bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Sensorineural Hearing Loss by Pure Tone Audiometry in Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
Authors: Kumar Khatri Vijay , Hafeez Siddiqui Atif , Ur Rahim Danish , Shaikh Irfan Ahmed , Shakil Saad , Ullah Khan Muhammad Moiz
Published: February 2023

Objective: To determine the frequency of sensorineural hearing loss in patients presenting with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media.Methods: A total of 121 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and visited the ENT Department of Civil Hospital, Karachi were included in the study. Informed consent was taken after explaining the procedure, risks, and benefits of the study. Bone conduction thresholds were measured at frequencies (500, 1000, 2000, 4000 H2) utilizing diagnostic audiometer model TA 155. Air conduction and bone conduction thresholds >30 decibel and no air-bone gap were considered as SNHL. The opposite ear was masked while obtaining bone conduction results. All the collected data were entered into the proforma.Results: Mean ± SD of age was 35.48 ± 7.24 years. The mean ± SD of bone conduction was 29.42 ± 4.28 db. Out of 121 patients, 85 (70.24%) were male and 36 (29.76%) were female. Sensorineural hearing loss was noted in 20 (16.52%) patients. SNHL is found to be associated with age, gender, duration of symptoms, and level of bone conduction with p <0.05.Conclusion: It is concluded that CSOM is associated with SNHL. Aging can act as a precipitating factor in this pathological process. It is therefore recommended that all ENT surgeons should implement early medical and surgical management of any form of CSOM to prevent SNHL which is irreversible in most patients.
Management of Condylar Fractures; Comparative Outcomes of Conservative Closed Versus Open Reduction
Authors: Rahman Atiq , Naeem Omaima , Malik Aeeza , Rehman Rohana , Amin Fazal , Shaukat Malik Saleem
Published: February 2023

Objective: To compare the frequency of complications after closed and open reduction managementof condylar fractures.Methods: This is a casual-comparative study conducted in the Out-patient & ward, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Nishter Institute of Dentistry, Multan, over a period of six months. Through nonprobability consecutive sampling, 178 patients were recruited and randomly allotted to two groups,Group 1 for closed reduction and Group 2 for open reduction. A non-rigid mandibular splint was appliedfor one month in Group 1 whereas, a pre-auricular incision was given and the fracture was reduced and fixed by mini-plates in Group 2. Patients of both groups were given antibiotics intravenously and were followed up clinically for complications such as pain and mandibular deviation after one month by employing “The Visual Analog Scale”. Data were analyzed using SPSS version (21) employing descriptive statistics and Chi-square test.Results: Mean age was found to be 26.48 ± 4.62 years in Group 1 and 24.85 ± 6.05 years in Group 2. Male to-female ratio, mean weight, height and BMI were almost similar in both groups. The mean duration of fracture was 7.101 ± 2.24 days in Group 1 and 6.898 ± 2.21 days in Group 2. The mandibular deviation was seen in 33.7% and 16.9% of patients (p=0.009) respectively in Groups 1 & 2. The pain was seen in 41.6% of patients in Group 1 and 24.7% in Group 2 (p=0.016).Conclusion: Considering the complications encountered, patients treated by open reduction gave betterclinical results in comparison to close reduction management of condylar fractures.
Role of an Interactive Session in the Improvement of Academic Performance in Pre-Clinical Subjects of the Second Year BDS
Authors: Karim Atiya Abdul , Fatima Nazish , Mohiuddin Sidra
Published: February 2023

Objective:  To compare the academic performance of students from two consecutive batches taught through different teaching strategies during their pre-clinical year.

Methods: We compare two batches of the second year BDS in a basic dental science subject (a subject I and Subject II). The mode of intervention of the current batch was via interactive lectures compared with didactic lectures delivered to the previous batch. Both batches were assessed by Continuous Assessments Test CAT in mid of semester followed by the Semester Exam. The two-independent t-test was used to measure the difference in academic scores between two batches of students who received teachings through an interactive session and didactic lectures respectively.

Results: The students of the current batch (n=41) obtained better scores during the continuous assessment test (65.1±11.01) than (55.3±11.80) previous batch students (n=43) at p<0.001. Similarly, semester exam scores of the current batch were also higher (72.0±8.08) than the previous batch (68.3±9.04) in the subject I at p<0.004. However, in Subject II the academic scores were improved but not statistically significant.

Conclusion: It is concluded as, with the interactive sessions academic performance of the current batch has improved as compared to its counterpart.
Serum Ace and Ace I/D Polymorphism: Risk of Type 2 Diabetes with and Without Nephropathy in Pakistani Cohort
Authors: Bano Hiba , Iqbal Mehir un Nisa , Iqbal Khan Nazish , Taseer Ahmed Khan
Published: February 2023

Objective: To find serum ACE (Angiotensin converting enzyme) level and the role of ACE I/D polymorphism with T2DM (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus) among the Pakistani cohort.

Methods: A total of 110 diagnosed T2DM patients and 100 normotensive healthy controls with an agerange of 35-65 years were randomly selected for this study. All cases were screened for the T2DM based on random and fasting blood sugar levels and confirmed by HbA1c test. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples by the Salting out method and ACE I/D polymorphism was genotyped using insertion-deletion polymorphism. A serum level of ACE was also determined. All statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 16 and all values are significant at a p-value less than 0.05. Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) was calculated for any deviation of allele frequencies from predicted. The Chi-square test was used to evaluate the association between ACE polymorphism and the risk of diabetes. The odds ratio along with a 95% confidence interval via binary logistics regression analysis was used to find out the diabetic risk associated with ACE genotyping.

Results: The analysis showed higher ACE levels among T2DM patients with nephropathy (mean =158 ± 38.9) and without nephropathy (mean = 128.23 ± 46.8) as compared to controls (mean = 94.4± 28.6). No significant association (÷2 = 7.402, p-value=0.116) was observed between ACE genotyping and T2DM. However, those who have DD (O.R= 2.714, 95% CI=0.943-7.809) genotype of ACE polymorphism was at risk of diabetes but the results were non-significant. However, no risk was present at the diabetic nephropathy females.Conclusion: These outcomes propose that the ACE gene may not contribute to T2DM in the Pakistanicohort. However, ACE levels were higher among T2DM with and without nephropathy patients.
Breast Feeding Practices and Knowledge In Semi urban Area Of Pakistan
Authors: Hina Ammarah , Riaz Mayda , Athar Tahira , Hina Sadia , Sehar Komal , Majeed Muhammad  Tahir
Published: February 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the optimal breastfeeding practices and itsknowledge in women of semi- urban areas of Pakistan.

Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at the Pediatrics outpatient department. The data was collected in three months, from the 9th of March to the 6th of June 2021. Two hundred (200) mothers of children less than two years of age were included in the study. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to interview mothers and readings were recorded. Demographic variables and mothers’ knowledge and practices of breast feeding were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 23.Results: The majority of mothers belonged to the age group 20-30 years, were educated to variousgrades of schooling, underwent caesarean section, had children less than 1 year of age, and came from families earning less than Pakistan Rupees 20,000 per month. The majority also thought to initiate breastfeeding after one hour of birth, were aware of it to be the first thing offered to neonates after birth, and knew beneficial effects of breastfeeding on maternal health. Though the majority of the mothers practiced prelacteal feed and didn’t exclusively breastfeed their child but practiced awakening their child for feeding if interval exceeded two hours. Most common prelacteal feed was honey, and bottle feeding was the most preferred mode of feeding the infant. Exclusive breastfeeding was found to be significantly associated with the mode of delivery (p=0.044). No statistically significant association was found between exclusive breastfeeding with early initiation of feeding, maternal age, and maternal education.

Conclusion: The present study reveals that despite awareness, ‘optimal breastfeeding’ is not prac-ticed adequately in semi-urban areas of Pakistan. Mothers should be timely and properly counseled by healthcare professionals for breastfeeding to reduce morbidity and mortality in fants.
Bibliographic Analysis of Pain Research Published in Indexed Journals in Pakistan. A 10-Year Survey
Authors: Ausaf Ahmed Khan  , Afshan Gauhar
Published: February 2023

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify bibliographic characteristics of pain-related articles published from 2011 to 2020 in indexed journals of Pakistan.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted after approval from the departmental research committee at the Department of Anaesthesiology from July 2022 to August 2022. A literature search was carried out to identify pain-related articles published between January 2011 and December 2020 in Pakistani journals indexed in the National Library of Medicine (NLM) Catalog. For information on authors and articles, both authors reviewed each journal's website and its archives. Articles on molecular and animal research were excluded. Data collected by the two authors were compared to check for accuracy, missing data, or otherdiscrepancies. Data was recorded on predesigned Excel ? worksheets, and SPSS ? version 19 was used for data analysis and reporting.Results: Our study revealed a steadily rising number of research articles published. The number of publications increased from 7 articles in 2011 to 28 in 2020. The extracted articles represented publications originating from 9 different countries, and out of 138 publications, 109 (78.99%) were identified as original articles. The significant contribution to "pain" research is from the discipline of Anaesthesia, 24.64%. However, research output on "Chronic Pain" was only 12.73% from the discipline of Anaesthesia.Conclusion: This study demonstrated a multispecialty contribution to the area of pain research, with anesthesiology providing a considerable contribution, although the contributionfrom anaesthesia in chronic pain is fairly modest.
ĐẶC ĐIỂM LÂM SÀNG, CẬN LÂM SÀNG VÀ KẾT QUẢ ĐIỀU TRỊ TĂNG SINH TUYẾN TIỀN LIỆT BẰNG PHƯƠNG PHÁP CẮT ĐỐT NỘI SOI TRÊN BỆNH NHÂN CÓ BỆNH MẠN TÍNH TẠI BỆNH VIỆN TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC Y DƯỢC CẦN THƠ VÀ BỆNH VIỆN ĐA KHOA THÀNH PHỐ CẦN THƠ
Authors: Danh Hào , Đàm Văn Cương
Published: February 2023

Đặt vấn đề: Tăng sinh tuyến tiền liệt là bệnh lí phổ biến ở nam giới lớn tuổi. Điều trị bằng phương pháp cắt đốt nội soi qua ngả niệu đạo vẫn là “tiêu chuẩn vàng”. Ngày nay, tỉ lệ mắc các bệnh mạn tính ở người cao tuổi ngày càng tăng đặc biệt là các bệnh tăng huyết áp, đái tháo đường, bệnh phổi tắc nghẽn mạn tính… Các bệnh này cũng ảnh hưởng rất nhiều đến việc chỉ định nội soi cắt đốt tuyến tiền liệt cũng như ảnh hưởng đến kết quả điều trị. Đó là lý do chúng tôi tiến hành nghiên cứu này. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: Mô tả đặc điểm lâm sàng, cận lâm sàng và đánh giá kết quả điều trị tăng sinh tuyến tiền liệt bằng phương pháp cắt đốt nội soi trên bệnh nhân có bệnh mạn tính. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Đây là một nghiên cứu tiến cứu, mô tả cắt ngang, có 40 bệnh nhân tăng sinh tuyến tiền liệt có đồng mắc các bệnh lý mạn tính, điều trị bằng phương pháp cắt đốt nội soi từ 3/2021 đến 7/2022 tại Bệnh viện Trường Đại học Y Dược Cần Thơ và Bệnh viện Đa khoa thành phố Cần Thơ. Kết quả: Lý do vào viện thường gặp là tiểu khó 62,50%. Bệnh mạn tính: 1 bệnh chiếm 82,50%, 2 bệnh chiếm 17,50%, thường gặp nhất là tăng huyết áp (90%). Trước phẫu thuật, điểm IPSS trung bình là 28,21±4,49, điểm QoL trung bình là 5,38±0,67, thể tích trung bình là 44,83±14,49ml. Sau phẫu thuật điểm, IPSS trung bình giảm 14,4 điểm, điểm QoL trung bình giảm 3,95 điểm. Biến chứng gồm 5% chảy máu, 2,50% tiểu không kiểm soát tạm thời, 2,50% bí tiểu sau rút thông, 2,50% nghẹt thông niệu đạo, kết quả điều trị tốt chiếm 87,50%, khá chiếm 12,50%. Kết luận: Cắt đốt nội soi tuyến tiền liệt đạt kết quả điều trị cao; triệu chứng lâm sàng và chất lượng cuộc sống cải thiện tốt trên những bệnh nhân có mắc bệnh mạn tính
NGHIÊN CỨU ĐẶC ĐIỂM LÂM SÀNG, CẬN LÂM SÀNG VÀ ĐÁNH GIÁ KẾT QUẢ ĐIỀU TRỊ VIÊM XOANG MẠN TÍNH POLYP KHE GIỮA BẰNG PHẪU THUẬT NỘI SOI TẠI BỆNH VIỆN TAI MŨI HỌNG CẦN THƠ NĂM 2021-2022
Authors: Lương Minh Thiện , Châu Chiêu Hòa , Phạm Thanh Thế
Published: February 2023

Đặt vấn đề: Viêm mũi xoang mạn tính có tỷ lệ gần 4% dân số và làm giảm 36% hiệu suất và 38% sản lượng lao động trong suốt thời gian mắc bệnh. Vì vậy, hiệu quả điều trị được xem là vấn đề đáng quan tâm trên những bệnh nhân này. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: Mô tả đặc điểm lâm sàng, cận lâm sàng và kết quả điều trị trên bệnh nhân viêm xoang mạn tính polyp khe giữa bằng phẫu thuật nội soi tại Bệnh viện Tai Mũi Họng Cần Thơ. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Báo cáo loạt ca 63 trường hợp mắc bệnh viêm xoang mạn tính polyp khe giữa đến khám và điều trị tại Bệnh viện Tai Mũi Họng Cần Thơ từ tháng 3/2021 đến 3/2022. Kết quả: Về đặc điểm lâm sàng, nghẹt mũi (82,1%) là triệu chứng làm người bệnh khó chịu đến nhập viện. Bên cạnh đó các đặc điểm khác cũng được ghi nhận trên bệnh nhân bao gồm chảy mũi (95,2%); giảm hoặc mất khứu giác (15,9%) và đau đầu (93,7%). Về cận lâm sàng, đa số bệnh nhân có polyp độ II (49,2%) và độ III (39,7%), hình ảnh viêm xoang trên nội soi tỷ lệ là: độ I 9,5%; độ II 47,6%; độ III 39,7% và độ IV 3,2%. Đối với điều trị, chủ yếu hai phương pháp được áp dụng là mở sàng hàm cùng cắt polyp khe giữa (61,9%) và Mở khe giữa, nạo sàng, ngách trán, xoang bướm cùng cắt polyp khe giữa (30,2%), cho kết quả 84,1% tốt sau một tháng điều trị theo chuẩn EPOS 2020. Kết luận: Những bệnh nhân mắc viêm xoang mũi mạn tính polyp khe giữa đều có triệu chứng thường gặp bao gồm nghẹt mũi, chảy mũi và đau đầu. Hình ảnh viêm xoang trên phần lớn ở phân độ II và III. Với phương pháp điều trị được áp dụng trên các đối tượng tham gia nghiên cứu, ghi nhận 84,1% bệnh nhân có kết quả điều trị tốt.
Sistem Pewarisan Tari Zapin Penyengat di Pulau Penyengat Inderasakti Kepulauan Riau
Authors: Melany Sandra , Mansyur Herlinda
Published: February 2023

This research aims to determine the inheritance system of the Zapin Penyengat dance in a closed and open manner on Penyengat Inderasakti Island, Riau Island. Inheritance activity is an activity of transferring, continuing, inter-generational ownership to maintain dance and maintain cultural values in the past so that there are always. This type of research is qualitative with descriptive analysis method. The research object of the Zapin Penyengat dance,with the main instrument of this research being the researchers themselves by making direct observations in the field with supporting instruments such as; statioery, digital cameras, and tape recprders. The results of this research show that the inheritance system in the Zapin Penyengat dance in Penyengat Inderasakti, Riau Islands experienced two inheritance systems, namely the closed inheritance system from 1919 to 2009 and the open system from 2009 to the present. This dance was created during the late Riau-Lingga Malay kingdom on Penyengat Inderasakti Island, Riau Archipelago with a closed system by Mr. Muhammad Ripin in 1919, passed on to King Ahmad bin Raja Daud in 1919, then passed on to King Ahmad bin Raja Daud in 1919 King Mahmud bin Raja Ahmad in 1919. 1950, and inherited it to King Nafisah bin Raja Ahmad in 1970 and Tohar Fahlevy in 2009. In 2009 Tohar Fahlevy banned Ihsan, Riyan and Rizki as the first towing with an open system
POETIC MEANING IMPLIED IN SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES IN SELECTED SEGMENTS OF THE SONG “GONGO LA MBOTO” BY DIAMOND PLATNUMZ AND MRISHO MPOTO
Authors: Thiong’o Kanyi , Barasa David
Published: February 2023

This paper employs Deconstruction and Relevance theories to read literary meanings in the song “Gongo la Mboto” by Diamond Platnumz and Mrisho Mpoto. The paper focuses on suprasegmental features that mark the artistes’ voice. This is because the style of singing and manner of articulation in songs and performance of oral poetry significantly shapes the meaning conveyed by the artiste in Bongo music. The analysis involves application of four basic steps; identification of the message, examination of how voice production techniques are applied during song production to shape the intended meaning, application of the theories to deduce implied meanings in the song, and finally explication of the literary value the song encompasses at audio level. This analysis responds to the growing concern to transcend literary criticism of songs as literary genres beyond the basic surface meaning. To focus on the meanings, the sound and melody determines the interpretation of the lyrics. This is a current trend which takes the advancement in media technology to define new vistas of criticism of literary meaning resulting from technologizing production and mediation of songs as literary discourses. Traditionally literary criticism of songs has tended to focus on the message conveyed in the lyrics with little attention to the sound and the effect it has on literary meaning.
The Soldier, The Chapel, The Wedding and the Composer: Assessing the Works of Dufay and Saint Maurice of Savoy in the 15th Century
Authors: Sylvand Thomas
Published: February 2023

This article explores two often poorly connected fields in a quite touchy symbolic conception. On one side is the complex ramification of the County of Savoy and its family therein at a period when Savoy become a Duchy under the protection of the German Holy Empire with the patronage of Saint Maurice, while on the other side is the complex and prolific secular compositions of Guillaume Dufay and its subtle style of performance. In many cases, little is known by Historians about medieval music. Therefore, Musicologists interested in metrics and comparison between manuscripts could easily obliterate the subtle diplomacy of the patrons of this period. To complicate even more, Savoy historians are in France and Italy (with most documents in Latin and French), and Dufay specialists are mainly in England and the United States. This essay also evocates a medieval Black saint, Maurice, considered a positive symbol, an idea not so evident in Savoy nowadays but probably also shortly after in the Protestant Alps, a period when visual representation could be easily destroyed. Hence this study enquires into this controversial subject and finds interesting new materials connected with music. This could be anecdotal if these pieces were not already so well-known and influential in the History of music.
DEVELOPING VOCAL MUSIC ASSESSMENT SCHEDULE: AN ANALYSIS IN SYNCHRONY TO THE CURRENT SYSTEMS IN KENYAN UNIVERSITIES
Authors: Ogari Everline Kwamboka , Digolo Beatrice A. , Wambugu Duncan M.
Published: February 2023

This paper sought to address the process through which universities in Kenya assess vocal music performance. The analysis was drawn against a checklist of 19 items that sought to develop a schedule that synchronizes with other schedules to help evaluate vocal music performance objectively. Purposive sampling was used to consider 12 universities offering music where 6 universities were randomly selected for participation in the study. Students of music were selected using stratified random sampling to acquire gender representation before simple random sampling technique was used to acquire the actual sample size n=30%. The study was guided by Constructive Alignment model(Biggs, 2003) as the theoretical underpinning. Data was collected using opinionnaires, questionnaires, focus group discussion, and observation schedule. Analyzed data was then presented in summarized tables and themes for content analysis. The students’ vocal evaluation and assessment schedules varied in the sampled universities as well as the capacity of music instructors to assess rhythmic accuracy, tempo, sight singing, tone, intonation, melodic accuracy, vocal technique, musicianship and synthesis analysis, historical and cultural context which formed the key elements of evaluation in the universities. The study concludes vocal music scores and evaluation schedules should be analyzed based on the developed schedule.
THE CREATIVE APPROACH TOWARDS AFRICAN IDENTITY: A SCHOLASTIC DISCOURSE IN HONOR OF AKIN EUBA
Authors: Bolaji David
Published: February 2023

This paper focuses on the works of ethnomusicologist and composer, Akin Euba. It examines how Euba projects African identity through his concept of African pianism. The paper explains that the concept provides the background for understanding how the European piano could be used to imitate traditional African musical principles and instruments in works that synthesize African and European elements. The research relies on published literature, the views of Euba, as well as analysis of selected works, mainly, his 'Scenes for Traditional Life'. The study draws attention to the pioneering approach towards expressing African identity in the world of Art Music as well as how Akin Euba’s innovative concept has influenced the younger generation of composers.
INTERPRETATION OF MEANINGS EMBEDDED IN NON-DISCURSIVE SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION OF KAMABEKA CULTURAL DANCE OF BABUKUSU COMMUNITY OF BUNGOMA COUNTY, KENYA
Authors: Wekesa Kusienya Fred , Masasabi Nancy A.
Published: February 2023

In most cultures of the world, indigenous cultural dances do communicate non-discursively. The meanings thereof are usually culture bound hence need an individual with the cultural background knowledge of the dance in question to be able to understand the communication behind the dance. With a focus on kamabeka dance, the main objective of this study was to interpret the meanings embedded in the non-discursive communication of kamabeka cultural dance of Babukusu community of Bungoma County, Kenya. This is a step towards dissemination of African knowledge to the global village since currently is saturated with western knowledge. The study was guided by the theory of semiotics and communication by Wendy Leeds-Hurwitz(1993). The target population comprised 25 kamabeka dance troupes and 25 kamabeka dance troupe leaders who were purposively selected pursuant to the data obtained from the register in the ministry of culture and sports in Bungoma County. However only 8 out of 25 dance troupes which accounts for 30% were selected for logistical convenience. Only 11 out of 25 leaders were sampled owing to a point of saturation which was reached by the 11th respondent. This accounted for 44% of the total population. Data collection methods comprised interviews, participant and non-participant observation. Data collection instruments and tools comprised interview schedules for dance troupe leaders and observation schedules for dance live performances, field notebook and a tape/video recorder and still photographs. Recorded videos of kamabeka dances were also obtained for analysis. Qualitative data obtained was organized in topics of discussions analyzed descriptively and presented in prose and photographs. It is hoped that the findings of this study shall, provide resource material for reference and beef up theexisting pool of knowledge as well as stimulate further research in the area of ethnomusicology and related disciplines.
UIBUKAJI WA U-NIGERIA KATIKA TASNIA YA MUZIKI WA KIZAZI KIPYA NCHINI TANZANIA: MASUALA MUHIMU YA KUZINGATIA
Authors: Kasiga Gervas A
Published: February 2023

Imebainika kuwa tasnia ya Muziki wa Kizazi Kipya wa Kiswahili nchini Tanzania imetekwa na utamaduni wa nje hususani wa Kinigeria (Mrikaria, 2007; Kasiga, 2022). Athari zake zimebainika katika vipengele kadhaa vya kibunifu (Kasiga, 2021). Pia, misukumo mbalimbali inayowasukuma wasanii kutumia U-Nigeria imebainishwa (Kasiga, 2022). Kimsingi, hali hii inatishia utambulisho wa Kitanzania katika sanaa. Hivyo, makala hii imetoa mapendekezo ya kiuboreshaji dhidi ya U-Nigeria katika video za nyimbo za muziki wa kizazi kipya wa Kiswahili nchini Tanzania. Mapendekezo yalitolewa yamehusisha kufanyika uwekezaji wa muziki wa asili wa Kitanzania, kufanyika kwa usimamizi maalumu katika vyombo vya habari, kuwepo kwa sheria na kanuni za kulinda uasili wa muziki wa kizazi kipya, na uanizhwaji wa semina, warsha pamoja na madarasa maalumu kwa wasanii. Pia, makala imependekeza kuwepo kwa agenda mahususi ya kitaifa kujenga uzalendo, kumakinikia mitindo ya sanaa za Kitanzania katika utengenezaji wa muziki, kuharakisha upatikanaji wa vazi la taifa, kuanzishwa kwa vipindi vya uchambuzi wa nyimbo, na wasanii kushawishiwa kutumia mandhari ya Kitanzania katika video zao. Vilevile, imependekezwa kuanzishwa kwa matamasha na tuzo za muziki, asasi za elimu kutengeneza mitaala ya biashara, lugha ya Kiswahili, na utamaduni wa Kitanzania, na kuwe na muumano kati ya biashara, utamaduni na teknolojia.
RUWAZA YA VIVUMISHI KATIKA LUGHA AMBISHI BAINISHI: MIFANO KUTOKA LAHAJA YA KIIMENTI
Authors: Thuranira Kenneth Kinyua , Ontieri James , Ayodi Nancy
Published: February 2023

Kivumishi ni kipashio muhimu katika lugha yoyote ile. Kinatumika pamoja na kategoria nyingine za maneno katika sentensi ili kufanikisha mawasiliano. Utafiti kuhusu kategoria mbalimbali za maneno umewahi kufanywa. Hata hivyo, hatujakumbana na utafiti unaoangazia ruwaza za kivumishi cha Kiimenti katika tungo za lahaja husika. Hivyo basi nia kuu ya makala haya ni kuthibitisha jinsi kivumishi katika lahaja hii hudhihirisha ruwaza mbalimbali kinapotumika katika sentensi za lahaja hiyo. Data iliyochanganuliwa na kuwasilishwa katika makala haya ilikusanywa maktabani na nyanjani. Maktabani tulirejelea kazi mbalimbali kuhusu ruwaza za vivumishi hasa katika lugha ya Kiswahili na Kiingereza. Aidha, tulisoma vitabu vya hadithi za Kiimenti ili kupata data ya kuchanganuliwa katika makala haya. Nyanjani tulikusanya data kutoka tarafa ya Abothuguchi ya Magharibi, kaunti ndogo ya Meru katika kaunti ya Meru.  Kwa kutumia sampuli maksudi tuliteua miktadha ya mikutano ya kanisa, shule, soko na ile ya chifu ambapo tulikusanya data. Tunatarajia kuwa makala haya yatasaidia katika uandishi wa sarufi ya lahaja ya Kiimenti na pia kuchangia katika uhifadhi wake ili kuendeleza usomi. Kwa sasa lahaja ya Kiimenti haina maandishi mengi na haijatiliwa maanani sana katika mfumo wa elimu nchini Kenya.
LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF THE METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Warbugia ugadensis SEED OIL ON Aedes aegypti
Authors: Matura JudyAnn , Walekhwa Michael , Otieno Filex
Published: February 2023

Mosquito is a vector implicated with Vector-borne diseases such as malaria (Anopheles’ species) dengue (Aedes species) and west Nile fever (Culex species). Kenya experiences mosquito-borne disease outbreaks with the recent ones being the dengue virus and chikungunya disease outbreak that occurred along the coast of Kenya. Medicinal plants such as Warburgia ugandensis that possess larvicidal activity, have major importance in the control of mosquitoes. This study investigated the larvicidal activity and phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract from the seed’s oil of Warburgia ugandensis. Quasi-experimental research design was used as the study design. The plant was identified and authenticated by a taxonomist. Mature fruits of Warburgia ugandensis were obtained from the school of pharmacy’s botanical garden and seeds were separated and washed. Seeds were air-dried, and crushed. Half of the GSP was used to extract seed oil while the other half was subjected to various phytochemical screening. The larvicidal activity of the plant extracts was evaluated according to the World Health Organization guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. The activity of the methanol plant extract was evaluated at 25, 50, 100, and 125 ppm to determine the LC50 value. Permethrin was used as a positive control. About 8.06% of the seed oil was extracted. The seed oil and the leaves had a characteristic odour, a bitter taste, and pale yellow in color. Alkaloids, fixed oils, tannins, and phytosterols were abundantly present in the seed. Proteins and carbohydrates were moderately present while saponins were slightly present. Bioassays on mosquito larvae indicated larvicidal activity of methanolic seed oil extract of Warburgia ugandensis against Aedes aegypti at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, and 200 ppm. Seed oil of Warbugia ugandensis contains phytochemicals that possess larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti mosquito species.
 
Keywords: Larvicidal Activity, Lethal Concentration, Lethal Dose, Warburgia Ugandensis
FACTORS INFLUENCING POLYDRUG USE AMONG METHADONE-ASSISTED THERAPY PATIENTS IN SELECTED CLINICS IN NAIROBI, KENYA
Authors: Kiiru Rose N , Waithima Charity W , Mwangi Peterson K
Published: February 2023

Polydrug use is caused by multiple factors within the polydrug users’ ecological system resulting in polydrug dependency, a complex behavioural disease with chronic features. This paper, guided by the social learning theory, seeks to examine some of the causal factors that lead patients undergoing therapy in Methadone assisted Therapy [MAT] clinics in Nairobi County to polydrug use. The study uses a mixed methods approach utilizing both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods in a quasi-experiment. The experiment entailed pre and post-strategy for the experimental group at site A and the control group at site B, where both groups underwent baseline and end-line assessment for MAT treatment. The study population consisted of 2121 patients drawing a sample size of 120 respondents through random sampling. The end-line assessment was done using the same tools after three months during follow-up. Data analysis was done descriptively and by inferential statistics to correlate the various factors. The findings are presented in tables and indicate that biological factors, history of polydrug use within MAT patients’ families, spiritual and existential factors, and MAT patients’ missing Methadone dosage were statistically significant to polydrug use.
Prevalence of Self- Medication Practice and Associated Factors Among Kabarak University Students
Authors: Sindani Elizabeth N , Walekhwa Michael , Otieno Filex , Wambugu Esbon N
Published: February 2023

Background: Self-medication is a common practice in the world and it is greatly encouraged by the World Health Organization. Rational practice of self-medication confers beneficial effects to the user although the reverse is equally true. Benefits include self-reliance in managing minor illnesses and reduction in medical costs. Untoward effects associated with the practice include emergence of antibiotic resistance, toxicities in cases of overdose and development of tolerance. While self-medication practice has some positive side, the negative effects requires that the extent of its practice is established and where necessary, regulatory interventions considered. Currently, these data are either limited or completely lacking. We therefore assessed the prevalence of self-medication practice and associated factors among students in Kabarak university.

Method: Survey-descriptive research design was employed to study students in Kabarak University. Questionnaires were used to collect data from a sample size of 369 participants. Multistage stratified convenient sampling technique was used to select study participants. Ethical and study approval were obtained prior to data collection.

Results: Out of the 368 respondents, 82% practiced self-medication with majority being females (195). School of pharmacy reported the highest prevalence rate (22%) among the seven schools in Kabarak University. The main symptom prompting self-medication was reported to be headache (37%) and respiratory associated conditions. Friends and family members were the most common source of information and drug use for self-medication. Majority of participants stated that long delays in the process of seeking for conventional medical attention exacerbated the practice of self-medication. Paracetamol and antibiotics were the most common drugs used for self-medication.

Conclusion: Majority of students sampled practice self-medication. Considering the associated negative effects, targeted sensitization programs should be designed and implemented to scale down the practice.
Encouraging Creativity: Reading and Writing Short Stories
Authors: Satri Efendi Ali , Yakub Sudirman
Published: February 2023

This article focuses on the use of short stories in the process of learning English for grade 6 students at Al Fath School Indonesia, especially in imrpoving reading and writing skill. Every year, Al Fath students take special training in writing short stories. They study plot structure diagrams and compare them with the short stories they read, then they write their own short stories. The results of the short stories that the children wrote were then analyzed and collected into an anthology book with ISBN. This article is expected to provide an overview and example for schools to encourage students' creativity in reading and writing activities
Characterization and In Vitro Susceptibility Pattern of Enterococci
Authors:   Professor, Department of Microbiology, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Madurantakam, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India, K Balan , AV Sangeetha , J Abirami lakshmy , TS Vijayalakshmi , Devamani Sheila Doris
Published: February 2023

Background: Enterococci has assumed a great clinical importance because of their increasing resistance to various group of antibiotics. Thus, knowledge about its species and antibiogram is of utmost importance in formulating an effective antibiotic policy to manage such infections and to reduce the resulting morbidity and mortality. Aims: To assess the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of enterococci and to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistance among them. Materials and Methods: Clinical samples of patients in a referral hospital was studied over a period of one year and non-repetitive clinical isolates of enterococci were included. Speciation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of vancomycin was determined by agar dilution meth-od. Results: A total of 98 Enterococcal isolates from various clinical samples were obtained. E.faecalis (77.5%), E.faecium (15.3%), E.durans (4%), E.raffinosus (2%) and E.gallinarum (1%) species were isolated in order of frequency. Varying levels of resistance was seen to different antibiotics. All the isolates were re-sistant to penicillin and cefotaxime and none of the strains showed resistance to vancomycin and nitrofu-rantoin. Conclusion: Emergence and prevalence of multidrug resistant enterococci emphasises the need for routine speciation and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enterococcus in various clinical sam-ples. Keywords: Enterococcus spp., Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, Antibiotic resistance
Mineral levels in Women with Pre-Eclampsia in Third Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors:   Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Motilal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad, U.P, India., Dwivedi Shweta , Berman Urvashi Singh , Sharma Dharmveer
Published: February 2023

Background: Preeclampsia, a systemic illness of late pregnancy seen in approximately 6% of prim-igravid women, is an important cause of maternal and fetal morbidity. The levels of calcium and magnesium in pregnancy may implicate in the possible role in pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). This study as-sessed serum Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ levels in women with PIH. Materials and Methods: We evaluated se-rum potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium levels in 100 normal pregnant women and 100 women with pre-eclampsia. Result: We found elevated serum potassium levels and reduced calcium, sodium and magnesium levels in pregnant mothers with preeclampsia. Conclusion: Lowered plasma or serum magnesi-um concentrations in pre-eclampsia may contribute to the development in hypertension in pregnancy. In addition, a disturbed Calcium homeostasis is observed in pre-eclampsia. Keywords: Pre-eclampsia, PIH, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium
Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) of Elderly Hospitalized Patients undergoing Urological Surgery
Authors:   Specialist, Department of Anaesthesia, ESICMH, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, N Bharathi
Published: February 2023

Background: Malnutrition in hospitalized elderly patients is common and often unrecognized. Undernourished elderly tend to have longer periods of illness, longer hospital stay, higher rate of infections, delayed wound healing, reduced appetite and increased mortality rates. Nutrition screening is the first step in identifying individuals at nutritional risk and with malnutrition. ‘Mini Nutritional Assessment’ (MNA) screening tool has been used in different settings to screen elderly for risk of nutrition deficiency. The MNA is an 18-item tool comprising anthropometric measurements combined with a questionnaire regarding die-tary intake, a global assessment and a self-assessment. Aims: This purpose of the study among the elderly patients admitted for urological surgery is to find those who are malnourished and at risk for malnutrition. Materials and methods: The study is carried out at a public referral hospital for nephro-urological condi-tions on patients aged 60 yrs and above who were admitted for urological surgery. Patients were screened on admission by MNA screening tool and identified as having adequate nutrition status (MNA score >23.5), at nutritional risk (17- 23.5) and with malnutrition (score <17). Results: The mean age of the 120 elderly patients studied was 65.4 ± 5.3 yrs and the mean BMI was 19.4 ± 2.17. Of them 7.5% were found to be mal-nourished and 52.5% were at risk of malnutrition. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for routine nutritional screening of hospitalized elderly surgical patients and for a nutrition intervention for the mal-nourished and to those at risk for malnutrition. Keywords: elderly, urological surgery, MNA, nutrition assessment, geriatric.
Orchestrating Research with Medical Education
Authors:   Department of Neurophysiology NIMHANS Bengaluru - 560029, Kutty Dr. Bindu M.
Published: February 2023

India is known for its educational prowess since ancient times and is considered as the seat of few of the oldest universities in the world. However, with this unmatchable herit-age and deference in the area of higher educa-tion worldwide, India is yet to make an impact on global education scenario qualitatively. India now has over six hundred degree award-ing institutions, whereas in 1950 there were just 30 and the institutions affiliated to these were 695. Currently, the numbers of universi-ties / higher learning centers have grown to nearly 700 with affiliated and constituent in-stitutions approaching 40000 maximum. Thus, it could be seen that there is quantum leap in the number of institutions. Though, the higher education is considered as the peak stage of formal education, it should include more spe-cialties required for socio economic develop-ment for a self-reliant country.
Role of Serum Oxidants and Antioxidants as Biomarkers in Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)
Authors:   Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Sapthagiri Institute Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, K M Navyashree , C Venkateshappa
Published: February 2023

Background: Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a heterogeneous familial diabetes mellitus characterized by early age of onset, autosomal dominant inheritance and primary defects of insulin secretion. Studies have shown increased oxidative stress levels in diabetes patients which has the potential to be used as biomarkers for detection and management. This study was undertaken on patients presenting with MODY in a medical college hospital to asses the oxidative stress levels. Materials and Methods: Serum levels of protein carbonyls, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were esti-mated in 31 patients categorized as MODY. The serum levels of the oxidants and antioxidants were also measured in age and sex matched controls. Mann-Whitney test was used to assess the statistical significance of differences in the serum assay values of the oxidative stress parameters between the groups. Results: The catalase and SOD levels were 44.4 ± 11.8 and 47.3 ± 16.8 U/L respectively and protein carbonyls and MDA were 33.2 ± 8.5 and 0.84 ± 0.29 μ mol/L respectively. Conclusions: Hence it is concluded that antioxi-dants levels are increased and the oxidants levels are decreased in patients with MODY suggesting their possible role as biomarkers. Keywords: MODY, oxidants, antioxidants, biomarkers
Syphilis: To Get Unstuck
Authors:   Department of Microbiology, Medical College Hospital and Research Centre (SRM Group), Tiruchirapalli, Affiliated to The Tamilnadu, Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai- India., S Deivam , N Prabhusaran , N Balasubramanian
Published: February 2023

Syphilis prevalence varies by region. It remains prevalent in many developing countries. New cases of primary and secondary syphilis are more in the age group of 25 – 29 years.[1] The etiological agent Treponema pallidum cannot be cultivated in vitro. The organism is so nar-row; the volume of protoplasm so small that it is extremely difficult to see by direct illumina-tion and ordinary staining methods. Silver im-pregnation technique and immune fluorescent staining techniques have proved of value.[2] In clinical work, dark ground illumination is the usual method employed. Serological testing is considered the standard methods for diagnosis for all stages of syphilis.[3] Diagnosis of syphilis is made with certainty by finding Treponema pallidum from mucocutaneous lesions and lymph node aspirate.
Correlation of Fine Needle Aspiration of Breast Lesions (IAC categories) with histopathology and emphasis on code 3 and 4.
Authors:   Additional Professor, Department of Pathology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College., A Hemalatha , Prasad CSBR
Published: February 2023

Context: Fine needle aspiration is one of the most important diagnostic modalities used in triaging of breast lesions. Recent recommendations by international academy of cytologists have suggested a com-prehensive and standardised approach to breast cytology using 5 tier coding system (Code 1 – Code 5). Ob-jectives: To reclassify the previous fine needle aspiration cytology of breast according to IAC recommenda-tions and compare them with histological outcome and assess the diagnostic value of cytological diagnosis of Code 3 and Code 4 (C3 and C4) in predicting the benign and malignant cases confirmed on histopatholo-gy. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study done in the cytology section of department of pathology from January 2016 to April 2017. Institutional ethical clearance was taken before start of study. All cytology cases were rescreened and categorized into codes 1 to 5. Sixty seven cases were included in the study. His-topathological diagnosis was considered as gold standard. Corresponding histopathology details and slides whenever available were retrieved, analysed and documented. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics and Chi square test was applied Results: Out of sixty seven cases included in our study, maximum number belonged to code 2. All cases diagnosed as code 2 were diagnosed as benign, while one case of code 5 was misdiagnosed as malignant, inspite of being hyperplastic lesion. Ability of code 3, code 4 in differentiating benign and malignant lesions was statistically significant. (p<0.05) Conclusion: IAC coding format of breast helps in triaging of benign and malignant cases, Code 3 and Code 4 have varying possibility of being malig-nant. Key-words: Breast cytology, Coding, C3 and C4 categories
Understanding the curriculum and aligning the assessment
Authors:   Department of Physiology Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College Kolar-563101, Karnataka, India., M S Dr. Vinutha Shankar
Published: February 2023

The curriculum represents the expression of educational ideas in practice. The word curricu-lum has its roots in the Latin word for track or race course. A curriculum is defined more broadly than syllabus or course of study as it covers more than content to be studied. As early as in 1949, Ralph Tyler published the core principles on curriculum development that was organized around four ques-tions, which forms the basis of curriculum develop-ment even today: 1. Defining goals - What educational purposes should the school seek to attain? 2. Establishing corresponding learning experiences - How can learning experiences that are likely to be useful in attaining these objectives be selected? 3. Organizing learning experiences to have a cumu-lative effect - How can learning experiences be or-ganized for effective instruction? 4. Evaluating outcomes - How can the effectiveness of learning experiences be evaluated?
Identifying Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Using Epworth Sleepiness Scale in a Normal Healthy Population – A Pilot Study
Authors:   VIIIth term student, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College., SP Sriram , MS Vinutha Shankar , MV Shobha
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a common sign in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome which is often missed during routine screening. Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is simple, reliable tool to assess daytime sleepiness. Thus, the aim of the study is to identify excessive daytime sleepiness using ESS in a normal healthy population. Methods: 40 Volunteers aged 30-70 yrs, without history of Diabetes, Coronary Artery Disease and diagnosed sleep disorders who are capable of comprehending the sleep ques-tionnaire (Epworth sleepiness scale) were recruited. Informed consent and institutional ethical clearance was taken before start of the study. Results: EDS is seen among 10% of the subjects. ESS score in males and females were 4.42±4.1 and 3.50±2.2 respectively with p value 0.425 suggesting no significant difference in ESS score between males and females. BMI was comparable between males and females No correlation was found between BMI and ESS. Conclusion: Epworth sleepiness scale can be recommended to the practising physician to screen the patients for EDS a sign of OSA (obstructive sleep apnoea). Key words: Excessive daytime sleepiness, Epworth Sleepiness scale, Obstructive sleep apnoea, obesity
A prospective International Study of Terminology in human-equine interactions - Preliminary results
Authors: Mattila-Rautiainen Sanna , Brennan Roisin , Emond Nicolas , Horne Vera , Volpe Gabriela , Arrieta Karina , Stergiou Alexandra
Published: February 2023

Internationally there are an abundance of terms used to describe and differentiate the various services offered within the sector of human and equine interactions, these terms are also used either interchangeably relevant to the same or different services. Cultural differences appear to complicate this further. Daily operation of an organization without clear definition of the terms used can be confusing both to the members within the organization and for the stakeholders outside of it. A need for a common terminology would help international discussion, practice, education, and research. A mixed methods study was designed which utilized a survey design translated into 8 different languages. The analyzed results from 136 international survey respondents suggests that terms have both cultural and methodical differences that need more clarification for international understanding and unison. It is proposed that a common denominator of all services internationally should be found and for better understanding more detailed coding should be developed.