bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SLO-Microperimetry in Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration During Anti-VEGF Therapy
Authors: Hartmann Kathrin I. , Oster Stephen F. , Amini Payam , Bartsch Dirk-Uwe , Cheng Lingyun , Freeman William R.
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the morphological and functional outcome of wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) during antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy with bevacizumab using SLO microperimetry (SLO-MP) with eye tracking.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

First, reproducibility was tested over the choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in 21 eyes of 19 patients with wet AMD. Second, 21 eyes of 19 patients with active CNV were studied longitudinally during bevacizumab therapy. Best-corrected visual acuity, SLO-MP, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography were performed.

RESULTS:

There was good reproducibility with a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.85. In the longitudinal study, eyes with anatomical response demonstrated a significant increase of retinal sensitivity. Non-responders showed no change in SLO-MP. Retinal sensitivity at baseline had a significant predictive value for the change in retinal sensitivity during therapy with bevacizumab (
P
= .032).

CONCLUSION:

SLO-MP is able to analyze retinal function overlying lesions in wet AMD and can be a useful tool to monitor therapy in patients with macular diseases.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2015;46:824–830.]
Outer Retinal Changes Preceding Secondary Macular Hole Formation Years After Vitreomacular Traction Release Demonstrated on Spectral-Domain OCT
Authors: Chin Adam T. , Bonini Filho Marco A. , de Carlo Talisa E. , Adhi Mehreen , Duker Jay S.
Published: October 2015

This report describes changes documented on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in the right eye of a 58-year-old woman who eventually developed a secondary full-thickness macular hole (FTMH). She had a history of vitreomacular traction (VMT) that had resolved spontaneously with a complete posterior vitreous detachment. Despite VMT resolution, a hyperreflective band from the internal to the external limiting membrane and evidence of photoreceptor disruption persisted on SD-OCT for 2 years, at which point an FTMH developed. Despite VMT release, the unexpected FTMH coupled with the preceding outer retinal changes suggest persistent secondary damage to Müller cells as a potential factor.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2015;46:880–882.]
Nueva aportación a la obra de Morales: cronología, soportes y réplicas
Authors: Mateo Gómez Isabel
Published: October 2015

Se aportan tres nuevas versiones del Ecce Homo, pintados sobre distinto soporte, y una Magdalena, réplica de la tabla de la Clerecía de Salamanca.
“Que las riquezas del mundo parecian estar alli cifradas: los festejos de boda de Catalina de Braganza en el contexto de la Restauración portuguesa (1661-1662)
Authors: Varela Flor Susana
Published: October 2015

El propósito de este trabajo es el estudio de los festejos de boda de Catalina de Braganza y de enmarcarlos en el contexto histórico de la disolución de la unión Hispano-Portuguesa en 1640. A fin de comprender mejor uno de los modelos que sirvió de inspiración para estas ceremonias, el enfoque del análisis se centra en la boda entre Mª Teresa de España y Louis XIV de Francia, y en el discurso a favor de la restauración utilizado por la casa de Braganza.
Habitaciones con vistas. Pulsión escópica a través de la ventana
Authors: Cachorro Fernández Emilio
Published: October 2015

La ventana, elemento fundamental en arquitectura, también constituye un motivo de especial atención en otras disciplinas, especialmente en pintura, lo que hace interesante explorar las principales ideas o significados que subyacen en la amplia diversidad de formas de mirar a su través, mostrando una gran riqueza interpretativa a nivel internacional con reflejo en el arte español. Este hecho invita a recorrer una selección de sus más destacados episodios pictóricos, mediante los que se ejemplifican distintos sentimientos y sensaciones, no mutuamente excluyentes, revelando poderosas razones por las que la simbología de una simple abertura en la fachada de un edificio despierta fascinación en numerosos artistas y protagoniza una parte importante de sus obras.
De la Trinidad antropomorfa como sedes gratiae una fuente gráfica en talla y pintura: Santa María de Valpuesta y el Museo del Prado
Authors: González de Zárate Jesús María
Published: October 2015

Pocas representaciones nos han llegado sobre la Trinidad antropomorfa. El presente comentario repara en dos ejemplos del siglo XV: una talla en la colegiata de Valpuesta (Burgos, sede episcopal más antigua de Castilla) y una pintura de Miguel Ximénez custodiada en el Museo del Prado. En el análisis reparamos en la fuente gráfica como invención y modelo que interpretaron tanto el imaginero como el artista pintor.
Hallazgo de restos de la serpiente Dinilysia patagonica Smith-Woodward 1901 en una nueva localidad del Santoniano de Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Triviño L. N. , Albino A. M.
Published: October 2015

En este trabajo se describen nuevos restos de la serpiente cretácica Dinilysia patagonica recuperados en la localidad Barreales Norte, Formación Bajo de la Carpa (Santoniano superior), provincia del Neuquén, Argentina. El material comprende la parte posterior de un cráneo parcialmente conservado y articulado con un fragmento del hueso compuesto, atlas y axis. Además, se preservaron seis secciones de columna vertebral con vértebras precloacales. La asignación a Dinilysia patagonica se basa en: cráneo de tamaño grande, otooccipital con largo proceso paraoccipital adosado a un elongado supratemporal que se extiende más allá del nivel del cóndilo occipital; cresta sagital del parietal bien desarrollada y continua con la cresta del supraoccipital; proótico en forma de I cursiva; vértebras anchas, cortas y robustas; prezigapófisis largas y muy inclinadas sobre la horizontal; canal neural pequeño y trilobulado; proceso prezigapofisario reducido; arcos neurales aplanados con el margen posterior recto. Este material agrega una nueva localidad al norte del río Neuquén para la distribución de la especie en el Cretácico superior.
Utilisation of Sepidrud dam basin sediments in fired clay bricks: laboratory scale experiment
Authors: Jamshidi-Chenari R. , Rabanifar H. , Veiseh S.
Published: October 2015

The prevailing disposal methods for dam basin sediments are not free from the environmental pollution and the ecological imbalance. At present, a new way to treat the dredged sediments to manufacture bricks is being investigated, prioritizing waste recovery over its deposition in landfills. However, construction materials such as clay bricks must comply with the international and local standards. Considering the perpetual availability of the sediments, particle sizing and their chemical composition and the results of physical and qualification tests on Sepidrud Dam basin sediments it can be concluded that the utilization of basin sediments as a full or partial replacement in clay brick production will lead to the production of quality bricks that meet all the regulatory limits in the standards. This research is novel in view of both increasing the reservoir effective volume capacity and preventing the use of alternative land quarries which are mainly covered by green land.
Visual Attention Guided Object Detection and Tracking
Authors: Dogra Debi Prosad
Published: October 2015

Scene understanding and object recognition heavily depend on the success of visual attention guided salient region detection in images and videos. Therefore, summarizing computer vision techniques that take the help of visual attention models to accomplish video object recognition and tracking, can be helpful to the researchers of computer vision community. In this chapter, it is aimed to present a philosophical overview of the possible applications of visual attention models in the context of object recognition and tracking. At the beginning of this chapter, a brief introduction to various visual saliency models suitable for object recognition is presented, that is followed by discussions on possible applications of attention models on video object tracking. The chapter also provides a commentary on the existing techniques available on this domain and discusses some of their possible extensions. It is believed that, prospective readers will benefit since the chapter comprehensively guides a reader to understand the pros and cons of this particular topic.
Content-Aware Image Retargeting
Authors: Pal Rajarshi , Tripathi Prasun Chandra
Published: October 2015

Displaying a large image in a small screen of a handheld gadget is a challenging task. Simple down-scaling of the image may reduce some objects too small to be perceptible. This gives rise to content-aware retargeting of the image. Important contents are allotted more screen space as compared to relatively less important contents of the image. Various types of content-aware image retargeting approaches have been proposed in a span of just over a decade. Another challenging area is to estimate importance of importance of the contents. Lot of researches has been carried out in this direction too to identify the important contents in the context of image retargeting. Equally important aspect is evaluation of these retargeting methods. This article contains a brief survey of related research in all of these aspects.
Video Saliency Detection for Visual Cryptography-Based Watermarking
Authors: Barari Adrita , Dhavale Sunita V.
Published: October 2015

The aim of this chapter is to review the application of the technique of Visual cryptography in non-intrusive video watermarking. The power of saliency feature extraction is also highlighted in the context of Visual Cryptography based watermarking systems for videos. All schemes in literature related to Visual cryptography based video watermarking, have been brought together with special attention on the role of saliency feature extraction in each of these schemes. Further a novel approach for VC based video watermarking using motion vectors (MVP Algorithm) as a salient feature is suggested. Experimental results show the robustness of proposed MVP Algorithm against various video processing attacks. Also, compression scale invariance is achieved.
Digital Forensics
Authors: Naskar Ruchira , Malviya Pankaj , Chakraborty Rajat Subhra
Published: October 2015

Digital forensics deal with cyber crime detection from digital multimedia data. In the present day, multimedia data such as images and videos are major sources of evidence in the courts of law worldwide. However, the immense proliferation and easy availability of low-cost or free, user-friendly and powerful image and video processing software, poses as the largest threat to today's digital world as well as the legal industry. This is due to the fact that such software allow efficient image and video editing, manipulation and synthesis, with a few mouse clicks even by a novice user. Such software also enable formation realistic of computer-generated images. In this chapter, we discuss different types of digital image forgeries and state-of-the-art digital forensic techniques to detect them. Through these discussions, we also give an idea of the challenges and open problems in the field of digital forensics.
Passive Video Tampering Detection Using Noise Features
Authors: Pandey Ramesh Chand , Singh Sanjay Kumar , Shukla K. K.
Published: October 2015

With increasing availability of low-cost video editing softwares and tools, the authenticity of digital video can no longer be trusted. Active video tampering detection technique utilize digital signature or digital watermark for the video tampering detection, but when the videos do not include such signature then it is very challenging to detect tampering in such video. To detect tampering in such video, passive video tampering detection techniques are required. In this chapter we have explained passive video tampering detection by using noise features. When video is captured with camera it passes through a Camera processing pipeline and this introduces noise in the video. Noise changes abruptly from authentic to forged frame blocks and provides a clue for video tampering detection. For extracting the noise we have considered different techniques like denoising algorithms, wavelet based denoising filter, and neighbor prediction.
Facial Expression Analysis Using 3D Range Images
Authors: Bagchi Parama , Bhattacharjee Debotosh , Nasipuri Mita
Published: October 2015

This proposed work deals with the uses and techniques of 3D range images for facial expression recognition. A 3D range image is basically a depth image (also called a 2.5D image), which contains depth information at each (x, y) pixel of the image. In the future, computer vision will become a part of our everyday life because of all of its extensive applications. Hence, the interactions between users and computers need to be more natural, and emphasizing as well as enumerating human-to-human communication to a larger extent. That is the reason why facial expressions find importance. Facial expression is an important factor of communication, and they reveal unknown facts about a person's feelings and emotions. There comes the need of a real facial expression detection system. Also, changes in expression are of great importance for the interpretation of human facial behavior as well as face recognition.
Digital Image Watermarking Based on Fractal Image Coding
Authors: Rao Channapragada R. S. G. , Prasad Munaga V. N. K.
Published: October 2015

This chapter proposes a watermarking technique using Ridgelet and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) techniques. A wavelet transform is the wavelet function representation. A wavelet is a mathematical function which divides a continuous time signal into different scale components, where each scale components is assigned with a frequency range. Wavelets represent objects with point singularities, while ridgelets represents objects with line singularities. The Ridgelet transform Technique is a multi-scale representation for functions on continuous spaces that are smooth away from discontinuities along lines. The proposed technique applies Ridgelet transform on the cover image to obtain ridgelet coefficients. These coefficients are transformed by using 2-level DWT to get low frequency sub-bands – LL1 and LL2. The mutual similarities between LL1 and LL2 sub-bands are considered for embedding watermark. The obtained watermarked image has better quality when compared to a few exiting methods.
Application of Metadata Repository and Master Data Management in Clinical Trial and Drug Safety
Authors: Ekkirala Chandrakant
Published: October 2015

This chapter talks about metadata repository, and master data management in clinical trial and drug safety. The chapter begins with the definition of metadata repository and gives an explanation around the same, It talks about a well designed metadata repository and the characteristics associated with the same. A brief around why we need metadata and the reasons for the using the same has also been mentioned. The benefits of a well structured metadata repository was also mentioned in detail. The chapter then gives a detailed explanation on master data management and the usage of MDM in clinical trials. MDM solutions for clinical trials management is also explained in detail.
Safety Signal Detection in the Drug Development Process
Authors: Arani Ramin B. , Wisniewski Antoni F.Z.
Published: October 2015

Drug development is a complex set of inter-linked processes in which the cumulative understanding of a drug's safety and efficacy profile is shaped during different learning phases. Often, drugs are approved based on limited safety information, for example in highly at risk or rare disease populations. Therefore, post approval, regulatory organizations have mandated proactive surveillance strategies that include the collection of reported adverse events experienced by exposed populations, some of whom may have been on treatment for extended periods of time. Analyzing these accumulating adverse event reports to understand their clinical significance, given the limitations imposed by the methods of data collection, is a complicated task. The aim of this chapter is to provide the readers with a general understanding of safety signal detection and assessment, followed by a description of statistical methods (both classical and Bayesian) typically utilized for quantifying the strength of association between a drug and an adverse event.
Application of SMAC Technology
Authors: Venugopal Manu
Published: October 2015

The current digital age is primarily driven by four technology forces namely, Social Media, Mobility, Analytics and Cloud computing. These technologies continue to evolve and shape the digital world, giving people and businesses newer experiences and opportunities that they were not exposed to in the past. Digital technology has the potential to change the world significantly which in turn has a disruptive impact in the world of business. Hence, ‘digitizing' its business must be one of top priorities in the medium and long term of every business to ensure a successful future. This chapter begins with by defining each of the four technologies, its benefits and what it means to the key stakeholders in the healthcare business. It also covers many use cases of SMAC with a specific focus on clinical development and pharmacovigilance. The later part of the chapter lays the foundation for setting up a SMAC organization including key strategies, conceptual framework, technology and regulatory compliance considerations.
Architecture of an Integrated Collaboration Portal for Clinical Trial
Authors: Chakraborty Partha
Published: October 2015

Collaboration is defined as the actions for individuals and teams to work together for a common goal. There are several bottlenecks to an efficient and effective collaborative model of clinical trial including: the lack of a centralized, consistent, globally accessible platform to manage and store essential study related documentation; inconsistent or incomplete work assignments; inefficient notification of key events requiring follow-on action; and incomplete, missing, expired, or redundant documentation and training activities and need to maintain multiple credential to access various system, Removing these barriers is an important part of establishing an environment that fosters collaboration among all constituencies involved in managing clinical trial keeping them connected, informed, and on task by providing access to everyone at any time, from anywhere.The case study below introduces need of an integrated clinical collaboration platform, addressing key functionality of such an platform and describes the architecture & design consideration to industrialize such a platform. The intended audience of this case study is the architects & designers of similar systems. The clinical trial activity for a drug in research is approximately 70% of the overall drug development cost. It is estimated that 4% of the cost of a trial is in 'rework' involving communication, regulatory issues, patient enrollment, document review and replacement of patients. The integrated clinical collaboration platform has potential to eliminate significant amount of cost of re-work, which is in order of $3.5M per trial.
A Probe into the Effectiveness of Non-English Majors' SMS-Based English Idiom Acquisition in China
Authors: Jiang Jiahong
Published: October 2015

Idioms, an indispensable part of English vocabulary acquisition, play an important role in second language learning. Mobile learning has broken through the constraints of time, space in learning. The present study explored the effectiveness of English idiom instructing and learning based on one form of mobile learning—SMS (Short Message Service). Compared with context-based approach and self-study approach, SMS-based approach was more effective in teaching English idioms for non-English majors in China. The findings of the study showed that students who regularly received short mini-lessons of English idioms via SMS on their mobile phones were more interested in learning and gained more in acquiring English idioms than their peers on pamphlets or context.
Mobile Learning Services on Cloud
Authors: Barać Dušan , Radenković Miloš , Jovanić Branislav
Published: October 2015

This chapter discusses providing mobile learning services on cloud. Mobile cloud computing brings numerous benefits and enables overcoming technical constraints of mobile learning. The main techniques and approaches in mobile cloud computing are analyzed. A model for mobile learning services delivering through cloud computing is proposed. Several examples of mobile learning services implementations on cloud are presented: Android native application that provides Moodle learning management system features and a SMS service and mobile application for managing the infrastructure of e-learning system.
Design and Evaluation of Mobile Learning from the Perspective of Cognitive Load Management
Authors: Huang Wenhao David , Andrade Jeanette
Published: October 2015

Considering the ubiquitous presence of mobile devices around the globe, designing mobile interfaces into learning systems has quickly become a norm to better disseminate information to the intended audience. Existing design frameworks, however, have not fully addressed the unique features of mobile learning environments grounded in proven pedagogical frameworks. As these mobile environments enable learners to shift their cognitive engagement between virtual and physical settings, this transition from one setting to another presented new challenges to cognitive learning processes due to excessive distractions learners may encounter. With these new challenges in mind, this chapter first reviews design and learning theories grounded in cognitive load management and social learning. Then the chapter proposes a preliminary mobile learning design framework to augment existing design thinking and practice.
An Exploration of Developing Mathematics Content for Mobile Learning
Authors: Kalloo Vani , Mohan Permanand
Published: October 2015

In this chapter, the authors explore the development of mathematics content for mobile learning. Firstly, some key factors which affect the development of mathematics content for mobile learning are considered. The development of content is challenging because of the limitations of a mobile device and the diversity of the mathematics content. The diversity of the content refers to the different types of mathematics content such as text, numbers, algebraic equations or graphs. The main challenge is determining the most effective way to represent this content on a mobile device. The need to consider factors such as the type of mathematics content, mobile device limitations, and the inclusion of mathematics pedagogy are discussed. The reason why each of these factors is significant is explained and a method for developing mathematics learning content is presented. The chapter closes with an example of a learning activity developed using this method.
Framing Mobile Learning
Authors: Hosler Kim A.
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce faculty and instructors, and those interested in using mobile technologies to support teaching and learning, to the Framework for the Rationale Analysis of Mobile Education (FRAME; Koole, 2009). This chapter discusses how mobile or handheld devices can be used to promote inquiry-based learning and constructivist and authentic pedagogies. Additionally, the chapter discusses Koole's (2009) FRAME model as a scaffold for guiding “the development of learning materials, and the design of teaching and learning strategies for mobile education” (p. 25). Lastly, the FRAME model is used to guide the implementation of an inquiry-based instructional unit incorporating mobile or handheld devices.
Designing Ensemble Based Security Framework for M-Learning System
Authors: Mahalingam Sheila , Abdollah Mohd Faizal , Sahibuddin Shahrin bin
Published: October 2015

Mobile Learning has a potential to improve efficiency in the education sector and expand educational opportunities to underserved remote area in higher learning institutions. However there are multi challenges in different altitude faced when introducing and implementing m-learning. Despite the evolution of technology changes in education, unfocused issues are security management even though statistically proven; threats are increasing each day on mobile application and ensemble devices. In order to provide a secure guideline for m-learning platform, an ensemble based security framework for mobile learning is proposed and improved. One of the major benefits in the framework is it integrates the security with dependability to provide trustworthiness in learner and providers perspective.
Methods and Perspectives in Face Tracking Based on Human Perception
Authors: Bruni Vittoria , Vitulano Domenico
Published: October 2015

This chapter aims at analyzing the role of human early vision in image and video processing, with particular reference to face perception, recognition, and tracking. To this aim, the change of perspective in approaching image processing-based problems where the decoder (human eye) plays a central role is analysed and discussed. In particular, the main topics of this contribution are some important neurological results that have been successfully used in face detection and recognition, as well as those that seem to be promising in giving new and powerful tools for face tracking, which remains a less investigated topic from this new standpoint.
Mobile Technology as a Learning Tool
Authors: Ishtaiwa Fawzi
Published: October 2015

This study investigated students' actual use of mobile technology (MT) as a learning tool and identified their perceptions towards the effects of using MT on the learning process. It also examined the impact of students' academic major on their use and perceived effects of MT. The relationship between MT use and its effect on learning was explored as well. To this end, a quantitative study of professional diploma students' perceptions of MT was carried out. The results revealed that students use MT in a variety of ways, and they perceive it as primary valuable tools to supplement their learning. However, the nature of MT use is unpretentious in scope. The results also indicated that students' academic major significantly impacted their use and perceived effects of MT. In addition, significant correlation was found between the use and effects of MT.
Image Enhancement Techniques Using Particle Swarm Optimization Technique
Authors: Santhi V. , Tripathy B. K.
Published: October 2015

The image quality enhancement process is considered as one of the basic requirement for high-level image processing techniques that demand good quality in images. High-level image processing techniques include feature extraction, morphological processing, pattern recognition, automation engineering, and many more. Many classical enhancement methods are available for enhancing the quality of images and they can be carried out either in spatial domain or in frequency domain. But in real time applications, the quality enhancement process carried out by classical approaches may not serve the purpose. It is required to combine the concept of computational intelligence with the classical approaches to meet the requirements of real-time applications. In recent days, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is considered one of the new approaches in optimization techniques and it is used extensively in image processing and pattern recognition applications. In this chapter, image enhancement is considered an optimization problem, and different methods to solve it through PSO are discussed in detail.
Assistive Technologies and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Alcantud Francisco , Alonso Yurena , Coret Javier , Jiménez Esteban
Published: October 2015

This chapter discusses assistive technologies applied in people with autism spectrum disorders and how these technologies promote their adaptation. We analyzed different technological application areas such as detection, assessment, diagnosis, intervention, training, learning, environment control, communication, mobility, and access. In recent years there has been a notable increase of publications and works related to the use of assistive technologies applied to Autism Spectrum Disorders. While most of the publications present novel systems, devices, and applications (smartphones, tablets, robots, avatars, etc.), general evaluation of the results is insufficient. Future lines of research are targeted to realize intelligent environments in order to integrate all knowledge and technological developments made in recent years.
Information and Computer Technology for Individuals with Autism
Authors: Nkabinde Zandile P.
Published: October 2015

The goal of this chapter is to explore the effective use of information and computer technology to assist individuals with autism. In 1985, the Picture Communication System, also known as PECS, was developed for children who had limited abilities to express themselves verbally. The idea was that by pointing to a picture, the child could communicate what he/she wanted. PECS has been modernized with the development of Apps for the iPad. Now, a child can choose from a wide variety of communication choices simply by touching a screen that will facilitate the process and provide a wide variety of choices never before available. This chapter helps parents and teachers to understand how information and computer technology improves communication for children with autism. In addition, the use of iPad and how it improves communication for children with autism are discussed. The use of iPads by children with autism was chosen because of the interactivity they offer to this population as well as for the range of educational opportunities they provide.
Cost Effective for Erlang Traffic of Mobile Learning over the Clouds
Authors: Htun Khaing Sandar
Published: October 2015

The progression of technology in this up-to-the-minute era keeps on booming rapidly from time to time (Aljabre, 2012). Cloud computing is the today's latest trend which offers unlimited and flexible shared storage server in a computer system. It can be used by any organizations and institutions. It provides services anytime anywhere. It gives user satisfaction because it enhances efficiency, preserves resource utilization, and improves information sharing. This technology is very beneficial to mobile learners as it helps eliminate problems of distance barrier and the access to education in different geographical locations. Software licensing and manpower training are no longer needed with this latest technology. However real-time applications have constraint with their response time. This paper investigates the cost effective for Erlang traffic of Mobile Learning over the clouds. Throughputs over cost are analyzed. The analysis results that although Google Cloud offers a poor performance but it is the most cost effective compared to the other four clouds.
Mobile Wireless Technologies Application in Education
Authors: Haghshenas Maryam , Sadeghzadeh Abouzar , Shahbazi Roghayeh , Nassiriyar Mojtaba
Published: October 2015

This chapter brings the reader's attention to understanding how technologies are aiding education with a focus on mobile technologies. In the early sections of this chapter, mobile technologies are explained briefly along with their significance to education. Implications for all involved in the education process using these technologies are then discussed. A pedagogical framework for mobile learning is then introduced along with standard theories commonly used, such as the transactional distance theory. Technological limitations and considerations are discussed to highlight future measures when designing these technologies specifically for educational purposes. Examples of mobile technology implementations in current education stages are then presented, such as mobile technology uses in higher education along with technologies used for early learners. Finally, the main objective of this chapter is presented to discuss the future of mobile technologies thoroughly, including assumptions of how these technologies will be part of everyday life for future learners.
Interactive Books in Augmented Reality for Mobile Devices
Authors: Corrêa Ana Grasielle Dionísio
Published: October 2015

One of the methods of teaching that has brought significant contributions to the field of education is augmented reality. This technology transformed learning into a more motivating, enjoyable, fun, and interesting activity. This chapter contributes an augmented reality application for mobile devices that complements and supports the learning of geometric figures. The application, called AGeRA, consists of a geometry book and software capable of reading special markers inserted into the book's content. When this book is placed in front of the camera of a mobile device, 3D objects, sounds, animations, and other interactive elements leap from book pages making learning more fun and exciting. Preliminary tests were made with teachers and students and showed good acceptance of the application to support the teaching of geometry.
A Historical Materialist Analysis of the Debate in Swedish Print Media on Mobile Phones in School Settings
Authors: Ott Torbjörn
Published: October 2015

The use of mobile phones for teaching and learning in schools has been a controversial matter. In this paper the debate in two Swedish newspapers on the use of mobile phones in schools is analysed using a historical materialist framework. The results are discussed in relation to contemporary research on mobile learning. The analysis reveals that the debate has been a consequence of a conflict of control of the process of learning in schools. Statements from the stakeholders in the debate indicate that it primarily has been a conflict between those who rule school, the legislators, and those who are ruled, the school staff and the pupils. Knowledge of this could contribute to the understanding of difficulties occurring when implementing a mobile learning concept in the educational system.
Mobile Learning Applications and Differentiated Instruction
Authors: Jackson Shelley A. , Snider Sharla , Masek Nicole , Baham Joanne
Published: October 2015

Mobile learning devices allow for learning anytime anywhere (Kinshuk, et al 2009). Currently instructors are attempting to keep up to date on the new developments in technology so that instruction is on the leading edge. Many instructors desire to be at the forefront of creating meaningful opportunities to use mobile devices rather than being passive recipients of developed curriculum and plans related to the use of these tools; plans that possibly address a “one size fits all” approach. For example, rather than technology being a tool to administer the same exams technology can be used to develop the exam so that it is student centered and responds in real time as the student completes the exam, perhaps modifying questions based on the student's incorrect and correct answers. It is important for instructors to participate fully in the emerging technology of mobile learning applications (apps) and to create opportunities for differentiated instruction. Mobile learning apps hold the promise to be able to adapt to various learning styles of different instructors and different students to provide personalized learning experiences.
A Multiple-Case Study Examining Teachers' Use of iPod Touches in Their Pedagogical Practices for English Language Learners
Authors: Liu M. , Navarrete C. , Maradiegue E. , Wivagg J.
Published: October 2015

Mobile technology has been noted as a valuable resource for students in K-12 education and potentially for English Language Learners (ELL). ELL students enter schools with different levels of English proficiency and teaching such a population often presents a daunting academic challenge. Using mobile devices for learning, holds certain potentials as the literature indicates. Benefits of mobile technology such as flexibility, accessibility, interactivity, and motivation and engagement have been documented. This multiple-case study examines ELL teachers' use of the iPod touch in their instruction at elementary, middle, and high school levels to understand how such mobile devices are used and the teachers' perception of using them.
Collaborative Work and Learning with Large Amount of Graphical Content in a 3D Virtual World Using Texture Generation Model Built on Stream Processors
Authors: Smorkalov Andrey , Fominykh Mikhail , Morozov Mikhail
Published: October 2015

In this paper, the authors address the challenges of applying three-dimensional virtual worlds for collaborative work and learning, such as steep learning curve and the demands for computational and network resources. We developed a texture generation model utilizing stream processors that allows displaying large amount of meaningful content in virtual worlds, reducing the technical requirements and allowing convenient tools that simplify the use of the technology, and therefore, improve the negative learning curve effect. The authors present original methods of generating images and several tools implemented in vAcademia virtual world. A tool called Sticky Notes is presented in detail as an example. In addition, the authors provide the evaluation of the suggested model and the first result of the user evaluation.
Open Source Applications for Image Visualization and Processing in Neuroimaging Training
Authors: Juanes Juan A. , Ruisoto Pablo , Prats-Galino Alberto , Framiñán Andrés
Published: October 2015

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the major role and potential of three of the most powerful open source computerized tools for the advanced processing of medical images, in the study of neuroanatomy. DICOM images were acquired with radiodiagnostic equipment using 1.5 Tesla Magnetic Resonance (MR) images. Images were further processed using the following applications: first, OsiriXTM version 4.0 32 bits for OS; Second, 3D Slicer version 4.3; and finally, MRIcron, version 6. Advanced neuroimaging processing requires two key features: segmentation and three-dimensional or volumetric reconstruction. Examples of identification and reconstruction of some of the most complex neuroimaging elements such vascular ones and tractographies are included in this paper. The three selected applications represent some of the most versatile technologies within the field of medical imaging.
Integrating Educational Robotics to Enhance Learning for Gifted and Talented Students
Authors: Eguchi Amy
Published: October 2015

Using educational robotics as a learning tool fosters gifted and talented students' learning, helping to instill the qualities necessary for them to be successful 21st century citizens and innovators who can profoundly affect the future US economy. Educational robotics provides a stimulating hands-on learning environment in which students constantly encounter problems that trigger inquiries, inspiring them to develop new solutions, test them out using the physical robots, and reiterate the process until they successfully solve the problems. Although educational robotics is considered “the most perfect instructional approach currently available” (Gura, 2013, para. 2), just bringing the tool into a classroom does not necessarily create the learning transformation that we wish to witness. The chapter presents the theories behind ideal Robotics in Education (RiE) approaches, introducing tips to ensure effective student learning and to maximize the potential of able students to display giftedness.
Web Accessibility for Persons with Motor Limitations
Authors: Abu Doush Iyad
Published: October 2015

Nowadays the internet is an important medium for serving people. Using the internet can help people completing several tasks and accessing different types of information (e.g., reading news, finding location for places, buying and selling products online, and so on). Accessing the internet is not an easy task for people with motor disabilities. The main barriers come from two issues: difficulty or inability in using the mouse and difficulty or inability on typing on the keyboard. The web accessibility guidelines are a set of suggested techniques to be used by web developers when designing, implementing, and maintaining websites to make them easy to access by people with disabilities. This chapter presents the importance of applying web accessibility standards and guidelines when designing and developing web pages. These guidelines are obtained from Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG), section 508, and other literature. The challenges and barriers encountered by people with motor disabilities when they use the web are presented. Then, different techniques that can be used by web developers to ensure the accessibility of websites for people with motor disabilities are introduced. At the end a discussion on evaluating and testing the website conformance to the web accessibility standards and guidelines is presented. Several evaluation techniques that can be used for web accessibility evaluation is introduced and explained to clarify the process of web accessibility testing.
Exploring the Potential of Mobile Applications to Support Learning and Engagement in Elementary Classes
Authors: Al Mosawi Athraa , Wali Esra Ahmed
Published: October 2015

Mobile devices have integrated themselves in society where they are used naturally and invisibly by individuals. Despite the fact that these devices are available to teachers and learners, the traditional style of classes is still the dominant style. This research explores the utilization of mobile applications in traditional classroom settings, and how this affects students' learning and engagement. An action research project was conducted in Bahrain to study the differences between the utilization of mobile applications in a classroom setting in a private school, with more technology exposure, and in a public school, with limited technology exposure. The study found that the use of mobile applications in classrooms increased students' engagement despite differences in the utilization of technology. The study also found that integrating mobile applications in classrooms has the potential to enhance students' performance.
Turning Competitions into Global Collaboration through Educational Robotics
Authors: Eguchi Amy
Published: October 2015

The chapter introduces a case of an educational robotics competition promoting global collaboration among participating students. Educational robotics is a learning tool that promotes the skills for collaboration and teamwork among students (Eguchi, 2007a, 2007b; Miller, Nourbakhsh, & Sigwart, 2008) through hands-on learning. When RoboCupJunior, an educational robotics competition, noticed some students becoming aggressively competitive at its annual World Championship, the organizers of the event decided to take measures to restructure its competition scheme in order to promote global collaboration among participating students. The chapter provides detailed information about the competition and its efforts to promote global collaboration among participating teams. In addition, although it is still in the early stages, the chapter shares anecdotal accounts of both participating students and organizers that confirm the positive impact the new approaches to competition has already had on encouraging collaboration among participating students.
Human-Computer Interaction in Consumer Behaviour
Authors: Servidio Rocco , Davies Barry , Hapeshi Kevin
Published: October 2015

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) studies play an important role in the design, implementation, and evaluation of a new generation of graphical user interfaces designed to support consumer behaviours and information needs. In recent years, the spread of new virtual environments and innovative tools have revolutionized the field of e-commerce. Although new digital environments can enable or facilitate certain user activities, the quality of the user interface will remain a continuing challenge. The chapter aims to underline the relationships between HCI studies and consumer behaviour, focusing attention on virtual environments for electronic and Internet e-commerce (online retail) services. The potential of multi-modal interfaces and virtual environments for business and marketing are examined by: (1) providing an overview of the relationships between HCI and consumer behaviour, (2) showing how different interaction modalities can enhance the communication process between user and consumer system, (3) showing how digital and interactive technologies can offer to the consumer many advantages and unique opportunities in exploring information and products, and (4) new directions for possible future research.
LingoBee
Authors: Petersen Sobah Abbas , Procter-Legg Emma , Cacchione Annamaria
Published: October 2015

This paper describes three case studies, where language learners were invited to use “LingoBee” as a means of supporting their language learning. LingoBee is a mobile app that provides user-generated language content in a cloud-based shared repository. Assuming that today's students are mobile savvy and “Digital Natives” able to engage in language learning autonomously using technology, initial studies were conducted with little or no intervention by the language teachers. However, the support and guidance provided within a teacher-led context can impact positively on learner engagement and use of LingoBee. The authors discuss this hypothesis using three case studies conducted in three European countries, within the EU LLP project SIMOLA, Situated Mobile Language Learning. This paper answers the research question: Does the level of the support and guidance, pedagogical approach and prior learning impact on learners' engagement and use of LingoBee? An earlier version of this paper was presented at the IADIS Mobile Learning 2013 conference.
Business English Vocabulary Learning With Mobile Phone
Authors: Zhang Haisen , Song Wei , Huang Ronghuai
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study was to explore whether the use of mobile technology could better enhance students' business English vocabulary learning than the employment of traditional print material. A group of sophomores (N=43) from a Chinese university in North China were randomly assigned to two groups: the experimental group (N=23), who worked on a given list of business vocabulary via SMS, and the control group (N=20), who studied the same list of vocabulary via paper print material. The results of the posttest reveal that the experimental group did significantly better than the control group. However, the results of the delayed test show that the two groups were not significantly different from each other in term of vocabulary retention rates. The study concludes that a blended use of mobile technology such as SMS and paper print material could better give rise to students' business English vocabulary learning. The limitations and suggestions for future research are also discussed.
Pedagogical Applications of Smartphone Integration in Teaching
Authors: Seifert Tami
Published: October 2015

As the disparity between educational standards and reality outside educational institutions is increasing, alternative learning infrastructure are challenging traditional modes of teaching. This study was based on an experiment with middle school pupils, pre-service teachers and college lecturers. The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which the use of smartphones for teaching affects pupils' motivation. Moreover, it explored pre-service teachers' and lecturers' attitudes toward the implementation of smartphones in education: the types of usage they implement and suggest and whether they think that smartphones should be implemented in academia as well as in schools at all. The study was conducted by a qualitative and quantitative analysis. Relevant information was collected based on the questionnaires, correspondence, personal journals and interviews. There was a difference in the level of technical difficulties various groups face, the personal use each generation performs as well as their attitude toward smartphone implementation.