bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal (UT) effect in the onset of auroral disturbances over two solar cycles as deduced from the AE-index
Authors: Hajkowicz L. A.
Published: April 2005

Abstract. Statistical study on the universal time variations in the mean hourly auroral electrojet index (AE-index) has been undertaken for a 21 y period over two solar cycles (1957–1968 and 1978–1986). The analysis, applied to isolated auroral substorm onsets (inferred from rapid variations in the AE-index) and to the bulk of the AE data, indicates that the maximum in auroral activity is largely confined to 09–18 UT, with a distinct minimum at 03–06 UT. The diurnal effect was clearly present throughout all seasons in the first cycle but was mainly limited to northern winter in the second cycle. Severe storms (AE > 1000 nT) tended to occur between 9–18 UT irrespective of the seasons whereas all larger magnetic disturbances (AE > 500 nT) tended to occur in this time interval mostly in winter. On the whole the diurnal trend was strong in winter, intermediate at equinox and weak in summer. The implication of this study is that Eastern Siberia, Japan and Australia are mostly at night, during the period of maximum auroral activity whereas Europe and Eastern America are then mostly at daytime. The minimum of auroral activity coincides with near-midnight conditions in Eastern America. It appears that the diurnal UT distribution in the AE-index reflects a diurnal change between interplanetary magnetic field orientation and the Earth's magnetic dipole inclination.Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere) · Magnetospheric physics (auroral phenomena; storms and substorms).
Low frequency 1/f-like fluctuations of the AE-index as a possible manifestation of self-organized criticality in the magnetosphere
Authors: Uritsky V. M. , Pudovkin M. I.
Published: April 2005

Abstract. Low frequency stochastic variations of the geomagnetic AE-index characterized by 1/f b-like power spectrum (where f is a frequency) are studied. Based on the analysis of experimental data we show that the Bz-component of IMF, velocity of solar wind plasma, and the coupling function of Akasofu are insufficient factors to explain these behaviors of the AE-index together with the 1/f b fluctuations of geomagnetic intensity. The effect of self-organized criticality (SOC) is proposed as an internal mechanism to generate 1/f b fluctuations in the magnetosphere. It is suggested that localized spatially current instabilities, developing in the magnetospheric tail at the initial substorm phase can be considered as SOC avalanches or dynamic clusters, superposition of which leads to the 1/f b fluctuations of macroscopic characteristics in the system. Using the sandpile model of SOC, we undertake numerical modeling of space-localized and global disturbances of magnetospheric current layer. Qualitative conformity between the disturbed dynamics of self-organized critical state of the model and the main phases of real magnetospheric substorm development is demonstrated. It is also shown that power spectrum of sandpile model fluctuations controlled by real solar wind parameters reproduces all distinctive spectral features of the AE fluctuations.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (MHD waves and instabilities; solar wind · magnetosphere interactions; storms and substroms).
Meridional equatorial electrojet current in the American sector
Authors: Rastogi R. G.
Published: April 2005

Abstract. Huancayo is the only equatorial electrojet station where the daytime increase of horizontal geomagnetic field (H) is associated with a simultaneous increase of eastward geomagnetic field (Y). It is shown that during the counter electrojet period when ∆H is negative, ∆Y also becomes negative. Thus, the diurnal variation of ∆Y at equatorial latitudes is suggested to be a constituent part of the equatorial electrojet current system. Solar flares are known to increase the H field at an equatorial station during normal electrojet conditions (nej). At Huancayo, situated north of the magnetic equator, the solar flare effect, during nej, consists of positive impulses in H and Y and negative impulse in Z field. During counter electrojet periods (cej), a solar flare produces a negative impulse in H and Y and a positive impulse in Z at Huancayo. It is concluded that both the zonal and meridional components of the equatorial electrojet in American longitudes, as in Indian longitudes, flows in the same, E region of the ionosphere.Key words. Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism (dynamo theories) · Ionosphere (equatorial ionosphere; ionosphere disturbances)
The importance of moisture distribution for the growth and energetics of mid-latitude systems
Authors: Pavan V. , Hall N. , Valdes P. , Blackburn M.
Published: April 2005

Abstract. A primitive equation model is used to study the sensitivity of baroclinic wave life cycles to the initial latitude-height distribution of humidity. Diabatic heating is parametrized only as a consequence of condensation in regions of large-scale ascent. Experiments are performed in which the initial relative humidity is a simple function of model level, and in some cases latitude bands are specified which are initially relatively dry. It is found that the presence of moisture can either increase or decrease the peak eddy kinetic energy of the developing wave, depending on the initial moisture distribution. A relative abundance of moisture at mid-latitudes tends to weaken the wave, while a relative abundance at low latitudes tends to strengthen it. This sensitivity exists because competing processes are at work. These processes are described in terms of energy box diagnostics. The most realistic case lies on the cusp of this sensitivity. Further physical parametrizations are then added, including surface fluxes and upright moist convection. These have the effect of increasing wave amplitude, but the sensitivity to initial conditions of relative humidity remains. Finally, 'control' and 'doubled CO2' life cycles are performed, with initial conditions taken from the time-mean zonal-mean output of equilibrium GCM experiments. The attenuation of the wave resulting from reduced baroclinicity is more pronounced than any effect due to changes in initial moisture.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (climatology; convective processes; synoptic-scale meteorology)
Cluster regression model and level fluctuation features of Van Lake, Turkey
Authors: Şen Z. , Kadioğlu M. , Batur E.
Published: April 2005

Abstract. Lake water levels change under the influences of natural and/or anthropogenic environmental conditions. Among these influences are the climate change, greenhouse effects and ozone layer depletions which are reflected in the hydrological cycle features over the lake drainage basins. Lake levels are among the most significant hydrological variables that are influenced by different atmospheric and environmental conditions. Consequently, lake level time series in many parts of the world include nonstationarity components such as shifts in the mean value, apparent or hidden periodicities. On the other hand, many lake level modeling techniques have a stationarity assumption. The main purpose of this work is to develop a cluster regression model for dealing with nonstationarity especially in the form of shifting means. The basis of this model is the combination of transition probability and classical regression technique. Both parts of the model are applied to monthly level fluctuations of Lake Van in eastern Turkey. It is observed that the cluster regression procedure does preserve the statistical properties and the transitional probabilities that are indistinguishable from the original data.Key words. Hydrology (hydrologic budget; stochastic processes) · Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (ocean-atmosphere interactions)
Drifter observations of the Hebrides slope current and nearby circulation patterns
Authors: Burrows M. , Thorpe S. A.
Published: April 2005

Abstract. The mean flow at and around the Hebrides and Shetland Shelf slope is measured with ARGOS tracked drifters. Forty-two drifters drogued at 50 m were deployed in three circles over the Hebrides slope at 56.15°N in two releases, one on 5th December, 1995 and the second on 5-9th May, 1996. The circles span a distance of some 20 km from water depths of 200 m to 1200 m. Drifters are initially advected poleward along-slope by the Hebrides slope current at between 0.05 and 0.70 m s-1 in a laterally constrained (25-50 km wide) jet-like flow. Drifters released in winter remained in the slope current for over 2000 km whilst summer drifters were lost from the slope current beyond the Wyville-Thomson Ridge, a major topographic feature at 60°N. Dispersion from the slope region into deeper waters occurs at bathymetric irregularities, particularly at the Anton Dohrn Seamount close to which the slope current is found to bifurcate, both in summer and winter, and at the Wyville-Thomson Ridge where drifters move into the Faeroe Shetland Channel. Dispersion onto the continental shelf occurs sporadically along the Hebrides slope. The initial dispersion around the Hebrides slope is remarkably sensitive to initial position, most of the drifters released in shallower water moving onto the shelf, whilst those in 1000 m or more are mostly carried away from the slope into deeper water near the Anton Dohrn Seamount. The dispersion coefficients estimated in directions parallel and normal to the local direction of the 500 m contour, approximately the position of the slope current core, are approximately 8.8 × 103 m2 s-1 and 0.36 × 103 m2 s-1, respectively, during winter, and 11.4 × 103 m2 s-1 and 0.36 × 103 m2 s-1, respectively, during summer. At the slope there is a minimum in across-slope mean velocity, Reynolds stress, and across-slope eddy correlations. The mean across-slope velocity associated with mass flux is about 4 × 10-3 m s-1 shelfward across the shelf break during winter and 2 × 10-3 m s-1 during summer. The drifters also sampled local patterns of circulation, and indicate that the source of water for the seasonal Fair Isle and East Shetland currents are the same, and drawn from Atlantic overflows at the Hebrides shelf.Key words. Oceanography: physical (eastern boundary currents; eddies and mesoscale processes; turbulence · diffusion · and mixing processes)
Coalition Policymaking and Legislative Review
Authors: MARTIN LANNY W. , VANBERG GEORG
Published: April 2005

Political scientists know remarkably little about the extent to which legislatures are able to influence policymaking in parliamentary democracies. In this article, we focus on the influence of legislative institutions in periods of coalition government. We show that multiparty governments are plagued by “agency” problems created by delegation to cabinet ministers that increase in severity on issues that divide the coalition. We also argue that the process of legislative review presents an important—but understudied—institutional opportunity for coalition partners to overcome these tensions. We evaluate our argument using original legislative data on over 300 government bills collected from two parliamentary democracies. The central implication of our findings is that legislatures play a more important role in parliamentary democracies than is usually appreciated by providing a key institutional mechanism that allows coalition partners with divergent preferences to govern successfully.
Welfare and the Multifaceted Decision to Move
Authors: BAILEY MICHAEL A.
Published: April 2005

Whether poor single mothers move in response to welfare benefits has important implications for social policy in a federal system. Many scholars claim that welfare does not affect migration. These claims are not definitive, however, because the models underlying them rely on problematic assumptions and do not adequately control for nonwelfare determinants of migration. I address these shortcomings with an improved statistical model of individual-level migration. The results indicate that welfare does affect residential choice. Although the effects of welfare are much smaller than the effects of family ties, they are real and have the potential to cause nontrivial changes in welfare populations and welfare expenditures.
Rousseau on the People as Legislative Gatekeepers, Not Framers
Authors: PUTTERMAN ETHAN
Published: April 2005

Who drafts the laws in Rousseau's ideal state? According to John T. Scott it is the people alone who execute this function and Rousseau “does not positively argue that commissaires, magistrates, or anyone else has the power to propose laws.” Challenging this view, I argue that the philosopher's varied statements on the subject of lawgiving can be shown to establish merely a right by the people to participate in agenda-setting by others. Rousseau believes that the laws must reflect the will of the people but not necessarily through their physical writing, drafting, or framing of constitutional legislation. More important than popular agenda-setting is the majority's freedom to check those who do draft the laws. Amending my earlier argument that the sovereign is barred from legislating, I reveal how Rousseau's notion of self-legislation as “gatekeeping,” rather than agenda-setting, is central to the political theory and institutions of Du contrat social.
James R. Mallory: His Legacy
Authors: Smith David E.
Published: April 2005

Abstract. The James R. Mallory lecture in Canadian Studies is given
each November at McGill University. David Smith presented the 2003 lecture a few months after the death of James Mallory at age 87. Smith argues that Mallory's influence on Canadian political science is great because the range of his publications is enormous. Be it, for instance, about
federalism, the institutions of Parliament, bureaucracy, and the courts—there is scarcely a topic in the syllabus of a traditional Canadian politics course on which he did not write. Mallory injected a legal sensibility to his study of politics: he was one of the first
scholars to raise the alarm at the growth of concentrated executive power and at Parliament's inadequate resources to scrutinize its use. Nonetheless, Smith maintains that Mallory would not welcome the emergence of Officers of Parliament as a fourth branch of government. In his
explication and interpretation of the constitution, Mallory became, Smith suggests, Canada's Walter Bagehot.

Résumé. La conférence annuelle James R. Mallory en études canadiennes a lieu chaque année au mois de
novembre à l'Université McGill de Montréal.
L'an dernier, le professeur David Smith y a présenté sa
recherche sur James Mallory, quelques mois seulement après le
décès de celui-ci à l'âge de 87 ans. Smith
avance que la science politique canadienne a été grandement
influencée par Mallory, du fait de l'étendue de ses
publications sur des sujets aussi divers que le fédéralisme,
les institutions parlementaires, la bureaucratie et les cours de justice.
Il n'y a guère de sujets dans un plan de cours traditionnel
sur la politique canadienne que Mallory n'ait pas traités.
Mallory a injecté une sensibilité juridique dans ses
études politiques; il a été l'un des premiers
universitaires à sonner l'alarme sur l'augmentation de la
concentration du pouvoir exécutif et sur l'insuffisance des
ressources parlementaires pour scruter son utilisation. Cependant, Smith
est d'avis que Mallory ne serait pas en faveur de
l'émergence des commis du Parlement comme quatrième
organe du gouvernement. Par son explication et son interprétation
de la Constitution, Mallory est devenu, selon Smith, la version canadienne
de Walter Bagehot.
The Canadian Senate in Bicameral Perspective
Authors: White Graham
Published: April 2005

The Canadian Senate in Bicameral Perspective, David E. Smith, Toronto,
Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press, 2003, pp. xii, 263

No Canadian political institution endures the simplistic judgments and the uninformed rhetoric that the Senate engenders. The antidote is now at
hand. David Smith's superlative book brings to bear on this much-maligned body a comparative framework, a detailed familiarity with the institution and—most especially—a deep understanding of
the fundamental principles of governance in this country. The result is an analytic tour de force that will give pause to even the most jaded Senate-basher or the most zealous proponent of Senate reform.
Quand la jeunesse entre en scène. L'Action catholique
avant la Révolution tranquille
Authors: Hudon Raymond
Published: April 2005

Quand la jeunesse entre en scène. L'Action catholique
avant la Révolution tranquille, Louise Bienvenue, Montréal : Les Éditions du Boréal, 2003, 291 p.

La contribution de Louise Bienvenue à la connaissance de la société québécoise et à sa compréhension est double. Tout d'abord, son étude
montre “ que, sur le mode réformiste, les jeunes militants d'Action catholique ont contribué, à leur façon,
au changement social pendant les années 1930 et 1940,
principalement en ce qui a trait à l'amélioration du
statut des jeunes ”. (256) La Grande Noiceur, quasi-mythe
rattaché à un dirigeant au moins aussi déphasé
que despote, comptait donc des zones d'éclaircies qui obligent
à reconnaître que l'avènement du Québec
moderne est bien enraciné dans des évolutions qui ont
précédé 1960! De cette façon, la lecture de
Louise Bienvenue met bien en lumière la relativité des
ruptures historiques que, souvent sans trop y réfléchir,
l'on considère plus ou moins erronément comme beaucoup
plus radicales que ce que la réalité sociale tend à
montrer; les interventions politiques autoritaires et répressives
qui accompagnent régulièrement les révolutions
fournissent justement des indices des limites et de la fragilité
des changements conçus comme ruptures. Au Québec, la
révolution que l'on s'est plu à qualifier de
tranquille l'est d'ailleurs demeurée au point de
provoquer des tensions sociales qui ont culminé au début des
années 1970.
Continentalizing Canadian Telecommunications: The Politics of
Regulatory Reform
Authors: Fletcher Frederick J.
Published: April 2005

Continentalizing Canadian Telecommunications: The Politics of
Regulatory Reform, Vanda Rideout, Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003, pp. xiii, 256

A recent headline in The Globe and Mail, “Labour unrest dogs the telecomm industry,” could have been written at almost any time over the past decade or more. The industry is facing fundamental
structural change, driven by new technologies, regulatory reform, and market shifts and management has, predictably, focused on reducing labour
costs. For anyone seeking to understand the political economy of
restructuring in the telecommunications sector, this slim volume is a
valuable addition to the literature. The author traces the story of
telecommunications regulation from its origins in the First National
Policy to neo-liberal restructuring (up to 2002), with special attention
to the impact of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA). As a work of history, the book provides a helpful
map of major regulatory and policy shifts in the telecommunications
sector. In tracing these shifts, the author discusses broader issues, such
as the key role of telecommunications in “advanced electronic
capitalism” (3) and the conflicts that accompanied the change from
“a Fordist telecommunications regime” to a
“continental” one (5).
Women's Legal Strategies in Canada
Authors: Brock Kathy
Published: April 2005

Women's Legal Strategies in Canada, Radha Jhappan, ed., Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 2002, pp. ix, 407

After more than two decades of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, it is only appropriate that feminist scholars would turn a
critical eye to the achievements for social justice obtained through the courts. In this collection of nine essays, the authors grapple with the difficult question of whether the courts have done more harm or good to women's causes. The result is an interesting, at times challenging,
and sometimes puzzling set of reflections on the future of women's legal strategies in Canada.
Generating Social Capital: Civil Society and Institutions in
Comparative Perspective
Authors: Macdonald Laura
Published: April 2005

Generating Social Capital: Civil Society and Institutions in
Comparative Perspective, Marc Hooghe and Dietlind Stolle, eds., New York and Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, pp. 256

The concept of “social capital” has become a popular buzzword. Like other authors, the contributors to this volume draw on Robert Putnam's well-known definition of social capital as “generalized trust, norms of reciprocity and networks” among individuals (2). Social capital is credited with providing a wide range of
social benefits, including tolerance of diversity, economic growth, lower crime rates, better health and more responsive government. The grandiose claims made on behalf of social capital and the large amounts of money being poured into developing social capital in diverse social settings, as
well as the fuzziness of the original concept, mean that careful analysis of the idea of social capital is badly needed.
Rich Democracies : Political Economy, Public Policy and
Performance
Authors: Lessard Jean-François
Published: April 2005

Rich Democracies : Political Economy, Public Policy and Performance,
Harold L. Wilensky, University of California Press, 2002, 891 p.

Cet ouvrage du politologue étasunien Harold Wilensky se veut le couronnement d'une longue et féconde carrière dans le domaine de l'économie politique et de l'administration publique. Ce que nous présente Wilensky et une véritable somme. Une petite encyclopédie de près de 900 pages, ce qui
a ses avantages et ses inconvénients. L'auteur nous offre une étude comparative de 19 démocraties occidentales sur les dernières 50 années.
L'ébranlement d'Israël, Philosophie de
l'histoire juive
Authors: Elbaz André E.
Published: April 2005

L'ébranlement d'Israël, Philosophie de
l'histoire juive, Shmuel Trigano, Paris : Editions du Seuil, 2002.

Dans L'ébranlement d'Israël, Shmuel Trigano s'étend d'abord sur les circonstances de la création de l'Etat d'Israël en 1948. Reprenant nombre d'idées déjà développées dans ses publications antérieures, il définit le sionisme
comme le mouvement de libération nationale du peuple juif opprimé, qui a sauvegardé son unité et sa
continuité pendant son exil bi-millénaire. L'Etat d'Israël a été légalement créé par un vote de L'ONU, a été dûment reconnu par les nations, pour servir de refuge aux
rescapés de la Shoa - l'extermination des juifs
européens pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale.
L'aide au conditionnel. La contrepartie dans les mesures envers
les personnes sans emploi en Europe et en Amérique du Nord
Authors: Garon Francis
Published: April 2005

L'aide au conditionnel. La contrepartie dans les mesures envers
les personnes sans emploi en Europe et en Amérique du Nord, Pascale Dufour, Gérard Boismenu et Alain Noël, Montréal : Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 2003, 219 p.

Les dépenses publiques sont, dans la majorité des pays
occidentaux, sous haute surveillance. Dans la dynamique générale de réduction des dépenses que
l'on observe depuis maintenant plusieurs années, l'aide
sociale et les autres formes d'aide aux sans-emploi se retrouvent
parmi les postes budgétaires les plus questionnés par les
pouvoirs publics. Ce questionnement s'est notamment traduit par
l'introduction de mesures visant à contraindre les
prestataires à de nouvelles exigences, de sorte que l'aide qui
leur est octroyée est de plus en plus “ conditionnelle
”. Dufour, Boismenu et Noël proposent une analyse
comparée de l'évolution de ce type de mesures qui
comporte 6 pays, soit le Canada (fédéral, Québec,
Ontario et Alberta), les États-Unis (fédéral,
Wisconsin et Californie), la France, le Royaume-Uni, l'Allemagne et
le Danemark. Plus spécifiquement, les auteurs cherchent à
répondre à deux questions principales : comment comprendre
les transformations actuelles des systèmes de protection sociale et
quels sont les éléments de convergence et de divergence
entre les divers pays. L'ouvrage est découpé en sept
sections, incluant l'introduction et la conclusion.
Plato Through Homer: Poetry and Philosophy in the Cosmological Dialogues
Authors: Buzzetti Eric
Published: April 2005

Plato Through Homer: Poetry and Philosophy in the Cosmological Dialogues, Zdravko Planinc, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003,
pp. xii, 134

Professor Planinc analyzes in this monograph three of Plato's dialogues: the Timaeus, the Critias and the
Phaedrus. His primary aim is to show that their structure and poetic imagery is modelled after that of important episodes of
Homer's Odyssey. In Planinc's words, Plato consciously “refigures” the “literary tropes” of the
Odyssey, and this fact is of central importance to interpreting
these dialogues properly (13).
Eros and Polis: Desire and Community in Greek Political Theory
Authors: Pangle Lorraine Smith
Published: April 2005

Eros and Polis: Desire and Community in Greek Political Theory, Paul
W. Ludwig, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. xiii, 398

In Eros and Polis, Paul Ludwig explores a rich array of issues relating to eros, homosexuality, and pederasty and their
implications for republican political life. He examines ancient accounts of eros and its relation to other forms of desire, to tyranny and
aggression, to spiritedness and the love of one's own, and to bonds
of affection between citizens. He discusses ancient attempts to overcome
the divisiveness of the private realm by controlling erotic relations
between citizens, both in practice (such as at Sparta) and in theory
(Plato's Republic). He concludes with a critique of the
attempt of Thucydides' Pericles to stir up erotic desire and harness
it in the service of the city, and of the erotic passion implicit in the
attraction to foreign customs and sights. Ludwig draws upon a wide range
of ancient sources including Homer, Sophocles, Aristophanes, Herodotus,
Xenophon, Plato, Aristotle, Thucydides, Lucretius, and many others. But he
does not limit himself to textual analysis; much of the book is devoted to
putting these texts in historical context, and much is also devoted to
drawing connections between ancient thoughts and practices and the
concerns of contemporary political theory.
Ethics and Foreign Intervention
Authors: Bratt Duane
Published: April 2005

Ethics and Foreign Intervention, Deen K. Chatterjee and Don E. Scheid,
eds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. xiii, 301

The 1990s saw the gradual, but steady, expansion of the doctrine of humanitarian military intervention in places like northern Iraq, Somalia,
Haiti, and Bosnia. This process culminated in the 1999 Kosovo war which saw NATO bomb Serb targets to prevent the ethnic cleansing of Kosovar
Albanians. Ethics and Foreign Intervention uses the Kosovo case as its reference point to dissect the concept of humanitarian military
intervention from a moral perspective. Although there are chapters on the legal implications of intervention, most notably the chapters by Tom
Farer, Christine Chwaszcza, and Allen Buchanan on intervention and secession, the focus of this edited collection is to apply just war theory
to the concept of humanitarian military intervention. George R. Lucas, Jr., even suggests that because the use of force in humanitarian cases is
much closer to the use of force in domestic law enforcement than it is to traditional warfare the concepts of jus ad bellum and jus in
bello need to be joined by jus ad pacem (or jus ad interventionem).
Use of wild Lactobacillus strains in an adjunct culture for a Roncal-type cheese
Authors: Ortigosa María , Arizcun Cristina , Torre Paloma , Izco Jesús María
Published: April 2005

The effect of an added adjunct culture consisting of facultatively heterofermentative lactobacilli (FHL) on the volatile compounds and sensory characteristics of a Spanish ewes'-milk cheese was examined. Three cheese batches were prepared using a commercial starter, one from raw milk, another from pasteurized milk, and a third from pasteurized milk with an added culture of wild Lactobacillus. paracasei+Lb. plantarum. Analysis of the volatile compounds was carried out by the purge and trap method and gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer and disclosed a total of 86 compounds belonging to the chemical families hydrocarbons, fatty acids, esters, ketones, aldehydes, and alcohols. After ageing for 120 and 240 days, the cheese samples underwent sensory analysis by a panel of expert assessors. The attributes evaluated were characteristic odour and odour intensity and characteristic aroma and aroma intensity. Pasteurization of the milk had an effect on the formation of certain volatile compounds, adversely affecting the characteristic flavour of the cheese. Use of the adjunct culture in addition to the commercial starter improved the flavour of the cheese made from the pasteurized milk, which earned sensory scores similar to those awarded to the cheese made from the raw milk. Use of adjunct cultures consisting of indigenous FHL strains could help to conserve the traditional characteristics of Roncal cheese made from pasteurized milk, although some technical adjustments to the Regulations would be needed.
Fatty liver in dairy cows post partum is associated with decreased concentration of plasma triacylglycerols and decreased activity of lipoprotein lipase in adipocytes
Authors: Van den Top A Marc , Van Tol Arie , Jansen Hans , Geelen Math JH , Beynen Anton C
Published: April 2005

Cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in serum lipoproteins, plasma activities of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in adipose tissue biopsies were measured ante and post partum in dairy cows given either free or restricted access to feed during the dry period. After parturition, all cows were fed ad libitum. The purpose of this study was to try to understand the earlier observed marked drop post partum in plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) in terms of lipoprotein metabolism in cows developing fatty liver post partum. As would be expected, free access to feed during the dry period induced a rise of hepatic TAG concentrations post partum associated with a decrease in plasma TAG levels. Total and free cholesterol concentrations in the VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL2 fractions fell immediately after parturition. VLDL and IDL cholesterol concentrations remained at a constant, low level during the entire sampling period post partum, whereas the drop in LDL and HDL2 cholesterol post partum was followed by a rebound rise. Plasma LCAT and PLTP activities decreased by on average 19% and 33%, respectively, after parturition and then rose to values seen before parturition, but there was no effect of feeding regimen during the dry period. Activities of LCAT and PLTP were significantly correlated with cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in LDL and HDL2. Plasma LCAT activity, as measured with exogenous substrate, and PLTP activity were both positively correlated with HDL3 phospholipid levels. LPL activity in adipose tissue dropped after parturition, the drop being smaller after feeding ad libitum during the dry period. It is concluded that the drop in adipose tissue LPL activity post partum is at variance with the simultaneous fall in plasma TAG. Possibly, the decrease in adipose tissue LPL activity helps to channel fatty acids away from adipose tissue into the udder. The post-partum changes in lipid transfer proteins in the blood are in line with the changes observed in the levels of the lipoproteins.
Expression and nutritional regulation of lipogenic genes in mammary gland and adipose tissues of lactating goats
Authors: Bernard Laurence , Leroux Christine , Bonnet Muriel , Rouel Jacques , Martin Patrice , Chilliard Yves
Published: April 2005

While the effect of long-chain fatty acids on adipose tissue (AT) lipogenic activities has been described in non-lactating ruminants (Vernon, 1977), little is known about their effects on the mammary gland and the AT in lactating animals. However, in cows in mid lactation, duodenal rapeseed oil infusion decreased the rate of fatty acid (FA) synthesis in AT and increased milk yield of long-chain FA (18[ratio ]1, 18[ratio ]2 and 18[ratio ]3) and decreased medium-chain FA (14[ratio ]0 and 16[ratio ]0), suggesting a depressive effect of fat feeding on mammary lipid synthesis de novo (Chilliard et al. 1991). On the other hand, in goat species, the addition of vegetable lipids to the diet led to an increase in the milk fat content and yield (Chilliard et al. 2003) suggesting that the possible negative effect of long-chain FA on FA synthesis in the lactating mammary gland could be more than compensated by increasing the supply of FA brought to the mammary gland for milk synthesis. Elsewhere, AT from various anatomical sites are characterized by different FA composition in goat (Bas et al. 1987) together with different patterns of lipogenic gene expression in sheep (Barber et al. 2000). These results suggest that each AT site is characterized by a specific metabolism. However, in lactating ruminants, few data are available on the extent of expression and regulation of genes coding for lipogenic enzymes in AT. Therefore, the current study was performed in three lipogenic tissues of lactating goats, namely the mammary gland, an internal AT site (perirenal AT) and an external AT site (subcutaneous AT).
The lantibiotic lacticin 3147 produced in a milk-based medium improves the efficacy of a bismuth-based teat seal in cattle deliberately infected with Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Crispie Fiona , Twomey Denis , Flynn James , Hill Colin , Ross Paul , Meaney William
Published: April 2005

A preparation of the bacteriocin lacticin 3147 (prepared from a demineralized whey protein fermentation liquor) was combined as a powder with a bismuth-based intramammary teat seal and evaluated for its potential as an antimicrobial in non-lactating cows. The lacticin/teat seal formulation enabled significant bacteriocin release from the seal without the requirement for a surfactant. Studies in vivo in lactating cows demonstrated that this formulation was effective in reducing bacterial recoveries (~20-fold) from teats deliberately inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus after infusion. Moreover, this formulation also significantly reduced the numbers of Staph. aureus recovered from teats that were exposed to the challenge bacterium before the infusion of the teat seal preparation. The powdered preparation of lacticin 3147 did, however, cause some teat irritation as evidenced by associated rises in somatic cell count (SCC). However, this effect was short-lived and when the mean SCC readings pre-infusion and the final two readings post-infusion were compared, there was no significant difference in the immunological acceptance between treatments.
Rural-Urban Migration and Socioeconomic Mobility in Victorian Britain
Authors: LONG JASON
Published: April 2005

This article analyzes rural-urban migration in Great Britain in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Using a new dataset of 28,000 individuals matched between the 1851 and 1881 population censuses, I examine the selection process and treatment effect of migration, controlling for the endogeneity of the migration decision. I find that urban migrants were positively selected—the best of the rural labor pool—and that the economic benefits of migration were substantial. Migrants responded to market signals, and labor markets were largely efficient; however, not all gains from migration were exploited, potentially indicating some degree of inefficiency.
Big Social Savings in a Small Laggard Economy: Railroad-Led Growth in Brazil
Authors: SUMMERHILL WILLIAM R.
Published: April 2005

Railroad development had a profound impact in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Brazil. Direct benefits were small for passengers, but large for freight services, and contributed heavily to the transition from stagnation to growth. Domestic-use activities received a differentially large stimulus. Estimates of the social rate of return reveal that Brazil did not overinvest in railroads. A different allocation of subsidies to railroad capital could have generated additional gains. Backward linkages did little for industry, but the “leakage” attributable to imported inputs was modest. Institutional externalities were mixed. By 1913 railroads had paved the way for dramatically improved economic growth.
Bank Supervision, Regulation, and Instability During the Great Depression
Authors: MITCHENER KRIS JAMES
Published: April 2005

Even after controlling for local economic conditions, differences in supervision and regulation help explain the large variation in state bank suspension rates across U.S. counties during the Great Depression. More stringent capital requirements lowered suspension rates whereas laws prohibiting branch banking and imposing high reserve requirements raised them. States whose bank supervisors could liquidate banks minimized contagion and credit-channel dislocations and experienced lower suspension rates. Those that gave their supervisors sole authority to issue bank charters and granted their supervisors long terms strengthened the incentives for bank lobbyists to influence supervisory decisions and consequently experienced higher rates of suspension.
Constitutions, Corporations, and Corruption: American States and Constitutional Change, 1842 to 1852
Authors: Wallis John Joseph
Published: April 2005

Between 1842 and 1852, eleven states adopted new constitutions, simultaneously creating procedures for issuing government debt and for chartering corporations through general incorporation acts. Why simultaneously? Voters wanted geographically specific infrastructure investments but opposed geographically widespread taxation. States resolved the dilemma by developing several innovative public finance schemes. One, “taxless finance,” used borrowed funds and special corporate privileges without raising current taxes. Another scheme, “benefit taxation,” coordinated the incidence of taxes with the geographic benefits of investments through the property tax. After the fiscal crisis of the early 1840s, states changed their constitutions to eliminate taxless finance in the future.
What to say to a skeptical metaphysician: A defense manual for cognitive and behavioral scientists
Authors: Ross Don , Spurrett David
Published: April 2005

A wave of recent work in metaphysics seeks to undermine the anti-reductionist, functionalist consensus of the past few decades in cognitive science and philosophy of mind. That consensus apparently legitimated a focus on what systems do, without necessarily and always requiring attention to the details of how systems are constituted. The new metaphysical challenge contends that many states and processes referred to by functionalist cognitive scientists are epiphenomenal. It further contends that the problem lies in functionalism itself, and that, to save the causal significance of mind, it is necessary to re-embrace reductionism.

We argue that the prescribed return to reductionism would be disastrous for the cognitive and behavioral sciences, requiring the dismantling of most existing achievements and placing intolerable restrictions on further work. However, this argument fails to answer the metaphysical challenge on its own terms. We meet that challenge by going on to argue that the new metaphysical skepticism about functionalist cognitive science depends on reifying two distinct notions of causality (one primarily scientific, the other metaphysical), then equivocating between them. When the different notions of causality are properly distinguished, it is clear that functionalism is in no serious philosophical trouble, and that we need not choose between reducing minds or finding them causally impotent. The metaphysical challenge to functionalism relies, in particular, on a naïve and inaccurate conception of the practice of physics, and the relationship between physics and metaphysics.
Behavioral momentum and Pavlovian conditioning
Authors: Grace Randolph C. , Nevin John A.
Published: April 2005

The constructs of behavioral mass in research on the momentum of operant behavior and associative strength in Pavlovian conditioning have some interesting parallels, as suggested by Savastano & Miller. Some recent findings challenge the strict separation of operant and Pavlovian determiners of response rate and resistance to change in behavioral momentum, renewing the need for research on the interaction of processes that have traditionally been studied separately. Relatedly, Furedy notes that some autonomic responses may be refractory to conditioning, but a combination of operant contingencies and enriched Pavlovian stimulus-reinforcer relations may prove effective.
Calling in the Cartesian loans
Authors: Dennett Daniel C.
Published: April 2005

Wegner's tactic of describing the conscious mind as if it inhabited a Cartesian Theater in the brain is a stopgap solution that needs to be redeemed by paying off these loans of comprehension. Just how does Wegner propose to recast his points?
Supervenience: Not local and not two-way
Authors: Ladyman James
Published: April 2005

This commentary argues that Ross & Spurrett (R&S) have not shown that supervenience is two-way, but they have shown that all the sciences, including physics, make use of functional and supervenient properties. The entrenched defender of Kim's position could insist that only fundamental physics describes causal relations directly, but Kim's microphysical reductionism becomes completely implausible when we consider contemporary physics.
We believe in freedom of the will so that we can learn
Authors: Glymour Clark
Published: April 2005

The central theoretical issue of Wegner's book is: Why do we have the illusion of conscious will? I suggest that learning requires belief in the autonomy of action.

You should believe in freedom of the will because if you have it you're right, and if you don't have it you couldn't have done otherwise anyway.

—Sam Buss (Lecture at University of California, San Diego, 2000)
Causation, supervenience, and special sciences
Authors: Macdonald Graham
Published: April 2005

Ross & Spurrett (R&S) argue that Kim's reductionism rests on a restricted account of supervenience and a misunderstanding about causality. I contend that broadening supervenience does nothing to avoid Kim's argument and that it is difficult to see how employing different notions of causality helps to avoid the problem. I end by sketching a different solution.
The elusive illusion of sensation
Authors: Hardcastle Valerie Gray
Published: April 2005

The sensation of will is not the same thing as the will itself any more than the sensation of hunger is the same thing as being devoid of nutrients. This is not a really surprising claim, but it is the only claim to which Wegner is entitled in his book.
Local versus distributed: A poor taxonomy of neural coding strategies
Authors: Spratling Michael W.
Published: April 2005

Page is to be congratulated for challenging some misconceptions about neural representation. However, his target article, and the commentaries to it, highlight that the terms “local” and “distributed” are open to misinterpretation. These terms provide a poor description of neural coding strategies and a better taxonomy might resolve some of the issues.
Really taking metaphysics seriously
Authors: Montero Barbara
Published: April 2005

Ross & Spurrett (R&S) fail to take metaphysics seriously because they do not make a clear enough distinction between how we understand the world and what the world is really like. Although they show that the behavioral and cognitive sciences are genuinely explanatory, it is not clear that they have shown that these special sciences identify properties that are genuinely causal.
Drug induced alterations in dreaming: An exploration of the dream data terrain outside activation-synthesis
Authors: Pagel Jim F.
Published: April 2005

Two meta-analyses of pharmacological research are presented, demonstrating that psychoactive drugs have consistent effects on EEG and sleep outside of their effects on REM sleep, and demonstrating that drugs other than those affecting sleep neurotransmitter systems and REM sleep can also alter reported nightmare occurrence. These data suggest that the neurobiology data terrain outside activation-synthesis may include sleep and dream electrophysiology, cognitive reports of dreaming, effects of alterations in consciousness on dreaming, immunology and host defense, and clinical therapies for sleep disorders.
Free will for everyone – with flaws
Authors: Mandler George
Published: April 2005

Wegner's refutation of the notion of a conscious free will is addressed to a general reader. Despite a wide ranging and instructive survey and a conclusion acceptable to current psychological thinking, it is flawed by terminological confusions and lack of attention to relevant evidence and previous psychological approaches. It is suggested that psychology best drop the term will altogether.
Free will and the varieties of affective and conative selves
Authors: Panksepp Jaak
Published: April 2005

A causally efficacious conscious will is a small part of our everyday activities, but a part that deserves to be recognized, studied, and cherished, perhaps as a fundamental, emotion- and conation-related, right hemispheric neuronal process. Such brain functions might be less in doubt if we consider all the pieces of the larger pie, especially those where our passions and desires reside.
The illusion of explanation: The experience of volition, mental effort, and mental imagery
Authors: Pylyshyn Zenon
Published: April 2005

This commentary argues that the “illusion” to which Wegner refers in The Illusion of Conscious Will is actually the illusion that our conscious experience of mentally causing certain behaviors explains the behavior in question: It is not the subjective experience itself that is illusory, but the implied causal explanation. The experience of “mental effort” is cited as another example of this sort of illusion. Another significant example is the experience that properties of the representation of our mental images are responsible for certain patterns of behavior observed in mental imagery experiments. Examples include the increase in reaction time found when details are reported from smaller images or when attention is switched between different places and features (imagined as further apart than they are) within a single image. These examples illustrate the nature of the “illusion” involved: It is the illusion that certain observed regularities occur because of the content of the experience, as opposed to the converse – that experience has the content it does because of what the person figures out would happen in the imagined situation.
A social psychologist illuminates cognition
Authors: Raz Amir , Norman Kim L.
Published: April 2005

Sprinkled with humor, social psychology illuminates cognition in Wegner's beautifully written and cleverly crafted book. However, scantily exploiting such themes as psychopathology, development, and neural correlates of consciousness, Wegner's account does not fully project into cognitive neuroscience. Broaching the topic of self-regulation, we outline neurocognitive data supplementing the notion that voluntariness is perhaps more post hoc ascriptions than bona fide introspection.
Conscious will in the absence of ghosts, hypnotists, and other people
Authors: Schultz Johannes , Sebanz Natalie , Frith Chris
Published: April 2005

We suggest that certain experiences reported by patients with schizophrenia show that priority, consistency, and exclusivity are not sufficient for the experience of willing an action. Furthermore, we argue that even if priority, consistency, and exclusivity cause the experience of being the author of an action, this does not mean that conscious will is an illusion.
Wegner's “illusion” anticipated: Jonathan Edwards on the will
Authors: Tweney Ryan D. , Wachholtz Amy B.
Published: April 2005

Wegner's The Illusion of Conscious Will (2002) ignores an important aspect of the history of the concept: the determinism of Jonathan Edwards (1754) and the later response to this determinism by William James and others. We argue that Edwards's formulation, and James's resolution of the resulting dilemma, are superior to Wegner's.