bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tukhachevskii, Marshal Mikhail Nikolaevich (1893–1937)
Authors: Stone David R.
Published: November 2011

Leading Soviet commander and military theorist. Born into a Russian noble family, Tukhachevskii had a cultured upbringing before graduating from Moscow's Aleksandrov Military School in 1914. He fought in World War I until his capture by the Germans in 1915. Upon returning to Russia after the Revolution, he volunteered in 1918 to serve in the newly created Red Army. His skills for organization and tactics were soon noticed, and with a shortage of trained officers possessing revolutionary sympathies, his career advanced quickly. By the summer of 1918, he was commanding an army on the Soviet Eastern Front (i.e., in the Volga River–Ural Mountains theater) at the age of only 25. By the next year, he was commander of the entire Soviet Southern Front.
US
Interventions in
L
atin
A
merica (1900–1935)
Authors: Herrera José María
Published: November 2011

United States intervention in Latin America was extensive during the first third of the twentieth century. The worldwide drive for consolidated empires in the decades prior to World War I prompted American policy‐makers to develop a proactive approach toward protecting American economic and military strategic interests in the western hemisphere. The Spanish–American War and the construction of the Panama Canal reflected America's response to the dangerous escalation of global rivalries prompted by the colonialist impulse of the era. Measures like Theodore Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the implementation of “Dollar Diplomacy” underscored American efforts to gain preponderance in the strategic fate of its hemispheric neighbors. The addition of Woodrow Wilson's ethnocentric morality gave a new dimension to American policy by including nation‐building as a rationale for American policy in the region. An anti‐American backlash and the changing post‐World War I political climate prompted a gradual reversal of policy under Presidents Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover. Finally, the initiation of Franklin Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy in 1934 marked a firm commitment toward the use of diplomatic, economic, and less overt military means to support American political interest, as the realities of the Great Depression curbed the viability of engaging in armed interventions or supporting long‐term occupations.
Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis de (1633–1707)
Authors: Langins Janis
Published: November 2011

Vauban came from a family of minor Burgundian nobility. Like many young nobles, he began his military career at the age of 17 and during his lifetime rose to become a marquis and a Marshal of France, the highest rank in the French army, never before attained by a military engineer. There is little known about his early education although it was probably rudimentary. Vauban, never unsuccessful in a siege, captured 48 fortresses and was associated with at least 160 building projects. An indefatigable traveler who crisscrossed France in his many tours of inspection as Commissioner General of Fortifications, he also was a prolific writer on matters dealing not only with fortifications but economics and taxation, social policy, and politics. His reputation in France continues undiminished to this day. Royalists saw him as the faithful but never servile servant of a powerful monarch. Revolutionists saw his ideas on social and economic policy — calls for equitable taxation, improvement of the living standards of the peasantry, religious toleration of Protestants, and promotion through merit — as heralding the agenda of the French Revolution. Today, Vauban's heart rests in the Invalides in Paris near the tomb of Napoleon, who ordered that it be placed there.
Villa, Pancho (Doroteo Arango) (1878–1923)
Authors: Herrera José María
Published: November 2011

One of the most important Mexican revolutionary leaders, Doroteo Arango was born to a sharecropping family in the Rancho de Coyotado, Durango, on June 5, 1878. As a young man he joined an outlaw band, where he developed some of the leadership attributes that would serve him in the future. After an arrest for assault, Arango was inducted into the Mexican army but deserted in 1902 and moved to the city of Parral in the state of Chihuahua. It is at this time that he discarded his name and assumed the moniker of Francisco “Pancho” Villa.
Vo Nguyen Giap (b. 1911)
Authors: Farrell Brian P.
Published: November 2011

Vo Nguyen Giap is a Vietnamese communist who became world famous for his role in the wars in Vietnam from 1946 to 1975. Giap has been credited for conceiving and executing the doctrine of “people's revolutionary warfare,” winning the decisive battle at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 that drove the French out of Vietnam, and being the principal strategist in the war that unified Vietnam under communist rule, despite prolonged US military intervention on a massive scale. As is often the case, the reputation strays beyond the evidence.
WilliamIofEngland (“the Conqueror”) (1027–1087)
Authors: Morillo Stephen
Published: November 2011

William, duke of Normandy and king of England by conquest, was one of the most successful and best‐known political and military leaders in medieval Europe. His conquest of England had a significant impact on the historical development of both England and France, the English language, and the political, administrative, and legal structure of England.
World War
II
: Invasion of Normandy to the Surrender of
G
ermany
Authors: McManus John C.
Published: November 2011

The Normandy invasion, codenamed Operation Overlord, was the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany. Since 1941, the Germans had been able to concentrate primarily on their war against the Soviet Union. The invasion, carried out on June 6, 1944, opened up a bonafide second front in Europe, thus placing maximum pressure on the already hard‐pressed German Army, which by early 1944 had constructed powerful beach defenses along the northern coastline of occupied France. This operation was the product of more than two years of intensive planning and preparation by a coalition of nations known as the Western Allies or, more precisely, the Allied Expeditionary Force. The supreme commander of the invasion, and of the ensuing campaign in Europe, was American General Dwight D. Eisenhower. His status as commander hinted at the leading role the United States would soon play, not only in World War II, but as a world power thereafter. Even so, his key subordinates were British: General Bernard Law Montgomery had command of Allied ground forces; Air Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh Mallory commanded the air forces; Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsey controlled the Allied naval flotilla.
Yamamoto Isoroku, Admiral (1884–1943)
Authors: Farrell Brian P.
Published: November 2011

Yamamoto Isoroku was described by his Japanese biographer as “short, plump, superstitious, a womanizer and a passionate gambler. And, in his time, he shook the world” (Agawa 1979: endcover). Yamamoto, the most renowned commander the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) produced during World War II, made such an impact on naval operations in the Pacific that President Franklin D. Roosevelt personally ordered the US Navy to “get Yamamoto” — it did, deliberately ambushing his aircraft on April 18, 1943, in the longest‐range fighter intercept mission of the war.
Yi Sunsin (1545–1598)
Authors: Swope Kenneth M.
Published: November 2011

Korean general and naval commander; generally regarded as traditional Korea's greatest military hero. Born into a
yangban
(scholar–official) family in Seoul, it is said that his mother had a dream vision when she was pregnant with him that portended his future filiality and greatness. Like most young men of his station, he went through rigorous training in the Confucian classics and was later recognized as a passable poet. However, it is said that he always preferred the sword to the pen and commanded his friends in mock battles as a child. He began to study martial arts formally in 1566, excelling in swordsmanship, archery, and horsemanship. He took the military service examination in 1572 but failed when his horse stumbled, badly breaking his leg in several places. He finally passed the military examination in 1577 at the advanced age of 31. He was subsequently given a post as a garrison commander in the northern province of Hamgyông, where he developed a reputation for honesty, fairness, and competence. He held this post for two years before being transferred to Seoul to serve as an officer in the personnel section of the Military Training Command. There he again distinguished himself by virtue of his reluctance to play favorites and refusal to curry favor with superior officials, earning him many powerful enemies.
Yugoslav Succession, Wars of (1990–1999)
Authors: Ashbrook John E.
Published: November 2011

The Wars of Yugoslav Succession were four major conflicts in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia‐Hercegovina, and Serbia‐Kosovo. Of these, the largest occurred in Croatia and Bosnia‐Hercegovina in the early 1990s. The wars and dissolution resulted from a number of unresolved historical issues; the rise of opportunistic, nationalist politicians; a cumbersome federal government; and a long‐term economic crisis.
Zeng Guofan (Tseng Kuo‐fan) (1811–1872)
Authors: Dai Yingcong
Published: November 2011

A high‐ranking official of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) of China, Zeng Guofan was the founder and leader of the Hunan Army, the primary force in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864). Zealously upholding traditional Confucian values, Zeng was, however, one of the leading proponents of the Self‐Strengthening movement (1863–1895), which ushered China into the first phase of a long and sinuous modernization process.
A linked series of laboratory exercises in molecular biology utilizing bioinformatics and GFP
Authors: Medin Carey L. , Nolin Katie L.
Published: November 2011

Molecular biologists commonly use bioinformatics to map and analyze DNA and protein sequences and to align different DNA and protein sequences for comparison. Additionally, biologists can create and view 3D models of protein structures to further understand intramolecular interactions. The primary goal of this 10‐week laboratory was to introduce the importance of bioinformatics in molecular biology. Students employed multiprimer, site‐directed mutagenesis to create variant colors from a plasmid expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Isolated mutant plasmid from Escherichia coli showing changes in fluorescence were sequenced. Students used sequence alignment tools, protein translator tools, protein modeling, and visualization to analyze the potential effect of their mutations within the protein structure. This laboratory linked molecular techniques and bioinformatics to promote and expand the understanding of experimental results in an upper‐level undergraduate laboratory course. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 448–456, 2011
A Unified Strategy for the Asymmetric Total Syntheses of Diversonol and Lachnone C
Authors: Bröhmer Manuel C. , Bourcet Emmanuel , Nieger Martin , Bräse Stefan
Published: November 2011

A unified synthetic strategy for the asymmetric syntheses of the natural products diversonol and lachnone C was developed by using the domino vinylogous aldol–oxa‐Michael reaction as the enantioselective key step. Further transformations include dihydroxylation, lactol‐opening by a Wittig‐reaction, and lactonization. The obtained chromone lactones, a class of mycotoxins, can further be converted to tetrahydroxanthones by a Dieckmann condensation. This general method allows for the first time the enantioselective access to these classes of natural products and should be applicable to other members of the tetrahydroxanthone and chromone lactone families.
ChemInform Abstract: A Straightforward, New Method for the Synthesis of Nanocrystalline GaAs and GaP.
Authors: KHER S. S. , WELLS R. L.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Stereoselective Approach to Chiral Ferrocenyl Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis.
Authors: ABBENHUIS H. C. L. , BURCKHARDT U. , GRAMLICH V. , TOGNI A. , ALBINATI A. , MUELLER B.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Simultaneous Growth of Spirulina platensis and Removal of Hardness in Van Lake Water
Authors: Keskinkan Olcayto , Işık Oya , Yılmaz Turan , Balcı Behzat , Uslu Leyla H. , Ersü Çağatayhan B.
Published: November 2011

In this study, batch experiments were carried out to investigate simultaneous growth of Spirulina platensis and removal of hardness in the Van Lake Water (VLW). Laboratory‐scale studies showed ample Spirulina growth observed in VLW when exposed to light. Spirulina was the only algal specimen inoculated in the water during the study. VLW percentages were varied between 0.1 and 100% while pH values were 8.7–10.42 in the flasks. On a dry‐weight basis the biomass concentration was 1.18 g L−1 at pH 10 after 17 days of incubation in the VLW. The increase of pH to above 10.38 associated with Spirulina growth resulted in the precipitation of hardness causing compounds while providing 70% hardness removal from the VLW medium. Experimental results indicated that the proposed method can be used to design batch systems for producing S. platensis and removal of hardness from the VLW.
Randomized controlled trial of acupuncture for prevention of radiation‐induced xerostomia among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Meng Zhiqiang , Garcia M. Kay , Hu Chaosu , Chiang Joseph , Chambers Mark , Rosenthal David I. , Peng Huiting , Zhang Ying , Zhao Qi , Zhao Genming , Liu Luming , Spelman Amy , Palmer J. Lynn , Wei Qi , Cohen Lorenzo
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND:

Xerostomia (dry mouth) after head/neck radiation is a common problem among cancer patients, and available treatments are of little benefit. The objective of this trial was to determine whether acupuncture can prevent xerostomia among head/neck patients undergoing radiotherapy.

METHODS:

A randomized, controlled trial among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma was conducted comparing acupuncture to standard care. Participants were treated at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Forty patients were randomized to acupuncture treatment and 46 to standard care. Patients were treated 3×/wk on the same days they received radiotherapy. Subjective measures included the Xerostomia Questionnaire and MD Anderson Symptom Inventory‐Head and Neck (MDASI‐HN). Objective measures were unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary flow rates. Patients were followed for 6 months after the end of radiotherapy.

RESULTS:

Xerostomia Questionnaire scores for acupuncture were statistically significantly lower than for controls starting in week 3 through the 6 months (P = .003 at week3, all other P < .0001), with clinically significant differences as follows: week 11, relative risk (RR) 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45‐0.87); 6 months, RR 0.38 (95% CI, 0.19‐0.76). Similar findings were seen for MDASI‐HN scores. Group differences emerged as early as 3 weeks into treatment for saliva (unstimulated whole salivary flow rate, P = .0004), with greater saliva flow in the acupuncture group at week 7 (unstimulated whole salivary flow rate, P < .0001; stimulated whole salivary flow rate, P = .002) and 11 (unstimulated whole salivary flow rate, P < .02; stimulated whole salivary flow rate, P < .03) and at 6 months (stimulated whole salivary flow rate, P < .003).

CONCLUSIONS:

Acupuncture given concurrently with radiotherapy significantly reduced xerostomia and improved quality of life. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Recurrence after complete resection and selective use of adjuvant therapy for stage I through III Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Fields Ryan C. , Busam Klaus J. , Chou Joanne F. , Panageas Katherine S. , Pulitzer Melissa P. , Allen Peter J. , Kraus Dennis H. , Brady Mary S. , Coit Daniel G.
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND:

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare cutaneous neuroendocrine neoplasm whose natural history is poorly understood. Here, the authors describe their experience with a large cohort of patients who were treated at a single institution to describe patterns of recurrence after curative therapy.

METHODS:

Review of a prospective database was performed. Patient‐related, tumor‐related, and treatment‐related variables were recorded, and the site and timing of initial recurrence were recorded. Factors associated with receipt of adjuvant therapy and recurrence were determined.

RESULTS:

In total, 364 patients with stage I through III MCC who underwent complete resection were identified. Adjuvant local radiation therapy (RT), lymph node RT, and chemotherapy were received selectively by 23%, 23%, and 15% of patients, respectively. Factors associated with the receipt of adjuvant therapy included younger age, primary tumor features (larger size, lymphovascular invasion [LVI], positive margin excision), and increasing pathologic stage. With median follow‐up of 3.6 years, 108 patients (30%) developed a recurrence, including 11 local recurrences (3%), 12 in‐transit recurrences (3%), 43 lymph node recurrences (12%), and 42 distant recurrences (12%). Clinically involved lymph nodes, primary tumor LVI, and a history of leukemia/lymphoma were predictive of recurrence. The majority of recurrences (80%) occurred in patients who had clinically involved lymph nodes or patients who did not undergo pathologic lymph node evaluation.

CONCLUSIONS:

A low recurrence rate in patients with clinically lymph node‐negative MCC was achieved with adequate surgery (including sentinel lymph node biopsy) and the selective use of adjuvant RT for high‐risk tumors. In contrast, patients with clinically lymph node‐positive MCC had significantly higher rates of recurrence, especially distant recurrence. The authors concluded that contemporary natural history studies are critical in designing treatment pathways and clinical trials for MCC. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Pioglitazone may accelerate disease course of slowly progressive type 1 diabetes
Authors: Shimada Akira , Shigihara Toshikatsu , Okubo Yoshiaki , Katsuki Takeshi , Yamada Yoshifumi , Oikawa Yoichi
Published: November 2011

Background

It has been reported that intervention with insulin in slowly progressive type 1 diabetic (SPIDDM) patients delays the progression to an insulin‐dependent state compared to that with sulfonylureas. However, the rate of progression to SPIDDM with the use of insulin‐sensitizing agents is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of insulin‐sensitizing agents on SPIDDM patients.

Methods

The enrolled SPIDDM patients were randomly allocated to a pioglitazone or metformin group. When the haemoglobin A1C level was more than 8% on two consecutive occasions, the case was considered to reach the end point.

Results

By 4 years post‐intervention, all patients had reached the end point in the pioglitazone group, whereas only 20% of patients had reached the end point in the metformin group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Pioglitazone may accelerate the disease course of SPIDDM. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathological changes in the pancreas of fulminant type 1 diabetes and slowly progressive insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (SPIDDM): innate immunity in fulminant type 1 diabetes and SPIDDM
Authors: Kobayashi Tetsuro , Nishida Yoriko , Tanaka Shoichiro , Aida Kaoru
Published: November 2011

Objective

The contribution of innate immunity responsible for beta‐cell destruction in fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) and slowly progressive insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (SPIDDM) is unclear.

Research Design and Methods

Islet‐cell expression of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) including TLR3 and TLR4, the cytoplasmic retinoic acid‐inducible protein I (RIG‐I)‐like helicases, RIG‐I, melanoma differentiation‐associated gene‐5 and laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 in the affected islets were studied immuno‐histochemically on three pancreases obtained 2–5 days after the onset of FT1D and a pancreas from a patient with SPIDDM.

Results

Laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 and RIG‐I strongly expressed in beta cells in all three FT1D pancreases infected with enterovirus (VP1 antigen). Melanoma differentiation‐associated gene‐5 was hyper‐expressed in all subsets of islet cells including beta cells and alpha cells. TLR3 and TLR4 were expressed in mononuclear cells that infiltrated to islets. IFN‐alpha/beta was strongly expressed in islet cells. In contrast, pancreas of a patient with SPIDDM, enterovirus and expression of innate immune receptors including RIG‐I, melanoma differentiation‐associated gene‐5, hyperexpression of laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 and mononuclear cells, which were positive for TLR3 and TLR4, and infiltration to the islets were not detected.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate that retinoic acid‐inducible protein I (RIG‐I)‐like helicases and TLRs play a crucial role on beta‐cell destruction in enterovirus‐induced FT1D. The presence of distinct mechanism(s) of slowly progressive beta‐cell failure in SPIDDM was suggested. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging the pancreatic vasculature in diabetes models
Authors: Medarova Zdravka , Greiner Dale L. , Ifediba Marytheresa , Dai Guangping , Bolotin Elijah , Castillo Gerardo , Bogdanov Alexei , Kumar Mohanraja , Moore Anna
Published: November 2011

Background

Vascular parameters, such as vascular volume, flow, and permeability, are important disease biomarkers for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is essential to develop approaches to monitor the changes in pancreatic microvasculature non‐invasively.

Methods

Here, we describe the application of the long‐circulating, paramagnetic T1 contrast agent, protected Graft Copolymer bearing covalently linked gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid residues and labelled with fluorescein (PGC‐GdDTPA‐F) for the non‐invasive semi‐quantitative evaluation of vascular changes in diabetic models using magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

We observed a significantly higher accumulation of protected graft copolymer bearing covalently linked gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid residues and labelled with fluorescein in the pancreata of BBDR rats induced to develop diabetes, as compared to non‐diabetic controls at 1 h post‐injection. No differences were seen in the blood pool, kidney, or muscle, indicating that the effect is specific to the diabetic pancreas. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a marked increase in contrast agent availability in the pancreas with the development of the pathology. Similar changes were noted in the homozygous Leprdb mouse model of type 2 diabetes. This effect appeared to result both from the increase of vascular volume and permeability.

Conclusions

High‐molecular weight paramagnetic blood volume contrast agents are valuable for the in vivo definition of pancreatic microvasculature dynamics by magnetic resonance imaging. The increase in vascular volume and permeability, associated with diabetic inflammation, can be monitored non‐invasively and semi‐quantitatively by magnetic resonance imaging in diabetic BBDR rats. This imaging strategy represents a valuable research tool for better understanding of the pathologic process. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serum CXCL1 concentrations are elevated in type 1 diabetes mellitus, possibly reflecting activity of anti‐islet autoimmune activity
Authors: Takahashi Kazuma , Ohara Mio , Sasai Takayoshi , Homma Hiroyuki , Nagasawa Kan , Takahashi Toru , Yamashina Mitsuhiro , Ishii Mototsugu , Fujiwara Fumikado , Kajiwara Takashi , Taneichi Haruhito , Takebe Noriko , Satoh Jo
Published: November 2011

Background

Identification of unique inflammatory markers may facilitate prediction of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We previously compared transcript profiles of bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells from non‐obese diabetic mice with those from non‐obese non‐diabetic mice and found that bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells' expressions of inflammatory mediators, including chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), were three to five times higher in 4‐week‐old female non‐obese diabetic mice than in non‐obese non‐diabetic mice. In humans, microarray analysis results have suggested this chemokine be a biomarker representing active anti‐islet autoimmunity. We investigated whether serum CXCL1 levels, reflecting active autoimmune processes, might serve as biomarkers for T1DM.

Methods

The study groups consisted of 26 subjects with acute‐onset T1DM, 20 with slowly progressive T1DM, and 20 with type 2 diabetes mellitus as disease controls. All subjects were Japanese. CXCL1 in sera were quantified by solid phase enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.

Results

Serum CXCL1 levels were significantly higher in subjects with acute‐onset [median 113.2 ng/mL (41.75–457.2)] or slowly progressive [median 100.8 ng/mL (32.87–225.0)] T1DM than in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus [median 71.58 ng/mL (32.45–152.6), p = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively, Mann‐Whitney U‐test]. Decreases in fasting C‐peptide levels per year correlated significantly with CXCL1 levels (n = 11, r2 = 0.524, p = 0.012) in a subpopulation of slowly progressive T1DM subjects displaying preserved beta‐cell function.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first study to show elevated serum CXCL1 in T1DM subjects, regardless of diabetes subtype, as compared to control type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. We propose serum CXCL1 elevation to be a good T1DM marker, possibly indicating a predisposition to autoimmune disease development. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 alters murine dendritic cell behaviour in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Ferreira Gabriela Bomfim , van Etten Evelyne , Verstuyf Annemieke , Waer Mark , Overbergh Lut , Gysemans Conny , Mathieu Chantal
Published: November 2011

Background

Differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells yield a cell type with the ability to prime immune responses towards defence and destruction. 1,25(OH)2D3, the active form of vitamin D3, fosters the development of tolerogenic dendritic cells. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on murine dendritic cell behaviour in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

Dendritic cells were differentiated from bone marrow cells of female C57Bl/6 mice in the presence or absence of 10−8 M 1,25(OH)2D3 for 8 days (IL4 and GM‐CSF). Maturation was induced for 48 h (IFNγ, LPS and BALB/C islet homogenate antigen).

Results

Bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells displayed a different surface marker profile in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 with decreased MHC II, CD86 and CD80 and increased CCR5, DEC205, F4/80 and CD40, as well as lower IL6 and IL12 expression upon LPS/IFNγ stimulation. T‐cell proliferation was significantly reduced when exposed to islet antigen‐loaded 1,25D3‐DCs as compared to control dendritic cells and IL4, IL10, TNFα and TGFβ levels were increased. In vivo, transfer of islet antigen‐loaded control dendritic cells resulted in priming of the immune system and hyperacute islet allograft rejection (4/4), whereas this was prevented in 5/7 mice treated with islet antigen‐loaded 1,25D3‐DCs.

Conclusion

We conclude that in vitro 1,25(OH)2D3 exposure alters dendritic cell behaviour, converting them into a cell type that drives T cells away from destruction towards a regulatory phenotype. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inductive and Mesomeric Effects of the [60]Fulleropyrrolidine Fragment and [60]Fullerene Sphere: A Quantitative Evaluation Based on Theory and Experiments
Authors: Ciogli Alessia , Fontana Antonella , Gasparrini Francesco , Maggini Michele , Giovannoli Mario , Pierini Marco , Busolo Filippo , Siani Gabriella , Villani Claudio
Published: November 2011

Inductive and mesomeric effects of the [60]fulleropyrrolidine (Pyr=C60) and the [60]fullerene (C60) molecular frameworks have been investigated by linear free energy relationship analyses. The electronic effects of these moieties have been studied by expressly designing [60]fulleropyrrolidine derivative 1, which has a C–H bond α to both a carbonyl group (C–Hα) and a C60 cage. The extent of polarization of such a bond was then used to probe electron‐withdrawing perturbation induced by the fullerene sphere. Thermodynamic measurements based on both theoretical and experimental approaches allowed the acidity of ketone 1 to be measured; this resulted in about a 1 × 106‐fold increase in acidity with respect to that of the structurally correlated acetophenone. Experimental and theoretical kinetic determinations were used to determine the stereolability of ketone 1, which was, in fact, chiral due to the stereogenic carbon α to the carbonyl group. Also, these results confirmed the very strong tendency for the C60 sphere to promote breaking of the C–Hα bond. Thismeans that the Pyr=C60 and C60 fragments are able to express electron‐withdrawing effects stronger than those of halogen atoms, but less effective than those of carbonyl derivatives (e.g., ketones, carboxylic acids or acyl derivatives). Finally, the σp, σI and σR– descriptors of inductive and/or mesomeric effects were successfully estimated for both Pyr=C60 and C60 fragments thanks to the integrated use of an original procedure based on semi‐empirical calculations and Hammett/Taft correlations involving mono‐ or dual‐parameter equations.
Kinetic Resolution of Activated Nitroallylic Acetates with Aldehydes and Ketones through a Conjugate Addition–Elimination SN2′ Process
Authors: Jannapu Reddy Raju , Lee Pei‐Hsun , Magar Dhananjay R. , Chen Jung‐Hsuan , Chen Kwunmin
Published: November 2011

A unique organocatalytic kinetic resolution (KR) of nitroallylic acetates has been developed. A variety of racemic nitroallylic acetates (1a–n) were resolved with chiral enamines formed in situ from the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with organocatalyst 2b (2.5 mol‐%) and 14c (20 mol‐%), respectively, through an interesting SN2′ reaction. The densely functionalized products 3–5 were obtained with high to excellent levels of stereoselectivities (up to >99:1 dr and >99 % ee) in good to high chemical yields. The unreactive starting substrates 1a–n were recovered with good to high optical purity (up to 98 % ee). The scope and generality of the kinetic resolution was expanded to include a wide range of nitroallylic acetates with various aldehydes and ketones as the donor sources. The absolute stereochemistry of the functionalized products and the unreacted substrate were determined. Synthetic application was demonstrated when (S)‐citronellal was treated with rac‐1a in the presence of 2b to give 12 as a single diastereomer, which was further cyclized to give a tetrasubstituted cyclohexane derivative 13 with excellent stereoselectivity. Transition‐state models were proposed to account for the stereochemical bias in the KR process.
Substituted Functional Olefins Through Lateral Sequential Lithiation/Silylation/Condensation of Tertiary Aromatic Amides: A Ligand for Phosphane‐Free Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki Coupling Reactions
Authors: Xu Li‐Wen , Chen Xi‐Huai , Shen Hao , Deng Yuan , Jiang Jian‐Xiong , Jiang Kezhi , Lai Guo‐Qiao , Sheng Chun‐Qi
Published: November 2011

An unprecedented lateral sequential lithiation/silylation/condensation of tertiary aromatic amides has been developed that provides an efficient method to build up functional olefins in good yields. In addition, we have established an efficient and simple method that involves UV/Vis, fluorescence, and NMR analyses, to detect the interaction between transition‐metal salts and functional olefins containing tertiary amides. This has enabled a highly efficient palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction in the presence of tertiary aromatic amide‐derived olefin ligands to be developed. The best results were obtained by employing 2 mol‐% Pd(OAc)2, 2 equiv. Cs2CO3, a reaction temperature of 80 °C, dioxane as the solvent, and phosphane‐free olefin 2d as ligand.
Influence of carbon fibre orientation on reaction‐to‐fire properties of polymer matrix composites
Authors: Eibl Sebastian
Published: November 2011

The influence of the orientation of carbon fibres on the reaction‐to‐fire characteristics of a layered composite has been investigated in detail. 8552/IM7 prepregs were laid up to give unidirectional and quasi‐isotropic laminates. Specimen thickness (0.25 to 8.0 mm) and heat flux (15 to 80 kW/m2) were varied for irradiation. Fundamental reaction‐to‐fire properties of this composite are interpreted on the basis of the matrix components: epoxy resin and polyethersulfone. Cone calorimetry and temperature distributions through the laminate showed that the velocity and degree of combustion are dominated by fibre orientation for a given resin. In general, a quasi‐isotropic fibre orientation leads to faster ignition, because of preferred delaminations, but retards combustion processes more effectively than a unidirectional lay‐up. Migration velocities of the pyrolysis zone were measured. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Meta‐learning Framework for Bankruptcy Prediction
Authors: Tsai Chih‐Fong , Hsu Yu‐Feng
Published: November 2011

The implication of corporate bankruptcy prediction is important to financial institutions when making lending decisions. In related studies, many bankruptcy prediction models have been developed based on some machine‐learning techniques. This paper presents a meta‐learning framework, which is composed of two‐level classifiers for bankruptcy prediction. The first‐level multiple classifiers perform the data reduction task by filtering out unrepresentative training data. Then, the outputs of the first‐level classifiers are utilized to create the second‐level single (meta) classifier. The experiments are based on five related datasets and the results show that the proposed meta‐learning framework provides higher prediction accuracy rates and lower type I/II errors when compared with the stacked generalization classifier and other three widely developed baselines, such as neural networks, decision trees, and logistic regression. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of proton‐coupled folate transporter in retinal Müller cells by the antipsoriatic drug monomethylfumarate
Authors: Bozard B. Renee , Chothe Paresh P. , Tawfik Amany , Williams Cory , Fulzele Sadanand , Prasad Puttur D. , Martin Pamela M. , Ganapathy Vadivel , Smith Sylvia B.
Published: November 2011

Fumaric acid esters are used to treat psoriasis, an inflammatory skin disease characterized by keratinocyte proliferation. Inflammation and proliferation are hallmarks of retinal disease; hence, fumaric acid esters may have therapeutic value in retinal pathology. In diseased retinas, Müller glial cells (MCs) undergo reactive gliosis, a hyperproliferative state. MCs take up folate, a vitamin necessary for cell proliferation, via the proton‐coupled folate transporter (PCFT). Here we examined the effect of monomethylfumarate (MMF), the active metabolite of fumaric acid esters, on expression and function of PCFT in MCs. Primary MCs, isolated from neonatal mouse retinas, were treated with MMF, and PCFT function was monitored by measuring uptake of radiolabeled methyltetrahydrofolate (MTF) at pH 5.5. Dose–response and time‐course analyses were performed to identify optimal conditions for maximal effect. The influence of MMF treatment on kinetic parameters of PCFT was studied, and PCFT expression was analyzed at the mRNA and protein level. MTF uptake in MCs decreased by ˜50% following 18 h treatment with 1 mM MMF. This effect was specific to fumaric acid esters. MMF treatment decreased the maximal velocity of the transporter without altering substrate affinity. The decrease in PCFT function following MMF treatment was accompanied by attenuated PCFT expression. This is the first report that an antipsoriatic compound can regulate folate transport in MCs and may have potential for the treatment of reactive gliosis in retinal disease. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging: The coordinated use of multiple, mutually informative probes to understand brain structure and function
Authors: Hao Xuejun , Xu Dongrong , Bansal Ravi , Dong Zhengchao , Liu Jun , Wang Zhishun , Kangarlu Alayar , Liu Feng , Duan Yunsuo , Shova Satie , Gerber Andrew J. , Peterson Bradley S.
Published: November 2011

Differing imaging modalities provide unique channels of information to probe differing aspects of the brain's structural or functional organization. In combination, differing modalities provide complementary and mutually informative data about tissue organization that is more than their sum. We acquired and spatially coregistered data in four MRI modalities—anatomical MRI, functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)—from 20 healthy adults to understand how interindividual variability in measures from one modality account for variability in measures from other modalities at each voxel of the brain. We detected significant correlations of local volumes with the magnitude of functional activation, suggesting that underlying variation in local volumes contributes to individual variability in functional activation. We also detected significant inverse correlations of NAA (a putative measure of neuronal density and viability) with volumes of white matter in the frontal cortex, with DTI‐based measures of tissue organization within the superior longitudinal fasciculus, and with the magnitude of functional activation and default‐mode activity during simple visual and motor tasks, indicating that substantial variance in local volumes, white matter organization, and functional activation derives from an underlying variability in the number or density of neurons in those regions. Many of these imaging measures correlated with measures of intellectual ability within differing brain tissues and differing neural systems, demonstrating that the neural determinants of intellectual capacity involve numerous and disparate features of brain tissue organization, a conclusion that could be made with confidence only when imaging the same individuals with multiple MRI modalities. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impairment of executive performance after transcranial magnetic modulation of the left dorsal frontal‐striatal circuit
Authors: van den Heuvel Odile A. , Van Gorsel Helene C. , Veltman Dick J. , Van Der Werf Ysbrand D.
Published: November 2011

The dorsal frontal‐striatal circuit is implicated in executive functions, such as planning. The Tower of London task, a planning task, in combination with off‐line low‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), was used to investigate whether interfering with dorsolateral prefrontal function would modulate executive performance, mimicking dorsal frontal‐striatal dysfunction as found in neuropsychiatric disorders. Eleven healthy controls (seven females; mean age 25.5 years) were entered in a cross‐over design: two single‐session treatments of low‐frequency (1 Hz) rTMS (vs. sham rTMS) for 20 min on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Directly following the off‐line rTMS treatment, the Tower of London task was performed during MRI measurements. The low‐frequency rTMS treatment impaired performance, but only when the subjects had not performed the task before: we found a TMS condition‐by‐order effect, such that real TMS treatment in the first session led to significantly more errors (P = 0.032), whereas this TMS effect was not present in subjects who received real TMS in the second session. At the neural level, rTMS resulted in decreased activation during the rTMS versus sham condition in prefrontal brain regions (i.e., premotor, dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior prefrontal cortices) and visuospatial brain regions (i.e., precuneus/cuneus and inferior parietal cortex). The results show that low‐frequency off‐line rTMS on the DLPFC resulted in decreased task‐related activations in the frontal and visuospatial regions during the performance of the Tower of London task, with a behavioral effect only when task experience is limited. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of comorbidity on therapeutic decision‐making in head and neck cancer: Audit from a comprehensive cancer center in India
Authors: Baijal Gunjan , Gupta Tejpal , Hotwani Chandni , Laskar Sarbani Ghosh , Budrukkar Ashwini , Murthy Vedang , Agarwal Jai Prakash
Published: November 2011

Background

Head and neck cancer has increased incidence of comorbidity due to tobacco and alcohol use.

Methods

Two hundred consecutive patients were included in this cross‐sectional study. Data on clinico‐demographic characteristics and comorbidity was extracted from case records. Comorbidity was assessed with Adult Comorbidity Evaluation 27 (ACE‐27) and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Change in therapeutic decision‐making from institutional evidence‐based guidelines was classified as low, medium, or high‐impact.

Results

Of 200 patients, 68(34%) had comorbidity while 15 had multimorbidity. No change in therapeutic decision‐making was seen in 139 patients (69.5%), 61patients (30.5%) had change from institutional evidence‐based guidelines. There was strong positive correlation (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.80; p < .001) between ACE‐27 and change in therapeutic decision‐making. For CCI, there was moderate positive correlation (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.50; p < .001).

Conclusion

Comorbidity in patients with head and neck cancer can influence therapeutic decision‐making. Prospective longitudinal rigorous collection of comorbidity data is warranted for correlation with outcomes. ACE‐27 may be a clinically more meaningful tool for comorbidity assessment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Detection of circulating tumor cells in advanced head and neck cancer using the cellsearch system
Authors: Nichols Anthony C. , Lowes Lori E. , Szeto Christopher C. T. , Basmaji John , Dhaliwal Sandeep , Chapeskie Corina , Todorovic Biljana , Read Nancy , Venkatesan Varugar , Hammond Alex , Palma David A. , Winquist Eric , Ernst Scott , Fung Kevin , Franklin Jason H. , Yoo John , Koropatnick James , Mymryk Joe S. , Barrett John W. , Allan Alison L.
Published: November 2011

Background

Early detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) offers the possibility of improved outcome for patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC).

Methods

Patients with advanced‐stage HNSCC (stage III/IV) were tested for CTCs using the CellSearch system (a registered trade name), which has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for monitoring CTCs in other cancers.

Results

CTCs were detected in 6 of 15 patients with advanced‐stage HNSCC (range, 1–2 cells/7.5 mL of blood). CTCs were significantly associated with patients with lung nodules >1 cm (p = .04). There was also a suggestion of improved survival in the CTC‐negative versus the CTC‐positive patients (p = .11).

Conclusions

CTCs can be successfully isolated in patients with advanced‐stage HNSCC using the CellSearch system. CTC detection may be important for prognosis, evaluating treatment outcome, and for determining efficacy of adjuvant treatments. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Projection of glacier runoff in Yarkant River basin and Beida River basin, Western China
Authors: Zhang Shiqiang , Gao Xin , Zhang Xiaowen , Hagemann Stefan
Published: November 2011

Potential changes in glacier area, mass balance and runoff in the Yarkant River Basin (YRB) and Beida River Basin (BRB) are projected for the period from 2011 to 2050 employing the modified monthly degree‐day model forced by climate change projection. Future monthly air temperature and precipitation were derived from the simple average of 17, 16 and 17 General Circulation Model (GCM) projections following the A1B, A2 and B1 scenarios, respectively. These data were downscaled to each station employing the Delta method, which computes differences between current and future GCM simulations and adds these changes to observed time series. Model parameters calibrated with observations or results published in the literature between 1961 and 2006 were kept unchanged. Annual glacier runoff in YRB is projected to increase until 2050, and the total runoff over glacier area in 1970 is projected to increase by about 13%–35% during 2011–2050 relative to the average during 1961–2006. Annual glacier runoff and the total runoff over glacier area in 1970 in BRB is projected to increase initially and then to reach a tipping point during 2011–2030. There are prominent increases in summer, but only small increase in May and October of glacier runoff in YRB, and significant increases during late spring and early summer and significant decreases in July and late summer of glacier runoff in BRB. This study highlights the great differences among basins in their response to future climate warming. The specific runoff from areas exposed after glacier retreat relative to 1970 is projected to general increasing, which must be considered when evaluating the potential change of glacier runoff. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dietary total antioxidant capacity and gastric cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study
Authors: Serafini Mauro , Jakszyn Paula , Luján‐Barroso Leila , Agudo Antonio , Bas Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H. , van Duijnhoven Fränzel J.B. , Jenab Mazda , Navarro Carmen , Palli Domenico , Boeing Heiner , Wallström Peter , Regnér Sara , Numans Mattijs E. , Carneiro Fatima , Boutron‐Ruault Marie‐Christine , Clavel‐Chapelon Françoise , Morois Sophie , Grioni Sara , Panico Salvatore , Tumino Rosario , Sacerdote Carlotta , Ramon Quirós José , Molina‐Montes Esther , Huerta Castaño Jose M. , Barricarte Aurelio , Amiano Pilar , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Wareham Nicholas , Allen Naomi E. , Key Timothy J. , Jeurnink Suzanne M. , Peeters Petra H.M. , Bamia Christina , Valanou Elisabeth , Trichopoulou Antonia , Kaaks Rudolf , Lukanova Annekatrin , Bergmann Manuela M. , Lindkvist Björn , Stenling Roger , Johansson Ingegerd , Dahm Christina C. , Overvad Kim , Jensen Majken , Olsen Anja , Tjonneland Anne , Lund Eiliv , Rinaldi Sabina , Michaud Dominique , Mouw Traci , Riboli Elio , González Carlos A.
Published: November 2011

A high intake of dietary antioxidant compounds has been hypothesized to be an appropriate strategy to reduce gastric cancer (GC) development. We investigated the effect of dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in relation to GC in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) study including 23 centers in 10 European countries. A total of 521,457 subjects (153,447 men) aged mostly 35–70 years old, were recruited largely between 1992 and 1998. Ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and total radical‐trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), measuring reducing and chain‐breaking antioxidant capacity were used to measure dietary TAC from plant foods. Dietary antioxidant intake is associated with a reduction in the risk of GC for both FRAP (adjusted HR 0.66; 95%CI (0.46–0.95) and TRAP (adjusted HR 0.61; 95%CI (0.43–0.87) (highest vs. lowest quintile). The association was observed for both cardia and noncardia cancers. A clear effect was observed in smokers with a significant reduction in GC risk for the fifth quintile of intake for both assays (highest vs. lowest quintile: adjusted HR 0.41; 95%CI (0.22–0.76) p for trend <0.001 for FRAP; adjusted HR 0.52; 95%CI (0.28–0.97) p for trend <0.001 for TRAP) but not in nonsmokers. In former smokers, the association with FRAP intake was statistically significant (highest vs. lowest quintile: adjusted HR 0.4; 95%CI (0.21–0.75) p < 0.05); no association was observed for TRAP. Dietary antioxidant capacity intake from different sources of plant foods is associated with a reduction in the risk of GC.