bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the Simulation of the EMU Body Operating Main Breaker Overvoltage and High-Voltage Side Suppression Method Based on the 3D Structure
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhang Jianqiong , Wang Qingfeng , Li Xiangqiang , Tang Xianfeng , Qin Qi
Published: July 2023

Current circuit simulation research on EMU (Electric Multiple Unit) overvoltage has focused on overvoltage amplitude distribution and the oscillation frequency of the operating main circuit breaker overvoltage. However, when studying the suppression method, the overvoltage amplitude and frequency characteristics must be considered simultaneously, and few studies have reported on the overvoltage frequency distribution. In this paper, a new simulation model of train-operational main breaker overvoltage based on the 3D structure of the EMU body was proposed, which provided guidance for the study of overvoltage suppression in operational main circuit breakers. This model simulated the transient overvoltage characteristics and distribution of the vehicle body when the train operated the main circuit breaker. The simulated results showed that the first vehicle had the highest operating overvoltage amplitude, and the fourth vehicle had the lowest. The overvoltage amplitudes of vehicles 1–4 were all above 1 kV, and the main overvoltage oscillation frequencies of each vehicle were at 0.70 MHz and 1.30 MHz. The accuracy of the distribution characteristics and spectral characteristics of the operating main breaker overvoltage was verified by static tests on trains, and the simulation was considered to be in agreement with the test. Aiming at the problem that there was no universal suppression method for the operating main breaker overvoltage, a general suppression method for the overvoltage on the high-voltage side of the EMU was studied, and an overvoltage suppression device based on a grounding inductor was proposed. The inductance parameter requirements of the suppressor were theoretically analyzed, and the validity of the design of the inductance suppressor was experimentally verified.
Wind Turbine Gearbox Gear Surface Defect Detection Based on Multiscale Feature Reconstruction
Authors: Gao Rui , Cao Jingfei , Cao Xiangang , Du Jingyi , Xue Hang , Liang Daming
Published: July 2023

The fast and accurate detection of wind turbine gearbox surface defects is crucial for wind turbine maintenance and power security. However, owing to the uneven distribution of gear surface defects and the interference of complex backgrounds, there are limitations to gear-surface defect detection; therefore, this paper proposes a multiscale feature reconstruction-based detection method for wind turbine gearbox surface defects. First, the Swin Transformer was used as a backbone network based on the PSPNet network to obtain global and local features through multiscale feature reconstruction. Second, a Feature Similarity Module was used to filter important feature sub-blocks, which increased the inter-class differences and reduced the intra-class differences to enhance the discriminative ability of the model for similar features. Finally, the fusion of contextual information using the pyramid pooling module enhanced the extraction of gear surface defect features at different scales. The experimental results indicated that the improved algorithm outperformed the original PSPNet algorithm by 1.21% and 3.88% for the mean intersection over union and mean pixel accuracy, respectively, and significantly outperformed semantic segmentation networks such as U-Net and DeepLabv3+.
New Methodology for Parasitic Resistance Extraction and Capacitance Correction in RF AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors
Authors: Chakraborty Surajit , Amir Walid , Kwon Hyuk-Min , Kim Tae-Woo
Published: July 2023

This paper presents a novel approach to the efficient extraction of parasitic resistances in high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). The study reveals that the gate resistance value can be accurately determined under specific forward gate bias conditions (Vg = 1.0 V), although the gate resistance value becomes unreliable beyond this threshold (Vg > 1.0 V) due to potential damage to the Schottky contact. Furthermore, by examining the characteristics of the device under a cold-FET bias condition (Vds = 0 V), a linear correlation between the gate and drain current is identified, enabling an estimation of the interdependence between the drain and source resistance using the proposed method. The estimation of parasitic pad capacitance (Cpg and Cpd) from Dambrine’s model is refined by incorporating the depletion layer capacitance on the gate side during the pinch-off condition. To validate the accuracy of the extracted parasitic capacitance and resistance values obtained from the new method, small-signal modeling is performed on a diverse range of measured devices.
A Data Weight Averaging-Inspired Digital Calibration Method for a 10-Bit Noise-Shaping Successive Approximation Register
Authors: Xie Shuang , Wang Yong
Published: July 2023

This paper presents a digital calibration method for a 10-bit noise-shaping Successive Approximation Register Analog to Digital Converter (SAR ADC). The proposed calibration method is inspired by its Data Weight Averaging (DWA) counterpart, but stays static, while achieving a similar Integral Nonlinearity (INL) and 1.3 dB better Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in measurements without oversampling. This advantage in SNR holds until an Oversampling Ratio (OSR) of 2 for the proposed method, which also saves 50 % power. At a 1.2 V power supply, the ADC consumes a power of 70 µW at a conversion rate of 50 kHz. Fabricated using 55 nm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Metal-Oxide-Metal Capacitor (MOMCAP) technology, it occupies an active area of 370 µm × 350 µm, when achieving an INL of 0.3 Least Significant Bit (LSB) and an SNR of 66.9 dB at an OSR of 8.
Experimental Investigation of Stochastically Forced Rijke-Type Supercritical Thermoacoustic Systems
Authors: Zhang Hao , Wang Yuanhao , Li Xinyan , Chen Geng , Sun Yuze
Published: July 2023

Intense thermoacoustic oscillations may lead to severe deterioration due to the induced intolerable damage to combustors. A better understanding of unstable behaviors is important to prevent or suppress these oscillations. Active thermoacoustic coupling in practical combustors is caused primarily by two approaches: inherent turbulent fluctuations and the flame response to acoustic waves. Turbulent fluctuations are generally characterized by random noise. This paper experimentally expands on previous analytic studies regarding the influence of colored disturbances on the thermoacoustic response near the supercritical bifurcation point. Therein, a laboratory-scale Rijke-type thermoacoustic system is established, and both supercritical and subcritical bifurcations are observed. Then, Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU)-type external colored noise is introduced near the supercritical bifurcation point, and the effects of the corresponding correlation time τc and noise intensity D are studied. The experimental results show that these variables of the colored noise significantly influence the dynamics of thermoacoustic oscillations in terms of the most probable amplitude and autocorrelation properties. A resonance-like behavior is observed as the noise intensity or the autocorrelation time of the colored noise is continuously varied, which means that the coherent resonance occurs in the thermoacoustic system. Finally, when the system is configured closer to the stability boundary, the extent of the coherence motion is intensified in the stochastic system response. Meanwhile, the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of the colored-noise-induced response are found to become more distinguished, the optimal colored noise intensity decreases, and the optimal autocorrelation time increases. These findings provide valuable guidance to predict the onset of thermoacoustic instabilities.
Optimal Protection Coordination of Active Distribution Networks Using Smart Selection of Short Circuit Voltage-Based Relay Characteristics
Authors: Vafadar Ali , Hejazi Maryam A. , Hashemi-Dezaki Hamed , Mohagheghi Negin
Published: July 2023

Much attention has been paid to the optimized protection of microgrids (MGs) and active distribution networks (ADNs). However, the literature shows a research gap in proposing a hybrid scheme, utilizing the voltage-based and overcurrent-based relays, while the voltage relay characteristics are smartly selected. This study aims to address such a research gap. This article presents an optimal hybrid protection coordination method for ADNs and MGs. Considering that any system fault is associated with a voltage drop, a new protection method is formulated from voltage analysis under fault conditions. The proposed method is independent of the type, size, and location of distributed generation (DG) units, as well as the operation of the distribution system connected to the grid. This method uses only the local voltage to determine the relay’s tripping time and is a low-cost protection method, in addition to the directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs). Optimizing the voltage-based relay characteristics is one of the most important contributions, which leads to improving the protection system speed and its selectivity concerns. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified by several simulation tests performed on the medium voltage (MV) distribution system under different fault conditions and DG size and location. The simulation results show that the protection method has appropriate speed, and the protection settings could be independent of the operation modes/topologies and the locations of faults. The comparative results illustrate the advantages of the proposed hybrid protective scheme.
Power Measurement Using Adaptive Chirp Mode Decomposition for Electrical Vehicle Charging Load
Authors: Ding Haili , Tian Rui , Wang Jinfei , Yang Xiaomei
Published: July 2023

Due to nonlinear components in the charging piles of electric vehicles, harmonics and nonstationary signals in the electric vehicle charging load bring voltage and current distortion, seriously affecting the accuracy of the power-related calculation in nonsinusoidal environments. This paper proposed a new approach to calculate the active power and root mean square values from decomposed components using the adaptive chirp mode decomposition (ACMD) method on voltage and current. The advantage of the ACMD-based method is that it correctly provides the power-related quantities of harmonics or nonstationary components for the electric vehicle charging load. The performance of the proposed method was verified using synthetic signals and simulation tests. The experimental results presented better estimations for each quantity defined in IEEE Standard 1459-2010, compared with the discrete wavelet transform approach.
Performance Improvement of a Solar-Assisted Absorption Cooling System Integrated with Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Migla Lana , Bogdanovics Raimonds , Lebedeva Kristina
Published: July 2023

Phase change materials (PCMs) have emerged as promising solutions for latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems, offering considerable potential for storing energy derived from renewable sources across various engineering applications. The present study focused on optimization of solar cooling system by integrating LHTES with different PCM tank configurations. TRNSYS simulation software was selected for the study, and the collected experimental data from laboratory system prototype were used for system validation. The results indicate that the use of PCM led to a noteworthy decrease of 6.2% in auxiliary energy consumption. Furthermore, the time during which the heat carrier temperature flow exceeded 90 °C from the storage tank to the auxiliary fluid heater was extended by 27.8% when PCM was utilized compared to that of its absence. The use of PCM in LHTES is more effective under variable weather conditions. On the day when changes in weather conditions were observed, around 98% of the cooling load was provided by produced sun energy. The results of the research can be used to optimize the solar cooling system, which will help reduce the environmental impact of cooling systems running on non-renewable fuels.
The La+3-, Nd+3-, Bi+3-Doped Ceria as Mixed Conductor Materials for Conventional and Single-Component Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Bukhari Mahrukh , Mohsin Munazza , Kayani Zohra Nazir , Rasool Shahzad , Raza Rizwan
Published: July 2023

Clean energy devices are essential in today’s environment to combat climate change and work towards sustainable development. In this paper, the potential materials A2Ce2O7−δ (A = La+3, Nd+3, Bi+3) were analyzed for clean energy devices, specifically for conventional and single-component solid oxide fuel cells (SC-SOFCs). The wet chemical route has been followed for the preparation of samples. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that all three samples exhibited a defected fluorite cubic structure. It also revealed the presence of dopants in the ceria, which was confirmed by the fingerprint region of FTIR. The optical behavior, fuel cell performance and electrochemical behavior were studied by UV–vis, fuel cell testing apparatus and EIS, respectively. The SEM results showed that all samples had irregular polygons. In Raman spectra, the F2g mode corresponding to the space group (Fm3m) confirms the fluorite structure. The Raman spectra showed that A2Ce2O7−δ (A = La+3, Nd+3, Bi+3) have different trends. The conventional fuel cell performance showed that the maximum power density of Bi2Ce2O7 was 0.65 Wcm−2 at 600 °C. The performance of A2Ce2O7−δ (A = La3+, Nd3+, Bi3+) as a single-component fuel cell revealed that Nd2Ce2O7−δ is the best choice with semiconductors conductors ZnO and NCAL. The highest power density (Pmax) of the Nd2Ce2O7/ZnO was 0.58 Wcm−2, while the maximum power output (Pmax) of the Nd2Ce2O7/NCAL was 0.348 Wcm−2 at 650 °C. All the samples showed good agreement with the ZnO as compared to NCAL for SC-SOFCs.
Noise in Electric Motors: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Gonzalez Patxi , Buigues Garikoitz , Mazon Angel Javier
Published: July 2023

Electric machines are important devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and are extensively used in a wide range of applications. Recent years have seen an increase in applications where electric motors are used. The frequent use of electric motors in noise-sensitive environments increases the requirements placed on electric motors intended for these applications, especially when compared to electric motors commonly used in industrial applications. This paper provides a comprehensive review of electric motor noise. Firstly, a brief introduction to noise is given. Then, the sources of electromagnetic noise and vibration in electric machines, including mechanical, aerodynamic and electromagnetic factors, are presented. Different methods such as analytical, numerical and semi-analytical for calculating electromagnetic force, natural frequencies and noise are also analyzed. Various methods for noise reduction are presented, including skewing, stator and rotor notching and slot opening width. Finally, noise measurement standards and procedures are described.
Expectations for Bioenergy Considering Carbon Neutrality Targets in the EU
Authors: Proskurina Svetlana , Mendoza-Martinez Clara
Published: July 2023

The EU has set the ambitious target of raising the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable resources to 32% by 2030, with a target of climate neutrality by 2050. The aim of this paper is to assess the role of biomass usage in the context of these targets. The paper identifies the progress made between 2013 and 2022 by focusing on a selection of EU countries. The largest bioenergy increments of 130, 77, and 60 PJ were reported for Poland, Sweden, and the Netherlands. This study evaluates the crucial role of co-generation and heat in EU regions, with biomass usage between 55 and 80% of the combined heat and power (CHP) energy in Nordic countries. The future perspectives for bioenergy based on EU policies, biomass resources, and technical issues were addressed. The EU possesses around 9% of the global biomass supply, ensuring a certain level of biomass resource dependence. Thus, the biomass usage demand in energy production, non-energy sectors, and transport is expected to rise, leading to increments of 13–76% on biomass imports. It appears that bioenergy development is mostly limited by economic issues and uneven support for bioenergy in different EU countries as well as environmental issues. The study shows a promising and sustainable potential of bioenergy in the EU as a renewable energy source while minimizing negative impacts on the environment and the economy. By 2050, liquid biofuels are likely to be increasingly used in the transport sector. Non-energy sector usage of biomass is still in an early stage of development, except for the pulp and paper industry, and significant use of biomass in non-energy sectors seems unlikely in the near future.
Multiscale Fine Characterization of a Coal Pore–Fracture System Based on SEM, CT, and NMR in the Jingbian Block, Ordos Basin
Authors: Zhao Suping , Ding Rong , Tian Wenguang , Ye Jincheng
Published: July 2023

To achieve an accurate and comprehensive characterization of the multiscale pore–fracture characteristics of Permian coal in the Jingbian Block, Ordos Basin, a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray computed tomography (CT), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques was utilized. With these experiments, the mineral composition, pore size distribution (PSD), porosity, and connectivity of pores in coal samples were characterized through qualitative and quantitative methods. The results show that the SEM experiments enabled qualitative identification of pores and mineral types. The coal samples primarily contained gas pores, cell pores, intercrystalline pores, and moldic pores, and clay minerals were the predominant fracture fillings. The 3D reconstruction of the CT experiments shows that the pores and fractures generally expand horizontally, while the minerals show obvious bedding expansion characteristics. Moreover, the estimation of full-size porosity in coal samples can be achieved by combining CT and NMR experiments. The full-size porosity of samples G11-5-1, G11-5-6, G11-5-9, and G11-5-11 was 8.93%, 9.11%, 10.45%, and 11.63%, respectively. The connectivity differences are primarily determined by the throat development degree and the connected pore–fracture count. Samples with more connected pores and larger throat radii exhibit excellent connectivity.
Variation in the Calyx Color in Two Styrax japonicus Varieties Is Attributed to Varied Anthocyanin Levels as Revealed by Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses
Authors: Ju Yiqian , Zhang Cuiping , Li Wei , Qian Cheng , Qu Yiming , Zou Zhuxiong , Zhao Han , Li Lulu
Published: July 2023

Styrax japonicus is a small ornamental tree with medicinal value. An S. japonicus variety with purplish red calyxes and white petals has higher ornamental value. The mechanism underlying calyx pigmentation in S. japonicus is still unclear. In this study, metabolome data combined with transcriptome profiling were used to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the difference in the color of calyx in two varieties of S. japonicus, namely, Red Linglong (RA; purplish red calyx) and Green Linglong (GA; green calyx). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that the levels of delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, and malvidin 3-O-glucoside when enriched in delphinidin biosynthesis were significantly higher in the RA calyx than in the GA calyx. These key differentially accumulated metabolites were highly correlated with five late biosynthetic genes that were enriched in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. MYB1, MYB82, and MYB113 were the three probable transcription factors responsible for anthocyanin accumulation. This study provides novel insights into secondary metabolism pathways, their regulators, and the changes in the transcription and metabolite levels in the calyx of S. japonicus regulating sepal color. The results provide a theoretical basis for exploring the mechanism of calyx color formation in S. japonicus and provide genetic material and a reference for molecular breeding to obtain desired flower colors in the future.
Developing Growth and Harvest Prediction Models for Mixed Coniferous and Broad-Leaved Forests at Different Ages
Authors: Hua Weiping , Pan Xin , Zhu Dehuang , Wu Chengzhen , Chi Shangping , Zhuang Chongyang , Jiang Xidian , Liu Jing , Wu Jianwei
Published: July 2023

In order to clarify the combined impact of tree species composition, site quality, and stand age on the growth and harvest of mixed forests, the prediction models of average DBH and stand volume for mixed forests were established, respectively. The interval period and tree species composition coefficient (TSCC) were considered as independent variables. These models were then optimized by using the particle swarm optimization algorithm for reparameterization and evaluating their applicability. It was found that after introducing the site quality grade and TSCC, the average stand height prediction model showed a better fitting result. The fit accuracy of the average DBH prediction model and the stand volume prediction model were both improved with the help of the TSCC, mainly because the tree species composition affects the growth rate of the average stand height and average DBH and the maximum growth rate of the stand volume. The degree of the impact can be sorted as Cunninghamia lanceolata > Pinus massoniana > hard broad-leaved tree species (group). Overall, the established growth and harvest prediction models for mixed forests with the interval period and TSCC as independent variables have high fit accuracy and applicability.
The Utilization of European Beech Wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Europe
Authors: Pramreiter Maximilian , Grabner Michael
Published: July 2023

European beech is one of the dominating wood species in central Europe and the most abundant hardwood species in Austrian, German and Swiss forests. Today, it is predominantly used for the provision of energy and in the furniture industry. With the increasing demand on forests to provide sustainable raw materials for energy as well as products, the importance of lesser-used wood species like European beech has continuously increased over the last decade. The application in load-bearing products has gained significant interest. In order to connect the current and historical state of knowledge about this wood species, this review provides an overview of the past and present utilization of European beech wood. On the basis of the historical literature, technical approvals and standards of established products, it aims to summarize the extensive state of the art of this wood species and provide an overview of recent scientific publications in the field of wood material science. Based on the reviewed literature, current research efforts deal with different engineered wood products like glued laminated timber, cross-laminated timber and laminated veneer lumber. Furthermore, strength grading, adhesive technology as well as improving dimensional stability is of particular interest.
Arthropod Recolonization of Soil Surface Habitat in Post-Fire Mulch Treatments
Authors: Mott Christine , Antoninka Anita , Hofstetter Richard
Published: July 2023

Increasing size, severity, and human proximity to fires in the western US are driving a need for more effective ecosystem restoration in the immediate post-fire period. Surface treatments, such as mastication of logging slash, reduce erosion and improve soil nutrient and water retention on steep slopes. However, few studies have investigated the impact of these treatments on arthropod communities over time. Our objective was to determine which insect communities return to these treated areas and if the mulch changes the community structure over time. We surveyed arthropod abundance using pitfall traps in mulch treatments in a landscape-scale fire near Flagstaff, Arizona, and a controlled split-plot experiment outside of the larger fire footprint. Predatory beetles were more abundant in mulch in the large landscape treatment, with no differences in abundance in the split plots. Fungivores had no significant mulch preference, and several native bark beetles were more abundant in the untreated sites. We found that the size of the fire footprint and distance to the intact forest matrix likely impact arthropod community composition over time. We were unable to fully evaluate vegetation recovery, but further work will allow us to understand how surface treatments impact the interaction of arthropods and vegetation.
Design of a Cyclodextrin Bioproduction Process Using Bacillus pseudofirmus and Paenibacillus macerans
Authors: Guedes Alexandre Miguel , Santos Alves Tiago Filipe , Salústio Paulo J. , Cabral-Marques Helena M. , Ribeiro Maria H. L.
Published: July 2023

Cyclodextrin (CD) drug delivery systems offer the potential to enhance the desired physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs while maintaining their safety. Cyclodextrin-glucosyl-transferase (CGTase) is amongst the most important enzymes used in CD biosynthesis. However, the bioproduction of CDs still faces challenges in terms of optimization and process complexity. This study proposes a novel CD bioproduction system in a batch mode to increase yield and reduce costs. Two bacterial strains were selected: the alkalophilic Bacillus pseudofirmus DSM2517 strain and the neutrophilic Paenibacillus macerans DSM1574 strain. Three different culture media, two temperatures (30 °C and 37 °C), and three scales (shake flasks 20 mL and 100 mL, and bioreactor 3.2 L) were evaluated with respect to bacterial growth kinetics, protein production, and CGTase biosynthesis and activity for β-CD production. Bacterial growth was monitored by measuring optical density (OD600 nm), while CGTase activity was assessed by measuring β-CD production directly in the medium after filtration or in samples after concentration (using a Vivaspin 500® ultrafiltration spin column with a 10 kDa cut-off). β-CD quantification was performed using the phenolphthalein colorimetric method and HPLC. The best conditions for combined growth and protein production, for both microorganisms, in shake flasks were achieved with a medium containing 2% dextrin as the carbohydrate source. Scale-up to the bioreactor displayed improved growth kinetics for both bacteria and higher protein production and CGTase activity for Paenibacillus macerans.
Investigation of the 3D Printing Process Utilizing a Heterophase System
Authors: Menshutina Natalia , Abramov Andrey , Okisheva Maria , Tsygankov Pavel
Published: July 2023

Direct ink writing (DIW) requires careful selection of ink composition with specific rheological properties, and it has limitations, such as the inability to create overhanging parts or branched geometries. This study presents an investigation into enhancing the 3D printing process through the use of a heterophase system, aiming to overcome these limitations. A modification was carried out in the 3D printer construction, involving adjustments to the structural elements responsible for the extrusion device’s movement. Additionally, a method for obtaining a heterophase system based on gelatin microparticles was developed to enable the 3D printing process with the upgraded printer. The structure and rheological properties of the heterophase system, varying in gelatin concentration, were thoroughly examined. The material’s viscosity ranged from 5.4 to 32.8 kPa·s, exhibiting thixotropic properties, pseudoplastic behavior, and long-term stability at 20 °C. The developed 3D printing technology was successfully implemented using a heterophase system based on different gelatin concentrations. The highest product quality was achieved with a heterophase system consisting of 4.5 wt.% gelatin, which exhibited a viscosity of 22.4 kPa·s, enabling the production of products without spreading or compromising geometrical integrity.
From Omic Layers to Personalized Medicine in Colorectal Cancer: The Road Ahead
Authors: Romero-Garmendia Irati , Garcia-Etxebarria Koldo
Published: July 2023

Colorectal cancer is a major health concern since it is a highly diagnosed cancer and the second cause of death among cancers. Thus, the most suitable biomarkers for its diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment have been studied to improve and personalize the prevention and clinical management of colorectal cancer. The emergence of omic techniques has provided a great opportunity to better study CRC and make personalized medicine feasible. In this review, we will try to summarize how the analysis of the omic layers can be useful for personalized medicine and the existing difficulties. We will discuss how single and multiple omic layer analyses have been used to improve the prediction of the risk of CRC and its outcomes and how to overcome the challenges in the use of omic layers in personalized medicine.
Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4)/Lubricin and the Extracellular Matrix in Gout
Authors: Elsaid Khaled A. , Jay Gregory D. , Liu-Bryan Ru , Terkeltaub Robert
Published: July 2023

Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) is a mucinous glycoprotein secreted by synovial fibroblasts and superficial zone chondrocytes, released into synovial fluid, and adsorbed on cartilage and synovial surfaces. PRG4′s roles include cartilage boundary lubrication, synovial homeostasis, immunomodulation, and suppression of inflammation. Gouty arthritis is mediated by monosodium urate (MSU) crystal phagocytosis by synovial macrophages, with NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β release. The phagocytic receptor CD44 mediates MSU crystal uptake by macrophages. By binding CD44, PRG4 limits MSU crystal uptake and downstream inflammation. PRG4/CD44 signaling is transduced by protein phosphatase 2A, which inhibits NF-κB, decreases xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), urate production, and ROS-mediated IL-1β secretion. PRG4 also suppresses MSU crystal deposition in vitro. In contrast to PRG4, collagen type II (CII) alters MSU crystal morphology and promotes the macrophage uptake of MSU crystals. PRG4 deficiency, mediated by imbalance in PRG4-degrading phagocyte proteases and their inhibitors, was recently implicated in erosive gout, independent of hyperuricemia. Thus, dysregulated extracellular matrix homeostasis, including deficient PRG4 and increased CII release, may promote incident gout and progression to erosive tophaceous joint disease. PRG4 supplementation may offer a new therapeutic option for gout.
The Support Priorities of Older Carers of People Living with Dementia: A Nominal Group Technique Study
Authors: Herron Daniel , Runacres Jessica
Published: July 2023

The aim of this study was to understand the support priorities of older (65+ years old) carers of people living with dementia. Two nominal group technique focus groups were carried out with older carers of people living with dementia. Twelve carers participated across two focus groups. Participants individually identified support priorities, and through several steps, reached a consensus to produce a ranked list of support priorities. The results consisted of two lists (one list per group), which when combined made up 15 support priorities. These priorities are presented alongside their overall and mean ranking. The authors did not refine these priorities after the focus groups, however, as there was overlap between priorities across the two liststhe results benefited from being themed. These overarching themes consisted of prioritising the carers’ holistic needs; having a sense of belonging; support needs to be accessible and timely; support to meet the wellbeing and personhood of the person living with dementia; and understanding and training for the wider community. These results have highlighted support priorities, developed by older carers, that services and organisations can use to better inform the support and services that older carers receive.
Swimming Activity Alleviates the Symptoms of Attention: Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) A Case Report
Authors: Skalidou Smaragda , Anestis Andreas , Bakolas Nicoletta , Tsoulfa Georgia , Papadimitriou Konstantinos
Published: July 2023

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Sport and physical activity have been shown to play a major role in the development of cognition, memory, selective attention, and motor reaction time, especially among adolescents with ADHD. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a swimming exercise program on the symptoms of ADHD in an adult with a diagnosis since childhood. The training intervention was performed for eight weeks, and the results demonstrated that the swimming–learning program significantly alleviated the symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity, as measured by the psychometric indices used in the study. Further studies are needed to establish and understand the association between physical activities and improved mental performance in adults with ADHD.
Identification of ABA Signaling Pathway Genes and Their Differential Regulation in Response to Suboptimal Light Stress in Grape (Vitis vinifera L.)
Authors: Xu Tao , Zhang Min , Chen Tianchi , Gong Lili , Hu Lingling , Yang Jie , Si Haoxuan , Wu Yueyan
Published: July 2023

Suboptimal light stress in grapevines is increasing worldwide with the spread of grapevine cultivation, which can affect grapevine physiology and productivity, such as in Southern China. Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important hormone in plant adaptive responses to abiotic stress, including low light stress. However, ABA signaling pathway genes (APGs) are not well characterized in the grapevine, and little is known of their potentially mitigating role in grapevine growth under weak light stress. Our study aimed to explore the potential role of the ABA signaling pathway in the response of grapevines to suboptimal light conditions. In this study, APGs were identified in the grapevine genome, and the distribution of conserved motifs was shown to reflect their phylogenetic relationships. Gene duplication analysis indicated that segmental duplication was an important driver for gene expansion in the grapevine ABA signaling pathway. Suboptimal conditions of light were shown to seriously affect the growth of grapevine leaves and berries, with the differential regulation of APGs in the grapevine. Our study summarizes the basic characteristics of APGs in grapevine, which can now be examined further for their roles in grapevine’s response to suboptimal light conditions.
Exogenous Phytohormones: Effects on Lettuce Photosynthesis, Antioxidant Response and Growth
Authors: Urbutis Martynas , Laužikė Kristina , Samuolienė Giedrė
Published: July 2023

Constantly changing environments often negatively affect yield potential. Phytohormone-based biostimulants are known for their ability to control plant development and reduce the influences of negative environmental impacts and facilitate more efficient usage of resources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of phytohormone-based biostimulants on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) antioxidant and photosynthetic responses and biomass formation. Lettuce was grown in a greenhouse with supplemental lighting; a 16 h photoperiod was maintained. Ten combinations of kinetin, indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid were applied at 12–13 BBCH. The results thereof have shown that combining growth and stress phytohormones resulted in higher biomass formation; additionally, combining two growth or two stress hormones led to antagonistic effects and reduced photosynthetic rates. Furthermore, the application of gibberellic and salicylic acid had the most positive effect on lettuce productivity. The perspective offered by this work has shown that with the manipulation of hormone concentrations, photosynthetic and antioxidant systems can be controlled, thus enabling control of yield and quality.
Psychological Interventions for Cannabis Use among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bou Nassif Yara , Rahioui Hassan , Varescon Isabelle
Published: July 2023

Regular cannabis use during adolescence can lead to cognitive, psychological, and social consequences, causing significant distress. Although psychological interventions are the mainstay type of treatment for cannabis use disorder, the results remain mixed among youths. The objective of this review is twofold: to identify the existing psychological interventions for cannabis use among youths, and to assess the evidence regarding the effectiveness of those interventions. Randomized controlled trials focused exclusively on cannabis use among adolescents and young adults were included. Three databases—Embase, PsycInfo, and PubMed—were searched to identify relevant peer-reviewed manuscripts published before February 2022 in English and French. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool. Twenty-five randomized controlled trials were included. Fourteen studies reported a significant outcome related to cannabis use. These were mainly non-intensive, online interventions that aimed to improve the patients’ relationships and emotion regulation. This review highlights the need to conduct additional randomized control trials that target cannabis use disorder specifically among adolescents. These randomized control trials should also aim to reduce the risk of bias related to psychiatric comorbidities as well as detection and attrition problems.
Prevention of UVB Induced Metabolic Changes in Epidermal Cells by Lipid Extract from Microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica
Authors: Stasiewicz Anna , Conde Tiago , Gęgotek Agnieszka , Domingues Maria Rosário , Domingues Pedro , Skrzydlewska Elżbieta
Published: July 2023

The exposure of skin cells to UV radiation leads to redox imbalances and inflammation. The present study investigates a lipid extract obtained from the microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica as a potential protector against UVB-induced disturbances in human keratinocytes. The findings of this study show that the Nannochloropsis oceanica extract significantly inhibits UVB-induced cell death while concurrently decreasing the activity of pro-oxidative enzymes (xanthine and NADPH oxidase) and reducing the levels of ROS. Furthermore, the extract augments the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutases and catalase), as well as glutathione/thioredoxin-dependent systems in UVB-irradiated cells. The expression of Nrf2 factor activators (p62, KAP1, p38) was significantly elevated, while no impact was observed on Nrf2 inhibitors (Keap1, Bach1). The antioxidant activity of the extract was accompanied by the silencing of overexpressed membrane transporters caused by UVB radiation. Furthermore, the Nannochloropsis oceanica extract exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes by decreasing the levels of TNFα, 8-iso prostaglandin F2, and 4-HNE-protein adducts. In conclusion, the lipid components of Nannochloropsis oceanica extract effectively prevent the pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects of UVB radiation in keratinocytes, thereby stabilizing the natural metabolism of skin cells.
An RNAi-Mediated Reduction in Transcription Factor Nrf-2 Blocks the Positive Effects of Dimethyl Fumarate on Metabolic Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Lanza Marika , Basilotta Rossella , Cuzzocrea Salvatore , Bulzomì Maria , Oddo Salvatore , Casili Giovanna , Esposito Emanuela
Published: July 2023

The prevalence of obesity is rapidly rising around the world, and this will have a significant impact on our society as it is believed to be one of the leading causes of death. One of the main causes of these occurrences is added sugar consumption, which is associated with a higher risk of obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and brain illnesses such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To this purpose, excess sugar might worsen oxidative damage and brain inflammation: two neuropathological signs of AD. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an orally accessible methyl ester of fumaric acid with putative neuroprotective and immunomodulatory properties. In addition, DMF stimulates the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), a key regulator of the antioxidant response mechanism in cells. The aim of the current study was to assess the potential therapeutic benefits of DMF in an in vitro model of metabolic stress induced by high and low sugar levels. We discovered that DMF reversed the negative impacts of high and low glucose exposure on the viability and oxidative stress of SH-SY5Y cells. Mechanistically, DMF’s actions were mediated by Nrf-2. To this end, we discovered that DMF boosted the expression of the Nrf-2-regulated genes heme-oxygenase-1 (HO1) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). More importantly, we found that inhibiting Nrf-2 expression prevented DMF’s positive effects. Our combined findings suggest that DMF may be a valuable support for treatments for metabolic diseases.
Revealing a Third Dissolved-Phase Xenon-129 Resonance in Blood Caused by Hemoglobin Glycation
Authors: Mikowska Lutosława , Grynko Vira , Shepelytskyi Yurii , Ruset Iullian C. , Deschamps Joseph , Aalto Hannah , Targosz-Korecka Marta , Balamore Dilip , Harańczyk Hubert , Albert Mitchell S.
Published: July 2023

Hyperpolarized (HP) xenon-129 (129Xe), when dissolved in blood, has two NMR resonances: one in red blood cells (RBC) and one in plasma. The impact of numerous blood components on these resonances, however, has not yet been investigated. This study evaluates the effects of elevated glucose levels on the chemical shift (CS) and T2* relaxation times of HP 129Xe dissolved in sterile citrated sheep blood for the first time. HP 129Xe was mixed with sheep blood samples premixed with a stock glucose solution using a liquid–gas exchange module. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed on a 3T clinical MRI scanner using a custom-built quadrature dual-tuned 129Xe/1H coil. We observed an additional resonance for the RBCs (129Xe-RBC1) for the increased glucose levels. The CS of 129Xe-RBC1 and 129Xe-plasma peaks did not change with glucose levels, while the CS of 129Xe-RBC2 (original RBC resonance) increased linearly at a rate of 0.015 ± 0.002 ppm/mM with glucose level. 129Xe-RBC1 T2* values increased nonlinearly from 1.58 ± 0.24 ms to 2.67 ± 0.40 ms. As a result of the increased glucose levels in blood samples, the novel additional HP 129Xe dissolved phase resonance was observed in blood and attributed to the 129Xe bound to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).
Special Protein or RNA Molecules Computational Identification
Authors: Qi Ren , Zou Quan
Published: July 2023

The identification of special protein or RNA molecules via computational methods is of great importance in understanding their biological functions and developing new treatments for diseases [...]
Targeting Endothelial Necroptosis Disrupts Profibrotic Endothelial–Hepatic Stellate Cells Crosstalk to Alleviate Liver Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Authors: Yan Mengli , Li Hui , Xu Shiyu , Wu Jinyan , Li Jiachen , Xiao Chengju , Mo Chunheng , Ding Bi-Sen
Published: July 2023

Chronic liver diseases affect over a billion people worldwide and often lead to fibrosis. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a disease paralleling a worldwide surge in metabolic syndromes, is characterized by liver fibrosis, and its pathogenesis remains largely unknown, with no effective treatment available. Necroptosis has been implicated in liver fibrosis pathogenesis. However, there is a lack of research on necroptosis specific to certain cell types, particularly the vascular system, in the context of liver fibrosis and NASH. Here, we employed a mouse model of NASH in combination with inducible gene knockout mice to investigate the role of endothelial necroptosis in NASH progression. We found that endothelial cell (EC)-specific knockout of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), a critical executioner involved in the disruption of cell membranes during necroptosis, alleviated liver fibrosis in the mouse NASH model. Mechanistically, EC-specific deletion of Mlkl mitigated the activation of TGFβ/Smad 2/3 pathway, disrupting the pro-fibrotic crosstalk between endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Our findings highlight endothelial MLKL as a promising molecular target for developing therapeutic interventions for NASH.
2-Methoxyestradiol-3,17-O,O-bis-sulfamate (STX140) Inhibits Proliferation and Invasion via Senescence Pathway Induction in Human BRAFi-Resistant Melanoma Cells
Authors: Franco Ylana Adami , de Moraes Manoel Oliveira , Carvalho Larissa A. C. , Dohle Wolfgang , da Silva Renaira Oliveira , Noma Isabella Harumi Yonehara , Lima Keli , Potter Barry V. L. , Machado-Neto João A. , Maria-Engler Silvya Stuchi
Published: July 2023

The endogenous estradiol derivative 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) has shown good and wide anticancer activity but suffers from poor oral bioavailability and extensive metabolic conjugation. However, its sulfamoylated derivative, 2-methoxyestradiol-3,17-O,O-bis-sulfamate (STX140), has superior potential as a therapeutic agent, acts by disrupting microtubule polymerization, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells and possesses much better pharmaceutical properties. This study investigated the antiproliferative and anti-invasive activities of STX140 in both SKMEL-28 naïve melanoma (SKMEL28-P) cells and resistant melanoma cells (SKMEL-28R). STX140 inhibited cell proliferation in the nanomolar range while having a less pronounced effect on human melanocytes. Additionally, STX140 induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and sub-G1, reduced migration, and clonogenic potential in monolayer models, and inhibited invasion in a 3D human skin model with melanoma cells. Furthermore, STX140 induced senescence features in melanoma and activated the senescence machinery by upregulating the expression of senescence genes and proteins related to senescence signaling. These findings suggest that STX140 may hold potential as a therapeutic agent for melanoma treatment.
N-N(+) Bond-Forming Intramolecular Cyclization of O-Tosyloxy β-Aminopropioamidoximes and Ion Exchange Reaction for the Synthesis of 2-Aminospiropyrazolilammonium Chlorides and Hexafluorophosphates
Authors: Kayukova Lyudmila , Vologzhanina Anna , Dorovatovskii Pavel , Yergaliyeva Elmira , Uzakova Asem , Duisenali Aidana
Published: July 2023

Our research area is related to the spiropyrazolinium-containingcompounds, which are insufficiently studied compared with pyrazoline-containing compounds. Nitrogen-containing azoniaspiromolecules have also been well studied. In drug design and other areas, they are a priori important structures, since rigid spirocyclic scaffolds with the reduced conformational entropy are able to organize a closely spaced area. Azoniaspirostructures are currently of wide practical interest as ionic liquids, current sources (membranes), structure-directing agents in organocatalysis, and in the synthesis of ordered ceramics. Our goal was the synthesis of 2-aminospiropyrazolilammonium chlorides and hexafluorophosphates. Our methodology is based on the tosylation of β-aminopropioamidoximes with six-membered N-heterocycles (piperidine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, and phenylpiperazine) at the β-position. 2-Aminospiropyrazolilammonium chlorides and hexafluorophosphates were obtained by the reaction of double ion substitution in the reaction of toluenesulfonates of 2-aminospiropyrazolinium compounds with an ethereal solution of HCl in ethanol and with ammonium hexafluorophosphate in ethanol in quantitative yields of 55–97%. The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized compounds and their IR and NMR spectra are presented. The obtained salts were additionally characterized by the single-crystal XRD analysis. The presence of both axial and equatorial conformations of spirocations in solids was confirmed. 2-Aminospiropyrazolilammonium chlorides and hexafluorophosphates have weak in vitro antimicrobial activity on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial lines.