bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Word Processing in the Human Cortex
Authors: Marinković Ksenija
Published: May 2004

Understanding language relies on concurrent activation of multiple areas within a distributed neural network. Hemodynamic measures (fMRI and PET) indicate their location, and electromagnetic measures (magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography) reveal the timing of brain activity during language processing. Their combination can show the spatiotemporal characteristics (where and when) of the underlying neural network. Activity to written and spoken words starts in sensory-specific areas and progresses anteriorly via respective ventral (“what”) processing streams toward the simultaneously active supramodal regions. The process of understanding a word in its current context peaks about 400 ms after word onset. It is carried out mainly through interactions of the temporal and inferior prefrontal areas on the left during word reading and bilateral temporo-prefrontal areas during speech processing. Neurophysiological evidence suggests that lexical access, semantic associations, and contextual integration may be simultaneous as the brain uses available information in a concurrent manner, with the final goal of rapidly comprehending verbal input. Because the same areas may participate in multiple stages of semantic or syntactic processing, it is crucial to consider both spatial and temporal aspects of their interactions to appreciate how the brain understands words.
The NMDA Receptor Gating Machine: Lessons from Single Channels
Authors: Popescu Gabriela , Auerbach Anthony
Published: May 2004

The slow component of the excitatory postsynaptic current in the central nervous system is generated by the activity of NMDA receptors. The activation properties of this class of glutamate receptor determine key features of the synaptic response and have important consequences for synaptic plasticity and cell physiology. NMDA receptor activation is complex and involves ligand binding, protein conformational changes, and channel blockade. Recently, two groups have proposed state models that encapsulate the essential features of NMDA receptor gating conformational changes. These models provide insight into the NMDA receptor as a molecular machine and should help us understand and manipulate NMDA receptor mediated synaptic function and pathologies.
Psychometric Testing of the Health Options Scale with Adolescents
Authors: Laudenbach Lori , Ford-Gilboe Marilyn
Published: May 2004

The availability of psychometrically sound family measures that are appropriate for parents and their children is limited. As a result, children’s perspectives of their families, including their efforts to promote health, are virtually absent in the scientific literature. The 21-item Health Options Scale (HOS) was designed to measure health work, the process by which families work together to promote their health. Although evidence of reliability and validity of the HOS has been provided in adult samples, the psychometric properties of this scale have not been assessed in adolescents. In the current study, the reliability and validity of the HOS was assessed using data from a convenience sample of 188 Canadian adolescents, with the intention of retaining the 3 subscales of the HOS if possible. The original 21-item scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency and evidence of construct validity on initial testing. Scale modification to improve fit of the data with the 3-dimensional structure of the HOS using item analysis and confirmatory factory analysis yielded different findings that support the original 21-item HOS and a new 15-item version. Implications for additional testing of the HOSand general considerations related to choice of instrument development and testing strategies are addressed.
Listening to the Baby: Evaluating a Baby Book Journal for New Parents
Authors: SmithBattle Lee , Pohlman Shawn , Broeder Jennifer L.
Published: May 2004

Browsing the parenting section of any bookstore reveals a wide variety ofcommercially available baby books. In spite of their popularity, the baby book format has rarely been used to develop materials that support the transition to parenting. This article describes the development of a baby book for this purpose, the phenomenological scholarship and research findings that shaped its design, and the results of an evaluation study that assessed its appeal, use, and readability by low-income parents. Forty-four low-income parents who had received the baby book were asked to describe their use of the book and to rate its appeal and readability during phone interviews. Parents’ suggestions for revising the baby book and their thoughts about sharing journal entries with clinicians were also elicited. The baby book text, written with the baby’s voice, appealed broadly to parents, suggesting that this format shows promise as an educational tool.
Prevailing Impressions of Social Actors in Korean News Coverage of a Public Health Crisis
Authors: Logan Robert A. , Shin Jae-Hwa , Park Jaeyung
Published: May 2004

A content analysis of coverage of a Korean public health crisis from September 1999 to December 2000 explored four hypotheses regarding how major social actors were depicted within two national newspapers,Chosun Ilbo , a conservative daily, andHankyoreh , a more liberal, youthoriented daily. The findings failed to support any of the four hypotheses. The coverage of major actors tended to range from unfavorable inHankyoreh to equivocal inChosun Ilbo . The study suggests that (1) the depiction of social actors was different between leading Korean news organizations and (2) a one-dimensional, broad characterization of the Korean news media’s alleged biases over time was difficult to validate. The study also implies that a tendency to uniformly characterize the depiction of social actors by all national news organizations is difficult inKorea and, perhaps, in similar cultural contexts.
A Robust Disturbance Rejection Method for Uncertain Flexible Mechanical Vibrating Systems Under Persistent Excitation
Authors: Zheng Liang-An
Published: May 2004

This paper presents a robust disturbance rejection method for a class of flexible mechanical vibrating systems with time-varying parameter perturbations subject to persistent excitation. The control input is split into two parts as a common strategy: one is obtained from the regulator design that is responsible for primary stabilization; the other is assigned to cancel the effect of the persistent excitation. The states of controlled dynamics and excitation dynamics are estimated by a Kalman filter. Then, taking into account plant variations, a robust stability condition is proposed to ensure the stability of the resulting closed system. It is shown that, using the proposed stability condition, the designed controller can effectively suppress the persistent excitation and keep the flexible mechanical system from the possibility of instability caused by spillover and time-varying parameter perturbations. Finally, two examples are given to demonstrate the use of the design method.
Structure-Borne Power Transmission in Thin Naturally Orthotropic Plates: General Case
Authors: Mandal Nirmal Kumar , Abd. Rahman Roslan , Leong M. Salman
Published: May 2004

The structural intensity technique is usually used to estimate vibration power flow in structures. This method is used to determine vibration power flow in thin naturally orthotropic plates. The bending wave is considered to find general vibration power transmission in the frequency domain that is not approximated by far field conditions. This intensity formulation defines power flow per unit width of the plates (W m−1) similar to that of the conventional idea. Power flow estimation is formulated using cross-spectra of field signals, facilitating the use of a fast Fourier transform analyzer.
Convergence Analysis of an Inverse Flexible Manipulator Model Algorithm
Authors: Bigras Pascal , Saad Maarouf , O'shea Jules
Published: May 2004

In this paper we present a convergence analysis of an iterative method to obtain the inverse model in the virtual joint space of a class of flexible manipulators. Virtual joints are defined so as to be related kinematically to the workspace. Thus, when the desired trajectory can be transformed from the workspace to the virtual joint space, the inverse model in the virtual joint space can be used to obtain a trajectory tip-tracking controller. Because the robot model in the virtual joint space is a non-minimum phase system, its inverse is unstable. The inverse method is then based on a causal-anticausal integration approach used in an iterative manner. The convergence analysis of this inverse algorithm is based on the contraction-mapping theorem and provides a very simple way to expand the desired trajectory to ensure its convergence. Finally, the inverse algorithm and its convergence analysis are validated by simulating a controller, based on the inverse model, that drives a two-link manipulator made up of one rigid and one flexible link. The simulation results demonstrate the good performance of the inverse algorithm and its convergence analysis presented here.
Free Flexural Vibration of Composite Plates in Different Situations Using a High Precision Triangular Element
Authors: Sheikh A. H. , Haldar S. , Sengupta D.
Published: May 2004

A high precision, thick-plate element developed by D. Sengupta has been applied to the free vibration analysis of laminated composite plates with necessary addition and modification. The effect of shear deformation has been incorporated in the formulation, taking the transverse displacement and rotations of the normal as independent field variables. These are approximated with polynomials of different orders, which has made the element free from locking in shear. The element contains internal nodes. The degrees of freedom of these nodes have been eliminated through condensation in its final form. To facilitate the condensation, an efficient mass lumping scheme has been recommended to form the mass matrix having zero mass for the internal nodes. Recommendation has also been made for the inclusion of the rotary inertia in the lumped mass matrix. Numerical examples of plates having different shapes, boundary conditions, thickness ratios, fiber orientations and number of layers have been solved. Examples of plates having internal cutout and concentrated mass have also been studied. The results obtained in all cases have been compared with those obtained from other sources to show the accuracy and range of applicability of the element.
Exponential Stabilization of an Axially Moving Tensioned Strip by Passive Damping and Boundary Control
Authors: Choi Ji-Yun , Hong Keum-Shik , Yang Kyung-Jinn
Published: May 2004

In this paper, we investigate an active vibration control of a translating tensioned steel strip in the zinc galvanizing line. The dynamics of the moving strip is modeled as a Euler-Bernoulli beam with non-linear tension. The control objective is to suppress the transverse vibrations of the strip via boundary control. A right boundary control law based upon the Lyapunov second method is derived. It is revealed that a time-varying boundary force and a suitable passive damping at the right boundary can successfully suppress the transverse vibrations. The exponential stability of the closed-loop system is proved. The effectiveness of the control laws proposed is demonstrated via simulations.
Neural Network Control for a Semi-Active Vehicle Suspension with a Magnetorheological Damper
Authors: Guo D. L. , Hu H. Y. , Yi J. Q.
Published: May 2004

Semi-active vehicle suspension with magnetorheological dampers is a promising technology for improving the ride comfort of a ground vehicle. However, the magnetorheological damper always exhibits nonlinear hysteresis between its output force and relative velocity, and additional nonlinear stiffness owing to the state transition from liquid to semi-solid or solid, so that the semi-active suspension with magnetorheological dampers features nonlinearity by nature. To control such nonlinear dynamic systems subject to random road roughness, in this paper we present a neural network control, which includes an error back propagation algorithm with quadratic momentum of the multilayer forward neural networks. Both the low frequency of road-induced vibration of the vehicle body and the fast response of the magnetorheological damper enable the neural network control to work effectively on-line. The numerical simulations and an experiment for a quarter-car model indicate that the semi-active suspension with a magnetorheological damper and neural network control is superior to the passive suspensions in a range of low frequency.
Nonlinear Analysis of Single-Layer Reticulated Spherical Shells Under Static and Dynamic Loads
Authors: Li Q. S. , Chen J. M.
Published: May 2004

A nonlinear finite element technique is developed for analyzing the nonlinear static and dynamic responses as well as the nonlinear stability of single-layer reticulated shells under external loads, in which the nonlinear three-dimensional beam elements are employed. Using the updated Lagrangian formulation, we derive a tangent stiffness matrix of three-dimensional beam element, considering the geometric nonlinearity of the element. Moreover, the modified Newton-Raphson method is employed for the solution of the nonlinear equilibrium equations, and the Newmark-β method is adopted for determining the seismic response of single-layer reticulated shells. An improved arc-length method, in which the current stiffness parameter is used to reflect the nonlinear degree of such space structures, is presented for determining the load increment for the structural stability analysis. In addition, an accurate incremental method is developed for computing the large rotations of the space structures. The developed approach is presented in matrix form, which is particularly convenient for developing a computer program. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the application of the present method and to investigate the effects of the geometrical nonlinearity of the space structures.
Relative Risk of Postpartum Complications in the Ohio Medicaid Population: Vaginal Versus Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Koroukian Siran M.
Published: May 2004

The objective of this study was to estimate the relative risk of postpartum complication by type of delivery among Ohio Medicaid beneficiaries. The study uses the linked Medicaid and Ohio birth certificate data for births occurring from July 1991 through April 1996 (N = 168,736). The results indicate that the incidence of major puerperal infection, thromboembolic events, anesthetic complications, and obstetrical surgical wound infection was higher among women undergoing a C-section as compared to those with vaginal delivery, even after limiting the analysis to elective cesarean deliveries and uncomplicated vaginal deliveries. On the other hand, women with C-sections were less likely to experience obstetrical trauma, and results on postpartum hemorrhage were inconclusive. Aside from obstetrical trauma, the relative risk of postpartum complications remains significantly higher among women undergoing C-section. These findings are of particular relevance in light of the substantial proportion of repeat C-sections performed on an elective basis.
The Child Maltreatment Log: A Computer-Based Program for Describing Research Samples
Authors: Sternberg Kathleen J. , Knutson John F. , Lamb Michael E. , Baradaran Laila P. , Nolan Catherine M. , Flanzer Sally
Published: May 2004

The Child Maltreatment Log (CML) is a computer-based program designed to record information about children’s maltreatment experiences and associated life events.Addressing concerns posed by scientific panels and grant review panels, the CML was designed to improve upon existing instruments to facilitate collaboration among researchers interested in maltreatment. The CML encourages researchers to collect information from multiple sources and informants concerning children’s maltreatment experiences. Rather than classifying types of maltreatment a priori, the CML allows researchers to describe children’s experiences using objective descriptors pertaining to potential acts of abuse, potential perpetrators, frequency, onset, consequential injuries, and treatment. The CML can be downloaded by interested agencies and groups without charge.
Recognizing and Treating Uncommon Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents Who Have Been Severely Maltreated: Somatization and Other Somatoform Disorders
Authors: Haugaard Jeffrey J.
Published: May 2004

This article reviews current knowledge about somatoform disorders in children and adolescents. Somatoform disorders are likely to occur more frequently in children and adolescents who have been severely maltreated than in others. The symptoms of somatoform disorders are reviewed, strategies for distinguishing somatoform disorders from other disorders are examined, and treatment strategies are explored.
A Problem of Validity in Education Research
Authors: Beach Dennis
Published: May 2004

All forms of capitalism involve economic accumulation for one small group of individuals at the expense of others in processes that are therefore completely antithetical to equity and solidarity. For a sense of fairness to be maintained under these circumstances, strange things must happen to what are termed as common life values. They must begin to operate instrumentally according to principles of the market, where monetary forms of value predominate and the cultural and economic character of everyday life is disguised. This knowledge is rarely included in interpretations of education processes and outcomes in education research within capitalist societies. The argument of the present article is in the interests of education research validity as it should be.
This is Your Father’s Paradigm: Government Intrusion and the Case of Qualitative Research in Education
Authors: Lather Patti
Published: May 2004

This talk was the Egon Guba Invited Lecture at the American Educational Research Association annual conference, April, 2003, Chicago. This article mobilizes three counterdiscourses to critique the federal government’s incursion into legislating scientific method in the realm of educational research via the “evidence-based” movement of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Foucauldian policy analysis, feminism via Luce Irigaray, and postcolonialism via Stuart Hall are used to situate such scientism as a racialized masculinist backlash against the proliferation of research approaches that characterize the past 20 years of social inquiry. Congressional disdain for educational research is addressed within a context of the Science Wars and the needs of neoliberal states, including conservative restoration.
Reemergent Scientism, Postmodernism, and Dialogue Across Differences
Authors: Maxwell Joseph A.
Published: May 2004

The reemergence of a narrowly defined “scientifically based research” that marginalizes qualitative approaches represents a major threat to qualitative research. A postmodern perspective not only challenges this essentialist definition of “science” but also critiques tendencies of qualitative researchers to essentialize proponents of “science”. These arguments raise the issue of dialogue across the differences between researchers working in different paradigms. Such dialogue can promote a better understanding of the value of qualitative research; it can also sensitize qualitative researchers to the importance of validity concerns and alternative interpretations in their work. Addressing the latter issue strengthens the argument that at least some qualitative research can be fully “scientific” without giving up the essential characteristics of qualitative inquiry.
The Tale I Tell: An Old Year Ends
Authors: Quinney Richard
Published: May 2004

I reported the beginning of my 2001 odyssey year in an earlier issue of Qualitative Inquiry. The year ended with the accounting that follows. As the year passed, more time was spent at the farm of my birth and early years in southern Wisconsin. Photographs were made of time spent at the farm. As winter came, my wife and I moved to Madison, my chronic illness continued to be treated, and I continued to document the meanings found in this everyday life—telling the tale I had sworn to tell.
Ethics, Reflexivity, and “Ethically Important Moments” in Research
Authors: Guillemin Marilys , Gillam Lynn
Published: May 2004

Ethical tensions are part of the everyday practice of doing research—all kinds of research. How do researchers deal with ethical problems that arise in the practice of their research, and are there conceptual frameworks that they can draw on to assist them? This article examines the relationship between reflexivity and research ethics. It focuses on what constitutes ethical research practice in qualitative research and how researchers achieve ethical research practice. As a framework for thinking through these issues, the authors distinguish two different dimensions of ethics in research, which they term procedural ethics and “ethics in practice.” The relationship between them and the impact that each has on the actual doing of research are examined. The article then draws on the notion of reflexivity as a helpful way of understanding both the nature of ethics in qualitative research and how ethical practice in research can be achieved.
Regulatory Power: Can a Feminist Poststructuralist Engage in Research Oversight?
Authors: Cannella Gaile S.
Published: May 2004

This personal narrative focuses on a specific experience with the regulation and potential discrediting of diverse forms of research—service as the chairperson of an institutional review board. An attempt to adjust to contemporary legislative expectations for the protection of human participants in research in one institutional setting is described. Because of the complex, ambiguous, multivocal, and political nature of research and research regulation, the author has come to believe that qualitative researchers who become informed critical activists regarding research ethics and regulation are immediately needed as voices in the construction of appropriate practices that would protect all those involved—subjects/participants, researchers, volunteer academic reviewers, individual informants, the general public—while at the same tiome facilitating respect for research diversity. Valued qualitative research constructs—emergence, reflexivity, and the recognition of power and political agendas that place ethical practice and research diversity at the forefront of public discourses—are discussed as essential to the critical regulation of research.
Physical and Sexual Violence Experienced by Lesbian and Heterosexual Women
Authors: BERNHARD LINDA A.
Published: May 2004

Violence against women is recognized as an enormous social problem, but little is known about differences among women with regard to violence. This study was conducted to explore whether there are differences in the violence experienced by lesbian and heterosexual women and in the actions used in response to violence. A convenience sample of 136 lesbian and 79 heterosexual women completed survey questionnaires. Significantly more lesbians (51%) than heterosexual women (33%) had experienced nonsexual physical violence, and there was no difference between the groups in the prevalence of sexual violence (lesbian 54%, heterosexual 44%). The principal actions for all women in response to violence were avoidance, talking to someone, and doing nothing—passive strategies that have limited value.
Woman's Best Friend
Authors: FLYNN CLIFTON P.
Published: May 2004

Battered women seeking shelter were surveyed at intake about their experiences with pet abuse and the roles of pets in their abusive relationships. Of the women with pets, 46.5% reported that their batterers had threatened to harm or actually harmed their pets. Pets often served as important sources of emotional support during the relationship, particularly for women reporting pet abuse. Women continued to worry about the safety of their pets, especially given that many pets remained with the abusive partner. Implications of the findings are discussed and recommendations are presented for domestic violence and other professionals.
Dating Aggression Among Low Income African American Youth
Authors: WEST CAROLYN M. , ROSE SUZANNA
Published: May 2004

Prevalence of aggression inflicted and sustained in dating relationships was investigated for 171 low income African American youth. More women were victims of choking, attempted forced intercourse, and hurt feelings. As perpetrators, more women reported making threats, throwing objects, and hitting their partner. However, men perpetrated more serious sexual and psychological aggression, including forced breast fondling, attempted forced intercourse, and making a partner feel inferior and degrading her. Women victims of sexual aggression, when compared to nonvictims, expressed more agreement with adversarial sexual beliefs regarding male-female relationships. More than one third of the participants endorsed antagonistic beliefs concerning Black male-female relationships. Suggestions for intervention are presented.
The Importance of Cultural Competence in Ministering to African American Victims of Domestic Violence
Authors: BELL CARL C. , MATTIS JACQUELINE
Published: May 2004

This article describes an ecophenomenological model of domestic violence that helps to conceptualize the ways in which various contextual factors inform the experiences of African American victims of partner violence. The implications of this model for the culturally competent treatment of African American victims of partner abuse are discussed, as is the issue of violence as an outgrowth of an African American male entitlement dysfunction. The article also examines culturally grounded messages that contribute to the development of attitudes that promote violence against African American women. In addition, the article explores the patient's own relational life as a site of meaning making and sustained healing. Finally, the article considers the therapeutic alliance as a source of healing.
Eva's Story
Authors: BELKNAP RUTH ANN
Published: May 2004

This work is an interpretive reading of one Mexican American woman's story as told to an Anglo researcher. It demonstrates the methodological meaningfulness of reading for conflict and voice in the narratives of women who have experienced abuse and, perhaps more important, brings others into relationship with Eva and her story. The story is read through the interpretive lens of women's moral development as described by Carol Gilligan. The article begins with a review of Gilligan's theory of moral development, followed by a detailed interpretation of the reading of Eva's story. The method used for the analysis is an adaptation of the method developed by Gilligan and several of her colleagues. This method of analysis explicates experiences described as creating moral conflict, the narrator's sense of self, and the voices of psychological distress and resilience in her story.
Promise and Perils of Surveillance in Addressing Violence Against Women
Authors: CAMPBELL JACQUELYN C.
Published: May 2004

Surveillance in the field of violence against women holds great promise as a tool to establish and track prevalence over time, identify risk groups and factors, and evaluate interventions. Appropriate surveillance systems are population based and can be used as the basis for informed public policy formation and evaluation, and public attitude assessment and analysis. They can also decrease research costs and can be established in all of the systems (legal, health, and social services) that interact with victims. Yet surveillance is not a perfect system. This article examines the issues with surveillance in this field, including its assumptions, prevalence variations, sensitivity and specificity issues, and safety concerns. The conclusion offers some creative approaches to address these problems.
Current Controversies on Defining Nonlethal Violence Against Women in Intimate Heterosexual Relationships
Authors: DeKESEREDY WALTER S.
Published: May 2004

There is considerable disagreement about what harmful behaviors should be included in a definition of nonlethal violence against women in intimate heterosexual relationships. For example, many researchers restrict their focus to physical and/or sexual assaults, whereas others offer formulations that include a much broader range of injurious acts. The main objectives of this article are to describe and evaluate narrow and broad definitions and provide some suggestions for achieving consensus in defining violence against women.
Health Related Surveillance Data on Violence Against Women
Authors: WALLER ANNA E. , MARTIN SANDRA L. , ORNSTEIN MIRIAM L.
Published: May 2004

This article identifies sources of health-related surveillance data on violence against women at both state and local levels. State and local health data have much potential to address the surveillance of violence against women. Some data sources, however, are limited by existing coding systems and poor documentation. Others, such as population-based health surveys, could provide population-based data on women's experience of violence but are underused. Examples of a variety of initiatives are discussed.
Men at Work to End Wife Abuse in Quebec
Authors: DANKWORT JUERGEN , RAUSCH RUDOLF
Published: May 2004

Examining how men respond to the social problem of domestic violence may further our understanding of how woman abuse is defined and affected by the activities of groups making claims in relation to it. This article is a critical case study of how abusive men's programs in a Canadian province organized to advance their agenda for acceptance of an unprecedented men's network of generic services, based on men's identity politics. The authors note a continuing historical trend of individualizing woman abuse with this separate, uncoordinated development of resources for domestic violence perpetrators. Examining its implications, the authors conclude that homosocial men's projects must work in tandem with battered women's advocates and their resources, and include a number of principles in the politics of masculinities to guide them in their work.
Safety, Equity, and Human Agency
Authors: ELLIS DESMOND
Published: May 2004

The primary objective of this article is to present the merits of the case for the contribution made by divorce mediation to the safety, equity, and human agency concerns of separating women. Research findings indicate that divorce mediation makes a greater contribution toward achieving these outcomes than either lawyer negotiations or court adjudication. The article ends with a segment on what men can do to promote women's safety.
Experience of Abuse Among Women Visiting Incarcerated Partners
Authors: TOEPELL ANDREA RIESCH , GREAVES LORRAINE
Published: May 2004

This study reflects the first concerted effort to investigate women's perceptions of and their feelings about the Private Family Visit (PFV) program in Canada. The research focused on assessing women's safety during conjugal visits with incarcerated partners. Abuse, control, and violence from partners were issues discussed with the women, but almost all of the participants also described abusive experiences from the correctional system or staff.
Balancing Safety and Self-Sufficiency
Authors: PEARSON JESSICA , GRISWOLD ESTHER ANN , THOENNES NANCY
Published: May 2004

This article reports on three demonstration projects involving efforts to address the needs of public assistance applicants/recipients who are domestic violence victims while also developing effective methods to improve cooperation with child support agencies. Through various approaches, such as direct questioning, screening and referrals, and domestic violence specialists, the projects explore ways to identify victims of domestic violence, levels of interest in child support and exemptions, barriers to cooperation, and clients' responses to specialists and referrals for community-based services.
With the Best of Intentions
Authors: LEIN LAURA , JACQUET SUSAN E. , LEWIS CAROL M. , COLE PATRICIA R. , WILLIAMS BERNICE B.
Published: May 2004

Interviews disclosed a potential mismatch between the needs of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) recipients who requested assistance with domestic violence and the services, particularly the domestic violence waiver, offered by the TANF system. Only a third of the TANF applicants who were referred to family violence specialists requested a waiver of the TANF participation requirements, but all of them reported other barriers to employment in addition to the violence in their homes. The other barriers often took precedence over the violence. The women needed help with child care, adequate housing, transportation, and living-wage jobs to support themselves and their children.
Impoverished Women in Violent Partnerships
Authors: COLE PATRICIA R.
Published: May 2004

This article proposes that women's willingness to reveal violent relationships and to participate in family violence services is influenced by the totality of their life experiences and circumstances. Services that are responsive to broader issues and conditions that underlie women's options and choices will reach and help more women. Suggestions are made for designing programs that are informed by women's reality and respond to their priorities, assure that services are reasonable and accessible, embrace racial and ethnic diversity, and create paths to employment that pays living wages.
Linking the Assessment of Self-Reported Functional Capacity With Abuse Experiences of Women With Disabilities
Authors: GILSON STEPHEN FRENCH , DePOY ELIZABETH , CRAMER ELIZABETH P.
Published: May 2004

Women with disabilities are abused at rates similar to or greater than their nondisabled counterparts. Compared with nonabused women, women abused by an intimate partner have a greater risk of being disabled or having an illness that affects their activities of daily living. Although disabled women experience similar forms of abuse to those of nondisabled women, some forms of abuse are unique to disabled women due to the limitations that the disability itself presents. This article presents a conceptual analysis of abuse of disabled women and discusses assessment procedures that can assist in identifying abuse and informing service delivery. We propose a model of abuse assessment for women with disabilities composed of three elements: traditional assessment anchored on the Power and Control Wheel that encompasses the unique forms of abuse that disabled women experience; comprehensive functional assessment through self-reporting and self-rating; and attention to heterogeneity with regard to cultural sensitivity, structure of reporting, and nature of disability.
Sterilization of Girls and Women With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: BRADY SUSAN M.
Published: May 2004

This article describes findings from empirical research examining sterilization applications for minors made to the Family Court of Australia between 1992 and 1999. Original materials and written reports from “experts,” family members, and judicial officers are used to highlight the dominant discourse and themes. These are compared with historical characterizations of young women with disabilities used during the notorious eugenics period in the first half of the 20th century. The new ways of justifying sterilization use the sanitized language of “best interests,” silencing constructionist approaches to disability and gender issues. The new ways are reminiscent of the old ways of discrimination, prejudice, and violation.
Patterns of Aggravated Assault in Public Housing
Authors: HOLZMAN HAROLD R. , HYATT ROBERT A. , DEMPSTER JOSEPH M.
Published: May 2004

Little empirical research has been conducted on violence against women in public housing settings. This two-city study looks at rates of aggravated assault against public housing residents, both on and off public housing property, in an effort to probe possible links between this setting and the risk of falling victim to personal violence. In both cities it was found that Black female residents of public housing were at much higher risk of aggravated assault compared with Black and White women living elsewhere in the same jurisdiction. However, the geographic pattern for aggravated assaults for Black female public housing residents differed markedly in the two cities studied. Using situational crime prevention as the point of departure, the authors ascribe the differences in victimization patterns to the different architectural design and geographic dispersion of the respective cities' public housing developments. One city's developments offer less privacy and accessibility, thus discouraging would-be assailants.
Domestic Violence and Housing
Authors: Menard Anne
Published: May 2004

This article identifies key policy and program recommendations that have emerged from recent analysis and national discussions on housing and domestic violence, and urges continued attention by policy makers, community leaders, and housing and domestic violence advocates to battered women's short- and long-term safety and housing needs. Three primary courses of action are highlighted: reviewing, and modifying as necessary, existing housing policy and programs to increase their responsiveness to women with abusive partners or ex-partners; promoting policies and programs that increase all women's access to safe, affordable, and stable housing as well as housing assistance and support services, when necessary; and widely publicizing information on available subsidized and nonsubsidized housing and housing assistance programs as well as services and protections available to domestic violence victims.
“Men in Transition”
Authors: SØRENSEN BO WAGNER
Published: May 2004

Violence against women in Greenland tends to be perceived and explained within a discourse that emphasizes the rapid social change that has occurred since the 1950s. This means that this phenomenon is usually seen as one of many social problems that spring from a society out of balance, caught between tradition and modernity. This article questions the dominant discourse, arguing that rapid social change does not in itself account for men's violence against women and that we need to focus on social agency. It is also suggested that the Arctic tradition could profit from engaging the general body of literature on violence against women.
Rape-Accepting Attitudes
Authors: LANIER CYNTHIA A.
Published: May 2004

Violence prevention, including rape and sexual assault prevention in the United States, has become a major concern for public health professionals. As a result, educational institutions have implemented rape prevention programs in an attempt to change rape-supportive attitudes and, thus, deter rapes. As an initial step in testing the relationship between rape-supportive attitudes and rape, this study examined 851 adolescent males who completed attitude and behavior surveys as part of a larger longitudinal study. The focus of this study is twofold: first, to determine if attitudes that are accepting of forced sex will predict the initiation of forced sex by adolescent males and, second, to determine if rape-accepting attitudes result from perpetration of forced sex. The data indicate that changing rape myth attitudes altered the behavior of forced sex in this population of males. Implications of the findings are discussed.
The Process of Ending Abuse in Intimate Relationships
Authors: BURKE JESSICA G. , GIELEN ANDREA CARLSON , McDONNELL KAREN A. , O'CAMPO PATRICIA , MAMAN SUZANNE
Published: May 2004

This article explores the suggestion that the transtheoretical model of behavior change is a promising conceptual framework for understanding how women end abuse in their intimate relationships. In-depth interviews were conducted with 78 women who were either currently in or had recently left abusive relationships. Women talked about the following five stages of behavior change: (a) nonrecognition (precontemplation), (b) acknowledgment (contemplation), (c) consideration of options (preparation), (d) selection of actions (action), and (e) use of safety strategies to remain free from abuse (maintenance). These results suggest that the model is consistent with how women describe surviving their abusive situations, and they have implications for both research and practice.
Disclosure Patterns of Black Female Sexual Assault Survivors
Authors: WASHINGTON PATRICIA A.
Published: May 2004

Drawing from interviews conducted with 12 Black women who experienced various forms of sexual violence, this study looks specifically at disclosure patterns of Black female sexual assault survivors. In particular, it examines how survivors' awareness of their social location as Black women influences the likelihood of their reporting sexual victimization to family members, friends, criminal justice personnel, and/or helping professionals. The purpose of the study is to add to the knowledge base regarding the impact of sexual violence on Black women's lives and to increase understanding of the factors influencing Black women's decisions to disclose or not to disclose their victimization as well as the consequences of those decisions.
“The Lovely Evil”
Authors: Segrave Jeffrey O.
Published: May 2004

The notion that sex before a contest impedes male athletic performance has exercised a remarkably strong hold over the popular imagination and has secured a hallowed place within the lore of the sporting fraternity. The purpose of this article is to deconstruct the pregame sex myth, revealing that the various ontological layers by which the myth is constituted relate to men's deepest fears of physical and personal enervation. Grounded in an interdisciplinary approach, the article argues that the pregame sex myth represents a formidable form of antifeminine thinking derived from masculine insecurities that resonate across time and that are easily translated into denigrating actions and attitudes toward women.
Assisting Women Victims of Violence Who Experience Multiple Barriers to Services
Authors: Zweig Janine M. , Schlichter Kathryn A. , Burt Martha R.
Published: May 2004

This study examines the extent to which programs for domestic violence and sexual assault gear services toward women facing multiple barriers (i.e., substance abuse disorders, mental health problems or learning disabilities, incarceration, and prostitution) and the unique problems such women encounter when accessing services. As part of a national evaluation, the authors interviewed staff from 20 programs focusing their service efforts on multibarriered women. Problems encountered by such women include lack of services dealing with multiple barriers, uneducated service providers, and batterers using women's barriers to further control or victimize them. This article describes the strategies programs use to meet these women's distinct needs.
Clergy's Attitudes and Attributions of Blame Toward Female Rape Victims
Authors: Sheldon Jane P. , Parent Sandra L.
Published: May 2004

Th authors investigated clergy's attitudes toward rape victims by using the Attitudes toward Rape Victims Scale and three rape scenarios (marital, date, and acquaintance). Clergy's sexism and religious fundamentalism were also measured. Results indicated that the more fundamentalist and sexist the clergy were, the more negative their attitudes toward rape victims. Qualitative analyses demonstrated that clergy take into account the woman's resistance, provocative behavior, decision making, marital role, and unusual behaviorwhen assigning responsibility for rape. The results indicated that most clergy blame the victimand adhere to rape myths; therefore, they need to be more educated about sexual assault.
Intimate Partner Abuse and Mental Health
Authors: Carlson Bonnie E. , McNutt Louise-Anne , Choi Deborah Y. , Rose Isabel M.
Published: May 2004

Social Support and other protective factors (Education, Employment, Self-Esteem, Health, and Absence of Economic Hardship) were studied in relation to depression, anxiety, and three types of lifetime abuse (recent intimate partner violence and past intimate partner violence, child abuse). Asurvey of 557 women was conducted as part of a domestic violence screening intervention in primary care. Compared to nonabused women, recently abused women may receive less support from partners but reported comparable levels of support from others. Total protective factors potentially provided a buffer for abused women from developing anxiety and depression but appea less effective at severe levels of lifetime abuse.
Sexual Assault of Women
Authors: SÖChting Ingrid , Fairbrother Nichole , Koch William J.
Published: May 2004

Most North American universities offer sexual assault prevention programs focusing on attitude change. However, the few program outcome evaluations suggest that these programs may not be effective. This review summarizes the research on sexual assault program evaluation. It is apparent that the most promising avenue for sexual assault prevention may be self-defense training, which is presently not an integral component of typical prevention programs. The substantial body of research on risk factors for sexual assault is also reviewed, and it is concluded that existing rape prevention programs could be improved by focusing on these factors.
Use of Domestic Violence Services Across Race and Ethnicity by Women Aged 55 and Older
Authors: Grossman Susan F. , Lundy Marta
Published: May 2004

This study focuses on 2,702 White, African American, and Hispanic female victims of domestic violence aged 55 and older who sought services from domestic violence programs. The experiences of these elders in terms of the type of abuse, the relationship to the abuser, the referral source, and service needs are described. Findings indicate that older women in the domestic violence service system have different experiences than persons in the adult protective service system. They are more frequently victims of intimate partner violence and have corresponding service needs that vary by race and ethnicity. The implications for older victims of domestic violence are discussed.
Crosstrails
Authors: Kogan Lori R. , McConnell Sherry , Schoenfeld-Tacher Regina , Jansen-Lock Pia
Published: May 2004

Domestic violence does not happen in isolation from other forms of violence, and there is a growing recognition that domestic violence, child abuse, and animal abuse often occur in the same households. Recent studies have found that many women seeking shelter in safehouses report that their abuser had threatened to harm or had harmed/killed their pet and that concern about their pets’ safety caused them to delay leaving an abusive situation. Few safehouses in the United States, however, have established programs to provide temporary shelter for women’s companion animals. The following activist/advocate note outlines the development of one animal foster program at a women’s safehouse in Colorado.
Sex Work and “Date” Violence
Authors: Kurtz Steven P. , Surratt Hilary L. , Inciardi James A. , Kiley Marion C.
Published: May 2004

This study employed survey and focus group methods to examine the characteristics and sex work-related behaviors of 294 female street-based sex workers in Miami that make them more likely to be victimized by their clients or “dates.” More than half the respondents had experienced date violence in the prior year. Economic desperation, using crack or heroin while working, not controlling the date location, and having sex in the car were strong predictors of victimization. The article concludes with recommendations for a harm-reduction approach to outreach and education, and it calls for increased legal protections for victimized sex workers.