bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wollastonite to Improve Fire Properties in Medium-Density Fiberboard Made from Wood and Chicken Feather Fibers
Authors: Taghiyari Hamid R. , Morrell Jeffrey J. , Papadopoulos Antonios N.
Published: March 2021

Poultry is a crucial global protein source.However, processing creates sizable quantities of feathers as a by-product. Identifying suitable uses for these feathers poses a major challenge. One possible use would be as an extender in medium density fiberboards (MDF). At the same time, feathers might also modify the inherent fire resistance of the resulting panels, suggesting the need for additives to enhance fire performance. The potential for using feathers to supplement wood in MDF panels was evaluated in conjunction with the addition of wollastonite. The effects of using 5% or 10% feathers with or without 10% wollastonite were investigated. Adding 5% feathers did affect properties. However, simultaneous addition of 10% wollastonite resulted in panels with improved fire performance properties and increased the ability of panels to dissipate heat. The results suggest that feathers could be a resource for extending timber supplies for MDF production, especially with wollastonite to improve fire performance.
A Transformer-Less Multiconverter Having Output Voltage and Frequency Regulation Characteristics, Employed with Simple Switching Algorithms
Authors: Ashraf Naveed , Abbas Ghulam , Khan Irfan , Raza Ali , Ullah Nasim
Published: March 2021

The attractive features of the direct AC-AC converters increase their use in many applications such as voltage control for a heavy-duty load that has a high time constant, AC machine drives, and heating systems based on the induction process. These converters process power in single-stage having simple circuit topologies with reduced switching devices and circuit components. These characteristics lead to the efficient power conversion process. The use of a low-frequency input transformer with multiple output tapping for the regulation of output voltage and frequency is one of the major sources of cost, size, and conversion losses. The complication in the switching algorithms is also the main concern in these converters. The preceding deficiencies lower their potency to be used in daily life. The costly controllers or processors are to be employed to realize the complex control techniques or algorithms. That increases the overall cost and circuit complication. This paper introduces the simple control techniques employed to a novel transformer less multi converter to have the various ac outputs for voltage and frequency regulation. The validation of power circuit and control schemes is tested through the simulation and practical results obtained in Simulink and practical setup respectively.
Grazing Incidence Small-Angle Neutron Scattering: Background Determination and Optimization for Soft Matter Samples
Authors: Kyrey Tetyana , Ganeva Marina , Witte Judith , Feoktystov Artem , Wellert Stefan , Holderer Olaf
Published: March 2021

Grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering (GISANS) provides access to interfacial properties, e.g., in soft matter on polymers adsorbed at a solid substrate. Simulations in the frame of the distorted wave Born approximation using the BornAgain software allow to understand and quantify the scattering pattern above and below the sample horizon, in reflection and transmission, respectively. The small-angle scattering from the interfacial layer, visible around the transmitted beam, which might contribute also on the side of the reflected beam, can be understood in this way and be included into the analysis. Background reduction by optimized sample cell design is supported by simulations, paving the way for an optimized GISANS cell.
Effects of Feed Mixed with Lactic Acid Bacteria and Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Supplied to the Water on the Growth and Survival Rate of White Leg Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) Infected with Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease Caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Nguyen Thi Truc Linh , Nguyen Thanh Tuu , Tran Thi Hong To , Pham Van Day , Vo Thi Tuyet Minh , Nguyen Trong Nghia , Phan Cong Minh , Cao Ngoc Diep , Truong Quoc Phu
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the growth, survival rate, and resistance to acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) of white leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) by using Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Pediococcus pentosaceus mixed with feed, and at the same time supplying CNP in a ratio of 15:1:0.1 to the water. As a result, the treatments that shrimp were fed with feed containing lactic acid bacteria (LAB), especially L. plantarum, have increased shrimp growth, total hemocyte cells, granulocyte cells, and hyaline cells significantly (p < 0.05) in comparison to the control group. The supply of CNP to the water has promoted the intensity of V. parahaemolyticus effects on shrimp health and significantly decreased total hemocyte cells, granulocyte cells, and hyaline cells by 30–50% in the period after three days of the challenge, except in L. plantarum treatment, which had only a 20% decrease compared to other treatments. In CNP supplying treatments, the AHPND infected rate and mortality of shrimp were higher than those in other treatments. In summary, the supply of CNP had significantly reduced the shrimp’s immune response and promoted the susceptibility of shrimp to AHPND in both cases of use with and without LAB-containing diets.
Inherent Beta Cell Dysfunction Contributes to Autoimmune Susceptibility
Authors: Kim Yong Kyung , Sussel Lori , Davidson Howard W.
Published: March 2021

The pancreatic beta cell is a highly specialized cell type whose primary function is to secrete insulin in response to nutrients to maintain glucose homeostasis in the body. As such, the beta cell has developed unique metabolic characteristics to achieve functionality; in healthy beta cells, the majority of glucose-derived carbons are oxidized and enter the mitochondria in the form of pyruvate. The pyruvate is subsequently metabolized to induce mitochondrial ATP and trigger the downstream insulin secretion response. Thus, in beta cells, mitochondria play a pivotal role in regulating glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). In type 2 diabetes (T2D), mitochondrial impairment has been shown to play an important role in beta cell dysfunction and loss. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), autoimmunity is the primary trigger of beta cell loss; however, there is accumulating evidence that intrinsic mitochondrial defects could contribute to beta cell susceptibility during proinflammatory conditions. Furthermore, there is speculation that dysfunctional mitochondrial responses could contribute to the formation of autoantigens. In this review, we provide an overview of mitochondrial function in the beta cells, and discuss potential mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to T1D pathogenesis.
4-CPA (4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid) Induces the Formation and Development of Defective “Fenghou” (Vitis vinifera × V. labrusca) Grape Seeds
Authors: Liu Zhenhua , Wang Yan , Pu Wenjiang , Zhu Haifeng , Liang Jinjun , Wu Jiang , Hong Liang , Guan Pingyin , Hu Jianfang
Published: March 2021

For some horticultural plants, auxins can not only induce normal fruit setting but also form fake seeds in the induced fruits. This phenomenon is relatively rare, and, so far, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, “Fenghou” (Vitis vinifera × V. labrusca) grapes were artificially emasculated before flowering and then sprayed with 4-CPA (4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) to analyze its effect on seed formation. The results show that 4-CPA can induce normal fruit setting in “Fenghou” grapes. Although more seeds were detected in the fruits of the 4-CPA-treated grapevine, most seeds were immature. There was no significant difference in the seed shape; namely, both fruit seeds of the grapevines with and without 4-CPA treatment contained a hard seed coat. However, the immature seeds lacked embryo and endosperm tissue and could not germinate successfully; these were considered defective seeds. Tissue structure observation of defective seeds revealed that a lot of tissue redifferentiation occurred at the top of the ovule, which increased the number of cell layers of the outer integument; some even differentiated into new ovule primordia. The qRT-PCR results demonstrated that 4-CPA application regulated the expression of the genes VvARF2 and VvAP2, which are associated with integument development in “Fenghou” grape ovules. Together, this study evokes the regulatory role of 4-CPA in the division and continuous redifferentiation of integument cells, which eventually develop into defective seeds with thick seed coats in grapes.
Assessment of Selected Clock Proteins (CLOCK and CRY1) and Their Relationship with Biochemical, Anthropometric, and Lifestyle Parameters in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Mikulska Aniceta Ada , Grzelak Teresa , Pelczyńska Marta , Bogdański Paweł , Czyżewska Krystyna
Published: March 2021

Background: Circadian rhythms misalignment is associated with hypertension. The aim of the study was to evaluate the concentration of selected clock proteins—cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) and circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) to determine their relationships with biochemical and anthropometric parameters and lifestyle elements (diet, physical activity, and quality of sleep) in hypertensive patients. Methods: In 31 females with hypertension (HT) and 55 non-hypertensive women (NHT) the CRY1 and CLOCK concentrations, total antioxidant status (TAS), lipid profile, and glycemia were analyzed. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements, nutritional, exercise, and sleep analyses were performed. Results: In the HT group, the CRY1 level was 37.38% lower than in the NHT group. No differences were noted in CLOCK concentration between groups. BMI, FBG, and TG were higher in the HT group compared to the NHT group, while TC, LDL, and HDL levels were similar. The study showed no relationship between CRY1 or CLOCK concentrations and glucose or lipids profile, amount of physical activity, or sleep quality, although CRY1 was associated with some anthropometric indicators. In the HT group, increased CLOCK and CRY1 values were associated with a high TAS level. Conclusions: The serum level of CRY1 could be considered in a detailed diagnostic of hypertension risk in populations with abnormal anthropometric indices.
How Human Single-Neuron Recordings Can Help Us Understand Cognition: Insights from Memory Studies
Authors: Kubska Zuzanna Roma , Kamiński Jan
Published: March 2021

Understanding human cognition is a key goal of contemporary neuroscience. Due to the complexity of the human brain, animal studies and noninvasive techniques, however valuable, are incapable of providing us with a full understanding of human cognition. In the light of existing cognitive theories, we describe findings obtained thanks to human single-neuron recordings, including the discovery of concept cells and novelty-dependent cells, or activity patterns behind working memory, such as persistent activity. We propose future directions for studies using human single-neuron recordings and we discuss possible opportunities of investigating pathological brain.
Organized Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening: Attendance and Determinants in Southern Italy
Authors: Pelullo Concetta P. , Cantore Federica , Lisciotto Alessandra , Di Giuseppe Gabriella , Pavia Maria
Published: March 2021

The aims of this study were to evaluate the attendance to breast and cervical cancer screening and the related determinants in a low attendance area. A cross-sectional study was conducted among mothers of students attending secondary schools and university courses in Campania region, Southern Italy. Only 49.7% of the eligible women reported to have undergone mammography in the previous two years. Unemployed women, unsatisfied about their health status, with a family history of breast cancer, and having visited a physician in the previous 12 months were significantly more likely to have undergone mammography in the previous two years within an organized screening program. The attendance to cervical cancer screening in the interval of three years was reported to be 56.1% of women. Having a lower than graduation degree, being smokers, and having visited a physician in the previous 12 months were significant predictors of having had a Pap-smear in the previous three years in an organized screening program. In this study a very low attendance was found to both breast and cervical cancer organized screening programs. A strong commitment to their promotion is urgently needed, also to reduce inequalities of attendance of disadvantaged women.
STAMP2 Expression Mediated by Cytokines Attenuates Their Growth-Limiting Effects in Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Pihlstrøm Nicklas , Jin Yang , Nenseth Zeynep , Kuzu Omer F. , Saatcioglu Fahri
Published: March 2021

Inflammatory events and dysregulated cytokine expression are implicated in prostate cancer (PCa), but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood at present. We have previously identified six transmembrane protein of the prostate 2 (STAMP2, also known as STEAP4) as an androgen-regulated gene, as well as a key regulator of PCa growth and survival. STAMP2 is also regulated by, and participates in, inflammatory signaling in other tissues and pathologies. Here, we show that the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) significantly increase and strongly synergize in promoting STAMP2 expression in PCa cells. The two cytokines increase androgen-induced STAMP2 expression, but not expression of other known androgen target genes, suggesting a unique interplay of androgens and cytokines in regulating STAMP2 expression. Interestingly, STAMP2 knockdown significantly increased the ability of IL-6 and IL-1β to inhibit PCa cell growth in vitro. These results suggest that STAMP2 may represent a unique node through which inflammatory events mediate their effects on PCa growth and survival.
Glioblastoma and MiRNAs
Authors: Ahmed Swalih P. , Castresana Javier S. , Shahi Mehdi H.
Published: March 2021

Glioblastoma (GB) is one of the most common types of lethal brain tumors. Although several treatment options are available including surgery, along with adjuvant chemo and radiotherapy, the disease has a poor prognosis and patients generally die within 14 months of diagnosis. GB is chemo and radio resistant. Thus, there is a critical need for new insights into GB treatment to increase the chance of therapeutic success. This is why microRNA (miRNA) is being potentially considered in the diagnosis and treatment of glioblastoma. The objective of our review is to provide a holistic picture of GB up-regulated and down-regulated miRNA, in relationship with the expression of other genes, cell signaling pathways, and their role in GB diagnosis and treatment. MiRNA treatment is being considered to be used against GB together with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, the use of miRNA as a diagnostic tool has also begun. Knowing that miRNAs are isolated in almost all human body fluids and that there are more than 3000 miRNAs in the human genome, plus the fact that each miRNA controls hundreds of different mRNAs, there is still much study needed to explore how miRNAs relate to GB for its proliferation, progression, and inhibition.
A Tale of Ice and Fire: The Dual Role for 17β-Estradiol in Balancing DNA Damage and Genome Integrity
Authors: Pescatori Sara , Berardinelli Francesco , Albanesi Jacopo , Ascenzi Paolo , Marino Maria , Antoccia Antonio , di Masi Alessandra , Acconcia Filippo
Published: March 2021

17β-estradiol (E2) regulates human physiology both in females and in males. At the same time, E2 acts as a genotoxic substance as it could induce DNA damages, causing the initiation of cellular transformation. Indeed, increased E2 plasma levels are a risk factor for the development of several types of cancers including breast cancer. This paradoxical identity of E2 undermines the foundations of the physiological definition of “hormone” as E2 works both as a homeostatic regulator of body functions and as a genotoxic compound. Here, (i) the molecular circuitries underlying this double face of E2 are reviewed, and (ii) a possible framework to reconcile the intrinsic discrepancies of the E2 function is reported. Indeed, E2 is a regulator of the DNA damage response, which this hormone exploits to calibrate its genotoxicity with its physiological effects. Accordingly, the genes required to maintain genome integrity belong to the E2-controlled cellular signaling network and are essential for the appearance of the E2-induced cellular effects. This concept requires an “upgrade” to the vision of E2 as a “genotoxic hormone”, which balances physiological and detrimental pathways to guarantee human body homeostasis. Deregulation of this equilibrium between cellular pathways would determine the E2 pathological effects.
Increased Pathway Complexity Is a Prognostic Biomarker in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: De Laere Bram , Crippa Alessio , Mortezavi Ashkan , Ghysel Christophe , Rajan Prabhakar , Eklund Martin , Wyatt Alexander , Dirix Luc , Ost Piet , Grönberg Henrik , Lindberg Johan ,   on behalf of the CORE and ProBio Investigators
Published: March 2021

Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is a heterogeneous disease, characterized by common and rare driver gene alterations that provide a selective growth advantage for progressing tumour cells. We hypothesized that the number of distinct gene driver alteration-affected pathways or gene classes was associated with poor prognosis in patients initiating androgen receptor signalling inhibitors (ARSi). We performed a post hoc analysis of an amalgamated baseline circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) mutational landscape dataset of ARSi-treated men with mCRPC (n = 342). We associated the detected hotspot, pathogenic, and/or high impact protein function-affecting perturbations in 39 genes into 13 pathways. Progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analysed using Kaplan–Meier curves and multivariate Cox regression models. Driver gene alterations were detected in 192/342 (56.1%) evaluable patients. An increased number of affected pathways, coined pathway complexity index (PCI), resulted in a decremental PFS and OS, and was independently associated with prognosis once ≥3 pathway or gene classes were affected (PFS HR (95%CI): 1.7 (1.02–2.84), p = 0.04, and OS HR (95%CI): 2.5 (1.06–5.71), p = 0.04). Additionally, visceral disease and baseline PSA and plasma ctDNA levels were independently associated with poor prognosis. Elevated PCI is associated with poor ARSi outcome and supports comprehensive genomic profiling to better infer mCRPC prognosis.
CRISPR Screens in Synthetic Lethality and Combinatorial Therapies for Cancer
Authors: Castells-Roca Laia , Tejero Eudald , Rodríguez-Santiago Benjamín , Surrallés Jordi
Published: March 2021

Cancer is a complex disease resulting from the accumulation of genetic dysfunctions. Tumor heterogeneity causes the molecular variety that divergently controls responses to chemotherapy, leading to the recurrent problem of cancer reappearance. For many decades, efforts have focused on identifying essential tumoral genes and cancer driver mutations. More recently, prompted by the clinical success of the synthetic lethality (SL)-based therapy of the PARP inhibitors in homologous recombinant deficient tumors, scientists have centered their novel research on SL interactions (SLI). The state of the art to find new genetic interactions are currently large-scale forward genetic CRISPR screens. CRISPR technology has rapidly evolved to be a common tool in the vast majority of laboratories, as tools to implement CRISPR screen protocols are available to all researchers. Taking advantage of SLI, combinatorial therapies have become the ultimate model to treat cancer with lower toxicity, and therefore better efficiency. This review explores the CRISPR screen methodology, integrates the up-to-date published findings on CRISPR screens in the cancer field and proposes future directions to uncover cancer regulation and individual responses to chemotherapy.
Adherence to French and ESGO Quality Indicators in Ovarian Cancer Surgery: An Ad-Hoc Analysis from the Prospective Multicentric CURSOC Study
Authors: Martinez Alejandra , Gertych Witold , Pomel Christophe , Ferron Gwenael , Lusque Amelie , Angeles Martina , Lambaudie Eric , Rouzier Roman , Bakrin Naoual , Golfier Francois , Glehen Olivier , Canis Michel , Bourdel Nicolas , Pouget Nicolas , Colombo Pierre-Emmanuel , Guyon Frédéric , Meurette Jacques , Querleu Denis
Published: March 2021

Background: Quality Indicators for ovarian cancer (OC) have been developed by the European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO) and by the French National Cancer Institute (Institut National du Cancer, INCa). The aim of the study was to characterize OC care distribution in France by case-volume and to prospectively evaluate the adherence of high-volume institutions to INCa/ESGO quality indicators. Methods: The cost-utility of radical surgery in ovarian cancer (CURSOC) trial is a prospective, multicenter, comparative and non-randomized study that includes patients with stage IIIC-IV epithelial OC treated in nine French health care tertiary institutions. Adherence to institutional quality indicators were anonymously assessed by an independent committee. OC care distribution in France were provided by the nationwide database of hospital procedures. Results: More than half of patients are treated in low-volume institutions. Among the nine high-volume centers participating in the study, four (44.4%) met all institutional INCa/ESGO quality indicators. The other five (55.6%) did not fulfil one of the quality indicator criteria. Conclusions: Access to high-volume OC providers in France is restricted to a minority of patients, and yet half of the referral institutions included in this study failed to meet all recommended institutional quality indicators. It is mandatory that national authorities work both to improve OC centralization and to incorporate quality assurance programs into certified centers.
Restaging the Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer with [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT: Diagnostic Performance and Impact on Patient Disease Management
Authors: Fourquet Aloÿse , Lahmi Lucien , Rusu Timofei , Belkacemi Yazid , Créhange Gilles , de la Taille Alexandre , Fournier Georges , Cussenot Olivier , Gauthé Mathieu
Published: March 2021

Background: Detection rates of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT on the restaging of prostate cancer (PCa) patients presenting with biochemical recurrence (BCR) have been well documented, but its performance and impact on patient management have not been evaluated as extensively. Methods: Retrospective analysis of PCa patients presenting with BCR and referred for [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT. Pathological foci were classified according to six anatomical sites and evaluated with a three-point scale according to the uptake intensity. The impact of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT was defined as any change in management that was triggered by [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT. The existence of a PCa lesion was established according to a composite standard of truth based on all clinical data available collected during the follow-up period. Results: We included 294 patients. The detection rate was 69%. Per-patient sensitivity and specificity were both 70%. Patient disease management was changed in 68% of patients, and [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT impacted this change in 86% of patients. The treatment carried out on patient was considered effective in 89% of patients when guided by [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT versus 61% of patients when not guided by [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT (p < 0.001). Conclusions: [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT demonstrated high performance in locating PCa recurrence sites and impacted therapeutic management in nearly two out of three patients.
Catalyst Special Issue on Catalytic Reactors Design for Industrial Applications
Authors: Kurnia Jundika C. , Sasmito Agus P.
Published: March 2021

Due its better reaction performance, catalytic reaction has been a major choice in various chemical industries [...]
The Effect of the Reaction Conditions on the Properties of Products from Co-Hydrotreating of Rapeseed Oil and Petroleum Middle Distillates
Authors: Straka Petr , Blažek Josef , Toullis Daria , Ihnát Tomáš , Šimáček Pavel
Published: March 2021

This study compares the hydrotreating of the mixture of petroleum middle distillates and the same mixture containing 20 wt % of rapeseed oil. We also study the effect of the temperature and the weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) on the co-hydrotreating of gas oil and rapeseed oil mixture. The hydrotreating is performed over a commercial hydrotreating Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst at temperatures of ca. 320, 330, 340, and 350 °C with a WHSV of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 h−1 under a pressure of 4 MPa and at a constant hydrogen flow of 28 dm3·h−1. The total conversion of the rapeseed oil is achieved under all the tested reaction conditions. The content of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the products reached a minimum at the lowest reaction temperature and WHSV. The content of sulphur in the products did not exceed 10 mg∙kg−1 at the reaction temperature of 350 °C and a WHSV of 1.0 h−1 and WHSV of 0.5 h−1 regardless of the reaction temperature. Our results show that in the hydrotreating of the feedstock containing rapeseed oil, a large amount of hydrogen is consumed for the dearomatisation of the fossil part and the saturation of the double bonds in the rapeseed oil and its hydrodeoxygenation.
“Let Food Be Thy Medicine”: Gluten and Potential Role in Neurodegeneration
Authors: Lerner Aaron , Benzvi Carina
Published: March 2021

Wheat is a most favored staple food worldwide and its major protein is gluten. It is involved in several gluten dependent diseases and lately was suggested to play a role in non-celiac autoimmune diseases. Its involvement in neurodegenerative conditions was recently suggested but no cause-and-effect relationship were established. The present narrative review expands on various aspects of the gluten-gut-brain axes events, mechanisms and pathways that connect wheat and gluten consumption to neurodegenerative disease. Gluten induced dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeabillity, enteric and systemic side effects, cross-reactive antibodies, and the sequence of homologies between brain antigens and gluten are highlighted. This combination may suggest molecular mimicry, alluding to some autoimmune aspects between gluten and neurodegenerative disease. The proverb of Hippocrates coined in 400 BC, “let food be thy medicine,” is critically discussed in the frame of gluten and potential neurodegeneration evolvement.
Stem Cells and Irradiation
Authors: Chapel Alain
Published: March 2021

The main difficulty of radiotherapy is to destroy cancer cells without depletion of healthy tissue [...]
RETRACTED: A Potential Role of Apelin-13 against Hepatic Injury and Metabolic Disorders in Preeclampsia Induced by L-NAME
Authors: Hamza Reham , Diab Abdel , Zahra Mansour , Attia Mai , Moursi Suzan , Al-Baqami Najah
Published: March 2021

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia (PE) are exceptionally challenging, as their pathologies and therapeutic management simultaneously influence the mother and embryo, sometimes putting their well-beings at odds with each other. Dysregulated lipid and glucose metabolism may be related to some cases of preeclampsia. Fluctuations in serum apelin levels may be attributed to changes in the serum levels of multiple interrelated factors such as insulin, insulin resistance, inflammatory cytokines, and nephritic damage. Previous studies demonstrated that apelin is an endogenous active peptide with vasodilatory and antioxidative-stress capabilities. Objective: We investigated the relationships among hepatic, nephrotic, and metabolic injuries in different preeclampsia-like mouse models and the potential effect of exogenous apelin administration on hepatic and nephrotic injuries and metabolic disorders in an N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) preeclampsia-like Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model. Materials and methods: Forty-three adult female and ten adult male SD rats were involved in this study. The male rats were used to induce pregnancy. The female rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: a non-pregnant group, a normal pregnant group, a group treated with L-NAME to induce preeclampsia, and a group treated with L-NAME and apelin. In all the groups, maternal blood was collected on the 21st day of gestation, and serum samples were used for the determination of systolic blood pressure; the serum uric acid, creatinine, nitric oxide (NO), xanthine oxidase, myeloperoxidase, insulin, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aspartate aminotransferase (ALT) levels; and the HOMA-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: In rats with pre-eclampsia, the systolic blood pressure; the concentrations of serum uric acid, creatinine, nitric oxide (NO), xanthine oxidase, myeloperoxidase, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, and ALT; and the calculated HOMA-IR were significantly increased compared to those in the rats in the other groups. Additionally, apelin treatment significantly improved these parameters in the apelin-treated group. Conclusion: This study examined the potential mechanisms whereby apelin may act as a curative candidate to reduce hepatic injury and inhibit kidney damage and the development of metabolic disorders in an experimental model of preeclampsia.
Revisiting Tetra-p-Sulphonated Porphyrin as Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Agent
Authors: Ion Rodica-Mariana
Published: March 2021

Photodynamic inactivation is known as a new antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). It is based on the administration of a photosensitizer located in the bacterial/viral cell followed by exposure to light radiations (with a proper wavelength corresponding with the maximum value of absorption of the photosensitizer) that generate singlet oxygen or reactive oxygen species, which lead to the death of different microorganisms. This review will present an overview beyond the state-of-the-art of the photosensitizer types (based on tetra-p-sulphonated-phenyl porphyrin—TSPP, which is able to form cationic and J-aggregates forms at different pH values ((1–4) and concentrations around 10−5 M) and their applications of PDT for viruses, especially. The mechanism of dicationic and J-aggregates formation is presented in this paper, and the photophysical parameters have been collected and harmonized to support their behaviours. Studies on Herpes Simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) are useful, because without the help of HSV-1, the COVID-19 virus may not be able to cause serious illness or death in humans. This method could be a new direction for COVID treatment and immunization, either to prevent infections or to develop photoactive fabrics (e.g., masks, suits, gloves) to disinfect surfaces, under artificial light and/or natural sunlight. The use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be an alternative approach against SARS-CoV-2 that deserves to be explored.
Laser-Induced Thermal Stresses in Dense and Porous Silicon Dioxide Films
Authors: Grigoriev Fedor Vasilievich , Sulimov Vladimir Borisovich , Tikhonravov Alexander Vladimirovich
Published: March 2021

The laser-induced thermal stresses in silicon dioxide films are calculated using molecular dynamics simulations. The absorption of the laser energy is simulated by the linear temperature growth from room temperature to 1300 K in a time equal to the laser pulse duration. The maximum values of stresses for picosecond pulses are approximately twice as high as for nanosecond pulses. The stresses in highly porous glancing angle deposited films are approximately two times lower than in dense films. Stress waves caused by picosecond pulses are observed in dense films. An increase in the heating temperature to 1700 K leads to an increase in the absolute stress values for picosecond pulses, and a decrease for nanosecond pulses.
Short-Branched Fluorinated Polyurethane Coating Exhibiting Good Comprehensive Performance and Potential UV Degradation in Leather Waterproofing Modification
Authors: Su Shouhua , Wang Juan , Li Chao , Yuan Jinfeng , Pan Zhicheng , Pan Mingwang
Published: March 2021

In the current leather market, waterproof leather occupies a large proportion, where waterproofness has become one of the important standards for leather selection. However, the most advanced fluorine-containing waterproofing agents on the market always have long chains of over eight carbons (C8), whose use has been restricted due to their bioaccumulation and recalcitrance in natural environment. Consequently, creating waterproof materials characterized by their environmentally friendly qualities and high performance is of great significance. Herein, we report a novel strategy for preparation of the fluorinated polyurethanes containing short branched fluorocarbon chains, and apply it in leather waterproofing. Because the fluorine-containing chain segments are enriched on the coating surface, the waterproof agent coating shows good hydrophobicity, low water absorption, high wear resistance and potential photodegradation of performances. Additionally, the water and oil proof performances of the coating are comparable to that of the marketed C8 waterproofing agent. Its solvent-resistant and antifouling performances are also outstanding. Therefore, the coating can meet the property requirements for daily use and has broad application prospects.
Simulation and Analysis of Microring Electric Field Sensor Based on a Lithium Niobate-on-Insulator
Authors: Wu Zhenlin , Lin Yumeng , Han Shaoshuai , Yin Xiong , Ding Menghan , Guo Lei , Yang Xin , Zhao Mingshan
Published: March 2021

With the increasing sensitivity and accuracy of contemporary high-performance electronic information systems to electromagnetic energy, they are also very vulnerable to be damaged by high-energy electromagnetic fields. In this work, an all-dielectric electromagnetic field sensor is proposed based on a microring resonator structure. The sensor is designed to work at 35 GHz RF field using a lithium niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) material system. The 2.5-D variational finite difference time domain (varFDTD) and finite difference eigenmode (FDE) methods are utilized to analyze the single-mode condition, bending loss, as well as the transmission loss to achieve optimized waveguide dimensions. In order to obtain higher sensitivity, the quality factor (Q-factor) of the microring resonator is optimized to be 106 with the total ring circumference of 3766.59 μm. The lithium niobate layer is adopted in z-cut direction to utilize TM mode in the proposed all-dielectric electric field sensor, and with the help of the periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) technology, the electro-optic (EO) tunability of the device is enhanced to 48 pm·μm/V.
The Evolutionary History, Diversity, and Ecology of Willows (Salix L.) in the European Alps
Authors: Wagner Natascha D. , He Li , Hörandl Elvira
Published: March 2021

The genus Salix (willows), with 33 species, represents the most diverse genus of woody plants in the European Alps. Many species dominate subalpine and alpine types of vegetation. Despite a long history of research on willows, the evolutionary and ecological factors for this species richness are poorly known. Here we will review recent progress in research on phylogenetic relationships, evolution, ecology, and speciation in alpine willows. Phylogenomic reconstructions suggest multiple colonization of the Alps, probably from the late Miocene onward, and reject hypotheses of a single radiation. Relatives occur in the Arctic and in temperate Eurasia. Most species are widespread in the European mountain systems or in the European lowlands. Within the Alps, species differ ecologically according to different elevational zones and habitat preferences. Homoploid hybridization is a frequent process in willows and happens mostly after climatic fluctuations and secondary contact. Breakdown of the ecological crossing barriers of species is followed by introgressive hybridization. Polyploidy is an important speciation mechanism, as 40% of species are polyploid, including the four endemic species of the Alps. Phylogenomic data suggest an allopolyploid origin for all taxa analyzed so far. Further studies are needed to specifically analyze biogeographical history, character evolution, and genome evolution of polyploids.
Insects in the City: Does Remnant Native Habitat Influence Insect Order Distributions?
Authors: Shrestha Mani , Garcia Jair E. , Thomas Freya , Howard Scarlett R. , Chua Justin H. J. , Tscheulin Thomas , Dorin Alan , Nielsen Anders , Dyer Adrian G.
Published: March 2021

There is increasing interest in developing urban design principles that incorporate good ecological management. Research on understanding the distribution and role of beneficial pollinating insects, in particular, is changing our view of the ecological value of cities. With the rapid expansion of the built environment comes a need to understand how insects may be affected in extensive urban areas. We therefore investigated insect pollinator capture rates in a rapidly growing and densely urbanized city (Melbourne, Australia). We identified a remnant native habitat contained within the expansive urban boundary, and established study sites at two nearby populated urban areas. We employed standard pan trap sampling techniques to passively sample insect orders in the different environments. Our results show that, even though the types of taxonomic groups of insects captured are comparable between locations, important pollinators like bees and hoverflies were more frequently captured in the remnant native habitat. By contrast, beetles (Coleoptera) and butterflies/moths (Lepidoptera) were more frequently observed in the urban residential regions. Our results suggest that the maintenance of native habitat zones within cities is likely to be valuable for the conservation of bees and the ecosystem services they provide.
Integrated Comfort-Adaptive Cruise and Semi-Active Suspension Control for an Autonomous Vehicle: An LPV Approach
Authors: Tran Gia Quoc Bao , Pham Thanh-Phong , Sename Olivier , Costa Eduarda , Gaspar Peter
Published: March 2021

This paper presents an integrated linear parameter-varying (LPV) control approach of an autonomous vehicle with an objective to guarantee driving comfort, consisting of cruise and semi-active suspension control. First, the vehicle longitudinal and vertical dynamics (equipped with a semi-active suspension system) are presented and written into LPV state-space representations. The reference speed is calculated online from the estimated road type and the desired comfort level (characterized by the frequency weighted vertical acceleration defined in the ISO 2631 norm) using precomputed polynomial functions. Then, concerning cruise control, an LPV H2 controller using a linear matrix inequality (LMI) based polytopic approach combined with the compensation of the estimated disturbance forces is developed to track the comfort-oriented reference speed. To further enhance passengers’ comfort, a decentralized LPV H2 controller for the semi-active suspension system is proposed, minimizing the effect of the road profile variations. The interaction with cruise control is achieved by the vehicle’s actual speed being a scheduling parameter for suspension control. To assess the strategy’s performance, simulations are conducted using a realistic nonlinear vehicle model validated from experimental data. The simulation results demonstrate the proposed approach’s capability to improve driving comfort.
Conductive Electrifi and Nonconductive NinjaFlex Filaments based Flexible Microstrip Antenna for Changing Conformal Surface Applications
Authors: Mitra Dipankar , Roy Sayan , Striker Ryan , Burczek Ellie , Aqueeb Ahsan , Wolf Henry , Kabir Kazi Sadman , Ye Shengrong , Braaten Benjamin D.
Published: March 2021

As the usage of wireless technology grows, it demands more complex architectures and conformal geometries, making the manufacturing of radio frequency (RF) systems challenging and expensive. The incorporation of emerging alternative manufacturing technologies, like additive manufacturing (AM), could consequently be a unique and cost-effective solution for flexible RF and microwave circuits and devices. This work presents manufacturing methodologies of 3D-printed conformal microstrip antennas made of a commercially available conductive filament, Electrifi, as the conductive trace on a commercially available nonconductive filament, NinjaFlex, as the substrate using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) method of AM technology. Additionally, a complete high frequency characterization of the prototyped antenna was studied and presented here through a comparative analysis between full-wave simulation and measurements in a fully calibrated anechoic chamber. The prototyped antenna measures 65.55 × 55.55 × 1.2 mm3 in size and the measured results show that the 3D-printed Electrifi based patch antenna achieved very good impedance matching at a resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz and a maximum antenna gain of −2.78 dBi. Finally, conformality performances of the developed antenna were demonstrated by placing the antenna prototype on five different cylindrical curved surfaces for possible implementation in flexible electronics, smart communications, and radar applications.
Electronically Tunable First Order AP/LP and LP/HP Filter Topologies Using Electronically Controllable Second Generation Voltage Conveyor (CVCII)
Authors: Barile Gianluca , Safari Leila , Pantoli Leonardo , Stornelli Vincenzo , Ferri Giuseppe
Published: March 2021

In this paper two new first order filter topologies realizing low-pass/all-pass (LP/AP) and low-pass/high-pass (LP/HP) outputs using electronically controllable second generation voltage conveyors (CVCIIs) are presented. Unlike second generation voltage conveyors (VCII), in CVCII each performance parameter, including ports, parasitic impedances, current and/or voltage gains can be electronically varied. Here, in particular, the proposed filter topologies are based on two CVCIIs, one resistor and one capacitor. In the first topology VLP/IAP/VAP and in the second topology ILP/VLP/IHP/VHP outputs are achievable, respectively. However, the current and voltage outputs are not achievable simultaneously and a floating capacitor is used. A control current (Icon) is used to change the first CVCII Y port impedance, which sets the filter −3 dB frequency (f0) of all the outputs. Moreover, in the second topology, the gains of HP and AP outputs are electronically adjusted by means of a control voltage (Vcon). Favorably, no restricting matching condition is necessary. PSpice simulations using 0.18 µm CMOS technology and supply voltages of ±0.9V show that by changing Icon from 0.5 µA to 50 µA, f0 is varied from 89 kHz to 1 MHz. Similarly, for a Vcon variation from −0.9 V to 0.185 V, the gains of IAP and IHP vary from 30 dB to 0 dB and those of VAP and VHP vary from 100 dB to 20 dB. The total harmonic distortion (THD) is about 8%. The power consumption is from 0.385 mW to 1.057 mW.
Validation of Sea-Surface Temperature Data for Potential OTEC Deployment in the Mexican Pacific
Authors: García Huante Alejandro , Rodríguez Cueto Yandy , Hernández Contreras Ricardo Efraín , Garduño Ruíz Erika Paola , Alatorre Mendieta Miguel Ángel , Silva Rodolfo
Published: March 2021

As the operation of an ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plant depends on the temperature gradient between the surface and deeper water (SST), a variation in SST can significantly modify the energy produced. The aim of this paper is to present a comparative analysis of three sea-surface temperature databases (World Ocean Atlas (WOA), Satellite Oceanic Monitoring System (SATMO), and in situ sensor measurements). Simple linear regression and graphic comparisons allow correlations to be made between the distribution patterns of the SST data. The results show that there is no statistically significant difference between the three databases. To determine general regions where OTEC implementation is possible, at the macroscale, the WOA database is recommended, as a smaller amount of data must be analyzed. For meso- and microscales, such as specific areas of the Mexican exclusive economic zone. It is better to use SATMO and in situ measurements as a higher spatial resolution is required.
Modeling Control and Robustness Assessment of Multilevel Flying-Capacitor Converters
Authors: Zanasi Roberto , Tebaldi Davide
Published: March 2021

When performing AC/DC-DC/AC power conversions, multilevel converters provide several advantages as compared to classical two-level converters. This paper deals with the dynamic modeling, control, and robustness assessment of multilevel flying-capacitor converters. The dynamic model is derived using the Power-Oriented Graphs modeling technique, which provides the user with block schemes that are directly implementable in the Matlab/Simulink environment by employing standard Simulink libraries. The performed robustness assessment has led to the proposal of a divergence index, which allows for evaluating the voltage balancing capability of the converter using different voltage vector configurations for the extended operation of the converter, namely when the number of output voltage levels is increased for a given number of capacitors. A new variable-step control algorithm is then proposed. The variable-step control algorithm safely enables the converter extended operation, which prevents voltage balancing issues, even under particularly unfavorable conditions, such as a constant desired output voltage or a sudden load change. The simulation results showing the good performances of the proposed variable-step control as compared to a classical minimum distance approach are finally provided and commented in detail.
Transition Planes for Visual Comfort: Out View with Complex Fenestration System Design at Restaurants in Spain
Authors: Uriarte Urtza , Rico-Martinez Jose Miguel , Zamora Joan L. , Hernández Rufino J.
Published: March 2021

This work deals with daylighting for quality indoor atmospheres, considering building skins. In recent years, almost all retrofit facades of restaurants are highly glazed façades, boosting glare, sun ray absorption and overheating inside. Most of the time, they are not integrated with daylight control; therefore, lighting and out view requirements are not so balanced. Taking into account this daylighting complexity, an alternative façade system is proposed to simulate by Radiance. Previously, perception simulations are compared with measured data, in order to discretize the simulations. In addition, for one point three different view are assessed as: work plane, relation plane and the out plane. Subsequently, two virtual façade models, windows combined by complex fenestration system (CFS) as prismatic film (PF) and highly glazed façade, are tested according to daylighting. For that, three indexes have been used: daylight glare probability (DGP), daylight glare index (DGI) and daylight autonomy (DA). The results show that the proposed complex façade has a good light contribution with less absorption, while maintaining the outside view. In addition, the DGI is needed to test the out plane, because DGP is more suitable for lower luminance; therefore, each visual plane should be assessed regarding different visual comfort conditions, or parameters and methods. Accordingly, the mean DGI result of window combined by CFS is approximately lower in 5% than highly glazed façade. However, the DA of highly glazed is higher in 5%, but the DA of window combined by CFS is enough, above 80%. Definitely, the complex scene at restaurant with the proposed integrated façade system improves light performance and indoor atmosphere.