bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Low-Cost Evaluation Tool for Synchronization Methods in Three-Phase Power Systems
Authors: Reyes Marcelo E. , Melin Pedro E. , Espinosa Eduardo , Baier Carlos R. , Pesce Cristian , Cormack Benjamín
Published: January 2025

The use of renewable energy sources (RESs) together with energy storage systems (ESSs) allows for smoothing power variations, thus improving power backup capabilities and power quality in the electric power grid. These applications require power converters to transfer energy between the renewable generator or energy storage and the power grid. In any case, the control algorithm of the power converter requires the synchronization method to provide a correct estimation of the instantaneous voltage of the power grid. This work provides engineers and researchers with an accessible platform at a low cost (less than USD 100) and a methodology for the experimental validation of digital synchronization algorithms as a step before their implementation in grid-connected equipment. The methodology evaluates the performance of the digital algorithms when there are variations in amplitude, frequency, phase, and harmonic content in the emulated three-phase power grid, as well as the execution times (tex), while a digital platform emulates the electrical signals and generates reference signals for the evaluation. To illustrate this proposal, two synchronization algorithms—SRF-PLL and DSOGI-PLL with a low-pass filter—are implemented in a digital controller and tested. The evaluation tool confirms the algorithms’ performance and shows that the execution time of DSOGI-PLL is 91% longer than that of SRF-PLL, which is well known in the literature.
Noise Reduction Using Synthetic Microjet Excitation in Supersonic Rectangular Jets
Authors: Marques Michael , Singh Surabhi , Lyrintzis Anastasios , Golubev Vladimir
Published: January 2025

This work explores a potential methodology for rectangular jet noise reduction that employs nozzle unsteady microjet excitation. Using high-fidelity computational studies and spectral analyses, major jet noise sources impacted by the applied actuation are identified. A heated supersonic rectangular jet is considered with a nozzle aspect ratio of 2:1 at a Mach number of 1.5. The current study essentially validates the hypothesis of a previous reduced-order analysis that predicted jet noise reduction through jet excitation at the harmonic or subharmonic of the dominant frequency associated with jets’ large-scale structures. Such noise reduction was attributed to the excitation-induced nonlinear energy exchange between the coherent modes. In the current study, the synthetic microjet actuation of the jet plume shear layer using 1% of the jet mass flow rate is implemented at the excitation ports located at the nozzle lip and directed along the jet axis. A resulting jet noise reduction of up to 4 dB at the peak radiation angle is predicted. An analysis of the near-field Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (SPOD) results provides further insights into the impact of jet actuation on the modification of jet flow structures, thus addressing the effectiveness of the proposed noise control methodology.
A Chronological Review of the Transmission and Effects of Mechanical Vibrations on the Hand—Arm System in an Occupational Workplace
Authors: Cristea Aurora Felicia , Bӑlcӑu Monica Carmen , Haragâṣ Simion
Published: January 2025

This paper aims to review researchers’ concerns over time (from the 1980s to the present) regarding the transmission of mechanical vibrations in the workplace to the limbs, with a preponderant focus on the hand–arm system and some of the effects over time. These concerns are strictly approached from the point of view of their effects on different races, types of jobs, and forms of tools handled in the workplace. In this regard, when we refer to unwanted vibrations (harmful to a person) in the industrial environment, these are vibrations that can produce harmful effects on an individual’s health, leading to occupational diseases such as white finger syndrome. Some of the terms specific to the studies reviewed, such as vibration perception and biodynamic force, among others, are explained in this paper as needed. Studies in the field have shown that vibrations are transmitted differently when the arm is bent at the elbow joint compared to when it is outstretched; also, the transmission of vibrations is influenced by other factors, such as the temperature of the working environment, the gender and age of the person who is using the vibrating devices, and last but not least, the time of their use and the frequency. The conclusions presented by the specialized literature often refer to existing standards, in particular SR EN ISO 5349/2003. Finally, in this paper, conclusions are drawn regarding how to analyze the transmission of vibrations over time, and some recommendations are given for avoiding or minimizing them, which can be added to the already-existing standards.
Stability of Fatty Acids, Tocopherols, and Carotenoids of Sea Buckthorn Oil Encapsulated by Spray Drying Using Different Carrier Materials
Authors: Čulina Patricija , Balbino Sandra , Vitali Čepo Dubravka , Golub Nikolina , Elez Garofulić Ivona , Dragović-Uzelac Verica , You Lijun , Pedisić Sandra
Published: January 2025

The aim of this study was to determine the retention of fatty acids, α-tocopherol, and carotenoids in sea buckthorn oil (SBO) encapsulated with gum arabic (GA), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and their mixture (1:1) under pre-optimized spray drying conditions in comparison to the bioactive molecule (BAM) content of the non-encapsulated oil. In addition, the color parameters in the spray-dried powders and the bioaccessibility of β-carotene, which has the highest provitamin A activity, were evaluated. The fatty acid content remained almost unchanged, while statistically significant differences in α-tocopherol and carotenoid content were found between the SBO encapsulated with different carriers and the non-encapsulated oil. The retention of tocopherols and carotenoids compared to the non-encapsulated SBO ranged from 62.13 to 87.23% and from 21.17 to 97.61%, respectively. SBO encapsulated with β-CD showed significantly higher retention of α-tocopherol (87.23%) and individual carotenoids (40.71–97.61%). In addition, the powders showed no significant differences in color parameters, and the powders encapsulated with GA and β-CD showed high bioaccessibility of β-carotene (92.50 and 90.45%, respectively). β-CD proved to be the most suitable carrier for the encapsulation of the carotenoids and α-tocopherol of SBO, resulting in powders with high bioaccessibility of β-carotene.
Online Algorithm for Deriving Heart Rate Variability Components and Their Time–Frequency Analysis
Authors: Adamczyk Krzysztof , Polak Adam G.
Published: January 2025

Heart rate variability (HRV) containing four components of high (HF), low (LF), very low (VLF), and ultra-low (ULF) frequencies provides insight into the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system functions. Classical spectral analysis is most often used in research on HRV and its components. The aim of this work was to develop and validate an online HRV decomposition algorithm for monitoring the associated physiological processes. The online algorithm was developed based on variational mode decomposition (VMD), validated on synthetic HRV with known properties and compared with its offline adaptive version AVMD, standard VMD, continuous wavelet transform (CWT), and wavelet package decomposition (WPD). Finally, it was used to decompose 36 real all-night HRVs from two datasets to analyze the properties of the four extracted components using the Hilbert transform. The statistical tests confirmed that the online VMD (VMDon) algorithm returned results of comparable quality to AVMD and CWT, and outperformed standard VMD and WPD. VMDon, AVMD, and CWT extracted four components from the real HRV with frequency content slightly exceeding the previously recognized ranges, suggesting the possibility of their modes mixing. Their ranges of variability were assessed as follows: HF: 0.11–0.40 Hz; LF: 0.029–0.14 Hz; VLF: 4.7–31 mHz; and ULF: 0.002–3.0 mHz.
Research on Radionuclide Identification Method Based on GASF and Deep Residual Network
Authors: Zhao Shuqiang , Zhou Shumin , Chen Rui
Published: January 2025

In nuclide identification, traditional methods based on nuclide library comparisons rely on the identification of characteristic peaks, often overlooking the full spectrum information, which leads to cumbersome operations and low efficiency. In recent years, machine learning and deep learning techniques have been introduced into the field of nuclide recognition to improve identification efficiency; however, most existing methods fail to effectively extract deep features from the data. To address this issue, this paper proposes a method that integrates the Gram Angular Summation Field (GASF) algorithm with a Deep Residual Network (ResNet) for processing nuclide energy spectrum data. First, the GASF algorithm is used to transform one-dimensional spectral data into two-dimensional images, thereby fully extracting spatial features from the data. Then, these two-dimensional images are input into the ResNet model, where features are automatically extracted through multiple convolutional layers. Finally, the Softmax layer is used for nuclide classification. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively improve both the accuracy and efficiency of nuclide identification; the recognition accuracy on the simulated data reaches 99.5%, and, when tested with actual measurement data containing unknown radionuclides, the model still achieves a high accuracy of 92.6%. This study shows that the combination of deep learning and signal processing techniques can significantly improve the accuracy and application scope of nuclide identification, offering substantial practical value.
Review of the Simulators Used in Pharmacology Education and Statistical Models When Creating the Simulators
Authors: Ara Toshiaki , Kitamura Hiroyuki
Published: January 2025

Animal experiments have long been used as an educational tool in pharmacological education; however, from the perspective of animal welfare, it is necessary to decrease the number of animals used. ingAlthough using of simulators is effective, the development of these simulators is necessary when there is no existing simulator for animal experiments. In this review, we describe free, downloadable, and commercial simulators that are currently used in pharmacological education. Furthermore, we introduce two strategies to create simulators of animal experiments: (1) bioassay, and (2) experiments that measure the reaction time. We also describe five sigmoid curves (logistic curve, cumulative distribution function [CDF] of normal distribution, Gompertz curve, von Bertalanffy curve, and CDF of Weibull curve) to fit the results and their inverse functions. Using this strategy, it is possible to create a simulator that calculates the reaction time following drug administration. Moreover, we introduce a statistical model for local anesthetic agents using hierarchical Bayesian modeling. Considering the correlation among estimated parameters, we suggest it is possible to create simulators that give results more similar to those of animal experiments. The pharmacological education will be possible by these simulators at educational institutions where animal experiments are difficult due to various restrictions. It is expected that the number of simulator-based education programs will increase in the future.
The Use of Atmospheric Reanalysis Data for the Estimation of Solar Irradiation Considering the Effect of Atmospheric Aerosols over Brazil
Authors: Herdies Bruno Ribeiro , Vendrasco Eder Paulo , Herdies Dirceu Luís , de Oliveira Celso Eduardo Lins , de Quadro Mario Francisco Leal
Published: January 2025

In recent years, several studies have evaluated the potential of renewable energy sources in response to climate change and high energy demand. Due to its equatorial location and significant solar and wind potential, Brazil has incorporated alternative sources into its energy matrix, driven by more efficient and economical technologies for solar energy. However, the availability of observed data is still limited, and many studies rely on satellite estimates or extrapolations of in situ observations from other regions, compromising the efficiency of new technologies. This study uses NASA MERRA-2 reanalysis data to evaluate the influence of aerosols and cloudiness on the estimate of solar irradiance in Brazil. INMET stations were chosen in regions representative of the Brazilian climate and geography, with more than 12 years of observational data. MERRA-2 includes aerosol fields that interact with the model’s radiation fields, with a spatial resolution of 0.5° and hourly temporal resolution. Variables used include shortwave radiation fluxes and aerosol optical depth. Statistical indices used in performance analysis include mean bias, mean squared error, and Pearson correlation coefficient. The stations’ diurnal solar irradiance cycles were compared with MERRA-2 reanalysis data, considering different scenarios of aerosol and cloudiness effects. The reanalysis data represented the Bauru and Santa Maria stations well, while others, such as Barreiras and Goiânia, showed underestimation. Monthly cycling was also analyzed, highlighting seasonality, with greater amplitude in Santa Maria and lower in Caicó. In some locations, such as Campo Grande, the influence of aerosols is more significant, especially during the dry months, when forest fires, mainly in the Amazon region, increase the aerosol optical depth. The results show that reanalysis estimates can be used to evaluate the temporal variability of solar irradiation in regions without observational data. In conclusion, the study was able to evaluate the temporal variability of solar irradiation in Brazil using MERRA-2 atmospheric reanalysis data, demonstrating that, although there are differences with observational data, reanalysis estimates are useful in areas without observed data, with values correlation values above 0.8 and reaching values close to 0.95. However, although small, the differences observed between measured and estimated solar irradiation are generally caused by the inability of models to adequately represent the fraction of clouds and aerosols in the atmosphere.
Data Augmentation Strategies for Improved PM2.5 Forecasting Using Transformer Architectures
Authors: Pan Phoebe , Malarvizhi Anusha Srirenganathan , Yang Chaowei
Published: January 2025

Breathing in fine particulate matter of diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) greatly increases an individual’s risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. As climate change progresses, extreme weather events, including wildfires, are expected to increase, exacerbating air pollution. However, models often struggle to capture extreme pollution events due to the rarity of high PM2.5 levels in training datasets. To address this, we implemented cluster-based undersampling and trained Transformer models to improve extreme event prediction using various cutoff thresholds (12.1 µg/m3 and 35.5 µg/m3) and partial sampling ratios (10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60, 50/50). Our results demonstrate that the 35.5 µg/m3 threshold, paired with a 20/80 partial sampling ratio, achieved the best performance, with an RMSE of 2.080, MAE of 1.386, and R2 of 0.914, particularly excelling in forecasting high PM2.5 events. Overall, models trained on augmented data significantly outperformed those trained on original data, highlighting the importance of resampling techniques in improving air quality forecasting accuracy, especially for high-pollution scenarios. These findings provide critical insights into optimizing air quality forecasting models, enabling more reliable predictions of extreme pollution events. By advancing the ability to forecast high PM2.5 levels, this study contributes to the development of more informed public health and environmental policies to mitigate the impacts of air pollution, and advanced the technology for building better air quality digital twins.
The Orlicz Electrostatic q-Capacity Minkowski Problem
Authors: Zeng Hui , Liu Lijuan , Yin Lu , He Rigao
Published: January 2025

The existence of solutions to the discrete Orlicz electrostatic q-capacity Minkowski problem was given by Ji and Yang when 1<p<2. Now, we have studied the problem by removing the assumption that the measure μ does not have a pair of antipodal point masses. By means of approximation, the sufficient condition is given for the existence of solutions to this problem for general measures when 1<q<2, which is an extension of the Lp electrostatic q-capacity Minkowski problem when 1<q<2.
Efficacy and Safety of Dupilumab Across Different Th2-Type-Mediated Diseases: A Real-Life Preliminary Experience
Authors: Romano Ciro , Cozzolino Domenico , Corona Maria Elena , Aitella Ernesto
Published: January 2025

Background: Dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 pathway, is able to dampen T helper (Th)2-mediated inflammation in several conditions characterized by this particular type of phlogosis. The aim of this study was to review the efficacy and safety of dupilumab treatment in conditions underpinned by Th2-type inflammation in a cohort of real-world patients referred to our outpatient clinic. Methods: Data from all patients with atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, asthma, and other Th2-type-mediated inflammatory conditions treated with dupilumab were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Twenty-two patients were included in the study: 14 with atopic dermatitis, 5 with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, 2 with asthma, and 1 with prurigo nodularis; some of the patients had more than one atopic condition. A complete response was observed in 13 out of 22 patients (59.1%); when partial responses were included in the analysis, the overall response rate was 86.4%. No adverse events were recorded, either locally or systemically. Total IgE levels dropped in all patients, in some cases reaching values close to those typically observed in nonatopic subjects. When eosinophilia was present at baseline, this also normalized during dupilumab treatment. Conclusions: Dupilumab was safe and effective across multiple conditions driven by Th2-type chronic inflammation; effective interference with the Th2-type pathway was inferred by the progressive reduction in serum total IgE levels, which reached the normal range in a fraction of patients, and by the reduction in peripheral blood eosinophil counts. Further studies in different Th2-mediated diseases are warranted.
Mechanisms of HAHV-1 Interaction with Hemocytes in Haliotis diversicolor supertexta: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Wei Mao-Le , Li Ya-Nan , Wang Jing-Li , Ma Cui-Ping , Kang Hui-Gang , Li Pei-Jun , Zhang Xiang , Huang Bo-Wen , Bai Chang-Ming
Published: January 2025

Haliotid herpesvirus 1 (HAHV-1) causes significant damage to the abalone aquaculture industry. Knowledge of HAHV-1 invasion and host defense mechanisms is limited due to the lack of stable molluscan cell lines. The present study established an in vitro infection model of HAHV-1 using the primary suspension cultures of hemocytes from Haliotis diversicolor supertexta and Haliotis discus hannai. The cytopathic effects of HAHV-1 on adherent-cultured hemocytes of both species were also investigated. The HAHV-1 DNA loads were firstly monitored by means of quantitative PCR during the development of viral infection, and subsequently the mechanism of interaction between HAHV-1 and hemocytes was explored by means of a transcriptome analysis. H. diversicolor supertexta hemocytes exhibited a high degree of susceptibility to HAHV-1, with viral loads reaching a peak of 4.0 × 10⁷ copies/ng DNA. In contrast, no significant replication was observed in H. discus hannai hemocytes. Transcriptome analysis revealed that HAHV-1 evades the host immune response in the early stages of infection, and hijacks the host’s energy and redox metabolism to promote its replication at the late stages. Consequently, this study provides a valuable reference point for the investigation of virus−host interaction between HAHV-1 and abalone in vitro.
Androgen Receptor Expression Governs the Seasonal Inhibition of Testicular Development and Subsequent Recovery in Rattus norvegicus caraco
Authors: Ying Yaqi , Wang Lewen , Wang Dawei , Li Ning , Song Ying , Liu Xiaohui
Published: January 2025

Commonly in seasonal breeding animals, testicular development is inhibited prior to Sertoli cell maturation when environmental conditions become unfavorable, with recovery occurring once conditions improve. However, the precise molecular mechanisms governing this process remain unclear. We investigated the role of androgen receptor (AR) in the seasonal regulation of testicular development in a wild population of Rattus norvegicus caraco, a subspecies of brown rats in Northeast China residing in high-latitude regions, known for its seasonal reproductive patterns. Our results revealed a significant increase in Ar mRNA expression in wild rats with small testes less than 0.2 g and body weights ranging between 80 and 100 g during the nonbreeding season. Further examinations of Ar expression in the testicular development of R. n. caraco in the laboratory under different day lengths and temperatures that simulating breeding and nonbreeding seasons suggest that the maturation of Sertoli cells depends on the upregulation of Ar expression around a testis weight of 0.07–0.18 g, regardless of age and conditions, synchronously accompanying the initiation of the meiotic phase. When Ar expression was suppressed, testicular development was impeded around the stage of Sertoli cell maturation, resulting in decreased spermatogenesis and hindered growth in testis weight. Our findings elucidate how animals control the seasonal inhibition and subsequent recovery of testicular development by regulating Ar expression in R. n. caraco.
Differential Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Patients with Schizophrenia Versus Depressive Disorder: Clinical Distinction Between Antipsychotic and Antidepressant Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Nakayama Naho , Nakahara Tatsuo , Iwanaga Hideyuki , Hashimoto Manabu , Mitsudo Takako , Imamura Yoshiomi , Kunitake Hiroko , Mizoguchi Yoshito , Ueno Takefumi
Published: January 2025

Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is utilized for treating psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BD). We aimed to compare pre- and post-ECT treatment outcomes between patients with SCZ and a combined group of patients with MDD and BD (MDD+BD) to assess the distinction between the antipsychotic and antidepressant effects of ECT. Methods: ECT was administered to patients with SCZ (n = 17) and those with MDD+BD (n = 7). Symptoms were evaluated using the brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), clinical global impression scale (CGI), and global assessment of functioning (GAF). Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were also measured. Results: The BPRS, CGI, and GAF scores significantly differed after ECT compared with those before ECT in each patient group. However, no significant differences were observed between the groups for each disorder. No significant differences were observed in plasma BDNF levels between the groups at baseline and during ECT. At baseline, only depression scores were more favorable in the SCZ group, whereas positive symptoms and disorganization scores were higher in the MDD+BD group. During treatment, positive symptoms, activation, and disorganization items were significantly more favorable in the MDD+BD group compared with the SCZ group. Total BPRS scores were not associated with plasma BDNF levels; however, rating scores of the several items related to activation, resistance, and disorganization were positively correlated with BDNF levels. Conclusion: ECT effects on several clinical outcomes in the MDD+BD group were associated with plasma BDNF levels. These findings suggest that ECT may be more effective for treating MDD than SCZ.
Perceptual, Not Attentional, Guidance Drives Happy Superiority in Complex Visual Search
Authors: Stuit Sjoerd M. , Pardo Sanchez M. Alejandra , Terburg David
Published: January 2025

Emotional facial expressions are thought to attract attention differentially based on their emotional content. While anger is thought to attract the most attention during visual search, happy superiority effects are reported as well. As multiple studies point out confounds associated with such emotional superiority, further investigation into the underlying mechanisms is required. Here, we tested visual search behaviors when searching for angry faces, happy faces, or either happy or angry faces simultaneously using diverse distractors displaying many other expressions. We teased apart visual search behaviors into attentional and perceptual components using eye-tracking data and subsequently predicted these behaviors using low-level visual features of the distractors. The results show an overall happy superiority effect that can be traced back to the time required to identify distractors and targets. Search behavior is guided by task-based, emotion-specific search templates that are reliably predictable based on the spatial frequency content. Thus, when searching, we employ specific templates that drive attentional as well as perceptual elements of visual search. Only the perceptual elements contribute to happy superiority. In conclusion, we show that template-guided search underlies perceptual, but not attentional, happy superiority in visual search.
Working Toward Advanced Architectural Education: Developing an AI-Based Model to Improve Emotional Intelligence in Education
Authors: Zahra Samer , Samra Medhat , El Gizawi Lamis
Published: January 2025

This study explored the integration of emotional intelligence (EI) with artificial intelligence (AI) to address emerging challenges in architectural education. An AI-supported teaching model was developed, utilizing AI tools to assess students’ emotional responses and enabling educators to adapt teaching strategies based on emotional data. This study employed a three-phase methodology: theoretical, analytical, and experimental phases. The theoretical phase involved a comprehensive literature review focusing on the role of EI in architectural education. In the analytical phase, a survey was conducted to evaluate students’ ability to overcome learning challenges using a case study from an Egyptian university. The experimental phase implemented an EI-driven teaching approach with a pilot group of students, incorporating instructor feedback and ChatGPT-4O for assessments in order to minimize potential bias. The results demonstrate that integrating EI into education significantly enhances students’ performance compared to traditional teaching methods. Furthermore, the findings contribute to the development of an AI-based model that provides personalized feedback and fosters a dynamic learning environment, aiming to achieve higher academic and behavioral standards among architecture students. This research offers theoretical and practical insights into advancing the integration of AI and EI in architectural education.
A Deformation Prediction Model for Concrete Dams Based on RSA-VMD-AttLSTM
Authors: Liu Pei , Gu Hao , Gu Chongshi , Wang Yanbo
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a deformation prediction model for concrete dams that integrates a reptile search algorithm (RSA), a Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) algorithm, and a long short-term memory network model with attention mechanism (AttLSTM). This model utilizes the RSA to optimize the parameters K and α of the VMD algorithm. It combines the variance of the modified mode with the sample entropy of these data as the objective function, effectively converting monitoring data into a stable signal while retaining essential characteristic variation. Data are reformatted into a three-dimensional structure and partitioned into training and testing sets. The AttLSTM network was applied to forecast deformation, and results were validated using practical engineering cases. The performance of the proposed model was compared against that of four other models: LSTM, VMD-LSTM, attention LSTM, and VMD-AttLSTM models. Analysis of the five evaluation criteria revealed that the RSA can better optimize the parameters of the VMD algorithm. Consequently, the proposed model demonstrates superior noise reduction capabilities and improved prediction accuracy.
Investigating the Mechanical Properties and Water Permeability of Recycled Pervious Concrete Using Three Typical Gradation Schemes
Authors: Lv Hongjie , Xiong Zhe , Li Huawei , Liu Jia , Xu Gang , Chen Haofan
Published: January 2025

This study aims to investigate the influence of three typical gradation schemes, including continuous gradation, discontinuous gradation, and single gradation, on the mechanical properties and water permeability of pervious concrete using recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) as aggregates. The changes in compressive strength, flexural strength, failure mode, connected porosity, and permeability coefficient of Recycled Pervious Concrete (RPC) using different gradation schemes and the correlations among these factors were investigated. The results indicate that the RPC prepared with discontinuous gradation RCA achieves optimal compressive and flexural strengths of 15.70 MPa and 4.22 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, RPC with discontinuous gradation and single gradation exhibits superior water permeability compared to that made with continuous gradation RCA, and its optimal range of the permeability coefficient can reach between 6.36 and 8.32 mm·s−1. The RPC prepared using multi-gradation RCA is effective in enhancing the stability of changes in connected porosity and permeability coefficients. Furthermore, the relationship between connected porosity and permeability coefficients of RPC using different gradation schemes can be effectively characterized through nonlinear fitting, and the correlation coefficients R2 of RPC using continuous gradation, discontinuous gradation, and single gradation are 0.94, 0.92, and 0.90, respectively. This study focuses on the influence of several typical gradation schemes on RPC performance and provides valuable data support for further optimization of its properties.
Performance Comparison of Different Types of Anti-UV Aging Agents in Modified Asphalt
Authors: He Zhengwei , Ge Dongdong , Xian Jianping , Liu Qian , Hu Xingyu , Ju Zihao , Lv Songtao
Published: January 2025

There are many types of asphalt anti-UV aging agents, and the differences in their UV resistance mechanisms result in varying degrees of UV aging resistance. This study utilized three types of anti-UV aging agents to modify asphalt. These include a UV reflector (TiO2), a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS, LS770), and a UV absorber (UV326). The contents were 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%. When the dosages of TiO2, LS770, and UV326 were 1.5%, the rutting factors of the modified asphalt at 64 °C increased by 61.18%, 43.54%, and 34.18%, respectively. As the dosage of LS770 and TiO2 increased, the rutting factor of the modified asphalt was gradually enhanced. However, the rutting factor of UV326-modified asphalt did not gradually increase with an increasing dosage of UV326. The recommended content of TiO2 and UV326 was 0.5%, at which the rutting factor aging index (RFAI) was approximately 75%. The recommended dosage of LS770 was 1%, at which the RFAI was only 35.23%. Compared to TiO2 and UV326, LS770 exhibited superior UV aging resistance. FM test results indicated that the fluorescent substance did not produce agglomeration in the modified asphalt. TiO2, LS770, and UV326 were well dispersed throughout the asphalt. The carbonyl and carboxyl aging indexes of UV-aged LS770-1% (LS770 dosage is 1%) were lower than those of UV-aged TiO2-0.5% and UV-aged UV326-0.5%. The anti-UV agents effectively protected the asphalt’s structure, reducing surface degradation and preserving its integrity under prolonged UV exposure. The microscopic morphology of anti-UV aging agent-modified asphalt aligns closely with the conclusions drawn from rheological behavior results, indicating that LS770-1% provides excellent UV aging resistance.
Innovative Design Method for Lingnan Region Veranda Architectural Heritage (Qi-Lou) Facades Based on Computer Vision
Authors: Tang Qiang , Zheng Liang , Chen Yile , Chen Junming , Yang Shuai
Published: January 2025

The veranda buildings (Qi-lou) in Lingnan are important historical and cultural carriers of knowledge of the transformation of cities in Lingnan from traditional to modern forms. However, the restoration and protection of Qi-lou building facades faces challenges such as low efficiency, over-reliance on architects’ experience, and a lack of systematic technical tools. This study adopts computer vision techniques, specifically conditional generative adversarial networks (CGANs), to propose a new framework for generating realistic Qi-lou building facade designs. By collecting and processing 131 Qi-lou building facade samples, this study constructs a database covering various architectural styles, such as Gothic, Baroque, and Nanyang styles, and introduces a building exterior profile (BEP), a functional segmentation layout (FSL), and a three-stage hierarchical modeling approach for building elevation (BE) to achieve stylized facade generation. The main research findings are as follows: (1) The proposed CGAN model can accurately generate functional zoning layouts and effectively improve the design efficiency of Qi-lou building facades. (2) The generated facade images are consistent in style and structure, exhibiting high realism and significantly reducing the need for manual adjustments. (3) The generation quality of the model is significantly optimized as the input complexity (such as the number of windows and colonnades) increases. This shows that the framework proposed in this study can provide effective technical support for the restoration and innovative design of Qi-lou buildings in the Lingnan region.
Evaluating Sustainability in Post-Conflict Reconstruction: A Case Study of Blast-Damaged Buildings Without Structural Collapse Risk in Syria
Authors: Rezk Josephin , Pons-Valladares Oriol , Muñoz-Blanc Carlos
Published: January 2025

In the context of post-war reconstruction, this study introduces a novel assessment model tailored for the preliminary management of blast-damaged reinforced concrete buildings without structural collapse risk. The model addresses the critical challenge of prioritizing reconstruction efforts within constraints of time and resources while integrating economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Developed using the Integrated Value Model for Sustainable Assessment and refined through the Delphi method, the model provides stakeholders with a practical tool to evaluate alternative reconstruction scenarios, including refurbishment, demolition, reconstruction with retained identity, and preservation for future work. Validation is carried out through a case study of a tourist hotel in the historic area of Damascus, where a report confirmed the building posed no structural collapse risk. The results indicate that “preservation for future work” is the most sustainable option environmentally, while “refurbishment” emerges as the most sustainable economically and socially. This study highlights the importance of comprehensive damage assessments and sustainability-oriented tools for resilient and sustainable post-war reconstruction strategies that respect heritage contexts.
Simulation Analysis of Temperature Field and Stress Field of Mass Concrete Under Different Construction Temperatures
Authors: Yang Kaibo , Zhang Wei , Chen Renshan , Duan Meidong , Shangguan Haonan
Published: January 2025

In this study, the finite element analysis software MIDAS FEA NX was used to simulate and analyze the concrete, and the temperature regulation effect of phase change materials in concrete and its influence on crack resistance was discussed. A 1/8 concrete specimen model was constructed, and different ambient temperatures (5 °C to 35 °C) and concrete material parameters were set. Through simulation, it is found that phase change materials can effectively absorb environmental heat, maintain the temperature stability of concrete structures, and reduce the internal temperature peak. In addition, the addition of phase change materials can also reduce the temperature difference between the inside and outside of concrete, relieve the internal stress and improve the crack resistance of concrete. The results show that under different construction temperatures, the phase change concrete can quickly achieve the consistency of internal and external temperature and stress, reduce the cracking problem, and show good temperature regulation and crack resistance.
A Pan-Cancer Analysis of Age and Sex Differences in Cancer Incidence and Survival in the United States, 2001–2020
Authors: Selvaraj Rachel C. , Cioffi Gino , Waite Kristin A. , Jackson Sarah S. , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill S.
Published: January 2025

Background: In cancer, age and sex are often studied individually, but the impact of the intersection of these factors on cancer incidence and survival remains unclear. Using population-level data, we provide an up-to-date analysis of the impact of sex and age on cancer incidence and survival. Methods: Using data from the United States Cancer Statistics public use research database and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Program of Cancer Registries Survival database, we assessed sex and age differences in the incidence and survival of malignant cancers diagnosed from 2001 to 2020. Results: Males experienced higher cancer incidence than females in all sites and age groups, excluding 20–29- and 30–39-year-olds. The highest Male-to-female (M:F) age-adjusted incidence rates (IRR) were observed in mesothelioma within ages 80+ (IRR: 5.48; 95% CI: 5.25–5.71; p < 0.001), and lowest in endocrine cancer within ages 20–29 years (M:F IRR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.20–0.21; p < 0.001). Among all sites and age groups, excluding 0–9 years, males experienced worse survival than females, particularly within ages 20–29 years (Hazard Ratio (HR): 2.19; 95% CI: 2.15–2.23; p < 0.001). Highest M:F HRs were observed in endocrine system cancers within ages 20–29 (HR: 3.52; 95% CI: 3.15–3.94; p < 0.001), and lowest among lymphomas within ages 0–9 (HR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.63–0.87; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Significant age and sex differences in cancer incidence and survival were observed across the US from 2001 to 2020. Males had a higher cancer incidence compared to females, with notable exceptions for younger age groups among certain types, suggesting age may be a critical component in further understanding the biology of sex differences in cancer.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitor Use and Malignancy Risk: A Systematic Review and Patient Level Meta-Analysis
Authors: Driscoll Conor B. , Rich Jordan M. , Isaacson Dylan , Nicolas Joseph , Jiang Yu , Mi Xinlei , Yang Christopher , Kocsuta Victoria , Goh Regine , Patel Niti , Li Eric , Siddiqui Mohammad Rashid , Meyers Travis , Witte John S. , Kachuri Linda , Zhang Hui , Beestrum Molly , Silberman Philip , Schaeffer Edward M. , Kundu Shilajit D.
Published: January 2025

Over the last two decades, tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors (TNF-Is) have become standard therapies for chronic inflammatory disorders, with an ongoing expansion of indications and off-label applications [...]
Non-Invasive Detection of Interferon-Gamma in Sweat Using a Wearable DNA Hydrogel-Based Electrochemical Sensor
Authors: Dai Yang , Mao Xiuran , Abulaiti Maimaiti A. , Wang Qianyu , Bai Zhihao , Ding Yifeng , Zhai Shuangcan , Pan Yang , Zhang Yue
Published: January 2025

Monitoring of immune factors, including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), holds great importance for understanding immune responses and disease diagnosis. Wearable sensors enable continuous and non-invasive detection of immune markers in sweat, drawing significant attention to their potential in real-time health monitoring and personalized medicine. Among these, electrochemical sensors are particularly advantageous, due to their excellent signal responsiveness, cost-effectiveness, miniaturization, and broad applicability, making them ideal for constructing wearable sweat sensors. In this study, we present a flexible and sensitive wearable platform for the detection of IFN-γ, utilizing a DNA hydrogel with favorable loading performance and sample collection capability, and the application of mobile software achieves immediate data analysis and processing. This platform integrates three-dimensional DNA hydrogel functionalized with IFN-γ-specific aptamers for precise target recognition and efficient sweat collection. Signal amplification is achieved through target-triggered catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA), with DNA hairpins remarkably enhancing sensitivity. Ferrocene-labeled reporting strands immobilized on a screen-printed carbon electrode are displayed via CHA-mediated strand displacement, leading to a measurable reduction in electrical signals. These changes are transmitted to a custom-developed mobile application via a portable electrochemical workstation for real-time data analysis and recording. This wearable sensor platform combines the specificity of DNA aptamers, advanced signal amplification, and the convenience of mobile data processing. It offers a high-sensitivity approach to detecting low-abundance targets in sweat, paving the way for new applications in point-of-care diagnostics and wearable health monitoring.
Quantification of Argan Oil (Argania spinosa L.) Adulterated with Avocado, Flaxseed, Walnut, and Pumpkin Oils Using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Advanced Chemometric and Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Gjonaj Linda , Generalao Oliver B. , Alguno Arnold , Malaluan Roberto , Lubguban Arnold , Dumancas Gerard G.
Published: January 2025

The increasing trend in the popularity of argan oil (AGO), a multi-beneficial health and cosmetic product, can leave it prone to adulteration. The overall goal of this study was to utilize an attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic and chemometric methods, including partial least squares (PLS), principal component regression (PCR), and artificial neural network (ANN) for the authentication of AGO in the presence of other oil adulterants, avocado oil (AVO), pumpkin seed oil (PSO), flaxseed oil (FSO), and walnut seed oil (WNO). All three chemometrics methods were able to effectively quantify the FSO adulterant concentration across all statistical models, with the most optimal results in the ANN model as applied in the testing set data (RMSEP = 1.454 %v/v, R2 = 0.821). Comparable results were also obtained for PLS (RMSEP = 1.727 %v/v, R2 = 0.807) and PCR (RMSEP = 1.731 %v/v, R2 = 0.846).
Assessing the Impact of Solar Farms on Waterbirds: A Literature Review of Ecological Interactions and Habitat Alterations
Authors: Anderson Crystal M. , Hopkins Andrew P. , Anderson James T.
Published: January 2025

Given the threat of climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions, climate-safe alternatives are receiving more attention. One of the most widespread solutions is the implementation of solar-powered technologies. These technologies, once implemented, do not increase emissions and provide safe, clean energy sources. However, large-scale solar farms require large amounts of land space in areas that receive increased sunlight to operate successfully. As such, there have been proposals to establish solar farms adjacent to or encroaching on wetland habitats. Currently, little is known about the interactions between wildlife, specifically waterbirds, and solar installations in wild areas, specifically wetland environments. In this article, we examine the current knowledge base of wildlife interactions with solar infrastructure in natural environments. We highlight a significant need for more information on wetland ecosystems and the responses of migratory waterfowl that are dependent on these ecosystems. Finally, we present methods of mitigation to reduce the occurrence of these interactions and future considerations for research. While solar facilities represent an opportunity to decrease the reliance on fossil fuels, care must be taken so that their installation does not harm local ecosystems.
Physical and Chemical Preparation Techniques and Applications of Photonic Crystals: A Review
Authors: Zhang Yifan , Hu Lina , Zheng Hengfei , Cong Xiyue , Fu Sitian , Liu Qi , Chen Xiaoyi
Published: January 2025

Photonic crystals, which are important functional materials, are formed by the periodic arrangement of materials with different dielectric constants that have photonic bandgaps and localization properties. Their preparation methods are primarily physical and chemical. Physical methods include mechanical drilling, layer-by-layer stacking, and precision processing. Chemical methods primarily involve colloidal self-assembly methods. Various colloidal crystal self-assembly methods have been reported, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Photonic crystals have important applications in many fields, such as optical communications, information technology, energy, biomedicine, and sensors, including high-performance optical fiber fabrication, photonic chip development, and solar cell efficiency enhancement. This paper reviews the latest progress in the preparation of photonic crystals using physical and self-assembly methods. Currently, the preparation and application of photonic crystals have made significant achievements; however, there are still challenges in terms of preparation accuracy, efficiency, cost, and application integration technology. With the future development of science and technology, breakthroughs are expected in novel structural development, preparation process optimization, and cross-field integration, which will continue to promote the progress of photonic crystals and social development.
Study on the Preparation and Optical Properties of Ce3+ Doped GdAlO3 Nanoparticles by Co-Precipitation Method
Authors: Qi Pengyuan , Wang Gang , Li Gang , Li Shuai , Liu Yang , Zhu Pengfu
Published: January 2025

Nanoparticles of GdAlO3:Ce were synthesized with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) as the dispersant and ammonia as the precipitant by co-precipitation reaction to prepare precursors under different conditions. The phase composition of the precursors and the particle morphology were characterized by thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The excitation and emission spectra of the resultant samples were analyzed using a photoluminescence spectroscope (PL). The results showed that the as-prepared, well-dispersed, nano-sized GdAlO3:Ce powder displayed spherical morphology at the initial concentration of metallic salt in liquor of 0.3 mol/L; the synthesized temperature was 0 °C, and it was calcined at 1300 °C for 2 h. The relative intensity of the photoluminescence peak had the maximum value when the Ce3+ dopant content was 0.9 mol% (mole fraction). The concentration quench occurred when the Ce3+ dopant content exceeded 0.9 mol%, and the peak of the excitation spectrum appeared at a wavelength of 381 nm.