bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combining SPE and OT in descriptive language-oriented courses
Authors: Bonet Eulàlia , Pons-Moll Clàudia
Published: August 2022

This paper discusses a range of pedagogical strategies that can be used to introduce phonological theory in Catalan Philology BA degrees, which have an empirical and descriptive orientation. On the basis of voicing-related phenomena and vowel reduction processes in Catalan, we illustrate how fundamental concepts can be introduced and how an SPE-type rule-based approach and Optimality Theory can be incorporated in this type of descriptive courses. We also assess the advantages and drawbacks of SPE vs. OT-framed treatments. The fact that the whole grammar of a given language is taken into consideration represents a challenge for any theoretical model, and also for the instructor and students, because the analysis cannot be restricted to a limited set of data; rather, all data that characterize a grammatical system must be taken into account. However, this enterprise is possible if SPE and OT are combined in class, since the pedagogical disadvantages of one model can be counterbalanced by the advantages of the other, and vice versa.
Foot structure enables strict locality in phonological processes
Authors: Koser Nate
Published: August 2022

The metrical foot has a long pedigree as a theoretical device in generative phonology (Liberman & Prince, 1977; Halle & Vergnaud, 1978; Selkirk, 1980; Hammond, 1984; Halle & Vergnaud, 1987; Idsardi, 1992; Hayes, 1995). While the motivations for foot structure are typically studied in terms of stress, this paper provides evidence from the principles of formal language theory (Chomsky, 1956; Hopcroft & Ullman, 1979) for foot-based analyses of non-stress processes. Though use of foot structure in these analyses is not novel (see Gonzalez (2018) for an overview) this paper contributes a precise characterization of what is at stake in terms of the computation of these processes when foot structure is present versus when it is not. This formal computational analysis indicates that feet have measurable implications for the predicted typology of these patterns. Thus, support is provided for a specific substantive phonological proposal based on the well-defined measures of complexity that formal language theory offers.
Regularities and Oddities in Greek Binomials
Authors: Kikiopoulou Athina , Topintzi Nina
Published: August 2022

Our study looks into End-weight (EW) manifestations in Standard Modern Greek (Greek). EW refers to the tendency of certain constituents which pattern as heavy to occur closer to the right edge of the prosodic phrase, in order to align with its most prominent locus, nuclear stress (Ryan 2019). This phenomenon ties in with other known manifestations of the stress-weight interface in quantity-sensitive (QS) languages. We constructed two forced choice tasks – one with real words, the other with nonce words – aiming to explore the possible influence of vowel quality, word-final coda presence, and word length (in syllables) on the internal coordination of binomials. Our findings show that Greek manifests regular EW effects and words with back vowels, word-final codas, and more syllables pattern as heavy and are preferred closer to the right edge. The oddity mainly lies in the fact that in Greek, a quantity-insensitive language (QI), no constituents are expected to pattern as heavy. We further find that lapse effects might be more relevant in the language than previously believed. We theorize that our more experimentally-oriented approach to the language potentially reveals a gradient-weight system.
Portuguese Has Two Underlying Rhotics: Evidence from Lisbon and Carioca Varieties
Authors: Zhou Chao , Jesus Alice
Published: August 2022

Like many Romance languages, Portuguese has a weak-r (tap) and a strong-R (posterior fricative). At the surface level, these two rhotics are only contrastive between vowels, whereas they are neutralized in other positions. How the Portuguese rhotics are represented at the underlying level is still a matter of debate. Competing analyses differ with respect to whether the Portuguese word-initial strong-R is derived by a position-sensitive rule (one-rhotic analysis) or stems from its underlying form faithfully (two-rhotic account).     In the current study, we designed a transformational language game to probe the underlying nature of this initial rhotic. The participants were asked to name objects represented in pictures and to add a stressed prefix [ˈpa] whenever an object was presented in black-and-white. 8 native speakers from Lisbon and 8 from Rio de Janeiro participated in the game. In general ,participants consistently produced a posterior fricative after prefixation. These data show that the Portuguese word-initial strong-R is not a result of rule application, suggesting that Portuguese has two underlying rhotics.
Phonotactics of Gender in Mandarin Given Names: Patterns and Constraints
Authors: Chen Fulang , Kenstowicz Michael
Published: August 2022

In this paper, we investigate the phonotactic patterns that correlate with gender in given names for Mandarin Chinese, a language that is phonotactically quite different from English. We find that many of the phonological predictors for gender in English trend in the same direction for Mandarin. We also compare the phonotactic grammars of Mandarin female and male given names obtained from Maximum-Entropy phonotactic learning models, and find that certain low acoustic frequency sounds that imply largeness according to the Frequency-Code Hypothesis are penalized for female names, while higher acoustic frequency sounds that imply smallness according to the Frequency-Code Hypothesis are not marked in the grammar for male names.
Learning Phonotactics in a Differentiable Framework of Subregular Languages
Authors: Dai Huteng , Futrell Richard
Published: August 2022

Phonotactic constraints have been argued to beregular, meaning that they can be represented usingfinite-state automata (Heinz, 2018); furthermore, they have been argued to occupy a even more restrictedregion of the regular language class known as the subregular hierarchy (Rogers & Pullum, 2011). Ourcontribution is to present a simple model of phonotactic learning from positive evidence. Our approach isbased on probabilistic finite-state automata (Vidal et al., 2005a,b). We study the model’s ability to induce localand nonlocal phonotactics from wordlist data, both with and without formal constraints on the automaton.In particular, we evaluate the ability of our learner to induce nonlocal phonotactic constraints from data ofNavajo and Quechua. Our work provides a framework in which different formal models of phonotactics canbe compared, and sheds light on the structural nature of phonological acquisition (Dai, 2021; Shibata & Heinz,2019; Heinz & Rogers, 2010, 2013).
What can children’s spelling tell us about underlying representations?
Authors: Pons-Moll Clàudia , Fuertes Gisela
Published: August 2022

This paper examines the written productions of first and second grade Catalan children in an attempt to tap into their understanding of the underlying forms of Catalan unstressed vowels for which alternations are not present (and for which multiple inputs are thus possible). The paper also explores the differences in spelling between alternating and non-alternating [ə] and [u], in order to find out whether morphophonemic alternations are taken into consideration in children’s spellings choices, as well at which stage these start to be considered.The results for first graders show generalized misspellings in which schwa and [u] are systematically associated with the graphemes a and u, regardless these vowels alternate with vowels in stressed position or do not. This behavior clearly supports the Lexicon Optimization Hypothesis, according to which there is a first stage in language acquisition in which, from all possible input candidates (Richness of the Base), the learner selects the one that matches the adult output representation as the optimal input (Smolensky 1996).The results for second graders show a noticeable decline in misspellings for alternating schwa  and [u]. This leads to think that morphophonemic alternations are progressively incorporated and taken into account in the process of UR construction. Of course, this better performance in the spelling of alternating vowels might also be a consequence of a better familiarity with conventional spelling. Importantly, though, the decline in misspellings for alternating schwa and [u] coincides with an increase in spelling mistakes for non-alternating vowels. In our view, this undescores the influence of conventional orthography in children’s spelling choices, points to the influence of phonology, and more specifically to a stage of vacillation with respect to the UR of non-alternating forms, with apparent overgeneralizations. This behavior, thus, may support the free-ride approach to morphophonemic learning (McCarthy 2005).The results for both first graders and second graders show differences in the spelling between back vowels (with fewer mistakes) and non-back vowels (with more mistakes), and we argued this might be related to the fact that the children have to deal with a more reduced typology of output-input alternations for back vowels (two-to-one) than for non-back vowels (three-to-one). This is evidence, again, for the role of morphophonemic alternations (i.e. morphology) in children’s spelling choices. The results for both graders also reveal that more productive alternations, such as the ones found between a base and the diminutive, are more transparent to the kids than others: whereas diminutives were generally spelled correctly, non-diminutives were not, giving support again to the influence of morphophonemic alternations, and their transparency, in children’s spelling choices.
Harmonic Gradience in Greek Rap Rhymes
Authors: Iliopoulou Katerina
Published: August 2022

This study investigates the gradience in mismatch acceptability in Greek rap Imperfect Rhyme. We consider that the rhyme domains of a rhyming pair are in a Base-Reduplicant correspondence relationship, requiring segmental identity in Place of Articulation, Manner of Articulation and voicing, and manifesting a gradient acceptability of featural mismatches. Analysis shows that voicing mismatches are highly marked in Greek rap rhyme, implying a high perceptual salience, which seems to be language-specific. Mismatches only in Place of Articulation seem to be the most harmonic and frequent mismatch pattern, while Harmony and similarity decrease in inverse proportion to the number of mismatching features. Mismatches in Greek rap rhyme are, in principle, accepted between unmarked corresponding consonants. Obstruents, mainly Stops mismatch in Place of Articulation, and Coronals mismatch in Manner of Articulation. In general, mainly Coronal Obstruents and, to a lesser extent, Nasals are involved in mismatches. Due to the attested high avoidance of voicing mismatches, which are acoustically non-salient, we propose that, in Standard Modern Greek, perceptual salience is not purely phonetic, as it seems to be also based on the language-specific phonological grammar.
Student-built Theory, or You Only Really Learn What You Figure Out For Yourself
Authors: Hogoboom Anya
Published: August 2022

It can be difficult to get students to engage with questions of phonological theory. Students generally find it hard to understand how a new piece of formalism improves the model unless they are invested in building a better theory. A way to get students deeply invested is to put the advancements into their hands. Not only does it require real understanding to be able to propose new pieces of theory, it facilitates truly caring about the state of the formalism. Having students make the observations and proposals that move the class forward, where feasible, has a number of additional benefits, including verifying that they understand the model and giving them the satisfaction that comes with shaping what we as a class do. In this article I discuss strategies and specific examples from my undergraduate phonology class to lead students up to the point where something new is needed and then support them in stretching to make the proposals that move the theory, and the class, forward.
Triconsonantal Clusters in Qassimi Arabic
Authors: Alnuqaydan Ahmed
Published: August 2022

Old Qassimi Arabic speakers show variation in avoiding morpheme-internal CCC in trisyllabic verbs. They epenthesize a vowel in both available positions: [CVCC] or [CCVC]. This variation ceases to exist in the speech of younger QA speakers where the repairing vowel is always epenthesized after the second consonant.It is argued that the site of the epenthetic vowel breaking up illicit triconsonantal clusters is governed by an interaction between stress and epenthesis. This approach connects epenthesis to larger properties of the grammar and offers an independent justification for epenthesis. It is also shown that morpheme-internal triconsonantal clusters highlight tension between stress and epenthesis that yields variation for older speakers while younger speakers resolve that tension in an invariant fashion.
The realization of unaccentedness in Korean and Japanese pitch accent systems
Authors: Minamida Hitomi
Published: August 2022

In this paper, I discuss how unaccented words are realized in lexical pitch accent varieties of Korean and Japanese, focusing on Daegu/North Gyeongsang Korean. Previous studies such as Kenstowicz & Sohn (1997) and Jun et al. (2006) claim that Daegu Korean lacks an unaccented class. I show that the final-accented class in Daegu Korean proposed by Kenstowicz & Sohn (1997) and Jun et al. (2006) is in fact unaccented, comparing final-accented words in Daegu Korean with unaccented words in Tokyo Japanese in phrasal contexts. Most previous studies examined only the tone interaction between words and clitics to determine the accentedness or unaccentedness of the words, but this study demonstrates that phrasal prosody should also be considered to help identify the accentedness or unaccentedness of words.
Learning phonetically and phonologically natural classes through constraint indexation
Authors: Nazarov Aleksei Ioulevitch
Published: August 2022

Phonological processes tend to be defined over natural classes (Chomsky & Halle 1968), but there are some arbitrary and language-specific aspects to class behaviour (e.g., Mielke 2004). This paper shows that it is possible to implement a procedure of finding language specific natural classes using contrast detection (Dresher 2014, Sanstedt 2018), but in standard OT with domain-general methods. Three toy languages are constructed, based on those in Prickett & Jarosz (2021), in which /e/ raises to [i] in the presence of a high vowel and in which /s/ palatalizes to [ʃ] before [i]. In one language, raising feeds palatalization (transparent); in the second, raising counterfeeds palatalization (opaque); in the third, raising applies transparently, but only in certain morphemes (lexically specific). All three languages are learned with a version of Round’s (2017) learner that learns indexed constraints (Pater 2000) that are attached to specific segments in morphemes rather than entire morphemes (cf. Nazarov 2021). This learner is able to find appropriate natural classes for these data, both phonetic natural classes (=traditional natural classes) and what I call phonologically natural classes (classes defined by having certain phonetic properties and undergoing a range of phonological processes), showing the feasibility of this approach.
Phrasal Prominence Location is Influenced by IP Boundary Location in the Absence of Stress Clash
Authors: Azzabou - Kacem Soundess , Turk Alice
Published: August 2022

Several factors can influence early prominence in double-stressed words (e.g., Maltese), namely the presence of foot-level stress clash with a following word, and their adjacency to domain-initial boundaries. We test whether initial accent can occur in such words even when the words are spoken in isolation. Fourteen targets and 26 tri-syllabic filler-items were produced in isolation and in a frame sentence, e.g., [Say Maltese again], by 12 English speakers. In isolation, ‘Early’ prominence on, e.g., Mal- is more likely because the target is utterance- and phrase-initial. In the Embedded condition, phrasal prominence should be less likely on the initial syllable because there is a weaker boundary preceding the target. Three linguists coded prominence location. Early prominence rates, and Early scores (sum of ‘Early’ judgements/token) were calculated. While 96% of the Embedded tokens were perceived with ‘Late’ prominence, this pattern appeared in only 48% of the Isolated targets. The Early scoreswere also significantly higher in the Isolated condition. Overall, results suggest that doubly-stressed words show stress shifting to demarcate the left IP-edge. Because this study uses contexts free of stress clash with a following word, its results provide evidence that other factors, namely domain-onset-marking, can influence prominence location.
Incomplete neutralization and the blueprint model of production
Authors: Nelson Scott , Heinz Jeffrey
Published: August 2022

The division of labor between the phonetic and phonological modules in generative linguistics has often been allocated such that phonology handles the discrete and symbolic aspects of a language's sound system, while the phonetics transforms the symbols either into, or from, continuously varying acoustic and/or articulatory representations. This type of architecture struggles with accounting for incomplete neutralization where two segments are neutralized phonologically, but maintain a measurable phonetic distinction. While some explanations of this phenomenon blur the lines between phonetics and phonology, this paper provides an alternate approach by restructuring the architecture of "modular feedforward models". This is done by conceptualizing the language production pipeline as a series of functions and considering the types of each function. The resulting model is referred to as the `Blueprint Model of Production' and maintains many of the assumptions of modular feedforward models while also being able to explain incomplete neutralization data. Final devoicing is used as an example case.
The Effect of Iconicity on Weak Hand Drop in American Sign Language
Authors: Becker Amelia Ann
Published: August 2022

The research community generally accepts that signed and spoken languages contain both iconicity and arbitrariness. Iconicity's impact on statistical distributions of motivated forms throughout signed language lexicons is clear (e.g. Occhino, 2016). However, there has been little work to determine whether the iconic links between form and meaning are relevant only to a sign's initial formation, or if these links are stored as part of lexical representations. In the present study, 40 Deaf signers of American Sign Language were asked to rate two-handed signs in their citation form and in one-handed (reduced) forms. Twelve signs were highly iconic. For each of these highly iconic sign, a less iconic but phonologically similar sign of the same grammatical category was also chosen. Signs were presented in carrier sentences and in isolation. Participants preferred one-handed forms of the highly iconic signs over one-handed forms of their phonolgogically similar but less iconic counterparts. Thus, iconicity impacted the application of a synchronic phonological process. This finding suggests that lexical representations retain iconic form-meaning links and that these links are accessible to the phonological grammar.
Categorical Account of Gradient Acceptability of Word-Initial Polish Onsets
Authors: Kostyszyn Kalina , Heinz Jeffrey
Published: August 2022

We examine how well categorical and probabilistic phonotactic learning models extract grammars which predict Polish speakers' acceptability judgments of words with varied initial consonant clusters. Polish is an especially interesting language to look at because of its rich inventory of sonority-sequencing defying consonant clusters, often as a result of yer-deletion. In line with results by Gorman (2013) and Durvasula (2020), we find that the categorical baselines considered here generally outperformed the Hayes and Wilson's (2008) maximum-entropy based phonotactic learner. We conclude that gradient acceptability judgments do not provide unambiguous evidence for gradient, probabilistic grammars.
Long Distance Bantu Nasal Agreement: Harmony or Allomorphy
Authors: Ye Yongqing
Published: August 2022

Long-distance nasal agreement (LDNA) is a process where consonants appear to agree in nasality across intervening “neutral” segments. This paper sets out to examine LDNA in Bantu languages, which has been previously analyzed as consonant harmony. It argues LDNA can be analyzed as a case phonologically conditioned suppletive allomorphy. This analysis simplifies phonology proper by shifting non-local harmony processes to morphology. Ascribing long-distance agreement patterns to allomorphy clarifies what a possible phonological process is and also provides further evidence for the possibility of strictly local phonological processes.
Editors' Note
Authors: Jurgec Peter , Duncan Liisa , Elfner Emily , Kang Yoonjung , Kochetov Alexei , O'Neill Brittney K. , Ozburn Avery , Rice Keren , Sanders Nathan , Schertz Jessamyn , Shaftoe Nate , Sullivan Lisa
Published: August 2022

Editors' Note for the Proceedings of the 2021 Annual Meeting on Phonology (AMP 2021), held at York University in October 2021.
Role of prognostic factors in understanding disease severity in COVID-19 patients: Pakistan ordinance factories Hospital experience
Authors: Rifat Yasmin  , Huma Hussain  , Syeda Turab Fatima Abidi  , Syed Asim Ali Shah  , Lubna Ghazal  , Tazaeen Hina Kazmi
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an emerging public health challenge. Study was conducted to determine the association of prognostic factors with disease severity in COVID-19 patients at POF Hospital, Wah Cantt. We conductedadescriptivecross-sectional study at a department of Medicine, POF Hospital, Wah Medical College (affiliated with National University of Medical Sciences) Wah Cantt.

METHODOLOGY: We calculateda sample size of 158 patients (WHO Calculator). The study duration was 6 months (November 2020-April 2021).The selection of COVID patients was done through non probability sampling (consecutive). Respiratory sample for all participating patients were collected (from throat or sputum). These samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using WHO standard. SPSS version 24 was utilized for data analysis purpose. Chi square test and independent t-test were applied. Logistic regression was applied.

RESULTS:Total data consist of 158 patients with COVID-19. Mean age of patients was52.3±3.26 years. Total leukocytes count (p=0.02), absolute neutrophil count (p=0.000), C reactive protein (p=0.000), NLR (p=0.03) were comparatively greater in patients with Severe COVID-19. While absolute lymphocyte were significantly lower in severe COVID-19 patients as compared to non-severe (p=0.03). Age[OR, 1.06 ;95% CI (1.027-1.114);p=0.01], diabetes mellitus[OR, 0.281 ;95% CI (0.100-0.788) p=0.016 and Hypertension [OR, 3.045 ;(1.044-8.878)95% CI p=0.04] are significant predictors of COVID-19 severity

CONCLUSION:Prognostic factors of COVID-19 increased the likelihood of disease progression. C reactive protein andALC were significant predictors of COVID-19.
Outcomes of diaphyseal femoral fractures treatment in relation to fracture union and full weight bearing among adults
Authors: Muhammad Atif  , Abdul basit  , Muhammad Zaman Khan  , Muhammad Ali Usman  , Syed Shaharyar Shah  , Amlouk Ijaz
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The femoral shaft fractures constitute 50% of all femoral fractures. The objective is to observe the outcome of diaphyseal femur fracture treatment of femur shaft with the union and full weight bearing by bridge plate osteosynthesis among adults.

METHODOLOGY: A Prospective observational study was conducted in the department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Postgraduate Medical Institute/Lahore General Hospital. A sample of 30 patients was calculated using WHO calculator. Convenient sampling was used for patient selection. After reducing the fracture (indirectly), the other end of the plate was also fixed with screws. Data was collected at 6th months post-operatively to see radiological union and weight-bearing status. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 25. Fisher exact test was applied. p-value≤0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS: Mean age of the patients was 34.66±9.22 years. Gender distribution of patients shows that 17% of the patients were females, and 83% of the patients were male. At the 6th month follow-up, all 30 (100%) patients had achieved bony union. At the 5th month, 14(46.7%) of the operated cases were allowed to bear 36-45 Kg weight (p=0.024), and in the 6th month, there were 20(66.7%) operated cases were allowed to bear full weight after the radiological union (p=0.013).

CONCLUSION: Bridge plating technique is a safe, easy, and effective method of fixation for comminuted diaphyseal fractures of long bones in terms of bony union and weight bearing. It has a high rate of union with fewer complications.
Komparasi Metode Magnetometer Dan Transverse Gradiometer Untuk Pengukuran Kemagnetan Target Di Perairan Pantai Ancol Teluk Jakarta
Authors: Hakim Maghfuri Sufi , Setiyadi Johar , Mulyadi Dikdik S.
Published: August 2022

Teknik pengukuran umum digunakan untuk menunjukan kekuatan anomali target pada objek di bawah laut biasa dikenal dengan Magnetometer dan Metode baru Transverse Gradiometer  biasa digunakan untuk melaksanakan survei investivigasi bawah air dalam hal ini adalah pencarian objek atau target yang berada dibawah air yang mempunyai unsur logam dan kemagnetan, sehingga dengan menggunakan dua metode ini survei investivigasi pencarian objek bawah air akan lebih mudah efisien.Kedua metode tentunya diperlukan alat pendukung untuk melaksanakan kegiatan survei investivigasi, alat tersebut dikenal magneto. Alat magnetometer ini berfungsi untuk mendeteksi suatu kemagnetan dan anomali objek di bawah air. Transverse Gradiometer ini adalah metode untuk menggabungkan dua alat magnetometer menjadi satu dan saling di intergrasikan kedua alat magnetometer tersebut. Tujuan dari metode Tranverse Gradiometer adalah memperkuat, memperjelas dan mengevaluasi data suatu kemagnetan target di dasar air.Hasil pengolahan dari kedua data berupa citra kemudian di overly ke PLI No 86B untuk memvalidasi citra, menghasilkan data cita dari Transverse Gradiometer lebih jelas dalam menggambarkan keadaan bawah air pada area tersebut.
POST MULTI BACILLARY LEPROSY PRESENTING AS ECZEMA
Authors:   Pharm D Intern, Department of Pharm D, CMR College of Pharmacy, Kandlakoya, Hyderabad., shaik Nurani , Patalloa Priyanka ,   Pharm D Intern, Department of Pharm D, CMR College of Pharmacy, Kandlakoya, Hyderabad.
Published: August 2022

Pharm D Intern, Department of Pharm D, CMR College of Pharmacy, Kandlakoya, Hyderabad.
Paradigm Shift in Consideration of Crime due to Rising Intolerance
Authors: Nayal Mohit , Saggu Inderpreet Kaur ,   KR Mangalam University
Published: August 2022

Recently, the criminal cases due to acts of rage have increased in India. A more significant analysis of causes for triggering such crimes becomes essential to ensure a reduction in such crimes. To reach into the complexity of crimes done under sudden rage, it becomes vital first to understand the existing mechanism of the criminal legal system and its functioning. Under the criminal legal system, the crime is traceable by specific codified procedures. Aspects related to such a classical mindset of crime stages shall be covered to reflect upon the scope of the new rising challenge of rage crimes. There is a need for more improvisation of the criminal legal system for greater accountability of crimes, for which the article covers suitable recommendations. Key Words. Criminal law, Rage, Actus Reus, Mens Rea, Intent, Knowledge, Motive, Recklessness, Intention, Preparation, Attempt, Accomplishment, Sociologists, Phycologists, Law enforcement.
Academic Challenges Facing Pregnant Students at the Ada College of Education, Ghana
Authors: Ayornoo David Doe , Bonsu Frederick Mensah
Published: August 2022

The study sought to find out the support system put in place at the Ada College of Education to create a conducive learning environment for pregnant students. This work is hinged on the social theory of humanism by Kwame Gyekye, which is centered on catering for the individual’s welfare, interest, and dignity in Ghanaian society. Through an unstructured interview guide whilst employing the interpretive approach, data gathered on the life of pregnant students in the college was interpreted. The study revealed that the academic programme is very stressful for pregnant students. There is also virtually no room for relaxation which is much needed. This is coupled with the fact that certain tutors do not treat pregnant students with care but rather embarrass them for their condition. These and other issues make the college quite unsafe, especially for students who are pregnant women and not married students. The study thus recommends that the Ministry of Education and the school authorities need to address some of these challenges pregnant students face at the College. This study contributes to the existing research done on the welfare of students with various health conditions.

Keywords: Pregnant Students, Environment of Care, Academic support and engagement.
Radio Evolution of a Type IIb Supernova SN 2016gkg
Authors: A. J. Nayana , Chandra Poonam , Krishna Anoop , Anupama G. C.
Published: August 2022

We present extensive radio monitoring of a Type IIb supernova (SN IIb), SN 2016gkg during t ∼ 8−1429 days postexplosion at frequencies ν ∼ 0.33−25 GHz. The detailed radio light curves and spectra are broadly consistent with self-absorbed synchrotron emission due to the interaction of the SN shock with the circumstellar medium. The model underpredicts the flux densities at t ∼ 299 days postexplosion by a factor of 2, possibly indicating a density enhancement in the circumstellar medium due to a nonuniform mass loss from the progenitor. Assuming a wind velocity v
w ∼ 200 km s−1, we estimate the mass-loss rate to be

M

̇

∼

(2.2, 3.6, 3.8, 12.6, 3.7, and 5.0) ×10−6
M
⊙ yr−1 during ∼8, 15, 25, 48, 87, and 115 yr, respectively, before the explosion. The shock wave from SN 2016gkg is expanding from R ∼ 0.5 × 1016 to 7 × 1016 cm during t ∼ 24−492 days postexplosion indicating a shock deceleration index, m ∼ 0.8 (R ∝ t

m
), and mean shock velocity v ∼ 0.1c. The radio data are inconsistent with a free–free absorption model and higher shock velocities are in support of a relatively compact progenitor for SN 2016gkg.
Statistical Properties of Radio Halos in Galaxy Clusters and the Origin of Seed Electrons for Reacceleration
Authors: Nishiwaki Kosuke , Asano Katsuaki
Published: August 2022

One of the most promising mechanisms for producing radio halos (RHs) in galaxy clusters is the reacceleration of cosmic-ray electrons by turbulence. However, the origin of the seed electrons for reacceleration is still poorly constrained. In the secondary scenario, most of the seed electrons are injected via collision of proton cosmic-rays, while nonthermal electrons are directly injected in the primary scenario. In this paper, we examine the two scenarios for seed electrons with the observed statistical properties of RHs by combining two methods: by following the temporal evolutions of the electron energy and the radial distributions in a cluster, as well as the merger history of clusters. We find that the RH lifetime largely depends on the seed origin, as it could be longer than the cosmological timescale in the secondary scenario. We study the condition for the onset of RHs with the observed RH fraction and the RH lifetime we obtained and find that long-lived RHs in the secondary scenario should originate from major mergers with a mass ratio of ξ ∼ 0.1, while the short lifetime in the primary scenario requires more frequent onsets from minor mergers with ξ ∼ 0.01. Our simple model of the turbulence acceleration can reproduce the observed radio luminosity–mass relation. The RH luminosity functions we obtained suggest that the expected RH number count with the ASKAP survey will detect ≈103 RHs in both scenarios.
Ethiopathogenetic Orientation in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Tonsillopharyngitis in Pregnant Women
Authors: Kenesovna Stanova Sayazhan , Notanovich Lokshin Vyacheslav , Edgeevna Zhaysakova Dyamely , Mikhailovna Savitcheva Alevtina , Rakhmanovna Medeulova Aigul , Zharmukhanovna Batyrbaeva Dinara , Arapbaevna Kulanchiyeva Zhanna
Published: August 2022

In the structure of otolaryngological diseases, the chronic tonsillopharyngitis (CTP) studied by us belongs to the most common pathology in the adult population (2.84-35%). The problem of CTP treatment remains relevant, especially in pregnant women, due to the diversity of microflora and its influence on the development and outcome of pregnancy. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the results of clinical, laboratory, immunological studies and the state of the microbiocenosis of the oropharynx in pregnant women, the possibilities of conservative treatment of this pathology without a negative effect on the growing fetus are shown. The article touches upon the problems of protecting the reproductive health of women.
Transforming Growth Factor Beta1 Expression in Cancer- Associated Fibroblasts of Urinary Bladder Cancer: Crucial Applications and Deep Insights
Authors: Ghanem Noha Helmy , El-Badawy Nafissa , El Din Sahar Saad , Hewedi Iman , Shash Lobna
Published: August 2022

Background: Urinary bladder carcinoma (UBC) is one of the most common malignancies in Egypt and all over the world. TGFB levels in plasma and urine were proved to connote predictive and prognostic attributes in UBC patients. Furthermore, Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are now recognized as a key player in carcinogenesis. Yet, TGFΒ1 expression in CAFs of UBC had not been elucidated. Moreover, TGFB1 targeted therapy is now emerging with potential benefits for TGFB1 expressing cancers.
Aim of the study: we dedicated this study to explore potential implications of TGFB1 immunohistochemical expression in CAFs of UBC by correlating it to relevant clinical and pathological data.
Material and methods: This retrospective study included 48 UBC specimens. Different tumor grades were presented in balanced groups. TGFB1 immunohistochemical expression was evaluated, categorized as low or high and compared in CAFs among different UBC grades, statistical analysis of the results was then followed.
Results: TGFB1 expression in CAFs was significantly different among tumor histologic types (P=0.01), high tumor grade (P=<0.01), presence of muscle invasion (P=<0.001), higher tumor stage (P=0.01), presence of preceding bilharziasis (P=0.003), and necrosis (P=0.03). There was a highly significant difference between TGFB1 expression in both tumor cells and CAFs (P=0.002). Intense CAFs TGFB1 staining was also strikingly observed along the muscle invading frontside UBC cells further emphasizing the pivotal role of CAFs expressing TGFB1 in invasion.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates significant predictive implications of TGFB1 in UBC, thus emphasizing its potential benefits in management and therapy.
It Goes Without Saying: How the Neoliberal Agenda is Endangering Inclusive Education
Authors: Potter Sophie
Published: August 2022

The UK education system is becoming increasingly dominated by exclusive economic and political ideology. The neoliberal agenda marketises young people and encourages them to take part in a competitive system. The rise of multi-academy trusts (MATs) further exacerbates an already inequitable
system in which young people with special education needs and disabilities (SEND) are considered invaluable commodities. Coercive political tactics have allowed the education system to exist in this way without explicit questioning, and those in power benefit from withholding the opportunity
to critique the system from educational practitioners. This article utilises Bourdieu's concept of doxa to explore the surreptitious privatisation of the UK education system and consider the implications of this agenda for inclusive education.
A Monstrous Ignorance: Race, Schooling and Justice
Authors: Tomlinson Sally
Published: August 2022

'Justice is the first virtue of all social institutions.' 2 This article discusses the astonishing ignorance at all levels as to how Britain has become a multiracial, multicultural society in a post-imperial age, the hostility towards changes in the education system which would help
clearer understandings of the imperial past, and the efforts of teachers and other educators to assist in the creation of a socially and racially just society.
Re-evaluating Education As a Community Good A Way Forward for 21st Century Schooling
Authors: Gann Nigel
Published: August 2022

The author's previous articles for FORUM, some co-authored with Dr Andrew Allen, propose a radical restructuring of English schooling to enable more effective engagement with the community and a reassessment of the purposes of schooling. What follow here are a few suggestions
that individual schools and academy trusts might take up to bring about some innovations independently of legislative change.
The wave interactions of an improved Aw-Rascle-Zhang model with a non-genuinely nonlinear field
Authors: Jiang Weifeng , Chen Tingting , Li Tong , Wang Zhen
Published: August 2022

This work is devoted to the study of the wave interactions of an improved Aw-Rascle-Zhang model with a non-genuinely nonlinear field. The wave interactions between single elementary waves involving the composite wave are analyzed by reviewing the Riemann solutions. Due to the non-genuinely nonlinear field, some new phenomena are found. The rarefaction waves may penetrate the shock waves. As a contact discontinuity interacts with the composite waves, there appear the compression waves which change to a contact discontinuity, then to rarefaction waves. Using the single wave interaction results, we construct the weak solutions of this model with three piecewise constant states. Finally, we give some intuitions to eliminate the "phantom traffic jam".
Epileptic Seizure Classification and Prediction Model Using Fuzzy Logic-Based Augmented Learning
Authors: Fathima Syeda Noor , Rekha K. Bhanu , Safinaz S.  , Ahmed Syed Thouheed
Published: August 2022

Epileptic Seizure (ES) is an abnormality associated with discharging of continues electric impulses from the instance of normal activity. The period and time interval of occurrence is a challenging task to record and validate. In this article, a focus is made to classify and predict the occurrence ratio of seizer based on augmented learning and fuzzy rules. The Epileptic Seizure datasets are acquired from pre-trained and validated approaches further re-trained using interdependent attributes based on augmented learning and training approach. The outcome of training is further used by fuzzy rules to classify and categorize the Epileptic Seizure based on occurrences series of patterns and time. The proposed technique is a hybrid approach and novel as segmented based learning is used to predict the seizer. The technique has recorded 92.23% accuracy in seizure classification and 89.91% in reliable prediction.
Interdependent Attribute Interference Fuzzy Neural Network-Based Alzheimer Disease Evaluation
Authors: Ahmed Syed Thouheed , Koti Manjula Sanjay , Muthukumaran V. , Joseph Rose Bindu , Satheesh Kumar S.
Published: August 2022

Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a fragmental protein deposits termed as biomarkers. These biomarkers are studied and researched with various techniques in improving the performance and accuracy of diagnosis. In this research article, a technique is proposed to extract the attribute of brain MRI datasets. The attributes are processed and computed using a neural networking technique to categorize attribute mapping based on Interdependent Attribute Interference (IAI). The categorized data is teamed with a fuzzy logic to provide a reliable computation rule in decision making. The proposed technique has outperformed the accuracy of disease evaluation and diagnosis with a categorization sensitivity of 89.27% and an accuracy of 93.91%.
Modified K-Nearest Neighbour Using Proposed Similarity Fuzzy Measure for Missing Data Imputation on Medical Datasets (MKNNMBI)
Authors: Bai B. Mathura , Mangathayaru N.  , Padmaja Rani B.
Published: August 2022

Early disease diagnosis is a burning problem in health sector, medical domain and disease management. During analysis, quality of the data can be achieved only if the data is complete. Missing values reduces the efficiency of data analysis task. Researchers proposed various imputation methods but always there was a need for a better imputation method. This paper objective is to propose a method for imputation using proposed similarity fuzzy measure through which we can impute missing values by finding k similar instances called as Modified k-Nearest Neighbour for imputation of missing data (MKNNMBI). The proposed imputation method outperformed when compared with other existing imputation methods MV EM, MV BPCA, MV Ignore, MV KMeans, MV FKMeans, MV KNN, MV MC, MV WKNNimpute, MV SVDimpute, MV SVMimpute, CBC-IM-FUZZY. These imputation methods were studied on different benchmark datasets and tested for performance on different classifiers like C4.5, SVM, kNN, NB and found that the proposed method leads to accurate imputation and improves the accuracy.
How to Promote Public Engagement and Enhance Sentiment Through Government Social Media During the COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Wu Lianren , Li Jinjie , Qi Jiayin , Shi Nan , Zhu Hongmiao
Published: August 2022

In the period of public health crisis, effective and efficient transmission of crisis information to the public through social media is an important support for achieving social stability and orderly online public engagement. From the perspective of public value management, this study systematically investigated how local government agencies in China used social media to promote public engagement and raise public sentiment during the COVID-19 crisis. Using data captured from the “Wuhan Release” Sina Weibo account, the authors studied the factors that influence public engagement, including information sources, language styles, and media types. Further, it explores the influence of the interactive effects of public value with information sources, language styles, and media types on public engagement and public sentiment. The results show that the consistency of government response content and public value promotes public engagement and raises public sentiment. This research provides enlightenment and ideas for cognition, understanding and governance of public opinion in practice.
Simultaneous Determination of Eleven Bioactive Constituents in Honey-Processed Licorice by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector and Its Application from the Perspective of Processing Influence under Orthogonal Design
Authors: Chen Li-Hong , Sun Yuan , Cai Hao , Guo Shuang , Wang Xia-Chang , Li Wei-Dong , Mao Chun-Qin , Liu Xun-Hong , Yan Lin-Yong , Jiang Heng-Li , Lu Tu-Lin
Published: August 2022

Objective:

The aim of this study was to develop a reliable approach to simultaneously quantify 11 markers and explore the quality variation in honey-processed licorice.

Materials and Methods:

A high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 11 markers (nine flavonoids and two triterpenoid saponins) in honey-processed licorice. The changes to the 11 markers in honey-processed licorice were investigated using an orthogonal design with three input factors.

Results:

The established method was precise, accurate, and sensitive enough for the simultaneous quantitative evaluation of 11 markers in honey-processed licorice. Intuitive analysis and variance analysis revealed that (1) the soaking time of crude licorice, stir-frying temperature, and stir-frying time remarkably influenced the content of liquiritin apioside, signifying the decomposition of liquiritin apioside to liquiritin or transformation of liquiritin apioside to isoliquiritin apioside, (2) stir-frying temperature significantly influenced licorice-saponin G2, (3) stir-frying temperature was the most important factor of the three input factors, (4) in terms of composition, honey fried licorice had significant effects on two components, namely liquiritin apioside and licorice-saponin G2.

Conclusions:

Honey processing influenced the content of the 11 licorice analytes differently. This paper highlights the first report on how the quality of honey-processed licorice varies under different processing conditions and suggests the optimal levels of the investigated three factors as A2B2C3 according to the degrees of influence of these factors on the 11 components. Specifically, the soaking time of crude licorice with honey solution, stir-frying temperature, and stir-frying time were 40 min, 100°C, and 20 min, respectively.
Traditional Chinese Medicines Against COVID-19
Authors: Yao Chang-Liang , Wei Wen-Long , Zhang Jian-Qing , Bi Qi-Rui , Li Jia-Yuan , Khan Ikhlas , Bauer Rudolf , Guo De-An
Published: August 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, continues to be a global concern. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are an important element of the fight against COVID-19 in China. The combined application of TCMs and conventional medicines in the treatment of COVID-19 has achieved beneficial results, including the resolution of symptoms, prevention of disease progression, and reduced mortality. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current applications of TCMs with respect to COVID-19, as well as update the preclinical and clinical research, including chemical analysis, molecular mechanisms, quality control, drug development, and studies of clinical efficacy. The expectation is that a better understanding of the roles of TCMs against COVID-19 will improve the response to COVID-19, both in China and globally.
Genetically predicted insomnia causally increases the risk of erectile dysfunction
Authors: Xiong Yang , Zhang Fu-Xun , Zhang Yang-Chang , Wu Chang-Jing , Qin Feng , Yuan Jiu-Hong
Published: August 2022

Sleep has attracted extensive attention due to its significance in health. However, its association with erectile dysfunction (ED) is insufficiently investigated. To investigate the potential causal links between sleep traits (insomnia, sleep duration, and chronotype) and ED, this study was performed. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with insomnia, sleep duration, and chronotype were retrieved from previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS). A conventional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to estimate the causal links between sleep traits and ED. The summary statistics of ED were from individuals of European ancestry (6175 cases vs 217 630 controls). As shown by the random effect inverse-variance-weighting (IVW) estimator, genetically predicted insomnia was causally associated with a 1.15-fold risk of ED (95% confidence interval: 1.07–1.23, P < 0.001). Sleep duration and morningness were not causally associated with ED, as indicated by the IVW (all P > 0.05). These findings were consistent with the results of sensitivity analyses. Based on genetic data, this study provides causal evidence that genetically predicted insomnia increases the risk of ED, whereas sleep duration and chronotype do not.