bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A qualitative assessment of using lay trainers with type 2 diabetes in an intervention programme for people at risk of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Scarpello Tracey J , Murray Nikki J , Maisey Sue , Howe Amanda C , Sampson Mike J ,   on behalf of the UEA-IFG Study Group
Published: January 2012

Objective:

More knowledge is needed on the impact of expert patients within health intervention programmes. The University of East Anglia Impaired Fasting Glucose (UEA-IFG) feasibility programme was a structured dietary and exercise intervention to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in susceptible individuals. Lay volunteers with T2DM (T2 trainers) were recruited to support participants in adopting healthier lifestyles. This study aimed to explore the acceptability, perceived effectiveness and sustainability of lay trainers within the programme.

Design:

A qualitative focus group study.

Setting:

A clinical research unit in Norwich, United Kingdom (UK).

Method:

Focus groups were conducted with: (1) T2 trainers ( n = 15); (2) programme participants who had received their support ( n = 11); and (3) salaried staff facilitators who had worked alongside the T2 trainers ( n = 3). Framework analysis was applied to identify the different experiences of the lay trainer role.

Results:

All groups perceived advantages for peer support, particularly in sharing the day-to-day experiences of living with T2DM. However, staff facilitators raised the importance of role boundaries, emphasizing that T2 trainers should not provide medical advice. Acceptability of T2 trainers was enhanced by contacting participants at a convenient time and before substantial lifestyle changes had been made.

Conclusion:

Lay trainers were seen as a complementary method to motivate individuals to reduce their risks of T2DM. A less prescriptive approach needs to be adopted to enable full integration of lay trainers, allowing them a greater level of contribution. To sustain effective use of lay trainers, health professionals need to work alongside volunteers and be trained to encourage peer involvement.
Factors associated with long-stay status in patients with schizophrenia: An analysis of national databases covering the entire Korean population
Authors: Chung Woojin , Chang Hoo-Sun , Oh Sun-Min , Yoon Chung-Won
Published: January 2012

Background:

Admissions lasting over six months (long-stay) occur frequently among patients with schizophrenia in South Korea.

Aims:

To identify some patient-level and institution-level factors associated with long-stay status of patients with schizophrenia.

Methods:

This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. We analysed a nationwide population-based reimbursement claims data set consisting of 496,338 claims for 58,287 patients with schizophrenia between 1 January 2005 and 30 June 2006. A two-level random effects logistic regression model was used to identify those factors.

Results:

Age (<20 years (ref), 60–69 (OR 2.000, 95% CI: 1.640–2.438), ≥ 70 (2.068, 1.682–2.543)), male gender (1.192, 1.144–1.242), type of national health insurance plan (national health insurance (ref), Medical Care Aid Type 1 (4.299, 4.024–4.593)), secondary diagnosis (none (ref), psychiatric diagnosis (0.719, 0.666–0.777), non-psychiatric diagnosis (0.918, 0.850–0.991)) and type of institution (clinic (ref), psychiatric hospital (2.769, 1.507–5.087)) were associated with likelihood of long-stay status. Institutional variable associated with long-stay status included a higher number of beds (1.073, 1.013–1.137). The number of professionals (0.752, 0.646–0.876) showed negative association with long-stay status.

Conclusions:

Researchers could improve their assessment of long-stay status of patients with schizophrenia by using a two-level analysis including patient-level and institution-level factors. This study suggests that mental health interventions to reduce the long stay of patients with schizophrenia focus on older male patients, those enrolled in a national medical care aid programme and those admitted to psychiatric hospitals.
Creative Employment and Jet Set Cities: Disentangling Causal Effects
Authors: Neal Zachary
Published: January 2012

Whether people follow jobs or jobs follow people has been a central question in urban economics for decades. Because urban leaders increasingly focus on creative jobs as a growth strategy and because temporary city visitors play an increasingly significant role in economic processes, this study addresses a modified version of this question: do air passengers follow creative jobs (the flow generation hypothesis), or do creative jobs follow air passengers (the structural advantage hypothesis). The results indicate that both processes are in operation, but at different times. Air passengers follow creative jobs during periods of national economic decline, while creative jobs follow air passengers during periods of national economic growth. These findings suggest that city leaders must adopt an urban growth strategy that evolves with changing national economic conditions.
Whistle While You Work
Authors: Erdogan Berrin , Bauer Talya N. , Truxillo Donald M. , Mansfield Layla R.
Published: January 2012

Life satisfaction is a key indicator of subjective well-being. This article is a review of the multidisciplinary literature on the relationship between life satisfaction and the work domain. A discussion of top-down and bottom-up theories of life satisfaction is included, and the literatures on work-related antecedents of life satisfaction, the proximal mediators (quality of work life, quality of nonwork life, and feelings of self-worth), and consequences of life satisfaction were reviewed. A meta-analysis of life satisfaction with respect to career satisfaction, job performance, turnover intentions, and organizational commitment was performed. Each major section of the article concludes with a future opportunities subsection where gaps in the research are discussed.
Knowledge, Networks, and Knowledge Networks
Authors: Phelps Corey , Heidl Ralph , Wadhwa Anu
Published: January 2012

A large and growing body of empirical research shows that social relationships and the networks these relationships constitute are influential in explaining the processes of knowledge creation, diffusion, absorption, and use. The authors refer to such networks as “knowledge networks.” They advance an understanding of knowledge networks at multiple levels by conducting a systematic review and analysis of empirical research published on this topic in leading management, psychology, sociology, and economics journals. The authors develop a comprehensive framework that organizes the knowledge networks literature, which they use to review extant empirical research within and across multiple disciplines and levels of analysis. They identify points of coherence and conflict in theoretical arguments and empirical results within and across levels and identify emerging themes and promising areas for future research.
Legal Challenge
Authors: Shuran Michael B. , Roblyer M. D.
Published: January 2012

The increasing number of special education–related lawsuits has become costly, time-consuming, and a strain on school-community relations—in short, an issue of growing concern to U. S. school systems. To identify factors associated with this type of litigation, this study analyzed data from one state’s 10-year experience with due process special education cases. Interviews with special education directors provided further insight on conditions that seem to foster special education litigation and on strategies that could prevent it.
A Small Effect of Adding Antiviral Agents in Treating Patients with Severe Bell Palsy
Authors: van der Veen Erwin L. , Rovers Maroeska M. , de Ru J. Alexander , van der Heijden Geert J.
Published: January 2012

In this evidence‐based case report, the authors studied the following clinical question: What is the effect of adding antiviral agents to corticosteroids in the treatment of patients with severe or complete Bell palsy? The search yielded 250 original research articles. The 6 randomized trials of these that could be used all reported low‐quality data for answering the clinical question; apart from apparent flaws, they did not primarily include patients with severe or complete Bell palsy. Complete functional facial nerve recovery was seen in 75% of the patients receiving prednisolone only and in 83% with additional antiviral treatment. The pooled risk difference of 7% (95% confidence interval, −1% to 15%) results in a number needed to treat of 14 (ie, slightly favors adding an antiviral agent). The authors conclude that although a strong recommendation for adding antiviral agents to corticosteroids to further improve the recovery of patients with severe Bell palsy is precluded by the lack of robust evidence, it should be discussed with the patient.
Citizens’ Obligation to Obey the Law
Authors: Jiang Shanhe , Wu Yuning , Wang Jin
Published: January 2012

For thousands of years, China primarily used morality for its social control. Since its economic reform starting in 1978, China has moved toward legal control. Two fundamental questions, however, remain understudied in China: (a) the degree to which citizens feel obligated to obey the law and (b) the sources of citizens’ perceived obligation to obey the law. This study was intended to answer these questions based on random surveys of 1,196 residents from Guangzhou, China. The study revealed that the vast majority of citizens in Guangzhou felt obligated to obey the law irrespective of their personal feelings. Normative and instrumental perspectives were important sources of Guangzhou citizens’ perceived obligation to obey the law. In addition, Guangzhou citizens’ perception of obligation to obey the law was related to not only individual-level variables but also neighborhood contextual factors.
What Strains the Anterior Cruciate Ligament During a Pivot Landing?
Authors: Oh Youkeun K. , Lipps David B. , Ashton-Miller James A. , Wojtys Edward M.
Published: January 2012

Background: The relative contributions of an axial tibial torque and frontal plane moment to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) strain during pivot landings are unknown.

Hypothesis: The peak normalized relative strain in the anteromedial (AM) bundle of the ACL is affected by the direction of the axial tibial torque but not by the direction of the frontal plane moment applied concurrently during a simulated jump landing.

Study Design: Controlled and descriptive laboratory studies.

Methods: Fifteen adult male knees with pretensioned knee muscle-tendon unit forces were loaded under a simulated pivot landing test. Compression, flexion moment, internal or external tibial torque, and knee varus or valgus moment were simultaneously applied to the distal tibia while recording the 3D knee loads and tibiofemoral kinematics. The AM-ACL relative strain was measured using a 3-mm differential variable reluctance transducer. The results were analyzed using nonparametric Wilcoxon signed–rank tests. A 3D dynamic biomechanical knee model was developed using ADAMS and validated to help interpret the experimental results.

Results: The mean (SD) peak AM-ACL relative strain was 192% greater ( P < .001) under the internal tibial torque combined with a knee varus or valgus moment (7.0% [3.9%] and 7.0% [4.1%], respectively) than under external tibial torque with the same moments (2.4% [2.5%] and 2.4% [3.2%], respectively). The knee valgus moment augmented the AM-ACL strain due to the slope of the tibial plateau inducing mechanical coupling (ie, internal tibial rotation and knee valgus moment); this augmentation occurred before medial knee joint space opening.

Conclusion: An internal tibial torque combined with a knee valgus moment is the worst-case ACL loading condition. However, it is the internal tibial torque that primarily causes large ACL strain.

Clinical Relevance: Limiting the maximum coefficient of friction between the shoe and playing surface should limit the peak internal tibial torque that can be applied to the knee during jump landings, thereby reducing peak ACL strain and the risk for noncontact injury.
Urban Climate Adaptation in the Global South
Authors: Carmin JoAnn , Anguelovski Isabelle , Roberts Debra
Published: January 2012

Cities throughout the world face the challenge of preparing for climate change impacts. Since urban climate adaptation is an emerging policy domain, however, few institutions exist to guide cities among the first to take action. Drawing on institutional theory and case study research, this article examines the initiation and development of adaptation planning in two cities in the global south: Durban and Quito. The cases suggest that action in nascent policy domains is motivated by endogenous factors and sustained by taking advantage of opportunities rising and creatively linking new agendas to existing goals, plans, and programs.
Depressive Symptoms during Pregnancy and the Concentration of Fatty Acids in Breast Milk
Authors: Keim Sarah A. , Daniels Julie L. , Siega-Riz Anna Maria , Dole Nancy , Herring Amy H. , Scheidt Peter C.
Published: January 2012

The aim of the present study was to examine the association between depressive symptoms in pregnancy and the concentration of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in breast milk. Women (n = 287) enrolled in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in pregnancy (< 20 and 24-29 weeks) and had LCPUFAs measured in breast milk (4 months postpartum). Multiple linear regression was used to examine associations between depressive symptoms and breast milk LCPUFAs. Increasing depressive symptoms at < 20 weeks were associated with lower docosahexaenoic acid concentrations (adjusted β = −1.15, 95% confidence interval = −2.12, −0.19). No similar associations were observed with other fatty acids nor between symptoms at 24-29 weeks and LCPUFAs. Depressive symptoms, even in the subclinical range, early in pregnancy are inversely associated with breast milk docosahexaenoic acid. This may have implications for the timing of screening and interventions for perinatal depression and the nutritional value of breast milk.
Sertraline for the Treatment of Depression in Alzheimer Disease: Genetic Influences
Authors: Peters Matthew E. , Vaidya Vijay , Drye Lea T. , Rosenberg Paul B. , Martin Barbara K. , Porsteinsson Anton P. , Frangakis Constantine E. , Mintzer Jacobo , Weintraub Daniel , Schneider Lon S. , Rabins Peter V. , Munro Cynthia A. , Meinert Curtis L. , Lyketsos Constantine G. , Dimitri Avramopoulos ,   for the DIADS-2 Research Group
Published: January 2012

Objective. To assess the potential for genetic influences on sertraline treatment efficacy for depression of Alzheimer disease (dAD). Four functional genetic variants were studied: 2 serotonin receptors (HTR2A-T102C and HTR2C-Cys23Ser), the serotonin transporter (5HTT-LPR), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF-Val66Met). Treatment response by genotype was measured by (1) the modified Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study Clinical Global Impression of Change, (2) the Cornell scale for Depression in Dementia, and (3) remission of depression. Methods. We utilized data from the Depression in Alzheimer’s Disease Study 2 (DIADS-2), a 24-week, randomized, multicenter trial showing no significant treatment effect of sertraline on dAD. Proportional odds logistic regression and mixed effects models were used to examine the above mentioned outcome measures. Results. No significant interactions were seen between any of the genetic polymorphisms and the selected outcomes above at 12 or 24 weeks. Discussion. Treatment outcomes in the DIADS-2 trial were not significantly influenced by genetic variation at the loci that were assessed. Future studies should continue to examine the interaction of depression-related genetic variants with antidepressant treatment in Alzheimer disease patients with depression.
A Humanbecoming Program of Research
Authors: Baumann Steven L.
Published: January 2012

The author of this column describes the evolution of program of research underpinned by the humanbecoming school of thought.
New Humanbecoming Conceptualizations and the Humanbecoming Community Model
Authors: Parse Rosemarie Rizzo
Published: January 2012

The purposes of this article are to: introduce a new humanbecoming ontological conceptualization, the becoming visible-invisible becoming of the emerging now; describe the epistemological shift from universal lived experience to universal living experience; and further explicate the humanbecoming community model. The community change concepts (moving-initiating, anchoring-shifting, and pondering-shaping) are clarified with explanations in light of the findings of a nine-country translinguistic Parse research method study on hope and insights from living the art of humanbecoming.
A Qualitative Study of Herbal Medicine Use in the Ukraine
Authors: Franic Duska M. , Kleyman Konstantin
Published: January 2012

Introduction: Half of nearly all new immigrants in the United States come from only 10 countries, including the Ukraine. Immigrants bring facets of their culture to their new country; therefore, it is important for health care providers to have an appreciation and understanding of cultural differences in regard to the use of herbal medicine. Objectives: To determine health care provider and patient preferences for herbal versus synthetic medications, health care provider didactic training in pharmacognosy and trends in herbal medication use in the Ukraine. Methods: Ten health care providers, pharmacists and physicians, were interviewed to determine their views on herbal medicine use in Ukraine using semistructured in-depth face-to-face interviews. Results: Ukrainian practitioners and patients viewed herbal medicines as safer than synthetic drugs, appropriate and preferable for use in chronic and preventative programs. Synthetic drugs were viewed as more desirable for use in the acute setting. Preference for synthetic versus herbal medication was not price driven. Conclusions: The inclusion of pharmacognosy training in the US pharmacy curricula is recommended to facilitate US health care professional’s ability to provide pharmaceutical care both to new US immigrants and to the increasing number of US citizens utilizing herbal medications.
A thermal-based approach for determining electroplastic characteristics
Authors: Salandro Wesley A , Bunget Cristina J , Mears Laine
Published: January 2012

Recent development of electrically assisted manufacturing processes proved the advantages of using the electric current, mainly related with the decrease in the mechanical forming load, and improvement in the formability when electrically assisted forming of metals. The reduction of forming load was formulated previously assuming that a part of the electrical energy input is dissipated into heat, thus producing thermal softening of the material, while the remaining component directly aids the plastic deformation. The fraction of electrical energy applied, which assists the deformation process compared to the total amount of electrical energy, is given by the electroplastic effect coefficient.

The objective of the current research is to investigate the complex effect of the electricity applied during deformation, and to establish a methodology for quantifying the electroplastic effect coefficient. Temperature behavior is observed for varying levels of deformation and previous cold work. Results are used to refine the understanding of the electroplastic effect coefficient, and a new relationship, in the form of a power law, is derived. This model is validated under independent experiments in Grade 2 (commercially pure) and Grade 5 (Ti–6Al–4V) titanium.
Vision-based force measurement using geometric moment invariants
Authors: Hu Wen , Wang Shigang , Hu Chun , Liu Hongtao , Mo Jinqiu
Published: January 2012

This article presents a new vision-based force measurement method to measure microassembly forces without directly computing the deformation. The shape descriptor of geometric moment invariants is used as a feature vector to describe the implicit relationship between an applied force and the deformation. Then, a standard library is established to map the corresponding relationship between the deformed cantilever under known forces and a set of feature vectors. Finally, a support vector machine compares the feature vector of deformed cantilever under an unknown force with those in the standard library, implements multi-class classification and predicts the unknown force. The vision-based force measurement method is validated for eight simulated microcantilevers of different sizes. Both regional and boundary moment invariants are used to constitute the feature vector. Simulated results show that the force measurement precision varies with length, width and height of cantilevers. If length increases and width and height decrease, the precision is higher. This trend can provide a reference for mechanism design of microcantilevers and microgrippers.
Type synthesis of spatial mechanisms for forging manipulators
Authors: Xu Yundou , Yao Jiantao , Zhao Yongsheng
Published: January 2012

In this study, a systematic method is proposed to synthesize the parallel and hybrid serial–parallel mechanisms for the forging manipulators based on the screw theory. First, several typical configurations of five-degrees-of-freedom parallel mechanism for the forging manipulators are synthesized, and they are all non-overconstrained mechanisms. Then, two kinds of hybrid serial–parallel mechanisms for the forging manipulators with the advantages of motion decoupling are constructed, which are also not overconstrained. The configurations obtained in this study would provide more type selection for the heavy-duty forging manipulators in engineering.
Hilbert–Huang transformation-based time-frequency analysis methods in biomedical signal applications
Authors: Lin Chin-Feng , Zhu Jin-De
Published: January 2012

Hilbert–Huang transformation, wavelet transformation, and Fourier transformation are the principal time-frequency analysis methods. These transformations can be used to discuss the frequency characteristics of linear and stationary signals, the time-frequency features of linear and non-stationary signals, the time-frequency features of non-linear and non-stationary signals, respectively. The Hilbert–Huang transformation is a combination of empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert spectral analysis. The empirical mode decomposition uses the characteristics of signals to adaptively decompose them to several intrinsic mode functions. Hilbert transforms are then used to transform the intrinsic mode functions into instantaneous frequencies, to obtain the signal’s time-frequency-energy distributions and features. Hilbert–Huang transformation-based time-frequency analysis can be applied to natural physical signals such as earthquake waves, winds, ocean acoustic signals, mechanical diagnosis signals, and biomedical signals. In previous studies, we examined Hilbert–Huang transformation-based time-frequency analysis of the electroencephalogram FP1 signals of clinical alcoholics, and ‘sharp I’ wave-based Hilbert–Huang transformation time-frequency features. In this paper, we discuss the application of Hilbert–Huang transformation-based time-frequency analysis to biomedical signals, such as electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram signals, electrogastrogram recordings, and speech signals.
Bright Minds and Dark Attitudes
Authors: Hodson Gordon , Busseri Michael A.
Published: January 2012

Despite their important implications for interpersonal behaviors and relations, cognitive abilities have been largely ignored as explanations of prejudice. We proposed and tested mediation models in which lower cognitive ability predicts greater prejudice, an effect mediated through the endorsement of right-wing ideologies (social conservatism, right-wing authoritarianism) and low levels of contact with out-groups. In an analysis of two large-scale, nationally representative United Kingdom data sets ( N = 15,874), we found that lower general intelligence ( g) in childhood predicts greater racism in adulthood, and this effect was largely mediated via conservative ideology. A secondary analysis of a U.S. data set confirmed a predictive effect of poor abstract-reasoning skills on antihomosexual prejudice, a relation partially mediated by both authoritarianism and low levels of intergroup contact. All analyses controlled for education and socioeconomic status. Our results suggest that cognitive abilities play a critical, albeit underappreciated, role in prejudice. Consequently, we recommend a heightened focus on cognitive ability in research on prejudice and a better integration of cognitive ability into prejudice models.
Effects of blade exit angle and liquid viscosity on unsteady flow in centrifugal pumps
Authors: Li W-G
Published: January 2012

Unsteady flows in centrifugal pumps have been extensively studied by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) till now. However, effects of viscosity of fluid pumped and blade exit angle on flow steadiness were omitted. Thus, the unsteady flow in an experimental centrifugal pump with two different blade exit angles was explored when the pump handles the liquids with different viscosities by CFD code Fluent to quantitatively clarify the effects in this article. The heads estimated using the unsteady flow model were compared with experiments at two viscosities. The effects of mesh density and turbulence model on the fluid velocity and pressure profiles behind the impeller were clarified. The velocity profiles at the two impellers discharge were validated with the results of laser Doppler velocimetry measurements for water. It was shown that an increasing viscosity of fluid reduces the fluctuation in flow variables at the inlet and outlet to impeller, a larger blade exit angle results in a more remarked fluctuation in the variables.
Perceptions of Sexual Risk Compensation Following Posttrial HIV Vaccine Uptake Among Young South Africans
Authors: MacPhail Catherine L. , Sayles Jennifer N. , Cunningham William , Newman Peter A.
Published: January 2012

Concerns about the impact of risk compensation on advances in biomedical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention technologies have been documented. We conducted an exploratory qualitative study using focus group discussions with young South African men and women (aged 18 to 24 years) to explore perceptions of risk compensation with regard to a hypothetical posttrial HIV vaccine. During the discussions, participants expressed their disquiet about the potential for risk compensation and the manner in which this might manifest among young people. Discussions specifically focused on reductions in condom use, an increase in multiple partners, and increased frequency of sex. The discussions also revealed contradictory feelings about HIV vaccines: appreciation for their development tempered by concerns about loss of control and undermining morality. Women were particularly concerned with the possibility of increased partner concurrency and infidelity. We suggest that concerns in HIV vaccine target populations about the impact of possible risk compensation be incorporated into strategies for vaccine introduction once vaccines move from the hypothetical to reality.
Identifying Instructional Targets for Early Childhood via Authentic Assessment
Authors: Bagnato Stephen J. , McLean Mary , Macy Marisa , Neisworth John T.
Published: January 2012

Now at middle age, the field of Early Childhood Intervention (ECI) and its professionals have demonstrated a unique capacity to develop their own practice-based evidence (PBE) and professional standards to forge solutions to challenging professional practice dilemmas. This innovative capacity is no more evident than in designing and implementing individualized linkages among assessment/instruction/progress evaluation for all children, particularly those with delays and disabilities. In this article, the authors advocate for the overarching purpose of assessment in ECI—to identify instructional targets and to plan beneficial programs for young children with special needs in inclusive, natural environments. The authors highlight major developments that have changed their professional practices since the passage of PL 99-457; PBE that supports and promotes these practices and the linkage among assessment, instruction, and progress evaluation; and critical issues for future policy, practice, and research.
Function-Based Interventions for Children With Challenging Behavior
Authors: Dunlap Glen , Fox Lise
Published: January 2012

It is now axiomatic that challenging behaviors are defined more profitably by their functions (their motivations) than by their topographies (what they look like). The notion that challenging behaviors can be defined on the basis of their function has led in the past 30 years to a dramatically reconfigured approach to assessment and intervention. This article provides a description of the conceptual and historical foundations of function-based interventions, with an emphasis on the significance of these developments for the field of early childhood intervention. In addition, the authors consider some of the major issues related to challenging behaviors for current practice and future research.
An Intervention to Increase High School Students’ Compliance With Carrying Auto-Injectable Epinephrine
Authors: Spina Jennifer L. , McIntyre C. Lynne , Pulcini Joyce A.
Published: January 2012

Adolescents with life-threatening allergies are at a greater risk for a fatal anaphylactic event since only about half of them carry unexpired epinephrine available for emergency use. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of school nurse interventions that consisted of either routine or periodic checks during the school year for the availability of unexpired auto-injectable epinephrine. Seventy-seven students from 11 Massachusetts high schools participated in this study. Descriptive and chi-square (χ2) statistics as well as the Fisher’s exact test were used to analyze data. Findings suggest that while periodic checks for the availability of epinephrine throughout the school year do not increase the likelihood that students will have epinephrine available, those students who do carry their epinephrine are more likely to have unexpired medication with periodic reminders during the school year.
Continued Development of the Family Management Style Framework
Authors: Knafl Kathleen A. , Deatrick Janet A. , Havill Nancy L.
Published: January 2012

Based on a review of 64 published reports, this article addresses the implications of current research for the further development of the Family Management Style Framework (FMSF). Articles are published in 46 different journals, including 13 in nursing and 12 in interdisciplinary outlets. Most studies are based on samples of less than 50 individuals. The review provides continuing support for the 8 dimensions of the framework, with between 8 and 16 reports supporting the relevance of each. Changes to the sociocultural component of the framework are proposed as well as wording changes to reflect the broader applicability of the framework. The family’s social network, health care and education professionals, and resources predominate as key influences on family management.
Resisting (Resistance) Stories
Authors: Alexander Bryant Keith , Moreira Claudio , kumar hari stephen
Published: January 2012

This is a triple autoethnographic text written by three men of differing racial and cultural backgrounds with the purpose of exploring the nature of their relationships with their fathers. The authors reflect on experiences with their fathers seeking to find answers that might help them resist the replication of pain in their own parenting as well as (in one instance) the resistance to parenting altogether. In each intersecting movement the voices are both singular and plural, featuring experiences that press against each other in ways that are simultaneously familiar and strange, building a case study of how the critical practice of autoethnography provides an opportunity for a personal scrutiny that is both private and public, and individual and communal.
The Fatherland Museum
Authors: Goodall H. L.
Published: January 2012

How do we make sense out of the lives of our fathers? Do we rely on a well-worn family narrative that omits complications or unresolved tensions or deeper mysteries, or do we question what we claim to know and dig deeper for details? If we choose to reenter the past with new questions, what might we find there? What artifacts, stories, secrets, and memories do we bring into the revised narrative? And what might be the longer term effects of revising that narrative on how we understand our own lives as well as the lives and understandings of those family members who come after us? This narrative essay explores those issues in relation to the life of my father, Harold Lloyd Goodall, Sr.
Uniform fields inside two non-elliptical inclusions
Authors: Wang Xu
Published: January 2012

The problem of two non-elliptical inclusions with internal uniform fields embedded in an infinite matrix, subjected at infinity to a uniform stress field, is discussed in detail by means of the conformal mapping technique. The introduced conformal mapping function can map the matrix region (excluding the two inclusions) onto an annulus. The problem is completely solved for anti-plane isotropic elasticity, anti-plane piezoelectricity, anti-plane anisotropic elasticity, plane elasticity and finite plane elasticity. The correctness of the solution is verified by comparison with existing solutions and by checking an extreme situation. Our results indicate that it is permissible for the two inclusions to have different material properties and different shapes. Finally, two interesting applications of the obtained results are given, and we find that when the two inclusions have different material properties, the elastic polarization tensor associated with the two non-elliptical inclusions does not lie on the lower Hashin–Shtrikman bound.
Top-Down Management and Patrol Officers’ Attitudes About the Importance of Public Order Maintenance
Authors: Gau Jacinta M. , Gaines D. Cody
Published: January 2012

Police organizations are inherently top down in their managerial style, and order maintenance policing—being a strategy adopted by top management and implemented by lower ranking personnel—may hit a roadblock that is typical in top-down organizations: Lower ranking personnel may not embrace the mission of order maintenance to the same extent that their superiors do. The present study compares attitudes about order maintenance policing across rank in an urban police department. The results indicate that patrol officers express significantly less support for public order maintenance relative to personnel of higher ranks; however, educational attainment and attachment to supervisors emerged as meaningful influences on attitude as well, which suggests that police managers and supervisors can improve lower ranking officers’ endorsement of top-down strategies like order maintenance through their supervisory and hiring practices.
Complex and open fractures
Authors: Corr Sandra
Published: January 2012

Clinical challenges Cats often present with traumatic injuries of the limbs, including complex and open fractures, frequently as a result of road traffic accidents. On initial assessment, complex and open fractures may appear to require expertise beyond the experience of the general practitioner and, in some cases, referral to a specialist may be indicated or amputation should be considered.

Practical relevance Many cases, however, can be managed using straightforward principles. This review describes a logical and practical approach to treating such injuries. It discusses general principles of fracture management, highlights the treatment of open fractures, and describes the use of external skeletal fixation for stabilisation of both open and complex fractures.

Equipment Most fractures can be stabilised using equipment and expertise available in general practice if the basic principles of fracture fixation are understood and rigorously applied.

Evidence base Many textbooks and journal articles have been published on the management of fractures in companion animals, presenting case studies, case series and original biomechanical research. The simple strategy for managing complex injuries that is provided in this review is based on the published literature and the author’s clinical experience.
Experiences of stigma and discrimination among users of mental health services in Poland
Authors: Świtaj Piotr , Wciórka Jacek , Grygiel Paweł , Anczewska Marta , Schaeffer Ewa , Tyczyński Krzysztof , Wiśniewski Artur
Published: January 2012

Stigmatization is commonly recognized as one of the main barriers to recovery and to social inclusion of people with mental illnesses. This exploratory study investigated the frequency, type, and sources of actual stigma and discrimination experiences among Polish psychiatric patients. A total of 442 people, treated in various psychiatric health care facilities in Warsaw, were interviewed with the use of the Consumer Experiences of Stigma Questionnaire (CESQ). Qualitative data regarding sources of experienced stigma were also obtained. The respondents reported relatively frequent experiences of stigmatization in everyday situations and interpersonal relations, but they seldom complained of any specific instances of discrimination. The most frequently reported source of stigma was employers and supervisors at work, followed by family, and general community members. Implications of the findings for clinical practice and policy are discussed.
Sequential Antiretroviral Adherence Measurement Using Electronic Bottle Cap Monitors in a Cohort of HIV-Infected Adults
Authors: Shuter Jonathan , Sarlo Julie A. , Stubbs Roxann O. , Rode Richard A. , Zingman Barry S.
Published: January 2012

Most studies employing electronic bottle monitors to measure antiretroviral adherence are limited to 24 weeks of duration, providing a snapshot of adherence from a treatment course that may be lifelong. The stability of these measures in individual patients over time has not been previously described. We measured antiretroviral adherence using Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) caps in a patient cohort in 2004 and 2005 and repeated the measurement in 2008 and 2009. Forty-eight participants completed both monitoring periods. Mean adherence rates in the first and second periods were 74.2% and 68.9%, respectively. Adherence rates from the 2 periods for individual participants were highly correlated (Spearman rho = .66, P < .001).
Work Action Analysis
Authors: Nickles George M. , Pritchett Amy R.
Published: January 2012

Cognitive engineering methods must be extended to allow for analysis of educational systems. Specifically, this article proposes work action analysis (WAA) as a method for modeling educational systems to support their design and evaluation. WAA is defined as a form of work analysis that describes a system as the overall system goals, the collective work environments for each of multiple roles in the system, the essential interrelationships between the agents’ cognitive and physical activities and their environment, and the interactions between agents’ roles. A general description of WAA is given along with specific steps to generate a WAA model. WAA is used to model an undergraduate engineering course and guide its evaluation via a variety of measures. Finally, insights into educational systems from the WAA modeling method are discussed.
Natural Break Points
Authors: Janssen Christian P. , Brumby Duncan P. , Garnett Rae
Published: January 2012

What factors determine when people interleave tasks when multitasking? Here the authors look at the role of priorities and cognitive and motor cues. A study was conducted in which participants steered a simulated vehicle while also dialing two phone numbers that contained sets of repeating digits. Participants tended to interleave tasks after typing in a complete set of repeating digits and sometimes also at the cognitive chunk boundary. The exact pattern of how participants interleaved these tasks depended on their priority objective. A modeling analysis that explored performance for a series of alternative strategies for task interleaving, given the cognitive and task constraints, suggested why participants avoided interleaving at other points: Such strategies tend to move performance away from a trade-off curve that strikes an optimal balance between dialing and driving performance. The study highlights the role that cognitive and motor cues can play in dual-task performance and the importance of being aware, and acting on, priorities. Further implications and limitations are discussed.
Human Factors in Control Room Operations in Mineral Processing
Authors: Li Xilin , Powell Malcolm S. , Horberry Tim
Published: January 2012

This study applied human factors research approaches to the complex and dynamic environment of mineral processing plants. In this domain, little formal human factors research has previously been undertaken, despite that human performance limitations are frequently noted as a bottleneck to effective production. This article presents a broad, operator-centered investigation on the current status of control room operations and explores the underlying barriers in the operators’ work environment. A total of 20 operators working at two types of Australian mineral processing plants were involved. Multiple data collection methods, including in situ observations and interviews, surveys, and reviews of documentation, were used. The findings revealed that operator control was essentially in a reactive mode, with operators often lacking the will or ability to engage in process optimization. A simplified work domain analysis was used to highlight the essential elements involved in operator control and to explore the gaps between the observed reactive behavior and the required proactive control employed by operators. Also, this study uncovered deficiencies in the current information and organizational environments constraining operator control ability. These deficiencies included poorly designed human-machine interface and alarms, insufficient operator training, and inappropriate task allocations. Further research for enhancing operator capacity is recommended and highlighted.
Toward a Science of Silence
Authors: Stone Charles B. , Coman Alin , Brown Adam D. , Koppel Jonathan , Hirst William
Published: January 2012

Silence about the past permeates acts of remembering, with marked mnemonic consequences. Mnemonic silence—the absence of expressing a memory—is public in nature and is embedded within communicative acts, such as conversations. As such, silence has the potential to affect both speakers—the source of the silence—and listeners—those attending to the speaker. Although the topic of silence is widely discussed, it is rarely mentioned in the empirical literature on memory. Three factors are employed to classify silence into different types: whether a silence is accompanied by covert remembering, whether the silence is intentional or unintentional, and whether the silenced memory is related or unrelated to the memories emerging in a conversation. These factors appear to be critical when considering the mnemonic consequences. Moreover, the influence of silence on memory varies between speaker and listener. Although rarely mentioned, recent empirical research on memory clearly has a bearing on a topic of such general interest as silence.
Blauth II thumb hypoplasia: a management algorithm for the unstable metacarpophalangeal joint
Authors: Smith P. , Sivakumar B. , Hall R. , Fleming A.
Published: January 2012

Blauth Type II thumb hypoplasia is defined by first web space narrowing, deficiency of thenar musculature, and instability of the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ). This instability can be uni-axial (type IIA) or multi-axial (type IIB). The aim of this study was to assess the results of treating type II thumb hypoplasia using an algorithm based on the type of instability present. Cases of uni-axial MCPJ laxity (type IIA) underwent stabilization as part of a flexor digitorum superficialis opposition transfer. Type IIB cases with multi-axial instability were treated with an MCPJ chondrodesis and an abductor digit minimi transfer for opposition. First web space release was achieved using a z-plasty approach in all patients. An analysis was carried out of all cases of type II thumb hypoplasia treated by the senior author within the setting of a tertiary referral children’s hospital over a 9 year period. Using our management algorithm, equivalent functional results were seen in each subgroup in terms of first web space release, MCPJ stabilization, and opposition.
Olmesartan/amlodipine: blood pressure lowering and beyond in special populations
Authors: Erdine Serap
Published: January 2012

Clinical studies and population-based analyses show that in patients with hypertension, the majority cannot control their blood pressure (BP) by treatment with a single antihypertensive agent. Combining agents from different antihypertensive classes with complementary modes of action significantly increases efficacy and is a treatment strategy recommended by European treatment guidelines, particularly in patients at high cardiovascular risk. The combinations of antihypertensive agents recommended by the European guidelines include an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) with a calcium channel blocker (CCB). The single-pill combination formulation of the ARB olmesartan medoxomil plus the CCB amlodipine is an effective and well-tolerated treatment that provides greater blood pressure lowering and control than the component monotherapies and favours compliance by not increasing pill burden. Importantly, the efficacy and tolerability of olmesartan plus amlodipine is not affected by age, gender, hypertension severity, diabetes status, race or body mass index. Additional blood pressure lowering effects are observed with stepwise uptitration of olmesartan plus amlodipine with or without hydrochlorothiazide, with more patients achieving blood pressure goals. In addition, olmesartan plus amlodipine has demonstrated effects beyond BP lowering by showing beneficial effects on markers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, as well as metabolic improvements and a reduction in new-onset diabetes incidence in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome.
Current Management of Aortic Injuries
Authors: Magee Gregory , Mell Matthew , Fischbein Michael , Maggio Paul M. , Spain David A.
Published: January 2012

The past decade has seen major changes in the management of blunt, traumatic thoracic aortic injury. The increasing use and improvement of computed tomography scans and endovascular stent grafts have changed management paradigms by allowing more rapid diagnosis and definitive repair with less physiologic stress on the patient. Short- and long-term data support this trend, as well as the advantages of delayed repair for stable aortic injuries.
Attentional Focus and the Dynamics of Dual Identity Integration
Authors: Mok Aurelia , Morris Michael W.
Published: January 2012

Do situational cues to individuals’ social identities shift the way they look at objects? Do such shifts hinge on the structure of individuals’ self-concept? We hypothesized individuals with integrated identities would exhibit attentional biases congruent with identity cues (assimilative response), whereas those with nonintegrated identities would exhibit attentional biases incongruent with identity cues (contrastive response). Dual identity participants (Asian Americans, Study 1; female lawyers, Study 2) were exposed to identity primes and then asked to focus on central, focal objects in a stimulus display. Among participants with high identity integration, American (Study 1) or lawyer priming (Study 2) shifted attention toward focal objects (assimilative response). Among participants with low identity integration, Asian (Study 1) or female priming (Study 2) shifted attention toward focal objects (contrastive response). Dual identity integration moderates responses to identity cues in attentional focus. Implications for identity structure, object perception, and task performance are discussed.