bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESPONSE OF COYOTES TO AVIAN DISTRESS CALLS: TESTING THE STARTLE-PREDATOR AND PREDATOR-ATTRACTION HYPOTHESES
Authors: Wise Kristi , Conover Michael , Knowlton Frederick
Published: July 2002

We tested two hypotheses proposed to explain why many birds emit distress calls when in the grasp of a predator: the startle-predator and predator-attraction hypotheses. Responses of captive coyotes to a starling distress call were compared between no-call and call trials to determine whether coyotes are startled by the call, and if so, whether they habituated to it. The coyotes were then paired and re-tested to determine whether the call incites a second coyote to approach and interfere with the attack of the initial coyote. Most coyotes exhibited a startle response during their first exposure to the distress call, their total startle response and total attack time significantly increased, and number of tugs on the prey significantly decreased in initial response to the call. However, distress calls may only startle naive or inexperienced predators because the coyotes habituated rapidly to the distress call playback. Although coyotes were attracted by the starling distress call, this study provided no evidence indicating that the call caused attracted coyotes to disrupt the attack of the first coyote. Furthermore, when an attracted coyote physically interfered, it frequently induced an intensified attack on the prey by the first coyote.
Experimental investigation of the effect of high-pH solutions on the Opalinus Shale and the Hammerschmiede Smectite
Authors: Taubald H. , Bauer A. , Schäfer T. , Geckeis H. , Satir M. , Kim J . I .
Published: July 2002

The alteration and transformation behaviour of the Tertiary Hammerschmiede Smectite and the Jurassic Opalinus Shale in an alkaline solution was studied in column experiments. The Hammerschmiede Smectite is proposed as potential backfill material and the Opalinus Shale as host rock for the Swiss low-level nuclear waste storage site. Over a period of 18 months, the evolution of permeability, pH and solution concentrations were measured. After the experiment, the columns were cut into pieces to study the mineralogical and the chemical evolution of the clays. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed no significant appearance or disappearance of diffraction peaks at the end of the experiments. The scanning electron micrographs of the clays revealed that both clays exhibited a precipitation zone, which extends from 0 to 2 cm below the infiltration surface. Both clays showed significant differences in the evolution of pH and hydraulic conductivity. The solution front crossed the Opalinus Shale column entirely after only 11 weeks and the initial values for K+and Na+were conserved in the solution. For both clays, the salt concentrations in the percolating fluids mirror the evolution of pH.
Electrical conduction in layer silicates investigated by combined scanning tunnelling microscopy and atomic force microscopy
Authors: Lindgreen H.
Published: July 2002

Layer silicates are generally assumed to be insulators, but electron transport may take place in nm thick particles. A combined scanning tunnelling-atomic force (STM-AFM) instrument using a conducting AFM tip has been constructed to investigate this conduction. Some layer silicates, e.g. micas (muscovite and biotite), are in fact semiconductors, conduction taking place through free electrons in the tetrahedral sheet (n-type semiconductivity) and probably through polaron hopping in the octahedral sheet. This implies that these minerals can be investigated by STM. Furthermore, micas show negative differential resistance (decreasing current with increasing voltage) at 2 – 5 V.
Magnetite and Co ferrite- based clay composites
Authors: Bourlinos A. B. , Devlin E. , Boukos N. , Simopoulos A. , Petridis D.
Published: July 2002

The synthesis of clay composites modified with magnetite and Co ferrite magnetic nanoparticles is described. The synthetic method relies on the adsorption of colloidal magnetite or Co ferrite particles onto the external surfaces of a Na-saturated clay mineral to give magnetic clay composites that can be converted easily, through ion exchange reactions, to valuable clay derivatives, e.g. organoclays, which maintain the magnetic properties of the parent composite. The magnetic solids were characterized by XRD, EPR, Mössbauer, magnetic measurement and TEM techniques.
An approach to the chemistry of pyroxenes formed during the firing of Ca-rich silicate ceramics
Authors: Dondi M. , Ercolani G. , Fabbri B. , Marsigli M.
Published: July 2002

Carbonate-bearing ceramic bodies are frequently used in the manufacture of bricks, roofing tiles, wall and floor tiles, pottery and tableware. During the firing of these bodies, clinopyroxene is usually formed in very small crystals, 1-5 µm in diameter or less. In the literature this phase is generally referred to as diopside, but no quantitative data are available. In order to chemically characterize these ‘ceramic’ pyroxenes, nine industrial products were analysed by XRF and XRD (bulk sample) and SEM-EDS (fracture surface). Quantitative ZAF analyses of pyroxene crystals showed a certain chemical variability: SiO2 35-50%, Al2O3 9-20%, Fe2O3 1-15%, MgO 3-14%, and CaO 16-25%. Sodium, K and Ti are always <1%, while ferrous iron is always <0.2% in the bulk sample. Overall, ‘ceramic’ clinopyroxenes present wide chemical analogies with ‘fassaite’, e.g. the abundance of aluminium and ferric iron, and the excess ofwollastonite molecules with respect to the diopside-hedenbergite series.
Evidence for ice VI as an inclusion in cuboid diamonds from high P-T near infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Kagi H. , Lu R. , Davidson P. , Goncharov A. F. , Mao H. K. , Hemley R. J.
Published: July 2002

Near infrared absorption (NIR) spectra of natural morphologically cubic polycrystalline diamonds (cuboid) were obtained at room temperature, and the stretching plus bending combination band of molecular water was observed. The spectrum consisted of the main band at 5180 cm-1 due to liquid water and a shoulder at 5000 cm-1. The 5000 cm-1 band suggests the presence of a phase with stronger hydrogen bonding in inclusions in the diamond. This shoulder absorption decreased on heating to 120°C. The combination band of H2O at high pressure and temperature was measured using a resistively heated diamond cell and the pressure dependence of the peak position was obtained. Comparison with the present experimental results indicates that the spectral changes induced by heating of the cuboid corresponded to melting of a high-pressure form of ice, and the shoulder absorption at 5000 cm-1 arises from ice VI at 1.9 GPa. On the other hand, the liquid water, a main component of the fluid inclusions in the cuboid, was not under high pressure judging from the frequency of the combination band. This contrast might relate to the texture of the cuboid diamond. The spectral observation enables us to estimate the residual pressure of mantle fluid encapsulated in these diamonds. The diamond-cell data also provide high-P-T NIR fingerprint spectra that could be useful for identifying H2O phases and confining pressures in other samples.
On the origin of anomalous birefringence in grandite garnets
Authors: Shtukenberg A. G. , Punin Yu. O. , Frank-Kamenetskaya O. V. , Kovalev O. G. , Sokolov P. B.
Published: July 2002

The origin of anomalous birefringence of grossular–andradite (grandite) garnets from skarns in Mali and Russia was considered. The crystals had complex superposition of two phenomena: mismatch compositional strain (stress birefringence) and growth ordering of atoms (growth dissymmetrization). Study of the crystals using several experimental techniques (optical microscopy, microprobe analysis, X-ray diffraction topography and X-ray single crystal diffraction) as well as calculations of anomalous birefringence has confirmed this hypothesis. Depending on the crystal composition and growth conditions, the relative magnitude of each phenomenon controls the various optical effects. As a result one can see two groups of crystals which are found to have fundamentally different anomalous optical properties: crystals with low (<0.001) and high (0.001–0.015) values of birefringence. The spatial distribution of birefringence within each group is different and this fact is related to different mechanisms causing optical anomalies: stress birefringence and growth dissymmetrization for these two groups, respectively.
Equilibrium and Kinetic Properties of Minerals
Authors: Redfern Simon A. T.
Published: July 2002

How can the equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics of minerals be understood from their atomic-scale structural features? How can they be predicted, simply from models for the forces between atoms? Advances in analytical theory, statistical mechanics, experimental solid-state science, computational power, and the sophistication of a mineralogical approach that brings all of these together, means that these questions, once imponderable, are now realistically tractable. These questions have been exercising the minds of mineralogists over the last decade or so, and have motivated many developments in the science. Acting as way-markers along the path, there are a number of publications which have followed from meetings where these questions have been addressed. It is now twelve years since the publication of Microscopic to Macroscopic, an edition of Reviews in Mineralogy (Kieffer and Navrotsky, 1985) that sought to identify the fundamental controls on the bulk properties of minerals in terms of their atomic-scale characteristics.
Enhanced ceramide generation and induction of apoptosis in human leukemia cells exposed to DT388–granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a truncated diphtheria toxin fused to human GM-CSF
Authors: Senchenkov Alex , Han Tie-Yan , Wang Hongtao , Frankel Arthur E. , Kottke Timothy J. , Kaufmann Scott H. , Cabot Myles C.
Published: July 2002

DT388–GM-CSF, a targeted fusion toxin constructed by conjugation of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with the catalytic and translocation domains of diphtheria toxin, is presently in phase I trials for patients with resistant acute myeloid leukemia. HL-60/VCR, a multidrug-resistant human myeloid leukemia cell line, and wild-type HL-60 cells were used to study the impact of DT388–GM-CSF on metabolism of ceramide, a modulator of apoptosis. After 48 hours with DT388–GM-CSF (10 nM), ceramide levels in HL-60/VCR cells rose 6-fold and viability fell to 10%, whereas GM-CSF alone was without influence. Similar results were obtained in HL-60 cells. Examination of the time course revealed that protein synthesis decreased by about 50% and cellular ceramide levels increased by about 80% between 4 and 6 hours after addition of DT388–GM-CSF. By 6 hours this was accompanied by activation of caspase-9, followed by activation of caspase-3, cleavage of caspase substrates, and chromatin fragmentation. Hygromycin B and emetine failed to elevate ceramide levels or induce apoptosis at concentrations that inhibited protein synthesis by 50%. Exposure to C6-ceramide inhibited protein synthesis (EC50∼5 μM) and decreased viability (EC50 ∼6 μM). Sphingomyelinase treatment depleted sphingomyelin by about 10%, while increasing ceramide levels and inhibiting protein synthesis. Diphtheria toxin increased ceramide and decreased sphingomyelin in U-937 cells, a cell line extremely sensitive to diphtheria toxin; exposure to DT388–GM-CSF showed sensitivity at less than 1.0 pM. Diphtheria toxin and conjugate trigger ceramide formation that contributes to apoptosis in human leukemia cells through caspase activation and inhibition of protein synthesis.
STAT5 promotes multilineage hematolymphoid development in vivo through effects on early hematopoietic progenitor cells
Authors: Snow Jonathan W. , Abraham Ninan , Ma Melissa C. , Abbey Nancy W. , Herndier Brian , Goldsmith Mark A.
Published: July 2002

The transcription factor signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5) is activated by numerous cytokines that orchestrate blood cell development. Multilineage peripheral blood cytopenias were observed in adult mice lacking both isoforms of STAT5 (STAT5A and STAT5B) as well as accelerated rates of apoptosis in the bone marrow. Although the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) population was preserved in a number of these mice, the post-HSC progenitor populations were diminished and a marked reduction in functional progenitors (spleen colony-forming units) was detected. Competitive bone marrow transplantation studies in vivo revealed a profound impairment of repopulation potential of STAT5-null HSCs, leading to complete lack of contribution to the myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid lineages. These abnormalities were associated with heightened proliferation activity in the HSC fraction, suggesting the action of homeostatic mechanisms to maintain sufficient levels of diverse blood cell types for viability. Thus, STAT5 normally sustains the robust hematopoietic reserve that contributes to host viability through crucial survival effects on early progenitor cells.
HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and TAP genes in familial Hodgkin disease
Authors: Harty Lea C. , Lin Albert Y. , Goldstein Alisa M. , Jaffe Elaine S. , Carrington Mary , Tucker Margaret A. , Modi William S.
Published: July 2002

The HLA region has long been implicated in sporadic and familial Hodgkin disease (HD), with recent case-control studies suggesting that HLA class II loci predispose to sporadic nodular sclerosis HD (NSHD). To determine whether this predisposition extends to familial HD, HLA class II loci (DRB1, DQA1, DQB1, DRB3, DRB4, and DRB5) and transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) loci (TAP1, TAP2) were investigated in 100 members of 16 families with at least 2 confirmed cases of HD. With the use of the transmission disequilibrium test, evidence for linkage disequilibrium with familial HD and, in particular, familial NSHD was obtained for the DRB1*1501-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602 haplotype, the TAP1 allele encoding Ile at residue 333, and the DRB5-0101 allele. These 3 markers were in linkage disequilibrium and may not represent independent susceptibility regions. Use of a family-based approach excludes population stratification as an explanation for these findings.
Regulation of the Erk2-Elk1 signaling pathway and megakaryocytic differentiation of Bcr-Abl+ K562 leukemic cells by Gab2
Authors: Dorsey Jay F. , Cunnick Jess M. , Mane Shrikant M. , Wu Jie
Published: July 2002

In the blast crisis phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), Bcr-Abl+ myeloblasts fail to undergo terminal maturation. The extracellular signal–regulated kinase (Erk) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase has been shown to mediate terminal differentiation of myeloid cells. Interestingly, Bcr-Abl+ CML cell lines established from blast crisis were found to have low Erk MAP kinase activity. In this study, we analyzed the role of the Gab2 docking protein in regulation of the Erk MAP kinase in Bcr-Abl+K562 human CML cells. Overexpression of Gab2 in K562 cells resulted in transcriptional activation of the c-fos serum response element (SRE) promoter, whereas overexpression of SHP2, Grb2, and CrkL had no effect. Activation of the c-fos SRE transcriptional activity by Gab2 required tyrosine 604, which is a SHP2 docking site on Gab2, and the SHP2 tyrosine phosphatase activity. Elk1, c-Jun, and CHOPtrans-reporting assays indicated that overexpression of Gab2 selectively activated the Erk2-Elk1 signaling pathway. To determine cellular consequences of elevating the Gab2 level in K562 cells, stable cell lines for doxycycline-inducible expression of the wild-type Gab2 (Gab2WT) and an SHP2-binding defective Gab2 (Gab2Tyr604Phe) were established. Analysis of these cell lines indicated that induction of Gab2WT expression, but not Gab2Tyr604Phe expression, led to Erk activation, growth arrest, cell spreading, and enlargement; expression of megakaryocyte/platelet lineage–specific integrins αIIb/β3 (CD41/CD61); and upregulation of RNA for megakaryocyte/platelet proteins. All of these changes are characteristics of megakaryocytic differentiation. Together, these results reveal Gab2 as a limiting signaling component for Erk MAP kinase activation and terminal differentiation of K562 CML cells.
Differences in Drug Shortages in the US and Canada
Authors: Tadrous Mina , Callaway Kim Katherine , Hernandez Inmaculada , Rothenberger Scott D. , Devine Joshua W. , Hershey Tina B. , Maillart Lisa M. , Gellad Walid F. , Suda Katie J.
Published: October 2024

Importance

Drug shortages are a persistent public health issue that increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Both the US and Canada follow similar regulatory standards and require reporting of drug-related supply chain issues that may result in shortages. However, it is unknown what proportion are associated with meaningful shortages (defined by a significant decrease in drug supply) and whether differences exist between Canada and the US.

Objective

To compare how frequently reports of drug-related supply chain issues in the US vs Canada were associated with drug shortages.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Longitudinal cross-sectional study conducted from January 2023 to March 2024 using drug-related reports of supply chain issues from 2017 to 2021 that were less than 180 days apart in Canada and the US. Shortages were assessed using data from the IQVIA Multinational Integrated Data Analysis database, comprising 89% of US and 100% of Canadian drug purchases.

Exposure

Country (Canada vs US), timing of report issuance (before vs after the COVID-19 pandemic), and characteristics of the supply chain prior to the reports of drug-related supply chain issues (including World Health Organization essential medicine status, Health Canada tier 3 medicine [moderate risk classification], whether there was sole-source manufacturing of the drug, the formulation, the price per unit, ≥20 years since drug approval, and the number of therapeutic alternatives).

Main Outcomes and Measures

A drug shortage (a decrease of ≥33% in monthly purchased standardized drug units) within 12 months, relative to the average units purchased during the 6 months prior to the report of supply chain issues to a US or Canadian reporting system.

Results

Among the 104 drug-related reports of supply chain issues in both countries, 49.0% (95% CI, 39.3%-59.7%) were associated with drug shortages in the US vs 34.0% (95% CI, 25.0%-45.0%) in Canada (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.53 [95% CI, 0.36-0.79]). The lower risk of drug shortages in Canada vs the US was consistent before the COVID-19 pandemic (adjusted HR, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.30-0.75]) and after the pandemic (adjusted HR, 0.31 [95% CI, 0.15-0.66]). After combining reports of supply chain issues in both countries, the shortage risk was double for sole-sourced drugs (adjusted HR, 2.58 [95% CI, 1.57-4.24]) and nearly half for Canadian tier 3 medicines (moderate risk) (adjusted HR, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.32-0.98]).

Conclusions and Relevance

Drug-related reports of supply chain issues were 40% less likely to result in meaningful drug shortages in Canada compared with the US. These findings highlight the need for international cooperation between countries to curb the effects of drug shortages and improve resiliency of the supply chain for drugs.
Medicaid’s Edge Case—Potential Expansion and Work Requirements in Mississippi
Authors: Sommers Benjamin D. , Gullett Lauren R. , Hornstein Shira B.
Published: October 2024

This JAMA Forum discusses the ongoing debate in Mississippi about whether to expand Medicaid under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
Modeling the Population Equity of Alzheimer Disease Treatments in the US
Authors: Synnott Patricia G. , Majda Thomas , Lin Pei-Jung , Ollendorf Daniel A. , Zhu Yingying , Kowal Stacey
Published: October 2024

Importance

The arrival of new medications for Alzheimer disease (AD) has prompted efforts to measure their value using conventional cost-effectiveness analyses; however, these analyses focus on how much health improvement new medications generate per dollar spent. As AD disproportionately affects older adults, women, racial and ethnic minority individuals, and individuals with lower socioeconomic and educational levels, it is critical to also examine the health equity outcomes of treatment.

Objective

To estimate the health equity impact of a hypothetical disease-modifying treatment for early AD in the US and to examine targeted policies to mitigate health care disparities.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This economic evaluation, which used a distributional cost-effectiveness analysis, was conducted from June 16, 2022, to January 11, 2024. The study included subgroups defined by race and ethnicity and by social vulnerability quintiles in the US.

Exposures

A hypothetical disease-modifying treatment compared with best supportive care.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcomes were population-level quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), lifetime costs, and net health benefits. The social welfare impact and change in health inequality were estimated using the Atkinson index.

Results

The distributional cost-effectiveness analysis simulated 316 037 100 individuals from the US population, including 25 subgroups defined by 5 categories of race and ethnicity and population quintiles of social vulnerability, with the fifth quintile representing the most socially vulnerable group. At an opportunity cost benchmark of $150 000 per QALY, treatment was associated with improved population health, adding 28 197 QALYs per year to the US population. Accounting for health inequality preferences (using an aversion level of 11, based on an Atkinson inequality aversion parameter that can range from 0 to infinity, with higher values assigning greater weight to health gains that accrue to the population with the lowest lifetime quality-adjusted life expectancy), treatment was associated with a 0.009% reduction in existing population health inequalities annually. Scenario analyses examining earlier and expanded treatment access suggested a population health improvement of up to 221 358 QALYs.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this economic evaluation suggest that treatment for AD could improve population health and health equity. Policies to enable earlier diagnosis and treatment initiation, as well as expanded access to treatment, may further improve treatment and health equity impacts.
Caregiver Awareness and Knowledge of Acute Kidney Injury in Hospitalized Children
Authors: Starr Michelle C. , Vanderkolk Julia , Goswami Shrea , Slagle Cara L. , Soranno Danielle E.
Published: October 2024

This cross-sectional analyzes knowledge of acute kidney disease (AKI) diagnosis and associated risks among caregivers of hospitalized children.
Dynamic Monitoring the Friction Transmission of Mine Hoist Using Triboelectric Nanogenerators Self‐Powered Sensor Based on Different Surface Structures Embedded in the Friction Lining
Authors: Guo Yu , Feng Cunao , Cao Qi , Xiao Jie , Jiang Xinyu , Zhang Xinyue , Chen Kai , Li Xiaowei , Zhang Dekun
Published: October 2024

The friction lining is a critical component of the friction hoist, serving as the driving force for lifting through its interaction with the wire rope. Monitoring the friction state between the wire rope and the friction lining is crucial as it directly impacts lifting capacity, work efficiency, and overall safety. By employing finite element simulation and creating surface microstructures on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) using ultraviolet laser, this study demonstrats that microstructure can improve voltage output. Compared with TENG without morphology, the voltage is increased by nearly seven times, reaching 2.28 V. Moreover, experiments revealed that embedding TENG at the optimal standard point of the friction lining enables effective monitoring of friction transmission under varied conditions, with the voltage signal showing synchronization with friction force. Notably, the voltage reached 520 mV under increasing specific pressures and stabilized around 670 mV with rising sliding speeds. This research represents a significant step toward real‐time monitoring of intelligent mining systems by dynamically observing friction transmission in mine hoists.
Tailorable Fluorescent Perovskite Quantum Dots for Multiform Manufacturing via Two‐Step Thiol‐Ene Click Chemistry
Authors: Huang Guangguang , Zhang Fengyi , Xiong Xinyang , Sun Kaiwei , Ruan Haoran , Wang Chunyang , Li Chenguang , Zhao Yaolong , Li Meng , Cheng Gang , Du Zuliang
Published: October 2024

In practical applications, fluorescent perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) must exhibit high efficiency, stability, and processibility. So far, it remains a challenge to synthesize PQDs with stable dispersibility in tailorable monomers both before and after photocuring. In this work, a novel strategy of UV‐induced two‐step thiol‐ene “click chemistry” is proposed to prepare PQDs with these attributes. The first step aims to epitaxially grow a shell around the PQD core to ensure stable dispersibility in a thiol‐ene monomer solution. The second step is to achieve stable dispersibility in the photocured thiol‐ene matrixes for multiform manufacturing processes. The tailorable PQDs (T‐PQDs) not only have the highest photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) to ≈100% for green emission and over 96% for red emission, but also exhibit remarkable stability under severe conditions, including “double 85” aging, water exposure, and mechanical stress. Moreover, their exceptional processability allows for various processing techniques, including slot‐die coating, inkjet printing, direct‐laser writing, UV‐light 3D printing, nanoimprinting, and spin coating. The high efficiency and stability of T‐PQDs facilitate their multiform manufacturing for a wide range of applications.
Chiral Nematic Graphene Films with a mesoporous Structure
Authors: Huang Haibo , Wu Zhong‐Shuai , Li Yixing , Zhang Xuefeng , Das Pratteek , Liu Shouxin , Li Yudong , Wang Shaogang , Bao Xinhe , Cheng Hui‐Ming
Published: October 2024

Ordering a crucial material like pure‐graphene into the chiral nematic structure can potentially revolutionize the fields of photonics, chiral separation, and energy storage. However, the controlled fabrication of highly ordered graphene films with a long‐range chiral nematic mesoporous structure is very challenging and as such, has not been achieved. Here, a chiral‐template‐directed chemical vapor deposition growth strategy is presented for the precise fabrication of mesoporous chiral nematic graphene films by using nanocrystalline cellulose as templates. It is evidenced that such graphene films possess the left‐hand helical ordering, chiral nematic mesoporous structure with adjustable pore sizes (6.4–13.1 nm), tailored pitch, excellent electrical conductivity (556 S cm−1), high specific surface area (1508 m2 g−1) and mechanical flexibility. By coating Na anode with this film, uniform Na plating is achieved with no dendrite formation, resulting from its unique chiral nematic structure and tunable physicochemical properties. The films also achieved impressive thickness‐dependent electromagnetic shielding, i.e., 35–63 dB, demonstrating their potentially multi‐disciplinary applications.
Unlocking Electrostrain in Plastically Deformed Barium Titanate
Authors: Zhuo Fangping , Wang Bo , Cheng Long , Zatterin Edoardo , Jiang Tianshu , Ni Fan , Breckner Patrick , Li Yan , Guiblin Nicolas , Isaia Daniel , Luo Nengneng , Fulanovic Lovro , Molina‐Luna Leopoldo , Dkhil Brahim , Chen Long‐Qing , Rödel Jürgen
Published: October 2024

Achieving substantial electrostrain alongside a large effective piezoelectric strain coefficient (d33*) in piezoelectric materials remains a formidable challenge for advanced actuator applications. Here, a straightforward approach to enhance these properties by strategically designing the domain structure and controlling the domain switching through the introduction of arrays of ordered {100}<100> dislocations is proposed. This dislocation engineering yields an intrinsic lock‐in steady–state electrostrain of 0.69% at a low field of 10 kV cm−1 without external stress and an output strain energy density of 5.24 J cm−3 in single‐crystal BaTiO3, outperforming the benchmark piezoceramics and relaxor ferroelectric single‐crystals. Additionally, applying a compression stress of 6 MPa fully unlocks electrostrains exceeding 1%, yielding a remarkable d33* value over 10 000 pm V−1 and achieving a record‐high strain energy density of 11.67 J cm−3. Optical and transmission electron microscopy, paired with laboratory and synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, is employed to rationalize the observed electrostrain. Phase‐field simulations further elucidate the impact of charged dislocations on domain nucleation and domain switching. These findings present an effective and sustainable strategy for developing high‐performance, lead‐free piezoelectric materials without the need for additional chemical elements, offering immense potential for actuator technologies.
Advances in Miniaturized Computational Spectrometers
Authors: Xue Qian , Yang Yang , Ma Wenkai , Zhang Hanqiu , Zhang Daoli , Lan Xinzheng , Gao Liang , Zhang Jianbing , Tang Jiang
Published: October 2024

Miniaturized computational spectrometers have emerged as a promising strategy for miniaturized spectrometers, which breaks the compromise between footprint and performance in traditional miniaturized spectrometers by introducing computational resources. They have attracted widespread attention and a variety of materials, optical structures, and photodetectors are adopted to fabricate computational spectrometers with the cooperation of reconstruction algorithms. Here, a comprehensive review of miniaturized computational spectrometers, focusing on two crucial components: spectral encoding and reconstruction algorithms are provided. Principles, features, and recent progress of spectral encoding strategies are summarized in detail, including space‐modulated, time‐modulated, and light‐source spectral encoding. The reconstruction algorithms are classified into traditional and deep learning algorithms, and they are carefully analyzed based on the mathematical models required for spectral reconstruction. Drawing from the analysis of the two components, cooperations between them are considered, figures of merits for miniaturized computational spectrometers are highlighted, optimization strategies for improving their performance are outlined, and considerations in operating these systems are provided. The application of miniaturized computational spectrometers to achieve hyperspectral imaging is also discussed. Finally, the insights into the potential future applications and developments of computational spectrometers are provided.
First Total Synthesis of Inaoside A
Authors: Takao Tomoya , Kawamura Atsushi , Makabe Hidefumi
Published: October 2024

The first total synthesis of inaoside A, an α‐d‐ribofuranoside isolated by our group from the edible mushroom Laetiporus cremeiporus, is described. The key reaction was an α‐selective Schmidt glycosylation. Most reported syntheses of ribofuranosides following the general Schmidt glycosylation procedure preferentially give β‐ribofuranosides. In contrast, using a 2,3,5‐tri‐O‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐protected ribofuranoside substrate, which is easy to prepare and can be deprotected after glycosylation, revealed that the α‐ribofuranoside was preferentially obtained.
Subcellular Compartment‐Specific Amplified Imaging of Metal Ions via Ribosomal RNA‐Regulated DNAzyme Sensors
Authors: Yi Deyu , Li Lele , Li Mengyuan
Published: October 2024

Although DNAzyme sensors have been widely developed for imaging metal ions, their application in specific subcellular compartments remains challenging due to low spatial controllability. Here we present a locally activatable, DNAzyme‐based sensing technology that enables subcellular compartment‐specific imaging of metal ions through ribosomal RNA (rRNA) regulated signal amplification. The system leverages a subcellularly encoded rRNA to locally activate DNAzyme‐based sensors, and further drives signal amplification via multiple turnover cleavage of molecular beacons, to significantly enhance sensitivity and spatial precision for metal‐ion imaging in specific organelles (e.g. mitochondria) or membraneless compartments (e.g. cytosol). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the system allows in situ monitoring of subcellular dynamics of mitochondrial Zn2+ during ischemia and the drug intervention. This study expands the DNAzyme toolbox for investigating the role of subcellular metal‐ion dynamics in disease processes.
The Hidden Mechanism: Excited‐State Proton‐Electron Pair Transfer in Metal Nanocluster Emission
Authors: Huang Kai‐Yuan , Chen Yan‐Yan , Wang Wen‐Lu , Sun Wei‐Ming , Lin Zhen , Yao Qiaofeng , Chen Wei , Xie Jianping , Deng Hao‐Hua
Published: October 2024

Comprehending the underlying factors that govern photoluminescence (PL) in metal nanoclusters (NCs) under physiological conditions remains a highly intriguing and unresolved challenge, particularly for their biomedical applications. In this study, we evaluate the critical role of excited‐state proton‐coupled electron transfer in the emission of metal NCs. Our findings demonstrate that hydronium ion (H3O+) binding can trigger a nonlinear, pH‐dependent excited‐state concerted electron proton transfer (CEPT) reaction. This involves simultaneous electron transfer from the Au(0) core to the Au(I)−ATT (ATT denotes 6‐aza‐2‐thiothymidine) surface and proton transfer from H3O+ to the ATT ligand in a single step, greatly promoting vibrations and rotations of the Au(I)−ATT surface, resulting in substantial PL quenching of Au10(ATT)6 NCs. Further analyses show that the unique CEPT dynamics are strongly influenced by the opposing effects of increased reorganization energy and a larger pre‐exponential factor on the electron transfer rate. Moreover, the proposed excited‐state CEPT process is found to be prevalent in core–shell relaxation metal NCs, such as Au25(SR)18 (SR denotes thiolate) NCs, and serves as an important factor in limiting their PL emission. By simply controlling the pKa of the ligands, the emission performance of Au25(SR)18 can be easily regulated in physiological environments.
Effect of high quality hybrid coatings and coating condition on the properties of continuous glass fiber reinforced polypropylene prepreg composites
Authors: Luo Luo , Wang Yi , Lv Tianxiang , Ying Shuni , Zhou Chunhua , Zhou Xiaodong , Ma Huihuang
Published: October 2024

Due to the difficulty in infusing resin into interiors of fiber bundles by prevalent pre‐impregnation methods like melt impregnation and the substantial polarity difference between glass fibers (GF) and polypropylene (PP), the application of continuous glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (CGF/PP) composites has been restricted. In this study, a hybrid emulsion is prepared to address the polarity difference through coating process. And further by optimizing coating process parameters, composites glass fibers with excellent performance can be obtained. The study demonstrates that the composite glass fiber with coating amount of 15.34% exhibits good bunching and flexibility. The monofilament tensile strength and interfacial shear strength (IFSS) are increased by 2.53% and 109.74%, respectively compared to the desized glass fiber (GF0). Furthermore, after the hot‐pressing process, the composites glass fiber bundles show fully filled gaps and a completely wrapped surface. This study lays the foundation for producing CGF/PP prepreg composites conveniently, efficiently, and commercially.
Vollständige Digitalisierung der Bauwerksprüfung
Authors: Jacob Karsten , Krämer Kai , Werz Simon
Published: October 2024

Die Digitalisierung hat alle Bereiche unserer lebenden Umwelt erreicht. Sie bestimmt und verändert unsere gewohnten Lebensweisen rasant. Im Bauwesen hält die Digitalisierung langsamer als in anderen Branchen Einzug, verändert aber zunehmend die Arbeitsprozesse der Planung, Ausführung und Verwaltung von Baumaßnahmen. Vor allem im Erhaltungsmanagement von baulichen Anlagen liegt das Bestreben nach digitalen Vereinfachungen und einer papierlosen Dokumentation des Bauwerksbestands. Die Berliner Wasserbetriebe betreiben und unterhalten als Unternehmen des Landes Berlin heute insgesamt neun Wasserwerke, sechs Großklärwerke, 166 Abwasserpumpwerke sowie ca. 8000 km Trinkwasser‐ und ca. 11.000 km Abwassernetz, die in verschiedenen Epochen errichtet und entsprechend den geltenden Anforderungen stetig ausgebaut werden. Der Bauwerksbestand ist komplex und erfordert eine systematische Bauwerksunterhaltung im laufenden Betrieb. Das Unternehmen hat die notwendigen Prozesse schrittweise digitalisiert. Seit 2019 kommt für die Zustandsüberprüfung seiner baulichen Anlagen das Programmsystem ZIS Ing‐Bau zum Einsatz, welches durch seine Datenerfassungsstruktur die komplexen Anforderungen an die betriebliche Dokumentation erfüllt. Der vorliegende Beitrag soll anhand eines konkreten Objekts des Bauwerksbestands der Berliner Wasserbetriebe die Entwicklungen zur Digitalisierung in der Bauwerksprüfung aus der Perspektive des Betreibers, des Anwenders und des Entwicklers vorstellen.
Enhancing child protection responses in oral health practice: A scoping review of evidence‐based approaches
Authors: Han Heuiwon , Koziol‐McLain Jane , Morse Zac , Lees Amanda B. , Carrington Samuel D.
Published: October 2024

Child abuse and neglect represent significant global health challenges with long‐lasting adverse impacts. Oral health practitioners, who often interact with children, play a key role in detecting and responding to suspected cases. Despite this, there is a notable gap in the systematic child protection measures in dental practices globally. This scoping review, utilising the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, aims to outline current approaches for oral health practitioners and identify gaps in the approaches designed to enhance their responsiveness. Covering studies from January 2000 to May 2023, the review explored educational programmes, guidelines and interdisciplinary training modules. A comprehensive search across multiple databases, including MEDLINE, CINAHL and Scopus, along with grey literature sources, identified 1230 sources, resulting in the inclusion of 20 relevant sources. Findings highlight three main approaches: dental‐specific education programmes, practical guidelines for child protection responses and analysis of legal and professional obligations. These approaches demonstrate a mix of direct educational interventions and policy‐driven strategies aimed at enhancing oral health practitioners' knowledge, attitudes and practices towards child abuse and neglect. Given the identified variability and gaps in training and resources, future research should assess the effectiveness of these approaches and develop comprehensive, culturally safe training for oral health practitioners globally.
Emotional awareness, child maltreatment and child exposed to intimate partner violence: A systematic review of their relationship with symptoms and protective factors
Authors: Ortiz‐Jiménez Eva Mª. , Butjosa Anna , Gómez‐Benito Juana , Ochoa Susana
Published: October 2024

This systematic review studies the emotional awareness (EA) in children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) and other child maltreatment (CM), and their relationship with externalizing and internalizing symptoms and protective factors. The search was performed using the PubMed, PsycINFO and Google Scholar databases. The search was based on scientific studies using the follow terms: (“emotional awareness” OR “emotional intelligence”) AND (child OR adolescent OR children OR teenager) AND (abuse OR neglect OR maltreatment OR “presence of domestic violence” OR “domestic violence” OR “intimate partner violence”). Seventeen empirical studies were included, presenting a low risk of bias (82%). Four studies have explored the relationship between EA and exposition to IPV, four with sexual abuse, five with neglect, five with psychological abuse and three with physical abuse. A total of 13 articles have assessed the relationship between EA and externalizing and internalizing symptoms: three with suicidal ideation (SI), three with post‐traumatic stress symptoms (PTSD), two focused on addictions, three on affective symptoms, one with total externalizing symptoms, one with borderline personality disorder (BDP), one with non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) and one with disordered eating behaviours and attitudes (DEBA). Studies show that abused children have lower EA and that the lower EA, the greater the presence of symptoms. A total of 10 articles have assessed the relationship between EA and protective factors such as mental health in parents, six with coping skills, one with self‐stem and one with quality of life. The main results suggest that EA could be a mediator between children exposed to IPV and other CM and internalizing and externalizing symptoms as well as protective factors.
Self‐Organization of Square Nitrogen Islands on Copper (100) Surfaces: Island Pair Distributions Based on an Ab‐Initio DFT and Mesoscopic Interaction Model
Authors: Kappus Wolfgang
Published: October 2024

Earlier scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies have shown that nitrogen forms square c(2×2) islands on Cu(100) surfaces, the assembly of which depends on coverage. Recent calculations have revealed that adatom‐adatom interactions are compatible with the formation of square c(2×2) islands. The pair distribution of these islands is a topic of the current investigation. In addition, the domain structure of islands found recently in STM experiments is discussed and explained using two types of island interactions. The potential used for the interaction between N square islands on copper is a combination of previous ab initio calculations and an updated mesoscopic interaction scheme. The 2D‐BGY integral equation is extended to handle binary objects like two different types of islands. It is solved for up to a quarter island coverage using a numerical recursion algorithm. Coverage beyond half is accessible with island vacancy symmetry. The calculation predicts the formation of ordered island assemblies with increasing coverage. These results reasonably explain the previous experimental observations. The handling of binary objects also seems to be applicable to assemblies of two adatom types as found in catalysis. The assumptions and limitations of the model are discussed and open questions are formulated.
Changes in lactate concentration are accompanied by opposite changes in the pattern of fat oxidation: Dose–response relationship
Authors: Benítez‐Muñoz José Antonio , Guisado‐Cuadrado Isabel , Rojo‐Tirado Miguel Ángel , Alcocer‐Ayuga María , Romero‐Parra Nuria , Peinado Ana Belén , Cupeiro Rocío
Published: October 2024

It is unknown whether changes in lactate concentration produced by different situations (e.g., glycogen depletion or heat) modify fat oxidation. If confirmed, we could determine a dose–response relationship between lactate and fat. The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in lactate concentration (due to glycogen depletion or heat) alter fat oxidation during exercise. 11 males and eight females performed an incremental exercise test under three situations: control, glycogen depletion, and heat. At rest, in the last minute of each step and immediately post‐exhaustion, lactate was analyzed and fat oxidation was estimated by indirect calorimetry. Lactate concentration was inversely associated with fat oxidation in the three aforementioned situations (r > 0.88 and p < 0.05). The highest lactate concentration was found in the heat situation, followed by the control situation, and finally the glycogen depletion situation (all p < 0.05). The opposite was found for fat oxidation, with the highest fat oxidation found in the glycogen depletion situation, followed by the control situation, and finally the heat situation (all p < 0.05). There is no association between the changes in lactate concentration between situations at each intensity and the changes in fat oxidation between situations at each intensity in males or females (p > 0.05). In conclusion, lactatemia is strongly and inversely associated with fat oxidation under the three different situations. Furthermore, the lowest lactate concentrations were accompanied by the highest fat oxidations in the glycogen depletion situation, whereas the highest lactate concentrations were accompanied by the lowest fat oxidations in the heat situation.
Optimization and Feasibility Analysis of Hybrid Distributed Generator Based System With a Comparison of Battery and Hydrogen Energy Storage for Residential Electrification
Authors: Pillai Kalidas , Sundaram Sivasankari
Published: October 2024

Indeed, as India progresses towards its mission on green hydrogen production and the adoption of alternative fuels, the development of stand‐alone systems supporting the integration of hydrogen energy becomes imperative. Optimal sizing of standalone hybrid systems presents a significant challenge to meet power reliability, technical and economic viability. The present study explores the topology of hybrid energy storage systems in the stand‐alone scenario and assesses its technical and economic feasibility through an optimization approach. The objective is to size the components of the standalone system which includes PV generator, wind generator, hydrogen energy storage unit, battery storage unit (BES), electrolyzer and fuel cell rendering low value of loss of power supply probability (LPSP). Also, finest‐fitting storage system for the Solar‐wind Hybrid Stand‐Alone Microgrid (HSAM) is identified. Modeling, simulation, and optimization of the HSAM are carried out using HOMER PRO. A load of 20.46 kWp and average yearly energy consumption of 165.44 kWh/day was considered for the technical and economic feasibility‐based evaluation. Scaled annual average values of input metalogical data such as wind speed, temperature and solar irradiance is considered as sensitivity cases. Based on the simulation results, it can be observed that the proposed HSAM system with HyESS exhibits the lowest values for NPV, O&M Cost, and LCOE compared to other system configurations. From sensitivity analysis it is observed that with variation of resource based inputs like irradiance, wind speed and temperature, there is a fluctuation of nearly 10% in the NPV and LCOE of the HSAM system. The LCOE for this system is estimated to be $0.289/kWh, while the NPV is projected to be $274 470. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for the 25‐year project is calculated to be 6.1%, indicating a favorable return on investment. Additionally, the Simple Payback Period is determined to be 8.7 years. Furthermore, validation of the optimal LPSP through HOMER is achieved through creation of an objective function employing a non‐linear least square approach. The proposed HyESS outperforms the standard BES with an LPSP of 3.1 × 10−6 over 4.3 × 10−4. The suggested system achieves a high level of dependability through LPSP values that are significantly closer to zero, ensuring a reliable operation.