bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lord Morley's Statements about Richard III
Authors: Warnicke Retha M.
Published: November 2007

Since the publication of Paul Murray Kendall's sympathetic biography of Richard III in 1955, scholars have been debating with renewed intensity the fate of that monarch's two young nephews, Edward V and Richard, Duke of York. In addition to numerous books and articles on his reign, including a study by Charles Ross in 1981, Alison Hanham published a volume in 1975 on the contemporary or near-contemporary historians of Richard III. Since the appearance of these publications, two original sources, which were almost certainly unknown to them and to other Ricardian scholars, have been identified. In a 1981 article in the English Historical Review, Richard Firth Green described one of these documents as a merchant's commonplace book, written between 1483 and 1488. The second relevant source, “Account of Miracles performed by the Holy Eucharist,” is a collection of religious anecdotes written by Henry Parker, Lord Morley. It has remained in manuscript although several excerpts, including one about Richard III, were printed in the introduction of Hubert G. Wright's 1943 edition of Morley's version of De Claris mulieribus by Boccaccio.

The “Account” is now Add. MS. 12,060 at the British Library. A small quarto with a leaf missing at the end, it was a New Year's gift to Queen Mary, probably in 1554. In its next to last anecdote, Morley made a revealing remark about Richard III. Early on the day this king died at Bosworth Field, he wrote, God would not permit him to “se the blyssed sacrament of the Allter, nor heare the holy Masse, for his horrible offence comytted Against his brothers children,” a statement that surely reflected Morley's belief that this monarch was punished at Bosworth Field for the deaths of his two nephews. Any consideration of the author's negative comments must necessarily take into account two facts. First, they occur in only one of several anecdotes in the manuscript, the purpose of which was to venerate the Holy Eucharist. The inclusion of the Ricardian story was not essential to the author's primary goal of detailing the miraculous efficacy of this sacrament, for the Holy Eucharist, not Richard III, was the primary focus. Secondly, the anecdote was written in a low-key and matter-of-fact style. Morley made no reference to the many Tudor embellishments of the king's personality and appearance, including the infamous stories of his withered arm and hunched back.
The Impact of Eamon De Valera: Domestic Causes of the Anglo-Irish Economic War
Authors: Canning Paul M.
Published: November 2007

When analyzing the origins of the Anglo-Irish “economic war” of 1932-1938, historians have focused primarily on two precipitant causes: the destablizing effect on Anglo-Irish relations of Eamon de Valera's return to power in Ireland in 1932, and the reaction to the resulting situation by the British Government. Underlying both were unresolved constitutional and financial questions. Chief of these were the oath of allegiance to the king, which de Valera had pledged, if elected, to remove from the Free State Constitution, and the land annuities, which were annual instalments paid by Irish tenant farmers purchasing their land through loans advanced by the British Government under the Land Purchase Acts of 1870-1909. These payments de Valera had promised to withhold from the British Government.

Although the dispute between de Valera and the British Government has been studied extensively, the political context in which it was carried on has not. This is especially true on the British side. The British Government and its Dominions Secretary, J.H. Thomas, are often criticized for their handling of the affair. F.S.L. Lyons, for example, writes that Thomas “sniffed the approach of treason in every tainted breeze and saw in the return to power in 1932 of the intransigent republican of 1922 a direct threat to the whole basis of the settlement so painfully reached in the Treaty.” A.J.P. Taylor, though no less critical of Thomas, sees the whole affair more broadly as “a last kick of the old rule that English statesmen took leave of their senses when dealing with Ireland.”
Puritan Humor, or Entertainment, for Children
Authors: Sommerville C. John
Published: November 2007

When Keith Thomas wrote “The Place of Laughter in Tudor and Stuart England,” he could not ignore the so-called Marprelate Tracts, which are famous lampoons on Queen Elizabeth's bishops. But they are a problem, because they are examples of what can only be termed Puritan humor. No one yet has described them as the work of a “funny Puritan.” Those words repel each other. So we usually say they were the work of a “Puritan sympathizer.” Funny Puritans don't exist, almost by definition. Professor Thomas searched for an acceptable expression and finally dismissed the episode—seven pamphlets which have been called “The best prose satires of Elizabeth's reign”—as “bizarre.” In his view, then, it is all simply inexplicable, and he hastens to assure readers that “not only the Church but also its Puritan opponents condemned Martin [the pseudonymous “Martin Marprelate”] for treating the matter with such levity.” Here we have the Puritans we know and love, the ones whom H. L. Mencken defined as those who live with the haunting fear that someone, somewhere may be happy.

But English Puritan literature for children reveals other anomalies in this characterization. Puritans and (after 1660) “Dissenters” wrote a great deal for children, more than any other group in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Most of it is tedious if not downright grim, including some of their attempts at humor. But much of it was intended to give pleasure. The purpose of this article is to look into the strangely neglected subject of Puritan humor through the prism of their works for the entertainment of children.
London Parish Clergy and the Protestant Reformation, 1547–1559
Authors: Beer Barrett L.
Published: November 2007

Although significant changes took place in the Church of England between 1547 and 1553, the Protestant Reformation under Edward VI has received less attention from historians than the Reformation under Henry VIII or Elizabeth I. The publication of A. G. Dickens'The English Reformationin 1964 marked the beginning of a redirection of reformation studies which included a deeper appreciation of the importance of the Edwardian Reformation. Dickens saw the English Reformation as part of a larger European religious crisis and focused attention on Lutheran, Calvinistic, and other continental influences that contributed to the development of protestantism under Henry VIII and Edward VI. Emphasizing the successes of Edwardian reformers, Dickens wrote, “Such evidence as we can adduce suggests that Protestantism continued steadily to expand amongst the upper and middle classes, while … able preachers could still make many converts among the working people of the towns.” In recent years, however, regional studies have revealed the obstacles to Protestant reform and the survival of Roman Catholicism.

This essay looks at the Edwardian Reformation from the center of England, the city of London, and examines religious change at the parochial level. It is based on sixty-three clergy who were appointed to a total of sixty-six London benefices between 1547 and 1553 and traces their careers through the reign of Mary to the Elizabethan settlement of 1559. The essay studies the process of parochial reform by examining the exercise of patronage and attempting to determine the quality and religious orientation of beneficed clergy. It also seeks to identify the successes and failures of the government of Edward VI as it sought to promote Protestant reforms throughout the country.
Radical Dining, Toasting and Symbolic Expression in Early Nineteenth-Century Lancashire: Rituals of Solidarity
Authors: Epstein James
Published: November 2007

In 1869 William Aitken looked back over a long and distinguished career as a radical activist in the Lancashire factory town of Ashton-under-Lyne. In a letter to the Ashton Reporter, he recalled his introduction to the ranks of radicalism: “My earliest remembrances of taking a part in Radicalism are the invitations I used to receive to be at ‘Owd’ Nancy Clayton's in Charlestown, on the 16th of August to denounce the Peterloo Massacre, to drink in solemn silence ‘To the immortal memory of Henry Hunt’.…” In November 1838 the Northern Star, Chartism's great newspaper, made what would appear to be the first mention of Aitken's public role in radical politics. The twenty-four year-old Aitken, former piecer and cotton spinner turned school master, attended a dinner held in the working-class suburb of Charlestown at the home of John and Nancy Clayton to commemorate the birthday of the hero of Peterloo fields.
“An act of discretion”: Evangelical Conformity and the Puritan Dons
Authors: Todd Margo
Published: November 2007

In recent years, church historians have been paying increasing attention to the characters who populate that troublesome “middle ground” of the Elizabethan religious settlement. Neither doctrinaire conformists nor hot gospellers, these adherents of the “religion of protestants” have heretofore had their role in English history minimized simply because they did not fit neatly into the usual historiographic categories, and our view of Elizabethan and early Stuart religious history has thereby been simplified at the expense of accuracy. The orthodoxy now being established instead is that most English protestants in the decades before the Civil War found themselves nearer the middle than the ends of the religious spectrum. The religion of protestants turns out to be the religion of Chaderton and Hutton, Morton and Carleton, rather than that of Laud or of Ames.

But now we face a new problem—what do we do with the middle? In particular, what do we do with the ultimate failure of the middle to keep the extremists from each other's throats? The fact of war still looms large on the Stuart horizon, and ending our accounts of the religion of protestants in 1603 or 1625 does not quite eliminate the problem of conflict to come. Where was the middle in 1640?
Money Lending on the Periphery of London, 1300–1600
Authors: McIntosh Marjorie K.
Published: November 2007

Money lending was an essential part of the local and regional economies of England during the later medieval and Tudor periods. Cash was required for purchases of goods, animals, or land, payment of rents and taxes, and the wages of hired workers. People who lacked money to cover these expenses between 1300 and 1600 commonly resorted to borrowing. Borrowing thus might be undertaken for purposes of either consumption or investment. Further, during much of the later medieval period and occasionally during the Tudor years specie was in short supply. Even a man of some wealth might find himself without sufficient currency on hand to cover his immediate needs. In nearly all cases late medieval and Tudor loans were for short terms, for periods ranging from a few weeks to six months. Interest was normally charged on local loans, although the amount was concealed due to the Church's prohibition of usury.

Money lending was particularly important within commercialized areas—the major cities and their economic hinterlands. The region lying within a radius of about twenty miles from London formed one of the most thoroughly commercialized parts of the country. By the fourteenth century people living on the periphery of the capital were deeply involved in furnishing consumer goods to London. Agriculture among middling and larger tenants focused upon market sale; craftsmen sometimes sold to citizens as well as to their own neighbors. Late medieval London was surrounded by a ring of at least thirty-two market towns located within twenty miles of the capital. These markets served to channel grain, animals, fuel, and craft items into the city while also functioning as centers of trade for their own areas. In the market communities around London the extent of trade was unusually large and the economic sophistication of local people unusually high. Cash was the medium of accounting for all transactions and the medium of exchange for the great majority of them. It is not surprising that money lending played an especially significant role in this area.
“Monstrous Vandalism”: Capitalism and Philistinism in the Works of Samuel Laing (1780–1868)
Authors: Porter Bernard
Published: November 2007

Is free market capitalism intrinsically inimical to culture and learning? The question probably would not have occurred to many people twenty years ago. That it can be seriously put today is a sign of the times. Two things have happened to Britain over the past decade. One is the political revival of the idea of the “market,” under the aegis of probably the most zealous capitalist ideologues ever to take power in what had generally been a fairly pragmatic political culture before then. The second is a scries of damaging cuts, or what are claimed to be damaging cuts, in the public funding of higher education and the arts. Some of the victims of the latter have perceived behind them a positive antipathy on the part of the zealots to what they are doing and what they hold dear. If this is so, then where does it derive from? The personal idiosyncrasies of the zealots? Simple economic necessity? A genuine belief in alternative and perhaps better ways of supporting learning and culture? Or is free market capitalism fundamentally philistine?

The question has come up before. In the nineteenth century people also remarked on the cultural barrenness of their time. There can be no doubt that it was pretty barren in certain areas. Compared with the European continent, and with her own past, Britain was something of a cultural desert during most of the century, and particularly between the 1840s and the 1880s, which are usually regarded as the high plateau of her free market capitalism.
Competition for King Alfred's Aura in the Last Century of Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Johnson-South Ted
Published: November 2007

This paper approaches a large problem — the changing image of late Anglo-Saxon kingship — from a very limited perspective. In later work I hope to study Alfred's changing image as a symbol of kingship within its broader political context. This paper is limited to studying the changing relationship between Crown and monastery, as illustrated by the portrayal of King Alfred in a pair of late-Saxon saint's lives.

Historians owe most of their knowledge of King Alfred to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Asser's Life of Alfred, both generally agreed to be products of Alfred's own court. Given the detail of these works and their status as “official histories,” it might be expected that all subsequent treatments of King Alfred depend on them. Yet the most popular episode of Alfred's life, the one still known by every English schoolchild, is the story of Alfred and the cakes, which occurs nowhere in these authoritative sources. In fact, by the end of the tenth century King Alfred emerges in literary contexts far from the West Saxon court, engaging in activities that are certainly not recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle or the Life of Alfred. What had taken place to give Alfred this life of his own outside of the official histories?
Shattered Expectations? George Fox, the Quakers, and the Restoration State, 1660-1685
Authors: Greaves Richard L.
Published: November 2007

The prevailing view of Quakers in the Restoration era depicts them as a defeated movement no longer on the attack but henceforth under siege. They institutionalized, in the words of Richard Bauman, a strategy “of disengagement from the world's affairs” and embraced “a social policy founded on quietism.” Defeated politically, they were forced, according to this view, to relinquish their efforts to advance the cause of liberty “by militant, political means.” Thus the adoption of the peace principle as a hallmark of the Society of Friends emerged, according to Barry Reay, as a response to political defeat and as a stratagem for survival. This interpretation of Restoration Quakerism is similar in many respects to the stereotypical depiction of the Friends in terms of withdrawal and quiescence. I would like to suggest some modifications in this view by reexamining Quaker expectations at the Restoration, the Friends' involvement in political and legal matters, and the emergence and enforcement of the peace principle. The dominant characteristics of Restoration Quakerism are not withdrawal and quiescence but engagement and vigor.
The Saints Embalmed. Scientists, Latitudinarians, and Society: A Review Essay
Authors: Jacob James R. , Jacob Margaret C.
Published: November 2007

Slightly more than two decades ago in an article entitled “Scientists and society: the saints preserved” we began an historiographical intervention into the debate about the social origins of modern science. In that 1971 review essay we argued that recent work on the Restoration latitudinarians, particularly the important contribution of Barbara Shapiro, did not adequately account for the role played in latitudinarian thought by political and ecclesiastical interests. The time has come to return to the discussion. This occasion has been presented by the publication of a book of essays written for a conference held in 1987 at the Clark Library, entitledPhilosophy, Science, and Religion in England 1640–1700, and edited by Richard Kroll, Richard Ashcraft, and Perez Zagorin. The volume constitutes one of the few recent contributions to an important debate about science and religion that was noisy in the 1970s and largely ignored during the Tory backlash of the 1980s. But the times are finally changing, and revitalization may now be occurring in British cultural and intellectual history. The newly edited volume stands at the cusp of the revitalization. It struggles to move forward to fresher approaches toward culture, i.e. toward the view that texts require historical and linguistic location. Yet the volume is trapped by those few contributors who are still wedded to conventions and attitudes now largely confined to the high churchmen of the 1980s.

The volume revolves around two themes: the nature of liberal English Protestantism after 1660 and the contested role of science in that mental and social construct. These are themes basic to English historiography in this century, if not before, and they are very much associated with the writings of Robert Merton and Christopher Hill. Their work largely focused on the mid-century Puritans; in the 1970s attention turned to the latitudinarians and their scientific associates, from Boyle to Newton.
Influenza Research and the Medical Profession in Eighteenth-Century Britain
Authors: DeLacy Margaret
Published: November 2007

The depiction of influenza as a separate species of disease first became common during the eighteenth century. During that period, physicians developed competing theories about its etiology (causation) and transmission, including the theory that influenza was contagious. Theories of contagion were held by an increasing number of physicians during the course of the eighteenth century, although the issue remained a contested one, as symbolized by the publication of two separate reports on the epidemic of 1782 by the Royal College of Physicians and the Society for Promoting Medical Knowledge: reports that differed on the question of transmission.

It was because this issue was not settled by an overwhelming preponderance of the evidence that physician's views on this question had political implications that reflect the political and social fissures underlying medical practice in the eighteenth century. This article will examine the political, social, religious, and educational factors that influenced the initiative to investigate influenza as a separate disease, and will argue that these factors also influenced the readiness of some groups of physicians to entertain the hypothesis of contagion in the face of conflicting information. It will also suggest that the divergence of opinion on epidemic diseases reflected the social and educational differences between the graduates of English universities who were eligible for Fellowship in the College of Physicians, and the often equally distinguished “outsiders” who had obtained their medical degrees from other institutions, and who formed competing medical associations.
The Muster of 1588
Authors: Nolan John S.
Published: November 2007

With the recent four hundredth anniversary of the sailing of the Spanish Armada came a virtual flood of new works concerning the great invasion fleet and the English ships that opposed it. While it would seem that there would be little new to say about such a heavily researched subject, there is one aspect of this momentous year that has been received relatively short shrift by historians of the period, the national mobilization of England to meet the threatened invasion. Often referred to as the Great Muster of 1588 because one of its most important elements was the muster of the militia to fill the ranks of the army, it was an administrative feat of massive scope that involved months of preparation, extensive military planning, and precise timing. Because these arrangements were never tested in battle, however, the effectiveness of this effort is hard to judge, and its importance is often missed by historians. While Garrett Mattingly devoted an entire chapter of his well known work on the Armada year to events on land, he found the queen's visit to the army at Tilbury after the departure of the Armada more important, or at least more interesting, than the actual state of the nation's defense. More recently, Geoffrey Parker has used the discovery of a large quantity of siege equipment on an excavated armada wreck as a jumping off point for his article “If The Armada Had Landed.” Approaching the issue from the standpoint of a historian of the Army of Flanders, and leaning heavily on continental sources, he adheres to the view that England was totally unprepared for fighting on land if the Spanish had succeeded in landing troops on the island. While this view reflects the common opinion of both nineteenthand twentieth-century historians on the subject, a careful review of English sources, particularly the surviving muster records, military papers, and coastal surveys, leaves a good deal of doubt concerning the accuracy of Parker's judgment. It is the purpose of this article to examine the English side of the story of the Great Muster of 1588, by illustrating the extensive defensive preparations that were organized to face the Spanish threat.
Francis Bacon's Henry VII: Commentary on King James I
Authors: Bergeron David M.
Published: November 2007

Francis Bacon wrote his The History of the Reign of King Henry the Seventh during 1621 after his fall from power and during his initial period of disgrace. He had, of course, contemplated some such history for a long time; and his exile from the Jacobean court allowed him time to complete this project. Exactly how much “research” he did remains a matter of debate. But this history of Henry VII exists as an exceptional example of Tudor-Stuart historical writing. Given Bacon's fascination with questions of history, broached in The Advancement of Learning (1605) and expanded in De Augmentis Scientiarum (1623), one might reasonably expect to find an example of Bacon's practice of history. The History of Henry VII exists as Bacon's only finished full-scale history of an era, although other fragments survive.

A favorite scholarly pastime, at least since the late nineteenth century, has been to detect Bacon's “errors” in his history—that is, how and where he got things wrong. Sometimes, for example, he apparently duplicated the error of a source. He does not, however, stand alone among historians on this score. In any event, modern historical research affords a clearer view of the accuracy of Bacon's account. None of this detracts, however, from Bacon's considerable achievement. Part of the recognition of his accomplishment derives from understanding the different influences that impinge on Bacon's writing Henry VII. I intend, for example, to assess the indebtedness to the life of the Jacobean court as a model or influence on Bacon's portrait of King Henry's relationship with his wife Queen Elizabeth.
Documenting Authority: Texts and Magistracy in Restoration Society
Authors: Rosenheim James M.
Published: November 2007

Despite the initial welcome extended to him, Charles II returned to the English throne in 1660 accompanied by skepticism and even hostility from substantial numbers of his subjects. In the years immediately following the Restoration, the king, his government and the landed order, all uncertain of the extent of their power, strove together to define, reassert, and make it permanent. This was no easy task, in part because the messages of the Restoration were confusing. One was conciliatory, acknowledging that the events of the 1640s and 1650s could not be undone and had to be accommodated in some manner by the new regime. Legal proceedings under the republic were confirmed, passage of the Act of Indemnity signalled the eschewal of systematic revenge, and the retention of Interregnum officials, especially in local administration, deprived triumphant Anglican royalists of the monopoly of power and office for which they had hoped. The other message was conveyed in harsher terms. In many places and from many institutions, adherents of the revolutionary regime did lose their positions, while followers of recently-respectable creeds were now cast as enemies of the state and good order. The new monarchical order held no brief for republicans, and many dissenters of no very radical stripe were quickly placed beyond an official pale because they could not accept a prayer-book order in the church. In the early years of the Restoration, then, policies of accommodation coexisted with those of repression, and we may well ask how in these circumstances an enduring regime was reconstructed.
“The Bloody Assizes:” Whig Martyrdom and Memory after the Glorious Revolution
Authors: Zook Melinda
Published: November 2007

Revolutionaries of modern times often imagine themselves not only as creators of a new future, but also as constructors of a new past. They seek to reinterpret events, rewrite texts, desacralize old idols and icons, and institute new heroes, heroines and martyrs for the cause newly victorious. They hope to recast popular memory to justify the new order. Historians might easily associate such attempts to reconstruct history and manipulate memory with the violent context of the French Revolution. Recent work in French cultural history has provided scholars with a fuller awareness of the functions of revolutionary propaganda, from iconography to ritual. Investigations into festival, street literature, rhetoric, reading, audience, and memory have given the revolutionary experience in France a cultural history that England's still lacks.
“A Wrong Whom Conscience and Kindred Bid Me to Right:” A Reassessment of Edmund of Langley, Duke of York, and the Usurpation of Henry IV
Authors: Biggs Douglas
Published: November 2007

Edmund of Langley, Earl of Cambridge, Duke of York. Just the mention of the name for most historians conjures the image of an historical figure with all the moral fortitude and intelligence of Rowan Atkinson's Black Adder. The fourth surviving son of Edward III, born too late to join in the glorious campaigns of his father, young Edmund became a pawn in the futile games of Plantagenet martial diplomacy. After his father's death, all of Edmund's incursions into the political arena resulted in total failure. Abroad, Earl Edmund's “monumental stupidity” in Portugal tore asunder John of Gaunt's grand strategy to acquire the throne of Castile. At home, Edmund of Langley's “lazy and indifferent” support of Richard II during the appeal of treason against the Duke of Ireland and a number of the young king's other favorites ensured the success of Thomas of Woodstock and the appellants. Though Edmund served as custodian of the realm during Richard's Irish campaign of 1394 and presided over Parliament the following year, such high office overmatched the Duke of York's abilities. Duke Edmund's “fatuous” vacillation in the face of Henry of Lancaster throughout the summer of 1399 cost Richard his throne. As the noted historian and natural philosopher David Hume observed, “The Duke of York was left as guardian of the realm; a place to which his birth entitled him, but which both his slender abilities, and his natural connections with the Duke of Lancaster, rendered him utterly incapable of filling in such a dangerous emergency.” Edmund of Langley's choice to “remain as neuter” in response to Henry of Bolingbroke, along with his treacherous submission to Duke Henry, allowed him and his family to survive the usurpation unscathed. But the new king could find no use for a man who possessed such titanic infidelity, and Henry quickly cast the loathsome York from council and government. Though York lived on until 1402 he remained on the periphery of the Lancastrian establishment. Even Duke Edmund's death attracted little notice, being, as-it-were, only a footnote to his colorless, uninspiring existence.
Eighteenth-Century English Politics: Recent Work
Authors: Black Jeremy
Published: November 2007

This article is intended as a sequel to the one published in Albion 28, 4 ([Winter 1996]: 607–33). As with the earlier article, it reflects the wealth of recent scholarship and adopts a wide definition of politics, and there is a powerful element of choice and subjectivity. The last arises in part from the breadth of the subject. A definition of the political culture and process of the period that directs attention to cultural, religious, social and gender issues is not one that can be readily summarized by restricting attention to the world of Court, Parliament, and the political elite.

Last time I began with cultural politics, and it is worth renewing this approach because the role of discourses as both forms of political expression and the subject of historical study remain important. The most prominent book in this field was a disappointment. John Brewer's The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century (1997) is a work about and of consumerism. The forcing house of eighteenth-century public demand provides the essential pressure for cultural modernization and for the definition of taste in this account. Consumerism has also structured Brewer's book as a cultural and intellectual artefact. As he acknowledges, he wanted to ensure that the book “would be a beautiful object,” and HarperCollins has amply fulfilled this requirement. The publisher was also responsible for fighting what Brewer terms the “alien abstractions” of the original prose, and presumably for the decision to dispense with footnotes. The book as consumer product contributes to the sumptuous cover illustration, a painting of “Sir Rowland and Lady Winn in the Library at Nostell Priory,” to the photograph of the relaxed author on the dust-jacket, and to the laudatory quotes from two big names, Simon Schama and Lisa Jardine, not noted for their work on the subject but then most potential purchasers would not know that.
King, Commons, and Commonweal in Holinshed'sChronicles
Authors: Zaller Robert
Published: November 2007

Raphael Holinshed'sChronicleswas the most ambitious English historical work of the sixteenth century. It was also the last work in the English chronicle tradition, and as such has remained relatively unappreciated both as an achievement in its own right and by its influence on contemporaries. Yet in its construction of national identity and its parsing of the proper relation between the royal estate and the commonwealth, it has much to say about the assumptions of late Tudor culture.

The reasons for Holinshed's historical neglect are not far to seek. Compared to newer Renaissance models such as Polydore Vergil'sAnglicae Historiaethat were already replacing it, it lacked the narrative cogency that characterized the best Continental historiography. As the product of several hands—Reyner (or Reginald) Wolfe, the printer-scholar who first conceived it as a universal geography-cum-history; Holinshed himself, Wolfe's former assistant, who produced the histories of England and Scotland; Richard Stanyhurst, whose history of Ireland was based on the work of Edmund Campion; and William Harrison, whose prefatoryDescription of Englandhas received far more attention from scholars than the work it was meant to introduce—it lacked the unity that a single author could bring to disparate materials. Moreover, it was, like other chronicles, a composite that incorporated the work of earlier authors, a palimpsest that presented as history what was in good part uncritical historiography.
Spontaneous Rupture of a Diverticulum of the Female Urethra Presenting with a Fistula to the Vagina
Authors: Nielsen Vibeke Margrethe , Nielsen Kurt Krøyer , Vedel Pernille
Published: November 2007

A case is presented of a diverticulum of the female urethra presenting with sudden signs of a fistula to the vagina. The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed.
Information on Prenatal Diagnosis at the Antenatal Clinic: The Women's Experiences
Authors: Sjögren Berit , Marsk Lars
Published: November 2007

The issue of information and autonomy (informed consent) in prenatal diagnosis (PND) was studied by questionnaires given to women undergoing amniocentesis (group A, n = 122) or chorionic villus biopsy (group V, n = 90). About 1/4 of the women were also interviewed. Sixty‐eight percent of the women had learnt most about PND already before visiting the antenatal clinic. More women in group A (75%) than in group V (51%) were satisfied with the information given at the clinic, probably because amniocentesis is a well‐known routine, while chorionic villus biopsy is not. Further, in both groups, more of the women who underwent PND because of age were satisfied with the information than those having PND because of strong fear of giving birth to a handicapped baby. This might be explained by the complicated character of this fear, which the medical staff could not always understand and meet. Also the women who were investigated because of a known genetic problem seemed to need more specialized genetic counselling. Fifty‐eight percent of the women were well informed about the risk of giving birth to a child with a congenital disorder and 83% about which disorders could be detected by the procedure they were undergoing. Seventy‐three percent had not felt any uneasiness when they were offered PND by their midwife or gynecologist; 18% had initiated the discussion themselves. Seventy‐four percent of the women recommended that the medical staff actively offered PND. Most women (87%) answered that the midwife's or gynecologist's attitude towards PND had been positive. The majority (85%) considered that there is a risk of persuasion in counselling. However, 75% had felt independent and autonomous in their decision‐making about PND.
Ultrasonographic Diagnosis Of Post Salpingectomy Interstitial Pregnancy: Case Report And Review Of Literature
Authors: Raziel A. , El R. Ron , Wardimon J. , Arad D. , Langer R. , Caspi E.
Published: November 2007

In order to demonstrate the importance of ultrasound in the diagnosis of interstitial pregnancy, we present the following case, where sonographic findings were used as the sole proof of pregnancy and led to active surgical management.
Les économistes français et les écoles historiques allemandes
Authors: Breton Yves
Published: November 2007

Résumé La traduction en français, en 1857, par Louis Wolowski des Principes d'économie politique de l'allemand Wilhem Roscher fut à l'origine, dans le milieu des économistes français, de très vives discussions sur l'emploi de la méthode historique en économie politique. Ces discussions furent relancées au début des années 1880 suite à l'apparition en Allemagne de la célèbre « querelle des méthodes ». L'auteur de l'article se propose d'étudier dans quelle mesure, ces discussions voire ces controverses entre partisans et adversaires de l'emploi de la méthode historique en économie politique fut en France, à l'origine d'une rencontre entre l'économie politique et l'histoire.
L'industrie française des travaux publics (1940-1945)
Authors: Barjot Dominique
Published: November 2007

Résumé Pour l'industrie française des travaux publics, la guerre s'accompagna d'une forte contraction de l'activité. Seuls se développèrent les travaux allemands : si ces derniers profitèrent avant tout aux firmes d'Outre-Rhin, ils suscitèrent, en France, de nombreuses créations d'entreprises. Néanmoins, durant l'Occupation, les comportements des entrepreneurs différèrent assez peu de ceux de la majorité des Français : il y eut peu de véritables «collaborateurs» et peu d'authentiques résistants. En fait, dans cette industrie, l'impact de la seconde guerre mondiale fut sensiblement moins important que celui de la première.
Recherche industrielle-recherche publique. État des lieux des années 1990 à Pechiney
Authors: Le Roux Muriel
Published: November 2007

Abstract Although research is an old tradition in the Pechiney group, the group only came up with the notion of research and development in 1919. The 30-year postwar boom saw Pechiney 's active participation in the huge R&D effort. But the compagny only started collaboration with public research organizations in the 1960s, a practice that has been intensified since 1984. R&D was then definitely established as one of the key elements of the company strategy. But the priority given to the shareholders' interests has led to sacrifice R&D on the budget whereas R&D is the basic condition for the company's survival.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydroalkynylation of Internal Alkynes with Silylacetylenes: An Alkynylrhodium(I) Intermediate Generated from the Hydroxorhodium(I) Complex [Rh(OH)(binap)]2
Authors: Nishimura Takahiro , Guo Xun‐Xiang , Ohnishi Kohei , Hayashi Tamio
Published: November 2007

A highly selective hydroalkynylation of internal alkynes with silylacetylenes giving 1,3‐enynes was realized by use of a hydroxorhodium catalyst. As a key intermediate in the catalytic cycle, an alkynylrhodium(I) complex was isolated and investigated for its structure and reactivity.
Iron‐Catalyzed Nucleophilic Substitution of Allylic Acetate
Authors: Åkermark Björn , Sjögren Magnus P. T.
Published: November 2007

The combination of diiron nonacarbonyl and dimethylamine gives an active catalyst for displacement of allylic acetate by diethyl methylmalonate. It was found that among a series of amines, only dimethylamine and morpholine were efficient promoters of the reaction. Solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and N‐methylformamide were much superior to tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, and ethanol.
Structure and mechanical properties of cellulose derivatives/soy protein isolate blends
Authors: Zhou Ziyan , Zheng Hua , Wei Ming , Huang Jin , Chen Yun
Published: November 2007

Biodegradable and biocompatible composites based on soy protein isolate (SPI) and various cellulose derivatives have been prepared, and the dependence of structures and mechanical properties on the content and species of cellulose derivatives for the composites were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscope, and tensile test. The selected cellulose derivatives, such as methyl cellulose (MC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), and hydroxypropyl cellulose, were miscible with SPI when the content of cellulose derivatives was low, and then the isolated crystalline domains, shown as the structures of network and great aggregate, formed with an increase of cellulose derivative content. The miscible blends could produce the higher strength, and even result in the simultaneous enhancement of strength and elongation for the HEC/SPI and MC/SPI blends. Meanwhile, the moderate content of great MC domains also reinforced the materials. However, the damage of original ordered structure in SPI gave the decreased modulus. Since all the components, i.e., cellulose derivatives and soy protein, are biocompatible, the resultant composites are not only used as environment‐friendly material, but the biomedical application can be expected, especially for the tissue engineering scaffold. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Expression profile of the cadherin family in the developing Drosophila brain
Authors: Fung Siaumin , Wang Fay , Chase Maretta , Godt Dorothea , Hartenstein Volker
Published: November 2007

The Drosophila genome encodes 17 members of the cadherin family of adhesion molecules, which in vertebrates has been implicated in patterning the nervous system through cell and axon sorting. With only a few exceptions all cadherins show widespread expression in the larval brain. What expression patterns have in common is that 1) they are global, in the sense that all lineages of the central brain or optic lobe, or both, show expression; and 2) expression is stage‐specific: some cadherins are expressed only in primary neurons (located closest to the neuropile), others in early secondary neurons (near the brain surface), or primaries plus late secondaries. The Fat‐like cadherins, Fat and Dachsous, as well as Cad96Ca and Cad74A, are expressed in the epithelial optic lobe anlagen, which matches the widespread epithelial expression of these molecules in the embryo. DE‐cadherin is restricted to immature secondary neurons and glia; by contrast, DN‐cadherin, Flamingo, Cad87A, Cad99C, and Calsyntenin‐1 appear in differentiating primary neurons and, at a later stage, some or all secondary neurons. Cad87A is strongly enriched apically in epithelia and in neuronal dendrites. Fat‐like, Cad86C, Cad88C, Cad89D, and Dret are expressed ubiquitously in embryonic and larval brains at low or moderate levels. We conclude from this analysis that cadherins are likely to play a role in ‘generic’ neural functions, such as neurite fasciculation, branching, and synapse formation. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:469–488, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maturation of auditory brainstem projections and calyces in the congenitally deaf (dn/dn) mouse
Authors: Youssoufian Monique , Couchman Kiri , Shivdasani Mohit N. , Paolini Antonio G. , Walmsley Bruce
Published: November 2007

The deaf dn/dn mouse is a valuable model of human congenital deafness. In this study we used the lipophylic dye DiA to trace auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus projections in the dn/dn mouse. In both normal and deaf mice, the ipsilateral projections from the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) to the lateral superior olive (LSO), and the contralateral projections from the AVCN to the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) were intact. With age, there was a noted increase in the fenestration of the endbulb and calyx of Held, and this morphological maturation was also observed in the deaf mice, although there was a significant difference in total endbulb volume at P20 between normal and deaf mice. However, total calyceal volume was not significantly different between normal and deaf mice. There was electrophysiological evidence of in vivo spontaneous ventral cochlear nucleus activity in normal and deaf animals, indicating that this activity may be responsible for the appropriate connectivity in the deaf mice. Our results indicate that congenital deafness caused by the dn/dn mutation does not result in aberrant projections between the AVCN and the ipsilateral MNTB and contralateral LSO but can cause abnormalities in endbulb size. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:442–451, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tackling the Provenance Challenge one layer at a time
Authors: Scheidegger Carlos , Koop David , Santos Emanuele , Vo Huy , Callahan Steven , Freire Juliana , Silva Cláudio
Published: November 2007

VisTrails is a new workflow and provenance management system that provides support for scientific data exploration and visualization. Whereas workflows have been traditionally used to automate repetitive tasks, for applications that are exploratory in nature, change is the norm. VisTrails uses a new change‐based provenance mechanism, which was designed to handle rapidly evolving workflows. It uniformly and automatically captures provenance information for data products and for the evolution of the workflows used to generate these products. In this paper, we describe how the VisTrails provenance data are organized in layers and present a first approach for querying this data that we developed to tackle the Provenance Challenge queries. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regioselective Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxyorthanilic Acid and Its Biotransformation into a Novel Phenoxazinone Dye by Use of Laccase
Authors: Bruyneel Frédéric , Enaud Estelle , Billottet Ludovic , Vanhulle Sophie , Marchand‐Brynaert Jacqueline
Published: November 2007

A natural phenoxazinone derivative, cinnabarinic acid (2, CA, R = CO2H), could be obtained in vitro with the aid of purified laccase from the fungi Pycnoporus cinnabarinus by oxidative dimerization of 3‐hydroxyanthranilic acid (1, 3‐HAA, R = CO2H). With the aim of gaining access to a new class of water‐soluble chromophores and potential bioactive molecules, the regioselective sulfonation of 2‐hydroxyaniline was investigated. Straightforward insertion of a sulfonate group into a carbon–metal bond provided an efficient and selective process for the synthesis of 3‐hydroxyorthanilic acid (3, 3‐HOA, R = SO3H). This sulfonated compound was then subjected to laccase oxidation in order to mimic the cinnabarinic acid synthesis. A practical HPLC method to study the oxidized products was developed, and the major product of biotransformation – namely 2‐amino‐3‐oxo‐3H‐phenoxazin‐1,9‐disulfonic acid (4, LAO, R = SO3H) – was isolated and identified as the sulfonate analogue of cinnabarinic acid.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Differences in genetic and environmental influences on the human cerebral cortex associated with development during childhood and adolescence
Authors: Lenroot Rhoshel K. , Schmitt James E. , Ordaz Sarah J. , Wallace Gregory L. , Neale Michael C. , Lerch Jason P. , Kendler Kenneth S. , Evans Alan C. , Giedd Jay N.
Published: November 2007

In this report, we present the first regional quantitative analysis of age‐related differences in the heritability of cortical thickness using anatomic MRI with a large pediatric sample of twins, twin siblings, and singletons (n = 600, mean age 11.1 years, range 5–19). Regions of primary sensory and motor cortex, which develop earlier, both phylogenetically and ontologically, show relatively greater genetic effects earlier in childhood. Later developing regions within the dorsal prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes conversely show increasingly prominent genetic effects with maturation. The observation that regions associated with complex cognitive processes such as language, tool use, and executive function are more heritable in adolescents than children is consistent with previous studies showing that IQ becomes increasingly heritable with maturity(Plomin et al. 1997: Psychol Sci 8:442–447). These results suggest that both the specific cortical region and the age of the population should be taken into account when using cortical thickness as an intermediate phenotype to link genes, environment, and behavior. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.