bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing Attitudes Towards the Ottomans in Romanian Historiography
Authors: Miroiu Mihai
Published: February 2016

Students of Eastern European affairs have pointed out that this part of the world shares in considerable measure the historical mode of thinking about itself; its self-perception is, in part at least, provided by its historical awareness and a tradition of historiography, that is, the past as organized and interpreted by the historian (Roberts, 1970). Unlike other societies, in which the historical component of self-identification is not at all prominent, its place being taken either by a set mythology or by all-embracing religious or legal norms, Eastern European societies have developed a historiographical tradition. It can truly be said that they have been obsessively preoccupied by history and the main reason for this obsession is that for over four hundred years these societies were an integral part of the Ottoman empire.
Monsters that remember: Tracing the story of the Workers' Monument in Tophane, İstanbul
Authors: Ahiska Meltem
Published: February 2016

This article focuses on a particular monument in Tophane, the Workers' Monument, which has been subjected to destructions ever since the time it was put in place in 1973 and which still stands in the same place as a crippled and unidentifiable body. Many people have referred to it as a “monster.” The term “monster” points to unacceptable forms of life, cast aside as “abnormal,” and can be of use in tracing how certain memories are crushed or abandoned and become aberrant. Thus, I argue that the story of the destruction of the Workers' Monument cannot be read independently of the performative command of the state, best observed in erecting Atatürk monuments all over the country as visual embodiments of power and furthermore securing and protecting them against destruction by the force of law. Monuments contribute to the closure of the past as a dead body. However, they also forge a regime of memory and desire that serves power. I dwell on the issue of monuments in Turkey in that interstice between life and death, that is, in their “monstrosity,” so as to reflect on what remainsunrepresentablewithin the complex history—in other words, to reflect on the problem of power, history, and memory/counter-memory.
Images delegitimized and discouraged: Explicitly political art and the arbitrariness of the unspeakable
Authors: Karaca Banu
Published: February 2016

While the increasing interest in contemporary art from Turkey has centered on explicitly political works, discussions on the limitations of the freedom of expression have likewise come under the spotlight, not least with regard to Turkey's EU candidacy. In contrast to the attempts of complete suppression marking the 1980 coup d'état and its aftermath, current censorship mechanisms aim to delegitimize and discourage artistic expressions (and their circulation) that can be construed as threatening the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the Turkish state, and to turn their producers into targets. This article investigates selected images produced in the contemporary art world between 2005 and 2008, which were taken to transcend the limits of what constitutes tolerable depictions of Turkey's socio-political realities. It examines current modalities of censorship in the visual arts and the different actors involved in silencing efforts. The cases show that within these fields of delimitation there are considerable contingencies: The domain of the unspeakable remains unclearly mapped. I argue that it is because, not despite, this arbitrariness that delegitimizing interventions are successful, in that they (a) create incentives for self-censorship, and (b) produce defenses of artistic freedom that, by highlighting the autonomy of art, to some extent consolidate a conceptual separation of art from politics.
“Serbest meslek sahibi”: Neoliberal subjectivity among İstanbul's popular sectors
Authors: Tuğal Cihan
Published: February 2016

Some of the literature on neoliberal subjectivity tends to attribute omnipotence and impeccable consistency to neoliberalism. Other recent literature, by contrast, has emphasized how actually existing neoliberal subjectivity combines liberal and non-liberal elements, some of the latter emanating from local culture. However, even this revisionist scholarship holds that the non-liberal elements only lead to a smoother functioning of neoliberalism. A focus on informal workers and small merchants in a squatter district in İstanbul reveals that neoliberal subjectivity harbors contradictory orientations that might actually undermine some aspects of neoliberalism. The mixture of self-reliance, individual responsibility (condensed in an emphasis on hard work and pious patience), and entrepreneurial spirit with extra-market survival techniques, as well as non-liberal orientations toward legal property, land and money, and desire of redistribution (as well as state protection against big capital) all exhibit how marketization is restricted, twisted, and perhaps endangered, even within the process of neoliberalization.
Whose city is it anyway? Middle class imagination and urban restructuring in twenty-first century Kolkata
Authors: Donner Henrike
Published: February 2016

This article provides an overview of the way in which post-liberalization urban restructuring is determined by middle class imaginations and lifestyles in Kolkata, India. It charts how the conjunction between planning, politics and private investment made middle class hegemony in the new urban politics possible, and how the processes that have been set in motion create new spatializations according to class through exclusions and reformulate citizenship as social relationships are redefined in the language of markets.
Internationalization of finance capital in Spain and Turkey: Neoliberal globalization and the political economy of state policies
Authors: Kutlay Mustafa
Published: February 2016

This study applies the proactive/reactive state framework to the transformation of Spanish and Turkish finance capital in a comparative perspective. It concludes that the “proactive” policies pursued by the Spanish state and the strategic coalition established between political elites and the integrationist segments of finance capital resulted in the heterodox internationalization of Spanish firms, whereas the “reactive” state policies in Turkey, designed in line with orthodox neoliberal dictums, paved the way for an incomplete internationalization. The 2007/2008 crisis, however, demonstrates that the same state may be both proactive and reactive across various policy fields over time. The recent Spanish financial crisis and Turkey's regulatory success after 2001 illustrate this point.
Privatization processes as ideological moments: The block sales of large-scale state enterprises in Turkey in the 2000s
Authors: Angın Merih , Bedirhanoğlu Pınar
Published: February 2016

In the process of neoliberal transformation in Turkey, what differentiated the 2000s from the previous two decades were the block sale privatizations of large-scale state enterprises such as PETKİM, Türk Telekom, TÜPRAŞ, and ERDEMİR. These block sales, the conditions of which were shaped by political struggles at different levels, were also constitutive political and ideological moments per se, helping to reproduce a particular perception of social reality at the expense of others. This paper will overview and critically problematize the privatization processes of these four enterprises, all completed under the successive AKP governments in power since 2002. By focusing on the apparently technical and economic aspects of the block-sale processes, such as valuation, efficiency enhancement and marketing, the paper calls into question the increased concerns over their transparency, and wonders whether such concerns can be understood as attempts to mask the substantially corrupt nature of capitalist relations of production, which inescapably makes itself felt during these processes.
Changing Origins of Inequalities in Access to Health Care Services in Turkey: From Occupational Status to Income
Authors: Yilmaz Volkan
Published: February 2016

Health care reforms have always been critical political arenas within which the parameters of citizens' access to health care services and thus the new terms of social bargain that backs social policies are negotiated. Despite the relative success of Turkey in establishing public health insurance schemes and developing a public capacity for health care service delivery since the late 1940s, Turkey's health care system has largely failed to institute equality of access to health care services. With the promise of abolishing the inequalities, the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) launched Turkey's Health Transformation Program in 2003. Since then, Turkey's health care system has been undergoing a significant transformation. On the one hand, with the unification of all public health insurance schemes under a compulsory universal health insurance scheme and the equalization of benefit packages for all publicly insured, the program has succeeded in abolishing the occupational status-based inequalities in access to health care services. On the other, this article suggests that the program has changed the main origin of inequalities in service access from occupational status to income. As the country suffers from an uneven distribution of income, it is argued that these incomebased inequalities in access pose a significant threat to the realization of the social citizenship ideal in Turkey.
The Politics of the Digital Technoscape in Turkey: Surveillance and Resistance of Kurds
Authors: Çelik Burçe
Published: February 2016

This paper explores how the state employs digital technologies in its pacification of dissident political bodies, subjectivities, and communicative capabilities. It explores strategies of resistance to the surveillance practices which come to the fore as a state form, as a means of social control, and as a mechanism for creating manageable and disciplined crowds. Drawing upon ethnographic data, it focuses on the contemporary politics of the Kurdish movement in Turkey. In particular, it analyses the digitized surveillance and resistance of Kurds, both of which function as crucial components of contemporary power regimes in Turkey.
Some Economic Aspects of Turkish Armaments Spending
Authors: Günlük-Şeneser Gülay
Published: February 2016

The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the economic aspects of armament expenditures in Turkey in recent years. There are two forms of arms acquisitions: purchasing from abroad and purchasing from domestic arms producers. In both cases, the government is the sole purchasing and/or ordering body. When purchasing from domestic producers, the government expresses a preference in terms of promoting a new industrial activity. Hence the acquisition decisions of the Turkish armed forces are reflected onto the markets through the government. This is the main reason why armament decisions do not remain solely in the political and/or military domain, but have serious economic implications, the means of financing being the most important.
Globalization and Financial Blow-ups in the Semi-Periphery: Perspectives on Turkey's Financial Crisis Of 1994
Authors: Öniş Ziya
Published: February 2016

Globalization versus the nation state has emerged as one of the central areas of controversy and debate in the field of international political economy in the context of the 1990s. The pace of technological change, the speeding up of communications and the extent of international economic integration have brought into question the effectiveness of many traditional national economic instruments. A number of investigators point towards the erosion of economic sovereignty and question the nation state as the main building block of governance. It is undoubtedly the case that the nation state is under pressure; yet it is also the case that the process of globalization is much more in evidence in some areas than others. Whilst we observe significant increases in the volume of trade and foreign direct investment over the past decade, the process of globalization has arguably proceeded further than anywhere else in the sphere of financial capital. Computerization, advanced telecommunications, and associated pressures for financial deregulation have resulted in a major increase in both the scale and mobility of financial capital across national boundaries. Capital is now so mobile that markets will ensure that holders of financial assets receive broadly the same risk adjusted real return anywhere. Any country that offers significantly lower returns will experience capital outflows and a rapidly depreciating exchange rate. It is now virtually impossible for countries to return to exchange controls as an instrument of economic regulation.
Constitutional Patriotism in Lebanon
Authors: Reinkowski Maurus
Published: February 2016

In this paper I will discuss the options of political identity the Lebanese have at their disposal against the background of the German experience. Germany and Lebanon, states at first glance completely different from each other, show some similarity in their historical experience. In the context of this comparison I will discussconstitutional patriotism, a political concept in circulation in Germany over the last fifteen years or so, and its potential application in the Lebanese case. Constitutional patriotism, unlike many other concepts originating in the West, has yet not entered the political vocabulary of the Middle East. The debate on democracy and the civil society is widespread in the whole of the Middle East, including Lebanon. Lebanon's political culture, polity and national identity, however, show some peculiar traits that might justify the introduction of the term constitutional patriotism into the Lebanese political debate.
Internationalization of Retailing in Turkey
Authors:   Nebahat Tokatlı - Yonca Boyacı
Published: February 2016

In the space of less than a decade, the metropolitan cities of Turkey have witnessed a dramatic and continuing change with the entry of international retailers into the Turkish retailing sector. This development was both sudden and surprising for a society in which retailing had always been dominated by small and independent domestic retailers. For years, the only structural change which had been anticipated by politicians and academics was an increasing role of public authorities in retail distribution, with the objective of eliminating middlemen and connecting producers more directly with consumers. In the late 1970s, there were doubts as to whether distribution should be left to the workings of the capitalist market. Even in the mid-1980s, people had only just started to learn how to pronounce the names of the largest international retailers. Then, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, foreign retail companies became involved in Turkish retailing.
The Political Economy of the Environment in Turkey
Authors: Adaman Fikret
Published: February 2016

This paper aims to propose a political economy framework to analyze environmental problems in Turkey. A political economy approach seems to be the appropriate way of investigating environmental issues, as not only are economy and the environment interwoven entities, changes in one affecting the other, but also collective actions are almost always required in dealing with such problems. With this integrated approach one can thus better understand the causes of such a degradation and subsequently search for the economic and political conditions that are conducive to halt environmental degradation.

Despite its theoretical and implementational problems, conventional economic theory has a well developed body of tools for examining environmental degradation, i.e. pollution and overuse of natural resources. But the theory assumes the existence and competence of a rather sterile political authority which enforces corrective measures. The corollary of this assumption is that the enforceability of these measures will become lax should there exist various forms of government failures. This paper will focus on Turkey as an example of a country where such government failures have beena prioriaccepted.
Multicultural Clientelism and Alevi Resurgence in the Turkish Diaspora: Berlin Alevis
Authors: Kaya Ayhan
Published: February 2016

This paper will concentrate primarily on the currentAleviresurgence in Berlin. While exposing the principal driving forces behind the resurgence of Alevism, three crucial aspects will be underlined. Firstly, it will be argued that Alevi resurgence in Berlin partly derives from the institutional structure of Berlin, which has “minoritised” and ethnicised Alevis in time throughAusländergesetz(Foreigners’ Law) and an ideology of multiculturalism. Secondly, it will be claimed that this ethnic revival leading to the construction of a community discourse among Alevis also springs from Alevis’ attempt to speak from the margin in a way that could reverberate more in the public sphere. Finally, the radicalising momentum, which Alevi revivalism in the diaspora context has recently gained, will be touched upon in relation to Sivas and Gazi Mahallesi incidences in Turkey.
Islamism, Feminism and Post-Modernism: Women's Movements in Islamic Countries
Authors: Göle Nilüfer
Published: February 2016

We thought “isms” were dead after our disillusionment with socialist utopian thinking in practice. But in the last two decades, new “isms,” Islamism, feminism and postmodernism, each very distinct, have changed our lives as much as our conceptions of ourselves and our societies. Feminism redefined woman's identity and, by the same token, changed the relations between man and woman; Islamism brought Muslim actors to modern politics, in which the veiling of women blurs habitual distinctions between public and private, traditional and modern; and post-modernism-by pursuing the critique initiated by new social movements for egalitarian, progressive, emancipatory values of enlightened modernity-challenged the central and hierarchical place occupied by the West as standard-bearer of modernity. Despite their differences, each movement—feminism as a social movement, Islamism as an anti-systemic movement, and postmodernism as a movement of ideas—changed definitions and perceptions of woman, Islam and modernity.
Looking beyond the Tribe: Abandoning Paradigms to Write Social History in Yemen During World War I
Authors: Blumi Isa
Published: February 2016

A common error in historico-political analysis consists in an inability to find the correct relation between what is organic and what is conjunctural. This leads to presenting causes as immediately operative which in fact only operate indirectly, or to asserting that the immediate causes are the only effective ones … In the first case there is an overestimation of mechanical causes, in the second an exaggeration of the voluntarist and individual element (Gramsci 1971, p. 178).
Turkish Nationalist Educational Thinking in the Last Ottoman Decade: Run-Up to Republican Pedagogy
Authors: Salmoni Barak A.
Published: February 2016

At the end of World War I, senior Ottoman military officers and bureaucrats led the Turkish Muslim inhabitants of Anatolia in a struggle for national independence against invading European armies, under the command of Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) and his deputy, İsmet İnönü. Emerging victorious in the war, Atatürk and his associates had garnered sufficient national legitimacy and prestige to end the Ottoman sultanate and caliphate, establish a Turkish Republic, and embark on a series of interventions in politics and society known in Turkish parlance as the Kemalist Reforms/Revolutions. Recrafting the ethos, substance, and goals of schooling into a properly national education (millî terbiye) was one of the central components of this reform.
Poverty Alleviation, Conflict and Power in Poor Displaced Households: A Study of the Views of Women in Diyarbakır
Authors: Şen Leyla
Published: February 2016

According to official data, urban poverty has been rising in Turkey since the 1990s. Macro-level causes include repetitive economic crises, the implementation of neoliberal policies recommended by international financial organizations, the failure to create employment and the increasing inequality in income distribution. The intensity of poverty in different provinces is related to the specific conditions of a particular region. In the 1990s, there was an influx of internally displaced people (IDPs) into the cities of Southeast Anatolia. The lack of employment opportunities, the state's reluctance to address the problems of IDPs and the IDPs' loss of kinship/community networks contributed to the deterioration of their condition in the new urban setting.
Empire of Sin: Militant Theology and Ideology in Early American Missions to the Ottoman Near East
Authors: Tsakiridou Cornelia A.
Published: February 2016

After looking at this great empire of sin, and contemplating its strength and glory, I have been led to examine the predictions of scripture in respect to it […] And is it not probable that the success of these Christian operations will excite the rage of the enemy, and induce the beast, the false prophet, unconverted Jews, and hardened infidels, to. make one fatal struggle for the extermination of true religion […]? Woe to me if I ever leave this sacred calling, if I do not consecrate every faculty to my high profession. Ever may it be the language of my heart, ‘conquest or death.’
The Original Turkish State: Opposing Nationalism in Nationalist Terms
Authors: Demetriou Olga
Published: February 2016

On the night of July 4, 2004, Greeks across the globe celebrated their national team's triumph in winning the European Championship Cup of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). The victory had been unexpected and the celebrations, which lasted until the next morning, largely spontaneous. Urban streets everywhere in Greece filled with people clad in Greek flags and in plastic replicas of Alexander the Great's helmet; cars hooted past, horns blowing to that well-known five-and-six-beat rhythm signifying soccer victory, the air thick with the bright fumes of celebratory crackers. In the towns of Thrace, where the majority of Greece's Turkish population lives, the scene was the same: loud, celebratory, and full of nationalist symbols. In Komotini, the capital of Thrace, minority members watched and listened, some with apprehension, others with excitement about the unexpected victory.
A Transnational History of Revolution and Nationalism: Encounters Between Japanese Asianists, the Turkish Revolution, and the World of Islam
Authors: Esenbel Selçuk
Published: February 2016

The leading intellectual and ideologue of the Japanese Asianist agenda of Japanese imperialism until the end of World War II, Okawa Shumei (1886-1957), was tried in the Tokyo War Crimes Trial as a war criminal but found to be mentally disturbed. The post-war memory about Okawa is an alien image-Okawa spending his days translating the Qur'an while detained in a mental hospital in solitary confinement. The clinical description of Okawa's hallucinations on 13 March 1947, while under psychiatric treatment, is a telling climax of the narrative on the fusion of Japanese Pan Asianism and Islam. The examination report describes in detail the psychological state of Okawa, who might have been suffering from syphilis-induced hallucinations: “Okawa believes Mohammed comes to him. In his vision, he states that he sees Mohammed dressed in a green mantle and white turban. Mohammed's eyes glow brilliantly, and his presence fills him with courage, enthusiasm, and contentment […] Patient believes that this is a religious experience. Mohammed enables him to understand the ‘Koran’ as he was never able to understand it before. There is no conflict with his Buddhist faith because he states there is only one God: and Mohammed, Christ, and Buddha are all prophets of the same God.” The report notes that the prisoner's principal interest is now in “Mohammedanism and the translation and interpretation of the Koran.”
From Left Populism to Conservative Republicanism: Left Kemalists' Regression from Modernist Optimism
Authors: Taşkın Yüksel
Published: February 2016

When multi-party politics was initiated in Turkey in 1946, rival interpretations of Kemalism emerged to confront the challenge posed by the center-right's surmounting electoral victories. While the left-populist interpretation led by Ecevit gained considerable momentum, there was also a parallel yet less visible formation of a reaction against it—namely, conservative republicanism. From the mid-1960s onwards, left populists and conservative republicans waged a serious political rivalry which temporarily foreshadowed the important similarities they shared due to the legacy of Kemalism. Following the failure of left populism in the late 1970s, these similarities gradually resurfaced and the left populists have withdrawn to the reactionary position of conservative republicanism which fits the language of frustrated elites.
Social Exclusion in the Slum Areas of Large Cities in Turkey
Authors: Adaman Fikret , Ardıç Oya Pınar
Published: February 2016

The aim of this article is to analyze the results of a survey conducted in the slum areas of six metropolitan cities in Turkey— Adana, Ankara, Diyarbakır, Gaziantep, İstanbul and İzmir—in order to unveil the multifaceted aspects of social exclusion processes as experienced by their inhabitants. The evidence documented in this study suggests that a significant number of people living in these areas are distanced from jobs, income, education, and training opportunities, with little access to power and decision-making bodies; this inevitably pushes them to the edge of society. Individuals with a relatively better socio-economic standing tend to be excluded to a lesser extent, while they themselves have intolerant attitudes towards others.
Impacts of the Tax System on Poverty and Social Exclusion: A Case Study on Turkey
Authors: Gökşen Fatoş , Özertan Gökhan , Sağlam İsmail , Zenginobuz Ünal
Published: February 2016

This article makes use of two different data sets on Turkey to explore the relationship between the tax structure and issues such as democratic representation, citizenship rights, and poverty and social exclusion. The first of these data sets is the extensive Household Consumption Survey (2003) by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). This extensive survey data allows a very comprehensive quantitative analysis of the tax burden on the consumption baskets of households in different income groups, as well as in different regions of Turkey. The second data set incorporates qualitative data on Turkish citizens' views and attitudes towards different aspects of the Turkish tax system—such as its fairness (justice), transparency, and efficiency in generating funds for public activities—obtained through focus group meetings and in-depth interviews conducted with citizen groups and various stakeholders in cities in different regions in Turkey. The quantitative findings presented in the study clearly reveal that, if anything, taxes are expected to exacerbate the problem of inequality and poverty in Turkey. Heavily relying on regressive consumption taxes results in the poor paying a disproportionate amount of their income as indirect taxes, more so for those in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia where poverty is more extreme. On the other hand, the qualitative part reveals that ordinary citizens find the current tax system highly unfair and feel that they receive very little in terms of public services in return for the taxes they pay. In spite of the merits attributed in theory to taxation as a means to provide services and thereby legitimize the state, the payment of taxes is met with considerable reluctance. Most of this reluctance is attributable to factors such as the citizens' inability to pay, and a lack of clarity with respect to the obligations and reasons for paying. It also emerges that the unwillingness to pay is a protest against the degradation of public services and the perceptions of unfairness, corruption, and other administrative failings.
Pandemonium and Order: Suretyship, Surveillance, and Taxation in Early Nineteenth-Century İstanbul
Authors: Turna Nalan
Published: February 2016

This article analyzes the practice of suretyship (kefalet), surveillance and taxation in early nineteenth-century İstanbul. It deals with how the practice of suretyship functioned to achieve social control; it provided shelter for some but at the same time marginalized others with little or no social status. This article also analyzes the extent to which the state maintained order through suretyship. In this way, it intends to capture where and how state and society interacted through social and state control mechanisms. To this end, this article takes into consideration two particular events, the Greek uprising of 1821 and the abolition of the Janissary Corps in 1826, and demonstrates a growing tendency towards impersonal relations in terms of governmental practices of surveillance. Briefly, it illustrates how suretyship changed over time and how a gradual transition took place from personal to impersonal relations as well as within governmental practices. Furthermore, this article provides examples of similar practices by focusing on an institutional development that involved the government systematically accumulating knowledge about the population. Finally, it explores taxation practices by the government in order to. show how the pre-modern (contractual) and the modern (statutory) state were not substitutes for each other, but rather shaped each other.
Facing its Waterloo in diplomacy: Turkey's military in the foreign policy-making process
Authors: Özcan Gencer
Published: February 2016

The article deals with the decline in the military's influence on the foreign and security policy making process in Turkey. Turkey's harmonization process with the EU that gained momentum in the early 2000s and the US invasion of Iraq in April of 2003 seem to have played a key role in this transformation. While the EU reforms provided for the gradual elimination of legal prerogatives of the military, the increasing US influence in Iraq limited the military's operational power and led to a situation in which it could not exert influence in Northern Iraq, a key area for Turkeys security.
Securing Turkey through western-oriented foreign policy
Authors: Bilgin Pınar
Published: February 2016

How are Turkey's insecurities relevant to the analysis of its international relations? While it is interesting to look at how particular security concerns have affected Turkey's foreign policies at various moments in history, this article will take a different route. Following the distinction that David Campbell has drawn between “Foreign Policy” (through which others are rendered “foreign) and “foreign policy” (through which relations with others are managed), the article will explore how Turkey's insecurities have shaped a Foreign Policy that rests on the West/non-West divide. While the literature has analyzed specific acts of foreign policy and how they were crafted in response to specific military insecurities, the role that Turkey's non-military and non-specific insecurities have played in shaping its international relations has remained understudied. Thus, the literature has not been able to fully account for the centrality of Turkey's western orientation to its security. The argument here proceeds in three steps: First, the article draws attention to the necessity of looking at non-material as well as material insecurities in designing research on foreign policy. Second, it illustrates this necessity by focusing on the case of Turkey's foreign policy. Thirdly, in view of this second point the article highlights the centrality of Turkey's western orientation (i.e., its Foreign Policy) to its security, more persuasively than studies that exclusively focus on the material aspects of security.
The role of temporality and interaction in the Turkey-EU relationship
Authors: Eralp Atila
Published: February 2016

This paper introduces the two factors of temporality and interaction, which are not well-researched within the Turkey-EU relationship. I suggest that these two factors are important for understanding the process of Europeanization in Turkey and explaining the ups and downs in the long-lasting relationship. After briefly examining the two historical periods of the Turkey-EU relationship — that is, from 1959 to 1970 and from 1970 to 1999 — the paper mainly focuses on the more recent period following the Helsinki Summit of 1999 and shows how the factors of temporality and interaction operated differently between 1999 and 2004, and after 2004, turning from positive to negative. Having presented the historical evidence, the paper concludes by emphasizing the close interaction between the factors of temporality, interaction and the process of Europeanization in the Turkish context and suggesting that the analysis of these two factors opens up new possibilities for comparative research on other accession and candidate countries.
Exaggerating and exploiting the Sheikh Said Rebellion of 1925 for political gains
Authors: Özoğlu Hakan
Published: February 2016

The religious and nationalist nature of the Sheikh Said Rebellion in 1925 has been debated by the scholars for decades. For the Kurdish nationalists the rebellion symbolized the Kurdish struggle for an independent state. For the Turkish state, it was another deception by Great Britain to stir up the region for its colonialist interests. Newly available sources in the US diplomatic archives raise the question of the Turkish government's fomentation and/or manipulation of the Sheikh Said Rebellion. In addition, some of the Turkish oppositional leaders (such as Kazim Karabekir) of the time suggested that this rebellion was allowed to happen to suppress the political opposition in Turkey. This study examines the validity of these claims and how this rebellion was manipulated to silence political opposition in Turkey. More specifically, this study will seek answers to the following questions: Was the Sheikh Said Rebellion fomented by the Turkish government to eliminate the political opposition? How was this rebellion manipulated to accomplish this aim?
Teaching time: Schools, schedules, and the Ottoman pursuit of progress
Authors: Wishnitzer Avner
Published: February 2016

The gradual implementation of new pedagogical methods in Ottoman schools during the second half of the nineteenth century brought about significant changes in the organization of teaching time. The first part of this paper focuses on some of these changes and demonstrates that the adoption of time-tabled instruction facilitated increased levels of surveillance and centralization, and a more efficient pedagogical process. The same temporal constructs also served as an implicit curriculum, imbuing students with a keen time consciousness. The effect of the structure, I maintain in the second part of the article, was reinforced by time-related educational contents. Late Ottoman textbooks attached moral value to regularity, punctuality and efficiency and weaved such traits, now praised as virtues, into the ideological agendas of both the Hamidian and the Young Turk regimes. Thus, through the mutual reinforcing effect of form and content, the Ottoman education system contributed to the formation of new elites that identified temporal order with ideas of progress and patriotism, as well as authoritarianism. Similar time-related material was taught to female students in an attempt to mobilize them for the Ottoman project of modernization, while constantly reminding them of the limited roles they could actually play in that project.
Economic Crises and the Social Structuring of Economic Hardship: The Impact of the 2001 Turkish Crisis
Authors: Rankin Bruce H.
Published: February 2016

Drawing on a growing cross-national literature on the social impact of economic crises, this paper investigates the social structuring of economic hardship among urban households in Turkey following the 2001 economic crisis. My goal is to compare the Turkish crisis to other recent crises, particularly in Latin America and Asia, and to assess competing claims about the vulnerability of different social groups. Using data from the study entitledTurkish Family Life under Siege—a nationally representative sample of urban households of work-aged married couples—the results paint a picture of widespread social devastation as measured by key labor market outcomes: job loss, unemployment duration, earnings instability, and under-employment. The findings suggest that existing patterns of social inequality related to class and status—education, age, ethnicity, and occupation—were reinforced and exacerbated by the 2001 macro-economic crisis. In contrast to claims that the impact was skewed towards higher socio-economic groups, the brunt of the 2001 crisis was felt by disadvantaged social groups with few assets to buffer economic hardship. Economic hardship was higher among labor force participants who are younger, less educated, male, Kurdish-speakers, private-sector employees, and residents of non-central regions. I discuss the implications with respect to the previous research on economic crises, the role of Turkish contextual factors, and the need for social policy reform, particularly in the context of the current global economic crisis.
Against Between: A Manifesto
Authors: Adelson Leslie A.
Published: February 2016

A world renowned author once described “a migrant's vision” in terms of a “triple disruption,” one that occurs when migrants lose their place in the world, enter into a language that is alien to them, and find themselves “surrounded by beings whose social behavior and codes are very unlike, and sometimes even offensive to,” their own. The author in question—let's call him X—then proceeds to explain how the creative work of a lesser known author—let's call him Y—is informed by such “a migrant's vision.”
The World of Aziza A.: Third Space in Identities
Authors: Burul Yeşim
Published: February 2016

Every summer Wantijpark in Dordrecht, a small town in the western Netherlands, hosts a World Music festival called “Rainbowpark.” The performers of the 2002 season included Bun Sani from Surinam/The Netherlands, Ghalia Benali & Timnaa from Tunisia/ Belgium, Bayuba Cante from Cuba and Los de Abajo from Mexico. But the biggest star of the festival-that is, whose name was highlighted with the largest fonts in the posters and flyers-was Aziza A., presented as an artist from Turkey. In fact, this multi-faceted artist, whose real name is Alev Yıldırım, was born in Berlin in 1971 and has lived ever since. Her parents had lived in Germany as guest workers for 31 years and then returned to Turkey in 1999, but Aziza had stayed on in Berlin, which she now calls her home. I met her during the “Karneval der Kulturen” in Berlin (the Carnival of Cultures, which took place a month before the Rainbow festival) where she performed on the night of the grand parade.
Population Movements in Southeastern Anatolia: Some Findings of an Empirical Research in 1993
Authors: Akşit Bahattin , Mutlu Kayhan , Nalbantoğlu H. Ünal , Akçay A. Adnan , Şen Mustafa
Published: February 2016

The purpose of the research on which the present article is based was to collect and analyze socio-economic and cultural data on seasonal and permanent migration within the South-eastern Anatolian Project (GAP) Region and between that region and the Metropolitan areas of Turkey. The absence of social scientific knowledge on intra- and interregional migration in this particular context has already been emphasized in the GAP Master Plan Study Report (SPO, 1989). In addition, the region is interesting for social scientists not only because of radical transformations taking place due to the construction of large dams and irrigation projects but also because of the ethnic identity questions that are raised by some Kurdish speaking groups in the region. The present article presents the framework of the research, carried out in 1993, and some of its findings. The findings reported here do not shed direct light on the so-called “ethnic question” or “Kurdish question”; but they help in understanding the transformation and continuity of socio-economic and cultural structures that shape social and political action in the region.
Displaying Abroad: Architecture and Town Planning Exhibitions of Britain in Turkey in the Mid-1940s
Authors: Ergut Elvan Altan
Published: February 2016

This paper focuses on two exhibitions of architecture and town planning held by Britain in Turkey in the mid-1940s. The use of these exhibitions for propaganda purposes, as well as their reception in the highly politicized context of World War II, requires the study to emphasize the political as well as the professional perspective of the contemporary architectural context. Analyzing why and how these exhibitions were held, and what they displayed as representative of British architecture and town planning, the paper discusses the characteristics of the contemporary discourses and practices of the profession with reference to the national dynamics of each country and their position in the international scene at the dawn of a new era in world history. The aim is to question the relations of power that are conventionally taken to define discursive and practical hierarchies of binary constructs, such as national/international or traditional/modern. Examining the case of the British exhibitions in Turkey, the paper emphasizes instead the necessity of a comparative analysis to evaluate the architectural products in-between or beyond dichotomies as produced in discrete yet interconnected contexts.
The fragile growth regime of Turkey in the post-2001 period
Authors: Herr Hansjörg , Sonat Zeynep M.
Published: February 2016

After the 2001 crisis, Turkey continued to pursue the radical market-oriented reform strategy that had started in the early 1980s and followed the philosophy of the Washington Consensus. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the post-2001 period was relatively high, but it was a “jobless” growth caused by substantial productivity increases generated largely by intensifying the work process rather than by technological advancements. Economic growth in the post-2001 period benefited society very unequally. The growth regime of Turkey is vulnerable owing to high current account deficit; high currency mismatch, particularly in the corporate sector; high income inequality; high unemployment; and an unsatisfactory development of the industrial sector, despite some successes. We recommend a new development regime with selective capital controls, a balanced current account, an active industrial policy by the government, stronger trade unions and employers’ associations engaged in social dialogue combined with coordinated wage bargaining on the sectoral level, and last but not least, redistributive policies aiming to achieve a more equal income distribution.
Labor and marriage market incorporation of individuals with an origin from Turkey in Sweden: A comparative perspective
Authors: Çelikaksoy Aycan
Published: February 2016

This paper investigates the labor and marriage market incorporation of individuals originating from Turkey in comparison to other migrant groups in Sweden. Using high-quality register data from Statistics Sweden, the progress of and challenges facing this group are analyzed in comparison to their European and Middle Eastern counterparts, both over time and over generations. The descriptive results point to the economic progress of individuals from Turkey over time and over generations, especially in the case of native-born females. The results show that native-born individuals with an origin from Turkey are more likely to be employed as compared to their counterparts from the New 10 EU member states, Bulgaria and Romania, and the Middle East. However, those originating from Turkey are less likely to intermarry as compared to other groups. Further analyses indicate that individual characteristics are more important for native-born individuals, as compared to immigrants, in explaining the observed gaps in the labor market as well as the marriage market. However, the role of individual characteristics in explaining differences across groups varies by gender as well as by generation.
Low water availability and salinity effects on seedling viability of Bassia indica compared to B. iranica and B. prostrata (Amaranthaceae)
Authors: Shelef Oren , Gendler Tanya , Gutterman Yitzchak , Rachmilevitch Shimon
Published: February 2016

Desert plants are exposed to water shortage and often salinity, instantly after dormancy withdrawal. We studied the effects of aridity and salinity on germination and initial growth of Bassiaindica, B. iranica and B. prostrata. We hypothesized that: (1) all species would exhibit adaptations to water shortage immediately after germination, including rapid root growth and high seedling-survival rates; and (2) obligate halophytes benefit from positive effects of salinity on germination success and desiccation tolerance. After we germinated seeds in water or NaCl solutions, desiccated and rehydrated them, we found that all three species showed rapid germination and root elongation, as well as good germination success. However, salinity had a negative effect on the germination success of all three, with only B. indica germinating in 3% NaCl. Salinity had a positive effect on desiccation tolerance of B. indica seedlings, but had no significant effect on either B. prostrata or B. iranica. Thus the presence of salinity immediately after germination can protect halophyte seedlings from desiccation. To the best of our knowledge, survival of seedlings after periods of desiccation and rewetting with solutions of up to 3% NaCl has never been reported. Studying salinity tolerance in halophytes is important in a world exposed to expanding desertification.
Comparing welfare estimates across stated preference and uncertainty elicitation formats for air quality improvements in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Ndambiri Hilary , Brouwer Roy , Mungatana Eric
Published: February 2016

The effect of preference uncertainty on estimated willingness to pay (WTP) is examined using identical payment cards and alternative uncertainty elicitation procedures in three split samples, focusing on air quality improvement in Nairobi. The effect of the stochastic payment card (SPC) and polychotomous payment card (PPC) are compared with a conventional payment card (PC). Substantial financial support is found for improved air quality in Nairobi, with approximately 85 per cent of the whole sample stating a positive WTP. The way WTP values are elicited, with and without ability to express preference uncertainty, has significant effect on WTP welfare estimate. Allowing respondents to express experienced uncertainty when stating WTP value yields more conservative but less accurate WTP values for inclusion in policy analysis. The PPC seems to hold more promise since it is easier to understand and imposes less cognitive burden on survey participants than the SPC in a developing country context.