bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Funny Current Downregulation and Sinus Node Dysfunction Associated With Atrial Tachyarrhythmia
Authors: Yeh Yung-Hsin , Burstein Brett , Qi Xiao Yan , Sakabe Masao , Chartier Denis , Comtois Philippe , Wang Zhiguo , Kuo Chi-Tai , Nattel Stanley
Published: March 2009

Background—

Sinoatrial node (SAN) dysfunction is frequently associated with atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATs). Abnormalities in SAN pacemaker function after termination of ATs can cause syncope and require pacemaker implantation, but underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study examined the hypothesis that ATs impair SAN function by altering ion channel expression.

Methods and Results—

SAN tissues were obtained from 28 control dogs and 31 dogs with 7-day atrial tachypacing (400 bpm). Ionic currents were measured from single SAN cells with whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. Atrial tachypacing increased SAN recovery time in vivo by ≈70% (
P
<0.01), a change which reflects impaired SAN function. In dogs that underwent atrial tachypacing, SAN mRNA expression (real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction) was reduced for hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated subunits (HCN2 and HCN4) by >50% (
P
<0.01) and for the β-subunit minK by ≈42% (
P
<0.05). SAN transcript expression for the rapid delayed-rectifier (
I
Kr
) α-subunit ERG, the slow delayed-rectifier (
I
Ks
) α-subunit KvLQT1, the β-subunit MiRP1, the L-type (
I
CaL
) and T-type (
I
CaT
) Ca
2+
-current subunits Cav1.2 and Cav3.1, and the gap-junction subunit connexin 43 (were unaffected by atrial tachypacing. Atrial tachypacing reduced densities of the HCN-related funny current (
I
f
) and
I
Ks
by ≈48% (
P
<0.001) and ≈34% (
P
<0.01), respectively, with no change in voltage dependence or kinetics.
I
Kr
,
I
CaL
, and
I
CaT
were unaffected. SAN cells lacked Ba
2+
-sensitive inward-rectifier currents, irrespective of AT. SAN action potential simulations that incorporated AT-induced alterations in
I
f
accounted for slowing of periodicity, with no additional contribution from changes in
I
Ks
.

Conclusions—

AT downregulates SAN HCN2/4 and minK subunit expression, along with the corresponding currents
I
f
and
I
Ks
. Tachycardia-induced remodeling of SAN ion channel expression, particularly for the “pacemaker” subunit
I
f
, may contribute to the clinically significant association between SAN dysfunction and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.
Plasma Asymmetric Dimethylarginine and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease and Death in the Community
Authors: Böger Rainer H. , Sullivan Lisa M. , Schwedhelm Edzard , Wang Thomas J. , Maas Renke , Benjamin Emelia J. , Schulze Friedrich , Xanthakis Vanessa , Benndorf Ralf A. , Vasan Ramachandran S.
Published: March 2009

Background—

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, induces endothelial dysfunction. Although elevated ADMA has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease events and death in referral samples, the prognostic significance of ADMA in the community has not been adequately evaluated.

Methods and Results—

We related plasma ADMA,
l
-arginine (Arg), and the ratio of Arg to ADMA to the incidence of cardiovascular disease (fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary insufficiency, angina pectoris, stroke or transient ischemic attack, intermittent claudication, or heart failure) and death in 3320 Framingham Offspring Study participants (1769 women; mean age, 59 years). Over a follow-up period of 10.9 years, 281 individuals of 2956 free of cardiovascular disease at baseline developed incident cardiovascular disease, and 285 participants died. In multivariable models adjusting for established risk factors and other biomarkers (B-type natriuretic peptide, renin, homocysteine, urine albumin excretion, and C-reactive protein), ADMA and the ratio of Arg to ADMA were significantly associated with all-cause mortality (adjusted-hazard ratio [HR] per 1-SD increment, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.37; and HR per 1-SD increment, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.93, respectively), whereas Arg was not (HR per 1-SD increment, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.02). We noted effect modification by diabetes status; ADMA was associated with death in individuals without diabetes (adjusted HR per 1-SD increment, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.50) but not in individuals with diabetes (adjusted HR per 1-SD increment, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.16). ADMA, Arg, and the ratio of Arg to ADMA were not associated with cardiovascular disease incidence (
P
>0.10).

Conclusions—

In our large community-based sample, ADMA was significantly associated with all-cause mortality, particularly in nondiabetic individuals.
Angiotensin I Is Largely Converted to Angiotensin (1-7) and Angiotensin (2-10) by Isolated Rat Glomeruli
Authors: Velez Juan Carlos Q. , Ryan Kevin J. , Harbeson Caroline E. , Bland Alison M. , Budisavljevic Milos N. , Arthur John M. , Fitzgibbon Wayne R. , Raymond John R. , Janech Michael G.
Published: March 2009

Intraglomerular renin-angiotensin system enzyme activities have been examined previously using glomerular lysates and immune-based assays. However, preparation of glomerular extracts compromises the integrity of their anatomic architecture. In addition, antibody-based assays focus on angiotensin (Ang) II detection, ignoring the generation of other Ang I–derived metabolites, some of which may cross-react with Ang II. Therefore, our aim was to examine the metabolism of Ang I in freshly isolated intact glomeruli using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry as an analytic method. Glomeruli from male Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated by sieving and incubated in Krebs buffer in the presence of 1 μmol/L of Ang I for 15 to 90 minutes, with or without various peptidase inhibitors. Peptide sequences were confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight tandem mass spectrometry or linear-trap-quadrupole mass spectrometry. Peaks were quantified using customized valine-
13
C
·15
N-labeled peptides as standards. The most prominent peaks resulting from Ang I cleavage were 899 and 1181
m/z
, corresponding with Ang (1-7) and Ang (2-10), respectively. Smaller peaks for Ang II, Ang (1-9), and Ang (3-10) also were detected. The disappearance of Ang I was significantly reduced during inhibition of aminopeptidase A or neprilysin. In contrast, captopril did not alter Ang I degradation. Furthermore, during simultaneous inhibition of aminopeptidase A and neprilysin, the disappearance of Ang I was markedly attenuated compared with all of the other conditions. These results suggest that there is prominent intraglomerular conversion of Ang I to Ang (2-10) and Ang (1-7), mediated by aminopeptidase A and neprilysin, respectively. Formation of these alternative Ang peptides may be critical to counterbalance the local actions of Ang II. Enhancement of these enzymatic activities may constitute potential therapeutic targets for Ang II–mediated glomerular diseases.
Need to Address Evidence-Based Practice in Educational Administration
Authors: Kowalski Theodore
Published: March 2009

Purpose: This article presents a case for addressing evidence-based practice (EBP) in educational administration. Content is arranged around four objectives: (a) summarizing the status of educational administration as a profession, (b) defining evidence and the model, (c) explaining EBP's social and professional merit, and (d) identifying barriers that may prevent the concept from being understood correctly, accepted philosophically, and implemented appropriately. Proposed Conceptual Argument: The need to consider EBP is framed by society's demand for greater accountability from professions, the realities of practice in an information-based society, and a proclivity to rely on the theory of legal accountability to improve schools. In the aftermath of the No Child Left Behind Act, critics have portrayed educational administration as a field lacking internal accountability, epistemological consistency, and a focused research agenda. The alleged deficiencies may be contributing to an erosion of state licensing laws for superintendents and principals and casting a cloud over the future of educational administration departments. Implications: Reliance on external accountability in the absence of internal accountability is unlikely to improve schools or to provide social authority for educational administration. Instead of continuing to agree to disagree over the most fundamental issues, scholars in this field need to define EBP in a manner that integrates empirical evidence, tacit knowledge, and values and then conduct research to determine the concept's effectiveness.
Divided or Convergent Loyalties?
Authors: Portes Alejandro , Escobar Cristina , Arana Renelinda
Published: March 2009

This article describes findings from three successive empirical studies that examine the determinants of participation in transnational organizations by Latin immigrants in the United States, the character of the membership and activities of these organizations, and their bearing on the political incorporation of their respective communities. Results from these studies reveal that older, better-educated, and higher-status migrants are most likely to participate in transnational organizations linking them to their home countries. So are those with longer periods of US residence. Since migrants with these characteristics are precisely those with greater chances for US citizenship acquisition and participation in American politics, findings suggest that transnational activism and immigrant political integration are not at odds. Quantitative analyses of the determinants of political contact and political activism of immigrant organizations in the US indicate, unsurprisingly, that wealthier groups and those with a membership formed by better-educated and longer residents are most likely to be politically active. The societies left behind make a difference in the propensity toward political activism by different nationalities. Despite such differences, the overall trend is for immigrant transnational activism, individual and collective, not to retard political incorporation in the United States. Both processes occur simultaneously and appear, under certain circumstances, to reinforce each other. This conclusion contradicts both conventional assimilation theory and nativistic rhetoric. Contrary to assimilation expectations, older and better-educated immigrants rather than recent arrivals are those most likely to initiate and maintain ties with their home countries. Contrary to nativistic rhetoric, there is no zero-sum relationship between such activities and successful political incorporation to the United States.
Aspects of Culture and Meaning in Botswana English
Authors: Alimi Modupe M. , Bagwasi Mompoloki M.
Published: March 2009

Using samples from local newspapers, letters and public speeches, this article argues that English assimilates to and reflects the Botswana culture through borrowing and semantic modification. It discusses those terminologies and expressions that depict the cultural values of Batswana in the usage of English in Botswana. Two types of borrowed items are discussed: those depicting old traditional practices that cannot be translated into English ( kgosi and mophato) and those reflecting recent socio-political experiences in Botswana including the HIV/AIDS threat ( tebelopele and omang). The people's culture is also expressed by items such as brigade and the lands that have been semantically modified.
Reaping What You Sow
Authors: Ratner Ely
Published: March 2009

Why do states realign their foreign policies? I argue that democratic transitions are an important cause of foreign-policy realignment with the United States and, furthermore, that the nature of that realignment is conditioned by whether the United States supported the previous nondemocratic regime. American support, or lack thereof, for the ancien régime structures the domestic politics of democratic transitions. In the absence of previous U.S. support, democratization commonly leads to positive foreign-policy realignment toward the United States. Conversely, when the United States supports nondemocratic regimes, democratic transitions rarely produce positive realignment. I use an original data set of country— year dyads with the United States from 1950 to 2000. Using Markov Transition regression models, I find that the interaction of democratic transition and previous U.S. support is a powerful determinant of foreign-policy realignment. This research has important implications for international relations theory and American foreign policy.
Effect of Manufacturing Parameters of Covered Yarns on the Geometry of Covering Components
Authors: Petrulis Donatas , Petrulyte Salvinija
Published: March 2009

This study deals with numerical simulation of structure of covered yarns produced on a double covering machine. Four manufacturing parameters of covered yarns such as delivery speed of covered yarn, rotational speed of two hollow spindles, and core stretch ratio during wrapping were used to simulate coil length indices of both covering components. Coefficient of evenness of semi-manufactured product as a function of delivery speed of covered yarn and rotational speed of first hollow spindle was also computed. The influence of the above-mentioned process variables on the geometry of covering components was shown by means of analysis of corresponding relationships. To evaluate the intensity effect of each variable, the comparable partial differences of the proposed functions were computed. The computations were made for covered yarn structures composed of polyurethane elastomeric multifilament core wrapped with two viscose (CV) multifilament covering yarns.
Geometrical Models for Balanced Rib Knitted Fabrics Part II: Applications of 1 × 1 Rib Model to Presser-Foot Knitted 1 × 1 Rib, Interlock and Half Milano Rib
Authors: Kurbak Arif , Alpyildiz Tuba
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with the creation of geometrical models for presser-foot knitted 1 × 1 rib, interlock and half milano rib knitted fabrics as direct applications of the 1 × 1 rib model given in Part I of this series of papers. The drawings of the models using 3DS-Max are shown and observed to be similar to the real fabrics through the photographs provided. The run-in ratio between the plain course and the rib course of half milano rib fabrics is emphasized as an important parameter for obtaining a stress-free structure, especially when using these fabrics as technical textiles.
Extrusion of Polyethylene Through a Square Slot in Rotating Die Systems
Authors: Rawal Amit , Shah Tahir , Anand Subhash
Published: March 2009

In a melt extrusion process consisting of a static die (spinneret), the geometry of extrudate is mainly dependent upon die slot geometry, rheological properties of polymer, pressure drop and drawing conditions. However, in a patented Netlon® process, a static die is replaced by two counter-rotating dies in a melt extrusion process for producing a net structure. In the present study, a series of net structures was produced from a square die slot under a given set of experimental variables (melt flow index, screw speed, take-up speed, die rotational speed and die temperature) based upon the full factorial design. Subsequently, the filament geometry within the net structure was characterized in terms of shape and cross-sectional area. The filament shape was comparatively more complex, and thus it was characterized by means of `Wadell roundness'. Combined effects of two experimental variables were also analyzed on the filament geometry.
Female Entrepreneurial Networks and Networking Activity in Technology-based Ventures
Authors: Hampton Alison , Cooper Sarah , Mcgowan Pauric
Published: March 2009

The ability to develop and manage effective networks is a crucial entrepreneurial competence for venture establishment and growth. Relatively little attention has been paid to the network development and networking activities of female entrepreneurs in general, and even less to such activities in technology-based ventures.The limited existing evidence suggests that female entrepreneurs may develop different approaches to network development and participation to that of their male counterparts.This article presents findings from exploratory, qualitative research conducted in Northern Ireland, which focused on the nature and dynamics of female entrepreneurial networks in traditionally male-dominated science, engineering and technology-based ventures. Drawing upon information-rich evidence from 18 in-depth interviews with the lead female entrepreneurs of technology-based ventures, insights are presented into the nature and dynamics of female entrepreneurial networks and networking at different stages of the business life cycle.
Identifying and applying psychological theory to setting and achieving rehabilitation goals
Authors: Scobbie Lesley , Wyke Sally , Dixon Diane
Published: March 2009

Background: Goal setting is considered to be a fundamental part of rehabilitation; however, theories of behaviour change relevant to goal-setting practice have not been comprehensively reviewed.

Objectives: (i) To identify and discuss specific theories of behaviour change relevant to goal-setting practice in the rehabilitation setting. (ii) To identify `candidate' theories that that offer most potential to inform clinical practice.

Methods: The rehabilitation and self-management literature was systematically searched to identify review papers or empirical studies that proposed a specific theory of behaviour change relevant to setting and/or achieving goals in a clinical context. Data from included papers were extracted under the headings of: key constructs, clinical application and empirical support.

Results: Twenty-four papers were included in the review which proposed a total of five theories: (i) social cognitive theory, (ii) goal setting theory, (iii) health action process approach, (iv) proactive coping theory, and (v) the self-regulatory model of illness behaviour. The first three of these theories demonstrated most potential to inform clinical practice, on the basis of their capacity to inform interventions that resulted in improved patient outcomes.

Conclusions: Social cognitive theory, goal setting theory and the health action process approach are theories of behaviour change that can inform clinicians in the process of setting and achieving goals in the rehabilitation setting. Overlapping constructs within these theories have been identified, and can be applied in clinical practice through the development and evaluation of a goal-setting practice framework.
Seizures In Children Following an Apparent Life-threatening Event
Authors: Bonkowsky Joshua L. , Guenther Elisabeth , Srivastava Rajendu , Filloux Francis M.
Published: March 2009

The characteristics of seizures and epilepsy in infants who have had an apparent life-threatening event have been poorly defined. Our objective was to characterize in depth the cohort of patients with apparent life-threatening events who developed seizures. We collected data from infants hospitalized for an apparent life-threatening event, and evaluated patients for subsequent seizures or chronic epilepsy. Of 471 patients with an apparent life-threatening event, 25 (5.3%) had seizures and 17 (3.6%) developed chronic epilepsy. There was no increased risk for febrile seizures. Abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging results and developmental delay were only found in those patients who developed chronic epilepsy. Of those who developed chronic epilepsy, 47% were diagnosed with seizures within 1 week of their apparent life-threatening event. The discharge diagnosis at the time of the apparent life-threatening event was poorly predictive of those who developed seizures. In most cases the cause of chronic epilepsy was unknown, although cortical dysplasias made up a significant percentage (12%).
Benign Lesions Accompanied by Intractable Epilepsy in Children
Authors: Alexiou George A. , Varela Maria , Sfakianos George , Prodromou Neofytos
Published: March 2009

Epilepsy surgery has been proposed as a safe alternative treatment for intractable epilepsy in children, especially for patients with structural brain abnormalities. We studied 24 consecutive children who underwent surgery for intractable epilepsy. There were 12 males and 12 females. The mean age was 6.5 years. The seizures' duration ranged from 6 months to 2 years. The histopathological examination of the resected lesions revealed in 12 cases the presence of a ganglioglioma, in 7 cases dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, in 1 case a low grade glioma, in 2 cases cortical dysplasia, and in 2 cases cavernous malformations. In 18 cases, the lesions were located in the temporal lobe and in 6 cases the lesions were extratemporal. After a mean follow-up period of 4.4 years, 79% (19/24) of patients were seizure free. There were no permanent neurological deficits or deaths. Surgery for focal epilepsy in children is a safe procedure with favorable results.
Understanding ADA Education Program Recognition and the Pharmacist’s Role
Authors: Divine Holly S.
Published: March 2009

Diabetes is a prevalent chronic disease with costly humanistic and clinical outcomes. Pharmacists have proven their value in the provision of diabetes education and management services that lead to improvement in disease. A primary barrier to pharmacists’ providers has been compensation for services. Although pharmacists are not recognized as providers by most nationally recognized payers, pharmacists can serve as instructors through diabetes self-management education programs accredited by the American Diabetes Association. These accredited programs are recognized by Medicare and can receive payment for diabetes self-management education services. Newly revised national standards have further recognized the role of a pharmacist educator and have made it more attainable for pharmacies to achieve program recognition status.
Power and Examination: A Critique of Citizenship Tests
Authors: Löwenheim Oded , Gazit Orit
Published: March 2009

Terror threats and fear of ethnic and religious outbursts, combined with the aspirations of governments to better integrate immigrants into society, have led a growing number of Western states to adopt the practice of citizenship tests as a prerequisite for full citizenship. These tests require the immigrant, usually of non-Western origin, to demonstrate advanced language skills as well as comprehensive civic and cultural knowledge of the host society. While existing literature focuses either on internal inconsistencies within civic integration policies or on the models of citizenship reflected in the exams, the present article offers a critical and power-centered approach to the subject. Using a Foucauldian perspective, we analyze the tests as a sign of authority, a technology of naturalizing authority, and a disciplinary tool. This study joins a growing body of literature on the concept of governmentality, putting the spotlight on the `microphysics of power', specifically at borders and liminal points where the state's presence is prominent.
Practising Gender in Organizations: The Critical Gap Between Practical and Discursive Consciousness
Authors: Mathieu Chris
Published: March 2009

Practice oriented approaches to gender in studying organization and management have hitherto stressed practice's performative dimension. This article opens up an underexplored and underexploited critical dimension nascent in practice theory. Via theoretical development and empirical illustration it is argued that a powerful critical opportunity is opened up to practice theory by exploring the various ways in which gaps between practical and discursive consciousness manifest themselves and how these various manifestations impact what is and can be known in social situations. By invoking and refining Giddens' (1979) distinction between practical and discursive consciousness we explore different situations involving the ways gendered practices are enacted and practically and discursively met. We also highlight how the authority of practices and the social institutions they are embedded in can inhibit discursive penetration, that is, knowledge and exploration of the processes and implications of practical conduct and the social institutions upon which they rest. It is concluded that we have much to gain by widening the practice lens and looking at the presence, absence and interplay of both practical and deliberative consciousness in our analyses.
Depression in Female Adolescents: An IPA Analysis
Authors: Shaw Samantha K. , Dallos Rudi , Shoebridge Philip
Published: March 2009

Six female adolescents participated in open-ended interviews regarding their experiences of depression. The transcripts of their interviews were explored using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Smith, 1991). The analysis revealed three inter-connected super-ordinate themes which were: communication, hurt self, and difference. These themes centred on communication processes in participants' families and with peers, issues relating to shifts in identity through adolescence, and feelings of being damaged, distressed, and hurt. Amongst a range of potentially relevant perspectives, an attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969) orientation was found to be particularly relevant and helpful in interpreting the themes that captured these young women's experiences. Some implications for clinical practice are discussed.
Ageing and Sexual Health in the UK
Authors: Hinchliff Sharron
Published: March 2009

The UK has an increasing ageing population and, like other western societies, has undergone several significant shifts over the last 50 years, including attitudes towards sexual activity, relationships and growing older. Drawing on evidence from a range of sources and a number of disciplines, this editorial examines the potential sexual and reproductive health implications for current and future cohorts of `older' people, and considers the role of health psychology in responding to the challenges of growing older in a rapidly changing (sexualized, digitalized and medicalized) world.
The Contribution of Active and Passive Leisure to Children's Well-being
Authors: Holder Mark D. , Coleman Benjamin , Sehn Zoë L.
Published: March 2009

The relation between leisure and well-being, including happiness and self-concept, was examined in 375 children aged 8—12 years. Active leisure (e.g. physical activity) was positively correlated with well-being. Passive leisure (e.g. television and video games) was negatively correlated with well-being. Aspects of active leisure (e.g. the importance of sport to the child and how sports made the child feel) as judged by both parents and children accounted for unique variance in children's wellbeing; passive leisure did not. Similar to previous research on adolescents and adults, active leisure activities were related to children's well-being.
The Unlicensed Lives of Antidepressants in India: Generic Drugs, Unqualified Practitioners, and Floating Prescriptions
Authors: Ecks Stefan , Basu Soumita
Published: March 2009

Antidepressant uses have been rising rapidly over the past decades. Two main theories have been advanced to explain this. One claims that socio-economic change causes a global rise of depressive illness. The other holds that European and North American corporations are aggressively marketing antidepressants to expand their global reach. Both theories assume that multinational capitalism drives rising depression rates. Based on ethnographic data from India, this article shows that antidepressants are increasingly used in this country as well, but for reasons than have been little explored yet. Taking fluoxetine (Prozac) as the main example, it is argued that the spread of antidepressants in India is `unlicensed' by Euro-American corporations in at least three ways: (i) drug marketing is driven by Indian generic producers; (ii) fluoxetine is given by practitioners who have no license to do so; and (iii) knowledge of fluoxetine is spread through unlicensed `floating' prescriptions that patients take from one prescriber to another.
Tense Prescriptions? Alzheimer Medications and the Anthropology of Uncertainty
Authors: Leibing Annette
Published: March 2009

This article discusses the two major groups of Alzheimer medications, which are hotly debated in the specialized literature because of their doubtful efficacy. Examining this issue under the rubric of an `anthropology of uncertainty,' this article seeks to address the question: how do doctors prescribe medications given tensions created by uncertainty? A partial answer is drawn from research conducted in Brazil with local psychogeriatricians, which has documented a high degree of certainty regarding Alzheimer drugs and their benefits. I argue that one reason for this certainty is that `efficacy' has become increasingly non-specific in Alzheimer's disease through the broadening of outcome measures in clinical trials. While such measures previously focused on cognitive symptoms, they now encompass concepts such as functionality, quality of life and activities of daily living. The certainty of the Brazilian psychogeriatricians is further buttressed by three interacting elements: (i) the influence of the pharmaceutical industry; (ii) long-standing arguments for including non-cognitive symptoms in dementia care and research; and (iii) a specific discourse found in geriatrics and gerontology, which recognizes `the person beyond cognition.'
From gospel to news
Authors: Volz Yong Z. , Lee Chin-Chuan
Published: March 2009

By cross-examining a large volume of original sources, we investigate the social context in which the Protestant missionary press in China changed its primary orientation from gospel to news. Furthermore, by focusing on the case of the Globe Magazine , we argue that the missionary press provided an important foundation for the rise of the indigenous Chinese press at the end of the 19th century. Protestant missionaries in China invented certain journalistic practices and secularized their publications to appeal to Chinese readers. These innovations were not necessarily in line with mainstream western journalism, but they inspired Chinese editors who later came to model themselves after the language, content and format of the missionary press. The Chinese elite press was receptive to the missionary press model partly because both shared the goal of enlightenment and held business profit in contempt.
The paradox of boundaries in Coast Salish territories
Authors: Thom Brian
Published: March 2009

This article grapples with the seeming paradox in the notion of representing cartographic boundaries for an indigenous community whose core social relationships are embedded in a moral ethos of borderless kin networks. While ethnographic maps of the Coast Salish people (southwest British Columbia and northwest Washington) have traditionally represented territories as discretely bounded, continuous regions, contemporary land claims maps submitted by Coast Salish political leaders reveal a nest of overlapping and interlocking lines. The paper argues that delineating territories based strictly on land use and occupancy does not take into account broader relationships between people and place. Property, language, residence and identity are categories also appropriate to Coast Salish territorial boundaries, while ideas and practices of kin, travel, descent and sharing make boundaries permeable. The paper considers the boundary lines created by Coast Salish leaders within the context of land claims, which potentially, have the power to transform Coast Salish social and political relations.
The challenges of mapping complex indigenous spatiality: from abstract space to dwelling space
Authors: Roth Robin
Published: March 2009

Participatory mapping has become an indispensable tool in the struggle of indigenous peoples to claim their rights to land and resources. It has also, however, come under criticism for its potential to increase state regulation, replace indigenous conceptions of territory and property, and to create conflict. This paper starts from the premise that the problem is not mapping per se, but the conception of abstract space we allow to frame and guide our representation of indigenous territories, resource use and management. The development of a more effective participatory mapping practice thus requires a critical engagement with the conception of space that participatory mappers are attempting to map. Using research conducted in two Karen communities in Thailand, this paper develops a conception of `dwelling space' meant to better capture the complex spatiality of indigenous resource use and serve as a potential alternative to abstract space. I conclude by arguing for a renewed practice of community-based mapping that takes seriously the spatial complexity of indigenous territory.
Rereading Honneth
Authors: Rogers Melvin L.
Published: March 2009

Is Honneth's theory sufficiently sensitive to practices of recognition that have historically emerged? This article answers in the negative by revisiting his ground-breaking study The Struggle for Recognition. The first two sections of this article reconstruct the connection he draws between the practices of recognition, the psychological damage experienced in its absence and the motivation for social conflict that results. In doing so, we discover the paradox of recognition: Honneth makes psychological and moral development depend on precisely the `legally' instantiated system that is the source of disrespect in the first instance. Correspondingly, the paradox of recognition denies other alternative ways oppressed groups have achieved and sustained psychological and moral development. The third section offers the contrasting example of how black Americans used their religious imagination to overcome the effects of slavery. In doing so, they developed structures of mutuality to affirm self and community against misrecognition.
Hobbesian Absolutism and the Paradox of Modern Contractarianism
Authors: Baumgold Deborah
Published: March 2009

Hobbes's defense of absolutism involves the dual claims that consent is the foundation of legitimate authority and that sovereignty is necessarily absolute. It is a paradoxical combination of claims: If absolute government is the product of choice how can it also be the sole possible constitution? While all of Hobbes's contractarian successors have rejected his preference for absolutism, his dual claims have become commonplace. Since Hobbes, contract thinkers routinely assert that people will choose their preferred constitution and that it is the only possible one. The essay examines the genesis of this paradoxical argumentation: Hobbes's genius lay in merging Grotius's contractarian rationale with Bodin's analytic view that sovereignty must be absolute. The final section discusses related criticisms of Rawls's contract theory. Rawls inherited a genre already flawed by the impluse to combine voluntarist with non-voluntarist reasoning.
The 4-3-2 Method for Kegel Exercises
Authors: Bridgeman Bruce , Roberts Steven G.
Published: March 2009

Performing Kegel exercises following prostatectomy is helpful in restoring continence, but requires concentration to accomplish the required contractions consistently. Confusion and effort with executing the procedure can reduce compliance. A new method subdivides the exercises into segments that can be executed without counting. The patient performs four sets of contractions daily, each set consisting of three contractions lasting two natural breaths, separated by two natural breaths. Because each number is below the limit that can be apprehended by subitizing without counting, cognitive effort is minimized.
Matrix metalloprotease polymorphisms are associated with gas transfer in alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
Authors: McAloon Christopher J. , Wood Alice M. , Gough Stephen C. , Stockley Robert A.
Published: March 2009

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is associated with variable development of emphysema and other features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are believed to be important in the pathophysiology of COPD, and may therefore confer susceptibility to this phenotype in patients with AATD.

Objectives: to assess the role of polymorphism of MMP1, MMP3 and MMP12 in AATD phenotypes.

Methods: 424 PiZZ subjects from the UK AATD Registry were assessed for history of chronic bronchitis (CB), post-bronchodilator lung function impairment and decline of lung function. Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for MMP1, MMP3 and MMP12 were chosen using HapMap (r2>0.8, MAF>0.05) and were genotyped using TaqMan® genotyping technologies. Quantitative genetic association was assessed using regression modelling to correct for covariates.

Results: in patients with AATD, carriers of the G allele of rs678815 ( MMP3) had lower gas transfer (KCO) ( P = 0.025, B =-7.766) than the homozygous wild type, while carriers of the T allele of rs470358 ( MMP1) had higher KCO ( P = 0.025, B = 6.130).

Conclusions: variations in MMP1 and MMP3 are associated with gas transfer in AATD, supporting a previous family study showing linkage of KCO to this gene region. Replication of these preliminary data is now required particularly if MMP inhibitors are to be considered as a therapeutic option.
Imatinib mesylate as salvage therapy for refractory sclerotic chronic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Magro Leonardo , Mohty Mohamad , Catteau Benoit , Coiteux Valérie , Chevallier Patrice , Terriou Louis , Jouet Jean-Pierre , Yakoub-Agha Ibrahim
Published: March 2009

Imatinib is a promising candidate for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. This retrospective study evaluated the use of imatinib for the treatment of refractory sclerotic chronic graft-versus-host disease in 14 patients with different hematologic malignancies. Imatinib was started at a median of 44 months after transplantation (range, 16-119 months after transplantation) and was administered for a median of 5.9 months from time of initiation (range, 2.1-74 months from time of initiation). With a median overall follow-up of 11.6 months from time of initiation (range, 4.1-74 months from time of initiation) of imatinib, 4 patients (29%) had to stop imatinib because of drug intolerance. All other adverse reactions were of mild-to-moderate grade and could be managed symptomatically. Overall, 7 patients responded to imatinib (50%; 95% confidence interval, 24%-76%) with 4 patients improving their Rodman score more than or equal to 90%. In addition, imatinib therapy allowed for a significant reduction of corticosteroid dosage. Despite its limited size, this cohort suggests some beneficial activity of imatinib in sclerotic chronic graft-versus-host disease, warranting further prospective investigations.
Decon2LS: An open-source software package for automated processing and visualization of high resolution mass spectrometry data
Authors: Jaitly Navdeep , Mayampurath Anoop , Littlefield Kyle , Adkins Joshua N , Anderson Gordon A , Smith Richard D
Published: March 2009

Background

Data generated from liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based studies of a biological sample can contain large amounts of biologically significant information in the form of proteins, peptides, and metabolites. Interpreting this data involves inferring the masses and abundances of biomolecules injected into the instrument. Because of the inherent complexity of mass spectral patterns produced by these biomolecules, the analysis is significantly enhanced by using visualization capabilities to inspect and confirm results. In this paper we describe Decon2LS, an open-source software package for automated processing and visualization of high-resolution MS data. Drawing extensively on algorithms developed over the last ten years for ICR2LS, Decon2LS packages the algorithms as a rich set of modular, reusable processing classes for performing diverse functions such as reading raw data, routine peak finding, theoretical isotope distribution modelling, and deisotoping. Because the source code is openly available, these functionalities can now be used to build derivative applications in relatively fast manner. In addition, Decon2LS provides an extensive set of visualization tools, such as high performance chart controls.

Results

With a variety of options that include peak processing, deisotoping, isotope composition, etc, Decon2LS supports processing of multiple raw data formats. Deisotoping can be performed on an individual scan, an individual dataset, or on multiple datasets using batch processing. Other processing options include creating a two dimensional view of mass and liquid chromatography (LC) elution time features, generating spectrum files for tandem MS data, creating total intensity chromatograms, and visualizing theoretical peptide profiles. Application of Decon2LS to deisotope different datasets obtained across different instruments yielded a high number of features that can be used to identify and quantify peptides in the biological sample.

Conclusion

Decon2LS is an efficient software package for discovering and visualizing features in proteomics studies that require automated interpretation of mass spectra. Besides being easy to use, fast, and reliable, Decon2LS is also open-source, which allows developers in the proteomics and bioinformatics communities to reuse and refine the algorithms to meet individual needs.

Decon2LS source code, installer, and tutorials may be downloaded free of charge at http://http:/ncrr.pnl.gov/software/.
Analyses of domains and domain fusions in human proto-oncogenes
Authors: Liu Qi , Huang Jinling , Liu Huiqing , Wan Ping , Ye Xiuzi , Xu Ying
Published: March 2009

Background

Understanding the constituent domains of oncogenes, their origins and their fusions may shed new light about the initiation and the development of cancers.

Results

We have developed a computational pipeline for identification of functional domains of human genes, prediction of the origins of these domains and their major fusion events during evolution through integration of existing and new tools of our own. An application of the pipeline to 124 well-characterized human oncogenes has led to the identification of a collection of domains and domain pairs that occur substantially more frequently in oncogenes than in human genes on average. Most of these enriched domains and domain pairs are related to tyrosine kinase activities. In addition, our analyses indicate that a substantial portion of the domain-fusion events of oncogenes took place in metazoans during evolution.

Conclusion

We expect that the computational pipeline for domain identification, domain origin and domain fusion prediction will prove to be useful for studying other groups of genes.
Identification and association of the single nucleotide polymorphisms in calpain3 (CAPN3) gene with carcass traits in chickens
Authors: Zhang Zeng-Rong , Liu Yi-Ping , Yao Yong-Gang , Jiang Xiao-Song , Du Hua-Rui , Zhu Qing
Published: March 2009

Background

The aim of this study is to screen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of chicken Calpain3 (CAPN3) gene and to analyze the potential association between CAPN3 gene polymorphisms and carcass traits in chickens. We screened CAPN3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 307 meat-type quality chicken from 5 commercial pure lines (S01, S02, S03, S05, and D99) and 4 native breeds from Guangdong Province (Huiyang Huxu chicken and Qingyuan Ma chicken) and Sichuan Province (Caoke chicken and Shandi Black-bone chicken), China.

Results

Two SNPs (11818T>A and 12814T>G) were detected by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method and were verified by DNA sequencing. Association analysis showed that the 12814T>G genotypes were significantly associated with body weight (BW), carcass weight (CW), breast muscle weight (BMW), and leg muscle weight (LMW). Haplotypes constructed on the two SNPs (H1, TG; H2, TT; H3, AG; and H4, AT) were associated with BW, CW (P < 0.05), eviscerated percentage (EP), semi-eviscerated percentage (SEP), breast muscle percentage (BMP), and leg muscle percentage (LMP) (P < 0.01). Diplotype H1H2 was dominant for BW, CW, and LMP, and H2H2 was dominant for EP, SEP, and BMP.

Conclusion

We speculated that the CAPN3 gene was a major gene affecting chicken muscle growth and carcass traits or it was linked with the major gene(s). Diplotypes H1H2 and H2H2 might be advantageous for carcass traits.
Identification of candidate genes for human pituitary development by EST analysis
Authors: Ma Yueyun , Qi Xiaofei , Du Jianjun , Song Shaojun , Feng Dongyun , Qi Jia , Zhu Zhidong , Zhang Xin , Xiao Huasheng , Han Zeguang , Hao Xiaoke
Published: March 2009

Background

The pituitary is a critical neuroendocrine gland that is comprised of five hormone-secreting cell types, which develops in tandem during the embryonic stage. Some essential genes have been identified in the early stage of adenohypophysial development, such as PITX1, FGF8, BMP4 and SF-1. However, it is likely that a large number of signaling molecules and transcription factors essential for determination and terminal differentiation of specific cell types remain unidentified. High-throughput methods such as microarray analysis may facilitate the measurement of gene transcriptional levels, while Expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing, an efficient method for gene discovery and expression level analysis, may no-redundantly help to understand gene expression patterns during development.

Results

A total of 9,271 ESTs were generated from both fetal and adult pituitaries, and assigned into 961 gene/EST clusters in fetal and 2,747 in adult pituitary by homology analysis. The transcription maps derived from these data indicated that developmentally relevant genes, such as Sox4, ST13 and ZNF185, were dominant in the cDNA library of fetal pituitary, while hormones and hormone-associated genes, such as GH1, GH2, POMC, LHβ, CHGA and CHGB, were dominant in adult pituitary. Furthermore, by using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization, Sox4 was found to be one of the main transcription factors expressed in fetal pituitary for the first time. It was expressed at least at E12.5, but decreased after E17.5. In addition, 40 novel ESTs were identified specifically in this tissue.

Conclusion

The significant changes in gene expression in both tissues suggest a distinct and dynamic switch between embryonic and adult pituitaries. All these data along with Sox4 should be confirmed to further understand the community of multiple signaling pathways that act as a cooperative network that regulates maturation of the pituitary. It was also suggested that EST sequencing is an efficient means of gene discovery.