bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KIAA0247 inhibits growth, migration, invasion of non‐small‐cell lung cancer through regulating the Notch pathway
Authors: Xu Yitong , Ren Hongjiu , Jiang Jun , Wang Qiongzi , Wudu Muli , Zhang Qingfu , Su Hongbo , Wang Chenglong , Jiang Lihong , Qiu Xueshan
Published: February 2018

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide. Previous studies have shown that the novel KIAA0247 gene potentially targeted by the tumor suppressor p53 may inhibit the development of several cancers. However, the exact function of KIAA0247 in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the role of KIAA0247 in NSCLC. KIAA0247 expression was evaluated in tumors and adjacent normal tissues of 197 NSCLC patients by immunohistochemistry and real‐time PCR and analyzed for association with clinicopathological parameters. Results indicated that KIAA0247 levels positively correlated with cell differentiation (P < .001) and patient survival (P < .0001) and negatively correlated with lymph node metastasis (P < .001) and advanced p‐TNM stage (P < .001). In cultured NSCLC cell lines, KIAA0247 overexpression inhibited cell migration, invasion, and proliferation and downregulated the expression of Jagged1, Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), Snail, cyclin D1, RhoA, RhoC, and MMP9, while upregulating that of E‐cadherin and p21. The Notch inhibitor DAPT reduced the biological effects of KIAA0247 knockdown, suggesting that KIAA0247 decreased the carcinogenic activity of NSCLC cells through downregulation of Notch signaling. Our results indicate that KIAA0247 inhibits NSCLC progression by reducing the metastatic potential of cancer cells through downregulation of the Notch pathway, which may underlie the association of KIAA0247 expression with favorable clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC patients. These findings suggest that KIAA0247 is a candidate prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in NSCLC.
Computational studies on horseshoe shape pocket of human orexin receptor type 2 and boat conformation of suvorexant by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Bai Qifeng , Pérez‐Sánchez Horacio , Shi Zhuoyu , Li Lanlan , Shi Danfeng , Liu Huanxiang , Yao Xiaojun
Published: February 2018

The FDA approved drug suvorexant binds to the horseshoe shape pocket of OX2R with the boat conformation. The horseshoe shape pocket plays an important role on the biological activity of OX2R in the cell membrane. To study the binding mechanism between the horseshoe shape pocket of OX2R and boat conformation of suvorexant, the crystal structures of wild type and N324A mutant of OX2R in complex with antagonist suvorexant are chosen to perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, QM/MM, and MMGBSA calculations. By comparison with the wild type of OX2R, the results show the 1,2,3‐triazole and p‐toluamide groups of suvorexant are changed in the N324A mutant of OX2R during 200 ns MD simulations. The QM/MM and weak interaction analysis are employed to calculate the non‐covalent bonds interaction between suvorexant and key residues in the wild type and N324A mutant of OX2R. The MMGBSA calculations indicate the entropy energy is an important influence factor for suvorexant affinity in the distorted horseshoe shape pocket of OX2R. Our results not only show the horseshoe shape pocket of OX2R is the necessary conformation for the binding of antagonist suvorexant, but also give the important sites and structural features for antagonist design of OX2R.
Adolescents’ Friendships, Academic Achievement, and Risk Behaviors: Same‐Behavior and Cross‐Behavior Selection and Influence Processes
Authors: Gremmen Mariola C. , Berger Christian , Ryan Allison M. , Steglich Christian E.G. , Veenstra René , Dijkstra Jan K.
Published: February 2018

This study examined to what extent adolescents’ and their friends’ risk behaviors (i.e., delinquency and alcohol use) hinder or promote their academic achievement (grade point average [GPA]), and vice versa. Longitudinal data were used (N = 1,219 seventh‐ to ninth‐grade adolescents; Mage = 13.69). Results showed that risk behaviors negatively affected adolescents’ GPA, whereas GPA protected against engaging in risk behaviors. Moreover, adolescents tended to select friends who have similar behaviors and friends’ behaviors became more similar over time (same‐behavior selection and influence). Furthermore, although same‐behavior effects seemed to dominate, evidence was found for some cross‐behavior selection effects and a tendency in seventh grade for cross‐behavior influence effects. Concluding, it is important to investigate the interplay between different behaviors with longitudinal social network analysis.
Eosinophil‐derived exosomes contribute to asthma remodelling by activating structural lung cells
Authors: Cañas J. A. , Sastre B. , Rodrigo‐Muñoz J. M. , Fernández‐Nieto M. , Barranco P. , Quirce S. , Sastre J. , del Pozo V.
Published: February 2018

Background

Eosinophils, a central factor in asthma pathogenesis, have the ability to secrete exosomes. However, the precise role played by exosomes in the biological processes leading up to asthma has not been fully defined.

Objective

We hypothesized that exosomes released by eosinophils contribute to asthma pathogenesis by activating structural lung cells.

Methods

Eosinophils from asthmatic patients and healthy volunteers were purified from peripheral blood, and exosomes were isolated from eosinophils of asthmatic and healthy individuals. All experiments were performed with eosinophil‐derived exosomes from healthy and asthmatic subjects. Epithelial damage was evaluated using primary small airway epithelial cell lines through 2 types of apoptosis assays, that is, flow cytometry and TUNEL assay with confocal microscopy. Additionally, the epithelial repair was analysed by performing wound healing assays with epithelial cells. Functional studies such as proliferation and inhibition‐proliferation assays were carried out in primary bronchial smooth muscle cell lines. Also, gene expression analysis of pro‐inflammatory molecules was evaluated by real‐time PCR on epithelial and muscle cells. Lastly, protein expression of epithelial and muscle cell signalling factors was estimated by Western blot.

Results

Asthmatic eosinophil‐derived exosomes induced an increase in epithelial cell apoptosis at 24 hour and 48 hour, impeding wound closure. In addition, muscle cell proliferation was increased at 72 hours after exosome addition and was linked with higher phosphorylation of ERK1/2. We also found higher expression of several genes when both cell types were cultured in the presence of exosomes from asthmatics: CCR3 and VEGFA in muscle cells, and CCL26, TNF and POSTN in epithelial cells. Healthy eosinophil‐derived exosomes did not exert any effect over these cell types.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Eosinophil‐derived exosomes from asthmatic patients participate actively in the development of the pathological features of asthma via structural lung cells.
INTU‐related oral‐facial‐digital syndrome type VI: A confirmatory report
Authors: Bruel A.‐L. , Levy J. , Elenga N. , Defo A. , Favre A. , Lucron H. , Capri Y. , Perrin L. , Passemard S. , Vial Y. , Tabet A.‐C. , Faivre L. , Thauvin‐Robinet C. , Verloes A.
Published: February 2018

Oral‐facial‐digital (OFD) syndromes are a subgroup of ciliopathies distinguished by the co‐occurrence of hamartomas and/or multiple frenula of the oral region and digital anomalies. Several clinical forms of OFD syndromes are distinguished by their associated anomalies and/or inheritance patterns, and at least 20 genetic types of OFD syndromes have been delineated. We describe here a child with preaxial and postaxial polydactyly, lingual hamartoma, a congenital heart defect, delayed development and cerebellar peduncles displaying the molar tooth sign. Whole‐exome sequencing and SNP array identified compound heterozygous variants in the INTU gene, which encodes a protein involved in the positioning of the ciliary basal body. INTU is a subunit of the CPLANE multiprotein complex essential for the assembly of IFT‐A particles and intraflagellar transport. This report of a second patient with INTU‐related OFD syndrome and the further delineation of its neuroimaging and skeletal phenotype now allow INTU‐related OFD syndromes to be classified within the OFD syndrome type VI group. Patients display a phenotype similar to that of mice with a hypomorphic mutation of Intu, but with the addition of a heart defect.
Genetic investigation of 93 families with microphthalmia or posterior microphthalmos
Authors: Patel N. , Khan A.O. , Alsahli S. , Abdel‐Salam G. , Nowilaty S.R. , Mansour A.M. , Nabil A. , Al‐Owain M. , Sogati S. , Salih M.A. , Kamal A.M. , Alsharif H. , Alsaif H.S. , Alzahrani S.S. , Abdulwahab F. , Ibrahim N. , Hashem M. , Faquih T. , Shah Z.A. , Abouelhoda M. , Monies D. , Dasouki M. , Shaheen R. , Wakil S.M. , Aldahmesh M.A. , Alkuraya F.S.
Published: February 2018

Microphthalmia is a developmental eye defect that is highly variable in severity and in its potential for systemic association. Despite the discovery of many disease genes in microphthalmia, at least 50% of patients remain undiagnosed genetically. Here, we describe a cohort of 147 patients (93 families) from our highly consanguineous population with various forms of microphthalmia (including the distinct entity of posterior microphthalmos) that were investigated using a next‐generation sequencing multi‐gene panel (i‐panel) as well as whole exome sequencing and molecular karyotyping. A potentially causal mutation was identified in the majority of the cohort with microphthalmia (61%) and posterior microphthalmos (82%). The identified mutations (55 point mutations, 15 of which are novel) spanned 24 known disease genes, some of which have not or only very rarely been linked to microphthalmia (PAX6, SLC18A2, DSC3 and CNKSR1). Our study has also identified interesting candidate variants in 2 genes that have not been linked to human diseases (MYO10 and ZNF219), which we present here as novel candidates for microphthalmia. In addition to revealing novel phenotypic aspects of microphthalmia, this study expands its allelic and locus heterogeneity and highlights the need for expanded testing of patients with this condition.
Evaluation of an abutment‐level superpower sound processor for bone‐anchored hearing
Authors: Bosman A.J. , Kruyt I.J. , Mylanus E.A.M. , Hol M.K.S. , Snik A.F.M.
Published: February 2018

Objectives

Performance of an abutment‐level superpower sound processor for bone‐anchored hearing, the Ponto 3 SuperPower from Oticon Medical (BCD2), was compared to an earlier model from Oticon Medical (BCD1).

Design

A comparative study in which each patient serves as its own control.

Setting

Tertiary clinic.

Participants

Eighteen experienced BCD1 users with profound mixed hearing loss.

Main outcome measures

Speech reception thresholds in noise; APHAB and SSQ questionnaires.

Results

In a group of 18 patients with severe mixed hearing loss, the performance of a recently introduced bone conduction device (BCD2) is evaluated relative to that of an earlier model (BCD1). Speech reception thresholds for the sentence‐in‐noise test in the speech and noise frontal condition are not significantly different (P > .05) for BCD1 and BCD2. Speech reception thresholds for frontal speech and three identical noise sources are 1.7 dB lower for BCD2 than for BCD1 (P < .05). With the APHAB questionnaire, the score for background noise is significantly lower (P < .01), that is more favourable, for BCD2 than for BCD1 with an effect size of 0.91. The APHAB domain scores for ease‐of‐communication, reverberation and aversiveness of loud sounds are not significantly different for both devices (P > .05). Scores for the speech, spatial and quality of hearing domains of the SSQ questionnaire are significantly higher (P < .01), that is more favourable, for BCD2 than for BCD1 with effect sizes of 1.22, 0.71 and 1.05, respectively. Scores for the SSQ‐factors “speech understanding,” “spatial,” “clarity, separation and identification” and “listening effort and concentration” were all significantly higher (P < .05) for BCD2 than for BCD1, with effect sizes of 1.28, 0.64, 0.98 and 0.78, respectively. On a proprietary questionnaire, 16 patients indicate a preference for BCD2 over BCD1 for conversations in a small group and two patients have no preference for either device. In a large group, one patient prefers BCD1, six patients have no preference, and eleven patients prefer BCD2. When listening to music, all patients prefer BCD2 over BCD1, with a strong preference for BCD2 for seven patients. When asked for an overall preference, all patients prefer BCD2 over BCD1, with nine patients strongly preferring BCD2.

Conclusions

The lower speech reception thresholds in noise with BCD2 relative to BCD1 can be attributed to the “speech omni” directionality mode of BCD2. The combination of an improved directionality for primarily low‐level inputs and a higher maximum force output, relevant for mid‐ and high‐level inputs, results in a clear preference for BCD2 over BCD1.
Development and validation of the Pediatric Stroke Quality of Life Measure
Authors: Fiume Andrea , Deveber Gabrielle , Jang Shu‐Hyun , Fuller Colleen , Viner Shani , Friefeld Sharon
Published: February 2018

Aim

To develop and validate a disease‐specific parent proxy and child quality of life (QoL) measure for patients aged 2 to 18 years surviving cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) and arterial ischaemic stroke (AIS).

Method

Utilizing qualitative and quantitative methods, we developed a 75‐item Pediatric Stroke Quality of Life Measure (PSQLM) questionnaire. We mailed the PSQLM and a standardized generic QoL measure, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), to 353 families. Stroke type, age at stroke, and neurological outcome on the Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure were documented. We calculated the internal consistency, validity, and reliability of the PSQLM.

Results

The response rate was 29%, yielding a sample of 101 patients (mean age 9y 9mo [SD 4.30]; 69 AIS [68.3%], 32 CSVT [31.7%]). The internal consistency of the PSQLM was high (Cronbach's α=0.94–0.97). Construct validity for the PSQLM was moderately strong (r=0.3–0.4; p<0.003) and, as expected, correlation with the PedsQL was moderate, suggesting the PSQLM operationalizes QoL distinct from the PedsQL. Test–retest reliability at 2 weeks was very good (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] 0.85–0.95; 95% confidence interval 0.83–0.97) and good agreement was established between parent and child report (ICC 0.63–0.76).

Interpretation

The PSQLM demonstrates sound psychometric properties. Further research will seek to increase its clinical utility by reducing length and establishing responsiveness for descriptive and longitudinal evaluative assessment.

What this paper adds

A pediatric stroke‐specific quality of life (QoL) measurement tool for assessments based on perceptions of importance and satisfaction.

Moderate‐to‐high reliability and validity established for a new clinical scale evaluating QoL among children with stroke.

Perceived QoL measured using the Pediatric Stroke Quality of Life Measure appears lower in children with neurological impairment.
The ketogenic diet is effective for refractory epilepsy associated with acquired structural epileptic encephalopathy
Authors: Villaluz Mel Michel , Lomax Lysa Boissé , Jadhav Trupti , Cross J Helen , Scheffer Ingrid E
Published: February 2018

Aim

Ketogenic diet therapies have proven efficacy for refractory epilepsy. There are many reports of their use in the genetic developmental and epileptic encephalopathies; however, little attention has been paid as to whether the diet is also effective in individuals with an acquired structural aetiology. We observed remarkable efficacy of the diet in two patients with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy. We then analysed our cases with refractory structural epilepsies of acquired origin to characterize their response to the ketogenic diet.

Method

The classical ketogenic diet was implemented with dietary ratios of 3:1 to 4.4:1. Seizure frequency at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years was ascertained. A responder was defined as greater than 50% seizure reduction compared to baseline.

Results

Seven of the nine patients were responders at 3 months.

Interpretation

Somewhat surprisingly we found that the ketogenic diet was effective in patients with a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy due to an acquired structural aetiology. This cohort may not be routinely considered for the ketogenic diet because of their structural and acquired, rather than genetic, basis. The ketogenic diet should be considered early in the management of patients with acquired structural encephalopathies as it can improve seizure control with the potential to improve developmental outcome.

What this paper adds

The ketogenic diet was effective in children with epilepsy associated with an acquired structural aetiology.
Knee contracture in children with cerebral palsy: association with muscle lengths
Authors: Van Campenhout Anja , Bar‐On Lynn
Published: February 2018

This commentary is on the original article by Cloodt et al. on pages 391–396 of this issue.
The co‐formulation of insulin degludec and insulin aspart lowers fasting plasma glucose and rates of confirmed and nocturnal hypoglycaemia, independent of baseline glycated haemoglobin levels, disease duration or body mass index: A pooled meta‐analysis of phase III studies in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Haluzík Martin , Fulcher Greg , Pieber Thomas R. , Bardtrum Lars , Tutkunkardas Deniz , Rodbard Helena W.
Published: February 2018

Aims

To investigate whether the proven benefits of insulin degludec (IDeg) combined with insulin aspart (IAsp), known as IDegAsp, given twice daily, extend across a wide spectrum of patients with diabetes.

Materials and methods

This was a post hoc pooled analysis of 5 phase III randomized, 26‐week, open‐label, treat‐to‐target trials comparing IDegAsp twice daily (n = 1111) with one of two comparators: premixed insulin (biphasic insulin aspart 30 [BIAsp 30]) twice daily (n = 561) or IDeg once daily + IAsp (n = 136). Patient data were stratified according to baseline glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) categories, as well as by baseline duration of diabetes or body mass index (BMI) categories.

Results

We conducted a meta‐analysis of 5 clinical trials: NCT01513590, NCT01009580, NCT01059812, NCT01680341 and NCT01713530. End‐of‐trial results were broadly consistent, with differences between IDegAsp and comparators observed in phase III trials. HbA1c results were similar for IDegAsp and the comparators in all baseline characteristic (HbA1c, duration of diabetes or BMI) and category groups (number ranges). Significantly lower FPG level was observed with IDegAsp vs comparators in all baseline characteristic and most category groups (excluding FPG <5.5 mmol/L). Significantly lower insulin doses were observed with IDegAsp vs comparators in all baseline characteristic and half of the category groups, and significantly lower rates of confirmed and nocturnal confirmed hypoglycaemia were observed with IDegAsp vs comparators in all baseline variable and category groups.

Conclusions

IDegAsp retains a consistent safety and efficacy profile in patients with different baseline characteristics.
Knowledge about traumatic dental injuries in the permanent dentition: A survey of Lithuanian dentists
Authors: Zaleckienė Vaida , Pečiulienė Vytautė , Brukienė Vilma , Jakaitienė Audronė , Aleksejūnienė Jolanta , Zaleckas Linas
Published: February 2018

Background/Aims

In Lithuania, dental trauma cases are often treated by general dentists, but it is unknown whether their age, self‐evaluation of trauma knowledge and practice location can predict their actual knowledge and management of trauma cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether these factors can be used to predict the actual knowledge and management of trauma cases.

Methods

A 2‐part questionnaire included 17 multiple‐choice questions about practitionersʼ demographics, their self‐evaluated knowledge and how frequently they treated traumatized permanent teeth as well as 13 clinical scenarios reflecting a variety of clinical trauma cases and their complications. A total of 980 randomly selected general dentists, representing 5 Lithuanian counties, participated in the study.

Results

The response rate was 59.4% (n = 582). Overall, 82.3% of general dentists reported that they treated only a few dental trauma cases and 14.4% chose to refer their patients; 55.1% of dentists considered their dental traumatology knowledge to be sufficient but incomplete and 34.0% self‐evaluated their knowledge as insufficient. The most knowledge (based on self‐evaluation) was reported by the younger dentists (≤50 years; P = .004). The mean correct knowledge score was 7.6 ± 2.2 of the 13 clinical scenarios. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses showed that greater trauma‐related knowledge was associated with a younger age. Better knowledge was observed amongst the dentists who self‐evaluated their own knowledge as sufficient or as comprehensive.

Conclusion

Lithuanian general dentists have insufficient dental traumatology knowledge. Better knowledge was observed amongst younger dentists (≤50 years).
Factors predictive of the onset and duration of action of local anesthesia in mandibular third‐molar surgery: a prospective study
Authors: Al‐Shayyab Mohammad H. , Baqain Zaid H.
Published: February 2018

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of patients' and surgical variables on the onset and duration of action of local anesthesia (LA) in mandibular third‐molar (M3) surgery. Patients scheduled for mandibular M3 surgery were considered for inclusion in this prospective cohort study. Patients’ and surgical variables were recorded. Two per cent (2%) lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine was used to block the nerves for extraction of mandibular M3. Then, the onset of action and duration of LA were monitored. Univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The final cohort included 88 subjects (32 men and 56 women; mean age ± SD = 29.3 ± 12.3 yr). With univariate analysis, age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking quantity and duration, operation time, and ‘volume of local anesthetic needed’ significantly influenced the onset of action and duration of LA. Multivariate regression revealed that age and smoking quantity were the only statistically significant predictors of the onset of action of LA, whereas age, smoking quantity, and ‘volume of local anesthetic needed’ were the only statistically significant predictors of duration of LA. Further studies are recommended to uncover other predictors of the onset of action and duration of LA.
Assessment of the correlations of lacosamide concentrations in saliva and serum in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Brandt Christian , Bien Christian G. , Helmer Renate , May Theodor W.
Published: February 2018

Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiepileptic drugs is based on patient serum samples. In this study, we evaluated the correlation between lacosamide (LCM) steady state concentrations in serum and saliva samples. Additionally, we investigated the relation with daily dose, and assessed the feasibility of saliva collection. This was an open‐label, single center study including data from 25 patients at the Bethel Epilepsy Center treated with LCM (50‐650 mg/d). Samples were collected in the morning (fasting values) and in selected cases at 50 minutes to 5 hours after the morning dose. Nonsignificant differences in the mean LCM morning (trough) concentration in serum and saliva were observed. Serum and saliva concentrations across all samples were highly correlated, (r = .874), with a slightly lower correlation when only fasting values were analyzed (r = .860). Higher correlation with daily dosages was observed in serum samples (r = .773) than in saliva samples (r = .604). Serum and saliva concentrations increased significantly after intake of the LCM morning dose (P < .001). The median absolute and percentage increase of LCM in serum were moderately lower than in saliva samples, with a few outliers in saliva samples. Consequently, saliva could offer great clinical potential to monitor drug concentrations and guide LCM treatment in epileptic patients.
Moving toward multiliteracies in foreign language teaching: Past and present perspectives … and beyond
Authors: Warner Chantelle , Dupuy Beatrice
Published: February 2018

In recent years, literacy has emerged as a key critical term in foreign language (FL) teaching and learning. This essay reflects on the history of literacy and on current developments, in particular those related to the development of multiliteracies paradigms. The article concludes with a discussion of emergent topics related to literacy and language teaching and suggests ways in which research in these domains is posing new questions for the field of FL education.
Prediction of enteric methane production, yield, and intensity in dairy cattle using an intercontinental database
Authors: Niu Mutian , Kebreab Ermias , Hristov Alexander N. , Oh Joonpyo , Arndt Claudia , Bannink André , Bayat Ali R. , Brito André F. , Boland Tommy , Casper David , Crompton Les A. , Dijkstra Jan , Eugène Maguy A. , Garnsworthy Phil C. , Haque Md Najmul , Hellwing Anne L. F. , Huhtanen Pekka , Kreuzer Michael , Kuhla Bjoern , Lund Peter , Madsen Jørgen , Martin Cécile , McClelland Shelby C. , McGee Mark , Moate Peter J. , Muetzel Stefan , Muñoz Camila , O'Kiely Padraig , Peiren Nico , Reynolds Christopher K. , Schwarm Angela , Shingfield Kevin J. , Storlien Tonje M. , Weisbjerg Martin R. , Yáñez‐Ruiz David R. , Yu Zhongtang
Published: February 2018

Enteric methane (CH4) production from cattle contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions. Measurement of enteric CH4 is complex, expensive, and impractical at large scales; therefore, models are commonly used to predict CH4 production. However, building robust prediction models requires extensive data from animals under different management systems worldwide. The objectives of this study were to (1) collate a global database of enteric CH4 production from individual lactating dairy cattle; (2) determine the availability of key variables for predicting enteric CH4 production (g/day per cow), yield [g/kg dry matter intake (DMI)], and intensity (g/kg energy corrected milk) and their respective relationships; (3) develop intercontinental and regional models and cross‐validate their performance; and (4) assess the trade‐off between availability of on‐farm inputs and CH4 prediction accuracy. The intercontinental database covered Europe (EU), the United States (US), and Australia (AU). A sequential approach was taken by incrementally adding key variables to develop models with increasing complexity. Methane emissions were predicted by fitting linear mixed models. Within model categories, an intercontinental model with the most available independent variables performed best with root mean square prediction error (RMSPE) as a percentage of mean observed value of 16.6%, 14.7%, and 19.8% for intercontinental, EU, and United States regions, respectively. Less complex models requiring only DMI had predictive ability comparable to complex models. Enteric CH4 production, yield, and intensity prediction models developed on an intercontinental basis had similar performance across regions, however, intercepts and slopes were different with implications for prediction. Revised CH4 emission conversion factors for specific regions are required to improve CH4 production estimates in national inventories. In conclusion, information on DMI is required for good prediction, and other factors such as dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration, improve the prediction. For enteric CH4 yield and intensity prediction, information on milk yield and composition is required for better estimation.
microRNA profiling between Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab‐susceptible and ‐resistant European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)
Authors: Yu T. , Li X. , Coates B.‐S. , Zhang Q. , Siegfried B.‐D. , Zhou X.
Published: February 2018

Transgenic maize hybrids that express insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystalline (Cry) protein toxins effectively protect against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, a devastating maize pest. Field monitoring and laboratory selections have detected varying levels of O. nubilalis resistance to Cry1Ab toxin. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that are involved in post‐transcriptional gene regulation. Their potential roles in the evolution of Bt resistance, however, remain largely unknown. Sequencing of small RNA libraries from the midgut of Cry1Ab‐susceptible and resistant O. nubilalis larvae resulted in the discovery of 277 miRNAs, including 248 conserved and 29 novel. Comparative analyses of miRNA expression profiles between the laboratory strains predicted 26 and nine significantly up‐ and down‐regulated transcripts, respectively, in the midgut of Cry1Ab resistant larvae. Amongst 15 differentially regulated miRNAs examined by quantitative real‐time PCR, nine (60%) were validated as cosegregating with Cry1Ab resistance in a backcross progeny. Differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted to affect transcripts involved in cell membrane components with functions in metabolism and binding, and the putative Bt‐resistance genes aminopeptidase N and cadherin. These results lay the foundation for future investigation of the potential role of miRNAs in the evolution of Bt resistance.
MAIT cells and microbial immunity
Authors: Meermeier Erin W , Harriff Melanie J , Karamooz Elham , Lewinsohn David M
Published: February 2018

Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, the most abundant T‐cell subset in humans, are increasingly being recognized for their importance in microbial immunity. MAIT cells accumulate in almost every mucosal tissue examined, including the lung, liver and intestinal tract, where they can be activated through T‐cell receptor (TCR) triggering as well as cytokine stimulation in response to a host of microbial products. In this review, we specifically discuss MAIT cell responses to bacterial and fungal infections, with a focus on responses that are both MR1‐dependent and ‐independent, the evidence for diversity in MAIT TCR usage in response to discrete microbial products, protective immunity induced by MAIT cells, and MAIT cell antimicrobial functions in the context of these infections.
The role of neutrophils in skin damage induced by tissue‐deposited lupus IgG
Authors: Guo Xuanxuan , Fang Xiang , He Guodan , Zaman Muhammad Haidar , Fei Xibin , Qiao Wei , Deng Guo‐Min
Published: February 2018

Skin injury is the second most common clinical manifestation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Neutrophils are crucial effector cells in the immune system but the significance of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of SLE is not clear. This study is to explore the role of neutrophils in the skin damage of SLE. We used lupus‐prone mice and a C57BL/6 mouse model of lupus serum IgG‐induced skin inflammation to investigate the role of neutrophils in skin damage of SLE. We found that a few neutrophils infiltrated the inflammatory sites of skin in lupus‐prone mice and the lupus‐IgG‐induced skin damage mouse model. Depletion of neutrophils did not affect the development of skin inflammation caused by lupus IgG, and lupus IgG can induce apoptosis of neutrophils. The apoptosis of neutrophils induced by lupus IgG is related to FcγRIII and Fas/Fas ligand pathways. Our study indicates that neutrophils are not major contributors in the skin damage caused by tissue‐deposited lupus IgG but death of neutrophils caused by lupus IgG may provide a resource of a large amount of autoantigens in SLE.
Use of physician‐recommended non‐pharmacological strategies for hypertension control among hypertensive patients
Authors: Liu Xuefeng , Byrd James Brian , Rodriguez Carlos J.
Published: February 2018

This study aims to evaluate the 4 non‐pharmacological strategies adopted by patients for hypertension control and patient characteristics that affect the choice of strategies. Four thousand hypertensive patients aged ≥18 years were selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Odds ratios of the choice of strategies were analyzed using weighted logistic models. Clinical recommendations of non‐pharmacological strategies for hypertension control were relatively low. More exercise was the least frequent strategy used for hypertension control. More patients reported using ≥3 strategies than using ≤2 strategies (79.1% vs 20.9%, P < .0001). Non‐Hispanic blacks were more likely to use each individual strategy and to use ≥3 strategies simultaneously. Patients with obesity and diabetes were less likely to attempt weight control or more exercise, but more likely to use ≥3 strategies than peers. Educational programs should be developed to enhance physician's advice for lifestyle modifications and to increase patient's acceptance of physical activity.
Carotid atherosclerosis and the association between nocturnal blood pressure dipping and cardiovascular events
Authors: Kotruchin Praew , Hoshide Satoshi , Kario Kazuomi
Published: February 2018

The impact of a nondipping blood pressure (BP) pattern, defined as (awake systolic BP – sleep systolic BP)/awake systolic BP < 0.1, on cardiovascular events in populations with different degrees of carotid atherosclerosis is uncertain. The authors hypothesized that a nondipping BP pattern would show differential predictive power for cardiovascular events, including total cardiovascular death, sudden death, nonfatal cardiovascular events, and nonfatal stroke, between populations with and without carotid atherosclerosis. To test this hypothesis, the authors analyzed 493 patients (mean age 67.9 years, 47.5% men) from the J‐HOP (Japan Morning Surge‐Home Blood Pressure) study for whom ambulatory BP monitoring and carotid intima‐media thickness data were available. Twenty‐nine cardiovascular events occurred during follow‐up (1867 person‐years). A nondipping BP pattern was independently associated with cardiovascular events in the population without carotid atherosclerosis, defined as carotid intima‐media thickness < 1.1 mm after adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors including age, sex, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and 24‐hour systolic BP (hazard ratio, 8.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.76–37.78 [P < .01]). This association was not found in the population with carotid intima‐media thickness ≥ 1.1 mm. Therefore, in the hypertensive population without carotid atherosclerosis, physicians should consider ambulatory BP monitoring to determine the nocturnal BP pattern as an alternative approach to assessing cardiovascular events.
Association between encounter frequency and time to blood pressure control among patients with newly diagnosed hypertension: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Sherman Liliana , Pelter Mitchell A. , Deamer Robert L. , Duan Lewei , Batech Michael
Published: February 2018

This retrospective cohort study of 95 957 patients from a large integrated healthcare organization was conducted to examine whether the frequency and intervals between outpatient encounters were associated with achieving blood pressure (BP) control. Patients were followed up until they were censored or achieved BP control up to 1 year. Additionally, this study examined the time to BP control. On average, follow‐up was significantly longer in patients with uncontrolled BP at 292.9 days compared with 232.2 days in those with BP control. The controlled BP group had significantly more encounters on average compared with the uncontrolled BP group (4.1 vs 3.1, standardized difference 0.33). As the number of days increased between encounters from the 1 to < 14 days, there was a consistently lower likelihood of achieving BP control. Encounter intervals of ≥180 days were associated with the lowest likelihood of achieving BP control. These findings suggest that there may be an optimal number of encounters to benefit patients with hypertension.
Relation of uric acid level to rapid kidney function decline and development of kidney disease: The Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Mwasongwe Stanford E. , Fülöp Tibor , Katz Ronit , Musani Solomon K. , Sims Mario , Correa Adolfo , Flessner Michael F. , Young Bessie A.
Published: February 2018

Whether elevated uric acid (UA) is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not well established. The authors evaluated the relationship of UA with rapid kidney function decline (RKFD) and incident CKD among 3702 African Americans (AAs) in the Jackson Heart Study with serum UA levels measured at baseline exam (2000‐2004). RKFD was defined as ≥ 30% eGFR loss and incident CKD as development of eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 with a ≥ 25% decline in eGFR between baseline and exam 3 (2009‐2013). RKFD and CKD were found in 11.4% and 7.5% of the participants, respectively. In a fully adjusted model, the odds of RKFD (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.25‐2.49) and incident CKD (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.31‐3.06) were significantly higher among participants in the top UA quartile vs bottom quartile. In the JHS, elevated UA was significantly associated with RKFD and incident CKD.
Serum adiponectin and insulin secretion: A direct or inverse association?
Authors: Nakamura Akinobu , Miyoshi Hideaki , Ukawa Shigekazu , Nakamura Koshi , Nakagawa Takafumi , Terauchi Yasuo , Tamakoshi Akiko , Atsumi Tatsuya
Published: February 2018

We investigated the association between serum high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and insulin secretion in a population‐based study, with or without adjustment for insulin sensitivity. A total of 488 participants (263 women) were included in the present study. Insulin secretion was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment of β‐cell function ± adjustment for insulin resistance using the disposition index. Multivariate analysis showed that HMW adiponectin was significantly and inversely associated with homeostasis model assessment of β‐cell function (partial regression coefficient −0.19, 95% confidence interval −0.28, −0.10, P < 0.0001). However, HMW adiponectin was significantly and positively associated with disposition index (partial regression coefficient 0.15, 95% confidence interval 0.06, 0.24, P = 0.0016). The present study showed that a positive association between HMW adiponectin levels and insulin secretion evaluated using an index incorporating adjustment for insulin resistance was identified, and vice versa using an index that did not adjust for insulin resistance.
Belief Dispersion in the Stock Market
Authors: ATMAZ ADEM , BASAK SULEYMAN
Published: February 2018

We develop a dynamic model of belief dispersion with a continuum of investors differing in beliefs. The model is tractable and qualitatively matches many of the empirical regularities in a stock price and its mean return, volatility, and trading volume. We find that the stock price is convex in cash‐flow news and increases in belief dispersion, while its mean return decreases when the view on the stock is optimistic, and vice versa when pessimistic. Moreover, belief dispersion leads to higher stock volatility and trading volume. We demonstrate that otherwise identical two‐investor heterogeneous‐beliefs economies do not necessarily generate our main results.
Urban‐Rural Differences in Aerobic Physical Activity, Muscle Strengthening Exercise, and Screen‐Time Sedentary Behavior
Authors: Robertson Michael C. , Song Jaejoon , Taylor Wendell C. , Durand Casey P. , Basen‐Engquist Karen M.
Published: February 2018

Purpose

Compared to their urban counterparts, US residents in rural settings face an increased risk of premature mortality and health problems that have been linked to insufficient physical activity (PA) levels. There is limited literature regarding urban‐rural differences in adherence to national guidelines for all 3 PA‐related behaviors.

Methods

We investigated urban‐rural differences in aerobic PA, leisure‐time muscle strengthening PA, and leisure screen‐time sedentary behavior in a combined data set of the 2011‐2014 waves (N = 14,188) of the nationally representative National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey.

Findings

We found no evidence of a difference between large urban and rural residents’ aerobic PA levels. The typical number of weekly bouts of leisure‐time muscle strengthening PA was 25% lower for rural residents (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.751, P < .001); this relationship was no longer statistically significant after controlling for potentially confounding covariates. In adjusted models, we found rural residents to engage in 6.6% less daily leisure screen‐time sedentary behavior than their large urban counterparts (IRR = 0.934, P = .031).

Conclusions

Taken together with previous literature, these results suggest that rural residents may engage in comparable levels of total PA, but less leisure‐time PA, than their urban counterparts.
Change and Stability of Emotional Health of Rural Pennsylvania Youth During High School
Authors: Wang Donghui , Hagedorn Annelise DeJong , McLaughlin Diane K. , Bray Bethany C.
Published: February 2018

Purpose

Few prior studies have examined change in emotional health of high school students in a rural context. Considering the multifaceted nature of emotional health, this research aims to identify the patterns and explore change and stability of the emotional health of rural Pennsylvania youth. It also investigates the influence of family, peers, school, and the community environment on rural adolescents’ emotional health.

Methods

Using panel data from the Rural Youth Education Project, we employed latent transition analysis to examine changes in patterns of rural students’ self‐reported emotional health from 9th grade to 11th grade (N = 1,294).

Findings

Four distinct emotional health subgroups for rural adolescents were identified. Over half of the youth in the sample felt emotionally well, or positive, in both 9th and 11th grades. Roughly 60% of rural youth remained in the same emotional health category from 9th to 11th grade, but a substantial minority experienced change in emotional health. One‐fifth reported lower emotional health status in 11th grade, and one‐fifth indicated more positive emotions in 11th than in 9th grade. We found strong evidence of family, school, community, and peer influences on the emotional health of rural youth in 9th grade.

Conclusions

The results suggest that while a large share of rural youth exhibit positive emotional health and remain positive across their high school years, a substantial share of rural youth experience changing emotional health. The study underscores the important role that family, peers, school, and the community environment play for rural youth's emotional health over time.
A 3D Model for Optimizing Infrastructure Costs in Road Design
Authors: Vázquez‐Méndez Miguel E. , Casal Gerardo , Santamarina Duarte , Castro Alberte
Published: February 2018

In this article, the optimal design of a road joining two terminals is investigated. A geometric model is proposed including horizontal transition curves and vertical curves, obtaining parameterizations for the central axis of the road as well as for its entire surface. These parameterizations allow to express and compute, with great simplicity, the major infrastructure costs, including land acquisition, clearance, pavement, maintenance, and earthwork, where multiple layers of materials with different costs can be handled. The road design problem is formulated as a smooth constrained optimization problem and a two‐stage algorithm is suggested for its numerical resolution. Finally, numerical results are presented in an academic test and in a case study that propose designing a bypass in a Spanish national road (N‐640) to avoid crossing Monterroso's town center.
Micro‐computed tomography visualization of the vestigial alimentary canal in adult oestrid flies
Authors: Martín‐Vega D. , Garbout A. , Ahmed F. , Ferrer L. M. , Lucientes J. , Colwell D. D. , Hall M. J. R.
Published: February 2018

Oestrid flies (Diptera: Oestridae) do not feed during the adult stage as they acquire all necessary nutrients during the parasitic larval stage. The adult mouthparts and digestive tract are therefore frequently vestigial; however, morphological data on the alimentary canal in adult oestrid flies are scarce and a proper visualization of this organ system within the adult body is lacking. The present work visualizes the morphology of the alimentary canal in adults of two oestrid species, Oestrus ovis L. and Hypoderma lineatum (de Villiers), with the use of non‐invasive micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) and compares it with the highly developed alimentary canal of the blow fly Calliphora vicina Robineau‐Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Both O. ovis and H. lineatum adults showed significant reductions of the cardia and the diameter of the digestive tract, an absence of the helicoidal portion of the midgut typical of other cyclorrhaphous flies, and a lack of crop and salivary glands. Given the current interest in the alimentary canal in adult dipterans in biomedical and developmental biology studies, further understanding of the morphology and development of this organ system in adult oestrids may provide valuable new insights in several areas of research.
Drivers and mechanisms of tree mortality in moist tropical forests
Authors: McDowell Nate , Allen Craig D. , Anderson‐Teixeira Kristina , Brando Paulo , Brienen Roel , Chambers Jeff , Christoffersen Brad , Davies Stuart , Doughty Chris , Duque Alvaro , Espirito‐Santo Fernando , Fisher Rosie , Fontes Clarissa G. , Galbraith David , Goodsman Devin , Grossiord Charlotte , Hartmann Henrik , Holm Jennifer , Johnson Daniel J. , Kassim Abd. Rahman , Keller Michael , Koven Charlie , Kueppers Lara , Kumagai Tomo'omi , Malhi Yadvinder , McMahon Sean M. , Mencuccini Maurizio , Meir Patrick , Moorcroft Paul , Muller‐Landau Helene C. , Phillips Oliver L. , Powell Thomas , Sierra Carlos A. , Sperry John , Warren Jeff , Xu Chonggang , Xu Xiangtao
Published: February 2018

Tree mortality rates appear to be increasing in moist tropical forests (MTFs) with significant carbon cycle consequences. Here, we review the state of knowledge regarding MTF tree mortality, create a conceptual framework with testable hypotheses regarding the drivers, mechanisms and interactions that may underlie increasing MTF mortality rates, and identify the next steps for improved understanding and reduced prediction. Increasing mortality rates are associated with rising temperature and vapor pressure deficit, liana abundance, drought, wind events, fire and, possibly, CO2 fertilization‐induced increases in stand thinning or acceleration of trees reaching larger, more vulnerable heights. The majority of these mortality drivers may kill trees in part through carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. The relative importance of each driver is unknown. High species diversity may buffer MTFs against large‐scale mortality events, but recent and expected trends in mortality drivers give reason for concern regarding increasing mortality within MTFs. Models of tropical tree mortality are advancing the representation of hydraulics, carbon and demography, but require more empirical knowledge regarding the most common drivers and their subsequent mechanisms. We outline critical datasets and model developments required to test hypotheses regarding the underlying causes of increasing MTF mortality rates, and improve prediction of future mortality under climate change.

Contents

Summary
852

I.
Introduction
852

II.
Increasing mortality rates in the Amazon Basin
854

III.
Global and regional mortality drivers and mechanisms
855

IV.
On the coupling of mortality drivers and mechanisms
859

V.
Mitigating factors that may promote future survival
859

VI.
The state of ESM simulations of moist tropical tree mortality
859

VII.
Next steps
860

VIII.
Conclusions
863

Acknowledgements
863

ORCID
863

References
863