bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finnish agriculture after the accession into the European union
Authors: Kettunen L.
Published: October 2005

The preconditions for agriculture are in general worse in Finland than in most EU countries. The growing period is shorter and the effective temperature sum is lower. Mainly due to the unfavourable natural conditions the yield level in Finland is low in comparison with the EU countries. Finnish farms are considerably smaller than farms in the most important EU countries. Regional income disparities are a great problem. The Finnish producer prices were a lot higher than in the EU. It was clear that Finnish agriculture would face great difficulties after accession into the EU. The agricultural chapter of the Accession Treaty can be divided into three groups: conditions related to production; agreements on the support system; and the arrangements concerning the transitional period. It was important for Finland to reach an adequate level of support. Finally Finland was allowed to pay nordic support which was a new form in the support system of the EU. This nordic support is paid on the basis of the hectares of agricultural land or heads of animals. The support for the transitional period may be paid for only five years. This support must be regional and degressive. If serious difficulties should appear the EU Commission may authorise Finland to grant national support to facilitate full integration. In 1995, the year of accession, the producer prices went down considerably. Agricultural income has fallen by 36% in 1998 compared to 1994. In spite of this no collapse in production has occurred. In general, agricultural production has kept its preaccession level. Rapid rationalisation and various supports have helped farmers to trust in agriculture.
Germination, seedling growth, some organic solutes and peroxidase expression of different Vicia faba lines as influenced by water sterss
Authors: El-Tayeb M. , Hassanein A.M.
Published: October 2005

The effect of water stress on the germination, seedling growth, organic solutes, peroxidase pattern and peroxidase activity of different Vicia faba lines was studied. Studies on germination in polyethylene glycol and in soil indicated that lines such as Line 2/4 which were able to germinate under water stress caused by high concentrations of polyethylene glycol, were also able to germinate and grow in soil with a low water content. While the fresh and dry masses of all the lines were markedly decreased as the water stress level increased, Line 2/4 exhibited higher dry matter than the other lines tested. Pigment contents were more or less unchanged in some lines (102, 159 and 2/4) but increased in others (67 and 103) as the stress level increased. In general, the soluble sugar, soluble protein, free amino acid and proline contents in the shoots and roots of all the tested lines progressively increased as the stress level increased. These values were higher in the plant shoots than in the roots except for Line 2/4, which was the only one that could be grown at 30 % field capacity, and which accumulated soluble sugars and free amino acids in the roots rather than in the shoots Differences in the peroxidase (POX) pattern were found among the roots and shoots of the tested lines. Under drought stress, the number and staining intensity of the POX bands as well as the POX activity were lower in the shoots than in the corresponding unstressed control plants, especially in the sensitive line (159). In the plant roots, while the number of peroxidase isoenzymes and peroxidase activity were reduced in the sensitive line, they were unaffected in the resistant line (2/4).
Association betwen plant age simple and complex carbohydrate accumulation among winter wheat cultivars differing in resistance to snow moulds during acclimation at low temperatures
Authors: Gaudet D. , Laroche A. , Ergon Á. , Mullin J.
Published: October 2005

Exposure of winter wheat to pre-hardening (20şC) and hardening (2şC) growth temperatures for different intervals under controlled environment conditions affected the nature and quantity of simple and complex soluble carbohydrates in six cultivars differing in resistance to snow mould. The highest levels of total simple sugars were observed following exposure of plants to hardening temperatures for one week followed by a stabilization or decline following 3 and 6 weeks exposure to 2şC. Fructan levels increased rapidly following 3 and 6 weeks exposure to 2şC. In younger plants grown for 2 weeks at 20şC and hardened for 6 weeks, 10–37% (ave. 20%) of crown dry weights existed as fructans compared with 24–47% (ave. 39%) in crowns of older plants grown for 6 weeks at 20°C and similarly hardened. Fructans comprised 75–82% of all soluble carbohydrates regardless of plant age prior to hardening. The average degree of polymerization increased from DP3-4 following 1 week hardening to DP9-11 following 6 weeks hardening and was significantly higher in hardened older plants than in hardened young plants. These results are discussed in relation to the form of snow mould resistance that increases with plant age in winter cereals.
Investigation of seed storage protein and bread-making quality of triticale
Authors: Tohver M. , Täht R. , Rahnu I. , Kann A.
Published: October 2005

The subunit composition of reduced prolamin fractions of winter triticale cultivars of different pedigrees was investigated by means of SDS-PAGE. A comparative analysis of the electrophoregram patterns of triticale cultivars and those of wheat and rye revealed that each cultivar had a unique pattern. Both the glutenin subunits of wheat and the secalin units of rye could be found in triticale cultivars. Whole-grain flour of triticale and wheat was used in baking experiments. The HMW glutenin subunit composition and baking quality of triticale cultivars were in the predicted correlation. Flour from the triticale cultivars could be used in breadmaking by mixing it with up to 30% wheat flour.
Effect of nutrient supply and site characteristics on NPK yield of different maize hybrids
Authors: Berecz K. , Debreczeni K.
Published: October 2005

The rich assortment of maize cultivars available in Hungary as the result of genetic research can only be recommended to crop growers in the full knowledge of their responses to nutritional effects in the given agro-ecological region. The nutrient responses of eight different maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids differing in the duration of the vegetation period (FAO 200-430) were studied in field fertilisation trials conducted in four different agro-ecological regions of Hungary. Four treatments were applied: 1) minimum NPK dose, 2) NPK dose corresponding to the nutrient requirements of maize, 3) NPK dose exceeding the nutrient requirements of maize, 4) farmyard manure (FYM). The NPK contents of the grains were measured in addition to the grain yields. In most cases, a nutrient supply exceeding the demand of the maize plants did not result in significantly higher grain, nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium yields at any of the sites. Compared with the minimum mineral fertiliser dose, FYM did not result in higher grain, nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium yields; in fact, these parameters were significantly lower in some cases. Considerable site and cultivar differences could be detected in the experimental parameters. The nutrient responses discussed here could be of assistance in choosing the most productive hybrids and the optimum range of nutrient supply for the sites involved in the experiments.
Effect of irrigation and manure application on the growth and yield of groundnut
Authors: Lourduraj C.
Published: October 2005

Field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Aliyar Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India during summer 1994 and 1995 on groundnut, adopting a split plot design. Two irrigation regimes based on Irrigation Water/Cumulative Pan Evaporation (IW/CPE) ratios of 0.60 (I1) and 0.75 (I2) were allotted to the main plot. Twelve treatments involving combinations of organic manure with mineral fertilizer were assigned to the subplots. Irrigation scheduled at IW/CPE 0.75 led to higher plant height, number of branches plant –1, dry matter production and leaf area index, resulting in higher yield than IW/CPE 0.60. All the growth attributes and the yield increased in response to a higher level of mineral fertilizer application and organic manure application. The combined application of inorganic and organic manures significantly enhanced the growth attributes and yield of groundnut compared to the sole application of either of them.
POST-EFFECTS OF LIGHT CONDITIONS ON DORMANCY OF POTATO MICROTUBERS
Authors: Tábori K. , Dobránszki J. , Ferenczy A.
Published: October 2005

The dormancy of potato microtubers produced under different photoperiodic treatments and light intensities was investigated in the varieties Desiree and Gülbaba. The dormant period was defined as the period between harvest or tuber initiation and the end of dormancy. The effects of environmental factors could be detected due to the use of a hormone-free tuber-producing system. Combined treatments had a slight effect on dormancy, while different light intensities influenced it considerably. The lower the light intensity the longer the dormant period for both cultivars. The effects of light intensities depended on the photoperiodic treatments applied for tuber induction.
QUALITATIVE STABILITY OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS
Authors: Kondora C. , Szabó M. , Máté A. , Szabó G.
Published: October 2005

Owing to the significant differences in the adaptability of state-registered varieties, those which can adapt well to the local conditions should be given preference. There are several high-yielding varieties available in Hungary with excellent agronomic properties, good adaptability and satisfactory baking quality. This study was conducted to analyse the adaptability of 34 state-registered winter wheat varieties tested in the small plot trials of the National Institute for Agricultural Quality Control (NIAQC) at 5–9 locations between 1994 and 1997 based on their gluten quantity and farinographic index. For the comparison of the varieties the evaluation method of Eberhart and Russell (1966) was applied as modified by Bedő and Balla (1977). The qualitative stability and adaptability values of the varieties differ from the adaptability and stability values calculated from the grain yields. Some winter wheat varieties have good qualitative adaptability and stability, while others have special adaptability and poor qualitative stability, but the majority of the varieties do not belong to these groups.
ASSESSMENT OF STABILITY PARAMETERS AND YIELD STABILITY LEVELS IN SOME DURUM WHEAT (Triticum durum L. Desf.) GENOTYPES
Authors: Bilgin O. , Korkut Z.
Published: October 2005

Data for grain yield of 10 durum wheat genotypes grown in 3 environments in 2 years were used to assess the effectiveness of different stability parameters and stability levels of genotypes. Although Sham I gave the highest yield over all environments, Gediz 75 was found to be the most stable genotype in this research. None of the parameters was significantly correlated with mean yield. The Sd 2, Di and ä i 2 parameters were highly correlated with Wi 2, and the CVi and Si 2 parameters with bi. The parameters evaluated in this study were separated into two groups. The orders of adaptation performances of genotypes did not vary much, and there were no significant differences within the two groups
ADAPTABILITY OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES BASED ON THEIR GRAIN YIELD RESULTS
Authors: Kondora C. , Szabó M. , Szabó G. , Máté A.
Published: October 2005

There is a significant difference in the adaptability of qualified varieties. To determine which varieties can be grown profitably at different locations, it is necessary to know the characteristics and the ecological adaptability of the varieties. The present study was conducted to analyse the adaptability of 40 state-registered winter wheat varieties tested in small-plot comparative trials by the National Institute for Agricultural Quality Control based on their grain yield results. For the comparison of the varieties the evaluation method of Eberhart and Russell (1966) improved by Bed ő and Balla (1977) was applied. According to this method the varieties can be divided into three groups. Varieties with special adaptability include intensive high-yielding varieties, the genetic potential of which, owing to their weak stress tolerance, can be exploited only at locations with better than average characteristics. The yield stability of winter wheat varieties with average adaptability is good. Their grain yield is generally close to the site average, but under more favourable circumstances it exceeds the average at most sites. Varieties with good adaptability usually have low genetic yielding capacity, but can adapt to extensive circumstances better than the intensive varieties.
GROWTH AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] AS INFLUENCED BY ORGANIC MANURES, INORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Authors: Panneerselvam S. , Lourduraj A.
Published: October 2005

Field experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, during 1994–1996 covering two kharif (June-September) and two summer (January–April) seasons in soybean, to evaluate the combined effect of organic manures and inorganic fertiliser with different weed management practices on the growth and yield of soybean. The results revealed that the joint application of bio-digested slurry at a rate of 5.0 t ha –1 + 30:120:40 kg NPK ha –1 distinctly increased the plant height, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter production (DMP) and yield of soybean. Hand weeding twice (20 and 40 days after sowing) considerably increased the plant height, LAI, DMP and yield of soybean, followed by alachlor 1.0 kg ha –1 + hand weeding at 40 DAS in all the seasons.
EFFECT OF LONG-TERM FERTILISATION ON GRAIN YIELD, YIELD COMPONENTS AND QUALITY PARAMETERS OF WINTER WHEAT
Authors: Ragasits I. , Debreczeni K. , Berecz K.
Published: October 2005

The long-term effect of N and P fertilisation on the grain yield, yield components and quality parameters of winter wheat was studied for different sites in the National Long-term Fertilisation Trials in Hungary. This network of small-plot fertilisation experiments has been maintained since 1967 in nine different agro-ecological regions of the country. Increasing P and N doses had a considerable effect on the grain yield, yield components and quality parameters of winter wheat according to the results evaluated in the first 20-year average of the experiments. However, these effects differed depending on the agro-ecological conditions of the sites. Yield increases could be detected at lower fertiliser doses, and improvement in quality parameters at higher rates.
EFFECTS OF CULTURE DENSITY ON GROWTH AND IN VITRO TUBERIZATION CAPACITY OF POTATO PLANTLETS
Authors: Tábori K. , Ferenczy A. , Dobránszki J.
Published: October 2005

In vitro plantlets of four varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were grown at different plant densities to study their effects on growth and microtuber yield. The responses of the cultivars to plant density, as expressed by changes in development characteristics, especially stem length and leaf area, were different. The time of tuber initiation was earlier at higher plantlet densities for all cultivars. The microtuber number per plantlet was not affected by the plantlet density. The highest number of well-sized (≯4 mm) microtubers per jar could be harvested from the higher plantlet densities (30–40 plantlets per jar). In addition to good yield, the microtubers were uniform in these treatments, so they appear to be economical.
AN AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE TOMATO CULTIVAR KECSKEMÉTI 262
Authors: Bánfalvy Csaba , Szabó Zoltán
Published: October 2005

Cotyledon explants of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) cv. Kecskeméti 262 were excised from 9-day-old in vitro seedlings. The transformation method of Arrillaga et al. (1998) was tested and found to be effective for the introduction of foreign genes into this variety. Using an Agrobacterium strain carrying the plasmid 35S GUS INT, ten independent transgenic lines retaining all the phenotypic markers of cv. Kecskeméti 262 were isolated on regeneration medium containing kanamycin and were tested further for ß -glucuronidase activity. The results show that the method of Arrillaga et al. (1998) is suitable for the introduction of agronomically important genes into the cultivar Kecskeméti 262.
OCCURRENCE OF THE 1RS/1BL WHEAT–RYE TRANSLOCATION IN HUNGARIAN WHEAT VARIETIES
Authors: Kőszegi B. , Linc G. , Juhász Lajos , Láng L. , Molnár-Láng M.
Published: October 2005

Acta Agronomica Hungarica, 48(3), pp. 227–236 (2000) OCCURRENCE OF THE 1RS/1BL WHEAT–RYE TRANSLOCATION IN HUNGARIAN WHEAT VARIETIES B. K Ő SZEGI, G. LINC, A. JUHÁSZ, L. LÁNG and M. MOLNÁR-LÁNG AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, MARTONVÁSÁR, HUNGARY Received: August 15, 2000; accepted: October 15, 2000 The translocation which involves the substitution of the short arm of the 1R rye chromosome for the short arm of the 1B wheat chromosome by means of centric fusion has exercised an enormous influence on the world’s wheat breeding. Since the first mention of this translocation in 1937 the incidence of the 1RS/1BL translocation has been reported in connection with several hundred wheat varieties. Varieties carrying the translocation possess a chromosome segment which includes the resistance genes Sr31 (stem rust, Puccinia graminis), Lr26 (leaf rust, P. recondita), Yr9 (yellow rust, P. striiformis), Pm8 (powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis) and Gb (aphid, Schizaphis graminum). The present paper investigates the occurrence of the 1RS/1BL translocation in wheat varieties bred in Hungary in recent years. It was found that 35 (53%) of the 66 Hungarian-bred wheat varieties registered in Hungary between 1978 and 1999 carried the 1RS/1BL translocation.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHARACTERS RELATED TO TILLERING AND GRAIN YIELD IN BREAD WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.)
Authors: Bilgin O. , Bilgin A. Y. , Gençtan T. , BAŞER I.
Published: October 2005

Received: 14 February, 2000; accepted: 29 August, 2000 In this research, three bread wheat varieties were sown at six different plant densities in the experimental field of Tekirda đ Agricultural Faculty according to a split-plot randomised block design. A range of characters such as number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant, grain weight of tillers per plant, plant height, harvest index, plant yield and grain yield per hectare were investigated. The results of variance analysis showed that the effects of sowing rate and variety and their interaction on number of tillers per plant, plant height and grain yield per hectare were all significant. In addition, the effect of plant density on grain weight per tillers, grain yield per plant and number of spikes per plant was significant, whereas the effect of variety was only significant on harvest index. It was found that the number of fertile tillers per plant was the most suitable character as a selection criterion for improving grain yield in the Thrace Region. According to path analysis the direct and indirect effects of the measured characters on grain yield per plant and grain yield per hectare showed that the number of spikes per plant, harvest index, grain weight of tillers per plant and plant height had a direct positive effect on grain yield per plant. However, the number of spikes per plant and the number of tillers per plant had a negative effect on grain yield per hectare, while the harvest index and grain yield per plant had a positive direct effect.
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINED PRODUCTION IN A RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM
Authors: Misra B. N. , Prasad R.
Published: October 2005

A field study conducted for three years (1992–93 to 1994–95) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute on a sandy clay loam shows that for sustained production in a rice-wheat cropping system integrated nutrient management involving both organic manures/residues and chemical fertilizers is a must. In control plots receiving no organic manures/residues but as high as 120 kg N ha –1 only 8 t ha –1 yr –1 grain could be produced. This productivity could be achieved by Sesbania/cowpea green manuring or mungbean residue or farmyard manure without any chemical fertilizer; with 80 kg N ha –1 it could be increased to 9 t ha –1 yr –1 . Since the availability of farmyard manure is decreasing due to increased mechanization, the generation of in situ organic residues, preferably a legume, is a better alternative.
GENOTYPIC AND PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY AND HERITABILITY IN HUNGARIAN VETCH (VICIA PANNONICA CRANTZ) LINES
Authors: Orak A.
Published: October 2005

This research was carried out in the Experimental Field of Tekirda đ Agricultural Faculty. Two common vetch varieties and 5 lines were sown with 150 seeds/m 2 plant density according to a randomised block design. Some important yield related characters such as plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod width, pod length, 1000 seed weight, fodder and seed yield were examined. The results of variance analysis showed that the effects of genotype, year and their interaction on number of branches and number of pods per plant were all significant. In addition, the effect of year and variety on plant height and seed yield were found to be significant. Moreover, the number of seeds per pod, pod width and pod length were found to be significant in variety and year × variety interaction. There was only a difference between years for 1000 seed weight and fodder yield. According to the results, genotype 283 and Tokat had similar performance to that of commercial cultivars (Ürem, Kubilay). Especially the fodder and seed yield of genotype 283 were found to be higher than those of the cultivars (Ürem, Kubilay).
FRUIT TREE GROWING AND THE BENDING EFFECTS INDUCED BY SECTORIAL DOUBLE PRUNING
Authors: Brunner T. , Iváncsics J. , Tóth F. , Páldi E.
Published: October 2005

The sectorial material transport disorders induced by cutting back were first detected some two decades ago (Brunner, 1976; 1990; Brunner et al., 1996). The pruning of oblique scaffold branches to an upper bud causes one-sided drying up and material transport disorders on the lower side of the branch, leading to the formation of close to horizontal shoots on the lower side of the scaffold branch without any tendency for the branch to become bare, and with a considerable reduction in manual labour requirements. This is the essence of this novel pruning method having a bending effect.
RESPONSE OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) TO TERRALLYT-PLUS (SOIL CONDITIONER) APPLICATION IN CENTRAL ZONE OF NIGERIA
Authors: Ibrahim P. A. , Adepoju A. Y. , Imolehin E. D.
Published: October 2005

One of the known agricultural practices by which degraded soils can be restored and rehabilitated to an optimum level of productivity is by the use of synthetic organic materials, called soil conditioners. In a greenhouse experiment at the National Cereals Research Institute (NCRI), Badeggi, located in the Southern Guinea Savannah Agro-Ecological Zone (Lat. 9o45'N. Long 6o7'E, Alt. 70.57 metres above sea level) the soil conditioner Terrallyt-Plus was evaluated on soils from three locations within the Central Zone of Nigeria. The results obtained indicate that the addition of Terrallyt-Plus did not improve the yield of maize or the status of the soils.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF SALINITY AND VITAMIN B6 ON SOME METABOLIC PROCESSES IN TWO BROAD BEAN LINES
Authors: Heikal M. M. , Ismail A. M. , Azooz M. M.
Published: October 2005

Salinity adversely affected the photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis and carbohydrate fractions in two broad bean lines, 67 and 13. The accumulation of proline and other amino acids was also altered. The interactive effects of salinity and exogenous treatments with vitamin pyridoxine (B6) on these parameters were also tested. These treatments included soaking the seeds or spraying the shoots with vitamin solution. The vitamin treatments generally counteracted the adverse effects of salinity. The importance of these treatments to the salinity tolerance of broad bean lines is discussed.
EFFECTS OF SALINITY ON INITIAL SEEDLING GROWTH OF CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.)
Authors: Gholipoor M. , Ghasemi-Golezani K. , Khooie F. R. , Moghaddam M.
Published: October 2005

In order to investigate the effects of salinity on the early seedling growth of chickpea, four chickpea cultivars, Jam, Hashem (kabuli type: large seeded genotypes with light salmon colour), Kaka and Pirooz (desi type: small seeded genotypes with different colours), were grown in pots containing soils with 0.9 (control), 2.6 and 4.9 dSm-1 salinity. The shoot/root ratio of Pirooz was consistently reduced by increasing salinity at all sampling stages. Under saline conditions, the reduction in seedling growth, shoot water content, root and shoot K+ concentration and the increase in root and shoot Na+ concentration were more severe in the kabuli type than in desi type cultivars. Considering path coefficients, increasing seedling K+ concentration and uptake of water from the soil favoured salt-stressed seedling growth. Increasing K+ content alleviated the deleterious effects of root Na+ to a greater extent than that of shoot Na+. On the other hand, a higher percentage of the decrease in seedling growth as the result of Na+ was due to shoot K+ deficiency than to root K+ deficiency.
APPLICATION OF A FOUR-LAYER MODEL TO DESCRIBE HEMATITE, KAOLINITE AND KAOLINITE-HEMATITE SYSTEM (K-H) SURFACES
Authors: Doula M. , Ioannou A. , Dimirkou A. , Füleky György
Published: October 2005

The surface charges on hematite, kaolinite and on kaolinite coated with hematite (kaolinite-hematite system) were measured and successfully described using the model (Four-Layer Model) developed by Bowden and co-workers (1977; 1980a; 1980b). The surface charge was also calculated theoretically, according to a computer program developed by Barrow (1987). Significant differences were pointed out for the surface properties of the three solids examined. Anion-specific adsorption was observed for hematite and kaolinite-hematite, and cation adsorption for kaolinite.
BLACKPOINT INCIDENCE ON DURUM WHEAT IN ARGENTINA: INFLUENCE OF CULTIVAR AND LOCATION
Authors: Sisterna M. N. , Sarandón S. J.
Published: October 2005

Blackpoint is characterised by a brown to black discoloration of wheat kernels and occurs in all the major wheat growing regions of the world. This disease is caused primarily by either Alternaria alternata or Bipolaris sorokiniana. Subproducts from diseased durum grains contain undesirable black specks that cause downgrading on the quality. From trials in 5 locations of southern Buenos Aires Province, samples of wheat grains were analysed to determine the effect of cultivar and location on the natural incidence of blackpoint and to identify the organisms associated with the disease. Incidence (% of discoloured grains) was recorded on samples of 200 kernels per treatment and seed health testing was carried out using the "blotter test" method. A. alternata was found in most of the samples analysed, followed by B. sorokiniana, the latter showing very low infection levels. Other organisms were also found. Disease incidence differed between years and locations and none of the cultivars was completely free of the disease. These results showed that incidence levels were more closely correlated with favourable weather conditions than with certain characteristics of each cultivar.
WHEAT RESPONSE TO 2,4-D APPLICATION AT TWO GROWTH STAGES UNDER SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS
Authors: TURK M. A. , TAWAHA A. M.
Published: October 2005

A 2-year field study was conducted during the rainy seasons of 1999 and 2000 at Houfa in northern Jordan, to study the performance of two wheat cultivars ACSAD 65 and F8 and their response to hand weeding (practised monthly during the growing seasons) and 2,4-D application at different growth stages. In both growing seasons, no significant differences (P≤0.05) in grain yield were recorded between the cultivars studied. Differences in weed number and fresh weight were significant between the various treatments in both seasons. Hand weeding proved the best method of weed control. In both growing seasons, yield reductions occurred when 2,4-D was applied to wheat, irrespective of the stage of application. Hand weeding treatment was more effective than 2,4-D application in suppressing weed growth.
ENHANCEMENT OF GROWTH OF ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.) BY BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT TRICHODERMA SPP
Authors: PAYGHAMI E. , MASSIHA S. , AHARY B. , VALIZADEH M. , MOTALLEBI A.
Published: October 2005

The effect of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride (isolated from mycoflora in the rhizosphere of onion) in increasing the growth of onion was studied in a completely randomized design in pots with 12 replications under greenhouse conditions at 21°C with a 12-h light/dark cycle (fluorescent and incandescent lighting). The biological control of Sclerotium cepivorum Berk, the causal agent of white rot of onion, was also investigated in this experiment. The addition of Trichoderma spp. to autoclaved soil (inoculation of 2/3 of the top soil in the pots with 4% (v/v) inoculum of T. harzianum and T. viride) significantly increased the growth and fresh weight of the onion plants (P=1%). The biological control of S. cepivorum was achieved with T. harzianum and T. viride, but no significant difference was observed between the two species.
Book review
Authors: CSÓKA G.
Published: October 2005

RODNEY W. BOVEY (2001): Woody Plants and Woody Plant Management - Ecology, Safety, and Environmental Impact. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York - Basel 564 pages, hardback - ISBN: 0-8247-0438-X website: http://www.dekker.com
GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GRAIN YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN A SYNTHETIC MAIZE POPULATION AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN SELECTION
Authors: VASIC N. , IVANOVIC M. , PETERNELLI L. A. , JOCKOVIC D. , STOJAKOVIC M. , BOCANSKI J.
Published: October 2005

The synthetic maize population 316PO2 was subjected to genetic correlation analyses between grain yield, yield components and morphological traits. The purpose was to enable estimates to be made of the advantage of using selection indices compared with selection based on grain yield only, and if that advantage was present, to choose enough simple selection indices for practical use. Selection indices were constructed out of four traits highly significantly correlated with grain yield, in addition to yield itself. Grain yield exhibited a highly significant additive genetic correlation with ear diameter (ra=0.588**), kernels row-1(ra=0.643**), ears plant-1(ra=0.871**) and ear height (ra=0.427**). The most efficient index was Index No. 14 (R.E.I12345= 108.83%), which included all four traits and grain yield. Index No. 3, one of the simplest forms of index, including only ears plant-1 and grain yield, showed slightly less relative efficiency (R.E.I35=107.24%) than Index No. 14. Using this simple form of index with two characters (Index No. 3) could improve the efficiency of selection for grain yield. The estimated advantage from its use is 179.6 kg/selection cycle for grain yield over selection based only on grain yield.
PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CADMIUM-CONTAMINATED SOIL BY BRASSICA SPECIES
Authors: AHMED K. S. ,   B. S. PANWAR and,   S. P. GUPTA
Published: October 2005

Phytoremediation is a green technology for the sustainable remediation of surface soils contaminated with toxic heavy metals. When added to soils the chelating agent ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) increased the solubility of heavy elements for plant uptake during phytoremediation. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with twoBrassicaspecies (Brassica junceaandBrassica carinata) grown on artificially contaminated soil (20 and 40 mg Cd kg-1) with EDTA added at a rate of 1 g kg-1soil. With increasing Cd (0, 20 and 40 mg Cd kg-1soil) contamination the biomass of both theBrassicaspecies decreased. However,Brassica junceawas more tolerant of high levels of Cd in the soil in comparison toB. carinata. The results indicated that EDTA made the cadmium more available to the plants and lowered the Cd content of the soil. The magnitude of the increase in tissue (stem, leaf and root) Cd concentration was higher inB.junceathan inB. carinataand after the application of chelating agent (EDTA). TheBrassica junceaspecies of Indian mustard has better potential for the phytoremediation of soil heavily contaminated with Cd (40 mg Cd kg-1soil).
Results of comparative farm trials on new Hungarian-bred maize hybrids and recommendations to farmers
Authors: Nagy J. , Honti L.
Published: October 2005

Reliable small-plot experiments play an important role in determining the value of hybrids, but the results of large-plot experiments, which give a better reflection of conditions and technologies, are needed to obtain reliable information on which hybrids can be produced most economically under specific cultivation conditions. Within the framework of the National Research Development Programme, large-scale tests are underway on new Hungarian maize hybrids, to promote the selection, introduction and propagation of the most economical hybrids for specific regions, ecological conditions and technological standards. The tests included hybrids Sze SC 271 (FAO 290), Dáma (FAO 300) and Mv 277 (FAO 320) from the very early maturity group, Sze SC 352 (FAO 340), Hunor (FAO 370) and Norma (FAO 380) from the early maturity group and Maraton (FAO 450) and Sze SC 463 R (FAO 490) from the medium maturity group, grown at 20 different locations in Hungary. Each year the yield differences between the locations reflected the extreme distribution of precipitation during the growing season in different parts of the country. High amounts of precipitation were required in the growing season to reach the highest yields, but moderately high yields were achieved over a wide range of rainfall levels.
Irrigation of maize (Zea mays L.) in relation to fertilization in a long-term field experiment
Authors: Megyes A. , Nagy J. , Rátonyi T. , Huzsvai L.
Published: October 2005

The objectives of this study were to examine the correlation between factors of great significance for crop production, especially between irrigation and fertilization, and to evaluate the effects of irrigation and fertilization on maize yields over four growing seasons (2001-2004) in a long-term field experiment set up at the Látókép Experimental Station of the Centre for Agricultural Sciences of Debrecen University. The results showed that irrigation and fertilization were strongly correlated with the yield. The effect of irrigation depended on the natural water and nutrient supplies of the soil, and on the specific fertilizer rates. The results indicated that both fertilization and irrigation had a significant effect on the yield. The correlation between the year and the crop production factors was also significant. The yield-increasing effect of irrigation and fertilization differed significantly in the experimental years.
Analysis of the ripening dynamics of maize hybrids on chernozem soil with lime deposits
Authors: Dobos A. C.
Published: October 2005

Maize is one of the most important crops in Hungarian crop production, making up 70-72% of forage consumption. Due to high energy prices and the rapidly increasing costs of drying, the need for maize hybrids with shorter growing seasons is increasing. Farmers require hybrids with a grain moisture content of 20-25% at harvest, making them suitable for storage with less drying.  In order to avoid excessive costs and workloads during harvest, it is wise to cultivate a mixture of hybrids with longer and shorter growing seasons as well as with slower and faster drying down rates.  The effect of fertilization on the yield components and moisture content of maize was examined, using the data from a two-year survey on the hybrid MV 484 SC, with five fertilizer treatments in 1998, and a control and three (0, 90 and 150 kg N/ha) nutrient levels in 1999.
Impact of nutrient supply, sowing time and plant density on maize yields
Authors: Sárvári M.
Published: October 2005

In order to enhance the adaptability and yield stability of maize, the effect of nutrient supply and plant density on yield was studied on a calcareous chernozem soil in Debrecen, while the relationship between sowing date and the grain moisture content at harvest was investigated on a typical meadow soil in Hajdúböszörmény. In the plant density experiment, the plant densities applied were 45, 60, 75 and 90 thousand plants/ha. The optimal fertilizer rates for the maize hybrids were: N 40-120, P2O5 25-75, K2O 30-90 kg ha-1. The application of NPK fertilizers in a wet year increased the yield by 40-50%. Hybrids with good chilling resistance at germination can be sown as early as 10 April, when the soil temperature reaches 8-10°C. There was a significant correlation between sowing date and the grain moisture content at harvest. When hybrids with good chilling resistance at germination were sown early, the grain moisture content at harvest was reduced by 5-10%. A plant density higher than the optimum reduces yield and yield stability. The optimal plant densities determined in the experiment were 60, 75 and 90 thousand plants/ha for two, three and one hybrid, respectively.
Strategies for controlling western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)
Authors: Széll E. , Zsellér I. , Ripka G. , Kiss J. , Princzinger G.
Published: October 2005

Western corn rootworm (WCR) first appeared in Europe near Belgrade airport in 1992. The first adult of this species was found near Mórahalom, in the southern part of Hungary, on 30th June 1995. Small-plot trials were started in Szeged (Cereal Research Non-Profit Co.) and large-scale trials in Mezohegyes (Ménesbirtok Ltd.) in 1996 to elaborate strategies to control this insect pest. To make the work more efficient, eight experts working at different institutions formed a team. At the same time, monitoring was begun on when and where the insect appeared and in what numbers. The experiments were adapted to the life cycle of the species. WCR has one generation per year, laying eggs that overwinter. Larvae begin to hatch in late May to mid-June. Adults emerge by mid-July and survive till early October. They lay eggs in abundance from mid-July to late August.  Trials were conducted to control WCR both with and without chemicals. For adult control pesticides were sprayed from an aircraft or using a field sprayer. Larval control involved seed treatment with insecticide or the use of soil insecticide at planting or at cultivation.
New maize hybrids from Szeged and their specific production technology
Authors: Széll E. , Szél S. , Kálmán L.
Published: October 2005

Four maize hybrids bred at the Cereal Research Non-Profit Company in Szeged were registered at the National Institute for Agricultural Quality Control (OMMI) during the period 2001-2004. The registration of five Szeged hybrids is expected on the territory of the European Union in 2005-2006. The hybrids are accompanied by specific production technological guides for commercial production based on the results of agronomy trials, so that the genetic potential of the hybrids can be utilised in practical farming to the highest possible extent. The specific agronomic traits of hybrids with different vegetation periods and genotypes are investigated. If a maize hybrid is to be recommended to farmers, it is necessary to know not only its yield potential, but also its yield stability. For this reason, investigations are also made on the effect of soil and climate on the grain yield potential of each hybrid individually.
Water loss dynamics in maize hybrids with different genotypes
Authors: Dobos A. C. , Szabó G.
Published: October 2005

Tests were made on the water dynamics of water loss in maize at two locations at major maize production areas, Debrecen and Szeged, as a function of the heat sum required up to physiological ripening. The maximum water content was found to vary according to the hybrid and the year. No significant differences were found between the effective heat sums associated with maximum values within a year, the difference being 2-4 calendar days. There was a close correlation between the maximum grain water content and the length of the generative phase for a given hybrid in a given year. Better water supplies (1998) resulted in higher maximum water content values, which indirectly promoted longer and more intensive dry matter incorporation. Of all the environmental parameters, the drying down rate is primarily determined by the temperature. The changes in grain moisture content in a specific hybrid can be characterised by a joint linear graph. The drying down rate of the individual hybrids was determined by examining the b term of the linear equation.
Evaluation of the soil water regime of an irrigated maize field
Authors:   C. Farkas, Hagyó A. , Tóth E. , Szabó J. , Németh T.
Published: October 2005

This study was carried out to evaluate the soil hydrophysical properties and soil water regime of two irrigated maize fields in order to support irrigation planning and management. The experimental sites were located in Mezohegyes (MZH) and Hódmezovásárhely (HMV) in SE Hungary. In total 11 monitoring stations were chosen, using information from a previously developed, GIS-based agro-geoinformation system. In 2003 and 2004 soil sampling and in situ measurements were performed to determine the soil hydrophysical properties and soil water content dynamics. The hydraulic conductivity of the topsoil was evaluated from double ring infiltrometer measurements. A previously calibrated TDR 300 instrument and a 3T-M capacitance probe were used for quantifying the soil water content. Both types of equipment were found to require calibration and testing under field conditions before use. It was concluded that the study fields could be considered relatively homogeneous in relation to both soil hydrophysical properties and soil water regime. Thus, monitoring stations established for one or two carefully selected soil profiles could provide enough data to ensure proper decisions on irrigation. The results indicate that the soil management system and irrigation strategy used in the experimental fields ensured satisfactory soil and soil moisture conditions.
Strategy for improvement of doubled haploid production in maize
Authors: Barnabás B. , Spitkó T. , Jäger K. , Pintér J. , Marton L. C.
Published: October 2005

In the present study the applicability of a self-constructed doubled haploid line (DH 105) in the in vitro breeding of maize was evaluated. This line, which contained only 50% exotic (Chinese) germplasm, could be used to transmit in vitro androgenic ability into non-responsive breeding materials. F1 hybrids resulting from single crosses between the moderately responsive line DH 105 and recalcitrant genotypes with high breeding value showed a considerable heterosis effect in their androgenic responses. Most of the hybrids had favourable morphological and agronomic characters on the basis of “per se” evaluation. The data of the experiments showed that these F1 hybrid plants could be successfully used as anther donors, since numerous fertile DH plants were developed from their anther cultures. By the use of this in vitro breeding strategy the genetic variability can be widened and the effectiveness of inbred line production might be improved.
Investigations on the adaptability of maize lines and hybrids to low temperature and cadmium
Authors: Szalai G. , Pál M. , Horváth E. , Janda T. , Páldi E.
Published: October 2005

In the course of the Maize Consortium Project, investigations were made on the defence mechanisms employed by maize against various abiotic stress factors (low temperature, cadmium) and on the effects exerted by two compounds (S-methylmethionine, salicylic acid) capable of improving the stress resistance of plants to certain abiotic stresses. Salicylic acid (SA) was found to inhibit the uptake of cadmium (Cd), but caused damage to the roots, including a reduction in the activity of phytochelatin synthase (PCS), which meant that preliminary treatment with SA aggravated the damaging effect of Cd. It was also proved that as the result of 2-day treatment with Cd, there was a continuous rise in the Cd level in the plants, more Cd being accumulated in young leaves than in older ones. The PCS activity increased greatly after 24 hours, both in the leaves and in the roots, declining again after 2 days. The effect of SA was examined in both the hybrids and their parental lines, and the effect of this compound on the intensity of alternative respiration was also investigated. A comparison of chilling tolerance data and antioxidant enzyme activity indicated that these two parameters were not directly correlated to each other, i.e. antioxidant enzyme activity values could not be used to draw reliable conclusions on the chilling tolerance of maize lines and hybrids. With regard to the interaction between alternative respiration and salicylic acid, it was proved that exogenous hydrogen peroxide caused a similar increase in the ratio of alternative respiration to that observed after salicylic acid treatment. Abbreviations: SA, salicylic acid; Cd, cadmium; PCS, phytochelatin synthase; SMM, S-methylmethionine; PCs, phytochelatins; PAR, photosynthetically active radiation; TTC, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride; KCN, potassium cyanide; PSII, 2nd photochemical system; POD, guaiacol peroxidase; APX, ascorbate peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase
Electrical capacitance of roots in relation to plant electrodes, measuring frequency and root media
Authors: Rajkai K. , Végh K. R. , Nacsa T.
Published: October 2005

The electrical capacitance method was applied for the examination of living root systems in a pot experiment. The measured root capacitances gave an unambiguous indication of the development of root mass and length. The root capacitances measured using needle and clamp plant electrodes were closely similar when the roots of whole plants were placed in water, while increasing differences were observed with a decrease in soil water saturation. The difference in capacitance between the plant electrodes is outlined by interpreting the action mechanism of the clamp electrode. The capacitance and electrical impedance spectra (30 Hz-1 MHz) were determined for roots in soil, for pieces of roots washed free of soil, and for the soil itself. The root capacitance was smaller than that of the soil and higher than that of root pieces at 1 kHz, while the capacitance of the soil became equal to that of roots in soil at about 2 kHz. This calls attention to the importance of the measuring frequency when determining root capacitance. A capacitor model with two dielectric media is proposed besides Dalton's model in order to interpret the behaviour of root and soil capacitances. However, its validity requires further verification.
Back to Translation as Language
Authors: Mossop Brian , Tirkkonen-Condit Sonja , Setton Robin , Gutt Ernst-August , Peeters Jean , Klaudy Kinga
Published: October 2005

In this article, the six authors discuss the question of whether Translation Studies should devote more attention to the linguistic aspect of translation, in view of the tendency in recent years to focus on its social functioning. In the first part, each author tackles one or more aspects of this issue; in the second part, the authors respond to each other's views. Topics covered include what kind of language production translation is, whether translational language arises out of a particular form of communication or is itself a linguistic system, the relationship of Translation Studies to linguistics and other disciplines, the behaviour of particular language pairs when they clash during translation, translational language from the producer's as opposed to the receiver's viewpoint, and the relation of the linguistic to the social and to the cognitive. Reference is made to methodologies such as keystroke logging and the use of corpora, and also to a range of past and present linguistic approaches to translation, from comparative stylistics to relevance theory. Suggestions are offered regarding the directions to be taken by linguistically oriented studies of translation.