bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of the anaesthetic on survival rates of breast cancer patients after surgery
Authors: Fried I. A.
Published: February 2007

The end results of therapy of 1,358 breast cancer patients were studied. Anaesthesia was performed by ether‐nitrogen‐oxygen (554 cases) or halothane‐nitrogen‐oxygen (804 cases) mixture with addition of oxygen. The method of Holstead was employed in all cases. A comparison of groups of patients on the basis of such parameters as the anaesthetic used, age and degree of tumour progression (according to the TNM classification and results of postoperative histological assays) showed them to be identical. The study showed that the type of anaesthesia influenced the end results of therapy of cancer patients: the survival rates of patients receiving halothane anaesthesia were much higher than those of the ether‐anaesthetized patients. The differences were most pronounced among patients who received pre‐operative radiation therapy and post‐operative chemotherapy as well as in cases of metastasis spread into regional lymph nodes. The mechanism of the effect of the anaesthetic on the survival rates of cancer patients may be explained on the basis of the data available on the varying influences of anaesthetics on the pituitary‐adrenal cortex system and carcinemia development during operation as well as the role of immunity in tumour cell implantation and growth of metastases.
Detection of antibodies to embryonic antigens in sera of multiparous or colon tumor‐bearing rats by a new indirect immunofluorescence assay
Authors: Nelson Karen A. , Sjögren Hans Olov , Rosengren Jan Erik
Published: February 2007

An indirect immunofluorescence assay using antigen coupled to agarose beads detected high titers of antibody to embryonic antigens in sera from multiparous rats and rats bearing colon carcinomas. Sera from pregnant rats had antibody titers greater than 103 and some rats still had titers greater than 102 30 weeks after the end of pregnancy. Rats which developed colon carcinomas after treatment with 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine were bled monthly between the end of treatment and detection of carcinoma. Antibody to embryonic antigens appeared in their sera at least 2 months before roentgenologic diagnosis of tumor.
Transformation of tracheal epithelium exposed in vitro to N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)
Authors: Steele Vernon E. , Marchok Ann C. , Nettesheim Paul
Published: February 2007

Using an organ culture/cell culture system, we transformed rat tracheal epithelial cells in vitro by exposure to MNNG. Ten tracheal organ cultures per group were exposed twice (at days 3 and 6) to 0,0.001, 1.0 or 10.0 μg MNNG/ml of medium. Following this exposure, the explants were placed on the bottom of culture dishes to initiate epithelial cell outgrowths and establish primary cultures. Each explant was replanted 8–10 times to produce multiple outgrowths. The number of primary cultures and the number of subsequently established cell lines obtained was carcinogen‐dose‐dependent. The average number of primary epithelial cell cultures per explant after exposure to 0, 0.001, 1.0 and 10.0 μg MNNG/ml was 1.3, 1.5, 3.3, and 4.6, respectively. The average yield of cell lines per explant in these groups was 0, 0.8, 1.3, and 2.0, respectively. It is apparent that cell lines could only be established from carcinogen‐exposed epithelium. These cell lines are currently being tested for tumorigenicity in vivo. To date, of 35 cell lines tested between the 5th and 15th passages, 5 cell lines from the 10 μg MNNG/ml group and 2 from the 1.0 μg MNNG/ml group have produced palpable tumors upon injection into immuno‐suppressed recipients.
Productive Epstein‐Barr viral infection of the human lymphoblastoid cell line 6410 with release of early antigen inducing and transforming virus
Authors: Traul K. A. , Stephens R. , Gerber P. , Peterson W. D.
Published: February 2007

The human lymphoblastoid cell line 6410 was superinfected with P3HR‐1 derived Epstein‐Barr virus. Subsequent to the first cycle of infection, characterized by early (EA) and virus capsid (VCA) antigen synthesis, the culture, designated 6410‐EBV, continued to synthesize VCA. Further immunofluorescence and electron microscopic examination over 18‐24 months showed the 6410‐EBV culture to be productively infected with EBV. Virus was recovered, in quantity, from the culture fluids and assayed for ability to induce EA synthesis in Raji cells and to transform human umbilical cord lymphocytes. The virus was found to possess both properties, in contrast to P3HR‐1 virus which only induces EA. HLA and karyologic analyses of P3HR‐1, 6410 and 6410‐EBV cultures showed relatedness of 6410‐EBV to 6410 cells and dissimilarity to P3HR‐1. The biologic activity data coupled with the cytologic analyses confirm a productive infection of the target cells. The reason for differences in biologic activity between the infecting (P3HR‐1) and progeny virus is unresolved. It may be speculated that the endogenous EBV genome of 6410 cells was activated and gave rise to a different strain of EBV or to a mixed progeny‐parent population as a result of dual infection. Alternatively, the parent strain of virus may have been modified as a result of interaction with the new host cell.
Chromosomal site(s) of integration of herpes simplex virus type 2 thymidine kinase gene in biochemically transformed human cells
Authors: Donner Ludvik , Dubbs Del Rose , Kit Saul
Published: February 2007

To investigate the chromosomal site(s) of integration of the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) thymidine kinase (TK) gene in biochemically transformed human cells, transformed human cells[HeLa (BU25)/HSV‐2‐6 Cl 4] were fused with TK‐deficient mouse fibroblast [LM(TK−)] cells and seven lines of human—mouse somatic cell hybrids [HL/1… HL/7] were isolated. Enzyme assays demonstrated that the HL somatic cell hybrid lines expressed significant TK activity. That the TK activity was HSV‐2 specific was verified by disc PAGE analyses, by superinfection experiments with TK‐negative HSV mutants, and by enzyme neutralization experiments with anti‐HSV‐2 TK immunoglobulins. The seven HL somatic cell hybrid lines contained a complement of mouse chromosomes and one or more human chromosomes. The sensitivities of the HL hybrid lines to poliovirus types 1 and 2 and to diphtheria toxin were also studied. The poliovirus challenge experiments showed that hybrid lines HL/1, HL/3, HL/4 and HL/5 were completely resistant to poliovirus and that less than 25% of the cells in line HL/2 were destroyed, indicating that with the exception of HL/2, human chromosome 19 was not retained in the human—mouse hybrid cells. Hybrid lines HL/1‐1, HL/2‐1, HL/3, HL/4, HL/5, HL/6 and HL/7 were insensitive to diphtheria toxin, indicating that human chromosome 5 was not retained in these human—mouse hybrid cells. Karyotype analyses showed that the only human chromosome found in hybrid lines HL/3, HL/4, HL/5 and HL/6 was marker chromosome M13; this chromosome was present in the majority of HL/3 cells and in all HL/4, HL/5, and HL/6 hybrid cells. The same chromosome was present in all cells of hybrid HL/7, in 17/19 analyzed mitosis of HL/2, and in all cells of HSV‐2 TK‐positive HL/2 subclones but, in addition, several other human chromosomes were found in the HL/7 and HL/2 hybrid lines. After counterselection with bromodeoxyuridine (Brd Urd), chromosome M13 was absent from all analyzed cells of HSV‐2 TK‐negative, Brd Urdcounterselected HL/2 subclones, but some of the other human chromosomes were still present. Morphology and G banding analyses suggest that M13 is an isochromosome formed from the short arm of human chromosome X. The only human chromosome present in cells of somatic hybrid HL/1 and four of its HSV‐2 TK‐positive subclones was chromosome 17 with a translocation on the short arm. This chromosome was present in all cells of hybrid HL/1 and its subclones and was absent in all cells of four analyzed HSV‐2 TK‐negative, Brd Urdcounterselected subclones. The preceding experiments demonstrate that the HSV‐2 TK gene is associated with human marker chromosome M13 and modified human chromosome 17 in HSV‐2‐transformed human line, HeLa(BU25)/HSV‐2‐6 Cl 4.
Ascorbic acid prevents liver tumour production by aminopyrine and nitrite in the rat
Authors: Chan W. C. , Fong Y. Y.
Published: February 2007

Massive doses of vitamin C protected rats against liver tumour production by aminopyrine and sodium nitrite, but the protection against lung and kidney tumour production was not complete. The mechanism is in part due to blockage of in vivo nitrosation. Other unknown factors may operate to give the liver complete protection.
Possible two‐stage transplacental liver carcinogenesis in c57bl/6 mice
Authors: Armuth Vlasta , Berenblum Isaac
Published: February 2007

A single SC injection of 2‐acetylaminofluorene (AAF) was given to pregnant C57BL/6 mice on day 15 of gestation, and the offspring subsequently given twice‐weekly injections of phorbol for 25 weeks. Control groups included: (1) untreated; (2) AAF‐treated mothers (kept under observation for 18 months, as with all the other groups); (3) untreated offspring of untreated mothers; (4) untreated offspring of AAF‐treated mothers, and (5) phorboltreated offspring of untreated mothers. The incidence of hepatomas in the phorbol‐treated offspring of AAF‐injected mothers was 8/74 (11%), as compared with 2/80 (2.5%) in the untreated offspring of AAF‐injected mothers. The AAF‐injected mothers themselves developed 3/36 (8%) hepatomas; while all the other control groups were free from liver tumours. The development of reticulum cell sarcomas, and of a few cases of lung adenomas, in the various groups, was presumably spontaneous. The results seem sufficiently encouraging, as a model for the study of systemic carcinogenesis, to warrant further attempts at two‐stage transplacental carcinogenesis, using other potential initiators and promoters.
Solubilized tsta and the major viral structural proteins, gp70 and p30, in the immune response to murine leukemias induced by friend and rauscher virus
Authors: Rogers Michael J. , Law Lloyd W. , Appella Ettore , Oroszlan Stephen , Ting Chou‐Chik
Published: February 2007

Antigens present in gp70 and p30 purified from Rauscher virus, were tested for immunogenicity in various assays measuring the anti‐tumor immune response against lymphocytic leukemias of Friend (FBL‐3) or Rauscher (RBL‐5) virus origin. p30 had no effect on in vitro cytotoxicity against tumor cell targets mediated by either an anti RBL‐5 serum or lymphocytes from animals immunized with FBL‐3 cells. gp70 had no effect on serum‐mediated cytotoxicity but used at high concentrations it inhibited cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. When used to immunize mice directly against subsequent challenge with the RBL‐5 and FBL‐3 leukemias, p30 had no discernible effect, while gp70 afforded partial protection against RBL‐5 but only at high concentrations. Cell‐free preparations of tumor membranes containing negligible amounts of gp70 were antigenically superior to gp70 in both the in vitro and in vivo assays. It is concluded that antigens on these purified proteins that are also expressed on tumor cells are not major targets of the anti‐tumor immune response in this system.
Delayed hypersensitivity in tumor‐bearing mice. In vitro activation of “eclipsed” spleen cells
Authors: Jasnis Maria A. , Klein Slobodanka , de Bonaparte Yolanda P. , de Daga Sara O. , de Pirosky Rosa R.
Published: February 2007

At various stages during the progressive growth of a transplanted sarcoma in BALB/c mice, the delayed hypersensitivity response to tumor antigen was determined using the food‐pad swelling test (FPS) and the leukocyte migration inhibition assay (LMI). A close correlation was observed between the in vivo and in vitro assays. “Early” recognition of tumor antigen was detected 24 h after tumor inoculation by both techniques and this positive response was maintained until day 15. As the tumor grew larger, the delayed hypersensitivity response in vivo vanished, while the delayed hypersensitivity response in vitro disappeared about 3 days later. This suppression or “eclipse” of the anti‐tumor cellular immune response was specific for the type of tumor used, and could be reversed in vitro by means of a low pH treatment of lymphoid cells.
Photosensitivity of dna‐bound 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)‐anthracene
Authors: Baird William M. , Dipple Anthony
Published: February 2007

Structural information about the products formed when 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) is bound to DNA in mammalian cell cultures has been sought through studies of the photosensitivities of these products and of various model compounds. Under conditions of light exposure in which the DNA‐DMBA products were highly photosensitive, 8,9,10,11‐tetrahydro‐DMBA and 5,6‐dihydro‐DMBA were stable, whereas 9,10‐dimethyl‐anthracene and DMBA itself were highly photosensitive. This indicates that in the binding reaction with DNA, DMBA retains either the aromatic benz(a)anthracene nucleus or is metabotically activated in the 1,2,3,4‐ring.
Factors interfering with cellular immunological responses to the murine mammary tumor virus in tumor‐bearing mice
Authors: Creemers Paula , Brinkhof Jan
Published: February 2007

T‐cell‐enriched spleen cell fractions from BALB/c mice bearing virally induced mammary tumors become unresponsive with progressive tumor growth in the lymphocyte blastogenesis test, using purified mammary tumor virus (MTV) as an antigen. Reactivity can be restored by mild trypsinization or extensive washing of the cells. When reactive cells from mice immunized with MTV were incubated with the wash fluid of the initially unresponsive cells, MTV‐specific blastogenesis was inhibited. Washings of normal cells had no such effect. Leukocytes from tumor‐bearing mice also become unresponsive t o MTV in the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay. Trypsinization o r extensive washing does not restore reactivky. However, such treatment of reactive cells from immunized animals abolishes a positive reaction i n the LA1 assay, using MTV as an antigen. The washings of spleen cells from tumor‐bearing mice inhibit the reactivity of leukocytes from immunized animals. Sera from these mice could block the reaction i n both cellular immunological tests. The inhibiting factors appeared early after the onset of tumor growth. By means of the Sepharose bead immunofluorescence assay it was established that wash fluid and sera with blocking activity contain MTV antigens as well as anti‐MTV antibodies.
Biologic and antigenic characteristics of epstein‐barr virus‐related herpesviruses of chimpanzees and baboons
Authors: Gerber Paul , Kalter Seymour S. , Schidlovsky George , Peterson Ward D. , Daniel Muthiah D.
Published: February 2007

Leukocyte‐transforming agents were isolated in baboon leukocytes inoculated with oral excretions from immunosuppressed chimpanzees. The transformed lymphoblasts had B cell surface markers and harbored herpes‐type virus particles; 5‐10% of the cells contained cytoplasmic antigens reactive with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐antibody‐positive chimpanzee, human and baboon sera. These sera also neutralized the transforming activity of the chimpanzee virus. Long‐term lymphoid cell lines were established from circulating lymphocytes of normal baboons: two from Papio cynocephalus and three from P. hamadryas. The cells had B cell surface markers, contained herpes‐type virus particles and produced virus with leukocyte‐transforming activity. No virus‐associated nuclear antigen was detectable with reference baboon and chimpanzee sera; however, the cells reacted with selected human sera containing antibodies to EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA). Absorption experiments confirmed the specificity of this reaction. Baboon lymphoblasts produced baboon virus‐associated soluble complement‐fixing (CF/S) antigen. Baboon sera had CF antibodies to viral (CF/V) antigen derived from EBV but failed to react with EBV‐associated CF/S antigen. Chimpanzee and baboon herpesviruses had similar in vitro host cell ranges but were different from those of EBV. Inoculation of baboons, rhesus monkeys and cottontop marmosets failed to produce detectable illness or palpable tumors.
Adenylate cyclase activity and the camp level are not directly correlated with transformation by avian sarcoma viruses
Authors: Yoshida M. , Ikawa Y. , Owada M. , Toyoshima K.
Published: February 2007

The adenylate cyclase activity was measured in chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) infected with temperature‐sensitive mutants (ts) of avian sarcoma virus (ASV). When CEF transformed with a (ts) mutant at 36° C were incubated at the non‐permissive temperature (41° C), recovery from the low adenylate cyclase activity detectable in the transformed state was slower than the disappearance of signs of morphological transformation. After a downward shift of the temperature the activity decreased and this change was also slower than the alteration of cell morphology. The affinity of the enzyme system for ATP also changed after, and not during, morphological alteration. No significant difference was observed between the cAMP levels in ASV‐transformed and non‐infected CEF. These findings are consistent with the idea that adenylate cyclase is not involved in cell transformation and that the change in its activity is secondary to cell transformation.
The metabolism and dna binding of 3‐methyl‐cholanthrene
Authors: King H. W. S. , Osborne M. R. , Brookes P.
Published: February 2007

Tritiated 3‐methylcholanthrene (3MC) was administered to mouse embryo cells in culture from which DNA was later isolated and hydrolysed to deoxy‐ribonucleosides. The hydrolysate was analysed by LH20 chromatography, HPLC and fluorescence spectroscopy. The 3MC‐nucleoside products were compared with the nucleoside derivatives obtained from 3MC‐11,12‐oxide‐treated DNA and found to differ in both fluorescence spectra and chromatographic behaviour. Microsome‐catalysed DNA binding of primary metabolites of 3MC identified two metabolites for which DNA reaction was extensive. These metabolites were characterized by their chromatographic and spectrophotometric properties. The products of their microsome‐induced DNA binding were isolated, and comparison with the products derived from cell‐mediated 3MC‐DNA reaction suggested that these metabolites might be precursors of this latter reaction. The chemical nature of the metabolites and of their DNA reaction products is discussed in relation to the “bay region” and carbonium ion concepts of the ultimate carcinogen of polycyclic hydrocarbons.
Enhancement of anti‐tumor activity of 1‐β‐d‐arabinofuranosylcytosine by encapsulation in liposomes
Authors: Kobayashi Tomowo , Kataoka Tateshi , Tsukagoshi Shigeru , Sakurai Yoshio
Published: February 2007

1‐β‐D‐Arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara‐C) was encapsulated in four different types of unsonicated artificial vesicles of phospholipid (liposomes) to compare the anti‐tumor effect on mouse leukemia L1210 inoculated in CD2F, mice with that of free ara‐C. The anti‐tumor activity of ara‐C was markedly enhanced by encapsulation in liposomes when given in a single IP injection. Among the four types of liposomes, a physically stable and positively charged liposome consisting of sphingomyelin, stearylamine and cholesterol (20:2:15 molar ratio) most effectively enhanced the effect of ara‐C. A single IP dose of 50 mg/kg of ara‐C, encapsulated in this kind of liposome exhibited high activity, producing a survival rate of 60% of the treated mice at 60 days. This enhanced effect of ara‐C encapsulated in liposomes was also demonstrated when the drug was administered either IV or SC, and the range between the minimum effective and the maximum tolerable doses was wide enough to allow the safe use of the encapsulated ara‐C. Intra‐peritoneal administration of encapsulated ara‐C induced a more prolonged survival of mice inoculated with L1210 than did free ara‐C, regardless of whether it was given in single or multiple doses.
Development of a congeneic line of the gr mouse strain without early mammary tumours
Authors: van Nie Robertha , de Moes J.
Published: February 2007

Based on the previous observation that Mtv‐2 controls the appearance of pregnancy‐dependent mammary tumours and the early expression of mammary tumour virus (MTV)‐antigens in the milk, an attempt was made to develop a congeneic GR line, without this locus, by introducing genetic material of the C57BL/10 strain. The cross‐intercross system was used for this purpose. The mice of the even‐numbered generations were selected for the absence of the Mtv‐2 locus with the early mammary tumour (EMT) test and during the later cycles with the immunodiffusion (ID) test for MTV‐antigens in the milk. After six cycles of cross‐intercross, brother‐sister mating was started with mice selected for the absence of Mtv‐2. After two brother‐sister matings the milk‐transmitted MTV was eliminated by foster‐nursing. Of the foster‐nursed subline 233 mice (16 of the first, 118 of the second and 99 of the third generation) were tested for the presence of Mtv‐2 with one or two of the following three methods: (1) ID‐test, (2) EMT‐test and (3) by examination of the development of spontaneous mammary tumours in breeding females. The tests were negative in 226 mice. This indicates that Mtv‐2 was absent in nearly all mice of the congeneic subline. The positive reactions in the seven other tested mice were weaker than that observed in the GR strain and in GR mice foster‐nursed by BALB/c. The presence of the Mtv‐2 gene in the seven positive mice of the congeneic line is doubtful. With the ID test, viral antigens were detectable in 50% of the milk samples from the first lactation period of mice of the segregating backcross I population [GR congeneic x (GR congeneic x GR)], indicating a one‐gene difference between the congeneic GR line and the progenitor GR strain.
Resistance of guinea‐pig hepatoma cells to complement‐mediated lysis induced by ascites fluid or serum from tumor‐bearing animals
Authors: Abe S. , Berczi I. , Sehon A. H.
Published: February 2007

The mechanisms of tumor cell susceptibility and resistance to cytotoxic antibodies were investigated in the guinea‐pig ascites hepatoma (line‐1 and line‐10) system. Treatment of line‐specific rabbit antibody‐coated tumor cells by ascitic fluid, by serum of tumor bearers or by tumor extract inhibited subsequent complement‐mediated lysis. Inhibition by ascitic fluid and serum was not line‐specific, but inhibition by tumor extract was line‐specific. Treatment of tumor cells with ascitic fluid or tumor extract prior to exposure to specific cytotoxic antibody and complement did not inhibit lysis. Incubation of cytotoxic rabbit antisera with ascitic fluid, tumor‐bearer serum or tumor extract neutralized their complement‐dependent cytotoxic activity on tumor cells. Tumor‐immune guinea‐pigs exhibited line‐specific delayed cutaneous reactions after injection with ascitic fluid or tumor extract. Studies with indirect immunofluorescence revealed that exposure to ascites fluid or tumor extract caused a rapid shedding of rabbit antibodies from the tumor cell surface. Evidence is presented indicating that the active fraction of ascites fluid was associated with immune complexes consisting of IgG and tumor antigen in excess. The relevance of these findings to tumor escape from immune destruction in vivo is discussed.
Neoplastic transformation induced by furylfuramide and nitromethylfuran of embryonic hamster cells in tissue culture
Authors: Nishi Yoshisuke , Taketomi Masako , Inui Naomichi
Published: February 2007

Secondary cultures of Syrian hamster embryonic fibroblasts were tested for transformation and neoplastic properties after exposure in vitro to furylfuramide (AF‐2) and other nitrofurans. Typical morphological transformation was seen in five of six cultures between 30 and 186 days following treatment with 5–10 × 106 M AF‐2 for 24 h. Transformation was seen in only one of four cultures 145 days after treatment for 6 h with AF‐2. Treatment with 5–10 × 10−6 M NMF (5‐nitro‐2‐methylfuran) for 24 h also induced transformation after 50 and 118 days in two cultures. In contrast, untreated cultures, and cultures treated with 5–10 × 10−6 M NFT [4‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furyl)thiazole] for 24 h were not transformed within 200 days. Three of the six lines transformed by AF‐2 and both lines transformed by NMF also became tumorigenic 7–24 days after morphologic transformation. The other three transformed lines produced nodules which regressed within a few weeks of transplantation. Untreated and treated non‐transformed lines did not produce tumors during an observation period of 6 months. The tumors were classified as fibrosarcomas. The ability to form colonies in soft agar was acquired by only one tumorigenic line.
In vivo and in vitro TSTA‐inducing activity of temperature‐sensitive (TS) mutants of SV40
Authors: Deichman G. I. , Kluchareva T. E. , Kashkina L. M.
Published: February 2007

In vivo TSTA induction in Syrian hamsters was studied with the use of SV40 ts mutants (A, B, C, BC and D). The ts A30, ts A239 and possibly also the ts BC210 mutants were defective in resistance‐inducing activity in hamsters in contrast to wild type SV40 and other ts mutants. At the permissive temperature ts A30 and ts A239 did not induce TSTA in hamster cells during abortive infection in vitro, while they did so in green monkey cells at both permissive and non‐permissive temperatures. In hamster cells transformed by ts A30, ts A239 and ts A209 mutants none at all or very little TSTA was detected by in vivo transplantation immunological tests. Thus, expression of TSTA induced by these three SV40 ts A mutants was found to be dependent from the species of infected cells and was being a temperature independent viral function.
Association of human hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis with hepatitis b virus surface and core antigens in the liver
Authors: Nayak N. C. , Dhar Asha , Sachdeva Rajeev , Mittal Asha , Seth H. N. , Sudarsanam Doss , Reddy B. , Wagholikar U. L. , Reddy C. R. R. M.
Published: February 2007

Paraffin sections of livers obtained at autopsy from 50 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 58 cases of cirrhosis and 54 cases of other miscellaneous liver disorders (controls) were stained for both surface (HBsAg) and core (HBcAg) components of hepatitis B virus (HBV) by immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence techniques and rigidly controlled for antigen specificity, and in addition stained by orcein for HBsAg. The material was collected from different regions of India and adequate amounts of tissue were examined in most specimens to overcome possible sampling error caused by random distributions of the antigens in liver. HBsAg was detected in 94% of HCC, 71% of cirrhosis and only 2% of control livers, while HBcAg was found in 22%, 31% and none respectively. Antigen positivity seems to be directly related to the amount of tissue examined. Peroxidase staining detected smaller amounts of HBcAg than fluorescence and was also much more convenient for identifying the antigen. Both antigens were present in 9 of 41 HCC cases, 12 of 39 cirrhosis and none of 25 controls. Most of these livers contained 1+ HBsAg and 1+ to 2+ HBcAg, an antigen expression pattern suggestive of a carrier state or, rarely, of mild chronic liver disease. Among all livers tested, HBsAg alone was present in 48, both antigens were found in 21, and HBcAg alone in none. HBsAg was seen inside tumour cells in four cases, but no tumour showed HBcAg. Most HCC was associated with cirrhosis (92%) and antigen‐positive cirrhosis had a higher chance of harbouring HCC than antigen‐negative disease. HBsAg was detected in all four non‐cirrhotic livers associated with HCC, while two of these also had HBcAg. Active cirrhosis was very frequently associated with HBsAg. These results and the overwhelming evidence of sero‐logical and epidemiological studies from various parts of the world suggest a strong association of the hepatitis B virus with HCC. The possible ways in which the two could be related are discussed.
Isolation of infectious EB virus from the epithelial tumour cells of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Trumper P. A. , Epstein M. A. , Giovanella B. C. , Finerty S.
Published: February 2007

Evidence of herpesvirus replication has been found by light and electron microscopy in the malignant epithelial cells of two out of six naso‐pharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) examined directly after growth in nude mice to eliminate non‐malignant infiltrating cells. The agent has been identified as EB virus by immunofluorescence tests for EB virus capsid antigen, and has been shown to be biologically active by its ability to infect and transform foetal cord blood lymphocytes. Lympho‐blastoid cell lines which express the EB virus nuclear antigen have been established from the transformed foetal lymphocytes, and thus carry the first isolate of the virus from the actual epithelial tumour cells of NPC, in a form suitable for further investigation. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship of EB virus to NPC epithelial cells.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Significance of changes in epstein‐barr virus‐related antibody patterns following therapy
Authors: Henle Werner , Ho J. H. C. , Henle Gertrude , Chau J. C. W. , Kwan H. C.
Published: February 2007

Sera were collected at intervals of 3 to 8 months over a 4‐ to 5‐year period from more than 103 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) and examined for their spectra and titers of antibodies to Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐related antigens. They were titrated for IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies to EB viral capsid antigen (VCA), for IgG and IgA antibodies to the D (diffuse) and R (restricted) components of the EBV‐determined early antigen (EA) complex, and for antibodies to the EBV‐associated nuclear antigen (EBNA). In the as yet untreated patients the incidences and titers of most of the antibodies increased with the stage of the disease; i.e., essentially with the total tumor burden. Such increases were observed in individual patients whose disease ultimately progressed to death, at times well in advance of the recognition of relapses or metastases. Increases were not noted or were only minor and delayed in some fatal cases if the tumor extended to the cranial cavity in the absence of significant involvement of cervical lymph nodes. In contrast, patients who responded well to therapy and remained clinically free of disease during the 4‐ or 5‐year observation period after, at most, early minor relapses, showed gradual, steady declines in the titers of all antibodies except anti‐EBNA. Thus, VCA‐specific IgA and D‐specific IgA and IgG became undetectable in time in many of the patients. In several long‐term survivors the declines were arrested at given levels or a reversal to increasing titers was noted which was followed in time by detection of a recurrent tumor or metastases in some cases, but not in others who remain under close observation. It would appear that serologic monitoring of NPC patients may warn of recurrent tumor activity well before it becomes clinically evident.
Characterization of immunoglobulins in Hodgkin cells
Authors: Landaas Tone ø. , Godal Tore , Halvorsen Tore B.
Published: February 2007

Fifteen of 42 formalin‐fixed lymph‐node biopsies with Hodgkin lesions of different histological types and stages gave positive staining for immunoglobulins by the peroxidase/antiperoxidase method. The immunoglobulins in all the positively stained Hodgkin cells were of IgG type, but staining for IgA, D and E was negative. One of the 15 biopsies was positive for IgM. Thirteen of the 15 positive biopsies were positive for both χ and λ. Sequential double staining using two different substrates for peroxidase showed that most of the Hodgkin cells simultaneously contained light chains of both χ and λ type. It is concluded that Hodgkin cells do not contain a “monoclonal” immunoglobulin product.
Glycopeptides from epithelial cell mutants: Temperature sensitive for the transformation phenotype
Authors: Pietropaolo Concetta , Yamaguchi Nobuo , Weinstein I. Bernard , Click Mary Catherine
Published: February 2007

Fucose‐labelled glycopeptides obtained from the cell surfaces of normal and transformed epithelial cells were compared by co‐chromatography on Sephadex G‐5O. The material obtained from rat epithelial cells transformed in vitro or from hepatoma cells in culture elutes earlier than the fucosecontaining glycopeptides obtained from normal rat epithelial cells. A mutant (TS 223) of a transformed epithelial cell that is temperaturesensitive for maintenance of the transformed phenotype, varies in its Sephadex G‐50 profile of cell surface glycopeptides when grown at the permissive (34° C) or the non‐permissive temperature (40° C). When grown and labelled at 36° C the gel filtration profile of the glycopeptides resembles that of transformed cells. At 40° C there is an enrichment of later eluting glycopeptides. These differences are more striking in confluent‐phase cultures than in log‐phase cultures. The differences are reversible following upward or downward shifts in growth temperature although there appears to be a lag of at least 6 h before the alteration can be demonstrated by these procedures.
Feline malignant mammary tumors. III. Presence of C‐particles and intracisternal A‐particles and their relationship with feline leukemia virus antigens and RD‐114 virus antigens
Authors: Calafat Jero , Weijer Kees , Daams Henny
Published: February 2007

Thirty‐six feline mammary tumors were examined by the electron microscope, and by the indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) test with anti‐FeLV and anti‐RD‐114 serum. In 11 (30.6%) tumors intracisternal A‐particles (IAP) were found. One of these tumors contained a few particles with an electron‐dense nucleoid in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. In 7 (19.4%) other tumors C‐particles were found and in the remaining 18 (50.0%) no particles at all could be detected. In 11 (30.6%) tumors FeLV antigens and in 20 (55.5%) tumors RD‐114 virus antigens were present. In 9 (25%) tumors we found a high (>1/64) and in 11 (30.6%) tumors a low (>1/16‐≤1/64) titer. There was a good correlation between the presence of C‐particles and the demonstration of FeLV‐antigen but none between IAP and FeLV antigens. No correlation was found between RD‐114 virus antigens and any type of particle. Morphologically, the IAP found in feline mammary tumors were indistinguishable from the IAP present in mammary tumors of some inbred mice strains. The IAP in feline mammary tumors possibly represent an endogenous virus, different from RD‐114 virus. The role of these viruses in the etiology of feline mammary tumors is discussed.
Chromosome banding, isoenzyme studies and determination of epstein‐barr virus DNA content on human burkitt lymphoma/mouse hybrids
Authors: Spira Jack , Povey Susanne , Wiener Francis , Klein George , Andersson‐Anvret Maria
Published: February 2007

Four independently fused hybrid clones derived from a cross between the mouse mammary carcinoma TA3Ha and the human Burkitt lymphoma line Daudi were tested for the EBV‐determined nuclear antigen (EBNA), EBV‐DNA and the presence of human chromosomes, in the course of serial propagation in vitro. EBNA and EBV‐DNA were lost in parallel with the loss of human chromosomes. It seems that the persistence of EB‐viral genetic information does not require the presence of a specific human chromosome(s) in this particular hybrid combination.
Risk factors for lung cancer in singapore chinese, a population with high female incidence rates
Authors: MacLennan R. , da Costa J. , Day N. E. , Law C. H. , Ng Y. K. , Shanmugaratnam K.
Published: February 2007

The high incidence of lung cancer in Chinese females in Singapore, especially among those belonging to the Cantonese dialect group, and the relatively high rates in Chinese males have been studied by means of interviews of cases and controls. A significant dose‐response effect of cigarette smoking was found for all male and female groups, but neither smoking nor any other exposure explains the high incidence of lung cancer observed in Cantonese females who exhibit high rates of adenocarcinoma apparently unrelated to smoking. In general, persons with a low consumption of green vegetables were at higher risk for lung cancer. This finding might be due to an increased susceptibility in the presence of a relative deficiency of vitamin A.
Further evidence for a non‐random chromosomal abnormality in acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Rowley Janet D. , Golomb Harvey M. , Vardiman James , Fukuhara Shirou , Dougherty Charlotte , Potter David
Published: February 2007

We have previously reported on two patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) who had what appeared to be a deletion of chromosome No. 17. We now describe a third patient with APL. All three patients had a structural rearrangement involving No. 15 and No. 17. Our current interpretation of the chromosomal abnormality is that it is a reciprocal translocation, t (15; 17) (q22; q21). Evidence that this is a consistent rearrangement associated with APL comes not only from our three patients, but also from two other published cases of APL, studied with banding, who also had an identical abnormality.
EBV specific secretory IgA in saliva of NPC patients. Presence of secretory piece in epithelial malignant cells
Authors: Desgranges C. , Li J. Y. , De‐Thé G.
Published: February 2007

Saliva samples from 59 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and from 20 normal individuals were studied to determine the nature and origin of the EBV‐specific IgA in NPC saliva. About 50% of NPC saliva samples contained secretory IgA specific for EBV. The corresponding tumor IgA(α) was found in plasma cells surrounding the epithelial tumor cells and the secretory piece at the surface of epithelial cells. A slightly higher proportion of NPC saliva samples containing IgA was found in patients from Tunis than in samples from Hong Kong. Attention is drawn to the clinical value of the salivary IgA in diagnosis and monitoring of treatment of NPC.
Circulating immune complexes in patients with malignant lymphomas and solid tumors
Authors: Heier Hans Erik , Carpentier Nicole , Lange Ghislaine , Lambert Paul Henri , Godal Tore
Published: February 2007

Sera from 50 patients with Hodgkin's disease, 78 patients with non‐Hodgkin non‐leukemic malignant lymphomas, and 75 patients with different types of solid malignant tumors were investigated for the presence of immune complexes using the (125I) C1q‐binding test. All patients were untreated. An increased serum C1q‐binding activity was found in 22% of the patients with Hodgkin's disease, 35.9% of the non‐Hodgkin lymphoma patients and in 37.3% of the patients with solid tumors. The C1q‐binding material detected in the patients' sera had properties similar to those of immune complexes. On sucrose density gradient it sedimented as a 10‐30 s material. It contained IgG which were dissociated under acid conditions. Passage through anti‐IgG immunoabsorbent removed its C1q‐binding properties. A prevalent association was found between the presence of serum immune complexes and disseminated disease stages in all the patient groups included. A similar association was found between the presence of serum immune complexes and general symptoms among the malignant lymphoma patients. The nature of the antigens involved in the complexes remains unknown.
A microchemical analysis of alkaline phosphatase in human malignant and benign breast tumours
Authors: Larner Elizabeth H. , Rutherford Charles L.
Published: February 2007

A microchemical technique has been adapted to the evaluation of the membrane‐bound enzyme alkaline phosphatase within human malignant and benign breast lesions. Frozen tissue sections were either stained or lyophilized in alternating sequence in order that samples for enzyme analysis could be chosen from well‐defined regions of epithelial proliferation. Microgram quantities of human tumors could then be examined with multiple replications to elucidate patterns of overall enzyme activity, the activity of tissue fractions, and the isoenzyme form present within individual tumors. A significant difference (p<0.001) was found to exist between the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase from human infiltrating ductal carcinomas and human fibroadenomas. The activity value determined for the malignant group of tumors was 2.12±1.80, while that for benign tumors was 7.52±4.31 mmoles/min/kg dry weight at 37° C. The percentage of alkaline phosphatase activity found within 29,000 g pellets of malignant tumors was variable and constituted approximately 60% of the total activity found in all fractions, while that for benign tumors was more constant and amounted to approximately 90% of the total found. The malignant and benign tumor alkaline phosphatase of both supernatant and pellet fractions was shown to be 90% labile to incubation at 65° C for 5 min and to be 50% inhibited by 20 mM 1‐phenylalanine. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single enzyme band of identical Rf for each of these fractions from the two tumor types. When varying proportions of malignant and benign tissue samples were co‐incubated, no influence of tumor type on the total activity or the percentage membrane‐bound activity was found. However, a change in the proportion of enzyme activity pelleted at 29,000 g could be shown when the cellularity of the tissue sample was varied. While homogenization of the total sample or of the insoluble material could release some of this activity, greater enzyme activities were always found within insoluble, 480 g pellets and 29,000 g pellets taken from benign tumors. An entrapment of membrane proteins could account for these results and should be considered when tissues are analyzed in the manner described.
Microfluorometric analysis of anti‐complement and indirect immunofluorescence tests for human papovavirus (JCV and BKV) T antigens
Authors: Beth E. , Cikes M. , Giraldo G.
Published: February 2007

The anti‐complement immunofluorescence (ACIF) test was compared with the conventionally used indirect IF (IIF) in regard to its usefulness for the detection of low amounts of human papovavirus tumor (T) antigen. Fluorescence microscopic analysis revealed that it is significantly more sensitive. Microfluorometric measurements on the intensity of staining of T‐antigen‐positive nuclei demonstrated that JCV T in HJC‐15 cells was 35‐fold and BKV T in BK‐L3 cells 94‐fold more intensively stained in the ACIF then in the IIF. It appears that the lower the actual amount of a given antigen the more valuable is the ACIF test.
Complement‐mediated lysis of type‐C virus: Effect of primate and human sera on various retroviruses
Authors: Sherwin Stephen A. , Benveniste Raoul E. , Todaro George J.
Published: February 2007

Antibody‐independent complement‐mediated lysis of type‐C RNA tumor viruses (retroviruses) was measured in the sera of humans and other primates using the reverse transcriptase release assay. In this assay, preincubated mixtures of test serum and virus are assayed for the presence of viral reverse transcriptase released from disrupted virions. Serum decomplemented by heating possesses no such activity. Sera containing non‐specific heat‐labile factors inhibitory to the reverse transcriptase release assay are excluded from consideration. According to this assay, both normal and leukemic human sera, as well as sera from several other primate species including apes, Old World monkeys and New World monkeys, are all capable of lysing both endogenous and infectious primate and murine type‐C viruses. At least two non‐primate species (cat and rabbit) also possess this activity, although several other non‐primates do not. There is no appreciable viral specificity; each test serum possessing complement‐mediated virolytic activity can lyse all classes of retroviruses against which it is tested. Those primate species which spontaneously release retroviruses (baboon, squirrel monkey), as well as those primate species which are infected with exogenous retroviruses (rhesus, gibbon ape), are all capable of lysing their respective viruses. In addition, the relative efficiency of complement‐mediated viral lysis correlates better with primate phylogeny than with the relative ease of type‐C virus release or transmission. This would seem to suggest that complement‐mediated viral lysis does not, in fact, play a primary role in blocking the release or transmission of type‐C viruses among primates.
Type‐C oncovirus isolate from human leukemic bone marrow: Further in vitro and in vivo characterization
Authors: Nooter K. , Overdevest J. , Dubbes R. , Koch G. , Bentvelzen P. , Zurcher C. , Coolen J. , Calafat J.
Published: February 2007

Rabbit corneal cells transformed by a putative human type‐C helper virus pseudotype of the mouse sarcoma virus produce large amounts of transforming and non‐transforming viruses. The virions are antigenically related to the woolly monkey (simian) sarcoma‐leukemia type‐C oncovirus. Typical sarcoma virus lesions developed in newborn rats injected with virus‐producing rabbit cells. Cells producing only the putative type‐C helper viruses as a result of exposure to a high dilution of transforming virus stock induce lymphosarcomas after inoculation into newborn rats.
Increased immunogenicity of low‐antigenic rat tumors after superinfection with endogenous murine C‐type virus in nude mice
Authors: Kuzumaki Noboru , Fenyö Eva Maria , Giovanella Beppino C. , Klein George
Published: February 2007

Four chemical carcinogen‐induced and two polyoma‐virus‐induced rat tumors were repeatedly passaged through nude mice. A methylcholanthrene‐induced tumor in BDIX rats (MBDB) and a polyoma‐virus‐induced tumor in Wistar/Fu rats (PW41) became infected with endogenous mouse virus (EMV), as judged by the expression of murine C‐type virus‐associated gp71, p30 and p12 antigens on their cell surface. Two ethylnitrosourea‐induced tumors in BDIX rats (290T and GE3A) were exposed in vitro to the supernatant of EMV‐infected PW41. Subsequently, 290T but not GE3A converted to murine gp71, p30 and p12 positivity. All these successfully infected rat tumors (EMV‐MBDB, EMV‐PW41 and EMV‐290T) became less transplantable to and more rejectable in otherwise susceptible syngeneic rats. To compare the immunogenicity of the virus‐infected and non‐infected tumors, syngeneic rats were immunized three times with irradiated cells, and challenged with the non‐infected tumor. Wistar/Fu rats immunized with irradiated EMV‐PW41 showed no improvement in PW41 rejection, compared to rate immunized with irradiated, non‐infected cells. On the other hand, BDIX rats immunized with EMV‐MBDB or EMV‐290T rejected MBDB or 290T, respectively, with no cross‐immunity, while the rats immunized with irradiated but non‐infected tumors showed no significant rejection. These results indicate that EMV infection augmented the immunogenicity of non‐immunogenic or only low‐immunogenic rat tumors.
Immunological study of two stocks of moloney sarcoma virus producing regressor and progressor tumors in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Takeichi Noritoshi , Boone Charles W. , Holden Howard T. , Herberman Ronald B.
Published: February 2007

The immune response to progressor murine sarcoma virus (P‐MuSV)2 and regressor murine sarcoma virus (R‐MuSV) was analyzed by the radioisotopic footpad assay (FPA) for delayed hypersensitivity (DH) and by the membrane immunofluorescence assay for anti‐tumor antibodies. In mice injected with P‐MuSV, the footpad response remained at a low level for 7 weeks, while membrane immunofluorescence antibody titers reached their maximum levels after 5 weeks. By contrast, in mice injected with R‐MuSV, the footpad response rose to a maximum by 4 weeks and membrane immunofluorescence antibody titers reached a maximum after 4 weeks. The adoptive footpad response reached its highest level in 2 weeks. A most striking difference between the P‐MuSV and the R‐MuSV systems was the lower immunogenicity of tumor cells induced by the P‐MuSV as measured by the FPA. Considerable differences between the two stocks were also observed in oncogenic activity and tumor growth patterns. The P‐MuSV contained one‐tenth the amount of helper Moloney leukemia virus found in R‐MuSV. Addition of more helper Moloney leukemia virus to the P‐MuSV did not produce regressor tumors.