bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Location-Spatial Interaction Models: 1. Benefit-Maximizing Configurations of Services
Authors: Williams H C W L , Kim K S , Martin D
Published: October 2006

In three related papers the economic and spatial characteristics of a set of retail stores locating under welfare-maximizing and profit-maximizing criteria are explored. In this first paper, a set of location-spatial interaction models is formulated and the locations and sizes of stores which maximize the accessibility benefits to consumers are determined. An algorithm for computing such configurations is proposed and a set of numerical examples is used to explore the variation of these configurations under changes in the number of stores and the parameters which govern the spatial behaviour of consumers.
Class, Politics, and Planning: From Reductionism to Pluralism in Marxist Class Analysis
Authors: Low N P
Published: October 2006

The fashion for Marxist analysis in planning theory has all but passed without a satisfactory answer being given to the question: what does the theory tell planners to do? This question can only be answered by conceiving of planning as a political activity in the broadest sense, and by examining Marxian political theory which deals with its subject through the perspective of class conflict. The Marxian concept of class, however, is problematic. In this paper recent developments in Marxian class theory are traced and a movement is found away from a reductionist structural perspective towards one which accepts the importance of nonclass as well as class structures, the existence of new classes cutting across the economic categories of capital and labour, and the significance of individual interests and subjectivity, in short a movement towards pluralism. A critique of reductionism is offered, focusing initially on the work of Harvey, and concludes with some tentative answers to the question posed above.
Location-Spatial Interaction Models: 3. Competition between Organizations
Authors: Williams H C W L , Kim K S
Published: October 2006

The model of oligopoly between N retail stores, treated in the second paper of this series, is extended to consider competition between groups or ‘chains’ within which the location and sizes of stores are coordinated to promote organizational objectives. This model of oligopolistic competition between multistore organizations is expressed through an optimization process, and an algorithm for its solution is proposed. Numerical examples are used to explore the effects of organizational structure on system profitability and accessibility benefits to consumers.
Public Investment and Privatisation in the New Towns: A Financial Assessment of Bracknell
Authors: Turok I
Published: October 2006

New towns are often considered to be among the best examples of urban planning in Britain. In this paper their financial implications are assessed, drawing on the example of Bracknell. The financial costs and consequences of the new towns were initially very unclear, but the government took a long-term and fairly generous attitude towards investment because of the wider economic and social benefits that were anticipated. Expenditure controls tightened as the costs of development increased and the political and economic climate changed. Within the last decade government policy has been to sell off the publicly-owned assets created over the previous three decades. Bracknell ultimately achieved a reasonably favourable financial outcome. How and why this occurred are examined. Also, some of the effects of privatisation are explored and lessons are drawn for urban policy more generally.
A Theoretical Framework for the Interactions among Models in the Integrated Transportation and Land-Use Package
Authors: Miller H W
Published: October 2006

The framework developed in this paper describes the interactions among the components models in the integrated transportation and land-use package, ITLUP, developed by Putman. A partial solution for employment and residential location patterns can be found with matrix inversion. The existence, uniqueness, and positivity of these solutions is demonstrated. The interactions between the location models are interpreted as a special type of multiplier effect. Also, in the analysis several new functionally equivalent ITLUP algorithms are identified.
An Analytical Framework for Assessing the Benefits and Costs of Policies Related to Protecting Groundwater Quality
Authors: Huang W-Y , Uri N D
Published: October 2006

In this paper an analytical framework is presented that identifies the trade-offs that a regional authority desiring to improve groundwater quality is confronted with as it strives to balance the preferences of farmers and households. The basic rule developed indicates that the regional authority must choose a policy whereby any increase (decrease) in regional income is just equal to the decrease (increase) in net benefits to households.
The Geography of International Strategic Alliances in the Telecommunications Industry: The Cases of Cable and Wireless, Ericsson, and Fujitsu
Authors: Wells P E , Cooke P N
Published: October 2006

It is argued that the emerging spatial organisation of three telecommunications and computer firms can only be fully understood by reference to changing market and competitive contexts, and not by analysis of the forces of production alone. Strategic alliances are seen as an attempt by capital to cope with turbulent market conditions brought about by technical and regulatory change—and are part of a wider corporate and industrial restructuring process that is both attendant upon, and a stimulus to, this changing basis for competition.
Locality Studies and the Household
Authors: Morris L D
Published: October 2006

One aspect of the growth in enthusiasm for locality studies has been the idea that they provide a focus for understanding local variation in all aspects of life, even down to the experience of the household. The author takes issue with that contention. The locality has usually been defined with reference to the rounds of investment and production decisions which have been central to the construction of local labour markets. This is not the level at which household arrangements can best be understood. The local labour market will be a necessary contextualising element in analysis, but household dynamics will also be affected by, for example, influences operating at national level, such as the regulation of the benefit system, influences operating at an ideological level, such as the patriarchal ordering of work and employment relations, and the more immediate social world in which the household is located. It is argued here that this world is best conceptualised with reference to social networks which often operate at neighbourhood level, rather than through ‘locality’ differences defined as local labour markets.
From Localised Social Structures to Localities as Agents
Authors: Cox K R , Mair A
Published: October 2006

The paper is an attempt to clarify the concept of locality for further research by investigating two common meanings of locality: locality as localised social structure and locality as agent. The first is developed through linking local dependence to territorial forms of the division of labour; to enable this a new concept, ‘the scale division of labour’, is introduced. This concept describes what roles in the social division of labour exist at different scales, and hence of what social relations the localised social structure consists. The locality as agent concept is developed from the idea of locally dependent actors with interests in the same locality forming an alliance, acting together to develop and implement strategies to further their interests. This avoids spatial fetishism because locality was first defined not in physical terms, but as localised social structure.
The Political Place of Locality Studies
Authors: Massey D
Published: October 2006

In this paper the reasons for studying local areas are examined, and in particular the context of the recent Changing Urban and Regional System Initiative in the United Kingdom. The focus is especially on the sociopolitical context of those studies. The argument is that the reasons for studying localities were in this case both historically and geographically specific. Some confusions around locality studies are also examined, in particular their incorrect equation with concrete research, description, the impact of the spatial on the social, and the postmodern. The discussion then turns to some recent arguments, especially those of Harvey, which imply that local foci are not progressive; the various strands of this position are examined and debated. All this raises the more fundamental question of what is meant by the terms place and locality.
Central Facility Location and Environmental Health
Authors: Malczewski J
Published: October 2006

Environmental aspects of central facility location problems are considered. First, populations which are hypersusceptible to air pollutants are identified and then the relationships are outlined between central facility location and the quality of the environment in the context of the users' susceptibility to the pollutants. Three segments of the population are identified as highly sensitive to the adverse effects of air pollution: children, the aged, and sufferers from respiratory and circulatory conditions. Accordingly, some central facilities, such as crèches, kindergartens, elementary schools, homes for the aged, and hospitals are recognized as hypersusceptible to environmental pollution. An illustration of an environmental approach to central facility location is presented. A multicriteria optimization model is developed and applied to the location of pediatric hospitals in the Warsaw region. The trade-off between two criteria—accessibility to hospitals and environmental quality of the sites for hospital locations—is examined.
Interfirm Information Linkages in an Economically Disadvantaged Region: An Empirical Perspective from Metropolitan Buffalo
Authors: MacPherson A
Published: October 2006

The external information linkages of industrial firms in two sectors of Buffalo's manufacturing base—medical instruments, and chemicals—are examined. Survey data are presented which indicate a positive role for imported technical services in local product innovation, export activity, and technology diffusion. The data reveal that firms which import a substantial proportion of their external technical inputs hold a competitive advantage over their counterparts which depend solely on local suppliers. The data also reveal that larger manufacturers are more likely to import technical services than smaller firms. Evidence from the sample is then contrasted against recent empirical streams in the literature on producer services, regional growth, and industrial innovation. It is argued that urban centres with weak producer service endowment may in some instances import key inputs from other regions. On a more cautious note, it is suggested that this option may not be feasible for small manufacturers, many of which lack the in-house resources required for nonlocal information search. The paper concludes with a discussion of the extent to which interregional trade in producer services can act as an equalising force in regional innovation potential.
Models of the Land-Development Process: A Critical Review
Authors: Gore T , Nicholson D
Published: October 2006

In recent years, numerous conceptual models of the land-development process have been produced. In this paper, this material is brought together for the first time; not only are the salient characteristics of these models presented, but also they are evaluated critically in relation to their clarity, applicability, and theoretical underpinnings. Four different categories of model are identified, namely sequential descriptions, behavioural models, production-based analyses, and the structures-of-provision approach. Each of these is reviewed in turn. From this it emerges that the first three approaches have by and large resulted in models that are only partially representative of the complexity and variability inherent in the land-development process. It is concluded that the search for a generally applicable model is, in fact, a futile one, and that energy would be more usefully expended in applying the principles of the ‘structures-of-provision’ approach to the full range of land-development activity, thus producing a specific model for each development sector.
Youth Training and the Local Reconstruction of Skill: Evidence from the Engineering Industry of North West England, 1981–88
Authors: Peck J A , Haughton G F
Published: October 2006

The impact of state intervention on changing patterns of skill formation and utilisation is examined with particular reference to youth employment in the engineering industry in the North West region of England over the period 1981–88. The apprenticeship system is being gradually superseded by the Youth Training Scheme (YTS) as the dominant mode of skill formation. This process of supersession, which in the paper is termed that of ‘colonisation’, is shown to be a highly uneven one, YTS having different impacts in different places. In case studies of the impact of the scheme on two local labour markets, Preston and Crewe, links are established between patterns of colonisation by YTS and (1) the nature of the preexisting training institutions, and (2) the state of the local labour market. YTS is shown to be bringing about far-reaching consequences for the process of skill formation and for patterns of labour-market segmentation.
Small Firms, Industrial Reorganisation, and Space: The Case of the UK High-Fidelity Audio Sector
Authors: Milne S
Published: October 2006

In recent years a series of persuasive arguments have been developed that describe the growth of new industrial spaces. This new geography of production is seen to stem from the attempts of companies to respond to a new, more flexible, marketplace by becoming more vertically disintegrated through a reliance on a series of dense transactional supply and innovation linkages with spatially proximate firms. To date, much of the debate about these processes has rested on an empirical base which is rather limited in both its spatial and sectoral coverage. In this paper the debate is added to through reference to a recent survey of the UK high-fidelity audio sector. The impact of changing market demand and competitive pressures on the sector is outlined. The responses of firms to these pressures have resulted in a series of changes to corporate organisational structures. These changes are presented in the form of a broad-based sectoral analysis. In the concluding sections of the paper the possible spatial ramifications of the findings are dealt with. It is shown that many recent theoretical assertions do not accurately describe and predict the processes of change presently characterising the sector.
The Internationalisation and Commercialisation of Health Care in Britain
Authors: Mohan J
Published: October 2006

The spatial impacts of the processes of internationalisation and commercialisation on the health sector in Britain are considered. It is argued that the key influence on the strategies of multinational corporations in the health sector is state policies regarding the provision of health care and the organisation of support, or ‘ancillary’, services. Multinational involvement in the acute hospital sector and in the provision of ancillary services is discussed, and attempts are made to relate this to wider processes and patterns of uneven development in the United Kingdom. It is argued that, despite the high profile of multinationals, their actual impact is still relatively limited, but in the long term the qualitative effects on the way health care is delivered will be of greater significance.
Household Modelling and Forecasting—Dynamic Approaches with Use of Linked Census Data
Authors: Murphy M
Published: October 2006

Household projections produced by official agencies usually use the headship rate method, based on the proportion of people designated as ‘head of household’ (or ‘reference person’) in various sex, age, and family categories. Reasons are discussed why this method has been criticised in recent years: the headship method does not incorporate any behavioural assumptions or dynamic aspects; only the characteristics of the head are included explicitly; and the concept of ‘head’ is thought to be incompatible with more egalitarian household roles.

The advantages of dynamic models are discussed, and a number of alternative dynamic models of household formation and dissolution are presented. The data source used is the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys 1% longitudinal study, which contains linked information on 500000 people in the 1971 and 1981 England and Wales Censuses of Population.
The Relationship between Residential Migration and Housing Tenure in London, 1971–81: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Hamnett C
Published: October 2006

In this paper, OPCS (Office of Population Censuses and Surveys) 1% longitudinal study data for a sample of 60500 individuals were used to examine the relationships between housing tenure and residential migration in inner and outer London between 1971 and 1981. Three questions are examined. First, the extent to which migration rates within and from London differ by tenure and their links to differences in the socioeconomic composition of tenures; second, the extent to which different tenure structures are associated with different migration patterns; and third the relationship between patterns of tenure origins and destinations. It is argued that geographical differences in housing tenure structures play an important part in influencing migration flows, and that changes in tenure structure may influence migration.
A Simple Decision Theory of Spatial Interaction: The Alonso Model Revisited
Authors: Smith T E
Published: October 2006

A simple decision theory of spatial interaction is proposed in which interaction decisions are postulated to involve a number of distinct factors, relating to properties both of actors and of opportunities, as well as to the spatial separation between them. In particular, it is postulated that favorable conditions for such factors arise as independent random events over space, and that interactions are taken when an appropriate conjunction of such events occurs. Given this theory, the central result of the paper is to show that the asymptotically most probable interaction frequencies predicted by the theory correspond precisely to the solutions of the general interaction model proposed by Alonso. This result thus provides a possible behavioral foundation for the Alonso model, and in particular it yields an explicit behavioral interpretation of its parameters.
Aggregate Dynamic Economic—Ecological Models for Sustainable Development
Authors: van den Bergh J C J M , Nijkamp P
Published: October 2006

The aim of the paper is to formulate a general integrated aggregate dynamic model for sustainable development, that will be both simple in structure and able to deal with the main objectives, processes, and constraints applying to sustainable development in closed economic — ecological systems. General characteristics of models to be used for sustainable development are discussed. It turns out that such models do not exist.

Short critical descriptions are given of representative analytical models that have arisen in theories on economic growth with renewable and nonrenewable resources, and pollution, or that provide an interesting alternative view of economic — environmental interactions. These models appear to provide incomplete descriptions of economic, ecological, and interactive processes.

To clarify the logic and special features of the general model, three issues are addressed. First, a general ecological model is proposed that is consistent with a macroeconomic system in terms of geographical coverage. Such a general model would have to be able to deal with a specific set of general functions and characteristics of ecological systems. Second, the meaning of some economic, ecological, and physical concepts for modelling is discussed. Third, the potential for inclusion of sustainable development conditions is examined.

Next, the general structure of an economic — ecological model for sustainable development is presented. It includes the general ecological model, descriptions of economic activities and dynamics, material and economic balances, constraints, and behavioural feedback mechanisms related to sustainable development conditions. It is shown how concern for the well-being of future generations can be included. Simulation is used to obtain insight into the behaviour of the system under different policies and scenarios. Several environmental policies can be studied, including waste treatment, recycling, research and development, and environmental cleaning. Resource use strategies may include sustainable use and specific division of extraction between renewable and nonrenewable resources. Resource-use and waste-emission strategies may be based on variable degrees of concern for future generations.

The relevance of this model is that it allows for a study of the medium-term and long-term dynamic economic and environmental consequences of sustainable development conditions and variable degrees of concern for future generations. Its purpose is not to investigate the conditions under which the entire system will (n)ever breakdown.
A New Era of Flexibility? Some Evidence and Problems from the Petrochemicals Industry
Authors: Gibbs D , Jenkins T
Published: October 2006

The debate over the notion of ‘flexibility’ has centred around evidence from a small number of industrial sectors. In this paper, the petrochemicals industry is examined for evidence of a shift towards flexibility. It is concluded that there is evidence of both a move towards flexible production and organisation and a move towards the retention of commodity production. In so doing, three problems in the flexibility argument are dealt with; the breakup of mass markets, the potential for small firms, and the engineering-derived nature of the approach.
The Relative Utility of the Central Postcode Directory and Pinpoint Address Code in Applications of Geographical Information Systems
Authors: Gatrell A C , Dunn C E , Boyle P J
Published: October 2006

Considerable use is made of postcoded data in GIS (geographical information system) research. This is especially true of applications in geodemographics and epidemiology, but the work described here is of relevance in any attempt to attach specific locational identifiers to unit postcodes in Britain. Conventionally, unit postcodes are given an explicit spatial reference by means of the Central Postcode Directory (CPD), in which 100-metre grid references are assigned to each postcode. However, in a major undertaking, the company Pinpoint Analysis Ltd is digitising every property, both domestic and commercial, in the country. This gives a 1 metre grid reference for each such property; from the set of all addresses in a unit postcode a centroid may be obtained.

In this paper the locational referencing provided by the ‘Pinpoint Address Code’ is compared with that of the CPD. The empirical work draws on data for Camden in London, but reference is made to earlier work in Whitehaven. We make some observations on the value of using point data in GIS (notably epidemiological) research, rather than relying on data for essentially arbitrary areal units.
Competition and Collaboration in Electronics: What are the Prospects for Britain?
Authors: Morgan K
Published: October 2006

The international electronics sector is undergoing a new bout of restructuring in response to a combination of changes in markets, regulation, and technology. The main restructuring pressures are identified and the effects in two of the principal electronics industries, namely, data processing and telecommunications, are examined. At this sectoral level the results of the analysis suggest that even the very largest firms are having great difficulty in coping with the uncertainties associated with changing markets and technological change. Consequently, these firms are increasingly resorting to new forms of collaboration in an attempt to compete more effectively. It is also argued that these changes (such as the trend towards more integrated supply chains) carry enormous implications for national and regional development strategies. These spatial implications are examined in the context of an analysis of Britain's withering position in the international division of labour in electronics. The paper is concluded by an examination of the theoretical and policy implications of these changes.
Urban Systems, Industrial Restructuring, and the Spatial—Temporal Diffusion of Manufacturing Employment
Authors: Moriarty B M
Published: October 2006

This macroanalysis of manufacturing employment density distribution patterns in the United States from 1947 to 1982 supports the hypothesis that the nation's hierarchical system of cities has served to sort geographically manufacturing operations on the basis of the marginal returns that could be derived from different size urban centers. As a consequence of this sorting process, nonproduction workers have become more concentrated in large urban centers whereas production workers have become more concentrated in smaller settlements. With the greater number of large urban centers in the Northeast and East North-Central regions, nonproduction workers have become more concentrated in the Manufacturing Belt and production workers more concentrated in other regions of the country. The process has helped foster the development of a mosaic of geographically bifurcated labor markets among the larger and smaller urban centers throughout the country. The research suggests that the role of the urban hierarchy in the redistribution of manufacturing employment was a historical stage in the geographic expansion of development and that its influence has begun to wane.
Balanced Growth and Stability of the Leontief Dynamic Model: An Analysis of the Italian Economy
Authors: Campisi D , Nastasi A , La Bella A
Published: October 2006

In the theory and practice of dynamic input-output modelling, the relative stability of the balanced-growth solution is a concept of particular interest. In fact, if the condition for the relative stability is satisfied, then the ratio between the balanced-growth output of each sector and the nonbalanced one converges to a positive constant as time passes, regardless of the initial sectoral distribution of production in the system. Thus, an economically meaningful trajectory is assured for any given starting point. This topic is properly discussed in the present paper, with the realistic case that the capital coefficient matrix is singular and each sector uses at least one capital good in its productive process being considered. Moreover, the stated results are applied to the Italian economy for 1985 by utilizing the intersectoral matrices calculated on the basis of the most recent input-output data.
Industrial Restructuring and the Spatial Division of Labor: The Case of the Seoul Metropolitan Region, the Republic of Korea
Authors: Park S O
Published: October 2006

This paper is an overview of an industrial restructuring and spatial division of labor in the Seoul metropolitan region, with a focus on the role of the Korean government, corporate strategy, and regional characteristics in controlling labor and capital. The spatial division of labor that appeared in the 1970s was related mainly to the Korean government's promotion of the rise of large enterprises to institutionalize heavy and chemical industrial development. Since the 1980s, in addition to the role of the state, corporate strategy and regional characteristics have been regarded as important factors for understanding the undergoing industrial restructuring. Concentration and development of high-tech industries in the Seoul metropolitan region during the 1980s have progressed with evolving intensified spatial division of labor beyond the spatial separation of headquarters and production units. The evolution of intensified spatial division of labor is the result of corporate strategy which regionally separates technical workers from production workers on the one hand, and corporate strategy in utilizing regional characteristics from the government's decentralization policy on the other hand.
Industrial Restructuring and International Competition in Taiwan
Authors: Tsay C-L
Published: October 2006

In this paper trends and varying types of industrial restructuring in Taiwan are examined as the island continues to lose comparative advantage in international markets. Based on some official statistics, triggers of industrial restructuring are explored and the corporate strategies of industries are identified. There is evidence of specific triggers of industrial restructuring which include shortage of labor, rising domestic real wages, appreciation of currency value, increasing raw-material costs, and labor productivity changes. The author addresses corporate strategies both at home and abroad, with emphases upon the issues of hiring illegal foreign workers and the operating of outward investment. The government has played a major role in policy responses as reflected in efforts to expand domestic demand, diversify export markets, and revise mercantilist trade regulations. Additional national efforts include further liberalization of imports and foreign exchange controls and financial system reforms, as well as expansion of technology transfer.
Chain Image and Store-Choice Modeling: The Effects of Income and Race
Authors: Fotheringham A S , Trew R
Published: October 2006

Addressed in this paper is the lack of understanding of the extent to which the image of a store can affect store selection and of the extent to which this image varies across market segments. The subject of the analysis is the choice of supermarkets for major grocery shopping, and image is here measured by the chain to which a supermarket belongs. Evidence is presented through the use of descriptive statistics from a sample of consumers and through several store-choice model calibrations that chain image is an important determinant of store choice. In the particular data set employed, chain image is at least as important as store size and store competition.

Evidence is presented on the effects of peoples' income and race on their store selection. Differences are found in chain image both across income groups and across racial groups. Differences are also reported in distance deterrence across income groups, although in the opposite direction to common belief. It appears that low-income consumers are willing to travel further for grocery shopping, ceteris paribus, probably to take advantage of lower prices. Higher income consumers may be unwilling to spend the extra time involved to shop at the stores with the lowest prices and therefore give up low prices for the sake of convenience.

The general conclusion from the results presented here is that intrinsic differences in store-choice behavior exist across different groups of consumers and that analyzing store location accurately demands knowledge of such differences.
A Monitoring and Locational Decision Support System for Retail Activity
Authors: Kohsaka H
Published: October 2006

In this paper a monitoring and locational decision support system for retail activity is presented. This system uses point-based customer densities as a set of data instead of area-based densities which have been used in most of the previous studies. Bicubic spline gridding and interpolation methods are applied to convert sample data to grid data and to convert grid data to grid data, respectively. Retail trade areas are represented as a three-dimensional surface in colour graphics to monitor the small changes. This system can also search for an optimal location for an intended store and assess its spatial impacts upon the existing stores by means of a spatial interaction model with bicubic splines.
Between Autonomy and Dependence: Corporate Strategy, Plant Status, and Local Agglomeration in the Scottish Electronics Industry
Authors: Clarke T , Beaney P
Published: October 2006

In this paper, the recent development of the electronics industry in Scotland is examined with reference to the information-systems sector. The development of this sector reflects the specific responses of US multinationals to global trends in technology and markets, in particular, the shift from electromechanical to electronic products and the development of smaller computer systems. Although these trends have led to movement towards greater autonomy for plants in parts of the Scottish industry, the advantage of such autonomy for the development of a regional industrial complex are not clear-cut. Opportunities to strengthen the supply infrastructure have arisen from the lower degrees of vertical integration generally associated with electronic equipment manufacture and from the customer base provided by foreign-owned manufacturers, and not necessarily from specific trends in plant status.
An Urban Pattern Dynamics with Capital and Knowledge Accumulation
Authors: Zhang W-B
Published: October 2006

In this paper a dynamic model of urban pattern formation with endogenous knowledge and capital accumulation is proposed. The Alonso model is extended to include two of the most important dynamic forces for urban development—capital accumulatin and technological progress. The standard assumption of the existence of the central business district (CBD) is still accepted in this approach. It is assumed that two production sectors (industry and service) and one knowledge production sector (research institutions and university) are located at the CBD. First, a compact framework for analysing dynamic interactions of the three sectors and urban pattern formation is suggested. Then, the existence of stationary urban patterns is guaranteed and the stability conditions provided. Last, the effects of changes in government's research policy and some other parameters upon the system are examined.
Regional Development and Language Maintenance
Authors: Keane M J , Griffith B , Dunn J W
Published: October 2006

The maintenance of cultural areas is inextricably connected to their ability to survive in economic terms. There is, however, an uneasy relationship between culture and economic development. In this paper, this relationship in an Irish-language-speaking region in the west of Ireland is examined. A model is used to relate measures of language health in census areas to socioeconomic variables and location differences. Some policy and planning issues are discussed in the light of the regression results.
Domestic Regions, Overseas Nations, and Their Interactions through Trade: The Case of the United Kingdom
Authors: Hoare A G
Published: October 2006

A little-explored facet of the global economy is the way regions within nations and different parts of the international community interact through trade flows. A number of reasons are suggested why this is of interest, especially as far as regional exporting is concerned. These are explored further with respect to exports from UK regions in 1978 and 1986 in terms of the patterns of linkages arising, their significance for the transmission of economic impulses, their possible explanations, their significance for the wider health of the UK space economy, and the logic of stability and change in these relationships. In the ensuing discussion the author suggests what more we need to know to allow a fuller interpretation of these patterns.
Ethics and Sustainability: A Preliminary Perspective
Authors: Reed M G , Slaymaker O
Published: October 2006

Geographers or students of human — environment relations have an important role to play in addressing the questions and issues associated with environmental sustainability. It is the authors' thesis that a central weakness in geography's response to environmental problems and to issues of sustainability is the lack of engagement with questions of ethics. An overall ethic of care, respect, and responsibility is proposed. Within this overarching framework, it is suggested that the society — environment relation may be a scale-dependent problem set, with a separate expression of environmental ethics associated with each scale. For example, an ethic appropriate at the planetary scale may differ from that which is pertinent at the local scale. This argument is advanced through examples from religious and secular interpretations of human — environment relations. In a preliminary way, both moral and technical issues associated with different ethical positions are raised and geographers are challenged to consider and debate their implications. It is concluded that without explicit environmental ethical premises, the sustainability debate is indeterminate.
Social Polarization: A Comparison of Evidence from Britain and the United States
Authors: Pinch S
Published: October 2006

In this paper, evidence from Britain and the United States concerning social polarization is compared. Two major approaches to the subject are identified: the first, most extensively developed in the United States, is focused upon occupational shifts and their impact upon the earnings paid to individuals; and the second, which has emerged in Britain, is focused upon households and all the types of work undertaken within them. These approaches and their differing implications for polarization—the first approach suggesting a ‘disappearing middle’ and the second approach a growing ‘underclass’—are related to differing social and economic circumstances in Britain and the United States. Both approaches are applied to a household survey of the economically active in Southampton. The survey indicates that social polarization is a result both of sectoral shifts in the local economy and of changing household structures. A number of contrasts between labour-market influences upon polarization in the United States and Britain are highlighted.
The Pluriactivity, Part-Time Farming, and Farm Diversification Debate
Authors: Evans N J , Llbery B W
Published: October 2006

The current restructuring of agriculture has resulted in many farm families adjusting their business activities as part of a survival or accumulation strategy. Considerable attention has been paid to the nonconventional methods farm businesses employ to raise income, being conceptualised variously as ‘farm diversification’, ‘part-time farming’ and ‘pluriactivity’ . These terms incorporate a complex multitude of possible options, the nature of which has led to significant differences in the interpretations of such concepts. In the first part of this paper the conceptual debate which is emerging in the literature is reviewed, with some advantages and disadvantages associated with each term highlighted. It is suggested that an analytical distinction between farm-centred diversification and off-farm employment, within the broader pluriactivity of farm households, can help to provide a focus for empirical work. To provide an illustrative example, some insights from the developing political economy of agriculture are drawn upon to investigate the extent to which farm family businesses with one major form of farm-centred diversification (farm-based accommodation) have further diversified the business. The final stage is to examine whether legal operators also hold any off-farm employment, with a consideration of both the nature of that employment and the relationship with business structure and accommodation type. The limitations of this approach are recognised, particularly the gender-bias implications, but it aids an initial exploration of relations between alternative farm-centred and off-farm activities of pluriactive farm businesses. Findings show that farm-based accommodation does little to prevent operators going off the farm to find employment, with small-sized farm businesses particularly pressurised. Further research into specific options can contribute to an understanding of the dynamics of households engaged in pluriactive strategies.
The Convolution of Urban Planning with Tradition in Lesotho, 1928–91
Authors: Kahimbaara J A
Published: October 2006

The failure to implement professional urban planning in Lesotho between 1928 and 1991, within the political economy framework of peripheral capitalism, is examined in this paper. During the period under review, legislation was the predominant planning instrument. Spatial urban planning appears to have been effective during the colonial period largely because of the existence of a clear colonial ideology, a small and economically empowered urban population to plan for, and relatively skilled workers. The urban landscape was thus highly simplified and therefore relatively easy to manage. During the period of political independence, however, urban planning was marked by contradictions within the value system of the elite and, consequently, by severely constrained efforts to enact and implement urban planning legislation, lack of a focused development ideology, a relatively large and mostly impoverished national urban population, and a lack of skilled workers.
Cellular Automata and Fractal Urban Form: A Cellular Modelling Approach to the Evolution of Urban Land-Use Patterns
Authors: White R , Engelen G
Published: October 2006

Cellular automata belong to a family of discrete, connectionist techniques being used to investigate fundamental principles of dynamics, evolution, and self-organization. In this paper, a cellular automaton is developed to model the spatial structure of urban land use over time. For realistic parameter values, the model produces fractal or bifractal land-use structures for the urbanized area and for each individual land-use type. Data for a set of US cities show that they have very similar fractal dimensions. The cellular approach makes it possible to achieve a high level of spatial detail and realism and to link the results directly to general theories of structural evolution.
A Comparison of Retirement Migration from Paris and London
Authors: Cribier F , Kych A
Published: October 2006

Retirement migration from Paris and London are compared by means of data from the OPCS Longitudinal Study for London and from the Échantillon Démographique Permanent for Paris. The levels of retirement migration for men and women from different zones of each capital city are examined and the social class differences in retirement migration in London and Paris and the different role which housing tenure plays in the two cities are highlighted. The authors go on to examine the regions to which Londoners and Parisians move on retirement and the type of housing which they take. In all cases, marked differences are found in migration behaviour between newly retired men and women in Paris and London, linked to urban structures and cultural differences.
‘Race’, Gender, and Internal Migration within England and Wales
Authors: Robinson V
Published: October 2006

First, the propensity of men and women to engage in interregional migration within the Pakistani and West Indian populations in England and Wales is examined for differentials, and these propensities are compared with those derived from a white, control population. Second, the main spatial flows of long-distance gender-specific migration are described. Third, the rewards which different groups derive from internal migration are considered and any gender discrepancies are highlighted. Last, the conjunction of ‘race’, gender, marital status, and migration is investigated to see whether certain subgroups suffer a treble jeopardy and whether this is exacerbated or alleviated by different gender roles within the Afro-Caribbean and Pakistani populations.
Implications of Strategic Alliances for small R&D-Intensive Firms
Authors: Ahern R
Published: October 2006

In this paper I explore the effects of international strategic alliances on the competitive position of small Canadian firms. Canadian policymakers advocate strategic alliances as mechanisms for domestic firms to participate internationally. However, little is known about the implications of these partnerships for small R&D-intensive firms. The role of government in promoting alliances is first considered. Anticipated outcomes of partnerships, along with the actual implications of alliance relationships, are considered in some depth. A series of case studies made it possible to identify factors that affect the benefits, costs, and risks associated with international strategic alliances. Safeguarding technology is a primary consideration because technical capability is at the heart of each firm's competitive advantage. The paper concludes with an overview of the important factors affecting the competitive position of small firms involved in strategic alliances. It is possible to identify issues warranting closer consideration both from corporate executives and from policymakers interested in international involvement through strategic partnerships.
The Performance of Business-Service Firms in Peripheral Regions: An International Comparison between Scotland and Nova Scotia
Authors: O'Farrell P N
Published: October 2006

In this paper a comparative analysis of the competitiveness and performance of business-service companies in two peripheral regions, Nova Scotia and Scotland, is presented. Several dimensions of performance are investigated for four industries: market research, management consultancy, advertising, and graphic design. Value added per person is one third higher in Scotland compared with Nova Scotia, and Nova Scotian offices derive a much higher proportion of their turnover from government and public-sector contracts. In general, however, a very consistent picture emerges of the relative position of business services in the two regions. Possible demand-side and supply-side causes of such differences are reviewed and potential policy responses considered.
Foreign Involvement in the Spanish Automobile Industry: Internalising versus Networking
Authors: Lagendijk A , van der Knaap G A
Published: October 2006

The authors focus on the internationalisation of automotive production in Spain. In the first part of the paper they discuss two main approaches of international production: internalisation theory and network theory. It is argued that both approaches may be applied in a staged model of internationalisation. In the second part they highlight patterns of internationalisation in the Spanish automotive sector in the last two decades, based on data gathered in Spain in the first months of 1991. The results indicate that both theoretical approaches may be invoked to clarify certain aspects of the Spanish case; however, the general staged approach is not supported. The conclusion therefore stresses the need to develop a more integrative approach to internationalisation which is part of a broader theory of spatial-organisational change.
Representations of Restructuring in the Meat-Packing Industry of Victoria
Authors: Francis R
Published: October 2006

Disappointment with narrowly cast industrial—political agendas and an irreconcilable gap between theory and everyday life has brought under scrutiny post-Fordist-derived accounts of industrial restructuring and capitalist social change. In this paper, it is suggested that this inadequacy can be traced to the commitment of post-Fordist writers to periodizing capitalist development as a way of defining the philosophy of capitalism. Both these tasks are pursued with, at best, a limited awareness of postmodern critiques of the modernist project. After a critique of post-Fordist methodologies, an alternative for understanding industrial restructuring is outlined by means of a case study. Recently, in Victoria, a southern state of Australia, a bitter industrial dispute has ensued concerning various attempts at restructuring. It is argued that the role of language is crucial in defining communities of interest and in defining social norms. The economic circumstances of this case indicate that they are not an automatic determinant of industrial restructuring.