bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Material Damping in Randomly Oriented Short Fiber Polymer Matrix Composites
Authors: Sun C.T. , Wu J.K. , Gibson R.F.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this manuscript is to determine analytically the material damping of randomly oriented short fiber composites. The analytical solution was carried out by using the extension of a force-balance model established earlier by the authors [1-3] for undirectional aligned and off-axis aligned short fiber composites. We first applied an averaging procedure to the six off-axis reduced stiffnesses Qv with respect to the angle θ between the fiber orientation and the applied load. The result indicated that only two of the six moduli were independent. This implied, as expected, that randomly oriented short fiber composites are planar isotropic media in the macroscopic scale. The internal damping was then derived by applying the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle and separating the real and imaginary parts of the Young's and shear moduli ER and GR , respectively.
Deflection of Plastic Beams at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Good Philip G. , Burwasser John
Published: March 2007

The objective of this investigation was to study the behaviour of plastics exposed to elevated temperatures. Tests were conducted measuring the deflection of Polypropylene and Acrylic rods subjected to three point bending while being exposed to either 150, 200, 250, 300, or 350°F. Rods with three different diameters were tested. For each rod a failure deflection was defined and the time required to reach this failure was measured. In addi tion the temperatures at the centers of 1 inch diameter rods were recorded. The latter data were used to determine the thermal diffusivities of the plastics. Data are presented show ing the failure times as functions of load and exposure temperature. The results are given in terms of dimensionless parameters so that they can be applied to geometries, materials, and temperatures not covered in the present tests.
Effects of Cooling Rate on the Crystallinity and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Lee Woo I. , Talbott Margaret F. , Springer George S. , Berglund Lars A.
Published: March 2007

Tests were performed to evaluate the effects of crystallinity on the mechanical properties of PEEK 150P polymer and APC-2 graphite/PEEK composite. The tensile strengths, ten sile moduli and fracture toughnesses of the polymer, and the mixed mode I and mode II fracture toughnesses of the composite were measured at crystallinities ranging from 27 to 43 percent by weight. The results show that, in the crystallinity range studied, the tensile properties are not affected significantly by changes in crystallinity, while the fracture toughness depends strongly on the crystallinity. A model is also described which can be used to calculate the crystallinity from the known applied cooling rate. The validity of the model was verified by tests performed with PEEK 150P polymer.
Effect of Filler Size and Matrix Properties on Fracture Toughness of Particulate Composites
Authors: Mall S. , Newaz G.M. , Farhadinia M.
Published: March 2007

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of filler size and matrix ductility on fracture toughness of particulate composites. For this purpose, two sand/polyester composite systems were studied. In the first system, three types of polyester with different ductility were used with a constant sand particle size. In the second system, the matrix was the same but sand particle size was changed. Fracture toughness tests were conducted using single-edge notch beam specimen. The fracture toughness of the tested particulate composites was not directly related to the filler size, however it was directly influenced by matrix ductility. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces confirmed that crack pinning mechanism is an active fracture process in par ticulate composites.
Theoretical Prediction of the Thermoelastic Properties and Thermal Stresses in Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Gorji M. , Mirzadeh F.
Published: March 2007

A theoretical investigation is undertaken to predict the thermoelastic properties of com posites consisting of an isotropic matrix reinforced with either isotropic or transversely isotropic fibers. Both constituent materials are assumed to be elastic. The effects of the constituent material properties and fiber anisotropy on the elastic moduli and thermal ex pansion coefficients of unidirectional composites are evaluated for a square array model. The proposed expressions for the coefficients of thermal expansion are used in the analysis of unidirectional glass-epoxy and carbon-epoxy composites. The solutions for the thermo elastic properties and thermal stresses of the example problems considered in this study compare favorably with the existing results. The method of solution can be extended to ac count for the effect of inelastic strains.
Mechanical Response of Aramid/Epoxy under Tensile, Compressive and Shear Loading
Authors: Pindera Marek-Jerzy , Gurdal Zafer , Herakovich Carl T. , Hidde Jeffrey S. , Starbuck J. Michael
Published: March 2007

The results of an extensive room temperature mechanical characterization of unidirectional aramid/epoxy carried out using three different test methods are summa rized. The three test methods employed in the above investigation were: off-axis tension and compression tests and Iosipescu shear test. The tests were performed under mono tonic and quasi-static cyclic loading conditions in order to determine the initial elastic pa rameters and characterize subsequent nonlinear response, including failure stresses, under combined loading. It is demonstrated that the initial elastic response correlates well with the predictions of the transformation theory. The nonlinear response obtained from the three test methods is essentially dissipative, exhibiting apparent permanent strain accu mulation and hysteresis loops. The extent and character of nonlinearity and dissipation is a function of the applied load with respect to the fiber direction and depends on the sign of the load. The dramatic differences observed in the nonlinear response and failure char acteristics in tension and compression are discussed in terms of different mechanisms operative at the microscale.
Simulation of Matrix Cracks in Composite Laminates Containing a Small Hole
Authors: Reddy E.S. , Wang A.S.D. , Zhong Y.
Published: March 2007

This paper studies the matrix cracking sequence in [02/90 2] s graphite epoxy laminates that contain a small central hole. Experiment was performed first using specimens loaded in uniaxial, quasi-static tension, followed by inspections of the speci men at several prescribed loading increments by means of x-radiography. The inspection provides a quantitative measurement and a physical analysis of matrix cracking patterns near the hole.
Interface Effects in Interlaminar Fracture of Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Hinkley J.A.
Published: March 2007

Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness was determined on a series of uni directional poly(phenylene oxide)/carbon fiber composites using the double cantilever beam test. Initial toughness for growth of a delamination from an insert depends on fiber type, and ranges from 190 to 440 J/m2, with intermediate modulus fibers tending to give lower values than high-strain fibers. Low toughness values are attributed to poor fiber-matrix adhesion. As a delamination progress down the beam, fiber bridging increases the appar ent toughness by up to a factor of 7, depending on the fiber.
Micro-Failure Criteria for Coated-Fiber Composites
Authors: Aboudi Jacob
Published: March 2007

Micro-failure criteria are proposed for the determination of the ultimate stresses of unidirectional coated-fiber composites. The failure criteria involve the micro- stresses induced in the fiber, coating and matrix materials by the composite external load ing. The determination of the stresses within the phases is performed by utilizing a micromechanical analysis and a coated inclusion theory, in conjunction with the assump tion of a sufficiently thin coating. The method is applied on three types of metal matrix composites with coated fibers.
Characterization of Fatigue Behavior in Quasi-Isotropic Laminate of Ceramic Composite
Authors: Mall S. , Tracy G.D.
Published: March 2007

Fatigue damage mechanisms in a quasi-isotropic laminate, [0/ 2 45/90] s of silicon carbide fiber reinforced calcium-alumino-silicate glass ceramic composite was investigated. Several tests were conducted at different maximum stress levels which intro duced varying degree of initial matrix cracking in 90°, 45° and 0° plies. The initial damage and change in modulus was monitored during the fatigue cycling. Specimens with a considerable amount of initial cracking in 0° plies failed in less than 700 cycles, and others did not fail over one million cycles. The results of this study confirmed the findings of the previous studies regarding the existence of fatigue limit in ceramic composites. The fatigue limit did not correspond to the proportional limit of the static test as reported in the previous studies, however, it corresponded to the initial damage or static loading condition where 0° plies were largely intact.
Reinforcement of Recycled Polyolefins with Wood Fibers
Authors: Chtourou H. , Riedl B. , Ait-Kadi A.
Published: March 2007

In this work recycled polyolefins from municipal solid wastes, composed of 95% polyethylene (PE) and 5% polypropylene (PP), are reinforced with chemico thermomechanical pulp fiber, and the resulting material is formed by compression and in jection molding. Tensile properties are presented as function of fiber concentration, fiber surface treatment with acetic anhydride and phenol-formaldehyde, and sample storage time in water. Strength and toughness of the recycled polyolefins were increased with addi tion of non-treated fiber. Addition of 30% fiber, by weight, in the polymer matrix, in creased its Young modulus up to 150%. Composites with 10 % of treated fiber showed gen erally higher tensile properties than those containing 10 % of non-treated fiber. For composites made with treated fiber, water sorption during storage time was lower and mechanical properties remained higher, compared with composites made from non- treated fiber.
Evaluation of Fibre Content in Glass Fibre Epoxy Composites from Heat Capacity Data
Authors: Yongping Zhang  , Cameron J.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between the heat capacity and the glass fibre content in reinforced epoxy composites has been investigated. A theoretical equation linking the glass fibre content with the heat capacity data is presented. Theoretical and the experimen tal results are discussed.
A Combined Experimental and Finite Element Study to Predict the Failure Mechanisms in SiC Coated Carbon/Carbon Composites at Room and Elevated Temperatures under Flexural Loading
Authors: Mahfuz Hassan , Das Partha S. , Dongwei Xue  , Krishnagopalan Jaya , Jeelani Shaik
Published: March 2007

Response of quasi-isotropic laminates of SiC coated Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composites have been investigated under flexural loading at various temperatures. Varia tion of load-deflection behavior with temperatures are studied. Increase in flexural strength and stiffness are observed with the rise in temperature. Extensive analyses through Optical Microscope (OM) and Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) have been per formed to understand the failure mechanisms. Damage zone is found only within the neighborhood of the loading plane. Isoparametric layered shell elements developed on the basis of the first order shear deformation theory have been used to model the thin lami nates of C/C under flexural loading. Large deformation behavior has been considered in the finite element analysis to account for the non-linearities encountered during the actual test. Data generated using finite element analysis are presented to corroborate the ex perimental findings, and a comparison in respect of displacement and stress-stram be havior are given to check the accuracy of the finite element analysis. Reasonable correla tion between the experimental and finite element results have been established.
Inhibition of the Discoloration of Polyurethane Foam Caused by Ultraviolet Light
Authors: Valentine C. , Craig T.A. , Hager S.L.
Published: March 2007

The discoloration of polyurethane foam by UV light can result in a product that is less aesthetically pleasing and can give the impression that the product has physi cally degraded. Discoloration prior to wrapping and/or fabrication can result in rejected orders or increased scrap from trimming away discolored surfaces.
Fatigue Cut Growth of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes
Authors: Rodriguez E.L. , Basar R. , Kolycheck E.G. , Tseng H.S.
Published: March 2007

A fatigue cut growth evaluation for thermoplastic polyurethanes is pre sented. The results from an experimental design study that included four different polyol types, the effect of the molecular weight of the polyol and three different urethane contents are discussed. The polycarbonate polyol showed the lowest fatigue cut growth resistance. The molecular weight of the TPUs is of key importance for dynamic fatigue applications. The crack length as a function of the number of cycles and the cut growth rate as a function of the tearing energy for selected TPUs are also shown.
Effects of Pet Visitations on Semiambulatory Nursing Home Residents: Problems in Assessment
Authors: Wallace Julia E. , Nadermann Sara
Published: March 2007

To evaluate the use of a pet visitation program in a nursing home, eight residents were visited individually, three days per week, for a period of eight weeks. In alternate two-week periods, the visits included a community volunteer and their dog. Measures on a Daily Attitude Index, a biweekly happiness index, and a daily nurse's scale were recorded. The results showed that both the Daily Attitude and the happiness measures were unaffected by pet visitations. The nurse's scale, however, revealed increases on the well-being and attitude measures and these were maintained throughout the visitation period but increases in social activity did not generalize beyond the pet visits. These results suggest that the reported beneficial effects of pet visitation programs may partly result from the specific behavior being monitored.
Nutrition Education for the Elderly: Concerns, Needs, and Approaches
Authors: Lank Nancy H. , Vickery Connie E.
Published: March 2007

The needfor nutrition education programsfor the elderly is now accepted without debate. Messages must be meaningful and relevant for this population who confront unique physiological and psychosocial changes. The nutrition educator also faces challenges when confronting resistance to change and apathy displayed by some elderly persons. A number of programs have been developed and evaluated. Varying degrees of success have been noted. Significant points addressed here include problems related to the aging process, the need for nutrition education, and methods and approaches.
Community Residence One Year After Hip Fracture
Authors: Furstenberg Anne-Linda , Mezey Mathy D.
Published: March 2007

We examined the relationship ofprehospital and in-hospital variables to location one yearfollowinghipfracture in a sample of 84 community-residing subjects aged 60 and older, whose fractures were not due to metastatic cancer or other bone disease or severe trauma and who were treated surgically and discharged alive. Prehospital and in-hospital data were gathered through retrospective chart reviews and one-year data obtained through telephone interviews. At one year, 70 (83%) of subjects were living in the community, 11 (13%) were in a nursing home, and 3 (4%) had died. Logistic regression showed that location at discharge and persistent mental impairment (present at admission and throughout the hospitalization) significantly increased the odds of not residing in the community when other variables were controlled.
Recreation and Quality of Life in Old Age: A Causal Analysis
Authors: Russell Ruth V.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the interrelationships among recreation and other life circumstance variables and quality of life. LISREL, a causal analysis technique, was used to test a theoretical model based on previous gerontological research. Results indicate that the variables of sex, education, religiosity, marital status, and age are significantly related to income, health, recreation activity participation, and recreation satisfaction. However these variables do not significantly influence quality of life directly. The only significant, direct predictor of quality of life is satisfaction with recreation.
Validation of the Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test
Authors: Neale Anne Victoria , Hwalek Melanie A. , Scott Richard O. , Sengstock Mary Cay , Stahl Carolyn
Published: March 2007

Elder abuse is recognized as an underdetected and an underreported social problem. Difficulties in detecting elder abuse are compounded by lack of a standardized, psychometrically valid instrument for case finding. The authors examined the construct validity of the 15-item Hwalek- Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test (H-S/EAST). Nine items were found to discriminate significantly among three groups: (a) elders whose reported abuse was substantiated by adult protective services (APS) case workers, (b) elders whose reported abuse was not substantiated by APS workers, and (c) a community-based comparison group. The data suggest that this short, easy-to-administer screening device can be useful to service providers interested in identifying people at high risk of the need for protective services.
Nutrition Service Availability: An Interaction Potential Model
Authors: Meyer Judith W. , Cromley Ellen K.
Published: March 2007

Availability, defined as a measure of the supply of services relative to the needs in the community, is critical to older people, particularly the socially isolated and frail elderly who are less mobile than most of the population. This research proposes an interaction potential model to examine variation in availability of services by considering the capacity and location of service providers and demand for these services. The model does not constrain older people to meet their demand within their towns' borders. Several measures of availability are calculated for nutrition services in an area agency on aging region of Connecticut, using different beta values to represent varying levels of mobility for the total older population; considerable variation exists, depending on mobility assumptions. Availability measures can be used as independent variables in analyses of variation in actual use of services; a strong correlation exists between use and availability in Connecticut.
Loneliness and Social Isolation in Sweden: Differences in Age, Sex, Labor Force Status, Self-Rated Health, and Income Adequacy
Authors: Mullins Larry C. , Sheppard Harold L. , Andersson Lars
Published: March 2007

Using a created typology, we explore the conjoint conditions of emotional and social isolation with respect to age, sex, labor force status, perceived health status, and adequacy of income among a representative sample of 1,005 persons aged 16 and older in Sweden. Data were collected through telephone interviews. Cross-tabular analysis and analysis of variance results indicate the following: (a) persons living alone were significantly more lonely; (b) those 65 and older and those retired were more socially isolated, but not necessarily more lonely; and (3) those who felt that their health was a problem and their income was less than adequate were more lonely, but not necessarily more socially isolated. No differences in the typology were found with regard to sex. Findings are discussed in the light of other studies and data from Sweden and the United States.
Discontinuation of a Psychogeriatric Program for Nursing Home Residents: Psychotropic Medication Changes and Behavioral Reactions
Authors: Fitz Don , Mallya Ashok
Published: March 2007

Changes in medications and behavior were recorded for residents of three nursing homes where a psychogeriatric rehabilitative program was either absent, maintained, or discontinued. Residents without the program received the greatest number of psychotropics. Discontinuation of the program was associated with two problems: (a) fewer reductions in medications and (b) more behavioral difficulties among clients with medication increases. The nursing home with continuous services was the only one where all types of medication changes were followed by an overall decrease in behavior problems or no problems at all.
The Impact of Social Support on Mortality: A Seven-Year Follow-Up of Older Men and Women
Authors: Forster Lorna Earl , Stoller Eleanor Palo
Published: March 2007

This study examined the impact of health and social support on 7-year survival among a probability sample of older people living in the community. The analysis confirms the importance of separating multiple dimensions of social support. Social support factors were more important in predicting mortality among women than among men. Possible explanations for this gender difference and implications for formal service providers are discussed.
The Effects of Respite on Caregivers of Alzheimer's Patients: One-Year Evaluation of the Michigan Model Respite Programs
Authors: Kosloski Karl , Montgomery Rhonda J. V.
Published: March 2007

The impact of respite care on informal caregiversforparticipants in the Michigan Model Respite Programs was evaluated Using a nonequivalent control group design, 72 caregivers were assessed prior to program participation and again 6 months later on three dimensions: subjective, or felt, burden; objective burden; and morale. Caregivers who had used respite had a significantly lower level of subjective burden and significantly higher morale compared to controls. No differences between groups of caregivers were observed for objective burden. The findings are discussed within the context of recent research that has generally failed to document the effectiveness of respite programs for family caregivers.
The Specification of Levels of Active Intervention in a Chronic Care Hospital
Authors: Hirdes John P. , Martin Nancy J.
Published: March 2007

Although decisions regarding the level of active intervention specified for a chronic care patient would ideally be made by autonomous individuals, these decisions may be influenced by a number of physical, psychological, and social factors. Some aspects of one's life experience would usually be considered reasonable criteria to form the basis for these decisions (e.g., severity of physical impairment), but the influence of other factors (e.g., social isolation) may be less appropriate. This study examines the characteristics associated with the specification of comfort measures only on the charts of patients in a Canadian chronic care hospital. Based on the results of multiple logistic regression models, patients with comfort measures only specified were significantly more likely to be older, recently admitted, incontinent, requiring special nutritional regimens, and were less likely to have been visited recently by key contact persons. The results raise the ethical question of what dimensions of quality of life should be considered as relevant determinants of advance treatment plans for the elderly.
The Relation Between Motives for Organizational Volunteering and Frequency of Volunteering by Elders
Authors: Okun Morris A.
Published: March 2007

The influence of motives for volunteering on frequency of volunteering by elders was examined. A secondary analysis was conducted on data from the Marriott Seniors Volunteerism Study. It was hypothesized that the number of major motives for volunteering would be positively related to frequency of volunteering. Contrary to the hypothesis, a stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that specific motives for volunteering—to feel useful or productive and to fulfill a moral obligation—were significant predictors of frequency of volunteering. Each increment on the motives for volunteering scale (from 0 to 2) multiplied the odds of volunteering 2 or more times a month by 2.11 for feeling useful or productive and by 1.38 for fulfilling a moral obligation. It was suggested that some older adults use frequent volunteering as a strategy to sustain their self-esteem.
Streamlining Discharge Planning for Patients Returning to Nursing Homes: The Electronic Transmission of Medical Records
Authors: Olson Barbara W. , Adamek Margaret E.
Published: March 2007

The timely communication of medical information among health care providers is essential to maintaining quality care for older adults moving between health care facilities. Focusing on the evaluation phase of the discharge planning process, this study examined whether the evaluation time spent by hospital discharge planners and floor nurses could be reduced by replacing the customary telephone procedure with an electronic transmission procedure (a) to expand the information base communicated to nursing homes and (b) to send this enriched information earlier in the discharge process. Using a quasi-experimental design, 31 discharges from a midwestern hospital to seven nursing homes were examined. Sixteen hospitalized nursing home residents were evaluated via the usual telephone procedure and 15 were evaluated using a facsimile machine to communicate medical and psychosocial information. The average time spent to complete discharge evaluations was reduced from 3.8 to 3.2 hours. A substantial reduction also occurred in the number of telephone calls for purposes of evaluation. Electronic transmission of patient information offers promise of more comprehensive and timely discharge services, particularly for high needs patients.
Elder Retired Volunteers Benefit From Giving Massage Therapy to Infants
Authors: Field Tiffany M. , Hernandez-Reif Maria , Quintino Olga , Schanberg Saul , Kuhn Cynthia
Published: March 2007

This exploratory within-subjects study compared the effects of elder retired volunteers giving massage to infants with receiving massage themselves. Three times a week for 3 weeks, 10 elder volunteers (8 females, mean age = 70 years) received Swedish massage sessions. For another 3 weeks, three times per week, the same elderly volunteers massaged infants at a nursery school. Receiving massage first versus giving massage first was counterbalanced across subjects. Immediately after the first- and last-day sessions of giving massages, the elder retired volunteers had less anxiety and depression and lower stress hormones (salivary cortisol) levels. Over the 3-week period, depression and catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) decreased and lifestyle and health improved. These effects were not as strong for the 3-week period when they received massage, possibly because the elder retired volunteers initially felt awkward about being massaged and because they derived more satisfaction massaging the infants.
An Evaluation Model for Criminal Justice
Authors: Janeksela Galan M.
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the problems encountered in the evaluation of criminal justice programs. Although experimental research is the preferred design, oftentimes it is infeasible for a variety of reasons. No matter what design the researcher is using, a variety of problems can be anticipated. When there is a conflict between the evaluation design and the needs of the criminal justice system, the design will have to be changed. The author proposes that traditional research designs be supplemented by the utilization of general evaluation models which are applicable to all criminal justice programs. Such models would focus on those attributes which are common across sub-systems and programs. Goal effectiveness and efficiency models are discussed, with emphasis on the weaknesses of goal-oriented evaluation models. The author proposes that evaluation focus on the program's societal impact. This would eliminate the consideration of program goals and means; the focus would be on the program's social benefits and social costs. This approach, known as the social accounting model, allows evalutation across time, across counterpart systems, across programs, and across communities. A social accounting model provides description of the system's social costs and social benefits, and it expresses the program value in terms of a net surplus or a net deficit. The criminal justice system could be evaluated on the basis of relative efficiency, and programs which are equally effective in achieving a goal can be compared in terms of their social surplus or deficit. Formulas for determining social costs, social benefits, social surplus, and cumulative social surplus are identified. Examples of social costs and social benefits are delineated. The author also illustrates the feasibility of expressing the costs and benefits of crime and criminal justice in terms of monetary value. The author advocates the establishment of the Criminal Justice Social Accounting Committee in order to facilitate reliable estimates of the costs and benefits of criminal justice operations. This committee could have an impact on the allocation of resources to criminal justice systems and programs.
The Case Study in Criminal Justice Research: Applications to Policy Analysis
Authors: Travis Lawrence F.
Published: March 2007

The unfortunate decrease in popularity of the "case study"approach to criminal justice research is described. The usefulness of this approach, especially in the realm of criminal justice policy analysis, is illustrated with reference to recent sentencing reforms in severaljurisdictions. The article concludes with an argumentfor the case study approach as a means of providing decision makers with information relevant to policy matters.
Changes in Delinquency: A Cohort Analysis
Authors: Lab Steven P. , Doerner William G.
Published: March 2007

The present study utilizes three cohorts over a span of twenty-five years to (a) examine changes in female relative to male delinquency, (b) pinpoint the historical moment at which these changes, if any, begin to materialize, and (c) account for any observed changes. The results show substantial changes in female delinquency rates over time, but these changes do not necessarily appear at a point in time that would support a feminist perspective. Finally, the presence of different age, period, and cohort influences suggests a need for theoretical refinement. It is suggested that theories validated upon male samples only afford very limited theoretical promise for explaining female delinquency. A more fruitful approach might be to view female delinquency as a distinct phenomenon.
Fear of Crime and Quality of Life: A Test of Garofalo and Laub's Model
Authors: Hale Donna C.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the issue of whether fear of crime is distinct from, or part of, quality of life. Through a factor analysis of data taken from a police foot patrol evaluation study conducted (1979-1981) in Flint, Michigan, it was found that the quality-of-life model can be partially supported since fear of crime was not separate from other concerns about the neighborhood. It is recommended that in future studies the quality-of-life issue be considered in measuring residents'fear of crime in their neighborhoods.
Prosecution in the Criminal Courts of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, Yugoslavia
Authors: Cirkveni Neven , Cole George F.
Published: March 2007

Prosecution in the criminal courts of Croatia is examined in the context of the inquisitorial model of criminal justice and of the ideology and political structure of socialist Yugoslavia. The communal court of Zagreb, the republic's capital, was the site of observations and interviews. Particular attention is paid to the role of the investigative judge and his relationship to the prosecution process. Comparisons are made to prosecution in the United States.
Alcohol Availability and Alcohol-Related Crime
Authors: Stitt B. Grant , Giacopassi David J.
Published: March 2007

The role that alcohol plays in facilitating crime is widely acknowledged, and alcohol's relationship to crimes against persons has been well documented. Nevertheless, there have been few systematic attempts to examine the dynamics of what are referred to as alcohol-related crimes (driving under the influence, public drunkenness, disorderly conduct, vagrancy, and liquor law violations). Given that these offenses account for approximately one third of the arrests made annually in the United States, the role of alcohol in these offenses clearly warrants analysis. The present study examines the relationship of alcohol availability in each state, as measured by the prevalence of various types of alcohol outlets, to arrest rates for alcohol-related offenses, controlling for relevant demographic and socioeconomic variables. The results indicate that density and type of alcohol outlets are, indeed, significant predictors of alcohol-related crimes. The findings suggest, however, that outlets have widely varied effects for different alcohol-related offenses. Explanations and policy implications for the findings are discussed.
Forecasting Models for Managing a Changing Inmate Population: Implications for Public Policy
Authors: Heard Chinita A.
Published: March 2007

Among the most critical public policy issues confronting local, state, and federal officials is the rapid increase in the correctional population. By the end of 1989, a record-breaking 710,054 men and women were imprisoned. Unfortunately, overcrowded institutional conditions have caused an increase in inmate violence, inadequate staffing, and inadequate medical care, especially for the aging prison population. Should these trends continue without appropriate intervention, the economic, social, and medical impacts of managing and operating correctional facilities may be devastating.

A secondary analysis of a national data base was conducted in order to make population projections and to determine movement within age groups over time. Discussions of the application of a difference equation model and of subsequent implications for managing correctional facilities are also presented.
The Utility of Correctional Data for Understanding the Drugs-Homicide Connection
Authors: Spunt Barry , Tarshish Chaim , Fendrich, Michael , Goldstein Paul , Brownstein Henry
Published: March 2007

Research on the drugs-homicide connection is hampered by data sources that have only limited utility. Following a review of these data sources, this paper examines the drug-relatedness of a sample of homicides perpetrated in New York State as revealed in a specialized correctional department data base. Drug-relatedness is defined according to a tripartite model of the general relationship between drugs and violence. Even though the corrections data base incorporates detailed quantitaive and qualitative data from a variety of criminal justice sources, it was found that drug-relatedness was probably underestimated in the data base. About a quarter of the homicides were clearly drug-related. About two thirds were classified as not drug-related, although some of them may have been. In 10 percent of the cases there was an indication of drug-relatedness but there was not sufficient information to make a classification according to the model. The paper ends by assessing the utility of this correctional data base for understanding the drugs-homicide relationship.
Congress is (Not) Repealing the Exclusionary Rule! Symbolic Politics and Criminal Justice (Non)Reform
Authors: McCoy Candace
Published: March 2007

In 1984, the U.S. Supreme Court approved a good faith exception to the exclusionary rule in cases where a warrant was wrongfully issued, but the Court has declined to extend it to warrantless cases. Because the majority of searches fall under exceptions to the warrant clause and thus are conducted without warrants, providing a good faith defense to constitutional challenges in these caseswould in effectrepeal the exclusionary rule. Such legislation has been proposed in Congress, but it is unlikely to pass. Even if it did pass, however, it would not change police accountability to the Fourth Amendmentmuch, because the exclusionary rule probably only minimally deters police misconduct, a matter that is difficult to explore empirically. Furthermore, the proposed legislation would apply only to federal and not state law enforcement-with exceptions for the federal police agencies that the bill's sponsors do not like. Despite the fact that the effect of this law would be minimal if it were passed, such legislation will continue to be proposed because the exclusionary rule is a condensation symbol for law and order ideologues who oppose it as a means of symbolically marking their political territory.
Presidential Rhetoric on Crime and Public Opinion
Authors: Oliver Willard M.
Published: March 2007

The theory of presidential influence over public opinion is used to predict the impact of presidential rhetoric on the public's concern for crime as the "most important problem facing the country." The more attention presidents give to the issue of crime, the more concerned the public becomes with crime. Utilizing a time-series regression analysis of data collected from the Public Papers of the President of the United States and the Gallup poll's "Most Important Problem" series from 1945 to 1994 and controlling for crime rates, unemployment rates, and media influence, presidential attention to crime is found to influence the public's perception that crime is an important issue.
Capacity Planning for an Integrated Waste Management System Under Uncertainty: a North American Case Study
Authors: Huang G.H. , Baetz B.W. , Patry G.G. , Terluk V.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, a grey integer-programming (GIP) formulation for the capacity planning of an integrated waste management system under uncertainty is applied to a North American case study. The GIP model is formulated by introducing concepts of grey systems and grey decisions into a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) framework. The approach has an advantage in that uncertain information (presented as interval numbers) can be effectively communicated into the optimization processes and resulting solutions, such that feasible decision alternatives can be generated through interpretation and analysis of the grey solutions according to projected applicable system conditions. Moreover, the GIP solution algorithm does not lead to more complicated intermediate models, and thus has lower computational re quirements than other integer-programming methods that deal with uncertainties.

The proposed model is used for the long-term planning of waste management facility expansion/utilization in the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth (RMHW), Ontario, Canada. The binary decision variables in the model represent the ranges of facility expansion/development alternatives within a multi-period, multi-facility and multi-scale context, and the grey continuous variables represent waste flows along the routes connecting the municipalities and the waste management facilities. The results indicate that reasonable solutions have been generated through this grey mathematical programming approach. The case study results are potentially useful for MSW decision-makers in the RMHW for the long-term planning of the Region's waste management activities and for formulating related local policies/ regulations regarding waste generation and management, and may stimulate the interest of waste management professionals in other jurisdictions on the use of this type of modelling approach for their specific long-range planning applications. © 1997 ISWA
Alternative approach to the elimination of greenhouse gases from old landfills
Authors: Humer M. , Lechner P.
Published: March 2007

Landfills are considered to be an important global source of the greenhouse gas methane. These emissions are especially caused by inadequate gas collection systems, uncontrolled emissions from old dumps and unauthorized open dumping. The subsequent capturing and disposal of landfill gas from old landfills is technically difficult and very costly. A low-cost alternative to the conventional methods is the microbial oxidation of methane. For this purpose it is necessary to spread cover layers much in the same way as is done for large biofilters. This calls for sufficient knowledge about the biology of the methane oxidising microorganisms and the resulting requirements to be met by the substrate. Laboratory studies have proved municipal solid waste compost and sewage sludge compost to be suitable carrier substrates.
Changing Patterns of Sexual Discrimination in Federal Employment
Authors: Lewis Gregory B.
Published: March 2007

The gap between the average grades of white men and women m the General Schedule remains substantial, but it has narrowed somewhat in recent years as average grades have risen for both white men and women. This paper uses one percent samples of federal personnel records for 1973 and 1982 to determine whether differences in qualifications can explain the grade gap in 1973, or the rise in grades and shrinking of the gap since. The results suggest that, while women and men are still not rewarded equally for their education and experience, the rewards are becoming more similar.
Performance Appraisal: Nonverbal Influences On the Rating Process
Authors: Clement Ronald W.
Published: March 2007

Until recently, attempts to improve the accuracy of employee performance ratings have been largely disappointing. The reason is that past research has been limited primarily to the verbal ele ment of performance rating; further, it has addressed mainly the behaviors that occur when a rating is actually assigned. Fortunately, research now has begun to examine important nonverbal variables that can affect, over time, the supervisor's development of an employee's performance rating. The model proposed here summarizes that research and highlights the three broad categories of nonverbal influence.
In the Spirit of Rosenbloom's "What Every Public Personnel Manager Should Know About the Constitution": An Updated Annotated Bibliography of Recent Caselaw
Authors: Curtis Craig
Published: March 2007

A key area in which the United States Supreme Court has set guidelines that limit the free dom of action of public organizations is in the Constitutional rights of employees. Rosenbloom's (1983) excellent summary of the relevant caselaw has, because of recent prece dent-altering decisions by the Court, become somewhat outdated. This article provides both the academician and the practitioner with an up-to-date summary of caselaw which affects the decisions made by administrators in public personnel administration.
Affirmative Action and Job Satisfaction: Self-Interested v. Public Spirited Perspectives on Social Equity—Some Sobering Findings from the Academic Workplace
Authors: Witt Stephanie L.
Published: March 2007

This study utilizes a national study of university faculty, including a sizeable proportion of Afro-American and female respondents, to examine university faculty attitudes toward affir mative action. It has been argued by some that self-interested motivations underlie attitudes about affirmative action policies, while others have argued that "public spirit" (Kelman, 1987) and "other regarding" (Wilson and Banfield, 1964) motivations more properly serve to account for attitudes relating to social equity and societal welfare issues. University faculty were chosen as a particularly appropriate group to study; if any segment of society is likely to be public spirited in this way it is likely to be the best educated among us. The central question to be investigated is: how do individuals embedded in a meritocratic system such as the University perceive affirmative action and the benefits and harms it holds for both white males and protected category persons? How, in turn, does this set of attitudes about affirmative action affect the job satisfaction of white male professors? The results indicate that little "pub lic spirit" is in evidence, suggesting that future implementation of this policy will hold only continued conflict for Academe. Somewhat fortunate, however, is the finding that job satisfac tion for white males is little related to their views on affirmative action.
Racial Integration in the American Federal Government
Authors: Pan Suk Kim
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine racial/ethnic integration with special reference to Asian Americans in the American federal agencies. According to the recent census statistics, Asians are one of the most rapidly growing groups in American society, but their participation in American politics and national attention lags behind that of other minority groups. Findings depict that all minority groups are underrepresented in the SES positions, although they are relatively well represented in the federal government as a whole. Among minority groups, not surprisingly, Hispanics were underrepresented at all levels (total work force, white-collar, and the SES categories) of the federal government. In addition, laborpool characteristics are used for explaining racial integration in this study.
Connecticut's Experience During the 1991 Fiscal Crisis
Authors: Biloon Sandra
Published: March 2007

This article examines Connecticut's successful experience in 1991 in negotiating wage and benefit concessions with a statewide coalition of unions during a period of nationwide public sector fiscal crisis. It illustrates the strategic use of political and economicpower by labor and management and shows how labor can participate in establishing public policy through the bargaining process.
An Inquiry into the Role of Public Employees and Managers in Privatization
Authors: Ewoh Andrew I. E.
Published: March 2007

The contracting out of routine services and some sensitive functions has grown rapidly at every level of government in the United States It not only has become a new method for human resource managers to provide needed public services, but it also poses new challenges for personnel management and for the training responsibilities of future public administrators What accounts for the growth of privatization m recent years, despite strong and persistent opposition? This article suggests that the disappearance of some revenue sources accounts for the growth Another factor is that the intellectual climate supports a shift away from public programs toward the private sector For personnel specialists privatization carries with it a risk of transition in allegiance from the public to the private sector This development leaves workers at the mercy of the marketplace and steps away from the government protection that they had once enjoyed The article recommends that privatization should be limited to only those services that the people are willing to monitor or risk in order to safeguard democratic accountability
Communicate This! Does Consensus Lead to Advocacy and Pluralism?
Authors: Neuman Michael
Published: March 2007

This article preseints a critique of communicative planning theory. especially its consensus based variatrion. Limitations in communicative planning theory are pinpointed. ConlselnsLIs processes as practiced anid theorized in the UnitedStates tend to be divorced fromn powei-, to shun iroportanit issoLes,anid to result in genieral and thin agreements. Consensus pi-o- cesses also rely oni position-based an-d interest- based methods that overlook norms and meaning. Finally, commuLnicative planning theory has focussed on words and niot iml- ages a severe shortcoming in a society wherc images exert a dominating influenice. Recent literatures on images are briefly examined, and a question about the shape of a moi-e rich anid
Comparing In-Class and Computer-Mediated Discussion Using a Communicative Action Framework
Authors: Willson Richard
Published: March 2007

Communicative action offers a promising framework for assessing discussion activities in planning education. This article reports on students' ratings of the quality of in-class and computer-mediated discussion in a planning theory class. The computer-mediated discussion was a useful augmentation to strident learning, but it was rated lower than in-class discussion for sincerity, legitimacy, and comprehensibility. The article concludes with suggestions for enhancing the quality of both forms of discussion.