bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aborted fruits of Opuntia microdasys (Cactaceae): insurance against reproductive failure
Authors: Palleiro N. , Mandujano M. C. , Golubov J.
Published: February 2008

New individuals in clonal populations arise through the recruitment of sexual or clonal offspring. The predominance of one type of regeneration over the other has been correlated with different selective environmental pressures. We compared the reproductive mode (sexual through seeds and vegetative through plantlets or detached cladodes) of Opuntia microdasys from three desert habitats of the Chihuahuan Desert: bajada (BH), hill‐piedmont (HPH), and an interdune (IDH). Successful establishment and growth of plantlets were determined in two experiments: (1) the effect of light (three levels of photosynthetically active radiation [PAR]: full, low, and medium) and two levels of watering and (2) maternal effects and provenance of plantlets. Adult plant densities did not differ among habitats (639 individuals/ha), but the number of offspring and fruit production increased significantly at BH. Plantlets (94.3%) dominated the form of recruitment for all habitats, followed by cladodes (3.1%) and seedlings (2.6%). A higher proportion of plantlets established in the low and medium PAR treatments (76%) in comparison to full exposure (39%). Maternal factors affected survival and growth, but plantlet provenance did not. The high fruit abortion rate resulting from environmental and maternal effects provided suitable conditions for establishment of plantlets.
Plasticity of inflorescence traits in Lobelia siphilitica (Lobeliaceae) in response to soil water availability
Authors: Caruso Christina M.
Published: February 2008

Many workers have demonstrated a genetic basis for variation in inflorescence traits, but this variation can also have an environmental component. Because flowering can incur significant water costs, I estimated plasticity of inflorescence traits of three populations of Lobelia siphilitica in response to drought. I manipulated soil water availability in the greenhouse and measured seven inflorescence traits. Under drought conditions, plants from one population flowered later and produced fewer flowers with shorter corollas and narrower landing pads. In contrast, the height of the flowering stalk decreased in response to drought in all three populations. Consequently, pollinator‐mediated natural selection on these plastic traits may depend on soil water availability. Plastic responses differed between genotypes only for the height of the flowering stalk and the length of the corolla tube and only in one or two populations. This suggests that genotype × environment interactions would not limit the evolution of inflorescence traits in L. siphilitica. The strength and sign of phenotypic correlations among inflorescence traits did not respond plastically to drought, suggesting that indirect selection on inflorescence traits of L. siphilitica will not vary strongly with water availability. My results suggest that plasticity of inflorescence traits may influence their evolution, but the effects are population‐ and trait‐specific.
Allozyme diversity within and divergence among species ofTolpis(Asteraceae‐Lactuceae) in the Canary Islands: systematic, evolutionary, and biogeographical implications
Authors: Crawford Daniel J. , Archibald Jenny K. , Santos‐Guerra Arnoldo , Mort Mark E.
Published: February 2008

Plants endemic to oceanic islands represent some of the most unusual and rare taxa in the world. Enzyme electrophoresis was used to assess genetic diversity within and divergence among all endemic species of a small genus of plants on the Canary Islands. Our results show that the genus Tolpis is similar to many other island groups in having generally low allozyme divergence among species, with the highest divergence found among four groups of endemics. The two rare and highly localized species T. glabrescens and T. crassiuscula are each divergent from all other species in the Canaries. Tolpis coronopifolia is also divergent at allozyme loci; this is the only endemic species that is a self‐compatible annual (or weak biennial). A large, morphologically variable species complex consisting of T. laciniata and T. lagopoda together with several named and unnamed morphological variants shows low allozyme divergence among its elements. The evolution of polyploidy from diploid ancestors in situ in oceanic archipelagos is uncommon, but the tetraploid T. glabrescens is an exception. Allozyme data do not implicate any extant diploid Tolpis species as parents of the polyploid. It is possible that T. glabrescens originated early in the evolution of Tolpis in the Canary Islands and that its parents are now extinct. The nonendemic T. barbata shows no greater divergence from the Canary Island endemics than some endemics exhibit among themselves. Both changes in allele frequencies and unique alleles are responsible for genetic divergence among species of Tolpis.
Comparative anatomy of root meristem and root cap in some species of Podostemaceae and the evolution of root dorsiventrality
Authors: Koi Satoshi , Fujinami Rieko , Kubo Namiko , Tsukamoto Ikue , Inagawa Rie , Imaichi Ryoko , Kato Masahiro
Published: February 2008

In the unusual aquatic Podostemaceae, the root is the leading organ of the plant body and is variously compressed and submerged as it adheres to rock surfaces in rapid water. In an anatomical comparison of the root apical meristems and root caps of 33 species that represent the major lineages of the family, the dorsiventrality of root meristems varied and was classified into four patterns: (1) The root cap is produced outward from a nearly radially symmetrical meristem. (2) The meristem and root cap are markedly dorsiventral; the outermost cells of the hood‐shaped cap are acroscopic derivatives from bifacial initials on the ventral side, while the pattern on the dorsal side is similar to pattern 1. (3) Bifacial initials are on both the dorsal and ventral sides. (4) No root cap is present. An evolutionary polarity may be evident from pattern 1 to 2 and then to 3. Pattern 2 arose in the early evolution of the subfamily Podostemoideae and subsequently, pattern 3 arose in species with crustose roots, while the least specialized pattern 1 is retained in Tristichoideae and Weddellinoideae. Pattern 4 characterized by caplessness may have appeared recurrently in Tristichoideae and Podostemoideae. These evolutionary changes in the meristem preceded the specialization of external root morphologies.
Inbreeding effect on male and female fertility and inheritance of male sterility in Nemophila menziesii (Hydrophyllaceae)
Authors: Gomez Nadilia N. , Shaw Ruth G.
Published: February 2008

Models of the evolution of gynodioecy assume that inbreeding affects male and female fertility equally and ignore quantitative variation in sex expression. The objectives of this study were to assess inbreeding effects, genetic background, and plant maturity on male and female fertility and the mechanism of male sterility inheritance for Nemophila menziesii (Hydrophyllaceae). Frequency of male‐sterile flowers, number of anthers and ovules, and percentage of viable pollen were measured on plants from different pedigrees and five inbreeding levels (F = 0, 0.0625, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75). Quantitative variation in male sterility was evident. As inbreeding increased, anther and ovule number decreased; the effect on anther number was greater than on ovule number. Pedigrees varied in number of male‐sterile flowers and inbreeding effects. Frequency of male‐sterile flowers was greatest among first flowers. No trade‐off between male and female fertility was detected. A model attributing male sterility to a cytoplasmic locus and restoration to male fertility to a nuclear locus accounted for the distribution of complete sterility and hermaphroditism over the pedigrees. This study suggests that models of the evolution and maintenance of gynodioecy should allow for quantitative variation in male and female fertility components due to inbreeding, pedigree, and plant maturity.
Floral display and mating patterns within populations of the neotropical epiphytic orchid,Laeliarubescens (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Trapnell Dorset W. , Hamrick J. L.
Published: February 2008

Pollinator behavior plays a central role in determining patterns of pollen‐mediated gene movement in zoophilous angiosperms. A species' floral display can strongly influence the behavior of its pollinators and thereby affect its evolutionary pathway. We used paternity analysis to directly measure and describe mating patterns within 15 populations of the epiphytic orchid, Laelia rubescens, in Costa Rican dry forest. Strict correlated mating by orchids allows inference of the precise multilocus diploid genotype of the pollen parents. Our data show that mean effective population sizes were small (11.2 in 1999 and 11.8 in 2000) relative to the number of flowering genets (63 and 56, respectively). Fewer genets were reproductively successful as females than males. The relationship between reproductive success (RS) and floral display within three cluster size classes was consistent between years, with large (>30 inflorescences) and small (≤10 inflorescences) clusters often having significantly lower RS than expected, while the RS of medium‐sized clusters (11–30 inflorescences) often significantly exceeded expectations. Paternity analysis allowed us to take advantage of the pollination biology of L. rubescens to provide unusually detailed insights into mating patterns, pollen‐mediated gene movement and RS for populations of this epiphytic orchid, an herbaceous perennial, distributed in three‐dimensional space.
Population age structure and reproductive behavior of the monocarpic perennialHeracleum mantegazzianum(Apiaceae) in its native and invaded distribution ranges
Authors: Pergl Jan , Perglová Irena , Pyšek Petr , Dietz Hansjörg
Published: February 2008

Many invasive species are benign in their native region—are there interactions between their key traits and the new habitats that explain invasion success? The giant perennial herbHeracleum mantegazzianumis a problematic invader in Europe and is also naturalized in North America. We compared its population structure and reproductive behavior in the native (W. Caucasus) and invaded (Czech Republic) areas in managed (pastures) and unmanaged sites. The age structure of the populations and age at flowering were analyzed using herb‐chronology, a method based on counting annual rings in the secondary xylem of roots. The species was strictly monocarpic; most plants in unmanaged sites in the invaded range flowered in the third and fourth yr (maximum 12 yr). In unmanaged habitats, plants from the native range flowered later than those from the invaded range. In both ranges, flowering was delayed in managed sites where the population density was higher and most plants flowered around the fifth year. Reproductive output of individual plants was neither related to population density nor to age at flowering. More favorable climatic conditions in the invaded region, together with increased chances for dispersal in a densely colonized central Europe, seemed to allow the massive invasion.
Irregular droughts trigger mass flowering in aseasonal tropical forests in asia
Authors: Sakai Shoko , Harrison Rhett D. , Momose Kuniyasu , Kuraji Koichiro , Nagamasu Hidetoshi , Yasunari Tetsuzo , Chong Lucy , Nakashizuka Tohru
Published: February 2008

General flowering is a community‐wide masting phenomenon, which is thus far documented only in aseasonal tropical forests in Asia. Although the canopy and emergent layers of forests in this region are dominated by species of a single family, Dipterocarpaceae, general flowering involves various plant groups. Studying proximate factors and estimating the flowering patterns of the past and future may aid our understanding of the ecological significance and evolutionary factors behind this phenomenon. Here we show that this phenomenon is most likely triggered by irregular droughts based on 10 years of observations. In the aseasonal forests of SE Asia, droughts tend to occur during transition periods from La Niña to El Niño, which results in an irregular 6–7‐yr cycle involving a dry period with several droughts and a wet period without droughts. The magnitude of a flowering event also depends on the timing of droughts associated with the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) cycle, with the largest events occurring after an interval of several years with no flowering. Because most plant species can only reproduce successfully during large flowering events, changes in the ENSO cycle resulting from global warming, may have serious ramifications for forest regeneration in this region.
Origins, distribution, and local co‐occurrence of polyploid cytotypes in Solidago altissima (Asteraceae)
Authors: Halverson Kristy , Heard Stephen B. , Nason John D. , Stireman John O.
Published: February 2008

There is growing realization that intraspecific polyploidy in plants has important implications for the evolution of plant diversity and for plant and plant–herbivore community dynamics. Nonetheless, the rate at which polyploid cytotypes arise and their fate in local mixed‐cytotype populations are not well understood. Although within‐ and especially among‐population cytotype variation has been documented in many plants, particularly at the largest (continental) spatial scales, local and regional distributions of cytotypes have been well characterized only for a handful of species. Furthermore, few if any studies have addressed both local and regional patterns in the same plant species with sufficient power to detect cytotype variation on both scales. We assessed the co‐occurrence and frequency distributions of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid cytotypes of Solidago altissima (Asteraceae) at local and regional spatial scales, sampling across a zone of presumed ploidy‐form overlap in the midwestern United States. Determining ploidy by flow cytometry, we found many local populations containing two or three cytotypes, with the relative frequencies of cytotypes varying dramatically even among neighboring populations. AFLP marker data suggest that polyploid cytotypes of S. altissima likely have multiple origins from different diploid lineages. Our results are consistent with recent perspectives on polyploidization as an evolutionarily dynamic phenomenon with frequent multiple origins of higher‐ploidy cytotypes.
The Ontario Cancer Research Ethics Board: A Central REB That Works
Authors: Chaddah M. R.
Published: February 2008

The Ontario Cancer Research Ethics Board (ocreb) has made its mark within Ontario as a successful, centralized, oncology-specific research ethics board. As such, ocreb has proven invaluable to principal investigators, sponsors, and study participants given its ability to reduce duplication during the submission process, to provide the highest quality of review, to shorten study start-up time, and to implement more efficient methods of reporting serious adverse events.
Cardiac Management during Adjuvant Trastuzumab Therapy: Recommendations of the Canadian Trastuzumab Working Group
Authors: Mackey J. R. , Clemons M. , Côté M.A. , Delgado D. , Dent S. , Paterson A. , Provencher L. , Sawyer M.B. , Verma S.
Published: February 2008

Trastuzumab has been shown to be an effective therapy for women with breast cancer that overexpresses the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (her2) protein. In the pivotal metastatic breast cancer trials, cardiac dysfunction was observed in women treated with trastuzumab and chemotherapy. The incidence and severity of cardiac dysfunction was greatest among patients who received trastuzumab in combination with anthracycline-based therapy. Those findings influenced the design of subsequent trastuzumab trials to include prospective evaluations of cardiac effects and protocols for cardiac monitoring and management. The risk of cardiotoxicity has also driven efforts to develop non-anthracycline-based regimens for women with her2-positive breast cancers. With the increasing use of trastuzumab, particularly in the curative adjuvant setting, the need for a rational approach to the treatment and cardiac management of the relevant patient population is clear. The mandate of the Canadian Trastuzumab Working Group was to formulate recommendations, based on available data, for the assessment and management of cardiac complications during adjuvant trastuzumab therapy. The panel formulated recommendations in four areas: (1) Risk factors for cardiotoxicity; (2) Effects of various regimens (3) Monitoring (4) Management The recommendations published here are expected to evolve as more data become available and experience with trastuzumab in the adjuvant setting grows.
Pornography use and sexual aggression: the impact of frequency and type of pornography use on recidivism among sexual offenders
Authors: Kingston Drew A. , Fedoroff Paul , Firestone Philip , Curry Susan , Bradford John M.
Published: February 2008

In this study, we examined the unique contribution of pornography consumption to the longitudinal prediction of criminal recidivism in a sample of 341 child molesters. We specifically tested the hypothesis, based on predictions informed by the confluence model of sexual aggression that pornography will be a risk factor for recidivism only for those individuals classified as relatively high risk for re‐offending. Pornography use (frequency and type) was assessed through self‐report and recidivism was measured using data from a national database from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Indices of recidivism, which were assessed up to 15 years after release, included an overall criminal recidivism index, as well as subcategories focusing on violent (including sexual) recidivism and sexual recidivism alone. Results for both frequency and type of pornography use were generally consistent with our predictions. Most importantly, after controlling for general and specific risk factors for sexual aggression, pornography added significantly to the prediction of recidivism. Statistical interactions indicated that frequency of pornography use was primarily a risk factor for higher‐risk offenders, when compared with lower‐risk offenders, and that content of pornography (i.e., pornography containing deviant content) was a risk factor for all groups. The importance of conceptualizing particular risk factors (e.g., pornography), within the context of other individual characteristics is discussed. Aggr. Behav. 34:341–351, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural Characteristics of Antibacterial Bioresorbable Phosphate Glass
Authors: Moss Robert M. , Pickup David M. , Ahmed Ifty , Knowles Jonathan C. , Smith Mark E. , Newport Robert J.
Published: February 2008

Neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution has been used to probe the local environment of silver in a melt‐quench derived bioresorbable phosphate glass. Samples enriched with 107Ag and 109Ag were prepared and neutron diffraction data collected. A first‐order difference was taken between the data sets to give detailed information about the silver environment in the glass matrix. The measured Ag‐O correlation has three components in the first coordination shell at 2.28 Å, 2.51 Å, and 2.58 Å with coordination numbers of 2.1, 2.7, and 1.1, respectively, consistent with silver occupying a distorted octahedral environment. These results have been correlated with those from Ag K‐edge X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy measurements. The results suggest that the addition of silver to the (CaO)0.3(Na2O)0.2(P2O5)0.5 system has a significant effect on the host phosphate network, with shorter and more branched chains replacing the long chains and rings normally associated with the metaphosphate composition.
Novel Three Dimensional Cubic Fm3m Mesoporous Aluminosilicates with Tailored Cage Type Pore Structure and High Aluminum Content
Authors: Srinivasu Pavuluri , Alam Sher , Balasubramanian Veerappan V. , Velmathi Sivan , Sawant Dhanashri P. , Böhlmann Winfred , Mirajkar Subhash P. , Ariga Katsuhiko , Halligudi Shivappa B. , Vinu Ajayan
Published: February 2008

Novel three dimensional cubic Fm3m mesoporous aluminosilicates (AlKIT‐5) with very high structural order and unprecedented loadings of Al in the silica framework have been successfully prepared for the first time by using non ionic surfactant as a template in a highly acidic medium. The obtained materials have been unambiguously characterized in detail by several sophisticated techniques such as XRD, N2 adsorption, HRTEM, HRSEM, EDS, elemental mapping, 27Al MAS NMR, and NH3‐TPD. We also demonstrate that the nature, and the amount of Al incorporation in the silica framework can easily be controlled by simply varying the nH2O/nHCl and the nSi/nAl ratios, and the Al sources in the synthesis gel. Among the Al sources examined, the Al isopropoxide (AiPr) is superior over other Al sources. 27Al MAS NMR results reveal that the amount of tetrahedral Al in the framework can be controlled by simply adjusting the nSi/nAl ratio in the synthesis gel, which increases with increasing the Al incorporation. One of the interesting findings in the work is the increase of the specific surface area, specific pore volume and the pore diameter of AlKIT‐5 with increasing the Al incorporation in the silica framework (up to nSi/nAl ratio of 10) while retaining the well‐ordered three dimensional cage type porous structure, and the mechanism for the unusual behavior has been discussed in detail. Finally, the acidity and the catalytic activity in the acetylation of veratrole of the AlKIT‐5 catalysts have been studied and the results have been compared with the several zeolites catalysts. Among the catalysts examined, AlKIT‐5(10) is found to be superior over the zeolites catalysts such as mordenite, zeolite H‐Y, zeolite H‐β, and ZSM‐5.
The Biology and Chemistry of the Zoanthamine Alkaloids
Authors: Behenna Douglas C. , Stockdill Jennifer L. , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: February 2008

Marine natural products have long played an important role in natural products chemistry and drug discovery. Mirroring the rich variety and complicated interactions of the marine environment, the substances isolated from sea creatures tend to be incredibly diverse in both molecular structure and biological activity. The natural products isolated from the polyps of marine zoanthids are no exception. The zoanthamine alkaloids, the first of which were isolated over 20 years ago, are of particular interest to the synthetic community because they feature a novel structural framework and exhibit a broad range of biological activities. In this Review, we summarize the major contributions to understanding the zoanthamine natural products with regard to their isolation and structure determination, as well as studies on their biological activity and total synthesis.
The use of narrative analysis and psychoanalytic exploration of group processes in multicultural training
Authors: Mirsky Julia
Published: February 2008

Narrative techniques combined with psychoanalytically oriented exploration of group processes can enhance the training of mental health professionals. This paper demonstrates their implementation in multicultural training. It is suggested that a study group can become a “resonant box” – a transitional space where experiences of immigrants, as conveyed in their narratives, meet the reactions of the listeners and together create the “sound” of the narrative. Narratives may resonate in contents as well as in processes: in the thoughts and emotions that students express, in their unconscious reactions and resistances as well as in unconscious group processes. When recognized and explored these contents and processes may become a source of insight into the experiences of the narrator. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Water‐Soluble Carboxylated Polyfluorene and Its Fluorescence Quenching by Cationic Quenchers and Proteins
Authors: Zhang Yong , Liu Bin , Cao Yong
Published: February 2008

We have developed a new intermediate monomer, 2,7‐[bis(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)‐9,9‐bis(3‐(tert‐butyl propanoate))]fluorene, that allows the easy synthesis of water‐soluble carboxylated polyfluorenes. As an example, poly[9,9′‐bis(3′′‐propanoate)fluoren‐2,7‐yl] sodium salt was synthesized by the Suzuki coupling reaction, and the properties of the polymer were studied in aqueous solutions of different pH. Fluorescence quenching of the polymer by different cationic quenchers (MV2+, MV4+, and NO2MV2+; MV=methyl viologen) was studied, and the quenching constants were found to be dependent on the charge and electron affinity of the quencher molecule and the pH of the medium. The largest quenching constant was observed to be 1.39×108 M−1 for NO2MV2+ at pH 7. The change in polymer fluorescence upon interaction with different proteins was also studied. Strong fluorescence quenching of the polymer was observed in the presence of cytochrome c, whereas weak quenching was observed in the presence of myoglobin and bovine serum albumin. Lysozyme quenched the polymer emission at low protein concentrations, and the quenching became saturated at high protein concentrations. Under similar experimental conditions, the polymer showed improved quenching efficiencies toward cationic quenchers and a more selective response to proteins relative to other carboxylated conjugated polymers.
Simultaneous monitoring of peptide aggregate distributions, structure, and kinetics using amide hydrogen exchange: Application to Aβ(1‐40) fibrillogenesis
Authors: Qi Wei , Zhang Aming , Patel Dhara , Lee Sungmun , Harrington Jamie L. , Zhao Liming , Schaefer David , Good Theresa A. , Fernandez Erik J.
Published: February 2008

Increasing evidence indicates that soluble aggregates of amyloid beta protein (Aβ) are neurotoxic. However, difficulty in isolating these unstable, dynamic species impedes studies of Aβ and other aggregating peptides and proteins. In this study, hydrogen–deuterium exchange (HX) detected by mass spectrometry (MS) was used to measure Aβ(1‐40) aggregate distributions without purification or modification that might alter the aggregate structure or distribution. Different peaks in the mass spectra were assigned to monomer, low molecular weight oligomer, intermediate, and fibril based on HX labeling behavior and complementary assays. After 1 h labeling, the intermediates incorporated approximately ten more deuterons relative to fibrils, indicating a more solvent exposed structure of such intermediates. HX‐MS also showed that the intermediate species dissociated much more slowly to monomer than did the very low molecular weight oligomers that were formed at very early times in Aβ aggregation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements revealed the intermediates were roughly spherical with relatively homogenous diameters of 30–50 nm. Quantitative analysis of the HX mass spectra showed that the amount of intermediate species was correlated with Aβ toxicity patterns reported in a previous study under the same conditions. This study also demonstrates the potential of the HX‐MS approach to characterizing complex, multi‐component oligomer distributions of aggregating peptides and proteins. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 1214–1227. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
‘The blighted germs of heterosexual tendencies’: reading Freud in (be)hindsight
Authors: Riggs Damien W.
Published: February 2008

This paper argues for an understanding of Freud's ‘queer’ contributions to social psychology, and posits the ongoing utility of psychoanalysis for developing social psychological approaches to understanding both same‐sex attracted identities and heteronormativity. Through an elaboration of two key areas of Freud's work, namely his implicit critiques of heteronormativity and his explicit support for the rights of those who do not identify as heterosexual, I propose that the problematic aspects of psychoanalytic theory must be placed alongside the considerable gains to be made from the application of Freud's work to theorising within social psychology. In particular, I suggest that the understandings of identity and desire as formulated through psychoanalysis demonstrate the always already queer nature of social psychology through its engagement with psychoanalysis. I conclude by highlighting the ongoing tools that a psychoanalytic social psychology may provide for challenging heteronormativity and privileging non‐normative accounts of subjectivity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Community feeling and social interest: Adlerian parallels, synergy and differences with the field of community psychology
Authors: King Russell A. , Shelley Christopher A.
Published: February 2008

The field of community psychology has generally elided the insights of depth psychology and the traditions of Freud, Adler and Jung. Implicitly rejecting the notion of the unconscious, community psychology favours conscious, pragmatic agency. Whereas depth psychology is commonly associated with treatment modalities, community psychology argues that psychotherapy is ultimately unnecessary when prevention strategies are adequately deployed. In the critical and community psychology literature psychotherapy is often derided as both ‘individualistic’ and inefficient. Adlerian psychology, which espouses a method of psychotherapy, nevertheless holds key points of synergy with community psychology. To distinguish the school from psychoanalysis Alfred Adler named his approach ‘Individual Psychology’, which could obscure its' social orientation. Like community psychologists, Adlerians similarly argue for a sense of cohesive community as crucial to mental health. They have also adopted an ecological holism as core epistemology, and argue for reducing the necessity of psychotherapy by working in tandem on community‐based prevention strategies. The authors consider the rationale for community psychology's distance from the depth psychologies whilst arguing that the unconscious could, if engaged with analytically, provide the discourse with radical new insights. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal risk factor modification and medical management of the patient with peripheral arterial disease
Authors: Chi Yung‐Wei , Jaff Michael R.
Published: February 2008

Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAD) is a highly prevalent atherosclerotic syndrome associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is defined by atherosclerotic obstruction of the abdominal aorta and arteries to the legs that reduces arterial flow during exercise and/or at rest, and is a common manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis. PAD represents a marker for premature cardiovascular events, and in patients with PAD, even in the absence of a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or ischemic stroke, they have approximately the same relative risk of death from cardiovascular causes as do patients with a history of coronary or cerebrovascular disease. In addition, their death rate from all causes is approximately equal in men and women and is elevated even in asymptomatic patients. The major risk factors for PAD are the well defined atherosclerotic risks such as diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, advanced age, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Due to the presence of these risk factors, the systemic nature of atherosclerosis, and the high risk of ischemic events, patients with PAD should be candidates for aggressive secondary prevention strategies including aggressive risk factor modification, antiplatelet therapy, lipid lowering therapy and antihypertensive treatment. This article reviews the current medical treatment and risk factor modification of patients with PAD. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applications of multislice coronary computed tomographic angiography to percutaneous coronary intervention: How did we ever do without It?
Authors: Hecht Harvey S.
Published: February 2008

By providing data previously available only by intravascular ultrasound, 64‐slice multidetector computed tomographic angiography (CTA) will impact percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in multiple areas: (1) pre‐PCI patient selection; (2) identification of significant lesions; (3) in‐stent restenosis; (4) procedure planning: stent sizing, choice of intervention, and equipment, chronic total occlusions, 3D‐CTA in the catheterization laboratory; (5) plaque evaluation and identification of high‐risk lesions; (6) postcatheterization decisions, and (7) structural heart disease. The likely outcome is transformation of the catheterization laboratory into a streamlined interventional suite, utilizing on‐line CTA data in an interactive format. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adsorption Mechanism for 2‐Methylpyridine on Hypercross‐linked Fibers
Authors: Li D.‐G. , Zhang Y.‐L.
Published: February 2008

Two types of novel hypercross‐linked fiber adsorbents, ZH‐01 and ZH‐02, were prepared by cross‐linking PP‐ST‐DVB fibers in solution with p‐xylylenedichloride and monochloromethylether according to the Friedel‐Crafts reaction. A series of static adsorption tests were performed. The results showed that the adsorbents have excellent adsorption capacities for 2‐methylpyridine and the adsorption equilibrium data can be fitted well by the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic studies supported the conclusion that the mechanism of adsorption for 2‐methylpyridine on the adsorbents is physical adsorption and a lower temperature is favorable to the exothermic physisorption process. In addition, kinetic studies were also carried out. The hypercross‐linked fiber adsorbents showed a faster adsorption rate than the base PP‐ST‐DVB fiber. The faster attainment of adsorption equilibrium for 2‐methylpyridine on the adsorbents (within 2 h), is advantageous for practical use. A first‐order reaction rate equation was assumed for the adsorption system and was suitable to describe the process. The equilibrium rate constants of the adsorbents correlated well with their adsorption capacities.
A Study of the pH Dependence of the Two‐Step Oximation of Acetone by in situ Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Keglevich G. , Csontos I. , Szilágyi N. , Greiner I.
Published: February 2008

In situ Fourier transform IR spectroscopy has been found to be an appropriate tool for the evaluation, monitoring and optimization of the pH dependent and two‐step oximation of acetone in water. When carrying out the reaction at 5 °C, the intermediate formation of the acetone‐hydroxylamine adduct (2) was observed at pH 8.5, while at pH 10, the oxime (3) was formed almost instantly. Identification of the intermediate (2) was promoted by the IR spectrum obtained by B3LYP/6‐31++G(d,p)//PCM calculations. At pH ∼ 2.5, the protonated form of the oxime (3') developed gradually, but the intermediate (2) could not be observed. The pH dependence of the stability of the intermediate (2) and the (3' → 3) and (3 → 3') interconversions were studied in separate experiments. An equilibrium was observed in the latter case.
Research Activities on the Utilization of Carbon Dioxide in Korea
Authors: Choi Myoung‐Jae , Cho Deug‐Hee
Published: February 2008

Research activities on the development of technologies for the chemical conversion of CO2 to sources of useful chemicals and clean synthetic carbon fuels are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the technological characteristics of various chemicals developed from CO2 and utilization of CO2‐containing gases emitted from various industrial sources. Another viewpoint on the use of biomass material as an alternative source of fossil fuel is also presented. The current status of research on the mitigation of CO2 via biomass utilization in Korea is discussed at the end of the review.
Growth and characterization of nano‐crystalline hydroxyapatite at physiological conditions
Authors: Kumar A. Ruban , Kalainathan S.
Published: February 2008

Pure, stable stoichimetric nano crystalline hydroxyapatite material was crystallized by double diffusion technique at physiological conditions, temperature at 37°C and pH at 7.4. The sample was sintered at 400°C, 750°C and 1200°C with equal interval of time. They were characterized by X‐ray diffraction studies, Fourier Transformation Infra‐Red analysis, Thermogravimetric analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopic studies and Atomic Force Microscopic studies. The X‐ray analysis confirmed that the grown crystals are to be the pure form of hydroxyapatite. Infra‐red studies confirmed CO free hydroxyapatite. Thermogravimetric studies showed the thermal stability of the hydroxyapatite crystals even at 1200°C. The presence of pores in the sintered sample was traced by scanning electron microscopy. Atomic force microscopy revealed the presence of nano crystalline HAP of size 0.958 nanometer in the samples grown using this technique. At higher temperature the deagglomeration of bulk phases and agglomeration of nano phases leads to the nano crystalline HAP were observed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of Er3+ doping concentration and calcination on fluorescence properties of La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14 nanocrystals
Authors: Yu F. P. , Yuan D. R. , Guo S. Y. , Duan X. L. , Wang X. Q. , Kong L. M. , Zhang X. Q. , Zhao X.
Published: February 2008

The effects of Er3+ doping concentration and calcination were examined on the fluorescence properties of La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14 (Er:LGN) nanoparticles for the first time. High quality Er:LGN nanoparticles were synthesized by sol‐gel method. The room temperature fluorescence spectra showed a green emission, which can be attributed to 2H11/2‐4I15/2 and 4S3/2‐4I15/2 transition. The relationship between the relative emission intensity and the doping concentration was investigated. The maximum of the Er3+ doping concentration in LGN nanopowders is 2.0%. The fluorescent lifetime of 2.0% Er:LGN nanoparticles is 1.45ns. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
From transcriptome to cytome: Integrating cytometric profiling, multivariate cluster, and prediction analyses for a phenotypical classification of inflammatory diseases
Authors: Steinbrich‐Zöllner Marta , Grün Joachim R. , Kaiser Toralf , Biesen Robert , Raba Katharina , Wu Peihua , Thiel Andreas , Rudwaleit Martin , Sieper Joachim , Burmester Gerd‐Rüdiger , Radbruch Andreas , Grützkau Andreas
Published: February 2008

Gene expression studies of peripheral blood cells in inflammatory diseases revealed a large array of new antigens as potential biomarkers useful for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy stratification. Generally, their validation on the protein level remains mainly restricted to a more hypothesis‐driven manner. State‐of‐the‐art multicolor flow cytometry make it attractive to validate candidate genes at the protein and single cell level combined with a detailed immunophenotyping of blood cell subsets. We developed multicolor staining panels including up to 50 different monoclonal antibodies that allowed the assessment of several hundreds of phenotypical parameters in a few milliliters of peripheral blood. Up to 10 different surface antigens were measured simultaneously by the combination of seven different fluorescence colors. In a pilot study blood samples of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients were compared with normal donors (ND). A special focus was set on the establishment of suitable bioinformatic strategy for storing and analyzing hundreds of phenotypical parameters obtained from a single blood sample. We could establish a set of multicolor stainings that allowed monitoring of all major leukocyte populations and their corresponding subtypes in peripheral blood. In addition, antigens involved in complement and antibody binding, cell migration, and activation were acquired. The feasibility of our cytometric profiling approach was demonstrated by a successful classification of AS samples with a reduced subset of 80 statistically significant parameters, which are partially involved in antigen presentation and cell migration. Furthermore, these parameters allowed an error‐free prediction of independent AS and ND samples originally not included for parameter selection. This study demonstrates a new level of multiparametric analysis in the post‐transcriptomic era. The integration of an appropriate bioinformatic solution as presented here by the combination of a custom‐made Access database along with cluster‐ and prediction‐analysis tools predestine our approach to promote the human cytome project. © 2008 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Critical endowment policy issues
Authors: Lapovsky Lucie
Published: February 2008

Governing boards and administrations wrestle with complex endowment policy decisions that will determine current institutional quality and future institutional viability.
Strategic human resource management, firm performance, and employee relations climate in China
Authors: Ngo Hang‐Yue , Lau Chung‐Ming , Foley Sharon
Published: February 2008

We examined strategic human resource management (SHRM) and human resource practices in the People's Republic of China to assess the impact of these practices on firm performance and the employee relations climate. We also tested whether firm ownership moderates the above relationships. Empirical results from a sample of Chinese firms from various industries and regions showed that the levels of adoption of SHRM and HR practices were lower in state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) than in foreign‐invested enterprises (FIEs) and privately owned enterprises (POEs). Both SHRM and HR practices were found to have direct and positive effects on financial performance, operational performance, and the employee relations climate. However, the moderating effect of ownership type was significant for financial performance only. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A retrospective and prospective analysis of HRM research in Chinese firms: Implications and directions for future study
Authors: Zhu Cherrie Jiuhua , Thomson S. Bruce , Cieri Helen De
Published: February 2008

Based on an extensive review and analysis of 182 articles published in the field of human resource management that focus on China since its economic reform, this article discusses the major reasons for the growth in this area of research. We identify five major categories spanning research and practice, ownership type, and research method. Further, we examine issues and deficiencies in the research literature. Based on our analysis of each research category, we present a substantial series of research questions and implications for future research on HRM in China. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New forms of ownership and human resource practices in Vietnam
Authors: Zhu Ying , Collins Ngan , Webber Michael , Benson John
Published: February 2008

In 1986, the government of Vietnam commenced the move from a centrally planned system to a market‐oriented economy with a multisectoral economic structure and a multiownership system.This process, known as Doi Moi, has had a major effect on the economic and social fabric of Vietnam. Although the body of research on this topic has grown, few studies have explored the effect of these economic changes on the internal operations of enterprises. In particular, little is known about the relationship between these new forms of ownership and how enterprises structure their human resource management. This article seeks to explore this relationship through detailed case studies of 32 enterprises covering the range of ownership types.The findings reveal a diversity of human resource management practices, but certain practices are now more prevalent in particular types of enterprises; human resource management remains the overall exception. The article concludes by considering the theoretical and practical implications of these results for economies undergoing transition. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using the variance structure of the conditional autoregressive spatial specification to model knowledge spillovers
Authors: Parent Olivier , LeSage James P.
Published: February 2008

This study investigates the pattern of knowledge spillovers arising from patent activity between European regions. A Bayesian hierarchical model is developed that specifies region‐specific latent effects parameters modeled using a connectivity structure between regions that can reflect geographical proximity in conjunction with technological and other types of proximity. This approach exploits the fact that interregional relationships may exhibit industry‐specific technological linkages or transportation network linkages, which is in contrast to traditional studies relying exclusively on geographical proximity. We also allow for both symmetric and asymmetric knowledge spillovers between regions, and for heterogeneity across the regional sample. A series of formal Bayesian model comparisons provides support for a model based on technological proximity combined with spatial proximity, asymmetric knowledge spillovers, and heterogeneity in the disturbances. Estimates of region‐specific latent effects parameters structured in this fashion are produced by the model and used to draw inferences regarding the character of knowledge spillovers across the regions. The method is illustrated using sample data on patent activity covering 323 regions in nine European countries. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel anti‐angiogenic peptides derived From ELR‐containing CXC chemokines
Authors: Karagiannis Emmanouil D. , Popel Aleksander S.
Published: February 2008

Angiogenesis is tightly regulated by numerous endogenous pro‐ and anti‐angiogenic proteins and peptides. Among these are the CXC chemokines, a set of multifunctional peptides. CXC chemokines containing the ELR motif act as pro‐angiogenic agents by regulating both endothelial cell proliferation and migration. Here we show that a set of six 22–24‐amino acid peptides derived from the pro‐angiogenic ELR‐containing CXC chemokines exhibit notable anti‐proliferative and anti‐migratory activity in vitro; we call these peptides chemokinostatins. The ability of the identified peptides to inhibit the basic components of angiogenesis even though they are derived from pro‐angiogenic proteins contributes towards the understanding of the diverse role of the CXC chemokine family in angiogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 1356–1363, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basis set dependence of solute–solvent interaction energy of benzene in water: A HF/DFT study
Authors: Bondesson Laban , Rudberg Elias , Luo Yi , Sałek Paweł
Published: February 2008

Solute–solvent interaction energies for the benzene molecule dissolved in water are computed using Hartree‐Fock and B3LYP density functional theories. Explicit solvent molecules up to 14‐Å away from the dissolved benzene molecule are included in the calculation of interaction energies. Both basis set dependence and basis set superposition errors are carefully examined. It is found that the use of a larger basis set for the region near the solute together with a smaller basis set for the outer region gives results very close to what would have been obtained if the larger basis set had been used for the whole system. It is also shown that a correction for the basis set superposition error is a necessary component in this kind of calculations. With this correction, results obtained with different tested basis sets converge to within 1 kcal/mol. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2008