bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BIOACCUMALATION AND BIOMEGNEFICATION STUDY OF THE PLANTS OF AL-CHIBAYISH MARSH, SOUTHERN IRAQ
Authors: Mouhamad Raghad S. , AL-Gburi Hind F. , Rasheed Ayad G. , Razaq Ibrahim , AL-Lafta Hadi S.
Published: July 2021

An aggregate of 30 samples (water, sediments, and plants) was collected from Al-Chibayish Marsh, located in Dhi-Qar Governorate southern of Iraq to investigate the bioaccumulation and biomagnification in marsh plants (flora) and to assess the marsh plants pollution condition. The study was conducted by testing the macro elements, microelements, heavy metals, and organic compositions in water, sediments, and plants. Plant analyses revealed that the Salvinia natans plant species had the highest concentrations of macroelements Mg, Ca, Na, P, and N compared with other marsh plants and sediments. As a result, the cation binds itself to be more than one charged cationic site and this behaviour was observed in Salvinia natans sp. which has the highest organic composition (protein, fibre, oil, ash, carbohydrate) reaching 30% compared with marsh plants species. Due to the leaching effect it appeared to be more involved in the dissolution of the minerals and in the binding process, since the percentage of the heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mo) concentrations was reached to 51%. In our results, we found that the microelements tend to be the highest percentage (68%) in the Ceratophyllum sp. compared to other plants Sp. and sediments. Accumulation of heavy metals was highest in Vulgaris (10%), and there was 5%, 9%, 4%, 4%, 5%, and 8% in Salvinia natans, ceratophyllum, Schoenoplectus litoralis, Typha australis leaves, Typha australis roots and sediments, respectively. The study also shows that the mean concentrations of microelements and heavy metals were in the order of Fe> Mn> As> Se> Pb> Cu> Zn> Mo> Ni> Cr> Cd> Li> Co. The concentrations of microelements and heavy metals in plant samples were much greater than the concentrations in water samples of Al-Chibayish Marsh (these water samples were taken from the same locations of plant samples). This is a clear indication of bioaccumulation and biomagnifications of micro elements and heavy metals in plant tissues.
An Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimizing the Production of Chitin Deacetylase Enzyme by Aspergillus Flavus
Authors: Yonis Reem W. , Luti Khalid Jaber Kadhum , Aziz Ghazi M
Published: July 2021

In this study, the optimum conditions for chitin deacetylase (CDA) production by Aspergillus flavus F1 in solid-state fermentation were investigated via two optimization strategies: classical optimization based on the method of one factor at a time and statistical optimization using response surface methodology. The result of classical optimization showed that corn supplemented with 2% chitin moisturized with mineral salts solution at pH=7 and five days of incubation time were the optimum conditions for increasing CDA production with approximately yield of 219.5 U/g solid substrate. Furthermore, pH, moisture level and inoculum size were systemically evaluated to improve CDA production based on a central composite design using the Design expert 7 software. Based on the enhanced regression model, a maximum predicted CDA enzyme production of 283.8 U/g could be obtained with pH 8, moisture level 1:1 (w/v) and inoculum size 3 ml/10g solid substrate, which contain 1Ã—106 spore/ml. The verification of optimization results and determine accuracy of model showed that the actual response of CDA was 312 U/g, which approximately closed to predicted value 283.89 U/g. The crude extract of CDA was concentrated by sucrose. The results showed that 61% of CDA enzyme was yielded with a purification fold of 1.1 In addition. Then CDA was purified partially by gel filtration chromatography after concentration by sucrose with total enzyme activity and specific activity of 1476 U and 12300 (U/mg protein) respectively. Furthermore, the produced CDA enzyme showed maximum activity in pH ranged from (6-8); in which enzyme activity was 69 U/ ml. however; the enzyme stability has a wide range in acidic and alkaline pH. In addition, the enzyme was maintained its activity at temperatures from 30 to 55CËš. Whereas, the activity was declined in temperature up to 55CÂº with a minimum activity (8 U/ml) observed at 80CÂº.
Effect of Target properties on the Plasma Characteristics that produced by Laser at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Abbas Qusay Adnan
Published: July 2021

In this paper, Al and Cu Plasmas that produced by pulsed Nd:YAG laser with fundamental wave length with a pulse duration of 6 nS focused onto Al and Cu targets in atmospheric air are investigated spectroscopically. The influence of pulse laser energy on the some Al and Cu plasmas characteristics was diagnosed by using optical emission spectroscopy for the wavelength range 320-740 nm. The results observed that the increase of pulse laser energy causes to increase all plasma characteristics of both plasmas under study and shown increasing of the emission line intensity. The appearance of the atomic and ionic emission lines of an element in the emission spectrum depends on the ionization energy of target atoms. The plasma characteristics are subjected to the ionization energy of the target element and laser energy.
EFFECT OF KAEMPFERIA GALANGA RHIZOME EXTRACT ON HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC WISTAR RATS
Authors: Kokila Subbaian , RAGAVAN Balliah
Published: July 2021

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by elevated blood glucose level, altered lipids, carbohydrates and protein metabolism. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the hypoglycemic potential of hydroethanolic extract of Kaempferia galanga rhizome and to assess haematological profile in diabetic rats. Adult male albino rats of Wistar strain were induced with diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg body weight). Changes in haematological profile reported by STZ induced diabetic rats were found to be restored to normal condition upon administration of K. galanga extract in treated groups indicating hematoprotective effect of the extract. Diabetic rats exhibited increased level of serum glucose and reduced body weight compared to normal control rats. The K. galanga rhizome extract treated animals exhibited significant increase in body weight and reduced level of blood glucose thereby restoring to near normal levels. The present findings indicate that K. galanga rhizome can be considered for treating diabetes induced complications.
Formulation And Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Oral Films Incorporated With Ramipril and β-Cyclodextrin Complex
Authors: Nirmala Puttaswamy
Published: July 2021

Ramipril being ACE inhibitor belongs to BCS class II drug with low solubility and undergoes first-pass metabolism that leads to reduced bioavailability of 28%. The current research is aimed at formulating and evaluating ramipril fast dissolving oral films (FDOF). Solubility enhancement of ramipril was done by formation of   inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin in 3 ratios (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2). Based on higher drug content and dissolution values the physical mixture of ramipril with β-cyclodextrin in 1:1 ratio (IC2) was chosen for further studies. Total 12 formulations of ramipril FDOF containing IC2 prepared with various polymers and evaluated for physicochemical properties. The optimized formulation F9 shown better tensile strength (11.6 g/cm2), significant % elongation (9.8) and maximum % drug content of 99.98 %. The formulation F9 exhibited minimum disintegration time of 9 sec that is desirable for immediate onset of action and maximum drug release. The FTIR data of F9 assured the compatibility of drug and formulation excipients, found to be stable for 180 days at accelerated conditions. The study confirmed that ramipril FDOF lead to quicker onset of action and enhanced therapeutic efficiency in comparison to marketed product.
The main directions of the application of pedagogical innovations in modern times and the role of teachers in this activity
Authors: Hasanova Lachin Xalid
Published: July 2021

The article explores the application of pedagogical innovations and the role of the teacher in this area. The survey showed that the application of pedagogical innovations in education is conditioned by a complex of different factors. In addition to motivating teachers, their age characteristics, attitude to new pedagogical technologies and the level of their use, as well as the presence of the necessary skills and so on are important. The unequivocal lack of attitudes towards pedagogical innovations, as well as teachers 'frustration, passivity and negative attitude towards innovation, also prevent the widespread application of innovation. The survey showed that there is no serious paradox in teachers' assessment of innovative teaching methods at real and predictable levels. There is no doubt that there is an intensive interest in the use of new methods in the organization of training, and the positive aspects of innovation in teaching, in the opinion of teachers, increase cognitive activity, reduce negative emotions and create lasting motivation in students.
La reforma energética en México y su impacto en la ocupación superficial para el aprovechamiento de los recursos energéticos
Authors: Díaz López Rosa María , Rivera de la Rosa Verónica
Published: July 2021

The activities of the energy sector, specifically in the exploration and extraction of hydrocarbons must be performed under the criteria of social equity, productivity and sutainability, which requires a solid constitutional framework to regulate the land occupation use for the execution of projects in the energy sector, since there are principles that must be considered, among which the following stand out: the use of land is temporary in some projects; communities oftenly are affected by a period of time longer than the estimated time required to carry out the actual use of the land; during the land use activities the affected natural resources must be preserved, land must be restored to its original condition or to an adequate alternative condition after the activity of land occupation has concluded and any land use activity has the potential to affect the environment, either positively or negatively.   A description of the possible adverse environmental impacts from planning to the completion of the activity must be given. After five years of the implementation of the energy reform, it is essential to evaluate the scope and deficiencies regarding land occupation and social impact issues, subsequent to the execution of projects in the specific contractual areas.
Micro-Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Sealing Ability of Different Bioceramic Endodontic Sealers
Authors: Raouf Saya H. , Saeed Dara H.
Published: July 2021

The aim of the present study was to compare sealing ability of three bioceramic sealers, including Endosequence BC and BioRoot RCS, with bioceramic-coated gutta-percha cone (BCGP) or GP in comparison to a clinical reference standard AH Plus sealer using high-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis. Fifty freshly extracted single canal premolars were included in the study. All the samples were prepared using 2 Shape rotary system TS1 (25/0.04), TS2 (25/0.06), and F35 (35/0.06) file. After completion of the instrumentation, the samples were randomly divided based on the sealer material used and GP into four experimental groups and one control group with Endosequence, BioRoot, and AH Plus sealers with BCGP and conventional GP. All groups were obturated with (35/0.06) single cone obturation and high resolution of micro-CT was used to determine percentage of voids within the canals. BCGP showed better result than GP at all groups. In BCGP group, there were no significant differences in the percentage of the voids except internal voids. However, in all conventional GP groups, there were significant differences. Within the limitations of this study, it could be concluded that none of the groups were free of voids, BCGP with bioceramic sealer significantly better than GP.
The spectrum of venous anomalies associated with atretic parietal cephaloceles: A literature review
Authors: Sencer Serra , Arnaout Mohamed M. , Al-Jehani Hosam , Alsubaihawi Zahraa A. , Al-Sharshahi Zahraa F. , Hoz Samer S.
Published: July 2021

Background:

Parietal atretic cephalocele (PAC) is a small, subscalp lesion with underlying extracranial meningeal, neural, and glial tissues. In this paper, we analyze the related literature on the continuum of PAC-associated venous anomalies and report an exemplary case.

Methods:

The PubMed Medline database was searched using the following search algorithm: (Atretic encephalocele) OR (Rudimentary meningocele,) OR (Atypical meningocele) OR (Meningocele manqué) OR (Meningeal heterotopia). Only papers detailing the venous anomalies associated with PACs have been included.

Results:

A total of 30 papers in our search documented PAC-associated venous abnormalities. The overall number of cases reported was 68 (including our exemplary case). The most frequently identified associated venous anomaly was the presence of a “fenestrated superior sagittal sinus” recorded in 48.5% of cases (n = 33), followed closely by “persistent falcine sinus” in 47% (n = 32) and vertical embryonic positioning of the straight sinus (SS) in 44% (n = 30). The complete absence of a SS was reported in 39.7% (n = 27) and various anomalies of the Galenic system were reported in 26.8% of cases (n = 12).

Conclusion:

Although benign in nature, PACs are often a marker for the presence of complex and variable cerebral venous malformations, requiring extensive preoperative imaging workup for both the superficial and deep venous systems to obtain an accurate understanding of the anatomy of the venous system and guide surgical planning.
ВЛИЯНИЕ ПОВЕРХНОСТНОЙ ЗАКАЛКИ НА ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ СТРУКТУРНО-ФАЗОВОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ст2
Authors: Табиева Е.Е. , Попова Н.А. , Никоненко Е.Л. , Уазырханова Г.К.
Published: July 2021

Проведено исследование структурно-фазового состояния стали феррито-перлитного класса марки ст2 под действием электролитно-плазменной поверхностной закалки. Все исследования выполнены методом просвечивающей дифракционной электронной микроскопии. В исходном состоянии ст2 – это материал, прошедший закалку от температуры 890 0С (2-2,5 ч.) с охлаждением в теплую (30-60 0С) воду и последующий отпуск при температуре 580 0С (2,5-3 ч.). Электролитно-плазменная поверхностная закалка осуществлялась в водно-солевом растворе в течение 4 сек, при температуре 850-900 0С, напряжении 320 В, силе тока 40 A. В исходном состоянии морфологическими составляющими матрицы стали были пластинчатый перлит и нефрагментированный и фрагментированный феррит. Установлено, что электролитно-плазменная поверхностная закалка привела к мартенситному превращению и образованию пакетно-пластинчатого мартенсита (пакетного, сформированного из фрагментированного феррита; пластинчатого низкотемпературного, сформированного из нефрагментированного феррита, и пластинчатого высокотемпературного, сформированного из пластинчатого перлита); к «самоотпуску» стали (выделению частиц цементита внутри всех кристаллов мартенсита); к диффузионному g ® a превращению и выделению остаточного аустенита (g-фазы) по границам реек и пластин низкотемпературного мартенсита и внутри кристаллов пластинчатого низко- и высокотемпературного мартенсита; к выделению карбидных частиц фазы типа Ме23С6, а также к увеличению всех параметров тонкой структуры стали. Установлено, что изгиб-кручение (искажение) кристаллической решетки ст2 после электролитно-плазменной поверхностной закалки, как и в исходном состоянии, носит чисто пластический характер, не способный приводить к образованию микротрещин в материале.
Lifestyle Factors’ Impact on Sleep of College Students
Authors:   Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, LA, USA, NA Campsen , WC Buboltz ,   Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, LA, USA
Published: July 2021

Transitioning to college is often met with distinct lifestyle factors that differ from those individuals who do not make such a transition. Such factors include alcohol consumption, caffeine consumption, psychostimulant use, dietary habits, class schedules, and physical activity. These lifestyle factors may impact the sleep length and quality of college students, which leads to other outcomes. Research has explored the relationship between some of these factors and sleep among college students with mixed results. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between several lifestyle factors of college students and their impact on the length and quality of sleep. Results indicated that food choice and physical activity are significantly related to sleep quality. Additionally, the amount of caffeine consumed was determined to be related to sleep quality. For sleep length, both amount of caffeine consumed and average hours worked per week were related to sleep length. Although some factors were determined not to predict sleep quality or sleep length, results indicated that there are several specific lifestyle factors associated with being a college student that impact sleep length and sleep quality. Thus, colleges and universities should evaluate the amount and quality of sleep of their students.
Obesity and SARS-CoV-2 Infection a Multifaceted Interplay - Adipose Tissue Inflammation, Adipokine Disbalance and Immunity
Authors:   University Hospital for Respiratory Diseases “St. Sophia’’, Sofia, Bulgaria, RV Cherneva , D Valev ,   University First Multiple Clinic for Active Treatment, Sofia, Bulgaria, ZV Cherneva ,   The Ministry of Internal Affairs, Clinic of Cardiology, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: July 2021

Overweight and obesity are the most common comorbidities in SARSCoV- 2 patients, requiring hospitalization in intensive care units. The multifaceted nature of obesity including its effects on respiratory mechanics and immunity can fundamentally alter the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia, which are the major causes of death due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Most coronaviruses overcome host antiviral defense, and the pathogenicity of the virus is related to its capacity to suppress host immunity. Hyperleptinemia, insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation are hallmarks of obesity, which is associated with a leptin and insulin resistant state. Leptin regulates appetite and metabolism and through the Jak/STAT and Akt pathways modulates T cell number and function; insulin receptor signaling is closely engaged in T cell proliferation, whereas low garde adipose tissue inflammation provokes aberrant inflammasome activation. The review discusses these phenomena. It presents the reasons for susceptibility to respiratory viral infections in obese patients, as well as, the immunomodulatory effects of obesity to the outcome.
Dependence of ecological characteristics of macrobenthos on content of organic matter in the coastal zone of the Japan Sea
Authors: Galysheva Yulia A. , Somov Alexey A.
Published: July 2021

Inflow and accumulation of organic matter in the bays at Russian coast of the Japan Sea are evaluated using the data on chemical parameters of seawater and total content of carbon in the bottom sediments. Complex index of organic content in the environment (CIOCE) is proposed. Shannon diversity index (I) and the index of trophic structure disturbance (ITSD) are assessed for macrobenthos of these areas and compared with CIOCE; non-linear parabolic dependence is revealed with the 90 % confidence level. The value of CIOCE ecological optimum (when macrobenthos has the highest species diversity and healthy trophic structure) is determined as 1.5-2.5; both higher and lower CIOCE values cause reduction of species diversity and disturbance of trophic structure that means that the organic matter supply is favorable for macrobenthos until a certain threshold.
Some features of reproduction and egg development of Stichaeus grigorjewi from Peter the Great Bay
Authors: Markevich Alexander I. , Gnyubkina Valentina P.
Published: July 2021

Reproduction of long shanny Stichaeus grigorjewi is observed in natural conditions and its eggs embryogenesis is investigated in details in aquarium. The embryos and larvae of S. grigorjewi differ from other species by strong development of midbrain that assumes good eyesight forming. Duration of egg development and morphology of embryos and larvae coincide with earlier description made in Hokkaido, Japan, except of body ventral row of 10 melanophores described for S. grigorjewi larvae for the first time. The embryogenesis accelerates sharply under heightened water temperature.
Long-term changes of temperature and humidity regime on Kamchatka Peninsula
Authors: Shkaberda Olga A. , Vasilevskaya Lubov N.
Published: July 2021

Changes of temperature and humidity regime in Kamchatka are estimated on the seasonally and annually averaged data of long-term (1951-2009) monitoring on air temperature and precipitation at 10 meteorological stations (2-months natural synoptic seasons are used for averaging, as pre-winter, early winter, late winter, spring, summer, and autumn). Epochs with extremely dry and humid seasons are detected for certain climatic sub-regions of Kamchatka taking into account both temperature and precipitation anomalies (Pedya index - S). Besides, long-term changes of the sea surface temperature in the coastal areas of the Okhotsk and Bering Seas are determined that reflect thermal interaction between the atmosphere and ocean. The warming trend is revealed for the whole investigated region that is the most expressed in the pre-winter and late winter seasons and the less pronounced in the south and north of the Peninsula (slight cooling is observed in its northern and northeastern areas in early winter). The sea surface has a tendency to warm, too, but slower than the air; the greatest warming trend is observed in the coastal Okhotsk Sea in spring and autumn and in the coastal Bering Sea in autumn. Annual precipitation has opposite changes in different parts of the Peninsula: its volume tends to decrease in the north and the south, on the western and northeastern coasts, and in the Kamchatka River valley but tends to increase in the central mountainous area and on the eastern coast.
Results of testing three types of streamer lines for reduction of seabird bycatch in demersal longline fishery
Authors: Artukhin Yury B. , Vinnikov Andrey V. , Terentiev Dmitry A.
Published: July 2021

The streamer lines of 3 types are tested and compared: i) the model used in the USA Pacific waters; and ii-iii) two new models made of cheaper materials, more accessible in Russia. One new model is similar to the American one but the lateral orange 1/4” Kraton thermoplastic tubes are replaced by orange twisted polyethylene ropes with the diameter 10 mm. Another new model is similar with the former one but its 6 first longest streamers are single instead of double and 1-4 bunches of the yellow polypropylene packing tape (in 6 tapes of 1 m length) are fixed on them. The testing was realized aboard two mid-tonnage vessels for demersal longline fishery in the Far-Eastern Seas of Russia in July-October 2010 and July-August 2013. In total, 223 control longlines with 2 million hooks were set up. The seabird bycatch and frequency of the bird attacks to the bait did not differ significantly between the new models of streamers and the American model, and considerable distinctions in their running abilities were not found, as well, so the streamer lines of easy accessible and cheap materials, able for assembling directly aboard fishing vessels, could be recommended for Russian fishermen for reducing their maintenance charges. Such streamer lines are offered for application to demersal longline fishery in the Far-Eastern Seas of Russia.
Особенности микробиологического состава вод реки Раздольной (южное Приморье)
Authors: Kalitina Elena G. , Mikhailik Tatiana A. , Semkin Pavel Yu. , Barabanshchikov Yury A. , Zorin Stanislav A.
Published: July 2021

Произведена оценка численности и ее сезонной изменчивости для различных индикаторных групп микроорганизмов в поверхностных водах р. Раздольной. Результаты исследования показали, что они подвержены высокому комплексному органическому, техногенному и микробиологическому загрязнению. В поверхностных водах р. Раздольной были выявлены эколого-трофические группы микроорганизмов, которые принимали участие в очищении вод реки. Однако из-за постоянного притока сточных вод бактерии не успевали перерабатывать поступающее органическое вещество, что указывает на неспособность данной экосистемы к полному самоочищению. Согласно классификатору качества вод, воды р. Раздольной по микробиологическим показателям отнесены к грязным в летний сезон, к загрязненным в весенний и осенний периоды и к чистым в зимний сезон.
Pattern of changes in viscera of shemaah ( Chalcalburnus chalcoides Gyeldenstadt) under artificial cultivation
Authors: Belyakov Anatoly A. , Fedorova Nadezda N. , Grushko Maria P. , Kanieva Nuriya A.
Published: July 2021

Structure of the shemaah females internal (intestine, liver, gills, ovary, heart) is subjected to histological examination in order to understand the state influence on their offspring. Some pato-morphological changes are revealed, as edema, necrosis, microvascular disorders, including hemorrhage and massive deposits of hemosiderin granules, catarrhal enteritis in the intestine, symptoms of hepatitis in the liver, cardiomyopathy of the heart, distortion of the eggs shape, proliferation of lamellar uncornified epithelial filaments and respiratory epithelium in the gills. These changes relate mostly to protective and adaptive reactions.
On rare skate Bathyraja bergi Dolganov, 1985 from the waters of Russia with notes on its taxonomy
Authors: Dolganov Vladimir N. , Ginanova Talija T.
Published: July 2021

Morphological description for 12 specimens of skate Bathyraja bergi caught in the North-West Pacific in 1978-2013. Plastic signs and counts for teeth, vertebras, pectoral fin, and intestinal valve are presented. There are at least subspecies differences between the skates B. bergi from the Japan Sea and eastern coast of Japan.
Climatic changes of temperature, salinity and nutrients in the Amur Bay of the Japan Sea
Authors: Zuenko Yury I. , Rachkov Vladimir I.
Published: July 2021

Recent climate-scale (> 3 decades) changes of water temperature, salinity, and concentration of inorganic phosphorus, silicon and nitrogen (nitrites and nitrates) are considered for the Amur Bay where Vladivostok is located ashore. Mean seasonal values of these parameters are determined for the 1980s and 2000s. In summer, the tendencies of climatic scale are noted of SST heightening, temperature at the sea bottom lowering, and nutrients depletion in the upper layer, except of nitrate. In general, the bay becomes more stratified and less productive, on the primary trophic level, but the nitrate income, presumably from atmosphere, prevents the productivity decreasing. Links of the changes with external conditions are analyzed, and the summer monsoon weakening is defined as their main reason that determines weather conditions over Primorye and cross-shelf exchange on its shelf. These processes related with the summer monsoon present the mechanism of large-scale climate changes downscaling to meso-scale level. Besides, there is concluded that the Amur Bay is more vulnerable to marine processes than to terrestrial ones, though it is subjected to the large river discharge.
Spatial variability of ice drift on the northeastern shelf of Sakhalin
Authors: Dubina Vyacheslav A. , Plotnikov Vladimir V. , Vakul’Skaya Nadezhda M.
Published: July 2021

Spatial heterogeneity of the sea ice drift is investigated for the northeastern shelf of Sakhalin around Veninsky and Kirinsky oil fields on the data of speсtroradiometers MODIS mounted on the satellites Terra and Aqua obtained in January-May, 2015. The ice drift is calculated for the time intervals of 105 min and one day. For the former case, its velocity was evaluated as 0.2-0.4 m/s (max 1.0 m/s, registered in 2.5 km from the coast of the Nabil Bay on May 22) that is twice faster than the values for daily intervals. All possible directions of the drift were observed, with the highest frequency of the southern ones. The drift wasn’t spatially uniform by its direction in conditions of weak, unstable winds.
Intrapopulation heterogeneity of cell volume for the alga Attheya ussurensis under stress conditions
Authors: Kurochkina Victoria A. , Tkebuchava Luara F.
Published: July 2021

Intrapopulation heterogeneity of cell volume is estimated for the diatom Attheya ussuriensis acclimated to 17.5 ‰ salinity after its transfer to the media with salinity 8.8 ‰ (hypoosmotic conditions), 35.0 ‰ (hyperosmotic conditions) and 17.5 ‰ (control) at different stages of growth, under conditions of different nutrients supply and interaction with the diatom Conticribra weissflogii . The samples of A. ussuriensis were collected in the Ussuri Bay (Japan Sea) from an area with pure culture of this species. The cell volume of A. ussurensis increased under conditions of optimal nutrient supply and decreased under shortage of nutrients, irrespective on salinity. However, the salinity influenced on variability of the cell volume; the intrapopulation heterogeneity was formed mainly by size variation of large cells. The cell volume probability distribution became more asymmetric at change of growth stages, for any salinity as well. Clustering of cell volume distribution did not depend on salinity and nutrient supply. Both asymmetry and clustering of cell volume distribution for A. ussuriensis were rather different between mono- and mixed cultures in hypo- and hyperosmotic conditions but were almost equal in the control.
Pathways of the Amur pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha to the areas of reproduction
Authors: Ostrovsky Vladimir I.
Published: July 2021

Biannual sequence of high-numerous and low-numerous year-classes of pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) is disturbed rarely in the areas close to its spawning grounds where mostly local groupings are landed, as it is shown on the data of fishery statistics in many areas of Russian Far East for 1907-1986. The disturbances are related usually with by-catch of transitory fish, in particular for the Sakhalin-Kuril region. Dynamics of the pink salmon annual landings in the Amur correlates with its dynamics at northwestern Sakhalin, that allows to suppose the species migration from the Okhotsk Sea to its spawning grounds via northwestern Sakhalin. Besides, a part of the Amur pink is caught at the mainland coast of the Gulf of Sakhalin, but the landings in the Amur correlate well with this transitory area in even years only, when the run is stronger. The highest catches of pink salmon on the mainland coast of the Gulf of Sakhalin in 2015 could be ensured neither the Amur nor the Sakhalin groupings; a hypothesis on the Shantar groupings contribution is discussed. In general, high catches of pink salmon in Khabarovsk Region in 2015-2016 are possibly reasoned by its good survival and lowered fishery in the Sakhalin-Kuril region.
Diversity of ciliates in small rivers in vicinity of Khabarovsk and in southern Sakhalin Island
Authors: Panov Alexander G. , Tribun Mikhail M. , Nikitina Lyudmila I.
Published: July 2021

Data on species composition of ciliates in the small rivers at Khabarovsk and in southern Sakhalin Island are presented. Modified method of sampling was applied with using of samplers and “glass fouling” on the shallows of the rivers. More than 230 samples were collected in the small rivers at Khabarovsk and about 200 samples in the southern Sakhalin. Species composition of the ciliates was determined immediately after the sampling and repeatedly on nutrient media. In total, 86 species of ciliates are identified, mostly belonged to the classes Oligohymenophorea and Spirotrichea. Six eurybionts were found: Coleps hirtus, Paramecium caudatum, Dexiostoma campylum, Colpidium colpoda, Uronema nigricans, and Vorticella convallaria сomplex . The classes Armophorea and Phyllopharyngea were more diverse by species in the area at Khabarovsk but the class Spirotrichea - in southern Sakhalin. In general, faunas of ciliates in two surveyed regions are similar. The highest inter-regional similarity of the species composition is registered between the rivers at Khabarovsk and the Susuya River in Sakhalin (25-33 %, by Jackaroo) that is probably associated with a heightened level of pollution in the Susuya. Most of the species adapt to habitat rapidly, so they are found in different environments: among benthos, plankton, periphyton. Some patterns of the ciliocommunities are discussed.
Elementary trophic ecology of pacific salmons in the Bering Sea. Species and regional differences. Provision with food in different environments
Authors: Volkov Anatoly F.
Published: July 2021

The final issue in the series of studies on trophic ecology of pacific salmons in the Bering Sea conducted by planktonologists of Pacific Fish. Res. Center (TINRO) for NPAFC. Salmons dwell in the upper epipelagic layer and feed mainly in the daytime by large-sized zooplankton that is more abundant in the upper pelagic layer as compared with the lower pelagic layer in summer-fall season. The zooplankton and nekton species dominant in the salmon diet are determined on the base of 8,000 plankton samples and 45,000 samples of salmon stomachs. Two periods with different environments are revealed in the Bering Sea in the early 21 century: the relatively warm period of 2000-2006 and the relatively cold period of 2007-2012. The regime shift between them affected the plankton community and trophic ecology of salmon, though not by means of water cooling directly but presumably because of the water circulation change. Food composition is determined for each size group of salmons in both periods, by biostatistical areas and bathymetric ranges. Zooplankton grazing by salmons increased significantly in all areas during the cold period, whereas the nekton grazing decreased, but their total consumption did not change much. Transition to the next warm period since 2013 does not affect negatively to the salmon food base; their diet changes significantly but within the list of preferable species. Feeding intensity of pink, chum, and sockeye salmons was similar in any period, as well as in the 2014-2015, food deficit was never observed. The salmons show a great plasticity in feeding: in general, their diet corresponds to the structure of plankton community, though the portion of nekton increases with the age. Large-sized salmons consume a large-sized prey and need more time for its complete digestion, so there is necessary to apply reduction coefficients in calculation of their daily food rations. N​utritional needs of all salmon stocks are estimated for summer-fall season and offered as a guideline for evaluation their load on the food base and their food security for certain spatial and temporal circumstances.
Interannual variability of thermal state of the cold subsurface layer in the Okhotsk Sea
Authors: Luchin Vladimir A. , Matveev Vladimir I.
Published: July 2021

Long-term variability of the cold subsurface water (CSW) in the Okhotsk Sea is analyzed on the base of all available oceanographic data collected in March through August of 1946-2015 (total 65,742 stations). The Integral Heat Content (IHC) is calculated for each station and average annual IHC anomalies of the cold subsurface water are determined by month and by 2-degree grid. The IHC anomaly series are analyzed using the EOF analysis. Cycles with period of approximately 30 years are revealed in the variations of the subsurface layer heat content. Thus, in the 1946-1950, its temperature decreased, but it grew since 2009-2010 to 2015. The warming of CSW was also observed in the 1951-1964 and 1978-1994, while the cooling was in the 1965-1977 and 1995-2008. Based on this criterion, the CSW thermal condition in certain years is classified as «extremely cold» in 2001, as «cold» in 1949, 1950, 1951, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1999, 2000, 2010, 2012, as «normal» in 1946, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1975, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, as «warm» in 1948, 1956, 1964, 1968, 1974, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2015, and as «extremely warm» in 1963. Statistically significant correlation is found between changes of the CSW thermal conditions and long-term variations of atmosphere and ocean climate indices, as well as local patterns of the atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction in the Okhotsk Sea and adjacent onshore and offshore areas of Asia and the Pacific Ocean.
Thirty years of the hypothesis on fluctuating stocks of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum)
Authors: Pustovoit Sergey P.
Published: July 2021

Hypothesis on fluctuating stocks of pink salmon was proposed 30 years ago by M.K. Glubokovsky and L.A. Zhivotovsky. Some stages of its development are analyzed in compare with traditional approach of local stocks. There is concluded that experimental verification of the basic theoretical assumptions of this hypothesis are required.
Microbiological control of the water condition in the Novik Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Japan Sea)
Authors: Khristoforova Nadezhda K. , Boychenko Tatiana V. , Emelyanov Alexander A. , Popova Alexandra V.
Published: July 2021

Quantitative distribution of certain ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms in the Novik Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Japan Sea) is considered for summer-fall season and compared with their state in the Posyet Bay. The marine environments quality is evaluated. There is concluded that the Novik Bay is subjected to strong anthropogenic impact whereas the Posyet Bay is a clean area with insignificant anthropogenic load.
Peptides of marine animals as a potential source of natural antioxidants
Authors: Karaulova Ekaterina P. , Chepkasova Anna I.
Published: July 2021

Peptides extracted from tissues of 11 shellfish species ( Corbicula japonica, Mercenaria stimpsoni, Anadara broughtoni, Patinopecten yessoesis, Crenomytilus grayanus, Spisula sachalinensis, Maktra chinensis, Serripes groenlandicus, Glycymeris yessoensis, Callista brevisiphonata, Dosinia japonica ) are tested for their antioxidant properties in different in vitro conditions. Frozen muscles and viscera of the shellfish were minced and subjected to water extraction of proteins and to hydrolysis with Protamex 1.5 MG. The peptides antioxidant activity was evaluated by assessing of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity on free radicals generated in oxidative systems. In the experiment, the high perfomance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system (Agilent Technologies 1260) included the frame TSKgel G 3000PWXL, the flow rate was 0.1 mL/min (0.1 N NaCI-20 mM Tris-HCI, pH 8.0), the detection was made under 280 nm. Molecular weight of the proteins was determined by comparison of their retention time with pure protein standards. The enzyme activity was high in conditions of pH in the range of 5.5-8.0, with the maximum under pH 7.0. Among 11 shellfish species, the highest antioxidant activity in water extract was observed for C. japonica , M. stimpsoni , C. brevisiphonata , G. yessoensis , and C. grayanus : 86.3, 68.7, 72.3, 90.2, and 67.5 mg of ascorbic acid/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity increased with increasing of the hydrolysis degree. The 1-step hydrolysis with Protamex enhanced the DPPH scavenging activity for all samples, with the highest value for the protein hydrolysate of M. stimpsoni tissues (215 mg of ascorbic acid/g). Size of generated peptides is important for the antioxidant activity therefore molecular weight distribution of the peptides during the proteolysis was investigated using HPLC. Portion of the low molecular weight peptides (≤ 1 kDa) in the protein hydrolysate was increased in 4-14 % as compared with the starting protein. The antioxidant activity correlated positively with the number of low molecular weight peptides in protein hydrolysates.
Consensus of experts from the Russian Medical Society of Arterial Hypertension. Arterial hypertension and erectile dysfunction
Authors: Alekseeva Tatiana A. , Litvin Alexander Yu. , Elfimova Eugenia M. , Mikhailova Oxana O. , Larina Vera N. , Shpot Eugeny V. , Podzolkov Valery I. , Chazova Irina E.
Published: July 2021

Sexual health is an essential part of overall health, and an active and healthy sex life is an important aspect of a good quality of life. Cardiovascular diseases and sexual health disorders have common risk factors (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity and smoking) and common pathogenesis (endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and atherosclerosis). All this led to speculations about the pathophysiology and treatment options for sexual dysfunctions. The use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors has revolutionized the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) in men. This article focuses on ED and its relationship with hypertension. This document was created by experts from the Russian Medical Society of Arterial Hypertension with the participation of a member of the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Sexual Dysfunction and Arterial Hypertension. In recent years, the expert group was very active in educating hypertension specialists and related specialties physicians about ED via numerous lectures at national and international congresses. It has been noted that ED precedes the development of coronary heart disease. The artery diameter hypothesis has been proposed as a possible explanation for this observation. Clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic lesions and/or endothelial dysfunction of the penile arteries may precede those in larger arteries. Patients with hypertension who receive antihypertensive drugs are more likely to suffer from sexual dysfunctions compared to untreated patients. The occurrence of ED appears to be related to the undesirable effects of antihypertensive drugs on the penile tissues. There is information about various effects of antihypertensive drugs on erectile function.
Results of treatment for ronchopathy and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children with adenoid hypertrophy/vegetations
Authors:   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Alekseenko Svetlana A. , Alekseenko Svetlana A. ,   Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Alekseenko Svetlana A. ,   Rauhfus Children’s Municipal Multi-Specialty Clinical Center of High Medical Technology, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Karpishchenko Sergey A. ,   Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Arustamyan Irina G. ,   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Stancheva Olga A. ,   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Published: July 2021

Introduction. There are various sleep disorders that are striking and depressing at the same time in their diversity. One of the urgent problems that modern medicine is working on is problems with breathing during sleep, including obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The prevalence of this disease in children ranges from 1.2 to 5.7%. Adenotomy is an absolute indication for children with OSAS and adenoid hypertrophy. Aim. To study the frequency of occurrence of the OSAS in patients admitted to their hospital otorhinolaryngological department of Rauhfus Children’s Municipal Multi-Specialty Clinical Center of High Medical Technology for the planned surgical treatment of adenoid hypertrophy; to assess the effect of adenotomy on the course of OSAS in children. Materials and methods. 42 children aged from 4 to 12 years were examined; all patients underwent computer-based pulse oximetry, rhinomanometry, and nasopharyngeal endoscopy. Results. After adenotomy, nasal patency in children improved significantly: from 289.26 ml/s to 467.00 ml/s; the mean night saturation and desaturation nadir values in children during treatment improved from 97.31 to 97.68% and from 87.58 to 91.52%, respectively; sleep apnea syndrome was detected in 88% of all patients; 1 month after adenotomy, in 66.67% of the examined children OSAS was not detected. Conclusion. Improvement of nasal breathing after adenotomy, confirmed by rhinomanometry data, contributes to improved sleep, as evidenced by the results of computer-based pulse oximetry.
Complications of rhinosinusitis
Authors:   Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Karpishchenko Sergey A. , Bolozneva Elizaveta V. ,   Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Vereshchagina Olga E. ,   Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Published: July 2021

The article presents a literature review of the problem of intracranial and orbital rhinosinusitis complications. The modern classification of rhinosinusitis according to European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps – 2020 is presented. The possible complications of acute and exacerbation of chronic inflammatory diseases, the features of development associated with the topographical and anatomical localization in the facial and cerebral skull region. The advantages of paranasal sinuses computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of pathological processes, especially in cases of complicated forms of rhinosinusitis, are described. Also, a clinical example of the orbital abscess development, its diagnosis difficulties, and the choice of a surgical treatment algorithm are presented. In conclusion, recommendations for practicing ENT surgeons are presented, reflecting the key points of diagnosis and treatment of complicated forms of rhinosinusitis.
Antiseptics as an alternative to systemic antibiotic therapy
Authors:   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Ryazantsev Sergey V. , Pavlova Svetlana S. ,   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Eremin Sergey A. ,   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Gorpinich Valery D. ,   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Published: July 2021

Sore throat is one of the most frequent reasons for going to the doctor and prescribing irrational antibacterial therapy. The reasons for this are many – from the difficulties of etiological diagnosis and the development of relapses and possible severe complications to the personal attitude of doctors and patients to the choice of treatment. At the same time, the issue of antibiotic resistance, side effects associated with the appointment of antibacterial therapy, is one of the most important problems of modern health care around the world. Difficulties in the process of clinical observation of patients, the peculiarities of the course of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the pharynx are factors requiring constant improvement of methods of providing medical care. Antiseptics play a significant role in the treatment of sore throat, exceeding the frequency of use of antibiotics. So, one of the antiseptics used topically, the effectiveness of which has been proven in clinical studies, is Strepsils, which includes 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol and amylmetacresol. The results of clinical studies of the drug indicate its positive effect in patients with sore throat. All this things allow us to recommend that this complex antiseptic be more often included in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity and pharynx.
COVID-19 and community-acquired pneumonia
Authors:   Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia, Sinopalnikov Alexander I.
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of COVID-19 and community-acquired pneumonia. It provides a comparative analysis of clinical, laboratory and computed tomographic signs of diseases. The issues of rational antibiotic therapy for COVID-19 and community-acquired pneumonia are discussed.