bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Affective Changes in Chronic Opiate Use
Authors: McNamee H. B. , Mirin S. M. , Kuehnle J. C. , Meyer R. E.
Published: January 2006

As part of a programme to investigate the therapeutic potential of narcotic antagonists, thirteen detoxified heroin addicts were studied in an experimental situation where using operant techniques they were allowed largely self‐regulated access to heroin for a ten day period. Changes in psychiatric status were assessed using a structured interview schedule. The early effect of the heroin was to produce a decrease in somatic concern, anxiety and depression, but continuing use of the opiate produced significant increases in these variables and also an increase in social isolation and retardation. Heroin in the short term may relieve an addict's inner tensions as commonly assumed, but chronic use is a predominantly dysphoric experience.
Treatability of Addicts: Hypothesis and Results*
Authors: Edelstein E. L.
Published: January 2006

Treatability of addicts was categorized and split into ten predictive factors. Drug addicts seeking help in our special clinic, were screened by the method, described. When those with high scores were taken into therapy, the success rate was unusually high for the usually accepted treatment – outcome ratio for drug addicts.
Drug Use and a Social Psychology of Change
Authors: Sadava S. W. , Forsyth R.
Published: January 2006

The significance of change in the etiology of drug use is the focus of the paper. By means of a longitudinal design, the independent changes in social psychological variables are shown to be related to subsequent patterns of drug use. Changes to and from the status of a user are shown to be predicted by psychosocial variables and by changes in these variables. Several implications for the more extensive study of change in drug use etiology and behavior patterns are explored.
Drug Use and Four Kinds of Novelty‐seeking*
Authors: Kohn Paul M. , Annis Helen M.
Published: January 2006

A modified version of Pearson's Novelty Experiencing Scale and her Desire‐for‐Novelty Scale were administered to 430 students along with questions about drug use. The data were analyzed by partitioning of X2 for sex. scale score and drug use. The internal sensation‐seeking measure related to the use of tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis – but not painkillers. The relationship between internal sensation‐seeking and cannabis use occurred among the males only. It was concluded that internal sensation‐seeking is important in the motivation for drug use, and that social norms, including sexually discriminatory ones, also probably play a role.
Marijuana Use among Calgary Youths as a Function of Sampling and Locus of Control
Authors: Currie Raymond F. , Perlman Daniel , Walker Lucille
Published: January 2006

The findings reported in this paper were based on a representative, city wide sample (N= 708) of Calgary youths (aged 15–24). Twenty six per cent of the respondents reported having used marijuana “in the past six months”. Contrary to Smart's (1970) differential school drop out hypothesis, no decline in drug use was reported by 17 and 18 year old students, As measured by Rotter's concept, internally oriented respondents were less apt than externals to use marijuana. As predicted, this correlation was stronger among high school than college respondents. Several other demographic correlates of marijuana use were found.
Common Personality Characteristics of Male Drug Abusers in New Zealand*
Authors: Savage P. P. E. , Marchington T. D.
Published: January 2006

A study of 34 pure opiate addicts, admitted to Oakley Hospital, Auckland, showed that the common personality profile traded to be one of youth, above average I, Q., early school leaving without journal qualification, employment in only about 50 per cent 0f theme group, and they bring largely in unskilled occupation.

Predominantly European. t hey from middle lower the middle, lower middle and tower middle that. It per cent of them having some abnormal family circumstance and a small majority hating tome working mothers.

Personalities were frequently emotionally unstable, most commonly of the psychopathic type.

The initial drug used was rather a matter of chance but generally fist taken between the ages of 16 and 20. Criminality was above the average level in the group. about half having had anon drug conviction prior to first drug me; after first drug use about the same number committed non drug offences, whilst about one‐third had convictions for drug offences e.g. possession, use, prescription forger? or pharmacy burglary.
Deaths among Users of Dangerous Drugs
Authors: Pirrie G. Denis
Published: January 2006

In the four years from January, 1969, to the end of December, 1973, eight young adults who were attending a small drug dependency clinic in the south of England died. Though more than four times as many men as women attended in this period, deaths were equally divided, so that there was a very high fatality rate for women. Six or seven of these deaths were associated with the misuse of barbiturates rather than with the misuse of narcotic drugs. A number of these young people were living away from their home locality.
Matching Therapy and Patients: The Cafeteria Plan*
Authors: Ewing John A.
Published: January 2006

Not all alcoholic patients can benefit from all treatment modalities. The “Cafeteria Plan” offers a sufficient variety of treatment approaches for any one patient to be able, with professional guidance, to select appropriate therapeutic modalities for himself. This paper describes a concept of comprehensive alcoholism services, and shows how these can be adapted to any clinic program and how patients can be assisted in selecting acceptable treatment plans. Clinics which have broadened their therapeutic program by adopting such a concept have found that they can offer treatment to larger numbers of patients and that attrition rates diminish.
Serum Folate and B12 and Haematological Status of In‐patient Alcoholics
Authors: Carney M. W. P. , Sheffield B.
Published: January 2006

During 1972 and 1973, 33 alcoholic in‐patients, probably representative of alcoholism of more than 3 years duration in a predominantly urban population of 310,000, were investigated. Data relating to serum folate and B12 values, and haemoglobin, red and white blood count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, were obtained and compared with similar findings from 239 patients with other psychiatric conditions admitted over the same period. The groups did not differ significantly with respect to mean folate or B12, but there were significantly more folate values greater than 4.9 ng/ml among the alcoholics than among the other patients. Twenty four percent of alcoholics and other patients were malnourished. The mean folate of the malnourished alcoholics was significantly lower than that of the adequately nourished alcoholics. Significantly more alcoholics than other patients showed low RBC, macrocytosis and high MCH. Macrocytosis among the alcoholics was not satisfactorily accounted for by low folate and B12, or hepatic dysfunction. Sixty seven percent of the alcoholics were macrocytic, and seventy five percent had macrocytosis and/or elevated MCH. It was felt that the data were consistent with impaired haemapoiesis in alcoholism and that MCV and MCH were useful pointers to the diagnosis.
‘Mixed’ (Drug Abusing) and ‘Pure’ Alcoholics: A Socio‐medical Comparison
Authors: Ashley Mary Jane , le Riche W. Harding , Olin Jack S. , Hatcher Juanita , Kornaczewski Alex , Schmidt Wolfgang , Rankin James G.
Published: January 2006

The social and medical characteristics of 228 ‘mixed’ (drug abusing) and 773 ‘pure’ alcoholics admitted to an inpatient treatment facility were compared. The mixed group, besides being younger, was sociologically more isolated and disaffiliated than was the pure group. As well, the mixed alcoholics were, in general, 'sicker medically than were their non‐drug‐abusing counterparts. The recorded lifetime frequencies of neurological, genitourinary, respiratory and locomotor illnesses were all greater in the mixed compared with the pure group. Trauma and malnutrition were also more common, and among those forty years of age and over the incidences of epilepsy, gastritis, tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, and peptic ulcer were all significantly greater in the mixed group. Cardiovascular illnesses, however, were recorded less frequently in the mixed group, as was cirrhosis among those aged forty and over. Possible reasons for these observations are discussed.
Addictions: Some Reasons for Investigating Their Hematology
Authors: Sassoon Humphrey F.
Published: January 2006

The primary mechanism(s) of addictions, have not been uncovered. In theory, the pathway of heme synthesis may be worth exploring for these mechanisms.
Measures of Heart Rate and Skin Conductance to Orienting Stimuli during Repetitive Administration of Marijuana*
Authors: Rickles William H. , Cohen Michael J. , Naliboff Bruce D. , Klitzner Michael D. , McIntyre Keren E.
Published: January 2006

To study cumulative effects of marijuana on basal measures of heart rate and skin conductance (SC) and phasic SC, 24 human males were randomly assigned to three groups of ft subjects each. Subjects lived on an experimental ward for 36 days. For the first 4 and the lost 4 days, no marijuana was administered. During the intervening 28 days, subjects smoked one marijuana cigarette daily which weighed approximately 0.5 grams. Dosage of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), depending on group membership, was either placebo, 1% THC or 2% THC.

Each subject was seen for psychophysiological testing during one initial baseline day, four intoxication days, and two post‐intoxication days. Testing was done at a time when acute marijuana effects were minimal, and consisted of presenting a 67 Db tone orienting sequence under both nonsignal and signal conditions.

Basically, the results indicated no detectable differences among the groups, due to the chronic administration of marijuana, on either of the physiological systems measured. The results were related to the effects of acute marijuana intoxication and Sokolov's theory of the orienting response.
Case report: A Delirious Abstinence Syndrome associated with Clorazepate (TranxilenR)
Authors: Allgulander Christer , Borg Stefan
Published: January 2006

A 30‐year‐old woman with a previous history of diazepam dependence was admitted due to delirium following high doses of clorazepate (Tranxilen). She was detoxified with clomethiazole without complications.
Treatment Received by Ex‐addicts
Authors: Bejerot Carol Maurice
Published: January 2006

27 arrestees in Stockholm who had previously injected drugs intravenously, but who had been drug‐free for a year or more, were asked what treatment they had received for their addiction. Only two of these ex‐addicts had received any treatment at all. In a contrast group of 100 drug abusers in the same population who had taken drugs during the last year, 37 had received treatment (p =0.002). Possibly drug abusers who intend to stop taking drugs and those who seek treatment may be two different populations, and treatment, by relieving the difficulties of their daily lives, may help addicts to continue their drug abuse rather than to terminate it.
Coca Leaf Chewing: a Public Health Assessment*
Authors: Negrete Juan C.
Published: January 2006

The epidemiology of coca leaf chewing and its current trends are noted. Although coca leaf production is on the increase, the total number of chewers seems to be diminishing. Socio‐economic progress and better educational opportunities are largely responsible for his tendency.

A comparison is made on the phenomenology of coca leaf and pure cocaine use. Evidences of the differences and similarities between them are discussed. The beneficial effects of coca chewing in high altitude living are mentioned and the evidence gathered so far in support of the habits untoward effects on health is assessed.

It is concluded that a mild cognitive defect resulting from long‐term use, is probably a major public health problem since it may be directly associated with social stagnation.
Hypersexuality: Implications for a Theory of Dependence
Authors: Orford Jim
Published: January 2006

It is argued that a theory of dependence must take into account forms of excessive appetitive behaviour which do not have psychoactive drugs as their object. Excessive heterosexuality is an important but neglected example. Some of the clinical and autobiographical literature on the topic. is reviewed, particularly the extended autobiography My Secret Life. Hypersexuality as an entity has been criticized on a number of grounds: the distribution of sexual behaviour in the population is continuous not discontinuous; the concept is ill defined and rests upon loosely used constructs such as loss of control; it ignores personal and social relativity in the definition of sexual normality, and in particular it betrays the operation of a double standard for judging behaviour of the two sexes. These problems of concept and definition are paralleled in discussions of other excessive behaviours such as excessive drinking and excessive gambling.
Occupations, Drinking Patterns and Alcohol‐Related Problems: Conclusions from a Follow‐up Study
Authors: Plant Martin A.
Published: January 2006

The high rate of alcoholism in certain occupations is discussed and eight ‘risk factors’ are suggested. In order to explore the effects of occupation on drinking patterns and alcohol‐related problems 150 new recruits to a ‘high risk’ industry, alcohol production, were compared with a control group of 150 men newly recruited to ‘low risk’ jobs. Initial data indicated that the former were significantly heavier drinkers with poorer employment records. Follow‐up interviews one year and two‐three years later indicated that current job type was closely associated with alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related problems. It was noted that some ‘problem drinkers’ successfully resolved their difficulties without professional help.
Organic Psychosyndromes in Chronic Alcoholics
Authors: Ron Maria A.
Published: January 2006

The different organic psychosyndromes that are encountered in chronic alcoholics are reviewed, and their clinical features and investigation discussed.
Methadone Maintenance and Sex Role Orientation in Males
Authors: Singer Terry L.
Published: January 2006

The study examines the sex role orientation of male drug addicts in methadone maintenance treatment. Forty patients in the experimental group were drawn from the active pool of a methadone maintenance clinic. This group was matched against another group of 40 subjects with the same demographic characteristics. The results indicate no significant difference in sex role orientation and suggest the need for future study.
Some Urine Surveillance Effects on Drug Abusers in Psychotherapy
Authors: Milby Jesse B. , Toro Claudio , Thronton Susan , Rickert Donna , Clarke Charlotte
Published: January 2006

This study assessed the efficacy of urine surveillance as an adjunct to outpatient psychotherapy for drug abusers. It was a controlled study.
Solvent Abuse by Children and Young Adults: A Review
Authors: Watson Joyce M.
Published: January 2006

Solvent abuse, a practice more commonly known as glue sniffing is not a new phenomenon. It has been practised by children and adolescents in America and elsewhere since the late 1950s.

The aims of this review were to provide information about the demographic characteristics of solvent sniffers, to look at the extent of the practice, to determine the sociological factors associated with it and to detail the effects, particularly the toxic effects of adhesives and other substances, the vapours of which could be deliberately inhaled. The findings are discussed.
The Alcohol Dependence Syndrome: A Step in the Wrong Direction?
Authors: Hodgson Ray J.
Published: January 2006

The notion of an alcohol dependence syndrome proposed by Edwards and his colleagues [1, 4, 5] has recently been criticised by Shaw [2]. He argues that the syndrome idea emerged from the ashes of a simple disease model in order to keep medical men in business. It is based upon a socio‐political need rather than objective evidence.

Shaw's criticisms are discussed in the light of recent data which show that assessments of degree of dependence, based upon the provisional description given by Edwards and Gross [1], have proven predictive validity. Failure to achieve a controlled drinking goal as well as the priming effect of alcohol appear to be, to some extent, a function of dependence severity. It follows that an assessment of degree of dependence should be useful to both the research worker and the clinician.
Will Restrictions on Alcohol Advertising Reduce Alcohol Consumption?
Authors: Ogborne Alan C. , Smart Reginald G.
Published: January 2006

The effects of restrictions of alcohol advertisements in Manitoba, Canada and in the United States are examined using statistical data on alcohol consumption. The relationships between consumption and alcoholism rates for the U.S. and advertising regulations were very weak and not statistically significant. Subsequent to a restriction on beer advertising in Manitoba, beer consumption in that province rose at a similar rate as in a control province of Alberta. It is considered unlikely that restrictions on advertising will reduce consumption.
Management of Opium Dependence in a General Hospital Psychiatry Unit *
Authors: Chandrasena Ranjith
Published: January 2006

Socio‐demographic data, characteristics of dependence, method of management and the outcome results at follow‐up of 50 opium users in Sri Lanka are described. The majority of patients were male, from lower social class, and were Muslims. They had used opium initially for ‘ailments’, had a long history of misuse of opium by mouth and were spending large sums of money obtained from their extended families for purchasing illicit opium. They were strongly motivated to give up the habit because of social stigma and financial reasons and 84 per cent were not using opium at six months follow‐up.
The Adrenergic Role in the Manifestation of Nicotine Effects on Maze Ambulation in Roman High and Roman Low Avoidance Rats
Authors: Schlatter Josef , Bättig Karl
Published: January 2006

In a semichronic experiment, RHA and RLA groups were treated with saline, nicotine (0.2 mg/kg) following AMT (60 mg/kg) pre‐treatment, or nicotine (0.2 mg/kg) alone. RHA controls showed consistently more spontaneous locomotion in a daily presentation of a computer controlled maze system than RLA controls. Upon removal of the central maze alleys, to form an illuminated open field, both lines drastically decreased locomotion within this central area, but habituation to this depressive effect only developed in the RHA controls and not in the RLA controls. Nicotinic facilitation of locomotion was stranger in the RHA than in the RLA line, but completely antagonized by AMT in both lines. Nicotinic facilitation of open field habituation was pronounced in both lines and was completely antagonized by AMT in the RHA line, but only partially antagonized in the RLA line. In both lines, nicotine tended to increase the explored area, but it also increased place repetition. AMT pretreatment significantly counteracted the nicotinic increase of place repetition only in the RLA line, and the nicotinic increase of the explored area only in the RHA line.
A Ban of Fortified Wine in Northwestern Ontario and its Impact on the Consumption Level and Drinking Patterns*
Authors: Giesbrecht Norman , Macdonald Scott
Published: January 2006

This paper examines a ‘natural experiment’ where sixty brands of low‐priced domestic fortified wines were removed from stock (i.e., delisted). Ten communities where the brands were delisted were compared to a group of 18 where these brands continued to be available. Changes in consumption levels and beverage preference are examined for the ‘delisted’ and ‘available’ outlets in the two groups of communities in the northwestern region. There was little difference between the delisted and non‐delisted group in the overall consumption level although the decline was slightly steeper in the former group. Purchasing of domestic red and rose wines, as well as domestic vodka and Liquor Board alcohol increased in the delisted group. In some instances these wines and spirits may have been used in combination to produce a fortified beverage. Geographic adaption to the restriction was a minor phenomenon in that the increase in consumption of the relevant brands in a non‐listed community was a fraction of the reduction in the comparable sales in an adjacent delisted community.
Alcohol and the Woman of Childbearing Age – A Public Health Problem
Authors: Pratt Oliver
Published: January 2006

Recent work has established on a rational basis what has been understood instinctively throughout recorded history – that excessive maternal consumption of alcohol is harmful to the baby developing in utero. From conception onwards, the risk of anomalies of development (mostly minor) and retardation of intrauterine growth increases more or less in proportion to the level of alcohol consumption. Since much of the damage occurs early in pregnancy before most women realise that they are pregnant, the problem of prevention becomes one for the public health field. All professional workers concerned with women of child‐bearing age should be aware, therefore, of what the facts are and how to help the woman who may become pregnant to reduce her alcohol intake. They have a dual role to play – detection of those at risk and effective counselling of the patients after their identification.
Effects of Raising the Legal Drinking Age in Ontario*
Authors: Vingilis Evelyn , Smart Reginald G.
Published: January 2006

This paper reports four types of data which are relevant to the study of the effects of the increase in the drinking age. The data are from: (1) surveys of drinking and drinking problems among high school students; (2) a study of perceptions of vice‐principals; (3) a trend analysis of young drinking offender charges; and (4) trend analyses of drinking‐driving statistics. The results suggest a minimal effect for the changes in the legal drinking age.
Prohibition and Alcohol Intoxication
Authors: Thakur Chandreshawar Prasad , Sharma Ram Naresh , Akhtar Hafiz Shah Mohammad Qurban
Published: January 2006

The effect of total prohibition imposed in Bihar State with effect from April, 1979, was assessed on the basis of the hospital records of Patna Medical College Hospital. During the first seven months of prohibition, there was a significant decrease in the number of alcohol intoxication cases as compared to the numbers of such cases during the corresponding periods of 1976, 1977 and 1978 (P < 0.001). During the subsequent Jive months of prohibition the number of cases increased and the figure was not significantly different from those of previous years (P. > 0.07). Age, sex and urban or rural distributions of cases remained unaltered during prohibition and pre‐prohibition periods. A similar trend was observed in Pilgrim Hospital, Goya which is situated 92 km south of Patna. There was however a significant decrease in alcohol related crimes during prohibition compared to previous years (P. < 0.01), and possible reasons for discrepancy between the hospital and arrest indicator are discussed. During the prohibition period there was a 20 per cent increase in illicit trade in liquor. While people from the lower income group favoured prohibition, those from the higher income group did not approve of it. People from both groups got alcohol in the black market. Except for the initial drop in the number of hospital cases, the medical problem of alcohol intoxication was not solved by the ineffective enforcement of prohibition.
Alcohol and Violent Crime Re‐examined: Self‐Reports from Two Sub‐Groups of Scottish Male Prisoners
Authors: Myers Ted
Published: January 2006

To re‐examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and violent crime, 100 men from a Scottish prison were interviewed. Fifty respondents (the assailants) were convicted of violent offences and 50 (the control group) had been convicted of non‐violent offences.

Assailants were more likely to have consumed alcohol at the time of the offence than the controls. The discrepancies which were found support previous findings that alcohol consumption at the time of the offence is associated with violent crime. The relationship cannot, however, be explained simply by the‘intoxicating effect’of alcohol. A pattern of regular heavy drinking was evident amongst both sub‐groups.
Self‐Reported Drinking Habits and Alcohol‐Related Consequences Amongst a Cohort of Scottish Teenagers
Authors: Plant Martin A. , Peck David F. , Stuart Ray
Published: January 2006

The results of the first phase of a follow‐up study of drinking habits and alcohol‐related consequences amongst 1,036 Scottish teenagers are reported. These data revealed a very high level of alcohol involvement amongst the study group and, in particular, amongst females. The results lend support to the view that differences in levels of alcohol‐related problems experienced by the sexes are diminishing. Social class background, school, general attitudes to alcohol and exposure to alcohol education were all unrelated to self‐reported alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related consequences.
The Piccadilly Drug Scene
Authors: Burr A.
Published: January 2006

A participant observation study of the Piccadilly drug scene is described. A thriving market in diverted illicit drugs exists around this area, much of it an overspill from Drug Dependency Units and general practitioner prescribing. The economic organization of this market is described, the role of the dealers and runners, and the characteristics of the buyers. The nature and origins of the Piccadilly subculture are discussed, and its functional meaning. Public Health implications are also considered.
An Instrument for Measuring Coping Behaviours in Hospitalized Alcoholics: Implications for Relapse Prevention Treatment
Authors: Litman Gloria K. , Stapleton John , Oppenheim A. N. , Peleg B. Michelle
Published: January 2006

The results of a principal components analysis of the Coping Behaviours Inventory administered to 256 hospitalized alcoholic patients are compared with a reanalysis of data obtained from a different group of patients five years ago. These results indicate that the factor structure of the Inventory is stable over time and with different alcoholic patient populations. The four factors emerging from the present study, which account for 54% of the variance, were:

Positive Thinking

Negative Thinking

Avoidance/Distraction

Seeking Social Support

The possible uses of this instrument in monitoring and informing some types of alcoholism‐treatment programmes are discussed.
Situations Related to Alcoholism Relapse
Authors: Litman Gloria K. , Stapleton John , Oppenheim A. N. , Peleg Michelle , Jackson Paul
Published: January 2006

The results of a Principal Components analysis of the Relapse Precipitants Inventory administered to 256 hospitalized alcoholic patients are compared with a reanalysis of data obtained from a different sample 5 years ago. These results indicate that the factor structure of the Inventory is stable over time and with different populations of alcoholic patients. The three factors emerging from the present study, accounting for 55 per cent of the variance were:

Unpleasant Mood States

External Events and Euphoria

Lessened Cognitive Vigilance

The factor scores at intake on‘Unpleasant Mood States’and‘External Events and Euphoria', and the total number of situations seen as dangerous were found to have a predictive relationship to subsequent outcome 6 to 12 months later. Some gender differences on relapse precipitants were also found. The clinical application of this instrument is discussed both in terms of prediction of relapse and informing person‐specific treatment programmes.
Use of Benzodiazepines in the Nordic Countries in the 1960s and 1970s*
Authors: Hemminki Elina , Bruun Kettil , Jensen Thor øivind
Published: January 2006

Since their introduction on the market, sales of benzodiazepines have continuously increased in Finland, Norway and Sweden. The overall trends and the level of consumption show great similarities in the three countries. Benzodiazepines can be substituted by other drugs, and here we found remarkable differences between the countries, both as regards trends in the level of sales of all sedatives, and all psychotropic drugs, too.

The information given by the industry has been biased: wide indications have been promoted and adverse effects have been neglected. Our survey of patients belonging to a psychiatric patients’society found that many adverse reactions were felt by patients, and regular users had experienced serious problems when they tried to stop using benzodiazepines.

We argue that the level of consumption might provide an important indicator for determining the goals of drug policy. But models to advise how consumption levels should be used for drug policy strategy should be developed.
Alcoholism and Degeneration in 19th Century European Medicine and Psychiatry
Authors: Bynum W. F.
Published: January 2006

Much medical, psychiatric and social thinking in the second half of the nineteenth century was influenced by the concept of progressive hereditary degeneration most systematically formulated by the French psychiatrist B.A. Morel (1809–1873). Alcoholism was one of the conditions postulated by Morel as leading to direct hereditary consequences for the offspring. This essay examines the pervasiveness of hereditary degenerationism in general, and alcoholic degenerationism in particular, in British and European psychiatry in the period, and then describes the work of several individuals who challenged this notion.
The Alcohol Problem in America: From Temperance to Alcoholism
Authors: Levine Harry Gene
Published: January 2006

This paper traces the ideology and politics of the ‘liquor problem’ in America from its invention or discovery at the end of the 18th century up to the present. In the 17th and 18th centuries alcohol was highly regarded, universally consumed, and even Puritans called it ‘the Good Creature of God’. In the early 19th century, physicians and laymen developed and promulgated a new scientific and popular view of alcohol as an addicting, toxic, and dangerously unpredictable stimulant ‐ and they organized a mass movement to spread their ideas and to get people to give up drinking. Throughout the 19th century, temperance supporters regularly referred to alcohol addiction as a disease beyond the control of the will and engaged in reform and treatment efforts for habitual drunkards. They campaigned against alcohol because they believed it to be the cause of most of the major social problems in America. In short, they made alcohol a scape‐goat.

The paper then discusses the passage and repeal of national Constitutional prohibition. They should be understood in the context of the new economic and political conditions of 20th century America ‐ especially the new power of the corporation, the decline of the old middle class, and the rapid growth of the industrial working class. The middle class supported prohibition as a panacea for many social problems, but the 18th Amendment's passage was achieved partly through the help of the corporate sector. Similarly, the repeal effort was led by the key elements of the corporate rich. Repeal was passed, and alcohol regulatory systems were designed and put into place, in the midst of the Great Depression ‐ in large part as a response to the political forces the Depression unleashed.

Since the 1930s, concerns and policies about alcohol have focused on helping to aid the treatment and recovery of ‘alcoholics ‘. The paper traces the development of Alcoholics Anonymous and the spread of its ideas about alcoholism and its organizational forms; it also briefly looks at new public health and social scientific ideas about ‘alcohol problems’ or ‘alcohol abuse’. The paper suggests that both alcoholism and public health conceptions have much more in common with 19th century temperance ideas than is usually thought. Indeed, nearly all present day ideas – like addiction – are derived from temperance ideas. Further, both 19th and 20th century forumulations have a tendency to blame drinking and individual behaviour for many problems which have much broader political and economic causes.
Under‐Reporting of Alcohol Consumption in Sample Surveys: The Effect of Computer Interviewing in Fieldwork
Authors: Duffy John C. , Waterton Jennifer J.
Published: January 2006

Sources of bias in population surveys of alcohol consumption are discussed. The effect of computer interviewing in survey fieldwork is assessed on the basis of a recent population survey in Edinburgh.
The Illicit Non‐Pharmaceutical Heroin Market and Drug Scene in Kensington Market
Authors: Burr Angela
Published: January 2006

A social anthropological study of the Kensington Market ‘drug scene’ is described. The social structure of this heroin black‐market is analysed with consideration of the role played by a small group of Persian dealers and their relationship with the buyers. Public health implications are considered and the relevance of these findings to current estimates of the prevalence of addiction are explored.
Drinking Habits and Alcohol‐Related Beliefs of Australian, Papua New Guinean and American Youth
Authors: Wilks Jeffrey , Callan Victor J.
Published: January 2006

Results are reported from a cross‐national investigation of the drinking habits and beliefs about alcohol of 793 male and 365 female high school students in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the United States. Only a third of Papua New Guinean males and a tenth of Papua New Guinean females had drunk alcohol. In contrast, almost all Australian and American students had drunk alcohol, with about half the males and Australian females having a drink in the previous week. Across cultures students were against drinking and driving, and the majority agreed that alcohol was detrimental to the healthy development of children and to one's own health.
Pathological Gamblers, Heroin Addicts and Controls Compared on the E.P.Q.‘Addiction Scale’
Authors: Blaszczynski A. P. , Buhrich N. , McConaghy N.
Published: January 2006

A 32 item Addiction Scale derived from the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was administered to 60 pathological gamblers, 25 male and 26 female heroin addicts and 27 male and 25 female controls. The purpose of the study was to replicate Gossop and Eysenck's (1980) finding that the scale differentiated drug addicts from controls and to test the hypothesis that pathological gambling is an addictive disorder and that pathological gamblers would show a profile similar to substance addicts.

Gossop and Eysenck's findings were replicated. Results also supported the present hypothesis. Male addicts and gamblers had significantly higher Addiction, Neuroticism and Psychoticism scale scores than controls. Female addicts scored significantly higher on the Addiction and Psychoticism scales than their female counterparts. As items composing the scale load on anxiety and depression it was concluded that any similarities between pathological gamblers and substance addicts may reflect a general factor of affective disturbance.

The role of excitement and arousal as the addictive agent in pathological gambling is discussed.
Dependence and Society
Authors: Room Robin
Published: January 2006

The connections between sociocultural factors and alcohol dependence may be approached in several ways. Sociocultural factors can be treated as predictors and correlates extrinsic to dependence, viewed as a disease entity. The concept of dependence can be reexamined in terms of its presumed ‘seating’‐ in the individual's psyche or body ‐ and expanded to include the possibility of seating at supraindividual sociocultural levels. And the idea of dependence can be reinterpreted as ‘culture‐bound’, that is, as depending for its existence and meaningfulness on sociocultural characteristics specific to particular times and places. The paper focuses on the latter two approaches, with particular attention to the development of sociological ‘constructionist’ thinking that views the concept and experiential reality of addiction or dependence as a product of particular cultural conditions rather than as a transcultural universal.
Drug Use and Religious Affiliation, Feelings and Behaviour
Authors: Adlaf Edward M. , Smart Reginald G.
Published: January 2006

The present study examined the relationship between religious affiliation, intensity of religious feelings, frequency of church attendance on the one hand, and on the other, drug use among a sample of adolescent students (N =2,066). Six drug‐use measures were employed: alcohol use; cannabis use; non‐medical and medical drug use; hallucinogenic use; and polydrug use. The findings indicate that, religious‐affiliation of students was insignificantly related to drug use. The only exception to this rule was for alcohol use, in which case non‐affiliated students used less frequently than did Protestant or Roman Catholic students. Church attendance exhibited a stronger negatives effect on drug use than did religiosity; however, the effect of the latter had greater impact among females than among males. Overall, the impact of both variables increased as the drug examined moved towards the upper end of the licit‐illict drug continuum. Finally, many of the results varied according to students' gender and age.
The Relationship Between Induced Behavioural Aggression and Mood after the Consumption of Two Doses of Alcohol
Authors: BOND ALYSON , LADER MALCOLM
Published: January 2006

Alcohol in two doses (0.75 g/kg and 0.25 g/kg) and a placebo were administered to three matched groups of subjects. A range of measures including self‐ratings, body sway and breath alcohol concentration was taken before and at 30‐min intervals up to 2 h after intake. At I k after the drink the subjects performed a competitive reaction time task which elicits hostility that can be measured behaviourally and on self‐ratings. It was found that subjects on alcohol responded more aggressively but rated themselves as less angry compared to subjects on placebo. Alcohol had positive dose‐related mood effects. Body sway and bodily symptoms were increased by the high dose and decreased by the low dose.
Emergence of a Day‐Care Centre for Alcoholics in India–its referral system and public response
Authors: CHERIAN R. R.
Published: January 2006

The stigma of alcoholism has a long history in India. When Mr Ranganathan died an alcoholic at the age of 33, everyone condemned his affluence and parental upbringing. No one seemed to have understood the illness called ‘Alcoholism’. At that time in 1979, there were no specialized institutions in India to treat alcoholics. Mr Ranganathan's family took the initiative in establishing a day‐care centre for alcoholics in 1980 in the belief that alcoholism is a treatable disease. A dedicated team of psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, social workers and a recovered alcoholic work for the centre. The foundation offers a three‐phase programme, namely, detoxification, an intensive out‐patient programme for 21 days, after‐care and Alcoholics Anonymous. 465 cases were registered from 1981 to February 1984. Only five patients were female. The foundation also offers various programmes to educate the public. The good public response and the positive results of treatment justify the emergence of this centre in India.
The Alcohol Dependence Syndrome: a concept as stimulus to enquiry★
Authors: EDWARDS GRIFFITH
Published: January 2006

A ‘provisional description’ of the alcohol dependence syndrome was first given in 1976. An outline is provided of the historical background to the syndrome formulation. Ideas emanating from the Maudsley campus were important but so was the international input from a WHO Scientific Group. Since its original delineation the syndrome idea has attracted discussion and has become a focus for research. Studies which bear on the measurement and validity of the syndrome concept are summarized and criteria for the establishment of validity discussed. Understanding of the nature of this condition is still incomplete but research has now reached a stage where it is legitimate to go beyond the question as to whether a dimensional syndrome exists, to an exploration of theoretical questions relating to its scientific basis. Further elucidation will require contributions from many different disciplines. The syndrome can offer part of the explanation of why some people continue to drink too much in the face of negative consequences but measurement and conceptualization of this one dimension should help toward the design of more powerful, multidimensional and interactive models. A plea is made for a spirit of openess and interdisciplinary enquiry rather than perseveration with the unproductive rhetoric of the ‘disease’ debate.
A Difficult Business: detecting and managing alcohol problems in general practice
Authors: THOM BETSY , TÉLLEZ CARLOS
Published: January 2006

The appeal to general practitioners in the U.K. to take a more active role in the detection and management of alcohol problems has fallen largely on deaf ears. Yet the reasons general practitioners give for their reluctance to become more deeply involved in this area are often dismissed as mere ‘rationalizations’. This paper reports general practitioners’ perceptions of their experiences of diagnosing alcohol problems; their difficulties in offering the diagnosis to patients and the strategies they employ in attempting to do so; their attempts to offer help within general practice and their use of hospital services. The data are drawn from 33 interviews with general practitioners using an ‘open discussion’ technique. Some suggestions are made on ways of supporting the medical response to alcohol problems but it is argued that, in the long run, medical intervention is influenced by extraneous political and social factors and that changes are needed in public opinion about the use of alcohol.
The Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption, Alcohol Intoxication and Negative Consequences of Drinking in Four Scandinavian Countries★
Authors: HAUGE RAGNAR , IRGENS‐JENSEN OLAV
Published: January 2006

In February 1979 identical questionnaires were mailed w representative samples totalling 3000 persons between 20 and 69 years of age in the populations of each of four Scandinavian countries, (Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden), in order to study‐among other things‐the relationship between alcohol consumption, alcohol intoxication and negative consequences of drinking in various cultural settings.

The results indicate that it is not possible on the basis of the total consumption of a country to make a reliable prediction of the negative consequences of alcohol consumption that the study considers. In a country with a high total consumption, the scale of negative consequences could be much lower than in a country with a lota total consumption.

However, the likelihood of having experienced the types of negative consequences inquired about in the questionnaire was approximately the same in all four countries, when intoxication frequency was maintained at a constant level. The national differences in the experience of negative consequences therefore mainly seems to correlate with differences between the countries in intoxication frequency.
Opioid Use and Burglary
Authors: MOTT JOY
Published: January 2006

In order to investigate the extent of the involvement of opioid users in residential burglary offences estimates were made of the proportions of persons who were notified addicts amongst all those prosecuted in 1983 and convicted of the offence by courts in four London and two Merseyside Petty Sessional Divisions (PSDs). The proportions ranged from 1% to 15% in the Merseyside PSDs and from 3% to 11% in the London PSDs. The factors likely to account for these variations, including differences in police clear‐up rates for the offence, are discussed. It is concluded that the presence of relatively large numbers of young male opioid users in a local population may well contribute to increases in the number of residential burglary offences in the area.
Why Drug Users Sought Help From One London Drug Clinic
Authors: SHEEHAN MARGARET , OPPENHEIMER EDNA , TAYLOR COLIN
Published: January 2006

This report seeks to explore the issue of help seeking of ‘new to treatment’ drug users at one London Drug Dependency Clinic. The focus is on the drug users' reasons for seeking help and for choice of service or agency. One of the most striking findings was that subjects perceived themselves as having little or no choice of agency and most knew very little about the way it operated. They came for help because of their addiction to drugs or for emotional reasons and not because they were unable to get drugs.
Sex Differences in Help‐seeking for Alcohol Problems–1. The Barriers to Help‐seeking
Authors: THOM BETSY
Published: January 2006

Twenty‐five men and 25 women referred to an alcohol clinic were interviewed in depth to obtain information about their drinking careers and help‐seeking behaviour. This paper describes patients' perceptions of the ‘barriers’ to treatment entry and considers differences between the sexes. Women were significantly less likely than men to feel that alcohol was their main problem and the reasons for this are explored. Other barriers to treatment–difficulty in asking for help, reluctance to be ‘labelled’ as an ‘alcoholic’ or as a psychiatric patient, and problems of access to the service–also showed differences between men and women. It is suggested that, for women in particular, improvement of the response to alcohol problems at primary care level may go some way towards reducing the ‘barriers’ to treatment entry.
Pathological Spending as a Form of Psychological Dependence
Authors: GLATT MAX M. , COOK CHRISTOPHER C. H.
Published: January 2006

A case report is presented of A. B., a 24‐year‐old woman with a 6‐year history of over‐spending, which continued despite the considerable psycho‐social damage to herself and her family. Features of this case are presented which demonstrate a type of‘psychological dependence’upon spending and which suggest that‘pathological spending’should be recognized as a previously undescribed syndrome.
The New Heroin Users: prevalence and characteristics in Wirral, Merseyside
Authors: PARKER HOWARD , NEWCOMBE RUSSELL , BAKX KEITH
Published: January 2006

Outbreaks of illicit opioid use have been occurring throughout the U.K. during the 1980's, and Merseyside has been particularly affected. This paper reports on the prevalence of known opioid use in Wirral, a metropolitan borough of Merseyside with a population of 339,000 where a heroin ‘epidemic’ began 5 years ago. Using a multi‐agency enumeration technique the annual prevalence of known opioid use during 1984–85 was found to be 4.4 per 1000 of the adult population, which indicates a rapidity and depth of penetration not previously encountered in the U.K. In contrast to the typically London‐based heroin user of the late 1960's and early 1970's, the new heroin users of Wirral are predominantly young, family‐based, unemployed, and socially deprived. These new users also display a strong preference for smoking heroin. Their profile is compared with that found in other recent local surveys of drug misuse.
Alcohol Consumption Between the Ages of 16 and 23 in Britain: a longitudinal study
Authors: GHODSIAN M. , POWER C.
Published: January 2006

Data on alcohol consumption were available in a national sample of young people at age 16 and again at 23. Twelve per cent of men consumed more than 50 units of alcohol per week at age 23, and 2% of women consumed more than 35 units, levels of intake which have previously been defined as heavy consumption. A comparison of drinking behaviour at the two ages showed that those who drank most and more frequently at 16 were the most likely to drink heavily at 23.