bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluorescent Hydrogel Producing ZnO for Colorimetric Detection of Glutathione and Cysteine
Authors: Kang Beibei , Tang Huicheng , Gao Min , Sun Tianqi , Zhao Zengdian , Song Shasha
Published: September 2021

Supramolecular hydrogels, based on non‐covalent interaction, have outstanding properties, but it is still a big challenge to design hydrogels with higher mechanical properties. In this study, hydrogels with adjustable mechanical properties are prepared by mixing 4′‐(4‐n‐butylimidazole)‐p‐benzyl‐2,2′:6′2″‐terpyridine (C4‐Ter) and zinc ions (Zn2+) in water. The hydrogels are composed of fibrous structure and hierarchical porous structure, which depends on Zn2+ concentration. Rheological results demonstrate that the hydrogels exhibit prominent mechanical strength with the elastic modulus (G″) and yield stress (τ*) of 200 000 and 1000 Pa, respectively. X‐ray diffraction and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy measurements reveal that the hydrogels are mainly driven by the π–π stacking, metal coordination and hydrophobic effects, hydrogen bonding, etc. ZnO is produced by using C4‐Ter/Zn2+ hydrogel as the precursor. Due to the higher peroxidase activity, the obtained ZnO can be used for colorimetric detection of glutathione (GSH) and cysteine (Cys) with the lower limit detection of 0.7818 and 1.2088 µmol L−1, respectively. Moreover, the ZnO + 3,3″,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) + H2O2 sensing system shows higher selectivity for GSH and Cys detection. Therefore, a convenient method to prepare ZnO is developed, which should be an environmentally friendly candidate material in the biomedicine and food industry.
Opportunity, necessity, and no one in the middle: A closer look at small, rural, and female‐led entrepreneurship in the United States
Authors: Conroy Tessa , Low Sarah A.
Published: September 2021

Female entrepreneurs in rural America are rarely studied, despite local economic context likely shaping their (self‐) employment choices. Development literature suggests entrepreneurship is most prevalent at the lowest and highest income levels, creating a U‐shaped relationship between economic development measured with per capita income on the x‐axis and the entrepreneurship rate (startups) on the y‐axis. At the county level in the United States, we find that female‐led startup rates vary with per capita income in the predicted U‐shape. Results provide support for place‐based entrepreneurship policy and highlight challenges women face while trying to contribute to the rural economy.
Defecation disorder and anal function after surgery for lower rectal cancer in elderly patients
Authors: Korai Takahiro , Akizuki Emi , Okita Kenji , Nishidate Toshihiko , Okuya Koichi , Sato Yu , Hamabe Atsushi , Ishii Masayuki , Nobuoka Takayuki , Takemasa Ichiro
Published: September 2021

Aim

This study aims to investigate the association of patient age with defecation disorders and anal function after lower rectal cancer surgery.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the data of 141 consecutive patients with lower rectal cancer who underwent sphincter‐preserving operation. The patients were classified into five categories by age thresholds at 65, 70, 75, 80, and 85 years, for disaggregate analysis. Anal manometry was used for measuring the maximum resting pressure, high‐pressure zone, and maximum squeeze pressure. Anal manometry was performed preoperatively and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively. The Wexner and low anterior resection syndrome scores were assessed at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after rectal surgery or stoma closure for patients with ileostomy.

Results

The data of 117 patients were reviewed. No significant differences were found between the younger and elderly groups in any characteristics across the six age groups. The preoperative intra‐anal pressures of the elderly patients were slightly lower than those of the younger patients; however, there was no significant difference in the course of postoperative intra‐anal pressures. Defecation disorder, as measured by the Wexner and low anterior resection syndrome scores, improved significantly in elderly patients compared to younger patients.

Conclusion

There was no significant difference in the course of postoperative intra‐anal pressures between the elderly and younger patients. However, defecation disorders in elderly patients significantly improved compared with younger patients. Sphincter‐preserving operation can be a viable treatment option for active elderly patients.
Thermo‐Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity in Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Amines to Imines over Cu‐Doped MIL‐125‐NH2
Authors: Li Xiangjun , Li Zezhuo , Zhang Kaiyue , Zhao Danfeng , Huang Xiubing
Published: September 2021

Photocatalytic oxidation of raw organic molecules to value‐added chemicals provides a cost‐effective and sustainable strategy in organic synthesis. In this work, a series of Cu‐doped MIL‐125‐NH2 with narrower band gaps were synthesized by a one‐pot hydrothermal method and used as photocatalysts for thermo‐enhanced aerobic oxidative coupling of amines to imines under visible light irradiation. With optimal doping content, the conversion of benzylamine over MIL‐125‐NH2/Cu2% can reach 100% at 60 °C under visible light irradiation for 8 h using molecule oxygen as oxidant. It is proved that doping MIL‐125‐NH2 with a suitable Cu content can broaden the visible light absorption range, promote the separation of photo‐induced charge carriers and improve the photocatalytic performance. Moreover, the increase of reaction temperature of the photocatalytic system promotes the performance. Free radical capture experiments and ESR tests show that holes and superoxide free radicals are the main active species. Such an excellent photocatalytic performance can be attributed to the strong light absorption and more efficient electron‐hole separation efficiency via the Cu‐doping strategy in MIL‐125‐NH2 catalysts.
Synthesis of in situ immobilized iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) on microcrystalline cellulose: Ecofriendly and recyclable catalyst for Michael addition
Authors: Kumar Bhupender , Reddy Marri Sameer , Dwivedi Kartikey Dhar , Dahiya Amarjeet , Babu J. Nagendra , Chowhan L. Raju
Published: September 2021

Microcrystalline cellulose‐immobilized Fe3O4magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@MCC) with iron loading 5%–20% are synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The synthesized nanocomposites were studied for their catalytic activity towards Michael addition reaction by employing 1,3‐cyclohexadione/dimedone and styrylisoxazole in an aqueous ethanolic medium. The catalyst with 15% iron loading showed the highest efficiency with an excellent yield. Michael addition reaction is one of the most important reaction for the creation of a carbon–carbon bond and widely used in organic synthesis under mild condition. The prepared catalyst performed well in Michael addition reaction and afforded the product in excellent yield. The products were isolated by simple filtration without use of any chromatographic techniques. The scale‐up experiment on 10‐mmol scale proved the sustainability of the methodology. The catalyst was recycled, and the recovered catalyst data showed no considerable depreciation in catalytic activity even after 5 consecutive cycles. The advantages of this green and safe procedure include a simple reaction set‐up, very mild reaction conditions, high yields, moderate reaction time, recyclable catalyst, and easy separation of the products without use of any tedious separation techniques.
Setting the net lower: A potential low‐cost mitigation method to reduce cetacean bycatch in drift gillnet fisheries
Authors: Kiszka Jeremy J. , Moazzam Muhammad , Boussarie Germain , Shahid Umair , Khan Babar , Nawaz Rab
Published: September 2021

Bycatch is the most significant threat to marine megafauna (sea turtles, marine mammals, elasmobranchs, seabirds) worldwide, and the leading cause of the decline of several cetacean species. The bycatch issue in the Indian Ocean is poorly understood, but high bycatch levels in gillnet fisheries have been documented for the past two decades, in both small‐scale and semi‐industrial fisheries. Unfortunately, methods to reduce bycatch are often unavailable, financially non‐viable or socially unacceptable to fishermen.

Using a network of trained boat captains in the tuna drift gillnet fishery in the Arabian Sea, targeted catch and bycatch data were collected from 2013 to 2017 off the coast of Pakistan (northern Indian Ocean). Two fishing methods using multifilament gillnets were used: surface deployment and subsurface deployment (i.e. headline of net set below 2 m depth).

Predicted catch rates for targeted species did not differ significantly between the two fishing practices, although a drop in tuna (6.2%) and tuna‐like (10.9%) species captures was recorded in subsurface sets. The probability of cetacean bycatch, however, was 78.5% lower in subsurface than in surface sets.

Cetacean bycatch in tuna drift gillnet fisheries has the potential to be significantly reduced at a relatively low cost for fishers. However, further research with an appropriate sampling design and a large sample size is required to confirm the efficacy of the proposed mitigation method. The acceptability and adoption of subsurface setting by fishers also needs to be further investigated. Despite some limitations, this preliminary study also highlights the importance of crew‐based observer data as an alternative source of data when observers cannot be deployed on fishing vessels.
Facile one‐step synthesis of Ru doped NiCoP nanoparticles as highly efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Kim Jun , Min Byeong Jo , Kwon Taehyun , Kim Taekyung , Song Ho Chang , Ham Hyung Chul , Baik Hionsuck , Lee Kwangyeol , Kim Jin Young
Published: September 2021

Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) as ever‐evolving electrocatalytic materials have attracted increasing attention in water splitting reactions owing to their cost‐effective, highly active and stable catalytic properties. This work presents a facile synthetic route to NiCoP nanoparticles with Ru dopants which function as highly efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media. The Ru dopants induced a high content of Ni and Co vacancies in NiCoP nanoparticles, and the more defective Ru doped NiCoP phase than undoped NiCoP ones led to a greater number of catalytically active sites and improved electrical conductivity after undergoing electrochemical activation. The Ru doped NiCoP catalyst exhibited high OER catalytic performance in alkaline media with a low overpotential of 281 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 42.7 mV dec−1.
Multifunctional Pd/MOFs@MOFs Confined Core‐Shell Catalysts with Wrinkled Surface for Selective Catalysis
Authors: Chen Min‐Jie , Chang Gang‐Gang , Chen Li‐Yan , Huang Ke‐Xin , Pu Chun , Li Dan , Yao Yao , Li Jia‐Xin , Yang Xiao‐Yu , Chen Banglin
Published: September 2021

Process intensification, targeting the maximization of spatial‐temporal productivity utilizing minimum energy and resources has always been the constant trends especially in chemical industry. In this regard, tandem reactions that are able to perform a multi‐step reaction in a single pot by eliminating costly separation steps have been viewed as a typical paradigm. However, a spatial isolation of varied active sites with a controlled manner in a single catalyst to avoid deactivation and work synergistically is a challenging problem yet sometimes being overlooked. In this work, a spatial base‐metal core‐shell structured catalyst with wrinkled surface was successfully fabricated by a direct homoepitaxial growth method in an acid/water system, which exhibited increased hydrophobicity, exposure of active sites and significantly improved product selectivity towards one‐pot Knoevenagel condensation‐hydrogenation tandem reaction compared with the uncoated catalyst. Meanwhile, the catalytic performance was largely retained and the structural stability was maintained even after successive 8 cycles, which shows great promise for industrial applications.
Catalysis in Single Crystalline Materials: From Discrete Molecules to Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Shi Qiang , Liu Bing , Li Jing , Wang Xuping , Wang Leyong
Published: September 2021

Catalysis is one of the key techniques for people's modern life. It has created numerous essential chemicals such as biomedicines, agricultural chemicals and unique materials. Heterogeneous catalysis is the new emerging method with reusable catalysts. Among heterogenous catalysis patterns developed so far, single crystalline catalysis has become the promising one owing to its high catalytic density and selectivity resulted by the inherent porosity, orderliness of the lattices and permeability. These crystalline catalysts could be used in various reactions such as photo‐dimerization, Diels‐Alder reaction, CO2 transformation and so on. In this review, we highlighted the reported works about the single crystalline catalysts. Both discrete small molecules and metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have been used to prepare single crystals for catalysis. For discrete molecules based crystalline catalysts, coordinated and covalent molecules have been used. There were more catalytic modes in crystalline MOF catalysts. Three patterns were identified in this review: single crystalline MOFs i) without catalytic sites, ii) with inherent catalytic features and iii) with introducing catalytic units by post synthetic modification. Based on these examples, this review committed to provide the inspirations for the further design and application of single crystalline materials.
Characteristics, prognosis, risk factors, and management of recently diagnosed ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion
Authors: Li Chunyan , Yang Yilan , Wang Jiangfeng , Jin Kairui , Yang Zhaozhi , Yu Xiaoli , Guo Xiaomao , Chen Xingxing
Published: September 2021

Background

Ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion (DCISM) represents ~1% of all breast cancer cases and is arguably a more aggressive subtype of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Lacking studies with a large population, the survival outcomes of DCISM are still poorly understood and the treatment recommendations remain controversial. This study aims to investigate the long‐term outcome of patients with DCISM, potential risk factors for their prognosis, and the difference of survival between patients treated with breast‐conserving surgery plus radiotherapy (BCT + RT) and mastectomy only.

Methods

In total, 1299 patients from 2008 to 2019 with DCISM were retrospectively retrieved. Clinicopathological features were analyzed. Subgroup analysis was conducted between patients who underwent BCT + RT and mastectomy only. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors for survival. Differences of survival between two groups were compared using the log‐rank test.

Results

Totally, 1286 patients had follow‐up information, the median follow‐up is 54.57 months, the 5‐year local–regional‐free survival (LRFS), distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS), and overall survival (OS) were 98.6%, 97.1%, and 99.4%, respectively, two deaths were due to breast cancer. Multivariate analysis identified age <40 (p = 0.028) and close margin (≤2 mm) as independent negative prognostic factors for LRFS. No prognostic factors were identified for DMFS and OS. The 5‐year LRFS, DMFS, and OS of patients who had DCIS component ≥5 cm and underwent mastectomy without adjuvant radiotherapy were 100%, 98.4%, and 98.4%, respectively. After propensity score matching (PSM), no survival difference was observed between patients treated with BCT + RT or mastectomy only.

Conclusions

DCISM patients had a good survival, even those with DCIS component ≥5 cm. Patients aged <40 or with close margin (≤2 mm) had a poorer LRFS, but not DMFS or OS. BCT + RT is a feasible choice for DCISM patients.
The roles, controversies, and combination therapies of autophagy in lung cancer
Authors: Wang Zijian , Zhou Chunyang , Yang Shengjie
Published: September 2021

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death among men and women worldwide. The disease initially has a silent phenotype, which leads to the progression of the disease and ultimately the lack of proper response to routine treatments. Autophagy, known as an intracellular “recycle bin” for the degradation of defective proteins and molecules, is one of the mechanisms that has been considered in the context of cancer in recent years. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of published articles on autophagy in the context of lung cancer to have a complete view of the role of autophagy in lung cancer and its possible treatments. PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched until June 15 to find related articles. No specific search filters or restrictions were applied. The results were entered into reference management software for aggregation and management. The full text of all articles was screened and studied. In conclusion, studies on the exact function of autophagy in lung cancer are contradictory, but what can be concluded from a review of literature on lung cancer is that targeting autophagy combined with traditional routine therapies such as chemotherapy, especially in advanced stages of lung cancer, can be an effective anticancer approach.
Origin of the Rate Acceleration in the C−C Reductive Elimination from Pt(IV)‐complex in a [Ga4L6]12− Supramolecular Metallocage
Authors: Norjmaa Gantulga , Maréchal Jean‐Didier , Ujaque Gregori
Published: September 2021

The reductive elimination on [(Me3P)2Pt(MeOH)(CH3)3]+, 2P, complex performed in MeOH solution and inside a [Ga4L6]12− metallocage are computationally analysed by mean of QM and MD simulations and compared with the mechanism of gold parent systems previously reported [Et3PAu(MeOH)(CH3)2]+, 2Au. The comparative analysis between the encapsulated Au(III) and Pt(IV)‐counterparts shows that there are no additional solvent MeOH molecules inside the cavity of the metallocage for both systems. The Gibbs energy barriers for the 2P reductive elimination calculated at DFT level are in good agreement with the experimental values for both environments. The effect of microsolvation and encapsulation on the rate acceleration are evaluated and shows that the latter is far more relevant, conversely to 2Au. Energy decomposition analysis indicates that the encapsulation is the main responsible for most of the energy barrier reduction. Microsolvation and encapsulation effects are not equally contributing for both metal systems and consequently, the reasons of the rate acceleration are not the same for both metallic systems despite the similarity between them.
Study of the Cycloaddition of CO2 with Styrene Oxide Over Six‐Connected spn Topology MOFs (Zr, Hf) at Room Temperature
Authors: Jin Lijian , Qin Qiuju , Dong Lihui , Liu Shaoqing , Xie Shangzhi , Lu Jinkai , Xu Aihao , Liu Jiaxing , Liu Hao , Yao Yinchao , Hou Xueyan , Fan Minguang
Published: September 2021

A series of MOFs with a 6‐connected spn topology were synthesized (MOF‐808‐(Zr, Hf), PCN‐777‐(Zr, Hf), MOF‐818‐(Zr, Hf)). Through the in situ DRIFTS of NH3 adsorption‐desorption, we found that the activated catalyst mainly contains Lewis acid sites. The effects of different organic ligands on the Lewis acid of the Zr6 cluster were analyzed by XPS and NH3‐TPD, and the relative Lewis acidity of the same metal was obtained: PCN‐777>MOF‐808>MOF‐818. In the Py‐FTIR results, we confirmed that MOF‐818 has a higher acid site density. In the activity test, MOFs with mesoporous structure showed better catalytic activity under normal temperature and pressure. Among them, MOF‐818 can still maintain a high degree of crystallinity after catalysis. Finally, we use density functional theory to propose the mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction of carbon dioxide and styrene oxide. The results show that the metal is coordinated with styrene oxide and halogens attack the β carbon of the epoxide.
Diphosphino‐Functionalized 1,8‐Naphthyridines: a Multifaceted Ligand Platform for Boranes and Diboranes
Authors: Cui Jingjing , Dietz Maximilian , Härterich Marcel , Fantuzzi Felipe , Lu Wei , Dewhurst Rian D. , Braunschweig Holger
Published: September 2021

A 1,8‐naphthyridine diphosphine (NDP) reacts with boron‐containing Lewis acids to generate complexes featuring a number of different naphthyridine bonding modes. When exposed to diborane B2Br4, NDP underwent self‐deprotonation to afford [NDP‐B2Br3]Br, an unsymmetrical diborane comprised of four fused rings. The reaction of two equivalents of monoborane BBr3 and NDP in a non‐polar solvent provided the simple phosphine‐borane adduct [NDP(BBr3)2], which then underwent intramolecular halide abstraction to furnish the salt [NDP‐BBr2][BBr4], featuring a different coordination mode from that of [NDP‐B2Br3]Br. Direct deprotonation of NDP by KHMDS or PhCH2K generates mono‐ and dipotassium reagents, respectively. The monopotassium reagent reacts with one or half an equivalent of B2(NMe2)2Cl2 to afford NDP‐based diboranes with three or four amino substituents.
Switching the Mechanism of NADH Photooxidation by Supramolecular Interactions
Authors: Mengele Alexander K. , Weixler Dominik , Chettri Avinash , Maurer Maite , Huber Fabian Lukas , Seibold Gerd M. , Dietzek Benjamin , Eikmanns Bernhard J. , Rau Sven
Published: September 2021

A series of three Ru(II) polypyridine complexes was investigated for the selective photocatalytic oxidation of NAD(P)H to NAD(P)+ in water. A combination of (time‐resolved) spectroscopic studies and photocatalysis experiments revealed that ligand design can be used to control the mechanism of the photooxidation: For prototypical Ru(II) complexes a 1O2 pathway was found. Rudppz ([(tbbpy)2Ru(dppz)]Cl2, tbbpy=4,4'‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2'‐bipyridine, dppz=dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine), instead, initiated the cofactor oxidation by electron transfer from NAD(P)H enabled by supramolecular binding between substrate and catalyst. Expulsion of the photoproduct NAD(P)+ from the supramolecular binding site in Rudppz allowed very efficient turnover. Therefore, Rudppz permits repetitive selective assembly and oxidative conversion of reduced naturally occurring nicotinamides by recognizing the redox state of the cofactor under formation of H2O2 as additional product. This photocatalytic process can fuel discontinuous photobiocatalysis.
Humic and Fulvic Acids as Specific Sorbents of Herbicides in Water
Authors: Vrantsi Eleni , Lakka Achillia , Bozinou Eleni , Athanasiadis Vassilis , Papadaki Eirini S. , Dourtoglou Vassilis G. , Lalas Stavros I.
Published: September 2021

The ability of humic and fulvic acids (isolated from lignite with a simple, quick, and inexpensive method) to bind the active ingredients of herbicides contaminating drinking water is evaluated. During this study drinking water samples are contaminated with formulated herbicides (imazamox or a mixture of thifensulfuron methyl and tribenuron methyl), while humic and fulvic acids are used as reducing agents. The maximum reducing ability presented by humic and fulvic acids is 72.72% for thifensulfuron methyl and tribenuron methyl and 37.52% for imazamox. Humic acids’ binding ability is superior to that of fulvic acids.
Drought in Northeast Brazil: A review of agricultural and policy adaptation options for food security
Authors: Marengo Jose A. , Galdos Marcelo V. , Challinor Andrew , Cunha Ana Paula , Marin Fabio R. , Vianna Murilo dos Santos , Alvala Regina C. S. , Alves Lincoln M. , Moraes Osvaldo L. , Bender Fabiani
Published: September 2021

The semiarid lands of Northeast Brazil represent one of the most densely populated regions of the country. Rainfall variability together with land degradation and large‐scale poverty in rural areas makes this region vulnerable to droughts. Most of the agriculture in this region is rainfed and deficient rainfall leads to severe drought impacts. In this review, we examine different short‐ and long‐term strategies directed to cope with possible impacts of droughts proposed by the government, farmers, civil society, and the private sector. These are approaches to adaptation to drought in the Northeast of Brazil, and among them, we have agricultural management and soil conservation and better management of water resources. Other actions include seasonal climate forecasts and funds transfer and credits to affected small‐scale farmers. Although some of these actions are for the short term and may help to survive the drought situation, they may be only postdisaster mitigation options that do not improve adaptive capacity. They favor maladaptation and create dependency of farmers to government actions. Some experiences such as AdaptaSertão show potential benefits for small‐scale farmers. We identify key challenges for moving toward a more holistic risk management approach and highlight the need to integrate actions and tools for adaptation, combining technology‐based solutions with in‐depth knowledge of local and regional social, economic, and cultural aspects, among them seasonal climate forecasts and drought impacts studies, among some other proactive predisaster ways, rather than reactive postdisaster actions. Adaptation strategies must increase long‐term resilience of food production in the Brazilian Northeast, going beyond an individual drought event.
Engineered s‐Triazine‐Based Dendrimer‐Honokiol Conjugates as Targeted MMP‐2/9 Inhibitors for Halting Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Khalil Hosam H. , Osman Heba A. , Teleb Mohamed , Darwish A. I. , Abu‐Serie Marwa M. , Khattab Sherine N. , Haiba Nesreen S.
Published: September 2021

Despite the advances in developing MMP‐2/9 inhibitors, off‐target side effects and pharmacokinetics problems remain major challenges hindering their clinical success in cancer therapy. However, recent targeting strategies have clearly revitalized MMP research. Herein, we introduce new s‐triazine‐based dendrimers endowed with intrinsic MMP‐2/9 inhibitory potential and tetherable to hepatocellular carcinoma‐specific targeting ligands and anticancer agents via biodegradable linkages for targeted therapy. The designed dendrimeric platform was built with potential zinc‐binding branching linkers (hydrazides) and termini (carboxylic acids and hydrazides) to confer potency against MMP‐2/9. Preliminary cytotoxicity screening and MMP‐2/9 inhibition assay of the free dendrimers revealed promising potency (MMP‐9; IC50=0.35–0.57 μM, MMP‐2; IC50=0.39–0.77 μM) within their safe doses (EC100=94.15–42.75 μM). The hydrazide dendrimer was comparable to NNGH and superior to the carboxylic acid analogue. MTT assay showed that the free dendrimers were superior to the reference anticancer agent honokiol. Their anticancer potency was enhanced by HK conjugation, targeting ligands installation and PEGylation as exemplified by the hydrazide dendrimer conjugate (TPG3−NH2)‐SuHK‐FA‐SuPEG (Huh‐7; IC50=5.54 μM, HepG‐2; IC50=10.07 μM) being 4 folds more active than HK, followed by the carboxylic acid conjugate (TPG3−OH)‐HK‐LA‐PEG (Huh‐7; IC50=14.97, HepG‐2; IC50=21.29 μM). This was consistent with apoptosis studies.
Error rates in cytology clinical history are correlated with the number of “clicks“ needed to obtain it
Authors: Renshaw Andrew A. , Gould Edwin W.
Published: September 2021

Demanding more history from our clinical colleagues may be counterproductive because that provided history may be inaccurate. A better solution may be to make it possible to reliably obtain the pertinent history from the medical record with fewer than 4 clicks and ideally with 0 or 1 click.
Analysis of Islet‐1, Nkx2.1, Pax6, and Orthopedia in the forebrain of the sturgeon Acipenser ruthenus identifies conserved prosomeric characteristics
Authors: López Jesús M. , Jiménez Sara , Morona Ruth , Lozano Daniel , Moreno Nerea
Published: September 2021

The distribution patterns of a set of conserved brain developmental regulatory transcription factors were analyzed in the forebrain of the basal actinopterygian fish Acipenser ruthenus, consistent with the prosomeric model. In the telencephalon, the pallium was characterized by ventricular expression of Pax6. In the subpallium, the combined expression of Nkx2.1/Islet‐1 (Isl1) allowed to propose ventral and dorsal areas, as the septo‐pallidal (Nkx2.1/Isl1+) and striatal derivatives (Isl1+), respectively, and a dorsal portion of the striatal derivatives, ventricularly rich in Pax6 and devoid of Isl1 expression. Dispersed Orthopedia (Otp) cells were found in the supracommissural and posterior nuclei of the ventral telencephalon, related to the medial portion of the amygdaloid complex. The preoptic area was identified by the Nkx2.1/Isl1 expression. In the alar hypothalamus, an Otp‐expressing territory, lacking Nkx2.1/Isl1, was identified as the paraventricular domain. The adjacent subparaventricular domain (Spa) was subdivided in a rostral territory expressing Nkx2.1 and an Isl1+ caudal one. In the basal hypothalamus, the tuberal region was defined by the Nkx2.1/Isl1 expression and a rostral Otp‐expressing domain was identified. Moreover, the Otp/Nkx2.1 combination showed an additional zone lacking Isl1, tentatively identified as the mamillary area. In the diencephalon, both Pax6 and Isl1 defined the prethalamic domain, and within the basal prosomere 3, scattered Pax6‐ and Isl1‐expressing cells were observed in the posterior tubercle. Finally, a small group of Pax6 cells was observed in the pretectal area. These results improve the understanding of the forebrain evolution and demonstrate that its basic bauplan is present very early in the vertebrate lineage.
An optimum security enabled System‐on‐Chip selection for Internet of Things applications using genetic algorithm modeling
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Ramesh , Krishnan Kalimuthu
Published: September 2021

The System‐on‐Chip (SoC) is the core component in embedded systems that push toward the evolution of the Internet of Things. The quick growth of embedded SoC devices has a substantial influence to overcome security issues in embedded system design. Since microcontroller‐based systems are security and safety‐critical, this article focuses on security aspects of state‐of‐the‐art microcontrollers through performing design space analysis of several crypto‐core algorithms. These crypto functions are analyzed and compared to identify and implement the appropriate algorithm for on‐chip security. The genetic algorithm (GA) optimization model is utilized for the optimal selection of secured SoC from the commercial devices that are stored in the database. In this work, the fitness function is proposed with various levels such as performance‐centric, security enabled, low operating power, and application‐specific SoC selection. We also validate the GA results by implementing the security benchmarks on resultant devices by analyzing the execution time and performance. The accuracy of the GA‐based optimum SoC selection is estimated using confusion matrix method that produces the accuracy of .
Coherent Evolution of Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange in Two Alternating Fields (alt‐SABRE)
Authors: Pravdivtsev Andrey N. , Kempf Nicolas , Plaumann Markus , Bernarding Johannes , Scheffler Klaus , Hövener Jan‐Bernd , Buckenmaier Kai
Published: September 2021

Parahydrogen (pH2) is a convenient and cost‐efficient source of spin order to enhance the magnetic resonance signal. Previous work showed that transient interaction of pH2 with a metal organic complex in a signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) experiment enabled more than 10 % polarization for some 15N molecules. Here, we analyzed a variant of SABRE, consisting of a magnetic field alternating between a low field of ∼1 μT, where polarization transfer is expected to take place, and a higher field >50 μT (alt‐SABRE). These magnetic fields affected the amplitude and frequency of polarization transfer. Deviation of a lower magnetic field from a “perfect” condition of level anti‐crossing increases the frequency of polarization transfer that can be exploited for polarization of short‐lived transient SABRE complexes. Moreover, the coherences responsible for polarization transfer at a lower field persisted during magnetic field variation and continued their spin evolution at higher field with a frequency of 2.5 kHz at 54 μT. The latter should be taken into consideration for an efficient alt‐SABRE. Theoretical and experimental findings were exemplified with Iridium N‐heterocyclic carbene SABRE complex and 15N‐acetonitrole, where a 30 % higher 15N polarization with alt‐SABRE compared to common SABRE was reached.
The impact of prenatal maternal stress due to potentially traumatic events on child temperament: A systematic review
Authors: Rodríguez‐Soto Nayra C. , Buxó Carmen J. , Morou‐Bermudez Evangelia , Pérez‐Edgar Koraly , Ocasio‐Quiñones Idanara T. , Surillo‐González Marta Beatriz , Martinez Karen G.
Published: September 2021

The objective of the current study was to complete a systematic review of the relationship between prenatal maternal stress due to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and child temperament. Eligible studies through June 2020 were identified utilizing a search strategy in PubMed and PsycInfo. Included studies examined associations between prenatal maternal stress due to PTE and child temperament. Two independent coders extracted study characteristics and three coders assessed study quality. Of the 1969 identified studies, 20 met full inclusion criteria. Studies were classified on two dimensions: (1) disaster‐related stress and (2) intimate partner violence during pregnancy. For disaster‐related prenatal maternal stress, 75% (nine out of 12) of published reports found associations with increased child negative affectivity, 50% (five out of 10) also noted associations with lower effortful control/regulation, and 38% (three out of eight) found associations with lower positive affectivity. When considering prenatal intimate partner violence stress, 80% (four out of five) of published reports found associations with higher child negative affectivity, 67% (four out of six) found associations with lower effortful control/regulation, and 33% (one out of three) found associations with lower positive affectivity. Prenatal maternal stress due to PTEs may impact the offspring's temperament, especially negative affectivity. Mitigating the effects of maternal stress in pregnancy is needed in order to prevent adverse outcomes on the infant's socioemotional development.
Impact of renin‐angiotensin system inhibitors on long‐term clinical outcomes of patients with rheumatic heart disease
Authors: Liu Cheng , Lai Yanxian , Wu Deping , Fu Ruibin , Li Yanfang , Li Hu , Guan Tianwang , Shen Yan
Published: September 2021

Aims

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains a major global health problem. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) are commonly administered in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, but its role in RHD patients is still limited. We performed a retrospective study to determine the effect of RAASi on long‐term outcomes for RHD patients.

Methods and results

A 1:1 propensity score matching was implemented to balance baseline characteristics between groups RAASi and non‐RAASi. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to investigate the associations of RAASi with the risks of all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular death (CVD), and cerebrovascular death. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations of RAASi with the risks of 1, 3, and 5 year heart failure (HF) rehospitalization, new‐onset atrial fibrillation (AF), and new‐onset stroke. A total of 734 RHD patients were enrolled as study participants; nearly half of these participants had combined valve damage (54.4%), worse New York Heart Association functional class status (III and IV, 55.2%), surgical treatment (54.2%), and AF (65.0%). After propensity score matching, 514 RHD patients were finally analysed. RAASi treatment was associated with decreased risks of all‐cause mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.37–0.73, P < 0.001], CVD (adjusted HR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.30–0.76, P = 0.002), and cerebrovascular death (adjusted HR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.08–0.60, P = 0.003). Further subgroup analysis showed that RAASi treatment was associated with decreased risks of all‐cause mortality (adjusted HR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.31–0.79, P = 0.004), CVD (adjusted HR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.25–0.91, P = 0.025), and cerebrovascular death (adjusted HR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.05–0.65, P = 0.008) in RHD patients without surgical treatment, and better effect was observed in RHD patients with surgical treatment on the risks of all‐cause mortality (adjusted HR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.26–0.85, P = 0.012) and CVD (adjusted HR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.21–0.90, P = 0.024) except cerebrovascular death (adjusted HR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.08–3.36, P = 0.491). RAASi treatment was associated with decreased HF rehospitalization risk of 1 year [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.23–0.61, P < 0.001], 3 year (adjusted OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.28–0.68, P < 0.001), and 5 year (adjusted OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.30–0.77, P = 0.002) as well as new‐onset AF risk (adjusted OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.21–0.68, P = 0.001). RAASi treatment had nothing to do with new‐onset stroke risk (adjusted OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.47–1.38, P = 0.428).

Conclusion

Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitor treatment was significantly associated with decreased risks of mortality, HF rehospitalization, and new‐onset AF in RHD patients in median 5.9 year follow‐up.
Effect of Oxygen on Ammonothermal Synthesis: Example of Na2[Zn(NH2)4] ⋅ (NH3)x and Na2[Zn(NH2)4] ⋅ (H2O)x
Authors: Kunkel Sebastian , Nasir Jamal , Schmedt auf der Günne Jörn , Niewa Rainer
Published: September 2021

Polycrystalline powder and single crystals of Na2[Zn(NH2)4] ⋅ (NH3)0.24 and Na2[Zn(NH2)4] ⋅ (H2O)0.37 were obtained under ammonobasic conditions at 823 K and 200 MPa. Upon substituting the constituent ammonia by water, the space group (C2/c) and crystal structure remain generally unchanged. Nevertheless, the presence of water during the ammonothermal synthesis has a fundamental impact on the transport direction, changing from exothermic for the pure ammonia system to an endothermic material transport for the hydrate formation under essentially the same experimental conditions. That indicates that even a small amount of oxygen can have a fundamental influence on the solubility and its temperature dependence of dissolved species during ammonobasic synthesis. Chemical analysis, Raman spectroscopy and thermal analysis consistently support the composition assignment. Solid‐state NMR measurements back up the exchange of exclusively ammonia by water, rather than introduction of hydroxide ions. A minor enhancement of the thermal stability of the hydrate compared to the ammoniate is observed.
Self‐connection and well‐being: Development and validation of a self‐connection scale
Authors: Klussman Kristine , Nichols Austin Lee , Curtin Nicola , Langer Julia , Orehek Edward
Published: September 2021

Self‐connection is defined as an (1) awareness of oneself, (2) acceptance of oneself based on this awareness, and (3) alignment of one's behavior with this awareness. Although some promising results suggest that self‐connection uniquely contributes to well‐being, they have relied on an untested, single‐item measure. To advance empirical examination of self‐connection and its role in well‐being, the current research developed and validated a 12‐item Self‐Connection Scale (SCS). We recruited a total of 1,469 participants across three studies to examine the SCS and its three underlying components. Using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, we found evidence supporting the factor structure and inter‐item reliability as well as evidence of construct, concurrent, and incremental validity. Importantly, results from three studies suggest that the SCS is associated with multiple important indicators of health and well‐being. The scale also demonstrated incremental validity beyond mindfulness, authenticity, self‐concept clarity, self‐compassion, and self‐acceptance in its association with various mental health and well‐being indicators. Thus, the SCS provides a valuable tool to measure and examine self‐connection and its relationship to well‐being and other important psychological outcomes.
Dual‐Ligand Zn‐Based Metal–Organic Framework as Reversible and Stable Anode Material for Next Generation Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Baskoro Febri , Ngue Chin-May , Labasan Kristin B. , Wong Hui Qi , Leung Man-Kit , Yen Hung-Ju
Published: September 2021

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have received intensive scientific attention as electrode materials for lithium‐ion batteries because of their tailorable physical and chemical properties by incorporating different organic ligands. Herein, a zinc‐based MOF (Zn‐MOF) with a special dual‐ligand system, tris(4‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)phenyl)amine and dihydroxylterepthate, as anode material for lithium‐ion batteries is successfully fabricated. The activated Zn‐MOF based battery delivered a reversible and efficient lithium storage capacity of ≈200 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 with a 99% Coulombic efficiency over 1000 cycles. The sweep rate cyclic voltammetry and ex situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on the electrode materials at different charging/discharging states reveal that lithium insertion in the organic moiety with a diffusion‐controlled process plays a critical role in the storage mechanism of the Zn‐MOF anode. Further spectroscopic analysis reveals the excellent material stability of dual‐ligand Zn‐MOFs with limited solid–electrolyte interface growth under long‐term charge–discharge operation, which is beneficial for next‐generation battery anodes.
Identifying Commercial Opportunities for the Reverse Water Gas Shift Reaction
Authors: Bown R. Matthew , Joyce Miriam , Zhang Qi , Reina Tomas Ramirez , Duyar Melis S.
Published: September 2021

The reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction is a promising technology for introducing carbon dioxide as feedstock to the broader chemical industry through syngas production. While this reaction has attracted significant attention recently for catalyst and process development, there is a need to quantify the net CO2 consumption of RWGS schemes, while taking into account parameters such as thermodynamics, alongside technoeconomic constraints for feasible process development. Also of particular importance is the consideration of the cost and carbon footprint of hydrogen production. Herein, research needs to enable net carbon‐consuming, economically feasible RWGS processes are identified. By considering the scenarios of hydrogen with varying carbon footprints (gray, blue, and green) as well as analyzing the sensitivity to process heating method, it is proposed that the biggest enabling development for RWGS commercial implementation as a CO2 utilization technology will be the availability of low‐cost and low‐carbon sources of hydrogen. RWGS catalyst improvements alone will not be sufficient for economic feasibility but are necessary given the prospect of dropping hydrogen prices.
Geochemical and geochronological studies of Abor volcanic rocks of eastern Himalaya
Authors: Baral Upendra , Ding Lin , Goswami Tapos Kumar , Sarma Mondip , Jan MQ , Wang Chao , Aminov Jovid , Qasim Muhammad , Bezbaruah Devojit
Published: September 2021

The Indian Plate began drifting northward after the Gondwana breakup and collided with the Eurasian Plate during the Early Cenozoic, resulting in the consequential development of the Himalayan–Tibetan Orogeny. Several microcontinents were rifted from Gondwana and amalgamated with the Indian Plate, resulting in magmatism along the continental margin. The Abor volcanic rocks (AVRs) in the eastern Himalaya represent one of such magmatism, the emplacement mechanism, and the timing of which is still a topic of debate. The AVR comprises mafic and silicic rocks; the present study concerns the petrography and geochemistry of the mafic rocks. U–Pb geochronology on three samples shows the weighted mean age of 130 ± 1 Ma, 143 ± 1.2 Ma, and 155 ± 16 Ma. Whole‐rock geochemistry of eight samples shows Mg# of 45.48 to 57.7, except for one sample with 37.4, variable contents of CaO (4.4–9.5 wt%), K2O (0.1–2.6%), Lost on ignition (LOI) (0.9–3.6 wt%; average 2.4), and K2O/Na2O ratios (0.02–0.6 with a single one 1.0), Y/Nb (0.55–1.66, with one value of 2.44), and medium to high Zr/Nb (10.1–14.1) and Zr/Y (5.4–18.14). The Sr‐isotopic results from 11 samples show that the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios vary between 0.7049 and 0.7110, and εNd(t) values range from +1.176 to −2.250. Geochemical and isotopic data suggest that the studied AVRs (mafic) are of subalkaline tholeiitic affinity. These volcanic rocks have continental intraplate characteristics and are sourced from the metasomatized mantle during the rifting event of the Indian subcontinent from Gondwana during Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous.
Impact of new cancer therapies on outpatient treatment delivery for colorectal cancer: A population‐based study
Authors: Chen Leo , Speers Caroline H. , Cheung Winson Y. , Spinelli John J. , Kennecke Hagen F.
Published: September 2021

We investigated the impact of new systemic therapies approved in Canada for colorectal cancer on the frequency, intensity and duration of oncology clinic and infusion visits over five treatment phases from diagnosis (P1, P3) to treatment (P2, P4) of primary and metastatic disease, respectively, and during the last 6 months of life (P5). In total, 15,157 adult patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer and referred between 2000 and 2012 to any cancer clinic in British Columbia, Canada, were included. Frequency, intensity and duration of medical oncology clinic visits (CVs), oncology infusions (OIs) and oncology prescriptions (OPs) were measured by treatment phase. Mean, total and adjusted total duration for CVs increased for P1–5. CVs increased in P1–5, and in P1–4 when adjusted by treatment length. Adjusted and unadjusted OIs decreased in P1 coinciding with the introduction of an oral treatment option, but increased in P2–5. Mean OI duration increased in P1–5, while total and adjusted total decreased in P1 and increased in P2–5. OPs increased in P2–4, but were unchanged in P1 and P5. Multi‐fold increases in resources and time required per patient were also observed, which have significant implications for demand projections in cancer care planning and delivery. In conclusion, patients required more visits in almost all treatment phases, visits on average took longer and patients were in treatment for longer periods of time.