bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk of Germ Cell Tumors among Men with HIV/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Goedert James J. , Purdue Mark P. , McNeel Timothy S. , McGlynn Katherine A. , Engels Eric A. ,   for the HIV/AIDS Cancer Match Study
Published: June 2007

Background: Men with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are reported to be at increased risk for germ cell tumors (GCT), particularly testicular seminoma. We investigated correlates of this association to improve understanding of GCTs.

Methods: Testicular and extratesticular seminoma and nonseminoma cases were found by linking population-based cancer and HIV/AIDS registry data for 268,950 men who developed AIDS in 1980 to 2003. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to compare these cases with the number of cases expected in the demographically matched population.

Results: Overall, seminoma risk (161 cases: SIR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.6-2.2) was increased significantly with HIV/AIDS, whereas nonseminoma risk was not (56 cases: SIR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.96-1.7). Extratesticular GCT risk also was increased (11 cases: SIR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1-3.7). Seminoma risk was elevated regardless of age, race, or HIV/AIDS transmission group. It was highest for disseminated disease (SIR, 4.7; 95% CI, 2.9-7.2) and within 9 months of AIDS onset (SIR, 7.6; 95% CI, 5.8-9.6), but it was unrelated to CD4 count and duration of HIV/AIDS. The excess risk of seminoma declined in more recent calendar periods, and it was no longer elevated (SIR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.9-1.9) in the highly active antiretroviral treatment era.

Conclusions: Men with HIV/AIDS had an increased risk of seminoma, but this risk may have attenuated with improving anti-HIV/AIDS treatments. Although detection bias could partly explain the excess of this cancer, various lines of evidence support a causal relationship. Possible mechanisms underlying this association include impaired tumor immunosurveillance or AIDS-related testicular atrophy. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1266–9)
Dietary Iron and Heme Iron Intake and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Kabat Geoffrey C. , Miller Anthony B. , Jain Meera , Rohan Thomas E.
Published: June 2007

Recent studies suggest that elevated body iron levels may contribute to breast carcinogenesis; however, epidemiologic evidence is lacking. We used data from a large cohort study of Canadian women to assess breast cancer in association with total iron and heme iron intake. Among 49,654 women ages 40 to 59 followed for an average of 16.4 years, we identified 2,545 incident breast cancer cases. Data from a food frequency questionnaire administered at baseline were used to calculate total dietary iron and heme iron intake. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we found no association of iron or heme iron intake with risk of breast cancer overall, in women consuming 30+ g of alcohol per day, or in women who had ever used hormone replacement therapy. The present study offers no support for an association of iron or heme iron intake with breast cancer risk or for a modification by iron of the effect of alcohol or estrogen. However, further cohort studies with repeated measurement of iron intake are warranted. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1306–8)
Different Risk Factor Profiles for Mucinous and Nonmucinous Ovarian Cancer: Results from the Danish MALOVA Study
Authors: Soegaard Marie , Jensen Allan , Høgdall Estrid , Christensen Lise , Høgdall Claus , Blaakær Jan , Kjaer Susanne K.
Published: June 2007

Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine the overall risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer and according to histologic subtypes.

Materials and Methods: Ovarian cancer cases and controls were recruited from 1995 to 1999, and personal interviews were conducted. A total of 554 cases and 1,564 randomly selected controls were included. The analyses were done using multiple logistic regression models.

Results: The overall risk of ovarian cancer decreased with ever being pregnant [odds ratios (OR), 0.40; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.30-0.55], with increasing pregnancies (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.45-0.87 and OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.37-0.69 for two and three pregnancies as compared with one), and with older age at first and last pregnancy, respectively. Increasing years of ovulation was a very strong risk factor with a 7% to 8% increase in risk for each year of ovulation. Use of oral contraceptives (OR, 0.67, 95% CI, 0.53-0.85) and longer duration of use were associated with a decreased risk of ovarian cancer. Ever use of hormone replacement therapy increased the overall risk (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.05-1.61). For all those variables, the effect was present for serous tumors, endometrioid tumors, and tumors of other histologies, but not for mucinous tumors. In contrast, current smoking was a risk factor only for mucinous tumors (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.01-3.15) and increasing body mass index tended to increase the risk especially for mucinous and endometrioid tumors.

Conclusions: We confirmed already known risk factors for ovarian cancer, and we observed significant differences in the risk profiles between mucinous and nonmucinous tumors indicating different etiologies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1160–6)
Associations of Circulating C-Reactive Protein and Interleukin-6 with Survival in Women with and without Cancer: Findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study
Authors: Heikkilä Katriina , Ebrahim Shah , Rumley Ann , Lowe Gordon , Lawlor Debbie A.
Published: June 2007

Background: Inflammation is associated with worse prognosis and survival in many cancers. Our aim was to investigate the associations of circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations with all-cause mortality in cancer patients and to determine whether any associations were specific to malignancy.

Method: We used data from the British Women's Heart and Health Study, a cohort of 4,286 women aged 60 to 79 years. We investigated the associations between CRP, IL-6, and survival in women with and without cancer using Cox regression and assessed the interaction between cancer status and these inflammatory markers to determine whether these associations differed according to cancer status.

Results: Elevated CRP and IL-6 were associated with decreased survival in women with cancer [unadjusted hazard ratio per doubling of CRP, 1.22, 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.03, 1.46; and per doubling of IL-6, 1.52, 95% CI, 1.25, 1.86] and in women without cancer [CRP: 1.24 (1.12, 1.37); IL-6: 1.53 (1.35, 1.75)]. Adjustment for age, body mass index, physical activity level, socioeconomic position, HRT use, and tobacco smoking did not change these associations. After mutual adjustment, IL-6 but not CRP was independently associated with survival. We found no strong evidence that these associations differed between cancer patients and cancer-free women.

Conclusions: Elevated CRP and IL-6 concentrations were similarly associated with an increased risk of death in elderly women with and without cancer. Thus, in this group, these markers are likely to be indicators of non-cancer comorbidities rather than related to the malignancy itself. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1155–9)
Dynamic Visualization of Lung Sounds with a Vibration Response Device: A Case Series
Authors: Dellinger R. Phillip , Parrillo Joseph E. , Kushnir Alon , Rossi Marcello , Kushnir Igal
Published: June 2007

Background: The field of computer-assisted mapping of lung sounds is constantly evolving and several devices have been developed in this field. Objectives: Our objective was to evaluate a new computer-assisted lung sound imaging system, ‘vibration response imaging’ (VRI), that records and creates a dynamic image of breath sounds. We postulated that the VRI display format would qualitatively and quantitatively reveal breath sound distribution throughout the breathing cycle. Methods: Lung sounds were recorded from 5 healthy adults and 14 patients with various respiratory illnesses using VRI. The lung sounds were processed by the VRI software, which incorporates an algorithm to convert breath sounds in the frequency range of 150–250 Hz to a dynamic image and quantitative assessment of breath sound distribution. Results: Images and quantifications from recordings of the healthy adults showed distinct patterns for inspiration and expiration. Images and quantifications from the subjects with respiratory illness differed substantially from the images of the healthy subjects. Both healthy and pathological subjects presented some expected characteristics of breath sound distribution. Conclusions: The VRI device may provide a new perspective in acoustic imaging and quantification of breath sounds by adding aspects of time analysis and quantification of distribution to existing methods. Further studies will be required in order to establish reliability of repeated recordings and to validate the sensitivity of the system in detecting various lung pathologies.
Introduction
Authors: Gray Barbara , Coleman Peter T. , Putnam Linda L.
Published: June 2007

Past approaches to the study of intractable conflict focus on a variety of variables that contribute to and sustain destructive social systems. Although rich in case analyses, the extant literature often treats these variables in situ and typically disassociated from each other. This special issue examines the causes and conditions of intractable conflicts through exploring relationships among complex processes. This introduction presents an overview of the articles in this issue and draws from them to illustrate how the processes of institutionalization and deinstitutionalization relate to intractable conflicts.
Intractable Conflict as an Attractor
Authors: Coleman Peter T. , Vallacher Robin R. , Nowak Andrzej , Bui-Wrzosinska Lan
Published: June 2007

Decades of research on social conflict has contributed to researchers' understanding of a wide variety of psychological, social, and community-based aspects of conflict escalation and intractability. However, the field has yet to put forth a theoretical model that links these components to the basic underlying structures and dynamics that account for intractability and transformation. This article presents a dynamical systems approach to conceptualizing intractable conflict as a preliminary step toward developing a basic theory of intractability. The authors propose that it is particularly useful to conceptualize ongoing, destructive patterns of conflict as strong attractors, a particular form of self-organization of multiple elements of conflict systems. Their dynamical approach to conflict intractability is outlined, and some preliminary implications of this approach for conflict de-escalation are discussed.
Where Two Elephants Meet, the Grass Suffers
Authors: Jabs Lorelle
Published: June 2007

Over the past three decades, the once-adaptive practice of “taking by force” (cattle raiding) by pastoralist tribes in Northern Uganda has been transformed into a violent, ongoing intractable conflict within the tribes that threatens to destroy the Karimojong people and their way of life. This article suggests that in addition to the typical sources of intractable conflict, a massive influx of automatic weapons not only created instability in the community but also led to a shift in cultural norms. Several cultural norms now perpetuate the conflict, leading to increased intractability.
The appropriation of new organizational forms within networks of practice: Founder and founder-related ideological power
Authors: Ormrod Sue , Ferlie Ewan , Warren Fiona , Norton Kingsley
Published: June 2007

In this article, we address the question of how organizational practices are diffused within networks of practice. We do so by drawing on the results of an ethnographic study of the diffusion of a complex mental health care treatment modality — the Democratic Therapeutic Community — that involved the attempted spread of novel work practices within a professional network of psychiatrists and their associated multi-disciplinar y teams at two new clinical sites. We orientate the study within the networks of practice (NOP) literature on the diffusion of new work practices, considering in par ticular the issue of organizational power, which has been neglected hitherto. After presenting our ethnographic material, we draw attention to the role of clinical ideology, derived from founders and upheld by new, local clinical leaders in the appropriation process. By bringing in a concern for organizational power, we add to the existing literature through stressing the impor tance of ideological power, in supplying collective meaning, and the influential role of founders as creators and `institutionalizers' of underlying ideologies.
Group Development and Team Effectiveness
Authors: Bushe Gervase R. , Coetzer Graeme H.
Published: June 2007

The authors reconceptualize the theory of group development for application to task groups and propose two key sequential phases: membership and competence. A method for measuring developmental progress in task teams based on congruence in group cognitive representations of the team as it is, the ideal team, and the team as it ought to be is proposed. A system for computing group states based on structural connections among member cognitive representations is offered. Measures of group state representations in 49 project teams were collected at beginning, midpoint, and end of each team and related to team effectiveness. Hypotheses based on group development theory predicting effects of convergence and congruence in group state representations on team effectiveness are supported. Further insights into the developmental process of group states are discussed. The authors conclude by arguing for the return of group development theory as an explanation for disparate findings in team research.
Experiential Avoidance as a Mediator of Relationships Between Cognitions and Hair-Pulling Severity
Authors: Norberg Melissa M. , Wetterneck Chad T. , Woods Douglas W. , Conelea Christine A.
Published: June 2007

Cognitive-behavioral models suggest that certain cognitions and beliefs are functionally related to hair pulling in persons with trichotillomania (TTM), but little empirical data have been collected to test such claims. This study assessed dysfunctional beliefs about appearance, shameful cognitions, and fear of negative evaluation and their relation to hair-pulling severity in a sample of individuals self-reporting a diagnosis of TTM. Results showed significant correlations between these cognitions and hair-pulling severity; however, relations diminished or disappeared when controlling for experiential avoidance, a tendency to avoid or escape from unwanted private events. These findings suggest that treatments targeting cognitions may benefit from focusing on experiential avoidance more broadly.
Applying Acceptance, Mindfulness, and Values to the Reduction of Prejudice: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lillis Jason , Hayes Steven C.
Published: June 2007

Two classroom approaches to reducing racial and ethnic prejudice among college students were compared: a class session based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and an educational lecture drawn from a textbook on the psychology of racial differences. Undergraduates who were enrolled in two separate classes on racial differences were exposed to each approach in a counterbalanced order. Results indicate that only the ACT intervention was effective in increasing positive behavioral intentions at post and a 1-week follow-up. These changes were associated with other self-reported changes that fit with the ACT model. Implications of a potentially new model of prejudice are briefly discussed.
Incorporating “Motivation” Into the Functional Analysis of Challenging Behavior
Authors: Langthorne Paul , McGill Peter , O'Reilly Mark
Published: June 2007

Sensitivity theory attempts to account for the variability often observed in challenging behavior by recourse to the “aberrant motivation” of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. In this article, we suggest that a functional analysis based on environmental (challenging environments) and biological (challenging needs) motivating operations provides a more parsimonious and empirically grounded account of challenging behavior than that proposed by sensitivity theory. It is argued that the concept of the motivating operation provides a means of integrating diverse strands of research without the undue inference of mentalistic constructs. An integrated model of challenging behavior is proposed, one that remains compatible with the central tenets of functional analysis.
Desistance within an urban Aboriginal gang
Authors: Deane Lawrence , Bracken Denis C. , Morrissette Larry
Published: June 2007

The research presented in this paper is related to an ongoing program in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada involving members of an urban Aboriginal street gang. Gang members recently released from prison have for a variety of reasons become interested in leaving behind the criminal part of their gang involvement, and developing lifestyles less likely to bring them into conflict with the law. For the men in this study, desistance from crime did not necessarily mean a departure from the gang itself. Rather, they see themselves as having taken a conscious decision not to be involved in criminal activity, but not to leave the gang. The scheme works with them on learning carpentry skills as part of an urban housing renovation project. A major part of the program is the encouragement of pro-social values through traditional Aboriginal cultural teachings. Use of the `gang' ethic builds teamwork and commitment not to reoffend among members.
Current issues and developments in race hate crime
Authors: Dixon Liz , Ray Larry
Published: June 2007

This article considers the `hate agenda' as a model for interventions targeted at race hate crime. The authors consider current initiatives in different agencies and make some comparisons between the American and British experience.
Psychoanalysis and probation practice: A brief additional perspective on Smith
Authors: Prins Herschel
Published: June 2007

The December 2006 edition of Probation Journal contained an article by David Smith entitled `Making sense of psychoanalysis in criminological theory and probation practice'. This paper attempts to extend the parameters of Smith's discussion.
Political Clientelism, Elites, and Caciquismo in Restoration Spain (1875—1923)
Authors: Moreno-Luzón Javier
Published: June 2007

This article focuses on the substantial academic literature on caciquismo — the proliferation of clientelist practices by local notables or caciques — in Restoration Spain (1875—1923). Caciquismo is generally considered to be the key problem in the political behaviour of Spaniards and the evolution of the Spanish political system in the Liberal era. The article shows the central relevance of caciquismo in contemporary political analysis and criticism, and the different interpretations of early historiography on the subject. It consists mainly of an overview of the prevailing historiographical tendencies — here called 'new political history' and'agrarian social history' — in the study of caciquismo, especially their opposite conceptions of caciquismo as some kind of political clientelism and their descriptions of political elites and the connections between political and economic powers. It is argued that these tendencies share a common language and conclusions which facilitate comparisons with similar phenomena in other countries. The article includes some hints of this comparative analysis, and, finally, it suggests some paths of research which may be followed in the future.
State Comrades and an Elderly Woman's Suicide
Authors: Jing Jun
Published: June 2007

■ In this article, I employ the concept of `unintended consequence' for my analysis of an elderly woman's suicide in China. The larger socio-political context of the narrative that will follow is the building of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River. As the largest hydropower project ever built in the world, this dam entailed the involuntary resettlement of more than 1 million people, mostly rural residents living along the river's middle reaches. The thrust of my analysis is to demonstrate that analyses of state power and modernization processes need to pay more attention to the question of how individuals deal with drastic social change and how they conduct their interpersonal relationships in ways that lead to unintended consequences. Such consequences are far more complicated than social theories that lead us to view society—state relationships as one-dimensional configurations would allow.
Green governmentality: insights and opportunities in the study of nature's rule
Authors: Rutherford Stephanie
Published: June 2007

This article seeks to unpack notions of governmentality by reading it through the case of nature. By highlighting three key aspects of governmentality — its analytics of power, biopolitics, and technologies of the self — I argue that this approach presents a promising theoretical trend for those who study nature and its rule. However, there have been critiques leveled at this approach which must be considered. Using examples drawn from human/non-human interactions, I explore how the governmentality literature needs to be made more complex and attune to difference. In the final analysis, I argue that the concept of governmentality is not only an effective tool for geographers, but that geography provides a particularly insightful lens with its attention to spatiality, scale, territory and human/non-human relations that enrich the analysis of the making of governable spaces.
Geographies of science: histories, localities, practices, futures
Authors: Powell Richard C.
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the recent attempts to develop geographies of science both within, and beyond, the discipline of geography. Such efforts have been most successful in work by historical geographers and historians of geography. Investigating the `geographical turn' evident across science studies more widely, this paper considers a broad range of engagements with spatiality by historians, sociologists, anthropologists and posthumanist practice theorists. In doing so, the paper thus argues that different geographies of science are emerging. Indeed, bringing together variegated conceptions of the spatiality of scientific activity will allow for wider audiences for geographies of science, inspire further investigation of the geographical sciences, and provide resources for debates regarding disciplinary histories and futures.
Spaces of postdevelopment
Authors: Sidaway James D.
Published: June 2007

This paper reviews writings about postdevelopment. It argues that critical scrutiny of the contemporary reconfiguring of postcolonial sovereignties provides a productive route to rethink the geographies of development and postdevelopment. The relationship of development narratives to reconfigurations of imperialism and postcolonialism produces a complex geography of development and postdevelopment that defies neat summary, but which demands more sustained attention to the interactions of enclosure, boundaries and subjectivities.
IT Employee Work Exhaustion
Authors: Kim Soonhee , Wright Bradley E.
Published: June 2007

Focusing on information technology (IT) professionals in state governments, this study found that organizational context (resources, participation, and feedback), job-related stressors (workload and role ambiguity), and career advancement opportunities affect work exhaustion experienced by state government IT employees. Work exhaustion, in turn, had a direct effect on IT employee turnover intentions and an indirect effect through its influence on job satisfaction. As a result, the study extends our understanding of IT employee exhaustion (a) by developing and testing a conceptual framework of work exhaustion that investigates the causal order of, and interrelationships between, the organizational context variables and job-related stressors previously recognized as antecedents of work exhaustion and (b) because of the potential contribution of career advancement opportunities in such a model.
Federal Labor-Management Relations Reforms Under Bush
Authors: Thompson James R.
Published: June 2007

The Bush administration is promoting radical change to the labor-management relations status quo in the federal sector. Provisions of the 1978 Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute already leave the federal employee unions in a disadvantageous position vis-à-vis management. The changes by President Bush would tip the balance of power even further in favor of management. Are those changes an attempt to expand presidential control over the bureaucracy, or do they simply represent an alternative, promanagement philosophy of workplace relations? The conclusion here is that Bush has adopted a political management model of governance in which operational considerations are subordinate to control considerations.
Attention and Memory in the Preclinical Stage of Dementia
Authors: Silveri Maria Caterina , Reali Giada , Jenner Carina , Puopolo Maria
Published: June 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate whether attention may be specifically impaired in Alzheimer's disease from the early stages of the disease. Subgroups of patients with different types of mild cognitive impairment were selected according to standard criteria. Patients and controls were given tasks exploring various subcomponents of attention and executive functions. Only subgroups of mild cognitive impairment characterized by memory disorders obtained lower scores than controls on attention and executive tasks. On the basis of the scores obtained on the Clinical Dementia Rating at the 1-year follow-up, patients were redistributed into 2 groups: those who developed and those who did not develop dementia. Patients who presented evolution to dementia already had, at baseline, lower scores than patients who did not evolve on tasks exploring attention and executive functions. The results suggest that not only memory disorders but also attention/executive deficits may characterize dementia at the onset. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2007;20:67-75)
Conversion to Dementia From Questionable Dementia in an Ethnic Chinese Population
Authors: Liu Hsiu-Chih , Wang Pei-Ning , Wang Hsiao-Chien , Lin Ker-Neng , Hong Chen-Jee , Liu Chia-Yih , Tsai Ping-Huang
Published: June 2007

We investigated the conversion rate and the risk factors for conversion to dementia from questionable dementia in 124 ethnic Chinese subjects with questionable dementia at a memory clinic of a university hospital. They were evaluated annually based on cognitive testing, the clinical dementia rating scale, and a psychiatrist's interview for depression and anxiety. Apolipoprotein E genotyping was performed on 111 of these questionable dementia subjects. All subjects were evaluated at least twice during the follow-up period of 20.4 ± 12.4 months. During that period, 42 questionable dementia subjects were diagnosed as having Alzheimer's disease, with an annual conversion rate to dementia of 19.9%. Compared with the 82 nonconverters, the 42 converters were significantly older, had lower cognitive, depression, and anxiety scores, and a higher frequency of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele. Cox regression analysis revealed that the Alzheimer's disease converters had lower scores for orientation, short-term memory, and anxiety, and a higher frequency of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele than the nonconverters. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2007;20:76-83)
Clinical Diagnosis of Dementia, Not Behavioral and Psychologic Symptoms, Is Associated With Psychotropic Drug Use in Community-Dwelling Elders Classified as Having Dementia
Authors: Chan Ding-Chen , Kasper Judith D. , Black Betty S. , Rabins Peter V.
Published: June 2007

Little is known about the prevalence and correlates of psychotropic drug use in community-dwelling elders with dementia. Baseline data from 285 community-dwelling elders with a research classification of dementia enrolled in the observational Memory and Medical Care Study were analyzed. Of these, 33.3% with a research classification of dementia were clinically diagnosed, 28.8% used at least 1 psychotropic drug, and 61.8% had at least 1 behavioral or psychologic symptom of dementia. Presence of a behavioral or psychologic symptom of dementia was associated with a higher likelihood of a clinical diagnosis of dementia. A clinical diagnosis of dementia, not a behavioral or psychologic symptom of dementia, was associated with psychotropics use. Clinical recognition of dementia appears to be an intermediate step between presence of symptoms of dementia and the prescription of psychotropics. Most community-dwelling elders meeting the research criteria for dementia were not clinically diagnosed, despite contact with a physician (89%) in the previous year. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2007;20:100-106)
Weight Changes During Treatment With Olanzapine in Older Adult Patients With Dementia and Behavioral Disturbances
Authors: Lipkovich Ilya , Ahl Jonna , Nichols Russell , Hardy Thomas , Poole Hoffmann Vicki
Published: June 2007

Treatment-emergent weight gain has been reported in younger patients receiving atypical antipsychotics, but less is known about weight gain in adults aged 65 years and older. This was a post hoc analysis of 1267 patients with dementia and behavioral disturbances treated with olanzapine (1 to 20 mg/d) in clinical trials, most of whom were underweight (body mass index <18.5 kg/m2) or of normal weight (body mass index, 18.5-24.9 kg/m2) at baseline. Weight changes over the first 20 weeks of treatment in olanzapine-treated patients, as estimated by a repeated measures analysis model, were significantly greater in the combined categories of underweight and normal weight (1.22 kg and 1.29 kg, respectively) versus overweight and obese (0.56 kg and 0.53 kg, respectively; P = .006). The estimated probability of gaining more than 7% of initial body weight was significantly greater in patients treated with olanzapine versus active comparator ( P < .001) or placebo ( P < .001). Weight gain in olanzapine-treated older patients with dementia and behavioral disturbances was significantly greater in individuals with a baseline body mass index of less than 25 kg/m2. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2007;20:107-114)
So Many Children Left Behind
Authors: Stiefel Leanna , Schwartz Amy Ellen , Chellman Colin C.
Published: June 2007

Although the No Child Left Behind Act was intended to help “all students meet high academic standards,” it is focused on subgroups of low-achieving students. The authors analyze the possible impact of the legislation's requirement for performance reporting by racial subgroup in light of the considerable racial segregation in U.S. schools. In particular, using data on elementary and middle schools in New York State, the authors show that the schools are so highly segregated that more than half are too homogeneous to report test scores for any racial or ethnic subgroups. In addition, they show that the racial achievement gap is greatest across segregated schools rather than within integrated ones. The authors analyze the characteristics of schools that are and are not accountable for subgroups, finding that urban schools and large schools are particularly likely to be accountable, and conclude with implications for the reach of the law and for incentives for school segregation.
So much to do, so little time
Authors: McCoy Selina , Smyth Emer
Published: June 2007

This article explores the nature and implications of secondary students' participation in paid employment in Ireland.The analysis draws on a comprehensive survey of one-sixth of secondary schools. Results indicate that working part-time is associated with underperformance at upper secondary level and also leads to increased dropout. In line with research in other countries, part-time employment tends to draw students away from their studies. Such underperformance at upper secondary level persists regardless of the level of involvement in out-of-school social activities. Results hold when propensity score matching methods are employed to take account of possible selection effects.The discussion points to the crucial importance of early educational qualifications in longer-term and lifelong labour market outcomes; and highlights the importance of addressing the issue of student employment given its impact on educational outcomes.
Medical Cannabis Patients: Patient Profiles and Health Care Utilization Patterns
Authors: Reiman Amanda
Published: June 2007

The possible medicinal uses of cannabis are growing, yet research on how patients use medical cannabis facility services remains scarce. This article reports on the Cannabis Care Study, in which 130 medical cannabis patients at seven facilities in the San Francisco Bay Area were surveyed to gather information about demographics, personal health practices, health outcomes, service use, and satisfaction with medical cannabis facilities. The study was modeled after Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use. Results show that patients tend to be males older than 35, identify with multiple ethnicities, and report variable symptom duration and current health status. Nearly half the sample reported substituting cannabis for alcohol and illegal drugs; 74% reported substituting it for prescription drugs. Satisfaction did not differ across study sites and was significantly higher than nationally reported satisfaction with health care. Implications for the medical cannabis community and the greater system of health and social care are discussed.
When Research Goes Pear-Shaped: Report and Reflections on a Failed Study of Exercise and Manual Therapies for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Cameron Melainie
Published: June 2007

Research projects collapse for a variety of reasons: for example, recruitment problems, sloppy designs, low power, or poor data management. This confessional tale reports on a failed study of the use of exercise and manual therapies for rheumatoid arthritis, solidly established in a quantitative paradigm. This research was an attempt to investigate whether adding a course of manual therapy or water exercise to existing care regimens influenced quality-of-life domains such as mobility, dexterity, and pain in people with rheumatoid arthritis. The study collapsed. The author reports her reflections on the research process and what happens to researchers and participants when studies go awry. This case addresses issues of the personal investments of the researcher, the ethical treatment of participants, the anxieties and pressures of completing a PhD, and the lack of visibility of studies with nonsignificant findings.
Clinical Applications ofSilybum marianumin Oncology
Authors: Greenlee Heather , Abascal Kathy , Yarnell Eric , Ladas Elena
Published: June 2007

Milk thistle ( Silybum marianum) is an herb that is increasingly used in oncology research and treatment settings. Historically, it has been used to treat liver and biliary disorders and has been used in detoxification and cleansing protocols. However, milk thistle is increasingly being investigated for its use in adult and pediatric populations for oncology indications. Possible indications during cancer treatment include cleansing and detoxification after chemotherapy, preventing hepatotoxicity during chemotherapy, treating hepatotoxicity after chemotherapy, and potentiating chemotherapy and radiation therapy as an adjunctive treatment. Milk thistle may also have applications in ameliorating long-term hepatic and cardiovascular effects of cancer treatment. Preliminary studies are investigating its use as a chemopreventive agent and possibly to treat cancer directly. Much of milk thistle's current clinical use grows out of historical uses but is informed by an increasing number of clinical trials and animal studies. This article provides an overview of the current clinical applications of milk thistle in the oncology setting, including guidelines on commonly used forms and doses.
Review of Clinical Trials Evaluating Safety and Efficacy of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.)
Authors: Tamayo Carmen , Diamond Suzanne
Published: June 2007

Milk thistle extracts have been used as traditional herbal remedies for almost 2000 years. The extracts are still widely used to protect the liver against toxins and to control chronic liver diseases. Recent experimental and clinical studies suggest that milk thistle extracts also have anticancer, antidiabetic, and cardioprotective effects. This article reviews clinical trials of milk thistle conducted in the past 5 years including pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies, herb-drug interactions, and other safety issues. Several trials have studied the effects of milk thistle for patients with liver diseases, cancer, hepatitis C, HIV, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. Promising results have been reported in the protective effect of milk thistle in certain types of cancer, and ongoing trials will provide more evidence about this effect. In addition, new established doses and improvement on the quality and standardization of this herb will provide the much-awaited evidence about the efficacy of milk thistle in the treatment of liver diseases. Milk thistle extracts are known to be safe and well tolerated, and toxic or adverse effects observed in the reviewed clinical trials seem to be minimal. The future of milk thistle research is promising, and high-quality randomized clinical trials on milk thistle versus placebo may be needed to further demonstrate the safety and efficacy of this herb.
Honeycomb-type Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Using La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3 Electrolyte
Authors: Zhong Hao , Matsumoto Hiroshige , Ishihara Tatsumi , Toriyama Akira
Published: June 2007

La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3 (LSGM)-based honeycomb cell was first time successfully built and power generation property of the single-wall and the 4-wall-used cells was measured. The achieved maximum power density is 390 and 250 mW/cm2 at 1073 and 973 K, respectively, when the single wall is used for the cell fabrication. The power generations of 4-wall-used cell also succeed in this study, and about 200 mW/cm2, which is high volumetric power density as high as 300 W/L, is achieved.
Zinc-Finger Transcription Factor Odd-Skipped Related 2 Is One of the Regulators in Osteoblast Proliferation and Bone Formation
Authors: Kawai Shinji , Yamauchi Masashi , Wakisaka Satoshi , Ooshima Takashi , Amano Atsuo
Published: June 2007

We report that Osr2 is one of the regulators of osteoblast function, because dominant-negative Osr2 transgenic mice exhibited decreased osteoblast activity and delayed mineralization in calvarial and tibial bone tissues. Our results indicate that Osr2 functions in regulation of osteoblast proliferation.

Introduction: Molecular mechanisms that control bone formation have received attention with increasing knowledge related to genetic control of osteoblast differentiation. The odd-skipped related (Osr) gene is a zinc-finger transcription factor recently suggested to be involved in bone formation, although little is known about its role.

Materials and Methods: To elucidate the in vivo function of Osr2, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing dominant-negative Osr2.

Results: In this study, N-terminal–deleted Osr2 was found to act as a dominant-negative mutant toward both Osr1 and Osr2. Dominant-negative Osr2 (Osr2ΔN) transgenic mice showed delayed mineralization in calvarial and cortical bone tissues. Furthermore, soft X-ray analysis of transgenic mice bones revealed distinctly increased radiolucency. Examinations of newborn Osr2ΔN transgenic mice skeletons stained with alcian blue and alizarin red showed reduced intensities in the skull and skeletal elements. Morphologically, calvariae and tibias of Osr2ΔN transgenic mice were composed of markedly thinner parietal and cortical bones and lower numbers of osteoblastic cells on bone surfaces, indicating a reduced proliferation of osteoblasts. Furthermore, calvarial osteoblasts obtained from Osr2ΔN transgenic mice showed highly attenuated osteoblast differentiation and proliferation, confirming that Osr2 is needed for osteogenesis. Finally, results of Runx2-deficient cell assays suggested that Osr2 induces alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression, but to a lesser degree than Runx2-expressing cells.

Conclusions: Our genetic observations showed that the Osr2 gene plays a key role in osteoblastic cell proliferation.
Strontium Ranelate Treatment Improves Trabecular and Cortical Intrinsic Bone Tissue Quality, a Determinant of Bone Strength
Authors: Ammann Patrick , Badoud Isabelle , Barraud Sébastien , Dayer Romain , Rizzoli René
Published: June 2007

Beside its influence on determinants of bone strength (geometry, microarchitecture), which is likely to be related to a cellular effect, strontium ranelate improves bone tissue quality as evaluated by nanoindentation, increasing elastic modulus, hardness, and dissipated energy in vertebrae of rats treated for 104 wk with daily dose from 0 to 900 mg/kg.

Introduction: We previously showed that strontium ranelate treatment improves the mechanical properties of the vertebral body and long bone midshaft in intact rats. The increased energy to failure obtained with strontium ranelate is essentially caused by an increase in plastic energy, suggesting that bone formed during treatment can withstand greater deformation before fracture. In the bone mineral phase, strontium is mainly located in the hydrated shell and could thus potentially influence intrinsic bone tissue quality.

Materials and Methods: To study whether strontium ranelate treatment could positively influence intrinsic bone tissue quality (elastic modulus, hardness, and dissipated energy), nanoindentation tests were performed at the level of trabecular nodes and cortex under physiological or dry conditions in vertebrae of rats treated for 104 wk with strontium ranelate at a daily dose of 0, 225, 450, or 900 mg/kg (n = 12 per group). Ex vivo μCT measurements and axial compression tests of adjacent vertebral bodies were also performed. Significance of difference was evaluated using ANOVA.

Results: In agreement with previous results, strontium ranelate (900 mg/kg/d) significantly increased versus controls in maximal load (+23%), total energy (+71%), and plastic energy (+143%). At the level of trabecular bone, strontium ranelate treatment resulted in a significant increase in elastic modulus (+15.1%, p < 0.01), hardness (+11.5%, p < 0.05), and dissipated energy (+16.2%, p < 0.001) versus controls in physiological, but not in dry, conditions. The effect was less pronounced in cortex.

Conclusions: These results show for the first time a direct action of strontium ranelate on bone tissue quality. Beside its shown influence on classical determinants of bone strength (geometry, microarchitecture), which is likely to be related to a cellular effect, strontium ranelate improves bone tissue quality. This could contribute to the increase in bone strength and thus be involved in the reduction of fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporotic patients treated with strontium ranelate.
The Sage of Freedom: An Interview with John Hope Franklin
Authors: ARSENAULT RAY , FRANKLIN JOHN HOPE
Published: June 2007

John Hope Franklin, one of the world's most distinguished and influential historians, has been a strong advocate and avid practitioner of public history since the late 1940s. Augmenting and extending his work as a pioneer in the fields of African-American and Southern history, he has been involved in a broad spectrum of public history projects, ranging from his international activities with the Fulbright Commission to his work with Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP Legal and Educational Defense Fund in conducting research that helped bring about the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education school desegregation decision. More recently, during the late 1990s he chaired President Bill Clinton's National Advisory Board on Race, convening a series of high-profile hearings in various parts of the nation. Today, at age 92, he still maintains an exhausting schedule of public addresses related to history, freedom, and democracy.
The Art of Kula
Authors: BATTAGLIA DEBBORA
Published: June 2007

The Art of Kula Shirley F. Campbell Oxford: Berg 2002
Toward Pedagogical Awareness: Teaching Cine‐Ethnography
Authors: RAGAZZI ROSSELLA
Published: June 2007

This article explores teaching practices at the Visual Anthropology Unit of the Institute of Social Anthropology, University of Tromsø. Media production in this academic setting is “practice‐led.” It makes particular demands of the students and faculty involved. Only innovative and rigorous styles of pedagogy can prepare students to acquire the necessary skills and background in the theory and technology of visual anthropology. For all of its advantages, this pedagogy is beset with ambiguity, both for beginning students who engage in it and within the politics of the university setting. If film is to be taught, its “peculiar” modes require of teachers strong determination, good programs and, above all, imagination.
Networking Visual Anthropology: The Trajectory of the Visual Anthropology Network of the European Association of Social Anthropologists
Authors: PINK SARAH
Published: June 2007

The Visual Anthropology Network of the EASA was established in 1996. Since then its members have developed a series of conferences, and seminar and workshop meetings during and between conferences. Here I describe and analyze the development of the network, the role it plays in relation to other international and European Visual Anthropology associations and the trajectory of its theoretical and methodological interests over the last 8 years.
Time in Hungarian Ethnographic Film
Authors: TARI (WITH MARCUS BANKS) JÁNOS
Published: June 2007

Ethnographic film in Hungary has developed in ways mostly similar to its European counterparts. However, it is distinctive in terms of its technological development and institutional involvement that have lead to some specific modes of representing the chronotype, that is, the time‐space of Hungary. This article examines how Hungarian ethnographic film manipulates the concepts of time. The very nature of film makes it an appropriate medium in which to consider time. Film continually and readily undergoes change. As a signifying, material object, film transcends the conditions of its immediate production as it generates a stream of meaningful representations. Film from the past can be added to recent footage—it is not locked within a particular time.