bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The sensitivity of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) component partitioning to the predictions of component properties – Part 3: Investigation of condensed compounds generated by a near-explicit model of VOC oxidation
Authors: Barley M. H. , Topping D. , Lowe D. , Utembe S. , McFiggans G.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Calculations of the absorptive partitioning of secondary organic aerosol components were carried out using a number of methods to estimate vapour pressure and non-ideality. The sensitivity of predicted condensed component masses, volatility, O:C ratio, molar mass and functionality distribution to the choice of estimation methods was investigated in mixtures of around 2700 compounds generated by a near explicit mechanism of atmospheric VOC degradation. The sensitivities in terms of all metrics were comparable to those previously reported (using 10 000 semi-randomly generated compounds). In addition, the change in predicted aerosol properties and composition with changing VOC emission scenario was investigated showing key dependencies on relative anthropogenic and biogenic contributions. Finally, the contribution of non-ideality to the changing distribution of condensed components was explored in terms of the shift in effective volatility by virtue of component activity coefficients, clearly demonstrating both enhancement and reduction of component masses associated with negative and positive deviations from ideality.
Multi-scale meteorological conceptual model of observed active fire hotspot activity and smoke optical depth in the Maritime Continent
Authors: Reid J. S. , Xian P. , Hyer E. J. , Flatau M. K. , Ramirez E. M. , Turk F. J. , Sampson C. R. , Zhang C. , Fukada E. M. , Maloney E. D.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Much research and speculation exists about the meteorological and climatological impacts of biomass burning in the Maritime Continent (MC) of Indonesia and Malaysia, particularly during El Niño events. However, the MC hosts some of the world's most complicated meteorology, and we wish to understand how tropical phenomena at a range of scales influence observed burning activity. Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived active fire hotspot patterns coupled with aerosol data assimilation products, satellite based precipitation, and meteorological indices, the meteorological context of observed fire prevalence and smoke optical depth in the MC are examined. Relationships of burning and smoke transport to such meteorological and climatic factors as the interannual El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), El Niño Modoki, Indian Ocean Dipole (IOP), the seasonal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, the 30–90 day Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO), tropical waves, tropical cyclone activity, and diurnal convection were investigated. A conceptual model of how all of the differing meteorological scales affect fire activity is presented. Each island and its internal geography have different sensitivities to these factors which are likely relatable to precipitation patterns and land use practices. At the broadest scales as previously reported, we confirm ENSO is indeed the largest factor. However, burning is also enhanced by periods of El Niño Modoki. Conversely IOD influences are unclear. While interannual phenomena correlate to total seasonal burning, the MJO largely controls when visible burning occurs. High frequency phenomena which are poorly constrained in models such as diurnal convection and tropical cyclone activity also have an impact which cannot be ignored. Finally, we emphasize that these phenomena not only influence burning, but also the observability of burning, further complicating our ability to assign reasonable emissions.
Deposition freezing on mineral dust particles: a case against classical nucleation theory with the assumption of a single contact angle
Authors: Wheeler M. J. , Bertram A. K.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Deposition freezing on two mineral species, kaolinite and illite, was studied using a flow cell coupled to an optical microscope at ∼240 K. The results show that the onset Sice (defined as the Sice conditions when ice first nucleated) is a strong function of the surface area available for nucleation, varying from 100 % to 125 %. The surface area dependent data could not be described accurately using classical nucleation theory and the assumption of a single contact angle (defined here as the single-α model). These results suggest that caution should be applied when using contact angles determined from onset Sice data and the single-α model. In contrast to the single-α model, the active site model, the deterministic model, and a model with a normal distribution of contact angles fit the data within experimental uncertainties. Parameters from the fits to the data are presented.
Validation of refractivity profiles derived from GRAS raw-sampling data
Authors: Zus F. , Beyerle G. , Heise S. , Schmidt T. , Wickert J. , Marquardt C.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Results from GRAS (GNSS Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding) RO (Radio Occultation) data recorded in RS (Raw Sampling) mode processed at the GFZ (German Research Centre for Geoscience) Potsdam are presented. The experimental processing software POCS-X includes FSI (Full Spectrum Inversion) in order to cope with multi-path regions and enables in connection with RS data to retrieve atmospheric refractivity profiles down to the Earths surface. Radio occultation events observed between 30 September and 30 October 2007 are processed and the retrievals are validated against co-located ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) profiles. The intercomparison indicates good quality of the retrieved profiles. In the altitude range 8 to 25 km the standard deviation is below 1 %. The mean deviation in this altitude range tends to be negative. At 30 km the negative bias reaches about −0.4 %. Below 8 km the standard deviation increases, reaching 2.5 % at 2 km. Below 2 km the mean deviation tends to be negative, reaching −1.9 % close to the ground. The negative bias mainly stems from the tropical lower troposphere; there, the negative bias reaches −3 %. The tropospheric penetration depth obtained from RS data shows a vast improvement compared to the tropospheric penetration depth typically obtained from CL (Closed Loop) data; 50 % of all retrieved profiles reach 720 m.
The imprint of surface fluxes and transport on variations in total column carbon dioxide
Authors: Keppel-Aleks G. , Wennberg P. O. , Washenfelder R. A. , Wunch D. , Schneider T. , Toon G. C. , Andres R. J. , Blavier J.-F. , Connor B. , Davis K. J. , Desai A. R. , Messerschmidt J. , Notholt J. , Roehl C. M. , Sherlock V. , Stephens B. B. , Vay S. A. , Wofsy S. C.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. New observations of the vertically integrated CO2 mixing ratio, ⟨CO2⟩, from ground-based remote sensing show that variations in ⟨CO2⟩ are primarily determined by large-scale flux patterns. They therefore provide fundamentally different information than observations made within the boundary layer, which reflect the combined influence of large scale and local fluxes. Observations of both ⟨CO2⟩ and CO2 concentrations in the free troposphere show that large-scale spatial gradients induce synoptic-scale temporal variations in ⟨CO2⟩ in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes through horizontal advection. Rather than obscure the signature of surface fluxes on atmospheric CO2, these synoptic-scale variations provide useful information that can be used to reveal the meridional flux distribution. We estimate the meridional gradient in ⟨CO2⟩ from covariations in ⟨CO2⟩ and potential temperature, θ, a dynamical tracer, on synoptic timescales to evaluate surface flux estimates commonly used in carbon cycle models. We find that Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) biospheric fluxes underestimate both the ⟨CO2⟩ seasonal cycle amplitude throughout the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes as well as the meridional gradient during the growing season. Simulations using CASA net ecosystem exchange (NEE) with increased and phase-shifted boreal fluxes better reflect the observations. Our simulations suggest that boreal growing season NEE (between 45–65° N) is underestimated by ~40 % in CASA. We describe the implications for this large seasonal exchange on inference of the net Northern Hemisphere terrestrial carbon sink.
23-Gauge Pars Plana Vitrectomy with Pars Plana Baerveldt Tube Placement for Refractory Glaucoma
Authors: Kolomeyer Anton M. , Fechtner Robert D. , Zarbin Marco A. , Bhagat Neelakshi
Published: July 2011

Purpose

To describe a case series of combined 23-gauge vitrectomy and pars plana Baerveldt tube insertion for intraocular pressure (IOP) control in eyes with glaucoma resistant to maximum tolerated medical therapy and/or having failed previous IOP-lowering procedures.

Methods

Eight consecutive patients (8 eyes) undergoing a combined procedure were identified and included in this study. Outcome measures included preoperative and final best-corrected visual acuity (VA), IOP, number of glaucoma medications, and complications. Changes in IOP and glaucoma medications were compared by a paired t test. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was constructed to evaluate IOP control as a function of time.

Results

Mean patient age was 70.9 years while the mean follow-up time was 12.1 months. Open angle glaucoma was diagnosed in 5 (68%) eyes. Six (75%) eyes were pseudophakic. All eyes received a 250-mm2 pars plana Baerveldt tube. Vision remained the same or improved in 6 (75%) eyes. Mean preoperative IOP and number of glaucoma medications were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by the combined procedure. Visual acuity of 5 (63%) eyes improved or remained unchanged. Six (75%) eyes encountered minor complications not requiring a return to the operating room. One (13%) eye underwent drainage of hemorrhagic choroidals on postoperative day 12.

Conclusions

A combined 23-gauge vitrectomy and pars plana Baerveldt tube insertion could be considered a useful procedure in reducing IOP and the number of glaucoma medications in eyes with refractory glaucoma.
Visual and optical performance with the ReZoom multifocal intraocular lens
Authors: Muñoz Gonzalo , Albarrán-Diego César , Cerviño Alejandro , Ferrer-Blasco Teresa , García-Lázaro Santiago
Published: July 2011

Purpose

This study evaluated visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and wavefront aberrations after refractive multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation.

Methods

A prospective study comprising 174 eyes of 87 patients who had bilateral implantation of a multifocal IOL was carried out. A control group of 100 eyes of 50 age-matched patients with a monofocal IOL was used for comparison. Uncorrected and corrected distance and near visual acuity, contrast sensitivity (CS), and wavefront analysis (Hartmann-Shack) was performed 6 months after surgery. Contrast sensitivity was tested for distance and near under mesopic (2 cd/m2) and photopic conditions (90 cd/m2).

Results

Distance photopic CS was not significantly different from the monofocal group, while distant mesopic CS and near photopic and mesopic CS were significantly lower. Mean aberration root mean square (RMS) values for the multifocal IOL group were 0.229±0.103 µm for coma, 0.137±0.067 µm for spherical aberration (SA), and 0.301±0.133 µm for higher order aberrations (HOAs). Strehl ratio averaged 0.096±0.045.

Conclusions

Distant visual performance with the multifocal IOL was excellent under photopic conditions, but was reduced under mesopic levels. Near vision showed suboptimal results in both photopic and mesopic conditions. Coma, SA, and HOAs with the multifocal IOL were higher than those reported previously, with a lower Strehl ratio.
Bifocal Cryptococcal Osteomyelitis: Management of a Patient with Concurrent Femur and Rib Infections
Authors: Jou Herng-Jeng , Lee Fang-Tsai , Wang Matthew N. , Yang Pei-Yu , Wang Nai-Phon
Published: July 2011

A case of Cryptococcus neoformans osteomyelitis involving both the femur and rib is reported. A 50-year-old male presented with a 1-month history of a persistently painful right hip. Radiography revealed an osteolytic area in the subcapital region of the right femoral neck and trochanteric region, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an intramedullary lesion in the peritrochanteric region. A Tc99m whole body bone scan showed significantly increased uptake in the posterior aspect of the right 7th rib as well as the right femoral region. Hemiarthroplasty with a bipolar prosthesis was performed. Because a permeative osteolytic lesion was identified intraoperatively, surgical resection was also performed. A culture from intraoperative specimens yielded C. neoformans. The rib infection was not treated surgically. Intravenous fluconazole was administered postoperatively. The patient became seronegative for cryptococcal antigen with no further illness over the next five years.
Should the Acetabular Cup be Medialised in Total Hip Arthroplasty?
Authors: Bonnin Michel P. , Archbold Pooler H.A. , Basiglini Luca , Selmi Tarik A. , Beverland David E.
Published: July 2011

Background

During total hip arthroplasty (THA), medialisation of the cup decreases the lever arm of body weight and is considered to be beneficial. Theoretically it should be compensated by an equivalent increase of the femoral offset in order to maintain global offset.

Goal of the study

We investigated via a numerical model the forces on each bundle of the abductor muscles and the loading forces at the head-cup interface. We compared THA with and without medialisation of the cup and with and without restoration of the global offset.

Method

A digital finite element model of the hip joint with THA was constructed. Monopodal weight-bearing was simulated with the cup positioned so that the hip centre of rotation was left unchanged. Forces in the abductors and pressure on the prosthetic head were measured and then compared with three other configurations: 1. Medialisation of the cup by 5 to 15mm with reproduction of the native femoral offset or; 2. with an increased femoral offset compensating for the cup medialisation and; 3. no medialisation of the cup with a femoral offset increased.

Results

Medialisation of the cup decreased stresses on the head-cup interface and on the abductor muscles, even when the global offset was not restored. Anatomical placement of the cup did not give the best results. The optimal outcome in terms of stress was observed when the cup was medialised but global offset restored. Any increase of global offset significantly increases the length and the tension in the anterior bundles of the abductor muscles.
Conharmonic Curvature Tensor on -Contact Metric Manifolds
Authors: Ghosh Sujit , De U. C. , Taleshian A.
Published: July 2011

The object of the present paper is to characterize -contact metric manifolds satisfying certain curvature conditions on the conharmonic
curvature tensor. In this paper we study conharmonically symmetric, -conharmonically flat, and -conharmonically flat -contact metric manifolds.
Preparation of Carboxymethylchitosan Nanoparticles with Acid-Sensitive Bond Based on Solid Dispersion of 10-Hydroxycamptothecin
Authors: Yao Risheng , Liu Lu , Deng Shengsong , Ren Weitao
Published: July 2011

Solid dispersions were prepared by a conventional solvent evaporation method from the water-insoluble model drug 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) and monomethoxypoly(ethylene glycol) 2000 (mPEG 2000). And then one type of novel biodegradable nanoparticles, the solid dispersion (HCPT/mPEG-CHO) grafted with carboxymethylchitosan (HCPT/mPEG-g-CMCTS) was synthesized. The increase in HCPT solubility of solid dispersion was up to 21-fold compared with the original drug. With the increasing of the amount of mPEG-CHO, solubility of HCPT was from 7.71 μg/mL to 25.82 μg/mL. Colloid systems based on solid dispersion were stable in aqueous medium at 5°C. After 5 months storage at 25°C, the solid dispersions do not change at all. HCPT/mPEG-g-CMCTS was synthesized by grafting reaction of carboxymethylchitosan with mPEG-CHO to form Schiff base which is sensitive to acid environment. The release rate of HCPT from this conjugate in pH 5.4 was much higher than that in the environment of pH 7.4 and p H 4.5. The cumulative release percentages are 45%, 25%, and 15%, respectively. The cumulative release percentage of HCPT in conjugate was only 15% within 85 h while the original drug was up to 70% in pH 7.4, showing a significant slow-release property. This drug model can be attractive candidates as delivery biosystems in tumor therapy.
Initial Stroke Severity Is the Major Outcome Predictor for Patients Who Do Not Receive Intravenous Thrombolysis due to Mild or Rapidly Improving Symptoms
Authors: Sun Mu-Chien , Lai Tien-Bao
Published: July 2011

Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis for stroke is still under use. A substantial proportion of excluded patients for mild or improving symptoms are dependent at discharge. We prospectively recruited 49 patients who did not receive thrombolysis because of mild or improving symptoms. 32 had favorable outcome (mRS ≤ 2) and 17 had unfavorable outcome (mRS > 2) at discharge. Comparisons were made between the two groups. Age was older (72.5 ± 10.0 versus 64.7 ± 13.2 years, P = 0.037), and initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (5.7 ± 4.0 versus 2.2 ± 2.1, P < 0.001) was higher in the unfavorable group. Diastolic blood pressure was higher in the favorable group (98 ± 15 versus 86 ± 18  mmHg; P = 0.018). Atrial fibrillation (3.1 versus 23.5%; P = 0.043) and ipsilateral artery stenosis (21.9 versus 58.8%; P = 0.012) were more frequently found in the unfavorable group. Percentage of patients excluded from thrombolysis due to improving symptoms was higher in the unfavorable group (40.6 versus 82.4%; P = 0.005). Initial NIHSS score, but not other factors, was identified by logistic regression analysis as a major independent predictor for unfavorable outcome (OR 1.44; 95%CI, 1.03–2.02).
“Look at Us Now!”: Scrapbooking, Regimes of Value, and the Risks of (Auto)Ethnography
Authors: Christensen Danille Elise
Published: July 2011

By the early 2000s, scrapbook construction in the United States had shifted from a relatively private mode of assemblage into a visible practice bolstered by robust marketing and public venues for creation and display. But today’s scrapbooks often also perform the value of activities long characterized as ephemeral, mundane, and private by recasting them—using archival-safe products and visual documentation—as durable, artistic, and public. In effect, these books perform everyday lives. Arbiters of culture have questioned the authenticity or aesthetic merit of these exhibits in moves that deflect attention from the risks that attend any form of cultural documentation, including their own. Because scrapbooking makes visible the estrangement and objectification that occur when experience is entextualized, this popular hobby prompts reflections about ethnographic practice, the risks of performance, and the regulation of cultural hierarchies more generally.
Crosstalk between cancer and haemostasis
Authors: Bokemeyer C. , Langer F.
Published: July 2011

Cancer is characterized by bidirectional interrelations between tumour progression, coagulation activation, and inflammation. Tissue factor (TF), the principal initiator of the coagulation protease cascade, is centrally positioned in this complex triangular network due to its pleiotropic effects in haemostasis, angiogenesis, and haematogenous metastasis. While formation of macroscopic thrombi is the correlate of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE), a major healthcare burden in clinical haematology and oncology, microvascular thrombosis appears to be critically important to blood-borne tumour cell dissemination. In this regard, expression of TF in malignant tissues as well as shedding of TFbearing microparticles into the circulation are thought to be regulated by defined genetic events relevant to pathological cancer progression, thus directly linking Trousseau’s syndrome to molecular tumourigenesis.

Because pharmacological inhibition of the TF pathway in selective tumour types and patient subgroups would be in line with the modern concept of individualized, targeted anti-cancer therapy, this review will focus on the role of TF in tumour biology and cancer-associated VTE.
Clinical significance of circulating microparticles for venous thrombo - embolism in cancer patients
Authors: Ay C. , Pabinger I. , Thaler J.
Published: July 2011

Cancer patients have a four-to seven-fold increased risk to develop a venous thromboembolic event. Accumulating evidence from experimental and clinical studies indicates that microparticles (MPs), small procoagulant membrane vesicles that are defined by size and a negatively charged phosphatidylserine rich surface, play an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer-related venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, the clinical significance of MPs as a predictive biomarker for VTE in cancer patients has not been fully elucidated yet. This might be due to unresolved methodological problems and a lack of data from large prospective clinical studies that investigate the role of MPs in cancer-related VTE.

It is the aim of this review to give an overview on the most important characteristics of MPs and studies dealing with the role of MPs in cancer-related VTE. Also recent progresses, unresolved problems and future perspectives in this research field will be discussed. In the conclusion we will assess the clinical significance of MPs in cancer-related VTE.
Regulation der primären Hämostase durch von-Willebrand-Faktor und ADAMTS13
Authors: Budde U. , Schneppenheim R.
Published: July 2011

Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is an adhesive, multi-functional huge multimerized protein with multiple domains harboring binding sites for collagen, platelet glycoprotein receptors and coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). The functional domains enable VWF to bind to the injured vessel wall, to recruit platelets to the site of injury by adhesion and aggregation and to bind and protect FVIII, an important cofactor of the coagulation cascade. VWF function in primary haemostasis is located in particular in the arterial and micro-circulation. This environment is exposed to high shear forces with hydrodynamic shear rates ranging over several orders of magnitude from 10–1 to 105 s-1 and requires particular mechanisms to enable platelet adhesion and aggregation under these variable conditions. The respective VWF function is strictly correlating with its multimer size. Lack or reduction of large VWF multimers is seen in patients with von Willebrand disease (VWD) type 2A which correlates with reduction of both VWF:platelet GPIb-binding and VWF:collagen binding and a bleeding phenotype. To prevent unlimited platelet adhesion and aggregation which is the cause of the microangiopathic disorder thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), VWF function is regulated by its specific protease ADAMTS13. Whereas a particular susceptibility of VWF to ADAMTS13 proteolysis is the cause of a frequent VWD type 2A phenotype, lack or dysfunction of ADAMTS13, either acquired by ADAMTS13 antibodies or by inherited ADAMTS13 deficiency (Upshaw-Schulman Syndrome), causes TTP. Therefore VWD and TTP represent the opposite manifestations of VWF related disorders, tightly linked to each other.
Palladium Nanoparticles on Amphiphilic Carbon Spheres: A Green Catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction
Authors: Putta Chandra Babu , Ghosh Sutapa
Published: July 2011

We report the use of palladium nanoparticles stabilized on amphiphilic glucose‐derived carbon spheres as heterogeneous catalysts for Suzuki–Miyaura reactions. Reactions of aryl halides with various boronic acids in the presence of different bases and solvents including organic polar, non‐polar and water as sole solvent without the aid of phase‐transfer catalysts, under phosphine‐free and aerobic conditions have been studied. Especially, deactivated aryl bromides and activated aryl chlorides afforded good isolated yields in pure water. The catalyst was reused for up to four cycles without any marked loss in the activity.
Microwave‐Assisted Ruthenium‐Catalysed Olefin Metathesis in Fluorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Beneficial Combination
Authors: Samojłowicz Cezary , Borré Etienne , Mauduit Marc , Grela Karol
Published: July 2011

High conversions in ruthenium‐based olefin metathesis of demanding substrates are commonly forced by using a high loading of a catalyst and conducting reactions at elevated temperature for extended times. However, in many cases this approach is not fully effective. In this article we present that fluorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (FAH) combined with microwave (MW) irradiation using a commercially available ruthenium‐based pre‐catalyst creates attractive reaction conditions for promoting challenging olefin metathesis transformations.
Room Temperature Nickel(II) Complexes [(4‐MeOC6H4)Ni(PCy3)2OTs and Ni(PCy3)2X2]‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl/Alkenyl Sulfonates with Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Xing Chun‐Hui , Lee Jeng‐Ru , Tang Zhen‐Yu , Zheng Jin Rong , Hu Qiao‐Sheng
Published: July 2011

Room temperature nickel(II) complexes [(4‐MeOC6H4)Ni(PCy3)2OTs and Ni(PCy3)2X2 (X=Cl, Br)]‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions of aryl/alkenyl sulfonates with arylboronic acids are described. The nickel(II) complex (4‐MeOC6H4)Ni(PCy3)2OTs proved to be a general catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions of aryl sulfonates with arylboronic acids. By limiting the amount of the water in the initial catalytically active Ni(0) species generation stage, Ni(PCy3)2X2 (X=Cl, Br) could also be efficient catalysts for the cross‐coupling reactions a variety of aryl/activated alkenyl tosylates with arylboronic acids. The mild reaction condition, the easy availability of the catalysts and excellent coupling yields make these catalyst systems potentially useful in organic synthesis.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Unsaturated Acyl Chlorides and Ketones
Authors: Shen Li‐Tao , Shao Pan‐Lin , Ye Song
Published: July 2011

A straightforward synthesis of optically active trifluoromethyl dihydropyranones and spirocyclic oxindole‐dihydropyranones has been realized by the chiral N‐heterocyclic carbenes‐catalyzed cyclization of α,β‐unsaturated β‐methylacyl chlorides with activated trifluoromethyl ketones or isatin derivatives.
Factors affecting aggression among females in captive groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Beisner Brianne A. , Isbell Lynne A.
Published: July 2011

Captive groups of primates often exhibit higher rates of aggression than wild, free‐ranging groups. It is important to determine which factors influence aggression in captivity because aggression, particularly intense aggression, can be harmful to animal health and well‐being. In this study, we investigated the effect of ground substrate as well as season, rank, age, and group size on rates of agonistic interactions per female in seven captive groups of rhesus macaques (n = 70 females, 1,723 focal samples) at the California National Primate Research Center. Agonistic interactions were divided into three categories: displacements, mild aggression, and intense aggression. Females living in enclosures with gravel substrate were 1.7 times more likely to be involved in intense aggression (e.g. chases and physical contact) than females living in enclosures with grass (Poisson regression model: P<0.001). High‐ranking females were at least 1.3 times more likely to be involved in mild (e.g. threats and lunges) aggression than lower‐ranking females (low rank: P = 0.03; mid rank: P = 0.001). Females of all ranks were 1.5–1.9 times more likely to be involved in both intense and mild aggression during the breeding season than other seasons. Age and group size did not affect rates of mild or intense aggression. These findings indicate that although some aggression appears to be natural and unavoidable, i.e. aggression during the breeding season, the well‐being of captive macaques can be improved by developing grass substrate in outdoor enclosures. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1152–1159, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ethik, Chemie und das Bildungsziel Nachhaltigkeit
Authors: Frank Hartmut , Campanella Luigi , Dondi Francesco , Mehlich Jan , Leitner Erich , Rossi Giuseppe , Ndjoko Ioset Karine , Bringmann Gerhard
Published: July 2011

Verantwortlichkeit in den Naturwissenschaften in Bildung und fachlicher Praxis umzusetzen, damit Wissenschaftler ethischen Herausforderungen nicht länger wegen der geringen Kenntnis entsprechender Konzepte aus dem Weg gehen und das Vorsorgeprinzip kategorisch ablehnen, ist nach Meinung der Autoren eine zentrale Herausforderung, um eine friedliche und zugleich freigeborene Entfaltung des Individuums in einer wohlwollenden Gesellschaft zu erreichen, im fairen Geben und Nehmen. Welche Wege dahin führen können, wird sowohl anhand grundsätzlicher Überlegungen als auch an konkreten Beispielen wie einem Kurs in angewandter Ethik für Chemiestudenten und einem Förderprojekt im Kongo erläutert.
Preparation, characterization, and biodegradability of renewable resource‐based composites from recycled polylactide bioplastic and sisal fibers
Authors: Wu Chin‐San
Published: July 2011

The biodegradability, morphology, and mechanical thermal properties of composite materials composed of polylactide (PLA) and sisal fibers (SFs) were evaluated. Composites containing acrylic acid‐grafted PLA (PLA‐g‐AA/SF) exhibited noticeably superior mechanical properties because of greater compatibility between the two components. The dispersion of SF in the PLA‐g‐AA matrix was highly homogeneous as a result of ester formation and the consequent creation of branched and crosslinked macromolecules between the carboxyl groups of PLA‐g‐AA and hydroxyl groups in SF. Furthermore, with a lower melt temperature, the PLA‐g‐AA/SF composite is more readily processed than PLA/SF. Both composites were buried in soil to assess biodegradability. Both the PLA and the PLA‐g‐AA/SF composite films were eventually completely degraded, and severe disruption of film structure was observed after 6–10 weeks of incubation. Although the degree of weight loss after burial indicated that both materials were biodegradable even with high levels of SF, the higher water resistance of PLA‐g‐AA/SF films indicates that they were more biodegradable than those made of PLA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Learning of musculoskeletal ligament stress testing in a gross anatomy laboratory
Authors: Krause David A. , Youdas James W. , Hollman John H.
Published: July 2011

Human anatomy in physical therapy programs is a basic science course serving as a foundation for subsequent clinical courses. Integration of anatomy with a clinical emphasis throughout a curriculum provides opportunities for reinforcement of previously learned material. Considering the human cadaver laboratory as a fixed cost to our program, we sought opportunities to add value to the resource via vertical integration into a clinical skills course taught later in the curriculum. We designed an opportunity for second‐year physical therapy students to revisit the human anatomy laboratory to study select clinical musculoskeletal tests and the associated anatomy in a clinically relevant context. Students performed select orthopedic ligament test on human cadavers, then incised specific structures and repeated the tests. Students were able to feel and visualize the function of pertinent anatomy associated with the clinical tests. Ninety‐five percent of respondents reported that the ligament stress testing experience enhanced their understanding of orthopedic clinical tests with 91% reporting an enhanced understanding of anatomy related to specific clinical tests. Likewise, the experience was perceived as enjoyable and valuable with 86% of respondents reporting the experience as enjoyable and 100% responding the experience should continue as part of the curriculum. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Physicians' assessment of the value of clinical information: Operationalization of a theoretical model
Authors: Grad Roland , Pluye Pierre , Granikov Vera , Johnson‐Lafleur Janique , Shulha Michael , Sridhar Soumya Bindiganavile , Moscovici Jonathan L. , Bartlett Gillian , Vandal Alain C. , Marlow Bernard , Kloda Lorie
Published: July 2011

Inspired by the acquisition–cognition–application model (T. Saracevic & K.B. Kantor, 1997), we developed a tool called the Information Assessment Method to more clearly understand how physicians use clinical information. In primary healthcare, we conducted a naturalistic and longitudinal study of searches for clinical information. Forty‐one family physicians received a handheld computer with the Information Assessment Method linked to one commercial electronic knowledge resource. Over an average of 320 days, 83% of 2,131 searches for clinical information were rated using the Information Assessment Method. Searches to address a clinical question, as well as the retrieval of relevant clinical information, were positively associated with the use of that information for a specific patient. Searches done out of curiosity were negatively associated with the use of clinical information. We found significant associations between specific types of cognitive impact and information use for a specific patient. For example, when the physician reported “My practice was changed and improved” as a result of this clinical information, the odds that information was used for a specific patient increased threefold. Our findings provide empirical data to support the applicability of the acquisition‐cognition‐application model, as operationalized through the Information Assessment Method, in primary healthcare. Capturing the use of research‐based information in medicine opens the door to further study of the relationships between clinical information and health outcomes.
Resilience and Successful Community Reintegration among Female Forensic Psychiatric Patients: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Viljoen Simone , Nicholls Tonia , Greaves Caroline , de Ruiter Corine , Brink Johann
Published: July 2011

Research on resiliency and recovery in forensic psychiatric patients is still limited. Information pertaining to factors associated with successful community reintegration would contribute to a more comprehensive assessment of functioning and informed treatment planning that fits within a recovery approach of service provision. Using a retrospective design involving file reviews and a 3‐year follow‐up period, the authors investigated the rate of successful/unsuccessful community reintegration (defined by the presence or absence of an absolute discharge/readmission to hospital) in female forensic psychiatric patients (N = 48). The study evaluated the extent to which the risk and protective factors captured in the Short‐Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) predicted a range of positive and negative outcomes in the study sample. Results showed that 47.9% of the women qualified as having successfully reintegrated into the community, with the remaining 52.1% qualifying as still being in recovery. Successful individuals possessed significantly more protective factors and significantly fewer risk factors than individuals still in recovery. Furthermore, both the vulnerability and the strength scale of the START demonstrated good predictive validity, however we did not find evidence of incremental validity of the strength scale. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescence Properties of 8‐(2‐Pyridyl)guanine “2PyG” as Compared to 2‐Aminopurine in DNA
Authors: Dumas Anaëlle , Luedtke Nathan W.
Published: July 2011

Because of their environment‐sensitive fluorescence quantum yields, base analogues such as 2‐aminopurine (2AP), 6‐methylisoxanthopterin (6‐MI), and 3‐methylisoxanthopterin (3‐MI) are widely used in nucleic‐acid folding and catalysis assays. Emissions from these guanine mimics are quenched by base‐stacking interactions and collisions with purine residues. Fluorescent base analogues that remain highly emissive in folded nucleic acids can provide sensitive means to differentiate DNA/RNA structures by participating in energy transfer from proximal ensembles of unmodified nucleobases. The development of new, highly emissive guanine mimics capable of proper base stacking and base‐pairing interactions is an important prerequisite to this approach. Here we report a comparison of the most commonly used probe, 2‐aminopurine (2AP), to 8‐(2‐pyridyl)‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (2PyG). The photophysical properties of these purine derivatives are very different. 2PyG exhibits enhanced fluorescence quantum yields upon its incorporation into folded nucleic acids—approximately 50‐fold brighter fluorescence intensity than 2AP in the context of duplex DNA. Due to its bright fluorescence and compatibility with proper DNA folding, 2PyG can be used to accurately quantify energy‐transfer efficiencies, whereas 2AP is much less sensitive to structure‐specific trends in energy transfer. When using nucleoside monomers, Stern–Volmer plots of 2AP fluorescence revealed upward curvature of F0/F upon titration of guanosine monophoshate (GMP), whereas 2PyG exhibited unusual downward curvature of F0/F that resulted in a recovery of fluorescence at high GMP concentrations. These results are consistent with the trends observed for 2PyG‐ and 2AP‐containing oligonucleotides, and furthermore suggest that solutions containing high concentrations of GMP can, in some ways, mimic the high local nucleobase densities of folded nucleic acids.
One‐year results of the INSPIRE trial with the novel MGuard stent: Serial analysis with QCA and IVUS
Authors: Costa J. Ribamar , Abizaid Alexandre , Feres Fausto , Costa Ricardo , Staico Rodolfo , Siqueira Dimytri , Centemero Marinella , Tanajura Luiz Fernando , Sousa Amanda , Sousa J. Eduardo
Published: July 2011

Background: The newly developed balloon‐expandable Mguard stent system, a combination of an ultra‐thin polymer mesh sleeve attached to the external surface of a BMS, was conceived to provide embolic protection during PCI of SVG and thrombus‐containig lesions. Although the acute results (<30 days) have pointed to the efficacy of this novel device, few is known about its long‐term performance. Methods: The present article address the 1‐year clinical results of a cohort of 30 patients enrolled in the INSPIRE trial. Inclusion critiria was de novo lesions in SVG or native vessels with angiographic evidence of instability with potential to provoke flow disturbances and/or distal embolization. The primary endpoint (incidence of MACE‐composite of cardiac death, nonfatal MI, and TLR) up to 30 days of the procedure has already been published. Secondary endpoints here presented included in‐stent late lumen loss (QCA), % of stent obstruction (IVUS) at 6 months and combined MACE at 1 year. QCA and IVUS were performed by independent corelabs. Results: Mean population age was 63 years with 38% of diabetics. Overall, 55% presented with ACS and 57% of lesions were located in SVG. Most lesions had complex morphology including the presence of thrombus (26%) and ulceration (20%). Distal/proximal protection devices were not used. Preprocedural QCA data showed lesion length and reference vessel diameter of 12.0 ± 4.5 mm and 3.0 ± 0.5 mm. The MGuard stent was successfully delivered in all cases and final TIMI‐3 was achieved in 100% with no MACE up to 30 days. At 6 months, in‐stent late loss and % of stent obstruction were 1.0 ± 0.4 mm and 28.5 ± 15.6%. Up to 1 year there was no case of cardiac death, two MI (one Q‐wave and one non‐Q‐wave) and six cases of ischemia‐driven TLR. Of note, there was no case of definite/probable stent thorombosis. Conclusions: In this series of patients treated with MGuard stent, the novel device showed no midterm efficacy and safety concerns. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acid‐Catalyzed Furfuryl Alcohol Polymerization: Characterizations of Molecular Structure and Thermodynamic Properties
Authors: Kim Taejin , Assary Rajeev S. , Marshall Christopher L. , Gosztola David J. , Curtiss Larry A. , Stair Peter C.
Published: July 2011

The liquid‐phase polymerization of furfuryl alcohol catalyzed by sulfuric acid catalysts and the identities of molecular intermediates were investigated by using Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculation. At room temperature, with an acid catalyst, a vigorous furfuryl alcohol polymerization reaction was observed, whereas even at a high water concentration, furfuryl alcohol was very stable in the absence of an acid catalyst. Theoretical studies were carried out to investigate the thermodynamics of protonation of furfuryl alcohol, initiation of polymerization, and formation of conjugated dienes and diketonic species by using the B3LYP level of theory. A strong aliphatic CC band observed in the calculated and measured Raman spectra provided crucial evidence to understand the polymerization reaction mechanism. It is confirmed that the formation of a conjugated diene structure rather than a diketone structure is involved in the furfuryl alcohol polymerization reaction.
Elucidating the Directing Effect of Lewis Acids on the Reaction Pathway in Formal [3+3] Cyclocondensation Reactions: A Comprehensive In Situ Spectroscopic Study
Authors: Knöpke Leif R. , Reimann Sebastian , Spannenberg Anke , Langer Peter , Brückner Angelika , Bentrup Ursula
Published: July 2011

Different spectroscopic methods were applied in situ as well as ex situ to elucidate the mode of action of the Lewis acids TiCl4 and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) in the formal [3+3] cyclization reaction of a 1,3‐bis(silyloxy)‐1,3‐butadiene with fluorinated ketenacetales. Different products were formed depending on the type of Lewis acid employed, which can be explained by their completely different interaction with the ketenacetale. Results of attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR‐IR) and UV/vis spectroscopic studies revealed that TMSOTf interacts with only one site of the ketenacetale, forming an ionic species. In contrast, TiCl4 forms a bischelate complex, which was confirmed by using X‐ray crystal structure analysis. Both reaction pathways were studied by simultaneously applying in situ ATR‐IR/UV/vis spectroscopy in a specifically developed reaction cell. During cooling and subsequent heating of the reaction mixture, formation and structural changes of different intermediates were observed, in particular in the case of the TMSOTf catalyzed reaction. Although the TiCl4 mediated reaction proceeds in only one step, the TMSOTf route comprises two reaction steps. In situ spectroscopic results revealed that the applied workup procedure influences product formation and distribution as well.
Divergent Heparin Oligosaccharide Synthesis with Preinstalled Sulfate Esters
Authors: Tiruchinapally Gopinath , Yin Zhaojun , El‐Dakdouki Mohammad , Wang Zhen , Huang Xuefei
Published: July 2011

Traditional chemical synthesis of heparin oligosaccharides first involves assembly of the full length oligosaccharide backbone followed by sulfation. Herein, we report an alternative strategy in which the O‐sulfate was introduced onto glycosyl building blocks as a trichloroethyl ester prior to assembly of the full length oligosaccharide. This allowed divergent preparation of both sulfated and non‐sulfated building blocks from common advanced intermediates. The O‐sulfate esters were found to be stable during glycosylation as well as typical synthetic manipulations encountered during heparin oligosaccharide synthesis. Furthermore, the presence of sulfate esters in both glycosyl donors and acceptors did not adversely affect the glycosylation yields, which enabled us to assemble multiple heparin oligosaccharides with preinstalled 6‐O‐sulfates.
Solid‐state circular dichroism and hydrogen bonding: Absolute configuration of massarigenin A from Microsphaeropsis sp
Authors: Hussain Hidayat , Ahmed Ishtiaq , Schulz Barbara , Draeger Siegfried , Flörke Ulrich , Pescitelli Gennaro , Krohn Karsten
Published: July 2011

Massarigenin A (1) and papyracillic acids A (2) and B (3) were isolated from the endophytic fungus Microsphaeropsis sp. Their structures were elucidated by multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; the structure of massarigenin A (1) was also confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. The absolute configuration of massarigenin A (1) was established by means of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. The impact of intermolecular hydrogen bonds detected in the crystal packing of 1 on CD spectra measured in the solid state was also investigated. Chirality, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chiral superstructures of insulin amyloid fibrils
Authors: Babenko Viktoria , Harada Takunori , Yagi Hisashi , Goto Yuji , Kuroda Reiko , Dzwolak Wojciech
Published: July 2011

Hydrodynamic forces are capable of inducing structural order in dispersed solid phases, and of causing symmetry‐breaking when chiral crystals precipitate from an achiral liquid phase. Until it was observed upon vortex‐assisted fibrillation of insulin, such behavior had been thought to be confined to few unbiological systems. In this paper we are discussing chiroptical properties of two chiral variants of insulin amyloid, termed +ICD and −ICD, which form during the process of chiral bifurcation in vortexed solutions of aggregating insulin. As conventional measurements of circular dichroism of solid, anisotropic substances are particularly vulnerable to overlapping influences of linear birefringence and linear dichroism, we have employed complementary tools including dedicated universal chiroptical spectrophotometer to rule out such artifacts. We propose that the strong chiroptical properties of +ICD and −ICD insulin fibrils are an aspect of genuine superstructural chirality of amyloid fibrils and of powerful excitonic couplings taking place within them. A comparison of thioflavin T complexes with fibrils formed by insulin and polyglutamic acid suggests that the extrinsic Cotton effect stemming from the level of single twisted dye molecules is weaker, although diagnostically useful, and cannot account for the overall magnitude of ICD of the dye bound to ±ICD insulin amyloid. Chirality, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cu(OTf)2 Catalyzed Synthesis of Bis(5‐methyl‐2‐furyl)methanes by Condensation of 2‐Methylfuran with Carbonyl Compounds under Solvent Free Conditions
Authors: Muthyala Manoj Kumar , Rao V. Kameswara , Kumar Anil
Published: July 2011

A facile and efficient one‐pot three‐component synthesis of bis(5‐methyl‐2‐furyl)methanes has been achieved via the reaction of 2‐methylfuran with a series of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and aliphatic ketones in presence of copper(II) triflate under solvent free conditions. The bis(5‐methyl‐2‐furyl)methanes were obtained in 34% –72% yields and the catalyst was recycled up to four successive cycles without much loss in catalytic activity.