bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling embedded risk in peasant agriculture: methodological insights from northern Malawi
Authors: Dorward Andrew
Published: January 2020

Using a linear‐programming model of farming systems in northern Malawi, the conditions under which peasant farm‐household models may need to allow for embedded risk are investigated, Tactical, sequential responses to uncertainty are found to be more important to labour‐scarce households with limited access to capital and to credit markets. Compared with semi‐sequential programming, discrete stochastic programming (DSP) provided more efficient solutions for problems involving embedded risk. There may be intuitive advantages in presenting results from DSP models in terms of a semi‐sequential strategy.
Why Plea Bargains are A Bad Deal for Some
Authors: Finkelstein Michael O. , Levin Bruce
Published: January 2020

In US federal courts, defendants are often encouraged to plead guilty in exchange for lighter sentences. But not all of those taking a plea might have been found guilty had their cases gone to trial. Michael O. Finkelstein and Bruce Levin estimate the scale of the problem
Census 2020 Why Increasing Self-Response is Key to a Good Count
Authors: Salvo Joseph J. , Jacoby Annette , Lobo Arun Peter
Published: January 2020

With just weeks to go until the decennial United States Census, Joseph J. Salvo, Annette Jacoby and Arun Peter Lobo explain why proxy respondents, administrative records, and imputation are no substitute for a high rate of self-response
Thriving among older people living at home with home care services—A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Lämås Kristina , Bölenius Karin , Sandman Per‐Olof , Bergland Ådel , Lindkvist Marie , Edvardsson David
Published: January 2020

Aim

To explore the level of thriving and associated factors among older adults living at home with support from home care services.

Design

An exploratory, cross‐sectional survey design.

Method

A sample of 136 participants (mean 82 years) responded to a survey about thriving, health, psychosocial and care‐related factors in 2016. Descriptive analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis with a stepwise backwards elimination procedure were performed.

Result

The results showed that the level of thriving was relatively high among adults living at home with support from home care services, with dimensions concerning engaging in activities and peer relations and keeping in touch with people and places being rated the lowest. Regression analysis showed that participating in social relations and experiencing self‐determination in activities in and around the house were associated with thriving.

Conclusion

Facilitating social relations and creating opportunities for self‐determination seem necessary to support thriving among older adults living at home with support from home care services.

Impact

The findings in this study add important knowledge about place‐related well‐being when living at home with home care services.
Leisure activity in middle‐aged adults with Down syndrome: Initiators, social partners, settings and barriers
Authors: Mihaila Iulia , Handen Benjamin L. , Christian Bradley T. , Hartley Sigan L.
Published: January 2020

Background

Leisure activity has been linked to optimal ageing outcomes, yet little is known about the type and level of leisure activity adults with Down syndrome currently engage in, and the factors that promote and hinder their leisure activities.

Materials and Methods

A daily diary was utilized to provide an in‐depth description of the average daily leisure activity of 44 adults with Down syndrome (aged 25–56 years) across a typical 7‐day period. Factors related to participation, including initiators, social partners, settings and barriers, were examined.

Results

Findings indicated that the majority of adults with Down syndrome did not meet established physical leisure activity intensity recommendations (i.e., 150 min/week moderately active activity) and did not exceed levels of passive leisure (e.g., watching television) found in the general population (i.e., 2–3 hr/day). Adults with Down syndrome self‐initiated and self‐engaged in the majority of their leisure activity. Family members and paid staff allocated resources towards initiating and engaging as social partners in social and physical leisure, respectively.

Conclusions

Interventions and support services should partner with family members and paid staff to foster participation in adaptive leisure activity, perhaps through the establishment of leisure activity as part of daily routines.
Novel mitochondrion‐targeting copper(II) complex induces HK2 malfunction and inhibits glycolysis via Drp1‐mediating mitophagy in HCC
Authors: Li Mengmeng , Shao Jiangjuan , Guo Zijian , Jin Chun , Wang Ling , Wang Feixia , Jia Yan , Zhu Zhenzhu , Zhang Ziji , Zhang Feng , Zheng Shizhong , Wang Xiaoyong
Published: January 2020

[Cu(ttpy‐tpp)Br2]Br (abbreviated as CTB) is a novel mitochondrion‐targeting copper(II) complex synthesized by our research group, which contains tri‐phenyl‐phosphonium (TPP) groups as its lipophilic property. In this study, we explored how CTB affects mitochondrial functions and exerts its anti‐tumour activity. Multiple functional and molecular analyses including Seahorse XF Bioanalyzer Platform, Western blot, immunofluorescence analysis, co‐immunoprecipitation and transmission electron microscopy were used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Human hepatoma cells were subcutaneously injected into right armpit of male nude mice for evaluating the effects of CTB in vivo. We discovered that CTB inhibited aerobic glycolysis and cell acidification by impairing the activity of HK2 in hepatoma cells, accompanied by dissociation of HK2 from mitochondria. The modification of HK2 not only led to the complete dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) but also promoted the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), contributing to the activation of mitophagy. In addition, CTB co‐ordinately promoted dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1) recruitment in mitochondria to induce mitochondrial fission. Our findings established a previously unrecognized role for copper complex in aerobic glycolysis of tumour cells, revealing the interaction between mitochondrial HK2‐mediated mitophagy and Drp1‐regulated mitochondrial fission.
In God we Trust? Identity, Institutions and International Solidarity in Europe
Authors: Bauhr Monika , Charron Nicholas
Published: January 2020

Several recent studies show that citizens' identification with Europe is one of the most important determinants of support for EU integration, that may also hold the key to greater economic solidarity and support for international redistribution. This article proposes a multidimensional conception of European identity, and that citizens' support for redistribution within the EU is highly contingent not only on the level of identification with Europe but also on the nature of their feeling of belonging to the community. In particular, we suggest that citizens who feel European, based on civic ties, are more likely to support redistribution than those who instead identify with Europe on the basis of religion and in particular, Christianity. Using unique and newly collected regional‐level data, we found support for these claims. Thus, not only if, or how much, but also why citizens identify with Europe matters for the level of social solidarity across borders.
The Meaning of the European Union and Public Support for European Integration
Authors: Jayet Cyril
Published: January 2020

This paper proposes a cognitive approach that focuses on the cognitive representations that underpin public support for the European Union. Its objectives are threefold: (1) to describe systems of representation associated with support for the EU; (2) to illustrate the importance of less commonly studied representations, such as liberal cosmopolitan representations; and (3) to demonstrate that at the beginning of the 2000s, the EU often represented greater economic prosperity and/or social protection for many Central, Eastern and Southern European countries, although the situation has changed significantly since then. This paper uses Eurobarometer data from 2004 to 2017 as well as multilevel models to examine how cognitive representations of the EU can explain public support for the EU, including variations across countries.
Moving In and Out of the Shadow of European Case Law: the Dynamics of Public Procurement in the Post‐Post‐Rüffert Era
Authors: Refslund Bjarke , Jaehrling Karen , Johnson Mathew , Koukiadaki Aristea , Larsen Trine Pernille , Stiehm Christin
Published: January 2020

Judicial Europeanization, particularly European case law and the Rüffert ruling, has created significant legal uncertainty in the use of labour clauses in public procurement, which may constrain national policymakers. However, national actors find ways to ‘push back’ against Europeanization in order to prioritize domestic policy goals. By analysing the long‐term political dynamic surrounding public procurement in Denmark, Germany and the UK since the implementation of the revised 2014 public procurement directive, we show how both national actors, and actors at subnational level, where much public procurement actually takes place, contest the Europeanization of public policies. Variation in the willingness and ability of actors to leverage the legal uncertainty to adopt labour clauses results in diverging policy trajectories, but also creates a room for policy innovation. This alters the ultimate outcome of the European regulatory agenda and results in a continued divergence of public policies across member states.
Obesity as predictive factor of periodontal therapy clinical outcomes: A cohort study
Authors: Suvan Jean , Harrington Zoe , Petrie Aviva , Patel Kalpesh , Darbar Ulpee , Donos Nikos , D'Aiuto Francesco
Published: January 2020

Aim

The study aim was to investigate the predictive role of obesity on clinical response following non‐surgical periodontal therapy in individuals with severe periodontitis.

Methods

A total of 57 BMI obese and 58 BMI normal non‐smoker adults with periodontitis (defined as probing pocket depths (PPD) of ≥5 mm and alveolar bone loss of >30% with >50% of the teeth affected) received non‐surgical periodontal therapy. Periodontal status was based upon PPD, clinical attachment level (CAL) and full‐mouth bleeding score (FMBS). Mean PPD, percentage sites PPD >4 mm, percentage sites PPD >5 mm and FMBS at 2 and 6 months were outcome variables. Propensity score analysis was used to assess the effect of obesity on outcome variables after adjusting for confounders.

Results

Statistically significant higher clinical measures (mean PPD, mean percentage of sites with PPD >4 mm, mean percentage of sites with PPD >5 mm and FMBS) were observed in the obese group than the normal group at baseline, 2 and 6 months after therapy (p < .01). At 2 and 6 months, obesity was associated with worse mean PPD (p < .05), percentage sites with PPD >4 mm (p < .05), percentage sites with PPD > 5mm (p < .05) and FMBS (p < .01), independent of age, gender, ethnicity or plaque levels.

Conclusions

Obesity compared to normal BMI status was an independent predictor of poorer response following non‐surgical periodontal therapy.
Ultraviolet photography in vitiligo: image quality, validity and reliability
Authors: Uitentuis S.E. , Heilmann M.N. , Verdaasdonk R.M. , Bae J.M. , Luiten R.M. , Wolkerstorfer A. , Bekkenk M.W.
Published: January 2020

Background

For clinical care and research in vitiligo, photographs with the use of ultraviolet (UV) light or Wood's lamp are often made. Conventional cameras are insensitive to UV light. The use of a UV camera (UV photography) might improve image quality and ameliorate the assessment of target lesions in vitiligo.

Objectives

To determine image quality and the validity and reliability of UV photography for the assessment of vitiligo target lesions.

Methods

Images of patients with vitiligo were made with UV photography and a conventional camera, and lesions were drawn on graph paper and transparent sheets. Image quality was scored by vitiligo experts and medical interns. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of the lesion size determined with UV photography combined with digital surface measurement and the other techniques were hypothesized to be above 0.6. The ICCs between UV images taken by the same physician and between two different physicians were calculated for determining inter‐ and intra‐reliability.

Results

In total, 31 lesions of 17 patients were included. Image quality was assessed as good or very good for 100% and 26% for UV photography and the conventional camera, respectively. ICCs of UV photography and the conventional camera, drawing the lesions on transparent sheets and graph paper, were 0.984, 0.988 and 0.983, respectively, confirming our hypotheses. The ICCs of the intra‐rater and inter‐rater were 0.999 and 0.998, respectively.

Conclusions

The results of this study indicate that the use of UV photography for the assessment of vitiligo lesions improves image quality and is valid and reliable.
The patient pathway in cardiovascular care: A position paper from the International Pharmacists for Anticoagulation Care Taskforce (iPACT)
Authors: Alves da Costa Filipa , Rydant Silas , Antoniou Sotiris
Published: January 2020

Background

This position paper highlights the opportunistic integral role of the pharmacist across the patient pathway utilizing cardiovascular care as an example. The paper aims to highlight the potential roles that pharmacists worldwide can have (or already have) to provide efficient patient care in the context of interprofessional collaboration.

Methods

It results from a literature review and experts seeking advice to identify existing interventions and potential innovative interventions. We developed a conceptual framework highlighting seven critical phases in the patient pathway and for each of those listed some of the initiatives identified by our experts worldwide.

Results

Existing pharmacists' interventions in each of these phases have been identified globally. Various examples in the area of prevention and self‐management were found to exist for long; the contribution for early detection and subsequently to timely diagnosis were also quite clear; integration of care was perhaps one of the areas needing greater development, although interventions in secondary care were also quite common. Tertiary care and end of life interventions were found to often be left for other healthcare professionals.

Conclusion

On the basis of the findings, we can argue that much has been done but globally consider that pharmacists are still an untapped resource potentially useful for improved patient care.
Metabolic and immune responses of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) smolts to a short‐term poly (I:C) challenge
Authors: Lulijwa Ronald , Alfaro Andrea C. , Merien Fabrice , Burdass Mark , Meyer Jill , Venter Leonie , Young Tim
Published: January 2020

Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] was administered in vivo to Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) post‐smolts to determine the immune responses on haematological and cellular functional parameters, including spleen (SP), head kidney (HK) and red blood cell (RBC) cytokine expression, as well as serum metabolomics. Poly (I:C) in vivo (24 h exposure) did not affect fish haematological parameters, leucocyte phagocytic activity and phagocytic index, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–based metabolomics revealed that poly (I:C) significantly altered the serum biochemistry profile of 25 metabolites. Metabolites involved in the branched‐chain amino acid/glutathione and transsulphuration pathways and phospholipid metabolism accumulated in poly (I:C)–treated fish, whereas those involved in the glycolytic and energy metabolism pathways were downregulated. At cytokine transcript level, poly (I:C) induced a significant upregulation of antiviral ifnγ in HK and Mx1 protein in HK, SP and RBCs. This study provides evidence for poly (I:C)–induced, immune‐related biomarkers at metabolic and molecular levels in farmed O. tshawytscha in vivo. These findings provide insights into short‐term effects of poly (I:C) at haematological, innate and adaptive immunity and metabolic levels, setting the stage for future studies.
A new Hemigrammus from the upper Río Vaupés, Colombia (Characiformes: Characidae), with a discussion on the presence of an enlarged urogenital papilla in the family
Authors: Lima Flávio C. T. , Urbano‐Bonilla Alexander , Prada‐Pedreros Saúl
Published: January 2020

Hemigrammus xaveriellus sp. nov. is described from the upper Río Vaupés basin (Amazon basin), Departamento Guaviare, Colombia. It is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of the following characters: presence of a conspicuous, dark, longitudinal midlateral stripe extending along the body; presence of a conspicuous rounded, horizontally elongated humeral blotch anterior to the beginning of the dark midlateral stripe; seven scale rows between the dorsal fin and lateral line (vs. five to six); and five scale rows between the lateral line and pelvic‐fin insertion (vs. three to four). The single mature male of He. xaveriellus possessed a well‐developed urogenital papilla, an unusual feature among characids. The presence of an enlarged urogenital papilla in the family is discussed, and comments regarding the putative relationships of the new species are presented.
Assessment of the potential of Arabic gum as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent in developing vegan “egg‐free” mayonnaise
Authors: Ali Marwa R. , EL Said Rania M.
Published: January 2020

The main factors affecting the spoilage of mayonnaise are lipid oxidation and microbial contamination. Therefore, the investigation was carried out to estimate the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the aqueous extract of the Arabic gum (AG). The effect of the addition of AG powder on physical–chemical and sensory properties has been evaluated in different percentages of 25, 50, 75, and 100 into mayonnaise. At the highest concentration of AG 20 mg/ml, the DPPH result represented high antioxidant activity at 92.13%. AG had inhibitory effects on gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria, with Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis being the most susceptible bacteria. The use of AG as an egg substitute in mayonnaise has been shown to have a great effect on physical–chemical properties. All mayonnaise samples were sensory acceptable, particularly vegan mayonnaise (100% AG) and still acceptable for consumption at 5°C for 5 months of storage. AG could be considered an additive with significant emulsifier properties, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. Therefore, AG is a good choice to produce new vegetarian products for consumers who are unable to eat egg‐based foods.
Deep crustal source of gneiss dome revealed by eclogite in migmatite (Montagne Noire, French Massif Central)
Authors: Whitney Donna L. , Hamelin Clémentine , Teyssier Christian , Raia Natalie H. , Korchinski Megan S. , Seaton Nicholas C. A. , Bagley Brian C. , von der Handt Anette , Roger Françoise , Rey Patrice F.
Published: January 2020

In orogens worldwide and throughout geologic time, large volumes of deep continental crust have been exhumed in domal structures. Extension‐driven ascent of bodies of deep, hot crust is a very efficient mechanism for rapid heat and mass transfer from deep to shallow crustal levels and is therefore an important mechanism in the evolution of continents. The dominant rock type in exhumed domes is quartzofeldspathic gneiss (typically migmatitic) that does not record its former high‐pressure (HP) conditions in its equilibrium mineral assemblage; rather, it records the conditions of emplacement and cooling in the mid/shallow crust. Mafic rocks included in gneiss may, however, contain a fragmentary record of a HP history, and are evidence that their host rocks were also deeply sourced. An excellent example of exhumed deep crust that retains a partial HP record is in the Montagne Noire dome, French Massif Central, which contains well‐preserved eclogite (garnet+omphacite+rutile+quartz) in migmatite in two locations: one in the dome core and the other at the dome margin. Both eclogites record P ~ 1.5 ± 0.2 GPa at T ~ 700 ± 20°C, but differ from each other in whole‐rock and mineral composition, deformation features (shape and crystallographic preferred orientation, CPO), extent of record of prograde metamorphism in garnet and zircon, and degree of preservation of inherited zircon. Rim ages of zircon in both eclogites overlap with the oldest crystallization ages of host gneiss at c. 310 Ma, interpreted based on zircon rare earth element abundance in eclogite zircon as the age of HP metamorphism. Dome‐margin eclogite zircon retains a widespread record of protolith age (c. 470–450 Ma, the same as host gneiss protolith age), whereas dome‐core eclogite zircon has more scarce preservation of inherited zircon. Possible explanations for differences in the two eclogites relate to differences in the protolith mafic magma composition and history and/or the duration of metamorphic heating and extent of interaction with aqueous fluid, affecting zircon crystallization. Differences in HP deformation fabrics may relate to the position of the eclogite facies rocks relative to zones of transpression and transtension at an early stage of dome development. Regardless of differences, both eclogites experienced HP metamorphism and deformation in the deep crust at c. 310 Ma and were exhumed by lithospheric extension—with their host migmatite—near the end of the Variscan orogeny. The deep crust in this region was rapidly exhumed from ~50 to <10 km, where it equilibrated under low‐P/high‐T conditions, leaving a sparse but compelling record of the deep origin of most of the crust now exposed in the dome.
Brain MRI Predicts Worsening Multiple Sclerosis Disability over 5 Years in the SUMMIT Study
Authors: Bakshi Rohit , Healy Brian C. , Dupuy Sheena L. , Kirkish Gina , Khalid Fariha , Gundel Tristan , Asteggiano Carlo , Yousuf Fawad , Alexander Amber , Hauser Stephen L. , Weiner Howard L. , Henry Roland G. ,   SUMMIT consortium
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Brain MRI‐derived lesions and atrophy are related to multiple sclerosis (MS) disability. In the Serially Unified Multicenter MS Investigation (SUMMIT), from Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), we assessed whether MRI methodologic heterogeneity may limit the ability to pool multisite data sets to assess 5‐year clinical‐MRI associations.

METHODS

Patients with relapsing‐remitting (RR) MS (n = 100 from each site) underwent baseline brain MRI and baseline and 5‐year clinical evaluations. Patients were matched on sex (74 women each), age, disease duration, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score. MRI was performed with differences between sites in both acquisition (field strength, voxel size, pulse sequences), and postprocessing pipeline to assess brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) and T2 lesion volume (T2LV).

RESULTS

The UCSF cohort showed higher correlation than the BWH cohort between T2LV and disease duration. UCSF showed a higher inverse correlation between BPF and age than BWH. UCSF showed a higher inverse correlation than BWH between BPF and 5‐year EDSS score. Both cohorts showed inverse correlations between BPF and T2LV, with no between‐site difference. The pooled but not individual cohort data showed a link between a lower baseline BPF and the subsequent 5‐year worsening in disability in addition to other stronger relationships in the data.

CONCLUSIONS

MRI acquisition and processing differences may result in some degree of heterogeneity in assessing brain lesion and atrophy measures in patients with MS. Pooling of data across sites is beneficial to correct for potential biases in individual data sets.
Unlocking the performance potential of functionally diverse teams: The paradoxical role of leader mood
Authors: Shemla Meir , Kearney Eric , Wegge Jürgen , Stegmann Sebastian
Published: January 2020

In a multisource, lagged design field study of 66 consulting teams, we investigated the role of leader mood in unlocking the performance potential of functionally diverse teams. In line with our hypotheses, we found that, given high levels of leader positive mood, functional diversity was positively related to collective team identification. In contrast, given high levels of leader negative mood, functional diversity was positively associated with information elaboration in teams. Furthermore, results showed that functional diversity was most strongly related to team performance when both leader positive mood and leader negative mood were high. This study highlights the value of examining seemingly contradictory leadership aspects in the effort to gain a fuller understanding of how to foster performance in diverse teams.

Practitioner points

To effectively lead diverse teams, leaders need to navigate between the need to promote unique ideas (i.e., information elaboration) and the simultaneous need to pull together diverse members towards a common identity.

Leader mood addresses both of these needs. When the team leader exhibited a positive mood, team functional diversity was positively related to members’ identification with the team. By contrast, when the team leader displayed a negative mood, team functional diversity was positively related to information elaboration.

Over a 12‐day period, diverse teams performed best when the leader showed both positive and negative mood.

Leaders of diverse teams are required to be sensitive to the affective tone of their team and aware of how their emotional displays influence team members’ moods and behaviours as well as team processes.
Typology of Community Living Transitions for People with Intellectual Disabilities: Are Current Experience in Rehabilitation Centers Tied to the Best Practices?
Authors: Longtin Véronique , Dufour Sarah , Morin Diane
Published: January 2020

Since the beginning of the deinstitutionalization of individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID), few studies have been carried out on the community living transitions process. Policies require to offer hosting services which respect the ideology of “seeking a home,” in accordance with the choices of individuals with ID. The involvement of individuals with ID in their own community living transition and concerted planning are considered to be part of the best practices. This study provides a portrait of community living transitions within rehabilitation centers. The aim was to develop new insights into the experience of community living transitions for people who have an ID. Specifically, this study identifies (1) a typology of community living transitions and (2) the gaps between best practices, desired practices, and current practices from the educators' viewpoint. Educators (n = 19) were randomly selected to participate in three focus groups and share their support experiences during community living transitions. Qualitative content analyses identified a typology of community living transitions. One out of the six types of transitions identified offered favorable conditions for a transition that involves the person with ID in his or her own transition and collaborative planning (prepared). The other types of transitions (last minute, explosive, turnkey, waiting room) all offered fewer opportunities for the person with ID to be involved in the transition process. Educators identified the characteristics of an ideal community living transition (as if it were myself). Gaps between the participants' experiences and best practices were identified, particularly regarding the involvement of individuals with ID in decisions concerning their own community living transition. The organization of the hosting services and a lack of accommodation resources influence the transition preparation time, the amount of collaborative planning, and the level of involvement of the person with ID. Implications of the gaps between experiences and best practices are identified.
Chemical, textural, rheological, and sensorial properties of wheyless feta cheese as influenced by replacement of milk protein concentrate with pea protein isolate
Authors: Omrani Khiabanian Newsha , Motamedzadegan Ali , Naghizadeh Raisi Shahram , Alimi Mazdak
Published: January 2020

Replacement of milk protein with protein isolates from vegetable resources can significantly influence the characteristics of feta whey less cheese and also decrease the cost of final production. In this study, various blends of milk protein concentrate (MPC) and pea protein isolate (PPI) were mixed at levels of 12% MPC and 0% PPI (MP0), 10% MPC and 2% PPI (MP2), 9% MPC and 3% PPI (MP3), 8% MPC and 4% PPI (MP4), 7% MPC and 5% PPI (MP5), 6% MPC and 6% PPI (MP6) and used in the manufacture of wheyless feta cheese. The chemical, textural, rheological, and sensorial properties, as well as the microstructure of the cheese samples, were evaluated after 1, 15, and 30 days of storage. The general linear model procedure of SAS statistical software was used for statistical analysis. Duncan's multiple range tests was used to compare the means of different treatments. The results showed that all properties of the cheeses were influenced by different levels of PPI due to different total solids content. The use of high concentrations of PPI resulted in a more open protein network, softer structure and decreasing the storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli in the cheeses. Sensory evaluation of the samples revealed that total score in terms of flavor, texture and overall acceptability was gradually decreased with increasing PPI levels, but still preferable for the panelists. Furthermore, for each sample, with increasing levels of PPI, the whiteness and the greenness were decreased, but the yellowness was increased.
Collagen biology and non‐invasive biomarkers of liver fibrosis
Authors: Karsdal Morten A. , Daniels Samuel J. , Holm Nielsen Signe , Bager Cecilie , Rasmussen Daniel G.K. , Loomba Rohit , Surabattula Rambabu , Villesen Ida Falk , Luo Yi , Shevell Diane , Gudmann Natasja S. , Nielsen Mette J. , George Jacob , Christian Rose , Leeming Diana J. , Schuppan Detlef
Published: January 2020

There is an unmet need for high‐quality liquid biomarkers that can safely and reproducibly predict the stage of fibrosis and the outcomes of chronic liver disease (CLD). The requirement for such markers has intensified because of the high global prevalence of diseases such as non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In particular, there is a need for diagnostic and prognostic tools, as well as predictive biomarkers that reflect the efficacy of interventions, as described by the BEST criteria (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools Resource). This review covers the various liver collagens, their functional role in tissue homeostasis and delineates the common nomenclature for biomarkers based on BEST criteria. It addresses the common confounders affecting serological biomarkers, and describes defined collagen epitope biomarkers that originate from the dynamic processes of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling during liver injury.
Social flexibility to balance habitat fragmentation? Insights from the Mediterranean cave‐dwelling cardinalfish Apogon imberbis
Authors: Rastorgueff Pierre‐Alexandre
Published: January 2020

The Mediterranean cave‐dwelling cardinalfish Apogon imberbis shows a surprising panmixia for a brooding species inhabiting a fragmented habitat. This is partly attributed to the plasticity of its aggregative behavior, ranging from solitary to large schools. This plasticity allows this cardinalfish to take advantage of a wide variety of shadowed shelters, ranging from small cracks to large caves, which promotes population connectivity. This paper explores whether social flexibility can be the mechanism behind such behavioral plasticity, and the resulting ecological and evolutionary advantages in fragmented habitats. It also explores the limits of the application of this hypothesis to A. imberbis. Finally, it proposes possible experiments to unravel the origin of the behavioral plasticity and the exceptional connectivity of this cardinalfish.
Acquired syphilis in children: A retrospective study over two‐and‐a‐half decades in a tertiary care center in northern India
Authors: Dayal Surabhi , Sahu Priyadarshini , Aggarwal Kamal , Jain Vijay Kumar
Published: January 2020

Background

Syphilis causes considerable morbidity not only in adults but also in children. Unfortunately, acquired syphilis in children has not received due attention and remains a relatively ignored field.

Methods

This was a retrospective study, in which epidemiologic, clinical, and investigational data were analyzed from medical records of all sexually transmitted infection (STI) cases attending the STI clinic of Pt. B. D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak from January 1992 to November 2018. Children of age ≤14 years with acquired syphilis were studied.

Results

Of 9138 STD cases registered from January 1992 to November 2018, 39 were children with acquired syphilis, of whom 22 were males and 17 were females. The majority were in 12‐14 years age group (22 cases; 56.41%). A history of sexual abuse could be elicited in 10 patients. Three gave a history of voluntary sexual activity. Examination revealed secondary syphilis in 32, latent syphilis in 6 and only one case of primary chancre. Analysis of incidence of pediatric acquired syphilis cases over three‐year intervals during the last 27 years indicated an initial decreasing trend followed by recent slight rise in last 3 years.

Conclusion

Social inhibitions and reluctance to report child sexual abuse may have led to an underestimate of actual prevalence. The prevalence in the 12‐ to 14‐year age group may indicate emerging trends of promiscuous sexual behavior. The recent rising trend in occurrence of childhood acquired syphilis may mirror the recent resurgence of adult syphilis.
Diversity, plant growth‐promoting traits, and biocontrol potential of fungal endophytes of Sorghum bicolor
Authors: Rajini Sollepura B. , Nandhini Murali , Udayashankar Arkere C. , Niranjana Siddapura R. , Lund Ole S. , Prakash Harischandra S.
Published: January 2020

The diversity of fungal endophytes in Sorghum bicolor was investigated in samples collected from 10 different geographical regions of Karnataka state, India. A total of 360 endophytes were isolated from leaf, stem, and root tissues and were assigned to 26 fungal species based on morphology and molecular characterization using ITS sequences. All the endophytes belonged to the phylum Ascomycota. The diversity (Shannon H, 2.57; Simpson_1‐D, 0.92) and species richness (Margalef's, 4.68; Menhinick, 3.61) were found to be higher for the endophytes isolated from leaf tissues. The species evenness of the endophytic assemblage was strongly influenced by tissue type, followed by geographical location. The biocontrol potential of isolated endophytes was evaluated against economically destructive sorghum grain mould pathogens such as Fusarium thapsinum, Epicoccum sorghinum, Alternaria alternata, and Curvularia lunata using the dual culture method. Biocontrol potential was exhibited by 26 endophytic isolates, of which Trichoderma asperellum recorded broad‐spectrum activity against target pathogens, followed by E. nigrum and A. longipes. Most (82%) endophytes showed plant growth‐promoting traits. Biosynthesis of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) was observed in 84% of isolates, and phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and cellulase activity was observed in 69%, 23%, and 27% of isolates, respectively. Seeds treated with T. asperellum exhibited a significantly higher seed vigour index (2096), germination percentage (94%), and yield under greenhouse and field conditions. The results were substantiated by the confocal microscopy analysis, which clearly demonstrated the colonization of treated endophyte in root tissues. The present study reveals an ecofriendly approach to explore T. asperellum in sorghum disease management.
“Ain't No Hood Like Motherhood”: The Complexity of Human Milk Donor Identity
Authors: Oreg Ayelet , Appe Susan
Published: January 2020

Objective

This article draws on the literature of bodily gifting, the motivations for milk donation, and donor identity to explore human milk donation in the context of nonprofit milk banks. We ask: What are the characteristics of the milk donor identity?

Methods

We qualitatively analyze written testimonials and images produced by human milk donors during the time of their milk donation.

Results

We found that milk donors comprised complex identities: the identity of a mother, of a woman, sometimes a recipient, and often including the donor's professional identity.

Conclusion

Given the increasing demand for human milk donations, studying the unique aspects of this donation is important. The complexity of milk donor identity is captured in the fluidity of human milk donation itself, donors and recipients with this bodily gifting include the babies, mothers, and even entire families.
The need to prioritize sustainable phosphate‐based fertilizers
Authors: Tian Da , Li Zhen , O'Connor David , Shen Zhengtao
Published: January 2020

The unsustainable use of phosphate‐based fertilizers can lead to the depletion of accessible phosphorous reserves and cause environmental problems. As well as finding new phosphate supplies, we ought to be prioritizing sustainable phosphate‐based fertilizers. By adopting microbial, physical and chemical modifications, low‐solubility phosphate minerals could be used in an efficient way for nutrient supply and heavy metal immobilization. However, there are many obstacles to overcome in moving these sustainable approaches from the laboratory to the field.
Development of a Grid Connected Solar-Wind Hybrid System With Reduction in Levelized Tariff for a Remote Island in India
Authors: Goswami Anik , Sadhu Paromita , Sadhu Pradip Kumar
Published: January 2020

Sagar Island which is located in the world's largest delta, the Sunderban, in the eastern coast of India faces severe power crunch. Due to its isolated location, the power infrastructure is underdeveloped. This has led to very unreliable power supply and frequent power cuts. The island being economically weak, power is inaccessible to most of its residents. Thus, the per unit energy consumption of the area is low and it has led to the lowering of the human development index of the area. However, Sagar Island, owing to its location, has huge solar and wind power potential. This paper discusses the prospect of developing a solar-wind hybrid power plant to supply power to the area. The developed hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) power plant will provide uninterrupted power to the island. Results show that the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) from the proposed power plant is 0.03707 $/kWh, which is lower than the LCOE from the available grid. Lowering the cost of electricity will make electricity accessible to most of the inhabitants of the island. This will, in turn, increase the per unit energy consumption and hence the human development index. The proposed power plant will also help the environment by reducing CO2 emissions by 1894.08 tonnes annually. It will also save 587.39 tonnes of coal in its lifetime. Hence, the HRES power plant will make power accessible and also help Sagar Island to become a renewable fed “Green Island.”
Modeling the Flow and Transport Dynamics in Gasoline Particulate Filters to Improve Filtration Efficiency
Authors: Korneev Svyatoslav , Onori Simona
Published: January 2020

We propose a new pore-scale/channel model, or hybrid model, for the fluid flow and particulate transport in gasoline particulate filters (GPFs). GPFs are emission control devices aimed at removing particulate out of the exhaust system of a gasoline direct injection engine. In this study, we consider a wall-flow uncoated GPF, which is made of a bundle of inlet and outlet channels separated by porous walls. The particulate-filled exhaust gas flows into the inlet channels, and passes through the porous walls before exiting out of the outlet channels. We model the flow inside the inlet and outlet channels using the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation coupled with the spatially averaged Navier–Stokes equation for the flow inside the porous walls. For the particulate transport, the coupled advection and spatially averaged advection–reaction equations are used, where the reaction term models the particulate accumulation. Using OpenFOAM, we numerically solve the flow and the transport equations and show that the concentration of deposited particles is nonuniformly distributed along the filter length, with an increase of concentration at the back end of the filter as Reynolds number increases. Images from X-ray computed tomography (XCT)-scanning experiments of the soot-loaded filter show that such a nonuniform distribution is consistent with the prediction obtained from the model. Finally, we show how the proposed model can be employed to optimize the filter design to improve filtration efficiency.
Experimental Validation of Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Waste Heat Recovery System
Authors: Xu Bin , Yebi Adamu , Rathod Dhruvang , Onori Simona , Filipi Zoran , Hoffman Mark
Published: January 2020

This paper discusses an experimental validation of a real-time augmented control scheme for an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) waste heat recovery (WHR) system. A nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) is designed to regulate the working fluid vapor temperature after the evaporator. The NMPC utilizes a six-state reduced order moving boundary (MB) evaporator model. The state estimator is constructed using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) given the working fluid outlet vapor temperature and exhaust gas outlet temperature as measurements. Working fluid evaporation pressure is controlled by an external proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control loop. The experimental validation first compares the performance of the augmented control scheme with that of a traditional multiple loop PID control with a feedforward term over an engine transient. The experimental study shows that the augmented control scheme outperforms the baseline multiloop PID control in both terms tracking error and settling time during transient engine operation. The performance of the augmented control scheme is further validated over three additional transient conditions with alterations to both the engine transient and the working fluid reference temperature. The NMPC validation shows that the working fluid vapor temperature can be controlled within 1% error margin relative to the targeted reference.
Cracks Repairing by Using Laser Additive and Subtractive Hybrid Manufacturing Technology
Authors: Xu Zifa , Ouyang Wentai , Jia Shaohui , Jiao Junke , Zhang Mina , Zhang Wenwu
Published: January 2020

A laser additive and subtractive hybrid manufacturing technology was proposed to repair Inconel 718 cracks in this paper. Microstructures and the mechanical properties such as the micro-hardness, the tensile strength, and the friction-wear of the repair zone were investigated in detail. The microstructure analysis showed that a metallurgical bonding could be achieved between the repair zone and the matrix. The typically columnar and dendrite crystal appeared in the repaired zone, and the crystal epitaxial grew along the deposition direction, and the heat-affected zone in the groove boundary was coarse equiaxial crystal. The mechanical test result showed that the micro-hardness and tensile strength of the repaired tissue was about 87% and 89% of the original Inconel 718 wrought substrate. And, the wear resistance of the repaired zone was similar to that of the substrate. It was found that the surface quality of the repair zone for laser polishing is better than that for mechanical milling.
Highly selective Si3N4/SiO2 etching using an NF3/N2/O2/H2 remote plasma. I. Plasma source and critical fluxes
Authors: Volynets Vladimir , Barsukov Yuri , Kim Gonjun , Jung Ji-Eun , Nam Sang Ki , Han Kyuhee , Huang Shuo , Kushner Mark J.
Published: January 2020

Highly selective plasma etching of silicon nitride (Si3N4), while not etching silicon dioxide (SiO2), is a critical step in the fabrication of microelectronics devices. In many applications, this etching must be damage-free and isotropic, which then motivates the use of remote plasmas where the reactants interacting with the substrate are dominantly neutral species. In this paper and Paper II, mechanisms for highly selective Si3N4 etching in remote plasmas are discussed based on results from experiments and simulations. It has been shown experimentally that high Si3N4/SiO2 etch selectivity (≈380) can be achieved in the downstream effluent of an NF3/N2/O2/H2 plasma. The authors found that H2 plays a principal role in the reaction mechanism as Si3N4/SiO2 selectivity shows a sharp maximum as a function of the H2 flow rate. Based on this observation, and measured densities of F-atoms and H2 in the process chamber, a mechanism of selective Si3N4/SiO2 etching is proposed in which HF molecules in vibrationally excited states accelerate etching reactions. A reaction mechanism for NF3/N2/O2/H2 plasmas and its afterglow was developed to computationally determine the species densities and fluxes on the wafer level, validated by comparing with experimentally measured F-atom and H2 densities. The calculated species densities and fluxes were used as input to an analytical model of Si3N4 and SiO2 etching based on the results of quantum chemistry simulations. This paper presents experimental results (etching data and species densities), the reaction mechanism for NF3/N2/O2/H2 plasmas, and the results of simulations of gas phase chemistry. Quantum chemistry simulations of elementary etching reactions, description of the analytical model of Si3N4 and SiO2 etching, calculations of the etch rates, and Si3N4/SiO2 selectivity with this model are presented in Paper II.
Acoustical News
Authors: Moran Elaine
Published: January 2020

Editor's Note: Readers of this journal are encouraged to submit news items on awards, appointments, and other activities about themselves or their colleagues. Deadline dates for news and notices are 2 months prior to publication.
A bioinspired Separated Flow wing provides turbulence resilience and aerodynamic efficiency for miniature drones
Authors: Di Luca Matteo , Mintchev Stefano , Su Yunxing , Shaw Eric , Breuer Kenneth
Published: January 2020

A bioinspired wing generates lift that is robust to gusts and freestream turbulence without sacrificing flight duration.
An organosynthetic dynamic heart model with enhanced biomimicry guided by cardiac diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Park Clara , Fan Yiling , Hager Gregor , Yuk Hyunwoo , Singh Manisha , Rojas Allison , Hameed Aamir , Saeed Mossab , Vasilyev Nikolay V. , Steele Terry W. J. , Zhao Xuanhe , Nguyen Christopher T. , Roche Ellen T.
Published: January 2020

A biohybrid soft robotic heart mimics myocardial architecture and motion while preserving explanted intracardiac structures.
Autonomic perspiration in 3D-printed hydrogel actuators
Authors: Mishra Anand K. , Wallin Thomas J. , Pan Wenyang , Xu Artemis , Wang Kaiyang , Giannelis Emmanuel P. , Mazzolai Barbara , Shepherd Robert F.
Published: January 2020

A soft 3D-printed hydrogel actuator regulates temperature via autonomic perspiration enabled by thermomechanical response of base materials.
Antibody Binding to the O-Specific Antigen of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O6 Inhibits Cell Growth
Authors: Richard Gabrielle , MacKenzie C. Roger , Henry Kevin A. , Vinogradov Evgeny , Hall J. Christopher , Hussack Greg
Published: January 2020

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is an opportunistic pathogen that is inherently resistant to many antibiotics and represents an increasing threat due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains. There is a pressing need to develop innovative antimicrobials against this pathogen. In this study, we identified the O-specific antigen (OSA) of
P. aeruginosa
serotype O6 as a novel target for therapeutic intervention. Binding of monoclonal antibodies and antigen-binding fragments therefrom to O6 OSA leads to rapid outer membrane destabilization and inhibition of cell growth.