bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conversions à Singapour
Authors: Lopez de Ceballos Paloma
Published: March 2007

Singapore's destiny is closely tied to its strategic position linking up the Indian Ocean with the South China Sea. Since the independence of this rapidly growing country, its port has become fourth in the world. Its growth is the fruit of the government's efforts to make Singapore an intermediary metro polis between the international capital and the developing countries. The island is surrounded by 130 million Malaysians and Indonesians who are irritated by its economic role.
Newly-adopted religions and Social Change on the Ryukyu Islands (Japan)
Authors: Anzai Shin
Published: March 2007

Cet article traite du rapport entre le changement social, le déclin de la religion traditionnelle et l'adoption de religions récemment importées dans le contexte japonais. L'Auteur analyse particulièrement le cas d'un village dans l'archipel d'Okinawa durant les années qui suivirent la seconde guerre mondiale.
Orientalism, Islam and Capitalism
Authors: Turner Bryan S.
Published: March 2007

Le problème spécifique de la relation entre la culture isla mique et les activités capitalistes ne peut pas être dissocié du débat général concernant les différences relatives entre les civilisations occidentales et les civilisations orientales. Tra ditionnellement, ce débat se situe à l'intérieur d'un cadre défini par la problématique orientaliste, laquelle traite des sociétés islamiques comme de sociétés statiques et despotiques. Cette stagnation économique et sociale aurait été causée par la présence de l'esclavage généralisé, l'absence de propriété privée et la prédominance des institutions de l'Etat. Dans l'orientalisme contemporain, on explique l'absence de change ment dans la société islamique en faisant référence à l'Etat islamique patriarcal, au caractère particulier de la cité islami que, à l' absence dans les centres urbains d'une bourgeoisie in dépendante, à l'insécurité légale et à l'organisation de la production soumise au système des guildes. Cette problé.. matique, qui occupe une place centrale dans les travaux des historiens, est également une des caractéristiques majeures des approches sociologiques depuis Max Weber.
Migrants and Cultural Diversity : On Ethnicity and Religion in Society
Authors: Abramson Harold J.
Published: March 2007

Cet article propose une analyse de la signification de notre société multi-culturelle à la lumière des différences culturelles qui existent entre les migrants et les autochtones. Les vicissi tudes de la migration permettent l'étude des idées sociales qui se rattachent à l'appartenance ethnique et à la religion. On peut examiner en particulier quelle est leur relation sur le plan conceptuel, dans quelle mesure elles sont sujettes au changement, et quelles sont les conséquences culturelles qui en découlent, tant pour les groupes que pour les individus. Les soulèvements qui caractérisent la migration se révèlent aussi comme étant producteurs de tensions sociales débou chant sur différentes formes de marginalisation. L'auteur dé finit cette marginalisation par rapport à l'attachement à la culture et à la structure ethniques se présentant sous quatre formes, qui sont autant de réponses volontaires ou involon taires de la part des individus migrants aux pressions qui sont exercées sur leurs conditions d'existence. Cet article pré sente une investigation à la fois conceptuelle et descriptive sur l'idée de diversité culturelle, vue sous l'aspect collectif aussi bien qu'individuel.
Religion et lutte des classes en Amérique Latine
Authors: Houtart François
Published: March 2007

The class analyses of the Latin American societies have not paid much attention to religion. It is however a fundamental aspect of popular culture. And in the peripheral-capitalist social formations, it plays a key role in many aspects of the system of representations. The article tries first to establish the function of religion (Catholicism) in the genesis of social classes at the beginning of mercantile capitalism on the con tinent. Built on pre-existing societies (clannic or tributary), the new system shaped new social classes. In this process, Catholicism has to a great extent been an instrument of metro politan hegemony, as much through its ideological functions as through its institutional action. This is well known.
The « Romanization » of Catholicism and Agrarian Capitalism in Brazil
Authors: Ribeiro De Oliveira Pedro A.
Published: March 2007

Cet article examine la relation existant entre l'instauration du capitalisme au Brésil et le processus des transformations internes de l'Eglise Catholique, à partir de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle.
The Public Response to New Religious Movements in Britain
Authors: Beckford James A.
Published: March 2007

Quoique de nombreux mouvements religieux agissent de manière plus ou moins standardisée dans de nombreux pays, leurs succès dans le recrutement et la mise en place d'une base solide pour leurs activités dépendent largement des réactions locales de l'opinion publique à leur égard. Le cas de la Grande Bretagne illustre bien l'importance des réactions du public, dans la mesure où elles sont à la source de la force des groupements opposés aux nouveaux mouvements religieux tout comme de l'attitude de la presse. Le contexte britannique se singularise dans la mesure où il rend les nouveaux mouvements religieux vulnérables à des sanc tions administratives, étant donné l'absence d'une politique offi cielle et d'une responsabilité gouvernementale concernant les affaires religieuses, familiales et de jeunesse. En même temps, il faut souligner que, en Grande Bretagne, les nouveaux mouve ments religieux sont moins l'expression de problèmes psychologi ques qu'aux États-Unis ou d'un problème social comme en Alle magne Fédérale. Ici, c'est l'atteinte à l'intégrité du modèle fami lial qui constitue la rispote la plus significative aux mouvements religieux
Le discours nationaliste dans une revue jesuite. Fonctionnement du rapport de la religion au politique
Authors: Rouleau Jean-Paul
Published: March 2007

This article is based on the analysis of a corpus of articles published between 1960 and 1983, on events selected with the help of Leon Dion's typology for Quebec nationalisms, as put forward in his book «Nationalisme et politique au Québec». On this basis it concludes that the journal «Relations» published by a group of French-speaking Canadian jesuits, partakes of the catholic Church's loss of leadership in defining nationalist ideology and putting it into practice. The journal's function is rather that of a critical observer of a nationalism which is essentially conceived and realized elsewhere.
Religion et santé: le cas de l'Eglise de Scientologie
Authors: Chagnon Roland
Published: March 2007

The author first presents a problematic regarding religion — health rapports, underlining on the one hand the secular character of modern medicine and, on the other hand, the recent develop ment of a new perspective on religion — health rapports which he terms the holistic perspective. According to this perspective, religion and health entail close relationships wherein are valorized the symbolic dimensions at work in the therapeutic processes. The author then examines the case of the Church of Scientology in order to reveal therein the presence of a holistic perspective in its conception of religion — health rapports. After having presented the teachings of dianetics and of scientology, and after having taken into account his research on the lived experiences of Mon tréal scientologists, the author suggests that scientology is in con testation with the dominant model of religion — health rapports. He concludes his article by raising some questions of interest for further research.
La frequentation des offices religieux dans le grand Stockholm. V ingt-cinq ans de recensements au cours du développement de l'agglomération
Authors: Ejerfeldt Lennart
Published: March 2007

In 1962 Berndt Gustafsson founded the Institute of Sociology of Religion in Stockholm. It was supported by Church Agencies and institutions and its research was primarly directed to the pro blems of church and religion in the Capital Area.
The accomodation between communities in Lebanon : Parliament and paraparliaments in plural societies
Authors: Nasri Messara Antoine
Published: March 2007

L'analyse descriptive de la négociation politique durant la période de crise de l'Etat libanais fournit une bonne étude du rôle du Par lement dans une société plurale.
Les protestantismes latino-américains: un objet à interroger et à construire
Authors: BASTIAN Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2007

The study of the religious phenomenon assimilated to the generic concept of “protestantism” has turned out to be a fruitful field of research for sociologists, anthropologists and historians these last twenty-five years. Nevertheless, reductive comprehension of such a complex social and religious phenomenon, related to the differentiation and atomization of a religious field wider than mere “Protestantism” still predominates. In order to emphasize the degree of difference and dissociation between the new religious movements, so-called Protestants and the historical Latin-American Protestantism, the author develops a socio-historical approach. When the Protestant societies of the late 19th century emerged from the political culture of radical liberalism typical of those schools of thought favouring an anti-corporatist and democratic modernity, the present-day Protestant religious movement, particularly the Pentecostals, evolved from a religious and political culture typical of folk catholocism, syncretic and strengthening the passivity of the masses. Contemporary forms of Protestantism deputize for popular Catholicism and fill a vacuum, reshaping in a traditional way the relative autonomy of popular religion.
Folie douce, vent des ancêtres: la transe au Maghreb
Authors: BABES Leïla
Published: March 2007

It is misleading to claim, as do certain anthropologists, that there are two kinds of trance in the Maghreb, one Arabic or Islamic (sufi), and one “black African”. It is a question rather of the relation between mysticism and possession. This study is based on a survey I conducted in Annaba (Algeria) between 1987 and 1990. It shows how the mystic passion in this town is organized in a tight articulation between a cult of saints, a cult of ancestors and a cult of the town itself. The trance of possession can be experienced as violent suffering, or as a gentle madness. Whatever form it takes, the trance must be controlled, in particular by music and dance in a mystic ceremony.
L'Eglise de Fa au Bénin
Authors: de SURGY Albert
Published: March 2007

The Church of Fa, named after the great traditional divinity of geomancy, was founded in the 1930s in Nigeria. It has attempted to resist the spread of Christianity by imitating the form of worship to which it attributes the other's success. Yet no Christian practices are introduced. Adherents worship exclusively the regional god Odumare or Olorun, through the intermediary of his representative Fa-Orunmila. Recruiting mostly among the poor milieux of peasant origin, the Church of Fa lacks the elites to ensure its defence and promotion among intellectuals and theologians. It was believed moribund. It has nonetheless survived. Its development seems to be conditioned by its capacity to respond to the social needs of its members with the same vigour as other Churches.
Theories of Conversion: Understanding and Interpreting Religious Change
Authors: RAMBO Lewis R.
Published: March 2007

The author explores the nature of theory and provides an overview of resources for the study of conversion to Islam. Theory is valuable in so far as it illuminates different aspects of a phenomenon. Various theoretical approaches include some dimensions and exclude others. Scholars of conversion must be aware of theoretical issues and systematically utilize theoretical options with sophistication. Such an approach will expand understanding of conversion and also enhance comparative studies of conversion. Theoretical orientations considered in this paper include: globalization, post-colonial, feminist, cross-cultural, religious/spiritual, intellectualist, narrative, identity, ritual, psychoanalytic, archetypal, attribution, attachment, process/stage, and Islamization theory.
Beck's Sociology of Risk: A Critical Assessment
Authors: Elliott Anthony
Published: March 2007

The German sociologist Ulrich Beck has elaborated a highly original formulation of the theory of risk and reflexive modernization, a formulation that has had a significant impact upon recent sociological theorizing and research. This article examines Beck's sociology of risk in the context of his broader social theory of reflexvity, advanced modernization and individualization. The article argues that Beck's work is constrained by several sociological weaknesses: namely, a dependence upon objectivistic and instrumental models of the social construction of risk and uncertainty in social relations, and a failure to adequately define the relations between institutional dynamism on the one hand and self-referentiality and critical reflection on the other. As a contribution to the reformulation and further development of Beck's approach to sociological theory, the article seeks to suggest other ways in which the link between risk and reflexivity might be pursued. These include a focus upon 91) the intermixing of reflexivity and reflection in social relations; (2) contemporary ideologies of domination and power; and (3) a dialectical notion of modernity and postmodernization.
Strength Tests of Fiber Arrays
Authors: Patt D.H. , Stock C.R.
Published: March 2007

Basic differences between tensile tests of single fibers versus similar fibers in arrays such as yarn, skeins, tow, and staple comhings keep the strength of arrays from exceed ing that of single fibers. The reverse holds true for strain. Moreover, experimental difficulties of achieving simultaneous straining among the fibers in an array further reduce the apparent strength and increase apparent strain, by amounts that depend on the extent of departure from simultaneity, i.e. the strain distribution in the array. Close equivalence of group tests of strength and maximum strain to single fiber measurements can be obtained even for the wide range of slackness observed in some tow, by recourse to a parameter that is not affected by departure from simultaneity of straining, namely, -the energy absorbed in rupture. Strength, maximum strain, and associated measures of variability can be calculated from energy via the tenacity-strain function for the fiber type. Good agreement with single fiber measurements has been obtained for acrylic fibers in the form of tow.
Molecular Organization in Keratins
Authors: Fraser R.D.B. , MacRae T.P.
Published: March 2007

A series of density determinations on physically and chemically modified wools shows that extensions up to 70% and supercontraction of 15% in steam are not accom panied by density changes. In contrast, residues from chemical extractions and en zymatic digestions show significant increases. Cortical cells fractionated from trypsin digests by gradient column techniques have densities comparable to that of porcupine quill tips. The extent to which these measurements may be correlated with crystallinity is discussed.
Applications of Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy to Investigations of Cotton and Modified Cottons
Authors: O'Connor Robert T. , DuPré Elsie F. , Mitcham Donald
Published: March 2007

The KBr technique to obtain spectra of cotton cellulose has been applied satisfactorily to an investigation of physical and crystalline modifications and to changes resulting from oxidation. Several experiments to illustrate applications are described. The potential applications to investigations suggested in the literature are reviewed.

It has been shown that infrared absorption spectra of cotton cellulose can be used to follow changes in hydrogen bonding by the classical method of observing the exact wavelengths of the O-H stretching vibrations. Degree of crystallinity can be measured quantitatively by use of ratios of intensities of preselected absorption bands. Oxidation changes can be followed only where such processes result in the formation of C = O groups per se in the oxidized cotton.
High Speed Tensile Testing of Fibers
Authors: Ballou J.W. , Roetling J.A.
Published: March 2007

The requirements placed on the stress recording device of a tensile tester (usually a stress-transducer and recorder) become more stringent as the time to complete the test decreases. Untess these requirements are met, the difference between the true stress- strain curve and the indicated stress-strain curve becomes so large as to make the latter meaningless.

In this paper, the response of a stress-strain tester to the forces arising in testing a sample having a linear stress-strain curve is examined theoretically. An equation is derived which gives the indicated stress in terms of the true stress, the strain, the rate of strain, the resonance frequency and damping of the stress-transducer, and the upper and lower cut-off frequencies or bandwidth of the amplifier-recorder system. Wave effects, however, are not considered. This equation has been solved for a variety of conditions using a small scale digital computer. Indicated stress-strain curves are presented showing their increased deviation from the true stress-strain curve as the rate of testing is increased, as the resonance frequency is lowered. or as the bandwidth is decreased. These results show that certain minimum requirements involving the ratio of the rate of strain to the resonance frequency, damping. and upper and lower cut-off frequencies must be met for accurate indication of stress. As each requirement fails to be met, certain characteristic faults in the recorded stress-strain curve appear. The principles developed above were put to use in designing and constructing a simple stress-strain tester capable of true stress recording at a strain rate of 104 % min.. using a 5-in. gauge length. This tester is described and data taken on textile fibers at 1, 102, and 105 % min. strain rates presented by way of example.

The structural basis of fiber behavior at different experimental time-scales is discussed briefty.
The Creasometer—An Apparatus for Measuring Crease and Pleat Sharpness and Retention
Authors: Wilkinson P.R. , Ireland D.W.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an instrument designed to measure the sharpness of a crease or pleat in a fabric specimen. Such data can be used to predict the behavior of garment creases during wear and after washing.
Singing off Key
Authors: Hall Julia
Published: March 2007

Not only in the culture and organization of Western schools is European hegemony emphasized, classroom materials provide a substantial place for the creation and perpetuation of racist ideology. Often overlooked in critiques of classroom materials are texts that pertain to what are sometimes called enrichment subject materials, such as art and music. Examined in this review is the representation of those of African ancestry in grade school music materials. After surveying nearly 70 years of songbooks from one publisher’s series, it is determined that they are saturated with racist stereotypes and that such representations likely negatively impact children as they read and sing.
Politics of School Board Elections
Authors: Taebel Delbert A.
Published: March 2007

Those who benefit directly, the schools' "clientele," can determine the outcome of board elections.
The Study of Urban Affairs
Authors: Reeves Earl J.
Published: March 2007

URBAN STUDIES: Four representative programs.
The College Campus
Authors: Andrews Alice C.
Published: March 2007

URBAN STUDIES: Site, situation, and appearance influence images of colleges in the city; but there are similarities.
Sense and Sentimentality
Authors: Kirp David L. , Leff Donna R.
Published: March 2007

The Sausalito, California schools were desegregated and radicalized. Part 1, below, is an account of those happenings. Part II, which will appear in the next issue, will describe the "counterrevolution" and the schools' return to more restricted goals.
Different Levels of Eye Contact
Authors: Gilliam Harold V. B. , Van Den Berg Sjef
Published: March 2007

"Eye contact" is a matter of culture and custom.
High School Substituting
Authors: Friedman Norman L.
Published: March 2007

The substitute teacher is the subject of many fables but little research. He is described by a sociologist, and experienced substitute, as an order maintainer, assignment executor- and survivor.
Structural Determinants of Juvenile Offenses in School
Authors: Kowalski Gregory S. , Adams Murray C. , Gundlach James H.
Published: March 2007

Some locales and some schools are "criminogenic. "
Desegregated Schooling
Authors: Fuerst J. S. , Pupo Daniel
Published: March 2007

Providing quality schooling for Milwaukee's minorities.
Street as School
Authors: Powell Elwin H.
Published: March 2007

The street activities of abolitionist George Washington Jonson illustrate a nonschool type of education in nineteenth-century Buffalo that was as socially significant as was the development of public schools.
Minority Students in Science
Authors: Rakow Steven J.
Published: March 2007

Minority students achieve less well in science, have less exposure to it, but have more positive attitudes toward science. There is a negative relationship between science-related experience and attitudes toward science.
The Achievement of Students in Low-Ses Settings
Authors: Garner C. William , Cole Ernest G.
Published: March 2007

"Fate control" and cognitive field dependence both seem to affect the academic performance of low-SES pupils.
High-Achieving Disadvantaged Students
Authors: So Alvin Y.
Published: March 2007

High-achieving disadvantaged Hispanic students identify with Hispanics and also aspire to the middle class.
Multiple Retentions
Authors: Walker Elaine M. , Madhere Serge
Published: March 2007

Retention and remedial aid improve students'achievement scores.
Political Interactions among Teachers
Authors: Blase Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

Teacher interactions can be viewed as, in part, "political. " They affect and are affected by the school's social structure and cultural orientations.
Does School Desegregation Policy Stimulate Residential Integration?
Authors: Clark William A. V.
Published: March 2007

Expectations that desegregated schools will lead to desegregated housing are not borne out.
Educational Philosophy in a Cross-Cultural Context
Authors: Grichting Wolfgang L.
Published: March 2007

In Hong Kong, cultural conflicts seem to lead to conflicting educational values. Only the extreme case?
Reach Them and Teach Them
Authors: Lieberman Janet E. , Callagy Anne K.
Published: March 2007

"Middle College, " At Laguardia Community College, Long Island City, New York; Offers A Successful High School Program For Students With Limited English Proficiency.
The Emergence of Black Supplementary Schools
Authors: Dove Nah (Dorothy) E.
Published: March 2007

The author believes that the schooling of Africans in European-centered "educational" institutions is a method of subjugation. It relies on subverting creative human potential through misinformation about who and what we are. We are taught ways of seeing and being that are not conducive to our physical and mental well-being. As culturally influenced institutions, European-centered schools play a major role in maintaining control of interests on a global and local scale. Wherever these institutions have developed, their fundamental role has remained constant. The rise of supplementary schools in the United Kingdom is part of the resistance of Africans to this condition. In this article, the author focuses on the perceptions of the users of these schools and their roles in the schools' formation and development.
Issues in Urban School District Leadership
Authors: Beaumont Jennifer J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the academic frameworks and theoretical concepts presented to students pursuing graduate degrees in educational administration and planning to begin or continue careers in urban school districts. It addresses the absence of a focus or emphasis on the urban context in most graduate schools of education. Additionally, graduate programs in educational administration tend to separate school district leadership into the principalship and the superintendency. The purpose of this article is to present a 1-semester course on urban school district leadership that links the three levels of educational leadership-the principal, central office administration, and the school system superintendent-into a leadership triad. This leadership triad interacts through a series of relationships-political and professional-that facilitate or hinder the creation and/or support of the climate and culture within a school, necessary for teaching and learning to take place.
Project Self
Authors: Hampson June E. , Rahman Muhammad A. , Brown Bobbie , Taylor Maryellen E. , Donaldson Carl J.
Published: March 2007

Although resiliency research has identified characteristics (e.g., high self-esteem, a sense of self-efficacy, problem-solving skills) that provide protection to at-risk children, these findings have emerged from studies based on cohorts dissimilar to the urban populations to whom they are now applied. Promoting resiliency in urban, predominantly African American children requires the reinterpretation of those constructs, recognizing the unique cultural circumstances affecting urban youths, as a result of historical factors. Project SELF fortifies students' cultural identity with the knowledge of the greatness of their ancestors and their own biological and cultural inheritances from those ancestors. By focusing on their individual talents and energy, students are empowered to affect their own futures and are provided with community-relevant problem-solving skills. The results of a pilot fourth-grade study in an inner-city public school, using a pre/post control group design, demonstrate that Project SELF produces dramatic improvements in children's knowledge of the curriculum and, as a result, in their self-esteem, self-efficacy, and social problem-solving skills.
The Family Background and Attitudes of Teen Fathers
Authors: PIROG-GOOD MAUREEN A.
Published: March 2007

A greater percentage of teen fathers than of teenagers who are not fathers come from poor and unstable households whose members are less educated. Generally speaking, for Whites, being a teenage father is associated with having a low self-esteem, an external locus of control, and conservative sex-role attitudes, whereas for Blacks, it is not. Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experiences—Youth Cohort.
The Impact of Student Employment on Teachers' Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Working Students
Authors: BILLS DAVID B. , HELMS LELIA B. , OZCAN MUSTAFA
Published: March 2007

Part-time and full-time work is increasingly common among many American high school students. There is a substantial body of research on the relationship of youth work with individual academic and socioeconomic outcomes, but we know little about how schools and teachers themselves have responded to the shift among their students toward intensified work involvement. Our research analyzes teachers' views of working students and the impact of student work upon classroom organization and performance. We find considerable concern on the part of teachers toward student employment but little evidence that they adjust their classroom behavior to accommodate working students. Years of teaching experience and experience as a parent of a working teenager have contradictory effects of teachers' perceptions of working students. We discuss the implications of these findings for the classroom performance of teachers and the social organization of schools.
Societal Images of Poverty
Authors: CHAFEL JUDITH A.
Published: March 2007

One factor that has contributed to the persistence of poverty emanates from existing societal images that portray the economically deprived in negative ways and limit policy on their behalf. This article reviews literature on conceptions that adults and children have about poverty. What emerges from the review is a portrait of a society content with the status quo, in which a predisposition to “blame the victim” provides moral justification for the disenfranchisement of millions from the economic mainstream. The literature review has implications for analyzing the socialization processes, whereby stereotypes about the poor are cultivated in children, and for designing educational interventions to counter conformist thinking.
Occupational Sex-Typing and Occupational Prestige
Authors: KULIK LIAT
Published: March 2007

The study examines the impact of occupational prestige (high, medium, and low) on sex-typing of occupations in Israel based on gender and age group (adolescents, university students, and teachers). No differences in sex-typing of high-prestige occupations were found across age groups. At the low and medium occupational prestige levels, however, the adolescents and teachers showed a greater tendency toward sex-typing than did the students. Regarding gender differences, the female respondents showed a greater tendency toward occupational sex-typing at the high-and medium-prestige levels than did the males, regardless of age. Both the males and females perceived the high-prestige occupations as more feminine than the medium- and low-prestige occupations. Based on the findings, the article provides practical recommendations for educating adolescents toward less stereotyped perspectives of occupational gender roles.
Anarchy, World Politics and the Birth of a Discipline: American International Relations, Pluralist Theory and the Myth of Interwar Idealism
Authors: Schmidt Brian C.
Published: March 2007

Of all the self-images of the discipline of international relations, none holds more sway than that which insists that the early field was dominated by a form of utopianism that was later consigned to the dustbin of history by the outbreak of World War II and the Cold War. This story continues to be crucial, both to the way scholars think about the evolution of the subject, and to the self-identity of realist thinkers who have exerted an unparalleled influence on international relations theory since 1939. The basic problem with this reading is that it is mistaken; in fact, once we begin to look in more detail at `IR' in its formative years, a different image emerges that is at once more complex and by implication subversive of the standard account. Certainly, the perjorative terms `idealism' or `utopianism' do not adequately or accurately depict the interwar period of the field's history, especially in the United States.
Anglo-American Elites in the Interwar Years: Idealism and Power in the Intellectual Roots of Chatham House and the Council on Foreign Relations
Authors: Parmar Inderjeet
Published: March 2007

Some of the most important thinking on international politics in the interwar period was not done by academics, but `think tanks' like Chatham House in London and the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, whose members were often drawn from the ranks of the policy-making community. When the intellectual roots of the leaders of the two bodies are examined, it is clear that they where far from being the detached observers with no understanding of the `real world' as sometimes portrayed by critics. Indeed, this trans-Atlantic elite were acutely aware of the importance of power and the need - as they saw it - of preserving a world organized around basic Anglo-Saxon cultural values. As forces for consensus-building in their respective countries, and between them, Chatham House and the Council on Foreign Relations provided critical forums for the more respectable `liberal' elements within the US and the UK to map out a new world order.
Science and Hermeneutics
Authors: Rickman H.P.
Published: March 2007

A methodology of the human studies needs to settle the conflict between the two long-established truth-seeking approaches. To be scientific, like physics, promises system, precision, and practical applicability but ignores the significant peculiarity of the subject matter: People talk. Hermeneutics, the methodology of interpretation, confronts the difficulties of understanding what people mean, but is suspected of lacking rigor. However, the two approaches are not exclusive alternatives. Sharing common procedures, such as classification and deduction, they also supplement each other: Interpretation depends on factual evidence and scientific objectivity depends on reliable communication. Successful research needs to combine scientific study of facts with methodical interpretation of meaning.
Rules, Function, and the Invisible Hand An Interpretation of Hayek's Social Theory
Authors: Heath Eugene
Published: March 2007

Hayek's social theory presupposes that rules are unintended consequences of individual actions. This essay explicates one kind of Hayekian explanation of that claim. After noting the kinds of rules that Hayek believes are subject to such a theory, the essay distinguishes three functional explanations advocated by Hayek. He combines one of these functional explanations with an invisible hand explanation. A schema suitable for constructing invisible hand-functional evolutionary theories is employed to outline this combination.
Intentional Action and Pure Causality
Authors: Sandven Tore
Published: March 2007

This article discusses fundamental problems in "rational choice theory," as outlined by Jon Elster. Elster's discussion of why institutions may not be said to act shows his fundamental presupposition that only "monolithic," unitary entities are capable of action. This is, for him, a reason why only individual human beings may be said to act. Furthermore, human beings may be said to act only insofar as they "maximize" (their "utility") on the basis of a unitary, complete, consistent "preference structure." All action that is not maximization in this sense is for Elster not really human action, but rather instances of "pure causality." Elster distinguishes between the "real," intentional person, who "maximizes," and "purely causal forces" within the person. This article tries to show that this radical, sharp dichotomy between "intentionality," in this narrow sense, and "pure causality" is inadequate as a basis for understanding human action. This radical dichotomy is central to important arguments made by Elster more generally.
Discovery and Its Logic: Popper and the "Friends of Discovery"
Authors: Savary Claude
Published: March 2007

This article compares the features of a logic of discovery for the "friends of discovery" and for Karl Popper. It argues that the account given by Popper is the same as that of the "friends of discovery." The comparison will unsystematically exhibit that Popper proposes such a logic and will submit that the epistemological significance of a logic of discovery is to be sought in a configuration of ideas and transactions deemed regulated by or mirroring rationality rather than in creative processes as such.
Social Science as a Social Institution: Neutrality and the Politics of Social Research
Authors: D'Agostino Fred
Published: March 2007

Michael Root argues, in Philosophy of Social Science, that social scientific investigations do not and cannot meet the liberal requirement of "neutrality" most familiar to social scientists in the form of Max Weber's requirement of value-freedom. He argues, moreover, that this is for "institutional," not idiosyncratic, reasons: methodological demands (e.g., of validity) impel social scientists to pass along into their "objective" investigations the values of the people, groups, and cultures they are studying. In this paper, I consider the implications of Root's claims for the use of social scientific results in the formation of policy in a democratic society. In particular, I argue that Root's results amplify familiar "post-modernist" conclusions: there is no "neutral" and "objective" basis for policy-making.
Comments on Neural Networks
Authors: PAIK HAEJUNG
Published: March 2007

Although neural networks do offer a few advantages over some other nonlinear methods, in certain situations these advantages are difficult to utilize. However, many neural network applications in the social sciences are flawed in ways that obfuscate such effects. In this article, the neural network methodology is reviewed, some common flaws are pointed out, and a rather commonplace data set—dealing with school delinquency—is analyzed for illustrative purposes.
Analyzing Change in Categorical Variables by Generalized Log-Linear Models
Authors: CROON MARCEL A. , BERGSMA WICHER , HAGENAARS JACQUES A.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses how several hypotheses about change in discrete variables can be tested on data obtained in a longitudinal study. A first class of hypotheses pertain to the invariance of certain characteristics of marginal distributions. A second class of hypotheses derive from assumptions about the causal relations between the variables. In this article, the authors show how all these hypotheses can be tested by means of a generalization of log-linear modeling developed by Lang and Agresti. By means of the same approach, it is also possible to test conjunctions of several hypotheses from both classes.
Suppressor Variables in Path Models
Authors: MAASSEN GERARD H. , BAKKER ARNOLD B.
Published: March 2007

Suppressor variables are well known in the context of multiple regression analysis. Using several examples, the authors demonstrate that the different forms of the suppressor phenomenon described in the literature occur not only in prediction equations but also in the explanatory use of multiple regression, including structural equations models. Moreover, they show that the probability of their occurrence is relatively high in models with latent variables, in which the suppressed variable is corrected for measurement errors. Special attention will be paid to the two-wave model since this is particularly liable to the suppressor phenomenon. The occurrence of suppression in structural equations models is usually not foreseen and confronts researchers with problems of interpretation. The authors discuss definitions of the suppressor phenomenon, show how the unwary researcher can be warned against it, and present guidelines for the interpretation of the results.
The Use and Misuse of the Coefficient of Variation in Organizational Demography Research
Authors: SØRENSEN JESPER B.
Published: March 2007

Demographic heterogeneity is a central theoretical construct in organizational demography research. The most commonly used measure of demographic heterogeneity is the coefficient of variation. The author critically evaluates the rationale for using this measure and shows that the use of the coefficient of variation raises a number of methodological and interpretive problems. Empirical analyses of turnover suggest that using the coefficient of variation may lead to incorrect conclusions about the effects of demographic heterogeneity.
The Process of Political Development
Authors: Deegan John
Published: March 2007

Although a number of investigators have attempted to identify empirically a process of political development, substantial controversy still surrounds a determination of the causal factors involved. It is my contention that this state of affairs is the result of inadequacies inherent in traditional techniques of causal modeling, and aggravated when multicollinear variables are involved. To resolve this problem I first review a technique capable of reducing the confounding effects of multicollinearity. I then illustrate use of this technique, as well as a strategy for inferring causal relationships, by means of a reanalysis of published data used to construct models of political development. The strategy for causal inference utilized herein is derived from knowledge of the effects of model specification errors. On the basis of these findings a new causal model of political development, which is both theoretically and empirically consistent, is presented.
Measurement of Occupational Status in Comparative Analysis
Authors: Jones F. Lancaster , McDonnell Patrick
Published: March 2007

With the increasing use of sophisticated measurement techniques in status attainment research, more attention has been given to the effects of operational definitions on substantive interpretation. This paper reports the results of recoding and recalibrating 1965 Australian mobility data. It is shown that coding unreliability has negligible impact on estimated correlations between father's, first, and current jobs, but that different coding rules and different metrics may affect substantive results. A revised comparison of the process of status attainment in Australia and the United States confirms the artifactual nature of some differences found in an earlier comparison and shows that a new Australian status scale gives equivalent results to Duncan's SEI. The farm sector aside, the process of status attainment in Australia and the United States is basically the same, and the effective equivalence of ANU II and Duncan's SEI scale means that future comparisons of status attainment (at least in the nonfarm sector) can be made without recourse to extensive data recalibration.
Effect Analysis in Structural Equation Models
Authors: Fox John
Published: March 2007

One of the great virtues of structural equation models is that they permit the quantification of causal and noncausal sources of statistical relationship. The present article discusses efficient matrix methods of computation for effect decomposition and extends these methods to models with unstandardized variables and to nonrecursive models. An appendix includes a computer program, written in APL, which implements the techniques described in the article.
Correlation In Time Series Regression
Authors: Parker Robert Nash
Published: March 2007

Sociologists have recently become more interested in testing dynamic models of social change via time series regression techniques (e.g., Snyder, 1975; Franke and Kaul, 1978; Burstein and Freudenburg, 1978). The existence of serial correlation in the disturbance term, which would constitute a violation of one of the standard regression model assumptions, is usually tested for in such models via the Durbm-Watson (1950, 1951) d test statrstic. However, the Durbin-Watson test often allows no inference concerning the existence of serial correlation because the critical values of the test cannot be tabulated exactly. Geary †1970∪ proposed a test statistic, tau, which is easy to calculate and has an exact probability distribution. This article discusses serial correlation and its consequences for OLS regression equations, proposes the Geary test as a convenient addition to the Durbin-Watson test, and argues that the Geary test provides additional information, especially in the case of indeterminancy in the Durbin-Watson. The use of tau is illustrated by replications of three sociological studies and, although the Geary test is consistently less powerful than the Durbin-Watson test, it is a useful additional piece of information in most situations.
Comparing Within- and Between-Subjects Studies
Authors: Rosenthal Robert , Rubin Donald B.
Published: March 2007

Studies employing within-subjects designs may be compared with those employing between-subjects designs in a variety of ways. We discuss and illustrate the comparisons of variabilities, including within-condition variances and precisions as well as the comparisons of means and of mean differences. Our discussion emphasizes the importance of trying to understand the sources of differences.
Research within the Juvenile Courts
Authors: BORTNER M. A.
Published: March 2007

There has been considerable debate regarding federal guidelines designed to protect the rights of subjects, but there has been little empirical evidence regarding the manner in which the regulations have been implemented or their impact on research. Based on the author's research within a metropolitan juvenile court, this analysis discusses three major issues: the manner in which the regulations influence access to research settings, the extent to which the regulations affect researchers' ability to conduct unobstrusive inquiries, and the question of whether the regulations provide meaningful protection of subject rights. The case study suggests that not only do the regulations have great potential for impeding research within juvenile courts, but they are also unlikely to afford effective protection of subject rights.
Issues in Multivariate Cluster Analysis
Authors: KAUFMAN ROBERT L.
Published: March 2007

Using a Monte Carlo simulation, the research in this article addresses two key questions about the accuracy of cluster analysis in reproducing a known true cluster model. First, how is the accuracy affected by different ways of measuring interunit similarity; in this case, different ways of using principal components analysis. Second, how is the accuracy affected by the quality of the characteristics data and by different procedures for handling missing information? The results indicate that using principal components analysis is superior to not using it and that the choice of how to utilize the principal components results may be critical. The results also indicate that the impact of data quality differences may be minimal, but that there are important differentials among the procedures for handling missing data.
Regression Diagnostics
Authors: BOLLEN KENNETH A. , JACKMAN ROBERT W.
Published: March 2007

Gauging the robustness of regression estimates is especially important in small-sample analyses. Here, we examine recent developments in the detection and analysis of outliers and influential cases in multivariate studies. Specifically, we review five diagnostic procedures: partial regression plots, the “hat” matrix, studentized residuals, DFITSi, and DFBETASij. The main part of the article presents two empirical applications (drawn from recent cross-national studies) that show (a) how the diagnostic procedures can be incorporated into the research process, and (b) what we can learn from them. These applications serve to underscore the point that the diagnostics cannot be employed mechanically. Instead, once a case is diagnosed as influential, remedial action requires a firm substantive grounding. Although case deletion may be warranted in some circumstances, it is an extreme remedy of last resort that should not be routinely followed. The more fruitful approach is to ask why a given case is influential. As our applications indicate, the diagnostics can be helpful in isolating such problems as sample composition, specification error, and errors in measurement.
A New Generalized “Exposure-Based” Segregation Index
Authors: JAMES FRANKLIN J.
Published: March 2007

Interest is growing in the neighborhood segregation of Hispanics as well as blacks in U.S urban areas. This article shows how “exposure-based” or p* indexes of segregation may be generalized for analyses of the segregation of three or more groups, and demonstrates the application of the “generalized segregation index” in the Denver and Houston regions. Exposure-based segregation indexes measure the degree to which a group is geographically exposed to (or isolated from) other groups in neighborhoods. Exposure-based indexes are believed by many to be of somewhat greater relevance for fair housing policy than is the index of dissimilarity.
Estimating the Reliability of Aggregate-Level Variables Based on Individual-Level Characteristics
Authors: O'BRIEN ROBERT M.
Published: March 2007

Social scientists often use the mean of individual-level characteristics to describe aggregates such as organizations, schools, or programs. They seldom, however, attempt to assess the reliability of these measures. This article indicates how the internal consistency reliability of such measures can be estimated for several commonly used research designs. The method is based on generalizability theory and requires only the data that would normally be used to answer the substantive questions of a study; for example retests or parallel forms are not necessary.