bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Predicts and what Mediates the response of urge urinary incontinence to biofeedback?
Authors: Resnick Neil M. , Perera Subashan , Tadic Stasa , Organist Linda , Riley Mary Alyce , Schaefer Werner , Griffiths Derek
Published: November 2012

Aims

To better target a behavioral approach for urge urinary incontinence (UUI) and enhance its efficacy by (1) identifying predictors of response to biofeedback‐assisted pelvic muscle training (BFB), and (2) determining factors that mediate response.

Methods

BFB (four biweekly visits) was administered to 183 women > 60 years (mean = 73.6). Before and after intervention, all underwent comprehensive evaluation and videourodynamic testing. Postulated predictors and mediators from four urodynamic domains, specified a priori, were correlated with reduction in UUI frequency.

Results

Median UUI frequency decreased from 3.2/day to 1/day (P =0.0001). UUI improved by ≥50% in 55% of subjects and by 100% in 13% of subjects. Frequent UUI predicted poor response (P < 0.01). Of the urodynamic parameters, only high amplitude and briskness of detrusor overactivity (DO) predicted decreased response (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) and these could be measured only in the 43% of subjects with elicitable DO. Decreased DO elicitability was the only urodynamic variable that changed in concert with improvement and thus was a candidate mediator. Response was neither predicted nor mediated by proprioception/warning, cystometric capacity, detrusor contractility, sphincter strength, or baseline DO elicitability.

Conclusions

Severe DO predicts poor response to BFB. Good response is mediated by reduction in DO elicitability. Other than baseline UUI frequency, there are no other clinically or urodynamically important predictors or mediators of BFB response in this population. BFB may be best for patients with less severe DO. Future research to enhance its efficacy might better focus on the brain than on the lower urinary tract. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 408–415, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distribution of Permafrost in China: An Overview of Existing Permafrost Maps
Authors: Ran Youhua , Li Xin , Cheng Guodong , Zhang Tingjun , Wu Qingbai , Jin Huijun , Jin Rui
Published: November 2012

Many permafrost maps in China have been compiled since the early 1960s. The scales of these maps range from the local (1:600 000) to the regional scale (1:10 000 000). The permafrost classification systems differ among these maps. The indices for permafrost classification used in these mapping projects include spatial continuity (areal extent) and thickness of the permafrost, air and ground temperatures and ground ‐ice content. All of those data have been retrieved, digitised and published in the Environmental and Ecological Science Data Center for West China. These maps represent the best understanding at the time regarding the distribution of permafrost in China and its changes over the past century. An updated map of permafrost in China, including frozen ground area, is also provided. The total area of permafrost in China is estimated at ~ 1.59 × 106 km2 (glaciers and lakes excluded), and the area of seasonally frozen ground (excluding instantaneous frozen ground) is ~ 5.36 × 106 km2. The total area of high‐altitude (plateau and mountain) permafrost in China is ~ 1.35 × 106 km2, the area of mountain permafrost is ~ 0.30 × 106 km2 and the area of plateau permafrost is ~ 1.05 × 106 km2. The latitudinal permafrost is located in the northern part of northeastern China, and its area is ~ 0.24 × 106 km2. Additionally, some suggestions are proposed for future mapping of permafrost in China. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of the Decadal Permafrost Distribution on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (China) over the Past 50 Years
Authors: Weiming Cheng , Shangmin Zhao , Chenghu Zhou , Xi Chen
Published: November 2012

Decadal changes in permafrost distribution on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP) over the past 50 years (1960–2009) were simulated with a response model that uses data from a digital elevation model, mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and the vertical lapse rate of temperature. Compared with published maps of permafrost distribution, the accuracy of the simulated results is about 85 per cent. The simulation results show: (1) with the continuously rising MAAT over the past 50 years, the simulated areas of permafrost on the QTP have continuously decreased; (2) through areal statistics, the simulated areas of permafrost were 1.60 × 106 km2, 1.49 × 106 km2, 1.45 × 106 km2, 1.36 × 106 km2 and 1.27 × 106 km2, respectively, in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s; and (3) the rate of permafrost loss has accelerated since the 1980s, and the total area of degraded permafrost is about 3.3 × 105 km2, which accounts for about one‐fifth of the total area of permafrost in the 1960s. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Respiratory impedance and bronchodilator responsiveness in healthy children aged 2–13 years
Authors: Calogero Claudia , Simpson Shannon J. , Lombardi Enrico , Parri Niccolò , Cuomo Barbara , Palumbo Massimo , de Martino Maurizio , Shackleton Claire , Verheggen Maureen , Gavidia Tania , Franklin Peter J. , Kusel Merci M.H. , Park Judy , Sly Peter D. , Hall Graham L
Published: November 2012

Background

The forced oscillation technique (FOT) can be used in children as young as 2 years of age and in those unable to perform routine spirometry. There is limited information on changes in FOT outcomes in healthy children beyond the preschool years and the level of bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) in healthy children. We aimed to create reference ranges for respiratory impedance outcomes collated from multiple centers. Outcomes included respiratory system resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs), resonant frequency (Fres), frequency dependence of Rrs (Fdep), and the area under the reactance curve (AX). We also aimed to define the physiological effects of bronchodilators in a large population of healthy children using the FOT.

Methods

Respiratory impedance was measured in 760 healthy children, aged 2–13 years, from Australia and Italy. Stepwise linear regression identified anthropometric predictors of transformed Rrs and Xrs at 6, 8, and 10 Hz, Fres, Fdep, and AX. Bronchodilator response (BDR) was assessed in 508 children after 200 µg of inhaled salbutamol.

Results

Regression analysis showed that Rrs, Xrs, and AX outcomes were dependent on height and sex. The BDR cut‐offs by absolute change in Rrs8, Xrs8, and AX were −2.74 hPa s L−1, 1.93 hPa s L−1, and −33 hPa s L−1, respectively. These corresponded to relative and Z‐score changes of −32%; −1.85 for Rrs8, 65%; 1.95 for Xrs8, and −82%; −2.04 for AX.

Conclusions

We have established generalizable reference ranges for respiratory impedance and defined cut‐offs for a positive bronchodilator response using the FOT in healthy children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:707–715. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A New Computer Code for Assessment of Energetic Materials with Crystal density, Condensed Phase Enthalpy of Formation, and Activation Energy of Thermolysis
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad H. , Motamedoshariati Hadi , Moghayadnia Reza , Ghanbarzadeh Majid , Azarniamehraban Jamshid
Published: November 2012

Crystal density and enthalpy of formation of the condensed phase of energetic compounds are two important input parameters for the performance prediction in several computer codes for rapid hazard assessment of energetic materials. A novel easy‐to‐handle user‐friendly computer code in Visual Basic is introduced to predict these parameters for various energetic compounds including nitroaliphatics, nitrate esters, nitramines, polynitroarenes, and polynitroheteroarenes. The calculated values can be used as inputs for other thermochemical/hydrodynamic computer codes. This computer code is also able to calculate the activation energies of thermal decomposition of polynitroarenes and nitramines in condensed state. The number of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms and specification of some molecular fragments are input parameters for this code without using any experimental data. The new algorithms on the base of easy‐to‐get input parameters are tested for some new energetic compounds, which provide more reliable results as compared to the best available methods.
Babesia divergens and Neospora caninum apical membrane antigen 1 structures reveal selectivity and plasticity in apicomplexan parasite host cell invasion
Authors: Tonkin Michelle L. , Crawford Joanna , Lebrun Maryse L. , Boulanger Martin J.
Published: November 2012

Host cell invasion by the obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites, including Plasmodium (malaria) and Toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis), requires a step‐wise mechanism unique among known host–pathogen interactions. A key step is the formation of the moving junction (MJ) complex, a circumferential constriction between the apical tip of the parasite and the host cell membrane that traverses in a posterior direction to enclose the parasite in a protective vacuole essential for intracellular survival. The leading model of MJ assembly proposes that Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 (RON2) is secreted into the host cell and integrated into the membrane where it serves as the receptor for apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) on the parasite surface. We have previously demonstrated that the AMA1‐RON2 interaction is an effective target for inhibiting apicomplexan invasion. To better understand the AMA1‐dependant molecular recognition events that promote invasion, including the significant AMA1‐RON2 interaction, we present the structural characterization of AMA1 from the apicomplexan parasites Babesia divergens (BdAMA1) and Neospora caninum (NcAMA1) by X‐ray crystallography. These studies offer intriguing structural insight into the RON2‐binding surface groove in the AMA1 apical domain, which shows clear evidence for receptor–ligand co‐evolution, and the hyper variability of the membrane proximal domain, which in Plasmodium is responsible for direct binding to erythrocytes. By incorporating the structural analysis of BdAMA1 and NcAMA1 with existing AMA1 structures and complexes we were able to define conserved pockets in the AMA1 apical groove that could be targeted for the design of broadly reactive therapeutics.
The Transnational Ties that Bind: Relationship Considerations for Graduating International Science and Engineering Research Students
Authors: Geddie Kate
Published: November 2012

The last decade has witnessed a significant rise in scholarly and policy attention paid to the migration and career decisions of international (post)graduate research students, particularly those in science, technology, engineering and mathematics disciplines. Considered by many governments as important contributors to national science and innovation agendas, as well as potential members of an educated labour force, several states have implemented strategic regulatory changes to encourage foreign (post)graduate students in these fields to remain after their studies. However, these policies tend to frame such students as free agents able to respond to easing work permit or residency conditions in line with their individual career or lifestyle preferences. This paper advances theorisations of post‐graduation decision making among international students by illustrating the extent to which diverse transnational social ties and personal concerns are highly influential in shaping migration and career strategies. Drawing on in‐depth interviews with foreign students completing science and engineering (post)graduate degrees in London, UK and Toronto, Canada, the paper demonstrates that relationship considerations, such as care for ageing parents, managing dual careers, and future childcare and work‐life balance concerns, are tightly intermingled with graduates' different employment and settlement considerations at this transitional life‐stage. These findings carry wider implications for our understanding of the multiple geographic directions in which students feel pulled upon graduation – challenging traditional push‐pull or stay‐or‐return portrayals. They also underscore the importance of accommodating social reproduction concerns for the production and circulation of a scientific labour force. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of maintenance immunosuppressive drugs on virus pathobiology: evidence and potential mechanisms
Authors: Brennan Daniel C. , Aguado José M. , Potena Luciano , Jardine Alan G. , Legendre Christophe , Säemann Marcus D. , Mueller Nicolas J. , Merville Pierre , Emery Vincent , Nashan Björn
Published: November 2012

Recent evidence suggesting a potential anti‐CMV effect of mTORis is of great interest to the transplant community. However, the concept of an immunosuppressant with antiviral properties is not new, with many accounts of the antiviral properties of several agents over the years. Despite these reports, to date, there has been little effort to collate the evidence into a fuller picture. This manuscript was developed to gather the evidence of antiviral activity of the agents that comprise a typical immunosuppressive regimen against viruses that commonly reactivate following transplant (HHV1 and 2, VZV, EBV, CMV and HHV6, 7, and 8, HCV, HBV, BKV, HIV, HPV, and parvovirus). Appropriate immunosuppressive regimens posttransplant that avoid acute rejection while reducing risk of viral reactivation are also reviewed. The existing literature was disparate in nature, although indicating a possible stimulatory effect of tacrolimus on BKV, potentiation of viral reactivation by steroids, and a potential advantage of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition in several viral infections, including BKV, HPV, and several herpesviruses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Label‐free imaging characteristics of colonic mucinous adenocarcinoma using multiphoton microscopy
Authors: Liu Nenrong , Chen Jianxin , Xu Renan , Jiang Shanghai , Xu Jian , Chen Rong
Published: November 2012

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) has high mortality and increased incidence rates. An early detection of CRC is very important. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) with high resolution and high sensitivity is used to effectively distinguish the microstructure changes of normal and mucinous adenocarcinoma slices of ex vivo human colonic tissues. In mucinous adenocarcinoma mucosa, the glands are distorted and elongated, the gland cavity is indistinct, and the mesh collagen fibers are diminished. In the submucosa, the collagens are seriously disordered, elongated, pushed aside, and sparsely visible, the content of elastic fibers is also broken and almost disappearing. Many cancer cells, some in cavity‐like shape full of mucus surrounded by some collagen fibers, occupied the submucosa, which are comparable to hematoxylin‐eosin (HE) stained images. Second harmonic generation and two‐photon excitation fluorescence (SHG/TPEF) intensity ratio can be used further to quantitatively evaluate normality and abnormality. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) images show that the normal collagen fibrils are dense and in random order, and the cancerous collagen is certainly organized. The exploratory results show that it has potential for the development of multiphoton mini‐endoscopy in real‐time early diagnosis of CRC. SCANNING 35: 277‐282, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Highly Selective Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes by Using Poly(phenyleneethynylene)‐Guided Supermolecular Assembly
Authors: Chen Yusheng , Xu Yongqian , Wang Qiuming , Gunasinghe Rosi N. , Wang Xiao‐Qian , Pang Yi
Published: November 2012

Isolation of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with specific chirality and diameters is critical for achieving optimum performance of SWNTs in various applications. A water‐soluble π‐conjugated polymer, poly[(m‐phenyleneethynylene)‐alt‐(p‐phenyleneethynylene)], 3, is found to exhibit high selectivity in dispersing SWNT (6,5). The polymer's ability to sort out SWNT (6,5) appears to be related to the carbon–carbon triple bond, whose free rotation allows a unique assembly of chromophores in a helical conformation. The observation is consistently supported by fluorescence, Raman, and UV‐vis‐NIR absorption spectra. The intriguing selectivity of 3 to SWNT (6,5), however, is not observed for the vinylene analogue polymer 1, showing that the carbon–carbon triple bond could play a unique role in sorting out a specific SWNT. The observed selectivity from 3 could be attributed to a combination of the helical cavity size restrain and electronic interaction associated with the local chromophore arrangement. This strategy could be expanded for efficient SWNT sorting when the helical conformation is further finely tuned.
Broken Windows and Low Adolescent Prosociality: Not Cause and Consequence, but Co‐symptoms of Low Collective Efficacy
Authors: O'Brien Daniel Tumminelli , Kauffman Richard A.
Published: November 2012

The current study presents a case in which adolescent prosociality is lower in neighborhoods with greater physical disorder. Current theory provides two interpretations for such a pattern: (1) that disorder signals a threatening environment and discourages prosociality (“broken windows theory”); (2) that disorder and low prosociality are both symptoms of a weak community (i.e., low collective efficacy). A survey of 642 students from a small American city was combined with an assessment of the built environment to evaluate these two interpretations. Students were nested in 59 Census block groups. Multilevel models demonstrated that collective efficacy best explained variation in prosociality between neighborhoods, and that perceived collective efficacy best explained variation within neighborhoods. Objective and perceived disorder had no significant relationship with prosociality in these models, suggesting that disorder is not directly responsible for cross‐neighborhood variation in prosociality. The paper discusses the implications for place‐based interventions promoting prosociality. The results also emphasize the need for measures of social processes (e.g., collective efficacy) when evaluating “broken windows” hypotheses.
Negative regulation of ERα by a novel protein CAC1 through association with histone demethylase LSD1
Authors: Kim JuHyun , Park Ui-Hyun , Moon MinO , Um Soo-Jong , Kim Eun-Joo
Published: November 2012

CAC1 and ER‐alpha colocalize by fluorescence microscopy (View interaction)
Effects of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Muscle‐Resistance Training After Stroke
Authors: Brogårdh Christina , Lexell Jan
Published: November 2012

Stroke is a leading cause of long‐term disability. The physical and cognitive impairments after an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke often lead to activity limitations and participation restrictions. Many persons after stroke have a sedentary lifestyle, are physically inactive, and have a low fitness level. Physical fitness training is known to be beneficial for persons with a number of comorbid conditions or risk factors for stroke. Although exercise and physical activity are considered valuable, the evidence of their benefits after stroke is still insufficient. In this review, we summarize published randomized controlled trials regarding the effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle‐resistance training after stroke on physical function, activity, participation, life satisfaction, and mood. We discuss various barriers that can impede the ability to perform exercise, and the importance of reducing these barriers to increase physical fitness levels after the completion of usual stroke rehabilitation, thereby enhancing leisure, well‐being, and participation in society.
The Exercise Prescription: A Tool to Improve Physical Activity
Authors: Phillips Edward M. , Kennedy Mary A.
Published: November 2012

The current epidemic of sedentary behavior is a serious public health issue that requires the attention of the medical community. Although the benefits of physical activity are well established, research indicates that Americans are not heeding the message, and new strategies are warranted to bring about change in this arena. The health care community can and should play a key role in this movement. Patients respect their physicians as credible sources of information and look to them for health‐related guidance. Unfortunately, many physicians are not talking to their patients about physical activity and are missing a unique opportunity to raise awareness about its benefits. Exercise needs to be discussed as a serious form of treatment, similar to medication, and should be thoughtfully prescribed to every patient. Physicians need to be familiar with the level of exercise necessary to achieve health benefits as defined by the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Furthermore, they should be competent in their ability to identify a patient's level of risk for starting or increasing exercise and provide guidance on the frequency, intensity, time, and type of activity necessary to safely elicit maximal health benefits. These basic competencies can be easily understood by physicians and incorporated into their practices. Resources have been established to help support physicians in this process. Physiatrists are uniquely positioned to lead the effort for change in this area because they are well‐established proponents of exercise and are trained to prescribe therapeutic exercise to address the complex medical issues of their patients. This skill‐set should be used for every patient in an effort to reduce the widespread prevalence of the “chronic disease” physical inactivity.
Basic Principles Regarding Strength, Flexibility, and Stability Exercises
Authors: Micheo William , Baerga Luis , Miranda Gerardo
Published: November 2012

Strength, flexibility, and stability are physiologic parameters associated with health‐related physical fitness. Each of these domains affects health in general, the risk of injury, how an injury is treated, and performance in activities of daily living and sports. These domains are affected by individual phenotype, age, deconditioning, occupational activity, and formal exercise. Deficits or loss of strength, flexibility, and stability can be prevented or reduced with exercise programs. Normal muscle strength has been associated with general health benefits, increased life expectancy, psychological benefits, prevention of illness, and reduction of disability in older adults. Static flexibility programs have been shown to improve joint range of motion and tolerance to stretch but do not appear to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injury and may impair muscle performance immediately after a static stretch. Dynamic flexibility, on the other hand, may enhance power and improve sports‐specific performance. Stability training leads to improved balance and neuromuscular control, may prevent injury to the knee and ankle joints, and can be used for treatment of patients with low back pain.
Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Landry Bradford W. , Driscoll Sherilyn Whateley
Published: November 2012

After obesity rates in youth reached alarming rates, public health officials recognized the need for specific physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents. Numerous health care groups and sports and fitness organizations collaborated on the development of the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans in 2008, which have been widely endorsed and include recommendations for the pediatric population. Children and adolescents should participate in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity 1 or more hours per day and muscle and bone‐strengthening activities 3 or more times per week. Physical activities should be age appropriate, enjoyable, and varied and occur beyond what is required for typical activities of daily living. Adequate exercise in youth improves strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition and therefore decreases cardiovascular risk factors. An improved cardiovascular profile provides a continued benefit in adulthood. Exercise also improves bone health, psychological well‐being, cognition, and school performance and may decrease the risk of sports injury. Exercise habits established in childhood often continue into adulthood.
Exercise in Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Perez‐Terzic Carmen M.
Published: November 2012

Analysis of extensive data has shown that exercise training provides significant impact on prevention and modification of cardiovascular diseases and mortality. In general, exercise recommendations for patients with cardiovascular diseases are based on individual aerobic capacity and comorbidities. Patients with acute syndromes benefit from participating in a cardiac rehabilitation program, whereas patients with chronic syndromes benefit from a life‐long home‐based program. In general, exercise prescription should involve aerobic activities in combination with resistance, flexibility, and balance exercises. This review will discuss an exercise prescription for patients with coronary artery disease, heart failure, and after heart transplantation. Detailed precautions for particular groups of patients will be discussed.
Predisposing factors for involuntary culling in Holstein–Friesian dairy cows
Authors: Chiumia Daniel , Chagunda Mizeck G.G. , Macrae Alastair I. , Roberts David J.
Published: November 2012

The objective was to identify predisposing factors for increased risk of involuntary culling in adult Holstein–Friesian dairy cows. Data were sourced from Scotland's Rural College (SRUC) Dairy Research Centre. Between September 2003 and August 2010 175 cows were culled, a herd culling rate of 33·7%. The major reasons for involuntary culling were fertility (27·4%) and udder problems (26·9%). In the analysis, the culled cows were matched with their cohorts that survived to a later lactation. To identify predisposing factors, a binary logistic model was applied. Cows with higher than average body condition score (BCS) at last service were five times [Odds Ratio (OR) = 4·8] more likely to be culled due to infertility. Cows with low protein yield on day 60 ± 5 in lactation were ten times less likely (OR = 0·1) to be culled. In first lactation heifers, only BCS at last service increased the risk of involuntary culling due to infertility (OR = 13·0). A high milk yield acceleration was a significant (P = 0·04) factor in increasing the risk, five times (OR = 5·2) more, of culling cows due to udder problems. In conclusion, a high BCS at last service, high milk protein yield at around day 60 in lactation and acceleration of milk yield after calving exposed cows to a risk of being culled involuntarily. In practice, monitoring of traits that indicate metabolic imbalance could assist identifying cows at high risk of being culled and contribute to reducing the associated risk through a more effective timely decision.
Insights from studying prejudice in the context of American atheists
Authors: Charles Eric P. , Rowland Nicholas J. , Long Brooke , Yarrison Fritz
Published: November 2012

Our research on non-religion supports the proposed shift toward more interactive models of prejudice. Being nonreligious is easily hideable and, increasingly, of low salience, leading to experiences not easily understood via traditional or contemporary frameworks for studying prejudice and prejudice reduction. This context affords new opportunity to observe reverse forms of interactive prejudice, which can interfere with prejudice reduction.
Understanding the psychological processes involved in the demobilizing effects of positive cross-group contact
Authors: Tausch Nicole , Becker Julia C.
Published: November 2012

A theoretical framework is required that explainswhyandhowcross-group contact reduces collective action and how the demobilizing effects can be counteracted. We propose that at least two mechanisms are involved: an affective process whereby the positive affect created offsets negative emotions and action tendencies, and a more strategic process whereby individual advancement comes to seem like a possibility.
Beyond prejudice: Relational inequality, collective action, and social change revisited
Authors: Dixon John , Levine Mark , Reicher Steve , Durrheim Kevin
Published: November 2012

This response clarifies, qualifies, and develops our critique of the limits of intergroup liking as a means of challenging intergroup inequality. It does not dispute that dominant groups may espouse negative attitudes towards subordinate groups. Nor does it dispute that prejudice reduction can be an effective way of tackling resulting forms of intergroup hostility. What it does dispute is the assumption that getting dominant group members and subordinate group members to like each other more is the best way of improving intergroup relations that are characterized by relatively stable, institutionally embedded, relations of inequality. In other words, the main target of our critique is themodel of changethat underlies prejudice reduction interventions and the mainstream concept of “prejudice” on which they are based.
Ignorance, denial, internalisation, and transcendence: a post-structural perspective on Polanyi's double movement
Authors: HOLMES CHRISTOPHER
Published: November 2012

In this article, I suggest what an engagement between post-structuralism and the work of Karl Polanyi might look like. I do this by presenting a reading of Polanyi's concept of ‘double movement’ as a form of problematisation through binary opposition. I suggest that the central opposition that the double movement depicts – between economy and society as reflected in processes of marketisation and social protection – presents itself in such a way that the problems emanating from the opposition can only be solved through its transcendence. On one hand, the terms of transcendence are limited by the terms of the opposition. On the other hand, since transcendence is never reached, the double movement problematisation stabilises the existence of a lacuna between the lived experience of market society and the discursive field of that market society. As such, the form of the problematisation places a double-limit upon the ways in which ‘solutions’ can be presented. I present this thesis in relation to two instances of double movement discussed by Polanyi in his book,The Great Transformation. I then apply the argument to invocations of the economy-society opposition in contemporary political economic discourse, where it remains as ubiquitous as ever.
The Hidden Message of the Hares in the Talons of the Eagle
Authors: Yaniv Bracha
Published: November 2012

When in 1714 the artist Israel ben Mordecai Liśnicki from Jaryczów painted the interior of the wooden synagogue of Chodorów, today in the L'viv (Polish, Lwów) region of western Ukraine, he did not know that one of his paintings would be the subject of divergent interpretations by art historians some three hundred years later. The controversy centers around the depiction of an eagle grasping in its talons two hares trying to escape outward. The hares are grasped by the neck (fig. 1). This depiction, located in the center of the ceiling, is surrounded by a decorative medallion inscribed with the verse “Like an eagle who rouses his nestlings, gliding down to his young, so did He spread His wings and take him, bear him along on His talons” (Deuteronomy 32:11). In the background are the twelve signs of the zodiac.
Comprehensive dental evaluation of children with congenital or acquired heart disease
Authors: Cantekin Kenan , Cantekin Isin , Torun Yasemin
Published: November 2012

Objective

The aims of this case–control study were to (a) compare the caries experience and oral hygiene, and (b) quantify the persistence of a delay in the dental age in children with cardiac disease and a group of healthy children.

Methods and Materials

The study population comprised a group of 268 3- to 16-year-old children and adolescents with a cardiac disease and a group of 268 age- and sex-matched healthy children and adolescents. Specifically, the decayed, missed, and filled teeth indices, simplified oral hygiene index, and the dental ages of the two groups of children were calculated and then compared.

Results

Although the oral health of the children with either a congenital or an acquired heart disease was the same as that of the healthy children, there were significant differences in the decayed, missed, and filled teeth indices. Dental ages of the children with a congenital heart disease were significantly lower than those of healthy children. The findings showed that complex univentricular heart diseases had the highest negative impact on dental development (−1.1), followed by complex biventricular (−0.9), simple surgical (−0.5), and mild (−0.4) heart disease patients.

Conclusion

Once thorough knowledge of the child's cardiac status is gained, a definitive dental treatment plan for the child with a cardiac disease can be established.
The role of dynamic contrasts in the L2 acquisition of Spanish past tense morphology
Authors: DOMÍNGUEZ LAURA , TRACY-VENTURA NICOLE , ARCHE MARÍA J. , MITCHELL ROSAMOND , MYLES FLORENCE
Published: November 2012

This study examines the second language acquisition of Spanish past tense morphology by three groups of English speakers (beginners, intermediates and advanced). We adopt a novel methodological approach – combining oral corpus data with controlled experimental data – in order to provide new evidence on the validity of the Lexical Aspect Hypothesis (LAH) in L2 Spanish. Data elicited through one comprehension and three oral tasks with varying degrees of experimental control show that the emergence of temporal markings is determined mainly by the dynamic/non-dynamic contrast (whether a verb is a state or an event) as beginner and intermediate speakers use Preterit with event verbs but Imperfect mainly with state verbs. One crucial finding is that although advanced learners use typical Preterit–telic associations in the least controlled oral tasks, as predicted by the LAH, this pattern is often reversed in tasks designed to include non-prototypical (and infrequent) form–meaning contexts. The results of the comprehension task also show that the Preterit-event and Imperfect-state associations observed in the production data determine the interpretation that learners assign to the Preterit and the Imperfect as well. These results show that beginner and intermediate learners treat event verbs (achievements, accomplishments and activities) in Spanish as a single class that they associate with Preterit morphology. We argue that dynamicity contrasts, and not telicity, affect learners’ use of past tense forms during early stages of acquisition.
From Denmark to Delhi: the multisectoral challenge of regulatingtransfats in India
Authors: Downs Shauna M , Thow Anne Marie , Ghosh-Jerath Suparna , McNab Justin , Reddy K Srinath , Leeder Stephen R
Published: November 2012

Objective

India has proposed legislating an upper limit oftransfat in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils and mandatingtransfat labelling in an effort to reduce intakes. The objective of the present study was to examine the complexities of regulatingtransfat in India by examining the policy processes involved and the perceived implementation challenges.

Design

Semi-structured interviews (n18) were conducted with key informants from various sectors. Interviewees were asked about sources oftransfat in the food supply, existing policies that may influencetransfats and perceived challenges related to the proposedtransfat regulation, in addition to questions tailored to their area of expertise. Interview data were organised based on common themes.

Setting

Interviews were conducted in India.

Subjects

Interviewees were key informants from various sectors including agriculture, trade, industry and health.

Results

Several themes were identified related to the complexity of regulatingtransfat in India. A lack oftransfat awareness, the large unorganised retail sector, a need for suitable alternative products that are both acceptable to consumers and affordable, and a need to build capacity were crucial factors affecting India's ability to successfully regulatetransfat. The limited number of food inspectors will create an additional challenge in terms of enforcement oftransfat regulation.

Conclusions

Although India will face challenges in regulatingtransfat, legislating an upper limit oftransfat in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils will likely be the most effective approach to reducing it in the food supply. Ongoing engagement with industry, agriculture, trade and processing sectors will prove essential in terms of product reformulation.
Chronic valproate attenuates some, but not all, facets of mania-like behaviour in mice
Authors: van Enkhuizen Jordy , Geyer Mark A. , Kooistra Klaas , Young Jared W.
Published: November 2012

Bipolar disorder (BD) mania is a psychiatric disorder with multifaceted symptoms. Development of targeted treatments for BD mania may benefit from animal models that mimic multiple symptoms, as opposed to hyperactivity alone. Using the reverse-translated multivariate exploratory paradigm, the behavioural pattern monitor (BPM), we reported that patients with BD mania exhibit hyperactivity as well as increased specific exploration and more linear movements through space. This abnormal profile is also observed in mice with reduced function of the dopamine transporter (DAT) through either constitutive genetic [knockdown (KD)] or acute pharmacological (GBR12909) means. Here, we assessed the pharmacological predictive validity of these models by administering the BD-treatment valproic acid (VPA) for 28 d. After 1.5% VPA- or regular-chow treatment for 28 d, C57BL/6J mice received GBR12909 (9 mg/kg) or saline and were tested in the BPM. Similarly, DAT KD and wild type (WT) littermates were treated with VPA-chow and tested in the BPM. GBR12909-treated and DAT KD mice on regular chow were hyperactive, exhibited increased specific exploration and moved in straighter patterns compared to saline-treated and WT mice respectively. Chronic 1.5% VPA-chow treatment resulted in therapeutic concentrations of VPA and ameliorated hyperactivity in both models, while specific exploration and behavioural organization remained unaffected. Hence, the mania-like profile of mice with reduced functional DAT was partially attenuated by chronic VPA treatment, consistent with the incomplete symptomatic effect of VPA treatment in BD patients. Both DAT models may help to identify therapeutics that impact the full spectrum of BD mania.
Neural markers of negative symptom outcomes in distributed working memory brain activity of antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia patients
Authors: Nejad Ayna B. , Madsen Kristoffer H. , Ebdrup Bjørn H. , Siebner Hartwig R. , Rasmussen Hans , Aggernæs Bodil , Glenthøj Birte Y. , Baaré William F. C.
Published: November 2012

Since working memory deficits in schizophrenia have been linked to negative symptoms, we tested whether features of the one could predict the treatment outcome in the other. Specifically, we hypothesized that working memory-related functional connectivity at pre-treatment can predict improvement of negative symptoms in antipsychotic-treated patients. Fourteen antipsychotic-naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia were clinically assessed before and after 7 months of quetiapine monotherapy. At baseline, patients underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a verbal n-back task. Spatial independent component analysis identified task-modulated brain networks. A linear support vector machine was trained with these components to discriminate six patients who showed improvement in negative symptoms from eight non-improvers. Classification accuracy and significance was estimated by leave-one-out cross-validation and permutation tests, respectively. Two frontoparietal and one default mode network components predicted negative symptom improvement with a classification accuracy of 79% (p = 0.003). Discriminating features were found in the frontoparietal networks but not the default mode network. These preliminary data suggest that functional patterns at baseline can predict negative symptom treatment–response in schizophrenia. This information may be used to stratify patients into subgroups thereby facilitating personalized treatment.
Relevance of improved epidemiological knowledge to sustainable control ofHaemonchus contortusin Nigeria
Authors: Bolajoko M. B. , Morgan E. R.
Published: November 2012

Nigeria experiences losses in small ruminant production as a result of a high prevalence of infection withHaemonchus contortus, but there have been very few investigative studies into the epidemiology ofH. contortusin Nigeria, particularly in the south and western parts of the country. For successful planning and execution of control of hemonchosis in Nigeria, there is a need for insight into the epidemiology of free-living stages under the prevailing local conditions and models for climatic and environmental factors that control the risk of hemonchosis and distribution ofH. contortus. In this review, we assess previous studies on the epidemiology ofH. contortusin Nigeria, evaluate the present climatic and epidemiological situation, and highlight areas that require further investigative studies. The goal is to identify factors that underpin better control strategies and holistic integrated farm-management practice. Previous studies onH. contortusprovided important information for formulation of control strategies and development toward integrated parasite management. However, this review has revealed the need for holistic evaluation of the current epidemiology and prevalence ofH. contortusin Nigeria, particularly in relation to climate change. Accurate information is needed to build useful predictive models of the population dynamics of all free-living stages, particularly theL3.
Investigating the Broken-Heart Effect: a Model for Short-Term Dependence between the Remaining Lifetimes of Joint Lives
Authors: Spreeuw Jaap , Owadally Iqbal
Published: November 2012

We analyze the mortality of couples by fitting a multiple state model to a large insurance data set. We find evidence that mortality rates increase after the death of a partner and, in addition, that this phenomenon diminishes over time. This is popularly known as a “broken-heart” effect and we find that it affects widowers more than widows. Remaining lifetimes of joint lives therefore exhibit short-term dependence. We carry out numerical work involving the pricing and valuation of typical contingent assurance contracts and of a joint life and survivor annuity. If insurers ignore dependence, or mis-specify it as long-term dependence, then significant mis-pricing and inappropriate provisioning can result. Detailed numerical results are presented.
Structural evolution of backthrusting in the Mentawai Fault Zone, offshore Sumatran forearc
Authors: Mukti M. Ma'ruf , Singh Satish C. , Deighton Ian , Hananto Nugroho D. , Moeremans R. , Permana Haryadi
Published: November 2012

We present the interpretation of newly acquired high‐quality industry‐standard deep seismic reflection and swath bathymetry data to provide insight into the structural style and evolution of the Mentawai Fault Zone (MFZ). The MFZ lies along the boundary between the accretionary wedge and the proposed continental backstop. This zone exhibits arcuate ridges on the seafloor, convex toward the east. Beneath these ridges the structures developed as landward‐vergent imbricated backthrusts in the inner part of the accretionary wedge and higher‐angle backthrusts that deformed the forearc basin sediments. In the forearc high, anticlines were developed due to the seaward‐vergent forearc high thrusts originating in the accretionary wedge. The imbricated backthrusts may have initiated during the Early‐Middle Miocene contemporaneously with the slide and back‐rotation of forearc high thrusts. In the Late Miocene, the higher‐angle backthrusts were initiated. Continuous contraction induced the frontal higher‐angle backthrusts and formed a fold‐thrust belt toward the east during the Pliocene. The folds and thrusts were disturbed by diapirs and mud volcanoes. Backthrusting and fold‐thrust belts developed in the MFZ may explain the compressional features observed at the boundary between the accretionary wedge and continental backstop along the southern Sumatra margin. The backthrusts along the MFZ are waning in activity and hence the risk of a large earthquake and associated tsunami at the present time should be small.
Comparison of direct and coda wave stress drop measurements for the Wells, Nevada, earthquake sequence
Authors: Abercrombie Rachel E.
Published: November 2012

I calculate the corner frequencies and stress drops of the seven largest earthquakes (M4–6) in the Wells, Nevada, sequence (2008) using both coda and direct waves. I use spectral ratio, empirical Green's function (EGF), and methods to investigate whether differences and uncertainties in the analyses could affect the calculated source parameters. I find that the source spectral ratios from the coda and direct S waves are similar for the same pairs of earthquakes but that the source spectra and corresponding source parameters depend systematically on whether the earthquake of interest is the larger or smaller within the spectral ratio. Mayeda and Malagnini (2009a) calculated coda spectral ratios between the M6 main shock and six large aftershocks (M > 4), and performed a combined inversion to calculate source parameters. They found that the main shock had a higher stress drop than the large aftershocks. I model the identical spectral ratios individually in the manner that I use for direct waves. I find that the choice of source model and fitting procedure produces significant random scatter but no systematic biases. I calculate direct wave ratios for the same earthquake pairs and find higher variability but no systematic difference in the results. Lastly, I use M2.8–3.2 aftershocks as EGFs for the large aftershocks. These spectral ratios yield significantly higher corner frequencies and stress drops for the large aftershocks than when the same earthquakes are the denominator in ratios with the main shock. To improve the quality of EGF analyses, I propose strict objective criteria for acceptance of a spectral ratio fit: (1) observable source pulse, (2) the amplitude ratio of the low‐ to high‐frequency limits of the fit is at least 5, and (3) the corner frequency only varies by 50% when the variance is within 5% of the minimum.
A numerical modeling study of the East Australian Current encircling and overwashing a warm‐core eddy
Authors: Macdonald H. S. , Roughan M. , Baird M. E. , Wilkin J.
Published: November 2012

Warm‐core eddies (WCEs) often form in the meanders of Western Boundary Currents (WBCs). WCEs are frequently overwashed with less dense waters sourced from the WBC. We use the Regional Ocean Modelling System to investigate the ocean state during the overwashing of one such WCE in October 2008 in the East Australian Current (EAC). Comparisons of model outputs with satellite sea surface temperature and vertical profiles show that the model provides a realistic simulation of the eddy during the period when the EAC encircled and then overwashed the eddy. During the encircling stage, an eddy with closed circulation persisted at depth. In the surface EAC water entered from the north, encircled the eddy and exited to the east. The overwashing stage was initiated by the expulsion of cyclonic vorticity. For the following 8 days after the expulsion, waters from the EAC washed over the top of the eddy, transferring heat and anticyclonic vorticity radially‐inward. After approximately one rotation period of overwashing, the eddy separated. The overwashing creates a two‐layer system that forms a subsurface maximum velocity at the interface of the two layers. Analysis of water mass properties, Eulerian tracer dynamics, and Lagrangian particle tracks show that the original eddy sinks 10–50 m during the overwashing period. Overwashing has been observed in many WBCs and occurs in most WCEs in the western Tasman Sea.