bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The myology of the inferior extremity of the Malay Bear, Ursus malayanus
Authors: RAY L. J.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

An account of the dissection of the musculature of the inferior extremity of Ursus malayanus is given.

Attention is drawn in particular to the presence in the foot of a layer of intermediate flexors, arising from the plantar aspect of the combined deep flexors and inserting into the intermediate phalanges.

The presence of muscles similar to these has been reported in the literature of the past, but they have not been accurately described or given the attention that is their due.

Muscles similar to these intermediate flexors have never been described as such in the literature relating to the anomalies of human myology, but slips of similar function and comparable attachments have been mentioned.
The comparative anatomy of the blood‐supply of the mammalian testis
Authors: HARRISON R. G.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The vascular patterns in the testes of 49 different species of mammals have been examined, chiefly by the methods of arteriography and microarteriography. It is found that these patterns show a considerable morphological stability in different groups of mammals, and may thus be of some taxonomic importance.

The literature is reviewed and suggestions made as to the functional importance of the pattern of the vascular supply of the testis as part of a thermo‐regulatory mechanism
A contribution to the study of fore‐limb eruption in metamorphosing Anura.
Authors: NEWTH D. R.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The fore‐limbs of Xenopus laevis are freed from their brachial sacs at the onset of metamorphosis in response to an endocrine stimulus.

The disappearance of the tissues overlying the young limbs is not a result of mechanical pressure exercised by limb growth, nor is it aided by stresses created by changes in head shape during metamorphosis. Mechanical pressure resulting from movements of the limbs hastens their liberation, but the thinning and perforation of the overlying tissues can take place in the experimentally contrived absence of the limb.

Metamorphic changes in the branchial chamber, in particular the involution of larval structures, can play no part in initiating the perforation process in this species. It is suggested that the rôle of substances released by degenerating gills in inducing opercular perforation in the normal metamorphosis of other Anuran species has not been satisfactorily established.

The process of fore‐limb liberation in the precociously induced metamorphosis of young tadpoles is regarded as essentially similar to the equivalent process in normal metamorphosis. This consideration, taken with the results of some earlier workers, leads to a rejection of the claim that Anurau fore‐limbs are liberated as a consequence of the histolytic properties of the secretion of glands in their skin.

The only factor that may be regarded as universally effective in the perforation process is the specificity of the tissues concerned to atrophy in response to endocrine conditions at the onset of metamorphosis. It is suggested that this factor alone is responsible for initiating the process in Xenopus, and probably in other species as well.

There is no justification for regarding the process of perforation as an example of double assurance.
Weather Factors and Spermatogenesis in Birds
Authors: MARSHALL A. J.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The testes and stomachs of four species of woodland passerine birds were examined on 13th to 15th March, after the exceptionally severe winter of 1946‐47. A similar examination was made at exactly the same time of year after the exceptionally mild winter of 1947‐48.

The overall and tubular diameters of the 1947 testes were much smaller than those of 1948. In no instance in 1947 birds had spermatogenesis passed beyond the primary spermatocyte stage. All 1948 testes contained secondary spermatocytes, two species had undergone spermatogenesis and individuals of all species contained some fuchsinophil cells in the interstitium.

Stomachs were almost devoid of animal food at time of collection after the “hard” winter, but contained appreciable quantities of normal food after the mild one.

Despite the arrested development at the primary spermatocyte stage in mid‐March, 1947, at least three species bred at about the normal time following a sharp (higher than normal) rise in temperature and sunshine in April. Following the abnormally warm winter of 1947‐48 three (and probably four) species bred abnormally early.

The results indicate that proximate factors other than the number of hours of daylight and resultant activity are significant in the timing of breeding seasons in birds. Temperature and sunshine may play an important rôle in some species.
The structure and some physical properties of the testudinian eggshell.
Authors: YOUNG J. D.
Published: August 2010

A revised account of the structure of the fowl's egg is given. It has been found that the layer previously described as amorphous (von Nathusius, 1861) and as composed of small interlaced calcite crystals by Stewart (1934), consists in fact of very large calcite crystals which enclose the ovo‐keratin foundation of the shell. It is also found that the shell exhibits no sphaerulite structure whatever.

The structure of the eggshell of four species of tortoise is described.

The inorganic part of these shells is composed of sphaerulites of aragonite.

The presence of pores in the fowl's egg is demonstrated by two different techniques.

Pores are absent from the eggs of Testudo graeca and T. radiata. They appear to be present in the shells of Emys orbicularis and Amyda euphratica.

Rate of water loss is both absolutely and per unit of area less from the intact tortoise egg than from the intact fowl's egg.

These findings are discussed in relation to the mode of life of tortoises.
The gross anatomy of the blood vascular system of the Eel Anguilla anguilla.
Authors: MOTT J. C.
Published: August 2010

The gross anatomy of the Eel's circulation is described.

The following points are noted:–.(a) the simplification of the cranial circulation owing to the absence of a pseudobranch; (b) the existence of forked ventral ends to the efferent branchials; (c) the origin of the coronary arteries; (d) the distribution of the gut arteries; (e) the unusual vascular supply of the pneumatic duct and gas bladder and its possible significance; (f) the tendency to asymmetry especially in the venous system.

It is concluded that the Eel's vascular system is relatively unspecialized though the absence of a pseudobranch and the presence of the pneumatie duct capillary network must be regarded as specialized features.

This work was carried out during the tenure of a maintenance grant from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
New genera and species of Reduviidae (Rhynchota) from Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Miller N. C. E.
Published: August 2010

In this paper, two new genera and seventy‐three new species are described and figured, and in most cases, reference is made to habitats and to the mode in which they were obtained.
Note on the cranial and dental characters of a specimen of rhinoceros sondaicus Desm
Authors: Finlayson H. H.
Published: August 2010

A hitherto unexamined specimen of Rhinoceros sondaicus Desm. in the South Australian Museum is recorded. Attention is drawn to uncertainty in the diagnostic value of some cranial and dental characters formerly used in separating sondaicus and unicornis, following upon the recent work of Pocock.

The skull of the present specimen is compared with a skull of unicornis, and on the whole found to accord with the earlier statements of Flower, etc. Dimensions of the two skulls are quoted and a revised inventory of museum specimens of sondaicus given.
On the food, feeding mechanism and alimentary canal of Corixidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera)*
Authors: SUTTON MURIEL F.
Published: August 2010

The food of corixids includes solid substances and is obtained partly from detritus, from algae including filamentous genera and to a lesser extent from free‐swimming pond animals, e. g. chironomids, tubifex etc.

The methods of feeding can be summarized as follows:‐ (a) Detritus is “shovelled” to the tip of the rostrum by the palae and then sucked into the alimentary canal by the pharyngeal pump. (b) Algal filaments and free‐swimming pond animals are held by the palae, the stylets inserted, and the food, partly digested by enzymes secreted into it, is sucked into the alimentary canal. (c) The surfaces of stones, dead animals etc. are scraped with the palae, and the material so freed is sucked into the alimentary canal.

The structure of the alimentary canal which presents several remarkable features is described. The unusual features to be seen are:‐ (a) the buccopharyngeal teeth; (b) the well‐developed proventriculus and the oesophageal valve; (c) the peritrophic membrane, formed in the presence of large quantities of food by delamination from a brush border.

(a) The examination of the alimentary canal of Naucoris shows the presence of solid food, associated with which are pharyngeal teeth, and an oesophageal valve. The proventriculus is reduced and there is no peritrophic membrane. (b) The examination of the alimentary canal of Notonecta shows that only liquid food is present. There are no pharyngeal teeth, oesophageal valve, proventriculus nor is a peritrophic membrane present.

The peritrophic membrane is to be regarded as a primitive feature because of its wide distribution including its presence in at least one annelid. Its formation in Melinna, in part from mucus, and the absence of the goblet cells in those regions of the gut in which it is found, indicates its fundamentally protective function.

The nature of the food and the unusual features of the alimentary canals of corixids and naucorids, in particular the presence of the peritrophic membrane in Corixidae indicates that they are very primitive Hemiptera, the corixids more primitive than naucorids.

Staining by special methods to demonstrate the Golgi apparatus and the presubstance, gives information as to which cells in the midgut are secretory in function. Two definite and two less certain methods of secretion are found. Definite (a) the production of non‐nucleate vesicles containing the enzymes; (b) the liberation of the enzymes unaccompanied by any part of the cell other than the dense lipoid containing substance which may adhere to the product. Less certain (c) the production of nucleate vesicles; (d) the disintegration into fine granules of part of the cell.
An abnormal reproductive system in the common dogfish (Scyliorhinus caniculus).
Authors: CHAPMAN GARTH
Published: August 2010

A brief description is given of a predominantly male dogfish in which the Müllerian ducts have persisted.
Observations on the feeding of some British false scorpions.
Authors: Sc. OWEN GILBERT. M.
Published: August 2010

Food capture and feeding in four British false scorpions was studied by providing captive animals with Drosophila larvae. Ncobisium muscorum. N. maritimum and Dactylochelifer latreilli made considerable use of the pedipalps in food capture while Chthonius ischnocelus disabled the prey with the chelicerae, behaviour possibly correlated with the large chelicerae and with the absence of a palpal venom apparatus in the genus Chthoius. During feeding in D. latreilli, the chelicerae were quite still, whereas in Neobisium and Chthonius they actively kneaded the prey. A correlation between the structure of the cheliceral serrulae and the method of feeding is suggested.
Notes on external characters of the barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii Gray), with special reference to the pouch young.
Authors: LYNE A. G.
Published: August 2010

A large number of immature and adult barred bandicoots from Victoria and Tasmania have been examined, and the external characters of three immature specimens from Victoria have been described and compared with similar specimens from Tasmania.

The result of this investigation shows, beyond doubt, that the barred bandicoots of southern Victoria and Taswnania belong to one and the same species, that is, Perameles gunnii Gray.

In addition to the characters given by Waterhouse (1846, p. 380), P. gunnii differs markedly from P. fasciata in the structure of the pes. On this character alone these two bandicoots may be separated.
Reproduction in rats of the subgenus Rattus.
Authors: HARRISON J. L.
Published: August 2010

Records of fertility (sperm in male, pregnancy in female) have been made on a large number of small mammals collected for examination by the Scrub Typhus Research Unit stationed at Kuala Lumpur. Those of rats of the subgenus Rattus, which includes the commensal forms, are summarized here.

The rats concerned are Rattus rattus diardii, a house rat; R. r. jarak, an island form related to it; R. r. jalorensis, a forest and plantation rat which is a pest of oil palms; R. r. argentiventer a grassland rat, which is also a pest of ricefields and is important in the dissemmination of scrub typhus; R. exulans, a rat of very wide range, which can be a house‐, a field‐, or a forest rat; and R. annandalei, a rare forest rat.

The sex ratio of each was found to approximate to equality. The significant departures from equality observed were explicable for R. r. diardii by a higher death rate among males than females, for R. r. argentiventer by a greater range and hence a higher trapping rate among males.

The weight of the testes of mature males of R. r. jalorensis, jarak, and R. exulans was found to be 5 or 6 per cent, of the body weight, that for R. r. diardii, argentiventer, and R. annandalei about 3 per cent.

Mean weights at which fertility commenced were estimated from the regression line of fertility rate on body weight.

Mean weights during the first and last pregnancy were similarly estimated from the regression line of pregnancy rate on body weight.

Mean embryo numbers, and the distributions of litters of different sizes are given. For only two rats, R. r. diardii, and R. exulans was there any observed tendency for the embryo number to increase with the body weight. All but R. r. argentiventer showed signs of an intra‐uterine mortality.

The distribution of embryos between right and left horns of the uterus was noted. In most rats they were entirely independent, but in R. r. argentiventer there was a marked tendency for all the embryos to be on one side or the other. R. r. jarak showed a tendency for embryos to be borne on the right side.

The embryo rate is used as a measure of the reproductivity and hence of the death rate. It is concluded that the rate is probably correlated with the incidence of predation and not with the form of rat.

The unusually low reproductivity of R. r. jarak is due to an unusually low embryo number. It is suggested that this is an effect of malnutrition. The unusually low reproductivity of R. r. argentiventer is due to an unusually low pregnancy rate. It is suggested that this may be explained by the low population density of this rat.
Development and placentation of the Indian fruit bat. Pteropus giganteus giganteus (Brünnich).
Authors: MOGHE M. A.
Published: August 2010

The uterus is bicornuate and the two horns of the uterus apparently united are separate for the greater part. Pregnancy occurs only in one horn. The ovary of both sides produces ova but the corpus luteum is present in the ovary of the pregnant side. Copulation takes place early in September and parturition in late January or early February.

The embryonic mass is at first lateral but later mesometrial.

There is an implantation cavity formed within a protruding mass of nterine endometrium. The implantation is partly interstitial.

The trophoblast cells penetrate the uterine endometrium very early in development.

The amnion is formed by eavitation.

The yolk‐sae is on the antimesometrial side and the allantoic vesicle on the mesometrial side.

The bilaminar omphalopleure becomes trilaminar by growth into it of mesoderm cells at the prochordal plate stage. The yolk‐sac placenta is formed at this stage.

The primitive trophoblast forms the syneytiotrophoblast by proliferation. It erodes the uterine mucosa, forming in later stages a syneytial shell and later replaces the whole of the protruding uterine endometrium. The basal trophoblast cells form the cytotrophoblastic cords.

The wall of the allantoic vesicle provides the vascular mesenhyme tissue. The allanto‐chorionic placenta is formed on the mesometrial side and consists of syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblastic cords and allantoic vascular mesenchyme and large blood spaces containing maternal blood. In early stages, maternal endometrial cells are present but these are lost later.

There is no “inversion”.

At mid term, the allantoic vesicle extends laterally and sends out villous mesenchymal projections. At the same time, the yolk‐sac wall is withdrawn and is thrown into folds which lie first laterally and later on the mesometrial side. The yolk‐sac forms a gland and persists up to parturition.

The foetal blood cells are nucleated up to at least a month prior to parturition.

The entire endometrium which protrudes into the uterine lumen is converted into a placenta. On the mesometrial side it is attached to the uterine myometrium by a narrow stalk. Large, round decidual cells are present in this region.

The placenta is at first horse‐shoe shaped. Later the loops contract; the middle portion thickens and finally it assumes the form of a dise on the mesometrial side.

There is no decidua capsularis.

The cytotrophoblastic cords become thin and elongated; they branch and anastomose. The placenta is mesometrial, discoidal, labyrinthine and haemochorial.
The reaction to light and its inheritance in grain‐weevils, Calandra granaria (L.) (Coleoptera‐Curculionidae).
Authors: RICHARDS O. W.
Published: August 2010

1. While most grain‐weevils. Calandra granaria (L.), move away from a source of light, a small fraction of the population move towards it.

2. It has been shown by selection carried out for two generations that there are two genetic types of weevils, those which are negative to light and those which are almost indifferent to it.
A new parasitic mite from the nasal cavities of the South African toad Bufo regularis Reuss.
Authors: LAWRENCE R. F.
Published: August 2010

A new species of the genus Ricardoella, living in the nasal cavities of the South African toad, Bufo regularis, is described. The features in which it differs from the two known species of the genus, R. limacum (Schrank) and R. crassidens (Berlese & Trouessart), are enumerated. It does not occur in large numbers, but does not appear to be uncommon on Bufo regularis. Reasons are given for believing that the mite may be a blood feeder rather than a mucus feeder, thus differing from R. limacum.
The role of cuticle growth in the feeding process of ticks.
Authors: LEES A. D.
Published: August 2010

Those ticks which are adapted for ingesting exceptionally large blood meals possess the ability to secrete new cuticle during the period of attachment to the host. This mechanism is described in the female of Ixodes ricinus.

The period of engorgement can be divided into two phases. (a) During the first, which lasts for seven days, the body weight rises gradually from 2 mg. to about 50 mg. In this period of active cuticle synthesis the endocuticle increases in thickness from 50μ to 105μ. The moderate increase in surface area is due to the molecular growth of the cuticle and not to its distension by the gut contents. Blood is ingested continuously but slowly during this phase. As, however, digestion and assimilation are proceeding actively, the lumen of the gut remains almost empty, (b) During the second phase, which occupies one day or less, cuticle deposition ceases and a large volume of blood is rapidly ingested. The body weight rises abruptly to over 200 mg. The cuticle is stretched and returns to an overall thickness of about 50μ.

During the deposition of cuticle the epidermis becomes greatly hypertrophied. The nuclei enlarge, one or more nucleoli appear and the cytoplasm becomes heavily charged with ribonucleie acid and alkaline phosphatase.

The processes of growth and stretching greatly modify the cuticle structure. The pore canals, numbering about one hundred and thirty per epidermal cell, become more widely separated during the growth phase. The mechanical stresses produced by stretching cause the pore canals to be pulled still further apart, and to assume an oblique or sinuous course.

All species of the family Ixodidae, and usually all instars of the same species, grow their cuticles during engorgement. (The larvae and nymphs of Haemaphysalis inermis are probable exceptions.) The Ixodidae are therefore slow feeders. Among the Argasidae. the larvae commonly possess the growth mechanism and therefore feed slowly. The nymphs and adults accommodate the smaller blood meal simply by stretching the preformed cuticle. They therefore feed rapidly. (The second nymphal instar of Otobius megnini is probably an exception.)

The large size of the blood meal in the Ixodidae has permitted a reduction in the instar number without any corresponding sacrifice in fecundity. This may be advantageous because host‐finding is also thereby reduced. However, the slow process of cuticle growth entails the lengthy carriage of the tick by the host and this may cause dispersal of unfavourable environments. The suppression of feeding and the cuticle growth phase in the larvae of Ornithodoros moubata and O. savignyi suggests that under certain conditions selection has in fact operated in the reverse direction.
The hair tracts of some American marsupials.
Authors: BOARDMAN W.
Published: August 2010

The hair tracts of Marmosa cinerea, M. murina, Chironectes minimus. Didelphis marsupialis var. azarae, Didelphis marsupialis var., Didelphis sp. and Metachirus oppossum, all members of the marsupial family Didelphidae are recorded.

The several tract patterns are shown to be classifiable into a series of stages of increasing complexity in terms of divergent and convergent centres.
A new subterranean gammarid (Crustacea) from Britain.
Authors: SPOONER G. M.
Published: August 2010

Niphargus glenniei is a new species discovered in limestone caves near Buckfastleigh, S. Devon, where it was first collected and suspected of being peculiar by Brig. E. A. Glennie of the Cave Research Group. A full description is given. The species is small, and the male sex has not yet been recognized.

The nearest possible relatives on the continent are N. arndti, known from four localities in Silesia, and N. nolli, known from two localities in the middle Rhineland, both small species in which the mandibular palp shows an unusual simplification. However, differences between N. glenniei and these two species are considerable, and the resemblances may conceivably be but the effect of convergence. If so, N. glenniei is quite isolated from the rest of the genus.

Schellenberg's genus Niphargellus is not to be considered valid, an opinion enhanced by the discovery of N. glenniei.

In view of the poverty of the British subterranean arthropod fauna, and the lack of endemic forms, this discovery is of particular interest.
Africa since the Mesozoic: with particular reference to certain biological problems.
Authors: MOREAU R. E.
Published: August 2010

The existing information about the Tertiary geology and elimate of Africa is collated and discussed critically.

There is no evidence for a revolution in the climate and fauna of Africa (following incursion from Asia) after the Miocene.

The arguments in favour of the equator having remained in its present position through the Tertiary are regarded as stronger than those in favour of its southward shift (through some 45).

The passerine avifauna of Africa is analysed by biomes and with respect to its affinity with the avifaunas of Europe and Asia.

The difference between the lowland evergreen and the savanna avifaunas is great, at the generic as well as at the specific level; that between the lowland evergreen and the montane evergreen is nearly as great–so much that they must largely have evolved in isolation from each other.

Floristic evidence is adduced and compared with the faunistic.

The bio‐geographical data are discussed in relation to the geological and the climatic.
Seasonal variation in the thyroid gland of the Minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus L., with some observations on the effect of temperature
Authors: Barrington E. J. W. , Matty A. J.
Published: August 2010

A quantitative assessment has been made of the height of the cells of the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland of the Minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus L., as an index of the activity of the gland at different seasons of the year. It is possible, despite the considerable degree of variation which occurs, to demonstrate siginificant fluctuations which indicate that the activity is at its maximum during the early months, from about February to May, during which period the maturation of the germ cells is known to be completed. The maintenance of minnows at constant temperatures for fifty‐seven days gives no evidence of an inverse relationship between temperature and cell‐height such as is known to exist in certain homoiotherms, but actually suggests a direct one. It seems unlikely, from the available data, that, the thyroid fluctuations can be a response to temperature changes in the environment, and it is concluded that there is an indication in the minnow, as elsewhere in the vertebrates, of some correlation of the activity of the thyroid gland with the phases of the reproductive cycle, the causal basis of which is, however, obscure.
On a collection of ascidians from South Africa.
Authors: Millar R. H.
Published: August 2010

A systematic account is given of a collection of ascidians from the shores of South Africa, containing thirty‐nine species.

One genus and ten species are described as new to science.

Only one species was found to occur on both the south‐west and east coasts.
Ecological changes in the Palaearctic Region since the Pliocene.
Authors: Moreau R. E.
Published: August 2010

The climatic sequence during and since the Pleistocene is summarized. For Europe, four glaciations are accepted, separated by interglacials during which the climate was more genial than the present. Moreover, each glacial and interglacial was divided into phases. Eastwards these vicissitudes diminished: only two glaciations. are discernible over most of Siberia and eastern Siberia has witnessed altogether less climatic change since the Pliocene than any other part of the Palaearctic.

The changes in the level of the oceans owing to the alternate locking‐up and melting of masses of water in the ice‐caps produced fluctuations of much local importance in the coast‐lines during the Pleistocene.

The vegetation of Europe during the best documented glacial phase, namely Phase 2 of the Last Glaciation, is discussed on the basis of recent maps. The most important feature is that trees were practically eliminated from Europe north of a line through the Pyrenees, the southern foot of the Alps and the Carpathians, except for a strip of wooded tundra and wooded steppe across central Russia. Deciduous species were confined to the southern end of the Iberian, Italian and Balkan peninsulas, and the coasts of Barbary and Asia Minor. These (Phase 2) conditions are dated about 70,000 years ago; they recurred to a considerable extent in Phase 3, about 25,000 years ago. Moreover, after the first post‐glacial (Allerød) advance of the trees to as far north as the Baltic, the “Younger Dryas” cold snap, only some 10,000 years ago, again eliminated most of the trees from north of the Alps.

By contrast with the foregoing, at the height of the interglacials deciduous and coniferous forest respectively extended several degrees further north than at present; at least in Europe, if not in Asia, treeless tundra was probably eliminated from the arctic lowlands.

At the maximum glaciation (the Third), the tree‐growth was probably not much more strictly limited in western and central Europe than it was in Phase 2 of the Last Glaciation but in European Russia tundra and cold treeless steppe extended south right to the Black Sea and the Caspian.

In Palaearctic Asia the vegetational conditions during the glaciations are more obscure than in Europe; but during the Last Glaciation trees appear to have existed at least sparsely all across Siberia.

Finally, Dr. Brooks, Dr. Dimbleby, Dr. D. Lack and Professor Zeuner have all been good enough to criticize this review in draft. Its final errors and omissions are of course my own responsibility.
Some characters of the skulls and skins of the European Polecat, the Asiatic Polecat and the domestic Ferret.
Authors: Ashton E. H. , Thomson A. P. D. , Zuckerman S.
Published: August 2010

Certain characters of the skins and skulls of (a) the European polecat Putorius putorius putorius, (b) the Asiatic polecat Putorius putorius eversmanni and (c) the domestic ferret Putorius putorius furo have been compared.

The ferret resembles the European polecat more closely than the Asiatic in:

(a) the extent of the black area of the tail;

(b) the overall size and shape of the skull;

(c) the position of the postorbital constriction;

(d) the proportions of the pre‐ and post‐zygomatic parts of the skull:

(e) the shape of the nasal bones;

(f) the hooking of the hamular process.

It resembles the Asiatic polecat more closely than the European in:

(a) the proportion of individuals in which the frontal band is continuous;

(b) the degree of constriction of the postorbital region.

The skull of the ferret is more variable than that of either the European or Asiatic polecat.

The data are inadequate to decide whether or not the differences between the ferret and European polecat are too great, to permit the view that the ferret of today is merely the descendant, of a domesticated variety of European polecat.

It is suggested that the changed breeding system and selective forces which operate on the captive animal, may be conducive to the origin of differences of this type.
The evolution of the pelagic alciopid and phyllodocid polychaetes.
Authors: Dales R. Phillips
Published: August 2010

The morphological adaptations of the alciopid and lopadorhynchine polychaetes for a pelagic mode of life are compared, with particular reference to the organs concerned with feeding and reproduction. Both groups are predatory, but feed in different ways; Lopadorhynchus has poorly‐developed eyes but long cirri, anterior segments modified for grasping, and large pharyn‐geal glands; alciopids have large eyes and the most advanced have long eversible proboscides. Many alciopids have evolved a copulatory mechanism whereby the sperm are transfered to the female which stores them in receptacula until required. The phylogenetic relationships of the different genera are briefly described.
The buccal and pharyngeal mucous membrane in urodeles
Authors: Elkan E.
Published: August 2010

Summary

Histological investigation of the buccal and pharyngeal mucous membranes of Triturus vulgaris, Salamandrina perspicillata, Aneides ferreus, Aneides flavipunctatus, Aneides lugubris, Desmognathus, fuscus, Eurycea bislineata and Hydromantes genei suggests that gular vibrations are not concerned with gas exchange but with the sense of smell. They should not be interpreted as respiratory.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LENGTH OF THE JAW AND THE LENGTH OF THE MOLAR SERIES IN SOME EUTHERIAN MAMMALS
Authors: WILLIAMS G.
Published: August 2010

The relationship between the length of the molar row and the length of the lower jaw in mammals is expressed by the allometry equation y=bxk.

A single formula cannot be applied to all the Eutheria because the value of k, the constant differential growth ratio, varies from group to group.

Variation in k would appear to be adaptive, for it increases from a value of less than unity in carnivores, through insectivores and omnivores, and exceeds unity in herbivores.

The value of the constant b decreases as k increases, with the result that most mammalian skulls have the same length of molar row when the jaw length lies between 90 and 110 mm.

When the full complement of molars is not present, there is a reduction in the extent of the molar row. In groups with a common ancestry, this reduction is proportional to the number of teeth which are lost, but a history of tooth enlargement may partly compensate for the decrease.

The zalambdodont Insectivora are anomalous in that the molar row occupies proportionally less of the jaw than in most mammalian orders. The genera may be arranged in a graded sequence, the first members of which overlap the remaining Eutheria while the final members depart widely.

In Tenrec and Hemicentetes the length of the molar row is independent of jaw size.

In view of the variation in the value of the constants b and k for both the zalambdodonts and the other Eutheria the paurodont/zalambdodont line cannot be set in contrast to a marsupial/eutherian line.

These conclusions apply with equal force whether the molar row is related to the total jaw length or only to that part of the jaw lying posterior to the last pre‐molar.
THE FOSSIL CARNIVORES OF THE TRANSVAAL CAVES: FELINAE
Authors: EWAR R. F.
Published: August 2010

Three fossil Felinae are described. These are a leopard differing only slightly from the living species, and named Panthera pardus incurva; and two species of lion‐like animal, which are not identical with the living species. The specimens of the latter two species are very fragmentary, and they have not been named, but are merely referred to as the Swartkrans and the Kromdraai “lions”. It is suggested that the latter may possibly be identical with Panthera shawi (Broom).

It is concluded that the differences in the feline faunas of the deposits at Sterkfontein, Swartkrans and Kromdraai indicate some difference in the ages of the deposits.
A NOTE ON THE BIOLOGY OF MARTESIA STRIATA L. (LAMELLIBRANCHIA)
Authors: PURCHON R. D.
Published: August 2010

Healthy specimens of Martesia striata L. were obtained from timbers in the Johore Straits in March 1953, and were examined immediately.

The siphonal process is of type “C” and resembles that of Pholadidea loscombiana.

The shell valves possess a posterior flexible uncalcified portion, comparable with the siphonoplax of Pholadidea loscombiana,

The scar of the anterior adductor muscle is smaller than that of the posterior adductor. In this respect Martesia resembles Pholadidea more closely than other genera in the Pholadidae.

In large specimens which had ceased to bore, the pedal muscles and the anterior and posterior retractor muscles of the visceral mass had atrophied. The foot also had disappeared.

The flat and homorhabdic ctenidia are of Atkins's type C 2.

The ciliary sorting mechanisms on the ctenidia and labial palps are suited for the selection of few fine particles and for the rejection of larger quantities even of fine particles. This is considered to be well adapted to life in inshore waters that may occasionally have a very high silt content.

The palps are extremely efficient sorting organs and the ciliary mechanisms on the folded surfaces are comparable with those reported for other genera in the Pholadidae.

The ciliary cleansing mechanisms on the surfaces of the visceral mass and mantle are described.

There is no appendix to the stomach. In other respects the alimentary canal is closely similar in structure and function to that of other members of the Pholadidae.

There is an anterior median fenestra joining the cavities of the distal limbs of the left and right excretory organs as is found also in Barnea parva and Zirphaea crispata.

There is a transverse connective between the left and right cerebrovisceral connectives, immediately anterior to the visceral ganglia. This transverse connective is slightly swollen to form an accessory visceral ganglion, as in other genera of the Pholadidae.

There is an indication of slight sexual dimorphism, affecting the form both of the genital aperture and of the anal papilla.
THE OSTEOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF THE FOSSIL REPTILE OPHTHALMOSAURUS
Authors: APPLEBY R. M.
Published: August 2010

Detailed examinations of two hitherto unknown collections of ophthalmosaurs have been made. Highly ossified specimens have been used to make a restoration of the back of the skull and to bring the occipital and otic regions into their correct relationships with the roofing bones of the skull. The bony labyrinth has been re‐interpreted. The frontal bone is described in detail. Details of post‐cranial osteology are also given, including the presence of a posterior notch in the coracoid of O. icenicus Seeley. This species is rare, most of the known specimens being allocated to the species O. monocharactus sp. nov. This new knowledge has been used to compare the British ophthalmosaurs with American forms from rocks of the same age and it has been shown that Ophthalmosaurus, containing two species, is separate generically from Baptanodon which contains three.
THE ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF HARVEST MICE (MICROMYS MINUTUS) IN CORN RICKS NEAR OXFORD*
Authors: SOUTHWICK CHARLES H.
Published: August 2010

The harvest mouse was a common and occasionally abundant rodent in corn ricks around Oxford in the winter of 1954‐55. After existing as a rare species for several decades, it has apparently increased to its present abundance within one or two years. An unusual opportunity exists for the study of this most interesting mammal.
THE SKULL OF ICTOPS AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE INSECTIVORA
Authors: BUTLER P. M.
Published: August 2010

The skull of the leptictid insectivore Ictops, from the White River Oligocene, is redescribed, and compared with Echinosorex and other primitive Erinaceidae. It is concluded that Ictops is much more primitive than any known erinaceid, and at the same time possesses characters which indicate that the Leptictidae and Erinaceidae have specialized in divergent directions. The characters which Ictops shares with the Erinaceidae are almost wholly primitive insectivore characters, not indicative of special relationship. The Leptictidae are therefore removed from the Erinaceoidea and placed in a separate superfamily, the Leptictoidea.

A new classification of the insectivores is proposed, based on characters of the skull. The Lipotyphla are regarded as an order, with two suborders: (1)Erinaceomorpha, a primitive group consisting of the Leptictoidea and Erinaceoidea; (2)Soricomorpha, a specialized group, probably derived from an erinaceomorph ancestry, and comprizing the Tenrecoidea, Soricoidea and Chrysochloroidea. The chrysoehlorids are regarded as highly specialized derivatives of a soricomorph stock. The Macroscelididae, Tupaiidae, Lemuroidea and Dermoptera are interpreted as forming a natural group (Archonta), with an ancestry near the Erinaceomorpha. The Macroscelididae are related to the Tupaiidae, and thus to the Primates; they are in some ways more primitive than the Tupaiidae, and have developed in a divergent direction, in some respects paralleling the Erinaceidae. They are not closely related to the Lipotyphia, and are placed in a new order, Macroscelidea. The superorder Archonta thus consists of three orders: (1)Macroscelidea, (2)Dermoptera (3)Primates (including Tupaiidae).
THE FEEDING MECHANISM OF THE FISH SPARISOMA GRETENSE (LINNE)
Authors: BOARD P. A.
Published: August 2010

A description is given of structures within the mouth and pharynx of the Parrot Fish, Sparisoma cretense (L.).

Suggestions that the fish is able to ruminate are shown to be unsupported by the facts available.

It is suggested that the fish carries on a type of filter feeding, the filter consisting of the posterior gill‐rakers of the second and third gill arches.

Food particles which collect on the filter are scraped off by the anterior portion of the pharyngeal valve.

Particles on the floor of the pharynx behind the last gill slit are pushed backward in a film of mucus by the posterior portion of the valve.

The movements of the pharyngeal valve during feeding are in phase with the backward and forward movements of the superior pharyngeals, except when the particles being dealt with are large enough to demand some adjustment in the movements of the pharyngeal valve. The feeding mechanism can deal with any particle small enough to enter the mouth.
THE GREY SEAL AT THE ISLES OF SCILLY.
Authors: DAVIES J. L.
Published: August 2010

The Cornish Grey Seal colonies have remained static in contrast to a general increase in numbers elsewhere in Britain. At Scilly, almost continuous human interference is thought to have been either directly or indirectly responsible for this. The seals breed on exposed rocky islets in the west of the archipelago and the total population is thought to be about fifty. Short notes are given on breeding behaviour and a short term marking technique for seal calves is explained. A comment is made on the general nature of seasonal movements in the species.
A REPORT ON THE PARASITIC COPEPODA AND BRANCHIURA OF THE FISHES OF LAKE NYASA
Authors: FRYER G.
Published: August 2010

An account is given of the parasitic Copepoda and Branchiura of the fishes of Lake Nyasa.

At least thirteen species of parasitic Copepoda and four species of Branchiura are now known from the lake, four of the copepods and one of the branchiurans being described as new in the present paper. Two of the copepods have been assigned to new genera.

Of the recorded species nine copepods and two branchiurans are so far known only from L. Nyasa.

Notes on the structure, habits, host preferences, and development of several species are given, and quantitative data on the incidence of Lernaea bagri on Bagrus meridionalis are analysed. The larval stages of Afrolernaea longicollis gen. et sp. n. are described, and an account of the structure and behaviour of the larva of Chonopeltis inermis is given for the first time.

The extra‐Nyasan distribution of some of the non‐endemic species throws light on the possible migrations of the fishes serving as hosts and suggests former connections across the watersheds of several lake and river systems which are today isolated from one another. This information supports and supplements that already deduced from the distribution of fishes.

A species flock of parasitic copepods of the genus Lernaea exists in L. Nyasa. The relationships of the various species are obscured by the specialized and degenerate characteristics associated with the parasitic mode of life but it is possible to point out certain affinities and to correlate to some extent the divergent evolution of certain species with the adaptive radiation of certain genera of cichlid fishes.

The possible implications of the rich parasitic crustacean fauna of the lake on fish culture are briefly mentioned.
ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE FAMILY MACROCHELIDAE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE SUBFAMILY PARHOLASPINAE (ACARINA‐MESOSTIGMATA)
Authors: EVANS G. OWEN
Published: August 2010

The classification of the Macrochelidae is discussed. The family is divided into two subfamilies: Macrochelinae Tragardh (including Areolaspinae Trägårdh) and Parholaspinae nov.

Keys are given to the genera (females only) of the Macrochelinae and to genera and species of the Parholaspinae.

Three new genera are proposed

Parholaspulus gen. n., type Parholaspulus alstoni sp. n.; Tricholaspis gen. n., type: Tricholaspis marginipilis sp. n., and Neparholaspis gen. n., Type: Neparholaspis spathulatus sp. n.

The following new species, in addition to the three species referred to above, are described and figured

Holaspulus tweediei sp. n. (both sexes).

Neparholaspis simplex sp. n. (both sexes).

Gamasholaspis intermedius sp. n. (female only).

Parholaspis kewensis sp. n. (female only).

Parholaspis pachylaelapsoides Schweizer 1932 is considered to be a synonym of Holaspulus tenuipes Berl., 1904, and Parholaspis crispus Willmann 1940 is transferred to the genus Neparholaspis.
THE AFFINITIES OFBURRAMYS PARVUSBROOM A FOSSIL PHALANGEROID MARSUPIAL
Authors: RIDE W. D. L.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The major part of Broom's original collection of specimens ofBurramys parvusBroom has been re‐examined with the acetic acid technique.

Additional information thus acquired makes it certain thatBurramys parvusdoes not belong within the Macropodidae, nor is it ancestral to them.

Resemblances toHypsiprymnodon moschatusare the result of convergence, and suggested affinities withThylacoleoappear to be without adequate foundation.

Burramys parvushas features in common with several genera of Phal‐angerinae, in particular withEudromicia, Cercaertus, andPetaurusand should be included in this subfamily instead of being placed in a separate monotypic subfamily.

Those figured specimens of the species described by Broom from the Wombeyan Caves, New South Wales, which are at present in the Australian Museum, Sydney, must be presumed to be the types.
MOULTING IN THE ANURA: THE NORMAL MOULTING CYCLE OF BUFO REGULARIS REUSS
Authors: TAYLOR SONYA , EWER D. W.
Published: August 2010

The normal behaviour pattern of Bufo regularis while moulting is described.

The frequency of moulting has been determined in various conditions. At 20° C. these toads moult once every four to seven days. The frequency of moulting is not influenced by size, age or feeding, nor does there appear to be any difference in this regard between the sexes; any seasonal variation is slight.

The frequency of moulting is greater at higher temperatures. Abrupt changes of temperature do not upset the moulting rhythm.

At 25° C. less than an hour before moulting the toads pale markedly. The return to normal coloration is slower, taking more than four hours.

The frequency of moulting is higher in toads kept in constant light than in those in constant darkness. In conditions of alternating light and dark there is a well marked preference for moulting during the hours of illumination at 25° and 30° C., but at 20° C. the effect is abolished. It is suggested that light can trigger the events which lead to the shedding of the skin.
THE STOMACH IN THE PROTOBRANCHIA AND SEPTIBRANCHIA (LAMELLIBRANCHIA)
Authors: PURCHON R. D.
Published: August 2010

Detailed studies have been made of the structure and function of the stomach in the two protobranchs, Nucula nucleus L. and Nuculana minuta (Müller).

The structure of the stomach in the Protobranchia was described and figured, and defined as Stomach Type I.

The stomach of the septibranch Cuspidaria cuspidaia (Olivi) was similarly examined, described and figured, and was defined as Stomach Type II.

The stomachs of the Protobranchia and Septibranchia were compared and it was noted that there were several common features. Further resemblances were found in the structure of the digestive diverticula, and in the muscular pumping of water by the ctenidium (Nuculana) or by the septum (Cuspidaria).

It was concluded that there is a strong suggestion of phylogenetic relationship between the Protobranchia and the Septibranchia.

The view, previously stated by Yonge, that there was no justification for linking the Protobranchia and the Arcacea in an order Taxodonta was upheld.
ON THE WING‐VENATION OF CHAETEESSA AND OTHER MANTIDS (INSECTA: MANTODEA)
Authors: SMART JOHN
Published: August 2010

The wings of Chaeteessa are described and the condition of venation commented on. Venation is primitive and blattid‐like.

Features of the wings of Metallyticus are described briefly.

Comments are made on venation in other genera of mantids and a remarkable uniformity of venation noted. The way in which venation in these other mantids differ from that of Chaeteessa and Metallyticus is considered and homologies are determined.

The unique primitiveness of Chaeteessa is confirmed.
THE TEETH OF THE ECHINOIDEA
Authors: MACGREGOR A. B. , CHIR. B. , MACINNES D. G. , MARSLAND E. A.
Published: August 2010

The developing hard tissues of the teeth of Echinus esculentus are described and figured, and it is noted that calcification occurs in two forms. Attention is drawn to a structural analogy which appears to exist between these two calcified tissues and the primary tissues of vertebrate teeth, despite certain differences in the chemical analysis. This is considered noteworthy in view of the fact that true teeth are generally associated only with the vertebrates.