bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Saw-tooth pattern from flux jumps observed by high resolution M-H curves in MgB2 thin films
Authors: Lee Jae-Yeap , Lee Hu-Jong , Jung Myung-Hwa , Lee Sung-Ik , Choi Eun-Mi , Kang W. N.
Published: August 2010

While flux jumps have been observed in the magnetic hysteresis loops of superconductors, a saw-tooth pattern of the flux jump is known to appear only in a bulk superconductor. But in this study, we were able to observe the saw-tooth pattern in MgB2 thin film with the careful data acquisition method enhancing the data taking capability and report the details of the distribution of the field interval between jumps Bfj, and the size of the flux jump, Mfj. The theory based on Bean’s model in the adiabatic approach was adapted and it was compared with experimental results. In addition, we observe the cross-over between the saw-tooth pattern and a rounded saw-tooth pattern, as a byproduct. A patterns diagram of the vortex jump was drawn on the H-T plane.
Coverage dependence of magnetic domain structure and magnetic anisotropy in supported Fe nanoparticles on Al2O3/NiAl(100)
Authors: Lin Wen-Chin , Wu C. B. , Hsu P. J. , Yen H. Y. , Gai Zheng , Gao Lan , Shen Jian , Lin Minn-Tsong
Published: August 2010

Studies of magnetic domain and magnetic anisotropy in collected nanoparticles are crucial for both understanding interparticle interaction and engineering in applications. In order to characterize the microscopic surface morphology and the nanoscale magnetic domain structure of Fe nanoparticles, a scanning tunneling microscope and a scanning electron microscope with polarization analysis (SEMPA) were used in our experiment. For the coverage of 9–13 monolayers (MLs) Fe deposited on Al2O3/NiAl(100), circular and well-separated nanoparticles were grown. As the coverage increased up to 23–33 ML, these Fe nanoparticles started to coalesce and form elongated islands. Therefore a transition from isotropic to anisotropic in-plane magnetism was observed. Our proposed uniaxial magnetic anisotropy models effectively explain the azimuthal angle dependent two-step hysteresis loops. Moreover, the in situ measured SEMPA images clearly show the coverage dependent evolution of magnetic domain structure. Variations in interparticle interaction and magnetic correlation length with increasing Fe coverage are also reported.
Effects of morphology and strain on the dielectric response of multiferroic CoFe2O4–BaTiO3 nanocomposite thin films
Authors: Fina I. , Dix N. , Fàbrega L. , Sánchez F. , Fontcuberta J.
Published: August 2010

The dielectric response (permittivity and losses) of epitaxial CoFe2O4–BaTiO3 thin film nanocomposites deposited under different conditions has been measured. Exhaustive microstructural analyses have allowed tracking the evolution of structure and morphology as a function of thickness, deposition temperature and rate. It is found that the dielectric permittivity of the nanocomposite increases with the grain size of the BaTiO3 matrix and when reducing its unit cell volume, while losses are quite insensitive to changes in morphology and crystal structure of the ferroelectric phase. We analyze the consequences of these results in view of the functional optimization of nanocomposites.
Buoyancy-induced squeezing of a deformable drop through an axisymmetric ring constriction
Authors: Ratcliffe Thomas , Zinchenko Alexander Z. , Davis Robert H.
Published: August 2010

Axisymmetric boundary-integral (BI) simulations were made for buoyancy-induced squeezing of a deformable drop through a ring constriction. The algorithm uses the Hebeker representation for the solid-particle contribution. A high-order, near-singularity subtraction technique is essential for near-critical squeezing. The drop velocity and minimum drop-solid spacing were determined for different ring and hole sizes, viscosity ratios, and Bond numbers, where the latter is a dimensionless ratio of gravitational to interfacial forces. The drop velocity decelerates typically 100-fold or more, and the drop-solid spacing reduces to typically 0.1%–1% of the nondeformed drop radius as the drop passes through the constriction. The critical Bond number (below which trapping occurs) was determined for different conditions. For supercritical conditions, the nondimensional time required for the drop to pass through the ring increases for a fixed drop-to-hole size with increasing viscosity ratio and decreasing Bond number, but it has a nonmonotonic dependence on the ratio of the radii of the drop and ring cross section. Numerical results indicate that the square of the drop squeezing time is inversely proportional to the Bond number minus the critical Bond number for near-critical squeezing. The critical Bond number, determined from dynamic BI calculations, compares favorably to that obtained precisely from a static algorithm. The static algorithm uses the Young–Laplace equation to calculate the pendant and sessile portions of the drop interface coupled through the conditions of global pressure continuity and total drop volume conservation. Over a limited parameter space, the critical Bond number increases almost linearly with the drop-to-hole ratio and is a weak function of the ratio of the ring cross-sectional radius to the hole radius. Another dynamic phenomenon, in addition to drop squeezing, is a drop “dripping” around the outer edge of the ring constriction, and a critical Bond number maximum versus the drop-to-total ring radius ratio is caused by the transitions from squeezing to dripping for the loss of a drop steady state on a constriction. The initial stages of drop dripping are numerically simulated using a boundary-integral method for slightly supercritical Bond numbers. For very large ratios of the drop-to-hole radii, however, a sharp maximum in the critical Bond number is reached, as there is a transition from the drop passing through the inside hole to dripping over the outside edge of the ring for Bond numbers above the critical line. Drop squeezing and trapping mechanisms are also observed experimentally, and the measured critical Bond numbers and trapped drop shapes compare favorably to theoretical calculations from the Young–Laplace algorithm.
Planar Josephson tunnel junctions in an asymmetric magnetic field
Authors: Monaco R.
Published: August 2010

We analyze the consequences resulting from the asymmetric boundary conditions imposed by a nonuniform external magnetic field at the extremities of a planar Josephson tunnel junction and predict a number of testable signatures. When the junction length L is smaller than its Josephson penetration depth λj, static analytical calculations lead to a Fresnel-like magnetic diffraction pattern, rather than a Fraunhofer-like one typical of a uniform field. Numerical simulations allow to investigate intermediate length (L≈λj) and long (L>λj) junctions. We consider both uniform and δ-shaped bias distributions. We also speculate on the possibility of exploiting the unique static properties of this system for basic experiments and devices.
Ion focusing in enhanced glow discharge plasma immersion ion implantation of hydrogen and nitrogen into silicon
Authors: Lu Qiu Yuan , Wang Zhuo , Li Liu He , Fu Ricky K. Y. , Chu Paul. K.
Published: August 2010

Ion focusing in enhanced glow discharge plasma immersion ion implantation (EGD-PIII) of hydrogen into silicon affects the lateral ion fluence uniformity. The phenomenon and its effects are investigated experimentally and theoretically under different conditions and compared to those in nitrogen EGD-PIII. Consistent results are obtained from experiments and numerical simulation disclosing that the lower the plasma density, the more severe is the ion focusing effect. The influence of the negative high voltage on the ion focusing effect is small compared to that of the plasma density.
Changes in soil organic carbon pool in three long-term fertility experiments with different cropping systems and inorganic and organic soil amendments in the eastern cereal belt of India
Authors: Ghosh Subhadip , Wilson Brian R. , Mandal Biswapati , Ghoshal Subrata K. , Growns Ivor
Published: August 2010

Soil organic carbon (SOC) constitutes a significant proportion of the terrestrial carbon (C) store and has a pivotal role in several physical, chemical, and biological soil processes that contribute to soil productivity and sustainability. Applications of inorganic and organic materials are management options that have the potential to increase SOC in agricultural systems. A study was conducted in 3 long-term fertility experiments (Barrackpur, Mohanpur, and Cuttack) on agricultural soils in the eastern cereal belt of India, to examine the effect of cultivation and the application of inorganic and organic amendments on total soil organic carbon (TOC) and on the proportions of soil C fractions at these sites. A supplementary aim of this study was to determine the suitability of the loss-on-ignition (LOI) method to routinely estimate SOC (Walkley and Black, WB) in this region by determining relationships and conversion factors between the WB and LOI techniques. Soil was sampled at 3 depths (0–0.15, 0.15–0.30, and 0.30–0.45 m) from 4 treatments (conventional cultivation, NPK, NPK+FYM, and fallow) of the experimental sites and analysed for TOC and various soil C pools. There were differences in the magnitude of TOC values among the sites. Conventional cultivation had the lowest TOC contents (148 t/ha) and NPK+FYM amended soils the largest (207 t/ha), with intermediate values in the other treatments. The non-labile or residual SOC fraction (Cfrac4) constituted the largest percentage of SOC under all treatments and varied from 35–49%. A higher proportion of the labile Cfrac1 fraction was observed under the fallow, whereas the proportion of Cfrac4 was significantly larger under NPK+FYM. There was a significant decrease in SOC with increasing soil depth. SOC decreased up to 17% at 0.15–0.30 m and declined a further 21% at 0.30–0.45 m. The more labile C fractions (Cfrac1, Cfrac2, Cfrac3) dominated in the near surface soil layers, but decreased significantly in the deeper layers to be dominated by Cfrac4 at 0.30–0.45 m depth. We also observed a strong correlation between the WB and LOI methods (calibrated for each soil) irrespective of soil depths and conclude that this might be a suitable method to estimate SOC where other techniques are not available. We conclude that fertiliser application and especially manure application have the potential to significantly increase SOC in agricultural soils.
Organizational compassion: a litmus test for a spiritually centered university culture
Authors: Delbecq Andre L.
Published: August 2010

Compassion, a central concept in religious traditions, is often treated as an individual virtue. In this exploratory essay the enactment of compassion as an organizational norm is studied in the context of a university. How might compassion toward faculty colleagues in times of personal
crisis be imbedded as an attribute of organizational spirituality?
Educating for conscious awareness
Authors: Pavlovich Kathryn
Published: August 2010

Conscious awareness implies a connection with all of life. Being conscious means acting with more intention, having greater self‐regulating behaviour, and demonstrating a deeper awareness of the causes and consequences of actions. This paper describes a course design for the
development of consciousness awareness in management education. The purpose of the course, Managing with Spirit, is to encourage students to be more aware of their relationships with themselves, their community, and the planet as integrated wisdom. The three sections of the course (inner leadership,
spirit at work, and the science of interconnection) all contribute to developing practices of reflection, mindfulness, and presencing for deeper awareness. From this, students can bring significant skills into the organizational context that include improved interpersonal skills, creativity,
adaptability, problem‐solving, leadership skills, compassion, and ecological awareness. These skills enable our future managers to be better equipped to deal with the increasingly complex issues that are facing organizations as they understand and appreciate the sacredness of our interconnection
with each other and our planet.
Elucidating the effects of ageing on remembering perceptually distorted word pairs
Authors: Heinrich Antje , Schneider Bruce A.
Published: August 2010

We investigated the effects of age, background babble, and acoustic distortion of the word itself on serial position memory in a series of experiments involving six different auditory environments (quiet, and 12-talker background babble presented between, overlapping, or concurrent with word presentation or with two kinds of distortion applied to the words). To control for hearing, the level of babble or distortion was adjusted so that younger and older adults could hear the words equally well. Although the presence of continuous and word-flanking background babble adversely affected memory in the early serial positions in both age groups, only older adults’ memory was adversely affected in the later serial positions. Moreover, younger adults’ memory was not affected by acoustic word distortion, whereas one of the two types of temporal distortion adversely affected memory for later serial positions in older adults. The exact pattern of impairment and its interaction with age suggests that memory in older adults is more affected than that in younger adults in complex listening situations because they either need more time or have to employ more attentional resources to segregate different auditory streams, thereby depleting the pool of resources available for memory encoding.
Quantitative experimental comparison of single-beam, sidescan, and multibeam benthic habitat maps
Authors: Schimel Alexandre C. G. , Healy Terry R. , Johnson David , Immenga Dirk
Published: August 2010

Schimel, A. C. G., Healy, T. R., Johnson, D., and Immenga, D. 2010. Quantitative experimental comparison of single-beam, sidescan, and multibeam benthic habitat maps. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1766–1779. Map comparison is a relatively uncommon practice in acoustic seabed classification to date, contrary to the field of land remote sensing, where it has been developed extensively over recent decades. The aim here is to illustrate the benefits of map comparison in the underwater realm with a case study of three maps independently describing the seabed habitats of the Te Matuku Marine Reserve (Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand). The maps are obtained from a QTC View classification of a single-beam echosounder (SBES) dataset, manual segmentation of a sidescan sonar (SSS) mosaic, and automatic classification of a backscatter dataset from a multibeam echosounder (MBES). The maps are compared using pixel-to-pixel similarity measures derived from the literature in land remote sensing. All measures agree in presenting the MBES and SSS maps as the most similar, and the SBES and SSS maps as the least similar. The results are discussed with reference to the potential of MBES backscatter as an alternative to SSS mosaic for imagery segmentation and to the potential of joint SBES–SSS survey for improved habitat mapping. Other applications of map-similarity measures in acoustic classification of the seabed are suggested.
Fentanyl-sparing Effect of Acetaminophen as a Mixture of Fentanyl in Intravenous Parent-/Nurse-controlled Analgesia after Pediatric Ureteroneocystostomy
Authors: Hong Jeong-Yeon , Kim Won Oak , Koo Bon Nyeo , Cho Jin Sun , Suk Eun H. , Kil Hae Keum
Published: August 2010

Background

Although acetaminophen has been used widely and is well tolerated in children, its efficacy and safety have not been clarified when combined with an opioid in intravenous parent-/nurse-controlled postoperative analgesia.

Methods

Sixty-three children (aged 6-24 months) who had undergone elective ureteroneocystostomies were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. After the surgery, an analgesic pump was programmed to deliver fentanyl at a basal infusion rate of 0.25 microg.kg(-1).h(-1) and 0.25 microg/kg bolus after a loading dose of 0.5 microg/kg(-1). In the fentanyl-acetaminophen group, acetaminophen was coadministered as a solution mixture at a basal infusion rate of 1.5 mg.kg(-1).h(-1) and 1.5 mg/kg bolus after a loading dose of 15 mg/kg, whereas saline was administered to the fentanyl group.

Results

Postoperative pain scores were similar between the two groups. The total dose (micrograms per kilogram per day, mean+/-SD) of fentanyl at postoperative days 1 (8.3+/-3.7 vs. 18.1+/-4.6, P=0.021) and 2 (7.0+/-2.4 vs. 16.6, P=0.042) was significantly less in the fentanyl-acetaminophen group compared with that in the fentanyl group. The incidences of vomiting (16.1 vs. 56.3%, P=0.011) and sedation (9.7 vs. 46.9%, P=0.019) were significantly lower in the fentanyl-acetaminophen group than those in the fentanyl group.

Conclusions

Acetaminophen has significant fentanyl-sparing effects and reduces side effects when combined with fentanyl in intravenous parent-/nurse-controlled analgesia for postoperative pediatric pain management.
Cervical Epidural Pressure Measurement
Authors: Moon Jee Y. , Lee Pyung-Bok , Nahm Francis Sahngun , Kim Yong-Chul , Choi Jong-Bum
Published: August 2010

Background

The hanging drop technique is used for identifying the cervical epidural space, using its negative pressure. However, it is doubtful whether the epidural space intrinsically exhibits a negative pressure. We designed this study to test the hypothesis that the cervical epidural pressure (CEP) is significantly higher in the prone position than in the sitting position. To evaluate this hypothesis, we measured and compared 30 CEP values in the prone and sitting positions.

Methods

We measured and compared 15 CEPs in the prone group and 15 in the sitting group using a closed pressure measurement system under fluoroscopic guidance.

Results

All CEPs in the prone group were consistently positive (median, 10 mmHg; range, 4.8-18.7; mean+/-SD, 10.5+/-4.4) in contrast to the sitting group (median, -0.3 mmHg; range, -2.4-7.9; mean+/-SD, 0.5+/-2.8). CEPs in the prone group were significantly higher than in the sitting group (P<0.001).

Conclusion

CEP was found to be significantly higher in the prone position than in the sitting position. Furthermore, CEPs were not consistently negative even in the sitting position. These results suggest that the hanging drop technique is inappropriate for identifying the cervical epidural space in either the prone or sitting positions. Clinical Trials Ref: NCT01009385.
Human bovine tuberculosis – remains in the differential
Authors: Bilal Shaukat , Iqbal Mudassir , Murphy Philip , Power Joan
Published: August 2010

Mycobacterium bovis is a pathogen of cattle. The unpasteurized milk of affected cattle is a source of infection in humans. Despite the screening of cattle and the pasteurization of milk, M bovis has not been eradicated. A high index of clinical suspicion is needed in symptomatic patients with a history of possible exposure. At risk groups include animal workers, farmers, meat packers, vets and zoo keepers. Humans are usually infected by the aerosol route. We present two cases of human bovine tuberculosis. One was a presumptive case and the second was a confirmed case. Both responded well to antituberculous therapy. In the confirmed case, there was evidence of transmission to the partner living in the same house. Rifampicin prophylaxis was given to the exposed case. The M. bovis from the confirmed case was isoniazid resistant, in addition to having the well known resistance to pyrazinamide. Isoniazid resistance has been described before in those who are immunocompromised. We describe it in an immunocompetent patient.
Evaluation of PCR–RFLP analysis targeting hsp65 and rpoB genes for the typing of mycobacterial isolates in Malaysia
Authors: Ong Chia-Sui , Ngeow Yun-Fong , Yap Sook-Fan , Tay Sun-Tee
Published: August 2010

In this study, PCR–RFLP analysis (PRA) targeting hsp65 and rpoB gene regions was evaluated for the identification of mycobacterial species isolated from Malaysian patients. Overall, the hsp65 PRA identified 92.2 % of 90 isolates compared to 85.6 % by the rpoB PRA. With 47 rapidly growing species, the hsp65 PRA identified fewer (89.4 %) species than the rpoB PRA (95.7 %), but with 23 slow-growing species the reverse was true (91.3 % identification by the hsp65 PRA but only 52.5 % by the rpoB PRA). There were 16 isolates with discordant PRA results, which were resolved by 16S rRNA and hsp65 gene sequence analysis. The findings in this study suggest that the hsp65 PRA is more useful than the rpoB PRA for the identification of Mycobacterium species, particularly with the slow-growing members of the genus. In addition, this study reports 5 and 12 novel restriction patterns for inclusion in the hsp65 and rpoB PRA algorithms, respectively.
Structural studies of cord factors from Mycobacterium simiae related to the capacity for tumour necrosis factor alpha (α-TNF) induction
Authors: Mederos Lilian M. , Montoro Ernesto H. , Bernabéu Antonia , Linares Carlos , Valero-Guillén Pedro L.
Published: August 2010

The structure of cord factor was studied in several strains ofMycobacterium simiae, including ‘habana’ TMC 5135, considered as highly immunogenic in experimental tuberculosis and leprosy. The mycolic acids liberated from cord factor were identified in all cases asα′-,α- and keto-mycolates. According to the general NMR and MS data,α′-mycolates were mono-unsaturated and contained from 64 to 68 carbon atoms, whereasα-mycolates mainly presented two 2,3-disubstituted cyclopropane rings and a chain length of 80–91 carbon atoms; keto-mycolates mostly contained one cyclopropane ring and 85–91 carbon atoms. Taking into account the1H-NMR results, strains varied in the ratio of the different mycolates, and the high levels of keto-mycolates found in the cord factors of TMC 5135 and ATCC 25275Tstood out. Notably, MS revealed that the odd carbon number series ofα-mycolates (C87–C89) predominated in the cord factor of TMC 5135, in contrast to the remaining studied strains, in which the even (C84–C86) and odd carbon number series appeared more equal. The fine structural differences detected among the cord factors studied did not seem to be relevant to the general capacity of these molecules to induce the secretion of tumour necrosis factor alpha, as the cord factors from several strains ofM. simiae(TMC 5135, IPK-342 and ATCC 25275T) induced similar amounts of this cytokine in RAW 264.7 cells.
ClgR regulation of chaperone and protease systems is essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis parasitism of the macrophage
Authors: Estorninho Megan , Smith Hilde , Thole Jelle , Harders-Westerveen Jose , Kierzek Andrzej , Butler Rachel E. , Neyrolles Olivier , Stewart Graham R.
Published: August 2010

Chaperone and protease systems play essential roles in cellular homeostasis and have vital functions in controlling the abundance of specific cellular proteins involved in processes such as transcription, replication, metabolism and virulence. Bacteria have evolved accurate regulatory systems to control the expression and function of chaperones and potentially destructive proteases. Here, we have used a combination of transcriptomics, proteomics and targeted mutagenesis to reveal that theclpgene regulator (ClgR) ofMycobacterium tuberculosisactivates the transcription of at least ten genes, including four that encode protease systems (ClpP1/C, ClpP2/C, PtrB and HtrA-like protease Rv1043c) and three that encode chaperones (Acr2, ClpB and the chaperonin Rv3269). Thus,M. tuberculosisClgR controls a larger network of protein homeostatic and regulatory systems than ClgR in any other bacterium studied to date. We demonstrate that ClgR-regulated transcriptional activation of these systems is essential forM. tuberculosisto replicate in macrophages. Furthermore, we observe that this defect is manifest early in infection, asM. tuberculosislacking ClgR is deficient in the ability to control phagosome pH 1 h post-phagocytosis.
Roles of the twin-arginine translocase and associated chaperones in the biogenesis of the electron transport chains of the human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Hitchcock Andrew , Hall Stephen J. , Myers Jonathan D. , Mulholland Francis , Jones Michael A. , Kelly David J.
Published: August 2010

The zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 uses a complex set of electron transport chains to ensure growth with a variety of electron donors and alternative electron acceptors, some of which are known to be important for host colonization. Many of the key redox proteins essential for electron transfer in this bacterium have N-terminal twin-arginine translocase (TAT) signal sequences that ensure their transport across the cytoplasmic membrane in a folded state. By comparisons of 2D gels of periplasmic extracts, gene fusions and specific enzyme assays in wild-type, tatC mutant and complemented strains, we experimentally verified the TAT dependence of 10 proteins with an N-terminal twin-arginine motif. NrfH, which has a TAT-like motif (LRRKILK), was functional in nitrite reduction in a tatC mutant, and was correctly rejected as a TAT substrate by the tatfind and TatP prediction programs. However, the hydrogenase subunit HydA is also rejected by tatfind, but was shown to be TAT-dependent experimentally. The YedY homologue Cj0379 is the only TAT translocated molybdoenzyme of unknown function in C. jejuni; we show that a cj0379c mutant is deficient in chicken colonization and has a nitrosative stress phenotype, suggestive of a possible role for Cj0379 in the reduction of reactive nitrogen species in the periplasm. Only two potential TAT chaperones, NapD and Cj1514, are encoded in the genome. Surprisingly, despite homology to TorD, Cj1514 was shown to be specifically required for the activity of formate dehydrogenase, not trimethylamine N-oxide reductase, and was designated FdhM.
Characterization of a Developmental Root Response Caused by External Ammonium Supply in Lotus japonicus
Authors: Rogato Alessandra , D’Apuzzo Enrica , Barbulova Ani , Omrane Selim , Parlati Aurora , Carfagna Simona , Costa Alex , Schiavo Fiorella Lo , Esposito Sergio , Chiurazzi Maurizio
Published: August 2010

Plants respond to changes of nutrient availability in the soil by modulating their root system developmental plan. This response is mediated by systemic changes of the nutritional status and/or by local perception of specific signals. The effect of nitrate on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root development represents a paradigm of these responses, and nitrate transporters are involved both in local and systemic control. Ammonium (NH4  +) represents an important nitrogen (N) source for plants, although toxicity symptoms are often associated with high NH4  + concentration when this is present as the only N source. The reason for these effects is still controversial, and mechanisms associating ammonium supply and plant developmental programs are completely unknown. We determined in Lotus japonicus the range of ammonium concentration that significantly inhibits the elongation of primary and lateral roots without affecting the biomass of the shoot. The comparison of the growth phenotypes in different N conditions indicated the specificity of the ammonium effect, suggesting that this was not mediated by assimilatory negative feedback mechanisms. In the range of inhibitory NH4  + conditions, only the LjAMT1;3 gene, among the members of the LjAMT1 family, showed a strong increased transcription that was reflected by an enlarged topology of expression. Remarkably, the short-root phenotype was phenocopied in transgenic lines by LjAMT1;3 overexpression independently of ammonium supply, and the same phenotype was not induced by another AMT1 member. These data describe a new plant mechanism to cope with environmental changes, giving preliminary information on putative actors involved in this specific ammonium-induced response.
The voice of disabled young people—the Exeter Project
Authors: CBE FREDERIC BRIMBLECOMBE
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. The pioneering Exeter Project first researched and then encouraged action to meet the discovered unmet needs of disabled young people. Following an analysis of the attitudes of society to this group, a summary of the findings of this project is given. The author then described the effects of the Exeter Project and other initiatives in the locality, placing both in a national context
Maternal stress, family and health care of twins: With two case summaries of infants who died during the course of the study
Authors: TAYLOR E.M. , EMERY J.L.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. The family and professional care of a sequential series of 84 pairs of twins was compared with the care of singleton infants matched by birth date alone and with singleton infants matched demographically. Twin babies received more health visitor, but less family doctor, care than singletons; though any additional support had disappeared after the first three months. The findings suggested that increased levels of anxiety and depression (self‐assessed) in mothers of twins are not specific to twinning but related to the total demands of young children. Two babies died during the course of the study, both were twins, presented as cot deaths, and occurred in excessively stressed families. The findings of the confidential enquiries into both these deaths are presented.
AIDS: health education in schools The use of a multiple choice questionnaire for classroom discussion
Authors: TANDY ANDREW
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.A multiple choice questionnaire on AIDS is described for use with secondary school students. In its use an attempt is made to allow students to explore their views on AIDS and related issues whilst, hopefully, adding to their knowledge. Analysis of completed questionnaires enables some evaluation of the students' current level of awareness. The results of a preliminary study are described and discussed.
The training of nursery workers: the need for a new approach
Authors: CALDER PAMELA
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. This paper sets out an argument for an approach to under fives provision which ignores the boundaries between care and education. It demonstrates an example of training, at South Bank Polytechnic in London, which attempts to overcome barriers to looking at children as whole individuals
Poverty and child health: an annotation
Authors: SPENCER N J.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. There is a long established link between poverty and child health, both in the United Kingdom and in other countries. In this review of the literature, the author explores the nature of this link. The paper discusses the historical background and briefly reviews the evidence from the developing countries and the controversy surrounding the definition of poverty before examining the association between child health and poverty in the United Kingdom. The author concludes with some suggestions for future research and some thoughts on the implications for doctors working with children
Assessing Child Abuse Through Interviews of Children and Parents of Children at Risk
Authors: Laungani Pittu
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. Interviewing children and parents has been the subject of much controversy in recent years, with particular concern about techniques used. In this paper, the author takes a fundamental look at the philosophies and psychological assumptions which underlay much current interviewing practice. He identifies this as being primarily based on a cognitive neutral stance from the interviewer. These assumptions are questioned, particularly in relation to working with people from different cultures where different assumptions prevail. The article ends with some recommendations for improving interviewing approaches.
Police Attendance at Child Protection Conferences: A Reappraisal
Authors: Hebenton Bill , Thomas Terry
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. We now have over 16 years experience of child protection arrangements that include the attendance of police officers at child protection conferences. This article attempts to review that experience and critically assess the police role at conferences in the light of the Department of Health's Working Together, Particular attention is paid to the nature of information made available by the police to child protection conferences.
Children Living Away from Home
Authors: Kahan Barbara
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. Millions of children across the world live away from home; many because of wars, famines, dictatorships and poverty. Children live away from home in Britain because of family breakdown, neglect, abuse and other disadvantages, but also through parental choice and educational need. There is inadequate information about numbers, reasons and outcomes. Three main alternatives to living at home in Britain are boarding schools, residential homes and foster care. Traditional barriers between education and welfare and policies of care placements based on inadequate data have resulted in damaging gaps in services and poor placement decisions for many children living away from home. The early 1990s have brought about a national consensus based on new legislation and a group of Inquiries which provides the opportunity for major changes and improvements in services. International deliberations and action could and should be part of these changes.
The Changing Financial Circumstances of Households with Children
Authors: Graham Hilary
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. The last fifteen yeas have seen rapid changes in the financial circumstances of households with children. They are increasingly found among those on the lowest incomes and are over‐represented among households dependent on income support for their survival. At the same time, changes in the social security system have left claimant families with greater financial responsibility and reduced access to additional sources of financial support from the state. The article reviews these changes in the economic welfare of households with children, paying particular attention to the circumstances of low‐income families. It looks in turn at trends in household income, at changes in the social security system and at the patterns of debt and unmet needs reported by parents caring for children on low incomes.
We Live Here Too: Birth Children's Perspectives on Fostering Someone with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Reed Janet Ames
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. This paper reports some results from a study of foster care of young people with severe learning disabilities. It focuses upon the views and experiences of the birth children in foster families. The findings demonstrate how fostering involves everyone in the family, not just the adult carers; and highlight some of the rewards and difficulties of fostering from the birth children's point of view.
Neglect as Child Protection: the Political Context and the Practical Outcomes
Authors: Parton Nigel
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY: This paper identifies the central tensions and contradictions in relation to current policies and practices for child neglect. It demonstrates how these arise directly from the political context of the work and how this has changed over recent years. In the process children, their parents and the professionals concerned are left vulnerable and potentially exposed. It concludes by suggesting how we can reframe policy and practice in this area of work and outlines some practical steps that can be taken as a result.
Pre‐teenage Children's Experiences with Alcohol
Authors: McIntosh James , MacDonald Fiona , McKeganey Neil
Published: August 2010

This article reports on the drinking experiences and motivations of 77 pre‐teenage children. The main reason which the children gave for occasional or regular drinking was the pleasure which they derived both from the effects of the alcohol and from the social interaction which accompanied the activity. Several of the children claimed that they were partly motivated by boredom. Peer influence appeared to play a minor role as far as the recurrent consumption of alcohol was concerned. A number of causes for concern are identified in the article. These include the frequency of the children's drinking and the volume of alcohol consumed by some of them; their tendency to combine different types of alcoholic drink in the same session; the unreliability of measures undertaken by the children to reduce risk and ensure their safety and the ease with which alcohol could be obtained. These findings emphasise the need for drug education programmes to alert children to the dangers of alcohol consumption and equip them with the skills to deal effectively with peer pressure. There is also a pressing need to improve the leisure facilities available for young people as alternatives to drinking and other problem behaviour. © 2007 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2007 National Children's Bureau.
Childhood Obesity: An Overview
Authors: Reilly John J.
Published: August 2010

This article reviews recent research evidence, largely from systematic reviews, on a number of aspects of childhood obesity: its definition and prevalence; consequences; causes and prevention. The basis of the body mass index (BMI) as a means of defining obesity in children and adolescents is discussed: a high BMI for age constitutes obesity. In recent years the prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically across most of the world, and in the UK obesity prevalence is high and continuing to increase. Despite a widespread perception that obesity in childhood or adolescence is a cosmetic issue, the research evidence shows that it does matter to physical and psychological health and that there are adverse health risks for both the obese child and the adult who was obese as a child. Few interventions aimed at preventing or treating childhood obesity have been successful. There is an urgent need for more research on better strategies that will enable children and adolescents to make long‐term changes to their dietary and physical activity behaviour in order to prevent obesity.
Refugee Children in Wales: Coping and Adaptation in the Face of Adversity
Authors: Maegusuku‐Hewett Tracey , Dunkerley David , Scourfield Jonathan , Smalley Nina
Published: August 2010

This article aims to makes a contribution to redressing a methodological and theoretical imbalance in existing research on refugee and asylum‐seeking children. It draws on two qualitative studies from Wales with children and young people. The samples include unaccompanied minors and children living with families as well as both children who are supported in the asylum system and those who have been granted refugee status. The focus on ecological post‐migratory stressors and coping processes that young people identify as being integral to their well‐being and, once granted status, to how they adapt to settlement includes a selective study of some of the sources of resilience referred to in the children's talk. Recognising the interplay between individual and environment leads to a discussion of both personal attributes and collective cultural identities.
Computed tomography lymphography for the detection of sentinel nodes in patients with gastric carcinoma
Authors: Tsujimoto Hironori , Yaguchi Yoshihisa , Sakamoto Naoko , Kumano Isao , Takahata Risa , Matsumoto Yusuke , Yoshida Kazumichi , Sugasawa Hidekazu , Ono Satoshi , Ichikura Takashi , Yamamoto Junji , Hase Kazuo
Published: August 2010

The sentinel node (SN) concept has been found to be feasible in gastric cancer. However, the lymphatic network of gastric cancer may be more complex, and it may be difficult to visualize all the SN distributed in unexpected areas by conventional modalities. In this study, we evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of CT lymphography for the detection of SN in gastric cancer. A total 24 patients with early gastric cancer were enrolled in the study. Three modalities (CT lymphography, dye and radioisotope [RI] methods) were used for the detection of SN. The images of CT lymphography were obtained at 10 min after injection of contrast agents. The SN were successfully identified by CT lymphography in 83.3% of patients; detection rates by the dye and RI methods were 95% and 100%, respectively. Most patients, in whom SN were successfully detected by CT lymphography, had positive results at 5 min after injection of the contrast material. The SN stations detected by CT lymphography were consistent with or included those detected by dye and/or RI methods. In conclusion, CT lymphography for the detection of SN in gastric cancer is feasible and has several advantages. However, based on this initial experience, CT lymphography had a relatively low detection rate compared with conventional methods, and further efforts will be necessary to improve the detection rate and widen the clinical application of CT lymphography for the detection of SN in gastric cancer. (Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 2586–2590)
Association of adolescent symptoms of depression and anxiety with daily smoking and nicotine dependence in young adulthood: findings from a 10‐year longitudinal study
Authors: McKenzie Maria , Olsson Craig A. , Jorm Anthony F. , Romaniuk Helena , Patton George C.
Published: August 2010

Aims  To examine the association of adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms with daily smoking and nicotine dependence in young adulthood.

Design  A prospective cohort study of adolescent and young adult health (n = 1943). Teen assessments occurred at 6‐monthly intervals, with two follow‐up assessments in young adulthood (wave 7, 1998; wave 8, 2001–03).

Setting  Victoria, Australia.

Participants  Students who participated at least once during the first six (adolescent) waves of the cohort study.

Measurements  Adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS‐R). Young adult tobacco use was defined as: daily use (6 or 7 days per week) and dependent use (≥4 on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence).

Findings  Among adolescent ‘less than daily’ smokers, those with high levels of depression and anxiety symptoms had an increased risk of reporting nicotine dependence in young adulthood [odds ratio (OR) 3.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–9.1] compared to young adults who had low levels of adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms, after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Similarly, in the adjusted model (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0–3.4), among adolescent ‘daily’ smokers, those with high levels of depression and anxiety symptoms had an almost two‐fold increase in the odds of reporting nicotine dependence in young adulthood compared to young adults with low levels of adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms.

Conclusions  Adolescent smokers with depression and anxiety symptoms are at increased risk for nicotine dependence into young adulthood. They warrant vigilance from primary care providers in relation to tobacco use well into adulthood.
Studies on the bovine lymphocyte antigens and the production of lymphocytotoxic antibodies by parous cattle
Authors: Dufty J. H. , Outteridge P. M.
Published: August 2010

Studies were carried out to determine the time of appearance, frequency, titre and specificity of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the plasma of parous Hereford cattle. Cytotoxic antibody was first detected in a small proportion (3162 = 4.8%) of primigravid cattle during the last third of pregnancy. Titres were low (neat or 1 in 2) at this time and decreased in one animal so that antibodies were not detectable in samples obtained on the day of calving or 9 days beforehand.

Following parturition, the proportion of primiparous cattle producing lymphocytotoxic antibodies increased markedly and reached a maximum value (8/19 = 42.1 %) during the third month post partum. Antibody levels also rose over the same period. An increase in the parity of the dam also resulted in an increase in the proportion of cattle with lymphocytotoxic plasma. These antibodies appeared earlier in pregnancy, were at a higher titre and had a wider specificity than those found in primigravida.

Non‐foetally stimulated antibody was detected in 4 cattle. In one plasma sample, lymphocytotoxic activity was present prior to mating, and in the 3 others it was not directed against cells from either the bull to which the dam was mated or the calf produced by the sire and dam.
Phase I trial of bortezomib in combination with rituximab‐HyperCVAD alternating with rituximab, methotrexate and cytarabine for untreated aggressive mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Romaguera Jorge E. , Fayad Luis E. , McLaughlin Peter , Pro Barbara , Rodriguez Alma , Wang Michael , Weaver Pamela , Hartig Kimberly , Kwak Larry W. , Feldman Tatyana , Smith Judy , Ford Peggy , Goldberg Stuart , Pecora Andrew , Goy Andre
Published: August 2010

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) outcomes have improved over the last two decades; however, late relapses occur. Bortezomib has shown single agent activity of 33% in relapsed MCL and has an additive/synergistic effect in vitro when combined with drugs currently used to treat MCL. We hypothesized that a combination of bortezomib with current intense non‐transplant chemoimmunotherapy might prevent late relapses. The toxicity of bortezomib when combined with methotrexate and cytarabine is unknown. Patients aged 18–79 years with untreated aggressive MCL were treated with R‐HyperCVAD (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone) alternating with rituximab‐methotrexate/cytarabine (R‐M/A). Bortezomib was added to the R‐Hyper‐CVAD combination as a fixed dose of 1·3 mg/m2 IV on days 2 and 5 and was added to the R‐M/A regimen after rituximab, in increasing doses of 0·7, 1, and 1·3 mg/m2 in cohorts of three patients. Twenty patients were assessed for toxicity of the regimen. The principal toxicity was haematological and did not differ from that observed with a similar regimen without the bortezomib. In particular, there was no pulmonary or neurological dose‐limiting toxicity, showing that bortezomib can be safely combined with R‐HyperCVAD and R‐M/A.
In vitroactivation of peripheral mononuclear cells by zinc in HIV-infected patients and healthy controls
Authors: HARRER T , WOLF B , NÄGER W , SCHWARZ W , BERGNER D , KALDEN J R
Published: August 2010

Zinc is a mitogen for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The optimal mitogenic concentration was found to be 0.05 mmol/l (327 μg/dl), four times higher than physiological serum levels. Maximal proliferation was observed after 6 days. Limited dilution technique revealed a frequency of zinc reactive cells of 1:3467 (median; range 1:1628–1:6235). Cord blood mononuclear cells from four of six healthy children could be stimulated to proliferate by zinc. A normal zinc-induced proliferative response could be demonstrated in all six HIV-infected patients in the Walter-Reed-stage I, in nine of 11 patients in Walter-Reed II and in only two of five patients in Waller-Reed III. In Walter-Reed IV to VI all eight patients showed a weak response to zinc (<50% of the healthy day control). Decreased zinc serum levels were found in 10 of 28 patients and in one of 16 controls. There was a significant correlation of a diminished zinc-induced proliferation with lower serum levels of zinc and a reduced proportion of CD4 helper cells in HIV-1-infected men. Because of a suppression of mitogenesis by high dose of zinc an excessive intake of zinc as used by some HIV-1-infected patients can presently not be recommended. The value of zinc-induced proliferation for monitoring HIV-infected patients has still to be established.