bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shared Idiotypic Determinants on B and T Lymphocytes Reactive Against the Same Antigenic Determinants
Authors: BINZ H. , WIGZELL H.
Published: June 2006

In the rat the major histocompatibility locus antigens are determined by the Ag‐B locus. In the present article evidence is presented that the sera and urine ui normal adult rats contain naturally occurring antibody‐like molecules with reactivity to allogeneic Ag‐B antigens. Such molecules can be shown to contain both antigen‐binding capacity for the relevant antigens and the idiotypic markers signifying such specific reactivity. The molecules could be shown to be composed of two groups of molecules, one around 7S IgG in size and the other around 35,000 in molecular weight. Only the smaller molecules were found in the urine. From other data we know that the 7S molecules are produced by B lymphocytes and the 35,000‐molecular‐wfight molecules by T cells. Purified natural anti‐Ag‐B factors, when inoculated into rabbits or chickens, lead to the production of specific anti‐idiotypic antibodies that will selectively inactivate rat T lymphocytes with the capacity to react against the relevant Ag‐B antigens while leaving other reactivity intact. We thus conclude that the present system allows the purification of naturally occurring idiotypic B‐ and T‐cell products with antigen‐binding specificity for further biochemical and functional analysis.
Macrophages Suppress Direct B‐Cell Activation by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: LEMKE H. , COUTINHO A. , OPITZ H ‐G , GRONOWICZ E.
Published: June 2006

The influence of macrophages on polyclonal B‐cell responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and on a primary, specific immune response to a hapten‐LPS conjugate was studied in mouse spleen and lymph node cells in serum‐free and serum‐supplemented cultures. Macrophages were found not to be necessary, and B cells were directly activated by LPS. In serum‐free cultures of macrophage depleted spleen cells, (a) proliferation and antibody secretion occurred at normal levels or were enhanced when compared with normal spleen cells, (b) the responsiveness of limiting cell numbers to LPS was better than in normal spleen cell cultures, (c) LPS did not increase the number or activate residual macrophages, (d) the primary specific response to a hapten‐LPS conjugate developed normally, (e) peripheral lymph node cells, which are known to contain a very low concentration of macrophages, from normal or congenitally athymic (nude) mice mounted excellent proliferative responses to LPS Furthermore, in cultures supplemented with fetal bovine serum, depletion of adherent cells resulted in enhancement of LPS‐induced B‐cell responses. Addition of peritoneal macrophages to adherent cell‐depleted spleen cells produced suppression at all concentrations of both mitogen and adherent cells. Suppressive activity could also be demonstrated in supematants from adherent cell cultures stimulated by LPS
Stimulation of Normal Lymphocytes with Autologous Lymphoid Cell Lines: Properties of Derived Killer Cells
Authors: SVEDMYR E. , JONDAL M. , LEIBOLD W.
Published: June 2006

Lymphocytes from normal adults, with or without serological signs of previous Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection, could be stimulated to proliferate and produce killer cells by incubation with autologous EBV‐genome‐positive lymphoid cell lines (LCLs). The stimulated cells were most probably of T‐cell origin, although at the peak of stimulation many of them lacked the sheep erythrocyte marker. Direct effector‐target cell contact was necessary for lysis to occur The cytotoxicity of autologously stimulated (AS) lymphocytes was not restricted to EBV‐genome‐positive LCLs, nor to cell lines of hematopoietic origin It was equally broad if cells carrying complement receptor had been removed before stimulation Fresh lymphocytes, blasts induced by phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A. and Burkitt's lymphoma biopsy cells were resistant or considerably less sensitive Mouse cells‐even cell lines‐were resistant The sensitivity of target cells to lysis correlated positively with their capacity to block AS lymphocyte lysis of autologous LCLs in competition experiments The cytotoxicity of AS lymphocytes was blocked by EBV‐genome‐positive and‐negative cell lines, whereas the EBV‐related cytotoxicity of T cells from acute cases of infectious mononucleosis was blocked by EBV‐genome‐positive LCL only.
Antibodies Against Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor and Skeletal Muscle in Human and Experimental Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: AARLI J. A. , MATTSSON C. , HEILBRONN E.
Published: June 2006

Using rocket immunoelectrophoresis and indirect haemagglutination tests, antibodies to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (n‐AChR) from Torpedo marmorata were detected in sera from rabbits with experimental myasthenia but not in sera from patients with myasthenia gravis or in rabbit antisera to a partly purified skeletal muscle antigen. Antibodies to this muscle antigen were demonstrated in sera from patients with myasthenia gravis but not in sera from rabbits with experimental myasthenia. The results indicate that there is no immunological cross‐reaction between the muscle antigen and n‐AChR from Torpedo marmorata, and little or no cross‐reactivity between these n‐AChR antibodies and possible muscle n‐AChR antibodies in myasthenia gravis patients.
Continuous Growth of Mitogen‐Reactive B Lymphocytes
Authors: MELCHERS F. , COUTINHO A. , HEINRICH G. , ANDERSSON J.
Published: June 2006

B‐cell mitogens induce continous growth of murine lymphocytes in suspension cultures. Continuous growth is observed only at low cell densitiess, below 106 cells/ml, in regularly renewed medium containing β‐mercaptoethanol and a growth‐supporting fetal calf serum. Continuous growth of B lymphocytes in culture appears to be favored by conditions under which maturation of Ig‐secreting plaque‐forming cells does not occur. On the other hand, maturation is observed whenever stimulated B cells cease to divide. This maturation leads to IgM secretion followed by secretion of IgG or IgD‐like molecules. Neither continuous growth of B cells nor the ‘switch’ to secretion of IgG or IgD‐like molecules requires the presence of T cells.
Distribution of Cells Binding Erythrocyte‐Antibody (EA) Complexes in Human Lymphoid Populations
Authors: SAMARUT C. , BROCHIER J. , REVILLARD J. P.
Published: June 2006

Cells bearing Fc receptors were studied using a rosette technique with chicken erythrocytes coated with rabbit antibodies (EA). By comparison with other markers and by selective depletion of T and B cells it was demonstrated that EA rosettes were formed by about 10% of the monocytes, 7% of the T lymphocytes, and 45% of the B cells. In addition, 26% of EA‐rosette‐forming cells (EA‐RFC) in the peripheral blood carried no other markers than C3 receptors. Marked differences were found in the percentages of EA‐RFC in cell suspensions from various lymphoid organs: peripheral blood, 15.2%; spleen, 26.6%; bone marrow, 30.9%; lymph nodes, 2.8%; thymus, 0.3%; and tonsils, 0.5%. It was concluded that Fc receptors were present on subsets of different lymphocyte sub‐populations; their presence could not be regarded as a specific marker of one of these subpopulations.
A C1q Immunosorbent Assay Compared with Thin‐Layer Gel Filtration for Measuring IgG Aggregates
Authors: AHLSTEDT S. , HANSON L. Å. , WADSWORTH C.
Published: June 2006

A new sensitive technique measures C1q‐binding of human IgG aggregates. The method is based on the principle of the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay with C1g‐coated rubes. The IgG aggregates attaching to this C1g are shown by enzyme‐linked anti‐human IgG. Less than 0.01 μg of aggregates per milliliter of sample can be detected. The results with this new method showed significant correlation (P < 0.01; Spearman rank correlation test) with the estimates of IgG aggregates of 13S or more and 10S in size obtained by thin‐layer gel filtration. Both of these methods showed significant correlation with the classic hemolysis inhibition method for measuring complement fixation.
IgA in Secondary Anti‐Hapten Responses In Vitro
Authors: HURME M. , KONTIAINEN S.
Published: June 2006

Production of IgA anti‐hapten antibodies in vitro was studied in suspension and fragment cultures of spleens from mice immunized with NIP‐CG (4‐hydroxy‐5‐iodo‐3‐nitrophenylacetyl coupled to chicken globulin) a few weeks earlier. IgA anti‐hapten production tended to be of much shorter duration than IgG anti‐hapten production. IgA produced in fragment cultures had sedimentation coefficients of 9S, 11S, and 13S. 9S IgA anti‐hapten was more prominent later during the in vitro response than earlier. In suspension cultures IgM anti‐hapten production preceded IgA and IgG anti‐hapten production. Very little IgM anti‐hapten was seen in fragment cultures, although the responses on a cell‐to‐cell basis tended to be much higher in fragment than in suspension cultures.
Generation of T Memory Cells in One‐Way Mixed Lymphocyte Culture
Authors: HÄYRY P. , ANDERSSON L. C.
Published: June 2006

Neither normal CBA (H‐2k) nor purified spleen T cells respond in vitro to soluble or insoluble membrane preparations or to ultraviolet‐light‐inactivated stimulator cells of the allogeneic DBAJ2 (H‐2d) strain. However, CBA spleen cells deprived of phagocytic cells show a slight proliferative response under these conditions. After being primed against mitomycin‐blocked DBAJ2 cells in one‐way mixed lymphocyte culture, the secondary blast‐derived T ‘memory’ cells display a good secondary blast (proliferative) response to both membrane antigens and to ultraviolet‐light‐inactivated stimulator cells. In addition to this, the secondary T lymphocytes—in contrast to nonprimed T cells—respond by cytotoxicity when ultraviolet‐light‐inactivated cells are used as the second stimulant.
Surface Markers on Human B and T Lymphocytes
Authors: JONDAL M. , KLEIN G. , OLDSTONE M. B. A. , BOKISH V. , YEFENOF E.
Published: June 2006

An association has been found between the Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and complement (C3d) receptors on human lymphoid cells. The evidence was fourfold: there was a correlation between the expression of these two receptors; inhibition experiments showed that the binding sites probably are close to each other in the cell membrane, although not identical; EBV and complement receptors have been found to co‐cap in either order; and lymphoid cell lines lacking complement receptors could not be superinfected with EBV.
Complex Formation Between Secretory Component and Human Immunoglobulins Related to Their Content of J Chain
Authors: BRANDTZAEG P.
Published: June 2006

The J‐chain content of 3 IgM and 24 IgA preparations was quantitated by an immunochemical technique after reduction with 20mM dithiothreitol. The amounts released ranged from undetectable (less than 0.1 mg) to 7.3 mg per 100 mg of Ig. Most of the J‐chain‐deficient proteins were monomeric, but four polymeric IgA preparations were found to contain only 0.2–0.8 mg of J chain per 100 mg. The SC‐binding capacity of these polymers, expressed as percentage of the amount added (2.5 μg SC/100 μg Ig), was 6%–12% compared with 69%–82% for IgA and IgM polymers that contained more than 4.0 mg of J chain per 100 mg. Some monomeric IgA preparations showed a slight SC‐binding capacity, which was explained by the presence of contaminating J‐chain‐positive polymers. Bound J chain therefore seems to be a structural prerequisite for a specific noncovalent complexing of Ig polymers with SC.
Morphologic and Antigenic Maturation of Lymphocytes in the Mouse Thymus In Vitro
Authors: JUHLIN R. , ALM G. V.
Published: June 2006

A simple technique for organ culture of the thymus of 14‐day‐old mouse embryos is described. It allowed a characteristic time‐dependent development of the immature thymus into a lymphoid thymus with large numbers of nondividing small lymphocytes. Most of these cells carried the T‐lymphocyte antigenic markers Thy‐1 and TL, and all expressed H‐2 antigens as determined in cytotoxicity assays. They probably developed from precursor cells without detectable Thy‐1 and TL. This development appeared to be dependent on the thymic microenvironment, since it also occurred in serum‐free organ cultures and in cultures with medium supplemented with serum from nude mice.
Immunogenetic Analysis of H‐2 Mutations
Authors: KLEIN J. , EGOROV I. K. , MNATSAKANYAN Y. A. , HAUPTFELD V.
Published: June 2006

H‐2fa is a spontaneous mutation that occurred in an (A.CA × A)F1 female mouse and was later transferred on an A‐strain background [congenic line A.CA(M506) or M506]. Skin grafts exchanged between M506 and A.CA strains are rejected within 4 weeks after grafting. Significant reaction is observed when these two strains are used as responders and stimulators in mixed lymphocyte culture or in a splenomegaly graft‐versus‐host assay. The mutant antigen induces strong cell‐mediated lymphocytotoxicity. The mutation maps in the K end of the H‐2 complex. The capacity of mutant antigens to induce relatively strong lymphocyte proliferation is explained by hypothesizing that the T‐cell receptors reacting with K‐ or D‐region products can more easily recognize subtle than drastic alloantigenic differences.
Polyclonal Human Antibodies to IgG (Rheumatoid Factors) Which Cross‐React with Cell Nuclei
Authors: HANNESTAD K. , JOHANNESSEN A.
Published: June 2006

Antibodies to human IgG (rheumatoid factors (RF)) from serum Han resembled the ‘intermediate’ complexes of sera from some patients with rheumatoid arthritis. These RF were isolated from heat‐inactivated serum by affinity chromatography on agarose‐coupled human IgG. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed that the isolated RF cross‐reacted with cell nuclei from many species. Virtually all the antinuclear factor (ANF) activity of this serum was extracted by IgG‐agarose. Alternative explanations of this phenomenon, such as nonspecific binding of a separate population of ANF, binding of ANF to the immunosorbent via an IgG RF‐IgG ANF immune complex, or presence of nuclear antigens on the immunosorbent, were ruled out. The cross‐reacting antibodies possessed both k and λ light chains and predominantly γ and some μ heavy chains, indicating that they were of polyclonal origin. The antinuclear activity was present in the F(ab′)2 fragments. The interpretation of this strange cross‐reaction is briefly discussed.
Measles Virus‐Induced Migration Inhibition In Vitro of Leukocytes from Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: NORDAL H. J. , FRØLAND S. S. , VANDVIK B. , NORRBY E.
Published: June 2006

The migration inhibition in vitro induced by measles virus material on leukocytes from 17 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) was compared with that of 8 patients with various other central nervous system diseases and that of 12 healthy blood donors. Significant differences could not be demonstrated. The results do not indicate that MS patients’ leukocytes show an altered behaviour to measles virus material in the migration inhibition test.
Specific and Nonspecific Cooperation Between M‐Locus‐Incompatible T and B Cells During Adoptive Anti‐Hapten Antibody Responses in Mice
Authors: JANEWAY C. A.
Published: June 2006

CBA and AKR mice are identical at the major histocompatibility locus (H‐2) but differ at the strong, non‐H‐2, mixed leukocyte culture (MLC)‐stimulating M‐locus. Adoptive secondary in vivo antibody responses using immune spleen cells from mice of these strains demonstrate two interesting findings. One is a nonspecific augmentation of the anti‐hapten antibody response of CBA B cells by AKR T cells. This allogeneic effect is unidirectional in the same sense as the MLC between cells from these two strains. The second is that, despite an ongoing allogeneic effect, M‐locus‐incompatible T and B cells show strong specific cooperation. Thus, it seems unlikely that the failure of H‐2‐incompatible T and B cells to collaborate specifically is due to inhibitory allogenic reactions.
Immunoglobulins in Fluid from Non‐Keratinizing Jaw Cysts
Authors: SKAUG N. , HOFSTAD T.
Published: June 2006

Thirty‐six fluids from non‐keratinizing jaw cysts have been examined together with autologous sera by immunoelectrophoresis and double diffusion in agar or agarose gels. Except for one cyst fluid which contained electrophoretically homogeneous (‘monoclonal’) IgG of the χ type together with free χ chains, IgG of cyst fluid was electrophoretically heterogeneous. For the most, IgA of cyst fluid migrated more slowly than IgA of serum, whereas the IgM migrated similarly. The three immunoglobulins showed reactions of antigenic identity with the corresponding Ig classes of serum when examined with rabbit antisera against human IgG, IgA, and IgM. Fluid from a median palatine cyst contained secretory component, which showed a reaction of identity with free secretory component isolated from human saliva, and probably also IgA of the secretory type. Two cyst fluids also precipitated a component in rabbit serum.
Mitogenic Properties of Polyene Antibiotics for Murine B Cells
Authors: HAMMARSTRÖM L. , SMITH E.
Published: June 2006

Two polyene antibiotics, nystatin and amphotericin B, were found to be mitogenic for mouse spleen cells as measured by induction of DNA synthesis and polyclonal antibody production. This effect was demonstrated on spleen cells from nude‐mice and anti‐θ‐treated spleen cells tram normal mice. No effect was found on cortisone‐resistant thymocytes or on spleen cells treated with anti‐mouse bone marrow‐derived lymphocyte antigen antiserum. Nor was there any effect on spleen cells passed through a nylon fiber column. Thus we conclude that nystatin and amphotericin B are murine B‐cell mitogens.
Heterogeneity of B Cells: Direct Evidence of Selective Triggering of Distinct Subpopulations by Polyclonal Activators
Authors: GRONOWICZ E. , COUTINHO A.
Published: June 2006

This investigation was undertaken to assess directly the previous postulate that distinct subsets of B cells in the adult mouse spleen are selectively triggered by different polyclonal B‐cell activators (PBA). Several strains of mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD), and dextran sulphate (DS) were used in this study. Two experimental approaches were used: stimulation after addition of two PBAs simultaneously to cell cultures and eliminating the responding population to one PBA, by a hot pulse of radioactive thymidine, on a later response to another PBA. The results of these experiments indicated that DS stimulated a cell population completely different from that stimulated by the LPS‐ and PPD‐sensitive cells. When LPS and PPD Stimulations were compared, it was found that the cells responding to these PBAs were largely distinct, although some cells were sensitive to both these PBAs. The extension of the overlaps in these subsets (the number of cells that could be activated by either PBA) was found to vary from one strain to another. These experiments gave direct evidence of the existence of subsets that cm Inactivated by different PBAs. The present results also provided indications of the functional performance of distinct subsets of B cells on activation.
Estimation of Aggregates of IgG and Their Effect on Quantitation of IgG
Authors: WORTH C. WADS
Published: June 2006

Four quantitating techniques—radial immunodiffusion (RID), electroimmunoassay (EIA), thin‐layer Sephadex gel filtration (GF), and GF with an added specific immunoprecipitation step, immuno‐gel filtration (IGF)—art compared fur their accuracy in quantitating IgG of various molecular sizes—that is, pure 7S IgG and aggregated IgG, from large polymers to dimeric 10S molecular size. The aggregate fractions differed and were stable with regard to their migration in thin‐layer gel filtration, their electromobility in agar and agarose, and their diffusibility in agarose. All four methods quantitated the largest aggregates four‐to five‐fold lower and the next largest at no better than half the Lowry ratings. Only GF and IGF quantitated the two fractions of smaller aggregate within 10% of the expected value. The presence of about 50% of the two larger aggregates in prepared mixes with 75 IgG reduced quantitation results by about half to two thirds with all four methods; the smaller aggregates at 50% concentration were estimated within 16% of the correct values. Twenty percent aggregated IgG, about the mean amount found in commercial γ‐globulin preparations, influenced measurements with RID, GF, and IGF by less than 10%, and the results with EIA by less than 16%.
The First Isoallotype of Human IgA Proteins
Authors: VAN LOGHEM E. , DE LANGE G. , KOISTINEN J.
Published: June 2006

An antigenic determinant that occurs on all IgA proteins except on IgA2 proteins of the A2m2 allotype is described. The determinant is an isoallotype, being an isotype of IgA1 and at the same time an allotype of IgA2 proteins. It is proposed that the symbol nA2m2 be used for the new determinant, where n stands for isoallotype (formerly nonmarker) and A2m2 refers to the allotype to which it is antithetically related.
Kappa Chain (VχIII) Subgroup‐Related Activity in an Idiotypic Anti‐Cold Agglutinin Serum
Authors: FEIZI T. , LECOMTE J. , CHILDS R. , SOLOMON A.
Published: June 2006

In a search for H‐ or L‐chain‐related cross‐idiotypic specificity among human anti‐I and anti‐i cold agglutinins, two idiotypic antisera raised against the IgMχ cold agglutinin Da were tested for their binding activity to isolated cold agglutinin H and L chains. Negligible H‐chain binding activity was found, but there was high‐titre L‐chain binding activity in one of the antisera. This was an unsuspected VχIII subgroup activity which enabled the classification of VχIII proteins into three subgroups. The χ chains of five out of six anti‐I and anti‐i cold agglutinins belonged to the antigenically most active VχIII subgroup. Absorption of the idiotypic antiserum with a Bence Jones protein of this latter subgroup did Dot appreciably alter the precipitating cross‐idiotypic activity of the antiserum when tested with intact cold agglutinins. However, these studies do not rule out the possible existence of a VχIII subgroup‐associated conformational antigen in an intact Fab region, which is seen as a ‘cross idiotypic’ antigen by heterologous (rabbit anti‐human) antisera.
Bence Jones Proteins and Light Chains of Immunoglobulins XIV.
Authors: SOLOMON A.
Published: June 2006

The region on the light chain molecule responsible for expression of the χ and λ antigenic determinants was determined by comparative immunochemical analyses of intact Bence Jones proteins and naturally occurring or enzymatically derived fragments of Bence Jones proteins that lacked extensive portions of the V region or part of the C region. The reactivity of these fragments with numerous antisera having specificity for light‐chain antigenic determinants indicated the essentiality of the intact light polypeptide chain for expression of the χ and λ antigenic determinants. The conformational dependency of the χ and λ antigenic determinants was also evidenced by denaturation‐renaturation studies on χ and λ chains. The V domain, C domain, and interdomain ‘switch’ region contribute to the expression of χ or λ antigenicity and to certain isotypic and allotypic specificities.
PHA‐Induced Activation of Suppressor Cells in Normal Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: KURNICK J. T. , BELL C. , GREY H. M.
Published: June 2006

Normal human peripheral blood and tonsil lymphocytes can be stimulated to proliferate by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). When cells cultured with this mitogen for 3 days were transferred fo fresh autologous lymphocytes in fresh medium with PHA, the mitogen response of the fresh lymphocytes was suppressed. The suppression required the presence of viable cells, in that culture supernatants alone were not inhibitory and cell extracts showed only marginal inhibition. Approximately equivalent numbers of previously stimulated cells were required to produce optimal suppression of the PHA response of fresh cells. Cells irradiated after PHA stimulation were as effective as nonirradiated cells in causing suppression. PHA‐stimulated cells also inhibited concanavalin A‐induced proliferation and a mixed lymphocyte reaction. However, PHA‐stimulated cells only partially inhibited the response to pokeweed mitogen. The suppressive effects were fully retained by a nylon‐wool‐enriched T‐cell fraction but not by a B‐cell‐enriched fraction.
Subpopulations of Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines
Authors: YOUNT W. J. , UTSINGER P. D. , HUTT L. M. , BUCHANAN P. D. , KORN J. H. , FULLER C. R. , LOGUE M. , PAGANO J. S.
Published: June 2006

Forty lymphoblast cell lines derived from normal subjects, patients with infectious mononucleosis, leukemia, and Burkitt's lymphoma have been studied for surface receptors including surface Ig, complement receptors by the EAC rosette and fluorescent (Raji cell) techniques, and Fc (aggregate) receptor by direct and indirect immunofluorescence. Because of the B‐cell tropism of the Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), an effort was made to correlate the expresion of various surface properties of lymphoblastoid cell lines with the content of EBV viral DNA as determined by complementary RNA‐DNA (cRNA‐DNA) hybridization on membrane filters or by DNA‐DNA renaturation kinetic analysis. The only correlation established was with the Fc receptor determined by direct immunofluorescence. No correlation of EBV genome equivalents per cell with complement receptor or surface Ig was noted, suggesting that the expression of these receptors is not influenced by EBV viral DNA content. Subgroups of lymphoblastoid cell lines were, on the basis of variable expression of surface receptors, designated B1, B2, B3, B4, and T. The distribution of lymphoblastoid cell lines into these subgroups were in the ratio of 14:4:1:4:1. The B1, B2, and B4cell lines (except Molt 4F) were found to contain EBV. The B3, subgroup, for which cell line 698 was the sole example, expressed surface immunoglobulins but no other B‐cell characteristics, and H.S.B., a T‐cell line, lacked detectable EBV.
Neutralizing Antibodies Against Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae Enterotoxins in Human Milk from a Developing Country
Authors: HOLMGREN T. , HANSON L. A. , CARLSON B. , LINDBLAD R. S. , RAHIMTOOLA J.
Published: June 2006

By means of the adrenal cell assay and the rabbit small‐bowel loop technique enterotoxin‐neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated in all investigated milk samples from severely undernourished Pakistani women but, with a single exception, not in milk from Swedish mothers. The antibodies belonged to the IgA and IgG classes as observed in an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which also revealed secretory component on specific enterotoxin antibodies, showing that the IgA antibodies were primarily of the secretory type. The epidemiological situation and experimental data strongly indicate that Escherichia coli enterotoxin rather than immunologically cross‐reactive Vibrio cholerae toxin in most cases constituted the antigenic stimulus for the milk antibodies. The presence in the milk of the Pakistani mothers of secretory IgA antibodies against an important diarrheogenic agent may have practical importance for protection of the breast‐fed baby and probably also illustrates the frequent intestinal exposure of these women to enterotoxinogenic bacteria. Since enterotoxin antigen is presumed not to enter deeper tissues, the demonstration of secretory antibodies in milk agrees with a proposed homing of intestinally triggered lymphocytes to the mammary gland.
Structural Studies of Induced Antibodies with Defined Idiotypic Specificities
Authors: KLAPPER D. G. , STANKUS R. P. , LESLIE G. A. , CAPRA J. D.
Published: June 2006

The heavy (H) chains of three anti‐streptococcal group A carbohydrate antibodies (anti‐SACHO) of restricted heterogeneity, elicited in inbred Sprague‐Dawley rats, were subjected to 40 cycles of automated Edman degradation. All three antibody H‐chain preparations had an identical amino acid sequence and were classified as a variant of the VHIII subgroup of immunoglobulin H chains. A comparison of the H‐chain sequence of these antibodies with that of pooled rat gamma chains suggests that a very minor population of H chains (closely related to the VHIII subgroup) has been ‘recruited’ as a consequence of this immunization. This observation further supports the notion that ‘framework’ and ‘specificity’ or “hypervariable regions” are closely linked.
Specificity of Fcγ Receptors in Human Malignant Tissue and Normal Lymphoreticular Tissue
Authors: MATRE R.
Published: June 2006

The specificity of the Fcγ receptors in normal spleen and liver and in malignant tissues was studied using hemadsorption to cryostat sections. Indicator cells (EA) were sheep erythrocytes (E) sensitized with rabbit IgG antibody (A). The binding of EA to sections of normal and malignant tissues was inhibited by pooled IgG of human, rabbit, and guinea pig origin and by human IgG1, and IgG3, and IgG4 myeloma proteins. Heat‐aggregated IgG inhibited the binding to sections of liver and some malignant tissues more effectively than monomeric IgG. The Fc fragments of IgG were also inhibitory, but not the F(ab')2, Fab', and Facb fragments. The inhibition obtained increased with decreasing amounts of A used for sensitization of E. The inhibitory activity of IgG was abolished after partial reduction and alkylation. No inhibition was obtained with IgG2, IgM, IgA, or albumin. E sensitized with Facb or F(ab')2 fragments of A did not bind to normal or malignant tissues. The specificity of the Fc receptors in normal spleen and liver and in malignant tissues is apparently very similar.
Changes in the Surface of Virus‐Infected Cells Recognized by Cytotoxic T Cells
Authors: JACKSON D. C. , ADA G. L. , HAPEL A. I. , DUNLOP M. B. C.
Published: June 2006

Infection of cells with either ectromelia or lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus in the presence of 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2‐DOG) Inhibited by up to 70% the extent to which the infected cells become susceptible to virus‐specific cell‐mediated lysis. The concentration of 2‐DOG used had little effect on the extent of total protein synthesis (incorporation of [35S]methionine) but inhibited (up to 25%) glycoprotein synthesis, as measured by incorporation of [3H]fucose. This suggested that glycoprotein synthesis was a necessary event for infected cells to become susceptible to T‐cell‐mediated lysis. The profiles (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of newly synthesized, cellular glycoproteins from uninfected and ectromelia‐infected cells in the presence and absence of 2‐DOG were compared and found to be very complex, with only minor changes. However, when convalescent serum from infected mice was used to isolate newly synthesized components from the cell surface shortly after infection, it showed four main species ranging in size from 25,000 to 70,000 daltons. 2‐DOG inhibited production of these by 70%, thus corresponding to the biological data. The nature of the new glycoproteins seen in infected cells and whether they are in fact the structures recognized by effector T cells remain to be determined.
Antigen and Unspecific Mitogen Stimulation of Lymphocytes Eluted from Rheumatoid Inflammatory Tissue
Authors: ABRAHAMSEN T. G. , FRØLAND S. S. , NATVIG J. B. , PAHLE J.
Published: June 2006

Lymphocytes were eluted from synovial tissues of 17 patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis, using a procedure previously reported. Stimulation was obtained wit h the unspecific mitogens phytohemaggalutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and concanavalin A (Con A) as well as with purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) and mitomycin‐C‐treated allogeneic lymphocytes, whereas Candida antigen usually gave a low response. The pattern of reactivity o t unspecific mitogens was similar to that obtained with lymphocytes from peripheral blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Two different PPD preparations usually gave transformation of the same magnitude as seen with PHA. This was in contrast to the reactivity of the peripheral blood lymphocytes. It could be demonstrated that the elution procedure initiated some degree of lymphocyte transformation, mainly potentiating the responses to PHA and Con A.
Blocking Effect of Rheumatoid Factor on the In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Lymphoid Cells from Carcinoma Patients
Authors: SAKSELA E. , PYRHöNEN S. , TIMONEN T. , TEPPO A.‐M. , WAGER O. , PENTTINEN K.
Published: June 2006

Human cryo‐IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) preparations blocked the tumor‐specific in vitro cytotoxicity of ovarian or bladder carcinoma patients' lymphoid cells in microcytotoxicity assays. The effect was mediated by pretreatment of the effector cells. Cryo‐IgM RF free of detectable IgG blocked in a dilution‐dependent manner, and immunosorbent purification of contaminating IgG from another preparation did not abrogate the blocking effect. Control IgM preparations lacking RF activity did not block the cytotoxicity, and normal human serum preincubation of the RF preparations rendered them inactive, indicating that the blocking effect was due to the anti‐IgG activity of the RF.
The Absence of a Human Thymus Lymphocyte Antigen (HTLA) on Basophils and Mast Cells
Authors: STALLMAN P. J. , VAN ELVEN E. H. , FELTKAMP‐VROOM T. M. , DE LA RIVIERE A. BRUTEL
Published: June 2006

Basophilic granulocytes and mast Cells of different species have been reported to originate from thymocytes and other lymphocytes. These observations were recently confirmed when evidence was given that thymic antigen is present on rabbit basophilic. In the study reported here, human leukocytes were tested by the immunofluorescence technique and the immunoelectron‐microscopy technique to ascertain whether a human lymphocyte antigen (HTLA) could be detected on their surface, We could demonstrate the presence of HTLA on lymphocytes but not on basophilic granulocytes, nor on mast cells in Cryostat secretion of various tissues.
Sequential Antibody Affinity Chromatography of Human Leukocyte Interferon
Authors: BERG K.
Published: June 2006

Antibodies to crude leukocyte interferon (CIF) were bound to Sepharose 4B, and CIF was chromatographed. A relationship between recovered interferon and percentage binding of the antibodies to Sepharose 4B was observed. Highest recovery was obtained when only 50%‐85% of the antibodies were bound When CIF was subjected to normal affinity chromatography, specific activity of 1–5 × 106 interferon units (IFU) (69/19B‐units)/mg protein was obtained. When this purified preparation was further chromatographed on a column mainly directed against normal cellular proteins and then concentrated by normal affinity chromatography, a tenfold increase in ‘direct’ specific activity was obtained. It is suggested that the ‘indirect’ specific activity is about 2 × 108 IFU/mg protein.
VH Subgroup Restriction in Human Erythrocyte Antibodies: Studies of Anti‐A, Anti‐B, and Anti‐Duffy Antibodies
Authors: FøRRE Ø. , GAARDER P. I. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

IgG from 13 anti‐A, 26 anti‐B, and 10 anti‐Duffy antisera were used to coat human erythrocytes. With antisera specific for each of the three VH subgroups, VHI, VHII, and VHIII, a clear VH subgroup restriction was shown in these antibody preparations. Of the 26 IgG anti‐B‐coated cell preparations, 21 were agglutinated exclusively by the anti‐VHIII antiserum, and 5 were agglutinated mainly by the anti‐VHIII antiserum but showed also some reactions using anti‐VHI or anti‐VHII antiserum, or both. Similarly, 11 out of the 13 IgG anti‐A antibodies belonged to VHI, and only 2 to VHIII. The 6 IgG anti‐Fy(a) antibodies were restricted to subgroups VHI and VHII, and of the 4 IgG anti‐Fy(b) antibodies, 3 belonged to subgroup VHIII and one to VHII. Additional experiments indicated that IgM anti‐A and IgM anti‐B antibodies showed the same type of restriction to VH subgroups as the corresponding IgG antibody preparations.
Staphylococcal Protein A in Immunoferritin Techniques
Authors: BÄCHI T. , DORVAL G. , WIGZELL H. , BINZ H.
Published: June 2006

Protein A (pA) of Staphylococcus aureus, by virtue of its reactivity with the Fc portion of a variety of mammalian immunoglobulins (IgG), can be used for electron‐microscopical immunoferritin technique. The conjugation of pA with ferritin (pA‐F) by means of bis (4 fluoro‐3‐nitrophenyl) sulfone results in a highly specific marker for IgG in indirect labeling experiments. Native pA can be used as a noncovalent bridging agent between Specific antibodies and antiferritin capturing the marker molecule. The use of pA and pA‐F is demonstrated with a model system involving human erythrocytes and twO rabbit antisera directed against different surface antigens of the human erythrocyte membrane.
Effect of Preimmunization with Native and Methylated Carrier on Class‐Specific Anti‐Hapten and Anti‐Carrier Antibody Response
Authors: VILJANEN M. K. , NURMI T.
Published: June 2006

Effects of priming with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and methylated USA (MBSA) on the primary anti‐2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP) response were studied in the chicken. A new radioimmunoassay of class‐specific antibodies (RIACA) was used to quantitate IgM and IgG antibodies against BSA and DNP. The anti‐DNP antibody response after priming with BSA was dose‐dependent: large doses of USA suppressed and the smallest dose augmented it. In contrast, no dose dependence was observed between MBSA and the anti‐hapten response. All doses of MBSA enhanced the primary anti‐DNP antibody response of both immuno‐globulin classes. No corresponding differences in anti‐BSA antibodies were observed between BSA‐ and MBSA‐primed groups. This suggests that the anti‐carrier antibodies as such are not the agent suppressing the anti‐hapten response when large doses of native carrier are used for priming. A more probable explanation of this phenomenon is a competition between carrier‐specific B cell and hapten‐specific B cells for common T cells. A less obvious explanation is the generation of more helper cells or less suppressor cells when priming with MBSA than with BSA.
Mitogenic Properties of Fab and F(ab′)2 Fragments of Rabbit Anti‐Human β2‐Microglobulin for Human Lymphocytes
Authors: RINGDÉN O. , JOHANSSON B. G.
Published: June 2006

Bivalent F(ab′)2 fragments and monovalent Fab fragments of rabbit anti‐human β2‐microglobulin (anti‐β2m) stimulated DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes. Mitogenicity of anti‐β2m antibodies can therefore be ascribed to the antigen‐binding site and not to the Fc portion of the molecule. The mitogenic response to F(ab′)2 and sometimes Fab, fragments of anti‐β2m IgG was comparable to that obtained with the original IgG antibodies when tested at the same protein concentration. Since Fab monomers of anti‐β2m can cause lymphocyte activation.‘cross‐linking’ of hypothetical β2‐microglobulin‐containing lymphocyte receptors does not seem necessary for activation. F(ab′)2, as well is Fab, fragments of anti‐β2m blocked the cytotoxic effect of anti‐β2m IgG, showing that the fragments did indeed react with β2‐microglobulin on the cell surface. F(ab′)2 dimers, but not Fab monomers, of anti‐β2m were capable of inhibiting the cytotoxic effect of an anti‐HLA‐A2 antiserum. The mitogenic activity of both anti‐β2m IgG and Fab monomers of such antibodies disappeared after absorption with highly purified β2‐microglobulin. The mitogenic effect of anti‐β2m IgG was inhibited to a minor extent by exposure of cells to high concentrations of pooled multispecific anti‐HLA antibodies. This effect was probably nonspecific.
Stimulation of Human Fetal Lymphocytes by Lipopolysaccharide B in Culture
Authors: TURUNEN O. , LUNDQVIST C. , DE LA CHAPELLE A.
Published: June 2006

Cultures of Isopaque‐Ficoll‐isolated lymphocytes from three human sources were compared with respect to the effect of mitogens. The cell sources were maternal blood immediately after delivery, cord blood, and blood obtained by heart puncture of 10–20‐week aborted fetuses. Lipopolysaccharide B (LPS) induced incorporation of tritiated thymidine, blastic transformation, and mitotic activity in cord and fetal, but not maternal, cells. The stimulation reached a maximum on days 4–8 of culture. It was stronger than the spontaneous transformation often displayed by fetal cells. If fetal cells spontaneously occurring in the blood of pregnant women were to react in 3 similar way, it should be possible to selectively stimulate the fetal cells with LPS. Such transformed fetal cells could then be isolated from cultures of maternal blood samples and used for antenatal diagnosis of fetal disease.
The Polyclonal B‐Cell‐Activating Property of Protein A Is Not Due to Its Interaction with the Fc Part of Immunoglobulin Receptors
Authors: MÖLLER G. , LANDWALL P.
Published: June 2006

Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was farad to be I B‐cell mitogen and a potent polyclonal B‐cell activator (PBA) of antibody synthesis fur murine lymphocytes in the absence of macrophages or T lymphocytes. It did not activate T lymphocytes. We investigated whether the interaction between protein A and the Fc part of Ig molecules was responsible for the PBA activity. Protein A failed to induce IgG synthesis in spleen cells from normal mice, even though it binds effectively to IgG molecules. Lymphocytes treated with anti‐immune‐globulin antisera followed by protein A were not activated to a larger extent than non‐pretreated cells, although only the former cells bound protein A. Finally, direct attempts to suppress the PBA property of protein A by blocking the Fc binding ability with serum or human gamma globulin foiled We concluded that protein A possesses two separate biological properties, namely to interact with the Fc receptor on Ig molecules and to act as a PBA, and these properties are carried out by different parts of the molecule. These findings confirm previous failures to find an active role of the Ig receptors on B lymphocytes in the triggering process.
Map Order of the Linkage Group GLO‐Bf‐HLA‐A‐PGM3 on Human Chromosome 6
Authors: KÖMPF J. , BISSBORT S. , GÖHLER F. , SCHUNTER F. , WERNET P.
Published: June 2006

Linkage analysis of 52 families with 181 children confirms close linkage for GLO‐Bf, GLO‐HLA‐A, and Bf‐HLA‐A and proves linkage between HLA‐A and PGM3. Linkage for Bf‐PGM3 and GLO‐PGM3, respectively, seems to be likely; close linkage can be excluded. From the relative map distances, but above all from the segregation of defined linkage phases in crossover families, we can hypothesize that the sequence order of the loci should be GLO‐Bf‐HLA‐A‐PGM3.
Population Data on Two New HLA‐D Determinants, El and RE
Authors: GROSSE‐WILDE H. , HAUPTMANN G. , JOHANNSEN R. , NETZEL B. , RITTNER C. , RUPPELT W.
Published: June 2006

Homozygous typing cells (HTC) for two new HLA‐D determinants, EI and RE, defined by family studies, are described. The HLA‐D typing experimtens among more than 300 unrelated individuals showed phenotype frequencies of 0.045 for El and 0.098 for RE. Since the tested population was also typed for its HLA‐A and ‐B alleles, linkage disequilibrium parameters could be calculated: HLA‐D type El was statistically significantly associated with HLA‐B13 and Bwl7, HLA‐D type RE with HLA‐Bw40. These data support the working hypothesis that both EI and RE are new alleles of the HLA‐D series.
MLC and CML Studies in the Family of a Pair of HLA Haploidentical Chimeric Twins
Authors: THOMSEN M. , HANSEN H. E. , DICKMEISS E.
Published: June 2006

A pair of dizygotic twins of opposite sex were incidentally found to be erythrocyte chimeras. The chimerism was found to include the lymphocyte population as well, since the twins differed for the maternal while sharing one paternal HLA haplotype. In addition to lymphocytes carrying antigens controlled by the inherited maternal haplotype, each of the twins had a small fraction—about 15%—of lymphocytes of the other twin's type. Birth twins are healthy and have normal children. Investigations of the family by mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) and cell‐mediated lympholysis (CML) tests showed that the two haplotypes by which the twins differed carried different HLA‐D determinants; even so the lymphocytes of each twin were completely non‐responsive in MLC and CML to those of the other twin. No ‘blocking’ factors could be demonstrated in the serum of the twins. These results support Burnet's theory of clonal selection in fetal life.
Undernutrition and Immunity: Smallpox Vaccination in Chronically Starved, Undernourished Subjects and Its Immunologic Evaluation
Authors: SAHA K. , MEHTA R. , MISRA R. C. , CHAUDHURY D. S. , RAY S. N.
Published: June 2006

This study illustrates the specific immune response of chronically starved, undernourished adults after inoculation of live smallpox vaccine. It produced no adverse effect, and major vaccinial reaction was observed in all. 63% of undernourished individuals showed a fourfold or greater rise of the neutralizing antibody titre. In contrast, only 9% of normal healthy subjects could show a similar response. However, the prevaccination titre was much lower in the undernourished group than in the control group, and the postvaccination titre also remained persistently lower in the former than in the latter group. Furthermore, whereas the specific humoral antibody response in the undernourished subjects was partially adequate, the development of specific cellular immunity against vaccinia was remarkably poor, indicating that smallpox vaccination in these subjects might be less effective against variola infection. This observed profound effect of chronic starvation and severe undernutrition on the immune apparatus was possibly multifactorial, protein depletion being the most important factor, as proved by the significantly low serum albumin level. The significantly low peripheral blood lymphocyte count and spectacular unresponsiveness to many antigens in these individuals suggested profound depression of the thymolymphatic system. Further, the significantly low level of neutralizing antibody in the malnourished subjects suggested that the formation of this protective antibody might necessitate the cooperation of T lymphocytes.
Damage of Liposomes in Antibody‐Dependent Cell‐Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: JUY D. , BILLECOCQ A. , FAURE M. , BONA C.
Published: June 2006

Lymphoid cells bearing Fc receptors are able to lyse antibody‐coated animal target Cells in an antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity reaction. The results presented here show that liposomes consisting of sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and cardiolipid and coated by cardiolipidic antibodies could be destroyed by spleen or thymus cells. No alteration of liposomes was observed when normal rabbit serum was used or when the effector cell population was depleted of cells bearing Fc receptors. The lysis of antibody‐coated liposomes by effector cells could be carried out in two steps. In the first step, the fixation of antibodies on the cardiolipidic antigens could lead to a reorganization of the liposomal membrane. In the second step, the effector Fc‐receptor‐bearing cells might amplify this alteration of the liposomes.
Functional Heterogeneity of Splenic T Lymphocyte Subpopulations I. Determination of Splenic Subpopulations by the Use of Mitogenic Probes
Authors: WATERFIELD J. D. , EKSTEDT R. D , MÖLLER G.
Published: June 2006

The results reported here suggest that there exist two T‐cell‐mitogenic responsive populations in the spleen—one that is responsive to concanavalin A (Con A) and a. second one that is responsive to Con A and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Using an in vitro restimulation system, we have found that a primary in vivo activation with Con A effectively suppresses the subsequent restimulation response to PHA. However, in the reverse experiment, a primary in vivo PHA activation had little effect on the ability of tells to be restimulated with Con A. The suppression seen was due to a refractory recovery period displayed by all cells after previous activation and not to a nonspecific steric hindrance of mitogenic activation receptors due to the lectin remaining on the cell surfaces.