bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fitness to drive practices among non‐driver trained occupational therapists in an Australian community‐based rehabilitation setting
Authors: Scott Hayley , Unsworth Carolyn , Browne Matthew
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Driving is a valued occupation given the independence and freedom it provides. Safe driving performance can be impacted by medical conditions, change in functional status and ageing processes. Occupational therapy driver assessors (OTDAs) provide invaluable driving recommendations; however, this requires specialist training for the therapist and is costly for clients. The number of OTDAs is not expected to meet the growing demand for expert services in this area, and little is known about the practices that non‐ OTDAs use to assist clients with returning to driving. The aims of this study were to investigate the practices of non‐OTDAs in a community‐based rehabilitation setting in Australia with respect to knowledge, confidence and skills in assessments, recommendations and outcomes for clients as part of the return to driving process.

Methods

A descriptive study including medical record audits between April and September 2019 and staff surveys were completed at a large metropolitan community‐based rehabilitation facility. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to summarise data.

Results

A total of 102 client medical records were audited, and 13 clinician surveys were completed. Medical record audits identified that return to driving was not consistently addressed by occupational therapists. Clinician surveys outlined a lack of knowledge and confidence of return to driving processes and available assessment tools to guide this process.

Conclusion

All occupational therapists have an ethical obligation to address driving as an activity of daily living; however, non‐OTDAs report that they are not equipped for this role. This may negatively impact on driver safety, independence and overall health and well‐being of clients in community‐based rehabilitation. Further research is indicated to develop evidence‐based driving resources to support best practice of non‐OTDAs.
‘We Cows are in a Very Serious Predicament’: Constructions of Land Girls and Cattle in Britain in the Second World War
Authors: Webb Thomas , Summerfield Penny , Riley Mark , Pearson Chris
Published: May 2021

This article addresses understandings of a novel wartime labour force, the Women's Land Army, and of the cattle that a large proportion of its members worked with, in Britain during and after the Second World War. It draws on official records, publicity material, print media, memoirs and oral histories for an analysis of the gendered dynamics of the wartime management of the dairy herd, focusing on cultural constructions and their contradictions. We argue that Land Girls were widely depicted as urban interlopers even though many came from rural backgrounds, while cattle were sometimes seen as representatives of rural resistance and sometimes as vehicles for personal transformation.
Copycat Skills and Disclosure Costs: Evidence from Peer Companies’ Digital Footprints
Authors: CAO SEAN SHUN , DU KAI , YANG BAOZHONG , ZHANG ALAN L.
Published: May 2021

We examine whether firms that imitate peer companies’ strategies (copycats) profit from such behavior and how their success may cause competitive harm to disclosing companies. We identify copycat companies by tracking the digital footprints of investment companies that view disclosures on the SEC EDGAR Web site. We find that copycat companies are able to identify profitable trades that outperform other trades disclosed by the copycatted companies by 5.5% annually. Such stock‐screening skills are related to investment sophistication and research intensity. Furthermore, copycats inflict greater damage on the performance of disclosing companies when they possess superior copycat skills, when disclosed trading strategies take longer to complete, and when disclosed stock holdings are characterized by high information asymmetry.
Validation of the Hospital Frailty Risk Score in older surgical patients: A population‐based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Gunnarsdottir Gudrun M. , Helgadottir Solveig , Einarsson Sveinn G. , Hreinsson Kari , Whittle John , Karason Sigurbergur , Sigurdsson Martin I.
Published: May 2021

Background

There is a need for standardized and cost‐effective identification of frailty risk. The objective was to validate the Hospital Frailty Risk Score which utilizes International Classification Diagnoses in a cohort of older surgical patients, assess the score as an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes and compare discrimination properties of the frailty risk score with other risk stratification scores.

Methods

Data were analysed from all patients ≥65 years undergoing primary surgical procedures from 2006‐2018. Patients were categorized based on the frailty risk score. The primary outcomes were 30‐day mortality and 180‐day risk of readmission.

Results

Of 16 793 patients evaluated, 7480 (45%), 7605 (45%) and 1708 (10%) had a low, intermediate and high risk of frailty. There was a higher incidence of 30‐day mortality for individuals with intermediate (2.9%) and high (8.3%) compared with low (1.4%) risk of frailty (P < .001 for both comparisons). Similarly, the hazard of readmission within the first 180 days was higher for intermediate (HR 1.25; 95% CI: 1.16‐1.34) and high (HR 1.84; 95% CI: 1.66‐2.03) compared with low (HR 1.00, P < .001 for both comparisons) risk of frailty. The hazard of long‐term mortality was higher for intermediate (HR 1.70; 95% CI: 1.61‐1.80) and high (HR 4.16; 95% CI: 3.84‐4.49) compared with low (HR 1.00, P < .001 for both comparisons) risk of frailty. Finally, long length of primary hospitalization occurred for 9.3%, 15.0% and 27.3% of individuals with low, intermediate and high frailty risk (P < .001 for all comparisons). A model including age and ASA classification had the best discrimination for 30‐day mortality (AUC 0.862; 95% CI: 0.847‐0.877).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the Hospital Frailty Risk Score might be used to screen older surgical patients for risk of frailty. While only slightly improving prediction of 30‐day mortality using the ASA classification, the Hospital Frailty Risk Score can be used to independently classify older patients for the risk of important outcomes using pre‐existing readily available electronic data.
Methods for dose quantification in continuous renal replacement therapy: Toward a more precise approach
Authors: Villa Gianluca , Fabbri Sergio , Samoni Sara , Cecchi Matteo , Fioccola Antonio , Scirè‐Calabrisotto Caterina , Mari Gaia , Pomarè Montin Diego , Romagnoli Stefano
Published: May 2021

Periodic dose assessment is quintessential for dynamic dose adjustment and quality control of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). The flows‐based methods to estimate dose are easy and reproducible methods to quantify (estimate) CRRT dose at the bedside. In particular, quantification of effluent flow and, mainly, the current dose (adjusted for dialysate, replacement, blood flows, and net ultrafiltration) is routinely used in clinical practice. Unfortunately, these methods are critically influenced by several external unpredictable factors; the estimated dose often overestimates the real biological delivered dose quantified through the measurement of urea clearance (the current effective delivered dose). Although the current effective delivered dose is undoubtedly more precise than the flows‐based dose estimation in quantifying CRRT efficacy, some limitations are reported for the urea‐based measurement of dose. This article aims to describe the standard of practice for dose quantification in critically ill patients with AKI undergoing CRRT in the intensive care unit. Pitfalls of current methods will be underlined, along with solutions potentially applicable to obtain more precise results in terms of (a) adequate marker solutes that should be used in accordance with the clinical scenario, (b) correct sampling procedures depending on the chosen indicator of transmembrane removal, (c) formulas for calculations, and (d) quality controls and benchmark indicators.
Optic disc morphology and peripapillary atrophic changes in diabetic children and adults without diabetic retinopathy or visual impairment
Authors: Lin Qiurong , Jia Yan , Li Tao , Wang Shanshan , Xu Xian , Xu Yi , Lu Lina , Yang Chenhao , Zou Haidong
Published: May 2021

Purpose

To investigate the changes in optic disc morphology and peripapillary atrophy (PPA) in diabetic children and adults without diabetic retinopathy (DR) or visual impairment (VI).

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included two groups of subjects. One group included 91 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and 86 healthy children, and the other group included 444 adults with T2DM and 442 healthy controls. The optic disc parameters including major and minor axis lengths, optic disc ovality (ODO), optic disc tilt, optic disc area and β‐PPA area were analysed in all subjects. Optic disc rotation and the Bergmeister papilla were analysed only in children. Patients with diabetes and healthy controls were compared in each group of the study population.

Results

In both groups, patients with diabetes and healthy controls were matched for age, sex and axial length (AL). Among the children, β‐PPA area was significantly smaller in those with diabetes (0.29 ± 0.43 mm2) than in the healthy controls (0.46 ± 0.58 mm2, p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that diagnosis of DM was negatively associated with β‐PPA area. Longer AL and higher body mass index (BMI) were positively associated with β‐PPA area. Among adults, ODO was significantly larger in those with diabetes (1.14 ± 0.09) than in healthy controls (1.12 ± 0.06, p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the BMI and DM were potential risk factors affecting ODO.

Conclusion

Hyperglycaemia had different effects on the optic disc in children and adults. Unlike in healthy controls, hyperglycaemia had an impact on the peripapillary tissue in children and on optic disc shape in adults before DR and VI development.
Pathophysiology and clinical presentation of paediatric heart failure related to congenital heart disease
Authors: Spaziani Gaia , Bennati Elena , Marrone Chiara , Lucà Fabiana , Iorio Annamaria , Rao Carmelo Massimiliano , Di Fusco Stefania Angela , Russo Maria Giovanna , Colivicchi Furio , Gabrielli Domenico , Santoro Giuseppe , Favilli Silvia , Gulizia Michele Massimo ,   Young Cardiologist Working Group, Pediatric Cardiology Task Force of the Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO), Heart Care Foundation
Published: May 2021

Congenital heart disease (CHD) and cardiomyopathies represent the two most important causes of paediatric heart failure (HF) in developed countries. We made a review of the literature on pathophysiology and clinical presentation of paediatric HF in children with CHD. Two main pathophysiologic models can be identified: the ‘over‐circulation failure’, characterised by signs and symptoms of congestion or hypoperfusion, due respectively to volume or pressure overload, and the ‘pump failure’.

Conclusions

The comprehension of the HF pathophysiology in paediatric patients with CHD is of paramount importance for the optimal management and for addressing the best therapeutic choices.
Electronic reporting of diagnostic laboratory test results from all healthcare sectors is a cornerstone of national preparedness and control of COVID‐19 in Denmark
Authors: Schønning Kristian , Dessau Ram Benny , Jensen Thøger Gorm , Thorsen Nicklas Myrthue , Wiuff Camilla , Nielsen Lene , Gubbels Sophie , Denwood Matt , Thygesen Uffe Høgsbro , Christensen Lasse Engbo , Møller Camilla Holten , Møller Jens Kjølseth , Ellermann‐Eriksen Svend , Østergaard Christian , Lam Janni Uyen Hoa , Abushalleeh Nour , Meaidi Marianna , Olsen Stefan , Mølbak Kåre , Voldstedlund Marianne
Published: May 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented demand for real‐time surveillance data in order to inform critical decision makers regarding the management of the pandemic. The aim of this review was to describe how the Danish national microbiology database, MiBa, served as a cornerstone for providing data to the real‐time surveillance system by linkage to other nationwide health registries. The surveillance system was established on an existing IT health infrastructure and a close network between clinical microbiologists, information technology experts, and public health officials. In 2020, testing capacity for SARS‐CoV‐2 was ramped up from none to over 10,000 weekly PCR tests per 100,000 population. The crude incidence data mirrored this increase in testing. Real‐time access to denominator data and patient registries enabled adjustments for fluctuations testing activity, providing robust data on crude SARS‐CoV‐2 incidence during the changing diagnostic and management strategies. The use of the same data for different purposes, for example, final laboratory reports, information to the public, contact tracing, public health, and science, has been a critical asset for the pandemic response. It has also raised issues concerning data protection and critical capacity of the underlying technical systems and key resources. However, even with these limitations, the setup has enabled decision makers to adopt timely interventions. The experiences from COVID‐19 may motivate a transformation from traditional indicator‐based public health surveillance to an all‐encompassing information system based on access to a comprehensive set of data sources, including diagnostic and reference microbiology.
Relating behaviours and therapeutic actions during AVATAR therapy dialogue: An observational study
Authors: O’Brien Conan , Rus‐Calafell Mar , Craig Tom KJ , Garety Philippa , Ward Thomas , Lister Rachel , Fornells‐Ambrojo Miriam
Published: May 2021

Objectives

AVATAR therapy is a novel relational approach to working with distressing voices by engaging individuals in direct dialogue with a digital representation of their persecutory voice (the avatar). Critical to this approach is the avatar transition from abusive to conciliatory during the course of therapy. To date, no observational study has examined the moment‐to‐moment dialogical exchanges of this innovative therapy. We aim to (1) map relating behaviours between participants and their created avatars and (2) examine therapeutic actions delivered within AVATAR dialogue.

Method

Twenty‐five of the fifty‐three AVATAR therapy completers were randomly selected from a randomized controlled trial (Craig et al. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5, 2018 and 31). Seventy‐five audio recordings of active dialogue from sessions 1 and 4 and the last session were transcribed and analysed using a newly developed coding frame. Inter‐rater reliability was good to excellent.

Results

Fine‐grained analysis of 4,642 observations revealed nuanced communication around relational power and therapeutic activity. Early assertiveness work, reinforced by the therapist, focussed on increasing power and distancing. Participants’ submissive behaviours reduced during therapy, but the shift was gradual. Once the transition to a more conciliatory tone took place, the dialogue primarily involved direct communication between participant and avatar, focussing on sense of self and developmental and relational understanding of voices.

Conclusions

AVATAR therapy supports voice‐hearers in becoming more assertive towards a digital representation of their abusive voice. Direct dialogue with carefully characterized avatars aims to build the voice‐hearers’ positive sense of self, supporting the person to make sense of their experiences.

Practitioner points

AVATAR therapy enables voice‐hearers to engage in face‐to‐face dialogue with a digital representation (‘avatar’) of their persecutory voice.

Fine‐grained analyses showed how relating behaviours and therapeutic actions evolve during active AVATAR therapy dialogue.

Carefully characterized avatars and direct therapist input help voice‐hearers become more assertive over the avatar, enhance positive sense of self, and support individuals to make sense of their experiences.
Significance of site‐specific radiation dose and technique for success of implant‐based prosthetic rehabilitation in irradiated head and neck cancer patients—A cohort study
Authors: Wolf Franziska , Spoerl Steffen , Gottsauner Maximilian , Klingelhöffer Christoph , Spanier Gerrit , Kolbeck Carola , Reichert Torsten E. , Hautmann Matthias G. , Ettl Tobias
Published: May 2021

Background

Radiotherapy aggravates implant‐based prosthetic rehabilitation in patients with head and neck cancer.

Purpose

To evaluate the impact of radiation dose at implant and parotid gland site for prosthetic rehabilitation.

Material and methods

The retrospective study includes 121 irradiated head and neck cancer patients with 751 inserted implants. Radiation doses on implant bed and parotid gland site were recorded by 3‐dimensional modulated radiation plans. Implant success was clinically and radiographically evaluated according to modified Albrektsson criteria and compared to treatment‐ and patient‐specific data.

Results

Implant overall survival after 5 years was 92.4% with an implant success rate of 74.9%. Main reasons for implant failure were marginal bone resorption (20.9%), implant not in situ or unloaded (9.6%) and peri‐implantitis (7.5%). A mean radiation dose of 62.6 Gy was applied with a mean parotid dose of 35 Gy. Modulating radiation techniques went along with lower grades of xerostomia (p < 0.001). At implant site mean doses of 57.5, 42.0, and 32.3 Gy were recorded for oral, oropharyngeal, and hypopharyngeal/laryngeal carcinoma, respectively. Implant success inversely correlated to radiation dose at implant site. Strong predictors for implant failure in uni‐ and multivariate analysis were implant‐specific dose >50 Gy (HR 7.9), parotid dose >30 Gy (HR 2.3), bone (HR 14.5) and soft tissue (HR 4.5) transplants, bad oral hygiene (HR 3.8), nonmodulated radiation treatment planning (HR 14.5), and nontelescopic prosthetics (HR 5.2).

Conclusion

Radiotherapy impedes implant success in a dose‐dependent manner at implant site. Modern radiation techniques effectively reduce xerostomia favoring implant‐based prosthetic rehabilitation. Implantation in bone grafts is more critical and telescopic‐retained overdentures should be preferred.
Impact of diabetes and chronic dialysis on post‐transplant survival in combined heart‐kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Parekh Justin R. , Lam Jenny , Chau Harrison , Berumen Jennifer , Schnickel Gabriel T. , Mekeel Kristin
Published: May 2021

Growing research supports an increased survival benefit of combined heart and kidney transplantation in patients with both heart and renal failure. As a result, the frequency of these combined transplants continues to increase. Despite this trend, little has been done to quantify the impact of chronic illness in this population. We identified adult recipients of combined heart‐kidney transplant from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) database between 2005 and 2018. We focused on renal disease secondary to diabetes and duration of dialysis as markers of chronic illness. The primary outcome was post‐transplant mortality. Our final multivariable Cox proportional hazard model found that diabetes‐associated renal disease (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.14–2.15, p = .01) and dialysis duration (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01–1.15, p = .02) were significant predictors of post‐transplant mortality. Given the significant impact of dialysis duration and renal disease secondary to diabetes mellitus, these chronically ill patients should be closely examined for conditions such as peripheral vascular disease and frailty, which have been shown to affect mortality in heart transplant recipients and are prevalent in the chronic dialysis population.
Changing institutional context and regional industrial dynamics: New evidence from the establishment of administrative approval centers in China
Authors: Liu Ziliang , Zhu Shengjun
Published: May 2021

The role of institutions in regional industrial dynamics has been a long‐lasting issue in economic geography and regional studies. This paper seeks to examine this issue in the context of transitional economies, where the market economy is embryonic, by using China as an example. Specifically, we examine how regional industrial dynamics have been shaped by China's peculiar institutional context in general and by its new round of economic reform in particular. One key part of the new reform is the establishment of administrative approval centers (AACs) to streamline official procedures that regulate business start‐ups and existing business. Empirical results show that the establishment of AACs has boosted new industry creations. However, in the first 3 years after the establishment of AACs, the effect of AACs on new industry creation is not evident and becomes significant afterwards. Furthermore, the effect varies across regions and industries. It is especially evident in less marketized cities. Labor‐intensive industries benefit more from the establishment of AACs than do capital‐intensive industries.
Talk to us! Communication is a key factor in improving the comfort of MRI research participants
Authors: Dewey Rebecca S. , Ward Claire , Junor Andrea , Horobin Adele
Published: May 2021

Context

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an invaluable diagnostic and research tool. Having an MRI scan is not always comfortable and may deter people from taking part in MRI research. Maximizing comfort during scanning will improve participants’ experiences and image quality.

Objective

To define which factors improve comfort during an MRI scan for research by asking people who have participated in MRI research.

Setting and participants

People who had participated in MRI research during the past two years were invited, as ‘public advisors’ to discuss their experiences together and agree on which factors are most important in ensuring comfort while participating in MRI research.

Results

Public advisors ranked researcher‐participant communication as the most important factor. In response, an example script to guide MRI researchers in communicating with participants was developed through close consultation between research staff, public advisors and the public. This outlines the often‐missing information necessary to convey to participants, including explaining the reasons behind instructions, managing expectations, providing reassurance, encouragement and progress updates during scanning.

Conclusions

Drawing upon personal experiences as MRI research participants, public advisors highlighted the importance of effective and on‐going researcher communication throughout. The example script may be used as a training tool for researchers to help ensure participants’ comfort during scanning.

Patient and public contribution

All contributors had previously taken part in MRI research. The project was co‐designed, co‐delivered and co‐authored with a public research partner. Public advisors agreed key factors of importance. External public reviewers and public advisors reviewed example script drafts.
Juvenile hormone regulates the reproductive diapause through Methoprene‐tolerant gene in Galeruca daurica
Authors: Ma H.‐Y. , Li Y.‐Y. , Li L. , Tan Y. , Pang B.‐P.
Published: May 2021

Juvenile hormone (JH) signalling plays an important role in regulation of reproductive diapause in insects. However, its underlying molecular mechanism has been unclear. Methoprene‐tolerant (Met), as a universal JH receptor, is involved in JH action. To gain some insight into its function in the reproductive diapause of Galeruca daurica, a serious pest on the Inner Mongolia grasslands undergoing obligatory summer diapause at the adult stage, we cloned the complete open‐reading frame (ORF) sequences of Met and other 7 JH signalling‐related genes, including JH acid methyltransferase (JHAMT), JH esterase (JHE), JH epoxide hydrolase (JHEH), Krüppel homologue 1 (Kr‐h1), vitellogenin (Vg), forkhead box O (FOXO) and fatty acid synthase 2 (FAS2), from this species. GdMet encoded a putative protein, which contained three domains typical of the bHLH‐PAS family. Expression patterns of these eight genes were developmentally regulated during adult development. Topical application of JH analogue (JHA) methoprene into the 3‐day‐old and 5‐day‐old adults induced the expression of GdMet. Silencing GdMet by RNAi inhibited the expression of JHBP, JHE, Kr‐h1 and Vg, whereas promoted the FAS2 expression, which enhanced lipid accumulation and fat body development, and finally induced the adults into diapause ahead. Combining with our previous results, we conclude that JH may regulate reproductive diapause through a conserved Met‐dependent pathway in G. daurica.
Impact of continuous glucose monitoring in youth with type 1 diabetes aged 15–21 years
Authors: Lee Myron Andrew , Holmes‐Walker Deborah Jane , Farrell Kaye , Clark‐Luccitti Ashley
Published: May 2021

Background

People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) aged <21 years are eligible for subsidised continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) products under the Australian National Diabetes Services Scheme. There are few real‐world published studies to evaluate the benefits of CGM in young adults.

Aims

To perform a real‐world observation study among youth with T1D to evaluate CGM use and benefits of CGM.

Methods

Patients at the Westmead Hospital Young Adult Diabetes Clinic aged 15–21 years who commenced CGM before July 2018 were followed for 6 months post commencement of CGM. Differences in HbA1c and glucose metrics at baseline and follow up are compared between those commencing CGM and those that did not.

Results

Forty‐four (38%) of 115 eligible patients commenced CGM. Demographic characteristics and baseline HbA1c did not differ significantly between those started on CGM and those that did not. At 6 months, 18 (41%) of 44 patients still used CGM, with discomfort and inconvenience the most common reasons for dropout. In CGM continuers, at 6 months compared with baseline, there was no change in HbA1c (8.2% vs 8.0%; P = 0.8), coefficient of variation of glucose (38% vs 39%; P = 0.5) or percentage time in range (52% vs 58%; P = 0.3). Six‐month follow‐up HbA1c in CGM non‐users deteriorated significantly compared with users. Mean hypoglycaemia fear scores (worry scale) were significantly decreased from baseline at 6 months (33 vs 18; P < 0.01).

Conclusion

There are high rates of discontinuation in CGM use among youth with T1D. At 6 months of CGM use, there was no significant change in glycaemic control, although HbA1c in non‐users deteriorated significantly. Worry of hypoglycaemia was significantly decreased among those who continued CGM.
A comparison of authentic and transformational leadership in sport
Authors: Malloy Ella , Kavussanu Maria
Published: May 2021

Transformational and authentic leadership are two models of leadership, which have some similarities and are relevant to sport. However, these leadership models are also distinct and consequently may predict athlete outcomes differently. Authentic leadership has received little attention in sport and so research is needed to examine how it is unique in terms of what it adds to dominant sport leadership models. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether authentic leadership (a) is empirically distinct from transformational leadership and (b) adds to transformational leadership by explaining unique variance in commitment and enjoyment. A total of 421 (227 female, Mage = 20.32) team sport athletes took part in the study by completing a questionnaire. Authentic leadership was correlated to transformational leadership, suggesting transformational and authentic leadership show some convergent validity. However, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) revealed that authentic leadership also shows discriminant validity to transformational leadership and has incremental predictive power above that of transformational leadership, in terms of predicting athletes’ enjoyment and commitment. Our findings enhance our understanding of authentic leadership in sport and clearly show that it is distinct from transformational leadership. They also highlight the importance of authentic leadership and how it adds to transformational leadership in terms of predicting athletes’ commitment and enjoyment.
Sex, ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities and trajectories in child and adolescent mental health in Australia and the UK: findings from national prospective longitudinal studies
Authors: Terhaag Sonia , Fitzsimons Emla , Daraganova Galina , Patalay Praveetha
Published: May 2021

Background

This study investigates the sex, ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities in emotional difficulties over childhood and adolescence using longitudinal cohort studies in the UK and Australia. Estimating cross‐national differences contributes to understanding of the consistency of inequalities in mental health across contexts.

Methods

Data from 19,748 participants in two contemporary representative samples in Australia (Growing Up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, n = 4,975) and UK (Millennium Cohort Study, n = 14,773) were used. Emotional difficulties were assessed using the parent‐reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at ages 4/5, 6/7, 11/12 and 14/15 years and the self‐reported Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire at age 14/15. Latent Growth Curve Modelling was used to examine mental health over time.

Results

There were significant increases in emotional difficulties in both countries over time. Emotional difficulties were higher in Australian children at all ages. The gender gap in self‐reported depressive symptoms at age 14/15 was larger in the UK (8% of UK and 13% of Australian boys were above the depression cut‐off, compared with 23% of girls). Ethnic minority children had higher emotional difficulties at age 4/5 years in both countries, but over time this difference was no longer observed in Australia. In the UK, this reversed whereby at ages 11/12 and 14/15 ethnic minority children had lower symptoms than their White majority peers. Socioeconomic differences were more marked based on parent education and employment status in Australia and by parent income in the UK. UK children, children from White majority ethnicity and girls evidenced steeper worsening of symptoms from age 4/5 to 14/15 years.

Conclusions

Even in two fairly similar countries (i.e. English‐speaking, high‐income, industrialised), the observed patterns of inequalities in mental health symptoms based on sociodemographics are not the same. Understanding country and context‐specific drivers of different inequalities provides important insights to help reduce disparities in child and adolescent mental health.
Ambrosia beetle response to ethanol concentration and host tree species
Authors: Cavaletto Giacomo , Faccoli Massimo , Ranger Christopher M. , Rassati Davide
Published: May 2021

Ethanol emitted by stressed trees is an olfactory cue used by ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera; Curculionidae; Scolytinae) to locate susceptible hosts to colonize. In addition, ethanol enhances the growth of ambrosia beetle fungal symbionts, improving colonization. Whether host selection and colonization are affected also by the amount of ethanol produced by stressed trees and by tree species is unclear. To investigate these mechanisms, we induced attacks by ambrosia beetles in bolts of eight tree species by coring and filling them with either 5% or 90% ethanol solutions in water. For each ethanol concentration, bolts of the eight different tree species were replicated six times in a randomized complete block design. Entry holes were used as a proxy for host selection whereas gallery development stage was used as a proxy for colonization. Ethanol concentration differentially affected host selection of the three ambrosia beetles that were active during this study. Anisandrus dispar Fabricius preferentially attacked bolts with 90% ethanol concentration, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) preferentially attacked bolts with 5% ethanol concentration, and Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg) attacked bolts irrespective of ethanol concentration. Colonization of X. crassiusculus reflected the same pattern observed for entry holes. The effect of host tree species on host selection was most prominent for X. saxesenii, while X. crassiusculus established a higher number of developed galleries in Ostrya carpinifolia Scopoli bolts than on five of the other tested tree species. Our results suggest that ethanol concentration and host tree species may influence ecological niche partitioning among ambrosia beetle species.
Teamwork in clinical genomics: A dynamic sociotechnical healthcare setting
Authors: Best Stephanie , Brown Helen , Stark Zornitza , Long Janet C. , Ng Larissa , Braithwaite Jeffrey , Taylor Natalie
Published: May 2021

Rationale, aims and objectives

Teamworking across sociotechnical boundaries in healthcare is growing as technological advances in medicine abound. With this progress, teams need to find new ways of working together in non‐traditional settings. The novel field of clinical genomics provides the opportunity to rethink the existing approach to teamworking and how it needs to evolve. Our aim was to identify the key factors influencing teamworking in the emerging field of clinical genomics and how can they be applied in practice.

Method

We drew on three qualitative datasets from interviews undertaken in Australia, 2018/2019, that explored determinants of implementation of clinical genomics with laboratory scientists (n = 7), service and programme leads (n = 21), project officers (n = 2), clinical genetics staff (n = 26) and other medical specialists (n = 21). Data were analysed using a theory‐informed matrix approach to identify themes related to teamworking.

Results

We identify that teams in clinical genomics work in an elongated adaptive context where there is rapid evolution of the knowledge base, shifting expectations of staff roles, and fast changes of technology. Delivering care in this setting brings additional challenges to teamworking as members strive to stay abreast of current knowledge and technology. We identify four themes: (a) the role of the team in keeping knowledge up‐to‐date; (b) professional identity; (c) team adaptability, and (d) practical/organisational considerations.

Conclusion

Challenges to teamworking that arise in the elongated adaptive context do not always fit traditional ways of working, and innovative strategies will need to be adopted to ensure the diagnostic advances of clinical genomics are realised. Provision of time and permission for team members to share knowledge and evolve, promoting capacity building, nurturing trustful relationships and establishing boundaries are amongst the practice recommendations for organisational and team leaders, even though these activities may disrupt existing ways of working or hierarchical structures.
Examining the neural antecedents of tics in Tourette syndrome using electroencephalography
Authors: Morera Maiquez Barbara , Jackson Georgina M. , Jackson Stephen R.
Published: May 2021

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by the occurrence of motor and vocal tics. TS is associated with cortical–striatal–thalamic–cortical circuit dysfunction and hyper‐excitability of cortical limbic and motor regions that lead to the occurrence of tics. Importantly, individuals with TS often report that their tics are preceded by premonitory sensory/urge phenomena (PU) that are described as uncomfortable bodily sensations that precede the execution of a tic and are experienced as an urge for motor discharge. While tics are most often referred to as involuntary movements, it has been argued by some that tics should be viewed as voluntary movements that are executed in response to the presence of PU. To investigate this issue further, we conducted a study using electroencephalography (EEG). We recorded movement‐related EEG (mu‐ and beta‐band oscillations) during (1) the immediate period leading up to the execution of voluntary movements by a group of individuals with TS and a group of matched healthy control participants, and (2) the immediate period leading up to the execution of a tic in a group of individuals with TS. We demonstrate that movement‐related mu and beta oscillations are not reliably observed prior to tics in individuals with TS. We interpret this effect as reflecting the greater involvement of a network of brain areas, including the insular and cingulate cortices, the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, in the generation of tics in TS. We also show that beta‐band desynchronization does occur when individuals with TS initiate voluntary movements, but, in contrast to healthy controls, desynchronization of mu‐band oscillations is not observed during the execution of voluntary movements for individuals with TS. We interpret this finding as reflecting a dysfunction of physiological inhibition in TS, thereby contributing to an impaired ability to suppress neuronal populations that may compete with movement preparation processes.
LncRNA AFAP1‐AS1 regulates proliferation and apoptosis of endometriosis through activating STAT3/TGF‐β/Smad signaling via miR‐424‐5p
Authors: Huan Qing , Cheng Shu‐Chao , Du Zhan‐Hui , Ma Hui‐Fen , Li Cheng
Published: May 2021

Aim

Endometriosis is a common gynecological disorder characterized by chronic pelvic pain and infertility, which negatively affects women's health worldwide. AFAP1‐AS1 has been implicated in endometriosis lesions recently, but its mechanism of endometriosis progression remains unclear.

Methods

Endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) were used to identify the role of AFAP1‐AS1 in endometriosis. The migratory capability was determined by transwell. Gene and protein expressions were identified by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and Western blotting. Cell viability and apoptosis were detected by MTT assays and flow cytometry, respectively. Luciferase report assays were used to identify the interaction of AFAP1‐AS1, miR‐424‐5p and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3).

Results

AFAP1‐AS1 knockdown or miR‐424‐5p overexpression inhibited proliferation and migration, and promoted apoptosis in ESCs. In addition, knockdown of AFAP1‐AS1 repressed the expression of ki‐67 and Bcl‐2, and promoted the levels of cleaved caspase‐3 and Bax. Furthermore, knockdown of AFAP1‐AS1 inhibited the conversion of E‐cadherin to N‐cadherin and the expression of Snail. Moreover, AFAP1‐AS1 activated the STAT3/transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1)/Smad2 axis via directly targeting miR‐424‐5p. The regulatory effect of AFAP1‐AS1 silencing in ESC migration, proliferation, and apoptosis was reversed by miR‐424‐5p inhibition or STAT3 overexpression.

Conclusions

AFAP1‐AS1 silencing could inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis by regulating STAT3/TGF‐β/Smad signaling pathway via targeting miR‐424‐5p in ESCs. AFAP1‐AS1 may be a potential therapeutic target of controlling the progression of endometriosis.
Facilitating health care workers’ self‐determination: The impact of a self‐leadership intervention on work engagement, health, and performance
Authors: van Dorssen‐Boog Pauline , van Vuuren Tinka , de Jong Jeroen P. , Veld Monique
Published: May 2021

The present study aims to test the impact of a self‐leadership intervention on the work engagement, performance, and health of health care workers. By integrating self‐determination theory and self‐leadership theory, we propose that when employees are trained how they can autonomously influence own cognitions and behaviour, this will impact their work engagement, perceived performance, and general health. To test the hypotheses, a longitudinal field experiment with three measurement waves was conducted (pre‐intervention, immediately after the intervention, and 2 months after the intervention). Health care professionals (n = 195) from five different organizations participated on voluntary basis and were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. Results show that a self‐leadership training positively impacts work engagement and performance of health care workers. Furthermore, the improved work engagement also mediates the effects of the training on health and performance 2 months later. No direct effect was found on general health. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Practitioners points

The self‐leadership intervention facilitates healthcare workers to develop self‐determination and autonomous motivation, which will positively impact their work engagement, health, and performance

Participation in the self‐leadership intervention needs to be based on volition as this will contribute to the intrinsic motivation for actual self‐leadership development through training.
Contemporary evolution of the innate immune receptor gene TLR3 in an isolated vertebrate population
Authors: Davies Charli S. , Taylor Martin I. , Hammers Martijn , Burke Terry , Komdeur Jan , Dugdale Hannah L. , Richardson David S.
Published: May 2021

Understanding where genetic variation exists, and how it influences fitness within populations is important from an evolutionary and conservation perspective. Signatures of past selection suggest that pathogen‐mediated balancing selection is a key driver of immunogenetic variation, but studies tracking contemporary evolution are needed to help resolve the evolutionary forces and mechanism at play. Previous work in a bottlenecked population of Seychelles warblers (Acrocephalus sechellensis) show that functional variation has been maintained at the viral‐sensing Toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3) gene, including one nonsynonymous SNP, resulting in two alleles. Here, we characterise evolution at this TLR3 locus over a 25‐year period within the original remnant population of the Seychelles warbler, and in four other derived, populations. Results show a significant and consistent temporal decline in the frequency of the TLR3C allele in the original population, and that similar declines in the TLR3C allele frequency occurred in all the derived populations. Individuals (of both sexes) with the TLR3CC genotype had lower survival, and males ‐ but not females ‐ that carry the TLR3C allele had significantly lower lifetime reproductive success than those with only the TLR3A allele. These results indicate that positive selection on the TLR3A allele, caused by an as yet unknown agent, is driving TLR3 evolution in the Seychelles warbler. No evidence of heterozygote advantage was detected. However, whether the positive selection observed is part of a longer‐term pattern of balancing selection (through fluctuating selection or rare‐allele advantage) cannot be resolved without tracking the TLR3C allele over an extended time period.
Early damage detection by an innovative unsupervised learning method based on kernel null space and peak‐over‐threshold
Authors: Sarmadi Hassan , Yuen Ka‐Veng
Published: May 2021

This article proposes an innovative unsupervised learning method for early damage detection and long‐term structural health monitoring of civil structures under environmental variability. This method consists of three main parts including a novelty detector based on kernel null Foley–Sammon transform (KNFST), a practical approach to choosing an optimal Gaussian kernel parameter, and a probabilistic method for the threshold estimation. The crux of KNFST is to map all original samples to a kernel feature space and project the kernelized features into a single point in a null space. The proposed threshold estimation method exploits the extreme value theory, the generalized Pareto distribution, and the peak‐over‐threshold. The major contribution of this article is to propose an innovative novelty detection method by a one‐class kernel null space algorithm and a probabilistic threshold estimation approach. Dealing with the problem of environmental variations and estimating a reliable alarming threshold are the main advantages of the proposed method. The effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method are validated by the Wooden Bridge in a laboratory environment and the full‐scale Z24 Bridge. Results demonstrate that the proposed unsupervised learning method highly succeeds in detecting damage even under strong environmental variations.
“He just teaches whatever he thinks is important”: Analysis of comments in student evaluations of teaching
Authors: Padgett Stephen M.
Published: May 2021

Student evaluations of teaching are ubiquitous in higher education; however, most prior research has focused on the numeric ratings, with little systematic attention given to the qualitative comments. In this study, written comments were collected as part of the regular evaluation of a community health nursing course over four semesters. Taken as a whole, student comments were strikingly consistent and mostly negative. Students emphasized the authority of the textbook and framed the course as preparation for the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX). Instructor efforts to focus on critical analysis of social issues were met with confusion, suspicion, and resistance. Student comments were further analyzed in relation to 3 levels of discourse: the student/teacher level, the nursing‐education level, and the social–historical level. For each level, the comments reveal problems, but not the ones suggested by a conventional reading of student evaluations. If students and teachers have conflicting expectations about goals and methods for learning, formal student evaluations may be less useful as a measure of teaching effectiveness. This study also raises troubling concerns about current practices in nursing pedagogy, particularly the emphasis on standardized testing and highly structured didactics, and the overlap between student evaluation systems and the technologies of neoliberalism.
Effect of exercise training interventions on energy intake and appetite control in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Beaulieu Kristine , Blundell John E. , van Baak Marleen A. , Battista Francesca , Busetto Luca , Carraça Eliana V. , Dicker Dror , Encantado Jorge , Ermolao Andrea , Farpour‐Lambert Nathalie , Pramono Adriyan , Woodward Euan , Bellicha Alice , Oppert Jean‐Michel
Published: May 2021

This systematic review examined the impact of exercise training interventions on energy intake (EI) and appetite control in adults with overweight/obesity (≥18 years including older adults). Articles were searched up to October 2019. Changes in EI, fasting appetite sensations, and eating behavior traits were examined with random effects meta‐analysis, and other outcomes were synthesized qualitatively. Forty‐eight articles were included (median [range] BMI = 30.6 [27.0–38.4] kg/m2). Study quality was rated as poor, fair, and good in 39, seven, and two studies, respectively. Daily EI was assessed objectively (N = 4), by self‐report (N = 22), with a combination of the two (N = 4) or calculated from doubly labeled water (N = 1). In studies rated fair/good, no significant changes in pre‐post daily EI were found and a small but negligible (SMD < 0.20) postintervention difference when compared with no‐exercise control groups was observed (five study arms; MD = 102 [1, 203] kcal). There were negligible‐to‐small pre‐post increases in fasting hunger and dietary restraint, decrease in disinhibition, and some positive changes in satiety and food reward/preferences. Within the limitations imposed by the quality of the included studies, exercise training (median duration of 12 weeks) leads to a small increase in fasting hunger and a small change in average EI only in studies rated fair/good. Exercise training may also reduce the susceptibility to overconsumption (PROSPERO: CRD42019157823).