bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progression in the Management of Non-Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Interstitial Lung Diseases, Where Are We Now and Where We Would Like to Be
Authors: Goos Tinne , De Sadeleer Laurens J. , Yserbyt Jonas , Verleden Geert M. , Vermant Marie , Verleden Stijn E. , Wuyts Wim A.
Published: March 2021

A significant proportion of patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) may develop a progressive fibrosing phenotype characterized by worsening of symptoms and pulmonary function, progressive fibrosis on chest computed tomography and increased mortality. The clinical course in these patients mimics the relentless progressiveness of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Common pathophysiological mechanisms such as a shared genetic susceptibility and a common downstream pathway—self-sustaining fibroproliferation—support the concept of a progressive fibrosing phenotype, which is applicable to a broad range of non-IPF ILDs. While antifibrotic drugs became the standard of care in IPF, immunosuppressive agents are still the mainstay of treatment in non-IPF fibrosing ILD (F-ILD). However, recently, randomized placebo-controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of antifibrotic treatment in systemic sclerosis-associated F-ILD and a broad range of F-ILDs with a progressive phenotype. This review summarizes the current pharmacological management and highlights the unmet needs in patients with non-IPF ILD.
The Effect of Perioperative Blood Transfusions on Microvascular Anastomoses
Authors: Sanchez-Porro Gil Lidia , Leon Vintro Xavier , Lopez Fernandez Susana , Vega Garcia Carmen , Pons Playa Gemma , Fernandez Garrido Manuel , Masia Ayala Jaume
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Perioperative transfusions are associated with complications of free flaps. The purpose of the present study was to find out whether there is a significant relationship between the risk of developing complications in vascular anastomoses and the history of transfusions. Methods: We studied 372 patients retrospectively with microsurgical reconstruction between 2009 and 2017 with regards to the number of red blood cell concentrates transfused. Complications were analyzed relative to flap loss and complications in microvascular anastomoses. Results: 130 patients (34.9%) received blood transfusions. Some 55% of them were transfused between the day of the intervention and the first postoperative day. Ninety-six patients were reoperated on (25.7%). Of those, thirty-six patients (37.5%) corresponded to anastomosis failure. The percentage of patients transfused among those who required reoperation was 55.2%. The percentage of patients transfused among those who were reoperated on within the first 72 h due to an alteration in the anastomosis was 60.6%, while it was 25.6% (Chi square P = 0.0001) for the rest of the patients. Conclusions: Although there is a strong association between transfusion and vascular anastomosis failure, it is not possible to establish the causation between the two.
Interaction between Subjective Memory Decline and Depression Symptom Intensity in Older People. Results of the Second Wave of Cognition of Older People, Education, Recreational Activities, Nutrition, Comorbidities, and Functional Capacity Studies (COPERNICUS)
Authors: Kujawski Sławomir , Kujawska Agnieszka , Perkowski Radosław , Androsiuk-Perkowska Joanna , Hajec Weronika , Kwiatkowska Małgorzata , Skierkowska Natalia , Husejko Jakub , Bieniek Daria , Newton Julia L. , Zalewski Paweł , Kędziora-Kornatowska Kornelia
Published: March 2021

Background: Prevalence of subjective memory impairment (SMC), with or without objective memory impairment, and the mediating role of depression symptom intensity was examined in older people. Methods: n = 205 subjects (60 years old and older) were examined and followed up at two years. Cognitive function was examined using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Delayed Recall (DR) subtest. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was used as a screening tool for depression. Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed models. Results: A total of 144 subjects (70.24%) had SMC. MoCA Delayed Recall scores were not significantly changed in relation to time and SMC. Dynamics of SMC significantly influenced changes in GDS score (p = 0.008). Conclusions: SMC and objective memory impairment do not fully overlap each other. Subjects without SMC for longer than two years noted less intensity of depression symptoms in comparison to subgroup with SMC. However, occurrence of SMC in subjects who were previously free of SMC, was not related to increase in depression symptom intensity.
The Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients with Cystine Stones: A Single-Center Experience for 13 Years
Authors: Takahashi Toshifumi , Somiya Shinya , Ito Katsuhiro , Kanno Toru , Higashi Yoshihito , Yamada Hitoshi
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Cystine stone development is relatively uncommon among patients with urolithiasis, and most studies have reported only on small sample sizes and short follow-up periods. We evaluated clinical courses and treatment outcomes of patients with cystine stones with long-term follow-up at our center. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 22 patients diagnosed with cystine stones between January 1989 and May 2019. Results: The median follow-up was 160 (range 6–340) months, and the median patient age at diagnosis was 46 (range 12–82) years. All patients underwent surgical interventions at the first visit (4 extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, 5 ureteroscopy, and 13 percutaneous nephrolithotripsy). The median number of stone events and surgical interventions per year was 0.45 (range 0–2.6) and 0.19 (range 0–1.3) after initial surgical intervention. The median time to stone events and surgical intervention was 2 years and 3.25 years, respectively. There was a significant difference in time to stone events and second surgical intervention when patients were divided at 50 years of age at diagnosis (p = 0.02, 0.04, respectively). Conclusions: Only age at a diagnosis under 50 was significantly associated with recurrent stone events and intervention. Adequate follow-up and treatment are needed to manage patients with cystine stones safely.
Undetected Causes of Death in Hospitalized Elderly with COVID-19: Lessons from Autopsy
Authors: Malézieux-Picard Astrid , Ferrer Soler Cecilia , De Macedo Ferreira David , Gaud-Luethi Emilie , Serratrice Christine , Mendes Aline , Zekry Dina , Gold Gabriel , Lobrinus Johannes Alexander , Arnoux Grégoire , Serra Fulvia , Prendki Virginie
Published: March 2021

Background: Mechanisms and causes of death in older patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection are still poorly understood. Methods: We conducted in a retrospective monocentric study, a clinical chart review and post-mortem examination of patients aged 75 years and older hospitalized in acute care and positive for SARS-CoV-2. Full body autopsy and correlation with clinical findings and suspected causes of death were done. Results: Autopsies were performed in 12 patients (median age 85 years; median of 4 comorbidities, mainly hypertension and cardiovascular disease). All cases showed exudative or proliferative phases of alveolar damage and/or a pattern of organizing pneumonia. Causes of death were concordant in 6 cases (50%), and undetected diagnoses were found in 6. Five patients died from hypoxemic respiratory failure due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), five had another associated diagnosis and two died from alternative causes. Deaths that occurred in the second week were related to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia whereas those occurring earlier were related mainly to heart failure and those occurring later to complications. Conclusions: Although COVID-19 hypoxemic respiratory failure was the most common cause of death, post-mortem pathological examination revealed that acute decompensation from chronic comorbidities during the first week of COVID-19 and complications in the third week contributed to mortality.
Role of Angiogenesis in the Pathogenesis of NAFLD
Authors: Lei Lin , EI Mourabit Haquima , Housset Chantal , Cadoret Axelle , Lemoinne Sara
Published: March 2021

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the leading cause of chronic liver disease, exposing to the risk of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Angio-genesis is a complex process leading to the development of new vessels from pre-existing vessels. Angiogenesis is triggered by hypoxia and inflammation and is driven by the action of proangiogenic cytokines, mainly vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this review, we focus on liver angiogenesis associated with NAFLD and analyze the evidence of liver angiogenesis in animal models of NAFLD and in NAFLD patients. We also report the data explaining the role of angiogenesis in the progression of NAFLD and discuss the potential of targeting angiogenesis, notably VEGF, to treat NAFLD.
Quality of Life in Women Subjected to Surgical Treatment of Breast Cancer Depending on the Procedure Performed within the Breast and Axillary Fossa—A Single-Center, One Year Prospective Analysis
Authors: Tarkowska Magdalena , Głowacka-Mrotek Iwona , Nowikiewicz Tomasz , Goch Aleksander , Zegarski Wojciech
Published: March 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life of patients undergoing surgical treatment of breast cancer depending on the type of procedure involving the breast (mastectomy vs. breast conserving treatment) and axillary fossa (sentinel lymph node biopsy vs. axillary lymph node dissection). The prospective study was carried out in a group of 338 females undergoing breast cancer treatment. Study variables were assessed by means of a diagnostic survey using standardized QLQ C30 and BR23 questionnaires as well as the Acceptance of Illness Scale and Mini-MAC scales. The quality of life was assessed at threetime points: on the day before the surgical procedure (I assessment) as well as three and 12 months after surgery (II and III assessment). Statistically significant differences between study groups were observed in the overall quality of life subscale (I, II, III—p < 0.0001), physical functioning (I—p < 0.0001; II—p = 0.0413; III—p < 0.0001), role functioning (I—p = 0.0002; III—p < 0.0001), emotional functioning (III—p = 0.0082), cognitive functioning (I—p = 0.0112; III—p < 0.0001), social functioning (III—p < 0.0001), body image (I, II, III—p < 0.0001), and sexual functioning (I—p = 0.0233; III—p = 0.0011). In most symptomatic scales, significant (p < 0.05) differences were also noted. Mastectomy and limfadenectomy patients were significantly (p < 0.0001) more prone to present with destructive coping strategies one year after surgery. Breast conserving therapy is associated with better quality of life outcomes as compared to mastectomy. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is associated with a lower intensity of adverse changes in multiple dimensions of patients’ functioning.
Comparison between Surgical Access and Percutaneous Closure Device in 787 Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Eckner Dennis , Pollari Francesco , Santarpino Giuseppe , Jessl Jürgen , Schwab Johannes , Martinovic Kristinko , Mair Helmut , Pauschinger Matthias , Fischlein Theodor , Vogt Ferdinand
Published: March 2021

Background: The vascular access in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) was initially dominated by a surgical approach. Meanwhile, percutaneous closure systems became a well-established alternative. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcome between the two approaches. Methods: In this retrospective study, we observed 787 patients undergoing a TAVR-Procedure between 2013 and 2019. Of those, 338 patients were treated with surgical access and 449 with the Perclose ProGlide™-System (Abbott, Chicago, IL, USA). According to the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) and Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC) criteria, the primary combined endpoints were defined. Results: Overall hospital mortality was 2.8% with no significant difference between surgical (3.8%) and percutaneous (2.2%) access (p = 0.182). Major vascular complications or bleeding defined as the primary combined endpoint was not significantly different in either group (Surgical group 5.3%, ProGlide group 5.1%, p = 0.899). In the ProGlide group, women with pre-existing peripheral artery disease (PAD) were significantly more often affected by a vascular complication (p = 0.001 for female sex and p = 0.03 for PAD). Conclusions: We were able to show that the use of both accesses is safe. However, the surgical access route should also be considered in case of peripheral artery disease.
Prognostic Impact of Perioperative CA19-9 Levels in Patients with Resected Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Lee Jong Woo , Lee Jae Hoon , Park Yejong , Kwon Jaewoo , Lee Woohyung , Song Ki Byung , Hwang Dae Wook , Kim Song Cheol
Published: March 2021

We aimed to examine the predictive value of changes in perioperative carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 levels for patients operated for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA). A total of 322 patients who underwent curative resection for pCCA were divided into three groups: normal preoperative CA19-9 (CA19-9 ≤ 37 U/mL), normalization (preoperative CA19-9 > 37 U/mL, postoperative CA19-9 ≤ 37 U/mL), and non-normalization (pre- and postoperative CA19-9 > 37 U/mL) groups. The association of clinicopathological factors with overall survival (OS) was investigated. The non-normalization group (n = 82) demonstrated significantly worse OS than the normal CA19-9 (n = 114) and normalization (n = 126) groups (5-year OS, 16.9%, 29.4%, and 34.4%, respectively; both p ≤ 0.001). The cutoff points of 300 U/mL for preoperative (p = 0.001) and 37 U/mL for postoperative (p < 0.001) CA19-9 levels showed the strongest prognostic values. In the non-normalization group, patients who underwent R1 resection displayed significantly worse OS than those who underwent R0 resection (median OS, 10.2 vs. 15.7 months; p = 0.016). Multivariate analysis revealed that lymph node metastasis (hazard ratio (HR), 2.07; p < 0.001), postoperative CA19-9 > 37 U/mL (HR, 1.94; p < 0.001), transfusion (HR, 1.74; p = 0.002), and T stage (T3,4) (HR, 1.67; p = 0.006) were related to worse OS. Persistent high CA19-9 level after resection of pCCA and R1 resection, especially in the non-normalization group, was associated with poor OS. A high postoperative CA19-9 level was an independent prognostic factor in resected pCCA.
Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum, Pneumothorax, Pneumopericardium and Subcutaneous Emphysema—Not So Uncommon Complications in Patients with COVID-19 Pulmonary Infection—A Series of Cases
Authors: Cut Talida Georgiana , Tudoran Cristina , Lazureanu Voichita Elena , Marinescu Adelina Raluca , Dumache Raluca , Tudoran Mariana
Published: March 2021

(1) Background: Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (PM), pneumothorax (PT), and pneumopericardium (PP) were recently reported as rare complications in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia, and our study aims to follow the evolution of these involvements in 11 cases. The presumed pathophysiological mechanism is air leak due to extensive diffuse alveolar damage followed by alveolar rupture. (2) Methods: We followed the occurrence of PM, PN, PP, and subcutaneous emphysema (SE) in 1648 patients hospitalized during the second outbreak of COVID-19 (October 2020–January 2021) in the main hospital of infectious diseases of our county and recorded their demographic data, laboratory investigations and clinical evolution. (3) Results: Eleven patients (0.66%) developed PM, with eight of them having associated PT, one PP, and seven SE, in the absence of mechanical ventilation. Eight patients (72.72%) died and only three (27.27%) survived. All subjects were nonsmokers, without known pulmonary pathology or risk factors for such complications. (4) Conclusions: pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and pneumopericardium are not so uncommon complications of SARS-CoV2 pneumonia, being observed mostly in male patients with severe forms and associated with prolonged hospitalization and poor prognosis. In some cases, with mild forms and reduced pulmonary injury, the outcome is favorable, not requiring surgical procedures, mechanical ventilation, or intensive care stay.
Prognostic Value of Reduced Heart Rate Reserve during Exercise in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Ciampi Quirino , Olivotto Iacopo , Peteiro Jesus , D’Alfonso Maria , Mori Fabio , Tassetti Luigi , Milazzo Alessandra , Monserrat Lorenzo , Fernandez Xusto , Pálinkás Attila , Pálinkás Eszter , Sepp Róbert , Re Federica , Cortigiani Lauro , Tesic Milorad , Djordjevic-Dikic Ana , Beleslin Branko , Losi Mariangela , Canciello Grazia , Betocchi Sandro , Lopes Luis , Cruz Ines , Cotrim Carlos , Torres Marco , Bellagamba Clarissa , Van De Heyning Caroline , Varga Albert , Ágoston Gergely , Villari Bruno , Lorenzoni Valentina , Carpeggiani Clara , Picano Eugenio ,   the Stress Echo 2020 Study Group on behalf of the Italian Society of Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Imaging (SIECVI)
Published: March 2021

Background: Sympathetic dysfunction can be evaluated by heart rate reserve (HRR) with exercise test. Objectives: To determine the value of HRR in predicting outcome of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Methods: We enrolled 917 HCM patients (age = 49 ± 15 years, 516 men) assessed with exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) in 11 centres. ESE modality was semi-supine bicycle in 51 patients (6%), upright bicycle in 476 (52%), and treadmill in 390 (42%). During ESE, we assessed left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO), stress-induced new regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA), and HRR (peak/rest heart rate, HR). By selection, all patients completed the follow-up. Mortality was the predetermined outcome measure Results: During ESE, RWMA occurred in 22 patients (2.4%) and LVOTO (≥50 mmHg) in 281 (30.4%). HRR was 1.90 ± 0.40 (lowest quartile ≤ 1.61, highest quartile > 2.13). Higher resting heart rate (odds ratio 1.027, 95% CI: 1.018–1.036, p < 0.001), older age (odds ratio 1.021, 95% CI: 1.009–1.033, p < 0.001), lower exercise tolerance (mets, odds ratio 0.761, 95% CI: 0.708–0.817, p < 0.001) and resting LVOTO (odds ratio 1.504, 95% CI: 1.043–2.170, p = 0.029) predicted a reduced HRR. During a median follow-up of 89 months (interquartile range: 36–145 months), 90 all-cause deaths occurred. At multivariable analysis, lowest quartile HRR (Hazard ratio 2.354, 95% CI 1.116–4.968 p = 0.025) and RWMA (Hazard ratio 3.279, 95% CI 1.441–7.461 p = 0.004) independently predicted death, in addition to age (Hazard ratio 1.064, 95% CI 1.043–1.085 p < 0.001) and maximal wall thickness (Hazard ratio 1.081, 95% CI 1.037–1.128, p < 0.001). Conclusions: A blunted HRR during ESE predicts survival independently of RWMA in HCM patients.
The One-Way FSI Method Based on RANS-FEM for the Open Water Test of a Marine Propeller at the Different Loading Conditions
Authors: Masoomi Mobin , Mosavi Amir
Published: March 2021

This paper aims to assess a new fluid–structure interaction (FSI) coupling approach for the vp1304 propeller to predict pressure and stress distributions with a low-cost and high-precision approach with the ability of repeatability for the number of different structural sets involved, other materials, or layup methods. An outline of the present coupling approach is based on an open-access software (OpenFOAM) as a fluid solver, and Abaqus used to evaluate and predict the blade’s deformation and strength in dry condition mode, which means the added mass effects due to propeller blades vibration is neglected. Wherein the imposed pressures on the blade surfaces are extracted for all time-steps. Then, these pressures are transferred to the structural solver as a load condition. Although this coupling approach was verified formerly (wedge impact), for the case in-hand, a further verification case, open water test, was performed to evaluate the hydrodynamic part of the solution with an e = 7.5% average error. A key factor for the current coupling approach is the rotational rate interrelated between two solution domains, which should be carefully applied in each time-step. Finally, the propeller strength assessment was performed by considering the blades’ stress and strain for different load conditions.
Dynamic Amplification of Gust-Induced Aerodynamic Loads Acting on a Wind Turbine during Typhoons in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Tsung-Yueh , Yang Chun-Yu , Chau Shiu-Wu , Kouh Jen-Shiang
Published: March 2021

Typhoons, such as Soudelor, which caused the collapse of several onshore wind turbines in 2015, pose a considerable challenge to Taiwan’s wind energy industry. In this study the characteristics of the aerodynamic loads acting on a wind turbine due to wind gusts in a typhoon are studied with a view to providing a proper definition of the S-Class wind turbine proposed in International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61400-1. Furthermore, based on analysis of wind data during typhoons, as obtained from the meteorological mast in the Zhangbin coastal area, an extreme wind speed and gust model corresponding to the typhoon wind conditions in Taiwan are herein proposed. Finally, the flow fields around a parked wind turbine experiencing both an unsteady gust and a steady extreme wind were simulated by a numerical approach. Numerical results show that the aerodynamic shear force and overturning moment acting on the target wind turbine in a steady wind are significantly lower than those under an unsteady gust. The gust-induced amplification factors for aerodynamic loadings are then deduced from numerical simulations of extreme wind conditions.
Identification and Biotyping of Pythium insidiosum Isolated from Urban and Rural Areas of Thailand by Multiplex PCR, DNA Barcode, and Proteomic Analyses
Authors: Mar Htun Zin , Laikul Aree , Pathomsakulwong Watcharapol , Yurayart Chompoonek , Lohnoo Tassanee , Yingyong Wanta , Kumsang Yothin , Payattikul Penpan , Sae-Chew Pattarana , Rujirawat Thidarat , Jittorntam Paisan , Jaturapaktrarak Chalisa , Chongtrakool Piriyaporn , Krajaejun Theerapong
Published: March 2021

Pythium insidiosum causes pythiosis, a fatal infectious disease of humans and animals worldwide. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to improve the clinical outcome of pythiosis. Diagnosis of P. insidiosum relies on immunological, molecular, and proteomic assays. The main treatment of pythiosis aims to surgically remove all affected tissue to prevent recurrent infection. Due to the marked increase in case reports, pythiosis has become a public health concern. Thailand is an endemic area of human pythiosis. To obtain a complete picture of how the pathogen circulates in the environment, we surveyed the presence of P. insidiosum in urban (Bangkok) and rural areas of Thailand. We employed the hair-baiting technique to screen for P. insidiosum in 500 water samples. Twenty-seven culture-positive samples were identified as P. insidiosum by multiplex PCR, multi-DNA barcode (rDNA, cox1, cox2), and mass spectrometric analyses. These environmental strains of P. insidiosum fell into Clade-II and -III genotypes and exhibited a close phylogenetic/proteomic relationship with Thai clinical strains. Biodiversity of the environmental strains also existed in a local habitat. In conclusion, P. insidiosum is widespread in Thailand. A better understanding of the ecological niche of P. insidiosum could lead to the effective prevention and control of this pathogen.
Medical Application of Substances Derived from Non-Pathogenic Fungi Aspergillus oryzae and A. luchuensis-Containing Koji
Authors: Kitagaki Hiroshi
Published: March 2021

Although most fungi cause pathogenicity toward human beings, dynasties of the East Asian region have domesticated and utilized specific fungi for medical applications. The Japanese dynasty and nation have domesticated and utilized koji fermented with non-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus oryzae for more than 1300 years. Recent research has elucidated that koji contains medicinal substances such as Taka-diastase, acid protease, koji glycosylceramide, kojic acid, oligosaccharides, ethyl-α-d-glucoside, ferulic acid, ergothioneine, pyroglutamyl leucine, pyranonigrin A, resistant proteins, deferriferrichrysin, polyamines, Bifidobacterium-stimulating peptides, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor peptides, 14-dehydroergosterol, beta-glucan, biotin, and citric acid. This review introduces potential medical applications of such medicinal substances to hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular and cognitive diseases, chronic inflammation, epidermal permeability barrier disruption, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and anti-cancer therapy.
A Review on the Value of Imaging in Differentiating between Large Vessel Vasculitis and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Nienhuis Pieter H. , van Praagh Gijs D. , Glaudemans Andor W. J. M. , Brouwer Elisabeth , Slart Riemer H. J. A.
Published: March 2021

Imaging is becoming increasingly important for the diagnosis of large vessel vasculitis (LVV). Atherosclerosis may be difficult to distinguish from LVV on imaging as both are inflammatory conditions of the arterial wall. Differentiating atherosclerosis from LVV is important to enable optimal diagnosis, risk assessment, and tailored treatment at a patient level. This paper reviews the current evidence of ultrasound (US), 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to distinguish LVV from atherosclerosis. In this review, we identified a total of eight studies comparing LVV patients to atherosclerosis patients using imaging—four US studies, two FDG-PET studies, and two CT studies. The included studies mostly applied different methodologies and outcome parameters to investigate vessel wall inflammation. This review reports the currently available evidence and provides recommendations on further methodological standardization methods and future directions for research.
Simulation of Gross Primary Productivity Using Multiple Light Use Efficiency Models
Authors: Zhang Jun , Wang Xufeng , Ren Jun
Published: March 2021

Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the most basic variable in a carbon cycle study that determines the carbon that enters the ecosystem. The remote sensing-based light use efficiency (LUE) model is one of the primary tools that is currently used to estimate the GPP at the regional scale. Many remote sensing-based GPP models have been developed in the last several decades, and these models have been well evaluated at some sites. However, an accurate estimation of the GPP remains challenging work using LUE models because of uncertainties in the model caused by model parameters, model forcing, and vegetation spatial heterogeneity. In this study, five widely used LUE models, Glo-PEM, VPM, EC-LUE, the MODIS GPP algorithm, and C-fix, were selected to simulate the GPP of the Heihe River Basin forced using in situ measurements. A multiple-model averaging method, Bayesian model averaging (BMA), was used to combine the five models to obtain a more reliable GPP estimation. The BMA was trained using carbon flux data from five eddy covariance towers located at dominant vegetation types in the study area. Generally, the BMA method performed better than any single LUE model. From the case study in the study area, it is indicated that the trained BMA is an efficient method to combine multiple LUE models and can improve the GPP simulation accuracy.
Sex Differences on Mitotane Concentration and Treatment Outcome in Patients with Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Authors: Allegra Sarah , Puglisi Soraya , Brescia Irene , Chiara Francesco , Basile Vittoria , Calabrese Anna , Reimondo Giuseppe , De Francia Silvia
Published: March 2021

(1) Background: In clinical settings, data regarding sex are rarely investigated. In women, factors such as body size and composition, hormonal variations, metabolism, and access to care systems and therapy could strongly influence the pharmacological management and the outcome of the therapy. To underline this sex-related difference, we retrospectively collected data from adrenocortical carcinoma patients treated with mitotane, and then evaluated sex-related pharmacokinetics parameters. (2) Methods: A fully validated chromatographic method was used to quantify mitotane concentration in plasma collected from adult patients, also considering the active metabolite ortho,para,dichlorodiphenylethene (o,p′-DDE). Statistical analyses were used to evaluate the sex influence on drugs pharmacokinetics. (3) Results: We found that sex resulted as predictive factor of plasma mitotane and o,p′-DDE concentrations and significantly influenced the attainment of the therapeutic target of mitotane, implying that female sex could be a risk factor of treatment failure. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest that mitotane therapy should be modulated according to patient sex. Furthermore, the proposed approach could contribute to facilitating and disseminating sex-specific pharmacology.
The Telomeric Protein TRF2 Regulates Replication Origin Activity within Pericentromeric Heterochromatin
Authors: Bauwens Serge , Lototska Liudmyla , Koundrioukoff Stephane , Debatisse Michelle , Ye Jing , Gilson Eric , Mendez-Bermudez Aaron
Published: March 2021

Heterochromatic regions render the replication process particularly difficult due to the high level of chromatin compaction and the presence of repeated DNA sequences. In humans, replication through pericentromeric heterochromatin requires the binding of a complex formed by the telomeric factor TRF2 and the helicase RTEL1 in order to relieve topological barriers blocking fork progression. Since TRF2 is known to bind the Origin Replication Complex (ORC), we hypothesized that this factor could also play a role at the replication origins (ORI) of these heterochromatin regions. By performing DNA combing analysis, we found that the ORI density is higher within pericentromeric satellite DNA repeats than within bulk genomic DNA and decreased upon TRF2 downregulation. Moreover, we showed that TRF2 and ORC2 interact in pericentromeric DNA, providing a mechanism by which TRF2 is involved in ORI activity. Altogether, our findings reveal an essential role for TRF2 in pericentromeric heterochromatin replication by regulating both replication initiation and elongation.
Developing Lactic Acid Bacteria as an Oral Healthy Food
Authors: Lai Wei-Kuang , Lu Ying-Chen , Hsieh Chun-Ren , Wei Chien-Kei , Tsai Yi-Hong , Chang Fang-Rong , Chan You
Published: March 2021

Lactic acid bacteria have functions in immunoregulation, antagonism, and pathogen inhibition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in countering oral pathogens and develop related products. After a series of assays to 450 LAB strains, 8 heat-inactivated strains showed a strong inhibitory effect on a caries pathogen, Streptococcus mutans, and 308 heat-inactivated LAB strains showed a strong inhibitory effect on a periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. The key reasons for inhibiting oral pathogens were bacteriocins produced by LAB and the coaggregation effect of the inactivated cells. We selected Lacticaseibacillus (Lb) paracasei 111 and Lb.paracasei 141, which had the strongest inhibitory effects on the above pathogens, was the main oral health food source. The optimal cultural conditions of Lb. paracasei 111 and Lb. paracasei 141 were studied. An oral tablet with a shelf life of 446 days made of the above strains was developed. A 40 volunteers’ clinical study (CSMUH IRB number: CS05065) was conducted with this tablet in the Periodontological Department of the Stomatology Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Chung Shan Medical University (Taiwan). After 8 weeks of testing, 95% and 78.9% of patients showed an effect on reducing periodontal pathogens and improving probing pocket depth, respectively, in the oral tablet group.
Expression of Potential Targets for Cell-Based Therapies on Melanoma Cells
Authors: Strobel Sophia B. , Machiraju Devayani , Hülsmeyer Ingrid , Becker Jürgen C. , Paschen Annette , Jäger Dirk , Wels Winfried S. , Bachmann Michael , Hassel Jessica C.
Published: March 2021

Tumor antigen-specific redirection of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) or natural killer (NK) cells including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-) and T cell receptor (TCR-) cell therapy is currently being evaluated in different tumor entities including melanoma. Expression of melanoma-specific antigen recognized by the respective CAR or TCR directly or presented by HLA molecules is an indispensable prerequisite for this innovative therapy. In this study, we investigated in 168 FFPE tumor specimens of patients with stage I-IV melanoma the protein expression of HER2, TRP2, ABCB5, gp100, p53, and GD2 by immunohistochemistry (IHC). These results were correlated with clinical parameters. Membrane expression of HER2 and GD2 was also investigated in ten melanoma cell lines by flow cytometry for which corresponding tumors were analyzed by IHC. Our results demonstrated that gp100 was the most frequently overexpressed protein (61%), followed by TRP2 (50%), GD2 (38%), p53 (37%), ABCB5 (17%), and HER2 (3%). TRP2 expression was higher in primary tumors compared to metastases (p = 0.005). Accordingly, TRP2 and ABCB5 expression was significantly associated with lower tumor thickness of the primary (p = 0.013 and p = 0.025). There was no association between protein expression levels and survival in advanced melanoma patients. Flow cytometric analysis revealed abundant surface expression of GD2 and HER2 in all melanoma cell lines. The discordant HER2 expression in situ and in vitro suggests a tissue culture associated induction. In summary, our data support the use of gp100 and GD2 as a potential target for developing engineered TCR- or CAR-cell therapies, respectively, against melanoma.
Stability and Robustness of Unbalanced Genetic Toggle Switches in the Presence of Scarce Resources
Authors: Yong Chentao , Gyorgy Andras
Published: March 2021

While the vision of synthetic biology is to create complex genetic systems in a rational fashion, system-level behaviors are often perplexing due to the context-dependent dynamics of modules. One major source of context-dependence emerges due to the limited availability of shared resources, coupling the behavior of disconnected components. Motivated by the ubiquitous role of toggle switches in genetic circuits ranging from controlling cell fate differentiation to optimizing cellular performance, here we reveal how their fundamental dynamic properties are affected by competition for scarce resources. Combining a mechanistic model with nullcline-based stability analysis and potential landscape-based robustness analysis, we uncover not only the detrimental impacts of resource competition, but also how the unbalancedness of the switch further exacerbates them. While in general both of these factors undermine the performance of the switch (by pushing the dynamics toward monostability and increased sensitivity to noise), we also demonstrate that some of the unwanted effects can be alleviated by strategically optimized resource competition. Our results provide explicit guidelines for the context-aware rational design of toggle switches to mitigate our reliance on lengthy and expensive trial-and-error processes, and can be seamlessly integrated into the computer-aided synthesis of complex genetic systems.
Numerically Efficient Three-Dimensional Model for Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Authors: Dudziak Sławomir
Published: March 2021

The paper concerns the non-linear finite element analysis (NLFEA) of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures for engineering applications. The required level of complexity of constitutive models for such analysis was discussed and non-linear elastic models combined with the smeared cracking approach proved to be efficient. A new constitutive hypoelastic-brittle model of concrete based on these assumptions was proposed. Moreover, a method including the tension stiffening effect (TS) was developed. This phenomenon is connected with the bond properties between concrete and steel and, in some situations, has significant influence on the deflections of RC structures. It is often neglected by or included in the constitutive model of concrete. In the paper, an alternative approach was presented, in which this phenomenon is taken into account by generalising the material model of reinforcing steel. This approach is consistent with modern design standards and has solid physical foundations. The proposed models were implemented in the Abaqus code via UMAT user’s procedure coded in FORTRAN. Model verification and validation were presented in four case studies, concerning: a Willam’s test (examination on material point level), a beam with bending failure, and two beams with shear failure (with and without stirrups). The obtained results were compared with experimental outcomes and numerical results obtained by other researchers. The presented approach enables the accurate prediction not only of load capacity but of structural deformability, due to the precise description of TS. Thus, it promises to be a useful engineering tool.
Non-Dispersive Anti-Washout Grout Design Based on Geotechnical Experimentation for Application in Subsidence-Prone Underwater Karstic Formations
Authors: Baluch Khaqan , Baluch Sher Q , Yang Hyung-Sik , Kim Jung-Gyu , Kim Jong-Gwan , Qaisrani Saeed
Published: March 2021

A new non-dispersive, anti-washout grout consisting of ordinary Portland cement, slag, superplasticizer, and methylbenzyl cellulose is proposed herein for the treatment of open karst, jointed and fractured rock, open-work gravel, and permeable sediments. A series of laboratory experiments were performed to design an anti-wash out grout suitable for grout injection of coarse aggregates depicting partially and open-jointed saturated rock mass and grouting concrete aggregates for underwater construction. The Taguchi orthogonal array was used to obtain nine different grout mix ratios. A total of four variables were considered, each with three different levels of the water–cement ratio, slag, and dosage of additives such as the superplasticizer and methyl benzyl cellulose. The laboratory determination of grout characteristics recording of mini slump, temperature, pH, visual assessment of grout dispersion, bleeding, and initial setting time and as well as uniaxial compressive strengths and permeabilities of the hardened grout samples were tested. To evaluate the suitability of the grout mixes, an analysis of variance was used for factor analysis and Grey relational analysis (GRA) was used to determine the optimal grout mix design. Based on the GRA, the following levels of the factors afforded the best results: water level 1 (0.3%), SP level 3 (0.01%), methylbenzyl cellulose level 2 (0.002%), and slag level 3 (0.1%). This paper describes the research methodology, detailed research observations, and analyses involved in designing the appropriate concrete mix. Based on the conclusions, relevant commendations regarding the suitability of grout testing equipment and grout mix designs are presented.
Review on Polymer, Ceramic and Composite Materials for CAD/CAM Indirect Restorations in Dentistry—Application, Mechanical Characteristics and Comparison
Authors: Skorulska Aleksandra , Piszko Paweł , Rybak Zbigniew , Szymonowicz Maria , Dobrzyński Maciej
Published: March 2021

The aim of this review article is to present various material groups, including ceramics, composites and hybrid materials, currently utilized in the field of CAD/CAM. The described technology is amongst the most important in modern prosthetics. Materials that are applicable in this technique are constantly tested, evaluated and improved. Nowadays, research on dental materials is carried out in order to meet the increasing demand on highly aesthetic and functional indirect restorations. Recent studies present the long-term clinical success of restorations made with the help of both ceramic and composite materials in the CAD/CAM method. However, new materials are developed and introduced that do not have long-term in vivo observations. We can outline a monolithic polymer-infiltrated ceramic network and zirconia teeth support that show promising results to date but require further assessment. The materials will be compared with regard to their mechanical and clinical properties, purpose, advantages and limitations.
Comparison of Different Cermet Coatings Sprayed on Magnesium Alloy by HVOF
Authors: Jonda Ewa , Łatka Leszek , Pakieła Wojciech
Published: March 2021

In the present study, two different cermet coatings, WC–CrC–Ni and Cr3C2–NiCr, manufactured by the high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) method were studied. They are labeled as follows: WC–CrC–Ni coating—WC and Cr3C2–NiCr coating—CrC. These coatings were deposited onto a magnesium alloy (AZ31) substrate. The goal of the study was to compare these two types of cermet coating, which were investigated in terms of microstructure features and selected mechanical properties, such as hardness, instrumented indentation, fracture toughness, and wear resistance. The results reveal that the WC content influenced the hardness and Young’s modulus. The most noticeable effect of WC addition was observed for the wear resistance. WC coatings had a wear intensity value that was almost two times lower, equal to 6.5·10−6 mm3/N·m, whereas for CrC ones it was equal to 12.6·10−6 mm3/N·m. On the other hand, the WC coating exhibited a lower value of fracture toughness.
Addendum: Suchy, L.; et al. Influence of Hub Parameters on Joining Forces and Torque Transmission Output of Plastically Joined Shaft–Hub–Connections with a Knurled Contact Surface. Machines 2018, 6, 16
Authors: Suchy Lukas , Leidich Erhard , Gerstmann Thoralf , Awiszus Birgit
Published: March 2021

The authors, while validating calculations, found discrepancies with Equations (9) and (10) in their paper [...]
On the Spectral Properties for the Linearized Problem around Space-Time-Periodic States of the Compressible Navier–Stokes Equations
Authors: Azlan Mohamad Nor , Enomoto Shota , Kagei Yoshiyuki
Published: March 2021

This paper studies the linearized problem for the compressible Navier-Stokes equation around space-time periodic state in an infinite layer of Rn (n=2,3), and the spectral properties of the linearized evolution operator is investigated. It is shown that if the Reynolds and Mach numbers are sufficiently small, then the asymptotic expansions of the Floquet exponents near the imaginary axis for the Bloch transformed linearized problem are obtained for small Bloch parameters, which would give the asymptotic leading part of the linearized solution operator as t→∞.
Splitting of Framelets and Framelet Packets
Authors: Zhang Zhihua
Published: March 2021

Due to resilience to background noise, stability of sparse reconstruction, and ability to capture local time-frequency information, the frame theory is becoming a dynamic forefront topic in data science. In this study, we overcome the disadvantages in the construction of traditional framelet packets derived by frame multiresolution analysis and square iterative matrices. We propose two novel approaches: One is to directly split known framelets again and again; the other approach is based on a generalized scaling function whose shifts are not a frame of some space. In these two approaches, the iterative matrices used are not square and the number of rows in the iterative matrix can be any integer number.
Challenges Regarding Scientific Transcription in Virtual Office Hours
Authors: Gregori Pablo , Martínez Vicente
Published: March 2021

Mathematics teachers face great difficulties during virtual communication with their students, mainly because scientific and technical subjects use a great many mathematical symbols, abstract objects and a wide variety of technical nomenclatures that are not directly represented on the keyboards of computers, tablets or other communication devices. This paper aims to facilitate oral and written communication between teachers and students in mathematics subjects. In this regard, we describe realistic procedures for use in virtual office hours. We analyse different methods that combine the use of computers, tablets, webcams and an institutional video lecture system. The improvement in oral and written communication will have a positive effect on academic performance and decrease the dropout rate in distance learning courses, because the students feel more closely accompanied in their learning.
A New Computational Method for Estimating Simultaneous Equations Models Using Entropy as a Parameter Criteria
Authors: Pérez-Sánchez Belén , González Martín , Perea Carmen , López-Espín Jose J.
Published: March 2021

Simultaneous Equations Models (SEM) is a statistical technique widely used in economic science to model the simultaneity relationship between variables. In the past years, this technique has also been used in other fields such as psychology or medicine. Thus, the development of new estimating methods is an important line of research. In fact, if we want to apply the SEM to medical problems with the main goal being to obtain the best approximation between the parameters of model and their estimations. This paper shows a computational study between different methods for estimating simultaneous equations models as well as a new method which allows the estimation of those parameters based on the optimization of the Bayesian Method of Moments and minimizing the Akaike Information Criteria. In addition, an entropy measure has been calculated as a parameter criteria to compare the estimation methods studied. The comparison between those methods is performed through an experimental study using randomly generated models. The experimental study compares the estimations obtained by the different methods as well as the efficiency when comparing solutions by Akaike Information Criteria and Entropy Measure. The study shows that the proposed estimation method offered better approximations and the entropy measured results more efficiently than the rest.
Stability Analysis and Optimal Control of a Fractional Order Synthetic Drugs Transmission Model
Authors: Das Meghadri , Samanta Guruprasad , De la Sen Manuel
Published: March 2021

In this work, a fractional-order synthetic drugs transmission model with psychological addicts has been proposed along with psychological treatment. The effects of synthetic drugs are deadly and sometimes even violent. We have studied the local and global stability of the model with different criterion. The existence and uniqueness criterion along with positivity and boundedness of the solutions have also been established. The local and global stabilities are decided by the basic reproduction number R0. We have also analyzed the sensitivity of parameters. An optimal control problem has been formulated by controlling psychological addiction and analyzed by the help of Pontryagin maximum principle. These results are verified by numerical simulations.