bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel test method for quantifying cracking propensity of photovoltaic backsheets after ultraviolet exposure
Authors: Lin Chiao‐Chi , Lyu Yadong , Jacobs Deborah S. , Kim Jae Hyun , Wan Kai‐Tak , Hunston Donald L. , Gu Xiaohong
Published: July 2018

Surface cracking in multilayered backsheets is one of the common failure modes for field photovoltaic (PV) modules, leading to safety concerns. However, the current IEC qualification tests such as IEC 61215 cannot adequately predict the backsheet cracking in fielded modules. Moreover, little is known about effect of key environmental factors on the cracking behaviors of backsheets. In this study, a novel test method combining accelerated weathering with in situ surface cracking monitoring during tensile deformation is developed to quantify cracking propensity of backsheets after aging. A polyester‐based backsheet was selected, and 4 environmental conditions (UV/85°C/5% relative humidity (RH), UV/85°C/60% RH, 85°C/5% RH, 85°C/60% RH) were used for backsheet aging. The relationship between material degradation and crack formation of the backsheet under different environmental conditions is discussed. The channel cracks (fragmentation) perpendicular to the loading direction were only observed on the UV‐aged samples, not on those unaged or aged without UV irradiation. Moisture played a synergistic role with UV in the formation of surface cracking. Mode I fracture toughness (KIC) of the embrittled surface layer obtained from this test dropped by 98% relative to fresh samples, indicating a much higher cracking propensity of this backsheet after UV exposure. The proposed method was further validated by fragmentation tests of outdoor‐exposed backsheet samples. This method can serve as a quantitative tool to evaluate the cracking propensity of backsheets for a better material selection and lifetime prediction of PV modules.
Computing multiple Lyapunov‐like functions for inner estimates of domains of attraction of switched hybrid systems
Authors: Zheng Xiuliang , She Zhikun , Lu Junjie , Li Meilun
Published: July 2018

Domain of attraction plays an important role in stability analysis and safety verification of nonlinear control systems. In this paper, based on the concept of multiple Lyapunov‐like functions, we propose iteration algorithms for computing inner estimates of domains of attraction for a class of switched hybrid systems, where the state space is composed of several regions and each region is described by polyhedral sets. Starting with an initial inner estimate of domain of attraction, we firstly present a theoretical framework for obtaining a larger inner estimate by iteratively computing multiple Lyapunov‐like functions. Successively, the theoretical framework is underapproximatively realized by using S‐procedure and sums of squares programming, associated with the coordinatewise iteration method. Afterwards, for obtaining a required initial inner estimate of domain of attraction, we propose an alternative higher‐order truncation and linear semidefinite programming based method for computing a common Lyapunov function. Especially, a bisection method based improvement is proposed for obtaining better estimates in each iteration step. Finally, we implement proposed algorithms and test them on numerical examples with comparisons. These computation and comparison results show that the advantages of our multiple Lyapunov‐like functions based algorithm. Especially, we provide alternative underapproximations for avoiding the possible numerical problem.
Modeling the random effects covariance matrix for longitudinal data with covariates measurement error
Authors: Hoque Md Erfanul , Torabi Mahmoud
Published: July 2018

Longitudinal data occur frequently in practice such as medical studies and life sciences. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) are commonly used to analyze such data. It is typically assumed that the random effects covariance matrix is constant among subjects in these models. In many situations, however, the correlation structure may differ among subjects and ignoring this heterogeneity can lead to biases in model parameters estimate. Recently, Lee et al developed a heterogeneous random effects covariance matrix for GLMMs for error‐free covariates. Covariates measured with error also happen frequently in the longitudinal data set‐up (eg, blood pressure and cholesterol level). Ignoring this issue in the data may produce bias in model parameters estimate and lead to wrong conclusions. In this paper, we propose an approach to properly model the random effects covariance matrix based on covariates in the class of GLMMs, where we also have covariates measured with error. The resulting parameters from the decomposition of random effects covariance matrix have a sensible interpretation and can be easily modeled without the concern of positive definiteness of the resulting estimator. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated through simulation studies, which show that the proposed method performs very well in terms of bias, mean squared error, and coverage rate. An application of the proposed method is also provided using a longitudinal data from Manitoba follow‐up study.
CEO career horizon, corporate governance, and real options: The role of economic short‐termism
Authors: Lee Joon Mahn , Park Jung Chul , Folta Timothy B.
Published: July 2018

Research Summary: Combining studies on real options theory and economic short‐termism, we propose that, depending on CEOs’ career horizons, CEOs have heterogeneous interests in strategic flexibility, and thus, have different incentives to make real options investments. We argue that compared to CEOs with longer career horizons, CEOs with shorter career horizons will be less inclined to make real options investments because they may not fully reap the rewards during their tenure. In addition, we argue that long‐term incentives and institutional ownership will mitigate the relationship between CEOs’ career horizons and real options investments. U.S. public firms as an empirical setting produced consistent evidence for our predictions. Our study is the first to theoretically explain and empirically show that a CEO's self‐seeking behavior will impact real options investments.

Managerial Summary: This article helps to explain how a CEO's self seeking‐behavior may shape a firm's real option investment, which could result in different level of strategic flexibility. We argue that CEOs with short career horizons have less time to exercise their firms’ real options, which should lower the investments in the firms’ real options portfolios relative to CEOs with long career horizons. We study a sample of U.S. public firms and find strong evidence that a CEO's expected tenure in the firm is positively related to the real options investments at the firm level. We find that this agency issue can be mitigated by adopting appropriate corporate governance mechanisms such as long‐term incentives and institutional investors.
Conceptualization of a T‐Shaped engineering competency model in collaborative organizational settings: Problem and status in the Spanish aircraft industry
Authors: Delicado Bernardo A. , Salado Alejandro , Mompó Rafael
Published: July 2018

There are persistent factors associated with ineffective systems engineering practice inherent in interdisciplinary teams. In this context, technical silos seem to be prevalent. The concept of team‐based competencies emerges as a paradigm to facilitate effective collaborative interactions between technical specialists during a system's development. In particular, the T‐Shaped competency model, while addressing the individual member, embodies the paradigm of complementing competencies of team members. In this way, specialty engineers could see their profiles complemented with a relevant self‐awareness of the potential systemic impact of their particular tasks. Literature suggests that such self‐awareness could improve their capacities to cross disciplinary borders, to move easily between the detailed level and the bigger picture of the system, and to interact better with other branches of engineering. Hence, the T‐Shaped competency model holds promise in improving the effectiveness of systems engineering team. This paper provides two main contributions. The first contribution is an articulation of the problem related to team competencies in engineering problems based on existing literature. The second contribution is an assessment of the status of the problem in a representative actual industrial setting in Spain. The assessment is performed through an empirical qualitative study conducted with practicing engineers in the context of the modern aerospace enterprise in Spain. The results of the assessment show strong agreement with the core principles and ideas outlined in existing literature, and delineate additional issues not previously identified.
Synthesis of Some Di‐ and Tetraphosphonic Acids by Suzuki Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Schütrumpf Alexandra , Duthie Andrew , Lork Enno , Yücesan Gündoğ , Beckmann Jens
Published: July 2018

Five diphosphonic acids, namely, benzene‐1,4‐bis‐p‐phenylphosphonic acid (1), anthracene‐9,10‐bis‐p‐phenylphosphonic acid (2), benzene‐1,2‐bis‐p‐phenylphosphonic acid (3), benzene‐1,3‐bis‐p‐phenylphosphonic acid (4), and biphenyl‐4,4′‐bis‐p‐phenylphosphonic acid (5) as well as three tetraphosphonic acids, namely, benzene‐1,2,4,5‐tetrakis‐p‐phenylphosphonic acid (6), tetrabiphenylsilane tetrakis‐4‐phosphonic acid (7), and pyrene‐1,3,6,8‐tetrakis‐p‐phenylphosphonic acid (8) and their dimethyl esters 1a–8a were prepared via Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions involving p‐dimethylphosphonatophenylboronic acid and brominated aromatics. The Suzuki cross‐coupling occurs under milder conditions than the transition metal catalyzed Arbuzov reaction usually applied for the preparation of dialkyl phosphonates. For the same starting material both reactions are complementary and yield phosphonic acids with different spacer lengths, which was exemplified for tetrakis(4‐bromophenyl)silane. Suzuki cross‐coupling gives rise to 7, whereas the Arbuzov reaction produces tetraphenylsilane tetrakis‐4‐phosphonic acid.
Model-based problem solving for university timetable validation and improvement
Authors: Schneider David , Leuschel Michael , Witt Tobias
Published: July 2018

Constraint satisfaction problems can be expressed very elegantly in state-based formal methods such as B. But can such specifications be directly used for solving real-life problems? In other words, can a formal model be more than a design artefact but also be used at runtime for inference and problem solving? We will try and answer this important question in the present paper with regard to the university timetabling problem. We report on an ongoing project to build a curriculum timetable validation tool where we use a formal model as the basis to validate timetables from a student’s perspective and to support incremental modification of timetables. In this article we describe the problem domain, the formalization in B and our approach to execute the formal model in a production system using
ProB
.
An Explorative Study of an Emerging Practice Clinical Education Programme for Occupational Therapy Students
Authors: Li-Tsang Cecilia W.P. , Choi Pluto K.K. , Sinclair Kit , Wong Rebecca S.M.
Published: July 2018

Background

With a changing mode of service delivery in the community, students in the health care field need to equip themselves with better clinical reasoning skills, judgement, and problem solving abilities.

Objective

This study aimed to determine the essential components for clinical education for students in a health care discipline and to evaluate the learning process of students placed in emerging clinical (EC) education.

Methods

Eight occupational therapy students were placed in an EC education setting (EC group) in a hospital in mainland China, where no occupational therapy service had been offered previously, while another eight students were placed in the conventional clinical (CC) education (CC group) for a period of 8 weeks. Students and the clinical educator in the EC group had to explore the opportunities for service development and promotion, while students in the CC group had enough support for equipment, space, and utilities. A questionnaire was carefully designed to evaluate and compare the degree of satisfaction between the two groups. Focus group interviews were also arranged to collect information regarding their learning process and attitude towards the education, and address any problems encountered.

Results

We found that despite the lack of equipment and facilities, students and the clinical educator in the EC group managed to create an environment that could stimulate the learning of students through clinical reasoning, problem solving, and decision making.

Conclusion

The essential elements of clinical education for students appeared to be the motivation and attitudes of students and the supervision of the clinical educator. The lack of equipment and facilities did not appear to reduce the scope of learning for students.
Rehabilitation Using Topical Agent—Myth or Reasonable Option?
Authors: Leung Ping Chung , Peng Lihua , Zhao Xin , Hung Leung Kim
Published: July 2018

Objective

To investigate whether topical agents of herbal origin used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have real biological effects on limb swelling and tissue healing.

Methods

Formation of an innovative formula was achieved through a literature screening of over 200 herbs. The herbs selected have been reported to be anti-inflammatory, promoting circulation and supporting tissue/bone healing. In vitro and in vivo tests were done to investigate the biological effects of the herbs.

Results

Topical agent for tissue swelling: (a) The herbs were found to facilitate the transport of a chemical through an artificial membrane and porcine skin in a diffusion chamber; (b) the herbal bath was found to positively reduce hand and foot swelling. Topical agent for fracture healing: (a) In vitro tests showed positive anti-inflammatory, circulation promotion and tissue healing effects of a six herbs formula; (b) treated animals showed bigger callus, higher serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase and better mechanical strength; (c) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry testing showed that there was a real transport of chemical markers across the skin.

Conclusion

TCM herbal agents used topically for hand swelling and tissue healing do have demonstrable scientific basis. Further research is justified.
Construct Validity of the Test of Visual-Motor Integration: An Evaluation Using Rasch Analysis
Authors: Brown Ted , Unsworth Carolyn
Published: July 2018

Background

Rasch analysis can be used as a method of evaluating construct validity during test construction, validation, or evaluation.

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine the construct validity of the Test of Visual-Motor Integration (TVMI) by applying Rasch analysis to evaluate its scalability, dimensionality, differential item functioning (DIF), hierarchical ordering, and scoring category structure.

Methods

The participants included 400 children aged 5–12 years, recruited from six schools in the Melbourne metropolitan area, Victoria, Australia. The children completed the TVMI under the supervision of an occupational therapist.

Results

Overall, 3 of 30 of the TVMI scale items were problematic: Items 1 and 2 exhibited a Rasch model misfit and Item 5 exhibited DIF based on gender. In addition, the TVMI items were not found to be hierarchically ordered as reported in its manual. The TVMI scoring category structure was satisfactory.

Conclusion

Because only three TVMI items were found to be problematic, the construct validity of the TVMI appears satisfactory. However, given that the items are not hierarchically ordered, it is recommended that clinicians use the TVMI with caution when calculating participants' performance scores. This is particularly relevant if testing is ceased if a participant reaches the TVMI ceiling point by drawing three items incorrectly in a row.
Occupational Therapy in the Integrated Elderly and Community Support Services for the Elderly in Hong Kong
Authors: Lai Winglam W.L. , Chan Jessica P.Y. , Choi Pluto K.K. , Ngai Lilac C.T. , Mar Connie S.F. , Chan Echo Y.L. , Lam Pok Y.P. , Lam Flora N.Y.
Published: July 2018

The Integrated Elderly and Community Support Service supported by the Social Welfare Department in Hong Kong has been in operation since November 2000. This paper is a brief review on the provision of community occupational therapy services for the elderly in Hong Kong and sheds light on their development in future.
Re-visioning Child Protection Management Embedded in Family Empowerment
Authors: Khan Abul K. , Miles Debra , Francis Abraham
Published: July 2018

This paper reports on recently completed research which explores the key question of whether public child protection practice requires a vision embedded in family empowerment. The principle objective of the study was to promote our understanding of the experiences families have with child protection services. The project progressed in two different phases. In phase one, a qualitative in-depth interviewing method was applied to explore the experiences and views of the families. The findings were then thematically analysed through a critical theoretical process. For the second phase, we developed an empowerment framework to analyse and map the key themes from the findings, which outlines the families’ difficulties to engage with, and their alienation from, the services in all stages of interventions. The mapping outcomes indicate a link between the process of empowering the families and the process of improving the child protection service.
Solving the Equation
Authors: Moonens Laurent , Picon Tiago H.
Published: July 2018

In the following note, we focus on the problem ofexistenceof continuous solutions vanishing at infinity to the equation divv = fforf ∈ Ln(ℝn) and satisfying an estimate of the type ||v||∞ ⩽ C||f||nfor anyf ∈ Ln(ℝn), whereC > 0 is related to the constant appearing in the Sobolev–Gagliardo–Nirenberg inequality for functions with bounded variation (BV functions).
Democracy and Financial Crisis
Authors: Lipscy Phillip Y.
Published: July 2018

Existing scholarship attributes various political and economic advantages to democratic governance. These advantages may make more democratic countries prone to financial crises. Democracy is characterized by constraints on executive authority, accountability through free and fair elections, protections for civil liberties, and large winning coalitions. These characteristics bring important benefits, but they can also have unintended consequences that increase the likelihood of financial instability and crises. Using data covering the past two centuries, I demonstrate a strong relationship between democracy and financial crisis onset: on average, democracies are about twice as likely to experience a crisis as autocracies. This is an empirical regularity that is robust across a wide range of model specifications and time periods.
Effects of long-term tillage, terminating no-till and cropping system on organic C and N, and available nutrients in a Gleysolic soil in Québec, Canada
Authors: Malhi S. S. , Légère A. , Vanasse A. , Parent G.
Published: July 2018

Some biological and chemical properties of a Gleysol were examined after 24 years of soil tillage (chisel plough – CP, mouldboard plough – MP, no-till – NT) and that of ploughing the 24-yr NT (P-NT) once, in two cropping systems (conventional – CONV, organic – ORG) applied over 4 years (2007–2010) of a long-term experiment (autumn 1987–autumn 2011) at La Pocatière, Québec, Canada. The 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm soil depths were sampled in autumn 2011 after a maize trial. Tillage affected light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), light fraction organic nitrogen (LFON) and mineralizable N (Nmin) in soil, with the lowest LFOC, LFON and Nminvalues in the MP treatment. No-till had lower soil pH than the other tillage systems in the 10–20 and 20–30 cm soil depths. Tillage affected the amounts of nitrate-N in 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depths, with the lowest amounts for MP (4.3 kg nitrate-N/ha) compared with NT (7.2 or 8.5 kg nitrate-N/ha) or CP (7.7 kg nitrate-N/ha). The P-NT had no negative impact on organic C and N, or available nutrients in soil. Cropping system had no effect on soil organic C and N, available nutrients or pH. Findings suggest that long-term NT or CP may result in greater storage of organic C and N in soil and improve available nutrients compared with MP. Ploughing 25-year-old NT plots redistributed available nutrients in the profile but had no negative effect on soil organic C or N.
Cognition, psychosis risk and metabolic measures in two adolescent birth cohorts
Authors: Ramsay Hugh , Barnett Jennifer H , Murray Graham K , Miettunen Jouko , Mäki Pirjo , Järvelin Marjo-Riitta , Smith George Davey , Ala-Korpela Mika , Veijola Juha
Published: July 2018

Background

Psychoses, especially schizophrenia, are often preceded by cognitive deficits and psychosis risk states. Altered metabolic profiles have been found in schizophrenia. However, the associations between metabolic profiles and poorer cognitive performance and psychosis risk in the population remain to be determined.

Methods

Detailed molecular profiles were measured for up to 8976 individuals from two general population-based prospective birth cohorts: the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC 1986) and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). A high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy platform was used to quantify 70 metabolic measures at age 15–16 years in the NFBC 1986 and at ages 15 and 17 years in ALSPAC. Psychosis risk was assessed using the PROD-screen questionnaire at age 15–16 years in the NFBC 1986 or the psychotic-like symptoms assessment at age 17 years in ALSPAC. Cognitive measures included academic performance at age 16 years in both cohorts and general intelligence and executive function in ALSPAC. Logistic regression measured cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between metabolic measures and psychosis risk and cognitive performance, controlling for important covariates.

Results

Seven metabolic measures, primarily fatty acid (FA) measures, showed cross-sectional associations with general cognitive performance, four across both cohorts (low density lipoprotein diameter, monounsaturated FA ratio, omega-3 ratio and docosahexaenoic acid ratio), even after controlling for important mental and physical health covariates. Psychosis risk showed minimal metabolic associations.

Conclusions

FA ratios may be important in marking risk for cognitive deficits in adolescence. Further research is needed to clarify whether these biomarkers could be causal and thereby possible targets for intervention.
Guarding the guards: Pluralist accountability for human rights violations by international organisations
Authors: Hirschmann Gisela
Published: July 2018

Human rights violations committed by international organisations (IOs) have raised demands that IOs should be held accountable for their decisions, policies, and actions. However, traditional forms of accountability have often failed in the context of global governance. This article introduces pluralist accountability as a form of accountability whereby third parties hold IOs and their implementing partners accountable for human rights violations. In pluralist accountability, third parties set the standards for IOs’ actions in relation to human rights, review their behaviour and impose normative or material sanctions in case of misbehaviour. The article further reveals two conditions that foster the development of pluralist accountability, namely the competition among third parties and the degree of vulnerability of the implementing actors or the mandating authority with regard to human rights demands. This argument is illustrated with empirical insights from peace operations in Bosnia and Kosovo, which were accused of human trafficking and the violation of the rights of detainees.
Ontology visualization methods and tools: a survey of the state of the art
Authors: Dudáš Marek , Lohmann Steffen , Svátek Vojtěch , Pavlov Dmitry
Published: July 2018

Various ontology visualization tools using different visualization methods exist and new ones are being developed every year. The goal of this paper is to follow up on previous surveys with an updated classification of ontology visualization methods and a comprehensive survey of available tools. The tools are analyzed for the used visualization methods, interaction techniques and supported ontology constructs. It shows that most of the tools apply two-dimensional node-link visualizations with a focus on class hierarchies. Color and shape are used with little variation, support for constructs introduced with version 2 of the OWL Web Ontology Language is limited, and it often remains vague what tasks and use cases are supported by the visualizations. Major challenges are the limited maturity and usability of many of the tools as well as providing an overview of large ontologies while also showing details on demand. We see a high demand for a universal ontology visualization framework implementing a core set of visual and interactive features that can be extended and customized to respective use cases.
Middle school peer reputation in high-achieving schools: Ramifications for maladjustment versus competence by age 18
Authors: Curlee Alexandria S. , Aiken Leona S. , Luthar Suniya S.
Published: July 2018

In an upper-middle class setting, we explored associations between students’ peer reputation in Grades 6 and 7 with adjustment at Grade 12. With a sample of 209 students, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of peer reputation dimensions supported a 4-factor model (i.e., popular, prosocial, aggressive, isolated). Structural equation models were used to examine prospective links between middle school peer reputation and diverse Grade 12 adjustment indices, including academic achievement (Scholastic Aptitude Test scores and grade point average), internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana. Prosocial reputation was connected to higher academic achievement levels and fewer externalizing symptoms. Both prosocial and isolated reputations were negatively associated with dimensions of substance use, whereas popularity was positively associated. Implications for future research and interventions are discussed.
Management of balloon rupture during a percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation procedure
Authors: Faccini Alessia , Chessa Massimo , Aljoufan Mansour
Published: July 2018

Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation is increasingly adopted as an alternative procedure to surgery in dysfunctional homograft, and in patients with “native” or wide right ventricle outflow tract dysfunction. Pre-stenting is mandatory in this category of patients for many reasons, one of which is to create an adequate landing zone for the bioprosthesis. Here we report on a tricky situation that occurred during pre-stenting, and we describe how we successfully overcame it.
Linguistic immersion and structural effects on the bilingual brain: a longitudinal study
Authors: DELUCA VINCENT , ROTHMAN JASON , PLIATSIKAS CHRISTOS
Published: July 2018

Learning and using additional languages can result in structural changes in the brain. However, the time course of these changes, as well as the factors the predict them, are still not well understood. In this longitudinal study we test the effects of bilingual immersion on brain structure of adult sequential bilinguals not undergoing any language training, who were scanned twice, three years apart. We observed significant increases in grey matter volume in the lower left cerebellum, mean white matter diffusivity in the frontal cortex, and reshaping of the left caudate nucleus and amygdala and bilateral hippocampus. Moreover, both prior length of immersion and L2 age of acquisition were significant predictors of volumetric change in the cerebellum. Taken together, these results indicate that bilingualism-induced neurological changes continue to take place across the lifespan and are strongly related to the quantity and quality of bilingual immersion, even in highly-immersed adult bilingual populations.
“WHO WANTS WHITE CARROTS?”: CONGRESSIONAL SEED DISTRIBUTION, 1862 TO 1923
Authors: Cooke Kathy J.
Published: July 2018

From 1862 to 1923, congressional seed distribution was among the most important functions of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). One of the largest agricultural programs in the late nineteenth century, the practice itself stayed in place until 1923. The subject of little historical research, the seed distribution project is usually viewed as a failure of the scientific agricultural establishment, or as vote mongering by Congress, and its demise as the simple culmination of Progressive Era reform. However, this episode in American history reveals much more than debates over science and agriculture by highlighting the many cultural, economic, scientific, and political questions about the proper role of government in a democracy. By examining heated contemporary political exchanges and published critiques, this article assesses what different constituencies viewed as good in government as they argued for or against free seed distribution, even as the USDA used seed as a vehicle for consolidating the place of science and knowledge in agriculture and in government.
UNCLASPING THE EAGLE'S TALONS: MARK TWAIN, AMERICAN FREETHOUGHT, AND THE RESPONSES TO IMPERIALISM
Authors: Alexander Nathan G.
Published: July 2018

This article situates Mark Twain's anti-imperialism within the wider atheist and freethought response to debates about the American turn to empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. While historians have been alert to the ways in which religion influenced debates around empire at this time, there have yet to be any studies of the views of American atheists and freethinkers on this question. I examine Twain and Robert Ingersoll, the leading American freethinker of the era, as well as some of the major freethought periodicals in the United States, the Truth Seeker, the Blue-Grass Blade, and the Free Thought Magazine, and argue that their irreligious views informed their responses to imperialism, from the initial support for a war against Catholic Spain, to opposition to the war against the Philippines motivated in large part by a hostility toward organized religion and its role in American expansion. More broadly, I argue for the need to move beyond a simplistic understanding of anti-imperialism within an American religious landscape that was basically Protestant, to a more nuanced understanding that incorporates the diversity of religious and nonreligious perspectives.
PROTECTING SOLDIERS AND MOTHERSTWENTY-FIVE YEARS LATER: THEDA SKOCPOL'S LEGACY AND AMERICAN WELFARE STATE HISTORIOGRAPHY, 1992–2017
Authors: Chappell Marisa
Published: July 2018

This essay examines Theda Skocpol's landmark 1992 book,Protecting Soldiers and Mothers, and discusses its influence historians of the U.S. welfare state. The first section summarizes the book's “state-centered” approach and its central arguments and discusses its reception. It pays particular attention to critiques from women's and gender historians, who challenged Skocpol's characterization of Progressive Era “maternalist reform” particularly for its failure to account for racial politics or the limitations of rooting women's claims to social citizenship in mothering. The second section explores Skocpol's influence on historians of the U.S. welfare state in the past twenty-five years. Scholars of women and gender followed Skocpol's call to “bring the state back in,” bringing the insights of two decades of social and cultural history to the arena of state-building. In the process, they illuminated the centrality of race and racial politics to American social policy and citizenship in ways that Skocpol largely elided. Skocpol's discovery of the peculiar forms of American social provision also profoundly influenced welfare state scholars, who uncovered the vast reach of the “hidden” or “submerged state” in shaping unequal citizenship and political identities around race, gender, sexuality, and other axes of difference. Finally, the essay discusses historians’ attention to an aspect largely absent fromProtecting Soldiers and Mothers—the voices, perspectives, and actions of participants in welfare state programs and policies—which has deepened and expanded understanding of the processes and effects of welfare state-building in the past twenty-five years.
Anglican Identity asMestizajeEcclesiology
Authors: Muñoz Daniel
Published: July 2018

This article offers a new narrative to reflect on Anglican ecclesiology through the lens of theological and cultural ‘mestizaje’. At a time of increasing signs of fragmentation in the world and the church (including the Anglican Communion), this study affirms elements that have been present in historic Anglicanism and contemporary Anglican praxis: the value of intercultural relations, dialogical processes and theological humility. While recognizing the challenges, complexity and limitations of the Anglican mestizo model, it asserts its intrinsic value as a source of ecclesial koinonia.
Magnetic Helicity as a Predictor of the Solar Cycle
Authors: Hawkes G. , Berger M. A.
Published: July 2018

It is known that the poloidal field is at its maximum during solar minima, and that the behaviour during this time acts as a strong predictor of the strength of the following solar cycle. This relationship relies on the action of differential rotation (the Omega effect) on the poloidal field, which generates the toroidal flux observed in sunspots and active regions. We measure the helicity flux into both the northern and southern hemispheres using a model that takes account of the omega effect, which we find offers a strong quantification of the above relationship. We find that said helicity flux offers a strong prediction of solar activity up to 5 years in advance of the next solar cycle.
Predicting a Solar Cycle Before its Onset Using a Flux Transport Dynamo Model
Authors: Choudhuri Arnab Rai
Published: July 2018

We begin with a review of the predictions for cycle 24 before its onset. After summarizing the basics of the flux transport dynamo model, we discuss how this model had been used to make a successful prediction of cycle 24, on the assumption that the irregularities of the solar cycle arise due to the fluctuations in the Babcock–Leighton mechanism. We point out that fluctuations in the meridional circulation can be another cause of irregularities in the cycle.
Numerical Effects on Wave Propagation in Atmospheric Models
Authors: Griffin Daniel J. , Thuburn John
Published: July 2018

Ray tracing techniques have been used to investigate numerical effects on the propagation of acoustic waves in a non-hydrostatic dynamical core discretised using an Arakawa C-grid horizontal staggering of variables (Arakawa & Lamb 1977) and a Charney-Phillips vertical staggering of variables (Charney & Phillips 1953) with a semi-implicit timestepping scheme. It is found that the space discretisation places limits on resolvable wavenumbers and redirects the group velocity of waves towards the vertical. Wave amplitudes grow exponentially with height due to the decrease in the background density, which can cause instabilities in whole-atmosphere models. However, the inclusion of molecular viscosity and diffusion acts to damp the exponential growth of waves above about 150 km. This study aims to demonstrate the extent to which numerical wave propagation causes instabilities at high altitudes in atmosphere models, and how processes that damp the waves can improve these model’s stability.
Predicting the Loci of Solar Eruptions
Authors: Gyenge N. , Erdélyi R.
Published: July 2018

The longitudinal distribution of solar active regions shows non-homogeneous spatial behaviour, which is often referred to as Active Longitude (AL). Evidence for a significant statistical relationships between the AL and the longitudinal distribution of flare and coronal mass ejections (CME) occurrences is found in Gyenge et al. 2017 (ApJ, 838, 18). The present work forecasts the spatial position of AL, hence the most flare/CME capable active regions are also predictable. Our forecast method applies Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model for the next 2 years time period. We estimated the dates when the solar flare/CME-capable longitudinal belts face towards Earth.
A Probabilistic Approach to the Drag-Based Model
Authors: Napoletano Gianluca , Forte Roberta , Del Moro Dario , Pietropaolo Ermanno , Giovannelli Luca , Berrilli Francesco
Published: July 2018

Forecasting the time of arrival of a Coronal Mass Ejection at Earth is of critical importance for our high-technology society and for any future manned exploration of the Solar System. As critical as the forecast accuracy is the knowledge of its precision, i.e. the error associated to the estimate. Here a statistical approach to the computation of the time of arrival using the Drag-Based Model is proposed through the introduction of probability distributions, rather than exact values, as input parameters, thus allowing the evaluation of the uncertainty on the forecast.
The High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD) on Board the CSES Mission
Authors: Vitale Vincenzo ,   for the CSES/HEPD collaboration
Published: July 2018

The High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD) will measure electrons, protons and light nuclei fluxes, in low Earth orbit. This detector consists of a high precision silicon tracker, a versatile trigger system, a range-calorimeter and an anti-coincidence system. It is one of the instruments on board the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES). HEPD can detect multi-MeV particles trapped within the geomagnetic field. When operated at large latitudes HEPD can also detect un-trapped solar particles and low energy cosmic rays. A detailed description of the HEPD will be given.
AMR-MHD Simulation of CME Propagation in Solar Wind Generated on Split Dodecahedron Grid
Authors: Ogawa Tomoya , Den Mitsue , Tanaka Takashi , Yamashita Kazuyuki
Published: July 2018

We perform simulations of the interplanetary coronal mass ejections relating to the magnetic storm on 17 March 2015. A hierarchical mesh structure is used, which is controlled by an adaptive mesh refinement technique, with fine-scale cells where it matters, the structure of the running shock waves of the coronal mass ejections and co-rotating interactive regions. The initial and the inner-boundary conditions are derived from another simulation, which uses a split dodecahedron grid. The resulting shock-wave with the models adjusted to the observed ejection speed on the sky plane show delays by 20% in the arrival time at the Earth from the observed data. By contrast, the model adjusted to the observed arrival time at the Earth needs the ejection speed 30% higher than that in the above models.
Alignment as an Indicator of Changes to Modal Structure within the Roberts Flow
Authors: Miller Daniel
Published: July 2018

Alignment of the magnetic and velocity fields has previously been shown to play a role within nonlinear dynamo theory (Cameron and Galloway 2006), MHD turbulence (Matthaeus et al. 1980) and mean field theory (Yokoi 2013). What has not been previously examined is whether it is beneficial to examine alignment within kinematic dynamo theory. I show how measurements of alignment within kinematic dynamo theory for the Roberts flow can indicate a change in the structure of the magnetic field.
Towards Estimating the Solar Meridional Flow and Predicting the 11-yr Cycle Using Advanced Variational Data Assimilation Techniques
Authors: Hung Ching Pui , Brun Allan Sacha , Fournier Alexandre , Jouve Laurène , Talagrand Olivier , Zakari Mustapha
Published: July 2018

We present in this work the development of a solar data assimilation method based on an axisymmetric mean field dynamo model and magnetic surface data. Our mid-term goal is to predict the solar quasi cyclic activity. We focus on the ability of our variational data assimilation algorithm to constrain the deep meridional circulation of the Sun based on solar magnetic observations. Within a given assimilation window, the assimilation procedure minimizes the differences between data and the forecast from the model, by finding an optimal meridional circulation in the convection zone, and an optimal initial magnetic field, via a quasi-Newton algorithm. We demonstrate the capability of the technique to estimate the meridional flow by a closed-loop experiment involving 40 years of synthetic, solar-like data. We show that the method is robust in estimating a (stochastic) time-varying flow fluctuating 30% about the average, and that the horizon of predictability of the method is ~ 1 cycle length.
Pursuing Forecasts of the Behavior and Arrival of Coronal Mass Ejections through Modeling and Observations
Authors: Cremades Hebe
Published: July 2018

Sophisticated instrumentation dedicated to studying and monitoring our Sun’s activity has proliferated in the past few decades, together with the increasing demand of specialized space weather forecasts that address the needs of commercial and government systems. As a result, theoretical and empirical models and techniques of increasing complexity have been developed, aimed at forecasting the occurrence of solar disturbances, their evolution, and time of arrival to Earth. Here we will review groundbreaking and recent methods to predict the propagation and evolution of coronal mass ejections and their driven shocks. The methods rely on a wealth of data sets provided by ground- and space-based observatories, involving remote-sensing observations of the corona and the heliosphere, as well as detections of radio waves.
The Coronal Solar Magnetism Observatory
Authors: Thompson Michael J. , Tomczyk Steven , Gibson Sarah E. , McIntosh Scott W. , Landi Enrico
Published: July 2018

The Coronal Solar Magnetism Observatory (CoSMO) is a proposed new facility led by the High Altitude Observatory and a consortium of partners to measure magnetic field and plasma properties in a large (one degree) field of view extending down to the inner parts of the solar corona. CoSMO is intended as a research facility that will advance the understanding and prediction of space weather. The instrumentation elements of CoSMO are: a white-light coronagraph (KCor), already operational at the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory (MLSO); the Chromosphere and Prominence Magnetometer (ChroMag), due for deployment to MLSO next year; and the CoSMO Large Coronagraph (LC) which has completed Preliminary Design Review.
Acceleration of Solar Wind Particles Passing through the 3D Heliospheric Current Sheet
Authors: Zharkova Valentina V.
Published: July 2018

Additional acceleration of protons and electrons passing through a 3D reconnecting current sheet (RCS) of the solar corona and heliosphere is investigated with PIC approach. The simulation confirms spatial separation of electrons and protons and generation of a polarisation electric field induced by separated particles. In the heliospheric current sheet with a weak magnetic field there are two populations of particles: transit and bounced. The transit particles (both protons and electrons) are accelerated to high energies while the bounced electrons fail to reach the midplane. Instead they form an electron cloud of horseshoe or medallion types at some distance D from its midplane, which is larger for bigger guiding field magnitudes. These energetic electrons and protons appearing near the HCS boundaries can be a great danger for the satellites crossing the sector boundaries.
Revisiting Culture
Authors: Odağ Özen , Hanke Katja
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Culture is an important dimension to consider in media psychological scholarship, though to date little media psychological research exists that takes culture into account. This paper systematically reviews existing studies of the relationship between culture and media uses/processes/effects and identifies six fields of research: uses and gratifications, social identity, acculturation, diaspora communication, cross- and intercultural communication, and international media markets. The majority of this research is fragmented to the extent that separate approaches and findings of the two pillar disciplines of media psychology (psychology and communication) are not integrated: the social identity and acculturation literature approaches the relationship between culture, media uses/processes/effects from an exclusively psychological angle, using predominantly psychological theories and quantitative methods. Diaspora communication, inter-and cross-cultural communication, and international media markets research is dominated by communication theories and qualitative methods. A theoretical model is presented that integrates concepts of culture into media psychological scholarship on both a supra-individual macro-level (drawing on constructs such as individualism/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance) and an individual micro-level (drawing on constructs such as social identity, self-construals, values, and beliefs).
Microbes Meet Geoscientists
Authors: Ceccarelli Daniela , Jutla Antarpreet , Colwell Rita
Published: July 2018

A new collaboration brings together the two worlds of microbiology and geoscience with the common goal of improving public health outcomes.
Correction: Author Correction: A simple and versatile design concept for fluorophore derivatives with intramolecular photostabilization
Authors: van der Velde Jasper H. M. , Oelerich Jens , Huang Jingyi , Smit Jochem H. , Jazi Atieh Aminian , Galiani Silvia , Kolmakov Kirill , Gouridis Giorgos , Eggeling Christian , Herrmann Andreas , Roelfes Gerard , Cordes Thorben
Published: July 2018

Nature Communications 7: Article number: 10144 (2016); Published 11 January 2016, Updated 24 July 2018 The original version of this Article omitted the following from the Acknowledgements: ‘This work was also financed by an ERC starting grant ‘SM-IMPORT’ (No. 638536 to T.C.)’. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.