bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gallamine (Flaxedil) and Synaptic Transmission in the Spinal Cord
Authors: de Jong Rudolph H. , Robles Roberto , Morikawa Ken-Ichii
Published: October 2006

A paralyzing dose of gallamine (Flaxedil) (1 to 2 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) has no effect on synaptic transmission in the cat's spinal cord. In spinal cats ventilated with oxygen, we stimulated a dorsal spinal root and recorded the compound ventral root potential. The reflex potential was not affected by 6.25 milligrams of gallamine per kilogram. Giving 12.5 milligrams of gallamine per kilogram had no significant effect on the monosynaptic spike height, but the polysynaptic response rose briefly to 12 percent above control. Increased magnitude of the polysynaptic response appeared related to a concomitant rise in blood pressure.
Dorsal Root Potentials after C-Fiber Stimulation
Authors: Zimmermann Manfred
Published: October 2006

A pure volley from C-fibers, set up by electrical stimulation of a cutaneous nerve and subsequent selective blocking of the A-fibers, generates in the cat spinal cord a dorsal root potential (C-DRP). Its polarity is the same as that of the dorsal root potential elicited by stimulation of the A-fibers (A-DRP), thus probably providing presynaptic inhibition of primary afferents. The size of the C-DRP increases in proportion to the size of the C-volley. A preceding A-DRP reduces the C-DRP.
Caudate Unit Responses to Nigral Stimuli: Evidence for a Possible Nigro-Neostriatal Pathway
Authors: Connor John D.
Published: October 2006

Electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra evokes depressant and facilitatory responses from individually recorded caudate nucleus neurons. These effects resemble those elicited from caudate cells by microiontophoretic ejections of dopamine. Since histochemical evidence suggests that dopamine-containing fibers link the substantia nigra with the caudate, this pathway may mediate the changes in caudate spike rates produced by nigral stimuli.
National Motives Predict Psychogenic Death Rates 25 Years Later
Authors: Rudin S. A.
Published: October 2006

Achievement motivation scores derived from analyses of content of children's stories from 16 countries predicted death rates due to ulcers and hypertension, and power motivation scores predicted death rates due to murder, suicide, and cirrhosis of the liver 25 years later.
Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction: An in vitro Test for Antilymphocytic Serum Activity
Authors: Schwarz M. Roy , Tyler R. W. , Everett N. B.
Published: October 2006

When Lewis rats were exposed to antilymphocytic serum, produced in rabbits, to Lewis lymphoid cells, the transformation of their thoracic duct lymphocytes in response to foreign lymphoid cells was markedly reduced in comparison with that in response to similar cells from donors treated with saline or normal rabbit serum. It is suggested that the mixed lymphocyte reaction may be used as an in vitro test for the in vivo activity of antilymphocytic serum.
Neurohumoral Interaction in the Rat Amygdala after Central Chemical Stimulation
Authors: Singer G. , Montgomery R. B.
Published: October 2006

The interactions of chemically induced thirst and hunger with deprivation-induced hunger and thirst, respectively, were studied in the amygdala. The results suggest direct neurohumoral blocking at this locus, rather than mediation through activated circuits.
Chemical Analysis of the Moon at the Surveyor VI Landing Site: Preliminary Results
Authors: Turkevich Anthony L. , Patterson James H. , Franzgrote Ernest J.
Published: October 2006

The alpha-scattering experiment aboard soft-landing Surveyor VI has provided a chemical analysis of the surface of the moon in Sinus Medii. The preliminary results indicate that, within experimental errors, the composition is the same as that found by Surveyor V in Mare Tranquillitatis. This finding suggests that large portions of the lunar maria resemble basalt in composition.
Littoral of the Northeastern United States: Late Quaternary Warping
Authors: Newman Walter S. , March Stanley
Published: October 2006

Isobases constructed from recently published data are strikingly parallel to both the edge of the continental shelf off the northeastern United States and the Fall Zone. Our analyses suggest that the downwarping recorded by these isobases may be explained by Daly's hypothesis of a collapsing peripheral or marginal "bulge."
Pineal Function: The Biological Clock in the Sparrow?
Authors: Gaston Suzanne , Menaker Michael
Published: October 2006

The pineal organ of the house sparrow,
Passer domesticus
, is essential for persistence of the circadian locomotor rhythm in constant conditions. Upon removal of the pineal body, activity becomes arrhythmic. However, pinealectomy does not abolish the rhythm of locomotor activity in birds exposed to light-dark cycles. Pinealectomized birds are entrained by light cycles in much the same manner as are normal birds. Our data demonstrate that the pineal organ is a crucial component of the endogenous time-measuring system of the sparrow.
Paleosalinity of Permian Nonmarine Deposits in Antarctica
Authors: Tasch Paul , Gafford Edward L.
Published: October 2006

Argillites of the Permian Mount Glossopteris Formation were analyzed for clay minerals, trace elements, and phosphate paleosalinity. Mainly degraded and stripped illites occur. The determined salinity range, 29 to 33 parts per mille is designated the "paleosalinity signature" of the formation. Analysis of trace elements supports phosphate paleosalinity determinations. Data from
Leaia
-bearing beds indicate a salinity range of 30 to 31 parts per mille that persisted some 137 years. Subsequent increase to 33 parts per mille corresponded to termination of leaiid occupancy of the area. These findings confirm and extend Nelson's study of phosphate paleosalinity.
European Cretaceous Flints on the Coast of North America
Authors: Emery K. O. , Kaye C. A. , Loring D. H. , Nota D. J. G.
Published: October 2006

Flint pebbles and nodules from the Upper Cretaceous chalks of Europe occur offshore and at many seaports along the Atlantic coast of North America, where they were brought as ship's ballast. Isolated pieces imported from Europe as gunflints also are present.
Lindane: Metabolism to a New Isomer of Pentachlorocyclohexene
Authors: Reed Walter T. , Forgash Andrew J.
Published: October 2006

Two of the hexane-soluble products of metabolism of lindane in susceptible and resistant houseflies were tentatively identified as isomers of pentachlorocyclohexene by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. One isomer was identical with the pentachlorocyclohexene obtained by mild alkaline dehydrochlorination of lindane and is apparently the form found in previous studies of metabolism; the second is now reported for the first time.
Motor Effects of Copper in the Caudate Nucleus: Reversible Lesions with Ion-Exchange Resin Beads
Authors: Butcher Larry L. , Fox Stephen S.
Published: October 2006

A method employing the use of ion-exchange resin beads is described for the punctate introduction of discrete amounts of various anions, cations, or zwitterions into given brain regions. A series of experiments utilizing the method to introduce ionic copper into the caudate nucleus with the resulting motor manifestations are discussed.
LSD in Mice: Abnormalities in Meiotic Chromosomes
Authors: Skakkebæk N. E. , Philip J. , Rafaelsen O. J.
Published: October 2006

Meiotic chromosomes of six mice injected with high doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) and of six controls were studied. Several breaks, gaps, and unidentifiable fragments were found in the treated but, with a few exceptions, not in the control animals. Secondary constrictions were more numerous in the treated than in the untreated mice. Possible consequences are discussed.
Visual Perception and Xerography
Authors: Crovitz Herbert F. , Schiffman Harold
Published: October 2006

An electrostatic copying machine was used to model the perception of simultaneous brightness contrast. Such a model may assist the study of sensory inhibition by permitting the study of complex situations as they are transformed by rules similar to those at work in neural integration.
Zinnwaldite: Octahedral Ordering in Lithium-Iron Micas
Authors: Rieder Milan
Published: October 2006

Ordering of the octahedral sheet of some lithium-iron micas is proposed on the basis of chemical compositions and crystallographic properties. The model of the ordered sheet has large and small sites in the ratio 2 : 1 and explains all observed properties—the small layer thickness, the "dioctahedral reflections," and the n(120 deg) motif in polytypism.
Mechanism for Multiplication of Atmospheric Ice Crystals: Apparent Charge Distribution on Laboratory Crystals
Authors: Odencrantz F. Kirk , McEwan William S. , St. Amand Pierre , Finnegan William G.
Published: October 2006

Replication of ice crystals with vapor of methyl 2-cyanoacrylate has produced evidence of whiskers on them; an additional mechanism for the necessary multiplication of ice crystals in the atmosphere is suggested. This replication technique also confirms crystal clustering in the atmosphere and appears to confirm the distribution of electrical charge on ice crystals.
Malate Dehydrogenase: Evidence for Tetrameric Structure in
Mus musculus
Authors: Shows Thomas B. , Ruddle Frank H.
Published: October 2006

Two electrophoretically distinct variants of supernatant nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent malate dehydrogenase exist in mice (
Mus musculus
). They are controlled by codominant alleles segregating at an autosomal locus. The two forms exist in a polymorphic condition in wild populations of
Mus musculus
and are fixed in a homozygous condition in inbred lines. These genetic electrophoretic variants are used here to study the subunit structure of this enzyme. Evidence indicating a tetrameric structure for mouse nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent malate dehydrogenase is presented. This interpretation is based on the occurrence in heterozygote tissue extracts of five electrophoretically distinct enzymes. This is the predicted phenotype for tetramers composed of two types of subunits which associate randomly in heterozygotes forming three hybrid enzymes having mobilities intermediate between the parental forms.
Pyrophosphate in the 5′ Terminal Position of a Viral Ribonucleic Acid
Authors: Wimmer Eckard , Reichmann M. E.
Published: October 2006

A pancreatic ribonuclease digest of carbon-14-labeled Satellite Tobacco Necrosis Virus RNA was fractionated, according to charge, by column chromatography. Individual fractions were dephosphorylated with alkaline phosphomonoesterase and rechromatogramed. The fraction originally containing oligonucleotides with seven negative charges separated into two components corresponding to five and two negative charges, respectively, and therefore must have contained a terminal trinucleotide 5′-pyrophosphate, in addition to the internal hexanucleotides. Other fractions when similarly treated were found to contain only internal oligonucleotides.
Cigarettes: Chemical Effects of Sodium Nitrate Content
Authors: Terrell J. H. , Schmeltz I.
Published: October 2006

Although addition of sodium nitrate to cigarettes is reported to reduce the components and properties of cigarette smoke that are associated with tumorigenicity, we find that the additive nevertheless significantly increases the levels of certain vapor-phase constituents of smoke that are known to inhibit ciliary movement; and also it produces other effects of questionable value.
Comparison of RNA Terminal Sequences of Phages f2 and Qβ: Chemical and Sedimentation Equilibrium Studies
Authors: Weith H. L. , Asteriadis G. T. , Gilham P. T.
Published: October 2006

The terminal fragment obtained by hydrolysis with ribonuclease T
1
of the ribonucleic acid from the bacteriophage Qβ has been isolated and purified. The results of chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of this fragment and of the intact RNA itself indicate that the fragment has the composition (10 Cp, 4 Up), and that the RNA has the terminal sequence -GP(9 Cp, 4 Up) CpA. These conclusions are supported by the results of an application of the sedimentation-equilibrium method in which the molecular weight of the Qβ fragment was compared with that of the corresponding fragment from f2 phage RNA for which the terminal sequence, -GpUpUpApCpCpApCpCpCpA had previously been determined.
Band Gap of Forsterite
Authors: Shankland T. J.
Published: October 2006

Optical absorption and reflectivity measurements on synthetic forsterite show that this silicate has a wide band gap of the order of 8.4 electron volts; thus it resembles other pure insulating oxides such as MgO. For natural olivines, in which divalent cations, mainly Fe
2+
, can replace Mg
2+
, all the optical absorption bands between the lattice overtones in the infrared and the first excitonic transition at 8.4 electron volts are due to the presence of iron.
Falciparum Malaria Transmissible from Monkey to Man by Mosquito Bite
Authors: Contacos Peter G. , Collins William E.
Published: October 2006

Anopheles freeborni
mosquitoes were infected by feeding on a New World monkey,
Aotus trivirgatus
, infected with the Malayan IV strain of
Plasmodium falciparum
. After a normal incubation period, the infection was passed to a human volunteer through the bites of these mosquitoes, demonstrating for the first time the practicability of using a simian host as a donor for the infection of mosquitoes with this species of human malarial parasites.
Juvenile Hormone: Effects on a Higher Dipteran
Authors: Srivastava U. S. , Gilbert Lawrence I.
Published: October 2006

Injection of
dl
-juvenile hormone or C
17
methyl ester into
Sarcophaga bullata
larvae prevents puparium formation or arrests development at about the 3rd day of pupal-adult development. Topical application to the abdomens of young pupae results in the secretion of a second pupal cuticle. This is the first reported morphogenetic effect of juvenile hormone on a fly.
Middle Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils: Problematic Occurrence in the Bronx
Authors: Zen E-an , Mamay Sergius H.
Published: October 2006

A possible glacial boulder of undeformed and unmetamorphosed siltstone containing Middle Pennsylvanian plant fossils was recovered from the Bronx. The rock cannot be explained by known geologic relations and suggests the possibility of undetected outliers of Pennsylvanian rocks in the Hudson valley.
Limb Regeneration: Induction in the Newborn Opossum
Authors: Mizell Merle
Published: October 2006

The marsupial
Didelphys virginiana
(the North American opossum) is uniquely suited for studies of mammalian limb replacement. By transplanting nervous tissue to the limb, regeneration has been successfully induced in this mammal.
Mitotic Apparatus: The Selective Extraction of Protein with Mild Acid
Authors: Bibring Thomas , Baxandall Jane
Published: October 2006

The treatment of isolated mitotic apparatus with mild (
p
H 3) hydrochloric acid results in the extraction of less than 10 percent of its protein, accompanied by the selective morphological disappearance of the microtubules. The same extraction can be shown to dissolve outer doublet microtubules from sperm flagella. A protein with points of similarity to the flagellar microtubule protein is the major component of the extract from mitotic apparatus.
Density Gradient Centrifugation: Fixation of Bands by Photopolymerization of Acrylamide
Authors: Cole Thomas A. , Brooks Thomas W.
Published: October 2006

A method for immobilization of proteins in a density gradient is described. This method eliminates the collection of drops or the use of a schlieren optical system, but visualizes the results of the Amido Schwarz stain. Although only sucrose gradients have been examined, the method possibly may be extended to other gradients.
Rhodopsin Photoproducts: Effects on Electroretinogram Sensitivity in Isolated Perfused Rat Retina
Authors: Frank Robert N. , Dowling John E.
Published: October 2006

Isolated perfused retinas of albino rats were exposed to brief saturating flashes of white light which bleached about 50 percent of the rhodopsin present. Transient photoproducts of the reaction could be detected for about 30 minutes. The b-wave threshold increased by some 3 logarithmic units immediately after the flash and remained stable at this level thereafter. This suggests that the longer-lived intermediate products of rhodopsin photolysis do not influence scotopic visual sensitivity.
RNA-DNA Hybridization: Demonstration in a Mammalian System of Competition by Preincubation
Authors: Riggsby W. Stuart , Merriam Virginia
Published: October 2006

Nonspecific intermolecular interactions obscure the interpretation of competition experiments involving hybridization of DNA and RNA in mammalian systems when the labeled RNA/DNA ratio is low. The effect of these interactions can be minimized by choosing a sufficiently high ratio of labeled RNA/DNA. No serious effect of nonspecific interactions is observed in bacteriophage systems, even at very low labeled RNA/DNA ratios.
Temperature in the Monkey: Transmitter Factors Released from the Brain during Thermoregulation
Authors: Myers Robert D. , Sharpe Lawrence G.
Published: October 2006

When perfusate is collected from the anterior hypothalamus of a cooled donor monkey and is transfused to a corresponding hypothalamic site in a normal monkey, fever occurs in this recipient. Conversely, perfusate from a heated donor monkey lowers the recipient monkey's temperature when the same hypothalamic transfusion procedure is followed. These experiments provide direct evidence of a neurochemical "coding" within the specific anatomical region of the brain historically implicated in the control of body temperature.
Cytoplasmic Activity in Type I Pulmonary Epithelial Cells Induced by Macroaggregated Albumin
Authors: Hapke Edith J. , Pederson Harlan J.
Published: October 2006

After the intravenous injection of radioalbumin macroaggregate, large numbers of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were observed in the lung tissue of rats. The inclusions were located mainly in the cytoplasm of type I alveolar lining cells, appeared 40 minutes after the injection, and lasted up to 2 days. These observations suggest that the type I alveolar lining cells participate in the clearing mechanism of the lung tissue, a function that thus far has not been attributed to this type of cell.
Taste Stimuli: A Behavioral Categorization
Authors: Tapper Daniel N. , Halpern Bruce P.
Published: October 2006

The selective patterns of generalization to various chemicals, obtained in rats after radiation-induced gustatory-avoidance conditioning against single chemicals, were used to evaluate qualitative similarities among taste stimuli. DL-Alanine, glycine, and sodium saccharin were classed together, but not with D-glucose or potassium chloride. Groupings such as these may serve as a basis for determining the dimensions along which taste quality is represented.
Visual Pigment Renewal in the Mature Frog Retina
Authors: Hall Michael O. , Bok Dean , Bacharach A. D. E.
Published: October 2006

It has been demonstrated by autoradiography that radioactive amino acids serve as precursors for proteins which are subsequently incorporated into retinal rod outer segment discs in mature animals. By the isolation and purification of visual pigment from retinas of adult frogs after injection of tritiated leucine and phenylalanine, it has been shown that at least part of this labeled protein consists of visual pigment (rhodopsin).
Vernolepin: A New, Reversible Plant Growth Inhibitor
Authors: Sequeira Luis , Hemingway Richard J. , Kupchan S. Morris
Published: October 2006

Vernolepin (5 to 50 micrograms per milliliter), a novel sesquiterpenoid dilactone obtained from
Vernonia hymenolepis
, inhibits extension growth (from 20 to 80 percent) of wheat coleoptile sections. Inhibited tissues appear normal and their respiration is unaffected. If the inhibited sections are washed and subsequently treated with indole-3-acetic acid, the tissues respond to the auxin, but the degree of elongation is determined by the length of prior treatment with vernolepin. Administered simultaneously, increasing concentrations of auxin will significantly reduce the inhibitory effect of vernolepin, but there is no evidence for a competitive interaction between the two substances.
Breakdown and Assembly of Polyribosomes in Synchronized Chinese Hamster Cells
Authors: Steward David L. , Shaeffer Joseph R. , Humphrey Ronald M.
Published: October 2006

Polyribosomes were absent in metaphase Chinese hamster cells and were reassembled after mitosis. This assembly correlated temporally with formation of nuclear membrane and decondensation of chromatin, accounted for a threefold increased rate of protein synthesis, and occurred independently of de novo RNA synthesis, that is, it utilized preexisting messenger RNA.
Frontal Muscle Scars of Trachyleberidinae and Hemicytherinae (
Ostracoda
)
Authors: Smith Raymond N.
Published: October 2006

One transverse and one mandibular muscle form the frontal scars on each valve in both the trachyleberines and hemicytherines. Bifurcation of the transverse muscle into anterior-posterior bundles (trachyleberine) and into dorsal-ventral bundles (hemicytherine) and mandibular muscle position account for the different frontal scar patterns observed.
Sexuality in
Chodatella
Authors: Ramaley Annette W.
Published: October 2006

The unicellular green alga
Chodatella longiseta
Lemm. is described as reproducing solely by the production of autospores; however, it is also capable of oogamous sexual reproduction. Division of a single cell produces 8, 16, or 32 sperms which, upon release. attach to nonmotile cells. Fusion takes place, and a thick-walled resistant zygospore develops.
Histamine Release in vitro: Inhibition by Catecholamines and Methylxanthines
Authors: Lichtenstein L. M. , Margolis S.
Published: October 2006

Methylxanthines and catecholamines both inhibit antigenically induced histamine release from human leukocytes. They act synergistically to inhibit the reaction, but must be present when antigen is added; preincubation is not effective. Since both increase cellular levels of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate it is postulated that this compound plays a role in the regulation of allergic histamine release.
Copper: Relation to Penicillamine-Induced Defect in Collagen
Authors: Jaffe Israeli A. , Merriman Parvin , Jacobus David
Published: October 2006

When rats were depleted of copper by administration of a copperdeficient diet, no abnormalities developed in dermal collagen. In contrast, marked changes were produced by penicillamine although the degree of copper-deficiency induced by the drug was less. Large additions of copper to the diet failed to prevent the penicillamine-induced collagen defect when the drug was given parenterally. The effect of penicillamine on soft-tissue collagen appears to be unrelated to its copper-chelating properties.
Evolutionary Criteria in Thallophytes: A Radical Alternative
Authors: Margulis Lynn
Published: October 2006

The classical assumptions, upon which all previous phylogenies for the lower plants (Thallophytes) have been based, are claimed to be erroneous. An alternative view, that the eukaryotic cell arose in the late Precambrian from prokaryotic ancestors by a specific series of symbioses, is referred to here. Mutually consistent phylogenies, one for the prokaryotes, another for the lower eukaryotes, can be constructed on the basis of the symbiotic theory. The resulting prokaryote phylogeny is presented here; it is claimed to be more consistent with cytological data, measured DNA base ratios, and the fossil record than the several classical partial phylogenies for Thallophytes recently published.
Trypanosome Transmitted by
Phlebotomus
: First Report from the Americas
Authors: Anderson John R. , Ayala Stephen C.
Published: October 2006

Transmission studies carried out in the laboratory incriminated
Phlebotomus vexator occidentis
as a vector of a species of trypanosome that infects
Bufo boreas halophilus
. Toads free of parasites contracted the trypanosome after eating infected flies and after intraperitoneal inoculation of flagellates cultured from the hindgut of flies that had fed on infected toads. Discovery of this vector-host-parasite system in the Americas, and the localization of promastigote flagellates (leptomonads) in the hindgut of the vector, should assist in clarifying interpretative problems associated with infection of wild-caught flies in studies on leishmaniasis in the Americas and elsewhere.
Pyrethroid-Like Biological Activity of Compounds Lacking Cyclopropane and Ester Groupings
Authors: Berteau Peter E. , Casida John E. , Narahashi Toshio
Published: October 2006

The following new insecticidal compounds respond to synergism by piperonyl butoxide and block nerve excitability in the same manner as the insecticide allethrin: 1-(4-allethronyl)-acetyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-isobutenylcyclopropane (the ketone analog of allethrin) and the esters of 5-benzyl-3 furylmethanol with 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylaziridinecarboxylic acid, and
N
,
N
-diisopropylcarbamic acid. Therefore pyrethroid-like activity is not restricted to esters of cyclopropanecarboxylic acids.
Ruthenium Tetroxide for Fixing and Staining Cytoplasmic Membranes
Authors: Gaylarde P. , Sarkany I.
Published: October 2006

Rat liver and kidney were fixed for electron microscopy with ruthenium tetroxide. When compared with tissues fixed with osmium tetroxide, the membranes showed well without additional staining. The trilaminar structure of the cytoplasmic membranes was clearly seen. In width the nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic membranes investigated resembled the cell membrane.
Nucleic Acid Molecules: New Microdiffusion Technique for Visualization
Authors: Mayor Heather D. , Jordan Liane E.
Published: October 2006

A microdiffusion technique, developed for visualization of nucleic acid molecules in the electron microscope, requires less than 0.01 microgram of nucleic acid. Although originally developed for free nucleic acids, the method can be applied to virion suspensions for direct visualization of their genomes; less than 10
10
virions per milliliter are required. Results agree well with those yielded by the diffusion technique of Lang, Kleinschmidt, and Zahn.
Annulment of Sterol-Induced Sexual Reproduction by Estradiol in
Pythium periplocum
Authors: Hendrix James W. , Guttman Shelley-Marie
Published: October 2006

Estradiol prevented cholesterol-induced sexual reproduction by the fungus Pythium periplocum. Inhibition by estradiol was partial at 10-
6
M
and complete at 10-
5
M
, the same concentrations at which cholesterol and β-sitosterol were initially and maximally active. Higher concentrations of estradiol were required for growth inhibition than for inhibition of reproduction.
Immunological Response of Male Cockroaches to Injection of
Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: Seaman Gerald R. , Robert N. L.
Published: October 2006

After injection of living tetrahymena into the hemocoels of male cockroaches, recovered hemolymph immobilizes washed ciliates. The immobilizing material is sensitive to heat and acid, and can be separated with ammonium sulfate. Hemolymph from immune animals confers protection in another animal into which it is injected. Immobilizing activity of the hemolymph from immune animals is associated with a nonreactive, normal protein component present in hemolymph from nonimmunized insects.
Human Prothrombin Activation: Immunochemical Study
Authors: Shapiro Sandor S.
Published: October 2006

Antiserums to human prothrombin contain antibodies directed against at least two different antigenic sites. During blood coagulation, prothrombin is cleaved into two major antigenically distinct fragments—thrombin and a "pro" fragment. The latter is present in normal serum, whereas thrombin loses its immunologic reactivity, presumably because of its combination with the natural thrombin inhibitors in blood.
Brain Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Authors: Raskin Neil H. , Sokoloff Louis
Published: October 2006

Significant alcohol dehydrogenase activity has been demonstrated in the soluble fraction of rat brain and is very similar to the liver enzyme in kinetic properties and responses to inhibitors. A cerebral mechanism that oxidizes ethanol may play a significant role in local adjustments during exposure to ethanol and in the pathogenesis of the neural disorders associated with chronic alcohol ingestion or withdrawal.
Three IgA Myeloma Immunoglobulins from the BALB/c Mouse: Precipitation with Pneumococcal C Polysaccharide
Authors: Potter Michael , Leon Myron A.
Published: October 2006

Three of 64 IgA immunoglobulins, derived from plasma cell tumors induced by mineral oil in BALB/c mice, precipitated with species-specific pneumococcus C polysaccharide. A related antigen was also found in group O and some group H streptococci. A difference in ability to precipitate a C polysaccharide from a pneumococcus type XIV was demonstrated between protein 603 which did precipitate and protein 167 which did not precipitate this polysaccharide. Studies of the 167 and 603 proteins showed differences in electrophoretic mobility and polypeptide chains. The antigen-combining site of the 167 and 603 proteins resided on the papain-digestion Fab fragment.
Hydrolysis at Arginylproline in Polypeptides by Clostridiopeptidase B
Authors: Mitchell William M.
Published: October 2006

Clostridiopeptidase B, a sulfhydryl protease from
Clostridium histolyticum
, hydrolyzes the arginylproline bond in the synthetic polypeptide methionyllysyl-bradykinin. Hydrolysis also occurs at a reduced rate at the lysylarginine bond, further delineating the environment necessary for the minor proteolysis seen with this enzyme at lysine residues. The specificity of clostridiopeptidase B differs from trypsin, which hydrolyzes this synthetic polypeptide only at the lysylarginine bond.
Clostridium botulinum
Type F: Isolation from Crabs
Authors: Williams-Walls N. J.
Published: October 2006

Two proteolytic strains of
Clostridium botulinum
type F have been isolated from crabs (
Callinectes sapidus
) from the York River in Virginia. This is the first time proteolytic strains of this type have been isolated in the United States and the first demonstration of the presence of type F on the eastern coast of the United States.
Palladium Dichloride Whiskers: Preparation and Properties
Authors: Riebling E. F.
Published: October 2006

Palladium dichloride whiskers can be prepared by reacting palladium with chlorine at temperatures above 500°C. The crystals measure 1 × 100 micrometers and are strong (5 percent elastic deformation). They may be a morphological form of one of the high-temperature polymorphs of PdCl
2
.
Rhizoid Formation in
Fucus
Zygotes: Dependence on Protein and Ribonucleic Acid Syntheses
Authors: Quatrano Ralph S.
Published: October 2006

Ribonucleic acid required for rhizoid formation in
Fucus
zygotes is synthesized several hours before the production of proteins essential for this process. The period of synthesis of these proteins coincides with the irreversible commitment of a certain cytoplasmic region to initiate events leading to a visibly polar cell.
Mutant S1 Alleles of Mice Affect Susceptibility to Friend Spleen Focus-Forming Virus
Authors: Bennett M. , Steeves R. A. , Cudkowicz G. , Mirand E. A. , Russell L. B.
Published: October 2006

Mice of genotypes S1/S1
d
, S1/+, and S1
d
/+ (but not S1
T
/S1
T
or S1
T
/+) were resistant to spleen focus-forming virus. The "environment" in which hemopoietic target cells for this virus develop was not conducive for infection or focus formation, or both, but the target cells were not altered directly. The same genes appear to regulate hemopoiesis and leukemogenic transformation.
Ribonuclease Activity in Commercial Crystalline Trypsin and a Method for Removal
Authors: Tunis Marvin
Published: October 2006

Several preparations of crystalline trypsin hydrolyze RNA because of contaminating ribonuclease activity. Filtration of these materials through Sephadex G-50 yields a trypsin devoid of ribonuclease activity and having a proteolytic specific activity about 70 percent of the starting material.
Phytochrome-Mediated Bioelectric Potentials in Mung Bean Seedlings
Authors: Jaffe M. J.
Published: October 2006

Excised root tips from dark-grown mung bean seedlings (
Phaseolus aureus
) that adhere to a negatively charged glass surface when irradiated with red light and release when irradiated by far-red light develop a positive bioelectric potential (about 1.0 millivolt) at the tip in red light and a negative bioelectric potential in far-red light. The sign of the bioelectric potential was repeatedly photoreversible, and the adhesion and release kinetics were similar to those of the development of the bioelectric potentials. Photoconversion of the phytochrome holochrome perhaps changes permeability characteristics of the cell membrane, resulting in an induced localized electrochemical gradient manifested as a bioelectric potential. This supports the view that phytochrome in situ is membrane bound.
Attenuation of Low-Frequency Sound in Freshwater
Authors: Browning David G. , Jones Everett N. , Mellen Robert H. , Thorp William H.
Published: October 2006

Lake Superior was chosen as an experimental site to compare sound absorption of freshwater with the results of absorption measurements in seawater. The relaxation-like absorption at 1 kilohertz occurring in seawater is also present in freshwater. A relaxation related to the structural characteristics rather than to the salt content of water may be responsible for the anomalous absorption.
Mutants at the Bobbed Locus in
Drosophila melanogaster
: Relation to Ribosomal RNA Synthesis?
Authors: Gersh Eileen S.
Published: October 2006

An allele of the bobbed locus (bobbed bristle) behaved in crosses with other bobbed alleles as a weak isoallele to which extreme bobbed alleles were dominant. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the bobbed locus contains multiple cistrons, some threshold number of which are needed to produce ribosomal RNA and the normal phenotype.
Galápagos Flora: Fernandina (Narborough) Caldera before Recent Volcanic Event
Authors: Colinvaux Paul A. , Schofield Eileen K. , Wiggins Ira L.
Published: October 2006

A collection of 25 flowering plants was made from the inner cone of Fernandina crater. The distribution, relationships and dispersal mechanisms of these species are considered in the light of recent physical changes resulting from volcanic activity.
Neolithic Economic Autonomy and Social Distance
Authors: Leone Mark P.
Published: October 2006

The following hypothesis was tested in the prehistoric Mogollon culture area of the American Southwest: increasing dependence on agriculture leads to increasing social distance between the minimal economic units needed to make agriculture a successful economic base. Both variables covaried positively. As dependence on agriculture increased, villages became more endogamous.
Immunologic Enhancement of Tumor Xenografts by Pepsin-Degraded Immunoglobulin
Authors: Broder Samuel , Whitehouse Frank
Published: October 2006

The serums from guinea pigs previously injected with mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were fractionated to obtain γ
2
-immunoglobulin. This immunoglobulin was degraded with pepsin to obtain an F(ab′)
2
fragment. Fresh tumor cells were incubated with immunoglobulin or the fragment and injected into normal guinea pigs. The growth of these cells as tumor xenografts was inhibited by the γ
2
-immunoglobulin and enhanced by the F(ab′)
2
fragment. Similar incubation of tumor cells with normal guinea pig γ
2
-globulin or its derived F(ab′)
2
fragment did not alter subsequent tumor growth.
Separation of Cellular from Extracellular Controls of Drinking in Rats by Frontal Brain Damage
Authors: Blass Elliott M.
Published: October 2006

Rats that had undergone removal of the frontal portion of the brain, including the olfactory bulbs, did not drink, or drank less than controls, when subjected to cellular dehydration. These same animals drank normally in response to extracellular volume reduction. Rats from which only the olfactory bulbs had been removed drank normally in both tests. An essential part of the neurological system mediating drinking produced by cellular dehydration, but not by volume reduction, therefore lies within the frontal cortex or immediate subcortical tissue.
Pars Intermedia: Unitary Electrical Activity Regulated by Light
Authors: Oshima Kiyoshi , Gorbman Aubrey
Published: October 2006

In the pars intermedia of frogs in the dark two types of spontaneously firing neuronal units have been found; one can be inhibited by and the other is indifferent to increases in illumination. The receptor for the light-inhibited units appears to be the pineal organ. Transection experiments indicate that the axons to the two kinds of units in the pars intermedia are separately grouped in the infundibular floor.
Dust in the Lower Atmosphere of Venus
Authors: Anderson Albert D.
Published: October 2006

Terminal velocities of dust particles have been calculated for two model atmospheres of Venus; data are derived from measurements of Mariner V and Venera 4. The vertical wind velocities required to maintain dust aloft in the lower atmosphere of Venus are less than one-half the magnitude of those needed on Earth. Since the lower atmosphere of Venus appears to be hot, dry, and strongly convective, it probably contains much more dust than that of Earth.
Sclerospora graminicola
Axenic Culture
Authors: Tiwari M. M. , Arya H. C.
Published: October 2006

Sclerospora graminicola
(Sacc.) Schroet., the obligate pathogen causing downy mildew (green-ear) of pearl millet (
Pennisetum typhoides
Stapf. and Hubb.) has been successfully cultured for the first time on a known semisynthetic medium with no evident loss of fructifications.
Sclerospora graminicola
was first grown on host callus tissue and subsequently on a modification of White's basal medium that contained casein hydrolyzate (Oxoid). 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and kinetin.
Bird Energetics: Effects of Artificial Radiation
Authors: Lustick Sheldon
Published: October 2006

Radiant energy reduces oxygen consumption in birds; this reduction is correlated with feather color, being greater in dark birds (26 percent reduction) than in white ones (6 percent reduction). With radiant energy (basking), the cowbird effectively increased its insulation, thus shifting the lower end of the zone of thermal neutrality down by as much as 10°C (35° to 25°C).
Plutonium-238 in Fallout
Authors: Mamuro T. , Matsunami T.
Published: October 2006

The observed variation in the activity ratio of plutonium-238 to plutonium-239 plus plutonium-240 in rainwater in Japan over the period from 1961 through 1968 seems to indicate that the influence of the plutonium-238 released by the burnup of the nuclear auxiliary power generator (SNAP-9A) became noticeable within about 6 months and that variation in the isotope ratio with time is affected by nuclear debris produced in the latest explosions as well as by the plutonium-238 released from the SNAP-9A generator.
Evoked Potentials and Auditory Reaction Time in Monkeys
Authors: Miller Josef M. , Moody David B. , Stebbins William C.
Published: October 2006

Monkeys with bipolar stimulating and recording electrodes in primary auditory cortex were trained to release a key to the onset of a pure tone. Substitution of direct cortical stimulation for the pure tone resulted in a reduction of 15 milliseconds in the latency of the behavioral response. This changed latency agreed with the latency of the primary evoked potential recorded from the animals. Systematic related changes in the amplitude of the central response and in the latency of the behavioral response followed changes in the intensity and frequency of the acoustic stimulus.
Fast Transport System of Materials in Mammalian Nerve Fibers
Authors: Ochs S. , Sabri M. I. , Johnsona J.
Published: October 2006

A fast transport system of materials is shown in cat sensory fibers of sciatic nerve. After injection of tritiated leucine into the lumbar seventh ganglia, the distribution of activity was measured in the sciatic nerves from 2 to 8 hours afterward. The distribution showed a crest of activity advancing down the fibers at a rate of approximately 410 millimeters per day. An intraaxonic locus of the activity was indicated by a block of the downflow induced by local freezing which causes the fibers to close off. Some of the activity in the nerve was due to free tritiated leucine, with most of it incorporated into polypeptide, soluble protein, and subcellular particulates.
Gametogony of
Eimeria tenelia
(Coccidia) in Cell Cultures
Authors: Stiout R. G. , Ouellette C. A.
Published: October 2006

Mature male and female gametocytes of
Eimeria tenella
, a coccidium of the chicken ceca, developed in primary cultures of chick embryonic kidney cells inoculated with sporozoites. Immature gametocytes appeared in the cultures after approximately 144 hours of incubation at 41°C. Mature micro- and macrogametes were present from 160 to 190 hours after inoculation.
Somatic Cell Hybrid between the Established Human Line D98 (Presumptive HeLa) and 3T3
Authors: Matsuya Yutaka , Green Howard
Published: October 2006

Somatic cell hybrids have been made between an established human cell line with a long culture history and an established mouse fibroblast line. When first analyzed, the hybrid cells contained nearly twice as many mouse chromosomes as the mouse parent line, and a human chromosome complement of about half that of the human parent. There was further loss of human chromosomes on continued cultivation. This behavior resembles that of other human-mouse hybrids and appears to be characteristic of the human-mouse combination. However, the number of human chromosomes is greater than in hybrids made from human diploid fibroblasts. Some clones contain more than a haploid quantity of human DNA per cell and should synthesize a much greater number of human gene products.
Human Serum Inhibitor of C′1 Esterase: Identity with Neuraminoglycoprotein
Authors: Pensky Jack , Schwick H. Gerhard
Published: October 2006

A comparison of highly purified C′1 esterase inhibitor from human serum and α
2
-neuraminoglycoprotein from human plasma by immunofusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and discgel electrophoresis showed them to be antigenically identical.
Frequency Dependence of Polarization of Pulsar CP 0328
Authors: Goldstein S. J. , Meisel D. D.
Published: October 2006

The circularly polarized emission from the pulsar CP 0328 has an approximately flat spectrum in the 1-megahertz band centered at 113.6 megahertz, whereas the linearly polarized emission varies with frequency and from pulse to pulse. A simple model for the source that has a constant Faraday rotation measure fits some of the linearly polarized spectra observed for individual pulses, but changes in the rotation measure of as much as 30 radians per square meter are required between adjacent pulses. The simple model does not fit the average spectrum of the linearly polarized emission, although the average spectrum had the same form on two nights.
Venus: Absence of a Phase Effect at a 2-Centimeter Wavelength
Authors: Morrison David
Published: October 2006

Observations of Venus made during 1967 and 1968 at a frequency of 15.4 gigahertz set an upper limit of 5 percent for the variation of brightness temperature with phase. This negative result appears to contradict earlier detections of a phase effect. By comparison with Virgo A (3C 274), which has an assumed flux density of 29 × 10
-26
watt per square meter per hertz, the brightness temperature of Venus at this frequency is 485 + 60, -40°K (mean error).
Oxygen Consumption and Pumping Rates in the Hard Clam
Mercenaria mercenaria
: A Direct Method
Authors: Hamwi Adel , Haskin Harold H.
Published: October 2006

Respiratory and pumping rates in the hard clam
Mercenaria mercenaria
were measured directly in running seawater; the quantity of oxygen used was calculated from the difference in concentrations in incurrent and excurrent water. A linear relationship between pumping and respiratory rates suggests regulation of water transport by oxygen requirement rather than by feeding.
Esterase Heterogeneity: Dynamics of a Polymorphism
Authors: Koehn Richard K.
Published: October 2006

In the freshwater fish
Catostomus clarkii
, the frequency of alleles for polymorphic serum esterase varies with latitude. The activity of the allele more frequent in southern populations increases as temperature increases from 0° to 37°C, whereas activity of the allele more frequent in northern populations increases as temperature decreases. Coefficients of selection used to calculate allelic equilibrium within populations are derived from the activity profiles of the genotypes.
Automated Analysis of Cellular Change in Histological Sections
Authors: Mawdesley-Thomas Lionel E. , Healey Peter
Published: October 2006

An image analysis computer has been used to count and measure goblet cells in the epithelium of the bronchiolar tree of rats exposed to sulfur dioxide vapor. A technique was developed which enabled a bioassay of the irritant effects of the gas.
Glass-Transition Temperature of Water
Authors: Miller A. A.
Published: October 2006

The glass-transition temperature of water

(T
g
)

has been calculated by use of the Tammann-Hesse viscosity equation with the viscosity equal to 10
13
poise at

T
g

. The derived value of

T
g

, 162 ± 1°K, is significantly higher than previous estimates.
Cytoplasmic DNA from Petite Colonies of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
: A Hypothesis on the Nature of the Mutation
Authors: Carnevali Francesca , Morpurgo Giorgio , Tecce Giorgio
Published: October 2006

The density of the cytoplasmic DNA of two strains of "petite" mutants of yeast, obtained by treatment with acriflavin and with ultraviolet light, was examined in cesium chloride density-gradient centrifugation and in all cases appeared to be less than that of the wild type. A cytoplasmic respiratory-deficient strain, treated with additional acriflavin, can show a further shift of the position of the satellite band, always in the direction of reduction of density. Also, from the ρ
+
× ρ
-
cross, ρ
-
strains can be recovered in which the density of the satellite DNA is different from the density of the parent ρ
-
strain. This finding suggests the existence of recombination in cytoplasmic DNA moleciules.
Poliovirus Crystals within the Endoplasmic Reticulum of Endothelial and Mononuclear Cells in the Monkey Spinal Cord
Authors: Blinzinger K. , Simon J. , Magrath D. , Boulger L.
Published: October 2006

The lumbar motor columns of a cynomolgus monkey that had become tetraplegic after experimental infection with a highly virulent strain of type 3 poliovirus were examined by electron microscopy. Crystalline aggregates of poliovirus occurred within the endoplasmic reticulum of endothelial cells as well as of mononuclear inflammatory cells. This finding suggests that the endoplasmic reticulum might be much more involved in poliovirus multiplication than has been previously supposed.
Endogenous Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate in Tissues of Rabbits Fed an Atherogenic Diet
Authors: Augustyn Joan M. , Ziegler F. D.
Published: October 2006

Rabbits fed a high cholesterol diet experienced a significant increase in plasma adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP), which was simultaneous with the increase in plasma cholesterol. The content of cyclic AMP in atherosclerotic lesion areas of rabbit aortic intima-media was significantly higher (0.24 picomole per microgram of DNA) than that in adjacent nonlesion areas or in aortic intima-media from control animals (0.09 picomole per microgram of DNA). The cyclic AMP content of heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and diaphragm showed no significant elevation in animals fed cholesterol.
Endocrine Control of Adrenal Progesterone Secretion in the Ovariectomized Rat
Authors: Resko John A.
Published: October 2006

In the ovariectomized rat, the adrenal gland secretes progesterone. Adrenocorticotropin treatment elevates concentrations of this steroid in plasma, and inhibitors of adrenocorticotropin or progesterone biosynthesis lower the concentration. Adrenocorticotropin controls progesterone secretion by the adrenal but not by the ovary. Adrenal progesterone and its mode of control may have important influences on reproductive processes.