bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Errata
Authors: Ivanow W.
Published: March 2011

In addition to the corrections by Mr. Krenkow (JRAS., April, 1921, pp. 248–9), I offer here some more emendations to my paper on the library in possession of the shrine of Imam Riza at Meshed (JRAS., 1920. pp. 535–63):—

p. 538, second line from the bottom of the page. Instead of read (a quite reasonable suggestion of an Indian Moulvie).

p. 545, No. 10, probably is the same as Nos. 9, 14, 15 (it was lithographed in Persia).

p. 546, Nos. 17 and 23 most probably are the manuscript copies of Tusi's List (edited by A. Sprenger, Calcutta, 1853–5). The Shi'a usually call this book

p. 551, No. 69. Most probably not printed, but lithographed. I know only two editions, both Indian lithography; one which appeared a long time ago, without date or place of publication, but judging from its appearance, published in Delhi. It is now very scarce. The other was lithographed at Bombay in 1318.

p. 555, No. 86. For read It is simply a misprint.

Ibid., No. 101. is probably a mistake for .

p. 562, on the sixth line from the top. It is more probably the third, and not the second volume of the Tajārib. The publication alluded to in this passage is the Gibb Memorial Series, where a portion of this book appeared in facsimile.
The Dispersion of the Kurds in Ancient Times
Authors: Driver G. R.
Published: March 2011

The territory occupied by the Kurdish race in historic times seems to have been the district called by the Greeks Kardûchia, and by both Greeks and Romans Corduene or Gordiaea, and by the Syriac writers Qardū, whence the earliest Arabic authorities derived the name Qardā, the country bounded roughly on the north by Armenia, on the west by the river Euphrates, on the south by the Arabian desert, and on the east by the ancient kingdom of Media. Strabo, the Greek geographer, states that Armenia and Atropatene consisted of prosperous districts, but that the northern part was a mountainous country occupied by wild tribes, such as the Kyrtii, nomads and brigands dispersed over the whole of Armenia and extending eastwards over the Zagros mountains. More closely he defines the land of the Gordiaei, whom the earlier writers called Kardūchi, by locating it on the banks of the Tigris and by adding that one of its chief cities was Pinaka, the modern Finik, “a very strong fortress, having three hill-tops, each fortified with its own wall, so as to form as it were a threefold city; yet Armenians subjugated it and Romans took it by storm, although the Gordiaei were apparently good builders and skilled in siege-works, for which reason Tigranes so employed them.”
Hittite Legend of the War with the Great Serpent
Authors: Sayce A. H.
Published: March 2011

Among the Boghaz Keui tablets is one which, though terribly mutilated, is of considerable interest. It is the story of the war between the gods and the Serpent of Evil told from the Hittite point of view and connected with the institution of the festival of Purulliyas. The original text has been published in the Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazkoi, iii, No. 7.
Our Earliest Historical Contacts with the Indo-Europeans
Authors: Luckenbill D. D.
Published: March 2011

The recognition of the kinship of many of the languages of Asia and Europe was the starting-point of the science of Indo-European philology; and hardly was the first linguistic family-tree set up before there was inaugurated the search for the original home of the Indo-Europeans, a search which has been going on for nigh to a century, and whose chief accomplishment to date has been a voluminous literature. Needless to say, the site of the first home has not yet been fixed. In the course of time the quest had gradually shifted from Asia, where Bactria served as a convenient centre for the original community, over to Europe, where Germany and Scandinavia were the chief claimants for this honour, when the discovery of Tocharish, a centum-language, once more revived the hypothesis of the Asiatic origin of the Indo-Europeans. Far be it from an Assyriologist to take sides in this matter: but may he be permitted to remind the Indo-European scholars that the chancesof finding older historical information about the Indo-Europeans than that furnished by the inscriptions from the Egypto-Babylonian cultural area are very slight indeed? It is the purpose of this paper to point out the earliest known contacts of the Indo-Europeanswith that cultural area and then to speculate a little as to when and whence these tribes may have come into Asia Minor and on into the Semitic world.
Hymns to Pap-due-garra
Authors: Pinches T. G.
Published: March 2011

As explained in the note on p. 74, the reading of this name is uncertain, especially with regard to the second element, due, the other transcriptions being ul-e (the ordinary values of the two characters of which it is composed) and rue. I have chosen the transcription in the title because it seems to be the most probable and because, some sort of transcription was a necessity. Other possible transcriptions, due to what seem to be variants, will be found on the page which I have quoted.
Facts and Theories Relating to Hebrew Music
Authors: Friedlander Arthur M.
Published: March 2011

The few remarks which it is my privilege and honour to address to you to-day will be concerned with some of the results of investigations which I have made during the course of my research work in connexion with The History of the Music of the Hebrews and the Synagogue, and the Jewish source of the early music of the Roman Church.
On the Benares Pronunciation of the Sanskrit Visarga
Authors: Grierson George A.
Published: March 2011

In an article on the representation of tones in Oriental languages (JRAS., 1920, pp. 475 ft), I pointed out that the so-called Vedic accents were the same as the tones found in certain Indo-Chinese languages, the only difference being one of name. In this connexion I stated that the visargacorresponded to the Indo-Chinese glottal check—the “ entering tone ” of Southern Mandarin and other Chinese dialects.
The Orientation of the Dead in India
Authors: Crooke William
Published: March 2011

The question of the orientation of the dead has recently engaged the attention of anthropologists, the term in this connexion meaning, not, as the derivation of the word implies, a position in the direction of the west, but in some specified relation to the points of the compass. For example, Mr. W. J. Perry, discarding what he terms the “solar theory” of Sir E. Tylor, reverts to the explanation suggested by Herbert Spencer, that the beliefs concerning the direction of the Other World depend on the migrations of the tribes, the Land of the Dead being identified with the region from which a certain tribe has, or believes it has, come. Mr. Perry's investigation is confined to Indonesia, and Sir J. G. Frazer quotes a case from British New Guinea in which the dead are buried on their sides with their heads pointing in the direction from which the totem clan of the deceased is believed to have come originally.
Indian Punch-marked Coins
Authors: Walsh E. H. C.
Published: March 2011

In the present paper, certain points are submitted for consideration with reference to Indian punch-marked coins. They are the result of an examination of two finds of punchmarked coins found in 1917, the one at Patna and the other at Gorho Ghat, north of the Ganges, in the Bhagalpur District of the Province of Bihar and Orissa. My examination of the Patna coins was published in the Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society, 1919, pp. 17–72, and of the Gorho Ghat coins in the same Journal, 1919, pp. 463–94. I have since then examined a number of other punch-marked coins which have agreed with and supported the conclusions that were arrived at from the examination of the above two finds.
Arabic and Persian Metres
Authors: Dewhurst R. P.
Published: March 2011

A Few years ago I prepared a statistical comparison of the metres used by Hafiz in his Persian ghazals and those employed by the Urdu poet Atish, which appears in this Society's Journal (JRAS. 1917, p. 383). I have recently, in connexion with the revision of a translation which I made twelve years ago of the Arabic poet Mutanabbi, the publication of which remains delayed by various reasons, mainly financial, completed an analysis of the metres employed by Mutanabbi. In Dieterici's edition of Mutanabbi there are 287 separate poems of varying length, the average being about 19 baits. The metres of these poems arranged in order of frequency are as follows:—
Two Dialects Spoken in the Central Persian Desert
Authors: Ivanow W.
Published: March 2011

In 1896 A. Querry published in the Mémoires de la Société de linguistique de Paris (vol. ix, pp. 110–24), a short note on the dialect spoken in Nain. His materials were collected by some of his Persian friends at Tehran where they chanced to meet a Naini on his visit to the capital. Since that time nothing has appeared in the press to add to our information concerning the linguistics in that corner of Persia.
Pictographic Reconnaissances. Part VII
Authors: Hopkins L. C.
Published: March 2011

It would have been better that the explanation following should have formed an introduction to the series of papers under this heading, rather than a belated interjection at or near their end. But at any rate circumstances require that the explanation should not be further delayed.
Buddhist Logic before Diṅnāga (Asaṅga, Vasubandhu, Tarka-śāstras)
Authors: Tucci Guiseppe
Published: March 2011

We must admit that very little is known about the first development of Indian logic and particularly about Buddhist logic before Diṅnāga. If we take the best manuals of Indian logic now available, such as those by Suali, Vidyābhūṣāṇa, Keith, or the most comprehensive Histories of Indian philosophy like those of Dāsgupta and Rādhākrishna we shall easily recognize that the data contained therein are far from being satisfactory; more than that, they are also very often wrong. In fact, almost the only source from which their statements are derived is the book by Sugiura, who certainly had the merit of giving the first account of Indian logic as preserved in Chinese sources, but, being himself absolutely without knowledge of orthodox nyāya and of Sanscrit, is in his statements and in his translations very often misleading.
An Unplaced Fragment of the Utukke Limnuti Series
Authors: Langdon S.
Published: March 2011

The unpublished text K. 2505 has been partially utilized by the late Professor Zimmern in a few entries communicated by him to Professor Meissner for the Nachträge to the latter's Seltene Assyrische Ideogramme. It was obvious from the few extracts available in this important book that K. 2505 contains much valuable and new material, and I am grateful to the Keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities of the British Museum, Mr. Sidney Smith, for permission to copy and publish this text. It throws much new light upon the forms and uses of Sumerian verbs. I cannot discover any duplicates in the extensive incantation literature, although the fragment obviously belongs to a long and an important text of the utukkê limnûti series.
A Persian Manuscript Attributed to Rhazes
Authors: Elgood C.
Published: March 2011

Within the last few years, a period which may well be said to have been initiated by the publication of the late Professor Browne's Arabian Medicine in 1921, there has sprung up a new interest in the scientific accomplishments of Islamic Persia. The foundations of this study were laid in the last century by the German publication of certain Arabic texts and historical works and by Leclerc's Histoire de la Médecine arabe. In this first period must be included a short note by Professor Nicholson on the Ḥifẓ-ul-Ṣiḥḥat (or Ḥifẓ-ul-Badan) of Fakhr-ul-Dīn Rāzī, which was published in the Society's Journal for January, 1899.
“Maḥmūd” and “Laudable”
Authors: Latham J. Derek
Published: March 2011

It is common knowledge that the term used to denote the fluid product of suppuration at the site of an infection of tissue is “pus”. Less well known, perhaps, is the use of the term qualified by the adjective “laudable”. This is hardly surprising since even in medical circles “laudable pus” is nowadays rather an expression familiar to historians of medicine than a terminological commonplace currently circulating among practitioners of the art. Prior to World War II, however, the expression seems to have been common enough in popular parlance; it was part of the vocabulary of folk-medicine. Moreover, it is worth noting that in 1939 it still merited inclusion (s.v.“pus”) inGould's Pronouncing medical dictionary.In that work it is defined as “a whitish, inodorous pus, formerly thought to be essential to healing of wounds”. Before proceeding to our main focus of interest it is important to point out that such a definition reflects the position of Galenic thinking and not that of the more advanced practitioners of 19th-century medicine. In the age of Lister (1827–1912) laudable pus was bluish-green matter characterized by the presence of what we now know to be a natural antibiotic, namely pyocyanin, generated by the organismPseudomonas pyocyanea.Nowadays no pus is considered “laudable”, and the expression, to all intents and purposes, went out with Listerian surgery. So much for the purely medical aspect of the question.
Learned and popular attitudes to the Arabs in the Middle Ages
Authors: Daniel Norman
Published: March 2011

In the Middle Ages the learned, who expected to control public behaviour and belief, tried to give their theories the force of law. Theology was the peak of the system, and canon law, though autonomous, naturally developed in parallel, and without conflict. True and false data about Islam were set in the framework of Catholic theology, and Islam, and the history of the Prophet as well, were defined in European terms unrecognizable by Arabs. The theology of Crusade was the theology of European relations with Islam; theology and history alike were little more than supporting propaganda for aggression, while canon law defined the limits within which the war was supposed to take place.
Early Muslim sea-charts
Authors: Brice William C.
Published: March 2011

The maps which will be noticed here are evidently closely related to the wellknown Portolan charts of Italian and Catalan origin, of which some dozens of examples survive from the period of approximately A.D. 1300–1600.
The So-Called “Ethiopic Book of the Cock” — Part of an Apocryphal Passion Gospel, The Homily and Teaching of our Fathers the Holy Apostles
Authors: Cowley Roger W.
Published: March 2011

Under the title “Le Livre du Coq («Matzḥafa Dorho»)”, M. Chaîne published a short extract from MS. B.N. d'Abbadie 11, a MS. of the Ethiopian Holy Week Lectionary Gabrä ḥamamat (henceforth GḤ). Some citations of Chaîne's article give the impression that (i) the extract is complete in itself, (ii) it is properly entitled Mäṣḥafä dorho, and (iii) catalogue descriptions of MSS of GḤ can simply be cross-referenced to it; Chaîne's introduction does not encourage these assumptions.

Chaîne's extract appears in the printed edition of GḤ2 as part of the first of nine ‘homilies’, each headed dәrsan wätәmhәrt zä'abäwinä ḥawaryat qәddusan zämäharunä …, “homily and teaching of our fathers the holy apostles, which they taught us …”; the first of these “homilies” is additionally headed Mäṣḥafä doroho (sic).
A Note on the Pejavar Copper Plate 1352 Saka, 1430 A.D.
Authors: Vasantamadhava K. G.
Published: March 2011

Karnataka has rich epigraphical sources. The entire edifice of Karnataka history from the 3rd century B.C. down to the end of Vijayanagara rests on epigraphical records. A volume of information concerning the political conditions, government and administration, political geography, the social structure and the life of the people, the religious faiths, economic conditions and many other topics, can be derived from a critical study of the inscriptions.

The inscription under discussion is a copper plate from the village of Pejavar, Mangalore Taluka, South Kanara District, Karnataka State. The copper plate is now in the possession of K. Venkatraya Achar, Suratkal. It belongs to the period of the Vijayanagara emperor Immadi Devarāya (1424–1446 A.D.). The copper plate is in the Kannada language and script. The script seems to belong to a later period. The epigraphic department of the Government of India noticed this inscription in its annual report in the year 1967–68. Sri Venkatraya Achar, the discoverer of the inscription, made a few observations in the year 1957. This paper seeks to provide fresh information on political, religious and land transaction procedures on the basis of the contents of the copper plate.
The Three Palm-Leaf MSS from Java in the Bodleian Library and their Donors
Authors: Noorduyn J.
Published: March 2011

For more than three and a half centuries the Bodleian Library at Oxford has possessed three palm-leaf MSS originating from Java, probably the earliest of their kind to be included in a Western public collection. They bear the shelfmarks MS.Jav.b.l (R), MS.Jav.b.2 (R), and MS.Jav.b.3 (R), for which I shall use the numbers 1, 2, and 3 here for convenience sake.

In the relevant published literature, to be referred to below, there exists some uncertainty, not about the identity of the two persons who donated these MSS, but about the question of which of them gave which one. This is true explicitly for MS. no. 3, and by implication for the others. When first examining this MS, I was informed by the then Keeper of Oriental Books that it “was a 17th century gift, either by Andrew James in 1627, or by the Earl of Pembroke in 1629, more probably the latter”. This dual possibility was subsequently adopted in publications about this MS. Only a recent examination of the pertinent data, both published and unpublished, has shown that they do allow of a definite conclusion being reached, as will be demonstrated below.2
Art. VII.—On the Yellow Colour of the Barberry, and its Uses in the Arts
Authors: Solly E.
Published: March 2011

Having learnt, whilst engaged in inquiries amongst manufacturers, and other practical men, that the root of the common Barberry, or Berberis vulgaris, was an article of increasing value in the arts, on account of the fine yellow colour which it contains, and that a new source of this dye stuff was rather a desideratum; I was led to inquire in how far the root in question could be advantageously obtained from India.
Art. XI.—Report on the Iron of Kattywar, its Comparative Value with British Metal, the Mines, and Mode of Smelting the Ore
Authors: Jacob Legrand
Published: March 2011

Iron ore is found chiefly in the north-west quarter of the Peninsula. The result of my inquiries gives the number of six foundries working at one time, during the fair season, throughout the province, and two or three more occasionally. The extent to which the metal is manufactured will be given in the body of this Report. I have visited only two foundries, those at Ranawao and Ranpoor in the Ranas and Jam's Talookas respectively; but I understand a description of one applies alike to all, their construction being rude and simple.
Art. XII.—On the modern Deities worshipped by the Hindus in the Dekkan
Authors: Stevenson J.
Published: March 2011

The religion of the Hindus of the Dekkan seems to me to consist of four constituent parts; 1st. Pure Brahmanism, as contained in the Vedas and Puranas; 2nd. An ante-Brahmanical worship, consisting in the adoration of painted stones, which are not acknowledged as objects of worship by the Brahmans, but considered as the representatives of demons; 3d. Buddhism, or that modification of it which subsists among the Jains; and under which heads falls the worship of the Pandharpur Vitthoba. 4. A local superstition based on Brahmanism, and consisting of the worship of remarkable persons who have arisen in the Maratha country in times comparatively modern. It is to these modern local deities that I now solicit attention.
Art. XIX.—Mineral Resources of Southern India.—No. 3 Chromate of Iron Mines: Salem District
Authors: Newbold
Published: March 2011

The chromate of iron mines of South India are situate near Curpúr, about four miles to the N.W. of Salem, a town which stands in lat. 11° 37′ N., and long. 78° 13′ E., among some hilly, jungly tracts at the S.W base of the Shevaroy Hills.
Art. XXV.—Mineral Resources of Southern India. No. 7. Corundum, Ruby, and Garnet Localities
Authors: Newbold
Published: March 2011

Comparative Remarks on the Geognostic Position of the Corundum in Europe and India.—As I am not aware of any detailed account having been published regarding the geognostic position of the corundum in Peninsular India, and since the rocks with which it is associated in the particular locality which I first visited differ from those in which it has been stated to occur in Europe and Southern India, I am induced to preface this paper with the following remarks. Professor Thomson (Outlines of Mineralogy, vol. i., p. 213) informs us that “the corundum occurs in imbedded crystals in a rock which consists, according to Count Bournon, of indianite, and contains felspar, fibrolite, several varieties of augite, and also octohedral iron ore; the hair-brown or reddish-brown varieties are called adamantine spar. They occur with fibrolite and octohedral iron ore in a sort of granite containing no quartz.” And again (p. 256) he states, that “fibrolite is a mineral found accompanying crystals of corundum in the Carnatic, and that it is a component part of the granite, which is the matrix of the corundum of China.” Professor Jameson, in his geognosy of Peninsular India,(Ed.Cab.Lib., No.VIII., p.349–50,) gives a summary of what is known regarding the corundum of Southern India, and states that it occurs embedded in granite and sienite in the district of Salem, in the Madras Presidency, among the mountains of the Carnatic, and in other parts of the Peninsula, associated with cleavelandite, indianite, and fibrolite. Now in the locality I am about to describe, it was found to occur in decomposed beds of a talcose slate, to which gneiss is subordinate, associated with nodules of indurated talc, and of a poor quartzy iron ore: asbestus, chlorite, actinolite, and schorl were found embedded in the talcose slate.
Art. VIII.—On the Winged Bulls, Lions, and other Symbolical Figures from Nineveh
Authors: Ravenshaw E. C.
Published: March 2011

The monster bulls, lions, and other winged figures found at Nineveh,-which have lately been erected in the new Hall of the British Museum, naturally excite the curiosity as well as the admiration of the public—curiosity to learn the meaning of these colossal myths of a nation which flourished some 3000 years ago, at the earliest dawn of art, and before the period of authentic history. It is desireable, therefore, that some attempt should be made to solve the problem.
Art. XII.—On the Assyrian and Babylonian Weights
Authors: Norris E.
Published: March 2011

Among the relics brought home by Mr. Layard, and deposited in the British Museum, the visitors to our national repository may notice a series of bronze lions, of good workmanship and graduated magnitude, from one to several inches in length,—the largest weighing above 40 lbs., the smallest barely 2 oz. There are also several marble ducks, with cuneiform inscriptions upon them, of Babylonian rather than Assyrian characters. These appear to have been the commercial weights used by the people of Assyria and Babylonia. They were distinguished by cuneiform inscriptions on the back, which must have been originally well engraved, although they are now a good deal defaced, and in some cases so much obliterated as to leave scarcely the slightest trace.
Art. XIII.—On Buddha and Buddhism
Authors: Professor Wilson
Published: March 2011

Much has been written, much has been said in various places, and amongst them in this Society, about Buddha, and the religious system which bears his name, yet it may be suspected that the notions which have been entertained and propagated, in many particulars relating to both the history and the doctrines, have been adopted upon insufficient information and somewhat prematurely disseminated. Very copious additions, and those of a highly authentic character, have been, but very recently, made to the stock of materials which we heretofore possessed, and there has scarcely yet been sufficient time for their deliberate examination. Copious also and authentic as they are, they are still incomplete, and much remains for Oriental scholars to accomplish before it can be said that the materials for such a history of Buddha as shall command the assent of all who study the subject, have been conclusively provided. I have, therefore, no purpose of proposing to you in the views I am about to take, that you should consider them as final; my only intention is to bring the subject before you as it stands at present, with some of that additional elucidation which is derivable from the many valuable publications that have recently appeared, and particularly from the learned and authentic investigations of the late Eugene Burnouf, the only scholar as yet who has combined a knowledge of Sanscrit with that of Pali and Tibetan, and has been equally familiar with the Buddhist authorities of the north and south of India: unfortunately he has been lost to us before he had gone through the wide circuit of research which he had contemplated, and which he only was competent to have traversed; and although he has accomplished more than any other scholar, more than it would seem possible for any human ability and industry to have achieved, it is to be deeply and for ever regretted that his life was not spared to have effected all he had intended, and for which he was collecting, and had collected, many valuable and abundant materials.
Art. XIV.—A brief Notice of the Vegetable Productions of Ceylon
Authors: Capper John
Published: March 2011

The following notes upon the Vegetable Productions of the island of Ceylon have been thrown together in the hope that, although devoid of any originality, they may be deemed worthy the honour of a reading by this Society. The writer has been led to draw up this paper chiefly from the many inquiries made of him, as the Commissioner for Ceylon at the Great Exhibition, in reference to the produce of that colony. It would appear that whilst the larger articles of coffee and cinnamon are well enough known as staples of the Ceylon trade, but few have any knowledge of the less prominent produce of the island, more especially of those articles which are cultivated for local nse only, or for export to the neighbouring Indian states.
Art. XVI.—The Gypsies of Egypt
Authors: Capt. Newbold
Published: March 2011

Those who chance to sojourn in the land of the Pharaohs longer than tha ordinary run of travellers, and roam about the streets and environs of its large towns, can hardly fail to notice the strange appearance of certain females, whose features at once distinguish them from the ordinary Fellah Arabs and Copts of the country. In dress they differ little from the common Fellah females, the dark blue cotton tob being common to both; but they seldom wear the shintiyan (drawers), and are remarkable for going abroad without the burka, or veil. With the skin of a gazelle, or that of a sheep, thrown over their shoulders, they frequent the bazars and principal thoroughfares of the great towns, with unveiled faces bronzed by exposure, or stroll from village to village, occasionally calling out, in Arabic, in piercing but not unpleasing tones: “Come, ye that desire to foresee your destiny! the past and the future shall be revealed unto you;” or in shorter phrases, such as “Come and see your fortunes!” (Taali, taali, shuft el bakkt), &c.
Art. XXI.—Buddhist Inscription of King Priyadarsí—Translation and Observations
Authors: Wilson
Published: March 2011

When laying before the Society the results of my examination of the Girnár, Dhauli and Kapur di giri inscriptions of Raja Priyadarsí I expressed an opinion, that, although the tenor of the inscriptions was not incompatible with a leaning to the religion of Buddha, yet the total absence of any positive indication of the usual epithets of Buddha, or any reference to the peculiarities of the Buddhist system, left some uncertainty; with regard to the actual creed of the Raja, and his intimate connection with the followers of Buddha.
Art. 3.—Memorandum on the Non-existence of “True Slates” in India generally, and, especially with reference to the Slabs of the Kurnool District, Madras Presidency, showing to what purposes they could be applied
Authors: Oldham T.
Published: March 2011

So far as known to me, or as I can gather from any information as yet published, there is no locality in India from which true slates have been obtained of any value. I use the term in the sense in which it is now universally used by geologists, as well as by architects and builders, to imply a rock of homogeneous texture, capable of almost infinite division into thin plates or slabs, splitting with tolerably even surfaces of considerable size.
Art. V.—Translation from the original Arabic of a History or Journal of the Events which occurred during Seven Expeditions in the land of Kānim, against the Tribes of Bulala, &c., by the Sultan of Burnu, Idris the Pilgrim, son of’ Alī; preceded by some details of the Sultan's ancestors
Authors: Redhouse J. W.
Published: March 2011

Praise belongs to God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. May God be propitious unto our Lord and Prophet, Muhammed the Elect, the Messenger whose doctrines are followed, the Seal of the Prophets, the Chief of the Kighteous; also to his Family and to bis Companions, the Pious, as well as to his immediate Followers in goodness; even unto the day of Resurrection and Judgment.
Art. IX.—Assyrian Texts Translated
Authors: Talbot H. F.
Published: March 2011

This important inscription was published by Westergaard, in the “Méemoires de la Sociéetée Royale des Antiquaires du Nord,” Copenhagen, 1844, where it is given in Plate XVIII.
Art. IV.—The Pongol Festival in Southern India
Authors: Gover Charles E.
Published: March 2011

Long before I had set foot in India I had been greatly struck by the exceedingly different statements regarding its people which were made by those who knew them best. Some, and notably the missionaries, could find no language strong enough to express the utter abomination of Hindu life and custom. Every chapter of Ward's great work teems with phrases of the strongest reprobation. The ceremonies he describes are indeed vile, and it cannot be said that his condemnation is too strong. On the other hand, civil and military officers, of the highest integrity and the closest observation, have set up the Hindus as models which it would be greatly to the benefit of Europeans to follow. They saw in the Hindu village system, and the ordinary life of the villagers, a living type of patriarchal happiness, uprightness, and wisdom. Major Scott Waring may be taken as a type of such men. The discussions in Parliament upon the clauses of the great India Bill that permitted the appointment of Bishops, and opened India to mission work, are full of illustrations of this contradiction; and I can well remember when, as a boy, I waded through the reports, being struck with wonder that men who had lived side by side in India, who had gained enormous experience and possessed the ability to learn the lessons that experience should teach, could, by any possibility, arrive at conclusions so diverse. After many years spent in close intercourse with the people of India, I do not wonder now. On one occasion both views of the question were brought vividly before me. I had seen the Pongol, the touching domestic festival it is now my chief object to describe.
ART. IX.—Some Remarks on the Great Tope at Sânchi
Authors: Beal S.
Published: March 2011

Dr. Fergusson's book on “Tree and Serpent Worship” has opened a large field for inquiry and research. After looking through the photographs and lithographed scenes relating to the Sânchi Topes, two questions naturally suggest themselves, viz.: What was the idea which suggested the peculiar form of the Indian Tope? and, What are the scenes so carefully represented on the rails and gateways at Sanchi and Amravati ?
Art. I.—Emotional Religion in Islām as affected by Music and Singing Being a Translation of a Book of the Iḥyā ‘Ulūm ad-Dīn of al-Ghazzālī with Analysis, Annotation, and Appendices.
Authors: MacDonald Duncan B.
Published: March 2011

We have now given the rule of the first stage concerning understanding what is heard and applying it; and also the rule of the second stage concerning the ecstasy which is encountered in the heart; so let us now give what of it oozes to the outside, consisting of cries and weeping and movements and rending of clothes, etc. So we say
A Half-Century of Irano-Indian Studies
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: March 2011

On this my first occasion of lecturing to the Society I have a more light-hearted theme to treat than the solemn lecturer on an obscure problem. The emphasis on the first part of Irano-Indian in the title of this brief allocution is for the Iranian tinged with Indian and excluding the Arabian content of Islam. The interaction of these two disciplines, Iranian and Indian, has been constant since the 18th century when the sacred book of the Zoroastrians was revealed to Europe by the voyaging of Anquetil du Perron, who published his famous book The Zend-Avesta in 1771. The abundant Indian documents gave the greater certainty to the understanding of ancient Indian language and literature. The Indian had been further removed to the east; it had lost a considerable part of the older basic vocabulary of the “parent” language (called for want of a good word “Indo-European”), so that words had vanished or survived as isolated evidence for an older stage of the language. In this matter of vocabulary, Iranian was more conservative. The phonetic shape of the language was modified both in the Iranian and the Indian field, but such an Iranian word as myazda- for the “solid offering” is more archaic than the corresponding oldest Indian miyédha-s. To the present day a mountain-dweller in the Pamirs will say nayant “they churn butter“, though the word survived in the oldest Indian 3,000 years ago only in nīta- “churned stuff, butter” and netra- “churning-cord”.
The Evolution of theManṣabSystem Under Akbar Until 1596–7
Authors: Moosvi Shireen
Published: March 2011

The organization of the nobility of the Indian Mughal Empire in numerical grades (manṣabs) is now generally recognized as one of the basic elements of its administrative and military structure. Equally general, perhaps, has been a recognition of themanṣabsystem's many complexities. However, by combining the information in Abu 'l-Faẓl'sĀ'īn-i Akbarīwith a number of 17th-century texts and documents, it has been possible to construct a tolerable picture of the working of themanṣabsystem during the 17th century. In many respects, the basic features were first delineated by Moreland and Abdul Aziz; but their views have been greatly refined, and often substantially revised, by M. Athar Ali and Irfan Habib. It is now accepted as beyond argument that by Akbar's death (1605),manṣabwas explained in two numerical representations: the first,zāt, determined the holder's personal pay (ṭalab-i khāṣa) and status in the hierarchy; the second (sawār) indicated the number of horsemen to be maintained by the holder and set the amount sanctioned to cover their pay (ṭalab-i tābīnān). In each case, the rank-number was converted into monetary claims and military obligation by means of the schedules (dastūr al-'amals) in force at the time. The system undoubtedly gave to the Mughal nobility and military machine a high degree of uniformity and regularity in its functioning, which is likely to have contributed greatly to the stability and strength of the Empire.
The monuments at the Kuhandiž of Herat, Afghanistan
Authors: Shokoohy Mehrdad
Published: March 2011

The site of the Kuhandiž in Herat is known to scholars because of the two shrines located there. It was first reported by Ferrier, who gave the traditional name of “Thaleh-bengy”, and suggested that it was an artificially raised mound and that it was the site of ancient Herat. He does not give the name as Kuhandiž, nor does he speak of the shrines there, but the location he gives for the site, between the Musalla and the city, corresponds with the location of the Kuhandiž. Furthermore, we will see that “Thaleh-bengy” or Tal-i Bangiyān was another name of the site used in the 19th century. Ferrier speaks of a mosque there and records a tradition of his time that this building was built on the site of a fire-temple. He suggests that it must be the same as the well known fire-temple of Herat, converted to a mosque by the Muslims, and recorded in the Rawḍat al-ṣafā and the Tarīkh-i Ḥabīb al-siyar.
The form of priesthood in the Kadazan (Dusun) system of religion
Authors: Phelan R.
Published: March 2011

The Kadazan (Dusun) people comprise the largest ethnic or community group in the area now known as the State of Sabah, Malaysia; prior to 1963 this territory was called British North Borneo. At about the same time many leaders of this group felt that the name Kadazan was more appropriate than Dusun – a sobriquet that had been bestowed on them by foreigners. Some, however, still prefer to call themselves Dusun. Approximately half of the Kadazans or Dusuns are Christian and about one-tenth are Muslims. Of the remainder some are mainly indifferent to religion, but some are devoted to the traditional forms of their ancient religious practices; and it is this section of the population that is of interest here.
Art. VIII.—On the existing Dictionaries of the Malay Language
Authors: van der Tuuk H. N.
Published: March 2011

The purpose of the writer of this paper is, to call the attention of Oriental Scholars to the state of our knowledge of the Malay language, and especially to the dictionaries to which we must have recourse in studying it. An Englishman naturally turns to Marsden, and there can be, little doubt that he will find it a valuable help in his labour. But the scholars of Holland, who have continued to study Malay, not only complain that Marsden's Dictionary has become antiquated, but that it cannot be relied on in a number of cases, being occasionally faulty both in the pronunciation which it teaches and in the signification which it attaches to the words. Marsden himself honestly admitted that he did not study the language until after his return to Europe, and that he had compiled his work from vocabularies made by persons who, having studied for merely practical purposes, had collected words without knowing either their orthography or correct pronunciation; hence we find in it a great many words which are never met with by readers of Malay books. Notwithstanding this defect, the work of Marsden has become the basis of the dictionaries published in Holland and Batavia, and Dutch lexicographers have worked upon it without noticing its deficiency, literally copying its gravest errors.
Art. IV—Short Account of the Malay Manuscripts belonging to the Royal Asiatic Society
Authors: van der Tuuk H. N.
Published: March 2011

No 1 (large folio of 460 pages) contains the About the hero see Malayan Annals, translated by Leyden, chapters xiv. and xvi. A small extract is found in Crawfurd's “History of the Indian Archipelago,” ii. p. 51. Manuscripts of this work, the text of which might be available, are in the possession of Mr. J. Pijnappel, at Leyden; and of Mr. E. Netscher, at Riyow. The last chapters of this tale are found in No. 2607 of the manuscripts of the India Office, commencing with that part where the king of Mălaka intends to make one of his sons king on Mount Siguntang.

This composition is very interesting, as it exhibits a faithful picture of Malay life, and is written in genuine Malay.

No. 2 (large folio of 288 pages; the last four pages are filled up with doggrel rhymes by some transcriber).
Art. XIII.—The Bṛhat-Saṅhitâ; or, Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varâha-mihira
Authors: Kern H.
Published: March 2011

The eastern half of the Narbadda district, the Çoṇa, Orissa, Vanga, Suhma, Kalinga, Balkh, the Scythians, Greeks, Magadhas, Çabaras, Prâgjyotisha, the Chinese, Kâmbojas, Mekalas, Kirâtas, Viṭakas, the people beyond and within the Mountains, the Pulindas, the eastern half of the Draviḍas, the south bank of the Jamnâ, Campâ, Udumbara, Kauçâmbi, Cedi, Vindhya forest, Kalinga, Puṇḍra, Mounts Golângûla, Çrîparvata, Bardwân, the river Ikshumatî; moreover, robbers, Pârata, wildernesses, herdsmen, seeds, grains in husks, pungent substances (pepper, etc.), trees, gold, fire, poison, heroes, medicines, physicians, quadrupeds, ploughmen, princes, evil-doers, chiefs on march, thieves, beasts of prey, woods, renowned men and bravoes; of all these the Sun is the lord.
Art. XV.—The Poetry of Mohamed Rabadan, of Arragon
Authors: Stanley Lord
Published: March 2011

The portion of Rabadan's poem given in the present part of the Journal relates the history of Shaibeh or Abdulmutalib, the son of Heshim, and of his son Abdullah, the father of the Prophet. It contains a narrative of the offering up of Abdullah in sacrifice by his father, with regard to which see the following observations of Sir Wm. Muir, vol. i., p. cclix. That writer believes the story, because, as he says, “the simple desire to establish an analogy (between it and Abraham's intended sacrifice), had there been no facts to found the story on, would have led to a very different fiction; for Abraham was commanded to offer up his son, and the Mussulmans believe he acted piously in obeying; whereas they hold Abdulmutalib, who was borne out by no such divine order, to have been wrong both in the vow and in his attempt to fulfil it.” These observations are supported by this poem, for Rabadan does not appear to draw any analogy between the sacrifice by Abraham and that by Abdulmutalib, whereas by using similar expressions he seems very clearly to intend to point out the analogy between the Deluge and the end of the world. The opinion which Sir W. Muir describes as the prevailing one with respect to Abdulmutalib's act is here spoken by the sage Ykrama.
Art. XVI.—Proverbia Communia Syriaca
Authors: Burton R. F.
Published: March 2011

A writer remarks, “If men at the lowest as well as the highest stage of civilization enunciate the same truths, the fact goes to prove that these truths are unimportant.” I can hardly assent to the conclusion, even were the premiss correct, whereas it is not. Those familiar with proverbial literature have remarked that some aphorisms are common in matter, and a few even in actual manner and form, to almost all nations and languages. The Syrian, for instance, will say, “The egg of to-day, not the hen of to-morrow;” and “A live dog is better than a dead lion.” On the other hand, the points of difference are far more important. Setting aside the sayings which “bear the stamp of their birthplaces, and which wear the colouring and the imagery of their native climes,” we find that there are proverbs peculiar to every race—proper to it, as are its syntax and its idiom; that each people speaks out the truth or the half truth which is in it, and, consequently, that for the most part neither the idea nor the wording bear comparison. Moreover, were it a fact that all enunciate the same truth, it by no means proves the latter to be unimportant, except to the few.
Art. XVIII.—The Bhar Tribe
Authors: Sherring M. A.
Published: March 2011

This race, variously known by the terms Râbhar, Bharat, Bharpatwa, and Bhar, once inhabited a wide traot of country extending from Gorakhpur in Northern India to Saugor in Central India. Other tribes, such as the Cherûs, the Majhwârs, and the Kôls, were, in places, associated with them, or contiguous to them; but there is good reason to believe that the Bhars greatly outnumbered them all. They were very powerful in Oudh; and the country lying between Benares and Allahâbâd, on either side of the Ganges, a tract of about seventy miles in length, was almost exclusively in their possession. The entire district of Allahâbâd also was originally in their hands, and traces of them are still to be seen in every pargannah, more especially in those situated across the Ganges and Jamna. Their forts there, called Bhar-dîh, some of which are of vast size, are very numerous; and they have the credit of having excavated all the deep tanks which now exist. The pargannah of Khairogarh bears very abundant traces of their toil and enterprise. The stone fort of that name, of immense proportions, is said to have been their work.
Art. XXIII.—Foreign Words in the Hebrew Text of the Old Testament
Authors: Leathes Stanley
Published: March 2011

The Hebrews came in contact principally with two great nations of antiquity, the Egyptians and the Persians; at least it is with them mainly, if not solely, that their literature has preserved any traces of connection: and these traces are chiefly to be found in the books of Moses and in the books of Daniel, Ezra and Esther. As the Persian rule of Babylon did not begin till 536 B.C., one would suppose that the records of the earlier reigns of Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar would not supply us with any words of Aryan derivation or connection, and this is undoubtedly a difficulty, as it is for many of the words we meet with in these records that such derivation has been suggested, or any such connection supposed.
The Buddha's cūḍā, Hair, uṣṇīṣa, and Crown
Authors: Coomaraswamy Ananda K.
Published: March 2011

A modern student of Buddhism, unfamiliar with Buddhist art, and accustomed to think of the Buddha only as a human and historical figure, would naturally expect to find the Śākya sage represented in art like any other Buddhist friar, with a shaven (muṇḍa) head; and to suppose that such representations could only have existed as memorials, and not as objects of a cult. As a matter of fact, however, the Buddha is always represented, although not in royal garb, as a deity, with a nimbus, lotus or lion throne, and certain physical peculiarities proper to the conception of a MahāPuruṣa and Cakravartin or King of the World. But crowned and otherwise ornamented Buddhas are not unknown, and again, the earliest Indian type differs in several respects from the established formula of the Gupta and later periods. Thus the Buddha iconography presents a number of difficult problems; and amongst these are those referred to in the title of this paper.
The Māhabhārata in Tamil
Authors: Thompson M. S. H.
Published: March 2011

As in kannada, the earliest Tamil versions of the Mahābhārata were in the Sanskrit campū style of verse and prose. Tradition has it that one such work appeared in the early days of Tamil literature when the last of three academies or sangams flourished in the south under royal patronage at Madurai, the capital city of the Pāṇdiyan kingdom. Epigraphical support for this view is found, it is thought, in line 29 of the panegyric referred to below, where there is a reference to a translation of the Mahābhārata into Tamil and the founding of a sangam. The extract comes from the Ciṉṉamaṉūr copper plate grants, which Dr. S. Krishṇnasāmi Ayyangar thinks belong to the tenth century. Certain citations in the commentary of the learned Nacciṉārkkiṉiyar on sūtras 17 and 21 of Tolkāppiyam, iii, 2, may have come from this early Sangam Pāratam, as they have the true Sangam ring. So thinks M. Rāghava Ayyangar, who has done good work in dating Tamil literature. The verse of the Sangam Pāratam consisted, it is said, mainly of quatrains in veṇpā metre interspersed with passages of akaval, akaval being the declamatory form of verse and veṇpā the form nearer normal speech. Citations in both these forms are found in the commentary just referred to, the first said to be from “Peruntēvaṉār” (reputed author of the Sangam Pāratam) and the rest from “Pāratam”. Peruntēvanār was a name common among poets of Sangam times and the author of the Pāratam was consequently referred to as the one who composed the Pāratam to distinguish him from his namesakes. Two of his poems are included in two of the eight old anthologies of mostly fugitive verse and five of the invocatory poems are his, all eight poems being in akaval. The Sangam Pāratam is also referred to as Pāratavepāṇ, because most of its verse is said to have been in the veṇpā metre.