bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE COMBINATION OF SALBUTAMOL NEBULIZER AND PROCATEROL ORAL TO THE INDONESIAN CHILDREN WITH PNEUMONIA
Authors: Kusumawati Leny Witaning , Darmawan Endang , Kurniawan Nurcholid Umam
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of combining salbutamol nebulizer and procaterol oral compared to only procaterol oral on the respiratory status including temperature (fever), spasm, cough, retraction and length of stay (LOS), among young children with pneumonia. This prospective cohort study included 48 consecutive sampling subjects with pneumonia in Indonesia. The subjects were classified based on the type of therapy they received: intervention group used the combination of salbutamol nebulizer and procaterol oral therapy (n = 24) and the control group used procaterol oral only (n = 24). The study of the two groups showed that the combination salbutamol nebulizer and procaterol oral was more effective than the administration of procaterol oral only with the rate of clinical change. The significant effectiveness of nebulizer salbutamol and oral procaterol to reducing respiratory status (p=0.006) and temperature (fever) (p=0.000) compared to the only procaterol oral. However, there was no significant effectiveness of nebulizer salbutamol and oral procaterol in reducing spasm (p=0.348), cough (p=0.964), retraction (p=0.666) and length of stay (LOS) (p=0.192) compared to the only procaterol oral among the Indonesian children with pneumonia.
The fractional discrete model of COVID-19: solvability and simulation
Authors: Djenina Noureddine , Ouannas Adel
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we will discuss a discrete fractional order of covid-19 model and give results for existence and condition to ensure the disappearance of the disease.
Dynamics Behaviours of a Discrete Memristor Map with Fractional Order
Authors: Aicha Khennaoui Amina , Ouannas Adel
Published: February 2022

In this paper; a simple fractional discrete memristor is designed using discrete fractional calculus, based on this model a fractional order discrete memristor based chaotic map is contructed. Dynamical behaviour of the proposed fractional model is investigated numerically. The impact of fractional order and system parameters on the newly model are illustrated using bifurcation diagrams and phase attractors. It is verified that the newly model has chaos behaviour.
HUBUNGAN KOORDINASI MATA TANGAN DAN KEKUATAN OTOT LENGAN TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN SHOOTING DALAM PERMAINAN BOLA BASKET PADA SISWA SMA KARTIKA XX-I MAKASSAR
Authors: Hasyim Andi Hasriadi , Haris Iyyan Nurdiyan
Published: February 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) Ada tidaknya hubungan koordinasi mata tangan terhadap kemampuan shooting dalam permainan bola basket siswa SMA Kartika XX-I Makassar. (2) Ada tidaknya hubungan kekuatan otot lengan terhadap  kemampuan shooting dalam permainan bola basket siswa SMA Kartika XX-I Makassar. (3) Ada tidaknya hubungan koordinasi mata tangan dan kekuatan otot lengan secara bersama-sama terhadap kemampuan shooting dalam permainan bola basket siswa SMA Kartika XX-I Makassar.

Populasinya adalah keseluruhan  siswa SMA Kartika XX-I Makassar, sampel yang di gunakan adalah siswa putra sebanyak 30 orang, teknik penentuan sampel adalah teknik purposive sampling. Teknik analisis data yang di gunakan adalah analisis deskriptif, analisis koefisien korelasi person product moment (r) dan analisis korelasi ganda (R) pada taraf signifikan 0,5.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Ada hubungan yang signifikan koordinasi mata tangan  terhadap kemampuan shooting pada permainan bola basket siswa SMA Kartika XX-1 Makassar dengan nilai r sebesar 0,537. (2) Ada hubungan yang signifikan kekuatan otot lengan  terhadap kemampuan shooting pada permainan bola basket siswa SMA Kartika XX-1 Makassar dengan nilai r sebesar 0,611 . (3) Ada hubungan yang signifikan koordinasi mata tangan dan kekuatan otot lengan secara bersama-sama terhadap kemampuan shooting pada permainan bola basket siswa SMA Kartika XX-1 Makassar dengan nilai R sebesar 0,740, untuk nilai koefisien determinan sebesar 54,8%.

Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan yang signifikan koordinasi mata tangan dan kekuatan otot lengan terhadap kemampuan shooting.

 

Kata kunci :  Koordinasi mata tanga, Kekuatan otot lengan, Shooting
PENINGKATAN TEHNIK LEMPAR TANGKAP BOLA DALAM PERMAINAN BOLA KASTI MENGGUNAKAN VARIASI BERMAIN PADA SISWA KELAS V SD NEGERI 105290 TIMBANG DELI KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG TAHUN AJARAN 2020/2021
Authors: Siregar FaJar Sidik , Siregar Arifin
Published: February 2022

Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana peningkatan tehnik dasar lempar tangkap bola pada permainan bola kasti melalui variasi bermain pada siswa Kelas V SDN 105389 Timbang Deli Kec, Percut Sei Tuan Kab, Deli Serdang Tahun Ajaran 2020/2021. Lokasi penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SDN 105389 Timbang Deli Kec, Percut Sei Tuan Kab, Deli Serdang Tahun Ajaran 2020/2021, yang dilaksanakan mulai tanggal 24 Februari sampai 02 Maret 2020 selama dua minggu. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa Kelas V SDN 105389 Timbang Deli Kec, Percut Sei Tuan yang berjumlah 30 orang, dan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah Kelas V yang terdiri dari 30 orang sehingga penelitian ini disebut total sampling. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK). Terdiri dari siklus I Dan II.  Untuk memperoleh data dalam penelitian ini maka dilakukan tes hasil belajar I (di siklus I) dan tes hasil belajar II ( di siklus II) yang berbentuk aplikasi teknik dasar lempar tangkap bola sebanyak dua kali pertemuan.

Hasil analisis Hasil tes belajar siklus I diperoleh 15 orang (50%) yang telah mencapai tingkat ketuntasan belajar, sedangkan 15 orang (50%) belum mencapai tingkat ketuntasan belajar, dengan nilai rata-rata siswa adalah 67,62. (2) Dari tes hasil siklus II diperoleh 28 orang (93,33%) yang telah mencapai ketuntasan belajar, sedangkan 2 orang (6,67%) belum mencapai ketuntasan belajar, dengan rata-rata nilai siswa adalah 82,76, dapat dilihat bahwa terjadi peningkatan nilai rata-rata dari hasil belajar persiklus sebesar 15,14 dan peningkatan ketuntasan klasikalnya sebesar 43,3%. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data dapat dikatakan bahwa melalui variasi bermain dapat meningkatkan penguasaan tehnik dasar lempar tangkap bola pada siswa Kelas V SDN 105389 Timbang Deli Kec, Percut Sei Tuan Kab, Deli Serdang  Tahun Ajaran 2020/2021.
IDENTIFIKASI GURU PENJAS DALAM PEMBELAJARAN PJOK DENGAN MATERI ATLETIK SUB LEMPAR CAKRAM PADA SISWA KELAS VIII MTS AL – QAMAR TAKALAR
Authors: Buton Yati , Rusli Kurnia , Ismail Agus , Ferawati Ferawati
Published: February 2022

Identifikasi Guru Penjas dalam Pembelajaran PJOK Dengan Materi Atletik Sub Lempar Cakram pada Siswa Kelas VIII MTs Al-Qamar Takalar 2019/2020. Dibimbing Oleh Agus Ismail Dan Kurnia Rusli.

            Jenis penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi guru dalam pembelajaran PJOK dengan materi atletik sub lempar cakram pada siswa kelas VIII MTs Al-Qamar Takalar. Subjek Penelitian ini Adalah Guru Penjas MTs Al-Qamar Takalar Dengan Jumlah Populasi 2 Orang Guru. Jenis Penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan metode wawancara. Sedangkan Proses Pengambilan Data Dilakukan Menggunakan Instrumen Wawancara, Observasi, dan Dokumentasi.

Berdasarkan hasil wawancara mengatakan bawah seorang guru harus menguasai setiap materi yang akan diajarkan dan memiliki inisiatif tersendiri dalam menyampaikan materi. Seorang guru juga harus bisa memahami setiap karakter dari pada diri siswanya sehingga pembelajaran dapat terlaksana sebagaimana mestinya. Dari wawancara di atas, siswa tersebut mengatakan bahwa tertarik dan mengerti dengan penjelasan yang disampaikan oleh guru.

Kata Kunci : Kualitatif, Identifikasi Guru, Materi Atletik Sub Lempar Cakram.
KESETARAAN GENDER DALAM PRESPEKTIF UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 13 TAHUN 2003 TENTANG KETENAGAKERJAAN
Authors: Effendi Prihatin , Ratnasari Devi
Published: February 2022

Penelitian ini membahas tentang Kesetaraan gender dalam perspektif Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan, berdasarkan UU Ketenagakerjaan. Penelitian ini didasarkan pada kesetaraan gender sebagai salah satu isu di bidang ketenagakerjaan. Sehingga yang menjadi pokok dari penelitian ini ialah pengaturan kesetaraan gender dalam UU Ketenagakerjaan. Kemudian untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut penulis menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan analisis yang bersifat deskriptif. Data yang di gunakan bersumber dari perundang-undangan, studi kepustakaan, dan pendapat-pendapat para sarjana. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan; 1) Pengaturan Kesetaraan gender dalam UU Ketenagakerjaan terdapat dalam beberapa Pasal, diantaranya Pasal 5, Pasal 6, dan Pasal 86, yang pada intinya menjelaskan bahwa Setiap tenaga kerja memiliki kesempatan yang sama tanpa diskriminasi untuk memperoleh Pekerjaan dan memperoleh perlakuan yang sama dari Pengusaha, serta mempunyai hak untuk memperoleh perlindungan atas keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja, moral dan kesusilaan; sekaligus perlakuan yang sesuai dengan harkat dan martabat manusia serta nilai-nilai agama. 2) Pada dasarnya UU Ketenagakerjaan melarang perlakuan diskriminisasi. Namun dalam pengaturan syarat kerja sering terjadi perbedaan perlakuan, permasalahan kesetaraan gender dalam dunia kerja dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor seperti, marginalisasi, subordinasi, stereotipe, violence, dan beban kerja. Ada beberapa upaya untuk mewujudkan keadilan dan kesetaraan gender yaitu perlunya peran serta masyarakat, lembaga swadaya masyarakat dan pemerintah pengembangan diri bagi perempuan dalam segala bidang khususnya dibidang ketenagakerjaanÃ‚Â Kata kunci : Gender, Kesetaraan Gender, Hukum Ketenagakerjaan
PENJATUHAN PIDANA ATAS PENYALAGUNAAN NARKOTIKA GOLONGAN 1 PASAL 114 AYAT(1) UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 35 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG NARKOTIKA (Studi Putusan Nomor : 139/Pid.Sus/2016/PN.Grs)
Authors: Nafisah Nafisah , Basid Abdul
Published: February 2022

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh fenomena peredaran dan penyalahgunaan narkotika yang semakin hari kian meningkat dan berdampak bagi kehidupan soial, budaya, ekonomi dan politik. Layaknya sebagai budaya bangsa, bahkan putusan hakim pun tak memberikan efek jera terhadap pelaku penyalahgunaan narkotika. Penegakan hukum yang diberikan pada hukum positifÃ‚Â  adalahÃ‚Â  dengan jalan memberikan hukuman yang berat yang bersifat in abstractoÃ‚Â  bukanÃ‚Â  in concreto berdasarkan pertimbangan-pertimbangan hukum yang dibuat oleh Hakim. Lain halnya hukuman tersebut yang memiliki tata aturan dan dasar pertimbangan sendiri dalam menjatuhkan hukuman terhadap tindak pidana penyalahgunaan narkotika. Fokus penelitian dalam skripsi ini adalah (1) Bagaimana penerapan hukum pidana materiil terhadap tindak pidana penyalahgunaan narkotika golongan 1 berdasarkan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika ? (2) Bagaimana pemidanaan terhadap penyalagunaan Narkotika golongan 1 pada putusan Nomor 130/Pid.Sus/2016/PN.Gsk ?Adapun yang menjadi tujuan penelitian ini adalah Untuk mengetahui putusan hakim dan dasar pertimbangan hakim dalam perkara nomor : 130/Pid.Sus/2016/PN.Gsk terhadap tindakÃ‚Â  pidana penyalahgunaan narkotika golongan I di Pengadilan Negeri Gresik serta mengkajiÃ‚Â  hukum islam terhadap pelaksanaan putusan nomor : 130/Pid.Sus/2016/PN.Gsk.Dalam penelitian ini digunakan metode observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Observasi digunakan untuk memudahkan peneliti dalam melakukan analisisÃ‚Â  penelitian dengan melibatkan diri secara lansung mengamatiÃ‚Â  proses persidangan. Sedangkan wawancara dan dokumentasi digunakan untuk menggali data yang lebih spesifik terkait dengan dasar pertimbangan hakim, putusan hakim dalam kasus pidana tersebut, sarana prasarana dan dokumen instansi.Ã‚Â HasilÃ‚Â Ã‚Â  penelitianÃ‚Â Ã‚Â  menunjukkanÃ‚Â Ã‚Â  bahwaÃ‚Â Ã‚Â  putusanÃ‚Â Ã‚Â  majelisÃ‚Â Ã‚Â  hakimÃ‚Â Ã‚Â  nomor 130/Pid.Sus/2016/PN.Gsk menyatakan terdakwa secara sah dan bersalah menggunakan narkotika Golongan I dengan hukuman penjara selama 3 bulan. Hakim dalam menjatuhkan putusan dengan mencari kebenaraan formil dan materiil selama dipersidanganÃ‚Â  yangÃ‚Â  dijadikan dasarÃ‚Â  dalamÃ‚Â  pertimbanganÃ‚Â  HakimÃ‚Â  yakniÃ‚Â  berupa alat bukti sesuai dengan Pasal 184 ayat (1) KUHP (keterangan saksi, keterangan ahli, surat, petunjuk, keterangan terdakwa) dan barang bukti atas tindak pidana, serta dakwaan dan tuntutan penuntut umum. Putusan penjara dalam hukum positif ini.Ã‚Â Kata Kunci : Putusan hakim, penyalahgunaan Narkotika Golongan I
جودة الحياة وعلاقتها بالضغوط النفسية لدى الأمهات
Authors: الألي الرافع , بكار سارة , شويخى امل
Published: February 2022

يعد الاهتمام بجودة الحياة لدى المرأة من بين الأمور الأكثر أهمية كون المرأة هي عماد الأسرة وركيزتها وأي قصور في جانب من الجوانب التي ترفع من جودة الحياة يؤثر على الصحة النفسية والجسمية ويؤدي الى اضطرابات وضغوط وعلى هذا ارتأينا القيام بدراسة نحاول من خلالها الكشف عن العلاقة بين جودة الحياة والضغوط النفسية لدى الأمهات العاملات وغير العاملات وقد كانت تساؤلات الدراسة على النحو التالي:
- هل توجد علاقة ارتباطية دالة إحصائيا بين جودة الحياة والضغوط النفسية لدى الأمهات؟
2-هل توجد فروق دالة إحصائيا في مستوى جودة الحياة لدى الأمهات العاملات والغير عاملات؟
3- هل توجد فروق دالة إحصائيا في مستوى الضغوط النفسية لدى الأمهات العاملات والغير عاملات؟
تم الاعتماد على المنهج الوصفي لتناسبه مع الموضوع، وللإجابة على التساؤلات الموضوعة قمنا باختيار عينة متكونة من 50 أما عاملة وغير عاملة وقد تم تطبيق أدوات الدراسة المتكونة من مقياس جودة الحياة لحرطاني أمينة (2014) ومقياس الضغوط النفسية لبدرية كمال أحمد (2013) 
من خلال تفريغ البيانات تم التوصل الى النتائج التالية:
-توجد علاقة ارتباطيه عكسية بين جودة الحياة والضغوط النفسية لدى الأمهات.
-توجد فروق دالة إحصائيا في مستوى جودة الحياة لدى الأمهات العاملات والغير عاملات لصالح الأمهات غير العاملات.
-توجد فروق دالة إحصائيا في مستوى الضغوط النفسية لدى الأمهات العاملات والغير العاملات ولصالح الأمهات العاملات.
UTANG PIUTANG DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM
Authors: Rofi'ah Tri Nadhirotur , Fadila Nurul
Published: February 2022

The practice of accounts payable transactions as one aspect of fulfilling one's life through social interactions. A transaction that is full of privileges and virtues that Allah has promised for the doer (the creditor).

The practice of accounts payable that we know, in addition to having a positive side through the principle of please help, but often it is also a starting point for disputes and enmity between humans. This will become evident when in practice, humans ignore some of the fundamental principles that form the framework for legalizing the practice of helping to help; namely honesty.
PENDEKATAN DALAM PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA PERUSAHAAN ASURANSI
Authors: Syaiful Anam
Published: February 2022

Abstrak

Introduction: Insurance is an agreement whereby the insurer binds himself to the insured by accepting a premium to compensate him for the loss, damage or loss of expected profit that he may suffer as a result of an event (uncertain event).

Methods: The method used in this research is a normative juridical approach, with analytical descriptive specifications, while the data collection techniques use primary data and secondary data.

Results: Today, the Indonesian people have realized the important role of the insurance industry in providing security guarantee against the risks that will occur, so they gradually tie themselves to several insurance companies in Indonesia. However, like companies in general, the existence of an insurance company has also experienced several disputes, such as cases of insurance claims that were not disbursed and even rejected by the insurance company. Of course this case requires a resolution as regulated in law. Based on Financial Services Authority Circular Letter Number 2 / Seojk.07 / 2014, there are two alternative dispute resolution options between Financial Services Business Actors and consumers, namely litigation and non-litigation.

Conclusion and suggestion: Insurance disputes often occur between insurance companies and consumers who have tied himselves to the company. The law provides for the resolution of insurance disputes by providing two alternative solutions. Namely through litigation and non-litigation. In terms of non-litigation, the Financial Services Authority has established an Alternative Institution for Financial Services Sector Dispute Resolution as regulated in POJK Number 61 / POJK.07 / 2020.

 

 

Keywords: Despute, resolution, insurance
IMPLEMENTASI STRATEGI GO DIGITAL SEBAGAI PEMULIHAN BISNIS UMKM PADA SITUASI PANDEMI COVID-19 (Studi Kasus UMKM Kedinding Lor, Surabaya)
Authors: Nurul Ainia  , Nurul Samiatus
Published: February 2022

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis strategi untuk meningkatkan perekonomian UMKM yang diterapkan akibat adanya dampak dari pandemi Covid-19. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode kulitatif deskriptif. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini menunjukkan strategi yang bisa di implementasikan oleh UMKM di Kedinding yaitu merubah model penjualan menjadi online atau ecommerce, melakukan suatu pemasaran digital dan membangun suatu branding untuk mengenalkan produknya, peningkatan kualitas produk maupun jasa demi kenyamanan serta menciptakan relasi kepada masyarakat

Kata kunci: Covid 19, UMKM, Go Digital, CRM
STRATEGI MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN MAHASISWA TERKAIT LITERASI PASAR MODAL SYARIAH MELALUI KEGIATAN KSPM (KELOMPOK SEKOLAH PASAR MODAL)
Authors: Anik Gita Yuana  , Ato’illah Shohibul Hikam  , Moh Agung Maulana Iswanto3  , Yulida Fithriyatul Maini
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pemahaman mahasiswa terkait literasi pasar modal syariah, dimana saat ini tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat, khususnya ekonomi syariah tidak naik secara signifikan. Data yang didapat dari Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) menyebutkan bahwasannya pada tahun 2016, indeks literasi masyarakat Indonesia adalah 21,8% artinya dari 100 penduduk indonesia yang memahami literasi keuangan syariah hanya 21 orang, pada tahun 2018 indeks literasi mencapai 29,7%, pada tahun 2020 indeks literasi keuangan syariah mencapai 38,03%.

Metode penelitian dalam karya tulis ini adalah penelitian kualitatif, dengan pengumpulan datanya adalah wawancara. Jenis pengambilan sampel menggunakan probability sampling, artinya peneliti mengambil sampel secara acak dari 50 populasi anggota kelompok pasar modal syariah (KSPM) dari berbagai prodi pada Universitas Islam Zainul Hasan Genggong.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kajian yang dilakukan oleh kelompok pasar modal yang diadakan 3 bulan sekali mengalami peningkatan pengetahuan oleh anggota terkait pasar modal syariah, serta setiap 6 bulan sekali akan diadakan sekolah pasar modal oleh galeri investasi UNZAH dan sebagai pematerinya adalah dari BEI (Bursa Efek Indonesia).

 

Keywords: KSPM, literasi, pasar modal syariah.
Embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) – current state of knowledge
Authors: Maciąg Anna , Mazurek Michał , Jędrzejczyk-Patej Ewa , Średniawa Beata
Published: February 2022

Ischemic strokes account for over 80% of strokes. However, the cause of about 25% of them remains undetermined. This kind of ischemic stroke is termed cryptogenic (CS, cryptogenic stroke). In most cases, cryptoge­nic stroke has an embolic origin, which is marked by worse prognosis compared to strokes of another origin. Therefore, the term Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS) was separated from the group of CS in 2014. Cryptogenic stroke, in the broad sense, is a complex case, which presents a challenge to both cardiologists and neurologists. We described the steps, which are essential to take in patients, who have undergone ESUS.
Implantation of a leadless pacemaker with atrioventricular synchronization in a patient with third-degree atrioventricular block and at the time of chemotherapy
Authors: Hrymniak Bruno , Jagielski Dariusz
Published: February 2022

The article presents a case of a woman with a third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block and neoplastic process. The selection of a leadless pacemaker (Micra, LP) with AV synchronization is described. By the example of the risk of venous thrombosis and pocket erosion, the use of LP as an alternative to classical endocavitary cardiac stimulation is discussed.
Based on the literature data and our own experience, practical aspects of the procedure were presented.
The following illustrations are included: ECG with a third-degree AV block, a selected view from fluoroscopy with an implanted leadless pacemaker in the interventricular septum in the heart`s right ventricle, and a postprocedural chest X-ray.
Effects of robot- and video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy experiences on the learning curve of lobectomy
Authors: Kanzaki Masato , Mitsuboshi Shota , Koen Akihiro , Isaka Tamami , Matsumoto Takako , Aoshima Hiroe , Maeda Hideyuki , Shidei Hiroaki
Published: February 2022

Background: This study aims to investigate the effects of robot- and videoassisted thoracoscopic lobectomy on the learning curve of lobectomy.

Methods: Between September 2013 and February 2020, the first 68 consecutive patients (28 males, 40 females; median age: 71 years; range, 33 to 86 years) who were operated for lung malignancies and scheduled for robot-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy were retrospectively analyzed. The characteristics of the patients and operative data were analyzed, and the operation times of the first 51 cases of video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy were compared with those of robot-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy performed by a single surgeon.

Results: Of the patients, 62 had primary lung cancer and six had metastatic lung tumors. The majority of primary lung cancer patients (87.1%) had an adenocarcinoma. The most common clinical stage was IA1 (30.9%). There was no emergent conversion to thoracotomy in any of the patients. The median operation time was 223.5 min, and console time was 151 min. The most common complication was an air leak. All patients were alive. Compared to video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy, the median operation time was significantly longer in the robot-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy group (p=0.0002). Similar to the operation time learning curve of the video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery group, the operation time learning curve of the robotassisted thoracoscopic surgery group increased from the first to ninth case (Phase 1), plateaued from the 10th t o 14th c ase ( Phase 2 ), and decreased from the 15th case (Phase 3). There was a statistically significant decrease in the operation time between Phase 1 and Phase 3 (p=0.0063).

Conclusion: The results of robot-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy by a single surgeon show that this surgery has a longer operation time, but the perioperative outcomes are satisfactory. The learning curve of this surgery may be gradual for experienced video-assisted thoracoscopic surgeons.
Percutaneous ultrasound-guided versus bronchoscopy-guided dilatational tracheostomy after median sternotomy: A case-control study
Authors: Bermede Onat , Cahit Sarıcaoğlu Mehmet , Baytaş Volkan , İhsan Hasde Ali , Bahadır İnan Mustafa , Rüçhan Akar Ahmet
Published: February 2022

Background: In this study, we aimed to compare ultrasoundguided versus bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy outcomes in critically ill adult patients undergoing a median sternotomy.

Methods: Between January 2015 and December 2020, a total of 54 patients (17 males, 37 females; mean age: 54.9±13.1 years; range, 39 to 77 years) who underwent elective ultrasound- or bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy after a median sternotomy were included. We compared the ultrasound-guided group (n=25) with the bronchoscopy-guided group (n=29) regarding all-cause mortality and complications. Safety assessments included major and minor bleeding, procedural hypoxic or hypotensive event, cardiac dysrhythmias, tracheal injury, damage to adjacent structures, and requirement of conversion to open surgical tracheostomy.

Results: No tracheostomy procedure-related death was observed in either group. The median time for tracheostomy was 13 (range, 8 to 17) min in the ultrasound-guided group and 10 (range, 7 to 15) min in the bronchoscopy-guided group (p=0.387). There was no need for conversion between the two methods or conversion to surgical tracheostomy for any patient. The overall complication rates did not significantly differ between the groups (p=0.15).

Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy can be safely performed in patients undergoing sternotomy. Complication rates of the procedure are similar to those guided with bronchoscopy.
Incidence and risk factors for incisional hernia after abdominal aortic aneurysm and aortic occlusive disease surgery
Authors: Sayur Volkan , Güler Erkan , Posacıoğlu Hakan , Özgür Sezer Taylan , Fırat Özgür , Sinan Ersin Muhtar
Published: February 2022

Background:This study aims to investigate incisional hernia incidence and risk factors after abdominal aortic aneurysm and aortic occlusive disease surgery via a midline laparotomy.

Methods:A total of 110 patients (66 males, 44 females; mean age: 69.3±8.8 years; range, 36 to 88 years) who underwent open elective surgery for aortoiliac occlusive diseases or abdominal aortic aneurysm between January 2005 and December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Both patient groups were compared in terms of surgical procedures, sex, age, American Society o f A nesthesiologists s core ( 1-3), b ody m ass i ndex (<25 vs. ≥25 kg/m2), smoking (non-smoker <1 pack/day, smoking ≥1 pack/day), and time to incisional hernia development.

Results:Incisional hernia occurred in 14.3% of the patients operated for aortoiliac occlusive disease and in 17.6% of the patients operated for abdominal aortic aneurysm (p=0.643). Incisional hernia was seen in three (5.7%) of 53 patients with a body mass index of <25 kg/m2and was in 15 (26.3%) of 57 patients with a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2(p=0.03).

Conclusion:High body mass index is a risk factor for incisional hernia in patients undergoing aortic reconstructive surgery.
Bridging Thrombolysis versus Direct Mechanical Thrombectomy in Stroke Due to Basilar Artery Occlusion
Authors: Siow Isabel , Tan Benjamin Y.Q. , Lee Keng Siang , Ong Natalie , Toh Emma , Gopinathan Anil , Yang Cunli , Bhogal Pervinder , Lam Erika , Spooner Oliver , Meyer Lukas , Fiehler Jens , Papanagiotou Panagiotis , Kastrup Andreas , Alexandrou Maria , Zubel Seraphine , Wu Qingyu , Mpotsaris Anastasios , Maus Volker , Anderson Tommy , Gontu Vamsi , Arnberg Fabian , Lee Tsong Hai , Chan Bernard P.L. , Seet Raymond C.S. , Teoh Hock Luen , Sharma Vijay K. , Yeo Leonard L.L.
Published: February 2022

Background and Purpose Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is an effective treatment for patients with basilar artery occlusion (BAO) acute ischemic stroke. It remains unclear whether bridging intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) prior to MT confers any benefit. This study compared the outcomes of acute BAO patients who were treated with direct MT versus combined IVT plus MT.Methods This multicenter retrospective cohort study included patients who were treated for acute BAO from eight comprehensive stroke centers between January 2015 and December 2019. Patients received direct MT or combined bridging IVT plus MT. Primary outcome was favorable functional outcome defined as modified Rankin Scale 0–3 measured at 90 days. Secondary outcome measures included mortality and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH).Results Among 322 patients, 127 (39.4%) patients underwent bridging IVT followed by MT and 195 (60.6%) underwent direct MT. The mean±standard deviation age was 67.5±14.1 years, 64.0% were male and median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 16 (interquartile range, 8 to 25). At 90-day, the rate of favorable functional outcome was similar between the bridging IVT and direct MT groups (39.4% vs. 34.4%, P=0.361). On multivariable analyses, bridging IVT was not as Comorbidisociated with favorable functional outcome, mortality or sICH. In subgroup analyses, patients with underlying atherosclerosis treated with bridging IVT compared to direct MT had a higher rate of favorable functional outcome at 90 days (37.2% vs. 15.5%, P=0.013).Conclusions Functional outcomes were similar in BAO patients treated with bridging IVT versus direct MT. In the subgroup of patients with underlying large-artery atherosclerosis stroke mechanism, bridging IVT may potentially confer benefit and this warrants further investigation.
Implementation of a SWOT-AHP methodology for strategic development of a district heating plant in fuzzy environment
Authors: Veličkovska Ivana
Published: February 2022

In this paper, SWOT analysis and fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) have been employed to structure and determine the importance of all identified alternatives for developing strategic management in a local district heating plant in Serbia. Weaknesses are identified as drivers of technological slowdown in the plant. The outcome of the prioritization highlights the importance of solving challenges regarding weaknesses by relying on a variety of opportunities that emerge in the environment. The potential of restoring the equipment of the district heating plant is found to be the most important alternative for strategic development.
Avaliação da variabilidade pluviométrica na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Paraíba no Estado da Paraíba
Authors: Nascimento Maxsuel Bezerra do , Medeiros José Ludemario da Silva , Silva Tássio Jordan Rodrigues Dantas da , Cezário Janaina Aparecida , Marques Junior Francisco Auriberto Ferreira , Santos Gustavo Fernando , Silva Jéssica Mendes da , Araújo Lincoln Eloi de , Paiva William de , Santos Laércio Leal dos
Published: February 2022

O Estado da Paraíba, em maior parte, está localizado na região semiárida do Brasil, possuindo um número significativo de bacias hidrográficas com características hidrogeologicamente distintas, proporcionando dificuldades econômicas e sociais recorrentes. Deste modo, o Estado da Paraíba se destaca como um do NEB que mais sofre uma variabilidade espaço-temporal das chuvas que interfere na biodiversidade da região. A área de estudo da presente pesquisa é a Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paraíba, no estado da Paraíba possuindo uma área de 20.071,83 km2 e fazendo fronteiras com o Estado de Pernambuco a Oeste e a Sul com a Bacia do Rio Gramame. Os dados pluviométricos mensais da Superintendência do Desenvolvimento do Nordeste (SUDENE), Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) e Agência Executiva de Gestão das Águas da Paraíba (AESA), para composição da variabilidade espaço-temporal da precipitação da BHRPB. Logo, o mapeamento foi realizado utilizando os softwares Qgiz e do Golden Software Surfer. De acordo com a série histórica, foi possível evidenciar dois períodos distintos, com seis meses secos e chuvosos. O período de 1980 a 2019 a precipitação pluviométrica temporal anual apresentou 26 anos abaixo da média, destacando o ano de 1998 como o pico mínimo de 27,9 mm e 14 acima da média, sendo 2011 apresentando o valor máximo de 95,6 mm.
Sløjfede Enkeltgravshøje ved Stejlgård
Authors: Andersen H. Helmuth
Published: February 2022

Zerstörte Hügel der Einzelgrabkultur bei Stejlgård. Bei Stejlgård in der Nähe von Bramminge im südwestlichen Jütland liegt eine zerstörte Hügelgruppe der Einzelgrabkultur. Fünf Hügel dieser Gruppe wurden 1961 untersucht, vgl. Abb. 1, I-V.Die folgenden Befunde sind zu erwähnen:Hügel I. Primäres Untergrab von einem Ringgraben umschlossen, vgl. Abb. 2. Auf dem Grabboden zwei Perlenketten mit insgesamt 143 Perlen aus Bernstein. Genau über dem Untergrab ein sekundäres Bodengrab mit einer Streitaxt der frühen Bodengrabzeit (Globs Typ H), vgl. Abb. 3.Hügel II. Primäres Untergrab. Keine Funde.Hügel III. Primäres Untergrab mit einer Grube an der Ostseite, vgl. Abb. 4-5. Auf dem Grabboden zwei Perlenketten mit insgesamt 41 Perlen aus Bernstein und einem Klingenmesser, vgl. Abb. 6.Hügel IV. Primäres Bodengrab von einem Ringgraben umschlossen, die Ecken des Grabes durch vier Pfostenlöcher erkennbar, vgl. Abb. 7. Eine völlige Vernichtung des Hügelbodens machte weitere Beobachtungen am Grabhorizont unmöglich. Keine Funde.Hügel V. Primäres Untergrab mit einer Grube zusammenhängend, vgl. Abb. 8 und 10. Auf dem Grabboden eine Streitaxt der älteren Untergrabzeit (Globs Typ A), vgl. Abb. 9, eine Klinge und zwei grosse Scheiben aus Bernstein, vgl. Abb. 6. In der Füllerde der Grube überall Fragmente verbrannter Menschenknochen (Bestimmung durch U. Møhl).Ein untergrabzeitlicher Ursprung des untersuchten Teils der Hügelgruppe wird besonders durch die Axtfunde belegt. Bemerkenswerte Begleitumstande sind weiter Erscheinungen wie Ringgraben, Pfostenlöcher und Gruben. Die Ringgraben waren 60-70 cm in den gewachsenen Boden eingetieft. Die Füllerde rührte von diesem her. Sie waren fundleer. Die Lage war in beiden Fällen deutlich unter dem Hügel. Sie sind vermutlich rituelle Angelegenheiten. Die Pfostenlöcher unter Hügel IV wurden als Eckpfosten eines Sarges aufgefasst. Die Gruben gehören wahrscheinlich zu den betreffenden Gräbern. Die Grube mit verbrannten Menschenknochen bietet entweder ein Opfer oder eine Brandbestattung dar. Diese Erscheinungen sind in der jütischen Einzelgrabkultur unbekannt, in den verwandten Kulturgruppen der Nachbargebiete aber gibt es gewisse Anhaltspunkte für beide Deutungen.H. Hellmuth Andersen.
Billedstenen fra Snaptun
Authors: Gestsson Gisli
Published: February 2022

Snaptun On the forge-stone found on the beach by Snaptun in Horsens Fjord, a man's head is depicted whose lips bear traces of having been sewn together (P. V. Glob in KUML 1959). A reference in Skaldskaparmál in Snorri Sturluson's Edda leads to the supposition that the man's head must represent Loki. This god had waged his head against the dwarf, Brokk's, if the latter's brother, Sindri, succeeded in making three treasures finer than those he himself had had made, the golden hair, a gift to Sif, his ship, Skidbladnir and Odin's spear, Gungnir.Sindri set Brokk to mind the bellows of the forge and produced a wild boar with golden bristles, the magic ring, Drypnir and Thor's hammer. The three treasures won the approval of the gods and Loki lost the wager. When the dwarfs were about to cut off his head, Loki pointed out that they had no right to his neck. So, instead, the dwarfs sewed his lips together. But Loki pulled the stitches out again.The author reminds us that later popular Northern superstition has accorded Loki the role of a fire-being or "vætte" dwelling in the fire of the hearth. It was in harmony with his character that the dwarfs elected to sew Loki's lips together for he was known for his quarrelsome disposition and ability to get the last word and that he could only be silenced by force. To give vent to his wit he was obliged to tear the stitches out.The man who has carved Loki's face on the forge-stone from Snaptun has been acquainted with both these qualities of Loki's. That is why he placed the picture of the glib and spiteful god in the very fire of the smith's forge.Gisli Gestsson.
Runeindskriften på rosetfibulen fra Nøvling
Authors: Moltke Erik
Published: February 2022

The runic inscription on the rosette fibula from Nøvling The inscription on the rosette fibula from Nøvling is, written in the earlier runic alphabet, the futhark of 24 signs, which was used from the time of the invention of runes about, or shortly after, the beginning of the Christian Era until about 6-800 A. D.It reads b i d a w a r i j a z t a i g i d (a i), all the runes being clearcut and of even height except the last two, where the upper oblique stroke of the a is unduly long and the i unduly tall.b i d a w a r i j a z is an otherwise unknown man's name of quite normal form; the end component -w a r i j a z having the meaning of "ward" or "protector", while b i d a -may be derived from biða (to wait), biðja (to pray) or binda (to bind).T a l g i d (a i) is 3rd person singular past tense of the verb telgja, to carve (in wood), but the form to be expected is t a l g i d e. There is no need to postulate an archaeism or a dialect survival of a pre-Christian verbal ending. It is clear that Bedver (as we may unscientifically call him) was the rune-master who cut on a piece of wood the inscription which the goldsmith copied on the fibula. He may have cut the final e (ᛖ) of t a I g i d e somewhat carelessly; in any case the goldsmith copied it incorrectly as a i (ᚨᛁ).Erik Moltke
Hans Neumann 60 år
Authors: Glob P. V.
Published: February 2022

HANS NEUMANN 60 YEARSHans Neumann was among the first university-trained archaeologists to become curator of a provincial museum. When he was appointed curator of the Haderslev Amtsmuseum in 1936, after 3 years as an assistant at the National Museum, there were only few museums outside Copenhagen with professional curators.Haderslev Amt is a large county and one of the richest archaeological areas in Denmark, and Hans Neumann has had to cover it alone. In recent years his responsibility has been extended to the whole of South Jutland. The fact that he has nevertheless been able not only to carry out a full programme of work in the field, but to build up one of the best prehistoric collections in the country is due to his enormous energy and to the local support he has enjoyed in his county of birth.Hans Neumann's working days have always been long, shared equally between excavation and work in the museum. At the same time, he has published his results in innumerable lectures and articles in the press and archaeological journals. Of his many important finds, only one of his latest will be mentioned here, the splendid weapon offering in EjsbøI bog, the excavation of which he and Mogens Ørsnes of the National Museum have directed for 8 years. Prior to this collaboration lay many years of solitary activity far from the nearest colleague, punctuated only by short and infrequent visits from the National Museum, which were his only opportunity to discuss scientific and museum problems.In spite of this isolation, Hans Neumann has retained his sense of humour and has worked so successfully, that the big museum in Haderslev can no longer house the collection. He has won such respect for the museum, however, that the local authorities have approved his plans for an extension to more than twice the size of the present museum. It is characteristic of Hans Neumann that he shows great consideration for visitors to the museum. A lecture hall, study rooms and cafeteria are included in the new buildings, and a hall for temporary exhibitions ranging from archaeology to modem art, so wide are his interests.The completion of these plans for the museum will be a great benefit to archaeology in Jutland and a fine monument to Hans Neumann's life's work.P. V. Glob
Peter Riismøller
Authors: Ingen Ingen
Published: February 2022

Peter Riismøller65 years Immediately after leaving University in 1936, where he had studied history and Danish, Peter Riismøller was appointed to a newly established post at the Aalborg Historical Museum, where he has worked ever since, from 1960 as director.He was born on 14th March 1905 in Skørping in Himmerland, and it was in Himmerland and Aalborg that he subsequently operated. He was thus well equipped to tackle the many problems facing a museum which covers the period from the first settlement of hunters in the district, to modern times, and interval of ten thousand years.As a student, Riismøller worked for a couple of years at the National Museum, among other things on the exhibition of the prehistoric collection in the new museum, but also in the field, at the excavation of the Ladby ship. He had by then gained his first experiences of excavation at the Stone Age village of Troldebjerg, under Johannes Brøndsted, who was both keeper of the prehistoric collections at the National Museum and his teacher at the University. For Brøndsted, Riismøller wrote special papers on the Iron Age gold bracteates, and his extensive knowledge of, for example, mythology and place names were of great value to him and his fellow students.Brøndsted played an important role in the establishment of the new museum post at Aalborg, and Riismøller considered himself Brøndsted’s loyal follower in northern Jutland. Riismøller’s achievement there were numerous, comprising all periods. He was, in particular, a pioneer among urban archaeologists, playing a large part in the investigations into early Aalborg, on which he has written excellent papers -his annual New Year’s greeting to friends and colleagues all over Scandinavia. His always exceptionally well-written papers, many of which are already rarities of our topographical literature, extend from “Fra Svendekro til Lavshus”, 1940 to “Sultegrænsen”, 1968. His opus “Danske Glas, 1825-1925”, has more than doubled the price of our antique glass. Following up this fundamental study, Riismøller has successfully excavated ancient glass works in Jutland.Peter Riismøller started his pioneer work at Aalborg Historical Museum alone, enormously increasing the collection and quickly collecting a group of able collaborators. The Museum is soon to be handed over to a successor, but then he will be able to devote all his time to publication of the extensive cultural material he has collected during a lifetime.
Flintægdolken fra Flynderhage
Authors: Andersen Søren H.
Published: February 2022

Flynderhage In connection with the publication of the Stone Age settlement at Norslund in KUML 1965, a flint-edge dagger which had been recovered from a nearby kitchen midden by an unqualified excavator was briefly mentioned.This dagger is the first of its kind to be found in Jutland; corresponding examples have previously only been found in eastern Denmark. It has been made from a metatarsal bone of aurochs or elk. The sides have been scraped smooth and provided with incised geometric patterns, while the edges exhibit long grooves for the insertion of flint blades, fig. 1. The patterns, on the sides are formed by rows of zig-zags, rhombs and triangles. The composition is shown in fig. 2. The hilt has been broken off in antiquity and both edges damaged. The grooves contained neither flint blades nor cement when the dagger was excavated.The dagger from Flynderhage is typologically identical with the other Danish examples. The daggers from eastern Denmark belong mainly to the Kongemose Culture and there is therefore reason to assign the Flynderhage example to the same culture. It indicates the presence of the Kongemose Culture in western Denmark, a presence which has not previously been documented.Søren H. Andersen
Et bor fra Skandinavien-udgravningen
Authors: Nielsen Hans Lange
Published: February 2022

Ein Bohrer von der Skandinavien-Ausgrabung Während mit der Konservierung einiger Metallgegenstände von der Ausgrabung unter dem früheren Hotel Skandinavien in Aarhus gearbeitet wurde, bat man mich, einen Bohrer (Fund Nr. 1393 EVO) aus dem Mittelalter daraufhin zu untersuchen, ob er durch Einsetzen oder Aufschweißen einer gehärteten Schneidefläche gehärtet worden war.Man spricht von Einsetzen, wenn der Gegenstand an der Oberfläche Kohlenstoff absorbiert, indem er in weißglühendem Zustand in nahe Berührung mit z. B. Holzkohle gebracht wird. Danach findet eine gewöhnliche Warmhärtung statt.Das andere Verfahren, bei dem die Schneidefläche angeschweißt wird, löst man, indem ein kohlenstoffreiches mit einem kohlenstoffarmen Stück Eisen zusammengeschweißt wird, wonach der ganze Gegenstand einem Härteprozess durchmacht.Der Bohrer war 50 mm lang, 8 mm im Durchschnitt und hohlgeschliffen wie ein Holzschuheisen. Mit dem bloßen Auge konnte man, wenn man die Kontur des Bohrers betrachtete, eine schwache Linie erkennen, die in einem Abstand von 2 mm von der Schneide verlief (Abb. 1).Der Bohrer wurde 8 mm hinter der Schneide (Schnitt ab) durchgesägt. Das abgesägte Ende wurde danach in Plexiglas eingegossen und der Querschnitt poliert. Schon vor der Ätzung konnte unter dem Mikroskop ein Schweißsaum beobachtet werden. Die technische Frage war damit beantwortet, um aber die eigentliche Schweißtechnik näher zu beleuchten, wurde die Untersuchu.ng fortgesetzt.Eine Ätzung bestätigte den Eindruck, daß der Schweißsaum den gleichen runden Verlauf nahm wie der Hohlschliff des Bohrers (Abb. 2). Das Stahlstück, das die Schneide ausmacht, zeigte eine feinkörnige Struktur; das angeschweißte Eisenstück ist reines Ferrit mit ganz wenigen Schlackenvorkommen (Abb. 3). Hans Lange
Hemdrup runestav
Authors: Skautrup Peter
Published: February 2022

The Hemdrup rune-staveIn the course of peat cutting in Næsborg bog (Slet riding, North Jutland) in 1949 a yew stick was discovered (fig. 1), and found to bear two rune inscriptions (figs. 4 and 5) as well as various carved figures (including dogs and the figure of a woman; figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6) and designs (including a triskele; fig. 7). The archaeological and runological evidence appears to date the Hemdrup stave to the period 900-1000 (perhaps 1050) AD. Of the two runic inscriptions, the one, which can be read uanÞikiba I f I iukati I ąsa I auaąuri, may be interpreted: "(This) turnstave is owned by F; Atte carved (the runes); Åse, Ave's (Or grandfather's) money (i.e. treasure)".The stick can be identified, both from this interpretation of the inscription and from its appearance and ornamentation as a cattle herd's stick, i.e. a throwing stick. Throwing sticks (of which a number of dialect names are known) of this type were used up to our own day by Danish herdboys when watching cattle (figs. 11-14). By throwing such a stick the cattle could be stopped or guided. A number of throwing sticks from modern times are described, decorated with carvings of various types, showing parallels in many details to the ornamentation of the Hemdrup stave.Peter Skautrup
Forord
Authors: Glob P.V.
Published: February 2022

Carl Johan Becker · 60 years The basis of archaeological research is work in the field: the trowel quickly resolves problems which could otherwise be discussed for years without a final solution. Happy is the archaeologist, therefore, who has mastered both the technique of excavation and the extensive literature. Carl Johan Becker, the erudite professor of Nordic Archaeology and European Pre­history at the University of Copenhagen, is such a man.In his school holidays, Becker searched Sejrø Bugt in north-western Zealand for artefacts and was already carrying out serious excavations, for instance at Tjørnemark in 1932. In 1933, when he matriculated, Becker 'published' Tjørnemark in a tribute to Langeland's famous Jens Winther on his 70th birthday, with three fellow students: Johannes Brønsted's first archaeological team.In the subsequent forty years Becker's indefatigable archaeological activity has been divided between work in the field - from 1934 to I 952 as Assistant Curator in the Prehistoric Department of the National Museum - and work in the study. The results have been published in numerous works, including articles in KUML. Since 1952 he has occupied the Chair at Copenhagen and hatched many Masters in archaeology.During the first years, Becker's excavations most often occurred around Sejrø Bugt, for example of Stone Age houses and settlement layers at Ørnekul on Nekselø and of Ertebølle sites on Ordrupnæs. During the last twenty years, the trowel has been wielded mostly in Jutland, in excavation of villages from the 1st century B.C. in Ringkøbing County.At the National Museum, where C.J. Becker still has his haunts, at the University, and in lectures to the Oldskriftselskab and Videnskabernes Selskab, he is an elegant stylist. In the field he shows another side, as we see him here; in working clothes pondering the day's result with a Carlsberg, planning further excavations on the Cimbrian peninsula, to the prehistory of which his practical and theoretical research has contributed much.P.V. Glob