), the adverse volume variations in cathode materials can be significantly suppressed. Meanwhile, these mortise‐tenon structures play the role of the expressway for fast lithium‐ion transport, which is substantiated by experiments and calculations. Moreover, the particles with mortise‐tenon structures usually terminate with the most stable (003) facet. The new cathode exhibits a discharge capacity of 215 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C with an initial Coulombic efficiency of 97.5%, and capacity retention of 82.2% after 1200 cycles at 1 C. This work offers a viable lattice engineering to address the stability and low initial Coulombic efficiency of the Ni‐rich layered oxides, and facilitates the implementation of Li‐ion batteries with high‐energy density and long durability.
Shift‐Current Photovoltaics Based on a Non‐Centrosymmetric Phase in In‐Plane Ferroelectric SnS
Authors: Chang Yih‐Ren , Nanae Ryo , Kitamura Satsuki , Nishimura Tomonori , Wang Haonan , Xiang Yubei , Shinokita Keisuke , Matsuda Kazunari , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , Nagashio Kosuke
Published: May 2023

The shift‐current photovoltaics of group‐IV monochalcogenides has been predicted to be comparable to those of state‐of‐the‐art Si‐based solar cells. However, its exploration has been prevented from the centrosymmetric layer stacking in the thermodynamically stable bulk crystal. Herein, the non‐centrosymmetric layer stacking of tin sulfide (SnS) is stabilized in the bottom regions of SnS crystals grown on a van der Waals substrate by physical vapor deposition and the shift current of SnS, by combining the polarization angle dependence and circular photogalvanic effect, is demonstrated. Furthermore, 180° ferroelectric domains in SnS are verified through both piezoresponse force microscopy and shift‐current mapping techniques. Based on these results, an atomic model of the ferroelectric domain boundary is proposed. The direct observation of shift current and ferroelectric domains reported herein paves a new path for future studies on shift‐current photovoltaics.
The History of Electrospinning: Past, Present, and Future Developments
Authors: Keirouz Antonios , Wang Zhe , Reddy Vundrala Sumedha , Nagy Zsombor Kristóf , Vass Panna , Buzgo Matej , Ramakrishna Seeram , Radacsi Norbert
Published: May 2023

Electrospinning has rapidly progressed over the past few decades as an easy and versatile way to fabricate fibers with diameters ranging from micrometers to tens of nanometers that present unique and intricate morphologies. This has led to the conception of new technologies and diverse methods that exploit the basic electrohydrodynamic phenomena of the electrospinning process, which has in turn led to the invention of novel apparatuses that have reshaped the field. Research on revamping conventional electrospinning has principally focused on achieving three key objectives: upscaling the process while retaining consistent morphological traits, developing 3D nanofibrous macrostructures, and formulating novel fiber configurations. This review introduces an extensive group of diverse electrospinning techniques and presents a comperative study based on the apparatus type and output. Then, each process's advantages and limitations are critically assessed to identify the bona fide practicability and relevance of each technological breakthrough. Finally, the outlook on future developments of advanced electrospinning technologies is outlined, with an emphasis on upscaling, translational research, sustainable manufacturing and prospective solutions to current shortcomings.
Enhanced Energy Transfer between Nitrogen‐Vacancy Centers and 2D MoS2 Films Accurately Fabricated by Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Zeng Shuai‐Shuai , Xing You‐Qiang , Wu Ze , Li Bing‐Jue , Huang Peng , Liu Lei
Published: May 2023

Energy transfer between 2D MoS2 films and fluorescent emitters is widely used in biological detection and imaging. In this paper, by regulating the thickness of the MoS2 film on the diamond surface through the number of atomic layer deposition (ALD) cycles, the energy transfer efficiency between the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center and the MoS2 film is improved and precisely controlled. When the number of ALD cycles is 8, the energy transfer efficiency between the 2D MoS2 film and the NV center is 86.35%. Furthermore, when the number of ALD cycles is more significant than 140, compared with 2D and 3D graphene structures, the energy transfer efficiency of the NV center is increased by 126.55% and 24.60%, respectively. Meantime, the fluorescence lifetime of the NV center is reduced in the presence of the MoS2 film, indicating that the MoS2 film provides a new, additional fluorescence decay channel for the NV center in the MoS2 film and the NV center system. Moreover, ALD can also effectively improve the tightness of the contact interface between the MoS2 film and the diamond. This paper provides a new method and experimental basis for regulating the photon emission behavior of emitters.
Photocatalytic Oxidation in Few‐Layer Tellurene for Loss‐Invariant Integrated Photonic Resonance Trimming
Authors: Mao Dun , Wang Yixiu , Lee Hwaseob , Chang Lorry , Wang Feifan , Wu Darren , Xiao Yahui , Sun Boshu , Ullah Kaleem , Booksh Karl , Wu Wenzhuo , Gu Tingyi
Published: May 2023

Two‐dimensional (2D) materials with unique physicochemical properties promote photocatalytic activities. As the 2D material composites research studies the statistical average of complex catalytic behaviors, an integrated photonic platform allows for clean and single flake level photo‐catalytic investigations with precisely quantified photocatalytic activities. In this paper, fluence‐dependent photo‐oxidation in two‐dimensional Tellurene (2D Te) is tracked by the evanescently coupled micro‐resonator. Nearly 32% of oxidation is achieved in ≈10 nm 2D Te flake, compared to only 4.5% oxidation in a 30 nm sample, probed by the resonance shift in silicon micro‐ring resonators substrate. The wider bandgap in the few layers of 2D Te allows faster charge transfer to adsorbed oxygen for a more efficient photocatalytic redox reaction. The photo‐oxidation in hybrid 2D Te results in invariant lineshapes of optical transmission resonance for wavelength trimming (more than 3× resonance bandwidth). The low threshold power, near‐infrared, and in‐waveguide resonance trimming scheme is compatible with most integrated photonic setups for easy fixing of the nanofabrication‐induced random resonance deviation for integrated photonic circuit applications in wavelength‐division‐multiplexing systems and spin qubits quantum computing.
Regulating the Distance Between Donor and Acceptor in Space‐Confined Through‐Space Charge Transfer Emitters for Fast Radiative Decays and High‐Efficiency Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes With Low Efficiency Roll‐Offs
Authors: Song Yongjun , Li Yibo , Yu Renyou , Zhang Ke , He Lei
Published: May 2023

Through‐space charge transfer (TSCT) emitters featuring thermally‐activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) are extensively researched but suffer from low radiative decay rates (kr,s) due to insufficient through‐space donor/acceptor interactions. Here, space‐confined TSCT TADF emitters 1–3 with a chemically fixed benzophenone acceptor and a triphenylamine donor on different bridges, that is, 1‐methyl‐9,10‐dihydroanthracene for 1, 4‐methyl‐9H‐xanthene for 2 and 4‐methyl‐9H‐thioxanthene for 3, which exhibit reinforced donor/acceptor interactions with shortened donor–acceptor distances, are reported. It is unveiled that there exists an optimal distance between the fixing sites of donor and acceptor. The emitter 2 with such an optimal distance shows both strong donor/acceptor interactions and high molecular rigidity, whereas the emitter 3 with a too short distance exhibits a twisted molecular structure and increased non‐radiative deactivation. In solution, 1–3 shows high kr,s up to 3.0 × 107 s−1. In doped films, 1–3 exhibits green emission with high kr,s up to 8.3 × 106 s−1 and photoluminescent efficiency up to 0.96. Organic light‐emitting diodes based on 1–3 afford high external quantum efficiencies up to 23.1% and largely alleviated efficiency roll‐offs. The work demonstrates that using rigid bridges that render an optimal donor–acceptor distance is crucial to the development of highly efficient TSCT emitters with fast radiative decays for electroluminescence applications.
Multicomponent Annulative SO2 Insertion of Heteroatom‐Linked 1,7‐Diynes for Accessing Tricyclic Sulfones
Authors: Wang Lu , Shen Yi‐Ting , Wang Yu‐Xin , Wang Hai‐Ying , Hao Wen‐Juan , Jiang Bo
Published: May 2023

A metal‐free radical multicomponent bicyclization of heteroatom‐linked 1,7‐diynes with aryl diazonium tetrafluoroborates and DABCO‐bis(sulfurdioxide) (DABSO) is reported, enabling annulative SO2 insertion access to produce two types of skeletally diverse tricyclic sulfones, namely, thieno[3,4‐c]quinoline 2,2‐dioxides and thieno[3,4‐c]chromene 2,2‐dioxides, with moderate to good yields by simply tuning the linkers of the 1,7‐diynes. This protocol demonstrates remarkable compatibility regarding N‐ and O‐linked 1,7‐diynes with different substitution patterns and aryl diazonium tetrafluoroborates.

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Biological UV Photoreceptors‐Inspired Sn‐Doped Polycrystalline β‐Ga2O3 Optoelectronic Synaptic Phototransistor for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Yoon Youngbin , Kim Youngki , Hwang Wan Sik , Shin Myunghun
Published: May 2023

In this study, the authors fabricate Sn‐doped 100‐nm thick polycrystalline β‐Ga2O3 synaptic field‐effect transistors (FETs) emulating optical and electrical spike stimulation. When stimulated by deep ultraviolet (UV) optical spikes or electric voltage spikes at the gate, the devices exhibit several essential synaptic functions of excitatory‐postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), inhibitory‐postsynaptic currents (IPSCs), paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF), spike‐number‐dependent plasticity (SNDP), and spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity (STDP). Following UV optical stimulation, the devices mimic synaptic plasticity with a photogate effect, and the gate voltage stimulation emulates the synaptic weights according to the state of the gate dielectric interface. The β‐Ga2O3 synaptic FET demonstrates synergistic functions in various optoelectronic stimulation modes and successfully mimics the visual memory formation in bees with UV photoreceptors. Moreover, to verify the translation of optoelectrical‐derived synaptic behaviors of β‐Ga2O3 synaptic FETs into artificial neuromorphic computing, handwritten digit image recognition of the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology dataset is performed using a convolutional neural network, and a learning accuracy of 96.92% is achieved. The realization of these fundamental functions of biological synapses suggests the utility of Ga2O3‐based optoelectronic devices for next‐generation neuromorphic computing.
Aggregation‐induced emission luminogens for in vivo molecular imaging and theranostics in cancer
Authors: Cen Peili , Huang Jiani , Jin Chentao , Wang Jing , Wei Yen , Zhang Hong , Tian Mei
Published: May 2023

Cancer is one of the most fatal diseases for decades. Aggregation‐induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) have been recently used as molecular imaging or therapeutic agents in cancers, due to the advantages of large Stokes shift, high quantum yield, great biocompatibility, and strong photostability. AIEgens can specifically target different types of cancer via diverse targeting strategies. AIEgen‐based fluorescence imaging, especially near‐infrared imaging, demonstrated deep penetration and suitable signal‐to‐noise ratio, which allows reliable in vivo cancer imaging. Combined with other imaging modalities, AIEgen‐based multimodal imaging could provide multidimensional cancer hallmarks from different perspectives. In addition, AIEgen‐based phototherapy can be used for photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy, which facilitate ablation of cancer cells with good biosafety and high therapeutic effects in vivo. AIEgens nanoparticles fabricated with some specific chemicals, drugs, or siRNA, could display synergistic therapeutic effects for cancers. This paper comprehensively describes the current status and future perspectives of AIEgens, which have showed a great potential for the future preclinical and clinical translation on in vivo molecular imaging and theranostics in cancer.
Application of Nanotechnology in Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines
Authors: Guo Jianmei , Tang Lin , Li Kelin , Ma Qingxin , Luo Shuda , Cheng Ruoyu , Liu Chaoyong
Published: May 2023

Cancer vaccines stimulate the immune system within the body by introducing tumor antigens in various forms, such as tumor cells, tumor‐related proteins or peptides, and genes expressing tumor antigens, into the body. This activation of the immune response aims to prevent or treat tumors. Preventive cancer vaccines are primarily targeted at cancers caused by viral infections, and most cancer vaccines are currently designed as therapeutic vaccines for cancer treatment. In this review, the development of cancer vaccines, the mechanism of action, the types of antigens, and the progress of nanotechnology in therapeutic cancer vaccines are summarized. The development and application of cancer vaccines incorporating tumor‐specific antigens and nanomaterials are anticipated.
A First Application of Machine and Deep Learning for Background Rejection in the ALPS II TES Detector
Authors: Meyer Manuel , Isleif Katharina , Januschek Friederike , Lindner Axel , Othman Gulden , Rubiera Gimeno José Alejandro , Schwemmbauer Christina , Schott Matthias , Shah Rikhav ,   for the ALPS Collaboration
Published: May 2023

Axions and axion‐like particles are hypothetical particles predicted in extensions of the standard model and are promising cold dark matter candidates. The Any Light Particle Search (ALPS II) experiment is a light‐shining‐through‐the‐wall experiment that aims to produce these particles from a strong light source and magnetic field and subsequently detect them through a reconversion into photons. With an expected rate ≈1 photon per day, a sensitive detection scheme needs to be employed and characterized. One foreseen detector is based on a transition edge sensor (TES). Here, the machine and deep learning algorithms for the rejection of background events recorded with the TES are investigated. A first application of convolutional neural networks to classify time series data measured with the TES is also presented.
Modeling the Enzyme Specificity by Molecular Cages through Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Evolution
Authors: Yuan Jiang‐Pei , Guan Zong‐Jie , Lin Heng‐Yu , Yan Bing , Liu Kang‐Kai , Zhou Hong‐Cai , Fang Yu
Published: May 2023

Mimicking the active site and the substrate binding cavity of the enzyme to achieve specificity in catalytic reactions is an essential challenge. Herein, porous coordination cages (PCCs) with intrinsic cavities and tunable metal centers have proved the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating pathways as evidenced by multiple photo‐induced oxidations. Remarkably, in the presence of the Zn4‐μ4‐O center, PCC converted dioxygen molecules from triplet to singlet excitons, whereas the Ni4‐μ4‐O center promoted the efficient dissociation of electrons and holes to conduct electron transfer towards substrates. Accordingly, the distinct ROS generation behavior of PCC‐6‐Zn and PCC‐6‐Ni enables the conversion of O2 to 1O2 and O2⋅−, respectively. In contrast, the Co4‐μ4‐O center combined the 1O2 and O2⋅− together to generate carbonyl radicals, which in turn reacted with the oxygen molecules. Harnessing the three oxygen activation pathways, PCC‐6‐M (M=Zn/Ni/Co) display specific catalytic activities in thioanisole oxidation (PCC‐6‐Zn), benzylamine coupling (PCC‐6‐Ni), and aldehyde autoxidation (PCC‐6‐Co). This work not only provides fundamental insights into the regulation of ROS generation by a supramolecular catalyst but also demonstrates a rare example of achieving reaction specificity through mimicking natural enzymes by PCCs.
An Enzyme‐Loaded Metal–Organic Framework‐Assisted Microfluidic Platform Enables Single‐Cell Metabolite Analysis
Authors: Gao Yanfeng , Wang Yanping , He Bangshun , Pan Yongchun , Zhou Dongtao , Xiong Mengqiu , Song Yujun
Published: May 2023

Colonization of cancer cells at secondary sites, a decisive step in tumor metastasis, is strongly dependent on the formation of metastatic microenvironments regulated by intrinsic single‐cell metabolism traits. Herein, we report a single‐cell microfluidic platform for high‐throughput dynamic monitoring of tumor cell metabolites to evaluate tumor malignancy. This microfluidic device empowers efficient isolation of single cells (>99 %) in a squashed state similar to tumor extravasation, and employs enzyme‐packaged metal–organic frameworks to catalyze tumor cell metabolites for visualization. The microfluidic evaluation was confirmed by in vivo assays, suggesting that the platform allowed predicting the tumorigenicity of captured tumor cells and screening metabolic inhibitors as anti‐metastatic drugs. Furthermore, the platform efficiently detected various aggressive cancer cells in unprocessed whole blood samples with high sensitivity, showing potential for clinical application.
A Chemoenzymatic Approach To Produce a Cyclic Analogue of the Analgesic Drug MVIIA (Ziconotide)
Authors: Zhou Yan , Harvey Peta J. , Koehbach Johannes , Chan Lai Yue , Jones Alun , Andersson Åsa , Vetter Irina , Durek Thomas , Craik David J.
Published: May 2023

Ziconotide (ω‐conotoxin MVIIA) is an approved analgesic for the treatment of chronic pain. However, the need for intrathecal administration and adverse effects have limited its widespread application. Backbone cyclization is one way to improve the pharmaceutical properties of conopeptides, but so far chemical synthesis alone has been unable to produce correctly folded and backbone cyclic analogues of MVIIA. In this study, an asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP)‐mediated cyclization was used to generate backbone cyclic analogues of MVIIA for the first time. Cyclization using six‐ to nine‐residue linkers did not perturb the overall structure of MVIIA, and the cyclic analogues of MVIIA showed inhibition of voltage‐gated calcium channels (CaV2.2) and substantially improved stability in human serum and stimulated intestinal fluid. Our study reveals that AEP transpeptidases are capable of cyclizing structurally complex peptides that chemical synthesis cannot achieve and paves the way for further improving the therapeutic value of conotoxins.
Functionalization of Olefinic C−H Bonds by an Aryl‐to‐Vinyl 1,4‐Nickel Migration/Reductive Coupling Sequence
Authors: Yang Jingjie , Gui Zhuofan , He Yuli , Zhu Shaolin
Published: May 2023

An attractive approach to selective functionalization of remote C−H bonds is a metal/hydride shift/cross‐coupling reaction sequence. Complimentary to the heavily exploited 1,2‐nickel/hydride shift along an sp3 chain, a chain‐walking process, the 1,4‐nickel/hydride shift along an sp2 chain is more complex. Here we report an unprecedented aryl‐to‐vinyl 1,4‐nickel/hydride shift reaction, in which the migratory alkenylnickel species generated in situ is selectively trapped by one of various coupling partners, such as isocyanates, alkyl bromides, aryl chlorides or alkynyl bromides, allowing regio‐ and stereoselective access to trisubstituted alkenes. In contrast to the well‐reported ipso‐aryl coupling reactions, this strategy provides remote alkenyl C−H functionalized products with good yield and with excellent chemo‐, regio‐ and E/Z‐selectivity.
Fabrication of poly(lactic acid), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(hydroxybutyrate) bio‐based and biodegradable blends for application in fused filament fabrication‐based 3D printing
Authors: Sabalina Alisa , Gaidukovs Sergejs , Jurinovs Maksims , Grase Liga , Platnieks Oskars
Published: May 2023

The present study highlights biodegradable and bio‐based polymer blends from poly(lactic acid), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) as potential filaments for additive manufacturing. Dog‐bone‐shaped parts were prepared using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique. To assess polymer compatibility, interface, and printing performance, vertical and horizontal models were prepared and compared. The ratios of PBS/PLA and PBS/PHB were fixed at 5:5 and 7:3 for this research, respectively. The design concept is based on combining high elastic modulus glassy polymers (PLA and PHB) with soft, ductile PBS. The addition of PBS enhanced thermal processing and rheological properties. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the blends produced high‐quality prints while maintaining the original resolution and input parameters. Tensile tests revealed that PBS/PLA blends had significantly higher performance properties than PBS/PHB blends. Vertical prints that coincided with strain direction produced significant plastic deformation in PBS/PLA blends, achieving uniform elongation values of up to 10.4% and elongation at break values exceeding 150%. PBS/PHB blends showed lower compatibility for FFF compared with PBS/PLA blends. Produced bio‐based prints showed an increase in elastic modulus and tensile properties distinct from pure‐polymers; thus, blends have excellent potential for tuning the mechanical properties of the final product.
Chitosan interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels for oil–water and emulsion separation
Authors: Wu Jiangqin , Lv Zaosheng , Lei Yang , Huang Yanfen , Liu Xuegang
Published: May 2023

Hydrogels have obtained extensive attention in oil–water separation due to their high hydrophilicity and weak viscosity. However, most hydrogels have limited applications due to their subpar mechanical qualities. The interpenetrating network gives the hydrogel material high mechanical properties due to the presence of physical and chemical crosslinking. Hence, polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/polyacrylamide interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel (HAPC‐Gel) was created in this study. HAPC‐Gel coating filter cloth showed underwater super‐oleophobic (the oil contact angles about 159°) and could stably separate oil–water mixtures in different oil phases and complex environments (acids, bases, salts), and the removal rate is still above 99% after 20 cycles of separation. Furthermore, the water could be divided from the oil‐in‐water emulsion. These results indicate that HAPC‐Gel composites have promising applications in oil–water separation.
Preparation and mechanical properties of natural rubber composites reinforced by modified molybdenum disulfide
Authors: Haq Zaheer Ul , Zia‐ul‐Haq Muhammad , Jiang Yang , Wang Jinyuan , Zhang Yong
Published: May 2023

The filler‐rubber interaction and filler dispersion in natural rubber (NR) composites are important factors in determining mechanical properties. Herein, Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and Al2O3‐coated MoS2 nanospheres are incorporated in NR/carbon black composites. The effects of MoS2 and Al2O3‐coated MoS2 on the morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of the NR composites are investigated. The morphology analysis indicates that Al2O3‐coated MoS2 could greatly improve the dispersion of carbon black in NR composites. MoS2 filler and carbon black show a synergetic effect on improving the properties of NR composites, leading to high abrasion resistance, tensile strength, elongation at break and expected dynamic mechanical properties. The thermal conductivity of NR composites increases with increasing the content of MoS2 and Al2O3‐coated MoS2. The thermal stability of the NR composites is also effectively improved by filling MoS2 and Al2O3‐coated MoS2. Furthermore, a small amount of Al2O3‐coated MoS2 significantly improves the abrasion resistance, wet grip and decreases rolling resistance of the composites. Al2O3‐coated MoS2 exhibits its potential application in green tires with good performance.
Preparation and performance study of modified soybean oil polyurethane foam used for soccer equipment
Authors: Zhang Jincheng , Hao Ruoyu , Tian Xiaoke , Hao Tonghui
Published: May 2023

Soccer is known as the world's largest sport and has a wide range of players. Most of the materials used in existing football equipment are polyurethane extracted from petrochemical resources, which are gradually reduced and non‐renewable. Finding an alternative new material is an inevitable trend. Soybean oil (SO) was quantitatively transformed into polyols to afford industrially important high resilience flexible polyurethane foam(HR‐PUF). Photoinduced thiol‐ene click chemistry was investigated for the efficient preparation of modified soybean oil polyols (MESO) with primary hydroxyl groups. In order to improve the reaction efficiency and the degree of carbon–carbon double bonds functionalization, reduce reaction time, we have chosen a step‐by‐step method of adding. The effects of different reaction times and [thiol]/[ene] ratios on conversion and degree of functionalization were discussed. It is realized that under room temperature conditions, after 12 h of reaction, the carbon–carbon double bond of SO is almost completely converted and quantitatively converted into a hydroxyl group to a degree of 89%. The corresponding HR‐PUFs were prepared by mixing MESO with L2000 (Polyether Polyol). The effect of the difference in the amount of MESO added to the foam properties was investigated. Through the apparent density and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), it can be concluded that with the amount of MESO added increases, the cell size, opening ratio and the number of cells of HR‐PUF are decreased, the density is increased. Through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA), it was proved that the thermal stability of the foam increased with the addition of MESO. Through 40% compression strength (CLD40%), ball rebound experiments, and static compression experiment. It is proved that the increase of the addition of MESO, the rebound resilience of HR‐PUF can be improved.
Oxiforms: Unique cysteine residue‐ and chemotype‐specified chemical combinations can produce functionally‐distinct proteoforms
Authors: Cobley James N.
Published: May 2023

A single protein molecule with one or more cysteine residues can occupy a plurality of unique residue and oxidation‐chemotype specified proteoforms that I term oxiforms. In binary reduced or oxidised terms, one molecule with three cysteines will adopt one of eight unique oxiforms. Residue‐defined sulfur chemistry endows specific oxiforms with distinct functionally‐relevant biophysical properties (e.g., steric effects). Their emergent complexity means a functionally‐relevant effect may only manifest when multiple cysteines are oxidised. Like how mixing colours makes new shades, combining discrete redox chemistries—colours—can create a kaleidoscope of oxiform hues. The sheer diversity of oxiforms co‐existing within the human body provides a biological basis for redox heterogeneity. Of evolutionary significance, oxiforms may enable individual cells to mount a broad spectrum of responses to the same stimulus. Their biological significance, however plausible, is speculative because protein‐specific oxiforms remain essentially unexplored. Excitingly, pioneering new techniques can push the field into uncharted territory by quantifying oxiforms. The oxiform concept can advance our understanding of redox‐regulation in health and disease.
Smoothed quantile regression for partially functional linear models in high dimensions
Authors: Wang Zhihao , Bai Yongxin , Härdle Wolfgang K. , Tian Maozai
Published: May 2023

Practitioners of current data analysis are regularly confronted with the situation where the heavy‐tailed skewed response is related to both multiple functional predictors and high‐dimensional scalar covariates. We propose a new class of partially functional penalized convolution‐type smoothed quantile regression to characterize the conditional quantile level between a scalar response and predictors of both functional and scalar types. The new approach overcomes the lack of smoothness and severe convexity of the standard quantile empirical loss, considerably improving the computing efficiency of partially functional quantile regression. We investigate a folded concave penalized estimator for simultaneous variable selection and estimation by the modified local adaptive majorize‐minimization (LAMM) algorithm. The functional predictors can be dense or sparse and are approximated by the principal component basis. Under mild conditions, the consistency and oracle properties of the resulting estimators are established. Simulation studies demonstrate a competitive performance against the partially functional standard penalized quantile regression. A real application using Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data is utilized to illustrate the practicality of the proposed model.
A platform for comparing subgroup identification methodologies
Authors: Ruberg Stephen , Zhang Ying , Showalter Hollins , Shen Lei
Published: May 2023

Since the advent of the phrase “subgroup identification,” there has been an explosion of methodologies that seek to identify meaningful subgroups of patients with exceptional response in order to further the realization of personalized medicine. However, to perform fair comparison and understand what methods work best under different clinical trials situations, a common platform is needed for comparative effectiveness of these various approaches. In this paper, we describe a comprehensive project that created an extensive platform for evaluating subgroup identification methods as well as a publicly posted challenge that was used to elicit new approaches. We proposed a common data‐generating model for creating virtual clinical trial datasets that contain subgroups of exceptional responders encompassing the many dimensions of the problem or null scenarios in which there are no such subgroups. Furthermore, we created a common scoring system for evaluating performance of purported methods for identifying subgroups. This makes it possible to benchmark methodologies in order to understand what methods work best under different clinical trial situations. The findings from this project produced considerable insights and allow us to make recommendations for how the statistical community can better compare and contrast old and new subgroup identification methodologies.
The effects of length and sequence of gRNA on Cas13b and Cas13d activity in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Liu Yuhui , Jing Ping , Zhou Yi , Zhang Jingyu , Shi Jiahao , Zhang Mengjie , Yang Hua , Fei Jian
Published: May 2023

Cas13 are the only CRISPR/Cas systems found so far, which target RNA strand while preserving chromosomal integrity. Cas13b or Cas13d cleaves RNA by the crRNA guidance. However, the effect of the characteristics of the spacer sequences, such as the length and sequence preference, on the activity of Cas13b and Cas13d remains unclear. Our study shows that neither Cas13b nor Cas13d has a particular preference for the sequence composition of gRNA, including the sequence of crRNA and its flanking sites on target RNA. However, the crRNA, complementary to the middle part of the target RNA, seems to show higher cleavage efficiency for both Cas13b and Cas13d. As for the length of crRNAs, the most appropriate crRNA length for Cas13b is 22–25 nt and crRNA as short as 15 nt is still functional. Whereas, Cas13d requires longer crRNA, and 22–30 nt crRNA can achieve good effect. Both Cas13b and Cas13d show the ability to process precursor crRNAs. Our study suggests that Cas13b may have a stronger precursor processing ability than Cas13d.

There are few in vivo studies on the application of Cas13b or Cas13d in mammals. With the methods of transgenic mice and hydrodynamic injection via tail vein, our study showed that both of them had high knock‐down efficiency against target RNA in vivo. These results indicate that Cas13b and Cas13d have great potential for in vivo RNA operation and disease treatment without damaging genomic DNA.
Microbiological hydrogen (H2) thresholds in anaerobic continuous‐flow systems: Effects of system characteristics
Authors: Karadagli Fatih , Marcus Andrew , Rittmann Bruce E.
Published: May 2023

Hydrogen (H2) concentrations that were associated with microbiological respiratory processes (RPs) such as sulfate reduction and methanogenesis were quantified in continuous‐flow systems (CFSs) (e.g., bioreactors, sediments). Gibbs free energy yield (ΔǴ ~ 0) of the relevant RP has been proposed to control the observed H2 concentrations, but most of the reported values do not align with the proposed energetic trends. Alternatively, we postulate that system characteristics of each experimental design influence all system components including H2 concentrations. To analyze this proposal, a Monod‐based mathematical model was developed and used to design a gas–liquid bioreactor for hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis with Methanobacterium bryantii M.o.H. Gas‐to‐liquid H2 mass transfer, microbiological H2 consumption, biomass growth, methane formation, and Gibbs free energy yields were evaluated systematically. Combining model predictions and experimental results revealed that an initially large biomass concentration created transients during which biomass consumed [H2]L rapidly to the thermodynamic H2‐threshold (≤1 nM) that triggerred the microorganisms to stop H2 oxidation. With no H2 oxidation, continuous gas‐to‐liquid H2 transfer increased [H2]L to a level that signaled the methanogens to resume H2 oxidation. Thus, an oscillatory H2‐concentration profile developed between the thermodynamic H2‐threshold (≤1 nM) and a low [H2]L (~10 nM) that relied on the rate of gas‐to‐liquid H2‐transfer. The transient [H2]L values were too low to support biomass synthesis that could balance biomass losses through endogenous oxidation and advection; thus, biomass declined continuously and disappeared. A stable [H2]L (1807 nM) emerged as a result of abiotic H2‐balance between gas‐to‐liquid H2 transfer and H2 removal via advection of liquid‐phase.
A field guide for implementing a flipped classroom
Authors: Poulain Pierre , Bertrand Mickael , Dufour Héloise , Taly Antoine
Published: May 2023

The way flipped classrooms are perceived and even practiced by teachers is sometimes approximate. For instance, while the Covid‐19 pandemic has pushed many universities to adopt distance learning, flipped classrooms have often been mentioned as a solution in that context. This inducement maintains a confusion between flipped classrooms and distance learning that might be detrimental for students and teachers. Moreover, embarking on a new pedagogical practice such as flipped classroom could be intimidating and time‐consuming for the newcomer teacher. For these reasons, this article aims to share some tips for implementing a flipped classroom, with examples from biology and biochemistry. Based on our experiences but also on the current scientific literature, we structured these advise around three phases: preparation, implementation, and follow‐up. In the preparation phase, we advise planning early to invert time in class and outside the classroom, but also to say it explicitly, as well as to identify (or optionally create) resources for students to learn in autonomy. In the implementation phase, we suggest to (i) be explicit in the acquisition of knowledge and foster students' autonomy; (ii) explore active learning in class; (iii) develop cooperation and sharing skills; and (iv) differentiate teaching practices to adapt to student needs. Lastly, in the follow‐up phase, we propose to (i) evaluate both student learning and the pedagogical setting; (ii) take care of the logistics and the teacher's posture; (iii) document the flipped classroom, and (iv) share the teaching experience.
Adjuvant chemotherapy non‐adherence, patient‐centered communication, and patient‐level factors in elderly breast and colon cancer patients
Authors: Mitchell Kerri‐Anne R. , Boyle Joseph R. , Juricekova Lenka , Brown Richard F.
Published: May 2023

Background

We examined patient‐level factors (patient characteristics, disease and treatment factors, and patient experience), patient‐centered communication (PCCM), and non‐adherence to adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) guidelines among breast and colon cancer patients to inform AC adherence promotion and improve clinical outcomes.

Methods

Descriptive statistics for patient‐level factors, PCCM, and AC non‐adherence (primary non‐adherence, non‐persistence at 3 and 6 months) were obtained. Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate AC non‐adherence after accounting for the identified patient‐level factors.

Results

The majority of the sample (n = 577) were White (87%), breast cancer patients (87%), and reported PCCM (provider communication score ≥ 90%, 73%, provider communication score = 100%, 58%). All three levels of AC nonadherence were significantly higher in breast cancer patients (69%, 81%, and 89% for primary non‐adherence, and non‐persistence at 3 and 6 months, respectively) than colon cancer patients (43%, 46%, and 62%, respectively). Male sex, survey assistance, and low/average ratings of a personal doctor, specialist, and healthcare were associated with lower PCCM. Older age, breast cancer diagnosis, and diagnosis group following 2007–2009 increased the likelihood of all three levels of AC non‐adherence. Comorbidities and PCCM‐90 were exclusively associated with non‐persistence at 3 months.

Conclusions

Adjuvant chemotherapy non‐adherence varied by cancer diagnosis and treatment factors. The relationship between PCCM and AC non‐adherence differed by level of PCCM, time period, and the presence of comorbidities. AC guideline adherence, communication, and value‐concordant treatment should be assessed and compared simultaneously to improve our understanding of their interrelationships.
Quality of life in endometrial cancer survivors by grade of disease
Authors: Banning K. , Fucinari J. , Fielder A. , Ruterbusch J. J. , Beebe‐Dimmer J. L. , Schwartz A. G. , Wallbillich J. J. , Cote M. L.
Published: May 2023

Background

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries, with overall incidence increasing, particularly high‐grade disease. There is sparse information regarding quality of life (QOL) in EC survivors with a focus on grade of disease.

Methods

A total of 259 women with EC diagnosed between 2016 and 2020 were identified via the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System and consented to enroll in the Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors cohort study (if African American, n = 138) or completed the baseline interview (if non‐Hispanic white, n = 121). Each respondent provided information about their health history, educational attainment, health behaviors, and demographics. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐General (FACT‐G) and Endometrial‐specific (FACT‐En) were used to assess QOL.

Results

Women diagnosed with high‐grade (n = 112) and low‐grade (n = 147) EC participated in this study. EC survivors with high‐grade disease reported significantly lower QOL compared to survivors with low‐grade disease (85 vs. 91, respectively, p value = 0.025) as assessed by the FACT‐G. This difference was driven by lower physical and functional subscales among women with high‐grade disease compared to those with low‐grade disease (p value = 0.016 and p = 0.028, respectively). Interestingly, EC‐specific QOL measures, as assessed by the FACT‐En, did not differ by grade.

Conclusion

Grade of disease impacts QOL in EC survivors, as well as socioeconomic, psychological, and physical factors. Most of these factors are amenable to interventions and should be assessed in patients after an EC diagnosis.
Induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress is associated with the anti‐tumor activity of monepantel across cancer types
Authors: Harris Tiffany J. , Liao Yang , Shi Wei , Evangelista Marco , Pal Bhupinder , Puthalakath Hamsa , Aston Roger , Mollard Richard , Mariadason John M. , Lee Erinna F. , Fairlie Walter D.
Published: May 2023

Background

Monepantel is an anti‐helminthic drug that also has anti‐cancer properties. Despite several studies over the years, the molecular target of monepantel in mammalian cells is still unknown, and its mechanism‐of‐action is not fully understood, though effects on cell cycle, mTOR signalling and autophagy have been implicated.

Methods

Viability assays were performed on >20 solid cancer cell cells, and apoptosis assays were performed on a subset of these, including 3D cultures. Genetic deletion of BAX/BAK and ATG were used to establish roles of apoptosis and autophagy in killing activity. RNA‐sequencing was performed on four cell lines after monepantel treatment, and differentially regulated genes were confirmed by Western blotting.

Results

We showed that monepantel has anti‐proliferative activity on a broad range of cancer cell lines. In some, this was associated with induction of apoptosis which was confirmed using a BAX/BAK‐deficient cell line. However, proliferation is still inhibited in these cells following monepantel treatment, indicating cell‐cycle disruption as the major anti‐cancer effect. Previous studies have also indicated autophagic cell death occurs following monepantel treatment. We showed autophagy induction in multiple cell lines; however, deletion of a key autophagy regulator ATG7 had minimal impact on monepantel’s anti‐proliferative activity, suggesting autophagy is associated with, but not required for its anti‐tumour effects. Transcriptomic analysis of four cell lines treated with monepantel revealed downregulation of many genes involved in the cell cycle, and upregulation of genes linked to ATF4‐mediated ER stress responses, especially those involved in amino‐acid metabolism and protein synthesis.

Conclusions

As these outcomes are all associated with mTOR signalling, cell cycle and autophagy, we now provide a likely triggering mechanism for the anti‐cancer activity of monepantel.