bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lamb Waves Technique Applied to the Characterization of Defects in Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Plates: Comparison with X-Ray and Ultrasonic C-Scan
Authors: Santos M. J. , Santos J. B.
Published: April 2010

Friction stir welding presents several advantages when compared with conventional arc welding processes, mainly in the welding of aluminum alloys. However, this welding technology leads to some degradation in the mechanical properties of welds, namely defect formation, which demands suitable nondestructive testing methods. The most common defects are mainly cold laps and voids, as a result of the large plastic deformation and hardening of the material as well as its complex flow behavior. In particular, the void appearance frequency may be correlated with the weld travel speed, though other welding parameters may contribute to the phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to characterize such defects using conventional x-rays and ultrasonic C-scan, and a new method based on ultrasonic guided waves. The proposed new method presents as an attractive solution when large structures need to be inspected since propagation over long distances from a single probe position is possible with low attenuation. Additional characteristics such as straightforward inspection and testing fastness make the technique very cost effective. Test samples were fabricated using aluminum alloys of 3 mm in thickness, with different travel speeds and overlapping welds. This welding procedure gave rise to different defect sizes. Experimental results using both conventional and ultrasonic guided waves methods have confirmed the presence of the defects.
Quality Control of Turkish Calcareous Natural Stone Using the Merkont System
Authors: Sariisik Ali , Sariisik Gencay
Published: April 2010

In this study, a new statistical derivation system named Merkont (Marble Control) was developed for the quality control of calcareous natural stone types used as industrial marble. A new classification was made via Merkont (Marble Control) system by taking into consideration the porosity values of 45 different natural stones collected from different parts of Turkey. Within the scope of this system, Analysis of Variance: Nested Sampling (Optional) method was used as the statistical system. Natural stones were classified into five different groups on the basis of porosity change. These natural stones were subjected to mineralogical-petrographical analyses for examining the relationship between this classification, porosity types, and checking the accuracy of porosity change limit values. In these analyses, porosity value of very small crystalline marbles was found to be low and the porosity value of the porous travertines was found to be significantly high. In addition, variance range and standard deviation values of each group were reflected in the quality control curve. It was concluded that as the variance range increased, in turn, the quality decreased in parallel with the increase in porosity values of the natural stones.
Genotype-by-Diet Interactions Drive Metabolic Phenotype Variation inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Reed Laura K , Williams Stephanie , Springston Mastafa , Brown Julie , Freeman Kenda , DesRoches Christie E , Sokolowski Marla B , Gibson Greg
Published: April 2010

The rising prevalence of complex disease suggests that alterations to the human environment are increasing the proportion of individuals who exceed a threshold of liability. This might be due either to a global shift in the population mean of underlying contributing traits, or to increased variance of such underlying endophenotypes (such as body weight). To contrast these quantitative genetic mechanisms with respect to weight gain, we have quantified the effect of dietary perturbation on metabolic traits in 146 inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster and show that genotype-by-diet interactions are pervasive. For several metabolic traits, genotype-by-diet interactions account for far more variance (between 12 and 17%) than diet alone (1–2%), and in some cases have as large an effect as genetics alone (11–23%). Substantial dew point effects were also observed. Larval foraging behavior was found to be a quantitative trait exhibiting significant genetic variation for path length (P = 0.0004). Metabolic and fitness traits exhibited a complex correlation structure, and there was evidence of selection minimizing weight under laboratory conditions. In addition, a high fat diet significantly increases population variance in metabolic phenotypes, suggesting decreased robustness in the face of dietary perturbation. Changes in metabolic trait mean and variance in response to diet indicates that shifts in both population mean and variance in underlying traits could contribute to increases in complex disease.
No Change in the Incidence of Ampicillin-Resistant, Neonatal, Early-Onset Sepsis Over 18 Years
Authors: Puopolo Karen M. , Eichenwald Eric C.
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of maternal antibiotic exposure on neonatal early-onset sepsis (EOS) rates over an 18-year period.

METHODS:

A review was performed of infant and maternal records for all culture- proven cases of EOS in infants delivered at the Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, MA) in 1990–2007.

RESULTS:

Data were analyzed from 335 EOS cases over periods that differed with respect to hospital policy for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis against group B Streptococcus (GBS): 1990–1992 (no prophylaxis); 1993–1996 (risk-based); and 1997–2007 (screening-based). The overall incidence of EOS decreased over these periods (3.70 vs 2.23 vs 1.59 cases per 1000 live births; P < .0001). No change in the incidence of infection with ampicillin-resistant organisms was observed overall or among very low birth weight infants. However, an increased proportion of infections were caused by ampicillin- resistant organisms. Mothers of infants with ampicillin-resistant infections were more likely to have been treated with ampicillin (P = .0001). Overall peripartum antibiotic use increased during the study period primarily because of increased use of penicillin G and clindamycin, with no significant change in the use of ampicillin.

CONCLUSIONS:

Predominant use of penicillin G for GBS prophylaxis resulted in decreased incidence of EOS. No change in the incidence of ampicillin-resistant EOS was observed, but resistant cases were associated with peripartum ampicillin exposure. These findings suggest that obstetricians should consider preferential use of penicillin G for GBS prophylaxis.
Concurrent Treatment of Steroid-Related Mood and Psychotic Symptoms With Risperidone
Authors: Ularntinon Sirirat , Tzuang Dan , Dahl Gary , Shaw Richard J.
Published: April 2010

Corticosteroid treatment is an important therapeutic modality for many pediatric medical conditions including acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, steroid-induced behavioral and mood abnormalities are common and potentially disabling adverse effects that have been widely reported in the pediatric literature. From this case series, we report the efficacy of risperidone in 3 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who developed steroid-related mood and psychotic symptoms during treatment with prednisone and dexamethasone. Risperidone is an effective short-term pharmacologic agent for controlling steroid-related psychiatric adverse effects when cessation or dose reduction of steroid therapy is not an option.
Screening, Triage, and Referral of Patients Who Report Suicidal Thought During a Primary Care Visit
Authors: Gardner William , Klima Jennifer , Chisolm Deena , Feehan Heather , Bridge Jeff , Campo John , Cunningham Nancy , Kelleher Kelly
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE:

Suicidal youths are rarely identified in primary care settings. We describe here a care process that includes a computerized screen, colocated social workers, and a coordinated suicide-prevention team at a specialty mental health unit.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Patients were 1547 youths aged 11 to 20 years seen in an urban primary care system during 2005 and 2006. We performed an observational study of services provided to youths who screened positive for suicidal ideation on a computerized behavioral health screen during visits to pediatric primary care clinics. Data included clinical records, provider notes, and patients' responses to the screen.

RESULTS:

A total of 209 (14%) youths reported suicidal thought in the previous month. Suicidal thought was more common among girls, younger youths, substance users, depressed youths, youths who carried weapons, and those who had been in fights; 87% reported at least 1 other serious behavioral health problem. Social workers were able to triage 205 (98%) youths. Triage occurred on the visit day for 193 youths (94%). Mental health evaluations were recommended for 152 (74%) of the triaged youths. Of the 109 subjects referred to a clinic with records accessible for review, 71 (65%) received a mental health service within 6 months.

CONCLUSIONS:

Pediatric primary care is a feasible setting in which to screen for suicidal youths and link them with mental health services. Youths who visit primary care clinics are willing to disclose suicidal ideation on a computerized screen. Youths who screen positive for suicide have many associated behavioral health needs. The use of information technology, colocated physician extenders, and a coordinated team on the mental health side can facilitate rapid, personal contact between the family and mental health service providers, and has the potential to overcome barriers to care for youths with suicidal ideation in the primary care setting.
Comparative Safety of Antidepressant Agents for Children and Adolescents Regarding Suicidal Acts
Authors: Schneeweiss Sebastian , Patrick Amanda R. , Solomon Daniel H. , Dormuth Colin R. , Miller Matt , Mehta Jyotsna , Lee Jennifer C. , Wang Philip S.
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this study was to assess the risk of suicide attempts and suicides after initiation of antidepressant medication use by children and adolescents, for individual agents.

METHODS:

We conducted a 9-year cohort study by using population-wide data from British Columbia. We identified new users of antidepressants who were 10 to 18 years of age with a recorded diagnosis of depression. Study outcomes were hospitalization attributable to intentional self-harm and suicide death.

RESULTS:

Of 20 906 children who initiated antidepressant therapy, 16774 (80%) had no previous antidepressant use. During the first year of use, we observed 266 attempted and 3 completed suicides, which yielded an event rate of 27.04 suicidal acts per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 23.9–30.5 suicidal acts per 1000 person-years). There were no meaningful differences in the rate ratios (RRs) comparing fluoxetine with citalopram (RR: 0.97 [95% CI: 0.54–1.76]), fluvoxamine (RR: 1.05 [95% CI: 0.46–2.43]), paroxetine (RR: 0.80 [95% CI: 0.47–1.37]), and sertraline (RR: 1.02 [95% CI: 0.56–1.84]). Tricyclic agents showed risks similar to those of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (RR: 0.92 [95% CI: 0.43–2.00]).

CONCLUSION:

Our finding of equal event rates among antidepressant agents supports the decision of the Food and Drug Administration to include all antidepressants in the black box warning regarding potentially increased suicidality risk for children and adolescents beginning use of antidepressants.
Prospective Study of Adolescent Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Benign Breast Disease in Young Women
Authors: Berkey Catherine S. , Willett Walter C. , Frazier A. Lindsay , Rosner Bernard , Tamimi Rulla M. , Rockett Helaine R. H. , Colditz Graham A.
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate prospectively, using alcoholic beverage consumption data collected in real time, the association between adolescent drinking and risk of biopsy-confirmed benign breast disease (BBD) in young women.

PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS:

The Growing Up Today Study is a prospective cohort study of US girls, aged 9 to 15 years at baseline, with annual questionnaires from 1996 through 2001, followed by questionnaires in 2003, 2005, and 2007. On the 2003 survey, the participants (then aged 16–23 years) provided information about their alcoholic beverage consumption in the previous year. On the 2005 and 2007 surveys, a total of 6899 women (aged 18–27 years) reported whether a health care provider had ever diagnosed them with BBD (n = 147 cases) and whether it was confirmed by biopsy (n = 67 cases); 6752 women reported never being diagnosed with BBD.

RESULTS:

Adjusted for age and BMI, quantity of alcohol consumed was associated with increased risk of biopsy-confirmed BBD (odds ratio: 1.50 per drink per day [95% confidence interval: 1.19–1.90]). Girls who typically drank 6 or 7 days/week were at higher risk (odds ratio: 5.50 [95% confidence interval: 1.23–24.53]) compared with those who never drank or who drank less than once per week.

CONCLUSIONS:

Higher amounts consumed, and more frequent consumption, of alcoholic beverages in adolescence may increase the occurrence of BBD in young women. Advising teenagers to avoid alcoholic beverages, along with smoking and sun exposure, may reduce cancer incidence in adulthood.
Severe Asthma With Fungal Sensitization in a Child: Response to Itraconazole Therapy
Authors: Vicencio Alfin G. , Muzumdar Hiren , Tsirilakis Kalliope , Kessel Aaron , Nandalike Kiran , Goldman David L.
Published: April 2010

People with severe asthma with fungal sensitization may represent an underdiagnosed subset of patients with refractory disease. It is important to know that such patients may benefit from adjunct treatment with antifungal agents. We describe here the case of a child with refractory asthma, persistent airway obstruction, a serum immunoglobulin E level of >20000 IU/mL, and severe eosinophilic airway infiltration. Although he did not meet diagnostic criteria for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, he demonstrated evidence of sensitization to several fungi and responded dramatically to the addition of itraconazole therapy. We also discuss emerging hypotheses regarding fungal-induced asthma.
Mothers' Spanking of 3-Year-Old Children and Subsequent Risk of Children's Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Taylor Catherine A. , Manganello Jennifer A. , Lee Shawna J. , Rice Janet C.
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE:

The goal was to examine the association between the use of corporal punishment (CP) against 3-year-old children and subsequent aggressive behavior among those children.

METHODS:

Respondents (N = 2461) participated in the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study (1998–2005), a population-based, birth cohort study of children born in 20 large US cities. Maternal reports of CP, children's aggressive behaviors at 3 and 5 years of age, and a host of key demographic features and potential confounding factors, including maternal child physical maltreatment, psychological maltreatment, and neglect, intimate partner aggression victimization, stress, depression, substance use, and consideration of abortion, were assessed.

RESULTS:

Frequent use of CP (ie, mother's use of spanking more than twice in the previous month) when the child was 3 years of age was associated with increased risk for higher levels of child aggression when the child was 5 years of age (adjusted odds ratio: 1.49 [95% confidence interval: 1.2–1.8]; P < .0001), even with controlling for the child's level of aggression at age 3 and the aforementioned potential confounding factors and key demographic features.

CONCLUSIONS:

Despite American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations to the contrary, most parents in the United States approve of and have used CP as a form of child discipline. The current findings suggest that even minor forms of CP, such as spanking, increase risk for increased child aggressive behavior. Importantly, these findings cannot be attributed to possible confounding effects of a host of other maternal parenting risk factors.
Quantitative Trait Loci for Endosperm Modification and Amino Acid Contents in Quality Protein Maize
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Rojas Andrés , Betrán Javier , Scott M. Paul , Atta Halima , Menz Mónica
Published: April 2010

The deficient protein quality of corn (Zea mays L.) grain can be improved by replacing normal Opaque2 (O2) alleles with nonfunctional mutant o2 alleles. Unfortunately, o2 alleles are associated with soft endosperm texture, poor yield, and susceptibility to diseases and insects. Plant breeders have been able to restore a desirable ratio of hard to soft endosperm in o2 germplasm. These modified genotypes are known as Quality Protein Maize (QPM). Neither the mechanism nor the genetic components controlling endosperm modification in QPM lines are well understood. Using a population of recombinant inbred lines, derived from a cross between an o2 line and a QPM line, and a novel evaluation method for endosperm modification, quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped for traits related to the modification of endosperm texture and the content of the essential amino acids lysine, tryptophan, and methionine. Quantitative trait loci clusters for endosperm texture traits were detected on chromosomes 3, 5, 6, and 8, together accounting for 62 to 68% of the observed variation. For traits related to amino acid contents, QTL clusters were located on chromosomes 7 and 8, explaining up to 39% of the observed variation. The elucidation of the genetic mechanisms of the modification of o2 endosperm and essential amino acid contents provides valuable information and important tools to plant breeders and plant scientists interested in improving the quality of cereal grains.
Categorization of Quantitative Trait Loci by Their Functional Roles: QTL Analysis for Chemical Concentration in Seed Grains
Authors: Ishii T. , Hayashi T. , Yonezawa K.
Published: April 2010

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) with different bio‐functional roles may occur simultaneously in QTL analysis. Categorizing these QTL by their functional roles is imperative for choosing markers suitable for marker‐assisted selection and gene searching. The feasibility of the QTL categorization is discussed in the context of QTL analysis for chemical concentration in seed grains. Our simulated QTL analysis under simple, hypothetical histo‐developmental and genetic models shows that, based on the concentration scores taken by conventional methods such as near‐infrared transmittance spectroscopy (called score C), a gene can be detected as a QTL even though it has no role in the synthesis or storage of the objective chemical. Such QTL, called nominal QTL, will not be useful as a target of marker‐assisted selection for a high chemical harvest. When QTL patterns obtained with score C are compared with those obtained with a modified score, score C × grain weight (called score D), nominal QTL can be distinguished and QTL can be categorized into two groups of functional categories, that is, QTL that control the size of tissues and QTL that control the rate of chemical synthesis. When QTL patterns are evaluated across multiple chemicals, QTL in each group can be distinguished by their functional charges.
Development of a Core Set in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)
Authors: Gangopadhyay K. K. , Mahajan R. K. , Kumar Gunjeet , Yadav S. K. , Meena B. L. , Pandey Chitra , Bisht I. S. , Mishra S. K. , Sivaraj N. , Gambhir Rajeev , Sharma S. K. , Dhillon B. S.
Published: April 2010

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is an important Solanaceae vegetable. It is a good source of minerals and vitamins and has medicinal properties. India, being a primary center of origin, possesses large variability for growth habit; leaf blade lobing; calyx color; fruit shape, size, and color; and color distribution. The objective of this study was to develop a core set of brinjal germplasm to facilitate access, conservation, and utilization. Germplasm accessions (1798) were evaluated in 2005 and 2006. Data were recorded for 28 morphological (14 qualitative and 14 quantitative) descriptors. The accessions were classified into 15 groups based on the regions and continents of their origin. Ten percent accessions were allocated to different groups, in direct proportion to the diversity summed across all qualitative descriptors in a group. From each group, accessions were selected by the “principal component score strategy” (PCSS). A comparison of means, variances, and phenotypic correlations for quantitative descriptors, and the Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index (H′) for qualitative descriptors indicated that the genetic variation for these descriptors was conserved in the core set. This core set can be evaluated intensively for agronomic traits, economic traits including resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses to identify accessions with desirable traits for use in crop improvement research and genomic studies.
Genetic Analysis of Cell Wall Traits Relevant to Cellulosic Ethanol Production in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Lorenz A. J. , Coors J. G. , Hansey C. N. , Kaeppler S. M. , de Leon N.
Published: April 2010

Maize hybrids with improved stover yield and quality are needed to support the emerging cellulosic biofuels industry. Knowledge of the genetic variation, covariation, and genetic architecture of agronomic and cell wall traits will help maize breeders improve relevant traits through selective breeding and genetic engineering. We utilized the maize intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) and to evaluate the genetic relationships among traits relevant for cellulosic biofuel production, including grain yield, stover yield, neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD), and glucan, xylan, and lignin concentration. Intermated B73 × Mo17 RIL were evaluated per se and as testcrosses to W604S to assess how well performance and QTL effects correspond between inbreds and hybrids. There were no unfavorable correlations between agronomic and cell wall traits within the testcross progeny. Polysaccharide content was either positively correlated to, or not correlated to, NDFD, indicating that increasing both carbohydrate content and convertibility is feasible. Quantitative trait loci were identified for all traits evaluated, but few QTL were in common between inbred per se and testcross evaluations despite moderate to high genotypic correlations between progeny types. This study provides information that will support the development of dual‐purpose maize hybrids that are high in grain yield and also high in yield of digestible cellulosic feedstock.
Evaluation of a Clonal Propagation Protocol to Obtain Replicated Disease Data on Infection by Colletotrichum truncatum in Lens culinaris
Authors: Vail Sally , Vandenberg Albert
Published: April 2010

Colletotrichum truncatum causes anthracnose, a major disease of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) on the Canadian prairies. Single‐plant phenotyping of resistance is unreliable, thus the feasibility of using clonal propagation of individual lentil plants to generate replicated ratings was evaluated. Experiments revealed that highly resistant and highly susceptible lines had consistent disease reactions in cutting‐ and seedling‐derived plants. However, the reaction of partially resistant lines differed and was attributed to differences in phenology between the treatments. When seedlings and replicated cuttings of an F2 population were assessed for disease, it was found that segregation patterns of resistant to susceptible plants of the cuttings were consistent with the seedlings. It is proposed that the cutting method may be more dependable than using single‐plant evaluation for this pathosystem.
Epistatic Models Improve between Year Prediction and Prediction of Testcross Performance in Corn
Authors: Dudley J. W. , Johnson G. R.
Published: April 2010

In a previous paper, the utility of partial least squares as a tool for predicting performance using marker‐based models was demonstrated. Including interactions between markers in prediction models improved prediction efficacy. The objectives of this paper were to determine whether: (i) molecular marker models based on 1 yr's phenotypic data could be used to predict performance in a second year; (ii) models based on per se data would be useful in predicting testcross performance; and (iii) adding epistasis to a model would improve prediction in either case. Data for protein, oil, and starch were obtained from 500 S2 lines and their testcrosses from the crosses of Illinois High Oil (IHO) × Illinois Low Oil (ILO) and of Illinois High Protein (IHP) × Illinois Low Protein (ILP) corn (Zea mays L.) strains. Adding epistasis to a model significantly increased predictive power both between years and for testcross performance. The proportion of variability accounted for when predicting testcross performance from per se performance was lower than when predicting performance in different years. In all cases, observed vs. predicted correlations were high enough to suggest they would be useful in marker‐assisted, or marker‐based, breeding.
Climatic Change and Agronomic Performance of Hard Red Spring Wheat from 1950 to 2007
Authors: Lanning S. P. , Kephart K. , Carlson G. R. , Eckhoff J. E. , Stougaard R. N. , Wichman D. M. , Martin J. M. , Talbert L. E.
Published: April 2010

Increasing temperatures are a threat to hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the northern Great Plains and may impact objectives for breeding programs. Weather data and agronomic performance of experimental lines and a check cultivar ‘Thatcher’ were compiled for six sites in Montana for 1950 to 2007. Mean annual temperature increased significantly at five sites. March temperature increased significantly at all sites, and planting date has become significantly earlier at a rate of 0.24 d yr−1. Grain yield of Thatcher increased significantly at a rate of 23.5 kg ha−1 yr−1. July temperatures increased significantly at two sites. July temperatures showed a significant negative correlation with grain yield at three sites and with grain volume weight at three sites. Nursery means over years as adjusted for Thatcher was used as a measure of genetic change and showed significantly increased grain yield and significantly earlier heading date. Our results suggest that earlier planting due to warmer spring temperatures has helped to alleviate negative effects of high temperatures during grain filling periods. Genetic changes in breeding materials have also contributed to increased yield potential, partially due to earlier heading and avoidance of July heat. Projection of increasing temperatures suggests the need for management and breeding strategies to insure productivity of hard red spring wheat in the northern Great Plains.
A High Density Integrated Genetic Linkage Map of Soybean and the Development of a 1536 Universal Soy Linkage Panel for Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping
Authors: Hyten David L. , Choi Ik‐Young , Song Qijian , Specht James E. , Carter Thomas E. , Shoemaker Randy C. , Hwang Eun‐Young , Matukumalli Lakshmi K. , Cregan Perry B.
Published: April 2010

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the marker of choice for many researchers due to their abundance and the high‐throughput methods available for their multiplex analysis. Only recently have SNP markers been available to researchers in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] with the release of the third version of the consensus genetic linkage map that added 1141 SNP markers to the map. Our objectives were to add 2500 additional SNP markers to the soybean integrated map and select a set of 1536 SNPs to create a universal linkage panel for high‐throughput soybean quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. The GoldenGate assay is one high‐throughput analysis method capable of genotyping 1536 SNPs in 192 DNA samples over a 3‐d period. We designed GoldenGate assays for 3456 SNPs (2956 new plus 500 previously mapped) which were used to screen three recombinant inbred line populations and diverse germplasm. A total of 3000 workable assays were obtained which added about 2500 new SNP markers to create a fourth version of the soybean integrated linkage map. To create a “Universal Soy Linkage Panel” (USLP 1.0) of 1536 SNP loci, SNPs were selected based on even distribution throughout each of the 20 consensus linkage groups and to have a broad range of allele frequencies in diverse germplasm. The 1536 USLP 1.0 will be able to quickly create a comprehensive genetic map in most QTL mapping populations and thus will serve as a useful tool for high‐throughput QTL mapping.
Tocopherol Content of Soybean Lines with Mid‐oleate and 1%‐Linolenate
Authors: Baumgartner Raechel M. , Fehr Walter R. , Wang Tong , Wang Guang
Published: April 2010

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil is an important commercial source of tocopherol (vitamin E). Some genetic modifications of the fatty ester makeup of soybean oil have resulted in changes in the content of total tocopherol and its components. The objective of this study was to determine if increases in the oleate content of soybean lines would alter their content of total tocopherol or its components compared with conventional soybean lines. There were 20 soybean lines with mid‐oleate and 1%‐linolenate (MO) content and 20 lines with conventional‐oleate and 1%‐linolenate (CO) content selected from each of three segregating populations. The lines were evaluated in three Iowa environments during 2007. The average total tocopherol content in oil across populations was 1790 mg kg−1 for the MO type and 1780 mg kg −1 for the CO type. Although the average total tocopherol was similar between the two types, the average proportion of α‐tocopherol was 27.6 mg kg−1 greater, γ‐tocopherol was 76.5 mg kg−1 less, and δ‐tocopherol was 56.2 mg kg−1 greater for the MO than the CO type. There was significant variation among MO lines for total tocopherol and the three components, which indicated that it should be possible to develop cultivars with tocopherol contents that are best suited to the needs of the end user.
Cross‐resistance between the Mexican Rice Borer and the Sugarcane Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae): A Case Study Using Sugarcane Breeding Populations
Authors: Zhou Marvellous M. , Kimbeng Collins A. , da Silva Jorge A. , White William H.
Published: April 2010

The sugarcane borer (SCB) [Diatraea saccharalis (F.)] and Mexican rice borer (MRB) [Eoreuma loftini (Dyar)] are two economically important pests of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) in the United States. Because of similarities in larval feeding behavior, selecting for resistance to one species could provide resistance to the other, a phenomenon we have termed “cross‐resistance”. The objective of this study was to determine if SCB‐resistance in sugarcane is correlated with resistance to MRB. Thirty genotypes from Louisiana previously identified as either resistant or susceptible to the SCB and 50 from Texas with unknown resistance status to either species were evaluated for percent borer‐damaged internodes. Data from the SCB‐resistant and‐susceptible genotypes were used to determine the SCB‐resistance status of all 80 genotypes. Similar (P = 0.578) levels of MRB damage were found between the Louisiana and Texas population, whereas, the Louisiana population suffered significantly (P < 0.05) less SCB damage compared to the Texas population. The SCB‐resistant genotypes suffered significantly (P < 0.01) less damage from the MRB compared to their susceptible counterparts. A significant (P < 0.001) association was found in percent SCB‐ and MRB‐damaged internodes among the Louisiana and the SCB‐resistant populations but not among the Texas or SCB‐susceptible populations. Furthermore, the SCB‐resistant genotypes were 40% less likely than susceptible ones to be bored by the MRB. Resources developed for SCB‐resistance could form the foundation material to breed for resistance to both pests.
Genotype × Environment Effects on Single‐Plant Selection at Low Density for Yield and Stability in Climbing Dry Bean Populations
Authors: Tokatlidis Ioannis S. , Papadopoulos Ioannis I. , Baxevanos Dimitrios , Koutita Olga
Published: April 2010

Breeders ought to consider the confounding effects of the environment and genotype × environment (G × E) interaction on response to early generation selection. To meet this requirement, honeycomb breeding was performed at a low density within two dry bean populations (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under typical open‐field conditions and in an adjacent greenhouse. Nineteen progeny lines were formed through selection of nine and ten of the highest‐yielding plants in the greenhouse and the field, respectively. Honeycomb progeny testing at the low density in the two distinct environments showed up to 75% improvement in plant‐yield potential. Under farming‐density conditions in five environments, six of the lines outyielded the respective original population by 12 to 38% and exhibited the greatest stability according to the genotype and genotype × environment (GGE) biplot model. At low density, the greenhouse evaluation demonstrated less acquired variance than the field evaluation and was especially useful for selection and progeny evaluation. Three of the six outstanding lines originated from the greenhouse. Honeycomb progeny estimation on a single‐plant yield basis in the greenhouse, rather than in the field, gave a better prediction of yield potential on an area basis. The results showed that honeycomb breeding performed in two environments to address the G × E interaction may be successful for developing varieties that exhibit both high and stable productivity.
The Fragmentation of Reputation
Authors: Bose Gautam
Published: April 2010

This paper investigates the use of reputation in an economy where principals hire agents for two different kinds of tasks, in which the agents have differing aptitudes. Principal-agent matches are remade every period, but a principal can acquire some information on the past behavior of her current agent. I consider two different reputation mechanismsone in which an agent's past record of defections makes no reference to the kind of task (Integrated Reputation), and another in which information about past defections is available separately for each task (Fragmented Reputation). The two kinds of reputation can be interpreted as "personal honor" and performance record (e.g. credit history) respectively.I first characterize the equilibria under the two mechanisms and make some welfare comparisons, showing that IR strictly welfare dominates FR over a significant range of parameter values. I then show that, when both mechanisms are available, integrated reputation will not be used in equilibrium by principals. Thus if the economy is in equilibrium using only the IR mechanism, and the FR mechanism becomes subsequently available, then IR will become obsolete. In the appropriate ranges of parameter values, this change reduces welfare.
Digital Curation for Science, Digital Libraries, and Individuals
Authors: Beagrie Neil
Published: April 2010

The creation, management and use of digital materials are of increasing importance for a wide range of activities. Much of the knowledge base and intellectual assets of institutions and individuals are now in digital form. The term digital curation is increasingly being used for the actions needed to add value to and maintain these digital assets over time for current and future generations of users. The paper explores this emerging field of digital curation as an area of inter-disciplinary research and practice, and the trends which are influencing its development. It analyses the genesis of the term and how traditional roles relating to digital assets are in transition. Finally it explores some of the drivers for curation ranging from trends such as exponential growth in digital information, to "life-caching", digital preservation, the Grid and new opportunities for publishing, sharing, and re-using data. It concludes that significant effort needs to be put into developing a persistent information infrastructure for digital materials and into developing the digital curation skills of researchers and information professionals. Without this, current investment in digitisation and digital content will only secure short-term rather than lasting benefits.
Digital Curation, Copyright, and Academic Research
Authors: Charlesworth Andrew
Published: April 2010

A defining characteristic of contemporary copyright law is the willingness of governments to accept the argument that the impact of digital technologies requires copyright owners to be given ever greater control over the use of their works, regardless of the detriment to the copyright regime's 'public interest' elements. Yet a one-size-fits-all 'all rights reserved' copyright regime clearly fails to meet the requirements of many rightsholders. One response has been the Creative Commons movement which seeks, through licences based on existing copyright laws, to provide a simple mechanism for rightsholders to disseminate their works under less restrictive conditions. The Creative Commons' initial success has led to suggestions that its principles could be equally applied to scientific research outputs, such as publications, licensing of research materials, and datasets. This article argues that the Science Commons approach, if based on the Creative Commons model, and premised at its root on utilitarian copyright law, will both fail to address contemporary policy drivers in research, or to provide researchers with the type of rights that they actually want. It suggests that constructing an appropriate set of rights for the Science Commons, particularly for datasets, will require a willingness to step outside the utilitarian model and look to the Continental copyright tradition, which sets less store in economic rights and gives greater weight to moral rights.
Scientific Publication Packages – A Selective Approach to the Communication and Archival of Scientific Output
Authors: Hunter Jane
Published: April 2010

The use of digital technologies within research has led to a proliferation of data, many new forms of research output and new modes of presentation and analysis. Many scientific communities are struggling with the challenge of how to manage the terabytes of data and new forms of output, they are producing. They are also under increasing pressure from funding organizations to publish their raw data, in addition to their traditional publications, in open archives. In this paper I describe an approach that involves the selective encapsulation of raw data, derived products, algorithms, software and textual publications within “scientific publication packages”. Such packages provide an ideal method for: encapsulating expert knowledge; for publishing and sharing scientific process and results; for teaching complex scientific concepts; and for the selective archival, curation and preservation of scientific data and output. They also provide a bridge between technological advances in the Digital Libraries and eScience domains. In particular, I describe the RDF-based architecture that we are adopting to enable scientists to construct, publish and manage “scientific publication packages” - compound digital objects that encapsulate and relate the raw data to its derived products, publications and the associated contextual, provenance and administrative metadata.
The world is all grown digital.... How shall a man persuade management what to do in such times?
Authors: Currall James , Johnson Claire , McKinney Peter
Published: April 2010

Understanding and communicating the cost and value of digital curation activities has now been recognised by a number of projects and initiatives as a very important factor in ensuring the long-term survival of digital assets. A number of projects have developed costing models for digital preservation but there remains a major problem with information assets (digital or otherwise) in that their value is difficult to express in terms that are readily understood by all the stakeholders, especially those who might fund their preservation. This paper introduces a range of issues concerning information value and business models for sustained funding of digital preservation, with particular reference to the espida Project recently completed at the University of Glasgow. This project has developed a model of information value that builds on the Balanced Scorecard approach to business performance developed by Kaplan and Norton. This model casts information curation as an investment where current and ongoing expenditure is incurred in order to produce future returns, benefitting a range of stakeholders. In this formulation, value is seen as multi-facetted and, from the point of view of the individual or organisation funding the curation, explicitly related to the funder’s strategic goals. It also recognises that benefits may only accrue over the long term and that there is a risk that information that is preserved may fail to deliver any return. Examples discussed in the paper concern the establishment of an institutional repository and the establishment of an e-thesis service for an educational institution. It concludes that a deconstruction of benefits of this kind can be more quickly and fully understood even by stakeholders not necessarily expert in the curation field. This facilitates the production of a well-constructed case that clearly articulates information value and the benefit that accrues from its curation, which in turn allows senior management or other funders to make funding decisions based on understandable information: the basic premise of good practice in management. This is a commonly understood idea and one that the espida methodology helps fulfil.
Digital Archive Policies and Trusted Digital Repositories
Authors: Smith MacKenzie , Moore Reagan
Published: April 2010

The MIT Libraries, the San Diego Supercomputer Center, and the University of California San Diego Libraries are conducting the PLEDGE Project to determine the set of policies that affect operational digital preservation archives and to develop standardized means of recording and enforcing them using rules engines. This has the potential to allow for automated assessment of â€œtrustworthinessâ€ of digital preservation archives. We are also evaluating the completeness of other efforts to define policies for digital preservation such as the RLG/NARA Trusted Digital Repository checklist and the PREMIS metadata schema. We present our results to date.
Report from the DigCCurr 2007 International Symposium on Digital Curation, Chapel Hill, NC, April 18-20, 2007
Authors: Day Michael
Published: April 2010

This is a report from the DigCCurr (Digital Curation Curriculum) 2007 symposium held at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill on April 18-20, 2007. The event was organised as part of the project "Preserving Access to Our Digital Future: Building an International Digital Curation Curriculum," funded by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS).
Using a Remote Access Data Enclave for Data Dissemination
Authors: Lane Julia , Shipp Stephanie
Published: April 2010

This article describes the approach taken by NORC and NIST to provide remote researcher access to confidential business micro data. We have combined technical, legal and organizational approaches to protect respondent confidential. We have also instituted a number of technical approaches to encourage researchers to provide metadata documentation.
Attitudes and Aspirations in a Diverse World: The Project StORe Perspective on Scientific Repositories
Authors: Pryor Graham
Published: April 2010

Project StORe was conceived as an initiative to apply digital library technologies in the creation of new value for published research. Ostensibly a technical project, its primary objective was the design of middleware to enable bi-directional links between source repositories containing research data and output repositories containing research publications. Hence, researchers would be able to navigate directly from within an electronic article to the source or synthesised data from which that article was derived. To achieve a product that directly reflects user needs, a survey of researchers was conducted across seven scientific disciplines. This survey exposed the spectrum of cultural pressures, preferences and prejudices that influence the research process, as well as a range of practices in the production and management of research data. Aspects of the research environment revealed by the survey are considered in this paper in the context of repository use and, more broadly, the requirements, roles and responsibilities necessary to good data management.
Editorial
Authors: Rusbridge Chris
Published: April 2010

Chris Rusbridge introduces Issue 1 of Volume 2 (2007) of the International Journal of Digital Curation.
Separable K-linear categories
Authors: Chiteș Andrei , Chiteș Costel
Published: April 2010

We define and investigate separable K-linear categories. We show that such a category C is locally finite and that every left C-module is projective. We apply our main results to characterize separable linear categories that are spanned by groupoids or delta categories.
Daugavet centers and direct sums of Banach spaces
Authors: Bosenko Tetiana
Published: April 2010

A linear continuous nonzero operator G: X → Y is a Daugavet center if every rank-1 operator T: X → Y satisfies ||G + T|| = ||G|| + ||T||. We study the case when either X or Y is a sum X
1⊕F

X
2 of two Banach spaces X
1 and X
2 by some two-dimensional Banach space F. We completely describe the class of those F such that for some spaces X
1 and X
2 there exists a Daugavet center acting from X
1⊕F

X
2, and the class of those F such that for some pair of spaces X
1 and X
2 there is a Daugavet center acting into X
1⊕F

X
2. We also present several examples of such Daugavet centers.
Altitude of wheels and wheel-like graphs
Authors: Dzido Tomasz , Furmańczyk Hanna
Published: April 2010

An edge-ordering of a graph G=(V, E) is a one-to-one mapping f:E(G)→{1, 2, ..., |E(G)|}. A path of length k in G is called a (k, f)-ascent if f increases along the successive edges forming the path. The altitude α(G) of G is the greatest integer k such that for all edge-orderings f, G has a (k, f)-ascent.

In our paper we give exact values of α(G) for all helms and wheels. Furthermore, we use our result to obtain altitude for graphs that are subgraphs of helms.
Wound Breakdown After Total Ankle Arthroplasty
Authors: Whalen Joseph L. , Spelsberg Sarah C. , Murray Peter
Published: April 2010

Background: Wound breakdown of the operative incision is commonly encountered as a complication following ankle replacement surgery. Healing problems can progress to full thickness necrosis of the skin and deeper tissues jeopardizing the ultimate retention of the implants leading to compromised patient outcomes. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 57 consecutive primary total ankle arthroplasties (TAA) were retrospectively reviewed after observing a higher than expected rate of wound-healing problems consistently involving the central third of the operative incision. Results: The rate of wound breakdown was 28% in this series. Analysis of various possible risk factors showed a statistically significant increase in rate of wound breakdown associated with smoking greater than 12 pack years, peripheral vascular disease, and cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: Preoperative identification of patient risk factors associated with breakdown of the operative incision after TAA should improve outcome of the procedure. Screening of those patients with risk factors for wound breakdown is recommended prior to total ankle arthroplasty.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series