bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Method in Computer-Assisted Imaging in Neuroanatomy
Authors: Graf von Keyserlingk D. , Niemann K. , Wasel J. , Reinold J. , Poeck K.
Published: July 2008

A procedure is described yielding computed images of postmortem brains with high topographic accuracy. Structures of the brain are traced and registered by means of a digitizer capable of measuring coordinates three-dimensionally. The information corresponding to one brain model is stored on a flexible disk with a capacity of 256 Kbytes. According to the output desired, the resulting brain images are either completely or partially displayed on the computer screen as stereo pairs. The brain models possess a local fidelity of about 1 mm. The images are useful in simultaneously studying superficial and central parts of the brain, spatial relationships of the various structures and the projection of deep structures onto the surface of the brain. A RAM of about 100 Kbytes is necessary for a program enabling the user to perform stereo projections, three-dimensional transformations and other image manipulations. The special features of anatomical computer imaging as compared to computed tomography (CT) and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR) are outlined. A combination of these different techniques seems to improve clinical diagnosis.
Effects of Serum, Fibroblast Growth Factor, and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor on Explants of Rat Tail Tendon: A Morphological Study
Authors: Stein Larry E.
Published: July 2008

Eigtheen tail tendon fascicles were explanted from a 40-day postpartum rat and maintained in both serum-supplemented and serum-free Eagle’s minimal essential medium for 2 weeks. Epitendon and paratendon connective tissues were excluded from these explants. Tendon fibroblasts maintained in serum-supplemented medium proliferated and synthesized collagen. Tendon fibroblasts explanted in serum-free medium remained viable but did not proliferate. Fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor were shown to stimulate proliferation of mature tendon fibroblasts in serum-free medium.
The Pineal Body of the Dog
Authors: Ellsworth Adelaide F. , Yang Tsu-Ju (Thomas) , Ellsworth Mary L.
Published: July 2008

A technique is described for finding the pineal body of the dog. The posterior half of the skull is cut a little behind the parietofrontal suture, through the occipital condyles. The cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum are carefully sliced, disclosing the pineal at the frontal edge of the colliculi. Two types of cells are present, those with completely round nuclei, and others with vesicular and variably shaped nuclei. In the histological pattern, ependymal cells were observed on the edges, pinealocytes and glial cells within the gland.
Effect of Insulin on Neonatal and Adult Adrenal Medulla in the Rat
Authors: Souto M. , Piezzi R.S. , Bianchi R.
Published: July 2008

The effect of equivalent doses of insulin on the adrenal of both adult and neonatal rats was compared. Glycemia in treated adults dropped to one third of the control, in contrast to the neonatal rat values, which decreased to about one half. After insulin, a large percentage of adult chromaffin cells showed cytoplasmic degranulation and vacuolization. In contrast, a smaller percentage of cytoplasmic changes was seen in the adrenal cells of 4- and 7-day-old rats. In rats of 10 days of age, the percentage of modified cells was similar to the adults. The morphological changes in neonatal medullae were characterized by widening of the perigranular space and enlargement of the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. No cytoplasmic vacuolization was seen. This response of neonatal rats to insulin may indicate immaturity of the adrenal chromaffin tissue and/or of the centers involved in the mechanism of hypoglycemia-catecholamine release.
Constituents of Connective Tissue around the Capillary of Chick Pecten Oculi
Authors: Amemiya T.
Published: July 2008

The constituents of the connective tissues around the capillary of the chick pecten oculi were examined electron microscopically by HCl-collagenase and HCl-elastase methods. The basal lamina like membrane below the endothelial cell of the pecten capillary was digested by collagenases I, II and IV and elastase, and may be a false basal lamina. The basal lamina of cells with pigment granules which surround the capillary was digested by collagenase IV and elastase, and contained type IV collagen. Fibrils between the basal lamina like membrane of the pecten capillary endothelium and the basal lamina of the cells with pigment granules were digested by collagenases I, II and IV, and elastase. Thus, these fibrils are composed of many kinds of collagen. Elastase may be responsible for the breakdown of most collagens as well as elastin.
Solid Cell Nests of the Thyroid
Authors: Harach Rubén
Published: July 2008

A systematic anatomical study of 100 adult human thyroids from autopsies was undertaken for the presence of solid cell nests (SCN). SCN were mainly located in the middle third, with a slight tendency to the upper third, of the lateral thyroid lobes, and placed along a central to paracentral and slightly dorsal longitudinal axis. Immunohistochemical studies for thyroglobulin revealed positive staining in foUicular cells connected to SCN and, occasionally, in isolated cells lying within solid clusters from SCN. The anatomical position SCN showed in the present survey is comparable to that shown by the ultimobranchial body (UB) vestiges of human fetuses. The presence of thyroglobulin-positive cells within solid clusters, together with the existence of foUicular cells connected to SCN, suggest that SCN may also be a probable source of foUicular epithelium as occurs with the UB of some mammals.
Ultrastructure of Secretory Ameloblasts in Puppies
Authors: Kindaichi K. , Kagayama M. , Akita H.
Published: July 2008

Four about 4-week-old puppies were fixed by perfusion; the secretory ameloblasts of the first molar tooth germs were observed with an electron microscope. The morphology of the puppy secretory ameloblast closely resembles that of man. In addition, the primary cilia and a pair of basal bodies were observed close to Golgi apparatus of the secretory ameloblast. Cytoplasmic microtubules radiated from the basal bodies. It is suggested that a pair of basal bodies may be the microtubule-organizing center of the secretory ameloblast. Further, melanocytes were present in the intermediate cell layer and aggregated melanosomes were present in the cytoplasm of both stratum intermedium cells and secretory ameloblasts.
Effect of Estrogen on the Affinity of Malachite Green for Staining Cardiac Lipid Inclusions in Mice
Authors: Gould Stanley F. , Bernstein Maurice H.
Published: July 2008

The effect of estradiol-17-beta on lipids of the ventricular myocardium of mice has been studied with a cytochemical technique in which malachite green was added to glutaraldehyde. This malachite green-glutaraldehyde fixative enhances the visualization of certain phospholipid-related elements. Estrogen induces an affinity of ventricular cardiac lipid inclusions for the cationic dye malachite green. The staining affinity is evidenced only in the estrous female, not in diestrus. In oophorectomized animals, malachite green staining is seen only following estradiol injection, but this effect is blocked by progesterone. In the male, ventricular lipids do not stain, nor do they develop malachite green affinity with estrogen stimulation. These results imply a blockade of the estradiol-mediated dye affinity by progesterone and testosterone. This reinforces the concept of the heart as a target organ for sex steroids and expands the previously described estrogen effects on myocardium.
Distribution of the Secondary Vestibular Fibers in the Cerebellar Cortex
Authors: Magras I.N. , Voogd J.
Published: July 2008

Autoradiography of tritiated leucine, injected into the vestibular nuclei in 20 cats, was used to trace the projection of the secondary vestibular fibers in the cerebellum. The distribution of these fibers in the cerebellar cortex is described and discussed in relation to the findings from other experimental works.
Structures Passing through the Triangular Space of the Human Upper Limb
Authors: Wasfi Fadhil Ali , Ullah M.
Published: July 2008

Structures passing through the triangular space of the human upper limb have been studied in 50 upper limbs from 25 cadavers. In all the specimens used in this study, a branch of the circumflex scapular artery with an accompanying vein was found to pass through this space.
A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Dorsal Surface of the Human Tongue
Authors: Kullaa-Mikkonen A. , Sorvari T.E.
Published: July 2008

To study the dorsal surface of the human tongue using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tissue specimens were taken from the anterior part of the tongues of 15 individuals aged from 21- to 28-years-old. The formalin-fixed samples were processed routinely for SEM. With SEM the surface of the normal tongue mucosa was shown to be rather evenly covered by filiform papillae, with some fungiform papillae scattered among them. Filiform papillae consisted of two parts: the body and hairs. The mucosal surface of the body was smooth; the squamous epithelial cells were polygonal, and their boundaries were prominent. On the surface of the superficial epithelial cells were parallel or branching microplicae. Each filiform papilla had 6–10 hairs, which were scaled and covered by an extensive plaque of microorganism. The upper surface of the fungiform papillae was smooth; only a few desquamating cells were seen. The superficial cells had a pitted appearance and cell boundaries overlapped. Taste pores, up to 3 pores in a single papilla, were found on the upper surface. Desquamation was more pronounced on the base of the fungiform papillae than on the upper surface. In almost all fungiform papillae some hairs protruded from the base. Parallel microplicae were found on the surface of the superficial cells of the base. The structure and function of the human tongue, as well as the microplicae of its superficial cells, are compared to those of various species of animals.
Epithelial Kinetics Affect Langerhans’ Cells of Mouse Vaginal Epithelium
Authors: Young William G.
Published: July 2008

Langerhans’ cells were found to vary in their morphology and density in the vaginal epithelium of ovariectomized mice stimulated by single daily injections of oestrogen. In ATPase-stained epithelial sheet preparations, Langerhans’ cells were small and stellate in dense distribution after ovariectomy produced epithelial atrophy. They became highly dendritic in sparse distribution as epithelial thickness increased with high mitotic activity. Keratinization when prolonged by daily oestrogen injections did not affect their morphology or distribution.
Morphometric Study of the Mandibular Condyle of the Rat during Postnatal Development
Authors: Campos M.N.M. , Cruz A.R.
Published: July 2008

A morphometric technique for the use of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of the rat as an experimental model was developed to study TMJ growth from birth to 120 days of age. Experimental conditions for the reduction and embedding of the specimen, as well as for data collection were standardized. Morphometric data were obtained from projected drawings and the areas occupied by the various structures were determined by counting points with a specially constructed integration grid. The areas occupied by the layers making up the mandibular condyle remained relatively constant, forming an architectural pattern from the 30th postnatal day on. Between the 10th and 30th day they underwent modifications interpreted to be functional adaptations conditioned by changes in the animal’s feeding habits.
Changing Patterns of Cerium Reactivity in Developing Ovarian Oocytes of the Hamster
Authors: Weakley Brenda S. , James John L.
Published: July 2008

In developing ovarian oocytes of 2-day-old, 12-day-old and adult hamsters, oxidative enzyme activity as demonstrated by the cerium technique is strongest at 12 days and occurs principally in those oocytes which have begun rapid growth. The reaction is associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane, nearby cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. Once antrum formation has begun and the mitochondria have reached the dormant (storage) stage, cerium reactivity ceases. In adults, reaction occurs at the same stages of oocyte development but is weaker and limited to the mitochondria and their immediate vicinity.
Postnatal Development of the Anulospiral Endings of Ia Fibers in Muscle Spindles of Mice
Authors: Maeda N. , Osawa K. , Masuda T. , Hakeda Y. , Kumegawa M.
Published: July 2008

The formation of the anulospiral ending of la fibers in muscle spindles was investigated in the masseter muscle of developing mice. Before 15 days after birth, the complete anulospiral ending was not observed in almost all of the muscle spindles examined. With the growth of mice, the la fiber began to construct the spiral ending, and by the 40th postnatal day after weaning, almost all of the la fibers of the muscle spindles had complete coiled endings, though the formation still continued in some spindles. The continuous formation of anulospiral endings for a long period after weaning indicates that muscle spindle morphogenesis may be affected by muscle tension in the masseter muscle due to the movement activated after weaning.
Sutural Morphogenesis in the Mouse Calvaria: The Role of Apoptosis
Authors: Furtwängler Josep A. , Hall Stanton H. , Koskinen-Moffett Leena K.
Published: July 2008

Sutural morphogenesis was studied in calvariae of fetal and newborn 16- to 26-day postconception C57B1/6J mice. The squamoid pattern charactefistic of most calvarial sutures appeared to be established during the phase of approach of the adjacent bone territories as they assumed different ecto/ifendocranial planes within the desmocranium. When this stratification failed, apoptosis, a form of cell death, was seen to occur upon physical contact of the leading osteogenic cells of each heterotopic bone territory. Apoptosis appeared as part of a secondary morphogenetic mechanism preventing physical contact and resultant fusion of adjacent mineralized zones, as well as enhancing appearance of the usual pattern of overlap of calvarial sutures.
Die Gefässversorgung der Menisken Morphologische Grundlagen für die Refixation
Authors: Benedetto K.P. , Glötzer W. , Künzel K.H. , Gaber O.
Published: July 2008

Degeneration of the knee joint and increase of anterior-posterior tibial displacement are resulting from total meniscectomy, especially in knees with anterior cruciate deficiency. Vascularisation of the meniscus was studied in 12 cadaver knees after latex injection of vessels. Vascularisation of the anterior and posterior horns was found to be much better than that of the body of meniscus. All vessels originated from the politeal artery, but variably in importance, and formed the perimeniscal and subsynovial network. 11 peripheral meniscus tears (8 freshly injured, 3 ruptures older than 2 months) were repaired by refixation, followed by immobilisation for 6 weeks. Arthroscopy 3 months postoperatively showed complete healing of all tears. Clinical examinations – follow-up for 14 months – showed no signs of rerupture in any of the patients.
Differential Rate of Dentin Formation on Human Deciduous Anterior Tooth Surfaces Deduced from Tetracycline Labeling
Authors: Ogura-Futaki Yuhko , Ooë Tadahiro
Published: July 2008

Distances between the intersecting points of two fluorescent lines with the outer dentin surface were measured on enlarged microphotographs of ground sections of human deciduous anterior teeth. The results suggested that: (1) extension of odontoblast differentiation is greater on the lingual than on the labial side during the 8 months following birth in incisors, and during the first year in canines; (2) it is greater on the distal than on the mesial side during the 3 months following birth in incisors, and during the first year in canines; (3) in the incisors, dentin formation of newly differentiated odontoblasts is more active on the distal than on the mesial side during the 8 months following birth.
The Mast Cells of the Mammalian Central Nervous System
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed Z.M.
Published: July 2008

There are four potentially granular or frankly granular cells within the connective tissue compartment of the mammalian central nervous system, whether this is part of the surface leptomeninges or the leptomeningeal sleeves around parenchymal blood vessels larger than capillaries. These are: (1) Cells that behave like macrophages, part of the mononuclear phagocyte system of the body; they are granular to varying degrees (containing lysosomes). (2) Brown-pigmented granular cells which are mainly located on the surface but are also seen for varying distances along blood vessels as they pass inside the CNS of pigmented animals. (3) Mast cells (MCs) which are granular and located especially prominently in surface leptomeninges of young mammals, and, in adults, are restricted to special parts of the CNS. (4) Granular cells, referred to by me as neurolipomastocytoid cells (NLMs), are numerous, ubiquitously distributed, and seem to have morphological features in common with those of both MCs and macrophages. The exact identiy of these NLMs still needs to established. One approach was to study the development of all three non – pigmented cells in the immature brain of the albino rat, especially at the ultrastructural level. This communication represents the findings regarding the MCs. The MCs appear to arise from a small mononuclear cell and to go through maturation stages identical to those described by others for MCs outside the CNS. The greatly flattened adjacent leptomeningeal cells are an easily identifiable entity especially’due to their peculiar glycogen content in the young.
Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung der Stria vascularis im Ductus cochlearis von Meerschweinchenfeten
Authors: Thorn L. , Schinko I.
Published: July 2008

Our studies on exactly dated guinea pig fetuses show (1) Already in early stages of development (37th day), in the anlage of the vascular stria vesicular invaginations of the apical plasmalemma of epithelial cells are noted and regarded as a sign of an exchange of substances between epithelial cells and the endolymph. As to the direction of substance transport, the morphological finding allows no decision.(2) From the 42nd to the 44th day of development, the subepithelial basal lamina becomes progressively indistinct. From the 45th day onward, the basal lamina is not yet demonstrable.(3) The largest part of the chromophobe cells of the vascular stria derives from the mesenchyme. The question, whether some of the chromophobe cells are of epithelial origin, as some authors propose, will hopefully be clarified in further studies.
Changements ultrastructuraux de la barrière de filtration rénale au cours de l’ Hibernation chez le lérot commun (Eliomys quercinus L.)
Authors: Soria M.A. , Coca Garcia M.C. , Gomez Carretero M.E. , Represa Bermejo A.
Published: July 2008

We have studied kidney samples of 16 garden dormouses (Eliomys quercinus L.) divided into two groups, 8 hibernating and 8 non-hibernating. Hibernation produces structural modifications in the glomerular ultrafilter: (1) the endothelial pores decrease in number and size; (2) the podocytic food processes increase in number and the slit pores decrease in size; (3) in the basement membrane there are no structural morphological modifications. In short, we could say that the permeability of the glomerular ultrafilter decreases during hibernation. This fact helps to understand the decrease in the rate of urine formation that takes place in the presence of a low body temperature and a metabolic depression.
Ectopic Parvalbumin-Positive Cells in the Cerebellum of the Adult Mutant Mouse ‘Nervous’
Authors: Zilla P. , Celio M.R. , Fasol R. , Zenker W.
Published: July 2008

The basket and stellate cells of the ‘nervous’ mouse cerebellum lose 50% of their presynaptic parallel fibres and more than 90% of Purkinje cells, their major postsynaptic targets, after postnatal day 23. To study the fate of these molecular layer cells we examined the cerebellum of the mutant mouse ‘nervous’ with antisera against the ‘marker protein’ parvalbumin, which exclusively tags Purkinje, basket, and stellate cells. Ten homocygous ‘nervous’ mice, 12–14 weeks old, and 30 control animals of several inbred strains were examined. The number of basket and stellate cells decreased in affected areas of the molecular layer. In addition, parvaibumin-positive cells were detected in the granular layer, in the white matter of the cerebellum and in the area of the cerebellar peduncles of all ‘nervous’ mice, but not in those of the control animals. These cells mainly occurred in areas which still displayed degenerating Purkinje cell axons. Ectopic parvaibumin-positive cells could either represent a class of interneurons, which have changed their antigenetic properties, and therefore happen to stain with antisera against parvalbumin, or stratum moleculare cells which have failed to recognise their proper position during ontogenesis. Alternatively these cells could represent postdevelopmental basket cells, which have acquired the ability to migrate.
Natural Incidence of Interruptions in the Internal Elastic Lamina of Caudal and Renal Arteries of the Rat
Authors: Osborne-Pellegrin Mary J.
Published: July 2008

Interruptions in the internal elastic lamina (IEL) have been quantified by light microscopy in the caudal arteries of different strains of rats and in caudal and renal arteries of (i) male and female virgin rats up until 2 years of age, (ii) repeatedly bred rats and (ii) hypertensive rats. Results showed that gaps in the IEL exist in caudal arteries of adult males in all strains studied, but to a lesser extent in the hairless mutant. In the virgin Wistar rat these interruptions in the IEL form with age in both caudal and renal arteries, and are more numerous (i) in the male than in the female in both arteries, and (ii) in the caudal than in the renal artery in both sexes. Repeated breeding in the Wistar rat abolishes the sex difference in incidence of IEL gaps in both renal and caudal arteries. The Sprague-Dawley breeder rat is more susceptible than the Wistar breeder to their formation in the renal artery. Hypertension in the male consistently increases the formation of IEL gaps in the renal but not in the caudal artery. The importance of local factors, e. g. hemodynamics, in the formation of these defects in the IEL, and their possible relationship with the development of arteriosclerosis is discussed.
An in vitro Assay of Bone Development Using Fetal Long Bones of Mice: Morphological Studies
Authors: Schwartz Z. , Ornoy A. , Soskolne W.A.
Published: July 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological changes in an in vitro system in which the two elements of bone modelling, formation and resorption, could be studied simultaneously. Pregnant mice were killed on days 15, 16 and 17 of gestation, the fetuses were removed and the radii and ulnae dissected free of soft tissue. The bones were cultured for 6 days in media (BGJ) supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum and 150 µg/ml vitamin C. Growth and mineralization were estimated by measuring the total length of the bone, and diaphysis, and by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of this study indicate that there is a continuous measurable increase in the total length of fetal mouse long bones over the 6 days of culture. These bones show a continuous growth of periosteal bone, with mesenchymal tissue penetrating into the diaphyseal shaft, and development of bone marrow like tissue. TEM examination showed differentiation of mesenchymal cells to osteoblasts, formation of new bone matrix and bone mineralization similar to that found in developmentally matched controls. In the cartilagenous epiphyses, however, many hydroxyapatite crystals were not associated with matrix vesicles. In addition, some of the chondrocytes of the hypertrophic zone appeared to be dedifferentiating into mesenchymal cells with osteoblast-like features. In spite of the lack of osteoclasts in the 15- and 16-day explants, osteoclasts appeared in the diaphysis after 2 and 4 days in culture. Our results suggest that this system can serve as a good model for the study of bone formation and resorption as they occur, simultaneously, during bone modelling. The 16-day-old explants would be the preferred bones to use over 15- or 17-day-old explants.
Cell-Matrix Interrelation and Cell-to-Cell Connection in the Secretory Ameloblast Layer of Kitten Teeth
Authors: Sasaki Takahisa , Yokoyama Junko , Suzuki Hiroshi , Watanabe Chiaki
Published: July 2008

To investigate the cell-matrix interrelation and the structure and permeability of the junctional complexes of secretory ameloblasts, molar tooth germs from kittens were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy, routine thin sections and freeze-fracture replication. Scanning electron microscopy showed remarkably dissolved growth fronts of enamel in materials that had been fixed with glutaraldehyde and then subjected to EDTA perfusion for 10 min. By the action of EDTA, intercrystallite spaces in rod and interrod enamel were prominently widened, and their longitudinal ends of crystallites displayed irregular and extremely sparse structures. In enamel rods surrounded entirely by interrod enamel, and in enamel rods of the typical key hole shape with successive interrod enamel participation, the most striking dissolution of crystallites occurred at the boundaries between rod and interrod enamel, where broad expanses of rod-sheath spaces were observed. In thin sections, the Tomes processes of secretory ameloblasts occupying the above rods were rectangular or variations of a rectangular shape, respectively; and interameloblast spaces opened to the enamel growth fronts, which corresponded to the junction between rod and interrod enamel. In enamel rods standing in regular rows and showing the typical arcade shape, the centers of the rods were drastically dissolved and ehxibited single and deep slits, whereas the boundaries between rod and interrod enamel showed no wide furrows. The Tomes processes occupying such arcade-shaped rods were typically triangular, and the interameloblast space always joined the type-1 face of process, which is responsible for enamel rod formation. Secretory ameloblast possessed two sets of junctional complexes at the proximal and distal ends of the cell body. The distal one was situated proximally to the Tomes process. Freeze-fracture replication demonstrated the functional structures of these junctions: the proximal junction was fascia occludens, and the distal one incomplete zonula occludens with many free-ending tight junctional strands and interstrand spaces or a less developed irregular junction.
Evidence of Non-Early Ultrastructural Regionalization in the Neural Epithelium of the Chick by Stereological Methods
Authors: de Paz P. , Zapata A. , Fernandez J.G. , Chamorro C. , Villar J.M.
Published: July 2008

Cell populations of the anterior, medial and posterior regions of the neural epithelium of chick embryo were analyzed by ultrastructural morphometrical and stereological methods. No morphological subcellular differences appear to occur between the cells of these distinct areas, demonstrable by morphometrical and stereological conventional methods. The homogeneity of this cell population in each stage during neurulation is discussed in relation to the induction process.
Ultrastructural Analysis of Major Basement Membrane Types in Rhesus Monkey Macaca mulatta Acellular Renal Cortex
Authors: Carlson Edward C. , Surerus Kristene K. , Hinds Dave
Published: July 2008

Increasing interest in animal models of human nephropathies have led to a number of renal studies in nonhuman primates. In the current investigation, sequential detergent extraction of cellular elements was carried out on renal cortical tissue blocks from rhesus monkey in an effort to demonstrate clearly the morphological features of major basement membrane (BM) types and their associated extracellular matrix (ECM). LM and TEM views of acellular tissue blocks demonstrate planar arrangements of ECM components, while SEM studies provide striking three-dimensional images of their surface characteristics. All major BM types maintain their in vivo histoarchitectures despite the absence of cells. We propose that the intrinsic structural rigidity of tubular (TBM), Bowman’s capsule (BCBM) and peritubular capillary BM (PTCBM) may be related to their close external association with collagenous fibrils, while glomerular BM (GBM) may be internally supported by a network of mesangial matrix (MM) plates and trabeculae which extend onto internal surfaces of peripheral GBM loops. Thicknesses of rhesus monkey renal BMs show that they are similar to those seen in the laboratory rat and, in general, BCBM > TBM > GBM > PTCBM. We conclude that rhesus monkey renal BMs closely resemble those described by us in the human [J. Ultrastruct. Res. 82: 96–110, 1983] and that this species offers an attractive model for studies of renal diseases of BM origin-notably diabetes mellitus.
Langerhans Cells in Murine Vaginal Epithelium Affected by Oestrogen and Topical Vitamin A
Authors: Young William G. , Hosking Annette R.
Published: July 2008

Langerhans cells vary in their morphology and distribution in the vaginal epithelium of ovariectomized mice stimulated to hyperplasia and keratinization by oestrogen. When the stratum corneum was removed by topical vitamin A application, the shape and distribution of Langerhans cells were unaffected. It was concluded that Langerhans cell morphology and distribution depend on the configuration of the lower strata of the epithelium and not on the presence of a stratum corneum.
Naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate Esterase Activity in Globule Leucocytes in the Tracheal Epithelium of Rats
Authors: Frederix Maria , Baert Johan
Published: July 2008

The enzyme naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase is histochemically demonstrated in the granules of globule leucocytes in the tracheal epithelium of rats. The enzyme reactivity may be used as a cytochemical marker of these cells. The previously postulated mast cell origin of globule leucocytes is doubted, and the possibility that globule leucocytes belong to the group of natural killer cells is discussed. The biological role of the located esterase and the function of the globule leucocytes are also briefly discussed.
Unusual Arrangements of Endoplasmic Reticulum in Large Oocytes of the Golden Hamster
Authors: Weakley Brenda S. , James John L.
Published: July 2008

Endoplasmic reticulum complexes consisting of up to twenty layers of rough cisternae interleaved with rounded vesicles of semismooth membrane have been observed in large oocytes of the hamster in animals older than 3 weeks of age. The appearance of the complexes varies with the mode of tissue preparation. The possible function of the complexes is discussed.
Vasculogenesis and Chondrogenesis in the Chick Wing Bud
Authors: Fraser B.A.
Published: July 2008

Stage 22 to stage 24 chick wing buds were labeled with sulphate-35 to identify chondrogenic areas; these areas were then related to the presence of blood vessels. Blood vessels were found in areas of increased sulphate uptake, indicating that there is no avascular area formed in the limb bud mesenchyme prior to the onset of chondrogenesis, as indicated by increased sulphate-35 uptake. It is, therefore, unlikely that the vasculature plays an initial role in the determination of chondrogenic areas in the wing bud.
Teratogenic Effects of L-Asparaginase in Rat Embryos in vitro
Authors: Sanfeliu C. , Nebot-Cegarra J. , Domenech-Mateu J.M.
Published: July 2008

The teratogenic potential of L-asparaginase has been assayed in New cultures of explanted rat embryos. Embryos treated on day 9.5 with 1.5 IU L-asparaginase/ml of culture medium exhibited growth and development retardation together with malformations of the brain (exencephalia), eyes (anophthalmia or rudimentary sulcus opticus), face (characteristic appearance with anomalous frontolateral protrusions) and trunk (myeloschisis and turning absence). Neural ectoderm alterations were observed upon histological examination (anomalous fusions between the confronted neural folds as a consequence of the lack of turning and thickening) together with strong vascular dilatations at the cephalic level. Treatment on day 10.5 only caused minor differences in growth and protein content with respect to the control embryos. The possible teratogenic mechanism of this enzyme is discussed.
Relative Growth of the Anulus fibrosus and Nucleus pulposus in Human and Kitten Fetuses
Authors: Lohse C.L. , Hyde D.M. , Benson D.R.
Published: July 2008

Growth in volume of the anulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) was quantified using serial histological sections of human and kitten fetuses. Fetal intervertebral discs were studied that had clearly outlined AF and NP. Regression equations were calculated and graphs plotted by microcomputer. An increase in surface areas of these intervertebral structures was also recorded; however, volume was a better indicator of relative growth than was surface area. The AF volume of the fetal human increased more in proportion to the intervertebral disc than it did for the fetal kittens. There was significantly slower growth of the human NP compared to the kitten NP when related to the total intervertebral disc. The analysis for each species was done separately. Comparisons of the growth relationships of humans and kittens for the AF and NP were related to crown-rump length as the independent variable, and were different at the p≤O.01 level of significance. The thoracic intervertebral discs were emphasized due to species-specific differential growth of the AF. The intercapital ligament (IC) was separated from mesenchyme over the dorsal surface of the kitten AF, and this affected the relationships of AF and NP volumes when compared to humans. Use of human histological sections is essential in the study of differential growth of the human vertebral column because fetal kittens have an IC that affects relative growth of both AF and NP.
Myocardial Ultrastructural Changes in Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in Rabbits
Authors: Bhimji S. , Godin D.V. , McNeill J.H.
Published: July 2008

The ultrastructural changes in the left ventricles of rabbits with alloxan (100 mg/kg i.v.)-induced diabetes were examined. Injection of alloxan resulted in a diabetic state characterized by increased hemoglobin glycosylation, blood and urine glucose and a significant depression of serum insulin levels. Electron microscopic examination of 10-week diabetic hearts revealed a spectrum of abnormalities ranging from mild to severe. Cardiac muscle cells in diabetic hearts showed some myofibrillar damage and varying degrees of contraction. The most prominent findings, however, were alterations in the mitochondria. Swollen and fragmented mitochondria containing amorphous dense bodies were evident upon electron microscopic examination. The cristae in the mitochondria appeared distorted and in some cases were completely lysed. A marked increase in lipid droplets and glycogen granules was also apparent. In addition, the sarcoplasmic reticulum was dilated and contained varying degrees of electron-dense material. These ultrastructural alterations suggest that the cardiomyopathy observed in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits could be due to alterations in the vasculature or may be secondary to a number of metabolic alterations previously reported in this model.
Os penis of the Rat
Authors: Rasmussen Karin Kornø , Vilmann Henning , Juhl Marianne
Published: July 2008

The morphogenesis and morphology of the distally positioned cartilage of the os penis, the processus cartilagineus, are described in rats aged from 1 to 100 days. Based on observations of metachromacy of the process stained with toluidine blue it was found that a processus cartilagineus only exists in the period between 35 and 50 days of age. Before 35 days, the structure consists of connective tissue proper, and after 50 days the cartilage starts to calcify partially. The present paper also initiates studies of experimentally caused alterations of the normal development of the processus cartilagineus by subjecting 35-day-old rats to castration, with subsequent sacrifice at 100 days. Castration at that age causes a complete interruption of normal development of the processus cartilagineus as the structure in 100-day-old castrated rats has distinct morphological characteristics in common with those of 35-day-old normal rats. The present paper, thus, confirms that normal development of the processus cartilagineus seems to be male-hormone-dependent.
Systematisation of the Arteries in the Splenic Hilus
Authors: Vandamme J.P.J. , Bonte J.
Published: July 2008

156 abdominal preparations were explored by arteriography, corrosion and dissection. Within the meanders of the splenic artery a basic pattern can be traced. The division of the artery can easily be summarized by introducing the term of a truncus lienogastroepiploicus. The short gastric arteries are always present, and usually they are longer and more important than may appear from their name. In nearly half of the preparations (52%) an artery for the extremitas lienalis posterior is found; an artery for the extremitas lienalis anterior is very exceptional. A posterior gastric artery can be identified (36%) but it must be distinguished from several other vessels. The arteria colli pancreatis (for the neck of the pancreas) is a constant vessel that may have a superior (usually arteria lienalis) or an inferior origin (arteria mesenterica superior). It commonly supplies the transverse pancreatic artery and often the prepancreatic arcade. The arteria corporis pancreatis, too, is a constant artery. The pancreatic tail is thoroughly irrigated by usually more than one arteria caudae pancreatis. An important part of the greater curvature is not accompanied by the left gastroepiploic artery, but is supplied by the arteriae gastricae breves.
Esterase Activity in the Bovine Sweat Gland: Genetic Differences and the Effect of Temperature
Authors: Schleger A.V. , O’Kelly J.C.
Published: July 2008

The esterase activity in the sweat glands of Brahman (B), Brahman crossbred (BX) and Shorthorn (S) steers was studied in animals exposed to low heat loads while grazing. The percentage of sweat glands containing esterase in the secretory cells of the fundus differed between genotypes and ranked in order of their heat tolerance, i.e., B > BX > S. Esterase activity in some of those secretory cells was reduced in B bulls by acute exposure to high air temperatures in a climate chamber. While the significance of the esterase-containing cells in the fundus of the bovine sweat gland is uncertain, the results suggest that they could represent the resting or relatively inactive stage of the secretory cells.
Studies on the Functional Morphology of Rat Ocular Vessels with Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Funk R.
Published: July 2008

Tests are still lacking about the suitability of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular resin casts to show different functional states of peripheral blood vessels. With the aid of a vitalmicroscopic device, we tried to elaborate a vascular casting method using the model of the albino rat iris vasculature. Functional variations of the vasculature were induced by local application of epinephrine to one eye using the untreated fellow eye as a control. It was found that if our modification of Araldite plastic is injected via a systemic access and without preceding rinsing with fixatives or salt solutions there is a good correlation between the vessel diameters seen in SEM of resin casts and the vessel diameters found in the vitalmicroscopic observations. Thus, this method appears also suitable for studying the effect of vasoactive substances.
Morphology and Histochemistry of the Ferret Prostate
Authors: Jacob S.J. , Poddar S.
Published: July 2008

The gross anatomy, histology and histochemistry of the ferret prostate is described. The structure and course of the prostatic urethra and the ductus deferentes are also described. The prostate is the only accessory reproductive gland present in the ferret. The prostate consists of tubuloalveolar glands surrounded by fibromuscular connective tissue. Histochemical studies showed that the glandular parenchyma contained large amounts of sialidase-labile sialomucin as well as acid phosphatase and small quantities of alkaline phosphatase and proteins. The findings in this study are discussed in relation to similar studies in other animals and man.
Sulfate Incorporation by Mouse Synovial Cells in vivo
Authors: Bjorenson Jean E. , Berg Norton B. , Austin Peter
Published: July 2008

Mouse synovium was examined autoradiographically at various postinjection times to determine the pattern of 35S utilization. Synovial cells incorporated 35S in a manner consistent with synthesis and secretion of sulfated macromolecules. Ultrastructural examination demonstrated two cell populations, one with a structure indicative of phagocytic function, the other with a structure typical of secretory activity.
Cytochemical Calcium Distribution in Secretory Ameloblasts of the Rat in Relation to Enamel Mineralization
Authors: Chen S. , Eisenmann D.R. , Zaki A.E. , Ashrafi S.H.
Published: July 2008

Calcium distribution in secretory ameloblasts was studied in rat incisor enamel in which mineralization was temporarily disturbed by injection of either fluoride or cobalt. Pyroantimonate precipitates of calcium were analysed morphometrically in regions of the cell membranes, mitochondria and secretory granules. The disturbances in mineralization were characterized by accumulations of unmineralized enamel matrix at the secretory regions of Tomes’ process within 1 h after injection. Fluoride-induced disturbances in mineralization were not accompanied by marked changes in calcium concentration and distribution. It may be that fluoride causes alterations in the synthesis and secretion of the organic matrix which affects its ability to mineralize. Secretory ameloblasts treated with cobalt showed a broad basis for interference with calcium, in particular that which is associated with cell membranes and secretory granules. Secretory ameloblasts may be actively controlling the availability of calcium to enamel by mechanisms involving the cell membrane as well as the secretory granules.
Sex Ratio of Fetuses during the Second Trimester of Gestation
Authors: Jakobovits A’kos A. , Jakobovits Antal , Iffy Leslie
Published: July 2008

The authors have investigated the sex ratio of fetuses between the thirteenth and twenty-fourth menstrual weeks. The study material, consisting of 749 fetuses, was obtained through induced second trimester abortions. The sex ratio of the 749 specimens was 109. The ratio was 129 between the thirteenth and sixteenth weeks, 105.8 between the seventeenth and twentieth weeks, and 94 between the twenty-first and twenty-fourth weeks of pregnancy. The overall ratio was 112 among Caucasian and 107 among both Black and Central American populations.
A Scanning Electron-Microscopic Study of Femoral Bone Surfaces from Castrate Rats Treated with Dichloromethylene Biphosphonate
Authors: Wink C.S.
Published: July 2008

This study compared SEM appearances of endosteal and periosteal surfaces of anorganic femoral diaphyses from three groups of adult male rats: (1) control; (2) castrate (osteoporotic), and (3) castrate + injections of dichloromethylene biphosphonate (Cl2 entrances; (2) area of vascular canal entrances; (3) number of osteoblast lacunae, and (4) percent area of bone surface types. Endosteal surfaces from untreated osteoporotic rats had significantly more osteoblast lacunae, larger vascular canal entrances, and less resting surface than those of the other groups. There were no differences in endosteal surfaces between controls and Cl2MBP-treated castrates. Periosteal surfaces demonstrated no significant differences in percent area of bone surface types between groups, untreated castrates had more osteoblast lacunae than other groups, and vascular canal entrances were smaller in castrate groups than in controls. Castrates treated with C12MBP had significantly fewer periosteal vascular canal entrances, and many canal entrances and osteoblast lacunae appeared to be plugged with mineral deposits when compared with the other groups. The results indicate that C12MBP treatment prevented endosteal bone surface changes that occurred with castration osteoporosis, and may have disrupted normal vascularization on periosteal surfaces.
Tangential Organization of the Infragranular Fiber Plexus in Rat Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Wagner G.P. , Eins S. , Wolff J.R.
Published: July 2008

Cylindrical lesions (diameter 300–500 µm) were formed by poking needles into various parts of the cerebral cortex of adult albino rats. Degenerating axons were visualized in horizontal sections through the ‘flattened’ cortex using the silver impregnation method of Gailyas et al. [Stain Technol. 55:291–297 (1980)] which stains degenerating axoplasm. The density and distribution of tangentially oriented axons were evaluated in the infragranular layers by TV image analysis. The sampling fields were concentrically arranged around the lesion at distances of 200, 400, 700 and 1,100 µm. The results indicate that the distribution patterns of degenerating (associational) axons covary with the cytoarchitectonic regions into which the lesions were placed. In the motor cortex, the majority of axons run in the antero-posterior direction. The density is generally lower around lesions in frontal regions than in parietal regions. The most extended degeneration was found around lesions near the border of or within the retrosplenial cortex, indicating an exceptionally strong internal connectivity in this area. Since only few degenerating axons were seen around lesions in the center of area 17, the high density of myelinated axons in the primary visual cortex seems to be due to fibers that originate in peristrate areas. It is concluded that the number and extension of fibers that degenerate tends to covary with some aspects of cortical architecture, but it is not area-specific.
Removing Formaldehyde from Embalmed Cadavers by Percolating the Body Cavities with Dilute Ethanol
Authors: Björkman Nils , Nielsen Poul , Møller Vibek Hornshøj
Published: July 2008

Formaldehyde was removed from embalmed animal cadavers by pumping ethanol (20%) through the pleural and peritoneal cavities of 4 goats, 4 cows and 4 horses. The goats were percolated intermittently for 7 days and the large animals continuously for 72 h. Just after opening the body cavities, samples of air close to the organs were collected and analyzed for formaldehyde using a spectrofluorimetric method. The concentration of formaldehyde in the air samples was in goats 0.45 ± 0.44 µg/l (mean ± SD), cows 0.42 ± 0.29 µg/l and horses 0.43 ± 0.25 µg/l.
Histologie, histochimie et innervation comparées des fibres musculaires striées du muscle peroneus longus
Authors: Boesiger Berthe
Published: July 2008

The morphology of the peroneus longus muscle was compared in three Galliformes and five Passeriformes in relation to partial behavioral characteristics. In the quail two fibre types are found, while the muscle of the other species is composed of three fibre types. The frequencies of these fibres are different, especially between Galliformes and Passeriformes. The peroneus longus muscle in the quail is innervated only from the phasic system. The other species show phasic and tonic innervation. There is a correlation between the muscle fibre calibre and the extent of the synaptic gutter.