bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impacts of State Control Policies on College Tuition Increase
Authors: Kim Mikyong Minsun , Ko Jangwan
Published: February 2014

This study examined state efforts to control tuition increases over the past 10 years. Using data from 50 states and 540 public 4-year universities and colleges, we examined average tuition increases in dollar amount and percentage of change by the type of state tuition control policy and by the authority for tuition-setting power. The state policy efforts considered for this study include setting tuition caps, providing incentives, and linking tuition policy to financial aid policy. Findings revealed that two state policies (i.e., linking tuition to financial aid and providing incentives to limit the tuition increase) are effective in controlling tuition. Tuition was more likely to increase when individual institutions have tuition-setting authority. This study also reveals that a state’s tuition cap policy can adversely affect tuition control.
Macroslip detection and clamping force control for a metal V-belt continuously variable transmission
Authors: Ji Jian , Park Jeongman , Kwon Oheun , Chai Minjae , Lee Donghyeon , Kim Hyunsoo
Published: February 2014

In this paper, a macroslip detection method is proposed for a metal V-belt continuously variable transmission, and a clamping force control strategy is suggested on the basis of a macroslip detection method. Using the rotational accelerations of the primary and secondary pulleys, the velocity of the secondary pulley and the speed ratio of the continuously variable transmission variator, observation signals are defined. The characteristics of the observation signals are investigated by simulations in a vehicle-driving environment. It is found that two observation signals became unsynchronized when macroslip occurs. Considering the oscillations of the acceleration signal and the noise from the sensors or the differentiating process, a signal-processing method for the observation signals is suggested. Based on the signal-processing results, a variable called the ‘amplitude difference rate’ is introduced for slip evaluation. A macroslip detection method that uses the amplitude difference rate is proposed. The effectiveness of the macroslip detection method is validated by experiments. It is found from the experiments that the proposed method can effectively detect macroslip with an acceptable time delay. In addition, a clamping force control strategy based on the macroslip detection method is developed. In this strategy, the clamping force is maintained at a minimum value with a safety factor of 1 in normal driving conditions but an additional clamping force is applied when macroslip is detected. It is found from the simulation results that macroslip is eliminated by clamping force control. It is expected that the efficiency of the continuously variable transmission system can be improved by reducing the marginal clamping force using the proposed macroslip detection method and the clamping force control strategy.
Paraquat increases connective tissue growth factor expression and impairs lung fibroblast proliferation and viscoelasticity
Authors: Zhang N , Xie Y-P , Pang L , Zang X-X , Wang J , Shi D , Wu Y , Liu X-L , Wang G-H
Published: February 2014

This in vitro study was designed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of paraquat-induced damage using cultured human fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC-5 cells), in order to promote the development of improved therapies for paraquat poisoning. Paraquat’s effects on proliferation were examined by flow cytometry, on viscoelasticity by the micropipette aspiration technique, and on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Paraquat was found to significantly reduce the proliferation index of MRC-5 cells in a concentration-dependent manner ( p < 0.05) and to significantly impair the viscoelastic properties in a time-independent manner ( p < 0.05). Exposure to paraquat led to a significant and time-dependent increase in CTGF expression ( p < 0.05) and induced changes in the morphology and biomechanical characteristics of the MRC-5 cells. These findings not only provide novel insights into the mechanisms of paraquat-induced lung fibrosis but may represent useful targets of improved molecular-based therapies for paraquat poisoning.
Vitamin D
Authors: Bennett Keisa , Frisby Brandi N. , Young Laura E. , Murray Deborah
Published: February 2014

Vitamin D has been a topic of much research interest and controversy, and evidence is mixed concerning its preventive effects and health benefits. The purpose of our study was to explore the decision-making strategies used by both primary care providers and community members surrounding vitamin D in relation to uncertainty management theory. We conducted semistructured interviews with primary care providers ( n = 7) and focus groups with community members ( n = 89), and transcribed and coded using the constant comparative method. Themes for providers included awareness, uncertainty, patient role, responsibility, skepticism, uncertainty management, and evolving perceptions. Community member focus group themes included uncertainty, information sources, awareness/knowledge, barriers, and patient–provider relationship. Both providers and community members expressed uncertainty about vitamin D but used conflicting strategies to manage uncertainty. Awareness of this disconnect might facilitate improved patient–provider communication.
Feline Gastrointestinal Surgery
Authors: Williams John M
Published: February 2014

Practical relevance:

Gastrointestinal (GI) surgical procedures are performed commonly in cats in general practice for both diagnostic and treatment purposes. It is essential that the surgeon understands and adheres to the principles of GI surgery in order that postoperative morbidity and mortality are kept to a minimum.

Audience:

This review is aimed at feline and general practitioners wanting to update their core skills in GI surgery. It discusses anatomical considerations and surgical principles, and aims to familiarise the surgeon with techniques (some well established, others newer) that will help to promote surgical success.

Equipment:

Standard general surgical equipment is required, together with the facilities to provide adequate pre-, intra- and postoperative patient care.

Evidence base:

The author draws on clinical experience and evidence from the literature, where appropriate, in reviewing the guidance and techniques under discussion.
Gene Expression Profiles of Entorhinal Cortex in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Ding Bingqian , Xi Yan , Gao Ming , Li Zhenjiang , Xu Chenyang , Fan Shaokang , He Weiya
Published: February 2014

The incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been increasing in the recent years but the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. This study aimed to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in entorhinal cortex with AD and identify featured genes related to AD. Gene expression profile GSE5281 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, including 10 AD and 13 control samples. Differentially expressed genes were identified by Student t test including 119 upregulated and 591 downregulated DEGs. Then, we obtained 14 enrichment Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways among which 11 pathways were significantly enriched (adjusted P value < .05). The KEGG pathway network which was constructed by 14 KEGG pathways showed that 6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type, phosphoglucomutase 1, aldolase A, and adolase C had high degree. Glycometabolism pathways network which was constructed by 4 glycometabolism pathways showed that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, H+transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex ATP5B, ATP5C1, ATP5D, and ATP5G1 had high degree related to ATP metabolism. These findings suggested that these genes with high degree may be the underlying potential therapeutic targets for AD.
Leadership of schools as research-led organisations in the English educational environment
Authors: Godfrey David
Published: February 2014

This article examines the conditions for the growth and expansion of research-engaged schools in England. The current policy climate is seeing a rapid growth of autonomous schools coupled with the continuing tendency to hold schools to account for overall student educational attainment indicators. Within this context, the article begins by considering some of the benefits of developing a research-led school culture and gives a brief account of the research-engaged school movement. Using a biological analogy, the article argues for an understanding of the growth of a school research culture as occurring within an interconnected ecosystem. Four ‘nourishing’ factors are explained in detail: systemic connectedness; leadership for knowledge creation; teaching as a research-informed practice; and the school as a learning organisation. School leaders are urged to consider developing a culture of research engagement as a long-term, sustainable improvement strategy.
Who is watching the watchmen: Is quality reporting ever harmful?
Authors: Braithwaite R Scott , Caplan Arthur
Published: February 2014

Background:

Quality reporting is increasingly used as a tool to encourage health systems, hospitals, and their practitioners to deliver the greatest health benefit. However, quality reporting systems may have unintended negative consequences, such as inadvertently encouraging “cherry-picking” by inadequately adjusting for patients who are challenging to take care of, or underpowering to reliably detect meaningful differences in care. There have been no reports seeking to identify a minimum level of accuracy that ought to be viewed as a prerequisite for quality reporting.

Method:

Using a decision analytic model, we seek to delineate minimal standards for quality measures to meet, using the simplest assumptions to illustrate what those standards may be.

Results:

We find that even under assumptions regarding optimal performance of the quality reporting system (sensitivity and specificity of 1), we can identify a minimal level of accuracy required for the quality reporting system to “do no harm”: the increase in health-related quality of life from a higher rather than lower quality practitioner must be greater than the number of practitioners per patient divided by the proportion of patients willing to switch from a lower to a higher quality provider.

Conclusion:

Quality measurement systems that have not been demonstrated to improve health outcomes should be held to a specific standard of measurement accuracy.
Transient liquid phase (TLP) brazing of Mg–AZ31 and Ti–6Al–4V using Ni and Cu sandwich foils
Authors: Atieh A. M. , Khan T. I.
Published: February 2014

Transient liquid phase (TLP) brazing of Mg–AZ31 alloy and Ti–6Al–4V alloy was performed using double Ni and Cu sandwich foils. Two configurations were tested; first, Mg–AZ31/Cu–Ni/Ti–6Al–4V and second, Mg–AZ31/Ni–Cu/Ti–6Al–4V. The effect of set-up configuration of the foils on microstructural developments, mechanical properties and mechanism of joint formation was examined. The results showed that different reaction layers formed inside the joint region depending on the configuration chosen. The formation of ϵ phase (Mg), ρ (CuMg2), δ (Mg2Ni) and Mg3AlNi2 was observed in both configurations. Maximum shear strength obtained was 57 MPa for Mg–AZ31/Ni–Cu/Ti–6Al–4V configuration and in both configurations, the increase in bonding time resulted in a decrease in joint strength to 13 MPa. The mechanism of joint formation includes three stages; solid state diffusion, dissolution and widening of the joint, and isothermal solidification.
High strength and ductile low density austenitic FeMnAlC steels: Simplex and alloys strengthened by nanoscale ordered carbides
Authors: Gutierrez-Urrutia I. , Raabe D.
Published: February 2014

We introduce the alloy design concepts of high performance austenitic FeMnAlC steels, namely, Simplex and alloys strengthened by nanoscale ordered κ-carbides. Simplex steels are characterised by an outstanding strain hardening capacity at room temperature. This is attributed to the multiple stage strain hardening behaviour associated to dislocation substructure refinement and subsequent activation of deformation twinning, which leads to a steadily increase of the strain hardening. Al additions higher that 5 wt- promote the precipitation of nanoscale L′12 ordered precipitates (so called κ-carbides) resulting in high strength (yield stress ∼1·0 GPa) and ductile (elongation to fracture ∼30) steels. Novel insights into dislocation–particle interactions in a Fe–30·5Mn–8·0Al–1·2C (wt-) steel strengthened by nanoscale κ-carbides are discussed.
Characteristics of daily arm activities in patients with COPD
Authors: Meijer Kenneth , Annegarn Janneke , Lima Passos Valéria , Savelberg Hans H. , Schols Annemie M. , Wouters Emiel F. , Spruit Martijn A.
Published: February 2014

Arm activities are required for maintenance of self-care and independent living. This study aimed to investigate whether and to what extent arm activities of daily living (ADL) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients differ compared to healthy controls and the extent to which they perform arm ADL at a relatively higher upper limb muscle effort.

Daily arm and leg activities were assessed using accelerometers in the home environment (COPD: n=21, healthy: n=24; part 1). The relative efforts of the trapezius, deltoid and biceps muscles were studied using electromyography during domestic arm ADL in a laboratory setting (COPD: n=17, healthy: n=15; part 2).

After correction for walking time, the time spent on arm ADL was similar between COPD patients and healthy control subjects (p=0.52), while the intensity of arm activities was lower in COPD patients (p=0.041). In the laboratory setting, arm ADL were performed at a lower intensity by COPD patients, while the trapezius muscle effort was significantly higher during several arm ADL compared to healthy control subjects (p<0.05).

COPD patients have a similar duration of arm ADL compared to healthy subjects after correction for walking time, but perform arm activities at a lower intensity. Moreover, patients perform some arm ADL at a relatively higher muscle effort.
Air pollution and biomarkers of systemic inflammation and tissue repair in COPD patients
Authors: Dadvand Payam , Nieuwenhuijsen Mark J. , Agustí Àlvar , de Batlle Jordi , Benet Marta , Beelen Rob , Cirach Marta , Martinez David , Hoek Gerard , Basagaña Xavier , Ferrer Antoni , Ferrer Jaume , Rodriguez-Roisin Robert , Sauleda Jaume , Guerra Stefano , Antó Josep M. , Garcia-Aymerich Judith
Published: February 2014

The origin(s) of systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unclear. We investigated the impact of exposure to ambient air pollution on systemic biomarkers of inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and fibrinogen) and tissue repair (hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)) in 242 clinically stable COPD patients (mean age 67.8 years and forced expiratory volume in 1 s 71.3% predicted) in Barcelona, Spain, in 2004–2006.

A spatiotemporal exposure assessment framework was applied to predict ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and levels of particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm (PM2.5) at each participant’s home address during 10 periods of 24 h (lags 1–10) and 1 year prior to the blood sampling date. We used linear regression models to estimate associations between biomarkers and exposure levels.

An interquartile range (IQR) increase in NO2exposure in lag 5 was associated with 51%, 10% and 9% increases in CRP, fibrinogen and HGF levels respectively. We also observed 12% and 8% increases in IL-8 associated with an IQR increase in NO2exposure in lag 3 and over the year before sampling, respectively. These increases were larger in former smokers. The results for PM2.5were not conclusive.

These results show that exposure to ambient NO2increases systemic inflammation in COPD patients, especially in former smokers.
Association of the TNF-α G-308A polymorphism with TNF-inhibitor response in sarcoidosis
Authors: Wijnen Petal A. , Cremers Johanna P. , Nelemans Patty J. , Erckens Roel J. , Hoitsma Elske , Jansen Tim L. , Bekers Otto , Drent Marjolein
Published: February 2014

Responsiveness to tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors has been associated with the TNF-α G-308A polymorphism in rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the presence of this polymorphism and the response to TNF inhibitors in patients with refractory sarcoidosis.

Patients (n=111) who started TNF-inhibitor treatment (76 infliximab, 35 adalimumab) were followed for at least 1 year. The main symptoms in these patients were fatigue (n=100, 90.1%), small fibre neuropathy (n=91, 82.0%), pulmonary involvement (n=69, 62.2%), and/or uveitis (n=31, 27.9%). Patients were additionally genotyped for the presence of the TNF-α G-308A polymorphism. Treatment response was assessed using clinical outcome measures and questionnaires.

Three-quarters (n=83, 74.8%) of the patients responded well. Of the patients without the variant A-allele 93.6% (73 out of 78, p<0.001) improved, while 30.3% (10 out of 33) of variant A-allele carriers responded favourably to TNF inhibitors. For patients with the GG-genotype, the probability of improving compared with remaining stable or deteriorating was three times higher (risk ratio 3.09, 95% CI 1.84–5.20).

Sarcoidosis patients without the TNF-α -308A variant allele (GG-genotype) had a three-fold higher response to TNF inhibitors (adalimumab or infliximab). Further research is needed to evaluate the value of genotyping for the TNF-α G-308A polymorphism in order to tailor TNF-inhibitor treatment.
Effect of acupuncture on Deqi traits and pain intensity in primary dysmenorrhea: analysis of data from a larger randomized controlled trial
Authors: Shi Guang-Xia , Li Qian-Qian , Liu Cun-Zhi , Zhu Jiang , Wang Lin-Peng , Wang Jing , Han Li-Li , Guan Li-Ping , Wu Meng-Meng
Published: February 2014

Background

Deqi is a central concept in traditional Chinese acupuncture. We performed a secondary analysis on data from a larger randomized controlled trial (RCT) in order to assess the effect of acupuncture on deqi traits and pain intensity in primary dysmenorrhea.

Methods

A total of 60 primary dysmenorrhea patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Acupuncture was given at SP6, GB39 or nonacupoint. Subjective pain was measured by a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS) before and after acupuncture. The Massachusetts General Hospital acupuncture sensation scales (MASS) with minor modification was used to rate deqi sensations during acupuncture.

Results

The results showed that VAS scores of pain after acupuncture were significantly decreased comparing to before acupuncture treatment in all three groups (P = 0.000). However, no significant differences were found among three groups at the beginning or end of acupuncture treatment (P = 0.928, P = 0.419).

Conclusions

There was no statistical difference among three groups in terms of intensity of deqi feeling. The types of sensation were similar across the groups with only minor differences among them.

Trial registration

Trial registration number: Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN24863192.
Zwelethu Mthethwa: New Works
Authors: Windmuller-Luna Kristen
Published: February 2014

Now approaching his second decade of fine arts practice, Zwelethu Mthethwa continues to use color photography and artist-subject collaborations to restore the dignity of his sitters. New Works at the Jack Shainman Gallery in New York City, consisting of seventeen digital C-prints from The End of an Era (2010), The Brave Ones (2010), and Hope Chest (2012), represents the work of an artist whose images have become iconic in both postapartheid South Africa and the international art world. The End of an Era’s still lifes attest to the grooming habits, romances, and interests of Zimbabwean and Mozambican migrants who trek between hostels seeking better-paying jobs in South Africa. Hope Chest continues the concept of an absent presence by capturing the relationships women form with the chests and goods given to them as brides. In The Brave Ones Mthethwa uses his signature portraiture to consider the Iscotch, youthful followers of the Shembe religion identifiable by their mix of European and Zulu sartorial traditions.
Moses Tladi, Landscape Painter: South Africa’s First Black Artist Working in the Western Tradition
Authors: Lloyd Angela Read
Published: February 2014

Moses Tladi was a realist painter at a time when realism was internationally accepted and admired. This article outlines his life and offers an assessment of his deserved place in Africa’s art history. Tladi first exhibited in 1929 and in 1931 was the first black artist to exhibit in South Africa’s National Gallery. His career flourished until he joined up to serve his country in World War II. In 1956, during the “urban removals” enforced by the Nationalist government’s apartheid policy, Tladi and his family were brutally dispossessed of their freehold property and left homeless. He died brokenhearted in 1959, and his reputation sank into oblivion. Only since the 1990s and the arrival of South Africa’s new democracy has the work of this superbly gifted artist come to light.
(Mis)seeing in/as Contemporary Art: Kiluanji Kia Henda and the AfroNauts
Authors: Nelson Rachel
Published: February 2014

Since 2007 Kiluanji Kia Henda’s artworks have been shown extensively on the international art circuit and included in exhibitions from Guangzhou to São Paulo, from Luanda to Venice. By considering some notable art projects and exhibition experiences that have occurred in this compressed time span and these different locations, this essay addresses the young Angolan artist’s engagement with the perils and possibilities of art practice as it transverses multiple art worlds. Kia Henda’s artworks engage with the potential of mis-seeing, the visual equivalent of mistranslation, in cultural exchanges between Angola and the larger world.
Characterization of the Micro-Structure of Rice Starch
Authors: Kutarov Valdemar V. , Robens Erich , Jayaweera Shanath Amarasiri A.
Published: February 2014

In this study, the micro-structure of rice starch was characterized by measuring the particle-size distribution and the water vapour sorption isotherm at ambient temperature. Because of the slow adsorption and desorption processes, the application of the Jäntti extrapolation method was examined. Evaluation of the isotherm was carried out by a modified Frenkel–Halsey–Hill method. A new method describing the hysteresis loop by bond number is presented.
Biosorption of Copper Ions by Bacillus and Aspergillus Species
Authors: Ghaed Sara , Shirazi Elham Khalilzadeh , Marandi Reza
Published: February 2014

Biosorption is an innovative method to remove nonbiodegradable pollutants, such as heavy metals, from aqueous solutions using a variety of biomaterials (e.g. bacteria, fungi, algae and industrial and agricultural wastes). Compared with other alternatives, these metabolically inactive and nonliving biomasses of microbial or floral origins are cheaper and more effective in removing metallic elements, some of which are toxic and carcinogenic. The discharge of heavy metals, such as copper ions into wastewater is regarded as a serious threat to the environment. Copper, a widely used metal in different industries, is considered one of the most detrimental elements to aquatic life. In this paper, the following topics are discussed: hazardous effects of copper in wastewater, biological methods of Cu removal (biosorption using bacteria and fungi) and the isotherms and kinetic models of adsorption.
Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies on the Adsorption of Eu(III) by Eggshell from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Granados-Correa F. , Jiménez-Reyes M.
Published: February 2014

Eu(III) adsorption by eggshell from aqueous solutions was studied as a function of contact time, initial metal ion concentration and temperature through batch experiments. Analysis and discussions of possible mechanisms are included in the light of a comparison of currently known equilibrium adsorption models, kinetic models and thermodynamic parameters in open specialized literature. The experimental data fit very well with the Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models. For thermodynamic considerations in terms of adsorption, the thermodynamics parameters ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG° were evaluated, and the results indicated that the Eu(III) adsorption on eggshell is an endothermic and spontaneous process. These results show that eggshell is an effective, low-cost and widely available adsorbent in the field of lanthanide removal from aqueous solutions.
Synthesis of Potassium Tetratitanate—Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Selective Adsorption of Dibenzothiophene
Authors: Xu Wanzhen , Zheng Xudong , Gan Mengying , Zhu Wenjing , Zhang Yunlei , Yan Yongsheng
Published: February 2014

A potassium tetratitanate–based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared by surface molecule–imprinting technique, which involves coating potassium tetratitanate whiskers with silica and modification with 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. The structural properties of the synthesized MIP were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, nitrogen adsorption and scanning electron microscopy. Adsorption behaviour studies were conducted on the prepared MIP, the results of which showed that it has a porous and large surface area. In addition, the prepared MIP showed good adsorptive capacity and selectivity for dibenzothiophene; the adsorption equilibrium time was 180 minutes and the equilibrium adsorption capacity was 20.86 mg/g at 318 K. The adsorptive behaviour followed the Lagergren pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. Thus, based on the study results it can be concluded that the synthesized adsorbent (i.e. MIP) has potential applications for deep desulphurization of gasoline.
Characteristic study for low melting point MMC using stir casting technique
Authors: Jagannath K. , Sharma S. , Mohan N. , Kini Achutha , Prabhu P.
Published: February 2014

This paper presents manufacturing of metallic composites using stir-casting method. The setup details and manufacturing methodology are explained. Microstructure and characterization of graphite-tin composite is also included. The tensile strength and hardness improvement is observed in tin-graphite MMC with increase in weight percentage of graphite. Metal-matrix composites (MMC's) are now attracting enormous interest. One of the prime reasons for this is that significant advances have been made in recent years on the development of fabrication routes, which are economically attractive and generate material of high micro structural quality. In particular, it is possible to produce composites, which are relatively free from gross defects (Clyne and Mason, 1987; Smith and Froes, 1984; Rodes and Spuurling, 1985; Hunt, 1989; Ted Guo and Tsao, 2000). However, it depends on the ability of synthesizing them with a consistent reproducibility in microstructure and properties. With continual development in fabrication techniques, MMC's have been found to be suitable to replace some of the conventional metallic monolithic alloys.
Automotive vibration and noise control using smart materials: a state of art and challenges
Authors: Kumbhar S. , Maji Subhasis , Kumar Bimlesh
Published: February 2014

In the past several years, there has been increased market place awareness of noise, vibration, and harshness performance in automobiles. The differentiation between the quality and reliability levels of automobiles has become less pronounced and, as a result, manufacturers have had to demonstrate superiority by focusing on NVH concerns. The automotive industry is currently spending millions of dollars on NVH work to develop new materials and damping techniques so that the damping treatments are lighter, cheaper, and more effective. Some of the methods used to control noise, vibration, and harshness includes the use of different carpeting treatments, the addition of rubber or asphalt material to car panels, gap sealant, and the injection of expandable foam into body panels. The aim of this study is to explore the feasibility of smart damping materials such as magnet orheological elastomers (MRE), piezoelectric materials, with its basic properties, for augmenting and improving the performance benefits of damping materials. This study also evaluates the noise and vibration benefits of smart damping materials as compared to conventional damping treatments.
Energy security and technogenic safety for northeast of Russia through smart grid technology
Authors: Lepov V. , Petrov N.
Published: February 2014

In the last years the problems of energy security and technogenic safety for northeast of Russia are closely connected to development of the Smart Grid technology and new structural and functional materials. Particularly the high chemical durability and cold resistance of basalt composite materials in association with them low thermal conductivity and light weight stipulate the wide applications in building industry and power engineering in the North. The complex research of the main problems of energy security and technogenic safety for the northeast of Russia through smart grid technology has been presented.
Detection and localization of isolated wear bearing faults of rotating machinery by spectral analysis
Authors: Menasri N. , Zaoui M. , Bouchoucha A.
Published: February 2014

Rotating machines play a strategic role in a manufacturing process, and it is the case of a cement mill. These machines are composed of fragile bodies (bearings and gears, etc.) subjected to mechanical stress and harsh industrial environment.

Sources of failure are many; the wear and the spalling of bearing, the wear and fracture of a tooth of a gear, the misalignment of the axes, etc. To avoid unexpected downtime and costly, those bodies must be monitored continuously. There are several ways to do that; vibration analysis, lubricant analysis, infrared thermography and acoustic analysis. Vibration analysis (frequency) is most often used by operating a signal from an accelerometer. Whenever a fault participated in a contact, it changed the vibration characteristics of the system. By analyzing the acceleration measurements from an accelerometer, we can identify and quantify these changes in order to establish a relationship between the measures and the type of defect, which will be used as signatures for fault diagnosis system. In a system of power transmission (gear unit of a cement mill) the frequency of occurrences of faults can be known from the geometry and kinematics of the system.

This article deals with the detection of bearing defects isolated in a gear unit of a cement mill by spectral analysis of vibration; which based on a systematic analysis spectral and envelope spectrum of vibration signal for the presence of images of all vibrational defects may affect the body in question.
Horizontally Issuing Diffusion Flames Characterized by OH-PLIF and Visualizations
Authors: Heffernen J.J. , Hartsfield C.R. , Reeder M.F. , Polanka M.D.
Published: February 2014

Planar laser induced fluorescence and flame visualizations characterized the effect of buoyancy on the behavior of the combustion zone of diffusion jet flames which issued from horizontally-oriented tubes into ambient air. The study focused on the mixing characteristics of propane and ethylene at Reynolds numbers ranging from 300 to 1500 in the near field of the jet (up to X/D=9) and Froude numbers ranging as low as 0.36, based on cold-flow gas properties and conditions. Performing the study with a variety of fuel tube diameters enabled independent control of Froude and Reynolds numbers. The PLIF visualizations revealed the presence of the hydroxyl radical in the mixing layer for all cases. The hydroxyl concentrations were consistently higher in the upper portion of the mixing layer, indicative of more vigorous mixing in this region. The visualizations also revealed the evolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which were initially spatially segregated from the portion of the reaction zone containing the hydroxyl radical. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons initiate in fuel-rich regions nearer to the jet core than the hydroxyl radical, though the two regions eventually combine well downstream of the tube exit. Both the hydroxyl radical and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were more prominent on the upper side of the jet flame. Both propane and ethylene fuels led to qualitatively similar features of the flow field, indicating the important role played by the buoyancy-influenced fluid dynamics of the combustion products. The resulting cross sectional PLIF images were used to produce a three-dimensional representation of the reaction zone, indicating the jet spread and trajectory. The data was empirically correlated and found to collapse when based on the Froude number consistent with the density and temperature of a fully-reacted stoichiometric mixture. Complementary visualizations provided additional insight into the trajectory of the jet flame and revealed features of the reaction zone farther from the tube exit.
Teleconnections between Bangladesh Summer Monsoon Rainfall and Sea Surface Temperature in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Rahman Md. Mizanur , Rafiuddin M. , Alam Md. Mahbub
Published: February 2014

To explore the teleconnections between Bangladesh summer monsoon rainfall (BSMR) and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over different parts of the ocean have been examined from the years 1961–2008 (48-year). Global NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of SST have been used at 2 degree by 2 degree grid in this study. A significant positive correlation (0.44) was found between the BSMR and SST over the southwest Indian Ocean (around 30° S) in the month of February. All other monthly (January to May) correlations were not found to be significant. The SST over the Bay of Bengal was positively correlated with BSMR but not significant. During summer monsoon season the prevailing wind has a south-westerly direction over Bangladesh. The SST over the southwest Indian Ocean is especially important at 30°–36° S latitude and 74°–78° E longitude to develop the linear regression model to predict summer monsoon rainfall in Bangladesh.
Matched molecular pair-based data sets for computer-aided medicinal chemistry
Authors: Hu Ye , de la Vega de León Antonio , Zhang Bijun , Bajorath Jürgen
Published: February 2014

Matched molecular pairs (MMPs) are widely used in medicinal chemistry to study changes in compound properties including biological activity, which are associated with well-defined structural modifications. Herein we describe up-to-date versions of three MMP-based data sets that have originated from in-house research projects. These data sets include activity cliffs, structure-activity relationship (SAR) transfer series, and second generation MMPs based upon retrosynthetic rules. The data sets have in common that they have been derived from compounds included in the ChEMBL database (release 17) for which high-confidence activity data are available. Thus, the activity data associated with MMP-based activity cliffs, SAR transfer series, and retrosynthetic MMPs cover the entire spectrum of current pharmaceutical targets. Our data sets are made freely available to the scientific community.
Lectotypification of Linnaean names in Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae)
Authors: Yu Wen-Bin , Kuss Patrick , Wang Hong , Ree Richard H. , Li De-Zhu
Published: February 2014

Ten Linnaean names of Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae) are lectotypified: P. comosa, P. flammea, P. hirsuta, P. incarnata, P. lapponica, P. resupinata, P. rostrata, P. tristis, P. tuberosa and P. verticillata. Lectotypes are designated from the Linnaean herbarium at LINN. The type choices made here maintain the present usage of the corresponding Linnaean names for ten Pedicularis species.
Typification of Ipomoea hederacea Jacq.
Authors: Austin Daniel F. , Staples George , Bianchini Rosangela Simão
Published: February 2014

Previous lectotypification of Ipomoea hederacea is shown to be ineffective. Here we discuss the situation and lectotypify the species with a specimen annotated by Jacquin. Ipomoea hederacea is not based on Convolvulus hederaceus L., since Jacquin was applying the name to a different taxon and therefore did not intend to publish a combination based on Convolvulus hederaceus.
Independent evolutionary history between the Balkan ranges and more northerly mountains in Campanula alpina s.l. (Campanulaceae): Genetic divergence and morphological segregation of taxa
Authors: Ronikier Michał , Zalewska-Gałosz Joanna
Published: February 2014

Although the Balkan Peninsula belongs to the main European biodiversity centres, phylogeographical structure of its high‐mountain flora and relationships with adjoining mountain systems remain almost unknown. Here, we analyse the evolutionary patterns in Campanula alpina s.l., which comprises C. alpina Jacq. (eastern Alps, Carpathians) and the mostly neglected, allopatric Balkan taxon C. orbelica Pančić. Using a range‐wide sampling, two molecular marker systems (mostly nuclear AFLPs and chloroplast DNA sequences), flow cytometry and morphometric assessment, we (1) test earlier hypotheses assuming the impact of the Balkan lineages on the history of populations in the Alps and the Carpathians; (2) elucidate the long‐lasting controversy concerning the taxonomic status of the populations in the Balkan Peninsula. The primary evolutionary break, evidenced by a substantial genetic differentiation, separated the Alpine/Carpathian and Balkan populations. Thus, the previously hypothesized influence of the Balkan gene pool on the present more northerly lineages (especially on a distinct phylogeographical group occurring in the southwestern Carpathians) was rejected. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of cpDNA may support the Carpathians as the ancestral area within C. alpina from which the species reached the Alps, although strongly divergent AFLPs point at a relatively ancient time of this colonization. Molecular data and clear morphological segregation supported C. orbelica as a Balkan endemic species evolutionarily divergent from C. alpina. Both taxa are lectotypified, illustrated and morphologically characterized; their diagnostic characters are outlined.
Which name(s) should be used for Araucaria‐like fossil wood?—Results of a poll
Authors: Rößler Ronny , Philippe Marc , van Konijnenburg-van Cittert Johanna H.A. , McLoughlin Stephen , Sakala Jakub , Zijlstra Gea , Annamraju Rajanikanth , Ash Sidney , Baas Pieter , Bamford Marion , Bateman Richard , Booi Menno , Boonchai Nareerat , Brea Mariana , Crisafulli Alexandra , Decombeix Anne-Laure , Dolezych Martina , Dutra Tânia , Esteban Luis G. , Falaschi Paula , Falcon-Lang Howard , Feng Zhuo , Gnaedinger Silvia , Guerra Sommer Margot , Harland Melise , Herbst Rafael , Hilton Jason , Iamandei Eugenia , Iamandei Stãnilã , Jiang Hong-Hen , Jiang Zikun , Kim Kyungsik , Konijnenburg-van Cittert Johanna van , Kunzmann Lutz , Kurzawe Francine , McLoughlin Stephen , Merlotti Sheila , Meyer-Berthaud Brigitte , Naugolnykh Serge , Nishida Harufumi , Oh Changhwan , Orlova Olga , Palacios Paloma de , Philippe Marc , Pole Mike , Poole Imogen , Pujana Roberto , Rößler Ronny , Ryberg Patricia , Sakala Jakub , Savidge Rodney , Schultka Stephan , Süß Herbert , Taylor Edith , Terada Kazuo , Thévenard Frédéric , Torres Teresa , Vera Ezequiel , Wheeler Elisabeth , Yang Xiao-ju , Zijlstra Gea , Zheng Shaolin , Zhang Wu
Published: February 2014

Araucarioxylon Kraus is a widely known fossil‐genus generally applied to woods similar to that of the extant Arau‐ cariaceae. However, since 1905, several researchers have pointed out that this name is an illegitimate junior nomenclatural synonym. At least four generic names are in current use for fossil wood of this type: Agathoxylon Hartig, Araucarioxylon, Dadoxylon Endl. and Dammaroxylon J. Schultze‐Motel. This problem of inconsistent nomenclatural application is compounded by the fact that woods of this type represent a wide range of plants including basal pteridosperms, cordaitaleans, glossopterids, primitive conifers, and araucarian conifers, with a fossil record that extends from the Devonian to Holocene. Conservation of Araucarioxylon has been repeatedly suggested but never officially proposed. Since general use is a strong argument for conservation, a poll was conducted amongst fossil wood anatomists in order to canvass current and preferred usage. It was found that the community is divided, with about one‐fifth recommending retention of the well‐known Araucarioxylon, whereas the majority of others advocated use of the legitimate Agathoxylon. The arguments of the various colleagues who answered the poll are synthesized and discussed. There is clearly little support for conservation of Araucarioxylon. A secondary aspect of the poll tackled the issue as to whether Araucaria‐like fossil woods should be either gathered into a unique fossil‐genus, or whether two fossil‐genera should be recognized, based on the respective presence or absence of axial parenchyma. A majority of colleagues favoured having one fossil‐genus only. Agathoxylon can be used legitimately and appears to be the most appropriate name for such woods. However, its original diagnosis must be expanded if those woods lacking axial parenchyma are to be included.
On a question of Gillespie
Authors: Yang Xiaoyan , Ding Nanqing
Published: February 2014

A question of
Gillespie concerning the completeness of the induced cotorsion pairs
is settled in the general setting of any bicomplete abelian
category. That is, given a complete hereditary cotorsion pair

(
𝒜
,
ℬ
)

${(\mathcal {A},\mathcal {B})}$

in a bicomplete abelian category, we
show that the cotorsion pairs of chain complexes

(

𝒜
˜

,
dg

ℬ
˜

)

${(\mathcal {\protect \widetilde{A}},\operatorname{dg}\mathcal {\protect \widetilde{B}})}$

and

(
dg

𝒜
˜

,

ℬ
˜

)

${(\operatorname{dg}\mathcal {\protect \widetilde{A}},\mathcal {\protect \widetilde{B}})}$

are complete,
compatible and hereditary. This immediately puts a model structure
on the chain complex category. As an application of this result, we
establish homological dimensions of unbounded complexes in a
Grothendieck category by means of

dg
𝒜

${\operatorname{dg}\mathcal {A}}$

complexes
and

dg
ℬ

${\operatorname{dg}\mathcal {B}}$

complexes respectively. Some examples of complete hereditary cotorsion pairs in Grothendieck categories are given.
Numerical Simulation of Stochastic Inverse Problems in Rigid-Poro-Plastic Materials
Authors: Sluzalec Andrzej
Published: February 2014

A numerical approach is presented for stochastic identification of rigid-poroplastic material model in forming processes. The numerical solutions for deterministic as well as stochastic direct and inverse problems have been described. The inverse problem is solved by the use of gradient based methods and a sensitivity analysis. The proposed direct and inverse formulation describes probabilistic distributions of material data and boundary conditions. Examples of numerical simulations concern a compression of rigid-poroplastic cylindrical specimen with random material parameter as well as poroplastic ring with random boundary conditions. The stochastic solutions are obtained by application of the Monte Carlo method.
Real-time deformation monitoring by a wireless network of low-cost GPS
Authors: Benoit Lionel , Briole Pierre , Martin Olivier , Thom Christian
Published: February 2014

Monitoring small size area deformations calls for

increasingly precise data with greater space and time resolution.

To this aim, a GPS data processing method designed

for wireless networks of mono-frequency GPS receivers

is proposed. The different steps of the method are

explained: the GPS processing is first detailed with the design

of parametric and stochastic models, their inversion

by an extended Kalman filter and the mitigation of the

main errors: multipath. A parsimonious radio data transfer

protocol is then proposed. It allows a real-time positioning

thanks to a wireless transfer of GPS carrier phases

data from receivers to a processing computer. Finally the

method is tested on a network of mono-frequency receivers

developed by the French National Mapping Agency (IGN).

Tests prove its ability for real-time positioning with a fifteen

receivers network, and a precision under the centimeter

level is reached.
Internal Notched Flexure (INF) Test for Measurement of Mode II Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Fiber Composites
Authors: Belay Tsegay , Jar P.-Y. Ben , Cheng J.-J. Roger
Published: February 2014

A revised analysis to derive the expression for the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of fiber-reinforced polymers from internal notched flexure (INF) testing in small deformation is presented here. The approach adopted for the derivation takes into account the interlaminar shear load in the overhanging section outside the span. This improves the prediction accuracy for the initial specimen compliance, as evident from a finite element (FE) model of the INF specimen. The FE model also suggests that extensive damage develops at the crack tip before the delamination growth. Therefore, rather than using the physical crack length to calculate the interlaminar fracture toughness, one should use the effective crack length, which can be determined based on the measured specimen stiffness from experimental testing. With that, the analytical expression yields an inerlaminar fracture toughness that is consistent with the input value for the cohesive elements of the FE model.
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeEssential Genes with an Opi− Phenotype
Authors: Salas-Santiago Bryan , Lopes John M
Published: February 2014

The overproduction and secretion of inositol (i.e., Opi−) phenotype is associated with defects in regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis in yeast. Here we report a screen of the essential yeast gene set using a conditional-expression library. This screen identified novel functions previously unknown to affect phospholipid synthesis.
Observation of pseudoelastic behavior in large Cu-Ni composite multilayer nanowires
Authors: Abdolrahim N. , Mastorakos I.N. , Bahr D. , Zbib H.M.
Published: February 2014

In recent years, studies have shown that single crystal metallic nanowires (NWs) can exhibit unique pseudoelastic behavior when their cross-sectional area is smaller than a certain critical value, which is on the order of a few nms. The mechanism responsible for this behavior is the formation of partial dislocations (twinning). In this paper we demonstrate using molecular dynamics simulations that thicker composite nanowires can exhibit pseudoelastic behavior at large cross-sectional dimensions to 28 nm and higher, as long as the individual layer thickness do not exceed a critical value of 1.8-2 nm, thus making their manufacturing feasible and more attractive.
Phase Separation of Carboxylated Poly-L-lysine
Authors: Das Esha , Matsumura Kazuaki
Published: February 2014

Stimuli-responsive materials are capable of reversibly altering their properties depending on the environmental conditions or external stimuli. External stimuli typically include thermal, pH, electric fields, optical, magnetic fields, mechanical forces and chemical interactions. There are many instances in nature where responsive surfaces have been observed. Temperature is the most widely used stimulus in environmentally responsive polymer systems. The change of temperature is not only relatively easy to control, but also easily applicable both in vitro and in vivo. Temperature responsive polymers exhibit a phase transition at a certain temperature, which causes a sudden change in the solvation state. Polymers that become insoluble upon heating have a so-called lower critical solution temperature (LCST). One example of these polymers is poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide), which shows LCST at about 32 °C, close to the physiological temperature. In this study, we report the developing of novel polyampholytes which shows thermo-, salt-responsive liquid-liquid phase separation in aqueous solution.