bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micro-Contamination Of Horticultural Products
Authors: Gould Wilbur A.
Published: September 2022

The role of horticulture in helping to meet world food requirements increases in importance as the population of the world increases. With the new development of improved cultivars of plants, new harvesting and handling systems, and food fortification practices, changes in the methods of preventing contamination of foods may also need to be re-evaluated.
Pigmentation of Poinsettias During Short-day Induction1
Authors: Benortham Robert W. , Mattson Richard H. , Mitchell H. L.
Published: September 2022

Total chlorophyll and β-carotene were found to be highest during pre- and intermediate-color stages and decreased during flower developmental stages in bracts of 8 poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) cultivars (‘Annette Hegg’‘Paul Mikkelsen’ and their pink, white, and variegated sports). From preanthesis to postanthesis, cyanidin increased in ‘Annette Hegg’ but decreased in ‘Paul Mikkelsen’ bracts. Pelargonidin levels and cyanidin pelargonidin ratios were similar in the two cultivars.
Relationship between Core Size, Specific Gravity, and Soluble Solids in Carrots1
Authors: Bassett M. J.
Published: September 2022

The r values between core/whole root diameter ratio and soluble solids of roots of carrot (Daucus carota L.) varied from 0.385 to - 0.473 depending upon cultivar and location. The r value for the cultivar means between the same variables was -0.434. Selection for core size has little potential as an indirect method for raising soluble solids. A correlation of 0.621 was found between specific gravity and soluble solids in ‘Nantes Strong Top’.
Yield of Fall-planted Spinach Surviving Low Temperatures1
Authors: Peavy W. S. , Greig J. K.
Published: September 2022

Fall-planted spinach (Spinacia oleracea L., cv. Bloomsdale Long Standing), field grown 2 successive years in Plant Hardiness Zone (PHZ) 5 at Manhattan, Kansas, under 13 soil fertility treatments, withstood as low as −21°C and yielded satisfactorily a month earlier than when spring planted. There were no significant differences in yield due to soil fertility treatments.
Women in Horticulture
Authors: Thompson Maxine M.
Published: September 2022

Why aren't there more women horticulturists in the United States? The large number of European women in this field always astonishes Americans traveling abroad. In certain Asian countries, e.g. Taiwan and Thailand, women are represented in horticulture classes in much larger numbers. (This may partly account for the extraordinarily high proportion of Oriental women graduate students in the U.S.) Recently, in our country there has been a noticeable increase in high school girls enrolled in agriculture and participating in FFA. There is also a substantial increase in number of college women majoring in horticulture. A poll of 43 Land Grant Institutions showed that women constitute 22% of undergraduate majors and 14% of our graduate students. A comparison of the present meager representation of women in academic positions (2%), employed by USDA (1.5%), and members of ASHS (1.7%) with the proportion of young women training for careers in horticulture demands a reevaluation of long-held assumptions that horticulture is a masculine occupation. Why such a high rate of attrition between undergraduate training and professional employment?
New Portable Colorimeter to Evaluate External Fruit Color of Tomato and Peach1
Authors: Aulenbach B. B. , Worthington J. T.
Published: September 2022

A new portable colorimeter appears promising as a tool for evaluating color of horticultural products. G(green) reflectance values (546 nm) for external fruit color of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) correlated highly with visual scores and Hunter a/b ratios. For ground color of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], G values decreased as fruits matured and softened.
A Tree-mounted LVDT Electronic Micrometer for Apple Fruit1
Authors: Willey C. R. , Unrath C. R.
Published: September 2022

An easily constructed, lightweight LVDT electronic micrometer suitable for mounting in a tree for continuous monitoring of changes in apple fruit diameter is described. Four units were tested successfully under humid conditions on ‘Delicious’ apples during 90 days of the 1971 growing season.
Fire Blight Susceptibility of Fruiting Trees of Some Apple Rootstock Clones1
Authors: Cummins J. N. , Aldwinckle H. S.
Published: September 2022

After a severe fire blight epiphytotic, fruiting trees of rootstock cultivars were scored for kill of fruit spurs, for lesion extension, and total tree damage. Spur infections were heaviest on ‘M 9’, ‘M 12’, ‘M 16’, ‘M 25’, ‘M 26’ and ‘Rotyp’. Damage to ‘M 9’ and ‘M 26’ trees was especially severe. Least affected were ‘M 2’, ‘M 7’, ‘M 15’ and a Malus prunifolia selection, PI 286613. Intermediate susceptibility was indicated for ‘M 27’ and a red-leaved introduction from the USSR, PI 274842.
Preharvest and Postharvest Applications of Benzimidazoles for Control of Storage Decay of Pears1
Authors: Ben-Arie Ruth , Guelfat-Reich Sylvia
Published: September 2022

Two orchard sprays with 800 ppm methyl l-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate (benomyl) or three orchard sprays with 300 ppm 2-(4-thiazolyl) benzimidazole (thiabendazole or TBZ) achieved significant control of storage decay of ‘Spadona’ pears (Pyrus communis L.). Almost complete control of storage decay required postharvest dip-treatments of 1000 ppm benomyl or 500 ppm TBZ. Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea (Pers. ex Fr.) were inhibited by these treatments but Alternaria tenuis (Nees ex Cda.) was unaffected and its incidence increased during storage, possibly due to control of the other organisms. These benzimidazole treatments tended to increase the incidence of internal breakdown of treated pears during prolonged regular cold storage.
Growth Response of Container-grown Woody Ornamentals to Slow-release Fertilizers1
Authors: Gouin Francis R. , Link Conrad B.
Published: September 2022

Five species of ornamental plants growing in a media containing 113.4 g and 226.8 g of Osmocote “18-6-12” (18.0-2.7-10.0, N-P-K) per 35.2 liters of artificial growing media produced a total top growth equal to plants receiving 100 to 150 ppm of N at each irrigation from a liquidsoluble fertilizer (25.0-4.4-8.4, N-P-K). Higher levels of Osmocote did not result in a significant increase in growth.
Determining Radiant Energy in Different Wavelengths Present in White Light1
Authors: Klein Richard M.
Published: September 2022

Tables are presented for converting foot-candle readings to absolute energy units and for determination of the radiant energy of discrete wavelength bands present in light from natural and artificial sources.
IAA Oxidase and Inhibitors from Single and Double Flowered Petunias1
Authors: Natarella N. , Sink K. C.
Published: September 2022

Fresh indoleacetic acid oxidase (IAA-OX) preparations from the shoot tips of double flowered genotypes, DD and Dd, and single, dd, flowered petunias (Petunia hybrida Hort.) generally exhibited no lag-phase and had similar rates of IAA destruction. Water-soluble, heat-stable fractions from the 3 genotypes inhibited the destruction of IAA by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and the IAA-OX preparations. The inhibitor fractions behaved similar to ferulic acid which induced a 10 to 20 minute lag-phase. In all combinations of inhibitor fraction and IAA-OX preparation or HRP, neither the length of the lag-phase nor the subsequent rate of IAA destruction was correlated with the genotypes investigated.
The Response of Cucumber to Trellis vs. Ground Culture1
Authors: Konsler T. R. , Strider D. L.
Published: September 2022

Marketable yield increase of 100% resulted from trellising fresh market cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) over a 3-year period. Fruit were a more uniform, dark green color and graded more Fancy and fewer Culls. Fungicidal control of scab (causal agents Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. & Arth.) was improved by trellising and losses to soil rot (causal agentsRhizoctonia solani Kuhn and Pythium spp.) were eliminated. Suggested reasons for improved yield and quality from trellising include less damage to vines, greater photosynthetic efficiency, improved pest control, and more efficient harvesting.
Evolution of Ethylene and Tomato Fruit Ripening as Influenced by P-(β-chloroethyl)- N-isopropyl Phosphonamidic Acid1
Authors: Tompkins D. R. , Shaw G. W. , Horton R. D.
Published: September 2022

P-(β-chloroethyl)-N-isopropyl phosphonamidic acid, a new ethylene-releasing growth substance was as effective as (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) in promoting ripening of tomato fruit on the plant. Laboratory tests showed that both growth substances liberated ethylene in increasing amounts as the pH of the solution was increased from 5 to 8. Epicotyls of Phaseolus vulgaris L. floated in solutions of each chemical released more ethylene 4 to 24 hours after treatment started than did epicotyls floated in water.
Effect of Ethephon on Bulbing of Onion under Noninductive Photoperiod1
Authors: Levy D. , Kedar N. , Karacinque R.
Published: September 2022

(2chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) induced bulbing of short-day, intermediate and long-day onion cultivars under noninductive short-day conditions. Seedlings with roots and sheaths constantly immersed in ethephon solution as low as 1.5 ppm initiated bulbing after 7 days. Application of ethephon as leaf spray, as soil drench, or by injection into the root growing zone, caused bulbing at minimum concentrations of 1200, 480 and 600 ppm, respectively. The number of leaves per plant was reduced in all treatments that caused bulbing, but the reduction was not significant in the soil drench 480 ppm treatment. Injection of ethephon solutions of 37.5 or 75 ppm to the root growing zone appeared to promote leaf emergence and did not initiate bulbing.
‘Shoshoni’ Pecan1
Authors: Madden George D.
Published: September 2022

‘Shoshoni’ (Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch.) is a new precocious, prolific-bearing and early ripening pecan cultivar. It is widely adapted to the Pecan Belt and has performed satisfactorily from California to Georgia and north to Princeton, Kentucky.
The Community Garden: Horticulture for the People1
Authors: Doud Steven , Pagano Greg
Published: September 2022

Many American urban dwellers seem to be discovering a fact known to most of their European peers for many years: a garden can provide inexpensive, high quality food as well as recreation and relaxation. The green thumb boom has been particularly evident in the sprouting of community garden projects in many college communities where students are anxious to supplement meager incomes and opportunities to work with living plants. Community garden projects often feature considerable diversity in cultural management philosophy and work load allocation but share a common goal of abundant food production and enjoyment for the gardeners.
Research on Apple Topworking Disease (Taka Tsugi Byo) in Japan: A Review1
Authors: Mink G. I. , Yanase H. , Yamaguchi A. , Sawamura K.
Published: September 2022

Apple topworking disease is one of the most important problems in apple culture in Japan. This disease which affects all apple cultivars is caused by an extreme sensitivity of the rootstock cultivars commonly used in Japan to latent viruses that are present in many of the scion cultivars. Recent work indicates that apple chlorotic leaf spot virus causes decline of trees grown on Malus prunifolia Borkh.var. ringo Asami rootstocks and that stem pitting virus causes decline of trees grown on M. sieboldii Rehd. andM sieboldii Rehd. var. arborescens Rehd. rootstocks. The need for a virus-free certification program is recognized. However, the general practice of topworking old orchard trees, most of which are on virus-sensitive rootstocks, with new apple cultivars makes implementation of such a program difficult. This report was written because little is known outside of Japan about the disease or about the cultural practices that have contributed to its importance. Nearly all published reports on this disorder were presented in Japanese; many without English summaries.
SADH and Apple Bruise Resistance1
Authors: Robitaille H. A. , Janick Jules , Haugh G. C.
Published: September 2022

Succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl-hydrazide (SADH) applied at 1000 ppm 2 months before harvest failed to alter the bruising characteristics of either ‘Golden Delicious’ apple or a very bruise-susceptible selection.
Rapidity of Sale of Apples in Retail Stores1
Authors: Mattus G. E. , Kenyon D. E. , Aust P. M.
Published: September 2022

Six stores in Southwest Virginia were each visited daily for two weeks in the spring of 1972 to determine rapidity of sale of apples from retail stores. An average of 6.8, 8.5, and 10.5 days were required to sell 95% of bagged, loose, and overwrapped apples, respectively.
Ethephon and Pit Splitting of ‘Flordasun’ Peach 1
Authors: Buchanan D. W. , Humphrys A. B. , Biggs R. H.
Published: September 2022

Sprays of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 2000 ppm during petal fall resulted in satisfactory fruit thinning of peach (Prunus persica L.) but only moderate thinning when applied at the 80% bloom stage. Later applications also reduced crop loads but significantly increased the number of split pits.
Relationship of Friction Discoloration to Phenolic Compounds in ‘d'Anjou’ Pears1
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Mellenthin W. M.
Published: September 2022

Friction discoloration of ‘d'Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) was found to be associated with total phenol and chlorogenic acid content. Concentrations of these substances in the skin decreased during fruit development but increased during storage. Tendency for friction discoloration also increased with storage duration. Treatments with ascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite reduced the susceptibility of skin to friction discoloration.
Efficacy of Calcium and Sodium Hypochlorite for Seed Treatment of Pepper1
Authors: Dempsey A. H. , Walker J. T.
Published: September 2022

Seeds of pimiento pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) artificially inoculated with Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Doidge) Dows., were disinfected by a 4.20% calcium hypochlorite solution or a 2.63% sodium hypochlorite solution for 15 minutes followed by a 15 minute water-rinse. Germination after 14 days was not reduced.
Correction of Lime-induced Chlorosis of Pin Oak by Liquid Soil Injection1
Authors: Schoeneweiss Donald F.
Published: September 2022

Leaves of chlorotic pin oaks growing in alkaline soil regained normal green color within 30 days following soil injection with solution of FeEDDHA iron chelate [ferric ethylenediamene (di(o-hydroxyphenyl acetate)]. Soil injections using solutions or suspensions of iron sulfate, sulfur, soluble fertilizer, or combinations of these materials were completely ineffective in correcting iron chlorosis. Trees treated with chelated iron remained green throughout two growing seasons following treatment, whereas all other test trees declined steadily and were dead due to severe chlorosis at the end of the second growing season.
In vitro Culture of Salpiglossis sinuata L.1
Authors: Hughes Harrison , Lam Shuelock , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

Callus from salpiglossis anthers was derived from sporophytic tissue and differentiated into flowering plantlets in vitro.
‘Viva’ Sweet Cherry
Authors: Tehrani G. , Dickson G. H.
Published: September 2022

‘Viva’ is a medium sized, semi-firm, dark red, long-stemmed sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) of good quality and crack-resistant. It matures with ‘Black Tartarian’ and belongs to Incompatibility Group IV (S2S3).
Agricultural Science and the Public1
Authors: Borlaug Norman E.
Published: September 2022

Throughout the long history of the development of civilization, agriculture has carried a disproportionate responsibility for improving the well-being of mankind. Although Americans have the best food buy in the world, spending a far smaller proportion of their income on food than do citizens of any other country, there is currently a furor in the urban press and from Washington over the increase in food prices. Urbanites, who are now in the great majority, fail to understand the farmer's production costs, and they fail to consider the costs all along the food chain from farm to supermarket.
Production of Oriental Vegetables in the United States1
Authors: Yamaguchi M.
Published: September 2022

Upon visiting one of the many grocery stores in San Francisco's Chinatown, one is amazed by the vast array of strange-looking exotic fruits and vegetables on display, and wonders where they came from. By questioning the proprietor and examining the labels on the crates and cartons, the visitor soon realizes that most of the produce was grown in California, some less than 50 miles from San Francisco.
Defoliation Response of Woody Seedlings to Endothall/Ethephon1
Authors: Sterrett J. P. , Leather G. R. , Tozer W. E.
Published: September 2022

Six species of seedling trees were foliar-treated in greenhouse experiments with 7 - ox ab icyclo(2,2,l)heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (endothall) mixed with (2 chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon). A range of 75 to 100% abscission was obtained within 14 days with little or. no damage except on Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.).
Effect of Carbon Dioxide on Activity of Succinic Dehydrogenase in ‘Bartlett’ Pears During Cold Storage1
Authors: Frenkel Chaim , Patterson M. E.
Published: September 2022

‘Bartlett’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) were kept in cold storage in air, and at CO2 concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20%. The mitochondrial fraction from the fruit pulp was extracted periodically, made into acetone powder and assayed for activity of succinic dehydrogenase. Progressive decreases in activity of the enzyme were observed with increases in CO2 concentration in the storage atmosphere.
Secondary Dormancy in Stratified Peach Embryos1
Authors: Kaminski W. , Rom R.
Published: September 2022

Seeds of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] in a partially after-ripened condition when dried at 5°C did not lose their germination capacity. This regime preserves their physiological state and prevents secondary dormancy. This procedure is suggested as a method for handling partially after-ripened seeds that need to be stored or transported.
Ethephon and CPTA on Color Development in Bell Pepper Fruits1
Authors: Knavel D. E. , Kemp T. R.
Published: September 2022

Plants and detached fruits of mature green bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Yolo Wonder B.) were treated with (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)triethylamine hydrochloride (CPTA) to enhance red color development. Ethephon sprayed on plants in the field greatly enhanced red color development in fruits in 1971. However, in 1972 when temperatures were cooler after spray treatments than in 1971, neither ethephon nor CPTA affected fruit color even though plants showed the effects of chemical treatment by turning slightly chlorotic. Furthermore, dipping detached fruits in ethephon had no effect, but fruits dipped in CPTA turned yellow instead of the usual red color.
Heritability of Low Temperature Seed Germination in Tomato1
Authors: Cannon Orson S. , Gatherum Dawn M. , Miles William G.
Published: September 2022

In the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) the ability of PI 341988 to germinate at 10°C is controlled by a recessive gene, tentatively symbolized Itg.
Cold Tolerance in Lima Beans1
Authors: Dickson M. H.
Published: September 2022

Lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.) were selected for ability to germinate and grow vigorously under 12°C (12 hours)/10° (12 hours) temperatures; 15° is required for good germination of current cultivars. Seed coat color was not associated with cold germination ability.
Apex Removal and Single-harvest Yield of Side Shoots of Broccoli1
Authors: Palevitch D. , Pressman E.
Published: September 2022

Hand pinching of newly initiated central heads of two cultivars of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica group) resulted in uniform development of several side shoots, enabling a single harvest of high-quality side shoots. The yield of side shoots of ‘Waltham 29’ was higher than the yield of central heads of nonpinched plants. For ‘Green Duke’, no difference in yield was found due to treatment. The time of pinching was crucial with ‘Waltham 29’ but not with ‘Green Duke’.
Plant Production by Sweet Potato Roots as Influenced by Ethephon1
Authors: Tompkins D. R.. , Horton R. D.
Published: September 2022

Roots of ‘Centennial’ and ‘Julian’ sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] treated with (2-chloroethyl)-phosphonic acid (ethephon) and bedded after removal from 15.5°C storage, consistently produced more early plants in electric hotbeds than did untreated roots. The ethephon treatment also increased midseason production of plants in some tests. Plants from ethephon-treated roots were of the same height and weight as controls in many of the tests. Treating roots with ethephon and then presprouting before bedding did not increase plant production over that of presprouting alone. Early plants from ethephon-treated roots transplanted as well as controls in field tests.
‘Hawkeye’ Geranium1
Authors: Buck Griffith J.
Published: September 2022

The plant amelioration process is a slow one, and frequently the release of cultivars from a breeding program represents a compromise. The introduction of ‘Cardinal’ geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey) represented a definite advance in floriferousness and night heat tolerance, but the plant was overly vigorous, awkward in plant habit and slow to flower. ‘Toreador’ corrected some of the faults of ‘Cardinal’ including increased tolerance to injury caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. (1). However, the plant tends to grow too tall and is susceptible to damage by rain and wind. The new cultivar ‘Hawkeye’ retains the desirable garden traits of ‘Toreador’ while further refining the growth habit and increasing flowering potential.
Horticulture — A Medium for Education Presidential Address
Authors: Hess Charles E.
Published: September 2022

Charles E. (Charley) Hess was born on December 20, 1931 in the Garden State of New Jersey, which may have been the stimulus for his horticultural career. His parents were natives of The Netherlands and owned and operated Hess' Nurseries in New Jersey.
Horticultural Therapy: A New Education Program
Authors: Odom Richard E.
Published: September 2022

By necessity and design, horticulture's place in society is changing. As the society itself changes, each part of the whole is subjected to pressures, from within and without, to find ways to adapt itself to better meet the changing needs of the society and of its people. One of these needs is the difficulty many people have in coping with the “rush and scramble of life.” Horticultural therapy is helping people solve this difficulty. Horticultural therapy itself is not new, but its professional status is. The program now available at Kansas State University for training students in this field is the first in the nation. The following paper is adapted from a presentation “The Therapeutic Value of Horticulture,” as a part of the education symposium “Modern Methods of Horticultural Teaching,” at Kansas State University, Tuesday, August 3, 1972, during the 68th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science.
Horticultural Therapy: A Review1
Authors: Tereshkovich George
Published: September 2022

Horticulture, both a science and an art, has proven to be therapeutic to many people. Work with plants has a healing quality that is relaxing and satisfying. “There is nothing new about Horticultural Therapy; it is not proposed as a new therapy but merely as a supplement to the already recognized forms of occupational 'therapy”(34).
Florida's Changing Foliage Industry1
Authors: Conover C. A. , Poole R. T. , Knauss J. F. , Hamlen R. A. , Henley R. W.
Published: September 2022

The foliage industry in Florida had its beginning in the visions of a “Mr. Powell” of Springfield, Ohio3. Powell was sales manager for Springfield Floral Company which sold among other items Boston fern, Nephrolepis exaltata Shott. He also owned some land near Orlando, Florida where he knew these ferns were naturalized. The vision was simply the idea to mass produce the relatively high value Boston fern under Florida's subtropical climate and make them available to everyone at low cost through “five-and-dime” stores. He convinced Harry Ustler, a clerk in the firm, to go into business with him in Florida. Harry Ustler came to Florida in 1912, but failed to receive the backing promised by Mr. Powell. However, he soon found a partner and began growing Boston ferns in Orlando about 1913. The business was moved to Apopka in 1914 because of unavailability of land in Orlando and the die was cast for the present title, “Apopka, The Foliage Capitol Of The World”.
A New Continuous-string Method of Plant Tying in Greenhouses1
Authors: Peck John F. , Fontes Miguel R. , Hicks Neal G. , Hopkins Michael
Published: September 2022

A new method for supporting plants in a greenhouse reduces labor time for such training by 66%. The method utilizes a continuous string tied to overhead hooks and looped around the base of the plants by a tube held by an operator who stands on the ground.
Elimination of Volunteer Dutch Iris under Field Conditions1
Authors: Danielson L. L.
Published: September 2022

Postflowering rototaling, with or without potassium azide (KN3) applications, prevented emergence of volunteer plants of Dutch iris (Iris Lollandica Hoog cultivar Wedgwood) in the fall and following spring. Soil-incorporated preplan ting treatments with karbutilate (tert-butylcaibamic acid ester with 3-(m-hydroxyphenyl)-l,l-dimethyl urea) or potassium azide also prevented emergence of this cultivar.
Response of Browallia speciosa Hook to Temperature in Controlled Environments1
Authors: Semeniuk Pete
Published: September 2022

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of 3 day/night temp regimes on germination, vegetative growth, and flower development of Browallia under growth chamber conditions.
High Intensity Supplementary Lighting of Bedding Plants after Transplanting1
Authors: Carpenter W. J. , Beck G. R.
Published: September 2022

Continuous lighting with Lucalox lamps at 58W/m2 supplementing natural daylight for 1 to 4 weeks after transplanting increased plant height, root length and fresh weight of Petunia hybrida Hort cultivar White Cascade, Tagetes erectra L. cultivar Moonshot, and Zinnia elegan cultivar Peter Pan Pink. Differences became larger between lighted and unlighted treatments as the lighting period increased. Plants lighted for 4 weeks after transplanting flowered earlier (9 to 23 days), were slightly shorter, and had larger top fresh weight than those unlighted, Impatiens sultanii cultivar Scarlet Elfin responded less than the other species.
Effect of Applied Gibberellins on Leaf Area and Leaf Chlorophyll Content in Cucumber Cultivars1
Authors: Makus D. J. , Pharr D. M. , Lower R. L.
Published: September 2022

Five cultivars of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were found to vary in chlorophyll/cm2 and total chlorophyll/leaf. Gibberellin (GA) treatments did not change the total chlorophyll content per leaf but all lines responded more to GA4+7 than to GA3 in terms of increased leaf area and leaf fresh weight. Treatment with GA4+7 stimulated the rate of leaf expansion, but caused a reduction in chlorophyll/cm2.
Effect of SADH on Radish1
Authors: Boe A. A. , Lee T. S. , Tapic D. D. , Banko T. J.
Published: September 2022

Greenhouse grown radishes (Raphanus sativus L. cultivar Cherrybelle) were sprayed at the first true leaf stage 7 days after sowing with 2000, 4000 and 8000 ppm succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH). Root fresh weight, root/leaf ratio, and photosynthesis rate were increased in treated plants. Reducing sugar content was decreased in 2 of 3 experiments. Leaf weight and % dry matter of roots were not significantly changed by SADH treatments.
A Laboratory Scale Primary Screening Method for Testing Potential Peach Fruit Thinning Compounds1
Authors: Martin George C. , Brooks Lawrence M.
Published: September 2022

In the laboratory, sections from leaves of peach [Prunus persica (L) Batsch. cv. Lovell] were treated with chemicals previously reported to have potential as peach fruit thinning agents. The resultant evolution of ethylene from the treated leaves was compared with the amount of peach fruit thinning by the same chemicals. A positive correlation exists between the level of ethylene evolution and the amount of fruit thinning by the chemicals tested.
Ethephon and Peach Fruit Development1
Authors: Stembridge G. E. , Raff J. W.
Published: September 2022

(2-Chlrorethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) advanced maturity of peach (Primus persica (L.) Batsch] by accelerating fruit development during me first 3 weeks of Stage III. Application early in Stage II did not affect fruit growth until the normal transition into Stage III, which indicates that ethylene does not initiate State III in the peach, but promotes fruit development once Stage III begins.
Seed Development in Peach and Nectarine During Induction of Fruit Abscission with Ethephon1
Authors: Stembridge G. E. , Raff J. W. , Veinbrants N.
Published: September 2022

Abscission-inducing concentrations of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) were applied to nectarine and peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] at the beginning of Stage IL Normal seed development, as indicated by endosperm growth, continued until after fruit abscission was initiated.
Quality of ‘Stayman Winesap’ Apples Stored in Air, Controlled Atmospheres, or Controlled Atmospheres Followed by Storage in Air1
Authors: Anderson R. E. , Penney R. W.
Published: September 2022

Taste panelists preferred ‘Stayman Winesap’ apples stored for 9 months in a controlled atmosphere (CA) to those stored in air. Apples stored in CA followed by storage in air were generally intermediate in quality (taste, firmness, and acidity) between fruit stored in CA and those stored in air. When the fruit were stored for 9 months, the longer they had been in CA before shifting them to air, the more closely they approached the quality and metabolic state of fruit stored 9 months in CA
Susceptibility to Chilling Injury of Three Avocado Cultivars at Various Stages of Ripening1
Authors: Zauberman G. , Schiffmann-Nadel Mina , Yanko U.
Published: September 2022

Response of ‘Ettinger’, ‘Fuerte’, and ‘Nabal’ avocados (Persea avocado Mill.) to 0, 2, 4 and 6°C at various stages of ripeness was tested. No damage appeared during cold storage and shelf-life when firm avocado fruit was stored at 0, 2, 4 and 6° for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. Fruit placed in cold storage when semi-firm or soft was more tolerant to low temperature than firm fruit There was no relation between the duration of cold storage at 0, 2, 4° and subsequent length of self-life at 14°; on the other hand, the longer the storage at 6°, the shorter the shelf-life. Chilling injury, although initiated during cold storage, did not become apparent until during the post-storage shelf-life period. ‘Nabal’ was more tolerant to low temperature than ‘Ettinger’ and ‘Fuerte’.
‘Sapporo Autumn Gold’ Elm1
Authors: Smalley E. B. , Lester D. T.
Published: September 2022

Elm trees resistant to Dutch elm disease, caused by Ceratocystis ulmi (Buism.) C. Moreau, have been actively sought by investigators since the first description of the disease in The Netherlands in 1921. Resistant elms released from the Dutch elm breeding program for planting in Europe such as Ulmus carpinifolia Gleditsch cv. Christine Buisman and U. hollandica Mill. cvs. Bea Schwarz Commelin, and Groeneveld for various reasons (i.e., susceptibility to other diseases, poor ornamental characters, or lack of harcjiness) have had only limited usefulness in the United States.
The Apple in Java1
Authors: Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

The tropical archipelago of Indonesia is dominated culturally by the relatively small island of Java3, the population center (80 of the 125 million people) of the sprawling island nation. Pomologically, Java is best known for the tropical fruits that abound–particularly the fragrant mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), the red “hairy” rumbutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.), the duku (Lansium domesticum Jack.), the lizard-skinned salak (Salacca edulis Reinw.), the rich and strongly-flavored durian4 (Durio zibethinus Murr.), and other more familiar ones including the banana and coconut. In the highlands which occupy practically 50% of Java’s land area, temperatures drop to bracing levels and above 1300 m even frost is a hazard. In spite of the plethora of tropical fruits, apples are highly prized and there is a sizable import, particularly from Australia. The culture of apples has long been a fond wish and the Dutch imported many types during their long association with Indonesia. Often grafted trees were brought in and as a result one of the rootstocks has produced a local “wild” apple, with small, bitter fruit. This strain is presently used as the local rootstock and is now being exported to the Phillipines because of its suitability in the tropics. The rootstock has been sent recently to East Mailing, Kent, England for identification.
Evaluation and Inheritance of Fruit Color, Size, Scar, Firmness and Plant Vigor in Blueberry1
Authors: Edwards T. W. , Sherman W. B. , Sharpe R. H.
Published: September 2022

Repeatability of scoring and inheritance of 5 characters were studied in highbush type blueberry progenies in 2 years. In the repeatability study, fruit size, scar and plant vigor scores were more consistent than fruit firmness and color. Plant vigor scores were high and fruit scar scores were low both years. In the inheritance study, cultivars ranked similarly for each character by either their phenotypic score or general combining ability effects. Mean square variances of general combining ability were larger than specific combining ability for fruit size, firmness, color and plant vigor. Mean square variance of specific combining ability was high for fruit scar. Heritability estimates for blueberry were high for fruit size, moderate for fruit color, low for fruit firmness and scar and lower for plant vigor.
Effects of Foreign Edible Berries on the Flavor and Texture of Lowbush Blueberry Products1
Authors: Murphy Elizabeth F. , True Ruth H. , Ismail Amr A. , Hogan John M.
Published: September 2022

Taste panels compared the flavor and texture of lowbush blueberry fruits (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) with combinations of blueberries and foreign edible berries, commonly called chokepears [fruit of purple chokeberry, Pyrus floribunda Lindle (syn. Aronia prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehder) and black chokeberry, P.. melanocarpa (Michx) Willd. (syn. Aronia melanocarpa Willd.)], in 14 sensory tests. Combinations which were rated as undesirable were: raw, 20 to 10% chokepears; sauce, 14 to 9%; muffins, 67 to 17%. Per cents of chokepears which were undetected were: muffins and tarts, 14 and 12% and pies, 4 and 2%. Masked by the batter and pastry in muffins and tarts, relatively large percentages of chokepears were acceptable to the panelists.
Rootstock Effect on Peach Tree Survival on a Poorly Drained Soil1
Authors: Chaplin C. E. , Schneider G. W. , Martin D. C.
Published: September 2022

‘Redhaven’ peach on 5 seedling rootstocks planted in the spring of 1973 in a water-logged soil exhibited varying degrees of injury by July. ‘Rutgers Red Leaf’ was most tolerant; ‘Lovell’ was least tolerant. These differences suggest the feasibility of breeding for “wet feet” resistance in peach rootstocks.
Effects of SADH on Flavor and Select Physicochemical Properties of Freestone Peaches1
Authors: Senter S. D.
Published: September 2022

Peaches [Prunus persica (L.) Batch, cv. Loring and Elberta] sprayed with a 1500 ppm solution of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) at the onset of pit hardening, were preferred over nontreated peaches in sensory evaluations for odor and flavor. Firmness, titratable acidity, and soluble solids content of treated peaches did not vary significantly from nontreated; however, pH of treated peaches was significantly higher than nontreated in both varieties. Significant correlations could not be established between odor-flavor evaluations and physicochemical parameters.
Yield and Vigor of ‘d’Anjou’ Pears with Early Application of Triazole and Triazine Herbicides1
Authors: Thomas Raese J. , Williams Max W. , Schomer Harold
Published: September 2022

Weed control with certain triazole or triazine herbicides on 4-year-old nonbearing pear trees (Pyrus communis L. cv. d’Anjou) resulted in markedly increased vigor, as evidenced by higher leaf N, larger trunk circumference, and greater subsequent yields of larger fruit than on trees where weed control was delayed until trees were 6 years old. Fruit from the latter treatment matured earlier and had more yellowness, softer flesh, higher soluble solids, and greater ethylene production than fruit from the vigorous trees. There was also evidence of increased N efficiency with the heterocyclic nitrogen herbicides.
The Wisdom of Joint Effort
Authors: Kottman Roy M.
Published: September 2022

I look upon this discussion of industry’s increasing role in funding horticultural research as one of the most significant topics which ASHS or any other professional society could include on its annual meeting agenda. We in the universities see increasing evidence of joint effort in the planning of research at the State Agricultural Experiment Stations (SAES). This is significant because prior to the Federal legislation which established the basis for regional research in 1955, there was relatively little joint planning of publicly-supported agricultural research even among SAES. The Hatch Act, which was consolidated and amended under provisions of Public Law 84-352, states: “Not more than 25 per centum shall be allotted to the states for cooperative research in which two or more State Agricultural Experiment Stations are cooperating to solve problems that concern the agriculture of more than one State. The funds available for such purposes, together with funds available pursuant to subsection (b) hereof for like purpose shall be designated as the ‘regional research fund, State Agricultural Experiment Stations,’ and shall be used only for such cooperative regional projects as are recommended by a Committee of Nine persons elected by and representing the Directors of the State Agricultural Experiment Stations, and approved by the Secretary of Agriculture.”
Tolerance of Honeylocust Seedlings to Soil-applied Salts1
Authors: Dirr Michael A.
Published: September 2022

Salt tolerance of honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos inermis Willd.) was determined using 2 month-old potted seedlings salinized with 200 ml of NaCl, KCl and Na2SO4 at concentrations of 0.05N, 0.15N and 0.25N applied daily to soil. Leaflets of plants receiving Cl developed a tip and marginal necrosis while leaflets of plants receiving Na2SO4 were uninjured. Shoot dry weight of plants receiving NaCl and KCl (0.15N and 0.25N) were significantly lower than plants from control and all concentrations of Na2SO4 treatment Total soluble salts were not responsible for injury. Na had no adverse effect on growth although shoot Na levels were greater than 2% of dry weight in NaCl (0.15N and 0.25N) plants. Shoot Cl was a reliable index of the degree of salt injury, for the greater the tissue Cl, the more rapid the onset and the more severe the injury. Root Na and Cl levels were inconsistent and did not reflect the degree of injury observed. Honeylocust, although reportedly highly salt tolerant, was severely injured by exposure to Cl salts and this injury, correlated with shoot tissue analyses, suggested a specific ion effect.
Breeding for Resistance to the Cowpea Curculio in Southern Peas1
Authors: Cuthbert Frank P. , Fery Richard L. , Chambliss Oyette L.
Published: September 2022

Resistance to the cowpea curculio (Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman), in 16 F5 lines of southern peas [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp], was found to be dependent on various levels of nonpreference, a pod factor inhibiting penetration through the pod wall by the adult, and antibiosis. Each of the 3 mechanisms appeared to be under genetic control and capable of being transmitted to progeny. Probably a line 99% more resistant than ‘California Blackeye’ can be produced by combining the highest levels of the components of resistance; however, selection must be independent for each of the 3 resistance factors.
Selected Growth Regulators Increase Yield of Snap Beans1
Authors: Campbell Raymond E. , Greig J. K.
Published: September 2022

A Single foliar spray of 5-chloro,-2-thenyl, tri-n-butyl-phosphonium chloride (CTBP), 90% soluble powder; tetrahydrofur-furyl isothiocyanate (CHE 8570), 47% emulsifiable concentrate; 5-bromo,2-thenyl,tributyl-ammonium chloride (CHE 9064), 50% wettable powder; or 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), 14.2% emulsifiable concentrate, was applied when first flowers opened of ‘Salem’ and ‘Top Crop’ snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Treatments of CHE 9064 at 8.72 g/ha and TIBA at 2.32 g/ha significantly increased yield of spring-planted ‘Salem’ in 1971. Treatments of CHE 8570 and CHE 9064 at 11.62 g/ha significantly increased yields of spring-planted ‘Top Crop’ in 1972 due to increased pod set Foliage samples at harvest showed no physiologically significant increase in P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, or Zn for the treated plants compared with the controls.
Ethephon and High Density Plantings Increase Yield of Pickling Cucumbers1
Authors: Hogue E. J. , Heeney H. B.
Published: September 2022

The application of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) on pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in the 2 to 3 leaf stage both at 100 and 400 ppm significantly increased the yield and farm value of this crop. A proportionately greater increase in value of the crop was obtained by decreasing the plant spacing from 30 × 30 cm, to 23 × 23 cm or 15 × 15 cm. The treatment yielding the highest value crop was obtained with the plant spacing of 15 × 15 cm and 400 ppm ethephon application.
Abscisic Acid-induced Growth Responses of Tall and Dwarf Tomatoes1
Authors: Aung L. H.
Published: September 2022

Abscisic acid (ABA) at concentrations ranging from 10-8 to 5 × 10-3M was applied apically with a microsyringe onto seedlings of tall ‘Fireball’ and dwarf ‘Epoch’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). ABA at 10-8M significantly promoted the growth of ‘Fireball’ epictoyl, plumular leaves, final plant weight and leaf area, and at 10-3 to 5 × 10-3M significantly promoted the development of cotyledonary axillary buds. In contrast, the dwarf ‘Epoch’ did not respond to low concentrations of ABA but the growth of the epicotyl, plumular leaves, final leaf area and plant weight were decreased by 5 × 10-3M ABA. However, ABA at the concentrations used had no effect on anthesis date or size of the first 3 inflorescences on the main stem of tall and dwarf tomatoes.
‘Caro-Rich’ Tomato1
Authors: Tigchelaar E. C. , Tomes M. L.
Published: September 2022

‘Caro-Rich’, an indeterminate high pro-Vitamin A tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), was released in January 1973. It was named for its high β-carotene.
‘TAMU Triple Cross’ Pickling Cucumber1
Authors: Pike L. M.
Published: September 2022

‘TAMU Triple Cross’ is a three-way hybrid pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) developed for mechanical harvesting. It is the first American pickling-type hybrid cucumber developed from three inbreds. ‘TAMU Triple Cross’ exhibits several outstanding characteristics including high yield, desirable fruit shape, dark green color, excellent processing qualities both as brinestock and fresh pack, broad spectrum resistance to cucumber diseases, and finally, an improved and less expensive system for production of hybrid seed (1,2,3).
Ontario Horticulture
Authors: Franklin E. W.
Published: September 2022

The Canadian Province of Ontario lies north of the Great Lakes and borders the States of New York, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The total area of these five states is about two-thirds that of Ontario. Ontario’s most southern area is on the same latitude as the north part of California while to the north it stretches to Hudson Bay. Commercial horticultural production is mainly in southern Ontario where favourable soil and climate conditions exist. The horticultural crops grown are similar to those of New York, Ohio and Michigan. Because of the similarities in production and postharvest problems encountered, horticulturists, both professional and growers, move freely back and forth across the border exchanging technical information.
Protecting Horticultural Plants from Atmospheric Pollutants: A Review1
Authors: Ormrod D. P. , Adedipe N. O.
Published: September 2022

Atmospheric pollutants cause decreased yields, growth suppression and low product quality in both ornamental and vegetable crops, including petunias (23), begonias (45), snapdragons (1), onions (21), beans (70), cucumbers (53), radish (49), tomato (55) and several others (32). Fruit crops most widely injured are grapes (59) and citrus (69). Details of other sensitive plants have been discussed by Rich (57).
In Situ Destruction of Dormant ‘Concord’ Grape Primary Buds Without Secondary Bud Kill1
Authors: Stergios Basil G. , Howell Gordon S.
Published: September 2022

Field death of dormant primary buds of Vitis labrusca L. cv. Concord may be effectively simulated by in situ puncture with an aluminum needle super-cooled by liquid N2. This allows the subsequent development of the secondary buds for studies of their growth and productivity.
Calcium Concentration in Apple Fruit Resulting from Calcium Chloride Dips Modified by Surfactants and Thickeners1
Authors: Mason J. L. , McDougald J. M. , Drought B. G.
Published: September 2022

Fruits of ‘Spartan’ apple were dipped in solutions of commercial CaCl2 after harvest to increase their Ca concentration. Fruits were stored until the following June, then the flesh was analyzed for Ca. Undipped fruit contained 203 ppm Ca and fruit dipped in 4% CaCl2 (wt/vol) contained 278 ppm Ca, dry weight basis. When surfactants were added to the CaCl2 solution, the Ca concentration in dipped fruit was 230 to 250 ppm. When thickeners and surfactants were added, the Ca concentration in dipped fruit was 373 to 825 ppm. These results indicate that surfactants reduce the uptake of Ca by fruit from dips but thickners with surfactants increase it
Rooting Capacities of Some Prunus fruticosa × P. avium Hybrids1
Authors: Huallanca Humberto , Cummins J. N.
Published: September 2022

Rooting capacities of semihard wood cuttings from 33 Prunus fruticosa Pall, × P. avium L. and reciprocal crosses were compared under intermittent mist. Seven selections rooted with greater than 80% success, and 16 clones with less than 30% success. Roots developed from petioles of one clone.
Influence of Nitrogen Fertilization Upon Protein and Nitrate Concentration in Some Vegetable Crops1
Authors: Splittstoesser Walter E. , Vandemark Joseph S. , Khan Syed M. A.
Published: September 2022

Increasing levels of N fertilizer (22, 45, 112 or 448 kg/ha) significantly increased protein and total fresh weight of the edible portion of lettuce, mustard, collards, cabbage, beets, corn, tomatoes, and peppers. Significant increases in protein and fresh weight of snap beans were observed only at the highest N level. The NO3 concentration in the edible part increased significantly in mustard and collards at all N levels; in lettuce and cabbage at the 2 higher N levels; and in snap beans at the highest N level only. The NO3 concentration was low in beets, corn and peppers. Tomato fruit contained no detectable NO3.
Principles of Integrated Pest Management
Authors: Day Boysie E.
Published: September 2022

The terms “integrated pest control,” “pest management,” and “integrated pest management” are used more or less interchangeably. They apply to the concept of dealing comprehensively and systematically with pest problems, taking into account all significant factors and variables.
Extreme Dwarf Gourd Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera Alef.1
Authors: Scarchuk John
Published: September 2022

In a bush or dwarf breeding line of Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera a plant of extreme dwarf habit with a diameter of only 3.8 dm was found. The mutant proved to be true breeding and F1, F2 and F3 segregations from crosses to normal dwarf and both backcrosses indicated a Single gene difference between normal dwarf and extreme dwarf.