bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VARIATION AMONG BRITISH COLUMBIA AND NORTHERN ALBERTA POPULATIONS OF RASPBERRIES, RUBUS IDAEUS SUBSPP. STRIGOSUS MICHX.
Authors: ADRICHEM M. C. J. VAN
Published: March 2010

Several population samples of Rubus idaeus subspp. strigosus Michx. (raspberries) were collected in British Columbia and northern Alberta and a number of characters were studied and compared with the cultivar Trent. Significant differences between populations were found for cane length, number of buds per cane, percentage of buds growing, number of inflorescences and flowers per bud, fruit and seed weight. There was a positive correlation between the total seed weight and the number of seeds, and between the total seed and fruit weight. No distinct types could be established based on location or elevation. None of the populations showed significantly better winter hardiness than the cultivar Trent, and although some had a specific character that was superior, none was found to have overall superiority.
BLOSSOM-END ROT AND BLACK SEEDS OF TOMATOES
Authors: ESTABROOKS D. N. , TIESSEN H.
Published: March 2010

not available
GLENLEA RED SPRING WHEAT
Authors: EVANS L. E. , SHEBESKI L. H. , McGINNIS R. C. , BRIGGS K. G. , ZUZENS D.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF MOISTURE STRESS AT EARLY HEADING AND OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON THREE SPRING WHEAT CULTIVARS
Authors: DUBETZ S. , BOLE J. B.
Published: March 2010

Three cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown at four levels of N fertilizer in metal lysimeters protected from rain by an automatic rain shelter. A soil water stress of 8 bars was developed in one-half of the lysimeters at the early boot stage. Water stress reduced yield by severely decreasing the number of kernels per spike. Tillering was not affected and kernel weight was increased. Pitic 62 withstood the high stress better than Manitou or Kenhi. N enhanced yield by increasing tillering. Kernel weight was unaffected by N, and the number of kernels per spike was decreased. Pitic, which had a higher number of kernels per spike, outyielded Manitou and Kenhi. The protein content of Manitou was higher than that of the other two cultivars. The cultivars differed in their reaction to soil water stress and N.
TOLERANCE OF SOME TURFGRASS SPECIES TO DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SALT IN SOILS
Authors: CORDUKES W. E. , MACLEAN A. J.
Published: March 2010

Addition of CaCl2∙2H2O at the rate of 2,000 ppm to give a conductivity of 7.2 mmhos/cm in a saturated paste extract of three soils varying in texture from sand to clay loam had no apparent effects on the quality of turf of Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., creeping red fescue, Festuca rubra L., and perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., grown in pot tests. When the rate was increased to 8,000 ppm and the conductivity to about 20 mmhos/cm, the turfgrass deteriorated markedly in the clay loam and the sandy loam and to a lesser degree in the sand. All species reacted similarly to the detrimental effect of salt in the soils, and the deterioration in turf quality was accompanied by a decline in root production. The concentration of chloride in leaf tissue usually increased with increasing amounts of salt in the soils and tended to be highest in perennial ryegrass and lowest in creeping red fescue. At the higher rates of salt addition, the amounts of chloride in the turfgrass tended to be lower on the sand than on the other soils.
INFLUENCE OF FORMIC ACID AND FORMALIN ON QUALITY OF DIRECT-CUT ALFALFA SILAGE
Authors: DAVIDSON T. R. , STEVENSON K. R.
Published: March 2010

Early bloom alfalfa (Medicago sativa cult Saranac), at 22.5% dry matter, was harvested with a forage harvester. Formic acid (85% solution) and formalin (37.5% solution) and various mixtures were applied to the herbage, on a fresh weight basis, at rates of 0.33, 0.50, and 0.66%. The material was ensiled in sealed plastic-lined barrels holding 150 kg and fitted with fermentation locks. After 130 days, the quality of the treated and untreated silages was examined by comparing organic acid and ammoniacal-nitrogen contents. With formic treatments, an immediate drop in pH to 4.76, 4.20, and 3.93 was observed with rates of 0.33, 0.50, and 0.66%, respectively. Formalin had no effect on pH. Lactic acid contents were lower with formalin and the 0.66% formic but higher with 0.33 and 0.50% formic than in untreated silage. The volatile fatty acids were reduced equally by both formic acid and formalin. Increased rates of application reduced these acids. The ammoniacal-nitrogen contents decreased with increased application rates. Amounts of 14.11, 2.80, and 5.73% of total nitrogen were found in untreated, 0.66% formic acid-treated, and 0.66% formalin-treated silages, respectively. The various formic–formalin mixtures produced results intermediate to separate applications of formic and formalin for all parameters analyzed.
RESISTANCE TO PYRENOPHORA BROMI IN BROMEGRASS
Authors: SMITH J. DREW , KNOWLES R. P.
Published: March 2010

The resistance of strains of northern, southern, and northern/southern hybrids of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis) to Pyrenophora bromi, the cause of a major leaf spot disease, was determined in field tests in northern Saskatchewan from 1967 to 1971. Infection derived from natural epidemics was supplemented with that from highly susceptible infector plants spaced in the test plots to improve uniformity of inoculum supply. No bromegrass strains were completely resistant to the pathogen. Four of the eight northern/southern cultivars and three of the five southern cultivars were more resistant to P. bromi than any of the nine northern types. The best southern cultivars, Baylor and Sac, were not significantly more resistant than the cult Magna and less resistant than the S-7382 and S-7306 strains, all of northern/southern-type. Basic clones of northern/southern-type strains, adapted to Western Canada, were superior in resistance to northern clones. Parental clones were more resistant than their progeny and this resistance declined from the Syn. 1 to the Syn. 2 in two northern/southern strains. Selection for resistance to the other major leaf spot pathogen, Selenophoma bromigena, resulted in a limited improvement also in resistance to P. bromi.
INFLUENCE OF CYTOPLASMIC EFFECTS ON SOME AGRONOMIC CHARACTERS IN CORN
Authors: BAYNES R. A. , BRAWN R. I.
Published: March 2010

Diallel crosses involving eight inbred lines of corn were produced and the resultant single crosses were grown in field plots with reciprocal crosses placed in contiguous rows. All plants under observation were detasselled and natural pollination was permitted with one pollen source. Maturity-related characteristics, including days to midsilking, plant height, ear height, rate of ear moisture depletion, and ear moisture content at harvest, were recorded in the field. Differences between reciprocal crosses under these conditions were interpreted as being due to extra chromosomal influence. Of signal importance is the fact that no real differences were observed between reciprocals with regard to rate of ear moisture depletion; however, significant differences were noted for days to midsilking, ear and plant height, and ear moisture content at harvest.
ORGANIC ACID DETERMINATION ON TREATED AND UNTREATED CORN SILAGE
Authors: CANDLISH ELIZABETH , McKIRDY J.
Published: March 2010

Changes in levels of organic acids in corn silage were measured by gas chromatography. When corn was treated prior to ensiling with formic acid, propionic acid, Chemstor, and Hay Savor at levels of 0.75% and 1.5% on a fresh weight basis, the acids added were readily detected on the gas chromatograms. Formic acid addition lowered the pH of the corn silage to a greater extent than the other added acids. Control silages contained between 5.81 and 17.43 mmol total acids per 100 ml silage juice, whereas silages treated with propionic acid and Chemstor contained between 33.86 and 42.53 mmol total acid per 100 ml silage juice. Formic acid- and Hay Savor-treated silages contained intermediate amounts of acids. The acid treatments did not severely affect lactic acid production.
SENSITIVITY OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF GRASSES AND LEGUMES TO SOIL ACIDITY
Authors: ELLIOTT C. R. , HOYT P. B. , SIEMENS B. , NYBORG M.
Published: March 2010

The relative tolerance of timothy, red fescue, bromegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, Russian wild ryegrass, alsike clover, red clover, alfalfa, and birdsfoot trefoil to soil acidity was determined under field conditions by measuring forage and seed yields on three limed and nonlimed strongly to very strongly acid soils (pH 4.1–5.1). Relative tolerance among species varied considerably from soil to soil, presumably because of the wide variation found in content of plant-available Al and Mn. The grasses, in general, were more tolerant than the legumes, except that Russian wild ryegrass was extremely sensitive to acidity on one site. Without lime the highest yield of forage was obtained from timothy or bromegrass, and the highest yield of seed from red fescue. Red clover produced more forage than alsike clover on two of the three acid soils, and produced the greatest yield of seed of any legume.
NUTRITIVE POTENTIAL OF MULTITILLERING CORN COMPARED WITH NONTILLERING CORN FOR SILAGE
Authors: FREYMAN S. , KALDY M. S. , BOWDEN D. M. , WILSON D. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
PRODUCTION OF HYBRID SEED IN GRASSES UNDER ISOLATION CAGES
Authors: CHRISTIE B. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
SUPPRESSION OF THE SYMPTOMS OF APPLE LEAF PUCKER DISEASE IN AN OCCURRENCE PATTERN THAT INDICATES VIRUS INTERACTION
Authors: WELSH MAURICE F. , MAY JAMES
Published: March 2010

Clones of McIntosh and Spartan apple were found in which the symptoms of leaf pucker disease were suppressed. When buds from such clones were applied to trees of sensitive McIntosh clones, the responses to subsequent leaf pucker inoculation on foliage and fruit were reduced in severity or completely suppressed. The symptoms of this disease on bark, shoots, fruit, and foliage of Spartan were not expressed when inoculation with the symptom-suppressing isolates preceded inoculation with leaf pucker isolates. Efficiency of symptom suppression increased with lengthening of the interval between inoculations with the symptom-suppressing and the leaf pucker isolates and differed with various combinations of leaf pucker and symptom-suppressing isolates. Indexing of sensitive clones and of clones in which symptoms were suppressed demonstrated no significant differences in content of commonly occurring apple viruses and therefore provided no clue to the identity of the suppressing agent. A sensitive clone, after heat therapy that eliminated infections of commonly occurring apple viruses, responded to leaf pucker inoculations with disease symptoms that were more severe than those expressed in the clone before heating.
CAUSES OF BLOSSOM-END ROT OF TOMATOES BASED ON TISSUE ANALYSIS
Authors: WARD G. M.
Published: March 2010

Blossom-end rot (BER) was produced experimentally in greenhouse tomatoes, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., growing in soil or in pure sand by restricting Ca uptake at various stages of growth. Analysis of tissues from affected plants for Ca, K, and Mg showed that all plant parts suffer depletion of Ca, the upper considerably more than the lower parts. BER fruits contained.02–.03% Ca compared with.07–.09% in normal fruits. BER was also produced by subjecting plants to water stress in the presence of adequate supplies of Ca. Affected fruits from these plants had a Ca content of.07%. It is suggested that there may be two physiological conditions resulting in identical symptoms.
MULTIPLICATION OF THE ROOT LESION NEMATODE PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS UNDER ORCHARD COVER CROPS
Authors: MARKS C. F. , TOWNSHEND J. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
SEED STORAGE AND GERMINATION OF BLACK POPLAR
Authors: HELLUM A. K.
Published: March 2010

not available
INHERITANCE OF PHOTOPERIODIC HEADING RESPONSE IN WINTER AND SPRING CULTIVARS OF BREAD WHEAT
Authors: KEIM D. L. , WELSH J. R. , McCONNELL R. L.
Published: March 2010

Populations from crosses between two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) parents, Lancer and Warrior, which were sensitive to photoperiod, and Sonora 64, a photoperiod-insensitive spring wheat, were studied under a 10-h photoperiod. F2 distributions supported by F3 data demonstrated a two-gene inheritance system with dominant epistasis for insensitivity. The F2 distributions fit the hypothesis of a 12 early:3 late:1 very late ratio, where early heading in short days was associated with photoperiod insensitivity. Minor factors also appeared to affect the earliness of heading.
IMPORTANCE OF SEED SOURCE IN PRELIMINARY EVALUATIONS OF DOUBLED HAPLOIDS IN BARLEY
Authors: WALSH E. J. , REINBERGS E. , KASHA K. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF COMPANION CROPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT ON THE UNDERSOWN FORAGE SEEDLING ENVIRONMENT
Authors: GENEST JEAN , STEPPLER HOWARD
Published: March 2010

Effects of companion crops, oats, barley, and wheat on light and soil moisture available to the undersown forage species, alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, timothy, and bromegrass, are reported. Early in the growing season, barley intercepted the highest percentage of both visible light and light energy, whereas at the end of the season, weeds growing where forage seedlings had been established without a companion crop intercepted a greater amount of light than companion crops undersown with a forage crop. Seedlings growing under companion crops managed as simulated pasture received the greatest amount of light. Soil moisture percentages were higher where forage seedlings were established without a companion crop. Forage yields reflected a greater advantage from improved moisture during establishment than from light penetration.
PRODUCTIVITY OF INTERMEDIATE WHEATGRASS AS INFLUENCED BY DATE OF INITIAL CUTTING, HEIGHT OF CUTTING, AND N FERTILIZER
Authors: LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

The interactions of three dates of initial cutting followed by one or two subsequent cuttings, three heights of cutting, and four fertilizer treatments on the dry matter yield, crude protein content, and crude protein yield of intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium (Host.) Beauv.) were studied on irrigated land for 2 yr. Cutting on 15 June during the shot blade stage resulted in severe summer killing. Variation in height of cutting and N fertilizer levels resulted in differences in annual yields. On the basis of the 2-yr mean yield, however, these differences were masked by interaction of these factors with years. Crude protein content of the forage at cut 1 decreased with the deferment of the first cut, was not influenced by height of cutting, but increased with increases in N fertilizer. The yield of crude protein increased with increasing levels of N fertilizer and showed significant interactions for year × date of initial cutting × fertilizer and years × date of initial cutting × height of cutting. Split applications of N fertilizer showed no advantage over a single spring application in either year.
SALINITY TOLERANCE OF ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS AND OTHER FORAGE GRASSES
Authors: McELGUNN J. D. , LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.) was compared with tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum (Host.) Beauv.), slender wheatgrass (A. trachycaulum (Link) Malte), Russian wild ryegrass (E. junceus Fisch.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) for salinity tolerance under growth room conditions. Percent emergence, herbage, and root yield were assessed in soils of varying salinity (conductivities of 4–40 mmhos/cm). Emergence of Altai wild ryegrass compared favorably with Russian wild ryegrass and bromegrass but they were inferior to tall wheatgrass at high levels of salinity. Root yield of Altai wild ryegrass was greater than that of the other grasses at all levels of salinity. At low levels of salinity (conductivities of 6–14 mmhos/cm) root yield of Altai wild ryegrass exceeded that on the low saline check soil. Using herbage yield as the criterion, tall wheatgrass and Altai wild ryegrass tolerated salinity better than the other grasses. The germination–emergence phase of establishment was the most sensitive to salinity.
USE OF FACTOR ANALYSIS TO INVESTIGATE RELATIONS BETWEEIS ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES AND FORAGE YIELD
Authors: WADDINGTON J.
Published: March 2010

Yields obtained over a 17-yr period from three grasses, one legume, and three grass–legume mixtures, together with six environmental variables, were subjected to factor analysis. Three of the variables (degree-days, hours of bright sunshine, and solar short-wave energy at the top of the earth’s atmosphere) showed a very close interrelation and were interpreted as measures of environmental energy. Age of crop was classed as a soil fertility factor; the available soil nutrients decreased as the age of the forage stand increased. In the factor patterns developed, differences between crops were small in comparison with the overall similarities. Production from the first harvest of the season was equally dependent on energy, soil moisture, and soil fertility. Regrowth was controlled principally by rainfall during and prior to the regrowth period. The ability of factor analysis to extract relatively simple relations from interrelated variables is clearly demonstrated.
FIRMNESS OF MCINTOSH APPLES AS AFFECTED BY ALAR AND ETHYLENE REMOVAL FROM THE STORAGE ATMOSPHERE
Authors: LOUGHEED E. C. , FRANKLIN E. W. , MILLER S. R. , PROCTOR J. T. A.
Published: March 2010

A commercially available ethylene absorbent was effective in reducing ethylene levels in controlled atmosphere storage chambers containing McIntosh apples (Malus sylvestris Mill.) at 3.3 C. Lowered ethylene levels were often but not always coincident with firmer fruit of early harvests after extended storage. Pre-harvest field treatments with Alar may augment the effect of ethylene removal from storage chambers.
COLD HARDINESS OF MALLING CLONAL APPLE ROOTSTOCKS UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF WINTER SOIL COVER
Authors: WILDUNG D. K. , WEISER C. J. , PELLETT H. M.
Published: March 2010

Winter survival of Mailing 7, 9, 26, 104, and 106 clonal rootstocks was compared during two winters under conditions of straw mulch with snow, clean cultivation with snow, and clean cultivation with snow removed. Field survival was evaluated by observations of growth during the summers following tests. Survival observations were interpreted in light of soil temperatures recorded under each of the cover treatments. Hardiness of the five rootstock clones was also determined by controlled freezing tests of stem and root tissue in November and May. There were no differences in field survival and growth of rootstock clones under mulch with snow and clean cultivation with snow treatments in either year. Under clean cultivation with snow removed, M 26 was found to be most hardy and M 7 least hardy of the five rootstocks tested. Soil temperature records revealed that all rootstocks survived a brief exposure to − 17.8 C. Controlled freezing tests did not reveal significant differences in stem hardiness levels of the five rootstock clones. November freezing tests of roots confirmed field survival observations that M 26 was significantly more hardy and M 7 significantly less hardy than the other clones.
VARIATIONS IN FRUIT-ROT SUSCEPTIBILITY OF STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS AND SELECTIONS AS INDICATED BY A POSTHARVEST SCREENING TECHNIQUE
Authors: DAUBENY HUGH A. , PEPIN H. S.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM ON RUTABAGA YIELDS
Authors: CUTCLIFFE J. A. , MUNRO D. C.
Published: March 2010

The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on the yield and shape of rutabagas (Brassica napobrassica Mill., cult York) were investigated at three locations each year during three successive cropping seasons. Total and marketable yields were increased at most locations by applications of nitrogen and phosphorus, but applied potassium increased yields at only three locations. For maximum yields, rates of 90–112 kg/ha of N and 49–130 kg/ha of P were necessary. Where soil P levels were low, yield increases from applied N were obtained only when accompanied by adequate phosphorus. The ratio of the equatorial/polar diameters of the roots was increased by added N, and to a lesser extent, by applied P and K.
NITRATE ACCUMULATION IN SPINACH CULTIVARS AND PLANT INTRODUCTIONS
Authors: CANTLIFFE D. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
SEASONAL EMERGENCE AND PERSISTENCE OF GREEN FOXTAIL
Authors: BANTING J. D. , MOLBERG E. S. , GEBHARDT J. P.
Published: March 2010

Green foxtail, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., emerged at the same time in the spring as the wheat Triticum aestivum L. This was attributed to faster growth of green foxtail when the soil warmed up and its emergence from shallower depths than the wheat. There was a flush of emergence in the spring. Subsequent emergence appeared to depend on rainfall but some seedlings emerged in every 2-wk period throughout the season and in some years as late as October. A buildup of seeds occurred with the 3-yr rotation, i.e., when wheat was sown as a second crop. Germination was primarily controlled by temperature. No germination occurred in 10 days at 4.4 C and only a limited amount at 10 C. Eleven to 26% of the seeds in the soil and 7% of those on the surface were viable after 4 yr. Persistence increased markedly with depth, which emphasizes the need for shallow tillage. Primary dormancy disappeared rapidly. Secondary dormancy was detected thereafter in as many as 24% of the seeds.
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS ELECTRODES AND TISSUES ON THE ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE OF WOODY STEMS
Authors: GLERUM C. , ZAZULA R.
Published: March 2010

The electrical impedance was measured with a four-electrode probe on twigs of one hardwood and one conifer. The probes tested were: (1) stainless steel; (2) nickel-plated steel; (3) silver; and (4) chloridized silver. The influence of the xylem and bark (i.e., periderm, phloem, and cambium combined) on the twig impedance was determined by measuring the impedance and the electrolytic content of the two tissues. The four types of electrodes were equally effective in measuring impedance. Polarization and contact resistance were found to be minimal because impedance increased lineally with increasing distance between electrodes within the range of 1–3 cm. A combination of bark thickness and the amount of cell membranes was found to be responsible for the greater magnitude of the bark impedance as compared with the xylem impedance.
CONTROLLING PLANT HEIGHT IN SUNFLOWERS WITH GROWTH RETARDANTS
Authors: DORRELL D. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
MODIFICATION OF A KNAPSACK SPRAYER FOR MORE EFFICIENT USE
Authors: FOUNK J.
Published: March 2010

not available
PERSISTENCE OF TRIFLURALIN UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: RAHMAN A. , ASHFORD R.
Published: March 2010

not available
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BIOTIC COMPONENTS IN SOILS AND THEIR MODIFICATION BY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN CANADA: A REVIEW
Authors: MILLS J. T. , ALLEY B. P.
Published: March 2010

Soil microfloral and faunal components are vitally concerned with soil fertility, plant growth, and decomposition of plant residues and pesticides and are interrelated in a complex manner. Interactions occurring between dominant soil biotic components have been compiled and each interaction rated according to its importance in the literature. This review is intended as a framework on which further information can be superimposed and the relative importance of interactions revised. The general format used is as follows: functions of major biotic components; their interactions; the effects of management practices, excluding pesticides, on the components; and the effects of pesticides. A concluding section suggests where further research is needed. In particular, information is required on the effects of Collembola, mites, enchytraeid worms, and protozoa on actinomycetes; of discing and severe winter conditions on faunal and microfloral populations; of seed treatment fungicides on soil fauna; of lindane, dasanit, furadan, and lannate insecticides on fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes; of lindane and diazinon on nematodes, and of dasanit, furadan, and lannate on earthworms, enchytraeid worms, Collembola, and mites. Also, more information is needed on the effects of barban, diallate, and triallate herbicides on the major soil biota and of MCPA on the soil fauna.
UPTAKE OF DDT BY NICOTIANA TABACUM
Authors: ROSA NESTOR , CHENG H. H.
Published: March 2010

Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., grown under artificial conditions, can assimilate approximately 84% of DDT-14C (phenyl-ring) added to nutrient solution in the range of 10–50 mg DDT per plant. In quartz sand, approximately 60% uptake of DDT was observed, whereas in field soil the uptake was reduced to 32%.
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS RATES OF COMPOST AND NITROGEN ON THE BORON TOXICITY SYMPTOMS IN BARLEY AND WHEAT
Authors: GUPTA UMESH C. , STERLING J. D. E. , NASS H. G.
Published: March 2010

A greenhouse study with barley (Hordeum distichon L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown on two mineral soils and fertilized with three levels of 7-yr-old compost combined with four different levels of nitrogen (N) showed that boron (B) toxicity was dependent on the amount of N used in combination with compost. At high rates of compost, symptoms of B toxicity characterized by brown spotting and a burning appearance on older leaf tips, were moderate to severe in both crops. Addition of N decreased the severity of these symptoms; at a high rate of 150 ppm applied N, B toxicity was negligible. The B concentrations of the tissues of the two crops increased with increasing rates of compost and decreased with increasing rates of N in the soil. There was a significant interaction between the rates of compost and applied N. At low rates of N, increased applications of compost resulted in greater concentrations of B. Increasing rates of compost decreased the manganese (Mn) concentration of the boot-stage tissue. The tissue Mn concentrations ranged from 44 to 185 ppm and were not the cause of toxicity symptoms noted on the leaves. The N/B ratios of 249–520 were associated with severe to medium B toxicity, whereas ratios of greater than 682 were associated with very few to no B toxicity symptoms.
HECTOR BARLEY
Authors: WELLS S. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
TIME FACTOR IN EXPRESSION OF THE CREEPING-ROOTED CHARACTER IN ALFALFA
Authors: HEINRICHS D. H.
Published: March 2010

Alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.) genotypes displaying the creeping-rooted character were evaluated by clonal lines for variability in development of creeping roots, winterhardiness, and vigor. The genetic components of variance in the 2nd and 5th yr, respectively, were 27 and 39% for winterkilling and 57 and 39% for creeping-rooted habit. A measure of plant spread was more accurate for assessing genotypes for creep than the percent plants creeping-rooted, components of variance being 47 and 39%, respectively. Creeping-rootedness had not yet expressed itself in all clones of several lines by the 5th yr, indicating that there was a substantial microenvironmental influence on the expression of this character. The percentage of creeping-rooted plants was negatively associated with winterkilling at 2 and 5 yr of age.
DRY MATTER YIELD, IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY, PERCENT PROTEIN, AND MOISTURE OF CORN STOVER FOLLOWING GRAIN MATURITY
Authors: LEASK W. C. , DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

Past research and practical experience have shown that the stover of corn (Zea mays L.) can be used successfully as a roughage and energy source for ruminant animals. The present paper describes three experiments designed to study agronomic aspects of stover utilization. Specifically, the objectives were: (1) to study the rate of moisture loss from stover before and after grain harvest; (2) to measure the variability among commercial hybrids in stover quality and yield; and (3) to examine the relationships between grain and stover yield, and between grain and stover moisture percentage. Averaged across hybrids, 38% of the above-ground dry weight of corn was stover, including stalk, leaf, husk, and shank. At grain maturity, all adapted commercial hybrids produced stover dry matter yields in excess of 4,500 kg/ha with an in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) in excess of 52%. Lower yields of stover dry matter and stover IVDDM were evident for certain nonadapted, or nonrecommended hybrids. Within recommended hybrids there was a nonsignificant correlation between grain yield and stover yield. Percent IVDDM of the stover declined at a rate of 1.5%/wk following grain physiological maturity. Protein content of stover averaged 4.5% and was unaffected by hybrid or date of harvest. No relationship was evident among hybrids between percent stover moisture at harvest and percent grain moisture. The mean percent stover moisture, after adjustment by covariance to 30% grain moisture, was 57.8 with a standard deviation across hybrids of 11.4%. Stover dried at an average rate of 1.0 g water loss per 100 g fresh weight per day during the grain maturation period. Differences among hybrids in percent stover moisture at a common grain moisture were primarily a result of differences in the date at which stover began to dry below its initial moisture content of 80%. Grain harvest with a standard corn combine increased the drying rate of stover to approximately 1.5 g water per 100 g fresh weight per day during the period after grain maturity.
EFFECTS OF PERCENT MOISTURE AND COMPACTION PRESSURE ON THE ENSILING OF CORN STOVER IN LABORATORY SILOS
Authors: LEASK W. C. , DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were designed to study the effects of moisture percentage and compaction pressure on the ensiling characteristics of corn stover. Both experiments involved the use of airtight laboratory silos of approximately 23-liter capacity. In the first experiment, stover was ensiled under six different vertical pressures ranging from 0 to 169 g/cm2 and the density of the silage mass was measured at 0, 3, 10, 40, and 90 days after ensiling. A procedure was developed, using the relationship between vertical pressure and density, to estimate the relationship between vertical pressure and silage depth for various samples of stover silage. In the second experiment stover was ensiled under two vertical pressures, 37 and 169 g/cm2 and assessed for several quality characteristics at 0, 3, 10, 40, and 90 days after ensiling. Stover ensiled satisfactorily at all initial moisture concentrations (i.e., 66, 65, 54, and 39% moisture) although at a lower moisture percentage samples required longer to ensile. Mold colonies were quickly eliminated at a pH below 4.5 in all silage samples.
EFFECTS OF POPULATION DENSITY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INBRED AND SINGLE CROSS YIELD PERFORMANCE OF CORN
Authors: MAJOR D. J. , HUNTER R. B. , KANNENBERG L. W. , TANNER J. W.
Published: March 2010

Grain yields over a wide range of plant populations were determined for 13 inbred lines of corn (Zea mays L.) in 1969 and 1970 and for 44 of the possible 78 single crosses in 1970. In addition, the grain yield of the single crosses between the 13 inbred lines was determined in 1969 and 1970 at 52,000 plants/ha. The correlation coefficients between actual single cross grain yields and computed midparent values varied according to population density, but no advantage was shown for growing inbreds at higher than conventional populations.
DIFFUSIVE RESISTANCE, TRANSPIRATION, AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN SINGLE LEAVES OF CORN AND SORGHUM IN RELATION TO LEAF WATER POTENTIAL
Authors: BEADLE C. L. , STEVENSON K. R. , NEUMANN H. H. , THURTELL G. W. , KING K. M.
Published: March 2010

Growth chamber studies were conducted to determine the relationships between leaf water potential and diffusive resistance, transpiration rate, and photosynthesis in corn (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.). Few differences were apparent between species in response to leaf water potentials above −8 to −6 bars at all light flux densities used. At lower potentials their ability to withstand water stress differed. Rapid increases in both total resistance to water vapor and mesophyll resistance to carbon dioxide within a narrow range of water potential were observed in corn with simultaneous decreases in transpiration and photosynthesis. More gradual changes occurred in sorghum, with little increase in mesophyll resistance except at the highest light flux density. Photosynthetic rate of sorghum was still 25% of maximum at −11.5 bars whereas corn was severely wilted and photosynthesis had ceased at a similar water potential.
CONTROL OF SEED CULM FORMATION IN ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS BY SPRING CUTTING
Authors: LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

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EFFECTS OF PLANTING DATE ON STRAWBERRY YIELD IN THE PLANTING YEAR, DAYS TO FRUIT MATURITY, PLANT STAND, AND SECOND-YEAR YIELDS
Authors: CRAIG D. L. , AALDERS L. E. , LEEFE J. S.
Published: March 2010

The planting year yields of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars were not large enough to be of commercial value. Days to fruit maturity in the planting year decreased with each delay in planting date. Second-year yields were affected by planting date. Maximum yields were obtained by planting between mid-May and mid-June. Runner number and total yield were correlated in 1970 and in 1971; fruit size and yield in 1971.
INFLUENCE OF STORAGE HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE ON BREAKDOWN IN SPARTAN APPLES
Authors: PORRITT S. W. , MEHERIUK M.
Published: March 2010

A high incidence of breakdown occurred in Spartan apples (Malus pumila Mill.) stored in atmospheres with high relative humidity (RH). Breakdown was observed in 40% of apples stored in 92–94% RH, but only 2.5% was found in comparable fruits stored at the same temperature in 80% RH.
SUPPRESSION OF PERITHECIUM FORMATION IN VENTURIA INAEQUALIS BY SEASONAL SPRAYS OF BENOMYL AND THIOPHANATE-METHYL
Authors: ROSS R. G.
Published: March 2010

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PATHOGENIC SPECIES OF VERTICILLIUM IN HORTICULTURAL CROPS AND WEEDS IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: McKEEN C. D. , THORPE H. J.
Published: March 2010

Verticillium wilt is an important disease of many horticultural crops in Essex County of southwestern Ontario. Verticillium dahliae is the predominant pathogenic species, being isolated from all susceptible crops and also from a few common weeds. V. albo-atrum, a virulent pathogen, and V. nigrescens, a weak pathogen, are isolated almost exclusively from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). V. albo-atrum is virtually dependent on the potato crop for its existence in Essex County. The importance of weeds in the perpetuation of V. dahliae in cropped areas is emphasized.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES OCCURRING IN THE CARROT ROOT DURING STORAGE
Authors: PHAN C. T. , HSU H. , SARKAR S. K.
Published: March 2010

The harvested carrot (Daucus carota L.) root is an underground organ that has been dug out of the soil while it was in full metabolic activity. The aim of storage is to preserve its contents as they were at the end of the maturing period. The two basic conditions, as recommended by previous researchers and confirmed by our results, are a temperature of 1 C and a relative humidity of 98%. During storage, the level of total sugars remains almost constant whereas the ratio of nonreducing sugars to reducing sugars begins to decrease and then remains steady; after 8 wk of storage it increases again, reaches a maximum between 14 and 18 wk and then decreases. This may be related to the synthesis of oligosaccharides induced by spring reactivation. Phenol content increased with time; moreover, when ethylene is present, it induces the formation of isocoumarin and eugenin as well as two other related compounds. A new technique of controlled atmosphere storage has been assayed and proved to be successful.
MAC PINK TOMATO
Authors: GYAPAY E. , BIBLE B. , CHONG CALVIN
Published: March 2010

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A LABORATORY OAT POLISHER
Authors: HERGERT G. B.
Published: March 2010

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RAINFALL INTERCEPTION IN MIXED GRASS PRAIRIE
Authors: COUTURIER D. E. , RIPLEY E. A.
Published: March 2010

A model has been built that permits calculation of both gross and net interception loss from mixed grass prairie. This model has been applied to two complete growing seasons for which the net interception losses were calculated to be 14 and 22%. Under arid conditions losses may be significant, particularly when much dead vegetation is present.
BIOLOGICAL FLORA OF THE CANADIAN PRAIRIE PROVINCES. I. OXYTROPIS BESSEYI (RYDB.) BLANK.
Authors: LOOMAN J.
Published: March 2010

This is the first paper in a new series on the biological flora of Canada’s Prairie Provinces, a series that will give an account of the main morphological, ecological, and biological characters of a genus or species. Data will be recorded under nomenclature, morphology, distribution, biotic factors, general biology, and history. This first article describes Oxytropis besseyi (Rydb.) Blank., a locoweed.
ROLE OF LEAVES IN THE FORMATION OF SEED IN RAPE
Authors: FREYMAN S. , CHARNETSKI W. A. , CROOKSTON R. K.
Published: March 2010

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SELENIFEROUS VEGETATION AND SOILS IN THE EASTERN YUKON
Authors: FLETCHER K. , DOYLE P. , BRINK V. C.
Published: March 2010

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INFLUENCE OF SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE CONDITIONS ON GROWTH PROTEIN PRODUCTION OF MANITOU AND TWO SEMIDWARF MEXICAN SPRING WHEATS
Authors: MACK A. R.
Published: March 2010

Three spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), Manitou, Pitic 62, and QK1-13, were grown in field plots containing a thermally controlled watercirculation system. The system provided two controlled root-zone temperatures (10 and 28 C) and one uncontrolled seasonal temperature (18 C), which represented mean summer soil temperatures of the Cryoboreal (8–15 C), the Mesic/Thermic (15–22/> 22 C), and the Boreal (15–18 C) climatic classes of the Canadian Soil Climatic Classification System. Three soil moisture conditions were characterized in terms of a soil moisture sufficiency index (SMI) levels were selected to correspond to the subclasses, Arid/Semiarid, Humid/Subhumid, and Perhumid. When temperature treatments were applied between emergence and the third-leaf stage of development, average yields from all treatments usually ranked with temperatures associated with the Cryoboreal > Boreal > Mesic/Thermic Classes. High soil temperature depressed the yields of the Mexican cultivars Pitic 62 and QK1-13 more than Manitou. Manitou appeared to tolerate a wider range in temperature than the Mexican cultivars, especially when seeded early (May). Yields of all cultivars were highest frequently under temperature and moisture conditions associated with the Cryoboreal and Boreal Subhumid classes. At these temperatures, yields were reduced markedly under Arid/Semiarid moisture conditions and depressed slightly under Perhumid moisture conditions. Grain yields were relatively low under the warm soils at all moisture conditions. In general, protein content was high under Arid conditions for all three temperatures. The protein content diminished with decreasing moisture stress under warm and cool temperatures. Thus, lowest protein concentration occurred under temperature and moisture conditions associated with the Cryoboreal Perhumid Class. Fertilizer (N + P + K) had greater effect at temperatures associated with cooler soils. Under all moisture and temperature conditions, Pitic 62 gave a much heavier root weight and a more fibrous root system than either Manitou or QK1-13.
PERFORMANCE OF SPRING WHEAT AND BARLEY CULTIVARS SOWN IN THE FALL AND SPRING IN NORTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: BRIGGS K. G. , FARIS D. G.
Published: March 2010

Two spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. emend Lam.) and three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were grown over a 2-yr period at three locations in Alberta north of latitude 53°N, to compare the effect of fall and spring seeding on yield and maturity. The cultivars were Olli and Jubilee barley, and Park, Thatcher, and Pitic 62 wheat. The locations were Edmonton, Beaverlodge, and Fort Vermilion. With few exceptions, fall seeding resulted in loss of yield compared with spring seeding, and the fall-seeded materials were no earlier maturing than the comparable spring-seeded materials. For the cultivars and locations studied, fall seeding of spring barley and wheat cannot be recommended. Two spring seeding dates were also compared, the first being considerably earlier than typical commercial seeding at the same location. There were few significant differences in yield between the two spring dates, but the later date considerably delayed the maturity of all cultivars.
REACTION OF TRITICALE AND SPRING RYE TO LOOSE SMUT OF WHEAT
Authors: NIELSEN J.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-seven lines of triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.) were inoculated with a mixture of races T1 to T5 of loose smut of wheat (Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr.); six lines were susceptible with the level of infection ranging up to 67%. The race virulent on three of the lines was found to be T4, a race characterized by virulence on cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). Of 119 cultivars of spring rye (Secale cereale L.) that were inoculated with the mixture of races, 68 were infected. The races virulent on five cultivars were found to be T2 on four, and T4 on one. The level of infection ranged up to 37%.
DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERS FOR YIELD SELECTION IN SPRING WHEAT
Authors: NASS H. G.
Published: March 2010

A 2-yr study of 22 cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) showed that yield per ear and number of ears per plant reduced yield variance the most in stepwise regression analysis. These two components of yield were negatively correlated. Harvest index, kernels per ear, and yield per ear were associated with plot yield. Kernels per ear and kernel weight were associated with yield per ear. Morphological characters influenced plot yield indirectly in that ear area, flag leaf width, and total photosynthetic area above the flag leaf node were associated with yield per ear. Ears per plant, yield per ear, and harvest index considered together in a selection program should be an effective means of selecting for increased yield.
DIFFERENTIAL YIELD RESPONSE OF TEN BARLEY CULTIVARS TO COMMON ROOT ROT
Authors: PIENING L. J.
Published: March 2010

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CONTRIBUTION OF STEMS AND LEAVES TO THE COMPOSITION AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF IRRIGATED BROMEGRASS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: KILCHER M. R. , TROELSEN J. E.
Published: March 2010

Irrigated bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, was sampled for 14 consecutive wk. Quantitative and qualitative measurements at each sampling included yield, crude protein, cell wall lignin, gross energy, and in vitro digestible energy content of leaves and stems. Dry matter yields increased steadily to 8,500 kg/ha at flowering. Proportion of leaves by weight decreased to about 40% at maturity. Crude protein content of leaves from the boot stage onward remained 10–12 percentage points higher than that of stems. Cell wall lignin content approached 75% in stems with advancing maturity, whereas in leaves it did not exceed 60%. Digestible energy content of leaves declined to 57% at maturity, and that of stems declined to 34%. For whole plant harvesting for hay there was a 2-wk period from headed out to mid-bloom where nutrient energy yields were nearly constant.
PERFORMANCE OF HYBRIDS IN ORCHARD GRASS
Authors: CHRISTIE B. R.
Published: March 2010

Single-cross hybrids of orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were evaluated for yield, in vitro digestibility (IVD), and relative maturity in three trials. All trials were planted broadcast, using seed produced on male-sterile clones. All trials were harvested for 2 yr. The average yield of the 48 hybrids tested was 98% of that for the cultivar Frode in the first cut each year, and 103% over the season. The most productive hybrid produced 28% more forage than Frode in the first cut, and 15% more over the season. For IVD, there was no evidence of hybrid superiority. The results indicate that the use of hybrids can result in an increase in forage yield.
INFLUENCE DE L’ACIDE 2-CHLOROETHYLPHOSPHONIQUE SUR LA CROISSANCE DE LA FLEOLE DES PRES
Authors: ST-PIERRE J. C. , TRUDEL M. J.
Published: March 2010

Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) was grown in pots under controlled conditions. Solutions of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) at seven concentrations were sprayed on different plants at six stages of growth. Three cuts were taken on treated plants. Ethrel treatments increased tiller number at each cut. Dry matter yield was significantly decreased by applications of Ethrel at the first cut. Total dry matter yield of the three cuts was the same for all treatments, indicating that yields of the second and third cuts made up yield losses of the first one. Ethrel applications decreased the height of plants at the first cut only. The stage of growth, at the time of Ethrel treatments, also affected results but in a less well-defined manner than did the concentrations.
GERMINATION RESPONSE OF FORAGE LEGUMES TO CONSTANT AND ALTERNATING TEMPERATURES
Authors: McELGUNN J. D.
Published: March 2010

Daily germination counts were made on alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.), sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) seeds germinated at constant and alternating temperatures for 21 days. Total germination was similar at all temperature regimes except the regime employing 2 C for 12 h followed by 13 C for 12 h (2C/12h/13C/12h). The emergence at 8 days after seeding was similar for constant and alternating temperature regimes (at 8 days) except for the 7C/24h vs. 2C/12h/13C/12h regime. Sweet clover germinated faster than alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil; alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil had similar rates of germination and sainfoin had the slowest rate of germination. The 2C/12h/13C/12h regime reduced total germination of all legumes, with sainfoin being less affected than the other legumes. Alfalfa, cult Rambler and Drylander, and sainfoin showed slight enhancement of germination percentage at some regimes as compared with the germination percentage at 21C/24h (check). It was concluded that cold alternating temperature, such as encountered during spring field conditions, reduced both rate and total germination of the legumes, whereas cold constant temperature reduced the rate of germination but did not affect final germination.
TESTING SOILS TO PREDICT THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FROST HEAVING OF ALFALFA
Authors: GRANT E. A. , SAINI G. R.
Published: March 2010

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EFFECTS OF BORON AND CALCIUM SPRAYS AND OF MULCH ON CRACKING OF ITALIAN PRUNE
Authors: CLINE R. A. , TEHRANI G.
Published: March 2010

Cracking, a disorder of the fruit of Prunus domestica L., cult Italian (Fellenberg) (Italian prune), occurs on any part of the fruit surface and over a wide range of stage of fruit development. Several treatments were examined to reduce the extent of this disorder in five commercial orchards in the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario. Foliar application of calcium reduced the severity of cracking in several orchards. Cracking was related to the calcium concentration in the fruit but not in the leaf tissue. A mulch applied to conserve soil moisture, or foliar sprays of boron, or both, were unsuccessful in preventing this disorder. The severity of cracking varied from orchard to orchard and year to year and was not related to weather conditions.
REDUCTION OF CHRONIC OZONE INJURY ON POINSETTIA BY BENOMYL
Authors: MANNING W. J. , FEDER W. A. , VARDARO P. M.
Published: March 2010

Plants of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild.), cult Paul Mikkelsen and Mikkelwhite, were repeatedly exposed to ozone (O3) at 0.10 μl/liter (10 pphm) for 8 h/day, 5 days/wk for 68 days, and compared with plants grown in ozone-free, charcoal-filtered air. Benomyl (methyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate) was applied as a soil drench to plants in both air regimes at 0, 500, or 1,000 μg/ml, 3, 30, and 57 days after initiation of the experiment. Untreated plants of both cultivars exposed to O3developed symptoms of chronic O3injury expressed as chlorosis and senescence of lower leaves, decreases in stem diam and fresh and dry weights of stems and leaves. Benomyl soil drenches, at both rates, significantly reduced incidence of chronic O3injury on both cultivars.