bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haloperidol Decreases Hyperalgesia and Allodynia Induced by Chronic Constriction Injury
Authors: Espinosa‐Juárez Josué Vidal , Jaramillo‐Morales Osmar Antonio , López‐Muñoz Francisco Javier
Published: June 2017

Neuropathic pain has proven to be a difficult condition to treat, so investigational therapy has been sought that may prove useful, such as the use of sigma‐1 antagonists. Haloperidol (HAL) is a compound that shows a high affinity with these receptors, acting as an antagonist. Therefore, the objective of this study was to demonstrate its effect in an experimental model of neuropathic pain and corroborate its antagonistic action of the sigma‐1 receptors under these conditions. BD‐1063 was used as a sigma‐1 antagonist control, and gabapentin (Gbp) was used as a positive control. The antihyperalgesic and anti‐allodynic effects of the drugs were determined after single‐dose trials. In every case, the effects increased in a dose‐dependent manner. HAL had the same efficacy as both BD‐1063 and Gbp. In the analysis of pharmacological potency, in which the ED50 were compared, HAL was the most potent drug of all. The effect of HAL on chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats was reversed by the sigma‐1 agonist (PRE‐084). HAL reversed the hyperalgesic and allodynic effects of PRE‐084 in naïve rats. The dopamine antagonist, (‐)‐sulpiride, showed no effect in CCl rats. These results suggest that HAL presents an antinociceptive effect via sigma‐1 receptor antagonism at the spinal level in the CCl model.
Normalizing trust: Participants’ immediately post‐hoc explanations of behaviour in Milgram's ‘obedience’ experiments
Authors: Hollander Matthew M. , Turowetz Jason
Published: June 2017

We bring an ethnomethodological perspective on language and discourse to a data source crucial for explaining behaviour in social psychologist Stanley Milgram's classic ‘obedience’ experiments – yet one largely overlooked by the Milgram literature. In hundreds of interviews conducted immediately after each experiment, participants sought to justify their actions, often doing so by normalizing the situation as benign, albeit uncomfortable. Examining 91 archived recordings of these interviews from several experimental conditions, we find four recurrent accounts for continuation, each used more frequently by ‘obedient’ than ‘defiant’ participants. We also discuss three accounts for discontinuation used by ‘defiant’ participants. Contrary to what a leading contemporary theory of Milgramesque behaviour – engaged followership – would predict, ‘obedient’ participants, in the minutes immediately following the experiment, did not tend to explain themselves by identifying with science. Rather, they justified compliance in several distinct and not entirely consistent ways, suggesting that multiple social psychological processes were at work in producing Milgram's ‘obedient’ outcome category.
Positive Youth Development Among Diverse Racial–Ethnic Children: Quality Afterschool Contexts as Developmental Assets
Authors: Smith Emilie Phillips , Witherspoon Dawn P. , Wayne Osgood D.
Published: June 2017

Positive youth development (PYD) deserves more empirical attention, particularly among children of diverse racial–ethnic backgrounds. Given the need among families for monitoring and supervision during out‐of‐school time, community‐based afterschool is a potentially promotive ecological setting. This study explores the quality of afterschool experiences upon PYD. This multimethod study includes over 500 elementary school children in Grades 2–5 (Mage = 8.80, SD = 1.12). The sample comprises of 49% White, 27% African American, 7% Latino, and 17% mixed race/others with 45% free/reduced lunch eligible children. In multilevel models, independently observed quality across time positively impacted competence, connection, caring for all youth, and cultural values for racial–ethnic minority youth. Afterschool fosters PYD, including sociocultural dimensions, when comprised of appropriately structured, supportive, and engaging interactions.
Immediate loading of four interforaminal implants supporting a locator‐retained mandibular overdenture in the elderly. Results of a 3‐year randomized, controlled, prospective clinical study
Authors: Acham Stephan , Rugani Petra , Truschnegg Astrid , Wildburger Angelika , Wegscheider Walther A. , Jakse Norbert
Published: June 2017

Background

Implant‐retained overdentures have become a standard option for the prosthetic treatment of the edentulous mandible in the elderly.

Purpose

This prospective study aimed to compare immediate and conventional loading of four interforaminal implants supporting a Locator‐retained mandibular overdenture in elderly patients regarding implant survival, implant stability, and implant‐related complications.

Material and methods

The study population comprised 20 completely edentulous patients (11 males) aged 60 years and older with severe mandible resorption. Each patient received four interforaminal implants (Neoss Ltd., Harrogate, UK). Following randomization, implants were loaded either immediately after dental implant surgery or 3 months after implant placement with the Locator‐abutment system. At follow‐up visits 3, 6 12, 24, and 36 months after loading, implant stability was evaluated with Periotest and Ostell.

Results

Twenty patients received 80 implants. In eight patients, 32 implants were loaded immediately. Two patients had to be switched from the immediate to the conventional loading group due to insufficient primary stability (≤30 Ncm). Implant survival was similar in both groups after 36 months. No implant was lost. Decreasing Periotest, and accordingly, increasing Ostell measurements indicated adequate osseointegration in both groups. The course of treatment was not significantly different in the two groups. There were comparable incidences of postoperative complaints like swelling, hematoma, or wound dehiscence, as well as need for prosthetic treatment due to abutment loosening or occlusal discrepancies. Incidence of pressure marks and number of patient visits were significantly higher in the conventional loading group.

Conclusion

With sufficient primary stability, immediate loading of four interforaminal implants in the edentulous mandible might be the preferential choice in the elderly, reducing total treatment time, and number of patient visits.
La suréducation et ses conséquences sur la rémunération dans les professions peu qualifiées: la situation de l'Iran
Authors: HADDAD Gholamreza Keshavarz , HABIBI Nader
Published: June 2017

À partir de microdonnées issues d'une enquěte iranienne sur le revenu et les dépenses des ménages, les auteurs examinent l'évolution de la fréquence de la suréducation entre 2001 et 2012, montrant ainsi que les diplômés du supérieur sont toujours plus nombreux parmi les travailleurs occupant un emploi peu qualifié en Iran. Ils établissent ensuite, à l'issue d'une analyse économétrique, que la suréducation menace davantage les femmes que les hommes et qu'elle est liée à l'expérience professionnelle par une forte corrélation négative. En outre, elle diminue la rémunération dans le secteur privé tout en produisant l'effet inverse dans la fonction publique.
Évolution technologique et prime à la compétence: un effet confirmé par le cas de l'industrie manufacturière aux États‐Unis
Authors: MALLICK Sushanta K. , SOUSA Ricardo M.
Published: June 2017

Une analyse exploitant la base NBER‐CES sur l'industrie manufacturière états‐unienne révèle une corrélation positive entre la productivité totale des facteurs et les rapports entre effectifs et salaires qualifiés et non qualifiés, signalant une prime à la compétence et, dès les années 1980, un biais technologique accru en faveur du travail qualifié. Les écarts de productivité entre les deux facteurs accroissent la demande relative du facteur ≪qualifié≫ en cas de substitution imparfaite. Enfin, l'impact de la technologie varie selon la branche et son caractère plutôt scientifique, ≪axé sur la production≫ ou ≪dominé par le fournisseur≫. L'innovation à caractère scientifique est celle qu'il convient de promouvoir.
Determination of heat conductivity of waste glass feed and its applicability for modeling the batch‐to‐glass conversion
Authors: Hujova Miroslava , Pokorny Richard , Klouzek Jaroslav , Dixon Derek R. , Cutforth Derek A. , Lee Seungmin , McCarthy Benjamin P. , Schweiger Michael J. , Kruger Albert A. , Hrma Pavel
Published: June 2017

The effective heat conductivity (λ) of reacting melter feed affects the heat transfer and conversion process in the cold cap, a layer of reacting feed floating on molten glass. A heat conductivity meter was used to measure λ of samples of a cold cap retrieved from a laboratory‐scale melter, loose dry powder feed samples, and samples cut from fast‐dried slurry blocks. These blocks were formed to simulate the feed conditions in the cold‐cap by rapidly evaporating water from feed slurry poured onto a 200°C surface. Our study indicates that the effective heat conductivity of the feed in the cold cap is significantly higher than that of loose dry powder feed, which is a result of the feed solidification during the water evaporation from the feed slurry. To assess the heat transfer at higher temperatures when feed turns into foam, we developed a theoretical model that predicts the foam heat conductivity based on morphology data from in‐situ X‐ray computed tomography. The implications for the mathematical modeling of the cold cap are discussed.
Teeth penetration force of the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier and sandbar shark Carcharhinus plumbeus
Authors: Bergman J. N. , Lajeunesse M. J. , Motta P. J.
Published: June 2017

This study examined the minimum force required of functional teeth and replacement teeth in the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier and the sandbar shark Carcharhinus plumbeus to penetrate the scales and muscle of sheepshead Archosargus probatocephalus and pigfish Orthopristis chrysoptera. Penetration force ranged from 7·7–41·9 and 3·2–26·3 N to penetrate A. probatocephalus and O. chrysoptera, respectively. Replacement teeth required significantly less force to penetrate O. chrysoptera for both shark species, most probably due to microscopic wear of the tooth surfaces supporting the theory shark teeth are replaced regularly to ensure sharp teeth that are efficient for prey capture.
Identification of young‐of‐the‐year great hammerhead shark Sphyrna mokarran in northern Florida and South Carolina
Authors: Barker A. M. , Frazier B. S. , Bethea D. M. , Gold J. R. , Portnoy D. S.
Published: June 2017

Two sharks, visually identified in the field as young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini, were identified as great hammerhead Sphyrna mokarran based on nuclear‐encoded single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and sequences of mtDNA. Individuals were captured and released in Bulls Bay, SC, and Saint Joseph Bay, FL, in 2013 and 2014, respectively. These findings indicate S. mokarran may be pupping in or around these areas and highlight new regions that may be a productive focus for future research on early life history of S. mokarran.
The effects of environmental salinity on the growth and physiology of totoaba Totoaba macdonaldi and shortfin corvina Cynoscion parvipinnis
Authors: González‐Félix M. L. , Perez‐Velazquez M. , Cañedo‐Orihuela H.
Published: June 2017

Totoaba Totoaba macdonaldi and shortfin corvina Cynoscion parvipinnis, were acclimated and reared together at salinities of 0, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 35 for 56 days. Initial overall mean ± s.d. body masses of 67·6 ± 7·1 g T. macdonaldi and 37·3 ± 3·1 g C. parvipinnis increased to final overall masses of 217·4 ± 30·3 and 96·5 ± 16·5 g, respectively, at the end of the study. Totoaba macdonaldi was not able to tolerate salinities of 0 and 2 and C. parvipinnis of 0. In contrast, both species had 100% survival at salinities ≥ 10. Somatic growth was highest not at natural seawater salinity of 35, but at 10. Plasma osmolality ranged from 172·5 to 417·0 mOsmol kg−1 for T. macdonaldi and from 207·0 to 439·5 mOsmol kg−1 for C. parvipinnis and varied in direct proportion to salinity. The estimated isosmotic salinities of T. macdonaldi and C. parvipinnis were 12·3 and 13·4, respectively. Cynoscion parvipinnis reared at two had significantly lower plasma lysozyme activity (95·0 Units ml−1) than fish held at salinities from 5 to 35 (ranging from 215·0 to 355·0 Units ml−1), but without clear trends over this range. Blood neutrophil oxidative radical production (NBT) (ranging from 3·9 to 6·7 mg ml−1) had some significant differences among salinities, but these did not follow a clear pattern. For T. macdonaldi, neither lysozyme activity nor NBT was affected by salinity. Ash content of whole fishes varied directly and moisture content inversely, with salinity for both species.
Explicit dynamics simulation of Pecan fruit deformation under compressive loading—Part‐2: Explicit dynamics simulation procedure
Authors: Celik H. Kursat
Published: June 2017

This study, which is divided into two parts, introduces an explicit dynamics simulation procedure for Pecan fruit (Carya illinoinensis) deformation under compressive loading. This second part of the study covers a microstructure investigation for the inner structure of the Pecan fruit components, discussions on the material models used in FEM‐based simulation, and the explicit dynamics simulation procedures. An application algorithm based on experimental and theoretical methods is described in the study. Visual understanding and/or presenting a detailed description of the deformation behavior/characteristics for agricultural products through analytical calculations or/and physical experiments is a complicated phenomenon. Most especially, this phenomenon becomes more complicated for shelled edible agricultural products under varying loading cases. Numerical method based advanced engineering simulation techniques may be useful for a deeper visual understanding of agricultural product deformation behavior/characteristics. A major focus of the second part of the study detailed in this paper is finite element method (FEM) based explicit dynamics simulation procedures and the realistic representation of time dependant nonlinear deformation of Pecan fruit (kernel‐in‐shell) under a two plate compression loading case. Simulation results pointed out that the maximum equivalent stress values were 18.10, 11.50, and 1.14 MPa for whole Pecan fruit (kernel‐in‐shell), the shell and the kernel respectively. The stress values on the kernel were beyond the defined damage point of the kernel material (0.380 MPa). This indicated a permanent deformation/damage on the kernel at the end of the defined compression case. This study contributes to further research into the utilization of nonlinear explicit dynamics based deformation simulation studies for shelled edible agricultural products.

Practical applications

The simulation approach and application algorithm introduced in this two‐part study is a scientific novelty because the explicit dynamics simulation approach for Pecan fruit deformation has not been previously reported in the literature. This second part introduces deeper investigations on material model description, microstructure investigation and FEM‐based explicit dynamics simulation procedures. This simulation aims to represent a realistic nonlinear deformation case of the fruit which is very difficult to obtain through experimental and/or mathematical expressions. As a further step from other researchers, this study has introduced a novel realistic time‐dependant nonlinear deformation simulation study based on experimental data. The findings have been presented in a form which may be used as input parameters in design studies for shelled agricultural product processing machinery systems used in related industries.
Injury from falls in infants under one year
Authors: Mulligan Christopher S , Adams Susan , Tzioumi Dimitra , Brown Julie
Published: June 2017

Aim

Falls in infants are a common cause of injury. Compared to older children, infants under age one are likely to have distinctive causation and injury patterns, as they are pre‐mobile or have limited independent mobility and falls are more directly the responsibility of the care giver. There is little known about the mechanistic factors, predictors of injury and injury patterns in this age group.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of infants under age one who presented after a fall to a paediatric trauma centre in Sydney, Australia. Circumstances and mechanisms of the fall, injury patterns, burden of investigations and outcomes were analysed.

Results

Over a 3‐year period (2011–2013), 916 infants presented following a fall. One hundred and six (11.6%) were admitted and there was one death. Head injury was the most common reason for admission (85%). While there were severe and critical head injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale 4–5) these were infrequent (2% of presentations). All admitted cases involved a short distance fall. Patients dropped by others were three times more likely to be admitted than infants presenting following other fall types (95% CI 1.9–4.8). Compared to other mechanisms, patients who fell from furniture had significantly longer hospital stays.

Conclusions

Fall mechanisms involving infants being dropped by adults, and falls from beds or couches carry the highest clinical burden. These mechanisms should be targets for injury prevention and inform the design of safe equipment and environments for babies.
Data‐Driven Business Model Innovation
Authors: Sorescu Alina
Published: June 2017

In recent times, more successful startups, such as Airbnb or Uber, have been spurred by business model innovation than by product innovation. I tap into the growing stream of research on business models from the strategy literature to propose ways in which companies can leverage information networks and big data to innovate their current business models or to develop new ones. I provide examples on how companies can leverage internal and external data to generate new business models and I propose a few research questions that can help academics and practitioners understand the link between big data and business model innovation.
Dynamics of the oral microbiota as a tool to estimate time since death
Authors: Adserias‐Garriga J. , Quijada N.M. , Hernandez M. , Rodríguez Lázaro D. , Steadman D. , Garcia‐Gil L.J.
Published: June 2017

The oral cavity harbors one of the most diverse microbiomes in the human body. It has been shown to be the second most complex in the body after the gastrointestinal tract. Upon death, the indigenous microorganisms lead to the decomposition of the carcass. Therefore, the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract microbiomes play a key role in human decomposition. The aim of the present study is to monitor the microbiome of decaying bodies on a daily basis and to identify signature bacterial taxa, that can improve postmortem interval estimation. Three individuals (one male and two female) donated to the University of Tennessee Forensic Anthropology Center for the W.M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection were studied. Oral swab samples were taken daily throughout the different stages of cadaveric putrefaction. DNA was extracted and analyzed by next‐generation sequencing techniques. The three cadavers showed similar overall successional changes during the decomposition process. Firmicutes and Actinobacteria are the predominant phyla in the fresh stage. The presence of Tenericutes corresponds to bloat stage. Firmicutes is the predominant phylum in advanced decay, but the Firmicutes community is a different one from the predominant Firmicutes of the fresh stage. This study depicts the thanatomicrobiome successional changes in the oral cavity, and highlights its potential use in forensic cases as a quantitative and objective approach to estimate postmortem interval, from an ecological rationale.
Impact of endotracheal tube shortening on work of breathing in neonatal and pediatric in vitro lung models
Authors: Mohr Rebecca , Thomas Jörg , Cannizzaro Vincenzo , Weiss Markus , Schmidt Alexander R.
Published: June 2017

Background

Work of breathing accounts for a significant proportion of total oxygen consumption in neonates and infants. Endotracheal tube inner diameter and length significantly affect airflow resistance and thus work of breathing. While endotracheal tube shortening reduces endotracheal tube resistance, the impact on work of breathing in mechanically ventilated neonates and infants remains unknown.

Aim

The objective of this in vitro study was to quantify the effect of endotracheal tube shortening on work of breathing in simulated pediatric lung settings. We hypothesized that endotracheal tube shortening significantly reduces work of breathing.

Methods

We used the Active‐Servo‐Lung 5000 to simulate different clinical scenarios in mechanically ventilated infants and neonates under spontaneous breathing with and without pressure support. Endotracheal tube size, lung resistance, and compliance, as well as respiratory settings such as respiratory rate and tidal volume were weight and age adapted for each lung model. Work of breathing was measured before and after maximal endotracheal tube shortening and the reduction of the daily energy demand calculated.

Results

Tube shortening with and without pressure support decreased work of breathing to a maximum of 10.1% and 8.1%, respectively. As a result, the calculated reduction of total daily energy demand by endotracheal tube shortening was between 0.002% and 0.02%.

Conclusion

In this in vitro lung model, endotracheal tube shortening had minimal effects on work of breathing. Moreover, the calculated percentage reduction of the total daily energy demand after endotracheal tube shortening was minimal.
An Investigation of Visibility and Flexibility as Complements to Supply Chain Analytics: An Organizational Information Processing Theory Perspective
Authors: Srinivasan Ravi , Swink Morgan
Published: June 2017

Many businesses are seeking to develop and exploit analytics capabilities today. Using organizational information processing theory (OIPT), we study demand visibility and supply visibility as foundational resources for analytics capability, and organizational flexibility as a complementary capability. We further examine relationships among these factors under varying conditions of market volatility, a type of environmental uncertainty. The results from our analysis of data from 191 global firms indicate that both demand and supply visibility are associated with the development of analytics capability. In turn, analytics capability is shown to be more strongly associated with operational performance when supply chain organizations also possess organizational flexibility needed to act upon analytics‐generated insights quickly and efficiently. Furthermore, the empirical results indicate that analytics capability and organizational flexibility are more valuable as complementary capabilities for firms who operate in volatile markets, rather than in stable ones. These findings extend OIPT to create a better understanding of contemporary applications of information processing technologies, while also providing theoretically grounded guidance to managers in the development of analytics capabilities within their firms.
Impact of starting material (fresh versus cryopreserved marrow) on mesenchymal stem cell culture
Authors: Kaplan Alesia , Sackett Katie , Sumstad Darin , Kadidlo Dianne , McKenna David H.
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) continue to be investigated in multiple clinical trials as potential therapy for different disorders. There is ongoing controversy surrounding the clinical use of cryopreserved versus fresh MSCs. However, little is known about how cryopreservation affects marrow as starting material. The growth kinetics of MSC cultures derived from fresh versus cryopreserved marrow were compared.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Data were reviewed on the growth kinetics of MSCs derived from fresh versus cryopreserved marrow of nine donors. Marrow harvested from each donor was separated into four aliquots (one fresh and three cryopreserved for culture). Data on the date of mononuclear cell cryopreservation/thaw, MSC counts at Passages 1 and 2, MSC doubling, MSC fold expansion, viability (of mononuclear cells and final MSCs), and on flow cytometry markers of mononuclear cells and final MSCs were analyzed for the fresh and cryopreserved marrow groups.

RESULTS

In total, 21 MSC lots (seven fresh and 14 cryopreserved) were obtained. The average age of cryopreserved mononuclear cell product was 295 days (range, 18‐1241 days). There were no significant differences between MSC numbers at Passage 1 (p = 0.1), final MSC numbers (p = 0.5), MSC doubling (p = 0.7), or MSC fold expansion (p = 0.7). A significant difference was observed in viability by flow cytometry for both mononuclear cells (p = 0.002) and final MSCs (p = 0.009), with higher viability in the fresh marrow group.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that MSCs derived from cryopreserved marrow have the same growth characteristics as fresh marrow–derived MSCs. Further studies are needed to explore potential differences in clinical efficacy.
Starved Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication With Reflow in Elliptical Contacts
Authors: Nogi Takashi , Shiomi Hiroshi , Matsuoka Noriko
Published: June 2017

Under repeated overrollings, the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) film thickness can be much less than the fully flooded value due to the ejection of the lubricant from the track. The ejection of the lubricant is caused by the pressure flow in the inlet, and under conditions of negligible reflow, the reduction rate is predicted by the numerical analysis with a uniform inlet film thickness. However, the degree of starvation is determined by the balance of the ejection and reflow. In the previous papers for circular contacts, the reflow is taken into account using a nonuniform inlet film thickness obtained based on the Coyne–Elrod boundary condition. In this paper, the model for circular contacts is extended to elliptical contacts, which are of more practical importance in rolling bearings. The model is verified for the inlet distance and the film thickness using a roller on disk optical test device. Numerical results are fitted to an inlet distance formula, which is a function of the initial film thickness, the fully flooded central film thickness, the capillary number, and the ellipticity ratio. The inlet distance formula can be applied to the Hamrock–Dowson formulas for the starved film thickness.
An Efficient Iterative Approach for the Analysis of Thermal Instabilities in Rotating Machines
Authors: Rindi A. , Baldassarre L. , Panara D. , Meli E. , Ridolfi A. , Frilli A. , Nocciolini D. , Panconi S.
Published: June 2017

Most of the technological developments achieved in the turbomachinery field during the last years have been obtained through the introduction of fluid dynamic bearings, in particular tilting pad journal bearings (TPJBs). However, even those bearings can be affected by thermal instability phenomena as the Morton effect at high peripheral speeds. In this work, the authors propose a new iterative finite element method (FEM) approach for the analysis of those thermal–structural phenomena: the proposed model, based on the coupling between the rotor dynamic and the thermal behavior of the system, is able to accurately reproduce the onset of thermal instabilities. The authors developed two versions of the model, one in the frequency domain and the other in the time domain; both models are able to assure a good tradeoff between numerical efficiency and accuracy. The computational efficiency is critical when dealing with the typical long times of thermal instability. The research activity has been carried out in cooperation with General Electric Nuovo Pignone SPA, which provided both the technical and experimental data needed for the model development and validation.
The Effects of Silica Fillers on the Properties of Encapsulation Molding Compounds
Authors: Liaw Yowching , Chou Jung-Hua
Published: June 2017

Encapsulation molding compounds (EMCs) are commonly used to protect integrated circuit (IC) chips. Their composition always contains fillers of a large amount (about 70%) and will affect the properties of the compounds. Thus, in order to clarify the filler effects, in this study, three types of silica fillers including crystal silica, edgeless silica, and fused silica were studied experimentally to explore their effects on the compounds. The results show that all of the flow spiral length, glass transition temperature (Tg), coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and water absorption rate of the encapsulation molding compounds decrease as the filler amount increases, irrespective of the filler type. In contrast, both thermal conductivity and flexural strength of the compounds increase as the filler amount increases, but also irrespective of the filler type. For the three fillers, the edgeless silica filler has the advantage of a large flow spiral length and can be molded better. It also has a larger thermal conductivity, larger flexural strength, and lower water absorption rate. Hence, for low stress industrial applications, the edgeless silica should be adopted as the filler of the encapsulation molding compounds.
Mechanics Design for Buckling of Thin Ribbons on an Elastomeric Substrate Without Material Failure
Authors: Wang Ao , Avila Raudel , Ma Yinji
Published: June 2017

The ribbons selectively bonded to a prestrained elastomeric substrate may buckle into three-dimensional (3D) microstructures after the prestrain release, leading to three possible deformation modes, global, local, and no buckling, depending on the adhesion between the ribbons and substrate. This note establishes analytically the critical length-to-thickness ratio of ribbons, above which the global buckling mode (preferred for mechanically guided 3D deterministic assembly) occurs without material failure.
Flow Boiling Heat Transfer and Pressure Drops of R1234ze(E) in a Silicon Micro-pin Fin Evaporator
Authors: Falsetti C. , Magnini M. , Thome J. R.
Published: June 2017

The development of newer and more efficient cooling techniques to sustain the increasing power density of high-performance computing systems is becoming one of the major challenges in the development of microelectronics. In this framework, two-phase cooling is a promising solution for dissipating the greater amount of generated heat. In the present study, an experimental investigation of two-phase flow boiling in a micro-pin fin evaporator is performed. The micro-evaporator has a heated area of 1 cm2 containing 66 rows of cylindrical in-line micro-pin fins with diameter, height, and pitch of, respectively, 50 μm, 100 μm, and 91.7 μm. The working fluid is R1234ze(E) tested over a wide range of conditions: mass fluxes varying from 750 kg/m2 s to 1750 kg/m2 s and heat fluxes ranging from 20 W/cm2 to 44 W/cm2. The effects of saturation temperature on the heat transfer are investigated by testing three different outlet saturation temperatures: 25 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C. In order to assess the thermal–hydraulic performance of the current heat sink, the total pressure drops are directly measured, while local values of heat transfer coefficient are evaluated by coupling high-speed flow visualization with infrared temperature measurements. According to the experimental results, the mass flux has the most significant impact on the heat transfer coefficient while heat flux is a less influential parameter. The vapor quality varies in a range between 0 and 0.45. The heat transfer coefficient in the subcooled region reaches a maximum value of about 12 kW/m2 K, whilst in two-phase flow it goes up to 30 kW/m2 K.
Talking about human papillomavirus and cancer: development of consultation guides through lay and professional stakeholder coproduction using qualitative, quantitative and secondary data
Authors: Hendry Maggie , Pasterfield Diana , Gollins Simon , Adams Richard , Evans Mererid , Fiander Alison , Robling Michael , Campbell Christine , Bekkers Marie-Jet , Hiscock Julia , Nafees Sadia , Rose Janice , Stanley Margaret , Williams Olwen , Makin Matthew , Wilkinson Clare
Published: June 2017

Background

High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause all cervical cancer and the majority of vulvar, vaginal, anal, penile and oropharyngeal cancers. Although HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection, public awareness of this is poor. In addition, many clinicians lack adequate knowledge or confidence to discuss sexual transmission and related sensitive issues. Complex science needs to be communicated in a clear, digestible, honest and salient way. Therefore, the aim of this study was to coproduce with patients who have cancer appropriate resources to guide these highly sensitive and difficult consultations.

Methods

A matrix of evidence developed from a variety of sources, including a systematic review and telephone interviews with clinicians, supported the production of a draft list of approximately 100 potential educational messages. These were refined in face-to-face patient interviews using card-sorting techniques, and tested in cognitive debrief interviews to produce a â€˜fast and frugalâ€™ knowledge tool.

Results

We developed three versions of a consultation guide, each comprising a clinician guidance sheet and patient information leaflet for gynaecological (cervical, vaginal, vulvar), anal or oropharyngeal cancers. That cancer could be caused by a sexually transmitted virus acquired many years previously was surprising to many and shocking to a few patients. However, they found the information clear, helpful and reassuring. Clinicians acknowledged a lack of confidence in explaining HPV, welcomed the clinician guidance sheets and considered printed information for patients particularly useful.

Conclusion

Because of the â€˜shock factorâ€™, clinicians will need to approach the discussion of HPV with sensitivity and take individual needs and preferences into account, but we provide a novel, rigorously developed and tested resource which should have broad applicability in the UK National Health Service and other health systems.
Single-cell gene expression patterns in lupus monocytes independently indicate disease activity, interferon and therapy
Authors: Jin Zhongbo , Fan Wei , Jensen Mark A , Dorschner Jessica M , Bonadurer George F , Vsetecka Danielle M , Amin Shreyasee , Makol Ashima , Ernste Floranne , Osborn Thomas , Moder Kevin , Chowdhary Vaidehi , Niewold Timothy B
Published: June 2017

Objectives

Important findings can be masked in gene expression studies of mixed cell populations. We examined single-cell gene expression in SLE patient monocytes in the context of clinical and immunological features.

Methods

Monocytes were purified from patients with SLE and controls, and individually isolated for single-cell gene expression measurement. A panel of monocyte-related transcripts were measured in individual classical (CL) and non-classical (NCL) monocytes.

Results

Analyses of both CL and NCL monocytes demonstrated that many genes had a lower expression rate in SLE monocytes than in controls. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the CL and NCL data sets demonstrated independent clusters of cells from the patients with SLE that were related to disease activity, type I interferon (IFN) and medication use. Thus, each of these factors exerted a different impact on monocyte gene expression that could be identified separately, and a number of genes correlated uniquely with disease activity. We found within-cell correlations between genes directly induced by type I IFN-induced and other non–IFN-induced genes, suggesting the downstream biological effects of type I IFN in individual human SLE monocytes which differed between CLs and NCLs.

Conclusions

In summary, single-cell gene expression in monocytes was associated with a wide range of clinical and biological features in SLE, providing much greater detail and insight into the cellular biology underlying the disease than previous mixed-cell population studies.
A patient-specific intracranial aneurysm model with endothelial lining: a novel in vitro approach to bridge the gap between biology and flow dynamics
Authors: Kaneko Naoki , Mashiko Toshihiro , Namba Katsunari , Tateshima Satoshi , Watanabe Eiju , Kawai Kensuke
Published: June 2017

Objectives

To develop an in vitro model for studying the biological effect of complex-flow stress on endothelial cells in three-dimensional (3D) patient-specific vascular geometry.

Materials and methods

A vessel replica was fabricated with polydimethylsiloxanes using 3D printing technology from vascular image data acquired by rotational angiography. The vascular model was coated with fibronectin and immersed in a tube filled with a cell suspension of endothelium, and then cultured while being slowly rotated in three dimensions. Culture medium with viscosity was perfused in the circulation with the endothelialized vascular model. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study was conducted using perfusion conditions used in the flow experiment. The morphology of endothelial cells was observed under a confocal microscope.

Results

The CFD study showed low wall shear stress and circulating flow in the apex of the basilar tip aneurysm, with linear flow in the parent artery. Confocal imaging demonstrated that the inner surface of the vascular model was evenly covered with monolayer endothelial cells. After 24 h of flow circulation, endothelial cells in the parent artery exhibited a spindle shape and aligned with the flow direction. In contrast, endothelial cells in the aneurysmal apex were irregular in shape and size.

Conclusions

A geometrically realistic intracranial aneurysm model with live endothelial lining was successfully developed. This in vitro model enables a new research approach combining study of the biological impact of complex flow on endothelial cells with CFD analysis and patient information, including the presence of aneurysmal growth or rupture.
Application of multi-layer algorithm on image spam filtering
Authors: Chang Rui
Published: June 2017

This research proposes a three-layer image-spam filtering system. The system filters the image spam by analyzing both the mail header and image. We elaborate the structure of the model and explicate carefully our idea of the design and many technologies related to the model. Experimental results show that this system has satisfactory filtering effect.
Modification of gravity by a spherically symmetric wormhole
Authors: Kirillov A. A. , Savelova E. P.
Published: June 2017

We examine corrections to the standard Newton's law due to the presence of a spherically symmetric wormhole. We show that the Newtonian potential can be decomposed into two terms. The first term does not depend on the wormhole metric and corresponds to the standard law. It obeys to the conformal invariant equation. The second term explicitly depends on the wormhole metric and corresponds to corrections. We show that such corrections can be described in terms of a polarization energy density.
Low valence Killing spinors in Gödel's Universe
Authors: Cook S. A.
Published: June 2017

Killing tensors have been of interest historically primarily for generating first integrals for the geodesic equation and for their use in finding separable coordinate systems. A related notion, that of Killing spinors, has recently been shown to be important in the study of generalized symmetries of Maxwell's equations. In a given spacetime, the generalized symmetries depend on the existence of Killing spinors of the spacetime of certain valences. The existence of Killing spinors for the curved metric of Gödel's Universe is investigated. There are five (1,1) Killing spinors, 14 (2,2) and five (1,5) Killing spinors of the spacetime, in addition to the unique (0,2) and (0,4) Killing spinors which are exhibited here as well.
The Start of Team Start-Ups: Collective Dynamics of Initiation and Formation of Entrepreneurial Teams
Authors: Forsström-Tuominen Heidi , Jussila Iiro , Goel Sanjay
Published: June 2017

This study aims to describe and understand the start of team start-ups through answering why and how team entrepreneurship (TE) is initiated, how teams form, and what kinds of criteria are used in team building. While the above topics have been examined by many scholars, we aim to elaborate new insights into understanding the very first steps of initiating a new venture by an entrepreneurs’ collective. We employ a qualitative multiple-case study approach and analyze individual and group interview data from four high-technology team start-ups through inductive thematic analysis. We find that TE starts with an impetus established by a collective desire, collective value orientation, collective demand, and collective encouragement to TE. The impetus concretizes in coming together of team members where one or some need to take initiative to form the team, and search for members with specific criteria for membership that include not only technical but social-psychological dimensions. The study suggests that emergence of entrepreneurial opportunities at the collective-level might be distinctive from the individual-level. It contributes to researchers, prospective entrepreneurs, investors, policy-makers, and educators’ understanding of TE as a versatile and dynamic phenomenon where individual and group levels of analysis and technical and social-psychological aspects intertwine.
A New Facet of Vitamin B12: Gene Regulation by Cobalamin-Based Photoreceptors
Authors: Padmanabhan S. , Jost Marco , Drennan Catherine L. , Elías-Arnanz Montserrat
Published: June 2017

Living organisms sense and respond to light, a crucial environmental factor, using photoreceptors, which rely on bound chromophores such as retinal, flavins, or linear tetrapyrroles for light sensing. The discovery of photoreceptors that sense light using 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin, a form of vitamin B12 that is best known as an enzyme cofactor, has expanded the number of known photoreceptor families and unveiled a new biological role of this vitamin. The prototype of these B12-dependent photoreceptors, the transcriptional repressor CarH, is widespread in bacteria and mediates light-dependent gene regulation in a photoprotective cellular response. CarH activity as a transcription factor relies on the modulation of its oligomeric state by 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin and light. This review surveys current knowledge about these B12-dependent photoreceptors, their distribution and mode of action, and the structural and photochemical basis of how they orchestrate signal transduction and control gene expression.
Metabolite Measurement: Pitfalls to Avoid and Practices to Follow
Authors: Lu Wenyun , Su Xiaoyang , Klein Matthias S. , Lewis Ian A. , Fiehn Oliver , Rabinowitz Joshua D.
Published: June 2017

Metabolites are the small biological molecules involved in energy conversion and biosynthesis. Studying metabolism is inherently challenging due to metabolites’ reactivity, structural diversity, and broad concentration range. Herein, we review the common pitfalls encountered in metabolomics and provide concrete guidelines for obtaining accurate metabolite measurements, focusing on water-soluble primary metabolites. We show how seemingly straightforward sample preparation methods can introduce systematic errors (e.g., owing to interconversion among metabolites) and how proper selection of quenching solvent (e.g., acidic acetonitrile:methanol:water) can mitigate such problems. We discuss the specific strengths, pitfalls, and best practices for each common analytical platform: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and enzyme assays. Together this information provides a pragmatic knowledge base for carrying out biologically informative metabolite measurements.
Short Jute Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites: Effect of Nonhalogenated Fire Retardants
Authors: Chestee Sk. Sharfuddin , Poddar Pinku , Sheel Tushar Kumar , Mamunur Rashid Md. , Khan Ruhul A. , Chowdhury A. M. Sarwaruddin
Published: June 2017

Short jute fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared using a single screw extrusion moulding. Jute fiber content in the composites is optimized with the extent of mechanical properties, and composites with 20% jute show higher mechanical properties. Dissimilar concentrations of several fire retardants (FRs), such as magnesium oxide (MO), aluminum oxide (AO), and phosphoric acid (PA), were used in the composites. The addition of MO, AO, and PA improved the fire retardancy properties (ignition time, flame height, and total firing time) of the composites. Ignition time for 30% MO, flame height for 30% PA, and total firing time for 20% MO content composites showed good results which were 8 sec, 1 inch, and 268 sec, respectively. Mechanical properties (tensile strength, tensile modulus, bending strength, bending modulus, and elongation at break), degradation properties (soil test, weathering test, and percentage of weight loss), and water uptake were studied.
Approximate Controllability for Functional Equations with Riemann-Liouville Derivative by Iterative and Approximate Method
Authors: Ibrahim Badawi Hamza Elbadawi , Fan Zhenbin , Li Gang
Published: June 2017

We discuss the functional control systems governed by differential equations with Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative in general Banach spaces in the present paper. First we derive the uniqueness and existence of mild solutions for functional differential equations by the approach of fixed point and fractional resolvent under more general settings. Then we present new sufficient conditions for approximate controllability of functional control system by means of the iterative and approximate method. Our results unify and generalize some previous works on this topic.
DNA Oncogenic Virus‐Induced Oxidative Stress, Genomic Damage, and Aberrant Epigenetic Alterations
Authors: Kgatle Mankgopo Magdeline , Spearman Catherine Wendy , Kalla Asgar Ali , Hairwadzi Henry Norman
Published: June 2017

Approximately 20% of human cancers is attributable to DNA oncogenic viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV). Unrepaired DNA damage is the most common and overlapping feature of these DNA oncogenic viruses and a source of genomic instability and tumour development. Sustained DNA damage results from unceasing production of reactive oxygen species and activation of inflammasome cascades that trigger genomic changes and increased propensity of epigenetic alterations. Accumulation of epigenetic alterations may interfere with genome‐wide cellular signalling machineries and promote malignant transformation leading to cancer development. Untangling and understanding the underlying mechanisms that promote these detrimental effects remain the major objectives for ongoing research and hope for effective virus‐induced cancer therapy. Here, we review current literature with an emphasis on how DNA damage influences HPV, HVB, and EBV replication and epigenetic alterations that are associated with carcinogenesis.