bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic feasibility of timber management in extractive settlement projects of southwestern Amazonia
Authors: Carvalho Ricardo da Silveira , Oliveira Antônio Donizette de
Published: September 2014

Even recognizing the frailty of an isolated financial analysis for casting a glance at sustainability, it was decided that the analysis should be done because it is the market rationality, more financialized today than ever before, that embraces the macro environment in which to base forestry management, and thus it decisively influences its technical and decision-making foundations. Profitability is the most significant indicator of success, according to hegemonic thought. This work aims to investigate whether extractive forestry management as practiced in two communities of Acre state is financially feasible on the scales adopted for the 2005/2006 crop, and also to test result sensitivity against interest rate and subsidy swings. Net Present Value (NPV) was the indicator of choice to verify financial feasibility. Within the context of this particular subsidized crop, all six scales were found feasible, at all discount rates being considered. However, this feasibility is only confirmed upon evaluation of the cooperative's cash flow - which ultimately is an extension of each forest worker's cash flow -, resulting from subsidies granted on the price paid for timber. In a hypothetical situation, where subsidies are removed, only the larger scale operation (9.8 m³/ha) showed a positive NPV, again at all rates being considered.
Demand for fiberboard panels in the international market
Authors: Oliveira Antonio Donizette de , Bernardes Francisco Fernandes , Rezende José Luiz Pereira de , Mello José Márcio de , Scolforo José Roberto Soares , Coelho Junior Luiz Moreira
Published: September 2014

The objective of this study is to estimate for several importing countries of fiberboard panels the income elasticities and price elasticities of total import demand and also the own-price and cross-price elasticities of demand for fiberboard panels, differentiated by country of origin. Time series data were used referring to the trade flow of the world's largest exporters and importers of fiberboard panels. The demand model being used treats products as imperfect substitutes. It was concluded that in Germany, China and United Kingdom the total import demand for fiberboard panels was more sensitive to variations in price than in income, whereas in other importing countries the reverse happened. The own-price elasticity of demand for fiberboard panels, differentiated by country of origin, was higher than one in almost all markets, except in Germany and United Kingdom. The negative cross-price elasticities suggest that fiberboard panels imported from other exporting countries are complementary products.
Specific cutting energy consumption in a circular saw for Eucalyptus stands VM01 and MN463
Authors: Souza Erica Moraes de , Silva José Reinaldo Moreira da , Lima José Tarcísio , Napoli Alfredo , Raad Túlio Jardim , Gontijo Thiago Gomes
Published: September 2014

Modern technologies for continuous carbonization of Eucalyptus sp. require special care in wood cutting procedures. Choosing the right tool, cutting speeds and feed rates is important to manage time and energy consumption, both of which being critical factors in optimizing production. The objective of this work is to examine the influence of machining parameters on the specific cutting energy consumption of Eucalyptus sp. stands MN 463 and VM 01, owned by V&M Florestal. Tests were performed at the Wood Machining Laboratory of the Federal University of Lavras (DCF/UFLA). Moist logs 1.70m in length were used. The experiment was set up using a 3 x 3 x 4 x 2 factorial design (cutting speed x feed rate x number of teeth x tree stand). Results were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by the Tukey test at the 5% significance level. Greater cutting speeds, lower feed rates and the 40 teeth circular saw consumed more specific energy. Stand MN 463 consumed more specific energy. The combination of cutting speed 46 m.s-1, feed rate 17 m.min-1 and 24 teeth circular saw produced better specific energy consumption results for stand MN 463. As for stand VM 01, the combination of cutting speed 46 m.s-1, feed rate 17 m.min-1 and 20 teeth circular saw resulted in lower specific energy consumption.
Características colorimétricas entre as seções anatômicas da madeira de muirapiranga (Brosimum sp.)
Authors: Atayde Claudene Menezes , Gonçalez Joaquim Carlos , Camargos José Arlete
Published: September 2014

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar as características colorimétricas das três seções anatômicas (transversal, tangencial e radial) da madeira de muirapiranga (Brosimum sp.), utilizando o sistema CIELAB 1976 (Comissão Internacional de Iluminantes). A partir de 10 amostras de madeira, obtidas em movelarias do município de Cruzeiro do Sul - AC, foram determinados os parâmetros colorimétricos: luminosidade (L*), coordenada do eixo vermelho-verde (a*), coordenada do eixo azul-amarelo (b*), saturação (C) e ângulo de tinta (h*). Foram tomadas em média 34 medições por corpo-de-prova, em cada um dos planos ou seções. Dessa forma foram obtidos os seguintes parâmetros colorimétricos para a espécie Brosimum sp.: L*=42,13, a*=18,87, b*=15,05, C=24,23 e h*=37,86. Houve variações de cor, mostrando diferenças significativas entre as três seções estudadas. Em relação à reflectância, observou-se que a seção transversal (6-28%) refletiu menos luz que as seções tangencial (6-43%) e radial (7-49%). Conforme o plano anatômico da madeira, pode-se obter madeiras com diferentes tons de vermelho, permitindo a formação de lotes de madeira com a mesma tonalidade.
Estrutura e florística de um remanescente de Caatinga arbórea em Juvenília, norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil
Authors: Santos Rubens Manoel dos , Barbosa Ana Carolina Maioli Campos , Almeida Hisaias de Souza , Vieira Fábio de Almeida , Santos Paola Ferreira , Carvalho Douglas Antônio de , Oliveira-Filho Ary Teixeira de
Published: September 2014

Devido à heterogeneidade fitofisionômica da vegetação na região Norte Mineira, a estrutura e riqueza de seus remanescentes são consideravelmente variáveis, e, embora pouco conhecida, trata-se de uma região amplamente explorada economicamente. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, caracterizar a estrutura e florística de uma área de caatinga arbórea, localizada em Juvenília, Minas Gerais. Foram alocadas 20 parcelas de 20 × 20 m (400 m²) totalizando 0,8 há. Nelas foram mensurados todos os indivíduos com CAP (circunferência à altura do peito) > 10 cm. Para complementar a listagem florística do componente arbustivoarbóreo, foram realizadas quatro visitas para coleta de material botânico entre janeiro e dezembro de 2003. A composição florística foi representada por 64 espécies arbóreas, destas, 47 foram amostradas no levantamento fitossociológico. A diversidade da área foi de H' = 2,90 e J' = 0,76, com dominância das espécies Anadenanthera colubrina, Poincianella pluviosa e Myracrodruon urundeuva que apresentaram os maiores valores de Dominância: 26,3, 13,1 e 20,3%; Densidade: 11,2, 16,6 e 10,1%; Frequência: 6,2, 6,5 e 5,5% e Valor de Importância: 14,6, 12,1 e 12,0%, respectivamente. A distribuição diamétrica da comunidade tendeu à normalidade, com menor quantidade de indivíduos nas classes diamétricas menores e maiores. A comunidade estudada mostra padrões estruturais e florísticos semelhantes a outros remanescentes de florestas deciduais em bom estado de conservação, dentro e fora do bioma Caatinga, embora tenha sido evidenciada a presença de interferências antrópicas na área.
Biomassa em povoamentos monoespecíficos e mistos de eucalipto e acácia-negra e do milho em sistema agrossilvicultural
Authors: Viera Márcio , Schumacher Mauro Valdir
Published: September 2014

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, quantificar a produção e a distribuição de biomassa da parte aérea nas plantas em povoamentos monoespecíficos e mistos de eucalipto (híbrido E. urophylla x E. grandis) e acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) e do milho (Zea mays) em sistema agrossilvicultural. As avaliações de biomassa (folha, galho, casca e madeira) das espécies florestais, aos 6 e aos 18 meses de idade, foram realizadas nos tratamentos: 100E (100% de eucalipto + milho); - 100A (100% de acácia-negra + milho); - 50E:50A (50% de eucalipto + 50% de acácia-negra + milho). A avaliação da biomassa do milho (colmo, folha, palha, sabugo e grãos) foi realizada nos tratamentos 100E; 100A; 50E:50A; 75E:25A (75% de eucalipto + 25% de acácia-negra + milho); e - 25E:75A (25% de eucalipto + 75% de acácia-negra + milho). A produção de biomassa do eucalipto e da acácia-negra, tanto em monocultivo quanto em plantio misto, não diferiu em todas as idades avaliadas, mas, quando avaliada por compartimentos das plantas, verificou-se interação competitiva interespecífica do eucalipto sobre a acácia-negra, ocasionando a redução da formação de biomassa de copa. A produção total de biomassa do milho em sistema agrossilvicultural com eucalipto e acácia-negra em plantios monoespecíficos e mistos não diferiu entre os tratamentos estudados.
Methodology for planning log stacking using geotechnology and operations research
Authors: Lima Mariana Peres de , Carvalho Luis Marcelo Tavares de , Martinhago Adriana Zanella , Oliveira Luciano Teixeira de , Carvalho Samuel de Pádua Chaves e , Dutra Gleyce Campos , Oliveira Thomaz Chaves de Andrade
Published: September 2014

In view of the need to improve the planning of timber harvest and transportation, with both activities being the most influential in determining the final cost of timber delivered to the mill yard, this work aims to develop a new methodological proposal using operations research and geotechnology tools in order to determine optimal locations for log stacking and also the amountof timber to be allocated to each selected stack. Analysis was performed using two software applications, geographic information system (GIS) and operations research (OR). GIS spatial analyses were based on layers of the study site, which is a property owned by Votorantim Celulose e Papel, located in the municipality of São José dos Campos, in order to obtain three variables: degree of difficulty in operating forestry equipment, degree of difficulty in log stacking, and distance between log stacks and existing roadways. To obtain these variables, layers containing information on terrain inclination and existing roadways were combined in another analysis named weighted overlay. Results were then filtered and inserted into an operations research environment for maximizationof the timber volume in each selected stack. With results obtained from the geographic information system, 80 potential sites were selected for log stacking. By using operations research, 59 of these sites were ruled out, a 73% reduction in the number of potential sites, with only 21 sites remaining as potentially optimal for log storage. For each of these 21 sites, an optimal amount of timber wasdetermined to be allocated to each one of them.
Improvement to the physical quality and imbibition pattern in seeds of candeia (Eremanthus incanus (Less.) Less.)
Authors: Davide Antonio Cláudio , Tonetti Olívia Alvina Oliveira , Silva Edvaldo Aparecido Amaral da
Published: September 2014

The objective of this work was to develop a methodology for seed processing and X-ray analysis and to study imbibition pattern in seeds of candeia (Eremanthus incanus). Seeds were gathered in 2001 and 2002 in Morro do Pilar and Lavras respectively, processed and stored in a cold chamber (5ºC/60%RH) until the start of experiments. In order to identify unfilled seeds, a protocol was developed for X-ray use combining radiation energy (Kv) and exposure time (seconds). For elimination of unfilled seeds, an experiment was conducted using a South Dakota seed blower whereby different opening settings and ventilation times were combined. Original seed lots and categorized lots following radiograph viewing were tested by germination tests, with seeds being cleansed in sodium hypochlorite and scattered over blotting paper in 'gerboxes' and then taken to germinators with alternating temperatures of 20º-30ºC and 10 hours of light, for up to 15 days. Imbibition curves were determined under the conditions 30ºC, 20º-30ºC/10 hours of light and 30º-20ºC/10 hours of light. The X-ray protocol that best allowed viewing of internal seed structures was 30Kv for 45 seconds. Seed separation using the blower setting at a 3.0 opening for 30 seconds raised the number of embryonic seeds to values exceeding 99%, also raising the germination rates as a consequence. The imbibition pattern is three-phased and the germination process is completed in 72 hours. Under alternate temperatures, primary root growth is favored.
Biomass and carbon stock in Jatropha curcas L
Authors: Torres Carlos Moreira Miquelino Eleto , Jacovine Laércio Antônio Gonçalves , Toledo Diego de Paula , Soares Carlos Pedro Boechat , Ribeiro Sabina Cerruto , Martins Maria Cristina
Published: September 2014

This study aims to quantify the biomass and carbon stock in a crop of physic nut Jatropha curcas in Viçosa-MG at age three years. For biomass quantification, the direct or destructive method was applied to sample plants selected according to height, crown diameter and number of branches. For the determination of dry biomass in the field, the proportionality method was used. The determination of total carbon content was done in the Laboratory of Forest Soils of the Federal University of Viçosa, and the estimation of CO2 equivalent was based on the 3.67 factor. The carbon stock found in the third year of cultivation was 4.182 tC.ha-1 (15.349 tCO2-e.ha-1) and the mean annual increment (MAI) was 1.394 tC.ha-1.year-1. Results revealed that the potential carbon increment in the physic nut crop is similar to values found in other crops and natural forests yet lower than in eucalyptus crops.
Effects of thermal treatment on the physicochemical characteristics of giant bamboo
Authors: Colla Wandivaldi Antonio , Beraldo Antonio Ludovico , Brito José Otávio
Published: September 2014

Despite countless use possibilities for bamboo, this material has two major disadvantages. One drawback is the low natural durability of most bamboo species due to presence of starch in their parenchyma cells. The other equally important drawback is the tendency bamboo has to present dimensional variations if subjected to environmental change conditions. In an attempt to minimize these inconveniences, strips (laths) of Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro were taken from different portions of the culm and subjected to several temperatures, namely 140 ºC, 180 ºC, 220 ºC, 260 ºC and 300 ºC under laboratory conditions, at the ESALQ-USP college of agriculture. The thermal treatment process was conducted in noninert and inert atmospheres (with nitrogen), depending on temperature Specimens were then subjected to physicomechanical characterization tests in order to determine optimum thermal treatment conditions in which to preserve to the extent possible the original bamboo properties. Results revealed that there is an optimum temperature range, between 140 º and 220 ºC, whereby thermally treated bamboo does not significantly lose its mechanical properties while at the same time showing greater dimensional stability in the presence of moisture.
Variação ligno-anatômica em mudas de Eucalyptus grandis (Hill ex Maiden) tratadas com reguladores de crescimento
Authors: Pereira Regina Paula Willemen , Abreu Heber dos Santos , Monteiro Maria Beatriz de Oliveira , Souza Natália Dias de
Published: September 2014

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se analisar a relação dos reguladores de crescimento GA3 e BAP na lignificação e, consequentemente no diâmetro das fibras de plantas de Eucalyptus grandis aos seis meses de idade. Estudos anatômicos, bioquímicos e genéticos em decorrência da aplicação exógena de reguladores de crescimento na fase de desenvolvimento do vegetal, têm sido cada vez mais enfatizados. Alguns desses estudos têm obtido avanço no que se refere à interação dos hormônios vegetais em relação à anatomia e ao processo de lignificação. A aplicação dos reguladores de crescimento GA3 e BAP foi realizada isoladamente ou combinados nas respectivas concentrações: GA3 (49,13 µM e 98,26 µM); BAP (111 µM e 222 µM), em mudas de Eucalyptus grandis até seis meses de idade. Análises químicas e anatômicas foram realizadas com o segmento caulinar das plantas tratadas. Para quantificar o teor de lignina pelo método Klason, as amostras foram livres para a retirada de extrativos e proteínas. Para a mensuração do diâmetro das fibras, as amostras, após sua dissociação, foram analisadas por microscopia ótica. O teor de lignina variou entre 23,37 a 29,64% e o diâmetro de fibra variou entre 13,33 a 20,39 µm. Também, pelos resultados, foi possível visualizar, com o tratamento G[1] (49,13 de GA3 com 111µM de BAP) que o teor de lignina reduziu em 21,2% em relação ao controle, e o C[1] diâmetro de fibra obteve o menor aumento em relação aos outros tratamentos.
Sub-pixel estimation of tree cover and bare surface densities using regression tree analysis
Authors: Toneli Carlos Augusto Zangrando , Carvalho Luis Marcelo Tavares de
Published: September 2014

Sub-pixel analysis is capable of generating continuous fields, which represent the spatial variability of certain thematic classes. The aim of this work was to develop numerical models to represent the variability of tree cover and bare surfaces within the study area. This research was conducted in the riparian buffer within a watershed of the São Francisco River in the North of Minas Gerais, Brazil. IKONOS and Landsat TM imagery were used with the GUIDE algorithm to construct the models. The results were two index images derived with regression trees for the entire study area, one representing tree cover and the other representing bare surface. The use of non-parametric and non-linear regression tree models presented satisfactory results to characterize wetland, deciduous and savanna patterns of forest formation.
Custo de produção das biomassas de eucalipto e capim-elefante para energia
Authors: Quéno Laurent Marie Roger , Souza Álvaro Nogueira de , Ângelo Humberto , Vale Ailton Teixeira do , Martins Ildeu Soares
Published: September 2014

Nesse estudo, objetivou-se estabelecer o custo de produção da unidade energética gerada pela biomassa do eucalipto (Eucalyptus sp.), em diferentes tratamentos silviculturais, e pela biomassa do capim-elefante (Pennisetum sp.), e aplicar uma análise de sensibilidade para verificar as influências de fatores como o tratamento silvicultural do eucalipto, a produção volumétrica de cada espécie, o custo da terra e a taxa de juros nos custos de produção analisados. Foi demonstrado que o tratamento do eucalipto em plantio adensado e em curtíssima rotação de dois anos, com reforma do povoamento a cada seis anos, teve um custo médio de produção (CMPr) superior ao sistema convencional com rotação a cada seis anos e reforma aos 18. Observou-se, também, que o eucalipto apresenta, em média, um CMPr de R$ 4,41/Gj, inferior ao do capim-elefante, que, em média, é de R$ 5,44/Gj, mesmo com a capacidade que o último tem de produção anual superior de matéria seca. O capim-elefante tem a possibilidade de competir com o eucalipto quando um conjunto de condições se forma como taxa de juros igual ou superior a 8% a.a., preço da terra elevado e volume do capim-elefante igual ou acima de 35 toneladas de matéria seca por hectare por ano.
Dominant height projection model with the addition of environmental variables
Authors: Ferraz Filho Antonio Carlos , Scolforo José Roberto Soares , Ferreira Maria Zélia , Maestri Romualdo , Assis Adriana Leandra de , Oliveira Antônio Donizette de , Mello José Márcio de
Published: September 2014

This study investigated the behavior of climatic variables inserted as inclination modifiers of the Chapman-Richards model for estimating dominant height. Thus, 1507 data pairs from a Continuous Forestry Inventory of clonal eucalyptus stands were used. The stands are located in the States of Espírito Santo and southern Bahia. The climatic variables were inserted in the dominant height model because the model is a key variable in the whole prognosis system. The models were adjusted using 1360 data pairs, where the rest of the data was reserved for model validation. The climatic variables were selected by using the Backward model construction method. The climatic variables indicated by the Backward method and inserted in the model were: mean monthly precipitation and solar radiation. The inclusion of climatic variables in the model resulted in a precision gain of 19.8% for dominant height projection values when compared with the conventional model. The advantage of the method used in this study is the actualization of inventory data contemplating climatic history and productivity estimates in areas without prior plantation.
Crescimento e aspectos sintomatológicos na aclimatização de Ipê-roxo
Authors: Martins João Paulo Rodrigues , Santos Breno Régis , Barbosa Sandro , Máximo Wesley Pires Flausino , Beijo Luiz Alberto , Paiva Renato
Published: September 2014

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência do tipo de vedação e substrato na pré-aclimatização e os aspectos sintomatológicos na aclimatização de Ipê-roxo. Para pré-aclimatização, plantas de Ipê-roxo obtidas in vitro por meio de cultura de embriões zigóticos foram inoculadas assepticamente em tubos de ensaio contendo diferentes tipos de vedação (algodão, tampa plástica + parafilme e tampa plástica) e diferentes substratos (ágar, vermiculita e Plantmax®) suplementados com meio de cultivo WPM acrescidos de 1 gL-1 de carvão ativado, 10 mgL-1 de ácido cítrico e 30 gL-1 de sacarose. Para a aclimatização, plantas de Ipê-roxo obtidas in vitro foram transplantadas para tubetes de 56 cm³; contendo vermiculita e Plantmax®na proporção 2:1, previamente autoclavado a 121ºC e 1 atm, por 20 minutos. Após o transplantio, as plantas foram irrigadas com diferentes concentrações do meio MS (25%, 50%, 75%, 100% e 150%), sendo utilizada como controle água destilada. Após 30 dias, foram verificados efeitos do tipo de vedação e substrato na pré-aclimatização. O algodão pode ser recomendado quando se utiliza Plantmax®ou vermiculita como substrato. Na aclimatização, verificou-se que as plantas quando irrigadas com água destilada e concentrações < 50% apresentaram sintomas de deficiência nutricional. Foram observados sintomas semelhantes com a utilização de MS em concentração igual ou superior a 100%. A concentração 75% do meio MS foi a mais eficiente na manutenção do vigor nutricional de mudas de Ipê-roxo em processo de aclimatização.
Painéis de madeira aglomerada de resíduos da laminação de diferentes procedências de Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus saligna e Eucalyptus cloeziana
Authors: Guimarães Júnior José Benedito , Mendes Lourival Marin , Mendes Rafael Farinassi , Mori Fábio Akira
Published: September 2014

Com este trabalho, objetivou-se fazer a avaliação de 15 procedências de espécies de Eucalyptus cloeziana,Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus saligna, com idade de 31 anos, sendo que esse teste foi instalado no campus da Universidade Federal de Lavras. Foram fabricados 6 painéis aglomerados para cada procedência, a partir dos resíduos gerados pela laminação desse material. Foi utilizado o adesivo uréia-formaldeído com 8%, e parafina a 1%, ambos com base nos seus respectivos teores de sólidos. Os painéis foram prensados à temperatura de 160ºC, pressão específica de 3,92MPa por tempo de 8 minutos. A partir dos resultados concluiu-se que: em absorção de água, destacou-se a espécie Eucalyptus saligna; em inchamento em espessura, a procedência 43 mostrou melhor desempenho dentro da espécie de Eucalyptus grandis; foram obtidos resultados superiores para Eucalyptus cloeziana no que se refere à compressão e MOE; para Eucalyptus grandis, a procedência de número 10695 apresentou melhores propriedades de MOE e MOR. De forma geral, a procedência 10.695 e as espécies de Eucalyptus grandis foram as que apresentaram maiores potenciais para a produção de painéis aglomerados.
Variação espaço-temporal da dinâmica da comunidade arbórea em fragmentos de floresta aluvial em Minas Gerais
Authors: Silva Ana Carolina da , Higuchi Pedro , van den Berg Eduardo , Nunes Matheus Henrique , Santos Marcela de Castro Nunes
Published: September 2014

Neste estudo, objetivou-se conhecer os padrões de dinâmica da comunidade de árvores em fragmentos florestais aluviais nos períodos de 2005-2007 e 2007-2009. Para isso, foi estudado um fragmento de floresta ciliar e cinco fragmentos de floresta aluvial, no interior da planície de inundação do rio Sapucaí, em São Sebastião da Bela Vista, MG, inventariados, inicialmente, em 2005 e avaliados novamente em 2007 e em 2009. Os resultados demonstraram padrões diferenciados entre os fragmentos e os períodos de tempo. Nos fragmentos onde foi observada, em estudos anteriores, maior influência de enchentes e encharcamento do solo, a mortalidade de árvores foi maior no período de 2007-2009 do que no de 2005-2007. As taxas de mortalidade foram, de forma geral, maiores que as taxas de recrutamento, ocasionando a perda de indivíduos e a perda em área basal. Observando-se o histórico da área, é possível supor que essas perdas estão ocorrendo pela interação de dois fatores: i) excesso hídrico após uma grande enchente e ii) a ocorrência de forte antropização, representado pelo corte seletivo e a entrada de bovinos no interior dos fragmentos.
Effectiveness of ascorbic acid and PVP in the rooting of clonal mini-cuttings of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis
Authors: Melo Lucas Amaral de , Xavier Aloisio , Takahashi Elizabete Keiko , Rosado Antônio Marcos , Paiva Haroldo Nogueira de
Published: September 2014

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the antioxidants ascorbic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in the rooting of mini-cuttings for three clones of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis. Mini-cuttings were gathered from a mini-clonal hedge which had been cultivated in concrete ducts containing washed sand. Five concentrations of each antioxidant were experimentally tested on each of the three clones (C1, C2 and C3). Assessments were done of mini-cutting survival and rooting rates when leaving the greenhouse and the shade house, as well as seedling survival and growth at age 50 days. Ascorbic acid was found to be beneficial to the mini-cuttings of the clone with a lower rooting percentage (C3), whereas PVP was found to be unbeneficial to the clones being studied.
Caracterização anatômica das madeiras de lianas de Sapindaceae utilizadas comercialmente em São Paulo - SP
Authors: Tamaio Neusa
Published: September 2014

Este trabalho aborda o estudo anatômico das espécies de Sapindaceae que ocorrem em uma propriedade particular, fornecedora de fragmentos de lianas para a Associação para o Desenvolvimento Educação e Recuperação do Excepcional (Adere), um dos maiores produtores de peças de artesanato com lianas de São Paulo. A partir da identificação das espécies, procedeu-se a uma análise morfológica dos caules das lianas e à análise microscópica da secção transversal, com o objetivo de separar as espécies pelo lenho. Dos sete espécimes analisados, apenas um não possui variação cambial (Paullinia trigonia Vell.); o restante possui a variação cambial do tipo cilindro vascular composto. Os seis espécimes restantes pertencem ao gênero Serjania (Serjania caracasana (Jacq.) Willd, Serjania lethalis A. St.-Hill., Serjania laruotteana Cambess. e Serjania multiflora Cambess.), que podem ser distintos pela configuração da medula, do arranjo e da quantidade dos cilindros vasculares periféricos e de duas variáveis comprovadas estatisticamente: o diâmetro e a frequência dos elementos dos vasos. Apresenta-se uma chave para a identificação das espécies, ilustrações, além de comentários sobre o extrativismo praticado pela Adere.
Estabelecimento in vitro de Peltophorum dubium ((Spreng.) Taub.) em função das concentrações do meio MS
Authors: Flôres Andressa Vasconcelos , Reiniger Lia Rejane Silveira , Curti Aline Ritter , Paim Aline , Bassan Josiana Scherer , Cunha Ana Catarina Monteiro Carvalho Mori da
Published: September 2014

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se verificar a influência de diferentes concentrações do meio MS no estabelecimento in vitro de segmentos apicais caulinares (80-100 mm) de canafístula isolados, a partir de plântulas germinadas em condições assépticas. As concentrações de sais de 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150% do meio de cultivo MS, foram suplementadas com 30 g L-1 de sacarose, 100 mg L-1 de mio-inositol, 7 g L-1 de ágar e o pH, ajustado para 5,7. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 20 repetições, cada uma consistindo de um frasco contendo um explante. As culturas foram mantidas por 60 dias em sala de cultivo sob fotoperíodo de 16 horas, intensidade luminosa de 20 µmol m-2 s-1 e temperatura de 25±2ºC. Não houve efeito das diferentes concentrações do meio MS para a maioria das variáveis, sendo observadas elevadas médias gerais de sobrevivência (98%) e de estabelecimento (98%) in vitro. O maior número de folhas (2,8) ocorreu na diluição de 75%, com redução a partir dessa diluição. Nessa mesma concentração, houve a máxima calogênese, que foi diminuindo até não ser observada sob 125% da composição original; a 150% houve, novamente, presença de calos. Não ocorreu enraizamento de explantes durante o cultivo in vitro. Considerando-se o conjunto das variáveis avaliadas e, adicionalmente, que a presença de calos não é desejável, recomenda-se o emprego da concentração original de sais do meio de cultivo MS no estabelecimento in vitro de segmentos apicais caulinares de canafístula.
Avaliação da carga de trabalho físico e da postura de trabalhadores na produção de mudas florestais
Authors: Lopes Eduardo da Silva , Oliveira Felipe Martins de
Published: September 2014

Nesta pesquisa, objetivou-se avaliar a carga de trabalho físico e a postura adotada pelos trabalhadores nas atividades de produção de mudas florestais, visando a reorganização ergonômica do trabalho para a melhoria dos níveis de segurança e saúde dos trabalhadores. O estudo foi realizado com trabalhadores do viveiro de uma empresa florestal localizada no Estado do Paraná. A carga de trabalho físico foi avaliada por meio do levantamento da frequência cardíaca dos trabalhadores nas diversas fases do ciclo de trabalho com uso de um monitor Polar da Finlândia e o trabalho classificado segundo metodologia proposta por Apud (1997). A avaliação da postura foi feita por meio de filmagens dos trabalhadores e os dados submetidos para análise no software "Winowas" de análises de posturas. Os resultados mostraram que as etapas consideradas de maior exigência física foram o preparo do substrato e o transporte das bandejas para a casa de vegetação, com frequências cardíacas médias de 120 e 115 bpm e cargas cardiovasculares médias de 42 e 37%, respectivamente, sendo as atividades classificadas como moderadamente pesadas. A postura mais crítica para os trabalhadores foi na atividade de retirada do substrato da betoneira, por exigir uma sobrecarga da coluna lombar. Durante a etapa de semeadura, observou-se a necessidade de correções na postura dos trabalhadores por atuarem em 97% do período de trabalho na posição em pé e com a coluna lombar curvada. Conclui-se que, na empresa em questão, há a necessidade de se adotar medidas preventivas para se evitar as lombalgias de forma educativa e também por meio de alterações no sistema operacional.
Sicarius uncinipenis and Deletrocephalus cesarpintoi in captive greater rheas of Minas Gerais State, Brazil
Authors: Avelar Isabela de Oliveira , Almeida Lara Ribeiro de , Santos Hudson Andrade dos , Lima Walter dos Santos , Lara Leonardo Bôscoli , Ecco Roselene
Published: September 2014

The present study details the pathological and parasitological findings of parasitic ventriculitis and nematode infections in the large intestines of two female Rhea americana americana birds. The birds were housed in captivity, and both exhibited poor body condition and lethargy. The rheas were sent to the Veterinary Hospital of the Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) and, despite medical care, the clinical condition of the birds did not improve. The birds died two days after admission, and were submitted to necropsy. Gross, histopathology and parasitological analysis resulted in the identification of Sicarius uncinipenis, which is associated with parasitic ventriculitis, while Deletrocephalus cesarpintoi was identified in the large intestine of both rheas. The apparent clinical indications, including loss of appetite and death, combined with the discovery of numerous parasites and other pathology changes, supported the conclusion that the death of the birds was caused by the parasitic infection. Further investigations of these infections in free-living and captive rheas are required, such that accurate data on the incidence and pathogenicity of these parasites can be obtained.
Genetic diversity of Ehrlichia canisstrains from naturally infected dogs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Ferreira Renata Fernandes , Cerqueira Aloysio de Mello Figueiredo , Castro Tatiana Xavier de , Ferreira Eliane de Oliveira , Neves Felipe Piedade Gonçalves , Barbosa André Victor , Macieira Daniel de Barros , Almosny Nádia Regina Pereira
Published: September 2014

The aim of this study was to characterize Ehrlichia canis strains from naturally infected dogs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In addition, all the clinical and hematological findings observed in these dogs were reported. PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene was used for diagnostic purposes, and the TRP19 and TRP36 genes were sequenced to evaluate the genetic diversity. Fifteen samples were positive for E. canis. The polymerase chain reaction for the TRP19 gene resulted in 11 amplicons (11/15), which were cloned into the pGEM-T easy vector for sequencing. The complete sequence of TRP19 gene was compared to those in the GenBank, revealing high identicalness. Phylogenetic analysis on the TRP36 gene sequences demonstrated two distinct strains from two dogs, named 56C and 70C. The 56C strain was grouped with the strain Cuiaba 16, which is a hybrid strain formed by Brazilian and US genogroups; and the 70C strain was grouped with other strains of the US genogroup, thus suggesting that there are at least two genogroups of E. canis in Rio de Janeiro (US and Brazilian). Those animals, in which the 70C and 56C strains were isolated, showed distinct clinical and hematological manifestations of 1the disease. The appearance of different genotypes may express new phenotypes, thus resulting in different forms of presentation of the disease and making its diagnosis more complex.
Predicting foundation bunchgrass species abundances: model‐assisted decision‐making in protected‐area sagebrush steppe
Authors: Rodhouse Thomas J. , Irvine Kathryn M. , Sheley Roger L. , Smith Brenda S. , Hoh Shirley , Esposito Daniel M. , Mata-Gonzalez Ricardo
Published: September 2014

Foundation species are structurally dominant members of ecological communities that can stabilize ecological processes and influence resilience to disturbance and resistance to invasion. Being common, they are often overlooked for conservation but are increasingly threatened from land use change, biological invasions, and over‐exploitation. The pattern of foundation species abundances over space and time may be used to guide decision‐making, particularly in protected areas for which they are iconic. We used ordinal logistic regression to identify the important environmental influences on the abundance patterns of bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), Thurber's needlegrass (Achnatherum thurberianum), and Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda) in protected‐area sagebrush steppe. We then predicted bunchgrass abundances along gradients of topography, disturbance, and invasive annual grass abundance. We used model predictions to prioritize the landscape for implementation of a management and restoration decision‐support tool. Models were fit to categorical estimates of grass cover obtained from an extensive ground‐based monitoring dataset. We found that remnant stands of abundant wheatgrass and bluegrass were associated with steep north‐facing slopes in higher and more remote portions of the landscape outside of recently burned areas where invasive annual grasses were less abundant. These areas represented only 25% of the landscape and were prioritized for protection efforts. Needlegrass was associated with south‐facing slopes, but in low abundance and in association with invasive cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum). Abundances of all three species were strongly negatively correlated with occurrence of another invasive annual grass, medusahead (Taeniatherum caput‐medusae). The rarity of priority bunchgrass stands underscored the extent of degradation and the need for prioritization. We found no evidence that insularity reduced invasibility; annual grass invasion represents a serious threat to protected‐area bunchgrass communities. Our study area was entirely within the Wyoming big sagebrush ecological zone, understood to have inherently low resilience to disturbance and resistance to weed invasion. However, our study revealed important variation in abundance of the foundation species associated with resilience and resistance along the topographic‐soil moisture gradient within this zone, providing an important foothold for conservation decision‐making in these steppe ecosystems. We found the foundation species focus a parsimonious strategy linking monitoring to decision‐making via biogeographic modeling.
Improved Gas Lift Valve Performance using a Modified Design for GLV Seat
Authors: Elldakli F.. , Soliman M. Y. , Shahri M.. , Winkler H. W. , Gamadi T..
Published: September 2014

Each gas lift valve (GLV) is a variable orifice until a fully open port area is attained (under maximum stem travel). As the ball (stem) moves away from the ball/seat contact area, the area open to flow increases until the flow area upstream to the port area equals or exceeds the fully open port area.

Laboratory gas dynamic throughput testing indicates that each injection-operated GLV often does not open fully in actual operation, mainly because of the bellows stacking phenomena. As a result, the stem forms a restriction upstream to the flow path. Therefore, actual flow through the GLV can be less than expected. This paper addresses such issues and recommends a simple but effective solution. A modified design for the GLV seat was created to help reduce the required stem travel to generate a flow area equal to the port area.

Theoretical calculations confirm the actual gas dynamic measurements and show that the minimum stem travel for the modified design improves from 5 to 58% compared to using a conventional sharp-edged seat. This improvement should have a significant impact on GLV performance. The modified seats for all different ports sizes were manufactured and tested using a benchmark valve test. The experiments showed that for the same stem travel, the new design has a larger flowing area than that of the sharp-edged seat. This paper details the new design, theoretical calculations, and experimental results.
Optimal Stress Calculations for Sucker Rod Pumping Systems
Authors: Pons Victoria
Published: September 2014

Preventing stress related failures is an essential part of optimizing your sucker rod pumped well. Tracking the maximum and minimum rod stress along with appropriate pump off control can ensure longer life for the rods and the entire sucker-rod pumping system.

Traditionally, stress is only computed at the top of each taper. However, when stress failures occur, they happen in areas of high friction and stress which might not necessarily be near the top of the taper and therefore undetectable through traditional stress computations.

The Modified Everitt-Jennings algorithm uses finite differences to solve the wave equation. As part of the algorithm, an iteration on damping, a fluid load line calculation and a pump fillage calculation ensure that the downhole data is as accurate as possible.

One of the many advantages of using finite differences is the ability to pick finite difference nodes down the rod string.

As part of the Modified Everitt-Jennings algorithm, position, load and stress can be computed at any point in the rod string. This provides for an in-depth, step by step, stress analysis for each taper of the rod string.

In this paper, stress results from the Modified Everitt-Jennings algorithm are compared to traditional stress calculations using measured field data.
Enhanced Cooler-Operating ESP Motor Design and Field Trials
Authors: Bough Max , Orrego Yamila , Waldner Leon , Sheth Ketan , O'Bryan Roshani , Jankowski Todd A. , Prenger F. Coyne
Published: September 2014

Extending system run life impacts well profitability by cutting artificial lift replacement costs and reducing production losses from downtime. The run life of Electrical submersible pumping (ESP) motor can be increased by reducing the operating temperature of the motor. On the other hand, cooler-running motors can be used for high-temperature wells, where downhole temperatures may be a limiting factor.

Controlling motor temperature is important for increasing ESP run life as motor temperature plays a key role in motor failures. Power losses in ESP motors were analyzed for various operating conditions. Power losses are the source of heat generation and the resulting temperature rise in the ESP motor. The internal motor temperature depends upon heat generation in the motor, well parameters, operating conditions, as well as the design and materials used to manufacture the motor.

To reduce internal operating temperature, the motor should efficiently transfer the heat generated within the motor to the well fluid. New techniques for efficient heat transfer were developed and ESP motors with an enhanced motor-cooling design were built. These modified motors were tested in wells under controlled conditions in Claremore, Oklahoma and in two field trials in conventional and SAGD wells. The results showed a significant decrease in the internal operating temperature. This paper will address various contributing factors affecting motor internal temperature, an enhanced cooling design, and field trial test results.
New Stage Material Combined with Permanent Magnet Motor Technology Widens ESP Application Window
Authors: Saveth Ken
Published: September 2014

Like any mature industry that has been around for decades; each with their tried and true technologies; the ESP industry also has its standard technologies which have been applied in varying degrees over the years. The level of success to which these technologies have reached has clearly been seen in the immense growth seen in the ESP industry. This is not to say that there have not been improvements to stage design (e.g. radial vs. mixed flow vs. axial, vane geometries), motor and motor seal design (E.g. induction motor technology and SAGD designs) and deployment methods, but these improvements have been slight deviations from what had been accepted as "standard".

Historically, ESP stages have been Type 1 or Type 4 Ni-resist and despite the changes in designs as mentioned, the stage materials have essentially remained the same. A change in the stage material and processing paradigm has drastically widened the historic application window.

This paper will elaborate on how a new stage technology combined with Permanent Magnet Motor technology deliver a unique solution providing a wider range of efficient operations (ROR), greater gas and sand handling capability without specific gas handling equipment and a shorter overall package.

The technology will be described, specifically how it is radically different than the case stages typically used today and the results of field trials demonstrating this wider range and its ability to handle produced sand.
PMM-PCP Field Trials Using a New Generation Permanent Magnet Motor Technology
Authors: Saveth Ken
Published: September 2014

The recent proliferation of horizontal and deviated wells along with the low rates being produced by many of the newly completed shale oil wells has created a need for a very efficient pumping system capable of operation below deviations or even in the horizontal. As with all technologies, new materials of construction, new manufacturing processes and new innovative ideas result in the evolution of many systems used in the past. Often times, the needs of our industry demand and direct these innovations as well. Operating companies look for more efficient deployment methods as well as equipment that can operate in ever more demanding environments. The tried and true technologies that are currently being used are no longer enough to meet these new demands. It is during these times, when major innovations occur to allow for completions and production methods to change significantly.

Such is the case in the downhole Progressing Cavity Pumping (PCP) industry. Initially used in industrial applications in the 1930's and adapted for downhole applications via conventional sucker rods in the 1980's, PCP applications eventually evolved into bottom-drive PCPs via a downhole electric submersible motor; hence the term ESPCP – Electric Submersible Progressing Cavity Pump. ESPCPs combined PCP technology with ESP technology thereby eliminating the need for sucker rods thereby widening the application envelope to deviated and horizontal wells within which conventional rod-driven PCPs have inherent limitations. The utilization of "standard" induction motor technology necessitated the need for a speed reduction from the synchronous speed of the ESP motor, to that of the PCP (typically in the range of 100 – 500 RPM). In this case, it was the use of a downhole gear reducer. This gear reducer accounted for the speed requirement differential between standard ESP and standard PCP operational speeds.

In the continued evolution, the downhole ESPCP gear reducer became a costly component and one of the most likely failure points in the system. The introduction of 10-pole submersible permanent magnet motors (PMMs) eliminated the need for an additional piece of downhole hardware. Between 2007 & 2008, a number of permanent magnet motors had been combined with progressing cavity pumps and successfully implemented (PMM-PCP)1.

More recently however, a new generation PMM has been developed that is better suited to be combined with PCPs. This paper will present the results of successful field trials pulling from a large population of wells but focusing on a few key wells to show the improved MTBF.
Drive String Fatigue in PCP Applications
Authors: Skoczylas Paul
Published: September 2014

Drive string (rod string) fatigue failures may occur occasionally in Progressing Cavity Pump (PCP) applications. In a deviated well, the drive string is subjected to rotating bending while the pump is in operation. For each rotation of the string, each portion of the rod's surface undergoes a load cycle of compression and tension. This load cycle is overlaid on the approximately constant torque and axial load that are usually the primary loads considered in sizing a drive string. While the alternating load from rotating bending typically results in a small stress compared to the other loads, it can eventually lead to a fatigue failure.

This paper presents a model for estimating the life of a drive string before a fatigue failure occurs. This model considers the overall stress state in the drive string, the effects of curvature magnification (which occurs near the larger diameter connections in a coupled drive string), and environmental factors. The model has been developed only for solid rod bodies (whether coupled or continuous), and it is not applicable to hollow rods.

This paper also discusses several aspects of lab testing for determining fatigue life. Simple fatigue tests are typically performed under either pure rotating bending, or cyclic bending (without rotation). These tests may not give results that are representative of the actual fatigue life that may result from operation in a different stress state (i.e. when constant torsional and axial stresses are added to the cyclic bending stress).

This paper is aimed at assisting production engineers in designing drive strings for applications in which fatigue failures may occur.