bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
48.1: LCD Motion Blur Reduction with Motion Compensated Inverse Filtering
Authors: Klompenhouwer Michiel A. , Velthoven Leo Jan
Published: January 2005

Due to the sample‐and‐hold effect, LCDs suffer from motion blur even when the response of the panel is very fast. We present a video processing method called ‘motion compensated inverse filtering’, that allows reduction of this blur to a large extent, without modifying the display panel.
48.2: DCCII: Novel Method for Fast Response Time in PVA Mode
Authors: Song Jang‐Kun , Lee Kyung‐Eun , Chang Hak‐Sun , Hong Sang‐Mi , Jun Man‐Bok , Park Bo‐Yoon , Seomun San‐Seong , Kim Kyeong‐Hyeon , Kim Sang‐Soo
Published: January 2005

A modified DCC (Dynamic Capacitance Compensation), DCCII has been developed for the fast response time performance in PVA TFT‐LCD TVs. DCCII applies a pre‐tilt voltage to addressed pixels during the previous frame in addition to an overshoot voltage. In result, the response time less than 8 msec, has been obtained for all moving images through the DCCII technique.
49.4: Effect of Resolution, Sharpness, Contrast and Luminance on Depth Impression and Overall Image Quality for a 2D TV
Authors: Rajae‐Joordens R. , Heynderickx I.
Published: January 2005

Based on two experiments, we investigated the effect of the attributes display resolution, sharpness, contrast and luminance on the impression of depth and overall image quality for a 2D TV. The results of the first experiment indicated that display resolution, sharpness and contrast contribute to an augmented depth impression and a better overall image quality. The second experiment focused more on the effect of luminance, and showed that, probably due to an insufficient high dynamic range of current available TV sets, it is not possible to find a brightness setting that combines optimal overall image quality with a maximal impression of depth.
51.4:Invited Paper:Modelling and Design of Polysilicon Drive Circuits for OLED Displays
Authors: Tam Simon W.‐B. , Shimoda Tatsuya
Published: January 2005

Voltage input pixel driver circuits for low‐temperature polysilicon thin‐film transistor active‐matrix organic light emitting diode displays have been designed to give uniform display brightness in the presence of spatial variation of threshold voltages. These pixel circuits are designed for a high‐resolution and fine‐grayscale display.
10.4: High Image‐Content Zenithal Bistable Devices
Authors: Jones J. Cliff , Beldon Steve
Published: January 2005

Grating aligned zenithal bistable LCDs offer a low cost route to ultra‐low power displays with excellent appearance. The flexibility of the grating design and embossing fabrication method allows each pixel to have several latching thresholds without extra fabrication cost. Combining this approach with a novel addressing method allows each row driver to address several lines of information. For example, this technique allows high numbers of greys to be addressed using digitally weighted spatial dither, but without the extra‐cost of additional electronic drivers.
52.1: A High Brightness Colour 160 PPI Reflective Display Technology Based on Electrowetting
Authors: Hayes R. A. , Feenstra B. J. , Camps I. G. J. , Hage L. M. , Roques‐Carmes T. , Schlangen L. J. M. , Franklin A. R. , Valdes A. F.
Published: January 2005

Electrowetting can be used to provide the pixel engine for a reflective display. By contracting a colored oil film electrically, an optical switch with a high reflectivity (>40%) and contrast (<15) is obtained. In addition to the attractive optical properties, the principle exhibits a video‐rate response speed (∼10 ms) and has a clear route toward a high‐brightness color display [1]. Here we additionally show that the display principle is readily scalable to a pixel size of 160 μm.
53.1: Real‐time Binary Hologram Generation for High‐quality Video Projection Applications
Authors: Cable A. J. , Buckley E. , Mash P. , Lawrence N. A. , Wilkinson T. D. , Crossland W. A.
Published: January 2005

Presenting visual information using binary‐phase holography has a number of advantages over conventional video projection techniques. However, acceptable image quality for video applications has yet to be realised. In addition, the computational complexity of hologram generation has precluded real‐time operation. The authors present a new approach to hologram generation and display which allows high‐quality images to be projected holographically, in real time.
55.2: Bit‐Depth‐Extension: Overcoming LCD‐Driver Limitations by Using Models of the Equivalent Input Noise of the Visual System
Authors: Daly Scott , Feng Xiao‐Fan
Published: January 2005

Continuous tone, or “contone”, imagery usually has 24 bits/pixel as a minimum, with eight bits each for the three primaries in typical displays. However, lower‐cost displays constrain this number because of various system limitations. Conversely, higher quality displays seek to achieve 9–10 bits/pixel/color, though there may be system bottlenecks limited at 8. The two main artifacts from reduced bit‐depth are contouring and loss of amplitude detail; these can be prevented by dithering the image prior to these bit‐depth losses. Early work in this area includes Roberts’ noise modulation technique [1], Mitsa's blue noise mask [2], Tyler's technique of bit‐stealing [3], and Mulligan's use of the visual system's spatiotemporal properties for spatiotemporal dithering [4]. However, most halftoning/dithering work was primarily directed to displays at the lower end of bits/pixel (e.g., 1 bit as in halftoning) and higher ppi. We approach the problem from the higher end of bits/pixel/color, say 6‐8. Bit‐depth extension with a high starting bit‐depth (and often lower spatial resolution) changes the game substantially from halftoning experience. For example, complex algorithms like error diffusion are not needed. In addition, dynamic displays allow for the use of a temporal dithering component. This paper will report on techniques and observations made in achieving contone quality on ∼100 ppi 6 bits/pixel/color LCD displays with no visible dither patterns, noise, contours, or loss of amplitude detail at viewing distances as close as the near focus limit (∼ 120 mm).
55.3: Subpixel Rendering on Colour Matrix Displays with 2D Geometries
Authors: Messing Dean S. , Kerofsky Louis
Published: January 2005

The resolution of colour matrix displays can be increased by rendering images using subpixel rendering, but at the cost of colour aliasing if appropriate filtering is not done. The problem has been effectively solved for the case of one‐dimensional RGB striped matrix displays by using chrominance post‐filters based on a human perceptual model. In this paper we extend this result and present a general framework for rendering on 2D subpixel geometries.
58.1: Limitation of Liquid Crystal on Silicon Spatial Light Modulator for Holographic Three‐dimensional Displays
Authors: Wang Xinghua , Wang Bin , Bos Philip J. , Anderson James E. , Kujawinska Małgorzata , Pouch John , Miranda Felix
Published: January 2005

In 3‐D display system based on opto‐electronic reconstruction of digitally recorded hologram, the field of view of such a system is limited by the spatial resolution of the liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) spatial light modulator (SLM) used to perform the opto‐electronic reconstruction. In this article, the spatial resolution limitation of LCOS SLM associated with fringe field effect and interpixel coupling is determined by liquid crystal director simulation and Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation. The diffraction efficiency loss associates with the imperfection in phase profile is studied with an example of opto‐electronic reconstruction of an amplitude object. A high spatial resolution LCoS SLM with wide reconstruction angle is proposed.
12.3: Illumination Control System for Adaptive Dynamic Range Control
Authors: Toyooka Takashi , Yoshida Shohei , Iisaka Hidehito
Published: January 2005

We have developed an illumination control system for adaptive dynamic range control. This system satisfies several performance requirements for image quality and reliability. A projection system using the illumination control system can reproduce images with optimum brightness for each image.
13.4: Cell Gap Measurements of Flexible Reflective TN‐ and STN‐ LC Cells
Authors: Valyukh S. , Osterman J. , Adås C. , Skarp K.
Published: January 2005

We propose several new methods for measuring cell gap of filled reflective LC cells on plastic substrates. Cases when plastic is anisotropic, and the LC cell consists of either one or two internal polarizers are considered. Proposed methods are well suited for both reflective and transmissive LC cells.
16.1: Robust Flexible LCDs with Paintable Technology
Authors: Vogels Joost P. A. , Klink Stephen I. , Penterman Roel , de Koning Henk , Huitema Edzer E. A. , Broer Dirk J.
Published: January 2005

In this article the second‐generation liquid crystal displays (LCDs) made by the Paintable LCD technology is presented. With this technology LCDs are manufactured by a sequence of simple coating and UV curing processes. Since the process can be carried out on plastic substrates and the stack of optical layers is only tens of micrometers thick, the resulting LCDs are ultra‐thin and flexible.
17.2: Highly Efficient Red Co‐Host Emitter with a New Fluorescent Dopant in Organic Electroluminescent Devices
Authors: Wen Shih‐Wen , Liu Tswen Hsin
Published: January 2005

We have developed a very efficient fluorescent red dopant material for use in OLED devices. Applied in a co‐host emitting system of rubrene/Alq3 (60/40), the device showed an EL efficiency of 5.49 cd/A and 2.59 lm/W at 20 mA/cm2 and 6.7 V, with a red CIEx, y color coordinates of [0.64, 0.35], which are among the highest ever reported for a red fluorescent dopant. Its device stability is tested to be as good as that of DCJTB.
17.4: Improved Efficiency by a Fluorescent Sensitizer in Red Organic Light‐emitting Devices based on a Europium Complex
Authors: Fang Junfeng , Ma Dongge
Published: January 2005

By doping a fluorescent dye as sensitizer in the emissive layer, we realized high efficient red organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) based a europium complex. The OLEDs realized by this method showed pure red emission at 612 nm with a full width at half maximum of 3 nm. The maximum brightness and EL efficiency reached 2450 cd/m2 at 20 V and 9.0 cd/A (6.0 lm/w) at current density of 0.012 mA/cm2, respectively. At the brightness of 100 cd/m2, the current efficiency yet reached 4.4 cd/A.
23.1: Efficient Electron Injection from Bilayer Cathode with High Work Function Metal
Authors: Cao Yong , Wu Hongbin , Huang Fei , Mo Yueqi , Yang Wei
Published: January 2005

A novel bilayer cathode has been developed to variety of RGB emitting polymers to form an effective electron injector. An effective electron injection from high work function metal such as Al can be realized by incorporation of a thin layer of water‐ or alcohol‐soluble copolymer between metal and emitting layer. The device performance of polymer LEDs fabricated with such bilayer cathodes can be enhanced to levels comparable to or even higher than that obtained by using Ca and Ba cathode.
23.4: Photoemission Investigation of Cesium‐Doped tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) and the Effect of Dopant Diffusion
Authors: Gerenser Louis J. , Fellinger Paul R. , Tang Ching W. , Liao Liang‐Sheng
Published: January 2005

The chemical and electronic effects of Cs‐doped Alq3 have been investigated using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). XPS reveals the formation of a new nitrogen species shifted to lower binding energy that increases in intensity as a function of Cs doping. UPS reveals the formation of a new gap state in the previously forbidden band gap of Alq3 after Cs doping. Both results are consistent with the formation of a Cs‐Alq3 charge‐transfer complex. The thermal stability of the charge‐transfer complex was also evaluated using angle‐resolved XPS (ARXPS). The XPS data suggests that one Cs atom attached to an Alq3 molecule is thermally stable, but the addition of a second or third Cs atom to an Alq3 molecule produces a thermally unstable complex. OLED device data also confirms the thermal instability of the Cs‐Alq3 complex.
24.4: New Type of Optical Filter for PDP TV with Improved Durability
Authors: Zagdoun G. , Heitz T. , Talpaert X.
Published: January 2005

A new PDP filter structure with outstanding durability is obtained by combining a hard Anti‐Reflection coating on glass with a special polyvinyl butyral foil that includes visible and IR‐cut pigments. It can be manufactured in a cost efficient way by means of a process derived from automotive windshield technology.
25.4: Micro‐Patterned Carbon Nanotube Arrays Using Pen‐Writable Lyotropic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Sousa Matthew E. , Chan Christopher , Gao Yuming , Jian Kengqing , Hurt Robert , Crawford Gregory P. , Yang Nancy
Published: January 2005

We have fabricated carbon nanofibers and nanotubes using disk‐rod assemblies of lyotropic liquid crystals in which the orientation of graphene layers can be manipulated using surface anchoring techniques common to liquid crystal displays. The bulk material properties of the graphene can be controlled by the spatial arrangement of the layers due to their anisotropic nature. We have also demonstrated a method to pattern arrays of nanotubes using an automated printing technique. Carbon nanotubes are being considered for a number of display applications.
27.2: Poly‐Si Thin‐Film Transistors Using Polysilazane‐Based Spin‐On Glass for All Dielectric Layers
Authors: Yudasaka Ichio , Tanaka Hideki , Miyasaka Masami , Inoue Satoshi , Shimoda Tatsuya
Published: January 2005

Polycrystalline silicon thin‐film transistors (poly‐Si TFTs) with all layers of dielectric made from polysilazane‐based spin‐on glass (PS‐SOG) have been developed for the first time. The maximum annealing temperature of the PS‐SOG was at 400 °C. The electrical characteristics of poly‐Si TFTs with PS‐SOG as a gate dielectric are stable and the gate leakage current is sufficiently low. PS‐SOG is expected to realize CVD‐free deposition of dielectric layers and remarkable cost reduction of poly‐Si TFTs.
28.3: General Methodology for LCoS Panel Compensation
Authors: Chen Jianmin , Robinson Michael G. , Sharp Gary D.
Published: January 2005

A general three‐step methodology is presented to optimize contrast when compensating LCoS panels. The first step acts to compensate the in‐plane residual retardation, while the second one improves the field of view (FOV) using either MacNeille‐type or wire‐grid polarizing beamsplitters (PBS). The orientation of the LCoS panel and compensator, relative to the MacNeille PBS, are very critical to achieve good system contrast. The final step is to account for reflections from anisotropic material, which can contribute field components that appear as on‐state light, limiting contrast.
28.4: Poincare Sphere Analysis of LCOS E‐O Effects
Authors: Zhang Yanli , Bos Philip J. , Chung David B. , Grunnet‐Jepsen Anders
Published: January 2005

LCoS imager performance depends on the liquid crystal (LC) operation mode that is being selected. In this paper we explain the design principle in an alternative way by using Poincare sphere analysis. The selection of the compensator parameters for the LC modes, which need to be compensated to get good dark state, is also discussed by using Poincare sphere analysis. We also introduce the plotting of reflectivity vs. retardation(Δnd /λ) with bright state and black state plotted on the same graph, which we found is very helpful for mode selection.
Nematic liquid‐crystal technology for Si wafer‐based reflective spatial light modulators
Authors: Lu Minhua
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Various nematic LC modes are reviewed and compared in terms optical throughput, driving voltage, response time, contrast ratio, and spectral responses for LCoS applications. The effects of fringe‐field‐induced disclination on display performance and the mechanism of slow response of the disclination line between two topologically non‐equivalent LC states will be discussed. Issues involving flicker and photo‐instability of LCoS displays will be addressed as well.
Development of a 10.4‐in. UXGA display using low‐temperature poly‐Si technology
Authors: Hanari Jun
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A new 10.4‐in.‐diagonal display with UXGA resolution (1600 H × 1200 V pixels) using low‐temperature polysilicon (poly‐Si) TFTs has been developed for notebook‐PC applications. The source drive technique uses integrated selector switches, which decreases the number of tape carrier packages (TCPs) for a poly‐Si TFT‐LCD and increases the connection pitch of the TCPs to the glass substrate. In this paper, we present a new display configuration and fabrication process.
Materials optimization for semiconducting polymer LEDs and FETs
Authors: van Breemen A. J. J. M. , Bastiaansen J. J. A. M. , Langeveld B. M. W. , Sweelssen J. , van Haare J. A. E. H. , Herwig P. T. , Hoekerd K. T. , Schoo H. F. M.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Dye‐doped semiconducting polymers are used as active layers in polymer light‐emitting diodes (polyLEDs). The emission color can be tuned by doping the active polymer with certain dyes. This concept of energy transfer is demonstrated for a green matrix doped with a red‐emitting dye, suitable for use in LEDs. An absolute PL efficiency of 39% is observed for this system. Another very attractive development is taking place in the area of all‐polymer transistors. This may lead to a (partial) replacement of the driving electronics by all‐plastic circuits. A new precursor route toward poly(thienylenevinylene)s (PTVs), suitable as active material in all‐polymer integrated circuits, is presented. Synthesis of the precursors is reproducible and fast, and can readily be scaled for manufacture. Quantitative conversion of the precursor polymer can be accomplished by heating at 150°C for 20 min. The resulting mobility (6 × 10−3 cm2/V‐sec) and ON‐OFF ratio (4 × 104) makes this material a suitable candidate for the development and large‐scale manufacturing of all‐polymer integrated circuits.
Phosphors for plasma‐display panels: Demands and achieved performance
Authors: Bechtel H. , Jüstel T. , Gläser H. , Wiechert D. U.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Almost two‐thirds of the discharge cells in plasma‐display panels (PDPs) are covered with phosphors. Beyond the efficient conversion of vacuum UV photons into visible light, the phosphor layer serves as a reflective mirror transporting light in the desired viewing direction. The quantum efficiency of state‐of‐the‐art PDP phosphors is, at its upper limit, 80–95%. Today's improved blue‐emitting BaMgAl10O17:Eu (BAM) phosphor still deteriorates during panel processing and operation, resulting in a loss of efficiency and color purity. A reduction in the phosphor particle size below 2 μm is suited to ease panel manufacturing and to improve light output.
Low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT transferred onto plastic substrates by using surface free technology by laser ablation/annealing (SUFTLA®)
Authors: Utsunomiya Sumio , Inoue Satoshi , Shimoda Tatsuya
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A novel technology that makes it possible to transfer electronic devices from an original substrate to another substrate is introduced. Because laser irradiation is utilized during the transfer process, this technology was named SUFTLA® (surface free technology by laser ablation/annealing). Low‐temperature poly‐Si TFTs first manufactured on a quartz substrate were transferred onto a PES substrate without any damage or characteristic degradation. A trial TFT‐LCD device with peripheral integrated driver circuits was also transferred onto the PES substrate and their operation was observed under typical conditions. These results indicate that the SUFTLA technology is one of the leading candidates for fine‐patterned high‐performance electronic‐device manufacturing on flexible substrate.
Analysis of drain ac stress‐induced hot‐carrier degradation in low‐temperature poly‐Si TFTs
Authors: Inoue Satoshi , Kimura Mutsumi , Shimoda Tatsuya
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

We investigated hot‐carrier degradation in low‐temperature (≤425° C) polycrystalline‐silicon thin‐film transistors (poly‐Si TFTs). When the appropriate stress is applied to the TFTs, a decrease in on‐current and an increase in off‐current are induced by the drain avalanche hot carriers (DAHC). The extent of the degradation is quite large, however, when the ac stress is applied to the drain (drain ac stress). Moreover, the degradation is accelerated by an increase in the frequency of the drain ac stress. We found that the pulse number of the drain ac stress dominated this degradation. It is well known that hot carriers are generated by impact ionization, and the impact ionization rate increases with an increase in the carrier density and the electric field in the channel. When the dc stress is supplied to the drain (drain dc stress), the electric field near the drain is high, while the electron density near the drain is low because of the formation of a pinch‐off region. On the other hand, for the case of drain AC stress, both the electric field and electron density near the drain become high during the transition when the voltage of the stress pulse changes from low to high. The impact ionization rate increases at this point. As this cycle is repeated, it is thought that the degradation of TFTs is accelerated.
Sequential‐color LCD based on OCB with an LED backlight
Authors: Yamada Fumiaki , Nakamura Hajime , Sakaguchi Yoshitami , Taira Yoichi
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

We have fabricated a 13.3‐in. XGA (1024 × 768) TFT sequential‐color liquid‐crystal display using optically compensated birefringency (OCB), illuminated by an LED backlight. We fabricated the sequential‐color display feasible process technology, and examined the performance and potential of a field‐sequential‐color scheme. The display was connected to a laptop computer and examined for flicker.
Advanced liquid‐crystal materials for TFT monitor and TV applications
Authors: Tarumi Kazuaki , Heckmeier Michael , Klasen‐Memmer Melanie
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Notebook applications have been one of the most important driving forces behind the remarkable growth of liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs). LCDs have recently been well accepted in the monitor market and large growth is forecasted because of the replacement of CRTs. The next challenge for LCDs is the TV market. These new application areas are supported by advanced LC technologies such as film‐compensated twisted nematic (TN), in‐plane switching (IPS), and vertically aligned (VA) modes. Each TFT technology requires a corresponding LC material improvement. We will review the recent liquid‐crystal material development for these advanced LC technologies.
Organic EL materials based on styryl and amine derivatives
Authors: Sakai Toshio , Hosokawa Chishio , Fukuoka Kenichi , Tokailin Hiroshi , Hironaka Yoshio , Ikeda Hidetsugu , Funahashi Masakazu , Kusumoto Tadashi
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Excellent organic electroluminescent materials are needed in order to obtain color EL devices with high performance. We have succeeded in realizing bright and efficient devices with long lifetime in various color regions, based on styryl and amine derivatives.
A 100,000‐cd/m2 capacity‐coupled electrodeless discharge backlight with high efficacy for LC TVs
Authors: Baba Y. , Izuka M. , Shiga T. , Mikoshiba S. , Nishiyama S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A capacity‐coupled electrodeless Hg discharge lamp has been developed for LC TV backlightings. By applying sinusoidal voltages which are 180° out of phase with a pair of external electrodes, a luminous uniformity of over 84% is attained in two types of lamps whose lengths are 190 and 390 mm. Luminance, efficacy, and input power to the lamp are 114,000 cd/m2, 35 lm/W, and 21.5 W when the 390‐mm lamp is driven at 5 MHz. With a frequency below 1.1 MHz, eight 390‐mm lamps, connected in parallel to one another without external ballast impedance, can be driven by using a single inverter.
Mercury‐free 18‐in. flat fluorescent lamp with good uniformity
Authors: Kwak M. G. , Han J. I. , Kim W. K. , Park S. K. , Hong S. J. , Kim Y. H. , Choi J. Y. , Jeong K. S. , Sohn S. H.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

We have developed an 18‐in. 287 × 359‐mm flat fluorescent lamp (FFL) that uses a xenon dielectric barrier discharge and analyzed its electro‐optical characteristics. The surface luminance of the lamp having a diffuser sheet thickness of 3 mm was 5600 cd/m2 and the luminance uniformity was 92% at an applied voltage of 950 Vrms. The luminous efficacy of the FFL was 24.5 lm/W for a luminance of 4200 cd/m2 when driven by a sine‐wave voltage.
A flexible ferroelectric liquid‐crystal display with improved mechanical stability for smart‐card applications
Authors: Brill J. , Lueder E. , Randler M. , Voegele S. , Frey V.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A bistable ferroelectric liquid‐crystal display (FLCD) for application in a smart card has been developed together with Infineon Technologies Business Unit Security and Chip Card ICs. The manufacturing process of the display will be explained. To further improve the functionality and reliability of the display, its layout has been modified. Barrier layers to reduce water permeation have been introduced. Defects in the FLC have been observed around the spacers. A change in the process order can help to avoid them. To reduce the sensitivity of the smectic layers of the FLC to shear forces, a special display layout with enlarged spacers has been developed together with an appropriate vacuum‐free filling process.
Low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT‐LCD with an integrated analog circuit
Authors: Nakamura Takashi , Karube Masao , Hayashi Hirotaka , Nakamura Kazuo , Tada Norio , Fujiwara Hisao , Tsutsumi Junsei , Motai Tomonobu
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

We have developed a 6‐bit D/A converter and amplifier integrated low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT‐LCD in which an integrated signal‐line driver is driven by a 5‐V power supply. We have employed a D/A converter including a new capacitor array and an original amplifier comprised of serially connected comparators to achieve high accuracy. The D/A converter performs gamma correction using upper significant bits of input data. Control signals for these circuits were generated by the integrated timing circuit. These advances in integration have been achieved for the first time using 3‐μm design rule and improved LTPS TFT technologies and provide an advanced display system with lower power consumption, smaller module size, and higher durability.
Towards a polarized light‐emitting backlight: micro‐structured anisotropic layers
Authors: Blom S. M. P. , Huck H. P. M. , Cornelissen H. J. , Greiner H.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A backlight for liquid‐crystal‐display illumination is presented, in which s‐polarized light is preferentially coupled out by micro‐optical structures in a birefringent layer. In the experiments, contrasts higher than 15 have been obtained. A polarization dependent ray‐tracing model has been developed. Important guidelines for finding an optimal backlight configuration have been derived from the calculations.
New high‐luminance 50‐ and 43‐in. ACPDPs with an improved panel structure
Authors: Koshio C. , Taniguchi H. , Amemiya K. , Saegusa N. , Komaki T. , Sato Y.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

New 50‐ and 43‐in. ACPDPs, which have been developed and commercialized in 2001, show high luminance with improved cell structure and higher Xe‐content gas. The specific features of the cell structure are “T”‐shaped electrodes and waffle‐structured ribs, which are same as those of the previous model. Both the cell structure and gas conditions have been optimized. New green and blue phosphors have also been adopted. As a result, the luminous efficacy has been improved up to 1.8 lm/W by using a black stripe. The peak luminance of the 50‐ and 43‐in. PDPs have reached 900 and 1000 cd/m2, respectively, while the power consumption of the 50‐in. PDP has been decreased to 380 W, which is 20% lower than that of our previous 50‐in. PDP.
Analysis of gamut mapping algorithms from the viewpoint of color name matching
Authors: Motomura Hideto
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

The validity of color name matching in analyzing gamut mapping algorithms is described in this paper. The performances of three types of gamut mapping algorithms (cusp scaling, clipping, and categorical weighting) are evaluated in a psychophysical experiment from the viewpoint of color name matching. Based on this evaluation, we have found that cusp‐scaling algorithm is capable of controlling lightness reasonably well, compensating for a decrease in chroma caused by the difference in the size of device gamut between a source and a destination device. Ranking of reproducible performance by the three gamut mapping algorithms in the psychophysical experiment is arrived at on the basis of color name matching.
Photoluminescent ZnS:Cu phosphor films made with atomic‐layer chemical vapor deposition and thermal evaporation
Authors: Hikavyy A. , Neyts K. , Stuyven G. , Poelman D. , De Visschere P.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Photoluminescent (PL) ZnS:Cu thin films were prepared by atomic‐layer chemical vapor deposition (ALCVD) and by thermal evaporation. The deposition, structure, and PL properties of the films were investigated, as well as the effect of heat treatment on photoluminescence.
Electrophoretic deposition of phosphor in a thermoreversible gel
Authors: Choi Yohan , Albot Jan B.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A method to electrophoretically deposit phosphors utilizing a thermoreversible gel was examined. The polymer poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) was mixed with the solvent, isopropanol, in concentrations ranging from 10 to 45 wt.%. Various deposition conditions were investigated, including temperature, polymer concentration, deposit time, and applied voltage. Although electrophoretic deposition of phosphor in a thermoreversible gel has been demonstrated, it does not appear likely that this PBMA system will allow for an adequate amount of phosphor to deposit due to the high viscosity at the required concentration of PBMA for gelation.
The study of the low‐field behavior of optically generated charges in thin‐film electroluminescent devices
Authors: Stuyven G. , Neyts K. , De Visschere P. , Soenen B.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

The measurement of photo‐stimulated currents (PSC) or thermally stimulated currents (TSC) in ACTFEL devices is sometimes used as a method to identify energy levels of trap centers in the phosphor layer. These methods are based on the fact that optically or thermally generated charges are able to move in the polarization field in the phosphor layer of an EL device, which remains after charging the device with a voltage pulse. Similar information about space charge can be obtained by the measurement of loss factor and capacitance of uncharged EL devices under illumination during a low ac‐voltage excitation. This new method avoids one of the major disadvantages of the other methods, namely, the continuous change of the field situation throughout the measurement. The measurement of low‐voltage photo‐stimulated currents (LVPSC) creates an identical and reproducible field situation at each wavelength, which makes interpretation more reliable. Moreover, this new method allows the extraction of information about the low‐field conduction behavior of EL thin films.
Subthreshold voltage‐induced transferred charge measurements of evaporated ZnS:Mn alternating‐current thin‐film electroluminescent devices
Authors: Cleary B. A. , Keir P. D. , Hitt J. C. , Plant T. K. , Wager J. F. , Aitchison B. , Tuenge R. T. , Sun S. S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Subthreshold voltage‐induced transferred charge (VIQ) analysis is proposed as a novel method for assessing the nature of aging in alternating‐current thin‐film electroluminescent (ACTFEL) devices. VIQ analysis involves the application of 20,000 bipolar voltage pulses of variable amplitude and measurement of the subthreshold charge transferred in the phosphor for voltage amplitudes from 0 V to threshold. VIQ experiments provide information related to the physical location, density, energy depth, and capture cross‐section of phosphor traps responsible for ACTFEL device aging. VIQ aging experiments were performed on ZnS:Mn ACTFEL devices whose phosphor layers were deposited by thermal evaporation, atomic layer epitaxy using chlorine as a constituent of the precursor gas [ALE (Cl)], and atomic layer epitaxy with diethyl zinc as a precursor gas [ALE (DEZ)]. The depth of the traps responsible for VIQ in evaporated, ALE (Cl), and ALE (DEZ) ZnS:Mn are estimated to be ∼1.0–1.2, ∼0.3, and ∼0.7–0.9 eV, respectively. It is speculated that the traps responsible for VIQ are due to sulfur vacancies, chlorine, and oxygen, for evaporated, ALE (Cl), and ALE (DEZ), respectively.
Computer display control and interaction using eye‐gaze
Authors: Farid M. , Murtagh F. , Starck J. L.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Innovative systems for user‐computer interaction based on the user's eye‐gaze behavior have important implications for various applications. Examples include user navigation in large images, typical of astronomy or medicine, and user selection and viewing of multiple video streams. Typically, a web environment is used for these applications. System latency must be negligible, while system obtrusiveness must be small. This paper describes the implementation and initial experimentation on such an innovative system.
A highly integrated AMLCD with low‐voltage operation
Authors: Ayres J. R. , Edwards M. J. , Trainor M. J. , Young N. D. , Pook R. , Pearson A. D. , Henzen A. V.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A highly integrated low‐temperature polysilicon AMLCD has been designed that operates from a 3‐V power supply and has a low‐voltage digital interface. This has been achieved by reducing the threshold voltage of the TFTs and integrating digital column drive circuits and charge‐pump circuits onto the display substrate. In standby mode, the display is capable of retaining an image without the need for external signals through the integration of dynamic‐memory circuits within the pixels of the display.
The manufacture of a thin‐film LCD
Authors: Bobrov Y. , Fennell L. , Lazarev P. , Paukshto M. , Remizov S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

LCDs with internal polarizers were designed and fabricated as production prototype TN‐LCDs. Optiva™ Thin Crystalline Films (TCFs) were used as the polarizers for these displays. The design and processes for fabrication of a TN‐LCD with Optiva internal polarizers will be discussed.
Advanced photospacers with elastic recovery
Authors: Pae Youlee , Lee Keun‐Joo , Lee Jaehwan , Choi Sook‐Young , Hong Seong‐Jae , Ryu Mi‐Sun , Kim Young‐Keun , Kim Tae Yong , Choi Bum‐Young , Yoo Chun‐Woo , Jung Yong‐Man , Cha Hyuk‐Jin , Kim Young Jun , Hahn Jun‐Hee
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A new series of photospacers has been prepared with different types of crosslinkers to improve elastic recovery. Afunctional crosslinker with six reactive groups demonstrates the best elastic recovery. As the quantity of crosslinker is increased, the elastic recovery also increases, probably due to an increase in the crosslinking density. The use of ADMS EPS® results in high resolution, good uniformity, and high production yield in the liquid‐crystal‐display (LCD) process. Especially, EPS® improves and solves problems such as viewing angle, crosstalk, and dark spots.
Development of a 14.1‐in. UXGA TFT‐LCD using LTPS technology
Authors: Kim Byeong‐Koo , Kim Kee‐Jong , Ahn Kook‐Chan , Choi Hong‐Seok , Ha Yong‐Min
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A 14.1‐in. UXGA low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT‐LCD has been developed using p‐MOS technology. Both the peripheral driving circuits and the pixel switches are implemented using only p‐channel TFTs. The device performance for the driving circuits and the panel design issues, such as crosstalk and flicker, were investigated. The image quality required for the notebook‐PC display has been achieved by optimizing the panel design and by improving the device performance. In addition, the redundant gate driving structure has been developed to minimize the degradation of the panel yield.
Power savings with resonant PMLCD driving
Authors: Stiens Johan , Devisch Frédéric , Kuijk Maarten
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A possible solution for decreasing the ac power dissipation in PMLCD driving is to use an RLC resonant‐drive approach. The achievable power savings depends on several parameters: the LCD material properties, the display size, the frame refresh rate, the driver‐IC technology, etc. A good knowledge of the different parameters is crucial to determining how much power can potentially be saved with resonant driving. In this paper, the influence of these parameters is theoretically derived. Using the essential formulas, a resonant‐driver IC for a 48 × 100 TN‐PMLCD was designed and experimentally verified: a power savings of 45% was obtained.
Amorphous semiconductors for cold cathodes: A route to large‐area flat‐panel displays
Authors: Silva S. R. P. , Carey J. D. , Forrest R. D.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The field‐emission‐display (FED) technology examined in the early sixties used metal tips or Spindt cathodes in order to extract electron beams to excite phosphors. The tips were necessitated by the large work function the electrons needed to overcome in order to be released into the vacuum. In the early nineties it was noticed that “flat” diamond surfaces emitted electrons at relatively low electric fields. Just as its crystalline counterparts, amorphous‐carbon thin films also showed that this class of materials were also capable of electron emission at low threshold fields. By using flat emitters, technologist can remove a number of fabrication steps that otherwise would have been required to produce large‐area arrays of field emitters and therefore reduce the cost of production significantly. This paper will review the progress of the use of flat amorphous semiconductors as cold cathodes. New results that appear to point towards a space‐charge‐controlled emission mechanism as opposed to a purely surface emission process based upon Fowler‐Nordheim tunneling will be introduced, which have implications on the type of device structure that will ultimately be needed for electron field‐emission devices. Two possible cold‐cathode materials, namely, amorphous‐carbon and amorphous silicon, will be examined.
Rare‐earth materials for use in the dark
Authors: Zhang Tianzhi , Su Qiang
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Recently, it was found that some materials doped with rare‐earth ions show bright and long‐lasting phosphorescence. They do not include radioactive elements and can be safely used as luminous paints for use in the dark. Some of them are better than the traditional zinc sulfide doped with copper (ZnS:Cu). The most important rare‐earth materials with long‐lasting phosphorescence are aluminates such as alkaline‐earth aluminates MAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ (M = Sr, Ca) and garnets Y3Ga5O12:Tb3+, Gd3Ga5O12:Tb3+, Cd3Al2Ge3O12:Tb3+, Cd3M2Ge3O12:Pr3+ (M = Al, Ge), Y3Al5−xGaxO12:Ce3+ (x = 3, 3.5). Some oxides such as InBO3:Tb3+, Ba2SiO4:Dy3+ also show long‐lasting phosphorescence properties. Other sulfide materials include ZnS:Eu, CaxSr1−x S:Bi, Tm, Cu or CaxSr1−xS:Eu. Alkaline‐earth aluminates MAl2O4:Eu2+ (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) codoped with RE3+ (RE = Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) were synthesized by using homogeneous precipitation method.
Organic‐inorganic heterojunction electroluminescent device fabricated by conjugated polymer and zinc oxide*
Authors: Zheng Xu
Published: January 2005

Abstract— In this study an organic‐inorganic heterostructure device was fabricated. This hybird device consisted of two layers, one of which was a conjugated polymer layer and the other an inorganic material layer. Compared with a single conjugated polymer layer device of the same thickness, the emission intensity increases about 5–8 times. The inorganic layer plays the role of the electron‐transport layer similar to its organic heterojunction counterpart.
Tetrahedrally bonded amorphous carbon for field‐emission displays
Authors: Milne W. I. , Robertson J. , Hart A. , Satyanarayana B. S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Field emission from a series of tetrahedrally bonded amorphous‐carbon (ta‐C) films, deposited in a filtered cathodic vacuum arc, has been measured. The threshold field for emission and current densities achievable have been investigated as a function of sp3/sp2 bonding ratio and nitrogen content. Typical as‐grown undoped ta‐C films have threshold fields of the order 10–15 V/μm and optimally nitrogen doped films exhibit fields as low as 5 V/μm. In order to gain further understanding of the mechanism of field emission, the films were also subjected to H2, Ar, and O2 plasma treatments and were also deposited onto substrates of different work function. The threshold field, emission current, and emission site densities were all significantly improved by the plasma treatment, but little dependence of these properties on work function of the substrate was observed. This suggests that the main barrier to emission in these films is at the front surface.
Photoalignment and photo‐patterning of planar and homeotropic liquid‐crystal‐display configurations
Authors: Seiberle Hubert , Schadt Martin
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Optical alignment and micro‐patterning of the alignment of liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs) by linear photopolymerization (LPP) technology renders high‐quality multi‐domain twisted‐nematic (TN) and supertwisted‐nematic (STN) displays with broad fields of view over wide temperature ranges feasible. The prerequisites are the generation of photo‐induced high‐resolution azimuthal alignment patterns with defined bias‐tilt angles 0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°. For the first time, LPP‐aligned single‐ and dual‐domain vertically aligned nematic LCDs (VAN‐LCDs) are presented. Dual‐domain VAN‐LCDs are shown to exhibit broad fields of view which are further broadened by combining the displays with LPP‐aligned optical compensators made of liquid‐crystal polymers.
Dichroic dye‐doped bistable polymer‐stabilized cholesteric‐texture light valve
Authors: Jang Won Gun , Sun Ruipeng , Twieg Robert J. , Yang Deng‐Ke
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We have carried out systematic investigations on a non‐polar dichroic‐dye‐doped bistable polymer‐stabilized cholesteric‐texture (PSCT) normal‐mode light modulator. The addition of a small amount of dichroic dye (∼1.0 wt.%) helps considerably to reduce the transmittance in the OFF state and therefore gives rise to an overall improvement in contrast ratio. Furthermore, collection‐angle dependence of the contrast ratio is reduced by the addition of the dichroic dye.
Large‐video‐display‐format conversion
Authors: De Haan G.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—High‐quality video‐format converters apply motion estimation and motion compensation to prevent jitter resulting from picture‐rate conversion, and aliasing due to de‐interlacing, in sequences with motion. Although initially considered as too expensive, high‐quality conversion is now economically feasible, and since 1995 has been available in consumer television ICs. This paper addresses the issues in format conversion and shows recent progress, introducing a new high‐quality video‐format‐conversion IC for consumer applications.
Conjugate‐optical retroreflector display system: Optical principles and perceptual issues
Authors: Arrington K. F. , Geri G. A.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Conjugate‐optical retroreflector (COR) display systems have the potential for providing inexpensive high‐resolution imagery in a head‐mounted display (HMD) configuration. There are several perceptual issues, however, that need to be addressed before a COR display system can be used effectively. One issue is the choice of projected‐image location relative to the retroreflective screen, which is determined by the convergence angle between the binocular channels of the COR display. Another issue involves visual half‐occlusions, which can occur when a portion of a stereoscopic image is visible to only one eye, as may occur in any HMD. If half occlusions are simulated in a COR display in a way that is inconsistent with natural viewing, undesirable perceptual effects may result. In the present paper, we first describe, the optical principles that underlie the COR display system. We then discuss the importance of binocular convergence and describe a COR display configuration that eliminates inconsistencies in the depth cues provided by displayed surface properties and halfocclusions.
Improvement in the picture quality of moving pictures for matrix displays
Authors: Hara Zen‐ichiro , Shiramatsu Naoki
Published: January 2005

Abstract— When a picture moves linearly at a specific velocity, its spectrum is distributed in the gaps between the high‐order harmonics in the 3‐D spatial‐frequency region, and therefore the pass band of the picture spectrum is apparently extended. The extension of the pass band does not contribute to picture quality in the RGB‐trio arrangement, but in some mosaic arrangements it may improve picture quality by eliminating discoloring of details due to human‐vision characteristics. The relation between picture motion and quality, which can be represented by the 3D Nyquist limits, can be verified by experiment or by the simple TFZP method. Subjective evaluation of the RGGB‐mosaic shows that, when the picture moves linearly, discoloring is almost completely eliminated at a velocity that can be estimated from the structure of the 3D Nyquist limits incorporating human‐vision characteristics. Good picture quality can be obtained at a velocity of 1 dot/field. The TFZP method makes it possible to verify the region where discoloring is eliminated by directly observing a cross‐section of the 3D Nyquist limits that incorporates human‐vision characteristics.
Minimum‐voltage driving of small STN‐LCDs by optimized multiple‐row addressing
Authors: Kuijk Karel E.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— In small STN‐LCDs for portable applications, rows and columns are driven by one IC. The LC supply voltages are generated on‐chip from the battery voltage by voltage multiplying. The total LC supply voltage should be as low as possible to minimize the accompanied power losses. By using multiple‐row addressing, the row and maximum column voltages can be made equal, leading to a minimum LC supply voltage. This occurs when the number of simultaneously addressed rows is equal to the square root of the number of rows in the panel. The LC supply voltage may be minimized further by using a liquid crystal which allows multiplexing of more rows than are actually present in the display panel, while at the same time fewer simultaneously addressed rows are required.
An addressing technique for displaying restricted patterns in rms‐responding LCDs by selecting a few rows at a time
Authors: Kumar Pani K. G. , Ruckmongathan T. N.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— An addressing technique that will allow rms‐responding matrix LCDs to display restricted patterns is proposed. This technique is based on the selection of a few rows at a time while scanning the display. In applications such as logic analyzers and oscilloscopes, mostly single‐valued functions of time are displayed. This restriction in the image is useful in enhancing the selection ratio so that good contrast is achievable even with TN‐LCDs. It is shown that a large reduction in the hardware complexity of the column drivers and the supply voltage is possible when the waveforms being displayed do not overlap each other and are equally spaced.