bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forecasting the development indicators of oil and gas reservoirs based on initial period data
Authors:   Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Bogopolsky Vadim O. , Mammadov Ramil M. ,   Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University
Published: June 2024

The practice of oil fields development indicates that the economic efficiency of this process is largely determined by the oil production regime, which is characterized by indicators of the intensity of hydrocarbon extraction: the total number of wells in the field, the dynamics of their commissioning, and production volumes from each of them. At the same time, when justifying oil production projects, it is a very common opinion that it is premature to address the problems of managing the rate of raw material selection in the early stages of project development, often relegated solely to petroleum engineering without consideration of economic aspects. This often leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the entire project due to the inability to control the oil production regime in later stages. This formulation of the problem is particularly relevant for new oil production regions. In well-studied oil and gas region, an error in selecting the rate of raw material production may not be so critical. However, in the case of new fields in undeveloped regions, the cost of such an error can significantly exceed the economic benefits derived from the sale of all the oil produced. In this regard, the problem of developing models and methods for determining economically feasible regimes for oil field development based on controlling the rate of product selection is relevant. The article predicts the dynamics of the following indicators of oil and gas field development: current and cumulative production of oil, water and gas, average well flow rate, and water cut depending on the number of production wells, etc. It demonstrates how it is possible to simplify two- and three-parameter models using the proposed forecasting technique.
The "diffusion approximation" approach for describing the oil field development process
Authors:   Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Mammadov Aziz V. , Sultanova Arzu V. ,   Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Mammadov Ramil M. ,   Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University
Published: June 2024

Analysis of the interaction of wells in the process of oil field development is based in particular on calculating the correlation coefficient of two adjacent wells. However, due to reservoir heterogeneity, this approach fails to consider the possibility of interactions between wells located at significantly greater distances. The non-equilibrium of the system is attributed to its openness, associated with environmental impacts (flooding process and changes in the stock of existing wells). The oil field development is a complex process, subject to complex works such as well grid compaction, carrying out a wide range of geological and technical operations, etc. From this point of view, the development and exploitation of fields needs a “volumetric” approach, i.e. a diffusion approximation. A crucial aspect of oil production is the timely regulation of both current production rates and water impact on the reservoir system. The oscillatory nature of the time series of measurements of oil, water, and liquid production rates carries information about the state and behavior of the reservoir system. Analysis of the features of oscillatory processes of the technological indicators of well operation across the entire area of the deposit as a whole enables early diagnosis of changes in the state of the system. The approach of the production well stock analysis in terms of the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the dynamics of oil, water, “mobile” water, and flooding, as well as the specific ratios of produced oil to the volume of water injected into the reservoir (an indicator of the effectiveness of water stimulation) allows us to consider the development as a diffusion-like process.
Methods for solving two-dimensional tasks of cutting raw materials
Authors:   Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Aliyeva Sevda Y. , Abishova Rabiya M. ,   Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University
Published: June 2024

The article discusses the methodology for solving two-dimensional material cutting problems, widely used in practice and applied to industrial equipment. Several modifications of the original problem are considered. An interactive optimization procedure is presented for a general two-dimensional material cutting problem. When cutting correctly, the two dimensions of the cut pieces (usually length and width) must be consistent with the length and width of the sheet. One of the problems most frequently encountered in literature and in practice is the problem of cutting a rectangular material into rectangular pieces. Therefore, this work focuses on this task. First, a two-dimensional problem of cutting material is formulated. Next, methods for solving the problem of cutting material and the related problem of constructing (creating) a template is outlined. The solution method includes a new interactive (dialogue) optimization procedure. A very interesting feature of 2D problems is that there are different options that arise from practical requirements due to the type of material and manufacturing process constraints. A description of the general technique would be incomplete without mentioning how it can be modified to apply specific practical problems. Therefore, the paper briefly discusses some practical applications and describes ways to modify the general methodology to solve these practical problems.
Effect of Phosphorus and Sulphur Levels on Yield Attributes, Yield and Quality of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: . Kamal , Dhaka A.K. , Kamboj Ekta , Sharma Amit , . Ravi , . Preeti
Published: June 2024

Background: Groundnut is one of the best known oilseed crops and belongs to the family Leguminosae. However, the productivity of groundnut in India is less as compared to average productivity of world due to uncertainty in monsoon rainfall and incidences of diseases, insect pests and weeds. The main cause of low groundnut production is an unbalanced and insufficient usage of nutrients. Because groundnut is a legume-oilseed crop, it has a high phosphorus, calcium and sulphur demand. Methods: A field experiment consisting of four phosphorus levels (Control, 40, 50, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) and four sulphur levels (Control, 25, 50, 75 kg S ha-1) was laid out in split plot design to analyze their effect on pod yield, yield components, physiological and quality parameters of groundnut. Result: The results indicated the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 75 kg S ha-1 significantly improved the pod yield and yield components except number of kernels per pod and harvest index, physiological parameters except leaf area index and all the quality parameters. However, the difference between 50 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 50 and 75 kg S ha-1 was found non-significant for most of the studied parameters.
Achieving Nutritional Security through Nutri-garden in Rural Areas of Nawada District, Bihar
Authors: Bharti Anugya , Singh Ranjan Kumar , Kumar Anjani
Published: June 2024

Background: Various nutritional problems such as anaemia, malnutrition, stunting, wasting are prevalent among women and children. Nutri- garden promotes dietary diversification in rural household through easy availability of fresh vegetables and fruits on a daily basis, thereby, can play an important role in achieving nutritional security at household or community level. The objective of the study was to increase the availability of vegetables in rural household and to improve the knowledge of rural farm women regarding layout, technological and nutritional aspect of nutri-garden. Methods: The study was conducted in the nine villages of Kawakol block of Nawada district. Ten anganwadi centres and three backyard / kitchen garden were selected (that includes 115 respondents) for KVK front line demonstration programme on nutrition security. Result: An increase in yield of the crops was seen in demonstration unit in comparison to farmers field. This enhances the nutrient availability among rural families. Knowledge of the rural household was also enhanced through various training programmes conducted during the study. The major constraints faced by the farm women in management of nutri-garden were inadequate water supply in some areas and high input cost involved in purchasing low cost quality seed.
Genotypic Variations of Morpho-physiological Parameters of Rapeseed (Brassica rapa var. Toria) under Rainfed Condition of Assam
Authors: Chintey Rajesh , Goswami Ratna Kinkor , Bharali Bhagawan , Das Ranjan , Thakuria Ramani Kanta , Paswan Raju Prasad , Debchoudhury Pankaj Kumar
Published: June 2024

Background: Among the North-Eastern states, Assam is the highest in terms of area of cultivation of rapeseed and has the potential to increase productivity to a great extent. To fulfil the increasing demand for edible oils, appropriate interventions must be paid for introduction of new oilseed varieties.The suitable genotype for a particular region has to be identified based on physiological efficiency and yield. Methods: The field experiment was carried out at the Instructional-cum-Research (ICR) Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-13, Assam during rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications comprising of 22 different genotypes of rapeseed (Brassica rapa, var. Toria), viz., TS-38 (Check), TS-46, TS-67, TS-36, TS-29, TS-75-1, TS-75-1TL, TS-75-2ME, TS-75-2-MM, TS-76-1, TS-76-2, JT-90-1, Panchali, Bhawani, CG Toria-4, TKM-20-1, TKM-20-2, JT-14-5, PT-2018-09, CG Toria-3, Tapeshwari and PT-303. The crops were grown following the recommended package of practice. All the parameters were taken following the standard methodologies. The parameters under study were plant height, number of primary branches, number of green leaves, stem diameters, root lengths and root volumes, proline content, nitrate reductase activity, protein content, oil content, specific leave weight, leaf area index, net assimilation rate and seed yield. Result: The results of the study indicated a significant variation of all the morpho-physiological parameters among the genotypes. The genotype TS-75-2ME and TS-38 exhibited morpho-physiological superiority in terms of number of primary branches, green leaves and SLW. The same genotypes also recorded significantly higher seed yield.
Akhlak Mahmudah Perspective of Ibn Miskawaih
Authors: Arroisi Jarman , Ussisa ‘alat Taqwa  , Ahmad Farhan Nasution
Published: June 2024

The moral of Mahmudah is an important point in the tradition of Islamic thought that has been explained in depth by the Islamic philosopher Ibn Miskawaih. According to him, mahmudah morality refers to the noble and noble qualities that individuals strive for to achieve happiness and peace in life in this world and the hereafter. This study analyzes good behavior in Islamic psychology from the point of view of Ibn Miskawaih. In this study, the author used Library Research and used descriptive methods of analysis to understand Ibn Miskawaih's views on good behavior. According to Islamic psychology, individual behavior is influenced by mental and psychological aspects. Analysis of behavioral treatment in Islamic psychology shows that the concept of mahmudah morality plays an important role in shaping human behavior. The results of Ibn Miskawaih's Akhlak mahmudah are divided into several points: First, Encourage humans to behave well, Second, establish good relationships with humans, and Third, Build strong character through good character can help individuals overcome the challenges of daily life and Fourth, maintain balance in various aspects of life.
"Training is Everything": How to Prepare Students for Policy Clinic Projects
Authors: Hardie Liz
Published: June 2024

As more students carry out policy work as part of their law degrees, the different skills needed for policy work have become clearer. Policy work differs from traditional legal studies in a number of key ways, and so requires different, or more developed, skills to effectively participate and engage in projects. This article reviews the literature on the skills required for policy work. It summarises the evaluation of the online training provided to Open University policy clinic students in 2022-23, analysing the attendance and engagement data and the findings of a student survey to draw conclusions about the value and effectiveness of the training.
In order for law students to carry out policy work, there is a need for training in policy research and analysis skills and the research suggested students found this of value. Whilst the literature suggested the need for further communication skills training, it was not possible to reach an evidenced conclusion about this from the research. Students expressed a strong preference for online synchronous training sessions provided at the start of a project. The recording of those sessions allowed students to re-visit the training throughout the project as and when needed, which was of value to them.
Pengaruh Dosis Pupuk Nitrogen dan Media Tanam Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tanaman Buncis (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)
Authors: Sarumaha Yoseph Lutern , Hariyono Kacung
Published: June 2024

Kacang buncis merupakan salah satu sayuran kelompok kacang-kacangan yang digemari masyarakat karena merupakan salah satu sumber protein nabati dan kaya akan vitamin A, B dan C. Permasalahan yang sering dihadapi dalam membudidayakan tanaman buncis yaitu penggunaan media tanam dan pupuk yang dibutuhkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui interaksi antara kombinasi jenis media tanam dengan pupuk N terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman buncis. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial dan diulang sebanyak 3 kali. Faktor pertama yaitu jenis media tanam dengan 3 taraf dan faktor kedua yaitu dosis pupuk N dengan 5 taraf. Faktor pertama yaitu tanah (P1), tanah + pasir (P2) dan tanah + arang sekam (P3). Faktor kedua yaitu Kontrol-Tanpa N (U1), Urea 1,25 gram/tanaman (U2), Urea 2,5 gram/tanaman (U3), Urea 3,75 gram/tanaman (U4) dan Urea 5 gram/tanaman (U5). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi antara media tanam dengan dosis pupuk nitrogen (N) sangat berbeda nyata pada variabel pengamatan luas daun tanaman buncis. Perlakuan jenis media tanam berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap panjang polong per tanaman, sedangkan berpengaruh nyata terhadap volume akar. Media tanam yang terbaik adalah tanah (P1) dan Tanah + Pasir (P2) dengan perbandingan media 1:1. Tanah (P1) menghasilkan volume akar (12,01 cm3), jumlah polong per tanaman (101,33 buah). Sedangkan pada Tanah + Pasir (P2) menghasilkan panjang polong per tanaman (15,47 cm) dan bobot polong per tanaman (252,5 gram). Dosis pupuk nitrogen (N) yang terbaik adalah 1,75 gram/tanaman (U2) pada volume akar (13,36 cm2), klorofil (40,59 unit) dan panjang polong per tanaman (15,47 cm).
Macroinvertebrate Diversity as Bioindicator of Water Quality in Anggoeya River, Kendari City
Authors: Koty Agnes Trixsy , Kahirun Kahirun , Bana Sahindomi , Sudia La Baco , - La Ode Muhammad Erif
Published: June 2024

Anthropogenic activities will affect the quality of river water and the living things in it, including macroinvertebrates. Anggoeya River is one of the rivers that water source is used as raw water for PDAM Kendari, so its quality needs to be considered. The purpose of this study was to analyze the water quality of Anggoeya River using macroinvertebrate bioindicators and the relationship between macroinvertebrates and physicochemical parameters of water and substrate of Anggoeya River. Physico-chemical parameters consist of temperature, current velocity, TSS, turbidity, pH, COD, BOD, DO, substrate pH, and substrate type. The sampling technique used purposive sampling, where macroinvertebrate sampling was carried out at three points at each station three times repetitions, namely on the left, middle, and right sides of the river, based on the type of river habitat, namely pool, riffle, and rapid. Top of Form The results obtained for the highest diversity value is at Station I with a value of 1.99 and the highest dominance value is at Station III with a value of 0.98. As for the best FBI value of the three stations, namely at Station II with a value of 5.43 with a moderate organic matter pollution category. For the results of physicochemical parameters, some of which do not meet or exceed the Quality Standards based on Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021, namely TSS at Station III, BOD at Station I and Station II, and DO at Station III. The results of the macroinvertebrate diversity index relationship with physicochemical parameters has a strong to very strong relationship.
The Role of Ethical Responsibility in the Management of Environmentally Sustainable Health Care
Authors: Chen-Xu José
Published: June 2024

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Implementation of Channel Area Thresholding in Early Detection System of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI)
Authors: Fitri Zilvanhisna Emka , Imron Arizal Mujibtamana Nanda
Published: June 2024

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are infectious diseases that affect both children and adults, particularly in the context of climate change. Bacteria are one of the causes of ARI. According to the government, the discovery of the bacteria that cause ARI is an indicator of successful management of infectious diseases. The current obstacle is the limited number of medical analysts, which results in longer microscopic examination times and requires a high level of objectivity. Therefore, a system for the early detection of ARI-causing bacteria was developed using digital image processing techniques, specifically channel area thresholding as one of the segmentation methods. This research employs four shape features for bacterial classification: the number of bacterial colonies, area, perimeter, and shape. The Naïve Bayes intelligent system method is used for the classification process. The system had an accuracy rate of 86.84% in the classification of four types of bacteria: S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, C. diphteriae and M. tuberculosis
EMG Instrumentation Modeling and Feature Processing Based On Discrete Wavelet Transform
Authors: Zukro Aini Rasyida Shabihah
Published: June 2024

Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is essential in generating electrical signals from skeletal muscles. EMG sensors are helpful in various cases requiring the detection of human muscle contractions, neuromuscular disorders, and rehabilitation. EMG instrumentation is divided into two parts, namely, the analogue part and the digital part. The EMG instrumentation design comprises a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), instrumentation amplifier, filter, and analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Meanwhile, in digital signal processing adopting the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) method, frequency analysis using DWT has proven superior. It is used in various research and has exceptionally detailed coefficient features for classifying neuromuscular disease signals. Therefore, this research aims to design analogue and digital EMG instrumentation and identify features in the form of detailed coefficients. The data used are two Physionet signals from the anterior tibialis body with myopathy and neuropathy disorders. The results obtained for EMG analogue instrumentation provide the expected results until they reach the filter component stage. The resulting signal forms a block in the filter component, different from the initial EMG signal. Meanwhile, the DWT decomposition results are of the Daubechies4 wavelet type with the highest level 17, which has a high detail coefficient at low frequencies, high dilation and the result of a mixture of neuropathy and myopathy EMG signals, or in other words, at low energies, this result is by the DWT theorem. Determining the efficiency of the DWT detailed coefficient feature requires further study with the same signal subject. The DWT features obtained can then be developed for various needs in EMG signal recognition.
The Characteristics of Polyester Concrete with Local Sand of East Borneo as Filter
Authors: Dewi Asti Lolita , Tanjung Rifqi Aulia , Tajalla Gusti Umindya Nur , Parmita Ade Wahyu Yusariarta Putra
Published: June 2024

Concrete is a mixture of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate mixed with water and cement as a binder and filler. The disadvantages of traditional concrete are that high water absorption causes low chemical resistance, low modulus of elasticity, low impact strength and a long hardening time to reach its maximum properties, namely 28 days. The solution to these shortcomings that is being developed for construction material applications is by using polymers as polymer concrete. In this research, polyester resin and sand aggregate were used as basic materials. Polyester resin is a type of thermosetting polymer that is widely used in various applications such as automotive parts, composites and construction because of its suitable processing characteristics and affordable price. Meanwhile, the sand used is local Kalimantan sand, where from the XRF and XRD test results, local Kalimantan sand is included in the silica sand type. This research varies the weight fraction of polyester resin used to determine its effect on polymer concrete characteristics such as porosity, water absorption, compressive strength, and macro observations. Variations in the polymer weight fraction used were 20%, 25% and 30%. Compressive strength testing was carried out at the age of 7 days of concrete. The results of the porosity test show that the average porosity of all variations is ± 0.5%. Meanwhile, the average value of water absorption for all fractions is 0.2%. And the highest average value of compressive strength in the 30% polyester resin weight fraction was 66.9 MPa. So it can be concluded that all variations meet SNI standards to become concrete materials.
Exploring Elementary School English Teachers' Voices in Gaining Students' Attention in Learning
Authors: Suryanto Suryanto , Brawijaya Ardiless
Published: June 2024

Student attention plays a pivotal role in learning. It becomes the gateway to learning engagement, behavioral management, and academic achievement. This research investigates several methods elementary school teachers use in Indonesia to capture and maintain students' attention during English language instruction. This study examines the methods and challenges faced in the interaction process, which is crucial for successful learning. The research utilizes a qualitative descriptive study design, including in-depth interviews with three experienced English teachers. The findings indicate that teachers use many interactive and sensory-stimulating methods, including games, total physical response activities, songs, gestures, and visual aids, to attract and hold students' attention. These methods are essential for sustaining involvement and accommodating learning preferences and cultural contexts. However, teachers need more resources, training needs, and a diverse array of students' interests and learning styles, all of which might hinder the execution of these methods. This research emphasizes the need to provide teachers with customized training and resources to use attention-grabbing methods successfully. This study adds to the broader conversation on educational methods in linguistically and culturally diverse settings, indicating that improving teacher support and resources is crucial for promoting successful English language instruction at the elementary school level.
Reassessing Information in Understanding the Temporality of Consciousness
Authors: Kanaev Ilya A.
Published: June 2024

This paper delves into the concept of information within the context of conscious systems, emphasizing the pivotal role of entropy as a fundamental aspect in comprehending consciousness. Drawing on insights from Integrated Information Theory (IIT) and information theory, the argument posits that consciousness entails dynamic information processing, distinct from the static storage and retrieval model employed by modern computers. The intrinsic dynamics of neural systems are explored, illuminating how they integrate incoming stimuli into a unified state of subjective experience, thereby shaping conscious awareness. By considering entropy as a temporal and qualitative value, its significance in reducing uncertainty and facilitating adaptability in conscious systems is underscored. Through a series of principles, the intricate relationship between entropy, neural dynamics, and consciousness is elucidated. This analysis suggests the necessity of rethinking traditional notions of information when applied to conscious systems, highlighting the dynamic nature of consciousness and its interaction with the environment.
Silica-Ti3C2Tx MXene Nanoarchitectures with Simultaneous Adsorption and Photothermal Properties
Authors: Ruiz-Hitzky Eduardo , Ounis Mabrouka , Younes Mohamed Kadri , Pérez-Carvajal Javier
Published: June 2024

Layered Ti3C2Tx MXene has been successfully intercalated and exfoliated with the simultaneous generation of a 3D silica network by treating its cationic surfactant intercalation compound (MXene-CTAB) with an alkoxysilane (TMOS) resulting in a MXene-silica nanoarchitecture that exhibits porosity along with the intrinsic properties of MXene (e.g., photothermal response). The ability of these new materials to produce thermal activation reactions of compounds previously adsorbed on MXene-SiO2 is shown here. For this purpose, the pinacol rearrangement reaction has been selected as a first model example, testing the effectiveness of NIR laser-assisted photothermal irradiation in these processes. This work shows that Ti3C2Tx – based nanoarchitectures open new avenues for applications that rely on the combined properties inherent to their integrated nanocomponents that could be extended to the broader MXene family.
Best digital practices in Mental Health: Design and Implementation of a Tailored Mobile Application for Vulnerable Populations in the European Union
Authors: Torrents Enric Garcia
Published: June 2024

This paper outlines the ongoing development of a specialised mobile application to address the mental health needs of vulnerable populations in the European Union (EU). Conducted as a mixed-methods research within two EU Science and Technology Cooperation Actions, the study prioritises stakeholder feedback to identify features for initial testing and strategies to improve application uptake, using critical digital health analysis. With a focus on marginalised groups such as refugees, migrants and socio-economically disadvantaged individuals, the application aims to provide an accessible and culturally sensitive platform for mental health support, integrating evidence-based interventions such as cognitive behavioural techniques and mindfulness exercises. Key features include multilingual support, habit tracking, personalised recommendations for support and services, and real-time crisis intervention. Collaboration with stakeholders and ongoing rigorous usability testing are driving the refinement process to ensure usability, acceptability and effectiveness, underscoring the importance of user engagement in technology-based mental health interventions in the EU context and highlighting the importance of collaborative science and technology for societal benefit.
ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF ORDER VARIATION FACTORS ON THE COSTS AND TIME OF IMPLEMENTING CHANNEL DIVERCTION INFRASTRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS
Authors: Hindami Ghazi Ghossan , Suroso Agus , Amin Mawardi
Published: June 2024

Tangerang is a big city in Indonesia. The housing sector rocketing in this region. Changes in development often occur because problems arise and have an impact on costs and time. Researchers focused on finding the cause of the work diverting residential channels being hampered. For this reason, changes were made to the sheetpile design and changes to the infrastructure mobilization method to meet the contract time. The research uses the SEM PLS method to determine the factors causing order variations. In addition, the data processing application was used to determine the effect of order variations on time and cost performance. The respondents were 60 owners and consultants. Based on the results of the cost performance analysis, additional work arising from order variations reached 10,516,305,346 IDR and reduced work due to order variations reached 6,628,461,533 IDR or around 12.96% of the initial contract price and the results of time performance analysis for time losses that occurred due to order variations on the project showed an additional time of 5 months or 125%.
Characteristics and Functions of IL-37
Authors: Yang Fang , Gao Li , Wu Xinya , Su Xuan , Ma Weijie , Zhong Lei , Liu Aihua , Bao Fukai
Published: June 2024

Interleukin-37 (IL-37), previously known as IL-1F7, is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines. There are five basic subtypes of IL-37, including IL-37a, IL-37b, IL-37c, IL-37d, and IL-37e. Like other members of the IL-1 family, IL-37 is initially expressed as an immature precursor protein that needs to be processed enzymatically by caspase-1 to generate the bioactive protein. However, unlike most other members of the IL-1 family, IL-37 induces anti-inflammatory activities in IL-37 receptor-positive target cells. IL-37 functions as an extracellular protein by binding to the IL-18 receptor, IL-18R, and an intracellular protein via its interaction with SMAD family member-3 (SMAD-3). This article reviews recent findings regarding the IL-37 protein maturation process and the biological functions mediated by this cytokine.
Impact of High Calcium Concentrations on Barite Scale Prediction Under High Temperature and High Pressure Conditions
Authors: Shen Yu-Yi , Deng Guannan , Wang Xin , Ye Yuqing , Reiss Amit , Yao Xuanzhu , Pimentel Daniel , Leschied Cianna , Kan Amy T. , Tomson Mason B.
Published: June 2024

Scale prediction and inhibition is one of the crucial challenges in the oil and gas industry. Thriving demand for gasoline drives the oil and gas industry into intensified production. Many of these unconventional sites face the challenge of high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) issues. This study focuses on improving the scale prediction of barite in the condition for calcium concentration up to 2 m with pressure up to 18,000 psi, temperature up to 200°C, and TDS (total dissolved solids) over 300,000 mg/L. A flow-through apparatus capable of simulating HTHP conditions was developed, and barite solubility was measured. The study assesses the solubility of barite in feed solutions containing different concentrations of CaCl2, NaCl, and Na2SO4. A reliable solubility prediction model, based on Pitzer ion-interaction theory, is developed for barite to encompass a wide range of brine compositions as well as extended temperature and pressure conditions (T<200°C, P<18,000 psi, and Ca<2 m). Findings reveal that the barite solubility increases with the ionic strength while some ion interactions remain unclear at HTHP conditions. Quantifying ion interaction parameters related to divalent ions (Ca2+, Ba2+, SO42−) gives more reliable predictions of mineral solubility at high calcium concentrations. An accurate prediction of barite scale formation in oil field brine enables better control of inhibitor dosage and reduces unnecessary environmental impacts.
Well Plugging Study from Inorganic Scale Viewpoint for an Offshore Seawater-Flooded Oilfield
Authors: Xu Ying , Locklear Jay , Zheng Jv , Peng Si , Zhang Bing , Zhang Yanxu , Dai Xianghui , Li Wentao , Cui Qingzhen , Fu Yangyang
Published: June 2024

A seawater-flooded offshore oilfield has experienced well plugging issues causing production decline. Fines migration was the assumed cause for plugging for many years. A comprehensive study was initiated to review the initial completions, fines migration, and scaling as causal mechanisms. The study concluded further evaluation of inorganic scaling and organic deposits was appropriate, and a flow assurance study was commissioned to evaluate these possible plugging mechanisms. This paper focuses on inorganic scale evaluation.

Calcite (CaCO3) and/or barite (BaSO4) scales were observed in wells and production system in seemingly random ways, which correlated to the varying effectiveness of stimulation jobs. Historical water chemistry data was not considered suitable to investigate scale risks and patterns by scale modeling. An innovative approach was taken to analyze all available chemistry data and field information, which guided further investigation. A study was designed to sample and analyze produced water from 42 wells distributed across the field. Scale modeling with the new water chemistry data confirmed the trends suggested in the historic data with considerations to geochemical non-uniformity in the reservoir.

The scale study successfully identified the scaling pattern in the field and confirmed scaling has contributed to well plugging and production decline. The study can now inform scale risk for new wells, plugging remediation and stimulation operations. Additionally, a complete review of incumbent scale control program was recommended for well plugging control and production improvement.
Evaluation of Scale Dissolver Products for Near-Wellbore Applications
Authors: Fan Chunfang , Aloke Oluchukwu , Nelson Alexander C. , Temple Erin
Published: June 2024

Scale dissolvers have been widely used to remove mineral scales from flowlines, tubing, wellbores, and near-wellbore formation regions. When developing a scale dissolver product, several aspects—such as the product's corrosivity, application temperatures, compatibility with brines and other production chemicals, and the byproducts formed following scale dissolution—must be considered in addition to the product's effectiveness in dissolving mineral scales. The use of scale dissolver products in near-wellbore regions to remove scale and repair formation damage caused by scale deposition and the combined use of a scale dissolver and a scale inhibitor squeeze treatment are reported in the literature and have shown success in field applications. The success of such applications relies not only on the selected scale dissolver's dissolution performance but also on its formation damage potential.

This paper presents two-phase coreflood studies that were conducted using reservoir conditions for two newly developed scale dissolver products (a carbonate dissolver and a sulfate dissolver) that specifically target near-wellbore reservoir applications are presented. The potential formation damage capacity of these scale dissolver products was evaluated by studying brine and oil permeability and injectivity before and after injection of the dissolver package and various effluents from the core flood tests during different stages. The effluent pH profile and the concentration profiles of calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), barium (Ba2+), strontium (Sr2+), and iron (Fe2+) ions were examined to understand the interaction between the formation rock and the scale dissolvers. The corrosivity of the dissolvers on various metals was also evaluated. The dissolution performance of the carbonate dissolver and the sulfate dissolver in removing, respectively, calcium carbonate and barium sulfate was evaluated. The results showed that neither dissolver product caused formation damage to the sandstone core under the conditions tested. The dissolution capacity tests suggested that the carbonate dissolver can dissolve approximately 123 g of calcium carbonate per liter, and the sulfate dissolver can dissolve approximately 30 g of barium sulfate per liter of a 25% diluted product.
Data Driven Total Systems Analysis Leads to Successful Treatment of Severe Calcium Carbonate Scale in the Delaware Basin Avalon Formation
Authors: Hudson R. W. , Spicka K. J. , Potter S. , Delaho D.
Published: June 2024

There has been a recent shift in the Permian across unconventional frac targets in the Delaware Basin stacked play. Operators are now targeting shallower zones, such as the Avalon formation. When comparing key scale risk drivers, such as brine compositions and mol% CO2 of the Avalon formation to more traditional targets such as the Wolfcamp and 2nd & 3rd Bone Springs, not only does the Avalon present its own unique scaling challenge, but the commingling of these formations can present a much greater scale control challenge. Previous work highlighted the Avalon formation's high natural potential for carbonate scale precipitation, which aligns with field history presented here. These unique challenges will play a part in the next wave of formation-based proactive chemical treatment strategies across upstream, midstream and water disposal systems.

Here we present a case of severe carbonate surface scaling from Avalon formation brines. The operator was experiencing calcium carbonate scaling on flowlines, water legs of separators, and equalizing lines between water tanks every 3 to 4 months. The operator had to choose between using heater treaters in winter to sell oil or scaling off the heaters. Incumbent service companies had successfully controlled downhole scale but could not control the surface scale issues.

A total systems analysis including field analysis, scale modeling, 21 produced fluid chemical compatibility experiments run across 11 different scale inhibitors, minimum effective dosage (MED) identification through 119 NACE static/synthetic brine and Dynamic Scale Loop (DSL) testing was performed to identify a solution.

The solution highlighted in this paper resulted in zero facility scale-offs (26-month treatment period to date of publication), use of heater treaters in winter to sell oil, and operational efficiency gains in reduced manpower for cleanouts. Additionally, the ability to now commingle high-risk brines at central tank batteries allowed for the decommission of small satellite facilities previously used to isolate the highest scale risk brines.

The Avalon is not a new target but is projected to become more common in the future. The recent shift has implications to change how, where, and why we treat for carbonate scale in the Delaware Basin.
Wideband High Gain Metasurface-Based 4T4R MIMO antenna with Highly Isolated Ports for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications
Authors: Salehi Mahdi , Oraizi Homayoon
Published: June 2024

This study presents the design of four 178×178 (mm)2 wideband, high gain, highly efficient metasurface-based 4T4R MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) antennas with highly isolated ports, covering the middle and a portion of the upper bands of the sub 6 GHz 5G frequency spectrum for 5G-based systems, such as IoT (Internet of Things) applications, vehicular communications (e.g., rooftop antennas of cars or trains), smart industries (e.g., farms and factories). The radiating elements of these antennas use the aperture-coupled feeding technique with a dumbbell-shaped slot, a truncated square patch with two U-shaped slots, and a metasurface layer. The proposed MIMO structures place four identical radiating elements like a 2×2 matrix with 90o successive rotations to produce orthogonal electromagnetic waves, improving the isolation between ports. Six-millimeter spaces are added between these elements, and two vertical and horizontal strip slots are carved on the ground as the decoupling structure to decrease the mutual coupling. Simulation results show that Antenna_1, Antenna_2, and Antenna_3 achieve gain values of 6.2 to 9.4 dBi, 8.2 to 11.6 dBi, 6 to 9.5 dBi, below -35, -25, and -33 isolation and almost 10 dB diversity gain from 2.8 to 4.7 GHz, 2.8 to 4.5 GHz, and 2.7 to 4.9 GHz, respectively. As a prototype, Antenna_4 is manufactured, and measurements are performed. It achieves 6.28 to 10.45 dBi gain values, below -23 dB isolation, and 0.001 envelope correlation coefficient over 2.7 to 4.3 GHz. The results confirm that the proposed MIMO antennas are compatible with the 5G essential requisites.
Protocol for a feasibility multi-centre randomised controlled trial of a pre-operative two-week very low-calorie diet to Reduce SteatOsis Prior to Liver Resection (RESOLVE)
Authors: Neilens Helen Louise , Allgar Victoria , Sorrell Lexy , Chynoweth Jade , Bailey Matthew , Aspinall Paigan , King Angela , Parkin Tracey , MacCormick Andrew , Aroori Somaiah
Published: June 2024

Background
Hepatic steatosis (HS) increases morbidity and mortality associated with liver surgery (LS). Furthermore, patients with HS are more likely to require a blood transfusion, which is associated with worse short- and long-term outcomes. Patients with HS requiring LS receive no specific dietary treatment or advice. A very low-calorie diet (VLCD) is commonly used before gallbladder and bariatric surgery to reduce liver volumes and associated intraoperative morbidity. These diets typically provide 800-1200 kcal/day over a 2–4-week period. Limited evidence suggests that a VLCD in patients with LS may result in better outcomes.
Methods
This study aims to test the feasibility of delivering a multi-centre randomised clinical trial to compare a dietary intervention (VLCD plus motivational instructions) versus treatment as usual (TAU) in people with HS having LS. This study will provide high-quality data to estimate screening rates, recruitment, randomisation, retention, and intervention adherence. The study will also determine the definitive trial's most clinically relevant primary outcome. The study will also estimate resource use and costs associated with the delivery of the intervention. Seventy-two adults ≥ 18 who are scheduled to undergo elective LS and have a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) identified HS will be recruited. Acceptability to the dietary intervention will be evaluated with food diaries and focus groups. Clinical and patient-reported outcomes will be collected at baseline, pre-and post-surgery, day of discharge, plus 30- and 90-day follow-up.
Discussion
This feasibility study will provide data on the acceptability and feasibility of a dietary intervention for patients with HS having LS. The intervention has been developed based on scientific evidence from other clinical areas and patient experience; therefore, it is safe for this patient group. Patients with experience with LS and VLCDs have been advised throughout the development of the study protocol. The findings will inform the design of a future definitive study.
Trial Registration: ISRCTN Number 19701345
Date registered: 20/03/2023
URL: https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN19701345
Responsibility for Historic Carbon Emissions and Public Support for Climate Aid
Authors: Charnysh Volha , Kalow Jared , Lieberman Evan , Walk Erin
Published: June 2024

Over the past several years, international climate negotiations have concluded that the wealthiest countries should make significant financial contributions towards solutions to the climate crisis owing to their disproportionate responsibility for global warming. However, in democratic countries such as the United States, public opinion is divided about whether to use taxpayer money in this manner. We conducted a pre-registered survey from a national online pool (N = 5,065) with a built-in experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of different motivational frames associated with historic carbon emissions for increasing support for climate aid. We find that specific attribution claims that reflect a climate justice perspective do boost support for more generous climate aid, but their effects are mostly limited to Democrats. We also find that global solidarity frames had no effect on support for climate aid. Such results have important implications for climate advocacy and our understanding of climate-related attitudes.
Origin of salinity in soil and water based on hydrogeochemistry and environmental isotopes in the Santa María Volcanic Field
Authors: Loyola-Martinez Erika , Ramos-Leal José Alfredo , Morán-Ramírez Janete , Rodríguez-Robles Ulises , Verma Sanjeet K.
Published: June 2024

Salinization of soils and groundwater can be of natural or anthropogenic origin throughout the world. This process is found in arid or desert soils and influences the loss of nutrients in the soil, resulting in the decline of vegetation.
Salinization of soils and groundwater in the Tierra Nueva aquifer can be influenced by natural or anthropogenic activities. The aquifer is located in the Santa María Volcanic Field (SMVF). The SMVF is mainly made up of igneous rocks of andesitic and rhyolitic composition. In this work, an exhaustive study has been carried out to discover the origin of salinity through petrography, mineralogy, stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) and hydrogeochemistry. Applying hydrogeochemical techniques, the water families and the main routes of the evolutionary processes of water (dissolution and precipitation and ion exchange) were identified. With a textural analysis, the soil types derived from the alteration of dominant rocks in the region were classified.
The isotopic results revealed the evaporation and mixing processes, as well as the possible elevations of the recharge and influence of the surface water body on the aquifer.
The results indicate that salinization is of natural origin and is increased by anthropogenic activities in the region. Based on the results, three dominant groups were identified, such as (i) where the water-rock interaction process predominates, (ii) the mixing with urban water influences, and (iii) it is affected by the return of irrigation and evaporation, which subsequently intensifies the salinity of the water and soil in the Tierra Nueva region.
HKDC1 promotes metastasis, lipid metabolism and immune escape by interacting with G6PC/G6PC2 in ovarian cancer
Authors: Ying Wang , Wu Nayiyuan , Luo Xia , Wang Jing
Published: June 2024

HKDC1 plays a critical role in tumor progression. However, its functional role in ovarian cancer (OC) metastasis, lipid metabolism, and immune escape remains incompletely understood. HKDC1 was knocked down and overexpressed in OC cells to investigate its effects and underlying mechanisms on metastasis, lipid metabolism, and immune evasion. Finally, an OC mouse model was established to validate thein vitroresults. HKDC1 was found to be highly expressed in OC cell lines. Overexpression of HKDC1 promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of OC cells. Additionally, HKDC1 upregulated levels of intracellular free fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol, as well as neutral lipids content. HKDC1 enhanced fatty acid synthesis by upregulating the expression of ACC1, FASN, and SCD1. HKDC1 also promoted cholesterol biosynthesis by upregulating HMGCS1 and HMGCR expression. Knockdown of HKDC1 exerted opposite functional effects. Furthermore, HKDC1 upregulated PD-L1 expression, leading to increased immune suppression, manifested by inhibition of T cell proliferation, IFN-γ, GZMB, and perforin expression, and elevated PD-1 levels. Mechanistically, HKDC1 interacted with glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 (G6PC)/G6PC2 to exert its biological functions. These findings were further confirmed in thein vivoOC mouse model. HKDC1 promotes metastasis, lipid metabolism and immune escape by interacting with G6PC/G6PC2 in OC.