bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of Clinical Trials of Empiric Antifungal Therapy in Patients with Persistent Febrile Neutropenia: Considerations and Critiques
Authors: Sobel Jack D.
Published: May 2006

Febrile neutropenic patients who receive antibiotics are at risk for fungal infections. This risk increases greatly with the length and severity of neutropenia. Because diagnostic tests for fungal infections lack sensitivity and specificity and because established fungal infections are associated with poor outcomes, empiric antifungal therapy is frequently given to patients with fever that persists despite antibacterial therapy. Early trials of empiric amphotericin B showed reductions in the number of invasive fungal infections and in related morbidity and mortality. However, as a result of infusion‐related and renal adverse effects of amphotericin B, newer agents, such as lipid formulations of amphotericin B, extended‐spectrum azoles, and echinocandins, have been developed. Although these alternatives have been associated with decreased toxicity, improved efficacy has not been clearly demonstrated. Although empiric antifungal therapy can prevent undetected breakthrough infections and morbidity associated with many fungal infections, its shortcomings include overtreatment, toxicity, and increased costs of unnecessary treatment. Recent studies have highlighted several questions in trial design and data interpretation. For example, what is the appropriate study design? Who should be enrolled in studies of empiric antifungal therapy? How should successful therapy be defined? These issues are reviewed to determine whether new antifungal agents should be evaluated for empiric use in patients with fever and neutropenia.
Are Infrared and Thermistor Thermometers Interchangeable for Measuring Localized Skin Temperature?
Authors: Kelechi Teresa J. , Michel Yvonne , Wiseman Jan
Published: May 2006

Localized skin temperature must be measured by accurate and reliable thermometers to effectively evaluate treatment outcomes, monitor changes, and predict potential complications. This study compared localized skin temperature measurements with a contact thermistor thermometer used as a reference standard and a noncontact infrared (IR) skin thermometer to determine their interchangeability with calculated Bland-Altman limits of agreement. Fifty-five adults ages 50 to 89 participated in the study in which data were collected in a climate-controlled room over 3 measurement periods, 1 week apart. The thermistor and IR thermometers were interchangeable with a limit of agreement of ± 1.5°C. This limit of agreement is acceptable as a reference standard for IR thermometers to measure localized skin temperature in clinical settings.
Measuring Hospital Readiness for Information Technology (IT) Innovation: A Multisite Study of the Organizational Information Technology Innovation Readiness Scale
Authors: Snyder Rita A. , Fields Willa L.
Published: May 2006

The Institute of Medicine has stressed the need for health care organizations to increase their use of information technology (IT) to create safer health care environments, particularly in the area of medication safety. However, the rate of successful organizational IT innovation remains low and this is primarily attributed to a lack of organizational IT innovation readiness. The reported study completes the fourth phase in the development of the 48-item Organizational Information Technology Innovation Readiness Scale (OITIRS). The aim of this study was to re-examine the psychometric adequacy of the OITIRS to determine the readiness of three community hospitals to implement a commercial computerized provider order entry (CPOE) medication safety system. Findings supported internal consistency reliability with alpha coefficients from .78 to .92, and mean interitem correlations for the eight subscales ranging from .38 to .65 with a significance level of .01. Construct validity was supported with an overall factor loading range of .49 to .92 across the eight subscales and an explained variance ranged from 33% to 66%. The study findings supported the use of the OITIRS to assess hospital readiness for computer provider order entry system innovation.
Development and Testing of the Resourcefulness Scale for Older Adults
Authors: Zauszniewski Jaclene A. , Lai Chien-Yu , Tithiphontumrong Sukuma
Published: May 2006

Resourcefulness is the ability to independently perform daily tasks (personal resourcefulness) and to seek help from others when unable to function independently (social resourcefulness). The 2 forms of resourcefulness are theoretically related, yet no current measure captures both simultaneously. This 2-phase study involved development and testing of a Resourcefulness Scale for elders from existing measures of personal and social resourcefulness. Data from 2 studies of 451 chronically ill elders were randomly split: the measure was developed in phase 1 and validated in phase 2. The new Resourcefulness Scale has acceptable internal consistency (α= .85). Two correlated subscales reflecting personal and social resourcefulness (r= .41) were confirmed. The Resourcefulness Scale has potential usefulness for older adults as well as younger and middle-aged adults.
Inheritance of Resistance to Purple Seed Stain Caused by Cercospora kikuchii in PI 80837 Soybean
Authors: Jackson Eric W. , Fenn Patrick , Chen Pengyin
Published: May 2006

Purple seed stain (PSS) of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], caused by Cercospora kikuchii (T. Matsu. & Tomoyasu) Gardner, is favored by high moisture and warm temperatures during early pod development. PSS can significantly reduce seed and grain quality. Characterizing genetic resistance to PSS would be valuable in the development of resistant lines and varieties. PI 80837 has a high level of resistance to PSS and also good resistance to Phomopsis seed decay (PSD) caused primarily by Phomopsis longicolla Hobbs. Resistance to PSD in PI 80837 is conferred by a single dominant gene. The research reported here genetically characterizes PSS resistance in PI 80837 and examines if genes for PSS and PSD resistances are linked. Crosses were made between PI 80837 and ‘Agripro 350’ (AP 350) (susceptible to PSS and PSD), PI 91113 (susceptible to PSS and PSD), and line MO/PSD‐0259 (susceptible to PSS but resistant to PSD). Populations and lines were grown in the field and C. kikuchii infection was assayed by plating seed. Cercospora seed infection of F1 plants from reciprocal crosses of AP 350 × PI 80837 was not significantly different from that of PI 80837, indicating that resistance is under nuclear control. Segregation data from each of four F2 populations fit a single dominant gene model for resistance. Data from F2:3 lines of AP 350 × PI 80837 and PI 80837 × MO/PSD‐0259 fit the model for a single dominant gene for PSS resistance. A linkage test for reaction to Cercospora and Phomopsis seed infection in F2:3 lines of AP 350 × PI 80837 showed that the genes for PSS and PSD resistances in PI 80837 are not linked.
SNP‐Based Improvement of a Microsatellite Marker Associated with Karnal Bunt Resistance in Wheat
Authors: Brooks Steven A. , See Deven R. , Brown‐Guedira Gina
Published: May 2006

Marker‐assisted selection (MAS) has become the technology of choice for introgressing important traits with indistinct phenotypes into agronomically elite cultivars. Karnal bunt (KB, causal agent Tilletia indica Mitra) is an economically important fungal pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) which has caused economic losses in the USA since it was first reported in 1996. To protect U.S. wheat from this emerging disease and the losses incurred from export quarantines, genetic sources of resistance are needed by breeders to improve U.S. germplasm. Resistance to KB is difficult to score phenotypically, making MAS an ideal choice for deploying this trait into U.S. wheat. Here we describe the conversion of a codominant microsatellite marker, Xgwm538, associated with a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for KB resistance into a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based marker. The SNP marker was developed to improve gel‐based resolution and amplification consistency. The gwm538 primers amplify three fragments in the KB resistant line HD29: 137‐, 147‐, and a 152‐bp fragment that maps to the long arm of chromosome 4B and is linked to the KB QTL. By cloning and sequencing all three fragments, we were able to exploit a SNP and design a new primer to selectively amplify the 152‐bp fragment of interest (gwm538snp). Amplification consistency is improved with gwm538snp since the amplification of competing nontarget fragments is eliminated, and ambiguity is reduced since heterozygous plants are easily identified among backcross progeny.
Yield Structure and Kernel Potential of Winter Wheat on the Canadian Prairies
Authors: Duggan B. L. , Fowler D. B.
Published: May 2006

Improvements in agronomic practices and cultivars have allowed for expanded production of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on the Canadian prairies. In this study, yield and yield components were measured in dry land and irrigation trials to identify the factors determining yield potential and sample uniformity. Although genotype × environment interactions were important contributors to variation in the yield determining factors, genotype and position of the kernel in the spike had the major influence on kernel weight. Large differences in kernels spikelet−1 and kernel weight indicated that these two variables were responsible for yield adjustments to stress during the spikelet and kernel development phase. Kernels from the lower and middle section of the spike and the proximal (A and B) floret positions were heavier than those from the upper spike section and the distal (C and D) floret positions. Artificially reducing spikelet numbers increased weight of the remaining kernels but only under dry land conditions. Weight of kernels in the C position was increased 22% when ovules of the proximal florets were removed during head initiation. These observations indicate that because growing season moisture availability is extremely variable on the Canadian prairies, an ability to compensate for limitations or excesses in sink size as the season progresses must be bred into cultivars if grain yield is to be maximized. This means that successful genotypes tend to have higher than average values for all yield components rather than one exceptionally high component and uniform seed size is difficult to achieve.
Statistical Analysis of Yield Trials by AMMI and GGE
Authors: Gauch Hugh G.
Published: May 2006

The Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model, Genotype main effects and Genotype × Environment interaction (GGE) model, and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) are singular value decomposition (SVD) based statistical analyses often applied to yield‐trial data. This paper presents a systematic comparison, using both statistical theory and empirical investigations, while considering both current practices and best practices. Agricultural researchers using these analyses face two inevitable choices. First is the choice of a model for visualizing data. AMMI is decidedly superior, not for statistical reasons, but rather for agricultural reasons. AMMI partitions the overall variation into genotype main effects, environment main effects, and genotype × environment interactions. These three sources of variation present agricultural researchers with different challenges and opportunities, so it is best to handle them separately, while still considering all three in an integrated manner. Second is the choice of a member of a given model family for gaining predictive accuracy. AMMI, GGE, and other SVD‐based model families are essentially equivalent, but best practices require model diagnosis for each individual dataset to determine which member is most predictively accurate. Making these two choices well allows researchers to extract more usable information from their data, thereby increasing efficiency and accelerating progress.
Heritability and Correlations of Agronomic and Fiber Traits in an Okra‐Leaf Upland Cotton Population
Authors: Ulloa Mauricio
Published: May 2006

In cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), the cost and time to develop and evaluate appropriate genetic populations have limited the number of intensive and complete heritability studies. Herein, three agronomic and 17 fiber quality traits were assessed for heritability and correlation analyses on progeny rows in an okra‐leaf cotton population of 208 families. Progenies were advanced in succeeding generations by a single‐seed descent. Comparison between F2:3 and F2:6 generations for individual traits and individual progeny by trait revealed significant differences between the two generations. Heritability estimates (h2 > 0.60), and correlations within and between (r > 0.55) F2:3 and F2:6, generations have practical applications for the simultaneous improvement of multiple fiber traits. Fiber strength was positively correlated to 2.5 and 50% fiber span length and negatively correlated to short fiber content. Number of neps was positively correlated to number of seed coats, and short and immature fiber content, and negatively correlated to mean fiber fineness and maturity ratio. The genetic potential for improving agronomic and fiber traits may exist in populations with this alternative leaf morphology, okra‐leaf type. Mass selection may be effective for improving most of the above traits (h2 > 0.60). However, pedigree, sibs, and progeny tests need to be used to achieve higher genetic progress. Selection may be applied as early as the F3 when selection units can be replicated. Thereafter, antagonistic trait correlations may become neutral or favorable in later generations, facilitating improvement of fiber quality.
Winter Cover Crops in Illinois: Evaluation of Ecophysiological Characteristics of Corn
Authors: Miguez Fernando E. , Bollero German A.
Published: May 2006

Understanding ecophysiological characteristics of corn (Zea mays L.) under winter cover crops (WCCs) can improve management and farmers' acceptance by increasing the positive effects and decreasing the negative effects associated with their use. This study was conducted to quantify the effects of WCC on corn development, growth, and yield through the evaluation of ecophysiological characteristics. No‐till corn planted after hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), and hairy vetch–cereal rye biculture and with four levels of N fertilizer (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg ha−1) was evaluated in 2002 and 2003 at Urbana, IL. Number of leaves, height, leaf area, chlorophyll meter readings (CMRs), light interception (LI), leaf carbon dioxide exchange rate (CER), grain yield, and yield components were measured. At 0 kg ha−1, rye had significant detrimental effects on corn ecophysiological characteristics. However, most of the detrimental effects were overcome by adding 90 kg N ha−1 Overall, hairy vetch provided benefits to corn that resulted in higher corn grain yield and was significantly better than all other treatments when no N fertilizer was used. Corn yield following hairy vetch–rye was intermediate between no cover and rye. As long as N rates are at least 90 kg ha−1, incorporating WCC in a corn–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation in Illinois does not affect corn ecophysiological characteristics and yield potential.
Changes in High Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunit Composition Can Be Genetically Engineered without Affecting Wheat Agronomic Performance
Authors: Bregitzer Phil , Blechl Ann E. , Fiedler Doug , Lin Jeanie , Sebesta Paul , De Soto Jose Fernandez , Chicaiza Oswaldo , Dubcovsky Jorge
Published: May 2006

The genomes of modern cultivars have been painstakingly selected for the presence of favorable alleles at multiple loci, which interact to produce superior phenotypes. Genetic transformation provides a tool to introduce new genes without altering the original gene combinations. However, the random genetic and epigenetic changes sometimes generated by the transformation process have been associated with losses in agronomic performance. The agronomic performance of 50 transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines containing additional copies of native or modified high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW‐GS) genes and the selectable marker bar, their untransformed parent ‘Bobwhite’, four lines containing only bar, and 10 null segregant lines were assessed in small plot trials over 2 yr and three locations. Most of the transgenic lines did not show significant changes in performance relative to Bobwhite, although the transgenic lines as a group tended toward lower performance. Null‐segregant and bar‐only lines performed similarly to Bobwhite. No relationship could be established between performance and particular transgenes or their expression levels. Despite the overall lower performance of the transgenic lines, many with agronomic performance equivalent to Bobwhite were identified. These findings suggest that extant techniques for genetic engineering of wheat are capable of producing agronomically competitive lines for use as cultivars or parents in breeding programs.
Changes in Pickling Cucumber Yield and Economic Value in Response to Planting Density
Authors: Ngouajio Mathieu , Wang Guangyao , Hausbeck Mary K.
Published: May 2006

Studies on density‐dependent variations in yield and economic value of crops could help identify optimum plant density. Field experiments were conducted in 2003 and 2004 using a wide range of densities (from 88 000 to 330 000 plants ha−1) of pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown for once‐over machine harvest. Fruit set was identified as a major yield‐limiting factor at low densities. When plant density decreased by 73%, fruit number only increased by 50% within the range of densities used. Total marketable yield increased with density. However, the highest yield observed at the highest density did not translate into the highest economic value. This was mainly due to the added cost of the seed under high densities. Optimum density required to maximize economic value, was between 220 000 and 245 000 plants ha−1 and depended on the selling price of the fruits. Our results support the hypothesis that the density of 330 000 plants ha−1 currently used by many growers could be significantly reduced without losses in economic value of the crop. Finally we propose that seed cost be included in studies designed to identify optimum planting density of crops.
Heritability Estimates and Response to Selection for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Soft Red Winter Wheat
Authors: Verges Virginia L. , Van Sanford David , Brown‐Guedira Gina
Published: May 2006

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe), is an economically important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). After epidemics in the USA during the 1990s, a resistance‐breeding effort was undertaken focusing initially on the transfer of Type II resistance from unadapted Chinese cultivars. The objective of this study was to determine the magnitude and heritability of resistance in populations derived from adapted parents. Three soft red winter (SRW) wheat populations of 40 families each were artificially inoculated with Fusarium graminearum under mist irrigation in 2003 and 2004 at Lexington and Princeton, KY. Traits measured included anthesis date, plant height, disease severity, Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) and deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration. Broad sense heritability (BSH) estimates were generated from entry means over the four environments. Heritability of severity was approximately 0.30 in all populations; heritability of FDK ranged from 0.16 to 0.20. In 2003, a selection intensity of 20% was imposed on all populations, and the eight lowest severity families were advanced and evaluated at Lexington and Princeton in 2004. Direct selection response, averaged over both locations, ranged from 1.9 to 4.1% reduction in severity. Correlated reduction in FDK ranged from 0.4 to 6.5%; there was also a correlated increase in plant height of 1.7 to 4.1 cm after one cycle of selection. Progress in FHB resistance breeding in the absence of major QTL is likely to be constrained by low heritability and genotype × environment (G × E) interaction.
Concentrate Supplementation Effects on Forage Characteristics and Performance of Early Weaned Calves Grazing Rye–Ryegrass Pastures
Authors: Vendramini J. M. B. , Sollenberger L. E. , Dubeux J. C. B. , Interrante S. M. , Stewart R. L. , Arthington J. D.
Published: May 2006

Early weaning of calves (Bos spp.) increases pregnancy rates of beef cows; however, there is little information on nutritional management of the weaned calf on pasture. This research evaluated the effect of concentrate supplementation level on performance of early weaned (90 d of age) beef calves grazing annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)–rye (Secale cereale L.) mixtures on Adamsville (uncoated, hyperthermic, Aquic Quartzipsamment) and Pomona (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Ultic Alaquod) sands. Three levels of supplement (10, 15, and 20 g kg−1 of calf body weight [BW]) were evaluated in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The concentrate contained 146 and 700 g kg−1 of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). Pastures were rotationally stocked with a 7‐d grazing and 21‐d rest period. Two calves were assigned as testers to each pasture, and additional animals were used to maintain a similar herbage allowance across treatments. There was no effect of concentrate supplementation level on herbage mass, accumulation, allowance, or nutritive value. Calf average daily gain (ADG; 0.74–0.89 kg), liveweight gain (LWG) per hectare (950–1320 kg), and stocking rate (SR; 5.5–6.5 animal units [AU] ha−1) increased linearly, and forage intake decreased linearly (18–11 g kg−1 BW) as concentrate rate increased. Grazing time was 284, 230, and 234 min d−1 (linear and quadratic effects) for the 10, 15, and 20 g kg−1 BW supplement treatments, respectively. Feeding systems with modest levels of supplementation (10 g kg−1 BW) of calves grazing cool‐season grasses are practical options for early weaned calves during winter in the southeastern USA.
A Single Dominant Gene for Resistance to the Soybean Aphid in the Soybean Cultivar Dowling
Authors: Hill Curtis B. , Li Yan , Hartman Glen L.
Published: May 2006

The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura), a new pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], rapidly spread throughout North America after its arrival in 2000 and caused millions of dollars in economic losses. At present, the application of insecticides is the only means to control the soybean aphid. However, genetic resistance to the aphid was recently discovered in soybean germplasm and the soybean cultivar Dowling was identified as having strong antibiosis‐type aphid resistance. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance of resistance to the soybean aphid in Dowling. Resistance in F1, F2, and F2–derived F3 (F2:3) families from crosses between Dowling and the two susceptible soybean cultivars Loda and Williams 82 was analyzed. All F1 plants were resistant to the aphid. Heterogeneity of segregation of F2 plants in 14 Dowling × Loda F2 families was nonsignificant (P = 0.16), and pooled F2 data, with 132 resistant to 45 susceptible plants, fit a 3:1 ratio (P = 0.90). F2 plants from Dowling × Williams 82 segregated 135 resistant to 44 susceptible, also fitting a 3:1 ratio (P = 0.89). Segregation among the F2:3 families fit a 1:2:1 monogenic inheritance pattern. These results indicated that a single dominant gene named Rag1 controlled resistance in Dowling. The monogenic dominant nature of resistance will enable breeders to rapidly convert existing susceptible cultivars to resistant cultivars using backcrossing procedures.
Geographic Distribution of Common and Dwarf Bunt Resistance in Landraces of Triticum aestivum subsp. aestivum
Authors: Bonman J. Michael , Bockelman Harold E. , Goates Blair J. , Obert Don E. , McGuire Patrick E. , Qualset Calvin O. , Hijmans Robert J.
Published: May 2006

Landrace accessions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum) from the USDA‐ARS National Small Grains Collection (NSGC) have been tested systematically for the past 25 yr for disease resistance. We analyzed the resistance of 10 759 common wheat accessions to common bunt (CB) caused by Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.) Wint. and T. laevis Kühn, and 8167 to dwarf bunt (DB) caused by T. controversa Kühn with respect to geographic origin, relationship to color of awn, glume, and kernel of accessions, and phenotypic variation within areas of high frequency of resistance. A clear center of concentration was evident for CB resistance extending from Serbia and Montenegro through Macedonia, Turkey, and Iran with the highest frequency of resistance occurring in Kosovo province in Serbia and Montenegro (36%) and Bakhtaran province in Iran (40.8%). Compared to CB resistance (5.5% of total tested), DB resistance was more rare (1.3% of total tested). DB resistance was concentrated in accessions from Iran, Turkey, and Serbia and Montenegro with the highest frequency (58%) occurring in Hakkari province in southeastern Turkey. CB resistance was positively associated with lightly pigmented kernels and negatively associated with lightly pigmented awns and glumes. Analysis of accessions from areas with unusually high frequency of resistance suggested that DB resistant accessions from Hakkari are genetically diverse, whereas CB resistant accessions from Bakhtaran may be much less so.
An Evaluation of a Social Norms Marketing Project for Tobacco Prevention with Middle, High, and College Students; use of Funds from the Tobacco Master Settlement (Virginia)
Authors: Martino-McAllister Jeanne , Wessel Maria Theresa
Published: May 2006

The Anti-Tobacco Media Blitz (ATMB), a social-norms marketing program, was utilized for tobacco prevention with middle and high school students. University students assisted middle and high school students with the implementation of this campaign, which included a variety of media. Students worked in teams to design, develop, and evaluate tobacco-free messages through posters, radio, television, and peer-led activities. Evaluation of the campaign was constant and included assessment of message retention and demonstration of positive behaviors. This article discusses the procedures of this project, the five-step social norms marketing model, with emphasis on the student-centered evaluation and results.
Women and Feminism in Technical Communication—An Update
Authors: Thompson Isabelle , Smith Elizabeth Overman
Published: May 2006

The purposes of this study are to determine the current status of scholarship published in five major technical communication journals about women and feminism and to identify changes in focus that may have occurred over the last five years. We begin with a discussion of the frequency of publication for articles whose titles have keywords relating to women and feminism. After identifying 21 articles, we consider the thematic patterns in the narrowed corpus. We conclude that scholarly publication about women and feminism in technical communication has moved from a moderate or radical concern for inclusion to a postmodern concern for critique of visual, verbal, and mechanical “technologies,” which previously were not considered political.
Effects on High School Students of Teaching a Cross-Age Alcohol Prevention Program
Authors: Padget Alison , Bell Mary Lou , Shamblen Stephen R. , Ringwalt Chris
Published: May 2006

This study examined the impact on high school students who taught elementary students MADD's Protecting You/Protecting Me (PY/PM), an alcohol use prevention and vehicle safety program. High school students ( N = 188) enrolled in a peer helping course completed surveys before and after teaching PY/PM, and a comparison group of peer helper students ( N = 141) from matched schools completed surveys at the same times. Results indicated that, relative to the comparison group, those exposed to PY/PM gained knowledge of alcohol's effects, increased their perceptions of the risks of high levels of alcohol use, gained teaching skills, and showed less frequent episodes of binge drinking. No effects were found for attitudes toward future drinking, perceptions of the risk of low levels of alcohol use, alcohol use, or vehicle safety. This cross-age prevention program may be successful in changing high school students' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding high levels, but not low levels, of alcohol use.
Adolescent Attitudes toward Random Drug Testing in Schools
Authors: Russell Brenda L. , Jennings Brian , Classey Sherry
Published: May 2006

The current research examined students' perceptions of random drug testing for students participating in after-school activities. Results found students were more likely to endorse drug testing at their school if they are already engaged in after-school activities and not currently using drugs and/or alcohol. While middle and high school students' scores fell within the median, most reported if drug testing were implemented in their school they believed it would not deter continued participation in after-school activities. However, if drug testing were a prerequisite for participating in after-school activities, high school students were more apprehensive about getting tested than middle school students. Student respondents were more likely to endorse drug testing, if all members of the school system (i.e., teachers, coaches and staff) participated in drug testing. High school students' believed they had enough knowledge about drug abuse and were less likely to endorse drug testing because they believed it would violate their personal privacy compared to grade school students. Results also differed as a function of gender and self-reported drug and alcohol use.
Legitimizing Technical Communication in English Departments: Carolyn Miller's “Humanistic Rationale for Technical Writing”
Authors: Moore Patrick
Published: May 2006

Carolyn Miller's oft-cited “Humanistic Rationale for Technical Writing,” published in 1979, tries to give technical communication faculty more cultural capital in English departments controlled by literature professors. Miller replaces a positivistic emphasis in technical communication pedagogy with rhetoric. She shows how technical knowledge is produced by individual activity and social affirmation and not by objective descriptions of sensory impressions. Her “Rationale” is an attempt to change institutional and discursive structures by persuading literature professors that technical communication can have as much distinction in the academy as literature.
SERIAL AND MULTIPLE HOMICIDE: IS THERE AN EPIDEMIC?
Authors: Stote Robert , Standing Lionel
Published: May 2006

This paper examines the contemporary problem of serial and multiple homicide. To test whether rates for serial homicide and multiple homicide have increased significantly in the 1980's as compared to the 1950's, a newspaper index search was conducted for these two decades.
The data indicate that the numbers of both types of homicide were considerably higher for the 1980's, even when adjusted for population size. However, the serial and multiple homicide rates have increased only as much as have overall homicide rates. There is no indication in the data
of a specific swing toward serial and multiple murder, which appear today as a part of general increasing lawlessness. The observed general pattern of case material suggests that serial and multiple homicide show generally opposite characteristics.
WHERE DOES SELF-ESTEEM COME FROM? THE INFLUENCE OF PRIVATE VERSUS PUBLIC INDIVIDUATION
Authors: Huguet Pascal , Charbonnier Emmanuelle , Monteil Jean-Marc
Published: May 2006

Josephs, Markus, and Tafarodi (1992) recently claimed that male self-esteem (SE) can be linked to an individuation process in which personal distinguishing achievements are emphasized. Most of the effects they found with a measure of private individuation, however, were only marginally significant. Not surprisingly regarding this statistical point, the present investigation failed to produce findings consistent with Josephs et males' hypothesis when using the same measure. Instead, this investigation revealed that both males and females' self-esteem can be affected by another form of individuation which emphasizes subjects' willingness to engage in behaviors that would publicly differentiate themselves from others.
CROSS-RACIAL INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS AND JOB SATISFACTION
Authors: Thomas Charles B.
Published: May 2006

This research focuses on effects of the increased racial/ethnic diversity among managers in large American corporations. It concentrates on links between two important variables in contemporary corporate/organizational life: job satisfaction and the quality of cross-racial interpersonal relations. It uses a theoretical framework based on Fernandez (1981) to predict a positive correlation between quality of black/white cross-racial interpersonal relations and job satisfaction. Results with modest effect sizes in each of two samples and qualitative data supported the hypothesis. The findings have the practical implication that efforts in the organization to improve quality of cross-racial interpersonal relations are not antagonistic to attempts to raise levels of job satisfaction.
THE EFFECTS OF CONTEXTUAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES ON EXTREME RIGHT-WING SENTIMENTS
Authors: Canetti Daphna , Pedahzur Ami
Published: May 2006

This article assesses how socioeconomic and psychological factors explain right-wing extremist (RWE) sentiments. A correlation was expected between two psychological factors: authoritarianism and supernaturalist beliefs, and RWE, and a weaker correlation between socioeconomic variables and RWE, compared to psychological variables. Questionnaires were given to 1,247 Israeli university students. Results confirmed the expectation that psychological variables were better predictors of RWE. These conclusions contradict attributing RWE to socioeconomic factors.
PERSONALITY AND SELF-CONCEPT IN SUBGROUPS OF PATIENTS WITH ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND BULIMIA NERVOSA
Authors: Ciccolo Erica B. FÄldt , Johnsson Per
Published: May 2006

The question of subgroups in eating disorders was addressed in this study. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, IV, the two subtypes for anorexia nervosa are restricting and binge-eating/purging. For bulimia nervosa, the subtypes are purging and
nonpurging. An attempt was made here to examine alternative ways to create meaningful subgroups in the eating-disordered patient group. A cluster analysis was performed in a group of 52 female patients (AN=21, BN=31). Fifty-five undergraduate students served as a control group. Three self-report
instruments were used: the Eating Disorder Inventory-2, Karolinska Scales of Personality, and Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. The results reveal three different groups of patients. Factors like poor interoceptive ability and high degree of somatization differentiate between the groups, and contribute
to severity of pathology, as well as to lower levels of self-concept.The results reveal three different groups of patients. Factors like poor interoceptive ability and high degree of somatization differentiate between the groups, and contribute to severity of pathology, as well as to lower
levels of self-concept.
PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL-EVALUATIVE ANXIETIES ASSOCIATED WITH RATING DISCOMFORT IN ANTICIPATED POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CONDITIONS
Authors: Sawyer Thomas P. , Hollis-Sawyer Lisa A. , Pokryfke Amanda
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationships between select personality dimensions, social-evaluative anxieties, and rating discomfort. Undergraduate students were told they would be giving test performance feedback to a confederate and were instructed on how to give this
feedback, to some degree, based on condition. Correlation and regression analyses revealed some interesting patterns. Neuroticism was found to be significantly related to feelings of discomfort only under the positive feedback condition, while extraversion was found to be significantly related
to feelings of discomfort only under the negative feedback condition. A significant inverse relationship was also found between both agreeableness and conscientiousness levels, and in reaction to giving positive feedback. Additional findings and implications are discussed.
DATING COMMITMENT AND WITHIN-PERSON PERCEPTUAL CONGRUENCY
Authors: Miller Christy , Bailey Roger C.
Published: May 2006

Rogers (1959) developed an interpersonal congruency model that suggests the greater the degree of agreement among within-person perceptions of the self and a role partner, the more adjusted and satisfied with a relationship one would be. American college students were categorized as
occasional, steady or engaged daters and they provided ratings of self and partner on dimensions of perceived dating satisfaction, personal integrity, financial influence, and role of sexuality in the relationship.Congruency measures were then derived which allowed the assessment of cognitive
agreement in perceived self/partner perceptions. As predicted, respondents in the Engaged category displayed greater congruency in within-person perceptions than did those in the Occasional and Steady dating groups. There was also a tendency for women to display more within-person congruency
than men, particularly on matters involving finances and sex.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN A CONTENT ANALYSIS STUDY OF 608 DREAM REPORTS FROM RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Krippner Stanley , Weinhold Jan
Published: May 2006

This investigation asked the question: “Are there significant content differences between male and female dream reports obtained in the United States?” Most of the 608 research participants provided dream reports (one per person) in response to a request from the senior
author at dream seminars he gave between 1990 and 1996; the other dream reports were provided by friends and acquaintances of seminar participants. The total sample included 330 female and 278 male dream reports. Dreams were coded according to Hall-Van de Castle criteria on 53 categories,
subcategories, and indices. The use of Cohen's h-statistic revealed several gender differences, most of which resembled those found by previous researchers.
PREVALENCE OF DELIBERATE SELF-HARM IN TEENAGE STUDENTS IN THE STATE OF GUANAJUATO, MEXICO: 2003
Authors: González-Forteza Catalina , Alvarez-Ruiz Margarita , Saldaña-Hernández Andrés , Carreño-García Silvia , Chávez-Hernández Ana-María , Pérez-Hernández Rosaura
Published: May 2006

The presence of deliberate self-harm (DSH) among adolescents in Guanajuato State in 2003 was identified by sex, age, educational attainment and health jurisdiction and the characteristics were described by sex according to number of times, age of only/first/last DSH, motive,
method, purpose and death wish. The sample design was stratified, bistage and by conglomerates. A total of 2,530 students from high school affiliated to the University of Guanajuato participated. The results showed that 3.1% of males and 10.7% of females had engaged in at least
one episode of DSH; age of first DSH was 13 in both males and females; age at last DSH was 13 in males and 14 in females. The characteristics of the DSH were also described.
SEPARATING GENDER BIASES IN SCREENING AND SELECTING CANDIDATES FOR HIRING AND FIRING
Authors: Levin Irwin P. , Rouwenhorst Robert M. , Trisko Heather M.
Published: May 2006

A two-stage procedure (consideration set formation and final choice) was used to track the emergence of gender biases in hiring and firing decisions. Participants were allowed to select their own strategy for narrowing choice options (which candidates to retain or which candidates to
delete). Each of the two experiments included a condition where job candidates were considered for hiring and a condition where current employees were considered for firing. Candidate features varied across experiments but the initial set always included 18 females and 18 males with comparable
credentials. In both experiments male and female respondents selected candidates of their own sex for hiring and both males and females selected mostly male candidates for firing. In each experiment the bias showed up only in the final-choice stage.
Sedimentation
Authors: Svarovsky Ladislav
Published: May 2006

Sedimentation as it applies to gravitational settling of solid particles or liquid droplets is discussed. Other aspects included are the pretreatment of slurries to improve settling rates and the enhancement of settling by slow cyclonic action or by electrosettling. The fundamental principles of sedimentation are reviewed for free, hindered, and zone settling of solids. The effects of coagulation and flocculation are also presented in terms of how these affect the gravity sedimentation process. A discussion of the batch settling tests on real suspension and the way industrial settlers are sized, as well as a review of clarifiers and thickeners, is included.
Separations Process Synthesis
Authors: Barnicki Scott D. , Hoyme Craig A. , Siirola Jeffrey J.
Published: May 2006

Separations process synthesis is the invention of conceptual flowsheets for the separation of multicomponent mixtures. Systematic methods are now available to aid in the generation of separations schemes for analysis and evaluation. For fluid systems, distillation remains the separation method of choice. This article describes heuristic methods for generating alternative distillation schemes for nonazeotropic mixtures, thermal coupled distillations, as well as a more general method for generating separation schemes for nonideal liquid mixtures including systems involving azeotropes. This latter method makes use of the residue curve map representation for vapor–liquid equilibria and introduces the concepts of strategic and opportunistic operations to systematically overcome difficulties introduced by azeotropes and other nonidealities. Mention is also given to separation synthesis methods for reactive separations.
Semiconductors, Silicon Based
Authors: Rose Kenneth , Devarajan Siddharth
Published: May 2006

Their unique properties have allowed silicon‐based semiconductor devices, especially metal/oxide/semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MOSFETs), to dominate the electronics industry. Exponentially increasing numbers of transistors on single chips of silicon have led to exponential improvements in chip performance. The properties of silicon as an electronic material, the dependence of carrier statistics on doping, and carrier transport are reviewed because they determine device behavior. The characteristics of transistors, both bipolar and MOSFET, depend on the properties of
p
‐
n
junctions. An abrupt
p
‐
n
junction places acceptor‐doped,
p
‐type silicon next to donor‐doped
n
‐type silicon. The performance of
n
‐
p
‐
n
bipolar transistors depends on minority electrons injected into the
p
‐type base by the forward‐biased base‐emitter
p
‐
n
junction reaching the reverse‐biased base‐collector
p
‐
n
junction.
n
‐Channel MOSFETs depend on electrons traveling between
n
+
source and drain junctions through an
n
‐type surface channel. This surface channel is induced by a voltage applied across the MOS capacitor formed by a polysilicon metal gate over an oxidized silicon surface. The unique low concentration of surface states, which can be achieved at a thermally oxidized Si–SiO
2
boundary, is the basis of MOSFET technology. The ability to shrink the dimensions of these devices without radically altering their behavior (scaling) has allowed the microelectronics industry to place exponentially increasing numbers of MOSFETs on a single chip. Generally speaking, the growth of the microelectronics industry has been the result of device scaling rather than fundamental changes in device physics. Variations of silicon technology are leading to devices with deep submicrometer dimensions or new applications such as thin‐film transistors for flat‐panel displays, flash memories, or power devices. Variations in silicon technology, eg, silicon on insulator, silicon–germanium alloys, or silicon carbide are briefly reviewed.
Vanillin
Authors: Vidal Jean‐Paul
Published: May 2006

Vanillin (3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxy‐benzaldehyde) is found as a natural product, glucovanillin, in
green
vanilla beans in the form of its β‐
D
‐glucoside. The extract, as such, has an inconsistent quality and price and its use has given way to production of synthetic vanillin, derived from catechol. It can also be obtained from lignin in sulfite wastes treated with alkali, and from guaiacol, where its impurities, by comparison, are odorless.

Physical properties, solubility data, and data about particle‐size distribution, taste and flavor, and available grades of Rhovanil Extra Pure vanillin of Rhodia are given. Chemical reactions, such as decomposition, are discussed.

Uses as a flavor enhancer in numerous food products, and as a key part of flavor compounding are mentioned. The four principal notes in flavor perception are classified to show the role played by vanillin in flavor compounding. Uses in baking, chocolate, vanillin sugar, and as a palatability enhancer in animal feed are discussed.

Use in perfumery of a vanilla‐like product is examined, with its important role in the field of aroma description. Many vanillin uses in perfumery are touched on, as are some in flavor‐masking, pharmaceuticals, agrochemical products, and in antiultraviolet protection. Analysis and determination techniques are discussed. Vanillin in the diet shows no significant health or carcinogenic risk to humans.
Adaptive two‐stage Kalman filter in the presence of unknown random bias
Authors: Kim Kwang Hoon , Lee Jang Gyu , Park Chan Gook
Published: May 2006

The well‐known conventional Kalman filter gives the optimal solution but requires an accurate system model and exact stochastic information. In a number of practical situations, the system model has unknown bias and the Kalman filter with unknown bias may be degraded or even diverged. The two‐stage Kalman filter (TKF) to consider this problem has been receiving considerable attention for a long time. Until now, the optimal TKF for system with a constant bias or a random bias has been proposed by several researchers. In case of a random bias, the optimal TKF assumes that the information of a random bias is known. But the information of a random bias is unknown or incorrect in general. To solve this problem, this paper proposes two adaptive filters, such as an adaptive fading Kalman filter (AFKF) and an adaptive two‐stage Kalman filter (ATKF). Firstly, the AFKF is designed by using the forgetting factor obtained from the innovation information and the stability of the AFKF is analysed. Secondly, the ATKF to estimate unknown random bias is designed by using the AFKF and the performance of the ATKF is verified by simulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic basis of olfactory communication in primates
Authors: Mundy Nicholas I.
Published: May 2006

The genes involved in olfactory communication in mammals via the vomeronasal system are summarized, and studies investigating these genes in primates are reviewed. Only five potentially functional vomeronasal receptor genes (V1RL s) have been found in humans, and only one of these (V1RL1) has been studied in other primates. V1RL1 has become a pseudogene repeatedly during primate evolution, but patterns of natural selection on primate V1RL genes demonstrate that this gene family diverged under natural selection throughout at least part of primate evolution. Evolution of the TRP2 gene, which encodes for an ion channel that is important in vomeronasal organ (VNO) signalling, strongly suggests that this signalling function was lost in ancestral Catarrhines. Overall, much work remains to be done to elucidate the repertoire of genes that are involved in pheromonal communication, particularly in Strepsirhines. Such studies promise unique insights into the evolution of this modality. Am. J. Primatol. 68:559–567, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.