bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of exercise training and detraining on gas exchange kinetics in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Otsuka T. , Kurihara N. , Fujii T. , Fujimoto S. , Yoshikawa J.
Published: November 2010

Symptom‐limited incremental exercise tests are used to estimate the training effect on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, there is a need for objective parameters for measurement on submaximal exercise testing. The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of measurement of oxygen uptake (V̇O2) kinetics during a constant work rate exercise test of patients with COPD after exercise training. Eleven patients with COPD performed exercise tests before and after cycle ergometer training on 3 days per week for 8 weeks; they then went without training for 5 months and performed the same tests. They performed an incremental exercise test to symptom‐limited maximum and a constant work rate exercise test for 6 min on a cycle ergometer. The time constant of V̇O2 during the onset of constant work rate exercise was significantly decreased (from 63·5±7·8 s to 53·2±8·0 s) after exercise training (P=0·021), but was significantly increased (to 73·4±14·9 s) after 5 months without training (P=0·001). The oxygen pulse at steady state during constant work rate exercise testing was significantly increased after exercise training but decreased 5 months later. The change in blood lactate from rest to steady state during constant work rate exercise was significantly decreased after exercise training, but increased 5 months later. Measurement of the time constant of V̇O2 and oxygen pulse during constant work rate exercise are useful for the objective evaluation of the training effect of patients with COPD.
Ductal adenomas of salivary gland showing features of striated duct differentiation (‘striated duct adenoma’): a report of six cases
Authors: Weinreb Ilan , Simpson Roderick H , Skálová Alena , Perez‐Ordoñez Bayardo , Dardick Irving , Chetty Runjan , Hunt Jennifer L
Published: November 2010

Weinreb I, Simpson R H, Skálová A, Perez‐Ordoñez B, Dardick I, Chetty R & Hunt J L (2010) Histopathology 57, 707–715 Ductal adenomas of salivary gland showing features of striated duct differentiation (‘striated duct adenoma’): a report of six cases

Aims:  To describe a salivary adenoma composed largely of unilayered ducts resembling striated ducts, and to differentiate it from similar adenomas, including canalicular and intercalated duct adenoma.

Methods and results:  Six unilayered ductal adenomas were identified in parotid (four) and palate (two). They were encapsulated, ranged from 0.5 to 3.0 cm and composed of closely apposed ducts with virtually no stroma. The ducts varied in size and showed cysts up to 0.1 cm. The cells were eosinophilic and bland. Prominent cell membranes, reminiscent of ‘striations’ of normal striated ducts, were seen. The typical epithelial ‘beading’ pattern with abundant stroma of canalicular adenoma was absent. The tumours expressed keratins (six of six) and S100 (five of six). Smooth muscle actin (SMA) revealed no myoepithelial cells. Two tumours showed focal bilayered ducts with calponin or smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, but the tumours were largely unilayered. Only isolated cells in three tumours were positive with p63; a pattern identical to striated ducts. In contrast, the normal excretory and intercalated ducts all contained diffuse bilayering with basal or myoepithelial markers.

Conclusions:  Striated duct adenomas are unilayered ductal tumours that recapitulate normal striated ducts.
Histidine‐rich glycoprotein binding to T‐cell lines and its effect on T‐cell substratum adhesion is strongly potentiated by zinc
Authors: OLSEN H. M. , PARISH C. R. , ALTIN J. G.
Published: November 2010

Histidine‐rich glycoprotein (HRG), a plasma protein that binds heparin and divalent cations, has been implicated in immune regulation through its ability to modulate complement function, macrophage Fc receptor expression and phagocytosis, and its ability to inhibit the proliferation of human peripheral blood T cells in vitro. In the present work we used fluorescence flow cytometry to study the binding of human HRG to the human T‐cell lines Jurkat and MT4, and to the murine antigen‐specific T‐cell clone D10, and to study the effect of divalent cations zinc and copper on this binding. Our results show that HRG binds strongly to these cell lines at 4°, and that the binding is markedly potentiated by physiological concentrations of zinc (20 μM), and to a lesser extent by copper (10 μM). In contrast to previous studies, HRG binding was largely inhibited by 50 μg/ml heparin, both in the absence and in the presence of zinc, suggesting that HRG interacts primarily through glycosaminoglycans on the T‐cell surface. Studies using confocal fluorescence microscopy indicated that following incubation of MT4 cells with HRG in the presence of zinc at 4°, the HRG was localized exclusively at the plasma membrane, but was actively internalized after incubation at 37°. Interestingly, HRG interfered with the ability of D10 cells to adhere to tissue culture plastic, as well as to laminin‐, collagen‐ or fibronectin‐coated culture dishes. This effect was markedly potentiated by 20 μM zinc, and was partially reversed by heparin. The results suggest that zinc markedly potentiates the binding of HRG to T cells, and that HRG and zinc may play an important role in regulating the adhesion of T cells to other cells and the extracellular matrix.
Effect of adoptive transfer of CD4, CD8 and B cells on recovery from MHV3‐induced immunodeficiencies
Authors: LAMONTAGNE L. , JOLICOEUR P. , DECARIE D. , MENEZES J.
Published: November 2010

A chronic viral infection can occur when the host fails to mount an effective immune response to clear the virus. Mouse hepatitis virus type 3 (MHV3) appears to be an excellent model for the study of the relationship between viral‐induced immunodeficiency and chronic disease development. (C57BL/6 x A/J)F1 mice surviving acute hepatitis develop a chronic disease characterized by T‐and B‐cell immunodeficiencies, viral persistence in various organs including the brain, spleen and thymus, and death within 3 months postinfection (p.i.). We have reported that T‐ or B‐cell deficiencies, observed in MHV3 chronically infected (C57BL/6 x A/J)F1 mice, can be partially or totally thwarted by adoptive transfer of CD4+, CD8+ and/or B cells, at 15 days p.i. in mice surviving the acute phase of the disease. Adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+ and/or CD8+ allowed a partial restoration of the T‐cell deficiencies, as characterized by thymic atrophy, decrease in splenic T cells, and in all thymocyte subpopulations. B‐cell immunodeficiency, as defined by a decrease in splenic B cells, as well as in the bone marrow pre‐B‐ and B‐cell compartments, and the occurrence of abnormally larger forms of bone marrow pre‐B and B cells, were partially thwarted by B‐cell treatment only. Splenic B cells and the bone marrow B‐cell compartment, respectively, returned partially or totally to normal values, whereas the pre‐B‐cell compartment remained depleted in infected mice treated with B cells. Levels of all immunoglobulin classes returned to normal values in MHV3 chronically infected mice when treated with CD4+ in combination with CD8+ cells. All T‐ and/or B‐cell treatments, however, were sufficient to thwart the process of the chronic disease, and favoured the survival of mice for up to 6 months p.i.
Differentiation between MHC‐restricted and non‐MHC‐restricted porcine cytolytic T lymphocytes
Authors: PAULY T. , WEILAND E. , HIRT W. , DREYER‐BUX C. , MAURER S. , SUMMERFIELD A. , SAALMÜLLER A.
Published: November 2010

The immune system of swine is unique in that the expression of CD4 and CD8 antigens defines four subpopulations of resting extrathymic T lymphocytes. Beyond phenotypic differences to other species, porcine T lymphocytes, particularly when derived from infected animals, are known to show high non‐specific cytolytic in vitro activity. Here we describe the putative porcine CD6 antigen (workshop CD6; wCD6) which enables a phenotypic separation of T lymphocytes responsible for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐restricted and non‐MHC‐restricted cytotoxicity. The putative porcine CD6 analogue, wCD6, a protein with a molecular mass of 110000, shows high specificity for T lymphocytes and is neither expressed on B lymphocytes nor on cells of the myeloid lineage. In the extrathymic T‐lymphocyte compartment wCD6 characterizes two T‐lymphocyte fractions: wCD6+ T lymphocytes including both CD4+ T‐helper cell subpopulations (CD4+CD8− and CD4+CD8+) and within the CD4−CD8+ fraction cells with high CD8 antigen density. In contrast the CD4−CD8− γ/Δ T‐cell receptor (TCR) subset and CD4−CD8+ cells with low CD8 antigen density are included in the wCD6− T‐lymphocyte fraction. Functional studies with separated wCD6 fractions revealed that the wCD6− cells can be characterized by spontaneous and non‐MHC restricted cytolytic activity, whereas the wCD6+ T lymphocytes are responsible for MHC‐restricted T‐cell functions. Thus, the porcine wCD6 is an important antigen to discriminate between MHC‐restricted and non‐MHC‐restricted cytotoxicity.
A novel emulsion coating and its effects on internal quality and shelf life of eggs during room temperature storage
Authors: Torrico Damir D. , Jirangrat Wannita , No Hong Kyoon , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon , Ge Beilei , Ingram Dennis
Published: November 2010

Effects of mineral oil (MO), chitosan solution (CH) and their emulsions (MO:CH = 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75 ratios) as coating materials in preserving internal quality of eggs were evaluated during a 5‐weeks storage at 25 °C. Consumers (n = 109) evaluated surface properties and purchase intent of freshly coated eggs. As storage time increased, Haugh unit and yolk index values decreased whereas weight loss increased. Noncoated eggs rapidly changed from AA to B and C grades after 1 and 3 weeks, respectively. However, all emulsion‐coated eggs maintained their A‐grade quality for 4 weeks. Compared with noncoated eggs, all emulsion coatings reduced weight loss of eggs by at least seven times (0.88–1.03% vs. 7.14%). Only MO:CH = 25:75 emulsion‐coated eggs were not sensorially glossier than noncoated eggs. All emulsion‐coated eggs had >80% positive purchase intent and were negative for Salmonella. This study demonstrated that MO:CH emulsion coatings preserved internal quality and prolonged shelf life of eggs.
Effect of calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium gluconate and calcium lactate on some physicochemical properties of soymilk
Authors: Pathomrungsiyounggul Pattavara , Grandison Alistair S. , Lewis Michael J.
Published: November 2010

Soymilk fortified with 25 mm Ca (Ca carbonate, Ca citrate, triCa phosphate, Ca gluconate or Ca lactate) was compared with the properties of unfortified soymilk (control). Calcium carbonate, Ca citrate and triCa phosphate did not significantly affect [Ca2+], absolute viscosity and particle size of soymilk, but Ca gluconate and Ca lactate significantly increased these properties. The pH of soymilk was significantly increased by adding Ca carbonate but significantly reduced by adding Ca gluconate and Ca lactate. Dry sediment of soymilk increased significantly with the addition of all Ca salts excluding triCa phosphate. Freezing point depression increased significantly only for Ca gluconate and Ca lactate, mainly owing to their higher solubility.
Composition and oxidative stabilities of oils extracted from hybrid hazelnuts grown in Nebraska, USA
Authors: Xu Yixiang , Hanna Milford A.
Published: November 2010

Recently, hybrid hazelnuts have emerged as a potential oilseed crop in Nebraska for food and value‐added industrial applications. As with all hazelnuts, Nebraska hybrid hazelnuts were characterised by the high oil content with the average oil content of 54.3%. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid. Oleic acid and linoleic acid accounted for more than 90% of the total fatty acid composition, whereas small quantities of palmitoleic and linolenic acids were found. Four major tocopherols (α‐, β‐, γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols) were identified with α‐tocopherol as the most dominant isomer. The average total tocopherol content was 235.4 mg kg−1 oil with α‐tocopherol constituting approximately 97.5% of the total tocopherols. β‐sitosterol was the most abundant sterol of the three identified sterols representing, on average, 93.1% of total sterols, followed by campesterol and stigmasterol. The oil oxidative stability was affected by the presence of high levels of natural antioxidants and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Genotype 16–177 was superior to the other genotypes, when combining high levels of MUFA, tocopherols and phytosterols, and high oxidative stability.
Morphology, FTIR fingerprint and survivability of encapsulated lactic bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus) in simulated gastric juice and intestinal juice
Authors: Vodnar Dan C. , Socaciu Carmen , Rotar Ancuţa M. , Stãnilã Andreea
Published: November 2010

Microencapsulation of bacteria in hydrocolloid beads is known as a potential way to enhance and protect their survivability in the digestive tract. We encapsulated a mix of two lactic bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus) in sodium alginate (AG) and chitosan (CH) matrices. The morphological parameters of beads containing bacteria were comparatively measured. The FTIR fingerprint can discriminate the presence of bacteria into the beads, identifying specific absorption peaks for bacteria located at 1750, 2852 and 2926 cm−1. To check the survivability of bacteria, beads were incubated in simulated gastric juice (pH 1.5) and intestinal juice (pH 7.2) for different periods of time, up to 120 min. The 2% AG beads, better than CH beads, provided best protection of bacterial survivability. Encapsulated mix of S. thermophilus and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus can behave as a probiotic bacteria, viable, surviving in the simulated gastric and intestinal juice.
Effect of hydrocolloids on gluten‐free batter properties and bread quality
Authors: Sciarini Lorena S. , Ribotta Pablo D. , León Alberto E. , Pérez Gabriela T.
Published: November 2010

The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of the addition of different hydrocolloids on gluten‐free batter properties and bread quality and to obtain information about the relationship between dough consistency and bread quality. Breads were made of rice, corn and soy flours and 158% water. Following hydrocolloids were added: carrageenan (C), alginate (Al), xanthan gum (XG), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and gelatine (Gel). Batter consistency, bread specific volume (SV), crumb analysis, crust colour, crumb hardness and staling rate were determined. Hydrocolloids increased batter consistencies: the highest value was obtained with XG, which doubled that of control batter, followed by CMC. Breads with hydrocolloid presented higher SV than control, especially with XG whose SV was 18.3% higher than that of control bread. A positive correlation was found between SV and batter consistency (r = 0.94;P < 0.05). Crumbs with Gel, XG and CMC presented higher cell average size. XG and CMC crumbs looked spongier. Breads containing hydrocolloid evidenced lighter crusts. Crumb firmness was decreased by XG and CMC addition, and staling rate was slower. Overall, XG was the hydrocolloid that most improved gluten‐free bread quality. These results show that, in formulations with high water content, batter consistency is strongly associated with bread volume.
Microwave‐assisted extraction optimised with response surface methodology and antioxidant activity of polyphenols from hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.) fruit
Authors: Liu Jian‐Li , Yuan Jiang‐Feng , Zhang Zhi‐Qi
Published: November 2010

Microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) of polyphenols from hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.) fruit was investigated, and the best combination of extraction parameters was obtained using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimised procedure was achieved by soaking the sample powder with 83% ethanol for 90 min at solid–liquid ratio of 1–20, and then microwave irradiation for 13 min at power of 440 W. Under this condition, an extraction yield of 23.5% was obtained and the percentage of phenolic compounds in the extract reached 41.2%. The total content of polyphenols in hawthorn fruit was 96.9 ± 4.3 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry weight measured by Folin‐Ciocalteu reagent method, and the main phenolic compounds were determined as procyanidin B2, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, procyanidin C1 and rutin. Biological studies showed that the extract possessed a strong inhibitory effect against DPPH, hydroxyl radicals and lipid peroxidation, as well as strong reducing power.
Thermodynamic and statistical analysis of soybean oil extraction process using renewable solvent
Authors: Rodrigues Christianne E. C. , Aracava Keila K. , Abreu Fernanda N.
Published: November 2010

The main goal of this work was to evaluate thermodynamic parameters of the soybean oil extraction process using ethanol as solvent. The experimental treatments were as follows: aqueous solvents with water contents varying from 0 to 13% (mass basis) and extraction temperature varying from 50 to 100 °C. The distribution coefficients of oil at equilibrium have been used to calculate enthalpy, entropy and free energy changes. The results indicate that oil extraction process with ethanol is feasible and spontaneous, mainly under higher temperature. Also, the influence of water level in the solvent and temperature were analysed using the response surface methodology (RSM). It can be noted that the extraction yield was highly affected by both independent variables. A joint analysis of thermodynamic and RSM indicates the optimal level of solvent hydration and temperature to perform the extraction process.
Effect of Mesona Blumes gum on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of rice extrudates
Authors: Zhuang Haining , Feng Tao , Xie Zhengjun , Toure Alhassane , Xu Xueming , Jin Zhengyu , Su Qiang
Published: November 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of Mesona Blumes gum (MBG) on some physical, chemical, sensory and antioxidant properties of rice extrudates. MBG was added to rice flour at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% (w/w). The water solubility index (WSI) increased from 4.19% to 15.32% with MBG addition. Both water absorption index (WAI) and moisture retention (MR) reached maximum at 15% MBG. Bulk density (BD) was the highest at 5% (131.22 g cm−3) and the lowest at 15% MBG (121.44 g cm−3). Hardness was maximal at 5% (8.44 N mm−2) and minimal at 15% MBG (5.98 N mm−2). Expansion ratio (ER) and lightness (L*) decreased for all extruded products with MBG. MBG at 5% or 10% level could improve sensory characteristics of final products. The extract of extrudates at 15% MBG had the highest antioxidation ability among those extrudates. Thus, it was possible to produce a new palatable rice extrudate with MBG.
Factors affecting the regeneration and distribution of riparian woodlands along a northern prairie river: the Red Deer River, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Cordes L. D. , Hughes F. M. R. , Getty M.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Flooding patterns and variations in the composition and successional trends of riparian vegetation in the upper and lower Red Deer River in southern Alberta, Canada, were studied in order to establish which flood regimes were most important in the regeneration and maintenance of riparian vegetation communities, with a particular focus on riparian poplars. The dominant riparian tree in the upper river is Populus balsamifera with some Picea glauca and in the lower river Populus deltoides (the plains cottonwood). Dendrochronological studies of the poplars along the river show that major periods of regeneration correspond with major flood events during the record period. Extensive cottonwood regeneration occurred in the period 1900–20, corresponding with a series of floods, some as high as the 1 in 100‐year event. In addition, just prior to and during this period there was a significant reduction in use of the floodplain by bison, clearance of forests and a higher incidence of fires in upper reaches of the river and a series of high rainfall years. A series of floods greater than the 1 in 10‐year flood occurred in the 1950s and stimulated the most extensive regeneration of poplars experienced since the 1920s. Parts of the lower Red Deer floodplain are now at elevations well above the 1 in 100‐year flood event. It is suggested that fringe replenishment of riparian poplars is currently the dominant form of regeneration and that the large stands of mature poplars found on the floodplain, initiated during the end of the last century and first decades of this century, are unlikely to be replaced unless large floods (>1 in 50‐year events) occur again. Construction of the Dickson Dam above the city of Red Deer in 1983 has led to attenuation of floods and a reduced likelihood that extensive flooding and poplar regeneration will occur again. A number of recommendations are made regarding flow management to both retain the fringe regeneration of poplars currently occurring and to stimulate more widespread regeneration of poplars on the floodplain.
Structure–function relationship in an archaebacterial methionine sulphoxide reductase B
Authors: Carella Michela , Becher Juliane , Ohlenschläger Oliver , Ramachandran Ramadurai , Gührs Karl‐Heinz , Wellenreuther Gerd , Meyer‐Klaucke Wolfram , Heinemann Stefan H. , Görlach Matthias
Published: November 2010

Oxidation of methionine to methionine sulphoxide (MetSO) may lead to loss of molecular integrity and function. This oxidation can be ‘repaired’ by methionine sulphoxide reductases (MSRs), which reduce MetSO back to methionine. Two structurally unrelated classes of MSRs, MSRA and MSRB, show stereoselectivity towards the S and the R enantiomer of the sulphoxide respectively. Interestingly, these enzymes were even maintained throughout evolution in anaerobic organisms. Here, the activity and the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of MTH711, a zinc containing MSRB from the thermophilic, methanogenic archaebacterium Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus, are described. The structure appears more rigid as compared with similar MSRBs from aerobic and mesophilic organisms. No significant structural differences between the oxidized and the reduced MTH711 state can be deduced from our NMR data. A stable sulphenic acid is formed at the catalytic Cys residue upon oxidation of the enzyme with MetSO. The two non‐zinc‐binding cysteines outside the catalytic centre are not necessary for activity of MTH711 and are not situated close enough to the active‐site cysteine to serve in regenerating the active centre via the formation of an intramolecular disulphide bond. These findings imply a reaction cycle that differs from that observed for other MSRBs.
Unravelling the gallic acid degradation pathway in bacteria: the gal cluster from Pseudomonas putida
Authors: Nogales Juan , Canales Ángeles , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Serra Beatriz , Pingarrón José Manuel , García José Luis , Díaz Eduardo
Published: November 2010

Gallic acid (3,4,5‐trihydroxybenzoic acid, GA) is widely distributed in nature, being a major phenolic pollutant and a commonly used antioxidant and building‐block for drug development. We have characterized the first complete cluster (gal genes) responsible for growth in GA in a derivative of the model bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440. GalT mediates specific GA uptake and chemotaxis, and highlights the critical role of GA transport in bacterial adaptation to GA consumption. The proposed GA degradation via the central intermediate 4‐oxalomesaconic acid (OMA) was revisited and all enzymes involved have been identified. Thus, GalD is the prototype of a new subfamily of isomerases that catalyses a biochemical step that remained unknown, i.e. the tautomerization of the OMAketo generated by the GalA dioxygenase to OMAenol. GalB is the founding member of a new family of zinc‐containing hydratases that converts OMAenol into 4‐carboxy‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐oxoadipic acid (CHA). galC encodes the aldolase catalysing CHA cleavage to pyruvic and oxaloacetic acids. The presence of homologous gal clusters outside the Pseudomonas genus sheds light on the evolution and ecology of the gal genes in GA degraders. The gal genes were used for expanding the metabolic abilities of heterologous hosts towards GA degradation, and for engineering a GA cellular biosensor.
Role of nitric oxide in hydrogen peroxide‐dependent induction of abiotic stress tolerance by brassinosteroids in cucumber
Authors: CUI JIN‐XIA , ZHOU YAN‐HONG , DING JIAN‐GANG , XIA XIAO‐JIAN , SHI KAI , CHEN SHUANG‐CHEN , ASAMI TADAO , CHEN ZHIXIANG , YU JING‐QUAN
Published: November 2010

Brassinosteroids (BRs) can induce plant tolerance to a variety of abiotic stresses by triggering the generation of H2O2 as a signalling molecule in cucumber leaves. Whether nitric oxide (NO) also plays a signalling role and, if so, what is the relationship between NO and H2O2 in BR‐induced stress tolerance are unknown. Involvement of NO and H2O2 in BR‐induced tolerance was examined. NO accumulation and defence related gene transcripts were monitored by confocal laser‐scanning microscopy and qRT‐PCR, respectively. NO content was elevated after treatment with 24‐epibrassinolide (EBR) and reduced with the inhibition of BR biosynthesis. EBR‐induced NO production was blocked by pre‐treatment with inhibitor of NADPH oxidase and a reactive oxygen species scavenger. On the other hand, EBR‐induced H2O2 generation was not sensitive to NO scavenger or inhibitor of NO production. Scavenging or inhibition of NO production inhibited EBR‐induced tolerance to photo‐oxidative and cold stress and partly blocked EBR‐induced expression and activities of several antioxidant enzymes. Pre‐treatment of the exogenous NO precursor, on the other hand, led to both increased stress tolerance and increased expression of antioxidant enzymes. These results strongly suggest that NO plays an important role in H2O2‐dependent induction of plant stress tolerance by BR.
Plant pararetroviral sequences in wild Dahlia species in their natural habitats in Mexican mountain ranges
Authors: Eid S. , Saar D. E. , Druffel K. L. , Pappu H. R.
Published: November 2010

Selected wild Dahlia species in their natural habitats from west‐central Mexico were tested for the presence of three caulimoviruses known to be associated with cultivated dahlia (Dahlia variabilis), viz. Dahlia mosaic virus (DMV), DMV‐D10 and Dahlia common mosaic virus. Virus species‐specific primers and PCR were used followed by cloning and sequencing of the amplicons. Results showed that the wild dahlia species in their natural habitat contained DMV‐D10, which is an endogenous plant pararetrovirus. Viral sequences were found in 91% of the samples (n = 56) representing four different wild species. The gene coding for the movement protein of DMV‐D10 from Dahlia coccinea and all other species was cloned and sequenced. Sequence comparisons showed divergence of this gene when compared to that of DMV‐D10 from cultivated dahlias. The discovery of plant pararetroviruses in wild dahlia species in their natural habitats suggests a possible emergence, co‐existence and co‐evolution of pararetroviruses and their host plants.
Towards large‐scale prediction of Lolium rigidum emergence. I. Can climate be used to predict dormancy parameters?
Authors: OWEN M J , MICHAEL P J , RENTON M , STEADMAN K J , POWLES S B
Published: November 2010

Owen MJ, Michael PJ, Renton M, Steadman KJ & Powles SB (2011). Towards large‐scale prediction of Lolium rigidum emergence. I. Can climate be used to predict dormancy parameters? Weed Research51, 123–132.

Lolium rigidum (annual or rigid ryegrass) is a widespread annual weed in cropping systems of southern Australia. Seeds exhibit dormancy at dispersal and require a period of dry after‐ripening to release dormancy, before germination and emergence can occur. Climate, particularly temperature and rainfall, modulates dormancy level at seed maturity and dormancy release during after‐ripening. This study investigated the possibility to predict seed dormancy of L. rigidum over a large scale, based on spatial and climatic factors. Mature seeds were collected from 406 populations across 15 different agronomic zones of the 14 million hectare grain belt of southern Western Australia. For each population, initial dormancy and change in dormancy over a 6‐month period were measured. Logistic growth curve models were then fitted for each population, with the resulting equation used to estimate four further parameters describing dormancy status of the population. These parameters were used to determine relationships between location in the grain belt and long‐term and current‐year temperature and rainfall parameters for each population. Although some trends in seed dormancy patterns were found and distinct spatial clusters were clearly evident, our results indicate that climatic parameters alone are unlikely to be a useful predictor for seed dormancy in L. rigidum on a large scale, such as the Western Australian grain belt.
Pulmonary rehabilitation improves exercise capacity and quality of life in underweight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: LAN Chou‐Chin , YANG Mei‐Chen , LEE Chih‐Hsin , HUANG Yi‐Chih , HUANG Chun‐Yao , HUANG Kuo‐Liang , WU Yao‐Kuang
Published: November 2010

Background and objective:  An estimated 20–40% of COPD patients are underweight. We sought to confirm the physiological and psychosocial benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation programmes (PRP) in underweight compared with non‐underweight patients with COPD.

Methods:  Twenty‐two underweight COPD patients with BMI <20 kg/m2, and 22 non‐underweight COPD patients, who were matched for FEV1 and age, were studied. All patients had moderate‐to‐very severe COPD. All patients participated in 12‐week, hospital‐based outpatient PRP consisting of two sessions per week. Baseline and post‐PRP status were evaluated by spirometry, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, ventilatory muscle strength and the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ).

Results:  At baseline, the age distribution and airflow obstruction were similar in underweight and non‐underweight patients with COPD. Baseline exercise capacity, inspiratory muscle strength and SGRQ total and symptoms scores were significantly lower in the underweight patients (all P < 0.05). After the PRP, there was significant weight gain in the underweight COPD patients (mean increase 0.8 kg, P = 0.01). There were also significant improvements in peak oxygen uptake, peak workload and the SGRQ total, symptoms, activity and impact scores in both underweight and non‐underweight patients with COPD (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  Underweight patients with COPD have impaired exercise capacity and health‐related quality of life (HRQL). Exercise training with supplemental oxygen may result in significant weight gains and improvements in exercise capacity and HRQL. Exercise training is indicated for underweight patients with COPD.
Compatible solute biosynthesis in cyanobacteria
Authors: Klähn Stephan , Hagemann Martin
Published: November 2010

Compatible solutes are a functional group of small, highly soluble organic molecules that demonstrate compatibility in high amounts with cellular metabolism. The accumulation of compatible solutes is often observed during the acclimation of organisms to adverse environmental conditions, particularly to salt and drought stress. Among cyanobacteria, sucrose, trehalose, glucosylglycerol and glycine betaine are used as major compatible solutes. Interestingly, a close correlation has been discovered between the final salt tolerance limit and the primary compatible solute in these organisms. In addition to the dominant compatible solutes, many strains accumulate mixtures of these compounds, including minor compounds such as glucosylglycerate or proline as secondary or tertiary solutes. In particular, the accumulation of sucrose and trehalose results in an increase in tolerance to general stresses such as desiccation and high temperatures. During recent years, the biochemical and molecular basis of compatible solute accumulation has been characterized using cyanobacterial model strains that comprise different salt tolerance groups. Based on these data, the distribution of genes involved in compatible solute synthesis among sequenced cyanobacterial genomes is reviewed, and thereby, the major compatible solutes and potential salt tolerance of these strains can be predicted. Knowledge regarding cyanobacterial salt tolerance is not only useful to characterize strain‐specific adaptations to ecological niches, but it can also be used to generate cells with increased tolerance to adverse environmental conditions for biotechnological purposes.
Clinical predictors of renal mass pathological features
Authors: Tsivian Matvey , Mouraviev Vladimir , Albala David M. , Caso Jorge R. , Robertson Cary N. , Madden John F. , Polascik Thomas J.
Published: November 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Widespread use of abdominal imaging has changed the landscape of kidney lesions with an increase in serendipitously detected small renal masses (SRMs) that represent a new epidemiological entity that requires further understanding and potentially reconsideration of current treatment schemes.

We identified specific preoperative factors associated with renal mass pathological features, and specifically with an increased risk of malignant, potentially aggressive disease. These factors should be considered when evaluating potential candidates for active surveillance and ablative techniques.

OBJECTIVE

• To evaluate the influence of radiographic tumour size and other preoperative variables on the pathological characteristics of the lesion to determine the distribution of pathological features and assess preoperative risk factors for potentially aggressive versus probably indolent renal lesions.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• Retrospective review of records for 768 patients who underwent surgery for single, sporadic renal mass between 2000 and 2008 in a tertiary academic institution.

• Demographic, radiographic and pathological variables were recorded and analysed with regression analyses for risk factors for potentially aggressive pathological features (malignant pathology, high Fuhrman grade, lymphovascular invasion and extracapsular extension).

RESULTS

• Malignancy was pathologically confirmed in 628 (81.8%) specimens.

• Radiographic size was significantly associated with malignancy (versus benign pathology; OR = 1.13, P= 0.001), high Fuhrman grade (OR = 1.21, P < 0.0001), vascular invasion (OR = 1.19, P < 0.0001) and extracapsular extension (OR = 1.23, P < 0.0001).

• Age, symptomatic presentation, solid appearance and radiographic size were independent predictors of potentially aggressive disease, whereas for male gender (OR = 1.43, P= 0.062) a trend toward statistical significance was noted.

CONCLUSIONS

• Age, male gender, radiographic size and appearance, as well as symptomatic presentation, are associated with an increased risk of malignant, potentially aggressive disease.

• These factors should be considered when evaluating management options for a solitary enhancing renal mass.
Activity of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Zhao Chen , Kim Suhn Hee , Lee Sung Won , Jeon Ju‐Hong , Kang Kyung Ku , Choi Sung Beom , Park Jong Kwan
Published: November 2010

Study Type – Therapy (RCT)

Level of Evidence 1b

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE 5Is) improve erectile function and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), however the exact effects on prostate tissue and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

PDE 5Is enhanced the production of cyclic nucleotides in the plasma and prostate, and the distribution of PDE 5Is in the prostate was higher than in the plasma.

OBJECTIVE

• To evaluate the impact and distribution of a single phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5 I) dose (udenafil or tadalafil) in prostate tissue and plasma in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• Thirty BPH patients complaining of erectile dysfunction along with moderate‐to‐severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) were enrolled in the present study.

• The patients were randomly divided into the three groups: group 1, TURP without PDE5 Is; group 2, 200 mg of udenafil given 1 h before TURP; and group 3, 20 mg of tadalafil given 1 h before TURP.

• We evaluated the concentrations of PDE5‐I, cAMP and cGMP in prostate tissues and plasma, and calculated the prostate tissue‐to‐plasma (T/P) ratio.

RESULTS

• The concentration of udenafil in prostate tissue and plasma was 2028.6 ± 360.8 ng/g and 463.7 ± 39.1 ng/mL, respectively, and the resulting T/P ratio was 4.4. The tadalafil concentration in prostate tissue and plasma was 385.7 ± 83.8 ng/g and 305.8 ± 41.1 ng/mL, respectively, and the T/P ratio was 1.3.

• Udenafil and tadalafil significantly increased the cAMP and cGMP levels in plasma and prostate tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

• Udenafil and tadalafil significantly increased cAMP and cGMP levels and were more highly distributed in the prostate than plasma. The T/P ratio of udenafil was higher than tadalafil.

• These findings may help in the assessment of the feasibility of using PDE5 Is to concurrently treat both LUTS and erectile dysfunction.
Enhancement of cell stability and viability of probiotic Leuconostoc mesenteroidesMTCC 5209 on freeze drying
Authors: SHOBHARANI PAPANNA , AGRAWAL RENU
Published: November 2010

The aim of the study was to preserve the native probiotic culture Leuconostoc mesenteroides for longer shelf life. In this regard, the culture subjected to freeze drying (FD) showed maximum stability with increased content of saturated and unsaturated membrane fatty acid. SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis of cellular protein showed a prominent protein band at 22.9 and 20.1 kD. Viability and resistance of the culture to FD was enhanced with supplementation of different adjuvants. Sucrose supplementation enhanced the survival rate to 72.26% as compared with control (52.55%). The storage temperature of −20°C was optimum for maintaining maximum viability. Even after 6 months of storage the culture retained its probiotic properties. The study shows the importance of cryoprotectants in enhancing the viability and beneficial attributes of culture during storage.
Inflammation, Immunity, and Vaccines for Helicobacter
Authors: Aebischer Toni , Meyer Thomas F. , Andersen Leif P.
Published: November 2010

Helicobacter pylori represents the major etiologic agent of gastritis, gastric, and duodenal ulcer disease and can cause gastric cancer and mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue B‐cell lymphoma. It is clear that the consequences of infection reflect diverse outcomes of the interaction of bacteria and host immune system. The hope is that by deciphering the deterministic rules – if any – of this interplay, we will eventually be able to predict, treat, and ultimately prevent disease. Over the past year, research on the immunology of this infection started to probe the role of small noncoding RNAs, a novel class of immune response regulators. Furthermore, we learned new details on how infection is detected by innate pattern recognition receptors. Induction of effective cell‐mediated immunity will be key for the development of a vaccine, and new work published analyzed the relevance and contribution of CD4 T helper cell subsets to the immune reaction. Th17 cells, which are also induced during natural infection, were shown to be particularly important for vaccination. Cost‐efficiency of vaccination was re‐assessed and confirmed. Thus, induction and shaping of the effector roles of such protective Th populations will be a target of the newly described vaccine antigens, formulations, and modes of application that we also review here.
Genetic and Epigenetic Alteration in Gastric Carcinogenesis
Authors: Resende Carlos , Ristimäki Ari , Machado José C.
Published: November 2010

Gastric cancer (GC) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition to environmental factors, genetic factors also play an important role in GC etiology, as demonstrated by the fact that only a small proportion of individuals exposed to the known environmental risk factors develop GC. Molecular studies have provided evidence that GC arises not only from the combined effects of environmental factors and susceptible genetic variants but also from the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that play crucial roles in the process of cellular immortalization and tumorigenesis. This review is intended to focus on the recently described basic aspects that play key roles in the process of gastric carcinogenesis. Genetic variation in the genes DNMT3A, PSCA, VEGF, and XRCC1 has been reported to modify the risk of developing gastric carcinoma. Several genes have been newly associated with gastric carcinogenesis, both through oncogenic activation (MYC, SEMA5A, BCL2L12, RBP2 and BUBR1) and tumor suppressor gene inactivation mechanisms (KLF6, RELN, PTCH1A, CLDN11, and SFRP5). At the level of gastric carcinoma treatment, the HER‐2 tyrosine kinase receptor has been demonstrated to be a molecular target of therapy.
Bond Strength of Soft Liners to Fiber‐Reinforced Denture‐Base Resin
Authors: Lassila Lippo V.J. , Mutluay M. Murat , Tezvergil‐Mutluay Arzu , Vallittu Pekka K.
Published: November 2010

Purpose: This study evaluated bond strengths of four soft liners to fiber‐reinforced (FR) and unreinforced poly methyl(methacrylate) (PMMA) denture‐base resin.

Materials and Methods: The autopolymerized denture‐base resin Palapress Vario (Heraus Kulzer GmbH, Hanau, Germany) was used as the substrate (15 × 15 × 5 mm3). The test group consisted of substrates reinforced with porous PMMA preimpregnated unidirectional glass fibers (Stick [StickTech, Turku, Finland]) (PMMA + FR group), and the control group was unreinforced acrylic resin (PMMA group) (n = 80 per group). One of four soft liners (Ufi Gel SC [Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany], Sofreliner Tough [Tokuyama Dental Corporation, Tokyo, Japan], Vertex SoftSil 25 [Vertex‐Dental B.V., Zeist, The Netherlands], and Eversoft [Dentsply Austenal, York, PA]) was placed and cured between two substrates using a polyethylene ring (10 mm inner radius, 3 mm height). Tensile bond strength tests (crosshead speed = 10 mm/min) were performed, and the results were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test (p= 0.05). Fracture surfaces were categorized as adhesive or cohesive‐mixed modes, and failure types were statistically analyzed using chi‐square test.

Results: FR did not affect the bond strength results significantly (p > 0.05) except for Ufi Gel SC. Significant differences in bond strength were found among the reline materials (p < 0.001). FR specimens showed a significantly higher number of cohesive‐mixed fractures compared to unreinforced specimens (p < 0.05), except for plasticized acrylic‐based reline material (Eversoft [Dentsply Austenal]), which showed fewer cohesive‐mixed failures with FR.

Conclusions: The choice of appropriate reline material system with FR acrylic resin is important for the soft liner/denture‐base polymer bond. Glass FR did not have a decreasing effect on the bond strength, except for Ufi Gel SC.
The Use of a Dental Surgical Microscope to Aid Retrieval of a Fractured Implant Abutment Screw: A Clinical Report
Authors: Patel Rishi D. , Kan Joseph Y.K. , Jonsson Lars B. , Rungcharassaeng Kitichai
Published: November 2010

This clinical report outlines a method to retrieve a fractured implant abutment screw through the use of high‐power magnification and ultrasonic instrumentation. Furthermore, the use of manufacturer's specific components is highlighted to minimize occurrences of such clinical complications from arising.
Simple Chemical Solution Deposition of Sr0.775Y0.225CoO3−δ Film with Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetism
Authors: Wang Yujia , Zhu Xuebin , Dai Jianming , Tang Xianwu , Song Wenhai , Sun Yuping
Published: November 2010

In this article, the film of Sr0.775Y0.225CoO3−δ, which shows the highest ferromagnetic Curie temperature in perovskite ABO3‐based cobaltates due to antiferrotype orbital order, was first prepared successfully on LaAlO3 (100) substrate using the simple chemical solution deposition (CSD) method. The results show that the derived film is (h00)‐epitaxial, and the transport property is semiconductor like with room‐temperature ferromagnetism (FM). The result will provide a feasible route to prepare Sr0.775Y0.225CoO3−δ film with room‐temperature FM using CSD with a low‐cost and nonvaccum method.
Fabrication and Characterization of ZnNb2O6 Thin Films Using Sol–Gel Method
Authors: Hsu Cheng‐Hsing , Yan Shu‐Fong
Published: November 2010

Electrical, optical properties, and microstructures of ZnNb2O6 thin films prepared using the sol–gel method on ITO/glass substrates at different annealing temperatures have been investigated. The surface structural and morphological characteristics analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscope were found to be sensitive to the deposition conditions, such as annealing temperature (500°–700°C). Optical properties of the ZnNb2O6 thin films were obtained using UV‐visible recording spectrophotometer. The selected‐area diffraction pattern showed that the deposited films exhibited a polycrystalline microstructure. All films exhibited ZnNb2O6 (031), (131), (060), and (162) orientation perpendicular to the substrate surface and the grain size with the increase in the annealing temperature. At an annealing temperature of 700°C, the ZnNb2O6 films with 55 nm thickness possess a dielectric constant of 24 at 1 kHz, a dissipation factor of 0.16 at 1 kHz, a leakage current density of 7.04 × 10−6 A/cm2 at an electrical field of 30 kV/cm, and an optical bandgap of 3.9 eV.
Effectively Inhibiting Abnormal Grain Growth of Alumina in ZTA with Low‐Content Fine‐Sized ZrO2 Inclusions Introduced by Infiltration and In Situ Precipitation
Authors: Liu Guanwei , Xie Zhipeng , Wu Yin
Published: November 2010

Previous literatures have all emphasized that the successful control of microstructure homogeneity of ZTA (ZrO2 toughened Al2O3) composites can only be achieved provided that the ZrO2 particles are homogeneously distributed and the volume content exceeds 5 vol%. In this paper, we report our strategy to incorporate fine‐sized ZrO2 into Al2O3 by infiltrating presintered alumina compact using zirconium ion‐containing solution and then in situ precipitation with ammonia solution. Homogeneous microstructure without AGG can be achieved in the prepared composite at a lower ZrO2 content (2.3 vol%). Such a result might be attributed to the excellent homogeneous distribution of fine‐sized incorporated ZrO2 particles in Al2O3 matrix.