bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lien social, lien thérapeutique, lien familial
Authors: Grange-Ségéral Évelyne
Published: December 2014

L’auteure s’interroge sur la forme de sinistrose qui sévit dans les pratiques soignantes et médico-sociales au contact des souffrances engendrées par le nouvel ordre économique et les restrictions financières et théorico-pratiques conséquentes. Face à la violence ressentie par les professionnels du soin, elle propose un retour sur les données historiques de ces pratiques soignantes dans un processus de désidéalisation du passé, en considérant le fait que ces pratiques étaient peu interrogées à l’époque et donc peu critiquées, en raison d’un contexte social et financier favorable. La crise économique et les prescriptions évaluatives peuvent constituer une occasion de revisiter l’adéquation des théories et des pratiques dans le monde de la modernité et fait, en tout cas, ressortir l’inter-solidarité entre ces pratiques, l’utilisation des théories d’appui et le contexte sociétal. En revisitant les théories et les dispositifs concernant les familles adoptives, leur solidarité avec le contre-transfert social est mise en évidence et peut servir de paradigme pour l’analyse des effets produits par les nouvelles configurations familiales dans les champs social et thérapeutique. L’auteure propose de maintenir une vigilance constante au sujet de la violence insidieuse que peuvent eux-mêmes contenir les dispositifs thérapeutiques lorsqu’ils sont infiltrés par une idéologique défensive génératrice de postures inadaptées.
La haute fonction publique hellénique : la permanence du provisoire
Authors: Spanou Calliope
Published: December 2014

Résumé La haute fonction publique hellénique a souvent été reformée sans que les enjeux réels de son statut et de son rôle n’aient été véritablement traités. Impartialité et mérite ont occupé l’essentiel des efforts mais le rôle d’interface avec le politique n’a pas été clarifié. La mobilité interministérielle reste quasi‑absente. La crise économique a fourni l’occasion d’une nouvelle approche dans le cadre plus général de la réforme administrative. Il semble que la haute fonction publique se voit renforcée tout en étant tenue dans un état transitoire depuis 2009. Entretemps, la relation symbiotique avec le politique persiste et semble lui permettre d’échapper aux mesures les plus dures qui ont affecté le reste de la fonction publique.
La norme et l'institution : les mutations professionnelles des énarques de 1970 a 2010
Authors: Rouban Luc
Published: December 2014

Résumé L’étude de trois cohortes d’anciens élèves de l’ENA permet de mettre en lumière les changements qui se sont opérés dans la sociologie des élites administratives en France entre les années 1970 et les années 2010. Les hauts fonctionnaires français des années 2000 sont de plus en plus souvent formés en économie et en gestion. Leurs carrières se sont diversifiées mais les différences corporatives continuent de jouer un rôle central dans les trajectoires professionnelles et notamment dans la mobilité entre le secteur public et le secteur privé. L’appartenance aux grands corps reste toujours un facteur crucial de réussite professionnelle. La conversion culturelle aux normes gestionnaires a renforcé plutôt que mis fin aux structures sociales qui organisent les carrières.
German Regional Administrative Elites, New Public Management and the Role of the State in the Economy
Authors: Bauer Michael W. , Tatham Michaël
Published: December 2014

Résumé — Les élites administratives régionales allemandes, le nouveau management public et le rôle de l’État dans l’économie — Y?a?t?il un lien entre l’intensité des réformes de type Nouveau Management Public (NPM) à l’échelle d’un système et les attitudes individuelles des élites administratives qui mettent en œuvre ces réformes dans leur vie professionnelle quotidienne ? Pour examiner cette question, cet article répertorie les préférences pour des solutions gouvernementales contre des solutions fondées sur le marché dans les politiques économiques des élites administratives allemandes au niveau régional (regio?crats). Il compare tout d’abord l’attitude des élites allemandes avec celle de leurs homologues dans dix autres États membres de l’Union européenne et analyse dans un deuxième temps leurs déterminants au niveau individuel. Nous trouvons que les regio?crats allemands occupent une position intermédiaire sur une échelle allant de l’interventionnisme étatique à des solutions favorables au libre jeu du marché. Nos comparaisons internationales suggèrent que lorsque l’économie se porte bien et que le chômage est au plus bas, les bureaucrates sont plus à même d’avoir une préférence pour le libre jeu du marché. Cependant, en période de crise économique et de chômage élevé, les fonctionnaires se tournent vers les solutions étatiques. Nous trouvons aussi qu’une fois que les réformes de type NPM ont été mises en œuvre, les regio?crats souhaitent que le gouvernement joue un rôle plus important mais lorsqu’ils doivent encore les mettre en œuvre, il semble qu’ils demandent plus de libre jeu du marché.
Availability of Large Scale Repairable Systems with Imperfect Repair
Authors: Hajeeh Mohammed A.
Published: December 2014

Operational systems consist of components that deteriorate and eventually fail. Upon failure, components are either repaired or replaced. Cheap and critical components are usually replaced, while expensive and non-critical ones are repaired before replacement. In this research work, repairable systems undergoing imperfect repair are examined where upon failure each component is repaired several times before being replaced. The main objective is to assess systems' performance by measuring the asymptotic availability. Closed forms analytical expressions are derived for the availability of some non-complicated systems while simulation is used to asses and analyze the performance of complex systems.
Specific association of growth-associated protein 43 with calcium release units in skeletal muscles of lower vertebrates
Authors: Caprara G.A. , Perni S. , Morabito C. , MariggiÃ² M.A. , Guarnieri S.
Published: December 2014

Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), is a strictly conserved protein among vertebrates implicated in neuronal development and neurite branching. Since GAP43 structure contains a calmodulin-binding domain, this protein is able to bind calmodulin and gather it nearby membrane network, thus regulating cytosolic calcium and consequently calcium-dependent intracellular events. Even if for many years GAP43 has been considered a neuronal-specific protein, evidence from different laboratories described its presence in myoblasts, myotubes and adult skeletal muscle fibers. Data from our laboratory showed that GAP43 is localized between calcium release units (CRUs) and mitochondria in mammalian skeletal muscle suggesting that, also in skeletal muscle, this protein can be a key player in calcium/calmodulin homeostasis. However, the previous studies could not clearly distinguish between a mitochondrion- or a triad-related positioning of GAP43. To solve this question, the expression and localization of GAP43 was studied in skeletal muscle of Xenopus and Zebrafish known to have triads located at the level of the Z-lines and mitochondria not closely associated with them. Western blotting and immunostaining experiments revealed the expression of GAP43 also in skeletal muscle of lower vertebrates (like amphibians and fishes), and that the protein is localized closely to the triad junction. Once more, these results and GAP43 structural features, support an involvement of the protein in the dynamic intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, a common conserved role among the different species.
Implication of methodological uncertainties for mid-Holocene sea surface temperature reconstructions
Authors: Hessler I. , Harrison S. P. , Kucera M. , Waelbroeck C. , Chen M.-T. , Anderson C. , de Vernal A. , Fréchette B. , Cloke-Hayes A. , Leduc G. , Londeix L.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. We present and examine a multi-sensor global compilation of mid-Holocene (MH) sea surface temperatures (SST), based on Mg/Ca and alkenone palaeothermometry and reconstructions obtained using planktonic foraminifera and organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst census counts. We assess the uncertainties originating from using different methodologies and evaluate the potential of MH SST reconstructions as a benchmark for climate-model simulations. The comparison between different analytical approaches (time frame, baseline climate) shows the choice of time window for the MH has a negligible effect on the reconstructed SST pattern, but the choice of baseline climate affects both the magnitude and spatial pattern of the reconstructed SSTs. Comparison of the SST reconstructions made using different sensors shows significant discrepancies at a regional scale, with uncertainties often exceeding the reconstructed SST anomaly. Apparent patterns in SST may largely be a reflection of the use of different sensors in different regions. Overall, the uncertainties associated with the SST reconstructions are generally larger than the MH anomalies. Thus, the SST data currently available cannot serve as a target for benchmarking model simulations. Further evaluations of potential subsurface and/or seasonal artifacts that may contribute to obscure the MH SST reconstructions are urgently needed to provide reliable benchmarks for model evaluations.
Local sources of global climate forcing from different categories of land use activities
Authors: Ward D. S. , Mahowald N. M.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Identifying and quantifying the sources of climate impacts from land use and land cover change (LULCC) is necessary to optimize policies regarding LULCC for climate change mitigation. These climate impacts are typically defined relative to emissions of CO2, or sometimes emissions of other long-lived greenhouse gases. Here we use previously published estimates of the radiative forcing (RF) of LULCC that include the short-lived forcing agents O3 and aerosols, in addition to long-lived greenhouse gases and land albedo change, for six projections of LULCC as a metric for quantifying climate impacts. The LULCC RF is attributed to three categories of LULCC activities: direct modifications to land cover, agriculture, and wildfire response, and sources of the forcing are ascribed to individual grid points for each sector. Results for the year 2010 show substantial positive forcings from the direct modifications and agriculture sectors, particularly from India, China, and southeast Asia, and a smaller magnitude negative forcing response from wildfires. The RF from direct modifications, mainly deforestation activities, exhibits a large range in future outcomes for the standard future scenarios implying that these activities, and not agricultural emissions (which lead to more consistent RFs between scenarios), will drive the LULCC RF in the future. We show that future forest area change can be used as a predictor of the future RF from direct modification activities, especially in the tropics, suggesting that deforestation-prevention policies that value land based on its C-content may be particularly effective at mitigating climate forcing originating in the tropics from this sector. Although, the response of wildfire RF to tropical land cover changes is not as easily scalable and yet imposes a non-trivial feedback onto the total LULCC RF.
The regional MiKlip decadal forecast ensemble for Europe: the added value of downscaling
Authors: Mieruch S. , Feldmann H. , Schädler G. , Lenz C.-J. , Kothe S. , Kottmeier C.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The prediction of climate on time scales of years to decades is attracting the interest of both climate researchers and stakeholders. The German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) has launched a major research programme on decadal climate prediction called MiKlip (Mittelfristige Klimaprognosen, Decadal Climate Prediction) in order to investigate the prediction potential of global and regional climate models (RCMs). In this paper we describe a regional predictive hindcast ensemble, its validation, and the added value of regional downscaling. Global predictions are obtained from an ensemble of simulations by the MPI-ESM-LR model (baseline 0 runs), which were downscaled for Europe using the COSMO-CLM regional model. Decadal hindcasts were produced for the 5 decades starting in 1961 until 2001. Observations were taken from the E-OBS data set. To identify decadal variability and predictability, we removed the long-term mean, as well as the long-term linear trend from the data. We split the resulting anomaly time series into two parts, the first including lead times of 1–5 years, reflecting the skill which originates mainly from the initialisation, and the second including lead times from 6–10 years, which are more related to the representation of low frequency climate variability and the effects of external forcing. We investigated temperature averages and precipitation sums for the summer and winter half-year. Skill assessment was based on correlation coefficient and reliability. We found that regional downscaling preserves, but mostly does not improve the skill and the reliability of the global predictions for summer half-year temperature anomalies. In contrast, regionalisation improves global decadal predictions of half-year precipitation sums in most parts of Europe. The added value results from an increased predictive skill on grid-point basis together with an improvement of the ensemble spread, i.e. the reliability.
Surveillance of Human Papilloma Virus Using Reference Laboratory Data for the Purpose of Evaluating Vaccine Impact
Authors: Wilson Andrew , Welch Ryan J , Hashibe Mia , Greenwood Jessica , Jackson Brian , She Rosemary C
Published: December 2014

Nationwide positivity rates of high-risk human papillomavirus for the United States before and since the introduction of a Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in 2006 would provide insight into the population impact of HPV vaccination.  Data for high-risk HPV testing results from January 1, 2004 to June 1, 2013 at a national reference laboratory were retrospectively analyzed to produce 757,761 patient records of women between the ages of 14 and 59. Generalized linear models and finite mixture models were utilized to eliminate sources of bias and establish a population undergoing standard gynecological screening. Unadjusted positivity rates for high-risk HPV were 27.2% for all age groups combined.  Highest rates occurred in women aged 14 to 19.  While the positivity rates decreased for all age groups from 2004 to 2013, the higher age categories showed less downward trend following vaccine introduction, and the two age categories 20 to 24 and 25 to 29 showed a significantly different downward trend between pre- and post-vaccine time periods (-0.1% per year to -1.5% per year, and 0.4 % per year to -1.5% per year, respectively).  All other age groups had rates of change that became less negative, indicating a slower rate of decline.In evaluating the surveillance tool, we find that it is important to consider many sources of heterogeneity, e.g., age, type of test, location, and type of testing center, and also consider quantitative methods of adjustment and distribution assessment to construct a useful surveillance tool.  Further studies should expand on this methodology.The results of the surveillance tool indicate a downward trend in vaccine-appropriate age groups consistent with uptake of the HPV vaccine. The pre-post rate changes were in direct contrast between the age-appropriate groups and the groups too old for the HPV vaccine, further indicating the surveillance tool may be detecting the impact of the HPV vaccine over time. After refinement, this surveillance tool should remain in place to observe the future impact of the HPV vaccine.
Quantitative microscopy of functional HIV post-entry complexes reveals association of replication with the viral capsid
Authors: Peng Ke , Muranyi Walter , Glass Bärbel , Laketa Vibor , Yant Stephen R , Tsai Luong , Cihlar Tomas , Müller Barbara , Kräusslich Hans-Georg
Published: December 2014

The steps from HIV-1 cytoplasmic entry until integration of the reverse transcribed genome are currently enigmatic. They occur in ill-defined reverse-transcription- and pre-integration-complexes (RTC, PIC) with various host and viral proteins implicated. In this study, we report quantitative detection of functional RTC/PIC by labeling nascent DNA combined with detection of viral integrase. We show that the viral CA (capsid) protein remains associated with cytoplasmic RTC/PIC but is lost on nuclear PIC in a HeLa-derived cell line. In contrast, nuclear PIC were almost always CA-positive in primary human macrophages, indicating nuclear import of capsids or capsid-like structures. We further show that the CA-targeted inhibitor PF74 exhibits a bimodal mechanism, blocking RTC/PIC association with the host factor CPSF6 and nuclear entry at low, and abrogating reverse transcription at high concentrations. The newly developed system is ideally suited for studying retroviral post-entry events and the roles of host factors including DNA sensors and signaling molecules.
Development of fine‐resolution analyses and expanded large‐scale forcing properties: 2. Scale awareness and application to single‐column model experiments
Authors: Feng Sha , Li Zhijin , Liu Yangang , Lin Wuyin , Zhang Minghua , Toto Tami , Vogelmann Andrew M. , Endo Satoshi
Published: December 2014

Fine‐resolution three‐dimensional fields have been produced using the Community Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) data assimilation system for the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Southern Great Plains region. The GSI system is implemented in a multiscale data assimilation framework using the Weather Research and Forecasting model at a cloud‐resolving resolution of 2 km. From the fine‐resolution three‐dimensional fields, large‐scale forcing is derived explicitly at grid‐scale resolution; a subgrid‐scale dynamic component is derived separately, representing subgrid‐scale horizontal dynamic processes. Analyses show that the subgrid‐scale dynamic component is often a major component over the large‐scale forcing for grid scales larger than 200 km. The single‐column model (SCM) of the Community Atmospheric Model version 5 is used to examine the impact of the grid‐scale and subgrid‐scale dynamic components on simulated precipitation and cloud fields associated with a mesoscale convective system. It is found that grid‐scale size impacts simulated precipitation, resulting in an overestimation for grid scales of about 200 km but an underestimation for smaller grids. The subgrid‐scale dynamic component has an appreciable impact on the simulations, suggesting that grid‐scale and subgrid‐scale dynamic components should be considered in the interpretation of SCM simulations.
Ultrahydrophile poröse Kohlenstoffmaterialien mit quaderförmiger Morphologie und hoher Wasseraufnahmekapazität
Authors: Hao Guang‐Ping , Mondin Giovanni , Zheng Zhikun , Biemelt Tim , Klosz Stefan , Schubel René , Eychmüller Alexander , Kaskel Stefan
Published: December 2014

Das Interesse an Hochleistungsmaterialien, die direkt Wasserdampf besonders aus der Umgebungsluft entfernen können, ist groß. Hier berichten wir über eine neue Klasse poröser Kohlenstoffquader mit gut ausgeprägten hydrophilen Eigenschaften, bei denen synergetische Effekte zwischen Oberflächenheterogenität und Mikroporenarchitektur maximiert sind. Dies führt mit einer Wasseraufnahmekapazität von bis zu 9.82 mmol g−1 bei P/P0=0.2 und 25 °C (20 % relative Feuchte oder 6000 ppm) zur bis dato besten Bindungsleistung für Luftfeuchte innerhalb der Materialklasse der porösen Kohlenstoffe. Dank ihrer einzigartigen Eigenschaften könnte diese Serie funktioneller Kohlenstoffe als Modellmaterial für Grundlagenuntersuchungen in der Kohlenstoffchemie und der Entwicklung neuer Materialien für die Sorption von Wasserdampf fungieren. Darüber hinaus ist eine Vielzahl weiterer Anwendungen, die eine sehr hohe Hydrophilie und Stabilität sowie hierarchische Porosität erfordern, denkbar.
Hydrodeoxygenation of Vicinal OH Groups over Heterogeneous Rhenium Catalyst Promoted by Palladium and Ceria Support
Authors: Ota Nobuhiko , Tamura Masazumi , Nakagawa Yoshinao , Okumura Kazu , Tomishige Keiichi
Published: December 2014

Heterogeneous ReOx–Pd/CeO2 catalyst showed excellent performance for simultaneous hydrodeoxygenation of vicinal OH groups. High yield (>99 %), turnover frequency (300 h−1), and turnover number (10 000) are achieved in the reaction of 1,4‐anhydroerythritol to tetrahydrofuran. This catalyst can be applied to sugar alcohols, and mono‐alcohols and diols are obtained in high yields (≥85 %) from substrates with even and odd numbers of OH groups, respectively. The high catalytic performance of ReOx–Pd/CeO2 can be assigned to rhenium species with +4 or +5 valence state, and the formation of this species is promoted by H2/Pd and the ceria support.
Analytical solution of turbulent pipe flow according to second‐gradient theory
Authors: Biglarian H. , Beyrami H. , Dorosti Q. , Sattari A.
Published: December 2014

This paper presents a gradient theory of grade two based on an axiomatic conception of a nonlocal continuum theory for materials of grade n. The general classical model of linear momentum equation that is depending on the second‐order strain rate tensor and its gradients up to grade n − 1 is Cauchy's first law of motion. In special case, the second‐gradient theory, the total stress tensor is a function of the rate of stress tensor and its first gradient. The objective of the present work is to study the turbulent flow through a pipe based on this theory. The linear momentum equation in this case is reduced to an ordinary differential equation of order four, which is solved by analytical method. The boundary conditions are generated by using two cases, slip and no‐slip conditions. Finally, analytical results are compared with the experimental pieces of work and show good agreement with experimental data. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrodeposition of Zinc–Copper and Zinc–Tin Films and Free‐Standing Nanowire Arrays from Ionic Liquids
Authors: Liu Zhen , Elbasiony Amr M. , Zein El Abedin Sherif , Endres Frank
Published: December 2014

The electrodeposition of Cu–Zn and Zn–Sn films as well as free‐standing nanowires from ionic liquids 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium trifluoromethylsulfonate and 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethylsulfonate is reported. The nanowire arrays were obtained by using polycarbonate membranes. The study includes cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray analyses. The results show that the morphology and the composition of the electrodeposited Cu–Zn alloys are dependent on the deposition potential. Free‐standing Cu–Zn nanowires with average diameters and lengths of approximately 100 nm and 5 μm, respectively, were prepared. The morphology of Zn–Sn deposits shows coarse Zn particles on a Sn‐rich layer, indicating the formation of Zn/Sn co‐deposits. The XRD results reveal the co‐deposition of Zn–Sn films. Zn–Sn nanowires with average diameters of approximately 100 nm and lengths of 5 μm were synthesized. Free‐standing Zn–Sn nanowires with different lengths and a diameter of approximately 200 nm were also synthesized.
Imine Macrocycle with a Deep Cavity: Guest‐Selected Formation of syn/anti Configuration and Guest‐Controlled Reconfiguration
Authors: He Zhenfeng , Ye Gang , Jiang Wei
Published: December 2014

A dynamic covalent bond is one of the ideal linkages for the construction of large and robust organic architectures. In the present article, we show how organic templates can efficiently transform a complex dynamic imine library into a dynamic imine macrocycle. Not only is the constitution well controlled, but also the syn/anti host configuration is efficiently selected and even the orientation of the guest in the asymmetric cavity of the host can be well aligned. This is attributed to the delicate balance and the cooperation of multiple noncovalent interactions between the hosts and the guests. Through sequential additions of three guests in appropriate amounts, controlled structural reconfiguration of dynamic covalent architectures has been achieved for the first time.
Easy‐to‐fabricate thin‐film coating on PDMS substrate with super hydrophilicity and stability
Authors: Sun Lijun , Luo Yong , Gao Zhigang , Zhao Weijie , Lin Bingcheng
Published: December 2014

With the fast expansion of microfluidic applications, stable, and easy‐to‐fabricate PDMS surface coating with super hydrophilicity is highly desirable. In this study, we introduce a new kind of copolymer‐based, single‐layer thin‐film coating for PDMS. The coating can exist in air at room temperature for at least 6 months without any noticeable deterioration in the super hydrophilicity (water contact angle ∼7°), resistance of protein adsorption, or inhibition of the EOF. In addition, this coating enables arbitrary patterning of cells on planar surfaces.
Improving chip‐to‐chip precision in disposable microchip capillary electrophoresis devices with internal standards
Authors: Bidulock Allison C. E. , van den Berg Albert , Eijkel Jan C. T.
Published: December 2014

To realize portable systems for routine measurements in point‐of‐care settings, MCE methods are required to be robust across many single‐use chips. While it is well‐known internal standards (ISTDs) improve run‐to‐run precision, a systematic investigation is necessary to determine the significance of chip‐to‐chip imprecision in MCE and how ISTDs account for it. This paper addresses this question by exploring the reproducibility of Na quantification across six basic, in‐house fabricated microchips. A dataset of 900 electrophoerograms was collected from analyzing five concentrations of NaCl with two ISTDs (CsCl and LiCl). While both improved the peak area reproducibility, the Na/Cs ratio was superior to the Na/Li ratio (improving the RSD by a factor of 2–4, depending on the Na concentration). We attribute this to the significant variation in microchannel surface properties, which was accounted for by cesium but not lithium. Microchip dimension and detector variations were only a few percent, and could be improved through commercial fabrication over in‐house made microchips. These results demonstrate that ISTDs not only correct for intrachip imprecision, but are also a viable means to correct for chip‐to‐chip imprecision inherent in disposable, point‐of‐care MCE devices. However, as expected, the internal standard must be carefully chosen.
Creating an Organizational Framework for Assessment of Student Engagement
Authors: Duby Paul B. , Ganzert Charles F. , Bonsall David L.
Published: December 2014

This chapter is a case study of one institution's effort to institutionalize a process through which student development is promoted through active engagement with the community.
The “Real Environment” Quantification of Surface Hydrophobicity of Differently Stabilized Nanocrystals as Key Parameter for Organ Distribution
Authors: Staufenbiel Sven , Keck Cornelia M. , Müller Rainer H.
Published: December 2014

The surface hydrophobicity of nanoparticles is one factor determining blood protein adsorption after intravenous administration, thus the organ distribution. Hydrophobic surfaces lead to opsonization and uptake by the liver macrophages, when hydrophilic nanoparticles avoid this and can circulate in the blood. To predict, at least to a certain degree, the in vivo distribution, the surface hydrophobicity needs to be measured and quantified. Methods need to be used which quantify hydrophobicity of nanoparticles in liquid environment similar to the body situation (= real environment), not using e.g. dry methods from tabletting. Different of those methods are mentioned in this work. In the present study the hydrophobicity of differently coated azithromycin nanocrystals was analyzed with hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) and aqueous two‐phase partitioning (TPP). Investigated stabilizers were Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 407, caprylyl/capryl polyglucoside (Plantacare® 810), decyl polyglucoside (Plantacare® 2000), polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐20 sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate. HIC results revealed that coating with PEG free Plantacares leads to more hydrophobic surfaces (e.g. Plantacare 2000 retention time (tr) = 17.0 ± 1.9 min and tr = 6.5 ± 0.1 min for Tween 80), when also an increase of the amount of polypropylene glycol (PPG) in the Poloxamers lead to a stronger retention. Furthermore, PEG containing samples were analyzed by TPP whereby HIC results could be confirmed. Additionally, TPP showed differences between stabilizers having only 1 PEG chain and stabilizers with more than 1 PEG chain. In perspective, these stabilizers leading to a low hydrophobicity are promising candidates for further in vivo studies due to a decreased opsonization.
A nanoscale resolution view on synaptic vesicle dynamics
Authors: Maschi Dario , Klyachko Vitaly A.
Published: December 2014

The ability of synapses to sustain neurotransmitter release during continuous activity critically relies on an efficient vesicle recycling program. Despite extensive research on synaptic function, the basic mechanisms of vesicle recycling remain poorly understood due to the relative inaccessibility of central synapses to conventional recording techniques. The extremely small size of synaptic vesicles, nearly five times below the diffraction‐limited resolution of conventional light microscopy, has hampered efforts to define the mechanisms controlling their cycling. The complex sequence of dynamic processes that occur within the nerve terminals and link vesicle endocytosis and the subsequent round of release has been particularly difficult to study. The recent development of nanoscale‐resolution imaging techniques has provided an opportunity to overcome these limitations and begin to reveal the mechanisms controlling vesicle recycling within individual nerve terminals. Here we summarize the recent advances in the implementation of super‐resolution imaging and single‐particle tracking approaches to study the dynamic steps of the vesicle recycling process within presynaptic terminals. Synapse, 69:256–267, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Visualizing sphere-contacting areas on automobile parts for ECE inspection
Authors: Inui Masatomo , Umezu Nobuyuki , Kitamura Yuuki
Published: December 2014

To satisfy safety regulations of Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), the surface regions of automobile parts must have a sufficient degree of roundness if there is any chance that they could contact a sphere of 50.0 mm radius (exterior parts) or 82.5 mm radius (interior parts). In this paper, a new offset-based method is developed to automatically detect the possible sphere-contacting shape of such parts. A polyhedral model that precisely approximates the part shape is given as input, and the offset shape of the model is obtained as the Boolean union of the expanded shapes of all surface triangles. We adopt a triple-dexel representation of the 3D model to enable stable and precise Boolean union computations. To accelerate the dexel operations in these Boolean computations, a new parallel processing method with a pseudo-list structure and axis-aligned bounding box is developed. The possible sphere-contacting shape of the part surface is then extracted from the offset shape as a set of points or a set of polygons.
Poetic Justice: Slavery, Law, and the (Anti-)Elegiac Form in M. NourbeSe Philip’sZong!
Authors: Khan Almas
Published: December 2014

James Walvin has called theZongcase stemming from a 1781 incident in which the crew of an English slave ship willfully “destroyed” more than one-third of the “cargo” (i.e., slaves) aboard the vessel “[t]he most grotesquely bizarre of all slave cases heard in an English court.” While the judges locked themselves within the discourse of maritime law in evaluating the case’s merits, M. NourbeSe Philip unlocks the legal language inZong!(2008), which limits itself to the words included in the official narrative but contrastingly uses experimental poetry to suggest a poignant counter-narrative. My article concentrates on the complex interplay betweenZong!and its source, the appellate record in theZongcase; by comparing and contrasting the rhetorical and generic conventions in the two texts, I reveal how Philip’s poetry cycle testifies that language’s complicity with violence is an association elided at our peril.
The Mass-Clock and the Spy: The Catholicization of World War II
Authors: C. Seitz John
Published: December 2014

The religious history of World War II in the U.S. has long been dominated by the theme of pluralism. The trials of mobilization and battle fostered inter-religious cooperation. Against a backdrop of Nazi intolerance and godless communism, these collaborative experiences would, in the postwar years, help mute religious conflict and amplify a “Judeo-Christian” consensus. This framing, while compelling, has deflected attention from the distinctive modes with which religious Americans interpreted the war. The work of the National Catholic Community Service (the Catholic arm of the United Service Organizations) illustrates the ways Catholics framed the war as a religious matter. In seeking to build Catholic bridges across the separations of wartime, Catholics amplified the unique moral and spiritual means of their tradition. Two themes—sacramental presence and moral exceptionalism—dominated Catholics' efforts to Catholicize the war. Exploring these efforts reveals the religious arenas within which Catholic soldiers, war workers, and their families were invited to work out their sense of the war and their responsibilities as Catholics and Americans. The stories—often strikingly indifferent or even hostile to the pluralist “consensus”—shed new light on the war and on the history of religious difference in the U.S.
The Burdens of Church History in the Middle Ages
Authors: Newman Barbara
Published: December 2014

We live in apocalyptic times. But, for a chilling sense that the end is at hand, one cannot beat the Middle Ages. So when I reflect on “the burdens of church history” as a medievalist, I find it bracing to ponder some ways that the era's most thoughtful prophetic writers brooded on church history. They were at least as concerned as we about complicity in an institution they saw as compromised at best, and at worst, in the service of Antichrist. St. Hildegard (1098–1179), though orthodox enough to have been declared a Doctor of the Church in 2012, wrote scathing letters to the most powerful prelates of her day and preached sermons against their negligence. No less scathing was William Langland (fl. 1365–1385), author of the sprawling allegorical vision of Piers Plowman. Langland decided to revise his poem after its prophecies about the dispossession of clergy played a role in the Great Rising of 1381, in which the archbishop of Canterbury was murdered. Wisely, he concealed his identity; we know his name almost by accident.
Crooked Anthos: proposed subgeneric status of Jia (Porifera, Poecilosclerida), with descriptions of four new species
Authors: van Soest Rob , Rützler Klaus , Sim Chung-Ja
Published: December 2014

Jia De Laubenfels, 1930 was erected to accommodate Californian Jia jia, a microcionid sponge possessing a unique J-shaped microsclere, subsequently named croca (crook, shepherd's staff). In later revisions, the genus was assigned to the synonymy of Antho Gray, 1867 because of similarity in skeletal and spicular characters with that large worldwide genus. Over the years, two additional species, one Atlantic, one from the Tropical East Pacific, were found to possess the crocae, and here four additional species with these intriguing spicules are described from Indo-West and East Pacific localities. It appears that now seven species, all Antho-like, are known to possess crocae, together distributed over all three oceans. This leads us to hypothesize that crocae are a shared character of a monophyletic group of Antho species and accordingly we propose to revive Jia as a subgenus of Antho. The four new species are Antho (Jia) galapagosensis sp. nov., Antho (Jia) lithisticola sp. nov., Antho (Jia) wunschorum sp. nov. and Antho (Jia) ramosa sp. nov.
Effects of an outdoor bicycle-based intervention in healthy rural Indian men with normal and low birth weight
Authors: Madsen C. , Mogensen P. , Thomas N. , Christensen D. L. , Bygbjerg I. C. , Mohan V. , Inbakumari M. , Nadig S. V. , Alex R. , Geetanjali F. S. , Westgate K. , Brage S. , Vaag A. , Grunnet L. G.
Published: December 2014

Physical inactivity and low birth weight (LBW) may lead to an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. The extent to which LBW individuals may benefit from physical exercise training when compared with those with normal birth weight (NBW) controls is uncertain. We assessed the impact of an outdoor exercise intervention on body composition, insulin secretion and action in young men born with LBW and NBW in rural India. A total of 61 LBW and 56 NBW healthy young men were recruited into the study. The individuals were instructed to perform outdoor bicycle exercise training for 45 min every day. Fasting blood samples, intravenous glucose tolerance tests and bioimpedance body composition assessment were carried out. Physical activity was measured using combined accelerometry and heart rate monitoring during the first and the last week of the intervention. Following the exercise intervention, the LBW group displayed an increase in physical fitness [55.0 ml (O2)/kg min (52.0−58.0)−57.5 ml (O2)/kg min (54.4−60.5)] level and total fat-free mass [10.9% (8.0−13.4)−11.4% (8.0−14.6)], as well as a corresponding decline in the ratio of total fat mass/fat-free mass. In contrast, an increase in total fat percentage as well as total fat mass was observed in the NBW group. After intervention, fasting plasma insulin levels, homoeostasis model assessments (HOMA) of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and insulin secretion (HOMA-IS), improved to the same extent in both the groups. In summary, young men born with LBW in rural India benefit metabolically from exercise training to an extent comparable with NBW controls.
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy im In-room-Coaching
Authors: Briegel Wolfgang , Walter Thomas , Schimek Martina , Knapp Dirk , Bussing Regina
Published: December 2014

Störungen des Sozialverhaltens mit frühem Beginn weisen ohne effektive Behandlung eine schlechte Prognose auf. In internationalen Studien erwies sich Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) für zwei- bis siebenjährige Kinder als effektive Therapieform, entsprechende Nachweise fehlten bisher für den deutschsprachigen Raum. Mit der vorliegenden Fallstudie, in die 16 Mutter-Kind-Dyaden eingeschlossen werden konnten (Alter der Kinder: drei bis neun Jahre), konnte für PCIT im sogenannten In-room-Coaching eine sehr gute Akzeptanz (Abbrecherquote: 12.5 %) bei großer Behandlungszufriedenheit gezeigt werden. Bei Behandlungsende hatten positive elterliche Erziehungsstrategien signifikant zugenommen und die Intensitätswerte des Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) lagen signifikant niedriger als vor PCIT-Beginn. Bei einer Nachuntersuchung nach im Mittel fast drei Jahren waren die erreichten Effekte in elf Fällen weiterhin erheblich, neun der 14 Kinder zeigten normale ECBI-Werte. Die Ergebnisse sprechen insgesamt dafür, dass für PCIT in Deutschland mit ähnlich guten Effekten zu rechnen ist wie z. B. in den USA.
Myeloperoxidase Propagates Damage and is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Subacute Stroke
Authors: Forghani Reza , Kim Hyeon Ju , Wojtkiewicz Gregory R , Bure Lionel , Wu Yue , Hayase Makoto , Wei Ying , Zheng Yi , Moskowitz Michael A , Chen John W
Published: December 2014

Few effective treatment options exist for stroke beyond the hyperacute period. Radical generation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) have been implicated in stroke. We investigated whether pharmacologic reduction or gene deletion of this highly oxidative enzyme reduces infarct propagation and improves outcome in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model (MCAO). Mice were treated with 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH), a specific irreversible MPO inhibitor. Three treatment regimens were used: (1) daily throughout the 21-day observational period, (2) during the acute stage (first 24 hours), or (3) during the subacute stage (daily starting on day 2). We found elevated MPO activity in ipsilateral brain 3 to 21 days after ischemia. 4-Aminobenzoic acid hydrazide reduced enzyme activity by 30% to 40% and final lesion volume by 60% ( P<0.01). The MPO-knockout (KO) mice subjected to MCAO also showed a similar reduction in the final lesion volume ( P<0.01). The ABAH treatment or MPO-KO mice also improved neurobehavioral outcome ( P<0.001) and survival ( P=0.01), but ABAH had no additional beneficial effects in MPO-KO mice, confirming specificity of ABAH. Interestingly, inhibiting MPO activity during the subacute stage recapitulated most of the therapeutic benefit of continuous MPO inhibition, suggesting that MPO-targeted therapies could be useful when given after 24 hours of stroke onset.
Governing Equations in Microfluidics
Authors: Bruus Henrik
Published: December 2014

The basic continuum fields are introduced, the mathematical notation is presented, and the governing equations in microfluidics are established. Examples of basic flow solutions are then presented, and equivalent circuit modeling for determining flow rates in microfluidic networks is introduced and discussed. Finally, a number of scaling laws in microfluidics are derived.
Ultrasonic Microrobotics in Cavities: Devices and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Dual Jürg , Hahn Philipp , Lamprecht Andreas , Leibacher Ivo , Möller Dirk , Schwarz Thomas , Wang Jingtao
Published: December 2014

Acoustic radiation forces are increasingly used for the handling of micron sized particles (cells, functionalized beads, etc.) suspended in a fluid in the chamber of a manipulation device. The primary radiation forces arise as a nonlinear effect when an acoustic wave interacts with a particle. For specific robotic applications, precise control of the acoustic field in the cavity is important, which is excited, for example, by piezoelectric transducers attached to the device. Based on Gor'kov's potential, the relevant forces on spherical particles can be computed. The field can be controlled by varying the excitation parameters: chamber and electrode configuration, as well as frequency, amplitude and phase of the excitation and their modulation. In the first part of the present tutorial, a number of examples are described: displacement and rotation of particles in micro machined chambers and macroscopic transport of particles in a larger chamber. In the second part, numerical tools (finite volume method, COMSOL) are used to model the interaction of the acoustic field with a particle beyond the Gor'kov potential: viscosity, effects of walls near particles and acoustic radiation torque to rotate the particle. Excellent agreement between the various methods has been found.
Experimental Characterization of Ultrasonic Particle Manipulation Devices
Authors: Dual Jürg , Hahn Philipp , Leibacher Ivo , Möller Dirk , Schwarz Thomas
Published: December 2014

Because of uncertainties in the material and geometrical parameters of ultrasonic devices, experimental characterization is an indispensable part of their successful application for the manipulation of particles or cells. Their miniaturized size precludes the use of many of the usual tools used for macroscopic systems. Also, a further challenge is the fact that the resulting motion due to the electromechanical actuation has both high frequency and small amplitudes. Contactless methods such as laser interferometry and schlieren imaging are therefore promising methods. In addition, as long as there is strong electromechanical coupling between the transducer and the device, electrical measurements such as admittance curves give insight into the frequencies at which the devices might work best. This is the case, for example, for piezoelectric transducers working at one of their resonance frequencies. Because the devices are usually used in resonant modes, narrow frequency detection methods such as lock in amplifiers help to improve the signal to noise ratio. Also many analysis tools have been established in the context of modal analysis, which is based on frequency domain methods. Special emphasis is placed here on the determination of the quality factor Q of the resonator, as Q determines the efficiency of a device.
Parametric excitation of fast upper hybrid waves by non-resonant beating of counter-propagating X-mode lasers in a magnetized plasma
Authors: Verma Kanika , Sajal Vivek , Varshney Prateek , Kumar Ravindra , Sharma Navneet K.
Published: December 2014

Generation of fast and slow upper hybrid waves by two plasmon decay of non-resonant beating mode of two counter-propagating X-mode lasers is modelled in magnetized plasma. Two counter-propagating lasers having frequencies and wave-vectors (ω1,k1) and (ω2,k2), respectively, generate a non resonant beat wave at frequency difference ω0≈ω1∼ω2 and wave number k→0≈k→1+k→2 which parametrically excites a pair of copropagating fast and slow upper hybrid waves at ω0≈2ωh+(3k12vth2/ωh)  (1−ωh/ω1) where ωh and vth are the upper hybrid frequency and electron thermal speed, respectively. The fast upper hybrid wave can be utilized for electron acceleration because its phase velocity is close to c. The growth rate of decay process is Γ∼ωp/10 at scattering angle θs∼5π/6 and magnetic field ∼90  T, which is one order higher as compared to the growth rate of Raman process. The growth rate can be further enhanced (∼20%) by increasing the magnetic field ∼450 T.
Modeling Linkage Disequilibrium with Decomposable Graphical Models
Authors: Abel Haley J. , Thomas Alun
Published: December 2014

This chapter describes the use of decomposable graphical models (DGMs) to represent the dependences within genetic data, or linkage disequilibrium (LD), prior to various downstream applications. First, general learning algorithms are reviewed: schemes based on Markov chains Monte Carlo and related simulated annealing strategies are described. However, for tractable processing of high-dimensional data, it is shown that sampling the space of DGMs is efficiently replaced with the sampling of representations of DGMs — the junction trees. Then, a first application is considered: the phase imputation for diploid data, which consists in inferring the latent genetical phased haplotypes underlying the observed genetical unphased genotypes. In particular, it is shown that in the case of diploid data, decoupling the model estimation step from the phasing step allows scalability of the whole learning process. The chapter ends with the illustration of the potentialities of DGMs through four applications.
On explanation and theory in Arabic linguistics
Authors: Wilmsen David
Published: December 2014

Formal, theoretical linguistics accounts of Arabic lack observational, descriptive, or explanatory adequacy in ignoring or glossing over the history of Arabic and current dialect diversity, and in concentrating solely or primarily upon (or directing their greatest attention to) the Arabic of writing, a language that no one speaks natively. Even when taking dialect data into account, they defeat themselves by comparing unalike dialects of Arabic, possessing divergent grammars. Meanwhile, descriptions of individual idiolects are contradicted by counter-examples from closely related grammars. Their attempts at accounting for Arabic grammatical šī, almost exclusively grappling with interrogation and negation, while coming close to forming accurate descriptions of those phenomena, end by proposing partial and ad hoc explanations for its manifold functions.