bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AMETROPIA, VISUAL DEFICITS AND MOTOR PERFORMANCE IN SCHOOL SPORTS
Authors: Jendrusch Gernot , Oertzen-Hagemann Vanessa , Platen Petra
Published: August 2017

Background

In childhood/puberty essential physical and school developments take place. Poor eyesight in this phase represents a handicap, as is known. Concluding, the basic correlation between a good eyesight and a safe, successful engaging in sports activities, as well as a motor development are documented through numerous studies. A database concerning the topic “Ametropia in school and its consequences on motor abilities” does not yet exist.

Design

Against this background a study at 17 elementary and 6 high schools concerning ametropia in school sports, together with a simultaneous survey of motor abilities has been carried out. Participants were tested with eight tests to assess a motor fitness profile involving strength, endurance, coordination and flexibility. In parallel, various tests to detect ametropia have been carried out (visual-acuity-test, auto-refraction, stereoacuity- and contrast-sensitivity-test).

Participants

A total of 1.222 children (52.2% male; 47.8% female) at the age of 5–18 participated in the test (age: 8.9±1.7 years).

Results

A synoptic view of the visual test results showed that 25.4% of the children were classified as ametropic (needing correction). This means, a defective vision/ametropia has been discovered for the first time, or else they participated in school sports without actually needed visual aids, or rather, with insufficient correction. The children with ametropia attained significantly worse overall results in the motor performance test than the ones without defective vision (2p<0.05). 38.3% of the pupils with ametropia achieved results below or far below average in the motor performance test (emmetropic students: 12.1%). The coordination test balancing backwards showed analog results.

Conclusions

The high rate of ametropia and the correlation between eyesight in deficit and weaknesses in motor performance shows that regular visual tests are necessary in order to enable the detection and correction of deficits early. Simple screening tests should be implemented in the everyday school (sport) life.
ASYMPTOMATIC ELITE YOUNG TENNIS PLAYERS SHOW LATERAL AND VENTRAL GROWTH PLATE ALTERATIONS OF PROXIMAL HUMERUS ON MRI
Authors: Johansson Fredrik , Skilgate Eva , Debri Edin , Adolfsson Anders , Jenner Göran , Swärd Leif , Cools Ann
Published: August 2017

Background

The cartilage of the epiphyseal plate might be 2–5 times weaker than surrounding fibrous tissue; therefore epiphyseal (growth) plates are very sensitive to their surrounding mechanical environment.

Objective

The specific aim of the study was to investigate and compare epiphyseal length and extension in the proximal humerus, closure in the growth plate and bone marrow signal intensity related to the proximal humeral physis in the dominant arm and the non-dominant arm of the asymptomatic adolescent elite tennis player.

Design

Cross-sectional study. According to a pre-defined protocol including measurements of epiphyseal extension, epiphyseal length, closure of the growth plate and bone marrow signal intensity related to the proximal humeral physis the MRI scans were evaluated.

Setting

The study was an independent complement to the national high-performance program conducted by the Swedish Tennis Association.

Patients (or Participants)

Our study sample included 35 asymptomatic elite young tennis players (15 male, 20 female, mean age 17.4 years ±2.7).

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Each player contributed with two shoulders to the MRI evaluation. The non-dominant arm was used as a control. Two fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologists independently from each other reviewed magnetic resonance images.

Main Outcome Measurements

Epiphyseal extension and length, closure in the growth plate and bone marrow signal intensity related to the proximal humeral physis in the dominant arm (DA) and the non-dominant arm (NDA).

Results

Statistically significant differences between dominant arm and non-dominant arm in epiphyseal length (mm) laterally (DA 27.33 vs NDA 26.70) were shown. Statistically significant differences were also found in epiphyseal extension (mm) laterally (DA 36.10 vs NDA 35.10) and ventrally (DA 36.23 vs NDA 34.76).

Conclusions

Significant findings assessing MRI measurements of the epiphyseal plate in the asymptomatic adolescent elite tennis player might reflect a development of consecutive alterations in the epiphyseal plate in the dominant arm.
NOVEL DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF RISK FACTORS FOR EXERCISE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CRAMPING (EAMC) IN A COHORT OF 41 698 DISTANCE RUNNERS
Authors: Jordaan Esmè , Schwellnus Martin
Published: August 2017

Background

We recently identified novel risk factors for EAMC in distance runners, including age, gender, racing distance, a history of chronic diseases, medication, training and competition load, and running injuries. The relationships between these risk factors for EAMC are over-simplified, and complex path relationships between these risk factors and EAMC have not been investigated.

Objective

The objective of the analysis was to explore the complex relationships among the risk factors associated with EAMC by means of path analysis, in order to estimate direct as well as indirect path relationships between the risk factors and EAMC. In addition, we sought to explore total effects by aggregating the direct and indirect effects.

Design and Settings

41 698 runners (21 km and 56 km), who were part of a 2-year prospective cohort study.

Type of Study

Path analysis of prospective data.

Main Outcome Measurements

Indirect, direct and total path estimates of the predictors of EAMC in distance runners.

Results

Body Mass Index (BMI) and age were significant indirect predictors of EAMC (p<0.0001), while training and competition load, a history of chronic disease, medication use for chronic disease, and a history of running injuries were significant direct predictors for EAMC (p<0.0001). Gender was a significant direct as well as indirect predictor of EAMC (P<0.0001) and thus the total effect gives the overall impact of gender as a predictor of EAMC.

Conclusions

Using a path analysis approach, novel risk factors for EAMC (indirect and direct relationships) were identified, indicating that the risk factors associated with EAMC are complex. Indirect risk factors do not impact directly on EAMC, but rather through their effects on direct risk factors. These data enable clinicians to better understand these complex relationships of risk factors and can apply this to knowledge in the prevention, diagnosis and management of EAMC in athletes.
ANKLE BIOMECHANICS AND JUMP PERFORMANCE IN HEALTHY AND CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY INDIVIDUALS DURING LANDING: A TRIPLE BLIND RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL OF ANKLE TAPING EFFICACY
Authors: Jun Hyung-pil , Chun Young-min , Kim Jin-ah , Baker Russell , Seegmiller Jeff , Lee Sae Yong
Published: August 2017

Background

Clinicians regularly utilize ankle taping procedures to prevent ankle sprains during practice/competition. Though many different ankle taping applications are employed, the effect of these on biomechanics and performance is unknown.

Objective

To investigate changes in ankle biomechanics during landing and jump performance with ankle taping.

Design

Triple-blind randomized.

Setting

University laboratory.

Participants

Twenty-eight participants (14 healthy, 14 with chronic ankle instability [CAI]).

Interventions

Each participant was assigned to a randomized order of three taping applications (1: Traditional Taping [TT], 2: Mulligan Concept Taping [MT], and 3: Kinesiology Taping [KT]) and performed maximum vertical jump and running-stop jump-landings (3 before and 3 after) each ankle taping application. An eight infrared optical cameras system (Vicon Motion Systems Ltd. Oxford, UK) and force plate (AMTI, Watertown, MA) were used to collect all kinematics and kinetics data during running-stop jump-landing.

Main Outcome Measurements

Maximum height of vertical jump and excursion of dorsiflexion (DF) and inversion (IV) of the ankle between 100 ms before and after initial contact (IC).

Results

A statistically significant difference for the main effects of tape application [F(2,26)=0.06,p=0.94,M±SD:0.82±12.55(TT), 1.29±8.64 (MT), 0.42±10.31 (MT);F(2,26)=0.58,p=0.46,M±SD:0.58±1.38(TT), 0.67±0.65(MT), 0.48±0.97(MT)] and interactions [F(2,26)=0.89,p=0.51;F(2,26)=0.46,p=0.41] on changes of DF and IV were not found regardless of tape application. For MVJ, a statistically significant change across tape application was not found [F(2,26)=0.65,p=0.49]; however, a statistically significant interaction on MVJ was found in the CAI group with KT application[F(2,26)=3.50,p=0.04,M±SD:0.30±0.69 [Healthy]; −0.36±0.88 [CAI]).

Conclusions

The use of tape did not have any significant impact on ankle biomechanics during landing. Using KT produced a significant change in MVJ in participants with CAI, but the improvement is unlikely to be clinically meaningful. The use of these taping methods to improve ankle biomechanics or improve jump performance in healthy athletes, or those with CAI, is questionable.
BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-LEG SQUAT WITH ISOKINETIC AND CONSTANT RESISTIVE FORCE USING CONTROLLABLE EXERCISE EQUIPMENT
Authors: Kimura Yoshinori , Koyanagi Maki , Koyanagi Ken'ichi , Mukai Kouichi , Nakae Naruhiko , Tanaka Noriko , Sakai Takahiro , Tada Shuhei , Satoda Yumiko , Kondou Sayaka , Inoue Akio
Published: August 2017

Background

We have reported that a resistive single-leg squat (RSLS) exercise using exercise equipment that generates various resistance forces was effective for increasing the load on the gluteus medius and preventing knee valgus moment. However, the biomechanical characteristics of RSLS with each resistance forces have not been compared.

Objective

To compare difference of the biomechanical characteristics of RSLS between isokinetic resistance force (IF) and constant resistance force (CF).

Design

Quasi-experimental.

Setting

Controlled laboratory setting.

Participants

Six asymptomatic female college students.

Interventions

Participants performed RSLS with IF and CF. A motion capture system and force plate were used for motion analysis. Surface electrodes recorded the EMG activity of the muscles of the support leg.

Main Outcome Measurements

Joint moment of the support leg were calculated from 20° to 60° of knee flexion at 10° intervals. EMG data were normalized as a percentage of maximum voluntary contraction.

Results

In both the tasks, external knee valgus moment was prevented. Peak internal hip abduction moment was larger in IF (2.3±0.4 Nm/kg) than in CF (1.91±0.3 Nm/kg). Internal hip abduction moment was significantly larger in CF (1.4±0.2 Nm/kg) than in IF (1.1±0.3 Nm/kg) at 20° knee flexion, but larger in IF than in CF at 50° and 60° knee flexion. No significant difference in internal hip abduction moment was found at 30° and 40° knee flexion. EMG activities were significantly larger in IF (rectus femoris, 56±16%; vastus medialis, 85±38%; gluteus medius, 85±17%) than in CF (rectus femoris, 34±10%; vastus medialis, 48±23%; gluteus medius, 59±12%).

Conclusion:

IF was more useful for augmenting the activity of major muscles in the support leg and internal hip abduction moment at large knee flexion angles, whereas CF was more useful for augmenting internal hip abduction moment at small knee flexion angles, where ACL injury frequently occurs.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF POLICY CHANGE ON PHYSICAL CONTACTS IN YOUTH ICE HOCKEY USING VIDEO ANALYSIS
Authors: Krolikowski Maciej , Hagel Brent , Nadeau Luc , Palacios-Derflingher Luz , Emery Carolyn
Published: August 2017

Background

Policy disallowing body checking in youth ice hockey significantly reduces the risk of injury and concussion. Based on video analysis, frequency and intensity of player to player physical contacts (PCs) are higher in Pee Wee players (ages 11–12) in leagues allowing body checking, however this has not been examined in Bantam leagues (ages 13–14).

Objective

To determine the association between body checking policy and the frequency and intensity of physical contacts in Bantam ice hockey players (ages 13–14).

Design

Cohort study.

Setting

Ice hockey arenas.

Participants

Thirteen non-elite (lowest 60% by division of play) Bantam ice hockey games in Calgary, Alberta, Canada (2014–15 season) and 13 non-elite games in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (2014–15 season) were videotaped.

Intervention

Policy allowed body checking in Calgary and not Vancouver in the non-elite levels (2014–15).

Main Outcome Measurements

Incidence rate ratios [IRRs] (adjusted for player position) were estimated using multiple Poisson regression to examine the effect of body checking policy on player-to-player PCs [levels 1–5 with increasing intensity (levels correspond to 4–5 body checking)] and hooking/slashing behaviours.

Results

Lower rates of higher intensity contacts (levels 4–5 body checking) were observed in Bantam ice hockey players in a league where body checking was disallowed [IRR=0.09; 95% CI: 0.05–0.15]. Players in a league where body checking was disallowed, however, had significantly higher rates of hooking and slashing behaviours [IRR=1.81; 95% CI: 1.33–2.47].

Conclusions

Bantam ice hockey players in a league where policy disallowed body checking are at a lower risk of high intensity physical contacts, but commit higher rates of hooking and slashing behaviours. This research informs the mechanisms explaining injury risk reduction related to body checking policy change and have important national public health implications for policy decisions related to rule enforcement in youth sport.
IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INJURY AND ILLNESS SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM IN PARALYMPIC ATHLETES (ISSPA) – A STUDY IN GERMAN PARACYCLING ATHLETES
Authors: Kubosch Eva Johanna , Fassbender Katharina , Steffen Kathrin , Südkamp Nobert , Hirschmüller Anja
Published: August 2017

Background

Despite the increasing training and competition load of disabled athletes, a standardised monitoring system of their injuries and illnesses is sparse.

Objective

The aim of this study was the implementation of a standardised, weekly recording of all injuries and illnesses in the cohort of the German paracycling national team.

Design/Setting

The athletes were monitored over a 24-week period from October 2015 till March 2016 using a validated weekly online questionnaire (Clarsenet al. 2014). All musculoskeletal complaints and illnesses, restrictions in training and therapeutic measures were documented.

Participants

24 out of 26 athletes of the German paracycling national team were included in this study after informed consent.

Main Outcome Measurements

This longitudinal study recorded all injuries and illnesses in the German paracycling national team over a 24 week period. All medical problems (illnesses, acute and overuse injuries), limitation of performance and loss of training-days were documented.

Results

The average response rate was 93%. A total of 57 health problems were registered during 24 weeks, including 30 illnesses and 27 injuries. The most frequent diagnoses were injuries of the shoulder, the wrist or the knee joint, urinary tract infections in wheelchair athletes and infections of the respiratory system. Overall, 140 lost training-days because of injury (27 d) or illness (111 d) were reported.

Conclusions

An injury and illness surveillance system in the German paracycling national team for a continued, systematic documentation of medical problems during the non-competition period could be successfully been implemented. The athletes were very satisfied and showed a high acceptance of the project. By identifying mechanisms of injury and associated risk factors in disabled athletes, sports-specific injury and illness prevention programs can be implemented.
MEASURES OF LIMB SYMMETRY USED FOR INJURY RISK IDENTIFICATION: WHAT IS NORMAL?
Authors: Lawrance Scott , Killian Clyde , Rundquist Peter , Jenkins Walter
Published: August 2017

Background

Limb asymmetries have been identified as a significant predictor of injury risk. However, the natural boundaries of variation in a non-injured population using clinically relevant and reliable measures has not been determined.

Objective

To assess clinical measures of limb symmetry and determine the natural boundaries of symmetry present in a non-injured population.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Controlled laboratory research.

Participants

39 non-injured participants, 12 male, 27 female (23.2±2.9 years, 170.2±9.1 cm, 68.4±15.6 kg).

Assessment of Risk Factors

Knee PROM, effusion, endfeel, knee extension, flexion, and hip abduction strength, dynamic balance, single leg hop, and IKDC Subjective rating were measured.

Main Outcome Measurements

In measures demonstrating excellent reliability (ICC≥0.75, Kappa≥0.81), limb symmetry index (LSI) and variability scores were calculated.

Results

All clinical measures, except hip abduction strength, demonstrated excellent reliability. Knee extension PROM was 6.0±5.0°, flexion PROM was 154.0±5.0°. 100% of participants had normal knee extension endfeel, and no knee effusion. 95% had normal flexion endfeel. LSI scores for each measure ranged between 96.6–100.0%. Using minimal detectable change (MDC) scores for each measure, boundaries of limb symmetry were calculated for knee extension PROM (100±1.0°), knee flexion PROM (100±4°), knee extension strength (100±21.0%), knee flexion strength (100±24.0%), dynamic balance (100±6.0%), single leg hop (100±9.1%), and IKDC Subjective rating (100±3.3%).

Conclusions

Most measures of limb symmetry used in the study demonstrated appropriate reliability for clinical use. Although strength measures had high degrees of limb symmetry, there was significant variability present in non-injured participants. Conversely, high levels of limb symmetry with very little variation were observed in knee PROM, dynamic balance, single leg hop, and IKDC Subjective measures. Strength may not be the best measure of limb symmetry while PROM, dynamic balance, single leg hop, and the IKDC Subjective form appear to have more utility to identify limb asymmetries.
THE HEAD COACH INFLUENCE IN INJURIES FREQUENCY IN ELITE WOMEN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
Authors: Leite Marcela , Bittencourt Natália , Melato Bruna , Bernardone Guilherme , Ribeiro Tatiana , Veloso Leonardo
Published: August 2017

Background

Elite female volleyball players have a high risk for shoulder, knee and ankle injuries. The head coach approach is crucial to prevent injuries.

Objective

To compare the frequency of complaints and time loss injuries during two elite volleyball seasons with different head coaches, the second having more expertise in elite female volleyball players than the first.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Minas Tênis Club elite female volleyball team.

Patients (or Participants)

One team, consisting of 15 players in the first season (age 25.4 yrs (SD±5.4); body mass 72.7 kg (±3.1); height 182.0 cm (±0.1) and 16 players in the second season (age 23.5 yrs (±4.7); body mass 74.4 kg (±9.7); height 182.0 cm (±6.6) were followed up.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

The same physiotherapist conducted the data collection during two seasons. The injury definition was time loss from full participation in sports, and a complaint was any symptoms that need physical therapy intervention and/or modifying training load. The complaints/injuries were categorized as acute or chronic.

Main Outcome Measurements

The frequency of complaints and time-loss injuries during two seasons of follow up.

Results

The total number of complaints/injuries was 33 in the first season and 41 in the second season, with an annual average of 2.5 complaints/injuries per athlete in the first season and 2.9 in the second. In the first season, 58% of complaints/ injuries resulted in time loss, while in the next season only 34% did. The number of complaints/injuries increased, but there was a 40% reduction in time-loss injuries. Another important factor was the reduction in 33% of chronic cases.

Conclusions

The physiotherapy interventions were the same during the two seasons, but the head coach expertise may have influenced the rate of time-loss injuries, resulting in more athletes being available for practices and games.
INJURY AND ILLNESS SURVEILLANCE DURING THE INTERNATIONAL SAILING FEDERATION SAILING WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS 2014
Authors: Leong Darren , Tan Ben , Pardal Carmen Vaz , Lin Cindy , Kam Jia Wen
Published: August 2017

Background

The International Sailing Federation (ISAF) World Championships brings together eilite sailors in all 10 Olympic classes. There is increasing interest in the injury and illness patterns of sailors during a major competition, especially in the newer Olympic classes (49erFX, 49er, Nacra 17).

Objective

To describe the incidence, pattern, and severity of sailing-related injuries and illnesses among competitive sailors during the International Sailing Federation Sailing World Championships 2014.

Design

Prospective descriptive study using the International Olympic Committee injury surveillance system reporting forms. Team officials and medical centre doctors submitted daily surveillance reports.

Setting

The International Sailing Federation Sailing World Championships, 8–21 September 2014, Santander, Spain.

Patients (or Participants)

All participating sailors in the International Sailing Federation Sailing World Championships 2014.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Gender, position (helm, crew), sailing class, training volume, part of boat contributing to injury, actions performed during sailing; wind and water conditions during competition.

Main Outcome Measurements

The occurrence or non-occurrence of sailing-related injuries and illnesses; the number of injuries; the site, type, cause/mechanism of injury; injury severity; and contributing factors to injury.

Results

There were 67 injuries (4 per 1000 days of sailing). The 49er (24% of all injuries), 470 Men and Women (24%), and 49erFX (19%) had the highest incidence. Injuries to the hand/fingers (22% of all injuries), back (18%), and foot (12%) were most common, as were contusions (37% of all injuries), cuts/lacerations (24%), and sprains (9%). Of the 29 illnesses (2 per 100 days of sailing), 9 (31%) were gastrointestinal and 6 (21%) respiratory, while 2 (7%) were gout attacks.

Conclusions

The newer Olympic classes account for a large proportion of injuries during competition. These injuries were mainly acute events, occurring more on competitions days with higher wind speeds and gusts.
ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS INVOLVED WITH CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT INJURIES IN US RUGBY-7S
Authors: Lopez Victor , Ma Richard , Weinstein Meryle , Hume Patria , Cantu Robert , Victoria Christian , Haleem Samuel , Delallo Jessica , Answorth Allen
Published: August 2017

Background

Rugby-7s is growing in popularity, however there is a comparative lack of injury data.

Objective

To report incidence of contact and non-contact causes of US Rugby-7s injuries.

Design

Prospective descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting

The study encompassed U19 to elite players in USA Rugby tournaments (2010–2014).

Participants

A total of 24,418 US players (Men=17,770; Women=6.768; age: 13–49 years) were included over 57 tournaments (72 days) of 4,448 matches (Men=3,238; Women=1,261) in 2,038 teams (Men=1,474; Women=564).

Assessment of Risk Factors

Contact and non-contact causes of match injuries.

Main measurement outcome

Injury incidence (per 1000 player-hour (ph)) and mechanism, captured using Rugby Injury Survey & Evaluation (RISE) Report. Time-loss injuries=players who did not return to play the day of their injury. Medical attention injuries=players who had injuries evaluated with no absence from play. Severity=days absent before return to training/competition (including post tournament).

Results

Contact injuries (54%; n=823) occurred more often than non-contact (46%; n=697) (P<0.001). Medical attention injuries occurred more often (contact=30.4/1000 ph; non-contact=29.2/1000 ph; P<0.001), than time-loss injuries (contact=23.8/1000 ph; non-contact=16.7/1000 ph; P<0.001). Non-contact causes encountered no differences (men=48.1/1000 ph; women=46.95/1000 ph; P=0.621). Non-contact causes occurred in 20–25 year olds at 54% (n=354). Days absent were frequent among 63% with follow-up data (contact=34 days; CI: 26.5–41.3; non-contact=32 days; CI: 26.6–39.3). New acute match injuries (94%) were most common (contact 57%; non-contact 43%; P<0.001) with tackles (contact=77%; non-contact=52%), followed by open play (non-contact=32%). Ligament injuries were most common among causes (non-contact =23%; contact=30%). Similar rates among non-contact causes were found with field types (grass=46.1/1000 ph; artificial=52.4/1000 ph; P=0.467).

Conclusions

Due to the frequency of contact injuries, tackling techniques must be evaluated as an area for injury prevention in Rugby 7s. The cause of non-contact injuries with increased open-play needs attention for injury prevention and management.
CONCUSSIVE INJURIES IN AN AMATEUR EMERGING US COLLISION SPORT: RUGBY-7S
Authors: Lopez Victor , Ma Richard , Weinstein Meryle , Hume Patria , Cantu Robert , Myers Laurel , Victoria Christian , Nadkar Nisha , Answorth Allen
Published: August 2017

Background

Rugby-7s an emerging sport in the United States (US) encounters concussions, a growing public concern.

Objective

To report incidence of concussions in US Rugby-7s. We hypothesized that concussive injuries would occur with frequency in US Rugby-7s similar to international cohorts.

Design

Prospective descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting

The study encompassed U19 to elite players in USA Rugby tournaments (2010–2013).

Participants

A total of 13,644 US players (Men=9,768; Women=3,876; age: 13–49 years) were included over 28 tournaments of 2,688 matches (Men=1,886; Women=802) in 1,137 sides/teams (Men=814; Women=323).

Assessment of Risk Factors

Intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors in match injuries.

Main measurement outcome

Incidence (per 1000 player-hour (ph)) and mechanism, captured using Rugby Injury Survey & Evaluation (RISE) Report methodology. Time-loss injuries=defined as players who did not return to play the day of their injury. Severity=defined as days absent before return to training/competition (including post tournament).

Results

Incidence of concussive injuries was 7.7/1000 ph. No difference was noted between women (8.1/1000 ph, n=21) or men (7.6/1000 ph, n=46;P=0.593). Most concussions had “no loss of consciousness” (86.6%; n=58). Higher levels of competition encountered greater incidence (18.3/1000 ph vs. 6.4/1000 ph; P=0.001). Concussions resulted in a mean 30.6 days absent from competition (range=0–135 days) for the 97% of players with follow-up data. Compliance with the 3-wk stand-down return-to-play recommendations was found at 60%. Players reported a repeat concussion at 43.2% (12 months). Players who had multiple concussions within a year, encountered more severity (42.8 mean days absent; CI=23.0–62.6; P=0.03).

Conclusions

The 7.7/1000 ph incidence of concussion among US amateur Rugby-7s is concerning given international incidences range from 2.0 to 8.3/1000 ph. The 40% of players non-compliant with the recommended 3-week stand-down regulation indicates that a formal mechanism to “clear” players for return to play is needed for Rugby-7s.
WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS FOR INJURY TO SKIERS AND SNOWBOARDERS IN TERRAIN PARKS AND WHICH STRATEGIES ARE EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING THE RISK OF INJURY? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Audet Olivier , Mitra Tatum Priyambada , Emery Carolyn A. , Hagel Brent E. , Macpherson Alison , Goulet Claude
Published: August 2017

Background

The prevalence of terrain parks (TPs) in ski areas has grown over the past two decades. TPs are specific areas of the slopes where terrain is modified to accommodate acrobatic maneuvers. There is evidence that TP injuries are more severe than injuries sustained on regular slopes. However, injury prevention strategies in TPs still need to be explored.

Objective

To identify the risk factors for skiing and snowboarding injuries in TPs and assess the effectiveness of injury prevention strategies.

Participants/population

Recreational skiing or snowboarding injuries in a TP.

Methods

Searches in electronic literature databases and hand-searches in Skiing Trauma volumes and bibliographies were performed. A search strategy involving a combination of Subject Headings and keywords and related synonyms using OR, with the Boolean operator AND was performed. Reviewers independently performed an initial screen of all titles and published abstracts for inclusion criteria to determine full text required. Criteria were (1) original data; (2) injury sustained in terrain parks/half-pipes; (3) recreational ski or snowboard injury; (4) study design with comparison group. Authors reviewed included papers and extracted data into structured tables.

Results

The search strategy identified 62 relevant studies. Only 11 studies met inclusion criteria including one intervention study. Results suggest that removing man-made jumps reduces the risk of severe injury. According to preliminary results, type of slope, age, gender, and skill level are common risk factors. Critical appraisal of articles is in process. An overview suggests that risk factors studies in this area (n=10) are heterogeneous. With primarily cross-sectional and case-control study designs, the risk of associated bias is significant.

Conclusions

One intervention study suggests that removing man-made jumps from TPs reduces the risk of severe injuries. Further research is needed to better understand injury prevention strategies that are effective in reducing the risk of injury in TPs.
PRE-PARTICIPATION CARDIOVASCULAR SCREENING OF ELITE GEORGIAN ADOLESCENT ATHLETES: CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND OUTCOMES
Authors: Maskhulia Lela , Akhalkatsi Valeri , Chelidze Kakhaber , Kakhabrishvili Zurab , Matiashvili Marina , Chutkerashvili Tamar , Gogelia Ana
Published: August 2017

Background

A variety of cardiovascular abnormalities have been found to be responsible for sudden cardiac death(SCD) in competitive athletes. The lesions responsible for athletic field deaths differ with regard to age and vast majority of SCD occur in athletes aged <18 yrs. Appropriate pre-participation screening (PPS) of young competitive athletes can reduce their risk for SCD.

Objective

To analyse cardiovascular findings obtained in the pre-participation screening of elite Georgian adolescent athletes.

Design

Observational follow-up study.

Setting

Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinical Centre.

Patients

227 asymptomatic elite adolescent athletes (83% males), age 15,4±1,6 years, representatives of national teams of 9 sporting disciplines.

Interventions

The participants underwent cardiovascular(CV) evaluation with medical history, physical examination, 12-lead resting and exercise ECG, and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in 2013–2015.

Main Outcome Measurements

The participants were followed prospectively until July 2015 with respect to clinically significant cardiovascular abnormalities, and until July 2016 with respect to safe return to sport.

Results

Resting ECG revealed common/training–related ECG alterations in 70 (31%) athletes, as well as uncommon/training-unrelated changes in 5 (2,2%). TTE revealed mitral valve prolapse in 8(3,5%) athletes, bicuspid aortic valve in 1(0,4%), and signs consistent with anomalous origin of left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery(ALCAPA) in 1 (0,4%) athlete. Stress test revealed decreased exercise tolerance and negative T-waves in V4-V6 in this athlete. Athlete was directed to further CV investigation and CT angiography led to the diagnosis of ALCAPA. Coronary artery bypass grafting was performed. After treatment athlete underwent cardiac rehabilitation program and risk-stratification before entering sports activity. As subendocardial ischemic pattern still existed, the athlete was advised against current participation in competitive sports. Follow-up over a longer period has been planned.

Conclusions

PPS is significant tool to identify adolescent athletes at risk for exercise-induced SCD. As coronary anomalies are among the common reasons for SCD in young athletes, timely identification and appropriate clinical management, including considerations regarding safe return to sport are necessary.
INJURY RISK AMONG FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS IN ZIMBABWE
Authors: Matiya Risk
Published: August 2017

Background

Women soccer is proving to be popular the world over and in African countries as well. However in spite of its popularity there is always the attendant high risk of injury. The risk of injury is associated with many factors which include personality factors and coping skills.

Objective

The purpose of the current study is to explore the relationship between personality traits, coping skills and risk of injury.

Design

The study was a retrospective cross sectional survey.

Setting

The study was carried out in Zimbabwe among women soccer players belonging to the elite division of the premier league.

Patients (or Participants)

All the participants were female soccer players whose age ranges were 18 through 35.200 participants were selected based on stratified random sampling from the national football association register.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Four questionnaires were administered among 200 female soccer players in the current competitive season. The four questionnaires included the personality inventory questionnaire, B-COPE and the athletic injury questionnaire.

Main Outcome Measurements

A descriptive and inferential analysis was conducted examining the influence of personality traits and coping skills on injury frequency and severity.

Results

Descriptive and inferential analysis indicated that personality and coping skills were significant predictors of sporting injury among female soccer players, accounting for 30% of the variance.

Conclusions

The findings highlight the need to enhance prevention of athletes injuries by identifying athletes who are injury prone given their personality traits and coping styles. Athletes, coaches and sports medicine practitioners need to identify the role of stress, coping skills and personality in sport injuries, especially those relating to women's soccer.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INJURIES IN POLE SPORTS: EMERGING CHALLENGES IN A NEW TREND
Authors: Mitrousias Vasileios , Halatsis Georgios , Bampis Ioannis , Koutalos Antonios , Psareas Georgios , Sakkas Athanasios
Published: August 2017

Background

Pole sports, such as pole dancing, are recently gaining popularity as a form of fitness, combining dance and acrobatics. Many new, recreational athletes are joining pole sports every year. According to the international pole sports federation, this emerging new sport is so popular that it could be a future olympic sport.

Objective

The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology of injuries in recreational athletes of pole sports, who were referred to the emergency demartment of our hospital.

Design

This a retrospective, case-series study based on hospital records, collected between December 2015 and July 2016.

Setting

The study took place in the department of orthopaedic surgery, of the general hospital of karditsa, a provincial hospital in central Greece.

Patients (or Participants)

The study included all recreational athletes who were presented to our emergency department, due to injuries occured while performing pole dancing. 34 patients were finally included.

Main Outcome Measurements

The primary study outcome is the epidemiology of injuries in pole sports.

Results

Overall, 29.4% of patients suffered from low back and hip, strains and contusions, 20.6% suffered from knee sprains and contusions, 17.7% suffered from wrist sprains, 14.7% suffered from ankle sprains, 5.9% suffered from neck (cervical spine) strains, 5.9% suffered from concussion, 1 patient (2.9%) presented with a sizable disc herniation and 1 patient (2.9%) presented with a fracture of the fifth metatarsal bone.

Conclusions

As pole sposts become more and more popular every year, injuries occuring during performance of this demanding activity are increasing. Sprains, strains, and contusions are the most frequent but more severe injuries such as concussions and fractures are also present due to falls from the pole. Studies with bigger samples are required in order to define the epidemiology of injuries in this new, emerging sport.
BACK PAIN RISK FACTORS IN ADOLESCENT ATHLETES: SUITABILITY OF A BIOMECHANICAL SCREENING TOOL?
Authors: Mueller Steffen , Mueller Juliane , Stoll Josefine , Engel Tilman , Mayer Frank
Published: August 2017

Background

Back pain (BP) is already a relevant injury site in adolescent athletes. A valid screening is essential for BP prevention.

Objective

To investigate whether a biomechanical screening tool (BST) is suitable to predict BP in adolescent athletes.

Design

Longitudinal analysis with 1.9±1.0 yrs between both measurement days.

Setting

Medical center of the German Olympic Sports Federation.BST was implemented in the annual (pre-participation) examination of elite athletes.

Patients (or Participants)

343 athletes (195 males/148 females, 13±1 yrs, 164±12 cm, 53±13 kg, 5±3 training years, 8±6 training hours per week) out of 20 sport disciplines were included in the study.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Subjective BP was assessed using a faces-pain-scale (FPS 1–5: 1=no pain; 2–5=slight- to maximum pain). In addition, postural control (one-legged stance), jumping performance (counter movement/drop jump), and maximum isokinetic trunk extension/flexion strength (60°/sec) was assessed for all athletes.

Main Outcome Measurements

Athletes were classified into 4 groups with respect to the course of back pain [(A) no BP (n=206); (B) BP-developers (n=34); (C) persisting BP (n=71); (D) diminishing BP (n=32)]. Outcomes included center of pressure displacement COP [mm], jump height [cm], peak jumping force [N], contact time [ms] and peak torque for trunk extension/flexion [Nm]. Descriptive analysis was followed by two-way ANOVA (repeated measures; α=0.05).

Results

Overall, the athletes enhanced trunk strength, jump performance and postural control across the evaluation period. Pain free athletes (A) showed statistically significant higher trunk strength gains (extension/flexion: +45/+37%) compared to athletes developing BP (B: +20/+9%; p<0.05). No differences were observed for jump performance and postural control (p>0.05).

Conclusions

Analysing biomechanical variables is valid to identify significantly impaired trunk strength development in athletes with BP incidence. In contrast, jump performance and postural control are of minor relevance. Therefore, poor trunk strength development could serve as back pain risk factor in athletes. Trunk strength training interventions should be recommended.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SKIN CANCER PREVENTION PROGRAMM FOR OUTDOOR ATHLETS
Authors: Nachtigall Nina
Published: August 2017

Background

Melanoma and non- melanoma skin cancer show the highest increase of any form of cancer during the last 20 years.

Objective

We wanted to know if we could find an increased rate of skin cancer precursors (actinic keratosis) in outdoor sportsmen.

Design Setting and Patients

900 patients with actinic keratosis (age 35–75) were investigated in their outdoor sport behaviour. Corresponding to the sport ( where, when, how long) we calculated the cumulative dose of sun with “UV Index hours”. The kind of tumor and tumor precursors were counted and the skin damage characterized with a confocal laser microscope. A healthy aged group was used for statistical analysis.

Results

27 different outdoor sports were found in our groups of patients. Watersport and skiing are known for a higher sun exposure, but only a few patients without statistical significance to the control collective were detected. But, in contrast, we found a 8.5 fold increased risk of skin cancer among golfers.

Conclusions

We were able to give another hint for the relation of skin cancer development and the higher increase in outdoor sportsmen. From these data we developed in the UIPM for the athletes a "skin tumor prevention program". With this program the individual risk and the individual damage is analysed based on the cumulative UV-Dose of training and competition. Athletes, trainers and officials should be more sensitized in skin cancer prevention.
ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY: IDENTIFYING INFORMATION SOURCES AND LEVEL OF RISK FACTOR RECOGNITION AMONG THE GENERAL PUBLIC
Authors: Nagano Yasuharu , Hiroko Yako-Suketomo , Hiroaki Natsui
Published: August 2017

Background

To prevent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, knowledge regarding risk factors and prevention methods must be disseminated to the public. However, it is unclear how the general population obtains information about or recognizes risk factors for ACL injuries.

Objective

To identify the information sources and risk factor recognition level for ACL injury among the general public.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Web-based survey.

Patients (or Participants)

900 people who recognized “ACL injury”. The age and sex of participants were evenly distributed.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Participants answered questions regarding their information sources and risk factors influencing ACL injury.

Main Outcome Measurements

Descriptive analyses of patient responses were performed, with each response characterized by percentage of participants and the 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

As an information source, “television” was the most frequent (57.0% [53.8–60.2]). Other information sources were “injury of friends” (22.4% [19.7–25.2]), “coach” (16.6％ [14.1–19.0]), “internet” (16.3% [13.9–18.7]) and “newspaper” (9.3% [7.4–11.2]). Regarding risk factors of ACL injuries, the most frequent response was “increased weight” (80.3% [77.7–82.9]). “Knee valgus” and “knee varus” during landing were both considered risk factors (63.3% [60.2–66.5] and 62.9% [59.7–66.0], respectively). Additionally, decreased muscle strength of quadriceps and hamstrings were both recognized as risk factors (69.2% [66.2–72.2] and 68.9% [65.9–71.9], respectively).

Conclusions

Television, specifically news of an athlete's injury, was the most frequent information source for ACL injury. Although knee valgus during landing and decreased muscle strength of the hamstrings are considered risk factors for ACL injury, this is not understood properly by the general public. It is clear that better education about risk factors and prevention methods for ACL injuries through media, such as television, is required.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHANGES OF UPPER EXTREMITY TENDONS IN RECREATIONAL BADMINTON PLAYERS: THE EFFECT OF HAND DOMINANCE AND COMPARISON WITH CLINICAL FINDINGS
Authors: Park Jin , Lee Young-Hee , Kong In Deok , Park Tae-jun , Chang Jae Seung , Kim Taeho , Lee Hi Chan
Published: August 2017

Background

Shoulder and elbow injuries have been reported to constitute a sizeable percentage of injuries in overhead sports, including badminton. Since badminton requires repetitive, high-speed overhead motions putting high loads on the upper extremity joints, the badminton players frequently complain of pain and decreased function of shoulders and elbows.

Objective

The study evaluated the ultrasound abnormalities of selected shoulder and elbow tendons in recreational badminton players and investigated their correlation with hand dominance and clinical symptoms.

Design

This pilot study was designed as a cross-sectional research.

Setting & Participants

Forty-nine badminton players participating in recreational badminton clubs were invited to Wonju Sports Training Center from March to June 2016.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

The subjects underwent clinical and US examinations, both in dominant and non-dominant arms. The ultrasound assessments were performed by two residents of rehabilitation medicine.

Main Outcome Measurements

This study evaluated any correlation between the presence of US abnormalities of supraspinatus, long head of biceps, ECRB and hand dominance as well as clinical symptoms.

Results

Among 26 players with shoulder/elbow lesions in ultrasound, 8 (31%) players were asymptomatic while 18 (69%) players had pain in dominant arm. The relationship between the presence of shoulder/elbow lesions and current pain showed no significance (p=0.255, 0.91, 0.9). Supraspinatus partial tear/calcifications were observed in 8 dominant vs 1 non-dominant shoulders (odds ratio=2.462, p=0.628), long head of biceps partial tears/calcifications in 3 dominant vs 1 non-dominant shoulders (odds ratio=0.667, p=0.6), and lateral epicondyle fluid collection/partial tears in 10 dominant vs 3 non-dominant elbows (odds ratio=0.606, p=0.5).

Conclusions

Although ultrasound abnormalities involving supraspinatus, biceps, lateral epicondyle showed an overall tendency of higher prevalence in the dominant arm, the result did not show significant differences according to hand dominance or clinical symptoms. Further studies with larger number of subjects are needed in the future.
AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC COMPARISON OF INJURIES TO SKIERS AND SNOWBOARDERS TREATED AT UNITED STATES EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS, 2000–2015
Authors: Pierpoint Lauren , Volkmer Blake , Comstock Dawn , Morteza Khodaee
Published: August 2017

Background

Skiing and snowboarding, popular competitive and recreational sports, can be associated with significant injury. In 2014/15, there were 53.6 million ski- and snowboarder-visits to United States (US) resorts. Previous studies of skiing and snowboarding injuries have been conducted, but studies evaluating injury patterns over long periods of time are needed to drive effective injury prevention efforts.

Objective

Compare patterns of skiing and snowboarding injuries presenting to emergency departments (EDs) from 2000–2015.

Design

Retrospective descriptive epidemiology.

Setting

US EDs.

Participants

Patients presenting with skiing or snowboarding injuries.

Assessment of Risk Factors

Case reports were obtained from a large national hospital surveillance system that included sample weighting factors enabling calculation of national estimates.

Main Outcome Measurements

Injury incidence and characteristics.

Results

From 2000–2015, 36,145 injured skiers (48.0%) and snowboarders (52.0%) presented to US EDs representing an estimated 1,660,514 injuries nationwide. Males represented most skiing (59.7%) and snowboarding (73.2%) injuries. Skiers were older than snowboarders (mean 31.7 vs. 19.7 years; p<0.01); patients aged 10–19 represented more snowboarding (57.8%) than skiing (31.6%) injuries. Common diagnoses included sprains/strains (skiers=32.2%; snowboarders=24.7%) and fractures (skiers=27.7%, snowboarders=35.7%). Knees (20.8%) and shoulders (14.4%) were most commonly injured in skiers; wrists (20.1%) and shoulders (15.9%) in snowboarders. Individuals most often hospitalized following ED presentation were male (74.8%) and 15–19 years old (20.5%). Compared to all other injuries, fractures (OR=3.66, 95% CI=3.10–4.37) and head injuries (OR=2.10, 95% CI=1.44–3.06) more often resulted in hospitalization. After controlling for age, sex, body part, and diagnosis, skiers were more likely to be hospitalized than snowboarders (OR=1.43, 95% CI=1.16–1.77).

Conclusions

Injury patterns and severity vary between skiers and snowboarders. Understanding the epidemiology of injuries presenting to EDs can help guide prehospital care and medical coverage allocation for resorts and event organizers, as well as identifying areas for targeted injury prevention efforts.