bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Naa12 compensates for Naa10 in mice in the amino-terminal acetylation pathway
Authors: Kweon Hyae Yon , Lee Mi-Ni , Dorfel Max , Seo Seungwoon , Gottlieb Leah , PaPazyan Thomas , McTiernan Nina , Ree Rasmus , Bolton David , Garcia Andrew , Flory Michael , Crain Jonathan , Sebold Alison , Lyons Scott , Ismail Ahmed , Marchi Elaine , Sonn Seong-keun , Jeong Se-Jin , Jeon Sejin , Ju Shinyeong , Conway Simon J , Kim Taesoo , Kim Hyun-Seok , Lee Cheolju , Roh Tae-Young , Arnesen Thomas , Marmorstein Ronen , Oh Goo Taeg , Lyon Gholson J
Published: August 2021

Amino-terminal acetylation is catalyzed by a set of N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs). The NatA complex (including X-linked Naa10 and Naa15) is the major acetyltransferase, with 40–50% of all mammalian proteins being potential substrates. However, the overall role of amino-terminal acetylation on a whole-organism level is poorly understood, particularly in mammals. Male mice lacking Naa10 show no globally apparent in vivo amino-terminal acetylation impairment and do not exhibit complete embryonic lethality. Rather Naa10 nulls display increased neonatal lethality, and the majority of surviving undersized mutants exhibit a combination of hydrocephaly, cardiac defects, homeotic anterior transformation, piebaldism, and urogenital anomalies. Naa12 is a previously unannotated Naa10-like paralog with NAT activity that genetically compensates for Naa10. Mice deficient for Naa12 have no apparent phenotype, whereas mice deficient for Naa10 and Naa12 display embryonic lethality. The discovery of Naa12 adds to the currently known machinery involved in amino-terminal acetylation in mice.
Variation in the modality of a yeast signaling pathway is mediated by a single regulator
Authors: Palme Julius , Wang Jue , Springer Michael
Published: August 2021

Bimodal gene expression by genetically identical cells is a pervasive feature of signaling networks and has been suggested to allow organisms to hedge their ‘bets’ in uncertain conditions. In the galactose-utilization (GAL) pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, gene induction is unimodal or bimodal depending on natural genetic variation and pre-induction conditions. Here, we find that this variation in modality arises from regulation of two features of the pathway response: the fraction of cells that show induction and their level of expression. GAL3, the galactose sensor, controls the fraction of induced cells, and titrating its expression is sufficient to control modality; moreover, all the observed differences in modality between different pre-induction conditions and among natural isolates can be explained by changes in GAL3’s regulation and activity. The ability to switch modality by tuning the activity of a single protein may allow rapid adaptation of bet hedging to maximize fitness in complex environments.
Optimizing the power of human performed audio surveys for monitoring the endangered Houston toad using automated recording devices
Authors: MacLaren Andrew R. , Crump Paul S. , Forstner Michael R.J.
Published: August 2021

Knowledge regarding the locations of populations of endangered species is a critical part of recovery and facilitates land use planning that avoids unnecessary impacts. Regulatory agencies often support the development of survey guidelines designed to standardize the methods and maximize the probability of detection, thereby avoiding incorrectly concluding a species is absent from a site. Here, using simulations with data collected using automated recording devices (ARDs) we evaluated the efficacy of the existing U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s survey requirements for the endangered Houston Toad (Anaxyrus houstonensis). We explored the effect of (1) increasing survey duration, (2) increasing the number of surveys, and (3) combinations of environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, rainfall) on the detection probability and the number of surveys needed to be 95% confident of absence. We found that increases in both the duration of the survey and the number of surveys conducted decreased the likelihood of incorrectly concluding the species was absent from the site, and that the number of surveys required to be 95% confident greatly exceeded the existing survey requirements. Targeting specific environmental conditions was also an effective way to decrease the number of surveys required but the infrequency in which these conditions occurred might make application difficult in some years. Overall, we suggest that the survey effort necessary to achieve confidence in the absence of Houston Toads at a site is more practically achievable with the use of ARDs, but this may not be suitable in all monitoring scenarios.
The Erlang distribution approximates the age distribution of incidence of childhood and young adulthood cancers
Authors: Belikov Aleksey V. , Vyatkin Alexey , Leonov Sergey V.
Published: August 2021

Background

It is widely believed that cancers develop upon acquiring a particular number of (epi) mutations in driver genes, but the law governing the kinetics of this process is not known. We have previously shown that the age distribution of incidence for the 20 most prevalent cancers of old age is best approximated by the Erlang probability distribution. The Erlang distribution describes the probability of several successive random events occurring by the given time according to the Poisson process, which allows an estimate for the number of critical driver events.

Methods

Here we employ a computational grid search method to find global parameter optima for five probability distributions on the CDC WONDER dataset of the age distribution of childhood and young adulthood cancer incidence.

Results

We show that the Erlang distribution is the only classical probability distribution we found that can adequately model the age distribution of incidence for all studied childhood and young adulthood cancers, in addition to cancers of old age.

Conclusions

This suggests that the Poisson process governs driver accumulation at any age and that the Erlang distribution can be used to determine the number of driver events for any cancer type. The Poisson process implies the fundamentally random timing of driver events and their constant average rate. As waiting times for the occurrence of the required number of driver events are counted in decades, and most cells do not live this long, it suggests that driver mutations accumulate silently in the longest-living dividing cells in the body—the stem cells.
Boxing Match Gone Awry- A Punch over the Head Leading to Eccentric Proptosis in a Child
Authors: Nithianandam Gayathri , Prabakaran S , Loya Geeta Anusha , Rajasekaran S , Gnaneswaran Premnath
Published: August 2021

The most common ocular pathologic conditions in amateur boxing are sub conjunctival haemorrhage, lid injuries, cataract, pupil deformation, angle abnormalities and retinal tear. Proptosis due to frontoethmoidal mucocele in young is one of the least common complications seen in boxers. Here, we discuss a rare case of unilateral eccentric proptosis of right eye in a child after he was punched over the right side of the head during a boxing match. He came with complaints of swelling of upper eyelid. Examination revealed right sided eccentric proptosis with restricted ocular movements and defective vision. Computed Tomography (CT) of orbit showed a well-defined isodense lesion with smooth margins arising from the frontal sinus, extending inferiorly to anterior ethmoidal sinus which caused mass effect over right eye and ocular muscles which resulted in displacement of the eye ball. Otolaryngologist’s opinion was obtained. Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) was done. Postoperatively vision improved with no proptosis and eyeball returned to its normal position.
Study of Effect of Nd:YAG Capsulotomy on Corneal Endothelium: A Teaching Hospital Based Prospective study
Authors: Pathak Amit Hemant , Joshi Ajit Kamalakar , Nellutla Sai Divya
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Posterior Capsular Opacification (PCO) is a condition which develops months or years after cataract surgery. The Neodymium Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy is the procedure of choice for PCO and its adverse effects include intraocular pressure elevation, cystoid macular oedema, corneal endothelial cell damage, retinal detachment and Intraocular Lens (IOL) pitting. Aim: To assess the corneal endothelial structure and function before and after Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy in patients with PCO using specular microscopy. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study carried out in Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India on 50 eyes of 50 patients having PCO. This study was conducted in the time period between October 2020 to February 2021 for four months. Patients were subjected to Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy in the affected eye and were followed-up at one week and one month postprocedure. Specular Microscopy was used to evaluate the Endothelial Cell Density (ECD), Coefficient of Variation (CV) and Hexagonality of endothelial cells before and after laser capsulotomy. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 was used for the statistical analysis. Chi-square test and ANOVA test are the tests of significance applied in this study. Results: Forty-five patients (90%) gained Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) of >6/18 after one week and 47 patients (94%) gained BCVA of ≥6/18 after one month postprocedure. Mean ECD prelaser was 2356.76 cells/mm2, which decreased to 2231.8 cells/mm2 at one week and 2199.2 cells/mm2 at one month follow-up. The difference between prelaser ECD and at one week and one month was 124.96 cells/mm2 and 157.56 cells/mm2, respectively, which was statistically significant at one month (p<0.0001). The mean CV prelaser was 33.74, at one week was 35.58 and at one month it was 37.22. The difference in CV from prelaser status to one month was statistically significant (p<0.0001). The mean hexagonality at baseline was 65.34% which decreased to 62.02% at one week and 60.42% at one month follow-up. The difference in hexagonality between one month and baseline was statistically significant (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy is a safe, effective and non invasive method for the treatment of PCO. However, it causes structural and functional corneal endothelial cell damage.
Toxicity of Quaternary Mixture of Formulated Glyphosate and Phenols on Providencia vermicola Dehydrogenase Activity
Authors: Okafor Franca Ngozi , Orji Michael Uchenna , Nweke Christian Okechukwu , Onuorah Samuel Chinedu , Uba Bright Obidinma , Dokubo Chinweike Unoma
Published: August 2021

Aims: To assess the toxicity of glyphosate (as an active ingredient in drysate), three phenols (2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chlorophenols and phenol) and quaternary mixtures of glyphosate, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and phenol on the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) of P. vermicola.

Study Design: The glyphosate, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and phenol mixture ratios (%) were designed as: 25%:25%:25%:25%; 30%:20%:20%:30%, 40%:10%:10%: 40%; 50%:5%:30%:15% and 20%:20%:10%:50% for the respective mixtures in the concentration range of 0-1000 mg/L.

Place and Duration of Study: Silver Press Laboratory, Owerri Nigeria between July, 2016 and August, 2019.

Methodology:A laboratory scale study was carried on four toxicants using dehydrogenase inhibition test. The inhibition of dehydrogenase activity of the isolate by toxicant was calculated relative to the control. The percentage inhibition data generated was fitted into a logistic dose response model and Weibulleum to obtain their respective IC50.

Results:The results revealed that the median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the mixtures on the Providencia vermicola were 247.17 ±10.20, 163.44 ± 8.18, 251.33 ± 45.25, 267.30 ± 8.76 and 178.93 ± 45.53 mg/L, respectively. Toxicity index (TI) model was used to evaluate the joint action toxicity of the mixtures on the test organism and was 60 % antagonistic.

Conclusion: Thus, these synergistic and additive interactions of formulated glyphosate with the intermediates of 2,4-D was possible against the dehydrogenase activity of Providenciavermicola an important plant growth promoting bacterium. The dynamics of the toxic effects thus would depend on the concentration of the compounds.
An Overview of the Applications of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Shells
Authors: Aimikhe V. J. , Lekia G. B.
Published: August 2021

The waste generated by the periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) shell cannot be undermined. In coastal communities worldwide, periwinkle is a major source of proteins and other vital minerals in most delicacies. The shells of these aquatic species, notable for their nutrient provision, contribute to environmental degradation because of the indiscriminate disposal. The absence of a proper waste management program leads to the blockage of drainages, resulting in flooding. This study reviews the various avenues by which the Tympanotonus fuscatus shell can be processed and utilized. The review was conducted to synthesize the current body of knowledge in the research area to help present a proper perspective to periwinkle shell utilization. The study showed that periwinkle shell could effectively be utilized directly as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates and cement in concrete, and in the adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater. The shell was also a suitable replacement for asbestos in brakepad production. Perspectives for future research in periwinkle shell utilization as raw materials for the production of synthetic stones and ceramic mugs, calcium supplements, fluid loss control additive for drilling mud, adsorbents for poisonous and odorous gas capture were identified. Other areas of future research include the use of periwinkle shells as gravel pack and fluid proppants alternatives in oil and gas wells and as replacements for molecular sieves in natural gas conditioning and biogas upgrading.
A Review on Personalized Therapies
Authors: Shastri Arati , Sawant Dipali , Parmar Neel
Published: August 2021

Aims: Healthcare and pharmaceutical research are incessantly reaching to new zeniths which is substantiated by the increasing numbers of diagnostic and therapeutic options available to healthcare professionals for treating patients but a major impediment to this growth has been the evolution of genetic mutation that makes diagnosis and treatment an enigmatic job. Unfortunately, the study of etiology of mutations is still a very neonatal area of research due to the high number of different factors involved in cellular signal trafficking, several metabolic pathways and their simultaneous effects. Owing to these reasons it has been very difficult to select an appropriate treatment modality based on the manifestations of certain common mutations in a pack of symptoms especially in patients who are resistant to treatment. This has led to the development of personalized therapy which can be delineated as acclimatizing of medical treatment based on the characteristics of the individual being treated. This development leans on our understanding of how an individual ingrained molecular and genetic profile makes them prone to certain diseases. To discover a right target for personalized therapies a long screening proses along with In vivo and in vitro analysis are needed. To begin with this review is an attempt to summarize the information available for personalized therapies.
Insilico Design and Synthesis, Evaluation of Anti-Colon Cancer Activity of Novel Stilbene Hybrids
Authors: Meka Geethavani , Murthaeti Yaswanth , Chintakunta Ramakrishna
Published: August 2021

Various biologically important Stilbene analogues were competently synthesized using inexpensive, non-toxic, and readily available amino acids and Stilbene; the systematic study was carried out to characterize parameters such as TLC, melting point, IR, 1H NMR and mass spectral studies. The synthesized compounds were screened for anticancer activities. The molecular docking studies have been performed by using software Autodock 4.2, Autodock vina. The targeted proteins are P450a2 & Estrogen.

The reaction of phenylacetic acid substituted Benzaldehyde, and triethylamine in acetic anhydride was irradiated in a microwave oven for 3 minutes at 700W afforded (2E)-3-(substituted phenyl)-2-phenylacrylic acid. The above compound, after irradiating with hydrazine provided (2E)-3-(substituted phenyl)-2-phenyl acrylic acid hydrazide. Anti-Cancer activity for synthesized compounds was evaluated using the MTT assay technique against colon cancer. The results were obtained as a percentage in cell lysis data. The IC50 value of the compounds was between 0.037-0.0257 µM/lt. Among all the compounds, tyrosine derivatives exhibited the more potent activity. Insilico studies PCB-arg having more binding affinity with the receptor Cytochrome P450 A2 and PCB-try having more binding affinity with the receptor estrogen beta when compared to other derivatives.
In-vitro Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Screening of Dodonaea viscosa
Authors: Ramkumar R. , Periyasamy S. K. , Venkatraman B. R. , Sekar K. G.
Published: August 2021

Background: The current investigation was done to assess the in vitro anticancer property of Dodonaea viscosa (D. viscosa) in three malignant growth cell lines and mitigating impact in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Methods: The hydroalcoholic remove D. viscosa was ready and tried against HCT-116 colon malignancy, MCF-7 bosom disease HeLa cervical disease cell lines. The cytotoxicity of concentrate was affirmed by MTT cheeky. The calming movement of concentrate was assessed utilizing LPS invigorated RAW 264.7 macrophages and the degree of incendiary middle people was estimated.

Results: The anticancer impact of D. viscosa onHCT-116, MCF-7 and HeLa cell line with the IC50 worth of 60.43 ± 0.76 μg/ml,75.26 ± 0.45 μg/ml and 72.12 ± 0.87μg/ml individually. Further, in LPS stimulatedRAW264.7 macrophage cells, treatment with D. viscosa extract altogether decreased the raised level of NO, TNF-α and PGE2.

Conclusion: This examination gave the proof to D. viscosa an anticancer and mitigating specialist. Further bioactive confinement and atomic examinations are needed to prove the impact of plant remove.
Rehabilitation of Acute and Chronic Ankle Sprain for Male Cricketers Through Headway (Isometric, Isotonic and Proprioception) Exercises
Authors: Gill Sajjad Ali , Akhtar Tanveer , Rafiq M. Tariq , Naseer Abida , Javed Saeed , Shahid Hira
Published: August 2021

The present study investigated that Headway (Isometric, Isotonic and Proprioception) exercises are effective for acute & chronic ankle sprain injury, which was observed through experimental research. Ninety-four amateur cricketers of age, 15-35 years (Control Injured, N=48; Headway Rehab Group N=46) with a confirmed acute or chronic ankle sprain, selected from four different cities of Punjab, Pakistan was evaluated through Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), Single Leg Balance test (SLB) and subject to a set of progressively increasing exercises on ground known as Headway rehab exercises which consisted of Isometric, Isotonic and proprioception protocols. Another group of the same level of cricketers (N=40) was managed parallel for comparisons. The Control Injured and Headway Rehab Group was left with 40 subjects each because during the course of Headway exercise eight and six subjects left the study due to their personal reasons. Comparisons of pre and post-exercise (Control Injured Group) values showed a significant increase (p<0.001) in Lateral direction reach and Posteromedial direction (p<0.05) while the rest of the six directions showed non-significant results. Headway Rehab Group showed an overall improvement of 5.2% and 7.5% with an increase (cm) of 3.4 and 4.9 for the non-injured and injured leg respectively. However, the range of improvement in percentage for all eight directions (anterior, anterolateral, lateral, posterolateral, posterior, posteromedial, medial, anteromedial) lies between 5.7-7.1(range) and 6.3-9.6 (range) for the non-injured and injured leg respectively. Similarly, the difference between pre and post-exercise difference of two positions of non-injured leg and injured leg (closed and open eyes) in seconds were 2.9, 12.1 and 4.1, 27.7 respectively. However, the improvement percentage of two directions (closed and open eyes) of Headway Rehab Group was 44.9 and 75.3 for non-injured and 12.7 and 51.6 per cent for injured group respectively. It was evaluated through the Single Leg Balance Test and analyzed by paired sample t-test found highly significant (p<0.001). The results indicated that Headway exercises improved isometric and isotonic muscular strength, proprioception and stability that ultimately helped to recover, regaining strength and reinstall proprioception. After completing the Headway Rehab plan the subjects were followed for four months to check the recurrence and found recurrence of Control Injured Group and Headway Rehab Group was 17.5% and 12.5% respectively.
Fc glycan sialylation of biotherapeutic monoclonal antibodies has limited impact on antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Authors: Branstetter Elaine , Duff Robert J. , Kuhns Scott , Padaki Rupa
Published: August 2021

It has been well documented that the terminal sugars of Fc glycans can play a critical role in the safety and efficacy of therapeutic mAbs. However, many of the effects of highly heterogeneous Fc glycan structures have yet to be fully characterized. Different glycosylation patterns can affect Fc‐dependent activities, such as the ability of mAbs to bind Fcγ receptors on the effector cell surface, which is critical to immune effector functions, such as antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Previous studies on the impact of sialic acid in the Fc glycan on ADCC have not resulted in consistent conclusions. In our study, we tested sialic acid‐enriched species from a chimeric murine/human kappa light chain IgG1 (mAb1) with known Fcγ receptor IIIa binding and ADCC activities. These enriched species contained up to a fourfold increase in sialic acid‐containing glycans relative to the typical levels present in therapeutic mAbs, along with other attributes such as oxidized and deamidated species. The ADCC analysis of sialylated and asialo mAb1 provided herein shows evidence that sialic acids have little or no impact on ADCC activity. Altogether, our results highlight the value of novel glycan engineering strategies in designing therapeutic mAbs with high‐quality attributes and in improving production process controls.
Survey: Societal norms more impactful than policy on marijuana use patterns
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: August 2021

A newly published study based on a survey of European marijuana users makes the argument that a country's policies toward drug use are not a primary driver of individuals' using habits. The survey's results suggest that even in countries with the most liberal policies toward recreational use, many of those who use marijuana engage in self‐regulation based on societal norms.
Membership categories change at NAATP
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: August 2021

Membership organizations survive on dues. Without them, they die — and so does the advocacy they provide. Another name for advocacy — public policy — underscores the “public” aspect of treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). And the primary membership organization for private treatment providers is now expanding its categories to include the importance of “equity” in treatment.
Customizing MRI‐Compatible Multifunctional Neural Interfaces through Fiber Drawing
Authors: Antonini Marc‐Joseph , Sahasrabudhe Atharva , Tabet Anthony , Schwalm Miriam , Rosenfeld Dekel , Garwood Indie , Park Jimin , Loke Gabriel , Khudiyev Tural , Kanik Mehmet , Corbin Nathan , Canales Andres , Jasanoff Alan , Fink Yoel , Anikeeva Polina
Published: August 2021

Fiber drawing enables scalable fabrication of multifunctional flexible fibers that integrate electrical, optical, and microfluidic modalities to record and modulate neural activity. Constraints on thermomechanical properties of materials, however, have prevented integrated drawing of metal electrodes with low‐loss polymer waveguides for concurrent electrical recording and optical neuromodulation. Here, two fabrication approaches are introduced: 1) an iterative thermal drawing with a soft, low melting temperature (Tm) metal indium, and 2) a metal convergence drawing with traditionally non‐drawable high Tm metal tungsten. Both approaches deliver multifunctional flexible neural interfaces with low‐impedance metallic electrodes and low‐loss waveguides, capable of recording optically‐evoked and spontaneous neural activity in mice over several weeks. These fibers are coupled with a light‐weight mechanical microdrive (1 g) that enables depth‐specific interrogation of neural circuits in mice following chronic implantation. Finally, the compatibility of these fibers with magnetic resonance imaging is demonstrated and they are applied to visualize the delivery of chemical payloads through the integrated channels in real time. Together, these advances expand the domains of application of the fiber‐based neural probes in neuroscience and neuroengineering.
Large Cumulative Capacity Enabled by Regulating Lithium Plating with Metal–Organic Framework Layers on Porous Carbon Nanotube Scaffolds
Authors: Noh Juran , Chen Wenmiao , Wu Peng , Huang Yutao , Tan Jian , Zhou Hong‐Cai , Yu Choongho
Published: August 2021

The high specific capacity of lithium metal is ideal to meet the current demand in rechargeable batteries but lithium dendrites and irreversible volume expansions are major hurdles. 3D lithium host materials can alleviate these problems by lowering the current density with large surface areas and accommodating lithium metal in their pores. However, lithium dendrites are persistently observed because of sluggish lithium‐ion diffusion through tortuous pores, resulting in clogging and thereby dendrite growth. Herein, layered metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are deposited on carboxylated carbon nanotube (CNT) scaffolds via coordination bonding. The MOF layer on the outside of the CNT scaffold has augmented lithium insertion into the porous scaffolds (24 mAh cm−2 at 8 mA cm−2) and lithium plating/stripping lifetime (over 1700 h with 20 mAh cm−2 cycle−1). MOF has pores large enough for lithium ions to permeate through, and its electronically insulating property creates capacitive effects, distributing lithium ions over the surface of the MOF layer to avoid dendrite growth and clogging during lithium plating. Outstanding volumetric and gravimetric capacities (≈940 mAh cm−3 and ≈980 mAh g−1) along with exceptional cumulative capacity (≈4.9 Ah cm−2) are obtained. This promising approach can store lithium without dendrites to deliver high energy densities required for the current rechargeable batteries.
Magneto‐Endosomalytic Therapy for Cancer
Authors: Zhao Pengfei , Han Yan , Nguyen Holly , Corey Eva , Gao Xiaohu
Published: August 2021

A remarkably simple yet effective mode of cancer treatment is reported by repurposing clinically approved magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Intracellular nanoparticle self‐assembly directed by static parallel magnetic fields leads to cell death in targeted tissues while leaving other cells and organs intact. This simple concept opens a new avenue to treat cancer, capitalizing on nanosciences and the nanoparticle (NP) design principles accumulated in the past decades.
A Sustainable and Flexible Microbrush‐Faced Triboelectric Generator for Portable/Wearable Applications
Authors: Jeong Jeonghwa , Jeon Sangheon , Ma Xiaoting , Kwon Young Woo , Shin Dong‐Myeong , Hong Suck Won
Published: August 2021

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are put forward as a state‐of‐the‐art energy‐scavenging technology for self‐powered electronics, but their severe wear and degradation driven by inevitable friction can pose significant durability and sustainability concerns. Here, an array of microfibers is reported that functions as a robust and sustainable TENG in both in‐plane sliding and vertical contact‐separation modes, with excellent electrical potential as high as 20 V and a high cyclability of 3000. The design flexibility of this microbrush TENG (MB‐TENG) on the counter materials facilitates the further improvement of electrical outputs, benefiting numerous applications of human‐interactive triboelectrification. Significantly, these MB‐TENGs offer sufficient output power for successfully driving a smartwatch as well as an electromyography module. This technology uses a simple and cost‐effective manner to provide a robust and reliable monolithic TENG module, which is expected to serve as a promising energy‐harvesting source for self‐powered electronics in the near future.
An Acousto‐Microrobotic Interface with Vision‐Feedback Control
Authors: Wei Ying , Lu Xiaolong , Shen Hui , Peng Hanmin , Yuan Ziyan , Guo Xiasheng , Liu Wenjuan
Published: August 2021

Precise manipulations for micro/nano targets of synthetic particles and bio‐cells hold great promise for the next generation of nano robotic systems and micro‐machines. Although considerable efforts have been devoted to developing propulsion protocols for micro/nano‐manipulation, the limited intelligence without effective control for current microrobots prohibits them away from most sophisticated applications. Here, a novel approach integrating the vision feedback control (VFC) is presented into a microrobotic platform powered by acoustic fields to accomplish autonomous targets identification and optimization of the locomotion resolution. Driven by local enhanced acoustic streaming, microparticles in the vicinity of the linear manipulator could be transported along the given pathway. Via vision feedback control, the targets of microparticles are automatically recognized in the acousto‐microrobotic interface and driven toward the exact user‐defined destinations. The VFC integrated interface is also adoptable to multiple particle manipulations, where each particle is distinguished with unique index numbers for a convenient on‐demand selection. At last, this closed‐loop interface is validated to control the motion of bio‐cells, illustrating the good robustness and biological compatibility. The VFC based control strategy for acousto‐microrobotic interface is featured with favorable controllability and thus will have great potentials in myriad scenarios for smart micro/nano systems.
Deep Eutectic Solvent Induced Porous Conductive Composite for Fully Printed Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor
Authors: Wang Yi‐Fei , Sekine Tomohito , Takeda Yasunori , Hong Jinseo , Yoshida Ayako , Kumaki Daisuke , Shiba Takeo , Tokito Shizuo
Published: August 2021

Manufacturing flexible pressure sensor using scalable and straightforward process is highly desired for next‐generation wearable electronics and intelligent robots. Here, a fully printed pressure sensor is proposed using a newly developed porous conductive composite. The composite ink is prepared by simply mixing the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), carbon black (CB), and a deep eutectic solvent (DES). The DES induces phase segregation between the PDMS and CB and serves as a liquid template to form the porous structure during the annealing process. This spontaneously formed conductive architecture that has not been previously reported in a printable ink endows superior electrical–mechanical performance to the composites, and significantly simplifies the device fabrication of flexible pressure sensors. The developed pressure sensors exhibit comprehensive performance capabilities appropriate for the wearable device, human–machine interfaces, and robot tactile.
Using edge‐of‐field monitoring to characterize water quality: A farmer cooperative case study in northern Missouri
Authors: Udawatta Ranjith P. , Jose Shibu , Hefner Steven , Brinkman Karen
Published: August 2021

Edge‐of‐fieldwater quality monitoring was conducted in cooperation with private landowners through the Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watershed Initiative, a landscape conservation program first offered through the USDA‐NRCS in 2010. The study objective was to quantify effectiveness of individual conservation practice or practice combinations on water quality on corn (Zea mays L.)‐soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] watersheds. Water samples from northern Missouri farms were collected and analyzed by runoff event for sediment (total suspended solids [TSS]), N, and P to evaluate the effects of crop production, residue types, and conservation land treatment on runoff. The presence of living vegetation in the winter, whether established as a cover crop or cash crop, significantly reduced the sediment loads (p < .0001) and nutrient loads (p ≤ .0077). Additional benefits occurred on sites that produced higher residues, like corn or corn with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Significantly low TSS losses occurred during soybean years with corn and winter wheat residues. Sites that implemented full land treatment, having conservation practices that serve to avoid, control, and trap a pollutant, were more effective than those with fewer treatments, especially with respect to P loading. The mean rank for orthophosphates was 45% lower from sites with avoid, control, and trap practices instead of control practices only. Data support the conclusion that conservation structural and management practices are effective and can mitigate some negative impacts generated by agriculture. Although an intricate endeavor, edge‐of‐field water quality monitoring can serve to complement other forms of environmental analysis and inform landowners about efficient farming practices.
Mind the gap: Contesting normal/abnormal constructs of human biology and behaviors
Authors: Cullin Jennifer M. , Vitzthum Virginia J. , Wiley Andrea S.
Published: August 2021

Training in anthropology and evolutionary science ideally prepares scholars to recognize and challenge culturally grounded views of human variation. But upon inspection we find that idealized, and thus perhaps biased, conceptualizations of what is “normal” continue to permeate evaluations of human biology and behaviors. Each of the 13 contributions in this special issue on biological normalcy tackles these concerns as they pertain to some universal, but also variable, human biological or behavioral phenotype. These papers consider the ways in which the term “normal” is used in everyday life, in biomedicine, and in scientific studies to characterize some portion of the variability in a human phenotype. The contributors to this special issue, some of whom present original research findings, discuss the ongoing debates and challenges in the study of human biology and behavior, and critically examine how “normal” is used in their specific research area, thereby exposing and countering biases in the discourse on human phenotypic variation.
Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of Mendelian connective tissue disorders to include prominent kidney phenotypes
Authors: Strong Alanna , Skraban Cara , Meyers Kevin , Amaral Sandra , Furth Susan , Drant Stacey , Hsiao Wendy , Galea Lauren , Gold Jessica , Gold Nina B. , Leonard Jacqueline , Lopez Sonya , Zackai Elaine H. , Pyeritz Reed E.
Published: August 2021

Heritable connective tissue disorders are a group of diseases, each rare, characterized by various combinations of skin, joint, musculoskeletal, organ, and vascular involvement. Although kidney abnormalities have been reported in some connective tissue disorders, they are rarely a presenting feature. Here we present three patients with prominent kidney phenotypes who were found by whole exome sequencing to have variants in established connective tissue genes associated with Loeys‐Dietz syndrome and congenital contractural arachnodactyly. These cases highlight the importance of considering connective tissue disease in children presenting with structural kidney disease and also serves to expand the phenotype of Loeys‐Dietz syndrome and possibly congenital contractural arachnodactyly to include cystic kidney disease and cystic kidney dysplasia, respectively.
Vibrational Properties of Pristine and Lithium‐Intercalated Black Phosphorous under High‐Pressure
Authors: Rajapakse Manthila , Musa Md Rajib Khan , Vithanage Dinushika , Abu Usman , Karki Bhupendra , Yu Ming , Jasinski Jacek B. , Sumanasekera Gamini
Published: August 2021

Structural evolution of Li‐intercalated and pristine black phosphorous (BP) under high‐pressure (up to ≈8 GPa) is studied using in situ Raman spectroscopy. Even though both materials show a monotonic blueshift of the out‐of‐plane vibrational mode (A1g) with pressure, Li‐intercalated BP do not show a blueshift until a threshold pressure (2.4 GPa) is reached to compensate the structural expansion caused by intercalation. However, the in‐plane modes (B2g and A2g) in each sample respond differently. In the mid‐pressure region, they both show redshifts which in Li‐intercalated BP is also followed by abrupt blueshifts. Such behavior indicates pressure‐induced structural reorganizations inside the material. Computational modeling reveals the existence of a process of P─P bond breaking and reforming in the system due to the redistribution of intercalated Li atoms under pressure. This work shows the significance of combined effect of pressure and intercalation on structural changes in the search for new phases of BP and other two‐dimensional (2D) materials.
Metagenome‐Guided Analogue Synthesis Yields Improved Gram‐Negative‐Active Albicidin‐ and Cystobactamid‐Type Antibiotics
Authors: Wang Zongqiang , Kasper Amanda , Mehmood Rabia , Ternei Melinda , Li Shaogang , Freundlich Joel S. , Brady Sean F.
Published: August 2021

Natural products are a major source of new antibiotics. Here we utilize biosynthetic instructions contained within metagenome‐derived congener biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) to guide the synthesis of improved antibiotic analogues. Albicidin and cystobactamid are the first members of a new class of broad‐spectrum ρ‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA)‐based antibiotics. Our search for PABA‐specific adenylation domain sequences in soil metagenomes revealed that BGCs in this family are common in nature. Twelve BGCs that were bio‐informatically predicted to encode six new congeners were recovered from soil metagenomic libraries. Synthesis of these six predicted structures led to the identification of potent antibiotics with changes in their spectrum of activity and the ability to circumvent resistance conferred by endopeptidase cleavage enzymes.
Preparation of Bulk‐Phase Nitride Perovskite LaReN3 and Topotactic Reduction to LaNiO2‐Type LaReN2
Authors: Kloß Simon D. , Weidemann Martin L. , Attfield J. Paul
Published: August 2021

While halide and oxide perovskites are numerous and many display outstanding properties, ABN3 perovskite nitrides are extremely rare due to synthetic challenges arising from the low chemical potential of nitrogen and a tendency to form low‐coordination nitridometallate anions. We report the preparation of a perovskite nitride LaReN3 through azide‐mediated oxidation at high pressure. High‐resolution synchrotron diffraction shows that LaReN3 has a low‐symmetry, triclinic, perovskite superstructure resulting from orbital ordering with strong spin‐orbit coupling distortions. Topotactic reduction of LaReN3 above 500 °C leads to layered tetragonal LaReN2 via a probable LaReN2.5 intermediate, which is the first reported example of nitride defect perovskites. Magnetisation and conductivity measurements indicate that LaReN3 and LaReN2 are both metallic solids. The two chemical approaches presented are expected to lead to new classes of ABN3 and defect ABN3−x nitride perovskite materials.
Eco‐friendly blowing agent, HCFO‐1233zd, for the synthesis of polyurethane foam as cryogenic insulation
Authors: Park Jin‐Seok , Kim Hee‐Tae , Kim Jeong‐Dae , Kim Jeong‐Hyeon , Kim Seul‐Kee , Lee Jae‐Myung
Published: August 2021

Polyurethane foam is an insulating material, which is adopted in various industrial fields owing to its high compressive strength, low thermal conductivity, and excellent impact resistance. The most important additive in the synthesis process of the polyurethane foam is the blowing agent because it significantly affects the cell structure and density. HFC‐245fa, the most widely used blowing agent, is expected to be terminated under strict environmental regulations owing to its high global warming potential. This study synthesizes a new eco‐friendly polyurethane foam with HCFO‐1223zd in the density range of 90 to 190 kg/m3. After the synthesis process, the microstructural morphology of the HCFO‐1223zd blown polyurethane foam was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the insulation performance was compared to conventional polyurethane foam. Furthermore, mechanical characteristics were investigated at 20 and −163°C temperatures. The results show that the HCFO‐1233zd blown polyurethane foam has superior mechanical and thermal properties compared to the conventional blowing agents.
Influence of graphene nanoplates andABS‐g‐MAHon the thermal, mechanical, and electromagnetic properties ofPC/ABSblend
Authors: dos Anjos Erick Gabriel Ribeiro , de Souza Vieira Leonardo , Marini Juliano , Brazil Tayra Rodrigues , Gomes Newton Adriano Santos , Rezende Mirabel Cerqueira , Passador Fabio Roberto
Published: August 2021

Polymeric blends based on polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile–styrene‐butadiene copolymer (ABS) are applied mainly in the electronic and automotive industries. Studies to improve the properties of PC/ABS blend have led to graphene nanoplates (GNP) addition, a carbon nanofiller derived from graphite that presents some of the promising properties of graphene. In this work, the effect of the addition of GNP (3 and 5 wt%) and maleic anhydride grafted ABS (ABS‐g‐MAH) were evaluated on the thermal, mechanical, rheological, and electromagnetic properties of PC/ABS blends (85/15), a different blend ratio of previous studies. It was verified that the GNP addition significantly increased the thermal stability of the blends. Furthermore, the mechanical tests showed that ABS‐g‐MAH acted as an efficient compatibilizer for the PC/ABS blends, and the GNP addition improved the Shore D hardness, the elastic modulus, and the maximum tensile strength of all compositions. Besides, it was observed an overlapping effect of the GNP and ABS‐g‐MAH addition on the mechanical properties of the blend. The addition of 3 wt% GNP to the PC/ABS (85/15) blend also doubled the elongation at break of the material. Furthermore, these contents resulted in a slight increase of the electromagnetic waves attenuation of 1–2 dB associated to electromagnetic waves reflection.
Cellulose and chitosan based magnetic nanocomposite microspheres and its application
Authors: Pan Huiming , Meng Qi , Wang Qiyang
Published: August 2021

In this work, a simple and green method is used to fabricate magnet nanocomposite microspheres (cellulose/chitosan/Fe3O4) based on cellulose/chitosan microsphere via the interaction between metal ions with chitosan. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectra and X‐ray diffraction indicated that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were well‐fixed in the network of cellulose/chitosan microsphere as a result of the chelation role between chitosan and metal ions. Moreover, the morphology of Fe3O4 nanoparticle can be adjusted by changing the chitosan concentration of cellulose/chitosan microsphere. Most important, the catalytic performance of the nanocomposite magnet microsphere was studied, and the magnet nanocomposite microspheres with face‐centered cubic structure and less size of Fe3O4 nanoparticles have shown excellent catalytic performance. Based on their excellent catalytic properties, these magnet cellulose/chitosan/Fe3O4 microspheres have prospect applications in the field of biotechnology and environmental, and so on.
Determinants of large‐scale spatial distribution and seasonal microhabitat selection patterns of the endangered freshwater blenny Salaria fluviatilis in the Ebro River basin, Spain
Authors: Elvira Benigno , Nicola Graciela G. , Ayllón Daniel , Almodóvar Ana
Published: August 2021

The freshwater blenny Salaria fluviatilis is an endangered fish species with populations that are in rapid decline, largely owing to habitat degradation caused by human activity. This situation highlights the urgent need to develop measures for the conservation and recovery of the species based on a deep understanding of its specific habitat requirements.

In this study, spatial distribution and habitat selection patterns were investigated to determine the limiting factors for the species at different times of the year and at different spatial scales, from macro to microhabitats.

The presence of the freshwater blenny was assessed at 127 sites in the Ebro River basin, Spain, between 2002 and 2012. It was only detected at 25 sites, corresponding to the intermediate and lower reaches of medium‐sized tributaries and in the main river, in accordance with the ecology of the species. Whether the species was present depended on the physicochemical, habitat and biological conditions of the study sites. Freshwater blenny was very sensitive to organic pollution and eutrophication, the deterioration of substrate composition and channel structure, and the degradation of aquatic and riparian vegetation.

Freshwater blenny showed a selective use of microhabitat locations with high current velocity, linked to gravel or cobble substrate. It was also observed that the species is capable of adapting its selection behaviour to the flow‐mediated seasonal changes in its physical environment.

Although the results presented indicate that the species is not a microhabitat specialist, individual survival is likely to be dependent on the availability of key microhabitats, which must be protected against detrimental human activity.
Local knowledge surveys with small‐scale fishers indicate challenges to sawfish conservation in southern Papua New Guinea
Authors: Grant Michael I. , White William T. , Amepou Yolarnie , Baje Leontine , Diedrich Amy , Ibana Dotty , Jogo Dick J. , Jogo Stanley , Kyne Peter M. , Li Owen , Mana Ralph , Mapmani Nigel , Nagul Anthony , Roeger Darcy , Simpfendorfer Colin A. , Chin Andrew
Published: August 2021

Sawfish (Pristidae) are considered to be among the most threatened families of elasmobranch (sharks and rays). There is a need to gather information on the status of poorly known sawfish populations to assist in global recovery initiatives.

This study used interviews with local fishers to investigate the presence of sawfish in southern Papua New Guinea (PNG) and their interactions with and uses and values for small‐scale fishers.

A range of sawfish size classes are still encountered throughout southern PNG, while juvenile largetooth sawfish Pristis pristis were additionally reported in the freshwater reaches of all rivers surveyed. Reports of large size classes in estuarine and marine environments provide an optimistic outlook that sawfish populations persist throughout southern PNG.

Most fishers that catch sawfish retain them for various uses including consumption and for the sale of meat, fins and occasionally rostra. Negative population trends including decreases in catch frequency and/or size classes were reported by 66% of interviewees, with the largest declines being reported in the Kikori River. The increasing technical capacity of small‐scale fishers, their preference for gillnetting and the emerging market for teleost swim bladder (a high‐value fishery product) present a major ongoing threat to sawfish in southern PNG. Furthermore, the tendency of fishers to kill or remove rostra from entangled sawfish results in high fishing mortality regardless of any use by the fisher.

This study indicates that considerable community engagement will be necessary to manifest any legislative actions or increased enforcement on international trade regulations for sawfish in PNG. This is due to traditional land and waterway ownership values throughout PNG and the local perception of sawfish as a traditional food resource rather than an animal of intrinsic biodiversity value as perceived by global conservationists. Future research should consider exploring culturally appropriate conservation initiatives that are likely to achieve engagement and participation from local fishers.