bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
All-Indoor Optical Customer Premises Equipment for Fixed Wireless Access
Authors: Schulz Dominic , Hohmann Julian , Hellwig Peter , Kottke Christoph , Freund Ronald , Jungnickel Volker , Braun Ralf-Peter , Geilhardt Frank
Published: October 2021

We demonstrate an LED-based optical wireless link for fixed wireless access applications, at data rates of 1.5 Gbit/s over 50 m. Transmission between indoor equipment and outdoor access point is possible through metal-coated insulation glass.
Optical Communication in the Age of AI
Authors: Lysdal Henning
Published: October 2021

AI is software that writes software, and it is fed by data. AI is the most powerful force of our time and it profoundly changes the way computers are built and connected.
A New FOWLP Platform for Hybrid Optical Packaging - Demonstration on 100Gbps Transceiver
Authors: Choi Seongwook , Bae Yoonyoung , Oh Sukyoon , Han Seungman , Park David Dongwoo , Park Young June
Published: October 2021

The Fan Out Wafer Level Packaging, widely used in the silicon semiconductor system, is introduced for all-in-one hybrid optical package with small form factor, potentially higher performance, and expendability to on-board/co-packaged optical interconnections. To prove the new packaging idea, 100GBASE-SR4 standard is targeted in this demonstration.
Edge-Coupled Active and Passive Wafer-Scale Measurements on 300mm Silicon Photonics Wafers
Authors: Jabon Kenneth M. , Poulton Christopher V. , Shiue Ren-Jye , Byrd Matthew J. , Su Zhan , Teimourpour Mohammad H. , Breitenstein Scott , Millman Ronald P. , Atlas Dogan , Watts Michael R. , Timurdogan Erman
Published: October 2021

We perform wafer-scale measurements of silicon photonics components using broadband (100nm+) edge couplers and reflecting optical fiber probes for the first time. We demonstrate <1dB/cm waveguide loss and 25GHz+ micro-ring modulators on 300mm wafers.
Estimation of Core-Cladding Concentricity Error From GAWBS Noise Spectrum
Authors: Yaman Fatih , Nakamura Kohei , Mateo Eduardo , Fujisawa Shinsuke , Batshon Hussam G. , Inoue Takanori , Inada Yoshihisa
Published: October 2021

CCCE in a 60-km fiber is estimated from its GAWBS noise spectrum by comparing the TR1
m
modes with the R0
m
modes. The estimated CCCE value 0.73 μm is consistent with conventional measurements of 0.6–0.8 μm.
A BiLSTM-CNN based Multitask Learning Approach for Fiber Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Abdelli Khouloud , Grießer Helmut , Tropschug Carsten , Pachnicke Stephan
Published: October 2021

A novel multitask learning approach based on stacked bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) networks and convolutional neural networks (CNN) for detecting, locating, characterizing, and identifying fiber faults is proposed. It outperforms conventionally employed techniques.
Parallel Phase Stabilization of 45 Single-Mode Fiber Inputs Feeding a Mode Multiplexer
Authors: Mazur Mikael , Fontaine Nicolas K. , Dallachiesa Lauren , Chen Haoshuo , Ryf Roland , de Montmorillon Louis-Anne , Sillard Pierre , Neilson David T.
Published: October 2021

We demonstrate simultaneous phase stabilization of 45 parallel input spatial channels to a mode multiplexer. The phase errors for all output modes are calculated using digital holography and fed back to parallel piezo-based fiber stretchers.
Recurrent Neural Network based Equalizer with Embedded Parallelization for 100Gbps/λ PON
Authors: Huang Xiaoan , Zhang Dongxu , Hu Xiaofeng , Ye Chenhui , Zhang Kaibin
Published: October 2021

Recurrent neural network based equalizer with parallel outputs is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Result shows that it outperforms fully-connected neural network for 100Gbps/λ PON using 25G-class optics. Hardware implementation issues are also discussed.
Jointly Shaped Dual Polarization Systems
Authors: Jana Mrinmoy , Lampe Lutz , Mitra Jeebak , Li Chuandong
Published: October 2021

We present a probabilistic shaping algorithm whereby both polarization streams of a dual-polarized system are shaped together. The proposed method offers 0.2-0.92 dB gains over existing shaping schemes for the same block-length.
On the Comparison of Single-Carrier vs. Digital Multi-Carrier Signaling for Long-Haul Transmission of Probabilistically Shaped Constellation Formats
Authors: Benyahya Kaoutar , Ghazisaeidi Amirhossein , Aref Vahid , Chagnon Mathieu , Arnould Aymeric , Ranzini Stenio , Mardoyan Haik , Buchali Fred , Renaudier Jeremie
Published: October 2021

We report on theoretical and experimental investigations of the nonlinear tolerance of single carrier and digital multicarrier approaches with probabilistically shaped constellations. Experimental transmission of PCS16QAM is assessed at 120 GBd over an ultra-long-haul distance.
Coupled-Channel Enhanced SSFM for Digital Backpropagation in WDM Systems
Authors: Civelli S. , Forestieri E. , Lotsmanov A. , Razdoburdin D. , Secondini M.
Published: October 2021

A novel technique for digital backpropagation (DBP) in wavelength-division multiplexing systems is introduced and shown, by simulations, to outperform existing DBP techniques for approximately the same complexity.
Solving the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation in Optical Fibers Using Physics-informed Neural Network
Authors: Jiang Xiaotian , Wang Danshi , Fan Qirui , Zhang Min , Lu Chao , Lau Alan Pak Tao
Published: October 2021

We constructed a physics-informed neural network (PINN) to solve the nonlinear Schrödinger equation for different input waveforms. Results show that PINN can accurately characterize pulse evolution in fibers with less complexity to SSFM methods.
Revealing Raman-amplified Power Profile and Raman Gain Spectra with Digital Backpropagation
Authors: Sasai Takeo , Nakamura Masanori , Kobayashi Takayuki , Kawakami Hiroto , Yamazaki Etsushi , Kisaka Yoshiaki
Published: October 2021

We demonstrate the acquisition of signal power evolution and Raman gain spectra (RGS) in multi-span Raman-amplified links with digital backpropagation. We successfully identify the individual RGS of each Raman-amplified span separately.
Record Performance of 53GB Ge/Si Avalanche Photodiode ROSA
Authors: Shi Bin , Duan Yanhui , Qi Fan , Cai Pengfei , Chen Xueping , Wei Zhenhua , Hou Guanghui , Su Tzungi , Li Su , Chen Wang , Hong Chingyin , Pan Dong
Published: October 2021

53GB Ge/Si APD TO-CAN ROSA were designed and fabricated with record breaking sensitivities of -23.2dBm at BER=1E-3 for 53GB NRZ and -16.0dBm at BER=2E-4 for 53GB PAM4, respectively.
Robust polarization-insensitive C & L band FOPA with >17dB gain for both WDM and bursty traffic
Authors: Gordienko Vladimir , Gaur Chandra B. , Bessin Florent , Phillips Ian D. , Doran Nick J.
Published: October 2021

We demonstrate, for the first time, a real-time stabilized polarization-insensitive fiber optic parametric amplifier to simultaneously amplify WDM C&L band traffic in an extended-reach PON scenario with gain >17dB and output power >23 dBm
Recent Breakthroughs in Hollow Core Fiber Technology
Authors: Jasion Gregory T , Bradley Thomas D , Harrington Kerrianne , Sakr Hesham , Chen Yong , Fokoua Eric Numkam , Davidson Ian A , Taranta Austin , Hayes John R , Richardson David J , Poletti Francesco
Published: October 2021

The performance of Hollow Core Fibers has improved dramatically over the last 6 years. We report progress of the most successful design, Nested Antiresonant Nodeless Fiber, with losses of 0.28 dB/km.
Laser-based nitric oxide detection at 5.26 µm using Antiresonant Hollow-Core Fiber
Authors: Jaworski Piotr , Dudzik Grzegorz , Sazio Pier J. , Belardi Walter , Krzempek Karol
Published: October 2021

In this work we report on self-fabricated borosilicate Antiresonant Hollow-Core Fiber enabling low loss light guidance in the Mid-IR and demonstrate its application in nitric oxide sensing at 5.26 µm aided with Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy.
A Generalized Pairwise Optimization Accelerator Unit For Designing Geometric Shaping 64-QAM
Authors: Maneekut Rachata , Elson Daniel J. , Beppu Shohei , Takahashi Hidenori , Yoshikane Noboru
Published: October 2021

An accelerator unit in conjunction with generalized pairwise optimization can obtain optimum geometric shaped 64QAM constellations up to 60% faster. Shaping gain and transmission distance are improved over just GPO constellations in low-to-middle SNR regimes.
Towards Co-Existence of 100 Gbps Classical Channel Within a WDM Quantum Entanglement Network
Authors: Tessinari R. S. , Alia O. , Joshi S. K. , Aktas D. , Clark M. , Hugues-Salas E. , Kanellos G. T. , Rarity J. , Nejabati R. , Simeonidou D.
Published: October 2021

We experimentally prove the feasibility of wavelength multiplexing bright 100 Gbps classical communication with multiple single-photon level entanglement channels over SMF-28e fibre in a quantum network. This minimises the resources needed for quantum networks.
Neural-network-based MDG and Optical SNR Estimation in SDM Transmission
Authors: Ospina Ruby S. B. , van den Hout Menno , van der Heide Sjoerd , Okonkwo Chigo , Mello Darli A. A.
Published: October 2021

We propose a neural network model for MDG and optical SNR estimation in SDM transmission. We show that the proposed neural-network-based solution estimates MDG and SNR with high accuracy and low complexity from features extracted after DSP.
Low-Complexity Nonlinearity Compensation for Short-Reach IM/DD Systems using PAM
Authors: Wettlin Tom , Rahman Talha , Calabrò Stefano , Wei Jinlong , Hossain Md Sabbir-Bin , Stojanovic Nebojsa , Pachnicke Stephan
Published: October 2021

We investigate the performance of non-regular PAM8 constellations and introduce a novel non-uniformly quantized equalizer to improve nonlinearity compensation in 70 GBd PAM8 back-to-back and 1 km SSMF transmission without additional complexity.
Fabrication-Tolerant Polarization Rotator-Splitter based on Silicon Nitride Platform
Authors: Dai Xiangyang , Lu Qianyin , Guo Weihua
Published: October 2021

We realize a polarization rotator-splitter (PRS) based on the silicon nitride platform. The fabricated PRS has the polarization extinction ratio of over 17 dB and on-chip loss of around 1.5 dB across the C-band.
SOA-Based Scintillation-Suppressed MLPolSK Detection in FSO Communications
Authors: Hong Yan-Qing , Han Sang-Kook
Published: October 2021

This paper proposes SOA-Based scintillation-suppressed MLPolSK detection in FSO communications. Polarization-independent SOA is applied to mitigate the scintillation effect, and polarization-dependent SOA is used to transform SOPs into intensity. 8LPolSK was effectively detected in experiment.
Crosstalk Statistical Distributions in Multicore Fibers Under Different Deployment Conditions
Authors: Nazarov Vladimir , Kuchinsky Sergey A. , Zakharian Aramais R. , Li Ming-Jun
Published: October 2021

Crosstalk statistical distributions of multicore fiber are studied theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that a crosstalk distribution can be characterized with different types of perturbations to yield the same result.
Experimental assessment of an ultra-wide band (O to L) polymer thermo-optic switch matrix
Authors: Wang Yu , Tessema Netsanet , Jung Hyun-Do , Shin Jang-Uk , Calabretta Nicola
Published: October 2021

An ultra-wide band (O to L) 4×4 polymer switch matrix is experimentally demonstrated. Results show <0.6dB polarization-dependent loss, >36dB switching ratio, <6.5dB fiber-to-fiber loss, and error-free operation with <0.15dB power penalty at 10Gb/s and 50Gb/s.
Microbending Loss Properties of Different Fiber Designs
Authors: Várallyay Zoltán , Mihálffy Tamás , Bilicz Sándor , Varga Gábor , Mukasa Kazunori
Published: October 2021

Simulation model to calculate the micro-bending loss, based on the coupled mode theory with additional empirical parameters is fitted to our measurement data. Relation between micro-bending loss, effective core area and design parameters are investigated.
A Novel Linearization Method for Optical Transmitters Based on Directly-Modulated Lasers
Authors: Bamiedakis N. , Cunningham D. G. , Penty R. V.
Published: October 2021

A new practical method to correct the non-linearity of directly-modulated lasers is presented and an experimental proof-of-principle demonstration is reported. High-quality NRZ transmission at 16 Gb/s is achieved using a VCSEL specified for 10 Gb/s.
Madrid Quantum Communication Infrastructure: a testbed for assessing QKD technologies into real production networks
Authors: Lopez D. , Brito J. P. , Pastor A. , Martin V. , Sánchez C. , Rincon D. , Lopez V.
Published: October 2021

We report on the Madrid Quantum Communication Infrastructure, which demonstrates that a telecommunications network can also host quantum communications in a unified, logical and physical infrastructure. Using new Quantum Key Distribution systems paired with modern networking paradigms, we demonstrate a high technology readiness level of QKD installing the network in production facilities and running relevant use cases.
Entangled Sensor Networks Empowered by Machine Learning
Authors: Xia Yi , Li Wei , Clark William , Hart Darlene , Zhuang Quntao , Zhang Zheshen
Published: October 2021

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a reconfigurable radio-frequency photonic sensor network based on continuous-variable multipartite entanglement. We further show that the entangled sensor network can be trained to undertake quantum-enhanced data classification tasks.
Orthogonal Circulant Multiplexing based on the Chirp-Like Polyphase Sequence in Short-Reach IM/DD Systems
Authors: Fan Zhaoquan , Zhao Jian
Published: October 2021

We propose a novel orthogonal circulant multiplexing technique based on the chirp-like polyphase sequence and show in 115.8-Gbit/s IM/DD experiments with 10-GHz-class devices that this scheme outperforms OFDM, DFT-spread OFDM, OCT-precoded OFDM and OCDM.
Kramers-Kronig Receiver Combined With Digital Resolution Enhancer
Authors: van den Hout Menno , van der Heide Sjoerd , Okonkwo Chigo
Published: October 2021

A Kramers-Kronig receiver with a continuous wave tone added digitally at the transmitter is combined with a digital resolution enhancer to limit the increase in transmitter quantization noise. Performance increase is demonstrated, as well as the ability to reduce the number of bits in the digital-to-analog converter.
Advanced Direct Detection Schemes
Authors: Shieh William , Ji Honglin
Published: October 2021

In this tutorial, we review various advanced direct detection schemes to bridge the gap between conventional direct and coherent detection. We show such schemes may play an important role for future ultrahigh-speed short-reach applications.
Experimental Evaluation of Optical Cross-Connects with Flexible Waveband Routing Function for SDM Networks
Authors: Kuno Takuma , Mori Yojiro , Subramaniam Suresh , Jinno Masahiko , Hasegawa Hiroshi
Published: October 2021

We experimentally evaluate the transmission performance of OXC structures based on flexible-waveband routing. 1600 km, 700 km, and 600 km transmission is demonstrated using 32 Gbaud DP-QPSK, DP-8QAM, and DP-16QAM on 37.5 GHz grid, respectively.
(Invited) Google Fiber Deployments: Lessons Learned and Future Directions
Authors: Lam Cedric. F.
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we recount the challenges encountered in 10 years of Google Fiber operation and the innovations we created to tackle these problems. We conclude with some suggestions for future broadband access network developments.
Neuromorphic Photonic Networks
Authors: Shastri Bhavin J. , Bilodeau Simon , Marquez Bicky A. , Tait Alexander N. , de Lima Thomas Ferreira , Huang Chaoran , Chrostowski Lukas , Shekhar Sudip , Prucnal Paul R.
Published: October 2021

Neuromorphic photonics exploit optical device physics for neuron models, and optical interconnects for distributed, parallel, and analog processing for high-bandwidth, low-latency and low switching energy applications in artificial intelligence and neuromorphic computing.
Learning to See and Compute through Multimode Fibers
Authors: Rahmani Babak , Tegin Ugur , Yıldırım Mustafa , Oğuz İlker , Loterie Damien , Kakkava Eirini , Borhani Navid , Psaltis Demetri , Moser Christophe
Published: October 2021

We propose a computational method for controlling the output of a multimode fiber using machine learning. Arbitrary images can be projected with amplitude-only calibration (no phase measurement) and fidelities on par with conventional full-measurement methods. We also show the reverse, meaning that multimode fibers can be used as a computational tool that harnesses spatiotemporal nonlinear effects to perform end to end learning tasks with unprecedented speed and low power consumption.
In-field Calibration of Phase Response of Optical Transmitter Using Built-in Monitor Photodiode
Authors: Fan Yangyang , Tao Zhenning , Nakashima Hisao , Hoshida Takeshi
Published: October 2021

The in-field calibration of the phase response of high-capacity optical transmitters is proposed with the assistance of the narrow-band photodiode built in Mach-Zehnder modulator. The ±1° measurement error within signal bandwidth is experimentally demonstrated.
Phase Retrieval-Based Coherent Receivers
Authors: Chou Elaine S. , Srinivas Hrishikesh , Kahn Joseph M.
Published: October 2021

We compare the fundamental performance of Kramers-Kronig detection to that of standard local oscillator-based coherent detection and standard direct detection in optically amplified links, highlighting the effects of the carrier-to-signal power ratio, chromatic dispersion, and probabilistic shaping.
Virtual Carrier Assisted Self-Coherent Detection Employing DC-Value Method
Authors: Patel Romil K. , Guiomar Fernando P. , Fernandes Marco A. , Alimi Isiaka A. , Monteiro Paulo P. , Muga Nelson J. , Pinto Armando N.
Published: October 2021

We experimentally demonstrate for the first time the performance of the DC-Value (DC-V) phase recovery method in direct-detection optical links. It offers greater than 13% BER improvement in QPSK transmission compared to state-of-art upsampling-free methods.
Energy-efficient and Scalable Data Centers with Flexible Bandwidth SiPh All-to-All Fabrics
Authors: Proietti Roberto , Liu Zhiyan , Xiao Xian , Chen Xiaoliang , Yoo S.J.Ben
Published: October 2021

This paper presents a scalable and energy-efficient flexible-bandwidth optical interconnect architecture for data center networks. The proposed approach leverages silicon photonic reconfigurable all-to-all switch fabrics and a cognitive distributed control plane for optical reconfiguration.
Low-Complexity Phase-and-Polarization-Diversity Coherent Receiver with High Spectral Efficiency for UDWDM
Authors: Tabares Jeison , Prat Josep
Published: October 2021

We propose a phase-and-polarization-diversity coherent heterodyne receiver with low-cost 3x3 coupler optical front-end. Using simple DSP, the image-frequency band is rejected, and the receiver sensitivity is improved by 3dB, compared with conventional heterodyne detection.
Adaptive Modulation and Coding Scheme in Coherent PON for Enhanced Capacity and Rural Coverage
Authors: Xu Mu , Zhang Haipeng , Jia Zhensheng , Campos Luis Alberto
Published: October 2021

An adaptive coded-modulation approach combining QAM and shortened LDPC is proposed in coherent-PON architecture. The BER performance was experimentally verified and network simulations using operator data indicated in-average 40.2% increased capacity and 47.6% improved coverage.
Integrated-optic gate-free tunable filter for demultiplexing various channel symbol rate OFDM signals
Authors: Takiguchi Koichi , Masaki Hideaki
Published: October 2021

We demonstrate a tunable OFDM filter that comprises a star coupler-based Fourier transformation circuit and functions without optical gates. Various channel symbol-rate signals (5 x 10 and 20 Gsymbol/s) were successfully demultiplexed with the filter.
106-Gb/s PAM4 Operation of Directly Modulated DFB Lasers from 25 to 70ºC for Transmission over 2-km SMF in the CWDM range
Authors: Nakajima Takayuki , Onga Masaru , Sekino Yuji , Nakanishi Akira , Sasada Noriko , Hayakawa Shigenori , Hamada Shigetaka , Naoe Kazuhiko
Published: October 2021

Four directly modulated DFB lasers with 1.3-μm CWDM range demonstrated 106-Gb/s PAM4 operation for transmission over 2-km SMF. Dispersion penalties of the lasers were less than 0.8 dB after 2-km transmission up to 70ºC.
Time Stretch Computing for Ultrafast Single-shot Data Acquisition and Inference
Authors: Jalali Bahram , Zhou Tingyi , Scalzo Fabien
Published: October 2021

We introduce the concept of Lambda Kernel Computing – a method that accelerates inference by a nonlinear transformation of spectrally modulated data. Applications to time stretch microscopy and nonlinear classification are demonstrated.
Autonomous Security Management in Optical Networks
Authors: Natalino Carlos , Di Giglio Andrea , Schiano Marco , Furdek Marija
Published: October 2021

The paper describes the Optical Security Manager module and focuses on the role of Machine Learning (ML) techniques. Issues related to accuracy, run-time complexity and interpretability of ML outputs are described and coping strategies outlined.
AI-Enabled Large-Scale Entanglement Distribution Quantum Networks
Authors: Wang R. , Joshi S. K. , Kanellos G. T. , Aktas D. , Rarity J. , Nejabati R. , Simeonidou D.
Published: October 2021

We propose an entanglement distribution switching architecture to support large-scale dynamic quantum networking. Deep neural networks are further developed for predicting the performance of a dynamic entanglement distribution network utilizing the proposed architecture.
Spatial Diversity Performance of DMT, PAM4 Gigabits per second Transmission Using POF as Luminaires
Authors: Corrêa C. R. B. , Tangdiongga E. , Koonen A. M. J.
Published: October 2021

A spatial diversity scheme using 1mm core size plastic optical fibre as luminaires with 1.2m free space is experimentally evaluated. Discrete multitone and pulse amplitude modulation on a red wavelength demonstrate throughputs of 3.3Gbps.
Research on Precoding Enabled Geometrically Shaped 64- QAM Signal in Short-Reach DMT Transmission Systems
Authors: Ma Jie , He Jing , Zhou Zhihua , He Jing
Published: October 2021

In short-reach DMT transmission systems, we proposed geometrically-shaped (GS) 64-QAM signal, which can achieve significant shaping gain while ensuring lower demodulation complexity. The results show that precoding enabled GS-64QAM DMT outperforms uniform 64- QAM DMT.
Fabrication-Tolerant Nitride Lattice Filter for CWDM
Authors: Lee Jonathan Y. , Ling Tao , Tummidi Ravi S. , Webster Mark , Gothoskar Prakash
Published: October 2021

We experimentally demonstrate an all-nitride passive 2-channel cascaded lattice filter with <1.7nm (6σ) wavelength variation across four CMOS wafers by implementing fabrication insensitive MZI design.
Calibration-Free Mach-Zehnder Silicon-Photonic Switch
Authors: Song Lijia , Li Huan , Dai Daoxin
Published: October 2021

We propose calibration-free Mach-Zehnder silicon-photonic-switch networks based on new 2×2 Mach-Zehnder switches with ultralow random phase errors (~0.02π rad). The demonstrated 4×4 Benes switch has <−20 dB crosstalk in the C-band.
1060nm single-mode metal aperture VCSEL array with transverse resonance for 5km single-mode fiber transmission
Authors: Ibrahim Hameeda R , Hassan Ahmed , Gu Xiodong , Shinada Satoshi , Ahmed Moustafa , Koyama Fumio
Published: October 2021

We demonstrate 5km-long single-mode fiber transmission using 1060nm single-mode intracavity-metal-aperture VCSEL array with over 46Gbps modulations. The metal-aperture causes transverse-resonance, resulting in single-mode operation and bandwidth enhancement. The effective bandwidth is improved thanks to the negative dispersion.
High-Power, Low-Noise, and High-Speed 850 nm VCSEL Arrays with for Optical Wireless Transmission
Authors: Khan Zuhaib , Chorchos Lukasz , Chang Yong-Hao , Ledenstov Nikolay , Huang Yen-Yu , Zhao Yaung-Cheng , Ledentsov Nikolay , Shi Jin-Wei
Published: October 2021

850nm VCSEL arrays (7x7) using Zn-diffusion/Oxide-relief apertures have been demonstrated. It exhibits high CW power (190 mW), dampening E-O frequency response, and wide 3-dB E-O bandwidths (13 GHz). 25Gbit/sec error-free transmission has been demonstrated.
Distance-Agnostic Auto-Encoders for Short Reach Fiber Communications
Authors: Karanov Boris , Schmalen Laurent , Alvarado Alex
Published: October 2021

Strategies for optimization of 100 Gb/s neural network-based transceivers are investigated for ensuring tolerance to transmission link variations. Exploiting the robustness/error rate trade-off, operation below HD-FEC is achieved for a wide range of distances without transceiver reconfiguration.
Using DIALux and Regression-based Machine Learning Algorithm for Designing Indoor Visible Light Positioning (VLP) and Reducing Training Data Collection
Authors: Song Shao-Hua , Lin Dong-Chang , Chang Yun-Han , Lin Yun-Shen , Chow Chi-Wai , Liu Yang , Yeh Chien-Hung , Lin Kun-Hsien , Wang Yi-Chang , Chen Yi-Yuan
Published: October 2021

We propose and demonstrate using DIALux software with regression-machine-learning for designing visible-light-positioning (VLP) systems. Besides, the proposed scheme can also reduce the burden of training data collection in VLP systems.
Integrated Microwave Photonic Filters
Authors: Liu Yang , Choudhary Amol , Marpaung David , Eggleton Benjamin J.
Published: October 2021

Microwave signal filtering is a fundamental and central functionality in radio frequency systems. We review the principles, architectures, and superior performance of emerging integrated microwave photonic filters enabled by on-chip linear and nonlinear photonic devices.
Performance of dual frequency comb channelizers for RF signal processing
Authors: Deakin Callum , Liu Zhixin
Published: October 2021

We analyse the performance limits of dual frequency comb based photonic signal processors. We show that the relative phase noise between the two combs is critical to defining the signal-to-noise-ratio of such systems.
A Silicon Photonic Coherent Neuron with 10GMAC/sec processing line-rate
Authors: Mourgias-Alexandris George , Moralis-Pegios Miltiadis , Simos Stelios , Dabos George , Passalis Nikos , Kirtas Manos , Rutirawut Teerapat , Gardes Frederic Y. , Tefas Anastasios , Pleros Nikos
Published: October 2021

We demonstrate a novel coherent Si-Pho neuron with 10Gbaud on-chip input-data vector generation capabilities. Its performance as a hidden layer within a neural network has been experimentally validated for the MNIST data-set, yielding 96.19% accuracy.
Polarization-transparent FSR-free microring resonator filter with wide hitless tunability
Authors: Milanizadeh Maziyar , Petrini Matteo , Morichetti Francesco , Melloni Andrea
Published: October 2021

A coupled microring resonator architecture with non-integer Vernier ratio design and controllable loss is exploited to implement a polarization-transparent hitless tunable FSR-free filter operating over the extended C+L band (1520 nm–1620 nm).
Real-Time 400G CFP2-DCO Using 69GBaud/DP-16QAM- PS Over 1000km 75GHz-Spaced DWDM Systems
Authors: Chen You-Wei , Yi Shaoyun , Ling Gang , West Brian , Zhao Liang , Way Winston I.
Published: October 2021

A <26.5W pluggable CFP2-DCO module using 69 Gbaud/DP-16QAM-PS is demonstrated for the first time to carry a net 424.9 Gb/s over a 75GHz-spaced 1000km DWDM link with a 4.5-dB OSNR margin.
Real Time FPGA Investigation of Probabilistic Shaping 16QAM with HiDM and OFEC
Authors: Zhang Liangjun , Wang Weiming , Qian Weifeng , Tao Kai , Cai Yi
Published: October 2021

We investigate a PS-16QAM scheme employing HiDM and oFEC with FPGA implementation. By measuring BERs down to 10-15, we demonstrate that the PS scheme does not degrade the decoding performance of oFEC.
Distributed Fiber Sensor Network using Telecom Cables as Sensing Media: Applications
Authors: Ip Ezra , Huang Yue-Kai , Huang Ming-Fang , Salemi Milad , Li Yaowen , Wang Ting , Aono Yoshiaki , Wellbrock Glenn A , Xia Tiejun J
Published: October 2021

Distributed fiber optical systems (DFOS) allow deployed optical cables to monitor the ambient environment over wide geographic area. We review recent field trial results, and show how DFOS can be made compatible with passive optical networks (PONs).
Wavelength Selective Switch Components with High Spectral Resolution and Compactness
Authors: Chen Haoshuo , Fontaine Nicolas K. , Mazur Mikael , Ryf Roland , Neilson David T. , Song Qingguo , Yan Zhijun
Published: October 2021

We review the wavelength selective switch (WSS) for ultra-broadband transmission and spatial division multiplexing. We also discuss and present experimental results of WSS components with high spectral resolution and compactness.
Integrated Tunable Sideband Suppressor for Application of Remote Optical Carrier Reuse
Authors: Chen Yi-Hsuan , Chen Kuan-Heng , Yan Jhih-Heng , Nguyen The Anh , Feng Kai-Ming , Lee Ming-Chang M.
Published: October 2021

An integrated tunable double sideband suppressor based on a two-rings-assisted Mach Zehnder interferometer is presented for remote optical carrier reuse. We demonstrate a suppression ratio more than 15 dB for both 28GHz and 39GHz mmWave transmission.
8-ch, 160-nm-Wavelength-Range Membrane Laser Array Using Selective Epitaxy on InP-on-Insulator Substrate
Authors: Fujii Takuro , Sato Tomonari , Diamantopoulos Nikolaos-Panteleimon , Takeda Koji , Nishi Hidetaka , Tsurugaya Takuma , Tsuchizawa Tai , Matsuo Shinji
Published: October 2021

We fabricate an 8-ch 160-nm-range membrane laser array with selectively grown InGaAlAs-MQWs on a thin InP layer on SiO2/Si. By controlling the material gain peak and lasing wavelength, all lasers exhibit 32-Gbit/s NRZ direct modulation.
Narrow linewidth and low thermal tuning power thermally tuned multi-channel interference widely tunable semiconductor laser
Authors: Wang Kuankuan , Chen Quanan , Jiang Chun , Chen Zifeng , Lu Qianyin , Guo Weihua
Published: October 2021

The high-performance thermally tuned multi-channel interference widely tunable semiconductor laser was demonstrated for the first time, achieving tuning range of more than 60nm, SMSRs of up to 56dB and Lorentzian linewidth of less than 100kHz.
140 Gb/s WDM Data Routing in a Lossless Strictly Non- Blocking SOA-Based Photonic Integrated 8×8 Space Switch
Authors: Feyisa D. W. , Shi B. , Smalbrugge B. , Williams K. A. , Calabretta N. , Stabile R.
Published: October 2021

We demonstrate 4×35 Gbps error-free WDM data routing in a lossless compact 8×8 InP optical space switch with 2 dB worst-case penalty. 10 dB IPDR within 1.5 dB power penalty is measured at 12.5 Gbps.
All-optical switching with graphene-loaded plasmonic waveguides in the femtojoule and femtosecond range
Authors: Ono Masaaki , Hata Masanori , Tsunekawa Masato , Nozaki Kengo , Sumikura Hisashi , Chiba Hisashi , Notomi Masaya
Published: October 2021

Graphene’s ultrafast carrier response enables ultrafast device operation, but its thinness makes graphene devices large and energy consuming. Introducing plasmonic nanostructures overcomes this problem and makes it possible to develop ultrafast, energy-efficient all- optical switches.
Solid-state VCSEL beam scanner with ultra-large field of view and high resolution
Authors: Li Ruixiao , Ho Zeuku , Gu Xiaodong , Shinada Satoshi , Koyama Fumio
Published: October 2021

A solid-state counter-propagation beam scanner was demonstrated. By introducing a one-dimensional DOE, we realized ultra-large field-of-view of 132°×14° and produced record number of resolution points of more than 1800.
Fast and Uniform Optically-Switched Data Centre Networks Enabled by Amplitude Caching
Authors: Gerard Thomas , Clark Kari , Funnell Adam , Shi Kai , Thomsen Benn , Watts Philip , Jozwik Krzysztof , Haller Istvan , Williams Hugh , Costa Paolo , Ballani Hitesh
Published: October 2021

We propose amplitude caching to optically equalise burst mode traffic without delay stages. Through a fast, optically-switched system prototype, we demonstrate burst- mode penalties can be mitigated to within 0.4 dB at the KR4 HD-FEC level.
Acceleration and Efficiency Warranty for Distributed Machine Learning Jobs over Data Center Network with Optical Circuit Switching
Authors: Wang Cen , Yoshikane Noboru , Balasis Filippos , Tsuritani Takehiro
Published: October 2021

Based on a DCN with OCS, we propose a pattern-aware scheduling and fast convergence strategy for the distributed machine learning jobs. Experimental results show significant accelerations for completion time and convergence of the jobs.
Attention Mechanism-Driven Potential Fault Cause Identification in Optical Networks
Authors: Zhang Chunyu , Wang Danshi , Jia Jinwei , Wang Lingling , Liu Songlin , Guan Luyao , Zhang Min
Published: October 2021

A potential fault cause identification scheme is proposed by using attention mechanism with actual datasets, which finds out the potential fault causes for two types of optical equipment by calculating the attention weight.
Reliable Provisioning for Dynamic Content Requests in Optical Metro Networks
Authors: Le G. , Ferdousi S. , Marotta A. , Xu S. , Hirota Y. , Awaji Y. , Tornatore M. , Mukherjee B.
Published: October 2021

We investigate new methods for reliable provisioning of dynamic content requests in optical metro networks. Our methods leverage content replication across multiple edge datacenters and multipath routing.
Power-saving Aware Optical Path Assignment for over-Peta-bit-throughput SDM Photonic Node
Authors: Inuzuka Fumikazu , Nakamura Toshifumi , Noguchi Hidemi , Yanagimachi Shigeyuki , Tanaka Takafumi , Miyamoto Yutaka
Published: October 2021

We propose a novel optical path assignment algorithm that reduces the power consumption of MC-EDFAs in SDM photonic nodes. We simulate efficient path assignment and experimentally demonstrate its power-saving relative to the conventional algorithm.
Telemetry Solutions in Disaggregated Optical Networks: an Experimental View
Authors: Paolucci Francesco , Sgambelluri Andrea , Castoldi Piero , Cugini Filippo
Published: October 2021

Effective telemetry streaming for disaggregated whitebox is discussed, focusing on implementation issues. A novel gRPC peer-to-peer telemetry for next-generation AI-equipped xPonders is proposed and evaluated in a disaggregated testbed exploiting OpenConfig and OpenROADM models.
GNPy experimental validation on flex-grid, flex-rate WDM optical transport scenarios
Authors: D’Amico Andrea , London Elliot , Le Guyader Bertrand , Frank Florian , Le Rouzic Esther , Pincemin Erwan , Brochier Nicolas , Curri Vittorio
Published: October 2021

We demonstrate accurate GSNR predictions for a flex-grid and flex-rate experimental transmission using an enhanced implementation of the open-source GNPy library for a 1600 km OLS, involving QPSK, 8-QAM and 16-QAM modulation formats.
Assessment of an SOA for Burst Mode Pre-Amplification in Higher Speed PON reaching 30dB of Optical Budget
Authors: Potet Jeremy , Saliou Fabienne , Simon Gaël , Gay Mathilde , Bramerie Laurent , Chanclou Philippe , Thual Monique
Published: October 2021

We perform a 30dB optical budget burst mode transmission at 25Gbit/s with an EML and a DC-30GHz PIN pre-amplified with an SOA. We demonstrate that the SOA does not deteriorate the quality of the transmission.
Demonstration of 800-Gbit/s/carrier TPS-64QAM WDM Transmission over 2,000 km Using MIMO Volterra Equalization
Authors: Kong Miao , Liu Cuiwei , Sang Bohan , Wang Kaihui , Ding Junjie , Shi Junting , Zhao Li , Zhou Wen , Xin Xiangjun , Liu Bo , Ye Bing , Chen Weizhang , Yu Jianjun
Published: October 2021

We experimentally demonstrated a 125-GHz-grid WDM coherent transmission over 2,000-km Raman amplified ULAF with 800-Gbit/s/carrier net-bit-rate based on 100-Gbaud truncated PS-64QAM. Our results show that the MIMO-VNLE outperforms the SISO-VNLE by around 67% reach improvement.
Machine-Learning-Aided Bandwidth and Topology Reconfiguration for Optical Data Center Networks
Authors: Proietti Roberto , Liu Che-Yu , Chen Xiaoliang , Yoo S.J.Ben
Published: October 2021

We present an overview of the application of machine learning for traffic engineering and network optimization in optical data center networks. In particular, we discuss the application of supervised and unsupervised learning for bandwidth and topology reconfiguration.
Universal Virtual Lab: A Fast and Accurate Simulation Method for Nonlinear DWDM Systems
Authors: Dahan David , Zarubinsky Michael , Liang Yunhua , Golani Ori , Shtaif Mark
Published: October 2021

We present a fast, accurate and highly parallel-processed simulation method for BER assessments of nonlinear DWDM systems based on the time-varying NLIN model with estimation errors below 0.1 dBQ and speedup factors reaching over one thousand.
Quantization Noise Suppression with Noise-shaping Technique in DMT-modulated IM/DD Optical Interconnects utilizing Low-resolution DAC
Authors: Bai Ke , Luo Zhibin , Zou Dongdong , Wang Wei , Sui Qi , Tang Xianfeng , Li Fan , Li Zhaohui
Published: October 2021

Beyond 100 Gb/s 16/32QAM DMT signal transmitting over 2-km SMF enabled by DAC with 4-bit quantization resolution in IM/DD system is experimentally demonstrated. By utilizing the noise-shaping technique, the system with 4-bit quantization presents the same performance as the conventional IM/DD system with quantization resolution of 8-bit at BER of 3.8×10-3.
Experimental Demonstration of a Silicon-Photonics WDM NFT Soliton Transmitter
Authors: Koch J. , Moscoso-Mártir A. , Müller J. , Mashayekh A. Tabatabaei , Das A. D. , Merget F. , Pachnicke S. , Witzens J.
Published: October 2021

We experimentally demonstrate a silicon-photonics transmitter capable of modulating and optically merging solitons with different frequency and time spacing based on the nonlinear Fourier-transform, offloading electronics. Two soliton channels successfully transmit up to 5000 km.
Analysis of the Extremes of SNR Time Series Data Using Extreme Value Statistics
Authors: Nevin Josh W. , Savory Seb J.
Published: October 2021

We demonstrate the suitability of extreme value statistics for the analysis of the extreme values of SNR time series data from a deployed network. Underlying theory, potential use cases and practical considerations are discussed.
Theory of Spontaneous Emission Factors of Optical Parametric Amplifiers
Authors: Kikuchi Kazuro
Published: October 2021

This study analyzes the effect of the internal loss of optical parametric amplifiers on their noise characteristics. Quantum-mechanical Langevin equations are used to derive theoretical expressions for the spontaneous emission factor for the first time.
Dynamic Decoding of Zipper Codes
Authors: Huang Kechao , Xiao Shiyao , Chang Deyuan , Yang Xiaoling , Huang Qinhui , Ma Huixiao , Leung W. K.
Published: October 2021

We propose a novel dynamic decoding architecture for both Staircase and Zipper decoders, which can support 400Gbps throughput and achieve more than 80% of complexity reduction compared to the traditional window decoders.
Reservoir Computing based on Mutually Injected Phase Modulated Lasers: A monolithic integration approach suitable for short-reach communication systems
Authors: Sozos Kostas , Mesaritakis Charis , Bogris Adonis
Published: October 2021

We propose a reservoir computing system consisting of two mutually coupled phase modulated lasers. The scheme can be monolithic integrated and extends the reach of 25Gbaud PAM-4 signals up to 55 km in the C-band.
Brillouin Phase Spectrum Recovery based on Kramers-Kronig relation in Direct-detection BOTDA sensors
Authors: Zeng Keyan , Wang Liang , Tang Ming , Liu Deming
Published: October 2021

Without the need of coherent detection and hardware modification, Brillouin phase spectrum is digitally recovered for the first time from the Brillouin gain spectrum based on Kramers-Kronig relation in a conventional direct-detection BOTDA sensing system.
Hybrid-Integrated 400G TROSA Module and Its Performance Evaluation Using PAM4 DSP Chip
Authors: Yun Seok-Jun , Han Young-Tak , Kim Seok-Tae , Shin Jang-Uk , Park Sang-Ho , Lee Dong-Hoon , Lee Seo-Young , Baek Yongsoon
Published: October 2021

We report on performance evaluation of a hybrid-integrated 4×100G TROSA module using a PAM4 DSP chip. Stable transmission and reception of 106-Gbps/λ PAM4 signals are demonstrated, fully satisfying the 400G-LR4 MSA specifications.
Impairment Identification for PAM-4 Transceivers and Links Using Machine Learning
Authors: Lippiatt Daniel , Melgar Alirio , Thomas Varghese A. , Varughese Siddharth , Zivny Pavel , Hazzard Shane , Ralph Stephen E.
Published: October 2021

We demonstrate simultaneous TDECQ estimation and impairment identification using convolutional neural networks. Robust training with representative impairments yielded identification accuracy of 100% for TDECQ >2.6 dB, when considering limited bandwidth, signal compression and SNR degradation.
Dynamic Skew in Multi-Core Fibers: From Lab Measurements to Field Trials
Authors: Lúıs Ruben S. , Puttnam Benjamin J. , Rademacher Georg , Marotta Andrea , Antonelli Cristian , Graziosi Fabio , Mecozzi Antonio , Hayashi Tetsuya , Nakanishi Tetsuya , Shinada Satoshi , Awaji Yoshinari , Furukawa Hideaki , Wada Naoya
Published: October 2021

We review recent works analyzing inter-core skew in multi-core fibers, comparing the behaviors of spooled fibers in laboratory conditions with field deployed fibers.
Distributed measurement of birefringence in uncoupled multicore fibers
Authors: Veronese R. , Antonelli C. , Mecozzi A. , Hayashi T. , Santagiustina M. , Galtarossa A. , Palmieri L.
Published: October 2021

We report the results of the first distributed measurement of local birefringence performed on a nominally-uncoupled four-core fiber. The data show correlation between the intrinsic birefringence of the individual cores.
Spatio-temporal Oversampling-Downsampling Technique for High SNR Fiber Distributed Acoustic Sensing
Authors: Li Hao , Fan Cunzheng , Liu Tao , He Tao , Chen Junfeng , Sun Yixiang , Yan Zhijun , Sun Qizhen
Published: October 2021

A spatio-temporal oversampling-downsampling fiber DAS system is proposed and demonstrated. Without increasing the complexity and cost of the system, the demodulated SNR can be increased by 15dB, and the fading noise can be completely eliminated.
50.47-Tbit/s Standard Cladding Ultra-Low-Loss Coupled 4-Core Fiber Transmission over 9,150 km
Authors: Soma Daiki , Beppu Shohei , Wakayama Yuta , Sumita Seiya , Takahashi Hidenori , Yoshikane Noboru , Morita Itsuro , Tsuritani Takehiro , Suzuki Masatoshi
Published: October 2021

50.47-Tbit/s transpacific coupled multi-core fiber transmission has been experimentally demonstrated using standard cladding ultra-low-loss coupled 4-core fibers. The Q-factors of all SDM/WDM channels modulated with 24-Gbaud DP-QPSK exceeded the assumed FEC limits after 9,150-km transmission.
Real-time MIMO-DSP Technologies for SDM Systems
Authors: Beppu S. , Igarashi K. , Kikuta M. , Mukai H. , Shigihara M. , Saito Y. , Soma D. , Takahashi H. , Yoshikane N. , Morita I. , Tsuritani T.
Published: October 2021

We implement an FPGA-based real-time MIMO-DSP for equalizing spatial modes and polarizations. With MIMO-DSP, we demonstrate real-time transmission over weakly coupled 10-mode fibers and strongly coupled 4-core fibers using WDM DP-QPSK signals.
Experimental Demonstration of a 1-Gbit/s “Pin-like” Low-Divergence Beam Using a Limited-Sized Receiver Aperture at Various Distances
Authors: Hu Nanzhe , Zhou Huibin , Zhang Runzhou , Song Haoqian , Pang Kai , Zou Kaiheng , Song Hao , Su Xinzhou , Liu Cong , Lynn Brittany , Tur Moshe , Willner Alan E.
Published: October 2021

We experimentally demonstrate a 1-Gbit/s free-space optical data communication link using a pin-like beam. The results show that the pin-like beam has ~8dB less power loss induced by the limited-size receiver aperture at various distances compared with a Gaussian beam.
Demonstration of 100Gbit/s Real-Time Ultra High Definition Video Transmission Over Free Space Optical Communication Links
Authors: Zhan Yueying , Sun Yang , Shi Ziyuan , Yang Ning , Yang Lei
Published: October 2021

The real-time FSO transmission of 100Gbps 4K-UHD video streams over 2.1km horizontal atmospheric link is successfully demonstrated. Results show that 100Gbps 4K-UHD video can be transmitted with negligible errors in 1000 seconds.
High-Speed MIMO Communication and Simultaneous Energy Harvesting Using Novel Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Tavakkolnia Iman , Jagadamma Lethy K. , Bian Rui , Manousiadis Pavlos P. , Videv Stefan , Turnbull Graham A. , Samuel Ifor D. W. , Haas Harald
Published: October 2021

A data rate of 363-Mb/s is achieved in a multiple-input-multiple-output experiment using 4 organic photovoltaics as receivers. The same system simultaneously extracted 10.9-mW. The resulting system model predicts 133-Gb/s using a 1000-cell organic solar panel.
Low Cost 100Gb/s/λ PAM-4 Signal Transmission for 40-km Inter-DCI with 4-bit Resolution DAC in O-band
Authors: Yin Mingzhu , Wang Wei , Zou Dongdong , Sui Qi , Yi Xingwen , Li Zhaohui , Li Fan
Published: October 2021

Enabled by adaptive notch filter for clock leakage suppression and noise shaping technique for redistribution of quantization noise in DAC, beyond 100Gb/s PAM-4 signal over 40-km SMF transmission in O-band with BER under 3.8×10-3 utilizing 4-bit resolution DAC is first experimentally demonstrated in this paper.
Feasibility of Transmitting 270 Gbit/s with PAM-8 in O-band CWDM4 with IM/DD System
Authors: Hossain Md Sabbir-Bin , Rahman Talha , Stojnavić Nebojša , Wettlin Tom , Calabrò Stefano , Wei Jinlong , Xie Changsong , Pachnicke Stephan
Published: October 2021

We have shown transmission of 270 Gb/s with PAM-8 at each lane of CWDM4 in the O-band up to 2 km. The BER performance in each lane are very similar at 7% HD-FEC limit.
Restoration of Beam Brightness by Wavefront Measurement and Correction of a High-Brightness 2.1µm Direct-diode Laser Module
Authors: Harrison P. D. , Reilly M. , Wheatley D. , Krichel Nils , Esser M. J. D.
Published: October 2021

A laser diode module at 2.1 µm is limited in brightness due to assembly errors and aberrations from off-the-shelf collimation optics. Laser-machined micro-optics can provide full correction, given new wavefront measurements at mid-IR wavelengths.
F-molding: A New Production Method for Largely Aspherical Mirrors of Cordierite.
Authors: Nagata Shinobu , Himeno Hidehito , Ikeda Yasu , Mukai Shinji , Yamanokuchi Hidenori , Honjou Takato , Nishi Yuuki , Yamaguchi Shinichi , Hamamura Kenichi , Yamaguchi Junpei , Kamiura Masatsugu
Published: October 2021

Cordierite is a production efficient low thermal expansion ceramic with high stiffness, and long-term dimensional stability. We further develop its production efficiency through the near net shape forming method of F-molding.
Towards understanding tool influence function (TIF) spots during hemispherical sub-aperture tool polishing
Authors: Suratwala Tayyab , Menapace Joseph , Steele Rusty , Tham Gary , Wong Lana , Ray Nathan , Bauman Brian , Gregory Michael , Hordin Tom
Published: October 2021

The key mechanisms & predictive models that determine the spatially dependent material removal rate (called the tool influence function (TIF) spots) during hemispherical sub-aperture tool polishing on flat & curved fused silica glass are presented.
Smoothing Effect Analysis for Active Fluid Jet Polishing
Authors: Negi Vipender Singh , Garg Harry , Kumar RR Shravan , Tiwari Umesh Kumar , Karar Vinod , Kim Dae Wook
Published: October 2021

Analysis of optical surface smoothing effect using Active Fluid Jet Polishing (AFJP) is presented. High speed AFJP process with overlapping tool motion produces smooth optical surfaces.
Adaptive Aluminum Thermoforming for Precision Millimeter Wave Telescope Panels
Authors: Hatfield Zack , Davila-Peralta Christian , Berkson Joel , Peter Alex St. , Rodriguez Emily , Nguyen Naomi , Allen Bailey S. , Ellis Wyatt , Kim Dae Wook , Hyatt Justin
Published: October 2021

Researchers at the University of Arizona have developed a technology for precision radio telescope panel fabrication involving an adjustable mold-based thermoforming process. The motivation, technology, and experimental results will be presented.
High point-density Mid-spatial Error Measurements on Large Polished and Ground Optical Surfaces
Authors: Henselmans R.
Published: October 2021

A non-contact coordinate measuring machine has the versatility, accuracy, speed and point density for mid-spatial errors in aspheres and freeforms. This provides process development feedback not only during polishing, but already after grinding.