bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Word Meaning and the Problem of a Globalized Legal Order
Authors: Engberg Jan
Published: February 2013

Globalization is a central condition in the life of people and companies of today. With it comes the call for some type of globalization of legal orders, especially in the field of business. Two criteria for measuring efforts to establish an international legal order are the degree of institutionalization and the position of a legal regime to multilingualism. This article explores the way we conceptualize the meaning of words in the context of a globalized, supranational legal order. The discussion begins with an overview of the impact of language, and especially of word meaning, on the problems arising in a globalized legal order, and then outlines different approaches to the description of word meaning in (multilingual) multinational law, together with their different takes on the problem. The article also considers legal terms as signs, decisive factors for ascribing the interpretant, proponents of a strong language theory, proponents of weak language theory, attempts to develop an official common European civil code, and model laws.
Investigating the Language Situation in Africa
Authors: Opeibi Tunde Olusola
Published: February 2013

The situation in most parts of Africa supports scholars' argument that for any group of people to share a sense of common identity, a certain minimum level of communication between them must be guaranteed. And the incontrovertible evidence shows that language has remained one of the most visible and enduring senses of that shared identity. In Africa, evidence shows that language has become a very strong factor for ethno-national identity, with the ethnic loyalty overriding the national interest. Previous scholarly contributions on the complex linguistic situation in Africa have discussed strategies adopted in language planning and types of language policies in many of the nations in Africa. Drawing on these contributions, as well as incorporating recent developments, this article uses a sociolinguistic perspective to discuss aspects of language policies in Africa and how these policies reflect the language situation there. After providing an overview of the linguistic landscape of Africa, it examines language as power, language planning, language policy, and nation building, as well as legal language.
Potential Impact of Juvenile Suspects’ Linguistic Abilities onmirandaUnderstanding and Appreciation
Authors: Goldstein Naomi E. S. , Messenheimer Sharon , Romaine Christina L. Riggs , Zelle Heather
Published: February 2013

In Miranda v Arizona, the US Supreme Court established procedural safeguards for custodial interrogations that also serve as a rule of admissibility if the prosecution wants to use a suspect's statements as evidence at trial. The Miranda Court also held that suspects may waive their rights, but in order for a waiver to be considered valid, it must have been made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. The voluntariness requirement, primarily, refers to the absence of police coercion in securing a Miranda waiver. This article focuses on the potential impact of juvenile suspects' linguistic abilities on Miranda understanding and appreciation. It discusses the effect of age on juveniles' Miranda comprehension, education and juvenile justice, youths' linguistic abilities, and administration and language of the Miranda warnings. The article concludes by considering the effect of developmental immaturity or mental illness on a juvenile suspect's ability to comprehend the basic meaning of the rights or the significance of waiving them.
Linguistic Issues in Courtroom Interpretation
Authors: Berk-Seligson Susan
Published: February 2013

Court interpreting, in its broadest sense, involves the conversion of source language material into its closest target language equivalent in a legal context. The notion of legal context, or domain, in turn, is broadly construed by court-interpreting specialists. In fact, the term ‘court interpreting’ itself is used interchangeably with labels such as ‘judiciary interpreting’ and ‘legal interpreting’, and while many experts in the interpreting field consider the distinctions among these concepts to be fuzzy, some use only one term, ‘court interpreter’, referring to persons who conduct interpreting both in the courtroom setting as well as in other types of legal context. Court interpreters are assigned to both quasi-judicial and judicial speech events. This article examines interpreting in three contexts: police interrogations, immigration and asylum cases, and small claims courts. Within the context of immigration, it considers the more formal role of interpreters in an immigration court, as well as the less formal interpreting contexts of asylum application interviews and the immigration detention process. The article concludes by analyzing interpreting in trial courts.
Factors Affecting Lay Persons’ Identification Of Speakers
Authors: Yarmey A. Daniel
Published: February 2013

A perpetrator speaking over the telephone or one whose face was obscured or disguised are examples of incidents that might lead to testimony on voice identification. Earwitness identification is part of the general area of person identification, but refers specifically to victims' and witnesses' verbal descriptions of voices and speaker identification. Although many laypersons give significantly more credibility to the identification of speakers than is justified, experts generally agree that earwitness descriptions and identification should be treated by the criminal justice system with great caution. This article presents a scientific overview of factors that affect the accuracy of speaker identification, or what is referred to as aural-perceptual analysis, and discusses the reliability and validity of speaker recognition and identification. The police do not have the luxury of handpicking their witnesses (or culprits) but must interview any and all male and female victims or witnesses, all of whom can differ in age, race, expertise, and other characteristics. The article also considers showups and voice lineups.
Constitutionalism and Impoverishment: A Complex Dynamic
Authors: Thiruvengadam Arun , Hessebon Gedion
Published: February 2013

This article explores and ascertains the relevance and application of principles of constitutionalism for issues of impoverishment. It finds that there is a deep connection between them, and explores how constitutionalism can be — and has been — harnessed to eradicate impoverishment in meaningful ways. Through case studies, the article highlights precise ways in which the existence of deep and pervasive impoverishment poses real challenges for attaining the ideals of constitutionalism. It argues that a wider acknowledgment of this connection can lead to productive exchanges across more jurisdictions on ways in which poverty reduction can be accelerated through the use of constitutional institutions and principles.
The Place Of Constitutional Law in the Legal System
Authors: Gardbaum Stephen
Published: February 2013

This article begins with discussions of what constitutional law is and general views on the place of constitutional law. It then considers the role of constitutional law versus ordinary law, and the political process that makes and executes it in certain specific and contested areas. In particular, it discusses rights protection and the structure of government; private law and the conduct of private individuals; and entitlements to state protection and socio-economic benefits.
Rule of Law
Authors: Krygier Martin
Published: February 2013

This article explores the theory of rule of law. It asks the question: What else is required if it is not enough for the rule of law that law should rule. Conventional accounts usually start with so-called ‘anatomical’ characterizations of the rule of law. That is to say, they stipulate elements of legal institutions, rules, and practices, and sometimes achievements, that are seen as adding up to the rule of law. Such accounts are contrasted with an expressly ‘teleological’ approach, which starts with reflection on immanent purposes and values of the rule of law, what it is for, and only then moves to spell out how such ends might be attained. That spelling out is likely to be more variable in content, and refer to many things besides legal institutions, than are familiar rule of law anatomies. It all depends on what is needed in particular places and times which themselves vary, to achieve the ends of the rule of law. The discussion here begins with some influential anatomies, and moves on to teleology.
Conceptions of the State
Authors: Beaud Olivier
Published: February 2013

This article challenges the idea that the concept of the state is a central feature of constitutional law everywhere. Sociologists have stolen a march on jurists by questioning whether the state is a universal phenomenon. The argument here is that only continental European scholarship has come up with what can be judged a complete theory of the state. By comparison, Anglo-American constitutional law scholarship has a somewhat incomplete conception of the state. To demonstrate this, the analysis relies on the usual threesome invoked for defining the state (a government, a territory, a people), which presupposes a somewhat fictitious similarity among all states, but on an examination of the relations of the state, first, with the concept of constitution, then with the concept of sovereignty, and finally with the concept of institution.
Constitutional Values and Principles
Authors: Jacobsohn Gary Jeffrey
Published: February 2013

This article considers some of the ways in which values and principles have influenced contemporary constitutional law and discourse. The article is organized as follows. Section II discusses the vexed nature of principles as sources of constitutional interpretation. While the claim often made on their behalf, that they are the cornerstones of the very concept of constitutionalism, provides a powerful adjudicative resource for jurists, the ease with which such principles are amenable to interpretive manipulation offers a counter-rationale to those troubled by the discretionary excesses they afford these actors. Section III is similarly concerned with the uses and abuses of values, which are distinguishable from principles by their association with the local environment and the traditions and histories that give definition to the constitutional identity of a given polity. Sometimes these different associations produce jurisprudential tensions, but the resulting dissonance may as easily lead to creative and productive results as dysfunctional ones. The concluding section further elaborates on the distinction by situating the contrast within the debate over the appropriateness of foreign law as a source for resolving constitutional disputes.
Internationalization of Constitutional Law
Authors: Chang Wen-Chen , Yeh Jiunn‐Rong
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the internationalization of constitutional law. It discusses major trends in the internationalization of constitutional law, including the incorporation of international human rights treaties into constitutions, convergence, and comparativism of national constitutions, and constitutional devolution or treaty-becoming constitutions. Next it makes inquiries into the driving forces that push the development of constitutions across and beyond their borders. It argues that the current internationalization of constitutional law results primarily from the expansion of a global market, the triumph of rights-based discourse, and, most importantly, the emergence of transnational networks by governments, non-governmental organizations, and technocrats or professionals.
The Constitutionalization of Public International Law
Authors: De Wet Erika
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the constitutionalization of international law, which can be summarized as an attempt to exercise legal control over politics within the international legal order itself, in order to compensate for the erosion of such control within domestic constitutional orders. In doing so, it attempts to translate to the international plane concepts that were traditionally reserved for domestic constitutions. Critics regard attempts to use concepts of domestic constitutionalism as a mechanism for controlling the international exercise of public power as over-ambitious. This argument is also fuelled by the lack of conceptual clarity in the debate pertaining to international constitutionalism and the controversies pertaining to the legitimacy of the value-laden hierarchy of norms in international law.
Militant Democracy
Authors: Müller Jan-Werner
Published: February 2013

This article begins by briefly reconstructing the intellectual history of militant democracy, starting with Loewenstein's work and moving on to the ways in which the doctrine of militant democracy was developed in post-war West German constitutional law in particular. It next compares varieties of militant democracy, mostly, but not only in different post-authoritarian countries, before touching on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, which has developed its own perspective on militant democracy. It then returns to the normative core questions surrounding militant democracy and asks whether one might conclude that some strategies for defending democracy are clearly superior to others — and what their implications are for constitutional law.
Grammaticalization and sociolinguistics
Authors: Nevalainen Terttu , Palander-Collin Minna
Published: February 2013

This article examines the diffusion of grammaticalisation processes of varying time depths and complexity across language communities. It argues that a process of grammaticalisation need not differ from other types of linguistic change in terms of its social embedding and evaluation and discusses sociolinguistic perspectives on grammaticalisation. It concludes that grammaticalisation processes can be described using the same sociolinguistic frameworks as other processes of linguistic change and that the present can be used to explain the past because similar social factors are found to correlate with ongoing changes in both real- and apparent-time studies.
Grammaticalization and directionality
Authors: Börjars Kersti , Vincent Nigel
Published: February 2013

This article explores the relation between grammaticalisation and directionality. It evaluates the unidirectionality hypothesis which states that the changes which fall under the rubric of grammaticalisation always move in the direction from more to less lexical or from less to more grammatical. It highlights the usefulness of the apparent unidirectionality of grammaticalisation as a valuable tool for reconstruction in a domain, morphosyntax, where reconstruction has been frequently argued to be difficult if not impossible.
Grammaticalization: a general critique
Authors: Joseph Brian D.
Published: February 2013

This article presents a general critique of grammaticalisation theory and grammaticalisation studies. It acknowledges that there is a phenomenon that can be called grammaticalisation and that one-time lexical material can certainly come to serve grammatical functions and to change regarding their lexical and grammatical status. It suggests that our understanding of language and language change has been enriched by the consideration of grammaticalisation over the past thirty years or so, despite those aspects of the grammaticalisation enterprise that may be considers as flawed.
Collocations in grammaticalization and variation
Authors: Cacoullos Rena Torres , Walker James A.
Published: February 2013

This article compares collocations in grammaticalisation and linguistic variation. It shows how patterns of distribution and co-occurrence can be used to demonstrate the variability and gradience of constituency using examples of grammaticalisation in Spanish and English. The article examines the role of collocations in contributing to apparent semantic effects in grammatical variation and discusses the two measures of collocation status: indices of unithood and relative frequency.
Degrees of grammaticalization across languages
Authors: Lamiroy Béatrice , De Mulder Walter
Published: February 2013

This article analyses the variation in degrees of grammaticalisation across languages. It proposes the hypothesis that an essential property of grammaticalisation also applies within a genealogical family and that several grammaticalization processes may be more advanced in one language than in the other languages of the same family. It provides evidence from three Romance languages and shows that French, has reached a further stage of grammaticalisation than Spanish and Italian.
Grammaticalization and conversation
Authors: Couper‐Kuhlen Elizabeth
Published: February 2013

This article analyses the relation between conversation and grammaticalisation. It argues that what is on one occasion accomplished via a succession of actions can, on other occasions, be collapsed into a single speaker's turn. It discusses three case studies from present-day English conversation to substantiate this argument. It contends that a path of grammaticalisation from vertical to horizontal development like those hypothesized for Left dislocation, concession, and extraposition can be all the more plausible when we consider that there is evidence of a similar development for other bipartite structures such as conditionals and Right dislocations.
Grammaticalization and lexicalization
Authors: Lightfoot Douglas
Published: February 2013

This article provides an overview of the study of lexicalisation phenomena in conjunction with grammaticalisation. It describes the commonalities and differences between the two and highlights certain problem areas raised in the research and the ongoing challenge of handling troublesome categorisation such as derivational affixation. It discusses the competing notions and consensus on grammaticalisation and lexicalisation.
Grammaticalization and pragmaticalization
Authors: Diewald Gabriele
Published: February 2013

This article explores the interrelation between grammaticalisation and pragmaticalisation. It attempts a terminological clarification of both terms independently from each other and examines their mutual relations. It proposes the hypothesis that fundamental features of grammar itself are rooted in pragmatics, and that therefore there is reason to interpret pragmaticalisation as an integral part of grammaticalisation.
The grammaticalization of agreement
Authors: van Gelderen Elly
Published: February 2013

This article analyses agreement markers in related to grammaticalisation. It shows that emphatic and demonstrative pronouns as well as nouns can be reanalysed as subject pronouns, which in turn can be reanalysed as agreement and later be lost. It discusses the linguistic cycle in general and addresses the question of whether subject and object cycles are the most relevant to the typology of a language. It provides examples of the subject cycle and the object cycle and examines possible explanations for why subject and object cycles exist.
The grammaticalization of tense and aspect
Authors: Hengeveld Kees
Published: February 2013

This article considers the processes of grammaticalization that involve tense and aspect markers from the perspective of a layered, hierarchical approach to grammatical categories. It discusses the notion of hierarchical layering and provides a summary of the paths of grammaticalization involving tense and aspect. It concludes that developments in the domain of tense and aspect may be fruitfully interpreted in terms of scope increase along hierarchically organized layers of semantic organisation.
The grammaticalization of discourse markers
Authors: Onodera Noriko O.
Published: February 2013

This article deals with the processes associated with the grammaticalisation of discourse markers. It provides a theoretical outline of discourse markers and an overview of how the development of discourse markers has recently been treated in the study of language change. It describes a new reformulated model of grammaticalisation and compares it with its traditional counterpart. It also discusses the kind of expressions in terms of structure and meaning which occur in initial and final positions in the grammaticalisation of discourse markers.
Grammaticalization of reference systems
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt
Published: February 2013

This article discusses issues concerning the grammaticalisation of reference systems. It suggests that one of the interesting aspects of the grammaticalisation of reference is that a large variety of functions are coded by the same lexical sources, including deictic markers, existential verbs, and nouns marked for gender. It explains that the wide variety of functions coded in the domain of reference is made possible by combining these lexical sources with linear order, affixation, the use of full nouns, or the absence of any overt coding.
Grammaticalization in sign languages
Authors: Pfau Roland , Steinbach Markus
Published: February 2013

This article considers the factors and processes associated with grammaticalisation in sign languages. It provides commentaries on the methodological challenges diachronic sign language research is faced with and describes selected grammaticalisation phenomena that we take to be modality-independent. It also discusses modality-specific instances of grammaticalisation and the grammaticalisation of gestures. The analysis reveals that sign language only show little evidence of type 2 grammaticalization and they have the unique possibility of grammaticalising manual and non-manual gestures.
Grammaticalization in Korean
Authors: Rhee Seongha
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on grammaticalisation in Korean languages. There are two aspects that make the study of grammaticalization in Korean particularly interesting. The Korean language has a rich inventory of particles and endings that await grammaticalization analyses and since the use of Korean was largely restricted to the Korean peninsula without much language contact until about a century ago, grammaticalisation processes in this language were inevitably language-internal changes. This article suggests that grammaticalisation studies in Korean should offer an insight as to the extent of non-contact-induced, language-internal grammaticalisation.
The First World War as Cultural Trauma
Authors: Kramer Alan
Published: February 2013

This article incorporates two complex concepts: trauma and culture. Trauma in the original medical sense meant simply a physical injury; it came to mean a state of shock brought on by injury; and in psychoanalysis it means the condition that can result from an emotional shock. Traditionalists might object that trauma is only individual, not collective; there can therefore be no cultural trauma. However, the term ‘collective traumatic memory’ can justifiably be used in relation to the experience of war. This article argues that individuals could sometimes express the traumatic experience of the war in a way which transcended the personal and could symbolize collective experience and mentalities. To understand the cultural trauma of war, it explains the enthusiasm for war in certain cultures and sections of societies, what occasioned the trauma, and how culture reacted to it.
The Aftermath of War
Authors: Sluga Glenda
Published: February 2013

Fascism was conceived amid the disorder associated with the transition from war to peace. The war shaped a predilection for the resort to violence, and disrespect for the practices of civil society and for the rule of law. The diplomatic process that began Paris in 1919, raising hopes among progressives for an international solution to the problems of order and the prospect of permanent peace, ultimately exacerbated post-war disillusion. Some historians have argued that the core elements of fascism as a political ideology were a consequence of the war and arose out of the climate of intensified militarism and nationalism which predominated after the war's end. This article examines the themes of militarism and nationalism, considering the variety of ways in which they may have influenced the emergence of fascist movements in order to problematize the place of the aftermath of the war in the story of fascism's rise.
The Peasant Experience under Italian Fascism
Authors: Absalom Roger
Published: February 2013

The fascist regime was the first system of government in modern Italy to attempt to address the ‘peasant question’ in a systematic fashion. It not only brought to bear upon it the administrative machinery of the state but also, through its policies and propaganda, attempted to convert the peasantry from a perennial threat to social stability into a positive bulwark of the political system the fascist regime was seeking to consolidate. This article describes the starting point of this historical account of peasants in 1921; the fascist policies that affected agriculture and the rural population; and the peasant responses to fascism.
Corporatism and the Economic Order
Authors: Morgan Philip
Published: February 2013

This article takes an unashamedly political line on Italian fascist economic policies, on the grounds that fascism without the politics is barely fascism at all. It attempts to outline what was ‘fascist’ about the running of the Italian economy during the fascist era. The concern throughout is to articulate what fascism's efforts to control the national economy tell people about the nature of fascism, rather than about the nature of Italian economic development. After the First World War, the corporations' job was, under the totalitarian regime's auspices, to bury for good counter-productive and divisive class conflict, by forcing the various human factors of production to cooperate in the national interest of maximizing economic output.
Communism
Authors: Markwick Roger D.
Published: February 2013

Many hold the view not only that Soviet communism and Italian fascism were close ‘totalitarian’ cousins, if not twins like Stalinism and Nazism, but also that the threat of communism begat fascism in its Italian, German, and other European guises. This article compares Stalin's Soviet Union with Mussolini's Fascist Italy, with occasional asides on fascist Germany. Close inspection of Italian fascism and Soviet communism, on a historical basis rather than abstract, political science principles, suggests that their similarities were more apparent than real. The rise of fascism in its Italian and other European manifestations was, in good part, a response to the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and its shock waves in Europe after the First World War. But fascism, like communism, was also a radical reaction to the crises that racked European states and societies in the aftermath of that traumatic, total war.
Spain
Authors: Vincent Mary
Published: February 2013

This article examines the different facets of Spanish fascism. The Spanish fascist project was essentially secular. For perhaps the first time on the Spanish right, fascism offered a radical break with the past. The reliance on religion, which had for some time defined the essential difference between left and right in Spain, was reworked to make Catholicism a national attribute. Francoism, meanwhile, was a hybrid, the result of a profound dialectic that existed between all sections of the anti-republican right during the 1930s. Fascism provided the dynamism, rhetoric, and mobilizing force that proved to be invaluable assets during the Civil War, while the Falange Española peopled Franco's New State as soldiers, killers, leaders, and officials. Falangism always existed within a wider and more general right-wing discourse and ideology that may have eventually undermined an identifiable fascism, but which had also brought it into existence in the first place.
Hungary
Authors: Pittaway Mark
Published: February 2013

Historical interpretation of Hungarian fascism has been shaped by the political divisions that followed its fall in 1945. Almost from the moment of the war's end, Hungary's left-wing political parties used their anti-fascist credentials to legitimize their political project for Hungary's future. From the end of the Second World War, through most of the socialist era, ‘Horthy fascism’ was described as the pursuit of territorial revision, and institutionalized anti-Semitism was held responsible for the tragedies of Hungary's painful entanglement in the Second World War and the murder of the majority of the country's Jewish population. The roots of both Hungarian fascism and the dominant neo-conservative ideology of the inter-war years lay in a polarization of politics that began in the 1890s, when conservative intellectuals responded to the growing mobilization of the left in the country's industrial centres and a greater assertiveness from non-Magyar speakers, who composed half of pre-war Hungary's population.
Yugoslavia and its Successor States
Authors: Attila Hoare Marko
Published: February 2013

Yugoslavia and its successor states have produced a myriad of regimes and movements that were ‘fascist’ in one sense or another. Under the inter-war Yugoslav kingdom, regimes and movements appeared that were inspired by or resembled the Nazi and Italian fascist regimes and movements. They reached their apogee in the Second World War under the umbrella of the Axis powers that occupied Yugoslavia in 1941. Following the Second World War defeat of the pro-Axis and collaborationist forces, Yugoslavia was under Communist rule until 1990. This article examines these events against the backdrop of the historical periods in which they appeared. It defines fascism as ‘revolutionary anti-liberal chauvinism’: the ideology and practice of mobilizing chauvinism on a popular basis in order to assault liberal values, bring down a liberal order, cement in power an authoritarian regime, and/or territorially expand.
France
Authors: Tumblety Joan
Published: February 2013

French scholars have been remarkably resistant to the idea that fascism ever had much purchase as a political force in France. Yet, this article argues that, whatever the authentic ‘fascist’ credentials of the various French movements that have begged classification by scholars of fascism, it was a configuration of contextual factors which kept them out of power rather than the intrinsic ideological weakness of fascism as a political force. The question is how far any of them were fascist and why their advocates failed to seize power. This article reconstructs some of the conversations in which historians and other scholars have been engaged, convey the variety of illiberal populist positions that sought to mobilize support in this period, and articulate the nature of the inter-war crisis in French democracy which made the radical right so appealing to many.
Japan
Authors: Kersten Rikki
Published: February 2013

Japanese in Meiji Japan (1868–1912) came to realize that socio-political and economic change occurred as an interactive exercise with culture. Indeed, from the late Meiji onwards culture became the object of a defensive attempt to ‘protect’ Japaneseness from Western emasculation. This became an important aspect of the fascist transformation that occurred in inter-war Japan. It was in an atmosphere of anti-Western, pro-Japanese feeling that fascism entered the socio-political lexicon of modern Japan. This article holds that asking whether Japan is fascist is a conceptual quagmire. It also discusses Japan between wars, Maruyama Masao's conceptualization of Japanese fascism, Japanese writing on Japanese fascism, and restoration fascism.
Theoretical and Epistemological Foundations
Authors: Nelson James M. , Slife Brent D.
Published: February 2013

The psychology of religion and spirituality (PRS) involves applying the methods and procedures of psychological science to the study of religion and spirituality. Since PRS is a scientific endeavor, best practices in the field will always involve a thorough understanding of the scientific process, such as that provided by contemporary philosophers of science. One of the most important things to be learned from these writers is that all science—including inquiry in PRS—involves methodological, epistemological, ethical, and ontological assumptions that greatly affect the conduct of scientific work. A brief review of these assumptions in PRS suggests that current scientific practices in the field fall short in a number of ways, making it difficult for investigators to truly increase our understanding of the important psychological processes involved in religious activities and spiritual experience. We explore the nature of these assumptions and their problems, and offer a possible alternative framework that will help advance the science of PRS.
Complementarities in Physics and Psychology
Authors: Richards C. Edward
Published: February 2013

This article explores one of the profound complementarities in quantum physics and psychology: the reflexive nature of observation both on the objective (physics) and the subjective (psychological) side. It seeks to provide a logical chain of evidence from quantum mechanics to quantum effects in biological systems, to quantum effects in neurological systems. It then discusses the implications for psychology and pedagogy. Should quantum theory become the dominant paradigm for explaining consciousness, the implications for psychology are profound indeed. However, neuroplasticity, whether explained by classical or quantum effects, has already launched a revolution in our understanding of how changing one's intentions and thoughts affects both behavior and the brain.
Religion, Altruism, and Prosocial Behavior: Conceptual and Empirical Approaches
Authors: Midlarsky Elizabeth , Mullin Anthony S. J. , Barkin Samuel H.
Published: February 2013

This chapter examines two important aspects of human functioning: altruism and religion. Beginning with older, more philosophical and rhetorically based discourse on the link between the two phenomena, definitions of altruism and religion are discussed and reviews of the empirical research conducted separately on each are presented. We then address the question: What empirical evidence exists about the manifestations of these phenomena and the extent to which they are related to one another? The complex, multifaceted nature of both altruism and religion are acknowledged, and we argue that cross-disciplinary approaches are needed for progress to be made. At the same time, we note that both altruism and religion are powerful enough to have both salutary and toxic effects that make it critical that they be the focus of research efforts. Suggestions for future research are then offered.
Models of Spiritual Development
Authors: Friedman Harris , Krippner Stanley , Riebel Linda , Johnson Chad
Published: February 2013

This chapter focuses on exploring various models of spiritual development. It first addresses philosophical dilemmas underpinning the concept of spiritual development by questioning whether these can be addressed without metaphysical assumptions embedded in religious worldviews and thus understood in any consensual way across different historical and cultural contexts. Traditional models of spiritual development are then reviewed, drawing from indigenous, Eastern, and Western cultures. Integrative-philosophical and scientific models, including those from the psychology of religion, transpersonal psychology, and neurobiology, are then presented. The chapter concludes by noting the complexities involved in understanding spiritual development accompanied by suggestions on future directions for these models by highlighting their commonalities and differences and by providing some evaluative perspectives for thinking critically about them.
Contemplative Traditions and Meditation
Authors: Kelly Brendan D.
Published: February 2013

Most of the world's major religious and spiritual traditions incorporate elements of contemplative prayer or meditation, although the nature, prominence, and precise features of such practices vary between traditions. Neuroscientific findings indicate that meditation is associated with significant, enduring alterations in patterns of activity in specific brain areas (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal areas). These, in turn, are linked with the increased attention and alterations in experience of self associated with contemplative practice. Neuroscientific findings are complemented by clinical evidence of relationships between contemplative practice and positive psychological change, leading, for example, to the use of “mindfulness-based cognitive therapy” for depression (combining mindfulness-based techniques from Buddhist tradition with Western cognitive therapeutic approaches). There remains substantial potential for further research and ongoing dialog aimed at developing deeper, more integrated understandings of the spiritual, psychological, and biological effects of contemplative practice.
Neuroimaging and Spiritual Practice
Authors: Beauregard Mario
Published: February 2013

In this chapter, we first define religious, spiritual, and mystical experiences (RSMEs). We then review clinical data suggesting a role for the temporal lobe in RSMEs. The possibility of experimentally inducing such experiences by stimulating the temporal lobe with weak electromagnetic currents is examined. The limbic-marker hypothesis is also presented. In the following section, we examine the findings of neuroimaging studies of RSMEs conducted to date. Since meditation is often associated with spiritual practice, we review in the fourth section neuroimaging studies of diverse meditative states. In the next section, we discuss neuroimaging data and phenomenology of RSMEs with respect to the mind-brain problem. In the last section, we provide a few concluding remarks and propose new opportunities for expanding the neuroscience of spirituality.
Spirituality, Connection, and Healing With Intent: Reflections on Cancer Experiments on Laboratory Mice
Authors: Bengston William F.
Published: February 2013

Data from 10 experiments that tested the effect of healing with intent on cancerous laboratory mice are selectively summarized to address the question of whether there is a connection between spirituality and healing. Volunteer healers with no previous experience or belief in healing with intent were successful in producing full life-span cures in cancer models that are normally fatal. Successful healing has been produced by volunteers who have experienced a wide range of subjective sense of connection to their experimental mice. While it may initially seem reasonable to conclude that connection may not be necessary to affect healing, methodological complications resulting from an apparent resonant bonding between experimental and control groups render interpretation problematical. These resonant bonds are interpreted as fluid, with the potential of being both strengthened and weakened by consciousness and shared experience. Some implications of these experiments for the study of the connection between healing and spirituality, and for the mechanistic tradition within science, are discussed.
The Medieval Spice Trade
Authors: Freedman Paul
Published: February 2013

Europe's insatiable demand for spices in the late Middle Ages (1200-1500 AD) is a remarkable example of dramatic historic change triggered by consumer preference. The spice trade is important to the history of food not only because of the trade routes and speculation about how to expand them, but also because of the reasons for the heavy demand in the first place. Tropical spices are not an essential ingredient of modern European cuisine. This article documents the spice trade during the medieval period. It first considers the ubiquity of spices in medieval gastronomy and medieval pharmacology. It then turns to the health benefits of spices to medieval food, the origins and imagined origins of spices, spice trade routes, and prices of spices.
Are “American Novels” Novels?Mardiand the Problem of Boring Books
Authors: Stein Jordan Alexander
Published: February 2013

This article examines the American novel and the problem of boring books. It investigates what would happen if the assumption about the existence of novel as a literary genre were treated as a critical problem. The article analyzes Herman Melville's 1849 novel Mardi and a Voyage Thither to demonstrate that in order to make sense of “bad” novels, one might be well served to suspend the categories required for deductive conclusions.
The Invention of Mexican America
Authors: Alemán Jesse
Published: February 2013

This article examines the role of Mexican America in the U.S. literary imagination. It discusses the hemispheric vision of Mexican America and comments on the notion that sees the invention of Mexican America as only an anticolonial response to the U.S.A. The article suggests that the invention of Mexican America should be read in the context of the complexity of the Americas as a site of layered colonialisms, overlapping geographies, and the contradiction of a Creole double consciousness inventing itself over and over again to avoid discovery.
Literature and The News
Authors: Tamarkin Elisa
Published: February 2013

This article examines the relationship between literature and the news, particularly how literature speaks to its contemporary situation. It investigates the connection of novels, ranging from George Lippard's popular works to the literary-minded productions authored by Henry James, to the explosion of newspapers and the daily events reported in their pages. The article also highlights the efforts of authors to assert the currency of their work by insisting on its relevance.
Reading Minds in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Gilmore Paul
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on cognitive literary studies in the U.S.A. It provides an overview and critique of cognitive literary studies, and suggests how recent developments within neuroscience and studies of embodied cognition can potentially offer a better model for a historicism grounded in brain science. The article concludes that combining formal and historical analysis with the insights of embodied cognitive neuroscience provides the basis for a neural historicism which would illuminate some of the ways minds have been read and understood, and how those minds have read texts and the world.
Music's Place in Education
Authors: Bowman Wayne
Published: February 2013

This article examines four questions that address the issue of music's perceived role in the process of education. These questions are: Why should music be part of the education of all children? What is the role of music in personal/educational development? How do the goals of music education align with those of general education? How can we justify the role of music in education in ways others understand? The article first considers the two assumptions underlying the argument for making music part of child education: that music contributes something unique and essential to human life, and this “something” cannot be achieved without formal instruction. It then explores the distinctions between education and training, the difference between educating in and educating through music, and whether formal schooling is itself educational. It also discusses advocacy as a strategy used by music educators to persuade others of the importance and integrity of current practices and argues that music education must be as concerned with changing itself as it is with winning the support of others.
Some Contributions of Ethnomusicology
Authors: Nettl Bruno
Published: February 2013

This article introduces the field of ethnomusicology, and attempts to relate it to issues and approaches in music education, broadly defined. It comments on ways in which the findings of ethnomusicology may inform music education, and also takes into account certain ways in which the concerns of music education have impacted the approaches and the organization of ethnomusicology.
Creative Meaning-Making in Infants’ and Young Children's Musical Cultures
Authors: Barrett Margaret S. , Tafuri Johannella
Published: February 2013

Well before the infant can grasp the materials of art-making in order to make an original impression, he/she has been engaged in creative music-making for some considerable time. What do we know of this early creativity in music? How is it manifested? What are its characteristic features and forms? What role does this early activity play in children's development? How might children's early creative work be supported and extended? As teachers and early childhood educators, how might we draw on this rich resource of music engagement in developing further children's musical understanding and skills? This article explores these questions by focusing on the creative meaning-making of children from birth to early schooling (age 0–5 years). It examines the ways young children engage in creative music activity in family and community settings, individually, socially, institutionally, and culturally, and considers the implications of this engagement for their music learning.
Commentary
Authors: Hallam Susan
Published: February 2013

Globalization and technological developments during the twentieth century have led to major changes in the extent to which we can access music, the ways that we do so, and also the types of instruments which are played. These changes are increasingly impacting on pedagogy. This article begins with a discussion of the aims of learning to play a musical instrument, and then considers the following issues: practice, motivation, and pedagogy.
Cognitions: Self-Talk and Performance
Authors: Theodorakis Yannis , Hatzigeorgiadis Antonis , Zourbanos Nikos
Published: February 2013

The main objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the self-talk literature in sport psychology, in particular with regard to the links between self-talk and performance. Definitions and conceptualizations are discussed, and measurement issues are presented. The main research questions that have been addressed and the research paradigms that have been adopted to address these questions are then outlined. The content of athletes’ self-talk and the use of self-talk strategies are then described, and the factors shaping and influencing self-talk are discussed. The main body of the chapter focuses on the relationship between self-talk and performance, with particular emphasis placed on research advances regarding the mechanisms that may explain the facilitating effects of self-talk on performance. A brief look at performance-related self-talk research within other psychology domains is then presented. Finally, applied recommendations and future research directions are discussed.
Moral Behavior in Sport
Authors: Kavussanu Maria
Published: February 2013

The last decade has seen an important shift of focus in research on sport morality. Researchers have moved from a focus on moral judgment as a moral outcome to the examination of morally relevant behavior. This chapter reflects this shift and reviews research on sport behaviors that could be classified within the moral domain. Different labels have been used to refer to such acts, including prosocial, antisocial, aggressive, and bad/poor behavior. The chapter begins with a discussion of the moral domain and an overview of the main approaches used to measure moral behavior in sport and continues with an extensive review of dispositional and social-environmental factors associated with moral behavior in sport. Next, the effects of demographic and context characteristics on moral action are discussed, followed by a brief review of interventions conducted in physical activity settings. Finally, implications for morality in other performance domains are outlined and directions for future research are provided.