bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foreign Interventions and Secessionist Movements: The Democratic Factor
Authors: Bélanger Louis , Duchesne Érick , Paquin Jonathan
Published: April 2008

Abstract.This article explores the impact of political regime type on the decision of third states to support secessionist movements abroad. It suggests that democracies share political values, which lead them to oppose their mutual secessionist claims, while autocracies are not bound by this normative consideration. The statistical analysis supports the effect of the democratic factor: democracies rarely support secessionist groups emerging from democratic states. Moreover, it shows that there is no autocratic counterpart to this argument. This research also casts some serious doubts on the ability of conventional explanations—namely vulnerability and ethnic affinities—to explain external support to secessionist movements.

Résumé.Cet article analyse l'impact du type de régime politique sur la décision des États tiers d'appuyer des mouvements sécessionnistes à l'étranger. L'étude soutient que les démocraties partagent des valeurs politiques communes qui les mènent à s'opposer aux mouvements indépendantistes qui se manifestent parmi elles, alors que les régimes autocratiques ne sont pas liés par cette considération normative. L'analyse statistique valide l'effet du facteur démocratique : les démocraties appuient rarement les groupes sécessionnistes qui émergent au sein d'autres États démocratiques. Les données démontrent également qu'il n'y a pas d'équivalent autocratique faisant écho au facteur démocratique. L'étude indique en outre que les thèses courantes de la vulnérabilité et du lien ethnique expliquent mal l'appui des États tiers aux groupes sécessionnistes.
Québec : État et Société, Tome 2
Authors: Papillon Martin
Published: April 2008

Québec : État et Société, Tome 2, Alain G.
Gagnon (directeur), Montréal, Éditions Québec
Amérique, 2003, pp. 588.

Le collectif Québec : État et
Société, dirigé par Alain G. Gagnon, en est
à sa deuxième mouture en français et publie
déjà son troisième ouvrage en anglais. Le volume
précédent, sorti en 1994, s'est imposé comme un
incontournable pour quiconque s'intéresse aux grands
débats politiques et sociaux marquant le Québec
d'aujourd'hui. Signe de l'intérêt que
suscitent les réflexions politiques sur le Québec à
l'étranger, le tome 2, publié en français et en
anglais, est également disponible en versions espagnole et
portugaise. À l'instar du volume précédent, ce
nouveau collectif peint un large portrait des différents enjeux qui
sont au cœur de la politique québécoise actuelle, dans
une perspective se voulant à la fois pédagogique et
analytique. Puisqu'il est impossible de rendre justice à la
totalité des vingt-deux textes du volume en quelques lignes, je me
contenterai de souligner certains éléments qui, il me
semble, donnent le ton à l'ensemble. Deux axes de
réflexion dominent à cet égard : d'une part, si
les rapports Québec-Canada occupent toujours une place importante,
la “question nationale” y est d'abord abordée sous
l'angle de la citoyenneté et du défi que
représente, pour le projet nationaliste, la prise en compte de la
profonde diversité du Québec contemporain. D'autre
part, reflétant également l'évolution de
l'ordre du jour politique, les défis engendrés par le
processus de mondialisation occupent une place beaucoup plus significative
dans ce nouveau collectif.
Littérature amérindienne du Québec.
Écrits de langue française,
Authors: Giroux Dalie
Published: April 2008

Littérature amérindienne du Québec. Écrits
de langue française,, Maurizio Gatti, (Préface de Robert
Lalonde)., Montréal : Hurtubise HMH, 2004, 271 p.

Les études littéraires portant sur les écrits
amérindiens, en langues amérindiennes et en anglais,
constituent depuis maintenant quelques années un champ intellectuel
construit et créatif, animé principalement au Canada par les
universités du Manitoba et de la Saskatchewan. Emma LaRocque et
Thomas King œuvrent notamment depuis une trentaine
d'années à rassembler, découvrir, faire
connaître et traduire la littérature amérindienne et
ses auteurs. Cette littérature s'est d'abord
constituée comme une littérature de combat, un travail de
décolonisation et de réappropriation (“ reinventing
the ennemy's language ”, dira justement LaRocque à
propos du passage des langues amérindiennes à l'anglais
dans l'histoire de cette littérature), mais aussi comme un
travail thérapeutique et comme le témoignage d'une
expérience non documentée dans les livres d'histoire
officielle. Cette littérature, devenue fiction, poésie,
théâtre, humour, travail herméneutique, est
maintenant, du moins dans le monde anglo-saxon, le fer de lance de ce
qu'il n'est pas exagéré d'appeler la
renaissance de la culture amérindienne. Ce corpus effervescent est
donc d'un intérêt particulier pour les lecteurs de
pensée et de théorie politiques, pour les artisans des
cultural studies, pour les canadianistes et, pourquoi pas, pour
les résidents de l'Amérique en
général.
Between Colliding Worlds: The Ambiguous Existence of Government
Agencies for Aboriginal and Women's Policy
Authors: Lawrence Bonita
Published: April 2008

Between Colliding Worlds: The Ambiguous Existence of Government
Agencies for Aboriginal and Women's Policy, Jonathan Malloy,
Toronto: University of Toronto Press/IPAC, 2003, pp. x, 217.

This book explores the complex relationship between “special
policy agencies” created to address the needs of specific social
groups, and the social movements that arise to advocate for these groups.
Its main premise is that special policy agencies exist in a state of
permanent—and highly useful—ambiguity, forming a conduit that
enables the conflicting worlds of social movements and governments to
articulate their highly distinct agendas in a manner comprehensible to
both “worlds.”
Crises politiques et démocratie en Belgique
Authors: Erk Jan
Published: April 2008

Crises politiques et démocratie en Belgique, Nathalie
Schiffino, Paris: L'Harmattan, 2003.

La Belgique et le Canada sont deux exemples de démocraties
plurinationales historiquement confrontées à des questions
politiques similaires. Nous pouvons tirer des leçons pertinentes
pour le Canada en particulier, mais aussi pour la politique
comparée en général, des crises qui ont
ponctué l'histoire politique de la Belgique. Le livre de
Nathalie Schiffino étudie trois crises de la vie politique
belge.
A Unified Theory of Party Competition: A Cross-National Analysis
Integrating Spatial and Behavioral Factors
Authors: Nikolenyi Csaba
Published: April 2008

A Unified Theory of Party Competition: A Cross-National Analysis
Integrating Spatial and Behavioral Factors, J.F. Adams, S. Merill,
III and B. Grofman, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp.
311.

A Unified Theory of Party Competition continues the
development of the important research agenda started by Merrill and
Grofman's A Unified Theory of Voting: Directional and Spatial
Proximity Models (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). This
agenda focuses on integrating hitherto diverging streams of the literature
in order to present sophisticated formal models that lead to empirically
testable predictions with more realistic results than earlier models. As
such, this book is at the cutting edge of developing the scientific study
of politics. Although written with an explicit theoretical concern in
mind, it presents a wealth of rigorous empirical tests, drawn from case
studies of Britain, France, Norway and the Unites States, to demonstrate
how well the theory travels across very different institutional and
contextual settings.
Regressive Taxation and the Welfare State: Path Dependence and
Policy Diffusion
Authors: Cohn Daniel
Published: April 2008

Regressive Taxation and the Welfare State: Path Dependence and
Policy Diffusion, Junko Kato, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2003, pp. 260.

This book provides a surprisingly interesting look at an understudied
problem within the field of comparative welfare state research: the
relationship between funding and welfare state regime characteristics. The
author proposes that researchers take a second look at regressive
taxation, specifically value-added taxes (VATs) such as Canada's GST.
While it is commonly assumed that a sustainable and extensive welfare
state goes hand-in-hand with a heavy reliance on progressive taxation,
Kato seeks to demonstrate through a combination of quantitative and
qualitative methods that this is not the case.
Dismantling Democratic States
Authors: Painter Chris
Published: April 2008

Dismantling Democratic States, Ezra Suleiman, Princeton and Oxford,
Princeton University Press, 2003, pp. 327.

At the heart of this comparative text is a fundamental critique of the
substitution of the norms of the market place for those of collective
public interest. As citizens are transformed into ubiquitous
consumers, so the reinvention of government raises
profound questions about the public domain and its role. To this extent,
the New Public Management (NPM) is a vehicle for a deeper ideological
program, differentiating it from earlier reform endeavours. However,
Suleiman contends it is a global movement very much constrained by
cultural contexts. The reluctance of countries such as France or Japan to
implement far-reaching reforms reflects deeply embedded socio-cultural and
political values that underpin the public sphere, unlike prevalent values
in the United States.
Projet national et espace de protestation mondiale: des articulations distinctes au Québec et au Canada
Authors: Dufour Pascale
Published: April 2008

Résumé.Dans cet article, nous partons du constat que les espaces de protestation sociale contre la mondialisation des échanges économiques ont suivi des trajectoires différentes au Québec et dans le reste du Canada, notamment depuis la fin des années 1980. Nous expliquons cette différence de trajectoire par l'articulation distincte, dans ces deux ensembles sociaux, entre le projet national poursuivi par les acteurs sociaux et politiques et les réactions de ces acteurs au processus de mondialisation des échanges économiques.

Abstract.This paper examines the difference between the evolution of the protest movement against globalisation in Quebec and in Canada, especially since the end of the eighties. We argue that this difference can be best understood by taking into account the distinctive relationship which prevailed in these two social entities between the national project pursued by social and political actors and the reactions of these actors to the globalisation process.
Continental Divide and the Politics of Complex Sovereignty: Canada, The United States and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Jones Adrian L.
Published: April 2008

Abstract.As a recent instance of transnational cooperation and governance, encompassing a novel combination of international and supranational legal properties, the International Criminal Court provides an instructive forum for considering increasinglycomplex sovereignty. This paper considers why Canada and the United States have pursued such divergent policies toward the Court. I argue that these postures are informed by their subjective conceptions of state sovereignty, a reflection of varying interests, values and capacities. As such, this case study illuminates factors that may influence patterns and limitations of transnational cooperation by states.

Résumé.Comme exemple récent de coopération et de gouvernance transnationales, englobant une combinaison innovatrice de caractéristiques juridiques internationales et supranationales, la Cour pénale internationale constitue un forum instructif pour l'étude de lacomplexité croissante de la souveraineté. Cet article examine pourquoi le Canada et les États-Unis ont adopté des politiques aussi divergentes à l'égard de la Cour. J'avance que leurs positions sont fondées sur leurs notions subjectives de la souveraineté des États et qu'elles reflètent les divergences de leurs intérêts, de leurs valeurs et de leurs capacités. En définitive, cette étude de cas met en lumière les facteurs susceptibles d'influencer les modèles et les limites de la coopération transnationale entre les États.
The Politics of Air Pollution: Urban Growth, Ecological
Modernization and Symbolic Inclusion
Authors: Keil Roger
Published: April 2008

The Politics of Air Pollution: Urban Growth, Ecological
Modernization and Symbolic Inclusion, George A. Gonzalez, Albany:
State University of New York Press, 2005, pp. viii, 144.

Air pollution in the United States, and especially in Los Angeles, has
been widely covered in academic studies throughout the second half of the
twentieth century, and the new century has already produced several new
publications on the topic. Some of this abundance has to be explained by
the tenacity of the problem, especially of urban air pollution
and the continuing inability of state agencies and business to deal with
it. In an era of Kyoto and in the face of an American federal government
that is dragging its feet on the larger questions of climate control, air
pollution has been recast from a nuisance to a public health problem to a
global environmental threat, precisely at a time when so little real
action towards its solution seems to be taking place. Yet, the continued
interest in air pollution also can be explained by the blossoming of new
political theories on the making of policy, which allow for
reinterpretations of the data at hand (discourse theory, ecological
modernization, and so on). Gonzalez's book is predominantly motivated
by that second set of reasons. This long essay—it is a short book
which reads more like an extended journal article—makes a
distinctive argument which attempts to challenge some of the traditional
stories told about air pollution regulation as well as the constructs of
political thought that undergird them.
Why Policy Issue Networks Matter: The Advanced Technology Program
and the Manufacturing Extension Partnership
Authors: Zschoch Mark
Published: April 2008

Why Policy Issue Networks Matter: The Advanced Technology Program
and the Manufacturing Extension Partnership, Paul M. Hallacher,
Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005, pp. ix,
181.

The argument that the rigid institutional arrangements of the past,
namely subgovernments, have given way to decentralized, more open and
informal policy issue networks is increasingly supported by a burgeoning
body of case study literature. Paul Hallacher's book is an example of
one such study that attempts to go beyond this observation and hypothesize
the causal connections between policy subsystem structure and policy
outcomes in the area of American cooperative technology policy. The United
States provides a suitable environment for examining the hypothetical link
between policy subsystem and outcome in this policy area because of the
differences in political culture at the federal and state levels with
regards to government in assisting industry. These differences have
manifested themselves as open conflict between Democrats and Republicans
over interventionist policy.
Les constitutions arabes et l'islam, les enjeux du pluralisme
juridique.
Authors: Déme Ousmane
Published: April 2008

Les constitutions arabes et l'islam, les enjeux du pluralisme
juridique., Sabine Lavorel, Québec : Presses de
l'université du Québec, 2005, 202 pp.

L'ouvrage de Sabine Lavorel cherche à analyser les
mutations politiques à l'œuvre dans le monde arabe,
à travers une nouvelle approche du droit constitutionnel des pays
arabes. Son objectif est de brasser dans un seul corpus analytique
l'ensemble du monde arabe, malgré les quelques
spécificités observables par endroit. Pour ce faire,
l'auteure propose une démarche qui tend à “
refuser que la religion représente le seul facteur
d'explication du système constitutionnel actuel des
États arabes : au même titre que l'Islam, les valeurs
libérales, révolutionnaires ou socialistes
s'intègrent au référent traditionnel pour former
un système normatif plural ” (p. 15).
Does Civil Society Matter? Governance in Contemporary India
Authors: Tremblay Reeta Chowdhari
Published: April 2008

Does Civil Society Matter? Governance in Contemporary India,
Rajesh Tandon and Ranjita Mohanty, eds., New Delhi: Thousand Oaks, London:
Sage Publications, 2003, pp. 363.

In the last decade in North America, there has been an explosion of
books on the subject of civil society. Like so many other concepts in
contemporary political science, the notion of civil society has been
imported to analyze other polities outside the North American hemisphere,
and India is no exception. However, Tandon and Mohanty's edited book
presents a fresh perspective by combining academic analysis with that of
on-the-ground practitioners to examine the relationship between civil
society and governance. The book is divided into two parts: the first
deals with the theoretical conceptualization of civil society and the
second with actual case studies.
Political Obligations and Jacobins and Utopians: The Political
Theory of Fundamental Moral Reform
Authors: Ivison Duncan
Published: April 2008

Political Obligations, George Klosko, Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2005, pp. x, 266.

Jacobins and Utopians: The Political Theory of Fundamental Moral
Reform, George Klosko, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame
Press, 2003, pp. xii, 200.

Perhaps two of the most persistent and perplexing questions in
political theory are: Why should I obey the law (or the state)? And, what
is the relation between human perfection and politics? Can (or must) human
beings realize their true nature through politics? Or is any such hope not
only misplaced, but dangerous—one that is itself a problem that
political theory must confront? In these two thoughtful books, George
Klosko sets out to address them, drawing on a remarkably diverse range of
material to do so.
American Power and World Order
Authors: Brooks Stephen
Published: April 2008

American Power and World Order, Christian Reus-Smit, Themes
for the 21st Century; Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2004, pp.
xii, 184.

This book begins and ends with analogies between the United States and
Rome. The analogies are familiar ones. The remarkable military, economic
and technological preponderance of America are acknowledged. The fatal
flaws of hubris and “immoderate greatness” are asserted and
warned against. In between, Christian Reus-Smit weaves a narrative of
decline, in which he attempts to explain why America is unable to exercise
international influence commensurate with its material preponderance in
the world.
Beyond Exotization and Likeness: Alterity and the Production of Sense in a Colonial Encounter
Authors: Lamana Gonzalo
Published: April 2008

The scene that unfolded in the plaza of Cajamarca on Saturday, 16 November 1532, is one of the most loaded in the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. That day the Inca Atahualpa, head of an empire of several million extending from present day Ecuador to Chile, surrounded by his powerful army, was captured by 168 men. The attack took place after the exchange of a book and words in the middle of the plaza, between the Inca and fray Vicente de Valverde, head clergyman of the conquest party lead by Francisco Pizarro. The scene has been the object of much debate, both in the sixteenth century, when it rapidly became part of Europeans' colonial imagination, and in the present. This essay's goal is to offer an alternative interpretation of Cajamarca, which addresses a simple, under-explored question: Why did the meeting occurin the wayit did? Why was Atahualpathere, exposing himself to some dangerous looters, why did the Spanish not attack directly if the ambush was ready? To anticipate my conclusion, I argue that Cajamarca happened as it did because it was the necessary final act of a long chain of improvised moves, which responded to culturally specific political dilemmas. Its dynamic reflected a radical uncertainty common to contact processes, but left aside by most scholarship. Recovering this, I suggest, speaks not only to the case in point, but to the mechanics of power and coloniality across space and time.
Narrating the Russian Revolution: Institutionalism and Continuity across Regime Change
Authors: Rowney Don K.
Published: April 2008

The vigorous revival of institutionalist theories and methods among economists, political scientists, and other social scientists has prompted a broad reconsideration of how political and economic preferences are transformed into social outcomes. In much of the professional literature, this change has stimulated a shift away from behavioral and empirical methods to those that rely on interpretation of the historical evolution of policies in an organizational framework. Focusing on topics as disparate as the implementation of Keynesian economic policies in the 1930s, United States civil service reform at the turn of the twentieth century, or the evolution of property and other rights in early modern England, institutionalist studies by sociologists, political scientists, and economists have, increasingly, addressed problems by using historical narratives.
The Spirit of Capitalism and the Boundaries of Citizenship in Post-Wall Germany
Authors: Berdahl Daphne
Published: April 2008

Immediately after the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, one of the most pervasive media images consisted of East Germans on a frenetic, collective shopping spree. For many western Germans, as well as for much of the world, the “triumph” of capitalism and democracy seemed to be reflected and confirmed in the “consuming frenzy” (Konsumrausch) of the “Ossis” (East Germans). Although these images of consumption following the collapse of socialism were new, they were structured by and contributed to a dominant narrative of “democratization” and national legitimacy in which access to consumer goods and consumer choice are defined as fundamental rights and democratic expressions of individualism. Indeed, many observers have since suggested that the transitions of 1989 were not about demands for political or human rights, but for consumer rights (e.g., Bauman 1992; Borneman 1992; Drakulic 1991). They were also, I would add, about consumerrites—about the making of citizen-consumers.
Returning Refugees: Four Historical Patterns of “Coming Home” to Rwanda
Authors: Newbury David
Published: April 2008

Over the 1990s, Western images of Africa became dominated by a social landscape of mobile people fleeing disaster. In the aftermath of the horrendous 1994 genocide in Rwanda, refugees and IDPs (“internally displaced people,” the term used for uprooted individuals within a state) were especially visible in Central Africa, but West Africa also was the locus of a series of complicated refugee movements (from Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, and elsewhere), and northeast Africa (Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia) generated many more. Such flight from fear, however, was not new to Africa. Many people had fled colonial extractions or had been forcibly moved for purposes of colonial labor; many more were caught up in precolonial relocations. Of course many were forcibly moved as well in the massive displacement of slaves from and within Africa, and voluntary movement was also common, for land, trade, or religious duty. Consequently, while in the West, Africa is often thought of as a continent in stasis, with the rural poor tied to their land, in fact, the historical record indicates that Africa has always been a continent of enormous mobility.
Benjamin Disraeli, Romantic Orientalist
Authors: Kalmar Ivan Davidson
Published: April 2008

Of Edward Said's many passions, Joseph Conrad was among the most persistent. That a Polish-English writer of nineteenth-century colonial fiction should be the hero of the author of Orientalism might challenge those, among both Said's friends and enemies, who misread his work as a condemnation of major Western writers and thinkers who shared their period's Eurocentric prejudice. Said fully recognized Conrad's “uncompromising Eurocentric vision,” yet discovered in it, perhaps paradoxically, a “felt tension between what is intolerably there and a symmetrical compulsion to escape from it.” With the passage of time, what speaks to us is not Conrad's prejudices, but the way his texts “brush up unstintingly against historical constraints.”
FACTORIZATION OF MONOMORPHISMS OF A POLYNOMIAL ALGEBRA IN ONE VARIABLE
Authors: BAVULA V. V.
Published: April 2008

Let K[x] be a polynomial algebra in a variable x over a commutative $\Q$-algebra K, and Γ′ the monoid of K-algebra monomorphisms of K[x] of the type σ: x ↦ x+λ2x2 + . . . +λnxn, λi ∈ K, λn is a unit of K. It is proved that for each σ ∈ Γ′ there are only finitely many distinct decompositions σ = σ1. . .σs in Γ′. Moreover, each such decomposition is uniquely determined by the degrees of components: if σ = σ1. . . σs= τ1 . . . τs then σ1=τ1, λ. . ., σs=τs if and only if deg(σ1)=deg(τ1), . . ., deg(σs)=deg(τs). Explicit formulae are given for the components σi via the coefficients λj and the degrees deg(σk) (as an application of the inversion formula for polynomial automorphisms in several variables from [1]). In general, for a polynomial there are no formulae (in radicals) for its divisors (elementary Galois theory). Surprisingly, one can write such formulae where instead of the product of polynomials one considers their composition (as polynomial functions).
Economic Interests and Regional Trading Arrangements: The Case of NAFTA
Authors: Chase Kerry A.
Published: April 2008

This article examines lobbying in the United States on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). I argue that economies of scale and production sharing across borders create incentives for firms to seek regional trade liberalization. Statistical analysis demonstrates that sectors with these characteristics were more likely to lobby for free trade in North America; these sectors were also exposed to free trade more rapidly under the tariff-phasing schedule in the NAFTA treaty. However, corporate restructuring to rescale production for the regional market and to increase offshore assembly presented adjustment costs for U.S. workers, which created divisions between labor unions and their employers. I conclude that regional arrangements are an attractive mechanism to liberalize trade for firms in need of larger-than-national markets to take advantage of economies of scale or to develop production-sharing networks.
The Democratic Advantage: Institutional Foundations of Financial Power in International Competition
Authors: Schultz Kenneth A. , Weingast Barry R.
Published: April 2008

Despite their presumed liabilities, institutions associated with democracy serve as a source of power in prolonged international competition by increasing the financial resources that states can bring to bear. The theory of sovereign debt suggests that a state's ability to raise money through public borrowing is enhanced when debtholders have mechanisms for sanctioning state leaders in the event of default. Institutions associated with liberal government provide such mechanisms. All other things being equal, states that possess these institutions enjoy superior access to credit and lower interest rates than do states in which the sovereign has more discretion to default unilaterally. Liberal states can not only raise more money from a given economic base but can also pursue tax-smoothing policies that minimize economic distortions. The ability to finance competition in a manner that is consistent with long-term economic growth generates a significant advantage in prolonged rivalries. These claims are explored by analyzing the Anglo-French rivalry (1688–1815) and the Cold War.
Reversal of Fortunes: Democratic Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to Developing Countries
Authors: Li Quan , Resnick Adam
Published: April 2008

Does increased democracy promote or jeopardize foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to less-developed countries? We argue that democratic institutions have conflicting effects on FDI inflows. On the one hand, democratic institutions hinder FDI inflows by limiting the oligopolistic or monopolistic behaviors of multinational enterprises, facilitating indigenous businesses' pursuit of protection from foreign capital, and constraining host governments' ability to offer generous financial and fiscal incentives to foreign investors. On the other hand, democratic institutions promote FDI inflows because they tend to ensure more credible property rights protection, reducing risks and transaction costs for foreign investors. Hence, the net effect of democracy on FDI inflows is contingent on the relative strength of these two competing forces. Our argument reconciles conflicting theoretical expectations in the existing literature. Empirical analyses of fifty-three developing countries from 1982 to 1995 substantiate our claims. We find that both property rights protection and democracy-related property rights protection encourage FDI inflows; after controlling for their positive effect through property rights protection, democratic institutions reduce FDI inflows. These results are robust against alternative model specifications, statistical estimators, and variable measurements.
Delegation to International Organizations: Agency Theory and World Bank Environmental Reform
Authors: Nielson Daniel L. , Tierney Michael J.
Published: April 2008

Current international relations theory struggles to explain both the autonomy and transformation of international organizations (IOs). Previous theories either fail to account for any IO behavior that deviates from the interests of member states, or neglect the role of member states in reforming IO institutions and behavior. We propose an agency theory of IOs that can fill these gaps while also addressing two persistent problems in the study of IOs: common agency and long delegation chains. Our model explains slippage between member states' interests and IO behavior, but also suggests institutional mechanisms—staff selection, monitoring, procedural checks, and contracts—through which states can rein in errant IOs. We evaluate this argument by examining multiple institutional reforms and lending patterns at the World Bank from 1980 to 2000.
Constructing the International Foundations of E-Commerce—The EU-U.S. Safe Harbor Arrangement
Authors: Farrell Henry
Published: April 2008

Much recent international relations scholarship has argued that states are unable to control e-commerce, so that private actors are coming to play a dominant role. However, this body of literature fails to account for emerging “hybrid institutions,” in which states create general frameworks of rules, which are then implemented by private actors. This article examines a prominent example of such an institution, the EU-U.S. Safe Harbor arrangement in the field of privacy, and sets out an alternative explanation of state–private actor relations in the sphere of e-commerce. It shows how Safe Harbor had its origins in efforts by the European Union (EU) and United States to mitigate problems of interdependence that threatened to undermine the principles of order on which their regulatory systems were based. Safe Harbor reflects neither the EU nor U.S. approach, but rather a novel blend of state and private regulation. The article demonstrates the vital role of argument and persuasion in identifying Safe Harbor as a solution, and in negotiating its particulars. It finds that conventional game-theoretic accounts of bargaining are unable to explain the negotiation of Safe Harbor, and argues that constructivist approaches should pay more attention to how argument can disclose new possibilities of action.
The Domestic Politics of Banking Regulation
Authors: Rosenbluth Frances , Schaap Ross
Published: April 2008

This article seeks to ground financial regulatory choices in domestic politics. Based on evidence from twenty-two industrialized countries, we argue that electoral rules—specifically, the extent to which they are centrifugal or centripetal—have a significant effect on whether the banks or their consumers pay for the security of the banking system. Moreover, despite the homogenizing effects of global financial integration, the political dynamics generated by these electoral rules continue to shape the nature and extent of prudential regulations that countries adopt in the place of banking cartels.
Moving Forward, One Step at a Time
Authors: Koremenos Barbara , Snidal Duncan
Published: April 2008

We reply to John Duffield's critique of the Rational Design project, a special issue ofInternational Organizationthat explains the features of international institutions from a game-theoretic perspective. The project was deliberately limited to the analysis of explicit and observable institutional arrangements, and focused on the specific institutional properties of centralization, membership, scope, control, and flexibility. Its empirical contribution relies on case studies, but it is significantly amplified by the tight connections provided by a common theoretical perspective that is oriented toward testing a set of specific conjectures about institutional design. The results raise further issues of measurement and cross-case comparisons that provide valuable lessons for future work on institutional design. Although all of these research design choices are worth revisiting and questioning, as Duffield does, the initial results of the Rational Design project show that it provides a good basis from which to explore alternative research design decisions.
Selection and Influence: Interest Groups and Congressional Voting on Trade Policy
Authors: Fordham Benjamin O. , McKeown Timothy J.
Published: April 2008

Studies of the effects of interest groups on congressional roll-call voting typically view party and ideology as competing factors and rely on a factoral model of interests or a sectoral model including only interest groups with a direct stake in the vote. We depart from that strategy in several ways. We define interest groups at the level of Standard Industrial Classification two-digit codes and observe the universe of interests. For 1979–90, we use measures of geographically and nongeographically based economic interests to estimate the representative's party and ideology. We also consider the factor endowments of individuals within a district to examine their impact on floor votes. We then investigate the influence of these interests on members' party affiliation and ideology, as well as a pool of five floor votes on foreign trade, using instrumental variables for party and ideology. Economic interests account for a substantial portion of the variance in all cases, and models that also include other explanatory variables are highly accurate in estimating floor votes.
‘Women and Children First’: Gender, Norms, and Humanitarian Evacuation in the Balkans 1991–95
Authors: Carpenter R. Charli
Published: April 2008

Of all noncombatants in the former Yugoslavia, adult civilian men were most likely to be massacred by enemy forces. Why, therefore, did international agencies mandated with the “protection of civilians” evacuate women and children, but not military-age men, from besieged areas? This article reviews the operational dilemmas faced by protection workers in the former Yugoslavia when negotiating access to civilian populations. I argue that a social constructivist approach incorporating gender analysis is required to explain both the civilian protection community's discourse and its operational behavior. First, gender beliefs constitute the discursive strategies on which civilian protection advocacy is based. Second, gender norms operate in practice to constrain the options available to protection workers in assisting civilians. These two causal pathways converged in the former Yugoslavia to produce effects disastrous to civilians, particularly adult men and male adolescents.
Same War—Different Views: Germany, Japan, and Counterterrorism
Authors: Katzenstein Peter J.
Published: April 2008

German and Japanese counterterrorism policies differ from those adopted by the United States as well as from one another. Defeated in war, occupied, and partially remade during the Cold War, Germany and Japan became clients of the United States first, then close allies. Both countries offer easy tests to explore the extent to which the United States can hope to fight the war against terrorism, as it did the Cold War, supported by a broad coalition of like-minded states. On this central point the article's conclusion is not reassuring. In contrast to the Cold War, the relative importance of different self-conceptions and institutional practices appears to be larger and the systemic effects constraining national divergences smaller. Even among the closest allies of the United States, the very early stages of the war against terrorism point to substantial strains. Over a prolonged period such strains are likely to affect profoundly long-standing patterns of alliance.
Generation of hydrogen peroxide by a low molecular weight compound in whey of Holstein dairy cows
Authors: Sakai Senkiti , Satow Takahiro , Imakawa Kazuhiko , Nagaoka Kentaro
Published: April 2008

Using an ultrafiltration membrane (molecular cut-off, 3000), low molecular weight compounds in bovine milk were collected (YM-3 filtrate). A hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-like substance was generated in the YM-3 filtrate. This substance was undetected at 0 h, but increased in a time-dependent manner, peaking after 2 h of incubation at 38°C. After incubating the YM-3 filtrate with catalase and lactoperoxidase, the signal showing the presence of this substance disappeared. The substance was quantified using one chemiluminescence and three colorimetric H2O2detection systems. In all systems, their estimates were within the same range. The amount of substance, as estimated by the chemiluminescence H2O2detection system, was correlated with that estimated by the other three colorimetric systems (r=0·98, 0·95 and 0·87). The substance was eluted at the same position as H2O2by gel filtration on Superdex 30. Thus, the substance had the same characteristics as H2O2. An H2O2-generating substance in either the YM-3 filtrate or whey had a molecular mass of about 600. In this study, we clarify that bovine milk is capable of generating H2O2by utilizing a low molecular weight compound. Thus, we present a new type of H2O2-supplying system in bovine milk.
War and Cliometrics: Adventures in Economic History
Authors: RANSOM ROGER L.
Published: April 2008

The theme of the 2005 annual meetings of the Economic History Association has beenWar and Economic History: Causes, Costs and Consequences. In this essay I will address this theme by briefly examining the ways in which cliometricians have viewed one particular conflict—The American Civil War—over the past four decades. The first part of my essay deals with the attack, which began at the end of the 1950s, mounted by a group of “New Economic Historians” on the existing explanation of the war; the second part deals with my own adventures as I try to make sense of the economic and political factors that produced the conflict we call the Civil War.
The Empire Effect: The Determinants of Country Risk in the First Age of Globalization, 1880–1913
Authors: FERGUSON NIALL , SCHULARICK MORITZ
Published: April 2008

This article reassesses the importance of colonial status to investors before 1914 by means of multivariable regression analysis of the data available to contemporaries. We show that British colonies were able to borrow in London at significantly lower rates of interest than noncolonies precisely because of their colonial status, which mattered more than either gold standard adherence or the sustainability of fiscal policies. The “empire effect” was, on average, a discount of around 100 basis points, rising to around 175 basis points for the underdeveloped African and Asian colonies. Colonial status significantly reduced the default risk perceived by investors.
Railroad Impact in Backward Economies: Spain, 1850–1913
Authors: Herranz-Loncán Alfonso
Published: April 2008

This article reassesses the economic impact of Spanish railroads in 1850–1913, which has usually been considered to be substantially higher than in the most developed countries on the basis of the social saving methodology. The application of growth accounting techniques shows, by contrast, that the direct contribution of railroads to economic growth was lower in Spain than in the United Kingdom, mainly due to the low importance that railroad transport had within Spanish GDP before 1913.
Migration and Human Capital: Self-Selection of Indentured Servants to the Americas
Authors: Abramitzky Ran , Braggion Fabio
Published: April 2008

When contracting, European merchants could at least partially observe characteristics such as the health, physical strength, and education of indentured servants. These characteristics, unobservable to us, were likely to influence servitude duration, which is observable to us. We employ a switching regression model to analyze 2,066 servitude contracts from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Servants were positively selected to American mainland colonies in terms of their unobservable human capital and negatively selected to the West Indies. Thus, the relative quality of migrants' human capital may have played a role in the subsequent relative economic performance of these regions.
Forging a New Identity: The Costs and Benefits of Diversity in Civil War Combat Units for Black Slaves and Freemen
Authors: Costa Dora L. , Kahn Matthew E.
Published: April 2008

By the end of the Civil War 186,017 black men had served in the Union Army, roughly three-quarters of whom were former slaves. Because most black soldiers were illiterate farm workers, the war exposed them to a much broader world. Their wartime experience depended upon their peers, their commanding officers, and where their regiment toured and affected their later life outcomes. In the short run the combat units benefited from company homogeneity, which built social capital and minimized shirking, but in the long run men's human capital and acquisition of information was best improved by serving in heterogeneous companies.
Learning-by-Producing and the Geographic Links Between Invention and Production: Experience from the Second Industrial Revolution
Authors: Sutthiphisal Dhanoos
Published: April 2008

This article investigates the impact of “learning-by-producing” on inventive activity. From 1870 to 1910, in both emerging (electrical equipment and supplies) and maturing (shoes and textiles) industries, the geographic association between invention and production was rather weak. Regional shifts in production did not lead to corresponding increases in invention. The location of inventive activity tended to mirror that of individuals with advanced technical skills appropriate to each industry. Consequently, scholars may have overemphasized the importance of learning-by-producing in accounting for geographic differences in inventive activity, and underestimated the significance of technical skills amongst the population.
Distributional Impacts of Pension Policy in Argentina
Authors: ARZA CAMILA
Published: April 2008

Historically speaking, social security systems are a recent development. At the beginning of the twentieth century, there was limited state social intervention in the developed world, and even less in Latin America. A remarkable expansion of “social rights” took place in the second half of the century. By the 1970s most Latin American countries had set up at least some form of old-age protection, while others had already developed a wide welfare network. Public social expenditures grew to represent over 20 percent of the gross domestic product in a number of countries, including Argentina.
The Making of Steam Power Technology: A Study of Technical Change during the British Industrial Revolution
Authors: NUVOLARI ALESSANDRO
Published: April 2008

Writing in 1845 Friedrich Engels (and with him many other informed contemporaries) had few hesitations in pointing out the driving forces of the epochal transformation he was witnessing:

The history of the proletariat in England begins with the second half of the last century, with the invention of the steam engine and the machinery for working cotton. These inventions gave rise, as is well known to an industrial revolution, a revolution which altered the whole civil society; one, the historical importance of which is only now beginning to be recognized.
Commerce and Arms: The Federal Government, Native Americans, and the Economy of the Old Northwest, 1783–1807
Authors: BERGMANN WILLIAM H.
Published: April 2008

This dissertation argues that the federal government played an essential role in the shaping of the western economy. American expansion necessitated not only that land be opened up, but also that the regional economy be reorganized. Specifically, the federal government did so in three ways. First, the military wrested control of the western economy from the tribes of the Northwest Territory through warfare, both during the Indian wars of the 1790s and later during the War of 1812. Second, the federal government sponsored the construction of roads throughout the region. Finally, colonial agencies of the federal government attempted to transform the Native American economy from one focused on fur trading to one centered on sedentary commercial agriculture.
Comments on Bailey, Sutthiphisal, and Bergmann
Authors: FERRIE JOSEPH P.
Published: April 2008

Before I provide the substance of my remarks, I would like to thank two people. The first, Farley Grubb, who convened this session at last year's meetings, so thoroughly summarized the career of Allan Nevins, that I can skip doing so by providing just a reference. The second is Roger Ransom for asking me to do this. Though I was certain at this time last year that I would be able to say that only with sarcasm, two things have made my gratitude genuine. The first, a result of historical forces much larger than the Economic History Association, was the early elimination, for all practical purposes, of the Chicago Cubs from serious play-off contention. This freed up a great deal of my time in the late spring and early summer. The second was the sheer quality of the seven submissions. They made the reading more a pleasure than a chore, though they left me with one tough remaining task: choosing the three finalists. I will make a few remarks about all three as a group before offering specific comments on each.
Use of an optical surface scanner in assessment of outcome following rhinoplasty surgery
Authors: Chau H , Dasgupta R , Sauret V , Kenyon G
Published: April 2008

Objective:

To demonstrate the use of an optical surface scanner, with associated software, in the assessment of rhinoplasty patients, and to discuss the possible clinical applications of this technology in the future.

Design:

Case study analysis of pre- and post-operative scans of a patient undergoing septorhinoplasty at Whipps Cross University Hospital, London, UK.

Subject:

A 21-year-old man undergoing septorhinoplasty underwent pre-operative optical surface scanning of his face. The scans were repeated at one week and one year post-operatively. Software developed at University College London was then used to analyse the scans.

Results:

The scans clearly showed that the man's dorsal hump had been well reduced and the nose straightened, with a resulting 1600 mm3 gain on the right side and a 1000 mm3 loss on the left side of the nose. Tip projection had also been achieved.

Conclusion:

This technique allowed objective quantification of facial features and analysis of change. It may well prove useful in the future in predicting change following surgical intervention.