Technological adaptation of general-purpose tractors to the natural conditions of tillage
Authors:   Kharkiv branch of L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT, Lebedev S. , Korobko A. ,   Kharkiv branch of L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT, Lebedev A. , Shulyak M. ,   Sumy National Agrarian University
Published: February 2024

Purpose of the study. The purpose of the article is to research methods of technological adaptation of general-purpose tractors under different natural tillage conditions. In order to achieve the set goal, the following tasks must be solved: the change in traction power of the tractor depending on the humidity of the soil being cultivated was investigated; the effect of tractor wheel drives on the soil was studied; the change of the operational power of the tractor depending on the length of the run was investigated. Research methods. The method of partial tests, field tests, and statistical processing of measurement results was used. The results of the study. It was established that with a 1% increase in soil moisture against the long-term average, the specific resistance of the tillage unit increases by 1-2 %, and the traction power of the tractor decreases by approximately 2%. With a 1% decrease in soil moisture compared to the long-term average, the traction properties of the tractor remain unchanged. According to the results of the analysis of the values of the soil density indicator in the track of the tractor wheels, it is shown that the wheels of the rear axle compact the soil more intensively at depth, exceeding this indicator of the control section at a depth of 10 cm by 10%, and at a depth of 50 cm – by 7,6 cm. thus, soil hardness increases by 2,23 and 1,35 times, respectively. At a soil depth of 0-50 cm, the density of the soil in the track of the wheels of the rear axle increases by 0,76 times, and the hardness by 1,35 times. This is facilitated by the "galloping" effect of the tractor during the race, which is a consequence of the vertical dynamic loads and accelerations of the tractor axles, which differ in value and instability. It was established that in the intervals of working speeds and traction modes of the tractor, engine power and weight of the tractor on single wheels change by 1,93 and 1,35 times, respectively. An increase in the torque adaptability factor from 1.2 to 1.4 reduces the engine's nominal operating power by 1,18 times on plowing and 1,15 times on plowless deep and surface tillage. The given data indicate significant differences in the optimal mass-energy parameters of tractors for each group's most effective performance of related operations for a certain length of the run. Changing the drive length class increases the number of optimal tractor sizes. Conclusion. The technological adaptation of the tractor is evaluated by its adaptability to the natural conditions of tillage, which include moisture, density, hardness, and geometric properties of the soil surface, as well as the length of the furrow. The instability of soil properties under the influence of wheel drives and changes in tillage depth has been experimentally proven. The influence of the furrow length and the type of tillage on the operational properties of the tillage unit is systematized. Key words: tractor, general purpose, technological adaptation, natural conditions, soil properties, furrow length, soil treatment.