bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automated Calculation of Thermodynamic Potential Applied for Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell
Authors: bin Ahmad Khiar Mohd Shahril , bin Razali Muhammad Zuhaili , bin Ab Ghani Sharin , bin Sutan Chairul Imran
Published: April 2015

Energy sources are the utility main important aspect in our daily basic life. However, their cost of operation, installation or maintenance is continuously growing to be highly expensive and to this, the solution is by encouraging the usages of recently famous renewable energy, Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell. However, this PEM Fuel Cell is not widespread and still new in Malaysia as well as the research is still in the initial stage. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to design the Automated Calculation of Thermodynamic Potential Applied for PEM Fuel Cell. In this project, two different steps will take place. First, the implementation of block parameters of PEM Fuel Cell via MATLAB simulink software (*.mdl) has been used to calculate the hydrogen pressure against Thermodynamic Potential (Enernst) value and temperature against Enernst. In order to ensure that the calculation is accurate, these two different values will be compared with the theoretical calculations. Next, the development of Graphical User Interface (GUI) by using Microsoft Visual Studio is implemented. This GUI is prepared in order to create the application of Automated Calculation of Thermodynamic Potential Applied for PEM Fuel Cell. As a result, the new developed application system is expected to automatically calculate the nominal efficiency and the thermodynamic potential value of PEM Fuel Cell.
Effect of Aging Temperature to the Corrosion Behaviour of 5D86 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Mat Amin Nazira , Derman Mohd Nazree B. , Wahab Juyana A. , Che Daud Zuraidawani , Ibrahim Wan Mohd Arif W. , Seong Hong Eng
Published: April 2015

The voltage potential corrosion effect of aged 5xxx series 5D86 Al alloy were investigated using Open Circuit Potential (OCP). The 5D86 Al alloy were heat treated to 600 °C and soaked in 4 hours time and immediate quenched into iced cold water. Then the heat treated samples were aged at five different temperatures for 4 hours and quenched into iced cold water. Temperatures used to aged 5D86 Al alloy is 150 °C, 250 °C, 350 °C, 450 °C and 550 °C. The phases of AlxMgy were investigated using XRD. The hardness of these materials was investigated and studied using Vickers microhardness. The corrosion behavior of 5D86 Al alloys was investigated using Open Circuit Potential (OCP) testing. Solution used for OCP testing is 3.5% NaCl for 120 min with 10 mm2 surface area. The voltage potential of 5D86 Al alloys aged at 250 °C was nearing positive value which means the corrosion rate of aged sample at 250 °C have the higher rate corrosion resistance.
Effect of Corn Husk Content on Tensile Properties of Polylactic Acid Biocomposite Films
Authors: bin Dato’ Hasnan Mohd Akmalhakim , Husseinsyah Salmah , Ying Lim Bee , Abd Rahman Mohd Faizal
Published: April 2015

Nowadays bioplastics is the most recent study materials as the substitute for conventional plastics. The interest in bioplastics has lead to the production of polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposite films. In this study the PLA/Corn husk (CH) biocomposite films were prepared by using solvent casting method and the effect of CH content on the tensile properties were studied. The result found that increasing of CH content decreased the tensile strength and elongation at break of the biocomposites film. While, the modulus of elasticity increased with the increasing of CH content in the PLA matrix.
Adsorption of Reactive Red 120 by Using Regenerated Spent Carbon
Authors: Ridwan Fahmi Muhammad , Nasruddin M.N. , Abidin Che Zulzikrami Azner , Md Ali Umi Fazara
Published: April 2015

In this study the performance of regenerated spent carbon for azo dye removal was evaluated in batch and continuous column. The spent carbon was generated by thermal method through pyrolysis process and chemical method by using NaOH 6.0 M solution. Reactive Red 120 (RR120) was selected as a model of azo dye due to its common application in the industries. The regeneration of spent granular activated carbon (GAC) by pyrolysis could produce adsorbent that has the adsorption capacity closer to new GAC. The result indicated that paralysed GAC could potentially apply to replace new GAC for RR120 adsorption. In addition, the continuous adsorption operation in mini column test confirmed that the order of adsorption capacity of each GAC is as follows: new GAC, pirolysed GAC, chemical treated GAC and spent GAC.
Fabrication of High Performance Geopolymer Ceramic Part I - Microstructural Properties
Authors: Ahmad Romisuhani , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Kamarudin Hussin , Sandu Andrei Victor , Binhussain Mohammed , Jaya Nur Ain
Published: April 2015

Geopolymer ceramic have been produced by the powder metallurgy (PM) technique. The samples were reacted by the alkaline activator to activate the geopolymerization process and crushed by using Mortar and Pestle to powderized the samples. Powder metallurgy technique was used and samples were heated at different temperature start from 700 °C until 1200°C and the strength were tested. The relative density and flexural strength of sintered sample ranged approximately 84%-95% and 20-100 MPa respectively. Microstructural properties was conducted by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and the surface analysis by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX).
Thermal Degradation of a Wood Painting Support from XIXth Century
Authors: Cristache Raluca Anamaria , Sandu Andrei Victor , Vasilache Viorica , Sandu Ion
Published: April 2015

This paper presents the study of the thermal degradation of a wood painting support from the "Saints Constantine and Helen” church. As a cultural heritage monument, the iconostasis of the church has an artistic and historic value. In time it suffered a great deal from earthquakes, floods, wars and fire. In the XXth century a large fire burned big parts of the iconostasis and the original painting needed to be replaced. Small pieces of the burned iconostasis are kept for study and restauration in specialised institutions. The aim of this study is to bring new information on thermal degradation and deterioration of old wood from panel paintings. In this regard non-invasive modern techniques were used for analysis, as Optical Microscopy (OM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential thermal analysis (DTA). The analysis were made on a small wood chip that was taken from the panel in the conservation process. The analysis concluded that the wood support was already degraded and deteriorated by biological attacks, which made the fire spread easier. The TGA and DTA concluded that there is a good correlation to the aging of lime wood with the complexity of thermogravimetric processes.
Effect of Solid/Liquid Ratio on Mechanical Properties of Kaolin Coated Teak Wood via Geopolymer Technology
Authors: Ramasamy Shamala , Kamarudin Hussin , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Ruzaidi Che Mohd , Binhussain Mohammed , Sandu Andrei Victor
Published: April 2015

Kaolin, an aluminosilicate source materials was mixed with alkaline activator solution to create a geopolmer paste which was coated on teak wood subsrates. In this work, the effect of solid/liquid ratio (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) was analysed while other parameters were maintained constant. Coating teak wood substrates via geopolymer technology was focused to see the enhancement made to the mechanical properties of teak wood. Various test such as adhesive strength test, water absorption and morphology study was conducted after seventh day of sample preparation. Kaolin coated sample with 1.0 solid/liquid ratio showed the highest adhesive strength of 10.5 MPa and the lowest water absorption of 6.3%. Morphology studies also supported the trend of promising compatibility between kaolin coating and teak wood substrate at 1.0 solid/liquid ratio which further evident the accuracy of collected data.
Effect of Hybrid Fillers on the Thermal Properties of UHMWPE/Chitosan-ZnO Composites
Authors: OMAR MOHD FIRDAUS , Wei Lu Yew , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Kamarudin Hussin
Published: April 2015

In this work, UHMWPE reinforced composites containing hybrid zinc oxide (ZnO) and chitosan particles were prepared via the hot compression technique. The effect of ZnO contents (10, 20, 30 wt.%) and chitosan contents (1, 2, 3 wt.%) on the thermal properties of UHMWPE/ZnO and UHMWPE/Chitosan-ZnO reinforced composites were successfully investigated using DSC and TGA analysis, respectively. Based on DSC results, both UHMWPE/ZnO and hybrid composites did not record significant changes in the melting temperatures (Tm). The heat fusion enthalpy (Hm) and degree of crystallinity (Xc) of hybrid composites were found to be higher than UHMWPE/ZnO composites. As the TGA results shown, hybrid composites were also found to have higher thermal stability than UHMWPE/ZnO composites at 10 % and 50 % weight loss level. Overall, the UHMWPE/ZnO + 3 wt.% Chitosan hybrid reinforced composite recorded comparable mechanical properties and better thermal properties than neat UHMWPE.
Study of Coloured Lakes Used for the Covering of Silver Leaf in Ecclesial Art of the First Half of 19th Century
Authors: Budu Ana Maria , Cristache Raluca , Sandhu Andrei Victor , Vasilache Viorica , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Sandu Ion
Published: April 2015

The wooden sculptures in orthodox churches are usually gilded with golden leaves, applied by means of different techniques (with bole or mixtion). Silver leaf was also used for economic or aesthetic purposes, usually covered with coloured lakes: red, green (for flowers, leaves and fruits) or yellow (for gold imitation). This study presents analysis realized on samples of coloured lakes taken from different cult objects. We used red and green lakes taken from the royal doors of the St. Nicholas church from Aroneanu, Iasi (1814) and from the royal doors and deacon doors from St. Archangels Church, Ceplenita, Iasi (beginning of the 19th century). The yellow samples were taken from two icons painted in russian style: St. Nicholas and Holy Virgin of Kazan (beginning of 19th century). The SEM-EDX and FT-IR spectra revealed the different origins of the lake (organic and inorganic) and suggested the technique for their preparation.
Computer Investigation of Tensioned Fabric Structure in the Form of Enneper Minimal Surface
Authors: Yee Hooi Min , Hamid Haslinda Abdul , Abdul Hadi Mohd Nasir
Published: April 2015

Form-finding of tensioned fabric structure in the form of Enneper minimal surface has been investigated. Computational form-finding is frequently used to investigate the possible forms of uniformly stressed surfaces. In this study, two parameter of Enneper minimal surface was used in this study are u and v = 0.4 and 1.2. This study provides an alternative choice for engineer to consider the Enneper minimal surface, u = v = 0.4 and 1.2 to be applied in tensioned fabric structure.
An Improved Slicing Approach to Automatically Generate Outer-Loop and Inner-Loops of Parting Curves for Complex Tessellated Models in Mold Design
Authors: Quang Nguyen Huu , Tuan Trinh Kieu , Vien Kieu Xuan
Published: April 2015

An improved slicing algorithm that uses multiple sets of cutting planes to automatically determine parting curves for 3D parts is proposed. In this algorithm, the sets of cutting planes with their individual roles are simultaneously used to create the slicing profiles, and to extract the intersection points for all the outer and inner loops of the parting curves. The results show that the proposed parting curves overcome many problems inherent in current methods while also making the process fast and effective. The algorithm provides a highly effective solution for handling complicated models that contain free-form surfaces, and can be used by various downstream CAD/CAM systems for industrial mold design.
Ab Initio Calculations of Electronic and Magnetic Properties of AlMnO3 Perovskite Manganites
Authors: Chik Abdullah , Saad S. , Yeoh Cheow Keat , Zaki R.M. , Pa Faizul Che
Published: April 2015

The electronic structure of the perovskite manganites AlMnO3 cubic crystal was presented. The calculations were made within density functional theory and PBE exchange correlations energy approximation. It was found that the crystal exhibit covalent bonding between Mn and O with superexchange mechanism. At groundstate, AlMnO3 stabilizes in antiferromagnetic structure with semi metallic like nature at the ground state.
First Principles Calculations of Magnetic Properties of LaMnO3 and La2/3 Al1/3 MnO3 Perovskite Manganites
Authors: Chik Abdullah , Saad S. , Pa Faizul Che , Yeoh C.K. , Zaki R.M.
Published: April 2015

The magnetic properties of the perovskite manganites LaMnO3 (LMO) and La2/3 Al1/3 MnO3 (LAMO) was presented. The calculations were made within density functional theory and generalized-gradient approximation (GGA) exchange correlations energy. It was found that LAMO exhibit magnetic properties and stabilizes in antiferromagnetic structure. However cell magnetization and magnetic moments reduce with inclusion of Al dopant.
Measurement on Strain Rate Sensitivity Properties of Rice Husk (Rh)/Linear Low Density Polyethylene (Lldpe) Composites under Various Loading Rates
Authors: OMAR MOHD FIRDAUS , Abdul Wahab Nur Suhaili , Akil Hazizan Md. , Ahmad Zainal Arifin , Noriman N.Z.
Published: April 2015

In this study, LLDPE/RH composites were tested under various strain rate loadings (0.001/s, 0.01/s and 0.1/s) using the universal testing machine. Static compression properties of LLDPE/RH composites with different filler contents of 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%,20 wt% and, 30 wt% RH were investigated. Results show that the yield stress, ultimate compressive strength and the rigidity properties of LLDPE/RH composites were strongly affected by both filler contents and strain rate loadings. Apart from that, the rate of sensitivity of LLDPE/RH show great dependency towards applied strain rate, where it was increased with increasing strain rates. Unfortunately, the thermal activation values show contrary trend. Visually, from the post damage analysis, the results show that applied strain rates affected the deformation behavior of tested LLDPE/RH composites.
Control of the Crystal Morphological Characteristic and Size of Nano-PCC via Turbo-Mixing Reactive Precipitation
Authors: Daud Mohd Darus , Hashim Aimi Noorliyana , Rahmat Azmi , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Jalauddin Ahmad Hadzrul Iqwan
Published: April 2015

An innovative and novel technology method of processing called Turbo-Mixing Reactive Precipitation (TMRP) design proposed as an alternative to this current processing or conventional productions of fine precipitated calcium carbonate (nanoPCC) in turbo-mixing conditions. In this paper, the effect of the stirring rate onto morphology, particle sizes and reaction time of the precipitated CaCO3 particles was discussed. CaCO3 nanoparticles with an average particle size of approximately 15.75 nm were successfully obtained by stirring rotation speed at 900 rpm. The structural analysis was conducted using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). The results showed that the increasing of the multiple’s impeller stirring rotation speed is in favor of the formation of the spherical vaterite.
Warpage Analysis of Single and Dual Gates Designed for Injection Moulding Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Nasir S.M. , Ismail Khairul Azwan , Shayfull Z. , Fairuz M.A.
Published: April 2015

This study focuses on the analysis of plastic injection moulding process simulation using Autodesk Moldflow Insight (AMI) software in order to correlate between process parameters as an input and warpage as an output for single and dual gates mould design. Nessei NEX 1000 injection moulding machine and P20 mould material details are incorporated in this study on top of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) as a moulded thermoplastic material. Coolant inlet temperature, material melt temperature, packing pressure and packing time are selected as a variable parameter. Design Expert software is obtained as a medium for analysis and optimization of input variables in order to minimize the warpage. RSM method as well as Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been applied in this study. The results of ANOVA show that some interactions between factors are significant towards warpage existence, which is coolant inlet temperature, material melt temperature and packing pressure. Furthermore, the model created using RSM can be used for warpage prediction and improvement due to a minimum value of error. From this study, the dual gate is the best solution which able to improve the warpage up to 80% instead of single.
Experimental Determination of Stress and Deformation Pressure in Nanostructuring Copper by Multiaxial Forging Method
Authors: Bejinariu Costică , Cazac Alin , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Sandhu Andrei Victor , Lazar Petru
Published: April 2015

This paper aims to determine by experiment total stress and pressure of deformation depending on punch stroke and the level of deformation on severe plastic deformation of copper Cu_99.75 by multiaxial cold forging. The deformation process is discontinuous and includes deformation processes that define a cycle of severe plastic deformation. This paper aims to determine the stress and pressure corresponding to the first 12 cycles of severe plastic deformation.
Manufacture of Water Vapour Filter Based on Natural Pahae Zeolite Used for Hydrogen Fueled Motor Cycle
Authors: Nasution Tulus Ikhsan , Susilawati Susilawati , Zebua Fynnisa , Nainggolan Hamonangan , Nainggolan Irwana
Published: April 2015

Province of North Sumatera has been well known as a territory having multi kind of industrial minerals which have not been used and maintained properly and optimally. One of which is a natural Pahae zeolite derived from Tarutung, Tapanuli Utara-Indonesia. The objective of this research is to exploit Pahae zeolite to absorb water molecules flowing into the combustion chamber of a hydrogen fueled motorcycle. The generation of water molecules was as a result of water splitting process in water to hydrogen converter of the motorcycle. The grain size of Pahae zeolite was lessened up to 60 and 200 meshes which were then chemically activated by soaking with 30% KOH solution and calcination at a temperature of 300°C for 2 hours. The test results conducted on the intake pipe of combustion chamber showed that the particle size of 200 meshes had more absorption than that of 60 meshes. It was also found that type of Pahae zeolite had better absorption compared with Cikalong zeolite.
Study of Hydrogen Cracking and PWHT of Dissimilar Materials for Elevated Temperature Application
Authors: Sarwar Muhammad , bin Abd Majid Mohd Amin
Published: April 2015

s. On construction sites many challenges and premature failures are being encountered in welded joints of creep strength-enhanced ferritic (CSEF) steels. The primary reason of these premature failures is found to be the dissimilar material joints, having strength mismatch, or improper heat treatment that is mandatorily carried out to achieve the required weld hardness. This study aims at determining the impact of post welding heat treatment (PWHT) on dissimilar alloy steels joints, between ASTM A335 Gr. P-22 and ASTM A335 Gr. P-91 steels, welded by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) using ER 90S-B9 filler wire. The PWHT, at 745°C for 1hr., was applied to attain the required hardness. The effect of PWHT was investigated on the weld metal and the heat affected zones (HAZ) by hardness testing. Due to the martensitic microstructure, the hardness values of HAZ of P91 steel are over 350 HV. However, the hardness value of the P22 HAZ less than 350 HV. P91 HAZ has a higher hardness value than P22 HAZ because of its higher hardenability and due to phase transformation from martensite to ferrite. The interaction between the too high hardness microstructure with hydrogen can result in the hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) initiation in the HAZ. Therefore, the PWHT is needed to reduce this high hardness HAZ.
Flexural Performance of Polyurethane/Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes Foam Composites
Authors: Sinar A.A. , Firuz Zainuddin , Nur Azni M.A. , Akil Hazizan Md. , Sahrim H.A.
Published: April 2015

Polyurethane (PU)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) foam composites were produced by reaction of based palm oil polyol (POP) with methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). The MWCNTs were added into PU foam with the percentages varied from 0 wt.% to 3 wt.%. Sandwich composites were prepared using hand lay-up method where Aluminium (Al) sheet as skin were stacked onto PU foam using Araldite adhesives. The PU/MWCNTs foam composites (PMFC) and PU/MWCNTs foam sandwich composites (PMFSC) were characterized using flexural test analysis. Observation showed higher value of flexural strength for PMFC and PMFSC at 0.5% incorporation of MWCNTs. The flexural strength of sandwich PU foam is higher with an average value of 159.38% than control PU foam, due to Al sheet act as ductile skin and prevents samples from rupture rapidly. The modeling using finite element analysis (NX Software-version 8.5) showed the displacement nodal magnitude for 0.5% PMFC (2.537 mm) are higher than 0.5% PMFSC (0.288 mm).
The Effect of Thicknesses on Impact Damage Advanced Composite Material for Aircraft Application
Authors: Syayuthi A.R. , Haftirman Haftirman , Basaruddin K.S. , Abdul Manan M.S.
Published: April 2015

Investigation of impact damage on advanced composite materials of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy (CFRE) composites and Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy (GFRE) composites under high strain rate impact load have been conducted in the present study. Four types of GFRE plates were studied after being impacted with various thicknesses and fixed impact parameters. Results of the present experiments were characterized by the comparison of damage zone among CFRE/GFRE, GFRE with honeycomb core and GFRE without honeycomb core. The result suggests that CFRE is the better structure than GFRE under low velocity impact loads. Higher energy needed to damage the surface of GFRE with core compared to GFRE without core plates.
Estimating of Cherenkov Radiation in Extensive Air Showers Using CORSIKA Code for Tunka133 EAS Cherenkov Array
Authors: Al-Rubaiee A.A. , Hashim Uda , Md Arshad Mohd Khairuddin , Rahim Ruslinda A. , Ramzan Mat Ayub , Ibraheam A.S. , Wesam Al-Mufti M. , Al-Douri Y. , Ali Abed Muhammed , Hussein Ali Sarah
Published: April 2015

The simulation of Cherenkov light Lateral distribution function (LDF) in Extensive Air Showers (EAS) initiated primary particles such as primary calcium, argon, proton iron nuclei, neutron and nitrogen have been performed using CORSIKA program for conditions and configurations of Tunka133 EAS Cherenkov array. The simulation was fulfilled at the high energy range 1014-1016 eV for four different zenith angles 0o, 10o, 15o and 30o. The results of the simulated Cherenkov light LDF are compared with the measurements of Tunka133 EAS array for the same particles and energy range mentioned above. This comparison may give the good ability to reconstruct the energy spectrum and mass composition of the primary cosmic ray particles in EAS. The main feature of the given approach consists of the possibility to make a library of Cherenkov light LDF samples which could be utilized for analysis of real events which can be detected with different EAS arrays and reconstruction of the primary cosmic rays energy spectrum and mass composition of EAS particles.
Cementitious Composites Using Recycled Waste
Authors: Puskás Attila , Corbu Ofelia , Sandhu Andrei Victor , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa
Published: April 2015

European Union faces challenge in the waste management practices. Despite the economic downturn and the decrease in consumption at European Union level the waste generation stays stable, and the recycling disposal stagnates. Since the level of the recycling and recovery is set at 70% for the year 2020 for the construction and demolition waste for achieving the proposed level practical possibilities for recycling of large quantities are necessary. The paper presents cementitious composites using recycled waste which might represent practical solution for increasing the rate of recycling of construction and demolition waste and of textile industry waste. Mechanical characteristics of two different composites using recycled wastes are presented. The first cementitious composition incorporates recycled aggregates substituting new, non-renewable natural aggregates, while the second composition – beside the recycled aggregates – contains also textile industrial waste. The mechanical characteristics of the obtained compositions are comparable with the ones of the road concrete, in the same time fulfilling also the norm requirements for composites used for road concrete. The proposed cementitious composites represent significant potential for recycling, and as consequence, potential for achieving the targeted rate of the recycling.
Failure Behavior of Aircraft Sandwich Panels under Bending Load
Authors: Haftirman Haftirman , Basaruddin K.S. , Syayuthi A.R. , Fartini M.S.
Published: April 2015

Failure behavior of aircraft sandwich panels under bending load has been investigated in this study. In this study focused in effect of support span length under bending load. Three-points bending test was performed to the specimens with various span length 125 mm, 80 mm, 70 mm, and 55 mm. Standard test method and dimensions were adhering to the ASTM C393. Deflection and energy absorption of the sandwich panels have been characterized by the variation span lengths.It was found that the deflection and the energy absorption of the sandwich panels were strongly influenced by the length of support span. In the bending test of sandwich panels at 125 mm support span length, the panel possess the lowest deflection at a critical load which is around 3.26 mm compared to the other support span length. The differences of the collapse load for 55 mm support span length is highly significant. The value of experimental was found at 1.54 kN whereas the theoretical value is 2.65 kN The ability to absorb energy of sandwich panels was affected by the collapse mechanism. It was found that the decrease of support span length increases the absorbed energy in the aircraft sandwich panel.
The Influence of Spraying Distance on the Chemical Composition of Arc Sprayed Layers
Authors: Georgescu Iuliana Silvia , Ursache Silviu Ionuţ , Baciu Elena Raluca , Hriţcu Daniel , Sandu Andrei Victor , Baciu Constantin
Published: April 2015

Arc spraying (AS) is a thermal spraying method. The spraying distance represents one of the main technological parameters. EDAX analysis, performed on the sprayed layers (SDA and SDS), have shown differences between the initial chemical composition of the filler material and of the obtained layers. The quantitative variations determined for Ni, Fe and Cr can be explained by: the volatilization process of the chemical elements from the electric arc area; losses increase with increasing the length of the spraying jet.
Synthesis and Studies on the Effect of Phenyl Side – Chain Content on Refractive Index of Polysiloxane Resin
Authors: Ramli Rafiza , Chee Mang Ng , Ahmad Zulkifli , Jaafar Mariatti , Mohd Arif Zainol Mohd Remy Rozainy
Published: April 2015

A series of high refractive index of α,ω-vinyl silyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane-co-polydiphenylsiloxane was synthesized by the equilibration ring opening – anionic polymerization of cyclic organo-siloxane oligomers in the present of 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane as terminating agent. Structural modifications were characterized by use of FTIR, H-NMR, and solution viscosity. UV-visible spectroscopy was analyzed which reveal a good transmittance in the region 400 – 750 nm radiation for all polysiloxanes.The presence of diphenylsiloxane unit results in a linear increase of the refractive index of the resin. These features favor good application as encapsulant for high brightness LED (HBLED) packaging.
Glutardialdehyde Modified Corn Starch – Urea Formaldehyde Resin as a Binder for Particleboard Making
Authors: Mohamad Amini Mohd Hazim , Hashim R. , Sulaiman N.S. , Hiziroglu S. , Sulaiman Othman , Mohamed M. , Mat Rasat Mohd Sukhairi
Published: April 2015

The objective of the study was to characterize and to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of experimental particleboard panels made from rubberwood (Heveabrasiliensis) using modified starch-urea formaldehyde as binder. Panels were manufactured using 13% corn starch modified with glutardialdehyde with addition of 2 % urea formaldehyde resin and tested for their physical and mechanical properties. All of the particleboards satisfied the Japanese Industrial Standard which required 2000 N/mm2, 8.0 N/mm2 and 0.15 N/mm2 for modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and internal bonding strength, respectively. The mechanical properties were comparable to those made using 15 % urea formaldehyde resin with reduction of formaldehyde fume was over 50 %.
Attenuation Function Relationship for Far Field Earthquake Considered by Strike Slip Mechanism
Authors: Wan Ahmad Saffuan , Adnan Azlan , Mohd Noor Rozaimi , Muthusamy Khairunisa , Sk Abd Razak Sk Muiz , Taib Awang , Mohd Zahid Mohd Zulham Affandi
Published: April 2015

An attenuation relationship for far field earthquakes considered by strike slip has been developed. The attenuation relationship function was develop using regression analysis. The database consisting of more than 130 peak ground accelerations from seven earthquake sources recorded by Seismology Station in Malaysia have been used to develop the relationship. This study aims to investigate the new relationship attenuation to gain exact peak ground acceleration at the location on site. Based on this study, the location is a structure located at Terengganu seaside.
Improvement on the Catalytic Performance Using Dual Lipases System in the Synthesis of Ferulate Esters
Authors: Mat Radzi Salina , Abd Rahman Nurul Jannah , Mohd Noor Hanina , Arifin Norlelawati
Published: April 2015

A novel approach of dual lipases system was successfully carried out in improving the synthesis of ferulate esters between ethyl ferulate and olive oil. Combination of Novozym 435 and Lipozyme RMIM were used as biocatalyst to improve the reaction performance. Different reaction parameters (ratio of lipases, reaction time, lipase dosage, substrate molar ratio and reaction temperature) were analyzed systematically. A high conversion of ferulate esters (85%) was obtained after 12 hrs of reaction time at optimal conditions of 1:9 w/w (Novozym 435/Lipozyme RMIM), 80 mg of lipase and 1:4 ethyl ferulate:olive oil at 60 oC.
Characterization of Difference Size of IDE Pattern for Formaldehyde Detection Sensor
Authors: Zaki M. , Hashim Uda , Md Arshad Mohd Khairuddin , Fathil M.F.M. , Azman A.H. , Ayub R.M
Published: April 2015

This paper studies the effect of different gap sizes of IDE pattern on the surface morphology and electrical properties for the formaldehyde detection sensor. Two types of IDE chrome mask are designed to determine the ideal IDE pattern for formaldehyde gas detection by using conventional lithography. In the first method, IDE is transferred onto SiO2 layer. In order to ensure that the perfect pattern with minimum defect structure is obtained, the process parameters should be optimized and controlled. In the second method, the aluminium is deposited directly on SiO2/Si substrate by using IDE hard mask design plate. The fabricated IDE pattern is further validated through morphological and electrical characterization. The average gap size of IDE sensor is approximately 100 μm and 400 μm for IDE chrome and IDE hard mask respectively. The latter method is preferable since for formaldehyde gas sensing large size is needed and moreover the process is simple and requires low cost. Characterization of difference IDE pattern is demonstrated by various measurements.
Machining Performance Study of a New Palm Oil Based Bio-Product Industrial Wax
Authors: Rajamony Bhuvenesh , Khalil A.N.M. , Ismail Khairul Azwan
Published: April 2015

Machining can be performed on virtually all solid materials even though the term commonly applies to the cutting of metals, alloys, plastics and woods. Machining is a mechanical process where excess material from a work piece can be removed by cutting action to produce a part of specified geometrical shape and surface finish. In this research we will analyze and investigate whether there is a possibility to use the palm oil based bio wax material for machining applications. At the moment different ferrous, non-ferrous materials and industrial blue wax have been used for prototype models, training purpose by different industries, educational and training organizations. However the price of such material is very expensive. Hence an attempt is made to substitute these material by the palm oil based bio wax produced in Malaysia. With it, engineers can generate prototype to evaluate even minor design changes without breaking the budget. To the best of researcher’s knowledge, no previous work has been carried out nationally or worldwide on the use of palm oil based bio wax material in the manufacture of a strong industrial wax. This research work gives the approaches taken in this direction.
Application of Process Control in Production of Biocellulose: A Case Study
Authors: Abd. Rahman Norliza , Mohd Azmi Muhammad Atif Azhari , Ahmad Zainuri Mohd Izzuddin , Laing Stephina Lupang , Kasim Norasila , Givajothi Jaylakshumi , Esa Faezah
Published: April 2015

This paper describes a design of industrial modelling process of bacterial cellulose production. The main factors for the economic unfeasibility of this production are raw material price, plant capacity and capital cost. The purpose of this modelling is developing, studying, and evaluating process control technology in order to achieve low-cost preparation and high biocellulose (BC) production in industrial scale. In this model, glucose, a simple carbohydrate has been chosen as the carbon source. The aerobic fermentation of Acetobacterxylinum is regulated at particular temperature and pH to ensure maximum yield production. This fermentation process involves six stages that are sterilization, inoculation, fermentation, treatment, waste removal and drying/freezing. Nineteen streams will control and monitor the whole processes. The waste will undergo treatment in NaOH tank followed by sedimentation tank and filtration process for removal. Meanwhile, the BC is purified through drying and freezing process to preserve the product from contamination. This design shows that modelling is a powerful methodology for predicting and prioritizing methods of re‐engineering an industrial process in order to achieve greater performance.
Synthesis and Characterization of Sol-Gel Derived SiO2-CaO Glass
Authors: Syed Adam Syed Nuzul Fadzli , Roslinda S. , Zainuddin Firuz
Published: April 2015

A phosphate-free glass based on SiO2-CaO was synthesized by a low temperature acid catalysed sol-gel route. The obtained material was evaluated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD analysis showed the sol-gel derived glass was amorphous in nature and crystallized when sintered at temperature above 900oC. The crystalline state was consisted of quartz and wollastonite phases. Meanwhile the infrared analysis showed typical transmission bands of monolith silica in the binary glass pattern. The bioactivity of the amorphous glass was investigated in vitro in simulated body fluid (SBF). The amorphous glasses were soaked in SBF for 1, 3 and 7 days. It is notable that the obtained results from FTIR, SEM and EDS analyses showed the deposition of spherical-shaped crystalline hydroxyl-carbonate-apatite (HCA) on the surface of the glass within 3 days of immersion in SBF solution. The HCA deposition was covered most of the surface after 7 days of immersion.
Comparative Study of Water Quality due to Retting of Crushed and Uncrushed Kenaf Stems
Authors: Ghazali Siti Aisyah , Tajuddin Ramlah Mohd , Halim Nabilah Huda Abdul , Jani Janmaizatulriah Mohd , Abdullah Sharifah Aminah Syed
Published: April 2015

A comparative study on the quality of crushed and uncrushed kenaf retting water is presented in this paper. A number of parameters used in the assessment of water quality are examined in this study, namely, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity and suspended solids (SS). The results reveal that both crushed and uncrushed kenaf retting water samples do not fulfil the requirements stipulated in the effluent standards. In addition, the quality of crushed kenaf retting water is poorer compared to that for uncrushed kenaf retting water. Based on the results of this study, it is evident that the retting process adversely affects the physicochemical properties of water and therefore water treatment is necessary before the water is being discharged downstream into ponds, lakes and rivers.
A Study of PM Mg-HAP Composite: Corrosion and Microstructural Evaluation
Authors: Che Daud Zuraidawani , bin Fuad Faliq , Derman Mohd Nazree B.
Published: April 2015

Mg-HAP Composite produce by powder metallurgy (PM) methods is one new biomaterial usually applied as biomedical implant. However, the sensitive Mg metal to surrounding environment is giving the bad impact for this biomaterial because of the presence hydroxyapatite particle in Mg matrix. The aim of this work is to study the corrosion behavior and microstructural evaluation of composite biomaterial Mg with different percentage of Hyroxyapatite (HAP) (5, 10, 15 and 20 wt. %) produced by powder metallurgy (PM) method. The corrosion test was done using electrochemical methods and the microstructure after corrosion test was observed using optical microscope. Based on the results, the different percentages of HAP were influenced the corrosion rate of the Mg-HAP composite. The percentage of HAP content in Mg were greatly influences the corrosion behavior of the alloy. Sample Mg-20wt% HAP has the lowest corrosion rate which is 0.16mm per year, while sample Mg-15wt% HAP has the highest corrosion rate, 0.37 mm per year.
The Influence of Parameters of Microarc Oxidation on the Surface Roughness and Wettability of Calciumphosphate Coatings
Authors: Chebodaeva Valentina V. , Komarova Ekaterina G. , Sharkeev Yuri P.
Published: April 2015

The influence of the voltage of micro-arc oxidation on the physicochemical properties of the calciumphosphate coatings has been investigated. The linear growth of the roughness and hyperbolic decrease of the surface energy with growth of the oxidation voltage have been revealed. It was shown that the calciumphosphate coatings have low contact angle and high surface energy and, as a consequence, are hydrophilic. The optimal voltage range of the oxidation has been found. It varies from 200 to 250 V. This range provides the coating formation with the following specified parameters: surface roughness of 2 – 3.5 µm; contact angles with water and glycerol of 18 - 25º and 35 - 45º, respectively, and free surface energy of 73 - 80 mN/m.
Autonomous Solar-Wind Power Forecasting Systems
Authors: Okhorzina Alena , Yurchenko Alexey , Kozloff Artem
Published: April 2015

The paper reports on the results of climatic testing of silicon photovoltaic modules and photovoltaic power systems conducted in Russia (Siberia and the Far East). The monitoring system to control the power system work was developed. Testing over 17 years and a large amount of experimental studies enabled us to develop a precise mathematical model of the photovoltaic module in natural environment taking into account climatic and hardware factors.
Searching for Durable and Friendly Alkali Activated Concrete for Building Elements Constructions
Authors: Bilek Vlastimil , Hurta Jan , Zidek Libor , Mec Pavel
Published: April 2015

Alkali activated concrete (AAC) are considered a promising building material. They show high strength, good durability, and good resistance to aggressive agents etc. But these good properties are controlled by the good design of the concretes.
The paper presents the results which were recorded for self-compacting AACs with the water to slag ratio 0.50 - 0.52. The resistance of these concretes to Na2SO4, NH4Cl and acetate acid is presented in this paper. These agents were selected because they represent agents which are present in compost or sewage.
Spectroscopic and Electronic Properties of Layer-by-Layer Assembled Gamma-Irradiated Silver/Poly(Acrylic Acid) Nanocomposites
Authors: Usman Ken Aldren S. , Trinidad Lawrence John Paulo L. , Payawan Leon M.
Published: April 2015

Layer-by-layer (L-b-L) assembly is a simple method that is useful in immobilizing nanomaterials into thin films. However, the retention of the optical and photogalvanic property of the nanoparticles and the functionalization of these materials are the common issues raised regarding this technique. In this study, L-b-L thin films were prepared from γ-radiation reduced,silver/poly (acrylic acid) nanocomposites (Ag/PAA). Negatively surface charged nanocomposites were immobilized on different silica surfaces, namely quartz, Indium Tin Oxide-modified glass and ordinary glass. Characterization of the solution and bound form of the nanocomposites were done to evaluate the retention of their novel properties. The size distribution of the solution-phased Ag/PAA was assessed using dynamic light scattering (DLS). The surface morphology, spectroscopic and electronic properties of the multilayer films were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-vis spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and cyclic voltammetry (CV).
I2C and HSTL IO Standard Based Low Power Thermal Aware Adder Design on 45nm FPGA
Authors: Kalia Kartik , Nanda Khyati , Aggarwal Arushi , Goel Akshita , Malhotra Shivani
Published: April 2015

In this work, we are we are going to search the most thermal and energy efficient IO Standards among the HSTL family and I2C family on 45 nm technology based FPGA. Here we are also doing thermal analysis for 273.15K-343.15K temperature, while during comparing the different IO Standards, we are taking the improvement level at 283.15K. In leakage power analysis, we are getting 9.09% improvement in HSTL with respect to others and in IO power analysis I2C shows 57.89% improvement with respect to others. In thermal analysis for maximum ambient temperature, we observe 1.79% improvement in HSTL_II as compared to others and in Junction Temperature analysis HSTL_I and I2C are 3.6% efficient than others. HSTL_I has minimum Theta Junction to Ambient Temperature value. In this work, we are using 45nm Spartan-6 FPGA. . We are taking airflow of 250LFM where LFM is a unit of airflow. LFM is linear feet per minute. Adder is our target design.
Transistor Resizing Based Low Power Thermal Aware Adder Design on FPGA
Authors: Kalia Kartik , Nanda Khyati , Aggarwal Arushi , Goel Akshita , Malhotra Shivani
Published: April 2015

In this work, we are going to search the most thermal and energy efficient technology among 90nm, 65nm, 45nm, 40nm and 38nm technology based FPGA, and also searching the most thermal and energy efficient airflow, and heat sink profile. We are also doing thermal analysis for 273.15K-343.15K temperature. we are getting 31.67%, 75.71%, reduction in leakage power for 250LFM and 58.53%, 75.71% reduction in leakage power for 500LFM when we scale down ambient temperature from 343.15K to 283.15K for 65nm, 28nm technology based FPGA. There is 84.54%, 85.65%, reduction in junction temperature for 250LFM, 84.90%, 85.65%, reduction in junction temperature for 500LFM when we scale down ambient temperature from 343.15K to 283.15K for 65nm, 28nm technology based FPGA. In this work, we are using 90nm Spartan-3E FPGA, 65nm Virtex-5 FPGA, 45nm Spartan-6 FPGA, 40nm Virtex-6 FPGA, and 28nm Artix-7 FPGA. We are taking two different airflow of 250LFM and 500LFM. LFM is a unit of airflow. LFM is linear feet per minute. Adder is our target design.
Effect of Oxidation Temperature on the Properties of CuO Thin Films Prepared by Thermal Oxidation of Sputtered Cu Thin Films
Authors: Wongcharoen Ngamnit , Gaewdang Thitinai
Published: April 2015

CuO thin films were obtained through thermal oxidation of dc magnetron sputtered metallic Cu films on glass substrates. Thermal oxidation process was performed in air at temperature ranging 300-500 °C. From XRD patterns, CuO single phase of monoclinic structure was formed at oxidation temperature beyond 450 °C whereas amorphous phase with very small grains was obtained at oxidation temperature below 450 °C. The positive sign of the Hall coefficient confirmed the p-type conductivity in all studied films. From transmission spectra, direct band gap value is varied between 2.17 and 2.83eV. From the transient photoconductivity measurements, persistent photoconductivity (PPC) behavior was observed. The decay current data were better fitted with the multiple exponential functions resulting into five slow decay times. Density of trap states corresponding to its decay time was also evaluated from the decay current data.
Formation of Graphene P-N Junction Arrays Using Soft-Lithographic Patterning and Cross-Stacking
Authors: Jung Min Wook , Song Woo Seok , Myung Sung , Lim Jong Sun , Lee Sun Sook , An Ki Seok
Published: April 2015

Two key issues in graphene-based p-n junction applications are the manipulation of the type and density of carrier in graphene and the development of a facile fabrication process. Here we reported the formation of graphene films with tunable carrier type by doping of ethoxylated polyethylenimine (PEIE) and Au nanoparticles (NPs). The carrier density of doped graphene can be tuned by altering the concentration of the dopant solutions. The doping effects of PEIE and Au NPs on graphene were monitored by resonant Raman spectroscopy and electrical transport measurements. Graphene p-n junction arrays were assembled by simple soft-lithographic patterning and cross-stacking of n-and p-type doped graphene films, showing a graphene p-n junction behavior with two VCNDP.
Preparation of Y-Doped BaZrO3 Proton Conducting Solid Electrolyte via Modified Low Temperature Pechini Method
Authors: Nuñez Gandy , Balanay Mary Jozen , Cervera Rinlee Butch M.
Published: April 2015

One of the promising material for proton-conducting solid electrolyte operating at intermediate temperature range (400-600 °C) is the Yttrium-doped BaZrO3 (BZY) due to its high conductivity and chemical stability. In this study, a modified citrate-nitrate combustion method (Pechini method) has been employed for BZY powder preparation. A stoichiometric amounts of starting nitrates and oxide raw materials with nitric acid, citric acid and ethylene glycol for the synthesis of 20 mol% Y-doped BaZrO3 (BZY20) were prepared, then calcined and sintered at 1000 °C for two heat treatment durations of 24 hours and 48 hours. The obtained BZY20 powder samples have been fully characterized for its structure, morphology, and thermal properties. From the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results, the sample sintered for 48 hours showed a cubic phase of BZY20 which can be indexed to a Pm3m cubic structure which is also supported by Raman analysis. The calculated lattice parameter is 4.2067 Å which is higher than the reported lattice parameter of a pure BaZrO3 (BZ) of 4.1930 Å which indicates a successful doping due to higher ionic radius of Y3+ dopant as compared to Zr4+ in the B-site ABO3 perovskite sub-lattice. In addition, SEM-EDX analyses of the sintered pellet revealed a uniform distribution of Yttrium dopant in the BZY20 prepared solid electrolyte.