bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wage Strategies and Minimum Wages in Decentralized Regions: the Case of the Clothing Industry in Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
Authors: Nattrass Nicoli
Published: March 2003

During the apartheid era, many South Africans were forcibly relocated to ‘bantustans’ and other decentralized regions with little economic basis. The only manufacturing employment was provided by industries attracted to the areas by selective incentives and low wages. After the transition to democracy, the remaining incentives were removed and minimum wages were extended to these (previously exempt) areas. This study of workers and managers in the clothing industry in Phuthaditjhaba, the old capital of the QwaQwa homeland, indicates that such developments may exacerbate unemployment and poverty in the region. Taiwanese export‐oriented firms (the largest employers) are most threatened by the changes as they prefer to pay new employees low wages, and then increase them in line with experience and productivity. Falling employment will translate directly into rising poverty as very little welfare support is available for the unemployed in South Africa. Given that people (whether employed or unemployed) consistently rank increases in employment over wage increases, this suggests that minimum wage determination should be particularly sensitive to local conditions and potential employment losses.

Pendant le règne de l'apartheid, de nombreux Sud‐Africains ont été réimplantés de force dans les ‘bantoustans’ ou autres régions décentralisées à faible base économique. Le seul emploi industriel provenait des secteurs attirés dans ces zones par des mesures d'incitation et des salaires avantageux. Après la transition vers la démocratie, les dernières primes ont été supprimées et les salaires minimum étendus à ces régions (jusque lá dispensées). Cette étude des ouvriers et cadres du secteur de l'habillement à Phuthaditjhaba, ancienne capitale du QwaQwa, indique que ces changements sont susceptibles d'aggraver chômage et pauvreté au plan local. Les exportateurs taïwanais (les plus gros employeurs) sont les plus menacés puisqu'ils préfèrent payer peu les nouveaux embauchés, puis les augmenter en fonction de l'expérience et de la productivité. Une chute de l'emploi se traduirait directement par une accentuation de la pauvreté, les chômeurs bénéficiant d'une aide tès limitée en Afrique du Sud. Étant donné que les gens (qu'ils aient un travail ou non) classent systématiquement la progression de l'emploi avant celle des salaires, on peut en déduire que le minimum salarial devrait varier très sensiblement selon le contexte local et les pertes d'emploi potentielles.
Effectiveness and Empowerment in Women’s Shelter: A Study of Working Women’s Hostels in Bangalore, India
Authors: Pothukuchi Kameshwari
Published: March 2003

Policy debates on shelter for women have focused on family structure, gender roles and the importance of shelter in women’s economic development. They emphasize the need for shelter that is generally effective and empowering for women. Although valuable, these general policy proposals are often unable to account for the particular situations in specific cultural contexts in which family structure, roles and economic development are reshaped by women’s migration, and where cultural mandates for, and family‐based control of, women’s shelter are re‐articulated. Through a study of 12 working women’s hostels in Bangalore, India, which includes a survey of 126 residents and 4 focus groups, this article analyses the functions that hostels serve for women and explores the aspects of hostels that are effective and empowering. While only partially effective and empowering in ways that are specified within the current debates, hostels offer a significant policy opportunity to help women both expand their personal, social, economic and political universe without losing contact with the familiar and nurturing networks of family, and gain autonomy over their shelter and lives. The article discusses how hostels can provide a stepping stone for policy and programmatic interventions toward decent, secure and empowering shelter for women.

Les débats politiques sur l’hébergement des femmes se sont concentrés sur la structure familiale, les rôles des sexes et l’importance de l’habitat dans le développement économique des femmes. Ils ont souligné le besoin d’un hébergement qui procure généralement à celles‐ci satisfaction et possibilités. Bien qu’appréciables, ces propositions générales sont souvent incapables de tenir compte de situations particulières, dans des contextes culturels spécifiques où la migration des femmes remodèle la structure familiale, les rôles et l’évolution économique, parallèlement au réajustement entre les directives culturelles et le contrôle familial à l’égard de l’hébergement féminin. À travers une étude sur 12 foyers de travailleuses de Bangalore (Inde), comprenant une enqu?te auprès de 126 pensionnaires et 4 groupes‐témoins, cet article analyse les fonctions que les foyers apportent aux femmes et explore les aspects de ces lieux porteurs de satisfaction et de possibilités. M?me si cet apport n’est que partiel, selon les modalités énoncées dans les débats actuels, les foyers donnent à la politique une véritable occasion d’aider les femmes àétendre leur univers personnel, social, économique et politique sans perdre contact avec les réseaux familiers et formateurs de la famille, tout en acquérant une autonomie sur leur résidence et leur existence. L’article explique comment les foyers peuvent constituer un premier pas vers des programmes organisés visant à un hébergement décent et sécurisé pour les femmes qui les rendent autonome.
Cyborg Urbanization
Authors: Chatzis Konstantinos
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Bruno Latour and Emile Hermant, Paris ville invisible

William J Mitchell, E‐topia: ‘Urban life, Jim — but not as we know it’

Antoine Picon, La ville territoire des cyborgs
Transformation of Urban Life in China
Authors: Wu Fulong
Published: March 2003

Tang, Wenfang and William Parish Chinese urban life under reform: the changing social contract.

Dutton, Michael Streetlife China

Yang, Mayfair M‐H. (ed.) Spaces of their own: women’s public sphere in transnational China

Davis, Deborah S. (ed.) The consumer revolution in urban China
Berlin’s Transformations: Postmodern, Postfordist ... or Neoliberal?
Authors: Brenner Neil
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Hartmut Häußermann and Andreas Kapphan, Berlin: von der geteilten zur gespaltenen Stadt? Sozialräumlicher Wandel seit 1990

Stefan Krätke and Renate Borst, Berlin: Metropole zwischen Boom und Krise
New Urban Sociology in Japan: the changing debates
Authors: Hashimoto Kazutaka
Published: March 2003

New Urban Sociology began in Europe at the beginning of the 1970s and then spread to the United States. It also influenced urban studies in Japan. This article examines the changing debates that have occurred in New Urban Sociology since its introduction to Japan in the late 1970s. The twenty years since its introduction from the West can be divided into three stages. The first covers the period from 1977 to 1985, when French urban sociology, particularly Manuael Castells’ theory of the state, was highly influential. The second stage, from 1986 to 1992, focused on theories of urban social movements and the concept of global city in a context of urban renewal in Japan’s major cities. The third stage, from 1992 to the present, is characterized by a transformation of New Urban Sociology into a sociological theory of space under globalization that has been heavily influenced by the work of David Harvey.

Née en Europe au début des années 1970, la Nouvelle Sociologie urbaine a ensuite atteint les Etats–Unis, mais elle a aussi influé sur les études urbaines au Japon. L’article examine l’évolution des débats qui ont animé la Nouvelle Sociologie urbaine depuis qu’elle y est arrivée d’Occident à la fin des années 1970. Les vingt années qui ont suivi peuvent se décomposer en trois phases. La première va de 1977 à 1985, alors que la sociologie urbaine française, notamment la théorie de l’État de Manuel Castells, faisait autorité. La deuxième, entre 1986 et 1992, s’attache aux théories des mouvements sociaux urbains et au concept de la ville planétaire (global city) parallèlement à une rénovation des grandes villes nippones. La troisième phase, de 1992 à nos jours, se caractérise par une transformation de la Nouvelle Sociologie urbaine en une théorie sociologique de l’espace soumis à la mondialisation, concept largement inspiré des travaux de David Harvey.
Packard Electric/Delphi and the birth of the autopart cluster: the case of Chihuahua, Mexico
Authors: Rivero Arturo A. Lara
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this article is to describe, from a dual perspective, the birth and evolution of the technological cluster located in Chihuahua, Mexico. It reconstructs Packard Electric–Delphi’s evolutionary path as a dominant company, alongside the technological trajectory of the wiring harness. I build a taxonomy whose purpose is to distinguish different moments in the harness history. This approach to the harness demands systemic distinctions of a dynamic, quantitative and qualitative nature. The formation of the electrical/electronics cluster of automotive parts located in Chihuahua can be understood in the context of Packard Electric’s integration/disintegration dynamics. This regional and international reconstruction process reflects: (1) the accumulation of technological and organizational capabilities inside a firm; (2) technological competition within the sector; (3) the fact that each company follows particular technological learning ‘paths’ as well as a unique regional technological cluster formation (technological path); and (4) that the integration/disintegration dynamics of firms are difficult and unstable processes, dependent on the difference between internal and external transactional costs.

L’article décrit lémergence et le développement du district technologique de Chihuahua (Mexique) à travers une approche évolutionniste qui s’attache à reconstituer une double trajectoire: celle d’une firme; Packard Electric–Delphi (PE), et celle d’une technologie, le câblage. Les différentes étapes de la technologie du câblage sont appréhendées en mettant l’accent sur la dynamique systémique de nature quantitative et qualitative. La formation du district technologique du câblage électrique/électronique de Chihuahua est mise en perspective avec la stratégie d’internationalisation et de localisation de la firme multinationale. Cette dynamique est le résultat d’un processus de développement des ressources technologiques et organisationnelles de la firme, du jeu de la concurrence technologique au sein de l’industrie du câblage et de l’articulation entre la trajectoire d’apprentissage technologique de la firme et celle associée à la formation du district technologique. La dynamique d’intégration et de d’externalisation de la firme apparaît ainsi de nature instable, dépendant des différences entre les coûts de transaction interne et externe.
From Student to Citizen: A Survey of Students from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in Australia
Authors: Gao Mobo C.F. , Liu Xi’an
Published: March 2003

This article is a survey of students from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) who arrived in Australia after 1986 and were still there in 1992. Students from the PRC began to enter Australia in 1972 when China and Australia established diplomatic relations. The numbers were insignificant until 1986 when Australia launched its education export policy.

The article provides statistics and analysis on the motivation of these students, their education and family backgrounds and their present conditions and aspirations. The article also addresses issues such as Australia’s education export and imigration policies, the dilemma between political and economic refugees in terms of human rights and the impact of the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre on PRC students in Australia at the time.

The survey results suggest that the majority of the former PRC students have settled successfully in Australia, though not without considerable difficulties and emotional cost. The question of distinction between political and economic refugees is acknowledged as a very thorny one, and it is suggested that immigration policy based on national interest, and clearly stated, would be more convincing, less hypocritical and therefore in the long run more effective.
The Mobility of Entrepreneurs and Capital: Taiwanese Capital‐Linked Migration
Authors: Tseng Yen‐Fen
Published: March 2003

Much of the literature concerning international investment focuses on the movement of capital or trade flows and does not cover the persons who migrate with the capital, even though in a globalizing economic system new conditions emerge for the international migration of capitalists. On the one hand, capital owners have been recruited directly by business migration programmes in countries such as Canada, Australia, and the US. On the other hand, global economic restructuring, one part of which entails increasing foreign direct investment from a wider range of countries, has induced the migration of an entrepreneurial/managerial class. This article analyses the relation between the mobility of capital and of entrepreneurs by investigating Taiwan’s capital‐linked migrations. It aims to show that people can integrate migration and capital investment as a strategy to best serve their interests. Although their moves are mediated and constrained by different migration channels (governmental policies, recruitment agencies, transnational corporations, etc.), capital‐linked migrants are not passive players in international migration systems. They actively position themselves with regard to migration channels and select active strategies that best suit their objectives. Sometimes immigration serves capitalists’ interest in capital accumulation, at other times capital investment serves as the means for securing a second nationality. In this way, Taiwanese capitalist mobility has been incorporated into the open‐ended logic of flexible capitalism itself. Such understanding of the processes of capital‐linked migration and its implications contribute to new theories of the relationship between international flows of capital and international migration.
Employment‐Housing Paradigm of Internal Migration: Evidence from Norway
Authors: Portnov Boris A.
Published: March 2003

In a previous article (Portnov, 1999), the employment‐housing paradigm of interregional migration was introduced. According to this paradigm, different patterns of employment‐housing change in various geographic areas are likely to result in three different migration events – predominant in migration, out‐migration or “migration neutrality”. The latter is considered as a state of equilibrium in which a region or community neither gains nor loses its population in migration exchanges with other areas.

Using preconditions for such migration neutrality as a “reference line”, planners and decision‐makers can determine regional policies aimed at a more balanced distribution of a country's population through generating a “migration push” in overpopulated regions and encouraging inward migration to development areas in which population growth is desirable.

In the present article, the validity of this concept is tested using 1970‐89 statistical data for 430 municipalities in Norway. It appeared feasible to separate the band of migration neutrality from other migration cases and establish the quantitative thresholds of employment‐housing change that are conducive to the occurrence of different migration events – migration neutrality, in‐migration and out‐migration.
The Role of Migrant Remittances in Development: Evidence from Mediterranean Countries
Authors: Glytsos Nicholas P.
Published: March 2003

Given the persistent problems in the balance of trade in LDCs, the limited effect of foreign aid, and the difficulties of borrowing, the often huge amounts of migrant remittances can substitute for the inadequacies of these forms of foreign exchange. As market flows of foreign exchange, remittances have complex positive and negative effects on development. In this paper, I deal with this role of migrant remittances in the theoretical framework of development economics, as related to the importance of foreign exchange as an indispensable factor of growth and structural change in LDCs. Various channels transmitting the impact of remittances on development are investigated based on the experience of countries from both sides of the Mediterranean basin.
The Jewish Emigration from the Former Soviet Union to Germany
Authors: Dietz Barbara , Lebok Uwe , Polian Pavel
Published: March 2003

Since the end of the 1980s a massive emigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union (FSU) can be observed. Israel and the United States were the most important receiving countries, followed by Germany, a comparatively new immigration destination for Jews from the successor states of the USSR. One of the reasons the German Government allowed the admission of Jews from post‐Soviet states was the Jewish community’s claim that this immigration might rejuvenate the German Jewish population in the longer run. Using an index of demographic aging (Billeter’s J), the following article examines if this has actually happened. Findings suggest that immigration actually initiated a process of rejuvenation in the Jewish population in Germany. However, it was reversed during the end of the 1990s because of an unaffected low fertility.
Best Practice Options: Yugoslavia
Authors: Martin Susan
Published: March 2003

Several Cooperative Efforts to Manage Emigration (CEME) members visited the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in early June 2001 to examine the new Government’s approach to migration issues. We found that both the Federal Government and the Serb Republic are faced with three principal issues related to immigration and refugees that require substantial cooperation with North American and European countries that are donors of international aid, as well as recipients of Yugoslav migrants and third country nationals transiting the FRY.

First, they are faced with migration issues that the international community considers priorities, including demilitarizing border management; combating human smuggling and trafficking; and drafting and implementing an aliens law, which includes asylum policies and procedures consistent with international standards.

Second, they need to plan for the return or integration of 350,000 refugees from Croatia and Bosnia, and another 150,000 internally displaced Yugoslavs from Kosovo, primarily by offering dual citizenship in the FRY, and Croatia and Bosnia so refugees can integrate in the FRY, but retain rights and privileges according to Croatians or Bosnians.

Third, it is important to build bridges to Yugoslavs abroad in order to attract remittances and the return of the professionals needed to rebuild the FRY.
Engineered Migration and the Use of Refugees as Political Weapons: A Case Study of the 1994 Cuban Balseros Crisis
Authors: Greenhill Kelly M.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a case study of the August 1994 Cuban balseros crisis, during which more than 35,000 fled the island and headed toward Florida in the span of a few weeks. It argues that Castro launched the crisis in an attempt to manipulate US fears of another Mariel, and in order to compel a shift in US policy, both on immigration and on a wider variety of issues. The paper further contends that from Castro’s perspective, this exercise in coercion proved a qualified success – his third such successful use of the Cuban people as an asymmetric political weapon against the US. In addition, the paper argues that Castro’s success was predicated on his ability to internationalize his own domestic crisis and transform it into an American domestic political and foreign policy crisis. Finally, it offers a novel explanation of how, why, and under what conditions, states and/or non–state actors may attempt to use refugees as coercive political weapons. Although dwarfed in size by the larger 1980 Mariel boatlift, the 1994 crisis is important for several reasons. First, despite its brevity, it had far reaching consequences for US–Cuban relations. Without warning or preamble, it catalyzed a shift in US policy vis–à–vis Cuban immigration that represented a radical departure from what it had been for the previous three decades. Second, it influenced US domestic politics on the national level, by expanding the scope and salience of the issue, and mobilizing not only Floridians, but also the larger public concerned about illegal immigration. Third, the crisis illustrated the potential potency of engineered migration as an asymmetric weapon of the weak. Finally, the brief, but significant, interactions of international and domestic actors in this case warrant examination because, although the 1994 crisis was limited, in its dynamics it resembles myriad other international refugee crises, large and small. Thus the case offers valuable lessons that may aid in dealing with future (real or threatened) crises.
A note on empirical social research and interdisciplinary relationships
Authors: Lazarsfeld Paul
Published: March 2003

A review of the techniques of empirical social research is called for, especially as there are wide national variations in the degree of their acceptance. The importance of collaborative trends between disciplines, of methodological controversies, of differences between generations of scientists and of scientific organization is underlined. As my starting point I will take up the kind of empirical social research which is so prevalent in the United States; from there I shall branch out to other social sciences; and finally I shall discuss some general aspects of the projected inquiry.
The Politics of International Migratory Regimes: Transit Migration Flows in Turkey
Authors: Içduygu Ahmet
Published: March 2003

Since the early 1960s the relationship of Western European countries with Turkey has been intertwined with the high profile of migration. In the 1980s and 1990s it has been dominated by transit migration and asylum issues, and continues to develop as a hot debate on what should be done about them. With this back‐ground, the present article investigates transit migration and refugee flows in Turkey, evaluates its wider context of the formation of migration, asylum and refugee regimes between Turkey and Europe, and relates the issue of transit migration to the ongoing dynamics of globalisation. It explores the ways in which transit migration flows are associated with the politics of international migration. It does so by taking a careful look at the politics of inter‐national migratory regimes (IMRs), interpreting the word ‘regime’ very loosely to mean a regulatory system which operates in certain interests and distributes powers and advantages or disadvantages. It argues that the globalisation of human mobility has helped to extend inter‐national migratory movements in a form of international regulatory system.
New directions: a South Asian perspective
Authors: Lakshman Peiris Gamini
Published: March 2003

The central challenge facing countries of the developing world such as Sri Lanka is how to reconcile ethnic and cultural diversity with the concept of mature and cohesive nationhood. This is especially so where a federation is created not by the traditional pattern of independent entities coming together, but by devolution from a unitary state to one involving power sharing. In such situations there arealways fears that federalism is a precursor of dismemberment or disintegration. What is needed is to reconcile competing objectives for a strong and effective centre and for recognition of cultural and ethnic diversity. This may require hybrid or quasi‐federal structures that do not fit neatly into unitary or federal categories. In attempting to achieve this reconciliation practicalities may require asymmetrical devolution, but this in turn may provoke emotional resistance to special or disparate treatment of particular minorities. Nor is devolution by itself sufficient. To be viable there must be suitable mechanisms to resolve intergovernmental disputes. Particularly important if confrontation and polarisation are to be minimised isemphasis upon compromise and proportionality and a public respect for pluralism, secularism, and representative democracy.
Religious diversity and federalism
Authors: Elazar Daniel J.
Published: March 2003

The idea of federalism was initially a religious one, applying the idea of a covenant to political organisation. It was from this religious understanding that the modern political understanding of federalism emerged. Some of the critical decisions of the founders of the United States of America were those dealing with the question of religious diversity: in addition to religious ideas of governing by covenant, there was a strong element of separation of church and state, so that no denomination would be favoured over another. In other federal systems, federalism has been used to protect religious diversity in a variety of ways. The period since World War II has been marked by the emergence of new forms of federalism, such as the post‐modern confederation. In many cases the constituent states of these confederal arrangements have had dominant or even established religions of their own differing from those of their associates co‐existing under the religiously neutral framework of the confederation. As the relationship between religion and state continues to undergo re‐evaluation, federalism adds to the range of possibilities for accommodating
The imperative of fiscal sharing transfers
Authors: Boadway Robin
Published: March 2003

Equalising transfers from central governments to subnational governments are features of the fiscal arrangements of many federations. It is argued that these transfers are necessary complements to systems of interpersonal redistribution. They facilitate the process of decentralisation by enabling subnational jurisdictions to exercise their autonomy in ways that do not detract from national objectives of equity and efficiency. This is because decentralisation inevitably results in subnational jurisdictions taking on tasks that have consequences for the attainment of these objectives, and it also results in different jurisdictions having differing fiscal capacity to deliver the services assigned to them. The benefits and costs of fiscal decentralisation are summarised. Properly designed fiscal sharing schemes enable the benefits of decentralisation to be achieved without incurring all the costs. Some of the features of fiscal sharing schemes that might accomplish this are outlined.
Drugs in Southern Africa: Business As Usual
Authors: Laniel Laurent
Published: March 2003

When a more peaceful Southern Africa opened up to the world in the 1990s, it became a transit hub and consumer market for international flows of illegal drugs. This seems paradoxical, for the drug phenomenon, especially in developing regions, is frequently depicted as a consequence of exceptional circumstances ‐ war, the absence of the rule of law, or conversely, the rule of some dictatorial or oppressive regime. How can we explain this boom in drug activities after “normalisation” allowed Southern Africa to linkwith global movements, and not when it was prey to institutionalised racism and war? This article attempts to provide elements for an answer, by suggesting that, at present, drug activities are one of the modes in which substantial, historical, political, social, and economic arrangements are expressed and reproduced within Southern Africa and between it and the rest of the world.
State, Corruption, and Criminalisation in China
Authors: Fabre Guilhem
Published: March 2003

Given the decentralisation and opening‐up that China has been experiencing since 1979, the rise of corruption and the criminal economy can be attributed to the increased opportunities observable at macro‐economic level and a context of relative impunity for the most serious offences. Functionalist and culturalist interpretations of this corruption fail to take account of its political dimension, which is not simply a matter of its instrumentalisation in the struggle between ruling factions. Contrary to the situation prevailing in certain democratic developing countries, criminals in China do not have the option of becoming state representatives, but certain state representatives, notably at local level, are well placed to make choices to the advantage of criminal circles, as happens in Mexico, and so share in the illicit gains.
Public Opinion and Opinion Polls in Cameroon
Authors: Engueleguele M.
Published: March 2003

What is currently termed Cameroonian “public opinion” is in fact the final stage of a long historical, social, and political process; retracing the use of this term in statements made by public figures back to its roots can help to put it into perspective. We shall briefly outline the “three stages” in the emergence of Cameroonian “public opinion”‐namely its reference points at the time of decolonisation, during the “monolithic” period and since the process of relative political liberalisation; the three stages continuously interact and are closely related to the successive structuring of Cameroon's political arenas. Thanks to them we can identify the shifting areas of public discourse and hence the participants in national politics, and consider the topography of those politics. I also highlight the ways in which the “polls” of that “public opinion” can shed light upon the various aspects of political discourse, of political “activity” (as opposed to the political “profession”) and of the conduct of politics in Cameroon since the “transitional” period began in the 1990s.
The World Trade Organization, the Environment, and the Ecological Critique
Authors: Damian Michel , Graz Jean‐Christophe
Published: March 2003

The article examines the way in which environmental issues are testing the World Trade Organization (WTO). The analysis refers to global political economy, and to ecological economics. The first section deals with the handling of the environment. The second is devoted to the ecological critique, and appraises its main proposals. Three particular points are made: (1) The environment did not appear on the agenda of the Uruguay Round. Today, however, the WTO can no longer disregard it: the ecological critique has transformed the debate by introducing the physical limits of the biosphere and the dominance of politics in the organisation of trade. (2) The WTO Secretariat is now prepared to debate the substance of the ecological critique; it recognises that trade policy is situated in a limitless field of contestability, in particular concerning the status of free trade and balanced, safe and fair trade. (3) Yet the WTO confines itself to applying exogenous standards in settling environment—related trade disputes. These standards are set by multilateral agreements in varied configuration and by international institutions of hybrid status. The transfers of authority implied by the use of such exogenous standards have now become a crucial issue in the global political economy of trade and the environment.
What is new about globalisation and what does it portend for cities?
Authors: Savitch H. V.
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the questions of what is new about globalisation and what globalisation means for cities in the future. I begin with the notion that globalisation must be considered in its totality, as part of a complex bundle of technological, economic, and socio–cultural forces. I also point out that globalisation is a process that gradually evolves and not a thing that suddenly appears. While every new age holds marked change, it also contains elements of continuity. Globalisation is no different, and I compare it to previous ages. Globalisation is then defined as holding five essential components: (1) new technology, (2) the centrality of information made possible by instant communication, (3) an increasing trend toward the standardisation of economic and social products, (4) growing cross–national integration, and (5) mutual vulnerability stemming from greater interdependence. The last section of the article lists both the positive and negative implications that globalisation portends for cities. The good news includes rising prosperity, the enduring importance of urban cores, and increased democracy. The bad news consists of sharpening imbalances, increased social disorder, and greater citizen expectations. Finally, I suggest some ways of coping with these prospects.
Local involvement in urban management: the experience of the city of Tunis
Authors: Akrout–Yaïche Sémia
Published: March 2003

Since the Medina of Tunis is both a part of the historical and cultural heritage requiring to be safeguarded and an urban area requiring renewal, it stands in need of an integrated development policy, one that strikes a balance between protecting that heritage and meeting social needs. This article describes the partnerships that have been set up in connection with the projects for the rehabilitation of the Medina, with particular emphasis on institutional and financial arrangements and the major role played by the Association de sauvegarde de la Médina (ASM — Association for safeguardingthe Medina).
The promise and pitfalls of public–private partnerships in Korea
Authors: Choe Sang–Chuel
Published: March 2003

Urban problems are becoming too serious to leave solely in the hand of government authorities but have necessitated drawing the wisdom and resources of all parties involved in contemporary urban predicaments. The paper is to review the historical evolution of the public–private partnership concept and to highlight the generic promise and drawbacks of the public–private partnership. The two cases, which have long been practiced in Korea, are introduced to shed some lights on how the public–private partnership works in reality. The first case is the cooperative urban renewal programme which involves three parties: the residents, construction firm, and municipal authority for their own sake of slum–squatter improvement. The second case is the land readjustment programme, which aims at converting raw land to buildable urban land by the participation of landowners and public authority. It is expected to pose a new question for the further refinement of the public–private partnership concept and to give some lessons for cross–cultural comparison.
Infrastructure development: a public–private partnership in India
Authors: Sarangi Debendranath
Published: March 2003

Infrastructure policy is of the utmost significance for economic improvement, and should be given full attention, especially in developing countries. One of the main problems is the lack of funds required to put infrastructure programmes into practice. This problem should be solved by providing high quality infrastructure, which results in large investments. In the case of India, different investment models (voluntary, coalition, and partnership) have been put into practice to deal with funding problems. The Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP) supported by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is an example of one of the best models of public–private partnership in infrastructure development. Applied in the city of Chennai in India, it required the involvement of both the public and private sectors, as well as community organisations, in order to achieve successful results. Circumstances in India appear favourable for the government to carry out a determined policy of infrastructure investment.
Working with abhorrent objects: some moral and epistemological considerations
Authors: Zawadzki Paul
Published: March 2003

What purpose and interest can there be in producing knowledge about objects one abhors? Here, we set out from the idea that working with objects that are not only valueless in the eyes of the researcher, but constituted by moral outrage in the face of horror, raises specific problems in addition to the normal research problems of objectivity in the sciences of the mind. This article thus sets out to clarify some of the cognitive and moral issues to which methodological and epistemological choices give rise. In particular, it considers how it is possible to approach abhorrent objects without doing away with the conditions that make moral judgements possible, and it identifies certain dilemmas and aporias that arise with each of the three modes of thinking focused on, that of historical singularity, that of historical explanation and, last, that of understanding.
“Work for those that can, security for those that cannot”:The United Kingdom’s new social security reform agenda
Authors: Hyde Mark , Dixon John , Joyner Melanie
Published: March 2003

Following its election victory, the Labour government embarked on a programme to reform fundamentally the United Kingdom’s post‐war welfare state. The reforms are outlined in a number of government policy consultation papers and are intended to address neo‐liberal concerns about the welfare state, although neo‐liberal panaceas have been rejected in favour of a “third way”. Strongly influenced by Mead, Layard, Giddens and Field, the government’s welfare reform package is premised on a conception of citizenship that emphasizes equally the importance of “entitlements” and “obligations”, especially the obligation to work. We argue that this reform approach is inherently flawed: it presumes that the poor are without work because they lack appropriate incentives, not because they lack jobs that will lift and keep them out of poverty. We argue that the government’s welfare reform strategy is contradictory: while it aims to ameliorate poverty, the emphasis on obligations and compulsion may have the effect of reinforcing existing economic and social divisions. In approaching the second millennium, there is a clear need for a robust interventionist approach to welfare which emphasizes the right to a satisfactory standard of living.
Organizational Alternatives for Companies' Management of Occupational Risks: The Examples of Spain and Argentina
Authors: Serrano Eugenia Suárez , Fernández Enrique Loredo
Published: March 2003

This study discusses the various options available to companies for the management of occupational risks. In this context, occupational accident insurance schemes in Spain and Argentina are analysed, with reference to the theory of organizational economics. Spain has 75 years' experience of such schemes, while in Argentina they have only recently been introduced. Although the two models have similar goals, their differences, in terms of competition, regulation and ownership, lead to different incentives for those concerned: workers, companies, insurers and regulatory bodies.
Ein Ansatz für mehr Dynamik und mehr Beschäftigung: Zum Jahresgutachten 1999/2000 des Sachverständigenrates
Authors: Siebert Horst
Published: March 2003

The paper discusses the economic policy concept of the annual report of the German Council of Economic Advisers 1999/2000 and the major structural problems in Germany. Addressed are the long-run allocative distortions of the tax reform, solutions to the issue of pension and to the institutional arrangement of the labor market. The paper describes the necessary steps to generate a more dynamic economy.
Neue internationale Finanzarchitektur: Defizite und Handlungsoptionen
Authors: Frenkel Michael , Menkhoff Lukas
Published: March 2003

The recent debate about a new international financial architecture, i.e. a reform of the international financial system, is strongly influenced by current events. In contrast to this the paper puts the problem into the framework of Ordnungspolitik. Beginning with the development of the recent discussion and shortcomings in the international financial system, we discuss fundamental reform proposals in brief and reform steps already realized at greater length.
The Effects of a Self‐sacrificing Minority on Pro‐environmental Norms and Behavior: An Investigation Using a Sea Pollution Game
Authors: Nonami Hiroshi
Published: March 2003

This research investigated how a minority member sacrificing his/her personal benefits to protect the environment might influence the attitudes and behavior of others. The experiment, using a sea pollution game, employed a 2(minority factor)×2(cost factor) factorial design. Under the high‐cost condition, in which an ecological minority bears the substantial cost it was hypothesized that the rate of subjects' pro‐environmental behavior would be higher in the one‐minority case than in the no‐minority case. In contrast, under the low‐cost condition, the differences between these two cases would decrease. The results supported this assumption. In prompting pro‐environmental behavior, a self‐sacrification minority member is more influential than one whose behavior is not self‐sacrificing. Moreover, under the one‐minority condition, path analyses indicated that the subjects' cost evaluation did not affect their behavior. It was concluded that when the subjects saw an ecological minority, the inhibiting effects of cost on their pro‐environmental behavior would decrease.
Mirror Self‐recognition in Nonhuman Primates: A Phylogenetic Approach
Authors: Inoue‐Nakamura Noriko
Published: March 2003

To explore the phylogenetic origin of mirror self‐recognition, the present study examined behaviors toward a mirror during a 30‐min session in 12 species of nonhuman primates: prosimians (ring‐tailed lemur), New World monkeys (cottontop tamarin, squirrel monkey, and capuchin), Old World monkeys (bonnet macaque, rhesus macaque, and Japanese macaque), gibbons (white‐handed gibbon), and great apes (orang‐utan, gorilla, bonobo, and chimpanzee). Only the great apes exhibited self‐directed behaviors that were thought to be the critical evidence of mirror self‐recognition. These results suggest that there is a large difference between great apes and the nonhuman primates in terms of the capacity for mirror self‐recognition.
Visual Evoked Potentials to Geometric Forms: Effects of Spatial Orientation
Authors: Ito Motoo , Sugata Tatsuya , Kuwabara Hiroshi
Published: March 2003

Five outlined geometric figures of equal contour length were presented monocularly below the fixation point (FP); an upright equilateral triangle (upright triangle), an inverted equilateral triangle (inverted triangle), an upright square (square), a 45°‐tilted square (diamond) and a circle. The angular separation between FP and the top of the figures was held constant. Transient visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded monopolarly from inion, 4, 7, 10 cm above it (l, l4, l7, l10) and Cz for ten subjects. The grand‐averaged subtracted waves were obtained between the figure and blank (control) conditions. N1 (mean peak latency: 155 ms) and P2 (240 ms) waves were identified. ANOVAs were conducted for the latency and amplitude values. Main results were as follows: On the N1 amplitude at l4 and l, the upright triangle, inverted triangle and diamond figures evoked significantly larger responses than did the square and the circle. However, no significant difference was found among the former three figures. These findings on the N1 amplitude suggest that the effect of a triangle is orientation‐free and that of a square is orientation‐bound.
Application of the maximum‐entropy method to data on short‐term variability in inter‐beat interval and an interpretation of the calculated powers
Authors: Sawada Yukihiro , Tanaka Gohichi
Published: March 2003

Sixteen young males underwent resting and mental arithmetic and were injected with 100 μg phenylephrine during the interventions. Half of them further underwent trinitroglycerine injections. Power spectral density for inter‐beat interval variability was calculated using the maximum‐entropy method (MEM) with a very high lag, and its validity was checked by nonlinear least‐squares method. It was found that the MEM could produce a very accurate power spectral density. Results on the low‐ and high‐frequency (LF and HF) powers indicated that the phenylephrine injection increased both the LF and HF powers, that the trinitroglycerine injection increased the LF power to some degree, and that the mental arithmetic decreased both the LF and HF powers with both phenylephrine and trinitroglycerine. Therefore, the LF power could be interpreted as a marker of both the vagal and sympathetic activities, whereas the HF power seemed to be solely associated with vagal activity. The implications of the interpretation are discussed in terms of the controversy on the LF power (vagal plus sympathetic vs. sympathetic).
Eliminating national stereotypes: Direct versus indirect disconfirmation of beliefs in covariation
Authors: Karasawa Minoru
Published: March 2003

Two modes of disconfirmation of national stereotypes were compared. It was hypo‐thesized that stereotypes should be revised either by stereotype‐inconsistent cases from the primary target (i.e., direct disconfirmation) or by instances which belong to an alternative target but possess features stereotypic of the primary target (indirect disconfirmation). It was further predicted that politically liberal individuals would show greater change in their national stereotypes than conservatives. Two experiments were conducted in which the salience of directly and indirectly disconfirming information regarding different nations was manipulated. The results indicated that indirect disconfirmation generally had as much impact as direct disconfirmation, but that the effects were particularly visible among liberal participants. Conservatives tended to respond in a reactive manner which preserved or exaggerated their original views. A new theoretical framework for the study of stereotype change and implications for its application were discussed.
Effects upon rats' responses on a running wheel of single alternation of large and small rewards and external cues
Authors: Kawai Nobuyuki , Imada Hiroshi
Published: March 2003

Thirty‐two rats were trained to run on a running wheel for one or six pellets of food, in either single alternation (SA) or quasi‐random sequences of reward magnitude and with external cues either informing or not informing the rats of the reward magnitude. Reward‐magnitude discrimination was clearly shown when the informative cues were given, but without such cues the SA patterning of responding appeared only late in training. The reward‐magnitude discrimination developed most quickly when internal (SA) cues and external informative cues were both present; the effects of these two classes of cues on discrimination were interactive rather than additive. Possible explanations are given for the superior discrimination under the condition where both the internal and external cues were present over the condition when only the external cues were present.
Japanese television as a window on other cultures
Authors: Hagiwara Shigeru
Published: March 2003

Beginning with a brief review of issues regarding the effects of television on viewers in Japan, this paper examines how foreign programming and features relating to other countries are utilized on terrestrial television, the most influential of the mass media today. Foreign cultures are introduced either through importation of programs from abroad or through indigenous programs dealing with such topics. An overview of the changing role of imported programs emphasizes comparison of the public and commercial networks. News reporting and commercials are highlighted in a discussion of the treatment of foreign cultures in indigenous programs. Survey results show that Japanese people are favorably disposed toward foreign program imports, suggesting that the major reason for the failure of imported programs to flourish in Japan is the strong competition offered by domestic productions, not xenophobic attitudes on the part of viewers. I also consider the distinguishing characteristics of television and the cinema in order to explain the popularity of films as opposed to television dramas from abroad. In conclusion, studies that examine the effects of television on viewers' perceptions of foreign cultures are presented to suggest the importance of analyzing images of foreign cultures as depicted in programs that are domestically produced, rather than analyzing those that are imported.