bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Layered Titanium Sulfide Cathode for All‐Solid‐State Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Skov Lasse N. , Grinderslev Jakob B. , Jensen Torben R.
Published: June 2023

Magnesium solid‐state batteries attract significant attention as a future mean of energy storage. Here we present the first cathode study of an inorganic all‐solid‐state magnesium battery using a magnesium metal anode, a nanocomposite electrolyte Mg(BH4)2 ⋅ 1.6NH3‐MgO (75 wt %), and a layered titanium disulfide (TiS2) as cathode active material. The structural transformations of TiS2 particles with different sizes are investigated at different stages of battery life. Reversible Mg2+ intercalation occurs via three structurally distinct phases of MgxTiS2, identified by powder X‐ray diffraction. Magnesium intercalates initially on octahedral sites and at higher depth of discharge on tetrahedral sites in the interlayers of TiS2, which leads to an expansion initially mainly along the c‐axis and later along both the a‐ and c‐axes. A maximum discharge capacity of 172 mAh g−1 (Δx=0.36 in MgxTiS2) is observed for smaller TiS2 particles. Parasitic reactions could be reduced by decreasing the cut‐off voltage by a constant current constant voltage cycling procedure. The chemical diffusion coefficient of the entire cell is found from galvanostatic intermittent titration technique experiments to be in the order of 10−15 to 10−19 cm2 s−1.
Hydranencephaly following carbon monoxide poisoning during pregnancy: An uncommon and potentially fatal complication in infant
Authors: Hager Barakizou
Published: June 2023

Background

Hydranencephaly is a rare malformation of the brain system with an incidence of 0.5 per 1000 births. Its principal etiologies are bilateral occlusion of the internal carotid arteries and congenital infections.

Case

We reported an uncommon case of hydranencephaly diagnosed in 50‐day old infant and attributable to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Conclusions

We recommend a prompt diagnosis and management of CO poisoning in pregnant women since it can dramatically affect both the fetus and mother.
The real reason why ATP hydrolysis is spontaneous at pH > 7: It's (mostly) the proton concentration!
Authors: Silverstein Todd P.
Published: June 2023

Common wisdom holds that ATP hydrolysis is spontaneous because of the weakness of its phosphoanhydride bonds, electrostatic repulsion within the polyanionic ATP4− molecule, and resonance stabilization of the inorganic phosphate and ADP products. By examining the pH‐dependence of the hydrolysis Gibbs free energy, we show that in fact, above pH 7, ATP hydrolysis is spontaneous due mainly to the low concentration of the H+ that is released as product. Hence, ATP is essentially just an electrophilic target whose attack by H2O causes the acidity of the water nucleophile to increase dramatically; the spontaneity of the resulting acid ionization supplies much of the released Gibbs free energy. We also find that fermentation lowers pH not due to its organic acid products (e.g., lactic, acetic, formic, or succinic acids), but again, due to the H+ product of ATP hydrolysis.
Blended/flipped biology classes during COVID‐19
Authors: Mostafa Iman , Kakarougkas Andreas
Published: June 2023

Higher education has been significantly affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic, disrupting universities worldwide. Unexpectedly, the global academic community was forced to transition to remote and online learning. In many cases, fragilities in the systems of the higher education institutions were exposed, pointing to the need for investment in developing more digital solutions, infrastructure, and teaching modalities. In the post‐COVID‐19 era, the development and adoption of robust pedagogical modalities is crucial to provide the education systems with effective strategies for designing high‐quality courses. Since 2008, MOOCs have been widely used to support billions of students worldwide with flexible, accessible, and high‐quality learning experiences. This study attempts to investigate the effectiveness of adopting the MOOC‐based flipped approach. We present findings and lessons learned from adopting this approach in two different biology classes using the MITx online materials. Findings on students' preparedness, students' performance, MOOCs integration evaluation, and during‐pandemic approach assessment are also explained. In general, the results indicated that students favored the overall experience and the implemented approach. Since the online learning is currently at an evolving stage in Egypt, we believe this study's results might be beneficial for policymakers and Egyptian education institutions in designing strategies to improve the education process.
Screening of superior anti‐osteoporotic flavonoids from Epimedii Folium with dual effects of reversing iron overload and promoting osteogenesis
Authors: Jiang Jun , He Jinjin , Xiao Shichang , Shenyuan Jiayi , Chen Tong , Pei Dan
Published: June 2023

Iron overload is a risk factor for postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) and lowering iron levels to regulate the labile plasma iron is the preferred therapy. Icariin (ICA), baohuoside I (BHS) and icaritin (ICT) are three flavonoids obtained from Epimedii Folium that are efficient in facilitating osteogenesis. In this study, an active flavonoid with dual effects of reversing iron overload and promoting osteogenesis was screened based on pharmacokinetics, iron complexation properties and the potential to downregulate iron overload, reversing PMOP. As a result, the in vivo absorption of three compounds was ICA > ICT > BHS, while the exposure in muscle and bone was BHS > ICT > ICA. In vitro complexation showed that only ICT complexed with Fe (III) at a 1:1 ratio on 3‐OH and the ICT–Fe (III) complex (m/z 424.3750) was identified by UPLC–Q‐TOF–MS. In vivo dynamic detection also showed that the concentration of ICT–Fe (III) complexes varied with the concentration of ICT in plasma. The behavioral blunting and bone loss in zebrafish induced by Fe (III) were significantly reversed by ICT in a dose‐dependent manner. Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic analysis showed that ICT was negatively correlated with serum ferritin and positively correlated with osteogenic markers including alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and osteoprotegerin. Bone loss in ovariectomized rats was significantly altered after ICT intervention, with reduced serum ferritin levels and improved osteogenic marker levels. These results demonstrated that ICT had favorable musculoskeletal penetration and iron complexation capability to shrink labile plasma iron, showing superior performance in anti‐PMOP through the dual effects of reversing iron overload and promoting osteogenesis.
Nerve to the zygomaticus major muscle: An anatomical study and surgical application to smile reconstruction
Authors: Yoshioka Nobutaka , Fernandez‐Miranda Juan C.
Published: June 2023

Smile reconstruction using the branches that supply the zygomaticus major muscle as a motor source is an established procedure in facial reanimation surgery for facial paralysis. However, the anatomy of the nerve to the muscle remains unclear. Therefore, we herein examined the topographical anatomy of the nerve to the zygomaticus major muscle to obtain more detailed information on donor nerve anatomy. Preserved cadaver dissection was performed under a microscope on 13 hemifaces of 8 specimens. The branches that innervate the zygomaticus major muscle and their peripheral routes medial to the muscle were traced and examined. A median of four (ranges 2–4) branches innervated the zygomaticus major muscle. The proximal two branches (near the muscle origin) arose from the zygomatic branch, the second of which was the major branch. The distal branches (near the oral commissure) arose from the buccal branch or zygomaticobuccal plexus. The vertical distance from the caudal margin of the zygomatic arch to the major branch intersecting point was 19 ± 4.0 mm, while the horizontal distance parallel to the Frankfort plane was 29 ± 5.2 mm. The proximal two branches innervating the zygomaticus major muscle were detected in the majority of specimens. The anatomical findings obtained herein on the nerve to the zygomaticus major muscle will allow for more reliable donor selection in facial reanimation surgery.
The role of Improv in enhancement of Meaning in Life in youth: An explanatory sequential design
Authors: Sandhu Tarika , Sandhu Sargun
Published: June 2023

“A global mental health crisis” was sparked by the pandemic, especially for the youth as it exposed them to serious existential crises related to grief, loss, death and dying, deep psychological insecurities, etc. Additionally, this crisis came as a call for greater meaning in the personal and professional lives of youth. To deal with these issues in youth, Improv intervention is being used as an effective contemporary psychological technique to improve holistic perspective‐taking. This pilot study investigated the efficacy of Improv intervention in enhancing Meaning in Life in youth using an explanatory sequential design. The sample comprised 80 youth (age range 18–25 years). The study was carried out in two phases—quantitative and qualitative. In the quantitative phase, a randomised control trial design was used to assess the efficacy of the intervention; this was followed by semistructured interviews to identify crucial themes that highlighted participants’ perceptions of Meaning in Life and the benefits of the intervention. Results revealed potential usefulness of Improv in Meaning enhancement.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Panaxadiol Pyrazole and Isooxazole Derivatives
Authors: Dai Rongke , Wei Xinrui , Li Tao , Lee Jungjoon , Gao Jiaming , Chen Yu , Su Guangyue , Zhao Yuqing
Published: June 2023

In this study, we designed and synthesized 19 nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic derivatives of panaxadiol (PD). We first reported the antiproliferative activity of these compounds against four different tumor cells. The results of the MTT assay showed that the PD pyrazole derivative (compound 12b) had the best antitumor activity and could significantly inhibit the proliferation of four tested tumor cells. For A549 cells, the IC50 value was as low as 13.44±1.23 μM. Western blot analysis showed that the PD pyrazole derivative was a bifunctional regulator. On the one hand, it can down‐regulate the expression of HIF‐1α by acting on PI3 K/AKT signaling pathway in A549 cells. On the other hand, it can induce the decrease of CDKs protein family and E2F1 protein expression levels, thus playing a crucial role in cell cycle arrest. According to the results of molecular docking, we found that multiple hydrogen bonds were formed between the PD pyrazole derivative and two related proteins, and the docking score of the derivative was also significantly higher than that of the crude drug. In summary, the study of the PD pyrazole derivative laid a foundation for the development of ginsenoside as an antitumor agent.
Spectroscopic and Computational Study of the Organocatalytic Umpolung of Bromocations: An Accelerated Stereoselective Dibromination Protocol**
Authors: Panda Jeetendra , Sahoo Jigyansa , Dutta Juhi , Biswal Himansu Sekhar , Sahoo Gokarneswar
Published: June 2023

Herein, organocatalytically achieved polarity reversal of cationic bromine is presented. The proven bromocation source N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) was converted to a superior bromoanion reagent by H/Br exchange with a secondary amine, substantiated with spectroscopic and computational evidence. The concept has further been used in a successfully accelerated organocatalyzed dibromination of olefins in a non‐hazardous, commercially viable process with a wide range of substrate scope. The reactivity of key entities observed through NMR kinetics and reaction acceleration using only 10 mol % of catalyst account for its major success. The nucleophilicity of the bromoanion was found to be superior in comparison to other nucleophiles such as MeOH and H2O also the protocol dominates over the competing allylic bromination reaction.
Structure Formation in an Ionic Liquid Wetting Layer: A Combined STM, IRAS, DFT and MD Study of [C2C1Im][OTf] on Au(111)
Authors: Bühlmeyer Hanna , Hauner Jonas , Eschenbacher Roman , Steffen Julien , Trzeciak Simon , Taccardi Nicola , Görling Andreas , Zahn Dirk , Wasserscheid Peter , Libuda Jörg
Published: June 2023

In a solid catalyst with ionic liquid layer (SCILL), ionic liquid (IL) coatings are used to improve the selectivity of noble metal catalysts. To understand the origins of this selectivity control, we performed model studies by surface science methods in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). We investigated the growth and thermal stability of ultrathin IL films by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). We combined these experiments with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to obtain information on the orientation of the ions, the interactions with the surface, the intermolecular interactions, and the structure formation. Additionally, we performed DFT calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to interpret the experimental data. We studied the IL 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate [C2C1Im][OTf] on Au(111) surfaces. We observe a weakly bound multilayer of [C2C1Im][OTf], which is stable up to 390 K, while the monolayer desorbs at ∼450 K. [C2C1Im][OTf] preferentially adsorbs at the step edges and elbows of the herringbone reconstruction of Au(111). The anion adsorbs via the SO3 group with the molecular axis perpendicular to the surface. At low coverage, the [C2C1Im][OTf] crystallizes in a glass‐like 2D phase with short‐range order. At higher coverage, we observe a phase transition to a 6‐membered ring structure with long‐range order.
Comprehensive Study and Development of a Metal‐Free and Mild Nucleophilic Trifluoromethoxylation
Authors: Bonnefoy Clémence , Panossian Armen , Hanquet Gilles , Leroux Frédéric R. , Toulgoat Fabien , Billard Thierry
Published: June 2023

Among the general interest in fluorinated compounds, trifluoromethoxylated molecules play a specific role. However, despite this interest, the development of efficient reagents to perform trifluoromethoxylation reactions remains a challenge. Here, 2,4‐dinitro‐trifluoromethoxybenzene (DNTFB) is used as a trifluoromethoxylating reagent to perform nucleophilic substitution under mild metal‐free conditions with different leaving groups, including direct dehydroxytrifluoromethoxylation. A mechanistic study rationalized the reaction and subsequently proposed only three reaction conditions, depending on the reactivity of the starting substrates.
Gold(I)‐Mediated Cyclizations of Triene‐Yne Systems: An Easy Access to Cyclopenta‐Fused Anthracenes
Authors: Saatlo Rebeka Eshagh , Matiba Jan P. , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: June 2023

The direct synthesis of cyclopenta‐fused anthracenes (CP‐anthracenes) through a gold(I)‐catalyzed cyclization reaction of easily available triene‐yne systems bearing a benzofulvene substructure, is reported. The targets are of great interest due to the potential use as organic materials and the preparation of these compounds is gaining huge importance. The applied starting materials are readily available through a three‐step synthesis, which further contributes to the advantages of this route. In addition, UV‐Vis and fluorescent spectra of the obtained CP‐anthracenes were recorded.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Helical Azaheptalene and Chiroptical Switching of an Isolable Radical Cation**
Authors: Nishimura Yuta , Harimoto Takashi , Suzuki Takanori , Ishigaki Yusuke
Published: June 2023

A nitrogen‐centered heptalene, azaheptalene, was designed as a representative of a new class of redox‐responsive molecules with a large steric strain that originates from the adjacent seven‐membered rings. The pentabenzo derivative of azaheptalene was efficiently synthesized by a palladium‐catalyzed one‐pot reaction of commercially available reagents. Bromination led to mono‐ and dibrominated derivatives, the latter of which is interconvertible with isolable radical cation species exhibiting near‐infrared absorption. Since the azaheptalene skeleton shows configurationally stable helicity with a large torsion angle, enantiomers could be successfully separated. Thus, optically pure azaheptalenes with P‐ or M‐helicity showed strong chiroptical properties (|gabs|≥0.01), which could be changed by an electric potential.
Wasserstoff im Energiesystem der Zukunft
Authors: Ausfelder Florian , Kundler Isabel
Published: June 2023

Große Hoffnungen für mehr Klimaschutz mit dem Green Deal liegen auf Wasserstoff als wichtigem Baustein der Energiewende. Wie kann die Wasserstoffwirtschaft der Zukunft aussehen? Welche Mengen sind erforderlich und welche Infrastrukturen werden benötigt? Wie können in Zukunft nachhaltige Grundstoffe erzeugt werden? Antworten darauf gibt dieser Trendbericht.
Der Weg zur verteilten Anwendung
Authors: Gaus Peer Michael
Published: June 2023

Am Markt gibt es viele speicherprogrammierbare Steuerungen (SPS), Sensoren und Komponenten unterschiedlicher Hersteller, die in den Anlagen der Prozessindustrie zum Einsatz kommen. Mit dem O‐PAS‐Standard steht eine herstellerneutrale Referenzarchitektur zur Verfügung, die den modularen Aufbau skalierbarer, interoperabler und sicherer Prozessautomatisierungssysteme ermöglicht.
Lead free CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3 perovskite solar cell with different layer properties via SCAPS‐1D simulation
Authors: Liu Xiaoya , Li Tong , Hao Liangsheng , Wu Jiang , Ling Yang , Fu Zaiguo , Zhou Fanghe , Zhang Xin , Liu Yihao , Zhang Cheng
Published: June 2023

Organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been extensively studied due to their simple fabrication methods and obvious device efficiency advantages. In this work, the perovskite CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3 is used as the light absorption layer, which is doped with Ge2+ in CsSnI3 to improve its stability. The polymers of 3‐hexylthiophene (P3HT) with excellent optoelectronic properties and low price, and SnO2 with high electron extraction ability is selected as charge transport layers. Based on these, a novel PSC structure (FTO/SnO2/IDL1/CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3/IDL2/P3HT/Au) has been simulated via solar cell capacitor simulator (SCAPS‐1D). The PSC performance is optimized by adjusting a series of parameters, including the layer thickness, defect density, electron affinity potential energy, and operating temperature, and so forth. The results show that the PSC defects are passivated by adjusting the appropriate parameters, and the final optimized open circuit voltage (VOC) is 1.08 V, short‐circuit current density (JSC) is 27.37 mA/cm2, fill factor (FF) is 83.32%, while the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is increased from the initial 10.89% to 24.63%, which provides theoretical reference for experiments and new ideas for the preparation and development of efficient and environmentally friendly PSCs. Finally, the effect of different metal cathodes with and without hole transport layer (HTL) on PSC performance is compared. The PSCs without HTL are more dependent on battery cathodes, which provided a way to replace precious metals with other electrode materials.
Design and Synthesis of Multi‐Functional Polymeric Binders for High‐Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries Based on Ring Opening Polymerization of Thiolactone†
Authors: Zhao Yuqing , Geng Shiqun , Yan Gaojie , Qu Xiongwei , Ji Haifeng , Feng Yi , Zhang Xiaojie
Published: June 2023

Comprehensive Summary

The application of high‐performance lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries is severely influenced by the “shuttle effect” of polysulfides and the volume change of sulfur cathode. Herein, two different polymeric binders SOT‐A and SOT‐C with three‐dimensional network structure containing polar groups (sulfhydryl groups, amide groups and amino groups) are synthesized by the nucleophilic ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of thiolactone with amino groups. The network structure formed by hydrogen bonds and functional groups can resist the volume change of the cathode. The sulfhydryl groups and the S—S bond formed by oxidative dehydrogenation of sulfhydryl group participate in the charge and discharge process of the battery as active materials, which improves the discharge specific capacity of the battery. Polar functional groups have strong chemisorption on polysulfides and effectively inhibit the “shuttle effect”. The electrochemical performances of Li‐S batteries containing SOT‐A and SOT‐C binders are significantly enhanced. At 1 C rate, the batteries achieve initial discharge specific capacity of 871 and 837 mAh·g–1, respectively, and have 83.9% and 62.5% capacity retention after 500 cycles.
Diagnosis of thoracic SMARCA4‐deficient undifferentiated tumor in cytology
Authors: Kezlarian Brie , Montecalvo Joseph , Bodd Francis M. , Chang Jason C. , Riedel Elyn , White Charlie , Rekhtman Natasha , Sauter Jennifer L.
Published: June 2023

Introduction

Although alterations in SMARCA4‐deficient occur in non–small cell lung carcinoma (SD‐NSCLC), thoracic SMARCA4‐deficient undifferentiated tumor (TSDUT) is recognized as a distinct entity in the 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Thoracic Tumors because of unique morphologic, immunophenotypic and molecular features, and worse survival compared with SD‐NSCLC. Cytologic diagnosis of TSDUT is clinically important because of its aggressive behavior and because it is often diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration because TSDUTs are usually unresectable at presentation. Here, we identify cytologic features that can be used for recognition of TSDUT and distinction from SD‐NSCLC.

Materials and Methods

Cytomorphologic features were investigated in cytology specimens from patients with TSDUT (n = 11) and compared with a control group of patients with SD‐NSCLC (n = 20).

Results

The presence of classic rhabdoid morphology, at least focally, was entirely specific for TSDUT (n = 6, 55%) compared with SD‐NSCLC (n = 0) in this study. TSDUT more frequently showed tumor necrosis (n = 11, 100% vs. n = 8, 40%; p = .001), dominant single‐cell pattern on aspirate smears or touch preparation slides (n = 8 [of 9], 80% vs. n = 3, 15%; p = .010), nuclear molding (n = 5, 45% vs. n = 1, 5%; p = .013), and indistinct cell borders (n = 11, 100% vs. n = 5, 25%; P < .001) compared with SD‐NSCLC, respectively.

Conclusions

Cytomorphologic features occurring more frequently in TSDUT include tumor necrosis, dominant single‐cell pattern, nuclear molding indistinct cell borders, and focal rhabdoid cells. Presence of these features in a cytology specimen of an undifferentiated tumor, particularly in a patient with a thoracic mass, should raise suspicion for TSDUT and prompt appropriate ancillary workup.
Visible‐light‐driven Oxygen Vacancy and Carbon Doping of C@TiO2‐x Photocatalyst for Enhanced Pollutants Degradation Performance
Authors: Ding Yifan , Qin Fanghong , Guo Jialin , Gong Danming , Li Qiufei , Wang Xiangyi , Tan Xiuniang , Liu Haibo , Huang Zaiyin
Published: June 2023

Oxygen Vacancy (OVs) and carbon doping of the photocatalyst body will significantly enhance the photocatalytic efficiency. However, synchronous regulation of these two aspects is challenging. In this paper, a novel C@TiO2‐x photocatalyst was designed by coupling the surface defect and doping engineering of titania, which can effectively remove rhodamine B (RhB) and has a relatively high performance with wide pH range, high photocatalytic activity and good stability. Within 90 minutes, the photocatalytic degradation rate of RhB by C@TiO2‐x (94.1 % at 20 mg/L) is 28 times higher than that of pure TiO2. Free radical trapping experiments and electron spin resonance techniques reveal that superoxide radicals (⋅O2−) and photogenerated holes (h+) play key roles in the photocatalytic degradation of RhB. This study demonstrates the possibility of regulating photocatalysts to degrade pollutants in wastewater based on an integrated strategy.
An assessment of the interaction between sucrose content and seed quality traits in soybeans
Authors: Escamilla Diana M. , Xavier Alencar , Vuong Tri D. , Nguyen Henry T. , Rainey Katy Martin
Published: June 2023

Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) cultivars with increased protein and sucrose content are desirable to enhance soybean meal quality; however, the complex interactions between soybean traits, mainly trade‐offs, make the plant breeders’ job challenging because traits cannot simultaneously be enhanced. Information about the interactions of seed carbohydrate composition with other seed traits remains inconclusive and contradictory; thus, this study explored the interactions among soluble carbohydrate content with other seed traits, flowering time, and maturity in a diverse panel of 1096 soybean accessions from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection. Trait interactions were explored through phenotypic, additive genetic, and residual correlations. We did not identify traits that can be useful in the indirect selection of sucrose. Additive genetic correlations of sucrose with flowering and maturity time suggest that obtaining cultivars with high sucrose content might be easier in earlier flowering and later maturing cultivars. Sucrose correlations with other seed traits were primarily driven by their additive genetic correlations, which make them more stable, whereas correlations of raffinose with oil and maturity were population and environment specific. The two main obstacles to enhancing soymeal quality are the trade‐offs of protein with sucrose and oil.
Genotype by environment interaction characterization and its modeling with random regression to climatic variables in two rice breeding populations
Authors: Rebollo Inés , Aguilar Ignacio , Pérez de Vida Fernando , Molina Federico , Gutiérrez Lucía , Rosas Juan Eduardo
Published: June 2023

Genotype by environment interaction (GEI) is one of the main challenges in plant breeding. A complete characterization of it is necessary to decide on proper breeding strategies. Random regression models (RRMs) allow a genotype‐specific response to each regressor factor. RRMs that include selected environmental variables represent a promising approach to deal with GEI in genomic prediction. They enable to predict for both tested and untested environments, but their utility in a plant breeding scenario remains to be shown. We used phenotypic, climatic, pedigree, and genomic data from two public subtropical rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding programs; one manages the indica population and the other manages the japonica population. First, we characterized GEI for grain yield (GY) with a set of tools: variance component estimation, mega‐environment (ME) definition, and correlation between locations, sowing periods, and MEs. Then, we identified the most influential climatic variables related to GY and its GEI and used them in RRMs for single‐step genomic prediction. Finally, we evaluated the predictive ability of these models for GY prediction in tested and untested years and environments using the complete dataset and within each ME. Our results suggest large GEI in both populations while larger in indica than in japonica. In indica, early sowing periods showed crossover (i.e., rank‐change) GEI with other sowing periods. Climatic variables related to temperature, radiation, wind, and precipitation affecting GY were identified and differed in each population. RRMs with selected climatic covariates improved the predictive ability in both tested and untested years and environments. Prediction using the complete dataset performed better than predicting within each ME.
Polyphenol Oxidase Products Are Priming Agents for LPMO Peroxygenase Activity
Authors: de Oliveira Gorgulho Silva Caio , Vuillemin Marlene , Kabel Mirjam A. , van Berkel Willem J. H. , Meyer Anne S. , Agger Jane W.
Published: June 2023

Polyphenol oxidases catalyze the hydroxylation of monophenols to diphenols, which are reducing agents for lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) in their degradation of cellulose. In particular, the polyphenol oxidase MtPPO7 from Myceliophthora thermophila converts lignocellulose‐derived monophenols, and under the new perspective of the peroxygenase reaction catalyzed by LPMOs, we aim to differentiate the role of the catalytic products of MtPPO7 in priming and fueling of LPMO activity. Exemplified by the activity of MtPPO7 towards guaiacol and by using the benchmark LPMO NcAA9C from Neurospora crassa we show that MtPPO7 catalytic products provide the initial electron for the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) but cannot provide the required reducing power for continuous fueling of the LPMO. The priming reaction is shown to occur with catalytic amounts of MtPPO7 products and those compounds do not generate substantial amounts of H2O2 in situ to fuel the LPMO peroxygenase activity. Reducing agents with a low propensity to generate H2O2 can provide the means for controlling the LPMO catalysis through exogenous H2O2 and thereby minimize any enzyme inactivation.
Are child maltreatment and intimate partner violence associated with adult disordered eating?
Authors: Lebed Olga , Sabina Chiara , Pacanowski Carly R. , Jaremka Lisa M.
Published: June 2023

Objective

Disordered eating is one of the most prevalent mental health concerns (Galmiche et al., 2019, Quick & Byrd‐Bredbenner, 2013, Neumark‐Sztainer et al., 2006). Studies show that child maltreatment increases the likelihood of disordered eating symptoms in adulthood (Caslini et al., 2016, Hazzard et al., 2019). However, these studies overlook abuse experiences later in life, such as intimate partner violence which may also be a significant contributing factor (Bundock et al., 2013). The proposed study will help identify whether childhood maltreatment and IPV are independent predictors and/or if the combination of the two are synergistic risk factors for adult disordered eating.

Method

We use data from 14,332 people from Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). Participants completed questionnaires assessing child maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and disordered eating symptoms. We will perform a series of logistic regression models to examine a) whether child maltreatment and intimate partner violence are independently associated with disordered eating and b) whether exposure to the combination of both child maltreatment and intimate partner violence is associated with worse outcomes for adult disordered eating compared to exposure to only one or none at all. We also propose a supplemental analysis to establish the robustness of these effects when accounting for the highest parental education, federal poverty percentage level, race/ethnicity, gender, and age.

Public Significance

Disordered eating is a serious mental health concern, especially in an emerging adult population. Child maltreatment is consistently associated with disordered eating in adulthood. However, the independent or synergistic role of more recent abuse experiences, such as intimate partner violence, remains largely unknown. The proposed study provides insight into how both childhood abuse and intimate partner violence may be associated with disordered eating independently or in combination.
The effect of prey abundance and fisheries on the survival, reproduction, and social structure of killer whales (Orcinus orca) at subantarctic Marion Island
Authors: Jordaan Rowan K. , Oosthuizen W. Chris , Reisinger Ryan R. , de Bruyn P. J. Nico
Published: June 2023

Most marine apex predators are keystone species that fundamentally influence their ecosystems through cascading top‐down processes. Reductions in worldwide predator abundances, attributed to environmental‐ and anthropogenic‐induced changes to prey availability and negative interactions with fisheries, can have far‐reaching ecosystem impacts. We tested whether the survival of killer whales (Orcinus orca) observed at Marion Island in the Southern Indian Ocean correlated with social structure and prey variables (direct measures of prey abundance, Patagonian toothfish fishery effort, and environmental proxies) using multistate models of capture–recapture data spanning 12 years (2006–2018). We also tested the effect of these same variables on killer whale social structure and reproduction measured over the same period. Indices of social structure had the strongest correlation with survival, with higher sociality associated with increased survival probability. Survival was also positively correlated with Patagonian toothfish fishing effort during the previous year, suggesting that fishery‐linked resource availability is an important determinant of survival. No correlation between survival and environmental proxies of prey abundance was found. At‐island prey availability influenced the social structure of Marion Island killer whales, but none of the variables explained variability in reproduction. Future increases in legal fishing activity may benefit this population of killer whales through the artificial provisioning of resources they provide.
Assessing spatial distribution, genetic variants, and virulence of pathogen Mycoplasma agassizii in threatened Mojave desert tortoises
Authors: Bauschlicher Shalyn N. , Weitzman Chava L. , Martinez Victoria , Tracy C. Richard , Alvarez‐Ponce David , Sandmeier Franziska C.
Published: June 2023

Mojave desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii), a threatened species under the US Endangered Species Act, are long‐lived reptiles that experience a chronic respiratory disease. The virulence of primary etiologic agent, Mycoplasma agassizii, remains poorly understood, but it exhibits temporal and geographic variability in causing disease outbreaks in host tortoises. Multiple attempts to culture and characterize the diversity of M. agassizii have had minimal success, even though this opportunistic pathogen chronically persists in nearly every population of Mojave desert tortoises. The current geographic range and the molecular mechanisms of virulence of the type‐strain, PS6T, are unknown, and the bacterium is thought to have low‐to‐moderate virulence. We designed a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting three putative virulence genes annotated on the PS6T genome as exo‐α‐sialidases, enzymes which facilitate growth in many bacterial pathogens. We tested 140 M. agassizii‐positive DNA samples collected from 2010 to 2012 across the range of Mojave desert tortoises. We found evidence of multiple‐strain infections within hosts. We also found the prevalence of these sialidase‐encoding genes to be highest in tortoise populations surrounding southern Nevada, the area from which PS6T was originally isolated. We found a general pattern of loss or reduced presence of sialidase among strains, even within a single host. However, in samples that were positive for any of the putative sialidase genes, one particular gene (528), was positively associated with bacterial loads of M. agassizii and may act as a growth factor for the bacterium. Our results suggest three evolutionary patterns: (1) high levels of variation, possibly due to neutral changes and chronic persistence, (2) a trade‐off between moderate virulence and transmission, and (3) selection against virulence in environmental conditions known to be physiologically stressful to the host. Our approach of quantifying genetic variation via qPCR represents a useful model of studying host–pathogen dynamics.
Spatiotemporal overlap with invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) varies by species and season in a temperate ecosystem
Authors: Saldo Elizabeth A. , Jensen Alex J. , Muthersbaugh Michael S. , Butfiloski Joseph W. , Cantrell Jay , Kilgo John C. , Ruth Charles , Yarrow Greg K. , Jachowski David S.
Published: June 2023

Wild pigs (Sus scrofa), which are invasive in many regions globally, can alter ecosystems and compete with native species through interference competition and resource exploitation. Wild pig impacts on other species may increase with greater niche overlap, which could vary over time based on environmental conditions, resource availability, or biological traits like diet, especially as seasonal variation in wild pig diet has been widely documented. A limited number of studies have assessed spatial or temporal overlap between native species and invasive wild pigs, with only a handful simultaneously assessing overlap in these niche dimensions. We investigated the potential for interspecific interactions involving invasive wild pigs in the Piedmont region of South Carolina, USA, by examining seasonal spatiotemporal overlap with other wildlife using N‐mixture models and diel activity overlap analyses. Site use by white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and coyote (Canis latrans) was negatively associated with wild pig activity in the fall, when the species had high diel activity overlap, indicating spatial partitioning could reduce interference competition with wild pigs in this season. Conversely, white‐tailed deer site use was positively associated with wild pig activity in the winter, suggesting higher spatial overlap may be necessary if resources are limited. Site use by bobcat (Lynx rufus) and nine‐banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) in the spring, along with raccoon (Procyon lotor) and wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) site use in the summer, was positively associated with wild pig activity. With the exception of diurnal wild turkey, diel activity overlap between these species and wild pigs was high, although temporal partitioning could have occurred at finer spatiotemporal scales than we examined. Our results collectively emphasize the importance of accounting for seasonal spatial and temporal responses by individual species to invasive wild pigs, with special consideration given to species in seasons where high niche overlap with wild pigs is anticipated.
Geographic isolation reduces genetic diversity of a wide‐ranging terrestrial vertebrate, Canis lupus
Authors: Frévol Salomé A. , MacNulty Daniel R. , Anderson Morgan , Carmichael Lindsey E. , Cluff H. Dean , Mech L. David , Musiani Marco
Published: June 2023

Genetic diversity is theorized to decrease in populations closer to a species' range edge, where habitat may be suboptimal. Generalist species capable of long‐range dispersal may maintain sufficient gene flow to counteract this, though the presence of significant barriers to dispersal (e.g., large water bodies, human‐dominated landscapes) may still lead to, and exacerbate, the edge effect. We used microsatellite data for 2421 gray wolves (Canis lupus) from 24 subpopulations (groups) to model how allelic richness and expected heterozygosity varied with mainland–island position and two measures of range edge (latitude and distance from range center) across >7.3 million km2 of northern North America. We expected low genetic diversity both at high latitudes, due to harsh environmental conditions, and on islands, but no change in diversity with distance to the range center due to the species' exceptional dispersal ability and favorable conditions in far eastern and western habitats. We found that allelic richness and expected heterozygosity of island groups were measurably less than that of mainland groups, and that these differences increased with the island's distance to the species' range center in the study area. Our results demonstrate how multiple axes of geographic isolation (distance from range center and island habitation) can act synergistically to erode the genetic diversity of wide‐ranging terrestrial vertebrate populations despite the counteracting influence of long‐range dispersal ability. These findings emphasize how geographic isolation is a potential threat to the genetic diversity and viability of terrestrial vertebrate populations even among species capable of long‐range dispersal.
Community structure and recovery in cryptic intertidal communities reflects dynamics on open‐surface communities
Authors: Rickborn Alissa J. , Gravem Sarah A. , Menge Bruce A.
Published: June 2023

Research on intertidal community structure and recovery in the California Current System has largely focused on macrophytes and invertebrates occupying two‐dimensional, readily studied “open” rock surfaces. However, most rocky shores have a “third” dimension that includes channels, cracks, crevices, and overhangs whose organismal assemblages, termed “cryptic communities,” are poorly studied. Cryptic communities not only share many species with those on more accessible surfaces but also include high abundances of colonial invertebrates such as tunicates, sponges, bryozoans, and hydrozoans. We investigated species abundance and diversity of cryptic communities and tested their recovery from disturbance by comparing removal plots to undisturbed controls for ~1.5 years. Additionally, we tested whether community structure and recovery varied with contrasting large‐scale levels of ecological subsidies (invertebrate recruitment, nutrients, and phytoplankton) and local‐scale microhabitat differences (emersion and solar irradiation) on the Oregon Coast. We compared cryptic recovery rates to recovery rates on open‐surface communities. In cryptic communities, site explained most (92%) variance in community structure of undisturbed plots, while microhabitat metrics had little (1.2%) effect. Further, recovery rates were faster at a site with higher subsidy inputs than one with lower subsidies in both cryptic and noncryptic communities. Hence, larger scale environmental drivers appeared more important than local‐scale drivers within cryptic communities. Our research provides novel insight into intertidal cryptic surge channel community structure and dynamics.
Purely resistive load estimation for three‐phase inverter by using pseudo random binary sequence signal
Authors: Minami Masataka , Morinaka Naoya
Published: June 2023

In recent years, the introduction of photovoltaic power generation systems has been increasing from the perspective of global warming countermeasures. However, there is a problem that it becomes difficult to adjust the supply and demand balance of electric power. Therefore, in this research, the inverter by using estimation signal estimates the load of the consumer, then we aim to adjust the supply‐demand balance at the demand side. By the verification of experimental, three‐phase inverter, which is assumed to be an industrial photovoltaic power generation system, estimates the load by using pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS) signal and two proposed methods. The load estimation results show that the error rate of the estimated resistance of each phase is within a few percent by using the two proposed methods, and the load estimation is achieved.
Glacier, permafrost and thermokarst interactions in Alpine terrain: Insights from seven decades of reconstructed dynamics of the Chauvet glacial and periglacial system (Southern French Alps)
Authors: Cusicanqui Diego , Bodin Xavier , Duvillard Pierre‐Allain , Schoeneich Philippe , Revil André , Assier Alain , Berthet Johan , Peyron Michel , Roudnitska Stéphane , Rabatel Antoine
Published: June 2023

This study analyses the long‐term dynamics in the Chauvet glacial and periglacial system (southern French Alps) over seven decades (1948–2020), where several lake outburst floods have been documented since 1930. To accurately describe and explain the complex dynamics of this site, our multidisciplinary approach combines (1) photogrammetry of historical aerial photographs and modern high‐resolution satellite and UAV images, (2) geophysical surveys and (3) geomorphological mapping. We provide evidence for spatial and functional interactions between glacial and periglacial features, especially in the lower sector where different landforms with variable ice‐ and debris‐content and specific dynamics are interplayed. We found the highest thinning rates on ice‐rich terrain located in the central part of the valley bottom, which, together with bedrock morphology, most probably determine the location of the thermokarst. We also documented an overall acceleration of the creeping of the landforms after the 2000s, with a flow direction largely oriented towards the thermokarst depression. The outburst water flowed through a conduit whose successive opening and closure seem to mainly depend on the rate of lateral convergence of left‐ and right‐hand landforms and on the rate of ice melting (and roof collapse) along the conduit walls. Today, the site of Chauvet still represents a potential hazard for the region due to the large water storage capacity (up to 180 000 ± 450 m3) and the development of a predominantly bucket shape in the thermokarst sector.
Age and Synchronization of Daphnia magna Affect Sensitivity to Teflubenzuron in Acute Standardized Toxicity Tests
Authors: Schmid Simon , Rundberget Jan T. , Song You , Tollefsen Knut Erik
Published: June 2023

The standard Daphnia sp. acute toxicity test for assessing the adverse effects of chemicals on aquatic invertebrates stipulates the use of neonates that are ≤24 h old (hours post release [hpr]) at the start of the exposure. However, when one is assessing acute effects of chemicals interfering with endocrine relevant-processes such as molting, both age synchronization and absolute age can influence the test outcome, because the occurrence of molting and associated mortality is highly time specific. Hence, a 24-h age synchronization window may mask the real effects of these compounds. To explore the influence of age synchronization and absolute age in standard acute toxicity tests, we exposed D. magna from different synchronization windows and absolute ages (≤4, 4–8, 8–12, ≤12, and ≤24 hpr at the beginning of the exposure) to 0.5–12 µg/L of the chitin synthesis inhibitor (CSI) teflubenzuron (TEF) using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development test guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. 48 h immobilization test). Our results show significant differences in 48-h median lethal concentrations between animals with a synchronization window of ≤4 hpr (2.9 µg/L) and longer synchronization windows such as ≤12 hpr (5.1 µg/L) and ≤24 hpr (16.8 µg/L). A concurrent decreasing trend in molting median effect concentrations was observed for the same synchronization windows: ≤4 hpr (4.0 µg/L), ≤12 hpr (5.9 µg/L), and ≤24 hpr (30.0 µg/L). Together, our results show that both synchronization and absolute age are determinant factors for the sensitivity of D. magna to TEF. A narrow synchronization window (e.g., ≤4 hpr) may provide a more conservative estimate of TEF toxicity and should be considered when one is performing standardized toxicity tests for molting-disrupting compounds such as TEF. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1806–1815. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.