bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Occurrence of Virus-Like Bodies in Human Leukemia
Authors: BRAUNSTEINER H. , FELLINGER K. , PAKESCH F.
Published: October 2019

Electron-microscope observations on bone marrows and lymph nodes of 16 patients with acute leukemia and 27 patients with various malignant blood diseases are reported. The approximate number of cells from the cases of acute leukemia which could be examined is reported. In a single instance of acute leukemia a group of virus-like bodies was found. Similar particles, however, have also been observed in several tissue cultures of a Chang strain from human liver.
The Hemoglobin E Syndromes. I. Hemoglobin E in Eti-Turks
Authors: AKSOY MUZAFFER , Tanrikulu Kamil
Published: October 2019

During an electrophoretic study of the hemoglobin from 150 persons belonging to the Eti-Turk community, two individuals with hemoglobin E trait and one case of sickle-cell-hemoglobin E disease were discovered. The results of this investigation combined with those of other electrophoretic studies performed previously in this community indicate that the incidence of hemoglobin E among Eti-Turks is 1.37 per cent.

The importance of the occurrence of hemoglobin E in this community has been discussed, and a possible relationship between Eti-Turks and some people of India has been postulated.
Evidence for a Vessel Wall Defect in Immuno-thrombocytopenic Hamsters
Authors: DESAI RAJENDRA G. , FULTON GEORGE P.
Published: October 2019

Experimental purpura was produced in the hamster by administration of anti-platelet serum obtained from rabbits previously injected with hamster platelets. Spontaneous petechiae and generalized bleeding were observed. The derangement in the hemostatic mechanism has been analyzed by study of the changes in blood, bone marrow and vessel walls. The platelet count in peripheral blood fell from 9.02 ± 0.85 (x 105) to 0.66 ± 0.32 (x 105) at 24 hours after 2.0 ml. intravenous injection of antiplatelet serum. The red cell and hemoglobin values dropped to 50 per cent before death related to generalized bleeding occurred. Significant changes were seen in the megakaryocytes of the bone marrow. The bleeding time and clot retraction were extended. Evidence for a defect in the vessel wall has been shown by the microelectrode, moccasin snake venom and negative pressure tests. The cause of bleeding has been postulated as a double defect resulting from a decrease of platelets in the circulation and an alteration in the integrity of the vessel wall or perivascular supporting sheath.
Phosphate Partition in the Erythrocytes of Normal Newborn Infants and Infants with Erythroblastosis Fetalis. II. Quantitative Paper Chromatography
Authors: GREENWALT T. J. , AYERS V. E.
Published: October 2019

Two-dimensional paper chromatography was used to partition the acid-soluble phosphates in the erythrocytes of normal newborn infants, infants with erythroblastosis fetalis and adults.

The inorganic phosphate concentration was higher in the fresh red cells of normal and erythroblastotic infants and rose more during incubation for four hours than in the cells of adults.

The amount of erythrocyte adenosine-5’-triphosphate in the adults exceeded the quantities found in the cells of the two groups of babies.

The 2,3-diphosphoglycerate level was greater in the erythrocytes of adults and infants with erythroblastosis than it was in the normal infants and incubation for four hours resulted in a sharper decrease of this compound in cells of the normal and erythroblastotic infants than in the adults.
Studies in Leukemia. XV. The Induction of Leukemia in Swiss Mice with Human Leukemic Brain Extracts
Authors: SCHWARTZ STEVEN O. , SPURRIER WILMA , YATES LE ROY , MADUROS BILL P.
Published: October 2019

1. Cell-free suspensions and filtrates were prepared from human leukemic and nonleukemic brains and were injected into adult Swiss mice.

2. The suspensions prepared from the leukemic brains, when concentrated by high-speed centrifugation, produce leukemia in about 15 per cent of the inoculated mice.

3. When the same sediment is combined with heat-inactivated sediment, the incidence of induced leukemia increases to 40 per cent; when combined with hyaluronidase, to about 50 per cent.
Some Biochemical and Electrophoretic Studies on Purified Prothrombin, Factor VII (Proconvertin) and Factor X (Stuart)
Authors: TISHKOFF GARSON H. , PECHET LIBERTO , ALEXANDER BENJAMIN
Published: October 2019

1. Complete separation of prothrombin, factors VII and X has been achieved by conventional fractionation technic followed by starch gel electrophoresis.

2. The glycoprotein nature of bovine prothrombin has been confirmed.

3. In addition to hexose and hexosamine, substantial quantities of a hitherto unrecognized constituent, neuraminic acid, have been demonstrated. When included with the other carbohydrates, the total sugars comprise a substantial fraction of prothrombin.

4. In electrophoretic mobility the preponderance of proteins and total neuraminic acid correlate closely with the biologic prothrombin activity.

5. Scission of neuraminic acid by neuraminidase does not result in destruction of the prothrombin, which can subsequently still be converted to thrombin.

6. Significant quantities of neuraminic acid are also found in preparations rich in factors VII and X but devoid of prothrombin. These fractions are relatively low in protein. Here, too, cleavage of neuraminic acid does not destroy biologic activity.

7. Treatment with neuraminidase results in some changes in electrophoretic mobility of some of the protein, resulting in the appearance of a slower moving protein fraction devoid of biologic activity. The mobility of factor VII was slightly altered, but that of factor X remained unchanged.
Effect of Homologous Bone Marrow-Spleen Cell Suspension on Survival of Swine Exposed to Radiation from a Nuclear Weapon
Authors: DANIELL HARRY W. , CROSBY WILLIAM H.
Published: October 2019

1. Swine exposed to mixed gamma and neutron irradiation from a nuclear weapon were treated by intravenous, intracardiac or intraperitoneal injection of homologous marrow-spleen cell suspensions.

2. This therapy did not affect survival of animals receiving sublethal, intermediate or supralethal doses of irradiation. No evidence of accelerated repopulation of hematopoietic or lymphatic tissues was found in the treated animals that died, compared with untreated animals dying at the same time. Possible reasons for failure to demonstrate a beneficial effect on survival are discussed.

3. A new, simple method for obtaining large numbers of marrow cells from the vertebral column of large mammals is described.
Brief Note: A Chart for the Proportion of Donor Blood in the Body after Repeated Transfusions by Replacement
Authors: WEILER H.
Published: October 2019

A chart is presented from which the percentage of donor blood in the patient’s body after any number of substitutions of a fixed quantity of blood can be read off.
The Morphology of Buffy Coat in Normal Human Adults
Authors: EFRATI P. , ROZENSZAJN L.
Published: October 2019

The technic of preparation of smears from buffy coats was described.

Fifty-five samples of buffy coat from healthy adults were examined. Twenty-nine were from men, 26 from women.

In all cases nuclear fragments of megakaryocytes were found, on the average 21.8 nuclear fragments per 1 ml. of blood.

In all cases atypical mononuclear cells, 10.2/2000 mononuclear cells, were found.

In 42 of 52 examined subjects metamyelocytes and/or myelocytes were found, 3.65/3000 granulocytes.

Metamyelocytes, myelocytes and nuclear fragments of megakaryocytes were more commonly found in males than in females.

So-called atypical mononuclear cells were found in small number in all the subjects. Their possible pathologic significance was discussed. It was suggested that these cells were probably normal though rare elements of peripheral blood.

The advantage of this method in various pathologic states was emphasized.
Studies on Thrombopoiesis. I. A Factor in Normal Human Plasma Required for Platelet Production; Chronic Thrombocytopenia Due to its Deficiency
Authors: SCHULMAN IRVING , PIERCE MILA , LUKENS ABBY , CURRIMBHOY ZINET
Published: October 2019

1. A case of chronic thrombocytopenic purpura has been presented in which the pathogenesis appears to be due to congenital deficiency of a platelet-stimulating factor.

2. The factor exists in normal plasma and is stable on storage under normal blood banking conditions and on freezing.

3. The factor appears to act by stimulating megakaryocyte maturation and platelet production in an orderly and sequential manner.
Massive Nitrogen Mustard Therapy in Hodgkin’s Disease with Protection of Bone Marrow by Tourniquets
Authors: CONRAD MARCEL E. , CROSBY WILLIAM H.
Published: October 2019

1. Eight patients with far advanced Hodgkin’s disease were treated with massive single doses of nitrogen mustard (0.95-1.5 mg. /Kg.) with tumor regression in each case.

2. An attempt was made to protect the bone marrow of the extremities from the effects of the nitrogen mustard by applying orthopedic tourniquets during the injection. There was definite evidence that the marrow was protected by this procedure. Marrow in the tibia became progressively more cellular during the time that the marrow in the torso degenerated to almost complete aplasia. During the period of recovery, radioactive iron was given and more of it localized in the protected arm than in the unprotected, evidence of greater erythropoietic activity.

3. Neurologic complications occurred at the doses employed.

4. Serious gastrointestinal pathology was not demonstrated at these doses.

5. Prior extensive radiation therapy prolonged the hemopoietic depression due to nitrogen mustard. This was not produced by previous mustard therapy.

6. Color change in ecchymotic areas may be used to predict bone marrow recovery.

7. Dividing the massive dose seems to result in less toxicity.
The Threshold Dose of P32 for Leukemic Cells of the Lymphocytic and Granulocytic Series
Authors: OSGOOD EDWIN E.
Published: October 2019

Analyses of the threshold dose of P32 to control 201 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients and 100 chronic granulocytic leukemia patients and of the P32 dose to maintain 133 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients for a mean period of 50.2 months and 49 chronic granulocytic leukemia patients for a mean period of 33.6 months are analyzed. These threshold doses fit the logarithmic probability distributions given in the tables and figures.

See PDF for Figure

See PDF for Figure

When the dose in mc. to control was plotted against the leukocyte count, a straight line was obtained on log log paper. The equation for this curve for the median dose to control chronic granulocytic leukemia is: log mc. P32 per 12 weeks = 0.33 log L - 0.633, where L is the leukocyte count on the day the first P32 was given. The equation for the log log curve relating median dose to control chronic lymphocytic leukemia to initial counts above 15,000 is: log mc. P32 per 12 weeks = 0.47 log L - 1.420. But the 40 aleukemic or subleukemic cases with leukocyte counts below 15,000 had a median P32 requirement and standard deviation that did not differ significantly from that for the entire group, suggesting that this subleukemic group includes patients resembling the entire spectrum of cases with elevated initial leukocyte counts.

See PDF for Figure

See PDF for Figure

The median dose of P32 per year to maintain chronic granulocytic leukemia cases fits the equation: log P32 per year = 0.546 log L - 1.506, and the corresponding equation for chronic leukemic lymphocytic leukemia is: log mc. P32 per year = 0.45 log L - 1.22. The group of lymphocytic leukemias with initial counts below 15,000 again showed a median and distribution similar to that for the entire leukemic group.

The remarkable fact that the dose requirement years later is related to the initial leukocyte count is discussed. Revised recommendations on dosage schedule for titrated, regularly spaced P32 therapy of the chronic leukemias are presented.

For each individual patient with chronic leukemia, there is a threshold dose of intravenously administered P32 below which no effect is observed. The dose and interval which will maintain a uniform leukocyte count of about 15,000 may remain unchanged for years or may show abrupt changes at any time to either a lower or higher requirement.
Separation and Properties of Urinary Hemopoietine
Authors: HODGSON G. , FISCHER S. , PERRETTA M. , ESKUCHE I. , ARAYA G. , DINAMARCA M.
Published: October 2019

Methods are described for the separation of nondialyzable material with erythropoietic activity (urinary hemopoietine), from urine of rabbits made anemic (< 5g Hb/100) by phenylhydrazine and of patients with aplastic anemia (< 5g Hb/100). The material obtained was assayed for its effects on Fe59 distribution 3 and 24 hours after tracer injection. The active extracts produced a marked increase in the rate of Fe59 clearance from plasma, and in the fraction of the injected Fe59 appearing in erythrocytes at 3 and 24 hours. Effect of the extracts was seen to be a linear function of log dose. The extracts prepared from urine of patients with aplastic anemia had a specific activity about 3 times higher than that obtained from urine of phenylhydrazine rabbits. The fractions of highest specific activity obtained from rabbit’s urine were (a) that precipitating between 50-75 per cent ethanol at pH 4.5; (b) adsorbed by kaolin at pH 4.5 and eluted at pH 7-8; and (c) adsorbed by D.E.A.E. cellulose at pH 4.5 and eluted by 0.2 M Na2HPO4 in 0.5 M. NaC1. Only the ethanol procedure was used for human urine, and it was seen that specific activities of the 0-50 and 50-75 per cent fractions were similar.

The fractions obtained from human and rabbit urine showed great variability in hexose, sialic acid and hexosamine contents, and no clear correlation was apparent between gross chemical composition and erythropoietic activity. Paper electrophoresis showed the presence of a single component moving behind albumin, in both active and inactive extracts of human urine.
Studies on Agranulocytosis. II. The Effect of Chlorpromazine upon the Influx of S35 L-Cystine and L-Methionine into Human Leukocytes
Authors: PISCIOTTA ANTHONY V. , EBBE SHIRLEY N. , DALY MARY , RUWALDT MONA , GLASER MILTON , METZGER GLORIA O.
Published: October 2019

1. When whole blood was incubated in vitro with S-35 L-cystine and L-methionine, the blood cells became radioactive.

2. Preincubation of whole blood from normals and from patients susceptible to agranulocytosis with chlorpromazine showed no effect upon uptake of S-35 L-cystine and L-methionine by leukocytes.

3. The in vivo administration of S-35 L-cystine was followed by the appearance of radioactive leukocytes. Peak radioactivity occurred in leukocytes in 5 to 12 days.

4. Pretreatment of test subjects with large doses of chlorpromazine did not block the uptake of S-35 L-cystine by leukocytes in vivo. Leukocytes of women showed an increase in the incorporation of S-35 L-cystine, in vivo. Studies performed in vivo on two persons during recovery from agranulocytosis showed enhanced uptake of L-cystine in one and a normal uptake in the other.
The In Vivo Differentiation of Human Leukocytes into Histiocytes, Fibroblasts and Fat Cells in Subcutaneous Diffusion Chambers
Authors: PETRAKIS NICHOLAS L. , DAVIS MARY , LUCIA SALVATORE P.
Published: October 2019

Normal human leukocytes were cultivated in millipore diffusion chambers which had been implanted subcutaneously in autologous and homologous subjects. The observations were made over periods of a few days to six weeks. It was found that mature granulocytes underwent disintegration within one to two weeks. Mononuclear leukocytes underwent differentiation into macrophages and "polyblasts" within a few days and by three weeks had assumed the morphologic appearance characteristic of histiocytes and fibroblast-like cells. By four to six weeks extensive fibroblastic proliferation and marked collagen formation was found. In several chambers numerous fat cells were seen.

These in vivo studies demonstrate the mesenchymal potential for differentiation possessed by circulating mononuclear leukocytes of adult blood.
The Electrophoretie Mobility of Red Blood Cells of Normal Human Beings
Authors: ANGERS JOHN , ROTTINO ANTONIO
Published: October 2019

Values obtained for the electrophoretic behavior of the red blood cells of healthy individuals is presented. The technic and instrument are described in detail and the necessary attention to meticulous care is emphasized. The data presented show that in an electric field the mobility of the red blood cells of healthy persons is constant and reproducible. It was concluded that the method is extremely sensitive and precise and that it may prove of value in the study of various disease states.
Thalassemia in the West Indies
Authors: WENT L. N. , MACIVER J. E.
Published: October 2019

Data are presented on seven cases of thalassemia major (six of whom were negroes) and 32 cases of thalassemia minor of whom eight had high levels (20-26 per cent) of fetal hemoglobin.

Two families with hemoglobin H disease are presented, in whom the presence of thalassemia minor could be demonstrated. The mode of inheritance of hemoglobin H disease is discussed.

Two families with an inherited double A2 fraction of hemoglobin are presented. In one of these thalassemia was also found, in the other elliptocytosis occurred concurrently.

On the basis of these findings the existence of at least five different types of thalassemia is postulated.

A study on 93 healthy students suggests a high incidence (above 3 per cent) of thalassemia minor in the West Indies.
Neoplastic Lymphoid Reticulum Cells in the Peripheral Blood: A Histochemical Study
Authors: MITUS W. J. , MEDNICOFF I. B. , WITTELS B. , DAMESHEK W.
Published: October 2019

Abnormal appearing cells having the superficial appearance of large lymphocytes were found in some cases of generalized malignant proliferations af the reticulum cell system and were studied by cytochemical methods and by phase microscopy. They were found to be very similar in their reactions to the "fixed" or tissue reticulum cells and in many respects to monocytes, but differed markedly from the cells of the lymphocytic system with which they are often confused. The term neoplastic lymphoid reticulum cell is applied to these cells since it indicates that they are malignant in nature and fundamentally of the reticulum cell type, although in fixed and stain material they may show some of the morphologic characteristics of the lymphocytic cells.
Polycythemia Vera in Childhood. Studies of Iron Kinetics with Fe59 and Blood Clotting Factors
Authors: AGGELER P. M. , POLLYCOVE M. , HOAG S. , DONALD W. G. , LAWRENCE J. H.
Published: October 2019

A case of polycythemia vera, first diagnosed in a nine year old girl, is presented. The increase in red cell count, hematocrit and hemoglobin values was accompanied by an increase in total blood volume and true red cell volume. No other condition reported to be accompanied by polycythemia was found. Specific, mild deficiencies in certain coagulation factors were found. Iron kinetic study with Fe59 showed increased hemoglobin formation within normal iron pathways which is characteristic of polycythemia vera.
Blood Group Antibody Levels in Hiroshima
Authors: HOLLINGSWORTH JAMES W. , HAMILTON HOWARD B. , BEEBE GILBERT W. , YAMASAKI MITSURU , Ueda Noboru
Published: October 2019

Blood group antibody levels were measured in 526 irradiated survivors of the 1945 atomic bombing of Hiroshima and in 516 nonirradiated subjects. The study was undertaken in order to determine the age changes in antibody levels in irradiated and nonirradiated subjects, as well as to investigate the pattern of blood agglutinin levels in the Japanese population for comparison with that of Caucasians. The following observations were made:

1. In 475 people of group A, 228 of group B, and 339 of group O, the mean serum levels of anti-A and anti-B antibodies were virtually identical irrespective of the blood group of the subjects.

2. In individual group O subjects, the titers of anti-A and anti-B antibodies were very highly correlated (correlation coefficient of +.92).

3. Females exhibited higher antibody levels, although the magnitude of the difference was small.

4. Peak antibody titers were reached at age 20-30, with progressive linear regression in levels with advancing age. Peak titers in early adulthood were 5-10 times higher than those of the very elderly.

5. No correlation between blood group antibody levels and atomic irradiation was detected, whether irradiation was represented by (a) presence or absence of acute radiation symptoms in 1945, (b) distance from the hypocenter, or (c) numerical dosage estimate.

6. As one of a battery of tests of physiologic aging designed for detection of irradiation induced nonspecific aging acceleration, blood group antibody levels seem of modest value. After age 30, the linear correlation with chronologic age is -.72.

7. Differences in blood group antibody levels in Japanese and Caucasians indicate that (a) Caucasians have higher anti-A antibody levels as compared to anti-B levels than do Japanese, and (b) the peak antibody level occurs at an earlier age in Caucasians than in Japanese. It is not clear whether these differences are related to race and heredity or to external antigenic stimulation with A and B antigenic materials, but studies of blood group antibody levels in different racial groups should help elucidate the nature of these differences.
pH Dependent Hemolytic Systems. II. Serum Factors Involved in Red Cell Lysis
Authors: YACHNIN STANLEY , GARDNER FRANK H.
Published: October 2019

An analysis of the serum factors involved in the lysis and agglutination of artificially altered red cells in compatible human serum has been presented. Human sera have been found to vary widely in their capacity to hemolyze a panel of artificially altered red cells.

These differences have been shown to be the result of a multiplicity of more or less specific serum factors for each altered red cell type. These factors have many of the properties commonly associated with classical antibody.

These serum factors are different from complement and properdin.

The range of specificity and the degree of cross reaction for these various serum factors have been analyzed.

These serum factors are important in the consideration of the use of enzyme treated red cells for the detection of incomplete antibodies, and of certain acquired hemolytic states in man.
Pyridoxine-Responsive Anemia: Report of 2 Cases in Brothers and a Review of the Literature
Authors: MEDAL LUIS SANCHEZ , ELIZONDO JORGE , GALLARDO JESUS TORRES , GITTLER CARLOS
Published: October 2019

The clinical and laboratory findings in two brothers with severe anemia are presented. These findings were very similar in both cases. Evidence that at least one of them suffered from a pyridoxine-responsive anemia is presented. It was assumed that the other had the same disorder since, in addition to the striking similarity in the clinical and laboratory abnormalities, the latter’s anemia disappeared completely with the parenteral administration of vitamin B complex, which provided him with 2 mg. of pyridoxine daily. These patients have not relapsed 1.5 and 6 years after stopping the therapy.

A review of the reported cases with anemia responding to vitamin B6 administration is presented. Common factors observed in some of these cases are: (1) severe anemia, microcytic and hypochromic in type, chiefly due to a striking maturation erythroblastic arrest at the basophilic stage with no defect in leukocytes or thrombocytes; (2) hyperferremia and hemosiderosis; (3) an abnormal tryptophan-loading test; and (4) complete or almost complete correction of all abnormalities with administration of vitamin B6, even at small doses. These data were considered to suggest that the patients had a true deficiency in pyridoxine.

In other patients, no increased excretion of xanthurenic acid has been observed after a tryptophan-loading dose, and pyridoxine administration has improved the anemia only partially and has not reversed the serum iron parameters to normality. All of these other patients suffered from a familial hypochromic anemia not due to iron deficiency or from a "sidero-achrestic" or "refractory normoblastic" anemia.

The cause of the disorder in patients in the first group is unknown, but, by exclusion, increased requirement of vitamin B6 seems to be the most likely possibility.
The Hemolytic Anemia of Human Bartonellosis
Authors: REYNAFARJE CÉSAR , RAMOS JOSÉ
Published: October 2019

A study of the processes of formation and destruction of blood has been carried out, in addition to other investigations of the physiopathology of the anemia of human bartonellosis. From the results obtained the following conclusions may be drawn:

1. The life-span of the red cells parasitized by Bartonella bacilliformis is greatly shortened. However, not all the parasitized red cells are prematurely destroyed.

2. Red cells from normal subjects are partially destroyed when they are injected into infected patients. More than 50 per cent of them survive normally.

3. The mechanical fragility of the red cells is increased in the majority of the cases.

4. The index of sequestration of red cells by the liver and spleen was increased in the three patients studied. Also, the products of catabolism of hemoglobin were increased in all the patients studied.

5. The increased production of red cells as a response to the great destruction was prevented at first, but later it reached its peak, being in some cases five times greater than normal.

6. The search for agglutinins and hemolysins was negative.

7. The amount of free protoporphyrins in the red cells was increased, indicating that there was some interference to the synthesis of hemoglobin that would also explain the hypochromia of the red cells.

8. The increase in the diameter of the red cells was independent of the actual amount of reticulocytes.
Sickle Cell Trait as a Tag for Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: MILLER DANIEL G.
Published: October 2019

The sickle cell trait appears to offer a reliable and replicable tag for bone marrow transplantation. Red cell survival curves using sickle cell and nonagglutinable cell counts show good agreement. The recipients exhibited no untoward effects as a result of receiving marrow from a donor with sickle cell trait.
Decreased Erythrocyte Survival in Hemoglobin H Disease As a Result of the Abnormal Properties of Hemoglobin H: The Benefit of Splenectomy
Authors: RIGAS DEMETRIOS A. RIGAS , KOLER ROBERT D. , Cummings George , Duerst Marie L. , Malm Donald R. , Swisher Katherine , Vanbellinghen Patricia
Published: October 2019

Two of three siblings with hemoglobin H disease were splenectomized. Both were benefited as judged by improved feeling of well-being, exercise tolerance and improvement in hemoglobin level and in erythrocyte mean lifespan. However, they were still susceptible to hemolytic crises, and their erythrocyte mean lifespan was below the normal range. Erythrocyte survival studies by the Cr51 method indicated a finite lifespan of 40-45 days before splenectomy, which increased to normal following splenectomy. In addition, there was random destruction of the erythrocytes, which was slightly reduced following splenectomy. The erythrocyte survival of a member of this family who had the hereditary leptocytosis trait, but no hemoglobin H, was normal.

Evidence is presented indicating that hemoglobin H denatures and precipitates irreversibly at a cell age of 40-45 days, forming intraerythrocytic inclusions which lead to shortening of the erythrocyte finite lifespan due to rapid removal of such erythrocytes by the spleen. In addition, hemoglobin H has a lower solubility in the deoxygenated state and precipitates reversibly, regardless of cell age, in the capillary bed, causing random erythrocyte destruction. Splenectomy is beneficial because of survival of erythrocytes with inclusions whose hemoglobin A presumably retains its function in oxygen transport. Methemoglobin-forming chemicals such as amyl nitrite and drugs such as sulfisoxazole were found to denature hemoglobin H and produce in vitro inclusions in every erythrocyte of these patients but not of normal subjects. It is suggested that the shortening of the erythrocyte survival and the degree of postsplenectomy improvement is greater the higher the amount of hemoglobin H present in the erythrocytes.

The apparent aging of the hemoglobin H molecule which leads to shortened erythroctye finite lifespan is discussed, and a concept of aging proteins determining the lifespan and/or the function of cells is advanced.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Greece
Authors: ZANNOS-MARIOLEA LEDA , KATTAMIS CHRISTOS
Published: October 2019

The glutathione stability of red cells was estimated in 40 patients during acute hemolysis induced by fava beans. There were wide individual differences but in all cases except one (Case 18) the post-incubation GSH fell to levels below 40 mg. per cent packed RBC which is the lower normal limit.

The GSH stability on 44 mothers and 37 fathers gave results consistent with the genetic hypothesis that in male patients the mother is the carrier of the biochemical defect, while in female patients both parents are carriers, since, as a rule, only female homozygotes suffer from hemolytic episodes. However, in only 77.7 per cent of the mothers could the biochemical defect be proved by this method.

The Motulsky test was performed in 30 of the 40 patients. It gave abnormal decolorization times in 25 or 83 per cent of the cases. This test is therefore valuable for diagnosing "sensitivity" during a hemolytic episode; it is, nevertheless, less sensitive than the GSH stability method.

The Motulsky test was also performed on 31 mothers, 18 fathers and 8 siblings. It proved to be unreliable in the detection of female heterozygotes.

G-6-PD deficiency is widely disseminated in Greece; it is, however, not evenly distributed throughout the country.

The highest frequency of G-6-PD deficiency found so far in males was about 3 per cent; the lowest was 0.7 per cent.
The Mode of Inheritance of PTA Deficiency: Evidence for the Existence of Major PTA Deficiency and Minor PTA Deficiency
Authors: RAPAPORT SAMUEL I. , PROCTOR ROBERT R. , PATCH MARY JANE , YETTRA MAURICE
Published: October 2019

Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA) activity was measured with a quantitative assay in the available members of the families of eight propositi with severe PTA deficiency. PTA deficiency was found to exist in two forms: major PTA deficiency, characterized by PTA levels of up to 20 per cent of our standard reference plasma and by the potential for serious surgical bleeding, and minor PTA deficiency, characterized by PTA levels between 30 and 65 per cent of our standard reference plasma and by the absence of significant surgical bleeding. Minor PTA deficiency was found in parents and children of subjects with major PTA deficiency.

It would appear that the gene for PTA deficiency is an incompletely recessive or "intermediate" gene which produces major PTA deficiency in the homozygote and minor PTA deficiency in the heterozygote.
In Vivo Cultivation of Leukocytes in Diffusion Chambers: Requirement of Ascorbic Acid for Differentiation of Mononuclear Leukocytes to Fibroblasts
Authors: PETRAKIS NICHOLAS L.
Published: October 2019

Studies were made to evaluate the influence of ascorbic acid upon the differentiation of mononuclear leukocytes to fibroblasts when cultivated in diffusion chambers, in vivo. Ascorbic acid-depleted leukocytes grown in ascorbic acid-deficient host guinea pigs developed into abnormal cellular forms characterized by nuclear enlargement, multipolar mitoses, and giant forms These changes could be reversed by treatment of the host guinea pigs with ascorbic acid. The findings indicate a direct cellular role of ascorbic acid in the differentiation of mononuclear leukocytes to fibroblasts.
Brief Note: Plastic Tube Technic of Centrifugal Separation of Leukocytes from Human Blood
Authors: JUHLIN LENNART , SHELLEY WALTER B.
Published: October 2019

A new simple plastic tube centrifugation method is described for the fractional harvesting of viable leukocytes from 10 ml. of human blood.
Hydroxocobalamin. II. Absorption from the Site of Injection and Uptake by the Liver and Calf Muscle in Man
Authors: GLASS GEORGE B. JERZY , LEE DUK HO , HARDY WILLIAM W.
Published: October 2019

Labeled hydroxocobalamin, administered intramuscularly in man, is absorbed more slowly from the site of injection and deposited in the liver and calf muscle to a degree equal to or higher than that of cyanocobalamin at an equivalent dose. These findings, together with those reported in Part I of this paper, suggest the applicability of hydroxocobalamin as a long-acting vitamin B12 in man. These conclusions, however, require the support to be obtained from long-range observations on patients with vitamin B12 depletion.
Differences Between Lymphocytes of Leukemic and Non-Leukemic Patients with Respect to Morphologic Features, Motility, and Sensitivity to Guinea Pig Serum
Authors: SCHREK ROBERT , DONNELLY WILLIAM J.
Published: October 2019

Observations were made on viable lymphocytes in 22 specimens of blood from 20 patients to test whether leukemic lymphocytes have distinctive characteristics. Special slide-chambers were used in this study. The features suggestive of leukemic lymphocytes were: large chromatin masses, prominent nucleoli, abnormal size of cells, flagella-like structures, reduced motility, and an increase in the sensitivity to inactivated guinea pig sera. An index summarizing these abnormal features selected correctly 9 blood specimens from 7 patients with chronic lymphocytic or lymphosarcoma-cell leukemia. Distinctive abnormalities of the living lymphocytes were not found in the blood of 3 patients who were diagnosed lymphosarcoma and had normal lymphocyte counts and some lymphosarcoma-cell lymphocytes in stained blood films. Blood lymphocytes from 8 patients with infectious mononucleosis, diabetes, hemochromatosis, and other diseases were correctly identified as non-leukemic. The findings obtained in this study indicate that viable leukemic lymphocytes are characterized by abnormal morphologic features, reduced motility, and increased sensitivity to heat-inactivated guinea pig sera.
Variations in Catalase Activity in Human Leukocytes
Authors: KIDSON CHEV
Published: October 2019

The enzyme, catalase, has been studied in normal leukocytes, and in leukocytes from patients with leukemia and infective states. Examination of both granulocyte-rich and lymphocyte-rich fractions prepared from normal leukocyte populations showed the catalase activity of normal granulocytes to be higher than that of normal lymphocytes.

In acute and chronic myeloid leukemia, catalase levels were found to be higher than the range for normal granulocytes, whereas in acute and chronic lymphatic leukemia, the levels were of the same order as those for normal lymphocytes.

Low catalase values were found in infective leukocytosis, suggesting that young granulocytes may have lower activities than the mature cells. The significance of the changes in leukocyte catalase activity in myeloid leukemia are discussed in relation to cell age.
Pyruvate Kinase (PK) Deficiency Hereditary Nonspherocytic Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: TANAKA KOUICHI R. , VALENTINE WILLIAM N. , MIWA SHIRO
Published: October 2019

1. The erythrocytes of seven patients conforming to the criteria of Type II congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia have been demonstrated to have a specific deficiency in the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase. Other glycolytic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenases, and certain non-glycolytic erythrocyte enzymes are normally active. The leukocytes of these patients possess normal pyruvate kinase activity.

2. Although no inhibitors were detected, the exact nature of the enzymatic defect remains to be elucidated.

3. Family studies provide strong evidence for a genetically determined disorder and are consistent with an autosomal recessive transmission of the defect. A partial enzyme deficiency, not reflected in clinical disease, is present in heterozygotes. The symptomatic disease, though variable in severity, appears to be due to homozygosity for the defect.

4. It is suggested that the enzyme deficiency is pathogenetically related to the premature demise of the red cells in vivo.

5. The name "pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia" is proposed for these patients.
Hereditary Benign Erythroreticulosis
Authors: BERGSTRÖM INGMAR , JACOBSSON LENNART
Published: October 2019

In the province of Västerbotten, Northern Sweden, we have observed a blood disease formerly unknown in Europe. It is characterized by:

1. A non-hemolytic normochromic anemia with a low or normal reticulocyte count and without indications of reduced or increased activity of either granulocytopoiesis or thrombocytopoiesis.

2. A characteristic bone marrow picture corresponding to the di Guglielmo disorder.

3. An abnormal hemoglobin.

4. A favorable clinical course, but refractory to therapy.

5. An hereditary component.
The Unitary Nature of "Complete" and "Incomplete" Pathologic Cold Hemagglutinins
Authors: LEDDY JOHN P. , TRABOLD NORMA C. , VAUGHAN JOHN H. , SWISHER SCOTT N.
Published: October 2019

Several human pathologic sera containing high titered cold agglutinins were studied to determine whether the serologic activity ascribed to an "incomplete cold antibody" could be separated from the "complete" cold agglutinin activity. Separation was not achieved by physicochemical methods, including zone electrophoresis, density gradient ultracentrifugation, and anion exchange chromatography. Both activities were susceptible to destruction by mercaptans. Neither activity could be differentially absorbed from the sera. Using "Bombay" and I-negative ("i") red cells, a difference in specificity of the two activities for the H or I antigen of human erythrocytes could not be demonstrated. The simplest interpretation of these findings is that there is only one antibody involved, the cold agglutinin, and that the serologic manifestation usually attributed to an additional "incomplete cold antibody", i.e. the production of a positive antiglobulin reaction of the "non-γ-globulin" type, results from an interaction of complement components with the cold agglutinin-erythrocyte complex.

Three of these cold agglutinating sera were unreactive with I-negative erythrocytes, in keeping with the reported anti-I specificity of these antibodies. A fourth serum retained moderate, though greatly reduced, activity against these cells, and the interpretation of this finding is discussed.

The anti-H specificity of the incomplete cold antibodies in normal human sera was confirmed by their failure to sensitize "Bombay" erythrocytes. This was in sharp contrast to the excellent reactivity of the pathologic sera with these cells, demonstrating that pathologic cold agglutinins are unrelated to the incomplete cold antibodies present in most normal sera.
Spontaneous Hemorrhagic Diathesis in Inbred Mice Due to Single or Multiple "Prothrombin-Complex" Deficiencies
Authors: MEIER HANS , ALLEN ROBERT C. , HOAG WARREN G.
Published: October 2019

Spontaneous hemorrhagic diathesis had been observed in certain inbred strains of mice. Characteristically, bilateral hemothorax with or without multiple bleedings occurred elsewhere in the body; the mice were anemic and jaundiced.

The major histopathologic findings were myocarditis and various degrees of hepatomegaly. Associated with myocarditis was elevation of lactic dehydrogenase; anemia and icterus were thought to be consequent to extensive hemorrhage rather than to hepatic dysfunction since serum phosphatase and transaminase were, except for lowered serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, within normal range or only slightly altered.

The mice were found to suffer from single and multiple prothrombin-complex deficiencies, specifically affecting Stuart-Prower factor (X), PTC (IX), SPCA (VII), and prothrombin. Activities of the first three factors were less than three per cent of normal and the last was less than 10; Ac-G (V), Hageman factor and fibrinogen were normal. Details of component assays and substitution analyses were given. The disease was acquired, but affected various strains differentially, and involved only males. No explanation was offered for this peculiar strain and sex susceptibility. Evidence was presented for implicating ethylene glycol and higher polymers produced by ethylene oxide sterilization of mouse cage bedding.
The Antigenic Structure of Blood Platelets. I. Demonstration in the Rabbit of Antigens in Common Between Skin and Blood Platelets
Authors: EBBE SHIRLEY , BALDINI MARIO , DAMESHEK WILLIAM , Donovan Janet
Published: October 2019

Viability of infused homologous blood platelets was measured in the circulation of rabbits previously sensitized by one to three skin homografts. After three skin grafts, viability of homologous platelets collected from the skin donor ("specific" platelets) was found to be consistently reduced, while after one or two skin grafts it was reduced in 40 per cent of the experiments. When the platelets infused in the skin-sensitized animals were from "nonspecific" donors, viability was reduced in fewer experiments and to a lesser degree. Demonstration was also made that the skin tissue itself and not the amount of blood contained in the grafts was responsible for the state of immunity leading to increased destruction of the subsequently infused homologous platelets.

The results obtained in these experiments were interpreted as demonstration that skin tissue and blood platelets share antigens in common, so that after transplantation of skin, an antiplatelet factor with a good degree of individual specificity appears in the circulation, resulting in increased destruction of subsequently infused homologous platelets. The possibility that this antiplatelet factor may represent a homotransplantation antibody was entertained.
Cytochemical Localization of an Adenosine Triphosphate Dephosphorylating Enzyme in the Granules of Human Eosinophils
Authors: WEINSTEIN DAVID , SOMMER J. R. , BEARD J. W.
Published: October 2019

The granules of the eosinophilic myeloid cells of normal human bone marrow exerted a pronounced activity to dephosphorylate adenosine triphosphate. This behavior was not shown by the granules of other myeloid cells.
A Study of Detoxification Mechanisms in Children with Aplastic Anemia
Authors: WAGNER HANS P. , SMITH NATHAN J.
Published: October 2019

The excretion of acetanilide and N-acetyl p-aminophenol in normal controls and children with aplastic anemia was found to be similar. These results suggest that arylhydroxylation and conjugation with activated glucuronic acid are not disturbed in toxic aplastic anemia. No good evidence could be obtained indicating conjugation of acetanilide metabolites with activated sulphate.
CHEMOTHERAPY OF MULTIPLE MYELOMA; THE USE OF ANTIMONY
Authors: RUBINSTEIN MICHAEL A.
Published: October 2019

This is a preliminary report on the treatment of 7 patients with multiple myeloma with antimony compounds. The therapeutic trial was based on the fact that multiple myeloma is frequently associated with hyperglobulinemia, a characteristic shared with other diseases in which antimony had been found therapeutically effective.

The results obtained thus far are insufficient to warrant conclusions, although they indicate a possible influence of antimony on myeloma tissue. This influence is seen mainly as an increased radiosensitivity when patients are subsequently treated with x-rays.
Factor IX in Intravascular and Extravascular Blood Coagulation
Authors: LEWIS F. J. W. , NOUR-ELDIN F.
Published: October 2019

1. Sera separated from intravascular clots obtained postmortem showed no factor IX activity.

2. Evidence is presented suggesting that there are two forms of factor IX, intravascular and extravascular, and that there is an agent, named for convenience factor IX evolver (FNE) responsible for converting the former into the latter with the evolvement of factor IX in the serum.

4. The significance of these experiments and some related problems are discussed.
Studies on Lymphocytes. II. The Production of Lymphocytosis by Intravenous Heparin in Calves
Authors: JANSEN CORNELIUS R. , CRONKITE EUGENE P. , MATHER GEORGE C. , NIELSEN NIELS O. , RAI KANTI , ADAMIK EMIL R. , SIPE CLYDE R.
Published: October 2019

1. Intravenous commercial heparin produces a lymphocytosis in the calf. The effect is not due to the preservative commonly present in heparin.

2. The lymphocytosis is mediated to a great extent by an increased input of lymphocytes into the blood via the thoracic duct.

3. The necessity of considering, plus controlling the heparin effect on blood lymphocyte levels and on the output of thoracic duct lymphocytes in all studies on lymphocyte production, migration and behavior, is discussed and emphasized.
Crystals of Protein Nature in the Cytoplasm of Lymphatic Cells in a Case of Lymphoreticular Malignancy
Authors: DE MAN J. C. H. , MEINERS W. B. H. , Beens W.
Published: October 2019

The occurrence of crystals in the cytoplasm of lymphatic cells in a case of lymphoreticular malignancy—probably lymphocytic leukemia—is reported. Histochemistry revealed the protein nature of these crystals. It appeared that the protein was water-soluble, with no admixture of polysaccharides. Electron microscopy of the crystals showed a fine structure of regularly arranged thin lines with a spacing of 100 Å. The crystals were surrounded by membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Microbiologic Determination of Folic Acid Derivatives in Blood
Authors: GROSSOWICZ NATHAN , MANDELBAUM-SHAVIT FREDERIKA , DAVIDOFF ROSY , ARONOVITCH J.
Published: October 2019

A microbiological method for the determination of folic acid activity (F.A.A.) in blood, and serum with three organisms (L. casei, S. faecalis and P. cerevisiae), is described. The S. faecalis No. 9 strain employed shows a considerably higher sensitivity than the standard ATCC No. 8043 strain, whilst the specificity towards the various F.A. derivatives tested is similar. The sensitivity of the P. cerevisiae (L. citrovorum) assay is also increased by adding thymidine, which spares the requirement for folinic acid. Finally, the procedure of extraction of the F.A.A. from blood has been modified to assure release and stabilization of the compounds assayed.

F.A.A. in blood and serum of healthy adults and infants are given.
A Fetal Hemoglobin Variant of Unusual Genetic Interest
Authors: WEATHERALL DAVID J. , BAGLIONI CORRADO
Published: October 2019

A fetal hemoglobin variant abnormal in the α peptide chains has been found in an umbilical cord blood sample obtained from an infant who had inherited Hb-G (presumably identical with GPhila.) from his father. This provides evidence that α chain synthesis in fetal and adult life is under a single genetic control and that α chain mutations, unlike β chain mutations, may be manifested in intrauterine life.