bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Viscosity and Thermal Expansion of Bioactive Glasses
Authors: Farid Saad B. H.
Published: December 2012

The behaviors of viscosity and thermal expansion for different compositions of bioactive glasses have been studied. The effect of phosphorous pentoxide as a second glass former in addition to silica was investigated. Consequently, the nonlinear behaviors of viscosity and thermal expansion with respect to the oxide composition have been modeled. The modeling uses published data on bioactive glass compositions with viscosity and thermal expansion. -regression optimization technique has been utilized for analysis. Linear and nonlinear relations are shown to establish the viscosity and thermal expansion coefficients associated with oxide components of the glasses under study. The modeling allows the calculation of viscosity for a given temperature and, accordingly, the fusion temperature of these glasses along with the coefficient of thermal expansion. The established model relations also suggest first- and second-order phosphorus-alkali and alkaline earth oxides interaction which is reflected on the model coefficient that calculates viscosity and thermal expansion.
Advanced Nanomeasuring Techniques for Surface Characterization
Authors: Ali Salah H. R.
Published: December 2012

Advanced precise and accurate nanomeasurement techniques play an important role to improve the function and quality of surface characterization. There are two basic approaches, the hard measuring techniques and the soft computing measuring techniques. The advanced soft measuring techniques include coordinate measuring machines, roundness testing facilities, surface roughness, interferometric methods, confocal optical microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, and computed tomography at the level of nanometer scale. On the other hand, a new technical committee in ISO is established to address characterization issues posed by the areal surface texture and measurement methods. This paper reviews the major advanced soft metrology techniques obtained by optical, tactile, and other means using instruments, classification schemes of them, and their applications in the engineering surfaces. Furthermore, future trends under development in this area are presented and discussed to display proposed solutions for the important issues that need to be addressed scientifically.
Expectations Confounded: Patients Are Satisfied with THR and TKR Delivery in Australian Public Hospitals—A Multisite Case Study
Authors: Walters Julie Lynette , Mackintosh Shylie , Sheppard Lorraine
Published: December 2012

Background. The popular media infer that satisfaction with waiting lists for total hip or knee replacement surgery is poor; however, there is little supporting evidence for this. The purpose of this study was to describe patients satisfaction with the service they received for joint replacement surgery in a public hospital. Methods. A cross-sectional design was used to survey 450 patients. Data was analysed descriptively and chi-squared analyses (significance level of P<0.05) were used to examine associations between variables. Results. The response rate was 71%. Nearly three-quarters (n=312) of the sample were “very happy” with the service and 92.0% (n=379) indicated that they would have their surgery again. Satisfaction was significantly associated with waiting time to the first appointment (chi-square; P=0.002), whether the patients enquired about their waiting time (chisquare; P=0.003), and the number of preoperative appointments (chisquare; P=0.04). Most participants reported a maximum acceptable waiting period for initial appointment of less than 6 months but nearly half waited longer. Conclusions. The perception that patients are unhappy with elective surgery services in Australia may be unfounded despite many waiting longer than they consider appropriate.
Challenges of Managing Emergency Ileostomy: Nutrition—A Neglected Aspect
Authors: Mohil Ravindra Singh , Narayan Nitisha , Sreenivas S. , Singh Namrata , Bansal Abhinav , Singh Gulshan Jit
Published: December 2012

Objective. The present study was carried out with an aim to study the nutritional status of patients undergoing emergency ileostomy using simple bedside tools in a developing country.Methods. Nutritional assessment (anthropometry, biochemical, immunological, and dietary) was done within 24–36 hours of admission and 6 weeks postoperatively. Primary endpoint was the study of the nutritional status of the patients with ileostomy.Results. , 47 males with mean age 32 years. Postoperatively 50 (86.2%) patients experienced some complications including those related to ileostomy. Malnutrition varied from 7 (12.1%) using BMI to 54 (93.1%) by triceps skinfold thickness. At 6 weeks, despite adequate nutritional intake, there was a significant decrease in almost all nutritional parameters except serum albumin which was normal in most patients. Factors contributing to weight loss in 41 (70.7%) patients were decreased length of proximal bowel left (), increased ileostomy output (), delayed surgery (), and increased disease severity score ().Conclusion. Majority of patients undergoing emergency ileostomy were malnourished and had significant nutritional depletion despite adequate nutritional support. Serial assessment helps to assess nutritional recovery in these patients.
High Blood Pressure Prevalence and Significant Correlates: A Quantitative Analysis from Coastal Karnataka, India
Authors: Rao Chythra R. , Kamath Veena G. , Shetty Avinash , Kamath Asha
Published: December 2012

Hypertension is a premier risk factor for cardiovascular disease which can be recognized if sought and treated effectively. Effective management of high blood pressure is possible when the magnitude of the problem is identified. So, a cross-sectional community based survey among 1,239 respondents aged ≥30 years was designed to estimate the prevalence and the sociodemographic correlates of hypertension among adults aged ≥30 years. Data was collected by personal interviews, followed by anthropometric and blood pressure measurements. Analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5. The prevalence of hypertension was 43.3%, with the prevalence being more among males (51.6%) as compared to females (38.9%). Of the total prevalence 23.1% (287) were known cases, and 20.2% (250) were newly detected cases. Based on the seventh report of the Joint National Committee (JNC VII) on high blood pressure, prehypertension was noted among 38.7%. Advancing age, male gender, current diabetic status, central obesity, overweight and obesity as defined by body mass index, and family history of hypertension were identified as significant correlates for hypertension by multivariate logistic regression.
Mutation Screening of Elongation Factor 2 in Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome Patients Lacking Mutations in the SBDS Gene
Authors: Nicolis Elena , Cipolli Marco
Published: December 2012

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, pancreatic insufficiency, and skeletal abnormalities. Mutations in SBDS gene explain, by literature, 90% of SDS cases. The Italian experience shows that only the 5% of individuals diagnosed as affected by SDS on clinical and hematological grounds lack mutations in the SBDS gene. It is well established that SBDS protein is essential for the assembly of mature ribosomes. The yeast SBDS ortholog functions within a pathway containing elongation factor-like 1, homologous to human GTPase elongation factor-2, to promote the release and recycling of the nucleolar shuttling factor Tif6 from cytoplasmic pre-60S subunits in a cascade targeted to form the active ribosome. We considered that mutations of genes that disrupt pathways shared by SBDS may result in disease with comparable clinical features. EEF2 was evaluated as a candidate gene by mutation screening in clinically defined SDS which lack mutations in the SBDS gene. To date, no deleterious mutations were found in EEF2 in four Italian patients without SBDS mutations, but with a clinical diagnosis of SDS.
Staff perceptions of families in rural residential aged care
Authors: Ervin Kaye Elizabeth , Cross Maddalena , Koschel Alison
Published: December 2012

Abstract:Objective – The aim of the project was to identify staff opinions of working with families rural in residential aged care. Method – Staff from 3 aged care facilities completed and returned a questionnaire on their opinion about working with families and family participation in aged care settings. Results – There was a 46.9% return rate, with 85% of staff reporting that families should be encouraged to participate in the care of their relatives. However, the findings also report 87% of staff perceived that family members were hostile without good reason and 76% report families were angry with aged care workers and undermined their treatment efforts. Conclusions – Family participation in aged care settings is essential for provision of person-centred care practices. The current negative perceptions of families expressed by rural aged care staff requires further research or at a minimum the use of a tool to monitor organisations performance in relations with families.  Key Words Aged care, Family participation, Person-centred care, Residential care, Staff/Family relationships
Hypovitaminosis D: A Contributor to Psychiatric Disorders in Elderly?
Authors: Ford Jennifer , Hategan Ana , Bourgeois James A. , Tisi Daniel K.
Published: December 2012

BackgroundHypovitaminosis D is unrecognized and remarkably common in geriatric patients, with various clinical manifestations. The purpose of this study was to prospectively assess the vitamin D (VD) status in newly admitted psychogeriatric patients, and to study the correlation of VD status with indicators of calcium metabolism.MethodsA valid VD sample, as measured by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), was obtained from nine consecutive psycogeriatric inpatients (66% women), during a one-month period in 2011. The Research Ethics Boards at St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton approved this project.ResultsAll participants showed VD inadequacy (defined as 25-OHD ≤ 75 nmol/L) with a mean level of serum 25-OHD of 45.5 ± 14.6 (range 28.5–73.4) nmol/L. None of the patients in the sample met criteria for VD deficiency (currently defined by expert consensus as 25-OHD < 25 nmol/L). Mean serum VD levels were lower in females (38.8 ± 9.8 nmol/L) than in males(59.0 ± 14.3 nmol/L), p = .03. Magnesium and PTH were both higher in females (p = .03 and .02, respectively). Univariate linear regression analysis showed that VD levels were strongly negatively associated with magnesium (p = .001) and PTH (p = .02).ConclusionSince research links VD deficiency to psychiatric conditions, high rates of insufficiency in this population is very common and routine supplements are strongly suggested, regardless of patients’ living environment.
The Use and Abuse of Jus Nexi
Authors: Novogrodsky Noah  Benjamin
Published: December 2012

This paper uses Shachar’s conception of jus nexi to explore three interrelated ideas. I first contend that Shachar’s analysis of the monetary value of birthright citizenship may be applied to temporary workers, lawful permanent residents and naturalized citizens as an exposé of inherited privilege in diverse communities and as a means of identifying which forms of membership and belonging are worth owning. Second, I use the idea of jus nexi to question which additional work relationships and identity networks that might qualify as genuine connections to a given state. Finally, I question whether an operationalized version of jus nexi, that is an alternative category of citizenship, would supplant or complement existing jus soli and jus sanguinis rules. Here, I seek to apply Shachar’s theoretical contributions to current political debates and warn that a genuine connection test is increasingly being misused to support a nativist agenda.
Introdução de espécies não nativas e invasões biológicas
Authors: Vitule Jean Ricardo Simões , Prodocimo Viviane
Published: December 2012

Os seres humanos vêm modificando a distribuição das espécies no planeta em taxas crescentes. A introdução, acidental ou deliberada, de espécies não nativas por diferentes vetores é atualmente uma das principais mudanças globais, resultando em uma série de problemas locais e globais. Embora nem todas as introduções de espécies não nativas possuam efeitos negativos, muitas das espécies não nativas podem apresentar efeitos indesejáveis sobre a biodiversidade, desde o nível genético até o de paisagens. Além dos problemas ecológicos de curto prazo, introduções de espécies não nativas podem se tornar invasões biológicas e ocasionar mudanças que só serão percebidas em longo prazo e larga escala espacial (ex.: homogeneização biótica). Em vista da magnitude da taxa de novas introduções de espécies não nativas e invasões biológicas e da crescente produção científica interdisciplinar, que ocorre desproporcionalmente entre regiões globais, apresentamos uma revisão atual sobre o tema com comentários, conceitos e sugestões de abordagens emergentes a serem exploradas em estudos futuros.
AlexanderIof Epirus
Authors: Landucci Franca
Published: December 2012

Alexander I of Epirus (ca. 362–330bce), also known as Molossian, was the son of Neoptolemos and brother of Olympias, who in 357 was given as wife to Philip II of Macedon by her uncle Arybbas, king of the Molossians (on Alexander's genealogy, Just.Epit. 7.6.10–11; 8.6.5–6; on Molossians and Epirus in the fourth centurybce, Funke 2000: 159–88).
Architecture, ancient Near East
Authors: Warburton David A.
Published: December 2012

The evolution of houses, temples, palaces, and fortifications reflects social development. The size, complexity, and density of buildings increased as Neolithic villages gave way to Bronze Age cities; the urban palaces and temples betray the ideology of power structures just as city walls betray competition between emerging polities. History stresses elite buildings rather than village houses, which have remained largely unchanged since the Late Neolithic. The elite buildings follow different routes: palaces and temples tend to be conservative in different ways, while private houses reveal more variety.
Army, ancient Near East
Authors: Jacquet Antoine
Published: December 2012

Starting in the fourth millennium
bce
, Mesopotamian sources attest to war between Sumerian city‐states as well as military expeditions against foreign peoples. Armed forces must originally have been enlisted through temporary conscription, but it is likely that there soon emerged professional armies that were composed of recruits enrolled for long‐term service, hierarchically organized, and of substantial strength.
Aryans
Authors: Beckman Gary
Published: December 2012

Derived from Sanskrit
ārya
‐ “noble; nobleman,” the term “Aryan” was adopted by early modern linguists to refer to the Indo‐European languages, particularly those of the Indo‐Iranian sub‐family, and their speakers. Later speculation extended the word's meaning to designate a putative racial group, identified by (predominantly) German racialist writers of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as the Nordic “master race,” responsible for the greater part of the achievements of European civilization. This wider usage having long been discredited, Aryan is still often employed in relation to the ancient Near Eastern world as a synonym for Indo‐European, or more precisely, for Indo‐Iranian.
Canaan
Authors: Stackert Jeffrey
Published: December 2012

The term Canaan designates the geographical region on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, roughly from modern Lebanon and the southern portion of Syria in the north to the Negev region of modern Israel and Gaza in the south.
Damascus
Authors: Freyberger Klaus
Published: December 2012

Since an early date, Damascus has been a place of settlement, due to its oasis.
Decipherment
Authors: Daniels Peter T.
Published: December 2012

Decipherment is interpreting unknown characters of a script to yield texts that can be interpreted as a known or hitherto unknown language.
Emotions, ancient Near East
Authors: Snell Daniel C.
Published: December 2012

The seat of emotions in the ancient Near East was the innards, sometimes identified with the liver and the heart. People felt anger, pain, and fear, and those feelings were said to come from inside the person (Kämmerer and Schwiderski 1998). There is not the extended rhetoric of emotions afflicting a person from the outside as seen in Greek.
Graeco‐Babyloniaca
Authors: Geller M. J.
Published: December 2012

Twenty clay tablets from ancient Babylon known as “Graeco‐Babyloniaca” serve as witnesses to the latest phase of Cuneiform writing before its demise, after which nearly two millennia elapsed before Decipherment recovered the script. These tablets are unique in having cuneiform script on one side, with transliterations in Greek script on the reverse, indicating that both Akkadian and Sumerian languages written in cuneiform characters were still legible in the Seleucid and Parthian periods in Mesopotamia, mostly dating (according to Greek paleography) between the first century
bce
and second century
ce
.
Hittite, Hittites
Authors: Beckman Gary
Published: December 2012

“Hittite” is the modern designation for a people speaking the Indo‐European language Hittite, more properly termed, following native usage, Nesite.
Irrigation, ancient Near East
Authors: Lafont Bertrand
Published: December 2012

Without the Tigris and Euphrates, the Mesopotamian plain would be largely desert.
Hittite kings
Authors: Beckman Gary
Published: December 2012

Throughout its history of more than five hundred years, the Hittite state was ruled by a line of kings who seemingly belonged to a single extended family.
Letters, letter writing, ancient Near East
Authors: Warburton David A.
Published: December 2012

The original letters preserved from the ancient Near East offer direct historical information about issues ranging from family affairs and international relations to scholarship, economics, and administration.
Mari (Tell Hariri)
Authors: Jacquet Antoine
Published: December 2012

The ancient city of Mari, located on the Euphrates at the modern site of Tell Hariri in Syria, flourished during the third and early second millenniaBCE.
Marriage, sacred, ancient Near East
Authors: Scurlock JoAnn
Published: December 2012

Sacred marriage comprises several distinct, but interrelated, phenomena.
Oaths, ancient Near East
Authors: Scurlock JoAnn
Published: December 2012

In the ancient Near East, oaths served four main purposes: to regulate international relations, to clarify the obligations of citizens to their government, to enforce legal contracts between private citizens, and to decide legal cases in courts of law.
Pottery, ancient Near East
Authors: Porter Anne , McClellan Thomas L.
Published: December 2012

From the time of its introduction in the Neolithic period, pottery quickly became one of the most common artifacts made and so is an important tool for the archaeologist.
Scribes, ancient Near East
Authors: Podany Amanda H.
Published: December 2012

In the ancient Near East only a small number of people, almost all of them men, were literate.
Ships, shipping, ancient Near East
Authors: Monroe Christopher M.
Published: December 2012

Mesopotamia has produced little iconographic or artifactual evidence for perhaps its most indispensable technology.
Tyre
Authors: Snell Daniel C.
Published: December 2012

Tyre, an island city located off the coast of southern Phoenicia (modern Lebanon), was a major mercantile center of the ancient world whose importance endured from Phoenician through to Roman control.
Amulets, Egypt
Authors: Stünkel Isabel
Published: December 2012

The vast numbers of amulets that are preserved from ancient Egypt show how extremely popular and widespread they were.
Amyklai and Amyklaion
Authors: Eder Birgitta
Published: December 2012

Place‐name in the region of Lacedaemon, modern Lakonia, south of Sparta.
Anaximander of Miletos
Authors: Manley Bill
Published: December 2012

Anaximander (ca. 610–540
BCE
) is a critical figure at the dawn of Greek philosophy, credited as the author of the first surviving lines of western metaphysics and logic.
Archias of Corinth
Authors: Mack William
Published: December 2012

The traditional founder of Syracuse, Archias (active in the latter half of the eighth century
BCE
), son of Euagetes, was remembered as a prominent individual in his native
polis
of Corinth, where he probably belonged to the ruling Bacchiad family.
Argive Heraion
Authors: Frederiksen Rune
Published: December 2012

Sanctuary to Hera, situated 10 km northeast of Argos, the principal extra‐urban sanctuary of the Argolid.
Asine
Authors: Livieratou Antonia
Published: December 2012

The acropolis of Asine is located on a promontory on the east coast of the Argive Bay.
Berbati
Authors: Galanakis Yannis
Published: December 2012

An upland valley enclosed by mountains on all sides, to the east of Mycenae (northeast Peloponnese).
Kadmos
Authors: Fappas Ioannis
Published: December 2012

A mythical figure, whose biography is connected with the myths about Thebes’ foundation.
Cyrene
Authors: Kotsonas Antonis
Published: December 2012

Cyrene, modern Shahat in Libya, was the most prosperous Greek colony (
apoikia
) in north Africa.
Dendra in the Argolid
Authors: Galanakis Yannis
Published: December 2012

A site in the Argolid (northeastern Peloponnese) about 10 km southeast of Mycenae, where an important Mycenaean necropolis (1700–1200
BCE
), thought to be associated with Midea, has been excavated since 1926 by Swedish and Greek archaeologists.
Elateia in Phokis
Authors: Livieratou Antonia
Published: December 2012

Elateia is located in east Phokis, in the Kephisos valley, at the south foot of Mount Kallidromon.
Emborio on Chios
Authors: Kotsonas Antonis
Published: December 2012

Emborio is the modern name of a small bay on the southeast coast of the Aegean island of Chios.
Gela
Authors: Shepherd Gillian
Published: December 2012

Gela (Sicily) was founded in 688
BCE
by Rhodians and Cretans, led respectively by Antiphemos and Entimos (Thuc. 6.4.3).
Gla in Boiotia
Authors: Galanakis Yannis
Published: December 2012

The largest fortified Mycenaean citadel (20 ha), ten times larger than Tiryns and five times larger than Mycenae, Gla is situated on a rocky outcrop (38 masl) in the northeast corner of the Kopais basin in Boiotia (central Greece), about 18 km east of Orchomenos and 25 km northwest of Thebes.
Kato Symi in Crete
Authors: Kotsonas Antonis
Published: December 2012

Kato Symi is an open‐air sanctuary located on the southeastern part of central Crete, at an altitude of 1,130 m, far from the major habitation centers of any period.
Knossos
Authors: Christakis Kostis S.
Published: December 2012

Knossos is situated on a low hill in the fertile valley of the Kairatos River, 5 km southeast of Heraklion.
Korakou in Korinthia
Authors: Galanakis Yannis
Published: December 2012

A major prehistoric settlement on the western edge of modern Corinth, to the east of Lechaion.
Lefkandi
Authors: Livieratou Antonia
Published: December 2012

Lefkandi is an important site on the west coast of central Euboea, consisting of a settlement area on the coastal mound of Xeropolis, which was continuously inhabited from the Early Bronze Age (roughly around 2100
BCE
) to the end of the Geometric period (around 700
BCE
), and rich Early Iron Age cemeteries on a hill further inland.
Mende
Authors: Paspalas Stavros A.
Published: December 2012

Situated on the western coast of Pallene, and identified as a colony of Eretria (Thuc. 4.123.1; Harp. s.v. Mένδη), Mende was one of the major
poleis
of the Chalcidic peninsula in both the Archaic and Classical periods.
Menelaion in Lakonia
Authors: Galanakis Yannis
Published: December 2012

An important prehistoric settlement on a ridge (265 masl) on the east side of the Eurotas River, overlooking the plain and the city of Sparta.
Mimnermos of Kolophon
Authors: Hernández Juan Pablo Sánchez
Published: December 2012

Mimnermos of Kolophon (ca. 670–ca. 600
BCE
) was an elegiac poet.
Mochlos in Crete
Authors: Christakis Kostis S.
Published: December 2012

Mochlos, a small island just east of the Gulf of Mirabello in east Crete, was once connected to Crete by a low isthmus.
Oropos
Authors: Kolotourou Katerina
Published: December 2012

The ancient city of Oropos lies in the borderland between Attica and Boiotia, opposite Eretria.
Pylos
Authors: Bendall Lisa M.
Published: December 2012

Pylos was an important Late Bronze Age palace and settlement that, at the height of its power, controlled most of the region of Messenia in the southwestern Peloponnese.
Spina
Authors: Izzet Vedia
Published: December 2012

The site of Spina lies 6 km west of Comacchio in the Po River delta.
Torone
Authors: Paspalas Stavros A.
Published: December 2012

Torone is situated near the southwest tip of Sithonia in the Chalcidic peninsula. Excavations at the site have revealed a limited amount of pottery with links to ceramic material of the Final Neolithic period, while Early and Middle Bronze Age deposits have been excavated.
Xobourgo on Tenos
Authors: Kourou Nota
Published: December 2012

Xobourgo is a fortified settlement on the island of Tenos in the Cyclades.
Anastasios I
Authors: Haarer F. K.
Published: December 2012

Anastasios I, emperor 491–518
CE
(born Dyrrachium ca. 430), acceded to the throne as the choice of Ariadne, widow of the Isaurian emperor Zeno, whom he later married. Little is known about Anastasios before his elevation, except that he held the office of silentiary and had been nominated to succeed Peter The Fuller as patriarch of Antioch in 488.
Banquets, Byzantine
Authors: Malmberg Simon
Published: December 2012

A banquet is a formal dinner involving many people.
Basileus/autokrator
, Byzantine
Authors: Pazdernik Charles F.
Published: December 2012

As an official title of Roman and Byzantine emperors,
autokrator
was the Greek equivalent of the Latin
Imperator
. Where the latter emphasized the holder's power of (in particular, military) command (
imperare; see Imperium
), the former connoted autonomy and absolute power (
kratos
).
Belisarius
Authors: Kouroumali Maria
Published: December 2012

Flavius Belisarius (ca. 500‐565
CE
) was born in Germania, a city on the borders of the provinces of Illyricum and Thrace.
Books and book culture, Byzantine
Authors: Boeck Elena N. , Gaul Niels
Published: December 2012

Byzantine book culture is frequently discussed, not on its own merits, but in terms of its usefulness to others: classicists, biblical scholars, and nation builders seeking a suitable medieval legacy.
Calendar, Byzantine
Authors: Kouroumali Maria
Published: December 2012

The Byzantine calendar, also known as Creation Era of Constantinople or Era of the World, was the codified chronological system adopted by the eastern Orthodox Church in the late seventh centuryCE.
Chronicon paschale
Authors: Whitby Mary
Published: December 2012

TheChronicon paschale(Easter Chronicle) is an anonymous world chronicle written in Greek in year–by–year format and preserved in one tenth–century manuscript.
Constans I
Authors: Olster David
Published: December 2012

Constans I was the youngest of Constantine I's three sons by his second wife Fausta, who was the daughter of Diocletian's fellow tetrarch Maximianus and the sister of Constantine's tetrarchic colleague, competitor, and eventual victim, Maxentius.
Earthquakes
Authors: Stathakopoulos Dionysios
Published: December 2012

Earthquakes have been a common feature of life in the Mediterranean since antiquity, as a result of its geological position between the crustal plates of Africa and Asia.
Education, Byzantine
Authors: Webb Ruth
Published: December 2012

As in earlier centuries, formal schooling was primarily in reading, writing, grammar, rhetoric, and, at a higher level, law and philosophy.
Fish, fishing, Byzantine
Authors: Kokoszko Maciej
Published: December 2012

From the seventh centuryCEthe Pontic region and the Aegean were the main sources of fish for Byzantium.
Foreigners, Byzantium
Authors: Riedel Meredith L. D.
Published: December 2012

Byzantium was a multi‐ethnic empire, with a code of identity that centered around a religious rather than an ethnic boundary.
George of Pisidia
Authors: Whitby Mary
Published: December 2012

The Greek encomiastic poetry of the court poet George of Pisidia is a major source for events of the 620s
CE
, when the emperor Herakleios was campaigning against the Persians and Constantinople was besieged by the Avars (626).
Hagiography, Late Antique and Byzantine
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: December 2012

Hagiography, writing about the saints of the Christian church, became the most popular genre of literature in the Byzantine world.
Herakleios, emperor
Authors: Olster David
Published: December 2012

The reign of Herakleios (610–41) saw the last war between Sasanian Persia and Byzantium, the rise of Islam, and the conclusion of the miaphysite controversy.
Hymnography, Byzantine
Authors: Peltomaa Leena Mari
Published: December 2012

Byzantine hymnography is ecclesiastical poetry on scriptural themes, intended to be sung during church services by priests, choirs, and laity.
Icon
Authors: Hennessy Cecily
Published: December 2012

The term “icon” derives from the Greek
eikon
, meaning “likeness,” “image,” or “representation.”
Jews, in Byzantium
Authors: de Lange Nicholas
Published: December 2012

When Constantine laid the foundations for a Christian Roman Empire in the early fourth century
CE
, there were Jewish minorities living in most of the great cities of the empire, enjoying rights and privileges that were enshrined in local and empire‐wide legislation.
Justin II
Authors: Sarris Peter
Published: December 2012

Justin II succeeded his uncle Justinian I as emperor in Constantinople in 565CE, primarily, it would appear, on the basis of senatorial support.
Letters, letter writing, Byzantine
Authors: Grünbart Mihael
Published: December 2012

From the fourth to the eighth centuries ce there are two main categories of Greek letters, as defined by their writing material.
Military Lands
Authors: Riedel Meredith L. D.
Published: December 2012

Known in Greek as the
stratiotika ktemata
, the “military lands,” as they are called in English, were properties belonging to men enrolled in military service; from these lands, they were expected to generate income to pay for their own military equipment, or that of another man sent in their stead.
Monoenergism
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: December 2012

Monoenergism is the Christological doctrine that was formulated in the early seventh century in an effort to achieve reconciliation between those who accepted the Christological definition of Chalcedon and those, called by their opponents monophysites, who rejected it.
Mosaics, Byzantine
Authors: Hennessy Cecily
Published: December 2012

Mosaics are composed of small pieces of stone or glass, known as “tesserae,” inserted onto a bed, usually of mortar or plaster.
Palaces, Byzantine
Authors: Rodley Lyn
Published: December 2012

There are so few material remains of Byzantine palaces that they must be largely reconstructed from documentary sources and analogy with buildings of similar function from the Late Roman Empire.
Provincial administration, Byzantine
Authors: Pazdernik Charles F.
Published: December 2012

The administrative structure of the Roman Empire from the fourth until the seventh centuriesCEcomprised a central authority radiating from the emperor and his ministers into the provinces.
Schism
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: December 2012

Schism, as distinct from heresy, refers to divisions in the Christian Church over issues other than doctrine, usually matters of discipline. This distinction, though found in the Patristic period, is not always very clear, however. In the mind of the Fathers, schism was more dangerous even than heresy, for it sought to divide the Body of Christ, the Church. However, the conviction that Christ would preserve his Church intact meant that schism was always understood as schism
from
the Church, not schism
within
the Church.
Sergios I, patriarch of Constantinople
Authors: Whitby Mary
Published: December 2012

Originally from Syria and deacon of Hagia Sophia responsible for poor relief, Sergios I, patriarch of Constantinople (610–638ce),crowned Herakleios emperor (r. 610–641) on October 5, 610 and became his ally in both politics and church matters
Social Structure and Mobility,
B
yzantine
Authors: Pazdernik Charles F.
Published: December 2012

The principal horizontal division in society between the fourth and seventh centuries
CE
was between those whose wealth, privilege, and status placed them in the category of “the powerful” or “the notable,” and everyone else. This division has conventionally been expressed in terms of a distinction between

HONESTIORES

and

HUMILIORES

, but equivalent expressions appear in a variety of contexts.
Zenobia
Authors: Garland Lynda
Published: December 2012

Zenobia (ca. 240–ca. 274
CE
), ruler of the important trading‐centre of Palmyra, came to power in 267 as regent for her son Vaballathus when her husband Odaenathus and his eldest son were assassinated (Zos. 1.39.2). She claimed descent from Cleopatra VII, and Callinicus of Petra apparently dedicated a history of Alexandria to her as “Cleopatra”. She had an interest in Hellenic culture and surrounded herself with philosophers and poets, such as the sophist Cassius Longinus.
Acropolis
Authors: Hurwit Jeffrey M.
Published: December 2012

Of all Greek acropoleis, the Athenian Acropolis (lit., “high city” or “city on the heights”) was culturally and historically (if not geologically) the most impressive. Natural springs at its base attracted inhabitants as early as the Neolithic period, and clusters of huts probably dotted its slopes and summit by the fourth millennium
bce
. But it was not until the Late Bronze (or Mycenaean) Age that the monumental history of the site began. A palace was built on a series of terraces on the north side of the summit: like the megaron‐palaces of Mycenae and Tiryns (which it must have resembled), it was defended by a thick, high wall of “Cyclopean masonry” constructed around 1250
bce
– a wall that remained the Acropolis' principal defense for almost eight centuries.
Adeimantos
Authors: Bolmarcich Sarah
Published: December 2012

Adeimantos was the commander of the Corinthian fleet during the second Persian invasion of Greece (480bce). Little is known of his background except his father's name, Ocytus.
Administration, Greece
Authors: Sickinger James P.
Published: December 2012

The collapse of Mycenaean civilization in the twelfth centurybcewas accompanied by the disappearance of the centralized bureaucracies that had characterized its palace‐based kingdoms.
Adramyttion
Authors: Almagor Eran
Published: December 2012

Adramyttion (modern Edremit) was a flourishing city in Mysia, opposite Lesbos, over‐looking the gulf to which it gave its name.
Aigospotamoi, battle of
Authors: Asmonti Luca
Published: December 2012

Aigospotamoi was a small river issuing into the Hellespont, north of Sestos. In late summer of 405
bce
it was the theater of a naval battle between the Spartan and Athenian fleets that marked the end of the Peloponnesian War and of Athens' naval imperialism.
Aleria, Alalia
Authors: Lomas Kathryn
Published: December 2012

Aleria was a settlement on the east coast of Corsica, at the mouth of the Tavignano River. There is evidence of Paleolithic and Neolithic occupation. In 565 and 545
bce
Phokaian Greeks settled there, but their activities as pirates caused tension (Hdt. 1.165–6; Ptol. 3.2.5). In ca. 540 they were defeated by an Etruscan and Carthaginian fleet, and the Greek population fled. Aleria fell under Etruscan control (Diod. Sic. 5.13.3–4) and until the third century had a mixed population of Etruscans, Phoenicians, and indigenous inhabitants, with a predominantly Etruscan culture. After a short period of Carthaginian rule, Aleria was conquered by the Romans under L. Cornelius Scipio in 259. A Sullan colony was founded there in 82–80
bce
, with a second colonization by Augustus between 36 and 27
bce
(Plin.
HN
3.12.1). In the Early Empire, Corsica (previously ruled from Sardinia) became a province in its own right, and Aleria became the seat of provincial government.
Archinos
Authors: Bearzot Cinzia
Published: December 2012

Archinos was an Athenian politician and orator (late fifth to early fourth centurybce), perhaps son of Myronides (Dem. 24.135 mentions a Myronides, son of Archinos; cf.SEG28.45), of the deme of Koile.
Aristotle
Authors: Schütrumpf Eckart
Published: December 2012

Aristotle (Aristoteles), 384–322bce, from Stageira in the Chalcidice, was the son of Nikomachos, a court physician to the Macedonian king Amyntas III (father of Philip Ii of Macedon).
Boule
Authors: Berti Monica
Published: December 2012

In the Greek world theboulewas an advisory and deliberative council, whose official authority covered a wide range of powers and competences, from responsibility for public matters to criminal jurisdiction.
Charondas of Katane
Authors: Papakonstantinou Zinon
Published: December 2012

Charondas was a lawgiver of Katane in Sicily, active during the sixth century
bce
. Very little is known about his life. Aristotle (
Pol
. 1296a21) claims that he originated “from among the middle citizens.” Similarly to other Archaic lawgivers, late traditions associate Charondas with a number of fanciful episodes.
Kleisthenes of Athens
Authors: Giangiulio Maurizio
Published: December 2012

Kleisthenes was an Athenian politician, of the family of the Alkmaionidai, born in the late 570sbceto Megakles (II) and Agariste, the daughter of Sikyon's tyrant Kleisthenes.
Damon
Authors: Wallace Robert W.
Published: December 2012

Damon (ca. 500–after 415
bce
) was fifth‐century Athens' most important theorist of music and poetic meter, and a principal teacher and political counselor of Perikles (Plut.
Per
. 4.9).
Egesta
Authors: Vido Stefania De
Published: December 2012

Egesta was one of the three
poleis
of the Elymian
Ethnos
in northwest Sicily: according to the tradition, this population descended from Trojans (Thuc. 6.2.3) or originated from southern Italy (Hellanicus
FGrH
4 F 79b).
Eunomia
Authors: Brock Roger
Published: December 2012

Eunomia
, “lawfulness” or “good order,” can apply both to individual behavior (it first appears in this sense in Hom.
Evagoras of Salamis (Cyprus)
Authors: Asmonti Luca
Published: December 2012

King of Salamis in Cyprus (ca. 435–374
BCE
).
Harmosts
Authors: Stewart Daniel R.
Published: December 2012

Harmost (“fixer”) was the title of a Spartan military governor or commander operating outside of Lakonia.
Hellanodikai
Authors: Christesen Paul
Published: December 2012

Organizers and judges of the Olympic and Nemean Games (IGIV 587) and the Asklepieia Games at Epidauros (IGIV298–9).
Histiaios of Miletos
Authors: Boffo Laura
Published: December 2012

Histiaios (ca. 555–493bce), son of Lysagoras, from a distinguished family, was tyrant of Miletos, directly from ca. 515 to ca. 511, and through his relative Aristagoras.
Hoplites
Authors: Krentz Peter
Published: December 2012

Hoplites were heavily armed Greek infantrymen named after their equipment.
Hyperbolos
Authors: Keim Benjamin
Published: December 2012

Hyperbolos (d. 411bce), son of Antiphanes of the deme Perithoidai, was a radical Athenian politician who came to prominence during the 420s and was later the last Athenian to be ostracized.
Hypomeion/hypomeiones
(Sparta)
Authors: Jensen Sean R. , Figueira Thomas J.
Published: December 2012

Hypomeion
“inferior” refers to a Spartan class demoted from full citizen status because of non‐payment of membership dues to the
Syssitia
(Arist.
Po l
. 1271a26–37, 1272al3–16).
Isonomia
Authors: Raaflaub Kurt A.
Published: December 2012

Derived from
isos
(“equal“)+
nomos
(“law,” “norm,” “order“) or
nemo
(“distribute“),
iso–nomia
can mean both “equal distribution,” “balance,” and thus “equality of political rights,” and “equality before the law.”
Kinadon, conspiracy of
Authors: Stewart Daniel R.
Published: December 2012

The conspiracy of Kinadon (ca. 399
BCE
) was an attempted coup in Sparta, and atelling example of the tensions inherent in the social structure of Classical Lakonia.
Kingship, Classical Greece
Authors: Welwei Karl‐Wilhelm
Published: December 2012

Both Greek terms,
basileia
for kingship and
basileus
for king (
see
Basileus, Greece
), derive from the Mycenaean
qa‐si‐re‐u
who occupied a minor official position within the Mycenaean palatial society.
Koroneia
Authors: Keim Benjamin
Published: December 2012

Koroneia, a
polis
in western Boiotia strategically situated between Mount Helikon and the Kopais Lake, was originally inhabited during prehistoric times and is mentioned in the Homeric Catalogue of Ships (
Il
. 2.503).
Kyrbeis
Authors: Sickinger James P.
Published: December 2012

Ancient sources mention two sets of objects,
Axones
and
kyrbeis
, in connection with the laws of Draco and Solon. Their form, contents, and relationship to one another have been the subject of debate since antiquity.
Lamachos
Authors: Crowley Jason P.
Published: December 2012

Lamachos (d. 414
bce
), famous Athenian
strategos
, son of Xenophanes of the deme Oë.
Lesbos
Authors: Dimopoulou Athina
Published: December 2012

The third largest Greek island situated in the northeastern Aegean, named after the mythical hero Lesbos. Inhabited since the Neolithic period, the main coastal Early Bronze Age urban settlement was situated in Thermi. According to Homer, several incidents in the Achaian expedition to Troy were linked with Lesbos. Mycenaean presence on the island was, however, scarce and affinities with Anatolia prevail. Population migration in the Late Bronze Age to Lesbos from mainland Greece, possibly Thessaly, was the origin of the Aiolic dialect spoken on the island. In Archaic times Lesbos became a strong naval power, controlling lands on the opposite shore of Asia Minor and in Thrace. The main cities of Lesbos at this time were Mytilene, Methymna, Eresos, Antissa, Pyrrha, and Arisbe.
Lycurgus, Spartan legislator
Authors: Nafissi Massimo
Published: December 2012

As founder of all or most Spartan institutions, Lycurgus was a key figure in the ancient literature on the Spartanpoliteia(Hdt. 1.65–6; Xen.Lac.; Ephoros inFGrH70 F 118, 149; Arist.Pol. 1269a29–1271b19; Diod. Sic. 7.12; Plut.Lyc.).
Gylippos
Authors: Powell Anton
Published: December 2012

Gylippos, a Spartan, son of Kleandridas, commanded a force sent in 414
bce
by Sparta to save besieged Syracuse–and thus Sicily–from the Athenians.
Imperialism, Greek (Classical and Hellenistic)
Authors: Carusi Cristina
Published: December 2012

In historiography on the ancient Greek world, the term “imperialism” is conventionally employed to define the behavior of a state that extends its political and economic control over other areas, often through the use of military force.
Isthmian Games
Authors: Gebhard Elizabeth R.
Published: December 2012

The Isthmian Games, held biennially in spring, under the direction of Corinth, gained Panhellenic status sometime between 582 (Solinus 7.14) and the mid–sixth century
bce
, when the sanctuary of Apollo expanded and dedications increased.
Stratokles, Athenian politician
Authors: Tracy Stephen V.
Published: December 2012

Stratokles of Diomeia, son of Euthydemos, was a leading Athenian politician during the last quarter of the fourth century (ca. 355 to ca. 285?
BCE
). He came from a wealthy family: his grandfather and father had served as trierarchs – that is, they commanded and maintained a Trireme (
IG
II
2
1612.136–40, 317–23; Davies 1971: 494–5).
Timotheos
Authors: Bianco Elisabetta
Published: December 2012

Timotheos was an Athenian general (
strategos
), son of the famous general Konon and member of a leading family of great power and wealth.
Trittys, trittyes
Authors: Jones Nicholas F.
Published: December 2012

Among other meanings it has, the nountrittys(pluraltrittyes) denotes one of three divisions of aphyle(or “tribe”) at Athens, both before and after the democratic reform of Kleisthenes in 508/7BCE.
Aristotle, political thought
Authors: Schütrumpf Eckart
Published: December 2012

Aristotle's political theory is found in hisPolitics. It focuses on the various forms of constitution.
Abgar Legend
Authors: Karaulashvili Irma
Published: December 2012

The plot of the apocryphal Legend of Abgar revolves around the story of the first royal conversion to Christianity. The legend, the importance of which was underlined first by citing a letter supposedly written by Jesus to King Abgar (which soon became regarded as a protective amulet), and later by inclusion of an account of an image of Christ not made by human hands, became so popular in the Christian world that it constituted part of its historical writings and ecclesiastical collections, and several separate versions of the legend developed.
Acts of the Apostles
Authors: Pervo Richard I.
Published: December 2012

“Acts of the Apostles” is the traditional name (since ca. 175
ce
) for the fifth book in the Christian New Testament. This narrative begins at Jerusalem shortly after the crucifixion of Jesus and follows the early community, initially led by Peter, through its rapid expansion into the eastern Mediterranean and Aegean regions. By chapter 13, the gentile mission has been inaugurated, Peter recedes into the background, and Paul emerges as the central character. The last quarter (chapters 21–8) recounts Paul's legal travails, ending at Rome without an announcement of his fate.
Atonement, Doctrine of
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: December 2012

The word “atonement,” meaning the state of being at one with, or the action of making something or someone at one with another, is of English origin.
Baptism
Authors: Ferguson Everett
Published: December 2012

Baptism was the central act in the ceremony of initiation into the Christian church. It was normally administered by immersion to penitents upon a confession of faith in Jesus Christ. Christian usage preferred the Greek form
baptisma
(“dipping” or “plunging”) over
baptismos
(used more often for non‐Christian rites), which, however, gave the common Latin transliteration
baptismus
.
Cerinthus
Authors: Hill Charles E.
Published: December 2012

Cerinthus (ca. 50–125ce) is portrayed by several early Christian sources as a heretic of the apostolic age, active in Asia Minor, and a nemesis of the apostle John. If Cerinthus produced any writings, none has survived, and the patristic testimony about him is at points confused. Modern scholarship on Cerinthus has largely been an attempt to sort out the competing elements and place him in a credible context of the late first and early second century, where he is placed by Irenaeus and others.
Clement of Alexandria
Authors: van den Hoek Annewies
Published: December 2012

Clement of Alexandria was active as a Christian philosopher and teacher in the later second and early third centuries. In spite of his topographic nickname, Clement did not originate in Alexandria but was born elsewhere, possibly in Athens, of non‐Christian origin.
Corinthians, Third
Authors: Hovhanessian Vahan S.
Published: December 2012

The
Third Epistle to the Corinthians
is a second‐century pseudepigraphon – an alleged correspondence of two letters between the apostle Paul and the Christians in Corinth.
Deisidaimonia
Authors: Nongbri Brent
Published: December 2012

The Greek termdeisidaimoniamay be roughly translated as “fear of the divine.” The semantic range of the word in Greek literature runs from “appropriate fear of the divine” to “excessive (and thus inappropriate) fear of the divine.”
Eusebius of Caesarea
Authors: Lyman Rebecca
Published: December 2012

Scholar of ancient religious and philosophical texts, the inventor of church history, and an early defender of Arius, Eusebius, the bishop of Caesarea (ca. 260–ca. 339CE), was once thought to write neither accurate history nor orthodox theology.
Eusebius of Nicomedia
Authors: Johnson Gary J.
Published: December 2012

Eusebius “of Nicomedia” was so named because he became Christian bishop of that city at some point shortly after 317.