bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dermatological complications following initiation of lenalidomide in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Tageja N. , Giorgadze T. , Zonder J.
Published: March 2011

Off‐label use of lenalidomide (Len) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is becoming increasingly frequent. When compared with thalidomide, Len has been reported to have more potent anti‐tumour activity and a better safety profile. However, dermatological side‐effects are known to occur with both drugs. Clinical trial design often precludes precise quantification of infrequent toxicities and studies frequently report only grade 3–4 toxicities without a detailed description of rashes, leading to under‐recognition of these complications in the community. Careful long‐term tracking of late adverse effects with prompt reporting on recognition is imperative while monitoring patients for potential adverse events as we enter the new era of targeted therapies. We present an unusual case of CLL that was complicated by erythema annulare centrifugum and neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome) after starting Len.
Critical review of lasers in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Authors: Gravas Stavros , Bachmann Alexander , Reich Oliver , Roehrborn Claus G. , Gilling Peter J. , De La Rosette Jean
Published: March 2011

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Laser technology has been applied to treat LUTS secondary to BPH for >15 years. Some of the early approaches failed to fulfil our expectations and have been abandoned, but technological advancements and growing clinical experience have produced more refined techniques and devices with clinical outcomes that seem to challenge transurethral resection of the prostate.

Using an evidence‐based approach, this review explains the basic principles of lasers and updates our knowledge on the progress of laser technology and the role of different laser techniques and types in the treatment of LUTS due to BPH in both the general population and specific groups of patients. The study also documents the need for better quality data to increase the level of evidence for each laser treatment.

Laser treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia has challenged transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) due to advances in laser technology, better understanding of tissue–laser interactions and growing clinical experience.

Various lasers have been introduced including neodymium: yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG), holmium (Ho) : YAG, potassium titanyl phosphate : YAG, thulium(Tm) and diode laser. Based on the different wave‐length dependent laser–prostatic tissue interactions, the main techniques are coagulation, vaporization, resection and enucleation.

The present review aims to help urologists to distinguish and to critically evaluate the role of different laser methods in the treatment by using an evidence‐based approach. It also details further evidence for use in specific patient groups (in retention, on anticoagulation) and addresses the issues of cost and learning curve.

Coagulation‐based techniques have been abandoned; holmium ablation/resection of the prostate has been superseded by the enucleation technique Ho‐laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP). The short‐term efficacy of the emerging laser treatments such as diode and Tm prostatectomy has been suggested by low quality studies. HoLEP and photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) represent valid clinical alternatives to TURP. HoLEP is the most rigorously analysed laser technique with durable efficacy for any prostate size and low early and late morbidity. PVP has grown in acceptance and popularity but long‐term results from high quality studies are pending.
Teacher–Child Relationship Quality and Children's Peer Victimization and Aggressive Behavior in Late Childhood
Authors: Troop‐Gordon Wendy , Kopp Jessica
Published: March 2011

This investigation examines the extent to which characteristics of the teacher–child relationship (closeness, dependency, and conflict) are predictive of changes in children's peer victimization and aggressive behavior over the course of a school year. Relational and physical forms of victimization and aggression were studied, and changes in peer acceptance and number of friendships were tested as possible mediators. Longitudinal data from 410 fourth‐ and fifth‐grade students (193 boys; 217 girls) and their teachers (N = 25) were analyzed. Whereas dependency on the teacher predicted heightened victimization from peers, a close relationship with the teacher forecasted less physical aggression toward peers. Moreover, decreases in number of friendships partially mediated the link between dependency on the teacher and heightened relational victimization for boys. These findings have implications for understanding the continuing influence of teacher–child relationships on children's social development in late childhood and for identifying interpersonal risk factors associated with involvement in peer harassment.
Data and Dialogue in Primary School
Authors: Paramore John
Published: March 2011

Many primary school teachers will have not heard of the data‐handling cycle as set out in the English Key Stage 3 (UK ages 11–14) curriculum. This article argues that with a little adjustment, it could become the defining model for a holistic and dialogical approach to data handling at Key Stage 2 (UK ages 7–11).
Creating, implementing and integrating a first‐year statistics requirement
Authors: Redington Douglas B. , Russell R. Alan
Published: March 2011

We present the process our institution used to create a statistics requirement for almost all incoming first‐year students. From conception and planning, to hiring and acceptance by the university community, we offer lessons learned should you consider making such a shift in your own curriculum.
Going beyond the book: towards critical reading in statistics teaching
Authors: Gelman Andrew
Published: March 2011

We consider three examples from our own teaching in which much was learned by critically examining examples from books. Even influential and well‐regarded books can have examples where more can be learned with a small amount of additional effort.
Relationship between limb and trunk muscle hypertrophy following high‐intensity resistance training and blood flow–restricted low‐intensity resistance training
Authors: Yasuda Tomohiro , Ogasawara Riki , Sakamaki Mikako , Bemben Michael G. , Abe Takashi
Published: March 2011

We examined the relationship between training‐induced limb and trunk muscle hypertrophy in high‐intensity resistance training (HIT) or blood flow–restricted low‐intensity resistance training (LI‐BFR) programmes. Thirty young men were divided into three groups: HIT (n = 10), LI‐BFR (n = 10) and non‐training control (CON, n = 10). The HIT and LI‐BFR groups performed 75% and 30%, respectively, of one‐repetition maximal (1‐RM) bench press exercise, 3 days per week for 6 weeks. During the training sessions, the LI‐BFR group wore elastic cuffs around the most proximal region of both arms. Muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA) and 1‐RM bench press strength were measured before and 3 days after the final training session. Total training volumes (lifting weight × number of repetitions) for all of the sessions were similar between the two training groups. The training led to a significant increase (P < 0·05) in bench press 1‐RM in the two training groups, but not in the CON group. Triceps brachii and pectoralis major muscle CSA increased 8·8% and 15·8% (P < 0·01), respectively, in the HIT group and 4·9% (P < 0·05) and 8·3% (P < 0·01), respectively, in the LI‐BFR group, but not in the CON group (−1·1% and 0·0%, respectively). There was significant correlation (r = 0·70, P < 0·05) between increases in triceps brachii and pectoralis major muscle CSA in the HIT group; however, the correlation was lower and non‐significant in the LI‐BFR group (r = 0·54). Our results suggest that limb and trunk muscle hypertrophy occurs simultaneously during HIT but not during LI‐BFR, possibly owing to individual differences in activation of the arm and chest muscles during the training sessions.
ASSET PRICE CHANGES AND MACROECONOMIC MEASUREMENT OF PROFITABILITY
Authors: CETTE GILBERT , DURANT DOMINIQUE , VILLETELLE JEAN‐PIERRE
Published: March 2011

On the basis of national accounts data, this article compares two different measures for the profitability of non‐financial corporations, between France and the United States over the last two decades. The two measures differ in the way they evaluate the various elements that are integrated in the profitability calculation. The first measure corresponds to the usual practice which ignores the holding gains and losses on assets concerning some components of the profit measurements. In contrast, the second takes full account of these holding gains and losses on assets in corporations' returns. The analysis highlights in particular the effects on profitability measures of the huge variations in asset prices observed in recent years in the two countries. The main finding is that taking holding gains and losses into account actually matters for the measurement of corporate profitability over time, this result being particularly clear over the recent period.
Ant community structure under Retama sphaerocarpa shrubs in a semi‐arid environment
Authors: CARPINTERO Soledad , REYES‐LÓPEZ Joaquín , LUQUE Gloria María
Published: March 2011

The Tabernas Desert (Spain) is an emblematic area as it constitutes, strictly speaking, the only European desert. Under the canopy of one of the dominant shrub species, Retama sphaerocarpa, there are different microhabitat conditions that encourage the growing of a dense understory of herbs (fertile islands). However, these changes may not be enough to be also reflected in the fauna. Studying ants as bioindicators, we found higher densities of individuals and species richness below the canopy than outside it. However, while the density of individuals increased from outside the canopy to the inner position under the shrubs, species richness increased from the inner to the border position under the canopy and abruptly decreased outside it. This is because the inner positions were usually monopolized by dominant ants with populous nests that feed on aphid honeydew, such as Monomorium subopacum or Tapinoma nigerrimum. Granivorous species (genus Messor) were usually found in intermediate positions under the canopy, taking advantage of the better microclimatic conditions but close to the grass for feeding. Among the most abundant species, the only one found mainly outside the influence of the retama shrubs was the thermophilic insectivorous Cataglyphis ibericus.
Contest‐type competition between age classes in scramble‐type Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: MANO Hiroyuki , TOQUENAGA Yukihiko
Published: March 2011

We examined the effect of age differences on competition type in individuals of a scramble‐type strain of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). When oviposition of two individuals on a bean was manipulated to introduce time intervals using two lines with different adult body colors, the frequency of two‐adult emergence decreased with the introduction of sequential oviposition. This result indicates that an age difference between two individuals induces contest competition. The frequency of adult emergence in older individuals decreased, whereas in younger individuals it increased with the introduction of sequential oviposition. Using a dissecting microscope, we observed that bodies of older individuals that died in the bean during the 4‐day oviposition interval were crushed at the pupal stage under the pupal chambers of younger individuals. These results show that an age difference between two larvae in a bean causes contest competition due to one‐sided interference by a younger individual during pupation of an older individual. Based on these experimental results, we discuss the ecological cause of contest competition and the population‐level consequences of identified interactions in scramble‐type C. maculatus.
Hybrid Malondialdehyde and Acetaldehyde Protein Adducts Form in the Lungs of Mice Exposed to Alcohol and Cigarette Smoke
Authors: McCaskill Michael L. , Kharbanda Kusum K. , Tuma Dean J. , Reynolds Jill D. , DeVasure Jane M. , Sisson Joseph H. , Wyatt Todd A.
Published: March 2011

Background:  Most alcohol abusers smoke cigarettes and approximately half of all cigarette smokers consume alcohol. However, no animal models of cigarette and alcohol co‐exposure exist to examine reactive aldehydes in the lungs. Cigarette smoking results in elevated lung acetaldehyde (AA) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Likewise, alcohol metabolism produces AA via the action of alcohol dehydrogenase and MDA via lipid peroxidation. A high concentration of AA and MDA form stable hybrid protein adducts known as malondialdehyde–acetaldehyde (MAA) adducts. We hypothesized that chronic cigarette smoke and alcohol exposure in an in vivo mouse model would result in the in vivo formation of MAA adducts.

Methods:  We fed C57BL/6 mice ad libitum ethanol (20%) in drinking water and exposed them to whole‐body cigarette smoke 2 h/d, 5 d/wk for 6 weeks. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung homogenates were assayed for AA, MDA, and MAA adduct concentrations. MAA‐adducted proteins were identified by Western blot and ELISA.

Results:  Smoke and alcohol exposure alone elevated both AA and MDA, but only the combination of smoke + alcohol generated protein‐adducting concentrations of AA and MDA. MAA‐adducted protein (∼500 ng/ml) was significantly elevated in the smoke + alcohol‐exposed mice. Of the 5 MAA‐adducted proteins identified by Western blot, 1 protein band immunoprecipitated with antibodies to surfactant protein D. Similar to in vitro PKC stimulation by purified MAA‐adducted protein, protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon was activated only in tracheal epithelial extracts from smoke‐ and alcohol‐exposed mice.

Conclusions:  These data demonstrate that only the combination of cigarette smoke exposure and alcohol feeding in mice results in the generation of significant AA and MDA concentrations, the formation of MAA‐adducted protein, and the activation of airway epithelial PKC epsilon in the lung.
A Qualitative Study on the Transfer of Residents Between a Nursing Home and an Emergency Department
Authors: McCloskey Rose M.
Published: March 2011

Nursing home (NH) residents who have exacerbations of chronic health conditions or new illnesses must generally go the emergency department (ED) for health care, later returning to the nursing home when it is felt that they are no longer require acute care. Transfers between settings of care are referred to as transitions, and research has shown that residents are at risk of experiencing negative health outcomes during these periods. This article reports on a qualitative study of resident transfers between one NH and one ED in Canada. Data were collected using interviews, participant observation, and examination of institutional policies and standard practices. Three themes emerged from the data: (1) work of executing transfers; (2) creating and exchanging resident information; and (3) feelings of guilt but not being responsible about how residents' transfers occurred. Although completion of organization‐specific forms consumed a considerable amount of practitioners' time, they contributed little to resident transfers or to the sharing of information. There is a need for integrated models of care that transcend settings and promote an understanding of the roles and responsibilities of practitioners working along the entire continuum of care.
Is a planned cesarean necessary in twin pregnancies?
Authors: VENDITTELLI FRANÇOISE , RIVIÈRE OLIVIER , CRENN‐HÉBERT CATHERINE , RIETHMULLER DIDIER , SCHAAL JEAN‐PATRICK , DREYFUS MICHEL ,   FOR THE PERINATAL SENTINEL NETWORK AUDIPOG
Published: March 2011

Objective. Evaluation of elective cesarean section for twin delivery as a standard of care. Design. Historical cohort in a national database (2 597 twin pregnancies). Setting. France. Sample. Twins with first child in cephalic presentation. Methods. Decision analysis. Main Outcome Measures. All neonatal complications, i.e. death, whether intrapartum or in the delivery room or the immediate postpartum period, or neonatal transfer to intensive (or special) care, or trauma, of one or both twins. Results. When we focused on neonatal complications for either or both twins, the strategy of planned vaginal delivery was preferable; the weight of its decision tree branch was lower than that for planned cesarean (26.5 vs. 31.7). If only twin 2 was considered, vaginal delivery was also preferred (weight of vaginal delivery=27.6 vs. 32.7 for planned cesarean). As long as the morbidity and mortality of twin 1 or twin 2 or both during a cesarean for twin 2 in the case of planned vaginal delivery does not exceed 31.5%, all else being equal, vaginal delivery should be preferred to a planned cesarean for twin 1 and twin 2. The two‐variable sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the results. Conclusions. The results of our study do not support a policy of planned cesarean delivery for twin pregnancies at and after 34 weeks of gestation. Level of evidence: II.
Expression patterns of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase and nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase in human malignant lymphomas
Authors: OLESEN UFFE HØGH , HASTRUP NINA , SEHESTED MAXWELL
Published: March 2011

Olesen UH, Hastrup N, Sehested M. Expression patterns of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase and nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase in human malignant lymphomas. APMIS 2011; 119: 296–303.

The purpose of the study was to determine in human malignant lymphomas the expression patterns of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), the primary, rate‐limiting enzymes in the synthesis of NAD+. NAMPT is a potential biomarker for sensitivity to NAMPT inhibitors and NAPRT is a biomarker for the use of nicotinic acid as a chemoprotectant in treatment with NAMPT inhibitors. The NAMPT inhibitor, APO866, is currently in clinical phase II trials in lymphomas. The expression of NAMPT and NAPRT was investigated in 53 samples of malignant lymphomas (diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, follicular B‐cell lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma and peripheral T‐cell lymphoma). The expression of NAMPT was generally high in the more aggressive malignant lymphomas, with >80% strong expression, whereas the expression in the more indolent follicular lymphoma (FL) was significantly lower (>75% moderate or low expression, p = 0.0002). NAMPT was very highly expressed in Hodgkin Reed‐Sternberg cells in Hodgkin’s lymphoma. NAPRT expression was more varied (p > 0.0001) with 30–50% low expression except for Hodgkin’s lymphoma where 85% displayed low expression (p = 0.0024). In conclusion, FL are a promising target for NAMPT inhibitors whereas substantial subsets of malignant lymphomas especially in Hodgkin lymphoma may be suitable for a combination treatment with nicotinic acid and NAMPT inhibitors.
Biological monitoring of a promissory xenogenic pin for biomedical applications: a preliminary intraosseous study in rats
Authors: Zambuzzi Willian Fernando , Oliveira Rodrigo Cardoso , Subitoni Bruno Leite , Menezes Renato , Taga Rumio , Granjeiro José Mauro
Published: March 2011

Objectives: Over the last years, it is known that in some cases metal devices for biomedical applications present some disadvantages suggesting absorbable materials (natural or synthetic) as an alternative of choice. Here, our goal was to evaluate the biological response of a xenogenic pin, derived from bovine cortical bone, intraosseously implanted in the femur of rats.

Material and methods: After 10, 14, 30 and 60 days from implantation, the animals (n=5/period) were killed and the femurs carefully collected and dissected out under histological demands. For identifying the osteoclastogenesis level at 60 days, we performed the immunohistochemisty approach using antibody against RANKL.

Results: Interestingly, our results showed that the incidence of neutrophils and leukocytes was observed only at the beginning (10 days). Clear evidences of pin degradation by host cells started at 14 days and it was more intensive at 60 days, when we detected the majority of the presence of giant multinucleated cells, which were very similar to osteoclast cells contacting the implanted pin. To check osteoclastogenesis at 60 days, we evaluated RANKL expression and it was positive for those resident multinucleated cells while a new bone deposition was verified surrounding the pins in all evaluated periods.

Conclusions: Altogether, our results showed that pins from fully processed bovine bone are biocompatible and absorbable, allowing bone neoformation and it is a promissory device for biomedical applications.

To cite this article: Zambuzzi WF, Oliveira RC, Subitoni BL, Menezes R, Taga R, Granjeiro, JM. Biological monitoring of a promissory xenogenic pin for biomedical applications: a preliminary intraosseous study in rats. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 367–372. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02143.x
Osteogenic potential of mesenchymal cells embedded in the provisional matrix after a 6‐week healing period in augmented and non‐augmented extraction sockets: an immunohistochemical prospective pilot study in humans
Authors: Heberer Susanne , Wustlich Alexander , Lage Hermann , Nelson John J. , Nelson Katja
Published: March 2011

Purpose: The aim of the present clinical study was the evaluation of the osteogenic potential of mesenchymal cells embedded in the provisional matrix of non‐augmented and with Bio‐Oss collagen‐augmented human extraction sockets after 6 weeks of healing time.

Methods: Twenty‐five patients with 47 extraction sites participated in the present study. After tooth removal, the extraction sockets were augmented with Bio‐Oss collagen or not augmented. At implant placement, bone biopsies of the extraction sockets were obtained. The immunohistochemical analysis of the osteogenic potential of the mesenchymal cells in the provisional matrix was performed using three monoclonal antibodies: core‐binding factor α1 (Cbfa1)/runt‐related protein (Runx)2, osteonectin (OSN/secreted protein acidic and rich in cyst [SPARC]) and osteocalcin (OC). The statistical analysis was performed using two‐factorial analysis for repeated measures, Mann–Whitney U‐test and Spearman's rank‐order correlation coefficient.

Results: Of 47 extraction sockets examined, 17 sockets demonstrated an almost complete ossification. Hence, the provisional matrix of the 30 remaining extraction sockets (21 non‐augmented, 9 augmented) was immunohistochemically investigated. No evidence of acute or chronic inflammation was noted in any of the specimens. In the provisional matrix of the non‐grafted socket, the median amount of Cbfa1/Runx2‐positive cells was 72.3%, of OSN (SPARC) 66.9% and of OC 23.4%, whereas in the grafted sockets the median rate of immunopositive cells staining with Cbfa1/Runx2 was 73.3%, of OSN (SPARC) 61.4% and of OC 20.1%. There was no significant difference in the proportion of positive cells expressed by Cbfa1/Runx2, OSN/SPARC and OC between the grafted and non‐grafted socket. Furthermore, the cell density did not correlate to the quantity of stained cells independent of the used proteins.

Discussion: After a 6‐week healing period, the provisional matrix was demonstrated to have a high proportion of cells displaying a maturation of mature osteoprogenitor cells to osteoblasts. The grafting procedure did not influence the quantity of osteogenic cells in the extraction socket.

To cite this article: Heberer S, Wustlich A, Lage H, Nelson JJ, Nelson K. Osteogenic potential of mesenchymal cells embedded in the provisional matrix after a 6‐week healing period in augmented and non‐augmented extraction sockets: an immunohistochemical prospective pilot study in humans. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 19–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02148.x
Effect of Si addition on Ca‐ and P‐impregnated implant surfaces with nanometer‐scale roughness: an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Coelho Paulo G. , Granato Rodrigo , Marin Charles , Jimbo Ryo , Lin Siyan , Witek Lukasz , Suzuki Marcelo , Bonfante Estevam A.
Published: March 2011

Objectives: To investigate the effect of Si addition on a nanometer‐scale roughness Ca and P implant surfaces in a canine tibia model by biomechanical and histomorphometric evaluations.

Material and methods: The implant surfaces comprised a resorbable media CaP microblasted (control) and a CaP resorbable media+silica‐boost microblasted (experimental) surfaces. Surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and optical interferometry (IFM) down to the nanometric level. The animal model involved the bilateral placement of control (n=24) and experimental surface (n=24) implants along the proximal tibiae of six dogs, remaining in vivo for 2 or 4 weeks. After euthanization, half of the specimens were torqued‐to‐interface failure, and the other half was subjected to histomorphologic and bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) evaluation. Torque and BIC statistical evaluation was performed by the Friedman test at 95% level of significance, and comparisons between groups was performed by the Dunn test.

Results: IFM and SEM observations depicted comparable roughness parameters for both implant surfaces on the micrometer and nanometer scales. XPS analysis revealed similar chemical composition, except for the addition of Si on the experimental group. Torque‐to‐interface failure and BIC mean values showed no significant differences (P=0.25 and 0.51, respectively) at both 2‐ and 4‐week evaluation points for experimental and control groups. Early bone healing histomorphologic events were similar between groups.

Conclusions: The experimental surface resulted in not significantly different biomechanical fixation and BIC relative to control. Both surfaces were biocompatible and osseoconductive.

To cite this article: Coelho PG, Granato R, Marin C, Jimbo R, Lin S, Witek L, Suzuki M, Bonfante EA. Effect of Si addition on Ca‐ and P‐impregnated implant surfaces with nanometer‐scale roughness: an experimental study in dogs. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 373–378. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02150.x
Across ecosystem comparisons of size structure: methods, approaches and prospects
Authors: Yvon‐Durocher Gabriel , Reiss Julia , Blanchard Julia , Ebenman Bo , Perkins Daniel M. , Reuman Daniel C. , Thierry Aaron , Woodward Guy , Petchey Owen L.
Published: March 2011

Understanding how ecological communities are structured and how this may vary between different types of ecosystems is a fundamental question in ecology. We develop a general framework for quantifying size‐structure within and among different ecosystem types (e.g. terrestrial, freshwater or marine), via the use of a suite of bivariate relationships between organismal size and properties of individuals, populations, assemblages, pair‐wise interactions, and network topology. Each of these relationships can be considered a dimension of size‐structure, along which real communities lie on a continuous scale. For example, the strength, slope, or elevation of the body mass‐versus‐abundance or predator size‐versus‐prey size relationships may vary systematically among ecosystem types. We draw on examples from the literature and suggest new ways to use allometries for comparing among ecosystem types, which we illustrate by applying them to published data. Finally, we discuss how dimensions of size‐structure are interconnected and how we could approach this complex hierarchy systematically. We conclude: (1) there are multiple dimensions of size‐structure; (2) communities may be size‐structured in some of these dimensions, but not necessarily in others; (3) across‐system comparisons via rigorous quantitative statistical methods are possible, and (4) insufficient data are currently available to illuminate thoroughly the full extent and nature of differences in size‐structure among ecosystem types.
Body mass–abundance relationships are robust to cascading effects in marine food webs
Authors: O'Gorman Eoin J. , Emmerson Mark C.
Published: March 2011

Body mass has been shown to scale negatively with abundance in a wide range of habitats and ecosystems. It is believed that this relationship has important consequences for the distribution and maintenance of energy in natural communities. Some studies have shown that the relationship between body mass and abundance may be robust to major food web perturbations, fuelling the belief that natural processes may preserve the slope of this relationship and the associated cycling of energy and nutrients. Here, we use data from a long‐term experimental food web manipulation to examine this issue in a semi‐natural environment. Similar communities were developed in large experimental mesocosms over a six month period. Some of the mesocosms were then subjected to species removals, based on the mean strength of their trophic interactions in the communities. In treatments where the strongest interactors were removed, a community‐level trophic cascade occurred. The biomass density of invertebrates increased dramatically in these communities, which led to a suppression of primary production. In spite of these widespread changes in ecosystem functioning, the slope of the relationship between body mass and abundance remained unchanged. This was the case whether average species body mass and abundance or individual organism size spectra were considered. An examination of changes in species composition before and after the experimental manipulations revealed an important mechanism for maintaining the body mass–abundance relationship. The manipulated communities all had a higher species turnover than the intact communities, with the highest turnover in communities that experienced cascading effects. As some species increased in body mass and abundance, new species filled the available size–abundance niches that were created. This maintained the overall body mass–abundance relationship and provided a stabilising structure to these experimental communities.
The birds and the seas: body size reconciles differences in the abundance–occupancy relationship across marine and terrestrial vertebrates
Authors: Webb Thomas J. , Dulvy Nicholas K. , Jennings Simon , Polunin Nicholas V.C.
Published: March 2011

Despite some fundamental differences in production processes and the ecology of consumer species on land and in the sea, further understanding of pattern and process in both biomes might be gained by applying common methods of macroecological analysis. We develop methods that reconcile apparent differences in abundance and occupancy for marine and terrestrial vertebrates, as exemplified by fish and birds. These recognize and take account of those aspects of the life history and ecology of marine and terrestrial animals that influence their abundance, distribution and trophic role. When abundance and occupancy are averaged within species over time we show that variation within a region is less for birds than fish, but when abundance and occupancy are averaged over space, the difference between birds and fish disappears. Further, we develop size rather than species‐structured abundance–occupancy relationships for fish assemblages and demonstrate that patterns of intra‐size class variation that are very similar to intraspecific variation in bird species, over both time and space. We argue that this result reflects the relative importance of body size and species identity respectively in determining trophic roles in marine and terrestrial environments. Selection of the appropriate analytical unit on land (species) and in the sea (size) helps to reconcile apparently divergent macroecological patterns, especially when these are driven by contrasting patterns of energy acquisition and use.
A Role for Rab7 in the Movement of Secretory Granules in Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Authors: Daniele Tiziana , Hackmann Yvonne , Ritter Alex T. , Wenham Matt , Booth Sarah , Bossi Giovanna , Schintler Michael , Auer‐Grumbach Michaela , Griffiths Gillian M.
Published: March 2011

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are potent killers of virally infected and tumorigenic cells. Upon recognition of target cells, CTL undergo polarized secretion of secretory lysosomes at the immunological synapse (IS) that forms between CTL and target. However, the molecular machinery involved in the polarization of secretory lysosomes is still largely uncharacterized. In this paper, we investigated the role of Rab7 in the polarization of secretory lysosomes. We show that silencing of Rab7 by RNA interference reduces the ability of CTL to kill targets. GTP‐bound Rab7 and Rab interacting lysosomal protein, RILP, interact and both localize to secretory lysosomes in CTL. Over‐expression of RILP recruits dynein to the membranes of secretory lysosomes and triggers their movement toward the centrosome. Together, these results suggest that Rab7 may play a role in secretory lysosome movement toward the centrosome by interacting with RILP to recruit the minus‐end motor, dynein.
Increased expression of c‐Fos by extracellular signal‐regulated kinase activation under sustained oxidative stress elicits BimEL upregulation and hepatocyte apoptosis
Authors: Ishihara Yasuhiro , Ito Fumiaki , Shimamoto Norio
Published: March 2011

We previously reported that the inhibition of catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities by treatment with 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (ATZ) and mercaptosuccinic acid evoked sustained increases in the levels of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in rat primary hepatocytes. Apoptosis was accompanied by increased expression of BimEL, following activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase. The aim of this study was to characterize the mechanism underlying hepatocyte apoptosis by identifying the transcription factor that induces BimEL expression. The bim promoter region was cloned into a promoterless‐luc vector, and promoter activity was monitored by a luciferase assay. The luciferase activity increased in the presence of ATZ + mercaptosuccinic acid. Pretreatment with a MEK inhibitor, U0126, or an antioxidant, vitamin C, suppressed the promoter activity. Furthermore, ATZ + mercaptosuccinic acid‐induced luciferase activity was attenuated by mutation of the activator protein‐1 binding site in the bim promoter region. The amounts of total and phosphorylated c‐Fos increased over time in the presence of ATZ + mercaptosuccinic acid, whereas the amounts of total and phosphorylated c‐Jun remained unchanged. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that both c‐Fos and c‐Jun localized to the activator protein‐1‐binding site in the bim promoter region. BimEL expression and hepatocyte apoptosis were suppressed by knockdown of c‐Fos and c‐Jun, respectively. These results indicate that increases in c‐Fos following extracellular signal‐regulated kinase activation are critical for BimEL upregulation and apoptosis.
Disturbance Type and Plant Successional Communities in Bahamian Dry Forests
Authors: Larkin Claire C. , Kwit Charles , Wunderle Joseph M. , Helmer Eileen H. , Stevens M. Henry H. , Roberts Montara T. K. , Ewert David N.
Published: March 2011

Different disturbances in similar habitats can produce unique successional assemblages of plants. We collected plant species composition and cover data to investigate the effects of three common types of disturbances—fire, anthropogenic clearing (‘cleared’), and clearing followed by goat grazing (‘cleared‐and‐grazed’)—on early‐successional coppice (dry forest) community structure and development on Eleuthera, Bahamas. For each disturbance type, both the ground layer (<0.5 m height) and shrub layer (>0.5 m height) were sampled in eight patches (>1 ha) of varying age (1–28 yr) since large‐scale mature coppice disturbance. Overall, plant communities differed among disturbance types; several common species had significantly higher cover in the shrub layer of fire patches, and cleared‐and‐grazed patches exhibited higher woody ground cover. Total percent cover in the shrub layer increased in a similar linear fashion along the investigated chronosequence of each disturbance type; however, cover of the common tree species, Bursera simaruba, increased at a notably slower rate in cleared‐and‐grazed patches. The pattern of increase and subsequent decrease in cover of Lantana spp. and Zanthoxylum fagara in the shrub layer was characterized by longer persistence and higher covers, respectively, in cleared‐and‐grazed patches, which also exhibited low peak cover and fast decline of nonwoody ground cover. Our results suggest that goats may accelerate some aspects of succession (e.g., quickly removing nonwoody ground cover) and retard other aspects (e.g., inhibiting growth of tree species and maintaining early‐successional shrubs in the shrub layer). These effects may lead to different successional trajectories, and have important conservation implications.
Effect of Lanthanum Carbonate Treatment on Bone in Japanese Dialysis Patients With Hyperphosphatemia
Authors: Shigematsu Takashi , Tokumoto Akihide , Nakaoka Akihisa , Arisaka Hiroaki
Published: March 2011

Lanthanum carbonate (LC), a newly developed non‐calcium‐containing phosphate binder, has been shown to possess high phosphate‐binding capacity and safety when used for hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis. The effects of LC on bone metabolism in Japanese dialysis patients have not been investigated; therefore, we performed histomorphometric analysis on bone from dialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia. This was a prospective, open‐label study in Japanese chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis, with a flexible daily dosage of 750–4500 mg to achieve target phosphorus levels of 3.5–5.5 mg/dL (1.10–1.78 mmol/L). Bone biopsy samples for histomorphometric analysis were obtained at baseline and after treatment with LC. The median bone lanthanum level increased during the LC treatment from 54.1 µg/kg at baseline to 4270.9 µg/kg at three years. After one year of treatment with LC, two cases with an initial classification of osteitis fibrosa improved toward normal bone turnover. The diagnosis of normal remained the same for up to three years. We also noted that two cases with a baseline classification of adynamic bone disease improved after one year, and was maintained for three years. Our data suggest that LC is effective not only for treating hyperphosphatemia, but also for improving renal osteodystrophy in Japanese dialysis patients.
Wnt signalling and its role in stem cell‐driven intestinal regeneration and hyperplasia
Authors: Cordero J. B. , Sansom O. J.
Published: March 2011

Adult stem cells are crucial for normal tissue homeostasis and regeneration upon damage. Deregulated stem cell proliferation and/or differentiation have been linked to the formation and progression of tumours. Due to its high regenerative potential, the adult intestinal epithelium is an excellent system to study the mechanisms that underpin regeneration and transformation. Since the discovery of stem cell markers in the mammalian intestine – such as Lgr5 – and the presence of Drosophila intestinal stem cells there have been field‐changing discoveries that have revolutionized our understanding of intestinal homeostasis, stem cells and transformation. We will thus present a brief overview of these advances with an emphasis on the role of canonical Wnt signalling and the lessons learned from genetic tractable model systems.
Process choice
Authors: Coglianese Cary
Published: March 2011

Regulation scholars have long searched for the best tools to use to achieve public policy goals, generating an extensive body of research on what has become known as instrument choice. By contrast, analysis of options for structuring how officials make regulatory decisions – process choice – remains in relative infancy. Notwithstanding the emphasis legal scholars and political economists have placed on administrative procedures, surprisingly little research has investigated why regulators choose among different process options or what value they and the public receive from different choices. In their book, Regulation by Litigation, Andrew Morriss, Bruce Yandle, and Andrew Dorchak make a significant contribution by empirically and normatively examining regulators' choices between notice‐and‐comment rulemaking, negotiated rulemaking, and what they call “regulation by litigation.” This review article considers three central questions about regulation by litigation. First, how if at all does regulation by litigation differ from other uses of litigation to achieve policy goals? Second, why do regulators choose litigation over other process options? Third, is regulation by litigation as bad as Morriss, Yandle, and Dorchak say it is? By addressing these conceptual, empirical, and normative questions, this review article not only reveals the specific strengths and limitations of the book, Regulation by Litigation, but also highlights more general opportunities and challenges for future research on process choice.
Gastroesophageal and laryngopharyngeal reflux detected by 24‐hour combined impedance and pH monitoring in healthy Chinese volunteers
Authors: WANG An Jiang , LIANG Mao Jin , JIANG Ai Yun , LIN Jin Kun , XIAO Ying Lian , PENG Sui , CHEN Jie , WEN Wei Ping , CHEN Min Hu
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE:  To define the normative data of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in healthy Chinese volunteers.

METHODS:  Healthy volunteers without gastrointestinal and throat disease and symptoms were enrolled and underwent 24‐hour impedance‐pH monitoring.

RESULTS:  A total of 37 healthy volunteers completed all the tests (female 54.1%; age 38.0 ± 15.2 years). Of 1862 GER, 49.6% were mixed, 40.9% were liquid and 9.5% were gas. More than half (54.9%) were acid. The median and 95th percentile numbers of GER were 52 and 71, respectively. The number of LPR was eight, of which two were mixed and the others were liquid. Only one episode of reflux was classified as acid LPR. The median and 95th percentile numbers of LPR were 0 and 2, respectively. More liquid reflux were associated with LPR (P = 0.02). Age had no influence on GER and LPR reflux profiles.

CONCLUSIONS:  Few LPR occurred in healthy Chinese volunteers and they were rarely acid when they reached the larynx. LPR was mostly associated with liquid reflux.
Liver stiffness in extrahepatic cholestasis correlates positively with bilirubin and negatively with alanine aminotransferase
Authors: Harata Masao , Hashimoto Senju , Kawabe Naoto , Nitta Yoshifumi , Murao Michihito , Nakano Takuji , Arima Yuko , Shimazaki Hiroaki , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Okumura Akihiko , Ichino Naohiro , Osakabe Keisuke , Nishikawa Toru , Yoshioka Kentaro
Published: March 2011

Aim:  Transient elastography is a non‐invasive tool to measure liver stiffness (LS), which has been reported to correlate with stage of liver fibrosis. Extrahepatic cholestasis was reported to cause elevated LS, which is considered to be attributed to the increased hydrostatic pressure in the liver. In the present study, the correlation of LS with laboratory data was investigated in extrahepatic cholestasis. The change of LS after biliary drainage was also assessed.

Methods:  LS was measured in 29 patients with extrahepatic cholestasis due to carcinomas in 12 and non‐neoplastic diseases of biliary tract or pancreas in 17.

Results:  In 15 patients, LS was 11.4 kPa or higher which suggested liver cirrhosis in chronic infection of hepatitis C virus. LS significantly correlated positively with serum bilirubin levels (r = 0.726, P < 0.0001) and negatively with serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (r = −0.481, P = 0.0082) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (r = −0.631, P = 0.0002). Biliary drainage led to a reduction of bilirubin by 13.5 to 0.9 mg/dL which was significantly correlated with a reduction of LS by 14.3 to 0.5 kPa (r = 0.524, P = 0.0257).

Conclusion:  In extrahepatic cholestasis, the elevation of LS which is probably attributed to the increased hydrostatic pressure in the liver, correlates positively with the accumulation of bilirubin but negatively with damage of hepatocytes indicated by ALT levels. Further studies on the mechanism underlying the elevation of LS should be helpful to elucidate the pathogenesis of extrahepatic cholestasis.
Challenging or Reshaping Heteronormativity with Public Policies? A Case Study from Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Serrano Amaya José Fernando
Published: March 2011

On 28 December 2007 the then Mayor of Bogotá signed a Decree which established the guidelines of the public policy for the full guarantee of the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in the city. This legal measure was the end point of a long lobbying and advocacy strategy implemented by activists and organisations working on gender and sexual diversity. This Working Paper presents that experience as part of the process in which subordinated social sectors, such as gender diverse and sexually diverse people make themselves political subjects. In spite of the novelty in Colombia and in Latin America of this kind of public policy targeting LGBT people as subjects of rights, it is also an opportunity for normative systems to readjust and to create new ways to normalise people. The promotion of certain queer people as proper citizens, the regulation of ways to interact with the state, the co‐option of social mobilisations and the transformation of grassroots organisations into private service providers, are just some of the risks that a scheme like this faces. The author was part of the social mobilisation that motivated this particular public policy scheme in the early 2000s and was involved in its design, planning and initial implementation between 2007 and 2010. This paper is situated in a problematic position between political activism, consultancy work and construction of knowledge based on the practice. It is a contribution to the memory of a rich, and in many ways unique, experience.