bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QTL-seq Analysis of Seed Size Trait in Grape Provides New Molecular Insight on Seedlessness
Authors: Wang Li , Zhang Songlin , Jiao Chen , Li Zhi , Liu Chonghuai , Wang Xiping
Published: March 2020

Background

Seedlessness in grape ( Vitis vinifera ) is an important commercial trait for both the fresh and drying markets. However, despite numerous studies, the mechanisms and key genes regulating grape seedlessness are mostly unknown.

Results

In this study, we sequenced the genomes of the V. vinifera seeded cultivar ‘Red Globe’, the seedless cultivar ‘Centennial’, as well as the derived hybrids. Nonsynonymous SNPs were identified and analyzed with respect to published transcriptome data. All the DEGs containing nonsynonymous SNPs were further analyzed in terms of expression patterns, Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment. A potential QTL region associated with seed size was characterized based on SNP indices for both seedless and seeded progeny. Expression analysis of candidate genes during ovule development in multiple seeded and seedless grape cultivars further indicates their potential function in grape seed development.

Conclusion

In summary, DEGs containing nonsynonymous SNPs were mainly protein kinase, transcription factors, cytochrome P450 and other factors related to seed development, which were mainly involved in biological processes like hormone balance, seed coat and endosperm development, reproductive organ development, oxidation and reduction, senescence and cell death. Based on SNP-index and expression pattern analysis, three genes were further identified as potential seedlessness-related genes. Overall the data cast light on the differences of seed development between seeded and sedless progeny in perspective of both functional variants and expression pattern,which provides valuable candidates for future functional study.
Increasing prevalence of anticholinergic medication use in older people in England over 20 years: Cognitive Function and Ageing Study I and II
Authors: Grossi Carlota , Richardson Kathryn , Savva George , Fox Chris , Arthur Antony , Loke Yoon , Steel Nicholas , Brayne Carol , Matthews Fiona , Robinson Lousie , Myint Phyo , Maidment Ian
Published: March 2020

Background: Anticholinergic medication use is linked with increased cognitive decline, dementia, falls and mortality, and their use should be limited in older people. Here we estimate the prevalence of anticholinergic use in England’s older population in 1991 and 2011, and describe changes in use by participant’s age, sex, cognition and disability. Methods: We compared data from participants aged 65+ years from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies (CFAS I and II), collected during 1990-1993 (N=7,635) and 2008-2011 (N=7,762). We estimated the prevalence of potent anticholinergic use (Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden [ACB] score=3) and average anticholinergic burden (sum of ACB scores), using inverse probability weights standardised to the 2011 UK population. These were stratified by age, sex, Mini-Mental State Examination score, and activities of daily living (ADL) or instrumental ADL (IADL) disability. Results: Prevalence of potent anticholinergic use increased from 5.7% (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 5.2-6.3%) of the older population in 1990-93 to 9.9% (9.3-10.7%) in 2008-11, adjusted odds ratio of 1.90 (95%CI 1.67 – 2.16). People with clinically significant cognitive impairment (MMSE [Mini Mental State Examination] 21 or less) were the heaviest users of potent anticholinergic in CFAS II (16.5% [95%CI 12.0-22.3%]). Large increases in the prevalence of the use medication with ‘any’ anticholinergic activity were seen in older people with clinically significant cognitive impairment (53.3% in CFAS I to 71.5% in CFAS II). Conclusions: Use of potent anticholinergic medications nearly doubled in England’s older population over 20 years with some of the greatest increases amongst those particularly vulnerable to anticholinergic side-effects.
First evidence showing that Pepper vein yellows virus P4 protein is a movement protein
Authors: Li Sangsang , Su Xianyang , Luo Xiangwen , Zhang Yu , Zhang Deyong , Du Jiao , Zhang Zhanhong , OuYang Xian , Zhang Songbai , Liu Yong
Published: March 2020

Background

Plant viruses move through plasmodesmata (PD) to infect new cells. To overcome the PD barrier, plant viruses have developed specific protein(s) to guide their genomic RNAs or DNAs to path through the PD.

Results

In the present study, we analyzed the function of Pepper vein yellows virus P4 protein. Our bioinformatic analysis showed that the P4 protein contains an transmembrane domain, encompassing the amino acid residue 117-138. The P4 protein was found to target PD and form small punctates near walls. The P4 deletion mutant or the substitution mutant lost their function to produce punctates near the walls inside the fluorescent loci. The P4-YFP fusion was found to move from cell to cell in infiltrated leaves, and P4 could complement Cucumber mosaic virus movement protein deficiency mutant to move between cells.

Conclustion

Taking together, we consider that the P4 protein is a movement protein of Pepper vein yellows virus.
Recurrent disc herniation following percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy preferentially occurs when Modic changes are present
Authors: Hao Lu , Li Shengwen , Liu Junhui , Shan Zhi , Fan Shunwu , Zhao Fengdong
Published: March 2020

Objective: To investigate the relationship between Modic changes (MCs) and recurrent lumbar disc herniation (rLDH), and that between the herniated disc component and rLDH following percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD). Methods: We included 102 (65 males, 37 females, aged 20–66 yrs) inpatients who underwent PELD from August 2013 to August 2016. All patients underwent CT and MRI preoperatively. The presence and type of Modic changes were assessed. During surgery the herniated disc component of each patient was classified into two groups: nucleus pulposus group, hyaline cartilage group. The association of herniated disc component with Modic changes was investigated. The incidence of rLDH was assessed based on more than 2-year follow-up. Results: In total, 11 patients were lost to follow up; the other 91 were followed up during 24–60 months. Of the 91 patients, 99 discs underwent PELD; 28/99 (28.3%) had MCs. Type I and II MCs were seen in 9 (9.1%) and 19 (19.2%), respectively; no type III MCs were found. Among 28 endplates with MCs, according to the herniated disc component, 18/28 (64.3%) showed evidence of hyaline cartilage in the intraoperative specimens, including 6/9 and 12/19 endplates with type I and II MCs, respectively. Among 71 endplates without MCs, 14/71 (19.7%) showed evidence of hyaline cartilage in the intraoperative specimens. Hyaline cartilage was more common in patients with MCs (P<0.05). We found 2 cases of rLDH in the non-MC group (n=71); 6 cases rLDH were found in the MC group (n=28), including 2 and 4 cases for types I and II, respectively. There was no significant difference between types I and II (P>0.05). rLDH was more common in patients with MCs (P<0.05). We found 5 rLDH cases in the hyaline cartilage group (n=32); 3 rLDH cases were found in the nucleus pulposus group (n=67). rLDH was more common in the hyaline cartilage group (P<0.05). Conclusions: rLDH following PELD preferentially occurs when MCs or herniated cartilage are present.
Appraising Efficiency of OpSite as Coolant in Drilling of Bone
Authors: Effatparvar Mohammad Reza , Jamshidi Nima , Mosavar Alireza
Published: March 2020

Background: During drilling of bone, which is common in clinical surgeries, heat generation increases local temperature in the drilling site. Transmission of excessive heat to the surrounding bone tissue can cause thermal osteonecrosis. Consequently, it may lead to failure of implants and fixation screws or delay in healing process. Using cooling is a method for limiting temperature elevation. Materials and Methods: In this study, through comparing 3 conditions of drilling without cooling, external cooling with normal saline, and external cooling with OpSite spray, the efficiency of OpSite as coolant is studied. In this regard, 2 drill bit diameters, 3 drilling speeds, and 3 drilling feed-rates are considered as drilling variables in the experiments. Results: For the whole experiments, while cooling with normal saline resulted in lower maximum temperatures than without cooling condition, OpSite had even better results and limited the temperature elevation during drilling of bone efficiently. Conclusion: OpSite spray, which has lower infection risks than normal saline on one hand and lower maximum temperature rise with all combinations of drilling parameters on the other hand, can be considered in clinical surgeries for cooling applications.
Diverting blame to stay sane - young people's strategies for dealing with the mental health effects of precarious employment: a Grounded Theory study
Authors: Toivanen Susanna , Tarantino Anna Olofsson , Emmelin Maria , Östergren Per-Olof
Published: March 2020

Background

Precarious employment is a risk factor for poor mental health, particularly among young adults. Knowledge about how young people maintain their mental health while in a precarious employment situation is scarce. The aim of the study was to explore the meaning of precarious employment for young adults in Sweden and their strategies for maintaining good mental health.

Methods

In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 individuals (9 men and 6 women) aged 20–39 years in a precarious employment situation. Contact persons at union offices and at specific job-coaching organizations collaborating with the Swedish public employment agency in the city of Malmö were gate openers to reach informants. Analysis was based on constructivist grounded theory, implying an emergent design where data collection and analysis go hand in hand.

Results

All informants had completed secondary school in Sweden, and one third had studied at the university level. A majority currently had jobs; however, they were mostly employed on an hourly basis and only a few had temporary full-time jobs. The analysis resulted in a core category “Diverting blame to stay sane,” which summarized an emergent coping process involving individual resources and resources represented by the individuals’ social capital. The developed theoretical model contained four main categories, “Facing reality,” ”Losing control,” “Adapting,” and “Fighting back,” related to the core category.

Conclusions

The results implied a process where the challenges created by loss of employment-based rights required a coping process where the individual’s social capital plays an important role. However, social capital is to a large extent determined by contextual factors, underlining the strong health equity aspect of precarious employment.
The hidden risk of ionizing radiation in the operating room: A survey among 258 orthopaedic surgeons in Brazil
Authors: Pires Robinson Esteves , Reis Igor Guedes Nogueira , de Faria Ângelo Ribeiro Vaz , Giordano Vincenzo , Labronici Pedro José , Belangero William Dias
Published: March 2020

Background: This study aims to assess orthopedic surgeon knowledge in Brazil about ionizing radiation and its health implications on surgical teams and patients.
Methods: A 15-question survey on theoretical and practical concepts of ionizing radiation was administered during the 23rd Brazilian Orthopaedic Trauma Association annual meeting. The survey addressed issues within orthopedic surgery, such as radiation safety concepts, protection, exposure, as well as the participant gender.Participants were either orthopedic surgeons or orthopedic surgery residents working at institutions in Brazil.
Results: One thousand surveys weredistributed,and 258 were answered completely (25.8% response rate).Only 5.8% of participants used basic radiation protection equipment (apron, thyroid shield, and radiation protection glasses); 47.3% used a dosimeter; 2.7% reached the annual maximum permissible radiation dose; 10.5% knew the period of increased risk to fetal gestation; 5.8% knew the maximum permissible radiation dose during pregnancy; 58.5% knew that the hands, eyes, and thyroid are the most exposed areas and at greater risk of radiation-related lesions; 25.2% knew the safe distance from a radiation-emitting tube is 3 meters or more; 44.2% knew the safest positioning of the radiation-emitting tube; 25.2% knew that smaller tubes emit greater radiation at the entrance dose to magnify the image; and 55.4% knew that the surgery team receives more scattered radiation in surgical procedures performed on obese patients.
Conclusion: This study revealed inadequate theoretical and practical knowledge about radiation exposureamong orthopaedic surgeons in Brazil. Only a minority of orthopaedic surgeons used basic radiation protection equipment (apron, thyroid shield, and radiation protection glasses). No significant differences in knowledge were found when comparing all orthopedic surgery specialties. Our findings indicate an urgent need for education to increase knowledge among orthopaedic surgeons about the hazards of ionizing radiation. Personal protection and implementation of the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) protocol in daily practice are important behaviors to prevent the harmful effects of ionizing radiation.
Relevance of anthropometric measurements as predictors of prevalent diabetes type II - A cross-sectional study on a Norwegian population
Authors: Hasselgren Anton , Karmacharya Biraj M , Stensdotter Ann-Katrin
Published: March 2020

Background The association of overweight and diabetes mellitus type 2 varies with geographical area and ethnicity, and there is incoherent evidence as to which anthropometric index best predicts prevalent diabetes mellitus type 2 in different populations. The rationale for this study was to contribute to the understanding of how anthropometric indices perform as a screening tool for diabetes mellitus type 2. Hence, the objective was to determine the predictive potential of anthropometric indices to screen prevalent diabetes mellitus type 2 in the Norwegian population.Methods This study used cross-sectional data from the Health Study in Nord-Trøndelag (HUNT) to determine the potential association of waist-to-height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-circumference and body mass index with prevalent diabetes mellitus type 2 through logistic regression analysis. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determinate the predictive potential of the anthropometric indices. Youden’s index was applied to determinate the optimal cut-off points for each anthropometric index.Results The results suggest that the anthropometric indices performed differently within the Norwegian population with waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio being the strongest predictors with (ROC) of 0.746 (0.735 - 0.757) and 0.741(0.730 - 0.752). The predictive potential for the investigated anthropometric indices was generally stronger for women than men.Interpretation When using anthropometric indices to screen prevalent diabetes mellitus type 2, the choice of anthropometric index and cut-off points should be considered based on country and the ethnic characteristics of the population.
Association Between Wasting and Food Insecurity Among Children Under Five Years: Findings from Nepal Demographic Health Survey 2016
Authors: Nepali Sajama , Simkhada Padam , Davies Ian Glyyn
Published: March 2020

Background: Wasting is a consequences of food insecurity, poor access to appropriate, inadequate caring and feeding practices. The present study assessed association between wasting and household food insecurity among under five years children, along with other socio-demographics characteristics. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. The survey is cross sectional in design with use of standardized tools. The sampling frame used is an updated version of the frame from the 2011 National Population and Housing Census. The participants were children under five years of age and total children analyzed were 2414. Logistic regression was carried out to identify the odds of being wasted for children belonging to different levels of food insecure households using odds ratio and 95 percent confidence interval. Results: The prevalence of wasting increased with the level of food insecurity, from mild (9.4%) to moderate (10.8%) and to severe (11.3%). The highest proportions of wasted children were in Province 2 (14.3%), from rural areas (10.1%), born to mothers with no education (12.4%) and from a richer quintile (11.3%). Children belonging to severe food insecure households had 1.36 (95% CI 0.72-2.57) adjusted odds of being wasted and 1.38 (95% CI 0.80-2.38) crude odds of being wasted. Children born to mothers without any education had 1.84 (95% CI 1.08-3.12) crude odds of being wasted than those born to mothers with higher education in the crude analysis; however, no significant association was seen in the adjusted analysis with adjusted odds of 1.35 (95% CI 0.71-2.59). For children living in Province 1, the crude odds was 2.18 (95% CI 1.06-4.51); however on adjusting for other variables, the odds decreased to 2.06 (95% CI 1.01-4.19). Those for Province 2, the crude odds was 2.74 (95% CI 1.46-5.14) and the adjusted odds was 2.45 (95% CI 1.22-4.95). Conclusion: Considering the increment in childhood wasting as per level of food insecurity, an integrated intervention should be developed that addresses improving knowledge and behavior of community people on diet and nutrition as well as reducing the problem of food insecurity through agricultural interventions.
Microwave Ablation-Aided Curettage for Treatment of Aggressive Benign Bone Tumors in the Extremities: Preliminary Report and Technical Points
Authors: Cong Lin , Chen Yu
Published: March 2020

The authors have withdrawn this preprint from Research Square
Influencing factors in the satellitism test of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae supplemented V factor by Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Xi Yu , Wang Hexuan , Wang Shanmei , Wu Xuxiao , Wang Zeyu
Published: March 2020

Background: Many factors affecting satellitism test are not clear, and it is difficult to avoid misidentified even if the medium is properly selected. We investigated the factors that cause false positives of Haemophilus influenzae and false negatives of Haemophilus parainfluenzae in the satellitism test supplemented V factor by Staphylococcus aureus.Methods: H. influenzae (four reference strains and 47 clinical isolates), H. parainfluenzae (two reference strains and 67 clinical isolates), four different media, and two strains of S. aureus activated on two different media were involved in this study.Results: The type of medium used to activate S. aureus was the most common factor causing false positives of H. influenzae, followed by the strain of S. aureus, and again the type of medium used for the experiment. The production of false negatives of H. parainfluenzae was only related to the medium used in the experiment.Conclusions: Tryptic soy agar and S. aureus (ATCC 25923) activated with nutrient agar should be used in the satellitism test for Haemophilus spp. to improve the accuracy of the test.
Effect of public hospital managers' risk and gain perception on their attitude towards physician dual practice: a cross-national study in 31 provinces of China
Authors: Yu Yuanyuan , Cho William CS , Liu Qiaoman , Fan Xiaojing , Chen Xiaolin , Yu Xihe , Lv Yijun , Zhang Xiumin
Published: March 2020

Background This study aims to explore the effect of public hospital managers' risk and gain perception on their attitude towards physician dual practice (PDP). Methods A cross-sectional study enrolling 1513 managers from East, Middle and West of China in public hospitals was conducted. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were used to find the determinants of managers' support for PDP. Results The rate of managers support for allowing PDP or implementing PDP with restriction was 94.3% (95%CI: 0.93, 0.95). The mean score of managers' risk perception was 67.7±14.46 and the mean score of managers' gain perception was 24.0±5.56. After controlling for individual and institutional characteristics, GLMM presented the score of risk perception increased 1 point, the rate of managers' support for PDP decreased 5% (OR=0.95, 95%CI: 0.93, 0.97); the score of gain perception increased 1 points, the rate of managers' support increased 18% (OR=1.18, 95%CI: 1.12, 1.24). Conclusions The majority of Chinese public hospital managers are in favor of allowing or implementing PDP with restrictions. While managers in public hospitals have stronger risk consciousness. Although gain perception is comparatively weaker than risk perception, but they are much influential in determining public hospital managers’ support for PDP.
Mind Full or Mindful? A cohort student of Equine-Facilitated Therapy for Women Veterans
Authors: Vincent Aviva , Ballard Isabel , Farkas Kathleen
Published: March 2020

Background: The purpose of the evaluation was to understand, through participant self-report, the assets and challenges of partnering with equines for female Veterans seeking to increase skills in their mindfulness practice. Methods: Surveys were administered to participants to gain insight into self-identified mindfulness pre- and post-equine intervention. All measures were anonymous with only the date included to indicate the cohort. The study included three measures post-consent: The Toronto Mindfulness Scale, the Mindfulness Scale, and the Program Evaluation. Results: The Mindfulness Survey responses were averaged for pre- intervention, then for post- intervention. The pre- intervention survey responses ranged from 2.3 to 6.5 with a response range of 0 to 10 (M=4.59, SD=1.29). The post- intervention survey responses ranged from 6.7 to 9.2 (M=8.2, SD=0.69). A paired sample t-test found a significant difference in the scores from pre- intervention to post- intervention conditions (t=-9.43, df=13, p<.001). In the evaluations, participants shared that their favorite moments were (Q3): grooming and Breathe With (an activity to match breathing to the horse’s breathing). In the question asking what the participants will take away from the program (Q9) one participant shared, “The horses have taught me a lot about myself”; a common theme across respondents. Conclusion: The current study demonstrates that Veterans’ interactions with equines impacts the participants’ mindfulness throughout their experiences at Fieldstone Farm. The Veterans established a significant increase in their mindfulness scores post-equine intervention.
Modeling Entrepreneurial Innovation: A Study on Economic Development
Authors: Bonyadi Ebrahim , Sarreshtehdari Lida
Published: March 2020

Modeling complex concepts, especially in the field of management science, will help researchers to get a better understanding of the relationship between insensible and multidimensional phenomena. The relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development has been repeatedly discussed by researchers. With reference to various research, the impact of innovative entrepreneurial activities on the growth and development of economies is clear to all.This study attempts to provide a mathematical model in support of the accuracy of this relationship. Stochastic processes and probabilistic models have widely been used to perform this modeling.The underlying result of this model is a function by which the exact parameter of entrepreneurial performance can be calculated and also, by applying this model, the relationship between the innovation index and entrepreneurship is justifiable. Also, based on this modeling, the level of entrepreneurship of countries can be ranked based on innovation.
The characterization of extracellular vesicles-derived microRNAs in Thai malaria patients
Authors: Ketprasit Nutpakal , Cheng Iris Simone , Deutsch Fiona , Tran Nham , Imwong Mallika , Combes Valery , Palasuwan Duangdao
Published: March 2020

Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been broadly studied in malaria for nearly a decade. These vesicles carry various functional biomolecules including RNA families such as microRNAs (miRNA). These EVs-derived microRNAs have numerous roles in host-parasite interactions and are considered as promising biomarkers for disease severity. However, this field lacks clinical studies of malaria-infected samples. In our study, we investigated EV specific miRNAs isolated from the plasma of patients from Thailand infected with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax . We postulated that these miRNAs were differentially expressed in these groups of patients and had a role in disease onset through the regulation of specific target genes. Methods EVs were purified from the plasma of Thai P.vivax -infected patients (PV, n=19), P.falciparum -infected patients (PF, n=18) and uninfected individuals (n=20). EV-derived miRNAs were then prepared and abundance of miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-let-7a-5p and hsa-miR-150-5p was assessed in these samples. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed, and relative expression of each miRNA was calculated using hsa-miR-451a as endogenous control. We then predicted the targets of up-regulated miRNAs and relevant pathways by bioinformatics. Receiver Operating Characteristic with Area Under the Curve (AUC) was then calculated to assess their diagnostic potential. Results The relative expression of hsa-miR-150-5p and hsa-miR-15b-5p was higher in PV patients compared to uninfected individuals, but hsa-let-7a-5p was up-regulated in both PV and PF. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that these miRNAs might regulate genes involved in the malaria pathway including the Adherens junction and the transforming growth factor-β pathways. All up-regulated miRNAs could potentially be used as disease biomarker as determined by AUC; however, the sensitivity and specificity require further investigation. Conclusion The up-regulated hsa-miR-150-5p and hsa-miR-15b-5p in PV, hsa-let-7a-5p in both PV and PF may play a role in host-parasite interactions. The findings in this study will require further validation in larger cohort groups of malaria patients to fully understand the contribution of these EV miRNAs to malaria detection and biology.
Novel multiplex real-time PCR assays reveal a high prevalence of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes in healthy and diarrhoeal children in the South of Vietnam
Authors: Duong Vu Thuy , Tu Le Thi Phuong , Tuyen Ha Thanh , Nhi Le Thi Quynh , Campbell James I , Minh Pham Van , Phuc Hoang Le , Chau Tran Thi Hong , Ngoc Nguyem Minh , Vi Lu Lan , Jenkins Claire , Okeke Iruka , Higginson Ellen , Baker Stephen
Published: March 2020

BackgroundDiarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) infections are common in children in low-middle income countries (LMICs). However, detecting the various DEC pathotypes is complex as they cannot be differentiated by classical microbiology. We developed four multiplex real-time PCR assays were to detect virulence markers of six DEC pathotypes; specificity was tested using DEC controls and other enteric pathogens. PCR amplicons from the six E. coli pathotypes were purified and amplified to be used to optimize PCR reactions and to calculate reproducibility. After validation, these assays were applied to clinical samples from healthy and diarrhoeal Vietnamese children and associated with clinical data. ResultsThe multiplex real-time PCRs were found to be reproducible, and specific. At least one DEC variant was detected in 34.7% (978/2,815) of the faecal samples from diarrhoeal children; EAEC, EIEC and atypical EPEC were most frequent Notably, 41.2% (205/498) of samples from non-diarrhoeal children was positive with a DEC pathotype. In this population, only EIEC, which was detected in 34.3% (99/289) of diarrhoeal samples vs. 0.8% (4/498) non-diarrhoeal samples (p<0.001), was significantly associated with diarrhoea. Multiplex real-time PCR when applied to clinical samples is an efficient and high-throughput approach to DEC pathotypes. ConclusionsThis approach revealed high carriage rates of DEC pathotypes among Vietnamese children. We describe a novel diagnostic approach for DEC, which provides baseline data for future surveillance studies assessing DEC burden in LMICs.
Halo Artifacts of Indwelling Urinary Catheter by Inaccurate Scatter Correction in 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging: Incidence, Mechanism, and Solutions
Authors: Magota Keiichi , Numata Naoto , Shinyama Daiki , Katahata Junya , Munakata Yamato , Maniawski Piotr J. , Kobayashi Kentaro , Manabe Osamu , Hirata Kenji , Tateishi Ukihide , Kudo Kohsuke , Shiga Tohru
Published: March 2020

Background Halo artifacts from a urinary catheter due to inaccurate scatter correction can cause significantly reduced tumor visibility in 18F-FDG PET/CT images. We investigated the incidence and mechanism of halo-artifact generation, and we attempted to establish appropriate scatter correction techniques to reduce artifacts. Methods We first retrospectively reviewed patients with urinary catheters who were undergoing 18F-FDG PET/CT scans. Halo artifacts on the PET images were visually assessed with a standard scatter correction based on a tail-fitted single-scatter simulation (TF-SSS) using 4-mm voxel μ-maps (TFS 4-mm). We then performed phantom studies to reproduce the appearance of halo artifacts and evaluate scatter correction techniques regarding halo-artifact suppression. We measured the standardized uptake values (SUVs) to quantitatively assess the PET images. The scatter correction also used TF-SSS with 2-mm voxel μ-maps (TFS 2-mm) and a Monte Carlo-based single-scatter simulation (MC-SSS). Finally, we investigated whether TFS 2-mm and MC-SSS can be applied to patient data. Results There were 61 patients with urinary catheters; in five, halo artifacts were observed in the TFS 4-mm images. The phantom study clearly demonstrated the appearance of halo artifacts. The SUVs for the TFS 4-mm and TFS-2mm images were underestimated at the halo-artifact regions, whereas the SUV for the MC-SSS images became the true value (SUV = 1). In four of the five patients, halo artifacts were not present in the TFS 2-mm images. In all five patients, halo artifacts were absent in the MC-SSS images. The patient and phantom studies demonstrated that halo artifacts were caused by overestimates of the scatters due to mismatch by urine movement in the interval between the CT and the PET scan, or by the partial volume effect and downsizing in the converting process from the CT images to the μ-maps. Conclusions Halo artifacts were due to the mismatch between the μ-maps and PET images, which induces the scatter correction error. With the TF-SSS, halo artifacts were improved by using a small voxel size for the μ-maps, but the artifacts remained in one case. With the MC-SSS, it was possible to accurately estimate the scatters without generating halo artifacts.
Microparticles derived from human erythropoietin mRNA-transfected mesenchymal stem cells inhibit epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and ameliorate renal interstitial fibrosis
Authors: Lee Mirae , Kim Seok-hyung , Jhee Jong Hyun , Kim Tae Yeon , Choi Hoon Young , Kim Hyung Jong , Park Hyeong Cheon
Published: March 2020

Background: Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) plays an important role in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its pathogenesis involves epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) upon renal injury. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) has been shown to display novel cytoprotective effects, in part by inhibiting transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced EMT. Here, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of microparticles (MPs) derived from human EPO gene-transfected kidney mesenchymal stem cells (hEPO-KMSCs) against TGF-β1-induced EMT in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and against TIF in mouse kidneys with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Methods: EMT was induced in MDCK cells by treatment with TGF-β1 (5 ng/mL) for 48 h and then inhibited by co-treatment with rhEPO (100 IU/mL), mock gene-transfected KMSC-derived MPs (MOCK-MPs), or hEPO-KMSC-derived MPs (hEPO-MPs) for a further 48 h. UUO was induced in FVB/N mice, which were then treated with rhEPO (1000 IU/kg, intraperitoneally, every other day for 1 week), MOCK-MPs, or hEPO-MPs ( 80 m g, intravenously ). Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, and E-cadherin expression were evaluated in MDCK cells and kidney tissues, and the extent of TIF in UUO kidneys was assessed by Sirius red staining. Results: TGF-β1 treatment significantly increased α-SMA and fibronectin expression in MDCK cells and decreased that of E-cadherin, while co-treatment with rhEPO, MOCK-MPs, or hEPO-MPs markedly attenuated these changes. In addition, rhEPO and hEPO-MP treatment effectively decreased phosphorylated Smad2 and phosphorylated p38 MAPK expression, suggesting that rhEPO and rhEPO-MPs can inhibit TGF-β1-induced EMT via both Smad and non-Smad pathways. rhEPO and hEPO-MP treatment also significantly attenuated the extent of renal TIF after one week of UUO compared to MOCK-MPs, with hEPO-MPs significantly reducing myofibroblast and F4/80+ macrophage infiltration as well as EMT marker expression in UUO renal tissues in a similar manner to rhEPO. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that hEPO-MPs modulate TGF-β1-induced EMT in MDCK cells via the Smad2 and p38 MAPK pathways and significantly attenuated renal TIF in UUO kidneys. Keywords: Microparticles, Transforming growth factor-β1, Renal fibrosis, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, Erythropoietin
The rate of Seismic deformation in the Gulf of Aqaba as inferred from moment tensor summation
Authors: Almadani Sattam
Published: March 2020

The main goal of this study is to quantify the rate of seismic deformation in the Gulf of Aqaba. The moment tensor summation technique based on the seismicity data, for all available historical and instrumental data (1900-2019), and reliable fault plane solutions was used to calculate the size and the shape of deformation. For the period from 1900 to 2019, the seismicity data was used to calculate the seismicity parameters (representing by the Gutenberg-Richter and moment-magnitude relations) and the spatial extent of the deformation zone. The fault parameters of forty-four earthquakes, having moment magnitudes range from 3.2 to 7.2, were used to construct the moment tensor summation and subsequently to calculate the rate of seismic deformation. The calculations showed that a predominant shear deformation acting in the Gulf of Aqaba is taken up by extension in a direction of N40.8 o E at a rate of 0.83±0.21 mm/yr. and compression in a direction of N131.6 o E at a rate of 0.32±0.05 mm/yr.; reflecting the Gulf of Aqaba is undergoing from shear deformation accommodated along a strike-slip fault. The obtained results exhibited that the present-day deformation in the Gulf of Aqaba is acting by the interaction of relative tectonic motions among African, Sinai and Arabia plates.
C6-ceramide treatment inhibits the proangiogenic activity of multiple myeloma exosomes via the miR-29b/Akt pathway
Authors: Liu Liping , Ye Qinmao , Liu Langni , Bihl Ji Chen , Chen Yanfang , Liu Jing , Cheng Qian
Published: March 2020

Background: The increased bone marrow angiogenesis is involved in the progression of multiple myeloma (MM) with the underlying mechanism poorly understood. Cancer-released exosomes could play an important role in the pathological angiogenesis through exosomal microRNAs (miRs) delivery. MiR-29b has been reported in regulating the tumor angiogenesis. Methods: In this study, we explored the role of C6-ceramide (C6-cer, a Ceramide pathway activator) in the angiogenic effect of MM exosomes and its potential mechanism. MM cells (OPM2 and RPMI-8226) treated with C6-cer were studied for its effects on the endothelial cell (EC) functions . Results: Our results showed that exosomes released from MM cells treated by C6-cer ( Exo C6-cer ) significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and tube formation of ECs. For mechanism studies, we found that the level of miR-29b was increased in ECs treated by exo C6-cer , while mRNA and protein expressions of Akt3, PI3K and VEGFA were decreased in ECs, indicating the involvement of Akt pathway. Furthermore, downregulation of miR-29b by inhibitor administration could prevent the exo C6-cer -induced cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of ECs, accompanied with the increased expressions of Akt3, PI3K and VEGFA. Conclusions: Collectively, our data suggest that exo C6-cer -mediated miR-29b expression participates in the progression of MM through suppressing the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of ECs by targeting Akt signal pathway.
Bcl-2 is essential for Foeniculum vulgare seed extract-induced apoptosis in lung cancer
Authors: Ke Weiwei , Zhao Xiangxuan , Lu Zaiming
Published: March 2020

Background The factors behind the pathogenesis of lung cancer are not clear, and treatment failure is generally caused by drug resistance, recurrence, and metastasis. Development of new therapeutic agents to overcome drug-resistance remains a challenge clinically. Various extracts of Foeniculum vulgare have shown promising anticancer activity; however, effects on lung cancer and the underlying molecular mechanisms of action are not clear. Methods The cytotoxicity effects of EEFS were assessed by morphological changes or MTT assay. The BALB/c nude mice xenograft model was used for the in vivo study. Apoptotic ratio assay based on Annexin V-PI staining were measured by flow cytometry. Effect of EEFS on expression of apoptotic proteins was measured by Western blot. Mitochondria toxicity was evaluated by fluorescence to show membrane potential under a fluorescent microscope and Cytochrome C release. Results We found that the ethanol extract of Foeniculum vulgare seeds (EEFS) significantly reduced lung cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. EEFS decreased the viability of and triggered apoptosis in the lung cancer cell lines NCI-H446 and NCI-H661. EEFS induced apoptosis mainly through inhibition of Bcl-2 protein expression, reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, and release of Cytochrome C. Moreover, EEFS significantly inhibited colony formation and cell migration in lung cancer cells. EEFS also effectively inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors derived from NCI-446 cells by reducing Bcl-2 protein expression and inducing apoptosis. Conclusions Taken together, these findings suggest that EEFS exerts anti-lung cancer activity by targeting the Bcl-2 protein and may have potential as a therapeutic drug for lung cancer.
The Spatial-temporal Analysis of the Tuberculosis in Chongqing, China, 2011-2018
Authors: Yu Ya , Wu Bo , Wu Chengguo , Wang Qingya , Hu Daiyu , Chen Wei
Published: March 2020

Background : China is a country with a high burden of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), and the number of patient ranks second place in the world. Chongqing is the only municipality in the southwest of China directly under the Central Government, where the notification rate of PTB ranks top ten in China. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of PTB in Chongqing in order to take more powerful control measures. Methods : A spatial-temporal analysis has been performed based on the data of PTB from 2011 to 2018, which was extracted from the National Surveillance System. Time series, spatial autonomic correlation and spatial-temporal scanning methods were used to identify the temporal trends and spatial patterns at county level. Results : A total of 188,528 cases were included in this study. A downward trend was observed in the epidemic of PTB in Chongqing from 2011 to 2018. The peak of PTB notification was present in late winter and early spring season each year. By calculating the value of Global Moran's I and Local Getis’s Gi*, we found that PTB was spatially clustered and some significant hot spots were detected in the southeast and northeast of Chongqing. One most likely cluster and three secondary clusters were identified by Kulldorff’s scan spatial-temporal Statistic. Conclusions : This study identified seasonal patterns and spatial-temporal clusters of PTB cases in Chongqing. The results provide us useful information for developing subsequent TB control measures.
Communication patterns in the doctor–patient relationship: evaluating determinants associated with low paternalism in Mexico
Authors: Lazcano-Ponce Eduardo , Angeles-Llerenas Angelica , Rodríguez-Valentín Rocío , Salvador-Carulla Luis , Domínguez-Esponda Rosalinda , Astudillo-García Claudia Iveth , de León Eduardo Madrigal , Katz Gregorio
Published: March 2020

Background Paternalism/overprotection limits communication between the healthcare professionals and patients and does not promote shared therapeutic decisions. In developed countries, communication patterns have been regulated to promote autonomy, whereas in developing countries, they reflect the physician’s personal choice. The goal of this work was contribute to knowledge of communication patterns used in the clinical practice in Mexico, and identify the determinants that favor a low paternalist/autonomist doctor-patient relationship. Methods A self-report study of communication patterns within a sample of 761 mental healthcare professionals in Central and Western Mexico was conducted. Multiple ordinal logistic regression models were performed to analyze paternalism and associated factors. Results A high prevalence (68.7% [95% CI 60.0-70.5) of paternalism was observed among mental healthcare professionals in Mexico. The main determinants of low paternalism/autonomism were the medical specialty (OR 1.67 [95% CI 1.16-2.40]) and the sex, whereby female physicians were more likely to explicitly share diagnoses and therapeutic strategies with patients and their families (OR 1.57 [95% CI 1.11-2.22]). A pattern of highly explicit communication was strongly associated with low paternalism/autonomism (OR 12.13 [95% CI 7.71-19.05]). Finally, a modification effect of age strata on association between communication pattern or speciality and low paternalism/autonomism was observed. Conclusions Among mental healthcare professionals in Mexico, an elevated paternalism prevailed. Sex, medical specialty, and a pattern of open communication were closely associated with low paternalism/autonomism. Strengthening the competencies of health professionals and promoting explicit communication could contribute to achieving a transition towards a more autonomist communication in clinical practice in Mexico. The ethical implications will need to be resolved in the near future.
Consumption of melatonin supplement improves cardiovascular disease risk factors and new anthropometric indices (as predictors of obesity) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A double–blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Bazyar Hadi , Javid Ahmad Zare , Behbahani Hossein Bavi , Moradi Fardin , Poode Bahman Moradi , Amiri Parichehr
Published: March 2020

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease. Dyslipidemia and hypertension are two complications may develop in diabetic patients if hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and weight gain are not controlled. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of melatonin supplementation on some cardiovascular disease risk factors and new anthropometric indices in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Materials and Methods: In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 50 T2DM patients were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. The intervention and control groups received either 2 tablets melatonin or placebo (250 mg) once a day for 8 weeks. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), body shape index (ABSI), abdominal volume index (AVI), body adiposity index (BAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), conicity index, and waist to height ratio (WHR) were evaluated in all patients pre and post-intervention.Results: Melatonin supplementation for 8 weeks significantly decreased the mean levels of MAP, PP, BAI, AVI, conicity index, and WHR post intervention (p <0.05). Also, the mean changes of MAP, PP, BAI, AVI, and Conicity index were significantly lower in the intervention group compared with the control group (p <0.05). A significant increase (p <0.001) was observed in the mean levels of ABSI in the intervention group. The mean changes of ABSI was significantly greater in the intervention group compared with the control group (p <0.001).Conclusions: Consumption of melatonin supplement may be effective in controlling arterial pressure and new anthropometric indices (as predictors of obesity) in T2DM patients.Trial registration: This trial was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials website at 2019/5/17. (IRCT20190303042905N1).
Status of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Healthcare Facilities in the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area, Uganda.
Authors: Kayiwa Denis , Mugambe Richard K. , Mselle Jane Sembuche , Isunju John Bosco , Ssempebwa John C. , Wafula Solomon Tsebeni , Ndejjo Rawlance , Kansiime Winnie K , Nalugya Aisha , Wagaba Brenda , Zziwa Jude. B. , Bwire Constance , Buregyeya Esther , Radooli Martin Othieno , Kimbugwe Ceaser , Namanya Emily , Bateganya Najib Lukooya , McGriff Joanne A. , Wang Yuke , Ssekamatte Tonny , Habib Yakubu
Published: March 2020

Background: Improved Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services in Health Care Facilities (HCFs) is of significant public health importance. It is associated with a reduction in the transmission of hospital acquired infections (HAIs), increased trust and uptake of healthcare services, cost saving from infections averted, increased efficiency and improved staff morale. Despite these benefits, there is limited evidence on the status of WASH in HCFs in the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA). This study assessed the status of WASH within HCFs in the GKMA in order to inform policy and WASH programming.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 60 HCFs. The status of WASH in the study facilities was assessed using a validated WASH Conditions (WASHCon) tool comprising of structured interviews, HCF observations and microbial water quality analysis. Data were analysed using Stata 14 software and R software. The relationships between WASH status and HCF characteristics were assessed using Fishers’ exact tests.Results: Overall, 84.5% (49/58) and 12.1% (7/58) of HCFs had limited and basic WASH status respectively. About 48.3% (28/58) had a limited water supply status, 84.5% (49/58) had limited sanitation status, 50.0% (29/58) had limited environmental cleanliness status, 56.9% (33/58) had limited hand hygiene status and 51.7% (30/58) had limited waste management status. Overall, there were significant differences in water supply status by ownership of the HCF and level of HCF. There was a significant statistical difference in WASH status between public and private not for profit facilities (p = 0.021). A significant difference was also observed in WASH status between hospitals and lower levels HCFs (p = 0.004). Conclusion: Majority of the HCFs in the GKMA had limited access to all WASH service domains i.e. water supply, sanitation, hand hygiene, environmental cleanliness and healthcare waste management. We recommend deliberate increased investments in WASH for healthcare services, especially for sanitation and hand hygiene provisions which were in the poorest state. Improvements in WASH conditions will not only minimize the risk of transmission of HAIs but also associated costs.