bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN DAN DUKUNGAN KELUARGA TERHADAP PENURUNAN RASA NYERI PERSALINAN DI KLINIK RAWAT INAP NU MADINAH PUJON KABUPATEN MALANG
Authors: Rahmawati Mufida Annisa , Ummah Wiqodatul , Kuswandari Eti , Aisyah Fitria , Ningrum Novi Budi
Published: January 2024

Pain during labor is a concrete condition that threatens the birth mother, causing feelings of tension, worry and fear. For this reason, pregnant women try to be successful in dealing with this situation as best as possible until the time of delivery arrives, so support from their husband and family is really needed during the birth process, so that the mother feels safe and comfortable during the birth process. The sampling method was a total sampling of 30 pregnant women who experienced pain during childbirth. The data analysis method used is simple linear regression analysis. Based on the results of research at the NU Madinah Pujon inpatient clinic, there is a calculated T value for the family support variable (X2) of 6.986 > T table 2.048, meaning there is a significant relationship between family support (X2) and a decrease in labor pain (Y). The conclusion in this case is that family support will bring a feeling of joy, a sense of security, a sense of satisfaction and a sense of comfort, which will make the mother in labor feel that she is getting emotional support which will affect her mental well-being, and can relax when the mother feels pain.
HUBUNGAN POLA MAKAN DENGAN KEJADIAN ASAM URAT PADA LANSIA DI DUSUN ANGSANA DESA SANGANOM KECAMATAN NGULING KABUPATEN PASURUAN
Authors: Widiyawati Rina , Muthoharoh Siti
Published: January 2024

There are still many elderly people who do not know about healthy eating patterns, whether it is the type of food, and the amount of food so that many people get sick because of wrong eating patterns. One of them is gout. Correlation research design with cross sectional approach and sampling method with probability sample technique. The population is 60 elderly. With a sample of some of the elderly as many as 52 elderly. The instrument in this study used a questionnaire. Analysis using Spearman test. The results of this study were obtained who have eating patterns in the category of sometimes as many as 29 respondents (55.8%). And those who have an eating pattern in the rare category are 23 respondents (44.2%). Meanwhile, in the incidence of gout, almost all respondents had high uric acid incidence as many as 40 respondents (76.9%). And normal as many as 11 (21.2%). And low as much as 1 (1.9%). The results of the statistical test of the spearman rho test with a correlation coefficient of p = 0.004 (p = 0.004 < = 0.005). It can be concluded that the variable diet has a significant relationship with the incidence of gout and there is a relationship between diet and the incidence of gout in the elderly. Elderly with an unhealthy diet have high uric acid levels (Lk: > 7.0 Pr : > 6.0), while the elderly with a healthy diet have normal uric acid levels (Lk: 3.5-7.0 Pr: 2.6-6.0). Most elderly have unhealthy eating patterns, and it is found that most elderly have high uric acid levels.
MELATIH KETERAMPILAN BERBICARA SISWA SDN 20 RANTAU BAYUR MELALUI KEGIATAN MENDONGENG
Authors: Mayrita Hastari , Yanti Novri , Mawarni  , Novita Dinda , Anjani Devi , Andriani Margareta
Published: January 2024

Keterampilan berbicara ini dapat mengekspresikan, mengemukakan pendapat, menyampaikan  perasaan, gagasan, dan menyatakan. Terampilan berbicara di depan umum akan menambahkan rasa percaya diri seseorang. Tujuan pengabdian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berbicara dalam proses pembelajaran melalui dongeng pada siswa kelas 4 SD Negeri 20 Rantau Bayur. Berdasarkan observasi, satu siklus pertemuan didapatkan bahwa kurangnya minat baca bagi para siswa, selain itu kurangnya perlengkapan buku-buku yang menunjang kegiatan belajar mengajar. Oleh karena itu, melalui pengabdian ini, Tim melatih keterampilan mendongeng untuk para siswa tersebut
MENGEMBANGKAN KETRAMPILAN DESAIN GRAFIS UNTUK MENDUKUNG PRODUKTIVITAS DI ERA 5.0
Authors: Kiky Vikky , Ramadhani Surya Tri Atmaja , Puri Fiyas Mahananing , Istiqomah Dewi Annisa , Huda Amirudin Khoirul , Nugraha Anggit Ferdita
Published: January 2024

Graphic design is a fine art often encountered in various activities on the street and in public spaces. Graphic design can be used for various purposes, such as making pamphlets, posters, brochures and other promotional media. As an extracurricular organization, the English Tadris Study Program Student Association (HMPS) Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, State Islamic University (UIN) Salatiga often holds events that must be published visually with graphic design. However, there needs to be more knowledge about graphic design. HPMS TBI members are still limited to the Medkominfo division only, so it is necessary to provide Graphic Design Training (PGD) using the Canva application to all members. The aim of this activity is for administrators to have graphic design skills so they can create more exciting and high-quality event documentation. The method used in this community service program is divided into four stages, starting from analyzing partner problems by observing and interviewing by coming directly to the location with the head of the HMPS TBI UIN Salatiga organization, creating training modules, delivering material and direct practice, and evaluate activities using questionnaires. The results of this program succeeded in improving the graphic design skills of the participants, especially members of HMPS TBI. HMPS TBI members can now significantly contribute more to documentation and promotional activities on campus and in the surrounding community. They can create more professional promotional materials.
Unheard Agonies of the Unsung Females in The Waste Land
Authors: Khanom Roxana
Published: January 2024

T. S. Eliot’s iconic masterpiece ‘The Waste Land’ has endured the test of time exploring a rich tapestry of complex issues with profound depth. Amidst its intricate narrative, numerous unsung female figures surface, injecting vital energy into the overarching story. From Madame Sosostris to the Hyacinth girl, the woman in ‘The Game of Chess’ to the delicate ‘Lil wife,’ and Cleopatra to Philomel, even a partially feminine embodiment of Tiresias—the landscape of ‘The Waste Land’ is marked by these diverse women, intensifying the emotional landscape of desolation, frustration, mechanical sexual life, perversion, and various other modern maladies. Amid a diseased and decaying backdrop, these women navigate their existence, adapting to the unforgiving realities of the wasteland. Strikingly, their identities have become entwined with the hyper-urbanized world as if they were common commodities. This paper undertakes an exploration of these intricately interwoven female characters within the thematic tapestry of The Waste Land. These themes not only transform notions of gender and sexuality but also delve into mythology, history, legends, religion, and the intricate human condition forged in the aftermath of World War I. The paper aims to demonstrate how these unsung females become the ultimate victims of modern malaise and strive to adapt to the corruptive influences of the modern wasteland.
UNVEILING THE TAPESTRY OF CULTURAL TOURISM: INVESTIGATING THE NEXUS OF TOURISTS & EXPERIENCES, SATISFACTION, AND ENGAGEMENT IN ISTANBUL
Authors: Ceylan Dilşad
Published: January 2024

This study introduces a novel approach to cultural tourism in Istanbul by quantifying satisfaction and engagement as measurable values. The complex dynamics of cultural tourism in Istanbul is examined, with a specific focus on the interplay between tourist experiences, satisfaction levels, and the extent of engagement with the city’s cultural offerings. Employing a quantitative research design, the investigation surveys tourists in Istanbul and employs rigorous statistical analyses to derive meaningful findings. Drawing insights from a sample of 230 respondents, the research presents the findings based on different aspects of cultural tourism, including tourist experiences, satisfaction, and engagement. Departing from traditional qualitative assessments, our research employs regression analyses to systematically explore the relationships between tourist experiences and these quantifiable dimensions. This innovative model offers a structured perspective on the impact of tourist experiences, providing unique insights into the intricate dynamics that shape cultural tourism in Istanbul. This methodological novelty advances the empirical understanding of cultural tourism and establishes a robust foundation for future research endeavors. The character of Istanbul as a cultural tourist destination is intricately shaped by the nuanced interactions between tourists and the city’s tourism infrastructure. These interactions, characterized by a symbiotic relationship, meet travelers’ expectations, and frequently surpass them, laying the foundation for a heightened sense of happiness. Satisfaction, a pivotal component of cultural tourism, is intricately linked to the authenticity of experiences. Istanbul’s open infrastructure and unwavering commitment to preserving cultural heritage contribute significantly to the happiness and satisfaction of its visitors. Moreover, the dynamic facet of cultural tourism, termed engagement, transforms visitors into active participants in the cultural narrative. Engaged visitors seek deeper connections, fostering an upward spiral of satisfaction and positive experiences. The implications of these findings presented in the results obtained carry substantial weight for stakeholders in Istanbul’s cultural tourism landscape, offering valuable insights that can inform strategic decisions and contribute to the sustainable development of cultural tourism in the city. Keywords: cultural tourism, tourist satisfaction, Istanbul.
Discussion and Ingredients of Different Types of Tablets: A Comprehensive Review
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutics, Saint Soldier College of Pharmacy,Tonk, Rajasthan, Sharma Shaifali , Kulshrestha Anamika ,   Department of Pharmacology, Arya college of Pharmacy,Jaipur,Rajasthan
Published: January 2024

Not only is medicine a science, but it is also an art. Instead of mixing pills and plasters, It addresses the basic functions of life that must be understood in order to be guided. Oral solid pharmaceutical dosage forms have been widely used for a long time, primarily due to their ease of use and effectiveness in delivering systemic medications. The tablets can be made from powders straight out of the container, from pellets or granules, or from several film-coated units.Tablets are classified as solid pharmaceutical dosage forms made by moulding or compression that contain medication ingredients with or without appropriate diluents. As a result, two general categories for tablets exist: compressed tablets and moulded tablets. Additional categories for compressed tablets include tablet triturates, chewable tablets, and directly compressible tablets.
Literary Post-editing and the Question of Copyright
Authors: Taivalkoski-Shilov Kristiina , Koponen Maarit
Published: January 2024

Translation poses a challenge to copyright laws, which extend protection to works based on the originality of expression rather than the ideas expressed, because translations convey the ideas of the original in a different language and therefore also use different expressions. Technologization of translation has further increased this complexity, as tools such as translation memories and machine translation and post-editing practices are starting to also emerge in literary translation, calling for a more detailed investigation of the literary post-editor’s role and ownership of the text. Post-editing of machine-translated output could give rise to copyright protection, but this depends on the level of intervention and whether the post-edited translation is deemed sufficiently original. This article aims to investigate questions of originality, creativity and textual ownership in literary post-editing. We examine two cases where a literary text was machine translated, post-edited and then published. Our research materials consist of the peritexts surrounding the published translations and three epitexts: one publisher’s website, a research article written by one of the post-editors to describe the experience, and an interview with the other post-editor. Through a qualitative content analysis of these materials, we examine how they reflect the post-editors’ approach to post-editing, personal input in the process and textual ownership of the post-edited target text. The findings suggest that the two post-editors have different approaches to post-editing, leading them to differing perceptions of their own creative input and relationship with the final text.
Creative skills development: training translators to write in the era of AI
Authors: Guerberof-Arenas Ana , Asimakoulas Dimitris
Published: January 2024

Developers of generative artificial intelligence systems promote the idea of personal assistants for various tasks, including translation and authoring creative content. As a consequence of these developments, the topic of “human” creativity has moved centre stage. Acknowledging similarities between translation and creative writing, this article offers a critical discussion of intersecting areas and suggests a framework for creative skills couched in the tradition of social sciences research. As a practical application with pedagogical impact, the paper presents a new module on writing specifically designed for translators. As is argued, the conceptual design, content, mode of delivery and evaluation of potential pedagogical benefits may be replicable in other pedagogical settings at undergraduate or postgraduate level. The role of technology is also problematised, indicating how writing may be augmented by using tools. Ideally, this is to be done in a context where creativity upskilling can equip students with the ability to (de)select context-appropriate solutions, that is, to use convergent and divergent thinking, ultimately preparing them to play a fundamental role in a rapidly evolving digital world.
Rola terytorialnego zakorzenienia historycznego w kształtowaniu praktyk religijnych w parafiach katolickich w Polsce
Authors: Śleszyński Przemysław , Sadłoń Wojciech , Kowalski Mariusz , Łysoń Piotr , Żukowski Tomasz , Prażmo Łukasz
Published: January 2024

Celem pracy jest wyjaśnienie, czy i w jaki sposób czynniki historyczne mogą odgrywać rolę w kształtowaniu praktyk religijnych oraz jaka może być w tym rola współczesnej urbanizacji i modernizacji. W analizach wykorzystano unikalne dane dotyczące frekwencji na mszy świętej w latach 2016‑2018, liczone we wszystkich 10,0 tys. parafii w Polsce. Dane te analizowano w podziale na regiony uwarunkowane historycznie oraz w podziale na współczesne typy obszarów pod względem intensywności procesów urbanizacyjnych i metropolizacyjnych. Wykazano, że poziom uczestnictwa w praktykach religijnych jest historycznie zakorzeniony (osadzony) w środowisku lokalnym: najwyższy poziom charakteryzuje obszary wschodniej i południowej Polski (Galicja, Królestwo Kongresowe), a w większości z tych regionów obserwujemy spadek uczestnictwa wraz ze wzrostem stopnia urbanizacji i metropolizacji, ale jednocześnie istotne różnice pomiędzy regionami uwarunkowanymi historycznie dla obszarów o podobnym stopniu urbanizacji, także pomiędzy dużymi miastami. Na tej podstawie opracowano model przestrzennych (historyczno‑geograficznych) uwarunkowań praktyk religijnych w Polsce. Analizy są pierwszym szczegółowym badaniem zróżnicowania parafii katolickich w oparciu o tak dużą i geograficznie szczegółową próbę badawczą
Nierówności przestrzenne a geografia niezadowolenia. Przykład preferencji wyborczych na obszarach problemowych w Polsce
Authors: Bański Jerzy , Kowalski Mariusz , Konopski Michał
Published: January 2024

Konsekwencje nierówności przestrzennych stanowią zagrożenie dla spójności społecznej oraz niesprawiedliwości i marginalizacji, mogąc przyczyniać się do rozłamów politycznych. Odzwierciedleniem niezadowolenia społecznego jest wzrost znaczenia partii populistycznych i kontestatorskich, skierowanych przeciwko establishmentowi. Artykuł dotyczy problematyki społeczno-ekonomicznych nierówności przestrzennych w skali regionalnej i wynikającej z nich geografii niezadowolenia społeczności, które czują się „pozostawione w tyle”. Dokonano analizy preferencji politycznych porównując ze sobą dwa okręgi wyborcze znajdujące się w obszarach problemowych (cechujących się opóźnieniem urbanizacyjnym – okręg chełmski – i szokiem transformacyjnym – okręg koszaliński). Przeanalizowano wyniki czterech ostatnich wyborów do Sejmu (2011, 2015, 2019, 2023). Rezultaty skonfrontowano z ogólnopolskimi orientacjami politycznymi oraz jednej z najbardziej elitarnych, w domyśle najmniej populistycznej miejscowości w Polsce (okręg poznański). Na tej podstawie można potwierdzić tezę o bardziej populistycznych preferencjach wyborczych ludności obszarów problemowych. Populizm nie zawsze reprezentuje jednak określoną ideologię na osi lewica-prawica i wykazuje potencjał do przyciągania wyborców zarówno w lokalnych środowiskach konserwatywnych, jak i bardziej postępowych. Ugrupowania bardziej wyraziste ideowo, zarówno prawicowe, jak i lewicowe uzyskiwały na obszarach problemowych porównywalne i wyższe od ogólnopolskiego rezultaty w obu typach społeczności. Z kolei partie mainstreamowe zdając sobie sprawę z potencjału ugrupowań populistycznych dostosowują swój program wyborczy by zawalczyć o głosy „niezadowolonych” społeczności obszarów „pozostawionych w tyle”.
Identification of shrinking cities in Poland using a multi-criterion indicator
Authors: Szymczyk Ewa , Bukowski Mateusz
Published: January 2024

Urban shrinkage, characterised by long-term demographic, socio-economic and spatial changes, has been studied extensively, including via research into causes, typologies, and planning responses. However, while understanding and measuring urban shrinkage processes is crucial if policymakers are to respond adequately to cities’ challenges, multi-criterion studies on shrinkage trajectories are still required for the spatiotemporal complexity to be captured correctly. This study reviews methods by which urban shrinkage is studied and concludes with a selection of multi-criterion methods that offer more in-depth insight than population-based methods. Finally, a multicriteria analysis, adapted from Milbert (2015), is applied to measure urban shrinkage in Poland in the years 2006 to 2021. This incorporates six variables with a view to shrinking and growing cities being assessed and assigned to one of five categories.

The research provides insights into Poland’s most recent urban shrinkage processes. Results show that, over the analysed period, urban shrinkage was a phenomenon that increased and intensified in Poland, affected a growing number of urban centres of medium size, and was to be noted on the peripheries of metropolitan areas. Such research outcomes contribute to a better understanding of urban shrinkage in Poland, provide a basis for further research, and inform policymakers as they seek to formulate more-targeted strategies to address the specific challenges that urban shrinkage raises.
Regalos, turrones y anuncios: emociones en la publicidad navideña
Authors: Montaña Blasco Mireia
Published: January 2024

El mes de enero implica la vuelta a la rutina, después de unos días de fiesta, grandes comidas y descanso. Dejamos atrás la Navidad, que representa ya, hoy en día, un momento emotivo que va mucho más allá de celebraciones religiosas. Es un periodo en el que la sociedad se sumerge en un espíritu festivo y de generosidad. Para las marcas, este momento representa una buena oportunidad para conectar con su público de una manera más emocional y crear así un vínculo duradero.
Community of Portuguese Language Countries: Formation, development, and role on the international arena
Authors: Velhinho Rodrigues Vadyuska Valentinovna , Makarova Tatyana Sergeevna , Nikulin Maksim Andreevich
Published: January 2024

This article addresses the pertinent issue of irreversible transformations in the diplomacy of contemporary states, international organizations, and peoples. Using the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) as a case study, the contribution of historical, cultural, and linguistic heritage is analyzed as a specific factor fostering positive changes and progress in the lives of the people of these member states. The study aims to analyze the role of the CPLP in modern diplomacy and identify its influence on the formation of relationships between states. The aim of this research is to study the contribution of the CPLP to the development of Portuguese Language Countries. The authors conducted a comprehensive study of the history, development, and achievements of this international organization over its 27 years of existence. Special attention is given to the activities of the International Institute of the Portuguese Language (IIPL). The research successfully achieved its goal and addressed the tasks through the application of SWOT analysis. The relevance of this research lies in the growing importance of multilateral cooperation among countries sharing a common linguistic heritage. Understanding the dynamics and transformations within the CPLP is essential for grasping the changing nature of global diplomacy and the role of language as a unifying force in international affairs. The research successfully examined the formation and development of the CPLP as an actor in international relations, analyzed the activities of the Institute of the Portuguese Language as an accountable body of the organization, and studied the influence of the CPLP on the development of relations among Portuguese Language Countries. Based on the research findings, the authors conclude that the sovereign equality of CPLP member states is a paramount result of the global transformation of diplomatic relations between former metropolis and former colonies.
THE ITALIAN INFLUENCE ON 18TH-CENTURY HUNGARIAN CULTURE IN THE LIGHT OF THE ACTIVITIES OF A HUNGARIAN PRELATE, FERENC BARKÓCZY
Authors: DÓBÉK ÁGNES
Published: January 2024

In the Catholic culture of 18th-century Hungary, the influence of Rome is decisive. Th e aim of this paper is to examine the Italian backdrop for the cultural-shaping activities of Ferenc Barkóczy (1710-1765), a Hungarian prelate who studied in Italy. Th e basic questions of my research are the following: how did the years spent studying in Italy define Barkóczy’s patronage? Th e stock of Barkóczy’s book collection contained a large number of Italian books: how did these reflect his interest, spiritual orientation and cultural-shaping activities? Th is high-ranking priest enjoyed a lively correspondence with Italian agents: and so, what cultural-historical aspects did their correspondence contain? Examining new aspects and sources, this paper fits in with the Hungarian-Italian research on the history of relations, and is based on archival research.
COVID-19 e combate à desinformação: a experiência do Consórcio de Veículos de Imprensa no Brasil
Authors: Peraça Ferreira Vitória , Christofoletti Rogério
Published: January 2024

A pandemia de COVID-19 ameaçou a sobrevivência de populações inteiras, sobretudo habitantes de países periféricos, com políticas públicas precárias e sistemas de saúde insuficientes. Na América Latina, os riscos de contágio, adoecimento e morte se agravaram com o aumento do negacionismo e da desinformação. No Brasil, além do enfrentamento da epidemia num território continental, um desafio adicional foi contornar as ações de um governo indisposto a enfrentar o problema. Além da hesitação na adoção de medidas sanitárias e do atraso na compra de vacinas, o Ministério da Saúde de Jair Bolsonaro agiu contra a transparência pública e dificultou o conhecimento de dados sobre a pandemia. Em junho de 2020, seis influentes meios de comunicação se uniram para formar o Consórcio de Veículos de Imprensa, iniciativa colaborativa para contabilizar e noticiar dados da evolução da doença e da vacinação. Neste artigo, por meio de entrevistas com profissionais participantes, reconstituímos o surgimento deste empreendimento que, durante quase mil dias, foi uma resposta do jornalismo brasileiro para combater a desinformação durante a pandemia.
Micro-influencers: percepción sobre la relación con sus seguidores y acciones comerciales que incrementan su participación
Authors: Fernández-Gómez Erika , Fernández-Vázquez Jessica , Gutiérrez-Martínez Begoña , López-Bolás Alba
Published: January 2024

Los influencers son una pieza clave de la industria publicitaria. Entre ellos, los que tienen menos de 100.000 seguidores consiguen excelentes niveles de engagement al establecer una relación más cercana y creíble con su audiencia. Esta investigación ha preguntado a 290 micro-influencers sobre su relación con sus seguidores y las acciones comerciales que permiten aumentar la interacción. Los resultados muestran que, efectivamente, las pequeñas comunidades son de utilidad para las marcas. Así, según los prescriptores encuestados, los seguidores de los micro-influencers comparten inquietudes y gustos; aceptan y valoran de forma positiva los contenidos comerciales que publican y son conscientes de que las marcas regalan los productos o servicios de los que hablan en sus contenidos. Asimismo, no existe consenso sobre el hecho de que más seguidores haga más complejo su trabajo y sí creen que hay sectores donde la labor de creación de contenidos digitales es más fácil. Finalmente, los formatos comerciales que mejor engagement consiguen –según su percepción– son los audiovisuales en los que aparece el producto, así como aquellos que permiten la interacción como la fórmula pregunta-respuesta.
Análise de estratégias de competitividade baseadas em custos adotadas por uma empresa de aluguel de equipamentos: um estudo de caso
Authors: Infante Carlos Eduardo Durange de Carvalho , De Mendonça Fabricio Molica
Published: January 2024

Este trabalho teve por finalidade analisar as estratégias competitivas adotadas por uma empresa de locação de máquinas e equipamentos para garantir sua sobrevivência no mercado. Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa qualitativa de cunho descritivo, por meio de um estudo de caso. A análise SWOT da empresa mostrou que o nível de concorrência local baixo, serviços de manutenção próprios e o atendimento do cliente são as principais forças; a baixa capacidade de ampliar investimentos e a dificuldade de crédito são as principais fraquezas; o lançamento de novos serviços e a busca de novos negócios são as principais oportunidades; a entrada de novos concorrentes é a maior ameaça. O controle de custo associado à qualidade de serviço permite adotar uma política de preços baixos, servindo como barreira a novos entrantes. A capacidade em participar de redes flexíveis para a realização de projetos proporciona à empresa, mesmo sendo pequena, competir com base em custo, garantir a rentabilidade e aumentar a fatia de mercado.
Sugar Cane Vinasse as a Renewable and Sustainable Feedstock for Lipid Production from Aspergillus Niger and Aspergillus flavus
Authors: Zaguini Renata Pinto Ferreira , Cansian Ana Bárbara Moulin , Machado Jane Karla de Faria Borges , Nardi Caroline Peters Pigatto De
Published: January 2024

Background and Aims: In the search for sustainability and the use of renewable energies, biodiesel has stood out as a notable alternative to the growing energy demand of modern society. Microbial fat synthesis for lipids has been a possibility to produce this biofuel. In this context, the research work aimed to cultivate Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus fungi in commercial and homemade broth, plus variable concentrations of sugarcane vinasse as a substrate to extract lipids produced using different extraction techniques and solvents.

Methodology: The fungi were grown in a commercial medium and a homemade one made with potato extract. After cultivation, they were submitted to two pre-treatments: the Bead Mill technique and the Ultrasound technique. The extraction of lipids produced in a commercial medium was performed via Soxhlet with a mixture of solvents. Therefore, the lipids produced in a homemade medium were extracted with the adapted Bligh-Dyer method.

Results: The species grew to the different culture media submitted, but the home culture medium increased the reproductive. The industrial residue proves to be a good alternative as a supplement to the culture medium, helping to reduce costs and preserve the environment. The extraction by Soxhlet showed satisfactory results when the fungi were grown in a commercial medium, with Aspergillus niger being extracted from the ethyl acetate solvent, obtaining a yield of 18.78%, and for A. flavus extracted with dichloromethane/methanol (9:1) and chloroform, bringing yield of 32.98% and 32%, respectively. Although extraction by Soxhlet showed some excellent results, extraction with the Bligh-Dyer method demonstrated better lipid fractions ranging from 25% to 67% and reduced energy expenditure, indicating a promising use, cost, and benefit.

Conclusion: Filamentous fungi of the genus Aspergillus can be used to produce biodiesel as they proliferate and can produce the same amount of lipids as a vegetable, which requires a much larger area of soil, for example.
Comparative Analysis of Kerosene Grade Fuel from Pyrolysis of HDPE and LDPE Waste Plastics
Authors: Eze Ifeyinwa Uchenna , Okwonna Obumneme Onyeka , Komi Gentle Wilson , Hart Aduabobo Ibitoru , Vincent-Akpu Ijeoma
Published: January 2024

To curb the menace of plastic waste and energy crisis, this study investigated the conversion of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) grades of plastics to kerosene. Plastics sourced from dumpsites within Port Harcourt metropolis in Rivers State, Nigeria were shredded and pyrolyzed (thermally degraded under inert condition at a temperature range of 350-400oC). The obtained hydrocarbon liquid was distilled using distillation column at a temperature range of 150-270oC and characterised to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters such as flash point, density, copper corrosion, and calorific value and compared against the acceptable standard. The result showed that these properties were within the permissible limit. However, the sulphur content and smoke point of HDPE and LDPE were above and below the limits, respectively. The GC-MS and GC-FID results of kerosene samples obtained from both grades of plastics indicates that the product comprised C9 to C17 grades.
Rapid Screening of Binding Constants by Calibrated Competitive 1H NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Heath Richard E. , Dykes Graham M. , Fish Heather , Smith David K.
Published: February 2003

A calibrated competitive NMR method has been developed that is appropriate for the rapid screening of binding constants. This method involves the initial characterisation of a receptor–substrate binding event for which the 1H NMR spectrum of a given receptor (calibrant) is modified by the substrate of interest at a range of concentrations. For all subsequent “unknown” receptors, Ka values are then determined by using a competition assay (in the presence of the calibrant receptor) by measuring a single standard 1H NMR spectrum. This enables a rapid assessment of the recognition properties of a library of potential receptors. Only the calibrant receptor needs to be NMR active, while the library of putative receptors, as well as the substrate, can be NMR silent. This method assumes the formation of complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry. To demonstrate this methodology, the binding of a number of crown ether type compounds with K+ ions has been studied. Comparison of the binding strengths obtained by using this approach with those in the literature shows excellent agreement. A range of new compounds that have recently been synthesised within our group has also been screened in order to illustrate how this approach can rapidly assess binding ability. This method has significance for chemists working in the fields of combinatorial receptor/substrate design and supramolecular chemistry as a means of rapid optimisation of binding strength.
Conformers of Gaseous Proline
Authors: Czinki Eszter , Császár Attila G.
Published: February 2003

Accurate geometries, relative energies, rotational and quartic centrifugal distortion constants, dipole moments, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and infrared intensities were determined from ab initio electronic structure calculations for eighteen conformers of the neutral form of the amino acidL‐proline. Only four conformers have notable population at low and moderate temperature. The second most stable conformer is only 2±2 kJ mol−1above the global minimum, while the third and fourth conformers are nearly degenerate and have an excess energy of 7±2 kJ mol−1relative to the global minimum. All four conformers have one hydrogen bond: N⋅⋅⋅HO in the lower energy pair of conformers, and NH⋅⋅⋅O in the higher energy pair of conformers. The conformer pairs differ only in their ring puckering. The relative energies of the conformers include corrections for valence electron correlation, extrapolated to the complete basis set limit, as well as core correlation and relativistic effects. Structural features of the pyrrolidine ring of proline are discussed by using the concept of pseudorotation. The accurate rotational and quartic centrifugal distortion constants as well as the vibrational frequencies and infrared intensities should aid identification and characterization of the conformers ofL‐proline by rotational and vibrational spectroscopy, respectively. Bonding features ofL‐proline, especially intramolecular hydrogen bonds, were investigated by the atoms‐in‐molecules (AIM) technique.
A Computational Study of Regioselectivity in a Cyclodextrin‐Mediated Diels–Alder Reaction: Revelation of Site Selectivity and the Importance of Shallow Binding and Multiple Binding Modes
Authors: Li Wan‐Sheung , Chung Wen‐Sheng , Chao Ito
Published: February 2003

The use of a cyclodextrin⋅Diels–Alder transition structure complex (CD⋅TS) as a model in molecular dynamics simulations has enabled us to gain insight into the controlling factors in the cyclodextrin‐mediated Diels–Alder reaction of methyl‐p‐benzoquinone with isoprene. MD simulations were carried out with multiple binding configurations of the CD⋅TS (TS=meta‐TS, para‐TS) complexes at the top and bottom rims of β‐CD. We discovered that i) only shallow binding with the CD is necessary for the regioselectivity, and multiple binding geometries are possible; ii) the narrow bottom rim, with the primary hydroxyl groups, of the CD binds both regio‐TSs better than at the wider top rim (secondary hydroxyl groups), which was unexpected from the perspective of shape complementarity that governs the stability of most CD⋅guest complexes. Overall, the bottom rim of the CD exhibits higher regioisomer discrimination for the meta‐TS; iii) structural clustering analyses of the CD⋅TS configurations (sampled during MD simulations) have enabled us to evaluate the binding energies of the different binding configurations. The result indicates that there is a direct correlation between meta‐product selectivity and a higher number of binding configurations favoring the formation of the CD⋅meta‐TS complex. The main forces of stabilization in the CD⋅TS complexes are the van der Waals interactions when the TS is bound at the top rim. At the bottom rim, closer contacts between polar functional groups of the TS and CD have increased the importance of electrostatic interactions. We found that van der Waals, solvation, and torsional forces are less favorable for complexation at the bottom rim; however, this is compensated by large favorable electrostatic interactions. With insights obtained from the study of CD⋅TS complexes and MD simulations of the modified heptakis‐[6‐O‐(2‐hydroxy)propyl]‐β‐CD, we were able to explain why a low selectivity was observed when the Diels–Alder reaction was carried out in this modified CD. Two types of search method [Monte Carlo and multiple minimum (MCMM) and molecular dynamics (MD)] to explore and evaluate the different possible binding geometries of the TS within β‐CD, were discussed.
Synthesis of New Heterocyclic Fatty Compounds
Authors: Fürmeier Sandra , Metzger Jürgen O.
Published: February 2003

The terminal tetrazoles 1−5, the tetrazole analogues of the most important naturally occurring fatty acids, have been synthesized from fatty nitriles and completely characterized. The linear C12 bis(tetrazole) 6 was prepared and represents a valuable supplement to the previously known C2−C5 alkyl‐ and alkenyl‐linked bis(tetrazoles). The tetrazoles 1−6 were converted into the respective 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles 13−17 by heating in acetic anhydride. Three bis(oxadiazoles) 18−20 were also obtained. A 1,5‐disubstituted tetrazole 12 was synthesized from methyl 9(10)‐oxooctadecanoate by means of an improved Schmidt reaction. From methyl cis‐9,10‐epoxyoctadecanoate (21), various heterocycles such as the 4,5‐dihydrooxazoles 22, the oxazolidines 24, the imidazoles 26, the oxazoles 27, and the imidazolinethione 28 were prepared. Because of their structural relationship to the naturally occurring prostaglandins, compounds 12, 22, 24, 26, 27, and 28 should be of interest as homoprostanoids. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Joint patenting amongst companies ‒ exploring the effects of inter‐firm R&D partnering and experience
Authors: Hagedoorn John , Kranenburg Hans van , Osborn Richard N.
Published: February 2003

R&D alliances and previous experience with the sharing of intellectual property rights are expected to have significant effects on joint patenting by alliance partners. Although so far un‐researched, this is both an intuitively and theoretically appealing subject because joint patenting could relate to the possible outcome of an important group of alliances. However, the main explanation for differences in joint patenting of R&D partners is found in their experience with the joint patenting process itself. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transaction costs and capabilities as determinants of the R&D boundaries of the firm: a case study of the ten largest pharmaceutical firms in Japan
Authors: Odagiri Hiroyuki
Published: February 2003

The boundaries of the firm are an important issue in relation not just with the make‐or‐buy decision in production but also with research and development (R&D). Firms depend on universities to gain scientific knowledge, outsource some of their R&D works, purchase patented technologies, commission research, and participate in consortia. In this paper, we take the case of the 10 major pharmaceutical companies in Japan and show that they employ various types of research alliances with various partners, domestic or foreign. Two major theories to explain the boundaries, the transaction‐cost theory and the capability theory, are discussed and we argue that the observed pattern of research alliance is more consistent with the capability theory. Discussion is also made on the consortia and national projects these firms participate. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Test processes in software product evolution—a qualitative survey on the state of practice
Authors: Runeson Per , Andersson Carina , Höst Martin
Published: February 2003

In order to understand the state of test process practices in the software industry, we have conducted a qualitative survey, covering software development departments at 11 companies in Sweden of different sizes and application domains. The companies develop products in an evolutionary manner, which means either new versions are released regularly, or new product variants under new names are released. The survey was conducted through workshop and interview sessions, loosely guided by a questionnaire scheme.

The main conclusions of the survey are that the documented development process is emphasized by larger organizations as a key asset, while smaller organizations tend to lean more on experienced people. Further, product volution is performed primarily as new product variants for embedded systems, and as new versions for packaged software. The development is structured using incremental development or a daily build approach; increments are used among more process‐focused organizations, and daily build is more frequently utilized in less process‐focused organizations. Test automation is performed using scripts for products with focus on functionality, and recorded data for products with focus on non‐functional properties. Test automation is an issue which most organizations want to improve; handling the legacy parts of the product and related documentation presents a common problem in improvement efforts for product evolution. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation problems in atomic and molecular systems. V. Spin-adapted coupled cluster many-electron theory
Authors: Paldus Josef
Published: February 2003

The graphical techniques of spin algebras are combined with a diagrammatic approach based on the time independent Wick theorem to yield the spin-adapted form of the coupled cluster theory. The general rules for the implementation of this formalism are formulated and illustrated on the basic coupled-pair many-electron theory pertaining to closed shell ground states, for which case the explicit spin-adapted equations are derived. The advantages of the spin-adapted form of the theory are discussed along with the new insights it affords.
Entropy and chemical change. III. The maximal entropy (subject to constraints) procedure as a dynamical theory
Authors: Alhassid Y. , Levine R. D.
Published: February 2003

An equivalence between the dynamical (equations of motion) and the information theoretic (maximal entropy) approaches to collision phenomena is established. The connection is demonstrated in both directions. The variational procedure of maximal entropy is shown to converge to an exact solution of the equations of motion (be they classical or quantal) throughout the collision. In particular, a stationary precollision state is proved to be a state of maximal entropy (subject to constants of the unperturbed motion) and to remain a state of maximal entropy throughout the collision. Conversely, the exact solution of the equations of motion is shown to be of maximal entropy. In this fashion one obtains an algebraic procedure for the specification of the constraints which determine (via the procedure of maximal entropy) an exact solution of the equations of motion. Surprisal analysis does not require the solution of differential equations. These must be solved to determine the magnitude of the Lagrange parameters (i.e., for surprisal synthesis). The number of coupled differential equations that have to be solved (to obtain an exact solution) equals the number of constraints. Sum rules (which express the mean value of any constraint as a linear function of the initial mean values of the constraints) are derived and offer an alternative route to surprisal synthesis. The information theoretic result for the branching ratio (as the ratio of two partition functions) is shown to be a rigorous result of the present formalism. As an illustration, a simple Hamiltonian for a collinear reactive collision is analytically treated in detail (for a classical motion along the reaction coordinate). The constraints are identified (with special reference to reactive collisions, where the Hamiltonians for the reactants and products do differ); the time dependence of the Lagrange parameters is established and the vibrational state distribution (both during and after the collision) is determined. A sum rule for the mean products vibrational energy is discussed. For a stationary initial state (e.g., a particular vibrational state or a thermal distribution), 〈E′vib〉 is linearly dependent on 〈Evib〉 alone. The slope and intercept are determined only by the dynamics and are essentially proportional to the ratio of the final to initial vibrational frequencies. For a family of related reactions where this ratio is nearly unchanged, the vibrational energy disposal would be quite similar. Inefficient products vibrational excitation is expected when this ratio is low.
A unified treatment of Penning ionization and excitation transfer
Authors: Miller W. H. , Morgner H.
Published: February 2003

It is shown how Penning ionization (A+B→A+B++e−) and excitation transfer (A+B→A+B,B=Rydberg state) can be described by essentially the same theoretical model. The physical basis of this is that in both cases the final state of species B consists of an ion core B+ with a highly excited electron, and whether the electron is slightly bound (B) or slightly unbound (B++e−) matters little to the collision dynamics. The system He(2 3S)+F is analyzed as an example of this theory.
Variational approach to exciton transport in molecular crystals
Authors: Yarkony David R. , Silbey Robert
Published: February 2003

The variational results for the free energy of an interacting exciton phonon system are used to derive expressions for the scattering rate and diffusion constant of an exciton in such a system. These expressions are applicable to both wide and narrow band cases, and includes the possibility of an abrupt transition from wide band (free) exciton to narrow band (localized) exciton. Some comments are made on the possibility of observing this transition by thermal modulation spectroscopy.
Microscopic theory of polymer internal viscosity: Mode coupling approximation for the Rouse model
Authors: Adelman S. A. , Freed Karl F.
Published: February 2003

The internal viscosity or friction coefficient η̂κ for normal mode κ of an N-monomer Rouse-type ring polymer is defined microscopically using the Mori projection technique and is then computed within the simplest (trilinear) mode coupling approximation. One finds that η̂κ=ζγy[(κ/N)2], where y (x) is a nonanalytic function of x, ζ is the monomer friction coefficient, and γ is proportional to the square of an equilibrium four point polymer correlation function. This correlation function is nonvanishing for non-Gaussian chains; e.g., γ=18/25 for freely jointed rigid rods. For κ/N→0, y (x) is found explicitly to yield lim(κ/N)→0η̂κ = (ζγ/2π√3)(πκ/N)2 ln(N/πκ). For 0.45≲κ/N≲0.50 numerical evaluation of y (x) shows η̂κ is approximately independent of κ. For the bulk of the κ range, 0.10≲κ/N≲0.40, η̂κ≃ζΦ [(κ/N)−0.05], where Φ is an order unity constant proportional to γ. For the freely jointed chain Φ≃1.7. This last form for η̂κ agrees well with the Cerf–Peterlin empirical form η̂κ=ζ (κ/N) φ. Experimental data are typically fit with φ∼1−3.
Use of the virial theorem in construction of potential energy functions for diatomic molecules
Authors: Nalewajski Roman F. , Parr Robert G.
Published: February 2003

The nth-order diatomic potential energy functions W(T)n and W(V)n are constructed, by the integration of the virial theorem −W−R[dW/dR]=T and 2W+R[dW/dR]=V, respectively, using the nth-order truncations of the perturbational λ=1−(Re/R) power series expansions of the kinetic (T) and potential (V) parts of the vibrational potential. The resulting W(T)n potential is a linear combination of terms R−1, R−2,⋅⋅⋅,R−n, and (lnR)/R; the W(V)n potential is a linear combination of terms R−1, R−2,⋅⋅⋅,R−n, and (lnR)/R2. For n=2, predictions of W(T)2, W(V)2, and also the generalized two-logarithmic second-order potential W(T,V)2 [including both the (lnR)/R and (lnR)/R2 terms] are compared with experiment and the results obtained from the Morse and Clinton potentials. Second-order logarithmic potentials for the ground states of H2, CO, and HF are given and compared with the Kol/os and Wolniewicz potential for H2 and the RKR classical turning points for CO and HF. Convergence properties of the W(T)n and W(V)n potentials are tested using the ground state of H2 as an example.