bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uma proposta alternativa de distribuição orçamentária para as unidades da UFRJ
Authors: Gama Junior George Pereira da , Bouzada Marco Aurélio Carino
Published: August 2017

A Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) adotou em 2005 o orçamento participativo como um instrumento de planejamento e implantou uma nova cultura gerencial. No entanto, tal procedimento não vem garantindo uma distribuição necessariamente justa dos seus recursos. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma forma de distribuição interna dos recursos financeiros na UFRJ mais condizentes com os desempenhos, necessidades e especificidades das suas unidades. No Referencial Teórico foram abordados os temas: Universidades objeto de estudo (além da UFRJ, a UFMG e a UFRGS, que serviram como benchmarking); Orçamento Participativo; e o Orçamento nas Universidades Federais. Metodologicamente, foi aplicada a Regressão Linear Múltipla para gerar os modelos que as duas universidades federais utilizadas como benchmarking empregam nas suas distribuições internas. Cada um destes modelos foi, então, aplicado aos dados da UFRJ. Assim, foi obtido o quanto teria sido orçado para cada unidade da UFRJ se esta tivesse empreendido o mesmo racional de alocação que a UFMG e a UFRGS utilizam. Os resultados foram comparados e revelaram que a matriz com base nos indicadores e dados da UFMG é a mais adequada, pois utiliza uma série de dados maior, mais atualizada e um número superior de indicadores, quando comparada à matriz da UFRGS. A conclusão alerta para a importância de uma boa gestão orçamentária a fim de que as universidades públicas federais possam exercer o seu papel social com eficiência.
Cerrado e produção artesanal: possibilidades de uso sustentável de espécies vegetais em chapada gaúcha
Authors: Mourão Nadja Maria , Engler Rita de Castro
Published: August 2017

O uso das partes de espécies vegetais, como base para prática artesanal sustentável, foi a base para este trabalho. O objeto desse estudo é o Cerrado de Minas Gerais, especificamente nas comunidades do Município de Chapada Gaúcha. Buscou-se investigar quais espécies vegetais da região, são compatíveis à produção artesanal. Foi analisado o uso e extrativismo dos frutos, sementes, folhas e demais insumos e resíduos, como possíveis matérias primas para produção artesanal. Para mapeamento de dados técnicos, foram analisadas matérias-primas provenientes de espécies vegetais do Cerrado, comercializadas no Mercado Central de Belo Horizonte. Somado à pesquisa bibliográfica, constatou-se uso de matérias primas, principalmente sementes e folhas. A metodologia estabelecida em campo foi o estudo de caso nas comunidades de Buraquinhos, Ribeirão do Areia e Serra das Araras. Foram cadastradas espécies vegetais utilizadas para produção artesanal nas comunidades e no entorno. A produção artesanal na região é ainda incipiente. A região possui potencial para o desenvolvimento do turismo. Foi realizado um catálogo das espécies vegetais compatíveis à produção artesanal. O resultado apresenta possibilidades o uso de insumos e resíduos para a produção artesanal.
Social management in cooperatives: analyse of sustainability reports
Authors: Anzilago Marcielle , Panhoca Luiz
Published: August 2017

This study aims to verify the social indicators reported by the Paraná agroindustry’s cooperatives, those that show their commitment to society. This is a qualitative, descriptive study. The content analysis technique was used through the software Atlas.ti and for data analysis, se used Multiple Correspondence Analysis. The results of this study demonstrate that small cooperatives tend to disclose low-level information on accountability indicators (product and society) and average level of dissemination of labor practices and human rights. Medium-sized cooperatives tend to disclose a low level of evidence of labor practices and decent work and human rights. Large-scale cooperatives disseminate high levels of human rights. The average and high disclosure of the other aspects are not related to the size. It is concluded that the indicators most reported by the cooperatives are: Training; employment; Local community; Decent work; Society; Employee health; Human rights; Labor practices; Salary; Employed workers’ ratio; Security. From the results of the content analysis, it can be inferred that Agribusiness cooperatives in general have practices of relationship with society, seeking continuous improvement for their associates and employees.
G protein βγ subunits inhibit TRPM3 ion channels in sensory neurons
Authors: Quallo Talisia , Alkhatib Omar , Gentry Clive , Andersson David A , Bevan Stuart
Published: August 2017

Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels in peripheral sensory neurons are functionally regulated by hydrolysis of the phosphoinositide PI(4,5)P2 and changes in the level of protein kinase mediated phosphorylation following activation of various G protein coupled receptors. We now show that the activity of TRPM3 expressed in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons is inhibited by agonists of the Gi-coupled µ opioid, GABA-B and NPY receptors. These agonist effects are mediated by direct inhibition of TRPM3 by Gβγ subunits, rather than by a canonical cAMP mediated mechanism. The activity of TRPM3 in DRG neurons is also negatively modulated by tonic, constitutive GPCR activity as TRPM3 responses can be potentiated by GPCR inverse agonists. GPCR regulation of TRPM3 is also seen in vivo where Gi/o GPCRs agonists inhibited and inverse agonists potentiated TRPM3 mediated nociceptive behavioural responses.
RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL-dependent necrosis promotes the aging of mouse male reproductive system
Authors: Li Dianrong , Meng Lingjun , Xu Tao , Su Yaning , Liu Xiao , Zhang Zhiyuan , Wang Xiaodong
Published: August 2017

A pair of kinases, RIPK1 and RIPK3, as well as the RIPK3 substrate MLKL cause a form of programmed necrotic cell death in mammals termed necroptosis. We report here that male reproductive organs of both Ripk3- and Mlkl-knockout mice retain ‘youthful’ morphology and function into advanced age, while those of age-matched wild-type mice deteriorate. The RIPK3 phosphorylation of MLKL, the activation marker of necroptosis, is detected in spermatogonial stem cells in the testes of old but not in young wild-type mice. When the testes of young wild-type mice are given a local necroptotic stimulus, their reproductive organs showed accelerated aging. Feeding of wild-type mice with an RIPK1 inhibitor prior to the normal onset of age-related changes in their reproductive organs blocked the appearance of signs of aging. Thus, necroptosis in testes promotes the aging-associated deterioration of the male reproductive system in mice.
The hidden anatomy of paranasal sinuses reveals biogeographically distinct morphotypes in the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)
Authors: Billet Guillaume , Hautier Lionel , de Thoisy Benoit , Delsuc Frédéric
Published: August 2017

Background

With their Pan-American distribution, long-nosed armadillos (genusDasypus) constitute an understudied model for Neotropical biogeography. This genus currently comprises seven recognized species, the nine-banded armadillo (D. novemcinctus) having the widest distribution ranging from Northern Argentina to the South-Eastern US. With their broad diversity of habitats, nine-banded armadillos provide a useful model to explore the effects of climatic and biogeographic events on morphological diversity at a continental scale.

Methods

Based on a sample of 136 skulls ofDasypusspp. belonging to six species, including 112 specimens identified asD. novemcinctus, we studied the diversity and pattern of variation of paranasal cavities, which were reconstructed virtually using µCT-scanning or observed through bone transparency.

Results

Our qualitative analyses of paranasal sinuses and recesses successfully retrieved a taxonomic differentiation between the traditional speciesD. kappleri,D. pilosusandD. novemcinctusbut failed to recover diagnostic features between the disputed and morphologically similarD. septemcinctusandD. hybridus. Most interestingly, the high variation detected in our large sample ofD. novemcinctusshowed a clear geographical patterning, with the recognition of three well-separated morphotypes: one ranging from North and Central America and parts of northern South America west of the Andes, one distributed across the Amazonian Basin and central South America, and one restricted to the Guiana Shield.

Discussion

The question as to whether these paranasal morphotypes may represent previously unrecognized species is to be evaluated through a thorough revision of theDasypusspecies complex integrating molecular and morphological data. Remarkably, our recognition of a distinct morphotype in the Guiana Shield area is congruent with the recent discovery of a divergent mitogenomic lineage in French Guiana. The inflation of the second medialmost pair of caudal frontal sinuses constitutes an unexpected morphological diagnostic feature for this potentially distinct species. Our results demonstrate the benefits of studying overlooked internal morphological structures in supposedly cryptic species revealed by molecular data. It also illustrates the under-exploited potential of the highly variable paranasal sinuses of armadillos for systematic studies.
Age and growth of Lithothamnion muelleri (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in the southwestern Gulf of California, Mexico
Authors: Rivera MG , Riosmena-Rodríguez R , Foster MS
Published: August 2017

The nongeniculate coralline alga Lithothamnion muelleri Lenormand ex Rosanoff is commonly found as a free-living rhodolith in the wave-exposed shallow waters of the southwestern Gulf of California. This species has bands along the main branch axes suggesting that growth is periodic and that may be used to determine age and growth. As part of our ongoing research related to rhodoliths and their ecology, we have made observations on the nature of these bands based on their structure in entire plants and on field and laboratory growth experiments. Individual plants from different size classes were tagged, stained with alizarin and returned to the field, while another set was tested in the laboratory. Half of the plants were sampled after 6 months and the rest after 12 months. The data indicate that this species grew at a rate of 0.60 mm yr–1 in the field and 0.87 mm yr–1 in the laboratory. There were no significant differences among branches within a plant, or among plants of different size. Growth was seasonal, with high rates in winter and spring, and low rates in summer and fall. This may explain the observed alternating light-dark bands (up to 4) along branch axes. The growth rates suggest that larger plants (ca 15 cm diameter) may be over 100 years old.
Incidental catch of billfish and other species by Venezuelan longline vessels in the Caribbean Sea and western Atlantic Ocean: Period 1986-2000
Authors: Marcano JS , Lárez A , Gutiérrez X , Alió JJ , Salazar H , Márquez M
Published: August 2017

An analysis is made of the catch, effort and catch per unit effort (CPUE) of the incidental capture of billfish and other species by longline vessels in eastern Venezuela. The information was based on fishing logbooks from 1986 to 2000. The fishing grounds were divided into two sectors according to the different hydrological regimes: the Caribbean Sea (11º–17ºN, 61º–75W) and the western Atlantic Ocean (5º–17ºN, 50º–60ºW). The number of vessels in the fleet increased from 9 to 41 units between 1986 and 1996. Tunas were the dominant group in the landings, representing on average 73.2% in the Caribbean Sea and 78.8% in the Atlantic Ocean. Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) was the most important species, accounting for 67.4% and 56% of the total weight captured in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, respectively. The incidental catch was composed of white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus), sail fish (Istiophorus albicans), blue marlin (Makaira nigricans), sword fish (Xiphias gladius), dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), and sharks (mainly Carcharhinus spp. and Isurus spp.). White marlin and blue marlin presented asimilar pattern of variation and a sustained decrease in average yearly CPUE during the study period. For both species, CPUE seasonality was strong and more evident in the Caribbean, with a minimum in June and August. Blue marlin showed the highest yields per unit of effort (1.7 kg/100 hooks/day) in both sectors; dolphinfish showed similar CPUE values in both sectors, while the yields of sword fish were higher in the Caribbean Sea and those of sharks were higher in the Atlantic Ocean. The average annual CPUE of white marlin and several shark species showed significant differences between the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean sectors. The changes in abundance of the species seem to be associated with feeding migratory movements.
Intensive culture of Litopenaeus vannamei Boone 1931, in a recirculating seawater system
Authors: Barón-Sevilla B , Buckle-Ramírez LF , Hernández-Rodríguez M
Published: August 2017

The intensive culture of Litopenaeus vannamei continues to expand and their study in recirculating rearing tanks with limited water volume is scarce. The aim of this research was to cultivate white shrimp postlarvae (PL 13) for five months in a 5.85-m3 rearing unit. Vertical mosquito screen curtains augmented the tank area of the rearing unit from 13.9 (wall surface) to 84.6 m2. The total water volume (11 m3) was recirculated at a rate of 7.2 m3 h–1. Shrimp postlarvae were fed with fine-graded Camaronina mixed with water for one month and then replaced with Camaronina pellets distributed automatically twice a day. During the trial, water temperature ranged from 23.0ºC to 25.8ºC, oxygen from 5.3 to 7.5 mg L–1, and salinity from 27.5‰ to 28.4‰. At the end of the experiment, water quality was pH 7.4, NH3-N = 0.8 mg L–1, NO2-N = 0.287 mg L–1, PO4 = 7.9 mg L–1, and total PO4 = 1.71 mg L–1. The final crop for the unit was 56.7 kg, with a shrimp mean mass of 4.001 g, and a maximum and minimum of 8.484 and 0.384 g, respectively. In terms of the total recirculated seawater volume (11 m3), the production was 5.15 kg m–3, and in relation to the tank volume, 9.7 kg m–3; considering the tank surface without curtains, production was 4.1 kg m–2, and with curtains, 0.67 kg m–2. The design and installation of the curtains is a viable tank modification to increase the available space in a reduced water volume. Our results indicate that the mean residence time (1.23 h) of the water recirculation in the rearing unit can sustain high water quality. Another extension of our results is to make use of the design to culture postlarvae as a nursery unit to raise juveniles less than 4 g for subsequent transfer to culture facilities. However, it is much more important to implicate in the analysis the use of land that in some countries, such as Mexico, constitutes vast regions of useful agricultural land, transformed into culture ponds to increase the national shrimp production. In this sense, shrimp production of the experiment in terms of the base area (7 m2) of the culture tank was 8.1 kg m–2.
Temporal trends (1989–1999) in populations of Haliotis fulgens and H. corrugata (Gastropoda: Haliotidae) from Cedros Island, Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Rodríguez-Valencia JA , Caballero-Alegría F , Castro-González J
Published: August 2017

This work analyzes the temporal trends (1989–1999) of populations of Haliotis fulgens and H. corrugata from Cedros Island, Baja California (Mexico). The mean total density of H. fulgens in the northern (Punta Norte) and southwestern (San Agustín) points of Cedros Island showed a significant decreasing trend, while H. corrugata showed that trend only at San Agustín. Only the mean density of the legal-sized stock of H. fulgens presented a significant decreasing trend at the island. The density extracted due to fishing of H. corrugata at Punta Norte showed a significant increasing trend, but the abundance of its legal-sized stock did not show a significant decreasing trend. Authorized extraction levels for both species at Cedros Island have been lower than the maximum allowed in Mexico (30% of the legal-sized stock of each species for each fishing zone). Recent percentages of recruitment of both species are low and show no significant temporal trends. Apparently, recruitment of both species at Punta Norte decreases when the water temperature increases. A significant negative relationship was found between the physiological condition of both species and increased water temperature at Punta Norte, but such a relationship was absent at San Agustín, suggesting that the effect of warm events may differ among neighboring locations or that the populations differ in physiological tolerance. The magnitude and frequency of fluctuations in the physiological condition of both species should be taken into account when fishing quotas are assigned, since they will surely influence the magnitude and quality of spawning and natural mortality.
Microflora of fresh and ice-stored sardines (Sardina pilchardus) from the Moroccan Atlantic coast
Authors: Elotmani F , Assobhei O , Revol-Junelles AM , Bernard-Milliére J
Published: August 2017

Sardines (Sardina pilchardus) caught on the Moroccan Atlantic coast (off El Jadida) were examined fresh (February, May and July trials) and after 10 days of storage in ice (July trial). From fresh fish, a total of 193 strains were isolated from the muscle with skin, gills and viscera, whereas from ice-stored fish, 122 strains were isolated from the muscle. Gram-negative bacteria always predominated among the initial flora in all trials. The predominant Gram-negative microflora of the fresh fish consisted of Moraxellaceae (Moraxella sp., Acinetobacter sp., Psychrobacter sp.), Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae (Pseudomonas sp.), and the genera Shewanella and Flavobacterium. The Gram-positive flora was identified as Staphylococcus sp., Micrococcus sp. and coryneform bacteria. Significant seasonal variation in initial flora was not noted. Ice storage allowed the growth of Gramnegative bacteria, with Pseudomonas as the dominant microflora, followed by Shewanella putrefaciens. The present study indicates that Pseudomonas sp. probably contribute to the spoilage of sardines caught in the Atlantic Ocean.
Modelling the use of two fishery access rights, concessions and licences, in the red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (Agassiz), fishery at Santo Tomás, Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Ramírez-Féliz E , Manzano-Monroy HG
Published: August 2017

Various stages of the red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (Agassiz), fishery were simulated to evaluate the effect of two types of access rights under Mexican law: concessions and licences. The resource biomass was evaluated using the critical depensation and Schaefer models. Each model was evaluated as a static or dynamic system. The parameters required for each model were determined from government data and by generating stochastic numbers using the Monte Carlo method to adjust to a dynamic model. In general, both models predicted catches smaller than those observed. The five-year-period simulation for both models showed a drop in biomass when licences are issued, whereas a similar simulation for concessions resulted in increased biomass, except when high temperatures occurred. Our results suggest that issuing concessions rather than licences is the best option to conserve the fishery.
Luteinizing hormone plasma levels in male European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) feeding diets with different fatty acid composition
Authors: María-Nava J , Mañanós E , Ramos J , Zanuy S , Carrillo M
Published: August 2017

This work analyzes the plasma level variations of luteinizing hormone (LH) during the reproductive cycle and the percentage of spermiating European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) males fed diets containing different percentages of lipids. The control group was fed with a natural diet consisting of trash fish (Boops boops L.). Two experimental groups were fed with pelleted diets containing different amounts of lipids: one group was fed with a commercially available diet with 10% lipid content (called group 10%), and another group was fed with this base diet enriched to a 22% lipid content using refined fish oil enriched in n-3 fatty acids (called group 22%). The control group exhibited the highest percentages of spermiating males, with values close to 100% from December to March. This good reproductive performance was associated with the highest LH plasma levels, which increased from November to February. In group 10%, the percentage of spermiating males was higher than 75% only between January and March, and plasma levels of LH were low during the reproductive season and significantly lower in February than in the control group. Group 22% also exhibited lower percentages of spermiating males than the control group, but higher than those observed in group 10%; LH plasma levels in this group were significantly lower in December than those observed for the control group. Differences in LH plasma levels between groups are not clearly associated with differences in the fatty acid composition of the diets. These results suggest that dietary fatty acids do not affect LH plasma levels in male European sea bass as strongly as previously reported in females.
Temperature and salinity dependence of molar absorptivities of thymol blue: Application to the spectrophotometric determination of pH in estuarine waters
Authors: Gabriel MD , Forja JM , Rubio JA , Gómez-Parra A
Published: August 2017

Molar absorptivities of thymol blue have been determined in synthetic solutions of ionic strength ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 Mw. The solutions were buffered to pH 11.5 in order to characterize the absorption spectrum of the basic form of the indicator and to pH 5.0 to characterize the HI– form. The extinction coefficients corresponding to the maximums of absorption of these forms of the indicator, as well as the molar absorptivities that describe the residual absorbances at the same wavelengths, were determined through linear regression between the indicator concentration in these samples and the absorbances of the maximums after successive additions of 2 mM thymol blue. A linear dependence of the molar absorptivities was found with temperature between 5ºC and 30ºC, and with salinity only for 596ε (I2–). The application of the expressions of the molar absorptivities for the calculation of the spectrophotometric pH provided results in accordance with the potentiometric pH measurements in the total hydrogen ion concentration scale
Medical Expert Systems
Authors: Kerkhof Peter L. M. , Alonso‐Betanzos Amparo , Moret‐Bonillo Vicente
Published: August 2017

Medical informatics has undergone a significant transformation in the past two decades. Software that once was only running on main frames, is nowadays available for anyone on any desired location via tablets and smartphones. Interestingly, the original ambitious endeavors to construct systems that ultimately would encompass the whole of medicine have not been realized thus far. Rather we nowadays see a wide variety of handy applications covering selected disciplines. At the same time, we face a big data reality where clinical details have expanded due to technological advances such as genotyping and sophisticated imaging. These developments herald the (re)introduction of highly specialized centers for computing and data interpretation, thus paving the way to translate vast amounts of information into knowledge. The scope is enlarged to astronomical proportions, but the promise is still the same as in the 1990s.
Patient Monitoring
Authors: Togawa Tatsuo
Published: August 2017

Electronic patient monitoring systems have been introduced in hospitals for physiological monitoring of high‐risk patients. Common items of patient monitoring are physiological parameters on which critical changes of patient condition are reflected. Commonly monitored items are electrocardiogram, blood pressure, cardiac output, respiration, blood gas, body temperature, intracranial pressure, biochemical parameters, and brain function. Continuous monitoring is required for circulatory and respiratory monitoring because sudden change in circulation and respiration may cause a fatal consequence. Many kinds of sensors are used to detect signals. Sometimes, a sensor is inserted into the body by invasive manner, but noninvasive monitoring in which a sensor is only placed on the body surface is preferred for less‐critical patients. To realize accurate and reliable patient monitoring by noninvasive manner needs advanced technical challenges. Patient monitoring is now spreading to outpatients. When a patient can be monitored adequately, medical care can be performed at home. Instruments for home care should be inexpensive, safe, reliable, and maintenance free. By using a wearable monitoring system, continuous health care will be secured anytime and anywhere, so that patient can be involved in social activities even when ill. Such a concept is called ubiquitous health care.
Relay Protection
Authors: Rostamkolai Niusha
Published: August 2017

Today's electric power system consists of large and small generating stations, transformers, transmission lines, distribution lines, reactors, capacitors, and induction motors. Most of the time a power system operates in its normal mode of operation. However, natural events such as lightning, wind, ice, earthquake, fire, explosions, falling trees, flying objects, physical contact by animals or humans, contamination, and personnel errors can result in short circuits. Short circuits, also known as faults, will change the status of a power system from a normal state to an abnormal state. Protective relays are in wide use throughout power systems to detect abnormal modes of operation. They are relatively small electromechanical, solid‐state, or computer (microprocessor‐based) devices that sense the abnormal modes of operation through instrument transformers.

A protective relay identifies short circuits or other problems quickly, and initiates circuit breaker tripping to isolate the faulty component. Consequently, a minimum amount of the circuit is disconnected and a high level of service continuity is achieved. Protective relays do not prevent failures, but they mitigate undesirable effects of faults and failures and minimize failed equipment damage. Well‐designed protective relay equipment have high levels of reliability, speed, sensitivity, selectivity, and economics.

A secondary function of protective relays is to provide information regarding the location and type of failure. This information assists in locating and repairing faulty equipment. It also provides a means for assessing the effectiveness of a protection scheme based on the level of damage that occurred.
Polycaprolactone: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Guarino Vincenzo , Gentile Gennaro , Sorrentino Luigi , Ambrosio Luigi
Published: August 2017

Polycaprolactone (PCL) is one of the earliest, commercially available, synthetic polymers characterized by a large set of biodegradation and mechanical properties that can be finely controlled by regulating the local environmental driving forces (ie, microorganisms, enzymes, hydrolysis). Owing to their faster resorbability and long‐term degradation in the presence of water (up to 3 to 4 years), PCL has been widely investigated as a bioinspired material able to target selective cell response via controlled intracellular resorption pathways. In comparison with other aliphatic polyesters, the superior rheological and viscoelastic properties render PCL easy to manufacture and manipulate into a wide range of three‐dimensional platforms (ie, porous scaffold, micro‐ and nanocarriers, and implantable devices). In this article, we discuss the main relationships between polymer synthesis, physical/chemical properties, and processing conditions to optimize the fabrication of biodegradable devices made of PCL, putting particular focus on drug delivery, tissue engineering. and green chemistry applications.
Aggregation‐Induced Emission Polymers
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyong , Wan Qing , Liu Meiying , Wei Yen
Published: August 2017

Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) is an unusual fluorescent phenomenon characterized by strong luminescence observed in the aggregated state or in high‐concentration solutions. AIE‐active polymers have been extensively explored for various applications. Owing to their unique AIE property, these polymers overcome the aggregation caused quenching effect observed in conventional organic dyes. This makes the AIE‐active polymers especially attractive for biomedical applications due to the aggregation of AIEgens in aqueous solution. AIE‐active polymers have shown great potential for chemical/biological sensors, biological imaging, multimodel imaging, drug delivery, nanotheranostics, and organic light emission diodes owing to their outstanding properties such as ultrabrightness, versatile design, and multifunctional potential. This article presents recent advances in the fabrication strategies and biomedical applications of AIE‐active polymers.
Ion hole formation and nonlinear generation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves: THEMIS observations
Authors: Shoji Masafumi , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Katoh Yuto , Keika Kunihiro , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Kasahara Satoshi , Asamura Kazushi , Nakamura Satoko , Omura Yoshiharu
Published: August 2017

Electromagnetic plasma waves are thought to be responsible for energy exchange between charged particles in space plasmas. Such an energy exchange process is evidenced by phase space holes identified in the ion distribution function and measurements of the dot product of the plasma wave electric field and the ion velocity. We develop a method to identify ion hole formation, taking into consideration the phase differences between the gyromotion of ions and the electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. Using this method, we identify ion holes in the distribution function and the resulting nonlinear EMIC wave evolution from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) observations. These ion holes are key to wave growth and frequency drift by the ion currents through nonlinear wave‐particle interactions, which are identified by a computer simulation in this study.
Decadal fCO2 trends in global ocean margins and adjacent boundary current‐influenced areas
Authors: Wang Hongjie , Hu Xinping , Cai Wei‐Jun , Sterba‐Boatwright Blair
Published: August 2017

Determination of the rate of change of sea surface CO2 fugacity (fCO2) is important, as the fCO2 gradient between the atmosphere and the ocean determines the direction of CO2 flux and hence the fate of this greenhouse gas. Using a newly available, community‐based global CO2 database (Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Version 3 coastal data set) and a newly developed statistical method, we report that the global ocean margins (within 400 km offshore, 30°S–70°N) fCO2 temporal trends on decadal time scales (1.93 ± 1.59 μatm yr−1) closely follow the atmospheric fCO2 increase rate (1.90 ± 0.06 μatm yr−1) in the Northern Hemisphere but are lower (1.35 ± 0.55 μatm yr−1) in the Southern Hemisphere, reflecting dominant atmospheric forcing in conjunction with different warming rates in the two hemispheres. In addition to the atmospheric fCO2 forcing, a direct warming effect contributes more to fCO2 increase in the western boundary current‐influenced areas, while intensified upwelling contributes more to fCO2 increase in eastern boundary current‐influenced areas.
Predictability at intraseasonal time scale
Authors: Krishnamurthy V. , Sharma A. S.
Published: August 2017

Establishing the predictability of the climate system beyond the weather time scale of about 10 days is essential for extended range prediction. To overcome the limitation imposed by deterministic chaos on long‐range prediction, we exploit the near‐oscillatory behavior of monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) and other such phenomena in the tropical climate. These are nonlinear oscillations in the time range of 30–60 days. Based on the phase space reconstruction method of nonlinear dynamical systems theory, we have developed a prediction model using the time series of MISO. We demonstrate that the Indian monsoon intraseasonal oscillation can be predicted with more accuracy at extended range. The phase space reconstruction model performs better than the Climate Forecast System of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction in predicting the MISO. Our results show that intraseasonal variability can be modeled as a low‐dimensional dynamical system and demonstrate extended predictability of climate.
Thunderstorm‐/lightning‐induced ionospheric perturbation: An observation from equatorial and low‐latitude stations around Hong Kong
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Chen Wu , Chen Mingli , Liu Zhizhao , Singh R. P.
Published: August 2017

Total electron content (TEC) computed from the network of Global Positioning System over Hong Kong area known as Hong Kong Sat‐Ref‐network has been used to study perturbation in the ionosphere from thunder storm activity. Data for geomagnetic quiet day (Kp < 4, on 1 April 2014) have been analyzed. The lightning activity was measured from Total Lightning sensor LS8000 over/around the Hong Kong region. Deviation in vertical TEC (DTEC) and the rate of change of TEC index (ROTI) have been derived and compared for lightning day of 1 April 2014 and nonlightning day of 7 April 2014. An analysis showed reduction in TEC during evening hour (up to 1245 UT), whereas an enhancement during nighttime hour on the lightning day is observed. The variations in DTEC during nonlightning day are found to be insignificant in comparison to that during the lightning day. The ionospheric perturbation in TEC has been noticed up to a distance around ~500 km and more from the lightning center. ROTI is found to vary from 3 to 60 total electron content unit (TECU)/min (1 TECU = 1016 el m−2) on the day of thunderstorm activity, whereas ROTI is insignificant on nonlightning days. Signature of density bubbles in slant TEC data and periodicities (10–100 min) in DTEC data are observed. For the same pseudorandom numbers (1, 10, 13, 23, and 28) strong amplitude scintillations are also observed at a close by station. Amplitude scintillations are proposed to be caused by plasma bubbles. The results are tentatively explained by thunderstorm‐induced electric fields and gravity waves.
Modeling radiation belt dynamics using a 3‐D layer method code
Authors: Wang C. , Ma Q. , Tao X. , Zhang Y. , Teng S. , Albert J. M. , Chan A. A. , Li W. , Ni B. , Lu Q. , Wang S.
Published: August 2017

A new 3‐D diffusion code using a recently published layer method has been developed to analyze radiation belt electron dynamics. The code guarantees the positivity of the solution even when mixed diffusion terms are included. Unlike most of the previous codes, our 3‐D code is developed directly in equatorial pitch angle (α0), momentum (p), and L shell coordinates; this eliminates the need to transform back and forth between (α0,p) coordinates and adiabatic invariant coordinates. Using (α0,p,L) is also convenient for direct comparison with satellite data. The new code has been validated by various numerical tests, and we apply the 3‐D code to model the rapid electron flux enhancement following the geomagnetic storm on 17 March 2013, which is one of the Geospace Environment Modeling Focus Group challenge events. An event‐specific global chorus wave model, an AL‐dependent statistical plasmaspheric hiss wave model, and a recently published radial diffusion coefficient formula from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) statistics are used. The simulation results show good agreement with satellite observations, in general, supporting the scenario that the rapid enhancement of radiation belt electron flux for this event results from an increased level of the seed population by radial diffusion, with subsequent acceleration by chorus waves. Our results prove that the layer method can be readily used to model global radiation belt dynamics in three dimensions.
The Empirical Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model (E‐CHAIM): NmF2 and hmF2
Authors: Themens David R. , Jayachandran P. T. , Galkin Ivan , Hall Chris
Published: August 2017

We present here the Empirical Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model (E‐CHAIM) quiet NmF2, perturbation NmF2, and quiet hmF2 models. These models provide peak ionospheric characteristics for a domain above 50°N geomagnetic latitude. Model fitting is undertaken using all available ionosonde and radio occultation electron density data, constituting a data set of over 28 million observations. A comprehensive validation of the model is undertaken, and performance is compared to that of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). In the case of the quiet NmF2 model, the E‐CHAIM model provides a systematic improvement over the IRI Union Radio Scientifique Internationale maps. At all stations within the polar cap, we see drastic RMS error improvements over the IRI by up to 1.3 MHz in critical frequency (up to 60% in NmF2). These improvements occur primarily during equinox periods and at low solar activities, decreasing somewhat as one tends to lower latitudes. Qualitatively, the E‐CHAIM is capable of representing auroral enhancements in NmF2, as well as the location and extent of the main ionospheric trough, not reproduced by the IRI. The included NmF2 storm model demonstrates improvements over the IRI by up to 35% and over the quiet time E‐CHAIM model by up to 30%. In terms of hmF2, over the validation periods used in this study, we found overall RMS errors of ~13 km for E‐CHAIM, with IRI2007 overall hmF2 errors ranging between 16 km and 22 km. The E‐CHAIM performs comparably to or slightly better than the IRI within the polar cap; however, significant improvements are found within the auroral oval.
A neural network model of three‐dimensional dynamic electron density in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Chu X. , Bortnik J. , Li W. , Ma Q. , Denton R. , Yue C. , Angelopoulos V. , Thorne R. M. , Darrouzet F. , Ozhogin P. , Kletzing C. A. , Wang Y. , Menietti J.
Published: August 2017

A plasma density model of the inner magnetosphere is important for a variety of applications including the study of wave‐particle interactions, and wave excitation and propagation. Previous empirical models have been developed under many limiting assumptions and do not resolve short‐term variations, which are especially important during storms. We present a three‐dimensional dynamic electron density (DEN3D) model developed using a feedforward neural network with electron densities obtained from four satellite missions. The DEN3D model takes spacecraft location and time series of solar and geomagnetic indices (F10.7, SYM‐H, and AL) as inputs. It can reproduce the observed density with a correlation coefficient of 0.95 and predict test data set with error less than a factor of 2. Its predictive ability on out‐of‐sample data is tested on field‐aligned density profiles from the IMAGE satellite. DEN3D's predictive ability provides unprecedented opportunities to gain insight into the 3‐D behavior of the inner magnetospheric plasma density at any time and location. As an example, we apply DEN3D to a storm that occurred on 1 June 2013. It successfully reproduces various well‐known dynamic features in three dimensions, such as plasmaspheric erosion and recovery, as well as plume formation. Storm time long‐term density variations are consistent with expectations; short‐term variations appear to be modulated by substorm activity or enhanced convection, an effect that requires further study together with multispacecraft in situ or imaging measurements. Investigating plasmaspheric refilling with the model, we find that it is not monotonic in time and is more complex than expected from previous studies, deserving further attention.
Redistribution of H atoms in the upper atmosphere during geomagnetic storms
Authors: Qin Jianqi , Waldrop Lara , Makela Jonathan J.
Published: August 2017

Geocoronal H emission data acquired by NASA's Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics mission are analyzed to quantify the H density distribution over the entire magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere region in order to investigate the response of the atmospheric system as a whole to geomagnetic storms. It is shown that at low and middle latitudes the H density averaged over storm times in the thermosphere‐exosphere transition region decreases by ∼30%, while the H density at exospheric altitudes above ∼1–2 RE increases by up to ∼40% relative to quiet times. We postulate that enhanced ion‐neutral charge exchange in the topside ionosphere and inner plasmasphere is the primary driver of the observed H redistribution. Specifically, charge exchange reactions between H atoms and ionospheric/plasmaspheric O+ lead to direct H loss, while those between thermal H and H+ yield kinetically energized H atoms which populate gravitationally bound satellite orbits. The resulting H density enhancements in the outer exosphere would enhance the charge exchange rates in the ring current and the associated energetic neutral atom production. Regardless of the underlying mechanisms, H redistribution should be considered as an important process in the study of storm time atmospheric evolution, and the resultant changes in the geocoronal H emissions potentially could be used to monitor geomagnetic storms.
Transfer and dissipation of energy during wave group propagation on a gentle beach slope
Authors: Padilla Enrique M. , Alsina José M.
Published: August 2017

The propagation of bichromatic wave groups over a constant 1:100 beach slope and the influence of the group modulation is presented. The modulation is controlled by varying the group frequency, fg, which is shown to remarkably affect the energy transfer to high and low frequency components. The growth of the high frequency (hf) wave skewness increases when fg decreases. This is explained by nonlinear coupling between the primary frequencies, which results in a larger growth of hf components as fg decreases, causing the hf waves to break earlier. Due to high spatial resolution, wave tracking has provided an accurate measurement of the varying breakpoint. These breaking locations are very well described (
) by the wave‐height to effective‐depth ratio (γ). However, for any given Iribarren number, this γ is shown to increase with fg. Therefore, a modified Iribarren number is proposed to include the grouping structure, leading to a considerable improvement in reproducing the measured γ‐values. Within the surf zone, the behavior of the Incident Long Wave also depends on the group modulation. For low fg conditions, the lf wave decays only slightly by transferring energy back to the hf wave components. However, for high fg wave conditions, strong dissipation of low frequency (lf) components occurs close to the shoreline associated with lf wave breaking. This mechanism is explained by the growth of the lf wave height, induced partly by the self‐self interaction of fg, and partly by the nonlinear coupling between the primary frequencies and fg.
An HF and lower VHF spectrum assessment system exploiting instantaneously wideband capture
Authors: Barnes Rod I. , Singh Malkiat , Earl Fred
Published: August 2017

We report on a spectral environment evaluation and recording (SEER) system, for instantaneously wideband spectral capture and characterization in the HF and lower VHF band, utilizing a direct digital receiver coupled to a data recorder. The system is designed to contend with a wide variety of electromagnetic environments and to provide accurately calibrated spectral characterization and display from very short (ms) to synoptic scales. The system incorporates a novel RF front end involving automated gain and equalization filter selection which provides an analogue frequency‐dependent gain characteristic that mitigates the high dynamic range found across the HF and lower VHF spectrum. The system accurately calibrates its own internal noise and automatically subtracts this from low variance, external spectral estimates, further extending the dynamic range over which robust characterization is possible. Laboratory and field experiments demonstrate that the implementation of these concepts has been effective. Sensitivity to varying antenna load impedance of the internal noise reduction process has been examined. Examples of software algorithms to provide extraction and visualization of spectral behavior over narrowband, wideband, short, and synoptic scales are provided. Application in HF noise spectral density monitoring, spectral signal strength assessment, and electromagnetic interference detection is possible with examples provided. The instantaneously full bandwidth collection provides some innovative applications, and this is demonstrated by the collection of discrete lightning emissions, which form fast ionograms called “flashagrams” in power‐delay‐frequency plots.
Aspects of the Energetics of Metal β‐Diketonates and their Derivatives
Authors: Zeiger Diana N. , Liebman Joel F. , Ponikvar‐Svet Maja
Published: August 2017

In this chapter, we will discuss diverse aspects of the energetics of metal β‐diketonates and their derivatives. By “energetics” we mean thermochemical and related studies, and so we include enthalpies of reaction and of formation as well as equilibrium measurements and stability constants. We will also discuss the gain or loss of an electron, and therefore consider ionization potentials, electron affinities, and electrochemical potentials. By metal β‐diketonates and derivatives we mean, most generally, species with a substructure of the type [M(dik)n], where dik (β‐diketonato) is an organic monovalent anion of structure (RC(X)C(R1)C(O)R2)−and M is an arbitrary metal. For completeness and additional insights, in this chapter we will also consider M to be virtually all elements (nonmetal, metalloid, or metal), and eventually we will include hydrogen.
Influence of Ultrafine‐Grained Layer on Gaseous Nitriding of Large‐Sized Titanium Plate
Authors: Yao Quantong , Sun Jian , Zhang Guanglan , Tong Weiping , Zuo Liang
Published: August 2017

In this paper, mechanical shot blasting on a large sized titanium plate is conducted to induce severe plastic deformation, which generates an ultrafine‐grained surface layer. The effect of an ultrafine‐grained layer on nitriding is evaluated at nitriding temperatures from 600 to 850 °C. The structural phases and mechanical property improvements are investigated and compared to those of a coarse‐grained specimen by using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and mechanical property measurements. The results indicate that an ultrafine‐grained layer enhances the nitriding kinetics and produces a thicker nitrided layer than that of a coarse‐grained plate at the same gaseous nitriding temperatures. The improved kinetics are attributed to a greater number of grain boundaries and defects introduced into the titanium plate surface by the mechanical shot blasting treatment. Meanwhile, the surface and cross‐sectional hardness values improve compared to the coarse‐grained plate due to the thicker nitrided layer resulting from deeper nitrogen diffusion.