bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Properties of CsCl/AlCl3 Melts Near Equimolar Composition and the Problem of Corrosive Action of the Melt Towards Container Materials.
Authors: BERG R. W. , LAURIDSEN T. L. , OSTVOLD T. , HJULER H. A. , VON BARNER J. H. , BJERRUM N. J.
Published: May 2016

Based on cryoscopic measurements of the molten title system, the congruent melting point of CsAlCl4 is corrected to 387.7 °C. Potentiometric results obtained at 400 °C for nearly neutral and weakly acidic melts are satisfactorily explained by the equilibrium outlined in the scheme with a stoichiometric equilibrium constant of 10‐7.63 (molar units).
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanism and Kinetics of the Stepwise Voltammetric Reduction of Pertechnetate in Alkaline Solution to Tc(VI), Tc(V) and Tc(IV)
Authors: FOUNTA A. , AIKENS D. A. , CLARK H. M.
Published: May 2016

have been investigated by normal pulse and dc polarography.
ChemInform Abstract: The Reduction of Different Non‐Metallic Reactants at the Mercury/Electrolyte Interface Inhibited by Trialkylphosphine Oxides.
Authors: DITTRICH J. , PHILIPP R. , DOERFLER H.‐D. + , MUELLER E. +
Published: May 2016

The reduction of HIO3, HBrO3 and K2S2O8 in the presence of C6H13(C2H5)2PO and C8H17(CH3)2PO has been studied by dc polarography.
ChemInform Abstract: The Gas Phase Reaction of Dinitrogen Pentoxide with Water Vapor
Authors: SVERDRUP G. M. , SPICER C. W. , WARD G. F.
Published: May 2016

has been investigated in a 17.3 m3 Teflon lined chamber because of its important environmental concern.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetics of N2O Decomposition on the Surface of γ‐Al2O3 Doped with Sodium Ions
Authors: KORDULIS C. , VORDONIS L. , LYCOURGHIOTIS A. , POMONIS P.
Published: May 2016

has been investigated in a flow‐bed reactor under atmospheric pressure.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Dispersed Rhodium on Alumina Catalysts: Influence of the Atmosphere on the State and Dispersion of Rhodium.
Authors: ZAKI M. I. , KUNZMANN G. , GATES B. C. , KNOEZINGER H.
Published: May 2016

The CO‐assisted conversion of Rh(0) to Rh(I) in highly dispersed Rh/Al2O3 catalysts has been investigated in various reactive atmospheres by low‐temp.
ChemInform Abstract: Complexes of Vitamin B1 with Transition Metal Ions. Crystal and Molecular Structure of Zn(thiamine)Cl3·0.4 H2O.
Authors: BENCINI A. , BORGHI E.
Published: May 2016

The title complex (I), prepared from Zn acetate and thiamine hydrochloride in water at 20 °C, crystallizes in the space group C2/c with Z = 8. This new structure is the third example of binding of thiamine to a transition metal ion and the first example of coordination to a first row transition metal in the 2+ oxidation state.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Pyrrole Pigments. Part 70. Active Transport by Means of Tripyrrinic Ligands.
Authors: EICHINGER D. , FALK H.
Published: May 2016

In contrast to (Ia) or (Ib)‐(Ic), which are provided with protonatable or deprotonatable functional groups, the tripyrrine derivatives (II) and (III) show an efficient, proton‐driven counter transport of Cu2+ and Zn2+ in a bulk CHCl3 membrane.
ChemInform Abstract: Heat Capacity and Phase Transitions of the Mixed‐Valence Compound (Fe3O(O2CCH3)6(3‐Me‐py)3)·3‐Me‐py.
Authors: SORAI M. , SHIOMI Y. , HENDRICKSON D. N. , OH S. M. , KAMBARA T.
Published: May 2016

The heat capacity under constant pressure of the oxo‐centered title complex (3‐Me‐py: 3‐methylpyridine) are measured with an adiabatic calorimeter between 12 and 350 K. Four phase transitions are found to occur at 181, 263.5, 271.5 and 282.5 K. The cumulative enthalpy and entropy changes due to these four phase transitions are calculated.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Tetracyanoquinodimethane with Aromatic Nucleophiles.
Authors: EROFEEVA O. A. , KRULIKOVSKAYA E. A. , GOSSEN L. P. , VODOLAZHKO I. A.
Published: May 2016

The reactions between the title compounds (I) and (II) afford the N‐, O‐ or S‐tricyano derivatives (IIIa) to (IIIe) along with the N‐, O‐ and S‐dicyano derivatives (IVa)‐(IVc).
ChemInform Abstract: Intra vs. Intermolecular Amidoalkylation of Aromatics.
Authors: BEN‐ISHAI D. , SATATY I. , PELED N. , GOLDSHARE R.
Published: May 2016

Various types of intramolecular amidoalkylation reactions of aromatics are studied and their mechanistic implications are discussed in detail.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Polyhalogenated Unsaturated Compounds with Vanadium Pentafluoride.
Authors: PETROV V. A. , BARDIN V. V. , FURIN G. G. , AVRAMENKO A. A. , GALAKHOV M. V. , KRASIL'NIKOV V. A. , KARELIN A. I. , TUSHIN P. P. , YAKOBSON G. G.
Published: May 2016

Terminal alkenes such as (I) or (III) are fluorinated by VF5 at low temperatures according to method A) to give the fluoroalkanes (II) or (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Intermediate Phase Variant of the Wittig Reaction and Its Stereochemistry in the Aliphatic Series.
Authors: KHUSID A. KH. , KOVALEV B. G.
Published: May 2016

The little‐known Wittig reaction in a two‐phase system is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Azo and Azoxy Compounds. Part 11. Novel Variants of the Synthesis of 1‐Alkoxydiazene‐2‐oxide Derivatives.
Authors: YANDOVSKII V. N. , GIDASPOV B. V. , TSELINSKII I. V. , KUZNETSOV V. S.
Published: May 2016

Improved methods for the preparation of the 1‐alkoxydiazene‐2‐oxides (III) and the 1‐oxido‐2‐alkoxydiazenodialkylacetic acids (VII) and the esters (VIII) and (IX) are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Formylcyclopropane, Alkyl Cyclopropyl Ketones and Cyclopropylcarbinols by γ‐Elimination Reactions under the Conditions of Intermediate Phase Catalysis.
Authors: KHUSID A. KH.
Published: May 2016

The novel procedure depicted in the scheme allows the preparation of the title compounds (IV), (VIII) and (IX) in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Plant Substances. Part 51. Methoxylation of Substituted 1,4‐Benzoquinones.
Authors: KOPECKY J. , SAMAN D. , NOVOTNY L.
Published: May 2016

The quinones (I) which serve as models for plant benzoquinones are methoxylated to afford compounds (II), (IIIa) and (IIIb) (ca.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antilipolytic Activities of Quinolyl Carbanilates and Related Analogues.
Authors: MUSSER J. H. , CHAKRABORTY U. , BAILEY K. , SCIORTINO S. , WHYZMUZIS C. , AMIN D. , SUTHERLAND C. A.
Published: May 2016

A series of carbamates (III), (V), (X), and (XIII) is prepared as outlined in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of Bis(vinylenedithio)‐ and Bis(dimethylvinylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalenes.
Authors: KREITSBERGA YA. N. , MEDNE R. S. , EDZHINYA A. S. , PETROVA M. V.
Published: May 2016

The zinc complex (I) reacts with the dihaloethyl ester (IIa) or ether (IIb) to give the ethylenedithiodithiolethiones (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 2,4‐Diamino‐6,7‐dimethoxyquinazolines. Part 1. 2‐(4‐(1,4‐Benzodioxan‐2‐ ylcarbonyl)piperazin‐1‐yl) Derivatives as α1‐Adrenoceptor Antagonists and Antihypertensive Agents.
Authors: CAMPBELL S. F. , DAVEY M. J. , HARDSTONE J. D. , LEWIS B. N. , PALMER M. J.
Published: May 2016

Doxazosin (Ia) and its derivatives (Ib) are prepared by condensation of the chloride (II) and piperazine (IV) respectively with the amine (III) or the acid chlorides such as (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Thiono‐ and Dithioesters. Part 39. Condensation of 2‐Morpholinodithiooxalic O‐Esters with Malonodinitrile or Cyanoacetate.
Authors: FALLERT M. , HARTKE K.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the dithiooxalic acid derivatives (I) with the activated methylene compounds (II) produces the thioenolates (III) which are alkylated to give the thioenol ethers (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Anticonvulsives. Part 5. Substitution Reactions on 2,4‐Dichloro‐6‐(diallylamino)‐1,3,5‐triazine.
Authors: KREUTZBERGER A. , SCHLAEFER I. +
Published: May 2016

The triazines (I) react with the amines (II), yielding the substitution products (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Triethylsilane with Propargyl Chloride in the Presence of the Catalytic System H2PtCl6‐I2.
Authors: PUKHNAREVICH V. B. , USHAKOVA N. I. , TSYKHANSKAYA I. I. , ALBANOV A. I. , VORONKOV M. G.
Published: May 2016

The main product of the title reaction is triethyl(3‐chloropropinyl)silane (III) which decomposes into the propinylsilane (IV) and the propadienylsilane (V) upon distillation.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase‐Transfer and Metal‐Complex Catalysis with Quaternary Ammonium Chlorometallates.
Authors: IOVEL I. G. , GOLDBERG Y. SH. , SHYMANSKA M. V. , LUKEVICS E.
Published: May 2016

The hydrosilylation of phenylacetylene (V) and the subsequent cyclopropanation of the vinylsilanes (VII) and (VIII) in the presence of the catalysts (I) ‐ (IV) are investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation, Spectroscopic Properties, and Electrochemical Properties of Two Oligomeric Silicon Phthalocyanines.
Authors: DEWULF D. W. , LELAND J. K. , WHEELER B. L. , BARD A. J. , BATZEL D. A. , DININNY D. R. , KENNEY M. E.
Published: May 2016

A new way of preparation for the dimeric complex (Ib) (yield given in g) as well as chromatographic methods for isolating (Ic) and (Id) from a product mixture are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of 1‐(Iododimethylsilylmethyl)piperidone‐2.
Authors: KRAMAROVA E. P. , OLENEVA G. I. , SHIPOV A. G. , MACHARASHVILI A. A. , SHKLOVER V. E. , STRUCHKOV YU. T. , BAUKOV YU. I.
Published: May 2016

The chlorine atom in the chlorodimethylsilylmethylpiperidone‐2 (I) is substituted by iodine to give the iodo compound (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Selenylation of cis‐ and trans‐1,2‐Dichloroethenes and Vinylidene Chloride Under Phase‐Transfer Catalysis Conditions.
Authors: MARTYNOV A. V. , MIRSKOVA A. N. , VORONKOV M. G.
Published: May 2016

The reactions between cis‐dichloroethene (I), its trans isomer (VII) or a mixture of these and phenylselenol (II) under the conditions of phase‐transfer catalysis afford the cis‐1‐phenylseleno‐2‐chloroethene (III) as the main product along with its trans isomer (IV), 1‐phenylseleno‐1‐chloroethene (V) and benzyl phenyl selenide (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous Catalytic Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroselenophene and 3,4‐Dihydro‐2H‐selenopyran.
Authors: MAMEDOV E. SH. , BABAKHANOV R. A. , AKHVERDIEVA R. YA. , VEINBERG A. K. , MISHIEV R. D. , NASIBOV SH. S. , LIDAK M. YU.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of hydrogen selenide with the oxacycloalkenes (I) on a zeolite catalyst gives the selenium analogues (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrakis(n‐alkyltelluro)tetrathiafulvalene (TTeCn‐TTF).
Authors: OKADA N. , YAMOCHI H. , SHINOZAKI F. , OSHIMA K. , SAITO G.
Published: May 2016

Tetrathiafulvalene (I) is converted to the lithium chalcogenides (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of Group 5 Metal Alkyl and Alkylidene Complexes Containing 2,6‐Dialkylphenoxide Ligands: X‐Ray Crystal Structures of (Ta(OC6H3Me2‐2,6)2(CH2Ph)3), (Ta(OC6H3Me2‐2,6)4Me), and (Ta(OC6H3tBu2‐2,6)2(=CHSiMe3)(CH2SiMe3)).
Authors: CHAMBERLAIN L. R. , ROTHWELL I. P. , FOLTING K. , HUFFMAN J. C.
Published: May 2016

The alkyl and alkylidene Ta and Nb complexes (III) and (VIIa) containing 2,6‐dialkylphenoxide ligation are readily obtained by alkylation of the corresponding mixed chloroaryloxides (I) or (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Detection of High‐Valent Intermediates in the Chlorine(I) Oxidation of (Porphinato)manganese(III) Complexes.
Authors: RODGERS K. R. , GOFF H. M.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of Mn(TPP‐d8)Cl (TPP: 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphin) with Cl2O in CHClF2 at ‐165 °C followed by warming to ‐78 °C affords an oxidized sym. (porphinato)manganese complex which is quantitatively converted to an asym.
ChemInform Abstract: Organometallic Lewis‐Acids. Part 29. Synthesis and Structure of Pentacarbonyl((pentacarbonylrheniooxy)methylcarbene)chromium and ‐tungsten (OC)5M‐C(Me)‐O‐Re(CO)5 (M: Cr, W).
Authors: FRITZ P. M. , STEIMANN M. , BECK W.
Published: May 2016

The reaction between the metal complexes (I) and Re(CO)+ 5 from (II) yields the title compounds (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Clusters with μ3‐Alkyne and μ3‐Vinylidene Ligands.
Authors: ALBIEZ T. , BERNHARDT W. , VON SCHNERING C. , ROLAND E. , BANTEL H. , VAHRENKAMP H.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of alkyne‐bridged dicobalt complexes with Fe2(CO)9 or Fe3(CO)12 gives the alkyne‐ and vinylidene‐bridged clusters (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon Dioxide Chemistry and Electrochemistry of a Binuclear “Cradle” Complex of Ni(0), Ni2(μ‐CNMe)(CNMe)2(PPh2CH2PPh2)2.
Authors: DELAET D. L. , DEL ROSARIO R. , FANWICK P. E. , KUBIAK C. P.
Published: May 2016

The title complex (I) undergoes two one‐electron oxidations to form the complex (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Dinuclear Copper(I) Benzoato Complexes Binding Isocyanides and Azo Compounds.
Authors: TOTH A. , FLORIANI C. , CHIESI‐VILLA A. , GUASTINI C.
Published: May 2016

The Cu(I)‐benzoate complex (I) is a source of the doubly bridged dimetallic unit (Cu2(μ‐PhCO2)2)2 in reaction with many substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Polarized, Single‐Crystal, Electronic Spectral Studies of Cu2Cl2‐ 6: Excited‐State Effects of the Binuclear Interaction.
Authors: DESJARDINS S. R. , WILCOX D. E. , MUSSELMAN R. L. , SOLOMON E. I.
Published: May 2016

A series of chlorocuprates, the mononuclear salts (RNH3)2CuCl4 (R: ‐Me, ‐Et), (N‐(2‐ammonioethyl)piperazinium)CuCl5·2 H2O and the binuclear compounds KCuCl3, (NH2Me2)CuCl3 and LiCuCl3·2 H2O are investigated in order to evaluate the excited‐state effects of the binuclear cupric interaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenyl Complexes of Ruthenium(II): Competition Between Carbonyl Substitution and Formation of Benzoyl Complexes, and an X‐Ray Study of a Benzoyl Complex.
Authors: DAUTER Z. , MAWBY R. J. , REYNOLDS C. D. , SAUNDERS D. R. , HANSEN L. K.
Published: May 2016

The dicarbonyl‐Ru complexes (I) react with tBuNC to yield the CO substitution products (IIa), (IIb), (IId) or the benzoyl complexes (IIIa)‐(IIIc), (IIIe) in proportions which vary widely according to the conditions used and the nature of X and Y. The most probable route to the benzoyl complexes appear to be that via intermediates of formula Ru(CO)(CNtBu)(COAr)Y(PMe2Ph)2.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Yield Syntheses of Sulfido Triruthenium Carbonyl Cluster Complexes Containing Bis(diphenylphosphino)methane.
Authors: FOMPEYRINE P. , LAVIGNE G. , BONNET J.‐J.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of thiophenol with the complex (I) leads to the thiolato hydrido cluster (II) which crystallizes in the space group P1 with Z=2.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Organometallic cis‐Dichloro(enamine)(amine) Platinum(II) Complexes.
Authors: KHOKHAR A. R. , DORAN S. L. , BROWN D. B. , HACKER M. P.
Published: May 2016

The title complexes (I) are prepared by a previously published method starting from Zeise's dimer.
ChemInform Abstract: Steroids. Part 327. 2α,3α‐Dihydroxy‐7‐oxa‐6‐oxo‐B‐homo‐5α‐pregnan‐21‐oic Acid and Its Derivatives as Brassinolide Analogues.
Authors: CERNY V. , ZAJICEK J. , STRNAD M.
Published: May 2016

The synthesis of the title compounds (VIIa) starts with the acid (I) as shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Utilization of a Nitrenium Ion Cyclization in a Synthesis of a Photoactive Prostaglandin, 17‐(4‐Azido‐2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐18,19,20‐trinorprostaglandin F2α.
Authors: DOLENCE E. K. , MORITA H. , WATT D. S. , FITZ T.
Published: May 2016

p‐Nitrocinnamic acid (I) is converted to the saturated azide (II), which is cyclized in TFA/trifluoroacetic anhydride to yield the lactone (IV) via the spiro compound (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Stereoselective Approach to 1β‐Methylcarbapenem Antibiotic Starting from (R)‐(‐)‐3‐Hydroxybutyric Acid Ester.
Authors: HATANAKA M.
Published: May 2016

The 3‐hydroxybutyrates (I) react with the ketenethioacetals (II) to produce the spiro compounds (III) after acidic treatment.
ChemInform Abstract: Study of InF3‐Based Glasses.
Authors: VIDEAU J.‐J. , DANCE J.‐M. , PORTIER J. , DUBOIS B.
Published: May 2016

The existence ranges of ternary fluoride glasses have been determined in BaF2‐InF3‐MFx systems for MFx: ZnF2, YF3, and ThF4, and their thermal properties have been investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Analysis of Manganese Dioxides with High Electrochemical and Catalytic Reactivity and the Problem of Their Reactivities
Authors: BRENET J.
Published: May 2016

Review: (30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Anionic Ordering in Ba15V12S34O3, Affording Three Oxidation States of Vanadium and a Quasi‐One‐Dimensional Magnetic Lattice.
Authors: Wong Christina Jessica , Hopkins Emily Jane , Prots Yurii , Hu Zhiwei , Kuo Chang‐Yang , Pi Tun‐Wen , Valldor Martin
Published: May 2016

Polycrystalline Ba15V12S34O3 is prepared by solid state reaction of a 12:3:12:22 molar mixture of BaS, BaO, V, and S under 200 mbar Ar (corundum crucible in sealed quartz tube, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Ag3RuO4, a Ruthenate(V) Featuring Spin Tetramers on a Two‐Dimensional Trigonal Lattice.
Authors: Prasad Beluvalli E. , Kazin Pavel , Komarek Alexander C. , Felser Claudia , Jansen Martin
Published: May 2016

β‐Ag3RuO4 is prepared by hydrothermal reaction of a 3:2 molar mixture of Ag2O and KRuO4 in H2O (autoclave, 190—200 °C, 48—72 h).
ChemInform Abstract: CdP2N4 and MnP2N4 — Ternary Transition‐Metal Nitridophosphates.
Authors: Pucher Florian J. , Karau Friedrich W. , Schmedt auf der Guenne Joern , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: May 2016

The title nitridophosphates are prepared by reaction of metal powders and HPN2 (Walker‐type multianvil apparatus, 5—8 GPa, 1000—1300 °C), which is a safer synthesis method than using metal azides as the starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple, Phosphine Free, Reusable Pd(II)—2,2′‐Dihydroxybenzophenone—SBA‐15 Catalyst for Arylation and Hydrogenation Reactions of Alkenes.
Authors: Lazar Anish , Vinod Chathakudath P. , Singh Anand Pal
Published: May 2016

A covalently anchored phosphine free Pd(II) based 2,2′‐dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) complex over organofunctionalized SBA‐15 is synthesized by the reaction of aminofunctionalized SBA‐15 (NH2SBA‐15) and a DHBP ligand, and further complexation with PdCl2 to get Pd(II)—DHBP@SBA‐15.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Fluorination of α‐Branched Aldehydes and Subsequent Conversion to α‐Hydroxyacetals via Stereospecific C—F Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Shibatomi Kazutaka , Kitahara Kazumasa , Okimi Takuya , Abe Yoshiyuki , Iwasa Seiji
Published: May 2016

Due to difficulties in purification of intermediate fluorinated aldehydes, subsequent reduction to alcohols or stereospecific conversion to α‐hydroxyacetals in a one‐pot fashion is conducted.
ChemInform Abstract: Dual Pathway for the Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of α‐Ketoimides to Chiral α‐Hydroxy Imides or Chiral α‐Hydroxy Esters.
Authors: Zhao Qiankun , Zhao Yuxi , Liao Hang , Cheng Tanyu , Liu Guohua
Published: May 2016

α‐Ketoimides undergo transfer hydrogenation with sodium formate as hydrogen source in the presence of chiral ruthenium catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Bifunctional Primary Amine 2‐Aminobenzimidazole Organocatalyst Anchored to trans‐Cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine in Enantioselective Conjugate Additions of Aldehydes.
Authors: Fernandes Talita de A. , Vizcaino‐Milla Pascuala , Ravasco Joao M. J. M. , Ortega‐Martinez Aitor , Sansano Jose M. , Najera Carmen , Costa Paulo R. R. , Fiser Bela , Gomez‐Bengoa Enrique
Published: May 2016

The title catalyst is applied in the Michael reaction of α,α‐branched aldehydes to nitroalkenes (I) and maleimides (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some New Thiazole, Oxazole, Pyrimidine and Pyridazine Derivatives from 2‐Cyano‐N‐octadecyl‐acetamide as Antimicrobial and Surface Active Agents.
Authors: El‐Sayed Refat , Ahmed Saleh A
Published: May 2016

The newly synthesized title compounds are converted to nonionic surface active agents by propoxylation using propylene oxide.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalysis by an Aprotic Imidazolium Zwitterion: Regioselective Ring‐Opening of Aziridines and Applicable to Gram Scale Synthesis.
Authors: Chakraborty Ghosal Nirnita , Santra Sougata , Das Sudarshan , Hajra Alakananda , Zyryanov Grigory V. , Majee Adinath
Published: May 2016

The aziridine ring is regioselectively opened by various nucleophiles, such like indoles, methanol, acetic acid, and di‐isopropylamine.
ChemInform Abstract: Tin‐Mediated One‐Pot Synthesis of α,α‐Disubstituted Homoallylic Hydrazides from Ketones, Acylhydrazines and Allyl Bromide.
Authors: Lu Ailing , Huang Danfeng , Wang Ke‐Hu , Su Yingpeng , Ma Junyan , Xu Yanli , Hu Yulai
Published: May 2016

The reaction works well with a variety of cyclic and acyclic ketones though 1‐tetralone and benzophenone do not give the desired products.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Mediated Synthesis of Aromatic Thioethers with Aromatic Amines and Sulfonyl Hydrazides in High Regioselectivity via C(sp2)—H Bond Functionalization.
Authors: Pang Xiaobo , Xiang Likui , Yang Xiaodong , Yan Rulong
Published: May 2016

A convenient synthesis of bis(aryl) thioethers having a para‐amino substituent is rendered possible by a highly regioselective oxidative C—H coupling of N,N‐disubstituted anilines with arylsulfonyl hydrazides.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Addition of Triarylmethanes to Alkynes Promoted by KOtBu/DMF: A Synthetic Approach to Indene Derivatives.
Authors: Chen Yan‐yan , Chen Zhen‐yu , Zhang Niu‐niu , Chen Jia‐hua , Zhang Xue‐jing , Yan Ming
Published: May 2016

A wide range of indene derivatives is prepared without the use of any transition‐metal catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Halogen‐Adjusted Chemoselective Synthesis of Fluorene Derivatives with Position‐Controlled Substituents.
Authors: Song Juan , Sun Wei , Li Yali , Wei Fuliang , Liu Chao , Qian Yan , Chen Shufen
Published: May 2016

The regioselectivity of the process depends on the ortho‐halogen substituent of the benzyl bromide.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed [4 + 2] Cyclization of α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids Bearing γ‐H with Isatins: An Enantioselective Synthesis of Spirocyclic Oxindole—Dihydropyranones.
Authors: Zhu Ling , Yu Chenxia , Li Tuanjie , Wang Yuhong , Lu Yinan , Wang Wenjing , Yao Changsheng
Published: May 2016

The reaction between various isatin derivatives and 3‐aryl substituted but‐2‐enoic acids succeeds in high yields and with high enantiomeric excesses.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Amination/Cyclization of Keto Acids Using a Hydrosilane for Selective Production of Lactams versus Cyclic Amines by Switching of the Indium Catalyst.
Authors: Ogiwara Yohei , Uchiyama Takuya , Sakai Norio
Published: May 2016

A direct switch from synthesizing lactams to synthesizing cyclic amines is achieved by changing the catalyst from In(O‐Ac)3 to InI3.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed Regioselective Carbenoid Insertion Reaction of Simple Indoles with N‐Sulfonyltriazoles: A Rapid Access to Tryptamine Vinylogues.
Authors: Huang Jiapian , Yang Yi , Chen Zhiyuan
Published: May 2016

The rhodium‐catalyzed nitrogen extrusion from triazoles gives reactive rhodium(II) aza‐vinylcarbenes, which react with indoles to form predominantly Z‐isomers of tryptamine vinylogues.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Controlled Selectivity in C—S Bond Formation: Highly Efficient Synthesis of C2‐ and C3‐Sulfonylindoles.
Authors: Yang Yong , Li Wanmei , Xia Chengcai , Ying Beibei , Shen Chao , Zhang Pengfei
Published: May 2016

The unprecedented regioselective reaction of indoles with sodium sulfinates in the presence of iodide or copper catalysts affords C3‐ or C2‐sulfonylindoles, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile and Efficient Access to Tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans Catalyzed by N,N‐Dimethylbenzylamine.
Authors: Kiyani Hamzeh , Sadat Jalali Mozhgan
Published: May 2016

Title compounds are efficiently synthesized through a one‐pot, three‐component Knoevenagel—Michael—Thorpe—Ziegler cyclization sequence catalyzed by N,N‐dimethylbenzylamine.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Facile Synthesis of 5‐(Thiophene‐2‐carbonyl)‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐tetrahydro‐pyrimidin‐2 (1H)‐one and 6‐(Thiophen‐2‐yl)‐4,5‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one from Same Substrates under Different Conditions.
Authors: Liang‐Ce Rong , Zha Yunyun , Xia Sheng , Ji Linlin , Zhang Jing , Cai Peijun
Published: May 2016

The title compounds are prepared from benzaldehydes, trifluoro(thienyl)butanedione, and urea under different reaction conditions with high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Insecticidal Evaluation and [4 + 2] Aza‐Diels—Alder Synthesis of 3,7‐Diaryl‐6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐6‐substituted Thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidin‐5‐ones under Coupled Ultrasonic Irradiation and PTC.
Authors: Gupta Ragini , Sharma Deepti , Verma P. S. , Jain Anshu
Published: May 2016

The title compounds are prepared by [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of thiazole Schiff′s bases and in situ generated monosubstituted ketenes under phase transfer catalysis (PTC) conditions coupled with ultrasonication.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Lactams as Formal Dipoles Through Amide‐Bond Activation.
Authors: Barbier Vincent , Marrot Jerome , Couty Francois , David Olivier R. P.
Published: May 2016

1,3‐Oxazinanones are synthesized by reactions of β‐lactams with ethylglyoxylate using pyrrolidinopyridine as organocatalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Ring‐Expansion Reaction of Six‐Membered Sulfonylimines with Diazomethanes: An Approach Toward Seven‐Membered Enesulfonamides.
Authors: Xia An‐Jie , Kang Tai‐Ran , He Long , Chen Lian‐Mei , Li Wen‐Ting , Yang Jin‐Liang , Liu Quan‐Zhong
Published: May 2016

Diazomethanes generated in situ from N‐tosylhydrazones react with six‐membered sulfonylimines to afford ring‐expansion products through a Tiffeneau—Demjanov rearrangement and intramolecular proton transfer tautomerization process.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Heterogeneous Catalyst for Phosphite Addition on Carbonyl Groups.
Authors: Santacroce Veronica , Paris Emanuele , Cauzzi Daniele , Maggi Raimondo , Maestri Giovanni
Published: May 2016

α‐Hydroxy phosphonates are efficiently obtained by selective addition of phosphites to the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones using hydrotalcite MG70 as reusable and cheap heterogeneous catalyst under solvent‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Identification of Six New Lupane‐Type Triterpenoids from Acanthopanax koreanum Leaves and Their Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities.
Authors: Dat Le Duc , Thao Nguyen Phuong , Luyen Bui Thi Thuy , Tai Bui Huu , Jeong Min Hee , Woo Mi Hee , Kim Young Ho
Published: May 2016

Six new lupine‐type triterpenoids are isolated together with one new trihydroxylupane‐dioic acid derivative (III) and six already known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Trends in the Synthesis of 1,3‐Oxazines
Authors: Saeed Aamer , Qamar Rabia
Published: May 2016

Review: [25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Phlegmariurus
Authors: Yang Yiyu , Wang Zhichong , Wu Jichun , Chen Yegao
Published: May 2016

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Production of Protein and Metabolites by Yeast Grown in Solid State Fermentation: Present Status and Perspectives
Authors: Lopez‐Perez Marcos , Viniegra‐Gonzalez Gustavo
Published: May 2016

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Development and Application of Two‐Chamber Reactors and Carbon Monoxide Precursors for Safe Carbonylation Reactions
Authors: Friis Stig D. , Lindhardt Anders T. , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: May 2016

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chromo‐Fluorogenic Probes for Carbon Monoxide Detection
Authors: Marin‐Hernandez Cristina , Toscani Anita , Sancenon Felix , Wilton‐Ely James D. E. T. , Martinez‐Manez Ramon
Published: May 2016

Review: [34 refs.
Multicomponent Strategy for the Preparation of Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]pyrimidine Derivatives under Catalyst‐Free and Microwave Irradiation Conditions
Authors: Xun Zhan , Feng Xian , Wang Jianjun , Shi Daqing , Huang Zhibin
Published: May 2016

A simple and efficient one‐pot procedure has been developed for the construction of pyrrolo[1,2‐a]pyrimidines via the three‐component domino reaction of 5‐aminopyrazoles, acetylenedicarboxylates and malononitrile under catalyst‐free, microwave irradiation conditions. The key step in this transformation is the NN bond cleavage reaction of the 5‐aminopyrazole substrate, which has been reported in this context for the first time in this study. The advantages of this protocol include readily available starting materials, short reaction times and good regioselectivity.
Capecitabine and lapatinib for the first‐line treatment of metastatic/recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Weiss Jared M. , Bagley Stephen , Hwang Wei‐Ting , Bauml Joshua , Olson Juneko Grilley , Cohen Roger B. , Hayes David Neil , Langer Corey
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

The combination of cisplatin, 5‐fluorouracil, and cetuximab is a standard treatment for patients with recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancer, with a high rate of toxicity. Identifying less toxic, equally effective regimens is imperative. Therefore, in the current study, the authors investigated first‐line treatment with an all‐oral regimen of capecitabine and lapatinib.

METHODS

Patients were required to have incurable head and neck cancer of any primary site other than the nasopharynx, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) of 0 to 2, and no prior exposure to capecitabine or lapatinib. Subjects were treated with capecitabine at a dose of 1000 mg/m2 twice daily and lapatinib at a dose of 1250 mg daily. Capecitabine was administered for 14 days of each 21‐day cycle for 4 cycles. Lapatinib was administered daily until disease progression. The primary outcome was overall survival.

RESULTS

A total of 44 subjects were accrued between November 13, 2009 and April 29, 2014. Approximately 38.6% of the sample had an ECOG PS of 0, 52.3% had an ECOG PS of 1, and 9.1% had an ECOG PS of 2. Approximately 81.8% were male and the median age of the patients was 62 years. Prior attempts at curative treatment with chemotherapy had been used in 68.2% of patients (platinum was used in 55.8%). There was no grade 5 toxicity noted (toxicity was graded according to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [version 3.0]). The most common adverse events were diarrhea (18.2% of patients with grade 3) and rash (13.6% of patients with grade 3). The primary objective was met; the median overall survival was 10.7 months (90% confidence interval [90% CI], 8.7‐12.9 months). The overall response rate was 25% (90% CI, 15%‐38%). The median progression‐free survival was 4.2 months (90% CI, 3.6‐5.1 months). The results were not substantially different when subdivided by p16 status. Only 2 patients were positive for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 by immunohistochemistry.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study met its primary objective of survival comparable to the combination of cisplatin, 5‐FU and cetuximab regimen, and the toxicity of this all‐oral regimen was tolerable. Cancer 2016;122:2350–2355. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Cloud incident handling and forensic‐by‐design: cloud storage as a case study
Authors: Ab Rahman Nurul Hidayah , Cahyani Niken Dwi Wahyu , Choo Kim‐Kwang Raymond
Published: May 2016

Information security incident handling strategies or models are important to ensure the security of organisations, particularly in cloud and big data environments. However, existing strategies or models may not adequate as cloud data are generally virtualised, geographically distributed and ephemeral, presenting both technical and jurisdictional challenges. We present an integrated cloud incident handling and forensic‐by‐design model. We then seek to validate the model using a set of controlled experiments on a cloud‐related incident. Three popular cloud storage applications were deployed namely, Dropbox, Google Drive, and OneDrive. This study demonstrates the utility of the model for organisational cloud users to undertake incident investigations (e.g. collect and analyse residual data from cloud storage applications). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards traffic minimization for data placement in online social networks
Authors: Zhou Jingya , Fan Jianxi , Wang Jin , Cheng Baolei , Jia Juncheng
Published: May 2016

With the increasing number of users and a huge scale of data, the service providers of Online Social Networks (OSNs) are facing the problem of how to place users' data to multiple servers. Key‐value stores solve the problem based on consistent hashing, and have become a defacto standard. However, random placement manner of hashing cannot preserve social locality, which leads to high intra‐data center traffic and unpredictable response time. Many existing works solve the problem by using graph partitioning algorithms. These works have two drawbacks: First, the social graph is constructed with ordinary pairwise graph that cannot fully reflect multi‐participant interactions often occurring in OSNs. Second, the underlying network topologies of data center have never been considered. This paper investigates the problem of traffic minimization for OSNs data storage. Motivated by maximally preserving both social locality and distance locality, we formulate the problem as two sub‐problems — hypergraph partitioning and partition‐to‐server mapping, and propose a two‐phase data placement (TDP) scheme. Specifically we present two algorithms to solve partition‐to‐server mapping over two widely used network topologies (i.e., tree and BCube). Evaluations with a large scale Facebook trace show that TDP significantly reduces intra‐data center traffic as well as load balancing across servers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A single‐bit continuous‐time delta‐sigma modulator using clock‐jitter and inter‐symbol‐interference suppression technique
Authors: Sabouhi Vahid , Aghdam Esmaeil Najafi , Saeedi Saeed
Published: May 2016

This paper presents a technique for mitigating two well‐known DAC non‐idealities in continuous‐time delta‐sigma modulators (CTDSMs), particularly in wide‐band and low over‐sampling‐ratio (OSR) cases. This technique employs a special digital‐to‐analog convertor (DAC) waveform, called modified return‐to‐zero (MRZ), to reduce the time uncertainty effect because of the jittered clock at the sampling time instances and eliminate the effect of inter‐symbol‐interference (ISI) which degrades the modulator performance, especially when non‐return‐to‐zero (NRZ) DAC waveform is chosen in the modulator design. A third‐order single‐bit CTDSM is designed based on the proposed technique and step‐by‐step design procedure at circuit and system levels, considering clock jitter and ISI, is explained. Circuit simulations in 180‐nm CMOS technology show that in the presence of circuit non‐idealities which generate jitter and asymmetrical rise and fall times in the DAC current pulse, signal‐to‐noise‐distortion‐ratio (SNDR) of the proposed modulator is higher than the conventional modulator with NRZ waveform by about 10 dB. In these simulations, clock jitter standard deviation is 0.3% of the sampling period (TS) and the difference between fall/rise times in the DAC current pulse is 4%TS. Simulated at 600‐MHz sampling frequency (fS) with an oversampling ratio (OSR) of 24, SNDR figure of merit (FOMSNDR) of the proposed modulator in 180‐nm CMOS is 300 fj/conversion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consistency of trematode infection prevalence in host populations across large spatial and temporal scales
Authors: Byers James E. , Holmes Zachary C. , Blakeslee April M. H.
Published: May 2016

Parasites can impart heavy fitness costs on their hosts. Thus, understanding the spatial and temporal consistency in parasite pressure can elucidate the likeliness of parasites’ role as agents of directional selection, as well as revealing variable environmental factors associated with infection risk. We examined spatiotemporal variation in digenetic trematode infection in 18 populations of an intertidal host snail (Littorina littorea) over a 300 km range at an 11‐yr interval, more than double the generation time of the snail. Despite a complete turnover in the snail host population, the average change in infection prevalence among populations was <1% over the 11‐yr span, and all but three populations remained within 5 percentage points. This consistency of prevalence in each population over time suggests remarkable spatiotemporal constancy in parasite delivery vectors in this system, notably gulls that serve as definitive hosts for the parasites. Thus, despite gulls’ high mobility, their habitat usage patterns are ostensibly relatively fixed in space. Importantly, this spatiotemporal consistency also implies that sites where parasites are recruitment limited remain so over time, and likewise, that parasite hotspots stay hot.
Unexpected Reaction Promoted by NH+···O=Mo Hydrogen Bonds in Nonpolar Solvents
Authors: Okamura Taka‐aki , Yamada Takayoshi , Hasenaka Yuki , Yamashita Satoshi , Onitsuka Kiyotaka
Published: May 2016

A new synthetic method using [MoIV(S‐tBu)4], 1,2‐benzenedithiol containing bulky hydrophobic acylamino substituents, 3,6‐[(4‐tBuC6H4)3CCONH]2C6H2‐1,2‐(SH)2 (LH2), a tertiary amine [R3N = Et3N or 2,6‐lutidine (Lu)], and an equimolar amount of water afforded (R3NH)2[MoIVO(L)2] [(R3NH)2[1]]. Each compound formed a strong NH+···O=Mo hydrogen bond between the tertiary ammonium cation and the terminal oxo ligand in toluene, which unexpectedly promoted the one‐electron oxidation of MoIV by lutidinium ion or 0.5 equiv. Me3NO to produce [MoVO(L)2]–. In contrast, in polar solvents, typical oxygen atom transfer (OAT) from Me3NO to [1]2– was observed. A possible mechanism is presented and the role of the hydrogen bond in molybdenum enzymes is discussed.
The obesity‐related Adipokinetic hormone controls feeding and expression of neuropeptide regulators of Drosophila metabolism
Authors: Gáliková Martina , Klepsatel Peter , Xu Yanjun , Kühnlein Ronald P.
Published: May 2016

Homeostasis of circulating and storage energy reserves in mammals is dependent on the antagonistically acting insulin and glucagon signaling. In the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, this function is executed by the insulin‐like peptides and the glucagon‐like Adipokinetic hormone (AKH). Loss of Drosophila AKH results in the adulthood‐specific onset of obesity coupled with hypoglycemia. However, apart from the role of AKH in the lipid mobilization, the physiological and endocrine underpinnings of the AKH deficiency‐triggered obesity are unknown. Here, we investigate the role of AKH in feeding and metabolic rate control, and address the interactions of this hormone with other endocrine regulators of fly metabolism. Via in vivo gain‐ and loss‐of‐function analyses, we show that despite its anti‐obesity effects, AKH is an orexigenic peptide. Moreover, AKH also affects expression of orexigenic factors CCHamide‐2 and neuropeptide F. In addition, AKH regulates metabolic genes like Corazonin, Limostatin, and Insulin‐like peptides (Ilps) 2, 3, 5, and 6. Altogether, our work shows that the Drosophila AKH is a central regulator of energy homeostasis; next to its well‐known role in the control of energy expenditure, this hormone controls also food intake, and expression of other endocrine regulators of fly metabolism.

Practical applications: Basic research of the neuroendocrine regulation of metabolism in the fruit fly D. melanogaster has potential applications in both human medicine and insect pest control. The evolutionary conservation of the key metabolic pathways, together with the unprecedented choice of transgenic tools turned the fruit fly into a useful model to study human diseases, including obesity and diabetes. Based on the evolutionary conservation of AKH and glucagon functions, our investigations might provide useful hints regarding the physiological actions, and endocrine interactions of human glucagon, too. In addition, insect neuropeptides are emerging as important targets for the parasite and pest control; understanding of their regulatory networks has thus potential implications also in the development of novel insecticides.

Adipokinetic hormone (AKH) is an insect analog of the human hormone glucagon. Our investigations of the roles of this hormone in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster have shown that this anti‐obesity factor is a central regulator of fly metabolism, and controls crucial processes such as feeding, metabolic rate, storage of energy reserves, and expression of regulatory genes from the neuropeptide hormone family, including the fly homologs of human insulin.
Protect your institution's brand from infringement by unauthorized agents
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: May 2016

There's a good chance your institution devotes significant resources to attracting and enrolling international students. But you could be losing out on thousands of dollars in tuition revenue because students fall prey to scams that rely on misuse of your institution's brand. That's especially likely if your institution has a name and brand that's well‐respected globally, said Ed Seaford, vice president of brand protection, West Coast, at NetNames.
Fragmentation, Fusion, and Genetic Homogeneity in a Calcareous Sponge (Porifera, Calcarea)
Authors: Padua André , Leocorny Pedro , Custódio Márcio Reis , Klautau Michelle
Published: May 2016

Sessile marine invertebrates living on hard substrata usually present strategies such as size variations, longer life spans, fragmentation and fusion to occupy and compete for space. Calcareous sponges are usually small and short‐lived, and some species are known to undergo frequent fragmentation and fusion events. However, whether fusion occurs only between genetically identical individuals remains unclear. We investigated the occurrence of chimaeras in the calcareous sponge Clathrina aurea by following the dynamics of fragmentation and fusion of 66 individuals in the field for up to 18 months and determined size variations and the life span of each individual. Microsatellites were used to determine whether fusion events occur among genetically different individuals. Growth and shrinkage of individuals were frequently observed, showing that size cannot be associated with age in C. aurea. The life span of the species ranged from 1 to 16 months (mean: 4.7 months). Short life spans and variable growth rates have been observed in other species of the class Calcarea. Fragmentation and fusion events were observed, but fusion events always occurred between genetically identical individuals, as has been suggested by graft experiments in adult Demospongiae and other Calcarea. These results suggest that at least C. aurea adults may have some mechanism to avoid chimaerism.
New Route for the Synthesis of Thiazolidine 2,4dione Azepine Derivatives
Authors: Kommidi Devendar Reddy , Pagadala Ramakanth , Varkolu Mohan , Koorbanally Neil A. , Moodley Brenda
Published: May 2016

A new facile ionic liquid mediated proficient method is developed for the synthesis of structurally new thiazepine and oxazepine derivatives of thiazolidine 2,4‐dione. This protocol proceeds through, one‐pot three component reaction between fused cyclic ketone, substituted aromatic aldehyde, 2‐amino phenol and 2‐amino thiobenzene at room temperature to yield structurally new derivatives.
Land Cover Change and Woodland Degradation in a Charcoal Producing Semi‐Arid Area in Kenya
Authors: Kiruki Harun M. , van der Zanden Emma H. , Malek Žiga , Verburg Peter H.
Published: May 2016

Woodlands in Kenya are undergoing land cover change and degradation leading to loss of livelihoods. Uncontrolled charcoal production, although a livelihood source for communities living in woodland areas of Kenya, leads to woodland degradation. We used Landsat imagery, field plot data and household interviews to describe land cover change and the role of charcoal production in woodland degradation. An unsupervised classification was used to determine land cover change from woodland to open/farmland, and five 16‐km transects were used to investigate the extent of charcoal production in the target woodlands. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted on 117 households to understand their perceptions on woodland cover change and the role of charcoal production. The overall accuracy of our classification was 86%. Woodland areas decreased by 24% between 1986 and 2014. The trend of woodland area change compared well between remote sensing and interview data. The density of kilns, a proxy for charcoal‐led woodland degradation, varied across the sample plots. Despite charcoal providing a livelihood for 66% of the households, the community felt that their environment, wealth and social relations have been affected by land cover changes caused by charcoal production. Based on these results, we recommend that appropriate measures aimed at improving the productivity of agriculture, adapting to climate change and reducing dependence on charcoal for sustenance should be encouraged to mitigate woodland cover loss and degradation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil and Nutrient Losses in a Flat Land‐Reclamation District of Central Italy
Authors: Silvestri Nicola , Pistocchi Chiara , Antichi Daniele
Published: May 2016

Erosion and nutrient losses represent two of the most important environmental impacts of agriculture. In a field experiment, we compared the impact and productivity of three continuous maize‐cropping systems—conventional, low input and environmentally protective—on two contrasting soils (peat and loam soil) within a flat land‐reclamation district of Central Italy. This area is characterized by intensive agriculture and the presence of a receiving eutrophic lake. Cumulative runoff, sediment, dissolved and particulate nutrient losses were discontinuously measured over 2 years by means of 2‐m2 runoff traps. The effect of cropping systems on erosion was influenced by soil type. Conventional showed the highest losses on the loam soil and low input on the peat soil, whereas environmentally protective ensured the best soil protection at both sites.

Simple linear regressions were used to quantify the contribution of anthropogenic and non‐anthropogenic predictor variables. Runoff was not influenced by the rainfall (more than 75% of variability explained), and soil losses were significantly affected by type of cropping system (23–25% of variability explained). We estimated the magnitude of the erosion on an annual basis by multiple linear regression models. Soil losses were relatively low, remaining below 0·8 Mg ha−1 y−1 at both sites, while dissolved N losses ranged from 0·54 to 1·29 kg ha−1 y−1, and dissolved P losses ranged from 0·50 to 0·80 kg ha−1 y−1 at both sites. These results pointed to the presence of other sources and pathways of contamination in the lake eutrophication process. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Feeding Behavior of the Seastar Evasterias troschelii Stimpson
Authors: CHRISTENSEN AAGE MØLLER
Published: May 2016

Kymograph recordings of shell movements of 4.0–5.5 cm long clams (Protothaca staminea) during attacks by the seastar (Evasterias troschelii) showed: (1) in 21 experiments the valves were pulled apart at a mean rate of about 1.0 mm per minute, as measured at the mid‐ventral edge of the clams; (2) clams constantly tried to close during the initial opening of them by the seastars and then at longer intervals thereafter for a period usually not exceeding 4 hours.

A specially constructed, false lucite “clam” containing Mytilus meat as bait was opened by Evasterias against known resistances applied to the approximate center of the upper, free‐moving valve of the “clam.” Kymograph recordings of shell movements of this “clam” during seastar attacks showed: (1) the curves showing the openings agree closely with those showing openings of live clams; (2) an average sized Evasterias may exert forces in excess of 5000 grams; (3) having lifted such weights, the seastar may hold them lifted for several hours; (4) in 14 experiments, weights varying from 700 to 5500 grams were lifted at an average speed of about 0.8 mm per minute, equal to an increase in gape of about 1.2 mm per minute during the lift. Maximum lifts varied from 2.8 to 13.5 mm with a mean of 6.6 mm.

Experiments and observations showed that only the longitudinal musculature of the tube feet is responsible for the forces exerted by the seastar in opening bivalves. However, there are strong indications that the seastar is capable of “locking” itself in a rigid state before commencing the pull.

If prevented from applying force, Evasterias will still succeed in feeding on bivalves, but the digestion period is considerably prolonged due to difficulties in inserting all lobes of the stomach into the prey.