bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
B‐Cell Responses to Lipopolysaccharide Epitopes: Who Sees What First – Does It Matter?
Authors: Wade William F.
Published: October 2006

Problem  Cholera is the paradigm for waterborne bacterial diseases. For over a 100 years, scientists have tried to develop a universally effective vaccine for cholera. We are hampered in our efforts because we do not know the details of the basic immune response to Vibrio cholerae antigens. What are the most proactive antigens? What special needs for immunization are engendered by previous exposure to cholera or the age of the individual? How long does immunity last, and is this immunity a classic immunologic memory or re‐exposure and continual boosting?

Method of study  Immunization with synthetic derivatives of the carbohydrate moieties of V. cholerae lipopolysaccharide (LPS) coupled to different carrier proteins (neoglycoconjugates, NGC) has allowed dissection of the response to the disaccharide array of perosamine that represent either the Inaba or the Ogawa serotype. Studying serum anti‐LPS endpoint titers and the serum vibriocidal response to NGC provides insight into the importance of LPS serotype‐specific B‐cell epitopes and how antibody response are influenced by the form of the LPS immunogen.

Results  We found that murine serum antibody responses to V. cholerae LPS are dynamic. The magnitude of serum anti‐LPS antibody titers and the capacity to induced vibriocidal antibodies (immunoglobulin M) are influenced by the initial immunizing serotype of LPS, the structure of the LPS immunogen (native LPS versus NGC), and the order of serotype immunization in a prime boost immunization strategy. The dynamic of the immune response to LPS immunogens is typified by the fact that the host species can affect the immunization response. We found mice do not make vibriocidal antibody to Inaba NGC but rabbits do. This is in contrast to the Ogawa NGC that induced vibriocidal antibody in mice.

Conclusion  The results suggest that the host's B‐cell repertoire can influence the immunization efficacy; therefore, the development of the new generation of NGC V. cholerae vaccines should focus on human volunteers and their ability to mount protective responses.
Specific Isolation of Placenta‐Derived Exosomes from the Circulation of Pregnant Women and Their Immunoregulatory Consequences1
Authors: Sabapatha Anuradha , Gercel‐Taylor Cicek , Taylor Douglas D.
Published: October 2006

Problem  One immunoregulatory pathway receiving little attention is placental exosome release. In normal pregnancy, as factors linked with early immunomodulation decline, placental exosomes become critical in modulating T‐cell activation, suppressing effector T cells by enhancing lymphocyte apoptosis and CD3‐zeta loss.

Method of study  Placental exosomes were specifically isolated from the maternal peripheral circulation by a chromatographic/immunosorbent procedure. Exosomal suppression of T‐cell signaling molecules on unfractionated T cells and T subsets was analyzed by Western immunoblot. The role of Fas ligand (FasL) was defined by use of Fas‐blocking antibody.

Results  While exosomes of lymphoid origin could be demonstrated in all women, placenta‐derived exosomes were only identified in pregnant patients. Placental exosomes suppressed T‐cell expression of CD3‐zeta and JAK3, while inducing SOCS‐2. This downregulation of CD3‐zeta was partially reversed by pre‐incubating T cells with ZB4 antibody. Using T subsets, the level of CD3‐zeta on CD8+ cells was inhibited 1.43‐fold more than in CD4+ cells. On CD4+ CD25+ cells, CD3‐zeta was not significantly inhibited.

Conclusion  Placental exosomes suppressed T‐cell signaling components; however, while exosomal FasL is an important contributor, it does not appear to be the sole mediator. The additional expression of PD‐L1 may explain immunoregulatory consequences of exosomes with low or absent FasL.
Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation Changes the Prevalence of Serum Autoantibodies in In Vitro Fertilization Patients
Authors: Haller Kadri , Sarapik Aili , Talja Ija , Salumets Andres , Uibo Raivo
Published: October 2006

Problem  Autoimmune mechanisms are involved in etiology of female infertility, the medical problem frequently treated by in vitro fertilization (IVF). Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) with supraphysiological levels of sex hormones is achieved by IVF.

Methods of study  Anti‐human‐ovary and eight common autoantibodies [nuclear (ANA‐H, ANA‐R on human HEp‐2 cell line and rodent antigen, respectively), smooth muscle (SMA), parietal cell, thyroid microsomal, mitochondrial, β2‐glycoprotein‐I, cardiolipin antibodies] found in IVF patients (n = 129) were analyzed with regard to the number of previous IVF procedures and the age of the patient. The changes in autoimmune reactions caused by the COH were determined.

Results  Endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome were associated with a higher number of common serum autoantibodies compared with the tubal factor infertility (Proportion test, P < 0.05). ANA‐R was associated with unexplained infertility [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 8.79, P = 0.038]. SMA correlated with endometriosis (aOR 37.29, P = 0.008), male factor infertility (aOR 20.45, P = 0.018) and with the previous IVF procedures (aOR 2.87, P = 0.013). There was an overall decrease in the number of detectible autoantibodies after COH (Proportion test, P < 0.05).

Conclusion  COH may have a suppressive effect on the humoral immunity by the time of embryo transfer but more conclusive studies are needed.
Further exploring hip protector use
Authors: Tavener‐Smith Karen , De Vet Guy
Published: October 2006

Objective:  To explore hip protector adherence in high‐risk older people.

Methods:  In‐depth interviews were conducted with 14 older people (and/or their carers) discharged from hospital with hip protectors. Four outpatients were recruited to supplement numbers. Thematic analysis was carried out on the interview data.

Results:  Hip protector use largely paralleled daily dressing routines, this contributed to periods of disuse and partial adherence. Another factor in abandoning hip protector use was a fatalistic view of an end of life stage, where injury prevention was not actively sought. Committed carers who demonstrated understanding and support were vital in encouraging ongoing use.

Conclusion:  Daily routines of a lifetime, reluctance to change, and a readiness to endure the potential risk of hip fracture discouraged use of hip protectors. Family and carer support was vital for continuation. These findings can assist with strategies to improve adherence.
Massive Strontium Ferrite Ingestion without Acute Toxicity
Authors: Kirrane Barbara M. , Nelson Lewis S. , Hoffman Robert S.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Ingestion of strontium ferrite is previously unreported. We document absorption of strontium without acute toxicity. A 22 year‐old schizophrenic man was brought to hospital after he was witnessed to pulverize and ingest flexible adhesive magnets, which later were identified as strontium ferrite. Other than auditory hallucinations his vital signs, physical examination, ECG and routine laboratories were unremarkable. Abdominal radiographs revealed diffuse radiopaque material. He was treated with whole bowel irrigation with polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution (PEG‐ELS) until radiographically cleared. His initial blood and urine strontium levels were 2900 μg/l and 15,000 μg/l, respectively (reference range for urine: <240 μg/l, occupational threshold 800 μg/l). A repeat urine level one week later was 370 μg/l. His hospital course was complicated by bacteraemia secondary to a thrombophlebitis at the site of the intravenous catheter, and the patient was treated with intravenous and oral antibiotics. He remained otherwise asymptomatic and was discharged to a psychiatric unit approximately 3 weeks later. Although clearly absorbed, strontium ferrite does not appear to produce acute toxicity. Delayed, and or chronic toxicity cannot be excluded based on this report.
A near-zero velocity dispersion stellar component in the Canes Venatici dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Authors: Ibata R. , Chapman S. , Irwin M. , Lewis G. , Martin N.
Published: October 2006

We present a spectroscopic survey of the newly discovered Canes Venatici dwarf galaxy using the Keck/DEIMOS spectrograph. Two stellar populations of distinct kinematics are found to be present in this galaxy: an extended, metal-poor component, of half-light radius 7.8+2.4−2.1 arcmin, which has a velocity dispersion of 13.9+3.2−2.5 km s−1, and a more concentrated (half-light radius 3.6+1.1−0.8 arcmin) metal-rich component of extremely low velocity dispersion. At 99 per cent confidence, the upper limit to the central velocity dispersion of the metal-rich population is 1.9 km s−1. This is the lowest velocity dispersion ever measured in a galaxy. We perform a Jeans analysis on the two components, and find that the dynamics of the structures can only be consistent if we adopt extreme (and unlikely) values for the scalelength and velocity dispersion of the metal-poor population. With a larger radial velocity sample and improved measurements of the density profile of the two populations, we anticipate that it will be possible to place strong constraints on the central distribution of the dark matter in this galaxy.
Positron Emission Tomography Analysis of the Analgesic Effects of Acupuncture in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Maenaka Toshihiro , Tano Kaori , Nakanishi Satoshi , Tsukada Hideo , Ishida Torao
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine whether pain-induced brain activation was suppressed by acupuncture analgesia. We investigated the suppression of the pain-induced neuronal activation in specific brain areas of three male rhesus monkeys (aged four years old) using positron emission tomography (PET), in which changes in the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were examined as an index of the neuronal activation. The brain areas such as the thalamus, insula and anterior cingulate cortex were activated by heating the tail of monkeys in 47°C water compared to the heating at 37°C. Those activations were suppressed by electroacupuncture (EA) with a 2 sec alteration of the frequency of 4 Hz/60 Hz at the right ST36 (the upper anterior tibial muscle) and the right LI4 (the back palm between the first and second metacarpal) acupoints. Meanwhile, this EA analgesic effect was confirmed by prolonging the tail withdrawal latencies from hot water in the temperature range from 45 to 50°C.These brain areas were corresponded to the pain-related areas as reported in previous studies. In conclusion, we were able to visualize the acupuncture analgesia in the CNS. We also detected the brain areas activated or inactivated by acupuncture. The areas that responded to acupuncture stimulation at 47°C water were different from the regions at 37°C. We consider that this difference in the response to acupuncture may support the variation of the clinical efficacy of acupuncture in patients bearing pain or other disorders.
Osteogenic Potential Using a Malleable, Biodegradable Composite Added Traditional Chinese Medicine: in vitro and in vivo Evaluations
Authors: Yao Chun-Hsu , Liu Bai-Shuan , Liu Chau-Guey , Chen Yueh-Sheng
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this investigation was to prepare and evaluate the feasibility and biocompatibility of a new composite as a large defect bone substitute. The new GTGG was mainly composed of tricalcium phosphate ceramic particles and glutaraldehyde crosslinked gelatin in which Gui-Lu-Jiao was added (a mixture of Cervi Colla Cornus and Colla Plastri Testudinis). In the in vitro study, rat's calvaria osteoblasts were used to study bone characteristics upon exposure to different concentrations of the Gui-Lu-Jiao solution. In the in vivo study, GTGG composites were implanted into the defects of calvarial bones in mature New Zealand rabbits to test their osteogenerative characteristics. As a result, we found that Gui-Lu-Jiao added to the culture could promote the proliferation of osteoblasts. In addition, GTGG could induce a large amount of new bone growth in the rabbit's calvarial bone defect. Therefore, the GTGG composite might be a potential bone substitute.
DELAYED RUPTURE OF FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS TENDON AFTER VOLAR PLATING OF THE DISTAL RADIUS
Authors: Koo Siu Cheong , Ho Sheung Tung
Published: October 2006

Flexor tendon rupture following distal radius fracture is rare. We described a case of flexor pollicis longus rupture, presented five years after volar plating of distal radius fracture.
CLINICAL OUTCOME OF EXTRASYNOVIAL STEROID INJECTION FOR TRIGGER FINGER
Authors: Kazuki K. , Egi T. , Okada M. , Takaoka K.
Published: October 2006

A prospective clinical study was performed to investigate the clinical results of extrasynovial (subcutaneous) steroid injection for trigger finger. One hundred and twenty-nine trigger fingers were investigated in 100 adult patients; 76 were women and 24 were men. Their mean age was 60 years (range: 17 to 88 years). We classified trigger fingers into three different grades according to clinical severity at a medical examination. All patients were injected with betamethasone mixed with lidocaine. Surgical release of the A1 pulley was performed at the patients' request if steroid injection therapy was not effective. Pain and snapping were relieved in 98% and 74% of cases, respectively. Recurrence occurred in about half our patients, but the same clinical benefit was obtained after re-injection. Surgery was performed for seven fingers. No complications of steroid injections were observed. This study suggests that extrasynovial steroid injection is a valuable conservative treatment for trigger finger and it is not necessary to try and inject into the tendon sheath to get a good result and markedly reduce the risk of causing damage to tendons and other structures.
RESULTS AND COMPLICATIONS IN DORSAL AND VOLAR WRIST GANGLIA ARTHROSCOPIC RESECTION
Authors: Rocchi L. , Canal A. , Pelaez J. , Fanfani F. , Catalano F.
Published: October 2006

The authors present the procedure and results of five years of arthroscopic treatment of wrist radiocarpal and midcarpal ganglia. Thirty cases of dorsal ganglia and seventeen cases of volar ganglia were operated on arthroscopically. The technique was easy to perform in all the radiocarpal ganglia, not easy in midcarpal dorsal ganglia and very difficult in midcarpal volar ganglia. The results were recorded with a mean follow-up of 15 months. Twenty-seven cases of dorsal ganglia and twelve cases of volar ganglia had excellent results with active motion recovery, no complications, absence of scars and no recurrence. Two cases had a recurrence. There were four complications: a case of injury of a radial artery branch, a case of extensive haematoma, and two cases of neuropraxia. In three cases the procedure was converted into open surgery: they had a longer time of healing and a residual scar. The arthroscopic resection has been in our experience effective and safe for the treatment of all radiocarpal ganglia. Good results have been obtained also in the treatment of dorsal midcarpal ganglia. Concerning the uncommon cases of volar midcarpal (STT) ganglia, an open approach seems still indicated.
A COMPARATIVE BIOMECHANICAL STUDY OF THE LOOPED SQUARE SLIP KNOT AND THE SIMPLE SURGICAL KNOT
Authors: Jianmongkol Surut , Hooper Geoffrey , Kowsuwon Weerachai , Thammaroj Tala
Published: October 2006

The looped square slip knot was introduced as a technique for skin closure to avoid the use of sharp instruments in suture removal after hand surgery. We compared the biomechanical properties of this knot with the simple surgical square knot. The ultimate strength of the looped square slip knot was significantly (p = 0.015) higher than the simple surgical knot. There was no significant difference between the two knots in mode of failure. Knot slippage or suture breakage did not occur in any samples when testing security by repetitive loading. Therefore, the looped square slip knot is a safe and convenient alternative to the two-throw surgical knot for use in hand surgery.
Progress and Potential for Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Gurtner Geoffrey C. , Callaghan Matthew J. , Longaker Michael T.
Published: October 2006

Regenerative medicine focuses on new therapies to replace or restore lost, damaged, or aging cells in the human body to restore function. This goal is being realized by collaborative efforts in nonmammalian and human development, stem cell biology, genetics, materials science, bioengineering, and tissue engineering. At present, understanding existing reparative processes in humans and exploring the latent ability to regenerate tissue remains the focus in this field. This review covers recent work in limb regeneration, fetal wound healing, stem cell biology, somatic nuclear transfer, and tissue engineering as a foundation for developing new clinical therapies to augment and stimulate human regeneration.
Lack of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase–Derived Nitric Oxide Formation Favors Hypertrophy in Adult Ventricular Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Wenzel Sibylle , Rohde Cornelia , Wingerning Sandra , Roth Joachim , Kojda Georg , Schlüter Klaus-Dieter
Published: October 2006

Reduced activity and expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is observed in cardiomyocytes from pressure-overloaded hearts with heart failure. The present study was aimed to investigate whether reduced eNOS-derived NO production contributes to the hypertrophic growth and phenotype of these cardiomyocytes. Cultured ventricular cardiomyocytes from adult rats were exposed to Nω-nitro-
l
-arginine (
l
-NNA) to inhibit global NO formation, and cultured cardiomyocytes derived from eNOS-deficient mice were used as a model of genetic knockout of eNOS. Cell growth, formation of oxygen-derived radicals (reactive oxygen species [ROS]), activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation, and cytokine expression in cardiomyocytes were investigated.
l
-NNA caused a concentration-dependent acceleration of the rate of protein synthesis and an increase in cell size. This effect was sensitive to p38 MAP kinase inhibition or antioxidants.
l
-NNA induced a rapid increase in ROS formation, subsequent activation of p38 MAP kinase, and p38 MAP kinase–dependent increases in the expression of transforming growth factor-β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Similar changes (increased ROS formation, p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation, and cytokine induction) were also observed in cardiomyocytes derived from eNOS+/+ mice when exposed to
l
-NNA. Cardiomyocytes from eNOS−/− mice displayed higher p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation and cytokine expression under basal conditions, but neither these 2 parameters nor ROS formation were increased in the presence of
l
-NNA. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that reduced eNOS activity in cardiomyocytes contributes to the onset of myocardial hypertrophy and increased cytokine expression, which are involved in the transition to heart failure.
Compound Heterozygous Mutations P336L and I1660V in the Human Cardiac Sodium Channel Associated With the Brugada Syndrome
Authors: Cordeiro Jonathan M. , Barajas-Martinez Hector , Hong Kui , Burashnikov Elena , Pfeiffer Ryan , Orsino Anne-Marie , Wu Yue Sheng , Hu Dan , Brugada Josep , Brugada Pedro , Antzelevitch Charles , Dumaine Robert , Brugada Ramon
Published: October 2006

Background—

Loss-of-function mutations in
SCN5A
have been associated with the Brugada syndrome. We report the first Brugada syndrome family with compound heterozygous mutations in
SCN5A
. The proband inherited 1 mutation from each parent and transmitted 1 to each daughter.

Methods and Results—

The effects of the mutations on the function of the sodium channel were evaluated with heterologous expression in TSA201 cells, patch-clamp study, and confocal microscopy. Genetic analysis revealed that the proband carried 2 heterozygous missense mutations (P336L and I1660V) on separate alleles. He displayed a coved-type ST-segment elevation and a prolonged PR interval (280 ms). One daughter inherited P336L and exhibited a prolonged PR (210 ms). The other daughter inherited mutation I1660V and displayed a normal PR interval. Both daughters had a slightly elevated, upsloping ST-segment elevation. The parents had normal ECGs. Patch-clamp analysis showed that the P336L mutation reduced
I
Na
by 85% relative to wild type. The I1660V mutation produced little measurable current, which was rescued by room temperature incubation for 48 hours. Sodium channel blockers also rescued the I1660V current, with mexiletine proving to be the most effective. Confocal immunofluorescence showed that I1660V channels conjugated to green fluorescent protein remained trapped in intracellular organelles.

Conclusions—

Mutation P336L produced a reduction in cardiac
I
Na
, whereas I1660V abolished it. Only the proband carrying both mutations displayed the Brugada syndrome phenotype, whereas neither mutation alone produced the clinical phenotype. I1660V channels could be rescued pharmacologically and by incubation at room temperature. The present data highlight the role of compound heterozygosity in modulating the phenotypic expression and penetrance of Brugada syndrome.
On the edge of identity: Boundary dynamics at the interface of individual and organizational identities
Authors: Kreiner Glen E. , Hollensbe Elaine C. , Sheep Mathew L.
Published: October 2006

Organizational members are often faced with tremendous demands on their individual identities that affect their performance at work and their well-being as individuals.Previous research has been limited, however, by typically studying identity at either the individual or the organizational level. We therefore introduce a boundary approach that simultaneously examines identities across levels in order to better understand these identity demands. Specifically, we examine boundary dynamics that are negotiated at the interface of individual and organizational identities. We introduce the identity boundary dynamics of identity intrusion, distance and balance as different manifestations of identity boundary (in)congruence, both within and between individuals and organizations. Finally, we outline propositions that suggest boundary dynamics as a source of identity change.
Social capital and political bias in knowledge sharing: An exploratory study
Authors: Willem Annick , Scarbrough Harry
Published: October 2006

The benefits of social capital for the sharing of knowledge are frequently emphasized in the literature. However, a few authors have also begun to draw our attention towards the drawbacks of social capital for the working of organizations. In particular, instrumental social capital - as opposed to consummatory social capital - is seen as linked to power relations, which can inhibit the sharing of knowledge. To contribute to this debate on the role of social capital, we carried out a qualitative study in two Belgian companies. Our findings reveal that social capital generally tends to enhance the sharing of knowledge but that in its instrumental form it reflects opportunistic and political objectives, and promotes a highly selective form of knowledge sharing.
Do Organizational Routines Change as Experience Changes?
Authors: Espedal Bjarne
Published: October 2006

This article addresses the question: How can one understand the dynamics involved in translating experience into organizational routines? In the pursuit of such understanding, the article examines two dynamic threats to the relationship between experience and routines. The results suggest that these threats interrelate with how multiple actors interact in an organizational context. This interrelation constitutes different learning processes. One type of learning is associated with heedful interaction—where organizational routines become a source of exploration and adaptiveness. The other type of learning is associated with heedless interaction—where routines become a source of exploitation, inertia, and carelessness. The data used in approaching the research question are from a longitudinal research project that illustrates how multiple actors in an organization generate and change routines in the face of changing experience.
Appreciative Inquiry and Creative Problem Solving in Cross-Functional Teams
Authors: Peelle Henry E.
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine if time-limited cross-functional teams socially constructed a perception of efficacy and cohesiveness through inquiry into best practices and peak experiences relative to teams focused on organizational problems and gap analysis. In a short-duration, alternative treatment, quantitative, quasi-experiment, six cross-functional teams, each with 6 participants, completed an ambiguous human-relationship-oriented task. Three teams employed appreciative inquiry (AI), and three teams employed creative problem solving (CPS). The findings supported the efficacy of AI. Aggregated results of individuals in teams employing AI reported higher levels of midtask group identification and posttask group potency than teams employing CPS. In this study, inquiry had an immediate effect on team member affective responses.
Searching for the Next Generation of Teacher Educators
Authors: Twombly Susan B. , Wolf-Wendel Lisa , Williams James , Green Pamela
Published: October 2006

In light of a documented shortage of candidates for teacher education faculty positions, this article explores the academic labor market for teacher education faculty using job announcements from the Chronicle of Higher Education and a survey of search chairs to examine the qualifications sought. The authors conclude that the demand for teacher educators is high and the pool of qualified candidates in less than adequate in terms of number of applicants as well as quality. Ads at all types of institutions favored generalists with a terminal degree and K-12 teaching experience, with research universities predictably searching for research experience. The authors discuss implications of various elements of the search process for schools and colleges of education.
Introducing the Agents...
Authors: Llewellyn Sue
Published: October 2006

This article aims to expand our understanding of what it is to be an agent within an organization. To do this, the views of both Archer and Giddens on the constitution of the agent are analysed. These expositions are used to differentially illuminate the specifics of an empirical case, where it is argued that a team of ten agents were crucial in taking forward a merger between two pharmaceutical companies (‘A’ and ‘ω’). A discussion compares the insights into how agents are constituted that arise from the conceptual frames offered by Archer and Giddens. The article concludes that the constitution of the organizational agent encompasses both agential positioning (vis-à-vis organizational resources) and agential powers (where these powers can be appropriated from the organization and incorporated by the agent).
Responsive Materials Configured for Micro- and Nanoactuation
Authors: Peteu Serban F.
Published: October 2006

The article reviews smart materials configured for actuation, artificial channels, and pore sensing. The electroactive polymers (EAPs, also referred to as inherently conductive polymers) are outlined with polypyrrole (PPy) as the main example. Next, the PPy nanofabrication by template-synthesis is briefly outlined. This mini-review concludes with several recently reported functionalized nanotube membranes as examples of artificial membrane-supported ion channels.
Organization Theory and Military Metaphor: Time for a Reappraisal?
Authors: Mutch Alistair
Published: October 2006

A ‘conventional’ use of military metaphor would use it to convey attributes such as hierarchical organization, vertical communication and limited autonomy. This is often used in contrast to a looser form of organization based on the metaphor of the network. However, this article argues that military practice is more complex, with examples of considerable autonomy within the constraints of central direction. It is suggested that not only might this be a more useful metaphor for many contemporary organizations, but also that simplistic uses of military metaphor divert our attention away from the functions that management hierarchies play. The discussion is embedded within a critical realist account of metaphor, arguing for both its value and the need for its further development.
What B Would Otherwise Do: A Critique of Conceptualizations of ‘Power’ in Organizational Theory
Authors: Ailon Galit
Published: October 2006

The paper presents a critique of organizational theories that is based upon Robert Dahl’s famous definition: ‘A has power over B to the extent that he can get B to do something that B would not otherwise do’. This definition highlights the fact that appreciating ‘power’ often demands knowledge not only about what B does but also about what B would otherwise do. Organizational theorists, it is argued, lacked such knowledge. Instead, they relied upon untested and ideologically biased assumptions concerning what B would otherwise do. Reviewing major conceptualizations of power in organizational theory, the paper unravels and categorizes six underlying assumptions of this sort. Then it goes on to promote an alternative, empirically-grounded and emically-oriented strategy for dealing with this issue. This strategy, it is argued, offers a new and less problematic research path with which to pursue the different theoretical interests in the field.
Creating Adventures in Wonderland: The Journey Metaphor and Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Milne Markus J. , Kearins Kate , Walton Sara
Published: October 2006

This paper provides a critical exploration of the journey metaphor promoted in much business discourse on sustainability—in corporate reports and advertisements, and in commentaries by business and professional associations. The portrayal of ‘sustainability as a journey’ evokes images of organizational adaptation, learning, progress, and a movement away from business-as-usual practices. The journey metaphor, however, masks the issue of towards what it is that businesses are actually, or even supposedly, moving. It is argued that in constructing ‘sustainability as a journey’, business commentators and other purveyors of corporate rhetoric can avoid becoming embroiled in debates about future desirable and sustainable states of affairs—states of affairs, perhaps, which would question the very raison d’être for some organizations and their outputs. ‘Sustainability as a journey’ invokes a subtle and powerful use of language that appears to seriously engage with elements of the discourse around sustainable development and sustainability, but yet at the same time, paradoxically, may serve to further reinforce business-as-usual.
Writing small discoveries: an exploration of fresh observers’ observations
Authors: Tjora Aksel H.
Published: October 2006

Taking field notes (or otherwise documenting observation) is at the very core of ethnographic research. However, relatively speaking, this task has hardly been covered in the research methods literature. With this as a point of departure, this article draws on an analysis of 247 short field notes taken in various situations by student observers. It aims to explore the immediate act of taking field notes while doing observation. By inductive analysis, 10 different ‘modes’ of observation are drawn from the field notes. This analysis demonstrates on one hand that fresh observers are capable of quickly grasping important aspects of observed interaction and on the other hand that principles of field note taking and researcher positioning need to be addressed further.
Close encounters of the ‘CA’ kind: a review of literature analysing talk in research interviews
Authors: Roulston Kathryn
Published: October 2006

Findings from ethnonmethodological (EM) and conversation analytic (CA) studies have contributed significantly to an understanding of how social order is produced on a moment-by-moment basis. Recently, researchers have examined a wide variety of talk drawn from research interviews using EM and CA methods, including standardized survey interviews, focus groups, and open-ended conversational interviews. The purpose of these kinds of analyses has been to explicate how descriptions and accounts are produced and co-constructed by researchers and participants of research projects. This article reviews studies that have used ethnomethodological methods, including membership categorization analysis (MCA) and CA, to investigate interview data. The diversity of work conducted and approaches taken by EM, MCA, and CA researchers in their analyses of data generated in research interviews is outlined, and the implications of findings for qualitative researchers with respect to the teaching of qualitative research methodology and qualitative data analysis are provided.
The Antigone's Law
Authors: Frank Jill
Published: October 2006

Philippe Nonet offers an original interpretation of Sophocles' Antigone and through it a powerful rethinking of law as eternal and unchanging, and as binding gods as well as men. Exploring the question of whether that law, which Nonet calls “Antigone's Law,” is the Antigone's law, I open the possibility that the law Sophocles stands behind is not independent of human art and activity but more at home in the ethical and political life it governs
Non coding RNA and brain
Authors: Presutti Carlo , Rosati Jessica , Vincenti Sara , Nasi Sergio
Published: October 2006

Small non coding RNAs are a group of very different RNA molecules, present in virtually all cells, with a wide spectrum of regulatory functions which include RNA modification and regulation of protein synthesis. They have been isolated and characterized in all organisms and tissues, from Archaeobacteria to mammals. In mammalian brain there are a number of these small molecules, which are involved in neuronal differentiation as well as, possibly, in learning and memory. In this manuscript, we analyze the present knowledge about the function of the most important groups of small non-coding RNA present in brain: small nucleolar RNAs, small cytoplasmic RNAs, and microRNAs. The last ones, in particular, appear to be critical for dictating neuronal cell identity during development and to play an important role in neurite growth, synaptic development and neuronal plasticity.
Long-term consequences of arsenic poisoning during infancy due to contaminated milk powder
Authors: Dakeishi Miwako , Murata Katsuyuki , Grandjean Philippe
Published: October 2006

Arsenic toxicity is a global health problem affecting many millions of people. The main source of exposure is drinking water contaminated by natural geological sources. Current risk assessment is based on the recognized carcinogenicity of arsenic, but neurotoxic risks have been overlooked. In 1955, an outbreak of arsenic poisoning occurred among Japanese infants, with more than 100 deaths. The source was contaminated milk powder produced by the Morinaga company. Detailed accounts of the Morinaga dried milk poisoning were published in Japanese only, and an overview of this poisoning incident and its long-term consequences is therefore presented. From analyses available, the arsenic concentration in milk made from the Morinaga milk powder is calculated to be about 4–7 mg/L, corresponding to daily doses slightly above 500 μg/kg body weight. Lower exposures would result from using diluted milk. Clinical poisoning cases occurred after a few weeks of exposure, with a total dose of about 60 mg. This experience provides clear-cut evidence for hazard assessment of the developmental neurotoxicity. At the present time, more than 600 surviving victims, now in their 50s, have been reported to suffer from severe sequelae, such as mental retardation, neurological diseases, and other disabilities. Along with more recent epidemiological studies of children with environmental arsenic exposures, the data amply demonstrate the need to consider neurotoxicity as a key concern in risk assessment of inorganic arsenic exposure.
Interventions for cannabis misuse
Authors: Maddock Clementine , Babbs Michelle
Published: October 2006

Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in the UK and a significant proportion of users have symptoms of dependence. In addition, there are a number of adverse consequences of use, including an association with psychotic disorders. Thus there is a need for effective treatment of cannabis misuse. Psychological therapies have been developed based on principles of motivational interviewing, cognitive–behavioural therapy and relapse prevention. The evidence base for these therapies is explored in this review, and studies targeting both adult users and young people are considered. Possible new pharmacological treatments are also discussed.
What every psychiatrist should know
Authors: Kelly Brendan D. , Feeney Larkin
Published: October 2006

Psychiatry is the branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and study of psychological disorders. The role of the psychiatrist evolves to reflect developments in medicine, science and society. The scientific knowledge base required for the practice of psychiatry changes from generation to generation, but many of the fundamental principles of practice remain essentially unchanged. We attempt here to identify some of these (relatively unchanging) principles and explore their relevance to contemporary psychiatry. In particular, we focus on the work of some of the more reflective physicians of history (e.g. Sir Robert Hutchison, Sir William Osler) in order to identify and interpret principles of medical practice outlined in the 19th and 20th centuries and we explore the relevance of these conceptual frameworks to the practice of psychiatry in the 21st century.
Capacity to consent to treatment in patients with acute mania
Authors: Beckett Jonathan , Chaplin Robert
Published: October 2006

Aims and Method

This study aimed to determine the proportion of patients hospitalised with mania who had capacity to consent to treatment, to determine the predictors of capacity and to explore the relationship between detained status and capacity. Fifty in-patients with mania participated in a clinical interview to assess capacity.

Results

Nineteen patients (38%) had overall capacity. Capacity was predicted by higher IQ, lower severity of manic symptoms and more episodes of depression; it was not related to voluntary or detained status. The domains of capacity were not hierarchical.

Clinical Implications

Many patients hospitalised with mania have capacity to make an informed choice regarding treatment even when compulsorily detained. Their capacity should be reviewed frequently and measures adopted to enhance capacity.
Design of Robust Business-to-Business Electronic Marketplaces with Guaranteed Privacy
Authors: Kalvenes Joakim , Basu Amit
Published: October 2006

Firms that set up electronic marketplaces to enhance their supply and/or distribution channels face challenges in attracting their competitors to participate. A major obstacle is the perception that the owner can unfairly exploit trading information for competitive advantage. In this paper, we propose a marketplace design that shifts the locus of control over trader privacy from the marketplace operator to each individual trader. We show how online transactions between trading partners can be conducted in total privacy, so that not even the marketplace owner/operator can exploit transaction information for strategic purposes. At the same time, our approach includes robust methods for transaction integrity and nonrepudiation, as well as posttransaction dispute resolution.
Alternative uses for the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope in otolaryngology
Authors: Hutchinson James C. , Caldarelli David D. , Faber L. Penfield , Friedberg Stanton A.
Published: October 2006

Currently there are many fiberoptic instruments available to the oto‐laryngologist. These include, in addition to the rigid endoscopes, the fiberoptic headlight, cable, indirect laryngoscope, nasopharyngoscope, flexible laryngoscope, flexible esophagoscope and flexible bronchoscope. Each possesses a certain unique characteristic to aid the otolaryngologist.

For several of these, there are certain alternative uses. The purpose of this report is to discuss additional uses for the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope in relation to the head and neck as it is the most versatile instrument.
Voice preservation in treatment of carcinoma of the pyriform sinus
Authors: Freeman Richard B. , Marks James E. , Ogura Joseph H.
Published: October 2006

A retrospective analysis of 175 patients having a histopathologic diagnosis of epidermoid carcinoma of the pyriform sinus presenting between January 1, 1964 and December 31, 1973 was undertaken to establish the effectiveness of conservation surgery in preserving voice. Patients were treated by three separate methods: 1. preoperative radiation therapy, partial laryngopharyngectomy and radical neck dissection (PLP and RND) (N = 85); 2. preoperative radiation therapy, total laryngopharyngectomy and radical neck dissection (TLP and RND), (N = 57); and 3. palliation, which consisted of palliative radiation therapy alone or combinations of radiation therapy and chemotherapy or palliative surgery (N = 33). Of the 85 patients treated with the expectation of cancer cure and voice preservation (PLP and RND), 44 or 52% actually had their voice preserved. Of course, in none of the patients treated by TLP and RND was voice preserved, but 2 of the 33 patients treated palliatively retained ability to speak. Overall, 46 of 175 patients (26%) with carcinoma of the pyriform sinus were afforded voice preservation. The ability to preserve voice is correlated with stage and an analysis of operative complications is presented.
Glomus Vagale
Authors: Endicott James N. , Maniglia Anthony J.
Published: October 2006

Glomus tumors or chemodectomas are unusual neoplasms of the head and neck. They are more prevalent in the jugular foramen and in the middle ear. Glomus vagale is very rare. To date, there are about 70 cases reported in the literature. Only two of the cases described occurred bilaterally.

Two cases are reported here; one was diagnosed as having a bilateral glomus vagale. Radiation therapy was used in the treatment of one side in order to avoid bilateral vagus nerve damage.

The incidence, diagnosis and management of glomus vagale tumors are discussed.
External rhinoplasty
Authors: Stone John W.
Published: October 2006

The external rhinoplasty approach extends the usual marginal nasal incisions to include a notched transcolumellar incision. This maneuver enhances surgical exposure for the analysis and correction of all types of nasal bone, nasal septum and nasal cartilage deformities. Nasal septal perforation, nasal bone grafting and hypophysectomy my be operated upon through this excellent avenue of exposure.
The use of cromolyn sodium in the prevention of nerve degeneration in bell's palsy
Authors: Mcgovern Francis H. , Estevez José
Published: October 2006

Clinical use by inhalation of cromolyn sulphate, a mast cell degranulator inhibitor, within four days after the onset of Bell's palsy will prevent nerve degeneration and provide complete recovery within a range of two weeks. The successful administration of the drug supports our experimental concept of Bell's palsy as an immunological disease. The triggering action of the mast cell as a part of IgE antibody cell mediator system is postulated as the key role on controlling the neural edema.

In this paper we contrast the difference in disease duration time and degree of recovery in a group of patients using high dose prednisone therapy and a group using cromolyn sulphate.
Influence of upper airway obstruction by enlarged tonsils and adenoids upon recurrent infection of the lower airway in childhood
Authors: Konno Akiyoshi , Hoshino Tadtahiko , Togawa Kiyoshi
Published: October 2006

The influence of hypertrophied tonsils and adenoids upon ventilation during sleep was evaluated by polygraphic recording before and after adenotonsillectomy. In all 19 cases, esophageal pressure during sleep was elevated as high as 4‐6 times normal. This was caused by nasal obstruction due to adenoid hypertrophy and obstruction of the “oral airway” by hypertrophied tonsil and collapse of the tongue due to muscular relaxation during sleep. When minimal amount of contrast media was instilled slowly into the nasopharynx aspiration of the contrast media into the lung was found significantly more frequently in subjects with upper airway obstruction. Active aspiration of the secretion by marked inspiratory negative pressure during sleep may play a major role in causing recurrent infection of the lower airway frequently seen in these children.
Small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the larynx: Review of the literature and report of a case
Authors: Vrabec Donald P. , Bartels L. J.
Published: October 2006

The case study of a patient with small cell anaplastic carcinoma (oat cell) of the larynx is detailed and the literature is reviewed. Small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the larynx has been demonstrated to be histologically identical to small cell anaplastic carcinoma of bronchogenic origin. The aggressive biologic behavior of this tumor justifies managing small cell anaplastic carcinoma as a systemic disease. Because of early widespread dissemination of tumor, surgery or radiotherapy alone or in combination have not been successful in controlling the disease.

The combination of radiotherapy with chemotherapy has been shown to be the most effective approach to the treatment of small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung. We believe that a similar regimen should be considered the treatment of choice for small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the larynx.
Predicting failure to speak after laryngectomy
Authors: Volin Robert A.
Published: October 2006

Postlaryngectomy speech rehabilitation involves interactive psychosocial and physiological considerations. Progress may be facilitated by early identification and timely management of counterproductive factors. A retrospective review of patient records was conducted to identify salient factors in the rehabilitative processes of these patients. A method for using these factors predictively is proposed. Application of this procedure may result in improved efficiency of treatment and management of clinical resources.
Otolaryngologic and head and neck manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Authors: Marcusen David C. , Daniel Sooy C.
Published: October 2006

Patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) frequently present with signs and symptoms referable to the head and neck. Three hundred ninety‐nine patients with AIDS presented at the University of California, San Francisco and its affiliated hospitals from 1980 to April 1984. One hundred sixty‐five patients (41%) with AIDS presented with, or had on initial evaluation, head and neck manifestations. Of that group, 58 (35%) had cutaneous, oral, and pharyngeal lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma; 51 (31%) had oral, pharyngeal, esophageal, or laryngeal candidiasis; 36 (22%) had chronic cough and shortness of breath; 13 (8%) had rapidly enlarging neck masses; and 7 (4%) had herpes simplex lesions.

With the increasing number of cases of AIDS it is important for the otolaryngologist to be aware of these presentations.