bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of endotoxin on hormonal responses to thyrotropin and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in dogs
Authors: Yu Anthony A. , Kemppainen Robert J. , MacDonald John M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether administration of endotoxin affects thyroid gland function in dogs.

Animals

24 Beagles.

Procedure

Dogs were given thyrotropin (TSH) or thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on 2 occasions. Twenty-four hours before the second challenge with TSH or TRH, all dogs were given 5 μg of endotoxin/kg of body weight. Serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), free T4 (fT4), 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine (T3), reverse T3, autoantibodies to T3, and plasma concentrations of ACTH and cortisol were determined.

Results

Treatment with endotoxin was associated with reduced baseline concentration of serum T3 and increased baseline concentration of reverse T3 and free T4. Endotoxin treatment resulted in reduced peak serum concentration of T4 after TSH and TRH. However, peak serum concentration of fT4 after TSH and TRH were not affected by endotoxin.

Conclusions

A single dose of endotoxin affects several aspects of thyroid gland function in dogs, including T4 binding, deiodinase activity, and the thyroidal response to TSH and TRH.

Clinical Relevance

Acute or chronic nonthyroidal illness may affect thyroid gland function in dogs. Determination of fT4 concentration may provide a means of differentiating the effects of nonthyroidal illness from those of thyroid dysfunction, because endotoxin treatment was associated with increased baseline serum free T4 concentration and unchanged peak serum fT4 concentration after administration of TSH or TRH. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:186–191)
Effect of five percent dehydration on breath hydrogen concentrations in dogs
Authors: Bissett S. A. , Guilford W. G. , Haslett S. J. , Sunvold G. D.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the effect of mild dehydration (5%) on expired breath H2 concentrations in dogs.

Animals

10 healthy, colony-source dogs.

Procedure

Expired breath samples were collected at baseline, and every 90 minutes for 18 hours after ingestion of a test meal (commercial dog food and kibbled wheat) in fully hydrated dogs and in the same dogs when they had lost 5% of their body weight after food and water deprivation. The areas under the breath H2 concentration versus time curves (AUC) for the dehydrated and nondehydrated states were compared, using a two-stage, balanced, crossover, repeated measures technique. The number of breath samples considered to be contaminated by flatus were compared by use of a one-sided sign test.

Results

Expired breath H2 concentration of dogs during the dehydration test period was significantly (P < 0.02) greater than that during the nondehydration test period. In addition, flatulence was significantly (P < 0.033) more frequent in dogs during the dehydration period.

Conclusions

Dehydrated dogs have greater expired breath H2 concentration and produce more flatus after ingestion of a carbohydrate-containing meal. Considered together, these findings suggest that dehydration results in an increase in the net amount of H2 produced in the gastrointestinal tract.

Clinical Relevance

Care should be taken to assess the hydration status, and to correct hydration deficits of dogs prior to breath H2 testing. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:245–249)
Serum markers of bone metabolism in dogs
Authors: Allen Matthew J. , Hoffmann Walter E. , Richardson Daniel C. , Breur Gert J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To establish reference values for a panel of serum markers of bone turnover in dogs of various ages.

Animals

Dogs in 4 age groups (0 to 1 year; 1 to 2 years; 3 to 7 years; > 8 years).

Procedure

Serum concentrations of the carboxyterminal propeptide of type-I procollagen (PICP) and the aminoterminal propeptide of type-I procollagen (PINP), both markers of type-I collagen synthesis (hence, bone formation), were measured by use of commercial human radioimmunoassay kits. Serum concentrations of the carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type-I collagen (ICTP), a marker for type-I collagen breakdown (hence, bone resorption), also were measured by use of a commercial human radioimmunoassay kit. Serum osteocalcin (OC) concentrations and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzyme activities were measured by use of techniques developed specifically for dogs.

Results

As expected, the highest values for all of the markers were found in young dogs (< 12 months old). Concentrations of OC and ICTP decreased with age, and were lowest in dogs > 8 years old. Total ALP and bone-specific ALP activities initially decreased with age, then increased in dogs > 8 years old.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Serum markers of bone turnover may be useful diagnostic and prognostic tools for management of dogs with musculoskeletal disorders. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:250–254)
Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in healthy foals less than twenty-four hours old
Authors: Wilcke Jeff R. , Crisman Mark V. , Scarratt W. Kent , Sams Richard A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine pharmacokinetic variables that describe disposition of ketoprofen after its IV administration to foals < 24 hours old.

Animals

6 healthy foals (1 male and 5 females); mean age, 12.5 (range, 8.5 to 17) hours at time of dose administration.

Procedure

Ketoprofen was administered IV to foals at a dosage of 2.2 mg/kg of body weight. Ketoprofen concentration in plasma samples was analyzed, using high-performance liquid chromatography. Concentration versus time profiles were analyzed according to standard pharmacokinetic techniques. Blood samples were obtained from foals by jugular venipuncture at defined times during a 48-hour period. Samples were centrifuged, and plasma was frozen at −70 C until analyzed. One-, two-, and three-compartment analyses were conducted. The most appropriate model was determined by use of Akaike's information criterion analysis.

Results

Plasma concentration versus time profiles were best described, using a two-compartment open model. Clearance (normalized for body weight) was significantly lower than that determined for adult horses. Volume of distribution (normalized for body weight) was larger than that determined for adult horses. Mean (harmonic) plasma half-life for healthy foals < 24 hours old was 4.3 hours.

Clinical Relevance

Although additional factors, such as dehydration or sepsis, must be considered on a case-by-case basis, the dose of ketoprofen administered to foals < 24 hours old should be different from the dose administered to adult horses. Under similar clinical circumstances, doses in foals should be increased by as much as 1.5 times to produce comparable therapeutic concentrations; longer dose intervals, based on clinical response, would be necessary to avoid drug toxicity. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:290–292)
Evaluation of serologic responses, lymphocyte proliferative responses, and clearance from lymphatic organs after vaccination of bison with Brucella abortus strain RB51
Authors: Olsen Steven C. , Jensen Allen E. , Palmer Mitchell V. , Stevens Mark G.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate clearance of the vaccine strain, immunologic responses, and potential shedding of Brucella abortus strain RB51 organisms after vaccination of bison calves.

Animals

Fourteen 7-month-old female bison calves.

Procedure

10 bison calves were vaccinated SC with 1.22 × 1010 colony-forming units of B abortus strain RB51. Four bison calves were vaccinated SC with 0.15M NaCl solution. Rectal, vaginal, nasal, and ocular swab specimens were obtained to evaluate potential shedding by vaccinated bison. The superficial cervical lymph node was biopsied to evaluate clearance of the vaccine strain. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to strain RB51 bacteria were evaluated in lymph node cells obtained from biopsy specimens and also in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Results

Strain RB51 was recovered from superficial cervical lymph nodes of vaccinates examined 6, 12, and 18 weeks after vaccination (4/4, 3/4, and 1/4, respectively) but not in vaccinates examined at 24 weeks (0/3) after vaccination or nonvaccinates examined at all sample collection times (n = 1 bison/sample period). Serologic, immunologic, and bacterial culture techniques failed to reveal shedding of strain RB51 by vaccinates or infection of nonvaccinated bison. Lymphocyte proliferative responses were evident in lymph node cells and blood mononuclear cells from strain RB51-vaccinated bison beginning 12 weeks after vaccination.

Conclusion

Strain RB51 was cleared from bison by 18 to 24 weeks after vaccination. Bison vaccinated with strain RB51 did not shed the vaccine strain to nonvaccinated bison housed in close proximity. Strain RB51 did not induce antibody responses in bison that would interfere with brucellosis surveillance tests, but did stimulate cell-mediated immunity. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:410–415)
Cloning of equine interleukin 1α and equine interleukin 1ß and determination of their full-length cDNA sequences
Authors: Howard Rick D. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Trotter Gayle W. , Nyborg Jennifer K.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To clone equine interleukin 1α (IL-1α) and equine interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and determine their full-length cDNA sequences.

Procedure

The mRNA isolated from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cultured equine monocytes was reverse transcribed, and a cDNA library was constructed in a λ phage. The cDNA library was screened by means of plaque hybridization with radiolabeled human IL-1α and IL-1ß cDNA probes. The cDNA nucleotide sequences for equine IL-1α and equine IL-1β were determined by use of the dideoxy chain termination technique. The cDNA sequences were analyzed, using computer software, for sequence characteristics and compared with sequences reported for other species.

Results

The cDNA for equine IL-1α was 1,728 base pairs in length with an ORF encoding a peptide of 270 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 30.823 kd. The cDNA for equine IL-1β was 1,473 base pairs in length with an ORF encoding a peptide of 268 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 30.342 kd. Similarity between amino acid sequence of equine IL- 1α and sequences for IL-1 α of other species ranged from 62.5 to 82.2%; similarity between amino acid sequence of equine IL-1ß and sequences for IL-1β of other species ranged from 62.5 to 66.4%. Similarity between amino acid sequences of equine IL-1α and equine IL-1β was 26%.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Results establish a basis for studying the roles of interleukin 1 in healthy and diseased joints in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:704-711)
Comparison of anion gap and strong ion gap as predictors of unmeasured strong ion concentration in plasma and serum from horses
Authors: Constable P. D. , Hinchcliff K. W. , Muir W. W.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To compare the accuracy of anion gap (AG) and strong ion gap (SIG) for predicting unmeasured strong ion concentration in plasma and serum from horses.

Animals

6 well-trained Standardbred horses undergoing high-intensity exercise (experimental study) and 78 horses and ponies that underwent IV administration of lactic acid or endotoxin, and endurance, submaximal, or high-intensity exercise.

Procedure

Anion gap was calculated as AG = (Na+ + K+) − (Cl- + HCO−3), and SIG was calculated, using the simplified strong ion model, whereby SIG (mEq/L) = 2.24 × total protein (g/dl)/(1 + 106.65−pH) − AG. The relation between AG or SIG and plasma lactate concentration was evaluated, using linear regression analysis.

Results

Linear relations between plasma lactate concentration and AG and SIG were strong for the experimental study (r2 = 0.960 and 0.966, respectively) and the published studies (r2 = 0.914 and 0.925, respectively). The following relations were derived: AG = 1.00 × plasma lactate + 10.5; SIG = 0.99 × plasma lactate + 2.8. An AG > 15 mEq/L indicated an increased unmeasured anion concentration, whereas a SIG < −2 mEq/L indicated an increased unmeasured strong anion concentration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevence

Anion gap and SIG can be used to predict plasma lactate concentration in horses. AG is accurate and clinically useful for estimating unmeasured strong ion concentration in horses with total protein concentrations within or slightly outside reference range, whereas SIG is more accurate in horses with markedly abnormal total protein concentrations and those of various ages and with various concentrations of albumin, globulin, and phosphate. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:881–887)
Immune response of sows vaccinated with attenuated transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and recombinant TGEV spike protein vaccines and protection of their suckling pigs against virulent TGEV challenge exposure
Authors: Park Seongkuk , Sestak Karol , Hodgins Douglas C. , Shoup David I. , Ward Lucy A. , Jackwood Daral J. , Saif Linda J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To compare recombinant transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) spike protein, (SP) R2-2, with attenuated live virus (ALV) vaccine in sows during late pregnancy.

Animals

13 TGEV-seronegative sows and their pigs.

Procedure

At prepartum weeks (PPW) 6 and 4, sows of groups 1 and 2 received ALV via the oral/intranasal (O/IN) route. At PPW 2, group-1 sows received ALV IM and group-2 sows received SPR2-2 IM. Group-3 sows received SPR2-2 IM at PPW 4 and ALV O/IN at PPW 2. Sows of group 4 (negative controls) were inoculated O/IN with mock-infected ST cell fluids at PPW 6 and 4 and IM with Sf9 cell lysates at PPW2 (n = 2), or IM with Sf9 cell lysates at PPW4 and O/IN with mock-infected ST cell fluids at PPW2 (2). Serum, colostrum, and milk samples were tested for antibody to TGEV, and a lymphoproliferative (LP) assay was done on blood mononuclear cells. Suckling pigs were challenge exposed with virulent TGEV.

Results

Sows of groups 1 and 2 had higher IgG and significantly higher antibody titers in colostrum; their pigs had significantly higher serum antibody titer. At challenge exposure of their pigs, LP responses of group-2 sows were significantly higher than those of sows in the other 3 groups. Mean pig mortality ranged from 43 (group 2) to 92% (group 4). Significant negative correlations were observed among litter mortality and sow LP response, colostral titer, and pig serum titer at time of challenge exposure.

Conclusions

In sows vaccinated twice with attenuated live TGEV, the recombinant SPR2-2 administered IM may be comparable to ALV administered IM as a booster. Vaccination failed to provide complete protection to suckling pigs after challenge exposure. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1002–1008)
Field study of vaccination of cattle with Brucella abortus strains RB51 and 19 under high and low disease prevalence
Authors: Lord Veronica R. , Schurig Gerhardt G. , Cherwonogrodzky John W. , Marcano Mabel J. , Melendez Gerardo E.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To assess humoral and protective immunity in cattle vaccinated by 12 months with Brucella abortus vaccine strains RB51 and 19 under field conditions of high and low brucellosis prevalence.

Animals

450 seronegative female cattle: 330 three to eight months old (calves), and 120 ten to twelve months old (heifers).

Procedures

Ranch A had high prevalence (39%) of brucellosis, and ranch B had low prevalence (2%), as determined by results of conventional serologic testing: agar gel immunodiffusion and the ring test. Seronegative cattle were vaccinated once or twice with 5 × 109 colony-forming units of B abortus strain RB51 or once with strain 19. After vaccinating 285 cattle with strain RB51 and 165 with strain 19, 74 (26%) and 30 (18%), respectively, were bred to seropositive bulls, then were kept within the infected herd of origin.

Results

All cattle vaccinated with strain 19 seroconverted 30 days later. All 285 cattle vaccinated with strain RB51 had negative results for all serologic tests, including agar gel immunodiffusion. All RB51-vaccinated cattle that became pregnant had negative results for the ring test and for conventional serologic tests after their first calving.

Conclusions

Strain RB51 can be used as a live organism vaccine without inducing antibody titers that interfere with serodiagnosis, and induced 100% protection against field strain B abortus-induced abortion in cattle vaccinated at least 1 year before mating to an infected bull. Vaccination with strain 19 under similar conditions was less effective than vaccination with strain RB51. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1016–1020)
Prevalence of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin in dogs with nonthyroidal illness
Authors: Nachreiner R. F. , Refsal K. R. , Graham P. A. , Hauptman J. , Watson G. L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate a thyroglobulin autoantibody (TgAA) assay and determine a diagnostic threshold.

Sample Population

Serum samples from dogs with various endocrine abnormalities and from 30 obese adult female Beagles.

Procedure

TgAA were determined by use of the ELISA. Six experiments were done: 1, definition of positive results for TgAA using samples from normal and T3 autoantibody (T3AA) positive dogs; 2, establishment of prevalence of positive results in 91 clinically normal dogs; 3, evaluation of positive results for sera from dogs with nonthyroidal illnesses; 4, testing of samples from dogs with primary hypothyroidism but absence of T4AA or T3AA, or both; 5, determination of prevalence of false-negative results in dogs that are T4AA and/or T3AA positive, which were (18 dogs) or were not (22 dogs) receiving L-thyroxine replacement therapy; and 6, examination of thyroid biopsy specimens from 18 dogs (8 TgAA positive and 10 TgAA negative).

Results

Positive results were defined as at least twice (200%) the optical density of the negative-control sample. False-positive results were obtained for only 3.4% of 146 dogs with nonthyroidal illness. Thirty-seven percent of dogs with primary hypothyroidism, but no evidence of T4AA or T3AA, or both, were TgAA positive. False-negative results were found in 1 of 22 and 2 of 18 T3AA-positive dogs with and without thyroid replacement therapy, respectively. Thyroid biopsy specimens from 8 TgAA-positive dogs had evidence of lymphocytic thyroiditis, whereas those from 10 TgAA-negative dogs did not.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

The assay is sensitive and specific for identification of lymphocytic autoimmune thyroiditis in dogs, and has potential for aiding early diagnosis of thyroiditis in dogs and identifying dogs likely to perpetuate hypothyroidism in breeding programs. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:951–955)
Role of nitric oxide in in vitro contractile activity of the third compartment of the stomach in llamas
Authors: Van Hoogmoed Linda , Rakestraw Peter C. , Snyder Jack R. , Harmon Faye A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the role of nitric oxide and an apamin-sensitive nonadrenergic-noncholinergic inhibitory transmitter in in vitro contractile activity of the third compartment in llamas.

Sample Population

Isolated strips of third compartment of the stomach from 5 llamas.

Procedure

Strips were mounted in tissue baths containing oxygenated Kreb's buffer solution and connected to a polygraph chart recorder to measure contractile activity. Atropine, guanethidine, and indomethacin were added to tissue baths to inhibit muscarinic receptors, adrenoreceptors, and prostaglandin synthesis. Responses to electrical field stimulation following addition of the nitric oxide antagonist Νω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and apamin were evaluated.

Results

Electrical field stimulation (EFS) resulted in a reduction in the amplitude and frequency of contractile activity, followed by rebound contraction when EFS was stopped. Addition of L-NAME resulted in a significant reduction in inhibition of contractile activity. Addition of apamin also resulted in a significant reduction in inhibitory contractile activity at most stimulation frequencies. The combination of L-NAME and apamin resulted in a significant reduction in inhibition at all frequencies.

Conclusion

Nitric oxide and a transmitter acting via an apamin-sensitive mechanism appear to be involved in inhibition of contractile activity of the third compartment in llamas.

Clinical Relevance

Results suggest that nitric oxide plays an important role in mediating contractile activity of the third compartment in llamas. Use of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors may have a role in the therapeutic management of llamas with lesions of the third compartment. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1166— 1169)
Changes in plasma protein concentrations in ponies with experimentally induced alimentary laminitis
Authors: Fagliari José J. , McClenahan David , Evanson Oral A. , Weiss Douglas J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether plasma protein concentrations were altered in ponies with alimentary laminitis.

Animals

12 adult ponies.

Procedure

Acute laminitis was induced in 6 ponies by oral administration of carbohydrate (85% corn starch, 15% wood flour); the other 6 ponies were used as controls. A physical examination was performed and blood samples were collected immediately before and 4, 8, 12, 24, and 28 hours after administration of carbohydrate. Plasma protein concentrations were determined by means of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Results

19 plasma proteins ranging from a molecular weight of 24,000 to a molecular weight of 350,000 were identified in all 12 ponies. Plasma concentrations of proteins with molecular weights of 350,000 (fibrinogen), 130,000 (ceruloplasmin), 118,000 (c-reactive protein), 67,000 (α1-antitrypsin I), 65,000 (α1-antitrypsin II), 50,000 (haptoglobulin), and 45,000 (acid glycoprotein) were significantly increased in ponies with laminitis, compared with concentrations in control ponies.

Conclusion

Changes in plasma protein concentrations are detectable within 4 hours after the onset of alimentary laminitis in ponies.

Clinical Relevance

Measurement of plasma protein concentrations may be useful in monitoring the progression of laminitis in ponies. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1234–1237)
Hematologic and serum biochemical variables and plasma corticotropin concentration in healthy aged horses
Authors: McFarlane Dianne , Sellon Debra C. , Gaffney Debbie , Hedgpeth Vickie , Papich Mark , Gibbs Scott
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To compare hematologic and serum biochemical variables and plasma ACTH concentration between healthy horses 5 to 12 years old and those more than 20 years old.

Animals

30 healthy horses 5 to 12 years old and 30 healthy horses more than 20 years old.

Procedures

Venous blood was collected from all horses, and CBC and serum biochemical analysis were performed for each horse. Plasma ACTH concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay. Student's paired t-test or the Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used to compare values between control and aged horse groups.

Results

Compared with values for control horses, aged horses had significantly higher erythrocyte mean cell volume and mean cell hemoglobin. Aged horses also had significantly decreased total lymphocyte count. Five aged horses had lymphocyte count that was lower than the low reference limit as established for horses in our laboratory. Differences between control and aged horses for serum biochemical or plasma ACTH values were not significant.

Conclusion

Compared with younger adult horses, those more than 20 years old have some hematologic differences, but there is no apparent effect of aging on baseline plasma ACTH concentration.

Clinical Relevance

It is important to establish age-matched control values for optimal interpretation of clinicopathologic variables. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59: 1247–1251)
Comparison of two techniques for total intravenous anesthesia in horses
Authors: Mama K. R. , Pascoe P. J. , Steffey E. P. , Kollias-Baker C.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To characterize responses associated with two 1-hour total intravenous anesthesia techniques in horses.

Animals

6 mature, healthy mares.

Procedure

Each horse was anesthetized 3 times. Treatment order was determined by a series of Latin squares. After baseline measurements and instrumentation, horses were given xylazine (XYL) IV; anesthesia was induced 5 minutes later with 10% guaifenesin given IV, then either ketamine (KET) or propofol (PRO) was given IV. After anesthesia induction, each horse received an infusion of XYL and either KET or a low or high dose of PRO. Cardiopulmonary variables were measured at 20, 40, and 60 minutes after the start of the infusion; arterial blood samples were collected prior to each set of measurements, and blood gas tensions and plasma drug concentration were determined. A noxious stimulus was applied after each of the 3 sets of measurements.

Results

Differences in measured cardiopulmonary variables were significant among all treatments at different times. Most notable differences were between KET and high PRO. Times to regaining sternal and standing posture were shortest for KET, and differed significantly from values for low and high PRO. Purposeful responses were not observed for high PRO in horses after noxious stimulation. In contrast, 4 horses given KET responded at all time points and 1 horse given low PRO responded.

Conclusion

None of the infusion techniques were flawless, but results support continued efforts at technique refinement and selected clinical use. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1292–1298)
Experimental implantation of posterior chamber prototype intraocular lenses for the feline eye
Authors: Gilger Brian C. , Davidson Michael G. , Colitz Carmen M. H.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To measure postoperative anterior chamber depth (ACD), corneal curvature, and refractive state of feline eyes after lens removal and implantation of a prosthetic intraocular lens (IOL) and determine appropriate IOL use in cats.

Animals

8 clinically normal adult cats.

Procedure

A-scan ultrasonic biometry, keratometry, and streak retinoscopy were performed on both eyes of each cat before and after lens removal and implantation of a prosthetic IOL. Three diopter (D) IOL strengths were used: 48, 51, and 60 D. Measurements were recorded for 12 weeks after surgery.

Results

IOL were well tolerated by cats, with no serious complications attributable to implantation or presence of the IOL. The ACD was significantly greater after (8.30 mm) than before (4.97 mm) surgery; however, it became slightly more shallow during the 4 weeks after surgery, suggesting that the IOL shifted anteriorly in the eye. Significant difference in corneal curvature was not detected before or after surgery among eyes with various IOL. Twelve weeks after surgery, eyes with 48-, 51-, and 60-D IOL had mean ± SD refractive state of +2.1 ± 0.49, +0.42 ± 0.20, and -2.6 ± 0.78 D, respectively. Linear regression analysis of refractive state on IOL power for all eyes at 12 weeks after surgery predicted that +52.8-D IOL was necessary to best approximate emmetropia in these cats.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

IOL of substantially higher diopter strength than that needed in dogs was required to achieve emmetropia after lens extraction in cats. A 52- to 53-D IOL is required to correct feline eyes to near emmetropia after lens removal. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1339–1343)
Evaluation of mild lameness in horses trotting on a treadmill by clinicians and interns or residents and correlation of their assessments with kinematic gait analysis
Authors: Keegan Kevin G. , Wilson David A. , Wilson Daniel J. , Smith Bryan , Gaughan Earl M. , Pleasant R. Scott , Lillich James D. , Kramer Joanne , Howard Rick D. , Bacon-Miller Christy , Davis Elizabeth G. , May Kimberly A. , Cheramie Hoyt S. , Valentino William L. , van Harreveld Phillip D.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To estimate sensitivity and accuracy of subjective evaluation of mild lameness in horses during treadmill locomotion and to correlate subjective evaluation with kinematic analysis.

Animals

19 lame and 5 clinically normal horses.

Procedure

Lameness was evaluated by subjective score and kinematic analysis before and after palmar digital nerve block (PDNB). Evaluations were made by 6 clinicians and 7 interns or residents. Within- and between-observer agreement analyses (κ values) were calculated and compared, using a Student’s t-test. Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated between clinician’s change in score and the change in kinematic variables after PDNB.

Results

Within-observer agreement was within the range expected for conditions of moderate diagnostic difficulty. Within-observer agreement was higher for clinicians than for interns or residents. Between-observer agreement was acceptable for scores within 1 value of each other. Between-observer agreement of change in lameness score after PDNB was poor. When kinematic variables were ranked with each clinician’s subjective change in score, only 2 were among the top 3 for the majority of clinicians. Asymmetry of vertical head movement between contralateral forelimb stance phases and the point of maximum hoof height during swing decreased as lameness subjectively improved.

Conclusion

Mild lameness may be difficult to evaluate during treadmill locomotion. Although clinicians were more repeatable in their subjective evaluation of lameness than interns or residents, they were not more reliable at detecting the true state of lameness.

Clinical Relevance

Lack of agreement between clinician scoring of mild lameness emphasizes the need to use more objective measures for quantifying lameness. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1370–1377)
Protection of pregnant cattle and their fetuses against infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 by use of a modified-live virus vaccine
Authors: Cortese V. S. , Grooms D. L. , Ellis J. , Bolin S. R. , Ridpath J. F. , Brock K. V.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine efficacy of a vaccine containing modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 for protecting pregnant cows and their fetuses against virulent heterologous BVDV type 1.

Design

Randomized controlled cohort study.

Animals

18 yearling beef heifers seronegative for BVDV and negative when tested for BVDV by virus isolation.

Procedure

Cattle were randomly assigned to control (unvaccinated; n = 6) or vaccinated (12) groups. Vaccinated heifers were given a combination vaccine containing modified-live BVDV type 1 comprising a cytopathic (NADL) strain. All 18 heifers were then bred and challenge-exposed between 70 and 75 days of gestation with BVDV type 1, administered intranasally. Cattle were monitored, and infection status of offspring was determined after parturition. Antibody concentrations of vaccinated and control heifers were also monitored.

Results

All 6 calves from control heifers had positive results on multiple virus isolation tests and were considered persistently infected. In comparison, only 2 calves from vaccinated cows had positive results on virus isolation tests and were considered persistently infected. One vaccinated heifer aborted, but the fetus was not persistently infected, and the abortion was not attributed to BVDV infection.

Clinical Implications

Analysis of these data indicated that a single dose of a modified-live NADL-derived BVDV type 1 vaccine will confer protection to dams and their fetuses against challenge-exposure to heterologous BVDV type 1 organisms. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1409–1413)
Transient alteration in intestinal permeability to technetium Tc99m diethylenetriaminopentaacetate during the prodromal stages of alimentary laminitis in ponies
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Evanson Oral A. , MacLeay Jennifer , Brown David R.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To determine whether mucosal permeability is altered during the prodromal stages of alimentary laminitis.

Animals

15 healthy adult ponies.

Procedures

Intestinal permeability was evaluated for control ponies (n = 5) and for ponies 4 to 12 (n = 5) and 20 to 28 (n = 5) hours after administration of carbohydrate overload. Mucosal permeability was determined by measuring the percentage of orally administered technetium Tc99m diethylenetriaminopentaacetate (99mTc-DTPA) excreted in urine during an 8-hour period, then measuring blood radioactivity at hourly intervals. Plasma endotoxin-like activity was measured by use of a chromogenic Limulus amebocyte assay.

Results

Urinary excretion of 99mTc-DTPA was 2.45% of administered dose for control ponies, and was 16.67% of administered dose 4 to 12 hours and 3.57% of administered dose 20 to 28 hours after administration of carbohydrate.

Conclusions

A marked but transient increase in intestinal permeability was observed early in the prodromal stages of alimentary laminitis.

Clinical Relevance

Absorption of substances from the intestine may be an initiating event in alimentary laminitis. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1431–1434)
Relations between biochemical markers of osteoarthritis and other disease parameters in a population of dogs with naturally acquired osteoarthritis of the genual joint
Authors: Innes John F. , Sharif Mohammed , Barr Alistair R. S.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To investigate the hypothesis that concentrations of the keratan sulfate epitope, 1/20/5D4 (5D4) and total sulfated glycosaminoglycans (S-GAG) in synovial fluids, and of 5D4 in serum of dogs with naturally acquired osteoarthritis of the genual joint (stifle), secondary to cranial cruciate ligament deficiency, are associated with other disease parameters of osteoarthritis.

Animals

58 dogs with stifle osteoarthritis secondary to naturally acquired cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficiency.

Procedure

All dogs were examined clinically, radiographically and, in some instances, scintigraphically. Serum and synovial fluid from both stifles were assayed for 5D4 concentration, using an inhibition ELISA, and for S-GAG, using a direct dye-binding assay.

Results

Serum 5D4 concentration was not significantly associated with other disease features. Total S-GAG values were high, and 5D4 values were low, in synovial fluid from clinically active, compared with contralateral joints. The S-GAG concentration in synovial fluid from clinically active joints was negatively correlated with radiographic severity score (rs = −0.389, P = 0.004, Spearman's rank correlation). Other associations between marker concentrations and disease parameters could not be detected.

Conclusions

Serum 5D4 concentration is not a useful marker of stifle osteoarthritis in dogs; however, synovial fluid S-GAG and 5D4 values may hold more promise as disease measures. (Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:1530-1536)
Serotyping scheme for Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cows with mastitis
Authors: Guidry Albert , Fattom Ali , Patel Atul , O'Brien Celia , Shepherd Sara , Lohuis Jos
Published: January 2024

Objective

To identify the Staphylococcus aureus capsular serotypes that are not typable, using capsular serotypes 5 and 8, which are currently used to type Saureus isolated from cows with mastitis.

Sample Population

Milk samples (n = 273) from cows with mastitis in 178 dairy herds in California, Wisconsin, Michigan, Texas, and New York that were collected by state diagnostic laboratories and S aureus-positive milk samples collected by Veterinary Health Services in the United Kingdom (15), France (22), The Netherlands (36), and Germany (21).

Procedure

Capsular serotyping of coded isolates was performed by use of direct cell agglutination and immunoprecipitation of cell extracts with antisera specific for capsular types 5 and 8 and a newly developed S aureus serotyping antiserum 336.

Results

In the United States, S aureus capsular types 5 and 8 accounted for 18 and 23% of the isolates, respectively, and type 336 accounted for 59%. Percentage of capsular serotypes in European samples were as follows: type 5 = 34%, type 8 = 34%, type 336 = 30%, and nontypable = 2%.

Conclusions

Serotypes 5 and 8 accounted for only 41% of S aureus isolates from US milk samples, but accounted for 70% of isolates from European milk samples. Addition of the newly developed serotyping antiserum 336 to the typing scheme accounted for 100% of US samples and 98% of European samples and will enable development of a more comprehensive S aureus vaccine. (Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:1537-1539)
Molecular characteristics of equine stromelysin and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1
Authors: Richardson Dean W. , Dodge George R.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To clone the entire coding sequence of equine matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3, stromelysin) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1 ) and compare their nucleotide and amino acid sequences with those of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 from other species.

Samples

Articular cartilage harvested from the joints of 4 foals, 2 yearlings, and 3 adult horses.

Procedure

A cDNA library was constructed from mRNA extracted from equine chondrocytes. The library was screened and clones selected that contained the cDNA for MMP-3 and TIMP-1. The cDNA was sequenced and the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences compared with known sequences in other species. Northern blot analysis was performed, using the resulting cDNA clones.

Results

An 1803-bp cDNA for MMP-3 including the entire coding sequence of 1434 bases was cloned and sequenced. A 744-bp cDNA for TIMP-1 including the entire coding sequence of 624 bases was cloned and sequenced. Northern analysis revealed MMP-3 to hybridize to a single mRNA species at approximately 2.1 kb. TIMP-1 hybridized to a single mRNA species at approximately 0.8 kb.

Conclusions

MMP-3 and TIMP-1 were highly homologous to that of other species at the nucleotide and amino acid level although each had unique residues in part of the peptide that is generally conserved.

Clinical Relevance

Understanding the molecular structure of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 and the availability of their cDNA should allow a more detailed understanding of their balance in cartilage and the degradative processes in joint disease. (Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:1557-1562)
Effects of exercise and EDTA administration on blood ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone in horses
Authors: Aguilera-Tejero Escolástico , Garfia Bartolomé , Estepa José C. , López Ignacio , Mayer-Valor Rafael , Rodríguez Mariano
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine effects of exercise on blood ionized calcium (Ca2+) and plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in horses and to compare the effects of exercise-induced and EDTA-induced hypocalcemia on PTH secretion.

Animals

17 horses entered in a show jumping competition and 5 horses given EDTA.

Procedure

Blood Ca2+ and plasma PTH concentrations were measured before and after exercise in the 17 horses entered in the jumping competition. In the other 5 horses, concentrations were measured during infusion of EDTA IV.

Results

Exercise resulted in a significant decrease in blood Ca2+ concentration and a significant increase in plasma PTH concentration, and blood Ca2+ concentration was correlated with plasma PTH concentration. Administration of EDTA resulted in hypocalcemia and an increase in PTH concentration. For the same decrease in Ca2+ concentration, magnitude of the exercise-induced increase in PTH concentration was similar to magnitude of the EDTA-induced increase.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Results suggest that the increase in plasma PTH concentration in horses after exercise is secondary to hypocalcemia and that the increase in PTH concentration seems to be commensurate with the decrease in Ca2+ concentration. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1605-1607)
Effects of 6α-methylprednisolone acetate on an equine osteochondral fragment exercise model
Authors: Frisbie D. D. , Kawcak C. E. , Baxter G. M. , Trotter G. W. , Powers B. E. , Lassen E. D. , McIlwraith C. W.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine effects of intra-articularly administered 6α-methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) in exercised horses with carpal osteochondral fragmentation.

Animals

18 horses: 3 groups of 6 each.

Procedure

An osteochondral (chip) fragment was created in 1 randomly chosen middle carpal joint of each horse. Polyionic fluid (PF) was injected into both middle carpal joints of horses in the control group. In horses of the MPA-control group, MPA was injected into the middle carpal joint without an osteochondral fragment; a similar volume of PF was injected into the contralateral middle carpal joint. In the MPA-treated group of horses, 100 mg of MPA was injected into the middle carpal joint containing the osteochondral fragment; a similar volume of PF was injected into the contralateral joint. Injections were administered on postsurgical days 14 and 28, and horses were exercised on a high-speed treadmill for 8 weeks, starting on postsurgical day 15.

Results

Clinical improvement in degree of lameness was not associated with MPA administration. Joints that contained an osteochondral fragment and were treated with MPA had lower prostaglandin E2 concentration in synovial fluid, and lower scores for intimal hyperplasia and vascularity in synovial membrane, compared with PF-treated joints. However, articular cartilage erosion and morphologic lesions suggested possible deleterious effect of intra-articular MPA administration.

Conclusions

Some beneficial effects of MPA administration on synovial fluid and synovial membrane were identified; however, the deleterious findings contrast with those associated with triamcinolone acetonide used in a similar model, but agree with other results of MPA administration in normal and abnormal joints. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1619-1628)
Forelimb joint moments and power during the walking stance phase of horses
Authors: Colborne G. Robert , Lanovaz Joel L. , Sprigings Eric J. , Schamhardt H. C. , Clayton Hilary M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To calculate normative joint moments of force and power for the forelimb of walking horses as a benchmark against which to compare these mechanical variables in horses with specific lameness.

Animals

4 Dutch Warmblood horses with no recent history of lameness.

Procedure

Horses were walked by hand through the test area, and data from 5 walking trials were collected for each horse. Two camera views were combined with vertical and craniocaudal ground reaction forces to calculate net moments of force in the sagittal plane across the carpal, metacarpophalangeal (fetlock), and distal interphalangeal (coffin) joints during the stance phase of the forelimb. Mechanical power was calculated as the product of net joint moment and the joint's angular velocity.

Results

During the early part of the stance phase, the carpal joint had oscillating periods of energy generation and absorption against a predominant flexor moment, then an absorption phase at the end of the stance phase, as the carpus flexed into swing against an extensor moment. The fetlock absorbed energy in the early part of the stance phase, then the terminal part was marked by a large generation of energy across the joint. A flexor moment was measured at the coffin joint throughout the stance phase, and this coincided with a long phase of energy absorption followed by a short phase of generation for push-off.

Conclusion

Consistency of the power data indicates that typical profiles of work exist for each of the joints (carpus, fetlock, and coffin).

Clinical Relevance

Detection of changes to these profiles of work may contribute to diagnosis of specific lameness conditions.(Am J Vet Res 1998;59:609–614)
Construction and characterization of a glycoprotein E gene-deleted bovine herpesvirus type 1 recombinant
Authors: Chowdhury Shafiqul I. , Ross Carolyn S. D. , Lee Bong J. , Hall Vickie , Chu Hsien-Jue
Published: January 2024

Objective

To construct and characterize a recombinant glycoprotein (g)E gene-deleted bovine herpesvirus (BHV) type 1 (BHV-1).

Procedure

The BHV-1 gE gene-coding region and the flanking upstream and downstream sequences were cloned. The aforementioned cloned DNA was digested with suitable enzymes to release the amino terminal two thirds of that region, and was ligated to the β-galactosidase (β-gal) gene. The resulting plasmid DNA was cotransfected with DNA from full-length, wild-type (WT), BHV-1 Cooper strain of the virus. Recombinant viruses expressing β-gal (blue plaques) were plaque purified and assayed further by blot hybridization for genetic characterization and by immunoblotting for reactivity against BHV-1 gE peptide-specific rabbit polyclonal antibody. One recombinant virus, gEΔ3.1IBR, was characterized in vitro and in vivo. The ability of the recombinant virus to induce BHV-1 neutralizing antibodies in infected calves was investigated by plaque-reduction tests.

Results and Conclusions

The gEΔ3.1IBR virus contained a deletion in the viral gE gene-coding sequences where a stable chimeric reporter (β-gal) gene was inserted. One-step growth kinetics and virus yield of the recombinant and parent viruses were similar, but early after infection, the recombinant virus yield was comparatively less. After intranasal inoculation, the recombinant gEΔ3.1IBR virus replicated in the upper respiratory tract of calves, but the amount of progeny viruses produced was hundredsfold reduced, and duration of virus shedding was shorter. Results of in vivo calf experiments and serum neutralization tests indicated that deleting the gE gene has little effect on inducing neutralizing antibodies against BHV-1, but is sufficient to reduce BHV-1 virulence in calves. (Am J Vet Res 1999; 60:227-232)
Evaluation of activity of selected ophthalmic antimicrobial agents in combination against common ocular microorganisms
Authors: Hinkle Karin M. , Gerding Paul A. , Kakoma Ibulaimu , Schaeffer David J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine in vitro efficacy of gentamicin, tobramycin, and miconazole when used in combination, with or without atropine, against Pseudomonas or Aspergillus sp.

Procedure

Selected ophthalmic agents were combined for predetermined times. Sterile disks impregnated with the combined solutions were prepared and placed on Mueller-Hinton plates that were seeded with Pseudomonas or Aspergillus sp. Zones of growth inhibition were measured at postincubation hours 24 and 48.

Results

Tobramycin alone inhibited growth of Pseudomonas sp, whereas miconazole inhibited growth of Aspergillus sp. Significant differences in zones of growth inhibition when atropine was combined with tobramycin, when gentamicin was combined with miconazole, or when atropine was combined with miconazole and gentamicin, were not detected.

Clinical Relevance

Combining selected ophthalmic therapeutic agents for as long as 6 hours does not appear to alter the in vitro efficacy of the agents against microorganisms used in this study. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:316–318)