bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSVI-27 Kidney damage in cows with steatosis
Authors: Nikitina Anastasia , Kovalev Sergey , Nikitin Georgiy , Plemyashov Kirill , Anipchenko Polina , Stekolnikov Anatoly , Nechaev Andrey , Mikhalev Vitaliy
Published: December 2019

Steatosis is an often detected pathology in cows. Due to hypertension, the load on the urinary system increases, which is accompanied by kidney damage. Often in cows with steatosis, necritis, pyelitis and kidney dystrophy are detected at autopsy. The goal of this study was to determine the characteristic features of kidney damage in cows with steatosis and to identify alterations in blood biochemistry. In 2018, a histological study was carried out on 7 samples of cow liver and kidneys with signs of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). Observed pathological changes in the liver in the form of fatty degeneration, as well as a decrease in the content of glycogen in hepatocytes were recorded. The livers had a girder structure, moderately full. The sinusoids of the liver and Disse space were moderately dilated. Portal tracts had a typical histological structure; hepatic triads, represented by an interlobular artery, vein, and bile duct, were detected in the stroma. Schiff-iodic acid by MacManus stain showed decrease or absence of glycogen in the samples. The use of the same staining protocol showed positive staining of the reticular fibers of the interstitial kidney tissue. In the kidneys, hyaline droplet epithelium of the tubule, accumulation of hyaline-like substance in the spaces between the capsule and the vascular glomerulus, and development of fibrosing interstitial glomerulonephritis were noted. Biochemical analysis of blood showed normal levels of creatinine (68.5±2.7 μmol/L), and urea (6.6±0.3 mmol/L), and reduced concentration of albumin to 23.2±0.9%. Liver function parameters were elevated: total bilirubin (28.1±1.9 μmol/L), total protein (89.3±3.4 g/L), gamma-glutamyltransferase (131.9±18.0 IU/L). Urine analysis demonstrated proteinuria and hematuria.
PSVI-22 Immunity indicators of calves obtained from cows with ketosis during the treatment process
Authors: Kovalev Sergey , Nikitina Anastasia , Anipchenko Polina , Stekolnikov Anatoly , Kiselenko Pavel , Alekhin Yuiriy
Published: December 2019

The purpose of these studies was to determine the indicators of cellular and humoral immunity of calves. Compared to calves obtained from untreated cows, the number of T-lymphocytes in young calves born from cows treated with Timolin increased the level of T-cells to 32.9%, while using Timosplenin 45%. As a result of the use of immunomodulators in treating cows with ketosis in mothers, the relative content of T-lymphocytes in the blood of calves born from them increased when using the drug Leucogen by 1.7 times, Timosplenin by 2.3 times, Timalin in 2.2 times. The use of Leucogen for cows with ketosis contributed to an increase in the percentage of B cells in the blood of calves born by 23%, Timosplenin 83%, and Timalin 42%. At the same time, the absolute number of B-lymphocytes in the treatment of “Leucogen” increased 1.9 times and reached the level of healthy calves, in the treatment with the preparations “Timosplenin” and “Timalin” - the increase was, respectively, 3.0 and 2.3 times and was higher this indicator in young animals born from healthy calves. Thus, the inclusion of dry immunomodulators in the treatment regimen of patients with ketosis leads not only to normalization of metabolism, but is also accompanied by an increase in the level of cellular immunity factors in calves born from them. Under the influence of “Leucogen,” the percentage of lymphocytes was normalized, whereas with the introduction of “Timalin” and “Timosplenin,” the content of this type of cells in newborn calves even exceeded those in healthy young.
PSVI-35 The combined effects of early-socialization of piglets and neonatal enriched environment on intestinal gene expression and fecal community structure
Authors: García Mireia Saladrigas , Ko Heng Lun , Sorrento Agustina Rodríguez , Obiols Pol Llonch , Hernández José Francisco Pérez , Orúe Susana María Martín
Published: December 2019

The management of the litters through practices of early-socialization and environmental enrichment has been shown to improve piglet’s adaptation at weaning, reducing stress response. We hypothesized that changes in the neonatal environment of piglets could also modulate the maturation of intestinal microbiota and gene expression at weaning. In a commercial farm, 14 maternity sows and their litters were allotted to two treatments: a control treatment (commercial conditions, CTR) and an enriched treatment (ENR) in which piglets from two litters were mixed 14 days post-partum by removing fences. Moreover, the farrowing pen was fitted with hanging objects. Piglets were mixed after weaning (d28) according to their body size, as in commercial practice, but keeping experimental groups. Faecal and jejunum samples were collected from 7 piglets/treatment before (d26) and after (d31) weaning. Faecal microbiome was analyzed by sequencing the 16S RNA gene (Illumina MiSeq®) and OpenArray® technology was used for gene expression analysis. No significant changes promoted by treatments were found in microbiota structure during lactation. However, dissimilarities were observed after weaning (Penvfit = 0.04) although we were not able to detect significant changes in particular taxa. Weaning had an evident impact in the microbiota structure with increases in α-diversity and a clear decrease in Lactobacillaceae family. Regarding intestinal gene expression, a higher expression of the TLR2 gene was registered in CTR piglets after weaning (P = 0.03). The weaning process itself was associated with changes in the expression of numerous genes related to barrier function, digestive enzymes and nutrient transport. Results confirm that early socialization of piglets and an enriched neonatal environment during lactation, can have an impact on the maturation of the intestinal microbiota after weaning. These effects could be mediated by a differential stress response and changes in the cross-talk between the host and the intestinal microbiota.
PSVI-33 Queen bees’ artificial breeding using selenium compounds
Authors: Nevitov Mikhail , Ostapchuk Aleksandr , Poluboyarinov Pavel , Gamayunov Aleksey , Anipchenko Polina , Stekolnikov Anatoly , Plemyashov Kirill , Baymishev Khamidulla , Nikitin Georgiy , Nechaev Andrey , Melekhova Irina , Rybin Evgeniy , Nikitina Anastasia
Published: December 2019

The aim of the study was to research the effect of selenium-containing drugs on the efficiency of artificial hatching, using them in the composition of feeding of starter-families. The experiment was conducted in a private apiary located in the Penza region, Russia (30 bee colonies). The predominant honey plants - melilot, rose bay. The average productivity -65–70 kg of marketable honey.In the maternal family, 1.5-day-old larvae were taken, transferred to artificial pans and placed for a day in the family-starters, and then - in the queen-rearing colony. Families-starters once received a sugar syrup with selenium-containing drugs. Sugar syrup(S) was prepared in a 1: 1 ratio, selenium drugs were added to it. The introduction of selenopyran as part of top-dressing to the starter-family at a dose of 0.2 mg of selenium per 1 kg of bees causes an increase in selenium content in the body of bees by 138%, while the administration of sodium selenite and selenocystin does not lead to significant changes in the selenium status of insects under the same conditions.Sodium selenite, introduced as part of top-dressing to the family-starter up to 0.2 mg selenium per 1 kg of bee mass, increases the selenium content in the body of the queens that were in the 1st day of development in this family by 225%, while selenopyran with this method administration causes an increase in selenium level in the body of the uterus by 121%, and selenocystin - by 73%, compared with the control.The use of selenocystine and sodium selenite as part of feeding to starter families contributes to better preservation of the larvae in the development process in queen-rearing colony, compared with the control and provides a higher yield of queens (respectively, 214% and 157% higher).
PSVI-15 Transcriptome analysis of ileal lymph nodes identifies key microRNAs affecting disease progression in Holstein cows with subclinical Johne’s disease
Authors: Wang Mengqi , Bissonnette Nathalie , Griebel Philip , Dudemaine Pier-Luc , Do Duy N , Ibeagha-Awemu Eveline M
Published: December 2019

Johne’s disease (JD) is a chronic enteric disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) but immune and metabolic mechanisms affecting JD progression have not been clearly elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNA) have been reported to play important roles in numerous biological processes by regulating gene expression. In this study, miRNA expression in ileal lymph nodes (ILLN) from MAP positive (JD subclinical stage) Holstein cows (n = 5) and MAP negative cows (n = 5) were characterized by high throughput sequencing. MiRNA-sequence data was processed using a standard pipeline followed by functional enrichment with ClueGo app in Cytoscape. Among 324 expressed miRNAs, 37 were differently expressed (DE) (18 up-regulated and 19 down-regulated) in MAP infected cows relative to MAP negative cows. Bta-miR-100 (fold change = -2.29), a down-regulated miRNA, has previously been associated with Streptococcus uberis and MAP infections in cows, while bta-miR-330 (fold change = 63.42), the most up-regulated miRNA, was previously reported to be present in the sera of MAP infected calves. Predicted target genes of 37 DE miRNAs were enriched (P < 0.05) in gene ontology terms related to metabolic, cellular and developmental processes, and immune system development, as well as pathways related to cancer and Th17 cell differentiation, and lysosome compartmentalization. This suggests that miRNAs DE following MAP infection may be involved in regulating a wide variety of processes. In addition, 5 DE miRNAs were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with 39 DE mRNAs (mRNAs expressed in the same tissue), comprising 42 negatively correlated DE miRNA-mRNA pairs. Bta-miR-2447 was negatively correlated with 29 DE mRNAs, suggesting it may be an important hub miRNA in the regulation of MAP infection in ILLN tissue. Our data thus suggest that bta-miR-100, bta-miR-330 and bta-miR-2447, which are implicated in the Th17 cell differentiation pathway, may be key regulators of the host response during MAP infection in ILLN.
PSVI-40 Effects of dietary glucan on intestinal morphology, immunity response, barrier function and antioxidant capacity in weaning pigs
Authors: xiong xia , Wu Lvliang , Shao Yirui , zou Jian , Yin Yulong
Published: December 2019

Glucan has been studied as a potential alternative to antibiotics for animals in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary glucan on growth performance and gut health of weaning piglets, which is a water-soluble extracellular ꞵ-glucan produced by Agrobacterium sp. ZX09. A total of 108 weaned piglets (21 d of age; 6.05 ± 0.36 kg) were randomly assigned (6 pens/diet; 18 piglets/pen) to 3 dietary treatments consisting of a basal diet (control group) or the basal diet supplemented with 20 ppm olaquindox or 200 ppm glucan for 14 days, respectively. The results showed that piglets fed with glucan had greater (P < 0.05) body weight and average daily gain than piglets in control group. Piglets fed with glucan or antibiotic had greater villus height to crypt depth ratio on duodenum compared with control group (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of Claudin-1 on duodenum or ileum was higher (P < 0.05) in glucan group than that on the other groups. The mRNA expression of TLR4, MYD88 and NFκB on jejunum were lower (P < 0.05) in glucan or antibiotic group than those in control group. Dietary supplementation with glucan tended to increase the IL-10 and SIgA concentration on ileum (0.05 < P < 0.1). Dietary supplementation with glucan tended to increase the total antioxidant capacity on jejunum (P = 0.093). In conclusion, 200 ppm glucan or 20 ppm olaquindox can improve the growth performance of weaning piglets. The glucan may can accelerate the growth of weaned piglets by improving gut health. This research will provide guidance for the olaquindox alternative on growing piglets.
PSVI-19 Medical nutrition as a factor in increasing the adaptive potential of the honeybee
Authors: Rozhkov Konstantin , Kuznetsov Anatoliyi , Lunegova Irina
Published: December 2019

In the implementation of all modern methods of keeping honey bees and caring for them, physiologically sound medical nutrition using adaptogens and biostimulants of various nature is of crucial importance. The object of the study was the clinically healthy families of two honeybee races: Apis mellifera carpatica and Apis mellifera caucasica. Experimental and control groups were formed on the principle of pairs of analogues. Bee colonies in the experimental groups of both races received 60% sugar syrup with Monclavit-1 (12 ml / 1 liter), and in the control groups they received syrup without additives. Studies have shown that the use of the drug Monclavit-1 (water-polymer system based on iodine in the form of poly-N-vinylamide-cyclo-sulfoiodide complex, total iodine content of 0.35 mg / 100 cm3) in the composition of the liquid carbohydrate feed contributed to a better supply of milk larvae in the milk during the spring development (table 1), so the amount of milk in cells with 3 day brood in the І and ІІ experimental groups ranged from 7.21 ± 0.12 to 5.32 ± 0.78 mg against from 4.29 ± 0.84 up to 4.17 ± 0.29 mg in І and І control, and in autumn, respectively, from 17.73 ± 0.57 to 15.97 ± 0.19 pro from 11.06 ± 0.81 to 10.12 ± 0.98. What is associated with the adaptive effect on the body of therapeutic nutrition and the correction of microflora in the digestive system of bees with Monclavit-1.With the introduction of the drug Monklavit-1 into the diet of the honeybee during medical nutrition, there is a pronounced upward adaptation expressed by a prolonged effect on the body, which indicates the promise of research in the indicated direction with the study of a set of morphophysiological and biochemical indicators.
PSVI-20 Medicinal plants in adaptive feeding of honeybees
Authors: Rozhkov Konstantin , Lunegova Irina , Kuznetsov Anatoliyi
Published: December 2019

In modern animal husbandry in northern latitudes, the use of medicinal plants in adaptive feeding is widespread, in particular the honeybee.Studies were conducted in accordance with generally accepted methodological and analytical approaches. The object of the study was the clinically healthy families of Apis mellifera carpatica. Experimental and control groups were formed on the principle of pairs of analogues. The bee families of the control group received, in addition to the basic ration, a carbohydrate feed of liquid consistency (60% sugar syrup) without additives, and the experienced ones enriched with water extract of needles, І experienced - Siberian fir, II experimental - spruce.Studies have shown that the use of water extracts in the spring period allows to significantly increase the average daily egg production rate of the queens (Tab.1), so in the І experimental group it was 1917 eggs/day, which is more than ІІ of the experimental group by -9.2%, the control group by -17.9%. In the period of growing bee larvae of summer generation by bees in spring, the average daily egg production of queen bee in the І experimental group was 2180 eggs/day, exceeding ІІ the experimental group by -5.2%, and the control group -13.2% (Table 1). The largest honey harvest per family was recorded in the І experimental group -77.8±0.39 kg. The superiority in this indicator to the bee families of the second group of the experimental group was 17.4% and the control group 26.9% (Table 2). Introduction to the diet of a honey bee with an adaptive diet of aqueous extracts of Siberian fir and common spruce in the composition of carbohydrate food liquid consistency contributes to the rapid growth of bee colonies during the period of change of winter generation bees to spring and spring to summer, which increases the productivity of collecting honey.
PSVI-21 Peculiarities of the manifestation of bronchial asthma in cats in metropolis environment
Authors: Sabirzianova Liliia , Anipchenko Polina , Yashin Anatolii , Ponamarev Vladimir , Kriukova Vera , Kuznetsova Nadezhda , Lunegov Alexander , Andreeva Nadezhda , Alistratova Flura , Guseva Veronika
Published: December 2019

Up to the present days the peculiarities of the manifestation of bronchial asthma in cats is studied insufficiently. Available scientific literature is limited, there are only some facts posted on the websites of private veterinary clinics, but it doesn’t play role of clinically proven scientific facts. The aim of the work—to study peculiarities of the bronchial asthma pathological process and clinical signs in metropolis environment. Experimental group included 35 cats, of different breed, sex and age groups, all of them examined with symptoms of bronchial asthma in private veterinary clinic “Sotnikov Veterinary Clinic,” Russie Saint-Petersburg, during period from. Using basis clinical examination methods – anamnesis, thermometry, pulse and breath rate calculation, auscultation and percussion — were stated following principal clinical signs and pathological process peculiarities, expressed in percentage, which we present in our results. Dyspnea was noted in 25.0%, cough – in 84.0%, general condition: without visible changes 84%, the depressed state - 16%. Among the patients, males predominated – 62.1%, females 37.9%. Clinical signs of bronchial asthma within single-breed group of cats did not exceed 6.7%, and 55.0% of animals were mongrel cats. Most of the animals were predisposed to asthma at the age of 1–5 years, which together makes up about 50.0% of the diseased animals. In cats over 10 years of age, no symptoms of asthma have been identified. About seasonal dependence, this pathology was registered in 3/4 cases in winter-spring period, mainly in January and March, which together accounted for 41.4% of the total number of such animals. So, cold season time provoke disease recurrence. In conclusion, it is essential to underline that 80% of examined cats were not vaccinated against infections. The features of the manifestation of bronchial asthma of cats depend on their sex, age, breed and season of the year.
PSII-31 Manipulation of steam-flaked corn bulk density during grain adaptation phase of beef steers: ruminal fermentation characteristics and feeding behavior
Authors: Hoffmann Carly A , Henry Darren D
Published: December 2019

The effects of steam-flaked corn bulk density (SFC-BD) during grain adaptation phase on ruminal fermentation characteristics and feeding behavior were evaluated. Six crossbred ruminally-cannulated Angus beef steers (BW = 404 ± 42 kg; experimental units) were used in a randomized complete block design (block = BW). Steers were assigned to adaptation strategy grain-treatment: a) SFC-BD of 335g/L (335); or b) 412g/L (412). Steers were fed ad-libitum during six 7d phases consisting of: HAY; step-up (1, 2, 3, and 4); and a common 335 SFC-BD FINISHER diet. Respective SFC-BD treatments were fed throughout step-up diets. Ruminal pH was continuously measured (wireless pH probes), and ruminal fluid collected for further analyses. A continuous observation (24h) was used for feeding behavior. Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedures of SAS. SFC-BD did not affect (P ≥ 0.19) measured variables, except for increasing NDF (P < 0.01) and tending to increase (P = 0.09) ADF digestibility for 412 steers during step-up 2 and 3. Steers fed 412 had greater (P ≤ 0.05) DMI during step-up 3 and 4 compared to FINISHER. Greater (P ≤ 0.01) digestible DMI during step-up 4 and FINISHER were observed compared to other phases. Digestible NDF/ADF intakes were greatest (P ≤ 0.05) during HAY-phase. Digestibility of DM was lowest (P ≤ 0.05) during HAY-phase. Steers ruminated more (P ≤ 0.05) during HAY-phase than FINISHER. Chewing was greatest (P ≤ 0.05) for HAY and intermediate for Step-up 1. Ruminal C2:C3 decreased (P < 0.01) as steers advanced through phases. Ruminal ammonia-N was greatest (P < 0.01) for step-up 1 and 2, and intermediate for other phases. The SFC-BD range studied seemed to not dramatically affect ruminal fermentation characteristics and feeding behavior. The most critical moment evidenced was between HAY and the receiving diet, as well as, when 412 g/L was suddenly switched to 335 g/L.
PSII-32 Effects of feeding 60% dried distillers grains plus solubles or the equivalent sulfur as calcium sulfate on hydrogen sulfide gas production in the rumen
Authors: Kassetas Cierrah J , Neville Bryan , Caton Joel , McCarthy Kacie L , Sedivec Kevin , Crouse Matthew S , Dahlen Carl
Published: December 2019

Objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of feeding 60% dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) or the equivalent sulfur from calcium sulfate (CaSO4) to yearling beef bulls on ruminal hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The hypothesis for this study was that bulls consuming elevated concentrations of sulfur in their diet will have an increase in H2S present in the rumen. Twenty-four crossbred beef bulls (10 months of age, BW=319.6 kg) were assigned one of three treatments 1) corn based diet containing 60% concentrate (CON, S=0.2%, n = 8); 2) diet containing 60% DDGS as a replacement for corn (DDGS, S=0.44% DM, n = 8); 3) CON diet+ equivalent sulfur of DDGS in diet added as CaSO4 (SULF, S=0.43%, n = 8). Bulls were individually fed in Calan gates at 2% of BW. Ruminal gas samples were taken via rumen puncture 4 to 6 hours post feeding on d0, 14 and 42. Concentrations of H2S were determined using hydrogen sulfide detector tubes which were connected to a volumetric gas pump (Gastec, Kanawaga, Japan). Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the MIXED procedures of SAS for effects of day, treatment, and a day × treatment interaction. A day × treatment interaction was present for ruminal H2S (P = 0.005). On d0, there was no effect of treatment (P = 0.97). Bulls fed DDGS or SULF had similar H2S concentration on d14 (P = 0.06), while animals fed CON had lower H2S concentration (P = 0.004). On d42, concentrations of H2S was greater in SULF than all other treatments (P£0.006), while DDGS was greater than CON (P£0.05). Elevated H2S in bulls fed the SULF treatment compared with the DDGS treatment may indicate that ruminal availability of sulfur (S) in CaSO4 was greater than that of the combination of sulfuric acid and S-containing amino acids present in DDGS.
PSIV-7 Selections of Lactobacillus and fermentation conditions for fermenting food ingredients to improve digestibility of senior dogs
Authors: Park Sojeong , Lee Jihyeon , Lee Eunchae , Lee Sangrak
Published: December 2019

This study was conducted to develop a highly digestible fermented foods for senior dogs through fermentation of protein ingredients. A total of 9 strains of starter culture (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. fermentum, L. alimentarius, L. brevis, L. plantarum, L. reuteri, L. sakei, Pediococcus acidilactici, P. pentosaceus) were selected considering various fermentation parameters on high-protein ingredients based on previous studies. Six high-protein ingredients (duck meal, fish meal, chicken meat, egg yolk, bovine bone meal, soybean meal) mainly used for dog foods were fermented with the selected 9 strains. The fermentation efficiency of these ingredients was investigated by measuring pH and ammonia nitrogen. In consideration of economic efficiency, solid fermentation with a moisture content of 50% was performed for short-term period at 37°C for 24 hours. Dog foods containing these fermented ingredients were manufactured to measure in vitro dry matter and pepsin digestibility. As a result, the fermentation effect was best when duck meal, fish meal, and chicken meat were inoculated with Lactobacillus reuteri (ΔpH; -0.42 ~ 0.43, ΔNH3-N conc.; 0.335 ~ 1.354g/L), bovine bone meal with Lactobacillus acidophilus (ΔpH; -0.48, ΔNH3-N conc.; 1.350g/L), egg yolk with Pediococcus acidilactici (ΔpH; 0.16, ΔNH3-N conc.; 0.586g/L), and soybean meal with Lactobacillus alimentarius (ΔpH; -1.65, ΔNH3-N conc.; 0.158g/L). Overall, the digestibilities of fermented foods were higher (P < 0.05) than those of non-fermented foods in in vitro dry matter and pepsin digestibility. The above results could be used as basic data for the development of foods to improve digestibility of senior dogs by fermenting high-protein ingredients.
PSIV-14 Calcium digestibility in hatchery byproducts fed to nursery pigs
Authors: Sung Jung Y , Kim Beob G
Published: December 2019

The objective was to determine standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of calcium (Ca) in hatchery byproducts fed to nursery pigs. Ten barrows with mean body weight of 10.2 ± 0.7 kg were individually housed in metabolism crates. Four corn-based diets were formulated to contain 10% of infertile eggs (40% CP, 11.6% Ca, and 4,630 kcal/kg GE as-is), 10% of unhatched eggs (40% CP, 12.7% Ca, and 4,296 kcal/kg GE as-is), 25% of culled chicks (66% CP, 1.8% Ca, and 5,897 kcal/kg GE as-is), and 15% of a mixture of 3 ingredients aforementioned (56% CP, 6.2% Ca, and 5,342 kcal/kg GE as-is), respectively. A calcium-free diet was also prepared to measure basal endogenous losses of Ca. Ten animals were assigned to a replicated 5 × 4 Latin square design with 5 diets, and 4 periods. Each period consisted of a 5-d adaptation period and 5-d collection period. The marker to marker method was employed for total feces collection. The STTD of Ca in culled chicks (75.6%) was greater than that in the mixture (64.5%; P < 0.05). The ATTD and STTD of Ca in unhatched eggs (38.3 and 43.4%, respectively) were less than those in infertile eggs (48.5 and 53.3%, respectively; P < 0.05). Basal endogenous losses of Ca were determined at 659 mg/kg of dry matter intake. In conclusion, culled chicks had the greatest standardized total tract digestibility of calcium among test ingredients and standardized total tract digestible calcium in infertile eggs, unhatched eggs, culled chicks, and the mixture were 6.2, 5.5, 1.4, and 4.0%, respectively.
PSIV-9 Effects of plant extracts on adult Haemonchus contortus mortality
Authors: Wetmore Trixie L , Luce Taylor , Mix Ken , Benavides Elizabeth
Published: December 2019

Parasitic infections are a major concern in animal production with global control measures costing over $10 billion annually. In small ruminants, Haemonchus contortus contributes to substantial economic losses in weight gain and mortality. Historical pharmaceutical control of H. contortus resulted in anthelmintic resistance, further exacerbating economic losses. The rise of anthelmintic resistance precipitated the need to investigate alternative treatments. One promising area is using anthelmintically active plant extracts. It is hypothesized that substances extracted from pumpkin seeds, garlic, and wormwood will demonstrate anthelmintic activity against H. contortus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of three plant extracts on adult H. contortus mortality in vitro. Pumpkin seed oil (extracted from Cucurbita maxima), allicin (extracted from Allium sativum), and artemisinin (extracted from Artemisia absinthium) were selected as viable alternatives and evaluated for anthelmintic activity. Live adult H. contortus nematodes were extracted from the abomasum of sheep and goats collected from a local abattoir and placed in triplicate into 6-well plates containing differing concentrations of treatments. Fenbendazole was utilized as a positive control and physiological saline as a negative control. Anthelmintic efficacy was determined via time-to-death observation. Time-to-death was determined hourly by observation of movement for thirty seconds. Absence of movement for thirty seconds indicated death. Time-to-death was evaluated via ANOVA. Allicin exhibited a time-to-death similar to fenbendazole (2.15 ± 0.58 h vs. 1.00 ± 0.58 h, P = 0.15). Pumpkin seed oil exhibited accelerated time-to-death compared to negative control (4.15 ± 0.73 h vs. 10.00 ± 0.73 h, P < 0.01). Artemisin did not affect time-to-death at the tested concentrations. Allicin and pumpkin seed oil demonstrated potential as alternative anthelmintics at the evaluated concentrations, providing a potential treatment for H. contortus. Further investigation will determine synergistic effects between extracts and pharmaceuticals.
PSIV-16 Impact of environmental enrichment on feedlot steer productivity and aggression
Authors: Park Rachel M , Jennings Jenny S , Daigle Courtney L
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to determine if cattle housed in a feedlot pen with a cattle brush had improved productivity and engaged in fewer aggressive behaviors compared to cattle without a brush. Pre-dominantly British and British continental crossbred steers (n = 51) were blocked by weight and assigned to one of two treatments 1) No enrichment (CON; 3 pens at 9 animals/pen; n = 26) or 2) a cattle brush (BRUSH; 3 pens at 9 animals/pen; n = 25) across a 256 day experimental period. Cattle arrived at the feedlot on d -55 relative to brush implementation and were slaughtered on d 161 and d 198 respective to weight block. Video recordings were decoded from 0800 to 1730 on d -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64. Continuous observations recorded headbutting, mounting and kicking frequency. Production metrics were calculated (ADG, G:F and weekly DMI) and carcass data was collected at slaughter. A General Linearized Mixed Model (PROC MIXED) evaluated the impact of day, treatment and their interaction on behavior and the impact of treatment on productivity. Liver abscess presence was evaluated using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Treatment did not impact steer productivity, carcass traits or kicking frequency (P > 0.05). An interaction between day and treatment was observed for headbutting (P = 0.01) with BRUSH cattle performing fewer headbutts than CON cattle on d 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16. Treatment impacted mounting with BRUSH cattle performing fewer mounts than CON cattle (P = 0.03) and for both treatments, mounting decreased over time (P = 0.002). Cattle housed in BRUSH pens performed fewer aggressive behaviors and the presence of the brush did not negatively impact productivity. This suggests that a cattle brush could provide a lasting benefit to cattle welfare without compromising productivity.
PSIV-19 Live and carcass production traits for progeny of an F1 USDA Prime – yield grade 1 carcass clone sire in comparison with progeny of popular reference sires
Authors: Francis Forest L , Hawkins Dean , Veneklasen Gregg , Lust David , Lawrence Ty
Published: December 2019

The cloning of beef carcasses that grade USDA Prime – Yield Grade 1 (P1) has produced a sire that ranked well against high performing bulls from multiple breeds. An F1 (P1 x P1) sire would ideally exhibit heterosis and outperform its high performing parents. A terminal sire study was conducted comparing progeny of an F1 (P1 x P1) sire (AxG1) against progeny (heifers and steers) of four high performing sires of varying breeds {P1 (Alpha); Angus; Simmental; Angus x Simmental}. Production traits included morbidity and mortality frequencies, weaning weight, and feedlot arrival weight; carcass traits included edible liver and normal lung frequencies, hot carcass weight, longissimus muscle area, 12th rib fat thickness, and marbling score. A completely randomized experimental design was used; data was analyzed using a mixed model with a fixed effect of sire and random effects of harvest date, sex, and pen. Feedlot arrival weight, frequencies of morbidity and mortality, 12th rib fat thickness, and frequency of grading Certified Angus Beef or USDA Select did not differ (P ≥ 0.16) between sires. Weaning weight and frequency of normal lungs tended (P ≤ 0.08) to differ amongst sires. Differences in hot carcass weight (P < 0.01), longissimus muscle area (P < 0.01), marbling score (P < 0.01), and frequencies of normal lungs (P < 0.01) was detected among sires. Additionally, sire differences in USDA yield grade (P < 0.01), and frequencies of carcasses grading USDA Prime (P < 0.01) and USDA Choice (P < 0.01) were observed. AxG1 progeny exhibited the least 12th rib fat thickness and lowest USDA yield grade in addition to the largest longissimus muscle area, highest marbling score, and greatest frequency of USDA Prime. These data suggest that AxG1 competed extremely well against other high performing industry sires.
PSIV-4 Effect of winter nutrition (pasture vs. feedlot) of beef calves on further spring grazing performance and feed conversion efficiency for the winter-spring period
Authors: Zabalveytia Natalia , Simeone Alvaro , Burjel María Victoria , Beretta Virginia
Published: December 2019

Feeding high grain rations during winter allows for calves′ higher liveweight gains (LWG) compared to grazing improved pasture, however, it may impair further spring-grazing performance, affecting the feed to gain ratio (F:G) for the whole winter-spring period. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of winter lot-feeding and roughage level (RL) in the feedlot ration, on performance and F:G during spring grazing and the whole winter-spring period. Thirty-two Hereford calves (143 ± 12.2 kg) were assigned in a randomized block design to four winter treatments (WT, 110 d): oat grazing (5 kg DM/100 kg LW), and three feedlot rations supplied ad libitum, differing in RL (Setaria italica hay): 0%, 35%, 70% DM (n = 2/treatment). During spring (80 d), all treatments strip-grazed a mixed grass-legume pasture (6 kg DM/100 kg LW; 4317 ± 1009 kg DM/ha), independent paddocks per replication, 7-day strips. Liveweight was recorded every 14 days. DMI was measured daily at feedlot, while during grazing it was estimated on even weeks as the difference between pre and post-grazing pasture DM biomass. Data were analyzed according to the following general model: yijk=μ+Blocki+WTj+b1LWinitial+eijk and adjusted means were compared through orthogonal contrasts using the Tukey test (Table 1). Winter F:G was lower for feedlot than grazing calves (6.37 vs. 12.30; SE: 0.39, P = 0.0006), and for RL0 compared to higher roughage rations (4.94 vs. 7.08; SE:0.42, P = 0.0141). This last response was reversed during spring, when higher F:G value was observed for RL0 (27.5 vs. 12.12, SE: 2.50, P = 0.0087), due to a lower LWG (0.09 vs. 0.26, SE: 0.08, P = 0.0320). However, considering the winter-spring period, feedlot calves, and within these, the RL0 calves, showed the highest LWG (0.78 vs. 0.57, SE: 0.05, P < 0.0001), the lowest F:G (6.52 vs 8.45, SE: 0.16, P = 0.0012), and were the heaviest by the end of spring.
PSII-10 In vitro simulation of biofilm development and detachment in dairy cow troughs within the first 7 days after cleaning
Authors: Hayer Jason J , Heinemann Celine , Schmid Simone M , Dieckhoff Benedikt G Schulze , Stewart Sydney , Steinhoff-Wagner Julia
Published: December 2019

Water is one of the most important factors concerning animal health and welfare. Therefore, an impairment of livestock water quality through biofilm development and detachment in dairy cow troughs represents a serious threat. To gain a better understanding of biofilm development and detachment, this study evaluates influencing factors in vitro. Cattle trough materials were inoculated with two naturally occurring bacterial cultures from different dairy farms. In a latin square design, detachment of a biofilm within a recommended cleaning interval of 7 days was investigated via total viable count (TVC) of the surrounding medium, depending on origin of culture, trough material (polyethylene or stainless steel), water temperature (5°C or 25°C) or nutrient availability (10% or 50% of nutrient broth, Merck KGaSA). At day 7, developed biofilm was investigated for TVC, Enterobacteriaceae spp. and with an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-rapid test. All treatments were replicated at least 3 times. From the 4th day on, TVC in the surrounding medium increased by 1.5 log10 cfu/ml on polyethylene at 5°C, suggesting a maturation and detachment of a grown biofilm. Material and temperature affected biofilm detachment (P < 0.05). In temperature treatments with 25°C, TVC reached maximum within 24h, suggesting that biofilm detached earlier. The composition of the grown biofilm was affected by material, temperature, nutrient level, but not by starting culture. Higher Enterobacteriaceae spp. and TVC were observed on polyethylene than on stainless steel and at higher temperatures compared to lower (P < 0.001, respectively). Nutrient level significantly increased Enterobacteriaceae spp. growth. Rapid ATP-test results showed high Pearson correlations with biofilms TVC (r >0.74; P < 0.001) and might be a practical method to check trough hygiene on farms. Based on our in vitro data, cleaning intervals should be less than 4 days even at low temperatures. Nevertheless, more research is needed to verify data in practice.
PSII-12 Comparison of fine needle aspiration and tissue sections to determine Sertoli and germ cell counts in prepubertal beef bulls
Authors: Sedivec Kevin , Flaten Jordan , Wieland Cody , Becker Stephanie , Dahlen Carl , Pereira Nicolas Negrin
Published: December 2019

Daily sperm production in bulls is determined by the size of the testicular Sertoli cell (SC) population established before puberty. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is currently used as a diagnostic tool, but its value to determine SC and germ cell (GC) counts remains unexplored. The objectives were to compare three sampling techniques [(smears produced via 22G fine needle aspiration (SMR) vs. tissue sections collected via 14G aspiration (FNS) vs. conventional tissue sections (HIS)] and two stains [immunohistochemistry with GATA4 (IHC) and HE] to determine SC density in prepubertal bulls. Fourteen age-matched Angus bulls were surgically castrated. Testicular parenchyma samples and smears were stained using anti-GATA4 as a specific SC marker and HE. For stain comparison, mirrored tissue cuts were produced allowing cell counts of complementary seminiferous tubule (ST) cross sections. All data were analyzed using Pearson’s product moment correlations and linear regression. Testicular weights were correlated with IHC SC density (P = 0.018). High correlations existed for SC and GC counts done on ST cross sections using IHC (P < .0001) and HE (P < .0001). Within HIS and FNS, high correlations (r = 0.955; P ≤ 0.0001) existed between SC and automated GATA4+ cell densities. However, when comparing IHC SC density across techniques, no significant correlations (P ≤ 0.587) existed. The high correlation observed between SC counts done on mirrored ST cross sections for HE and IHC underlines the value of GATA4 as a specific SC marker in prepubertal bulls. Furthermore, the high correlation established between SC and GATA4+ cell densities within IHC HIS and FNS collection methods infers SC density determination can be automated. However, lack of correlation for SC density among techniques indicates that aspiration and conventional methods lead to different results. Research supported by North Dakota EPSCoR Doctoral Dissertation Assistantship (DDA) program.
PSII-9 Body core and skin temperatures in suckling piglets measured by infrared thermography and thermometry methods
Authors: Schmid Simone M , Büscher Wolfgang , Steinhoff-Wagner Julia
Published: December 2019

Monitoring piglets’ temperatures after birth is crucial to prevent losses caused by hypothermia and ensure well-being. Rectal measuring, which is still considered the ‘gold standard’ for assessing core temperatures, takes time and requires fixation. Aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of infrared thermography and thermometry in comparison to rectal temperatures. In one to seven days old piglets, rectal temperatures were measured with digital thermometers (DT) (Geratherm® GT-195-1) (n = 958), tympanic membrane temperatures with an infrared ear thermometer (IET) (ThermoScan® IRT6520) (n = 424), skin temperatures with infrared laser thermometers (ILT) (Eventek™ ET312) behind the ear (n = 671), an infrared camera (IC) (Optris® PI400) at six body locations (n≥488) or an infrared camera attachment (ICA) (FLIR ONE® for iOS) (n = 60). Devices’ reliability was tested. Correlations and differences (GLM) were estimated with SAS® 9.4. DT devices and repeated measurements showed no differences (n = 77). Repeated IET measurements at left and right ear were not different (n = 57). Temperatures decreased for ILT when measured from 10, 30, 50, and 100cm (P < 0.001; n = 360). Three ILT devices obtained different values (P < 0.001). At 10cm, means were different at left and right side (P < 0.001). For following results, the same device was used for all measurements (10cm, left). Highest correlations were found between DT and IET (r = 0.93; P < 0.001) and ILT (r = 0.81; P < 0.001). All infrared temperatures were lower (P < 0.001) than rectal temperatures (38.8°C), except IET (38.7°C). For IC, temperatures at inner thigh and lower abdomen correlated best with DT (0.59≤r≤0.62; P < 0.001). IET seems suited for assessing temperatures in piglets as it is reliable, with values comparable to DT. For IC, inner thigh and lower abdomen seem promising locations, but fixation is still required for both techniques. ILT is an option for estimating core temperatures at a short distance, but reliability needs to be considered.
PSII-5 Corn-expressed phytase improved the growth performance, nutrients digestibility and bone mineral density of nursery pigs fed with low protein, calcium and phosphorous diets
Authors: Shili Cedrick N , Broomhead Jon , Pezeshki Adel
Published: December 2019

Feeding pigs with moderately reduced crude protein (CP), calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) diets may be an effective strategy to decrease the nutrients excretion; however, this practice can negatively impact the growth performance. Thus, there is an urgent need to improve the utilization of nitrogen, Ca and P in pigs. The objective was to assess the effect of phytase (GraINzyme®) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, body composition, and serum amino acid profile in pigs fed with low-CP, -Ca and -P diets. Following 2-week acclimation period, forty-eight weaned barrows weighing ~ 10 kg were subjected to one of following groups (n = 8/group) for 4 weeks: A) standard-protein (~24% CP), B) low-protein (~13% CP), C) low-protein+2000 FTU/kg phytase, D) low-protein+4000 FTU/kg phytase, E) low-protein, -Ca and -P+2000 FTU/kg phytase and F) low-protein, -Ca and -P+4000 FTU/kg. The data were analyzed by univariate GLM with Tukey’s post-hoc test (SPSS®). Feed intake and body weight were measured daily and weekly, respectively. At week 4, feed, fecal and blood samples were collected and pigs were scanned using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Pigs fed with diets C and F had higher average daily gain than those fed with diet B (P < 0.05). The apparent fecal digestibility of Ca and P and bone mineral density was higher for diets D and F than diet B (P < 0.05). Pigs fed diet C and F had a higher fat mass than those fed with diet B (P < 0.05). Serum lysine, methionine and threonine of pigs fed with diets B-F were greater than those received diet A (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our data provide evidence that phytase, in particular at 4000FTU/kg, improved the growth performance, digestibility of Ca and P and bone mineral density in pigs fed with moderately low protein diets with reduced Ca and P content.
PSII-6 Deep Learning image segmentation for extraction of body measurements and prediction of body weight in Nile tilapia
Authors: Fernandes Arthur Francisco Araujo , Alvarenga Erika R de , Passafaro Tiago L , lopes Fernando B , Alves Gabriel F O , Singh Vikas , Turra Eduardo M
Published: December 2019

Individual measurement of traits of interest is of great importance for breeding and management decisions in animal production systems. However, measurements are often taken manually, which is laborious and also stressful for the animals. Therefore, the development of fast, precise and indirect measurement methods is paramount. An appealing way for such a task is through computer vision systems (CVS). Hence, the objectives of the current work were: 1) Devise a CVS for autonomous measurement of Nile tilapia body area, length, height, and eccentricity; and 2) Evaluation of linear models for prediction of body weight (BW). The pixels of 822 RGB images of live fish were labeled into background, fish fins or body using the “MTurk” crowdsourcing service. This dataset was then split into training (60% of data) and testing sets for the development of Deep Learning Networks for image segmentation into the three pixel categories. The networks differed in input image size (10 to 40% of original size) and number of encoder/decoder layer stacks (1 to 5). An independent dataset with 831 images was used for validation of the linear predictive models. The results for intersection over union (IoU) show that a network with input of 20% of the original size and 4 encoder/decoder stacks achieved the best results, with IoU on the test dataset of 99, 90 and 64% for background, fish body and fin, respectively (Figure 1). Predicted segmentation from this network on randomly selected images is shown in Figure 2. From the linear models evaluated, the one considering only area as input showed predicted R2 of 0.92 for fish BW (Table 1). In conclusion, the devised CVS was able to correctly separate fish body from background and fins, and a linear model using fish body area as input provided good predictive quality of Nile tilapia BW.
PSII-19 Stallion exposure fails to alter circulating LH concentrations or hasten ovulation in seasonally anestrous mares
Authors: Sinclair Chelsea D , Stevenson Jeffrey , Jager Abigail , Long Nathan , Rozell Timothy , Kouba Joann
Published: December 2019

Introduction of males to seasonally anestrous females has been shown to increase LH concentrations and hasten the first ovulation in ewes and does. Investigation of the male effect in mares has not been well-studied. The objective of this study was to determine if direct or indirect exposure to a stallion would result in a similar increase in LH and hasten first ovulation in anestrous mares. In late February, mares were stratified by parity and age and randomly assigned to 3 treatments (n = 7 per treatment): DXP (direct exposure; mares housed adjacent to stallion and allowed direct contact for 2 h on 3 d/wk by placing the stallion into a cage in the center of a tease pen), IXP (indirect exposure; mares housed adjacent to stallion but not allowed direct contact), and CON (control; mares housed away from stallion and not allowed direct or indirect exposure). During the first, third, and fifth days of treatment, blood was collected hourly for 8 h beginning just before treatment initiation for later analysis of LH. Concentrations of LH were analyzed for repeated measures and time from the first day of treatment to ovulation was analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The interval from treatment initiation to first ovulation did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments: 36.3±6.7, 36.9±6.7, and 48.3±4.2 d for DXP, IXP, and CON, respectively. Although treatments did not affect (P > 0.05) LH concentration, a significant day effect (P < 0.05) was detected with LH concentrations being greater on the fifth treatment day compared with the first and third days. Results signify that stallion exposure to anestrous mares failed to elicit the same effects that have been observed in short-day breeders, thus indicating that stallion exposure may not be beneficial in the management of anestrous mares.