bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound diagnosis of uterine arteriovenous fistula associated with placental site trophoblastic tumor
Authors: Ichikawa Y. , Nakauchi T. , Sato T. , Oki A. , Tsunoda H. , Yoshikawa H.
Published: June 2003

We report a case of a woman with abnormal vaginal bleeding who had a placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) detected following hysterectomy. Surgery was performed because of a large uterine arteriovenous fistula detected by transvaginal color and pulsed Doppler sonography. Color Doppler sonography revealed a lacunar‐type lesion with a marked increase in uterine vascularity, and pulsed Doppler sonography demonstrated a low resistance index. This vascular pattern indicated the formation of blood lacunae and arteriovenous shunts caused by PSTT within the uterine myometrium. This is the first report to describe the ultrasound findings in a case of PSTT complicated by a uterine arteriovenous fistula. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐term outcome of isolated and associated congenital heart defects in relation to antenatal ultrasound screening
Authors: Levi S. , Zhang W. H. , Alexander S. , Viart P. , Grandjean H. ,   The Eurofetus study group
Published: June 2003

Objective

To investigate the outcome of fetuses affected by congenital heart defects (CHD), either detected or undetected at ultrasound screening, according to their complexity and severity.

Design

The study group comprised 3633 malformed fetuses entered into the Eurofetus database of which 798 had CHD. We compared the short‐term outcome in cases where a CHD was detected by ultrasound screening with that in cases where a CHD was not detected. Isolated and associated CHD (ICHD and ACHD) and the degree of severity of defects were considered separately. Outcome data included termination of pregnancy (TOP), intrauterine fetal death, neonatal death (< 6 days after birth), gestational age at diagnosis and at delivery, mode of delivery and birth weight.

Results

Of the 798 fetuses with CHD, 595 had ICHD and 203 had ACHD. The diagnosis of an anomaly was made significantly earlier in ACHD cases. TOP was chosen in 28% of cases with a prenatal diagnosis of CHD, 20% for ICHD and 37% for ACHD (P < 0.001). The survival rate of antenatally diagnosed fetuses was lower in those with ACHD than in those with ICHD (P < 0.001) and lower for fetuses with antenatal diagnosis than with postnatal diagnosis (P < 0.001); this was due to significant differences in the complexity and severity of the defect. Premature delivery (< 32 weeks) was more frequent in fetuses in which an antenatal diagnosis of CHD had been made. Severe CHD were diagnosed earlier and were associated with a higher rate of TOP and spontaneous loss.

Conclusions

The severity of CHD has a positive influence on the sensitivity of screening but a negative influence on the outcome. CHD that are not diagnosed antenatally include a high proportion of benign malformations. This explains the apparent paradox of a poorer outcome in fetuses in which a CHD was detected prenatally compared to those fetuses in which the defect was undetected prenatally. However, prenatal diagnosis provides parents with the option of TOP or of preventive care in specialized centers. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cervical changes in twin pregnancies observed by transvaginal ultrasound during the latter half of pregnancy: a longitudinal, observational study
Authors: Bergelin I. , Valentin L.
Published: June 2003

Objective

To determine what constitutes normal cervical changes in twin gestations during the latter half of pregnancy, and whether there are differences in the pattern of cervical change between women expecting twins giving birth at term (≥ 36 completed gestational weeks, GW) and preterm.

Methods

Twenty women (12 nulliparous, eight parous) expecting twins were examined with transvaginal ultrasound every week from 24 GW until delivery. Cervical length and width were measured, the inner cervical os was assessed as being closed or open, and any dynamic cervical changes were noted. Examination results were unavailable to the staff involved in the care of the women.

Results

Eight women (40%) delivered preterm spontaneously at 32–35 GW. Cervical length remained unchanged (∼ 10 mm) in one woman, who delivered preterm. It decreased in the remaining 19 women. The median shortening rate for women manifesting a continuous shortening of the cervix was 2.9 (0.8–5.2) mm/week in women giving birth preterm vs. 1.8 (0.8–2.4) mm/week in those who gave birth at term (P = 0.08). Median cervical length at the first examination was similar in women who delivered preterm and at term (39 vs. 41 mm), but at 32 GW the cervix was shorter in women who delivered preterm (median, 18 vs. 31 mm, P = 0.02). Cervical width remained unchanged in 63% (5/8) of the women who delivered preterm vs. 8% (1/12) of those who gave birth at term (P = 0.02). The cervix became wider in the remaining women. Median cervical width at the first examination was similar in women who delivered preterm and at term (38 vs. 38 mm), but in women who delivered preterm the cervix was thinner at 0–6 days before spontaneous start of labor (median, 40 vs. 48 mm, P = 0.07). An opening of the inner cervical os was seen ≤ 27 GW in 88% (7/8) of the women who delivered preterm vs. 17% (2/12) of those who delivered at term (P = 0.006), the corresponding figures for dynamic changes being 63% (5/8) vs. 17% (2/12) (P = 0.06). Dynamic changes were seen in a greater proportion of the examinations in women who delivered preterm (median, 25% vs. 4%, P = 0.07).

Conclusions

The pattern of cervical changes from 24 GW to delivery differs between twin pregnancies delivering preterm (at 32–35 GW) and at term (≥ 36 GW). In twin pregnancies delivered preterm cervical shortening is more rapid, the cervix does not broaden to the same extent as in twins delivered at term, an open inner cervical os and dynamic cervical changes are seen earlier in gestation, and dynamic cervical changes are seen more often. Cervical changes in women with twins who give birth as early as at 24–31 GW may be different. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Color Doppler imaging is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of uterine vascular malformations
Authors: Timmerman D. , Wauters J. , Van Calenbergh S. , Van Schoubroeck D. , Maleux G. , Van Den Bosch T. , Spitz B.
Published: June 2003

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the spontaneous outcome of uterine vascular malformations detected with ultrasonography and color Doppler, and to investigate the predictive value of color Doppler imaging as to which patients require invasive treatment.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study conducted between January 1999 and February 2001 comprising all consecutive patients diagnosed with a uterine vascular malformation by ultrasonography and color Doppler imaging. Spectral analysis included measurement of flow velocities, pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI). Close follow‐up was arranged in all cases and the outcomes were recorded.

Results

A total of 30 consecutive patients with uterine vascular malformations were included in the study. Spectral analysis of the vessels in the vascular malformations within the myometrium and endometrium revealed the presence of a low‐impedance and high‐velocity flow. The average values for PI, RI, peak systolic velocity (PSV) and time‐averaged maximum velocity (TAMXV) were 0.50, 0.38, 0.63 m/s and 0.46 m/s, respectively. Eight patients (27%) eventually required embolization of the uterine arteries and three of them had true arteriovenous malformations confirmed at angiography. PSV values of ≥ 0.83 m/s were associated with higher probabilities of further treatment, such as an embolization, whereas no vascular malformation with a PSV value < 0.39 m/s required embolization.

Conclusion

Conservative management is possible in more than two‐thirds of patients presenting with uterine vascular malformations diagnosed by color Doppler sonography. Despite considerable overlap, PSV values appear to be useful in distinguishing between low‐ and high‐risk patients. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications and advances in polycapillary optics
Authors: MacDonald C. A. , Gibson W. M.
Published: June 2003

Polycapillary optics can be designed for a wide variety of x‐ray applications. They have been used as focusing collectors for x‐ray astronomy, to produce large‐area collimated beams for wafer analysis and to provide small focused beams for protein crystallography with low‐power x‐ray sources. They are also being developed for a number of medical applications, including the removal of Compton scattering with the resultant improvement in contrast and resolution in mammography, the production of monochromatic parallel beams for high‐contrast imaging in a clinical setting and the detection and localization of radioactive tracers in prostate cancer. Other exciting applications are extensions of measurements normally performed at synchrotrons into laboratory or clinical settings because of the increased efficiency of source utilization. The realization of these applications has been advanced by the recent marked improvement in available optic quality and reproducibility. Manufacturing progress has been assisted by the development of simulation analyses which allow for increasingly accurate assessment of optics defects. Optics performance over the whole range of energy from 10 to 80 keV can often be matched with one or two fitting parameters. This software development is ongoing, as is development of crystallographic analysis software designed to be used with highly focused beams. Continuing optics manufacturing challenges include the advance of applications at energies above 40 keV and the production of optics for imaging which are of adequate clinical size. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The formation of the Newtonian philosophy: the case of the Amsterdam mathematical amateurs
Authors: VERMIJ RIENK
Published: June 2003

In the eighteenth century, Newton's ideas were an important element of the dominant world view, but it was not immediately clear that they could play such a role. What made them seem philosophically relevant is investigated in the case of the Dutch Republic. At the universities people initially were rather sceptical about Newton's theories. Support came mainly from scientific amateurs who tried to place their religious feelings on a scientific footing. The Spinozists' claim that religion was refuted by mathematics created the need for a scientific answer, which would demonstrate the fallaciousness of Spinoza's geometrical method and uphold revealed religion. In this article, it is shown in some detail how Newtonian ideas were put to such use among mathematical amateurs in Amsterdam, mainly under the influence of informal contacts with David Gregory and his circle. Physico-theology appeared not so much as a fresh start as a transformation of the older mathematical approach of philosophical and religious questions.
Ethnology and colonial administration in nineteenth-century British India: the question of native crime and criminality
Authors: BROWN MARK
Published: June 2003

This paper examines the central role of ethnology, the science of race, in the administration of colonial India. This occurred on two levels. First, from the late eighteenth century onwards, proto-scientists and administrators in India engaged with metropolitan theorists through the provision of data on native society and habits. Second, these same agents were continually and reciprocally influenced in the collection and use of such data by the political doctrines and scientific theories that developed over the course of this period. Among the central interests of ethnographer-administrators was the native criminal and this paper uses knowledge developed about native crime and criminality to illustrate the way science became integral to administration in the colonial domain.
The Quaternary pyroclastic succession of southeast Tenerife, Canary Islands: explosive eruptions, related caldera subsidence, and sector collapse
Authors: BROWN R. J. , BARRY T. L. , BRANNEY M. J. , PRINGLE M. S. , BRYAN S. E.
Published: June 2003

A much-revised Quaternary stratigraphy is presented for ignimbrites and pumice fall deposits of the Bandas del Sur, in southern Tenerife. New 40Ar/39Ar data obtained for the Arico, Granadilla, Fasnia, Poris, La Caleta and Abrigo formations are presented, allowing correlation with previously dated offshore marine ashfall layers and volcaniclastic sediments. We also provide a minimum age of 287±7 ka for a major sector collapse event at the Güimar valley. The Bandas del Sur succession includes more than seven widespread ignimbrite sheets that have similar characteristics, including widespread basal Plinian layers, predominantly phonolite composition, ignimbrites with similar extensive geographic distributions, thin condensed veneers with abundant diffuse bedding and complex lateral and vertical grading patterns, lateral gradations into localized massive facies within palaeo-wadis, and widespread lithic breccia layers that probably record caldera-forming eruptions. Each ignimbrite sheet records substantial bypassing of pyroclastic material into the ocean. The succession indicates that Las Cañadas volcano underwent a series of major explosive eruptions, each starting with a Plinian phase followed by emplacement of ignimbrites and thin ash layers, some of co-ignimbrite origin. Several of the ignimbrite sheets are compositionally zoned and contain subordinate mafic pumices and banded pumices indicative of magma mingling immediately prior to eruption. Because passage of each pyroclastic density current was characterized by phases of non-deposition and erosion, the entire course of each eruption is incompletely recorded at any one location, accounting for some previously perceived differences between the units. Because each current passed into the ocean, estimating eruption volumes is virtually impossible. Nevertheless, the consistent widespread distributions and the presence of lithic breccias within most of the ignimbrite sheets suggest that at least seven caldera collapse eruptions are recorded in the Bandas del Sur succession and probably formed a complex, nested collapse structure. Detailed field relationships show that extensive ignimbrite sheets (e.g. the Arico, Poris and La Caleta formations) relate to previously unrecognized caldera collapse events. We envisage that the evolution of the nested Las Cañadas caldera is more complex than previously thought and involved a protracted history of successive ignimbrite-related caldera collapse events, and large sector collapse events, interspersed with edifice-building phases.
Fast extension but little exhumation: the Vari detachment in the Cyclades, Greece
Authors: RING UWE , THOMSON STUART N. , BRÖCKER MICHAEL
Published: June 2003

Markedly different cooling histories for the hanging- and footwall of the Vari detachment on Syros and Tinos islands, Greece, are revealed by zircon and apatite fission-track data. The Vari/Akrotiri unit in the hangingwall cooled slowly at rates of 5–15 °C Myr−1 since Late Cretaceous times. Samples from the Cycladic blueschist unit in the footwall of the detachment on Tinos Island have a mean zircon fission-track age of 10.0±1.0 Ma, which together with a published mean apatite fission-track age of 9.4±0.5 Ma indicates rapid cooling at rates of at least ∼60 °C Myr−1. We derive a minimum slip rate of ∼6.5 km Myr−1 and a displacement of <∼20 km and propose that the development of the detachment in the thermally softened magmatic arc aided fast displacement. Intra-arc extension accomplished the final ∼6–9 km of exhumation of the Cycladic blueschists from ∼60 km depth. The fast-slipping intra-arc detachments did not cause much exhumation, but were important for regional-scale extension and the formation of the Aegean Sea.
Geodynamic evolution of the outer-arc–forearc belt in the Andaman Islands, the central part of the Burma–Java subduction complex
Authors: PAL TAPAN , CHAKRABORTY PARTHA PRATIM , GUPTA TANAY DUTTA , SINGH CHANAM DEBOJIT
Published: June 2003

The Andaman Islands, the central part of Burma–Java subduction complex, expose tectonostratigraphic units of an accretionary prism in an outer-arc setting and turbidites of a forearc setting. A number of N–S-trending dismembered ophiolite slices of Cretaceous age, occurring at different structural levels with Eocene trench-slope sediments, were uplifted and emplaced by a series of E–dipping thrusts. Subsequently, N–S normal and E–W strike-slip faults resulted in the development of a forearc basin with deposition of Oligocene and Mio-Pliocene sediments. Metapelites and metabasics of greenschist to amphibolite grade occur in a melange zone of ophiolites. The Eocene Mithakhari Group represents pelagic trench sediments and coarser clastics derived from ophiolites. Evidence of frequent facies changes, predominance of mass flow deposits, syn-sedimentary basinal disturbance and wide palaeogeographic variation indicate deposition of Eocene sediments in isolated basins of an immature trench-slope setting. Deposition of the Oligocene Andaman Flysch Group in a forearc setting is indicated by the large-scale persistence of beds, lack of small-scale lithological variation, bimodal provenance, less deformation, a well-defined submarine fan sequence and development predominantly on the eastern part of the outer arc. The Mio-Pliocene Archipelago Group includes alternations of siliciclastic turbidites and subaqueous pyroclastic flow deposits in the lower part and carbonate turbidites in the upper part, suggesting its deposition in the shallower forearc compared to the siliciclastic Oligocene sediments.
Influence of along-strike pre-orogenic sedimentary tapering on the internal architecture of experimental thrust wedges
Authors: SOTO R. , STORTI F. , CASAS A. M. , FACCENNA C.
Published: June 2003

The occurrence of along-strike thickness variations in pretectonic sedimentary packages is expected to influence the structural architecture of doubly verging thrust wedges. To test this hypothesis, we used laboratory sandbox experiments. Model results show that longitudinal tapering of pretectonic sediments causes a great complexity in the internal tectonic fabric of the wedge, particularly in the pro-wedge, dominated by highly segmented, curvilinear thrusts. The along-strike variation of the mode by which the same amount of bulk contraction is accommodated in different regions of the orogen produces the obliquity of the deformation fronts in both the pro-wedge and the retro-wedge. Comparison with the overall architecture of the Lesser Antilles and Manila accretionary systems validates our experimental results.
Evidence of thunder being a chemical explosion of air
Authors: GRANEAU PETER , GRANEAU NEAL , HATHAWAY GEORGE
Published: June 2003

In 1989, it was proved that thunder is not caused by the thermal expansion of
the lightning channel. The present paper suggests that it is the result of an
air explosion driven by the liberation of chemical bond energy from
the N2 and O2 molecules. This has been confirmed by laboratory experiments with air arcs of lightning strength. These arcs are short pieces of lightning strokes and their formation is accompanied by thunder-like sonic booms.
A practical form of Lagrange–Hamilton theory for ideal fluids and plasmas
Authors: LARSSON JONAS
Published: June 2003

Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms for ideal fluids and plasmas have, during the last few decades, developed much in theory and applications. The recent formulation of ideal fluid/plasma dynamics in terms of the Euler–Poincaré equations makes a self-contained, but mathematically elementary, form of Lagrange–Hamilton theory possible. The starting point is Hamilton's principle. The main goal is to present Lagrange–Hamilton theory in a way that simplifies its applications within usual fluid and plasma theory so that we can use standard vector analysis and standard Eulerian fluid variables. The formalisms of differential geometry, Lie group theory and dual spaces are avoided and so is the use of Lagrangian fluid variables or Clebsch potentials. In the formal ‘axiomatic’ setting of Lagrange–Hamilton theory the concepts of Lie algebra and Hilbert space are used, but only in an elementary way. The formalism is manifestly non-canonical, but the analogy with usual classical mechanics is striking. The Lie derivative is a most convenient tool when the abstract Lagrange–Hamilton formalism is applied to concrete fluid/plasma models. This directional/dynamical derivative is usually defined within differential geometry. However, following the goals of this paper, we choose to define Lie derivatives within standard vector analysis instead (in terms of the directional field and the div, grad and curl operators). Basic identities for the Lie derivatives, necessary for using them effectively in vector calculus and Lagrange–Hamilton theory, are included. Various dynamical invariants, valid for classes of fluid and plasma models (including both compressible and incompressible ideal magnetohydrodynamics), are given simple and straightforward derivations thanks to the Lie derivative calculus. We also consider non-canonical Poisson brackets and derive, in particular, an explicit result for incompressible and inhomogeneous flows.
Discourse without Discussion: Representations of Piracy in Colonial Indonesia 1816-25
Authors: à Campo Joseph N. F. M.
Published: June 2003

In colonial sources the designation and condemnation of certain indigenous acts of maritime violence as piracy are presented as self-evident. This confronts modern historiography with many problems of conceptualisation, interpretation and assessment. Discourse analysis may be an effective tool. Comparing divergent representations of piracy by Dutch administrators in colonial Indonesia shows how piracy was constructed in the confrontation of colonial and indigenous states.
From ‘Sons of the Yellow Emperor’ to ‘Children of Indonesian Soil’: Studying Peranakan Chinese based on the Batavia Kong Koan Archives
Authors: Minghuan Li
Published: June 2003

After making a comparative study of the Chinese Batavia Kong Koan archives between its earlier and later periods, this article discusses what was an apparently inevitable localisation of immigrants' identities, in the context of immigration, settlement and, in particular, intermarriage.
Introduction to the Symposium on Localising and Globalising Patterns in Natural Resource Use in Southeast Asia
Authors: Cooke Fadzilah Majid
Published: June 2003

Focusing on land, forests and coastal resources of Southeast Asia, this collection of
articles explores an emerging interest in exploring local development and change in
national, regional (Asia Pacific) and global terms. Specifically, the authors are interested
in steering clear of viewing ‘global’ forces (of market production and environmentalism)
as the privileged sites of action with the ‘local’ relegated to a ‘mediating’
role vis–à–vis these larger influences. On the contrary,
the articles suggest that local groups actively
engage in reshaping discourses and practices of the global (Majid Cooke, Tomforde).
Local groups grow crops, often changing from subsistence to cash-producing ones or
from one cash crop to another for a complexity of reasons – often not of their own
choosing – which reflect local, regional, national and global power differentials (Majid
Cooke, McKay, Sato).
Cultivating New Local Futures: Remittance Economies and Land-use Patterns in Ifugao, Philippines
Authors: McKay Deirdre
Published: June 2003

In the Philippines, female migration for contract domestic work transforms the local landscape. The changes in land, labour, crops and cropping patterns that are occurring may not reflect local ecology or economic opportunity as much as they represent gendered versions of new local futures, envisioned on a new global scale.
New Beginnings in East Timorese Forest Management
Authors: McWilliam Andrew
Published: June 2003

Among the array of pressing development requirements facing East Timor is the need to create a new strategic national management approach for forest resources. This article explores the historical and environmental factors that have contributed to the contemporary pattern of forest lands and discusses policy options to support the development of a sustainable forestry future.
Public Land for the People: The Institutional Basis of Community Forestry in Thailand
Authors: Sato Jin
Published: June 2003

This article begins by summarising the recent debate over the Community Forestry Bill in Thailand and traces the history of competition over public and communal land in that country. It is argued that community forestry that is truly beneficial for the locals must be based on an understanding of where common land is located within the multi-layered politics of power.
Mutuality and difference: trinity, creation and the theological ground of the church's unity
Authors: Jinkins Michael
Published: June 2003

A concept of the church current in post-Enlightenment modernity, of a religious society founded for the voluntary association of like-minded individuals, continues to dominate among many Christians today, especially in North American and western European contexts. This idea of church is particularly threatened by difference and conflict. Differences in matters of faith and values in such an ecclesiology mean that someone must be wrong in their private religious opinions. And, even if these opinions are privately held, they may undo the weak bonds of association among members of a Christian fellowship. Conflict, thus, is to be dreaded, and avoided. Unity for many in such an ecclesiology is synonymous with uniformity. Tolerance is theoretically valued, but toleration may mean little more than enlightened forbearance with the errors (i.e. differences) of others. The irony is that the church that can be undone by difference is a church more closely related to the polis of antiquity and the religious society of John Locke than to the diverse, vibrant, lively, and often messy communities of faith that spring to life on the pages of the NT. This essay seeks to advance an alternative ecclesiology conversant with classical trinitarian theology, grounded in the historical experience of the church, and open to certain streams of cultural pluralism.
From Heinrich Bullinger to puritanism: John Hooper's theology and the office of magistracy
Authors: Raath Andries , de Freitas Shaun
Published: June 2003

The sixteenth-century English Reformer John Hooper's views on the biblical idea of magisterial office and the application of God's law to the whole of the Christian community had a profound influence in England and Scotland. It is also clear that Hooper assimilated much of the German Reformer Heinrich Bullinger's theologico-political federalism, and played an important role in the reception of Bullinger's thought in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Britain. Bullinger, via Hooper, also influenced English and Scottish theories of political resistance in diverse ways.
The reproach of modalism: a difficulty for Karl Barth's doctrine of the trinity
Authors: Jowers Dennis W.
Published: June 2003

Though renowned for restoring the dogma of the trinity to a place of honor in Protestant dogmatics, Karl Barth has faced widespread criticism for allegedly introducing an ancient heresy into that very doctrine: the heresy of modalism. In this paper, we analyze: (a) Barth's doctrine of the trinity as presented in his Church Dogmatics I/1; (b) the arguments Barth himself employs against modalism; and (c) those aspects of Barth's doctrine of the trinity which, is his critics' view, commit him to some form of modalism. On this basis, we argue that Barth, in spite of infelicities and even errors in his doctrine of the trinity, does not in any way endorse the heresy of modalism.
THE VALUE OF EQUALITY
Authors: Tungodden Bertil
Published: June 2003

Over the years, egalitarian philosophers have made some challenging claims about the nature of egalitarianism. They have argued that egalitarian reasoning should make us reject the Pareto principle; that the Rawlsian leximin principle is not an egalitarian idea; that the Pigou–Dalton principle needs modification; that the intersection approach faces deep problems; that the numbers should not count within an egalitarian framework, and that egalitarianism should make us reject the property of transitivity in normative reasoning. In this paper, taking the recent philosophical debate on equality versus priority as the starting point, I review these claims from the point of view of an economist.
UNDERSTANDING EGALITARIANISM
Authors: McKERLIE DENNIS
Published: June 2003

The paper considers some differences in the ways that economics and philosophy study equality and egalitarianism in general. First, economics tends to understand a value simply as an ordering over outcomes while philosophy attempts to find a deeper explanation of the ordering in terms of intuitive ideas about the value. Sometimes the supposedly deeper explanation turns out to be insightful, but, in other cases, it is misleading or fails to be explanatory. Second, economists often propose impossibility results intended to show that apparently innocuous ideas about a value can have surprising consequences when they are combined. However, the significance of the results can be difficult to interpret and, sometimes, they do not establish as much as they initially seem to. Third, economists often criticize philosophical work about equality for making misguided assumptions about the possibility of measuring utility or well-being. The paper does not attempt to answer this criticism, but it points out some specific ways in which the scepticism about measurement might be exaggerated.
EQUALITY, PRIORITY OR WHAT?
Authors: TEMKIN LARRY S.
Published: June 2003

This paper aims to illuminate some issues in the equality, priority, or what debate. I characterize egalitarianism and prioritarianism, respond to the view that we should care about sufficiency or compassion rather than equality or priority, discuss the levelling down objection, and illustrate the significance of the distinction between prioritarianism and egalitarianism, establishing that the former is no substitute for the latter. In addition, I respond to Bertil Tungodden's views regarding the Slogan, the levelling down objection, the Pareto Principle, leximin, the principle of personal good, strict moderate egalitarianism, the Hammond Equity Condition, the intersection approach, and non-aggregative reasoning.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN (MODERATE) EGALITARIANISM AND PRIORITARIANISM?
Authors: JENSEN KARSTEN KLINT
Published: June 2003

It is common to define egalitarianism in terms of an inequality ordering, which is supposed to have some weight in overall evaluations of outcomes. Egalitarianism, thus defined, implies that levelling down makes the outcome better in respect of reducing inequality; however, the levelling down objection claims there can be nothing good about levelling down. The priority view, on the other hand, does not have this implication. This paper challenges the common view. The standard definition of egalitarianism implicitly assumes a context. Once this context is made clear, it is easily seen that egalitarianism could be defined alternatively in terms of valuing a benefit to a person inversely to how well off he is relative to others. The levelling down objection does not follow from this definition. Moreover, the common definition does not separate egalitarian orderings from prioritarian ones. It is useful to do this by requiring that on egalitarianism, additively separable orderings should be excluded. But this requirement is stated as a condition on the alternative definition of egalitarianism, from which the levelling down objection does not follow.
CRITICAL NOTICE
Authors: MACK ERIC
Published: June 2003

Natural Goodness, PHILIPPA FOOT. Clarendon Press, 2002, 125 pages.

Philippa Foot begins her short but intriguingly rewarding book on Natural Goodness
by recounting a story about Wittgenstein.

Wittgenstein interrupted a speaker who
had realized that he was about to say something that, although it seemed
compelling, was clearly ridiculous, and was trying (as we all do in such
circumstances) to say something sensible instead. “No,” said Wittgenstein.
“Say what you want to say. Be crude and then we shall get on.” (p. 1)

So it is no surprise that Natural Goodness itself is full of bold sayings which, although elegantly cast, will shock many readers' philosophical sensibilities. In this discussion of Foot's book I will complete compliance with Wittgenstein's advice by way of a crude attempt to interpret Foot's bold sayings.
Spanish diminutives in mother–child conversations
Authors: MELZI GIGLIANA , KING KENDALL A.
Published: June 2003

The present study examined gender and age patterns of diminutive use in conversations between 32 Spanish-speaking Peruvian mothers and their three- and five-year-old children. Results confirm previous findings concerning both parents' greater use of diminutives with younger children and children's early acquisition of this complex aspect of morphology. However, findings do not support previous studies on gender differences in parental use of diminutives with young children. Results also revealed that mothers' and children's imitations of their interlocutors' diminutized words promoted their interlocutors' overall diminutive use. This finding highlights the acute sensitivity of both speakers to each others' language and the potential role of imitation in older children's language development.
Phonological neighbourhoods in the developing lexicon
Authors: COADY JEFFRY A. , ASLIN RICHARD N.
Published: June 2003

Structural analyses of developing lexicons have provided evidence for both children's holistic lexical representations and sensitivity to phonetic segments. In the present investigation, neighbourhood analyses of two children's (age 3;6) expressive lexicons, maternal input, and an adult lexicon were conducted. In addition to raw counts and frequency-weighted counts, neighbourhood size was calculated as the proportion of the lexicon to which each target word is similar, to normalize for vocabulary size differences. These analyses revealed that children's lexicons contain more similar sounding words than previous analyses indicated. Further, neighbourhoods appear denser earlier in development relative to vocabulary size, presumably because children first learn words with more frequent sounds and sound combinations. Neighbourhood density as a proportion of the size of the lexicon then decreases over development as children acquire words with less frequent sounds and sound combinations. These findings suggest that positing fundamentally different lexical representations for children may be premature.
Diminutivization supports gender acquisition in Russian children
Authors: KEMPE VERA , BROOKS PATRICIA J. , MIRONOVA NATALIJA , FEDOROVA OLGA
Published: June 2003

Gender agreement elicitation was used with Russian children to examine how diminutives common in Russian child-directed speech affect gender learning. Forty-six children (2;9–4;8) were shown pictures of familiar and of novel animals and asked to describe them after hearing their names, which all contained regular morphophonological cues to masculine or feminine gender. Half were presented as simplex (e.g. jozh ‘porcupine’) and half as diminutive forms (e.g. jozhik ‘porcupine-DIM’). Children produced fewer agreement errors for diminutive than for simplex nouns, indicating that the regularizing features of diminutives enhance gender categorization. The study demonstrates how features of child-directed speech can facilitate language learning.
A connectionist account of Spanish determiner production
Authors: SMITH PAMELA , NIX ANDREW , DAVEY NEIL , LÓPEZ ORNAT SUSANA , MESSER DAVID
Published: June 2003

Evidence from experimental studies of Spanish children's production of determiners reveals that they pay more attention to phonological cues present in nouns than to natural semantics when assigning gender to determiners (Pérez-Pereira, 1991). This experimental work also demonstrated that Spanish children are more likely to produce the correct determiner when given a noun with phonological cues which suggest it is masculine, and more likely to assign masculine gender to nouns with ambiguous cues. In this paper, we investigate the phonological cues available to children and seek to explore the possibility that differential frequency in the linguistic input explains the priority given to masculine forms when children are faced with ambiguous novel items. A connectionist model of determiner production was incrementally trained on a lexicon of determiner–noun phrases taken from parental speech in a longitudinal study of a child between the ages of 1;7 and 2;11 (López Ornat, Fernandez, Gallo & Mariscal, 1994) preserving the type and token frequency information. An analysis of the database of parental productions revealed that while regular feminine nouns were slightly more frequent than regular masculine nouns, irregular masculine nouns outnumbered irregular feminine nouns by roughly 2 to 1. On the basis of this, we made the prediction that as the training lexicon builds up, the network will perform better overall on masculine determiners than would be predicted from their forms alone and will tend to assign masculine gender to ambiguous novel nouns in a test set. The findings indicate that, at least in the case of Spanish gender agreement for determiners and nouns, a general associative learning mechanism can account for important characteristics of the acquisition process seen in children.
Theoretical perspectives and new practices in audio-graphic conferencing for language learning
Authors: HAMPEL REGINE
Published: June 2003

This article will start with the situation at the Open University, where
languages are taught at a distance. Online tuition using an audio-graphic Internet-based conferencing
system called Lyceum is one of the ways used to develop students’ communicative skills.

Following Garrett’s call for an integration of research and practice at EUROCALL 1997
(Garrett, 1998) – a call which is still valid today – the present article proposes a
conceptual framework which can support the use of conferencing systems such as Lyceum in
language learning and teaching. In the first part of the article, I examine several pedagogical
theories supporting language learning, that is, second language acquisition and sociocultural
theories, and multimodality, and apply them to the practice of audio-graphic computer-mediated
communication (CMC) as used at the Open University. I also build on previous research, which,
however, is still dominated by written CMC. What Erben stated in 1999 is still true: that
audio-graphic technology “remains under-researched and under-theorised.” (Erben, 1999:230).
Firstly, I therefore examine studies on written CMC and secondly those that have been conducted on
audio-graphic CMC in order to identify the benefits and challenges of these media.

Both the pedagogical theory and previous studies of CMC have informed the design and implementation
of online tuition at the Open University. Thus the second part of the article reports on a research
project on Lyceum, which took place in 2002. The goal of the project was to evaluate the use of
audio-graphic conferencing in practice, and this in turn has instigated both improvements in the
software used and in student support as well as further changes to the task design. I present some
findings and discuss both the challenges of audio-graphic conferencing that were encountered and
the benefits that were identified.
Effects of topic threads on sustainability of email interactions between native speakers and nonnative speakers
Authors: STOCKWELL GLENN
Published: June 2003

There has been much enthusiasm shown in the literature about Native
Speaker-Nonnative Speaker (NS-NNS) e-mail interactions, associating them with increased motivation
and participation and reduced anxiety (Beauvois & Eledge, 1996; Leh, 1997; Aitsiselmi, 1999).
Recent research has now also begun to link these interactions with increases in L2 proficiency
(Floréz-Estrada, 1995; Stockwell & Harrington, 2003). As some studies have suggested
that L2 learners should reach a certain number of e-mail interactions in order for benefits to
accrue (Lamy & Goodfellow, 1999; Stockwell & Harrington, 2003), researchers have started
to turn their attention towards what factors play a role in helping to facilitate longer
interactions. One factor that appears to be important in sustaining longer conversation sequences
is the topics discussed during the interactions (Stockwell & Levy, 2001). While Lamy &
Goodfellow (1999) investigated the topic threads during on-line discussions with multiple
participants, threads in NS-NNS paired interactions through e-mail remain largely unexplored.
Thus, in this study, 48 learners of Japanese involved in e-mail interactions with native speakers
were investigated to determine what features of topic threads contributed to sustaining
interactions. The end-of-thread messages (i.e., those messages which were the last message in a
conversation thread) were examined in terms of whether or not a reply was invited, and those
messages for which a reply was invited were further analysed to determine why a reply was not
received. The paper concludes with suggestions for how conversation threads may be sustained, and
some directions for future research.
Conceptualisation and development of multimedia courseware in a tertiary educational context: juxtaposing approach, content and technology considerations
Authors: TRINDER RUTH
Published: June 2003

Developing multimedia courseware for successful integration into a wider system
necessitates close attention to a multitude of factors. After a brief literature survey and a critical
examination of some overly enthusiastic claims concerning the benefits of multimedia, this paper proposes a
flexible framework for CALL development that takes the interrelations between approach, content, and
technology-based variables into account. It contends that some of these variables are predetermined by the
educational context, whereas others reflect the developers’ views of what constitutes an optimal language
learning environment. The main part of the paper provides a detailed account of how these development
factors shaped the design of multimedia materials for a large-scale project at the Vienna University of
Economics and Business Administration. It argues for a balanced approach to learner control that, while
allowing learners to interact with the materials according to their needs and preferences, provides enough
learner guidance for those who prefer a more structured approach to learning. Special attention is paid
to the often problematical areas of learner style suitability, feedback, and transparency of structure and
content.
Learners’ interactions: a comparison of oral and computer-assisted written conversations
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ-GARCÍA MARISOL , MARTÍNEZ ARBELAIZ ASUNCÍON
Published: June 2003

Previous research has underscored the role of negotiation in providing appropriate
conditions for second language acquisition. Varonis and Gass (1985b), in a study of English as a Second
Language (ESL), found greater amount of negotiation in non-native–non-native interaction than in native-non–native
interaction. Given the increased interest in computer mediated communication and in its applications to language
learning, this investigation explores whether those results are obtained when using an electronic written medium.
This study compared the negotiations generated by dyads of non-native speakers (NNS–NNS), native
speakers (NS–NS), and non-native and native speakers (NNS–NS), in the oral and written modes. The results
revealed that the NNS–NS group negotiated in the oral mode significantly more than in the written mode; this
group also negotiated significantly more than the other two groups in the oral mode. Learners' shared social and
linguistic background seemed to have facilitated the comprehension of input. Conversely, lack of familiarity
with native speaker's pronunciation seemed to have caused more breakdowns in the oral conversations of the mixed
dyads. Though the results of this study suggest that negotiation is not the main resource to obtain modified
input in a foreign language context, other learning strategies that may be beneficial in the language learning
process were at use in learner-learner interaction.
La question du nom propre répété dans la théorie dite du centrage et ses problèmes
Authors: SCHNEDECKER CATHERINE
Published: June 2003

De nombreuses théories (théorie de l'accessibilité, du centrage), prohibent les séquences référentielles où le nom propre (Np) est répété, pour des raisons qui sont rappelées dans la première partie de l'article. Elles s'appuient sur de nombreuses expérimentations psycholinguistiques qui démontrent le coût de traitement occasionné par de telles séquences. Notre objectif est de montrer que les prédictions sur la distribution du Np ne sont pas toujours fondées, que les emplois du Np sont autrement plus diversifiés qu'elles ne le prévoient et qu'ils s'expliquent de manière cohérente. Nous montrons également que les manipulations expérimentales censées prouver les difficultés occasionnées par le Np répété reposent parfois sur du matériel linguistique discutable d'un point de vue linguistique et qu'elles ne sont pas toujours convergentes, en sorte qu'elles peuvent difficilement cautionner la théorie du centrage. Enfin, nous suggérons une conception des transitions interphrastiques, qui tient compte du contexte d'occurrence du marqueur référentiel et de son ‘antécédent’, de la situation dans laquelle s'inscrit le référent et proposons une typologie des transitions susceptible de hiérarchiser, peut-être plus finement que ne le fait la théorie du centrage, le degré de cohérence ou d'incohérence des enchaînements.
Verbs and rules: Two profiles of French morphology acquisition
Authors: HERSCHENSOHN JULIA
Published: June 2003

This article reports on two anglophone teenagers learning French – one exposed to a six-month stay in France, and the other exposed to an instructional environment. The corpus collected from six tape-recorded interviews shows an increase in the number of tokens and lexically distinct verbs produced, and in the percentage of correctly inflected verbs. The subjects' use of correct and incorrect forms supports a rote and rule model of morphology. L2 learners seem to make use of a coalition of resources – primary linguistic data as well as cognitive strategies for grammatical rule formation – to create their interlanguage grammar.
Living and working in immersion French
Authors: NADASDI TERRY , MCKINNIE MEGHAN
Published: June 2003

Our study presents a variationist analysis of lexical variation in L2
immersion in French. Two variables are considered: a) words referring
to remunerated work, e.g. travail; b) verbs used to
indicate one's place of residence, e.g. habiter.
One linguistic factor, priming in the interviewer's question,
is shown to condition both variables. A number of social factors are
also considered. The only correlation that obtains with a social
factor is speakers' home language for the ‘work’ variable.
The main finding from our study is that in comparison to L1 Canadian Francophones,
the immersion students make use of a limited number of lexical
variants and show no knowledge of highly frequent non standard L1 forms.