bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pedogenic, mineralogical and land-use controls on organic carbon stabilization in two contrasting soils
Authors: Plante A F , Virto I. , Malhi S S
Published: March 2010

Organo-mineral complexation in soils is strongly controlled by pedogenesis, but the mechanisms controlling it and its interaction with cultivation are not yet well understood. We compared the mineralogy and quality of organic carbon (C) among organo-mineral fractions from two soils with contrasting pedogenic origin. Sequential density fractionation (SDF; using 1.6, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4 and 2.6 g mL-1 sodium polytungstate solutions) followed by thermal analysis was applied to a Chernozem from Ellerslie, Alberta, and a Luvisol from Breton, Alberta, each under native and cultivated land uses. Similar clay mineralogy suggested that pedogenic controls on organic C stabilization were related to long-term vegetation cover. In addition to large differences in total organic C quantities, bulk soil and isolated fractions showed significant differences in organic C quality. Samples under native vegetation revealed greater organo-mineral complexation at Ellerslie compared with Breton, as expressed by less solubilisation, more organic C recovered in intermediate-density fractions, and exothermic differential scanning calorimetry peak signals associated with more stable forms of organic C. Long-term cultivation resulted in an overall shift to more stable organo-mineral complexes. The proportion of soil C in the 2.1-2.4 g mL-1 fraction increased under cultivation from 21 to 32% in Breton samples, and from 6 to 16% in Ellerslie samples. The quality of inherited pedogenic soil organic C stored in a soil thus appears to determine its response to long-term cultivation.Key words: Cultivation, sequential density fractionation, organic carbon, organic matter, thermal analysis
Modulation of the African easterly jet by a mesoscale convective system
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Elsberry Russell L.
Published: March 2010

The modulation of the African easterly jet (AEJ) by a mesoscale convective system (MCS) is examined in a numerical simulation. An AEJ with a strong and confined core is simulated before the formation of the MCS north of the AEJ axis, and the jet is ‘split’ with two separate cores after the passage of the MCS. Our diagnosis suggests that the MCS may be triggered by a wave propagating south of the AEJ axis. A momentum budget analysis indicates that the meridional circulation associated with the MCS weakens the jet to its south and forms the secondary jet to its north. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Pre‐clinical evidence of enhanced oral bioavailability of the P‐glycoprotein substrate talinolol in combination with morin
Authors: Pathak Shriram M. , Udupa N.
Published: March 2010

Most known interactions between herbal extracts and drugs involve the inhibition of drug‐metabolizing enzymes, but little is yet known about the possible role of transporters in these interactions. In order to evaluate the effect of one of such prominent flavonoids, morin, on P‐glycoprotein related efflux carriers, measurements of transport characteristics through Ussing chambers, in situ perfusion and in vivo drug absorption studies were performed with the transported, yet not metabolized model compound talinolol.

This study investigated the effects of orally administered morin (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg kg−1), on the pharmacokinetics of orally (10 mg kg−1) and intravenously (1.0 mg kg−1) administered talinolol in rats. In the presence of morin, the pharmacokinetic parameters of talinolol were significantly altered in the oral group but not in the intravenous group. The presence of 2.5 and 5.0 mg kg−1 of morin significantly increased (1.8–2.0 fold, p<0.01) the area under the plasma concentration–time curve and the peak plasma concentration (2.3–3.0 fold, p<0.01) of orally administered talinolol. The absolute bioavailability (F %) of talinolol in the rats pretreated with morin was significantly higher (89.09–98.29%, p<0.01) than the control (52.14%). Talinolol demonstrated asymmetric transport across rat ileum with significantly greater basolateral‐to‐apical (B–A) permeability than that in the apical‐to‐basolateral (A–B) direction. The addition of morin resulted in a concentration dependent effect, especially on the secretory transport of talinolol.

The present study demonstrates that morin bears the ability to interfere with secretory intestinal transport processes. This might be due to an interaction with P‐glycoprotein. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Derivation, implementation, and initial testing of a compressible wall‐layer model
Authors: Bond R. B. , Blottner Frederick G.
Published: March 2010

Traditional wall functions have been used successfully for decades to decrease the computational cost for obtaining solutions to incompressible flows with equilibrium turbulence. However, these traditional, analytic wall functions are poorly suited for more complex flows. The present work describes an alternative approach named the ‘diffusion model’. The diffusion model is a subgrid model developed by Blottner and Bond that solves a system of ODEs in the near‐wall region instead of assuming an analytic profile. The diffusion model has previously been shown to reproduce profiles of various turbulence models through the log layer with fixed outer boundary conditions. This paper documents the implementation and the testing of the diffusion model fully coupled with a 3‐D Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) algorithm, using the Spalart–Allmaras model. The results indicate that the coupled algorithm is valid when the interface between diffusion model and the 3‐D RANS algorithm is below the outer edge of the log layer. Although the current work focuses on using steady 3‐D RANS outside of the log layer, modeling assumptions introduced in the current work could be used to derive a diffusion model for coupling with a large eddy simulation region. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Quaternary development of tributary channels to the Nile River at Kom Ombo area, Eastern Desert of Egypt, and their implication for groundwater resources
Authors: El Bastawesy Mohammed , Faid Abdallah , Gammal El Sayed El
Published: March 2010

The dry wadis ‘ephemeral channel’ constituting the main tributaries to the Nile River in Kom Ombo are structurally and tectonically controlled and exhibit complex drainage pattern. This complicated drainage pattern is inherited from the morpho‐tectonic evolution of the ancestral Nile River (‘Protonile’), which drained the Eastern Desert during the Middle Pleistocene. A digital elevation model derived from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data is used to delineate the contemporary drainage networks and their catchments. Satellite images acquired during a flash flood event were used to validate the delineated watershed divides and flow pathways, particularly where the courses of dry wadis are interlocked. Currently, the westward flow of Wadi Abu‐Suberah is derived from a small area in the Eastern Desert, as the palaeo‐upper reaches of this wadi were captured due to tectonic movements along NW/SE and N/S faults by wadis in the Kharit and Elewa areas. The influence of these tectonic movements on groundwater distribution is also shown where the deep Nubian aquifer discharges its water into the Quaternary aquifer through fault planes. The northward flowing ‘Protonile’ main course has tectonically shifted from the Gallaba plain in the Western Desert, eastward to the current Nile River course. This shift has produced several cut‐off segments of the palaeo‐tributary drainage that was originally flowing westward towards the old ‘Protonile’ main course in the Gallaba plain. However, these segments have reversed their surface run‐off flow directions eastward towards the current Nile course; they could include potential groundwater resources, as their alluvium may be still recharged by the Nile River. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BOLD background gradient contributions in diffusion‐weighted fMRI—comparison of spin‐echo and twice‐refocused spin‐echo sequences
Authors: Pampel André , Jochimsen Thies H. , Möller Harald E.
Published: March 2010

The interaction (‘cross terms’) between diffusion‐weighting gradients and susceptibility‐induced background gradient fields around vessels has an impact on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements and diffusion‐weighted functional magnetic resonance imaging (DFMRI) experiments. Monte‐Carlo (MC) simulations numerically integrating the Bloch equations for a large number of random walks in a vascular model were used to investigate to what extent such interactions would influence the extravascular signal change as well as the ADC change observed in DFMRI experiments. The vascular model consists of a set of independent, randomly oriented, infinite cylinders whose internal magnetic susceptibility varies as the state changes between rest and activation. In such a network, the cross terms result in the observation of a functional increase in ADC accompanied by a descending percent signal change with increasing diffusion weighting. It is shown that the twice‐refocused spin‐echo sequence permits sufficient yet not total suppression of such effects compared to the standard Stejskal‐Tanner spin‐echo diffusion weighting under experimentally relevant conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary kinetic hydrogen isotope effects in deprotonations of carbon acids
Authors: Watt C. Ian F.
Published: March 2010

The mechanisms of deprotonation of carbon acids are reviewed to emphasise the important kinetic consequences associated with the internal and solvent reorganisation in forming the conjugate base. Some practicalities of measurements of kinetic hydrogen isotope effects are then considered to show how competing reactions, exchange and mechanistic branching might affect these measurements. Finally, isotopic rate ratios (kH/kD) have been collected for non‐enzymic deprotonations of carbon acids for which temperature dependences have also been determined. All examples contain nitro groups. For reactions in hydroxylic solvents, only two examples are found for which kH/kD > 8 at 25 °C (28.8 and 10.7), possibly indicating a tunnelling contribution. In both cases, values of E–E are larger and values of AH/AD smaller than the range expected (E–E = 4.54 kJ mol−1 and 0.7 < AH/AD < 1.4) for effects arising from zero‐point energy differences with no tunnelling contributions. For reactions in aprotic solvents, isotope effects are larger (12.1 < kH/kD < 19.6), but again, the largest of these (19.6 and 15.8) are associated with elevated values of E–E and small values of AH/AD. It is pointed out that behaviour of this type is accommodated by corrections to the semi‐classical model with shallow tunnelling maximised by high symmetrical barriers. No examples have been found in which large effects are associated with large values of AH/AD and small values of E–E.

Comparisons are made with two recently reported enzyme‐catalysed reactions involving deprotonation of nitroalkanes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the links between physical activity and posttraumatic growth in young adult cancer survivors
Authors: Love Caitlin , Sabiston Catherine M.
Published: March 2010

Objective: Set within a posttraumatic growth (PTG) framework, the purpose of this investigation was to explore social support and enduring distress as predictors of psychological growth. The moderating role of physical activity was also examined.

Method: Sixty‐four young adult cancer survivors (Mage=28.83, SD=5.5 years) completed a survey assessing constructs within the PTG model, cancer and personal descriptive, and physical activity.

Results: In a hierarchical regression analysis, stress (β=−0.04) and social support (β=0.46) were significant predictors of psychological growth (R2=0.24). The physical activity by social support interaction accounted for an additional 12.8% of the variance (β=−0.52), suggesting a strong positive correlation between social support and psychological growth in inactive individuals and a much weaker correlation for active individuals.

Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance for young adult cancer survivors to seek social support, adopt appropriate coping strategies to endure distress, and to engage in regular physical activity to foster experiences of psychological growth following diagnosis and treatment for cancer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Associating biosensing properties with the morphological structure of multilayers containing carbon nanotubes on field‐effect devices
Authors: Siqueira José R. , Bäcker Matthias , Poghossian Arshak , Zucolotto Valtencir , Oliveira Osvaldo N. , Schöning Michael J.
Published: March 2010

The control of molecular architecture provided by the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) technique has led to enhanced biosensors, in which advantageous features of distinct materials can be combined. Full optimization of biosensing performance, however, is only reached if the film morphology is suitable for the principle of detection of a specific biosensor. In this paper, we report a detailed morphology analysis of LbL films made with alternating layers of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, which were then covered with a layer of penicillinase (PEN). An optimized performance to detect penicillin G was obtained with 6‐bilayer SWNT/PAMAM LbL films deposited on p‐Si‐SiO2‐Ta2O5 chips, used in biosensors based on a capacitive electrolyte‐insulator‐semiconductor (EIS) and a light‐addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) structure, respectively. Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images indicated that the LbL films were porous, with a large surface area due to interconnection of SWNT into PAMAM layers. This morphology was instrumental for the adsorption of a larger quantity of PEN, with the resulting LbL film being highly stable. The experiments to detect penicillin were performed with constant‐capacitance (ConCap) and constant‐current (CC) measurements for EIS and LAPS sensors, respectively, which revealed an enhanced detection signal and sensitivity of ca. 100 mV/decade for the field‐effect sensors modified with the PAMAM/SWNT LbL film. It is concluded that controlling film morphology is essential for an enhanced performance of biosensors, not only in terms of sensitivity but also stability and response time.
Customized impedance spectroscopy device as possible sensor platform for biosensor applications
Authors: van Grinsven Bart , Vandenryt Thijs , Duchateau Stijn , Gaulke Andreas , Grieten Lars , Thoelen Ronald , Ingebrandt Sven , De Ceuninck Ward , Wagner Patrick
Published: March 2010

A new impedance spectroscopy unit is developed, fully customized to become a vital part of label free biosensor arrays with possible applications in DNA and protein sensing. Test measurements are conducted to explore the accuracy and specificity of the system, both under electronic lab conditions as well as under wet cell conditions with synthetic‐diamond based sensor electrodes. The impedance of seven resistors was monitored for 17 h and a maximum error <0.02% was found. Furthermore, the impedance of PBS at different concentrations was monitored for 60 min per concentration and a different impedance for each concentration was detected. The impedance is also monitored for NaOH, PBS and nuclease free water at different temperatures with a total duration of 60 min per fluid. Systematically different impedances for each temperature per fluid were found and the temperature coefficients were determined. All test measurements lead to results well within specification.
Characterization of core/shell nanoparticle thin films for gas analytical applications
Authors: Fuchs M. , Breitenstein D. , Fartmann M. , Grehl T. , Kayser S. , Koester R. , Ochs R. , Schlabach S. , Szabó D. V. , Bruns M.
Published: March 2010

Gas analytical microsystems such as the Karlsruhe micro nose (KAMINA) can be improved toward higher sensitivity when using SnO2 nanoparticle thin films instead of well‐established sputtered layers. For achieving long‐term stability, such nanoparticles must be prevented from growing and agglomerating. A very promising approach is to coat SnO2 nanoparticles with an open‐pored SiO2 shell, simply acting as a spacer, while preserving electrical contact between adjacent core particles. Such nanoparticulate thin films can easily be realized by the gas‐phase Karlsruhe microwave plasma process (KMPP). This provides an all‐in‐one approach to synthesize particles with diameters less than 10 nm, to coat them in situ with a protective ultrathin SiO2 shell in a downstream step and to finally deposit the core/shell particles solvent‐free onto prefabricated micro devices.

The present study focuses on the surface analytical characterization of 200 nm thin films consisting of SnO2 core/SiO2 shell nanoparticles with various shell designs. For this purpose, the SiO2 shell thickness was systematically increased while keeping the SnO2 core size constant. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provides information concerning chemical binding states and shell thickness in a nondestructive manner. Angle‐resolved XPS together with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) validate the achieved core/shell structure. In the case of the desired ultrathin SiO2 shells, low‐energy ion scattering (LEIS) is solely the suitable means to prove that Sn and Si are the constituents of the outermost monolayer of the spherical particles and it demonstrates the attainability of open‐pored coatings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting the wettability of patterned ITO surface using ToF‐SIMS images
Authors: Yang L. , Shard A. G. , Lee J. L. S. , Ray S.
Published: March 2010

Partial least squares (PLS) regression has been increasingly used as a tool for modelling linear relations between multivariate surface analytical measurements and measures of performance. However, the use of PLS to obtain quantitative predictions has only been partially explored. In this study, we construct a PLS model using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) and water contact angle (WCA) data obtained from a series of differently treated indium tin oxide (ITO) surfaces. This model displays a reasonable correlation between the WCA values and the SIMS data. To validate the model, ITO surfaces patterned with different areas of wettability were examined using ToF‐SIMS imaging to produce WCA maps. The PLS model was applied to predict the spatial variation in WCA across the sample. The direct measurement of WCA on the patterned ITO surface was achieved using a small‐scale interval grid from picolitre volume water droplets. We present the correlations between the predicted WCA from SIMS and the measured WCA, and highlight the discrepancies that arises in the comparison of the two datasets. This work is of direct benefit to industries where wettability is crucial but direct contact angle measurements are acquired on a scale smaller than it is possible to produce liquid drops, such as the plastic electronics and microfluidics industries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corrosion behavior under accelerated SO2 corrosion tests of thin iron nitride films prepared by DIBS
Authors: Marco J. F. , Herranz T. , Gracia M. , Gancedo J. R. , Moutinho F. , Prieto P. , Sanz J. M.
Published: March 2010

We report on the corrosion behavior of thin films, prepared by dual ion beam sputtering (DIBS), containing different concentrations of γ′‐and ε‐iron nitride phases. When deposited on Si wafers, the film containing almost equal amounts of γ′‐Fe4N and ε‐Fe3−xN phases shows the highest corrosion resistance. When deposited on iron substrates, all the films show almost total chemical degradation. We attribute this to the open microporosity of the different films deposited. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical and electrochemical grafting of polyaniline on aniline‐terminated porous silicon
Authors: Chiboub Nawel , Boukherroub Rabah , Szunerits Sabine , Gabouze Noureddine , Moulay Saad , Sam Sabrina
Published: March 2010

We report, herein, on the preparation of polyaniline (PANi)/porous silicon (PSi) hybrid material. High surface area PSi substrates were obtained by electrochemical etching of crystalline silicon in HF‐based solutions. The freshly prepared PSi surface was first oxidized by UV/ozone and then reacted with 3‐bromopropyltrichlorosilane under an inert atmosphere to yield a brominated PSi surface. Aniline‐terminated PSi surface was formed by chemical reaction of the brominated PSi layer with aniline molecules. Finally, the polymerization was performed by either chemical method via an oxidative polymerization or electrochemical process using cyclic voltammetry. The PANi grafted by chemical or electrochemical methods on aniline‐terminated PSi surface exhibits a better chemical stability and a high resistance to harsh environments, as compared to PANi electrodeposited directly onto an oxidized PSi surface. This highlights the advantage of covalent grafting of PANi on the aniline‐modified PSi substrate. The composition, morphology and other physical properties of the resulting PANi/PSi hybrid structure were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), XPS, SEM and SIMS. The results clearly indicate that the polymerization takes place throughout the porous layer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid identification of bacteria and yeast using surface‐enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Culha Mustafa , Kahraman Mehmet , Çam Dilek , Sayın Ismail , Keseroǧlu Kemal
Published: March 2010

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful technique used for obtaining chemical information about the molecules and molecular structures in the vicinity of surfaces of noble metal nanostructures. The chemical information acquired through SERS can be used for not only characterization but also detection and identification. In a clinical setting, rapid and accurate identification of micro‐organisms is critical. The biochemical information collected through the SERS spectra can be used for quick identification of micro‐organisms. The concentrated silver colloidal nanoparticles (AgNPs) are simply mixed with micro‐organisms after culturing, and their SERS spectra acquired. Since the nanoparticles are in contact with the cell wall of the micro‐organism, the biochemical information obtained is mostly assumed as originating from the cell wall which the AgNPs are in contact with, and is considered as the ‘fingerprint’ of the micro‐organism, which can be used for the identification. Since a SERS spectrum can be acquired only in seconds, the obtained spectrum can be used for fast micro‐organism identification. The reproducibility of the spectra obtained from micro‐organisms is first tested, and then the obtained spectra are used for the goal. The identification of micro‐organisms in mixtures is also attempted in model mixtures. It is demonstrated that the SERS can be used for fast and accurate identification of micro‐organisms such as bacteria and yeast, even in their mixtures. Four bacteria, i.e. Shigella sonnei, Erwinia amylovara, Proteus vulgaris and DH5α (E. coli strain), and three yeast cells, i.e. Hyphopichia burtonii, Candida parapsilosis and Filobasidiella neoformans are used as model micro‐organisms in the study. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the protective effect of aromatic thiols adsorbed on copper
Authors: Di Castro V. , Beccari M. , Bruni F. , Caprioli F. , Decker F.
Published: March 2010

Stability and protection of copper from atmospheric oxidation, by aromatic thiolate adlayers obtained by adsorption of benzenethiol and 2‐naphthalenthiol from solution, has been investigated by XPS. The adsorbed molecules do not show sulfur oxidation in air and in acid solution. Both the studied molecules clearly protect the copper surface from oxidation, reducing oxide and hydroxide formation in a similar way, despite differences in the structure. The trend of the O/Cu ratio and the stability of the thiolate adlayers are indicative of oxidation at defects of the self‐assembled monolayers where the copper surface is not well protected. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical grafting of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) on porous silicon for gas sensing
Authors: Belhousse S. , Boukherroub R. , Szunerits S. , Gabouze N. , Keffous A. , Sam S. , Benaboura A.
Published: March 2010

The paper reports on the preparation of a porous silicon (PSi)/poly(3‐hexylthiophene) hybrid structure and its application in gas sensing. The poly(3‐hexylthiophene) was covalently grafted on the PSi surface in a stepwise process. Electropolymerizable thiophene groups were covalently linked to an azide‐terminated PSi surface using ‘click chemistry’ approach. Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) films were grown on the thiophene‐terminated PSi interface using electropolymerization in acetonitrile in the presence of 3‐hexylthiophene monomer.

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical measurements were performed to follow the chemical composition and structural changes after each step.

The sensitivity, response time and capacitance response of the device to gas environment have been investigated. The results show that current–voltage characteristics are modified by the presence of the gas, and the sensor displays a rapid and reversible response at room temperature. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nachhaltigkeit und GIS
Authors: Flacke Johannes
Published: March 2010

The ongoing consumption of open space for settlement and traffic purposes is to be solved by integrating new economic control instruments as well as improved information instruments. The latter combined with spatially small-scaled indicators should be used in order to specify objectives of a sustainable settlement development and to bring these into practise. An example for this is given with the „Information System Sustainable Settlement Development”, a decision support system for the municipal planning process.
Regionale Effekte einer CO2-Zertifikate-Politik — Ein Problemaufriss
Authors: Zimmermann Horst
Published: March 2010

Emissions trading with carbondioxide (CO2 certificates shall probably be the market-oriented instrument of environmental policy with the broadest impact. Consequently, one should also expect considerable spatial effects. Therefore, the question, of what kind these effects will be, should be asked at an early stage so that spatial planning can prepare for them. The analyses of this paper, which due to the lack of experience and consequently of quantitative data can only be of an exploratory kind, show that the spatial effects shall vary greatly. Most probably the consequences will hit the — already disadvantaged — old-industrial regions beyond proportion. As opposed to this, modern agglomerations will be best off, not least because of their stronger power to shift the burden. Under the anyway increasing conflict of interest between national growth and interregional equalization, which spatial planning faces, this is an important result. Thus, if emissions trading increases by volume, as is to be expected, spatial planning has to be prepared early for noticeable spatial effects. To demonstrate the spatial structure and approximate relative importance of this burden, was the intention of this paper.
CO2 — Emissionshandel in Europa — Eine erste räumliche Bilanzierung
Authors: Jakubowski Peter , Schmitt Maria , Zarth Michael
Published: March 2010

Policy and practice perspective
Die Verwaltungsreform in Dänemark unter besonderer Betrachtung der Neuordnung der Regionen und des Planungssystems
Authors: Priebs Axel
Published: March 2010

Policy and practice perspective
Branchenkompetenz und Qualifizierung: der Beitrag regionaler Netzwerke in Brandenburg
Authors: Scheuplein Christoph
Published: March 2010

One of the key aims of cluster approaches in regional development policy has been improving the skills and qualifications of the labour force. This function can be performed by regional “qualification networks”. In this contribution, the data of an empirical study on qualification networks in the state of Brandenburg are evaluated under the aspect of their orientation toward the needs of local business and industry. The paper outlines the thematic, organizational and financial development of 63 such networks, approximately half of which take the requirements of specific businesses or industries located in the region into consideration in their work.
Nordwestdeutschland und seine Regionen im Standortwettbewerb
Authors: Lammers Konrad
Published: March 2010

Nordwestdeutschland hat sich seit Ende der 80er Jahre günstiger entwickelt als das übrige westdeutsche Bundesgebiet. Damit hat sich ein langanhaltender räumlicher Entwicklungstrend umgekehrt. Die Ursachen hierfür liegen teils in der spezifischen Wirtschaftsstruktur Nordwestdeutschlands begründet, teils sind sie aber auch auf eine verbesserte Standortsituation zurückzuführen. So hat die deutsche Einheit und die Öffnung Osteuropas die Region besonders begünstigt. Nordwestdeutschland konnte seine Attraktivität für das Sachkapital steigern, allerdings nicht für das Humankapital. Unter anderem deshalb ist nicht sichergestellt, daß Nordwestdeutschland dauerhaft auf einen steileren Wachstumspfad eingeschwenkt ist. Hamburg ist seit Ender der 80er Jahre zur treibenden Kraft der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung in Nordwestdeutschland geworden. Die Stadt nimmt zunehmend eine Metropolfunktion für die Region wahr. Die administrative Gliederung in Stadtstaaten und Flächenländer stellt einen Nachteil für Nordwestdeutschland im Standortwettbewerb dar, da vielfach miteinander verflochtene Wirtschaftsräume administrativ zerschnitten werden. Dadurch sind die Bedingungen für eine optimale Standortpolitik in dieser Region weniger günstig als anderswo.
Städtische Flächenentwicklung vor dem Hintergrund von Veränderungen in der Immobilienwirtschaft
Authors: Heeg Susanne
Published: March 2010

Up to the 1980s, urban property development and management in Western Europe was structured by local conditions and actors. This has changed due to strengthened demand for office space, new forms of real estate financing and an increased market transparency as a consequence of political deregulation. At present, these changes go along with a mobilization of the urban property market and a shift from an use value perspective to an exchange value orientation. What kind of challenges and possibilities arise from these transformations for the urban property development? Does an increased importance of supraregional and shareholder value oriented property developers and investors imply a dependency of urban (property) development on mobile investments? In this article these questions will be answered by analyzing the effects of the reorganization of the real estate industry and the restructuring of urban policy.
Events und ihr Beitrag zur Regionalökonomie — die BUGA 05
Authors: Metzler Daniel , Job Hubert
Published: March 2010

Events increasingly play a major role as important attractions in tourism. Like with other attractions, commonly comprising permanent built infrastructure, changing patterns of size and catchment areas are evident. Most strikingly those changes are identifiable, concerning financial inputs. Frequently, events are important means for city and regional marketing activities. Especially in cases, where public funds are used, evidence is to be provided on whether the money was well spent. The paper shows, which impacts events might have and how they can be measured. The BUGA 2005 in Munich is used to implement and discuss the methods. Concerning this case study a net impact effect for the tourism sector is calculated.
Weltmarkt oder wochenmarkt
Authors: Hesse Markus
Published: March 2010

The paper considers regional economic cycles as means for approaching regional sustainable development. By studying the case of materials management, logistics and transport, the main question is to what extent regional cycles may support the purpose of minimising freight transport. Since logistics is developing dynamically, and regarding the outstanding significance of economies of scale, strategies of regionalisation are increasingly questioned. Under the conditions of large-scale market integration, the resulting division of labor appears relatively efficient. So, regional cycles are challenged with particular respect to transport. Yet they remain important for social and economic reasons.
Unternehmensnetze und Bauleitplanung
Authors: Elsner Wolfram , Haasis Hans-Dietrich , Tietjen Roald
Published: March 2010

For many years a discussion has been in progress within regional research on the significance of regional corporate clusters, which in the light of the global reorganisation of value-added chains have come to take on a key function for spatial structure and in achieving greater efficiencies. The model of a regional production and redistribution network developed here takes as its starting-point the now familiar trend for businesses to focus on their core competencies and the ensuing need for relatively long-term, multilateral, project- and product-defined forms of co-operation in the form of physically compact networks. This is demonstrated by comparing this model with a more traditional system of spatial corporate organisation.
Bedeutung und Wandel von Leitbildern
Authors: Kaltenbrunner Robert
Published: March 2010

It is such all-embracing trends as “globalisation” and “utilitarianism” which shape the dominant framework conditions for urban development today throughout the world; there is comparatively little interest in Utopias or high-flown visions. And yet spatial planning does require suitably concrete visions of what it aspires to achieve and to effect. Taking as a suitable case for study the largest and economically most potent metropolis in China, this article provides a synopsis of three quarters of a century of development in examining the relationship between actual developments in settlement structure and the visions on which it was — and is — based.
Die Bedeutung der Region für den Innovationsprozeß
Authors: Backhaus Angela
Published: March 2010

Innovative Unternehmen des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes und öffentliche Forschungseinrichtungen zählen zu den wichtigsten Akteuren im regionalen Innovationssystem, wobei die Zusammenarbeit zwischen den beteiligten Partnern eine besondere Rolle bei der Nutzung regionaler Innovationspotentiale spielt. Wir gehen davon aus, daß die unterschiedlichen Kooperationsreichweiten und damit die Einbindung der Akteure in verschiedene regionale und überregionale Netzwerke in direktem Wirkungszusammenhang zur Ausschöpfung der vorhandenen Potentiale steht. Aus Sicht der universitären Forschungseinrichtungen wird deutlich, daß die räumliche Nähe für die Kooperation mit Unternehmen vorteilhaft ist, aber nicht entscheidend, da die überregionale Zusammenarbeit mit Unternehmen überwiegt. Neben der Ausstattung mit Personal- und Drittmitteln dürften die persönlichen Kontakte einen relevanten Einfluß auf die Kooperationsbeziehungen und-reichweite haben. Für die befragten Industriebetriebe zeigt sich, daß bei der Auswahl der Kooperationspartner unterschiedliche Maßstäbe herangezogen werden. Bei vertikalen Verflechtungsformen entscheiden die überregionalen Märkte, geht es aber um die Kooperation mit Forschungseinrichtungen, so wird das regionale Umfeld verstärkt gesucht.
Innovierende Industrieunternehmen und ihre Einbindung in intraregionale versus interregionale Netzwerke
Authors: Sternberg Rolf
Published: March 2010

Aktuelle Erklärungsansätze wissensbasierter Regionalentwicklung betonen die Bedeutung intraregionaler Netzwerke von Innovationsakteuren. Dabei werden innovative Unternehmen und Forschungseinrichtungen zu den wichtigsten Innovationsakteuren gezählt. Der Beitrag basiert auf umfangreichen Erhebungen in drei deutschen Regionen und resümiert zugleich die zentralen Erkenntnisse dieses Schwerpunktheftes. Er konzentriert sich auf die Rolle, die die räumliche Nähe von Kooperationspartnern für die Entwicklung von innovativen Verflechtungen zwischen Unternehmen des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes und anderen Partnertypen wie Forschungseinrichtungen oder Zulieferern spielt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen im wesentlichen die Hypothese einer starken und zunehmenden Bedeutung intraregionaler Verflechtungen zwischen den Innovationsakteuren.
„Neue Landschaften” durch geschlossene Stoffkreisläufe
Authors: Hildmann Christian
Published: March 2010

Sustainable development of landscape as material basis of society is determined by two limitations: minimisation of high irreversible losses of base cations and nutrients and the increasing need to use regenerative energy sources. Twelve management rules are derived. There are specified by suggested management modules. Chances to realise a sustainable development result from changing frame conditions for the land cultivators (farmers and foresters). Thereupon the role of planning should be changed.
Demographischer Wandel
Authors: Gatzweiler Han-Peter , Kocks Martina
Published: March 2010

Spatial planning and the bodies responsible for the provision of public amenities / infrastructure services must adapt early and to regionally different extents to a general population decline, to ageing and to the internationalisation of the population. The adaptation requirements resulting from the spatial dimension of demographic change call for a positioning of spatial planning: starting with an examination of spatial planning models and objectives with open results, for instance the maintenance of the postulate of equivalent living conditions, to an examination of the procedures and instruments to fulfil the co-ordination task of spatial planning at the different spatial levels. Demonstration projects also play an important role as an action area of the Federal Government. They provide the opportunity to develop and test innovative policy approaches of spatial planning in collaboration with local protagonists in the regions. The article presents the current demonstration projects of spatial planning in the thematic focus “Infrastructure and Demographic Change” and reports on first results. Strategies and concepts to safeguard an appropriate regional supply of infrastructure are in the centre of interest in this context.
Commentary on “Developing a national strategy to prevent dementia: Leon Thal Symposium 2009.” Developing a blood test for Alzheimer's disease using advanced genomic expression technology
Authors: Einstein Richard
Published: March 2010

There is a significant need for reliable molecular biomarkers to aid in Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical diagnosis. RNA transcriptional profiling, although extensively applied for biomarker development in other diseases, is first defining its role in AD. Application of this technology has the sensitivity and power to provide sufficient information for the development of tests to determine disease severity, progression, heterogeneity, and potential for therapeutic response in the AD population. In order to bring forth the potential of this technology, however, the community needs to make a concerted effort to begin sample collection as soon as patients/subjects are identified. Only then can these powerful technologies be applied in a well controlled study for the development of novel diagnostics.
2010 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Authors:   Alzheimer's Association
Published: March 2010

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the seventh leading cause of all deaths in the United States and is virtually tied with the sixth leading cause of death—diabetes. AD is the fifth leading cause of death in Americans aged 65 and older. Although other major causes of death have been on the decrease, deaths because of AD have been rising dramatically. Between 2000 and 2006, heart disease deaths decreased 11.1%, stroke deaths decreased 18.2%, and prostate cancer–related deaths decreased 8.7%, whereas deaths because of AD increased 46.1%.

Older African‐Americans and Hispanics are more likely than older white Americans to have AD or other dementia. Current estimates are that African‐Americans are about 2 times more likely, and Hispanics about 1.5 times more likely, than their white counterparts to have these conditions. However, the relationship of race and ethnicity to the development of AD and other dementias is complex and not fully understood.

In 2009, nearly 11 million family and other unpaid caregivers provided an estimated 12.5 billion hours of care to persons with AD and other dementias; this care is valued at nearly $144 billion. Medicare payments for services to beneficiaries aged 65 years and older with AD and other dementias are three times higher than for beneficiaries without these conditions. Total payments for 2010 for health care and long‐term care services for people aged 65 and older with AD and other dementias are expected to be $172 billion (not including the contributions of unpaid caregivers).

An estimated 5.3 million Americans have AD; approximately 200,000 persons under age 65 with AD comprise the younger‐onset AD population. Every 70 seconds, someone in America develops AD; by 2050 the time of every 70 seconds is expected to decrease to every 33 seconds. Over the coming decades, the baby boom population is projected to add 10 million people to these numbers. In 2050, the incidence of AD is expected to approach nearly a million people per year, with a total estimated prevalence of 11–16 million people. Dramatic increases in the numbers of “oldest old” (aged 85 years and older) across all racial and ethnic groups will also significantly affect the numbers of people living with AD.

This report provides information to increase understanding of the public health effect of AD, including incidence and prevalence, mortality, costs of care, and effect on caregivers and society in general. This report also sets the stage for better understanding the relationship between race and ethnicity and the development of AD and other dementias.
EXISTENCE OF RESOLVENT FOR VOLTERRA INTEGRAL EQUATIONS ON TIME SCALES
Authors: ADıVAR MURAT , RAFFOUL YOUSSEF N.
Published: March 2010

We introduce the concept of ‘shift operators’ in order to establish sufficient conditions for the existence of the resolvent for the Volterra integral equation on time scales. The paper will serve as the foundation for future research on the qualitative analysis of solutions of Volterra integral equations on time scales, using the notion of the resolvent.
Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: when is it idiopathic?
Authors: Wilson H , Alderson D J
Published: March 2010

Objective: To highlight the importance of assessing the certainty of a diagnosis of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss, and of modifying patient management accordingly.

Case report: A patient presented with sudden sensorineural hearing loss in the right ear. Following assessment and preliminary investigation, a diagnosis of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss was made. Steroid treatment was commenced. Two weeks later, the patient experienced sudden sensorineural hearing loss in the left ear, and scalp tenderness. Subsequent biopsy confirmed giant cell arteritis.

Conclusions: Management of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss should be guided by the level of certainty of diagnosis. If there is relative uncertainty, risk factors for specific diagnoses should be sought, the patient should be followed more closely, and investigation should be tailored appropriately. Giant cell arteritis should be considered in patients older than 50 years, those exhibiting suggestive signs or symptoms, and those with elevated inflammatory markers or deranged liver function tests.
Pathogenic characterization in mice of Neospora caninum isolates obtained from asymptomatic calves
Authors: PEREIRA GARCÍA-MELO D. , REGIDOR-CERRILLO J. , COLLANTES-FERNÁNDEZ E. , AGUADO-MARTÍNEZ A. , DEL POZO I. , MINGUIJÓN E. , GÓMEZ-BAUTISTA M. , ADURIZ G. , ORTEGA-MORA L. M.
Published: March 2010

In this study, we characterized 8 new isolates obtained from healthy but congenitally infected calves using a BALB/c mouse model. Neospora caninum-infected mice survived without exhibiting any clinical signs of disease. Nevertheless, differences among isolates in parasite organ distribution, parasite burden and the severity of histopathological lesions were determined. Mice infected with the Nc-Spain 5H, Nc-Spain 7 and Nc-Spain 9 isolates showed higher parasite burdens and more severe brain lesions during the late phase of infection compared to mice infected with the Nc-Spain 2H, Nc-Spain 3H or Nc-Spain 6 isolates. Furthermore, differences in the immunoglobulin IgG1 and IgG2a isotype kinetics induced by these isolates were observed, with a more rapid IgG2a response seen in mice infected with the Nc-Spain 2H and Nc-Spain 3H isolates. These results confirm the intra-species variability of N. caninum pathogenicity.
Moonlighting enzymes in parasitic protozoa
Authors: COLLINGRIDGE PETER W. , BROWN ROBERT W. B. , GINGER MICHAEL L.
Published: March 2010

Enzymes moonlight in a non-enzymatic capacity in a diverse variety of cellular processes. The discovery of these non-enzymatic functions is generally unexpected, and moonlighting enzymes are known in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Importantly, this unexpected multi-functionality indicates that caution might be needed on some occasions in interpreting phenotypes that result from the deletion or gene-silencing of some enzymes, including some of the best known enzymes from classic intermediary metabolism. Here, we provide an overview of enzyme moonlighting in parasitic protists. Unequivocal and putative examples of moonlighting are discussed, together with the possibility that the unusual biological characteristics of some parasites either limit opportunities for moonlighting to arise or perhaps contribute to the evolution of novel proteins with clear metabolic ancestry.
Thermodynamic formalism for a family of non-uniformly hyperbolic horseshoes and the unstable Jacobian
Authors: LEPLAIDEUR RENAUD
Published: March 2010

In this article we prove the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium states for the potential $\phi _{t}= -t\logju \ (t\in \R )$ and the class of non-uniformly hyperbolic horseshoes which was introduced in Rios [Unfolding homoclinic tangencies inside horseshoes: hyperbolicity, fractal dimensions and persistent tangencies. Nonlinearity14 (2001), 431–462]. We show that the pressure t↦𝒫(t) for −tlog Ju is real-analytic on $\R $. We give the exact equations of the two asymptotes to the graph of 𝒫(t) at ±∞ and we prove that these non-uniformly hyperbolic horseshoes do not have measures which minimize the unstable Lyapunov exponent.
Professional judgements of risk and capacity in situations of self-neglect among older people
Authors: MCDERMOTT SHANNON
Published: March 2010

Over the past 50 years, self-neglect among older people has been conceptualised in both social policy and the academy as a social problem which is defined in relation to medical illness and requires professional intervention. Few authors, however, have analysed the concept of self-neglect in relation to critical sociological theory. This is problematic because professional judgements, which provide the impetus for intervention, are inherently influenced by the social and cultural context. The purpose of this article is to use critical theory as a framework for interpreting the findings from a qualitative study which explored judgements in relation to older people in situations of self-neglect made by professionals. Two types of data were collected. There were 125 hours of observations at meetings and home assessments conducted by professionals associated with the Community Options Programme in Sydney, Australia, and 18 professionals who worked with self-neglecting older people in the community gave in-depth qualitative interviews. The findings show that professional judgements of self-neglect focus on risk and capacity, and that these perceptions influence when and how interventions occur. The assumptions upon which professional judgements are based are then further analysed in relation to critical theory.