bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Proteomics: Large‐Scale Studies
Authors: Ewing Rob M , Doyle Declan A
Published: June 2015

Proteins have many different functions in biological systems, and the molecular functions of proteins are dependent on their three‐dimensional structures. Mapping protein structures is therefore an important strategy in understanding gene and protein function. Structural proteomics or structural genomics refers to systematic efforts to functionally annotate protein molecular structures of whole or selected parts of genomes and/or proteomes. Structural proteomics studies have significantly added to our knowledge of protein structures over the past few years and a large fraction of available protein structures in public databases result from high‐throughput structural proteomics studies. Although structural proteomics techniques are continually being improved, significant challenges remain in protein expression and crystallisation and in particular for solving protein structures for challenging classes of protein such as membrane proteins.

Key Concepts

Protein function is directly linked to the three‐dimensional structure of the protein.

Structural proteomics refers to large‐scale mapping of protein structures.

Techniques such as protein crystallisation and X‐ray bombardment allow the three‐dimensional arrangement of atoms in protein molecules to be determined.

Technical and biological challenges remain in structural proteomics – in particular for certain classes of proteins such as proteins that span membranes. Large‐scale structural proteomics is an enabling technology for systems biology.
Molecular Genetics of Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease and Gerstmann– Sträussler– Scheinker Disease
Authors: Gelpi Ellen , Colom‐Cadena Marti , Budka Herbert
Published: June 2015

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) and Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker disease (GSS) are distinct clinicopathological phenotypes of human prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). TSEs arise either spontaneously (sporadic disease forms such as sporadic CJD/sCJD or sporadic fatal insomnia/sFI), by genetic aberration (genetic CJD/gCJD, GSS, fatal familial insomnia/FFI) or acquired by contact with infectious prions from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), causing variant CJD (vCJD), or – more or less historically – as iatrogenic CJD (iCJD) from invasive medical procedures such as dural or corneal transplantations, cadaveric pituitary hormone preparations or surgical instruments, or from blood and blood products with vCJD prions. Genetic forms constitute about 10–15% of human prion diseases and result from more than 30 mutations, insertions or rarely deletions in the prion protein (PrP) gene,
PRNP
. A polymorphism at
PRNP
codon 129 is an important susceptibility factor and relevant for phenotypic heterogeneity. Other genes have not convincingly been shown to be involved.

Key Concepts

Prion diseases are invariably lethal and transmissible neurological disorders that affect humans and animals.

In humans, they occur sporadically and can also be acquired or inherited.

The infectious agent is considered to be solely an abnormal conformer of the host‐encoded prion protein (PrP).

Genetic disease forms constitute about 10–15%, result from aberrations in the PrP gene,
PRNP
, and are inherited as autosomal dominant trait with variable penetrance.

There is a broad clinical and neuropathological phenotypic spectrum, which is modulated by molecular factors including
PRNP
polymorphisms and PrP strains.

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) and Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker disease (GSS) are distinct clinicopathological phenotypes.

CJD occurs mostly sporadically (sCJD), more rarely by genetic aberration (gCJD), whereas GSS is always of genetic origin.

There is no effective treatment yet.
Psychodynamics of Arson
Authors: Beaman Jason
Published: June 2015

Arson is a crime closely correlated with mental illness. There are different motives for Arson. These motives can be categorized broadly as psychological or nonpsychological, although there is considerable overlap. The psychological motives can be further separated based on the nature of the mental state of the individual at the time of the crime. This article outlines said motives and the overlap between Arson and mental illness.
Memory: Repressed
Authors: Bogart Daniel F. , Loftus Elizabeth F.
Published: June 2015

The topic of repressed memory is a controversial one that has been fiercely debated in the fields of psychology and psychiatry for decades. People define repression differently, but perhaps the most popular conceptualization is that it involves an automatic process by which traumatic events are banished from consciousness, and later they sometimes return to awareness. This article briefly reviews some of the history surrounding repression in popular culture and then presents scientific evidence bearing on the debate surrounding repressed memories.
Introduction to the Use of Linear Programming in Strategic Health Human Resource Planning
Authors: Lavieri Mariel S. , Regan Sandra , Puterman Martin L. , Ratner Pamela A.
Published: June 2015

This article provides an introduction to the use of linear programming in strategic health human resource planning. We focus on a multiperiod linear programming approach that compares all feasible human resource strategies to identify education, recruitment, and promotion plans that achieve a supply–demand balance at the least cost to the system. The approach applies to a wide range of healthcare provider groups contingent on data availability (potential sources include regulatory, educational, employer, government and administrative databases, and research publications). Its ease of use and strong mathematical foundation make this model ideal for “What‐if?” analysis and assessments of sensitivity of decisions to assumptions and data accuracy.
Manganese: Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Pugh Thomas , Layfield Richard A.
Published: June 2015

This article summarizes the highlights in organomanganese chemistry published in the period 2004–2012. During this time, there has been significant progress in the field of organomanganese chemistry. Notable achievements taken from the primary literature include the isolation of two‐coordinate organometallic systems, the utilization of alkali‐metal‐containing organomanganese super‐bases for the deprotonation of aromatic compounds, and the use of alkylborylene‐ and imidazole‐containing manganese complexes for the synthesis of carbene complexes.
CusC
Heavy Metal Efflux Channel of

E

scherichia Coli
Authors: Delmar Jared A , Su Chih‐Chia , Yu Edward W
Published: June 2015

Diverse antimicrobial resistance in Gram‐negative bacteria is often due to the expression of tripartite efflux complexes. These multiprotein machines span the cellular envelope and expel diverse toxic compounds directly from the cell. They are composed of an outer membrane channel, a periplasmic adaptor, and an inner membrane transporter. In
Escherichia coli
, the CusCBA efflux complex confers resistance to toxic Cu(I) and Ag(I). The CusC channel is the last step in the efflux pathway, forming a β‐barrel transmembrane pore and an α‐helical periplasmic tunnel. We discuss the crystal structures of
E. coli
CusC, as well as the homologous channel proteins
Campylobacter jejuni
CmeC and
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
MtrE. These structures suggest that the first N‐terminal cysteine residue is critical for the insertion and folding of outer membrane channel proteins into the bilayer. The opening and closing of these channel proteins may depend on interactions with their corresponding adaptor proteins. The assembly of the complete tripartite efflux complex is also discussed. On the basis of the current structural data, these protein complexes should operate in a stoichiometry of 3:6:3, channel:adaptor:transporter.
Mechanical Characterization of PM2000 Oxide‐Dispersion‐Strengthened Alloy by High Temperature Nanoindentation
Authors: Hangen Ude , Chen Chun‐Liang , Richter Asta
Published: June 2015

Nanoindentation measurements with a commercial Hysitron xSol 800 up to temperatures of 700 °C have been applied to study mechanical properties of PM2000 ODS steel. Beside the temperature dependence of hardness H and indentation modulus E, a careful analysis of time‐dependent features such as creep and stress exponent was performed. The H/E is dominated by a transition from small hardness variations at low temperatures to a strong hardness decrease starting at about 400 °C. The two different deformation regimes have been attributed to modifications in dislocation pinning at temperatures up to 400 °C and thermal activation over obstacles, when fine oxide nanoparticles of diameter 5–20 nm are present.
Does Electronic Type Matter when Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes are Used for Electrode Applications?
Authors: Dabera G. Dinesha M. R. , Prabhath M. R. Ranga , Lai Khue T. , Jayawardena K. D. G. Imalka , Sam F. Laurent M. , Rozanski Lynn J. , Adikaari A. A. Damitha T. , Silva S. Ravi P.
Published: June 2015

Single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) electrodes that are chemically and mechanically robust are fabricated using a simple drop cast method with thermal annealing and acid treatment. An electronic‐type selective decrease in sheet resistance of SWNT electrodes with HNO3 treatment is shown. Semiconducting SWNTs show a significantly higher affinity toward hole doping in comparison to metallic SWNTs; a ≈12‐fold and a ≈fivefold drop in sheet resistance, respectively. The results suggest the insignificance of the electronic type of the SWNTs for the film conductivity after hole doping. The SWNT films have been employed as transparent hole extracting electrodes in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics. Performances of the devices enlighten the fact that the electrode film morphology dominates over the electronic type of the doped SWNTs with similar sheet resistance and optical transmission. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.4% for the best performing device is the best carbon nanotube transparent electrode incorporated large area BHJ solar cell reported to date. This PCE is 90% in terms of PCEs achieved using indium tin oxide (ITO) based reference devices with identical film fabrication parameters indicating the potential of the SWNT electrodes as an ITO replacement toward realization of all carbon solar cells.
Filtration model for polydisperse aerosols in gas‐solid flow using granule‐resolved direct numerical simulation
Authors: Kolakaluri R. , Murphy E. , Subramaniam S. , Brown R. C. , Fox R. O.
Published: June 2015

An analytical framework for calculating the filtration efficiency of polydisperse aerosols in a granular bed is developed for cases where inertial impaction and interception are the principal filtration mechanisms. This framework is used to develop a model for the polydisperse single‐collector efficiency from monodisperse single‐collector efficiency correlations. Conceptually, the polydisperse model is developed by transforming the probability density of particle radius into a probability density of particle Stokes number that is then used to weight the monodisperse single‐collector efficiency at a given Stokes number. An extension of this polydisperse filtration concept results in an analytical solution for the axial variation of polydisperse particle flux in a random three‐dimensional granule configuration. In order to verify the analytical results for polydisperse particle filtration, a granule‐resolved direct numerical simulation approach is coupled with Lagrangian particle tracking to simulate filtration of polydisperse aerosols in a granular bed. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3594–3606, 2015
“Acute” silicosis at the 1930 Johannesburg Conference on silicosis and in its aftermath: Controversies over a distinct entity later recognized as silicoproteinosis
Authors: Blanc Paul D.
Published: June 2015

Background

Very rapidly progressive “acute silicosis” was observed prior to the 1930 International Labour Office Conference on silicosis, but its clinical significance and pathologic relationship to classic silica caused pneumoconiosis were not settled.

Methods

Textual analysis of the 1930 Conference proceedings identified data relevant to rapidly progressive silicosis. Standard bibliographic searches identified relevant biomedical literature dating from before and after the Conference.

Results

The 1930 Johannesburg Conference contained descriptions of acute silicosis, especially in the abrasive powders industry, but acute silica‐related lung disease did not conform to a three‐stage disease model in which tuberculosis supra‐infection caused advanced disease, a model accepted at the Conference. Over following decades, additional reports appeared of rapidly progressive silicosis, unrelated to tuberculosis. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis was identified only in 1958.

Conclusions

Adoption by the 1930 Johannesburg Conference of a classification scheme into which acute rapidly progressive disease unrelated to tuberculosis fitted poorly may have impeded the understanding of acute silicosis and its importance. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:S39–S47, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thiourea‐Catalyzed Addition of Indoles to Aliphatic β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Ketoesters
Authors: Juste‐Navarro Verónica , Marqués‐López Eugenia , Herrera Raquel P.
Published: June 2015

A thiourea‐catalyzed addition reaction with indoles to aliphatic β,γ‐unsaturated α‐ketoesters has been developed. The easily accessible thiourea aminoindanol derivative makes this approach an interesting alternative for the use of these aliphatic substrates, very scarcely employed in previously reported procedures, highlighting the complementarity of the strategy presented here. The final adducts, which are valuable intermediates for synthesizing the corresponding α‐amino acid or α‐hydroxy acid derivatives, are obtained in good yields and enantiomeric excess under mild reaction conditions.
Efficacy of cardiac magnetic resonance for the qualitative diagnosis of blunt cardiac injury
Authors: Kaneda Kazuhisa , Yamamura Hitoshi , Yamamoto Tomonori , Matsumoto Kenji , Ehara Shoichi , Mizobata Yasumitsu
Published: June 2015

Case

A 47‐year‐old man was admitted after a car collision in shock with cardiac tamponade. After his circulation was stabilized by pericardial drainage, we treated him conservatively. Abnormal laboratory data and initial electrocardiogram (ECG) were suggestive of myocardial injury. However, echocardiography and cardiac computed tomography could not reveal the cause of the tamponade or the site of cardiac injury. ECG‐gated cardiac magnetic resonance images were acquired.

Outcome

The cardiac magnetic resonance black‐blood T2‐weighted images showed hyperintense signals in the interventricular septum, whereas the late gadolinium enhancement images showed no enhancement in this region. We could accurately diagnose cardiac contusion of the anteroseptal area, which would explain the initial ECG abnormality seen in this patient.

Conclusion

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging may be especially useful in the evaluation of non‐operative management of blunt cardiac injury and could explain the initial ECG abnormality seen in our patient.
Toward understanding short‐term personal information preservation: A study of backup strategies of end users
Authors: Kljun Matjaž , Mariani John , Dix Alan
Published: June 2015

The segment of companies providing storage services and hardware for end users and small businesses has been growing in the past few years. Cloud storage, personal network‐attached storage (NAS), and external hard drives are more affordable than ever before and one would think that backing up personal digital information is a straightforward process nowadays. Despite this, small group studies and corporate surveys show the opposite. In this paper we present the results from a quantitative and qualitative survey of 319 participants about how they back up their personal computers and restore personal information in case of computer failures. The results show that the majority of users do manual, selective, and noncontinuous backups, rely on a set of planned and unplanned backups (as a consequence of other activities), have inadequate knowledge about possible solutions and implications of using known solutions, and so on. The study also reveals that around a fifth of all computers are not backed up, and a quarter of most important files and a third of most important folders at the time of the survey could not be (fully) restored in the event of computer failure. Based on the results, several implications for practice and research are presented.
Internal Probing of the Supramolecular Organization of Pyrene‐Based Organogelators
Authors: Lai Thanh‐Loan , Canevet David , Avarvari Narcis , Sallé Marc
Published: June 2015

A thorough study of the unexpected spectroscopic behavior of two new luminescent pyrene‐urea‐based organogelators is rationalized as a function of their aggregation state and provides a key method to probe the supramolecular organization of the material.
Electrodeposition and Ageing of Mn‐Based Binary Composite Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts
Authors: Bozzini Benedetto , Bocchetta Patrizia , Gianoncelli Alessandra , Mele Claudio , Kiskinova Maya
Published: June 2015

Electrodeposition and ageing under oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of Mn‐X/PPy (X=Co, Mg, Ni; PPy=polypyrrole) and Mn‐Ag/G (G=graphene) composite electrocatalysts have been studied by quasi‐in‐situ soft X‐ray absorption and fluorescence microspectroscopy. The fabricated materials exhibit micro‐grained morphologies in which Mn is present mainly as Mn2+, accompanied by combinations of Co0/Co2+ and Ni0/Ni2+. Ageing leads to the formation of progressively larger mesoscopic aggregates. Initial ageing yields more active Mn3+ and Mn4+, in agreement with an improved ORR behaviour. Prolonged ageing causes the loss of Mn3+ and Mn4+ from the surface, in correlation with a degradation of the ORR response. In the investigated ageing period, Mn‐Mg/PPy exhibits the best durability, with about half of the catalyst grains still showing the presence of Mn3+/Mn4+, while the others consist mainly of Mn2+. In Mn‐Ni/PPy, the Ni2+ content tends to increase with ageing whereas Co3+ forms in the Mn‐Co/PPy composites.
Synthesis of 4,4′‐Diaminotriphenylmethanes with Potential Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM)‐like Activity
Authors: Guedes Gema , Amesty Ángel , Jiménez‐Monzón Roberto , Marrero‐Alonso Jorge , Díaz Mario , Fernández‐Pérez Leandro , Estévez‐Braun Ana
Published: June 2015

In this study, a series of new 4,4′‐diaminotriphenylmethanes was efficiently synthesized from aromatic aldehydes and 2,5‐dimethoxybenzenamine under microwave irradiation in the presence of Sc(OTf)3 as a catalyst. Antiproliferative activity was assessed by using the MCF‐7 estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive breast cancer cell line, and antagonist/agonist transcriptional activities were determined. Docking studies and competition studies of triphenylmethanes and radiolabeled estradiol determined that these compounds do not bind the ER, indicating that triphenylmethane‐induced changes in proliferative and transcriptional activities differ from conventional mechanisms of action triggered by other selective ER modulators.
Synthesis of Co‐doped CeO2 nanorods modified glassy carbon electrode for electrochemical detection of nitrobenzene
Authors: Arul N. Sabari , Mangalaraj D.
Published: June 2015

CeO2 nanoparticles (CNPs), Co‐doped CeO2 nanoparticles (CCNPs) and Co‐doped CeO2 nanorods (CCNRs) were synthesized by simple co‐precipitation method and explored their sensing behaviour towards nitrobenzene. XRD and TEM analysis confirmed the presence of cubic fluorite structure of the CNPs, CCNPs and CCNRs. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of Cobalt in CeO2 nanorods. The electrochemical sensing of nitrobenzene was carried out using CCNRs‐modified glassy carbon (GC) electrodes by means of cyclic voltammetric (CV) technique. The peak current (Ip) was found to be linearly co‐related to nitrobenzene (NB) concentration (R2 = 0.9665). A substantial enhancement in cathodic peak current (C1), and sensitivity (∼738.8 nA/μM) was observed for the CCNRs‐modified GC electrode than those of CNPs and CCNPs‐modified electrodes.
Liminalizing Progressive Efforts in Chicago: Moving Forward and Past Violence
Authors: Lambertz‐Berndt Megan
Published: June 2015

This article focuses on the framing of pervasive violence in South Side Chicago neighborhoods, subsequently offering a different lens to highlight the contributions and progressive efforts stemming from individuals residing in these areas. There remains a necessary shift from the passive images of those killed by violent acts to the active efforts of nonprofits working to decrease violence as well as educational programs focusing on interpersonal skills, mediation, and emotional intelligence.
Power Flow Analysis and DC‐Capacitor Voltage Regulation for the MMCC‐DSCC
Authors: Fujita Hideaki , Hagiwara Makoto , Akagi Hirofumi
Published: June 2015

This paper discusses power flow analysis and DC capacitor voltage regulation of a modular multilevel cascaded converter (MMCC) based on double‐star chopper cells (DSCC). This analysis reveals the relationship between the circulating current through the DC link and the average power flowing out of or into each chopper cell. The DC component of the circulating current supplies half the active output power to the upper and lower strings of the chopper cells, while in contrast the fundamental frequency component transfers an amount of power between the upper and lower strings. Thus, the MDCC–DSCC can balance the capacitor voltages among the cells by controlling the amplitude of the fundamental frequency component of the circulating current. A new control method based on power flow analysis is employed, and its effectiveness is verified by circuit simulation.
Decoupled Bilateral Control Based on Modal Space Observer in Master‐Slave Systems with Different Masses
Authors: Yajima Shunsuke , Katsura Seiichiro
Published: June 2015

This paper proposes a method of decoupled bilateral control based on a modal space observer. In a conventional bilateral control system, the structures of master‐slave systems are not considered. This paper shows that a force controller and a position controller in a bilateral control system interfere with each other when the structures of the master‐slave systems are different. In order to solve this problem, a bilateral control system based on a hybrid matrix has been proposed. However, the computational process for calculating the hybrid matrix becomes complicated as the numbers of degrees of freedom in the master‐slave systems increase. In the proposed method, a nominal equivalent mass matrix with respect to the modal space is used, and the interfering terms are estimated and compensated using a modal space observer. Therefore, a simple control structure is realized using the proposed method. The performance of the proposed method is compared to that of the conventional methods through simulations and experiments, and the validity of the proposed method is confirmed.
Anti‐Sway Crane Control Considering Wind Disturbance and Container Mass
Authors: Sato Kentaro , Ohishi Kiyoshi , Miyazaki Toshimasa
Published: June 2015

A method for estimating the sway angle using an observer has already been proposed. The state observer estimates the sway angle accurately and must use the detected sway angle value. However, the estimated sway angle has an error owing to rope length error, friction force, and wind. Moreover, the container mass cannot be determined, and therefore the observer parameter is not suitable. We already proposed robust antisway control for overcoming rope length error without adding a new sensor. Further, we designed a friction disturbance observer to cancel out the influence of the friction force. In this paper, we first propose a container mass estimation method when a crane system performs rolling up control. The observer parameter can be selected using the estimated mass value. Second, in crane parallel shift control, we propose a robust antisway control even when there is a wind disturbance. We design a wind disturbance observer and propose a wind disturbance estimator to separate the friction observer output from the wind disturbance observer output. We confirm through experiments that the proposed method can reduce vibration.
Power Flow Control of a Power Conversion Circuit for Contactless Power Transformer Systems with Coil Misalignment
Authors: Kitazawa Satoshi , Kondo Keiichiro , Kashiwagi Takayuki
Published: June 2015

The coupling coefficient between the coils of a noncontact power supply system is reduced by coil misalignment. This reduces the output voltage and the active power in the coils. To cope with these problems, an instantaneous current control method is applied to a single‐phase contactless power transformer system in order to apply the equivalent impedance of the PWM rectifier at the load side of the transformer. We propose a control method to supply power constantly to the load even when there is a misalignment in the receiving coils. The limit of the transferred power associated with the proposed control method is investigated. The proposed system, including the control method, is verified by experimental tests over a power range of several tens of watts.
Increased expression of TLR2 in CD4+ T cells from SLE patients enhances immune reactivity and promotes IL‐17 expression through histone modifications
Authors: Liu Yu , Liao Jieyue , Zhao Ming , Wu Haijing , Yung Susan , Chan Tak Mao , Yoshimura Akihiko , Lu Qianjin
Published: June 2015

The innate immune system has been shown to play an important pathologic role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). TLR2, a PRR, recognizes exogenous PAMPs, and endogenous damage‐associated molecular patterns and has been implicated in the initiation and maintenance of the perpetuated inflammatory reactions in autoimmune diseases. Here, we report increased expression of TLR2 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, and CD14+ monocytes from SLE patients. Conventional treatment, such as hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids, showed no effect on TLR2 expression in CD4+ T cells from SLE patients. In vitro stimulation of TLR2 in CD4+ T cells from SLE patients increased CD40L and CD70 expression, as well as secretion of IL‐6, IL‐17A, IL‐17F, and TNF‐α, while Foxp3 transcription decreased. This effect was reversed by TLR2 siRNA. Moreover, TLR2 activation upregulated H3K4 tri‐methylation and H4 acetylation levels while downregulated H3K9 tri‐methylation level in the IL‐17A promoter region. In addition, it also increased H4 acetylation levels and decreased H3K9 tri‐methylation levels in the IL‐17F promoter region. In summary, our findings demonstrate that increased expression of TLR2 contributes to immune reactivity and promotes IL‐17A and IL‐17F expression through histone modifications in SLE.
NHC‐Stabilized Bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphido Complexes of PdII and NiII
Authors: Madadi Masoomeh , Khalili Najafabadi Bahareh , Fard Mahmood Azizpoor , Corrigan John F.
Published: June 2015

Halidometal complexes bearing monodentate N‐heterocyclic carbenes [MX2(R2‐bimy)2] {bimy = benzimidazole‐2‐ylidene; R = iPr, M = Pd or Ni, X = I; R = nBu, M = Pd, X = I and R = nBu, M = Ni, X = Br (1)} react under mild conditions with Li[P(SiMe3)2], in a 1:1 ratio, to provide the halido(silylphosphido)metal complexes [PdI(iPr2‐bimy)2{P(SiMe3)2}] (2), [PdI(nBu2‐bimy)2{P(SiMe3)2}] (3), [NiI(iPr2‐bimy)2{P(SiMe3)2}] (4) and [NiBr(nBu2‐bimy)2{P(SiMe3)2}] (5). Cleavage of the P–Si bonds in 3 and 5 with benzoyl chloride leads to the formation of the new (dibenzoylphosphido)halidometal complexes [PdI(iPr2‐bimy)2P{C(O)Ph}2] (6) and [NiI(iPr2‐bimy)2{P(C(O)Ph)2}] (7), respectively. NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography and mass spectrometry are used to analyze these coordination complexes.
Lithium‐Filled Double‐Deck Layered Structure of the RELixCu2–yP2 (RE = La, Pr, Nd, Gd, Er; 0.82 ≤ x ≤ 1; 1.19 ≤ y ≤ 1.54) Series: Experimental and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Jang Eunyoung , Nam Gnu , Woo Hyein , Lee Junseong , Han Mi‐Kyung , Kim Sung‐Jin , You Tae‐Soo
Published: June 2015

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Tae‐Soo You at the Chungbuk National University, Republic of Korea. The cover image shows how the spilled pieces of Li metal are serendipitously inserted into the space within the double‐deck anionic layers composed of Cu and P and eventually form the Li‐filled double‐deck layered structure that has been studied.
Non‐suicidal Self‐injury in Different Eating Disorder Types: Relevance of Personality Traits and Gender
Authors: Islam Mohammed A. , Steiger Howard , Jimenez‐Murcia Susana , Israel Mimi , Granero Roser , Agüera Zaida , Castro Rita , Sánchez Isabel , Riesco Nadine , Menchón José M. , Fernández‐Aranda Fernando
Published: June 2015

The study explored lifetime prevalence of non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) in female and male individuals with eating disorders (ED) and compared ED symptoms, general psychopathology and personality traits across individuals with and without a history of NSSI. The incremental discriminative capacity of gender on the manifestation of lifetime NSSI was also studied. A total sample of 1649 consecutively admitted ED patients (1515 women and 134 men) participated in the current study [339 ED + NSSI (ED with NSSI) and 1310 ED − NSSI (ED without NSSI)]. Specific self‐report measures were included and other clinical and psychopathological indices. The observed lifetime prevalence of NSSI was 20.6% (20.9% in women and 17.2% in men). NSSI was not associated with ED type or gender. However, ED + NSSI patients exhibited more impulsive behaviour, substance‐abuse disorders and additional impulse‐control disorders, were younger and had more previous treatments. Age was shown to affect the presentation of NSSI. Additionally, ED + NSSI patients exhibited more severe ED and general psychopathological symptoms and had more dysfunctional personality traits when compared with ED − NSSI. ED + NSSI was found to be positively associated with harm avoidance and self‐transcendence but negatively with reward dependence, self‐directedness and cooperativeness. Thus, the variables with stronger capacity to identify the presence of ED + NSSI were younger age, harm avoidance, self‐directedness and self‐transcendence. A lack of association between sex and ED subtype with the presence of NSSI was observed.
High moisture corn stover pelleting in a flat die pellet mill fitted with a 6 mm die: physical properties and specific energy consumption
Authors: Tumuluru Jaya Shankar
Published: June 2015

The quality and specific energy consumption (SEC) of the biomass pellets produced depend upon pelleting process conditions. The present study includes understanding the effect of feedstock moisture in the range of 28–38% (wet basis [w.b.]) and preheating in the range of 30–110°C at two die speeds of 40 and 60 Hz on the physical properties and SEC. A flat die pellet mill fitted with a 6 mm die was used in the present study. The physical properties of pellets such as moisture content, unit, bulk and tapped density, durability, and expansion ratio and SEC of the pelleting process are measured. The results indicate that the pellets produced have durability values in the range of 87–98%, and unit bulk and tapped density in the range of 670–1100, 375–575, and 420–620 kg/m3. Increasing the feedstock moisture content from 33% to 38% (w.b) decreased the unit, bulk and tapped density by about 30–40%. Increasing feedstock moisture content increased the expansion ratio and decreased the density values. A higher feedstock moisture content of 38% (w.b.) and higher preheating temperature of 110°C resulted in lower density and a higher expansion ratio, which can be attributed to flash off of moisture as the material extrudes out of the die. The SEC was in the range of 75–275 kWh/ton. Higher feedstock moisture content of 38% (w.b.) and a lower die speed of 40 Hz increased the SEC, whereas lower to medium preheating temperature (30–70°C), medium feedstock moisture content of 33% (w.b.), and a higher die speed of 60 Hz minimized the SEC to <100 kWh/ton.
Chemical oxidization of some AFFFs leads to the formation of 6:2FTS and 8:2FTS
Authors: Fang Cheng , Megharaj Mallavarapu , Naidu Ravendra
Published: June 2015

The present study tested some aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) products for the presence of or the potential to form 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (6:2FTS) and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecane sulfonic acid (8:2FTS). The results demonstrated the appearance of significant levels of 6:2FTS and 8:2FTS after the oxidization of those AFFFs. The authors concluded that fluorotelomer skeletons exist but are derived from those formulations of AFFFs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2625–2628. © 2015 SETAC
Concentration dependence of biotransformation in fish liver S9: Optimizing substrate concentrations to estimate hepatic clearance for bioaccumulation assessment
Authors: Lo Justin C. , Allard Gayatri N. , Otton S.Victoria , Campbell David A. , Gobas Frank A.P.C.
Published: June 2015

In vitro bioassays to estimate biotransformation rate constants of contaminants in fish are currently being investigated to improve bioaccumulation assessments of hydrophobic contaminants. The present study investigates the relationship between chemical substrate concentration and in vitro biotransformation rate of 4 environmental contaminants (9-methylanthracene, pyrene, chrysene, and benzo[a]pyrene) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver S9 fractions and methods to determine maximum first-order biotransformation rate constants. Substrate depletion experiments using a series of initial substrate concentrations showed that in vitro biotransformation rates exhibit strong concentration dependence, consistent with a Michaelis–Menten kinetic model. The results indicate that depletion rate constants measured at initial substrate concentrations of 1 μM (a current convention) could underestimate the in vitro biotransformation potential and may cause bioconcentration factors to be overestimated if in vitro biotransformation rates are used to assess bioconcentration factors in fish. Depletion rate constants measured using thin-film sorbent dosing experiments were not statistically different from the maximum depletion rate constants derived using a series of solvent delivery–based depletion experiments for 3 of the 4 test chemicals. Multiple solvent delivery–based depletion experiments at a range of initial concentrations are recommended for determining the concentration dependence of in vitro biotransformation rates in fish liver fractions, whereas a single sorbent phase dosing experiment may be able to provide reasonable approximations of maximum depletion rates of very hydrophobic substances. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2782–2790. © 2015 SETAC
Estimating Conditional Distributions of Scores on an Alternate Form of a Test
Authors: Livingston Samuel A. , Chen Haiwen H.
Published: June 2015

Quantitative information about test score reliability can be presented in terms of the distribution of equated scores on an alternate form of the test for test takers with a given score on the form taken. In this paper, we describe a procedure for estimating that distribution, for any specified score on the test form taken, by estimating the joint distribution of equated scores on two forms of the test. The procedure requires as input the score distribution and the reliability coefficient, estimated for the test‐taker population. In tryouts, the procedure performed well for score distributions like those commonly encountered in large‐scale testing situations.
Aligning TextEvaluator® Scores With the Accelerated Text Complexity Guidelines Specified in the Common Core State Standards
Authors: Sheehan Kathleen M.
Published: June 2015

The TextEvaluator® text analysis tool is a fully automated text complexity evaluation tool designed to help teachers, curriculum specialists, textbook publishers, and test developers select texts that are consistent with the text complexity guidelines specified in the Common Core State Standards. This paper documents the procedure used to align the TextEvaluator reporting scale with the Common Core text complexity scale and provides score ranges for use when placing texts into grade bands. Three evaluations of the proposed score ranges are reported: one implemented with respect to the set of 168 exemplar texts provided in Appendix B of the Common Core State Standards, one implemented with respect to a set of 10 career texts, and one implemented with respect to a set of 59 texts selected from textbooks assigned in first‐year, credit‐bearing college courses. Results suggest that the proposed ranges can help users determine an appropriate grade band placement for any text that has been evaluated by TextEvaluator, including informational, literary, and mixed texts.
Introduction of a novel amino‐agarose (AAG) derivative as a fixed facilitated transport carrier to prepare newly asymmetric PES/AAG membranes for CO2 removal
Authors: Seidi Farzad , Salarabadi Mahsa Babaei , Saedi Shahab , Modadi Loghman , Shamsabadi Ahmad Arabi , Nikravesh Bahar
Published: June 2015

In the present study, a novel amino‐agarose (AAG) derivative was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Hydrogen–Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR). The prepared AAG derivative was introduced as a new polymeric additive by its blending with polyethersulfone (PES) in different ratios to fabricate newly integrally skinned PES/AAG membranes. The thermal gravimetric analysis of the prepared membranes revealed that presence of AAG additive improves the thermal stability of the PES membranes. Also, the changes in the membranes morphologies were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared membranes were used for separation of CO2 from a CO2/CH4 binary mixed gas, and the effects of feed pressure, temperature, and AAG concentration on the performance of the synthesized membranes were explored. The obtained results showed that presence of AAG derivative in PES membranes enhances the porosity of the prepared membranes so improves the selectivity of CO2/CH4. Generally, the performance of the PES membranes was improved by application of AAG additive as a fixed facilitated transport carrier. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
17P deleted multiple myeloma presenting with intracranial disease: durable remission after tailored management
Authors: Lee Joe , Smith Dean , Rabin Neil , Tobias Jeffrey , Yong Kwee
Published: June 2015

In multiple myeloma (MM), del(17p) is associated with a poor outcome if present in greater than half the tumour cells. Similarly, intracranial involvement, often seen in the context of advanced disease, also heralds short survival. We present a rare case of MM presenting with intracranial disease and carrying del(17p) in 100% of tumour cells. This patient was successfully treated with combination chemotherapy employing central nervous system directed agents and bortezomib, followed by autologous stem cell transplant and consolidation with radiotherapy, bortezomib and thalidomide. We also present the outcomes of our single‐centre experience of MM patients presenting with del(17p) disease. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of alcohol on the recognition of facial expressions and microexpressions of emotion: enhanced recognition of disgust and contempt
Authors: Felisberti Fatima , Terry Philip
Published: June 2015

Objective

The study compared alcohol's effects on the recognition of briefly displayed facial expressions of emotion (so‐called microexpressions) with expressions presented for a longer period.

Method

Using a repeated‐measures design, we tested 18 participants three times (counterbalanced), after (i) a placebo drink, (ii) a low‐to‐moderate dose of alcohol (0.17 g/kg women; 0.20 g/kg men) and (iii) a moderate‐to‐high dose of alcohol (0.52 g/kg women; 0.60 g/kg men). On each session, participants were presented with stimuli representing six emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust and contempt) overlaid on a generic avatar in a six‐alternative forced‐choice paradigm. A neutral expression (1 s) preceded and followed a target expression presented for 200 ms (microexpressions) or 400 ms. Participants mouse clicked the correct answer.

Results

The recognition of disgust was significantly better after the high dose of alcohol than after the low dose or placebo drinks at both durations of stimulus presentation. A similar profile of effects was found for the recognition of contempt. There were no effects on response latencies.

Conclusion

Alcohol can increase sensitivity to expressions of disgust and contempt. Such effects are not dependent on stimulus duration up to 400 ms and may reflect contextual modulation of alcohol's effects on emotion recognition. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeted Deletion of Autophagy Genes Atg5 or Atg7 in the Chondrocytes Promotes Caspase-Dependent Cell Death and Leads to Mild Growth Retardation
Authors: Vuppalapati Karuna K , Bouderlique Thibault , Newton Phillip T , Kaminskyy Vitaliy O , Wehtje Henrik , Ohlsson Claes , Zhivotovsky Boris , Chagin Andrei S
Published: June 2015

Longitudinal bone growth takes place in epiphyseal growth plates located in the ends of long bones. The growth plate consists of chondrocytes traversing from the undifferentiated (resting zone) to the terminally differentiated (hypertrophic zone) stage. Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process of lysosome-dependent recycling of intracellular organelles and protein complexes. Autophagy is activated during nutritionally depleted or hypoxic conditions in order to facilitate cell survival. Chondrocytes in the middle of the growth plate are hypoxic and nutritionally depleted owing to the avascular nature of the growth plate. Accordingly, autophagy may facilitate their survival. To explore the role of autophagy in chondrocyte survival and constitutional bone growth, we generated mice with cartilage-specific ablation of either Atg5 (Atg5cKO) or Atg7 (Atg7cKO) by crossing Atg5 or Atg7 floxed mice with cartilage-specific collagen type 2 promoter–driven Cre. Both Atg5cKO and Atg7cKO mice showed growth retardation associated with enhanced chondrocyte cell death and decreased cell proliferation. Similarly, inhibition of autophagy by Bafilomycin A1 (Baf) or 3-methyladenine (3MA) promoted cell death in cultured slices of human growth plate tissue. To delineate the underlying mechanisms we employed ex vivo cultures of mouse metatarsal bones and RCJ3.IC5.18 rat chondrogenic cell line. Baf or 3MA impaired metatarsal bone growth associated with processing of caspase-3 and massive cell death. Similarly, treatment of RCJ3.IC5.18 chondrogenic cells by Baf also showed massive cell death and caspase-3 cleavage. This was associated with activation of caspase-9 and cytochrome C release. Altogether, our data suggest that autophagy is important for chondrocyte survival, and inhibition of this process leads to stunted growth and caspase-dependent death of chondrocytes. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Theoretical study of the DC and transient characteristics of a lateral Schottky barrier photodiode for application as high‐speed photodetector
Authors: Debbar Nacer
Published: June 2015

We present a numerical characterization of a high‐speed high‐responsivity GaAs lateral Schottky barrier photodiode (LSBPD). The LSBPD is a planar structure composed of interdigitated Schottky barrier and ohmic contacts. A metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) structure with identical geometry is simulated for comparison. The dark characteristics are found identical for the two devices. Under illumination, the LSBPD exhibited significantly superior responsivity compared with the MSM, while maintaining comparatively similar response time and 3 dB bandwidths. The results of the study indicate conclusively that the lateral Schottky barrier photodiode can provide an excellent alternative to the standard MSM photodetectors for high‐speed optoelectronic applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Re‐examining diversity as a double‐edged sword for innovation process
Authors: Zhan Siran , Bendapudi Namrita , Hong Ying‐yi
Published: June 2015

Existing results on the relationship between ethno‐cultural diversity and innovation remain mixed. The authors argue that these inconsistencies were partly due to conceptual and empirical confusion regarding two aspects of ethno‐cultural diversity. By conceptually and empirically teasing apart these two aspects of diversity, the authors demonstrated that diversity arising from ethnic categorization (referred to as ethnic diversity) impairs innovation, while diversity arising from cultural distance (referred to as cultural diversity) enhances innovation, but only when ethnic polarization is low. Consistent with the National Innovation System perspective, the present study using country‐level data shows that structural innovation input positively contributes to innovation output. Furthermore, the authors found that ethnic diversity has a direct negative effect on innovation input, which in turn dampens innovation output. By contrast, cultural diversity has a direct positive effect on innovation output over and above the contribution of innovation input only when ethnic polarization is low. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SKILLS FOR INTEGRATING WORK AND LIFE
Authors: Friedman Stewart D.
Published: June 2015

We should think about integrating the various parts of our life, rather than using the term “work/life balance,” according to Friedman. His work is based on research he developed for Ford Motor, in a program called “Total Leadership,” based on the principles of “be real, be whole, and be innovative.” He discusses how to apply a set of skills (such as clarifying expectations, building supportive networks, and challenging the status quo) in “the four domains of work, home, community, and the private self (mind, body, and spirit).” He illustrates with stories of such disparate life examples as rocker Bruce Springsteen and Facebook executive Sheryl Sandberg.
The Baeyer‐Villiger oxidation versus aromatic ring hydroxylation: competing organic peracid oxidation mechanisms explored by multivariate modelling of designed multi‐response experiments
Authors: Gambarotti Cristian , Bjørsvik Hans‐René
Published: June 2015

Peroxy acids can be used as the terminal oxidant for the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of acetophenones and for direct ring hydroxylation of methoxy‐substituted benzenes. An oxidative system involving 3‐chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) and 2,6‐dimethoxyacetophenone as model substrate was investigated by means of statistical experimental design, multivariate modelling and response surface methodology. The outcome of the organic peracid oxidation experiments was portrayed by a multi‐response matrix consisting of the yields of three different compounds; 2,6‐dimethoxyphenyl acetate, 1‐(4‐hydroxy‐2,6‐dimethoxy‐phenyl)ethanone and 3‐hydroxy‐2,6‐dimethoxy‐phenyl acetate. The optimized reaction protocol was utilized to investigate a series of various substituted acetophenones. The overall investigation revealed that both the molecular structure of the acetophenone substrate and the experimental conditions exhibited a substantial impact on whether the oxidation reaction follows the oxygen insertion or direct ring hydroxylation mechanism. An improved protocol for the direct ring hydroxylation was also obtained from the experimental and modelling described herein. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.