bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Importance of the Board-President Relationship in Three Community Colleges
Authors: Levin John S.
Published: April 2021

Governance and management in institutions of higher education have attracted considerable attention in the North American literature. While much has been published concerning the respective roles of the president and the governing board in managing the affairs of colleges and universities, limited attention has been given to the relationship which exists between the two parties. The purpose of this study is to examine the board-president relationship in the academic institution in order to discern reasons for the importance of the relationship. The investigation uses qualitative-interpretive research methods in an examination of three colleges in the province of British Columbia. Five major conclusions are presented to indicate reasons for the importance of the board-president relationship. First, at the three colleges, the board and the president see themselves as having influence and impact upon the external community. Second, at the three colleges, the board and the president see themselves as having influence and impact upon the internal college community. Third, there is a high level of value compatibility among board members and the president, based on the accounts of the parties. Fourth, board and president together view themselves as the chief authorities of the institution, responsible for the governance and management of the operations of their colleges. And fifth, at the three colleges, board and president together, in their expressed attitudes and actions, mirror perceived characteristics of the larger organization.
Keeping Legislators Informed: The University of Manitoba Study
Authors: Jones Glen A.
Published: April 2021

Universities attempt to influence government policy through the input of interests to the political process. Given the importance of keeping legislators informed of university interests and activities, a study was conducted in 1986 to obtain data from Members of the Manitoba Legislative Assembly on the adequacy of information provided by the University of Manitoba. The purpose of this paper is to report the major findings of that study, including the types of information requested by legislators, and to discuss three themes which emerged from the interviews: that the University should move slowly in its attempts to improve relations with legislators, that secondary relations should be strengthened, and that the University should present its case in a more positive fashion.
Relationships Between University Characteristics and Early Job Outcomes of Accountants
Authors: Colarelli Stephen M. , Dean Roger A. , Konstans Constantine
Published: April 2021

This study undertook an examination of relationships among university characteristics and job offers, employment status, job attitudes, and job performance of newly-hired accounting graduates. It was found that university characteristics are generally not related to job attitudes and job performance. A few characteristics correlated with the total number of job offers, and characteristics associated with wealth and status correlated with receiving job offers from prestigious accounting firms. Several explanations are suggested for the results—including threshold effects, prestige effects, and influence of the work environment.
The Employment Experience of Recent Graduate Education Students
Authors: Decore Anne Marie
Published: April 2021

Because it both employs a significant portion of university graduates and provides an early warning of future demand for higher levels of education, the teaching profession affords an instructive illustration of the experiences of highly trained personnel in the labour market. The study is an attempt to elucidate part of the picture of supply and demand for teachers by examining the labour market experiences of recent education graduates of the University of Alberta. Although concern recently has surfaced that a shortage of teachers is imminent, these respondents who entered the labour market in late 1987 or mid-1988 reported that teaching jobs were still in short supply in early 1989. Only 62 percent found full-time employment, though 86 percent sought teaching jobs. Job location, age and the extent of the job search emerged as important influences on employment status.
An Institutional Response to Date Rape
Authors: Rajacich Dale , Fawdry M. Kaye , Berry Mary L.
Published: April 2021

This article reviews the existing literature on date rape and its prevention. As a result of an analysis of the literature, a model for date rape prevention on university campuses has been developed. The model is based on an adaptation of Roark's (1987) prevention strategies at the institutional level and Neuman's (1989) Total Systems Model. It provides a comprehensive approach to date rape prevention at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels of prevention. The model also includes a date rape assessment guide and sample date rape prevention program.
The Paradox of the Presidency: The Difference a President makes in Institutional Functioning at Three Community Colleges
Authors: Levin John S.
Published: April 2021

Do presidents make a difference? Presidential impact on colleges and universities has been called into question for decades. Most recently, there is evidence to suggest that institutional functioning may not be affected by who presidents are or by what presidents do (Birnbaum, 1989). Such questioning fits within the mainstream of thinking on the presidency at higher education institutions. This thinking conveys a dualism of perceptions about presidents (Benezet et al., 1981). On the one hand, presidents are seen to have both power and authority to direct their institutions; on the other hand, presidents are seen as having limited control over their institutions. Twenty-four governing board members at three Canadian community colleges were interviewed to determine whether and to what extent presidents are seen to make a difference in institutional functioning. This study concludes that from the perspective of board members, presidents do make a difference in institutional functioning. Presidential impact can be seen in public and government perceptions of the college, in institutional decision-making, and in the preservation of college philosophy. Furthermore, the president is the educational leader, not as a determiner of educational programs or teaching performance, but rather as the communicator of institutional orientations and actions.
Social Work Education For Aboriginal Communities
Authors: Brown Leslie A.
Published: April 2021

This paper examines aboriginal social work education in Canada and suggests that current education practice may be facilitating the assimilation of aboriginal students into a mainstream culture and profession. Developments in aboriginal social work programs and curriculum are reviewed and a philosophy of recognition and accommodation of aboriginal perspectives as a basis for future developments is posed as an alternative to assimilation. Further, a strategy for teaching, termed interface teaching, is suggested as a way in which non-aboriginal educators can take individual responsibility for wrestling with some of the issues that arise in the professional education of aboriginal students.
The University in the 1990s: Crisis or Predicament?
Authors: Sibley W. M.
Published: April 2021

The financial difficulties which our universities are currently encountering are not without precedent, as a brief retrospective look at conditions in the 1930s will attest. However, the "decision space " in which we must operate today is far more circumscribed than at any time in the past. External constraints continue to increase in number and severity; the contemporary academic culture has greatly weakened old institutional values and identities; and governance structures have become inordinately complex, cumbersome, and ill-adapted to deal with existing realities. In these circumstances, strident demands for "greater accountability " and "stronger leadership " cannot really be met. It is imperative that we not only address certain pressing problems but also identify several genuine system contradictions, which cannot be evaded and sooner or later must be resolved. Any credible agenda for renewal must be based on new paradigms of participation and models of governance, that will enable us to create patterns of decision-making far more suited to cope with emerging realities than the outmoded forms embedded in our current systems.
Attributes of Effective Lecturing in the College Classroom
Authors: Schonwetter Dieter J.
Published: April 2021

The following paper highlights research on effective lecturing in the college classroom. First, critical issues concerning the operational definition of effective lecturing and the measurement criteria used to denote it are addressed. Next, major research findings are reported, beginning with correlational information reported by descriptive studies and ending with causal findings demonstrated by empirical studies. Current research literature identifies the following lecture attributes as important for student learning: expressiveness, clarity, and organization. These dimensions are defined by low-inference behaviours and supported by empirical studies. Furthermore, links between lecture attributes and certain student cognitive processing activities, explaining the facilitative qualities of effective lecturing on student learning, are hypothesized. Finally, implications for both practitioners and researchers are discussed.
Book review of "Le travail professoral démystifié: Du rapport Angers au rapport Archambault"
Authors: Laville Christian
Published: April 2021

No abstract
Faculty Development Structures and Activities in Ontario's Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology
Authors: Jones Glen A. , Geis George L.
Published: April 2021

The paper presents a discussion of faculty development in 22 of Ontario's Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology. We report the findings of a survey which collected information on administrative structure, funding, mandate, faculty development activities, publication, incentives for faculty participation, assessment of faculty needs and evaluation. We conclude by raising a number of questions which faculty developers might address as changes in the social, political and economic environment present new challenges to colleges and universities.
Teaching Excellence: A Reaction to the Smith Commission Report and its Effects
Authors: Samad D. R. , Fraser I. H. , Fish T. A. , Fraser L. D.
Published: April 2021

This paper has been written partially in response to the Smith Commission Report, and partially in response to the reactions the report has elicited already. The Smith Commission Report voiced many valid concerns about teaching excellence; however, many of the so-called "innovations" that have been developed in answer to Stuart Smith's call for teaching excellence are, in fact, little different from those techniques implemented under the auspices of the Ontario Universities Program for Institutional Development (OUPID) in the 1960's and early 1970's. This being the case, the authors feel that the most likely result will be a similar lack of success. It is, therefore, our suggestion that an attempt ought to be made to change the infrastructure of the university sys- tem so that it supports good teaching and research with equal measure. This, above all else, should lead to real improvements in the quality of teaching.
Grade Inflation and University Admissions in Ontario: Separating Fact from Perception
Authors: Casas Francois R. , Meaghan Diane E.
Published: April 2021

It is widely believed that high schools across Ontario have inflated grades in an attempt to help students secure admission to one of the province's universities. Universities, in turn, have raised their entrance requirements to allocate available spaces among an expanding pool of applicants. The intensified competition for higher marks has put considerable pressure on students and teachers, leading to the emergence of a number of grade-enhancing practices which potentially distort the admission process at postsecondary institutions. This paper analyzes university admission data for 1983-1993 and concludes that (a) there has been only a moderate increase in entering marks across the system, (b) it is necessary to distinguish inflationary mark changes from changes reflecting demographic and budgetary factors such as the increase in the pool of applicants and in the available spaces, and (c) different trends in entering marks for various programs are largely the result of demographic factors. It is also shown that while increases in entering marks across the university system have been modest, entering marks at individual institutions have risen more sharply, a paradox explained by the redistribution of the first-year registrants among universities.
L'évolution du contrat social de la recherche universitaire: contraintes et opportunités
Authors: Landry Rejean
Published: April 2021

Les mutations en cours dans le financement de la recherche universitaire contribuent à intensifier la réflexion sur l'interdépendance croissante qui existe entre les universités et le gouvernement. Au fil du temps, ces liens d'interdépendance ont fini par faire émerger une sorte de contrat social, d'abord implicite, puis progressivement, de plus en plus explicite, contenant des clauses de plus en plus nombreuses et de plus en plus détaillées pour régir les liens d'interdépendance qui existent entre les universités et le gouvernement. L'article démontre que les clauses de ce contrat social ont été révisées progressivement sous la pression de changements graduels qui sont survenus tant du côté de la recherche universitaire que du côté gouvernemental. L'examen de ces changements amène l'auteur à conclure que le contrat social qui lie les universités au gouvernement sera de plus en plus contraignant. La dernière partie de l'article propose de considérer ces contraintes de façon positive en tentant de voir les opportunités qui s'en dégagent pour l'avenir du financement de la recherche universitaire en suggérant un certain nombre d'actions concrètes s'adressant tant aux chercheurs qu'aux gestionnaires des universités.
Understanding and Application of Culturally Diverse Issues Within University Settings
Authors: Hall Barry L. , Kulig Judith C. , Thorpe Karran , Pfeutl Lucia
Published: April 2021

This qualitative study focused on exploring the knowledge and beliefs of university faculty, staff and students regarding: the effects of multi-culturalism and immigration on their professional lives; the influence of cultural issues within the university setting; and, finally, the teaching and learning needs of culturally diverse students. The major findings include the limited knowledge base held by all groups in the sample about multi- culturalism and immigration with subsequent little effect on their professionall lives. However, of the three groups, the student group more readily recognized that they have little preparation for the multicultural interactions that will occur in their future professional practices. Although some faculty members included other teaching experiences and strategies to expose students to diversity, they also admitted to a lack of expertise in this area.
Youth Pathways in Articulated Postsecondary Systems: Enrolment and Completion Patterns of Urban Young Women and Men
Authors: Andres Lesley , Krahn Harvey
Published: April 2021

This paper uses panel survey data to document the postsecondary educational activity of high school graduates in Edmonton and Vancouver over a five-year period. It enquires whether, in "articulated" postsecondary systems offering a range of institutional choices and a variety of transfer options, large class and gender differences in participation and completion continue to be observed. The results reveal that even in systems explicitly designed to improve access to and encourage completion of postsecondary programs, family background continues to strongly influence postsecondary outcomes. In both cities, social class advantages appear to be passed from one generation to the next, to a large extent, through the high school tracking system, since high school academic program is a strong predictor of postsecondary participation and completion. Gender also continues to matter, but in more subtle ways than in the past.
Some Long Term Lessons From Minority Language Education in Ontario
Authors: Frenette Normand , Quazi Saeed
Published: April 2021

This paper reports on a comparative and longitudinal study of French-language minority access to higher education in Ontario. The province of Ontario provides homogeneous French-language and bilingual 'mixed' schools at the elementary and secondary levels as well as bilingual institutions at the tertiary level. Since 1990, there has been a homogeneous French language college serving the Eastern region of the province, to which was added two new colleges in 1995. While French- language programs are available throughout the province, it remains that English language programs and institutions are usually more accessible both geographically and regarding the depth and variety of programs.

Experience has shown that in this particular minority language setting, it is the offer of minority language educational services that creates the demand, rather than the converse. Thus, the provision of French- medium programs is followed by an increase in minority enrollments and the preference for French-medium programs, even though English- medium programs are more numerous and more convenient. The reduction of French-medium programs is followed by the decline of minority enrollments, even though Francophones are clearly bilingual and in many cases even more at ease in the majority language than in their mother tongue.
Book review of "Recension de L'université au féminin, sous la direction d'Anne Holden Ronning et de Mary-Louise Kearny"
Authors: Bertrand Marie-Andrée
Published: April 2021

No abstract
La charge de travail du professeur d'université: un programme de recherche...
Authors: Côté André
Published: April 2021

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Changements institutionnels en éducation supérieure: Un nouveau paradigme?
Authors: Tremblay Andre , Paquette Sylvie
Published: April 2021

Dans la mouvance de la mondialisation, l'enseignement universitaire est soumis au Québec aux mêmes compressions budgétaires que le reste du secteur public. Mais jusqu'à quel point est- ce signe d'un changement plus fondamental de sa mission — d'un changement paradigmatique? Dans un premier temps nous comparons le financement des universités canadiennes aux autres pays de l'OCDE. Dans un deuxième temps, nous regardons l'évolution à long terme des provinces canadiennes, plus particulièrement du Québec. Par la suite nous analysons la situation de chaque université québécoise à la lumière de différents modèles théoriques: la collégialité de Clark, les modes de contrôles organisationnels d'Ouchi, et l'analyse paradigmatique de Niklasson. Nous terminons par une analyse des orientations du ministère de l'Education du Québec et en nous situant dans un schéma temporel plus long. En Amérique du Nord, le Québec semble avoir un modèle original, même suite aux coupes budgétaires. On y promeut des liens intimes avec le monde de l'entreprise, qui occupe d'ailleurs une place de plus en plus importante dans le financement des universités, mais on donne un rôle tout particulier à l'université. Il est moins d'être une entreprise de haute technologie soumise aux forces du marché, comme dans les pays plus "mondialiste," que le soutien à l'industrie nationale qu'on situe malgré tout dans une logique de mondialisation économique et technologique.
Reflections on Commercializing University Research
Authors: Hum Derek
Published: April 2021

Universities require resources to support research, and often seek funds from the private sector. Given the rising trend towards partnerships with the corporate sector, what is the best strategy for universities to adopt to commercialize intellectual property? This paper sketches the extent of commercialization of research in Canadian universities, explains why copyright enforcement is difficult, and discusses the benefits and disadvantages of licensing an innovation versus creating a spin- off company to exploit university discoveries. Because the university and the corporate sector have different objectives, two important questions are: how to structure an incentive compatible "contractual arrangement" to accommodate both parties, and how to share the benefits of university discoveries.
Communications Apprehension: A Note About Ethnic Diversity
Authors: Aly Ibrahim M. , Gowing Maureen P. Sterling
Published: April 2021

This paper summarizes the results of an intercultural survey of an ethnically diverse group of students in a Canadian university commerce program. The sample self-reported the level of communications apprehension on the 24-item Personal Report of Communication Apprehension, which uses six questions in four communications settings to generate four subscores and one general score for communications apprehension (McCroskey, 1982). While prior research results showed that the level of communications apprehension varies among ethnic groups, our research results showed no significant variation.
Who gets Market Supplements? Gender Differences within a Large Canadian University
Authors: Doucet Christine , Durand Claire , Smith Michale R.
Published: April 2021

This study examines the gender pay gap among university faculty by analyzing gender differences in one component of faculty members’ salaries – “market premiums.” The data were collected during the Fall of 2002 using a survey of faculty at a single Canadian research university. Correspondence analysis and logistic regression analysis were performed in order to identify the characteristics related to the award of market premiums and whether these characteristics account for gender differences. The correspondence analysis produces a two-factor solution in which the second axis clearly opposes faculty who receive market premiums to those who do not. Gender is strongly related to this factor, with the female category on the side of the axis associated with the absence of market premiums. The results of the logistic regression confirm that field of specialization, frequency of external research contracts, faculty members’ values and attitudes towards remuneration and seniority within rank are all related to the award of market premiums, as hypothesized. However, women were still almost three times less likely than men to have been awarded market premiums after controlling for these relationships. Overall, the results suggest that within a collective bargaining context, reindividualization of the pay determination process — notably, the payment of market premiums to faculty — may reopen pay differences by gender.
Negative Social Experiences of University and College Students
Authors: Tremblay Paul , Harris Roma , Berman Helene , MacQuarrie Barb , Hutchinson Gail E. , Smith Mary Ann , Braley Susan , Jelley Jennifer , Dearlove Kristen
Published: April 2021

In this article we investigate Canadian university and college students’ interpersonal confl icts and exposure to abuse and violence during their postsecondary studies and assess the emotional, social, and academic impact of these experiences. Our fi ndings, based on a sample 1174 university and college students in Southwestern Ontario, revealed that although most of the incidents reported were verbal in nature and had relatively little emotional or academic impact, a small proportion of students reported experiencing serious violent incidents including sexual assault or rape, and these incidents have had a significant impact on their lives. Female students living on their own reported greater impact of negative social experiences than those who were living in college or university residences. In addition, students who reported conflicts involving institutional policies or rules, including what they perceived to be unfair workloads or grading practices, indicated that such experiences had a negative impact on their academic performance. We discuss these findings in the context of maintaining safe, healthy climates on university and college campuses.
First University Experience and Student Retention Factors
Authors: Madgett Paul J. J. , Bélanger Charles H.
Published: April 2021

The global marketplace has heightened the need for highly skilled personnel worldwide, underscoring the fact that a postsecondary education has almost become a necessary link to innovation and competitiveness. Canada, along with other industrialized nations, has an ageing population and is being challenged to alleviate specialized skill imbalances and shortages. A combination of two methods is usually employed to provide a steady supply of university graduates: the first one is to increase accessibility, and the second is to reduce the attrition of first-year students. After examining the latter through a 24-variable binomial logistic regression model (N = 4229), we found that higher retention rates are definitely achievable in particular environments.
Personality Effects on Teaching Anxiety and Teaching Strategies in University Professors
Authors: Houlihan Michael , Fraser Ian , Fenwick Kimberley , Fish Thomas , Moeller Christin
Published: April 2021

Teaching anxiety is prevalent among professors. However, there is little research examining the relationship between personality and teaching anxiety in this population. The current study examines how different types of in-class behaviour are related to teaching anxiety and personality. Higher neuroticism and lower extraversion are related to higher levels of teaching anxiety. Professors with high neuroticism employ in-class strategies such as student-to-student discussion and group work, which may help to diminish the levels of anxiety by diverting attention away from the instructor. Personality is an important factor to consider when examining the relationship between teaching anxiety and specific strategies used within the classroom. In particular, understanding the role of personality characteristics would allow the professor to adjust coping strategies that may be important to circumventing or minimizing anxiety-provoking situations that may arise.
Sustainability in Higher Education: Psychological Research for Effective Pedagogy
Authors: Myers Olin Eugene , Beringer Almut
Published: April 2021

Psychological theory and research can make key contributions to sustainability scholarship and practice, as is demonstrated here in the field of higher education pedagogy. College students undergo profound changes in epistemological assumptions and in identity during their undergraduate years. Data on the Measure of Intellectual Development for students participating in learner-centred pedagogies at Western Washington University in Bellingham, Washington, showed a trend toward more complex thinking by these students (N=153). Qualitative data on student identity development associated with transdisciplinary, project-based campus sustainability courses were collected at Canada’s University of Prince Edward Island and at Western Washington University in Bellingham. Findings revealed the identity of “learner” blending with that of “change agent”; a greater sense of identity in relation to the campus community and the different perspectives of its stakeholders, the sustainability movement; and a sense of empowerment backed up by practical skills. Sustainability poses new challenges for intellectual-moral development and identity development. Psychological theory gives insights into how pedagogies should be designed to challenge students just beyond their level of intellectual, moral, and identity development, in order to expose them to intellectual-moral growth and identity alternatives conducive to the complexities of sustainability advocacy and practice.
Integrating an aging student population into higher education – challenges for evidence-based policy in Europe
Authors: Orr Dominic
Published: April 2021

Both demographic developments and the need for highly skilled workers have led to renewed efforts to widen access to higher education in Europe. This means looking beyond the traditional clientele of university education in terms of routes into higher education, age, and centrality of studies. Attracting and catering to this more comprehensive group entails rethinking study programs and study environment for a more heterogeneous student body. So where are we now on these issues and where can we expect to be in the next decade? This is a question being raised within the framework of the Europe-wide Bologna Process for higher education reform. On the basis of data sets being used for analysis within this reform program, a comparison of the situation in selected European countries will be presented. It will be shown that some countries are better placed to deal with the growing number of adult learners than others.
Career Goals in High School: Do Students Know What it Takes to Reach Them and Does it Matter?
Authors: Frenette Marc
Published: April 2021

Do students know the level of education required to achieve their career objectives? Is this information related to their education pathways? To address these questions, I compare high school students’ perceptions of the level of education they will require for the job they intend to hold at age 30, with the level required according to professional job analysts. About three out of four students intending to work in a job requiring a university degree know the level of education that is required to obtain the job. Moreover, students who know that a university degree is required are more likely to attend university. Finally, higher university attendance rates are observed when students learn earlier (rather than later), that a university degree is required for their intended job.
Immigrant Parents’ Investments in Their Children’s Post-Secondary Education
Authors: Sweet Robert , Anisef Paul , Walter David
Published: April 2021

This paper examines relationships between the resources available to immigrant families and the amount parents are willing and able to save for their children’s post-secondary education (PSE). We use data from Statistics Canada’s 2002 Survey of Approaches to Educational Planning to compare immigrant and native-born PSE saving. The results indicate that income and asset wealth constrain PSE savings in some immigrant families. However, immigrants share with non-immigrants a set of parenting beliefs and practices that encourage both groups to invest in their children’s educational futures.
Evaluative Devices as Learning Opportunities
Authors: Foth Dennis L.
Published: April 2021

Thirty-three third- and fourth-year university students reported their preferences for eight evaluative devices which they had suggested might be used in a course they were taking. Students were instructed to base their preferences on the learning opportunities afforded by the different devices. The four most preferred evaluative devices comprised a pool of options from which students were required to select and complete two in addition to writing a final examination. The results of both the initial preferences stage and the actual choices stage suggested that the majority of students viewed the preparation for in-class or take-home examinations as better learning opportunities than the preparations for writing a paper, a research proposal or an annotated bibliography, for presenting a seminar, and for bi-weekly quizzes or an oral examination.
Understanding Student Protest in Canada: The University of Toronto Strike Vote
Authors: Simpson John H. , Phillips Walter
Published: April 2021

A behavioural indicator of student protest - voting in favour of a student strike referendum - is shown to be positively associated with two social discontinuities accompanying the student role: the weakening of ties with the family of origin and an uncertain future. Also, a student's commitment to the social order as measured by a variety of items is shown to be inversely related to favouring the strike. An argument is made that recent student protest in Canada and the United States differed in terms of the major issues involved and that the difference can be explained by variation in the valued means of social participation in the two societies.
Purposes of Evaluation of University Instructors: Definitions, Delineations and Dimensions
Authors: Glasman Naftaly S. , Gmelch Walter H.
Published: April 2021

Research and writings on evaluation of college and university instructors are expanding. Not unrelated to this phenomenon are controversies which focus on justification and use of ratings of instructors1 as well as attempts to meet demands and ward off pressures for ac- countability. Also not unrelated to it are uncertainties and confusion surrounding purposes of evaluation of instructors and a widespread feeling that no single evaluation instrument can best suit more than one purpose. This paper describes considerations for establishing purposes of evaluation. We discuss definitions, delineations, and dimensions of purposes, and propose general models which can serve as guidelines for further development and specification of purposes.
Higher Education and Student Employment Needs
Authors: Beach Horace D.
Published: April 2021

Harold Macmillan, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, recounted what an Oxford professor said back in the thirties about higher education. The professor introduced his course with these words: (14)

Gentlemen — you are now about to embark upon a course of studies which will occupy you for two years. Together they form a noble adventure. But I would like to remind you of an important point. Some of you, when you go down from the University will go into the Church, or to the Bar, or to the House of Commons, to the Home Civil Service, to the Indian or Colonial Services, or into various professions. Some may go into the Army, some into industry and commerce; some may become country gentlemen. A few - I hope very few — will become teachers or dons. Let me make this clear to you. Except for the last category, nothing that you will learn in the course of your studies will be of the slightest possible use to you in after life ~ save only this - that if you work hard and intelligently, you should be able to detect when a man is talking rot, and that, in my view, is the main, if not the sole purpose, of education.

This is one view of higher education, and an important view. However, there is a here- after for college and university students, in which they must survive and carry on. In this paper I shall focus on the employment aspect of the hereafter. What is the impact of a college or university education on students' future employment?
Remarques méthodologiques sur la participation du Québec à l'enseignement postsecondaire
Authors: Desy Jacques
Published: April 2021

Selon un rapport du Secre´tariat d'Etat (Quelques caracte´ristiques des e´tudiants du niveau postsecondaire au Canada — 1976), le Que´bec, suivi de l'Ontario, a le plus haut taux de participation a` l'enseignement postsecondaire et toutes les autres provinces sont fortement sous-repre´sente´es. L'article diffe´rencie la participation selon le type d'e´tudiant (colle´gial, universitaire): au colle´gial, pre´ponde´rance du Que´bec; a` l'universitaire, pre´ponde´rance accrue de l'Ontario, forte sous-repre´sentation du Que´bec, diffe´rences moins marque´es pour les autres re´gions. Les diffe´rences de structure, au colle´gial et a` l'universitaire, entre le Que´bec et les autres re´gions canadiennes, ont un effet sur les taux de participation. La mesure de la participation du Que´bec a` l'enseignement supe´rieur doit tenir compte des changements de structures scolaires survenus au Que´bec et distinguer les secteurs anglophone et francophone.
Méthode pour un plan à moyen terme
Authors: Falkowski M.
Published: April 2021

L'universite´ de Gene`ve dispose d'un syste`me original de planification d moyen terme sous forme des plans de de´veloppement quadriennaux. La responsabiblite´ de ces plans, inscrits dans la Loi sur l'Universite´ du 26 mai 1973, incombe a` la Commission de de´veloppement (C.D.), organe consultatif permanent du Rectorat. La Commission de de´veloppement est compose´e des repre´sentants des faculte´s et e´coles et est pre´side´e par un vice-recteur qui dirige e´galement le Service de de´veloppement (S.D. ~ trois collaborateurs scientifiques et le secre´tariat) appartenant a` l'administration centrale, charge´ d'e´tudes, d'e´laboration du plan et de la recherche institutionnelle. Le ro^le de la Commission de de´veloppement est spe´cifique et ne se limite pas a` la planification seulement. La C.D. est un lieu privile´gie´ de la re´flexion prospective de l'Universite´ et de ce fait, les aspects qualitatifs de de´veloppement sont constamment confronte´s aux aspects quantitatifs. Ainsi, le terme "de´veloppement"recouvre un vaste champ d'investigation et ne s'identifie pas a` une simple technique de planification. Par cette approche e´galement, deux autres buts sont vise´s: d'une part, l'harmonisation des structures acade´miques et administratives, chose particulie`rement importante dans une universite´ europe´enne typique et, d'autre part, la liaison entre la planification a` moyen terme et celle a` long terme (pre´vision du nombre d'e´tudiants, des locaux, etc.) L'article se re´fe`re a` l'expe´rience de la planification a` l'Universite´ de Gene`ve et se base en grande partie sur le chapitre "Me´thode"du deuxie`me plan de de´veloppement pour les anne´es 1977-1980.
Statistics for Policy and Planning in Canadian Higher Education: An Ontario Perspective
Authors: Creet Mario , Trotter Bernard
Published: April 2021

Systems of information about higher education in Canada are in a mess. Substantively they are being developed on the basis of doubtful assumptions and confused purposes. Data for administrative and financial control are being confused with data needed for policy and planning purposes. Data systems are designed without due regard to practicality cost and need. A dubious passion for all purpose systems obscures the necessary role of special data sampling projects and special analyses in throwing light upon choices for the future. Planners and policy makers continue to act as if projection methods appropriate for the fifties are still sufficient for the future. Procedures for the development of information systems are being left to people who tend to be preoccupied with day-to-day and technical concerns, unrestrained by university and government policy makers who prefer to ignore or refuse to see that the gathering and presenting of statistical information acts directly on the policy and planning process. The demonstrated lack of interest by most senior leaders in government and in the universities in the assumptions, methods and procedures involved in collecting and analyzing information is illustrated by the failure of both universities and governments to develop separate or joint capacities for continuing analysis on a national basis of what is happening and why. Substantial work done at the provincial and regional level is not brought together for examination from a national perspective. If the universities do not themselves take corrective action, this failure will progressively reinforce the "provincialization" of universities so much deplored by academic leaders as being antithetical to the basic nature of authentic universities. The data needs associated with control should become the responsibility of provincial jurisdictions while the resources of Statistics Canada and the energy of AUCC should be oriented to policy information relating to global, national and interprovincial questions.
Notes and Comments: Adjusting the Nominal Maximum for Tests of Unknown Difficulty
Authors: Mason Geoffrey P.
Published: April 2021

The percentage system of grading is still in common use in post-elementary education, and is likely to remain so. It is suggested that some of the difficulties experienced by instructors in attempting to conform to the arbitrary percentage standards of their institutions while setting tests of unknown difficulty may be overcome by using an adjusted maximum based on the performance of the top students in a class.
The Ph.D. Dilemma in Canada Revisited
Authors: Von Zur-Muehlen Max
Published: April 2021

Growth of doctoral studies at Canadian universities in the last two decades has resulted in the more than 1,000 programs that are now offered. Not surprisingly, the output of Ph.D. graduates has increased 6 fold since the early sixties. But during the seventies, an imbalance between the rising supply of Ph.D. 's and the declining demand for them, particularly in higher education, became apparent. This paper traces historical trends in the employment of Canada's Ph.D. holders, and looks at their prospects for the future. Traditionally, about 65% of doctoral graduates have entered educational occupations. Today, because of the youthful age structure, there are few retirements or deaths, and hence, the annual replacement demand is for only about 500 Ph.D. 's. But Canadian universities now confer around 2,000 doctorates each year (including returning Canadians from abroad). Moreover, this imbalance is apt to persist. On the basis of the current enrolment of 13,000, the Ph.D. supply has been projected from 1977-78 to 1981-82 for 45 disciplines. Relating these supply estimates to the likely demand for university teachers reveals a potential surplus in almost every discipline. A cycle of shortage and surplus appears to have developed in some fields. These simulations have been derived from assumptions, which are outlined in two appendices and 26 supporting tables. In addition, this paper also examines other features of the Ph.D. situation in Canada: a history of the growth of graduate education; variations in the ratio of Ph.D. enrolment to graduates in different disciplines; support programs for doctoral students, and the immigration of university teachers. The information provides an overview of the many dimensions of the Ph.D. issue.
A Model for Academic Planning
Authors: Jones Larry R.
Published: April 2021

Under conditions of limited and selective growth, institutions propose resource allocation changes which are not strictly related to overall institutional enrollment levels. These proposals often focus attention on the resource impact of internal shifts in student demand and the desirability of maintaining minimum or "critical mass "levels of academic program breadth and quality. This paper addresses the academic planning procedures needed to advance non-enrollment driven resource maintenance and acquisition proposals at institutional and state levels. The purpose of critical mass modeling for academic planning is to facilitate analysis, prioritization and negotiation of academic program alternatives and resources. The critical mass approach to academic planning would establish a campus-wide process and informa- tion base for prioritization of academic program development through (a) analysis of existing breadth and depth of faculty expertise in instruction and research at the sub- disciplinary level, (b) identification of subdisciplinary areas in which academic units would like to provide instruction and research in the future. Critical mass denotes the level of course offerings and research which academic units could not reduce and still maintain programs which fulfill their own objectives compatible with the overall mission of their institution. Critical mass program size and "core" resource requirements would be established by academic unit faculty and then would be negotiated with committees of academic senates and with institutional administrations. The planning process described is designed for application in medium and large sized institutions in which formal, comprehensive and integrated academic ¡resource planning systems do not operate presently.
Some Considerations of the Goal Setting and Planning Processes in Public Higher Education
Authors: Fleming Thomas
Published: April 2021

Too frequently the question of institutional purpose in higher education is unaddressed despite common agreement that it constitutes the critical core of organizational life. Resultantly, universities pursue complex programmes with little internal or external consensus on fundamental goals. This paper examines some important decision making areas in higher education and isolates a number of critical institutional variables which determine the nature of planning.
Business Faculty in Canadian Universities: Importance and Satisfaction Related to Job Characteristics
Authors: Hurka Slavek J.
Published: April 2021

This paper examines the relationship between the importance and satisfaction of various job characteristics as perceived by 322 business faculty members teaching in 15 Canadian universities. The findings suggest that those aspects which the respondents felt to be most important were also those with which they were the least satisfied.
The McGill Faculty and Course Evaluation System
Authors: Cranton P. A.
Published: April 2021

No abstract
The Politics of Evaluating Teaching
Authors: Pascal Charles E. , Davey Earl B.
Published: April 2021

No abstract
Calcul des coûts unitaires dans les universités francophones
Authors: Bottomley Anthony , Cook Rupert
Published: April 2021

Dans ce rapport, nous nous proposons: (1) d'identifier les objectifs possibles pour les études coût!efficacité des universités francophones, (2) de décrire la méthodologie employée dans les études considérées ici, (3) de comparer cette méthodologie aux travaux effectués en Grande-Bretagne, aux Etats-Unis et au Canada, (4) de tenter des comparaisons de coût entre différentes universités françaises et une université britannique et (5) de proposer de nouvelles recherches et analyses visant à appliquer en France et ailleurs, les résultats obtenus. Examinons successivement chacun de ces points.
Ferenc pápa Irakban : Remény és lehetőség az iraki keresztényeknek?
Authors: Wagner Péter , Zelei Péter
Published: April 2021

Ferenc pápa első katolikus egyházfőként történelmi látogatást tett Irakban 2021 márciusában. A közel-keleti út komoly kockázatokkal járt, hiszen az északi területeken ma is aktív az Iszlám Állam, a kormány pedig csak mérsékelt ellenőrzéssel bír a síita milíciák felett. Ráadásul az 1,2 millió belső menekültet számláló országban jelenleg tombol a koronavírus-világjárvány, rendkívüli kihívás elé állítva a kormányzatot. A pápa útjának kettős célkitűzése volt, egyszerre szolgálni az ökumenikus dialógust és tovább erősíteni a vallásközi párbeszédet. A szentatya háromnapos programja során számos, szimbolikus erővel és történelmi jelentőségű üzenettel bíró találkozásra került sor, többek között a síita iszlám talán legbefolyásosabb vallási vezetőjével, Ali al-Szisztáni nagyajatollahhal, valamint a muszlim, jezidi, mándeus és zoroasztriánus vallások vezetőivel, akikkel a pápa Ábrahám próféta bibliai szülőhelyén közösen imádkozott. A látogatás utolsó napján a keresztények, közvetve pedig a sokat szenvedett iraki vallási és etnikai kisebbségek kaptak figyelmet. Az egyházfő látogatása az Iszlám Állam által egykor elfoglalt és lerombolt keresztény helyszíneken fontos üzenetet hordozott. Az elemzés végig követi a hivatalos látogatás kettős célját: az írás első fele Ferenc pápa eddigi erőfeszítéseit mutatja be a vallásközi párbeszéd területén, míg a második rész az iraki keresztények jelenlegi helyzetével foglalkozik.
Mengenal Masalah Oromotor pada Bayi Prematur
Authors: Warliani Melda , Nilla Mayasari  , Ferius Soewito
Published: April 2021

Indonesia termasuk dalam 10 besar negara dengan kelahiran prematur tertinggi, yaitu pada urutan kelima, dengan jumlah kelahiran prematur sebesar 675.700. Angka tersebut setara dengan laju sebesar 15.5 per 100 kelahiran pertahunnya. Pada bayi prematur, dapat ditemukan berbagai masalah, salah satunya adalah masalah makan per oral. Masalah makan per oral pada bayi prematur disebabkan oleh sistem organnya yang belum matur, yaitu kardiopulmonal, sistem saraf pusat, otot-otot oral dan sebagainya. Penanganan yang tepat akan mencegah komplikasi lebih lanjut dan membantu bayi dalam tumbuh kembangnya yang optimal.