bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution à la minéralogie des arséniates calciques et calcomagnésiens naturels
Authors: Pierrot Roland
Published: November 2018

L'étude des arséniates calciques et calcomagnésiens naturels a été entreprise pour préciser les caractères mal connus des minéraux de cette série.

La recherche des échantillons originaux ainsi que du plus grand nombre possible de spécimens a été la règle générale de ce travail.

Le maximum de précautions a été pris pour assurer l'homogénéité du matériel étudié. Un certain nombre de précisions et de modifications ont été apportées pour les espèces minérales existant dans la nomenclature actuelle. Puis de nouveaux minéraux ont été décrits.

Rauenthalite : nouveau minéral déterminé à Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines (massif des Vosges). Triclinique ? Raies intenses du diagramme de poudre : 10,8 (FFF), 3,36 (FF), 2,44 (F), 6,2 (mF). dm = 2,36. Biaxe positif avec 2 V = 85°, ng = 1,570, nm = 1.552, np = 1,540. L'analyse chimique, en accord avec celle du produit artificiel conduit à la formule Ca3(AsO4)2.10H2O.

Sainfeldite : nouveau minéral déterminé à Jachymov et à Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. Monoclinique C 2/c, a = 18,64, b = 9,81, c = 10,12, β = 97°. Raies intenses du diagramme de poudre : 3,37 (FFF), 3,18 (FF), 4,64 (F), dx = 3,00, dm = 3,04. Biaxe négatif avec 2 V = 80°, np = 1,600, nm = 1,610, ng = 1,616. L'analyse chimique, en accord avec celle du produit artificiel conduit à la formule : Ca5H2(AsO4)4.4H2O.

Vladimirite : Monoclinique P 21/c, a = 5,81, b = 10,19, c = 22,7, β = 82° 41'. Raies intenses du diagramme de poudre : 2,79 (FFF), 3,28 (FF), 4,15 (FF), 4,00 (FF). dm = 3,14, dx = 3,17. Biaxe négatif avec 2 V = 70°. Extinction oblique c/\ng = 36°, np = 1,650, nm = 1,654, ng = 1,661. Les nouvelles analyses conduisent à la formule Ca5H2(AsO4)4.5H2O.

Guérinite : monoclinique ? Raies intenses du diagramme de poudre : 14 (FFF), 3,89 (FF), 3,01 (FF), 2,90 (FF), 3,40 (F). dm = 2,68. Biaxe négatif avec 2 V 10°, np = 1,576, nm = 1,582, ng = 1,584. Les premières analyses effectuées sur le minéral naturel confirment la formule : Ca5H2(AsO4)4.9H2O.

Les diagrammes de poudre des arséniates de calcium synthétiques bien cristallisés obtenus par H. Guérin sont fournis.

Grâce aux échantillons originaux de bélovite et de talmessite, l'identité de ces deux minéraux a pu être établie : il s'agit d'une seule et même espèce de formule : Ca2Mg(AsO4)2.2H2O ; triclinique P1 isomorphe de la béta˗rosélite : a = 5,89, b = 7,69, c = 5,56, α = 112°38', β = 70°49', γ = 119°25'. Biaxe avec 2 V ~ 90°, np = 1,672, nm = 1,685, ng = 1,698.

Trois hypothèses vraisemblables sont fournies au sujet de l'existence de la wapplérite, espèce douteuse dont nous n'avons jamais retrouvé de spécimen.

Des essais de déshydratation, de transformations, conduisent à une hypothèse générale de succession naturelle. Les courbes d'analyse thermopondérale sont fournies pour chaque espèce étudiée.
Calculation of the density and thermal expansion coefficient of silicate liquids
Authors: Bottinga Yan , Richet Pascal , Weill Daniel F.
Published: November 2018

Pour les oxydes, un ensemble de volumes partiels molaires indépendants de la composition est compatible avec les mesures de volume (V) faites sur les liquides silicatés exempts d'aluminium dont la teneur en silice varie de 35 à 90 moles %. Les coefficients d'expansion thermique (a) de ces liquides sont virtuellement indépendants de la température et peuvent être exprimés comme des fonctions additives de la composition. Les constantes nécessaires au calcul de V et de a ont été calculées pour 17 oxydes, à partir de plus de 1 200 mesures de densité. Ces résultats et ceux de Bottinga et al. (1982) rendent possible le calcul de V et de a des liquides silicatés et alumino-silicatés avec une précision comparable à celle des mesures, entre 1 000 et 2 000 °C.
Les pâtisseries et la dignité humaine. À propos de CE, ordo., 16 avril 2015, Société Grasse Boulange
Authors: Travard Jérôme
Published: November 2018

La commercialisation de pâtisseries en chocolat rappelant des stéréotypes coloniaux donne l’occasion aux juridictions administratives de préciser l’utilisation de la procédure de référé-liberté et de l’invocation du principe de dignité humaine. Saisi par une association, le tribunal administratif de Nice avait interdit la commercialisation, le Conseil d’État jugeant l’inverse en estimant qu’il n’y a pas d’atteinte manifestement graves et illégales à une liberté. Au-delà du strict cas d’espèce, cela montre comment le principe de dignité humaine tend à connaître une application horizontale entre personnes privées et ce devant le juge administratif, alors même que différentes voies de recours existent en droit privé, tant devant le juge pénal que devant le juge civil.
Affaire Baby-Loup, l’admission du principe de neutralité dans les entreprises privées « ordinaires »
Authors: Brunie Juliette
Published: November 2018

Tout en écartant la qualification d’entreprise de conviction de la crèche «Baby-Loup », l’Assemblée plénière de la Cour de cassation a admis la possibilité pour une entreprise privée d’imposer un principe de neutralité à ses salariés par le biais de son règlement intérieur. Le refus d’une salariée de se conformer à ce principe permet alors à l’employeur de prononcer un licenciement disciplinaire.
Note sous cass., soc., 25 mars 2015, n°13-17639, rejet. Actualités : articulation droit du travail et droit pénal - interprétation de la faute grave dans le cadre d’un licenciement
Authors: Bendelac Esther
Published: November 2018

L ’atteinte à l’intimité de la vie privée d 'autrui constitue une faute grave susceptible de rompre un contrat de travail. En l’espèce, la divulgation aux parents d’un film réalisé à leur insu montrant une crise de leur enfant autiste dans une ambulance constitue une faute rendant impossible le maintien de la salariée dans l’entreprise.
La liberté religieuse dans l’entreprise
Authors: Goma Mackoundi Loembet Rodrigue
Published: November 2018

L’expression des convictions religieuses au sein de l’entreprise est aujourd’hui source de conflits que les protagonistes du contrat de travail pourraient régler par le dialogue. En cas de différends portés devant les hauts magistrats, les réponses apportées par ces derniers ne doivent souffrir d’aucune ambiguïté, ni faire preuve de tergiversations au risque d’affaiblir l 'institution judiciaire.
Ensemble contractuel indivisible : l’étonnante résolution du contrat de prêt
Authors: Cayol Amandine
Published: November 2018

La Cour de cassation approuve en l’espèce la cour d’appel d’avoir prononcé la résolution du contrat de prêt à la suite de celle de la vente qu ’il était destiné à financer, en raison de leur indivisibilité. Le fondement et la solution retenus sont pourtant tous deux discutables. La caducité du contrat de prêt du fait de la disparition de la cause de l ’ensemble contractuel aurait été préférable.
Cave equum! De la garde en matière de responsabilité du fait des animaux
Authors: Laher Rudy
Published: November 2018

Dans cet arrêt, la Cour de cassation considère que la Cour d'appel de Rennes use légitimement de son pouvoir souverain d’appréciation pour décider que la rapidité de la chute et l’inexpérience d’une cavalière victime d ’un accident d ’équitation justifient l ’absence de transfert de garde. La victime n ’ayant pas été en mesure d’exercer les pouvoirs de direction, de contrôle et d’usage sur l’animal, son propriétaire en est resté le gardien. Par conséquent, sa responsabilité peut être engagée sur le fondement de l’article 1385 du Code civil et son assureur est tenu à indemnisation. Cette décision offre l’opportunité d’une réflexion sur l’approche casuistique de la notion de garde qui caractérise la jurisprudence de la Cour de cassation. En effet, en matière de responsabilité du fait des animaux comme du fait des choses, le souci d’indemnisation des victimes semble parfois prendre le pas sur la rigueur des définitions juridiques.
Le renforcement de la protection du domaine public : existence d'une convention d'occupation et droits procéduraux
Authors: Lormeteau Blanche
Published: November 2018

La valorisation économique de l’exploitation du domaine public portuaire donne l’occasion à la section du contentieux du Conseil d’Etat, dans un arrêt du 19 juin 2015, de fixer de nouvelles règles visant à sécuriser l’utilisation privative du domaine public, tant pour le gestionnaire que pour l’utilisateur. A la faveur du maintien du caractère exprès d’une convention d’occupation du domaine public, un nouveau principe émerge : celui du caractère écrit des conventions. Un principe procédural est également étendu, celui de la jurisprudence Citécable Est2 : la possibilité de présenter, y compris en appel, de nouveaux moyens tirés de l’enrichissement sans cause ou de la faute d’un des supposés cocontractants, lorsque l ’absence de contrat est constatée par le juge, au cours de l ’instance.
La performance de l'aveu, entre mode de preuve et acte de langage
Authors: Larrieu Peggy
Published: November 2018

Longtemps négligé par les recherches en droit pénal, davantage attachées à l’étude des causes du crime, le phénomène de l ’aveu a pourtant de quoi surprendre. D ’où vient en effet cette tendance qui pousse les hommes à exprimer des aveux, comme le montre la pratique de la confession ? A partir des réflexions de Michel Foucault, et des apports de la psychanalyse, le présent article s ’intéresse aux relations, souvent paradoxales, que l ’aveu entretient avec les notions de vérité et de liberté. Une approche pluridisciplinaire peut apporter un éclairage sur les non-dits de l ’aveu en matière pénale, qui reste un phénomène des plus équivoques. Car, loin d’être réductible à un mode d’obtention de la vérité, l’aveu se présente également comme un acte de langage, producteur d’effets.
Réforme du droit des obligations : l'obligation conditionnelle et à terme
Authors: Soulié Mathieu
Published: November 2018

L’ordonnance du 10 février 2016 a introduit un nouveau titre IV intitulé «Du régime général des obligations » qui intègre dans un chapitre 1er consacré aux modalités de l ’obligation, deux premières sections relatives d’une part, à l’obligation conditionnelle et d’autre part, à l’obligation à terme. D’une manière générale, l ’ordonnance consacre le droit positif applicable, tout en simplifiant et clarifiant certaines dispositions existantes. Elle supprime aussi certaines règles tombées en désuétude. Par ailleurs, certaines dispositions nouvelles innovent telle celle qui prévoit la suppression de principe de l'effet rétroactif en cas de réalisation de la condition suspensive. Les praticiens devront être particulièrement vigilants à compter du 1er octobre 2016 dans la rédaction de ces clauses.
Réforme du droit des obligations : nullité et caducité du contrat
Authors: Lhersonneau Gaétan
Published: November 2018

L’ordonnance no 2016-131 du 10 février 2016 portant réforme du droit des contrats, du régime général et de la preuve des obligations, touche particulièrement les sanctions de la formation du contrat. En effet, d’une part, elle vient préciser les contours de la nullité en apportant avant tout une définition, et en manifestant le choix de consacrer la théorie moderne des nullités ; d’autre part, on remarquera que la réforme intègre la caducité au sein du Code civil, et apporte également une définition de cette notion. Par cette réforme, le législateur a tenté d'effectuer une déjudiciarisation des sanctions, en offrant la possibilité, pour les parties, de s’accorder, sans l’intervention d’un juge, sur la nullité d’un acte. La réforme recherche encore l ’accord des parties en permettant à la partie adverse de demander la confirmation de la renonciation à agir en justice.
Réforme du droit des obligations : les effets du contrat à l'égard des tiers
Authors: Delahais Caroline
Published: November 2018

L ’impact de la réforme sur les effets du contrat à l ’égard des tiers est double. En premier lieu, le Code civil accueille la règle de l ’opposabilité du contrat aux tiers, une consécration bienvenue qui ne semble pas pour autant avoir réglé la problématique relative à la responsabilité contractuelle, précisément à la question de savoir si un tiers, lorsqu’il se prévaut d’une inexécution contractuelle, doit simplement établir cette défaillance ou, au contraire, apporter la preuve d’une faute délictuelle détachable du contrat. Autrement dit, doit-on définitivement abandonner le système de la relativité de la faute pour lui préférer celui de l ’identité des fautes contractuelle et délictuelle. En second lieu, le Code civil valide et apporte quelques précisions sur la stipulation pour autrui, dont la pratique s ’est largement développée depuis 1804. Ces nouveautés nous amènent à nous interroger sur la nature de l ’effet relatif des contrats et, partant, nous éclairent sur l ’itinéraire tracé par le Professeur André Tune vers ce qu ’il appelait «l ’unification désirable des règles gouvernant les deux responsabilités ... ».
Le chèque sur papier libre : un instrument de paiement controversé par la jurisprudence et la doctrine
Authors: Molinery Katy
Published: November 2018

Malgré l’absence de dispositions législatives en la matière, le chèque sur papier libre est un titre de paiement légal et validé par la jurisprudence. Il doit cependant comporter l ’intégralité des mentions obligatoires figurant à l’article L. 131-2 du Code monétaire et financier et doit être rédigé sur un support approprié à son encaissement.
L'interdiction pour tout navire d'arborer un pavillon noir : d'une norme juridique désuète à l'émergence d'un véritable corpus juridique en matière de piraterie maritime
Authors: Genonceau Cassandre
Published: November 2018

La lutte contre la piraterie maritime fut l’objet d’une longue évolution en droit français. Si elle fut symbolisée dès les années 20 par l 'interdiction réglementaire d’arborer le célèbre drapeau pirate sur un pavillon français — ou étranger, dès lors qu ’il se trouve dans les eaux territoriales françaises, la répression de cet acte international illicite dans le cadre d’une piraterie dite «moderne » trouva son apogée avec la loi n° 2011-13 du 5 janvier 2011, transposant la Convention de Montego Bay en droit interne français et consacrant une compétence «quasi universelle » pour l ’appréhension des pirates dans des zones ne relevant de la juridiction d’aucun État, et la loi n° 2014-742 du 1er juillet 2014 autorisant l’exercice d’entreprises privées de protection des navires. D’une norme réglementaire pouvant apparaître comme désuète à l’instauration d’un véritable corpus juridique, le droit français a progressivement renforcé la lutte contre la piraterie maritime, complétant par la même occasion les dispositions conventionnelles offertes par la Convention de Montego Bay.
Les fictions de la personnalité juridique en droit des sociétés
Authors: Arrighi Anne-Claire
Published: November 2018

La rencontre entre la réalité économique de la société et la réalité juridique de la personnalité morale peut conduire à une paralysie. La fiction de la personnalité juridique est un instrument au service du juge et du législateur permettant d’atténuer les rigueurs de la personnalité morale. Si la fiction juridique a été l’objet de nombreuses études, peu s ’intéressent à son utilisation en droit des sociétés II s’agit pourtant d’un outil particulièrement vivant et efficace. En témoignent les utilisations jurisprudentielles et légales récentes sur lesquelles cette étude se propose de revenir.
La cession de contrat consacrée par le Code civil
Authors: Colliot Julie
Published: November 2018

L’ordonnance portant réforme du droit des contrats, du régime général et de la preuve des obligations, consacre, pour la première fois, dans le droit commun des contrats, la possibilité de céder un contrat dans les articles 1216 à 1216-3 nouveaux du Code civil. La consécration de ce mécanisme juridique issu de la pratique est à saluer. Néanmoins, le dispositif comporte quelques lacunes et obscurités.
Les enjeux du pilotage stratégique des ressources humaines pour le développement : cas de l’âge légal de départ à la retraite des agents publics au Cameroun
Authors: Himbe Lamine
Published: November 2018

À la lumière de l ’analyse du recul de l ’âge légal de départ à la retraite des agents publics camerounais, il est démontré la place essentielle que doivent prendre les RH pour les problématiques de développement. Qu 'on soit dans un pays développé ou dans un pays en voie de développement, le pilotage stratégique des ressources humaines s’impose comme une condition sine qua non pour impulser le développement tous azimuts. Il faut donc intégrer au sein des politiques publiques, une politique de modernisation des ressources humaines sur plusieurs années, qui prendrait en compte notamment, la réforme de l’âge de départ à la retraite des agents publics. Cette réforme sur le recul de l ’âge comporte en effet des enjeux financiers et économiques pour l ’allègement du déficit public et pour la relance de la croissance. Elle comporte également des enjeux sociaux et socioprofessionnels, voire politiques pour assurer le développement humain, la justice sociale, la suppression «du mille feuilles de pensions » ou du «brouillage des âges à plusieurs vitesses ».
La consécration du modèle français de l’action de groupe
Authors: Picart Erwann
Published: November 2018

La loi de modernisation de la justice du XXIe siècle fait un pas de plus vers la généralisation de l’action de groupe en droit français. Le 18 novembre 2016, un socle commun a en effet été intégré au droit français afin d ’harmoniser le régime juridique et de permettre un développement cohérent de l’action de groupe. De ce socle commun ressortent deux axes majeurs. D ’une part, la volonté d’éviter la judiciarisation du conflit. De l ’autre, aboutir à une réparation effective des victimes de préjudices de masse.
Hofstede's Cultural Indices Revisited: The Relationship Between Cultural Values and International Tourism
Authors: Ahn Michael J. , McKercher Bob
Published: November 2018

This article explores the previously unexamined assumption that the cultural profile of international tourists traveling to different destinations mirrors that of the overall population of a nation. Most studies adopt a cross-sectional destination approach, comparing and contrasting
visitors from different source markets that visit a single destination. This study adopts a market approach by examining a cohort of socially and demographically homogenous Koreans who have varying travel experiences. The results demonstrated that no significant differences exist among respondents
when Hofstede's cultural values scale is applied. Yet, respondents themselves felt their core national cultural values did change because of traveling and also most feel they were less stereotypically "Korean" because of their travel experiences. One reason for the dichotomy is that the standard
technique to measure national cultural norms "explains" less than two thirds of the variance in recorded cultural norms. In the end, one wonders how effectively Hofstede's measures really are?
unexpected pair-list readings in plural indefinites: a new generalization
Authors: Fiorentino Robert
Published: November 2018

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BEHAVIOUR OF BOND’S EMBEDDED OPTION WITH REGARD TO CREDIT RATING
Authors: Stádník Bohumil
Published: November 2018

In this financial engineering research, we study the behaviour of an option premium of a call/put option which is embedded in a typical fixed coupon bond with finite maturity. The contribution of the research is the conclusion about the dynamics of premium changes; represented by direction and sensitivity; with respect to the changes in credit rating and also risk-free interest rate development. The aim of the research is also to clearly demonstrate this theoretically complicated topic to the financial practitioners using a practical example. We are about to consider a 3-dimensional process where the dimensions are: time, rating development process and risk-free interest rate development. We use Standard & Poor’s rating transition matrix to create rating tree and Hull-White model for modelling of risk-free interest rate development. We add embedded call/put option to the bond structure and assume the call/put option to be exercised in case of interest rates decline/rise or rating worsening/improvement. For valuation, we use the risk-neutral concept. Using a numerical solution on the 3-dimensional tree (implemented in MATLAB), we avoid problems that appear while analytical solving of partial differential equations.
High-resolution SOFIA/EXES Spectroscopy of SO2 Gas in the Massive Young Stellar Object MonR2 IRS3: Implications for the Sulfur Budget
Authors: Dungee Ryan , Boogert Adwin , DeWitt Curtis N. , Montiel Edward , Richter Matthew J. , Barr Andrew G. , Blake Geoffrey A. , Charnley Steven B. , Indriolo Nick , Karska Agata , Neufeld David A. , Smith Rachel L. , M. Tielens Alexander G. G.
Published: November 2018

Sulfur has been observed to be severely depleted in dense clouds leading to uncertainty in the molecules that contain it and the chemistry behind their evolution. Here, we aim to shed light on the sulfur chemistry in young stellar objects (YSOs) by using high-resolution infrared spectroscopy of absorption by the ν
3 rovibrational band of SO2 obtained with the Echelon-Cross-Echelle Spectrograph on the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. Using local thermodynamic equilibrium models we derive physical parameters for the SO2 gas in the massive YSO MonR2 IRS3. This yields a SO2/H abundance lower limit of 5.6 ± 0.5 × 10−7, or >4% of the cosmic sulfur budget, and an intrinsic line width (Doppler parameter) of b < 3.20 km s−1. The small line widths and high temperature (T
ex = 234 ± 15 K) locate the gas in a relatively quiescent region near the YSO, presumably in the hot core where ices have evaporated. This sublimation unlocks a volatile sulfur reservoir (e.g., sulfur allotropes as detected abundantly in comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko), which is followed by SO2 formation by warm, dense gas-phase chemistry. The narrowness of the lines makes formation of SO2 from sulfur sputtered off grains in shocks less likely toward MonR2 IRS3.
Les récits d’un « Nouveau Brésil » : une analyse médiatique de la Coupe du monde de football de 1950
Authors: Helal Ronaldo , Amaro Fausto , Ribeiro Mostaro Filipe Fernandez
Published: November 2018

Le but de cet article est d’étudier comment les récits d’un « Nouveau Brésil » sont apparus au cours de la Coupe du monde de 1950. Pour cela, nous analyserons les périodiques A Noite et Jornal do Brasil , quarante jours avant la Coupe du monde jusqu’au jour après sa fermeture (17 juillet 1950). Le contexte historique de l’après-guerre a incité un aménagement de l’image du Brésil au niveau international et la concurrence a servi de vitrine à cet effet. Nous chercherons à identifier comment le football, élément de l’identité nationale, a contribué à la construction de ce discours, notamment avec la construction du plus grand stade du monde à l’époque, le Maracaña.
Literatura, memória e identidade em ‘Infância’, de Graciliano Ramos
Authors: Kupssinskü Cátia Silene , Saraiva Juracy Assmann
Published: November 2018

Este artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre a literatura e sua relação com a memória, individual e coletiva, e com a identidade. As obras literárias se valem da memória para a constituição de tramas ficcionais que nela buscam a fonte que embasa a representação da realidade. A memória, por sua vez, tem relação direta com identidades sociais e individuais, já que, por meio de sua exposição, permite a elaboração da imagem pela qual os indivíduos são representados diante de si mesmos e dos outros. O corpus deste estudo é a obra literária ‘Infância’, publicada por Graciliano Ramos, no ano de 1954, na qual o autor relata, por meio de lembranças, sua vida dos dois aos onze anos de idade. A análise indutiva da obra se guia por constructos formulados por autores como Fernando Catroga (2001), Michael Pollak (1992), Aristóteles (2005), Paul Ricoeur (1994), Kathryn Woodward (2012), os quais abordam aspectos pertinentes à literatura, à memória e à identidade.
Relações entre compreensão leitora, procedimentos de leitura e conhecimentos prévios, considerando objetivos de leitura
Authors: Borges Caroline Bernardes , Pereira Vera Wannmacher
Published: November 2018

Neste artigo o propósito é relatar pesquisa psicolinguística que examinou as relações entre compreensão leitora, procedimentos de leitura (texto inteiro/parte do texto; leitura/releitura; partes de apoio) e conhecimentos prévios, considerando três objetivos de leitura - elaborar um resumo (1); buscar uma informação específica (2); propor soluções para problemas apresentados no texto (3). Para tanto, primeiramente, são expostos os fundamentos sobre objetivo de leitura (Solé, 1998; Giasson, 2000), compreensão leitora e processamento (Kato, 1999; Smith, 2003; Scliar-Cabral, 2008) e conhecimentos prévios (Kleiman, 2000; Ramos, 2001). Após, é descrita a pesquisa, em seu delineamento – objetivos; questões de pesquisa; sujeitos (91 alunos do 1º ano do Ensino Médio, em três grupos, um por objetivo); instrumentos (compreensão leitora, procedimentos de leitura e conhecimentos prévios); e processo de análise de dados. São expostos também os resultados decorrentes dos dados coletados e tratados: favorecimento da compreensão pela leitura do texto completo nos objetivos 1, 2 e 3; colaboração da releitura do texto para a compreensão no objetivo 2 (inverso no objetivo 3); favorecimento da compreensão no objetivo 1 pelo apoio em vários segmentos do texto (inverso nos objetivos 2 e 3).
Nonredundant Roles of IL-21 and IL-4 in the Phased Initiation of Germinal Center B Cells and Subsequent Self-Renewal Transitions
Authors: Gonzalez David G. , Cote Christine M. , Patel Jaymin R. , Smith Colin B. , Zhang Yuqi , Nickerson Kevin M. , Zhang Tingting , Kerfoot Steven M. , Haberman Ann M.
Published: November 2018

We examined the unique contributions of the cytokines IL-21 and IL-4 on germinal center (GC) B cell initiation and subsequent maturation in a murine model system. Similar to other reports, we found T follicular helper cell expression of IL-21 begins prior to T follicular helper cell migration into the B cell follicle and precedes that of IL-4. Consistent with this timing, IL-21 signaling has a greater influence on the perifollicular pre-GC B cell transition to the intrafollicular stage. Notably, Bcl6hi B cells can form in the combined absence of IL-21R– and STAT6-derived signals; however, these nascent GC B cells cease to proliferate and are more prone to apoptosis. When B cells lack either IL-21R or STAT6, aberrant GCs form atypical centroblasts and centrocytes that differ in their phenotypic maturation and costimulatory molecule expression. Thus, IL-4 and IL-21 play nonredundant roles in the phased progression of GC B cell development that can initiate in the combined absence of these cytokine signals.
Using the CLER Pathways to Excellence to Evaluate the Learning Environments at a Multi-Site Institution
Authors: Aaron Maria , Shayne Philip , Brownfield Erica , Spell Nathan O. , Khan Jaffar , Luhanga Ulemu
Published: November 2018

Background

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Clinical Learning Environment Review (CLER) program visits 1 participating site per sponsoring institution. While valuable, feedback on that site does not necessarily generalize to all learning environments where trainees and faculty provide clinical care, and institutions may be missing significant insight and feedback on other clinical learning sites.

Objective

We explored how the Emory Learning Environment Evaluation process—modeled after CLER—could be used to improve the learning environments at 5 major clinical training sites.

Methods

Participants were recruited via e-mail. Sites hosted separate 60-minute sessions for medical students, residents and fellows, and faculty. We used the CLER Pathways to Excellence to develop a combination of fixed choice and opened-ended questions deployed via an audience response system and verbal queries. Data were analyzed primarily through descriptive statistics and graphs.

Results

Across sites, per session, medical student participants ranged from 9–16, residents and fellows ranged 21–30, and faculty ranged 15–29. Learners agreed that sites: (1) provided a supportive culture for requesting supervision (students 100%; residents and fellows 70%–100%), and (2) provided a supportive culture for reporting patient safety events (students 94%–100%; residents and fellows 91%–95%). Only a minority of residents and fellows and faculty agreed that they were educated on how to provide effective supervision (residents and fellows 21%–52%; faculty 45%–64%).

Conclusions

Data from this process have helped standardize improvement efforts across multiple clinical learning environments within our sponsoring institution.
RELATIVE CLEANABILITY OF VARIOUS FINISHES OF STAINLESS STEEL IN A FARM BULK TANK1,2
Authors: Kaufmann O. W. , Hedrick T. I. , Pflug I. J. , Pheil C. G.
Published: November 2018

No significant difference was found in the relative cleanability of Nos. 2B, 3, 4, and 7 stainless steel finishes as measured by bacteriological tests. Therefore, it can be concluded that from a bacteriological cleanability stand-point, based on the conditions of this study, the selection of a stainless steel finish from among those used in these studies for a farm bulk tank or any comparable piece of equipment should be based on factors other than bacteriological cleanability.
A DIRECT MICROSCOPIC METHOD FOR DETECTING ANTIBIOTIC ACTIVITY IN MILK1
Authors: Liska B. J.
Published: November 2018

A method for detecting antibiotic activity in milk using microscopic examination is presented. The Streptococcus thermophilus culture is exposed to the milk samples for 60–90 min. at 37°C. A methylene blue stain is prepared and examined for changes in morphology or reduction in clump count as compared to a control in antibiotic free milk. Abnormal enlargement or elongation of cells or a 50% reduction in clump count as compared to the control indicates antibiotic activity. Minimum concentrations of various antibiotics detected are: penicillin 0.015 units per ml; bacitracin 0.01 units per ml; terramycin 0.15 micrograms per ml; aureomycin 0.15 micrograms per ml and streptomycin 0.75 micrograms per ml. The test procedure is not affected by normal residues of sanitizers or bacteriophage. The stained milk films can be kept as a permanent record. Leucocycte counts can be made on the stained milk films during microscopic examination.
AN EVALUATION OF SIMPLIFIED METHODS FOR DETERMINING VIABLE COUNTS OF RAW MILK
Authors: Donnelly C. B. , Black L. A. , Lewis K. H.
Published: November 2018

When statistically analyzed, the results of comparative, examinations of raw milk samples revealed that bacterial counts by oval tube and microplate methods were essentially equivalent to standard plate counts. The oval tube provides an economical and accurate method for determining the count of producers' milk and may be used in the laboratory or on the platform. The microplate provides an equally accurate but more rapid method than either the oval tube or standard plate since counts be obtained in 20 hours.
STUDIES ON THE USE OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT FOR IRRIGATION OF TRUCK CROPS1,2
Authors: Dunlop Stuart G. , Wang Wen-Lan Lou
Published: November 2018

Salmonella, Ascaris ova and Endamoeba coli cysts were recovered from more than 50 per cent of irrigation water samples contaminated with either raw sewage or primary-treated, chlorinated effluents. Only one of 97 samples of vegetables irrigated with this water yielded Salmonella, but Ascaris ova were recovered twice from 34 of the vegetable samples. The public health implications of these results are discussed.
CLEANING AND SANITIZATION OF WELDED LINE SYSTEMS FOR HANDLING MILK1, 2, 3
Authors: Maxcy R. Burt , Shahani K. M.
Published: November 2018

Commercial circulation cleaning of welded pipelines is extremely effective in removing milk solids. After normal rinsing only approximately 2.6 g of milk solids could be found in an average circuit cleaned with 165 gallons of cleaning solution. This quantity of milk solids relative to the volume of the equipment involved had little if any effect on the growth of microorganisms. The small amount of milk solids left in pipelines after cleaning was not high enough to cause any dissipation of chlorine. A new approach to sanitizing a pipeline system by leaving in the lines overnight a chlorine solution of 1.0 – 2.5 ppm concentration is discussed.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SURFACE SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND APPARATUS IN THE INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT1 2
Authors: Greene V. W. , Herman L. G.
Published: November 2018

Several techniques and apparatus for surface sampling are critically discussed. The worker in institutional sanitation is often handicapped when he attempts to use sampling techniques commonly used in other fields. Efforts should be expanded in basic research in this field. The most important challenges lie in the areas of sampling technology, sampling statistics, epidemiological significance, and fundamental aspects of solid surface bacteriology.
A STUDY OF THE ACCURACY OF TESTING MILK FOR BUTTER FAT USING SAMPLES WITH AND WITHOUT CHEMICAL PRESERVATIVES1
Authors: Taylor R. R. , Stull J. W.
Published: November 2018

The accuracy of various sampling methods in raw whole milk received at a milk processing plant from dairy farms was compared. Milk samples were collected daily during four 30-day periods representing approximately the four seasons of the year. The Babcock test for butterfat was applied to the following: daily samples, 6-day composite samples without added preservative, seven and 15-day preserved composite samples and periodic samples taken three, four and five times per month. The preservatives, Milkeep and mercuric chloride, were compared in the seven and 15-day composite sample. The daily test, recognized for its accuracy, was used in statistical comparison with the test results from the other samples. When the tests from each sampling method were averaged for the four seasons, no significant differences were found. Tests from the 6-day composite samples and the periodic samples taken five times per month were identical to the daily test. Tests from composite samples preserved with Milkeep averaged closer to the daily test than did those preserved with mercuric chloride in both the seven and 15-day composite samples.
CONTROL OF MILK FILLING OPERATIONS1
Authors: Maxcy R. Burt
Published: November 2018

Work was undertaken to determine the applicability of statistical techniques for the evaluation and control of milk filling operations. It was shown that the components of the variation followed a so-called normal distribution. Thus, well developed statistical techniques can be applied. The use of gross weight appeared to be a logical control measure. The extent of deviation was found to be a characteristic of the individual filling operation. The machine filling larger containers showed a greater variation but not in proportion to the quantity filled. These statistical techniques were found applicable for the evaluation, adjustment, and routine control of filling operations for milk. Furthermore, these findings can be used as a helpful guide in establishing tolerances to be used for regulatory purposes.
RAPID DETECTION OF FAECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA IN THE FOOD PROCESSING PLANT1
Authors: Mundt J. Orvin , Rai B. N.
Published: November 2018

A medium composed of 2% tryptone and 0.5% bile salts incubated at 44.5–45C is quite selective in the detection of faecal coliform bacteria. Production of indole after 24 hours of incubation constitutes the positive test. Through the use of large test tubes, samples of materials weighing 1 or more grams may be taken directly at the sites of operation within foods processing plants. The medium and the procedure are sensitive to 1 to 2 cells per inoculum, and it has detected Escherichia coli in samples yielding no colonies of coliform bacteria when plated at 1:10 on violet red bile agar.
EFFECT OF ACIDIFICATION ON STABILITY AND BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF ADDED CHLORINE IN WATER SUPPLIES1 2
Authors: Hays Helen , Elliker P. R. , Sandine W. E.
Published: November 2018

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of acidification on the bactericidal activity and stability of added chlorine in water supplies. The destruction of P. fluorescens, P. fragi and A. metalcaligenes by 5 and 10 ppm available chlorine at different pH levels was determined. Results indicated that bactericidal efficiency of hypochlorite solutions was greatly increased when the dilution water was acidified below pH 6.0. Studies to determine the effect of acidification of the water on the ability of the available chlorine indicated that at various pH levels from pH 4.0 to 9.0 there is little loss of available chlorine within 24 hrs.
IMITATION CREAM FILLING AS A VEHICLE OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING
Authors: McKinley T. W. , Clarke E. J.
Published: November 2018

After two cases of staphylococcal food poisoning were attributed to doughnuts containing imitation cream filling, dispensed from an unrefrigerated vending machine, a batch of this filling was inoculated with food poisoning stayhylococci to determine its ability to support growth. Three staphylococcus cultures were employed: culture K which carne from the doughnut filling that prompted this study; culture D which was recovered from chocolate eclairs incriminated in an outbreak in 1961; and culture T which was isolated from turkey responsible for an outbreak in 1962. All cultures grew at both 25 C and 32 C in 20 hr and 40 hr. However, cultures K and D developed larger populations than T, the turkey strain. This emphasizes the need for refrigeration of imitation cream fillings from the time of manufacture to the time of sale.
PRELIMINARY INCUBATION OF RAW MILK SAMPLES AS AN AID IN EVALUATING BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY1
Authors: Desai M. N. , Claydon T. J.
Published: November 2018

A total of 194 milk samples were obtained from 35 bulk tank grade-A milk producers in the Manhattan, Kansas, milk-shed during different seasons, and examined for standard, coliform, and psychrophile plate counts both before and after preliminary incubation (P.I.). Samples also were tested for inhibitory substances. Farms were ranked I, II, or III in general sanitation on the basis of visible conditions, with rank I most desirable. Except for one doubtful sample, all tests for inhibitory substances were negative. With standard plate counts, when no consideration was given to initial count level, there was no statistically significant relation between P.I. counts and season or sanitation rank, although summer growth ratios were always lowest. When data were grouped on the basis of initial count range, P.I. counts and growth ratios increased with increased sanitation rank in the lower count ranges. In initial count ranges > 50,000/ml the relationship between growth ratio and sanitation rank declined. With coliform counts, considerable inconsistency occurred in P.I. counts among seasons and sanitation ranks. Initial and P.I. coliforms counts showed little relationship with standard plate counts (except in summer) or with psychrophile counts. With psychrophile counts, growth ratios during P.I. were influenced by season, being highest in winter and lowest in summer. P.I. counts generally increased with increase in sanitation rank. The relation between growth ratios and sanitation rank was statistically significant (P <0.05).
MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS FOR DAIRY PLANT PERSONNEL1
Authors: Dodge Lewie C. , Hedrick T. I.
Published: November 2018

The evidence suggests that periodical medical examinations for milk and milk product handlers can be abolished without an increase in disease transmission through milk and milk products. A saving of expenses and/or time for the plant employee would result. The alternative that would benefit the dairy industry would be the establishment of specific details of the medical examination and their uniform adoption by the states and municipalities.
SUGGESTED MODIFICATIONS OF THE CALCIUM ALGINATE SWAB TECHNIQUE
Authors: Post F. J. , Krishnamurty G. B.
Published: November 2018

Modifications of the calcium alginate swab technique recommended as an alternative to cotton swabs in Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products, American Public Health Association, 1960 are presented. The modifications are based on observed lysis of some gram negative bacteria during dissolution of the swab with sodium hexametaphosphate (HEX) and inhibition of some gram positive bacteria when the solvent is included in certain plating media. Since NaCl protects cells against lysis, Ringers' solution is suggested as the swab buffer for sample collecting. During dissolution of the swab HEX concentration should be 2% or less in order to minimize carry-over to the plating medium. Several plating media were studied and trypticase soy agar or its equivalent as determined with a sensitive gram positive organism such as Sarcina lutea is recommended. It is also recommended that contact time between cells and HEX be as short as possible and that 20 ml of plating medium be used for each ml of HEX-alginate-Ringers' sample.
A METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE DESTRUCTION OF AIR-BORNE BACTERIOPHAGES1,2
Authors: Sing E. L. , Elliker P. R. , Sandine W. E.
Published: November 2018

A method was developed for testing the effectiveness of germicidal aerosols against air-borne bacteriophages by incorporating the use of an Andersen air sampler containing gelatin plates containing a suitable germicide inactivator. A special chamber 29.25 ft3 in volume was used in which the activity of different aerosols was compared. Standard dosages of bacteriophage particles were sprayed under controlled conditions into the chamber. Immediately following the infection, the experimental germicide was fogged into the chamber. Concentrations and quantities were carefully controlled in order to provide an accurate evaluation of the virucidal effects. Recoverable phages were diluted from liquefied gelatin plates and numbers determined by the plaque count technique.

A number of preliminary experiments was conducted to establish a standard procedure. In these experiments the most significant information concerning applications and sampling was derived from the phage fall-out data curve for the test chamber.

The procedure described under controlled conditions gave consistently satisfactory results which could be repeated.
BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE SHELF LIFE1 OF SOFT SHELL CLAMS (Mya arenaria)
Authors: Cox J. R.
Published: November 2018

Bacteriological shelf life studies on fresh packed soft shell clams harvested from Chesapeake Bay were conducted at three month intervals to determine the effect of seasonal changes on standard plate counts, 25 C plate counts, coliform most probable numbers, and other microflora in relation to spoilage and discoloration. The data obtained in these studies indicate the following: (a) no correlation between either standard or 25 C plate counts and the degree of spoilage was noted; (b) coliforms multiply in shucked soft shell clams caught in cold waters and stored at 33–35 F, but may decrease during storage when harvested from warmer waters; (c) there may be a slight increase followed by a decrease in E. C.+ and E. coli (fecal coliforms) most probable numbers after 5–7 days storage, but when E.C.+ MPN's have been very low or 0 no increase has been found; (d) no correlation between pink yeast counts and pink discoloration of soft shell clams, or between any chromogenic bacteria or other discolorations was noted; and (e) the bacteriological standards for fresh shucked oysters which are based on E.C.+ MPN's (fecal coliforms) and standard plate counts were met although some counts were in the “Acceptable on Condition” classification when sampling was made during summer and early fall.
A MODIFIED STAIN AND PROCEDURE FOR THE DIRECT MICROSCOPE METHOD OF COUNTING BACTERIA IN DRY MILK AND OTHER MILK PRODUCTS
Authors: Duttschaever C. L. , Leggatt A. G.
Published: November 2018

The preparation of a stain and its method for use in the direct microscopic examination of milk smears is given. Included are some figures arising from a study in which the new stain was compared with the Levowitz-Weber stain. The new method was found to yield higher counts of bacterial clumps and of leucocytes than the standard stain and this was accomplished more quickly and with less fatigue on the part of the observer.
CHLORINE RESISTANCE OF ENTEROCOCCI1,2
Authors: Shannon E. L. , Clark W. S. , Reinbold G. W.
Published: November 2018

Data indicate that chlorine can be used effectively as a sanitizing agent against enterococci. Exposure, in phosphate-buffered water suspensions, to 100 ppm available chlorine resulted in complete destruction in 0.25 min. An initial concentration of 10 ppm chlorine resulted in variable destruction of enterococci after 2 min; 5 ppm for 30 min never completely destroyed any of 50 enterococcus strains studied. Acidification of the chlorine solution is important for effective germicidal action. With a concentration of 10 ppm available chlorine at pH 5.8, no survival was noted after 2 min. With this concentration at pH 8.4, there was appreciable survival after 2 min.
STORAGE OF EVISCERATED HADDOCK IN REFRIGERATED SEA WATER TREATED WITH GAMMA RADIATION1,2
Authors: Nickerson J. T. R. , Licciardello J. J.
Published: November 2018

The storage life of eviscerated haddock held in sea water at 32 F was significantly extended by continuously recycling the sea water through a field of gamma radiation. The storage life was eventually limited by growth of bacteria on the surface of the fish even though the bacterial concentration of the sea water remained at a relatively low level. Accumulation of salt in the flesh might also eventually effect the quality of fish stored in this manner.
EFFECT OF BULK TANK GAUGE ROD STORAGE METHODS ON MILK WEIGHT LOSSES1
Authors: Pernice A. R. , Blakely T. , Beach M.
Published: November 2018

Storage of the gauge rod outside the farm bulk milk tank more clearly aligns the technique presently used by regulatory officials in the calibration of farm tanks. Outside storage was related to a definite decrease in the amount of shrinkage per route studied. The study suggests that outside storage more consistently and more easily provided the collector with a gauge rod that had been washed clean, rinsed under hot water, allowed to drain dry and to attain room temperature prior to its use for measurement.
CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIA WHICH PRODUCE COLONIES ATYPICAL OF THE COLIFORM GROUP ON VIOLET RED BILE AGAR1
Authors: Jones G. A. , Gibson D. L. , Cheng K.-J.
Published: November 2018

Thirty-three strains of bacteria were isolated during routine analysis of dairy products at two Canadian centers from colonies on violet red bile agar VRB which measured less than 0.5 mm in diameter after incubation at 35 C for 24 hr. All isolates showed typical coli-form morphology and Gram reaction and from the results of biochemical test were identified as coliform biotypes. No strain survived laboratory pasteurization at 145 F for 30 min. Strains of presumptive intestinal orgin (E. coli) were typed serologically and one strain was found to be of serotype 026:B6, an important etiological agent of infantile diarrhoea. It is concluded that size of colony is not a valid criterion for discriminating between colonies of coliform and non-coliform bacteria on VRB.