bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bile Acid Signaling in Neurodegenerative and Neurological Disorders
Authors: Grant Stephanie M. , DeMorrow Sharon
Published: August 2020

Bile acids are commonly known as digestive agents for lipids. The mechanisms of bile acids in the gastrointestinal track during normal physiological conditions as well as hepatic and cholestatic diseases have been well studied. Bile acids additionally serve as ligands for signaling molecules such as nuclear receptor Farnesoid X receptor and membrane-bound receptors, Takeda G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2. Recent studies have shown that bile acid signaling may also have a prevalent role in the central nervous system. Some bile acids, such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid, have shown neuroprotective potential in experimental animal models and clinical studies of many neurological conditions. Alterations in bile acid metabolism have been discovered as potential biomarkers for prognosis tools as well as the expression of various bile acid receptors in multiple neurological ailments. This review explores the findings of recent studies highlighting bile acid-mediated therapies and bile acid-mediated signaling and the roles they play in neurodegenerative and neurological diseases.
Estrogen Induces Selective Transcription of Caveolin1 Variants in Human Breast Cancer through Estrogen Responsive Element-Dependent Mechanisms
Authors: Romano Antonella , Feola Antonia , Porcellini Antonio , Gigantino Vincenzo , Di Bonito Maurizio , Di Mauro Annabella , Caggiano Rocco , Faraonio Raffaella , Zuchegna Candida
Published: August 2020

The estrogen receptor (ER) signaling regulates numerous physiological processes mainly through activation of gene transcription (genomic pathways). Caveolin1 (CAV1) is a membrane-resident protein that behaves as platform to enable different signaling molecules and receptors for membrane-initiated pathways. CAV1 directly interacts with ERs and allows their localization on membrane with consequent activation of ER-non-genomic pathways. Loss of CAV1 function is a common feature of different types of cancers, including breast cancer. Two protein isoforms, CAV1α and CAV1β, derived from two alternative translation initiation sites, are commonly described for this gene. However, the exact transcriptional regulation underlying CAV1 expression pattern is poorly elucidated. In this study, we dissect the molecular mechanism involved in selective expression of CAV1β isoform, induced by estrogens and downregulated in breast cancer. Luciferase assays and Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrate that transcriptional activation is triggered by estrogen-responsive elements embedded in CAV1 intragenic regions and DNA-binding of estrogen-ER complexes. This regulatory control is dynamically established by local chromatin changes, as proved by the occurrence of histone H3 methylation/demethylation events and association of modifier proteins as well as modification of H3 acetylation status. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time, an estrogen-ERs-dependent regulatory circuit sustaining selective CAV1β expression.
Ecto-Nucleotide Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase-2 (NTPDase2) Deletion Increases Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Feldbrügge Linda , Splith Katrin , Kämmerer Ines , Richter Sandra , Riddermann Anna , Ortiz Galindo Santiago Andres , Krenzien Felix , Müller Tobias , Csizmadia Eva , Pratschke Johann , Robson Simon C. , Schmelzle Moritz
Published: August 2020

Ecto-nucleotidase triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-2 (NTPDase2) is an ecto-enzyme that is expressed on portal fibroblasts in the liver that modulates P2 receptor signaling by regulating local concentrations of extracellular ATP and ADP. NTPDase2 has protective properties in liver fibrosis and may impact bile duct epithelial turnover. Here, we study the role of NTPDase2 in acute liver injury using an experimental model of acetaminophen (APAP) intoxication in mice with global deletion of NTPDase2. Acute liver toxicity was caused by administration of acetaminophen in wild type (WT) and NTPDase2-deficient (Entpd2 null) mice. The extent of liver injury was compared by histology and serum alanine transaminase (ALT). Markers of inflammation, regeneration and fibrosis were determined by qPCR). We found that Entpd2 expression is significantly upregulated after acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Entpd2 null mice showed significantly more necrosis and higher serum ALT compared to WT. Hepatic expression of IL-6 and PDGF-B are higher in Entpd2 null mice. Our data suggest inducible and protective roles of portal fibroblast-expressed NTPDase2 in acute necrotizing liver injury. Further studies should investigate the relevance of these purinergic pathways in hepatic periportal and sinusoidal biology as such advances in understanding might provide possible therapeutic targets.
The Effectiveness of a Must-Have Practical Work in Tertiary Life Science Education
Authors: Constantinou Marina , Fotou Nikolaos
Published: August 2020

The teaching of sciences has long been associated with practical work; an instructional tool that is believed to be effective in terms of both promoting learning as well as making the teaching of sciences enjoyable. However, empirical evidence on its effectiveness as a teaching method and whether it has any affective value for undergraduates is still lacking, when it has been deemed as one of the costliest aspects of science education. This paper reports on the preliminary findings of a mixed-methods case study conducted at a British university to examine the perceived aims of practical work as well as the effectiveness of practical work on conceptual understanding and motivating undergraduates according to the academic staff of a life sciences department. For the qualitative data presented here a questionnaire was administered to the academic staff who, along with Year 1 and Year 2 undergraduates, were interviewed and also observed during practical work classes. The preliminary findings showed that the perceived aims of practical work by the academic staff vary across years, while the observations revealed two types of lessons in which the importance of providing theoretical scaffolds during experiments so as to help undergraduates in linking concepts and theories with observables was prominent.
Intriguing and Beautiful: Adamacrocera adami gen. et sp. nov. from the Upper Cretaceous Amber of Myanmar Represents a New Subfamily of Keroplatidae (Diptera: Bibionomorpha)
Authors: Ševčík Jan , Krzemiński Wiesław , Skibińska Kornelia
Published: August 2020

A new fossil genus and species of Keroplatidae (Diptera, Bibionomorpha, Sciaroidea), Adamacrocera adami gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber is described and illustrated. Based on morphological evidence, it is placed in a new subfamily Adamacrocerinae subfam. nov. The new genus, as well as the subfamily, possesses the wing venation characteristic of the genera of some Sciaroidea incertae sedis, as well as that of the fossil families Archizelmiridae, Antefungivoridae and Mesosciophilidae, in combination with macrocerine-like habitus and male terminalia.
Microbial Ecology of European Foul Brood Disease in the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera): Towards a Microbiome Understanding of Disease Susceptibility
Authors: Floyd Amy S. , Mott Brendon M. , Maes Patrick , Copeland Duan C. , McFrederick Quinn S. , Anderson Kirk E.
Published: August 2020

European honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) are beneficial insects that provide essential pollination services for agriculture and ecosystems worldwide. Modern commercial beekeeping is plagued by a variety of pathogenic and environmental stressors often confounding attempts to understand colony loss. European foulbrood (EFB) is considered a larval-specific disease whose causative agent, Melissococcus plutonius, has received limited attention due to methodological challenges in the field and laboratory. Here, we improve the experimental and informational context of larval disease with the end goal of developing an EFB management strategy. We sequenced the bacterial microbiota associated with larval disease transmission, isolated a variety of M.plutonius strains, determined their virulence against larvae in vitro, and explored the potential for probiotic treatment of EFB disease. The larval microbiota was a low diversity environment similar to honey, while worker mouthparts and stored pollen contained significantly greater bacterial diversity. Virulence of M. plutonius against larvae varied markedly by strain and inoculant concentration. Our chosen probiotic, Parasaccharibacter apium strain C6, did not improve larval survival when introduced alone, or in combination with a virulent EFB strain. We discuss the importance of positive and negative controls for in vitro studies of the larval microbiome and disease.
Apheresis in Autoimmune Encephalitis and Autoimmune Dementia
Authors: Rössling Rosa , Prüss Harald
Published: August 2020

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a rapidly progressive inflammatory neurological disease. Underlying autoantibodies can bind to neuronal surfaces and synaptic proteins resulting in psychiatric symptoms, focal neurological signs, autonomic dysfunction and cognitive decline. Early and effective treatment is mandatory to reduce clinical symptoms and to achieve remission. Therapeutic apheresis, involving both plasma exchange (PE) and immunoadsorption (IA), can rapidly remove pathogenic antibodies from the circulation, thus representing an important first-line treatment in AE patients. We here review the most relevant studies regarding therapeutic apheresis in AE, summarizing the outcome for patients and the expanding clinical spectrum of treatment-responsive clinical conditions. For example, patients with slowly progressing cognitive impairment suggesting a neurodegenerative dementia can have underlying autoantibodies and improve with therapeutic apheresis. Findings are encouraging and have led to the first ongoing clinical studies assessing the therapeutic effect of IA in patients with anti-neuronal autoantibodies and the clinical presentation of dementia. Therapeutic apheresis is an established and well tolerated option for first-line therapy in AE and, potentially, other antibody-mediated central nervous system diseases.
SPH-FE-Based Numerical Simulation on Dynamic Characteristics of Structure under Water Waves
Authors: Yang Yilin , Li Jinzhao
Published: August 2020

Offshore structures are prone to produce a dynamic response under the effect of large wave load. In this paper, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics coupled with finite element (SPH-FE) method is used to investigate the dynamic characteristics of structure induced by the water waves. The dam break model is assumed to generate water wave. Firstly, the parameter of particle spacing included in the SPH method is examined and the appropriate value is proposed. Subsequently, the present numerical model is validated by comparing with the available results from the literature. Furthermore, the influence of several parameters on the wave load of the structure and the induced dynamic characteristics is studied, including the water column height, the distance between the water column and structure, and the structure stiffness. The results show that the amplification of the wave load on the bottom of structure is greater than that on the upper part of the structure. The increase of structure stiffness results in a decrease in the displacement at the top of structure, but an increase in the hydrodynamic force at the bottom of structure.
ENDURUNS: An Integrated and Flexible Approach for Seabed Survey Through Autonomous Mobile Vehicles
Authors: Marini Simone , Gjeci Nikolla , Govindaraj Shashank , But Alexandru , Sportich Benjamin , Ottaviani Ennio , Márquez Fausto Pedro García , Bernalte Sanchez Pedro Jose , Pedersen Jonas , Clausen Casper Vetke , Madricardo Fantina , Foglini Fedeirca , Bonofiglio Federico , Barbieri Laura , Antonini Massimiliano , Montenegro Camacho Yeidy Sorani , Weiss Peter , Nowak Kathrin , Peer Makthoum , Gobert Thibaud , Turetta Alessio , Chatzidouros Elias , Lee Dongik , Zarras Dimitris , Steriotis Theodore , Charalambopoulou Georgia , Yamas Thanos , Papaelias Mayorkinos
Published: August 2020

The oceans cover more than two-thirds of the planet, representing the vastest part of natural resources. Nevertheless, only a fraction of the ocean depths has been explored. Within this context, this article presents the H2020 ENDURUNS project that describes a novel scientific and technological approach for prolonged underwater autonomous operations of seabed survey activities, either in the deep ocean or in coastal areas. The proposed approach combines a hybrid Autonomous Underwater Vehicle capable of moving using either thrusters or as a sea glider, combined with an Unmanned Surface Vehicle equipped with satellite communication facilities for interaction with a land station. Both vehicles are equipped with energy packs that combine hydrogen fuel cells and Li-ion batteries to provide extended duration of the survey operations. The Unmanned Surface Vehicle employs photovoltaic panels to increase the autonomy of the vehicle. Since these missions generate a large amount of data, both vehicles are equipped with onboard Central Processing units capable of executing data analysis and compression algorithms for the semantic classification and transmission of the acquired data.
Scour Controlling Effect of Hybrid Mono-Pile as a Substructure of Offshore Wind Turbine: A Numerical Study
Authors: Cho Yong-Jun
Published: August 2020

In Europe, which has been operating offshore wind farms well ahead of South Korea, most offshore wind turbines installed in shallow waters are suffering from severe scouring problems due to the horseshoe vortex. These operating experiences can serve as a valuable lesson for Korea. After a thorough review, we conclude that the horseshoe vortex’s intensity is proportional to the height of the standing waves near an offshore wind turbine. Based on this rationale, we propose a hybrid mono-pile, which is a mono-pile with an additional light turbine mounted at its toe that can dissipate the incoming wave energy with the rotation that occurs when the turbine is exposed to incoming waves or currents. The weakened standing waves in this manner would lead to less sediment transport. We proceeded to carry out the numerical simulation to verify the scouring control effect of the hybrid mono-pile. Numerical results show that the hybrid mono-pile could reduce scouring remarkably.
Announcing the 2020 JMSE Travel Awards for Postdoctoral Researchers and Ph.D. Students
Authors: Clare Anthony S.
Published: August 2020

We received 66 applications this year for the JMSE travel awards [...]
Evaluating Some Major Assumptions in Land Registration: Insights from Ghana’s Context of Land Tenure and Registration
Authors: Abubakari Zaid , Richter Christine , Zevenbergen Jaap
Published: August 2020

A discussion of the assumptions that underlie efforts to register land enables us to not only evaluate their validity across different contexts, but most importantly, to further understand how the low incidences of land registration might derive from very fundamental sources outside of differences in technology and approaches of recording. Building on existing literature and previous research in Ghana, this study has identified and evaluated three such assumptions, namely, land rights registration is desirable, all land rights are registrable, and access to the registration system is an administrative event. We analyzed each assumption in order to find out how they manifest in conventional approaches as well as what they imply for emerging fit-for-purpose (FFP) approaches. In the context of Ghana, we find that (a) there are variations in desirability across space (urban vs. rural) and among landholders; (b) many land rights are registrable, but not all, unless we accept a loss in meaning; and (c) access to the registration system can be an administrative event between surveyor/surveyed, but it is often a process of connecting multiple actors and practices. We conclude that close attention needs to be paid to scenarios where these fundamental assumptions fall short, in order to finetune them and redirect associated implementation strategies.
Nano-Magnesium Silicate Hydroxide/Crumpled Graphene Balls Composites, a Novel Kind of Lubricating Additive with High Performance for Friction and Wear Reduction
Authors: Zhang Tong , Zhao Jianguo , Zhang Jin , Zhang Shanshan , Li Jingwei , Li Shijie , Li Xinyu , Zhang Jie
Published: August 2020

In this study, crumpled graphene balls (CGB), a kind of nano-material, was used as an additive to improve the tribological properties of base oil. Nano-magnesium silicate hydroxide (MSH)/CGB composites were prepared by ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation. The loading of MSH significantly increased the number of pleats and reduced the lamellar thickness of CGB. Then, in order to improve the compatibility with the base oil, the MSH/CGB composites were decorated with oleic acid and stearic acid to get modified lipophilic composites (ML-MSH/CGB). The ML-MSH/CGB were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the tribological properties of the ML-MSH/CGB in base oils were investigated using a ball-on-disc setup tribometer. It indicated that the fantastic tribological behavior of the ML-MSH/CGB in base oil may contribute to a smaller and extremely wrinkled laminated structure. Furthermore, the base oil with 0.005 wt% ML-MSH/CGB composites exhibited the best anti-friction effect, and its average friction coefficient, wearing capacity and wear scar diameter were reduced by 25.4%, 22.1% and 16.7%, respectively. The introduction of ML-MSH/CGB composed materials is an excellent strategy to optimize the friction performance of lubricating oil.
Preparation and Characterization of Iron-Doped Tricalcium Silicate-Based Bone Cement as a Bone Repair Material
Authors: Zhang Yanan , Luan Jiapan , Zhang Yin , Sha Shuai , Li Sha , Xu Shanqi , Xu Dongqing
Published: August 2020

Iron is one of the trace elements required by human body, and its deficiency can lead to abnormal bone metabolism. In this study, the effect of iron ions on the properties of tricalcium silicate bone cement (Fe/C3Ss) was investigated. It effectively solved the problems of high pH value and low biological activity of calcium silicate bone cement. The mechanical properties, in vitro mineralization ability and biocompatibility of the materials were systematically characterized. The results indicate that tricalcium silicate bone cement containing 5 mol% iron displayed good self-setting ability, mechanical properties and biodegradation performance in vitro. Compared with pure calcium silicate bone cement (C3Ss), Fe/C3Ss showed lower pH value (8.80) and higher porosity (45%), which was suitable for subsequent cell growth. Immersion test in vitro also confirmed its good ability to induce hydroxyapatite formation. Furthermore, cell culture experiments performed with Fe/C3Ss ion extracts clearly stated that the material had excellent cell proliferation abilities compared to C3Ss and low toxicity. The findings reveal that iron-doped tricalcium silicate bone cement is a promising bioactive material in bone repair applications.
The Effect of Activation Method of Rubber on the Performance of Modified Asphalt Binder
Authors: Xie Juan , Zhang Yongning , Yang Yueming , Ma Yunlong , Li Jing , Huang Menglong
Published: August 2020

Poor storage stability is a key problem restricting the rapid development and wide application of rubber-modified asphalt binder, and activation of rubber has shown good prospects to solve this problem. In this study, two activation methods, coating by polyamide 6 and grafting by acrylamide, were introduced to treat crumb rubber. Then the activated rubber was added to base asphalt binder to prepare modified asphalt binder. The chemical structure and morphology of rubber powder before and after activation and of asphalt binder before and after modification were characterized by Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The conventional and rheological properties and storage stability were analyzed to reveal the influence of activation method on the performance of asphalt binder. The results showed that after being activated, the surface of the rubber is loose and rough. A chemical reaction did not occur during activation by polyamide but occurred during activation by acrylamide. The activation of the rubber effectively improved the high- and low-temperature performance, and the softening difference decreased by 79.8%. This is because the interaction between rubber and asphalt binder was enhanced through activation of rubber, and grafting activation had better effect due to the chemical reaction between the basic amide groups of acrylamide and acid groups of asphalt binder.
Coverless Image Steganography Based on Generative Adversarial Network
Authors: Qin Jiaohua , Wang Jing , Tan Yun , Huang Huajun , Xiang Xuyu , He Zhibin
Published: August 2020

Traditional image steganography needs to modify or be embedded into the cover image for transmitting secret messages. However, the distortion of the cover image can be easily detected by steganalysis tools which lead the leakage of the secret message. So coverless steganography has become a topic of research in recent years, which has the advantage of hiding secret messages without modification. But current coverless steganography still has problems such as low capacity and poor quality .To solve these problems, we use a generative adversarial network (GAN), an effective deep learning framework, to encode secret messages into the cover image and optimize the quality of the steganographic image by adversaring. Experiments show that our model not only achieves a payload of 2.36 bits per pixel, but also successfully escapes the detection of steganalysis tools.
Delayed Motor Milestones Achievement in Infancy Associates with Perturbations of Amino Acids and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
Authors: Vinding Rebecca Kofod , Rago Daniela , Kelly Rachel S. , Gürdeniz Gözde , Rasmussen Morten Arendt , Stokholm Jakob , Bønnelykke Klaus , Litonjua Augusto A. , Weiss Scott T. , Lasky-Su Jessica , Bisgaard Hans , Chawes Bo Lund
Published: August 2020

The relationship between developmental milestone achievement in infancy and later cognitive function and mental health is well established, but underlying biochemical mechanisms are poorly described. Our study aims to discover pathways connected to motor milestone achievement during infancy by using untargeted plasma metabolomic profiles from 571 six-month-old children in connection with age of motor milestones achievement (Denver Developmental Index) in the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2010 (COPSAC2010) mother–child cohort. We used univariate regression models and multivariate modelling (Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis: PLS-DA) to examine the associations and the VDAART (Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial) cohort for validation. The univariate analyses showed 62 metabolites associated with gross-motor milestone achievement (p < 0.05) as well as the PLS-DA significantly differentiated between slow and fast milestone achievers (AUC = 0.87, p = 0.01). Higher levels of tyramine-O-sulfate in the tyrosine pathway were found in the late achievers in COPSAC (p = 0.0002) and in VDAART (p = 0.02). Furthermore, we observed that slow achievers were characterized by higher levels of fatty acids and products of fatty acids metabolism including acyl carnitines. Finally, we also observed changes in the lysine, histidine, glutamate, creatine and tryptophan pathways. Observing these metabolic changes in relation to gross-motor milestones in the first year of life, may be of importance for later cognitive function and mental health.
Atypical Membrane-Anchored Cytokine MIF in a Marine Dinoflagellate
Authors: Jaouannet Maëlle , Pavaux Anne-Sophie , Pagnotta Sophie , Pierre Olivier , Michelet Claire , Marro Sophie , Keller Harald , Lemée Rodolphe , Coustau Christine
Published: August 2020

Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factors (MIF) are pivotal cytokines/chemokines for vertebrate immune systems. MIFs are typically soluble single-domain proteins that are conserved across plant, fungal, protist, and metazoan kingdoms, but their functions have not been determined in most phylogenetic groups. Here, we describe an atypical multidomain MIF protein. The marine dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra produces a transmembrane protein with an extra-cytoplasmic MIF domain, which localizes to cell-wall-associated membranes and vesicular bodies. This protein is also present in the membranes of extracellular vesicles accumulating at the secretory pores of the cells. Upon exposure to biotic stress, L. polyedra exhibits reduced expression of the MIF gene and reduced abundance of the surface-associated protein. The presence of LpMIF in the membranes of secreted extracellular vesicles evokes the fascinating possibility that LpMIF may participate in intercellular communication and/or interactions between free-living organisms in multispecies planktonic communities.
UUX Evaluation of a Digitally Advanced Human–Machine Interface for Excavators
Authors: Lorenz Sebastian , Helmert Jens R. , Anders Ruben , Wölfel Christian , Krzywinski Jens
Published: August 2020

With the evaluation of a next-generation human–machine interface (HMI) concept for excavators, this study aims to discuss the HMI quality measurement based on usability and user experience (UUX) metrics. Regarding the digital transformation of construction sites, future work environments will have to be capable of presenting various complex visual data and enabling efficient and safe interactivity while working. The evaluated HMI focused on introducing a touch display-based interface, providing advanced operation functions and different interaction modalities. The assessment of UUX should show whether the novel HMI can be utilised to perform typical tasks (usability) and how it is accepted and assessed in terms of non-instrumental qualities (user experience, UX). Using the collected data, this article also aims to contribute to the general discussion about the role of UX beyond usability in industrial applications and deepen the understanding of non-instrumental qualities when it comes to user-oriented process and machine design. The exploratory study examines insights into the application of elaborated UUX measuring tools like the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) on the interaction with industrial goods accompanied by their rating with other tools, namely System Usability Scale (SUS), Intuitive Interaction Questionnaire (INTUI) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). Four goals are pursued in this study. The first goal is to compare in-depth two different ways of interaction with the novel HMI—namely one by a control pad on the right joystick and one by touch. Therefore, a sample of 17 subjects in total was split into two groups and differences in UUX measures were tested. Secondly, the performances of both groups were tested over the course of trials to investigate possible differences in detail. The third goal is to interpret measures of usability and user experience against existing benchmark values. Fourth and finally, we use the data gathered to analyse correlations between measures of UUX. The results of our study show that the different ways of interaction did not impact any of the measures taken. In terms of detailed performance analysis, both groups yielded differences in terms of time per action, but not between the groups. The comparison of UUX measures with benchmark values yielded mixed results. The UUX measures show some relevant significant correlations. The participants mostly reported enjoying the use of the HMI concept, but several practical issues (e.g., efficiency) still need to be overcome. Once again, the study confirms the urge of user inclusion in product development. Especially in the course of digitalisation, as big scale advancements of systems and user interfaces bring uncertainty for many manufacturers regarding whether or how a feature should be integrated.
Effects of Carbon Content and Current Density on the Li+ Storage Performance for MnO@C Nanocomposite Derived from Mn-Based Complexes
Authors: Jiao Ranran , Zhao Li , Zhou Shuli , Zhai Yanjun , Wei Denghu , Zeng Suyuan , Zhang Xianxi
Published: August 2020

In this study, a simple method was adopted for the synthesis of MnO@C nanocomposites by combining in-situ reduction and carbonization of the Mn3O4 precursor. The carbon content, which was controlled by altering the annealing time in the C2H2/Ar atmosphere, was proved to have great influences on the electrochemical performances of the samples. The relationships between the carbon contents and electrochemical performances of the samples were systematically investigated using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) as well as the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method. The results clearly indicated that the carbon content could influence the electrochemical performances of the samples by altering the Li+ diffusion rate, electrical conductivity, polarization, and the electrochemical mechanism. When being used as the anode materials in lithium-ion batteries, the capacity retention rate of the resulting MnO@C after 300 cycles could reach 94% (593 mAh g−1, the specific energy of 182 mWh g−1) under a current density of 1.0 A g−1 (1.32 C charge/discharge rate). Meanwhile, this method could be easily scaled up, making the rational design and large-scale application of MnO@C possible.
Individual Differences in Thresholds and Consumer Preferences for Rotundone Added to Red Wine
Authors: Gaby Jessica M. , Bakke Alyssa J. , Baker Allison N. , Hopfer Helene , Hayes John E.
Published: August 2020

Rotundone is an aromatic compound found in the skin of some grapes (e.g., Shiraz, Noiret) that contributes peppery notes to wines made with these varieties. There may be a specific anosmia for rotundone, as some individuals are unable to detect it even at high concentrations, despite otherwise normal olfaction. This may affect perception of and preference for rotundone-containing wines. Here, we report rotundone detection thresholds (orthonasal n = 56; retronasal n = 53) and rejection thresholds (n = 86) in red wine for a convenience sample of non-expert consumers in Pennsylvania. Focus groups were conducted to better understand consumer attitudes and preferences for rotundone. Ortho- and retronasal detection thresholds were nearly identical (140 v. 146 ng/L). Roughly 40% of our sample was anosmic to rotundone, extending evidence for a specific anosmia to a North American cohort. As ortho- and retronasal thresholds were extremely similar, future work on rotundone can rely on orthonasal assessment. In our participants, added rotundone was generally disliked, and in focus groups, the concept of a ‘peppery’ wine was not appealing. Winemakers need to carefully consider biological and attitudinal segmentation when making and marketing peppery wines. Further work is needed to identify the genetic basis for this anosmia.
Buffalopox Virus: An Emerging Virus in Livestock and Humans
Authors: Eltom Kamal , Samy Abdallah , Abd El Wahed Ahmed , Czerny Claus-Peter
Published: August 2020

Buffalopox virus (BPXV) is the cause of buffalopox, which was recognized by the FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Zoonosis as an important zoonotic disease. Buffalopox was first described in India, later in other countries, and has become an emerging contagious viral zoonotic disease infecting milkers with high morbidity among affected domestic buffalo and cattle. BPXV is a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus and a close variant of the vaccinia virus (VACV). Recent genome data show that BPXV shares a most recent common ancestor of VACV Lister strain, which had been used for inoculating buffalo calves to produce a Smallpox vaccine. Over time, VACV evolved into BPXV by establishing itself in buffaloes to be increasingly pathogenic to this host and to make infections in cattle and humans. Together with the current pandemic of SARS-COV2/COVID 19, BPXV infections illustrate how vulnerable the human population is to the emergence and re-emergence of viral pathogens from unsuspected sources. In view that majority of the world population are not vaccinated against smallpox and are most vulnerable in the event of its re-emergence, reviewing and understanding the biology of vaccinia-like viruses are necessary for developing a new generation of safer smallpox vaccines in the smallpox-free world.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Potential Bioactive Benzo-, Pyrido- or Pyrazino-thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine Analogs of MPC-6827
Authors: Loidreau Yvonnick , Nourrisson Marie-Renée , Fruit Corinne , Corbière Cécile , Marchand Pascal , Besson Thierry
Published: August 2020

Efficient microwave-assisted chemical processes were applied to the synthesis of an array of novel N-(4-methoxyphenylamino)-2-methyl benzo-, pyrido- or pyrazino-thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine derivatives. These heteroaromatic systems were envisioned as potent bioisosteric analogues of MPC-6827, an anticancer agent previously developed until phase II clinical studies. A brief evaluation and comparison of their antiproliferative activity on HT-29 and Caco-2, two human colorectal cancer cell lines, were also reported. At the tested concentrations (5 and 10 µM), thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amines 4a and 4c exhibited an inhibitory effect similar to MPC-6827 on human colorectal cancer cell proliferation.
Assessing Pharmacy Students’ and Preceptors’ Understanding of and Exposure to Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices on Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences
Authors: Revolinski Sara , Pawlak Jacqueline , Beckers Ciara
Published: August 2020

Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is commonly employed, and may be required, in multiple healthcare settings, with pharmacists playing an integral role in developing and conducting AMS techniques. Despite its prevalence, AMS is minimally taught in pharmacy school curricula. In order to increase student and preceptor understanding and application of AMS techniques, the Medical College of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy required introductory pharmacy practice students to complete three checklists and reflections of AMS techniques observed at three different practice settings: inpatient, ambulatory, and community (retail) pharmacy. Student and preceptor understanding and application of AMS techniques were then assessed via voluntary survey. Survey response rates were 43% for pharmacy students, while preceptor response rates were 27%. Student understanding and application of AMS techniques increased after completion of the AMS checklist, with the largest magnitude of change seen with antibiotic selection recommendations and guideline and policy development. Preceptor understanding was minimally impacted by the activity; however, an increase in understanding was seen for allergy assessments, antibiotic time-outs, and vaccine assessments and recommendations. AMS is an important component of pharmacy practice today. Implementation of a checklist and reflection activity within experiential education increases perceived student understanding and application of relevant AMS techniques.
Evaluation of Vaccination Training in Pharmacy Curriculum: Preparing Students for Workforce Needs
Authors: Bushell Mary , Frost Jane , Deeks Louise , Kosari Sam , Hussain Zahid , Naunton Mark
Published: August 2020

Background: To introduce and evaluate a university vaccination training program, preparing final year Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) and Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) students to administer vaccinations to children and adults in community pharmacy and offsite (mobile and outreach) settings. Methods: Final year BPharm and MPharm students were trained to administer intramuscular vaccinations to adults and children. The education program embedded in pharmacy degree curriculum was congruent with the requirements of the Australian National Immunisation Education Framework. The training used a mix of pedagogies including online learning; interactive lectures; and simulation, which included augmented reality and role play. All pharmacy students completing the program in 2019 were required to carry out pre- and post-knowledge assessments. Student skill of vaccination was assessed using an objective structured clinical assessment rubric. Students were invited to complete pre and post questionnaires on confidence. The post questionnaire incorporated student evaluation of learning experience questions. Results: In both cohorts, student vaccination knowledge increased significantly after the completion of the vaccination training program; pre-intervention and post-intervention mean knowledge score (SD) of BPharm and MPharm were (14.3 ± 2.7 vs. 22.7 ± 3.3; p < 0.001) and (15.7 ± 2.9 vs. 21.4 ± 3.2; p < 0.001) respectively. There was no difference between the BPharm and MPharm in the overall knowledge test scores, (p = 0.81; p = 0.95) pre and post scores respectively. Using the OSCA rubric, all students (n = 52) were identified as competent in the skill of injection and could administer an IM deltoid injection to a child and adult mannequin. Students agreed that the training increased their self-confidence to administer injections to both children and adults. Students found value in the use of mixed reality to enhance student understanding of the anatomy of injection sites. Conclusion: The developed vaccination training program improved both student knowledge and confidence. Pharmacy students who complete such training should be able to administer vaccinations to children and adults, improving workforce capability. Mixed reality in the education of pharmacy students can be used to improve student satisfaction and enhance learning.
Genome-Wide Association Mapping for Stripe Rust Resistance in Pakistani Spring Wheat Genotypes
Authors: Habib Madiha , Awan Faisal Saeed , Sadia Bushra , Zia Muhammad Anjum
Published: August 2020

Stripe rust caused by the pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is a major threat for wheat, resulting in low yield and grain quality loss in many countries. Genetic resistance is a prevalent method to combat the disease. Mapping the resistant loci and their association with traits is highly exploited in this era. A panel of 465 Pakistani spring wheat genotypes were evaluated for their phenotypic response to stripe rust at the seedling and adult plant stages. A total of 765 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were applied on 465 wheat genotypes to evaluate their stripe rust response against nine races during the seedling test and in three locations for the field test. Currently, twenty SNPs dispersed on twelve chromosomal regions (1A, 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 4A, 4B, 5B, 6A, 6B, 6D and 7B) have been identified that were associated with rust race-specific resistance at the seedling stage. Thirty SNPs dispersed on eighteen chromosomal regions (1A, 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 3D, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6A, 6B, 6D, 7A, 7B and 7D) are associated with adult plant resistance. SNP loci IWB3662 was linked with all three Pakistani races, and likewise IWA2344 and IWA4096 were found to be linked with three different USA races. The present research findings can be applied by wheat breeders to increase their resistant capability and yield potential of their cultivars, through marker-assisted selection.
Time of In Vitro Anther Culture May Moderate Action of Copper and Silver Ions that Affect the Relationship between DNA Methylation Change and the Yield of Barley Green Regenerants
Authors: Bednarek Piotr T. , Orłowska Renata
Published: August 2020

Plant anther culture allows for the regeneration of uniform and homozygous double haploids. However, off-type regenerants may appear as a result of so-called tissue culture-induced variation (TCIV). In addition, the presence of Cu2+ and Ag+ ions in the culture medium might influence the number of green plants. The regenerants were obtained via anther cultures of barley under varying Cu2+ and Ag+ ion concentrations in the induction medium during distinct time conditions. DArTseqMet markers were evaluated based on regenerants and donor plants and delivering data on DNA demethylation (DM) and de novo methylation (DNM) and changes in methylation (Delta). The number of green regenerated plants per 100 anthers (GPs) was evaluated. The Cu2+ and Ag+ ion concentrations moderated relationships between Delta and the number of green plants conditional on time of tissue cultures. Depending on the ions, moderated moderation is valid within the different time of anther culture. When the highest concentration of copper is analyzed, plant regeneration is possible under short ‘Time’ (21 days) of anther culture wherein Delta is negative or under elongated Time when Delta is positive. Under 21 days of culture, the highest concentration of silver ions and when Delta is negative, some regenerants could be evaluated. However, under high Ag+ concentration when Time of culture is long and Delta positive, the highest number of green plants could be obtained.
Modifying the Catalyst Layer Using Polyvinyl Alcohol for the Performance Improvement of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells under Low Humidity Operations
Authors: Jienkulsawad Prathak , Chen Yong-Song , Arpornwichanop Amornchai
Published: August 2020

A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system for the application of unmanned aerial vehicles is equipped without humidifiers and the cathode channels of the stack are open to the environment due to limited weight available for power sources. As a result, the PEMFC is operated under low humidity conditions, causing membrane dehydration, low performance, and degradation. To keep the generated water within the fuel cell to humidify the membrane, in this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is employed in the fabrication of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). The effect of PVA content, either sprayed on the gas diffusion layer (GDL) or mixed in the catalyst layer (CL), on the MEA performance is compared under various humidity conditions. The results show that MEA performance is increased with the addition of PVA either on the GDL or in the CL, especially for non-humidified anode conditions. The result suggested that 0.03% PVA in the anode CL and 0.1% PVA on the GDL can improve the MEA performance by approximately 30%, under conditions of a non-humidified anode and a room-temperature-humidified cathode. However, MEAs with PVA in the anode CL show better durability than those with PVA on the GDL according to measurement with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Orthogonal Experimental Analysis and Mechanism Study on Electrochemical Catalytic Treatment of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastics Assisted by Phosphotungstic Acid
Authors: Pei Chun , Guo Peiheng , Zhu Ji-Hua
Published: August 2020

Preserving the integrity of carbon fibers when recycling carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) has been unfeasible due to the harsh reaction conditions required to remove epoxy resin matrixes, which adversely affect the properties of carbon fibers. We establish a practicable and environmentally friendly reclamation strategy for carbon fibers. Carbon fibers are recycled from waste CFRPs by an electrochemical catalytic reaction with the assistance of phosphotungstic acid (PA), which promotes the depolymerization of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A/ethylenediamine (DGEBA/EDA) epoxy resin. The removal rate, mechanical strength, and microstructure of the recycled carbon fibers are analyzed to explore the mechanism of the electrochemical treatment. The influence of three factors—current density, PA concentration, and reaction time—are studied via an orthogonal method. Range analysis and variance analysis are conducted to investigate the significance of the factors. The optimal conditions are determined accordingly. The underlying CFRP degradation mechanism is also investigated.
Effect of Cellulose Solvents on the Characteristics of Cellulose/Fe2O3 Hydrogel Microspheres as Enzyme Supports
Authors: Park Saerom , Oh Yujin , Jung Dahun , Lee Sang Hyun
Published: August 2020

Cellulose hydrogels are considered useful biocompatible and biodegradable materials. However, as few cellulose-dissolving solvents can be used to prepare cellulose hydrogel microspheres, the use of unmodified cellulose-based hydrogel microspheres for enzyme immobilization remains limited. Here, we prepared cellulose/Fe2O3 hydrogel microspheres as enzyme supports through sol-gel transition using a solvent-in-oil emulsion. Cellulose-dissolving solvents including 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Emim][Ac]), an aqueous mixture of NaOH and thiourea, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, and tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide were used to prepare regular shaped cellulose/Fe2O3 microspheres. The solvent affected microsphere characteristics like crystallinity, hydrophobicity, surface morphology, size distribution, and swelling properties. The immobilization efficiency of the microspheres for lipase was also significantly influenced by the type of cellulose solvent used. In particular, the lipase immobilized on cellulose/Fe2O3 microspheres prepared using [Emim][Ac] showed the highest protein loading, and its specific activity was 3.1-fold higher than that of free lipase. The immobilized lipase could be simply recovered by a magnet and continuously reused.
The Liquid–Liquid Dispersion Homogeneity in a Vessel Agitated by a High-Shear Sawtooth Impeller
Authors: Formánek Roman , Šulc Radek
Published: August 2020

The agitation of immiscible liquids or solid suspensions is a frequent operation in chemical and metallurgical industries. The product quality yield and economy of the processes are significantly affected by mixing conditions. Prediction of mean drop size distribution (DSD) during agitation is fundamental for processes in many branches of industry where the mass transfer is crucial. This contribution aims to analyze the homogeneity of a dispersed system in a vessel agitated by a high-shear sawtooth impeller. The homogeneity of liquid–liquid dispersion is determined by comparison of Sauter mean diameters and drop size distribution (DSD) from different measured regions and for various dispersion times. The experiments were carried out in a baffled vessel for various impeller speeds. The sizes of droplets were obtained by the in-situ measurement technique and by the image analysis (IA) method.
Urban Food Waste: A Framework to Analyse Policies and Initiatives
Authors: Fattibene Daniele , Recanati Francesca , Dembska Katarzyna , Antonelli Marta
Published: August 2020

Food waste policy analysis has traditionally concentrated on supranational or national policies and paid little attention to the role of cities in tackling this phenomenon. Nevertheless, cities have proved to be crucial actors in tackling food waste, launching effective policies and initiatives to address it. By looking at 40 cities across 16 European countries, this study aims to present a new framework for assessing urban food waste policies and initiatives. The framework proposed identifies and sheds light on the links between the different types of policies launched, the main areas of interventions addressed, as well as the different actors intervening in urban food waste management. Finally, it identifies direct and indirect links with the Sustainable Development Goals, showing the role that cities can play in achieving the targets of the UN 2030 Agenda.