bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ESTIMATION OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Andreae W. A.
Published: October 2017

Maleic hydrazide added to solutions of partially purified plant extracts can be determined semiquantitatively by a paper chromatographic method in which the area of the maleic hydrazide spot, detected by spraying with a mixture of ferric chloride and potassium ferricyanide, is measured. By this method as little as 0.2 micrograms of maleic hydrazide can be detected with an error of about 35%. This method is not applicable to plants treated with maleic hydrazide because of the presence of interfering substances.
OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES IN INSECTS: III. HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE OXIDATIVE CYCLE IN THE HOUSEFLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA L.
Authors: Chefurka W.
Published: October 2017

The component reactions of the hexose monophosphate oxidative pathway have been studied in adult houseflies. It has been shown that houseflies possess an active glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconolactonase, 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase, phosphopentose isomerase, phosphoketopentose epimerase, transketolase, and transaldolase.The cycle consists of five main steps: (a) a two-step oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to ribulose-5-phosphate and CO2; (b) isomerization of ribulose-5-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate; (c) epimerization of ribulose-5-phosphate to xylulose-5-phosphate; (d) conversion of pentose phosphate to sedoheptulose phosphate and triose phosphate; (e) conversion of sedoheptulose phosphate to hexose phosphate.Balance studies indicate that 2 moles of pentose phosphate are utilized for the formation of 1 mole of heptulose phosphate. However, this stoichiometry is attained after a lag period, suggesting the formation of a transient intermediate. Because the lag was eliminated by the addition of hydroxypyruvate, it is suggested that the lag was due to the time required for the combination of a C2fragment with an appropriate aldehyde acceptor.
THE ROLE OF THE SALIVARY DUCT SYSTEM IN THE FORMATION OF THE SALIVA
Authors: Burgen A. S. V. , Seeman P.
Published: October 2017

A method is described for testing whether the saliva changes in composition as it passes down the secretory ducts. The use of radioactive potassium, sodium, and urea shows an exchange of these materials with the blood after secretion by the acini. Analysis of the relationships between specific activity of the isotope in the saliva and venous blood leads to the conclusion that the exchange is occurring between the saliva in the ducts and blood flowing in a capillary system surrounding the ducts. In these capillaries the blood is flowing in a direction counter to that of the saliva. A mathematical analysis of the behavior of urea in the ducts has been made. A theory of salivary secretion is presented in which the primary secretory event is the extrusion of potassium and accompanying anions into the acini. Water follows the ions passively. In the ducts the potassium is reabsorbed and only partly replaced by sodium ions diffusing in from the plasma. The potassium is recycled to the acini by the tubule portal system.
THE HYDROLYSIS OFp-ACETOXYPHENYLETHYLAMINES BY INSECT CHOLINESTERASE
Authors: Wolfe L. S. , Thorn G. D.
Published: October 2017

The synthesis of the acetyl derivatives of tyramine and hordenine is described. The O-monoacetyl derivatives are hydrolyzed at significant rates by bovine erythrocyte cholinesterase, human serum, and fly head cholinesterase despite a nitrogen to carbonyl oxygen separation approximately twice that of acetylcholine. The pS-activity relationships, when O-acetyltyramine and acetylcholine were substrates for fly head cholinesterase, were similar, but the hydrolysis rate of O-acetyltyramine was much higher than that of acetylcholine. N-Acetylation of the O-acetyl compounds reduced the hydrolysis rate. None of the cholinesterases removed the acetyl group attached to nitrogen. The pI-activity relationships with the inhibitors Nu-683, Nu-1250, TEPP, and eserine showed that the hydrolysis of p-acetoxyphenylethylamine derivatives and acetylcholine by fly head preparations was accomplished by the same cholinesterase and not by aromatic or aliesterases. O-Acetylation of hordenine methiodide destroyed its nicotinelike action on frog rectus abdominis muscle.
PREPARATION AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF γ-LIVETIN FROM EGG YOLK
Authors: Martin W. G. , Cook W. H.
Published: October 2017

A 20% solution of egg yolk in ammonium sulphate at 16% of saturation was centrifuged to float the low density components and the γ-livetin was then precipitated from the subnatant with ammonium sulphate at 40% of saturation. The precipitate was dissolved and reprecipitated several times with ammonium sulphate at 34% of saturation before ether extraction. γ-Livetin prepared in this way contained only a small amount of a heavier component. On purification γ-livetin has the solubility behavior of a euglobulin but loses its solubility irreversibly on prolonged dialysis against water or on freeze-drying. It can be preserved for reasonable periods as a precipitate in saturated ammonium sulphate solution. γ-Livetin has an anomalous sedimentation behavior, the sedimentation rate increasing sharply over a short range of protein concentration. A molecular weight of 1.5 × 105and an axial ratio of about 8 were obtained from sedimentation and diffusion measurements. Other methods gave higher values but are considered less reliable.
EFFECTS OF SODIUM-FREE MEDIA UPON THE METABOLISM AND THE POTASSIUM AND WATER CONTENTS OF BRAIN SLICES
Authors: Pappius Hanna M. , Rosenfeld M. , Johnson Dorothy McLean , Elliott K. A. C.
Published: October 2017

Brain slices maintain a high concentration of potassium when incubated aerobically in ordinary sodium-containing low-potassium medium but the concentration falls to the level found under plain anaerobic conditions if choline, lithium, or tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (tris) are substituted for all the sodium in the medium. With the choline medium, concentration of potassium in the tissue increases markedly if a very little sodium is present; considerably more sodium is required when the main cation present is lithium. A moderately high concentration of potassium is maintained in tissue under anaerobic conditions in sodium-containing medium when glycolysis is stimulated by pyruvate and previous aerobiosis. This high concentration is not found when sodium in the medium is replaced by choline or lithium. The potassium content of slices incubated aerobically or anaerobically with potassium replacing all sodium in the medium is higher than could be accounted for by simple equilibration of the slice fluids with the medium.The rate of oxygen uptake is not changed when choline or lithium replace all the sodium in the medium; with tris or potassium in place of sodium there is slight inhibition. Anaerobic glycolysis is increased in the choline and potassium media and slightly depressed in lithium medium. The stimulatory effect on anaerobic glycolysis of pyruvate is apparent in the sodium, choline, lithium, and potassium media but the stimulation by a preliminary period of aerobiosis does not occur in the lithium and potassium media.Under aerobic conditions swelling and "intracellular" (non-sucrose) space is not affected by replacing sodium with choline or lithium. Both are increased in the tris and, especially, in the potassium media. Under anaerobic conditions there is a striking decrease in swelling and intracellular space with the choline medium.The replacement of a small amount of salt by sucrose causes a decrease in swelling in all media, especially in the potassium medium.
ACETATE UTILIZATION BY LIVER AND ADIPOSE TISSUE OF RATS FASTED IN THE COLD
Authors: Perry William F.
Published: October 2017

The in vitro incorporation of 1-C14and 2-C14acetate into fatty acids and carbon dioxide by liver and adipose tissue was studied in rats fasted at 5 °C. for 24 hours. Compared with fed rats at room temperature, there was a marked decrease in the incorporation of the acetate carbons into fatty acids and carbon dioxide by liver tissue. A pronounced decrease in acetate incorporation into fatty acid was also noted with adipose tissue from these same animals, but only a slight decrease in incorporation into carbon dioxide. Addition of glucose to the incubation medium caused increases in fatty acid formation by liver and adipose tissue from both normal and fasted animals, but glucose supplementation, while increasing the incorporation of acetate into carbon dioxide by liver tissue from cold fasted rats, did not affect carbon dioxide production by liver tissue from normal animals. Incorporation of acetate into carbon dioxide by adipose tissue was unaffected by glucose supplementation with tissue from both normal and cold fasted rats.
A HISTOCHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE POLYSACCHARIDIC SUBSTANCES OF THE DEVELOPING NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE RAT IN RELATION WITH THE APPEARANCE OF CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Crevier Marc
Published: October 2017

The PAS reaction and the cholinesterase reaction run parallel in the lower centers of the developing nervous system in the rat. Also, the two reactions appear progressively between the 10th and 15th day as the result of a chemical maturation of the neurons. Extraction of sections with methanol–chloroform does not alter the PAS reaction while acetylation inhibits it reversibly. These two facts suggest that 1,2-glycol groups are detected. Inhibition by hyaluronidase increases this evidence, despite the fact that diastase has a slight and irregular action. To elucidate the nature of the PAS reaction further, chemical fractionation of the brain substance has been attempted. (A) A fraction soluble in methanol–chloroform is metachromatic and PAS-positive in vitro. (B) A fraction soluble in a potassium chloride – potassium carbonate mixture is non-dialyzable, non-metachromatic, but PAS-positive. After acid hydrolysis it yields glucose but no hexosamine. (C) A fraction extracted from the residue by sodium hydroxide is non-dialyzable, non-metachromatic, but also PAS-positive. By chromatography and electrophoresis it is found to contain a non-sulphated mucoprotein yielding hexosamine in a high concentration following acid hydrolysis. The physiological significance of this mucoprotein is discussed.
THE ACID-SOLUBLE NUCLEOTIDES OF SALMON LIVER
Authors: Tsuyuki H. , Chang Violet M. , Idler D. R.
Published: October 2017

The acid-soluble nucleotides of spring salmon liver have been separated by anion-exchange chromatography at low temperature and characterized. Under these conditions the relatively labile uridine-5′-diphosphate nucleotides of acetylglucosamine, galactose, and glucuronic acid were obtained intact, a fact that is further substantiated by the complete absence of uridine-5′-diphosphate. The occurrence of these uridine diphosphate compounds and the absence of uridine diphosphate glucose is discussed in relation to the previously postulated role of inositol as a carbohydrate storage product. A new peptide-containing nucleotide, succinoadenosine-5′-phosphosulphate (peptide), was found in the fraction which immediately follows adenosine-5′-diphosphate. The parent base of this nucleotide, succinoadenine, was also isolated. The nucleotide pattern is simpler than that reported by other investigators for rat liver and wheat.
METHYLATION OF THE 3-OH POSITION OF CATECHOL ACIDS BY RAT LIVER AND KIDNEY PREPARATIONS
Authors: Pellerin J. , D'Iorio A.
Published: October 2017

3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid were separately incubated with L-methionine-methyl-C14in the presence of rat liver or kidney homogenate. In each case, the radioactive metabolite separated by paper chromatography was found to have migrating properties similar to those of the 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenolic acid. This reaction was enhanced by the addition of ATP, Mg++, and reduced glutathione. When 3-hydroxybenzoic acid was incubated in this medium no methylated derivative was obtained. Preliminary experiments indicated that the enzymatic activity was contained mostly in the supernatant fraction. It was also noted that liver homogenate was much more active than kidney homogenate in methylating catechol acids.
UNE NOUVELLE MÉTHODE DE DOSAGE DE TRÈS PETITES QUANTITÉS DE MORPHINE
Authors: Nadeau Guy , Sobolewski George
Published: October 2017

A new method for the estimation of amounts of morphine varying from 0.02 to 100 μg. is described. It is based on the fluorescence obtained when the alkaloid is allowed to react with concentrated sulphuric acid followed by ammonium hydroxide. Apart from being very sensitive and specific, the procedure appears to have wide applications. For instance, it allows the estimation of morphine in opium in the presence of other constituents without prior separation.
ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS IN BRAIN SLICES AFTER DEPRIVATION OF OXYGEN AND GLUCOSE
Authors: Elliott K. A. C. , Rosenfeld M.
Published: October 2017

If brain slices are deprived of oxygen and glucose while they are incubated in saline medium at 38 °C. the respiratory activity, subsequently determined in the presence of oxygen and glucose, is slowly decreased; the anaerobic glycolytic activity, determined after adding glucose, is very rapidly lost. These effects are prevented if the deprivation occurs at 0 °C.Loss of glycolytic activity does not occur rapidly if the brain is kept in the head at 38° after decapitation nor if slices are kept humid but without suspending medium at 38° in the absence of oxygen.The glycolytic activity of slices which have been deprived of oxygen and glucose in saline medium at 38° can be largely restored by a period of aerobiosis or by merely replacing the medium with fresh oxygenated medium.Addition of pyruvate to the medium stimulates glycolysis by normal slices but not that by deprived slices. The stimulatory effect of pyruvate reappears if the deprived slices are given a period of aerobiosis.It is concluded that the drastic irreversible effects of brief cerebral anemia on brain function cannot be ascribed to irreversible loss of aerobic or anaerobic metabolic activity.
THE MECHANISM OF DRUG ACTION AT RECEPTOR SURFACES: PART I. INTRODUCTION. A GENERAL INTERPRETATION OF THE ADRENERGIC BLOCKING ACTIVITY OF β-HALOALKYLAMINES
Authors: Belleau B.
Published: October 2017

An interpretation of the mechanism of action of "Dibenamine" is offered and the conclusion is reached that the excitatory receptors most probably include a carboxylate or phosphate anion as an active center. On the basis of a combination of isosteric and chemical reactivity principles, a precise correlation between structure and pharmacological activity of adrenergic blocking β-haloalkylamines is described. Structural similarities between sympathomimetic amines and adrenergic blockers are uncovered and applied to the interpretation of the activity of several hundred β-haloalkylamines. The crucial point of the discussion revolves about the concept of a phenethylamine pattern illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 and it is demonstrated that this pattern applies generally to active adrenergic blocking β-haloalkylamines and that it allows predictions of activity.
THE UTILIZATION OF ETHANOL FOR BIOSYNTHESIS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Leon R. P. de , Creaser E. H.
Published: October 2017

Radioactivity from 1-C14-ethanol was incorporated into the macromolecular components of Escherichia coli when this organism was grown on a synthetic glucose–salts medium. No significant incorporation was observed with mammalian tissues.Incorporation was greater in E. coli cells growing anaerobically than in non-growing or aerobically growing cells. The addition of sodium fumarate increased the incorporation in anaerobically growing cells approximately threefold.Over 90% of the incorporated radioactivity was found in the lipid and protein fractions of the cell, only a small amount being detectable in the nucleic acid fraction. The distribution of radioactivity among the various cell components was such that it appeared that ethanol was utilized by the same biosynthetic pathways as acetate. No evidence could be found to support the view that ethanol carbon was incorporated into deoxyribose of the deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) via acetaldehyde.
ISOLATION OF A STEROID-LIKE SUBSTANCE FROM URINE AND CITROUS FRUITS
Authors: Nowaczynski Wojciech , Sandor Thomas , Koiw Erich , Jones R. Norman , Genest Jacques
Published: October 2017

The isolation and the partial chemical and physicochemical characterization of a chloroform-soluble substance obtained from human urine and citrous fruit juices are presented. The urinary compound, designated as compound III, is present mostly as a conjugate hydrolyzed by animal β-glucuronidase whereas it is in free form in fruit juices. It is present in the urine of normal males and females and in a number of pathological conditions. Its urinary excretion is significantly increased as a result of diets rich in potassium (250 meq./day). In various paper chromatographic systems, the compound has a mobility similar to that of aldosterone. Detailed study of its chemical and physicochemical characteristics, including oxidative degradation and infrared and elementary analysis, suggests a steroidal or sesquiterpinoidal structure. However, at the present time, the data obtained do not permit the final elucidation of the chemical formula of compound III.
MESENTERIC NEUTRAL FAT IN OBESE RATS
Authors: Boyd Eldon M. , Crandell Eleanor M.
Published: October 2017

The relationship of increasing obesity to storage of neutral fat in the mesentery was investigated in 48 albino rats. Calculated as grams per 100 g nonlipid dry weight, levels of mesenteric neutral fat were positively correlated with levels of mesenteric free cholesterol, phospholipid, and water, the correlation coefficient for water being higher in male than in female rats. These results suggest that storage of neutral fat is an active physiologic function of mesentery. On the other hand, the relative amount of body neutral fat which is stored in the mesentery became less as the animals became more obese. This indicates that in obese rats, some tissue other than mesentery is storing neutral fat at a rate greater than occurs in the mesenteric fat depots.
DEGRADATION OF SOME PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES BY HOT ALKALI
Authors: Hurst R. O. , Kuksis A.
Published: October 2017

The effect of heating a number of purine and pyrimidine derivatives in 1 N sodium hydroxide solution at 100 °C was studied using a spectrophotometric method to determine the extent of degradation. Although adenine was stable under these conditions, adenylic acid was found to be destroyed without evidence of intermediate deamination. No other substituted purines studied were degraded. Cytidylic acid was much more readily deaminated than cytosine but in both cases destruction of the pyrimidine base occurred. Uracil and thymine were stable but uridylic acid was destroyed to the same degree as adenylic acid. The stability of uracil suggests that the destruction of cytosine occurred before deamination. The rapid deamination of cytidylic acid took place before extensive loss of base had occurred. The differences observed are related to the nature and number of substituent groups on the purine and pyrimidine ring structures.
A CONTROLLED ASSAY OF CLEARING FACTOR, AND ITS APPLICATION IN STUDIES OF THE ROLE OF HEPARIN IN CLEARING FACTOR PRODUCTION
Authors: Monkhouse Frank C. , MacKneson Ruth G.
Published: October 2017

A method for measuring clearing factor in vitro has been developed. This method makes use of a standard substrate–receptor system obtained by adding constant amounts of a commercial fat emulsion to stored plasma. Best results are obtained when plasma which has been heated to 56 °C for 5 minutes and stored at −20 °C is used at 50% concentration. A comparison of the production of clearing factor in different species using plasma from different species was made. With all clearing factors, the human and dog plasmas are superior to the other species studied. The results of intravenous and depot injections of heparin are compared.The intravenous injections cause maximum prolongation of clotting time almost immediately and maximum amounts of clearing factor within 30 minutes. Depot injections stimulate the production of maximum amounts of clearing factor as quickly as intravenous injections, but the maximum effect on the clotting mechanism is delayed for three to four hours.The implications of these results are discussed. The application of the method in the study of diseases associated with abnormalities in plasma proteins and fat metabolism is suggested.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE OF THE MAMMALIAN ERYTHROCYTE: II. THE MECHANISM OF SUBSTRATE INHIBITION
Authors: Ottolenghi Paul , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: October 2017

The inhibition of lactic dehydrogenase produced by an excess of the substrate pyruvate has been shown to be of the noncompetitive type. Thus, two sites on the enzyme appear to be involved: one for the activation of pyruvate, and a second one which, when complexed with a molecule of pyruvate, renders the enzyme inactive.
LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE OF THE MAMMALIAN ERYTHROCYTE: III. THE FORMATION OF A COMPLEX OF THE ENZYME WITH DPN AND LACTATE
Authors: Ottolenghi Paul , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: October 2017

In the transfer of hydrogen ions and electrons from lactate to DPN by lactic dehydrogenase the lactate is capable of forming a complex only with the binary complex of enzyme and coenzyme to form an active ternary complex. The results of kinetic studies indicate that the site for the binding of lactate is on the DPN molecule itself.
THE BIOSYNTHESIS FROM ACETATE-1-C14OF FATTY ACIDS AND CHOLESTEROL IN FORMED BLOOD ELEMENTS
Authors: O'Donnell V. J. , Ottolenghi P. , Malkin A. , Denstedt O. F. , Heard R. D. H.
Published: October 2017

The biogenesis, in vitro, of cholesterol and fatty acids from acetate-1-C14in the cellular elements of blood has been studied. From the results obtained it is apparent that whereas the normocytes (nucleated) from the chicken and from the mammal (nonnucleated) are devoid of the capacity to synthesize cholesterol and fatty acids, the reticulocytes and the normoblasts from the rabbit, with an experimentally produced reticulocytosis, possess the ability to synthesize these lipids. Studies on the leucocytes from normal mammalian blood and thymus tissue showed little or no activity. On the other hand, the leucocytes from the thymus tissue and blood of chickens and from the blood of a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia and from another with monocytic leukemia (Naegeli type) were capable of utilizing CI4-acetate for the synthesis of lipids. The leucocytes from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia were found to be devoid of this activity.
THE INCORPORATION OF C14-LABELLED FORMATE INTO THE TISSUE NUCLEIC ACIDS OF RATS BEARING THE NOVIKOFF HEPATOMA
Authors: Zbarsky S. H. , Hori Aiko , Findlay Barbara S.
Published: October 2017

A study was made of the incorporation in vivo of C14-labelled formate into purines and pyrimidines of the nucleic acids of various tissues of normal rats and rats bearing the Novikoff hepatoma. The purines of the intestinal mucosa and the hepatoma had the highest specific activities, followed in descending order by those of spleen, kidney, testes, and liver. The pyrimidines of the mucosa and hepatoma also exhibited comparatively high specific activities. It was felt that the incorporation of radioactivity by a given tissue was related to its rate of cell renewal and that the present findings did not indicate a difference between tumor and normal tissue with respect to mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of the nucleic acids. The results indicated that the tissue nucleic acids of the tumor-bearing animals incorporated more radioactivity than did those of normal rats. Chemical degradation of the radioactive purines showed that part of the radioactivity was derived from the injected C14-formate and part from C14O2formed by metabolic oxidation of the formate.
NITROGEN EXCRETION IN SOME MARINE TELEOSTS
Authors: Wood J. D.
Published: October 2017

The nitrogen-containing compounds excreted by the sculpin, starry flounder, and blue sea-perch were investigated. Approximately four-fifths of the nitrogenous material was excreted via the gills. Ammonia and urea were the main components of the excreta in all three species. The amount excreted in 24 hours varied greatly between fish of any one species, but the percentage composition was reasonably constant. A greater variation in the composition occurred between species. Trimethylamine oxide was present in only small amounts in the total excreta. It was concluded from this that the compound was not an important end product of protein metabolism.
THE DEGRADATION OF CALF THYMUS DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID BY PANCREATIC DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
Authors: Hurst R. O.
Published: October 2017

The hydrolysis of deoxyribonucleic acid by pancreatic deoxyribonuclease was studied using high concentrations of enzyme. An increased production of material soluble in uranyl acetate reagent was obtained. Evidence for heterogeneity in the activity of the enzyme is presented.
VARIATIONS IN THE SODIUM AND POTASSIUM CONTENT OF THE MUSCLE TISSUE OF PACIFIC SALMON WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO MIGRATION
Authors: MacLeod Robert A. , Jonas R. E. E. , McBride J. R.
Published: October 2017

Further confirmation was obtained of the observation made previously that the Na+and K+levels of the muscle tissue of spring salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) on the Pacific coast appear to vary with the size of the fish and, in the case of small fish, with the season of the year. Small fish (3 to 5 lb) caught in regions of relatively constant salinity had higher Na+and lower K+concentrations in the spring and summer than in fall and winter. Under the same conditions the levels of Na+and K+in the flesh of larger fish (9 to 10 lb) did not vary.When spring salmon were sampled along the route of their spawning migration up the Fraser River it was found that at the mouth of the river the Na+level was less than in fish at sea. Further up the river, Na+had dropped to less than one-half of the value at sea. At the spawning grounds in three groups out of four examined, Na+rose again to levels the same as or above those prevailing at sea. In general, a drop in Na+was accompanied by a rise in K+and vice versa, though at the spawning ground the drop in K+considerably exceeded the rise in Na+.In the case of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) heading up river, a lowered Na+and elevated K+occurred in the muscle tissue of the fish while they were still in salt water. After the fish had entered fresh water the ion levels were restored and maintained at levels similar to those normally prevailing at sea. At or near the spawning ground a marked rise in Na+as well as a drop in K+occurred. Evidence was obtained that this change occurred first in the male of the species.The flesh of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) migrating to the sea was found to contain less Na+and more K+than mature fish of the same species caught at sea. Young sockeye in fresh water, however, contained about the same levels of Na+and K+as the mature fish at sea.
ALCOHOL LEVELS IN BODY FLUIDS AFTER INGESTION OF DISTILLED SPIRITS
Authors: Coldwell B. B. , Smith H. Ward
Published: October 2017

Known volumes of 70-proof distilled spirits were fed to 68 volunteers, making a total of 141 separate doses. The amount of alcohol appearing in the venous blood, saliva, and urine at various time intervals after ingestion was determined by a modified Widmark method, and in the breath by the Breathalyzer. The relationship between time after ingestion, venous blood alcohol concentration (VBA), and Breathalyzer reading (BR) was as follows:(1) between 0.5 and 2.5 hours after ingestion, VBA = (BR + 0.048) ± 0.124 mg/ml;(2) between 30 to 40 minutes after ingestion, VBA = (BR − 0.071) ± 0.065 mg/ml;(3) between 2 to 2.5 hours after ingestion, VBA = (BR + 0.102) ± 0.117 mg/ml. The weighted average ratios of saliva and urine alcohols to venous blood alcohol were 1.12:1 and 1.24:1, respectively. The standard error of estimating the venous blood alcohol indirectly from the saliva alcohol was ±0.075 mg/ml, and from urine alcohol ±0.081 mg/ml when the samples were obtained from 0.5 to 2.5 and from 0.75 to 2.5 hours after drinking, respectively. Over the range of concentrations studied alcohol disappeared from the venous blood at the rate of 0.13 ±0.05 mg/ml/hr and the quantity eliminated from the whole body, per 100 lb of body weight per hour, approximated 0.4 fl. oz of 70-proof distilled spirits.
THE ACTIVATION AND DETERMINATION OF PLASMIN IN THE RAT
Authors: Levy S. W.
Published: October 2017

The presence of a proteolytic enzyme precursor (plasminogen) in the euglobulin fraction of rat plasma was demonstrated and optimum conditions for its activation and determination were studied. Rat plasmin activity was estimated (casein-digestion method) following activation of the enzyme with streptokinase-activated human serum euglobulin under various conditions of temperature, time, activator concentration, and pH. The activation and subsequent inactivation of plasmin in the presence of activated human euglobulin were shown to be accompanied by the appearance of acid-soluble, ultraviolet-absorbing substances in the activation mixture. The results of these studies were discussed in terms of the concept that the activation and inactivation of rat plasmin are essentially auto-catalytic reactions and represent stages in the progressive degradation of the plasminogen molecule.
THE EFFECT OF SYSTEMATIC TRAINING ON PLASMA ELECTROLYTES, HAEMATOCRIT VALUE, AND BLOOD SUGAR IN THOROUGHBRED RACE HORSES
Authors: Sréter Frank A.
Published: October 2017

Experiments were carried out on regularly ridden horses and thoroughbred race horses following a 10- to 40-minute training period for both groups and following 1- to 3-minute racing in the latter group. An increase was observed in the concentration of calcium in serum and in the concentration of potassium, inorganic phosphorus, and iron in plasma. In the trained race horses a considerable increase was noted in the haematocrit (Hct) value and in the haemoglobin (Hb) concentration of the blood, average values after the race being 23 g% and 66% respectively. In regularly ridden horses and in thoroughbred horses which were not in training, similar muscular exercise did not produce such a noticeable increase in the Hb concentration. Sixteen to twenty-four hours after a race or exercise a transitory, quite pronounced hyperbilirubinaemia of 3 mg% was observed. A large part of the mobilized red cells was not restored, but disintegrated, causing a transitory hyperbilirubinaemia. In blood samples drawn immediately after the race, the average fragility test value of the red cells increased, haemolysis occurring in 0.63% NaCl solution. Blood samples taken from thoroughbred horses after exercise and racing were hyperglycaemic while the blood sugar levels in exercised, regularly ridden horses were not significantly increased and even decreased following exhaustive galloping.These experiments support the hypothesis that the hyperglycaemia is the result of an emotional factor influencing a conditioned nervous response. Thus race horses differ from untrained, regularly ridden horses in that the former show reflex red cell mobilization and hyperglycaemia while the latter do not.
NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL SECRETION
Authors: Noble R. L.
Published: October 2017

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ADRENERGIC MEDIATORS
Authors: Nickerson Mark
Published: October 2017

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FORMATION, STORAGE, AND RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE AT NERVE ENDINGS
Authors: MacIntosh F. C.
Published: October 2017

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SYMPOSIUM ON NEUROSECRETION
Authors: Burgen A. S. V.
Published: October 2017

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ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE FAST-DEATH FACTOR IN MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA NRC-1
Authors: Bishop C. T. , Anet E. F. L. J. , Gorham P. R.
Published: October 2017

The fast-death factor in Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1 is an acidic, probably cyclic peptide containing the following amino acids in the molar ratios indicated: L-aspartic (1); L-glutamic (2); D-serine (1); L-valine (1); L-ornithine (1); L-alanine (2); L-leucine (2). It is possible, although not likely, that one of the residues of glutamic, alanine, or leucine also is in the D-configuration. The toxin, in the form of its sodium salt, was extracted from lyophilized algal cells by water, separated from pigments by extraction into n-butanol, and freed from high-molecular-weight impurities by dialysis. No separation of a single toxic compound could be obtained by countercurrent distribution, chromatography, or electrophoresis in carbonate, acetate, or phosphate buffers. Electrophoresis of the crude toxin on cellulose in 0.1 M borate yielded five peptides one of which was toxic and accounted for 100% of the toxicity present in the crude preparation. The intraperitoneal LD50of the pure toxin for mice was 0.466 ± 0.013 mg/kg body weight.
THE EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF XANTHOMONAS PHASEOLI
Authors: Lesley S. M. , Hochster R. M.
Published: October 2017

The extracellular polysaccharide produced by Xanthomonas phaseoli has been purified and shown to be homogeneous by examination in the analytical ultra-centrifuge, by moving boundary electrophoresis, and by gradient precipitation with ethanol. Following hydrolysis the constituent sugars of the polysaccharide were isolated and positively identified as the crystalline derivatives of D-glucose and of D-mannose and as the crystalline lactone of D-glucuronic acid. The above hexoses were found to be present in the relative proportions of 1:1:1.The results of a preliminary investigation in which C14-labelled glucose was supplied to rapidly growing cells indicate that it is unlikely that a single six-carbon precursor is formed from which all three sugar components of the polysaccharide are synthesized directly.
THE EFFECT OF AGE ON THE ELASTICITY OF HUMAN ILIAC ARTERIES
Authors: Roach Margot R. , Burton Alan C.
Published: October 2017

Autopsy specimens of iliac arteries of 63 individuals of ages between birth and 91 years have been used to measure pressure–volume curves from which elastic diagrams, i.e. tension vs. elongation, and 'elastances' were deduced. For a smaller number of specimens, the longitudinal elastance was also measured. The resistance to deformation was also derived from the amount of excess pressure outside, which was required to empty the vessel (collapse pressure). The mean curves of tension vs. stretch for the different age groups showed a remarkable increase in resistance to stretch with age for both circumferential and longitudinal elastance. The incidence of atherosclerosis, shown by the independent grading of the histologist, increased with age, but vessels not showing atherosclerosis also showed a significant increase in 'elastance' with age. The thickness of the arterial wall was increased from birth to age 20 (about 3 times) but did not change significantly thereafter. There was a significant trend for the diameter of the lumen to decrease after age 30. This was not accounted for by intimal thickening, found in some specimens of greater age. Biophysical analysis in terms of the quantity of collagen fibers present in the wall suggests that not only does the quantity of collagenous material increase with age, but more importantly, the un-stretched length of these fibers decreases with age, as the 'slack' in them is taken up, possibly by cross-linkages or adhesions.
RELATIVE PRODUCTION OF FLUORESCENT AND UV-ABSORBING STEROIDS BY INCUBATED RAT ADRENAL GLANDS
Authors: Fortier Ciaude
Published: October 2017

Silber's fluorometric method for corticosteroids was used concurrently with Saffran's UV-absorption method for Δ 4-3-keto-steroids to determine the relative production of fluorescent and UV-absorbing compounds by incubated rat adrenal glands, in the presence or absence of ACTH. The production of both types was markedly increased by ACTH. The F/UV ratio, close to unity after 15 minutes of incubation with or without ACTH, decreased to values of 0.51 for non-stimulated, and 0.62 for stimulated glands, after 2 hours. The similarity of these values with the red./UV ratios, observed by Elliott et al. under comparable conditions, suggests that the compounds determined by fluorometry correspond to the blue tetrazolium-reducing steroids with α-ketolic side chains, characterized by these investigators. The nature of these steroids, and of the UV-absorbing, non-reducing, non-fluorescent material is discussed in the light of chromatographic findings. Concurrent assays of rat pituitary extracts by the UV-absorption and fluorometric methods, in Saffran and Schally's adrenal incubation system, yielded comparable results.
DIETARY CHOLESTEROL AND PLASMA CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN MAN
Authors: Beveridge J. M. R. , Connell W. F. , Haust H. L. , Mayer G. A.
Published: October 2017

Sixty-three men and twenty women (university students) consumed a fat-free, homogeneous liquid formula ration for 8 days. Groups of 8 to 11 individuals were then transferred to diets in which 30% of the calories were supplied in the form of butter oil fractions which were substituted equicalorically for carbohydrate. The most volatile fraction, which was high in cholesterol (3.83%), caused a great increase in plasma cholesterol. The cholesterol-poor fractions led to relatively small increases but when supplemented with an amount of cholesterol equivalent to that provided by the cholesterol-rich fraction, increases of comparable magnitude were obtained. Supplementation of the fat-free diet with the completely saturated medium chain length triglycerides, C6–C12, derived from coconut oil with or without cholesterol, did not cause a significant increase whereas coconut oil did. These results have been interpreted as indicating that relatively small amounts of cholesterol, depending upon the nature of fat with which it is associated, can in fact effect highly significant increases in plasma cholesterol in man. It is suggested that the substance with which cholesterol reacts is a specific type of triglyceride having certain fatty acids attached at the alpha, beta, and alpha1positions on the glycerol moiety.
DERIVATIVES OF HYDROXY-L-PROLINE
Authors: Baer Erich , Stedman R. John
Published: October 2017

N-Carbobenzoxy-hydroxy-L-proline benzyl ester has been obtained by treating N-carbobenzoxy-hydroxy-L-proline or its cyclohexylammonium salt with benzyl chloride and triethylamine.
THE EFFECTS OF SARIN AND ATROPINE ON THE RESPIRATORY CENTER AND NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS OF THE RAT
Authors: Stewart W. C.
Published: October 2017

Records were made of the contractions of a slip of diaphragm muscle which was isolated from the circulation of the rat, while the nerve supply was preserved. Simultaneous records were also made of the contractions of the opposite (circulated) hemidiaphragm, of respiratory rate, of the Hering-Breuer reflex, and of contractions of the gastrocnemius muscle in response to stimulation of the sciatic nerve.Low doses of sarin caused immediate respiratory arrest, purely central in origin; respiration was restored to normal at once when a large dose of atropine was given. When atropine was injected before sarin, much higher doses of sarin were required to depress the respiration, and now the respiratory paralysis took place at the neuromuscular junctions in the diaphragm, the respiratory center remaining relatively unaffected. It was concluded that respiratory paralysis by sarin could be purely central, purely peripheral, or both central and peripheral, depending on the doses of sarin and atropine employed.
STUDIES ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND KINETICS OF THE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE OF RAT SMALL INTESTINE
Authors: Triantaphyllopoulos Eugenie , Tuba Jules
Published: October 2017

Alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated throughout the entire length of the small intestine of the albino rat and the relative amounts present seemed to decrease exponentially from the pylorus to the ileocolic valve. All subcellular fractions of intestinal homogenates were found to hydrolyze sodium β-glycero-phosphate. The distribution of activity of the enzyme was as follows: "microsomes", about 76%; nuclei, 10%; mitochondria, 8%; and in the nongranular, supernatant fraction, 9%. The specific activity for these fractions was: 52, 3, 10, and 3, respectively. The effects of the time of incubation, pH of the hydrolytic mixture, and the concentration of the enzyme were similar in all fractions. For the enzyme in the various fractions slight differences were observed in the values of the Michaelis constants, and in the degree of activation by magnesium ion. These variations may be explained on the basis of differences in the accessibility of substrate and magnesium ion to the enzymes in the various fractions. The finding that the "microsomes" contained the highest levels of alkaline phosphatase suggests that this intestinal enzyme is produced almost entirely by these submicroscopic particles.
THE GROWTH-RETARDING EFFECT OF ERUCIC ACID AND ITS RELATION TO REQUIREMENTS FOR FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: October 2017

Young male rats fed a synthetic diet containing erucic acid but lacking fat-soluble vitamins plateau at a lower weight than those fed similar diets containing no fat or other individual fatty acids. Growth resumes in the erucic acid fed rats when vitamin A acetate and corn oil are administered, but neither is effective alone. The corn oil can be replaced by methyl linoleate. Vitamin A acetate alone causes some additional growth in rats plateaued on diets containing no fat or palmitic acid but it is more effective when combined with corn oil. Rats fed an erucic acid diet containing fat-soluble vitamins still plateaued at a lower weight than rats fed a similar diet containing oleic acid.
ON THE INDUCED SYNTHESIS OF AN ENZYME REQUIRED FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF AN ESSENTIAL METABOLITE: INDUCED KYNURENINASE SYNTHESIS IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Wainwright S. D. , Bonner D. M.
Published: October 2017

Brief incubation of washed mycelial pads of Neurospora crassa with L-tryptophan or L-kynurenine caused a marked and rapid increase in kynureninase activity. Some of the factors affecting the extent of enzyme formation were studied. Tryptophan was almost as effective an inducer of kynureninase formation as kynurenine. The significance of induced kynureninase formation as a regulator of niacin biosynthesis is discussed.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM IN FISH LIVER
Authors: Forrest R. J. , Hansen R. G.
Published: October 2017

Anion exchange chromatography has been used to separate the acid-soluble nucleotides of the livers of several species of fish including salmon taken in fresh and salt water. This technique has produced an elution pattern of nucleotides similar to that obtained from poultry and mammalian liver. Two of the uridine-containing areas eluted from the column have been investigated in detail using enzymatic, chromatographic, and colorimetric techniques. The first of these two adjacent peaks was found to contain N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine, whereas the second contained glucose and galactose. In both cases, the glucose moiety was the major constituent.Samples of liver taken from silver salmon were fractionated and two of the enzymes acting on UDP glucose were identified. The first of these enzymes, UDPG dehydrogenase, was partially purified and the product of the reaction with UDPG was identified as UDP glucuronic acid. The second enzyme, UDPGal-4-epimerase, was separated from the dehydrogenase and characterized by enzymatic assay using UDP galactose as substrate.
EFFECT OF MELANOPHORE-STIMULATING HORMONE ON HUMAN DARK ADAPTATION
Authors: Kalant H. , Ogilvie J. C. , Smith Lorraine C. , Taylor N. B. G. , Walker I. G.
Published: October 2017

A preparation of melanophore-stimulating hormone (MSH) obtained from porcine anterior pituitary glands was found to produce no effect on the course of dark adaptation in normal human subjects, when injected subcutaneously in doses of 185 or 550 I.U.A partially purified MSH was prepared from bovine posterior pituitary glands by Hanaoka's modification of Stehle's method. It was assayed by a skin reflectance method in hypophysectomized frogs. When administered subcutaneously in a dose of 500 I.U., this material also failed to affect the course of dark adaptation in six normal subjects of Caucasian ancestry and six of Japanese ancestry.These results are compared with those of other investigators, and the disagreements are attributed to differences in apparatus and technique of measurement of dark adaptation. It is concluded that exogenous MSH does not affect dark adaptation in normal subjects.
A SURFACE TENSION EQUILIBRIUM STUDY OF HUMAN SERUM IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Authors: Jasper J. J. , McCann D. S. , Mosher R. E. , Boyle A. J.
Published: October 2017

The rate of attainment of a static surface tension equilibrium by human blood serum was investigated. In general serum from atherosclerotic individuals tends to reach a static surface tension value more rapidly than serum from a normal subject. From a consideration of typical surface tension versus age-of-surface curves of fresh serum, of heated denatured serum, and of aged serum, it is concluded that the rate of change of surface tension is a function of serum protein structure and therefore influences the colloidal stability of serum.
THE EFFECT OF PHENETHYLBIGUANIDE UPON THE METABOLISM OF THE ISOLATED RAT DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Forbath N. , Clarke D. W.
Published: October 2017

Some of the effects of phenethylbiguanide (DBI) upon carbohydrate metabolism in the isolated rat diaphragm have been studied. The addition of this compound to an incubation medium stimulates the uptake of sugars, the breakdown of glycogen, and the output of lactic acid and inorganic phosphate. Free sugar does not accumulate in the diaphragm treated with DBI.
MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
Authors: Moorefield Herbert H.
Published: October 2017

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THE DIFFERENTIAL DETERMINATION OF CATECHOLAMINES IN URINE
Authors: Drujan B. D. , Sourkes T. L. , Layne D. S. , Murphy G. F.
Published: October 2017

Details of uniform procedures for the routine determination of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine in urine are given. The first two compounds are determined by a trihydroxyindole method; for dopamine, a modification of the method of Carlsson and Waldeck is used. Determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline is illustrated using three different types of fluorometer. Normal values for the 24-hour excretion of these compounds in the urine of normal adults are in micrograms: adrenaline, 16.4 μg ± 1.1, noradrenaline, 54.9 μg ± 3.2, dopamine, 198.8 μg ± 36.2 (mean ± standard error). Some examples of the levels of catecholamine excretion in various clinical states are given.