bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of bifenthrin barrier spray on foliage in a suburban eastern North Carolina neighborhood
Authors: VanDusen Amberlynne E , Richards Stephanie L , Balanay Jo Anne G
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND

Mosquitoes can transmit pathogens through blood feeding. Mosquito control programs conduct surveillance and source reduction, treat mosquito oviposition sites and spray adulticides to protect public health. In some areas, homeowners may contract with private mosquito control companies to address mosquito‐related issues.

RESULTS

We evaluated the efficacy of barrier sprays by comparing weekly host‐seeking mosquito abundance at treatment and control properties in a residential neighborhood. The chemical concentration of bifenthrin residue on foliage was quantified, and field‐collected mosquitoes, primarily Aedes albopictus, were tested for bifenthrin resistance using bottle bioassays. Mosquito abundance at treatment properties was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than at control properties. Quantities of bifenthrin detected on foliage from treatment properties was not correlated with mosquito abundance. No bifenthrin resistance was detected in captured mosquitoes.

CONCLUSION

Based on the rate of application, we expected that chemical analysis of bifenthrin residue would show similar concentrations of bifenthrin on foliage in treatment areas. Although mosquitoes were not bifenthrin resistant, further studies are needed to evaluate the extent to which resistance changes over time with repeated applications. Findings from this study provide insight into control methods commonly used by mosquito control companies and could potentially be used to guide future mosquito management strategies. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
N‐V‐related fluorescence of the monoenergetic high‐energy electron‐irradiated diamond nanoparticles
Authors: Remes Z. , Micova J. , Krist P. , Chvatil D. , Effenberg R. , Nesladek M.
Published: July 2015

Fluorescent diamond nanoparticles (FND) have recently been introduced as promising luminescent probes for bioimaging to compete with more commonly used fluorophores and quantum dots. In this work, we investigate the formation of NV color centers in diamond nanocrystallites using monoenergetic electrons. A large quantity (1.4 g) of FNDs has been irradiated in the cyclic relativistic electron accelerator (Microtron) with the surface charge up to 3C/cm2 using collimated accelerated electrons extracted with monochromatic energies 6−25 MeV. The nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) color centers have been activated by the high temperature vacuum annealing followed by the oxidation and sonification to remove sp2 carbon from the surface and to form stable colloid solutions with the concentration 1 mg/ml and the electro‐kinetic (zeta) potential about −35 mV. The steady state fluorescence spectra show that the fluorescence yield increases linearly with the surface charge irradiation.
Electrical in‐situ characterisation of interface stabilised organic thin‐film transistors
Authors: Striedinger Bernd , Fian Alexander , Petritz Andreas , Lassnig Roman , Winkler Adolf , Stadlober Barbara
Published: July 2015

We report on the electrical in‐situ characterisation of organic thin film transistors under high vacuum conditions. Model devices in a bottom‐gate/bottom‐contact (coplanar) configuration are electrically characterised in‐situ, monolayer by monolayer (ML), while the organic semiconductor (OSC) is evaporated by organic molecular beam epitaxy (OMBE). Thermal SiO2 with an optional polymer interface stabilisation layer serves as the gate dielectric and pentacene is chosen as the organic semiconductor. The evolution of transistor param‐ eters is studied on a bi‐layer dielectric of a 150 nm of SiO2 and 20 nm of poly((±)endo,exo‐bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐ene‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid, diphenylester) (PNDPE) and compared to the behaviour on a pure SiO2 dielectric. The thin layer of PNDPE, which is an intrinsically photo‐patternable organic dielectric, shows an excellent stabilisation performance, significantly reducing the calculated interface trap density at the OSC/dielectric interface up to two orders of magnitude, and thus remarkably improving the transistor performance. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fracture strength of restorations in proximal cavities of primary molars
Authors: Yildiz Esma , Simsek Mine , Pamir Zeynep
Published: July 2015

This study evaluated the fracture strength of various restorative materials for primary molars in dovetail and box‐only class II cavity designs. Eighty extracted noncarious human primary molars were used. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups for either dovetail or box‐only preparations. The teeth were then divided into four subgroups for each restorative material: glass ionomer cement (GIC), resin‐modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), compomer, and composite. The restorations were tested for fracture strength. The loads at fracture and fracture mode were recorded and a scanning electron microscopy analysis was performed to observe the micromorphology of the borders between the teeth and the materials. The nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U‐tests were used. Although there were significant differences between the restorative materials (p < 0.05), there were no differences between the fracture strength of the box‐only and the dovetail cavity designs in any of the groups (p > 0.05) except the composite group. The fracture strength of the compomer and composite groups was significantly higher than that of the GIC and RMGIC groups (p < 0.05). A class II cavity could be selected as dovetail or box‐only and compomer and composite are more resistant to fracture than GIC and RMGIC. SCANNING 38:43–49, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effectiveness of laser‐assisted irrigation and passive ultrasonic irrigation techniques on smear layer removal in middle and apical thirds
Authors: Ayranci L. B. , Arslan H. , Akcay M. , Capar I. D. , Gok T. , Saygili G.
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the evaluation of laser‐assisted irrigation (LAI) on the removal of the smear layer as compared to passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). Forty‐eight single‐rooted, upper‐central incisor teeth were selected and prepared with ProTaper rotary instruments up to size #40 (F4) at the working lengths. Specimens were divided into four groups, as follows: (a) PUI with 5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl for 60 s; (b) PUI with 2.5 mL of 17% EDTA and 2.5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl each for 30 s; (c) LAI with 5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl for 60 s; and (d) LAI with 2.5 mL of 17% EDTA and 2.5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl each for 30 s. In the PUI groups, the ultrasonically activated file was inserted 1 mm short of the working length, but in the LAI groups, the fiber tip was applied into the pulp chamber. LAI in the pulp chamber with the combination of 17% EDTA and 2.5% NaOCl removed more of the smear layer than the other groups (p < 0.018). LAI in the pulp chamber with the combination of 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA better removed the smear layer than LAI applied similarly but without EDTA or PUI with the same NaOCl and EDTA combinations using an ultrasonically activated file inserted 1 mm short of the working length. SCANNING 38:121–127, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterisation and properties of magnetron sputtered nanoscale bi‐layered Ni/Ti thin films and effect of annealing
Authors: Behera Ajit , Aich Shampa
Published: July 2015

Single‐bi‐layer of Ni–Ti thin film was deposited using DC and RF magnetron sputtering technique by layer‐wise deposition of Ni and Ti on Si(100) substrate in the order of Ni as the bottom layer and Ti as the top layer. The deposition of these amorphous as‐deposited thin films was followed by annealing at 300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C temperature with 1‐h annealing time for each to achieve crystalline thin films. This paper describes the fabrication processes and the novel characterization techniques of the as‐deposited as well as the annealed thin films. Microstructures were analysed using FESEM and HRTEM. Nano‐indentation and AFM were carried out to characterize the mechanical properties and surface profiles of the films. It was found that, for the annealing temperatures of 300 °C to 600 °C, the increase in annealing temperature resulted in gradual increase in atomic‐cluster coarsening with improved ad‐atom mobility. Phase analyses, performed by GIXRD, showed the development of silicide phases and intermetallic compounds. Cross‐sectional micrographs exhibited the inter‐diffusion between the two‐layer constituents, especially at higher temperatures, which resulted either in amorphization or in crystallization after annealing at temperatures above 400 °C. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Independent directors' dissent on boards: Evidence from listed companies in China
Authors: Ma Juan , Khanna Tarun
Published: July 2015

Research summary: Although opinion conformity is believed to be commonly used by corporate elites to invoke reciprocity, it is hard to study in the context of corporate boards since boards are typically “black boxes.” Focusing on publicly traded companies in China, where disclosure of dissent is mandated, we show that dissent is associated with a breakdown of the social exchange relationship within boards. Specifically, dissent is more likely to occur when the board chair who appointed the independent director has left the board, or when the board “game” is reaching its last round, defined as a 60‐day window before departure of the board chair or the director herself. Our findings lend considerable support to conceptualization of boards as a social exchange device.

Managerial summary: With a novel dataset from China we ask the question of whether the social norm of reciprocity compromises independent directors' decisions. Our results lend considerable support to the hypothesis that independent directors would generally defer to top management as they feel indebted for being offered a director position and in exchange independent directors provide support. We identified two instances in which independent directors are more likely to dissent due to a breakdown of social exchange relationships: (1) when the board chair who appointed the independent director has left the board, and (2) when the board “game” was reaching its last round, that is, either the board chair or the director herself is leaving the board. © 2015 The Authors. Strategic Management Journal published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ECQA Governance SPICE assessor skills for evaluating integrated risk management scenarios
Authors: Ivanyos János , Sándor‐Kriszt Éva
Published: July 2015

The term of ‘scenario’ is used for systematically considering integrated risk management aspects of enterprise governance practices implemented at operational and organizational levels. These considerations are focusing on the customized design and continuous improvement of governance objectives, processes and practices enabling the achievement of the concerning enterprise goals. Professionals having been acquiring and evidencing their Governance SPICE Assessor skills are able to provide unique consulting and assurance services for enterprises in optimizing the effects of uncertainties on governance objectives by assessing and evaluating capability of enterprise governance processes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genome-Wide MicroRNA and Gene Analysis of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Chondrogenesis Identifies an Essential Role and Multiple Targets for miR-140-5p
Authors: Barter Matt J. , Tselepi Maria , Gómez Rodolfo , Woods Steven , Hui Wang , Smith Graham R. , Shanley Daryl P. , Clark Ian M. , Young David A.
Published: July 2015

microRNAs (miRNAs) are abundantly expressed in development where they are critical determinants of cell differentiation and phenotype. Accordingly miRNAs are essential for normal skeletal development and chondrogenesis in particular. However, the question of which miRNAs are specific to the chondrocyte phenotype has not been fully addressed. Using microarray analysis of miRNA expression during mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenic differentiation and detailed examination of the role of essential differentiation factors, such as SOX9, TGF-β, and the cell condensation phase, we characterize the repertoire of specific miRNAs involved in chondrocyte development, highlighting in particular miR-140 and miR-455. Further with the use of mRNA microarray data we integrate miRNA expression and mRNA expression during chondrogenesis to underline the particular importance of miR-140, especially the -5p strand. We provide a detailed identification and validation of direct targets of miR-140-5p in both chondrogenesis and adult chondrocytes with the use of microarray and 3′UTR analysis. This emphasizes the diverse array of targets and pathways regulated by miR-140-5p. We are also able to confirm previous experimentally identified targets but, additionally, identify a novel positive regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway by miR-140-5p. Wnt signaling has a complex role in chondrogenesis and skeletal development and these findings illustrate a previously unidentified role for miR-140-5p in regulation of Wnt signaling in these processes. Together these developments further highlight the role of miRNAs during chondrogenesis to improve our understanding of chondrocyte development and guide cartilage tissue engineering. Stem Cells  2015;33:3266–3280
Supramolecular Polymerization Engineered with Molecular Recognition
Authors: Haino Takeharu
Published: July 2015

Supramolecular polymeric assemblies represent an emerging, promising class of molecular assemblies with enormous versatility compared with their covalent polymeric counterparts. Although a large number of host–guest motifs have been produced over the history of supramolecular chemistry, only a limited number of recognition motifs have been utilized as supramolecular connections in polymeric assemblies. This account describes the molecular recognition of host molecules based on calix[5]arene and bisporphyrin that demonstrate unique guest encapsulations; subsequently, these host–guest motifs are applied to the synthesis of supramolecular polymers that display polymer‐like properties in solution and solid states. In addition, new bisresorcinarenes are developed to form supramolecular polymers that are connected via a rim‐to‐rim hydrogen‐bonded dimeric structure, which is composed of two resorcinarene moieties.

graphic
Differentiation of Drosophila glial cells
Authors: Sasse Sofia , Neuert Helen , Klämbt Christian
Published: July 2015

Glial cells are important constituents of the nervous system and a hallmark of these cells are their pronounced migratory abilities. In Drosophila, glial lineages have been well described and some of the molecular mechanisms necessary to guide migrating glial cells to their final target sites have been identified. With the onset of migration, glial cells are already specified into one of five main glial cell types. The perineurial and subperineurial glial cells are eventually located at the outer surface of the Drosophila nervous system and constitute the blood–brain barrier. The cortex glial cells ensheath all neuroblasts and their progeny and reside within the central nervous system. Astrocyte‐like cells invade the neuropil to control synaptic function and ensheathing glial cells encase the entire neuropil. Within the peripheral nervous system, wrapping glial cells ensheath individual axons or axon fascicles. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on how differentiation of glial cells into the specific subtypes is orchestrated. Furthermore, we discuss sequencing data that will facilitate further analyses of glial differentiation in the fly nervous system. WIREs Dev Biol 2015, 4:623–636. doi: 10.1002/wdev.198

This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Cellular Differentiation

Invertebrate Organogenesis > Flies

Nervous System Development > Flies
Unmasking the ciliopathies: craniofacial defects and the primary cilium
Authors: Cortés Claudio R. , Metzis Vicki , Wicking Carol
Published: July 2015

Over the past decade, the primary cilium has emerged as a pivotal sensory organelle that acts as a major signaling hub for a number of developmental signaling pathways. In that time, a vast number of proteins involved in trafficking and signaling have been linked to ciliary assembly and/or function, demonstrating the importance of this organelle during embryonic development. Given the central role of the primary cilium in regulating developmental signaling, it is not surprising that its dysfunction results in widespread defects in the embryo, leading to an expanding class of human congenital disorders known as ciliopathies. These disorders are individually rare and phenotypically variable, but together they affect virtually every vertebrate organ system. Features of ciliopathies that are often overlooked, but which are being reported with increasing frequency, are craniofacial abnormalities, ranging from subtle midline defects to full‐blown orofacial clefting. The challenge moving forward is to understand the primary mechanism of disease given the link between the primary cilium and a number of developmental signaling pathways (such as hedgehog, platelet‐derived growth factor, and WNT signaling) that are essential for craniofacial development. Here, we provide an overview of the diversity of craniofacial abnormalities present in the ciliopathy spectrum, and reveal those defects in common across multiple disorders. Further, we discuss the molecular defects and potential signaling perturbations underlying these anomalies. This provides insight into the mechanisms leading to ciliopathy phenotypes more generally and highlights the prevalence of widespread dysmorphologies resulting from cilia dysfunction. WIREs Dev Biol 2015, 4:637–653. doi: 10.1002/wdev.199

This article is categorized under:

Birth Defects > Craniofacial and Nervous System Anomalies

Birth Defects > Organ Anomalies
A survey on multi‐output regression
Authors: Borchani Hanen , Varando Gherardo , Bielza Concha , Larrañaga Pedro
Published: July 2015

In recent years, a plethora of approaches have been proposed to deal with the increasingly challenging task of multi‐output regression. This study provides a survey on state‐of‐the‐art multi‐output regression methods, that are categorized as problem transformation and algorithm adaptation methods. In addition, we present the mostly used performance evaluation measures, publicly available data sets for multi‐output regression real‐world problems, as well as open‐source software frameworks. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2015, 5:216–233. doi: 10.1002/widm.1157

This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Machine Learning
X‐ray powder diffraction study of chalcopyrite‐type Cd1 − xMnxGeAs2 crystals
Authors: Dynowska E. , Kilanski L. , Paszkowicz W. , Dobrowolski W. , Fedorchenko I. V. , Marenkin S. F.
Published: July 2015

We present the results of structural characterization of Cd1 − xMnxGeAs2 chalcopyrite‐type crystals with low Mn content x varying from 0 to 0.037. High resolution X‐ray powder diffraction method of measurements and Rietveld refinements procedure used for analysis of obtained diffraction patterns revealed high crystal quality of the samples. The substitutional alloying of Cd1 − xMnxGeAs2, with Mn ions at Cd sites, has been confirmed. The analytical equations describing the linear reduction of the lattice parameters with increase of Mn content were deduced and compared with the literature results of theoretically estimated lattice parameters of compounds of the same kind. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time lag as a characteristic feature in the identification of a moving object by a two‐detector X‐ray sensor
Authors: Kitov Boris Ivanovich , Mukhachyov Yuriy Sergeyevich , Ryabov Yevgeniy Valeryevich
Published: July 2015

The authors conduct an experimental study of the dynamics of secondary (diffusely scattered and fluorescent) X‐ray radiation originating from the moving grains of minerals and offer a semi‐quantitative explanation for it.

They compare the secondary radiation's amplitudes for the free falling grains of natural diamond and for its accompanying minerals that are changing over time. The signals are simultaneously registered by two detectors placed in the upper and lower spatial half‐planes relative to the horizontal flux of primary X‐ray radiation.

The authors show that the time difference between the occurrence of dynamic signals' maximums in the detectors allows to identify the type of irradiated mineral. This time lag is negligibly small for a diamond but for the accompanying mineral it is close to its flight time through the irradiation zone.

The authors have constructed and tested the laboratory model of a separator that showed a high degree of diamond extraction from the mixture of different minerals. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of TbIII and DyIII Coordination Compounds based on Isomeric Ligands
Authors: Zhu Jian Nan , Liu Qiao , Zhang Fei Fei , Zhao Li Yang , Tian He , Wei Bo , Li Qiao Yun , Yang Gao Wen , Zou Jian Hua
Published: July 2015

Reactions of the isomeric ligands Hpztza [Hpztza = 5‐(2‐pyrazinyl)tetrazole‐2‐acetic acid] and Hpmtza [Hpmtza = 5‐(2‐pyramidyl)tetrazole‐2‐acetic acid] with TbCl3·6H2O or DyCl3·6H2O under solvothermal conditions afforded four mononuclear complexes, [Ln(pztza)2(H2O)6]·pztza·3H2O [Ln = Tb (1), Dy (2)] and [Ln(pmtza)2(H2O)6]·Cl·3H2O [Ln = Tb (3), Dy (4)]. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. X‐ray diffraction analyses reveal that all structures are mononuclear. The four compounds are self‐assembled to form three‐dimensional networks by hydrogen bonds. The different positions of the nitrogen atom control the coordination mode of the ligands and further influence the crystal structures. Furthermore, the luminescence properties were also investigated at room temperature in the solid state.
Comparison of Informed Consent Preferences for Multiplex Genetic Carrier Screening among a Diverse Population
Authors: Reeves Ashley , Trepanier Angela
Published: July 2015

Multiplex genetic carrier screening is increasingly being integrated into reproductive care. Obtaining informed consent becomes more challenging as the number of screened conditions increases. Implementing a model of generic informed consent may facilitate informed decision‐making. Current Wayne State University students and staff were invited to complete a web‐based survey by blast email solicitation. Participants were asked to determine which of two generic informed consent scenarios they preferred: a brief versus a detailed consent. They were asked to rank the importance of different informational components in making an informed decision and to provide demographic information. Comparisons between informational preferences, demographic variables and scenario preferences were made. Six hundred ninety three participants completed the survey. When evaluating these generic consents, the majority preferred the more detailed consent (74.5 %), and agreed that it provided enough information to make an informed decision (89.5 %). Those who thought it would be more important to know the severity of the conditions being screened (p = .002) and range of symptoms (p = .000) were more likely to prefer the more detailed consent. There were no significant associations between scenario preferences and demographic variables. A generic consent was perceived to provide sufficient information for informed decision making regarding multiplex carrier screening with most preferring a more detailed version of the consent. Individual attitudes rather than demographic variables influenced preferences regarding the amount of information that should be included in the generic consent. The findings have implications for how clinicians approach providing tailored informed consent.
Lower Concentration of n‐3 in the Red Blood Cells and Plasma of Lambs when their Dams were Fed a Diet High Compared with Low in n‐6 Fatty Acids at Joining
Authors: Clayton E. H. , Wilkins J. F. , Refshauge G. , Friend M. A.
Published: July 2015

Feeding ewes a diet high in n‐6 in late gestation can affect fatty acid concentrations in the newborn lamb. The effect of feeding ewes a high n‐6 diet prior to conception and in early gestation on lamb n‐6 and n‐3 status has not previously been examined. The aim of the current study was to determine whether the concentration of n‐6 was higher and n‐3 was lower in lamb red blood cells (RBC) and plasma when Merino dams were fed a diet high in n‐6 either pre‐conception only or both pre‐conception and in early gestation. Dams were fed a diet low (silage) or high (oats/CSM) in n‐6 for either 6 weeks pre‐mating only or 6 weeks pre‐mating and 17 days post‐mating. The fatty acid status of lamb RBC and plasma was determined following birth and compared with dam fatty acids around parturition. The concentration of lamb RBC and plasma n‐3 was lower (p < 0.05) when dams received the high n‐6 compared with low‐n‐6 diet around mating, independent of the length of time of feeding. The concentration of n‐3 in lamb plasma was also higher when lambs were assessed as being likely rather than unlikely to have suckled prior to blood collection. Lamb RBC and plasma n‐3 fatty acids were lower when dams were fed the high compared with the low n‐6 diet for only a short time around mating. Transfer of fatty acids via the placenta and milk may account for the differences.
This thing called life
Authors: Atherley Anique E.N. , Taylor Jr. Charles G.
Published: July 2015

Academic pursuits are inseparable from the medium within which they take place — life. The lives of medical trainees can present many challenges that are independent of academic demands. Poor psychological health has been found to develop in medical trainees. Can medical educators minimize this decline in well-being? Positive education — learning skills for traditional academia and to foster happiness — has been shown to improve students’ well-being. This piece considers the application of ‘positive education’ to medical training. By using this approach, we may optimize the lives of our trainees, potentially enhance learning and improve their academic and personal outcomes.
Reliability of pressure pain threshold testing in healthy pain free young adults
Authors: Waller Robert , Straker Leon , O’Sullivan Peter , Sterling Michele , Smith Anne
Published: July 2015

Background and aims

Investigation of the multidimensional correlates of pressure pain threshold (PPT) requires the study of large cohorts, and thus the use of multiple raters, for sufficient statistical power. Although PPT testing has previously been shown to be reliable, the reliability of multiple raters and investigation for systematic bias between raters has not been reported.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the intrarater and interrater reliability of PPT measurement by handheld algometer at the wrist, leg, cervical spine and lumbar spine. Additionally the study aimed to calculate sample sizes required for parallel and cross-over studies for various effect sizes accounting for measurement error.

Methods

Five research assistants (RAs) each tested 20 pain free subjects at the wrist, leg, cervical and lumbar spine. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and systematic bias were calculated.

Results

Both intrarater reliability (ICC = 0.81–0.99) and interrater reliability (ICC = 0.92–0.95) were excellent and intrarater SEM ranged from 79 to 100 kPa. There was systematic bias detected at three sites with no single rater tending to consistently rate higher or lower than others across all sites.

Conclusion

The excellent ICCs observed in this study support the utility of using multiple RAs in large cohort studies using standardised protocols, with the caveat that an absence of any confounding of study estimates by rater is checked, due to systematic rater bias identified in this study.

Implications

Thorough training of raters using PPT results in excellent interrater reliability. Clinical trials using PPT as an outcome measure should utilise a priori sample size calculations.
Building the evidence for CRPS research from a lived experience perspective
Authors: Johnston Colleen M. , Oprescu Florin I. , Gray Marion
Published: July 2015

Background and aims

Pain is known to be a subjective experience yet the majority of pain related research does not address the lived experience of the condition. Difficult to diagnose, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is often poorly managed. The aim of this paper was to identify and synthesise the currently available literature on experiences of living with chronic pain in order to understand where and how CRPS research may be best situated in the future.

Methods

A narrative review was performed and ProQuest, EBSCO, Informit, Scopus/Science Direct and Web of Science, Medline, CINHAL and Google Scholar were searched in order to identify the literature from 1998 until 2015. 301 papers were identified of which 197 described the lived experience of chronic pain conditions. 12 papers were examined closely to determine the experience of living with CRPS or a similar chronic pain condition that does not have a definite pain origin such as cancer or endometriosis.

Results

Known understandings of pain were identified and a model was developed depicting the lived experience of chronic pain starting with loss of the former healthy, pain free self and culminating in acceptance of the condition. Major themes identified were disbelief/invisibility of pain, loss, coping with a non-compliant/constant painful body, self-management and alleviating pain/treatment. The review also found that there is no peer-reviewed published literature on the lived experience of CRPS.

Conclusions

Little is known about the lived experience of CRPS. There appears to be a clear indication that research needs to be conducted into CRPS from a lived experience perspective in order to provide information to patients, the general public, health practitioners and policy makers of previously unknown characteristics of this condition which may improve health outcomes for this patient cohort.

It has been identified that patients and their families should be active participants in education of health practitioners and in providing information to inform the development of National Pain Strategies currently being devised throughout the world.

Implications

Research into the lived experience of chronic pain conditions, and CRPS in particular, can help to provide information to enhance understanding enabling national pain strategies and future treatment guidelines strategies to be devised appropriately.
ON THE IRREGULAR HODGE FILTRATION OF EXPONENTIALLY TWISTED MIXED HODGE MODULES
Authors: SABBAH CLAUDE , YU JENG-DAW
Published: July 2015

Given a mixed Hodge module$\mathcal{N}$and a meromorphic function$f$on a complex manifold, we associate to these data a filtration (the irregular Hodge filtration) on the exponentially twisted holonomic module$\mathcal{N}\otimes \mathcal{E}^{f}$, which extends the construction of Esnaultet al.($E_{1}$-degeneration of the irregular Hodge filtration (with an appendix by Saito),J. reine angew. Math.(2015), doi:10.1515/crelle-2014-0118). We show the strictness of the push-forward filtered${\mathcal{D}}$-module through any projective morphism${\it\pi}:X\rightarrow Y$, by using the theory of mixed twistor${\mathcal{D}}$-modules of Mochizuki. We consider the example of the rescaling of a regular function$f$, which leads to an expression of the irregular Hodge filtration of the Laplace transform of the Gauss–Manin systems of$f$in terms of the Harder–Narasimhan filtration of the Kontsevich bundles associated with$f$.
Increased use of security personnel in Irish psychiatric hospitals: 2008–2012
Authors: Shannon S. , Devitt P. , Murphy K. C.
Published: July 2015

Objectives

Little is known about the involvement of security personnel in Irish psychiatric care. Content analysis of inspection reports is a feasible way to investigate this under-researched topic. We aimed to (i) Describe the number of approved centres per year in which we observed comments about the presence of security personnel in published reports of inspections conducted from 2008 to 2012 (ii) Report the main themes of all text relating to security personnel published in these inspection reports.

Method

We conducted a content analysis of all 349 inspection reports published between 2008 and 2012.

Results

The number of approved centres in which security personnel were noted increased from 3% to 8% between the years 2008 and 2012. This increase was not statistically significant when the same unique centres were compared between years (p=0.684). Employment details such as contracted employment relationship, location relative to the approved centre and hours of work appeared inconsistent across centres. Role functions of security personnel differed across centres and ranged from monitoring the entrance of a unit to observing, restraining and secluding patients. Contrasting perceptions of suitability were evident in the inspection reports. The extent to which the training needs of security personnel were met was unclear from the reports.

Conclusions

Activity of security personnel in psychiatric hospitals may not be role appropriate, compliant with legislation or conducive to treatment. Best practice guidelines should be developed in consultation with multiple stakeholders.
Pearling, wrinkling, and buckling of vesicles in elongational flows
Authors: Narsimhan Vivek , Spann Andrew P. , Shaqfeh Eric S. G.
Published: July 2015

Tubular vesicles in extensional flow can undergo ‘pearling’, i.e. the formation of beads in their central neck reminiscent of the Rayleigh–Plateau instability for droplets. In this paper, we perform boundary integral simulations to determine the conditions for the onset of this instability. Our simulations agree well with experiments, and we explore additional topics such as the role of the vesicle’s initial shape on the number of pearls formed. We also compare our simulations to simple physical models of pearling that have been presented in the literature, where the vesicle is approximated as an infinitely long cylinder with a constant surface tension and bending modulus. We present a complete linear stability analysis of this idealized problem, including the effects of non-axisymmetric deformations as well as surface viscosity. We demonstrate that, while such models capture the essential physics of pearling, they cannot capture the stability of these transitions accurately, since finite length effects and non-uniform surface tension effects are important. We close our paper with a brief discussion of vesicles in compressional flows. Unlike quasi-spherical vesicles, we find that tubular vesicles can transition to a wide variety of permanent, buckled states under compression. The idealized problem mentioned above gives the essential physics behind these instabilities, which to our knowledge has not been examined heretofore.
Mixing-scale dependent dispersion for transport in heterogeneous flows
Authors: Dentz Marco , de Barros Felipe P. J.
Published: July 2015

Dispersion quantifies the impact of subscale velocity fluctuations on the effective movement of particles and the evolution of scalar distributions in heterogeneous flows. Which fluctuation scales are represented by dispersion, and the very meaning of dispersion, depends on the definition of the subscale, or the corresponding coarse-graining scale. We study here the dispersion effect due to velocity fluctuations that are sampled on the homogenization scale of the scalar distribution. This homogenization scale is identified with the mixing scale, the characteristic length below which the scalar is well mixed. It evolves in time as a result of local-scale dispersion and the deformation of material fluid elements in the heterogeneous flow. The fluctuation scales below the mixing scale are equally accessible to all scalar particles, and thus contribute to enhanced scalar dispersion and mixing. We focus here on transport in steady spatially heterogeneous flow fields such as porous media flows. The dispersion effect is measured by mixing-scale dependent dispersion coefficients, which are defined through a filtering operation based on the evolving mixing scale. This renders the coarse-grained velocity as a function of time, which evolves as velocity fluctuation scales are assimilated by the expanding scalar. We study the behaviour of the mixing-scale dependent dispersion coefficients for transport in a random shear flow and in heterogeneous porous media. Using a stochastic modelling framework, we derive explicit expressions for their time behaviour. The dispersion coefficients evolve as the mixing scale scans through the pertinent velocity fluctuation scales, which reflects the fundamental role of the interaction of scalar and velocity fluctuation scales in solute mixing and dispersion.
Solutions for Triangularly Distributed Harmonic Loadings on Axially Symmetric Area in Layered Half-Space
Authors: Liou G.-S.
Published: July 2015

The paper is to solve the problem of the response of stratified half-space subjected to triangularly distributed time-harmonic loadings on an axial symmetric area in the stratified half-space. Since the distributed area can be very small, the solution can be employed to deal with the problems of elastodynamics using the fundamental solution method. The advantage of the presented solution over Green function is that no singularity will occur in the presented solution. Some numerical results are given and some conclusions have been made. The presented solution is very efficient in computation.
Investigations in Hydrostatic Planar Bearings Compensated by Tapered-Spool Restrictors I: Flow Rate
Authors: Kang Y. , Cheng H.-C. , Lee C.-W. , Hu S.-Y.
Published: July 2015

This paper is former part of serial studies to investigate the influence of design parameters of tapered-spool type restrictors on static characteristics of hydrostatic bearing. The flow rates passing restrictors can determine the static characteristics of hydrostatic bearings. In this part an analytical method which includes formulas and solving is utilized to simulate dimensionless flow rate in both single-action and double-action tapered-spool restrictors. The numerical results illustrate the variations of flow rates with respect to the change of pressure and pressure difference, respectively. The findings give that the design parameters of tapered-spool restrictors and the useful range of recess pressure. The following part will depend on this paper results to study load capacity and static stiffness of hydrostatic bearing compensated by tapered-spool restrictor.
An Analytical Solution for Free Vibration of Piezoelectric Nanobeams Based on a Nonlocal Elasticity Theory
Authors: Jandaghian A. A. , Rahmani O.
Published: July 2015

In the present study, an exact solution for free vibration analysis of piezoelectric nanobeams based on the nonlocal theory is obtained. The Euler beam model for a long and thin beam structure is employed, together with the electric potential satisfying the surface free charge condition for free vibration analysis. The governing equations and the boundary conditions are derived using Hamilton's principle. These equations are solved analytically for the vibration frequencies of beams with various end conditions. The model has been verified with the previously published works and found a good agreement with them. A detailed parametric study is conducted to discuss the influences of the nonlocal parameter, on the vibration characteristics of piezoelectric nanobeams. The exact vibration solutions should serve as benchmark results for verifying numerically obtained solutions based on other beam models and solution techniques.
Numerical Simulation of Cavitation Bubble Growth within a Droplet
Authors: Lü M. , Ning Z. , Yan K. , Fu J. , Sun C.-H.
Published: July 2015

Cavitation bubbles, which always exist in the diesel jet leaving the nozzle and in diesel droplets breaking up from the jet as a result of supercavitation of the diesel within the injection nozzle, increase the instability of jet and droplets in part due to the two-phase mixture, while the mechanism of this effect is still unclear. Cavitation bubble expansion within the diesel droplet has been simulated numerically based on the volume of fluid (VOF) method, and the control mechanism of bubble growth process is analyzed by Rayleigh-Plesset equation. The process of bubble growth is divided into three parts, including surface tension controlled domain, comprehensive competition controlled domain and inertial force controlled domain. During the first stage, cavitation bubble growth is controlled by the surface tension, and the decrease of the surface tension leads to the increase of the bubble growth rate. During the second stage, the bubble growth rate is controlled by the comprehensive competition of the surface tension, the inertial force and the viscous force. During the third stage, the process of bubble growth is majorly controlled by the inertial force.
Numerical Analysis of Indentation of an Elastic Hemispherical Shell
Authors: Jia Y.-F. , Xuan F.-Z. , Yang F.-Q.
Published: July 2015

Nanoindentation technique has been used to measure the elastic modulus of virus capsids, capsules, vesicles, and tubules. The principle of the nanoindentation technique is based on the elastic solution of an isotropic, homogeneous, semi-infinite material, which limits the use of nanoindentation in measuring the mechanical properties of materials of small scales. To address this limitation, Reissner's thin shell model, which is based on the point indentation on a thin shell, has been used in analyzing the indentation of thin shells. In this work, the indentation of elastic hemispherical shells of various thicknesses by a rigid, spherical indenter is analyzed, using the finite element method. The simulation results reveal the limitation of the Reissner's thin shell model. A semi-analytical relationship between the indentation depth and the indentation load is proposed, which consists of the contributions of the Hertz's local deformation, the Reissner's local flattening, and the Pogorelov's deflection of the shell. This relationship provides an analytical basis of using nanoindentation to determine the nominal contact modulus of spherical shells. The comparison between the numerical results and the experimental results in literature supports the proposed semi-analytical relationship and reveals the effect of viscoelastic characteristic of shell structures on the indentation deformation.
Theoretical analysis and simulation study on a coaxial vircator with enhanced modulation
Authors: Ou J. J. , Shao H. , Zhang Y. C. , Xiong X. Z. , Liao C.
Published: July 2015

Based on large-signal theory, a one-dimensional theoretical model of a coaxial vircator is developed to give the microwave gain of the nonlinear beam–wave interaction, and the effect of injected current premodulation on the microwave gain is analysed theoretically. In addition, a coaxial vircator with improved dual-cavity modulation structure, which has the advantage of enhancing the effect of the modulation cavity on the injected electron beam by way of feedback microwaves, is presented. The simulation results are presented to test the validity of the proposed theory, and it can be seen that the system power efficiency can become further strengthened by adjusting the parameters of the microwave feedback channel until the feedback electric field is at the proper phase. Finally, through optimization, a structure capable of generating 7.05 GW average output power and 19.5 % power conversion efficiency at 2.95 GHz operating frequency is obtained.
Feng Youlan and Dialectical/Historical Materialism, 1930s–1950s
Authors: LIN XIAOQING DIANA
Published: July 2015

This article explores the acceptance of Marxism by a non-Marxist Chinese philosopher, Feng Youlan, before and after 1949. Previous studies have largely focused on establishment intellectuals in the study of Marxism and intellectuals in China, and this article seeks to fill the lacuna on the intellectual potential Marxism offered to non-Communist intellectuals in China. This article finds that for Feng Youlan, a non-Marxist Chinese intellectual, Marxism was able to provide meaningful venues for his attempt to modernize Chinese knowledge and transform Chinese culture. A Marxist emphasis on universal rules governing all human societies on the same stage of development, Marxist presentist approaches to history, and most of all, a Marxist emphasis on praxis, aided Chinese intellectuals like Feng in constructing new approaches to learning the Chinese past. The Marxist emphasis on praxis helped deepen the discussion of experience, a concept central to a reconstruction of Confucian learning in modern China, after the Communist takeover of China in 1949. Eventually the state monopoly of the definition of Marxist praxis stifled the spontaneous search for a new understanding of experience in Communist China. Nonetheless, Marxism had a transformative and lasting impact on modern Chinese scholarship, as seen from the example of Feng Youlan.
Attention network functioning in children with anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and non-clinical anxiety
Authors: Mogg K. , Salum G. A. , Bradley B. P. , Gadelha A. , Pan P. , Alvarenga P. , Rohde L. A. , Pine D. S. , Manfro G. G.
Published: July 2015

Background

Research with adults suggests that anxiety is associated with poor control of executive attention. However, in children, it is unclear (a) whether anxiety disorders and non-clinical anxiety are associated with deficits in executive attention, (b) whether such deficits are specific to anxiety versus other psychiatric disorders, and (c) whether there is heterogeneity among anxiety disorders (in particular, specific phobia versus other anxiety disorders).

Method

We examined executive attention in 860 children classified into three groups: anxiety disorders (n = 67), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 67) and no psychiatric disorder (n = 726). Anxiety disorders were subdivided into: anxiety disorders excluding specific phobia (n = 43) and specific phobia (n = 21). The Attention Network Task was used to assess executive attention, alerting and orienting.

Results

Findings indicated heterogeneity among anxiety disorders, as children with anxiety disorders (excluding specific phobia) showed impaired executive attention, compared with disorder-free children, whereas children with specific phobia showed no executive attention deficit. Among disorder-free children, executive attention was less efficient in those with high, relative to low, levels of anxiety. There were no anxiety-related deficits in orienting or alerting. Children with ADHD not only had poorer executive attention than disorder-free children, but also higher orienting scores, less accurate responses and more variable response times.

Conclusions

Impaired executive attention in children (reflected by difficulty inhibiting processing of task-irrelevant information) was not fully explained by general psychopathology, but instead showed specific associations with anxiety disorders (other than specific phobia) and ADHD, as well as with high levels of anxiety symptoms in disorder-free children.