bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Received Support, Anticipated Support, Social Class, and Mortality
Authors: Krause Neal
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationships among received support, anticipated support, social class, and mortality. Anticipated support is defined as the belief that significant others will provide assistance in the future should the need arise. Data from a prospective nationwide survey of older adults indicate that greater received support is associated with an increased mortality risk. However, the findings further reveal that anticipated support is associated with lower mortality risk, but these beneficial effects are evident only in the upper social classes. Finally, the analyses suggest that there may be a reciprocal relationship between received support and anticipated support. However, the relationship between these dimensions of support varies by social class standing.
Elderly Victimization
Authors: Mccabe Kimberly A. , Gregory Sharon S.
Published: March 2007

Most of the research on elderly victimization has focused primarily on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI)'s major index crimes of murder, rape, and robbery; however, this restricted approach to the study of crime only depicts a portion of the actual crime against the elderly. This research was conducted to capture a more encompassing view of elderly victimization. The data were obtained from the FBI's National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) in the state of South Carolina. Results of the study suggest that the elderly (age 65 and older) are more at risk than are younger segments of the population for crimes of robbery, intimidation, vandal-ism, and forgery/fraud, with the sex and race of the elderly victim also associated with specific types of criminal victimization.
Elections in Africa: A Fading Shadow of Democracy?
Authors: Adejumobi Said
Published: March 2007

Elections constitute an important element in liberal democracy. They are a viable means of ensuring the orderly process of leadership succession and change and an instrument of political authority and legitimation. The failure of elections or their absence largely defines the predominance of political dictatorships and personalized rule in Africa. The current wave of democratic enthusiasm has evoked a process of competitive and multiparty elections. This has provided a platform for the civil society to make political claims on the state. However, both the structure and process of elections, the former being the organizational infrastructure for managing elections and the latter, the precepts and procedures of elections, remain largely perverted. Election rigging and brigandage, violence and election annulment are common practices. The trend is towards a reversal to the old order of despotic political rulership under the guise of civil governance. Elections in their current form in most African states appear to be a fading shadow of democracy, endangering the fragile democratic project itself.
Popular Satisfaction with the Party System and Representative Democracy in the United States
Authors: Dennis Jack , Owen Diana
Published: March 2007

There are a variety of explanations for diminished levels of popular support for American government, institutions, and leaders evident since the Watergate era. Prominent theories focus on the changing nature of US political culture or perceptions of economic conditions. A plausible alternative explanation is that citizens feel inadequately represented by agents of government, and that the linkages facilitating representation no longer function effectively. Although the role of political parties often is portrayed as declining, parties still have the potential to be meaningful conduits for citizen representation. The article examines explanations for public support or alienation from various dimensions of the political system, focusing on citizens' orientations toward political parties. In general, it finds a strong connection between citizens' partisanship and feelings about political parties and their support for the political regime and democratic processes.
Citizenship, Humanity, and Cosmopolitan Harm Conventions
Authors: Linklater Andrew
Published: March 2007

This article lays the foundations for a sociology of cosmopolitan harm conventions which protect the vulnerable everywhere from avoidable suffering and distress. It builds on the study of international society associated with the “English School” and seeks to develop its account of how states cooperate to reduce harm in their external relations. The English School argues that the principal harm conventions in international society are designed to maintain order between states. There is only limited agreement about how international order should act to prevent harm to individuals and non-sovereign associations. Several international legal conventions do outlaw harm which is justified in terms of the superiority of some cultures or races over others, and perhaps modern international society is making progress beyond earlier forms of world political organization by insisting that transnational, or cross-border, harm should be a central moral concern for the world political system as a whole. But to do so, it needs to transcend the forms of harm that particular groups inflict on others and the more diffuse types of harm which are caused by global capitalism and industrialization. A moral commitment to new forms of domestic and international political community which have this ambition lies at the heart of a sociology of cosmopolitan harm conventions with an emancipatory intent.
Loss Aversion, Framing, and Bargaining: The Implications of Prospect Theory for International Conflict
Authors: Levy Jack S.
Published: March 2007

Prospect theory deviates from expected-utility theory by positing that how people frame a problem around a reference point has a critical influence on their choices and that people tend to overweight losses with respect to comparable gains, to be risk-averse with respect to gains and risk-acceptant with respect to losses, and to respond to probabilities in a non-linear manner. This study examines these and related observed anomalies in expected-utility theory, summarizes how prospect theory integrates these anomalies into an alternative theory of risky choice, and explores some of the implications of prospect theory for international conflict and for bargaining and coercion in particular. One hypothesis is that political leaders of adversarial states behave differently when they are bargaining over gains than when they are bargaining over losses. Another is that crisis behavior may be more destabilizing than commonly predicted by rational choice theories because leaders are less willing to make concessions and more willing to risk large losses in the hope of eliminating small losses altogether.
Pluralisme “chrétien-social”
Authors: Calvez Jean-Yves
Published: March 2007

Le pluralisme dans le courant “chrétien-social” est en relation avec la question du pluralisme du point de vue du christianisme en général. Le pluralisme n'a pas toujours régné dans le christianisme, en particulier le catholicisme. Il s'est épanoui cependant depuis le concile Vatican II (1962-1965). En 1972, les évêques français ont expressément discuté et approuvé un pluralisme des attitudes chrétiennes en matière politique et sociale. Dans ce contexte le courant chrétien-social comporte deux variantes principales: catholicisme social et catholicisme libéral, fort éloignés l'un de l'autre à la fin du XIX e siècle et au début du XXe. Dans les années 1930, se produit encore entre catholiques une vraie querelle sur la démocratie. Le rapprochement des deux variantes a lieu après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Des préférences n'en subsistent pas moins selon les groupes.
Three Temporal Dimensions to the Consolidation of Democracy
Authors: Schmitter Philippe C. , Santiso Javier
Published: March 2007

The study of democratization, more than most fields of comparative political inquiry, should be sensitive to the time factor. When something happens, as well as in what order and with what rhythm, can be even more important in determining the outcome than whether something happens or what happens. As “transitologists” and “consolidologists” have moved away from structural determinants of democracy toward a more process- and actor-oriented approach, they have also had to become more explicit about different dimensions of temporality. In this article, we explore three of them: time, timing and tempo.
The Puzzle of Conflict Dynamics
Authors: Kamiya Matilde , Wils Annababette
Published: March 2007

Conflict within and among nations is a constant feature throughout the world, with prevailing levels of conflict being concentrated in the poor countries. The authors present an integrated model connecting the theory of internal conflict and the theory of lateral pressure by making simulations of two cases, one, a small, weak country with high population density and low technology level, and the second, a large, strong country with a high level of technology. They conclude that such a model relates only to parts of the puzzle that makes up conflict dynamics.
Aging and Eldercare in Lesser Developed Countries
Authors: JOHNSON NAN E. , CLIMO JACOB J.
Published: March 2007

The family is the main source of caregiving to all its members. One's need for and ability to give care is negotiated by one's place in the family's life cycle and one's social identity—male or female, grandparent, parent, child, or spouse. The availability of relatives shapes the type of care the family can provide for itself and what forms of care it requires from outsiders. The social structure of the family is culturally shaped and globally varied. Most nations have had an upsurge in population aging in the past 50 years that will likely last for the next 50. Thus, a major question is: How can the efforts of families to meet the needs of their elders be filled in culturally appropriate contexts? The increasing diversity of family structures within and across nations will invite an assortment of local solutions drawing resources from multiple levels: individuals, families, and communities.
Beyond the Intergenerational Transmission of Divorce
Authors: WOLFINGER NICHOLAS H.
Published: March 2007

Data are used from both waves of the National Survey of Families and Households to test the hypothesis that individuals who experience many parental relationship transitions will often reproduce these behaviors as adults by dissolving multiple marriages. This hypothesis is confirmed, and the findings are essentially unchanged when controlling for socioeconomic characteristics of both respondents and their families of origin. These results are consistent with the family change hypothesis, which attributes the deleterious consequences of nonintact parenting to the strain of experiencing family structure transitions rather than the state of living without a male role model or the poverty often induced by parental divorce. Finally, the findings reconceptualize the often-studied intergenerational transmission of divorce. Neither family structure of origin nor offspring marital behavior can be treated as dichotomies: Multiple family structure transitions make things worse for children, and many of these children will end more than one marriage.
Grandmothers Who Parent Their Grandchildren
Authors: GOODMAN CATHERINE CHASE , SILVERSTEIN MERRIL
Published: March 2007

Grandparents raising grandchildren is a growing phenomenon born of serious parent difficulties such as drug addiction, child abuse, and neglect. This study focuses on grandmother well-being and the configuration of close relationships across an intergenerational triad consisting of grandmother, parent, and grandchild. Grandmothers who played a linking role in the family and had strong ties to both other generations had greater life satisfaction than grandmothers in most other triad types. Bradburn Affect Balance Scales showed no differences across types. There may be advantages for caregiving grandmothers to have close relationships with both younger generations even when parent-child bonds are weak.
Moonlighting Husbands or Working Wives
Authors: ALPER NEIL O. , MORLOCK MARK J.
Published: March 2007

In households where the husband is the primary income earner, family income may be augmented either by the husband taking a second job (moonlighting) or by the wife obtaining a first job. In this article, binary logit estimating techniques are employed to investigate empirically the types of factors affecting this decision. The data used in the empirical analysis are Wave X (1977) of the University of Michigan's Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The authors find that the relative labor market opportunities of the husband and the wife, the value of the alternative uses of the wife's time, and the attitudes of both the husband and the wife toward the wife's market work all play a significant and predictable role as determinants of moonlighting. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
The Family, Politics, and Religion in the 1980s
Authors: PANKHURST JERRY G. , HOUSEKNECHT SHARON K.
Published: March 2007

The major objective of this article is to examine the process of the politicization of the family and to provide a sociological interpretation. Major social changes have led to the definition of the family as a social problem. Because old patterns have been disrupted, a “normative reaction to normlessness” has set in providing the motivation for the profamily social movement on both the religious and the political level. New Right familism can be viewed as a reaction to what are actually worldwide changes in family patterns that force a reevaluation of the “old individualism” (centered on male prerogatives) and encourage the acceptance of the “new individualism,” which respects the developing extrafamilial prerogatives of females, the young, and the elderly.

Various developments may provide further success or failure for the profamily movement, but the ultimate impact of the movement on society will depend upon the interaction of social organizational and normative dynamics. To the extent that liberal views on family matters prevail, advocates must respond to the need to develop a greater vision for America as a society along with their increased options for personal expression.
Dual-Earner Marriages
Authors: LADEWIG BECKY HEATH , WHITE PRISCILLA N.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in dyadic adjustment and the family social environment among four groups formed on the basis of different patterns of husband-wife occupational commitment. The sample consisted of 92 working couples with at least one child under the age of 18. Using multivariate analysis of covariance and controlling for family life cycle variables, groups that were formed on the basis of husband-wife patterns of commitment to work differed on the composite of dependent variables (dyadic adjustment and the family social environment). Differing emphasis in the family environment on achievement of family members and on family system organization were important contributors to overall differences among groups. The group in which both husband and wife scored high on occupational commitment, the dual-career couples, placed greater emphasis on both achievement and organization than did the other three groups. Differentiating dual-career from dual-work marriages by measuring commitment to work is compared to more frequently used methods of classification.
The Effect of Marital Disruption on Child's Attachment to Parents
Authors: WHITE LYNN K. , BRINKERHOFF DAVID B. , BOOTH ALAN
Published: March 2007

Using data from a sample of 2135 midwestern college students, this article examines the consequences of marital disruption on child-parent attachment. Among the factors considered in the analysis are death versus divorce, amount of conflict in intact and divorced homes, sex of custodial parent, custodial parent's remarriage, and relationships with stepparents. The results show that disruption does not reduce a child's attachment to the custodial parent. Divorce does reduce a child's attachment to the noncustodial parent, however, and thus reduces the child's total affectional network. This pattern is particularly problematic in father-custody homes.
Dimensions of Marital Quality
Authors: JOHNSON DAVID R. , WHITE LYNN K. , EDWARDS JOHN N. , BOOTH ALAN
Published: March 2007

The dimensionality of five conceptually distinct components of marital quality was evaluated in a representative national sample of 1845 married people. Confirmatory factor analysis found two dimensions, one consisting of scales of marital happiness and interaction; the other, of marital disagreements, problems, and instability. Further examination of the two dimensions showed that they operate in distinctly different ways over forms of marital structure including wife's employment, marital duration, sex, and presence of children. It was concluded that scales of marital quality that combine measures from these two dimensions are likely to yield ambiguous findings and contribute little to an understanding of marital process.
The Transition to Grandparenthood
Authors: HAGESTAD GUNHILD O. , LANG MARY E.
Published: March 2007

Whereas grandparenthood has been the focus of a growing body of work in the social sciences, the transition into the grandparent role is greatly understudied. After a brief discussion of how recent demographic change has affected the prevalence, timing, and sequencing of the transition on a societal level, this article reviews existing work on the entry into grandparenthood. A third section identifies unexplored issues related to the personal and interpersonal significance of the transition. The importance of timing on the dimensions of biographical time and family time is stressed. Finally, the relationship between expectations and actual role experience is discussed.
The Consequences of Divorce for Attitudes Toward Divorce and Gender Roles
Authors: AMATO PAUL R. , BOOTH ALAN
Published: March 2007

A national sample of adults was used to examine the consequences of divorce (both in one's family of origin and in one's own marriage) for attitudes toward divorce and gender roles. Individuals from divorced families of origin revealed more positive attitudes toward divorce than did those who grew up in happy intact families. Similarly, those who recalled their parents' marriage as being unhappy had relatively liberal views on divorce. Experience with divorce in adulthood was also related to attitudes; longitudinal data revealed that individuals who divorced between 1980 and 1988 subsequently adopted more favorable views toward divorce. Egalitarian views of gender roles were not related to parental divorce or parental marital unhappiness. Individuals divorced prior to 1980 were relatively liberal in their gender role beliefs, but divorce between 1980 and 1988 was not associated with changes in attitudes.
Teenage Mothers and Welfare Dependency
Authors: HARRIS KATHLEEN MULLAN
Published: March 2007

This article examines the process by which teenage mothers work their way off welfare. Data come from the Baltimore Study, which followed a group of Black teenage mothers for 17 years after their first birth. Results revealed extensive labor market activity among the young mothers on welfare. Human capital investments are the key determinants of welfare exits through work. In particular, education facilitates more rapid job exits, and cumulative work experience among the less-educated mothers allows women to eventually work their way off welfare. Education provides a more efficient route out of welfare by leading to a higher-paying job. Child-care constraints prolong welfare dependency by making it especially difficult for welfare mothers to work. Analysis first focuses on the extent to which teenage mothers on welfare enter the labor force and whether the transition to work results in an exit from welfare. Then, the process of leaving welfare through labor market experience is examined among those women who combine work and welfare. Event history models are used to analyze the transition to work among teenage mothers on welfare and the transition off welfare among the working welfare mothers. Implications for the new welfare reform legislation calling for a mandatory work requirement from all welfare recipients are discussed.
Perceptions of Stepfathers
Authors: CLAXTON-OLDFIELD STEPHEN
Published: March 2007

Two separate studies were conducted to compare college students' perceptions of the parental behavior of stepfathers and biological fathers. After reading a brief vignette, the students were asked to rate the parental behavior of an adult, identified as either a stepfather or father and depicted either spanking a child (Study 1) or behaving affectionately toward a child (Study 2). The results of Study 1 indicated a less positive perception of stepfathers carrying out a disciplinary role than of fathers. Stepfathers were perceived as being less affectionate, fair, kind, loving, and likable in this situation, and their disciplinary behavior was seen as less justified and excusable. The results of Study 2, however, indicated that stepfathers were generally not perceived less positively than fathers, although their expressions of affection (e.g., hugging and kissing) were seen as more likely to make their stepchildren feel uncomfortable. These results suggest that stepfathers are not always seen less positively than fathers irrespective of their behavior.
Paternal Involvement and Perception Toward Fathers' Roles:
Authors: ISHII-KUNTZ MASAKO
Published: March 2007

Using a representative sample of Japanese and American fathers and their adolescent children, this cross-national study examines the extent of paternal involvement and fathers' and children's perception toward their relationships. Consistent with the media image of involved fathers, we found that American fathers spend more time with their children than their Japanese counterparts. However, although American children's perception toward their fathers is associated with such interaction, Japanese children's views toward their fathers are not strongly related to the quantity of father-child interaction. Concerning fathers' evaluations, both American and Japanese men consider themselves understanding and feel closer to their children when they interact more frequently with their offspring. We conclude that a cross-national comparison of paternal involvement and perception toward fathers' roles must take into account different types of activities rather than aggregate time of father-child interaction. Several explanations for the observed findings are discussed and suggestions for future cross-national research on fatherhood are offered.
(Re)Production at Home
Authors: MIRAFTAB FARANAK
Published: March 2007

This article concerns homes and families that are organized around home-based production, referring to the cases of Guadalajara and Zapotlanejo in Mexico. It addresses a reconceptualization of home and family as units of production and reproduction. Both the exploitative and the liberating aspects of home-based work are discussed, particularly those for married women who are tied to their homes because of child-rearing responsibilities and who make up the bulk of home-based workers. The division of labor within a family involved in a home-based production, the gender division of home-based work, and the spatial typology of physical modifications to the home are major themes of the article.
The Social Support of Employed African American and Anglo Mothers
Authors: BENIN MARY , KEITH VERNA M.
Published: March 2007

Using the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH), we investigate the support received by employed African American and Anglo mothers of young children. Supports investigated include care of sick and out-of-school children, general baby-sitting assistance, and help with transportation. Supports received from family and friends were analyzed separately. Care for sick and out-of-school children is deemed to be a particularly important source of support, and African Americans are more likely than Anglos to receive this support from relatives. A discouraging finding is that for every type of support, mothers below the poverty line are no more likely to receive support than more affluent mothers.
Marital Status Continuity and Change Among Young and Midlife Adults
Authors: MARKS NADINE F. , LAMBERT JAMES DAVID
Published: March 2007

Using a life course theoretical framework, this study examined longitudinal effects of continuity and transitions in marital status on multiple dimensions of psychological well-being. Data came from National Survey of Families and Households 1987-1993 respondents ages 19 to 65 ( N = 6,948). Differences between men and women as well as between young and midlife adults were investigated. Multivariate analyses revealed a complex pattern of effects depending on the contrast and the outcome examined. Although marriage continued to promote well-being for both men and women, in some cases—for example, autonomy, personal growth—the single fared better than the married. The effects of continuity in single status were not very different for women in contrast to men. The transition to divorce or widowhood was associated with somewhat more negative effects for women. Midlife adults evidenced more psychological resilience than young adults did in facing the challenges of a marital transition or remaining single over time.
Sociology to Famology
Authors: DAVID ELAINE
Published: March 2007

Proponents of famology stress the unique qualities of the family as exemplified in certain differentiating characteristics of the family realm. When these characteristics are examined in the light of recent research by other family scientists, they appear to disregard negative aspects of family life, present stereotypical roles for both male and female family members, and minimize significant aspects of the interface between families and other institutions and organizations in society. In light of diverse and complex family needs, judging the wisdom of a move to famology should include careful consideration of the defining characteristics of the family realm as identified by those proposing the creation of a new discipline for the family field. At the same time, it seems wise to question famology proponents' inordinate uneasiness with “borrowed” theory and the emphasis on a private-public dichotomy as a given in the study of the family.
Contact with Nonresident Parents, Interparental Conflict, and Children's Behavior
Authors: AMATO PAUL R. , REZAC SANDRA J.
Published: March 2007

Previous studies have yielded inconsistent results about the implications of contact with nonresidential parents for children in single-parent households. This study tested the hypothesis that children's contact with nonresident parents decreases children's behavior problems when interparental conflict is low but increases children's behavior problems when interparental conflict is high. Data were analyzed from 1,285 children in single-parent families from the National Survey of Families and Households. The hypothesis was supported among boys from divorced families. No support for the hypothesis was found among girls, regardless of family background.
Cool as the Other Side of the Pillow
Authors: Farred Grant
Published: March 2007

In this article, the focus is both on sports talk and on the particular variation of that discourse produced by ESPN’s SportsCenter, arguably the most hip and watched show of its kind. SportsCenter blends all the social concerns about race—the raced nature of athletics (and the distribution of talent)—with a uniquely postmodern view of popular culture. Through its hip presenters, SportsCenter refracts hip-hop culture, contemporary politics, and “high art.” This show does not distinguish between the “high” and the “low,” it refuses to privilege the sacred over the profane, and it makes equal use of the ridiculous and the sublime—all the while knowing its (sport’s) stuff, always with an ironic, parodic, even cynical nod, nudge, and wink. SportsCenter, a resonant repository of contemporary life, values “coolness” above all else. This is sports talk, where those on the air know how to talk that talk because they, apparently (if only vicariously), routinely walk that walk.
Beyond the Perfect Body
Authors: Markula Pirkko
Published: March 2007

This article examines how fitness magazines address women’s body image distortion (BID). The discussion derives primarily from three articles published in Self, Shape, and The New Weekly . The author briefly outlines how these magazines characterize BID as a common illness and how they advise their readers to improve their “out of whack” body image. From a Foucauldian feminist perspective, the author analyzes why the magazines devote space to counseling women with body image problems but continue to publish images of a narrowly defined body ideal that, as the magazines themselves establish, is one of the major causes for BID. To locate the magazine discourse on BID within a larger societal context, the author continues with a critical look at how the medical discourse treats this condition. The article concludes by drawing a parallel between the medical understanding of health as individual women’s responsibility and the magazines’ notion of image consumption as individual readers’ responsibility.
Notes on Midnight Basketball and the Cultural Politics of Recreation, Race, and At-Risk Urban Youth
Authors: Hartmann Douglas
Published: March 2007

A decade ago, dozens of American cities began to organize late-night basketball leagues for young men in mostly minority, inner-city neighborhoods. These so-called midnight basketball leagues initially enjoyed widespread public support; however, in the mid-1990s, they became the focus of intense controversy and debate. This article offers a grounded, critical overview. Midnight basketball is first described as part of the “social problems industry” that emerged in public recreation provision in the 1990s. The author then suggests that these programs are best understood in the context of contemporary political discourse and public policy regarding at-risk urban youth, and crime, delinquency, and public safety more generally. Midnight basketball’s racial roots and contours become central with respect both to the ideological consensus underlying contemporary American conceptions of crime and risk as well as the multiple and competing visions of cause and intervention. The article concludes by noting the starkly different perceptions of program participants themselves.
Lie Back and Think of England
Authors: Harris John
Published: March 2007

This article looks at the representation of women in football-related stories during the course of the 1996 European Championships. Through an analysis of a tabloid newspaper’s football coverage, it traces the England team’s progress to the semifinals of the competition and examines the portrayal of women in these reports. The findings suggest that despite the great strides forward being made by women in a number of sports including football, reporting in the popular press continues to promote sport as a predominantly male activity. The research also indicates that women remain subordinate and sexually objectified in the majority of sports coverage.
Hoop Dreams
Authors: Banet-Weiser Sarah
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on development of the Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA), exploring the gendered and racialized meanings that surround both male and female professional basketball players. It examines the social, cultural, and political consequences of the challenge the WNBA poses in terms of shifting these meanings. Professional male basketball players, especially Black men, have been marketed as fetish objects, so much so that personality, glamour, and “bad boy” behavior have become the primary hallmarks of the sport. In light of these narratives, this article argues that increasingly, WNBA athletes are rhetorically marked as a “return to the game.” Although problems remain, including access to funding, media exposure, and general credibility as a sport, this article speculates on what the WNBA can tell us about a more general shift in popular culture regarding representations of masculinity and femininity.
The Trouble with Feelings
Authors: Bricknell Louise
Published: March 2007

By using fieldwork data from an ethnographic study of a competitive sailing subculture in Australia, this work explores how gender and power are done through a complex and contradictory bricolage of subjectivities (defined as bodies of feelings), social practices, and social structures. It suggests that analytical frameworks that incorporate these three levels of analysis may contribute to the accessibility of social constructionist critiques of various cultural forms, practices, and gender regimes. Furthermore, it seeks to assist the development of conceptual frameworks that can place subjectivities into the center of analyses, without raising the spectre of either essentialism or complete reductionism.
DEVIANCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL SUBUNITS: THE CASE OF COLLEGE ATHLETIC DEPARTMENTS
Authors: Frey James H.
Published: March 2007

This study considers college athletic departments as a case of organizational deviance within the college or university. Organizational deviance is defined as a situation where there is a violation of normative expectations surrounding the organization and this behavior has peer and elite support, conditions that facilitate group rule breaking and the adoption of goals inconsistent with societal values. The study examines the underlying conditions for explaining the athletic department as a subunit that can deviate from the organizational values in colleges and universities. In the case of athletics, structural conditions permit condoning the use of performance-enhancing drugs, excessive violence on the field, under-the-table payments, and practices held out of season. These are often viewed by the athletic subculture as “normative cheating” strategies that are necessary to meet the goals of winning and are brought on by stresses that accompany the goal. An analysis of organizational-subunit relations shows that athletic departments have a “strange alliance” with the university that builds on its strong links to external constituencies (“boosters”) to effectively resist control by internal university mechanisms. The university structure, with a norm of subunit autonomy, further facilitates athletic department deviance. This is exacerbated by little structural dependence on athletics by other organizational subunits. The study concludes that universities have been unable to control deviance within athletic departments because they are no longer the prime beneficiary of athletics.
ASSESSING THE FOOTBALL WIDOW HYPOTHESIS: A COORIENTATION STUDY OF THE ROLE OF TELEVISED SPORTS IN LONG-STANDING RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Gantz Walter , Wenner Lawrence A. , Carrico Christina , Knorr Matt
Published: March 2007

Using a coorientation perspective, this study examined the extent to which relational partners share behaviors and vantage points with regard to their use of televised sports. It also assessed the role that televised sports programming played in those relationships. Telephone interviews were conducted with 92 pairs of partners residing in two major cities, with the second partner interviewed immediately after the first. Coorientation measures (agreement, accuracy, and congruency) were computed by matching responses across partners. Relational partners appear to share evaluations of the scope and nature of the impact of televised sports in their relationship, although there were differences between partners in the amount of time spent watching their favorite sport on television as well as in their interest in and perceived knowledge of that sport. Televised sports appears to be a minor and nondisruptive activity in most ongoing relationships. Popular opinion to the contrary, the “football widow” syndrome does not appear to be widespread. Nonetheless, discrepancies between spouses related to televised sports seemed to make a difference in evaluations of relational satisfaction.
GENDER, SPORT, AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OUTSIDE SPORT
Authors: Nixon Howard L.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on how sports attitudes and participation relate to physical aggression outside sport for college athletes. Data were derived from a survey of nearly 200 male and female athletes at a medium-size (11,500-student) comprehensive university. Physical aggression was measured by an item concerning whether the respondents ever physically harmed or injured other persons outside sport in fights or disagreements. Although exploratory, this study suggests potentially valuable insights about how gender, beliefs in the value of toughness in sport, accidentally or intentionally hurting other athletes in competition, and participation in a team or contact sport relate to physical aggression outside sport. Whereas attitudes, having hurt other athletes, and team and contact sport participation all were related to physical aggression outside sport for male athletes, only participation in a contact sport was related to physical aggression outside sport for female athletes.
FINDING THEIR PLACE IN JOURNALISM
Authors: Salwen Michael B. , Garrison Bruce
Published: March 2007

This study examined sports journalists' beliefs about the problems in their field. It used a combination of a standardized survey and in-depth follow-up interviews. The sports journalists saw their concerns as distinctly different from those of journalists in other news departments. Still, there were areas of shared concern, including professionalism and economic and job-related issues. Open-ended interviews with a representative sample of the sports editors highlighted the interrelatedness of various problems. There were, for example, close relations between problems connected to content and reporting. Competition also appeared to be associated with other concerns including professionalism, economic troubles, and job-related problems. The open-ended interviews also revealed how some problems (e.g., competition, diversity), although not at the top of the list of most important problems, were intertwined with many other problems. The sports journalists expressed considerable hostility toward broadcast sports journalists for diminishing their status.
WOMEN, DRUG USE, AND DRUG TESTING
Authors: Issari Philia , Coombs Robert Holman
Published: March 2007

The drug-related attitudes and behaviors of female intercollegiate athletes and their views on drug testing were assessed and contrasted with those of male athletes at the same university. Results indicated that college women athletes' attitudes toward drug use and drug testing correspond to conventional gender-related expectations about drug use among the general population, and so do the attitudes of male college athletes. Women student athletes preferred wine and men preferred beer; more women used coffee and over-the-counter drugs, and more men used tobacco or smokeless tobacco. Marijuana was the most commonly used illegal substance among college athletes. Intercollegiate women held more positive attitudes regarding drug testing than men and felt stronger about the importance of testing for all classes of drugs. Only a minority of male and female college athletes felt that athletes should be tested for the use of alcohol, tobacco, and prescription drugs.
POWER AND RESISTANCE IN THE GOVERNANCE OF WORLD FOOTBALL
Authors: Sugden John , Tomlinson Alan
Published: March 2007

FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) has been the governing body of world football since 1904. It has grown from a small European-based organization into a body with a membership of almost 200 nations. In this article, we trace this growth and locate the place of FIFA within a world order of transnational organizations and worldwide cultural politics. Drawing on previously unpublished material, face-to-face observation of the politics of FIFA and related football confederations, and unique insights into the structures and personalities who run the world game, the article demonstrates the importance of transnational organizations in sport for the expression of the national aspirations of developing countries, the goals of multinational companies, and the naked power of ambitious individuals. In doing so, the article shows sport to be a revealing focus for understanding the dynamics of power and resistance at the supranational level.
Evaluation Research
Authors: Rossi Peter H. , Wright Sonia R.
Published: March 2007

Formal, systematic social scrence research on the effectiveness of public policy has become increasingly resorted to in the last two decades as policy-makers have become increasingly skeptical about the effectiveness of public policy, especially in the social welfare areas A survey of existing research designs and accompanying techniques is presented along with brief assessments of their usefulness for programs of different types. The authors stress particularly the use of field experiments for the assessment ofprospective social policies and programs
An Evaluation of the Denver Community Mental Health Questionnaire as a Measure of Outpatient Treatment Effectiveness
Authors: Speer David C.
Published: March 2007

Results of randomly administering interview and a self administering form of the Denver Community Mental Health Questionnaire to two samples of outpatients are reported. One sample completed the questionnaire both at intake and 90 days later, while the other sample did so only at 90-day follow-up. Method of administration, sex, and test-retest effects were studied. Differences between outpatients at intake and follow-up, between clients at intake and the Denver nonpatient sample, and between client intake scores and the "minimum desired program outcome" score were also investigated. Results indicated troubling method of administration interaction effects at follow-up, minimal client at intake-public norm differences on most scales, minor but confounding practice effects, and prominent sex differences on several scales.
Underadjustment Bias in the Evaluation of Manpower Training
Authors: Director Steven M.
Published: March 2007

A review of the literature suggests that choice of control group may have affected the policy implications of the major evaluations of governmental training programs. It is argued that the usual evaluation designs underadjust for preprogram differences between trainees and the control group and thus yield biased estimates of program impact. At tempts to statistically correct for such bias are presented and assessed.
Implementing Random Assignment
Authors: Dobson Douglas , Cook Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

A good deal of recent literature has focused on the utility of randomized experimental design principles for the evaluation of social programs. One of the major concerns has been the problem of successfully carrying out the random assignment process under field conditions. The present study addresses this issue m the context of an experimental evaluation of a criminal justice program. The authors discuss the successful design implementation and evaluation of a computer-based random assignment procedure. The utility of the procedure for application in other research settings is also discussed.
Impact of a Water Conservation Campaign
Authors: Mercer Lloyd J. , Morgan W. Douglas
Published: March 2007

An extension of a previous abstract time series analysis of water demand, this study in corporates the effects of price changes and water district conservation efforts. The findings indicate that a 10% price increase will reduce water consumption by 3,6% and that a 10% increase in conservation effort (real dollars expended) reduces water usage by 0.4%
Research Designs for Data Banks
Authors: Roos Leslie L. , Nicol J. Patrick
Published: March 2007

This article suggests criteria for suitable research designs for use with large data bases. The advantages and disadvantages of several types of quasi-experimental designs are compared. Among the more interesting designs are those trying to minimize the possibilities for selection differences between treatment and control groups by considering assignment to treatment in creative ways. When the probability of receiving a treatment is largely outside an individual's control, possible selection bias should be reduced. These designs often use data on populations rather than on the particular recipients of an intervention. Such analysis of impact on a population, rather than of effect on recipients, makes it comparatively difficult to find that an intervention makes a difference. Examples are taken from our research with the Manitoba Health Services Commission data.
Development of the DDI
Authors: Deschner Jeanne P. , Plain Michael D. , Terhune Gerald K. , Williamson Celia
Published: March 2007

Four studies utilizing twelve sample groups culminated in a Depth of Delinquency Index, for use in evaluations of juvenile treatment programs. The comprehensive index established seriousness values for all common juvemle offenses. Seriousness values were expressed in standard score units ranging from 2 to 99, obtained by transforming the relative magnitude ratings made by over 500 subjects. Consistency of offense rankings across the four studies as well as earlier studies substantiated the theory of a cultural consensus about offense seriousness, which provides a stable basis for the DDIscores. The only major value shift over the past two decades occurred with drug offense ratings, especially for marijuana. It was also found that all kinds of repeat offenses werejudged to be more serious than the same offense committed by youths with no prior records. The Depth of Delinquency Index was deemed suitablefor trial use in program evaluations and research related to groups of juvenile delinquents, but not suitable for individual diagnostic purposes.
Uses of Direct and Indirect Measures
Authors: Heilman John
Published: March 2007

This article assesses selected direct and indirect measures of energy conservation program impact. The analysis is based on a case study of three sets of impact data generated by one of the Energy Extension Service's most successful pilot period programs. The indirect estimates are found to run about twice as high as the estimate based on before-and-after direct measurements and to suffer from large sampling errors. Although more accurate and reliable, direct measurements can encounter problems of time and cost. In such cases, survey evidence on implementation rates can be combined with pretest evidence on possible savings to yield usable esiimates of program impact.
Technical Note On "Underadjustment Bias in the Evaluation of Manpower Training"
Authors: Fleming Martin
Published: March 2007

This note presents comments on a study by Director. In particular, it is shown that Equa tion 2 of Director appears to be incorrect. The equation is rederived and contrasted with Director's original result. The analysis shows that underadjustment bias will result when the observed preprogram earnings of participants contain larger measurement errors than those contained in the earnings of nonparticipants.
Assessment of Interagency Relationships
Authors: Severy Lawrence J. , Whitaker J. Michael
Published: March 2007

An expectancy-value procedure is developed for delineating the nature of interagency relationships during the operation of a youth-servmg agency. The advantages of this quantitative approach for assessing this one aspect of a process analysis are presented. Commonality of agency values and perceptions of agency characteristics are discussed. Total scores indicate the appropriate insertion of an ombudsman agency in the total youth-serving social system network in Memphis, Tennessee.
The Role of the in-House Evaluator
Authors: Kennedy Mary M.
Published: March 2007

In-house evaluators must develop evaluation procedures that accommodate not only their own professional standards, but also the problem-solving styles of the organizations they serve. This article describes how a small sample of evaluators have adapted their methods to their contexts.