bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Time-of-Flight Reconstructions on Maximum Standard Uptake Value in PET/MRI: Using of 18F-FDG, 11C-CFT and 11C-PIB
Authors: Wimalarathne Dewalage Dilani Neranjana , Ruan Weiwei , Sun Xun , Liu Fang , Hu Fan , Lan Xiaoli
Published: May 2021

Objective: To evaluate the impact of time-of-flight (TOF) reconstruction on the maximum standard uptake value (SUV max) among 18F-FDG, 11C-CFT and 11C-PIB in positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MR) brain images.Methods: Suspected Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s patients (AD/PD) who underwent 18F-FDG, 11C-CFT or 11C-PIB PET-MR imaging were retrospectively included in the study. Each PET LIST mode data was reconstructed with and without TOF respectively using the system default three-dimensional ordered subset expectation maximization iterative reconstruction algorithm (3D-OESM). SUVmax of the selected brain volume of interest (VOI) were measured using the PMOD 3.906 PNEURO module in both TOF and non-TOF images. TOF and non-TOF SUVmax values were assessed by paired t-test and Pearson’s correlation graphs. Contrast improvement of VOIs, relative % SUVmax difference and the percentage signal-to-noise ratio (%SNR) of whole-brain were measured using standard formulas.Results: A total 109 patients were included with the median age (years) and body mass index (BMI-kg/m2) of 62.2±6.8 y and 24.7±2.9 kg/m2 in 11C-PIB (n=34), 60.2±10.9 y and 23.9±3.7 kg/m2 in 11C-CFT (n=41) and 62.3±9.0 y, 23.6±3.5 kg/m2 in 18F-FDG (n=34), respectively. Higher average SUVmax values were observed in all the brain VOIs in TOF compared to non-TOF reconstructions, and relative % average SUVmax difference for all segmented brain VOIs were positive for all three radiotracers. Differences of SUVmax were significant in 100% of segmented VOIs in 18F-FDG (P<0.01), similarly 83.34% of VOIs in 11C-PIB (P<0.05), inversely not in 11C-CFT. Contrast improvement was showed significant (P<0.05) for 60.0%, 66.7% and 50.0% of segmented VOIs in 18F-FDG, 11C-PIB and 11C-CFT in TOF, respectively. %SNR gain for whole-brain showed slightly higher in 11C-PIB and 18F-FDG only in TOF, inequitably difference was significant (P<0.05) in 11C-CFT non-TOF images. TOF versus non-TOF reconstructions were strongly correlated positively and differences were significant (P<0.01) in all the VOIs among three radiotracers. Conclusion: The TOF reconstructions significantly improve the SUVmax value among all the brain VOIs in 11C-PIB, 11C-CFT and 18F-FDG. Consequently, it enhanced image contrast and SNR. Thus, the quantitative effect of TOF reconstruction in simultaneous PET/MRI may positively impact the proper diagnosis of some diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
A Rasch Analysis of the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) in the Urban-rural fFinge of China
Authors: Zhu Gaopei , Wang Zhongli , Guan Peixia , Zhu Yuhang , Li Juan , Liu Yujie , Shi Fuyan , Wang Suzhen
Published: May 2021

Background The impact of urbanization on the physical and mental health of the rural-urban population has been ignored. The primary objective of this investigation was to demonstrate the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) in the measurement of psychological distress in the rural-urban fringe population. Methods Data were obtained from the mental health section of chronic disease survey in Longzihu District, urban-rural fringe area, of Bengbu City, with 3354 participants. The Mandarin version of K10 was used for face-to-face interviews. The Rasch model was used to analyze the psychometry characteristics and differential item functioning (DIF) of K10.Results Rasch analysis results revealed that the K10 scale showed ordered response categories. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) and information-weighted fit statistic (infit) mean square (MNSQ) indicated that the K10 scale conforms to unidimensionality. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of K10 was 0.916 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.907,0.924), which had good reliability, but the Cronbach's alpha coefficient would be increased if the fifth item was removed. The results of the Rasch model showed that all the 10 items in the K10 scale had a good fitting effect (Infit MNSQ value, 0.928-1.072). A non-significant differential item functioning (DIF) was found on K10 of age and gender. Overall, the K10 scale was more difficult, and the psychological distress score of the subjects was generally low.Conclusion Rasch analysis showed that the Mandarin version of K10 was an effective and reliable scale for measuring and screening mental distress of residents in the urban-rural fringe. However, it was still recommended that further research should be conducted to solve inappropriate and difficult items.
Using Probability Distribution Functions to Correlate Breakthrough Curves of Water and air Contaminants
Authors: Chu Khim Hoong
Published: May 2021

This paper reports the use of five probability cumulative distribution functions (normal, log-normal, logistic, Gompertz, and Weibull) to correlate published breakthrough data of water and air contaminants (ciprofloxacin, ammonium, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen sulfide). Because the shape of the ciprofloxacin breakthrough curve is fairly symmetric, it is well correlated by all five functions (R2 > 0.99). They also provide a good representation of the overall shape of the ammonium breakthrough curve (R2 > 0.99). However, none can describe the leakage of ammonium during the initial period of column operation. The log-normal and Weibull functions give an excellent representation of the tailing HCl data while the normal, logistic, and Gompertz functions are quite poor. This difference in performance can be explained by the different characteristics of their inflection points. The log-normal and Weibull functions have a floating inflection point, which gives them flexibility in tracing the shape of the tailing data. The invariant inflection points of the normal, logistic, and Gompertz curves restrict their data fitting ability. Only the log-normal function can provide a reasonable fit to the H2S data with strong tailing. It is shown that the invariant inflection point of a probability function can be converted to a floating one. A version of the Gompertz function so modified provides a good quantitative correlation of the tailing data of H2S (R2 = 0.99).
Tannery Liming Sludge in Compost Production: Sustainable Waste Management
Authors: Hashem Md. Abul , Sahen Md. Sahariar , Hasan Mehedi , Payel Sofia
Published: May 2021

In tannery at beamhouse, hair burning liming wastewater is the most toxic substance, which has adverse impact on the environment. Treatment of hair burning liming wastewater begets substantial amount of solid waste termed as ‘sludge’. In this investigation, in-situ prepared liming sludge from hair burning liming wastewater is used for compost processing. The liming sludge is mixed with sawdust, cow dung, and chicken manure; piled onto a horizontal bamboo aerator. Three compost piles were built up weighing 650, 690, and 630 Kg. Drastic changes were observed in temperature due to the revolving of the piles. The highest temperature generated in the piles were in the thermophilic range at 59.69°C, 64.41°C, and 63.36°C respectively, ensures the destruction of pathogenic microorganism. The heavy metals Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb of the compost were analyzed and the highest amounts found among the piles were 152.64, 21.20, 21.02, 6.93, 5.78, and 3.30 mg/kg, correspondingly. Moreover, the nutrient nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, sulfur of the compost fulfills the requirement of the investigated material as compost. SEM analysis indicates the degradation of the composting materials. This study reveals that without any pretreatment, the generated tannery liming sludge can be transformed into a value-added product with the use of a zero-waste approach.
Heat Transfer Analysis of Pin-fin Profiles for Aerospace Application using CFD
Authors: N Manikanda Prabu , P Venkateshwaran , Murali Ganesh
Published: May 2021

Heat transfer is key phenomena of any cooling systems for the safe and satisfactory operating condition of an appliance. Fins are occupying a greater role in cooling of vehicle systems and specifically, radiating fins are used in space vehicles which represents an important part of the satellite thermal control system. The present work assumed three different profiles such as rectangular, stepped and elliptical pin-fins in radiation ambiance. The experiment is conducted in vacuum chamber setup to show the possibilities of heat transfer enhancement in radiating fins by taking those different profiles, also with Computational fluid dynamics. The performance of fins can be depicted in terms of the thermal conductivity and amount of heat transfer which is possible to evaluate from fin’s temperature distribution. However, a temperature dependent thermal conductivity is considered when there is a large temperature difference. Hence, the finite volume method is employed to simulate the temperature distribution due to the lower temperature gradient. The results of experimental and numerical analysis are used to compare the fin profiles for suitability in space vehicles.
Effect of Long Term Prediagnostic Aspirin Intake on the Prognosis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Receiving Radical Surgery
Authors: Jia Wenqiao , Wang Cong , Lu Ming , Cheng Yufeng
Published: May 2021

Background:The effect of long term prediagnostic aspirin intake on the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is unclear. We aimed to reveal the effect of long term prediagnostic aspirin intake on survival of ESCC patients receiving radical surgery. Methods:147 eligible ESCC patients who received radical surgery for primary treatment were enrolled in this study. Patients who had used aspirin regularly for more than 3 months before diagnose were classified as aspirin group and patients who had never used aspirin before diagnose and surgery were served as non-aspirin group. The recurrence rate, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between the two groups to verify the effect of aspirin. Results:Patients were clarified into aspirin group (n=57) and non-aspirin group (n=90). The DFS and OS were both significantly shorter in aspirin group than non-aspirin group (DFS: 23.1±18.0 months vs. 30.9±19.8 months, P=0.018; OS: 29.8±17.4 months vs. 35.2±18.2 months, P=0.082). Survival analysis revealed that OS decreased in aspirin group than in non-aspirin group, however, it did not reach significance (P=0.074). DFS decreased significantly in aspirin group than non-aspirin group in both univariate (P=0.007) and multivariate (P=0.002) survival analysis. Subgroup analysis revealed that in pTNM stage 2, OS and DFS were reduced in non-aspirin group compared with aspirin group (P=0.048 and P=0.003, respectively), while no difference was found in stage 3.Conclusions:Long term prediagnostic aspirin intake may cause poor DFS in ESCC patients receiving radical surgery, especially for those in pTNM stage 2.
Accuracy of SD Malaria Ag P.f/Pan® As A Rapid Diagnosis Test of Malaria in French Amazonia
Authors: pujo jean marc , Lemmonier Sarah , Houcke Stéphanie , Frémery Alexis , Blanchet Denis , Djossou Felix , Kallel Hatem , Demar Magalie
Published: May 2021

BackgroundFrench Guiana (FG) is, with Mayotte island, one of the two French overseas territories where malaria is still endemic. Ten years ago, French health authorities implemented a strategy to eradicate malaria disease in the region. The current incidence rate is 0,74‰ inhabitants, and Plasmodium Vivax is widely predominating even though Plasmodium Falciparum is still present due to imported cases, mainly from the Africa continent. In FG, RDT (SD Malaria Ag P.f/Pan®) test is based on detection of pan-pLDH, PfHRP2, and PfHRP3 antigens. While, in South America, the share of deletion of PfHRP2 gene is significantly increasing. So, we wondered if RDTs remained reliable in this context.MethodsOur study is a retrospective analysis conducted over four years and analyzed 12880 rapid diagnosis tests (RDTs) whose result was compared with Blood Film Tests (BFTs) sampled for malaria diagnosis.ResultsThe global assessment of the diagnosis accuracy of RDT in the diagnosis of malaria shows PPV (Positive Predictive Value) and NPV (Negative Predictive Value) more than 95%, except for PPV of RDT in the diagnosis of malaria to P falciparum (88%). Overall, the concordance rate between RDT and BFT (positive/positive; negative/negative) was 99.5%. The PPV of the RDT in the follow-up of patients diagnosed with P falciparum was the lowest during the 28 first days after diagnosis. The PPV of the RDT in the follow-up of patients diagnosed with P vivax was the lowest during the 21 first days after diagnosis. The global sensitivity of SD Malaria Ag P.f/Pan® test was, on average, 96% (88.2 – 1) for P falciparum and 93% (90.6 – 94.2) for P vivax. The global specificity was high, with a rate of 99.8% (99.5 – 1) for all species included.ConclusionSD Malaria Ag P.f/Pan® is still a reliable rapid test used for the first-line diagnosis in remote healthcare centers. The test reading should be nuanced by the recent medical history of patients and the date of arrival in FG. RDT result has always to be confirmed by BFT that is still the gold standard for the malaria diagnosis. FG is still a PfHRP2 gene deletion-free area.
Real-World Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Everolimus in Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Fukudo Masahide , Ishibashi Kei , Kitada Masahiro
Published: May 2021

PurposeThis study investigated the relationship between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of everolimus in patients with metastatic breast cancer (mBC) in real-world practice.MethodsTwenty-two patients with mBC treated with everolimus plus exemestane were enrolled. Blood everolimus concentrations were measured at outpatient visits. The inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was examined. The efficacy and safety endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and the cumulative incidence of dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), respectively.ResultsBlood samples were obtained from 19 consenting patients. Everolimus did not completely inhibit mTOR activity in PBMCs at therapeutic concentrations (~56% maximal inhibition). The most common adverse event was stomatitis (any grade 77%). The trough concentration (Ctrough) was significantly higher in patients experiencing DLTs than in those without any DLTs (P = 0.030). The optimal Ctrough cutoff predicting DLT development was 17.3 ng/mL. The cumulative incidence of DLTs was significantly higher in patients with Ctrough ≥17.3 ng/mL than in other patients (sub-hazard ratio 4.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.53–15.5; P = 0.007). Furthermore, the median PFS was numerically longer in patients who maintained a steady-state Ctrough below the threshold than in those who did not (327 days [95% CI 103–355 days] vs 194 days [95% CI 45 days–not estimable]; P = 0.35). ConclusionThe suggested upper threshold for the therapeutic window of everolimus Ctrough was 17.3 ng/mL. Pharmacokinetically guided dosing may improve the efficacy and safety of everolimus for mBC, warranting further investigation in a larger study.
The First Steps Towards Professionalism? A Qualitative Study of Medical Students’ Experiences With Patients’ Emotional Issues During a Medical Interview
Authors: Brodahl Knut Ørnes , Storøy Hanne-Lise Eikeland , Finset Arnstein , Pedersen Reidar
Published: May 2021

Background: There is evidence that self-reported empathy decreases as medical students go through clinical training, but few in-depth studies have investigated students’ own experiences with empathy during medical interviews. We therefore wanted to explore this topic qualitatively by studying medical students’ perceptions, experiences, and reflections during communication with patients expressing emotional issues in an arranged medical interview.Methods: A qualitative content analysis of semi-structured interviews with third year medical students (N=11) was conducted using video-stimulated recall from their own medical interview with a simulated chronically ill patient. Students were led to believe that the patient was real. Results: Six themes which may influence student empathy during history-taking were identified through analysis of interview data: (1) Giving priority to medical history taking, (2) Interpreting the patient’s worry as lack of medical information, (3) Conflicts between empathy and professional identity, (4) Empathy as a technical communication skill, (5) Striving for a professional form of empathy and (6) Disagreements on whether communication of empathy must be heart-felt.Conclusions: The participating students described conflicts between a medical agenda, rules and norms for professional conduct and the students’ own judgments when trying to empathize with the patient. Educators should actively encourage group discussion and reflection on these underlying conflicting norms and values as part of the formal curriculum, and consider possible side-effects of the medical curriculum, including the communication skills teaching, on students’ empathy.
Homologous Recombination Deficiency as a Novel Therapeutic Target in Various Solid Tumors
Authors: Kim Hana , Kim Hongsik , Hong Jung Yong , Lee Jeeyun , Park Se Hoon , Park Joon Oh , Park Young Suk , Lim Ho Yeong , Kang Won Ki , Kim Kyoung-Mee , Kim Seung Tae
Published: May 2021

Background: Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) is related to tumorigenesis. Currently, the possibility of HRD as a prognostic biomarker to immune check point inhibitors is unknown.Methods: The status of homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) was assessed with the next-generation sequencing (NGS) TruSightTM Oncology 500 assay in 501 patients with advanced solid tumor including gastrointestinal (GI), genitourinary (GU), or rare cancer. Results: Among the 501 patients, HRD was observed as follows: 74.7% (347/501) patients; GU cancer (92.0%, 23 of 25), colorectal cancer (CRC) (86.1%, 130 of 151), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (83.3%, 10 of 12), pancreatic cancer (PC) (76.2%, 32 of 42), biliary tract cancer (BTC) (75.0%, 36 of 48), sarcoma (65.0%, 39 of 60), melanoma (52.4%, 11 of 21), other GI cancers (50.0%, 11 of 22), and rare cancer (50.0%, 2 of 4). Sixty-five of the 501 patients had received immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) during the course of the disease. Tumor types of 65 patients treated with ICIs are as follows: melanoma (95.2%, 20 of 21), HCC (33.3%, 4 of 12), rare cancer (25.0%, 1 of 4), GC (12.2%, 14 of 116), BTC (10.4%, 5 of 48), and sarcoma (5.0%, 3 of 60). Patients without HRD exhibited an objective response rate (ORR) of 33.3% (4 of 12), and patients with HRD exhibited an ORR of 34.0% (18 of 53). There was no significant difference in ORR between patients with and without HRD (p = 0.967). Progression-free survival (PFS) was 6.5 months (95% CI: 0.000 – 16.175) in patients without HRD and 4.1 months (95% CI: 2.062 – 6.138) in patients with HRD, revealing no statistical significance (p = 0.441). Conclusion: Herein, we reported the status of HRD using a cancer-panel for various solid tumor patients in routine clinical practice and demonstrated that HRD as a single biomarker was not sufficient to predict efficacy of ICIs in solid tumor patients.
PD-1 Antibody Combined With Decitabine Is Effective in the Treatment of Refractory Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma Not Otherwise Specified: a Case Report
Authors: han xiao , Wen Qin , Liu Xue , Wan Kai , Yan Hongju , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Xi
Published: May 2021

Background: Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS) is a highly aggressive lymphoma with a poor response to chemotherapy, frequent relapses, low overall survival, and poor prognosis, and is the most common form of PTCL. For relapsed/refractory (R/R) PTCLs, the efficacy of traditional chemotherapy is even worse, so clinical trials and new drugs become their therapeutic hopes. Here, We report on a 43-year woman with refractory PTCL-NOS has a good response to PD-1 antibody combined with decitabine. Case presentation: A 43-year-old woman with refractory PTCL-NOS, who has a poor efficacy in the first-line and second-line treatments, even the disease progresses after treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors and proteasome inhibitors, however, has a good response to PD-1 antibody combined with decitabine. The patient got significant tumor regression and some of the masses even disappeared.Conclusions: The PD-1 monoclonal antibody combined with decitabine may be a good choice to improve prognosis when used early if conventional first- and second-line regimens, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and proteasome inhibitors are ineffective.
Decision making and risk in Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in competitive and non-competitive foraging environments
Authors: O'del Jenna Nadia , Walsh Sierra Rose Mae , Spada Nathaniel N , Harris Larry Garland
Published: May 2021

Foraging behavior is known to have drastic impacts across the animal kingdom, from the behavior of vertebrates as well as invertebrates. Green sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) are well known omnivorous echinoderms that display a wide diversity of behavioral responses to chemical and tactile stimuli. Green sea urchins likely consider the stimuli of conspecific presence especially in foraging environments where competition can be high. The foraging behavior, specifically ability to reach a food item, of urchins was examined in four distinct trials with urchins under competitive and non-competitive environments with conspecifics after determining the preferred animal protein. Two trials examined the effect of cover type, and the other two considered urchins with no available cover in different water flow regimes. Overall, urchins competing with conspecifics were faster to reach food than those that were alone. However, when cover was available, non-competitive urchins most often did not reach the food item in the time allotted. Urchins likely weigh the risk and benefits of moving towards high value food with the competitive environment and cover type. These results indicate the importance of considering the conspecific environment in urchin behavioral studies and can have implications for aquaculture.
Accuracy of neutrophil to lymphocyte and monocyte to lymphocyte ratios as new inflammatory markers in acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Shumilah Ahmed Mohammed , Othman Arwa Mohammed , Al-Madhagi Anwar Kasim
Published: May 2021

Background: Inflammation plays a key role in the development of atherosclerosis and in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Leukocytes and leukocytes ratios were recognized as inflammatory markers in predicting the presence and severity of ACS. Methods: This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR) with ACS. One hundred patients admitted to the Cardiac Center who were confirmed to have ACS and 100 healthy controls confirmed not to have ACS were enrolled in this study. ECG and troponin I test were used as gold standards to make sure that the participants with or without ACS. Total Wight blood cells (WBCs) count, NLR, and MLR values were estimated. Results: Total WBC, neutrophil, and monocyte counts were significantly higher while lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in ACS patients than in the healthy controls (p <0.001). NLR and MLR were significantly higher in ACS patients than in the healthy controls (p <0.001). Among all the studied markers, NLR was found to be the strongest predictor of ACS (OR: 3.3, p <0.001), whereas MLR was non-significant (p >0.05). A cutoff value of 2.9 of NLR had 90% sensitivity and 88% specificity while 0.375 cutoff value of MLR had 79% sensitivity, 91% specificity for predicting presence of ACS. Conclusions: NLR is inexpensive, widely available, and simple inflammatory marker that can take a role in the diagnosis of ACS with a cutoff of 2.9 in our population.
The intersectional impact of sex and social factors on subjective health: analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)
Authors: Vafaei Afshin , Yu Janelle , Phillips Susan P.
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND Self-rated health (SRH) is a widely validated measure of the general health of older adults. Our aim was to understand what factors shape individual perceptions of health and how those perceptions vary for men and women and across social locations.METHODS We used data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) of community-dwelling adults aged 45 to 85. SRH was measured via subjective questions. Multiple Poisson regression identified individual, behavioural, and social factors related to SRH. Intersections between sex, education, wealth, and rural/urban status, and individual and joint cluster effects on SRH were quantified using multilevel models.RESULTS After adjustment for relevant confounders, women were 43% less likely to report poor SRH. The strongest cluster effect was for groupings by wealth (21%). When wealth clusters were subdivided by sex or education the overall effect on SRH reduced to 15 percent. The largest variation in SRH (13.6%) was observed for intersections of sex, wealth, and rural/urban status. In contrast, interactions between sex and social factors were not significant, demonstrating that the complex interplay of sex and social location was only revealed when intersectional methods were employed.CONCLUSIONS Sex and social factors affected older adults' perceptions of health in complex ways that only became apparent when multilevel analyses were carried out. Utilizing intersectionality analysis is a novel and nuanced approach for disentangling explanations for subjective health outcomes.
Associations Between Anthropometric Measures and Body Fat Percentage in Iranian Adolescents: a Quantile Regression Analysis
Authors: Ardalan Arash , Heydari Seyyed Taghi , Alamolhoda Marzieh
Published: May 2021

Background: The puerpose of this study was to assess the association between anthropometric measures and skinfold thickness as well as parental obesity and physical activity with body fat percentage (BFP) percentiles using a quantile regression (QR) model within a representative sample of Iranian adolescents. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 2873 school children (1472 girls) aged 14-20 years old were selected by multi-stage random sampling approach from different areas of two cities of Fars Province in southern Iran. Demographic characteristics, parental history of obesity, physical activity were collected by using a self-reported questionnaire. Height, weight, waist (WC), hip (HC), arm (AC) circumferences, triceps (TST), abdominal (AST), clavicle muscle (CMST) skinfold thicknesses, and BFP were measured. A QR analysis was used to evaluate the association between the obesity measures with BFP at different quantiles.Results: The results of QR models showed that circumference measures and skinfold thicknesses were statistically significant positive associations with BFP across all quantiles (P< 0.05). Among boys, having a history of obesity in mothers associated with higher BFP at the 15th to 95th percentiles (the parameter estimates ranged from 1.9 to 4.9, P<0.05). However, there were statistically significant positive associations between parental obesity with BFP in girls at the 25th to 95th and all percentiles for maternal and paternal obesity, respectively (the prameter estimates ranged 1.6-2.6 and 2.7- 5.6 with P<0.05). Moreover, physical activity negatively associated with the lower BFP at 50th to 95th only in grils (prameter estimates ranged -2.5 to -1.7 with P<0.05). Conclusions: This study revealed that anthropometric measures and SF measures associated with higher BFP at all quantiles in Iranian adolescents. The findings of the study also showed that having a history of parental obesity as well as a high physical activity associated with higher and lower BFP, respectively.
A COVID-19 Pretest Probability Calculator
Authors: Hayden Frederick
Published: May 2021

Background: COVID-19 presents with a wide variety of symptoms which also vary in severity. Clinical gestalt is required to help distinguish between COVID-19 and other viral illness. As the pandemic heads into the second year, patient compliance with isolation and quarantine precautions is starting to diminish. The COVID-19 Pretest Probability Calculator is proposed to help offer pre-test probability of COVID-19 to assist in medical decision making. Methods: Patient’s presenting with COVID-19 like illness were grouped to high, intermediate, or low pretest probability risk based on total scores from reported criteria, which was correlated with the resulting SARS-CoV-2 PCR nasal swab. The calculator was applied in both a prospective and retrospective fashion. Results: A total of 412 patients were recorded, with a total of 132 positive results. Of low-risk patients, only one patient resulted as positive, while 85% or 111 of total positive results being categorized as high-risk. Overall demonstrated sensitivity was 99% with 50% specificity. Individual criteria were analyzed with anosmia and dysgeusia being the most significant. These symptoms demonstrated 92% specificity, and no low-risk patients reported these symptoms. Conclusion: The COVID calculator demonstrates strong rule-out capability for patients who are low risk. Furthermore, 85% of positive patients were high risk which suggests the need for longer isolation or retesting especially when an alternative diagnosis cannot be established. If a patient reports anosmia or dysgeusia a higher index of suspicion for COVID-19 should be considered.
Anti-pseudo-allergic Components in Licorice Extract Inhibit Mast Cell Degranulation and Calcium Influx
Authors: Wang Lu , Hu Guizhou , Lu Yin , Kong Desong , Jiang Shujun , Qi Jin , Su Hua , Fan Zhimin
Published: May 2021

Background

Pseudo-allergic reactions (PARs) widely occur upon the application of drugs or functional foods. Anti-pseudo-allergic ingredients from natural products have attracted much attention. This study aimed to investigate anti-pseudo-allergic compounds in licorice.
Methods

The anti-pseudo-allergic effect of licorice extract was evaluated in rat basophilic leukemia 2H3 (RBL-2H3) cells. Anti-pseudo-allergic compounds were screened by using RBL-2H3 cell extraction and the effects of target components were verified in RBL-2H3 cells, mouse peritoneal mast cells (MPMCs) and mice. Molecular docking was performed to determine the potential ligands of MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2), a pivotal target of PARs.
Results

Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and Licochalcone A (LA) were screened and shown to inhibit Compound48/80-induced degranulation and calcium influx in RBL-2H3 cells. GA and LA also inhibited degranulation in MPMCs and increase of histamine and TNF-α in mice. LA could bind to MRGPRX2, as determined by molecular docking.
Conclusions

Our study provides a strong rationale for using GA and LA as novel treatment options for PARs. LA is a potential ligand of MRGPRX2.
Stress and anxiety resulting from COVID-19 in the Iranian population – a questionnaire-based study
Authors: sadeghi ali , naddab amir hossein gandjalikhan , hashemipour maryam
Published: May 2021

IntroductionThe COVID-19 disease, which has come to be known as Corona, is a new virus from the generation of coronaviruses. The aim of this study was investigated the stress and anxiety caused by COVID-19 among the Iranian population.Method and materialsThis is a cross-sectional and descriptive –analytical study with the available (easy) sampling method over the period of July 2020 to Jan 2021 on the Iranian population using a questionnaire. A researcher-made questionnaire was used. The data collection tool of this study was a questionnaire containing demographic information (age, gender, and marital status), general questions and questions related to the stress of COVID-19. The collected information were analyzed using t- test, chi2 and the SPSS21 software.ResultsIn the present study, 6752 questionnaires were distributed, 6534 of which were filled out. 3456 of the respondents were female and the remaining 3078 were male. The average age of participants was 39.41 ± 12.4. The results of this study showed that 98.2% (No: 6425) of the individuals agreed that their stress was related to this natural disease. The results showed that the stress caused by corona has the most significant impact on the social aspect and then on the physical behaviors of the patients. The present study showed that the average score obtained from the questionnaire was 97.2 ± 15.3 out of 130 which was an indication of high levels of stress caused by this disease. There was a significant relationship between the scores associated with gender(P = 0.001), job(P = 0.01), one’s infection(P = 0.001) and one’s family’s viral infection(P = 0.02).ConclusionIt seems that the psychological role of this disease on the people involved and on the public is completely known to everyone. In fact, it must be mentioned that focusing on the physical health structures and preventing the prevalence and treating this disease, special attention must be paid to the mental health of the society as well. For this purpose, basic psychological interventions and psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression, among members of a society seems necessary.
Selected ‘Starter Kit’ energy system modelling data for Burundi (#CCG)
Authors: Cannone Carla , Allington Lucy , Pappis Ioannis , Barron Karla Cervantes , Usher Will , Pye Steve , Brown Edward , Howells Mark , Walker Miriam Zachau , Ahsan Aniq , Charbonnier Flora , Halloran Claire , Hirmer Stephanie , Taliotis Constantinos , Sundin Caroline , Sridha Vignesh , Ramos Eunice , Brinkerink Maarten , Deane Paul , Gritsevskyi Andrii , Moura Gustavo , Rouget Arnaud , Wogan David , Barcelona Edito , Rogner Holger , Cronin Jen
Published: May 2021

Energy system modelling can be used to assess the implications of different scenarios and support improved policymaking. However, access to data is often a barrier to starting energy system modelling in developing countries, thereby causing delays. Therefore, this article provides data that can be used to create a simple zero order energy system model for Burundi, which can act as a starting point for further model development and scenario analysis. The data are collected entirely from publicly available and accessible sources, including the websites and databases of international organizations, journal articles, and existing modelling studies. This means that the dataset can be easily updated based on the latest available information or more detailed and accurate local data. These data were also used to calibrate a simple energy system model using the Open Source Energy Modelling System (OSeMOSYS) and two stylized scenarios (Fossil Future and Least Cost) for 2020-2050. The assumptions used and results of these scenarios are presented in the appendix as an illustrative example of what can be done with these data. This simple model can be adapted and further developed by in-country analysts and academics, providing a platform for future work.
Selected ‘Starter Kit’ energy system modelling data for Central African Republic (#CCG)
Authors: Allington Lucy , Cannone Carla , Pappis Ioannis , Barron Karla Cervantes , Usher Will , Pye Steve , Brown Edward , Howells Mark , Taliotis Constantinos , Sundin Caroline , Sridha Vignesh , Ramos Eunice , Brinkerink Maarten , Deane Paul , Gritsevskyi Andrii , Moura Gustavo , Rouget Arnaud , Wogan David , Barcelona Edito , Rogner Holger , Cronin Jen , Hirmer Stephanie
Published: May 2021

Energy system modelling can be used to assess the implications of different scenarios and support improved policymaking. However, access to data is often a barrier to starting energy system modelling in developing countries, thereby causing delays. Therefore, this article provides data that can be used to create a simple zero order energy system model for Central African Republic, which can act as a starting point for further model development and scenario analysis. The data are collected entirely from publicly available and accessible sources, including the websites and databases of international organizations, journal articles, and existing modelling studies. This means that the dataset can be easily updated based on the latest available information or more detailed and accurate local data. These data were also used to calibrate a simple energy system model using the Open Source Energy Modelling System (OSeMOSYS) and three stylized scenarios (Fossil Future, Least Cost and Net Zero by 2050) for 2020-2050. The assumptions used and results of these scenarios are presented in the appendix as an illustrative example of what can be done with these data. This simple model can be adapted and further developed by in-country analysts and academics, providing a platform for future work.
Microstructure and magnetic properties of NiZn ferrite prepared by ultrafast pulse electric current sintering without pressure
Authors: Liu Guixiang , DAI Bo , REN Yong , ZHANG Kuibao , YE Dengjian , HU Chunfeng , ZHANG Weitong , FU Shuai
Published: May 2021

Polycrystalline nickel-zinc ferrite ceramics were prepared within tens of seconds via ultrafast pulse electric current sintering without pressure. The phase composition and microstructure of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The static magnetic properties and Curie temperature of the samples were investigated by vibrating sample magnetometry. The main phase of the sintered sample was the same as that of the raw powder, and the maximum relative density of the sample reached 95.72%. The densification and grain growth of the sample were accelerated through the synergistic effect of the energy concentration of pulse current heating and Joule heating that was generated by the sample. The grains at the edge of the sample were larger than those at the center, which was attributed to the uneven temperature distribution in a sintering sample. The slight differences in specific saturation magnetization and Curie temperature of the samples were attributed to the slight difference in sample phase composition that was caused by partial nickel-zinc ferrite decomposition and Zn volatilization during sintering. The inferred critical grain size between the dual- and mono-domain was ~ 450 nm. The ultrafast pulse electric current sintering technique has the advantages of a heating energy concentration, high heating rate and energy saving. The technique provides an effective approach to prepare compact and ultrafine grain ceramics rapidly.
Selected ‘Starter Kit’ energy system modelling data for Zambia (#CCG)
Authors: Allington Lucy , Cannone Carla , Pappis Ioannis , Barron Karla Cervantes , Usher Will , Cronin Jen , Pye Steve , Brown Edward , Howells Mark , Walker Miriam Zachau , Ahsan Aniq , Charbonnier Flora , Halloran Claire , Hirmer Stephanie , Taliotis Constantinos , Sundin Caroline , Sridha Vignesh , Ramos Eunice , Brinkerink Maarten , Deane Paul , Gritsevskyi Andrii , Moura Gustavo , Rouget Arnaud , Wogan David , Barcelona Edito , Rogner Holger
Published: May 2021

Energy system modelling can be used to assess the implications of different scenarios and support improved policymaking. However, access to data is often a barrier to starting energy system modelling in developing countries, thereby causing delays. Therefore, this article provides data that can be used to create a simple zero order energy system model for Zambia, which can act as a starting point for further model development and scenario analysis. The data are collected entirely from publicly available and accessible sources, including the websites and databases of international organizations, journal articles, and existing modelling studies. This means that the dataset can be easily updated based on the latest available information or more detailed and accurate local data. These data were also used to calibrate a simple energy system model using the Open Source Energy Modelling System (OSeMOSYS) and three stylized scenarios (Fossil Future, Least Cost and Net Zero by 2050) for 2020–2050. The assumptions used and results of these scenarios are presented in the appendix as an illustrative example of what can be done with these data. This simple model can be adapted and further developed by in-country analysts and academics, providing a platform for future work.
The Combination of Demineralized Bone Matrix and Platelet Rich Plasma Used for The Treatment of Long Bone non-unions: Preliminary Data of a Case Series
Authors: Nie Wei , Cao Jiaqing , Wang Wei , Guo Yanjie , Zhang Chi , Jia Weitao , Li Xiaolin
Published: May 2021

Background: Although a variety of bone graft substitutes have been introduced into the treatment of bone non-unions, results from current clinical evidences are various and contradicting. This paper presents our experience and the outcomes about the combination of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) and platelet rich plasma (PRP) used as a bone graft substitute in the surgical treatment of long bone non-unions.Methods: Data of this retrospective study was reviewed and collected from a consecutive case series involving 16 patients who had a long bone non-union and treated in our department from October 2018 to May 2019. DMB and PRP were applied as a bone defect filler during the index operation. Patients’ demographics, postoperative complications and the result of bone union were evaluated.Results: The postoperative drainage exceeding 48 hours were demonstrated in 6 patients, but all removed within 7 days. Immediate postoperative complications were noted in 3 patients. Two of them developed incision exudation and delayed incision healing (exceed 2 weeks) and was cured with a course of local wound care. No graft rejection, heterotopic ossification or other complications were noted. Bony union was identified clinically and radiographically in 15 of the 16 patients, with a mean time of 7.5 months.Conclusions: The present study found low incidence of postoperative complications and satisfactory bony healing rate could be achieved in the treatment of long bone non-unions augmented with the combination of DBM and PRP. Although these findings might indicate the promising future of this treatment protocol, larger and higher quality studies should also be executed to assess its routine use.
A Novel Extreme Lateral Approach for Needle Puncture Model of Lumbar Disc Degeneration in SD Rats.
Authors: Cheng Ziying , Li Yuxi , Zeng Weike , Liang Yuwei , Huang Junshen , Huang Jiajun , Lu Shixin , Li Ming , Huang Lin
Published: May 2021

Background: Various animal models have been proposed to investigate several aspects of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). As for needle puncture model, literatures have mentioned the needle puncture in percutaneous posterolateral approach, anterior ventral approach. Our research is mean to describe a novel, extreme lateral invasive approach without posterior paraspinal muscle for needle puncture rat model.Methods: 16 adult female SD rats aging 12 weeks old was used to perform this research, which was randomly divided into two groups. We used the extreme lateral approach from the skin to lumbar intervertebral disc and advancing the 18G needle into the intervertebral disc in the experimental group and without needle puncture in the control group. Disc degeneration was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)and histologic evaluation.Results: All rats survived the duration of the experiment. 60 days after operation, the puncture discs of experimental group showed a significant decrease of signal intensity in the T2-weighed magnetic resonance imaging comparing with the control discs of control group. Histological analysis demonstrated the boundary between the nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) was not distinct, even the connective tissue nearly replaced the position of NP and proteoglycan content decreased within the punctured discs compared to the control discs. Histological score showed statistical significant difference between injury discs and control discs.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated a novel, reliable and safe approach for the needle puncture model of lumbar disc degeneration in SD rats, which provides a potential experimental model for the research on IDD without posterior paraspinal muscle injury.
Manual Handling of Heavy Loads and Low Back Pain: Results of the 2018 BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey
Authors: Sauter Martha , Barthelme Jula , Mueller Charlotte , Liebers Falk
Published: May 2021

Background: In Germany and other European countries, many occupations still involve manual handling of loads (MHL), an activity that puts the musculoskeletal system at risk of low back pain (LBP). This study aims to describe the frequency of MHL as well as the association between MHL and LBP. Methods: Data was collected in telephone interviews conducted as part of the 2018 BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey.The analyses have been limited to full-time workers (>35 h/week) aged between 15 and 67. The frequency of MHL has been analysed descriptively. The analysis of the association between MHL and the prevalence of LBP over the last 12 months is based on robust log-linear Poisson regression that results in prevalence ratios (PR). The main regression model has been adjusted for gender, age, working hours, and working conditions. Adjusted estimates for the prevalence of LBP were calculated based on regression analysis. Results: The sample consists of n = 14,249 subjects (61.5% men, 38.5% women, median age 49 years). Of these, 52.9 % say they are exposed to MHL at work. In the regression model, subjects who said they were “often” exposed to MHL reported more frequently LBP than those subjects who said they were “never” exposed to MHL (PR = 1.41 CI [1.32; 1.50]). Postestimation of the prevalence of LBP began with 47.1 % for subjects who said they were “never” exposed to MHL and rose to 66.4 % for subjects who indicated they were “often” exposed to MHL. Conclusions: The 2018 BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey emphasizes that MHL is still common in the German workforce and shows a significant association to LBP. Prevention policies for avoiding MHL remain vital. Key words: Manual handling of loads, low back pain, working conditions, BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey
Gradual Return to Work in Germany: Protocol of a Qualitative Study to Examine Current Practices
Authors: Schulz Inga Lisa , Stegmann Ralf , Wegewitz Uta , Bethge Matthias
Published: May 2021

Background: Regarding demographic change, the rise in the working age and increase in long-term illnesses is a task for society to maintain the health of employees and return employees with long-term illnesses to work. In many countries like Germany, gradual return to work (GRTW) is used more and more frequently to achieve the full work capacity of employees, but little is known about its facilitators and obstacles.Methods: This qualitative study will examine the current implementation of GRTW by means of 32 narrative interviews and 10 group discussions from different perspectives. Therefore, we will ask returning employees, their accompanying trusted person during GRTW in the company and organisations, and supra-organisational experts throughout Germany about their experiences with GRTW and attitudes toward the measure. The verbal data obtained will be analysed using the Documentary Method of Interpretation, focusing on the implicit and action-guiding knowledge of the study participants. Discussion: This study will reveal facilitating and hindering factors of the recommendation, planning, utilisation, and implementation of GRTW in Germany. Future findings of the study can contribute to an improved use of GRTW, thus promoting a sustainable return to work. Based on this, recommendations for action can be developed for different actors.Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register (ID: DRKS00022892, October 1st, 2020).