bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical and Cognitive Effects of High-Intensity Interval or Circuit-Based Strength Training for Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Morgan Ashley , Noguchi Kenneth S. , Tang Ada , Heisz Jennifer , Thabane Lehana , Richardson Julie
Published: August 2023

Many older adults do not achieve recommended amounts of aerobic or strengthening exercise and high-intensity interval or circuit-based strengthening may offer a time-efficient solution. This review sought to determine the effects of high-intensity interval/circuit strengthening on physical and cognitive functioning for community-dwelling older adults, and its associated adherence, retention, and adverse events. Six databases were searched to June 2022 and 15 studies (11 for effectiveness) were included. The current certainty of evidence is low to very low; upper body-focused physical functioning measures demonstrated small to large benefits and lower body-focused, self-report, and cardiovascular measures had mixed results. There was insufficient evidence (one study) to determine cognitive effects. The mean adherence rates ranged from 73.5% to 95.8%, overall retention across all studies (n = 812) was 86%, and no serious adverse events were reported, suggesting that this type of exercise is feasible for community-dwelling older adults.
Genomic inference of a severe human bottleneck during the Early to Middle Pleistocene transition
Authors: Hu Wangjie , Hao Ziqian , Du Pengyuan , Di Vincenzo Fabio , Manzi Giorgio , Cui Jialong , Fu Yun-Xin , Pan Yi-Hsuan , Li Haipeng
Published: August 2023

Population size history is essential for studying human evolution. However, ancient population size history during the Pleistocene is notoriously difficult to unravel. In this study, we developed a fast infinitesimal time coalescent process (FitCoal) to circumvent this difficulty and calculated the composite likelihood for present-day human genomic sequences of 3154 individuals. Results showed that human ancestors went through a severe population bottleneck with about 1280 breeding individuals between around 930,000 and 813,000 years ago. The bottleneck lasted for about 117,000 years and brought human ancestors close to extinction. This bottleneck is congruent with a substantial chronological gap in the available African and Eurasian fossil record. Our results provide new insights into our ancestry and suggest a coincident speciation event.
Unanswered questions about the causes of obesity
Authors: Speakman John R. , Sørensen Thorkild I. A. , Hall Kevin D. , Allison David B.
Published: August 2023

Obesity is now a global pandemic, but there is little consensus about the causes
Fluctuating Atlantic inflows modulate Arctic atlantification
Authors: Polyakov Igor V. , Ingvaldsen Randi B. , Pnyushkov Andrey V. , Bhatt Uma S. , Francis Jennifer A. , Janout Markus , Kwok Ronald , Skagseth Øystein
Published: August 2023

Enhanced warm, salty subarctic inflows drive high-latitude atlantification, which weakens oceanic stratification, amplifies heat fluxes, and reduces sea ice. In this work, we show that the atmospheric Arctic Dipole (AD) associated with anticyclonic winds over North America and cyclonic winds over Eurasia modulates inflows from the North Atlantic across the Nordic Seas. The alternating AD phases create a “switchgear mechanism.” From 2007 to 2021, this switchgear mechanism weakened northward inflows and enhanced sea-ice export across Fram Strait and increased inflows throughout the Barents Sea. By favoring stronger Arctic Ocean circulation, transferring freshwater into the Amerasian Basin, boosting stratification, and lowering oceanic heat fluxes there after 2007, AD+ contributed to slowing sea-ice loss. A transition to an AD− phase may accelerate the Arctic sea-ice decline, which would further change the Arctic climate system.
Hot weight loss drugs tested against addiction
Authors: Leslie Mitch
Published: August 2023

Clinical trials will gauge whether GLP-1 analogs curb drug and alcohol cravings
Supplemental Material: Linking source and sink: The timing of deposition of Paleogene syntectonic strata in Central Asia
Authors: Cheng Feng , al. et
Published: August 2023

Texts S1–S4, Figures S1–S4, and Table S1.  
Paraneoplastic sacroiliitis
Authors: Arad Uri , Werren Charles , White Douglas
Published: August 2023

A man in his early 70s presented with stiffness and aching in the shoulder and pelvic girdles. His C reactive protein level was elevated at 116 mg/L, leading to an initial diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica. Treatment with prednisone at 20 mg/day provided limited improvement and relapses recurred despite concomitant immunosuppressive agents. Extensive investigations failed to reveal an underlying aetiology.

Five years later, gross painless haematuria led to the detection of an invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma. A review of the staging CT scan revealed findings compatible with bilateral erosive sacroiliitis, which had developed since his initial presentation. Radical cystoprostatectomy provided temporary relief but after a further 9 months, symptoms relapsed, and metastatic spread was discovered.

Paraneoplastic sacroiliitis is a rare clinical entity; and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case associated with a solid tumour.
Developing a supportive and palliative care intervention for patients with allogeneic stem cell transplantation: protocol of a multicentre mixed-methods study (allo-PaS)
Authors: Pralong Anne , Herling Marco , Holtick Udo , Scheid Christoph , Hellmich Martin , Hallek Michael , Pauli Berenike , Reimer Alinda , Schepers Carolin , Simon Steffen T
Published: August 2023

Introduction

Although allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) is a curative treatment for many haematological malignancies, it is often associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Yet, little is known about the needs for supportive and palliative care among allo-SCT recipients. Moreover, targeted interventions that reduce symptom burden and suffering are still lacking. The present study aims to inform a supportive-palliative care intervention for patients with allo-SCT and their informal carers by exploring their experience and assessing their needs, especially their existential concerns, regarding four research topics: symptom burden and quality of life; coexistence of a chance for cure and a relevant risk of dying; change in goals of care; dying phase.

Methods and analysis

This is a descriptive mixed-methods study in progress with a convergent parallel design. Data on the four research topics will be collected and analysed separately in three steps: (1) qualitative semi-structured interviews among 20 patients, 20 informal carers and 12 healthcare providers (HCPs) and focus groups among 12–24 HCPs; (2) a quantitative cross-sectional survey with validated questionnaires and self-developed questions among 100 patients, 100 informal carers and 50 HCPs; (3) a retrospective case analysis of all deceased patients who underwent an allo-SCT between 2010 and 2019, with collection of quantitative and qualitative data. The qualitative and quantitative data sets will be finally merged for comparison and interpretation. Results will serve to develop a supportive-palliative care intervention.

Ethics and dissemination

The Ethics Commission of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Cologne approved this study (20–1370_2). The study results will be published in peer-review journals, be presented at congresses and will be translated into clinical practice through the development of the palliative-supportive care intervention.

Trial registration number

DRKS00027290 (German Clinical Trials Register).
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality trends in Japan: a reversal in 2021? A descriptive analysis of national mortality data, 1995–2021
Authors: Tanaka Hirokazu , Togawa Kayo , Katanoda Kota
Published: August 2023

Objective

The COVID-19 pandemic led to an increase in mortality in most countries in 2020, deviating from prior decreasing trends. In Japan, however, mortality was suggested to decrease in 2020. This study investigated long-term mortality trends and cause-specific contributions, focusing on the period of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.

Design

We analysed Japanese age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs) from 1995 to 2021 using vital statistics.

Main outcome measures

The cause-specific annual ASMR changes were calculated in comparison with the previous year over the abovementioned period.

Results

There was a general downward trend in overall ASMR for both sexes until 2020 followed by a small increase in 2021. In men, the all-cause ASMR (per 100 000 persons) decreased from 1352.3 to 1328.8 in 2020 (−1.74% from 2019), and increased to 1356.3 in 2021 in men (+2.07% from 2020). In women, the all-cause ASMR decreased from 746.0 to 722.1 in 2020 (−3.20% from 2019), and increased to 737.9 (+2.19% from 2020) in 2021. ASMRs from malignant neoplasms, pneumonia, accidents and suicide (men only) continued to decrease during the COVID-19 pandemic while the trend of cardiovascular mortality increased in 2021. Analysis of ASMR changes revealed that COVID-19, senility, cardiovascular disease and ‘other causes not classified as major causes’ contributed to the all-cause mortality increase in 2021.

Conclusions

In Japan, the decreasing trend in overall mortality continued in 2020 despite the COVID-19 pandemic. However, approximately 2% mortality increase was observed in 2021, which was attributable to COVID-19, senility, cardiovascular disease and ‘other causes’. The year 2021 was a turning point of mortality trends in Japan, although continued monitoring is warranted.
Perspectives of healthcare and social support sector policymakers on potential solutions to mitigate financial impact among people with TB in Mozambique: a qualitative study
Authors: Nhassengo Pedroso , Yoshino Clara , Zandamela Américo , De Carmo Verónica , Burström Bo , Khosa Celso , Wingfield Tom , Lönnroth Knut , Atkins Salla
Published: August 2023

Objective

People with tuberculosis (TB) and their households face severe socioeconomic consequences, which will only be mitigated by intersectoral collaboration, especially between the health and social sectors. Evidence suggests that key factors for successful collaboration include shared goals, trust, commitment, resource allocation, efficient processes and effective communication and motivation among collaborating parties. This study aimed to understand healthcare and social support sector policymakers’ perspectives on potential solutions to mitigate financial impact among people with TB and their households in Mozambique.

Design

Qualitative study with primary data collection through one-to-one in-depth interviews.

Setting

Gaza and Inhambane provinces, Mozambique.

Participants

Policymakers in the health and social support sector.

Results

A total of 27 participants were purposefully sampled. Participants were asked about their perspectives on TB-related financial impact and potential solutions to mitigate such impact. Participants reported that people with TB are not explicitly included in existing social support policies because TB per se is not part of the eligibility criteria. People with TB and underweight or HIV were enrolled in social support schemes providing food or cash. Two themes were generated from the analysis: (1) Policymakers suggested several mitigation solutions, including food and monetary support, but perceived that their implementation would be limited by lack of resources; and (2) lack of shared views or processes related to intersectoral collaboration between health and social support sector hinders design and implementation of social support for people with TB.

Conclusion

Despite health and social sector policymakers reporting a willingness for intersectoral collaboration to mitigate TB-related financial impact, current approaches were perceived to be unilateral. Collaboration between health and social support sectors should focus on improving existing social support programmes.
Association between serum triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and sarcopenia among elderly patients with diabetes: a secondary data analysis of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
Authors: Lin Yinghe , Zhong Shanshan , Sun Zhihua
Published: August 2023

Objective

Previous studies investigating the association between the serum triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio and the occurrence of sarcopenia in different populations have yielded inconsistent results. This study aimed to investigate the potential association between TG/HDL-C ratio and sarcopenia among elderly Chinese patients with diabetes.

Design

A secondary data analysis.

Setting

This was a secondary analysis of data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.

Participants

In this study, 752 elderly individuals with diabetes were included after excluding individuals aged <60 years old, those with missing data for the assessment of sarcopenia and missing measurements for plasma glucose or glycated haemoglobin.

Outcome measures

The primary information included TG/HDL-C ratio, muscle strength, physical performance, muscle mass and covariables. The association between TG/HDL-C ratio and sarcopenia was assessed using ordinal logistic regression and linear regression analysis.

Results

On multivariate ordinal logistic regression, among male patients, compared with those with the lowest quartile of TG/HDL-C ratio (≤1.41), those with the highest quartile (>4.71) had a significantly lower risk of more severe sarcopenia (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.54). Similarly, among female patients, compared with those with the lowest quartile of TG/HDL-C ratio (≤2.07), those with the highest quartile (>5.61) had a significantly lower risk of more severe sarcopenia (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.44). In multivariate linear regression, male patients with the highest quartile of TG/HDL-C ratio (β=0.36, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.51) had higher muscle mass than those with the lowest quartile. Similarly, female patients with the highest quartile of TG/HDL-C ratio (β=0.31, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.51) had higher muscle mass than those with the lowest quartile.

Conclusions

There was a negative association between TG/HDL-C ratio categorised by quartile and sarcopenia, which indicates that a higher TG/HDL-C ratio may be related to better muscle status.
Sv-asymptotically T-periodic solutions for some class of neutral differential equations — Model of the heat equation
Authors: Rebey Amor
Published: August 2023

In this paper, we aim to present the concept of [Formula: see text]-asymptotically T-periodic functions taking values in a Banach space and investigate some of their properties. Also, we establish conditions under which semi linear evolution equations in a Banach space have a unique global mild [Formula: see text]-asymptotically T-periodic solution. Then, we apply the results obtained to prove the existence and uniqueness of [Formula: see text]-asymptotically [Formula: see text]-periodic mild solutions to a nonautonomous semi linear differential equations.
Bloch band structures and linear response theory of nonlinear systems
Authors: Li Fude , Wang Junjie , Cui Dianzhen , Xue K. , Yi X. X.
Published: August 2023

In this paper, we investigate the Bloch bands and develop a linear response theory for nonlinear systems, where the interplay between topological parameters and nonlinearity leads to new band structures. The nonlinear system under consideration is described by the Qi–Wu–Zhang model with Kerr-type nonlinearity, which can be treated as a nonlinear version of Chern insulator. We explore the eigenenergies of the Hamiltonian and discuss its Bloch band structures as well as the condition of gap closing. A cone structure in the ground Bloch band and tubed structure in the excited Bloch band is found. We also numerically calculate the linear response of the nonlinear Chern insulator to external fields, finding that these new band structures break the condition of adiabatic evolution and make the linear response not quantized. This feature of response can be understood by examining the dynamics of the nonlinear system.
Structural and magnetic properties of superconductive YFeSb1.2 compound
Authors: Boyraz Cihat
Published: August 2023

The structural and magnetic analysis of the YFeSb[Formula: see text] compound synthesized by the solid-state reaction method was observed. At room temperature, the compound exhibits the ThCr2Si2-type structure with the space group of [Formula: see text]. Low-field DC magnetic susceptibility property of the YFeSb[Formula: see text] compound has been examined. An obvious oscillation of the remanent magnetization, [Formula: see text] with temperature was observed. The YFeSb[Formula: see text] compound exhibits large irreversibility at low fields below the coercivity fields due to freezing spins at low temperatures. At higher temperatures, the susceptibility obeys perfectly to modified Curie–Weiss behavior. Each magnetic ion on a microscopic scale and each magnetic cluster on a nanoscale experience reveal a local random anisotropy.
Thermal–viscoelastic analysis of polymethyl methacrylate using a fractional differential viscoelastic model
Authors: Ikeda Kosuke , Kuga Kazonuri , Fujikawa Masaki
Published: August 2023

Vacuum forming is used to manufacture large molded parts. As forming conditions have a significant effect on the dimensional accuracy, these should be determined accordingly. In this study, a geometric nonlinear creep analysis of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), which is a common thermoplastic resin, was carried out at the target temperature of 393.15[Formula: see text]K and target strain of approximately 50% for vacuum forming. The proposed fractional differential viscoelastic model was extended to a three-element model, consisting of a single hyperelastic spring and two fractional differential (FD) models. It was further extended by time–temperature superposition (TTS) for thermo-viscoelastic analysis. The model determined all material constants by measuring the temperature/frequency sweeps at small strain amplitudes of 0.01% using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Numerical analysis confirmed the validity of the proposed method through creep and stress-relaxation tests by DMA at the target temperature/strain. The results demonstrated that the finite element analysis constructed using the proposed method could predict the mechanical properties during vacuum-forming-oriented creep tests. These results are expected to provide important insights into the complex mechanical behavior of PMMA, which varies with the temperature and strain rate.
Wave propagation and evolution in a (1+1)-dimensional spatial-temporal domain: A comprehensive study
Authors: Khater Mostafa M. A.
Published: August 2023

In this investigation, we utilize two recent analytical schemes to unveil novel solitary wave solutions for the [Formula: see text]-dimensional Mikhailov–Novikov–Wang integrable equation. The said equation serves as a mathematical model that captures specific physical phenomena, albeit lacking a direct physical interpretation. Nevertheless, it finds relevance in various systems within the realm of nonlinear waves in physics. Through the application of the aforementioned analytical schemes, we derive fresh solutions and evaluate their accuracy by employing the variational iteration method. The congruence observed between the analytical and numerical solutions of the investigated model serves as validation for the constructed solutions. Furthermore, we delve into exploring the implications of obtaining precise and ground breaking solitary wave solutions on the practical applications associated with the studied model.
The intersection polynomials of a virtual knot II: Connected sums
Authors: Higa Ryuji , Nakamura Takuji , Nakanishi Yasutaka , Satoh Shin
Published: August 2023

Although the connected sum of trivial knots is trivial in classical knot theory, there is a nontrivial connected sum of trivial knots in virtual knot theory. In this paper, we give connected sum formulae of the intersection polynomials of virtual knots introduced in the preceding paper [6]. As an application, we show that there are infinitely many connected sums of any pair of virtual knots.
Magnetic and Thermal Hysteresis in Monolayer Anthracene-Type Nanostructures
Authors: Parwaz Khan Aftab Aslam , Fadil Z. , Raizada Pankaj , Singh Pardeep , Alotaibi Maha , Ansari Mohammad Omaish , Khan Anish , Asiri Abdullah M. , Raorane Chaitany Jayprakash
Published: August 2023

A monolayer anthracene-like nanostructure was investigated through Monte Carlo simulations to determine its compensation temperature and magnetic hysteresis cycle. Also, the effects of exchange coupling on compensation and transition temperatures were discussed. Additionally, the magnetic hysteresis cycles and magnetic coercive field as well as the surface of multi-loop hysteresis were studied with respect to strong exchange coupling and temperature parameters. This study discusses the behavior of multi-loop hysteresis in multi-state memories and nanotechnology.
Special Delivery: Programming with Mailbox Types
Authors: Fowler Simon , Attard Duncan Paul , Sowul Franciszek , Gay Simon J. , Trinder Phil
Published: August 2023

The asynchronous and unidirectional communication model supported by mailboxes is a key reason for the
success of actor languages like Erlang and Elixir for implementing reliable and scalable distributed systems. While many actors may send messages to some actor, only the actor may (selectively) receive from its mailbox. Although actors eliminate many of the issues stemming from shared memory concurrency, they remain vulnerable to communication errors such as protocol violations and deadlocks.

Mailbox types are a novel behavioural type system for mailboxes first introduced for a process calculus by de’Liguoro and Padovani in 2018, which capture the contents of a mailbox as a commutative regular expression. Due to aliasing and nested evaluation contexts, moving from a process calculus to a programming language is challenging. This paper presents Pat, the first programming language design incorporating mailbox types, and describes an algorithmic type system. We make essential use of quasi-linear typing to tame some of the complexity introduced by aliasing. Our algorithmic type system is necessarily co-contextual, achieved through a novel use of backwards bidirectional typing, and we prove it sound and complete with respect to our declarative type system. We implement a prototype type checker, and use it to demonstrate the expressiveness of Pat on a factory automation case study and a series of examples from the Savina actor benchmark suite.
Flexible Instruction-Set Semantics via Abstract Monads (Experience Report)
Authors: Bourgeat Thomas , Clester Ian , Erbsen Andres , Gruetter Samuel , Singh Pratap , Wright Andy , Chlipala Adam
Published: August 2023

Instruction sets, from families like x86 and ARM, are at the center of many ambitious formal-methods projects. Many verification, synthesis, programming, and debugging tools rely on formal semantics of instruction sets, but different tools can use semantics in rather different ways. The best-known work applying single semantics across diverse tools relies on domain-specific languages like Sail, where the language and its translation tools are specialized to the realm of instruction sets. In the context of the open RISC-V instruction-set family, we decided to explore a different approach, with semantics written in a carefully chosen subset of Haskell. This style does not depend on any new language translators, relying instead on parameterization of semantics over type-class instances. We have used a single core semantics to support testing, interactive proof, and model checking of both software and hardware, demonstrating that monads and the ability to abstract over them using type classes can support pleasant prototyping of ISA semantics.
LURK: Lambda, the Ultimate Recursive Knowledge (Experience Report)
Authors: Amin Nada , Burnham John , Garillot François , Gennaro Rosario , Künzang Chhi’mèd , Rogozin Daniel , Wong Cameron
Published: August 2023

We introduce Lurk, a new LISP-based programming language for zk-SNARKs. Traditional approaches to programming over zero-knowledge proofs require compiling the desired computation into a flat circuit, imposing serious constraints on the size and complexity of computations that can be achieved in practice. Lurk programs are instead provided as data to the universal Lurk interpreter circuit, allowing the resulting language to be Turing-complete without compromising the size of the resulting proof artifacts. Our work describes the design and theory behind Lurk, along with detailing how its implementation of content addressing can be used to sidestep many of the usual concerns of programming zero-knowledge proofs.
Dependently-Typed Programming with Logical Equality Reflection
Authors: Liu Yiyun , Weirich Stephanie
Published: August 2023

In dependently-typed functional programming languages that allow general
recursion, programs used as proofs must be evaluated to retain type soundness. As a result,
programmers must make a trade-off between performance and safety. To address
this problem, we propose System DE, an explicitly-typed, moded core calculus
that supports termination tracking and equality reflection. Programmers can
write inductive proofs about potentially diverging programs in a logical
sublanguage and reflect those proofs to the type checker, while knowing that
such proofs will be erased by the compiler before execution. A key
feature of System DE is its use of modes for both termination and relevance
tracking, which not only simplifies the design but also leaves it
open for future extension. System DE is suitable for use in the Glasgow
Haskell Compiler, but could serve as the basis for any general purpose
dependently-typed language.
Dependent Session Protocols in Separation Logic from First Principles (Functional Pearl)
Authors: Jacobs Jules , Hinrichsen Jonas Kastberg , Krebbers Robbert
Published: August 2023

We develop an account of dependent session protocols in concurrent separation logic for a functional language with message-passing.
Inspired by minimalistic session calculi,
we present a layered design:
starting from mutable references, we build one-shot channels, session channels, and imperative channels.
Whereas previous work on dependent session protocols in concurrent separation logic required advanced mechanisms such as recursive domain equations and higher-order ghost state,
we only require the most basic mechanisms to verify that our one-shot channels satisfy one-shot protocols,
and subsequently treat their specification as a black box on top of which we define dependent session protocols.
This has a number of advantages in terms of simplicity, elegance, and flexibility:
support for subprotocols and guarded recursion automatically transfers from the one-shot protocols to the dependent session protocols,
and we easily obtain various forms of channel closing.
Because the meta theory of our results is so simple,
we are able to give all definitions as part of this paper,
and mechanize all our results using the Iris framework in less than 1000 lines of Coq.
Verifying Reliable Network Components in a Distributed Separation Logic with Dependent Separation Protocols
Authors: Gondelman Léon , Hinrichsen Jonas Kastberg , Pereira Mário , Timany Amin , Birkedal Lars
Published: August 2023

We present a foundationally verified implementation of a reliable communication library for asynchronous client-server communication, and a stack of formally verified components on top thereof. Our library is implemented in an OCaml-like language on top of UDP and features characteristic traits of existing protocols, such as a simple handshaking protocol, bidirectional channels, and retransmission/acknowledgement mechanisms. We verify the library in the Aneris distributed separation logic using a novel proof pattern---dubbed the session escrow pattern---based on the existing escrow proof pattern and the so-called dependent separation protocols, which hitherto have only been used in a non-distributed concurrent setting. We demonstrate how our specification of the reliable communication library simplifies formal reasoning about applications, such as a remote procedure call library, which we in turn use to verify a lazily replicated key-value store with leader-followers and clients thereof. Our development is highly modular---each component is verified relative to specifications of the components it uses (not the implementation). All our results are formalized in the Coq proof assistant.
Timely Computation
Authors: Elliott Conal
Published: August 2023

This paper addresses the question “what is a digital circuit?” in relation to the fundamentally analog nature of actual (physical) circuits. A simple informal definition is given and then formalized in the proof assistant Agda. At the heart of this definition is the
timely
embedding of
discrete
information in temporally
continuous
signals. Once this embedding is defined (in constructive logic, i.e., type theory), it is extended in a generic fashion from one signal to many and from simple boolean operations (logic gates) to arbitrarily sophisticated sequential and parallel compositions, i.e., to computational circuits.

Rather than constructing circuits and
then
trying to prove their correctness, a
compositionally correct
methodology maintains specification, implementation, timing, and correctness proofs at every step. Compositionality of each aspect and of their combination is supported by a single, shared algebraic vocabulary and related by homomorphisms. After formally defining and proving these notions, a few key transformations are applied to reveal the
linearity
of circuit timing (over a suitable semiring), thus enabling practical, modular, and fully verified timing analysis as linear maps over higher-dimensional time intervals.

An emphasis throughout the paper is simplicity and generality of specification, minimizing circuit-specific definitions and proofs while highlighting a broadly applicable methodology of scalable, compositionally correct engineering through simple denotations and homomorphisms.
SkyBridge 2.0: A Fine-grained Vertical 3D-IC Technology for Future ICs
Authors: Bhat Sachin , Li Mingyu , Kulkarni Sourabh , Moritz Csaba Andras
Published: August 2023

Gate-all-around field effect transistors (FETs) are set to replace FinFETs to enable continued miniaturization of ICs in the deep nanometer regime. IMEC and IRDS roadmaps project that 3D integration of gate-all-around FETs is a key path for the IC industry beyond 2024. In this article, we present SkyBridge 2.0, an IC technology featuring high density fine-grained 3D integration of vertical gate-all-around nanowire FETs, contacts, and interconnect while also solving 3D routability. We utilize industry-standard EDA tools to develop a customized design and technology co-optimization (DTCO) flow to design and evaluate SkyBridge 2.0. This DTCO flow covers process emulation of standard cells and SRAM to enable scalable manufacturing pathway, TCAD characterization of vertical nanowire FETs to obtain IV and CV characteristics, compact modeling accurately the device behavior, RC parasitic extraction of 3D interconnects and performance, and power and area assessment using ring oscillators. The technology assessment using ring oscillators shows that SkyBridge 2.0 at the chosen design point, using 10 nm nanowires, achieves ∼18% performance and 31% energy efficiency benefits compared to 7 nm FinFET technology. Area analysis of logic cells shows up to six times density benefits versus aggressively scaled 2D-CMOS cells. In addition to logic, we architect 3D SRAM to support low-power memory designs. SkyBridge 2.0 SRAM shows ∼20% improvement in read and write static noise margin, up to  three times lower leakage current, and up to four times density benefits compared to 7 nm FinFET technology.
Unifying Gradients to Improve Real-World Robustness for Deep Networks
Authors: Wu Yingwen , Chen Sizhe , Fang Kun , Huang Xiaolin
Published: August 2023

The wide application of deep neural networks (DNNs) demands an increasing amount of attention to their real-world robustness, i.e., whether a DNN resists black-box adversarial attacks, among which score-based query attacks (SQAs) are the most threatening since they can effectively hurt a victim network with only access to model outputs. Defending against SQAs requires a slight but artful variation of outputs due to the service purpose for users, who share the same output information with SQAs. In this article, we propose a real-world defense by Unifying Gradients (UniG) of different data so that SQAs could only probe a much weaker attack direction that is similar for different samples. Since such universal attack perturbations have been validated as less aggressive than the input-specific perturbations, UniG protects real-world DNNs by indicating to attackers a twisted and less informative attack direction. We implement UniG efficiently by a Hadamard product module, which is plug-and-play. According to extensive experiments on 5 SQAs, 2 adaptive attacks and 7 defense baselines, UniG significantly improves real-world robustness without hurting clean accuracy on CIFAR10 and ImageNet. For instance, UniG maintains a model of 77.80% accuracy under a 2500-query Square attack while the state-of-the-art adversarially trained model only has 67.34% on CIFAR10. Simultaneously, UniG outperforms all compared baselines in terms of clean accuracy and achieves the smallest modification of the model output. The code is released at
https://github.com/snowien/UniG-pytorch
.
A Cubic Algorithm for Computing the Hermite Normal Form of a Nonsingular Integer Matrix
Authors: Birmpilis Stavros , Labahn George , Storjohann Arne
Published: August 2023

A Las Vegas randomized algorithm is given to compute the Hermite normal form of a nonsingular integer matrix
A
of dimension
n
. The algorithm uses quadratic integer multiplication and cubic matrix multiplication and has running time bounded by

O(n
3

(log
n
+ log ||A||)
2
(log
n
)
2
) bit operations, where ||
A
||= max

ij

|

A
ij

| denotes the largest entry of
A
in absolute value. A variant of the algorithm that uses pseudo-linear integer multiplication is given that has running time

(n
3

log ||
A
||)

1+
o
(1)

bit operations, where the exponent “
+ o
(1)” captures additional factors

c
1

(log
n
)
c2
(loglog||
A
||)
c3
for positive real constants

c
1
,c
2
,c
3

.
Understanding Fire Regimes for a Better Anthropocene
Authors: Kelly Luke T. , Fletcher Michael-Shawn , Oliveras Menor Imma , Pellegrini Adam F.A. , Plumanns-Pouton Ella S. , Pons Pere , Williamson Grant J. , Bowman David M.J.S.
Published: August 2023

Fire is an integral part of the Earth System and humans have skillfully used fire for millennia. Yet human activities are scaling up and reinforcing each other in ways that are reshaping fire patterns across the planet. We review these changes using the concept of the fire regime, which describes the timing, location, and type of fires. We then explore the consequences of fire regime changes on the biological, chemical, and physical processes that sustain life on Earth. Anthropogenic drivers such as climate change, land use, and invasive species are shifting fire regimes and creating environments unlike any humanity has previously experienced. Although human exposure to extreme wildfire events is increasing, we highlight how knowledge of fire regimes can be mobilized to achieve a wide range of goals, from reducing carbon emissions to promoting biodiversity and human well-being. A fire regime perspective is critical to navigating toward a sustainable future—a better Anthropocene.
Optimizing U-Shape FinFETs for Sub-5nm Technology: Performance Analysis and Device-to-Circuit Evaluation in Digital and Analog/Radio Frequency Applications
Authors: Ramakrishna K. V. , Valasa Sresta , Bhukya Sunitha , Vadthiya Narendar
Published: August 2023

FinFET is considered as the potential contender in the era of Multigate FETs. This manuscript for the first time presents the structural variations for Junctionless FinFET devices at IRDS sub-5nm technology node. Four JL-FinFET novel structures are proposed here namely Junctionless Middlegate-U shape FinFET (JL-MG-U-FinFET), Junctionless U shaped FinFET (JL-U-FinFET), Junctionless Inverted-U shaped FinFET (JL-Inv-U-FinFET), and Junctionless Double gate- Inverted-U shaped FinFET (JL-DG-Inv-U-FinFET). The electrical and analog/RF performances of these structures are compared and it is found that JL-DG-Inv-U-FinFET gives better performance in terms of minimizing short channel effects as well as in terms of analog/RF characteristics. The ION/IOFF ratio values for (JL-MG-U-FinFET, JL-U-FinFET, JL-Inv-U-FinFET, and JL-DG-Inv-U-FinFET) are observed as 8.5 × 106, 1.2 × 109, 2.04 × 108, and 1.1 × 1010, respectively. Similarly, the SS values are noted as 93.44 mV dec−1, 70.87 mV dec−1, 70.61 mV dec−1, and 62.1 mV dec−1 for the respective configurations. Furthermore, the effect of variation in geometrical parameters such as gate length (Lg), U-shaped fin width (WU-fin), and U-shaped fin height (HU-fin) on DC and analog/RF characteristics is also explored. It has been observed that the DC parameters such as Ion/Ioff ratio, SS are better for higher Lg, lower WU-fin, and higher HU-fin. Moreover, the JL-DG-Inv-U-FinFET based Common Source (CS) amplifier produced a gain of 5.2. The results reported in this study will aid device engineers in selecting better geometrical parameters to achieve improved JL-DG-Inv-U-FinFET performance.
A workshop on mitochondria for students to improve understanding of science and hypothesis forming
Authors: Marshall Andrea G. , Neikirk Kit , Stephens Dominique , Garza-Lopez Edgar , Vue Zer , Beasley Heather K. , Janumyan Doe Yelena , Campbell Desmond , Fears Letimicia , Alghanem Ahmad , Spencer Elsie C. , Scudese Estevão , Owens Beverly , Vang Chia , Morton Derrick J. , Conley Zachary , Hinton Antentor
Published: August 2023

Here we employ a workshop that utilizes blended and tactile learning to teach middle schoolers about mitochondrial structure. By creating an approachable and fun workshop that can be utilized for middle school students, we seek to encourage them to join a career in physiology.
Finnish sauna bathing and vascular health of adults with coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Debray Amélie , Gravel Hugo , Garceau Laurence , Bartlett Audrey-Ann , Chaseling Georgia K. , Barry Hadiatou , Behzadi Parya , Ravanelli Nicholas , Iglesies-Grau Josep , Nigam Anil , Juneau Martin , Gagnon Daniel
Published: August 2023

This study determined if unsupervised Finnish sauna bathing for 8 wk improves markers of vascular health in adults with coronary artery disease. Finnish sauna bathing reduced resting core temperature and improved sweating capacity, indicative of heat acclimation. Despite evidence of heat acclimation, Finnish sauna bathing did not improve markers of endothelial function, microvascular function, arterial stiffness, or blood pressure.
Intermittent versus continuous handgrip exercise and peripheral endothelial function: impact of shear rate fluctuations
Authors: Hanson Brady E. , Casey Darren P.
Published: August 2023

Exercise-induced increases in shear rate is a well-established stimulus for improving peripheral endothelial function. This study presents novel findings that intermittent elevations in shear rate may be more effective at acutely improving endothelial function compared with continuous elevations. Despite similar increases in total shear rate during handgrip exercise intermittent elevations produced a significantly greater increase in endothelial function when compared with continuous elevations potentially indicating intermittent elevations as a more effective stimulus for acute improvements.
Rapamycin insensitive regulation of engineered ligament structure and function by IGF-1
Authors: El Essawy El Sayed , Baar Keith
Published: August 2023

IGF-1 increases and rapamycin decreases mechanical and material properties of engineered human ligaments by regulating collagen content and concentration. There was no interaction between IGF-1 and rapamycin, suggesting that IGF-1 and rapamycin work independently. We found that IGF-1 improves collagen content by decreasing collagen degradation in a rapamycin-independent manner, whereas growth factor-dependent increases in collagen synthesis are blocked by rapamycin. These data may explain why interventions to increase IGF-1 have not helped rehabilitation.
Implementation and Use of Green Manures for Weed Suppression in Sequential Maize Cropping
Authors: Servín Niz Amilcar , Da Silva Oviedo Modesto Osmar , Morel López Eulalio , López Ávalos Derlys , González Villalba Hugo , Fernández Sánchez Alcides , Fankhauser Solis Pablo , Insfrán Willian
Published: August 2023

The ground cover produced by green manures has a direct influence on weed suppression and, in addition, the biomass produced by these same plants influences crop growth. This study was carried out to compare the effect of green manure species on the incidence of weeds, in sequence, in order to evaluate the effects of the use of green manure cover on the productive characteristics of maize plants. A completely randomised experimental design was used, with 11 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were cover crops Canavalia ensiformis (T1), Cajanus cajan (T2), Stizolobium pruriens (T3), Crotalaria juncea (T4), Phaseolus vulgaris (T5), Stizolobium trigre (T6), Stizolobium aterrimum (T7), Crotalaria retusa (T8), Crotalaria breviflora (T9), Dolichos lablab (T10), and conventional system (T11). Ninety days after sowing, the green manures were cut, and 30 days after the green manures were cut, the hybrid maize Crop Top 520 was sown. The variables evaluated in relation to the planting of green manures were the green and dry biomass of green manures, alongside the green biomass of weeds and suppression of weeds. Concerning maize plants, the variables evaluated were plant height at 60 DAS, stalk diameter at 60 DAS, number of grain rows per ear, number of grains per grain row, and yield. The averages were subsequently analyzed using Tukey’s test at 95% significance level. The use of green manure significantly reduces the green mass of weeds up to 90 days due to lack of access to light of the weeds, which reduces their appearance and growth. Stizolobium aterrimum showed the best results both as a dry mass producer and weed suppressor and also as a yield enhancer in maize crops.
Abundance and Diversity of Culicoides Species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Different Forest Landscapes of Karnataka, India: Implications for Culicoides Borne Diseases
Authors: Archana Munivenkatarayappa , Nayankumar  , Sundarraj Rajamanikandan , Mruthyunjaya Arpita Giddobanahalli , Ghosal Taniya , Mazumdar Abhijit , Hemadri Divakar , Sengupta P. P. , Prasad Minakshi , Reddy Yella Narasimha , Yarabolu Krishnamohan Reddy , Ummer Janofer , Misri Jyoti , Rahman Habibar , Shome Bibek Ranjan , Shivachandra Sathish Bhadravati , Chanda Mohammed Mudassar
Published: August 2023

Culicoides are important vectors for livestock and human pathogens. Wild animals act as reservoirs for important orbiviruses such as bluetongue and African horse sickness viruses. There are only limited studies on the distribution of Culicoides species in forest habitats. In this study, we collected Culicoides from different wildlife sanctuaries and national parks of Karnataka. We collected and morphologically identified 8597 Culicoides. We found 18 species of Culicoides in different sites, with C. oxystoma and C. imicola being the predominant species across the sites. The sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the Cox1 gene of Cuilicoides species revealed a huge level of sequence similarity and their wide distribution around the world. Most of the isolates from our study were closely related to Chinese isolates. The abundance of the species was analyzed using the Bayesian ordination method. We used a hierarchical joint distribution negative binomial regression model to detect the correlation between species owing to environmental covariates and residual correlation. The presence of potential vectors for important livestock pathogens in wild habitats in our study warrants further research on the detection of pathogens in Culicoides collected from forest habitats and adopt surveillance in wild animal habitats to prevent disease spread from wild animals to livestock and vice versa.
Study on Mechanism of Factors Affecting Resilience of Prefabricated Building Supply Chain
Authors: Zhang Chi , He Kun , Zhang Wenjie , Jin Ting , Ao Yibin
Published: August 2023

Identifying key factors affecting the resilience of a prefabricated building supply chain and exploring the effect mechanism of these factors can help to improve the resilience of the prefabricated building supply chain. The main factors affecting the resilience of the prefabricated building supply chain are sorted out first on the basis of Hall’s 3D theory and related research results. Then, the relationships between these factors and the dynamic change of influence of these factors on the resilience of the supply chain are studied through simulation by combining the fuzzy set theory, decision-making experimental analysis, and the system dynamics method. The results show that 10 s-level factors, such as disruption risk prediction and supply chain information sharing level, are active causal factors, while 9 s-level factors, such as disruption response time and disruption contingency plan, are passive result factors. Among the second-level factors, the disruption response time has the highest influence on the resilience of the prefabricated building supply chain, and component design versatility has the lowest influence on the resilience of the prefabricated building supply chain. The influence of the first-level factors, i.e., evolutionary ability, efficiency, and adaptability, descends in sequence. At last, specific suggestions for improving the resilience of the prefabricated building supply chain are put forward.
MANAGEMENT OF IRREGULAR ASTIGMATISM AFTER CORNEAL ULCER WITH RGP CONTACT LENS IN PATIENTS WITH HIGH MYOPIA
Authors: Noviantari I Gusti Agung Ratna , Handayani Ariesanti Tri
Published: August 2023

Introduction: RGP contact lenses are indicated for correcting refractive errors in cases of high myopia and irregular astigmatism due to changes in the corneal curvature.
Case Report: A 30-year-old female came with complaints of redness, pain, glare, blurred vision, and yellow discharge and tearing on the left eye for 2 days, history of using Soft Contact Lens (SCL) since 10 years old due to myopia. Visual Acuity of the right eye (VOD)  with glasses was 6/12 and VA of the left eye (VOS) was 1/300. The patient was diagnosed with left eye corneal ulcer and was given levofloxacin eye drops, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose eye drops, and vitamin C 1000 mg. The left eye's corneal ulcer healed after three days, but the scarring left the cornea's surface uneven.. Patients were advised to replace the contact lenses with RGP contact lenses. After the RGP fitting, the appropriate size was obtained in both eyes and the patient adapted well with VOD RGP 1.0  and VOS RGP 1.0 False. The patient felt helped by the RGP contact lens. 
Discussion: RGP was given because it helped reduce the bacterial infection risk. RGP has a higher oxygen transmissibility and maintains the cornea's curvature to become more regular. It can be utilized as an optical device to repair excessive myopia in addition to irregular astigmatism.
Conclusion: RGP contact lens can be an option for irregular astigmatism after corneal ulcers due to the SCL use in patients with high myopia to provide good outcomes.