bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Centrosome positioning in vertebrate development
Authors: Tang Nan , Marshall Wallace F.
Published: December 2012

The centrosome, a major organizer of microtubules, has important functions in regulating cell shape, polarity, cilia formation and intracellular transport as well as the position of cellular structures, including the mitotic spindle. By means of these activities, centrosomes have important roles during animal development by regulating polarized cell behaviors, such as cell migration or neurite outgrowth, as well as mitotic spindle orientation. In recent years, the pace of discovery regarding the structure and composition of centrosomes has continuously accelerated. At the same time, functional studies have revealed the importance of centrosomes in controlling both morphogenesis and cell fate decision during tissue and organ development. Here, we review examples of centrosome and centriole positioning with a particular emphasis on vertebrate developmental systems, and discuss the roles of centrosome positioning, the cues that determine positioning and the mechanisms by which centrosomes respond to these cues. The studies reviewed here suggest that centrosome functions extend to the development of tissues and organs in vertebrates.
PGC1α and mitochondrial metabolism – emerging concepts and relevance in ageing and neurodegenerative disorders
Authors: Austin Shane , St-Pierre Julie
Published: December 2012

PGC1α is a transcriptional coactivator that is a central inducer of mitochondrial biogenesis in cells. Recent work highlighted that PGC1α can also modulate the composition and functions of individual mitochondria. Therefore, it is emerging that PGC1α is controlling global oxidative metabolism by performing two types of remodelling: (1) cellular remodelling through mitochondrial biogenesis, and (2) organelle remodelling through alteration in the intrinsic properties of mitochondria. The elevated oxidative metabolism associated with increased PGC1α activity could be accompanied by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are primarily generated by mitochondria. However, increasing evidence suggests that this is not the case, as PGC1α is also a powerful regulator of ROS removal by increasing the expression of numerous ROS-detoxifying enzymes. Therefore, PGC1α, by controlling both the induction of mitochondrial metabolism and the removal of its ROS by-products, would elevate oxidative metabolism and minimize the impact of ROS on cell physiology. In this Commentary, we discuss how the biogenesis and remodelling of mitochondria that are elicited by PGC1α contribute to an increase in oxidative metabolism and the preservation of ROS homeostasis. Finally, we examine the importance of these findings in ageing and neurodegenerative disorders, conditions that are associated with impaired mitochondrial functions and ROS balance.
Anatomopathological findings in hangings: a retrospective autopsy study
Authors: Kurtulus Ayse , Nilufer Yonguc Goksin , Boz Bora , Acar Kemalettin
Published: December 2012

Background

In this retrospective autopsy study, we aimed to review the anatomopathological findings observed in cases of hanging death for a five year period and to evaluate the role of contributing factors such as age, sex, type of hanging and localization of the ligature knot.

Methods

Autopsy reports of 102 hanging cases performed by the Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Pamukkale University, between January 2007 and September 2011, were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

In the 102 hanging cases 73 of the victims were males (71.6%) and 29 (28.4%) were females, with a mean age of 40.97 ± 17.41 years. All cases were suicidal hanging. Fifty four cases (52.9%) were typical hanging, with the ligature knot located posteriorly. There were petechial hemorrhage on the face and eye lids in 46 (45.1%), ecchymoses of the cervicale muscles in 43 (42.2%), and fractures of the neck structure(s) in 69 cases (67.6%).

Conclusions

The incidence of neck structure fractures increased with age. In addition, there was no correlation between the incidence of neck structure fractures and sex or type of hanging.
Clostridium difficile Infection in Infants and Children
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES, Schutze Gordon E. , Willoughby Rodney E. , Brady Michael T. , Byington Carrie L. , Davies H. Dele , Edwards Kathryn M. , Glode Mary P. , Jackson Mary Anne , Keyserling Harry L. , Maldonado Yvonne A. , Murray Dennis L. , Orenstein Walter A. , Zaoutis Theoklis E.
Published: December 2012

This Policy Statement was retired September 2016.

Infections caused by Clostridium difficile in hospitalized children are increasing. The recent publication of clinical practice guidelines for C difficile infection in adults did not address issues that are specific to children. The purpose of this policy statement is to provide the pediatrician with updated information and recommendations about C difficile infections affecting pediatric patients.
Detailed methodological recommendations for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with faecal transplantation
Authors: Nagy Gergely György , Várvölgyi Csaba , Balogh Zoltán , Orosi Piroska , Paragh György
Published: December 2012

The incidence of Clostridium difficile associated enteral disease shows dramatic increase worldwide, with appallingly high treatment costs, mortality figures, recurrence rates and treatment refractoriness. It is not surprising, that there is significant interest in the development and introduction of alternative therapeutic strategies. Among these only stool transplantation (or faecal bacteriotherapy) is gaining international acceptance due to its excellent cure rate (≈92%), low recurrence rate (≈6%), safety and cost-effectiveness. Unfortunately faecal transplantation is not available for most patients, although based on promising international results, its introduction into the routine clinical practice is well justified and widely expected. The authors would like to facilitate this process, by presenting a detailed faecal transplantation protocol prepared in their Institution based on the available literature and clinical rationality. Officially accepted national methodological guidelines will need to be issued in the future, founded on the expert opinion of relevant professional societies and upcoming advances in this field. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 10–19.
New bio-derived superabsorbents from nature
Authors: Mullen Brian , Rodwogin Marc , Stollmaier Friederike , Yontz Dorie , Leibig Cora
Published: December 2012

Superabsorbent polymers have been around for nearly half a century. Presently, petroleum-based polyacrylic acid-type polymers are used in the majority of superabsorbent applications and markets. However, the rising costs of petroleum and the lack of a sustainable supply of fossil-based chemicals is driving a need for alternative, renewable based chemicals. Herein, we report the synthesis and superabsorbent properties of novel polymers derived from nature. Free-radical, emulsion polymerization methods were used to generate cross-linked polyacrylates containing lactone functionality, which were saponified into the corresponding cross-linked ionomers in a second step. The final cross-linked products displayed >50× absorption of water per weight of polymer and absorption under load of >15× the weight of saline solution per weight of polymer. The technology also offers the opportunity to perform additional chemistry and modification to the polymer backbone in order to improve its properties.
Renewable rosin fatty acid polyesters: the effect of backbone structure on thermal properties
Authors: Wilbon Perry , Gulledge Alexander L. , Benicewicz Brian C. , Tang Chuanbing
Published: December 2012

Two novel polyesters were prepared from renewable natural molecular biomass castor oil–derived fatty acid and rosin. Highly efficient monomer syntheses including thiol-ene click chemistry and condensation po-lymerization techniques including transesterification and acyclic diene metathesis were carried out. Their thermal properties were compared based on flexible and rigid structural motifs on the polymer backbone. Although linear polymer backbone led to the formation semicrystalline polymers, polymers with fused-ring structure in the back-bone were amorphous. The presence of the rosin moiety in the backbone also resulted in higher glass transition temperature compared with the flexible linear counterpart.
RISKY CHOICE IN PIGEONS: PREFERENCE FOR AMOUNT VARIABILITY USING A TOKEN‐REINFORCEMENT SYSTEM
Authors: Lagorio Carla H. , Hackenberg Timothy D.
Published: December 2012

Pigeons were given repeated choices between variable and fixed numbers of token reinforcers (stimulus lamps arrayed above the response keys), with each earned token exchangeable for food. The number of tokens provided by the fixed‐amount option remained constant within blocks of sessions, but varied parametrically across phases, assuming values of 2, 4, 6, or 8 tokens per choice. The number of tokens provided by the variable‐amount option varied between 0 and 12 tokens per choice, arranged according to an exponential or rectangular distribution. In general, the pigeons strongly preferred the variable option when the fixed option provided equal or greater numbers of tokens than the variable amount. Preference for the variable amount decreased only when the alternatives provided widely disparate amounts favoring the fixed amount. When tokens were removed from the experimental context, preference for the variable option was reduced or eliminated, suggesting that the token presentation played a key role in maintaining risk‐prone choice patterns. Choice latencies varied inversely with preferences, suggesting that local analyses may provide useful ancillary measures of reinforcer value. Overall, the results indicate that systematic risk sensitivity can be attained with respect to reinforcer amount, and that tokens may be critical in the development of such preferences.
RELATIONS AMONG ACUTE AND CHRONIC NICOTINE ADMINISTRATION, SHORT‐TERM MEMORY, AND TACTICS OF DATA ANALYSIS
Authors: Kangas Brian D. , Branch Marc N.
Published: December 2012

Emerging evidence suggests that nicotine may enhance short‐term memory. Some of this evidence comes from nonhuman primate research using a procedure called delayed matching‐to‐sample, wherein the monkey is trained to select a comparison stimulus that matches some physical property of a previously presented sample stimulus. Delays between sample stimulus offset and comparison stimuli onset are manipulated and accuracy is measured. The present research attempted to systematically replicate these enhancement effects with pigeons. In addition, the effects of nicotine were assessed under another, more dynamic, memory task called titrating‐delay matching‐to‐sample. In this procedure, the delay between sample offset and comparison onset adjusts as a function of the subject's performance. Correct matches increase the delay, mismatches decrease the delay, and titrated delay values serve as the primary dependent measure. Both studies examined nicotine's effects under acute and chronic administration. Neither provided clear or compelling evidence of memory enhancement following nicotine administration despite reliable and systematic dose‐related changes in response latency measures. A modest dose‐related effect on accuracy was found, but the magnitude of the effect appears to be directly related to tactics of data analysis involving best‐dose analyses of a very circumscribed subset of trial types.
RESISTANCE TO EXTINCTION AND RELAPSE IN COMBINED STIMULUS CONTEXTS
Authors: Podlesnik Christopher A. , Bai John Y. H. , Elliffe Douglas
Published: December 2012

Reinforcing an alternative response in the same context as a target response reduces the rate of occurrence but increases the persistence of that target response. Applied researchers who use such techniques to decrease the rate of a target problem behavior risk inadvertently increasing the persistence of the same problem behavior. Behavioral momentum theory asserts that the increased persistence is a function of the alternative reinforcement enhancing the Pavlovian relation between the target stimulus context and reinforcement. A method showing promise for reducing the persistence‐enhancing effects of alternative reinforcement is to train the alternative response in a separate stimulus context before combining with the target stimulus in extinction. The present study replicated previous findings using pigeons by showing that combining an “alternative” richer VI schedule (96 reinforcers/ hr) with a “target” leaner VI schedule (24 reinforcers/hr) reduced resistance to extinction of target responding compared with concurrent training of the alternative and target responses (totaling 120 reinforcers/hr). We also found less relapse with a reinstatement procedure following extinction with separate‐context training, supporting previous findings that training conditions similarly influence both resistance to extinction and relapse. Finally, combining the alternative stimulus context was less disruptive to target responding previously trained in the concurrent schedule, relative to combining with the target response trained alone. Overall, the present findings suggest the technique of combining stimulus contexts associated with alternative responses with those associated with target responses disrupts target responding. Furthermore, the effectiveness of this disruption is a function of training context of reinforcement for target responding, consistent with assertions of behavioral momentum theory.
TRANSITIVITY OF ODOR PREFERENCES: CONSTANT AND PARTICULARITIES IN HEDONIC PERCEPTION
Authors: Brand Gérard , Haaz Virginie , Jacquot Laurence
Published: December 2012

Transitivity of preferences has been investigated for a long time in decision‐making. In the field of perception, the pleasantness of odors raises several questions related to individual versus cultural or universal preferences and the existence of a classification in a delimited hedonic space. The aim of this study was to test transitivity in olfactory hedonicity using a first panel of 10 mixed odors and a second panel of 10 odors from a delimited floral category. Data were collected by paired comparisons in a two‐alternative forced choice. Results in both panels showed a strong transitivity for each participant leading to a linear range of 10 odors classified by preference. However, ranges varied from one participant to another and the mean preferences of the group did not allow one to infer individual's hedonic classification of odors. Moreover, the individual classification appeared stable over time and undisturbed by odorant distractors. These findings suggest that humans have considerable ability to classify odors hedonically as a model of individual preferences in a sensory space usually considered to be more involved in affective/emotional states than in cognitive performances.
SELECTION DYNAMICS IN JOINT MATCHING TO RATE AND MAGNITUDE OF REINFORCEMENT
Authors: McDowell J. J. , Popa Andrei , Calvin Nicholas T.
Published: December 2012

Virtual organisms animated by a selectionist theory of behavior dynamics worked on concurrent random interval schedules where both the rate and magnitude of reinforcement were varied. The selectionist theory consists of a set of simple rules of selection, recombination, and mutation that act on a population of potential behaviors by means of a genetic algorithm. An extension of the power function matching equation, which expresses behavior allocation as a joint function of exponentiated reinforcement rate and reinforcer magnitude ratios, was fitted to the virtual organisms' data, and over a range of moderate mutation rates was found to provide an excellent description of their behavior without residual trends. The mean exponents in this range of mutation rates were 0.83 for the reinforcement rate ratio and 0.68 for the reinforcer magnitude ratio, which are values that are comparable to those obtained in experiments with live organisms. These findings add to the evidence supporting the selectionist theory, which asserts that the world of behavior we observe and measure is created by evolutionary dynamics.
SPECIES, TEPEES, SCOTTIES, AND JOCKEYS: SELECTED BY CONSEQUENCES
Authors: Wasserman Edward A.
Published: December 2012

“Ideas are like species: they must evolve.” This claim forms the conceptual core of an engaging book by Jonnie Hughes (2011), On the Origin of Tepees. Hughes asks: If evolution by natural selection explains the origin of the human species, then does selection by consequences also explain the origin of what we humans make and do? This question prompts consideration of three important analogies: between natural selection and artificial selection, between the law of natural selection and the law of effect, and between biological evolution and cultural evolution. These analogies in turn stimulate examination of the notions of purpose, design, and agency. Finally, discussion moves to the selectionism of Darwin and Skinner; although still controversial, this view remains the best way for natural science to understand the origins of adaptive behavior.
Sialolipoma of the Lower Lip: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Binmadi Nada O , Chaisuparat Risa , Levy Bernard A , Nikitakis Nikolaos G
Published: December 2012

Sialolipoma is a relatively rare and fairly recently described as a variant of lipoma with salivary elements. Any site within the oral and maxillofacial region may be involved with the parotid gland being the most common location. Herein, we present a case of silaolipoma in lower lip. The clinical and histological features and differential diagnosis are discussed.
Measurement properties of the MacHANd Performance Assessment: A pilot study
Authors: Packham Tara L. , Landman Elizabeth C. M. , Muhic Annemarie , Hebert Andrea J. , Ball Pamela D.
Published: December 2012

Background.

There is a need for a standardized, performance-based hand function assessment with strong psychometric properties to evaluate persons following a traumatic hand injury.

Purpose.

To conduct a preliminary investigation of the reliability and validity of the MacHANd performance assessment (MPA), a new standardized hand function test.

Methods

Forty-one people receiving treatment for hand injuries were evaluated using the MPA, Patient-rated Wrist and Hand Evaluation, and Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test.

Results

The MPA demonstrated adequate inter-rater reliability and excellent test-retest reliability, and it confirmed three validation hypotheses.

Implications.

This pilot study suggests that the MPA has good psychometric properties when used with individuals following a hand injury; however more research is needed.
Professionalism and occupational therapy: An exploration of faculty and students’ perspectives
Authors: Robinson Allison J. , Tanchuk Chelsea J. , Sullivan Theresa M.
Published: December 2012

Background.

Professionalism is a complex, multifaceted concept embedded within the curricula of occupational therapy programs and professional documents; yet there is no clear explanation in the literature.

Purpose.

To explore occupational therapy faculty and students’ perspectives of the meaning of professionalism.

Methods

This interpretivist qualitative study used convenience sampling to recruit eight second-year occupational therapy master's students and five occupational therapy faculty members to participate in two separate focus groups. Open-coding and constant comparative methods were used to identify themes.

Findings.

Data analysis yielded the following student focus group themes: uncertainty about professional expectations; searching for answers through concrete concepts; and the context-specific nature of professionalism. Faculty focus group themes were professional responsibility; professional awareness; and the context-specific nature of professionalism. Understanding and enacting professionalism may be a developmental process.

Implications.

Further exploration of the meaning of professionalism from a variety of other occupational therapy stakeholders is needed.
The practice experience of evangelical Christian occupational therapists
Authors: Bray Kaelen E. , Egan Mary Y. , Beagan Brenda L.
Published: December 2012

Background

Occupational therapists who are religious are more likely to address spirituality in practice; however, little is known regarding the practice experience of therapists who hold particular faith perspectives.

Purpose

To examine the practice experience of evangelical Christian occupational therapists in the context of professional emphasis on spirituality as a largely secular domain of practice.

Methods.

A qualitative, interpretivist approach was used for this study. Seven evangelical Christian occupational therapists were engaged in in-depth interviews; verbatim transcripts were thematically coded.

Findings.

Christianity was viewed as a practice resource through the use of private prayer and Christian values to support compassionate practice. Evangelical Christian occupational therapists navigated the tensions of working in a secular healthcare system through awareness of work environment and client cues, restrained expression of faith, as well as the experience of increased scrutiny for potential boundary violations.

Implications.

Evangelical Christian therapists may struggle with secular interpretations of spirituality in practice. Yet they may also display heightened awareness concerning potential boundary violations.
Learning together for effective collaboration in school-based occupational therapy practice
Authors: Villeneuve Michelle A. , Shulha Lyn M.
Published: December 2012

Background.

School-based occupational therapy (SBOT) practice takes place within a complex system that includes service recipients, service providers, and program decision makers across health and education sectors. Despite the promotion of collaborative consultation at a policy level, there is little practical guidance about how to coordinate multi-agency service and interprofessional collaboration among these stakeholders.

Purpose.

This paper reports on a process used to engage program administrators in an examination of SBOT collaborative consultation practice in one region of Ontario to provide an evidence-informed foundation for decision making about implementation of these services.

Methods

Within an appreciative inquiry framework (Cooperrider, Whitney, & Stavros, 2008), Developmental Work Research methods (Engeström, 2000) were used to facilitate shared learning for improved SBOT collaborative consultation. Program administrators participated alongside program providers and service recipients in a series of facilitated workshops to develop principles that will guide future planning and decision making about the delivery of SBOT services.

Findings.

Facilitated discussion among stakeholders led to the articulation of 12 principles for effective collaborative practice. Program administrators used their shared understanding to propose a new model for delivering SBOT services.

Implications.

Horizontal and vertical learning across agency and professional boundaries led to the development of powerful solutions for program improvement.
Exploring occupational justice in consumer perspectives on assistive technology
Authors: Arthanat Sajay , Simmons C. Douglas , Favreau Megan
Published: December 2012

Background.

Occupational justice is an emerging paradigm in the provision of occupational therapy services. Assistive technology (AT) services, a key practice domain in occupational therapy, facilitate the participation of individuals with disabilities in all major occupations.

Purpose.

The goal of this study was to explore personal meanings of occupational justice among consumers of AT and to propose strategies that integrate values of occupational justice in AT services.

Methods

A content analysis of interviews with seven consumers of AT devices was employed. Themes relevant to the four conceptual definitions of occupational injustice, namely marginalization, alienation, deprivation, and imbalance, were identified.

Findings.

Four corresponding themes were inherent in the consumer experiences: ability to exercise choices through use of AT devices, using AT to achieve optimum occupational potential, empowerment through AT services, and personal relation to the AT device. Specific issues within these themes are classified and described according to the four conceptual definitions of occupational justice.

Implications.

The application of occupational justice is essential to promote client-centred AT services particularly in evaluation of needs, selection and acquisition of AT devices, and training and support for use of AT devices.
Effect of mepivacaine in an infraorbital nerve block on minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in clinically normal anesthetized dogs undergoing a modified form of dental dolorimetry
Authors: Snyder Christopher J. , Snyder Lindsey B. C.
Published: December 2012

Objective—To evaluate the effects of a routinely used infraorbital nerve block, performed for dental procedures, on the anesthetic requirement for isoflurane in dogs.

Design—Prospective controlled study.

Animals—8 healthy adult Beagles.

Procedures—Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane, and the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane was established. A modification of a well-established method of stimulating the dental pulp, dental dolorimetry, was used to deliver a noxious stimulus (electrical stimulation) for isoflurane MAC determination. Once the isoflurane MAC was established, an infraorbital nerve block was performed with mepivacaine. The isoflurane MAC was then determined with the addition of the nerve block. Measurements of heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were obtained at specified time points (baseline and prevention and elicitation of purposeful movement) during the determination of MAC and in response to the noxious stimulus.

Results—The mean ± SD isoflurane MAC without an infraorbital nerve block was 1.12 ± 0.13%. Isoflurane MAC with the regional mepivacaine anesthesia was 0.86 ± 0.11%. A significant reduction in isoflurane MAC (23%) was seen after the infraorbital nerve block, compared with results before the nerve block. With the exception of baseline measurements, no significant differences were found between treatments (isoflurane alone vs isoflurane with regional mepivacaine anesthesia) in heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure before or after the noxious stimulus.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The significant reduction in MAC of isoflurane supported the practice of the addition of regional anesthesia for painful dental procedures to reduce the dose-dependent cardiorespiratory effects of general anesthesia.
Pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration of flunixin meglumine in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and Patagonian conures (Cyanoliseus patagonus)
Authors: Musser Jeffrey M. B. , Heatley J. Jill , Phalen David N.
Published: December 2012

Objective—To investigate the disposition kinetics of flunixin meglumine when administered IV to budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and Patagonian conures (Cyanoliseus patagonus).

Design—Prospective cohort study.

Animals—8 adult Patagonian conures and 24 adult budgerigars.

Procedures—Injectable flunixin meglumine (50 mg/mL) was diluted to 10 and 1. 0 mg/mL and administered IV at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg (2.3 mg/lb) to Patagonian conures and budgerigars, respectively.

Results—In budgerigars, the elimination half-life was 0.72 hours and the mean residence time was 0.73 hours. In Patagonian conures, the elimination half-life was 0.91 hours and the mean residence time was 1.20 hours. The concentration of flunixin was below the assay's limit of quantification (0.5 μg/mL) at 3 and 6 hours in budgerigars and Patagonian conures, respectively. A single budgerigar developed adverse effects (lethargy and signs of depression) for approximately 15 minutes following drug administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The half-life of flunixin in Patagonian conures and budgerigars was short following IV administration; however, results of this study suggested that IV administration of injectable flunixin meglumine at 5.0 mg/kg resulted in plasma concentrations that could potentially be anti-inflammatory and analgesic in budgerigars and Patagonian conures.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs with traumatic intervertebral disk extrusion with or without spinal cord compression: 31 cases (2006–2010)
Authors: Henke Diana , Gorgas Daniela , Flegel Thomas , Vandevelde Marc , Lang Johann , Doherr Marcus G. , Forterre Franck
Published: December 2012

Objective—To determine the prevalence of spinal cord compression subsequent to traumatic intervertebral disk (IVD) extrusion in dogs, characterize factors associated with spinal cord compression in dogs with traumatic IVD extrusion, and evaluate the outcomes of dogs with traumatic IVD extrusion with or without spinal cord compression.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—31 dogs with traumatic IVD extrusion.

Procedures—Medical records and MRI findings were reviewed for dogs with a history of trauma to the spinal region. Dogs were included in the study if a neurologic examination and MRI were performed and there was a description of clinical signs and MRI findings including identification of the spinal cord segment affected by IVD extrusion, presence or absence of spinal cord compression, treatment, and outcome available for review.

Results—31 of 50 (62%) dogs had traumatic IVD extrusions without any other detectable vertebral lesions; 9 (29%) and 22 (71%) of those 31 dogs did and did not have spinal cord compression, respectively. Dogs with spinal cord compression were significantly older and more likely to be chondrodystrophic and have evidence of generalized IVD degeneration, compared with dogs without spinal cord compression. The outcome for dogs with spinal cord compression was similar to that for dogs without spinal cord compression.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated traumatic IVD extrusion was common and should be considered as a differential diagnosis for dogs with trauma to the spinal region, and spinal cord compression should be evaluated, especially in older or chondrodystrophic dogs.
Procedure times, complication rates, and survival times associated with single-chamber versus dual-chamber pacemaker implantation in dogs with clinical signs of bradyarrhythmia: 54 cases (2004–2009)
Authors: Genovese David W. , Estrada Amara H. , Maisenbacher Herbert W. , Heatwole Bonnie A. , Powell Melanie A.
Published: December 2012

Objective—To compare procedure times and major and minor complication rates associated with single-chamber versus dual-chamber pacemaker implantation and with 1-lead, 2-lead, and 3-lead pacemaker implantation in dogs with clinical signs of bradyarrhythmia.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—54 dogs that underwent pacemaker implantation because of clinical signs of bradyarrhythmia.

Procedures—Medical records of dogs that received pacemakers between July 2004 and December 2009 were reviewed for information regarding signalment, diagnosis, pacemaker implantation, pacemaker type, complications, and survival time. Analyses were performed to determine significant differences in anesthesia time, procedure time, and outcome for dogs on the basis of pacing mode and number of pacing leads.

Results—28 of 54 (51.9%) dogs received single-chamber pacemakers and 26 (48.1%) received dual-chamber pacemakers. Mean ± SD procedural time was significantly longer for patients with dual-chamber pacemakers (133.5 ± 51.3 minutes) than for patients with single-chamber pacemakers (94.9 ± 37.0 minutes), and procedure time increased significantly as the number of leads increased (1 lead, 102.3 ± 51.1 minutes; 2 leads, 114.9 ± 24.8 minutes; 3 leads, 158.2 ± 8.5 minutes). Rates of major and minor complications were not significantly different between dogs that received single-chamber pacemakers and those that received dual-chamber pacemakers or among dogs grouped on the basis of the number of pacing leads placed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although dual-chamber pacemaker implantation did result in increased procedural and anesthesia times, compared with single-chamber pacemaker implantation, this did not result in a higher complication rate.
Thoracoscopic resection of right auricular masses in dogs: 9 cases (2003–2011)
Authors: Ployart Stéphane , Libermann Stéphane , Doran Ivan , Bomassi Eric , Monnet Eric
Published: December 2012

Objective—To determine the feasibility of thoracoscopic resection of masses located on the right auricle in dogs.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—Dogs (n = 9) with a mass on the right auricle.

Procedures—Hospital records from 2003 to 2011 were reviewed. Only dogs that underwent thoracoscopic resection of a mass on the right auricle were selected. Data collected included history, clinicopathologic findings, surgical technique, and outcome.

Results—All dogs with pericardial effusion were examined by means of echocardiography. Cardiac masses on the right auricle were identified in 5 dogs. Eight dogs had clinical signs of cardiac tamponade and right-sided heart failure. All dogs underwent thoracoscopic resection of a mass on the right atrium. Eight hemangiosarcomas and 1 pyogranulomatous lesion were resected. One dog with a mass located at the base of the right auricle died during surgery. No postoperative complications were noted.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Right auricular masses were successfully removed in 8 dogs. Masses close to the base of the right atrial appendage may not be amenable to resection with thoracoscopy. Resection of small masses at the tip of the right auricular appendage can be performed thoracoscopically.
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the gastrointestinal tract in clinically normal alpacas and llamas
Authors: Stieger-Vanegas Susanne M. , Cebra Christopher K.
Published: December 2012

Objective—To assess the feasibility and usefulness of CT enterography to evaluate the gastrointestinal tract in clinically normal llamas and alpacas.

Design—Prospective observational study.

Animals—7 clinically normal alpacas and 8 clinically normal llamas.

Procedures—The imaging protocol included orogastric administration of iodinated contrast material mixed with water. Three hours later, helical CT scanning was performed of the entire abdomen with transverse and multiplanar sagittal and dorsal projections before and after IV iodinated contrast agent injection.

Results—Both oral and IV contrast agents were well tolerated, and no adverse reactions were observed. Transverse images depicted the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas in the short axis; however, dorsal and sagittal projections aided in localizing and differentiating the various gastrointestinal segments, including the pancreas. In all camelids, the wall of the gastrointestinal tract was well differentiated. In all but 2 camelids, all gastrointestinal segments were well visualized and differentiated. In those 2 animals, the cecum was difficult to identify. Good distention of the small intestine was achieved by use of the oral contrast agent. The dorsal projections were useful to identify the pancreas in its entire length.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The present study supplied new information about gastrointestinal wall thickness, intestinal diameter, and location of the pancreas and ileocecocolic junction in alpacas and llamas. Multiplanar contrast-enhanced CT was useful to reveal the various segments of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and abdominal lymph nodes. The shorter time delay before imaging, compared with the delay with conventional barium studies, makes this technique complementary or superior to conventional radiographic or ultrasonographic studies for evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract.
2013 Initiatives: Extending JOSPT's Reach and Value
Authors: Simoneau Guy G.
Published: December 2012

For the last several years, the Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy has made a concerted effort to provide information that fosters evidence-based practice not only in the United States, JOSPT's home base, but also around the world. We have sought to reach new audiences through partnerships with professional organizations in other countries and to deliver greater value to all our readers through the Journal's website. In 2013, we will continue to pursue these goals and describe a few of our initiatives briefly in this editor's note.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(1):1–2. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.0101
Fibular Stress Fracture in a High School Athlete
Authors: Greenberg Elliot M. , Gohn Nicholas , Grady Matthew
Published: December 2012

The patient was a 15-year-old adolescent male who was referred to a physical therapist for a chief complaint of bilateral posterolateral lower-leg pain, which was worse in the right lower extremity than in the left. Due to findings that were concerning for a stress fracture, the patient was referred to a pediatric sports medicine physician. Subsequent radiographs revealed findings that were concerning for a stress fracture along the medial aspect of the midshaft of the right fibula.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(1):29. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.0401
Rural Tourism Production and the Experience-Scape
Authors: Dissart Jean-Christophe , Marcouiller David W.
Published: December 2012

Careful investigations of the supply-side components of tourism are critical to the creation of informed public policy that addresses amenity production, regional change, and integrative tourism planning. In this article we develop a conceptual basis of the rural tourism experience
from a supply perspective that includes latent inputs, joint productivity, and the experience-scape within a capability framework. these tourism building blocks allow for alternative compatibility and sustainability outcomes resulting from rural tourism development. the analysis suggests implications
for planning and policy analysis that span economic, social, and environmental issues central to rural regions and their communities.
A Model of ICDT Internet Flows on Mobile Devices for the Travel and Tourism Consumer
Authors: Burgess Stephen , Sellitto Carmine , Karanasios Stan
Published: December 2012

Despite the increasing use of mobile devices and their applications in the travel and tourism arena, there is a lack of literature that considers how mobile device tourism applications could be evaluated. Built around a discussion of information attributes (a series of dimensions by
which the delivery of information can be assessed) that have been specifically developed for the tourism sector and an examination of the specific characteristics of mobile devices, this theoretical article classifies different online tourism applications that can be accessed by mobile devices
according to Angehrn's four virtual "spaces" (information, communication, distribution, and transaction). This is for the purpose of demonstrating that the majority of applications in the mobile tourism arena eventually fall within the realm of information provision and can thus be assessed
according to how they perform in relation to information attributes. A model of ICDT Internet flows on mobile devices for the travel and tourism consumer is presented.
Domestic Nature-Based Tourism: A Case Study of Norway
Authors: Prebensen Nina K , Tkaczynski Aaron
Published: December 2012

Domestic tourism represents an attractive market for most countries, in particular for high-cost countries such as Norway. based on this market's notable size and financial potential, tourism marketers are aiming to attract residents to experience their country's tourism offerings. by identifying the characteristics of domestic tourists such as their preference for nature-based activities, tourism marketers can segment these tourists and target them accordingly. The present study puts forward preferences as a theoretical construct in order to outline preferred nature-based activities in addition to demographic, geographic, and behavioral characteristics as the basis to study variety within domestic nature-based tourism. A total of 1,201 Norwegian residents who exhibit an interest in nature-based vacations in Norway participated in an online questionnaire and were segmented using two-step cluster analysis. The results revealed four valid domestic nature-based activity clusters that differ based on several profiling characteristics. based on the research findings, several theoretical contributions and recommendations for tourism marketers are provided. Future research opportunities and the limitations of the research are also outlined.
Preferences for Heritage Tourism Development Using a Choice Modeling Approach
Authors: Draper Jason , OH Chi-OK , Harrill Rich
Published: December 2012

Development and management of heritage tourism attractions pose several challenges, such as lack of financial resources and political support. heritage sites and attractions often include numerous attributes (e.g., education, guided tours, shopping for local products) that can be provided
at various levels of involvement and interest. however, the financial constraints of heritage tourism sites inhibit the ability to improve programs and services. The purpose of this study is to identify and compare the preferences of consumers and ambassadors (i.e., local tourism and community
leaders) for improving management programs and services of the South Carolina National heritage Corridor using a choice modeling method. Both groups were generally in favor of developing more opportunities for local shopping, education/interpretation, and enhancing the cultural experience
when visiting the South Carolina National heritage Corridor. however, ambassadors were more in favor of developing education/interpretation and the cultural experience compared to consumers. As agencies develop programs and services designed to increase visitation, preference information from
different constituent groups are valuable to effectively decide what programs and services to develop.
Cultural Differences in Tourism Web Communication: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Park Sangwon , Reisinger Yvette
Published: December 2012

This article analyzes cultural differences in web communication in the tourism context. the conceptual framework presenting cultural differences in the three types of web communication is developed. the specific hypotheses are tested on the US American and Chinese sample. Although the
findings support the developed framework they also reveal nonsignificant differences between the groups. theoretical and practical implications of the findings are identified and recommendations for future studies are made.
Machismo–Marianismo and the Involvement of Women in a Community-Based Tourism Project in Ecuador, South America
Authors: Duffy Lauren N. , Mowatt Rasul A. , Cnacellor H. Charles , Cárdenas David A.
Published: December 2012

The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of machismo–marianismo gender ideology on a tourism planning dialogue within a community-based tourism planning project. Using community-based research methodology, three focus groups were conducted in a rural Ecuadorian
community. Findings indicate that gender ideology influences the planning discourse in various ways, which affect if and how women are involved in the tourism industry. This study provides evidence for why tourism planning frameworks need to be critical of existing power structures such as
gender ideology. Recommendations include the application of gender-aware development frameworks and gender impact assessments throughout the planning process.
Póvoa Dão Village: An Instance of "Heritagization" for Tourist Attraction and Local Development
Authors: Simões Orlando , Almeida Carreira Vivina
Published: December 2012

The valorization of cultural heritage very often means the search for new uses and rationales for material items that have lost their usefulness or intangible cultural expressions in risk of disappearing. These new uses may ensue from heritage processes through which material or intangible
assets acquire values of cultural identity. This requires a process of legitimization, either through academic study, public recognition, or valorization by the market, among others. Based in regional and national periodicals information and semistructured interviews with key informants, this
article examines a case in which such a process was legitimized through the market, by means of which a medieval abandoned village, Póvoa Dão, in the district of Viseu (central Portugal), was restored and given a new use in the tourism industry. The village was completely rebuilt
in accordance with an architectural plan that respected the original design. The process began by creating market value for a set of buildings as well as for a number of goods and activities that derive directly from its location in a rural area, such as gastronomy and agricultural activities
carried out according to traditional methods. The article concludes that the market can play an important role in the valorization of heritage and contribute to create identity and cultural value after rehabilitation. New forms of sociability are identified in the "new" village in contrast
to the old rural sociability. last, but not the least, this study looks into some of the ways in which villages rehabilitation can contribute to local development.
Mementos of Place: Souvenir Purchases at the Bridgetown Cruise Terminal in Barbados
Authors: Cave Jenny , Jolliffe Lee , DE Coteau Delysia
Published: December 2012

As cultural artifacts, souvenirs can serve as mementos of place for the purchasers. Shopping for a souvenir is a cruise tourism activity, both on board and during port calls. tourists like to take home a reminder of their trip and portray different shopping behaviors when they are away
from home. In addition to shopping for a memento of the trip tourists also purchase gifts for family and friends, influenced by the nature and availability of goods and how they are presented. this article contributes a new perspective on tourist shopping by examining purchase intentions,
the role of retail atmospherics in the purchase decision, and purchases made by cruise visitors at the shopping precinct in the Bridgetown Cruise terminal in Barbados. A survey of 178 cruise visitors found that gender influences the souvenir purchase decision and that cruise tourists buy souvenirs
based both on the nature of the item in terms of authenticity, size, weight, and quality and as a memento of place. further, it was found that high-quality window displays and location are key factors in the decision to enter retail premises. the souvenir memento may be purchased by a visitor
for himself or herself or a family or friend, fulfilling a personal need to mark the visit and remember the destination. this article offers recommendations to the industry about design and layout, also adding new information on the importance of gender in purchase decisions.
Comparison of 2 Polyethlene Inserts for a New Cruciate-retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty Prosthesis
Authors: Mont Michael A. , Costa Christopher R. , Naiziri Qais , Johnson Aaron J.
Published: December 2012

Cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty has had high success rates but does not always have optimal functional outcomes. The purpose of this study was to compare 2 polyethylene inserts of varying constraint that were used in a new cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty design to determine whether differences were found in clinical or functional outcomes. The use of the newer cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty design showed comparable results with both polyethylene inserts at short-term follow-up. The cruciate-retaining design had a greater than 99% survivorship, although further study is needed to make assessments regarding long-term functional results and outcomes.