bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Windle Joachim Latacz,Kevin , Ireland Rosh
Published: November 2023

In recent years the theme of Troy has been appearing with increasing frequency in the newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and film. There are several reasons for the fascination that continues to adhere to the name and to everything to do with Troy (the Trojan War, the Trojan horse). One of these is certainly the fact that to many people Troy is synonymous with archaeology, with the excitement of a journey into the past, with the search for mysterious buried treasures, in other words, with the rediscovery of what is lost. For many people, another reason may lie in the fact that Troy marks the beginning of the science of modern excavation, and this beginning is inseparably linked with the name of Heinrich Schliemann, to whom many myths are attached.
Staging Posts in a Search: What was Hisarhk Called in the Bronze Age?
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh
Published: November 2023

Five years later, in 1988, Manfred Korfmann began digging at Hisarhk. From that moment the chances of Cobet’s prophecy proving true began an upward leap, since for the first time in about 120 years of the study of Troy an archaeologist and prehistorian, not a classical scholar, had come to Hisarhk. This signified a fundamental change: from the time of the Greeks themselves, and later the Romans, right down to Korfmann’s predecessor Blegen, Troy had always been viewed from the west, from Greece, and always with Homer in mind.
The Result: Homer’s Backdrop is Historical
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh
Published: November 2023

If one takes an overall view of the recent advances in research in various areas, which we have discussed from various angles, we can discern a dovetailing tendency in this research: from the east (Anatolia), west (Greece), and south (Egypt) the pieces move together and we can perceive a broader picture of the distribution of power in the second half of the second millennium bc in the Mediterranean area, in which three great centres of power and influence interact and counteract one another as they seek to maintain the balance.
The Tale of Troy Independent of Homer’s
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh
Published: November 2023

It follows from these researches, on the one hand, that we will never be able fully to retrieve the original form of the whole tale from the Iliad, since it is no more than a pale secondary source. On the other hand, it also follows that we can at least reconstruct an outline of the tale from indications in our Iliad, supplemented by indications from our Odyssey and information from a collection of poems a hundred years younger and complementary to it, the so-called ‘Epic Cycle’.1 This outline reads then as follows.
The Moon-God Nanna-Suen
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá
Published: November 2023

In Mesopotamian belief, all the major celestial bodies were envisaged as visible manifestation of deities. The sun, the moon, the stars and comets were a source of never-ending wonder. Utu (the sun) sheds a brilliant light during each day, and returns again each new day to illuminate the life of human beings, as well as bringing about the fertility of vegetation with his beneficial warmth. Utu was believed to emerge from a set of doors at the eastern horizon at dawn each day and make a daily journey across the skies, driven by his charioteer Bunene. Finally he entered ‘the interior of heaven’ once more at dusk, through a corresponding doorway on the western horizon.
Scribes And Learning
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá
Published: November 2023

Without the scribes, of course, no Sumerian literature would have been recorded or preserved for posterity. Sumerian literature was by definition chosen, written, remodelled by a few highly literate individuals-and it thus reflects their concerns, beliefs, and interests. h: is not surprising, then, that scribal characters, and notions of literacy and numeracy, loom large in the Sumerian literary corpus.
Architecture as a Mirror of Society
Authors: Hunneyball Paul M
Published: November 2023

On 18 April 1680, the diarist and architectural expert John Evelyn took up an invitation from the earl of Essex to inspect the building-works at Cassiobury (Pl. 3), his principal seat near Watford. Evelyn was broadly impressed by what he saw, but concluded that the project could have been handled better.

The House is new, a plaine fabric, built by my friend Mr. Hugh-May; there are in it divers faire and good roomes, excellent Carving of [Grinling] Gibbonss, . . . The middle Dores being round [headed] I did not approve of, but when the Hall is finishd as his Lordship designs it, . . . it will be a very noble Palace . . . No man has been more industrious than this noble Lord in planting about his seate, adorn’d with Walkes, Ponds, and other rural Elegancies; but the soile is stonie, churlish, and uneven, nor is the Water neere enough to the house, . . . ’tis pitty the house was not situated to more advantage; but it seemes it was built just where the old one was, and which I believe he onely meant to repaire at first, which leads men into irremediable errors.
Academic Laurels and Empty Pockets: Peters’s Early Years (1856—1883)
Authors: Perras Arne
Published: November 2023

As a young boy, Carl Peters encountered Africa in shape of a large map which was kept in his parents’ living room. His father was fascinated by Livingstone’s accounts. He was a friend of the German African traveller Carl Klaus von der Deeken, whose relatives lived not far from Peters’s home. From time to time von der Deeken came to visit the Peters family; Peters’s father, who had never travelled very far, was keen to hear the stories of his expeditions. In 1865 the family were shocked when they learned that von der Deeken had been killed in Somaliland. If we can believe Carl Peters’s memories, it was this incident which first stimulated his imagination about Africa.
Colonial Scandal (1892—1897)
Authors: Perras Arne
Published: November 2023

In late 1892 Peters returned to Berlin. He continued his work on the Kilimanjaro boundary negotiations with the British representatives which were concluded by the summer of 1893. Peters’s social activities indicate that he again drew closer to government circles. Along with other officials, Peters repeatedly dined in Kayser’s house, and the young Kaiser invited Peters as well.2 Obviously the government was keen to secure Peters’s loyalty, but this did not solve the issue of his future position. In fact, his career was on ice. In the summer of 1893 Peters took a four—month holiday in the United States, leaving Kayser with the same problem he had faced back in 1890: what should the government do with a difficult person like Peters? They considered sending him back to Africa again, but the new governor, Schele, refused to accept Peters as an subordinate officer. Schele, like his predecessor, believed that Peters would be a threat to his own position in the colony.
Towards New Glory(1919—1945)
Authors: Perras Arne
Published: November 2023

Carl Peters did not witness Germany’s final defeat and the Treaty of Versailles, which sealed the loss of the colonies. However, an oversize replica of the colonizer survived the war. It lay hidden in a hangar in Dar es Salaam, 2.3 metres high and made of bronze. In 1913 a group of colonialists including Arendt, von der Heydt, and Bley, had collected money for a Peters monument to be put up at the harbour of Dar es Salaam. The statue was made by the sculptor Kurt Mobius and was shipped in boxes to East Africa, where it arrived in the summer of 1914. However, fighting broke out before the monument was unpacked. When British ships shelled the harbour, a few workers rescued the statue and stored it in the warehouse of the German district office.2 There it remained throughout the war, unnoticed by British forces.
The Operation of Milling
Authors: Langdon John
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to look at mills as they actually functioned during the later Middle Ages. This gives rise to a number of questions that have only been examined peripherally by historians to date. How much grain per day were individual mills capable of processing? How effectively did they process this grain in terms of the quantity and quality of products yielded? How much grain was the entire industry capable of processing? What ancillary services and specialities might mills have offered? What supply networks did they have to establish? All of these are just as important to the understanding of the functioning of mills as the technological issues discussed in the previous chapter. We can also investigate how closely estimates of grain processed matched up with population levels during the period. In terms of organizing the chapter, I shall consider, first, the actual operation of mills in terms of capacity and efficiency and the range of services they offered and, secondly, the role of suppliers, particularly for timber and millstones.
Roman Britain
Authors: Gee Austin
Published: November 2023

958. Allen, John R.L.; Bell, Martin G. ‘A late-holocene tidal palaeochannel, Redwick, Gwent: late Roman activity and a possible early medieval fish trap’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary, 10 (1999), 53-64. 959. Armit, Ian. ‘Prehistory’ [Of Scotland], A200, 1-27. [Includes the Roman period.] 960. Arnold, Christopher J. Roman and early medieval Wales. Stroud: Sutton, 2002. viii, 216p. 961. Banks, Iain. ‘Excavation of an Iron Age and Romano-British enclosure at Woodend Farm, Johnstonebridge, Annandale, 1994 & 1997’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 130 (2000), 223-81.
England and Wales 1500–1714
Authors: Gee Austin
Published: November 2023

1927. Brennan, Michael G. English civil war travellers and the origins of the western European grand tour. London: Hakluyt Society, 2002. 32p. 1928. Creed, Richard. Richard Creed’s journal of the grand tour, 1699-1700; ed. Alice Thomas. Oundle: Oundle Musuem, 2002. 68p. 1929. Eurich, S. Amanda. ‘Huguenot self-fashioning: Sir Jean Chardin and the rhetoric of travel and travel writing’, A382. 1930. Tomalin, Claire. Samuel Pepys: the unequalled self. London: Penguin, 2002. xxxii, 499p.
Scotland Before The Union
Authors: Gee Austin
Published: November 2023

8458. Armit, Ian. Scotland’s hidden history. Stroud: Tempus, 1998. 160p. 8459. Atkinson, John Andrew. ‘Excavation of 10th-century burials at Chapelhall, Innellan, Argyll, 1994’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 130 (2000), 651-76. 8460. Barrell, Andrew D.M. Medieval Scotland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. xiii, 298p. 8461. Brown, Keith M. ‘Reformation to Union, 1560-1707’, A200, 182-275. 8462. Clancy, Thomas Owen; Crawford, Barbara E. ‘The formation of the Scottish Kingdom’, A200, 28-95.
Languages of New Guinea
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Stebbins Tonya N
Published: November 2023

The New Guinea region (as defined below) is one of the most linguistically diverse and complex areas in the world, with over 1,000 languages spoken in an area of about 900,000 square km. About three to four hundred languages spoken there belong to the Austronesian family. Other, non-Austronesian, languages are often referred to as “Papuan “ (see Foley 1986: 1–3, 8; 1997a; Dixon 1991: 245). The term “Papuan “ is a rough denomination subsuming over sixty language families, which are not demonstrably related, and a fair number of isolates in the area.
Languages of California
Authors: Hinton Leanne
Published: November 2023

California has more indigenous languages than almost any area in the world of comparable size (only New Guinea has more). It is what Johanna Nichols has called a “residual area “ (Nichols 1992), where languages tend to accumulate over time rather than replace each other. This is due in large part to the geography and ecology of California—rich and varied food resources, mild climate, and travel barriers (the Sierra Madre mountain range to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west, broken up here and there by swamps, rivers, and deserts). These factors all combine to allow people to survive well in relatively small territories, not be able to maintain dominion over large expanses of land, and benefit instead from good trading relations. Thus in the time that California has been populated (12,000–30,000 years, depending on which claim we believe in), 80 to 100 languages settled here and survived until European contact and well beyond.
Epistemic Modals in Context
Authors: Egan Andy , Hawthorne, John , Weatherson Brian
Published: November 2023

In the 1970s David Lewis argued for a contextualist treatment of modals (Lewis, 1976, 1979a). Although Lewis was primarily interested in modals connected with freedom and metaphysical possibility, his arguments for contextualism could easily be taken to support contextualism about epistemic modals. In the 1990s Keith DeRose argued for just that position (DeRose, 1991, 1998). In all contextualist treatments, the method by which the contextual variables get their values is not completely specified. For contextualise treatments of metaphysical modality, the important value is the class of salient worlds. For contextualist treatments of epistemic modality, the important value is which epistemic agents are salient.
A Tall Tale In Defense of Semantic Minimalism and Speech Act Pluralism
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Lepore Ernie
Published: November 2023

In Insensitive Semantics (2005), we argue for two theses—Semantic Minimalism and Speech Act Pluralism. In this chapter, we outline our defense against two objections often raised against Semantic Minimalism. We begin with five stage-setting sections. These lead to the first objection, namely, that it might follow from our view that comparative adjectives are context insensitive. We defend our view against that objection (not, as you might expect, by denying that implication, but by endorsing it). Having done so, we address a second objection, namely, that Semantic Minimalism makes it difficult to see what role semantic content plays in communicative exchanges.
A Hostile Cardinal: Reginald Pole and his Apologia
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: November 2023

From the end of 1538, well into 1539, Cardinal Reginald Pole was composing a work which he intended for the Emperor Charles V. It is known as the Apologia Reginaldi Poli ad Carolum V. Caesarem super quatuor libris a se scriptis de unitate ecclesiaethe title bestowed by its eighteenth-century editor-though, as far as we know, it was never actually presented to the Emperor; and it was not published until some 200 years after its composition.1 In the course of this Apologia, it became expedient to attack Il Principe in a section which has given Pole some claim to be considered as Machiavelli’s first serious adversary. But Pole’s views on Machiavelli are only incidental to the purpose of the work in which they occur. In order to understand the attack on Machiavelli, we must understand what the Apologia is about; and to understand that we must consider the sequence of events which led to its composition.
Introduction
Authors: Harrison Mark
Published: November 2023

In 1945 Field-Marshal Bernard Montgomery declared that the contribution of the military medical services to Allied victory had been ‘beyond all calculation’.¹ In an age of total war, with manpower at a premium, all resources had to be used to their fullest extent and good medical services were essential if the maximum benefit was to be derived from Britain’s forces. But though the importance of medicine was generally acknowledged in wartime, it has been strangely ignored ever since. With the sole exception of the official histories,²; there have been no books on medicine in any of the British armed services. It is hard to think of any other aspect of military life that has been so poorly served.
Medicine in Retreat, 1940–1942
Authors: Harrison Mark
Published: November 2023

The German invasion of Scandinavia in April 1940 put an end to the ‘Phoney War’ that had lasted since September 1939. Pushing up through Denmark, the Germans landed 2,000 troops at the Norwegian port of Narvik on 9 April, marking the start of their conquest of that country and of open hostilities with Britain. The British response to this unexpected invasion was, at first, a naval one. Several destroyers, which arrived too late to prevent the German landing, succeeded in eliminating the German naval force in the area. A few days later an Allied force landed at three points along the Norwegian coast, at Narvik, Namsos, and Andalsnes. At Narvik a combined force of Norwegian, British, French, and Polish troops attempted to oust the Germans, and succeeded in doing so by the end of May. The other two landings were intended as a pincer movement for the capture of Trondheim, but these never came close to achieving their objectives. The latter operations were frustrated by poor planning and organization, as well as by a hostile climate and mountainous terrain. Indeed, the whole campaign, including its medical aspects, suffered from a singular combination of poor preparation and bad luck.¹
North Africa, Sicily, and Italy
Authors: Harrison Mark
Published: November 2023

With the second battle of Alamein over but a few days, a combined Allied force landed further west along the African coast in Morocco and Algeria. The first landing in November 1942 (operation TORCH) was primarily an American affair, under the overall command of Lieutenant-General Eisenhower. But the Americans were soon reinforced by a British contingent that became the British 1st Army, under the command of Lieutenant-General K. A. N. Anderson. The objective of 1st Army was to push into Tunisia in order to sever the forces of General Arnim from those of Rommel, who was then withdrawing into southern Tunisia. The ensuing battle for Tunisia took the form of a series of engagements fought by 1st Army and American formations in the north, and a push northwards through Tunisia by the British 8th Army under Montgomery. Having been reinforced by some 17,000 men, Axis forces mounted a formidable defence and inflicted a number of heavy defeats on the Allies, but their position became steadily weaker as Allied naval superiority enabled an effective blockade against vital supplies.
Burma and North-East India
Authors: Harrison Mark
Published: November 2023

The campaign in Burma and North-East India was the longest of any fought by British and Imperial forces during the Second World War. Beginning with the Japanese invasion of southern Burma in December 1941, and ending with the Japanese surrender in August 1945, it epitomized the miltary fortunes of the British Empire. An early, ignominious defeat had been transformed, as Field-Marshal Viscount Slim was to put it, into victory.¹ Some of the tactical and logistical innovations made during the campaign were of enduring importance, not least the large-scale use of air transport to supply ground forces. In the densely forested hills of Assam and Arakan the movement of supplies by road and rail was often impossible, and transportation by air was frequently the only means available. This was true not only of the long-range penetration columns formed by Brigadier Orde Wingate and immortalized as the ‘Chindits’, but also of regular forces involved in operations in such decisive engagements as those around Imphal and Kohima.
The Old World
Authors: Toledo Cayetana Alvarez De
Published: November 2023

Palafox’s illegitimacy in no way precluded his access to the foremost education of his day. Although as the son of an Aragonese nobleman he was more likely to receive tutoring at home or at the nearby university of Zaragoza, following a brief sojourn at Huesca and Alcala de Henares, he transferred to the prestigious Castilian university of Salamanca, from where he graduated in canon law on 27 April 1620. The years spent in Salamanca proved decisive for Palafox’s education and career. There he learnt to master the art of casuistry, an extremely Yaluable instrument to the aspiring politician, and was encouraged to attend lectures on a wide variety of subjects, from international law and history to philosophy and political economy. More importantly, Salamanca provided him with the opportunity to participate in the main intellectual debates of his day and to discover the political issues that most preoccupied his contemporaries, foremost amongst these the question of determining what form of government best suited the multinational structure of the Spanish Monarchy.
The Reform of the Church
Authors: Toledo Cayetana Alvarez De
Published: November 2023

Looking back upon his reforming endeavour in New Spain, Palafox classified his objectives and achievements under two headings: the ecclesiastical and the secular. At first sight, this distinction appears unduly simple. In the first place because, for Palafox, as for the overwhelming majority of his Spanish contemporaries, there were no boundaries separating religion from politics. In their view, the secular and the ecclesiastical hierarchies shared the same ultimate goal: to advance the eternal welfare of souls and to guarantee the survival and, if possible, the supremacy of the Spanish Monarchy, which had been chosen by God to further His cause in the world. In addition, the exercise of politics and the practice of ecclesiastical power were very closely interrelated in the Indies. The ability to control available human and material resources to the advantage of an individual or interest group was conditional on the capacity to manipulate both secular and ecclesiastical forces in society.
The Reform of the Government
Authors: Toledo Cayetana Alvarez De
Published: November 2023

Gloomily looking back upon his efforts to reform the government of New Spain, Palafox observed that ‘during those nine years I sailed and rowed against the current of the will of men and with the current of the will of God’. He was convinced that his mission was crucial to the survival of the Spanish Monarchy, and miserably watched the failure of his project for reform as one who bears witness to the prelude of political disaster. Comparable to the lone sailor who struggles to steer his sinking vessel amid prowling pirates and turbulent winds, the story of Palafox’s experience in viceregal politics was ultimately a sad one. Perhaps the ship was not actually sinking—almost two centuries would pass before Spain’s overseas empire finally foundered—and this image was just the product of his troubled imagination.
Taking Control
Authors: Toledo Cayetana Alvarez De
Published: November 2023

News of the Portuguese revolt reached New Spain in April 1641, and with it, a dismayed Palafox observed, ‘the entire monarchy shuddered’. He was not exaggerating. The rebellion had important ramifications in the overseas territories of the empire, most obviously in Brazil, but also in Spanish America, where many Portuguese citizens had chosen to settle, especially after the annexation of 1580. The government in Madrid decided to allow them to remain in the Indies, but forbade them from trading with their countrymen or with foreigners abroad. In addition, the king instructed Viceroy Escalona to remove all Portuguese settlers from the coastline of New Spain and have them relocated inland; to seize any vessel from the rebel nation that should appear on the Mexican shores; and to conduct a secret inquiry to determine whether there was reason to fear a conspiracy or insurrection by the Portuguese community and, if so, to nip it swiftly in the bud. Hence, although the Spanish crown requested maximum vigilance from its officials in America and asked them to take precautionary measures to avoid any further misfortune, its position regarding the Portuguese question was neither precipitate nor extreme.
The Aftermath of Conflict
Authors: Toledo Cayetana Alvarez De
Published: November 2023

In September 1647 news from Madrid reached New Spain: the count of Salvatierra had been appointed viceroy of Peru; the bishop of Yucatán, don Marcos de Torres y Rueda, had been designated interim governor of New Spain, and don Juan de Palafox had been ordered to cut the visita general short. Still in his hideaway, the bishop was notified of the latest developments in a brief message signed by Pedro Melián but brought to him by one of his assistants. He waited to hear that Salvatierra’s successor was on his way to the Mexican capital and, on 10 November 1647, after five months in exile, finally abandoned Chiapas and returned to Puebla, where he was received with such revelry that an angry Archbishop Manozca informed Madrid that there was reason to fear a fresh wave of unrest. His enemies had little choice but to let him take possession of his diocese, yet only agreed to do so on condition that he submit publicly to the viceroy and ratify the licences to preach and confess bestowed on the Jesuits.
The Hymn Tune Index
Authors: Temperley Nicholas , Manns Charles G , Herl Joseph
Published: November 2023

This work is meant to serve both practical and scholarly purposes. It can be used to look up tunes for information about them, to find tunes used with particular texts, or to search for tunes by a given composer. It also embraces a history of early British and American psalm and hymn tunes, their use, and their publication.
Historical Introduction
Authors: Temperley Nicholas , Manns Charles G , Herl Joseph
Published: November 2023

The printing of hymn tunes, which is the defining activity chronicled by this Index, is generally motivated by someone’s desire to change hymn-singing behaviour in some way. This essay will explore the questions of who printed hymn tunes and why; whose behaviour was to be changed and in what ways; how, in detail, the published sources attempted to achieve their goals; and how far they were successful.
Technical Introduction
Authors: Temperley Nicholas , Manns Charles G , Herl Joseph
Published: November 2023

‘Hymns’. A hymn is simply a religious lyric, and is probably as old as religion itself. The principal form of hymn recognized today in Western Christianity, however, is a metrical, strophic religious lyric in language of a simple and popular kind. It is generally rhymed as well, but that is not a necessary part of our definition. Historically, the hymn in this form originated with St. Ambrose in the fourth century.
The Jarawara Language of Southern Amazonia
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R
Published: November 2023

This is the first account of Jarawara, a Southern Amazonia language of great complexity and unusual interest, and now spoken by less than two hundred people. It has only two open lexical classes, noun and verb, and a closed adjective class with fourteen members which can only modify a noun. Verbs have a complex structure with three prefix and some twenty-five suffix slots. There is an eleven-term tense-modal system with an evidentiality contrast (eyewitness/non-eyewitness) in the three past tenses. Of the two genders, feminine and masculine, feminine is unmarked. There are at least eight types of subordinate clause constructions, including complement clauses, relative clauses, coreferential dependent clauses, and ‘when’, ‘if’, ‘due to the lack of’ and ‘because of’ clauses.There are only eleven consonants and four vowels but an extensive set of ordered phonological rules of lenition, vowel assimilation and unstressed syllable omission. There are four imperative inflections (with different meanings) and three explicit interrogative suffixes within the mood system. The book is entirely based on field work by the authors.
Noun Phrase Structure
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R
Published: November 2023

Noun phrase structure is less complicated than predicate structure and, as a rule, fewer of the possibilities are taken up. More than half the NPs in the corpus consist of a single mono- morphemic noun, whereas the average predicate includes about five morphemes. Nevertheless, longer NPs are encountered and there are considerable structural possibilities, which are described and explained in this chapter and the next.
Structure of a Verbal Main Clause
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R
Published: November 2023

A sentence has a main clause which may be followed and/or preceded by dependent clauses (described in chapter 18). As stated in 3.4, a clause may include the following elements (note that only the predicate is obligatory): Core NPs in 0, A, S, or CS function are coreferential with pronominal markers within the predicate. A post-predicate NP repeats or expands on the reference of a pre-predicate core NP (in 0, A, S, or CS function), or on reference within the predicate ( 10.3). The corpus does not include an example of a clause including more than one post-predicate NP.
A-Constructions and O-Constructions
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R
Published: November 2023

This is a central chapter in the grammar of Jarawara. It commences with discussion of how different types of pivot operate in languages with accusative syntax (S/A pivot) or ergative syntax (S/O pivot). 16.2 explains how the two transitive construction types, A-construction and O-construction, function within Jarawara discourse. This permits the marking of a pivot linkage between clauses that share a common argument which has any core grammatical relation in either of them, combining the properties of S/A and S/O pivots found in other languages. 16.2.2 briefly outlines why ‘passive‘ and ‘antipassive‘ analyses are inappropriate for Jarawara. 16.3 provides exemplification of the functioning, in discourse context, of the two transitive construction types. In 16.4 the rather complex grammatical structure of an O-construction, in contrast to that of an A-construction, is described in detail. Finally, 16.5 considers corresponding construction types in other Arawa‘ languages and suggests a line of historical development.
Nominalized Clauses
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R
Published: November 2023

What are referred to as nominalized clauses can refer to the action described in the clause, or to its place, or to its time. This chapter describes the general properties of nominalized clauses and explains how they may function as subject argument of a copula predicate, or make up a complete clause, or function as alienable possessor within an NP, or (less frequently) function as a core argument in a main clause. The next two chapters deal with nominalized clauses in peripheral function- when followed by peripheral marker (ni-)jaa (chapter 20), or by markers kaa(ro/ri), tabijo, and namoni (chapter 21).
Words: origins, structures, meanings
Authors: Goddard Cliff
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we look at the vocabulary of East and Southeast Asian languages. First we see how the lexicon reflects the cultural history of speech communities, through its stock of words borrowed over the centuries from other languages. Then we will turn to the internal structure of words, i.e. to the area of study linguists call morphology. In the second part of the chapter we look at words from a different angle—as the bearers of meanings which may be language-specific and culture-specific. We survey some of the distinctive meanings and meaning patterns in East and Southeast Asian languages, then examine some of the cultural key words of Malay, Chinese, and Japanese.
Gardens and Garden Produce in the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Dyer C C
Published: November 2023

The lack of much modern writing about medieval food production in gardens and orchards, or the consumption of vegetables and fruit, is easily explained. First, these matters have been dismissed by historians as marginal and trivial; secondly, full and detailed written evidence can be rather scarce. In fact gardens and their produce, far from being small matters best left to anti- quarians, are essential to any assessment of the quantity and quality of medieval diets. In considering quantity, in a period of food shortages and potential mal- nutrition, we must enquire about the contribution that horticulture made to the total volume of food production. Quality can be measured partly in the sense of nutritional value, given the current understanding that fresh fruit and vegetables are an essential component of a healthy diet. The quality of a diet can also be judged in terms of medieval ideas about balanced eating as defined in the theory of humours, and the pleasure and satisfaction that were derived from consuming garden produce. The contribution that vegetables and fruit made to diet cannot be separated from the cultural importance of gardens, which figure prominently in medieval literature, and for which there is archaeological evidence.
Nutrition and the Skeleton
Authors: Waldron T
Published: November 2023

It is manifestly not the case that we are what we eat, but normal growth and development of the skeleton certainly do depend upon a diet that will ensure that sufficient calories and the correct balance of carbohydrate, protein, and fat are provided. In addition, other essential elements are necessary; in the case of the skeleton, the most important are calcium and phosphorus, which are both components of bone mineral. Finally adequate supplies of vitamins are required, vitamins C and D being the most significant in the case of the skeleton. If any of the components of the diet is deficient, skeletal metabolism may be adversely affected, but it should also be noted that untoward effects may result from the presence of other substances in excess.
Fifth-Century Thebes
Authors: Kurke Leslie
Published: November 2023

All Greek choral poetry of the archaic and classical periods was composed for a religious context—indeed, choral poetry provided the script for ritual performance and, as such, was intended to act on the world. In the domain of tragedy, no one has articulated this more clearly or played out its implications more fully than Froma Zeitlin. Zeitlin has changed the way we read tragedy by insisting that we attend to its broader social context—in particular, to its religious or ritual dimension as central to the meaning of tragedy and to its eVects on the world.1 I had the great good fortune to study with Froma Zeitlin as a graduate student, and her teaching and methods of reading had an enduring influence on my approach to Greek literature. Here I want to offer her, as a small token of gratitude for that profound impact, an essay that extends her characteristic cluster of issues beyond Athens and tragedy to contemporary choral poetry. For recent discus- sions of Greek mimesis as ‘ritual re-enactment ‘ have recognized many of the elements of drama already present in archaic choral poetry.
Tragedy PersoniWed
Authors: Hall Edith
Published: November 2023

In a volume celebrating a scholar esteemed for illuminating the relationship between ancient Greek tragic drama and the visual imagination, the personification of Tragedy itself is an appropriate issue to raise. Ancient historians described events as if they were episodes in tragic drama; novelists and poets composed ecphraseis of scenes derived from tragic theatre; sculptors and potters carved and painted figures from individual tragedies. But what did Tragedy actually look like? There were never many attempts to personify Tragedy: just as the Muses were in general less important in literature than the self-awareness of individual poets,1 so allegorical Wgures representing genres of poetry and theatre appeared less frequently than images of their composers or performers. From the late fourth century onwards most attempts to visualize Tragedy will probably have owed something to the painting Dionysus with Tragedy and Comedy by the influential artist Aetion (Pliny, NH 35.78). An approximate contemporary of Apelles, Aetion was most famous for his painting of the marriage of Alexander to Roxana (327 bce), a work which legend held had been displayed at the Olympic Games (Lucian, Aetion 4–6). The motif Aetion there devised of winged Erotes playing with Alexander ‘s armour was imitated in Roman wall paintings of Hercules and Mars. And Aetion ‘s conception of 1 Spentzou (2002: 21).
Everything to do with Dionysus? (Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm, inv. MM 1962:7/ABV 374 no. 197)
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

Theatre reposes on crisis through duplicities of presence within representation; it ‘s a cultural affair: ‘here, this is? father?—here, this is vengeance/horror/humanity/another me ‘, and so forth (the authenti-city principle of appellation). Dionysus presides over the ambience and tropology of Athenian Tragedy, so divinity and mas- querade superimpose there insuVerably.1 In their diagrammatic 2-D medium, Attic pot painters had long explored graphic terms for conceiving mimetic baZe, proposing schematic operators of dra- matic oscillation in-between sign and token, their stock-in-trade and staple commission to develop a powerful visual semiotics for Dionysiac mimesis. In devising a striking transcription for the irrup- tion of ‘How you see ‘ in ‘What you see ‘, enterprising artists already, generations ‘before Tragedy ‘, probed the potential of their medium to find designs that would reach beyond the bounds of normalcy
Pre´sence de Froma Zeitlin
Authors: Vidal-Naquet yPierre
Published: November 2023

Au terme de ce long et—je me permets de le dire—magniWque volume, extraordinaire hommage à une personne tout à fait hors norme, il m ‘appartient, en concurrence amicale avec Jean-Pierre Vernant, d ‘e´crire quelques mots de conclusion. Je le ferai en e´voquant, comme le fait Vernant, les circonstances qui ont entraˆıne´ de proche en proche la rencontre avec Froma, rapprochement intellec- tuel, puis, à Paris, à Princeton, et à New York, suivi d ‘une amitie´ quidure encore et dont je ne vois pas pourquoi elle pourrait s ‘interrompre.
Introduction
Authors: Mawson T J
Published: November 2023

I start with a—roughly speaking, psychological—claim that I venture is true of everyone reading this book. At some stage in your life, the physical world considered as a whole—the planet on which you live; the stars you see in the sky: the whole lot—has presented itself to your intellect as something close to a question.
Revealer, Offerer of Eternal Life
Authors: Mawson T J
Published: November 2023

As well as believing that God created this world and indeed any parallel universes there might be, theists also believe that God has taken steps to ensure that we who exist in this world are not life: in total ignorance of his existence and will; he has revealed himself to us in the world that he has created. While theists are all agreed that God has the property of being a revealer of truths, especially of truths concerning himself and his will, the proponents of the particular theistic reli¬gions disagree to some extent about what truths these are.
Arguing for and Against the Existence of God
Authors: Mawson T J
Published: November 2023

In the first five chapters, I’ve discussed the properties of God that all theists are agreed in ascribing to him. I ‘ve drawn attention to certain prima facie conceptual problems associated with these properties. However, my—admittedly brief—analyses of these have led me to conclude that the conceptual problems posed by the divine properties that all theists are agreed on are by no means insuperable and are certainly no greater than those associated with the properties of many other entities that we believe
The Ontological Argument
Authors: Mawson T J
Published: November 2023

However small an amount of benefit or enjoyment you’re receiving from reading this, I doubt if you ‘II really think you’d be better off if you did not exist. Of course, we can all imagine a situation where someone’s life was so bad that it would be better for them if they ceased to exist—maybe the Spartan boy I told you about in an earlier chapter was in such a situation.
The Argument from Religious Exeperience
Authors: Mawson T J
Published: November 2023

One day, a mountaineer, Nunez, who is climbing with a party of his friends high in the Andes, slips. His friends see him fall, and fall, and fall—down the mountainside and through the clouds, out of sight. They reason that there’s no way he could have survived and there’s no way to recover his body. Reluctantly, they give him up for dead and return home. Nunez, however is not dead. Trees and snow have broken his fall so that he has in actuality pitched up with only minor cuts and bruises at the bottom of the mountain in a deep and wide valley.
The emergence of Nazi ideology
Authors: Evans Richard J
Published: November 2023

For a long time, during the Third Reich and after, critics of German National Socialism tended to dismiss the idea that the Nazis had an ideology. Compared with the great systems of European political thought, from liberalism and conservatism to Marxism, populism, and anarchism, National Socialism seemed to lack even the pretence of logical consistency. It was little more than a hotchpotch of borrowed concepts and rhetorical phrases.
Occupation, imperialism, and genocide, 1939 – 1945
Authors: Bergen Doris L
Published: November 2023

One can sum up key debates among historians of National Socialist Germany and the Holocaust in a series of either/or questions.
A God-Ridden Artaud
Authors: Morfee Adrian
Published: November 2023

The story of the thieving God has become too familiar a part of the late-Artaudian period for its forceful coherence, as well as its oddity, to be readily appreciated. And, though Artaud’s account of a thieving, hostile God has, since Derrida, been recognized as a rich seam of the late Artaudian period, the great wealth of texts that fall outside the remit of this ground-breaking article remain virtually unexplored.
The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael
Published: November 2023

This is a down-to-earth, ‘how to do it ‘ textbook on the making of dictionaries. Written by professional lexicographers with over seventy years ‘ experience between them, the book presents a step-by-step course for the training of lexicographers in all settings, including publishing houses, colleges, and universities world-wide, and for the teaching of lexicography as an academic discipline. It takes readers through the processes of designing, collecting, and annotating a corpus of texts; shows how to analyse the data in order to extract the relevant information; and demonstrates how these findings are drawn together in the semantic, grammatical, and pedagogic components that make up an entry. The authors explain the relevance and application of recent linguistic theories, such as prototype theory and frame semantics, and describe the role of software in the manipulation of data and the compilation of entries. They provide practical exercises at every stage. The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography draws on materials developed by the authors over more than twenty years of teaching courses for publishing houses and universities in the US, Japan, Hong Kong and China, South Africa, Australia, the UK, and Europe. It will be welcomed everywhere by lexicographers, teachers of lexicography, and their students. It is also fascinating reading for all those interested in discovering how dictionaries are made.
Introduction
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael
Published: November 2023

The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography ( OGPL) is a complete introduction to the job of creating a dictionary. It provides a step-by-step guide to all the tasks involved in the planning, resourcing, and compilation of reference materials for human users. The clue is in the title. It is a book about how to write dictionaries. Or, more accurately, about how we write dictionaries – something we have both been doing for the better part of our working lives.
Methods and resources
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 3 we discussed what is nowadays the most likely source of evidence for a team writing a dictionary of current language, the corpus. This chapter describes the role this corpus plays in a dictionary project, and the environment the lexicographers work in. Figure 4.1 gives an outline of the topics we cover.

There are many different ways of using a corpus in dictionary production. Often a publishing house owning a dictionary will want you to start from the text of that dictionary, adapt it to suit the new specifications, and update it according to corpus evidence, editing the wordlist itself as well as the entries. This is always enriching for the book, but can be very frustrating for the editing team, because the budget is often too tight to allow for true corpus analysis, and the resultant ‘corpus-based’ dictionary falls between two stools. More rewarding (if more labour-intensive) is to start afresh and work systematically from corpus to dictionary.
Building the database (1): word senses
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael
Published: November 2023

Ask an English-speaker what perfect means, and they will probably give you a simple definition like ‘when something is as good as it could possibly be’. But if you ask them what a party is, they are likely to say ‘well, that depends which sense you mean’. Yet the entry for party in OALD-7 has just four numbered senses (and one multiword expression), while perfect has seven. This suggests a disconnect between ‘dictionary senses’ (the numbered meanings into which many headwords are divided in dictionaries) and ‘meanings’ as they are perceived by language-users.
Building the monolingual entry
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we guide you through the process of compiling entries for a monolingual dictionary. Our starting point is a database, which has been populated during the ‘analysis’ stage, following the methodology outlined in Chapters 8 and 9. Each lemma in the database comes with a structured inventory of corpus-derived facts, and it is from these that the final dictionary entries will be distilled. In Chapter 8, we explained the criteria by which lemmas are divided into LUs, and it is these LUs that form the basis for ‘dictionary senses’.
Herta Müller: ‘Das, was Von Innen Kam, Angesichts Des Äusseren’
Authors: Müller Herta , Moníková Libuše , Hensel Kerstin
Published: November 2023

The structure underlying Herta Muller’s work is the notion of trauma, which unites the representation of the body with language and narrative strategies. In her work, the body remains the predominant and primary concern. Traumatic events evident in Muller’s texts are caused by, and rooted in, physical experience: torture and interrogation, threat of violence, and, ultimately, death. The body also acts as the impetus to writing for Muller, as her poetological essays make clear, describing this impulse in terms which recall the effects of trauma. Representations of the body dominate the early texts as an expression of trauma; only gradually are these corporeal representations linked to external, political strategies. In later texts, as the representation of the repression in Ceausescu’s Romania becomes more direct, trauma is articulated increasingly through aesthetic strategies, through narrative techniques and the use of collage. These strategies derive from specific forms and structures visible in the representation of the body.
‘Have compassion, Jewish hearts’: Music in the Warsaw Ghetto
Authors: Gilbert Shirli
Published: November 2023

Shortly after the war, three surviving inmates of the Warsaw ghetto related to the collector Shmerke Kaczerginski the song ‘Moes, moes’ (Money, money), which they recalled being popularly sung (see Ex. 1.1). The song provides a glimpse into the complicated social landscape that the move into the ghetto engendered: Moes, moes, moes iz di ershte zakh. Hostu nit keyn moes, iz tsu dir a klog, Gib avek di bone un zog a gutn tog. Moes, moes, moes iz di beste zakh. Moes, moes, moes iz di beste zakh, Di yidishe geminenemt fun undz danine Un git dokh undz tsu esn broyt mit sakharine.— Moes, moes, moes iz di beste zakh.