bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avaliação de Políticas Públicas: revisão sistemática sobre um programa de pagamento por desempenho na saúde pública no Brasil
Authors: Resende Tamiris Cristhina , Souza Washington José de , Emmendoerfer Magnus Luiz , Ferreira Marco Aurélio Marques
Published: May 2021

Esta revisão sistemática de literatura tem como objetivo analisar o modo como o Programa de Melhoria da Qualidade e do Acesso da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB) tem sido estudado na literatura internacional e nacional a fim de identificar quais aspectos relacionados à área de conhecimento da administração pública e de políticas públicas têm sido abordados. O protocolo PRISMA para revisões sistemáticas norteia todo o processo de definição da pergunta de pesquisa, busca, seleção e análise dos estudos. O software Atlas TI. foi utilizado para a codificação e análise dos estudos. Conclui-se que há lacunas em relação às fases de formulação, implementação e avaliação do PMAQ. O PMAQ é uma iniciativa sem precedentes na saúde pública brasileira considerando-se o montante de recursos transferidos aos municípios, o número de entrevistadores e o volume de dados coletados sobre as equipes de atenção primária à saúde.
Estruturação de um modelo MCDA para apoiar a gestão de risco da Defesa Civil do ES
Authors: Heidtmann Avila Ramos Sarah , Andrade Longaray André
Published: May 2021

Training to become a psychotherapist involves several challenges asfeelings and emotions, related to the theoretical, methodological and personal skills obtained during the course and those that are additionally necessary beyond the studied theories. In a field where the answers are not so obvious, professionalism and an ethical behavior are expected, once the This article aims to structure a multicriteria model for decision support to assess risk management by the Civil Defense of the state of Espírito Santo / BR, with an emphasis on strategic planning activities that involve disaster prevention and preparedness phases. The disaster prevention and preparedness phases comprise risk management while the response and recovery phases comprise disaster management. It is evident that well-structured planning in the phase prior to the calamitous event reflects greater success in logistics operations during and after the event. It is a case study, in which the intervention instrument used was the Multicriteria Methodology to Support Constructivist Decision (MCDA-C), with a quali-quantitative approach, involving the collection of primary and secondary data. As results, we highlight: (i) the structuring of the evaluation model containing 4 areas of interest and 11 Fundamental Points of View; (ii) the definition of 28performance indicators for risk management activities. The constructed model contributes to support the risk management of the state civil defense, insofar as it provides a view of the relevant aspects in thedecision-making process of civil defense, according to the value systems of the state coordinator.KEYWORD:MCDA-C Methodology, Disasters, Risk Management, Logistics
Konzept zur alters- und belastungsorientierten Entwicklung und Bewertung von Arbeitssystemen in der industriellen Fertigung
Authors: Feller Nico
Published: May 2021

Die vorliegende Arbeit wendet sich an Ingenieurinnen und Ingenieure aus dem Bereichen Konstruktion, Produktionsplanung und Simulation. Sie befasst sich mit einem Simulationsmodell für die alters- und belastungsorientierte Entwicklung und Bewertung von Arbeitssystemen in der industriellen Fertigung. Hierbei werden individuelle körperliche Fähigkeiten und altersassoziierte körperliche Veränderungen von Erwerbstätigen berücksichtigt. Das Simulatiosmodell ermöglicht eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung von Belastungsverläufen bei hauptsächlich körperlicher Arbeit sowie die Prognose von Beanspruchungsverläufen. Das Simulationsmodell wurde im

Rahmen einer Feldstudie in zwei KMU validiert.

Inhaltverzeichnis

Zusammenfassung ............................. VIII

Abstract ........................................ IX

1 Einleitung ................................... 1

1.1 Zielstellung ..................... 3

1.2 Vorgehen ............................ 4

2 Wirtschaftliche, technologische und soziale Herausforderungen

für kleine und mittlere Unternehmen ......................... 6

2.1 Demographischer Wandel: Gesundheit, Wohlbefinden und

Leistungsfähigkeit alternder Belegschaften ................
Invocation
Authors: Henderson Aneeka Ayanna
Published: May 2021

This chapter critically examines how meritocracy, antiblack racism, the Moynihan Report's neoliberal logics, and a growing political nostalgia for the Black Power Movement and the Civil Rights Movement have shaped the ways in which creative artists depict African American romance, marriage, and contemporary notions of Black love in popular fiction, film, and music. It draws on literary studies, Black feminist criticism and theory, cultural studies, visual culture studies, and media studies.
Marrying Up
Authors: Henderson Aneeka Ayanna
Published: May 2021

Against the backdrop of President Bill Clinton's 1994 Crime Bill, this chapter interrogates hypergamy or marrying up and the figure of the gold digger in urban fiction novels/street literature such as Sister Souljah's The Coldest Winter Ever (1999) , Omar Tyree's Flyy Girl, (1997) and Teri Woods' True to the Game (1998) alongside hip hop lyrics by Public Enemy. This portion of the book establishes how these influential texts champion patriarchal control as they highlight the relationship between state violence and intimate partner violence.
Torture and African American Courtroom Testimony
Authors: Niedermeier Silvan
Published: May 2021

Chapter two focuses on the Dave Canty case and the Daniels-Robinson case. The two cases shows how allegations of torture were dealt with during criminal proceedings and examines the means used by African American suspects to substantiate allegations of torture during their trials. Overall, this chapter examines the testimonies of African American defendants and the degree to which their statements were recognized by the courts of the South.
The Investigations by the Federal Government
Authors: Niedermeier Silvan
Published: May 2021

Chapter five shows the FBI investigations against William F. Sutherland as the first in a series of federal probes launched by representatives of the U.S. Department of Justice to sanction the persistent violation of the civil rights of blacks by law enforcement officials in the South. FBI investigation documented conditions of defendants capturing photos of wounds and evidence of weapons. Regardless of evidence provided against authorities, there was a limited chance of success. In addition, in all the cases covered in chapter five, lawmen were accused of abusing and torturing black suspects in violation of their civil rights. Despite the outcome of the trials, the FBI investigations exposed and brought awareness of police torture. Overall, the FBI investigations brought to light a multitude of other allegations of mistreatment by African American prisoners and challenged the system of police violence in the South.
Introduction
Authors: Fernández Johanna
Published: May 2021

The Young Lords emerged in 1969, at the height of the decade’s radicalization when two million students polled in the US said they believed in the necessity of building a revolutionary party. Respectively, the group called for society’s radical transformation: the end of US colonial rule in Puerto Rico, colonization everywhere; self-determination for Puerto Ricans and all racially oppressed people in the US mainland; and a socialist society, which contrary to capitalism’s blind pursuit of profit, would prioritize human need. The group forms part of the New Left, the diverse social movements of the 60s that challenged racism and Jim Crow; US war in Vietnam; old soul-slaying social norms that constrained personal freedoms in the US; patriarchy and heteronormativity. While their white campus-based counterparts rebelled against the sterility of suburbia, sixties radicals of color, like the Young Lords and Black Panther, were radicalized by the experience of migration in the context of the new urban poverty produced by post-war deindustrialization, housing displacement, medical discrimination in public hospitals, and police violence in northern cities. Anchored in local communities, the group marshalled the best organizing strategies bequeathed to them by over a decade of movement activism and won ground breaking reforms.
Beginnings
Authors: Fernández Johanna
Published: May 2021

In 1968, José “Cha Cha” Jiménez sat in solitary confinement wrestling with his record of recidivism. He was the leader of the Young Lords, a Puerto Rican and Mexican gang, which he’d joined to survive Chicago’s mean streets. But his life was about to change. Like other Puerto Rican, Mexican and black American youth, Cha Cha’s people were recent migrants to the city who’d been displaced by urban renewal— structural racism in the form federal housing policy —which forced them to settle in densely populated blocks on the edges of white ethnic neighborhoods. Outnumber, they faced hostility, reaction, and even terror from white resident who resented their presence in Chicago. But with the new confidence produced by the civil rights movement, street organizations like the Young Lords desegregated public spaces with brawn and asserted the rights of racialized people to the city. The social movements also opened up possibilities for self-transformation. Like Malcolm X, Cha Cha was politicized in prison. He transformed the gang into the Black Panthers’ Puerto Rican counterpart—a herculean feat made possible by a series of unforeseen circumstances and conscious interventions, including that of Black Panther leader Fred Hampton and his Rainbow Coalition.
The Garbage Offensive
Authors: Fernández Johanna
Published: May 2021

In summer of 1969, the NY Young Lords launched an ambitious course of community-based protests, involving thousands of residents in East Harlem. They addressed many of the social problems underscored, but unsolved, by the War on Poverty. Their legendary “Garbage Offensive,” name in deference to the Tet Offensive of the Vietnamese, the group barricaded major throughways with East Harlem’s uncollected garbage. It exposed environmental racism and impugned city government for treating Puerto Ricans and Black Americans like garbage. It’s combination of urban guerrilla protest with sharp political messaging pressured politicians to respond, and poor sanitation services became a major issue in the run-up to the heated mayoral elections in November 1969. Although histories of the civil rights and black power movements are popularly understood within the framework of citizenship rights, the work of organizations like the Black Panthers and the Young Lords paint a portrait of struggle that is more composite. They show that the black movement set in motion an awakening of social consciousness wherein virtually no social issue escaped public scrutiny. The Young Lords’ campaigns established standards of decency in city services that expanded the definition of the common good and stretched our nation’s definition of democracy.
An Awakening
Authors: Harmer Tanya
Published: May 2021

Chapter one examines Beatriz Allende’s childhood and adolescence, looking at what it meant to grow up in Chile in the 1940s and 1950s, how her family background and gender affected her choices and experience. The chapter also deals with Beatriz’s political awakening stemming from Chile’s social, economic, and political crisis in the late 1950s, her father’s 1958 presidential campaign, and the Cuban Revolution. Rather than being unique, her growing interest in politics and revolution at the end of the decade epitomized a moment marked by youth participation and a resurgence of the country’s left, signalling the start of what would become the long sixties.
Love and Revolution
Authors: Harmer Tanya
Published: May 2021

Beatriz’s life changed in late 1967 when she visited Cuba with her father, fell in love with a Cuban intelligence operative, and signed up to a new effort to launch a revolutionary insurgency in Bolivia. In the aftermath of Che Guevara’s death, Beatriz’s internationalist commitment was not unique. It mirrored a growing predilection for armed struggle and self-sacrifice among young radicalized sectors in Chile. Chapter five examines this trend, detailing its institutionalization within Chilean left-wing parties and the allure of Latin America’s guerrilla decade. Using the prism of Beatriz’s involvement in the Ejército de Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Army or ELN), a Bolivian-led internationalist revolutionary project, it also examines the process that led her to become logistically and ideologically tied to Cuba and its regional ventures. Her perspective helps us understand how clandestine revolutionary operations worked in practice, what opportunities for participating in them existed for women, and how they came to change and affect individual lives of those involved. In doing so, it helps us to understand the human dimensions of insurgency in the region.
Revolutionary Upheaval
Authors: Harmer Tanya
Published: May 2021

Chapter six examines revolutionary upheaval in the last years of Eduardo Frei’s presidency and Beatriz’s role in it while remaining committed to the ELN’s Bolivian project and Cuba’s revolutionary regime. It describes the fragmentation of the Left and the growing specter of violence in Chile, characterized by the government’s reliance on force and a growing propensity on the left to confront it. It asks how Beatriz responded, noting the role she played as a confidant of Chile’s revolutionary left leaders, her father, and Cuba’s intelligence apparatus through her love affair with one of its principal officials. Beatriz’s internationalist preoccupations and her age separated her from local developments and youth movements. Yet, as a lecturer at a new public health department, recruiter for the ELN and collaborator of the MIR, she was involved and complicit in political and societal upheaval – serving as a mediator, facilitator, and bridge between different factions. She was nevertheless pessimistic and depressed about the pace of change. When the ELN ran into trouble in Bolivia and was progressively abandoned by Cuba, her romanticization of guerrilla insurgencies diminished. Like many others on the radicalized left, she was also sceptical about electoral strategies for bringing about radical change.
Introduction
Authors: Luskey Brian P.
Published: May 2021

The Civil War tested free labor and exposed its contradictions, for this ideology had insidious consequences that spurred competition for survival as much as success. The war demonstrated that all northerners were dependent on other people’s labor and capital, even though employers’ and employees’ dependence was not equivalent. Civil War northerners used their wages—money they considered capital in the making—and their ability to employ workers as indices that measured their relative independence. In that way, the Union war seemed to northerners an opportunity to become more independent rather than an affront to their faith in free labor. Nevertheless, the war for Union unmade the promise of free labor for workers and upheld the promise of free labor for those with capital. Men Is Cheap tells the stories of basement-dwelling intelligence office keepers, ordinary Union soldiers and famous officers, household mistresses, failed-businessmen-turned-recruiters, politicians, and benevolent society agents who fused their interests and those of their clients to that of the state and used the violent circumstances of war to engage in human trafficking in the name of wage labor and free capital.
Bargains Worse than Fraudulent
Authors: Luskey Brian P.
Published: May 2021

Antebellum Americans’ experiences in and debates about intelligence offices reflected and shaped the broader debate about northern and southern political economy occurring in the years prior to the Civil War. As politicians worried—and comic publications laughed—about the consequences of the nation divided, intelligence offices and the intense conversations swirling around them revealed the ways Americans were confronting the fact that their households were divided between kitchen and parlor, upstairs and downstairs. The secession crisis and the beginning of the Civil War exacerbated these concerns, because respectable men of business as well as impoverished workers desperately sought safe and steady positions as sources of credit and capital ran dry. Intelligence office transactions illuminated what wage labor was in well-to-do households, popular culture, and political economy in critically important ways just as northerners and southerners came into conflict about labor—how it was recruited, moved, and exploited—in the Civil War. Even though Americans despised intelligence offices, they nevertheless adopted them as models upon which to speed the flow of soldiers and workers throughout the country during the war. Out of crisis, some northerners imagined opportunity in the movement of people to accrue credit and capital.
A Great Social Problem
Authors: Luskey Brian P.
Published: May 2021

The war for Union, Abraham Lincoln reasoned, would be won on its balance sheet as much as in the hearts and minds of its citizens. This was true both from the perspective of the War Department and individual northern households. Union soldiers—volunteers, draftees, and substitutes—poured from the North toward the South to vanquish the slaveholders’ aristocracy. The manpower that went into their killing and dying work produced the movement of thousands of white and black southern refugees to the households of white northerners. Recruiters, brokers, benevolent societies, and northern families—all believers that free labor could emancipate them—would try to seize the power, the capital, embedded in the labor of the men, women, and children fleeing to them. Doing so would help them win the war for Union.
Introduction
Authors: Snider Jill D.
Published: May 2021

The Introduction provides an overview of the life of early African American inventor, aviator, auto racer, engineer, and entrepreneur, Lucean Arthur Headen, It also prefaces the biography’s main themes, including Headen’s childhood influences; the obstacles he faced as an African American independent inventor, including segregation and the increasing corporatization of invention; the social networks on which he relied to build his career; the “coalition economics” strategy he employed to succeed; his emigration to England in 1931 and his career there until his death in 1957; his legacy as a designer of automotive engine improvements and anti-icing methods for aircraft; and his role as a transportation technology promoter.
A Dream Seeks a Path
Authors: Snider Jill D.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 describes Headen’s life in Jersey City, NJ, from 1903 to 1911, a period in which he worked as a Pullman porter and as a dining car waiter for the Erie Railroad. It documents his life as a trainman, his growing interest in aviation, his frustrations at being locked out of skilled work, and his initial forays into invention. The chapter examines how Headen’s wife, Tena Drye Headen, and other African American migrants active in Lafayette Presbyterian Church and the Railroad Porters’ and Waiters’ Voluntary Subscription Fund, expanded social networks critical to Headen, and on the specific strategies that Headen observed other African American inventors employ to circumvent segregation and raise capital in a time when funding for independent inventors was waning.
Epilogue
Authors: Snider Jill D.
Published: May 2021

The epilogue reflects on what invention meant to Headen and to the larger artisanal class from which he came and examines his legacy. Addressed are his influence on other African American transportation technology pioneers, his encouragement of mechanization among British farmers, the role of his bi-fuel engine improvements in supporting the British war effort in World War II, and his long-term influence on engine designs and on anti-icing technologies for air and rotor craft, turbine engines, and wind turbines.
The epilogue also probes historiographical questions illuminated by Headen’s story, including the nature of African American automobility in the 1920s, specifically the participation of black beauty culturalists as investors and the automobile’s role in expanding African American social networks; the influence of early religious leaders on the business strategies of African American entrepreneurs; and the implications that social networks carry for personal success and for future racial advancement.
Gathering Indigenous Knowledges
Authors: Bigelow Allison Margaret
Published: May 2021

By tracing moments when new terms were coined and when they began to appear in sixteenth-century books from the Caribbean, this chapter combines linguistic data and historical sources to show how Indigenous ideas of mining and metals influenced the grammar of the colonial Spanish gold industry. This approach situates Taíno metallic cosmologies within a web of human, plant, and mineral relationships. As shown by the sources analyzed in the chapter—all written, published, and circulated between 1492 and the 1530s—such relationships were both material and symbolic, mapping on to mining geographies, practices, and forms of speech.
Amalgamating Knowledge, Translating Empire
Authors: Bigelow Allison Margaret
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the final section of the book, silver, by outlining the development of silver mining and refining in colonial Mexico and Perú. It pays special attention to the sixteenth-century technology transfer of amalgamation methods from central Mexico to Alto Perú, especially the rich deposits of the Cerro Rico of Potosí. By combining historical linguistic data and case studies of the translation and mistranslation of key technical terms used in seventeenth-century Andean metallurgy, as written in colonial sources that denied the sophistication of Indigenous science and technology, this chapter proposes a new method to document Indigenous knowledge production.
Color and Casta in the Andean Silver Industry
Authors: Bigelow Allison Margaret
Published: May 2021

Amalgamation technologies allowed refiners throughout colonial Latin America to profitably extract silver from a wider variety of metals, including even the most refractory ores. These expanded processing capabilities meant that mineral classification and sorting became even more important, as metallurgists had to identify which silver metals to treat with traditional methods and which ones to refine by amalgamation. The vocabularies used to classify metals provide critical evidence of Indigenous contributions to silver refining in the seventeenth century. By tracing the incorporation and removal of Andean color and spatial vocabularies, this chapter shows how scientific writers and translators replaced Indigenous classifications of matter with a racialized language of metallic “castas” that included “pacos,” “mulatos,” and “negrillos.” The chapter concludes by suggesting how a reading of color signatures in khipus might shed light on Andean miners’ experiences in ways that traditional historiographic methods have not yet allowed.
They Love to Watch Us Dance
Authors: Dossett Kate
Published: May 2021

The evolving relationship between Black performers, and white and Black spectators, is central to the story of Black federal theatre. Chapter 2 examines what happens when Black performance and white spectatorship become the focus of the drama itself. It examines Abram Hill and John Silvera’s Liberty Deferred, alongside Stars and Bars, a satirical newspaper developed by the Hartford Negro Unit but usually credited solely to the white dramatist Ward Courtney. Both newspapers position white and Black spectators as objects of the Black gaze and both mock the pretensions to radical innovation by white Living Newspapers such as One Third of a Nation. Scholarship on the Federal Theatre’s Living Newspaper relies almost entirely on Living Newspapers developed and staged by white theatre practitioners. This chapter argues that Black Living Newspapers developed a variety of techniques to unmask the performative devices used within white Living Newspapers that consolidate even as they critique the racial discourses which enforce Black subordination. In so doing, they compelled white FTP administrators to engage with the history and practice of Black performance and white spectatorship.
Garveyism, Communism, and Gender Trouble
Authors: Dossett Kate
Published: May 2021

In Theodore Ward’s Big White Fog, Vic Mason seeks a better life for his family in the Universal Negro Improvement Association. His son, Les, looks for answers in the interracial Communist movement. Both men and movements come undone for they rely on gender hierarchies which sustain racial capitalism in the United States. This chapter explores the controversy that began when Ward read a draft of his play before a South Side audience in January 1938 and continued through the Negro Playwrights Company’s staging of the play in Harlem in October 1940. Drawing on variant manuscripts, this chapter documents the role of the Black performance community in shaping the version of the play first staged by the Chicago Negro Unit at the Great Northern Theatre in April 1938. The responses of the local community make clear it was the staging of gender and racial divisions within Black families and political movements, rather than Communism, which made Big White Fog a provocative play in 1938. The sympathetic portrayal of the Garvey movement reminds us that communism was not the only radical path for African Americans in the 1930s, even if the legacy of anti-Communism has disproportionately shaped knowledge production about Black theatre.
We Can No Longer Keep Silent
Authors: Fry Zachery A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter details the army's collective proclamation of political sentiment in early 1863. Following the disaster at Fredericksburg and general frustration during the "emancipation winter," a growing number of anti-war Copperheads on the home front convinced junior officers to mobilize the army for political action. In a series of several dozen political resolutions adopted by regiments throughout the Army of the Potomac, the officers and men in the ranks proclaimed themselves in the nation's press to be the arbiters of loyalty and guardians of civic virtue. In the process, they endorsed the Lincoln administration and broadly supported its efforts to weaken the Confederacy through conscription, emancipation, and "hard war." This campaign elicited a backlash from Democratic men at home and in the ranks, but the publication of such a vehement political stance from the army throughout Northern newspapers drowned them out.
What the Sentiment of the Army Really Is
Authors: Fry Zachery A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins with an analysis of how General Ulysses Grant's Overland Campaign drained the Army of the Potomac of much of its veteran core of officers and enlisted men. The survivors, hunkered in the trenches of Petersburg, watched as recruits and conscripts refilled the army's ranks. The chapter then focuses on the spirited contest over the 1864 presidential election between Lincoln and McClellan. Veterans who had not reenlisted organized paramilitary campaign clubs at home and communicated with those still at the front. When it came time to vote, the army's reenlisted soldiers, many of whom had fought under McClellan, largely spurned him. Those who had served longest viewed the election through the lens of loyalty, and McClellan had consorted with treason by aligning with the opposition party.
Womanhood Is Sisterhood
Authors: Henold Mary J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter uses the group the Theresians as a case study to analyze shifting perceptions of Catholic laywomen’s vocation in the 1960s and 1970s. The Theresians was founded in the early 1960s by Fr. Elwood Voss as a group for laywomen to promote vocations to the Catholic sisterhoods. The organization’s founding was an outgrowth of the perceived vocation crisis that began in the late 1950s in the American church. Theresians at this time were consistently taught to privilege the “higher” vocation of women religious (nuns) rather than their own vocations as married or single laywomen. Such beliefs were reinforced by a mid-century Catholic culture that discouraged friendship between laywomen and sisters, and emphasized not only sisters’ special sanctity, but also their authority over laywomen. Over time, however, lay and religious Theresians came to challenge the idea of laywomen’s inferiority, and the group sought new ways of expressing and affirming laywomen’s vocational choices and Catholic women’s self-definition.
Compañera of Ideals
Authors: Sippial Tiffany A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the story of Sánchez’s early ideological influences and incorporation into national politics, emphasizing those moments when Sánchez played a decisive role in stabilizing the nucleus of the 26 July Movement (M-26-7). The chapter explores the relationships she developed with her fellow compatriots and with Cuban supporters in the eastern provinces. These relationships become critical pieces in the posthumous story of her status as a “woman of the people.”
A Child of Destiny or a Nobody without Identity, 1910–1926
Authors: Saxby Troy R.
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes Pauli Murray’s childhood. At age three Murray moved from Baltimore to Durham, North Carolina, to live with her maternal relations following her mother’s sudden death. Murray endured another childhood trauma when a white attendant brutally murdered her father while he was confined to Crownsville Asylum for the Negro Insane. Jim Crow segregation created many more hardships and complications for Murray and her maternal family. Murray’s grandmother was descended from slaves and slave owners. Her grandfather fought for the Union in the Civil War. Both grandparents and many of their descendants could pass as white, but still embraced a black racial identity. The family subscribed to black uplift ideology: they prized education and adhered to middle-class values but also demonstrated ‘colorism.’
An Unknown Negro Girl without Title or Prestige, 1940–1946
Authors: Saxby Troy R.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores Pauli Murray’s continuing civil rights activism, emerging feminism, and legal training during World War II. Murray joined the Workers Defense League and campaigned to save sharecropper Odell Waller from execution. The experience partially inspired Murray to become a lawyer. While studying at Howard University, Murray became conscious of sexism, which she labelled “Jane Crow.” Murray’s mental health, sexual identity, and gender identity all continued to trouble her. She initiated restaurant sit-ins to protest segregation in Washington and reported on the 1943 Harlem race riots for a socialist newspaper. Murray also completed a master’s degree at Berkeley before becoming the first African American Deputy Attorney General of California.
I Am a Child of God, 1973–1985
Authors: Saxby Troy R.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the final years of Pauli Murray’s life. Following her partner’s death, Murray resigned from Brandeis to pursue ordination into the Episcopal priesthood. Murray obtained a master’s in theology from General Theological Seminary while campaigning for women’s ordination. Under pressure from Murray and others, in 1976 the Episcopal Church overturned its prohibition on women priests. The following year Murray became the first black woman Episcopal priest. Murray continued to keep her sexual orientation private, but publicly advocated for minority rights, including gay rights, under the aegis of universal human rights. Murray worked as a supply priest in various locations before retiring to Pittsburgh where she died.
You Never Have to Drive Very Far to Find a Hitchhiker
Authors: Reid Jack
Published: May 2021

Beginning with a story of Ronald Reagan hitchhiking in his youth, this chapter introduces the book’s topic, central arguments, historiography, and source base. The book covers the history of hitchhiking and the ways Americans have understood the practice, beginning just before the Great Depression and ending with the Reagan era. The introduction sets up arguments about the tension between individualism and social cooperation in American culture, the evolution of automobility, perceptions of personal safety, and the decline of the New Deal social order amid the rise of the neoconservatism. The book engages several historiographical discussions, contextualizing the hitchhiker within the history of the hobo and exploring the ways hitchhiking intersected with notions of modern selfhood broader and gender as well as the major social movements in the 20th century.
The Dangerous Stranger
Authors: Reid Jack
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates the discourse surrounding hitchhiking in the post-World War II era to understand the ways in which rising prosperity, exponential growth in car ownership, and the Cold War political atmosphere affected American notions of community, masculine individualism, and personal safety. Many motorists greeted hitchhikers on the road with increased suspicion. Likewise, media and law-enforcement officials began to predominantly frame the practice in terms of risk and danger. Regardless, this did little to dampen the spirits of a new generation of middle-class white youths who began to associate hitchhiking with thrifty adventure and a ticket to authentic experience on the nation’s expanding interstate highway system. At the same time, African Americans began to aggressively push for equal rights and the end of segregation. Notably, automobility, bus boycotts, and hitchhiking were a key front in this struggle.
Goin’ Down the Road Feelin’ Bad
Authors: Reid Jack
Published: May 2021

This chapter connects the declining popularity and acceptance of hitchhiking with the nation’s economic stagnation in the late 1970s and the rise of the New Right during Ronald Reagan’s two terms in office. An increasingly risk-averse American society began to associate hitchhiking with subversive behaviour and crime. Unlike the youthful faces on the road in previous generations, the hitchhikers of this period—deemed “drifters” by the media—were predominantly out of work and desperate. The conservative movement’s frank acceptance of inequality and staunchly individualistic attitudes, in tandem with changing hitchhiking demographics, weakened the cooperative sentiments of previous decades, providing an easier justification for motorists to ignore so-called ride beggars. Although hitchhiking in many ways gelled with the nation’s automobile-centered transportation infrastructure, its unpredictability and cooperative nature ultimately did not mesh with a more risk-averse and privatized American society.
An Archipelago of Settlements and Tolderías
Authors: Erbig Jeffrey Alan
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the imperial and Indigenous territorialities that defined the Río de la Plata before the invention of a Luso-Hispanic border. It demonstrates that itinerant Native communities (tolderías) were the principal arbiters of access to and travel across the countryside, where feral livestock roamed. Strings of Spanish, Portuguese, and Jesuit-Guarani settlements, rather than constituting conterminous frontiers or provincial units, were relatively isolated points along fragile corridors or waterways, restricted to the perimeter of the region by neighboring tolderías. Tolderías competed with one another and used colonial settlements for trade or as sites of temporary refuge in moments of duress. In the absence of any singular authority, territorial order governed power relations between settlers and tolderías, and tilted in tolderías’ favor.
Where the Lines End
Authors: Erbig Jeffrey Alan
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses the disappearance of Charrúas and Minuanes from historical records by the 1830s. Rather than marking the end of Charrúas or Minuanes themselves, this discursive shift was due to three factors. First, during the eighteenth century, colonial agents captured and exiled several thousand Charrúas and Minuanes, whose separation from tolderías rendered them ethnically indistinguishable in written records. Second, as Indigenous go-betweens moved between settlements and tolderías, colonial writers disassociated them from the ethnic labels that they reserved for tolderías. Third, the dissolution of the interimperial border via wars of independence in the early nineteenth century made tolderías an untenable living arrangement. The disappearance of tolderías as political entities engendered the discursive erasure of Charrúas and Minuanes altogether.
Introduction
Authors: Hall Ryan
Published: May 2021

The introduction begins with the story of Bull Back Fat, a Blackfoot chief who visited both American and British fur traders in 1832 to remind them of their obligations to Blackfoot people. Bull Back Fat was one in a long line of savvy Blackfoot diplomats who, between 1720 and 1877, used the unique borderlands geography of Blackfoot homelands to preserve their influence, sovereignty, and way of life. By telling the story of the three Blackfoot nations (Siksika, Kainai, and Piikani) and their engagement with colonial change, this book contributes to growing scholarly conversations on Indigenous agency, borderlands history, and early North American history.
Now They Will Pretend to Equal Us
Authors: Hall Ryan
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes Blackfoot responses to increasing colonial activity on the northwest plains and Rocky Mountains between 1806 and 1821. Ascending the Missouri River to their south, the American expedition of Lewis and Clark circumvented the Blackfoot to open ties with Native nations in the intermountain West. British explorer David Thompson did the same in the north, accessing the mountains near the headwaters of the North Saskatchewan River. Blackfoot people responded to these invasions with a targeted campaign of diplomacy and conflict, including blockades of key mountain passes, that severely limited American, Canadian, and British ambitions in the region for a generation. These conflicts also led to an overly simplistic depiction of Blackfoot “hostility” that lingers to this day.
Nefarious Traffic
Authors: Hall Ryan
Published: May 2021

This chapter demonstrates how tensions escalated between Blackfoot people and newcomers between 1861 and 1870. The Montana Gold Rush, increased settlement, the U.S. Civil War, and the collapse of the fur trade narrowed Blackfoot avenues for diplomacy during the early 1860s. In the late 1860s these escalating tensions exploded into open conflict in what had recently become Montana Territory, culminating in the U.S. Army’s massacre of an entire Piikani band in 1870, known as the Marias Massacre. The massacre, coupled with a devastating smallpox outbreak and settler pressure, devastated Blackfoot people’s ability to resist American expansion. By the 1870s, Blackfoot people in Montana faced little choice but to settle on a shrinking reservation or flee across the border to Canada.
Introduction
Authors: Quraishi Uzma
Published: May 2021

The Introduction explains the basic premise, argument, and organization of the book. It also describes the methodology and sources, while defining the subject-specific terminology. It frames the work within categories of analysis, particularly race and class.
Finding Whiter and Browner Pastures in the Ethnoburbs, 1990s–2000s
Authors: Quraishi Uzma
Published: May 2021

Chapter 6 sheds light on the ways Houstonians navigated their city in response to demographically changing schools and neighborhoods, again reinforcing existing class-and race-based segregation. It examines the terms and coded racial language (“suburbs,” “good neighborhoods,” “poor people,” etc.) that characterized residential decisions or micro-migrations across the city, showing how they were loaded with meaning. The chapter interrogates the actions of South Asian Americans as a window into Houstonians’ views of race, the city, and its environs in the aftermath of de jure racial segregation to the present, highlighting how the processes of white and brown suburban flight upheld de facto segregation.
More than the Mud March
Authors: Browning Judkin , Silver Timothy
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the rationale and blueprint for the book, explaining how the authors combine the methodologies of environmental and military history to tell a more holistic story of the Civil War. It begins with an analysis of Burnside’s Mud March in January 1863, and uses that campaign to demonstrate how to merge these two disciplines into a deeper analysis of the war. The authors demonstrate how examining the war as an ecological event allows for a more complete and comprehensive understanding of the conflict.
Sickness
Authors: Browning Judkin , Silver Timothy
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the explosion of diseases that occurred once the armies concentrated at the beginning of the war. Epidemics of measles, typhoid fever, malaria, and venereal disease among others decimated armies on both sides. The chapter discusses the reasons for these outbreaks, as well as the desperate, often comical, way that doctors tried to treat the various ailments, especially with liberal uses of mercury and opium compounds. The chapter also examines the epidemics that surprisingly did not occur, such as cholera and typhus, and examines the reasons why they did not appear. The effects of campaigning on the health of soldiers, especially dehydration and heat stroke, are also discussed regarding the campaigns of Bull Run, Wilson’s Creek, and New Mexico. Efforts at biological warfare also receive attention.
Food
Authors: Browning Judkin , Silver Timothy
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the ways that the North and South provided food for their armies and civilians, and the difficulties they encountered. The South struggled mightily to provide enough food for its residents, while the North thoroughly succeeded, thanks to several innovations in harvesting, canning, and transporting food. Southern farmers proved unable to provide enough food because of fields ruined by the weather, Union occupation, or confiscation by both armies. Food riots broke out throughout the South as a result of the shortages, and the government tried to respond with various relief measures. The chapter discusses the role of food in the second battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Chancellorsville, and especially the devastating use of food (or its lack) as a weapon during the siege of Vicksburg. It discusses the effects of starvation faced by the soldiers and civilians in that besieged city in the summer of 1863.
The U.S. Postal Service and the Postal Unions in the 1970s
Authors: Rubio Philip F.
Published: May 2021

Chapter Six shows how postal unions made use of increased collective bargaining rights to win higher pay and increased benefits. At the same time, there was constant conflict with postal management and within the unions on issues of democracy and militancy in the first decade of the new U.S. Postal Service. By 1971, the National Association of Letter Carriers and the new American Postal Workers Union had emerged as the two leading postal unions representing workers and instituting reforms. The U.S. Postal Service would also be bargaining with two smaller unions that had little or nothing to do with the strike—the National Postal Mail Handlers Union and the National Rural Letter Carriers Association.
Almost Striking Again, Arbitration, and Automation, 1980s–1990s
Authors: Rubio Philip F.
Published: May 2021

Chapter Seven studies how antagonistic labor-management contract negotiations between the U.S. Postal Service and its two major unions, the National Association of Letter Carriers and the American Postal Workers Union, almost ended with a called strike by those unions in the first year of President Ronald Reagan’s administration (1981-1989). This strike was averted by an arbitration mechanism built into the PRA. Union solidarity was embodied in the Joint Bargaining Committee. This chapter also charts the effects of automation on the workforce from the 1970s through the early 2000s.
Downsizing, Financial Crisis, and the Challenge for Postal Labor, 2000–2019
Authors: Rubio Philip F.
Published: May 2021

Chapter Eight discusses the damage done by the 2006 Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act (PAEA) leading to the 2009 financial crisis of the USPS, and concludes by examining connections between that crisis and the 1970 strike. The chapter further argues that the financial crisis of 2009 that became chronic was politically manufactured by the PAEA. It also surveys the postal labor-consumer coalitions formed to rectify attacks on universal postal service, including cutbacks, downsizing, outsourcing, and privatization efforts.
Negro Heroines
Authors: Polk Khary Oronde
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the role Black women volunteers played as immune nurses in the Spanish-Cuban-American War. To enlist black women’s care labor in the Cuban conflict, army physicians relied on the myth of the plantation nurse, a figure whose biological and thus racial immunity from yellow fever recalled forms of gendered subordination and sacrifice ritualized in U.S. slavery. Black leaders like Namahyoka Curtis helped to recruit immune nurses in New Orleans in the hope that their performances of patriotic service would secure greater citizenship rights for the greater African American community. The experiences of the nurses before, during, and after the conflict offer a counter historiography of the war, and shows how Black women self-consciously presented themselves as matrons of respectability whose labor and sacrifice entitled them to fair and equal treatment under the law.
Contagious Immunity
Authors: Polk Khary Oronde
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines how anxieties around race and sexuality during World War I produced overlapping projects of black masculine perfectibility and restraint within the U.S. military’s campaigns against venereal disease (VD) at home and in France. The belief that African American troops were members of a “venereal race” led efforts by white army doctors to enact novel and conventional modes of control in their efforts to discipline the bodies and desires of Black servicemen stationed overseas. While some of these doctors claimed the experimental regulation of Black male sexuality through the use of prophylaxis as a technocratic success, Black leaders touted the “clean” body of the African American soldier as a matter of masculine will rather than medicine. As subjects of these contradictory and competing discourses, Black troops in France developed a new consciousness of race and sexuality abroad. Through a consideration of stigmatized sexual practices, the sexual economy of French brothels, and the movement of African American military bands in France, this chapter shows how African American soldiers renegotiated meanings of race and nation in their travels outside of the United States.
Popular Historical Fiction
Authors: Bellows Amanda Brickell
Published: May 2021

During the post-emancipation era in Russia and the United States, authors created nostalgic historical fiction that romanticized Russian serfdom and American slavery. This chapter compares the short stories of white, Southern authors Thomas Nelson Page and Joel Chandler Harris with the mass-oriented historical fiction of Russian aristocrats Grigorii Danilevskii, Vsevolod Solov’ev, Evgenii Salias, and Evgenii Opochinin. In their literature, these privileged authors created narratives targeting middle-class readers that deliberately misrepresented the histories of slavery and serfdom during a period characterized by the acquisition of critical new rights by peasants and African Americans.