Three‐dimensional freehand ultrasonography to measure muscle volume of the lumbar multifidus: Reliability of processing technique and validity through comparison to magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Rummens Sofie , Dierckx Sofie , Brumagne Simon , Desloovere Kaat , Peers Koen 
Published: December 2023

There is a growing interest in muscle characteristics of the lumbar multifidus related to low back pain, but findings between studies are inconsistent. One of the issues explaining these conflicting findings might be the use of two‐dimensional measures of cross‐sectional area and thickness of the lumbar multifidus in most studies, which might be a suboptimal representation of the entire muscle volume. A three‐dimensional volumetric assessment, combined with standardized imaging and processing measurement protocols, is highly recommended to quantify spinal muscle morphology. Three‐dimensional freehand ultrasonography is a technique with large potential for daily clinical practice. It is achieved by combining conventional two‐dimensional ultrasound with a motion‐tracking system, recording the position and orientation of the ultrasound transducer during acquisition, resulting in a three‐dimensional reconstruction. This study investigates intra‐ and interprocessor reliability for the quantification of muscle volume of the lumbar multifidus based on three‐dimensional freehand ultrasound and its validity, in 31 patients with low back pain and 20 healthy subjects. Two processors manually segmented the lumbar multifidus on three‐dimensional freehand ultrasound images using Stradwin software following a well‐defined method. We assessed the concurrent validity of the measurement of multifidus muscle volume using three‐dimensional freehand ultrasound compared with magnetic resonance imaging in 10 patients with low back pain. Processing reliability and agreement were determined using intraclass correlation coefficients, Bland–Altman plots, and calculation of the standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change, while validity was defined based on correlation analysis. The processing of three‐dimensional freehand ultrasound images to measure lumbar multifidus volume was reliable. Good to excellent intraclass correlation coefficients were found for intraprocessor reliability. For interprocessor reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficients were moderate to good, emphasizing the importance of processing guidelines and training. A single processor analysis is preferred in clinical studies or when small differences in muscle volume are expected. The correlation between magnetic resonance imaging and three‐dimensional freehand ultrasound measurements of lumbar multifidus volume was moderate to good but with a systematically smaller multifidus volume measured on three‐dimensional freehand ultrasound. These results provide opportunities for both researchers and clinicians to reliably assess muscle structure using three‐dimensional freehand ultrasound in patients with low back pain and to monitor changes related to pathology or interventions. To allow implementation in both research and clinical settings, guidelines on three‐dimensional freehand ultrasound processing and training were provided.