bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioreactors as physiologicallike in vitro models
Authors: Mantero Sara , Boschetti Federica
Published: February 2020

Bioreactors are powerful tools for in vitro development of engineered substitutes through controlled biological, physical, and mechanical culture conditions: bioreactor technology allows a closer in vitro replication of native tissues. One of bioreactors applications is the design of in vitro 3D tissue models as a bridge between 2D and in vivo models, allowing the application of 3R (replacement, reduction, refinement) principle. To this aim, bioreactors can be used to culture cells seeded on engineered scaffolds under in vivo-like conditions. Another key use of bioreactors is for perfusion decellularization of tissues and organs to be used as scaffolds. This contribution describes a dynamic stretching. bioreactor, imposing a mechanical stretching to the cultured constructs, allowing the development of skeletal muscle engineered constructs, and a decellularization bioreactor, designed for decellularization of blood vessels.
For an ethics of experimentation. Moral arguments supporting 3Rs
Authors: Manti Franco
Published: February 2020

A non-ideological approach to the moral questions posed by the use of animals for experimental purposes involves taking into account: i) the debate that has developed since the modern age on the ontological status of animals and on what is due to them or we must recognize; ii) the new frontiers of knowledge opened up by disciplines such as ethology, anthrozoology, animal psychology; iii) the arguments in support of or against experimentation with animals, referring also to new perspectives opened up by methodologies commonly defined as alternatives. Referring to the 3Rs, an important starting point is to critically consider the impasse generated by the conflict of interests between human and animal welfare or, in another respect, by the conflict of benefits for humans - costs for animals. Effective development of the 3Rs requires epistemological awareness and ethical competence as the assumption of responsibility by researchers and OPBA members for the well-being of humans and animals, giving reasons for the choices that are made.
Centro 3R: Organ and tissue sharing project
Authors: Marcoli Manuela
Published: February 2020

To optimize sharing of organs/tissues from animals humanely sacrificed for (scientific or research) projects approved by the Ministry of Health, by considering that functional - but not only functional - experiments often require using fresh tissues, the 3R Centre is establishing a pilot project involving the University of Genoa and the University of Pisa and their OPBA, enabling sharing fresh tissues through platforms on territorial basis (that might be connected on platform networks) allowing the researcher to use at best valuable biological resource. Implementation of the project would allow establishing protocols for organ/tissue sharing including fresh preparations, therefore meeting more requests than the frozen/fixed tissues. The project by allowing strict collaboration and exchange between researchers would complement the Ministry of Health platform for tissue sharing and would contribute to step forward on the effective reduction of animal use for experimental purpose.
Neurophysiological models of animal sentience
Authors: Panzera Michele
Published: February 2020

The pain in animals is typically inferred on the basis of nonverbal behavior. The proposed model is based on the bioengineering principle that structure determines function. Basic functional homologies can be mapped in the brain regions directly responsible for the sensation of painful stimuli and their representation in the limbic circuits of the sentience.
Immuno- and glyco-histochemistry as a tool to evaluate the oregano supplemented feed effects in pig gut
Authors: Dall'Aglio Cecilia , Mercati Francesca , Faeti Valerio , Acuti Gabriele , Trabalza Marinucci Massimo , De Felice Elena , Tardella Federico Maria , Franciosini Maria Pia , Casagrande Proietti Patrizia , Catorci Daniele , Stacchini Paolo , Pastorelli Augusto , Scocco Paola
Published: February 2020

Among oregano properties, its antioxidant and antibacterial effects are particularly interesting. Oregano is also able to induce a higher glycoconjugate production in gut, creating a physical barrier against microorganisms. This study evaluated the effects of adding an aqueous extract of oregano (OAE) to the diet of two homogenous groups of pigs during the finisher phase. The diets were as follows: control commercial diet (CTR group) and CTR diet supplemented (2 g/kg) with OAE (O group). Samples of ileum and caecum from the two groups were examined by conventional histochemistry to analyze complex carbohydrates and by immunohistochemistry to detect Bcl-2 Associate X protein (BAX), an indicator of oxidative stress. Glyco-histochemistry showed significant differences between the two groups. Immunohistochemistry revealed a lower presence of BAX in O group. The OAE supplementation improved the production of glycoconjugates, able to enhance in pig the protection of intestinal mucosa by means of direct and indirect defense actions. The reduced BAX immunostaining observed in O group may be an indicator of enhanced antioxidant action promoted by oregano. The results of this study can be used in further research to identify ways to improve endogenous defence ability, with the aim of reducing antibiotic use and preventing antimicrobial resistance.
Energy potential of biogas and sludge from UASB reactors in the State of Paraná, Brazil
Authors: Lopes Lucas Sampaio , Rosa Andre Pereira , Marco Júlia Silva , Possetti Gustavo Rafael Collere , Mesquita Tayane Cristiele Rodrigues
Published: February 2020

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactors are widely used for domestic sewage treatment in Brazil, and generate sludge and biogas as by-products. Typically, the sludge is sent to sanitary landfills, and the biogas is burned in flares. This study assessed the energy potential of these by-products in sewage treatment plants (STPs) located in the state of Paraná, Brazil. First, an overview of biogas energy recovery potential in a full-scale STP based on UASB reactors was carried out. Afterwards, a total of 239 STPs in the state of Paraná were assessed, and the energy potential of the by-products was estimated by a mathematical model. Data were spatially classified using ArcGIS®, taking into account the different effluent characteristics (worst, typical and best scenario), sludge dehydration systems (drying bed and centrifuge) and sizes (small, medium and large). Among the states in Brazil, Paraná presented the highest biogas potential, although nowadays it exploits only 0.4% of its capacity. Biogas was the main by-product generated by UASB reactors in Paraná, and if used in the entire state, it could supply the energy demands of a city with 111,000 inhabitants. Biogas corresponded to 65, 64 and 74% of the total potential (sludge and biogas) for small, medium and large STPs, respectively. The study of the energy potential of the by-products associated with GIS tools positively contributes to the decision-making process in sanitation management and to improve energy sustainability.
Programme PLUSRx : Pharmacothérapie liée à l’utilisation sécuritaire des médicaments
Authors: Rault Pauline , Duhamel Amélie , Necsoiu Dana , Desjardins Isabelle , Lebel Denis , Bussières Jean-François
Published: February 2020

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2020 CSHP National Awards Program Winners Programme national des prix 2020 de la SCPH : lauréats et lauréates
Authors: Authors Various
Published: February 2020

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Effects of carbon to nitrogen ratio on the performance and stability of aerobic granular sludge
Authors: Kim HyunGu , Kim JiTae , Ahn DaeHee
Published: February 2020

The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient salts removal efficiency and stability of the aerobic granular sludge (AGS) by change in C/N (carbon to nitrogen) ratio. The laboratory-scale experiments were performed to analyze the removal efficiencies for organic matter and contents of nitrogen, MLSS, sludge volume index, and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) under C/N ratio conditions of 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0. The microorganisms were observed using optical microscope and the microbial communities were analyzed using pyrosequencing. The increase in C/N ratio from 5.0 to 20.0 increased the organic matter and nitrogen removal efficiency to 95.9 and 79.1%, respectively. For the EPS contents, an influencing factor of granule stability, the polysaccharides to protein (PS/PN) ratio increased from 0.55 to 0.79. For the microbial community, the Thauera was the most common genus in ending phase occupying 63.7%. This microorganism is regarded as one contributing to organic matter degradation and improved production of EPS including AGS of microorganism, thus, may be an explanation of the results of this study such as increase in organic material in AGS and improvement of denitrification efficiency and contents of EPS with increase in C/N ratio.
Atmospheric mercury in the Southern Hemisphere – Part 2: Source apportionment analysis at Cape Point station, South Africa
Authors: Bieser Johannes , Angot Hélène , Slemr Franz , Martin Lynwill
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Mercury (Hg) contamination is ubiquitous. In order to assess its emissions, transport, atmospheric reactivity, and deposition pathways, Hg monitoring stations have been implemented on a global scale over the past 10–20 years. Despite this significant step forward, the monitoring efforts have been insufficient to fulfill our understanding of Hg cycling in the Southern Hemisphere. While oceans make up 80 % of the Southern Hemisphere's surface area, little is known about the effects of oceans on Hg cycling in this region. For instance, in the context of growing interest in effectiveness evaluation of Hg mitigation policies, the relative contribution of anthropogenic and legacy emissions to present-day atmospheric Hg levels is unclear. This paper constitutes Part 2 of the study describing a decade of atmospheric Hg concentrations at Cape Point, South Africa, i.e. the first long-term (> 10 years) observations in the Southern Hemisphere. Building on the trend analysis reported in Part 1, here we combine atmospheric Hg data with a trajectory model to investigate sources and sinks of Hg at Cape Point. We find that the continent is the major sink and the Ocean, especially warm regions, is the major source for Hg. Further, we find that mercury concentrations and trends from long range transport are independent of the source region (e.g. South America, Antarctica) and thus indistinguishable. Therefor, by filtering out air masses from source and sink regions we are able to create a dataset representing a southern hemispheric background Hg concentrations. Based on this dataset we were able to show that the inter-annual variability of Hg concentrations is not driven by changes in atmospheric circulation but rather due to changes in global emissions (gold mining and biomass burning).
Concurrent satellite and ground-based lightning observations from the Optical Lightning Imaging Sensor (ISS-LIS), the low-frequency network Meteorage and the SAETTA Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) in the northwestern Mediterranean region
Authors: Erdmann Felix , Defer Eric , Caumont Olivier , Blakeslee Richard J. , Pédeboy Stéphane , Coquillat Sylvain
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The new space-based Lightning Imager (LI) onboard the Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) geostationary satellite will improve the observation
of lightning over Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Africa and the Atlantic Ocean from 2021 onwards. In preparation for the use of the upcoming MTG-LI data,
we compare observations by the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the International Space Station (ISS), which applies an optical technique similar to MTG-LI, to
concurrent records of the low-frequency (LF) ground-based network Meteorage. Data were analyzed over the northwestern Mediterranean Sea from
1 March 2017 to 20 March 2018.
Flashes are detected by ISS-LIS using illuminated pixels, also called events, within a given (2.0 ms) frame and during successive frames.
Meteorage describes flashes as a suite of intra-cloud and cloud-to-cloud (IC) pulses and/or cloud-to-ground (CG) strokes. Both events as well as pulses and strokes are grouped to flashes
using a novel in-house algorithm. In our study, ISS-LIS detects about 57 % of the flashes detected by Meteorage. The flash detection efficiency (DE) of Meteorage relative to ISS-LIS
exceeds 80 %. Coincident matched flashes detected by the two instruments show a good spatial and temporal agreement. Both peak and mean distances between matches
are smaller than the ISS-LIS pixel resolution (about 5.0 km). The timing offset for matched ISS-LIS and Meteorage flashes is usually
shorter than the ISS-LIS integration time frame (2.0 ms). The closest events and the pulses and strokes of matched flashes achieve sub-millisecond offsets.
Further analysis of flash characteristics reveals that longer-lasting and more spatially
extended flashes are more likely detected by both ISS-LIS and Meteorage than shorter-duration and smaller-extent flashes. The ISS-LIS relative DE is lower for daytime versus nighttime as well as for CG versus IC flashes. A second ground-based network, the very high-frequency (VHF) SAETTA Lightning Mapping Array (LMA), further enhances and validates the lightning pairing between ISS-LIS and Meteorage. It also provides altitude information
on the lightning discharges and adds a detailed lightning mapping to the comparison for verification and better understanding of the processes. Both ISS-LIS
and Meteorage flash detections feature a high degree of correlation with the SAETTA observations (without altitude information). In addition, Meteorage flashes
with ISS-LIS match tend to be associated with discharges that occur at significantly higher altitudes than unmatched flashes. Hence, ISS-LIS flash detection suffers from degradation, with low-level flashes resulting in lower DE.
Infiltration-Friendly Land Uses for Climate Resilience on Volcanic Slopes in the Rejoso Watershed, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Suprayogo Didik ,   Widianto, Hairiah Kurniatun , Meilasari Nabilla , Rabbani Abdul Lathief , Ishaq Rizky Maulana , van Noordwijk Meine
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Forest conversion to agriculture or agroforestry may increase risks of loss of hydrologic functions in an era of climate change. Infiltration during high-intensity rainfall is important for avoiding erosion and feeding aquifers but depends on land use practices that maintain soil macroporosity. In the forest-to-open-field-agriculture continuum it is not clear where thresholds to functionality (degradation) are crossed. Our assessment of infiltration-friendly land uses in the Rejoso watershed on the slopes of the Bromo volcano in East Java (Indonesia) focused on two zones, upstream (above 800 m a.s.l.) and midstream (400–800 m a.s.l.) of the Rejoso river and feeding aquifers that support lowland rice areas as well as drinking water supplies to nearby cities. Upstream land uses included old and young pine plantations (production forest) and highland vegetable crops with variation of tree canopy cover. Midstream land uses included production forest, multistrata coffee-based agroforestry, clove-based agroforestry, and several mixed agroforestry types with variation of tree canopy cover. We quantified infiltration and erosion in 3 replications per land use category over a 3-month period (one-third of mean annual rainfall), with 6–13 % of rainfall with intensities (51–100 mm day−1). We related infiltration rates to plot-level characteristics across the land use systems and found statistically significant relations with tree canopy cover (likely based on combined effects of interception, preceding water use and effects on soil), understory cover, amount of litter, and soil surface roughness. Results for the upstream watershed showed that a tree canopy cover > 55 % is associated with adequate infiltration and acceptable soil erosion levels. For vegetable cultivation in steep (45–65 %) to very steep (> 65 %) lands with a tree canopy cover below 55 %, surface runoff was between 24 % and 46 % of rainfall, with high rates of soil erosion. Midstream, a tree canopy cover of > 80 % was associated with infiltration-friendly land use, given the higher rainfall total (and rainfall intensity) in this zone. For a tree canopy cover in the range 20–80 %, erosion rates were relatively low, but surface runoff increased to 36 to 62 % of rainfall. Differences in soil type influenced the thresholds, as the areas’ Inceptisols have lower intrinsic porosity than Andisols. A high soil surface roughness and litter thickness assist in reducing surface runoff and soil erosion. Where more open forms of agroforestry, with tree canopy cover less than 80 % are becoming more common this will affect water resources in the downstream area and increase vulnerability to climate change.
The benefit of using an ensemble of seasonal streamflow forecasts in water allocation decisions
Authors: Kaune Alexander , Chowdhury Faysal , Werner Micha , Bennett James
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The area to be cropped in irrigation districts needs to be planned according to the allocated water, which in turn is a function of the available water resource. Initially conservative estimates of future (in) flows in rivers and reservoirs may lead to unnecessary reduction of the water allocated. Though water allocations may be revised as the season progresses, inconsistency in allocation is undesirable to farmers as they may then not be able to use that water, leading to an opportunity cost in agricultural production. We assess the benefit of using reservoir inflow estimates derived from seasonal forecast datasets to improve water allocation decisions. A decision model is developed to emulate the feedback loop between simulated reservoir storage and water allocations to irrigated crops, and is evaluated using inflow forecasts generated with the Forecast Guided Stochastic Scenarios (FoGSS) model, a 12-month ensemble streamflow forecasting system. Two forcings are used to generate the forecasts: ESP (historical rainfall) and POAMA (calibrated rainfall forecasts from the POAMA climate prediction system). We evaluate the approach in the Murrumbidgee basin in Australia, comparing water allocations obtained with an expected reservoir inflow from FoGSS against the allocations obtained with the currently used conservative estimate based on climatology, as well as against allocations obtained using observed inflows (perfect information). The inconsistency in allocated water is evaluated by determining the total changes in allocated water made every 15 days from the initial allocation at the start of the water year to the end of the irrigation season, including both downward and upward revisions of allocations. Results show that the inconsistency due to upward revisions in allocated water is lower when using the forecast datasets (POAMA and ESP) compared to the conservative inflow estimates (reference) which is beneficial to the planning of cropping areas by farmers. Overconfidence can, however, lead to an increase in undesirable downward revisions. This is more evident for dry years than for wet years. Over the 28 years for which allocation decisions are evaluated, we find that the accuracy of the available water estimates using the forecast ensemble improves progressively during the water year; especially one and a half months before the start of the cropping season in November. This is significant as it provides farmers additional time to make key decision on planting.
Endocrine complications of beta-thalassemia major patients—Cross-sectional study
Authors: Mudiyanse Dilhara Sewwandi Karunaratna Attanayaka , Gamage Shirani Ranasingha Jamburagoda , Mudiyanselage Mudiyanse Rasnayaka
Published: February 2020

Aims: To evaluate the prevalence of endocrine complications in beta thalassaemia major patients in one of thalassaemia treatment units in Sri Lanka.

Methods: The patients (n = 40) aged >2 years admitted to the Teaching Hospital Peradeniya during the period of December 2013 to December 2014, under the treatment of iron chelation drugs were recruited for the study. The patients were interviewed for the sociodemographic variables and the data regarding endocrine complications were gathered from medical records. Anthropometric (height and weight) measurers and pubertal status were assessed by a qualified medical officer. The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS version 21.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 10.97±5.9 years (range 2–20). The most common endocrine complication was a pubertal delay (53%). The prevalence of short stature, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and hypoparathyroidism were 50%, 10%, 5%, and 2.5%, respectively. All the patients with endocrine complications were older children (>10-year-olds). Conclusion: Endocrine complications were common among the studied group of betathalassaemia major patients and it is related to progression of age. Regular assessment of endocrine function is imperative in the proper management of beta-thalassemia major patients.
‘… la arquitectura es la forma de una función o la función de una forma.’’ Arquitectura… forma y función
Authors: Ureta Juan César
Published: February 2020

Si, definitivamente la arquitectura es la forma de una función o la función de una forma; es decir, la arquitectura es la forma de unas funciones, de esas intensiones deliberadas que plantean los arquitectos y de quien las encarga, como obra arquitectónica de propiedad intelectual de quien diseña y del cliente (la arquitectura no es de quien la hace, sino de quien la paga...), o de esa complicidad que se tiene al diseñar con los requerimientos y observaciones del cliente que, inserta en un tiempo el contexto y el entorno que envuelve y rodea a las obras arquitectónicas, incide en la respuesta de forma y función de variables sociales, ambientales y de normativas del área de intervención...
Buscando un modelo morfológico para la evolución urbana de Managua
Authors: Barbe Norbert
Published: February 2020

"Ahora dejo que el paciente mismo determine el tema de nuestra labor cotidiana. Parto así, cada vez, de la superficie que lo inconsciente ofrece de momento a su atención, y voy obteniendo fragmentado, entretejido, en diversos contextos y distribuido entre épocas muy distantes todo el material correspondiente a la solución de un síntoma. Mas, a pesar de esta desventaja aparente, la nueva técnica es muy superior a la primitiva, y sin disputa, la única posible. Ante lo incompleto de mis resultados analíticos, me vi obligado a imitar el ejemplo de aquellos afortunados investigadores que logran extraer a la luz los restos, no por mutilados menos preciosos, de épocas pretéritas, completándolos luego por deducción y conforme a modelos ya conocidos. Me decidí, pues, a proceder, análogamente, aunque haciendo constar siempre, como un honrado arqueólogo, dónde termina lo auténtico y comienza lo reconstruido. De otra distinta insuficiencia soy yo directa e intencionadamente culpable. En efecto, no he expuesto, en general, la labor de interpretación que hubo de recaer sobre las asociaciones y comunicaciones del enfermo, sino tan sólo los resultados de la misma. De este modo, y salvo en lo que respecta a los sueños, sólo en algunos puntos aparece detallada la técnica de la investigación analítica. Con este historial clínico me importaba especialmente mostrar la determinación de los síntomas y la estructura interna de la neurosis. Una tentativa de llevar a cabo simultáneamente la otra labor hubiera producido una confusión irremediable, pues para fundamentar las reglas técnicas, empíricamente halladas en su mayor parte, hubiera sido indispensable presentar reunido el material de muchos historiales clínicos. Sin embargo, en el caso presente no debe creerse que la omisión de la técnica haya abreviado gran cosa su exposición".
La Sagrada Familia
Authors: Barbe Norbert
Published: February 2020

Este breve trabajo pretende estudiar una problemática que nos parece central para comprender la evolución de los sistemas ideológicos, concretamente aquí arquitectónicos, pero más generalmente culturales: la cuestión de las transiciones. Este problema será abordado aquí desde una perspectiva por lo que sabemos nunca abordada, el origen, por así decir, o la colusión entre el neogótico decimonónico y el posterior brutalismo cuyo momento de interrelación hallamos en la obra de Gaudí, vista como herencia de Viollet-le-Duc y prefiguradora de Le Corbusier. Obviamente esta perspectiva abarca el campo visual de las constataciones estéticas en las realizaciones edilicias, que pueden a veces distar algo de los planteamientos teóricos de los movimientos relacionados, mucho más enfáticos siempre en sus diferencias que en sus similitudes. Es el trabajo del historiador de la arquitectura valorar y reconsiderar estos términos para integrarlos desde una perspectiva científica en la historia de los estilos y, una vez más, de su evolución.
Conocimientos Disciplinarios y datos necesarios para la Eficiencia del agua en Edificios Verdes
Authors: Blandón Enrique Ulises
Published: February 2020

La escasez de agua se ha convertido en uno de los problemas más graves en muchos países del mundo. Es crucial implementar iniciativas para crear conciencia en el manejo y uso del agua potable, así como para cumplir con el uso eficiente del agua en los edificios verdes. Las directrices proporcionan los parámetros de la arquitectura sostenible LEED o indicadores relevantes para el funcionamiento del agua en términos de calidad y cantidad. Arquitectos e ingenieros de diferentes disciplinas requieren conocimientos y datos para diseñar y construir edificios sostenibles con éxito. Se investigó disciplinas del conocimiento y los datos necesarios en un proyecto relacionado con EA (la eficiencia del agua). Presentó los análisis comparativos pasamos de proyectos de construcción verde, tipos y efectos del sistema de recogida de aguas pluviales, tres estructuras de desglose de la disciplina relacionadas con EA créditos y los cursos académicos relacionados con EA. Por último, las disciplinas y los datos fueron explicados por dos casos de estudio ubicados en Taiwán (planta de fabricación y Campus Cheng Kung). Los estudios de caso sobre ilustramos cómo reducir el consumo de agua potable mediante el uso de estrategias amigables con el ambiente. Este proceso de investigación y los resultados pueden ayudar a los profesionales a obtener una idea clara acerca de cómo diseñar e implementar un sistema que para los proyectos de construcción.
CLIMA URBANO: O USO DE MODELOS GEOESPACIAIS NA INVESTIGAÇÃO DO COMPORTAMENTO TÉRMICO EM JUIZ DE FORA- MG
Authors: Pimentel Franciele Oliveira , Ferreira Cássia de Castro Martins
Published: February 2020

Resumo: A preocupação com os chamados impactos ambientais urbanos fomentou um maior interesse nas pesquisas, principalmente aquelas voltadas para as análises climáticas, na escala urbana. A cidade por consequência de seu processo de organização e estruturação desenvolveu um clima totalmente particular, o clima urbano, isso é possível através da retirada da vegetação original e a inserção dos chamados equipamentos urbanos, como por exemplo, as vias impermeabilizadas, as construções, a verticalização, além da circulação de pessoas e veículos que irão contribuir para maior aquecimento da atmosfera local. Os materiais presentes no meio urbano vão apresentar diferentes valores de albedo, emissividade, absortividade e irradiação e consequentemente, estes condicionarão diferentes valores de temperatura de superfície e que influenciarão na temperatura do ar.   O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar o comportamento do clima urbano na cidade de Juiz de Fora- MG, onde foram trabalhadas 35 regiões urbanas, localizadas ao longo do curso do Rio Paraibuna. O estudo busca através da aplicação de um modelo geoespacial, interligar variáveis que possuem uma conexão direta com a temperatura de superfície e indireta com a temperatura do ar. Este conjunto de dados permitiu alcançar uma maior compreensão, viabilizou a espacialização e consequentemente uma visualização de como se distribuem as áreas e suas diferentes capacidades de criarem distintos campos térmicos na cidade. Além disso, para fins de validação do modelo, foi feita uma correlação estatística entre o modelo matemático proposto e a temperatura de superfície obtida na faixa do infravermelho termal. O modelo utilizado provou possuir consistência para ser adaptado a fim de ser replicado em diferentes cidades com especificidades térmicas, além de ser viável a integração de outras informações e dados.
REGIONALIZAÇÃO E ESPACIALIZAÇÃO DE VAZÕES DE PERMANENCIA: ESTUDO APLICADO NA BACIA RIO PIRACICABA-MG
Authors: Lopes Maciel Amanda , Vieira Eliane Maria , Monte Mor Roberto Cézar , Vasques Ana Carolina
Published: February 2020

Visando suprir a escassez de informações fluviométricas associada à inconsistência temporal e espacial das séries históricas disponíveis, a regionalização de vazões surge como uma alternativa para explorar mehor os dados já existentes. Dentre os diversos métodos existentes, um dos mais difundidos é o Método Tradicional (MT), o qual consiste na identificação de regiões hidrologicamente homogêneas e no ajuste de equações de regressão entre as diferentes variáveis selecionadas a serem regionalizadas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é regionalizar as vazões com permanência de 95% do tempo (Q95) obtida pelo MT na bacia do rio Piracicaba-MG. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as estações fluviométricas disponíveis pela ANA, considerando apenas aquelas que apresentaram mais de cinco anos de dados com tolerância de 10%. A escolha do melhor método foi determinada pela análise do erro relativo e pelo Coeficiente de Eficiência de Nash e Sutcliffe. Como resultados, pode-se inferir que o modelo potencial apresentou excelentes resultados, com erros menores do que em relação aos outros modelos. Consideradas as dificuldades enfrentadas, concluiu-se que a metodologia testada apresentou resultado satisfatório, embora esse método substitui uma densa rede hidrometeorológica.
VARIABILIDADE ANUAL E MENSAL DA CHUVA E DA TEMPERATURA DO AR NO MUNICÍPIO DE RESENDE, RIO DE JANEIRO
Authors: De Gois Givanildo , De Freitas Welington Kiffer , Terassi Paulo Miguel de Bodas , De Oliveira-Júnior José Francisco , Portz Adriano
Published: February 2020

Os objetivos deste estudo são: i) avaliar a variabilidade anual e mensal da chuva e temperatura do ar e ii) quantificar as componentes do balanço hídrico climatológico de Resende, RJ. Os dados mensais pluviométricos e temperatura foram obtidos do INMET entre 1995 a 2017. As séries temporais possuíam falhas e foram preenchidas pelos pacotes do software ambiente R. Com base na estatística descritiva e exploratória aplicada na série temporal de chuva foram identificados os meses secos (maio a agosto). Os CV foram altamente variáveis ao longo da série temporal das variáveis climáticas em Resende. As menores diferenças pluviométricas anuais em Resende foram, nos percentis dos quantis de 25% e 50% da média e mediana, seguido das diferenças superior à média, nos percentis de 75% a 100% dos quantis. Houve um aumento da temperatura anual nos percentis dos quantis de 25% e 50%. O balanço hídrico climatológico mostrou uma distribuição irregular na chuva mensal, com duas estações em Resende: a estação chuvosa inicia-se em setembro, com o maior excedente hídrico em janeiro e dezembro, e a estação seca entre abril e agosto.
INTERCEPTAÇÃO DA CHUVA EM AMBIENTE DE MATA ATLÂNTICA EM CLIMA TROPICAL DE ALTITUDE
Authors: Cicco Valdir De , Galvani Emerson , Forti Maria Cristina , Arcova Francisco Carlos Soriano , Ranzini Maurício , Cielo Filho Roque , Maruyama Larisse Souza de Cicco
Published: February 2020

A Mata Atlântica é um dos biomas brasileiros onde a partição das chuvas é mais estudada. No entanto, a maior parte das pesquisas é de curta duração, raramente ultrapassando um ano de coleta de dados. Investigações de longo prazo são importantes para avaliar a variação interanual desse processo hidrológico. O presente estudo teve como objetivo a quantificação da transprecipitação e a estimativa da interceptação das chuvas pelas copas das árvores na microbacia experimental B, recoberta com Floresta Ombrófila Densa, no Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal Walter Emmerich, Cunha-SP. Para esse propósito foi realizado o monitoramento da precipitação no aberto e da transprecipitação ao longo de três anos e 11 meses. Os resultados mostraram elevada variação interanual dos percentuais da transprecipitação e da interceptação em relação à precipitação no aberto, com valores variando entre 67% e 87% e 13% e 33%, respectivamente. Os percentuais de transprecipitação foram maiores no período chuvoso que no período pouco chuvoso, com valores médios de 78% e 68%, respectivamente. A interceptação, ao contrário, teve os maiores percentuais na estação pouco chuvosa (33%) que na chuvosa (22%). Regressões lineares simples correlacionando a transprecipitação e a precipitação no aberto apresentaram bom ajuste, com coeficiente de determinação superior a 91%, ao contrário das equações relacionando a interceptação com a precipitação no aberto, cujos coeficientes de determinação variaram de 9,2% a 66,1%.
Approaches to Addressing Informal Settlement Problems: A Case Study of District 13 in Kabul, Afghanistan
Authors: Rezayee Maqsood , Teck Ling Gabriel Hoh , Misnan Siti Hajar
Published: February 2020

Afghanistan witnessed rapid urbanization in recent decades due to the post-war recovery process. When the war ended in 2001 with the fall of Taliban regime, most Afghan refugees returned to urban areas of Afghanistan, especially in Kabul. Moreover, the rapid urbanization, migration from rural areas, and population growth impacted Kabul with the manifestation of informal settlement. The residents of informal settlements suffer social and economic exclusion from the benefits and opportunities of an urban environment. Furthermore, the residents of informal settlements experience disadvantages such as geographical marginalization, shortage of basic infrastructure, improper governance framework, vulnerability to the effect of poor environment, and natural disasters. With all the above, the problems of informal settlements are considered enormous challenges for informal residents. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the proper approaches to addressing informal settlement problems in District 13 of Kabul. To reach the aim of the research, the interview and questionnaires survey were used as instrument in data collection. The finding of this paper indicates that through the resident’s preferences, government capacity, and District 13 physical condition, there are three approaches that can be implemented and adopted for improvement of informal settlement in District 13 of Kabul, which is settlement upgrading, the land readjustment, and urban redevelopment.
The International Law Commission’s First Draft Convention on Crimes Against Humanity
Authors: Jalloh Charles C.
Published: February 2020

The International Law Commission’s First Draft Convention on Crimes Against Humanity

The UN General Assembly established the International Law Commission (“ILC”) in 1947 to assist States with the promotion of 1) the progressive development of international law and 2) its codification. The ILC’s first assignment from the General Assembly was to formulate the Nuremberg Principles, which affirmed the then radical idea that individuals can be held liable for certain international crimes at the international level. Since then, the ILC has played a seminal role in the development of modern international criminal law. In 2017, the ILC adopted on first reading a draft convention aimed at the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity which it transmitted to States for comments. The draft treaty will help fill the present gap in the law of international crimes since States criminalized genocide in 1948 and war crimes in 1949, but missed the opportunity to do so for crimes against humanity. This Article examines the first reading text using the lens of the ILC’s two-pronged mandate. Part II explains how the ILC can take up new topics and the main reasons why it decided to propose a new crimes against humanity convention. Part III discusses positive features of the draft convention, highlighting key aspects of each of the Draft Articles. Part IV critiques the ILC draft treaty focusing on inconsistencies in the use of the ICC definition of the crime, immunities, amnesties, and the lack of a proposal on a treaty monitoring mechanism. The final part draws tentative conclusions. The author argues that, notwithstanding the formal distinction drawn by the ILC Statute between progressive development, on the one hand, and codification, on the other hand, the ILC’s approach to the crimes against humanity topic follows a well settled methodology of proposing draft treaties that are judged likely to be effective and broadly acceptable to States rather than focusing on which provisions reflect codification and which constitute progressive development of the law. It is submitted that, if the General Assembly takes forward the ILC’s draft text to conclude a new crimes against humanity treaty after the second reading, this will make a significant contribution to the development of modern international criminal law.
Perceptual and acoustic voice analysis in patients with glottis cancer after endoscopic laser cordectomy
Authors: Kosztyła-Hojna Bożena , Łuczaj Jarosław , Berger Greta , Duchnowska Emilia , Zdrojkowski Maciej , Łobaczuk-Sitnik Anna , Biszewska Jolanta
Published: February 2020

Introduction: Treatment of glottis cancer, despite oncological safety, should consider postoperative voice quality. CO2 laser endoscopic cordectomy allows radical removal of the tumor while maintaining respiratory, defensive and phonatory functions.
The aim: The aim of the study is perceptual and acoustic evaluation of voice in patients after endoscopic CO2 III–Va laser cordectomy due to glottis cancer.
Material and method: The study included 30 men after CO2 cordectomy. 13 (43%) patients underwent type III cordectomy, 6 (20%) – type IV; 11 (37%) – type Va. Voice quality has been assessed 6 months after the surgery. Control group included 30 healthy men of the same age. GRBAS scale has been used in perceptual evaluation of voice. Acoustic analysis has been performed using DiagnoScope Specjalista software. Narrowband spectrography and Maximum Phonation Time (MPT) measure has been performed.
Results: In study group, voice has been classified as G1R1B0A0S0 after type III cordectomy; as G1R1B1A1S2 in type IV and as G2R1B1A0S3 in type Va. Acoustic evaluation revealed the highest values of F0, Jitter, Shimmer and NHR after Va cordectomy as well as non-harmonic components in narrowband spectrography and reduction of MPT.
Conclusions: Postoperative voice quality depends on the type of cordectomy. Perceptual assessment indicates that type IV and Va cordectomy cause intensification of voice disorders. Parameters of acoustic evaluation increase with the extent of the procedure. The presence of non-harmonic components in narrowband spectrography increases with the extent of cordectomy, such as the reduction of MPT. Preservation of anterior commissure influences good voice quality in perceptual and acoustic assessment.
Certyfikacja energetyczna w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej
Część 1
Authors: Błaszczyński Tomasz Z. , Ksit Barbara
Published: February 2020

W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe przepisy regulujące politykę energetyczną w Unii Europejskiej oraz dochodzenie do aktualnego stanu certyfikacji energetycznej. Zwrócono również uwagę na aktualne akty prawne regulujące tę kwestię w Polsce. Przedstawiono także najbardziej charakterystyczne świadectwa energetyczne obowiązujące w wybranych krajach w Unii Europejskiej. Starano się określić główne zasady obowiązujące w danym kraju oraz politykę energetyczną, jaką poszczególne kraje preferują.
The development of postural control in 6–17 old years
healthy children. Part II Postural control evaluation
– Limits of Stability Test (LOS) in 6–17 old year children
Authors: Orendorz-Frączkowska Krystyna , Kubacka Marzena
Published: February 2020

Introduction: The ability to Reach quickly to changing external stimuli, to move the body quickly and precisely in any direction and to maintain the centre of gravity above the support base, all contribute to maintaining balance in dynamic conditions. The Limits of Stability Test (LOS) provides information on the state of dynamic equilibrium in a standing position.
 Aim : Assessment of dynamic postural control in developmental age.
 Material : 127 healthy children (65 girls and 62 boys) aged 6 – 17years.
 Methods: All children underwent LOS test (posturograph NeuroCom) with registration of reaction time (RT), movement velocity (MVL), directional control (DCL) , maximum excursion (MXE) and endpoint excursion (EPE).
 Results: At the age of 6-7 years, not fully developed jumping strategy and visual feedback mechanism in the control of movement were observed. All tested parameters were significantly worse in children aged 6 – 9 years. After this period, a significant improvement in TR and MVL was observed, with no significant changes in subsequent age groups while significant improvement in MXE up to 12 , EPE and DCL up to 13 years of age was noted. No significant gender differences were fund in the LOS test parameters.
 Conclusions: 1 The LOS test showed significantly lower dynamic balance development in children aged 6 – 7 years. 2 The study showed a significant improvement in all parameters of the LOS test up to 13 years of age, which supports the termination of the function at that time.
MONANTROPISMO E MOVIMENTO PARA A PAZ NO PENSAMENTO DE VIKTOR FRANKL
Authors: Aquino Thiago Antonio Avellar , Cruz Josilene Silva , Gomes Eliseudo Salvino
Published: February 2020

O presente artigo tem como objetivo apontar as possibilidades de construção de uma cultura de paz a partir do conceito de monantropismo, segundo a Logoterapia e Análise Existencial de Viktor Frankl. Ademais, identificaram-se interlocuções entre a educação e a cultura de paz. Concluiu-se que, para se contrapor à cultura de guerra, torna-se necessário desenvolver o espírito de uma humanidade única, além de cultivar algumas virtudes fundamentais, tais como: a tolerância, o perdão, a responsabilidade coletiva e individual.
O LEITOR-EXERCITANTE
Authors: Lima Junior Pedro Barbosa , Mariani Ceci Maria Costa Baptista
Published: February 2020

O presente artigo propõe demonstrar que existe uma correlação entre a imaginação ricoeuriana, presente na filosofia hermenêutica de Paul Ricoeur e a mistagogia dos Exercícios Espirituais de Santo Inácio de Loyola (EE) que se dá mediante um método próprio de leitura e contemplação dos textos bíblicos. Desta forma, o leitor (no sentido ricoeuriano) e o exercitante (no sentido inaciano) estariam realizando uma atividade interpretativa através da leitura, porém, por óticas díspares, a saber, uma filosófica e a outra espiritual. Se é durante a leitura que se realiza a hermenêutica, é, igualmente na linguagem narrativa em que se faz uma leitura de si. E se interpretação é hermenêutica, é justamente aqui que empregamos a imaginação ricoeuriana numa aproximação dialógica com a contemplação inaciana.
The advantages and disadvantages of body language in Intercultural communication
Authors: Damanhouri Miramar
Published: February 2020

This study is an attempt to explore the advantages and disadvantages of non-verbal
communication, specifically body language, in intercultural settings, and the extent to
which non-verbal factors contribute to the success of communication , by interviewing 31
English language instructors at the English language Institute at King Abdulaziz University.
The instructors came from different cultural backgrounds and their length of stay in Saudi
Arabia varies from 1 year to more than 7 years. The findings show that although the main
function of body language in an intercultural setting is to clarify meaning when language is
a barrier, the difference in cultural backgrounds sometimes leads to miscommunication or
misinterpretation of nonverbal messages. However, almost all the participants considered
body language a positive tool in facilitating communication and compensating for the lack
of vocabulary in intercultural communication. More research on the similarities and differences between cultures with regard to nonverbal communication is recommended, in
order to avoid or minimize misunderstandings that may result from cultural and linguistic
differences.
‘There was something gentlemanly about your painting’
Authors: Zunac Mark ,   Marquette University Press
Published: February 2020

While criticism of Evelyn’s Waugh’s Brideshead Revisited has generally focused on the novel’s Catholic themes, it has often overlooked the author’s exploration of certain correlative artistic values that that are both sustained by the Christian vision and integral to the development of a humane and soul-enriching culture. That culture for Waugh was necessarily grown out of an identifiable past and evoked by artistic representations of divine grace and human potential. This essay argues that Charles Ryder’s eventual Catholic conversion remains indispensable to the novel’s fulfillment of its author’s vision. This critical denouement, however, also serves to affirm the grace that is revealed throughout by the protagonist’s instinctive veneration for traditions besieged by a soulless and secular modernism. In this way, worldly beauty is intricately entwined with a life of virtue and can thus be seen as adjacent to those values hitherto singularly ascribed by critics of Brideshead to the Catholic mission.
An analysis of data paper templates and guidelines: types of contextual information described by data journals
Authors: Kim Jihyun
Published: February 2020

Purpose: Data papers are a promising genre of scholarly communication, in which research data are described, shared, and published. Rich documentation of data, including adequate contextual information, enhances the potential of data reuse. This study investigated the extent to which the components of data papers specified by journals represented the types of contextual information necessary for data reuse.Methods: A content analysis of 15 data paper templates/guidelines from 24 data journals indexed by the Web of Science was performed. A coding scheme was developed based on previous studies, consisting of four categories: general data set properties, data production information, repository information, and reuse information.Results: Only a few types of contextual information were commonly requested by the journals. Except data format information and file names, general data set properties were specified less often than other categories of contextual information. Researchers were frequently asked to provide data production information, such as information on the data collection, data producer, and related project. Repository information focused on data identifiers, while information about repository reputation and curation practices was rarely requested. Reuse information mostly involved advice on the reuse of data and terms of use.Conclusion: These findings imply that data journals should provide a more standardized set of data paper components to inform reusers of relevant contextual information in a consistent manner. Information about repository reputation and curation could also be provided by data journals to complement the repository information provided by the authors of data papers and to help researchers evaluate the reusability of data.