bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Memory Reconsolidation as a Common Change Process
Authors: Goldman Rhonda , Fredrick-Keniston Alyssa
Published: March 2020

Memory reconsolidation is considered as a common change process that exists across the major individual therapeutic modalities that are aimed at promoting and sustaining long- term, enduring change. The integrative memory model is reviewed in terms of how it may provide the field of psychotherapy integration with a description of a process that all individual therapies seek to achieve. First, the change mechanisms underlying each of the major therapeutic approaches including behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic and emotion-focused therapies are examined to determine the degree to which they describe a memory reconsolidation process. Next, some of the newer, modern integrative therapeutic approaches are reviewed to consider whether they too are promoting a memory reconsolidation process, although not necessarily naming it as such. The memory reconsolidation model and its constituent elements are then examined in depth to determine the degree to which the various therapy models promote and encourage relative aspects of the memory reconsolidation process. Finally, a potentially clarifying definition of terms is proposed and future research is suggested that would help the field determine the degree to which memory reconsolidation is a common change process and if so, how it can best be promoted.
Grandstanding: A Field Guide
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon
Published: March 2020

Drawing on empirical research from psychology, this chapter shows what grandstanding looks like in public discourse and why it often takes the forms it does. When grandstanders pile on, they contribute to public moral discourse to proclaim agreement with something that has already been said or to join in a shaming brigade. When grandstanders ramp up, they make increasingly strong claims about the matter under discussion to impress others with their moral qualities. Grandstanders trump up when they try to show off their moral credentials by making up moral problems that don’t really exist. Grandstanders use expressions of strong emotions such as moral outrage to show off how good they are. Finally, grandstanders are often dismissive of others’ views, treating disagreement as a sign of moral disorder. The chapter concludes by explaining why there is no simple, foolproof way to tell whether someone is grandstanding.
The Social Costs of Grandstanding
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon
Published: March 2020

This chapter presents some consequentialist considerations against moral grandstanding. Grandstanding contributes to group polarization. Relatedly, grandstanding leads people to hold false beliefs, and to be overconfident about their beliefs. Grandstanding also threatens to undercut the effectiveness of moral talk. It makes people increasingly cynical about moral discourse, and it may cause outrage exhaustion—an insensitivity to expressions of outrage by others, and an inability to muster outrage oneself. When grandstanding becomes too common in public discourse, moderates avoid discussions of morality and politics. In spite of these costs, the possibility that grandstanding may be socially beneficial is also considered.
Politics as Morality Pageant
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon
Published: March 2020

This chapter argues that grandstanding contributes to significant problems for politics in democracies. Politicians are notorious for grandstanding, likely because they have strong incentives to do so. Many voters choose candidates for their perceived character traits, so politicians grandstand to give the people what they want. Because people associate morality with taking unyielding stands, politicians who grandstand have strong incentives not to compromise with the opposing party. If they do, voters will treat them as flip-floppers. The same is true for activists, who risk being seen as having a weak commitment to the cause by other activists. Political grandstanders also tend to support expressive or symbolic policies, which seem to straightforwardly address a problem, but are actually ineffective. Finally, grandstanders sometimes have reason not to solve social problems at all, as doing so may eliminate opportunities to advance their interests.
Limitless Frontiers, Spaceship Earths, and Higher Humanities
Authors: Deudney Daniel
Published: March 2020

The heart of space expansionism is habitat expansion and Lebensraum visions, first developed by the Russian thinker Tsiolkovsky a century ago. The Tsiolkovsky programs extend a long line of infrastructure futurism. A seven-step ladder begins with “Fuller Earth” proposals to enclose and industrialize Earth, followed by massive orbital solar collectors, sun shields, and giant fabricated habitats, envisioned by Bernal, Glaser, and O’Neill. Then Mars and asteroids will be colonized, according to Zubrin and Cole. Distant comets and ice worlds will be colonized by genetically altered life, according to Dyson. Ultimately expansion across interstellar space will fill the galaxy with life. The politics of Earth-analog spaceships are likely to be ship-like technocratic authoritarian. Humans, ill-suited to space, will be altered by genetic engineering and cyborg augmentations, filling space with intelligent posthuman species. Tsiolkovskians believe life expands or dies and that humanity and its space technology have special destinies to play in life’s cosmic expansion.
Superpower Restraints, Planetary Security, and Earth Identity
Authors: Deudney Daniel
Published: March 2020

A third, often-overlooked, space agenda, the Clarke-Sagan and Whole Earth Security programs, aims to close the gap between the territorial state system and technologies and spaces of planetary scope without world government. It extends into space environmentalist, arms control, and globalist approaches. Its ladder includes superpower arms control, space cooperation and satellites for information, science, and Earth habitability. It supports strengthening the Outer Space Treaty, currently under assault. It fears space debris degrading orbital space. It anticipates viewing Earth from space will help support terrapolitan Whole Earth political identities, supplanting parochial nationalities. Its advocates debate asteroid deflection dilemmas, some fearing intentional bombardment, others proposing international planetary defense consortia. How can the great debate between the Clarke-Sagan and von Braun programs be resolved? Clarke and Sagan, uniquely among prominent space expansionists, prioritized nuclear arms control but also embraced Tsiolkovskian visions, posing the question: Are their criticisms of the von Braun military programs applicable to solar space expansion?
Introduction
Authors: Kant Tanya
Published: March 2020

The introduction provides an overview of current debates and problems associated with the intervention of personalization algorithms into web users’ everyday life. It proposes that platforms’ attempts to algorithmically anticipate users’ identities demand an approach that goes beyond both privacy debates and filter bubble theory normally associated with data tracking and web personalization. The chapter overviews the author’s methodological approach and findings, arguing that it is by analyzing the accounts of web users themselves that it becomes possible to unpack the complexities of algorithmic intersection with contemporary formations of the self. Finally the chapter introduces the primary historical and critical analyses, as well as empirical research studies, that constitute the remainder of the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Kant Tanya
Published: March 2020

This concluding chapter draws together some of the core findings of this book: the epistemic uncertainties that algorithmic personalization creates for users that emerge at times as trust or anxiety; the struggle for autonomy that users must negotiate with algorithms that seek to co-constitute their sense of self; and the performative implications of personalization that impose models of identity that are inherently in tension. The author proposes that it is in approaching personalization algorithms through the lens of the everyday that one can most productively interrogate identity as co-constituted both inside and outside of the algorithm. This means looking beyond calls for more user consent over data tracking to instead consider users’ power as algorithmic tacticians capable of deploying algorithmic capital. Algorithmic personalization must be approached in and through the situated subjectivities of everyday web use if one is to productively understand its increasingly invisible place in algorithmic culture.
The New Era of Toxic Politics
Authors: Drutman Lee
Published: March 2020

This chapter looks at the new era of toxic politics, when a fully-nationalized, fully-sorted two-party system emerged, divided over increasingly existential questions over the fate of American national identity. American national politics is so dysfunctional because it has two disciplined, non-overlapping parties, each constantly seeking to win a narrow majority. The institutions are set up to require compromise and coalition-building. However, electoral politics now push against compromise and coalition-building. Parties have no incentive to work together. And voters, increasingly convinced the fate of the nation is at stake with every election, now actively punish compromise. The result is toxic politics and political disaster. Though these trends have been building for decades, it was only in the 2010s that they reached their full expression. It was in the 2010s that political opposition fully became political obstructionism, and that political opponents became political enemies. Finally, the 2010s marked the completion of the half-century partisan realignment that began with the civil rights revolution, with one party (the Democrats) fully becoming the party of diversity and cosmopolitan values, and one party (the Republicans) fully becoming the party of white, Christian America and traditionalist America. This is the kind of political conflict that can destroy democracy.
Exit from Above
Authors: Cooley Alexander , Nexon Daniel
Published: March 2020

Russia and China are engaged in substantial efforts to contest existing international architecture while building alternative infrastructure. A desire for greater influence and status drives some of these efforts. At the same time, a number of autocratic regimes, including Russia and China, now consider international political liberalism—especially when supported by the United States—as a direct threat to their security. Moscow and Beijing first developed ways of insulating themselves against liberalizing pressure. They next turned to contesting and reversing that international political liberalism. This chapter traces specific ways that Moscow and Beijing have “exited from above,” such as via the New Development Bank, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. It shows how such efforts have already transformed the ecology of international order, creating a parallel “world without the West” and disrupting the jurisdictions and functions of existing, more liberal, international government organizations.
Exit Made in America
Authors: Cooley Alexander , Nexon Daniel
Published: March 2020

Donald Trump and Trumpism are less the cause of the current crisis in the American system than a symptom and accelerant of underlying trends. This chapter examines the continuities and differences between Trump foreign policy and that of his predecessors. It demonstrates that Trump is, in fact, unusual in the scope and scale of his dismissal of multilateralism, ability to raise doubts about American alliance commitments, and rejection of liberal internationalism. These policies magnify the longer-term tendency of the United States to adopt policies that undermine its geopolitical position, such as fiscally irresponsible tax cuts, underinvestment in domestic infrastructure and human capital, democratic backsliding, and overreliance on military instruments. In short, even if Trump had never been elected the United States would still face the erosion of its leadership from inevitable shifts in relative power, and still be failing to pursue domestic policies that might mitigate those shifts.
Comic Forms
Authors: Costanzo William V.
Published: March 2020

Why does comedy take the form of satire, slapstick, parody, burlesque, or comedy of manners? Chapter 2 examines the bewildering profusion of comic genres and sub-genres: how they have evolved, where and when they thrive, how they distinguish themselves from or merge with one another. It shows what the word’s great repertoire of comic movie genres and subgenres owes to earlier traditions of Greek theatre, satirical Roman verse, Italian commedia dell’arte, French stage farce, Sanskrit parodies, the Kyogen skits of Japan, and the English novel. Each cinematic form has developed its own set of traits and serves a distinctive purpose. Some forms, like “crisis slapstick,” push old genres in new directions that are still testing the limits of humor and acceptable behavior.
British Film Comedy
Authors: Costanzo William V.
Published: March 2020

The English reputation for dry, reserved expressions of “humour” is the starting point for an exploration of the sub-genres that typify Britain’s comic legacy. This chapter reviews the history of British comedies from the early clown-based films that sprang from vaudeville through the Ealing Studios and Carry On cycles of the 1940s and 1950s, to the Monty Python parodies and multicultural satires of the 1960s and 1970s, the regional and romantic comedies of the 1980s and 1990s, and beyond. An important focus of this chapter is how a country that shares a common language with the United States comes to distinguish its film industry from Hollywood, building on its own unique history and cultural traditions.
Film Comedy in Africa
Authors: Costanzo William V.
Published: March 2020

The rich oral traditions of storytelling in Black Africa have evolved into cinematic forms, adapting social satire and political humor to the realities of modern life. After a brief history of the region and its early encounters with the medium of motion pictures, this chapter introduces concepts like négritude, the griot storyteller, pan-Africanism, and Afropolitanism to explain how African beliefs and sub-Saharan cinema differ from others in the world and how African filmmakers like Ousmane Sembène and Djibril Diop Mambéty, Jean-Pierre Bekolo and Adama Drabo, Henri Duparc and Benoît Lamy, Flores Gomes and Fanta Régina Nacro have fashioned a cinema that reflects the way Africans see themselves and their place in the world.
Film Comedy in East Asia
Authors: Costanzo William V.
Published: March 2020

Informed by centuries of Daoist, Buddhist, Shinto, and Confucian thought as well as the particularities of Eastern languages and customs, film comedy in China, Korea, and Japan offers fascinating new viewpoints for Westerners. In contrast to the Greek distinction between comedy and tragedy, laughter in East Asia tends to be allied with equilibrium, an integral part of a balanced state and state of mind. This chapter highlights major figures and trends associated with humor in Japan (Yasujiro Ozu, Juzo Itami, Toshiro Mifune), Korea (Jee-won Kim, Sang-jin Kim), Hong Kong (Jackie Chan, Stephen Chow), Taiwan (Chun Han Wang, Ang Lee), and the People’s Republic of China (Zhang Yimou, Xiaogang Feng).
Reconstruction in an Era of Revolution
Authors: Scott Gregory Adam
Published: March 2020

This chapter examines Buddhist monastery reconstructions during the period from the 1890s to the 1920s, a time of internal disorder and revolution, during which religious property came under threat in a rapidly changing China. Chinese Buddhists and other religious communities had to actively defend their rights to their own property, as political and educational elites sought to seize it for use as public schools. Tianning Monastery in Changzhou and Qixia Monastery near Nanjing are examined in detailed focus studies. Both were shaped by pressures that emerged during this period of revolution, undertaking monastery reconstructions in socially, politically, and economically challenging environments, at a time in which the very livelihood of religious institutions in China was under threat.
The Craft of the Rural Cinema Operator
Authors: Goode Ian
Published: March 2020

The UNESCO report of 1949 that surveyed the use of mobile cinema and radio vans in education around the world documents the use of the 16 mm apparatus on a scale that is not reflected by film history, where the substandard gauge is regarded as a useful, essentially secondary cinema to the permanent cinema of 35 mm. This post-war moment of film history captured by the report was, arguably, the apex of the 16 mm gauge and depended on the work of the cinema operator/projectionist to deliver film programmes to audiences in non-theatrical spaces. The report’s references to the UK describe 16 mm exhibition in the British Colonies and to ‘the Western Isles of Scotland where a highly efficient pioneer service, assisted from public funds, has been developed under the Highlands and Islands Film Guild to surmount the barriers of distance of rural isolation’. This chapter outlines the work of the cinema operators in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland and considers the significance and specificities of their role in the improvised exhibition spaces of rural cinema-going. It suggests that the non-theatrical space typically shared by the film apparatus and its audience represents one of the distinct features of this overlooked cinema that provided many remote populations with their first experience of film. This intimate, communal spatial formation made possible by the operators is fondly remembered by surviving communities in the Highlands and Islands. The operator’s role is notable for its particular combination of craft and sociability that defined the experience of rural non-theatrical cinema.
Solar-Powered Cinema and Sustainable Projections
Authors: Haritou Stefania
Published: March 2020

Drawing on ecomedia studies, this chapter sheds light on Ecocinema, an itinerant project of film exhibition that is powered by solar energy. This ecological initiative, with origins in the Netherlands and the project Solar Cinema, started operating in 2008 in Uruguay and soon after in other countries of Latin America. By using vans with solar panels mounted to their rooftops, which operate a 100 per cent solar-powered screening system, Ecocinema travels to places and sites where cinema does not exist. Through the presentation of this project, this chapter looks at the genealogy of itinerant cinemas in Latin America and traces the themes related to alternate models of exhibition. Providing an alternative of green practices, within an industry whose processes of production, distribution, and exhibition are largely ecologically unsustainable, Ecocinema seeks to reach sustainability and moreover to raise awareness about the environmental crisis and educate about ecological means of energy production and consumption. Furthermore, the chapter reflects on the practice of cinema projection and its inextricable relationship with light, in the case of solar-powered projection with sunlight. It concludes by contemplating environmental politics and justice within the context of Latin America and the possibilities of greening cinema practices and responding creatively to the emerging contemporary ecological problems.
Mobilized by Injustice
Authors: Walker Hannah L.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 1 introduces many research questions, around which the rest of the volume organized. Under what conditions are individuals mobilized by criminal justice experiences and under what conditions do these experiences lead to demobilization? What is the central mechanism connecting criminal justice contact to political mobilization outcomes? Do mobilization and withdrawal vary by racial group? Lastly, does political mobilization and withdrawal vary by type of activity? Chapter 1 further situates the inquiry in a longer history of resistance around issues related to criminal justice, outlines the methodological approach of the research, and gives an overview of the remainder of the manuscript.
The Political Logic of Injustice
Authors: Walker Hannah L.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 3 mainly aims to offer evidence for the claim that a sense of systemic injustice links personal and proximal contact to political mobilization. Findings from the National Crime and Politics Survey (NCPS) empirically validate that criminal justice contact can mobilize and show, crucially, that a sense of injustice can moderate the otherwise demobilizing effects of contact. The chapter’s secondary aim chapter is to offer empirical evidence for the claim that contact with a CBO is an institutional mechanism that can increase participation among custodial citizens. The importance of CBO contact to participation increases with the intensity of contact with the criminal justice system. To support this view, the chapter draws on the Chicago Area Survey (CAS) collected in 2014 and demonstrates that CBO contact plays a critical role in mobilizing custodial citizens.
Policing Latinos
Authors: Walker Hannah L.
Published: March 2020

Local enforcement of federal immigration policy is a new frontier for the use of extensive surveillance and monitoring, key tools of the criminal justice system. These tactics are deployed to target undocumented immigrants with a criminal background, but they impact a much wider set of individuals. Chapter 2 thus demonstrates the widespread impacts of punitive immigration policy on non-criminal, non-immigrant Latinos. Two datasets inform the quantitative analysis. The first is the 2015 Latino National Health and Immigration Survey (LNHIS 2015), and the second is the Pew Hispanic Center 2008 National Survey of Latinos (NSL 2008). Turning the focus to Latinos uncovers the efficiency with which criminal justice policy can be deployed against the nation’s largest minority group, demonstrates the power of familial ties to mobilize, and highlights that the racially targeted nature of the carceral state itself creates a collective fund for political action.
Reinventing Performance Management at Gogo, the Inflight Internet Company
Authors: Glickman Heidi M. , Fisk Emily
Published: March 2020

Gogo, the inflight Internet company, recently underwent significant transformation. The ecosystem for business operation had shifted rapidly. These changes required the company to quickly adapt elements of its business strategy to increase focus on both innovation of new technology and mature operational practices in order to grow and scale the business globally. To enable these changes, the way employees worked together inside the organization also needed to be transformed. This was the impetus to change the PM process. At its core, the philosophy driving Gogo’s changes to PM centered on building a culture of agility. Internal research in partnership with leaders, people managers, and individual contributors was conducted along with external research. Based on the findings from this research, PM practices were redesigned to focus on changes in four key areas: (1) creating a feedback-rich environment; (2) ensuring focus and alignment on meaningful goals; (3) building a cadence for reflection and planning at both the organization and group levels and between employees and their managers; and (4) enabling a culture of development. This case provides insight into the first 2 years of Gogo’s journey—beginning with the discovery process and continuing through the design, implementation, and evaluation (inclusive of ongoing adaptation). Throughout the process, significant time and energy were invested in stakeholder engagement, which was imperative for making significant cultural change stick.
The Move to No Ratings
Authors: Lewis W. Robert
Published: March 2020

In 2014, a large multinational healthcare company made the decision to move from a performance management (PM) system from a traditional process focused on assigning performance ratings to one in which managers have accountability to provide ongoing coaching and feedback throughout the year and allocate compensation rewards differentially based on each employee’s contribution and impact. The new ratingless PM system aligned with the organization’s cultural aspirations to have all employees take accountability for their role in the company’s success, treat each other with respect, and build trust through candid conversations, while maintaining a strong focus on performance. The new process was implemented on a global scale, with diligent change management processes to support managers and employees to be successful through the transition to a new process. Four years into implementation, feedback from managers and employees on the new process have been consistently positive, and other objective organizational measures provide further evidence that the new PM process implementation has been successful for the company.
The Strange Case of Donald J. Trump
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: March 2020

The Strange Case of Donald J. Trump provides a coherent and nuanced psychological portrait of the 45th president of the United States. Drawing on biographical events in Trump’s life and on contemporary research and theory in personality, social, and developmental psychology, the book explores the personality traits and psychological dynamics that have shaped Trump’s life, with an emphasis on the strangeness of the case—how Trump again and again defies psychological expectations regarding what it means to be a human being. The book’s central thesis is that Donald Trump is the episodic man. He lives in the moment, outside of time, without an internal story to connect the discrete scenes in his life. As such, Trump perceives himself to be more like a superhero or a primal force, supernatural and timeless, rather than a flesh-and-blood human being with an inner life, a remembered past, and an imagined future. Trump’s psychological status as the episodic man helps us understand both Trump’s appeal (in the minds of millions) and his failings. The book’s interpretation of Trump sheds new light on Trump’s charisma, his deal-making, his volatile temperament, his approach to personal relationships, his narcissism, and his emergence as a new kind of authoritarian leader in American history.
Venom
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: March 2020

“Venom” examines the many ways in which Donald Trump, as a social actor, displays remarkably low levels of agreeableness, a broad personality trait that may be the most valued trait in the world. People low in agreeableness are generally viewed to be antagonistic, uncaring, vengeful, and mean-spirited. Where does Trump’s “venom” come from? The chapter scours Trump’s biography to evaluate a number of potential answers to the question, from inborn temperament dimensions to the influence of the gangster-lawyer Roy Cohn. The chapter shows how Trump’s low standing on the agreeableness dimension may have developed via an implicit and unfolding psychological synergy between nature and nurture, a kind of unwitting conspiracy of genes and environments, as each reinforced the other.
Truth
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: March 2020

“Truth” aims to explain why Donald Trump lies more than any other public official in the United States today, and why his supporters, nonetheless, put up with his lies. The chapter combs the biographical record to highlight some of the most egregious examples of Trump’s untruths and then considers reasons behind Trump’s remarkable penchant for lying. For Trump, truth is effectively whatever it takes to win the moment, moment by moment, battle by battle—as the episodic man, shorn of any long-term story to make sense of his life, struggles to win the moment. Among the many reasons that Trump’s supporters excuse his lying is that they, like Trump himself, do not really hold him to the standards that human persons are held to. And that is because many of his supporters, like Trump himself, do not consider him to be a person—he is more like a primal force or superhero, more than a person, but less than a person, too.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Graham Peter J. , Pedersen Nikolaj J. L. L. , Bachman Zachary , Rosa Luis
Published: March 2020

Tyler Burge and Crispin Wright both distinguish two forms of warrant: entitlement and justification. But they use these terms in very different ways. Entitlement for Wright is a non-evidential, a priori rational right to claim knowledge against the skeptic. Wright’s project engages the skeptic. Entitlement for Burge is a truth-conducive good route to knowledge that does not involve reasons. Justification is the route that involves reasons. Burge’s project falls within moderate foundationalist, competence-based approaches to knowledge. Burge’s project examines the structure of knowledge. The chapters of the volume are introduced. The chapters in Part I engage Burge’s project. Part II engages and extends competence and moderate foundationalist approaches. Part II engages Wright’s project.
Perceptual Entitlement and Skepticism
Authors: Brueckner Anthony , Altschul Jon
Published: March 2020

What are the implications for perceptual anti-individualism for radical scepticism about perceptual entitlement? Previous ambitious arguments are criticized: one can only know a posteriori the extent of perceptual entitlement. But one can know a priori that one is not the only sentient being to have ever existed. Brueckner presented a reconstruction of an argument thought to be discernible in Burge’s “Perceptual Entitlement.” It was supposed to be an a priori argument for the existence of perceptual entitlement. Though it was not touted as such, the argument would be a kind of a priori anti-skeptical argument. For if it could be demonstrated a priori that we have entitlement to hold our perceptual beliefs, then this would answer a skeptic who claimed that our perceptual beliefs have no positive epistemic status, given our inability to rule out his skeptical counterpossibilities in a manner that itself possesses positive epistemic status.
Moorean Pragmatics, Social Comparisons, and Common Knowledge
Authors: Hazlett Allan
Published: March 2020

One function of knowledge attributions is to make social comparisons: to imply that one person, but not some salient other person or people, knows something. When we attribute an item of common knowledge to S, however, it is false that S, but not some salient other person or people, knows. For this reason, attributions of common knowledge sometimes seem false. In this chapter, I will argue that the anti-skeptical philosopher’s utterance of “I know that I’m not deceived by a demon” seems false because it is an assertion of common knowledge. This provides a tool for theorists of anti-skeptical entitlement theorists to use in diagnosing skeptical intuitions.
Internalism and Entitlement to Rules and Methods
Authors: Schechter Joshua
Published: March 2020

We rely on belief-forming mechanisms: modus ponens, inference to the best explanation, and the transformation rules of our perceptual system. Why are we entitled to rely on these mechanisms? This chapter criticizes Method Internalist answers. Extreme Method Internalism launches a regress. Defense Internalism also launches a regress and has other limitation. Mentalism (Mental Internalist) is motivated by demon world cases, but better (non-internalist) treatments of such cases are possible.
Against (Neo-Wittgensteinian) Entitlements
Authors: Coliva Annalisa
Published: March 2020

Crispin Wright takes his entitlement strategy to be neo-Wittgensteinian. This chapter argues for two conclusions. First, Wright’s entitlement strategy cannot be neo-Wittgensteinian, properly so-called. Wright explicitly characterizes trust in anti-sceptical hypotheses as epistemically rational. However, properly Wittgensteinian approaches place anti-sceptical hypotheses or so-called hinge propositions (I’m not a brain in a vat, There is an external world, etc.) outside the realm of rational evaluation. Second, Wright-style entitlement is fundamentally flawed because it is unclear what kind of epistemic good it is supposed to be. Since entitlements are non-evidential in nature, they cannot be epistemic goods by virtue of supporting the truth of anti-sceptical hypotheses. They cannot sustain anything worthy of the label “epistemic rationality” either.
Knowledge for Nothing
Authors: Greenough Patrick
Published: March 2020

Let Entitlement Epistemology be the theory of knowledge which says that entitlement—a special kind of unearned warrant to accept or believe—can help us successfully address a range of sceptical arguments. Prominent versions of this theory urge that epistemology should not be concerned with knowledge (and similar externalist states) but rather with justification, warrant, and entitlement (at least insofar as these are conceived of as internalist states). Knowledge does not come first, half-way, or even last in epistemological theorizing—rather, it ought to come nowhere. In this chapter Wright-style entitlement epistemology is explored in depth. Four types of Wright-style entitlement epistemology are formulated. Three types are overly concessive to scepticism, undermining the goal of entitlement epistemology. Type II avoids these concessions, seeing knowledge as minimal, and places knowledge in a weakly internalist framework.
UNCLOS and the ‘Ambulatory Thesis’
Authors: Purcell Kate
Published: March 2020

This chapter introduces David Caron’s influential argument that Articles 7(2) and 76(9) of UNCLOS ‘negatively imply’ that baselines and the zonal limits measured from them are, as a general rule, ambulatory. It points to two important differences between these provisions neglected by Caron’s analysis. It explains why it is necessary to revisit Articles 7(2) and 76(9) with a view to determining the ordinary meaning of their terms in context and in light of the treaty’s object and purpose—the project of the following two chapters. Caron’s argument is premised on a problematic interpretation of the relevant provisions and UNCLOS more broadly.
The Permanent Limits of the Continental Shelf
Authors: Purcell Kate
Published: March 2020

This chapter traces the development of the regime of the continental shelf. It challenges the claim that UNCLOS Article 76(9) exceptionally secures the limits of the continental shelf against subsequent coastal change. The permanence of the outer limits of the continental shelf was intended to preserve an area of the seabed beyond national jurisdiction as the common heritage of mankind. The law also provides that the limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (M), which are not defined by distance from the coast, are ‘final and binding’. Neither Article 76(9) nor any other element of the regime of the continental shelf can be said to imply the ambulatory character of baselines and the zonal limits measured from them. Indeed, the requirement to permanently establish the limits of the continental shelf implies that the coastal State is ordinarily permitted rather than required to revise established maritime limits.
Singular Thought and Mental Files
Authors: Goodman Rachel , Genone James
Published: March 2020

This introduction outlines some central challenges to a clear understanding of singular (or de re) thought, and illustrates why the literature has recently turned to the notion of a mental file as a way to theorize it. It sketches three central motivations behind the claim that singular thought is file-based thought. First, file-theorists have stressed that the descriptive information contained in a file does not determine its identity conditions or semantic content. Second, it is sometimes assumed that singular thoughts are devices of de jure coreference in thought and claimed that mental files are the cognitive reality of de jure coreference in thought. Finally, the file-theoretic approach to singular thought may seem to lend empirical respectability to the notion of singular thought. The chapter ends by?introducing some basic questions proponents of this approach must address if it is to fulfill its explanatory aims.
Content and the Explanatory Role of Experience
Authors: Speaks Jeff
Published: March 2020

It is widely held both that having certain sorts of perceptual experiences can explain one’s ability to have certain sorts of thoughts and that we can use this fact to show that perception and thought differ in certain fundamental ways. Some hold that the explanatory role of experience shows that experiences, unlike thoughts, are not contentful states; others hold that it shows that experiences, unlike thoughts, are nonconceptual. The chapter argues that these theses can’t be established by arguments based on premises requiring experience to play certain explanatory roles. It considers three arguments of this form, which appeal, respectively, to the requirements that experience explain our capacity for singular thought, that it explain the reference of certain demonstrative concepts, and that it explain our ability to learn new concepts. In section 4, it argues that the explanatory role of experience can help decide questions about scope of perceptual representation.
Singular Thought, Russellianism, and Mental Files
Authors: King Jeffrey C.
Published: March 2020

Many philosophers believe that there is a kind of thought about an object that is in some sense particularly directly about the object. The chapter will use the terms de re or singular thought for thoughts of this sort. It outlines a broadly Russellian approach to singular thought on which to have a singular thought about an object o is to have a thought whose content is a singular proposition having o as a constituent. It then explores some of the consequences of this view. It also critically discusses recent attempts by Francois Recanati and Robin Jeshion to explicate the notion of singular thought by means of the notion of a mental file.
The Mental Files Theory of Singular Thought
Authors: Murez Michael , Smortchkova Joulia , Strickland Brent
Published: March 2020

The chapter outlines and evaluates the most ambitious version of the mental files theory of singular thought, according to which mental files are a wide-ranging psychological natural kind, including psychologists’ object-files as a representative subspecies, and underlying all and only singular thinking. It argues that such a theory is unsupported by the available psychological data, and that its defenders may have overestimated the similarities between different notions of “file” used in philosophy and cognitive science. Nevertheless, critical examination of the theory from a psychological perspective opens up promising avenues for research, especially concerning the relationship between our perceptual capacity to individuate and track basic individuals and our higher-level capacities for singular thought.
Definite Reports of Indefinites
Authors: Cumming Samuel
Published: March 2020

In certain circumstances, it is possible to report the utterance of an indefinite noun phrase using a definite referring expression, such as a name or pronoun. The referent of the definite must match the individual the original speaker had “in mind” when uttering the indefinite, and the speaker must not have been in a position to use a definite instead (the individual in question must not have been familiar, and so identifiable, to the hearer at the time of the original utterance). To account for this data, the chapter claims that indefinites refer (though truth-conditionally they function like restricted existential quantifiers), but also that coreference is not always sufficient for substitution in an indirect report. (Perhaps surprisingly, the second, less controversial, claim will explain the cases motivating the condition of hearer non-identifiability.) In sum, the data tells us about the semantics of indefinites and the tolerances of indirect reporting.
Introduction
Authors: Laywine Alison
Published: March 2020

This book undertakes a study of the Transcendental Deduction in the Critique of Pure Reason—‘a somewhat deep-seated reflection’,1 as Kant characterizes it in the preface to the first edition (AXVI). Such studies have been undertaken before, but I believe I can shed new light on the argument. I might justify my claim by saying that I have taken account of Kant’s earlier writings—and not only those published in his lifetime. That is at least part of what is distinctive about my study. But other people have done so too, and contributed much to our understanding of the text. A notable example is Hermann de Vleeschauwer’s three volume book, ...
A Cosmology of Experience
Authors: Laywine Alison
Published: March 2020

This chapter begins a two-chapter examination of the second half of the B-Deduction. This chapter has a special focus on §26. It has three parts. The first argues that Kant completes the Deduction in §26 with a cosmology of experience. It advances this argument in part by reading §26 in light of §36 of the Prolegomena. The second part examines the role and significance of image-making and the productive imagination for the cosmology of experience. It argues that, for Kant, they make possible cartography of the sensible world and that, without such cartography, no cosmology of experience and hence no thinking as such is possible. The third part of the chapter completes the examination of §26 by considering the role of universal laws of nature in a cosmology of experience and hence thinking as such. It argues that Kant’s treatment of universal laws and image-making in §26 tries to make good on his reflections in the Duisburg Nachlaß on the ‘ekthesis’ in a proof of classical geometry.
Cartography and Autobiography
Authors: Laywine Alison
Published: March 2020

This chapter completes the examination, started in Chapter Four, of the second half of the Transcendental Deduction, as found in the second edition of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. The focus of this chapter is §24 and §25. The special problem of these sections is empirical self-knowledge. The author argues that Kant treats self-knowledge as a special case of the cosmology of experience: the problem is how I situate myself in the empirical world. The solution to the problem is to build up in thought an understanding of the world by legislating universal laws to nature by means of the categories and to map my geographical and historical place in the world by means of the cartographic resources available to the productive imagination. The chapter has two parts. The first part is devoted to a paradox Kant claims to be associated with self-affection. It tries to understand his claim as a reflection on his own views in the mid-1770s about self-apprehension by inner sense and apperception. The second part of the chapter is devoted to the specialized cartography Kant takes to be involved in empirical self-knowledge and considers how Kant distinguishes between biography and autobiography.
Introduction
Authors: Broadie Alexander
Published: March 2020

This chapter provides an overview of Scottish philosophy in the seventeenth century. Seventeenth-century Scotland produced a vibrant philosophical culture rich in achievement, with philosophers responsive to each other and responsive to philosophers of other countries. With regard to its philosophical culture, the century between the Age of Reformation and the Age of Enlightenment was an age in which there flourished the intellectual vigour that one might reasonably have expected given the philosophical achievements of the flanking centuries. Almost all the literature on Scottish philosophy attends exclusively to the philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment. This means that in providing a narrative that embraces philosophical writing antecedent to the Scottish Enlightenment, there is likely to be pressure to approach the subject in a teleological spirit, that is, by seeing the earlier century’s work in terms of the eighteenth century’s and attending to that earlier work on the basis of terms of reference dictated by what came later.
‘For the Advancement of Religion and Learning’
Authors: Allan David
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores the history of the five universities which were active in Scotland during the seventeenth century. It places particular emphasis on the distinctive origins and evolution of each institution as an important determinant of academic experiences between 1600 and 1700. It shows that while the universities were a crucible in which key political and religious ideas which shaped seventeenth-century Scotland were forged, academic life itself was profoundly shaped by the wider controversy and upheaval afflicting Scottish society in this period.
On the Edge of Reason
Authors: Reid Steven J.
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores engagement at the Scottish universities with new intellectual trends between the Reformation and Enlightenment. The chapter begins by assessing the impact of the reformation on Scottish higher education, and the role of the humanist and reformer Andrew Melville in creating a network of modern godly seminaries out of the three pre-reformation universities and the two new protestant arts colleges established in Edinburgh and in New Aberdeen. It then reviews the limited range of Scottish curricular innovations that emerged in response to broader European developments in ‘proto-empirical’ thinking and research in the early seventeenth century. The chapter concludes that intellectual innovations at Scotland’s universities across this period were disjointed and circular, with teaching ultimately remaining Aristotelian in form and content. However, a broader continuity of aim—the creation of a ‘godly’ commonwealth and the education of ministers to populate it—underpinned all the developments in this period.
Scotland and the European Republic of Letters around 1700
Authors: Ahnert Thomas , McGill Martha
Published: March 2020

This chapter focuses on the extent to which the discussion of philosophical subjects at Scottish universities drew on and was informed by the writings of thinkers in other parts of Europe around 1700. In spite of the practical difficulties in obtaining publications from abroad, Scots around 1700 had many, if not most, of the main recent texts available to them. Regents at the Scottish universities discussed contemporary European (including English) authors and used their writings. The references to heterodox or ‘radical’ authors such as Spinoza or Hobbes were generally dismissive, and sometimes bordered on caricature, but Scots did incorporate other up-to-date material into their lectures and disputations. On the whole, the intellectual concerns of Scots at this time were not radically dissimilar from those of the learned in many other parts of Europe.
Logic in Seventeenth-Century Scottish Academic Philosophy
Authors: Gellera Giovanni
Published: March 2020

For a seventeenth-century Scottish regent, logic was preliminary to all other disciplines and secondary only to Latin. Logic was the trait-d’union between natural language (Latin, grammar, classical literature, the Bible) and the technical philosophical jargon. Logic was also important for theology and apologetics. Until the 1650s, logic is scholastic, centred on the trivium of logic, rhetoric, and grammar. The influence of Humanism, especially Ramism, is visible in the importance of induction, the treatment of method as a branch of logic, the orientation of logic towards practical tasks. Later in the century, alongside Aristotle, the key figures are René Descartes and Francis Bacon. The ‘old’ Aristotelian logic is made compatible with the ‘new’ method for the acquisition of new truths developed from Cartesian and Baconian insights. The reception of Descartes and Bacon has a common root in scholastic empiricism.