bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Cyclophenacene‐ and Chiral‐Type Cyclophenylene‐Naphthylene Belts
Authors: Nogami Juntaro , Nagashima Yuki , Sugiyama Haruki , Miyamoto Kazunori , Tanaka Yusuke , Uekusa Hidehiro , Muranaka Atsuya , Uchiyama Masanobu , Tanaka Ken
Published: February 2022

We report the synthesis of a [20]cyclophenacene‐type cyclophenylene‐naphthylene (CPN) belt and the enantioselective synthesis of chiral‐type CPN belts (up to >99 %ee) by the cationic rhodium(I)‐catalyzed intramolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition of naphthalene‐embedded cyclic polyynes. The synthesis of a depth‐expanded CPN belt was also attempted, but the final intramolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition was unsuccessful. Theoretical calculations clarified that the reactivity depends on the stability of the transition state in the initial oxidative cycloaddition step which is subject to molecular strain. The cylindrical structures of these CPN belts were confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic analyses. As a result of π‐extension through the introduction of naphthalenes in the chiral‐type CPN belts, the anisotropy dissymmetry factors of electronic circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence are amplified compared with the corresponding zigzag‐type chiral cyclophenylene belts.
Shape‐Shifting Molecules: Unveiling the Valence Tautomerism Phenomena in Bare Barbaralones
Authors: Sanz‐Novo Miguel , Mato Mauro , León Íker , Echavarren Antonio M. , Alonso José L.
Published: February 2022

We report a state‐of‐the‐art spectroscopic study of an archetypical barbaralone, conclusively revealing the valence tautomerism phenomena for this bistable molecular system. The two distinct 1‐ and 5‐substituted valence tautomers have been isolated in a supersonic expansion for the first time and successfully characterized by high‐resolution rotational spectroscopy. This work provides irrefutable experimental evidence of the [3,3]‐rearrangement in barbaralones and highlights the use of rotational spectroscopy to analyze shape‐shifting mixtures. Moreover, this observation opens the window toward the characterization of new fluxional systems in the isolation conditions of the gas phase and should serve as a reference point in the general understanding of valence tautomerism.
Overcoming Spectral Dependence: A General Strategy for Developing Far‐Red and Near‐Infrared Ultra‐Fluorogenic Tetrazine Bioorthogonal Probes
Authors: Mao Wuyu , Chi Weijie , He Xinyu , Wang Chao , Wang Xueyi , Yang Haojie , Liu Xiaogang , Wu Haoxing
Published: February 2022

Bioorthogonal fluorogenic dyes are indispensable tools in wash‐free bioimaging of specific biological targets. However, the fluorogenicity of existing tetrazine‐based bioorthogonal probes deteriorates as the emission wavelength shifts towards the NIR window, greatly limiting their applications in live cells and tissues. Herein, we report a generalizable molecular design strategy to construct ultra‐fluorogenic dyes via a simple substitution at the meso‐positions of various far‐red and NIR fluorophores. Our probes demonstrate significant fluorescence turn‐on ratios (102–103‐fold) in the range 586–806 nm. These results will greatly expand the applications of bioorthogonal chemistry in NIR bioimaging and biosensing.
Hydrophobicity‐induced DNA, BSA binding, and biomaterial applications of a heteroleptic Cu(II) complex
Authors: Acharya Prasun , Maity Ribhu , Kuila Arun , Maity Tithi , Maity Swapan , Sepay Nayim , Samanta Bidhan Chandra
Published: February 2022

Herein, we report a new Cu(II) complex [Cu(L)(2,2′‐bipy)](ClO4) obtained from a N,N,O donor Schiff base ligand, 2‐methoxy‐6‐((piperidin‐2‐ylmethylimino)methyl)phenol (HL), and 2,2′‐bipyridine. The title complex has been characterized using FTIR, electronic (UV–Vis), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), and single‐crystal X‐ray studies. The crystallographic studies support the chemical formula, [Cu(L)(2,2′‐bipy)](ClO4), where the metal is coordinated by the deprotonated ligand L through N,N,O atoms and by a 2,2′‐bipy molecule chelating through the N donors. Thus, the studied complex attains penta‐coordinated distorted square pyramidal geometry with ON4 atomic environment. The existence of various non‐covalent interactions such as van der Waals, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions that are very common in protein–small molecule interaction has been identified in the present complex from Hirshfeld surface analysis. This has provoked us to examine the nature of interactions of the studied complex with DNA and BSA protein by combined theoretical and experimental approaches. The experimental results reveal the strong binding ability of the complex to CT‐DNA by the mode of partial intercalation and to BSA by the hydrophobic manner. Apart from this, the molecular docking methodology that is used as theoretical tool in the present study also supports the binding ability and binding site of the complex inside the DNA and BSA protein. Moreover, cytotoxicity of the complex has been checked against SiHa cancer cell representing the biocompatibility of the complex and signifying its use as biomaterial transplant.
Evaluation of mechanical properties of poly(L‐lactic acid) braided stents with axial stiffeners
Authors: Zhao Gutian , Liu Qingwei , Tian Yuan , Liu Jinbo , Cheng Jie , Ni Zhonghua
Published: February 2022

Poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) has been widely used in constructing biodegradable braided stents due to high biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, poor mechanical properties of this stent are main weaknesses. In this paper, the mechanical properties of PLLA braided stents containing axial stiffeners were evaluated. The stents with stiffener diameters of 0.11, 0.19 and 0.28 mm are named SS11, SS19 and SS28, respectively, and the stent without stiffener is named SS00 as control. The results show that compared with SS00, the bending stiffness of SS11, SS19 and SS28 is increased by 0.77, 1.76, and 2.70 times, respectively. Meanwhile, chronic outward force at an indicated use diameter of 5 mm is increased by 0.83, 0.50, and 0.21 times, but elastic recovery rate is decreased by 5.6%, 14.6%, 22.5%. In addition, radial stiffness of SS11, SS19, and SS28 are increased by 2.81, 2.08 and 1.62 times, respectively. Therefore, the radial support performance is improved and the bending flexibility is weakened by adding stiffeners. Taken together, SS11 can provide sufficient radial support force and low axial force in clinical applications. This study may provide a reference for optimizing the mechanical properties of the biodegradable braided stents.
Improving of the structures and properties of functional polyimide films by direct blend method
Authors: Niu Yongan , Shi Zenghui , Pei Yingjin , Lu Xinyu , Feng Jianming , Zhang Xin
Published: February 2022

Triphenylamine (TPA)‐based polyimides (PIs) have excellent discoloration characteristics and widely used as functional films. However, these PIs usually exhibit lower mechanical and thermal properties, and TPA units as the electron donor also weaken the optical transmittance of PIs. Utilized blending with diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA)‐based PIs, we successfully prepared the blend polyimide (BPI) films containing ODA/TPA units, to realize complementary advantages of excellent mechanical, thermal, optical, and electrochemical properties. Among them, the tensile strength of BPI‐53 film (mole ratio of TPA/ODA = 5:3) is reached up to 105.5 MPa, which is 641.9% much higher than 14.22 MPa of TPA‐PI film. Moreover, the thermal stability of BPI‐53 film is also significantly improved. T5 (temperature of 5% weight loss) can be increased to 548.26°C for BPI‐53 film, and the weight residual rate at 800°C in N2 atmosphere is increased by an addition of 4%. Besides, BPI‐53 film also has good transmittance property in district of 400–700 nm, and the variation range of transmittance under 1.0 V positive bias voltage is of 36.61%. For the electrochromics, the discoloration properties of blend polyamide acid (BPAA) dry film can be well maintained.
Bis‐Iridoids from Pterocephalus hookeri and Evaluation of Their Anti‐Inflammatory Activity
Authors: Xu De‐Feng , Miao Lei , Zhang Jun‐Sheng , Zhang Hua
Published: February 2022

Four new secoiridoid‐iridoid heterodimers, pterocenoids E–H (1–4), together with a known analog (5), were separated from the whole plants of Pterocephalus hookeri. Their structures were characterized by detailed spectroscopic analyses and NMR comparison with reported data for known analogs. Pterocenoid E (1) represents the first bis‐iridoid example incorporating a rare trans‐fused monomeric unit, and the C(8) configuration in 5 was corrected to be reversed to the original assignment. Among all the isolates, compound 5 not only showed moderate inhibition against the nitric oxide production (IC50=36.0±4.3 μM) but also dose‐dependently suppressed the secretion of an important pro‐inflammatory cytokine TNF‐α, in lipopolysaccharide‐induced RAW264.7 cells.
The patient experience of relapsed refractory multiple myeloma and perspectives on emerging therapies
Authors: Crawford Rebecca , Gries Katharine S. , Valluri Satish , Fastenau John , Morrison Ross , Yeh Tzu‐Min , Olyslager Yunsi , Goldberg Jenna D. , Schecter Jordan M. , Jackson Carolyn C. , Deraedt William , Doward Lynda
Published: February 2022

Background

Relapsed refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) is a disease that is nonresponsive or progressive on therapy, and although patients can achieve remission, relapse is common. As more treatment options become available for multiple myeloma (MM), it is important to understand patients' experiences of current and emerging therapies.

Aims

This study aimed to better understand patient experiences with treatment and therapies for MM using qualitative interviews and patient‐reported information (PRI) shared on social media.

Methods

Semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with adults with RRMM who resided in the United States. In addition to the interviews, PRI was collected from YouTube and a patient advocacy website. Key themes from the interviews and PRI were summarized, and illustrative quotes were extracted.

Results

Twenty participants were interviewed; 11 were female, and mean (standard deviation) age was 60 (7.0) years. The PRI included 14 posts and 19 unique contributors (10 were female). Similar treatment‐related symptoms were reported in the interviews and PRI. Fatigue and pain were the most frequently reported symptoms while receiving treatment in both the interviews and PRI. These symptoms had a meaningful impact on health‐related quality of life (HRQOL); being off treatment and returning to normal living was described as an ideal treatment outcome. Nearly all interview participants (n = 18) preferred a treatment that would allow for a treatment‐free interval, if it had the same efficacy and safety profile as a continuous treatment.

Conclusion

The symptom experience reported in this study is consistent with known RRMM symptoms and HRQOL impacts. Additionally, this study highlighted that patients' treatment expectations are changing relative to their past treatment experience. Individuals living with RRMM strongly desire therapies with a treatment‐free interval and minimal impact on their HRQOL.
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Ivosidenib or Enasidenib Combined With Intensive Induction and Consolidation Chemotherapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed IDH1/2‐Mutant Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Fan Bin , Chen Yue , Yin Feng , Hua Lei , Almon Caroline , Nabhan Salah , Cooper Michael , Yang Hua , Hossain Mohammad
Published: February 2022

Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (mIDH1/2) proteins catalyze production of the oncometabolite D‐2‐hydroxyglutarate (2‐HG). Ivosidenib and enasidenib are oral inhibitors of mIDH1 and mIDH2, respectively. An open‐label phase 1 study is evaluating the safety and efficacy of ivosidenib or enasidenib combined with intensive induction and consolidation chemotherapy in adult patients with newly diagnosed mIDH1/2 acute myeloid leukemia (AML; NCT02632708). In this population, we characterized the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and PK/PD relationships for ivosidenib and enasidenib.

Patients received continuous oral ivosidenib 500 mg once daily or enasidenib 100 mg once daily combined with chemotherapy. Serial blood samples were collected for measurement of the concentrations of the mIDH inhibitors. 2‐HG concentrations were measured in both plasma and bone marrow aspirates. Samples were collected from 60 patients receiving ivosidenib and 91 receiving enasidenib. For both drugs, exposures at steady state were higher than after single doses, with mean accumulation ratios (based on area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to 24 hours) of 2.35 and 8.25 for ivosidenib and enasidenib, respectively. Mean plasma 2‐HG concentrations were elevated at baseline. After multiple ivosidenib or enasidenib doses, mean trough plasma 2‐HG concentrations decreased to levels observed in healthy individuals and were maintained with continued dosing. There was a corresponding reduction in bone marrow 2‐HG concentrations. When combined with intensive chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed mIDH1/2 AML, ivosidenib and enasidenib demonstrated PK/PD profiles similar to those when they are given as single agents. These findings support the dosing of ivosidenib or enasidenib in combination with intensive chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed mIDH1/2 AML.
Automated rain fall prediction enabled by optimized convolutional neural network‐based feature formation with adaptive long short‐term memory framework
Authors: K Ananthajothi , T Karthick , M Amanullah
Published: February 2022

The main concept of this article is to plan for the intelligent rainfall prediction using the combination of deep learning models. The dataset is gathered from the standard publically available dataset concerning the Tamil Nadu state. The collected data is given to the feature extraction, in which few features such as; “minimum value, maximum value, mean, median, standard deviation, kurtosis, entropy, skewness, variance, and zero cross” are extracted. Additionally, the extracted features are applied to the optimal feature formation, in which optimized convolutional neural network (O‐CNN) is employed for the final feature formation. Here, the activation function, count of pooling layer, and count of hidden neurons are tuned with the intention of minimizing the correlation between the selected features. Once the optimal features are selected with less correlation, adaptive long short‐term memory (A‐LSTM) is adopted for the prediction model. Here, the enhancement is concentrated on minimizing the function concerning the error through the optimization of the hidden neurons of A‐LSTM. The improvement of both the deep learning models O‐CNN and A‐LSTM is performed by the improved sun flower optimization (I‐SFO). The research results reveal superior performance to existing techniques that offer novel thinking in rainfall prediction area with optimal rate of prediction.
Fully integrated switched‐inductor switched‐capacitor dual‐path DC–DC converter
Authors: Meshkat Amin , Dehghani Rasoul , Farzanehfard Hosein
Published: February 2022

A fully integrated switched‐inductor switched‐capacitor (SISC) DC–DC converter is proposed. This converter is designed in such a way that the input voltage can be twice the process allowable voltage without damaging the on‐chip transistors. To mitigate large series resistance of on‐chip inductors as one of the main challenges in the switched‐inductor power supply on chip, two solutions are proposed. By using analytical model of an on‐chip inductor, optimal physical dimensions are designed to achieve the desired inductance with minimum series resistance in a small area. Along with the optimization, the dual‐path structure of the proposed converter reduces series resistance losses of the on‐chip inductor and increases the effective quality factor up to 7 times in duty cycle of 0.8. The proposed converter is implemented in 0.18 μm standard CMOS process. The circuit converts input voltage of 3.6–0.9 V at the load current of 125 mA with the efficiency of 72.8%. Efficiency enhancement factor reaches 72% at 600 mV output voltage. The achieved current density of the proposed converter is 333 mA/mm2. By calculating small signal model of the proposed converter and designing a suitable feedback loop, an appropriate transient behavior was proved
Medium Access Control layer protocol design based on stochastic network calculus for underwater wireless communication in open‐ocean fish farming
Authors: Saravanan M. , Sukumaran Rajeev , Radhakrishnan M. , Christhuraj M.R. , Manikandan T.T.
Published: February 2022

The usage of the underwater communication channel and medium access control (MAC) layer protocol architecture is the most problematic aspect of a seawater wireless communication network. The underwater acoustic wireless communication is a highly appealing choice for information transfer in the communication medium. However, calculating the deferral rate for transmitting real‐time traffic is a challenging task in the underwater environment. Therefore, it introduces the research challenges related to underwater communication, especially throughput and transmission deferral. This research work investigates an MAC protocol U‐TDMA with multi‐hop worst‐case delay analysis for different flow and relays. This research intended to compare the execution of the U‐TDMA protocol with stochastic network calculus (SNC) and without SNC. The U‐TDMA‐wireless protocol establishes the connection and forwards the fish‐mandated information to the mobile sink with the help of upper layers. Also, it improves interface efficiency by taking account of the lengthy delay time of the underwater acoustic channel and addressing difficulties connected to the terminal.
Stasis in forest regeneration following deer exclusion and understory gap creation: A 10‐year experiment
Authors: Royo Alejandro A. , Carson Walter P.
Published: February 2022

Chronically elevated ungulate browse pressure in temperate forests worldwide often generates ecological legacies characterized by low plant diversity and contributes to the formation of dense, nearly monodominant, and highly recalcitrant layers of understory vegetation. Once established, these recalcitrant layers combined with continued browsing may jointly constrain tree establishment and diversity so completely that understory recovery may be unattainable without mitigating browse pressure, the recalcitrant layer, or both. Here, we investigate the independent and synergistic effects of both white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) browsing and hay‐scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula) competition on tree regeneration in a 10‐year experiment. Specifically, we examine how tree seedling establishment, growth, and composition are filtered by fern cover versus fern removal (gaps), browser presence versus absence (exclosures), and their combined effects during 10 years at three hardwood forest sites in Pennsylvania, USA. Fern gaps enhanced establishment for multiple tree species, increasing seedling density and diversity, particularly in the first 3 years post‐treatment, and enhancing richness (≤1 species) over the course of the experiment. Excluding deer for a decade increased the height growth of other regeneration and altered species composition, but had no effect on diversity, richness, and density. Notably, we observed higherPrunus serotinaseedling densities outside exclosures, possibly due to greater secondary dispersal. We argue that browsing legacies in second growth forests established at the turn of the last century created two conditions inimical to diverse forest regeneration: an overstory dominated by two species,P. serotinaandAcer rubrum(86% of basal area), and a dense recalcitrant understory layer dominated by a native fern. The first condition limits propagule supply, the second strongly filters seedling establishment, and both create impoverished forest understories composed of few individuals and species. In undisturbed forest understories, the inertia toward impoverishment was sustained across the decade even where browsing was eliminated. Consequently, stand replacing disturbances (whether natural or anthropogenic) that disrupt the understory layer and reinitiate succession may be necessary to propel forests out of their current stasis and down a pathway leading to greater diversity.
Worldclim 2.1 versus Worldclim 1.4: Climatic niche and grid resolution affect between‐version mismatches in Habitat Suitability Models predictions across Europe
Authors: Cerasoli Francesco , D'Alessandro Paola , Biondi Maurizio
Published: February 2022

The influence of climate on the distribution of taxa has been extensively investigated in the last two decades through Habitat Suitability Models (HSMs). In this context, the Worldclim database represents an invaluable data source as it provides worldwide climate surfaces for both historical and future time horizons. Thousands of HSMs‐based papers have been published taking advantage of Worldclim 1.4, the first online version of this repository. In 2017, Worldclim 2.1 was released. Here, we evaluated spatially explicit prediction mismatch at continental scale, focusing on Europe, between HSMs fitted using climate surfaces from the two Worldclim versions (between‐version differences). To this aim, we simulated occurrence probability and presence‐absence across Europe of four virtual species (VS) with differing climate‐occurrence relationships. For each VS, we fitted HSMs upon uncorrelated bioclimatic variables derived from each Worldclim version at three grid resolutions. For each factor combination, HSMs attaining sufficient discrimination performance on spatially independent test data were projected across Europe under current conditions and various future scenarios, and importance scores of the single variables were computed. HSMs failed in accurately retrieving the simulated climate‐occurrence relationships for the climate‐tolerant VS and the one occurring under a narrow combination of climatic conditions. Under current climate, noticeable between‐version prediction mismatch emerged across most of Europe for these two VSs, whose simulated suitability mainly depended upon diurnal or yearly variability in temperature; differently, between‐version differences were more clustered toward areas showing extreme values, like mountainous massifs or southern regions, for VSs responding to average temperature and precipitation trends. Under future climate, the chosen emission scenarios and Global Climate Models did not evidently influence between‐version prediction discrepancies, while grid resolution synergistically interacted with VSs' niche characteristics in determining extent of such differences. Our findings could help in re‐evaluating previous biodiversity‐related works relying on geographical predictions from Worldclim‐based HSMs.
Factors influencing range contraction of a rodent herbivore in a steppe grassland over the past decades
Authors: Bai Defeng , Wan Xinru , Li Guoliang , Wan Xinrong , Guo Yongwang , Shi Dazhao , Zhang Zhibin
Published: February 2022

Climate warming and human disturbance are known to be key drivers in causing range contraction of many species, but quantitative assessment on their distinctive and interactive effects on local disappearance is still rare.

In this study, we examined the association of climate warming and human disturbance stressors with local disappearance probability of Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) in a steppe grassland in northern China.

We used logistic generalized additive models to quantify the relationship between local disappearance probability of Brandt's voles and environmental variables. The year following the last observation year was used to estimate the disappearance threshold of Brandt's voles. We projected the distribution change of Brandt's voles under future climate warming scenarios.

We found climate warming attributed to local disappearance and range contraction for southern populations of Brandt's voles from 1971 to 2020. Human stressors and high vegetation coverage increased the probability of local disappearance of voles in years of abundant precipitation. The southern boundary retreated northward at a speed of 99.0 km per decade with the temperature rise of 0.36°C. The disappearance threshold of maximum air temperature of Brandt's voles in the warmest month (27.50 ± 1.61°C) was similar to the lower critical temperature of its thermal neutral zone.

Our study suggests that the rapid climate change over the past decades contributed to the range contraction of its southern boundary of this keystone species in the steppe grassland of China. It is necessary to take actions to preserve the isolated populations of Brandt's voles from the effects of accelerated climate change and human disturbance.
Reproductive colonization of land by frogs: Embryos and larvae excrete urea to avoid ammonia toxicity
Authors: Méndez‐Narváez Javier , Warkentin Karen M.
Published: February 2022

Vertebrate colonization of land has occurred multiple times, including over 50 origins of terrestrial eggs in frogs. Some environmental factors and phenotypic responses that facilitated these transitions are known, but responses to water constraints and risk of ammonia toxicity during early development are poorly understood. We tested if ammonia accumulation and dehydration risk induce a shift from ammonia to urea excretion during early stages of four anurans, from three origins of terrestrial development. We quantified ammonia and urea concentrations during early development on land, under well‐hydrated and dry conditions. Where we found urea excretion, we tested for a plastic increase under dry conditions and with ammonia accumulation in developmental environments. We assessed the potential adaptive role of urea excretion by comparing ammonia tolerance measured in 96h‐LC50 tests with ammonia levels in developmental environments. Ammonia accumulated in foam nests and perivitelline fluid, increasing over development and reaching higher concentrations under dry conditions. All four species showed high ammonia tolerance, compared to fishes and aquatic‐breeding frogs. Both nest‐dwelling larvae of Leptodactylus fragilis and late embryos of Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni excreted urea, showing a plastic increase under dry conditions. These two species can develop the longest on land and urea excretion appears adaptive, preventing their exposure to potentially lethal levels of ammonia. Neither late embryos of Agalychnis callidryas nor nest‐dwelling larvae of Engystomops pustulosus experienced toxic ammonia levels under dry conditions, and neither excreted urea. Our results suggest that an early onset of urea excretion, its increase under dry conditions, and elevated ammonia tolerance can all help prevent ammonia toxicity during terrestrial development. High ammonia represents a general risk for development which may be exacerbated as climate change increases dehydration risk for terrestrial‐breeding frogs. It may also be a cue that elicits adaptive physiological responses during early development.
Admixture in Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera) from Panamá to San Diego, California (U.S.A.)
Authors: Zárate Daniela , Lima Thiago G. , Poole Jude D. , Calfee Erin , Burton Ronald S. , Kohn Joshua R.
Published: February 2022

The Africanized honey bee (AHB) is a New World amalgamation of several subspecies of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera), a diverse taxon historically grouped into four major biogeographic lineages: A (African), M (Western European), C (Eastern European), and O (Middle Eastern). In 1956, accidental release of experimentally bred “Africanized” hybrids from a research apiary in Sao Paulo, Brazil initiated a hybrid species expansion that now extends from northern Argentina to northern California (U.S.A.). Here, we assess nuclear admixture and mitochondrial ancestry in 60 bees from four countries (Panamá; Costa Rica, Mexico; U.S.A) across this expansive range to assess ancestry of AHB several decades following initial introduction and test the prediction that African ancestry decreases with increasing latitude. We find that AHB nuclear genomes from Central America and Mexico have predominately African genomes (76%–89%) with smaller contributions from Western and Eastern European lineages. Similarly, nearly all honey bees from Central America and Mexico possess mitochondrial ancestry from the African lineage with few individuals having European mitochondria. In contrast, AHB from San Diego (CA) shows markedly lower African ancestry (38%) with substantial genomic contributions from all four major honey bee lineages and mitochondrial ancestry from all four clades as well. Genetic diversity measures from all New World populations equal or exceed those of ancestral populations. Interestingly, the feral honey bee population of San Diego emerges as a reservoir of diverse admixture and high genetic diversity, making it a potentially rich source of genetic material for honey bee breeding.
Does the match between individual and group behavior matter in shoaling sticklebacks?
Authors: Kim Sin‐Yeon , Álvarez‐Quintero Náyade , Metcalfe Neil B.
Published: February 2022

In animals living in groups, the social environment is fundamental to shaping the behaviors and life histories of an individual. A mismatch between individual and group behavior patterns may have disadvantages if the individual is incapable of flexibly changing its state in response to the social environment that influences its energy gain and expenditure. We used different social groups of juvenile three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) with experimentally manipulated compositions of individual sociability to study the feedback between individual and group behaviors and to test how the social environment shapes behavior, metabolic rate, and growth. Experimentally created unsociable groups, containing a high proportion of less sociable fish, showed bolder collective behaviors during feeding than did corresponding sociable groups. Fish within groups where the majority of members had a level of sociability similar to their own gained more mass than did those within mismatched groups. Less sociable individuals within sociable groups tended to have a relatively low mass but a high standard metabolic rate. A mismatch between the sociability of an individual and that of the majority of the group in which it is living confers a growth disadvantage probably due to the expression of nonadaptive behaviors that increase energetic costs.
Identifying core habitats and corridors for giant pandas by combining multiscale random forest and connectivity analysis
Authors: Sun Xue , Long Zexu , Jia Jingbo
Published: February 2022

Habitat loss and fragmentation are widely acknowledged as the main driver of the decline of giant panda populations. The Chinese government has made great efforts to protect this charming species and has made remarkable achievements, such as population growth and habitat expansion. However, habitat fragmentation has not been reversed. Protecting giant pandas in a large spatial extent needs to identify core habitat patches and corridors connecting them. This study used an equal‐sampling multiscale random forest habitat model to predict a habitat suitability map for the giant panda. Then, we applied the resistant kernel method and factorial least‐cost path analysis to identify core habitats connected by panda dispersal and corridors among panda occurrences, respectively. Finally, we evaluated the effectiveness of current protected areas in representing core habitats and corridors. Our results showed high scale dependence of giant panda habitat selection. Giant pandas strongly respond to bamboo percentage and elevation at a relatively fine scale (1 km), whereas they respond to anthropogenic factors at a coarse scale (≥2 km). Dispersal ability has significant effects on core habitats extent and population fragmentation evaluation. Under medium and high dispersal ability scenarios (12,000 and 20,000 cost units), most giant panda habitats in the Qionglai mountain are predicted to be well connected by dispersal. The proportion of core habitats covered by protected areas varied between 38% and 43% under different dispersal ability scenarios, highlighting significant gaps in the protected area network. Similarly, only 43% of corridors that connect giant panda occurrences were protected. Our results can provide crucial information for conservation managers to develop wise strategies to safeguard the long‐term viability of the giant panda population.
Fractionation of Oil from Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens)
Authors: Bogevik André S. , Seppänen‐Laakso Tuulikki , Samuelsen Tor Andreas , Thoresen Lars
Published: February 2022

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) are subjected to a conventional fishmeal process, or room‐temperature formic acid hydrolysis, and lipid yield and composition between the two processes compared. Acid hydrolysis of BSFL results in higher protein yield in the meal and higher oil yield. Oils separated after acid hydrolysis have a lower trilaurin content (triacyglycerol with lauric acid (12:0) in all sn‐positions) and a lower melting point (23 °C) compared to oils separated after conventional (fishmeal) processing (26 °C). Further reduction of trilaurin content and melting point (20 °C) are achieved by dry‐fractionation (winterization) of the oil.

Practical Applications: Fractionation of black soldier fly larvae oil could yield products with targeted levels of trilaurin and melting points adapted to different applications in feeds, foods, and cosmetics.
Tuning the moisture stability of multiphase β‐Li3PS4 solid electrolyte materials
Authors: Lu Xin , Camara Osmane , Liu Zigeng , Windmüller Anna , Tsai Chih‐Long , Tempel Hermann , Yu Shicheng , Kungl Hans , Eichel Rüdiger‐A.
Published: February 2022

Efficiently improving the moisture stability of β‐Li3PS4 materials could significantly reduce production costs and eventually enable the mass application. Nanoporous multiphase β‐Li3PS4 materials prepared via solvent‐assistant routes usually contain solvent or solvent decomposition segments associated with the amorphous Li3PS4 phase in their structures. Herein, the solvent ethyl propionate (EP) remains in the β‐Li3PS4 even after 220 h of annealing at 220°C. The possibility of tuning the moisture stability of β‐Li3PS4 by adjusting the content of the solvent is investigated by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) combined with other structural analysis techniques. The results demonstrated that the hydrogen‐containing amorphous Li3PS4 not only stabilizes the β‐phase at room temperature but also improves the moisture stability of the material. Although the rapid hydrolysis occurs on the surface of solvent‐containing β‐Li3PS4 materials under ambient conditions within 10 s, with 4 wt% EP content, the material can be exposed to 1.6% relative humidity (R.H.) for at least 8 h without any structural or microstructural change. Even with the lower amount of EP (1.2 wt%) in the Li3PS4 structure, the material can withstand 1% R.H. for more than 8 h, which allows the material to be manufactured in a dry room. Our observation proposes a simple method to slightly modify the moisture stability of β‐Li3PS4 to match the different manufacturing conditions.
An experimental and numerical investigation of the effects of the diaphragm pressure ratio and its position on a heated shock tube performance
Authors: Badri Yousif , Elbashir Aboubaker , Saker Ahmad , Ahmed Samer F.
Published: February 2022

The main purpose of this work was to investigate the performance of heated shock tube (ST) with different pressure ratios and diaphragm positions numerically and experimentally. The numerical model was developed to simulate the fluid flow inside a shock tube test facility located at Qatar University. The shock tube was a cast‐iron hollow tube with 6 m length, 50 mm internal diameter and 10 mm thickness. ST driver and driven sections were filled with helium–argon mixture and air. The driven section was heated up to 150°C using coils. At the middle of the ST, the diaphragm was made of aluminium sheet (0.5 mm) layers. Five different pressure ratios were implemented during the experiment, and performance evaluation depended on the strength of the incident shock Mach number. The inviscid numerical model solver used transient two‐dimensional time‐accurate Navier–Stokes CFD. The model introduced a parametric study regarding three different diaphragm positions (1m, 2m and 3m) and five pressure ratios (6–10) for each position. In addition to yielding the incident and reflected wave Mach number, reflected wave temperature was also considered a shock tube performance indicator. The incident Mach numbers for the diaphragm middle position from the experiment were compared against those conducted from the model, and good matching was observed. The parametric study results showed that at high‐pressure ratios, diaphragm Positions 1 and 3 could generate a 7.4% increase in shock wave Mach number compared with the diaphragm position‐2 model. Moreover, the diaphragm position‐3 model tends to have a 2% increase in the temperature behind the reflected shock wave compared with the other two positions.
A meta‐analysis on the trust in agrifood supply chains
Authors: Assis Michel T. Q. M. , Lucas Maria Raquel , Rainho Maria José M.
Published: February 2022

The agrifood literature suggests that trust is one of the most prominent and critical aspect for not only the effectiveness of collaboration, but also for improving sustainability performance. In this sense, the understanding of how trust works in agrifood supply chains is essential to find better paths to improve the functioning of those structures. The purpose of this article was to carry out a meta‐analysis on the relationships of trust among the stakeholders in agrifood supply chains, to obtain data on previous publications as well as to justify future research on the search topics. For the bibliometric study, the R software in RStudio and the R packages bibliometrix and biblioshiny were used. The documents were extracted from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Documents related to the researched topics, that were published in the last 11 years, were collected to the following meta‐analysis. Of 277 documents published from 1995 to 2021, 11 review articles and 74 papers were analyzed. From these publications, we obtained data on the main authors and sources related to trust among the stakeholders in agrifood supply chains, on the methodologies used, as well as on trends for future researches. The present work brings forward data in a unique and up‐to‐date way.
Proteomics and metabolomics combined study on endopathic changes of water‐soluble precursors in Tan lamb during postmortem aging
Authors: Ji Chen , You Liqin , Luo Ruiming
Published: February 2022

Tan lamb is highly recommended breed in China. It is of great significance to understand the underlying mechanism of how water‐soluble flavor precursors metabolize in Tan lamb muscles during the postmortem aging period. In this study, we investigated the muscle pH, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and the variations in water‐soluble flavor‐related metabolites. The proteome changes were profiled to provide insights into the biochemical changes affecting accumulation of water‐soluble flavor precursors in different aging stages (days 0, 4, and 8). The results indicated that pH value considerably decreased from day 0 to day 4, and increased from day 4 to day 8 (p < .05). The activity of LDH significantly increased from day 0 to day 4, and decreased from day 4 to day 8 (p < .05). Postmortem glycolysis was activated in 4 days, which directly affected the variations in metabolic enzymes and triggered the accumulation of flavor‐related carbohydrates. The free amino acids accumulated due to hydrolysis of structural proteins, with 3‐hydroxy‐L‐proline, aspartic acid, and methionine increasing from day 0 to day 4, and aspartic acid, serine, threonine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and D‐phenylalanine from day 4 to day 8. The inosine and hypoxanthine accumulated due to the degradation of ATP. The results of the present study provide insightful information, revealing the differences in biochemical attributes in Tan lamb muscles caused by postmortem aging.
Expanding the spectrum of mesenchymal neoplasms with NR1D1‐rearrangement
Authors: Lacambra Maribel D. , Antonescu Cristina R. , Chow Chit , Chiu Wang Kei , Demicco Elizabeth G. , Ferguson Peter C. , Swanson David , To Ka‐Fai , Zhang Lei , Dickson Brendan C.
Published: February 2022

Undifferentiated mesenchymal neoplasms can be morphologically subclassified based on cell shape; epithelioid tumors may be diagnostically challenging, particularly since they can show morphologic and immunohistochemical overlap with epithelial neoplasms. Following the recent report of an NR1D1::MAML1 gene fusion in an undifferentiated pediatric neoplasm, we performed a retrospective archival review and identified four additional cases of undifferentiated mesenchymal neoplasms with NR1D1‐rearrangement. All four tumors occurred in adult women. The tumors involved superficial and/or deep soft tissues of the extremities or abdomen. Morphologically, they showed a spectrum of overlapping features. In addition to epithelioid cells, two cases also had a prominent spindle cell component. Two cases also had admixed polygonal cells containing prominent cytoplasmic vacuoles with amorphous debris. The immunophenotype was nonspecific but all cases had at least focal keratin expression; this was extensive in two tumors. Targeted RNA‐sequencing revealed two cases each with NR1D1::MAML1 and NR1D1::MAML2 gene fusions. One patient developed lung and liver metastases, and one patient required amputation due to multifocal disease and underlying bone involvement. This study confirms undifferentiated NR1D1‐rearranged sarcoma represents a distinct mesenchymal neoplasm with an epithelioid morphology and potential for aggressive behavior. Further, we offer new insight into the spectrum of clinical, morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings possible in these rare neoplasms. An awareness of this entity is especially important given the potential for misclassification as a carcinoma.
Disrupted topological organization of resting‐state functional brain networks in cerebral small vessel disease
Authors: Xin Haotian , Wen Hongwei , Feng Mengmeng , Gao Yian , Sui Chaofan , Zhang Nan , Liang Changhu , Guo Lingfei
Published: February 2022

We aimed to investigate alterations in functional brain networks and assess the relationship between functional impairment and topological network changes in cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) patients with and without cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). We constructed individual whole‐brain, region of interest (ROI) level functional connectivity (FC) networks for 24 CSVD patients with CMBs (CSVD‐c), 42 CSVD patients without CMBs (CSVD‐n), and 36 healthy controls (HCs). Then, we used graph theory analysis to investigate the global and nodal topological disruptions between groups and relate network topological alterations to clinical parameters. We found that both the CSVD and control groups showed efficient small‐world organization in FC networks. However, compared to CSVD‐n patients and controls, CSVD‐c patients exhibited a significantly decreased clustering coefficient, global efficiency, and local efficiency and an increased shortest path length, indicating a disrupted balance between local specialization and global integration in FC networks. Although both the CSVD and control groups showed highly similar hub distributions, the CSVD‐c group exhibited significantly altered nodal betweenness centrality (BC), mainly distributed in the default mode network (DMN), attention, and visual functional areas. There were almost no global or regional alterations between CSVD‐n patients and controls. Furthermore, the altered nodal BC of the right anterior/posterior cingulate gyrus and left cuneus were significantly correlated with cognitive parameters in CSVD patients. These results suggest that CSVD patients with and without CMBs had segregated disruptions in the topological organization of the intrinsic functional brain network. This study advances our current understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CSVD.
The radial forearm snake flap: An underutilized technique for fasciocutaneous and osteocutaneous forearm flaps with primary closure
Authors: Gessert Thomas G. , Pflum Zachary E. , Thompson James D. , Hoffman Matthew R. , Sanchez Ruston , Glazer Tiffany A. , Wieland Aaron M. , McCulloch Timothy M. , Hartig Gregory K.
Published: February 2022

Background

The radial forearm free flap (RFFF) is associated with troublesome donor site morbidity related to split thickness skin grafting (STSG). The radial forearm snake flap with primary closure of the donor site may reduce donor site complications.

Methods

Single institution, retrospective cohort study comparing rates of delayed donor site wound healing and tendon exposure in 52 patients undergoing radial forearm snake flap and 95 patients undergoing conventional RFFF with STSG closure of the donor site.

Results

Tendon exposure occurred in zero (0%) patients undergoing snake flap and four (4.2%) patients undergoing conventional RFFF (0/52 vs. 4/95; p = 0.297). Delayed wound healing occurred in zero (0%) patients undergoing snake flap and 19 (20.0%) patients undergoing conventional RFFF (0/52 vs. 19/95; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The radial forearm snake flap provides an alternative to conventional RFFF harvest, which enables primary donor site closure with reduced rates of delayed donor site healing.
Experimental analysis of saturated pool boiling of acetone and isopropanol with added surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate over aluminum surface
Authors: Mahapatra Abhishek Sinha , Kar Satya Prakash , Swain Abhilas
Published: February 2022

The present article reports a detailed experimental study to know the effect of adding surfactants to different base fluids. For this purpose, an aqueous solution of different concentrations of surfactant with base fluids was formed and then heated at varying heat flux in a pool boiling apparatus. Acetone and isopropanol have been used as base/boiling fluids with anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 PPM concentration. The data obtained by heating surfactant‐based fluids has been compared to the data of heating pure base fluids to establish the role of surfactants and the importance of surfactant concentration, that is, critical micelle concentration (CMC) in pool boiling augmentation. CMC value was found in the case of pool boiling of acetone with an SLS concentration of 400 PPM. However, the CMC value is found to be a lower value of SLS concentration of 200 PPM in the pool boiling process of isopropanol. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate the possible causes of such heat transfer phenomena with different values of surfactant concentration. Variations in heat flux change the degree of superheat of the aluminum heater substrate. The heat transfer performance is studied, and finally, a semi‐empirical correlation is proposed to know the heat transfer coefficient and its dependency over the concentration of surfactant.