bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photonic band gap implementation for phase centre controlling in Vivaldi antenna
Authors: Arezoomand Afsaneh Saee , Naser‐ Moghadasi Mohammad , Arghand Iraj , Jahangiri Payam , Zarrabi Ferdows B.
Published: July 2017

Controlling of the phase centre in ultra wideband antenna is important in localisation at radar systems as for accurate localisation, a constant or linear phase centre is required. In addition, high gain, high bandwidth and end‐fire pattern are demanded in these systems. Therefore, end‐fire taper slot Vivaldi antenna has been noticed because of its high gain and wide bandwidth and end fire pattern. The authors have suggested utilising photonic band gap (PBG) for making a linear phase centre of the antenna. Implementation of the PBG substrate has controlled the electric field and surface current over the antenna and compensated the distortion in phase centre and in addition improved the mutual coupling in the proposed antenna. Here, for achieving best results the parametric studies have been noticed for PBG hole diameters and arrangement of these elements is investigated studied. Furthermore, using PBG substrate has improved the antenna gain. The final prototyped antenna with PBG substrate in order to work in a wide bandwidth shows acceptable performance in the range of 6–18 GHz with VSWR <2 antennas well as achieving a higher gain of >2–4 dBi and >90% efficiency, in comparison with conventional tapered slot antennas.
Multiple operating frequency selections for reconfigurable antenna design by SM based optimisation
Authors: Simsek Murat , Aoad Ashrf
Published: July 2017

In surrogate‐based optimisation methods, computationally burden yet precise fine model is utilised alongside less accurate however quick coarse model to decrease the general computational exertion. Surrogate‐based optimisation methods are firstly applied to reconfigurable antenna design problems in this work. Space mapping (SM) with inverse difference method enables productive procedure to decrease computational exertion while enhancing the convergence. Inverse difference mapping is constituted by difference knowledge that is obtained by input and output of the problem space. In addition, inverse coarse model that is obtained by feed forward multi‐layer perceptron can generate necessary knowledge to form inverse mapping. This mapping is used to eliminate the direct optimisation‐based parameter extraction process. The efficiency of SM with inverse difference technique will be demonstrated by reconfigurable antenna design examples in terms of their convergence and accuracy. Moreover, this technique will be compared to aggressive SM with regard to the convergence efficiency.
Numerical simulation of the performance of air‐breathing direct formic acid microfluidic fuel cells
Authors: Herlambang Yusuf Dewantoro , Shyu Jin‐Cherng , Lee Shun‐Ching
Published: August 2017

This work numerically investigated the effects of various factors on the performance of air‐breathing direct formic acid microfluidic fuel cells. An MFC with a microchannel width of 1.5 mm, depth of 0.05 mm, and electrode spacing of 0.3 mm was used in the simulation. An MFC which was a 1.5‐mm‐wide, 0.05‐mm‐deep microchannel installed with two 0.3‐mm‐apart electrodes was used in the simulation. The mixture of formic acid at concentrations of 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 M and 0.5‐M sulphuric acid served as fuel, while a 0.5‐M sulphuric acid stream served as the electrolyte introduced at inlet flow rates of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mL/min. First, a three‐dimensional MFC model was built using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.1 to simulate the fuel cell performance. Subsequently, I–V curves obtained from simulations and from published experimental data under similar operating conditions were compared to ensure the validity of the simulation. Transport phenomena were formulated with a continuity equation, momentum equation, species transport equation, and charge equation. Additionally, the flow through porous media in the gas diffusion layer was described using the Brinkman equation, whereas the Butler–Volmer equation was applied to obtain I–V and P–I curves. The current density distribution resulting from internal current loss and reactant concentration on both electrodes was also determined in this work.
Submerged arc discharge for producing nanoscale graphene in deionised water
Authors: Tseng Kuo‐Hsiung , Chou Chih‐Ju , Shih Sheng‐Hao , Tien Der‐Chi , Ku Hsueh‐Chien , Stobinsk Leszek
Published: August 2017

This work proposed a novel nanomanufacturing approach, in which a submerged arc discharge method was adopted to produce graphene in deionised water. Graphene produced using this approach can be evenly dispersed and suspended in deionised water without the use of a surfactant or stabiliser, and is suitable for storage at room temperature. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy was employed to analyse the optical properties of the graphene nanostructure. The Zetasizer system was used to examine the particle size and zeta potential of the graphene nanoparticles, and scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy were adopted to explore the morphology, size, and dispersion of the particles, using the Raman spectrum, it is observed that there are two characteristic peaks. Without mixing any surfactant or stabiliser in deionised water, the zeta potential of negatively charged graphene nanoparticles was −51.5 mV. The nanoparticles were stably suspended in the deionised water instead of depositing as sediments. The results of this work confirmed that graphene production with submerged arc discharge is a low‐cost, fast, and effective manufacturing method.
Fundamental frequency analysis of rectangular piezoelectric nanoplate under in‐plane forces based on surface layer, non‐local elasticity, and two variable refined plate hypotheses
Authors: Jamali Leila , Ghassemi Aazam
Published: August 2017

Fundamental frequency analysis of rectangular piezoelectric nanoplates via the surface layer and non‐local small‐scale hypotheses is investigated in the present work. The piezoelectric nanoplate is under in‐plane forces. The equilibrium governing of piezoelectric nanoplates is attained via the two variable refined plate hypothesis, and then the equations of motion are achieved utilising Hamilton's principle. To solve these equations, the finite difference method is employed. To verify the exactness of the finite difference method, the governing equations are tested by the Navier's solution. Numerical results show a good accuracy among the outcomes of the present work and some accessible cases in the literature. The numerical results show that for negative residual surface stress, as the boundary condition becomes stiffer the effect of surface layer increases, while for positive one that phenomenon is inverse.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of 2,3′-Connected Bis-Indolinones by Mannich Reactions of N-Acetylindolin-3-ones with Isatin N-Boc Ketimines
Authors: Enders Dieter , Gajulapalli V. , Jafari Ehsan , Kundu Dipti , Mahajan Suruchi , Peuronen Anssi , Rissanen Kari
Published: August 2017

A highly diastereo- and enantioselective Mannich reaction of N-acetylindolin-3-ones with isatin N-Boc ketimines to form 2,3′-connected bis-indolinones is developed employing a low loading of a readily available bifunctional thiourea catalyst. The asymmetric synthesis connects two indolinones via a vic-diamine unit and generates two neighboring stereocenters.
Posttraumatic Acute Spinal Subdural Hematoma of the Spine
Authors: Kumar Veldurti , Sandeep Yashwanth , V. Umamaheswara , Samudrala Veda , Agrawal Amit
Published: August 2017

Acute spinal subdural hematoma (ASSH) is a rare cause of spinal cord compression and neurologic deficits. The authors report a case of 23-year-old male patient who developed ASSH following spinal injury and discuss the characteristic imaging findings of ASSH. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine showed hypointense collection on T2W images seen posteriorly extending from inferior endplate of C5 to superior endplate of D3 with preservation of the epidural fat signal. The patient underwent surgical evacuation of the hematoma and made a good recovery in his neurological functions.
A Method to Facilitate “Nonsticking” of Regular Bipolar Forceps
Authors: Huang Hui-Kuang , Wang Jung-Pan
Published: August 2017

Electrosurgery using a bipolar cautery is very common, especially in surgical fields with surrounding vital structures. However, the tissue tends to stick to the bipolar forceps due to the heat cautery, which makes the tips stick together. When forceps tips are stuck to the cauterized tissue, surgeons have to spend time separating the tips. Also, when surgeons separate the tips, a cauterized bleeder may rebleed. Some bipolar forceps with nonstick coatings have been developed to reduce the sticking problem. However, for some surgeons or institutes, these nonstick bipolar forceps may be unavailable. The authors describe an easy method to reduce the occurrence of sticking forceps tips if regular bipolar forceps are used.
Stellenwert medikamentenbeschichteter Stents und Ballons zur Behandlung femoro-poplitealer Läsionen
Authors: Ito Wulf
Published: August 2017

Was ist neu?

Medikamenten-beschichtete Ballons bei femoro-poplitealen Läsionen Medikamenten-beschichtete Ballons (DCB) führen in der Behandlung von femoro-poplitealen Läsionen zu besseren Offenheitsraten als die einfache Ballondilatation und zu ähnlichen bis besseren Offenheitsraten als die Stentimplantation. Vorteil ist die Vermeidung von permanentem Fremdmaterial in Regionen, die einer ständigen mechanischen Beanspruchung unterworfen sind und die Möglichkeit, die Prozedur an derselben Stelle wiederholen zu können bzw. chirurgische Zugangswege offenzuhalten. Bei Auftreten von Dissektionen oder einem Recoil bietet sich die fokale Implantation möglichst kurzer Stents in den betroffenen Segmenten an. Die primäre Implantation Medikamenten-beschichteter Stents zeigt darüber hinaus keinen weiteren Vorteil und ist auf längere Sicht mit den Nachteilen der Implantation von Fremdmaterial in Bewegungssegmenten behaftet.

Nicht medikamentöse und medikamentöse Begleittherapie Die Kombination aus interventioneller Behandlung und supervidiertem Gehtraining zeigt die besten Erfolgsaussichten einer dauerhaften Verbesserung der Gehstrecke bei Patienten mit femoro-poplitealen Läsionen und ist einer alleinigen interventionellen Behandlung oder einem alleinigen Gehtraining überlegen. Darüber hinaus werden aktuell große randomisierte, kontrollierte Studien durchgeführt, die den Einfluss niedrig dosierter direkter Antikoagulanzien auf die kardiovaskuläre Komplikationsrate nach Intervention untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studien werden Aufschluss geben über die optimale antithrombotische Therapie nach Intervention im femoro-poplitealen Stromgebiet.
Diagnose und Therapie der Echinokokkosen
Authors: Stojkovic Marija , Hoffmann Hans , Mehrabi Arianeb , Sauer Peter , Weber Tim , Junghanss Thomas
Published: August 2017

Was ist neu?

Zystische Echinokokkose (CE) Entscheidende diagnostische und therapeutische Kenntnisse über die CE haben noch immer keinen breiten Eingang in die klinische Praxis gefunden, trotz einer Zunahme der Einwanderung von CE-Patienten aus Hochprävalenzgebieten. Die Zystenstadien-spezifische Therapie der CE konsolidiert sich, wiewohl weiter auf niedrigem Evidenzniveau basierend, da die erforderlichen klinischen Studien nach wie vor fehlen.

Alveoläre Echinokokkose (AE) Auch eine Zunahme der AE-Verbreitung in Deutschland wird beobachtet.

Klinische Zentren für Echinokokkose Klinische Expertenzentren haben sich in Deutschland gut etabliert, bei denen Rat eingeholt und Patienten vorgestellt werden können.
Diagnostik und Therapie der Struma nodosa im Jahr 2017
Authors: Allelein Stephanie , Feldkamp Joachim , Schott Matthias
Published: August 2017

Was ist neu?

Screening Bei älteren Menschen wird von einem generellen Screening auf Schilddrüsenknoten abgeraten.

Bildgebende Verfahren Mittels Schilddrüsensonografie kann der Knoten in Kategorien mit verschiedenem Malignitätsrisiko eingeteilt werden.

Feinnadelpunktion Als sensitivste Untersuchung zur präoperativen Erkennung malignitätsverdächtiger Knoten gilt die Feinnadelpunktion.

Molekulargenetik Im Bereich der Molekulargenetik wurden in den letzten Jahren für die Diagnostik erhebliche Fortschritte erzielt; in der Routine findet dies jedoch noch keinen Einsatz.

Calcitonin-Bestimmung Der aussagekräftigste basale Grenzwert zur präoperativen Diskriminierung eines medullären Schilddrüsenkarzinoms ist bei Frauen ca. 30 pg/ml und bei Männern ca. 60 pg/ml.

Therapie Neue thermoablative Therapieverfahren bei benignen Knoten werden zunehmend durchgeführt, müssen aber weiter evaluiert werden.
Tachykarde Herzrhythmusstörungen in der Notaufnahme – Aktuelle Entwicklungen
Authors: Pätz Toni , Wolfrum Sebastian
Published: August 2017

Was ist neu?

Diagnostik tachykarder Herzrhythmusstörungen Weiterhin bleibt das 12-Kanal-EKG die Diagnostik der ersten Wahl. Ergebnisse von verschiedenen Algorithmen zur Differenzierung des Urprungs von regelmäßigen Breitkomplextachykardien ließen sich in unabhängigen Studien nicht reproduzieren. Beim Vorhofflimmern wurde eine Anpassung der EHRA-Klassifikation vollzogen.

Therapie tachykarder Herzrhythmusstörungen Die primäre hämodynamische Stabilisierung kann unter Anwendung des „Konzepts der 5 A“ und dem „erweiterten B-, C- und D-Konzept“ erfolgen. Bei regelmäßigen Schmalkomplextachykardien sollte das modifizierte Valsalva-Manöver in Erwägung gezogen werden. Die weitere Therapie, besonders die orale Antikoagulation beim Vorhofflimmern mit komorbider koronarer Herzerkrankung, ist im stetigen Wandel.
10.22.2 Product Subclass 2: Azaindol-1-ols
Authors: Mérour J.-Y. , Joseph B.
Published: August 2017

This chapter presents the little-known azaindol-1-ol family. Methods for the preparation as well as the reactivity of each isomer are covered.
10.22.3 Product Subclass 3: 1,3-Dihydroazaindol-2-ones
Authors: Mérour J.-Y. , Joseph B.
Published: August 2017

This chapter reviews the synthesis and reactivity of 1,3-dihydroazaindol-2-ones described in the literature until mid-2014. Synthetic methods and substituent modifications are reviewed for each isomer.
27.19.5 Azomethine Imines (Update 2017)
Authors: Atodiresei I. , Rueping M.
Published: August 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of azomethine imines and focuses on the literature published in the period 2003–2014. As azomethine imines are commonly generated in situ, and subsequently trapped with suitable reaction partners, their applications in synthesis are also presented herein.
34.9.3 β-Fluoro Alcohols (Update 2017)
Authors: Shibatomi K.
Published: August 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 34.9) describing methods for the synthesis of β-fluoro alcohols. It focuses on enantioselective synthetic approaches, and includes methods based on the α-fluorination of carbonyl compounds and subsequent reduction.
35.2.1.5.7 Synthesis of Bromoalkanes by Substitution of Oxygen Functionalities (Update 2017)
Authors: Braun M.
Published: August 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing the synthesis of bromoalkanes by substitution of oxygen functionalities. In this update, the focus is the substitution of free hydroxy groups, silyl ethers, tetrahydropyran-2-yl ethers, and sulfonates.
35.2.4.2.3 Synthesis of Allylic Bromides by Substitution of σ-Bonded Heteroatoms (Update 2017)
Authors: Braun M.
Published: August 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing the synthesis of allylic bromides by substitution of σ-bonded heteroatoms. In this update, the focus is on the substitution of other halogens and of hydroxy groups.
Nanometer-resolution depth-resolved measurement of florescence-yield soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy for FeCo thin film
Authors: Sakamaki M. , Amemiya K.
Published: August 2017

We develop a fluorescence-yield depth-resolved soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) technique, which is based on the principle that the probing depth is changed by the emission angle of the fluorescence soft x rays. Compared with the electron-yield depth-resolved XAS technique, which has been established in this decade, we can observe wider range in-depth XAS distribution up to several tens of nm. Applying this technique to a 30 ML (∼4.3 nm) FeCo thin film, we observe Fe L-edge XAS spectra at the probing depth of 0.3–6 nm and find that the film has 22 ML (∼3.1 nm) surface oxide layer while its inner layer shows metallic state. We thus successfully obtain nanometer-resolution depth-resolved XAS spectra and further expect that operando measurement under the electric and/or magnetic fields is possible.
Ultra-high Q/V hybrid cavity for strong light-matter interaction
Authors: Conteduca Donato , Reardon Christopher , Scullion Mark G. , Dell’Olio Francesco , Armenise Mario N. , Krauss Thomas F. , Ciminelli Caterina
Published: August 2017

The ability to confine light at the nanoscale continues to excite the research community, with the ratio between quality factor Q and volume V, i.e., the Q/V ratio, being the key figure of merit. In order to achieve strong light-matter interaction, however, it is important to confine a lot of energy in the resonant cavity mode. Here, we demonstrate a novel cavity design that combines a photonic crystal nanobeam cavity with a plasmonic bowtie antenna. The nanobeam cavity is optimised for a good match with the antenna and provides a Q of 1700 and a transmission of 90%. Combined with the bowtie, the hybrid photonic-plasmonic cavity achieves a Q of 800 and a transmission of 20%, both of which remarkable achievements for a hybrid cavity. The ultra-high Q/V of the hybrid cavity is of order of 106 (λ/n)−3, which is comparable to the state-of-the-art of photonic resonant cavities. Based on the high Q/V and the high transmission, we demonstrate the strong efficiency of the hybrid cavity as a nanotweezer for optical trapping. We show that a stable trapping condition can be achieved for a single 200 nm Au bead for a duration of several minutes (ttrap > 5 min) and with very low optical power (Pin = 190 μW).
Free convection flow of some fractional nanofluids over a moving vertical plate with uniform heat flux and heat source
Authors: Azhar Waqas Ali , Vieru Dumitru , Fetecau Constantin
Published: August 2017

Free convection flow of some water based fractional nanofluids over a moving infinite vertical plate with uniform heat flux and heat source is analytically and graphically studied. Exact solutions for dimensionless temperature and velocity fields, Nusselt numbers, and skin friction coefficients are established in integral form in terms of modified Bessel functions of the first kind. These solutions satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions and reduce to the similar solutions for ordinary nanofluids when the fractional parameters tend to one. Furthermore, they reduce to the known solutions from the literature when the plate is fixed and the heat source is absent. The influence of fractional parameters on heat transfer and fluid motion is graphically underlined and discussed. The enhancement of heat transfer in such flows is higher for fractional nanofluids in comparison with ordinary nanofluids. Moreover, the use of fractional models allows us to choose the fractional parameters in order to get a very good agreement between experimental and theoretical results.
Quantum entanglement reaches new heights
Authors: Smart Ashley G.
Published: August 2017

The satellite-based distribution of entangled photons to cities 1200 km apart bolsters prospects for a global quantum communication network.
Quantum gases cooled to long-range antiferromagnetic order
Authors: Miller Johanna L.
Published: August 2017

The observation of a checkerboard pattern in a lattice of ultracold atoms is a sign of even more exciting experiments to come.
Massive machine gears up to weigh nearly massless particles
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: August 2017

An experiment in Germany looks for missing electron energy to infer neutrino rest mass.
Atmospheric research in the Rocky Mountain foothills
Authors: Kramer David
Published: August 2017

As an NSF-funded center approaches its 60th birthday, scientific and fiscal challenges lie ahead.
Mobilizing US physics in World War I
Authors: Hagmann Johannes-Geert
Published: August 2017

In applying their research to wartime problems, US physicists changed the relationship between physics, the military, and the government.
Cochlear implants and electronic hearing
Authors: Svirsky Mario
Published: August 2017

The first medical device to restore a human sense, a cochlear implant converts sound into a train of current pulses that directly stimulate the auditory nerve of a profoundly deaf ear.
Regionalisation is key to establishing reference conditions for neotropical savanna streams
Authors: Martins Isabela , Ligeiro Raphael , Hughes Robert M. , Macedo Diego R. , Callisto Marcos
Published: August 2017

Areas with minimal anthropogenic influences are frequently used as reference sites and represent the best ecological state available in a region. Streams in such conditions are necessary for evaluating the conservation status of aquatic ecosystems of a region and to monitor them, taking natural environmental variability into consideration. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyse whether hydrological units are reliable regional units for aggregating reference sites. To this end, reference sites were studied in three different landscape units of the same hydrological unit. The study tested the hypothesis that water quality, physical habitat structure and the composition and structure of macroinvertebrate assemblages will be more similar for sites in the same landscape unit than for sites located in different landscape units in the same hydrological unit. The study showed that taxonomic richness and composition of the macroinvertebrate assemblages were negatively affected by site slope and positively affected by the presence of leaf packs on the streambed. The three landscape units supported significantly different macroinvertebrate assemblages and indicator taxa. Therefore, a hydrological unit does not constitute a homogeneous entity in terms of environmental variables and biological composition if it incorporates high landscape heterogeneity. These results should improve and facilitate the selection of reference sites for biomonitoring programs and for managing tropical headwater streams.
CD318 is a ligand for CD6
Authors: Enyindah-Asonye Gospel , Li Yan , Ruth Jeffrey H. , Spassov Danislav S. , Hebron Katie E. , Zijlstra Andries , Moasser Mark M. , Wang Benlian , Singer Nora G. , Cui Huadong , Ohara Ray A. , Rasmussen Stephanie M. , Fox David A. , Lin Feng
Published: August 2017

Significance

The CD6 T cell surface glycoprotein regulates T cell activation, andCD6is a risk gene for autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Moreover, recent work indicates that CD6 is an attractive target for the development of new therapeutic approaches to autoimmune diseases such as MS. The known ligand of CD6 is CD166 (also termed ALCAM), but CD6–CD166 interactions neither explain CD6-dependent interactions with stromal cell lineages that are critical in organ-targeted autoimmune diseases nor account for effects of CD6-targeted therapeutics in autoimmune diseases. This report definitively establishes CD318 as a second ligand of CD6 and provides evidence for the importance of CD6–CD318 interactions in autoimmune diseases that affect the central nervous system and the synovial lining of joints.
Plant feeding promotes diversification in the Crustacea
Authors: Poore Alistair G. B. , Ahyong Shane T. , Lowry James K. , Sotka Erik E.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Understanding what morphological and behavioral traits promote the success of diverse groups of organisms is a major goal of evolutionary biology. The ability to consume novel food sources has been linked to the spectacular radiation of herbivorous insects that eat terrestrial plants on Earth. Among the crustaceans, the arthropod group that dominates aquatic environments, relatively few major taxa have overcome the challenges of consuming primary producers (plants and macroalgae). However, lineages that include plant material in their diets support more species than their most closely related lineages. The results of our analyses support the hypothesis that a shift in diet promotes speciation in this diverse and ecologically important animal group.
Interferon-γ is a master checkpoint regulator of cytokine-induced differentiation
Authors: Zha Zhao , Bucher Felicitas , Nejatfard Anahita , Zheng Tianqing , Zhang Hongkai , Yea Kyungmoo , Lerner Richard A.
Published: August 2017

Significance

The understanding of the molecular mechanisms of activation and checkpoint processes has important therapeutic implications. Here, we show that interferon-γ is a master checkpoint regulator for many cytokines. It operates partially by activating STAT1 signaling. However, most important is the mechanism that allows it to assume master regulator status. To do this, it induces internalization of gp130, a common component of many heterodimeric cytokine receptors. Therefore, this cytokine checkpoint could open a whole new paradigm in cell biology.
Well-posedness and decay to equilibrium for the Muskat problem with discontinuous permeability
Authors: Granero-Belinchón Rafael , Shkoller Steve
Published: August 2017

We first prove local-in-time well-posedness for the Muskat problem, modeling fluid flow in a two-dimensional inhomogeneous porous media. The permeability of the porous medium is described by a step function, with a jump discontinuity across the fixed-in-time curve

(

x
1

,
−
1
+
f
(

x
1

)
)

(x_1,-1+f(x_1))

, while the interface separating the fluid from the vacuum region is given by the time-dependent curve

(

x
1

,
h
(

x
1

,
t
)
)

(x_1,h(x_1,t))

. Our estimates are based on a new methodology that relies upon a careful study of the PDE system, coupling Darcy’s law and incompressibility of the fluid, rather than the analysis of the singular integral contour equation for the interface function

h
h

. We are able to develop an existence theory for any initial interface given by

h
0

∈

H
2

h_0 \in H^2

and any permeability curve-of-discontinuity that is given by

f
∈

H

2.5

f \in H^{2.5}

. In particular, our method allows for both curves to have (pointwise) unbounded curvature. In the case that the permeability discontinuity is the set

f
=
0

f=0

, we prove global existence and decay to equilibrium for small initial data. This decay is obtained using a new energy-energy dissipation inequality that couples tangential derivatives of the velocity in the bulk of the fluid with the curvature of the interface. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first global existence result for the Muskat problem with discontinuous permeability.
BiobankUniverse: automatic matchmaking between datasets for biobank data discovery and integration
Authors: Pang Chao , Kelpin Fleur , van Enckevort David , Eklund Niina , Silander Kaisa , Hendriksen Dennis , de Haan Mark , Jetten Jonathan , de Boer Tommy , Charbon Bart , Holub Petr , Hillege Hans , Swertz Morris A
Published: August 2017

Motivation

Biobanks are indispensable for large-scale genetic/epidemiological studies, yet it remains difficult for researchers to determine which biobanks contain data matching their research questions.

Results

To overcome this, we developed a new matching algorithm that identifies pairs of related data elements between biobanks and research variables with high precision and recall. It integrates lexical comparison, Unified Medical Language System ontology tagging and semantic query expansion. The result is BiobankUniverse, a fast matchmaking service for biobanks and researchers. Biobankers upload their data elements and researchers their desired study variables, BiobankUniverse automatically shortlists matching attributes between them. Users can quickly explore matching potential and search for biobanks/data elements matching their research. They can also curate matches and define personalized data-universes.

Availability and implementation

BiobankUniverse is available at http://biobankuniverse.com or can be downloaded as part of the open source MOLGENIS suite at http://github.com/molgenis/molgenis.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Growth and condition in relation to the lack of recovery of northern cod
Authors: Morgan M Joanne , Koen-Alonso Mariano , Rideout Rick M , Buren Alejandro D , Maddock Parsons Dawn
Published: August 2017

Growth and condition in fishes have been taken as indicating levels of energy available for survival and reproduction, major components of a population’s productivity. After a rapid collapse in population size, northern (NAFO Division 2J3KL) cod (Gadus morhua) remained at a very low level of abundance for 20 years. We investigated the potential for poor growth and condition to have played a role in the collapse and lack of recovery of northern cod. Juveniles and adult males and females all showed similar patterns. Perceptions about the importance of growth and condition to population status depended on the metrics and area examined. When the northern cod population was declining, the northern areas of the population clearly had reduced growth and condition, while these metrics improved in the south. Results were equivocal as to the potential role of growth and condition in the continued low abundance of northern cod and, to some extent, depended on the nature of the metric being examined. Indices of condition, which included lipid storage in the form of liver weight, were generally lower in the north while the stock remained at a low level. Metrics associated with longer-term protein storage returned to precollapse levels quickly following the period of collapse. An index of food availability was more closely related to growth and condition than was temperature. These results point to the need both for studies of growth and condition in a population to have a comprehensive time-series of data covering the entire range of the population and the need for a better understanding of the causes and implications of changes in different metrics of condition.
Neuroscience of Pediatric PTSD
Authors: Carrión Victor G. , Weems Carl F.
Published: August 2017

The overarching goal of Neuroscience of Pediatric PTSD is to provide mental health professionals and students with a review of the broad array of research related to the neurobiology of developmental traumatic stress. In doing so, it attempts to provide a synthesis of how this body of work has built a foundation from which we can launch new ways of studying the impact of trauma in children and adolescents. It uses posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as an anchor to inform on these advancements. The past 20 years have seen an increased interest in how traumatic stress impacts development. Neuroscience of Pediatric PTSD summarizes key work done in areas pertinent to function and development. It discusses advances in the neuroscience of executive function, memory, emotional processing, and associated features such as dissociation, self-injurious behaviors, and sleep regulation. Each chapter is divided in three parts: animal studies, adult studies, and child studies. Issues such as comorbidity and treatment, and their relationship to these neuroscience findings, are presented.
Emotion Processing
Authors: Carrión Victor G. , Turner John A. , Weems Carl F.
Published: August 2017

Prolonged difficulty identifying and regulating emotions is another essential symptom of PTSD, and has been associated with hormonal dysregulation, social and academic difficulties, and structural and functional brain deficits in youth and adults. Individual subject variance in personality, disposition, sex, and genotype has been shown to uniquely modulate the prefrontal and limbic brain regions associated with emotion processing. The current chapter examines how the component processes of emotion regulation, such as fear conditioning, can be dysregulated by the experience of traumatic stress, by which the brain centers that manage reactions to emotionally charged stimuli are over- or underactivated. The preclinical literature that serves as the basis for our understanding of these systems is reviewed, as well as studies of adults and children who have experienced trauma. Future directions, such as clinical care based on neuroendocrine research, are also discussed.
Comorbidity in Pediatric PTSD
Authors: Carrión Victor G. , Turner John A. , Weems Carl F.
Published: August 2017

The current chapter focuses on the idea that the constructs reviewed in the previous chapters such as executive function, emotion regulation, and memory processing abnormalities are not unique to PTSD. Many of the neurobiological correlates of PTSD are also found in depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. The research reviewed in the current chapter suggests that the constructs of executive function, emotion regulation, and memory processing abnormalities may underlie these conditions and define core mechanisms across mental health disorders. Future directions, such as a shift in the field to incorporate neuroscience into personalized treatment for PTSD, as well as current imperatives, such as the need to assess for trauma histories in differential diagnosis, are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Phillips Katharine A.
Published: August 2017

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a severe and common disorder that consists of distressing or impairing preoccupation with nonexistent or slight flaws in one’s physical appearance. Individuals with BDD perform repetitive, compulsive behaviors to try to cope with the distress that their appearance concerns cause. In addition, the appearance concerns cause clinically significant distress or impairment in psychosocial functioning. This chapter introduces the reader to BDD and provides a roadmap for the book.
Classification of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Relevance for Patient Care
Authors: Phillips Katharine A.
Published: August 2017

The classification of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has evolved over the decades. This chapter discusses these changes and highlights their relevance to patient care. BDD was first briefly mentioned in DSM-III (1980). DSM-III-R (1987) was the first edition of DSM to classify BDD as a separate disorder and provide diagnostic criteria. The most notable changes introduced in DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-5 (2013) were the addition of a clinical significance criterion to DSM-IV and the addition of a repetitive behaviors criterion, as well as specifiers for insight and muscle dysmorphia, in DSM-5. Earlier editions of DSM classified delusional BDD symptoms as a distinct psychotic disorder, whereas DSM-5 classifies such beliefs as BDD with the absent insight specifier and as the same disorder as nondelusional BDD. DSM-5 also moved BDD to a new chapter; it is now classified as an obsessive-compulsive and related disorder rather than a somatoform disorder. This change has important implications for how BDD is conceptualized.
Core Clinical Features of Body Dysmorphic Disorder : Appearance Preoccupations, Negative Emotions, Core Beliefs, and Repetitive and Avoidance Behaviors
Authors: Simmons Rachel A , Phillips Katharine A.
Published: August 2017

This chapter reviews core clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and presents two cases. Individuals with BDD are preoccupied with perceived flaws in their appearance that they view as ugly or abnormal (but that other people view as slight or nonexistent), to the point of experiencing significant distress or impairment in psychosocial functioning. The preoccupation with perceived ugliness triggers a cascade of negative emotions and behavioral responses that are intended to alleviate the appearance concerns but often do not. These responses include repetitive behaviors to check, fix, obtain reassurance about, or hide disliked body areas as well as avoidance of social situations. BDD is associated with high levels of emotional distress and a range of painful emotions, such as depression, anxiety, social anxiety, and shame. Core beliefs often focus on feeling unlovable, inadequate, or worthless. Associated features include high rejection sensitivity and perceived stress and low assertiveness.
Assessment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder : Screening, Diagnosis, Severity, and Insight
Authors: Phillips Katharine A.
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses assessment of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), including diagnosis and screening as well as potential diagnostic pitfalls and how to avoid them. Measures used to screen for BDD, diagnose BDD, and assess BDD severity and BDD-related insight are reviewed, and guidelines for their use are provided. This chapter also discusses assessment of BDD in children and adolescents and assessment of patients who seek cosmetic procedures (such as surgery or dermatologic treatment) for appearance concerns. Because BDD is common, often severe, and usually missed in clinical settings, clinicians and researchers should routinely screen for BDD. Screening is especially recommended in mental health, substance abuse, dermatology, cosmetic surgery, and other cosmetic treatment settings. It is also important to screen for BDD when patients manifest clues suggesting a possible diagnosis of BDD (e.g., BDD rituals, camouflaging of disliked body areas, and social anxiety or avoidance).
Evolutionary Psychiatry and Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: Stein Dan J.
Published: August 2017

Most work on the psychobiology of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has focused on “proximal” mechanisms: the possible cognitive-affective processes, neuronal circuitry, and genetic variants involved in underpinnings of this disorder. Evolutionary medicine has, however, emphasized that a comprehensive biologic approach to medical and psychiatric disorders should also address “distal” mechanisms. These are the adaptive processes that have underpinned phylogeny and ontogeny, and that are therefore relevant to a comprehensive understanding of biologic states and traits. Evolutionary accounts of disease have emphasized constructs such as co-evolution, constraints, defenses, mismatch, reproductive success, and tradeoffs. This chapter discusses how concepts from evolutionary theory may be useful in developing a more comprehensive model of BDD, and how this may in turn be useful for guiding aspects of clinical assessment and intervention.
Pharmacotherapy and Other Somatic Treatments for Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: Phillips Katharine A.
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses pharmacotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), including barriers to treatment, essential groundwork for prescribing, first-line treatment with serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), and optimal dosing and trial duration (higher SRI doses and longer trials are more often needed for BDD than for most other disorders). SRIs are the first-line medication treatment for both delusional BDD and nondelusional BDD. Medication may be used for BDD of mild to moderate severity, and it is essential for more severely ill and suicidal patients and for those with severe depressive symptoms. Pharmacotherapy that is optimized for BDD usually alleviates symptoms and not uncommonly leads to remission. The chapter also discusses steps to take when an SRI is not effective, such as raising the SRI dose even further as well as SRI augmentation and switching strategies. SRI continuation and discontinuation, and the potential usefulness of non-SRI medications and other somatic treatments are also discussed. Challenges that clinicians often encounter when treating BDD and that can be addressed with pharmacotherapy—severe depression, suicidality, and problematic substance use—are also discussed.
Evaluation of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Patients Seeking Cosmetic Surgery and Minimally Invasive Treatments
Authors: Sarwer David B. , Crerand Canice E.
Published: August 2017

This chapter details the recommended elements of the mental health assessment of individuals seeking cosmetic surgery or minimally invasive cosmetic treatments. Recommendations are provided for both mental health clinicians and aesthetic medical providers (e.g., surgeons, dermatologists). The standard elements of a comprehensive, initial mental health evaluation provide the foundation for assessment. In addition to assessing patients’ current psychosocial functioning and mental health history, providers should more specifically evaluate patients’ body image concerns. This includes a detailed assessment of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) symptoms. Mental health providers, as well as clinicians from whom cosmetic procedures are being requested, should also assess patients’ motivations and expectations for cosmetic treatment. These and other more specific areas of assessment will allow the consulting mental health professional to provide a comprehensive report to the medical professional providing the cosmetic treatment. It will also help surgeons, dermatologists, and other providers of cosmetic treatment to determine whether cosmetic treatment is appropriate for individuals with minimal appearance flaws who request cosmetic procedures.
Disruptive Behavior
Authors: Steiner Hans , Daniels Whitney , Stadler Christina , Kelly Michael
Published: August 2017

Disruptive behavior is extremely common in normal and clinical populations. This book addresses its development, the newly grouped diagnoses associated with it (disruptive behavior disorders), and their biopsychosocial causes and treatment. The past decade has seen a great deal of progress in the psychiatric and psychological literature, which has greatly advanced our understanding of these disorders. The book discusses state-of-the-art studies of taxonomy, epidemiology, etiology, and treatment. Each chapter concludes with a thorough discussion of the clinical implications of this new information, exemplified by real case material. A whole chapter is devoted to the forensic implications of this important grouping of disorders. The chapter begins with a discussion of the exemplary cases in the legal literature, providing the clinician and the expert with a concise briefing of the legal underpinnings of these disorders, which in essence seek to bring the world of medicine to the world of crime. The final chapter provides a concise summary of all preceding chapters, summarizing what we have learned and showing the way into the future in terms of basic research, translational research, and clinical practice. Sources and resources are provided for clinicians, researchers, teachers, primary care physicians, criminologists, forensic experts, and interested lay people.
Integrated Health Care at Cherokee Health Systems
Authors: Khatri Parinda , Perry Gregg , deGruy Frank
Published: August 2017

Cherokee Health Systems (CHS) has provided health care throughout east Tennessee for over 50 years. This chapter describes its innovative model of integrated care. CHS offers primary and some specialty medical care, comprehensive behavioral services, dental, pharmacy, school-based, social, and public health services, all within a deeply integrated, comprehensive system of clinics and care settings. Each patient has a team of clinicians and staff that is constituted to deal with that patient’s needs, but usually includes primary care clinicians, behavioral health clinicians (including psychiatrists, if appropriate), clinical pharmacists, care managers, and others working as a team. CHS makes extensive use of telehealth, particularly for psychiatric consultation, pharmacy counseling, primary care, and specialty medical consultation. Psychiatrists operate in multiple roles, including as primary clinicians, consultants to primary care and other behavioral health clinicians, team leaders, and educators. CHS is a growing, financially stable system that continues to expand across east Tennessee.
Integrated Care for Binge Eating and Other Eating Disorders
Authors: Yager Joel , Mehler Philip S. , Yager Eileen D. , Yager Alison R.
Published: August 2017

Binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa, particularly milder cases, often go unrecognized and untreated in primary care practice settings. Eating disorders are frequently associated with shame, and masked by other prominent physical and psychiatric conditions that demand attention. Among adults, binge eating disorder, the most prevalent of the eating disorders, occurs with increasing frequency, in tandem with higher rates and degrees of obesity, across all age ranges, and in both genders. Bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa are more common in females, and although they are most often seen in pediatric and adolescent medicine practices cases, they are also seen in adult practice populations. This chapter describes pathways by which primary care practices can implement integrated and collaborative care treatment programs, likely to benefit large numbers of patients, and effectively coordinate with specialist levels of care, as necessary.
Women’s Mental Health Across the Reproductive Lifespan
Authors: Heiman Noa , Snavely Abby , Freehling Liza
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on the unique properties of women’s mental health, which need to be understood and managed throughout the reproductive lifespan in a collaborative health care environment. Throughout her reproductive life cycle, a woman will experience enormous endocrinologic changes. During transitional times, such as pregnancy, postpartum, and perimenopause/menopause, mental health problems may peak for some women. For example, a history of depression at any time increases the risk for depression during times of reproductive hormone fluctuation. Psychiatric hospital admissions are highest for women during pregnancy and postpartum. The collaborative care team must always be aware of the hormonal life phase of the woman they are treating and her biological, psychological, and social context. Premenstrual, pregnancy, postpartum, perimenopausal, and menopausal phases are reviewed in light of their interplay with mental health. Recommendations for integrative team care at each phase are given.
Diagnosis
Authors: Laureno Robert
Published: August 2017

This chapter on “Diagnosis” examines topics in neurologic diagnosis such as sensitivity and specificity. Special topics are addressed including reasons for ordering diagnostic tests, multidimensional diagnosis, simultaneous presence of multiple diagnoses, diagnostic pitfalls, and formal diagnostic criteria. All diagnostic tests have limitations. This chapter discusses those limitations and the ways that a practitioner can overcome them. The importance of clear communication between doctor and patient and a healthy dose of suspicion and skepticism in interpreting patient presenting symptoms and test results is discussed. The special situations presented by trauma, pain, and emergency and how these impinge on clear diagnosis are also discussed.
Selective Vulnerability
Authors: Laureno Robert
Published: August 2017

This chapter on “Selective Vulnerability” examines the selective vulnerability of different parts of the brain to particular diseases. In one disease, certain areas of brain are particularly vulnerable. In other diseases, different parts of the brain are more susceptible. The concept of selective vulnerability was originally applied to toxic/metabolic and hereditary disorders, but it is also useful in thinking about other neuropathologic processes including neoplastic, infectious, demyelinative, vascular, and traumatic diseases. Diseases can selectively affect brain systems, brain structures, or brain regions. Selective system involvement is clear in degenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; selective structure involvement occurs in carbon monoxide’s effect on the globus pallidus; selective region involvement is found in myelinolysis.