bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feasibility and Effectiveness in Clinical Practice of a Multifactorial Intervention for the Reduction of Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Vaccaro Olga , Franzini Laura , Miccoli Roberto , Cavalot Franco , Ardigò Diego , Boemi Massimo , De Feo Pierpaolo , Reboldi Gianpaolo , Rivellese Angela Albarosa , Trovati Mariella , Zavaroni Ivana ,   on behalf of the MIND.IT Study Group
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of an intensive, multifactorial cardiovascular risk reduction intervention in a clinic-based setting.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The study was a pragmatic, cluster randomized trial, with the diabetes clinic as the unit of randomization. Clinics were randomly assigned to either continue their usual care (n = 5) or to apply an intensive intervention aimed at the optimal control of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and hyperglycemia (n = 4). To account for clustering, mixed model regression techniques were used to compare differences in CVD risk factors and HbA1c. Analyses were performed both by intent to treat and as treated per protocol.

RESULTS

Nine clinics completed the study; 1,461 patients with type 2 diabetes and no previous cardiovascular events were enrolled. After 2 years, participants in the interventional group had significantly lower BMI, HbA1c, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels and significantly higher HDL cholesterol level than did the usual care group. The proportion of patients reaching the treatment goals was systematically higher in the interventional clinics (35% vs. 24% for LDL cholesterol, P = 0.1299; 93% vs. 82% for HDL cholesterol, P = 0.0005; 80% vs. 64% for triglycerides, P = 0.0002; 39% vs. 22% for HbA1c, P = 0.0259; 13% vs. 5% for blood pressure, P = 0.1638). The analysis as treated per protocol confirmed these findings, showing larger and always significant differences between the study arms for all targets.

CONCLUSIONS

A multifactorial intensive intervention in type 2 diabetes is feasible and effective in clinical practice and it is associated with significant and durable improvement in HbA1c and CVD risk profile.
Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Type 1 Diabetic Patients Participating in a Phase III GAD-alum Intervention Trial
Authors: Axelsson Stina , Chéramy Mikael , Åkerman Linda , Pihl Mikael , Ludvigsson Johnny , Casas Rosaura
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE

GAD formulated in aluminum hydroxide (GAD-alum) has previously been shown to induce preservation of residual insulin secretion in recent-onset type 1 diabetes, but recent phase II and III GAD-alum trials failed to reach primary outcomes. The European phase III study was therefore closed after 15 months, and only a minority of patients completed the 30 months of follow-up.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This study aimed to characterize cellular and humoral responses in the Swedish patients (n = 148) participating in the phase III trial, receiving four (4D) or two (2D) GAD-alum doses or placebo. Serum GAD65 antibody (GADA) levels, GADA IgG1–4 subclass distribution, cytokine secretion, and proliferative responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed.

RESULTS

The GAD65-induced cytokine profile tended to switch toward a predominant Th2-associated profile over time both in the 2D and 4D group. The groups also displayed increased GADA levels and PBMC proliferation compared with placebo, whereas GADA IgG subclass distribution changed in 4D patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Both 2D and 4D patients displayed GAD65-specifc cellular and humoral effects after GAD-alum treatment, but at different time points and magnitudes. No specific immune markers could be associated with treatment efficacy.
Understanding jejunal hemorrhage syndrome
Authors: Elhanafy Mohamed M. , French Dennis D. , Braun Ueli
Published: July 2013

Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome (JHS) is an acute, highly fatal enterotoxemic disorder in dairy cattle that has been reported during the last few decades. No specific cause of this syndrome has been identified; however, several studies have revealed a strong association between JHS and infection with Clostridium perfringens type A. A common mold, Aspergillus fumigatus, has also been implicated as a potential causative agent in this disease syndrome. Clinical signs of JHS (including sudden decreases in feed intake and milk production, rapid loss of condition, a right-sided ping audible during simultaneous auscultation and percussion of the abdomen, abdominal distension, and melena or bloody feces) usually develop early during lactation when cattle receive rations that are high in energy and low in fiber. Appropriate preventive strategies have not yet been determined, and intensive medical management with or without surgical intervention is rarely successful. The use of commercially available vaccines that are directed against C perfringens types C and D is of questionable efficacy and not likely to be helpful as a preventative measure. This article highlights the potential etiologic and risk factors, describes common clinical signs, outlines relevant diagnostic testing, and summarizes treatment options and their outcomes.
Agreement between low-field MRI and CT for the detection of suspected intracranial lesions in dogs and cats
Authors: Gielen Ingrid , Kromhout Kaatje , Gavin Pat , Van Ham Luc , Polis Ingeborgh , van Bree Henri
Published: July 2013

Objective—To assess the agreement between CT and MRI for enabling detection of intracranial lesions in cats and dogs.

Design—Evaluation study.

Animals—51 dogs and 7 cats with suspected intracranial lesions.

Procedures—During a 2-year-period, dogs and cats with suspected intracranial pathological changes underwent MRI and CT (single slice) of the head. Radiologists evaluated images produced with both techniques without awareness of subject identity. Agreement between methods was assessed for allowing detection of solitary or multiple lesions, selected lesion characteristics (via the Cohen κ statistic), and lesion dimensions (via Bland-Altman plots).

Results—CT and MRI had substantial agreement for allowing detection of lesions and identification of whether the lesions were solitary or multiple. The techniques agreed almost perfectly for allowing identification of a mass effect and contrast medium enhancement, which were considered principal diagnostic imaging signs. A lower degree of agreement was attained for allowing identification of enhancement patterns and aspects of lesion margins. Agreement was substantial to almost perfect for lesion visualization in most anatomic brain regions but poor for identification of lesion dimensions.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Degrees of agreement between CT and MRI for allowing the detection and characterization of intracranial lesions ranged from poor to almost perfect, depending on the variable assessed. More investigation is needed into the relative analytic sensitivity and possible complementarities of CT and MRI in the detection of suspected intracranial lesions in dogs and cats.
Development of a model to simulate infection dynamics of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle herds in the United States
Authors: Smith Rebecca L. , Schukken Ynte H. , Lu Zhao , Mitchell Rebecca M. , Grohn Yrjo T.
Published: July 2013

Objective—To develop a mathematical model to simulate infection dynamics of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle herds in the United States and predict efficacy of the current national control strategy for tuberculosis in cattle.

Design—Stochastic simulation model.

Sample—Theoretical cattle herds in the United States.

Procedures—A model of within-herd M bovis transmission dynamics following introduction of 1 latently infected cow was developed. Frequency- and density-dependent transmission modes and 3 tuberculin test–based culling strategies (no test-based culling, constant [annual] testing with test-based culling, and the current strategy of slaughterhouse detection–based testing and culling) were investigated. Results were evaluated for 3 herd sizes over a 10-year period and validated via simulation of known outbreaks of M bovis infection.

Results—On the basis of 1,000 simulations (1,000 herds each) at replacement rates typical for dairy cattle (0.33/y), median time to detection of M bovis infection in medium-sized herds (276 adult cattle) via slaughterhouse surveillance was 27 months after introduction, and 58% of these herds would spontaneously clear the infection prior to that time. Sixty-two percent of medium-sized herds without intervention and 99% of those managed with constant test–based culling were predicted to clear infection < 10 years after introduction. The model predicted observed outbreaks best for frequency-dependent transmission, and probability of clearance was most sensitive to replacement rate.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although modeling indicated the current national control strategy was sufficient for elimination of M bovis infection from dairy herds after detection, slaughterhouse surveillance was not sufficient to detect M bovis infection in all herds and resulted in subjectively delayed detection, compared with the constant testing method. Further research is required to economically optimize this strategy.
Pharmacokinetics and distribution of ceftazidime to milk after intravenous and intramuscular administration to lactating female dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Goudah Ayman M. , Hasabelnaby Sherifa M.
Published: July 2013

Objective—To determine the plasma disposition kinetics, absolute bioavailability, and milk concentrations of ceftazidime in healthy lactating female dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) following IV and IM administration of a single dose of 10 mg/kg (4.5 mg/lb).

Design—Prospective crossover study.

Animals—8 healthy adult lactating female dromedary camels.

Procedures—Camels received ceftazidime (10 mg/kg) IV and IM in a crossover study design with a 15-day washout period between treatments. Plasma and milk samples were collected at predetermined times for 48 hours after drug administration and analyzed by use of high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results—A 2-compartment open model best represented the plasma concentration-versus-time data after IV and IM administration of ceftazidime to camels. Plasma ceftazidime concentrations decreased biexponentially after IV administration with mean distribution and elimination half-lives of 0.3 hours and 2.85 hours, respectively. After IM administration, the mean maximum plasma concentration of ceftazidime was 32.43 μg/mL (1.21 hours after administration), mean elimination half-life was 3.20 hours, mean residence time was 4.84 hours, and mean systemic bioavailability was 93.72%. Distribution of ceftazidime from plasma to milk was rapid and extensive as indicated by the ratio of the area under the milk concentration-versus-time curve to the area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve and the ratio of the maximum milk concentration to the maximum plasma concentration of ceftazidime after IV and IM administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that ceftazidime may be a useful treatment for female camels with mastitis caused by susceptible microorganisms.
Osseous sequestration in alpacas and llamas: 36 cases (1999–2010)
Authors: Rousseau Marjolaine , Anderson David E. , Niehaus Andrew J. , Miesner Matt D. , Nichols Sylvain
Published: July 2013

Objective—To describe clinical findings, treatments, and outcome in camelids treated for osseous sequestration.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—27 alpacas and 9 llamas with osseous sequestration.

Procedures—Medical records of 2 veterinary teaching hospitals were reviewed to identify camelids evaluated because of osseous sequestration between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2010. Data on history, signalment, physical examination and medical imaging findings, treatment, and complications were collected.

Results—Records of 36 camelids were included, of which there were 22 sexually intact males, 11 females, and 2 castrated males with a median age of 7. 5 months, 3.9 months, and 8.5 years, respectively (age and sex were not available for 1 camelid). The most common clinical signs were lameness, swelling over the affected bone, and associated draining sinus. Sequestra were associated with trauma in 7 (19%) camelids. Camelids with sequestra not associated with trauma (n = 29 [81%]) were significantly younger than those with sequestra attributed to trauma. Thirty-four camelids underwent sequestrectomy, and all survived to hospital discharge (median duration of hospitalization, 6.5 days). Recurrence of a sequestrum occurred twice in 1 (3%) camelid. Long-term follow-up (≥ 12 months) information was available on 24 camelids, of which 20 (83%) recovered without long-term complications.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Unlike in other livestock, trauma was not a primary cause of osseous sequestration in camelids. Sequestra should be considered in the differential diagnostic process in camelids with lameness, a draining sinus, or a firm swelling over a bony prominence. Sequestrectomy is a successful treatment option.
Doped Bi2Te3 nano-structured semiconductors obtained by ultrasonically assisted hydrothermal method
Authors: Novaconi Stefan , Vlazan Paulina , Malaescu Iosif , Badea Iulia , Grozescu Ioan , Sfirloaga Paula
Published: July 2013

Nanocrystalline powders of doped Bi2Te3, with Ag (S1 sample), Sb (S2 sample), Sn (S3 sample) ions with different morphology and particle size 30–50 nm were prepared by a ultrasonically assisted hydrothermal method in alkaline aqueous solution with different concentration of NaBH4 as reducing agent at 200°C for 3 hours and 80% fill degree of autoclave. The influence of dopants and hydrothermal treatment conditions on the formation features, phase composition, particle size, morphology and properties of the products were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and electrical measurements. This paper reports a comparative study regarding the dopants influence to the shape and size of nano-structured thermoelectric materials. It was found that hydrothermal processing results in formation of low dimensional dispersion of doped Bi2Te3 nanostructures with desired shape and size and high degree of crystallinity with typical semiconductor behavior.
Voltammetric behavior of rutin at a boron-doped diamond electrode. Its electroanalytical determination in a pharmaceutical formulation
Authors: Pınar Pınar , Yardım Yavuz , Şentürk Zühre
Published: July 2013

This paper examined for the first time, the possibilities of the usage of a boron-doped diamond electrode for the redox behavior of rutin using cyclic and adsorptive stripping voltammetry. The cyclic voltammograms showed a pair of redox peaks at lower potentials followed by an irreversible oxidation peak at higher positive potential. Using square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry, the compound yielded a well-defined voltammetric response in Britton-Robinson buffer, pH 4.0 at +0.48 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) (after 60 s accumulations at a fixed potential of 0.2 V). The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range from 0.01 µg mL−1 to 0.1 µg mL−1 (1.64×10−8 M − 1.64×10−7 M). A detection limit of 0.0017 µg mL−1 (2.78×10−9 M) was observed without any chemical modifications and electrochemical surface pretreatments. As an example, the practical applicability of boron-doped diamond electrode was tested with the measurement of rutin in dietary supplement products.
In vitro biological activity comparison of some hydroxyapatite-based composite materials using simulated body fluid
Authors: Czikó Melinda , Bogya Erzsébet-Sára , Barabás Réka , Bizo Liliana , Stefan Răzvan
Published: July 2013

Hydroxyapatite composites are the main biomaterials used for metal implant coatings. Their in vitro study is very important. That is why their behavior was monitored in simulated body fluid (SBF), which is a solution with ion concentrations and pH value similar to those of human blood plasma. Silica, chitosan and gelatin-doped hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials were studied in SBF; the samples were characterized pre-, during and post-SBF immersion using infra-red, scanning and transmission electron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. The solubility of materials in SBF was determined, and the variation of Ca2+ and phosphorus concentration was also recorded during SBF experiments. The results were compared and their in vitro biological activity was determined.
Market Research and the Ethics of Big Data
Authors: Nunan Daniel , Di Domenico MariaLaura
Published: July 2013

The term ‘big data’ has recently emerged to describe a range of technological and commercial trends enabling the storage and analysis of huge amounts of customer data, such as that generated by social networks and mobile devices. Much of the commercial promise of big data is in the ability to generate valuable insights from collecting new types and volumes of data in ways that were not previously economically viable. At the same time a number of questions have been raised about the implications for individual privacy. This paper explores key perspectives underlying the emergence of big data, and considers both the opportunities andethical challenges raised for market research.
Making Sense of Online Consumer Reviews: A Methodology
Authors: Robson Karen , Farshid Mana , Bredican John , Humphrey Stephen
Published: July 2013

Online consumer reviews have become an increasingly important source of information for both consumers (i.e. about whether to buy) and marketers (i.e. about product strengths and weaknesses). However, online consumer reviews are unstructured and unsystematic in nature, making interpretation of these reviews an enormous challenge. The current paper sheds light on a particular methodology that can be used to investigate what consumers say about companies, brands or products. Consumer reviews of the four best-selling games available on Apple's App Store were compiled. Leximancer, a content analysis package, was used to compare comments from users who provided games with a five-star rating versus a one-star rating. Results from the Leximancer analysis reveal the most common themes and concepts that consumers use to describe their experience with these games. Specifically, five-star reviewers describe games as fun, awesome, amazing and addictive; one-star reviewers describe games as boring, easy and stupid. Additionally, negative reviews include themes regarding the presence of ads, technological difficulties and value. Future research should explore how consumers and marketers use this information.
Jung’s “Psychology with the Psyche” and the Behavioral Sciences
Authors: Jones Raya
Published: July 2013

The behavioral sciences and Jung’s analytical psychology are set apart by virtue of their respective histories, epistemologies, and definitions of subject matter. This brief paper identifies Jung’s scientific stance, notes perceptions of Jung and obstacles for bringing his system of thought into the fold of the behavioral sciences. The impact of the “science versus art” debate on Jung’s stance is considered with attention to its unfolding in the fin de siècle era.
Defective Homocysteine Metabolism: Potential Implications for Skeletal Muscle Malfunction
Authors: Veeranki Sudhakar , Tyagi Suresh
Published: July 2013

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a systemic medical condition and has been attributed to multi-organ pathologies. Genetic, nutritional, hormonal, age and gender differences are involved in abnormal homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism that produces HHcy. Homocysteine is an intermediate for many key processes such as cellular methylation and cellular antioxidant potential and imbalances in Hcy production and/or catabolism impacts gene expression and cell signaling including GPCR signaling. Furthermore, HHcy might damage the vagus nerve and superior cervical ganglion and affects various GPCR functions; therefore it can impair both the parasympathetic and sympathetic regulation in the blood vessels of skeletal muscle and affect long-term muscle function. Understanding cellular targets of Hcy during HHcy in different contexts and its role either as a primary risk factor or as an aggravator of certain disease conditions would provide better interventions. In this review we have provided recent Hcy mediated mechanistic insights into different diseases and presented potential implications in the context of reduced muscle function and integrity. Overall, the impact of HHcy in various skeletal muscle malfunctions is underappreciated; future studies in this area will provide deeper insights and improve our understanding of the association between HHcy and diminished physical function.
Lithothamnion muelleri Controls Inflammatory Responses, Target Organ Injury and Lethality Associated with Graft-versus-Host Disease in Mice
Authors: Rezende Barbara , Bernardes Priscila , Resende Carolina , Arantes Rosa , Souza Danielle , Braga Fernão , Castor Marina , Teixeira Mauro , Pinho Vanessa
Published: July 2013

Lithothamnion muelleri (Hapalidiaceae) is a marine red alga, which is a member of a group of algae with anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties. The present study evaluated the effects of treatment with Lithothamnion muelleri extract (LM) in a model of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), using a model of adoptive splenocyte transfer from C57BL/6 donors into B6D2F1 recipient mice. Mice treated with LM showed reduced clinical signs of disease and mortality when compared with untreated mice. LM-treated mice had reduced tissue injury, less bacterial translocation, and decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5)). The polysaccharide-rich fraction derived from LM could inhibit leukocyte rolling and adhesion in intestinal venules, as assessed by intravital microscopy. LM treatment did not impair the beneficial effects of graft-versus-leukaemia (GVL). Altogether, our studies suggest that treatment with Lithothamnion muelleri has a potential therapeutic application in GVHD treatment.
Grain Refinement and Deformation Mechanisms in Room Temperature Severe Plastic Deformed Mg-AZ31
Authors: Knauer Enrico , Freudenberger Jens , Marr Tom , Kauffmann Alexander , Schultz Ludwig
Published: July 2013

A Ti-AZ31 composite was severely plastically deformed by rotary swaging at room temperature up to a logarithmic deformation strain of 2.98. A value far beyond the forming limit of pure AZ31 when being equivalently deformed. It is observed, that the microstructure evolution in Mg-AZ31 is strongly influenced by twinning. At low strains the {̅1011} (10̅12) and the {̅1012} (10̅11) twin systems lead to fragmentation of the initial grains. Inside the primary twins, grain refinement takes place by dynamic recrystallization, dynamic recovery and twinning. These mechanisms lead to a final grain size of ≈1 μm, while a strong centered ring fibre texture is evolved.
Combining Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC) and Isotope Tagging for Off-Line LC-NMR Applications in Metabolite Analysis
Authors: Appiah-Amponsah Emmanuel , Owusu-Sarfo Kwadwo , Gowda G.A. , Ye Tao , Raftery Daniel
Published: July 2013

The complementary use of liquid chromatography (LC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has shown high utility in a variety of fields. While the significant benefit of spectral simplification can be achieved for the analysis of complex samples, other limitations remain. For example, 1H LC-NMR suffers from pH dependent chemical shift variations, especially during urine analysis, owing to the high physiological variation of urine pH. Additionally, large solvent signals from the mobile phase in LC can obscure lower intensity signals and severely limit the number of metabolites detected. These limitations, along with sample dilution, hinder the ability to make reliable chemical shift assignments. Recently, stable isotopic labeling has been used to detect quantitatively specific classes of metabolites of interest in biofluids. Here we present a strategy that explores the combined use of two-dimensional hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and isotope tagged NMR for the unambiguous identification of carboxyl containing metabolites present in human urine. The ability to separate structurally related compounds chromatographically, in off-line mode, followed by detection using 1H-15N 2D HSQC (two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence) spectroscopy, resulted in the assignment of low concentration carboxyl-containing metabolites from a library of isotope labeled compounds. The quantitative nature of this strategy is also demonstrated.
Preparation and Characterization of Poly(ethyl hydrazide)-Grafted Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre for the Removal of Cu(II) Ions from an Aqueous Environment
Authors: Johari Ili , Yusof Nor , Haron Md , Nor Siti
Published: July 2013

Poly(ethyl hydrazide)-grafted oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre (peh-g-opefb) was successfully prepared by heating poly(methyl acrylate)-grafted opefb (pma-g-opefb) at 60 °C for 4 h with a solution of hydrazine hydrate (15% v/v) in ethanol. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum of the product shows a secondary amine peak at 3267 cm−1, with amide carbonyl peaks at 1729 cm−1 and 1643 cm−1. The chelating ability of peh-g-opefb was tested with copper ion in aqueous solution. A batch adsorption study revealed that maximum adsorption of copper ion was achieved at pH 5. An isotherm study showed the adsorption follows a Langmuir model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 43.48 mg g−1 at 25 °C. A kinetic study showed that the adsorption of copper ion rapidly reaches equilibrium and follows a pseudo–second-order kinetic model, with a constant rate of 7.02 × 10−4 g mg−1 min−1 at 25 °C. The Gibbs free energy, ∆G⁰, value is negative, indicating a spontaneous sorption process. Entropy, ∆S⁰, gives a positive value, indicating that the system is becoming increasingly disordered after the adsorption of copper ion. A positive enthalpy value, ∆H⁰, shows that the endothermic process takes place during the adsorption and is more favourable at high temperatures.
Hydrophosphonylation of Nanoparticle Schiff Bases as a Mean for Preparation of Aminophosphonate-Functionalized Nanoparticles
Authors: Siemieniec Justyna , Kafarski Pawel , Plucinski Pawel
Published: July 2013

The development of nanotechnology is responsible for an increase in the achievements in medical diagnostics and in the preparation of new therapeutic vehicles. In particular, magnetic nanoparticles with a modified surface are a very attractive alternative to deliver therapeutic agents. We describe the modification of the surface of the iron oxide nanoparticles with aminophosphonic acids by applying the classic hydrophosphonylation approach.
Kuru: A Journey Back in Time from Papua New Guinea to the Neanderthals’ Extinction
Authors: Liberski Pawel
Published: July 2013

Kuru, the first human transmissible spongiform encephalopathy was transmitted to chimpanzees by D. Carleton Gajdusek (1923–2008). In this review, I briefly summarize the history of this seminal discovery along its epidemiology, clinical picture, neuropathology and molecular genetics. The discovery of kuru opened new windows into the realms of human medicine and was instrumental in the later transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease as well as the relevance that bovine spongiform encephalopathy had for transmission to humans. The transmission of kuru was one of the greatest contributions to biomedical sciences of the 20th century.
Multi-Year Comparison of Carbon Dioxide from Satellite Data with Ground-Based FTS Measurements (2003–2011)
Authors: Miao Ru , Lu Ning , Yao Ling , Zhu Yunqiang , Wang Juanle , Sun Jiulin
Published: July 2013

This paper presents a comparison of CO2 products derived from Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY), Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), with reference to calibration data obtained using the high-resolution ground-based Fourier Transform Spectrometers (g-b FTS) in the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). Based on the monthly averages, we calculate the global offsets and regional relative precisions between satellite products and g-b FTS measurements. The results are as follows: the monthly means of SCIAMACHY data are systemically slightly lower than g-b FTS, but limited in coverage; the GOSAT data are superior in stability, but inferior in systematic error; the mean difference between AIRS data and that of g-b FTS is small; and the monthly global coverage is above 95%. Therefore, the AIRS data are better than the other two satellite products in both coverage and accuracy. We also estimate linear trends based on monthly mean data and find that the differences between the satellite products and the g-b FTS data range from 0.25 ppm (SCIAMACHY) to 1.26 ppm (AIRS). The latitudinal distributions of the zonal means of the three satellite products show similar spatial features. The seasonal cycle of satellite products also illustrates the same trend with g-b FTS observations.
Innate Immune Signaling by, and Genetic Adjuvants for DNA Vaccination
Authors: Kobiyama Kouji , Jounai Nao , Aoshi Taiki , Tozuka Miyuki , Takeshita Fumihiko , Coban Cevayir , Ishii Ken
Published: July 2013

DNA vaccines can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. Although some DNA vaccines are already licensed for infectious diseases in animals, they are not licensed for human use because the risk and benefit of DNA vaccines is still controversial. Indeed, in humans, the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines is lower than that of other traditional vaccines. To develop the use of DNA vaccines in the clinic, various approaches are in progress to enhance or improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. Recent studies have shown that immunogenicity of DNA vaccines are regulated by innate immune responses via plasmid DNA recognition through the STING-TBK1 signaling cascade. Similarly, molecules that act as dsDNA sensors that activate innate immune responses through STING-TBK1 have been identified and used as genetic adjuvants to enhance DNA vaccine immunogenicity in mouse models. However, the mechanisms that induce innate immune responses by DNA vaccines are still unclear. In this review, we will discuss innate immune signaling upon DNA vaccination and genetic adjuvants of innate immune signaling molecules.
Development of an additive-controlled, SmI2-mediated stereoselective sequence: Telescoped spirocyclisation, lactone reduction and Peterson elimination
Authors: Sautier Brice , Collins Karl D , Procter David J
Published: July 2013

Studies on SmI2-mediated spirocyclisation and lactone reduction culminate in a telescoped sequence in which additives are used to “switch on” individual steps mediated by the electron transfer reagent. The sequence involves the use of two activated SmI2 reagent systems and a silicon stereocontrol element that exerts complete diastereocontrol over the cyclisation and is removed during the final stage of the sequence by Peterson elimination. The approach allows functionalised cyclopentanols containing two vicinal quaternary stereocentres to be conveniently prepared from simple starting materials.
Territoire comme espace d'attractivité et de déclinaison de l'intelligence économique en intelligence territoriale
Authors: Torra Mohamed
Published: July 2013

Au-delà des sciences de l’information et de la communication, l’intelligence territoriale s’enrichit de multiples apports transdisciplinaires. Son enjeu est de rationaliser les rapports entre différents acteurs pour partager et échanger des connaissances et savoirs puis assurer leur gestion et protection. Quant aux défis à relever, ils résultent de la diversité des acteurs et de la complexité de leurs relations. L’objectif de notre étude est de développer, une meilleure compréhension, en vue de concevoir et de mettre en place un dispositif de l’IT. Pour savoir s’il est raisonnable d’assigner à ce concept cette capacité de réponse aux besoins des acteurs en termes de connaissances pour la compréhension de leur territoire et la valorisation de ses ressources matérielles et informationnelles. Classification JEL : R58, R11, O18, M15
Technologies de réseaux et espaces locaux : vers une nouvelle intelligence économique au service des territoires – Les leçons de quelques expériences récentes en France
Authors: Abdelmalki Lahcen
Published: July 2013

L’efficacité croissante des moyens de communication et du traitement de l’information facilite l’internationalisation des firmes et contribue à une remise en cause certaine de l’identité et de l’origine des produits. Cette contribution entend montrer que les relations entre industrie et géographie est de plusieurs natures : pas seulement « Top down », des décisions de la firme imposées à la sphère sociétale, mais aussi de type « Bottum up ». Les firmes se délocalisent et se relocalisent pour mettre en valeur leurs actifs, mais à ce jeu les territoires ne sont pas inactifs. Une nouvelle intelligence économique au service des territoires est en passe de naître du perfectionnement et de la diversification des usages des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication appliquées aux politiques de développement local. Classification JEL : L86, O33, M21, R11, R58
L'entrée en sexualité à Rabat : les nouveaux « arrangements » entre les sexes
Authors: Bakass Fatima , Ferrand Michèle
Published: July 2013

Au Maroc, l’ordre social et religieux repose encore aujourd’hui sur des valeurs telles que l’honneur et le prestige du groupe familial qui proscrivent la sexualité féminine prénuptiale, et font de la préservation de l’hymen la preuve irréfutable de la réussite de l’éducation familiale. À travers l’enquête qualitative ECAF menée entre 2006 et 2008, l’article montre que l’effet cumulé de la crise (qui réduit pour les jeunes hommes l’accès au marché du travail et la possibilité d’entretenir une famille) et de la généralisation de la scolarisation (plus particulièrement des jeunes filles) a entraîné un retard de l’âge au mariage et favorisé le développement d’une sexualité prémaritale. Les individus non mariés vivent alors dans une tension continue entre leurs aspirations affectivo-sexuelles et le respect des normes sociales et religieuses qui considèrent déviante la sexualité hors union. La sexualité étant de plus en plus vécue comme une expérience individuelle, chacun est amené à opérer une sorte de « bricolage culturel », possible du fait que les actes sexuels ne sont pas directement observables et que le contrôle social fléchit avec les transformations de la société. Le recours à une sexualité non pénétrative apparaît alors comme un « arrangement » nouveau entre les sexes, permettant de transgresser l’interdit sur la sexualité prénuptiale tout en en respectant l’élément essentiel : la virginité féminine.
Attitudes des professionnels de santé à l'égard de la contraception d'urgence au Ghana et au Burkina Faso
Authors: Mayhew Susannah , Osei Ivy , Bajos Nathalie
Published: July 2013

Les études sur les attitudes et les pratiques des professionnels de santé en Afrique subsaharienne à l’égard de la contraception d’urgence sont rares. De telles données peuvent aider à guider l’élaboration des programmes contraceptifs dans ces pays. Trente et un entretiens semi-directifs ont été réalisés auprès d’un échantillon ad hoc de professionnels de la santé reproductive au Ghana et au Burkina Faso, lors de l’enquête Emergency Contraception in Africa (ECAF) menée en 2006-2007. Une typologie des réponses a été établie, reflétant à la fois leurs attitudes et leurs pratiques vis-à-vis de la contraception d’urgence. Leurs attitudes y sont largement favorables. Si la plupart des professionnels du Burkina Faso craignent qu’un usage régulier remplace le recours au préservatif, accroissant ainsi le risque d’infection par le VIH, ils sont nombreux au Ghana à souligner que la contraception d’urgence pourrait permettre de réduire le nombre de grossesses non souhaitées. Globalement, les répondants souhaitent limiter la distribution de la contraception d’urgence aux centres de soins et aux pharmacies, et leur pratique de prescription apparaît « réactive » plutôt que « proactive ». Leurs attitudes à l’égard des personnes qui demandent la contraception d’urgence sont variées : celles et ceux qui ont subi un échec contraceptif dû à la méthode utilisée sont mieux perçus que celles et ceux qui viennent parce qu’ayant mal utilisé leur contraceptif ou pas utilisé du tout.
Encuentros con la alteridad e identidades múltiples
Authors: Beriain Josetxo
Published: July 2013

La pretensión de estas páginas no es revisitar las teorías sobre el otro, la alteridad, presentes en las religiones universalistas, ni tampoco analizar teorías filosóficas del otro, como las de Buber, Heidegger, Levinas o Ricoeur, o teorías sociológicas como las de G. H. Mead o Ch. H. Cooley, sino más bien dar cuenta de las diversas tramas de significado implicadas en la facticidad de las distintas variedades de encuentros con el otro, tratando de comprenderlos interpretativamente.La pretensión de estas páginas no es revisitar las teorías sobre el otro, la alteridad, presentes en las religiones universalistas, ni tampoco analizar teorías filosóficas del otro, como las de Buber, Heidegger, Levinas o Ricoeur, o teorías sociológicas como las de G. H. Mead o Ch. H. Cooley, sino más bien dar cuenta de las diversas tramas de significado implicadas en la facticidad de las distintas variedades de encuentros con el otro, tratando de comprenderlos interpretativamente.
Política, sociedad y ética a través de la hermenéutica analógica
Authors: Beuchot Mauricio
Published: July 2013

En este artículo intento aplicar la hermenéutica analógica al tema de la política, principalmente a través de la filosofía política. Así como antes se desconectó la política de la ética, ahora se procura volverlas a conectar. Se trata de tener un estado legítimo, no solamente legal. Y la razón es que debe garantizar los derechos humanos para la sociedad civil, la cual ejerce, dentro de ellos, su solidaridad.
Recuerdo y comunicación: sociohermenéutica de rituales de memoria
Authors: Schnettler Bernt , Baer Alejandro
Published: July 2013

El análisis de rituales performativos de memoria supone un reto metodológico para la investigación social interpretativa, ya que las interacciones rituales están inscritas en un contexto más amplio, que está determinado por las tradiciones simbólicas y por los acuerdos institucionales que configuran el marco de las ceremonias. A partir del estudio de ceremonias conmemorativas del Día Internacional de Recuerdo del Holocausto se mostrará la interconexión en el análisis de estos distintos niveles. Para ello nos basamos en datos videográficos de un proyecto de investigación en curso sobre ceremonias de memoria del Holocausto en Espana y Alemania, que examina la tesis sobre una incipiente “cultura de la memoria global”. En el análisis de los materiales seguimos enfoques metodológicos que provienen de la sociología del conocimiento hermenéutica y la sociología de géneros comunicativos.
Top Management Role in the Development of an EA Programme in Five Portuguese Enterprises
Authors: Lima Ana , Gomes Rui
Published: July 2013

Enterprise Architecture is an active, strategic data base which defines a business, what is necessary to operate a business, including the technologies that are needed to support its operations, and the transition processes necessary for implementing new technologies in response to changes in the needs of the business (Hite, 2002). The strategic importance of Enterprise Architecture (EA) is recognised by a growing number of global enterprises all over the world (Durst & Daum, 2007; Ross, Weill, & Robertson, 2006) and investment in Enterprise Architecture programmes raises the expectations of them being beneficial. Through case study methodology, using questionnaire and/or interviews, data from five Portuguese enterprises were collected and analysed, determining the top management vision about the different stages of the development EA programme, determining the level of maturity with regard to the implementation of EA in these enterprises. The authors found that, despite the limitations of this study, the top management of the 5 enterprises consulted see EA as a business asset since it contains all the information necessary to make decisions in the business, and allows the ITs to be aligned with the business’s strategy; that management structure is important for its development, that most of the enterprises consulted do not use assessment models for investment decisions in EA, and that the AE Balanced Scorecard is considered a suitable model for business management and EA, although most do not use it.
A Reconsideration of Modernization Theory
Authors: Cibangu Sylvain K.
Published: July 2013

Since evolving into an established science in the 1990s, the field of information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D) has seen unprecedented and fast-growing rates of publication, curriculum venues, and development projects around the globe. To this effect, ICT4D’s development literature is informed by a variety of theories (e.g., capability approach, livelihoods, participatory development, etc.). In the process of asserting its body of knowledge, however, ICT4D has tended to dismiss the theory of modernization. For example, under theories such as technology fix, technology transplant, a computer per child, etc., the theory of modernization has been equated with the failures of and threats against development. Consequently, reduced to one aspect of its myriad applications, the theory of modernization has lost its value among development practitioners and theorists. This paper traces the theory of modernization. There is no such thing as a developed society/nation without modernization. The paper derives some points of interest for ICT4D’s research and managerial skills.
The Stability Model
Authors: Tavana Madjid , Trevisani Dawn A. , Dussault Jerry L.
Published: July 2013

The increasing complexity and tight coupling between people and technology in military Command and Control (C2) systems has led to greater vulnerability due to system failure. Although system vulnerabilities cannot be completely eliminated, the accidental or anticipated failures have to be thoroughly understood and guarded. Traditionally, the failure in C2 systems has been studied with resiliency and the concept of self-healing systems represented with reactive models or robustness and the concept of self-protecting systems represented with proactive models. The authors propose the stability model for simultaneous consideration of robustness and resiliency in C2 systems. Robustness and resiliency are measured with multiple criteria (i.e. repair-recovery times and repair-recovery costs). The proposed interactive framework plots the robustness and resiliency measures in a Cartesian coordinate system and derives an overall stability index for various states of the C2 system based on the theory of displaced ideals. An ideal state is formed as a composite of the best performance values and a nadir state is formed as a composite of the worst performance values exhibited by the system. Proximity to each of these performance poles is measured with the Euclidean distance. The C2 system should be as close to the ideal state as possible and as far from the nadir state as possible. The stability index is a composite measure of distance from the ideal and nadir states in the C2 system. The authors present a case study at the Air Force Research Laboratory to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework and exhibit the efficacy of the procedures and algorithms.
IL-17 Receptor A Signaling Is Protective in Infection-Stimulated Periapical Bone Destruction
Authors: AlShwaimi Emad , Berggreen Ellen , Furusho Hisako , Rossall Jonathan Caleb , Dobeck Justine , Yoganathan Subbiah , Stashenko Philip , Sasaki Hajime
Published: July 2013

IL-17 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by Th17 T cells that induces a myriad of proinflammatory mediators. However, different models of inflammation report opposite functional roles of IL-17 signal in terms of its effects on bone destruction. In this study we determined the role of IL-17RA signal in bone resorption stimulated by dentoalveolar infections. Infrabony resorptive lesions were induced by surgical pulp exposure and microbial infection of mouse molar teeth. IL-17 was strongly induced in periapical tissues in wild-type (WT) mice by 7 d after the infection but was not expressed in uninfected mice. Dentoalveolar infections of IL-17RA knockout (KO) mice demonstrated significantly increased bone destruction and more abscess formation in the apical area compared with WT mice. Infected IL-17RA KO mice exhibited significantly increased neutrophils and macrophages compared with the WT littermates at day 21, suggesting a failure of transition from acute to chronic inflammation in the IL-17RA KO mice. The expression of IL-1 (both α and β isoforms) and MIP2 were significantly upregulated in the IL-17RA KO compared with WT mice at day 21 postinfection. The development of periapical lesions in IL-17RA KO mice was significantly attenuated by neutralization of IL-1β and MIP2. Taken together, these results demonstrate that IL-17RA signal seems to be protective against infection-induced periapical inflammation and bone destruction via suppression of neutrophil and mononuclear inflammation.
Incongruence in body image and body mass index: A surrogate risk marker in Black women for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Devanathan Rynal , Devanathan Viveka , Esterhuizen Tonya M.
Published: July 2013

Background: Excess weight contributes to the development and progression of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Distorted body image amongst urban Black women and the perception that thinness is linked with HIV, may however be compounding the problem, particularly in areas with a high HIV burden.Objectives: This study aimed to compare the perception of body image in urban Black women with and without T2DM.Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted on 328 Black women systematically sampled into two groups (with and without T2DM). Body mass index (BMI) (weight [kg]/height[m2]) was determined and the adapted Stunkard Body Image Silhouettes for Black women was used to determine perceived body image (PBI).Results: Seventy-two per cent had T2DM and in this group 89% were obese, with a mean BMI of 39.5 kg/m2 (s.d. ± 8.5). In the non-diabetes group (NDG) 44% were obese, with a mean BMIof 31.3 kg/m2 (s.d. ± 9.0) Black women underestimated their body image across all weight categories (p < 0.05). Both groups (99% of the study group) also perceived thinness as being associated with HIV.Conclusions: This study identified an incongruence between PBI and actual BMI amongst urban Black women. This, combined with their belief that thinness is associated with HIV, places those with T2DM at risk of secondary complications arising from diabetes mellitus, and those without diabetes mellitus at a higher risk of developing T2DM. A discrepancy between PBI and BMI may therefore serve as a risk marker to alert clinicians to use a more ethno-cultural specific approach in engaging with urban Black women regarding weight loss strategies in the future.