bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantification of grain boundary equilibrium segregation by NanoSIMS analysis of bulk samples
Authors: Christien F. , Downing C. , Moore K. L. , Grovenor C. R. M.
Published: February 2012

A technique for the quantification of equilibrium grain boundary segregation by high resolution secondary ion mass spectroscopy (NanoSIMS) on simple metallographically polished surfaces has been demonstrated for the model system of sulphur segregation to nickel grain boundaries. Samples of nickel containing 5.4 wt ppm of sulphur were annealed at different temperatures to achieve different equilibrium sulphur grain boundary concentrations, ranging from less than 1% to about 50% of a monolayer. Quantification was carried out from sulphur concentration profiles acquired across about 20 grain boundaries in each sample. An internal standard (nickel containing a known concentration of sulphur in solid solution) was used for calibration. It is found that, depending on the annealing temperature, the average grain boundary sulphur concentration ranges from 0.9 to 25.8 ng cm–2 (or 1.7 1013 to 4.8 1014 atoms cm–2), i.e. ~0.015 to ~0.43 monolayer. Thermodynamic analysis gives a segregation free energy of −97.8 kJ mol–1 and a grain boundary sulphur concentration at saturation of 26.7 ng cm–2 (or 5.0×1014 atoms cm–2), i.e. ~0.44 monolayer, in good agreement with previous measurements on this system. The limit of detection of the technique is shown to be as low as 0.24 ng cm–2 (or 4.5×1012 atoms cm–2), i.e. ~0.004 monolayer, with a counting time of only 10 min. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Critical comparison of spectrometric analyses of non‐mineral blue dyes and pigments used in artworks
Authors: Kuckova S. , Hynek R. , Němec I. , Kodiček M. , Jehlička J.
Published: February 2012

The aim of this work was to find the lowest concentrations of non‐mineral blue dyes and pigments using infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transformation, Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry based on laser desorption/ionisation‐time of flight, in fresh and artificially aged model colour layers, for which the detection of indigo, Prussian blue and copper phthalocyanine in differently prepared samples could be reliably performed. This research was motivated by the fact that the presence of a particular blue dye allows at least approximate dating of artworks and therefore may be conducive to determining their authenticity, as is shown on a Czech cubist painting in this paper. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substrate and material transfer effects on the surface chemistry and texture of diamond‐like carbon deposited by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition
Authors: Jones B. J. , Ojeda J. J.
Published: February 2012

Diamond‐like carbon (DLC), a thin amorphous carbon film, has many uses in tribological systems. Exploiting alternative substrates and interlayers can enable the control of the hardness and modulus of the multilayer system and improve wear or friction properties. We used XPS and atomic force microscopy to examine DLC that had been concurrently coated on an epoxy interlayer and a steel substrate by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition. sp2/sp3 ratios were calculated both by the deconvolution of the XPS C1s line and by the analysis of the C KLL Auger spectrum. Altering the substrate causes changes in the carbon bonding configuration, evident with the same trend through both analysis methods, although with differing absolute values, related to hydrogen and oxygen content. There is significant variation in the microscale surface texture, exhibited by both average roughness values and size and uniformity of surface asperities. This suggests that alteration to the film surface structure is a factor to be considered in addition to interface adhesion, hardness and elastic modulus in investigating substrates and interlayers for tribological coatings. Examination of a DLC film separately produced on a steel substrate, in comparison with that produced concurrently with a DLC coating on epoxy, shows the possibility of effects on the chemistry of the film through transfer of material from adjacent samples within the plasma deposition, related to heating, outgassing or sputtering processes. The possibility of such contamination has implications in coating parameter design and coating of multiple samples with plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative study of direct and indirect image‐based profilometry in characterization of surface roughness
Authors: Pavlović Ž. , Risović D. , Novaković D.
Published: February 2012

In this study, we have investigated and compared two different approaches to the characterization of surface structure and roughness. The results of the stylus profilometric method are compared with the results obtained using a relatively novel, indirect, image‐based profilometry. The aim was to evaluate the performance and practical usefulness of the indirect method in the characterization of a surface topography. The indirect approach involved the use of Gwyddion software for analysis of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and calculation of standard profilometric parameters. It is well known that SEM micrographs provide an excellent tool for visualization and qualitative description of surface topography, including the estimation of corresponding fractal dimensions. The results of this study demonstrate that it is also possible to obtain profilometric parameters from analysis of SEM micrographs with appropriately calibrated gray scale intensity distributions, and that the values of the parameters are comparable to those obtained by classical (stylus) profilometry. Better agreement with results of the direct profilometric method was achieved for parameters related to the distribution of heights than those related to the distribution of depths. Regarding these differences, we have provided arguments indicating that the values of these depths – related parameters obtained by indirect profilometry – are closer to the “true” values than those inferred from the direct profilometry. Generally, the results of this comparative study indicate that indirect image‐based profilometry is a valuable and efficient tool in the characterization of various surface's topographies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser embedding of TiC particles into the surface of phosphor bronze‐bearing material
Authors: Yilbas B. S. , Akhtar S. S. , Karatas C. , Chatwin C.
Published: February 2012

A carbon film containing 5% TiC particles is formed on a pre‐prepared bronze surface prior to laser treatment. The carbon film provides increased absorption of the incident laser beam and hosts TiC particles with a uniform distribution at the workpiece surface. Optical and scanning electron microscopy are used to examine the metallurgical and morphological changes in the laser treated layer. Micro‐hardness of the laser‐treated surface is measured, and the residual stress formed in the surface vicinity is measured using the X‐ray diffraction technique. It was found that a dense layer with fine grains was formed in the laser‐treated layer. The micro‐hardness of the laser‐treated surface increases almost three times compared with the base material hardness. The presence of a dense layer and the formation of Cu3N in the surface region contribute to the hardness enhancement at the surface. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The large central charge limit of conformal blocks
Authors: Fateev Vladimir , Ribault Sylvain
Published: February 2012

Abstract

We study conformal blocks of conformal field theories with a W
3 symmetry algebra in the limit where the central charge is large. In this limit, we compute the fourpoint block as a special case of an sℓ
3-invariant function. In the case when two of the four fields are semi-degenerate, we check that our results agree with the block’s combinatorial expansion as a sum over Young diagrams. We also show that such a block obeys a sixthorder differential equation, and that it has an unexpected singularity at z = −1, in addition to the expected singularities at z = 0, 1, ∞.
Kinetic Study of Sodium Cocoyl Sarcosinate Synthesis and Factors Affecting the Reaction on Bench and Pilot Scales
Authors: Hassanzadeh Masoumeh , Kambarani Masoud , Tayebi Leila , Yazdian Fatameh
Published: February 2012

Sodium cocoyl sarcosinate is an important surfactant with a particular chemical structure and many practical applications in various industries. The synthesis of sodium cocoyl sarcosinate involves the reaction of cocoyl chloride and N‐methyl glycine. The influences of reactant molar ratios, temperature, reaction time, pH, and solvent on the reaction yield were investigated and also the kinetics of the reaction was studied. It was found that the reaction follows second order kinetics and the reaction rate constant is 0.0153 mol−1 L s−1 at 35 °C. Also production of sodium cocoyl sarcosinate was carried out at bench and pilot scales which is described in details.
A scoring system for the assessment of clinical severity in osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Aglan Mona S. , Hosny Laila , El-Houssini Rasha , Abdelhadi Sawsan , Salem Fadia , ElBanna Rokia A. S. , Awad Seham A. , Zaki Moushira E. , Temtamy Samia A.
Published: February 2012

Introduction

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder characterized by bone fragility and fractures. Patients with OI have clinical features that may range from mild symptoms to severe bone deformities and neonatal lethality. Numerous approaches for the classification of OI have been published. The Sillence classification is the most commonly used. In this study, we aimed at developing a more refined sub-classification by applying a proposed scoring system for the quantitative assessment of clinical severity in different types of OI.

Subjects and methods

This study included 43 patients with OI. Clinical examination and radiological studies were conducted for all patients. Cases were classified according to the Sillence classification into types I–IV. The proposed scoring system included five major criteria of high clinical value: number of fractures per year, motor milestones, long bone deformities, length/height standard deviation score (SDS), and bone mineral density (BMD). Each criterion was assigned a score from 1 to 4, and each patient was marked on a scale from 1 to 20 according to these five criteria.

Results

Applying the proposed clinical scoring system showed that all 11 patients with Sillence type I (100%) had a score between 6 and 10, denoting mild affection. The only patient with Sillence type II had a score of 19, denoting severe affection. In Sillence type III, 7 patients (31.8%) were moderately affected and 15 patients (68.2%) were severely affected. Almost all patients with Sillence type IV (88.9%) were moderately affected.

Conclusions

Applying the proposed scoring system can quantitatively reflect the degree of clinical severity in OI patients and can be used in complement with the Sillence classification and molecular studies.
Eddy diffusivities of inertial particles under gravity
Authors: Afonso Marco Martins , Mazzino Andrea , Muratore-Ginanneschi Paolo
Published: February 2012

The large-scale/long-time transport of inertial particles of arbitrary mass density under gravity is investigated by means of a formal multiple-scale perturbative expansion in the scale-separation parameter between the carrier flow and the particle concentration field. The resulting large-scale equation for the particle concentration is determined, and is found to be diffusive with a positive definite eddy diffusivity. The calculation of the latter tensor is reduced to the resolution of an auxiliary differential problem, consisting of a coupled set of two differential equations in a $(6+ 1)$-dimensional coordinate system (three space coordinates plus three velocity coordinates plus time). Although expensive, numerical methods can be exploited to obtain the eddy diffusivity, for any desirable non-perturbative limit (e.g. arbitrary Stokes and Froude numbers). The aforementioned large-scale equation is then specialized to deal with two different relevant perturbative limits: (i) vanishing of both Stokes time and sedimenting particle velocity; (ii) vanishing Stokes time and finite sedimenting particle velocity. Both asymptotics lead to a greatly simplified auxiliary differential problem, now involving only space coordinates and thus easily tackled by standard numerical techniques. Explicit, exact expressions for the eddy diffusivities have been calculated, for both asymptotics, for the class of parallel flows, both static and time-dependent. This allows us to investigate analytically the role of gravity and inertia on the diffusion process by varying relevant features of the carrier flow, such as the form of its temporal correlation function. Our results exclude a universal role played by gravity and inertia on the diffusive behaviour: regimes of both enhanced and reduced diffusion may exist, depending on the detailed structure of the carrier flow.
Effect of purified β-glucans derived fromLaminaria digitata,Laminaria hyperboreaandSaccharomyces cerevisiaeon piglet performance, selected bacterial populations, volatile fatty acids and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs
Authors: Sweeney T. , Collins C. B. , Reilly P. , Pierce K. M. , Ryan M. , O'Doherty J. V.
Published: February 2012

β-Glucans have been identified as natural biomolecules with immunomodulatory activity. The first objective of the present study was to compare the effects of purified β-glucans derived fromLaminariadigitata,L. hyperboreaandSaccharomyces cerevisiaeon piglet performance, selected bacterial populations and intestinal volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. The second aim was to compare the gene expression profiles of the markers of pro- and anti-inflammation in both unchallenged and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged ileal and colonic tissues. β-Glucans were included at 250 mg/kg in the diets. The β-glucans derived fromL. hyperborea,L. digitataandS. cerevisiaeall reduced the Enterobacteriaceae population (P < 0·05) without influencing the lactobacilli and bifidobacteria populations (P>0·05) in the ileum and colon. There was a significant interaction between gastrointestinal region and β-glucan source in the expression of cytokine markers, IL-1α (P < 0·001), IL-10 (P < 0·05), TNF-α (P < 0·05) and IL-17A (P < 0·001). β-Glucans did not stimulate any pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokine markers in the ileal epithelial cells. In contrast, the expression of a panel of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α,IL-10,TNF-αandIL-17A) was down-regulated in the colon following exposure to β-glucans from all the three sources. However, the data suggest that the soluble β-glucans derived fromL. digitatamay be acting via a different mechanism from the insoluble β-glucans derived fromL. hyperboreaandS. cerevisiae, as the VFA profile was different in theL. digitata-treated animals. There was an increase inIL-8gene expression (P < 0·05) in the gastrointestinal tract from the animals exposed toL. digitatafollowing an LPSex vivochallenge that was not evident in the other two treatment groups. In conclusion, β-glucans from both seaweed and yeast sources reduce Enterobacteriaceae counts and pro-inflammatory markers in the colon, though the mechanisms of action may be different between the soluble and insoluble fibre sources.
Resistance exercise enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis with graded intakes of whey protein in older men
Authors: Yang Yifan , Breen Leigh , Burd Nicholas A. , Hector Amy J. , Churchward-Venne Tyler A. , Josse Andrea R. , Tarnopolsky M. A. , Phillips Stuart M.
Published: February 2012

Feeding stimulates robust increases in muscle protein synthesis (MPS); however, ageing may alter the anabolic response to protein ingestion and the subsequent aminoacidaemia. With this as background, we aimed to determine in the present study the dose–response of MPS with the ingestion of isolated whey protein, with and without prior resistance exercise, in the elderly. For the purpose of this study, thirty-seven elderly men (age 71 (sd4) years) completed a bout of unilateral leg-based resistance exercise before ingesting 0, 10, 20 or 40 g of whey protein isolate (W0–W40, respectively). Infusion ofl-[1-13C]leucine andl-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine with bilateralvastus lateralismuscle biopsies were used to ascertain whole-body leucine oxidation and 4 h post-protein consumption of MPS in the fed-state of non-exercised and exercised leg muscles. It was determined that whole-body leucine oxidation increased in a stepwise, dose-dependent manner. MPS increased above basal, fasting values by approximately 65 and 90 % for W20 and W40, respectively (P < 0·05), but not with lower doses of whey. While resistance exercise was generally effective at stimulating MPS, W20 and W40 ingestion post-exercise increased MPS above W0 and W10 exercised values (P < 0·05) and W40 was greater than W20 (P < 0·05). Based on the study, the following conclusions were drawn. At rest, the optimal whey protein dose for non-frail older adults to consume, to increase myofibrillar MPS above fasting rates, was 20 g. Resistance exercise increases MPS in the elderly at all protein doses, but to a greater extent with 40 g of whey ingestion. These data suggest that, in contrast to younger adults, in whom post-exercise rates of MPS are saturated with 20 g of protein, exercised muscles of older adults respond to higher protein doses.
Population compliance with national dietary recommendations and its determinants: findings from the ORISCAV-LUX study
Authors: Alkerwi Ala'a , Sauvageot Nicolas , Nau Anne , Lair Marie-Lise , Donneau Anne-Françoise , Albert Adelin , Guillaume Michèle
Published: February 2012

The objective of the present study was to determine the proportion of adults meeting national recommendations for food and nutrient intake and to identify the demographic, socio-economic and behavioural factors that may contribute to weaken dietary compliance. ORISCAV-LUX is a cross-sectional study that took place in Luxembourg (2007–8). A representative stratified random sample of 1352 adults aged 18–69 years participated in the nationwide cardiovascular health survey. A FFQ was used to estimate food intake. Radar charts were built to compare graphically the compliance of the participants with different key dietary guidelines on the same set of axes. The thirteen food- and nutrient-based recommendations were scored and summed to create a recommendation compliance index (range − 0·5 to 14). Ordinal logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the factors contributing to poor dietary compliance. Several food- and nutrient-based guidelines were insufficiently respected compared with others. The greatest gaps occurred in the adherence to grain and dairy product consumption guidelines, as well as to total fat and notably to SFA recommendations. Age, country of birth, economic status, smoking status and subject's awareness of the importance of balanced meals emerged as independently associated with weak dietary compliance. Obese subjects conformed more to dietary recommendations compared with normal-weight subjects. The findings underscore the need for specific nutrition education messages along with targeted interventions. Efforts should be continued to increase population awareness of the importance of a healthy lifestyle and a balanced diet.
Characterization and polymorphism analysis of phosphoglucose isomerase gene in the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea)
Authors: Luo J. , Cheng X.-Y. , Yan X. , Tao W.-Q. , Holland J.D. , Xu R.-M.
Published: February 2012

Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) plays an important role in energy metabolism, and it is documented that PGI exhibits an extensive polymorphism which can affect insects' fitness and adaptation. In this paper, we studied the structural characteristics and polymorphism ofpgigene in the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea), an important invasive pest in some European and Asian countries. A 2110-bppgifull-length cDNA encoding a polypeptide of 556 amino acids was obtained fromH. cunea. Thepgifull-length in theH. cuneagenomic DNA was 14,332 bp with 12 exons and 11 introns, similar to the structures ofpgiin other Lepidoptera species. We compared the structures ofpgiin different insect species. Moreover, thirteenpgigenotypes comprised of five alleles were identified in the Chinese population. Genotypespgi-cd,pgi-ccandpgi-cewere the most prevalent with over 70% of individuals allocated to them. Four out of five alleles were sequenced the cDNA full-length. Thirty stably variable sites were found among them with five non-synonymous mutation sites. The frequencies of alleles and genotypes were variable in different Chinese geographic subpopulations. Moreover, comparison ofpgimRNA expression levels in each stage of the moth's lifecycle showed that a high expression level was in the 6th instar larval stage, followed by that in the egg and adult stages. The results will provide a basis for further study of the role of different alleles and genotypes of PGI on fitness and adaptation of the mothH. cunea.
Effects of combination of leaf resources on competition in container mosquito larvae
Authors: Reiskind M.H. , Zarrabi A.A. , Lounibos L.P.
Published: February 2012

Resource diversity is critical to fitness in many insect species, and may determine the coexistence of competitive species and the function of ecosystems. Plant material provides the nutritional base for numerous aquatic systems, yet the consequences of diversity of plant material have not been studied in aquatic container systems important for the production of mosquitoes. To address how diversity in leaf detritus affects container-inhabiting mosquitoes, we examined how leaf species affect competition between two container inhabiting mosquito larvae,Aedes aegyptiandAedes albopictus, that co-occur in many parts of the world. We tested the hypotheses that leaf species changes the outcome of intra- and interspecific competition between these mosquito species, and that combinations of leaf species affect competition in a manner not predictable based upon the response to each leaf species alone (i.e. the response to leaf combinations is non-additive). We find support for our first hypothesis that leaf species can affect competition, evidence that, in general, leaf combination alters competitive interactions, and no support that leaf combination impacts interspecific competition differently than intraspecific competition. We conclude that combinations of leaves increase mosquito production non-additively such that combinations of leaves act synergistically, in general, and result in higher total yield of adult mosquitoes in most cases, although certain leaf combinations forA. albopictusare antagonistic. We also conclude that leaf diversity does not have a different effect on interspecific competition betweenA. aegyptiandA. albopictus, relative to intraspecific competition for each mosquito.
Molecular organic geochemistry of a proposed stratotype for the Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian boundary (Isle of Skye, Scotland)
Authors: LEFORT APOLLINE , HAUTEVELLE YANN , LATHUILIÈRE BERNARD , HUAULT VINCENT
Published: February 2012

The composition of the soluble organic matter of the Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian Flodigarry Shale Member (Isle of Skye, Scotland) is presented for the first time. A continuous succession of silty clays and nodular limestone beds is exposed on a rocky shore to the north of Staffin Bay. This succession is proposed as a potential stratotype of the boundary between the Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian stages. This paper points out the exceptional preservation and very low thermal degradation of the organic matter. Indeed, the molecular composition is characterized by the abundance of unsaturated biomarkers (hopenes and diasterenes) as well as undamaged bioterpenoids (ferruginol and sugiol). The abundance of long-chainn-alkanes characterized by an odd-over-even predominance reveals a dominant continental contribution. This is also attested to by the relatively high amounts of plant biomarkers (e.g. ferruginol, sugiol, cadalene and retene), which suggest a palaeovegetation largely composed of pinophytes, especially Cupressaceae, Taxodiaceae and Cheirolepidiaceae, on the nearest emerged lands. The water column of the depositional environment was oxic in its upper part and rather dysoxic in its lower part. The composition of the organic matter does not significantly change along the Flodigarry Shale Member. In other words, no evolutionary events or drastic change in palaeoenvironments can be deduced from the molecular content of these sedimentary rocks, and it does not allow us to support a precise location for the Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian boundary in the succession.
Focal defect of mastoid bone shell in the region of the transverse-sigmoid junction: a new cause of pulsatile tinnitus
Authors: Xue J , Li T , Sun X , Liu Y
Published: February 2012

Objective:

Pulsatile tinnitus usually originates from vascular structures, causing an arterial or venous bruit. We report a new cause of pulsatile tinnitus: a focal defect of the mastoid bone shell in the region of the transverse-sigmoid junction, with a normal transverse-sigmoid sinus.

Participants and intervention:

Three patients complained of unilateral, pulsatile tinnitus present for many years. They were identified as having a focal defect of the mastoid bone shell in the region of the transverse-sigmoid junction. The patients underwent transmastoid reconstruction of the mastoid bone shell overlying the transverse-sigmoid sinus.

Results:

All three patients reported immediate resolution of their symptoms, and were asymptomatic at final follow up.

Conclusion:

A focal defect of the mastoid bone shell overlying the transverse-sigmoid sinus, with no abnormality of the sinus itself, may be a new cause of pulsatile tinnitus. Surgical reconstruction of the mastoid bone shell overlying the transverse-sigmoid sinus can provide lasting symptom relief for patients with pulsatile tinnitus and computed tomographic evidence of the defect.
Optimal transport and dynamics of expanding circle maps acting on measures
Authors: KLOECKNER BENOÎT
Published: February 2012

In this paper we compute the derivative of the action on probability measures of an expanding circle map at its absolutely continuous invariant measure. The derivative is defined using optimal transport: we use the rigorous framework set up by Gigli to endow the space of measures with a kind of differential structure. It turns out that 1 is an eigenvalue of infinite multiplicity of this derivative, and we deduce that the absolutely continuous invariant measure can be deformed in many ways into atomless, nearly invariant measures. We also show that the action of standard self-covering maps on measures has positive metric mean dimension.
Perception, use and valuation of protected areas by local populations in an economic crisis context
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ-RODRÍGUEZ DAVID
Published: February 2012

With some exceptions, local populations’ opinions are not considered sufficiently important in developing policies related to protected areas (PAs), despite their recognized effect on conservation and management. This paper surveys the views and the activities performed by residents living inside or near the 10 PAs of the densely-populated, industrialized Autonomous Region of Madrid, with a view toward better informing their management. The degree of knowledge, perception of conservation state, activities performed inside them and stated importance were assessed, and the hypothesis that the economic valuation of PAs had decreased between 2006/2007 and 2009 as a result of Spain's economic crisis was tested using the contingency valuation method. Local populations valued PAs highly, despite their limited use of them and their moderate perception of the conservation state of these areas. The objective valuation of PAs (measured by three economic variables) remained high among the local populations at the peak of the economic crisis (assessed by the gross domestic product growth), although declared economic support for PAs had significantly shifted towards a ‘pay per use’ scheme.
Parental Distress, Parenting Practices, and Child Adaptive Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Micklewright Jackie L. , King Tricia Z. , O'Toole Kathleen , Henrich Chris , Floyd Frank J.
Published: February 2012

Moderate and severe pediatric traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are associated with significant familial distress and child adaptive sequelae. Our aim was to examine the relationship between parental psychological distress, parenting practices (authoritarian, permissive, authoritative), and child adaptive functioning 12–36 months following TBI or orthopedic injury (OI). Injury type was hypothesized to moderate the relationship between parental distress and child adaptive functioning, demonstrating a significantly stronger relationship in the TBI relative to OI group. Authoritarian parenting practices were hypothesized to mediate relationship between parental distress and child adaptive functioning across groups. Groups (TBIn= 21, OIn= 23) did not differ significantly on age at injury, time since injury, sex, race, or SES. Parents completed the Brief Symptom Inventory, Parenting Practices Questionnaire, and Vineland-II. Moderation and mediation hypotheses were tested using hierarchical multiple regression and a bootstrapping approach, respectively. Results supported moderation and revealed that higher parental psychological distress was associated with lower child adaptive functioning in the TBI group only. Mediation results indicated that higher parental distress was associated with authoritarian parenting practices and lower adaptive functioning across groups. Results suggest that parenting practices are an important area of focus for studies attempting to elucidate the relationship between parent and child functioning following TBI. (JINS, 2012,18, 343–350)
Some Norwegian “Type Anaphora” are Surface Anaphora
Authors: Lødrup Helge
Published: February 2012

The Norwegian pronoundet‘it, that’ is basically third person neuter singular. Under certain conditions, it can have antecedents that are not neuter singular (for example,Marit kjøpte en kylling—Detkjøpte John også‘Marit bought a chicken.masc—John bought one too’). Used this way, the pronoun does not refer to the same object as its antecedent; Borthen 2003 refers to it as a “type anaphor.” This article argues that type anaphora are not a unitary phenomenon. There are two groups with very different properties. One group realizes what was called surface anaphora in Hankamer & Sag 1976. The other group has a generic or eventive interpretation.*
Generation of electrical self-oscillations in two-terminal switching devices based on the insulator-to-metal phase transition of VO2 thin films
Authors: Leroy Jonathan , Crunteanu Aurelian , Givernaud Julien , Orlianges Jean-Christophe , Champeaux Corinne , Blondy Pierre
Published: February 2012

We present the non-linear electrical properties of simple two-terminal switching devices based on vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin films. The current–voltage characteristics of such devices present negative differential resistance (NDR) regions allowing generating electrical self-oscillations across the investigated devices, with frequencies ranging from several kHz up to 1 MHz. We investigate and compare the factors determining the onset of oscillatory phenomenon in both voltage- and current-activated oscillations and explain its origin. For both activation modes, we will correlate the properties of electrical oscillations (amplitude and frequency) with the amplitude of the continuous excitation signal, the physical geometry of the devices or ambient temperature. We conclude by mentioning several possible applications for the oscillation generation in the radiofrequency (RF)/microwave domains (inverters, integrated a.c. signal generators, pressure and temperature sensors, etc.).
77 GHz offset reflectarray for FOD detection on airport runways
Authors: Mazouni Karim , Pichot Christian , Lantéri Jérôme , Dauvignac Jean-Yves , Migliaccio Claire , Futatsumori Shunichi , Kohmura Akiko , Yonemoto Naruto
Published: February 2012

In designing a Foreign Object Debris (FOD) detection system on airport runways, this paper deals with the performance of a 77 GHz reflectarray antenna (RA). Debris may be very small and have low radar cross section (RCS), leading to design a high gain primary-fed offset RA. To minimize the aperture blockage, the main radiation lobe is in the specular direction. The antenna has a maximum gain of 40 dBi and aperture efficiency of 50% over the frequency band 76–77 GHz. First measurements using a 77 GHz radar module were carried out on pavement.
ConfrontingDuch: civil party participation in Case 001 at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
Authors: Stover Eric , Balthazard Mychelle , Koenig K. Alexa
Published: February 2012

The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) is unique because it is the first international criminal tribunal to allow victims of alleged crimes to act as civil parties at trial. This means that victims can have a role at the ECCC beyond being called as witnesses. After presenting the history of victim participation in national and international war crimes trials, this article examines how civil party participation shaped the trial proceedings at the ECCC, and how the civil parties viewed their interactions with the court. It concludes by reflecting on the positive and negative aspects of civil party participation in theDuchtrial, and what implications such participation may have for future trials at the ECCC and other international criminal courts.
Elevated foraminifera‐bound nitrogen isotopic composition during the last ice age in the South China Sea and its global and regional implications
Authors: Ren Haojia , Sigman Daniel M. , Chen Min‐Te , Kao Shuh‐Ji
Published: February 2012

We report a new foraminifera‐boundδ15N (FB‐δ15N) record from the South China Sea (SCS) extending back to 42 ka. This record shows a ∼1.2‰ glacial‐to‐interglacialδ15N decrease, with a deglacial δ15N maximum similar to that observed in many bulk sedimentary δ15N records and in a Caribbean FB‐δ15N record. The glacial‐to‐interglacialδ15N decrease is smaller than in the Caribbean record, indicating that at least half of the Caribbean δ15N decrease into the Holocene was regional, not global, supporting the interpretation of a Holocene increase in Atlantic nitrogen fixation. At the same time, the glacial‐to‐interglacialδ15N decrease observed in the SCS may also be explained as a regional signal of increasing nitrogen fixation into the Holocene. Other aspects of the SCS record suggest an effect of physical circulation on FB‐δ15N. FB‐δ15N starts to increase toward its deglacial maximum before the last ice age ends, and it continues to decrease through the later Holocene, in contrast to the more pure glacial/deglacial/interglacial steps in the Caribbean record. These changes have parallels in other Pacific δ15N records, precessionally driven East Asian monsoon records, and the slow Holocene warming of SCS surface waters. In addition, the SCS record exhibits two one‐point high‐δ15N spikes in multiple foraminiferal species that coincide with apparent hydrographic events. Thinning or weakening of the thermocline, in the late glacial and early Holocene as well as during the noted events, may have yielded a higher δ15N for thermocline nitrate and thus a higher FB‐δ15N.
A high‐resolution ammonia emission inventory in China
Authors: Huang Xin , Song Yu , Li Mengmeng , Li Jianfeng , Huo Qing , Cai Xuhui , Zhu Tong , Hu Min , Zhang Hongsheng
Published: February 2012

The existence of gas‐phase ammonia (NH3) in the atmosphere and its interaction with other trace chemical species could have a substantial impact on tropospheric chemistry and global climate change. China is a large agricultural country with an enormous animal population, tremendous nitrogen fertilizer consumption and, consequently, a large emission of NH3. Despite the importance of NH3 in the global nitrogen (N) cycle, considerable inaccuracies and uncertainty exist regarding its emission in China. In this study, a comprehensive NH3 emission inventory was compiled for China on a 1 km × 1 km grid, which is suitable for input to atmospheric models. We attempted to estimate NH3 emissions accurately by taking into consideration as many native experiment results as possible and parameterizing the emission factors (EFs) by the ambient temperature, soil acidity and other factors. The total NH3emission in China was approximately 9.8 Tg in 2006. The emission sources considered included livestock excreta (5.3 Tg), fertilizer application (3.2 Tg), agricultural soil (0.2 Tg), nitrogen‐fixing plants (0.05 Tg), crop residue compost (0.3 Tg), biomass burning (0.1 Tg), urine from rural populations (0.2 Tg), chemical industry (0.2 Tg), waste disposal (0.1 Tg) and traffic (0.1 Tg). The regions with the highest emission rates are located in Central and Southwest China. Seasonally, the peak ammonia emissions occur in spring and summer.
Investigation of trends in extreme value wave height and wind speed
Authors: Young I. R. , Vinoth J. , Zieger S. , Babanin A. V.
Published: February 2012

Global altimeter data spanning a period of more than 20 years is analyzed to determine whether there are measurable trends in extreme value return period estimates of wind speed and wave height. The data is subdivided into sections of 4 years duration and extreme value analysis applied to each section. The trends in values across these sections indicate that there appears to be a positive trend in 100 year return period values of wind speed but no consistent trends for 100 year return period wave height. However, the statistical uncertainty associated with estimates of the extreme value wind speed and wave heights is such that the quantitative values of trend are not reliable. Reliable values will require a longer‐duration data set.
Volcanic SO2, BrO and plume height estimations using GOME‐2 satellite measurements during the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in May 2010
Authors: Rix M. , Valks P. , Hao N. , Loyola D. , Schlager H. , Huntrieser H. , Flemming J. , Koehler U. , Schumann U. , Inness A.
Published: February 2012

The eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland, in April and May 2010 caused unprecedented disruptions of European air traffic showing that timely monitoring of volcanic ash and SO2 dispersion as well as the corresponding plume heights are important for aviation safety. This paper describes the observations of SO2 and BrO columns in the eruption plume and the determination of the SO2 plume height using the GOME‐2 satellite instrument. During the eruptive period in May 2010, SO2 total columns of up to ∼20 DU and BrO columns of ∼7.7 × 1013 molec/cm2 were detected. The BrO/SO2 ratio estimated from the GOME‐2 observations of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption varies from 1.1 × 10−4 to 2.1 × 10−4. The SO2 plume heights estimated from the GOME‐2 observations on 5 May range from 8–13 km and mostly agree within 1–3 km with visual observations, radar data and modeling results. Furthermore, the GOME‐2 SO2 observations are compared with in situ measurements of the DLR Falcon aircraft on 17 and 18 May 2010 and with Brewer instruments at Valentia, Ireland and Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. The SO2 columns derived from the Falcon profile measurements range from 0.6–4.7 DU and the comparison with the GOME‐2 measurements shows a good agreement, mainly within 1 DU. The Brewer observations at Hohenpeissenberg also agree well with the GOME‐2 measurements with a daily average SO2 column of ∼1.3 DU during the overpass of the SO2 cloud on 18 May, whereas the Brewer instrument at Valentia shows up to 50% higher SO2 columns (∼8 DU) on 11 May.
Radiative properties of Bay of Bengal aerosols: Spatial distinctiveness and source impacts
Authors: Babu S. Suresh , Gogoi Mukunda M. , Kumar V. H. Arun , Nair Vijayakumar S. , Moorthy K. Krishna
Published: February 2012

Simultaneous and collocated measurements of spectrally resolved scattering and absorption coefficients and mass concentration of near‐surface composite aerosols in the marine atmosphere over the Bay of Bengal (BOB), along with incoming shortwave (0.3–3 μm) global solar radiation and columnar spectral aerosol optical depths (AOD), were made on a research cruise during the winter phase of the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, Gases and Radiation Budget (W‐ICARB). The aerosol radiative properties revealed distinct spatial features associated with the contrasting outflows from Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) and East Asia. Both scattering and absorption coefficients depicted very high values (>200 and >15 Mm−1) over the northwestern and southeastern BOB and extremely low values (<50 and <10 Mm−1) over the central BOB. The mean value of the total scattering coefficient at 550 nm (∼123.7 ± 85.3 Mm−1) over the entire BOB during winter was higher than the mean values (∼94 ± 47 Mm−1) reported for the premonsoon season. While SSA at 550 nm showed very low values (<0.8) over a very large region in the central BOB and moderately low values over the southern BOB (∼0.85–0.9), the columnar AOD varied from the least values of ∼0.1 over the northeastern BOB to the highest values of ∼0.8 over the northwestern BOB. While significant cooling was observed at the top of the atmosphere and surface over the northwestern BOB, the atmospheric forcing was found to be significantly high (∼15 W m−2) over the southern BOB, where the aerosol radiative forcing efficiency (ARFE) at the surface was also found to be high. Examination of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)‐derived fire count along with the advection pathways revealed a strong contribution from the emissions of biomass smoke from East Asia, which might be contributing to the enhanced aerosol induced warming over the southern BOB. However, the ARFE at the surface was low over the northwestern BOB, where the advection from IGP was predominant.
Scaling the Teflon Peaks: Rock type and the generation of extreme relief in the glaciated western Alaska Range
Authors: Ward Dylan J. , Anderson Robert S. , Haeussler Peter J.
Published: February 2012

Parts of the Alaska Range (Alaska, USA) stand in prominent exception to the “glacial buzzsaw hypothesis,” which postulates that terrain raised above the ELA is rapidly denuded by glaciers. In this paper, we discuss the role of a strong contrast in rock type in the development of this exceptional terrain. Much of the range is developed on pervasively fractured flysch, with local relief of 1000–1500 m, and mean summit elevations that are similar to modern snow line elevations. In contrast, Cretaceous and Tertiary plutons of relatively intact granite support the range's tallest mountains (including Mt. McKinley, or Denali, at 6194 m), with 2500–5000 m of local relief. The high granitic peaks protrude well above modern snow lines and support many large glaciers. We focus on the plutons of the Denali massif and the Kichatna Mountains, to the west. We use field observations, satellite photos, and digital elevation data to demonstrate how exhumation of these plutons affects glacier longitudinal profiles, the glacial drainage network, and the effectiveness of periglacial processes. In strong granite, steep, smooth valley walls are maintained by detachment of rock slabs along sheeting joints. These steep walls act as low‐friction surfaces (“Teflon”), efficiently shedding snow. Simple scaling calculations show that this avalanching may greatly enhance the health of the modern glaciers. We conclude that, in places such as Denali, unusual combinations of rapid tectonic uplift and great rock strength have created the highest relief in North America by enhancing glacial erosion in the valleys while preserving the peaks.
Tales of the autophagy crusaders
Authors: Kalie Eyal , Tooze Sharon A
Published: February 2012

The second EMBO Conference Series meeting on ‘Autophagy in Health and Disease’ took place in November 2011 in Israel. It brought together researchers from around the globe to cover the biogenesis of the autophagosome, as well as related topics including the regulation of autophagy, selective autophagy and the role of autophagy in disease and cell death.
The FIH hydroxylase is a cellular peroxide sensor that modulates HIF transcriptional activity
Authors: Masson Norma , Singleton Rachelle S , Sekirnik Rok , Trudgian David C , Ambrose Lucy J , Miranda Melroy X , Tian Ya‐Min , Kessler Benedikt M , Schofield Christopher J , Ratcliffe Peter J
Published: February 2012

Hypoxic and oxidant stresses can coexist in biological systems, and oxidant stress has been proposed to activate hypoxia pathways through the inactivation of the ‘oxygen‐sensing’ hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) prolyl and asparaginyl hydroxylases. Here, we show that despite reduced sensitivity to cellular hypoxia, the HIF asparaginyl hydroxylase—known as FIH, factor inhibiting HIF—is strikingly more sensitive to peroxide than the HIF prolyl hydroxylases. These contrasting sensitivities indicate that oxidant stress is unlikely to signal hypoxia directly to the HIF system, but that hypoxia and oxidant stress can interact functionally as distinct regulators of HIF transcriptional output.
Structure, fluctuation and magnitude of a natural grassland soil metagenome
Authors: Delmont Tom O , Prestat Emmanuel , Keegan Kevin P , Faubladier Michael , Robe Patrick , Clark Ian M , Pelletier Eric , Hirsch Penny R , Meyer Folker , Gilbert Jack A , Le Paslier Denis , Simonet Pascal , Vogel Timothy M
Published: February 2012

The soil ecosystem is critical for human health, affecting aspects of the environment from key agricultural and edaphic parameters to critical influence on climate change. Soil has more unknown biodiversity than any other ecosystem. We have applied diverse DNA extraction methods coupled with high throughput pyrosequencing to explore 4.88 × 109 bp of metagenomic sequence data from the longest continually studied soil environment (Park Grass experiment at Rothamsted Research in the UK). Results emphasize important DNA extraction biases and unexpectedly low seasonal and vertical soil metagenomic functional class variations. Clustering-based subsystems and carbohydrate metabolism had the largest quantity of annotated reads assigned although <50% of reads were assigned at an E value cutoff of 10−5. In addition, with the more detailed subsystems, cAMP signaling in bacteria (3.24±0.27% of the annotated reads) and the Ton and Tol transport systems (1.69±0.11%) were relatively highly represented. The most highly represented genome from the database was that for a Bradyrhizobium species. The metagenomic variance created by integrating natural and methodological fluctuations represents a global picture of the Rothamsted soil metagenome that can be used for specific questions and future inter-environmental metagenomic comparisons. However, only 1% of annotated sequences correspond to already sequenced genomes at 96% similarity and E values of <10−5, thus, considerable genomic reconstructions efforts still have to be performed.